bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Fierce Green Fire
Authors: Lorbiecki Marybeth
Published: November 2020

For anyone interested in wildlife, birds, wilderness areas, parks, ecology, conservation, environmental literature, and ethics, the name Aldo Leopold is sure to pop up. Since first publication, Aldo Leopold: A Fierce Green Fire has remained the classic short, inspiring biography of Leopold--the perfect companion to reading his ever popular A Sand County Almanac. Winning numerous awards, this comprehensive account of his life story is dynamic and readable, written in the context of the history of American conservation and illustrated with historic photographs. Marybeth Lorbiecki has now enriched A Fierce Green Fire in a way no other biography on Leopold has, adding numerous chapters on the ripple effects of his ideas, books, ecological vision, land ethic, and Shack, as well as of the ecological contributions of his children, graduate students, contemporary scholars, and organizations--and the wilderness lands he helped preserve. Lorbiecki weaves these stories and factual information into the biography in a compelling way that keeps both lay and academic readers engaged. In the introduction to this edition, Lorbiecki makes it clear how much better our lives are because Leopold lived and why today we so radically need what he left us to bring about paradigm shifts in our ethical, economic, and cultural thinking. Instead of losing relevance, Leopold's legacy has gained ever more necessity and traction in the face of contemporary national and world challenges, such as species loss and climate change. Even the phenological studies he started at as a hobby are proving valuable, showing the climatic shifts that have occurred at the Shack lands since the 1930s, recognized by the plants and animals.
Lug- Ins- Land: 1887– 1901
Authors: Lorbiecki Marybeth
Published: November 2020

From his childhood home atop Prospect Hill in Burlington, Iowa, Aldo Leopold could gaze out over the mighty Mississippi and its wet, wooded bottomlands. Each fall and spring, the skies were speckled like the breast of a wood thrush as thousands of migrating birds flew overhead, rousing hunters to their blinds. Coal smoke wafted up from the river’s steamboats. The train whistles of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad pierced the winds as locomotives chugged back and forth across the Burlington Bridge, linking Illinois to Iowa. Though unaware of it, Leopold was overlooking the meeting of the nation’s East and West, of the Industrial Revolution and the frontier, of an age of nature’s plenty and one of scarcity, of the 19th century and the 20th to come. Leopold was born in Burlington on January 11, 1887, in the house of his grandparents, Charles and Marie Runge Starker. Their home provided fertile soil for the growth of a citizen concerned about people, the land, and the relationships between them. As some flowers are colored by minerals absorbed in their roots, Aldo’s later works exhibit shades of his grandparents and parents. A German immigrant educated in engineering and architecture, Charles Starker had come to Burlington in 1850, when it was a rough river town on the edge of the western prairie. He liked what he saw, because it reminded him of his homeland, and he worked to make Burlington even more into the kind of town he wanted it to be: aesthetic, prosperous, and cultured. Over the years, he progressed from the drafting of buildings to the construction of businesses, excelling as a grocer, banker, alderman, and director of the city cemetery. Using his prestige, he spearheaded efforts to bring to the town, among other civic gems, a library and an opera house, which lent Burlington a grand style scarcely matched by other midwestern communities its size. But style was not enough. Charles was an amateur naturalist, and he believed that cities, as well as homes, required spaces specifically set aside for people to enjoy nature’s offerings.
The Round River of Ecological Economics and Development
Authors: Lorbiecki Marybeth
Published: November 2020

Richard Taber, one of Aldo’s students, understood the round river aspect of the Professor’s credo—where the flow of energy moves through human systems of economics, as well as through natural ones. “He was seeing beyond the preservation of nature apart—toward the integration of human and natural worlds.” Nowhere is this movement more evident than in United Nations discussions with scientists, ecologists, development specialists, economists, and cultural preservation specialists on how to craft and fulfill Sustainable Development Goals for 2015+. Worldwide, it has become very clear that poverty increases with environmental destruction, and public health drastically decreases. Though Leopold did not live to address the United Nations when asked in the 1940s, he was advocating for economic systems that were far more cognizant of the connections between the environment and the personal, cultural, and systematic levels of economies. In his 1933 essay “Conservation Economics,” Leopold vented his frustration with the concept that the marketplace, or just legislation, could be relied on to protect resources. A far deeper understanding of the connections between natural resources and human economies was needed to see that if individual landowners and businesses didn’t care for these elements, they would end up paying for them anyway: . . .The wholescale public expenditures for 1933 indicate that from now on, whenever a private landowner so uses his land as to injure the public interest, the public will eventually pay the bill, either by buying him out, or by donating the repairs or both. Hence the prevention of damage to the soil, or to the living things upon it, has become a first principle of public finance. Abuse is no longer merely a question of depleting a capital asset, but of actually creating a cash liability against the taxpayer. . . . Leopold advocated for a new economic order based on additional criteria beyond monetary balance sheets: “Now to appraise the new order in terms of the two criteria: 1) Does it maintain fertility? 2) Does it maintain a diver fauna and flora?” Natural beauty, stability, and sustainability are qualities people assume as part of quality of life, but they don’t plan for them.
Functional Group Transformation: The Castle Synthesis of Celogentin C
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Mark Cushman of Purdue University found (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 3507) that a benzylic methyl ether 1 could be converted to the aldehyde 2 by N -bromosuccinimide. Two equivalents of NBS gave the methyl ester. Ning Jiao of Peking University used (Organic Lett. 2010, 12, 2888) NaN3 followed by DDQ to oxidize a benzylic halide 3 to the nitrile 4. Hugues Miel of Almac Sciences oxidized (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 3216) the ketone 5 to the nitro derivative 6. The oxidative conversion of the nitro compound 7 to the ketone 8 described (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 6389) by Vera L. Patrocinio Pereira of the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro proceeded without epimerization. Sundarababu Baskaran of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 804) that oxidative cleavage of the benzylidene acetal 9 delivered 10 with high regioselectivity. The intramolecular alkene dihydroxylation of 11 originated (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 4491) by Erik J. Alexanian of the University of North Carolina gave 12 with high diastereocontrol. Ruimao Hua of Tsinghua University took advantage (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 2966) of the H-donor properties of DMF to develop an efficient reduction of the alkyne 13 to the alkyne 14 . Alejandro F. Barrero of the University of Granada developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 254) Ti (III) conditions for the reduction of the allylic alcohol 15 to the terminal alkene 16. Isolated alkenes were stable to these conditions. P. Veeraraghavan Ramachandran, also of Purdue University, effected (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 3167) reductive amination of 17 to 18 using the now readily available NH3 - BH3 . Bin Ma and Wen-Cherng Lee of BiogenIdec developed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 385) a simple protocol for the conversion of an acid 19 to the free amine 20. Marc Lemaire of Université Lyons 1 established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 2092) that the silane 22 reduced primary, secondary, and tertiary amides to the aldehydes.
Functional Group Protection: The Kraus Synthesis of Bauhinoxepin J
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Amos B. Smith III of the University of Pennsylvania found (Synlett 2009, 3131) that the advanced SAMP intermediate 1 could be deprotected to 2 without racemization under mild oxidative conditions. Akihiko Ouchi of the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, showed (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 4870) that the C-Te of 3 was easily oxidized to the aldehyde 4. Secondary C-Te bonds were converted to ketones. Asit K. Chakraborti of NIPER prepared (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 5967) esters by warming an acid 5 with an alcohol 6 in the presence of acidic silica gel. Gilles Quéléver of Aix-Marseille Université established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 4346) that a cyanomethyl ester 8, readily prepared from the acid, efficiently exchanged with an alcohol 9 to give the ester 10. Martin J. Lear of the National University of Singapore protected (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 5267) an alcohol 11 as the p -methoxybenzyl ether 13 under mild conditions (AgOTf/DTBMP) with the new reagent 12 . Isao Kadota of Okayama University selectively removed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 4552) the primary PMB ether from 14 to give 15. Hiromishi Fujioka of Osaka University, starting (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 5138) from 16, was able to selectively prepare either the primary protected 18 or the secondary protected 19. In other developments (not pictured), Mattie S. M. Timmer and Brendan A. Burkett of Victoria University of Wellington devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 7199) a convenient preparation for azulene-containing α-keto esters. The distinctively colored protecting group was conveniently removed in the presence of other esters by treatment with o-phenylenediamine. Scott D. Taylor of the University of Waterloo established (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 9406) a robust protocol for converting alcohols to the corresponding protected sulfates. P. Shanthan Rao of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 7099) that an amine 20 was formylated by warming with formic acid in the presence of ZnCl2. The easily hydrolyzed formamide 21 is readily converted to the corresponding isonitrile. Shiyue Fang of Michigan Technological University selectively monoacylated (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 5741) the symmetrical diamine 22 using phenyl esters.
Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

Akiya Ogawa of Osaka Prefecture University found (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 6580) that the Sm-mediated reductive coupling of a halide 1 with CO2 to give the carboxylic acid 2 was strongly promoted by visible light. Gregory C. Fu of MIT designed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 6676) a Ni catalyst for the coupling of a primary borane 4 with a secondary alkyl halide 3. James P. Morken of Boston College devised (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 3760) conditions for the carbonylative conjugate addition of a dialkyl zinc to an enone 6 to give the 1,4-dicarbonyl product 7. Louis Fensterbank of the Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire developed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 8721; not illustrated) a protocol for the conjugate addition of alkyl boranes to enones. Hyunik Shin of LG Life Science, Daejeon, and Sang-gi Lee of Ewha Womans University showed (Tetrahedron Lett. 2010, 51, 6893) that the intermediate from Blaise homologation of a nitrile 8 was a powerful nucleophile, smoothly opening an epoxide 10 to deliver 11. Sébastien Reymond and Janine Cossy of ESPCI ParisTech found (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 5151) that FeCl3 smoothly catalyzed the coupling of an alkenyl Grignard 13 with the primary iodide 12. The Ti-mediated coupling of an alkyne 16 with an allylic alkoxide 15 (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 9576) developed by Glenn C. Micalizio of Scripps/Florida was the key step in the total synthesis (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 11422) of lehualide B. Huanfeng Jiang of the South China University of Technology observed (Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 8049) that KI added to a bromoalkyne 18 to give the dihalide 19 with high geometric control. Haruhiko Fuwa of Tohoku University improved (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 5354) the selective hydroiodination of a methyl alkyne 20 to 21. Takuya Kurahashi and Seijiro Matsubara of Kyoto University devised (Chem. Commun. 2010, 46, 8055) the Ni-catalyzed three-component coupling of an alkyne 22, methyl acrylate 23, and phenyl isocyanate to give the doubly homologated lactam 24. Patrick H. Toy of the University of Hong Kong showed (Synlett 2010, 1997; Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4996 for a polymer with covalently attached base) that resin-bound triphenylphosphine participated efficiently in the Wittig coupling of 26 with an aldehyde 25.
C-N Ring Construction: The Zakarian Synthesis of (-)-Rhazinilam
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

William D. Wulff of Michigan State University developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 13100; Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4908) a general enantio- and diastereocontrolled route from an imine 1 to the aziridine 3. Craig W. Lindsley of Vanderbilt University established (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 3276) a complementary approach (not illustrated). Joseph P. Konopelski of the University of California, Santa Cruz, designed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 11379) a practical and inexpensive flow apparatus for the cyclization of 4 to the β-lactam 5. Manas K. Ghorai of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, showed (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 6173) that an aziridine 6 could be opened with malonate to give the γ-lactam 8. John P. Wolfe of the University of Michigan devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 12157) a Pd catalyst for the enantioselective cyclization of 9 to 11. Sherry R. Chemler of the State University of New York at Buffalo observed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 6365) that the cyclization of 12 to 14 proceeded with high diastereoselectivity. Glenn M. Sammis of the University of British Columbia devised (Synlett 2010, 3035) conditions for the radical cyclization of 15 to 16. Jeffrey S. Johnson of the University of North Carolina observed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 9688) that the opening of racemic 17 with 18 could be effected with high ee. The residual 17 was highly enriched in the nonreactive enantiomer. Kevin D. Moeller of Washington University found (Org. Lett . 2010, 12, 5174) that the n -BuLi catalyzed cyclization of 20 set the quaternary center of 21 with high relative control. Yujiro Hayashi of the Tokyo University of Science, using the diphenyl prolinol TMS ether that he developed as an organocatalyst, designed (Org. Lett. 2010, 12, 4588) the sequential four-component coupling of 22, 23, benzaldehyde imine, and allyl silane to give 24 with high relative and absolute stereocontrol. Derrick L. J. Clive of the University of Alberta showed (J. Org. Chem. 2010, 75, 5223) that 25, prepared in enantiomerically pure form from serine, participated smoothly in the Claisen rearrangement, to deliver 27.
Alkaloid Synthesis: ( S )-Nicotine (Helmchen), (+)-CP-99,994 (Shi),(-)-Adaline (Yu), (-)-Securinine (Bayó n/Figueredo), Alkaloid 223A (Aubé ), (-)-Huperzine A (Fukuyama) 110
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

The recent development of practical methods for the asymmetric preparation of amines has enabled creative approaches to alkaloid construction. Günter Helmchen of the Ruprecht-Karls-Universit ät Heidelberg developed (Synlett 2009, 1413) an iridium catalyst that mediated the enantioselective amination of the allylic carbonate 1 to give 2. Hydroformylation followed by reduction then completed the synthesis of ( S )-nicotine 3. Yian Shi of Colorado State University devised (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 7577) a Pd catalyst for the enantioselective oxidative diamination of terminal alkenes such as 4. The product 6 was readily carried on to (+)-CP-99,994, a potent and selective nonpeptide substance P receptor antagonist. Chan-Mo Yu of Sungkyunkwan University prepared (Synlett 2009, 1498) the alcohol corresponding to the azide 8 by BINOL-catalyzed addition of an allyl stannane to the corresponding aldehyde. Reduction of the azide and subsequent intramolecular condensation with the ketone gave an imine, which was cyclized with Bu3SnF to 9. Oxidative cleavage then delivered (-)-adaline 10. Barry M. Trost of Stanford University developed a family of Pd catalysts for the enantioselective coupling of racemic butadiene monoepoxide 12 with a range of nucleophiles. Pau Bayón and Marta Figueredo of the Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona extended (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 6199) that range to include glutarimide 11 and succinimide. The adduct 13 provided the enantiomerically pure core for a total synthesis of (-)-securinine 14, and others of the Securinega alkaloids. Jeffrey Aubé of the University of Kansas prepared (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 4140) the enantiomerically enriched ketone 15 by the enantioselective hydroboration of norbornadiene, followed by oxidation and alkylation. Intramolecular Schmidt cyclization following the protocol he had developed converted 15 into 16. He then took advantage of the still substantial ring strain of the expanded norbornene to drive ring-opening metathesis, giving, after hydrogenation, the lactam 17. He was able to selectively convert 17 into either 18 or the diastereomer in which the ethyl groups are cis one to another by varying the acid used in the final reductive work-up.
The Ma Synthesis of (-)-GB 13
Authors: Taber Douglass F.
Published: November 2020

An investigation of the activity of the Galbulimima alkaloids, exemplified by (-)- GB 13, led to the development of a series of potent thrombin receptor antagonists. Dawei Ma of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry devised (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 5887) a concise route to 3 based on the coupling of the chirons 1 and 2. The starting point for the preparation of 1 was the unsaturated ester 4. Cyclization using the chiral enamine protocol developed by d’Angelo delivered the keto ester 6. Reduction with NaBH4 proceeded with substantial diastereocontrol to give an intermediate alcohol, which cyclized under acidic conditions to the lactone 1. The preparation of 2 began with dihydroresorcinol 7. Condensation with the enantiomerically pure amine 8 gave the enamine, that was converted to the bromide and cyclized to 9. Hydrogenation with substantial facial control set the ring fusion. Oxidation with 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) in DMSO introduced unsaturation with high regioselectivity, to give 2. The ketene silyl acetal 10 derived from the lactone 1 added under Mukaiyama conditions across the open face of 2, to give the adduct 11. The same IBX oxidation protocol was used to introduce unsaturation, and the product was equilibrated to give 12. Hydrogenation, again across the open face of the bicyclic enone, set the last stereogenic center of 13. To construct the cyclohexenone 15, it was necessary to oxidize the diol 14 to the keto aldehyde. Others had found that the Swern modification of the Pfitzner-Moffatt oxidation worked well in such cases, minimizing competing lactone formation. Even more useful was the Boger protocol, which returned to the original Pfitzner-Moffatt conditions, activating DMSO with TFAA. Use of DBU in place of the more typical Et3 N then cleanly delivered the aldol product, which was dehydrated and deprotected to give the enone 15. The final ring closure was effected by reduction of the enone with SmI2. The initially formed 16 was partially reduced to the diol under the reaction conditions, necessitating reoxidation with the Dess-Martin reagent. The introduction of unsaturation with the Nicolaou IBX protocol was again successful, even in this more complex and fragile system.
Are There Medications for Slowing Disease Progression?
Authors: Ahlskog J. Eric
Published: November 2020

If diagnosed with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) or Parkinson’s disease, one would naturally want to do everything possible to halt or at least slow the disease progression. Are there medications for this purpose? Unfortunately, no controlled trials have analyzed this question among people with DLB. On the other hand, multiple randomized clinical trials have assessed a variety of drugs as possible agents to slow the progression of another Lewy disorder, Parkinson’s disease. If a strategy were available to slow the progression of Parkinson’s disease, that could be relevant to all Lewy conditions. Major clinical trials assessing drugs to slow the progression of Parkinson’s disease date back to the 1980s. In each of these trials hundreds of Parkinson’s disease patients from multiple participating medical centers were enrolled and randomized to either the study drug or a placebo. Drugs that have been investigated included high doses of vitamin E; the monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor selegiline (deprenyl); the dopamine agonists pramipexole and ropinirole; as well as two experimental agents shown in animals to reduce apoptosis (a cell death process that might be relevant to neurodegeneration). Unfortunately, none of these large trials provided compelling evidence for slowing the progression of Parkinson’s disease. The studies’ results were either negative or so confounded and inconclusive that a meaningful interpretation could not be drawn. Most recently, the newer MAO-B inhibitor rasagiline (which also reduces apoptosis) was similarly assessed in two large clinical trials. The outcomes from these rasagiline studies were mixed and difficult to interpret. A U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Advisory Panel concluded that there was insufficient evidence to conclude that rasagiline has disease-slowing properties. What confounded these outcomes (as well as some of the earlier trials) was that the study drug also had symptomatic benefits (i.e., treated Parkinson’s disease symptoms). Since the outcome measures were clinical assessments of parkinsonism, it was difficult to distinguish symptomatic benefit from slowed disease progression. Other drugs that have been studied as potential agents to slow the progression of Parkinson’s disease include creatine (used by muscle builders) and the antibiotic minocycline.
Blood Pressure and Orthostatic Hypotension: Faints, Near-Faints, and Lightheadedness
Authors: Ahlskog J. Eric
Published: November 2020

Case example: Mrs. H. feels lightheaded intermittently during the day. This happens exclusively when she is up and about. Sometimes she notes graying of vision with these episodes. The feeling is not spinning (i.e., not vertigo). She has fainted twice when standing in line at the grocery store. If she sits, she feels much better. It is worse in the morning but may recur any time of the day. She feels fine while lying in bed at night. Older adults often worry about high blood pressure (BP), yet the opposite problem, low BP, is common among those with DLB or PDD. This is because the Lewy neurodegenerative process impairs the autonomic nervous system. The specific condition that may afflict those with DLB or PDD is orthostatic hypotension. The term orthostatic implies the upright position (i.e., standing); hypotension translates into low BP. Thus, the low BP occurring in these Lewy disorders develops in the upright position; conversely, it is normal or even high when lying down. When standing or walking, the BP may drop so low that fainting occurs. Among people with orthostatic hypotension, the BP is normal when sitting, although in severe cases, even the sitting BP is low. Whereas most people with DLB or PDD do not experience symptoms of orthostatic hypotension, it is sufficiently frequent to deserve attention. It often goes undiagnosed, even when fainting occurs. Unrecognized orthostatic hypotension may limit activities and impair the person’s quality of life. The first half of this chapter provides further background, with focus on BP measurement and recognition of orthostatic hypotension. The last half addresses treatment. The normal autonomic nervous system senses the position of our body with respect to the pull of gravity. It is able to reflexively counter gravity’s downward pull on the blood volume when standing (gravity tends to draw blood toward our feet when standing). An important mechanism for countering gravity’s pull is the constriction of blood vessel diameter in the lower half of the body. These vessels reflexively constrict during standing, in effect forcing blood up to the brain. The autonomic nervous system mediates these and other reflexive changes to stabilize BP.
Acting out Dreams: REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
Authors: Ahlskog J. Eric
Published: November 2020

Normal dreaming occurs during the deepest sleep states. Obviously, if experiencing a frightening dream, sleeping people could be injured if they jumped out of bed and started to run. Fortunately, the brain has a natural protective mechanism during dreaming: body paralysis. During the primary sleep stage in which dreaming occurs, the body’s muscle tone is shut off and muscles become limp. Only the eye muscles are spared, still able to move during a dream. This state in which dreaming takes place is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Restated, during REM sleep, a switch is thrown in the brain stem that shuts off body movement during dreaming. People with Lewy disorders of all types often lose this switch function. In other words, they can still move during the dreams of REM sleep. In the midst of a dream, they may act out by yelling, kicking, or hitting the air. This behavior is termed dream enactment behavior. When it is a recurring event it is termed REM sleep behavior disorder. REM sleep behavior disorder occurs in people with Lewy disorders—Parkinson’s disease, DLB, or PDD. It also occurs in another disorder in which alpha-synuclein is abnormally deposited in the nervous system, multiple system atrophy (MSA). Recall from Chapter 2 that alpha-synuclein is present in Lewy bodies and is thought to be a causative factor in all of these conditions. REM sleep behavior disorder may be present years or even decades before the occurrence of DLB, PDD, Parkinson’s disease, or multiple system atrophy. It is often one of the first signs of these disorders, predating most other manifestations. That does not mean that everyone who acts out their dreams will eventually develop Parkinson’s disease, DLB, or MSA. However, it does confer an increased risk. It should be noted that certain medications may provoke REM sleep behavior disorder, such as the commonly used antidepressants. Also, sleepwalking in children should not be confused with this disorder. Sleepwalking occurs in a different sleep stage and is not thought to be a forerunner of Lewy body conditions.
Benefits of Regular Exercise: Disease-Slowing?
Authors: Ahlskog J. Eric
Published: November 2020

Our culture has seen a generational shift in activity levels. In the 1950s everyone walked. How do I know? I grew up in the 1950s. Cars were typically reserved for day trips or vacations, except for people living in the country. Garages had one stall. Shopping malls had not proliferated and people walked to stores; children did not take buses to school, except for farm kids. Snow was removed with shovels, and grass was cut with push mowers. In a half-century, this scene has changed and we have adopted a sedentary lifestyle. Further contributing to this lifestyle is the proliferation of video games, multichannel TVs with remote controls, and computers. Blue collar work is increasingly done overseas. A sedentary culture should favor those with DLB or PDD, right? Lewy-related parkinsonism is physically challenging. With our cultural change, there is no longer a need to get up from the chair and walk very far. In fact, a lift chair with a motor will make it easy to stand. Ostensibly, this is all good. However, there is a dark side to this scenario, which is the focus of this chapter. As you have probably already surmised, we are going to enlarge on that old adage “if you don’t use it, you lose it.” It turns out that there is much truth in that statement, documented in scientific and medical journals. Exercising is easy when one is young and energetic, but it becomes increasingly difficult in middle age; it is downright hard during senior years, even with no neurologic or orthopedic conditions. Excuses and alternatives can easily sidetrack the best of intentions. Anything this difficult needs a compelling rationale. This chapter will summarize the scientific evidence suggesting that vigorous exercise has a biological effect on the brain that may well counter neurodegeneration and brain aging. The term exercise is used in a variety of ways. In this chapter, the focus is on aerobic exercise, which will also be referred to as vigorous exercise. This is exercise sufficient to induce sweating and raise the heart rate.
Connecting with Compassion: The Therapeutic Relationship
Authors: Hamkins SuEllen
Published: November 2020

Compassionate connection is the heart of narrative psychiatry. As humans, we live our lives in relationships. Who we are and what we feel—the very development of our nervous systems—arises through our connection and emotional resonance with others. The quality of that attunement determines what is possible for us to feel and to know of ourselves. The meanings we give our experiences and feelings—the stories we tell about who we are—arise in relationships. Every story has a teller and an audience, and the nature of that audience determines what kind of story it is possible to tell. Telling an emotionally moving story in a way that is healing requires an empathically attuned listener. For all these reasons, connecting with our patients is our first priority. Creating a therapeutic alliance with our patients begins with emotional attunement and is strengthened by transparency and collaboration. That is, in narrative psychiatry, we are open with our patients about our thought processes and we work with them in a side-by-side stance to look together at the problems they are facing, the values and strengths they can develop, and the treatment resources they can choose to draw upon. Addressing the impact on patients’ lives of racial, cultural, sexual, gender, and other identities and narratives with sensitivity to issues of privilege and oppression also builds trust. Attending thoughtfully to issues of power in the doctor-patient relationship serves to empower patients as partners in the treatment process. Supporting patients in developing empathic communities of support outside of therapy expands opportunities for healing connections in patients’ lives. Let’s look at how we can put these ideas into practice, starting with developing emotional attunement. Empathic emotional attunement is connection at its core, and from infancy on, experiencing another’s empathic attunement is soothing to us, body and soul. It is, in itself, healing. Becoming emotionally attuned with someone means listening with your whole being. It is attending not only to what you see and hear, but also what you feel in your gut and in your heart in being with the other person, and responding compassionately from that place.
Assignment of the Absolute Configuration of Monofunctional Compounds by Double Derivatization
Authors: Seco Josi M. , Quiqoa Emilio , Riguera Ricardo
Published: November 2020

The assignment of secondary alcohols can be carried out by using one of several CDAs [13–15]. The most used and most reliable ones are MPA, 9-AMA, and MTPA [35–40]. Figure 3.1 shows their structures, the correlation models, and a summary of the experimental conditions. MPA and 9-AMA esters share the same conformational composition [37, 39] and only differ in the intensity of their shieldings; therefore both auxiliaries present the same correlation between sign distribution and stereochemistry. MTPA has a different conformational composition and correlation model [38]. As shown in Chapter 1, MPA esters of secondary alcohols and other AMAA esters (e.g., 9-AMA esters) are composed of two sp/ap conformers in fast equilibrium [37, 39]. The sp conformer is more stable than the ap conformer, and this allows the NMR spectrum of an AMAA ester to be interpreted as if it had originated from just the sp form: carbonyl, Cα, and methoxy groups in the auxiliary part and a methine group (Cα′-H) at the alcohol moiety are in the same plane. When we consider this conformation in the (R)- and the (S)-AMAA esters, the L1 group is located under the shielding cone of the aryl in the (R)-AMAA ester, while the L2 is shielded in the (S)-AMAA ester (we strongly recommended that the reader builds Dreiding, or similar, models to assist in visualizing this spatial array). A subtraction defined as the chemical shift in the (R)-AMAA ester minus that in the (S)-AMAA ester results in a negative value for L1 and a positive one for L2 (i.e., negative ΔδRS for L1 and positive ΔδRS for L2). Therefore, for any secondary alcohol derivatized as an AMAA ester, the protons showing a positive ΔδRS sign are located in the tetrahedron around the asymmetric carbon (Cα′) as L2 (at the back) while the protons resulting in a negative ΔδRS take the position of L1.
The Policymaking Process in Japan
Authors: Shinoda Tomohito
Published: November 2020

Long into the postwar period, the policymaking power of the Japanese prime minister was limited. The cabinet’s collective responsibility did not allow him to control the executive branch independently from the cabinet. The Cabinet Law divided the executive power among cabinet ministers, allowing the sectionalism that developed among different ministries. As a result, a bureaucratic supremacy developed in the policymaking process. The long-time governing party, the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), also developed a decentralized, bottom-up policymaking structure. As a result, the prime minister had difficulty exercising strong leadership in government decision-making. This situation changed after the 1994 electoral reform, which encouraged Diet members to become policy generalists and weakened the influence of the LDP policy subcommittees. Further, the administrative reform efforts under the Ryūtarō Hashimoto cabinet strengthened the authority of the prime minister and his cabinet. Benefiting from these institutional changes, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi introduced a top-down policymaking process. The Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) governments in 2009–2012 tried to further strengthen political leadership in policymaking. However, instead of political leadership, they created a weak bureaucracy with lowered moral. During the second Shinzō Abe government, the prime minister successfully established the cabinet-led policymaking system.
Constructivism and Peaceful Change
Authors: Burai Erna , Hofmann Stephanie C.
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines how the constructivist paradigm can help us understand why and how peaceful change occurs. The paradigm rose to prominence with the end of the Cold War, which led to constructivist scholars initially exhibiting a bias toward analyzing peaceful relations and change. The metatheoretical foundations of constructivism, however, make it equally well equipped to analyze violent transformations. The chapter therefore argues that a gap in constructivist theorizing is the lack of exploring the conditions under which transformations are violent or peaceful. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the constructivist paradigm identifies factors, actors, and mechanisms of peaceful change, but scholars have paid less attention to defining the scope of one theory over the other.
Peaceful Change in English School Theory
Authors: Navari Cornelia
Published: November 2020

The English School has made three contributions to the science of peaceful change: the inevitable conflict of order and justice; the necessity of Great Power management of peaceful change; and regional orders as the locus of peaceful change. The first refers to a structural conflict between state sovereignty and human rights and also serves as the parameters of a discourse on ethical possibilities among sovereign states. The second—the requirement of Great Power management—is both an observation on the course of history and a structural determinant, arising from the gross inequalities among states. The third—the notion that regional international societies can be peacemakers—is not unique to the English School. Its contribution is that any region can be a form of international society with its own distinctive rules and adjudicative procedures, and that accordingly, any region is potentially able to become a “security community.”
Civilization, Religion, AND Peaceful and Non-Peaceful Change in Asia
Authors: Tin-bor Hui Victoria
Published: November 2020

This chapter seeks to reconcile the seemingly pacifist nature of Eastern religions and civilizations and the reality of terrorism, communal violence, crimes against humanity, and genocide in Asia. All religions promote peaceful change but justify violent change. All civilizations have Gandhi-like advocates for peaceful change but also leaders who agitate for violent change. Civilizational plurality and canonical ambiguity have paradoxically provided a fertile ground for the reduction of complex identities, which are more amenable to peaceful change, into singular ones, which are more prone to civilizational clashes. The weakness of inclusive institutions has further incentivized the politicization of religion. While singular ethnonational identities are constructed and can theoretically be deconstructed, they have tended to become hardened. The chapter anchors the analysis with Islam in Afghanistan and Indonesia; Hinduism in India; Buddhism in Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and Tibet; and Confucianism in China. It concludes that the rise of self-proclaimed civilization-states in recent years does not bode well for peaceful change.
Peaceful Change in Southeast Asia
Authors: Emmers Ralf , Caballero-Anthony Mely
Published: November 2020

During the 1960s and 1970s, Southeast Asia was referred to as the Balkans of Asia. The region has, however, gone through significant transformations and seen peaceful change since the end of the Cold War despite ongoing great-power interference, the rise of China as a military and economic power, and a series of territorial disputes including the South China Sea issue. This chapter explores the historical and institutional bases that have contributed to the process of peaceful change in Southeast Asia. It argues that peaceful change has evolved and been maintained by the Southeast Asian states by adopting strategies that combine the realist, liberalist, and constructivist approaches. The chapter concludes by discussing the changing nature of security challenges and how the region has been responding to these threats.
Peaceful Change
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W.
Published: November 2020

This chapter traces the evolution of thinking about peaceful change at the systemic (or global) and regional levels during the post–Cold War era. Unipolarity, US liberal hegemony, and the acceleration of economic globalization were just some of the independent variables that scholars argued might facilitate such peaceful change. Each has yielded unintended consequences, including, but not limited to, the overreach of the United States during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars and its subsequent retreat from global leadership, the emergence of China as a peer competitor, Russia’s efforts to undermine the United States and its allies through hybrid interference, and the uneven impact of globalization on the security strategies of different types of states across several regions. In sum, the effects on peaceful change at the systemic and regional levels are decidedly mixed.
South Asia’s Limited Progress toward Peaceful Change
Authors: Basrur Rajesh , Sullivan de Estrada Kate
Published: November 2020

This chapter argues that there has been some positive movement toward peaceful change in post–Cold War South Asia in comparison with the Cold War era. During the Cold War, India’s material preponderance in the region and its neighbors’ response were exacerbated by identity-driven conflict and problems of state survival. In the post–Cold War period, mutual insecurity has subsided somewhat, partly as a result of India’s transformation into more of an opportunity than a threat. Democracy, economic interdependence, and institutions are yet to deliver significant levels of peaceful cooperation in the region, however. Most often, the region’s states have seen ongoing democratization marked by instability; vastly more trade with extraregional than intraregional economies; and a regional institutional architecture—the South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation (SAARC)—whose already modest aspirations are circumscribed by India–Pakistan tensions and structural economic barriers. Peaceful change in South Asia will depend significantly on an uptick in India–Pakistan relations, or, given low levels of trade complementarity and China’s growing encroachment into the region, an acknowledgment that “South Asia” is unlikely to function as the central regional container for the pursuit of peaceful change.
Explaining Peaceful Change in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Tabachnik Alexander , Miller Benjamin
Published: November 2020

This chapter explains the process of peaceful change in Central and Eastern Europe following the demise of the Soviet system. It also explains the failure of peaceful change in the Balkans and some post-Soviet countries, such as the Ukrainian conflict in 2014. The chapter accounts for the conditions for peaceful change and for the variation between peaceful and violent change by the state-to-nation theory. The two independent variables suggested by the theory are the level of state capacity and congruence—namely the compatibility between state borders and the national identities of the countries at stake. Moreover, according to the theory, great-power engagement serves as an intervening variable and in some conditions, as explained in the chapter, may help with peaceful change.
Homophobia and the Media: A Sample Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Ellece Sibonile E.
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses homophobia as a global phenomenon by offering a comprehensive literature review of its construction across geographical and cultural boundaries. The chapter presents a critical discourse analysis of journalistic reports and online commentary regarding a gay wedding in the Botswana media. Labeling and rationalization strategies are approached as analytical tools that reveal how authors and readers ideologically position themselves in relation to homosexuality. It is argued that sexual identities are constructed in complex ways that simultaneously challenge and reinforce heteronormativity. In particular, homophobic discourses are interwoven with racism and nationalism in ways that attempt to separate so-called global and destructive cultures from “more acceptable” local ones.
Sexual Harassment, Speech Acts, and Public Secrets in U.S. Higher Education
Authors: Debenport Erin
Published: November 2020

This chapter draws on data from U.S. higher education to analyze the ways that the language used to describe sexual harassment secures its continued power. Focusing on two features viewed as definitional to sexual harassment, frequency and severity, the discussion analyzes three sets of online conversations about the disclosure of abuse in academia (a series of tweets, survey responses, and posts on a philosophy blog) from grammatical, pragmatic, and semiotic perspectives. Unlike most prior research, this chapter focuses on the language of victims rather than the intentions of harassers. The results suggest that speech act theory is unable to account fully for sexual harassment without accepting the relevance of perlocutionary effects. Using Gal and Irvine’s (2019) model of axes of differentiation, the chapter demonstrates how opposing discursive representations (of professors, sexual harassers, victims, and accusers) create a discursive space in which it becomes difficult for victims to report their harassers.
New Perspectives on the Exile in Light of Cuneiform Texts
Authors: Pearce Laurie
Published: November 2020

Extrabiblical evidence from the cuneiform record contributes to contextualizing the Judean deportees in the historical, socio-economic, and intellectual narratives of Mesopotamia and the Bible. Assessment of the Exile has flourished for more than three decades in the scholarly literature, with important developments emanating from the archaeological record in Judah. Against recent Exile historiography, new additions to the known relevant cuneiform evidence offer opportunities to refine the models of understanding. Here, the contributions of the contemporaneous Babylonian sources are considered for their impact on understanding chronology and historiography, economic and political history, identity formation, and intellectual contact of the Exile.
The Distinctive Roles of the Prophets in the Deuteronomistic History and the Chronicler’s History
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A.
Published: November 2020

This article examines the distinctive roles of the prophets in the Deuteronomistic History (Joshua; Judges; Samuel; Kings) and the Chronicler’s History (Chronicles). It posits that the prophets are especially associated with leadership in the Deuteronomistic History (DtrH), beginning with prophetic figures such as Joshua, Deborah, and Samuel, who functioned as leaders in Israel, and continuing with the prophetic figures who played major roles in establishing and critiquing the various dynasties that came to power and ruled both Israel and Judah. It further posits that prophets play a key role in establishing and critiquing the house of David in the Chronicler’s History (ChrH). But the prophets function primarily in the ChrH to explain the significance of their subjects and the reasons why they so frequently suffered either blessing or judgment for their conduct in relation to YHWH and the Jerusalem temple.
The Various Roles of Women in the Historical Books
Authors: García Bachmann Mercedes L.
Published: November 2020

The historical books let us grasp a complex world in which women made contributions beyond their sexuality as workers and leaders, even though many are presented as wives or mothers. We meet slaves, prostitutes, midwives, messengers, queens, ad hoc murderers of enemies, builders of cities and walls, cooks, diviners, prophetesses, and judges among others, with various degrees of support or disapproval. While in Joshua, Chronicles, and Ezra-Nehemiah they are mostly absent, in the other books their number is considerable. Considerable is also the degree of violence many of them suffered, whether with or without a king. The historical books not only limit recognition of female participation in diverse areas of public life, but also contribute to a biased ideology in which women are dangerous—especially religiously and sexually—to men. On the other hand, affirmation of strong women by feminist scholars has provided role models for new communities and contexts.
Feminist and Postcolonial Readings of the Historical Books
Authors: Howard Cameron B. R.
Published: November 2020

Feminist and postcolonial readings of the Hebrew Bible share overlapping concerns, including amplifying voices of the marginalized—particularly women and indigenous or colonized peoples—in the biblical texts. This essay outlines some of the major concepts within feminist and postcolonial approaches, as well as the ways those approaches challenge each other. The essay then wrestles with the ways the Historical Books testify to ancient Israel’s experiences as both a colonizer and as the colonized. Finally, the essay examines the notion of the reviled “foreign woman” in the Historical Books, with particular attention to Rahab in Joshua and Jezebel in Kings. In its attempts to construct Israelite identity over and against that of foreign women, the text necessarily inscribes its own destabilization of that identity.