bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ACO Affiliated Hospitals Increase Implementation of Care Coordination Strategies
Authors: Anderson Andrew C. , Chen Jie
Published: February 2019

Background:

Hospitals affiliated with Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) may have a greater capacity to collaborate with providers across the care continuum to coordinate care, due to formal risk sharing and payment arrangements. However, little is known about the extent to which ACO affiliated hospitals implement care coordination strategies.

Objectives:

To compare the implementation of care coordination strategies between ACO affiliated hospitals (n=269) and unaffiliated hospitals (n=502) and examine whether the implementation of care coordination strategies varies by hospital payment model types.

Measures:

We constructed a care coordination index (CCI) comprised of 12 indicators that describe evidence-based care coordination strategies. Each indicator was scored on a 5-point Likert scale from 1=“not used at all” to 5=“used widely” by qualified representatives from each hospital. The CCI aggregates scores from each of the 12 individual indicators to a single summary score for each hospital, with a score of 12 corresponding to the lowest and 60 the highest use of care coordination strategies.

Research Design:

We used state-fixed effects multivariable linear regression models to estimate the relationship between ACO affiliation, payment model type, and the use care coordination strategies.

Results:

We found ACO affiliated hospitals reported greater use of care coordination strategies compared to unaffiliated hospitals. Fee-for-service shared savings and partial or global capitation payment models were associated with a greater use of care coordination strategies among ACO affiliated hospitals.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest ACO affiliation and multiple payment model types are associated with the increased use of care coordination strategies.
Implications of Ankyloglossia on Breastfeeding
Authors: Hill Rebecca
Published: February 2019

Objective:

The purpose of this integrative review was to synthesize the literature on the relationship between infant breastfeeding and ankyloglossia.

Data Sources:

The search terms tongue-tie or ankyloglossia and breastfeeding were used via CINAHL, Ovid MEDLINE, Health Reference Academic, and PsycINFO. Primary research articles and clinical reviews were considered in the search parameters.

Study Selection:

Searches yielded 201 articles written in English and published between 1999 and 2018. After screening, 50 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, 43 of which were omitted for irrelevance. Three qualitative and four quantitative studies remained for inclusion in the review.

Data Extraction:

Studies were reviewed for information on the relationship between ankyloglossia and breastfeeding. Studies examining results of ankyloglossia treatment were omitted. Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used.

Data Synthesis:

Analysis revealed a varied degree of difficulties with breastfeeding when the infant has ankyloglossia. Prevalence is uncertain due to lack of universal screening guidelines, and infrequent use of screening tools. No studies were found that examined psychological ramifications of feeding difficulties with ankyloglossia. There are no validated screening tools for ankyloglossia.

Conclusion:

More research is necessary on effects of breastfeeding difficulties of infants with ankyloglossia on the mother–infant relationship. A reliable screening tool needs to be developed and validated. Education for nurses to assess infants with ankyloglossia in a systematic fashion should be explored. Investigation of psychological sequelae, including maternal stress, postpartum depression, and mother–infant bonding is an important next step in the research of infants with ankyloglossia.
Intrusive Rumination, Deliberate Rumination, and Posttraumatic Growth Among Adolescents After a Tornado
Authors: Xu Wei , Jiang Huili , Zhou Yuyang , Zhou Linli , Fu Hong
Published: February 2019

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) may exist in trauma survivors, especially adolescents, whereas rumination is a typical cognitive characteristic among traumatized individuals. However, there were mixed relationships between rumination (intrusive rumination, deliberate rumination) and PTG. The study aimed to increase understanding of the relationships between them by investigating the role of social support among adolescents after the Yancheng tornado. Four hundred forty-three middle school students in the core area of the tornado were administered a revised social support scale based on Furman and Buhrmester's Network of Relationships Inventory, Event-Related Rumination Inventory, and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Results showed a nonsignificant relationship between intrusive rumination and PTG, whereas a positive relationship was found between deliberate rumination and PTG. Moreover, social support did not moderate the relationship between intrusive rumination and PTG, but it significantly mediated the relationship between deliberate rumination and PTG. Clinical implications on trauma intervention and limitations as well as future research directions were discussed.
Uterine Endometrial Stromal Tumors With Limited Infiltration: First Report of a Case Series Indicating Potential for Malignant Behavior
Authors: Moore Michelle , McCluggage W. Glenn
Published: February 2019

The distinction between a uterine endometrial stromal nodule (ESN) and low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LGESS) is based on the nature of the interface between the lesion and the surrounding myometrium and the presence or absence of vascular invasion. Most LGESS exhibit widespread irregular myometrial invasion with or without vascular invasion, whereas ESNs are well-circumscribed without vascular invasion. Tavassoli and Norris proposed that minor marginal irregularity (up to 3 protrusions, each <3 mm beyond the main mass) is allowable in an ESN and these criteria have been incorporated into the World Health Organization Classification. There is a small group of neoplasms with marginal irregularity greater than that allowable in ESN but without the widespread myometrial infiltration typical of most LGESS. Such neoplasms have been categorized as endometrial stromal tumor with limited infiltration but there have been no studies which have provided follow-up in this group of neoplasms. We aimed to determine the clinical behavior of this uncommon group of neoplasms. From a series of 19 endometrial stromal tumors with limited infiltration, mainly from consultation practice, we obtained follow-up information in 16 cases by contacting referring pathologists and clinicians. The patient age ranged from 32 to 84 yr (median: 54 yr) and follow-up ranged from 16 to 187 mo (median: 52 mo). Two of 16 patients (12.5%) developed metastatic disease to the small intestine and peritoneum (1 case-metastasis at 23 mo) and bone and lung (1 case-humeral metastasis at 135 mo; lung and sacral metastases subsequently). No patient died from disease during the follow-up period. A small percentage of endometrial stromal tumors with limited infiltration exhibit malignant behavior with distant metastasis. Such neoplasms should be regarded as potentially malignant and the term LGESS with limited infiltration is an appropriate designation.
New Developments in Imaging Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis With Hyperpolarized Xenon Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Mammarappallil Joseph G. , Rankine Leith , Wild Jim M. , Driehuys Bastiaan
Published: February 2019

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive pulmonary disease that is ultimately fatal. Although the diagnosis of IPF has been revolutionized by high-resolution computed tomography, this imaging modality still exhibits significant limitations, particularly in assessing disease progression and therapy response. The need for noninvasive regional assessment has become more acute in light of recently introduced novel therapies and numerous others in the pipeline. Thus, it will likely be valuable to complement 3-dimensional imaging of lung structure with 3-dimensional regional assessment of function. This challenge is well addressed by hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), exploiting the unique properties of this inert gas to image its distribution, not only in the airspaces, but also in the interstitial barrier tissues and red blood cells. This single-breath imaging exam could ultimately become the ideal, noninvasive tool to assess pulmonary gas-exchange impairment in IPF. This review article will detail the evolution of HP 129Xe MRI from its early development to its current state as a clinical research platform. It will detail the key imaging biomarkers that can be generated from the 129Xe MRI examination, as well as their potential in IPF for diagnosis, prognosis, and assessment of therapeutic response. We conclude by discussing the types of studies that must be performed for HP 129Xe MRI to be incorporated into the IPF clinical algorithm and begin to positively impact IPF disease diagnosis and management.
Single Port Endoscope-Assisted Excision of Forehead Lesions: An Innovative Way of Improving the Optical Cavity
Authors: Narayanan Vairavan , Jayapalan Ronie Romelean , Singh Sidhu Amritpal , Koh Kiok Miang Roy
Published: February 2019

Exophytic lesions involving the face present with an undesirable esthetic deformity and usually necessitate surgical excision. Conventional open excision techniques may lead to scar formation or pigmentation issues postoperatively. Minimally invasive endoscope-assisted surgery will be able to overcome these problems. However, this technique is not widely used because of the limited optical cavity working space, which hinders good visualization. We describe a technique to improve the optical cavity workspace to enable adequate endoscope-assisted surgical excision of forehead lesions in 2 cases. Foley's catheter and ribbon gauze were used in both cases to gain optical cavity workspace. The surgical technique is described in detail. One case had a frontal osteoma, whereas other was a nodular fasciitis of the forehead, confirmed by histology. Postoperative follow-up showed good outcomes at 1 year with no recurrences. Both patients were satisfied with the surgical and cosmetic outcomes. Endoscopic excision of a forehead lesion using the described technique is both safe and reliable. It is an excellent method for excising benign growths over the forehead while being cosmetically acceptable.
Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia With Eosinophilia: New Concept to Lower Recurrence
Authors: Labib Amir , Estawrow Mina
Published: February 2019

Angiolymphoid Hyperplasia with Eosinophilia (AHLE) is a rare benign vascular disorder of unknown etiology. While World Health Organization recognizes it as a benign neoplasm, its progressive nature and high recurrence rate are consistent with being a locally malignant tumor. It may present as solitary or multiple nodules with more predilection to head and neck region, especially auricular area. Despite variety of available treatment options, high recurrence rate remains a compelling issue. The spectrum of these treatment modalities includes topical or systemic steroids use, intralesional injection of certain materials such as Bleomycin, Vinblastine or interferon, or even surgical excision.

In our study, the authors present a case of middle-aged female with recurrent AHLE in left concha and preauricular region. Excision of the lesion with 4 mm of the normal surrounding skin, preserving auricular cartilage, was done while the resultant defect was covered by grafted Temporoparietal Fascia Flap. Our 1-year follow-up period showed aesthetically accepted outcome with no recurrence.

The authors hypothesize that treating AHLE as a locally malignant tumor by excising the lesion with 4 mm safety margin decreases recurrence rates. Moreover, reconstruction by grafted temporoparietal fascia flap achieves a reasonable aesthetic outcome with minimal donor site morbidity.
National 30-Day Outcomes for Posterior Cranial Vault Distraction
Authors: Chouairi Fouad , Torabi Sina J. , Alperovich Michael
Published: February 2019

Background:

Posterior vault distraction (PVD) can rapidly expand calvarial volume in infancy. Limited data exist regarding its perioperative and postoperative safety profile. This study sought to investigate the patient profile, outcomes, and safety of PVD using a national pediatric database.

Methods:

Posterior vault distraction patients between 2012 and 2016 were isolated from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Pediatric database. Patient background, perioperative outcomes, and risk factors were analyzed using chi-squared, t test analysis, and multivariate regression.

Results:

Ninety-four patients who underwent PVD were isolated with 67 ultimately meeting inclusion criteria for the study. The majority of patients undergoing PVD had limited other documented comorbidities. No patients required reoperation or 30-day readmission. There were no incidences of stroke, surgical site infection, or death. Subdividing outcomes by specialty, plastic surgeons performed PVD on significantly older patients than neurosurgeons (188 days vs 138 days, P = 0.008). Increasing age was associated with increasing operative time (P < 0.001). Furthermore, increasing age is associated with greater absolute transfusion requirements (P = 0.018) and higher, but not significant, risk of requiring any volume of blood transfusion (P = 0.105).

Conclusions:

Posterior vault distraction is a safe procedure to rapidly expand calvarial volume in the setting of craniosynostosis. Increasing patient age is the strongest predictor for prolonged operative time and higher blood transfusion volumes.
Effect of Fat Grafting on Postoperative Edema After Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Cabrejo Raysa , Sawh-Martinez Rajendra , Steinbacher Derek M.
Published: February 2019

Background:

Autologous fat grafting concurrent with orthognathic surgery is a powerful adjunctive aesthetic tool, and has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in prior studies. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of fat grafting on postoperative edema following orthognathic surgery, and also consider the impact of age and BMI.

Methods:

A retrospective cohort study was performed. Three-dimensional photos (Canfield, Fairfield, NJ) from a series of postprocedure time-points were analyzed using Geomagic Studio 2013 (3D Systems, Morrisville, NC). An unstructured covariance linear mixed model was created to analyze the effect and extent of the effect of age, BMI, and fat using SPSS Statistics 24.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY).

Results:

One hundred thirty postoperative three-dimensional pictures were analyzed, from 31 patients. The linear mixed model demonstrates that the fat injected (P<0.001), age (P=0.001), and BMI (P<0.001) are significant factors in the postoperative volume. Age and BMI increase postoperative edema by 3.63 cm3 per year and 14.60 cm3 per kg/m2, respectively. Fat injected reduces postoperative edema by 8.72 cm3 per 1 cc injected.

Conclusion:

Increasing age and BMI lead to greater postoperative edema (3.88 cm3 per year and 14.60 cm3 per kg/m2, respectively). Fat grafting concurrent with orthognathic surgery reduces postoperative edema by 8.72 cm3 per 1 cc injected, and hastens return to steady state. This impact is more profound in patients with a greater age and BMI.
Three-Surface Reconstruction Using Single De-Epithelialized Radial Forearm Free Flap
Authors: Choi Jangyoun , Choi Hyuk Joon , Kang Kyo Joon , Jung Sung-No
Published: February 2019

Head and neck cancer often requires multiple defect reconstruction that are too far apart to handle with 1 flap. However, 1 flap with skin graft, or multiple flap reconstruction is always not possible due to recipient site factors and lack of sufficient donor site. In this report, we share our experience on reconstruction of multiple, and distant head and neck defects with 1 large radial forearm flap that was vertically inset to cover multiple defect on face, and then tunneled to reach down to the neck. Due to the longer dimension, this flap could be utilized not only to reconstruct the face and neck area, but also simultaneously reconstruct face and orbit, or face and scalp area. We think that this modification of the radial forearm flap could provide a useful surgical option for multiple and distant head and neck reconstructions.
Complications Associated With Anterior Iliac Bone Grafting for the Reconstruction of Dentoalveolar Defects
Authors: Tosun Emre , Akkocaoğlu Murat , Tüz Hakan H. , Avağ Canseda , Göktürk Tuğçe
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study is to evaluate donor- and recipient-site complications of iliac bone grafting for the reconstruction of atrophic jaws.

Our study includes 86 consecutive patients with atrophic jaws who underwent iliac bone grafting surgery. At the donor site, hematoma, infection, paresthesia, chronic pain, prolonged gait disturbance, fracture of the ilium, and esthetic concerns; at the recipient site, hematoma, infection, prolonged pain, graft exposure, graft loss, and loss of the implants were evaluated.

Grafting was successfully performed in all patients. The mean follow-up period was 35 months. Prolonged gait disturbance (20.9%) and paresthesia (9.3%) were the most frequently observed donor-site complications. At the recipient site, hematoma (8.1%), infection (12.8%), prolonged pain (11.6%), partial graft exposure (33.7%), total graft exposure (7%), partial graft loss (17.4%), and total graft loss (5.8%) were observed.

Reconstruction of atrophic jaws can be achieved successfully with iliac bone grafting. However, there are possible donor- and recipient-site complications that have to be taken into consideration.
Collinsella vaginalis sp. nov. strain Marseille-P2666T, a new member of the Collinsella genus isolated from the genital tract of a patient suffering from bacterial vaginosis
Authors: Diop Awa , Diop Khoudia , Tomei Enora , Armstrong Nicholas , Bretelle Florence , Raoult Didier , Fenollar Florence , Fournier Pierre-Edouard
Published: February 2019

A strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-positive, non motile and non-spore-forming rod-shaped bacterium, strain Marseille-P2666T, was isolated using the culturomics approach from a vaginal sample of a French patient suffering from bacterial vaginosis. Cells were saccharolytic and were negative for catalase, oxidase, urease, nitrate reduction, indole production, hydrolysis of aesculin and gelatin. Strain Marseille-P2666T exhibited 97.04 % 16S rRNA sequence similarity to

Collinsella tanakaei

type strain YIT 12063T, the phylogenetically closest species with standing in nomenclature. The major fatty acids were C18:1ω9 (38 %), C16 : 0 (24 %) and C18 : 0 (19 %). The G+C content of the genome sequence of strain Marseille-P2666T is 64.6 mol%. On the basis of its phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic features, strain Marseille-P2666T (=CSUR 2666T=DSM103342T) was classified as type strain of a novel species within the genus

Collinsella

for which the name Collinsella vaginalis sp. nov. is proposed.
Single AAV-mediated scarless genome editing in dysfunctional retinal neurons mediates robust visual restoration in mice
Authors: Nishiguchi Koji M , Fujita Kosuke , Katayama Shota , Nakazawa Toru
Published: February 2019

The most versatile treatment for inherited disorders is to precisely replace a mutated sequence with its wildtype counterpart, thereby “normalizing” the genome. We developed a single AAV platform that allows this in retinal neurons with combined CRISPR-Cas9 and micro-homology-mediated end-joining. In blind mice, the platform rescued ~10% of the retinal neurons, resulting in an incredible ~10,000-fold improvement in light sensitivity, equivalent to the restoration mediated by conventional gene augmentation therapy.
Genomic surveillance for hypervirulence and multi-drug resistance in invasive Klebsiella pneumoniae from south and southeast Asia
Authors: Wyres Kelly L , Nguyen To N T , Lam Margaret M C , Judd Louise M , van Vinh Chau Nguyen , Dance David A B , Ip Margaret , Karkey Abhilasha , Ling Clare L , Miliya Thyl , Newton Paul N , Nguyen Lan , Sengduangphachanh Amphone , Turner Paul , Veeraraghavan Balaji , Vinh Phat Voong , Vongsouvath Manivanh , Thomson Nicholas R , Baker Stephen , Holt Kathryn E
Published: February 2019

Background

K. pneumoniae is a leading cause of blood stream infection (BSI). Strains producing extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) or carbapenemases are considered global priority pathogens for which new treatment and prevention strategies are urgently required, due to severely limited therapeutic options. South and Southeast Asia are major hubs for antimicrobial resistant (AMR) K. pneumoniae, and also for the characteristically antimicrobial sensitive, community-acquired ‘hypervirulent’ strains. The emergence of hypervirulent AMR strains and lack of data on exopolysaccharide diversity pose a challenge for K. pneumoniae BSI control strategies worldwide.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective genomic epidemiology study of 365 BSI K. pneumoniae from seven major healthcare facilities across South and Southeast Asia, extracting clinically relevant information (AMR, virulence, K and O antigen loci) using Kleborate.

Findings

K. pneumoniae BSI isolates were highly diverse, comprising 120 multi-locus sequence types (STs) and 63 K-loci. ESBL and carbapenemase gene frequencies were 47% and 17%, respectively. The aerobactin synthesis locus (iuc), associated with hypervirulence, was detected in 28% of isolates. Importantly, 7% of isolates harboured iuc plus ESBL and/or carbapenemase genes. The latter represent genotypic AMR-virulence convergence, which is generally considered a rare phenomenon but was particularly common amongst South Asian BSI (17%). Of greatest concern, we identified seven novel plasmids carrying both iuc and AMR genes, raising the prospect of co-transfer of these phenotypes amongst K. pneumoniae.

Interpretation

South and Southeast Asia are high-risk regions for the emergence of AMR and convergent AMR-hypervirulent K. pneumoniae. Enhanced surveillance efforts, reporting STs, AMR and virulence information are urgently required to monitor this public health threat.

Funding

This work was supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant #206194 to Wellcome Sanger Institute) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle (grant OPP1175797 to KEH). KEH is supported by a Senior Medical Research Fellowship from the Viertel Foundation of Australia. DAB and PNN are supported by the Wellcome Trust.
SCINA: Semi-Supervised Analysis of Single Cells in silico
Authors: Zhang Ze , Danni Luo M.S. , Zhong Xue , Choi Jin Huk , Ma Yuanqing , Mahrt Elena , Guo Wei , Stawiski Eric W , Wang Stacy , Modrusan Zora , Seshagiri Somasekar , Kapur Payal , Wang Xinlei , Hon Gary C. , Brugarolas James , Wang Tao
Published: February 2019

Advances in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) have allowed for comprehensive analyses of single cell data. However, current analyses of scRNA-Seq data usually start from unsupervised clustering or visualization. These methods ignore the prior knowledge of transcriptomes and of the probable structures of the data. Moreover, cell identification heavily relies on subjective and inaccurate human inspection afterwards. We reversed this paradigm and developed SCINA, a semi-supervised model, for analyses of scRNA-Seq and flow cytometry/CyTOF data, and other data of similar format, by automatically exploiting previously established gene signatures using an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. We applied SCINA on a wide range of datasets, and showed its accuracy, stableness and efficiency exceeded most popular unsupervised approaches. Notably, SCINA discovered an intermediate stage of oligodendrocyte from mouse brain scRNA-Seq data. SCINA also detected immune cell population shifting in Stk4 knock-out mouse cytometry data. Finally, SCINA identified a new kidney tumor clade with similarity to FH-deficient tumors from bulk tumor data. Overall, SCINA provides both methodological advances and biological insights from perspectives different from traditional analytical methods.
A rare SMAD9 mutation identifies the BMP signalling pathway as a potential osteoanabolic target
Authors: Gregson Celia L , Bergen Dylan , Leo Paul , Sessions Richard B. , Wheeler Lawrie , Hartley April , Youlten Scott , Croucher Peter I , McInerney-Leo Aideen M. , Fraser William , Tang Jonathan C.Y. , Anderson Lisa , Marshall Mhairi , Sergot Leon , Paternoster Lavinia , Davey-Smith George ,   The AOGC Consortium, Brown Matthew A , Hammond Chrissy , Kemp John P , Tobias Jon H , Duncan Emma L
Published: February 2019

To identify targets for novel anabolic medicines for osteoporosis, we recruited a large cohort with unexplained high bone mass (HBM). Exome sequencing identified a rare (minor allele frequency 0.0014) missense mutation in SMAD9 (c.65T>C, p.Leu22Pro) segregating with HBM in an autosomal dominant family. The same mutation was identified in another two unrelated individuals with HBM. In-silico protein modelling predicts the mutation severely disrupts the MH1 DNA-binding domain of SMAD9. Affected individuals have bone mineral density [BMD] Z-Scores +3 to +5, with increased volumetric cortical and trabecular BMD, increased cortical thickness, and low/normal bone turnover. Fractures and nerve compressions are not seen. Both genome-wide, and gene-based association testing of heel estimated-BMD in >362,924 UK-Biobank British subjects showed strong associations with SMAD9 (PGWAS=6×10−16; PGENE =8×10−17). Smad9 is highly expressed in murine osteocytes and zebrafish bone tissue. Our findings support SMAD9 as a novel HBM gene, and a potential novel osteoanabolic target.
Microporous scaffolds drive assembly and maturation of progenitors into β-cell clusters
Authors: Youngblood Richard L. , Sampson Joshua P. , Lebioda Kimberly R. , Spicer Graham , Shea Lonnie D.
Published: February 2019

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) represent a promising cell source for the development of β-cells for use in therapies for type 1 diabetes. Current culture approaches provide the signals to drive differentiation towards β-cells, with the cells spontaneously assembling into clusters. Herein, we adapted the current culture systems to cells seeded on microporous biomaterials, with the hypothesis that the pores can guide the assembly into β-cell clusters of defined size that can enhance maturation. The microporous scaffold culture allows hPSC-derived pancreatic progenitors to form clusters at a consistent size as cells undergo differentiation to immature β-cells. By modulating the scaffold pore sizes, we observed 250-425 µm pore size scaffolds significantly enhance insulin expression and key β-cell maturation markers compared to suspension cultures. Furthermore, when compared to suspension cultures, the scaffold culture showed increased insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulus indicating the development of functional β-cells. In addition, scaffolds facilitated cell-cell interactions enabled by the scaffold design and cell-mediated matrix deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins associated with the basement membrane of islet cells. We further investigated the influence of ECM on cell development by incorporating an ECM matrix on the scaffold prior to cell seeding; however, their presence did not further enhance maturation. These results suggest the microporous scaffold culture facilitates 3D cluster formation, supports cell-cell interactions, and provides a matrix similar to a basement membrane to drive in vitro hPSC-derived β-cell maturation and demonstrates the feasibility of these scaffolds as a biomanufacturing platform.
OxyR senses reactive sulfane sulfur and activates genes for its removal in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Hou Ningke , Yan Zhenzhen , Fan Kaili , Li Huanjie , Zhao Rui , Xia Yongzhen , Liu Huaiwei , Xun Luying
Published: February 2019

Reactive sulfane sulfur species such as hydrogen polysulfide and organic persulfide are newly recognized as normal cellular components, involved in signaling and protecting cells from oxidative stress. Their production is extensively studied, but their removal is less characterized. Herein, we showed that reactive sulfane sulfur is toxic at high levels, and it is mainly removed via reduction by thioredoxin and glutaredoxin with the release of H2S in Escherichia coli. OxyR is best known to respond to H2O2, and it also played an important role in responding to reactive sulfane sulfur under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It was modified by hydrogen polysulfide to OxyR C199-SSH, which activated the expression of thioredoxin 2 and glutaredoxin 1. This is a new type of OxyR modification. Bioinformatics analysis showed that OxyRs are widely present in bacteria, including strict anaerobic bacteria. Thus, the OxyR sensing of reactive sulfane sulfur may represent a conserved mechanism for bacteria to deal with sulfane sulfur stress.
Identification of Microbiota-Induced Gene Expression Changes in theDrosophila melanogasterHead
Authors: Keith Scott A. , Eutsey Rory , Lee Heewook , Solomon Brad , Oliver Stacie , Kingsford Carl , Hiller N. Luisa , McCartney Brooke M.
Published: February 2019

Symbiotic microorganisms exert multifaceted impacts on the physiology of their animal hosts. Recent discoveries have shown the gut microbiota influence host brain function and behavior, but the host and microbial molecular factors required to actuate these effects are largely unknown. To uncover molecular mechanisms that underlie the gut-microbiota-brain axis, we usedDrosophila melanogasterand its bacterial microbiota as a model to identify microbiota-dependent gene expression changes in the host brain and head. Specifically, we employed RNA-seq and nanoString nCounter technology to identifyDrosophilagenes that exhibit altered transcript levels in fly heads upon elimination of the microbiota. The identified genes, some of which exhibited sex-specific differences, have demonstrated or inferred functional roles in the immune response, metabolism, neuronal activity, and stress resistance. Overall, this study reveals microbiota-responsive genes in the fly head, an anatomical structure not previously investigated in this context. Our results serve as a foundation for future investigations of how microbe-driven gene expression changes impactDrosophilabiology.
An oomycete RXLR effector triggers antagonistic plant hormone crosstalk to suppress host immunity
Authors: Anderson Ryan , Deb Devdutta , Withers John , He Sheng Yang , McDowell John
Published: February 2019

Understanding the mechanisms through which pathogens alter plant cell networks is essential for understanding plant-pathogen interactions and will inform efforts to reduce crop diseases. Oomycetes secrete diverse effector proteins into plant cells. The mechanisms through which these effectors promote virulence are largely unknown. We show that the HaRxL10 effector protein from the Arabidopsis thaliana pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis (Hpa) targets a transcriptional repressor (JAZ3) involved in jasmonic acid (JA) signalling. This manipulation activates a regulatory cascade that inhibits salicylic acid (SA) signalling, which normally restricts Hpa infection. This virulence mechanism is functionally equivalent to but mechanistically distinct from activation of the antagonistic JA-SA hormone crosstalk by the bacterial JA-mimicking toxin coronatine and by bacterial Type III effectors. These results reveal a key role for JAZ3 in plant immunity and emphasize that JA-SA crosstalk is an Achilles’ heel in the plant immune system, vulnerable to manipulation by diverse microbes.
The atypical thiol–disulfide exchange protein α-DsbA2 fromWolbachia pipientisis a homotrimeric disulfide isomerase
Authors: Walden Patricia M. , Whitten Andrew E. , Premkumar Lakshmanane , Halili Maria A. , Heras Begoña , King Gordon J. , Martin Jennifer L.
Published: February 2019

Disulfide-bond-forming (DSB) oxidative folding enzymes are master regulators of virulence that are localized to the periplasm of many Gram-negative bacteria. The archetypal DSB machinery fromEscherichia coliK-12 consists of a dithiol-oxidizing redox-relay pair (DsbA/B), a disulfide-isomerizing redox-relay pair (DsbC/D) and the specialist reducing enzymes DsbE and DsbG that also interact with DsbD. By contrast, the Gram-negative bacteriumWolbachia pipientisencodes just three DSB enzymes. Two of these, α-DsbA1 and α-DsbB, form a redox-relay pair analogous to DsbA/B fromE. coli. The third enzyme, α-DsbA2, incorporates a DsbA-like sequence but does not interact with α-DsbB. In comparison to other DsbA enzymes, α-DsbA2 has ∼50 extra N-terminal residues (excluding the signal peptide). The crystal structure of α-DsbA2ΔN, an N-terminally truncated form in which these ∼50 residues are removed, confirms the DsbA-like nature of this domain. However, α-DsbA2 does not have DsbA-like activity: it is structurally and functionally different as a consequence of its N-terminal residues. Firstly, α-DsbA2 is a powerful disulfide isomerase and a poor dithiol oxidase:i.e.its role is to shuffle rather than to introduce disulfide bonds. Moreover, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) of α-DsbA2 reveals a homotrimeric arrangement that differs from those of the other characterized bacterial disulfide isomerases DsbC fromEscherichia coli(homodimeric) and ScsC fromProteus mirabilis(PmScsC; homotrimeric with a shape-shifter peptide). α-DsbA2 lacks the shape-shifter motif and SAXS data suggest that it is less flexible than PmScsC. These results allow conclusions to be drawn about the factors that are required for functionally equivalent disulfide isomerase enzymatic activity across structurally diverse protein architectures.
Engineered variants provide new insight into the structural properties important for activity of the highly dynamic, trimeric protein disulfide isomerase ScsC from Proteus mirabilis
Authors: Furlong Emily J. , Kurth Fabian , Premkumar Lakshmanane , Whitten Andrew E. , Martin Jennifer L.
Published: February 2019

Suppressor of copper sensitivity protein C from Proteus mirabilis (PmScsC) is a homotrimeric disulfide isomerase that plays a role in copper tolerance, which is a key virulence trait of this uropathogen. Each protomer of the enzyme has an N-terminal trimerization stem (59 residues) containing a flexible linker (11 residues) connected to a thioredoxin-fold-containing catalytic domain (163 residues). Here, two PmScsC variants, PmScsCΔN and PmScsCΔLinker, are characterized. PmScsCΔN is an N-terminally truncated form of the protomer with two helices of the trimerization stem removed, generating a protein with dithiol oxidase rather than disulfide isomerase activity. The crystal structure of PmScsCΔN reported here reveals, as expected, a monomer that is structurally similar to the catalytic domain of native PmScsC. The second variant, PmScsCΔLinker, was designed to remove the 11-amino-acid linker, and it is shown that it generates a protein that has neither disulfide isomerase nor dithiol oxidase activity. The crystal structure of PmScsCΔLinker reveals a trimeric arrangement, with the catalytic domains packed together very closely. Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis found that native PmScsC is predominantly trimeric in solution even at low concentrations, whereas PmScsCΔLinker exists as an equilibrium between monomeric, dimeric and trimeric states, with the monomeric form dominating at low concentrations. These findings increase the understanding of disulfide isomerase activity, showing how (i) oligomerization, (ii) the spacing between and (iii) the dynamic motion of catalytic domains in PmScsC all contribute to its native function.
Autism spectrum disorders in high secure psychiatric care: a review of literature, future research and clinical directions
Authors: Murphy David , Allely Clare
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review available literature targeting the assessment and management of individuals with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) admitted to high secure psychiatric care (HSPC). Key areas of examination include the prevalence of ASD in HSPC, how individuals with an ASD differ from other patient groups in clinical and cognitive characteristics, the views of staff regarding patients with an ASD, an exploration of the experiences and quality of life of patients with an ASD, as well as treatment and interventions.

Design/methodology/approach

A review of the published literature.

Findings

Although individuals with an ASD comprise a relatively small proportion of the total HSPC cohort, they appear to be over represented relative to the general population prevalence. Several research projects suggest that individuals with an ASD present with difficulties and needs different to other patient groups, as well as being viewed by staff as potentially vulnerable and requiring a different care approach. Individuals with an ASD report both positive and negative aspects to life in HSPC.

Practical implications

Suggestions are made with regard to how individuals with an ASD might be better managed in HSPC. Following the spirit of various pieces of government legislation such as the Autism Act (2009) and the Equalities Act (2010) the role of a specialist ASD HSPC service is proposed.

Originality/value

This paper provides a detailed review of the research to date exploring the assessment and management of individuals with an ASD detained in HSPC. It outlines key research findings, highlights limitations with it and provides a personal perspective on future research and clinical targets.
Skill mapping for blue-collar employees and organisational performance
Authors: Mittal Amit , Dhiman Rahul , Lamba Parmod
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the skill mapping process in a manufacturing organization and to examine its relationship with the select performance indicators, such as quality and defects. This paper also explores the role of the supervisor in the whole process of skill mapping of the blue-collar employees.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses a case-based approach and the company selected is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd, Swaraj Division, located in Phase 4, Industrial Area, Mohali (Punjab). The qualitative aspect of the paper is based on ten semi-structured interviews of the senior-level managers. These interviews are conducted in order to understand the role of the supervisor in skill mapping process and its relationship with the organizational performance. The quantitative aspect is based on the regression analysis to find out the impact of skill index on select performance indicators.

Findings

The results of the study indicate that the role of the supervisor in performance appraisal is very important in the whole process of skill mapping. Swaraj is an example where a robust skill mapping process for blue-collar employees have supported the business in improving the skill of employees and consequently supporting the business to perform well on key deliverables, such as better quality and less defects. The select variables are inter-correlated and variations in the select organizational performance indicators (production and defects) are due to variations in the skill index of the blue-collar employees in the manufacturing organization. The performance indicators of the manufacturing organization in terms of manufacturing defects have declined and also the production has increased, which is a good indicator for the organization.

Practical implications

The present study is of interest to researchers who are trying to understand the system for skill mapping and utilization of appraisal inputs in improving organizational performance.

Originality/value

To the authors’ best knowledge, this paper is one of the first to address the skill mapping process in a manufacturing organization especially for the blue-collar employees.
Induction motors broken rotor bars detection using RPVM and neural network
Authors: Bensaoucha Saddam , Bessedik Sid Ahmed , Ameur Aissa , Teta Ali
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study aims to focus on the detection and identification of the broken rotor bars (BRBs) of a squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM). The presented diagnosis technique is based on artificial neural networks (NNs) that use as inputs the results of the spectral analysis using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the reduced Park’s vector modulus (RPVM), along with the load values in which the motor operates.

Design/methodology/approach

First, this paper presents a comparative study between FFT applied on Hilbert modulus, Park’s vector modulus and RPVM to extract feature frequencies of BRB faults. Moreover, the extracted features of FFT applied to RPVM and the load values were selected as NNs’ inputs for the detection of the number of BRBs.

Findings

The obtained simulation results using MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) environment show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed NNs based approach.

Originality/value

The current paper presents a novel diagnostic method for BRBs’ fault detection in SCIM, based on the combination between the signal processing analysis (FFT of RPVM) and artificial intelligence (NNs).
“Superdiversity”: a new paradigm for inclusion in a transnational world
Authors: Ozkazanc-Pan Banu
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Transnational migration has become a defining feature of many societies across the globe. This paper focuses on contributions to diversity theorizing and research available from “superdiversity”, an analytic framework derived from transnational migration studies. “Superdiversity” speaks to the novel social transformations taking place globally and provides new opportunities, albeit with critique, for conceptualizing and studying people, difference and inclusion. The purpose of this paper is to provide innovative ways to rethink hallmark concepts of diversity scholarship by offering new insights about the role of nation-states, the concept of difference and inclusion in the midst of mobility.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper relies upon transnational migration studies as an emergent field of inquiry about societal level changes brought upon by the ongoing movement of people. The social, cultural and political transformations growing out of transnational migration are used to theorize new directions for diversity research in the context of management and organization studies. By relying on “superdiversity” and its mobility-based ontology, epistemology and methodology, the paper proposes new ways to think about and carry out research on difference and inclusion.

Findings

Deploying the analytic framework of “superdiversity,” the paper offers “belonging” as the new conversation on inclusion and proposes mobile methods as a means to study mobile subjects/objects. In addition, it discusses how the ongoing transformative societal changes by way of transnational migration impact the ways in which the author theorizes and carry out diversity research. Questions and concerns around ethics, (in)equality and representation are considered vital to future research in/around diversity.

Originality/value

Extensive changes in societies emerging out of ongoing encounters between/among different kinds of people have taken shape by way of transnational migration. As a result, emergent and novel notions of difference have been forged in a transnational manner across social fields. By examining these transformations, the paper provides new directions and challenges for diversity scholarship in the context of rising societal tensions and rhetoric around difference and “belonging” in nation-states. It also provides alternative considerations for understanding and theorizing inclusion in diversity research.
The changer and the changed
Authors: Laursen Sandra L. , De Welde Kristine
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the evolving theories of change of the US National Science Foundation’s (NSF) ADVANCE program to increase the representation of women on academic faculties in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). ADVANCE supports efforts to transform the cultures and structures of US institutions of higher education by removing gendered barriers to STEM faculty women’s employment, advancement and success, and by developing change strategies that others may adopt.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical study is based on qualitative, longitudinal analysis of nine requests for proposals (RfPs) for the ADVANCE program (2001–2016), complemented by historical analysis of funded ADVANCE projects using public records.

Findings

The analysis identifies changes over time that suggest shifts in NSF’s rationale and theory of change for ADVANCE. Increased guidance directs how institutions should best undertake change, document outcomes and share best practices. The RfPs reveal growing attention to equity, rather than simply to representation, and to intersectionality – how gender, race, social class and other identities intersect to produce disparate experiences and outcomes for individuals differently positioned in social systems. Gendered organizations theory helps to place these experiences and outcomes in a structural context. Iterative processes of organizational learning are postulated to account for these changes over time.

Originality/value

While many studies have examined ADVANCE projects’ activities and outcomes, none have examined the premises and design of the ADVANCE program itself. This analysis offers insight into how the ADVANCE RfP has driven innovation and learning about transformative institutional change to advance gender equity in STEM.
Ostracizing targets of workplace sexual harassment before and after the #MeToo movement
Authors: Brown Stephanie E.V. , Battle Jericka S.
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the connections between sexual harassment and ostracism both before and after the modern day #MeToo movement. It outlines how the birth of the #MeToo movement lessened the impact of ostracism, empowering victims to report their abusers.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper provides an overview of the ostracism literature, and discusses why ostracism has historically prevented individuals from disclosing workplace abuse. It also examines recent and historical cases of sexual harassment where ostracism has both inhibited targets of sexual harassment from reporting and harmed those who stood up for their right not to be harassed.

Findings

Both purposeful and non-purposeful ostracism have negative impacts on employees and organizations as a whole, and the fear of ostracism prevented many from disclosing harassment and abuse in the workplace. The #MeToo movement, by nature, is antithetical to ostracism by building community and freeing people to seek justice. This paper makes practical recommendations for organizations that wish to help prevent ostracism as a response to workplace sexual harassment disclosure.

Research limitations/implications

Both purposeful and non-purposeful ostracism have negative impacts on employees and organizations as a whole, and the fear of ostracism prevent many from disclosing harassment and abuse in the workplace. The #MeToo movement by nature is antithetical to ostracism, building community and freeing people to seek justice. This paper makes practical recommendations for organizations that wish to prevent ostracism as a response to workplace sexual harassment disclosure. Additionally, it provides future research directions to explore the empirical link between the disclosure of sexual harassment and ostracism.

Originality/value

This paper analyzes a crucial barrier to reporting sexual harassment. It both examines the consequences of ostracism and highlights how the threat of ostracism can be overcome through intentional organizational efforts.