bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eisenstein’s Aesthetics in Semiotic Perspective
Authors: Khrenov Nikolai Andreyevich
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the semiotic interpretation of the theoretic heritage of the film director Sergey Eisenstein by Vyacheslav Ivanov whose jubilee has been recently celebrated. Sergey Eisenstein foresaw the structural methodology that became so popular after the 60s. Vyacheslav Ivanov is known for his vast range of academic interests. The present article is focused on his interest in cinema, in particular - the theoretic heritage of Eisenstein. This interest may be explained by Vyacheslav Ivanovs assertion, that Eisenstein tended to see cinema as a language or, more specifically, a sign system. This fact couldnt escape Vyacheslav Ivanovs notice, since the formation of semiotic methodology in Russia is closely connected with Eisenstein. So it is quite natural that Vyacheslav Ivanov reflects on the prehistory of semiotics too. As for cinema, prehistory in question is closely connected with Sergey Eisensteins aesthetics. The author of the present article also touches upon applying semiotic methodology to cinema as a sign system in general. Due to this purpose, the author refers to the period, when Russian cinema theorists were involved in semiological analysis introduced with the influence of structuralist and post-modernist studies in humanities. Some theoreticians attacked semiotic approaches in favor of philosophical and, in particular, phenomenological one. Nevertheless though these approaches are appropriate and efficient, they do not replace the semiotic one. The author argues, that such attempts to refuse from the semiotic approach in the cinema field were ill-timed and superficial. Vyacheslav Ivanovs semiotic works on cinema, especially his book Eisensteins Aesthetics, simultaneously affirm a philosophical approach to this topic. Interpreting the meaning of the title, the author of the present article argues, that the concept of semiotics was already created at the initial stage of the development of aesthetics as a branch of philosophy.
Iran in Contemporary Russian Cinema (Film’s Visual Formula)
Authors: Akhmad Mir Akhorli -
Published: February 2020

The author analyses the work of production designers in Russian films set in Iran, elicits common mistakes and gives concrete recommendations how to avoid them
Evolution of Dramaturgy of Fiction Popular Science Films
Authors: Kolodinskiy Mikhail N
Published: February 2020

The article treats the problem of using dramaturgy means in fiction popular science films. Plot constructions of the most popular genres are analyzed such as: melodrama, social drama in fiction kulturfilms of the twenties. As well as the phenomenon of the fiction popular science film of the new type - scientific-feature.
Feature Film Quotation in a Documentary Portrait: a Functional-Semantic Aspect
Authors: Pronin Alexander A
Published: February 2020

The article analyzes the underresearched practice of using feature film quotations in portrait documentaries. A certain number of contemporary films help to single out the most typical sphere of quotations usage, demonstrate typical means of incorporating film quotations into the new film text, and present a classification of quotation variants according to their functional-semantic aspect.
TV Dramaturgy: Format Approach
Authors: Kemarskaya Irina N
Published: February 2020

The article analyses the issues of television format and its dramatic foundation. Unlike film, a television spectacle is, above all, reproducible: in its core lays a replicated plot structure, which is filled with new content in each new episode of the series. The need for establishing of a steady communication with TV audience demands special rules, instruments and plot devices, enclosed in a professional term television format. Consistent modelling of predetermined reactions of the audience is in the core of the formats dramatic structure. The format is seen outside the specific subject-matter; as a dynamic system: as a number of multi-level codes.
Reconstruction as the Character Depiction Method in Documentary
Authors: Troukhina Alexandra V
Published: February 2020

A method of reconstruction in modern Russian documentary cinema is being studied in the context of history. Real events can be portrayed on a cinema screen with the use of staging material for dramatization or as a purpose to reconstruct the reality. The pictures called mockumentary are based on fictional stories, painted as a document. Some authors experiment with artistic form, while others tell stories that never took place with extreme authenticity.
Screening Zurbagan: On Use of Animation in Russian Feature Cinema
Authors: Sputnitskaya Nina Yu
Published: February 2020

The subject of this research is prose of Alexander Grin, the object being the specifics of cinematographic perspective at the images of the Silver Age representative. The article covers both historical and theoretical aspects, its goal is to unveil the previously unknown archive documents (with material of RGALI foundation and Mosfilm) and experimental films, which add to the history of the usage of special effects in national cinema. The analysis of films conducted by the author of the article allows to examine the evolution of the aesthetics in sci-fi cinema in the period of 1960-2010. The article also unravels the little known aspects of the work of notable Russian animators.
Toward the Sociological Rationalization of State Film Policy
Authors: Zhabskiy Mikhail I
Published: February 2020

The article encompasses the idea that the policy for the national cinema is reasonable due to its intelligence. To rationalize its current state means, above all, to strengthen its knowledge content, to make a profound use of the sociological and other scientific knowledge about the dynamic image of the film world and its hidden laws.
American Biopic in Contemporary Cinema
Authors: Morozova Irina V
Published: February 2020

Biopic has recently become a leading genre in the world film industry. These films are especially popular in the USA. It is the dominant and most influential trend in the modern American film production. The article analyses American biopic conventions, defines the stages of its evolution and basic types, categorizes its characters.
Landscape as a Leitmotif of a Film
Authors: Shakhovskaya Nadezhda A
Published: February 2020

The article examines the landscape as a significant element of the films plastic composition and semantic structure. Taking Andrey Konchalovskys The Postmans White Nights as an example, the author analyses the role of documentary aesthetics in describing the relationship between humanity and nature, revealing the estrangement of the two realms.
The Birth of Identity in the Finnish Cinema
Authors: Ivannikova Christina O
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the early years of Finnish film industry. Given the renown of Danish and Swedish film schools, it investigates the reasons for the lack of interest on the part of international (including Russian) film scholars to the phenomenon of Finnish silent cinema.
Primary Cinema Sources of American Noir
Authors: Orozbaev Kasym N
Published: February 2020

The article analyses the two main sources of American film noir: the German cinema of the Weimar period (1919-1933) and American gangster film (1920-1930), pointing out the principal stylistic, thematic and conceptual techniques that influenced the forming of the noir style in the American movies of the 1940-1950s.
Development of the Financial Relations in the Cultural Sphere
Authors: Molchanov Igor N
Published: February 2020

The article explores financial relations in the sphere of culture. Analyzing international and domestic practice and the possible ways of its improvement, the author offers the ways of enhancing the business results of the activity of cultural institutions.
Documentary Footage in the TV Film Portrait: Methods and Techniques of Mastering
Authors: Pronin Alexander A
Published: February 2020

The article explores the mechanisms of using historical documentary footage in creating biographical TV shows. The author analyses the methods of incorporating alien texts into a new cinematic text and proves the relevance of TV biographies as a unique discourse practice of memory reproduction.
Structural Analysis of Film Characters
Authors: Boyko Mikhail E
Published: February 2020

The article explores the structuralist analysis of film characters as compared to that of literary ones and formalizes the analysis of film characters by means of the set theory and semiotic formulas.
Adultery in Russian Cinema: From the “Thaw” to the End of the Soviet Epoch
Authors: Fanina Maria A
Published: February 2020

The article surveys the portrayal of adultery in the Russian cinema of 1950-1990s. The theme of the crisis in romantic and family relations is matched up with the stages of the countrys social and cultural development, ideological crisis and the process of feminization of the culture.
Kaleidoscope Aesthetics in Visual Media
Authors: Romakina Maria A
Published: February 2020

The article researches into the evolution of the kaleidoscopic image. The first part surveys A.L. Coburns vortographic experiments of the 1910s, the kaleidoscopizing of a human body and natural objects in photography during the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, as well as the ideas of using it outside artistic practices.
The Moral Law of Love Conservation
Authors: Barabash Natalia A
Published: February 2020

The article continues the search for the moral categories that reveal the raison dtre of literary and drama characters started in the authors other works. It also defines the code of the time which allowed the author to determine the formula of love and show how this feeling has changed in history.
Violence in Films: Three Preconditions for the Mimetic Effect
Authors: Tarasov Kirill A
Published: February 2020

The author tests the hypothesis of the cause-and-effect link between showing violence in the movies with its manifestations in real life as exemplified in Russian material and gives empirical evidence proving this hypothesis.
The Visualization as a Way of Involvement in TV Commercials
Authors: Fedotova Larisa N
Published: February 2020

The problem of visualization characteristic of TV and street advertising, is utterly relevant, as the follow-up of cultural and artistic origins of any new information technology helps to present potential of the creative perception of social reality historically engendering both forms of art and their artistic palette. Visualization of goods, that is demonstration them to its customers is the first phase of the exchange, and it is only foreshadowed advertising. When production becomes ponderous, information about goods should become regular, inclusive, and possibly aggressive. A wide-scale consumer boasts of increase of the number of social needs. In the course of time exhortations system has complicated to a larger extent, and their form become more diverse. Nowadays exhortation exists as a potential conclusion after reading the text. The advertising message may consist of a simple statement of some information about the offer: but it may also show. Demonstration can promote a positive attitude to the product. The heyday of this practice we can see on TV. Due to power of its pictorial capacities it shows the world in all its beauty. It just shows the power of using the product demonstration process. And most importantly - since the image might be hiding, or it reflects the pattern of life, - even a whole philosophy of life. This is the model of any symbolization - from details to the total, from the individual to the whole universe. TV used this mechanism in such mode of advertising as the celebrities marketing. The figure of the hero is symbolic, consumption becomes synonymous with success, achievement. Sometimes visualization of ideas have problems with limits symbolization (the example of the TVC Daisy). This problem becomes more urgent nowadays because the marketing communications based on unfounded statements do not work anymore. The strength of the latter particularly manifested itself under the crisis.
Kaleidoscope Aesthetics in Visual Media
Authors: Romakina Maria A
Published: February 2020

The author analyzes the special type of imagery, that is kaleidoscopic image, and investigates its evolution in photography, video and multimedia from the first vortograph (photo, taken through the prism of the mirrored glasses in 1917 by Alvin Langdon Coburn) until nowdays. The author combines empirical methods with the theoretical analysis. For the first time in the humanitarian historiography a huge package of kaleidoscopic photos, video and multimedia images was collected and systematized. The collection includes works of several dozens artists, some of them interviewed by the author of the research. As a result the author proposes the classification based on the subject regimentation: the entire aggregation of the assembled materials is divided into three main groups - the human body, the nature objects, the architecture. The images in each group are analyzed with respect to their structural features, composition and semantics, creation technology. Two structural features were singled out as unifying for all three groups: ambivalent character of the kaleidoscopic image as a symmetrically organized chaos, as well as a trend to transform a realistic recognizable subject into an abstract pattern. Kaleidoskoping is considered to be of the form generated mechanisms not only in the visual arts, but also in practice-oriented areas: design and graphic design, textile industry and fashion, ceramics, glass industry, etc.
Travesty of the Sacred in Postmodernist Westerns
Authors: Tsyrkun Nina A
Published: February 2020

The author analyzes the reasons, process and peculiarities of travesty of the sacred motives in the postmodernist western as the American national movie genre. As the country's national epic western bases upon the Puritan ethos as one of the fundamental moulding factors of American culture rooted in the mass daily consciousness, social psychology and mythology. For the revisionist western arisen after WW2 (that is Post-modern epoch) a certain reaccentuation of all its structural integrants is characteristic. Revision of the traditional western touches upon semantic, topical and mythological components as well as imagery which is becoming more and more sophisticated and polysemic. Basing on such pictures as Unforgiven (1992) by Clint Eastwood, True Grit (2010) by Ethan and Joel Cohen, The Hateful Eight (2015) by Quentin Tarantino, The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007) by Andrew Dominik, the author states the process of deconstruction of the harmonious disposition in the elemental balance proper for the classical western. The deconstruction takes place on all the layers of the movies: semantic, stylistic and axiological due to collision of different textual worlds in one and the same intertextual space. Anyhow, the author concludes, that the inevitable travesty of the sacred as the basic component does not reduce axiological value of the western. Axiological diversity of the filmic construction of the contemporary western provides the viewer with freedom for forming ones own attitude towards the film and motivates continual questioning of history.
Two Peoples, Two Worlds
Authors: Zvegintseva Irina A
Published: February 2020

By the time of the arrival of Europeans in the continent during the second half of the 18th century, the aboriginal tribes that inhabited Australia were under the primeval communal system. Their settlements became an easy conquering for the first aliens. Aborigines of Australia met the invaders quite friendly, providing virtually no resistance and the letters benefited immediately. There appeared a clash of two cultures, two worldviews. On the one hand, the absolute merging with nature, harmonious existence, which for centuries hadnt undergone any changes, and hence a complete tolerance to everything that didnt disturb the established order of the world; on the other hand - consumerist attitude to the land, the desire to get rich, tough competition. Naturally, such polar positions to combine turned out to be impossible, and without a desire to understand the natives who were moved out of their lands, the invaders hastened to announce the aborigines the second-class citizens. Of course, the national cinema couldnt avoid the most urgent problem of the Australian society. But if the first works of filmmakers of the past were focused more on the exotics, mystical rites, dances, daily life of aborigines, in recent years increasingly serious movies are on, and the authors call for a change in attitude to the natives, respect their culture, recognize their equal rights. Analysis of the best movies devoted to these problems, such as Jeddah, Manganese, Fence from rabbits, Charlies land and some others has become the focus of the article. Mainly under the influence of these movies the situation in the country has begun to change for better. Today in the film industry the aborigines have been working, and the movie Samson and Delilah, directed by aborigine Warwick Thornton/ has been a sensation at the Cannes film festival of 2009.
TV Moves into Virtual Reality as a Projection of Development
Authors: Urazova Svetlana L
Published: February 2020

The rapid development of digital technologies has a significant impact on the media market and media systems as a whole. Despite the fact that traditional TV has become the first to have mastered the digital platform and still retains leadership among audiences of different countries, it is also experiencing the pressure of evolutionary technologies. One of these areas is the competitive dynamic development of technological tools to create a virtual reality that completely captures the attention of consumers, especially the younger generation, and plunges them into the space of the surreal world. But is TV actually not familiar with virtual reality or is it just a stereotype, established as a result of the existence of analog TV for several decades in the last century? This author considers the terminological backing of virtual reality and the emergence of this definition as exemplified by cinema and TV, as well as analyzes the signing of the cooperation agreement between the Russian TV channel Digital TV (part of the holding VGTRK) and the largest technology company KROK for the purpose of creating a consortium for the development of virtual reality in the Russian market. The author also addresses the issue of possible consumer awareness manipulation, especially among the younger generation, with the abuses of games and other applications of virtual reality, and reveals dissonance in consumer awareness of the virtual and objective realities in the future. Besides, the trend of development in Russian TV broadcasting is considered, identified in the framework of the International Congress of the National Association of Broadcasters. The author rationalizes the involvement of the younger generation in the world of virtual reality, assuming that it will not only improve the profitability and capitalization of TV as the leading media system, but may also attract target audiences to domestic television viewing.
The Key Art Strategies of “Soyuzmultfilm” in 1944-1946 Years
Authors: Sputnitskaya Nina Yu
Published: February 2020

A comment to the history of Soyuzmultfilm. The short period in the history of the domestic animation from the late wartime up to the period known as fight against a disneevshchina and a malokartinye has not been sufficiently analyzed yet and has not gained fundamental historical and theoretical assessment. Basing upon archival documents, the author fills up this gap. The author dwells on the key events and important art strategies and administrative actions for resuscitation of the main center of the important branch of cinema in the post-war years. The author traces history of restoration of Soyuzmultfilm studio since the summer of 1944 when the Committee on of the cinema affairs of SNK USSR appointed the enthusiast of the Soviet doll animation Alexander Ptushko as the artistic director and the director of Soyuzmultfilm. Basing upon archival stuff, the author describes the process of establishing regular release of the movies, formations of crews of highly skilled masters as well as features of development of new technology of color cinema and a thematic plan. Just during this period the innovative crew of animators sprang into being, such films were created as films Konek-gorbunok by I. Vano, Spring melodies by D. Babichenko and A joy song by M. Pashchenko - the first picture of the studio, winning the international prize (8th Venice MFF, 1947). The author pinpoints the key art strategies and advances historical and theoretical assessment of the important period in the history of Russian animation.
Education Genres Animated Poster in the Second Half of the 20th Century
Authors: Krivulya Natalia G
Published: February 2020

After WWII the genre of the animated poster was predominantly presented as advertisment films. The movie posters imagery in the 1950s tended to have an illustrative and spatial-pictorial artistic propensity. Grotesque and satire gave way to the dominance of realistic images, and the artistic design had gained coloration and splendor, creating the image of a cheerful world, affluence and prosperity. Films with propaganda and ideological orientations appeared along with the advertisement films, as the political and social poster developed. A special role in the poster genre development was played by the emergence of television as a major customer and distributor of this product. Unlike Western animation, the production of advertisement and social film-posters in the USSR was a state tool of the planned economy. Animated posters played an important role in the formation of new social strategies, behavior patterns and consumption. As a result, in the animated posters of the Soviet period, especially during the 1950s and 1960s, a didactic tone and an optimistic pathos in the presentation of the material dominated. The stylistics of film-posters changed in the 1960s. Their artistic image was characterized by conciseness and expressiveness, inclination towards iconic symbolism, and the metaphoric and graphic quality of the imagery. The poster aesthetics influenced the entire animation development in this period. The development of advertisement and social posters continued in the 1970s-1980s. The clipping principles of the material presentation began to develop in the advertisement poster, however, in the social and political poster there was a tendency towards narration. Computer technology usage in animation and the emergence of the Internet as a new communicative environment contributed to a new stage in the development of the animated poster genre. Means of expression experienced a qualitative upgrade under the influence of digital technologies in animated posters. While creating an animated posters artistic appearance the attraction and collage tendencies intensify due to the compilation of computer graphics and photographic images, furthermore, simulacrum-images are actively utilized as well. Since the 2000s, digital technologies are actively used for the development of social, instructional and educational posters. The advent of new technologies has led to modifications of the animated poster genre, changed the way it functions and converted its form. Along with cinematic and television forms - new types of animated posters have appeared which are used in outdoor advertising (billboards) as well as dynamic interactive banners and animated posters on web sites.
Newsreel: Is Its Revival Possible?
Authors: Malkova Liliana Yu
Published: February 2020

The Concept of development of documentary cinema and the film chronicle of Russia, put forward by the Filmmakers Union of the Russian Federation, contains a disputable proposal to revive newsreels, which is analyzed in the article in social, historical and media contexts. Filmed press was in demand at the time when the cinema was the only audiovisual channel in mass media. It has been an instrument of propaganda but still it constitutes the bulk of filmed chronicles or the visual history of this country. On the other hand, film documents, initially not meant to be shown, later served as material for propaganda. The contradistinction of film chronicle and propaganda proves to be nave in TV practice. Broadcasting news of the day if not of the hour, television gives a transitory and momentary image, and normally tends to cover the absence of life shots by verbal information. For history, on the contrary, the authentic documentary image is of paramount value - the image of an object that appears today or is bound to disappear tomorrow, of those present events that will shape the future of the country. It demands a quite different space-time assessment of actuality and consequently a different style of film shooting which presumes a secondary, nominative, verbal explanation. The historical value of the in-coming documentary as well as the reliability and profitability of its storage in the present digital form are doubtful from the viewpoint of the RGAKFD, which supports the idea of the revival of newsreels. The documents of everlasting importance should rather be shot on film in the format of their archive storage while their regular representation may form the mission of an audiovisual journal for digital distribution starting with the cinema.
Style “Noir” in Classical and Contemporary Art History
Authors: Orozbaev Kasym N
Published: February 2020

The article explores the key traits of classic film noir: its periods, criteria, filmography, as well as styles and genres. tte author also gives a concise survey of the most recent research in this area with reference to both classical and modern studies in film noir. Most of the texts referred to in the article are analyzed in Russian academic practice for the first time.
“Pulsating Organizations’’ in Culture (for the beginning see Issue № 4 (30), 2016)
Authors: Gordin Valeriy E , Elkanova Elena M
Published: February 2020

Tte article (for the beginning see Issue #4 (30), 2016) looks into the activity of organizations involved in holding film festivals and prize ceremonies. Analyzing the ways of overcoming the so called pulsating effect, the author reveals the flaws characteristic of certain structures functioning in this field, determines the array of issues in event-based management and marketing and suggests the methods of improving management practice.
Evergreen Theories of Mass Communication: Uses and Gratifications Approach
Authors: Bakulev Gennady P
Published: February 2020

Tte article searches into one of the classical theories of mass communication - getting uses and gratifications - which explains what attracts the audience to certain media and types of content. Describing the overarching classification of using media and consumer satisfaction, the author points out that the conception of getting uses and gratifications has proved most effective in studying the audience of the Internet, in general, and social media, in particular.
The Techniques of Visual and Audial Distinction between Diegesis and Metadiegesis in a Motion Picture
Authors: Rusinova Elena A
Published: February 2020

The article opening the cycle of publications Audiovisual Means of Creating Metadiegetic Space in Cinema systemizes means and technologies in sound direction that enable to create various spaces in a film as well as to convey the altered consciousness and the inner world of the character.
Dynamics of Corporality and Static Models of Space in Thriller Dramaturgy
Authors: Kozlova Svetlana S
Published: February 2020

The article analyzes the mechanism of building the conflict in screenwriting within confrontation alive / dead by means of dynamic of corporeality - from an alive corporeal world of the protagonist to a dead static model of the antagonist's world. The scheme of their interaction is based on examples of thriller films, as well as indie films which use the elements of this genre.
Gender Analysis of the Film “The Poet and the Fallen Soul”
Authors: Smagina Svetlana A
Published: February 2020

The article deals with the representation of the feminine gender model in pre-Revolutionary Russian cinema. The image of a prostitute and the factors of its shaping are explored. One of the most interesting phenomena in focus is the feminine image created by Alexander Blok. Boris Tchaikovskys film The Poet and the Fallen Soul (1918) representing this tendency is analysed in the article.
Censorship Machine in the Soviet Cinema of the 1920s
Authors: Nasrtdinova Alisa R
Published: February 2020

Despite all the published prescriptions, lists, memoirs and articles touching upon censors activity in the 1920s Soviet cinema censorship has not been am ply described in cinema studies. The article focuses upon the censorship machine used to control the distribution of foreign films prevailing in the first decade of the Soviet period.
The Problem of Adaptation of Utopias in Russian Cinema
Authors: Shesteric Olga V
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the specifics of literary utopia adaptation in Russian cinema. The social and art factors which had an impact on the genre evolution are analysed. Special emphasis is given to dramatic aspects. tte use of dedramatization techniques allows to reveal the content and functions of the utopia genre in cinema.
Chinese Animation in Wan brothers’ Creative Work
Authors: Gu Qijun -
Published: February 2020

Chinese animation as one of the prominent animation schools in the world has its own peculiarities, poetics and national flavour. Its experience is of significant interest for national and world culturology and analysis of world animation evolution. The main role in the origin of the national animation school belongs to brothers Wan who defined the outlook of the Chinese animation, elaborated its technological base and created the studio system. tte article deals with the evolution of technical devices and thematic changes in brothers Wan films whose art determined the formation of the Chinese animation school.
The Aspects of Body in American Film Noir (1941-1955)
Authors: Orozbaev K N
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the issue of a body and body-ness in the American film noir classics. It examines the stylistic role of body-ness implying substantivity and corporality of film images and explores the types of male and female human bodies in their specific semantic, structural and visual functions. The analysis is argued by references to different noirs.
To the Problem of the Numinous. The Sacrum Level of A. Tarkovsky’ Films
Authors: Klyueva L B
Published: February 2020

The article examines the numinous as an important factor of the sacral sphere. It treats the basic points concerning the numinous presented in Rudolf Ottos work The Sacrum. The Irrational in the Idea of the Divine and its Relation to the Rational. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of the term numinous and the study of significant features of the numinous such as tremendum, majestas, mysterium, fascinans, sanctum. The author seeks to show the importance of the numinous as a phe nomenon in A. Tarkovskys art and to examine the specifics of its realisation in various films.
Keynote Narration and Theory of Distance: Analysis of the Seasons
Authors: Fedotkin S V
Published: February 2020

The article explores the leitmotif narration in cinema, i.e. the one based on transitions from one leitmotif to another as exemplified by Artavazd Peleshians short non-fiction film Seasons of the Year. The peculiarity of Peleshians artistic method is that he does not proceed by relations between adjoining images but between the disjoint ones which results in their repetition. The dramaturgy of Seasons of the Year is based on transitions from one leit-motif to another. The main ones here, as well as in other Peleshians films, are the themes of cosmos and chaos.
Ethnographic Cinema: the Image of the Other
Authors: Prozhiko G S
Published: February 2020

The article explores the domain of cinematographic art which akin to science tends to reveal the meaning and peculiarities of human existence by means of displaying its ethnographic variety. The movement in question has no special designation yet and is referred to as ethnographic cinema, ethnocinema or audiovisual anthropology. The evolution of the ideological motivations of this movement is considered through the lens of the West/East dichotomy as imprinting of the Others image. Special attention is given to the notion of cul tural anthropology and its implementation in the films made by such masters of the documentary as G. Jacopetti and C. Marker.
Contextual Argumentation in the Humanities
Authors: Ivin A A , Nikitina I P
Published: February 2020

The article proves that out of all possible means of argumentation the humanities and film studies in particular mostly use the so-called non-universal or contextual ways of it. The authors insist upon the rationality of contextual argumentation. tte article treats of particular contextual arguments typical of humanitarian knowledge: those concerning tradition, common sense, authority, taste, fashion etc.
Information Requirements of Society and Expressivity of Audiovisual Media
Authors: Malkova Liliana Yu
Published: February 2020

Contemporary realization of enlightenment tasks of TV is considered in the article in context of cultural contradictions, stimulated by screen mediation of social communications. The request of society for audiovisual information grows outside mass media today: it has entered into document flow, mediates social ritual, in a new way enters culture. At the same time there is a devaluation of authenticity of a documentary shot in television practice, complication of the visual figurativeness built around oral forms of expression. The culture of oral communication presupposes that TV shows are meant mainly for acoustical perception, submitting their visual component to the spontaneity of oral speech at the different levels. To the person, whose social activity, work, daily routine are mediated by screen and do not lose at the same time their authenticity, today it is harder and harder to differentiate the sphere of journalism or art as conditional, "other" environments in which he himself becomes an object of the influence, a target of transformed audiovisual representation of reality. Broadcasters by all means raise the perceptual attractiveness of content in fight for the viewer, whose own activity grows in the media field and his communicative status loses definiteness. At the same time the priority of enlightenment tasks even in political segment of broadcasting is lost, and the social mission of the leading TV channels in audiovisual communication becomes doubtful.
The Un-Gone Past in the Context of Research
Authors: Pal'shkova M A
Published: February 2020

НЕПРОШЕДШЕЕ ПРОШЛОЕ В ОБЪЕКТИВЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ
Criteria of Composition of Documentaries about Nature
Authors: Berkova Nadezhda N
Published: February 2020

The author analyses the challenging issue of audiovisual material organisation in documentaries which has not yet received ample attention. It is shown how assembly-rhythmic construction of audiovisual forms with frame accentuation points out the completeness of a film composition. The author draws attention to the films about ecology, or alternatively about the interaction between nature and society. It is analysed how basic accentual frames connect the parts of the whole by using distant assembling, harmonizing the structure of the documentary by means of artistic and poetic devices (in technical terms - optical methods), providing visual and sensual perception of images in certain rhythm. For the analysis the author has selected a series of films: Inhabitants, The Seasons of the Year by A. Peleshyan, where the composition is united by triple repetition of the same pictures, Salty Tears of Turan by V. Belyalov and L. Muhametgalieva, containing triple picture shifts with petrogliphs (ancient stone art), Golovnev's Little Katerina with the composition structured by triple picture shift with the use of one camera technique. In his documentary Brothers and birds S. Bychenko uses triple or quadruple picture shift by applying triple/ quadruple exposition and by supplying documentary shots with quotations. The thesis of assembly-rhythmic film construction is grounded on the base of the number three. Thus the documentary material is organized according to the "laws of organic nature phenomena structure" (Sergei Eisenstein), which are included in the recommended methods for art creation. But this does not mean that the techniques in question can be incorporated as a canon. Film language develops in the process of searching experiments. Feeling/understanding of the rhythmical construction, as well as knowledge of the laws of art, correlated with the above mentioned contributes to the creation of works that would have inspiring persuasive force.
The Birth of Cinema in the Russian Empire and Film Censorship
Authors: Drubek Natascha
Published: February 2020

The article analyses two closely interrelated research topics: the nature of pre-revolutionary film censorship and the question of the beginnings of cinema in Russia. Early film censorship cannot be studied without considering the arrival of cinema, and, vice versa, since the birth of cinema in the Russian Empire is related to the first cases of censorship. The author argues that the widely accepted date of 1907/8 as the starting point needs to be revised. Even before large-scale commercial production and distribution of feature films such as Stenka Razin, in different parts of the Russian Empire ample evidence of growing enthusiasm for the recording of movement can be found. Engineers, inventors, photographers, and showmen became fledgling filmmakers. The author bases her argumentation on the birth of cinema in Russia mainly on examples dating back to the 19th century. During the festivities of Nicholas II coronation in May 1896 the French cinema apparatus clashed with the Imperial Police in Moscow. After Russian screenings of Lumires films containing a selection of moving images of the Emperor, the Russian court took matters in their hands and started producing their own Royal films - both private home movies and those chosen for public screenings. This is the moment when a relatively stable, yet not public form of film production was established inside Russia continuing for two decades: the Tsar and his family being filmed by the court photographers Matuszewski, and later Jagielski. Some of these court film chronicles were also shown in cinema-theatres. The article also treats the reasons for the later suppression of these early Royal film production in Soviet historiography. While establishing a tight bond between Lenin and the film medium, Soviet film historians had to bury the pivotal role the Imperial court played in cinemas beginning in Russia. After having been the first object of foreign actualities in Russia, Nicholas II became not only a patron of Imperial film productions; moreover, the interference of Court censorship, overseen by the Ministry of the Interior, made clear that films shown and produced in Russia would have to deal with several censorship institutions protecting the representation of the sacred and regulating the free flow of information. The earliest example is the police confiscating a camera with film material shot by Lumires film reporters in Khodynka in May 1896. At this very early stage a procedure is set for the rise to a development of practices of film censorship.
Synthesis of Arts in Vasily Kandinsky's Creative Work
Authors: Kharitonova Natalya S
Published: February 2020

The author analyzes the processes associated with synthesis of arts at the turn of the 19-20th centuries basing on Russian artist Vasily V. Kandinskys creation. He felt a certain relationship between different kinds of art and the need for combining them to create something special, new and unique. For the first time, the artist wrote about this in his book Concerning The spiritual in art, where he articulated the idea of affinity of all kinds of art, especially music and painting. Defining pictorial art as a part of spiritual life that promotes the movement forward and upward, Kandinsky develops not only the theory of the influence of color and color combinations on the viewer, but argues that the form (abstract or geometric) has an inner sounding in turn. Thus, straight lines are youthful, the curves convey maturity, the point is a small world, the horizons sound cold and flat, the verticals are warm and sublime, sharp corners are warm, while straight lines are cold and austere. Vasily Kandinsky believed that the composition was a chord of colorful and picturesque forms that exist independently as such, which are caused by inner necessity and constitute the whole, called a painting. The artist claimed that our harmony is based mainly on the principle of color and sound contrast. Not accidentally, Vasily Kandinsky, noting a strong impression in his youth from Wagners operas, entered the Monogram signature on his works in the triangle, and used musical terms for titles of his works: improvisation, composition, Fugue, Concerto, Suite, and others. Defining the scenic arts as part of spiritual life, which contributes to moving forward and upward, Kandinsky developed not only the theory of color effects and color combinations on the viewer, but argued that the form (abstract or geometrical) has inner sound in turn.
Ukrainian-Russian Interstate Relations During the Presidency of Viktor Yanukovych – “Honeymoon Period” or “Coercion to Marriage”
Authors: Hurak Ihor
Published: February 2020

Zwycięstwo w wyborach prezydenckich Wiktora Janukowycza sprzyjało normalizacji stosunków między oficjalnym Kijowem a Moskwą. Jednak wiele strategicznych zagadnień w stosunkach dwustronnych nie zostało rozwiązanych. Przywódcy Ukrainy byli niezadowoleni ze sztywnego stanowiska Rosji w sektorze energetycznym. Rosyjskim przywódcom, w przeciwieństwie do tego, nie odpowiadał realny postęp Ukrainy w dziedzinie integracji europejskiej.
Na przełomie lata–jesieni 2013 roku Federacja Rosyjska faktycznie całkowicie zablokowała na jakiś czas wymianę gospodarczą między dwoma państwami, zmuszając oficjalny Kijów do tego, aby odmówił podpisania Umowy Stowarzyszeniowej między Ukrainą a UE. Rosnąca presja rosyjska początkowo spowodowała opór ze strony Wiktora Janukowycza. Inicjowane przez prezydenta kroki wskazywały, że proeuropejskie deklaracje ukraińskiego kierownictwa mogą zostać zrealizowane w praktyce. Jednak wzmocnienie i dywersyfikacja presji ze strony Rosji, a do pewnego stopnia niechęć przywódców UE do przyznania skorumpowanym władzom ukraińskim gwarancji znacznej pomocy finansowej, popchnęły Janukowycza do odejścia od kierunku europejskiego.
Między polityzacją etnosu a etnicyzacją demosu: refleksje o polityce narodowej na Bałkanach
Authors: Paruch Waldemar
Published: February 2020

W artykule dokonano analizy procesów narodotworczych na Bałkanach w XIX–XXI wieku, które przebiegały według schematu właściwego dla Europy Środkowej. Pod wpływem oddziaływań oświeceniowych i napoleońskich elity społeczne na Bałkanach podjęły działania na rzecz ukształtowania narodów jako wspólnot politycznych. Na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku wylansowano dwie idee: iliryjską i hellenistyczną. Obie zakończyły się porażką, a słabość iliryzmu i hellenizmu wynikała z dziejów regionu, bowiem na tym obszarze w okresie schyłkowego średniowiecza nie wykształciła się dojrzała postać monarchii stanowej.

Poszczególne bałkańskie terytoria i zamieszkująca je ludność od końca XVIII wieku do początków XX stulecia zetknęły się z wolą budowy czterech historycznych wspólnot politycznych: austriackiej (niemiecko-habsburskiej), węgierskiej (madziarskiej), tureckiej (osmańskiej) i greckiej (helleńskiej). Elity społeczne, uznające się za nosicieli tych idei narodowych, podjęły działania na rzecz rozciągnięcia swoich wyobrażeń na etnos, mówiący językiem krajowym, ale bez określonej przynależności narodowej. Toczyła się rywalizacja austriacko-węgierska i turecko-grecka o świadomość ludu oraz kierunek jego polityzacji. Obie zwaśnione strony łączyło przekonanie o konieczności polityzacji etnosu, czyli uczynienie z niego demograficznej podstawy demosu. Warstwy plebejskie w poszczególnych ziemiach odrzuciły roszczenia polityczne walczących przeciwników. Naturalną odpowiedzią sformułowaną przez reprezentantów warstw plebejskich była wola ukształtowania własnej wspólnoty politycznej. Takie myślenie stało u podstaw tzw. maksymalistycznych programów narodowych: wielkoserbskiego, wielkochorwackiego, zjednoczenia krain słoweńskich, wszechmacedońskiego, wielkoalbańskiego, jedności Bośni i Hercegowiny, projekty Romania Mare i Wielkiej Bułgarii. Jednak koncepcje te nie miały realnych korzeni historyczno-państwowych, podobnie jak państwo jugosłowiańskie. Ta sytuacja spowodowała, że na Bałkanach myślenie o narodzie w kategoriach politycznych zostało wyparte przez rozumowanie w kategoriach etniczno-kulturowych. Następstwem tego procesu była etnicyzacja demosu.
Slovaks in Serbia - Research in the Village of Vojlovica by Means of Multitemporal Analysis of Cultural Landscape Layers
Authors: Žabenský Marian , Hučková Jana
Published: February 2020

Analiza transektów warstw krajobrazu kulturowego miejscowości Vojlovica, stanowiąca przykład badania krajobrazu kulturowego, umożliwiła sformułowanie szeregu uogólnień o charakterze etnograficznym, kulturowym i historycznym. Krajobrazy kulturowe pozostawiają ślady odzwierciedlające pewien związek między kulturą a społeczeństwem zamieszkującym dany obszar. Badanie koncentruje się głównie na XIX i XX wieku, kiedy to miało miejsce osadnictwo i powstanie miejscowości. Następnie nastąpił rozwój rolnictwa, co nadało miejscu charakter rolniczy. Po drugiej wojnie światowej następuje industrializacja, która ma również wpływ na kulturę miejscowej ludności. W ostatnich latach daje się zauważyć znaczący wpływ globalizacji, z naciskiem na myślenie o jednostce/społeczeństwie w kontekście nowego rozwoju kulturowego społeczności.
Instrumenty administracyjne polskiej polityki ekologicznej – wybrane aspekty
Authors: Strus Dorota
Published: February 2020

Przedmiotem podjętej w opracowaniu analizy były instrumenty administracyjne wykorzystywane w procesie realizacji polityki ekologicznej. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na rolę i znaczenie pozwoleń emisyjnych, pozwoleń zintegrowanych, wodnoprawnych oraz na funkcjonujący system zarządzania środowiskiem( EMAS). Istotną kwestią, poddaną analizie z punktu widzenia administracji publicznej, była instytucja związana z przeprowadzaniem ocen oddziaływania na środowisko, w tym w szczególności ocen o charakterze strategicznym.
New Parties in Political Markets of Central and Eastern Europe in the Years 1991-2018 – a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Cichosz Marzena
Published: February 2020

Celem artykułu była analiza wybranych aspektów aktywności partii nowych na scenach politycznych dziesięciu państw Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej w latach 1991–2018. Autor skupił uwagę przede wszystkim na skali poparcia wyborczego, uzyskiwanego przez partie nowe w wyborach do izby niższej parlamentów, jako jednej z przesłanek decydujących o otwartości rynków politycznych. Analizie poddano także liczbę i wielkość (mierzoną skalą poparcia wyborczego) partii nowych, które uzyskały reprezentację parlamentarną w państwach regionu.