bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dificuldades na comunicação entre pessoas com deficiência auditiva e profissionais de saúde: uma questão de saúde pública
Authors: Castro Shamyr Sulyvan de , Paiva Karina Mary , César Chester Luiz Galvão
Published: June 2012

OBJETIVO: Descrever a ocorrência de relatos de pessoas com deficiência auditiva e múltipla (auditiva e visual e/ou mobilidade) quanto às dificuldades para ouvir e entender profissionais de saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, do tipo inquérito de saúde, realizado com sujeitos selecionados a partir de outros dois estudos de base populacional. A coleta dos dados ocorreu de forma domiciliar, por meio de entrevistas realizadas por entrevistadores treinados, em São Paulo e região. Foram coletadas informações sobre a dificuldade de ouvir e entender o que os profissionais de saúde disseram no último serviço de saúde usado, além de dados demográficos (idade, gênero e raça), econômicos (renda do chefe da família), tipo de serviço de saúde procurado, uso de plano privado de saúde e necessidade de auxílio para ir ao serviço de saúde. RESULTADOS: Dos entrevistados, 35% relataram problemas para ouvir e entender os profissionais de saúde no último serviço visitado; 30,6% (IC95%: 23,4-37,8) para entender os médicos; 18,1% (IC95%: 12,0-24,1) para entender as enfermeiras; e 21,2% (IC95%: 14,8-27,6) para entender os outros funcionários. Não houve diferenças quando se considerou as variáveis demográficas, a necessidade de auxílio para tomar banho e se vestir, comer, levantar-se e/ou andar, possuir ou não plano privado de saúde e tipo de serviço de saúde visitado. CONCLUSÃO: Do total de pessoas entrevistadas, 35% relataram problemas para ouvir e entender o que foi dito por profissionais de saúde. Do total que relatou alguma dificuldade, 34,74% tinham deficiência auditiva e 35,38% deficiência múltipla.
Fatores associados a alteração da linguagem em crianças pré-escolares
Authors: Mendes Juliana Coelho de Paula , Pandolfi Marcela Maria , Carabetta Júnior Valter , Novo Neil Ferreira , Colombo-Souza Patrícia
Published: June 2012

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores associados à alteração da linguagem entre variáveis sociais e nutricionais de pré-escolares. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 126 crianças com idade entre 6 meses e 6 anos da região sul do município de São Paulo. Utilizou-se o Teste de Triagem de Desenvolvimento de Denver II para detectar risco de linguagem. O resultado do teste foi comparado com as seguintes variáveis: idade, gênero, escolaridade da mãe, estado nutricional da criança, número e ordem de nascimento dos filhos e anemia. Os resultados receberam análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Segundo o teste de Denver II, dos 126 sujeitos da pesquisa 18,3% apresentaram risco para linguagem e 9,5% anemia. Não houve diferença entre os grupos risco e não risco para as variáveis idade, estado nutricional, escolaridade da mãe e gênero. Para as variáveis número de filhos, ordem de nascimento e presença de anemia, ao contrário, houve diferença entre os grupos risco e não risco. CONCLUSÃO: O maior risco para aquisição e desenvolvimento de linguagem centrou-se no grupo de anêmicos, filhos mais velhos e com menos de quatro irmãos. Estudos semelhantes são fundamentais para detectar possíveis alterações no desenvolvimento da linguagem e, consequentemente, na aprendizagem e futuro desempenho social da criança.
Características acústicas dos fones [s] e [∫] de adultos e crianças com desenvolvimento fonológico típico
Authors: Brasil Brunah de Castro , Mezzomo Carolina Lisbôa , Mota Helena Bolli , Melo Roberta Michelon , Lovatto Liane , Arzeno Leonardo
Published: June 2012

OBJETIVO: Comparar as produções de [s] e [∫] de adultos e crianças com desenvolvimento fonológico típico, considerando os parâmetros acústicos: duração do ruído fricativo, banda de frequências de concentração do ruído, frequência de corte de ruído de fricção e transição formântica da vogal seguinte. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 26 sujeitos, divididos em dois grupos: Grupo de adultos (GA) - composto por 17 adultos jovens (média de idade: 23,61±3,44 anos), sem alterações em aspectos fonológicos da língua e; Grupo de crianças com desenvolvimento fonológico típico (GDFT) - composto por nove crianças (média de idade: 7,12±0,74 anos), com desenvolvimento fonológico típico. Foi realizada uma triagem fonoaudiológica e, após, coleta de dados para análise acústica e, para isso, foram utilizadas pseudopalavras inseridas em frases-veículo. Foram analisadas 624 produções dos sujeitos e os achados foram submetidos à análise estatística. RESULTADOS: Os parâmetros de banda de frequências e transição formântica apresentaram diferenças entre os grupos GA e GDFT. Na comparação entre as posições na palavra, os parâmetros de duração, frequência de corte e transição formântica apresentaram diferença. Os parâmetros de frequência de corte, banda de frequências e transição formântica apresentaram diferença na comparação entre os pontos de articulação de [s] e [∫]. CONCLUSÃO: Para a maioria dos parâmetros acústicos estudados, as produções de GA e GDFT mostraram-se semelhantes. Para alguns parâmetros, porém, puderam-se observar diferenças entre os grupos, entre as posições na palavra e entre os pontos de articulação dos fones estudados.
Las actividades en la naturaleza en la formación inicial docente: un acercamiento desde los sentidos
Authors: Castillo Retamal Franklin , Almonacid Fierro Alejandro
Published: June 2012

El artículo que a continuación se presenta es el resultado de un trabajo de investigación relacionado con el sentido que otorgan los estudiantes de educación física a las actividades en contacto con la naturaleza. En el estudio emerge con nitidez que el currículo escolar del subsector carece de espacios para el desarrollo y despliegue de este núcleo temático. Por otro lado, permite visualizar la pertinencia del modelo curricular de educación física como disciplina, entendiendo que este enfoque paradigmático sobrepasa la perspectiva mecanicista, dualista e instrumental asignada tradicionalmente a este sector de aprendizaje, para centrar su mirada en la resignificación que emerge de las concepciones y vivencias de los sujetos en proceso de formación inicial. En consecuencia, el propósito central es comprender cómo los futuros profesores otorgan sentido y significado a la relación que establecen con el medio natural, toda vez que entienden la generación de un vínculo eminentemente complejo, que configura el ser humano a partir de la biogeoestructura de los espacios naturales, la relación hombre naturaleza y la propia historicidad del sujeto. Por otro lado, esta investigación se enmarca en el paradigma interpretativo y la metodología cualitativa, toda vez que lo central es comprender las nociones de sentido de profesores de educación física en formación, en el marco de las actividades en el medio natural.
Cytogenetic description of Bunocephalus doriae Boulenger, 1902 (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the Paraná River (Misiones, Argentina)
Authors: Fenocchio Alberto Sérgio , Swarça Ana Cláudia
Published: June 2012

In this work, Bunocephalus doriae was cytogenetically analyzed. A karyotype with a diploid number of 2n= 50 comprising 6m, 10sm, 6st, and 28a (FN= 72) chromosomes was observed. The occurrence of an asymmetric karyotype with a large number of acrocentric chromosomes distinguishes this species from others the Order Siluriformes. An exclusive character observed is the first pair of subtelocentric as the largest chromosome pair of the complement. NORs detected using AgNO3 were located in the terminal regions, on the short arm of a subtelocentric chromosome pair (pair 11), in a secondary constriction. C-banding revealed heterochromatic centromeric regions on several chromosomes of the complement after C-banding. This is the first cytogenetic description of this species and the first cytogenetic report on a member of the family Aspredinidae.
MicroRNA as a Diagnostic Tool in Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy of Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Mazeh Haggi
Published: June 2012

Thyroid cancer accounts for 1.5% of all malignancies in the U.S., and it is the most common endocrine malignancy. Detection of thyroid cancer mostly relies on evaluation of thyroid nodules, which are very common but only 5%–7% harbor malignancy. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is currently the most important tool for the evaluation of thyroid nodules; however, it is limited in that it provides only a cytology assessment of the aspirated cells, and indeterminate diagnoses are present in up to 30% of FNAB results. This limitation can be overcome by the molecular analysis of FNAB, and more specifically with the use of microRNAs (miRs).

miRs constitute a class of endogenous small noncoding RNA fragments that regulate gene expression, and in vitro studies have shown that miRs play a significant role in cancer and regulate major processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and cell death. Several studies have investigated the miR expression signature in different thyroid cancers, and data support its use as a diagnostic tool that is highly accurate for thyroid nodules. The purpose of this study is to review the accumulated data on miR dysregulation in the different thyroid cancer types, critically assess its diagnostic utility, and conclude with future study strategies.
Simulations of double-diffusive convection in narrow containers
Authors: Dimitrova Reneta , Pol Suhas , Webb Stephen , Fernando Harindra J. S.
Published: June 2012

A numerical investigation was conducted on the evolution of double-diffusive layers in a narrow-aspect-ratio cylinder that contains a salt-stratified fluid and subjected to bottom and side-wall heating. The numerical results were compared with the data of a laboratory experimental study conducted in parallel. The simulations were carried out using the Fluent computational fluid dynamics code, with a modified shear-stress k–ω transport model to better account for buoyancy effects. The role of the turbulence model in numerical predictions was investigated by conducting laminar and turbulent flow simulations. Both the experimental and numerical results show formation of multiple mixed layers of fluid separated by diffusive interfaces. Comparisons of laboratory and numerical results show a very good agreement for the layer thicknesses and not such good agreement for the temperature and salinity structures. The reasons for disparities between the model and experimental results were identified.
Briefing: Impacts of Victorian engineering on a modern flood risk study
Authors: Fenna Andrew
Published: June 2012

A strategic flood risk management (SFRM) study was undertaken for the heavily urbanised reaches of the River Medlock through Manchester, UK. Many of the buildings and structures on this reach date back to the Victorian era and the industrial revolution, when rapid growth of cities often focused on areas around sources of water for industrial and transportation needs. Key structures on the modelled reach include the Medlock Cloughs, a group of structures designed by Victorian engineers to actively manage water levels in the Bridgewater Canal and the Medlock. Further downstream at Potato Wharf, Giants Basin allows overflow from the canal to spill back into the river. A one-dimensional hydrodynamic model to represent the study reaches was built. Hydraulic modelling of the Medlock Cloughs and Giants Basin proved challenging for several reasons. It was not possible to verify existing survey data or to obtain new survey data because of health and safety issues. The study team was also unable to establish maintenance procedures on the structures or determine whether they now operate as intended by the Victorian engineers who built them. These obstacles were overcome by using old survey drawings, historic data and photographs in modelling the structure. The Medlock Cloughs component of the model proved crucial to obtaining accurate level and flow results for the modelled reaches, as the split in flows between the canal and river controlled the water levels upstream. The lessons learnt from this study may have application in assessing flood risk in other similar situations, and included the requirement for credible, accurate data for structures, and the importance of accurately representing, in a computational model, old structures that are no longer operating as intended.
A benchmark study of dynamic damage identification of plates
Authors: Currie Daniel , Petrie Nicola , Mao Lei , Lu Yong
Published: June 2012

Vibration-based methods for damage detection of structures are researched extensively among the academic community. Yet only limited success in practice has been reported. A major hurdle is understood to be the discrepancy between the assumed availability of pertinent modal data and the measurability of such data from actual experiments. However, dedicated critical studies into the practicality and limitation of modal testing for structural damage detection are scarce. This paper presents a laboratory investigation, along with finite-element (FE) analysis, into the extent to which modal frequencies and mode shapes may be measured in a plate-like structure and their general sensitivities to different levels of damage. The order of measurable modes and the measurement accuracy are assessed on the basis of the actual measurement in conjunction with FE predictions. Changes in the measured modal properties are examined in light of the pattern and severity of damage. Results indicate that with a typical modal testing it is possible to obtain the first 5–6 modes for a plate structure with sufficient accuracy in the frequencies but with a gross error of around 10% in the mode shapes. Using solely a few measurable natural frequencies will be insufficient to identify the occurrence and the degree of crack-induced damage. Mode shapes can be more indicative of local damage in a plate, especially when it involves an edge crack.
Briefing: Current trends in engineering mechanics: structural dynamics
Authors: Macdonald John H. G.
Published: June 2012

The trend for more slender and lighter structures means their dynamic behaviour is becoming increasingly important. Computational developments have vastly increased the possibilities for analysis in this area, but there are still many challenges and uncertainties. This briefing article reviews current approaches to dealing with uncertainties in loading, modelling and response acceptance criteria for increasingly dynamic structures.
Modelling of naphthalene sorption in shallow beach aquifers
Authors: Ahmed Ashraf A. , Chen Daoyi
Published: June 2012

The effect of tide-induced water table fluctuations on the sorption of naphthalene in beach aquifers is investigated. In particular, the cases of equilibrium and rate-limited sorption of naphthalene to aquifer solids are studied by examining the partition coefficient and rate of mass transfer from mobile to immobile regions. Results showed that the tidal effect on contaminant concentrations was not only dependent on the spill location but also on the partition coefficient and the rate of mass transfer. A difference of 13% of the initial spilled concentration was observed between the transient- and steady-head boundaries when the sorption partition coefficient between the contaminant and the sorbent was small (1 × 10−4 m3/kg). However, when the partition coefficient increased to 5 × 10−3 m3/kg, these differences became negligible. This suggests that for contaminants with higher hydrophobicity, a steady head may be used to simulate a seaward boundary, thereby reducing the extensive computations associated with the transient-head boundary. Likewise, small rates of mass transfer from mobile to immobile regions have produced different plume sizes in cases of transient- and steady-head boundaries. These differences in plume size disappeared upon an increase in mass transfer rate.
Functional traits explain light and size response of growth rates in tropical tree species
Authors: Rüger Nadja , Wirth Christian , Wright S. Joseph , Condit Richard
Published: June 2012

Relationships between functional traits and average or potential demographic rates have provided insight into the functional constraints and trade‐offs underlying life‐history strategies of tropical tree species. We have extended this framework by decomposing growth rates of ∼130 000 trees of 171 Neotropical tree species into intrinsic growth and the response of growth to light and size. We related these growth characteristics to multiple functional traits (wood density, adult stature, seed mass, leaf traits) in a hierarchical Bayesian model that accounted for measurement error and intraspecific variability of functional traits. Wood density was the most important trait determining all three growth characteristics. Intrinsic growth rates were additionally strongly related to adult stature, while all traits contributed to light response. Our analysis yielded a predictive model that allows estimation of growth characteristics for rare species on the basis of a few easily measurable morphological traits.
Maternal Periodontal Disease in Rats Decreases Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Signaling in Adult Offspring
Authors: Shirakashi Daisy J. , Leal Rosana P. , Colombo Natalia H. , Chiba Fernando Y. , Garbin Cléa A.S. , Jardim Elerson G. , Antoniali Cristina , Sumida Doris H.
Published: June 2012

Background: Periodontal disease during pregnancy has been recognized as one of the causes of preterm and low‐birth‐weight (PLBW) babies. Several studies have demonstrated that PLBW babies are prone to developing insulin resistance as adults. Although there is controversy over the association between periodontal disease and PLBW, the phenomenon known as programming can translate any stimulus or aggression experienced during intrauterine growth into physiologic and metabolic alterations in adulthood. The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether the offspring of rats with periodontal disease develop insulin resistance in adulthood.

Methods: Ten female Wistar rats were divided into periodontal disease (PED) and control (CN) groups. All rats were mated at 7 days after induction of periodontal disease. Male offspring were divided into two groups: 1) periodontal disease offspring (PEDO; n = 24); and 2) control offspring (CNO; n = 24). Offspring body weight was measured from birth until 75 days. When the offspring reached 75 days old, the following parameters were measured: 1) plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, fructosamine, lipase, amylase, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α); 2) insulin sensitivity (IS); and 3) insulin signal transduction (IST) in insulin‐sensitive tissues.

Results: Low birth weight was not detected in the PEDO group. However, plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, fructosamine, lipase, amylase, and TNF‐α were increased and IS and IST were reduced (P <0.05) in the PEDO group compared with the CNO group.

Conclusion: Maternal periodontal disease may induce insulin resistance and reduce IST in adult offspring, but such alterations are not attributable to low birth weight.
Periodontal Diagnosis Affected by Variation in Terminology
Authors: Martin John A. , Grill Ashley C. , Matthews Abigail G. , Vena Don , Thompson Van P. , Craig Ronald G. , Curro Frederick A.
Published: June 2012

Background: The randomized case presentation (RCP) study is designed to assess the degree of diagnostic accuracy for described periodontal cases. This is to lay the basis for practitioner calibration in the Practitioners Engaged in Applied Research and Learning (PEARL) Network for future clinical studies.

Methods: The RCP consisted of 10 case scenarios ranging from periodontal health to gingivitis and mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis. Respondents were asked to diagnose the described cases. Survey diagnoses were compared to two existing classifications of periodontal disease status. The RCP was administered via a proprietary electronic data capture system maintained by the PEARL Data Coordinating Center. Standard analytic techniques, including frequency counts and cross‐tabulations, were used for categorical data with mean and standard deviation and median values reported for continuous data elements.

Results: Demonstrable variations in periodontal assessment for health, gingivitis, and mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis were found among the 130 PEARL general practitioners who participated in the RCP survey. The highest agreement for diagnosis among dentists was for severe periodontitis (88%) and the lowest for gingivitis (55%). The highest percentage of variation was found in cases with health and gingivitis.

Conclusions: There was variation among PEARL practitioners in periodontal diagnosis that may affect treatment outcomes. Our findings add clinical support to recent publications suggesting a need for standardization of terminology in periodontitis diagnosis.
Practice Based Research Networks Impacting Periodontal Care: PEARL Initiative
Authors: Curro Frederick A. , Thompson Van P. , Grill Ashley , Vena Don , Terracio Louis , Naftolin Frederick
Published: June 2012

In 2005, the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research /National Institutes of Health funded the largest initiative to date to affect change in the delivery of oral care. This commentary provides the background for the first study related to periodontics in a Practice Based Research Network (PBRN). It was conducted in the Practitioners Engaged in Applied Research & Learning (PEARL) Network. The PEARL Network is headquartered at New York University College of Dentistry. The basic tenet of the PBRN initiative is to engage clinicians to participate in clinical studies, where they will be more likely to accept the results and to incorporate the findings into their practices. This process may reduce the translational gap that exists between new findings and the time it takes for them to be incorporated into clinical practice. The cornerstone of the PBRN studies is to conduct comparative effectiveness research studies to disseminate findings to the profession and improve care. This is particularly important because the majority of dentists practice independently. Having practitioners generate clinical data allows them to contribute in the process of knowledge development and incorporate the results in their practice to assist in closing the translational gap. With the advent of electronic health systems on the horizon, dentistry may be brought into the mainstream health care paradigm and the PBRN concept can serve as the skeletal framework for advancing the profession provided there is consensus on the terminology used.
Therapeutic Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid and Vitamin C on Alveolar Bone Resorption After Experimental Periodontitis in Rats: A Biochemical, Histochemical, and Stereologic Study
Authors: Akman Sumeyra , Canakci Varol , Kara Adem , Tozoglu Ummuhan , Arabaci Taner , Dagsuyu İlhan Metin
Published: June 2012

Background: Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) and vitamin C (Vit‐C) are very important and powerful antioxidants that have been used for the treatment of many diseases. The present study aims to investigate the role of ALA and Vit‐C substances in the treatment of alveolar bone resorption in periodontal diseases.

Methods: Thirty‐six male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: 1) control rats; 2) rats with experimental periodontitis (PED); 3) rats with PED treated with ALA (ALA); and 4) rats with PED treated with ALA+Vit‐C (ALA+Vit‐C). PED was simulated by placing ligatures around the neck of teeth for 5 weeks. After ligature removal, the PED group was given a single intragastric dose of 1 mL saline, and the ALA and ALA+Vit‐C groups were treated with an intragastric dose of 50 mg/kg ALA and ALA+Vit‐C for 15 days, respectively. Levels of serum bone alkaline phosphatase (B‐ALP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in gingival tissues were analyzed. To evaluate the osteoclast activation, expression of activated receptor activator nuclear factor‐kappa B ligand (RANKL) and bone density index (BDI) were determined stereologically in the bone sections obtained from the mandibles of the rats.

Results: The results showed statistically significant differences between the PED group and groups treated with antioxidant according to B‐ALP, MPO, RANKL, and BDI values (P <0.05). ALA and ALA+Vit‐C treatments showed beneficial effects on the mesial/distal periodontal bone support at the ligature‐induced periodontitis tooth areas.

Conclusion: This study shows that ALA and Vit‐C treatment provides therapeutic effects on inhibition of alveolar bone resorption and periodontal tissue destruction.
Pictorial and Graphemic Processing in Fluent Aphasia
Authors: Stead Amanda L. , Savage Meghan C. , Buckingham Hugh W.
Published: June 2012

Some research suggests that people with aphasia may have deficits in processing pictorial materials; other studies suggest this is contradictory. Moreover, it is not known how these potential deficits compare to deficits in graphemic processing. The purpose of this study was to examine pictorial processing in individuals with fluent aphasia, and how it compares to their graphemic processing. Three people with fluent aphasia were administered three computer based expectation tasks. Participants were required to determine if the final stimulus in a sequence of four was congruent or incongruent with the preceding three stimuli. Two tasks were administered, one using simple object pictures, and the other using pictorial action scenes. A corresponding graphemic condition was also administered that was composed of category words. The dependant variables analyzed were percent correct and reaction time. Overall, the participants performed more accurately on both pictorial conditions as compared to the graphemic condition. Contrasting reaction time and accuracy patterns are noted for each type of fluent aphasia represented in the study. It is necessary to investigate the pictographic competency of each individual with aphasia to determine relative strengths and weaknesses. It appears that in some people with aphasia, language is not the only modality to suffer damage following a stroke. Investigation of therapeutic uses for pictographs and other nonverbal materials may provide an opportunity to reduce frustration associated with other modalities such as reading, writing, and verbal comprehension in people with fluent aphasia.
Psychophysiological Coherence as a Function of Mental Imagery Practice
Authors: Kaplan Ulas , Epstein Gerald N.
Published: June 2012

In this experimental study, we explored effects of mental imagery practice on psychophysiological coherence, measured as heart rhythm coherence. A total of 82 undergraduates participated in the study and were randomly assigned to mental imagery, thought monitoring, and control groups. The experiment took a period of 3 weeks, during which the first group regularly practiced two imagery exercises, and the second group practiced a thought monitoring exercise. Participants in all three groups visited a lab, twice a week, where their heart rhythm coherence was measured by a device that monitors heart rate variability. Results showed significant increases in heart rhythm coherence as a function of mental imagery practice. The effects of thought monitoring practice were much more limited. Methodological limitations of the study were discussed particularly in terms of the regulation of thought monitoring practice. Suggestions for future study include manipulating possible sources of variation in the effectiveness of imagery practice, and making connections between the cognitive study of imagery and its therapeutic function.
The Effects of Writing on Memory for a Forensically Relevant Event
Authors: Krackow Elisa
Published: June 2012

The current study examined the effects of writing on memory for a forensically relevant event. Participants ( N = 99) viewed a crime video and either wrote about what happened in the video, drew about the video as a retrieval control, or wrote about their favorite summer vacation for 20 minutes as a no-retrieval control for 3 consecutive days beginning the day after they viewed the video. All participants received the same memory interview 2 weeks later. Participants who wrote about the video recalled significantly more correct ideas than those in the drawing control and those in the no-retrieval control condition. There was a small but significant increase in the number of recall errors in the writing condition compared to the two control conditions. However, the percent increase in correct recall in the writing condition remained almost identical in an analysis that took both correct and incorrect information into account. Although the amount of correct information recalled increased substantially in the writing condition, the proportion of correct information was greatest in the drawing-retrieval control condition.
Predictors of Adult Narrative Elaboration: Emotion, Attachment, and Gender
Authors: McCabe Allyssa , Peterson Carole
Published: June 2012

When individuals first converse with others, they bring to those interactions expectations and habits of communication that are affected by many factors. In this study we looked at several factors simultaneously to see which predicted narrative elaboration in personal memories of early childhood and adolescence: self-described attachment patterns, stress of original experiences, and gender. A sample of 195 undergraduates aged 18–29 recalled their very earliest memory and their earliest memory of adolescence (in counterbalanced order) and completed the Multi-Item Measure of Romantic Attachment (Brennan, Clark, & Shaver, 1998). Positive experiences dominated both early and adolescent memories, though there were significant positive correlations between ratings of negativity (stress) and several measures of narrative elaboration in both kinds of memories. Avoidance scales correlated negatively with many measures of elaboration, while anxiety scales correlated positively only with one submeasure. In regression analyses of narrative elaboration conducted separately for early and late memories, the following significant patterns were observed: (1) females elaborated more than males; (2) more negative memories predicted more elaboration but only in early memories; and (3) avoidance scores predicted less elaboration, while anxiety scales were not significant predictors. Results are discussed in terms of the consequences of these issues for dating.
Muriel Spark: Some Biographical Sources of Satire
Authors: Schneiderman Leo
Published: June 2012

It is a truism that serious fiction is not necessarily fantasy, but is often grounded in the reality of the author's life. However, many fictional characters, plots, philosophical themes, and descriptions of places and events have their source in unconscious determinants linked with the author's experience. I include fiction that employs satire, even though satire seems to be directed to certain character types as well as institutions, customs, and beliefs worthy of ridicule. Consequently, personal elements in the writer's background may not be obvious. For this reason I have chosen the novels and short stories of the late Muriel Spark, for several decades one of the most widely read and admired satirists in her native Britain and the United States. Using a broadly defined psychoanalytic framework, including references to Object Relations theory, I have examined the following determinants of Spark's fiction: familial, religious, interpersonal, psychosexual, and psychosis-induced experiences. The emotional sub-stratum of Spark's satire is anger, the apparent analogue of her feelings toward the real people in her life. By generalizing these feelings, often bitter and resentful, Spark has given her readers a view of the human race that is deeply pessimistic, written in a style that is concise and oddly amusing, with occasional overtones of supernatural forces at work.
Mandibular rotation during the transitional dentition
Authors: Ueno Hiroshi , Behrents Rolf G. , Oliver Donald R. , Buschang Peter H.
Published: June 2012

Objective:

To determine whether dentoalveolar changes or vertical condylar growth is more closely related to the true forward rotation of the mandible during the transition between the late primary and early mixed dentition stages of development.

Materials and Methods:

The sample included 50 subjects (25 males and 25 females) with Class I (N  =  25) and Class II (N  =  25) molar relationships. They were selected based on the availability of lateral cephalograms at two developmental stages: T1: last film with complete primary dentition (5.8 ± 0.4 years) and T2: first film with permanent incisors and permanent molars fully erupted (8.0 ± 0.2 years). Seventeen landmarks were identified and 22 measurements were calculated. The mandibles at T1 and T2 were superimposed using natural reference structures in order to measure true mandibular rotation.

Results:

The mandible underwent −2.4° ± 2.6° of true rotation, 1.9° ± 2.4° of remodeling, and −0.6° ± 1.8° of apparent rotation. There were no significant sex or Class differences in true rotation, remodeling, and apparent rotation. There was a moderate correlation (r  =  0.76) between true rotation and remodeling and a moderately low correlation (r  =  0.40) between true rotation and apparent rotation. There was a weak correlation between true rotation and SNA (r  =  0.28). True rotation was most closely associated with the increases in U1/S-N (r  =  −0.34), increases in U1/PP (r  =  −0.36), and decreases in Id-Me (r  =  0.36).

Conclusions:

Independent of sex and Class, the true mandibular rotation that occurred between the late primary and early mixed dentition was mostly masked by angular remodeling, resulting in limited amounts of apparent rotation. True rotation was significantly related to anterior dentoalveolar changes but not to the vertical growth changes that occurred.
Association between third mandibular molar impaction and degree of root development in adolescents
Authors: Lauesen Søren Rødsgaard , Andreasen Jens O. , Gerds Thomas Alexander , Christensen Søren Steno Ahrensburg , Borum Mette , Hillerup Søren
Published: June 2012

Objective:

To compare the root development and the growth rate of the mandibular third molar (M3 inf) in individuals where the M3 inf erupted vs individuals exhibiting M3 inf impaction.

Materials and Methods:

Serial standardized intraoral radiographs (Eggen technique) were taken annually of the mandibular third molar region from 132 subjects (71 male and 61 female) from 15 to 20 years of age. Based on the films, 264 lower third molars were classified into an eruption and an impaction group. Root development was recorded according to a quantitative method described by Haavikko (1970), and the eruption status was analyzed using logistic regression.

Results:

In total, 155 (59%) of the M3 inf erupted, and 109 (41%) were impacted at age 20. In 44 (33%) patients both M3 inf were impacted, in 21 (16%) patients one tooth was erupted and the contralateral tooth impacted, and in 67 (51%) patients both M3 inf were erupted. The more mature a tooth was at age 15, the higher was the probability of eruption (odds ratio: 3.89, P < .001). The growth rate of the root development stage was statistically significantly associated with the probability of eruption (odds ratio: 10.50, P  =  .041).

Conclusions:

Delayed mandibular third molar root development is associated with impaction. Radiographs taken at age 15 may predict the risk of impaction and thereby guide decision making for the orthodontist or the oral and maxillofacial surgeon.
Stability limits of laser drilled hole arrays on large areas
Authors: Hambach Nelli , Hartmann Claudia , Holtkamp Jens , Gillner Arnold
Published: June 2012

Large area microdrilling utilizing short pulsed solid state lasers is a promising manufacturing technique for filtration technology. High degree of perforation and high quality of the drilled hole arrays regarding roundness and diameter variation of holes are the main challenges. The goal is to achieve a high degree of perforation with a high number of round holes on a constant pitch. The resulting variation of hole roundness and mechanical stability limitations of the percussion drilled foil using a ns pulsed laser source with a wavelength of 355 nm when drilling a 50 µm thin aluminum foil are presented here. Different drilling strategies are investigated in relation to roundness, hole diameter, and heat propagation. The quality of drilled holes decreases with decreasing pitch and hole diameter. This can be related to thermal effects and pointing stability of the laser beam. Both effects are directional in the setup used here and can, therefore, be superposed positively or negatively. Due to adapted superposition of the effects, the roundness of the holes can be maximized.
Contributing factors to fires in clinical settings during medical laser applications
Authors: Pierce J. , Lacey S. , Lopez R. , Lippert J. , Franke J.
Published: June 2012

An estimated 650 fires occur in the surgical environment annually in the U.S.; a figure which may be severely underreported. Any fire in the surgical environment can have devastating implications for patient safety and is clearly an occupational risk to healthcare personnel. Literature searches of the PubMed and Rockwell Laser Industries Laser Accident Databases were performed in order to (1) identify factors and sources affecting the risk of fire in the medical environment, namely, oxidizers, ignition sources, and fuels, and (2) to identify areas of future research for prevention. All papers relevant to the flammability of commonly used medical supplies when subjected to laser radiation, including clinical case reports and publicly available incident data, were identified, reviewed, and summarized. There are numerous materials that are ubiquitous within the medical setting that can ignite when accidentally contacted with laser radiation, including gauze, drapes, sponges, adhesive tapes, and gowns, skin preparatory solutions and ointments, and endotracheal tubes. Future research is warranted to determine the dependence of the ignition potential of the various fuels on laser type and operational parameters. The purpose of this analysis is to summarize and present all of the seminal published literature pertaining to medical laser-related fires and their prevention in order to understand the contributing factors and extent to which these hazards exist, to inform the medical laser community about these hazards, and to prioritize future areas of occupational health and safety research.
Optimization of the aluminum oxide properties for adhesive bonding by laser surface pretreatment
Authors: Rechner Rico , Jansen Irene , Beyer Eckhard
Published: June 2012

The laser pretreatment of AlMg3 has been conducted to investigate the influence of the fluence on the oxide properties. Therefore, the aluminum surface is pretreated by a fiber laser and subsequently analyzed by SEM, EDX, and XPS. Finally, mechanical measurements are performed on adhesively bonded specimens to study the surface properties produced. For the purpose of comparison, the two state-of-the-art pretreatment methods etching and phosphoric acid anodizing are also investigated. The results show that laser pretreatment changes the properties of the aluminum surface and especially those of the oxide layer. The latter grows in comparison to the natural oxide layer of etched surfaces but does not reach the dimensions of an electrochemically formed oxide layer. Mechanical testing showed that the laser treated specimens reach and exceed the strength values of etched and anodized surfaces, respectively. However, strength after aging does not keep up with the good long-term resistance of anodized aluminum, but it exceeds by far the values obtained for etched surfaces. Overall the study showed that optimizing the oxide layer by laser pretreatment leads to improved adhesion and enhances the strength of adhesively bonded aluminum. Therefore, the laser pretreatment of aluminum is an excellent alternative to wet (electro)chemical processes.
Laser cladding with scanning optics: Effect of power adjustment
Authors: Pekkarinen Joonas , Kujanpää Veli , Salminen Antti
Published: June 2012

Laser cladding with fiber laser using scanning optics is a relatively new way of laser cladding. Modern oscillating scanners enable laser power adjustment according to scanning direction. This is a versatile tool for making process more stable as well as modifying the shape of clad bead. Laser cladding was made using 5 kW IPG fiber laser with ILV-oscillating scanner, using 316L powder as clad material and S355 mild steel plate as substrate material. These tests showed that power adjustment is necessary for cladding process stability when sinusoidal scanning is used. Power adjustment can be used also for adjusting the geometry of clad bead and for constructing simple geometries. The oscillating scanner enables flexibility for controlling the geometry of clad bead and process stability compared to the conventional laser cladding with static optics.
Laser cladding for railway repair and preventative maintenance
Authors: Clare Adam , Oyelola Olusola , Folkes Janet , Farayibi Peter
Published: June 2012

Rolling contact fatigue, amongst other mechanisms of wear, between railway track and train wheel ensures that periodic replacement of worn track and other key components such as switches must be undertaken. The cost associated with repairing/replacing track is significant. This places a financial burden upon the rail network provider, creates a significant carbon footprint associated with remanufacture of track, and also interruption to train services. It is proposed that laser cladding, when deployed strategically, can reduce the costs associated with replacing worn track by enhancing the longevity of new rail components (preservice) and also for the repair of sections of track which are prone to excessive wear (in service). This will lead to a cheaper, more reliable, and sustainable rail network. This paper details a series of investigations undertaken to laser clad with premium wear resistant alloys (nickel alloy, Stellite 6, maraging steel, and hadfield steel) to much cheaper rail material substrates. The methodology for process optimization is presented, and the specimens are characterized for suitability. Laser cladding is demonstrated to be a viable solution to repair worn track, and a deposition process for actual track sections is presented.
Quality detection and control during laser cutting progress with coaxial visual monitoring
Authors: Wen Peng , Zhang Yongqiang , Chen Wuzhu
Published: June 2012

A system of coaxial visual detection and closed-loop control is developed in laser cutting to automatically optimize cutting speed to obtain best cutting quality. The sparks behavior is observed under different cutting speeds by side visual monitoring. It is proved that the maximum number of pixels of various radiation brightness ranges of the coaxially detected sparks corresponds to the optimal cutting speed, represented by the lowest bottom roughness on cut face. By coaxial visual monitoring of cutting front and sparks, the standard deviations of shape parameters of cutting front and the average length of certain brightness range of sparks are, respectively, used as the signals for cutting defects and the bottom roughness. The results show that the optimal cutting speed for free defect and low bottom roughness could be determined and kept on-line by the developed system.
Trepanning drilling of microholes on cemented tungsten carbide using femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Xuan Pham Khai , Tanabe Rie , Ito Yoshiro
Published: June 2012

Microholes of 100–300 µm diameters were trepanned on cemented tungsten carbide plates of 0.5 and 1 mm thicknesses by means of femtosecond laser pulses using a galvano-scanner with an f-θ lens of 80 mm focal length. It was found that the focus position of the laser beam relative to the sample surface affects the drilled hole shape and drilling speed. Focus on the surface produced a less tapered hole and a higher machining speed than focus 0.5 mm away from the surface in either direction. A low scan speed of the laser beam of 0.035 mm/s produced straighter, less tapered, and more symmetric holes than a high scan speed of 15 mm/s. However, the high scan speed resulted in a higher machining speed. A circular polarized beam resulted in round holes, whereas a linearly polarized beam produced distortions in the shape of the holes. It was also found that laser-induced periodic surface structures with a period of 300 nm were formed on the entire side surface of the holes drilled using circularly polarized beam. The formation of pores on the side walls of the drilled holes was observed and considered as the selective removal of cobalt.
2D longitudinal modeling of heat transfer and fluid flow during multilayered direct laser metal deposition process
Authors: Morville Simon , Carin Muriel , Peyre Patrice , Gharbi Myriam , Carron Denis , Le Masson Philippe , Fabbro Rémy
Published: June 2012

Derived from laser cladding, the direct laser metal deposition (DLMD) process is based upon a laser beam–powder–melt pool interaction and enables the manufacturing of complex 3D shapes much faster than conventional processes. However, the surface finish remains critical, and DLMD parts usually necessitate postmachining steps. Within this context, the focus of our work is to improve the understanding of the phenomena responsible for deleterious surface finish by using numerical simulation. Mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations are solved using comsol multiphysics® in a 2D transient model including filler material with surface tension and thermocapillary effects at the free surface. The dynamic shape of the molten zone is explicitly described by a moving mesh based on an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method (ALE). This model is used to analyze the influence of the process parameters, such as laser power, scanning speed, and powder feed rate on the melt pool behavior. The simulations of a single layer and multilayer claddings are presented. The numerical results are compared with experimental data, in terms of layer height, melt pool length, and depth of penetration, obtained from high speed camera. The experiments are carried out on a widely used aeronautical alloy (Ti–6Al–4 V) using a Nd:YAG laser. The results show that the dilution ratio increases with increasing the laser power and the scanning velocity or with decreasing the powder feed rate. The final surface finish is then improved.
Investigation of the effects of basic laser material interaction parameters in laser welding
Authors: Suder W. J. , Williams S. W.
Published: June 2012

The depth of penetration achieved in continuous wave (CW) laser welding results from a balance of many complicated phenomena, which are linked with the characteristics of the heat source. In this work, the laser welding process has been investigated in terms of basic laser material interaction parameters: power density and interaction time. It has been shown that these two parameters are insufficient to characterize the laser welding process. Thus, a third parameter, specific point energy, has been introduced, which along with the power density and the interaction time allowed the welding process to be uniquely defined. It has been shown that the depth of penetration is mainly controlled by the power density and the specific point energy, whilst the weld width is controlled by the interaction time.