bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ubiquitin Chain Reactions
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: November 2011

The anti-inflammatory protein A20 inhibits NF-κB signaling through a noncatalytic mechanism by binding to polyubiquitin chains.
Bacterial Protection
Authors: Ash Caroline
Published: November 2011

Sulfide formation helps to protect various bacteria from antibiotic toxicity.
Quenching Flare-Ups
Authors: Boxer Rebecca S.
Published: November 2011

Cytomegalovirus confers resistance to immunosuppressive therapy in ulcerative colitis.
A Joint Venture Between Complement and Chondrocytes
Authors: Shum Anthony K.
Published: November 2011

Inflammation plays an unexpected complementary role in trauma-induced joint disease.
Seedling growth and water use of boreal conifers across different temperatures and near-flooded soil conditions
Authors: Wolken Jane M. , Landhäusser Simon M. , Lieffers Victor J. , Silins Uldis
Published: November 2011

To test the hypothesis that seedling growth and water use increase with soil temperature and improved soil aeration and vary with species, we evaluated the above- and below-ground growth and water use of seedlings of four northern boreal conifer species: black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), white spruce ( Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), tamarack ( Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) grown under different temperature and near-flooded soil conditions. Seedlings were grown in specialized pots that maintained the water table level at either 15 cm (high water table treatment: very wet) or 30 cm (low water table treatment: moderately wet) below the soil surface, and whole-seedling transpiration was assessed. Soil temperature (5, 10, or 20 °C) was controlled with a water bath surrounding the pots. Although some species were sensitive to the high water table treatment, soil temperature was the driver of seedling growth and water use. We ranked the ability of the seedlings of the species to tolerate the cold soil conditions examined as black spruce > lodgepole pine > tamarack > white spruce. The ranking of the ability to tolerate near-flooded conditions was tamarack and lodgepole pine > black spruce > white spruce.
Avian responses to experimental harvest in southern boreal mixedwood shoreline forests: implications for riparian buffer management
Authors: Kardynal K.J. , Morissette J.L. , Van Wilgenburg S.L. , Bayne E.M. , Hobson K.A.
Published: November 2011

Conventional management of shoreline forest in harvested boreal landscapes involves retention of treed buffer strips to provide habitat for wildlife species and protect aquatic habitats from deleterious effects of harvesting. With shoreline forests being considered for harvest in several jurisdictions, it is important to determine the potential impacts of this disturbance on birds. In this study, responses of riparian- and upland-nesting birds to three levels of harvest (0%–50%, 50%–75%, and 75%–100% within 100 m of the water) in shoreline forests around boreal wetlands were assessed 1 year before and each year for 4 years after harvest relative to unharvested reference sites. Upland-nesting species showed variable responses to harvest, with greatest declines in abundance of interior forest nesting species (e.g., Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapillus L.) with the highest levels of harvest. Shrub-nesting and generalist species increased in abundance in harvest treatments relative to reference sites. Riparian birds showed little response to harvest, suggesting that shoreline forest harvest has little effect on their abundance up to 4 years after harvest. Retention of small buffers may not be an effective management strategy for conservation of birds occupying shoreline forests, particularly interior forest nesting species. We suggest that alternatives to conventional buffer management be explored.
Consequences of decreasing the number of cored trees per plot on chronology statistics and climate–growth relationships: a multispecies analysis in a temperate climate
Authors: Mérian Pierre , Lebourgeois François
Published: November 2011

Existing literature investigates the effect of the number of cored trees per plot (N) on chronology statistics. The present study sought to highlight (i) the effect of N on the reliability of both chronology and climate–growth relationships and (ii) its variability across five European tree species with differentiated ecophysiological patterns. Fifty-eight pure, even-aged forests were sampled across France. For each plot, dendroecological investigations were carried out using chronologies built from 28 to three trees. Chronology reliability was studied using the mean intertree correlation (rbt) and the expressed population signal (EPS), whereas the climate–growth relationships were evaluated through the bootstrapped correlation coefficients (BCC). The accuracy of the dendroecological investigations decreased with decreasing N: EPS and BCC approached zero, implying that the signal common to all trees weakened. Thus, most of the significant correlations became nonsignificant when the sample size decreased from 28 to three trees per plot. Differences were found between species. For a given sample size, the shade-intolerant species Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris displayed lower intertree differences in growth-index series (higher rbt) and higher EPS than the shade-tolerant species Abies alba, Fagus sylvatica, and Picea abies. These latter species also displayed a greater sensitivity to sample size decrease, with a stronger BCC weakening and a higher proportion of changes in correlation significance. The EPS threshold of 0.85 was reached for around six to 10 trees for shade-intolerant species versus 20–30 for the shade-tolerant ones and generally corresponded to a mean correlation precision of around 0.06. We finally propose a general method to estimate this precision.
Revivification of a method for identifying longleaf pine timber and its application to southern pine relicts in southeastern Virginia
Authors: Eberhardt Thomas L. , Sheridan Philip M. , Bhuta Arvind A.R.
Published: November 2011

Longleaf pine ( Pinus palustris Mill.) cannot be distinguished from the other southern pines based on wood anatomy alone. A method that involves measuring pith and second annual ring diameters, reported by Arthur Koehler in 1932 (The Southern Lumberman, 145: 36–37), was revisited as an option for identifying longleaf pine timbers and stumps. Cross-section disks of longleaf, loblolly ( Pinus taeda L.), and shortleaf ( Pinus echinata Mill.) pines were measured and the diameters of their piths and second annual rings plotted against each other. From this plot, longleaf pine could be differentiated from the other two southern pine species, demonstrating that a method established with trees harvested more than 70 years ago is still applicable to standing timber of today. No evidence was found to suggest that different growth rates impact method applicability. In those situations where the second annual ring is intact, but not the pith, very large second annual ring diameters (>40 mm) may identify timbers with a lower probability of being longleaf pine. In addition to the identification of very old lightwood stumps as part of a longleaf pine restoration effort, both methods may be applied to timber identification in historic structures and the niche forest products industry involving the recovery and processing of highly prized longleaf pine logs from river bottoms. Measurements from relicts sampled in this study were consistent with the purported range for longleaf pine in Virginia.
ENTROPIC GRAVITY, MINIMUM TEMPERATURE, AND MODIFIED NEWTONIAN DYNAMICS
Authors: KLINKHAMER F. R. , KOPP M.
Published: November 2011

Verlinde's heuristic argument for the interpretation of the standard Newtonian gravitational force as an entropic force is generalized by the introduction of a minimum temperature (or maximum wave length) for the microscopic degrees of freedom on the holographic screen. With the simplest possible setup, the resulting gravitational acceleration felt by a test mass m from a point mass M at a distance R is found to be of the form of the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) as suggested by Milgrom. The corresponding MOND-type acceleration constant is proportional to the minimum temperature, which can be interpreted as the Unruh temperature of an emerging de Sitter space. This provides a possible explanation of the connection between local MOND-type two-body systems and cosmology.
TOPOLOGICAL CONSERVATION CURRENT OF COSMIC STRINGS
Authors: CAO ZHEN-BIN
Published: November 2011

In our previous research, we have constructed a second rank antisymmetric topological current to study various topological properties of cosmic strings in the early universe. In this paper, starting from the conservation equation of the current, we give a detailed discussion of the structure of the current itself, and finally obtain a new constrained equation for the motion of cosmic strings and a conserved, antisymmetric world sheet tensor which may have a deep relation with the structure of the spacetime.
PRODUCTION OF $ht\bar{t}$ AND $ht\bar{T}$ IN THE LEFT–RIGHT TWIN HIGGS MODEL IN γγ COLLISIONS AT ILC
Authors: SHEN JIE-FEN , LIU YAO-BEI
Published: November 2011

In the left–right twin Higgs (LRTH) model, we first examine the effects in [Formula: see text] production in γγ collision and find that, in the favorable parameter spaces, the absolute values of the relative correction can be significantly large. We also estimate the new production process [Formula: see text], our results show that its cross-section can reach the level of a few fb for M = 150 GeV . A simply phenomenological analysis is also given for the decay modes T→ϕ+b and T→W+b. As long as the new T-quark is not too heavy, we conclude that this new channel might be used to test the LRTH model in the future ILC experiment.
Malignant Hyperthermia and Idiopathic HyperCKemia
Authors: Kasi Pashtoon Murtaza
Published: November 2011

Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare but life-threatening condition that is more frequently encountered and discussed within the anesthesia literature. Here we through a case specifically discuss the susceptibility of individuals and/or families with asymptomatic unexplained elevations of creatine kinase (CK), also frequently referred to as hyperCKemia or idiopathic hyperCKemia (IHCK) in recent reports. The clinical implications would be to underscore the importance of this as a susceptibility to developing MH and highlight the importance of genetic susceptibility testing in such cases. Anesthesiologists and critical care intensivists as well as primary care physicians should keep this in mind when seeing patients with asymptomatic hyperCKemia and potentially inform them about the possibility of developing MH if exposed to triggering agents. Genetic susceptibility testing should be considered if available and family members should also receive nontriggering agents when undergoing anesthesia and wear Medic Alert tags.
HLA Class II Defects in Burkitt Lymphoma: Bryostatin-1-Induced 17 kDa Protein Restores CD4+ T-Cell Recognition
Authors: Hossain Azim , God Jason M. , Radwan Faisal F. Y. , Amria Shereen , Zhao Dan , Bethard Jennifer R. , Haque Azizul
Published: November 2011

While the defects in HLA class I-mediated Ag presentation by Burkitt lymphoma (BL) have been well documented, CD4+ T-cells are also poorly stimulated by HLA class II Ag presentation, and the reasons underlying this defect(s) have not yet been fully resolved. Here, we show that BL cells are deficient in their ability to optimally stimulate CD4+ T cells via the HLA class II pathway. The observed defect was not associated with low levels of BL-expressed costimulatory molecules, as addition of external co-stimulation failed to result in BL-mediated CD4+ T-cell activation. We further demonstrate that BL cells express the components of the class II pathway, and the defect was not caused by faulty Ag/class II interaction, because antigenic peptides bound with measurable affinity to BL-associated class II molecules. Treatment of BL with broystatin-1, a potent modulator of protein kinase C, led to significant improvement of functional class II Ag presentation in BL. The restoration of immune recognition appeared to be linked with an increased expression of a 17 kDa peptidylprolyl-like protein. These results demonstrate the presence of a specific defect in HLA class II-mediated Ag presentation in BL and reveal that treatment with bryostatin-1 could lead to enhanced immunogenicity.
L-Carnitine Improves the Asthma Control in Children with Moderate Persistent Asthma
Authors: Al-Biltagi Mohammed , Isa Mona , Bediwy Adel Salah , Helaly Nevien , El Lebedy Dalia D.
Published: November 2011

The objective. was to investigate L-Carnitine level and the effects of its supplementation in children with moderate persistent Asthma. Methods. Free and total serum carnitine levels were measured in 50 children having moderate persistent asthma and 50 healthy control children. The patients group was randomly divided into two subgroups. Subgroup A was supplemented with L-carnitine for 6 months while subgroup B was used as a placebo controls. Both subgroups were assessed by pulmonary function tests (PFT) and childhood-asthma control test (C-ACT) before and 6 months after carnitine supplementation. Results. Total and free carnitine levels were significantly lower in patient group than in control group. PFT and C-ACT showed significant improvements in asthmatic children supplemented with L-carnitine than in those who were not supplemented. Conclusion. L-carnitine levels were initially lower in moderate persistent asthmatic children as compared to healthy control children. Asthmatic children who received L-carnitine supplementation showed statistically significant improvement of C-ACT and PFT.
Long-Term Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and Respiratory Disease Mortality in Shenyang, China: A 12-Year Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Dong Guang-Hui , Zhang Pengfei , Sun Baijun , Zhang Liwen , Chen Xi , Ma Nannan , Yu Fei , Guo Huimin , Huang Hui , Lee Yungling Leo , Tang Naijun , Chen Jie
Published: November 2011

Background: In China, both the levels and patterns of outdoor air pollution have altered dramatically with the rapid economic development and urbanization over the past two decades. However, few studies have investigated the association of outdoor air pollution with respiratory mortality, especially in the high pollution range. Objective: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 9,941 residents aged ≥35 years old in Shenyang, China, to examine the association between outdoor air pollutants [particulate matter <10 µm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)] and mortality using 12 years of data. Methods: We applied extended Cox proportional hazards modeling with time-dependent covariates to respiratory mortality. Analyses were also stratified by age, sex, educational level, smoking status, personal income, occupational exposure and body mass index (BMI) to examine the association of air pollution with mortality. Results: We found significant associations between PM10 and NO2 levels and respiratory disease mortality. Our analysis found a relative risk of 1.67 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.60–1.74] and 2.97 (95% CI 2.69–3.27) for respiratory mortality per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10 and NO2, respectively. The effects of air pollution were more apparent in women than in men. Age, sex, educational level, smoking status, personal income, occupational exposure, BMI and exercise frequency influenced the relationship between outdoor PM10 and NO2 and mortality. For SO2, only smoking, little regular exercise and BMI above 18.5 influenced the relationship with mortality. Conclusion: These data contribute to the scientific literature on the long-term effects of air pollution for the high-exposure settings typical in developing countries.
Fatigue fracture behavior and statistical life evaluation of hybrid composite/metal beam-joints for a low-floor bus
Authors: Lee Ji Yeong , Jung Dal-Woo , Choi Nak-Sam
Published: November 2011

The hybrid composite/metal beam-joint structure used for this study modeled the actual joint of the side-wall composite panel and the steel under-frame in a low-floor bus body. The fracture behaviors of the joints under transverse loadings showed that the fracture site induced by the cyclic loading was completely different from that under static loadings. For the upward loading, the pulled-out fracture of the rivet joints was dominant in the static test while a fracture of the weld joint region appeared during the fatigue cyclic test. The downward loading induced a partial delamination along the adhesive layer of which the site was different according to the static and the cyclic tests. A statistical life prediction with a two-parameter Weibull distribution for transversely upward loads revealed a large increase in the estimated life with respect to the load decrease. This was in contrast with the case of transverse downward loadings. Probability stress life curves, obtained with a high confidence level, offered statistical life prediction data for the reliability of the hybrid beam-joints.
Synthesis and characterization of porous hybrid biomaterials with improved mechanical properties
Authors: Estevez M , Escamilla AM , Vargas S , Hernandez-Martinez AR , Rodriguez R
Published: November 2011

New ceramic-polymer biomaterials with controlled porosity were synthesized with improved mechanical and tribological properties. These materials contain synthetic hydroxyapatite (HAp) microparticles and two different ceramic particles at different concentrations (alumina microparticles and silica nanoparticles) and posses a morphology that matches the real bone. The particles were agglutinated using solvent-free, mono-component polyurethane. The pores were generated by a chemical reaction between the OH groups of the hydroxylated resin and the ceramic particles with the blocked isocyanate. The porosity grows practically linear with the temperature of the thermal treatment. The materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ICP, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), densitometry, abrasion, and mechanical tests.
The Domestication of Death: The Sequestration Thesis and Domestic Figuration
Authors: Stanley Liz , Wise Sue
Published: November 2011

Sociological work on the sequestration of death has taken on some canonical qualities, while secondary discussion has not recognized interesting divergences within it. While drawing on Giddens (1991) provides useful ideas, the work of Elias (1983, 1985, 1994) is an especially helpful means of historicizing, contextualizing and theorizing domestic figuration and its role in responding to the threatening ‘otherness’ of death. Case studies concerning the domestication of death and its ritualized practices are discussed, including representations of the ineffable ‘moment’ of death. Following Elias, a fully-articulated theorization of death needs to be grounded, historicized, comparative; to explore such matters through the lens of domestic figuration; and to deal with the ontological and epistemological issues raised by death with which the bereaved necessarily have to deal.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Unbound Mycophenolic Acid in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation
Authors: Kim Hyewon , Long‐Boyle Janel , Rydholm Nancy , Orchard Paul J. , Tolar Jakub , Smith Angela R. , Jacobson Pamala , Brundage Richard
Published: November 2011

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an immunosuppressant routinely used in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) to promote stem cell engraftment and prevent acute graft vs host disease. Administered as a prodrug, MMF is converted by esterases to the active moiety, mycophenolic acid (MPA). The impact of clinical covariates on unbound MPA exposure was investigated with a population pharmacokinetic approach. Pharmacokinetic data were obtained from routine area under the curve (AUC) monitoring of unbound MPA drug levels in 36 pediatric (n = 31) and young adult (n = 5) patients undergoing alloHCT for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant disorders. Unbound MPA pharmacokinetics were well described by a 2‐compartment model with linear elimination and first‐order absorption. The important clinical covariates affecting unbound MPA pharmacokinetics were weight, estimated creatinine clearance, and total bilirubin. Unbound MPA clearance was reduced, and exposure (AUC0–8) increased in individuals with decreased renal function. In individuals with severe hepatic dysfunction (total bilirubin >10 mg/dL) unbound MPA clearance was approximately 3‐fold lower compared with patients with normal to mild hepatic impairment. In alloHCT recipients with renal dysfunction or severe hepatic injury, dose reductions may be necessary to prevent toxicity and ensure optimal immunosuppression.
America and the Garrison Stadium
Authors: Vasquez Joseph Paul
Published: November 2011

American military institutions importantly shaped the popular sport of college football. From support at its two oldest service academies, interest in football spread through military units across the country with military actors involved in the formation of the country’s first collegiate athletic conference and the National Collegiate Athletic Association. Subsequently, the US military functioned as an agent of authoritative diffusion, fostering interest in college football after the First World War. Furthermore, military institutions, including the draft, affected not only which team would be most successful during the Second World War but also how civilians would play the game. These effects call to mind Charles Tilly’s work on state formation and security-driven resource extraction as well as Harold Lasswell’s garrison state idea.
The Role of Episodic Memories in Current and Future Well-Being
Authors: Philippe Frederick L. , Koestner Richard , Beaulieu-Pelletier Genevieve , Lecours Serge , Lekes Natasha
Published: November 2011

The purpose of the present research was to examine the automatic role of psychological need satisfaction in episodic memories and in their associated networked memories on people’s sense of well-being. In each of four studies, participants were asked to describe a main episodic memory and networked memories, that is, other memories related to their main episodic memory. Results of Studies 1 and 2 revealed that levels of need satisfaction in a main episodic memory and in its networked memories both uniquely contributed to the prediction of well-being (based on either participants’ or peers’ ratings). Study 3 examined the automatic effect of priming an episodic memory network on people’s well-being in the here and now. Study 4 revealed that need satisfaction in episodic memory networks predicted changes in well-being over time. In addition, this relationship held after controlling for broad dispositional traits, mental health, and general need satisfaction ratings.
Maternal pre- and postnatal mental health trajectories and child mental health and development
Authors: Vänskä Mervi , Punamäki Raija-Leena , Tolvanen Asko , Lindblom Jallu , Flykt Marjo , Unkila-Kallio Leila , Tiitinen Aila , Repokari Leena , Sinkkonen Jari , Tulppala Maija
Published: November 2011

Pregnancy and early motherhood involve uncertainty and change, which can evoke mental health problems. We identified maternal mental health trajectories in pre- and postnatal period, and examined their association with later child mental health and development. Finnish mothers reported psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire [GHQ-36]) and depressive (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI-13]) symptoms in pregnancy (T1; N = 788) and two months (T2; N = 657) and 12 months (T3; N = 545) postpartum. Both parents accounted their child’s mental health (Behavior Assessment System for Children [BASC]) and social (Social Skills Rating System [SSRS], Child Behavior Scale [CBS]) and cognitive development (Five to Fifteen [FTF]) when the child was 7–8 years old (T4; N = 485). We identified five trajectories depicting unique timing and course of maternal mental health from pregnancy into 1 year of mothering: Stable low levels of mental health symptoms (75%) and prenatal (6%), early postpartum (9%) and late postpartum (6%) mental health problems. The fifth trajectory, heterogeneous high levels of mental health problems (4%) was an unclassified post hoc class, combining mothers with chronic high or highly variable mental health profiles. Results show some trajectory-related timing effects on children’s mental health and cognitive development. The trajectories of early postpartum and heterogeneous high levels of mental health problems predicted higher level of internalizing symptoms as compared to stable low-levels trajectory. The heterogeneous high-levels trajectory predicted higher levels of problems in executive functions than the stable low and late postpartum trajectories, and in memory tasks than children in other trajectories. We discuss the timing and course of maternal mental health from the viewpoint of infant and child development.
The development of diachronic thinking between 6 and 11 years
Authors: Labrell Florence , Stefaniak Nicolas
Published: November 2011

The development of a diachronic conception of biology has rarely been explored during childhood, except by Maurice-Naville and Montangero (1992). The aim of the present study was to further explore this issue. In the course of an interview, 163 children aged between 6 and 11 expressed their diachronic conceptions of the growth and death of several living things. Results confirmed previous data and extended them to humans and animals, highlighting some diachronic dimensions previously identified by Maurice-Naville and Montangero regarding trees: past and future, seriation and identity appear before 10 years of age, while time span and rhythm, as well as irreversibility, were only mastered at 11 years. Our results confirm that the mastery of biological properties during childhood is partly contingent upon diachronic thinking.
Psychometric properties of the Polish adaptation of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire—Revised (IBQ-R)
Authors: Dragan Wojciech Ł. , Kmita Grażyna , Fronczyk Krzysztof
Published: November 2011

This paper presents the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire—Revised (IBQ-R). A group of 396 pairs of parents was studied, and a 3-factor structure of IBQ-R emerged with differences comparing to the original U.S. sample and a prior replication Russian sample. Analyses demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency and high consistency rating between both parents' scores. Additionally, a comparison of the scores of IBQ-R scales between Polish and previously reported U.S. data was made, showing that Polish infants scored higher on negative affectivity scales and lower on surgency/extraversion and orientation/regulation scales.
Competence, social capital, and life adjustment
Authors: Pettit Gregory S. , Collins W. Andrew
Published: November 2011

In this Introduction, we highlight key themes in the conceptualization and measurement of social capital, drawing attention to its developmental roots, manifestations, and implications for health and well-being across the life course. Longitudinal methods are uniquely suited for charting pathways to and from social capital and for elucidating intermediate and proximal mechanisms that may explain its emergence and its role in healthy functioning. The four empirical articles in the Special Section make use of well-known longitudinal data sets to examine vertical and horizontal dimensions of social capital within and across critical developmental transitions. Collectively, the articles situate the construct of social capital within a behavioral perspective and shed new light on the nature and effectiveness of social relationships in the development of individual competence.
The ground of critique
Authors: Forst Rainer
Published: November 2011

In the practice of social criticism, the concept of human dignity has played and still plays an important role. In philosophical debates, however, we find widely divergent accounts of that concept, ranging from views based on a conception of human needs to religious approaches trying to explain the ‘inviolability’ of the person. The view presented here reconstructs the basic claim of human dignity historically and normatively as resting on the moral status of the person as a reason-giving, reason-demanding and reason-deserving being. The person as holding a basic moral right to justification is the true ground for the claim of having one’s dignity respected: as someone who must not be subjected to norms, rules, or institutions which cannot be properly justified to that person in appropriate practices of justification. To possess human dignity means being an equal member in the realm of subjects and authorities of justification and to be respected as such. This is the moral ground of social criticism, implied in particular social and political demands raised in given historical contexts. Thus, critical theory has to be reoriented towards a critique of the relations of justification in a given social order of justification.
Current Status of Developmental Immunotoxicity
Authors: DeWitt Jamie C. , Peden-Adams Margie M. , Keil Deborah E. , Dietert Rodney R.
Published: November 2011

Developmental immunotoxicity (DIT) occurs when exposure to environmental risk factors prior to adulthood, including chemical, biological, physical, or physiological factors, alters immune system development. DIT may elicit suppression, hyperactivation, or misregulation of immune responses and therefore may present clinically as decreased resistance to pathogens, allergic and autoimmune diseases, and inflammatory diseases. When evaluating DIT in an animal model, specific endpoints are assessed, which can reveal the potential for a risk factor to alter immune system development. However, linking DIT evaluation in an animal model with clinical realities observed in human populations requires that DIT testing regimens evaluate critical windows in immune system development. In addition, pathways leading to DIT may not be apparent without the stressors that induce aberrant and detectable responses. This review contains brief descriptions of recently published work that addresses disease patterns associated with DIT and solutions for altering such patterns of disease. We also comment on gaps between DIT testing in animal models and the clinical manifestation of immune-based diseases in children that can be filled by a better understanding of critical windows in immune system development and DIT testing that includes multiple functional assays.
Criminal Behavior, Criminal Mind
Authors: Ronel Natti
Published: November 2011

The innovative theory of the “criminal spin” presents a phenomenological description and interpretation of criminal conduct. The theory indicates a process that occurs in different phases of criminality, involving an escalation of criminal activity, thinking, and emotions that run beyond self-control, sometimes contrary to initial decision. Its phenomenology indicates an interaction between individual, group, and situation and a growing self-centeredness with two leading motives: “I can” and “I must.” The first denotes a perceived legitimacy and capability to perform criminal conduct. The second reflects an existential threat and a belief that it must be removed by any action. These motives may operate in an acute or a chronic phase, within individuals, groups, or societies. The spin is a detectable process with known characteristics and prognosis. Implications for intervention are outlined.
Callous and Unemotional Traits and Social Cognitive Processes in a Sample of Community-Based Aggressive Youth
Authors: Lorber Colleen M. , Hughes Tammy L. , Miller Jeffrey A. , Crothers Laura M. , Martin Erin
Published: November 2011

Psychopathic traits are associated with violent, aggressive behaviors and recidivism in adulthood. To increase positive treatment outcomes, it is arguably beneficial to identify and treat psychopathy as early as possible. Furthermore, because research shows that the effectiveness of behavior modification is likely to be affected by the social information–processing patterns of aggressive children, it is important to understand the relationship between conduct-disordered traits and social cognitions. The results of this study showed that callous/unemotional traits in a community-based sample of behavior-disordered youth (57 male, 19 female; 10-19 years of age; 63% African American) significantly predicted values in obtaining a tangible reward and getting into trouble or being punished. However, callous/unemotional traits, impulsivity/conduct problems, and narcissism failed to predict positive expectations regarding receiving a tangible reward, reducing aversive treatment, and demonstration of dominance. Implications for these results are presented.
Migraine and hypercoagulable states in ischemic stroke
Authors: Martínez-Sánchez P , Martínez-Martínez M , Fuentes B , Cuesta MV , Cuéllar-Gamboa L , Idrovo-Freire L , Fernández-Dominguez J , Díez-Tejedor E
Published: November 2011

Background: Whether migraine is associated with a higher prevalence of hypercoagulable states (HS) in ischemic stroke patients is unknown.

Methods: This was a prospective study of patients under 55 years of age with brain ischemia. A systematic questionnaire addressed the antecedent of migraine with aura (MA) or without aura (MO). We investigated the presence of HS by an extensive battery of haematological tests. The presence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) was assessed by trans-oesophageal echocardiography.

Results: A total of 154 patients (95 men; mean ± SD age, 44.12 ± 8.4 years) were included; 44 had migraine, 15 had MA. HS were more frequent in the migraine than non-migraine group (38.6% vs. 16.4%, p < 0.01). The multivariate analysis showed that MO was associated with a 2.88-fold (95% CI, 1.14 to 7.28) increased risk of HS diagnosis. However, in the group of patients with brain infarction under 50 years old, MA, but not MO, was independently associated with HS (OR 6.81; 95% CI, 1.01 to 45.79).

Conclusion: In young patients with ischemic stroke, migraine may be associated with a higher frequency of HS.
The Effect of Graft Fixation Angles on Anteroposterior and Rotational Knee Laxity in Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Koga Hideyuki , Muneta Takeshi , Yagishita Kazuyoshi , Ju Young-Jin , Sekiya Ichiro
Published: November 2011

Background: One of the main differences affecting outcome between single-bundle and double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructions may be graft fixation angles and initial force settings; however, there has been little research to investigate these effects in either technique.

Hypothesis: Anteroposterior and rotational knee laxities will be less in double-bundle ACL reconstructions than single-bundle reconstructions, and different graft fixation angles affect knee kinematics and pivot-shift phenomenon in double-bundle ACL reconstructions.

Study Design: Controlled laboratory study.

Methods: Eleven patients who underwent double-bundle ACL reconstruction were included in this study. The anteromedial bundle (AMB) and the posterolateral bundle (PLB) were provisionally fixed to a graft tensioning system during surgery. The graft fixation settings were as follows: (1) AMB only at 20° (A20), (2) PLB only at 20° (P20), (3) AMB at 20° and PLB at 0° (A20P0), (4) AMB at 20° and PLB at 20° (A20P20), and (5) AMB at 20° and PLB at 45° (A20P45). All the grafts were tensioned at a constant stress level. Anterior tibial translation (ATT), internal rotation (IR), and external rotation (ER) at 30° and 90° of knee flexion applied with manual maximum load were measured before graft insertion and in each setting using a navigation system. A pivot-shift test was also evaluated manually with modified International Knee Documentation Committee criteria in each setting.

Results: A20 was less constrained than A20P20 and A20P45 in ATT at 30° and less constrained than A20P45 in IR at 30°. P20 was less constrained than any other settings in ATT at 30° and less constrained than A20P45 in IR at 30°. A20P0 was less constrained than A20P45 in IR at 30° and in ER at 30°. Grade 1 pivot-shift phenomenon persisted in 8 cases in P20, in 4 cases in A20, and in 3 cases in A20P0, whereas no case showed a positive pivot-shift result in A20P20 and A20P45.

Conclusion: In this in vivo laboratory model, double-bundle ACL reconstruction with fixation of AMB at 20° and PLB at 20° or 45° restored better stability than single AMB or single PLB reconstruction in which the graft was of smaller size.

Clinical Relevance: In double-bundle ACL reconstruction, fixation of the PLB at 0° might be looser and function worse compared with that of PLB at 20° or 45° when the AMB is fixed at 20°, with the individual variability that should lead to caution until it can be better assessed by surgeons.
Patellar Tendon Tenodesis in Association With Tibial Tubercle Distalization for the Treatment of Episodic Patellar Dislocation With Patella Alta
Authors: Mayer Cyril , Magnussen Robert A. , Servien Elvire , Demey Guillaume , Jacobi Matthias , Neyret Philippe , Lustig Sebastien
Published: November 2011

Background: The association between patella alta and episodic patellar dislocation (EPD) has been well described, but its pathophysiology is not completely clear. Patella alta causes decreased contact between the patella and trochlea and decreased resistance to lateral translation of the patella. Additionally, increased patellar tendon length may allow pathologically increased coronal plane patellar motion. It may thus be desirable to address the length of the patellar tendon itself rather than just its insertion site.

Hypothesis: Tenodesis of the patellar tendon in association with tibial tubercle distalization in patients with EPD and abnormally long patellar tendons (>52 mm) results in significant reduction in patellar tendon length, prevention of further patellar dislocation, and good knee function at long-term follow-up.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: Twenty-seven knees in 22 patients with EPD and patella alta were treated with patellar tendon tenodesis and tibial tubercle distalization. Following tubercle distalization, the patellar tendon was tenodesed into the original location of the tibial tubercle with suture anchors. Changes in patellar tendon length and patellar height were measured radiographically. Any recurrent dislocation was documented, and patients completed an International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective form at a mean of 9.6 years (range, 6-14 years) after surgery.

Results: The mean length of the patellar tendon decreased from 56.3 ± 2.7 mm to 44.3 ± 8.6 mm ( P < .0001). The Caton-Deschamps index decreased from 1.22 ± 0.17 to 0.95 ± 0.22 ( P < .0001), and the Insall-Salvati ratio decreased from 1.42 ± 0.17 to 0.91 ± 0.18 ( P < .0001). No patellar dislocations occurred postoperatively. The mean postoperative subjective IKDC score was 75.6 ± 9.5.

Conclusion: Patellar tendon tenodesis and tibial tubercle distalization result in normalization of patellar tendon length, a stable patellofemoral joint, and good long-term knee function in patients with patella alta and EPD.
Clinical Comparison of Conventional and Remnant-Preserving Transtibial Single-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Combined With Posterolateral Corner Reconstruction
Authors: Kim Sung-Jae , Kim Sung-Hwan , Chun Yong-Min , Hwang Byoung-Yoon , Choi Duck-Hyun , Yoon Ji-Young
Published: November 2011

Background: Despite persistent continuity of the attenuated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) in most PCL insufficient knees, few reconstruction techniques that preserve the PCL remnant have been presented. Furthermore, data regarding the clinical outcomes of these approaches are even more limited, and the clinical validity of remnant preservation has not yet been established.

Purpose: To compare the clinical outcomes of transtibial PCL reconstructions that incorporate remnant preservation with conventional techniques (in which remnant preservation is not performed).

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence 3.

Methods: The authors retrospectively evaluated 53 cases of PCL reconstruction with simultaneous posterolateral corner reconstruction. Of these, 23 were performed with a conventional approach without remnant preservation (group C), and 30 incorporated a remnant-preserving technique (group R). In all cases, the minimum follow-up period was 24 months. Each patient was evaluated using the following variables: Lysholm knee score, Tegner activity scale, return to activity, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) knee score and grade, and degree of posterior laxity on stress radiograph.

Results: The mean side-to-side differences in posterior tibial translation, Lysholm knee score, return to activity, and objective IKDC grade were similar between group C (4.4 ± 3.0 mm; 82.6 ± 11.0; 21.7%; A and B: 73.9%) and group R (4.1 ± 3.4 mm; 84.1 ± 10.7; 26.7%; A and B: 83.3%; P = .761, .611, .679, .755). However, the final Tegner activity scale, near–return to activity, and subjective IKDC score differed significantly between group C (3.5 ± 0.8; 43.5%; 64.5 ± 8.8) and group R (4.3 ± 1.1; 73.3%; 70.6 ± 7.9; P = .007, .028, .012).

Conclusion: Techniques combining remnant-preserving transtibial single-bundle PCL reconstruction with posterolateral corner reconstruction resulted in somewhat better activity-related outcomes compared with those of approaches without remnant preservation. However, incorporation of remnant preservation does not appear to provide increased posterior stability or result in clinically superior outcomes versus those of techniques without remnant preservation.
New heat resistant poly (thiourea-amide-imide)s derived from 1-(1,3-dioxo-2-(4-aminophenyl) isoindolin-5-yl)carbonyl-3-(4-aminophenyl) thiourea for high performance applications
Authors: Kausar Ayesha , Zulfiqar Sonia , Sarwar Muhammad Ilyas
Published: November 2011

Novel heat-resistant and organosoluble poly(thiourea-amide-imide)s (PTAIs) were synthesized through the condensation of trimellitic anhydride chloride (TMAC)-derived imide ring bearing diamine (1-(1,3-dioxo-2-(4-aminophenyl)isoindolin-5-yl)carbonyl-3-(4-aminophenyl) thiourea) with various diacid chlorides. Physical properties of PTAIs including crystallinity, organosolubility, thermal properties, flame retardancy, solution viscosity along with molecular weights were investigated. Accordingly, polymers bearing phenylthiourea moieties displayed an amorphous nature and were readily soluble in amide solvents having ηinh of 1.11–1.37 dL g−1. Moreover, gel permeation chromatography measurements revealed Mw around 76 869–80 391. Thermal stability of these polymers was ascertained via 10% weight loss temperatures around 517–544°C in an inert atmosphere. Furthermore, glass transition temperatures of PTAIs were found to be 286–292°C. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements indicated that new copolymers were efficiently flame retardant as compared to several reported materials. Hence, incorporation of thiourea functionalities into the polymer backbone was demonstrated to be an effective way to enhance their thermal properties and flame retardancy.
Climate-driven fluctuations in freshwater flux to Sermilik Fjord, East Greenland, during the last 4000 years
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Seidenkrantz Marit-Solveig , Chylek Petr , Liston Glen E. , Hasholt Bent
Published: November 2011

The freshwater runoff from the glaciated and snow-covered Sermilik Fjord catchment, SE Greenland, was estimated at annual resolution for the period 1900–2008 and at decadal resolution for the past four millennia. Our simulations were forced with available meteorological station data (1900–2008) and Greenland ice core estimated temperature data (1899 bc–ad 1980) from Dye3 and GISP2. Time series of estimated ice discharge (2000–2009) for the three major outlet glaciers Helheim, Fenris, and Midgård indicate that 53–74% of the ice discharge variations could be explained by variations in areally averaged glacier terminus surface (supraglacial) runoff. Based on these data and together with calculated subglacial geothermal and frictional melting as well as net precipitation for the fjord area, the Sermilik Fjord freshwater flux was deduced for the period 1900–2008. Our simulations indicated that during the last century surface freshwater runoff has equaled 13% of the Sermilik Fjord average freshwater flux of 33.0±5.7×109 m3/yr, covering a periodic runoff variation of 20 years. Ice discharge has accounted for 81%, with 63% of the freshwater flux originated from the Helheim glacier. This indicates that the Helheim outlet glacier plays a dominant role as a freshwater source to both Sermilik Fjord and ultimately the Irminger Sea. For the palaeorecords of the last 4000 years, simulated surface runoff has averaged 4.4±0.2×109 m3/yr. A very weak decreasing trend in runoff over the last 4 k years (1899 bc–ad 1980) is presumably associated with the general insolation-generated Northern Hemisphere cooling since the Holocene Thermal Maximum. Our simulations furthermore indicated centennial- to submillennial-scale variations in surface runoff concurrent with the well-known climate episodes such as the ‘Roman Warm Period’, the ‘Dark Ages Cold Period’, the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’, and the ‘Little Ice Age’. During the ‘Little Ice Age’, e.g., the average surface runoff was about 0.7×109 m3/yr lower than today, while the increase in runoff for the Modern Warming, since the late 1800s, was the second strongest and fastest for the last 4 k years.
R. Garry Shirts
Authors: Dukes Richard L. , Fowler Sandra M. , DeKoven Bernie
Published: November 2011

This article is written as a tribute to R. Garry Shirts who through his exemplary authorship and publication of gamed simulations was designated Defender of the Playful. Garry Shirts was the master of creating the Aha! Moment in learning through deep play. Among the many gamed simulations he designed, the authors chronicle two tour de force games, STARPOWER and BAFA’ BAFA’.
Poetry as Deep Intelligence
Authors: Van Buskirk William , London Michael
Published: November 2011

In this article, the authors argue that poetry provides a valuable if overlooked resource to the organizational behavior professor. The authors describe a workshop designed to evoke students’ innate poetic metaphors to enable a more lively engagement with course material. Because many of students’ personal, private, and emotionally charged experiences parallel the various topics in the text, the authors find that the organizational behavior course is particularly amenable to this approach. Finally, the authors present a qualitative assessment, conducted by them, in which students assess the workshop experience in their own words. Students find that the workshop adds complexity, surprise, and excitement to personal issues, transforms the climate of the classroom, and provides an energized backdrop against which the course makes sense in terms that are both personal and deep.