bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface wind accuracy for modeling mineral dust emissions: Comparing two regional models in a Bodélé case study
Authors: Laurent B. , Heinold B. , Tegen I. , Bouet C. , Cautenet G.
Published: May 2008

After a decade of research on improving the description of surface and soil features in desert regions to accurately model mineral dust emissions, we now emphasize the need for deeper evaluating the accuracy of modeled 10‐m surface wind speeds U10. Two mesoscale models, the Lokal‐Modell (LM) and the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), coupled with an explicit dust emission model have previously been used to simulate mineral dust events in the Bodélé region. We compare LM and RAMS U10, together with measurements at the Chicha site (BoDEx campaign) and Faya‐Largeau meteorological station. Surface features and soil schemes are investigated to correctly simulate U10 intensity and diurnal variability. The uncertainties in dust emissions computed with LM and RAMS U10 and different soil databases are estimated. This sensitivity study shows the importance of accurate computation of surface winds to improve the quantification of regional dust emissions from the Bodélé
DNAzymes and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Benson V L , Khachigian L M , Lowe H C
Published: May 2008

Gene silencing techniques are gaining increasing popularity in the literature, both as a tool for unravelling gene function and to potentially deliver therapeutic benefit, especially in the context of cardiovascular disease. Gene‐specific catalytic DNA molecules, or DNAzymes, have shown promise in ameliorating the effects of myocardial ischaemia reperfusion injury and in‐stent restenosis in various animal models, demonstrating that these agents may be useful in a clinical setting. A review of the recent advances in the use of DNAzymes in treating cardiovascular disease is therefore essential given the increasing clinical burden of cardiovascular disease worldwide. We have thus sought to firstly provide background into the construct and mechanism of action of DNAzymes, with a discussion of recent improvements in design. Secondly, we have examined the effects of DNAzyme‐mediated gene inhibition inin vitrostudies of both endothelial and smooth muscle migration and proliferation, as well asin vivomodels of acute myocardial infraction and neointima formation. Lastly we compare DNAzymes with other gene silencing tools and discuss issues involved in successfully delivering these drugs in a clinical setting.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)154, 741–748; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.145; published online 5 May 2008
Long term trend of chemical oxygen demand in Saroma-ko Lagoon, Japan; possible effects of climatic warming
Authors: Shiomoto Akihiro
Published: May 2008

A trend of shortening duration of ice coverage has been reported in many rivers, ponds and lakes around the world due to climatic warming. The shortening will have much influence on organic production due to the greater supply of light intensity and hence on water quality. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), a useful measure of water quality, has been monitored over the past thirty years in Saroma-ko Lagoon, a boreal lake in Japan characterized by wintertime ice coverage. Here the data set of water quality in the lagoon is analyzed to reveal long-term trends in COD and the influence of climatic warming on such trends. There has been a significant increasing trend, caused primarily by an abrupt increase in the early 1990s. However, the increase could not be explained by the increased load of organic matter on the lagoon from the river basin and organic production in the lagoon. On the other hand, periods of freezing of the entire surface have tended to be shorter with inevitable thinning of ice over the past forty years, probably due to climatic warming. Ice and planktonic algae are exposed to the low light intensity in situ, which is not optimum for the algal production of organic matter. The shortening and thinning should thus bring an improvement in ambient light conditions for algae, resulting in an increase of organic matter in winter. Most of the organic matter possibly remains even after spring because of the low water temperature. It is highly possible that climatic warming promotes deterioration in water quality in ice-covered lakes.
Low strain sensitivity of the dielectric property of pyrochlore Bi–Zn–Nb–O films
Authors: Funakubo Hiroshi , Okaura Shingo , Suzuki Muneyasu , Uchida Hiroshi , Koda Seiichiro , Ikariyama Rikyu , Yamada Tomoaki
Published: May 2008

Thermal strain sensitivity of the dielectric property was investigated for (111)-textured polycrystalline Bi–Zn–Nb–O films. Cubic pyrochlore films with similar crystallinity and the degree of the orientation were obtained on various substrates, and their 111 lattice spacing monotonously increased with the increasing thermal expansion coefficient of the substrates. The dielectric constant at 0kV∕cm and its tunability were almost independent of the residual strain, unlike highly sensitive (Ba0.5Sr0.5)TiO3 films. This strain independent characteristic of the dielectric property of pyrochlore Bi–Zn–Nb–O film is a big advantage in actual applications.
Floristic shifts in wetlands: the effects of environmental variables on the interaction between Phragmites australis (Common Reed) and Melaleuca ericifolia (Swamp Paperbark)
Authors: Morris Kay , Boon Paul I. , Raulings Elisa J. , White Sean D.
Published: May 2008

Over the past 40–50 years, the woody shrub Melaleuca ericifolia has progressively invaded large areas of Phragmites australis in Dowd Morass, a Ramsar-listed, brackish wetland in south-eastern Australia. To understand the processes underlying this shift we grew Phragmites and Melaleuca alone and together under contrasting sediment organic-matter loadings and salinities. To examine if the capacity of Phragmites to aerate the sediment influenced plant interactions, we also dissipated convective gas flow in some Phragmites plants by perforating their stems. Although Phragmites suppressed the growth of Melaleuca under all conditions, Melaleuca persisted. We did not find Phragmites ramets to be more sensitive to salinity than Melaleuca seedlings. Surprisingly Phragmites did not increase sediment redox and was more sensitive to increased organic-matter loading than Melaleuca. These results do not support the notion that colonisation by Melaleuca was facilitated by a decline in Phragmites at higher salinities or through aeration of the sediments by Phragmites. Seedlings of Melaleuca, however, were easily blown over by wind and it is likely that Phragmites stands shelter Melaleuca during establishment. Although our short-term experiment did not show that Melaleuca was a better competitor, differences in seasonal growth patterns may contribute to a shift in competitive abilities over a longer time scale.
Sources of carbon fuelling production in an arid floodplain river
Authors: Burford Michele A. , Cook Andrew J. , Fellows Christine S. , Balcombe Stephen R. , Bunn Stuart E.
Published: May 2008

Dryland rivers are characterised by highly pulsed and unpredictable flow, and support a diverse biota. The present study examined the contribution of floodplain sources to the productivity of a disconnected dryland river; that is a waterhole, after a major overland flood event. Rate measures of productivity were combined with stable isotope and biomass data on the food web in the waterhole and floodplain. The present study estimated that 50% of the fish carbon in the waterhole after flooding was derived from floodplain food sources. In the few months after retraction of the river to isolated waterholes, the large biomass of fish concentrated from the flooding decreased by 80%, most likely as a result of starvation. Based on the development of a carbon budget for the waterhole, mass mortality is hypothesised to be the cause of the high rates of heterotrophic production in the waterhole. The present study suggests that floodplain inputs are important for fuelling short-term production in waterholes, but via an unconventional pathway; that is, fish mortality. The episodic nature of flooding in dryland rivers means that changes in flow regimes, such as water regulation or abstraction, will reduce flooding and hence floodplain subsidies to the river. This is likely to have significant impacts on river productivity.
Molecular barcoding of north-east Atlantic deep-water sharks: species identification and application to fisheries management and conservation
Authors: Moura Teresa , Silva Mónica C. , Figueiredo Ivone , Neves Ana , Muñoz Pablo Durán , Coelho Maria Manuela , Gordo Leonel S.
Published: May 2008

Two genera of elasmobranchii, Centrophorus and Centroscymnus, include species that represent the highest landings of deep-water sharks caught by fishing fleets operating in the north-east Atlantic. There are morphology-based identification problems among and within genera, and landings of processed shark products further prevent an objective assessment of these species. The present study is the first attempt to test the suitability of using a DNA barcode approach to discriminate accurately among the four most important commercial deep-water shark species: Centrophorus squamosus, Centrophorus granulosus, Centroscymnus coelolepis and, recently discovered in Portuguese ports, Centroscymnus owstoni. Sequence analyses of the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene revealed low levels of haplotypic and genetic diversities. Higher levels of inter-specific relative to intra-specific divergences allowed discrimination among species, which form reciprocally monophyletic clades. Inclusion of published COI sequences from other species within the same genera revealed haplotype sharing among species, which calls into question the current taxonomy and accuracy of fisheries data available. Amplification of the COI gene coupled with MboI restriction digests was found to be a fast and inexpensive strategy to resolve within genera identification problems. Molecular barcoding constitutes a critical tool for the assessment and implementation of urgent management policies for this group of species.
Dynamics of phosphodiester synthesis by DNA ligase
Authors: Crut Aurélien , Nair Pravin A. , Koster Daniel A. , Shuman Stewart , Dekker Nynke H.
Published: May 2008

Ligases are essential actors in DNA replication, recombination, and repair by virtue of their ability to seal breaks in the phosphodiester backbone. Ligation proceeds through a nicked DNA-adenylate intermediate (AppDNA), which must be sealed quickly to avoid creating a potentially toxic lesion. Here, we take advantage of ligase-catalyzed AMP-dependent incision of a single supercoiled DNA molecule to observe the step of phosphodiester synthesis in real time. An exponentially distributed number of supercoils was relaxed per successful incision-resealing event, from which we deduce the torque-dependent ligation probability per DNA swivel. Premature dissociation of ligase from nicked DNA-adenylate accounted for ≈10% of the observed events. The ability of ligase to form a C-shaped protein clamp around DNA is a key determinant of ligation probability per turn and the stability of the ligase-AppDNA intermediate. The estimated rate of phosphodiester synthesis by DNA ligase (400 s
−1
) is similar to the high rates of phosphodiester synthesis by replicative DNA polymerases.
Microdeletions are a general feature of adult and adolescent acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Unexpected similarities with pediatric disease
Authors: Paulsson Kajsa , Cazier Jean-Baptiste , MacDougall Finlay , Stevens Jane , Stasevich Irina , Vrcelj Nikoletta , Chaplin Tracy , Lillington Debra M. , Lister T. Andrew , Young Bryan D.
Published: May 2008

We present here a genome-wide map of abnormalities found in diagnostic samples from 45 adults and adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A 500K SNP array analysis uncovered frequent genetic abnormalities, with cryptic deletions constituting half of the detected changes, implying that microdeletions are a characteristic feature of this malignancy. Importantly, the pattern of deletions resembled that recently reported in pediatric ALL, suggesting that adult, adolescent, and childhood cases may be more similar on the genetic level than previously thought. Thus, 70% of the cases displayed deletion of one or more of theCDKN2A,PAX5,IKZF1,ETV6,RB1, andEBF1genes. Furthermore, several genes not previously implicated in the pathogenesis of ALL were identified as possible recurrent targets of deletion. In total, the SNP array analysis identified 367 genetic abnormalities not corresponding to known copy number polymorphisms, with all but two cases (96%) displaying at least one cryptic change. The resolution level of this SNP array study is the highest used to date to investigate a malignant hematologic disorder. Our findings provide insights into the leukemogenic process and may be clinically important in adult and adolescent ALL. Most importantly, we report that microdeletions of key genes appear to be a common, characteristic feature of ALL that is shared among different clinical, morphological, and cytogenetic subgroups.
Cis- andtrans-splicing of mRNAs mediated by tRNA sequences in eukaryotic cells
Authors: Di Segni Gianfranco , Gastaldi Serena , Tocchini-Valentini Glauco P.
Published: May 2008

The formation of chimeric mRNAs is a strategy used by human cells to increase the complexity of their proteome, as revealed by the ENCODE project. Here, we useSaccharomyces cerevisiaeto show a way by whichtrans-spliced mRNAs can be generated. We demonstrate that a pretRNA inserted into a premRNA context directs the splicing reaction precisely to the sites of the tRNA intron. A suppressor pretRNA gene was inserted,in cis, into the sequence encoding the third cytoplasmic loop of the Ste2 or Ste3 G protein-coupled receptor. The hybrid RNAs are spliced at the specific pretRNA splicing sites, releasing both functional tRNAs that suppress nonsense mutations and translatable mRNAs that activate the signal transduction pathway. The RNA molecules extracted from yeast cells were amplified by RT-PCR, and their sequences were determined, confirming the identity of the splice junctions. We then constructed two fusions between the premRNA sequence (STE2orSTE3) and the 5′- or 3′-pretRNA half, so that the two hybrid RNAs can associate with each other,in trans, through their tRNA halves. Splicing occurs at the predicted pretRNA sites, producing a chimericSTE3-STE2receptor mRNA. RNAtrans-splicing mediated by tRNA sequences, therefore, is a mechanism capable of producing new kinds of RNAs, which could code for novel proteins.
2 America and Negro Music
Authors: Peress Maurice
Published: May 2008

Dvorák made insightful predictions for the future of American music: “In the Negro melodies of America I discover all that is needed for a great and noble school of music”. This chapter details Negro music before Dvorák, African/New World roots of the Saraband and Chaconne, slave gatherings, camp meetings and minstrelsy, and The Fisk Jubillees.
5 The National Conservatory of Music of America
Authors: Peress Maurice
Published: May 2008

This chapter introduces Dvorák's American students: Reuben Goldmark, Cook, Maurice Arnold, their music and careers, and describes Dvorák's teaching methods. Dvorák leads a significant student benefit concert at Madison Square Garden that features the celebrated diva known as “Black Patti”, the conservatory orchestra, and a choir from St. Phillips African Episcopal church. The program gives especial attention to the achievements of his African American students whose work is held up as an example of the new American school to come. Dvorák closes the concert with his arrangement of Stephan Foster's “The Old Folks at Home” for the full contingent — choirs, soloists, and orchestra. At this point Cook leaves the conservatory.
13 George Antheil's Ballet Mécanique
Authors: Peress Maurice
Published: May 2008

This chapter describes the researching and reconstructing of what was perhaps the most infamous modern music event of the 20th century after Stravinsky's Rite of Spring, George Antheil's “Ballet Mecanique” for player piano, eight concert grands, xylophones, drums, a fire siren, doorbells, and aeroplane propellers. It was designed to shock, but beneath its wild surface lies a story that includes the poet, Ezra Pound; artists and film makers Leger, Man Ray, and Picabia; composers W. C. handy (and his all-negro Orchestra) Colin McFee, Aaron Copland and Virgil Thomson; and the violinist, Olga Rudge. It was the first work to encompass silences, some as long as twenty-four seconds, and in many minds, minimalism.
2 “Atheism” and Hume's Early Critics
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: May 2008

Although our own contemporaries are widely agreed that Hume's Treatise was largely unconcerned with problems and issues of religion (i.e. on the general assumption that he removed all such material from the Treatise) his early critics took a very different view. This way of reading Hume's Treatise is especially apparent in A Letter from a Gentleman to his friend at Edinburgh, a pamphlet composed by Hume in 1745 in reply to several accusations made against him when he applied for the chair of moral philosophy at Edinburgh University. Among the most important and fundamental “charges” made against Hume are those of “skepticism” and “atheism.” The nature and character of these charges and Hume's replies reveal the particular relevance and role of the (dogmatic) philosophy of Samuel Clarke in this context—as well as the philosophy of Clarke's prominent Scottish disciple Andrew Baxter.
6 A Hobbist Plan
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: May 2008

The central thesis of this chapter is that the scope and structure of Hume's Treatise is modeled or planned after that of Hobbes's The Elements of Law and that in this respect there exists an important and unique relationship between these two works. The immediate significance of this relationship between Hobbes's and Hume's project of the “science of man” is that it indicates the underlying unity and coherence of Hume's entire project in the Treatise. However, although the “plan” of the Treatise is modeled closely after Hobbes's work, we should not infer that there are no significant issues where Hobbes and Hume diverge. On the contrary, there are (several) significant issues where Hobbes and Hume do indeed diverge—an observation that is in no way inconsistent with the fact that Hume's project is modeled after Hobbes's similar project of a “science of man.” Nevertheless, once we recognize the nature and significance of Hume's Hobbist plan in the Treatise, we are in a position to excavate and systematically uncover Hume's fundamental irreligious intentions throughout the Treatise.
11 Induction, Analogy, and a Future State
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: May 2008

Although there is considerable disagreement among commentators about the extent of Hume's skeptical commitments on the subject of induction, most are agreed that what he has to say has little or nothing of a specific nature to do with problems of religion. This chapter argues, contrary to this view, that Hume's account of the problem of induction, as originally presented in the Treatise, is significantly motivated by irreligious objectives. More specifically, Hume's discussion of induction—concerning our beliefs about the future based on past experience—is deeply and directly concerned with the claim (as defended by Butler) that the doctrine of a future state is both credible in itself and of great practical importance for us. Whatever else Hume aimed to do in this context, discrediting this religious doctrine was important to him.
13 Skepticism, Deception, and the Material World
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: May 2008

In the early eighteenth century context there was an intimate connection between problems concerning the existence of the material world and problems of natural religion. Two issues are of particular importance for understanding Hume's irreligious intentions in his discussion of the external world, as presented in the section entitled “Of scepticism with regard to the senses." First, if we are unable to establish that we know that the material world exists, then all arguments for the existence of God that presuppose knowledge of the material world (i.e. its beauty, order, design, etc.) are placed in doubt. Second, if we are naturally disposed to believe in the existence of body, but this belief is false, then it seems to follow that God must be a deceive—or does not exist. Hume's arguments in 1.4.2 are finely crafted to present both these irreligious challenges to the orthodox view.
16 Freedom within Necessity
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: May 2008

This chapter considers Hume's views on the subject “of liberty and necessity” in light of the relevant debate(s) that situate and structure his own contribution in the Treatise (T, 2.3.1–2). The primary concern is to show that, contrary to the orthodox view, Hume's arguments on this subject are highly relevant to problems of religion as Hume and his contemporaries understood and debated them. More specifically, Hume's necessitarianism is both metaphysically and methodologically a core part of his entire (Hobbist) project to establish a secular, scientific account of moral life. Related to this, one of the central lessons of Hume's discussion of free will in the Treatise, as it concerns his more extended views about the nature and conditions of moral responsibility, is that these are issues that we can make sense of only within the fabric of human nature and human society.
18 The Myth of “Castration” and the Riddle's Solution
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: May 2008

This chapter aims to provide a summary account of the nature and significance of the irreligious interpretation of the Treatise. The solution to the riddle of the Treatise begins with a critique of the “castration” hypothesis, which in its unqualified form is simply a myth. Contrary to this hypothesis, the Treatise is systematically concerned with and directly relevant to issues of religion. The irreligious interpretation plainly serves to explain the character of Hume's motivation in the Treatise as it relates to both his skeptical and naturalistic commitments. It also serves to explain what unites or relates the highly varied component arguments and discussions that appear throughout this work (in contrast with the established accounts which leave us with a work that is disjointed and fragmented).
1 Archaic Images, Utopian Dreams
Authors: Erlmann Veit
Published: May 2008

At the end of the 19th century, the historical consciousness of people living in the metropolis and that of those at the colonial periphery were strangely intertwined. Although colonial discourse represented the West as modern and the South African colonies as archaic and in need of modernization, the relationship between colonizers and colonized was only rarely a simple dialectic of domination and resistance. The experiences and narratives on either side of the divide frequently overlapped, drawing on and finding expression in ideologies of progress, Utopian dreams, and archaic images.
3 Inventing the Metropolis
Authors: Erlmann Veit
Published: May 2008

Choir member Josiah Semouse kept a journal of the tour of the African Choir to England. Published in his native Sesotho language in the missionary press, Semouse's journal is the first example of black writing about the metropolis in an African language. It shares with contemporary British literature a sense of the frustration late 19th-century authors felt at the inability to grasp the totality of social relations in London and of the looming crisis of authorship.
6 Variations upon a Theme
Authors: Erlmann Veit
Published: May 2008

Between 1892 and 1893, in a parallel venture modeled on the African Choir, a group of singers from Natal toured England, billing themselves as the Zulu Choir. This chapter tells their story, highlighting some of the political and cultural differences between the predominantly Cape-based African Choir and the Zulu Choir.
2 Reading an Office Book
Authors: Dobszay László
Published: May 2008

If the primary agents of chant history are the communities that performed, preserved, transmitted, enriched, or modified a tradition, the sources must be regarded not only as elements in a textual stemma, products of scribal activity, but also as views of particular everyday practices. Single MSS, however, can often mislead, because of deceptive omissions, missing items, multiple or surplus items, problems of redaction (format and method of compilation), changes in the course of time, and differences between ritus (fixed local liturgy) and consuetudo (written or unwritten customs). In the end, only description and comparison of local traditions themselves, arrived at through the comparative study of sources, produce satisfying conclusions. This chapter references the author's own data base for the study of liturgical sources, which is different in nature from CANTUS, founded by Ruth Steiner.
6 The Antiphoner of Compiègne
Authors: Jacobsson Ritva
Published: May 2008

The antiphoner of Compiègne (F-Pn MS lat. 17436), sometimes called the antiphoner of Charles the Bald, is the oldest existing Latin Office book, perhaps copied around 870. Although lavish, it is full of textual errors and was neither prepared for musical notation nor later supplied with neumes and reveals that is a kind of anthology copied from many different sources. This study of the Office for the feast of St. Andrew the Apostle compares two different works both found in the Antiphoner, showing the complexities of the source materials available at the time and the great accomplishments of those individuals who created new liturgical materials for the Office from the Bible and many other sources, always with a sophisticated understanding of their contexts.
18 On the Prose Historia of St. Augustine
Authors: Szendrei Janka
Published: May 2008

Although Augustine, the theologian and philosopher, bishop and saint, enjoyed a high reputation, he was little venerated liturgically during Christianity's first 1,000 years. The liturgical veneration of Augustine developed at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries and culminated in the emergence of the saint's complete proper Office, or historia. This chapter explaines the reasons for this state of affairs as a preface to a consideration of the texts and music of the historia. It relates the development of Augustine's office to the Gregorian reform movement and other monastic and clerical ideas of the period. It discusses the geographical expansion of this Office, showing that the boundaries of its use were, by and large, firmly established by the mid-14th century.
19 The Historia of St. Julian of Le Mans by Létald of Micy
Authors: Hiley David
Published: May 2008

A century ago, Walter Howard Frere, in his seminal work on chant, identified typical melodies and phrases across the Office repertoire. The question remains, however, how one is to deal with the other musical material; that is, the chants that do not employ those stock turns of phrase. This chapter examines the 11th-century Office of St. Julian of Le Mans by Letaldus of Micy, identifying musical elements that are either traditional or new. One result is a new threefold distinction to replace Frere's two broad categories of “typical” and “original”. This chapter proposes 1) passages or complete chants that made more of less literal use of traditional turns of phrase; 2) passages that behave following certain orthodox modes of range, tonal structures, and ways of expansion; and 3) unorthodox or eccentric passages in chants that are outside the norms. What is defined as orthodox, of course, will change with the times.
20 The Little Office of the Virgin and Mary's Role at Paris
Authors: Baltzer Rebecca A.
Published: May 2008

The cathedral church of Paris, with its overwhelming focus upon the Mother of God, let virtually no day pass without explicit liturgical acknowledgement of her role in salvation. In the voice, ear, and mind of every cleric in this cathedral, the most familiar and frequently performed Office was the Little Office of the Virgin. It was essentially an Office by the clerics for the clerics, without spectators, done in their private liturgical space, the choir, before the altar of the Virgin. This chapter discusses the sources for this Office, which was known in Paris before the year 1200, its use both in Paris and elsewhere, and its texts. It describes the complex state of the sources from before the 13th century and points to the significant amount of local variation in the tradition.
2 GATHERING TOGETHER
Authors: Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses the religious rituals and ceremonies of the scuole grandi. The ceremonial calendars included the most important religious and civic-religious occasions of the Venetian year, some of which were celebrated with processions, often to Piazza San Marco. Each of these processions is considered in detail, including the routes taken by the brothers (with some maps). Poor brothers of each scuola were designated to carry candles, banners, and other ceremonial and symbolic objects. Each scuola also celebrated the annual feast day of its patron saint. The scuole also performed a simple mass each Sunday, and a more elaborate one each month. Performing for funerals of their brothers were vital functions performed by the scuole, each of which involved a procession from the home of the deceased to the place of burial.
Introduction
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: May 2008

The introduction provides an overview of the basic arguments in the book. It explains basic terminology used in the book and the likely significance of the book in the voluminous literature on precedent in constitutional law.
Super Precedent
Authors: Gerhardt Michael J.
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the relatively rare, though highly significant circumstances in which precedents are practically immune to reconsideration or reversal. After reviewing the basic features that super precedents share, it examines whether specific precedents, such as Roe v. Wade, have these features. It concludes with an examination of the ramifications of super precedent for both constitutional theory and Supreme Court selection.
3 THE NATIVE AMERICAN IN POPULAR MUSIC
Authors: Scott Derek B.
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on representations of the American Indian in popular styles of Western music from the 18th century to the present. The intention is to show how cultural difference is represented, when little is known or understood about the culture of those being represented, and to consider how shifting perceptions of the Native American can be related to changes in attitude to the “civilized” and the natural world. The emphasis on the popular sharpens the argument, because this kind of representation needs to be widely understood and easily assimilated in order for it to be popular. The ideology embedded in way the American Indian is represented tells us, predictably, about the attitudes of the person who stands outside Native American culture.
4 Sentimental Knowledge inLa finta giardiniera
Authors: Waldoff Jessica
Published: May 2008

More than any other of Mozart's operas, La finta giardiniera (The Pretend Garden Girl), draws on a culture and an archetype virtually unknown today: the culture is that of sensibility and the archetype that of the giardiniera to which the title refers — the sentimental heroine of Carlo Goldoni's and Niccolò Piccinni's wildly popular La buona figliuola. Both Piccinni's opera and Mozart's belong to a circle of works loosely based on Richardson's sentimental novel Pamela. Giardiniera has often been disparaged for its convoluted and somewhat static plot, but this chapter argues that it needs to be read as Dr. Johnson recommends we read Richardson: “for the sentiment”. Supposed inconsistencies and implausibilities, including mad scenes for the central protagonists, are considered here as opportunities to indulge in feeling, a staple of the sentimental genres.
5 Recognition Denied inDon Giovanni
Authors: Waldoff Jessica
Published: May 2008

This chapter shows how critical thinking about recognition makes it possible to reframe the questions that have dominated the reception of this opera. Is Don Giovanni a hero or a villain? Is the opera a comedy or a tragedy? Does the conclusion dramatize moral triumph or heroic defiance? At the climax of the opera, the moral truth towards which its recognition scenes have been pointing comes into conflict with the titanic defiance of its protagonist: recognition is denied. This ending creates a disjunction between dénouement (Don Giovanni's damnation) and lieto fine (the other characters' recognition of the moral of his tale). Critical thinking about recognition makes it possible to understand the problems surrounding the ending — including the performance tradition of omitting the scena ultima and lieto fine to conclude the opera with fire and brimstone — in a new way.
6 Sense and Sensibility inCosì fan tutte
Authors: Waldoff Jessica
Published: May 2008

This chapter places Così in the context of the culture of sensibility that indoctrinated its impressionable quartet of lovers. Its seeming representation of an anti-sentimental position needs to be understood as a hallmark of sentimental works. When Don Alfonso's experiment sets the immediacy of feeling against the vows of constancy it was supposed to engender, he exploits a contradiction inherent in the sentimental genres all along. Special attention is given to the question of whether it is appropriate to view certain scenes (including “Vorrei Dir” and “Smanie implacabili”) as parody, and to the problem of the ending. Recognition in this opera is divided against itself and the conflict between sentimental and anti-sentimental reaches a point of crisis at the dénouement, which explains why the opera's happy ending feels hollow to many.
7 Fiordiligi: A Woman of Feeling
Authors: Waldoff Jessica
Published: May 2008

This chapter considers Fiordiligi's conflicted status as a sentimental heroine. She is a woman of feeling whose affectionate sensibility and natural sympathy for the suffering of others makes her vulnerable to men, placing her virtue “in distress”, but she is also a woman whose moral constancy is eventually overcome by the immediacy of her feelings for another. Fiordiligi's struggle brings into question one of the central tenets of the sentimental culture: that feeling makes its own virtue. Several moments crucial to this characterization are treated, including the trio “È la fede delle femmine”, the sisters' first duet No. 4, the arias “Come scoglio” and “Per pietà”, and the duet with Ferrando “Fra gli amplessi”. The climactic recognition scenes in which feeling triumphs over constancy cannot be easily reconciled with the dénouement that restores both sisters to their original partners.
CHAPTER FIVE THE LIBRETTO
Authors: Glixon Beth L. , Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: May 2008

This chapter takes a broad look at the opera libretto; it considers the profession of librettist, the selection of the libretto for a particular season, publishing and printing privileges, revisions to the libretto, and the libretto as a source of income. During the 17th century, a number of men became professional rather than occasional librettists, and most librettos performed in Venice were written by Venetians themselves. The initial cost of the libretto was often borne by the printer, who then distributed profits either to the librettist or the impresario and his partners. The librettist also stood to gain a profit through the fees from dedication. As a result, an impresario could gain extra income for his company by mounting a revival — that is a previously performed libretto — thereby bypassing the need for a librettist altogether. Librettos were not just purchased for use at the theater, but were also preserved in collections, as well as sent to those unable to attend the performances themselves.
CHAPTER SIX THE COMPOSITION AND THE PRODUCTION OF THE OPERA SCORE
Authors: Glixon Beth L. , Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses the composition of opera in mid-17th-century Venice and the production of the score. Nearly all opera composers also pursued other means of employment, but the significant fees that could be earned made the extra work worthwhile. The most highly paid composer was Francesco Cavalli, who managed to negotiate favorable contracts at several different theaters. Pietro Andrea Ziani was another popular composer who continued to supply operas even after he took a job in Vienna. The composer was usually responsible for supplying copies of the score; he often assisted at rehearsals, made revisions to the score (tailoring it to the various singers), and led the orchestra as well. On occasion an older score was mounted, rather than a new one, inevitably saving the impresario money.
CHAPTER SEVEN SINGERS
Authors: Glixon Beth L. , Glixon Jonathan E.
Published: May 2008

This chapter looks at one of the impresario's chief responsibilities, the recruiting and hiring of suitable singers. Impresarios drew on complex networks built up with some of the leading families throughout Italy, including the Medici in Florence and the Marquis Bentivoglio of Ferrara; various agents as well as diplomats in cities such as Rome, Turin, and Vienna were also called into service. During the mid-17th century, singers of many types looked towards opera as a way of earning extra income. Most of the male singers, whether castrati or not, were also active as church or court singers. Many of the leading prima donnas were recruited from Rome with increasingly high salaries. In some cases, the impresarios and singers (such as Anna Renzi) drew up detailed contracts in order to protect both parties. The complex negotiations necessary to recruit the best singers are described in a case study concerning the highest paid singer at the time in Venice, Giulia Masotti.
“Tuned Up with the Grace of God”
Authors: Titon Jeff Todd
Published: May 2008

Old Regular Baptist traditions from the Appalachian Mountains of the Southern United States rely on seemingly non-metric, non-liturgical practices of song, as opposed to hymns. This chapter uses ethnography, interviews, and spectral analysis to question assumptions about the general freedom Old Regular Baptist singing seemingly exhibits. The analytical interpretation is contextualized by historical examination of singing as developing over the course of centuries and the broadly inclusive practice of absorbing sacred songs from numerous sources. The close analyses of individual performances clarify the ways in which melodic codes and performance gestures bring Old Regular Baptists together in song to express their common belief in being tuned up with the grace of God.
1 The Repertory
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret
Published: May 2008

Haydn's first quartet, apparently composed during a period of work for Baron Carl Joseph Fürnberg in the mid-1750s, was soon followed by others of its type. Ten in all, the earliest quartets were eventually published in Paris and Amsterdam and are now designated as Opp. “0”, 1, and 2. A fresh wave of inspiration beginning in the late 1760s produced three opus groups (Opp. 9, 17, and 20). The Op. 33 quartets (1781) came after a long hiatus in which Haydn yielded quartet leadership to Parisian and Viennese contemporaries. Focusing more intently on the genre from the mid-1780s on, Haydn produced a series of opus groups (including Opp. 50, 54/55, 64, 71/74, 76, and 77) targeted for an international market of amateurs and connoisseurs, and issued by publishers in London and Paris as well as Vienna. The spurious Op. 3 is now attributed to the Benedictine monk Roman Hofstetter.
5 The Dance Movement
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret
Published: May 2008

The quartets invariably include an interior minuet-trio complex (each of the ten early, five-movement cycles has two). Whereas a moderate, beat-marking pace prevails among earlier quartets, a trend toward increasingly fast tempos can be discerned, along with the tendency toward a measure- rather than beat-oriented rhythmic impulse. Among the movements' binary and rounded binary forms, internal proportions as well as thematic and tonal correspondences are varied, and there are examples of a vastly extended second part. Throughout the repertory, adherence to conventional practices serves as a backdrop for novelties of rhythm, texture, thematic process, and relationship between minuet and trio. In a small but distinctive group of dance movements, an open-ended trio connects to the return of the minuet proper without a break.
14 Op. 64 (1790)
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret
Published: May 2008

Johann Tost evidently negotiated the sale of Op. 64 to publishers in Paris (Sieber) and Vienna (Kozeluch's Magazin de Musique). The prevailing style, less extroverted than Op. 54/55, seems naturally suited to private use. Although similar to Op. 50 in the accent on ensemble interaction, this set is more tuneful (the first movement of the “Lark” quartet, Op.64/5, excels in this respect). Sonata-form movements exhibit formal novelty, especially in their peculiar recapitulations, which variously exhibit supplementary recurrences of primary themes or the omission of certain secondary and closing material. The slow movements' emphasis on variation — suggestive of reflection and decoration — points to a renewed commitment to an authentic chamber style. Suggestions of folk dance are prominent in the dance movements, and the finales invoke the spirit of opera buffa owing to their rhythmic propulsion, bantering exchange, stealthy entries and exits, and comical end-games.
15 Op. 71/74 ([?1792‐] 1793)
Authors: Grave Floyd , Grave Margaret
Published: May 2008

Dedicated to Count Apponyi and initially reserved for his private use, Op. 71/74 was eventually published by Corri, Dussek & Co. in London, and Artaria in Vienna. Conceived following the success of the London symphonies Nos. 93-98, they display sound-images that evoke the concert hall and were seemingly designed with public performance in mind. Distinctive traits include introductory “noise-killing” events, declamatory unisons, multiple-stopped chords, brilliant passagework, clear structural demarcations, and vivid contrasts in dynamics, texture, register, and harmony. Notwithstanding such features, which put the medium itself on display, these quartets stand as superlative examples of Haydn's string-quartet idiom, complete with decorative figuration, intricate motivic development, conversational dialogue, and thematic textures in which all instruments participate as equals.
Empires and Boundaries
Authors: King Charles
Published: May 2008

Russian imperial expansion into the Caucasus began in earnest at the end of the eighteenth century, when Catherine the Great moved to take portions of eastern Georgia under Russian protection. From that period, Russia sought to become a Caucasus power and unseat the array of local khans and kings that had previously controlled the lowlands and highlands. New borders grew up in the region, but those borders were often murky. People moved freely across the boundaries separating ethnic and religious groups, through trade, slavery, and conversion.
The Imaginary Caucasus
Authors: King Charles
Published: May 2008

As the Caucasus was being conquered by the Russian empire, images of the Caucasus as a place were being consolidated in the imagination of both Russians and westerners. The poetry and prose of Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, and Leo Tolstoy painted vivid portraits of Russia's southern borderland. Travel and tourism brought new visitors, including European mountaineering enthusiasts such as Douglas Freshfield, who made the first recorded ascents of many of the region's peaks. Even in European erotica, the Caucasus and its peoples were portrayed as intriguingly vestigial versions of humanity, as wild and untamed as the landscape the inhabited.
With Due Respect
Authors: Hamilton Kenneth
Published: May 2008

This chapter traces the changing concert etiquette, affecting both performers and audiences, from the 19th- to the 20th-centuries. Particular topics discussed are fluctuating fashions in applause, in audience reaction, in the requirement for memorization, and in the attitude to inaccuracies and wrong notes.
Memory and Commemoration
Authors: Vromen Suzanne
Published: May 2008

In the decades after the war Jews as genocide victims were not commemorated for they did not fit into a national heroic narrative. In the aftermath of the Eichmann trial in 1961 the Jewish genocide began to be memorialized. The concept of “the hidden child” emerged following the First International Gathering of Children Hidden during World War II held in New York City in 1991. Hidden children organized, constructed collective memories, and acquired a standing and public voice. Some realized that their rescuers had not been recognized. This leads to an analysis of Yad Vashem, the institution set up to memorialize all aspects of the Holocaust and to honor the Righteous Among the Nations, the non‐Jews who risked their lives to rescue Jews. Contemporary concerns with the nature of collective memory frame the aesthetic, social, and political aspects of honoring the Righteous. The commemorative trajectories of Righteous priests and nuns are then compared, and the later recognition of nuns highlighted. The final issue is why the Church did not commemorate the postwar rescue of Jewish children. The chapter focuses on the tensions arising when some Catholic authorities prevented the return of baptized Jewish orphans to their former Jewish identity. The refusal to return the orphaned children was a double annihilation. The commemoration of Father Joseph André and Father Bruno Reynders, who set up their own resistance networks and saved both Jewish adults and children, is discussed as an example of how memory can be universalized. Commemoration can also favor armed resistance over civil resistance and be gendered: a recent plaque, memorializing the Armed Partisans' feat of snatching from a convent and leading to safety a group of girls threatened by deportation, omits mention of Mother Superior Sister Marie‐Aurélie, whose negotiating skills enabled the rescue.
3 Events Are What We Make of Them
Authors: Schwartz Robert
Published: May 2008

This chapter begins with a discussion of the notion of an event. It argues that various ideas associated with the object/event distinction are not on firm ground, and considers the claim that events (as opposed to objects) are changes. It concludes that the universe does not come parceled into events, and the events individuated do not arrive with “natural” boundaries among their parts that simply await inspection, perception, recognition, and description. Thus, both events themselves and the theoretically significant concepts of “event” and “event perception” — which hope to go beyond loose, unreflective, everyday talk — also require construction.
22 The Human Prefrontal Cortex Stores Structured Event Complexes
Authors: Krueger Frank , Grafman Jordan
Published: May 2008

Event sequence knowledge is necessary for learning, planning, and performing activities of daily living. Clinical observations suggest that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is crucial for goal-directed behavior such as carrying out plans, controlling a course of actions, or organizing everyday life routines. This chapter proposes a “representational” approach to PFC function, which assumes that the PFC (a) stores long-term memories of goal-oriented event sequence knowledge and (b) seeks to establish the format and categories according to which such information is stored. It argues that the human PFC stores a unique type of knowledge in the form of structured event complexes (SECs). SECs are representations composed of higher-order goal-oriented sequences of events that are involved in the planning and monitoring of complex behavior.