bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
Authors: Laatikainen L. , Harju H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract.During a 4‐year period, 1978–1981, 34 patients with bilateral rhegmatogenous retinal detachment were operated on at the University Eye Hospital in Helsinki. The incidence of bilaterality in the entire detachment population was 10%. in the aphakic group it was 16%. In 24 cases (71%) the interval from the first to the second eye detachment was less than 5 years, 6 patients (18%) had bilateral detachment simultaneously. The mean age of the patients when the first eye was affected (46 years, range 6–73) was significantly younger than the mean age of those with unilateral detachment (58 years, range 6–83) (P<.001). Previous eye diseases were significantly (P<0.01) more common in patients with bilateral than in those with unilateral detachment, but the incidences of myopia, aphakia and lattice degeneration of the retina did not differ significantly between these groups. At least one of these predisposing factors was found in 85 % and two or more of them in 53 % of bilateral detachments. The retina was re‐attached in 80% of the 44 eyes operated on during the study period. Of the 24 eyes operated on earlier, 71% were blind (visual acuity CF 1 m or worse). The latest visual acuities in both eyes or in the better eye for all patients were: 0.5 in 38%,0.4‐0.2 in 35%,0.1‐CF 2 m in 12%, and CF 1 m in 15%.
Experimental scar membranes in the rabbit's vitreous
Authors: Hitchins C. A. , Grierson I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A morphological and autoradiographic assessment was made of scar tissue development in an experimental rabbit model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy which involves the intravitreal injection of cultured autologous skin fibroblasts. Within a few hours after injection as many as 40% of the cultured cells had autolysed. However, the remaining cells proliferated and formed membranes. The incorporation of [3H] thymidine was maximal at 1 week. Between 2 and 4 weeks spindle‐shaped myofibroblasts were prominent, and this form of fibroblast has been considered to have an important role in scar tissue contraction. At the end of 4 weeks it was noted that all eyes had developed retinal detachments. Subsequently the membranes became progressively more fibrous and lipid‐like material accumulated in the cytoplasm of many cells. The findings were discussed in relation to the use of this model to test the effectiveness of various drugs which may be of value in the treatment of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
Neurotransmitter release by certain neuropeptides in the chicken retina
Authors: Bauer B. , Ehinger B. , Tornqvist K. , Waga J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract.The ability of certain neuropeptides (glucagon, somatostatin, leu‐enkephalin and neurotensin) to release known neurotransmitters (glycine, GABA, dopamine and 5‐hydroxytryptamine) was tested in the chicken retina. Tritiated neurotransmitters were injected intravitreally in chicken eyes. After excision, the retina was stimulated in vitro with the neuropeptide in micromolar concentrations while monitoring the efflux of radioactivity from the retina. A rise of this efflux represents a stimulus dependent release. Neurotensin released [3H] glycine, [3H]dopamine and [3H]5‐hydroxytryptamine. Leu‐enkephalin released [3H]dopamine and somatostatin released [3H]5‐hydroxytryptamine. Glucagon was without effect. [3H]GABA was not released by any of the neuropeptides.
Horopter deviations and distortions
Authors: Reading R. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Previously gathered data from 3 subjects, judged to show usually very steady binocular fixation, were selected for retrospective analysis. This consisted of determining the means and standard error of the means of as many control runs as were available. The role of the fluctuation of vergence eye movement responses in producing the results is discussed. It is concluded that the longitudinal horopter most likely always conforms to the locus of a circle constructed through the two entrance pupils and the point of fixation.
Early treatment of granular dystrophy (Groenouw type I)
Authors: Møller H. U. , Ehlers N.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Eight patients with dystrophia corneae (Groenouw type I) were studied. Fifteen eyes in 8 patients were treated with epithelial abrasion, and 5 eyes in 3 patients obtained improvement of visual acuity. In the remaining 10 eyes, the elements were localized so deep in the stroma that they were not altered by the abrasion. Five patients had been treated by corneal grafting. Evident recurrence along the suture lines was observed in 3 eyes and suspected in 2 eyes. It may be concluded that Groenouw type I changes are affected by epithelial abrasion. Early stages obtain visual improvement. Repeated therapeutic epithelial abrasions would seem to be a treatment possibility for patients with incipient changes.
Early diagnosis of glaucoma
Authors: Odberg Tor , Riise Dag
Published: May 2009

Abstract A group of 46 patients with ocular hypertension (initial pressure 22–30 mmHg) have been followed prospectively for 5–7.5 years, with special emphasis on optic disc changes. A stereophoto of the disc was taken at each consultation. So far, 24 patients have been put on anti‐glaucoma therapy. A slight increase in disc cupping revealed by stereophoto was the first pathological finding in 19 patients. Only one patient developed a field defect without visible disc changes. Neither disc description, cup/disc ratio measurement nor disc drawing were accurate enough to disclose small changes in the cup size. Considerably more patients in the treatment group had a pressure rise of 5 mm or more and repeated intraocular pressures of 30 mm or more during the observation. Stereophotography of the optic disc was found to be a valuable method in the diagnosis of early glaucoma.
Intraocular pressure in the first days after implantation of the semiflexible McGhan/3 M, style 70, anterior chamber lens
Authors: Næser Kristian , Hansen Tom E. , Dalgård Carl E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Intracapsular cataract extraction employing a corneal incision and with implantation of the semiflexible McGhan/3 M, style 70, anterior chamber lens was performed in a group of 25 patients with senile cataract. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured prior to and daily in the first 4 days after the operation. IOP was slightly, but significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower in the observed post‐operative period as compared to the pre‐operative measurement. Similar results have previously been found after cataract extraction with an identical technique, but without lens implantation. This probably means that early post‐operative intraocular homeostasis with respect to IOP is unaffected by the implantation of this type of lens. The fine regulation of early postoperative IOP is probably related to the fact that the described surgical technique usually is associated with only minor gonioscopically visible changes of the trabecular meshwork.
Prevalence of myopia in school children in Vanuatu
Authors: Garner Leon F. , Kinnear Robert F. , Klinger Jeremy D. , McKellar Malcolm J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The onset of myopia typically occurs in childhood and increases during puberty. We studied the vision and refractive errors of 977 school children (ages 6 to 17 years) in 1983. Myopia in the group was extremely low; 97% had vision of 6/6, and 1.3% had myopia greater than 0.25D. Regression analysis revealed a change in mean refraction of ‐0.016D/year for males and ‐0.024D/ year for females. There were no significant differences between males and females. These children engaged in about 8 hours of school work per day, and we conclude that genetic factors predominate over environmental factors in the determination of myopic refractive errors for this group.
Effect of α‐ and β‐receptor active drugs on corneal thickness
Authors: Nielsen C. B. , Nielsen P. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Phenylephrine (10mg/ml), phentolamine (10 mg/ml), isoprenaline (0.5 mg/ml) and timolol (5 mg/ ml) were applied topically to one eye of volunteers with normal corneas, the other eye serving as a control. One drop of each drug was given twice a day for 3 or 4 days. Timol was fond to increase corneal thickness in both the midicated and the control eye. A significantly greater effect was noted on the eye receiving the drug directly. When isoprenaline was given for 3 days, a slight significant decrease in corneal thickness was found in both the medicated and the control eye, with the two eyes exhibiting a similar CCT change. The present results are suggestive of endothelial β‐receptor importance in the regulation of corneal thickness.
Corneal endothelium after photocoagulation in diabetic patients
Authors: Mäkitie Jukka , Koskenvuo Markku , Vannas Antti , Jarvinen Esko , Ahonen Reijo
Published: May 2009

Abstract The corneal endothelium was photographed through a wide‐field specular microscope in 38 eyes, in 20 successive diabetic outpatients receiving laser therapy because of underlying proliferative or background retinopathy. Areas of 100 individual endothelial cells from each central cornea were analysed using a digitizer. No statistically significant correlations were observed between mean cell areas or standard deviations of mean and total amount of previous laser energy received. Laser therapy or the type of diabetes did not seem to cause statistically significant changes in the endothelial cell areas examined.
Characteristics of corneal endothelial cells in Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis
Authors: Alanko Hannu I. , Vuorre Ilkka , Saari K. Matti
Published: May 2009

Abstract We studied the corneal endothelial cells in 14 patients (6 men and 8 women, ranging in age from 15 to 70 years) with unilateral Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis (FHC) by means of specular microscopy. The healthy fellow eyes of the patients served as control material. Two affected eyes had undergone an intracapsular cataract extraction before specular microscopy. In one patient, the cyclitic eye also had glaucoma. Changes of the endothelium characterized by intra‐and intercellular dark bodies, larger dark defects spanning several endothelial cells and bright irregular patchy areas crossing cell borders on the specular reflex were found in all eyes with FHC.

Individual cell analysis did not reveal any significant differences in the endothelial cell density, cell area, coefficient of variation for cell area, cell perimeter, cell shape and in the number of endothelial cell apices between unoperated cyclitic and healthy fellow eyes. The mean cell density was 4.9% lower in the unoperated eyes with FHC than in the control eyes. A significant negative correlation was observed between the patients' age and the cell density both in the healthy and the cyclitic eyes. On the other hand, the correlation between follow‐up period and cell density was not statistically significant in the cyclitic eyes. Although FHC does not seem to accelerate significantly the age‐related cell density reduction, the magnitude of the cell loss found in the two operated eyes (45.5% and 49.8%) and in the eye with glaucoma (45.2%) may indicate altered tolerance against endothelial traumas in this disease.
S‐100 protein in retinoblastoma revisited
Authors: Kivelä Tero , Tarkkanen Ahti
Published: May 2009

Abstract Fifty formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded retinoblastoma specimens were studied for the presence of S‐100 protein in malignant tumour cells and in reactive glial cells. Its distribution in four normal human eyeglobes enucleated because of an orbital tumour was also studied. The laboratory method was a sensitive immunohistochemical staining procedure, and sections from human brain served as controls. Three anti‐S‐100 protein antisera were used to determine whether previously reported discrepancies could be related to differences in antibody specificity, but all gave identical results. In morphologically normal human retina, a strong reaction for S‐100 protein was seen in astrocytes, and a faint, inconsistent positivity was detected in Müller's cells. All intraocular retinoblastomata studied contained cells positive for S‐100 protein, which seemed to be reactive glial cells derived from infiltrated retina. Undifferentiated malignant retinoblastoma cells, as well as differentiated tumour cells in Flexner‐Wintersteiner rosettes were negative for S‐100 protein. Differentiated tumours appeared to contain more S‐100 protein‐positive glial cells than undifferentiated tumours, but this may be related to their different growth rates. The results do not support the theory that retinoblastoma cells express glial properties.
Ophthalmopathy and hyperthyroidism
Authors: Calissendorff B. M. , Söderström M. , Alveryd A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The ocular manifestations in 125 thyrotoxic patients observed for 6–20 years are presented. The incidence and development of ophthalmopathy in three different treatment group medical‐ (η = 72), radionuclear (η = 36) and surgical (η = 17) are showed. The degree of ophthalmopathy is similar in all groups, and no statistically significant difference is found in the development of ophthalmopathy.
Myopia and diabetes mellitus with special reference to adult‐onset myopia
Authors: Fledelius Hans C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A significant preponderance of myopia has been reported in adult Danish diabetics as compared to non‐diabetics. This suggestion of a special type of diabetic myopia is evaluated in the present study. Comparing myopia pattern (degree and age at onset) in diabetics and non‐diabetics, 80 of each, the assessment is based mainly on personal information about refractive history, gained through interviews of patients referred from other departments for routine eye examination. With a concise memory as inclusion criterion, the resulting sample is hardly representative, and the significant findings are to be considered tendencies only. In the whole sample there were more cases of late myopia onset and progression than expected from textbooks; 31% were of adult onset, i.e. after the age of 20 year. Most late‐onset cases were of a low order, a type more prevalent in diabetics (40%) than in the non‐diabetic controls (22.5%). Otherwise there was no indication of a special type of diabetic myopia.
Effect of digital massage on intraocular pressure and ocular and optic nerve blood flow
Authors: Jay W. M. , Aziz M. Z. , Green K.
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe effect of digital massage on intraocular pressure and ocular and optic nerve blood flow was studied in anaesthetized rabbits. Digital massage was performed for 15 min, with pressure release for 15 seconds after each 15 seconds of massage. Blood flow was measured in the iris, ciliary processes, choroid, retina, and optic nerve using (85Sr)‐labelled microspheres. Blood flow was determined during massage, 2 min after, or 15 min after massage. Intraocular pressure was measured before, immediately after, and in one group, 15 min after massage. Immediately after digital massage, intraocular pressure was significantly lower, but 15 min after it was not significantly reduced. At both 2 min and 15 min after digital massage, compared to during massage, blood flow was significantly higher in all tissues studied.
Low complication rate in extended wear of contact lenses
Authors: Nilsson Sven Erik G. , Persson Göran
Published: May 2009

Abstract The study was designed with the intention of reducing the risk of complications in extended wear. 214 eyes were fitted with Scanlens 75 high water content lenses for extended wear and followed for one year. The first 100 eyes to pass the 1‐year check‐up successfully were then followed for another year. The lenses used are high in oxygen transmissibility and at the same time rigid enough to allow good movements, which are considered very important. Thorough patient information, flat fits, frequent check‐ups, and frequent lens replacements were principles applied to prevent discomfort and complications. Visual acuity and comfort were very good. Discomfort and unfavourable Findings were low in frequency and healed without any sequelae whatsoever. The success rate was as good as 94.9% at 6 months, 92.1% at 1 year, and 88.4% at 2 years. The favourable results are considered to be due to the type of lens used as well as to the principles employed.
Intraocular lens implantation in exfoliation syndrome and capsular glaucoma
Authors: Raitta Christina , Setälä Kirsi
Published: May 2009

Abstract The intra‐operative difficulties and postoperative complications after posterior chamber lens implantation are described in 30 eyes with exfoliation syndrome (including 19 eyes with capsular glaucoma (CG), 30 age‐ and sex‐matched patients with non‐exfoliative eyes comprised a comparison group. Three eyes of the control group had simple glaucoma. The, highest risk rate for intra‐operative difficulties and post‐operative complications was found in the CG group. 8/19 eyes had intra‐operative difficulties and 7/19 post‐operative complications corresponding 3/11 eyes and 2/11 eyes, respectively, in the exfoiliation (E) group. Eyes in the control group had a low rate of complications, 3/30 intra‐operatively and 2/30 postoperatively. In 63% of the CG and E eyes the visual acuity was 0.5‐1.0 1 month post‐operatively compared with 70% in the control group. Exfoliation syndrome is not a contraindication for posterior chamber lens implantation. Special attention should be paid to IOL selection. Complications due to insufficient mydriasis, weak zonules and possible undiagnosed lens subluxation, should be taken into account on planning the operation.
Photopic tangential perimetry
Authors: Elenius Valter , Leinonen Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract A large absolute paracentral ring scotoma was found in both eyes of a 60‐year‐old woman with progressive cone dysfunction but with normal rod function using for the perimetry a white tangential screen of 200 cd/m2 luminance and a 632 nm laser test light. No visual field defect could be found in this patient using the Goldmann perimeter employing white test objects on the standard 10 cd/m2 white background. Further developments of a photopic tangential perimetry system are suggested.
Visualized cyclodialysis – an additional option in glaucoma surgery
Authors: Hansen Solvejg , Laursen A. Bruun
Published: May 2009

Abstract Visualized cyclodialysis was carried out in 16 consecutive cases of operation‐demanding glaucoma, where trabeculectomy was considered inexpedient. In 9 cases simultaneous cataract extraction was carried out. At follow‐up 2–34 months (median = 15) postoperatively, the IOP had decreased from a median value of 32 mmHg (range 21–44) to a median value of 17 mmHg (range 7–28) in 15 out of 16 eyes. The 16th eye had to be eviscerated because of pain before and after an inefficient cyclodialysis. Five eyes were re‐operated upon. Essential complications were 2 cases of central visual field impairment and 1 case of arterio‐venous occlusion after cyclodialysis revision. We find visualized cyclodialysis a useful procedure for aphakic glaucoma as well as for re‐operations. Frequent post operative examinations are necessary for 1–2 months postoperatively.
Chronic glaucoma and symptomatic vitreous detachment
Authors: Bengtsson Bo
Published: May 2009

Abstract Already existing data derived from two population surveys and the clinical records of a few ‘ordinary’ glaucoma patients in one and the same district were explored. Previous reports of a high prevalence of disc haemorrhage in chronic glaucoma were confirmed. The hypothesis that evident prepapillary vitreous opacities are more frequent in persons with glaucoma than in other persons was supported. Symptomatic vitreous detachment was the original reason for encounter in 5 out of 12 ‘selfselected’ patients with chronic glaucoma. If a disc haemorrhage is found in a patient with a symptomatic vitreous detachment, early chronic glaucoma should be seriously considered even if there are no other glaucomatous signs.
Complications and visual outcome 4 months after implantation of the semiflexible McGhan/3M, style 70, anterior chamber lens
Authors: Nissen Jørgen Nørrelykke , Næser Kristian , Hansen Tom Eggert
Published: May 2009

Abstract A report is given of visual outcome and intraocular complications in 64 patients 3–8 months after implantation of anterior chamber lens. 80% had a final visual acuity of 0.50 or better. Visual acuity below 0.50 could in most cases be related to pathological findings in the eye independent of implant. Pupillary block was found in 4 cases (6%), and at re‐examination they all had gonioscopic changes. The mechanism of pupillary‐block‐glaucoma with IOL lens implantation and measures to meet this is discussed. Gross tucking was found to pre‐dispose to chronic inflammation. Cystoid macular oedema (3%) and retinal detachment (2%) was found without obvious relationship to gonioscopic changes.
Unscheduled DNA synthesis in lens epithelium after in vivo exposure to UV radiation in the 300 nm wavelength region
Authors: Söderberg P. G. , Philipson B. T. , Lindström B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A quantitative autoradiographic method was developed to study the pattern of DNA synthesis in the rat lens epithelium after in vivo exposure to UV radiation in the 300 nm wavelength region. It was found that UV radiation (peak transmission = 298 nm, half‐width = ± 10 nm) induces unscheduled DNA synthesis and that the proportion of nuclei in S‐phase concurrently is reduced indicating an inhibition of the scheduled DNA synthesis. The registered unscheduled DNA synthesis is believed to be excision repair of DNA damage induced by the UV radiation. Excision repair in lens epithelial cells could be one mechanism involved in the correlation between exposure to sunlight and cataracts.
A new method for exact measurements of visual acuity
Authors: Tinning S. , Bentzon M. Weis
Published: May 2009

Abstract The paper presents a new test method for investigations of threshold curves for the resolving power of the eye and for exact measurements of visual acuity. This method measures static visual acuity within confidence limits of 9% compared to the acuity steps in Snellen notation of 33% to 50%. Furthermore, the method introduces the slope of the threshold curve as a parameter of suggested importance in the judgement of visual capability. The test mathematic is based on a method described by Finney (1952) for calculations on dose‐response curves. To calculate the results and the test statistics an iterative curve fitting programme was designed to be run on a micro‐computer. By connecting the presentation system and the response panel to the same computer the test could be performed almost automatically. The new test method was used to study visual acuity measured by projected ortotypes compared to acuity when measured by printed ortotypes. Tests using projected ortotypes were found to equal traditional acuity measurements, but the test results stressed the need for perfect and adjusted optics when projecting systems are used in visual acuity test.
Objective evaluation of binocular function using the pattern reversal visual evoked response. II. Effect of mean luminosity
Authors: Katsumi Osamu , Tanino Tsuyoshi , Hirose Tatsuo
Published: May 2009

Abstract The effect of mean luminosity change on pattern reversal visual evoked response (VER), especially monocular VER, binocular VER and binocular summation, was studied. The mean luminosity level was changed with the use of neutral density filters. When mean luminosity level was decreased binocularly, binocular and monocular VER amplitudes decreased and binocular summation increased, reaching its peak at a luminosity of ‐0.3 log foot‐lambert. When mean luminosity was changed monocularly and the interocular luminosity difference was larger than 0.6 log unit, the binocular VER became almost equal to or smaller than the monocular VER. In dim luminosity, the binocular system functioned better than the monocular system. Even a slight luminositv difference between the two eyes could disturb the binocular system.
Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada syndrome
Authors: Iversen Thor Herman , Sverrisson Thordur
Published: May 2009

Abstract A 32‐year‐old Norwegian woman was admitted to the University department of Ophthalmology with marked subretinal oedema in both eyes and slight flare in the anterior chambers. Vision was reduced to counting fingers at 1 m o.d. and 6/24 o.s. Lumbal puncture revealed pleocytosis, and antimyelin antibodies were found in the serum confirming and strengthening the clinical diagnosis of Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada syndrome. The patient had a history of colitis ulcerosa 7 years prior to onset of ocular disease. The concurrence of these two diseases has not been reported previously. Treatment with corticosteroids was successful.
Technique for testing the patency of laser iridotomies
Authors: Heijl Anders , Holm Olle
Published: May 2009

Abstract With laser iridotomy it may often be difficult to achieve total penetration of the iris, particularly in very light or very dark irides. It may be impossible to determine with the slit‐lamp whether a small laser iridotomy is functionally penetrating. We describe a straightforward method to test iridotomies for aqueous flow patency. Transcorneally introduced fluorescein is used to delineate any aqueous bulk flow from the posterior to the anterior chamber.
Retinal break in an area with medullated nerve fibres
Authors: Eide Nils
Published: May 2009

Abstract Two cases of retinal breaks in areas with medullated nerve fibres are reported. The breaks were secured by argon laser treatment. A vitreous detachment may cause a slit‐like tear by vitreoretinal traction in such areas.
No additive effect of tranexamic acid and naproxen on corneal deswelling
Authors: Nissen J. Nørrelykke , Ehlers N.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The influence of systemic antifibrinolytic and antiprostaglandin medication on post‐operative central corneal thickness was studied. Thirty patients underwent uncomplicated intracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of anterior chamber lens. The patients received either tranexamic acid, naproxen or both. The post‐operative oedema did not differ significantly between the three groups studied. Models for studying changes in central corneal thickness are discussed. A review of the influence of drugs on corneal thickness is presented.
Progressive microscopical changes in the closed system incubated rat lens
Authors: Bergmanson J. P. G. , Söderberg P. G. , Philipson B.T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A phase contrast microscopy investigation of 18 cultured rat lenses was undertaken. After an initial latent phase, the outline of the epithelial cells anteriorly became enhanced and posteriorly the lens fibers began to swell. This was followed by an anterior and posterior subcapsular accumulation of fluid, epithelial swelling and formation of posterior subcapsular vacuoles. At the end of the incubation period, no increase in the light dissemination from the lens was observed. It is concluded, that, when these changes are taken into account, the closed system cultured rat lens is an excellent and applicable model for studying the induced progressive changes in the microstructure of the living lens due to different agents.
Intraocular pressure in the first days after implantation of posterior chamber lenses with the use of sodium hyaluronate (Healon®)
Authors: Næser Kristian , Thim Kirsten , Hansen Tom E. , Degn Torsten , Madsen Susanne , Skov Jesper
Published: May 2009

Abstract Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured before and 6, 24, 48 and 72 h after extracapsular catacact extraction with implantation of a posterior chambers lens in 3 groups of patients. Group I (30 patients): Sodium hyaluronate (Healon®) was used during anterior capsulotomy and lens implantation and was aspirated at the end of surgery. Group II (22 patients): Healon as in group I + 500 mg acetazolamide at the end of surgery. Group III (17 patients): BSS and/or air was used instead of Healon during surgery. In all groups statistically significant rises in IOP after 6 h were followed by significant falls in the remaining post‐operative period. The rise and subsequent fall in IOP was significantly greater in group I than in group III. Acetazolamide in group II did not prevent excessive rises in IOP. Aspiration probably shortens the period of Healon‐induced hypertension. We recommend a meticulous aspiration of Healon at the end of surgery.
Contrast sensitivity in amblyopia I. Changes during CAM treatment
Authors: Koskela Pentti U.
Published: May 2009

AbstractContrast sensitivity of 29 children (mean age 8 years) was measured at the beginning, at the end, and during the follow‐up of CAM treatment. The deficiency in contrast sensitivity of amblyopic eyes was most notable at high spatial frequencies, but in some cases it also occurred at intermediate and low spatial frequencies. Individually no distinct association was noticed between various CSF‐types and different groups of amblyopia, but on average in anisometropia the deficiency at low spatial frequencies was more pronounced than in purely strabismic cases. During treatment contrast sensitivity improved significantly, most notably at high frequencies. Correlation between visual acuity and contrast sensitivity was poor. During follow‐up visual acuity deteriorated in most cases, but contrast sensitivity remained on the level where it was at the end of the treatment. Our modification of measuring contrast sensitivity was tested in two samples of normal subjects. Between 1–11 c/deg contrast sensitivity was statistically significantly better in the adults (n = 25) than in the children (n = 20).
Optic nerve injury after sudden traumatic rotation of the eye
Authors: Leino Markku
Published: May 2009

Abstract Optic nerve injury is regularly accompanied by signs of local facial or ocular injury, fractures or unconciousness. The energy of the blow is thought to be delivered to the optic nerve directly by stretching and tearing and by shock wave forces and secondarily as sequelae of contusion. A case is described in which optic nerve injury is caused by a sudden traumatic duction of the eyeball, with all signs of local or systemic contusion missing. During observation the primarily healthy optic nerve head developed subtotal optic atrophy. This case strengthens the belief that the optic nerve is particularly vulnerable to streching, tearing and torsion.
Differential diagnosis of normoornithinaemic gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina
Authors: Bargum Ralph
Published: May 2009

Abstract A case of localized chorioretinal atrophy resembling gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is presented. Plasma ornithine concentration was normal and the clinical course characterized by late onset of relatively mild symptoms. The differential diagnoses are discussed and the term normoornithinaemic gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina is suggested for similar variant cases.
Ten years follow‐up of surgery for intermittent exotropia
Authors: Zibrandtsen P. , Rindziurtski E. , Gregersen E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Ten years post‐operative follow‐up of 25 consecutive patients with intermittent exotropia have been performed. 13/25 patients are at follow‐up fine, that is small and symptomfree exoforia, good sensorial binocular functions of normal type, sufficient although subnormal fusional amplitude and never exotropia. 8/25 patients are fair, that is only occasionally momentary occurrence of exotropia and binocular complaints. 4/25 patients are orthoptically poor (suppression on all tests), but without complaints. Eye position is on a whole unchanged for distance, whereas exodeviation has increased about 10 PD for near during the 10 years post‐operative observation time (no orthoptic treatment in this period). 22/25 patients indicated spontaneously at the follow‐up examination that they considered their squint cured. None of the patients had cosmetic or functional restrictions in jobs or studies.
Photorefraction with a catadioptric lens
Authors: Norcia Anthony M. , Zadnik Karla , Day Susan H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Kaakinen (1979) presented a method of measuring refractive error and ocular alignment by simultaneous photography of corneal and fundus reflexes. As presented, the technique was unable to detect refractive errors of less than 2–3 diopters (Howland 1980; Kaakinen 1979). We demonstrate that the use of a catadioptric lens and a long working distance can improve sensitivity to less than 1.0 D. Refractions of a model eye, an accommodating eye and ametropic eyes indicate that refractive errors greater than 0.75 .D are readily detectable. The improvement in sensitivity achieved by the present system is attributable to a reduction of the angle between the flash source and the entrance pupil of the photorefractor.
Sightsaving therapy in retinoblastoma
Authors: Monge O. R. , Flage T. , Hatlevoll R. , Vermund H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract In Norway, sightsaving therapy in retinoblastoma has only been given to least affected eyes in bilaterally affected children. The results in 8 eyes given external high energy radiotherapy are reported. Additional local therapy was given to 3 eyes for residual tumours and to one eye with new tumour at the ora serrata. Cataract was treated in 2 of the 3 eyes in which it developed. Vitrectomy was performed in 2 eyes with vitreous haemorrhage and persisting vitreous haze. Secondary enucleation has been avoided in all eyes 3–9 years after irradiation. One patient developed metastases in the temporal region at the enucleated side. Visual acuity is 6/12‐6/6 if the macula has not been destroyed by tumour or focal therapy. Sightsaving therapy is presently also offered to unilateral cases and worst affected eyes in bilateral cases if the eyes belong to Reese‐Ellsworth groups I‐IV.
Sealing of retinal breaks with metal tacks
Authors: Algvere Peep , Stenkula Staffan , Crafoord Sven , Unosson Kerstin , Berglin Lennart
Published: May 2009

Abstract Metal retinal tacks were used in 18 patients with complicated retinal detachments, such as giant tears (3 cases), severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) (7 eyes) and diabetic traction and rhegmatogenous detachment (8 cases). All eyes had undergone vitreous microsurgery, including excision or segmentation of epiretinal membranes, fluid‐air (SF6) or silicone oil exchange. Retinal breaks and the cut edges of retinotomies and retinectomies were successfully sealed by metal tacks. Retinal re‐attachment was achieved in 9 cases and partial re‐attachment in another 5 eyes (follow‐up 3–6 months). Retinal tears in diabetic macular detachment associated with extensive epiretinal fibro‐vascular membranes were also successfully sealed despite persisting traction. Our first experience indicates that the closing of retinal breaks with metal tacks is a major step forward in retinal re‐attachment surgery.
Micropsia and metamorphopsia in the re‐attached macula following retinal detachment
Authors: Sjöstrand Johan , Anderson Christer
Published: May 2009

Abstract Macular dysfunction was studied in 7 patients recovering after surgery for a retinal detachment involving the macula. The degree of disturbed size perception (dysmetropsia) and metamorphopsia was measured in parallel with letter and grating acuity in patients during the recovery process for time periods up to 47 months following successful re‐attachment. The demonstration of dysmetropsia, quantitatively assessed by a matching technique, in several patients indicate that the spatial density of the macular photoreceptors changes following detachment. In 3 patients out of 7 a longstanding micropsia was present. The degree of micropsia was not related to the degree of metamorphopsia. Subclinical/clinical macular oedema is considered to be the most probable cause for the increased separation of the macular photoreceptors. The study indicates that quantitative measurement of dysmetropsia gives valid information about receptor displacement and of unilateral subclinical macular oedema. The relations between letter acuity, grating acuity and micropsia gives certain information about the role of changed receptor separation as a cause of impaired central vision, and we found that incomplete recovery of acuity partly can be due to long‐standing separation of foveal receptors.
The width of the light reflex on retinal arteries and veins
Authors: Brinchmann‐Hansen Olaf , Sandvik Leiv
Published: May 2009

AbstractA computerized microdensitometric technique was applied to fundus photographs of 40 young male subjects. The width of the blood column and the width of the central light reflex were measured on 240 arteries and 240 veins of various sizes. No light streaks were registered on vessels of caliber < 50 μThe ratio of the widths: light streak/blood column showed wider reflexes on small (< 100 μm) compared to larger (≥ 100 μm) vessels in both arteries and veins (P< 0.01). Small retinal veins had wider light streaks than small arteries (P< 0.01). The results of these objective measurements are partly in conflict with previous ophthalmoscopic observations, and we challenge accepted views on clinical interpretation on reflectivity differences in normal retinal vessels. Our results are discussed on a background of hemodynamics of microcirculatory flow.
Detection of mucus glycoconjugates in human conjunctiva by using the lectin colloidal gold technique in TEM
Authors: Versura P. , Maltarello M. C. , Bonvicini F. , Caramazza R. , Laschi R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We applied a specific cytochemical reaction to characterize the glycoconjugates produced by goblet and non‐goblet epithelial cells of normal human conjunctiva. For this purpose we utilized the lectins, proteins of vegetal origin, which are extremely sensitive in binding glycosidic residues. In particular, we used WGA, PNA, SBA and ConA conjugated with colfoidal gold as ultrastructural marker for Transmission Electron Microscopy. This technique allowed us also to perform a quantitative analysis, by counting colloidal gold particles present on mucus granules. In this way we analyzed the content both of goblet and non‐goblet epithelial cells. In the former, WGA, PNA, SBA and ConA receptors, here reported in decreasing density, were present. In the latter WGA was always positive, SBA and PNA sometimes were negative, ConA was always negative. We speculate the different contribution to mucus production by these two sources may be important in evaluating tear film stability alterations occurring in those diseases in which non‐goblet epithelial cell vesicles increase.
Endothelial cell density after penetrating keratoplasty using long‐time banked donor material after long distance transportation (Denmark‐Sweden)
Authors: Lundh Björn L. , Källmark Bo
Published: May 2009

Abstract Central corneal cell density was evaluated from photographs obtained by a clinical non‐contact specular microscope (Zeiss) in 48 patients at a mean post‐operative time of 7 1/2 months after penetrating keratoplasty for a number of different causes, keratoconus being the most frequent indication. Cell density decrease on this occasion was compared to pre‐operative data from the Eye Bank in Århus, Denmark, which supplied corneo‐scleral preparations transported by ferry and train to Linköping, Sweden. A mean decrease in cell density of 4.4% was recorded during bank time (11–27 days). A further mean decrease from final preparation to post‐operative photography of 36.5% was found. Mean total cell density decrease amounted to 39.4%, which compares well with results found in other studies. Among several factors studied, the only one associated with significantly (P < 0.02) greater cell density decrease than other factors was long post‐mortal time periods (death to bank preparation). Mean final endothelial cell density was 1899 cells/mm2, which should correspond to a good functional reserve of donor endothelium. Neither the long bank time, nor the transportation seemed to be of major importance with respect to donor material quality. Foreign material supply can be a good solution to local corneal shortage.
Complications and visual outcome 4 months after extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of posterior chamber lenses
Authors: Næser Kristian , Rask Karen L. , Hansen Tom E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Sixty‐seven patients were examined 3 to 5 1/2 (mean 4) months after intended extracapsular cataract extraction with implantation of the 3 M, style 83, posterior chamber lens. A visual acuity 0.5 was recorded in 58 (86.6%) of the patients. The complications were: one (1.5%) case of acute iritis, one case of pupillary capture and two (3.0%) cases of capsulotomy‐requiring early secondary cataract. There were no posterior segment complications. None of the patients were treated with anti‐glaucomatous medication, and none had intraocular pressure above 20 mmHg. Pre‐operatively, biometry was performed, and the SRK‐formula was employed in estimating the post‐operative spherical equivalent refraction: The actually measured refraction differed less than 2 diopters from the predicted refraction in 84.5% of the cases.
Retinal detachment after intraocular lens implantation
Authors: Vatne Harald Overskott , Syrdalen Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract Between August 1982 and July 1985, 19 eyes were operated for pseudophakic retinal detachment (PRD) (Anterior chamber lens in 13 eyes, posterior chamber lens in 3 eyes and iris supported lens in 3 eyes). The characteristics of these pseudophakic retinal detachments were very similar to those following intracapsular cataract extractions. Retina was re‐attached in 18 eyes (95%), in 14 eyes, after one buckling procedure. In 4 eyes, altogether 12 surgical procedures were needed to re‐attach the retina. Problems to visualize the peripheral retina, made it necessary to remove the IOL in 3 eyes (2 iris fixated and one in the anterior chamber).
The intensity of the light reflex on retinal arteries and veins
Authors: Brinchmann‐Hansen Olaf , Sandvik Leiv
Published: May 2009

Abstract The intensity profiles of the central light streak on various sized retinal vessels were measured by a computerized high quality scanning microphotometer. From the fundus photographs in 40 young men 240 arteries and 240 veins were analysed, and light streaks were found on 171 arterial and 170 venous sites. Differences in reflected intensities between arteries and veins and between small and large vessels were studied. In the whole range of vessels measured (50–200 μm) significantly higher intensites were found on arteries compared to veins (P < 0.01). Large vessels (100–200 μm) reflected the light more intensely than small vessels (50–99 μm) (P < 0.001). Variations in haemodynamics of flow and in physical properties of the streaming erythrocytes might account for the reflectivity differences between arteries and veins.
Visual evoked response in Syphilitic optic atrophy
Authors: Kerty Emilia , Eide Nils , Skjeldal Ola
Published: May 2009

Abstract A case of neurosyphilis is described. The presenting symptoms were reduced visual acuity and impaired colour vision. The examination revealed bilateral optic atrophy and acquired red‐green colour defect. A syphilitic aetiology was based on positive serological tests in blood and CSF, pleocytosis and increased total protein in the CSF. The abrupt decline in visual acuity was arrested by treatment with penicillin and systemic steroids, but normalization of vision was not obtained. All VER‐records, of P2 latencies and morphologies were surprisingly normal, but the amplitudes were reduced.
Expressibility of Meibomian secretion
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract The lower lids of 274 normal subjects have been examined in the slit‐lamp for expressibility of secretion from the Meibomian glands. Secretion could be expressed from on an average 10 glands (median 11), dependent on age, decreasing with increasing age (from 14.5 glands at about the age of 20 to 7 glands above the age of 80). The expressibility was seen to be positively correlated to the thickness of the lipid layer of the precorneal film, estimated by the semiquantitative interference method. It was positively correlated to pigmentation and to ordinary greasy scales on the lid margin. The expressibility negatively correlated to retraction of the Meibomian orifices. The expressibility was found not to be correlated to elevated orifices, foam formation in the external part of the eye, cysts in the tarsus, nor with casts round the eyelashes. It is important to distinguish between cylindric casts (Demo‐dex‐induced) and ordinary greasy scales on eye lashes and lid margin.
Screening of colour vision defects in diabetic patients
Authors: Mäntyjärvi Maija
Published: May 2009

Abstract The colour vision of 50 diabetic patients was examined with two screening tests, Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates part 2 (SPP 2) and Farnsworth Panel D 15 (Panel D 15) test and with two diagnostic tests, Nagel anomaloscope and Farnsworth‐Munsell 100‐hue test. The performance of the diabetic patients in colour vision tests was compared to their performance in colour dependent urine and blood glucose tests. Fourteen of the patients failed the glucose tests, and they failed both of the screening tests as well. The diagnostic tests showed that all of them had a blue‐yellow defect and 10 of them also had a red‐green defect. The rest of the patients, 36, read the glucose tests correctly, but 17 of them failed the SPP 2 screening test, and 5 failed the Panel D 15 screening test. In diagnostic tests there were 15 patients with normal colour vision, one patient with a red‐green defect, 13 patients with a blue‐yellow defect, and 7 patients with both a red‐green and a blue‐yellow defect. The colour vision defect in diabetic patients is most often a blue‐yellow defect or a combined blue‐yellow and red‐green defect. Therefore, the usual pseudoisochromatic plates, e.g. the Ishihara test, are not sufficient in screening because they screen only red‐green defects. The screening tests should contain both a red‐green and a blue‐yellow part. The screening tests of the present study, SPP 2 and Panel D 15, do so, and they can be used together, or the Panel D 15 test can also be used as an only test to distinguish those colour defective diabetic patients who are not able to reliably interprete the colour dependent glucose tests at home.
Characteristics and survival of diabetic patients undergoing vitreous surgery
Authors: Summanen Paula , Karhunen Ulla , Laatikainen Leila
Published: May 2009

Abstract Characteristics, and the occurrence of other diseases, and complications related to diabetes mellitus of 91 consecutive diabetic patients who underwent vitreous surgery in 1979–1985 were examined. The mean age of the patients was 40 years (median 37, range 19–74), and the mean duration of diabetes 23 years (range 5–44). All, but one, had insulin therapy. Abnormalities in the cardiovascular and/or renal function were found in 89 of the 91 patients (98%). Signs of cardiovascular disease were observed in 58 patients (64%): 42%had elevated blood pressure (≥ 150/100 mmHg), 46% were on antihypertensive therapy, 14% had a hisltory or signs of ischaemic heart disease, 12% had been digitalized, 7% had a history of cerebral ischaemia, and 8% had had surgery for gangrene of the lower limb. Signs of nephropathy were recorded in 64 patients (70%); 6 of them were on dialysis therapy, and two had received a kidney transplant. Symptoms possibly related to autonomic neuropathy e.g. postural hypotension, urinary tract symptoms, and gastric discomfort were found in 27%. Nine patients (10%) had some kind of thyroid disease, and two of them signs of multiple autoimmune endocrinopathy. The percentage surviving decreased from 96% at one year to 80% after 5 years of follow‐up.