bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adult locomotory activity mediates intralocus sexual conflict in a laboratory-adapted population ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Long Tristan A.F , Rice William R
Published: October 2007

The strongest form of intralocus sexual conflict occurs when two conditions are met: (i) there is a positive intersexual genetic correlation for a trait and (ii) the selection gradients on the trait in the two sexes are in opposite directions. Intralocus sexual conflict can constrain the adaptive evolution of both sexes and thereby contribute to a species' ‘gender load’. Previous studies of adult lifetime fitness of the same sets of genes expressed in both males and females have established that there is substantial intralocus conflict in the LHMlaboratory-adapted population ofDrosophila melanogaster. Here, we investigated whether a highly dimorphic trait—adult locomotory activity—contributed substantially to the established intralocus sexual conflict. To measure the selection gradient on activity level, both this trait and adult lifetime fitness were measured under the same environmental conditions to which the flies were adapted. We found significant phenotypic variation in both sexes for adult locomotory activity, and that the selection gradients on this variation were large and in opposite directions in the two sexes. Using hemiclonal analysis to screen 99% of the entire genome, we found abundant genetic variation for adult locomotory activity and showed that this variation occurs on both the X and autosomes. We also established that there is a strong positive intersexual genetic correlation for locomotory activity. These assays revealed that, despite the strong, extant sexual dimorphism for the trait, locomotory activity continues to contribute strongly to intralocus sexual conflict in this population.
AnArabidopsisgene network based on the graphical Gaussian model
Authors: Ma Shisong , Gong Qingqiu , Bohnert Hans J.
Published: October 2007

We describe a gene network for theArabidopsis thalianatranscriptome based on a modified graphical Gaussian model (GGM). Through partial correlation (pcor), GGM infers coregulation patterns between gene pairs conditional on the behavior of other genes. Regularized GGM calculated pcor between gene pairs among ∼2000 input genes at a time. Regularized GGM coupled with iterative random samplings of genes was expanded into a network that covered theArabidopsisgenome (22,266 genes). This resulted in a network of 18,625 interactions (edges) among 6760 genes (nodes) with high confidence and connections representing ∼0.01% of all possible edges. When queried for selected genes, locally coherent subnetworks mainly related to metabolic functions, and stress responses emerged. Examples of networks for biochemical pathways, cell wall metabolism, and cold responses are presented. GGM displayed known coregulation pathways as subnetworks and added novel components to known edges. Finally, the network reconciled individual subnetworks in a topology joined at the whole-genome level and provided a general framework that can instruct future studies on plant metabolism and stress responses. The network model is included.
Design for disassembly: a critical twenty‐first century discipline
Authors: Bogue Robert
Published: October 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to highlight the importance of the design for disassembly (DFD) concept and to consider the key DFD principles.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper first considers the motivations for applying DFD. It then identifies and discusses the key DFD principles.

Findings

This paper shows that legislation and consumer pressure are driving product recycling and that DFD is a critical enabling technology. It shows that a series of simple design rules concerning product architecture, materials and fasteners can be used to implement DFD. It highlights the benefits arising from this strategy which include compliance with legislation and reduced component counts and material inventories.

Originality/value

This paper provides an insight into the motivations behind the use of DFD and describes the techniques used in its implementation.
Lessons learned: the recovery of a research collection after Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Ellis Jamie
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explain the procedures taken by public library staff in response to extensive damage to a research collection due to a large natural disaster.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the methodology used by one research collection in response to a large‐scale disaster, recommendations are presented in the paper for future disaster planning and creating an individualized disaster response.

Findings

The study finds that each institution develops different procedures in the wake of disasters, and creating a unique disaster plan and response is key to the successful recovery of collections.

Research limitations/implications

The methods used in response to Hurricane Katrina may not necessarily correspond to other types of disasters or all institutions; however, planning for all types of disasters is encouraged. A selected bibliography is included that provides current resources on the subject.

Practical implications

Methods utilized in the Biloxi Public Library's response to Hurricane Katrina and lessons learned may be applicable to other institutions and the future of disaster response and collection recovery.

Originality/value

While recounting the impact of Hurricane Katrina on one collection, there are recommendations for the future of disaster planning at the institutional level.
Valuing companies by cash flow discounting: ten methods and nine theories
Authors: Fernández Pablo
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to answer the question: Do discounted cash flows valuation methods provide always the same value?

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is a summarized compendium of ten methods including: free cash flow; equity cash flow; capital cash flow; adjusted present value; business's risk‐adjusted free cash flow and equity cash flow; risk‐free rate‐adjusted free cash flow and equity cash flow; economic profit; and economic value added.

Findings

All ten methods always give the same value.

Research limitations/implications

The disagreements among the various theories of firm valuation arise from the calculation of the value of the tax shields (VTS). The paper analyses nine different theories.

Originality/value

The paper is an analysis of ten methods of company valuation using discounted cash flows and nine different theories about the VTS.
Third‐party logistics provider selection: insights from a Turkish automotive company
Authors: Göl Hakan , Çatay Bülent
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the efforts of a leading Turkish automotive company to restructure its supply chain for export parts.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper presents hand‐on experiences of a pilot project conducted at Tofaş‐Fiat automotive company to redesign its logistics operations and to select a global logistics service provider, using an analytic hierarchy process for multi‐criteria decision‐making.

Findings

3PL providers in Turkey must improve their capabilities and act proactively in providing value‐adding services as the companies are becoming more demanding in their expectations in building strategic relationships.

Research limitations/implications

The focus of the paper is on automotive supply chain for export parts, but the analysis as well as 3PL selection methodology may be successfully applied to other products in different settings and in other sectors.

Practical implications

Companies must determine logistics goals and requirements prior to taking on a 3PL. The defined objectives will help to establish the criteria for 3PL selection. Some of these include IT capability, service quality, customer relationship, and cultural fit. This analysis helps the company to define the problem with its differing aspects rather than only financial considerations, to reflect the common mind of the team, to resolve conflicts between the differentiated departmental goals, and to bring objectivity to decisions via an analytical approach.

Originality/value

This paper provides some practical insights from an automotive company that attempts to streamline and efficiently run its supply chain through logistics outsourcing.
13_2_30: Experiences, perceptions and expectations of retail employment for Generation Y
Authors: Broadbridge Adelina M. , Maxwell Gillian A. , Ogden Susan M.
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine Generation Y, potential graduate entrants to UK retailing, in respect of their job experiences, career perceptions and initial employment expectations.

Design/methodology/approach

Utilising qualitative research methods, an exploratory study was undertaken with 33 students (all of whom fell into the category of Generation Y) from two UK universities.

Findings

The study found that many of the propositions contained within the Generation Y literature were reflected among participants in relation to their future career and lifestyle aspirations. This points to the need for retailers to carefully manage graduate expectations and experiences to ensure commitment to the sector.

Research limitations/implications

Being an exploratory study, the results are not genralisable to the wider population. The findings frame a future longitudinal study on the retail careers of Generation Y graduates as they move from the anticipation to the encounter stage of their career development. This will seek to further explore the implications of Generation Y values, including those relating to diversity and equality which were not raised as an issue in this preliminary study.

Originality/value

The findings of this research contribute to our knowledge of the career aspirations of Generation Y. It indicates to retailers some of the future recruitment and HR practices they might adopt to meet the needs of this generation of employees.
Health service improvement through diagnostic waiting list management
Authors: Lodge Amy , Bamford David
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to focus on a hospital Division of Diagnostics and Clinical Support (150 medical, 1,975 non‐medical staff) and how systems were enhanced through lean principles application to facilitate quality and performance improvement.

Design/methodology/approach

An action research methodology was adopted. The research involved: review of available performance and quality improvement literature; identification of the systems that required improvement; adoption and implementation of new working methods.

Findings

The results were recognised as being beneficial to all parties, especially the patients! Staff recognised the need for change; the process transformation was actually welcomed. Patient waiting times reduced from 26 to 13 weeks. Fast‐track/“query cancer” service for out‐patients now within ten days; the majority of in‐patients receive imaging within 72 hours. Ultimately, patients are diagnosed faster and treatment commences earlier. Departmental managers can effectively manage capacity to meet demand because they now understand the waiting “profile”.

Research limitations/implications

The methodology applied was appropriate, generating data to facilitate discussion and from which to draw conclusions. A perceived limitation is the single case approach; however, Remenyiet al.argue that this can be enough to add to the body of knowledge.

Practical implications

Guidelines indicating “What went well?” and “What could have gone better?” were produced. These centred on the practical application aspects. The implementation methodology developed is being used elsewhere within the same hospital group.

Originality/value

The paper demonstrates that the application of improvement techniques, such as “Lean”, can focus efforts to improve performance. This is of value to those working in the UK healthcare and wider public sector.
Factors affecting river entry of adult Atlantic salmon in a small river
Authors: Jonsson B. , Jonsson N. , Hansen L. P.
Published: October 2007

In this study, effects of stock origin, fish size, water flow and temperature on time of river ascent of adult Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were tested. Brood stocks were collected in eight Norwegian rivers situated between 59 and 69° N. The fish were reared to smolts, individually tagged and released in the River Imsa, south‐west Norway (59° N). Adults from all stocks approached the Norwegian coast concurrently, but Atlantic salmon ≥70 cm in natural tip length entered coastal water slightly earlier during summer than smaller fish. Atlantic salmon <70 cm, however, ascended the river significantly earlier and at lower water flow and higher water temperature than larger fish. Although largest in size, the fish from the northern populations (62–69° N) ascended the River Imsa almost 1 month earlier than those from the south (59–60° N). They seemed less restricted by the environmental factors than the fish originating from the more southern rivers. There was no apparent trend among years in time of river ascent. Maximum ascent per day occurred at water discharges between 12·5 and 15 m3 s−1 and at water temperatures between 10 and 12·5° C. There was a significant positive correlation between water flow and river ascent during the first part of the upstream run from July to September with best correlation for September, when multiple regression analysis indicated that water temperature had an additional positive effect. Stock origin, fish size and water discharge were important variables influencing the upstream migration of Atlantic salmon in small rivers.
Evaluation using multilayer perception neural networks: a case study of undulatory median fin swimming in the knifefish Xenomystus nigri
Authors: Li J. , Chan K. H. S. , Blake R. W. , Kwok P. Y. L.
Published: October 2007

In this study, artificial intelligence, namely multilayer perception neural networks (MLP‐NN), was employed to predict the hydrodynamic performance of undulatory median fin propulsion in Xenomystus nigri. Good agreement was found between MLP‐NN predictions and actual mean thrust and power values calculated from elongated‐body theory. MLP‐NN has the ability to be a predictive tool for autonomous underwater vehicle design and hydrodynamic performance.
Spatial and interannual patterns in growth of an exploited coral‐reef fish
Authors: Williams A. J. , Mapstone B. D. , Davies C. R.
Published: October 2007

Patterns of growth in an exploited reef fish Lethrinus miniatus were examined over 5 years (1995–1999) at two spatial scales: (1) among regions of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) separated by >100 km and (2) among reefs within each of these regions, separated by ≤10 km. Mean annual growth of L. miniatus varied significantly among years, but this variation was consistent among ages and regions, indicating that factors that influence temporal patterns in growth were not age‐specific and operated at relatively large spatial scales. Significant variation in growth was also observed among some reefs within regions, although the greatest variation was among regions. The average maximum fork length () and average maximum mass (M∞) varied significantly among regions, suggesting that productivity of L. miniatus is likely to vary among regions of the GBR. There was also significantly greater mass of fish for a given LF in two regions, which magnified the regional differences in M∞. The observed temporal and spatial variation in growth highlighted the importance of a multi‐scale approach to population studies and assessment of fish stocks.
Diet and feeding periodicity of Cox’s gudgeon Gobiomorphus coxii (Krefft) in a south‐eastern Australian stream
Authors: Gregory M. P. M. , Davis A. R. , Ayre D. J.
Published: October 2007

A 24 h study of stomach contents and simultaneous sampling of the drift and benthos was used to describe the diet and assess the prey selectivity of Cox’s gudgeon, Gobiomorphus coxii, within a small coastal stream in south‐eastern Australia. Prey items consisted entirely of macroinvertebrates with most being ephemeropterans and trichopterans. The greatest number and largest volume of macroinvertebrates were in the stomachs of fish collected just after sunset through until several hours after sunrise. Both the number of empty stomachs and proportion of digested material in the stomach contents peaked at mid‐day. Overall, it was concluded that G. coxii was a nocturnal feeder that specialized on benthos, although some evidence of opportunistic prey selection was apparent. Gobiomorphus coxii was also size selective, preferring relatively large prey from both the drift and benthos.
Incorporation time of oxytetracycline into calcified structures of the elasmobranch Heterodontus portusjacksoni
Authors: Izzo C. , Rodda K. , Bolton T.
Published: October 2007

The time taken for oxytetracycline to be incorporated as an intense, discrete band was determined by examining vertebrae and dorsal fin spines of Heterodontus portusjacksoni that were injected with oxytetracycline 2–180 days post‐treatment. Oxytetracycline was visible in dorsal fin spines 2 days after treatment and 3 days after treatment in sectioned vertebrae. A distinct mark could not be identified in unsectioned vertebrae.
First record of a population of the exotic mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus (L., 1766) in the Mediterranean Sea basin (Ebro River delta)
Authors: Gisbert E. , López M. A.
Published: October 2007

Until now, mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus have been recorded only from the estuaries of the southernmost river basins of the Iberian Peninsula (Guadiana and Guadalquivir Rivers). Data reported here indicate the first record of F. heteroclitus in the Ebro River delta (north‐east Spain), and hence also the first citation for F. heteroclitus as an invasive species present in any estuary of the Mediterranean Sea basin.
Yellow‐stage American eel movements determined by microtagging and acoustic telemetry in the St Jean River watershed, Gaspé, Quebec, Canada
Authors: Thibault I. , Dodson J. J. , Caron F.
Published: October 2007

The hypothesis that a part of the yellow American eelAnguilla rostratasub‐population of the St Jean River in eastern Quebec feeds in the brackish environment during summer and returns to the river to overwinter was tested. Three years of microtagging and the acoustic tagging and tracking of 40 American eels demonstrated that a part of the downstream migrants exploited the estuary as a summer feeding area. Upstream movement of some microtagged American eels provided support for the hypothesis that a part of those American eels returned to the river to overwinter. In addition to the demonstration of amphidromous behaviour of yellow eels, the study revealed that American eels in the estuary were active at night but homed to specific daytime resting sites.
Residence and movement patterns of cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus within a south‐west Florida estuary
Authors: Collins A. B. , Heupel M. R. , Motta P. J.
Published: October 2007

Between July 2003 and November 2004, 21 cownose rays Rhinoptera bonasus were tagged and tracked within Pine Island Sound estuary, Florida, using passive acoustic telemetry. Residence time of individuals ranged between 1 and 102 days. No relationship was detected between ray activity and tidal stage or time of day. Minimum convex polygons (MCP) and kernel utilization distributions (KUD) were calculated over several time frames to demonstrate the extent of an animal’s home range and core areas of use. Total MCPs ranged between 0·81 and 71·78 km2 (mean = 22·01 km2), with daily MCPs as large as 25·8 km2. Total 95% KUDs ranged between 0·18 and 62·44 km2 (mean = 22·63 km2), while total 50% KUDs were smaller, ranging from 0·09 to 9·68 km2 (mean = 3·33 km2). Both MCP and KUD areas exhibited a positive relationship with residence time and R. bonasus size. As mobile, pelagic swimmers capable of traversing large distances, these data show that cownose rays travel extensively throughout this estuary, yet may remain within very small areas for extended periods.
Age‐specific aggregation of wild juvenile Atlantic salmonSalmo salarat cool water sources during high temperature events
Authors: Breau C. , Cunjak R. A. , Bremset G.
Published: October 2007

This study quantified the use of cool water sources by wild 0+, 1+ and 2+ year Atlantic salmonSalmo salarduring high water temperatures (i.e.>23° C) in summer 1995 and 2004. During these events, 0+ year Atlantic salmon did not aggregate or increase in abundance in cool water sites. Interestingly, 1+ and 2+ year Atlantic salmon numbers increased in cool water sites. In addition, these older juveniles formed numerous, discrete aggregations along the plume created by a tributary with aggregation locations being similar between years. Aged 2+ year fish aggregations were at the coolest sources whereas 1+ year aggregations were in locations cooler than the main river. Fish in aggregations on average used deeper sections (average depth: 380 mm) compared with the coolest available habitat in the thermal plume (average depth: 230 mm). Hence, during high temperature events, older juvenile Atlantic salmon moved to cooler water sites and then aggregated in deeper microhabitats.
Efferent duct differentiation during female‐to‐male sex change in honeycomb grouper Epinephelus merra
Authors: Alam M. A. , Nakamura M.
Published: October 2007

Efferent duct (ED) differentiation was examined histologically during female‐to‐male sex change in the honeycomb grouper Epinephelus merra. During natural sex change, ED differentiation began with the appearance of slit‐like structures between the stromal tissue and the tunica ovary and small oval‐shaped spaces within the wall of the ovarian cavity, accompanied by oocyte degeneration and the initiation of spermatogenesis, i.e. the early transitional phase. In the late transitional phase, ED structure formation expanded and further ED differentiation occurred, including the rapid multiplication of spermatogonial germ cells. In sex‐changed males, the slit‐like structures increased in size, fused with each other and finally formed a well‐developed ED. The oval‐shaped spaces also increased in size and fused to form an ED. In contrast, during artificial sex change, induced by aromatase inhibitor (AI, 1 mg kg−1), ED differentiation in E. merra was first observed as the appearance of slit‐like structures and small oval‐shaped spaces in the restructuring gonads in the third week after AI treatment. These were accompanied by oocyte degeneration and the proliferation of gonial germ cells into spermatogonia. In the fifth week, the rapid multiplication of spermatogonial germ cells, increases in 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT), and further differentiation of EDs were observed. Sex‐changed males had testes containing sperm in the completely differentiated EDs; the significantly highest levels of 11‐KT were observed in the sixth week. Simultaneous increases in 11‐KT and initiation of ED differentiation were observed, suggesting a role of 11‐KT in ED differentiation during sex change. There were no basic differences in the mechanisms of natural and artificially induced ED differentiation. Two types of structure led to the formation of EDs in two different areas of the newly formed testis during sex change.
Inflammatory stimuli from macrophages and cancer cells synergistically promote tumor growth and angiogenesis
Authors: Kimura Yusuke N. , Watari Kosuke , Fotovati Abbas , Hosoi Fumihito , Yasumoto Kosei , Izumi Hiroto , Kohno Kimitoshi , Umezawa Kazuo , Iguchi Haruo , Shirouzu Kazuo , Takamori Sinzo , Kuwano Michihiko , Ono Mayumi
Published: October 2007

The focus of the present study was whether and how infiltrating macrophages play a role in angiogenesis and the growth of cancer cells in response to the inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐1β. Lewis lung carcinoma cells overexpressing IL‐1β grew faster and induced greater neovascularization than a low IL‐1β‐expressing counterpart in vivo. When macrophages were depleted using clodronate liposomes, both neovascularization and tumor growth were reduced in the IL‐1β‐expressing tumors. Co‐cultivation of IL‐1β‐expressing cancer cells with macrophages synergistically augmented neovascularization and the migration of vascular endothelial cells. In these co‐cultures, production of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor‐A and IL‐8, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 were increased markedly. The production of these factors, induced by IL‐1β‐stimulated lung cancer cells, was blocked by a nuclear factor (NF)‐κB inhibitor, and also by the knockdown of p65 (NF‐κB) and c‐Jun using small interference RNA, suggesting involvement of the transcription factors NF‐κB and AP‐1. These results demonstrated that macrophages recruited into tumors by monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and other chemokines could play a critical role in promoting tumor growth and angiogenesis, through interactions with cancer cells mediated by inflammatory stimuli. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 2009–2018)
Patterns of drinking in the UK Armed Forces
Authors: Fear Nicola T. , Iversen Amy , Meltzer Howard , Workman Lorna , Hull Lisa , Greenberg Neil , Barker Christopher , Browne Tess , Earnshaw Mark , Horn Oded , Jones Margaret , Murphy Dominic , Rona Roberto J. , Hotopf Matthew , Wessely Simon
Published: October 2007

Aims To examine patterns of drinking in the UK Armed Forces, how they vary according to gender and other demographics, and to make comparisons with the general population.

Design Large cross‐sectional postal questionnaire study (response rate 60%).

Setting United Kingdom.

Participants A random representative sample of the regular UK Armed Forces who were in service in March 2003 (n = 8686; 7937 men, 749 women). Comparisons were made with the general population of Great Britain.

Measurements Alcohol consumption was assessed using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT).

Findings Sixty‐seven per cent of men and 49% of women in the UK Armed Forces had an AUDIT score of 8+ (defined as hazardous drinking), compared to 38% of men and 16% of women in the general population. In both sexes, for all ages, the military have a higher prevalence of hazardous drinking. Binge drinking was associated with being younger, being in the Army, being single, being a smoker and being white. Among military men, heavy drinking (AUDIT score 16+) was associated with holding a lower rank, being younger, being single, being in the Naval Service or Army, being deployed to Iraq, not having children, being a smoker, having a combat role and having a parent with a drink or drug problem.

Conclusions Excessive alcohol consumption is more common in the UK Armed Forces than in the general population. There are certain socio‐demographic characteristics associated with heavy drinking within the military; for example, young age, being single and being a smoker, which may allow the targeting of preventive interventions.
Positive health‐care effects of an alcohol ignition interlock programme among driving while impaired (DWI) offenders
Authors: Bjerre Bo , Kostela Johan , Selén Jan
Published: October 2007

Aims  To compare the costs of hospital care and sick leave/disability pensions between two groups of driving while impaired (DWI) offenders: participants in an alcohol ignition interlock programme (AIIP) and controls with revoked licences, but with no comparable opportunity to participate in an AIIP.

Setting  As an alternative to licence revocation DWI offenders can participate in a voluntary 2‐year AIIP permitting the offender to drive under strict regulations entailing regular medical check‐ups. The participants are forced to alter their alcohol habits and those who cannot demonstrate sobriety are dismissed from the programme. Participants are liable for all costs themselves.

Design  Quasi‐experimental, with a non‐equivalent control group used for comparison; intent‐to‐treat design. Based on the number of occasions/days in hospital and on sick leave/disability pension, the health‐care costs for public insurance have been calculated.

Finding  Average total health‐care costs were 25% lower among AIIP participants (1156 individuals) than among controls (815 individuals) during the 2‐year treatment period. This corresponds to over €1000 (SEK9610) less annual costs per average participant. For those who complete the 2‐year programme the cost reduction was more pronounced; 37% during the treatment and 20% during the post‐treatment period.

Conclusions  The positive health‐care effects were due apparently to reduced alcohol consumption. The social benefit of being allowed to drive while in the AIIP may also have contributed. The reduction in health‐care costs was significant only during the 2‐year treatment period, but among those who completed the entire AIIP sustained effects were also observed in the post‐treatment period. The effects were comparable to those of regular alcoholism treatment programmes.
The Purbeck Limestone Group of Dorset, southern England
Authors: Ensom Paul C.
Published: October 2007

The late Jurassic to early Cretaceous Purbeck Limestone Group of Dorset has been a focus for media and academic attention for the last 150 years. For example, The Illustrated London News in 1857 carried an article by the Revd Charles Kingsley, (of The Water Babies fame), titled ‘Geological Discoveries at Swanage’. describing fossil‐hunting endeavours of Samuel Husband Beckles (1814–1890; Fig. 1). Beckles had been encouraged by Richard Owen (1804–1892) to go in search of the tiny fossilized mammalian remains in these strata. Beckles rose to the challenge and at his own expense employed a team of workmen to carry out the excavations; in the process they uncovered a thin layer containing the numerous remains of diminutive mammals along with the remains of other vertebrates, including turtles, crocodiles and ornithischian dinosaurs. Since then, dinosaur tracks and related discoveries from these same strata have often caught the imagination of the press, inspiring sensational headlines such as ‘Builder digs up giant lizard fight’ and ‘Dinosaur graveyard in Swanage Bay’!

Contemporary illustration of Samuel Beckles’ excavation on the cliffs of Durlston Bay, from Charles Kingsley's account of the discoveries at Swanage which appeared in The Illustrated London News in 1857.

image
At what spatial scale do high‐quality habitats enhance the diversity of forbs and pollinators in intensively farmed landscapes?
Authors: Kohler Florian , Verhulst Jort , Van Klink Roel , Kleijn David
Published: October 2007

Over the last decades, biodiversity in agricultural landscapes has declined drastically. Initiatives to enhance biodiversity, such as agri‐environment schemes, often have little effect, especially in intensively farmed landscapes. The effectiveness of conservation management may be improved by scheme implementation near high‐quality habitats that can act as a source of species. We evaluated up to what distance high‐quality habitats (nature reserves and artificially created flower‐rich patches) affect the diversity of forbs and pollinators in intensively farmed landscapes of the Netherlands.

We surveyed forbs, inflorescences, bees and hover flies and estimated pollination services in transects along ditch banks extending 300 m from four nature reserves forming small islands in landscapes dominated by agriculture.

In a separate experiment, we surveyed inflorescences, bees and hover flies in 1500 m long transects on farmland adjacent to five newly introduced flower‐rich patches and in five control transects.

Species density of forbs declined over the first 75 m and species density and abundance of hover flies declined over the first 125 m beyond the nature reserves. Beyond these distances, no further declines were observed. The effects of flower‐rich patches were spatially limited. The species density and abundance of bees and hover flies were significantly enhanced in the flower‐rich patch, but only the abundance of hover flies was enhanced up to 50 m beyond the patch.

Synthesis and applications. In intensively farmed areas, remnant high‐quality habitats sustain more abundant and diverse pollinator and forb communities than the surrounding countryside. They do enhance biodiversity on nearby farmland but increases are spatially restricted (< 150 m) and relatively small. These habitats may therefore function only as dispersal sources for ecological restoration sites or agricultural fields under extensification schemes that are located in close proximity. Habitat restoration in intensively used farmland should therefore be implemented preferentially in the immediate vicinity of high‐quality habitats. In the short term, newly created flower‐rich habitats are no alternative to pre‐existing seminatural habitats for the promotion of pollinators on nearby farmland.
Large‐scale drainage and breeding success in boreal forest grouse
Authors: Ludwig Gilbert X , Alatalo Rauno V , Helle Pekka , Nissinen Kari , Siitari Heli
Published: October 2007

The breeding success of Finnish grouse has been in decline for decades. While it has been shown that fragmentation and modern forestry practices such as clear‐cutting affect the viability of grouse populations, little is known about effects of large‐scale drainage. The drainage network in Finland has increased dramatically during the past decades. By 1988, 6 million ha of bog ecosystems had been drained. This is likely to have had a profound direct and indirect effects on grouse productivity. Because ditches persist in time, large‐scale drainage may therefore have strong potential for affecting the long‐term breeding success of three forest grouse species in Finland.

Using a mixed‐model approach on nation‐wide data, we estimate the effects of drainage on breeding success of three grouse species for the period from 1966 to 1988. The possible additive effect of precipitation is investigated using regional precipitation data. For each species, we compare a set of hypotheses and select the best model(s) according to the Akaike information criterion.

For all species, the model which included the main effects of both ditch density and precipitation outperformed the models with just one of the main effects as well as the interaction model. The effects are restricted to southern and central Finland, where drainage is most intensive.

The effects of drainage are likely to be both direct and indirect, but the mechanisms are less clear. Both bottom‐up, such as decreased availability of insect food, and top‐down effects, such as increased predation risk, may account for indirect effects. Direct effects are likely to involve drowning of chicks.

Synthesis and applications. Bogs are classified as key biotopes by the European Union, and Finland is obliged to maintain their favourable conservation status and to protect typical bog communities. While this goal may be achieved for state‐owned land, restoration of drainage systems on private land continues. Considering the persistence of ditches, new legislation are therefore needed to favour the recovery of former bogs and mires on private land as well as to protect remaining ones.
Taking account of dependent species in management of the Southern Ocean krill fishery: estimating crabeater seal abundance off east Antarctica
Authors: Southwell Colin , Paxton Charles G. M. , Borchers David , Boveng Peter , De La Mare William
Published: October 2007

The crabeater sealLobodon carcinophagais considered to be a key species in the krill‐based food‐web of the Southern Ocean. Reliable estimates of the abundance of this species are necessary to allow the development of multispecies, predator–prey models as a basis for management of the krill fishery in the Southern Ocean.

A survey of crabeater seal abundance was undertaken in 1500 000 km2of pack‐ice off east Antarctica between longitudes 64–150° E during the austral summer of 1999/2000. Sighting surveys, using double observer line transect methods, were conducted from an icebreaker and two helicopters to estimate the density of seals hauled out on the ice in survey strips. Satellite‐linked dive recorders were deployed on a sample of seals to estimate the probability of seals being hauled out on the ice at the times of day when sighting surveys were conducted. Model‐based inference, involving fitting a density surface, was used to infer densities in the entire survey region from estimates in the surveyed areas.

Crabeater seal abundance was estimated to be between 0·7 and 1·4 million animals (with 95% confidence), with the most likely estimate slightly less than 1 million.

Synthesis and applications.The estimation of crabeater seal abundance in Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) management areas off east Antarctic where krill biomass has also been estimated recently provides the data necessary to begin extending from single‐species to multispecies management of the krill fishery. Incorporation of all major sources of uncertainty allows a precautionary interpretation of crabeater abundance and demand for krill in keeping with CCAMLR's precautionary approach to management. While this study focuses on the crabeater seal and management of living resources in the Southern Ocean, it has also led to technical and theoretical developments in survey methodology that have widespread potential application in ecological and resource management studies, and will contribute to a more fundamental understanding of the structure and function of the Southern Ocean ecosystem.
Do climatically similar regions contain similar alien floras? A comparison between the mediterranean areas of central Chile and California
Authors: Jiménez Alejandra , Pauchard Aníbal , Cavieres Lohengrin A. , Marticorena Alicia , Bustamante Ramiro O.
Published: October 2007

Aim  Taxonomic comparisons of alien floras across climatically similar regions have been proposed as a powerful approach for increasing our understanding of plant invasions across scales. However, detailed comparisons between the alien biotas of climatically similar regions are scarce. This study aims to compare the taxonomic patterns of alien species richness in mediterranean‐type climate areas of central Chile and California, in order to better understand how climatically similar regions converge or diverge in terms of their alien flora.

Location  Central Chile and California, United States.

Methods  We compared the alien floras of the state of California in the United States and central Chile, considering within‐region variation and taxonomic composition up to the species level. To test for within‐region variation, administrative units and counties were grouped within seven latitudinal bands for each region. We tested for differences in the relative contributions of the various origins of the naturalized species to each region. We used a family naturalization index to establish which families had relatively higher numbers of naturalized species in each region. We evaluated the similarity, using cluster analyses with Jaccard’s similarity index, of alien taxa between regions and latitudinal bands using presence–absence matrices at the species, genus and family levels. We used principal components analysis to determine the presence of a compositional gradient including all latitudinal bands.

Results  We recorded 1212 alien plant species in California and 593 in central Chile, of which 491 are shared between the two regions. These figures include 25 species that are native to California and 37 that are native to Chile. A comparison between the alien floras of central Chile and California reveals three major trends: (1) higher naturalized species diversity for California than for Chile, at all taxonomic levels; (2) differences in the proportion of species according to origin, with America, Africa, Asia and Australia providing a larger number of species in California than in Chile; (3) segregation between regions in terms of taxonomic composition of their alien flora, and a rather weak differentiation within regions; and (4) a trend towards higher similarity between the alien floras of latitudinal bands associated with higher levels of human disturbances.

Main conclusions  The alien floras of central Chile and California are significantly different, but this difference diminishes in highly disturbed areas. Thus, the current high levels of species movement caused by globalization, together with increasing levels of anthropogenic disturbances, should reduce the differentiation of the alien floras in these regions, increasing overall biotic homogenization.
Self‐efficacy, outcome expectations and self‐care behaviour in people with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan
Authors: Wu Shu‐Fang Vivienne , Courtney Mary , Edwards Helen , McDowell Jan , Shortridge‐Baggett Lillie M , Chang Pei‐Jen
Published: October 2007

Aims. To explore differences in self‐care behaviour according to demographic and illness characteristics; and relationships among self‐care behaviour and demographic and illness characteristics, efficacy expectations and outcome expectations of people with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan.

Background. Most people with diabetes do not control their disease appropriately in Taiwan. Enhanced self‐efficacy towards managing diseases can be an effective way of improving disease control as proposed by the self‐efficacy model which provides a useful framework for understanding adherence to self‐care behaviours.

Design and methods. The sample comprised 145 patients with type 2 diabetes aged 30 years or more from diabetes outpatient clinics in Taipei. Data were collected using a self‐administered questionnaire for this study. One‐wayanova,t‐tests, Pearson product moment correlation and hierarchical regression were analysed for the study.

Results. Significant differences were found: between self‐care behaviour and complications (t = −2·52,p < 0·01) and patient education (t = −1·96,p < 0·05). Self‐care behaviour was significantly and positively correlated with duration of diabetes (r = 0·36,p < 0·01), efficacy expectations (r = 0·54,p < 0·01) and outcome expectations (r = 0·44,p < 0·01). A total of 39·1% of variance in self‐care behaviour can be explained by duration of diabetes, efficacy expectations and outcome expectations.

Conclusions. Findings support the use of the self‐efficacy model as a framework for understanding adherence to self‐care behaviour.

Relevance to clinical practice. Using self‐efficacy theory when designing patient education interventions for people with type 2 diabetes will enhance self‐management routines and assist in reducing major complications in the future.
Rheumatoid arthritis patients’ education – contents and methods
Authors: Mäkeläinen Paula , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen Katri , Pietilä Anna‐Maija
Published: October 2007

Aims and objectives.  The purpose of this study is to describe the contents and methods used by rheumatology nurses when they educate their patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Background.  Rheumatology nurses have an important role in educating patients with rheumatoid arthritis. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the content provided and the methods used by rheumatology nurses.

Design and methods.  The sample was drawn in using stratified random sampling and the data were collected from 80 rheumatology nurses with a questionnaire in 2003–2004 (response rate was 65·2%). The data were analysed using descriptive and non‐parametric statistical tests.

Results.  Medical treatment was the most commonly taught issue, as 76% of rheumatology nurses gave information on anti‐rheumatic drugs prescribed to the rheumatoid arthritis patients and blood tests (64%) which must be taken as follow‐up controls. Only 45% of the nurses discussed self care at home. Individual oral patient education (88%) and written materials by the local hospitals or drug industries (71%), were the most commonly used methods. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis were educated mostly in special health care units. A rheumatology nursing course did not have an effect on the chosen contents or methods when educating rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Conclusions.  It is important that rheumatology nurses teach more self‐care abilities to patients with rheumatoid arthritis and use also the other teaching methods than oral individual method such as group sessions, teleinformatics and internet. The contents of rheumatology nursing course should be developed further to stress the importance of appropriate teaching methods and to point out the importance of self care abilities for patients.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The results provided useful insight into education of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nurses should avoid the routine teaching programmes. They should take time to discuss with their patients and plan together the contents and methods, that education of patients with rheumatoid arthritis is based on patients’ information needs and their individual learning capabilities.
An exploration of the relationship between fatigue and physical functioning in patients with end stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis
Authors: O'Sullivan Dawn , McCarthy Geraldine
Published: October 2007

Aim.  To measure fatigue and physical functioning in patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD) receiving haemodialysis and to investigate the relationships between fatigue and physical functioning.

Background.  Fatigue and reduced physical functioning are among the most bothersome symptoms experienced by individuals receiving haemodialysis for ESRD. Research has shown that increasing activity levels has resulted in decreased fatigue levels and improved physical functioning in individuals with cancer. Establishing whether or not a relationship exists between both concepts in haemodialysis patients is a preliminary step in identifying potential fatigue reducing strategies necessary for improved wellbeing.

Method.  A quantitative exploratory correlational design was used with 46 individuals completing the Multi‐dimensional Fatigue Inventory, the Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form 36‐item questionnaire and a Demographic Questionnaire.

Results.  Results indicated fatigue was prevalent with highest scores achieved for physical fatigue; reduced activity and general fatigue. Substantial limitations in physical functioning were found. A significant moderate negative relationship between general fatigue and physical functioning indicated that, as physical functioning levels increased, fatigue levels decreased. A significant difference was also found between general fatigue scores for males and females. Significant relationships were found between overall physical functioning, older age and employment status.

Conclusion.  The research indicates the prevalence of fatigue and limitations in physical functioning in individuals with ESRD. However, as physical functioning increased fatigue decreased; a finding relevant to clinical nursing.

Relevance to clinical practice.  Understanding the levels of fatigue and the value of exercise is of relevance to clinical practice thus assessment of fatigue and physical functioning ability in the clinical setting is necessary.