bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feedlot Residue Testing
Authors: Sundlof Stephen F.
Published: March 2023

Food safety has become one of the most visible and emotional issues confronting affluent societies. Of particular concern is the adulteration of the food supply by foreign chemicals. Even though the incidence of drug residues in foods of animal origin remains low, and the human health risks associated with these residues are small compared to other food-related hazards, the public's attention has focused on the residue issue, and it is unlikely that this will change in the near future. Growing consumer health-related concerns over residues appear to be major factors contributing to stagnant beef markets in the U.S. In a national survey conducted by the Food Marketing Institute, an independent organization representing U.S. food marketers, the number 1 concern of consumers pertained to residues in meat. Other health-related issues such as cholesterol and saturated fat content were perceived by the public as less threatening than residues (Food Marketing Institute 1988).

Representing this consumer movement for residue-free foods are well funded and organized consumer advocacy groups. These organizations direct substantial lobbying efforts at national policy makers and play an influential role in establishing food and drug regulations. Adverse public perception surrounding the drug residue issue has affected U.S. markets for red meat both domestically and abroad resulting in embargoes and other non-tariff trade barriers.

From an economic standpoint, the marketing of residue-contaminated animals can result in substantial monitary losses. Such losses result from marketing delays which are triggered by a residue violation. No further marketing of animals can take place until a representative number of animals have been tested for residues and determined to be nonviolative.
Prevention of Parasitic Gastroenteritis in Second-Season Beef Cattle with Topical Ivermectin
Authors: McMullin P. F. , Grimshaw W. T. R. , Taylor S. M. , Mallon T. R. , Kenny J.
Published: March 2023

In the U.K. and Ireland, parasitic gastroenteritis is a serious threat to the health and welfare of young cattle during their first season on grass (1). Disease and consequent production losses are usually prevented by strategic anthelmintic therapy associated with appropriate pasture management. One such system which takes advantage of the prolonged activity of ivermectin formulations involves the treatment of calves at 3, 8 and 13 weeks after turn-out (2). Less is known about the epidemiology of parasites in cattle during their second season on grass, however, it is recognized that immunity to Ostertaqia ostertaqii, the most important gastrointestinal parasite, is slow to develop (3). There are no previous publications on the use of an early-season anthelmintic suppression system using ivermectin for second-season grazing cattle. A trial was conducted in Northern Ireland to determine the parasitological and production effects of treating second season cattle with topical ivermectin at 3 and 8 weeks after turn-out.
Eimeria Alabamensis Infection as a Cause of Diarrhoea in Calves at Pasture
Authors: Svensson E. Catarina , Uggla Arvid , Pehrson Bo G.
Published: March 2023

Diarrhoea in calves during their first few weeks on pasture is a well-known problem in Sweden and traditionally this has been thought to be due to the change of diet. From previous studies (1) it is known that the diarrhoea is sometimes accompanied by a large increase in the excretion of oocysts of Eimeria species, predominantly of Eimeria alabamensis. The fact that the interval between turning out and the appearance of large numbers of oocysts in the faeces corresponds closely with the prepatent period of E. alabamensis (6-8 days) suggests that oocysts that have overwintered on the pasture are the source of the infection.

The aims of the trial described here were to test this hypothesis and to assess the clinical significance of the coccidial infection.
Unusual Case of Coenuriasis with Bilateral Cerebral Cysts
Authors: Thomas Islwyn
Published: March 2023

Although Coenuriasis in cattle is referred to in textbooks, it is less common than in sheep, and is possibly not considered in the differential diagnosis of nervous disorders of cattle in most areas of the United Kingdom. Coenuriasis is the disease caused by invasion of the brain and occasionally the spinal cord by the cystic larval stage of taenia multiceps, a tapeworm of the dog and fox. The localised space-occupying lesion of the CNS usually results in death of the host unless treated surgically (THOMAS, I. 1989-90; 1991).
Hygienic Properties of Organic Versus Inorganic Bedding
Authors: Cox V. S. , Farnsworth R. J. , Clanton C. J.
Published: March 2023

Bedding in dairy cattle stalls has been used traditionally to provide a comfortable surface for recumbent animals, and less concern has been directed toward footing. Cattle with locomotor deficits have difficulty standing on surfaces which tend to allow slippage. With traditional bedding materials such as wood shavings or straw, the feet easily penetrate through the bedding to the underlying concrete where traction is poor especially when wet due to urination. Cows with a history of parturient paresis are predisposed to the downer cow syndrome (1). Sand has been proposed as a bedding material to assure proper footing for prevention and treatment of the downer cow syndrome (1). Since soil surfaces are not permitted in grade A dairy barns, the hygienic status of sand is open to question. The following study is an attempt to investigate hygienic and management properties of sand as a bedding for calving stalls, but the lessons learned herein could be applied to mounting areas for cows or bulls, stallions, and boars.
Effects of Management Improvement on Production and Herd Health in the Largest Intensive Dairy Cattle Operation in Iran
Authors: Razifard R.
Published: March 2023

There is a great demand for animal source protein, especially milk and its by products in developing countries including Iran.

To partially cover this need, large numbers of registered and non registered Holstein dairy cattle have been imported to Iran mostly from America and Europe during the past two dicades.

Meantime, the lack of knowledge in different aspects of efficient management and disease control, in addition, the sensitivity of the imported pure breed cattle to the existing pathogenic agents have caused noticeable damages to the dairy farms and national income.

To eliminate the major problems and reveal the effects of sound management and disease control on efficiency of the dairy farms under local conditions, the present study was carried out in 13 Intensive Dairy Farms owned by the Mostazafan Foundation and run by its Department of Agriculture and Animal Production. The beneficial results however, could be applied as a guideline to increase the efficiency in dairy farms throughout the country.
Application of a Computerized Herd Management & Production Control Program in Costa Rica
Authors: Dwinger R. H. , Capella E. , Pérez E. , Baayen M. , Müller E.
Published: March 2023

The development of computerized data recording techniques in recent years has greatly facilitated concise monitoring of herd health and production parameters. Various computer software programs have been described for use in large animal practice1. Whether the program was developed for analyzing reproductive health in dairy herds2 or to estimate the cost of raising dairy replacements3, each aimed at improving farm management and optimizing farm income. A herd health and production management program for dairy farms has been described extensively elsewhere4. The program is supported by a software package called VAMPP (Veterinary Automated Management and Production control Program), which has been adapted for use in microcomputers.

Presently this program is being used widely in the Netherlands and other countries for monitoring dairy cattle and swine farms5. A spanish version of VAMPP, was introduced in 1987 in Costa Rica by the Veterinary School of the Universidad Nacional (UNA) as part of a teaching and research program in herd health and production management.

With an annual per capita gross domestic product of US $ 1424 in 19886, Costa Rica still qualifies as a developing country. However, unlike many other developing countries, Costa Rica can boast a stable democracy, a literacy rate of 93 % in 19895, a good road and communication system and a fairly reliable and extensive electricity supply. This infrastructure in combination with the importance of the livestock sector for both the national requirements and the export industry provide a suitable basis for the introduction of a sophisticated computer program to assist farmers in improving farm management. Optimizing the livestock industry is of paramount importance to Costa Rica since an annual human population growth rate of 2.25 % in 19906 and pressure for agricultural land has resulted in extensive deforestation during the past decades. An effective measure to prevent further deforestation, is to optimize the production of existing livestock units per hectare.

Computerized recording techniques can provide the farmer as well as the extension worker with production figures to monitor the performance of individual cows, while herd averages can be compared with regional index figures or livestock industry production goals. Thus, livestock production and farm income can be assessed and optimized using the existing pasture areas without the need for expansion.
Energy Balance and Follicular Profiles Detected by Ultrasonography in Early Postpartum Dairy Cows
Authors: Kamimura S. , Hamana K.
Published: March 2023

Early establishment of cyclical ovarian activity following parturition is essential to attain 365-day calving interval. The importance of postpartum energy balance on the resumption of normal ovarian cycles in dairy cows has been recognized in several studies (1). Energy balance is the net result of associations among yield of milk, diet, intake, and use of nutrients by cows. Dairy cattle undergo an energy deficit in early lactation because maximum milk production is attained prior to maximum feed consumption (2). More than 80% of dairy cows experience negative energy balance during early lactation, but magnitude and duration of negative energy balance are variable among cows (8). An extremely negative energy balance will dampen pulsatile secretion of LH (4) and delay ovulation, which contributes to on-farm inefficiency through economic losses associated with postpartum anestrus. Ultrasonic examination of the ovary has been shown to be an accurate and reliable method quantitating ovarian follicle populations (6).The objective of this study was to determine the effects of energy balance on the follicular profiles using ultrasonography in postpartum dairy cows.
Preliminary Data Comparing Embryo Transfer Efficiency of Simmental Half-Sister Donors
Authors: Zhang T. Q. , Buoen L. C. , Davies M. , Weber A. F. , Ruth G. R.
Published: March 2023

The effect of the 1/29 centric fusion (CF, Robertsonian translocation) anomaly is quite well known. Swedish researchers1 first reported a 7% reduction in fertility in Swedish Red and White cattle based on non-return rates of cows bred to heterozygous positive (carrier) bulls. A study2 of the reproductive efficiency of beef cattle carrying this cytogenetic anomaly vs. that of normal (noncarrier) beef animals showed that the carrier bulls had a 0.52 greater insemination/pregnancy index. carrier daughters of affected bulls had a calving-to-conception interval that was 18. 5 days longer than that of daughters of normal bulls. Similar results were obtained in a study in Brazil3. Schmutz et al4 studied the chromosomes of 39 seven day-old embryos collected from nine 1/ 29 CF carrier cows and 38 cows with normal karyotypes bred to normal and 1/29 CF carrier bulls. in each case the matings were between a normal and 1/29 CF carrier bulls. The 39 embryos were from 374 fertilized ova obtained from 86 successful collections where all chromosomes of isolated embryo cells could be identified. They found that 8 of the 39 embryos (20.5%) would have died in utero because their cells contained unbalanced karyotypes (unequal, lethal distribution of chromosomes, i.e., monosomies and trisomies), It was concluded that the major loss in reproductive potential of the 1/29 CF carrier cows or bulls appeared to be due to early embryonic death rather than fertilization failure. However, there are no published data regarding the effect of CF translocations on bovine embryo transfer (ET) efficiency.

Since the 14/20 CF was found in the Simmental breed in the US two years ago, our laboratory has received more than 400 blood samples from concerned Simmental cattle breeders. Among these animals one of a pair of half-sister donor cows for ET was diagnosed a 14/20 CF carrier and the other a non-carrier. This paper presents preliminary data comparing embryo transfer efficiency of the two Simmental half-sister donors: Normal vs 14/20 CF carrier.
3β-HSD Activity and Gestagen Concentrations of Bovine Fetal and Maternal Placentae During Pregnancy and on Parturition
Authors: Tsumagari S. , Takagi K. , Tanemura K. , Yosai A. , Takeishi M.
Published: March 2023

As bovine uterine arterio-venous progesterone (P) levels indicate no differences, P is reportedly not produced in placenta.1,2 However, many documents3-7 have demonstrated and confirmed the P synthesis in tissue cultures of placentae. In contrast to attenuated bovine corpus luteal functions in the later half of gestation,4,8 the P level in blood indicates a substantial increase until near term.9,10 Such an increase in P level at late period of gestation has been attributed to derive from the placenta10,11 and the adrenal. Our present study therefore attempted to investigate P syntheses in both fetal and maternal placentae by measuring the synthesis-related enzyme, 3
Ruminal Hyperkeratosis and Ruminitis in Young Calves Due to Ruminal Drinking
Authors: Haenichen T. , Bettinelli L. , Hermanns W. , Dirksen G.
Published: March 2023

As early as 1982, Dutch authors (2) pointed out that loss of contraction of the esophageal groove of initially healthy veal calves causes chronic indigestion (latent chronic ruminal acidosis), so-called "ruminal drinking syndrome." In subsequent years, the etiology of the disease has been studied intensively (6, 7). In advanced stages, the ruminal mucosa of such calves is substantially proliferated and hyperkeratotic.

The forestomach disease described by the Munich team (4,5,3), on the other hand, is due to acute complications of primary ailments or is the result of feeding errors. Inborn and acquired "drinking weakness"/anorexia (both have a multitude of causes), as well as force-feeding by stomach tube may cause the esophageal groove to close incompletely or not at all. As a result of this, larger amounts of fluid flow into the rumen and reticulum often followed by an acute ruminal acidosis. The forestomachs of calves diseased in this manner were investigated pathomorphologically in a systematic study (details see 1) that also made note of clinical findings. The results of this investigation will be conveyed below.
Use of Non Medicated Oral Rehydration Therapy to Treat Diarrhea and Scouring in The Young Calf
Authors: Tomkins Trevor , Sowinski Janusz
Published: March 2023

Diarrhea and scouring are still major problems associated with rearing of calves. Calf mortality in the dairy herd may be as high as 15% and much of this is attributable to deaths as a result of dehydration, electrolyte imbalances and physiological starvation, associated with digestive disturbances (diarrhea & scours). Although the use of oral rehydration therapy has been advocated for a long time producers have been slow to move away from reliance on antibiotics to treat diarrhea.

Most oral electrolyte products simply aim at replacement of lost ions and perhaps replenishment of some energy with dextrose. Many of these electrolytes have severe imbalances in tonicity resulting in reduced absorption of ions. In addition, few electrolyte products slow rate of passage to prevent further excessive loss of ions through the feces.

With these problems in mind, an oral rehydration product (ORP*) was developed and tested in clinical situations.

The ORP consisted of a number of ingredients which are common components of diets and oral rehydration products for both animals and humans. These included: energy sources - dextrose, corn syrup solids, lecithin; fibers - to absorb water and slow flow rate in the gut; vegetable gums - to increase viscosity of gut contents to slow rate of passage and aid in suspension of insoluble fibers; electrolytes - sodium, potassium, magnesium.

The formulation is proprietary but ingredients were: dextrose, apple flakes, oat hulls, dried corn syrup, xanthan gum, guar gum, vegetable fat, sorbitol, lecithin, sodium bicarbonate, salt, potassium chloride, ascorbic acid, calcium pantothenate, potassium phosphate, dried whey product, magnesium sulfate, polysaccharide complexes of icon, zinc manganese, copper and cobalt, fumaric acid, citric acid, calcium propionate, sodium propionate, potassium sorbate, ethylenediamine dihydriodide, silicon dioxide.
Auswirkungen Oraler Kohlegaben Auf Fermentationsvorgänge im Pansensaft Ruminierender Rinder (In Vitro)
Authors: Scholz H. , Höltershinken M. , Feldmann Maren
Published: March 2023

Two series of in-vitro-trials (30 incubations each, 39° C, lasting for 5 hours, nutrients: glucose and urea) were carried out simulating the dosis of 150g and 300g activated charcoal per animal, respectively. The donors of rumen fluid (n=3) were fed hay and concentrate twice a day, water was offered ad libitum. Rumen fluid was sampled 2,5 after feeding and incubated into the artificial rumen immediately.

It could be seen that activated charcoal influences the bovine fermentation patterns in vitro dose-depending. The differences and their extend between charcoal-treated rumen fluid and it's controls are listed in the following table.

So it is obvious that activated charcoal, given as a therapeutical aid in cattle, influences the ruminal flora significantly and reduces the availability of the VFA relative to their size.

Full article in German, English and French summaries on PDF
Vasopressin Response to Water and Salt Load in Normal Cows
Authors: Kuiper R. , Breukink H. J.
Published: March 2023

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) or antidiuretic hormone plays a primary role in the regulation of the body fluids. Little is known at present about the regulation of AVP secretion in cattle. Our interest in the regulation of the release of AVP in cattle arises from two basic questions.

First, it has been demonstrated recently that administration of AVP to adult ruminants stimulates reticular groove contraction1. This may be of interest, as suggested by others1,2 for the oral administration of drugs that should bypass the ruminoreticulum. No data are available on the role of AVP in the consistent closure of the reticular groove in the young calf.

Secondly, pyloric stenos is in cattle results in a metabolic alkalosis. A dehydration occurs, accompanied by a hypochloraemia, a hypokalaemia, a metabolic alkalosis and a uraemia. An extreme dehydration can be found, with a production of diluted urine. No data are available of the plasma AVP concentrations in these cases.

To evaluate vasopressin values from patient cases and experimental animals, reference values were collected in 5 normal dairy cows during a water or a salt load.
Pathogenesis of Rotavirus Infection in Calves
Authors: Singh N. P. , Chauhan R. S.
Published: March 2023

Rotaviruses are known to cause acute viral gastroenteritis in neonatal calves8. In recent years these viruses were found to be associated with 40-50% cases of diarrhoea in neonatal calves in India,2 Though the pathogenesis of rotavirus infection has been studied in calves5,6, the information on morphometric's of intestine in rotavirus infected calves is not sufficiently available. The present work therefore was undertaken in order to study the changes in small and large intestine at different time intervals.
AT-4526, A New Quinolone Derivative
Authors: Kouno Kaoru , Sakaguchi Yuzo , Nakai Masahiro , Yoshida Motonobu , Matsumoto Shuji , Kawamura Tadashi , Hatano Naonobu , Katae Hiromi , Hattori Hiroaki , Nakamura Shinichi
Published: March 2023

AT-4526, 1-cyclopropyl-5,6,8-trifluoro-1,4-dihydro-7-(cis-3,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, a new quinolone derivative, is under development as veterinary medicine. It has broad and potent antibacterial activities against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, anaerobes and Mycoplasma spp. (1). Its in vivo activity was generally higher than those of structurally related enrofloxacin and certain antibiotics such as oxytetracycline, kanamycin, and ampicillin in experimental infections in mice even in the case of less potent in vitro activity (1).

This paper describes the pharmacokinetics of AT-4526 in cats, dogs, pigs and calves.
In-Vitro Bactericidal Activity of Danofloxacin and Ceftiofur Against Respiratory Pathogens in Cattle
Authors: Franklin Anders
Published: March 2023

The fluorinated quinolones and the third generation cephalosporins are highly efficacious against gram-negative bacteria. Danofloxacin* and ceftiofur** are newly developed antimicrobials belonging to the fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalosporins, respectively. Danofloxacin and ceftiofur are very active against major bacterial pathogens in farm animals1,2. The objective of the present study was to investigate the bactericidal effect and time-kill kinetics exerted by danofloxacin and ceftiofur on bovine respiratory pathogens.
Clinical Efficacy of Danofloxacin in Pneumonic Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Holck J. T. , Bechtol D. T. , Swafford W. S. , TerHune T. N.
Published: March 2023

Bovine respiratory disease is the most common disease associated with recently transported cattle in North American feedlots. Retrospective data collected in 1984 from commercial feedlots in Texas indicate that 83% of total morbidity and 66% of total mortality was attributable to respiratory disease1. A review of feedlot data from Kansas and Nebraska in 1987 reported similar results with 79% of total morbidity and 67% of total mortality attributed to respiratory disease2.

Danofloxacin* is a novel, potent third generation fluoroquinolone which has bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of bacteria and mycoplasmas of veterinary importance. Minimum inhibitory concentrations expressed as MIC 90' s of danofloxacin to a large sampling of common bovine respiratory pathogens Pasteurella haemolytica, P. multocida and Haemophilus sommus have been reported at 0.25, 0.125 and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively3.

This trial was conducted to confirm the therapeutic efficacy of danofloxacin in the treatment of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease in a research feedlot facility in Texas which maintains management practices typical for the commercial feedlots in the area. Efficacy was assessed based on the reduction in pyrexia, improvement in clinical condition, reduction in number of response failures, prevention of mortality, and the maintenance of normal weight gain.
Possible Effects of Dihydroheptaprenol on Neutrophil Function of Postpartum Dairy Cows
Authors: Nagahata H. , Kociba G. J. , Noda H. , Araki S. , Kimura M.
Published: March 2023

The parturient cow is highly susceptible to environmental mastitis. Severe clinical mastitis may occur shortly after parturition and is more severe than most cases of mastitis occurring in mid and late lactation periods (3). The enhanced susceptibility to mastitis may be attributable to the suppression of host defense mechanisms (3,4). The function of neutrophils is important for protection in the early phase of infection. However, little data are available on the function of neutrophils in dairy cows during the perinatal period (6, 7,10). Immunomodulators that might abrogate the development of periparturient immunosuppression have not been evaluated. Dihydroheptaprenol (DHP) is a polyprenol derivative and is known as a stimulator of neutrophils under experimental systems of mice (1,11) and swine (2). The present study was performed to determine whether DHP administration alters neutrophil function in dairy cows during the postpartum period.
Evaluation of An Inactivated Vaccine Against BVD-MD Syndrome in Cattle
Authors: Brun A. , Kato F. , Lacoste F. , Reynaud G. , Vandeputte J. , Saint-Marc B.
Published: March 2023

On account of the economic importance of the BVD-MD syndrome in cattle significant studies were performed concerning sanitary and medical prophylaxis. As far as medical prophylaxis is concerned, attenuated live and inactivated virus vaccines have been used in cattle [1] [4]. The safety of attenuated life vaccines has been considered doubtful more particularly in reproductive females. The efficacy of inactivated vaccines depends on the nature of the strains used and of the adjuvant [3) [4]. The results obtained with an inactivated vaccine in oil adjuvant so as to prevent the infection in breeding animals are presented by the authors.
Evaluation of An Associated Inactivated Vaccine Against Neonatal Diarrhoeas Caused by Colibacilli, Rotavirus and Coronavirus
Authors: Reynaud G. , Brun A. , Milward F. , Saint-Marc B. , Vandeputte J.
Published: March 2023

The major economic importance of neonatal infectious diarrhoeas in calves have justified for a few years the development of control programmes combining both sanitary and medical aspects [7]. The importance of immunity conferred through colostrum and milk has been demonstrated [1] [2] [8]. The vaccination of pregnant cows revealed, in the field, as the most efficient mean to reach a high colostrum and milk immunity [3] [4] [5] [10]. The etiology of neonatal infectious diarrhoeas in cattle is now well-determined different types of colibacilli having well-characterized attachment or virulence factors are now isolated; viruses, rotavirus and coronavirus, have also been evidenced [6] [9] [11] [12].

The authors present the results obtained during a controlled clinical trial by using an inactivated vaccine, adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxyde and saponin. This vaccine is indicated for vaccination of pregnant cows.
Relation Entre L'Alimentation Des Vaches Laitieres En Periode De Tarissement Et L'Incidence Des Maladies Metaboliques Apres Le Velage
Authors: Baudet H. M.
Published: March 2023

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEEDING OF DAIRY COWS DURING THE DRY PERIOD AND METABOLIC DISTURBANCES AFTER CALVING

A total of 36 HF cows divided into 3 groups with the same mean age and the same milk yield average but receiving different roughages during the dry period were studied as regards to metabolic disturbances in early lactation.

At the beginning of the dry period, the mean fattening score of the three groups was 3,5 on INRA's scoring board. At the calving, the fattening scores were respectively 5, 4 and 3,5 for groups n° 1, n° 2 and n° 3.

Metabolic diseases in the first group included the following Ketosis 5/12; milk fever 4/12 and displaced abomasum 2/12.

The cows of the groups n° 1 and n° 3 did not present any sign of metabolic disturbances.

Feeding corn-silage ad libitum during the dry period appears to be dangerous because the overfattening increases the incidence of ketosis and other metabolic diseases in early lactation.

The author concludes that rations with high level of fiber and low level of energy are better during the dry period.

Article in French, English summary on PDF
Supplies of Rumen Infusoria and Blood Plasma Levels of Vitamin B₁₂ In Heifers During The Transitional Period
Authors: Kováč Gabriel , Seidel Herbert , Mudroň Pavol
Published: March 2023

lt is important to know time required for animal adaptation to changed nutrition, especially adaptation of rumen microorganisms. To met ruminants demands for vitamin B₁₂, rumen function and Co intake are inevitable. Until the function of rumen microflora is well established, vitamin B₁₂ must be provided via the feed. When rumen function is effected, for is instance when high concentrate-diets are fed, cobalt supplements will not be effective.2 This work was aimed at study of changes of rumen infusoria and plasma vitamin B₁₂ levels in heifers before and after the transition to green feeding.
Geomedical Studies on Selenium Toxicity in Bovines
Authors: Dhillon K. S. , Randhawa S. S. , Dhillon S. K. , Randhawa C. S. , Nauriyal D. C.
Published: March 2023

Selenium (Se) in small amounts is essential to animal health (8), but is toxic in larger amounts. Although, Se is a nonessential element for plants, yet its concentration in plants is critical to animal health. Invariably, feeding of selenium rich fodders ends in chronic selenium toxicity in animals. Typical selenium toxicity symptoms in animals and plants were observed in seleniferous regions of Punjab, India (5). Hoof and horn abnormalities in buffaloes, cattle and goats were associated with selenium toxicity (5,6). The present study was, therefore, planned to establish the linkage between the selenium content of soils and fodders and that in blood, hair and hooves of animals. The effect of toxic levels of Se on clinical status and haematological indices was also investigated.
Identification of Management Factors Associated With Changes in Bulk Tank Somatic Cell Counts (BTSCC)
Authors: Goodger W. J. , Farver T. , Johnson P. , DeSnayer G. , Galland J.
Published: March 2023

In previous work, Goodger1 developed and validated a milking management scoring instrument which included 48 individual management variables in 12 categories. This model of management practices was tested to establish that it reflected general expert opinion regarding practices which represent milking management and that there was reliability among users of the scoring instrument. The purpose of this study was to further refine the 48-measure milking management instrument and to explore the instrument's ability to account for changes in and interactions among management practices and udder health over time.
Penicillin Residue in Milk Following Administration of Increasing Doses of Procaine Penicillin G
Authors: Daigneault J. , Dubreuil P. , Couture Y. , Guay P. , Boudreau M. , Landry D.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the highest dose of procaine penicillin G (PPG) which could be administered to allow a withdrawal period of 96 hours in the milk in milking dairy cows. Using two 4x4 latin square designs, two groups of lactating dairy cows (n=4 per group) received 4 different doses (7,000, 14,000, 21,000 and 28,000 IU/kg 20 mL/site of a 300 000 IU/mL of PPG . Each dose was administered once daily for 5 consecutive days to each cow by either the intramuscular (square 1) or subcutaneous route (square 2). Each cow received a new dose every 3 weeks. Milk samples were collected before administration and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120 and 132 hours following the last day of administration. Concentration of penicillin in milk was measured using a quantitative Bacillus stearothermophilus disc method.

For all 4 doses administered via the intramuscular route all the animals (n=4) had milk penicillin concentration less than 0.016 IU/mL by 84 hours. However, the cows that received the PPG via the subcutaneous route had penicillin concentration less than 0.016 IU/mL by 84 hours for the dosage of 7,000, 14,000 and 21,000 IU/kg while the penicillin concentrations remained higher than 0.016 IU/mL for 108 hours after the administration of the 28,000 IU/kg dose. Residual milk concentrations of penicillin were more variable and less predictable than those from the intramuscularly-injected cows. The results of this study indicate that the dose of 21,000 IU/kg is safe with 96 hours withdrawal in milk whichever route of administration.
Pharmacokinetics of Penicillin-G in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Ewes and Cows
Authors: Bengtsson B. , Jacobsson S. -O. , Luthman J.
Published: March 2023

Penicillin-G (Pen-G) is an antibacterial agent widely used in treating bacterial infections in ruminants. The pharmacokinetics of the drug in cattle and sheep have been studied (1,2,3,4,5) but if pharmacokinetics are affected by pregnancy has to our knowledge not been investigated. The objective of the present study was to compare pharmacokinetics of Pen-G in pregnant and non-pregnant cows and ewes.
Assessment of the Quality of Practice-Generated Computerized Medical Records as a Data Source For Research Into Pregnancy Loss in Dairy Cows
Authors: Mulder Carol , Bonnett Brenda , Page Paul
Published: March 2023

This paper discusses the suitability of medical records as a source of data for research into the problem of pregnancy loss in dairy cows. The process of converting the computerized veterinary practice records into analyzable data is described. Various measures of data quality are discussed including the percent of missing, incorrect and outlier values in the final data set. Finally, descriptive statistics are calculated to demonstrate the similarity between the population of dairy cows described by the medical records and the target population of commercial dairy cows. This paper demonstrates that the positive aspects of practice-generated computerized medical records (volume of data, similarity to the target population) compensate for the disadvantages of poor case definition and missing data. The analysis of these data to investigate pregnancy loss in dairy cattle is currently under way and will be reported elsewhere.
Cryptosporidiosis
Authors: Anderson B. C.
Published: March 2023

National Cattlemen's Association recently set policy. Under Animal Health and Inspection, the first phase reads, "Support research to reduce the presence of crypto." Cattle practitioners know cryptosporidiosis from several standpoints. First, the finding of cryptosporidial occysts is frequent in stool specimens submitted for scours diagnosis. Second, diagnosticians report "Enteritis due to Cryptosoridium" after necropsy of calves which died with dehydration and diarrhea. Third, recent graduates have been witness to cryptosporidiosis with severe clinical signs in themselves or some classmates.
Bovine Behavior
Authors: Curtis Stanley E.
Published: March 2023

An approach to applying behavioral knowledge to handling cattle is discussed. It is pointed out that cattle usually behave in predictable ways, and that those who handle cattle should be able to predict the animals' most likely behavior. Applying scientific knowledge to practical cattle handling is outlined under the categories of herding instinct, dominance, vision, flight zone, hearing, previous experiences, strange environments, and curved chutes and other sorts of handling facilities.
Trace Mineral Nutrition in Cattle
Authors: Pugh D. G.
Published: March 2023

Trace minerals are needed in only trace amounts, and are measured in either parts per million (ppm) or mg/kg. Fifteen of these mineral elements have been identified (arsenic, cobalt, copper, chromium, fluoride, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium, and zinc), but this discussion will concern only copper, cobalt, iodine, selenium, and zinc.1 These minerals are required in specific biochemical reactions as part of metalloenzyme systems or as cofactors for enzymematic functions. Trace mineral deficiencies usually occur slowly over time. The clinician who is confronted with a problem where trace minerals are suspected should always obtain a detailed herd history, perform a complete physical examination on affected animals, evaluate the total diet, including pastures, and harvest tissues needed to evaluate the specific mineral concentrations in the body.1

Salt is commonly used as a carrier to ensure trace mineral intake, as cattle have a clear cut drive for NaCl. If the clinician and rancher elect to use a salt containing mineral mixture to insure mineral intake it should be remembered individual animal intakes may vary drastically.1 Further, improperly prepared salt mixtures, feed supplements or blocks, liquid feeds, or some types of contamination can alter nutrient absorption and produce conditional deficiencies.
Developing Nutrition Programs for the Cow/Calf Herd
Authors: Swecker William S.
Published: March 2023

Cow calf producers have the tools and technology to produce a 95% calf crop that weans at 525-550 lbs. at 205 days. A multitude of publications from industry and extension services are available to these producers, yet only an estimated 70-85% of cows exposed to the bull wean calves. The veterinarian, as part of a production team, should help the producer match genetic, nutritional, and management resources to optimize productivity. The author suggests that the development of an effective nutrition program for the cow/calf herd to meet these goals requires 4 steps:

1. Evaluate the producer.2. Evaluate the cows.3. Evaluate the feeds.4. Evaluate the feeding management.
Standardized Performance Analysis Update
Authors: McGrann James M.
Published: March 2023

The Standardized Performance Analysis (SPA) methodology, guidelines, software, and education materials for beef cattle was developed out of an initiative of the National Cattlemen's Association (NCA) producers as part of the Integrated Resource Management (IRM) effort. The SPA committees involve producers and Extension specialists, primarily animal scientists, veterinarians, and agricultural economist.
Practice Opportunities in Cow/Calf Health Management
Authors: Dargatz David A.
Published: March 2023

With information from the Cow/Calf Health and Productivity Audit (CHAPA) veterinarians are in a position to demonstrate opportunities for improvement of beef production on cow/calf operations. Economic profitability associated with interventions will need to be determined for each operation. The veterinarian is highly regarded as a source of information by cow/calf producers. Few producers take advantage of available advanced reproductive technology in order to improve production efficiency. Furthermore, few producers use vaccination as a health management tool. The CHAPA would indicate that there is a large base of producers that may benefit from the advice and counsel of veterinarians in areas of breeding, calving, health, and nutritional management.
Use of In Vitro Susceptibility Data to Direct Antibacterial Therapy of Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: Clarke Cyril R.
Published: March 2023

In vitro susceptibility assays, such as the agar diffusion technique and determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC), can be used to predict antibacterial activity of a drug against specific bacteria isolated from cattle suffering from bovine respiratory disease. Caution should be exercised in interpreting these data because they do not reflect the contribution of the host defenses to antibacterial efficacy nor do they take into account the effects of inflammatory responses and tissue damage on drug activity. Furthermore, the relevance of pharmacokinetic data used to classify the susceptibility of the isolate should be closely examined. Used appropriately, MIC data provided a more quantitative assessment of activity than the agar diffusion technique and can be used together with relevant kinetic data to guide selection of antibacterial agents and dosage regimens.
Bovilene-Fenprostolene for Treatment of Retained Placenta-Metritis Complex in Early Postpartum Cows
Authors: Gardner Don L.
Published: March 2023

For many years veterinarians have searched for an effective way to treat retained placentas and postpartum metritis. Many remedies have been used and many have gone by the wayside. In the 70's the prevailing approach was the volume uterine treatment (VUT) infusion of various formulations. It replaced the insertion of boluses in the uterus approach used prior to VUT. In the 1980's most practitioners finally settled on tetracycline in the uterus as the drug of choice after Olsen's work that was presented at the Oklahoma City AABP in 1983.
AABP Software Library
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

AABP has a growing collection of over 150 software programs which may be copied freely - without infringement of copyright.
HPLC Comparison of Tear Film Protein Pattern in Normal and Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis Affected Cattle
Authors: Gerds S. , Davidson H. J. , Stokka G. L. , Brightman A. H. , Iandolo J. J.
Published: March 2023

Purpose: This project was undertaken to establish the tear protein pattern in normal cattle and changes in the pattern at different stages of IBK, and disease of great economic importance.

Methods: Non-stimulated tears were atraumatically collected with a 50μ1 capillary tube. The study included normal and infected animals in three stages of naturally occurring IBK. Analysis was performed with a TSK 3000 SWXL size exclusion HPLC column at a flow rate of 0.3ml/min with 0.5M NaCl, 0.1M NaH3PO4, pH 5. Quantitation was completed with computerized integration of peaks.

Results: In all animals 7 major peaks were found at retention times of 17, 19, 21, 27, 29, 33, and 39 minutes. During the active course of the disease, peaks 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7 showed various changes. Separation for different bacterial culture result within the group had statistically significant differences.

Conclusions: The tear protein pattern in IBK affected cattle versus normal shows distinct changes. In addition to the stage of the disease changes are markedly influenced by the type of recovered organism. The first three peaks that changed in size during the course of the disease are likely to contain immunoglobulins.
Safety of Vaccinating Beef Replacement Heifers at Weaning Against 18 Antigens
Authors: Carmel Douglas K. , Barao Scott M. , Douglass Larry W.
Published: March 2023

Humoral immune responses to vaccination, mean daily gains, morbidity, and mortality were compared in groups of beef replacement heifers from weaning to 4 months after weaning. The only difference in management among groups of heifers was the number and type of vaccines they received. Heifers were vaccinated at weaning (mean age, 205 days) and again 28 days later against 0, 1, 9, 10, 17, or 18 antigens, using commercially available monovalent and multivalent vaccines. Mean daily gain, morbidity, mortality, and serum neutralization antibody titers to bovine respiratory syncytial virus, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus did not differ among treatment groups. Although the study revealed the safety of vaccinating beef heifers against 18 antigens at weaning, our data emphasized the need for serial vaccination to induce a measurable serum antibody response in animals not exposed previously to the vaccine antigens.
Acute Feedlot Arthritis Associated with Distinct Strains of Mycoplasma bovis
Authors: Rosenbusch R. F.
Published: March 2023

Acute feedlot arthritis outbreaks have been reported recentlythroughout the Midwestern US. A common feature of these outbreaks has been poor responsiveness to antimicrobial therapy and the isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from joint fluid specimens. Morbidity and mortality of these outbreaks reached significant levels, and prompted an investigation of the mycoplasma strains recovered. Four strains of M. bovis recovered from acute arthritis cases were compared with 5 strains of M. bovis recovered from enzootic pneumonia cases. Invasive ability of these strains was compared in vitro using tracheal mucosa explants, and 1 strain of each type was inoculated intratracheally in calves. Arthritis-associated strains were more invasive in vitro. One arthritis-associated strain did not produce mycoplasmemia in 4 infected calves, but was recovered from nasal mucosa. In contrast, a respiratory strain of M. bovis gave reproducible mycoplasmemia but was not recovered from nasal mucosa. Phenotypic differences among strains of M. bovis warrant further study of the pathogenic and immunogenic properties of strains of M. bovis.
Comparison Between Intraperitoneal and Intravenous Fluid Administration in Moderately Dehydrated Calves on a California Calf Ranch
Authors: Koenig Gerard J. , Holmberg Charles A. , Medeiros Ron L. , Guterbock Walter M.
Published: March 2023

Several California calf ranches have utilized intraperitoneal (IP) administration of electrolyte solutions to dehydrated calves with favorable clinical response in most patients. Calf ranch records were inadequate, however, to evaluate medium and long term effects of IP treatment, and comparison with IV administration was not made. Objectives of this study were to: 1) compare weight gain to 28 days post-treatment, 2) compare rates of survival to 60 days post-treatment, 3) evaluate pathologic changes to peritoneal surfaces and 4) determine primary cause of death in calves treated with fluids administered by IV or IP routes.

Fifty-five male, Holstein calves, 1 to 16 days of age were used in this trial. Study calves were randomly assigned to treatment with a commercial electrolyte solution by the intravenous route (IV, N=27) or the intraperitoneal (IP, N=28) route of administration. Calves were weighed on day 28 posttreatment and monitored daily for 60 days after treatment. All study calves that died during this period were submitted for a complete post-mortem evaluation.

Weight increase at 28 days post-treatment was .9 kg greater in the IV group, and four more IV treated calves survived to 60 days post-treatment as compared to IP treated calves. Statistical analysis of weight gains and survival rate showed no difference between treatments. Gross and histopathologic changes to the peritoneum at necropsy were similar between IV and IP treated calves. Some differences in the primary cause of death were noted between groups.

In conclusion, this study showed no significant differences in weight gain to 28 days post-treatment, in survival to 60 days post-treatment, and in changes to the peritoneum in calves treated with fluids by either intravenous or intraperitoneal routes.
Effect of Copper Supplementation and Vaccination on Cellular Immune Response in Growing Beef Calves
Authors: Saker K. E. , Swecker W. S. , Eversole D. E.
Published: March 2023

Investigators have evaluated the effect of stress on copper status of the beef cow using parameters such as weight gain, feed intake and body temperature. Changes in neutrophil, T-lymphocyte and SOD activity in the copper-deficient small ruminant have also been studied to help define the relationship between copper status and immune function in the ruminant animal.
Comparative Study of Tilmicosin and Long-acting Oxytetracycline in the Treatment of Calfhood Respiratory Disease
Authors: Mechor G. D.
Published: March 2023

The therapeutic efficacy of two long-acting antibiotics was investigated in the treatment of respiratory disease of young female dairy calves less than 90 days of age.
Effects of Calcium Level on Hypocalcaetnia and Associated Conditions in Dairy Cattle Fed Acidic Diets in the Late Dry Period
Authors: Jardon Phillip W. , Weaver Leon , Holmberg Chuck , Hellman Howard
Published: March 2023

Recent research and field reports have shown a decreased incidence of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia when dairy cows are fed anionic salts. Researchers suggest feeding high levels of calcium when balancing for DCAD. Some producers have resisted adding more calcium to prepartum rations because of the fear it will cause more milk fever. The objective of this study was to determine if additional calcium supplementation is beneficial when feeding acidic rations prepartum. Two rations were compared with the same level of anionic salts, but different levels of calcium. From this study we are able to make some suggestions on calcium level and other aspects of using anionic salts to prevent milk fever.