bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance at Atencingo
Authors: Paxman Andrew
Published: May 2017

While Jenkins was developing Mexico’s most productive sugar plantation, he repeatedly faced attempts by radical agraristas to dispossess him of land, efforts he countered not only by force but also by such soft-power tactics as building schools for peasant children. Local disciples of Zapata trod divergent paths after the Revolution: some remained selfless leaders of their people, others became petty autocrats, still others sold their muscle to Jenkins. His most venerable foe proved to be the rancher Doña Lola, who aided country folk in seeking land grants carved from Atencingo. In meeting this resistance, Jenkins relied on his fearsome Spanish manager Manuel Pérez, who had troublemakers bumped off, and on paying hospital fees, funding sports teams, and building schools. He also forged an unlikely alliance with the radical Puebla governor Leonides Andreu Almazán. A serial tax evader, Jenkins was briefly jailed for contrabanding alcohol. Mary, suffering from TB, finally abandoned Mexico.
Epilogue: The Mixed Legacy of William O. Jenkins
Authors: Paxman Andrew
Published: May 2017

A short assessment of Jenkins’s legacy and the impact of the state-capital symbioses that his career exemplified. Jenkins had much in common with the richest person in Mexico of today, Carlos Slim, for both were wizards with numbers, fearless purchasers when others were panic-selling, monopolists, and beneficiaries of crony capitalism. The persistence of monopolistic plutocrats is something of a legacy of Jenkins’s career. Other legacies include the persistence in Puebla of autocratic governors affiliated to the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the recurrence of gringophobia in the rhetoric of the nationalist left. A more positive legacy is the fruit of his philanthropy: the Mary Street Jenkins Foundation, still one of Mexico’s biggest charities, and the Universidad de las Américas-Puebla (UDLAP), one of Mexico’s leading universities.
Federal Careers for Applied Community Psychologists
Authors: Jenkins Richard A.
Published: May 2017

The federal government provides community psychologists with a wide variety of career options. These include hands-on investigational research, program and policy implementation, and program administration, as well as opportunities to shape policy, research, and program practice. Community psychologists have been employed by a wide variety of federal agencies, with varied roles, responsibilities, and content areas, often in the context of multidisciplinary teams. Federal jobs provide opportunities for training, professional development, and evolution over the course of a career. The chapter includes pathways to federal jobs and considerations for successful federal careers.
A Crossroads of Disciplines
Authors: Francisco Vincent T.
Published: May 2017

For the author of this chapter, community psychology has been at the crossroads of several career paths—integrating important themes from a variety of contexts, and combining his scholarly research interests with a passion for making a difference in other people’s lives. This chapter describes a bit of the context for this nexus, offers some reflections on the road thus far, and puts forward some ideas about where to go next with it. The chapter closes with advice for students finding their own way in the world of community research and action.
Roles Beyond Faculty in Academia
Authors: Berardi Luciano , Back Lindsey T.
Published: May 2017

Community psychologists may find an appealing career in higher education administration due to the societal importance of higher education, inequalities in access and graduation gap of underrepresented groups, and the need for developing preventative and service programing aimed at improving educational outcomes. The focus of this chapter is on inequality in education through the lens of community psychologists working as university staff members. The authors also share their experiences working in higher education and argue that community psychology training fits very well with the required skills and expected responsibilities for higher education management and administration.
Separation, the Sound of the Rhizomatic Ney, and Sacred Embodiment
Authors: Gill Denise
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 demonstrates the depth to which rhizomatic analysis can be utilized with a single sound and word: Hû. I study Hû as a sound, as instrument technique for the end-blown reed flute, the ney, as sacred embodiment, and as representative of the city of Istanbul. This chapter also offers a history of Sufism in relation to contemporary Turkish classical music production. This chapter challenges secular discursive and theoretical frameworks used to analyze Turkish classical music as I focus on Hû as a case study to demonstrate how we can identify spirituality and melancholy in something as small as a single sound.
Melancholic Genealogies
Authors: Gill Denise
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3 analyzes the pedagogical underpinnings of affective practice and melancholic musicking in the context of music transmission (meşk). The chapter argues that as meşk works to recreate a master’s sensibility and knowledge anew in the apprentice, master musicians inculcate feeling practices and spiritual discourses alongside music techniques in lessons with students. It is observed that students, in turn, validate their authentic experiences of melancholy through religious discourse and the memorializing of their musical lineage (meşk silsilesi). Chapter 3 also introduces the concept of bi-aurality as an approach for ethnomusicologists to develop new geographies of listening to musics outside of western canons.
SFBT in Action
Authors: Slavin Karrie , Kim Johnny S.
Published: May 2017

Eating disorders are one of the most common problems that school social workers encounter with their students. This chapter begins with an overview of eating disorders, including definitional and descriptive information, causative factors, and student impacts. The chapter focuses on the three most common types of eating disorders, which are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Next, rationale for using a Solution-Focused Brief Therapy approach will be presented and a discussion for why it is a good fit for working with students who have eating disorders. Following the rationale, a case study will demonstrate the use of SFBT techniques by a school social worker in a therapy session with a student experiencing an eating disorder.
State Politics and NREGA I
Authors: Jenkins Rob , Manor James
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the politics of implementing the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA) in the state of Rajasthan, where an important part of the movement which brought NREGA into being was born. The chapter analyses the results of a survey of NREGA workers in two of the state's districts, as well as findings from more extensive qualitative field research into the political dynamics that have shaped the program's character in various parts of Rajasthan. To place the findings in context, the chapter provides an overview of the state's political history, economic profile, developmental performance, and salient social cleavages. The analysis pays particular attention to efforts by social movement organizations to improve program performance, including through public protests, social audits of works projects, experiments with delivery mechanisms, and engagement with political parties, and senior elected officials and civil servants in the state government.
State Politics and NREGA II
Authors: Jenkins Rob , Manor James
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses the implementation of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA) in the state of Madhya Pradesh. The chapter reports on both quantitative (survey-based) and qualitative (interview-based) data conducted in the state. The strong movement organizations that played such a central role in the development of NREGA in Rajasthan were largely absent in Madhya Pradesh. The implications of NREGA for parties, clientelist politics, and voting behavior are also assessed. While Rajasthan experienced a change of party rule during the period studied (2008-2013), Madhya Pradesh did not – but neither this nor the variation in the strength of “movement” politics in the two states made a significant difference in the implementation of NREGA. Evidence from both states indicates that anxieties in the literature about civil society being “coopted” and losing autonomy when engaging cooperatively at times with governments are exaggerated.
Interlude
Authors: Roessler Philip , Verhoeven Harry
Published: May 2017

As long as anyone could remember, humans and hyenas had been sworn enemies. Whenever a hyena was spotted, the villagers would alert each other and defend their children and their village against possible incursions of the hunter. This took up a lot of the villagers’ energy, but it paid off: no villager had been killed in years and fewer and fewer hyenas tended to come close to the village....
The Birth of Atrocity Speech Law Part 2
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

By the second half of the 1990s, the ad hoc tribunals started issuing judgments and providing invaluable insights into the relevant offenses. Regarding incitement, the foundational cases of Prosecutor v. Akayesu (1998) and Prosecutor v. Nahimana (the so-called Media Case) (2003) laid out the essential elements of the crime: (1) direct; (2) public; (3) incitement; and (4) mens rea. The jurisprudence clarified that persecution applied to a wide range of discriminatory actions, including use of hate speech perpetrated against a victim group when it effects a deprivation of fundamental rights. Building on this, an ICTR Trial Chamber in Prosecutor v. Ruggiu (2000) established that hate speech not calling for violence could qualify as persecution. Finally, jurisprudence also developed around the crimes of instigation (violence advocacy resulting in violence, wherein the advocacy made a contribution), and the comparable crime of ordering (instigation plus a superior-subordinate relationship between the speaker and listener).
The Liability Gap in Reference to Hate Speech and War Crimes
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

If the hate speech–core crime relationship is plagued by internal incoherence with respect to incitement to genocide and instigation and institutional incompatibility as concerns persecution, the problem in reference to war crimes is quite different. In effect, as Chapter 7 demonstrates, the issue is an absence of law. Remarkably, given the inherently violent nature of the battlefield, with the exception of directly ordering grave breaches, international humanitarian law contains no hate speech provisions. The same is true of the relevant international criminal law instruments—neither the ad hoc tribunal statutes nor the Rome Statute contains hate speech provisions in reference to war crimes. Providing an overview of the modern history of hate speech on the battlefield, this chapter explores the deadly implications of this normative vortex and details the relevant legal instruments that evidence it.
Introduction
Authors: Fernández-Dols José-Miguel , Russell James A.
Published: May 2017

One of the purposes of the present book is to provide an updated review of the current psychology of facial expression and to acknowledge the growing contribution of neuroscientists, biologists, anthropologists, linguists, and other scientists to this field. Our aim was to allow the readers—from lay to practitioners to research scientists—to discover the most recent scientific developments in the field and its associated questions and controversies. As will become obvious, the most fundamental questions, such as whether “facial expressions of emotion” in fact express emotions, remain subjects of great controversy. Just as important, readers will find that new research questions and proposals are animating this field.
Toward a Broader Perspective on Facial Expressions
Authors: Russell James A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter offers an alternative account to the basic emotion theory. In my alternative, termed psychological construction, episodes called “emotional” consist of changes in various component processes (peripheral physiological changes, information processing including appraisals and attributions, expressive and instrumental behavior, subjective experiences), no one of which is itself an emotion or necessary or sufficient for an emotion to be instantiated. One hypothesis, for example, is that the production of facial expressions is accounted for by one or more of various alternative sources(such as perception, cognition, signaling of intented behavior, paralanguage, preparation for action, or core affect), not by a discrete emotion or affect program dedicated exclusively to emotion or to a specific emotion.
Form and Function of Facial Expressive Origins
Authors: Lee Daniel H. , Anderson Adam K.
Published: May 2017

Facial expressions are an important source of social communication. But we do not know why they appear the way they do and how they arose. Here we discuss evidence supporting Darwin’s theory that our expressions originated for sensory egocentric function for the expresser, which were then co-opted as signals for allocentric social function. We show that facial expressions of fear and disgust have distinct opposing sensory effects that serve each emotion’s theorized function, regulating the intake of nasal and visual information. Then, we show how such egocentrically adaptive expressive forms may have been socially co-opted for allocentric function, transmitting basic gaze signals and complex mental states adaptively congruent for the receiver as the expresser. Together, the evidence connects the appearance of our expressions from their evolutionary origins to their modern-day communicative role, providing a functional perspective for organizing and understanding expression forms.
Beyond the Smile
Authors: Provine Robert R.
Published: May 2017

With the expectation that innovation, insight, and discovery will come from researching neglected topics, this chapter explores human instincts, including yawning, laughing, vocal crying, emotional tearing, coughing, nausea and vomiting, itching and scratching, and changes in scleral color. The critical change approach is exploited to analyze recently evolved, uniquely human traits (e.g., human-type laughter and speech, emotional tearing, scleral color cues) and compare them with thir primate antecendents, seeking the specific neurological, glandular, and muscular processes responsible for their genesis. Particular attention is paid to contagious behaviors, with the anticipation that they may reveal the roots of sociality and empathy. Few of these curious behaviors are traditionally considered in the context of facial expression or emotion, but they deserve recognition for what they can contribute to behavioral neuroscience and social biology.
Inherently Ambiguous
Authors: Aviezer Hillel , Hassin Ran
Published: May 2017

The notion that facial expressions convey basic universal emotions has been enthusiastically endorsed by lay people and psychology researchers alike. According to this approach, a glance at the isolated face is all one needs in order to accurately discern specific emotions and affective states. Although intuitive, we argue that this notion is wrong. We review evidence suggesting that intense real-life facial expressions can be highly ambiguous, such that viewers are unsure of their valence. Alongside these data, we review work indicating an inherent role for context in emotion perception. Context does not merely change emotion perception at the edges; it can lead to radical categorical changes, even when posed stereotypical faces are perceived. Together, these findings highlight the need for a new approach in the study of emotion perception.
Language and Emotion
Authors: Doyle Cameron M. , Lindquist Kristen A.
Published: May 2017

Growing evidence suggests that emotion perception is psychologically constructed when processes in the mind of the perceiver, such as emotion concept knowledge, impact how visual sensations are made meaningful as instances of different emotions. In this chapter, we propose three key psychological constructionist hypotheses about facial emotion perception: (1) facial muscle movements do not automatically communicate emotion, (2) conceptual knowledge that is supported by language is used to make meaning of facial muscle movements and construct perceptions of emotion, and (3) language enables perceivers to see emotion on faces by reactivating sensorimotor representations of prior experiences that shape perception of the present sensory array in a top-down manner. We discuss growing evidence in support of these psychological constructionist hypotheses of emotion perception.
The Broadening of Sociopolitical Spaces
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes the patterns of the sudden opening-up of Myanmar’s political, social and economic space in the early 2010s. It shows how the environment that emerged under Thein Sein’s semi-civilian presidency (2011-2016) appears to have nurtured an unprecedented level of optimism both at home and abroad. Civilian opposition has been allowed, dissent is relatively tolerated and civil society has increased. Censorship has been considerably eased and progressive legislation has been prepared. At the same time, new forms of radicalism and contentious politics have (re)surfaced in the country, benefiting from the relaxation of the military and state control. All pose new challenges to Myanmar’s social cohesion and its prospects for peaceful democratization, as well as to the transition as it was initially “pacted”.
Weapon of Choice
Authors: Ford Matthew
Published: May 2017

This book examines Western military technological innovation through the lens of developments in small arms during the twentieth century. These weapons have existed for centuries, appear to have matured only incrementally and might seem unlikely technologies for investigating the trajectory of military–technical change. Their relative simplicity, however, makes it easy to use them to map patterns of innovation within the military–industrial complex. Advanced technologies may have captured the military imagination, offering the possibility of clean and decisive outcomes, but it is the low technologies of the infantryman that can help us develop an appreciation for the dynamics of change.
Tracing the path of innovation from battlefield to back office, and from industry to alliance partner, Ford develops insights into the way that small arms are socially constructed. He thereby exposes the mechanics of power across the military–industrial complex. This in turn reveals that shifting power relations between soldiers and scientists, bureaucrats and engineers, have allowed the private sector to exploit infantry status anxiety and shape soldier weapon preferences. Ford's analysis allows us to draw wider conclusions about how military innovation works and what social factors frame Western military purchasing policy, from small arms to more sophisticated and expensive weapons.
Introduction
Authors: Ford Matthew
Published: May 2017

There are many ways of thinking about guns. Guns can be seen through the lens of gender or identity, as a matter of personal rights or from the perspective of the engineer interested in design features and standardization. This book considers firearms from the perspective of military innovation and seeks to map socio-technical change from the battlefield to the back-office: from soldiers and engineers to scientists and bureaucrats, from alliance partners to industry. In the process this book describes the distribution of power within the military industrial complex and asks us to reflect on the relationship between technology and strategy and democratic control over weapon selection.
Technology and Culture
Authors: Ford Matthew
Published: May 2017

The prevailing assumption for many writers working on technology and change is that victory in war belongs to the masters of military innovation. If armed forces fail to act on this single insight then defeat in battle is all but certain. This chapter will discuss the various frameworks for helping to explain military innovation and conclude that existing top-down and bottom-up models of socio-technical change are insufficient. In its place this chapter outlines a mode of thinking about military innovation that draws on Science and Technology Studies. This in turn creates an opportunity for thinking about how power across the military-industrial complex is distributed.
Battlefield Demands
Authors: Ford Matthew
Published: May 2017

Soldiers are typically considered experts in the practice of combat. This chapter shows how this expertize is culturally located and defined by different organizational, military, national and wartime contexts. Developing a recurring language for the entire book, this chapter demonstrates the way small arms requirements are framed by considerations of marksmanship and firepower, stopping power and will power.
Introducing French Anglicisms
Authors: Saugera Valérie
Published: May 2017

Since French Anglicisms readily conjure up the Académie française, the introductory chapter presents purist views on Anglicisms, which tend to be implicitly political (Anglicisms as an allegory for the decline of French as an international language) and explicitly lexical (substitution of French words with English words). The raison d’être of this book was to provide an objective linguistic analysis that would test the myth, discussed here, that Anglicisms are lexical polluters, a myth magnified by the advent of the World Wide Web and the use of English as its lingua franca. The linguistic behavior of the resulting lexical items in the lexicon and morphology of French is the topic of this book, as, mainly because of this purism, linguistic research on these words has not been intensively pursued in France.
Nominal Anglicisms in the Plural
Authors: Saugera Valérie
Published: May 2017

This chapter comprehensively identifies the constraints that control the inflection of English-origin nouns in French. While French and English share the same pluralization morpheme, a small set of English nouns, particularly compounds, fails to receive inflection in French (for example, des black-out vs. des black-jacks). The findings demonstrate that the lack of inflection on this subset is rooted in the parameters of French (rather than English) morphology. Examination of the plural of Anglicisms also provides insight into mechanisms and processes of integration and reveals other findings, e.g. patterns of simplification, Anglicisms as tools for playful language, case studies of loans (people).
Conclusion
Authors: Saugera Valérie
Published: May 2017

The snapshot of the period of linguistic contact revealed in this study expands the definition of an Anglicism, for these Anglicisms, reanalyzed, take on a myriad of French characteristics, which accounts for the title, Remade in France. It is clear from the findings that the case of French Anglicisms is one of complexification: they require the creative application of complex linguistic rules and they continuously change, taking on novel characteristics. This concluding chapter underscores the capacity of global English to augment the lexicon of French (and other European languages) abundantly, quickly, and often ephemerally. This book has provided ample evidence that reducing Anglicisms to lexical invaders masks how French productively and creatively manipulates and reinvents English materials to meet its own needs.
The PRI under Hegemony
Authors: Langston Joy K.
Published: May 2017

The third chapter offers a review of the literature on the PRI before the 1980s: how the party’s predecessor was formed, how it integrated millions of Mexicans into the party, and how its leaders were able to manipulate electoral rules to win elections at all levels of government for decades. The chapter also provides a new interpretation of the relation between federal bureaucracy and the party’s national organization by examining the relation among the successive presidents of Mexico, their Secretaries of Governance, and the president of the National Executive Committee (CEN) of the PRI. This is important because when the party lost the presidency, it also lost its third-party enforcer who had been responsible for maintaining party unity.
Voting Behavior in Mexico
Authors: Langston Joy K.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6 discusses trends in mass electoral behavior in Mexico from the 1980s to 2012. Mexico’s authoritarian regime held elections for municipal, state, and federal races from 1930 onward without interruption and the PRI’s candidates won almost every one of these elections through the end of the 1980s. From 1988, with the upswing in competition, voters opted for other options and their choices were respected. Once the PRI lost the 2000 election, however, its support did not collapse because the PRI’s brand name continued to offer Mexican voters the assurance of a certain type of pragmatic governing style. This proved a strong impetus toward party unity. In the decade after the transition, the PRI continued to be Mexico’s only “national” party that is able to win elections in all regions of the country: it is usually in first or second place in voters’ preferences from Baja California to Yucatán.
Linking Transitional Justice and Human Rights
Authors: Waltz Susan
Published: May 2017

Chapter 3, by Susan Waltz, addresses several of these challenges as well as other themes in a distinct way, drawing upon experiences before and after the Arab Spring from several countries in the region including Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. She first draws attention to the apparent gaps between a set of universal human rights standards enshrined in international treaties, the practice of transitional justice with its focus on gross human rights abuses, and the expectations which have been raised of transitional justice, including of addressing questions of economic injustice. She then interrogates different facets of the problem of “impact” of transitional justice.
For the Sake of Peace or Justice?
Authors: Fraihat Ibrahim , Hess Bill
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4, by Ibrahim Fraihat and Bill Hess, examines three of the major transitional justice measures used globally in the context of pre- and post-Arab Spring experiences in the region. Examining the use of prosecutions, amnesties, and commissions of inquiry in both periods, they argue that there is a propensity for governments to select mechanisms that pursue either justice, i.e. criminal accountability, or peace, i.e. amnesty, but achieve neither. Drawing upon experiences from Algeria, Iraq, and Morocco, they argue that each government chose its own approach to consolidate power, and that the tendency to use only one mechanism rather than several affected the possibility of achieving peace with justice. This, they argue, is substantiated as well by academic quantitative and qualitative studies suggesting that the use of more than one mechanism, and in particular the use of amnesties along with trials, is correlated with positive change in the key indicators of democracy and human rights.
Reframing Gender Narratives Through Transitional Justice in the Maghreb
Authors: Gray Doris H. , Coonan Terry C.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6, by Doris H. Gray and Terry C. Coonan, discusses the role of transitional justice mechanisms in Tunisia in reframing gender narratives. They focus on one mechanism, the national truth commission, and the roles of women in it. Building on in-depth interviews, they identify a range of complex debates regarding the status of women visible in post-revolution Tunisia in the context of debates over Islamism and secularism. They argue that examining transitional justice through the lens of gender is important not only because transitional justice has tended to ignore this dimension, but also because in the case of many abuses which women experience, there is continuity before and after transitions. That is to say, gendered abuses by the state, as well as domestic violence and sexual harassment, are not necessarily altered by political change, or properly addressed by post-transition mechanisms.
Security Sector Reform and Transitional Justice after the Arab-Majority Uprisings
Authors: Ashour Omar , Mohyeldeen Sherif
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 12, Omar Ashour and Sherif Mohyelden examine the linked demands for transitional justice and security sector reform during and after the uprisings in Egypt. They trace the targeting of security and intelligence forces during the uprising, as perpetrators of particular abuses, and the demands in the post-Mubarak period for transitional justice and specific measures of security sector reform. These were initiated in limited ways, such as through fact-finding committees, but further steps were not taken, and following the coup in 2013, the military authorities did not support reform of the sector or transitional justice. Although human rights and transitional justice bodies were established by the government, few substantive steps were taken and the prospects for reform are slim.
The Human Predicament
Authors: Benatar David
Published: May 2017

The Human Predicament engages life’s big questions. Are our lives meaningless? Is death bad? Would immortality be better? Alternatively, should we hasten our deaths by acts of suicide? Many people are tempted to offer comforting, optimistic answers to these existential questions. The Human Predicament offers a less sanguine assessment and defends a substantial, but not unmitigated, pessimism. It is argued that while our lives can have some meaning, we are ultimately the insignificant beings that we fear we are. There is no point to human life as a whole, and individual human lives have no cosmic purpose. Nor is meaning the only way in which our lives are deficient. A candid appraisal reveals that the quality of life, although less bad for some people than for others, leaves much to be desired in even the best cases. Death, however, is not generally the solution. It exacerbates rather than mitigates our cosmic meaninglessness. It can release us from suffering but even when it does, it imposes another cost—annihilation. The human predicament is thus forged by both life and death. This unfortunate state of affairs has nuanced implications for how we should think about immortality and suicide, which are also discussed in The Human Predicament.
Suicide
Authors: Benatar David
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines suicide as one response to the human predicament. It is argued that while suicide can bring relief from appalling quality of life, it is not a cost-free exit from the human predicament. Even when it is the least bad option, it nonetheless involves annihilation. Moreover, it fails to address the problem of meaninglessness at any level. Indeed, it often (even though not always) exacerbates that problem by limiting the sorts of meaning that are sometimes attainable. Various arguments supporting a categorical opposition to suicide are examined and rejected. These include arguments that suicide amounts to murder, that it is irrational, unnatural, and cowardly. The interests of others sometimes do but sometimes do not render suicide wrong. The finality of death makes suicide a momentous decision, but it does not always make suicide wrong. The conditions under which suicide is and is not a reasonable option are discussed.
Overseeing the unseeable
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

A wide separation of ownership and control causes managers’ interests to diverge from those of shareholders. The asymmetry of information between a firm’s board and its managers gives managers the means to behave in ways that benefit themselves if they choose to do so. This chapter uses two episodes in the history of Yahoo to explain the potential for conflict between managers and shareholders, starting with attempts to raise capital when Yahoo was in its infancy and the fact that the managers owned the entire firm meant there was no conflict. The second episode involves Microsoft’s attempt to acquire Yahoo in 2008, when the founders’ much smaller ownership stake led to accusations that the firm’s management was not working in shareholders’ best interests.
No skin in the game
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

Boards can delegate some of the task of monitoring management to financial analysts, who reduce the asymmetry of information between a firm’s insiders and outside investors, which makes the various tools for reducing manager-shareholder conflict more effective. This chapter uses events at SPX, a mid-western manufacturing firm undergoing explosive growth, to explain the role that financial analysts play in monitoring management. It shows how career concerns can give financial analysts—who typically have little direct exposure to a firm’s share price—a strong incentive to monitor management. It also shows how analysts’ effectiveness as delegated monitors is limited by their own conflicts of interest and how the market’s response to analysts’ recommendations can have unwelcome effects on managers’ behavior.
Crashing the party
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

In principle, large shareholders have strong incentives to monitor a firm’s management. In practice, the regulatory restrictions on traditional institutional investors mean that they have relatively weak incentives to intervene in a firm’s governance, but activist hedge funds do not face these restrictions. This enables activist hedge funds to credibly threaten a board with a proxy fight, breaking the board’s monopoly access to the firm’s proxy statement and significantly altering the bargaining power in interactions between the firm’s board and its management. This chapter explains these ideas using the story of Relational Investors’ involvement in Home Depot and the almost immediate resignation of CEO Bob Nardelli.
Fighting back
Authors: Guthrie Graeme
Published: May 2017

A board of directors that attempts to defeat a hostile takeover attempt will try to raise the cost and lower the value of the shares the raider needs to complete the takeover. This can be achieved using binding contractual arrangements with the target’s customers, suppliers, and employees, that lower the value of the firm if it is acquired, but do not directly affect it otherwise. Boards resisting a hostile takeover will also issue carefully designed securities to the target’s bondholders and shareholders that have a similar effect. Ultimately, a target’s board can reconfigure the firm’s capital structure to defeat a takeover attempt. This chapter describes the tactics involved using the bitter takeover battle involving Carl Icahn and Lions Gate Entertainment.
Colonial Lahore
Authors: Talbot Ian , Kamran Tahir
Published: May 2017

There have been several studies of colonial Lahore in recent years. These have explored such themes as the city’s modernity, its cosmopolitanism and the rise of communalism which culminated in the blood- letting of 1947. This work moves away from the prism of the Great Divide of 1947 to examine the cultural and social connections which linked colonial Lahore with North India and beyond. Imperial globalisation globalization intensified long established exchanges of goods, people and ideas, despite portrayals of Lahore as inward looking and a world unto itself. The current volume is thus reflective of the concerns arising from the global history of Empire and the new urban history of South Asia. These are addressed in a series of thematic chapters, rather than in a narrative account of the city’s development during colonial rule. A number of previously neglected areas of Lahore’s history emerge in this volume that are suggestive of new avenues for research. These include the links between Lahore’s and Bombay’s early film industries; the growth of western tourism; the trans-regional opportunities for poets, musicians and sportsmen; the new patterns of religious pilgrimage; the consumption of foreign goods and finally, the growth of Lahore’s trans-regional revolutionary networks.
Darvarzas and Mohallas
Authors: Talbot Ian , Kamran Tahir
Published: May 2017

The chapter focuses on Lahore’s famous darvarzas (gateways) and mohallas (residential localities). It provides a fine grain analysis of the cultural and commercial life that took place in these surrounding areas. The inner city has been traditionally understood as a closed in area, but the chapter argues that this stereotype neglects the regional and trans-national linkages and circulation of goods and people. The three case studies of Bhati Gate, Shah Almi Gate and Mochi Gate illustrate the interconnectedness arising from commercial, cultural and political exchanges. The chapter concludes with a description both of the importance of the Mochi Gate area for training of classical musicians in Haveli Mian Khan and the musical soirees of Takia Mirasian and of Bhati Gate’s connections with the early film industry. All-India Radio Lahore which broadcast from December 1937 also provided a creative outlet for the musicians, writers and actors of Bhati and Mochi Gates and drew artists to the city.
Epilogue
Authors: Talbot Ian , Kamran Tahir
Published: May 2017

The Epilogue examines the changing international connections of Lahore following the emergence of Pakistan. Partition ended long standing commercial and cultural ties with Bombay and Delhi. These have been replaced in part by new links with Dubai and Karachi. Contemporary globalization has transformed communications and the ties between Diasporas (overseas populations) and native Lahoris. The city has continued to experience large scale migration. Its cultural and sporting life in recent years has been adversely affected by terrorism. The development of the Allama Iqbal Airport has transformed pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. Belated attempts to conserve the inner city have fallen back on Orientalist portrayals of the inwardness of its gated areas.
Beyond Narrative
Authors: Githens-Mazer Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This chapter addresses the symbolic power of narratives of Islamic resistance in the Tunisian context. This includes understanding why Islam constitutes a template to challenge to the politics of the status quo, historically, and therefore resonates amongst certain sections of the Tunisian nation, and understanding the power of the narrative of jihadi violence as a subset of these politics of resistance and challenge. It particularly focuses on understanding the resonance of these jihadi narratives in the wake of the 2011 Tunisian Revolution.
Al-Qaeda and Islamic State in Yemen
Authors: Kendall Elisabeth
Published: May 2017

This book chapter begins by showing how Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP) speaks to local audiences at both practical and emotional levels, rather than just through religious ideology. It demonstrates how AQAP narratives resonate strongly with local tribal codes of honour and revenge, and how these can then be harnessed to serve the global agenda of militant jihad. The chapter then explores two key themes that thread through AQAP’s jihadist narratives: the celebration of death and the construction of the enemy. It shows how these themes are tuned towards local audiences and how they have developed since the “Arab spring” uprising, the emergence of Islamic State and the onset of all-out war in 2015. Lastly, the chapter looks at the relative appeals of AQAP and Islamic State in Yemen. It outlines the potential trajectories of AQAP and briefly suggests ways in which the jihadist threat in Yemen might be countered.
Boko Haram and Islamic State
Authors: Comolli Virginia
Published: May 2017

This chapter briefly charts the emerge of the violent Islamist group Boko Haram in Nigeria before detailing its international connections and interactions with Al-Qaeda and, more significantly, Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM). It goes on to discuss the group’s successful attempts at territorial control in the north east and its leader’s ambition to establish an Islamic state. The text explains how the Nigerians converged with ISIS, pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi and rebranded Boko Haram as Islamic State West African Province (ISWAP). This is complemented by an analysis of the practical manifestations of this allegiance, the remaining differences between ISWAP and ISIL/ISIS, and the possibly opportunistic reasons that may have motivated this move and that, in the future, could make the Nigerian outfit look elsewhere for more productive partnerships.
In the Shadow of the Islamic State
Authors: Anzalone Christopher
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the Arab Spring was gradually sectarianized, leading to the emergence of more rigid and puritanical sect-based identities and inter-communal conflicts across the Middle East, extending even further outside of the region and across the Muslim-majority world. Using the social movement theory concept of “framing,” it considers how various political and armed actors involved in the Syrian civil war and the conflict in Iraq, including actors such as the Iranian government, Hizbullah, Sunni and Salafi actors in the Arab Gulf states, and Sunni rebel and other militant jihadi organizations such as Jabhat al-Nusra/Jabhat Fath al-Sham, Islamic State, Jaysh al-Islam, and Ahrar al-Sham, have drawn on competing historical narratives and memory in combination with contemporary events to produce a thoroughly modern but also selectively “historicized” social mobilization narrative meant to encourage activism from their target audiences. The ways in which clashing historical memory and narratives are deployed in regional conflicts, which constitutes a form of re-fighting the past in the present, are analyzed. Specific historical references, such as the invocation of Shi‘i legendary heroes of Karbala such as Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas, which are deployed as rhetorical weapons in geopolitical contests over power and political dominance, are also considered.
The Precautionary Principle
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter identifies two very different paradigm cases for the Precautionary Principle that define two separate versions of the principle: the deliberative and the epistemic. I argue that the deliberative version should not be identified with the maximin principle but rather be interpreted as an output filter that transforms the original description of a case into a new case in which all options that may lead to outcomes below a certain threshold are omitted. The epistemic version is a cluster of at least three different epistemic principles, which are introduced and defined by matching paradigm cases. By distinguishing between all these versions of the Precautionary Principle many of the objections that have been raised against it can be rebutted.
Conclusion
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: May 2017

The overall conclusion of this book is that geometric concepts such as points, lines, and planes are useful for analyzing the scope and structure of moral principles and for balancing conflicting principles against each other. By conceiving of a case as a point in a multidimensional geometric space, the scope of each principle can be defined as the Voronoi tessellation of all cases that are more similar to a paradigm case for the principle in question than to a paradigm case for any other principle. A paradigm case is either a case we know ex-ante to be (one of) the most typical cases to which the principle applies or the center of gravity (calculated ex-post) of all the cases to which the principle has been applied.
Reporting the Retreat
Authors: Woods Philip
Published: May 2017

The British defeat in Burma at the hands of the Japanese in 1942 marked the longest retreat in British army history and the beginning of the longest campaign in the Second World War. It also marked a beginning of the end of the British empire, not only in Burma but also in south and south-east Asia altogether. There have been many studies of the military and civilian experiences during the retreat but this is the first book to look at the way the campaign was represented through the western media: newspapers, pictorial magazines, and newsreels. There were some twenty-six accredited war correspondents covering the campaign, and almost half of them wrote books about their experiences, mostly within a year or two of the defeat. Their accounts were heavily criticized by government officials as being misinformed and sensationalist. More recent historians, on the other hand, have criticized them for being too patriotic and optimistic in their coverage and thus giving the public an unrealistic view of how the war was progressing. This book assesses the validity of these criticisms by using original sources. It is the first book to seriously evaluate the contributions of the war correspondents and will be of value to students of journalism, media history, history and war.
Burma 1942
Authors: Woods Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter establishes a background to Burma, its colonial society, politics, economics, defense arrangements and strategy. These are seen, in part, through the eyes of the newly arriving war correspondents. A broad outline of the military retreat of 1942 is established, setting it in its wider context of the war against Japan.
George Rodger and Life Magazine Photo-Journalism
Authors: Woods Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the coverage of the war by the Life photojournalist George Rodger. He focused initially, as did so many other journalists, on one of the most glamorous aspects of the campaign, the role of American pilots, the American Volunteer Group (AVG), or “Flying Tigers” as they came to be known. Rodger did manage to take some action photos at one of the few successful battles, the recapture of Shwegyin. The photographic record of this battle raises important issues of the difficulties of working in tropical and jungle conditions, but also the question of whether any of the photographs involved reconstruction (faking) of events for the camera. This chapter also looks at the role of Life correspondent, Clare Boothe Luce, who, together with Rodger, photographed the meeting of General Stilwell and Chiang Kai-Shek at Maymyo.
Training in Local Oral Traditions
Authors: DeWitt Mark F.
Published: May 2017

This chapter is a study of programs that offer performance training in oral-tradition musics at accredited two- and four-year postsecondary institutions in the United States, Canada, and Mexico, especially but not exclusively those that focus on traditions that developed in the region where the institution is located. The trajectory of oral-tradition musics in North American higher education is found to be one of gradual acceptance through many disconnected local efforts, resulting in a variety of solutions to problems inherent in reforming a curriculum not designed for the needs of learning in oral traditions. The chief intended audience of this chapter are faculty and administrators of schools and departments of music, especially those who are contemplating the addition of local oral-tradition music to their curriculum or are at least open to the idea of doing so.
Latin Music Studies at Texas State University
Authors: Pedroza Ludim
Published: May 2017

The Latin Music Studies (LMS) area at the Texas State University School of Music offers degree-granting programs with concentrations in mariachi and salsa. Such programs are still rare in mainstream US institutions of higher education. LMS founder John Lopez has recently developed a minor in mariachi, which in conjunction with the professional degree in music education provides students with fundamental skills in mariachi ensemble management, pedagogy, performance, and creative musicianship. The history of the minor in mariachi at Texas State University and the prominent presence of mariachi in middle schools and high schools suggest a future wherein the mariachi ensemble in Texas may enter the standard ensemble trio of the choir, band, and orchestra.