bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Citation Searches
Authors: Mann Thomas
Published: October 2023

We have seen so far that the techniques of controlled vocabulary searching, general browsing and focused browsing in classified bookstacks, and keyword searching each have advantages and disadvantages. There are still other means of gaining subject access to written records; one of the most important is citation searching. This approach, like the others, is potentially applicable in any subject area; and it, too, has both strengths and limitations. In citation searching you must start with a known source that is relevant to your topic. It may be a book, a journal article, a conference paper, a dissertation, a technical report, an unpublished manuscript—it can be any kind of knowledge record. Further, the date of the starting-point source is irrelevant: it can be something published last year or centuries ago. What a citation search will tell you is whether someone has written a subsequent scholarly journal article that cites your source in a footnote, as a follow-up discussion of it, or at least reference to it. The assumption is that a later work which cites an earlier one is probably talking about the same subject. This is sometimes not true—a work can be cited in a context irrelevant to your interests—but the connection works often enough that you will want to make use of it.
Introduction
Authors: Hansen William
Published: October 2023

On a hot day some twenty-five centuries ago, Socrates and one of his companions, Phaidros, were walking alongside the cool stream of the Ilissos outside the walls of Athens. “Tell me, Socrates,” said Phaidros, “wasn’t it from the Ilissos somewhere around here that Boreas is said to have carried off Oreithyia?” He was thinking of the myth according to which a daughter of the king of Athens was playing on the banks of the stream when suddenly the god of the north wind abducted her, carrying her off to his northerly kingdom. “Yes, that’s what they say.” “Was it from here, then?” “No,” Socrates replied, “the spot is actually some distance downstream, at the place where you cross over to the precinct of Agra. There is an altar of Boreas somewhere around there.” Phaidros asked if Socrates believed the story was true. Socrates replied that clever men might explain the story away by saying, for example, that the force of the north wind pushed the girl off the nearby rocks as she was playing and that after she had died in this way people said she had been taken away by Boreas. After all, he said, such men take pains to rationalize the centaurs, Chimaeras, Gorgons, and other strange creatures. As for himself, having no time to waste on such speculations, he was content to accept the usual beliefs about them.1
The Ukrainian Revolution
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: October 2023

Between 1917 and 1920, the collapse of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires allowed the creation of a Ukrainian state, for the first time uniting eastern and western Ukraine. The Ukrainian Revolution was at once the culmination of the Ukrainian national movement and an aspect of the larger political upheaval in eastern Europe after World War I-the turmoil best represented by the Russian Revolution. The revolution in Ukraine did not mean a clear-cut fight between socialists and nationalists-they were often the same people-but involved a confusing struggle between Ukrainian patriots of different stripes, as well as among the many varieties of local socialists and anarchists. Moreover, if the collapse of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires made the Ukrainian Revolution possible, the ensuing international struggle influenced its outcome. The military might of the German, Polish, Red, and White (anti-Bolshevik Russian) armies, together with the political decisions made by the victorious Allies after World War I, sealed the fate of the Ukrainian lands.
Nazi Occupation and the Soviet Victory
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: October 2023

Following the Soviet annexation of Galicia, Volhynia, and Bukovina in 1939 and 1940, Stalinist ideologues had to redefine their notion of “Ukraine.” Much of their prior propaganda had belabored the alleged opposition between the happy life of Soviet Ukrainians under socialism and the suffering of their brethren in Poland and Romania under the power of landowners and capitalists. With most of the Ukrainian ethnic lands now united in the Ukrainian SSR, an important change had to take place in the republic's ideology. Official pronouncements began celebrating the reunification as the completion of Ukrainian nation building. In its address to Stalin in November 1939, the republic's Supreme Soviet stated, “Having been divided, having been separated for centuries by artificial borders, the great Ukrainian people today reunite forever in a single Ukrainian republic.”
“Dear Brother . . .”: 1750-1774
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Both the Squire and the Widow had sought a cordial relationship with their kinfolk at Stratford, whose occupants tried to reciprocate in the spirit of a letter which the eldest among them, Philip Ludwell Lee, wrote to the Squire: “When one person was tied by blood to another, as I am to you, nothing shall be wanting on my part to make us enjoy a constant and harmonious friendship.” Though his nature was very different from those of the Squire and the Widow, Phil Lee, whom his relatives always called Colonel Phil, was an extraordinary personality in his own right. While the Squire was described as a “rough diamond,” Colonel Phil earned the characterization once applied to his parents, being considered haughty, condescending, and even rude to persons of lesser station.
Ambition in London: 1768–1774
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

After William Lee helped his sister Alice escape Colonel Phil and go to London in 1760, the two of them lived with Philip Ludwell, their mother’s widower brother. He had recently emigrated from Virginia with his three daughters. There were no sons. When William returned to Stratford in 1763, he doubtless carried memories of cousin Hannah Ludwell. As Uncle Philip’s eldest child, she would someday be mistress of Green Spring, once Sir William Berkeley’s vast estate on the James River. Between 1763 and 1768, William worked at Stratford as business aide to Colonel Phil, an experience William believed taught him how to succeed were he to reappear in London as a merchant for Virginia planters. Having no land of his own and approaching age thirty, William thought a try at international business was worth the gamble. He chose to leave the banks of the Potomac and go abroad, turning his possessions over to the care of brother Frank.
A Test of Courage: 1775-1779
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

In 1775, the Anglo-American empire collapsed, smashing a relationship cherished by four generations of Lees. The courage of the family’s earlier personalities had been tested amid circumstances very different from those that tried Richard Henry and his brothers. They would be even more sternly challenged. Having to break with England grieved them, as it did most Americans. Among those who still referred to the mother country as “home” was Colonel Phil. By dying in 1775, he was spared seeing others in the Lee family defend the move for independence. Although at the time of his death Phil was a senior statesman in Virginia, his papers contain no comment on the increasing tension between the Old Dominion and England. One wonders if he tried to ignore the fact that much of the imperial agitation came from his brothers and their cohorts.
The General: 1861-1865
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Early in 1861, and still in Texas, Robert watched what he most dreaded, an unraveling Union. Then came orders that he appear in Washington. For once, he encountered no delays in the long trip home. He arrived at Arlington on 1 March 1861, where he joined Mary in praying that “designs of ambitious and selfish politicians who would dismember our glorious country may be frustrated and that our own state may act right and obtain the result promised in the Bible to the peace makers.” Robert found Mary an even more advanced cripple, while their daughters seemed to grow frailer. Custis was nearly disabled by rheumatism, and Rooney had discovered agriculture posed unanticipated difficulties. It was such a dismaying homecoming that Robert’s only encouragement were signs he was approaching the end of what he considered a lackluster life. At age fifty-four he could point to a steadfast military career, but few uninitiated observers standing outside the army would see it as very promising. There was little sign at the start of April 1861 that soon Robert E. Lee would have star casting in one of history’s greatest tragedies. Lee was not impressed when he was told in Washington of his belated promotion to full colonel. He knew it was a gesture by a War Department scrambling to strengthen the loyalty of officers from the Southern states. He was more stirred when his old friend General Winfield Scott encouraged him to remain with the Union. Taking this urging to heart, Robert went across the Potomac to Arlington to think about his future and that of Virginia.
The Fundamental Economics of Intertemporal Allocation
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

The fundamental economic objective of every person is to allocate her scarce resources among various alternatives so as to maximize her lifetime utility. These alternatives include producing goods and services for current consumption, and producing goods that can be used as inputs for the production of goods and services in future years. The allocation of resources each year between these two kinds of production is the essence of intertemporal allocation. Even if a person were living on a desert island, without contact with other persons with whom he could cooperate or trade, that person would still have to decide how to allocate his resources between the production of consumption goods and capital goods if he wanted to maximize his lifetime utility. A benefit of living in a society of individuals who cooperate and trade is that each individual can use mutually beneficial exchanges to reach higher levels of lifetime utility than he could reach if he did not cooperate and trade. The function of financial markets is to organize those intertemporal exchanges.
A Transition to Models in Which Future Outcomes Are Uncertain
Authors: Bradfield James
Published: October 2023

In the preceding five chapters, we presented an elementary analysis by considering several models. Although these models are instructive, their usefulness is limited by the unrealistic assumption that consumers, investors, and managers of firms all know with certainty how the future will unfold. There will be no defaults by persons who borrow money today and promise to repay it later. Banks that promise to pay interest at rate r will do so, and there will be no unanticipated changes in the interest rate in future years. The sequences of future payments that could be generated by proposed investment projects are known with certainty today. In short, everyone knows how the future will develop.
Introduction
Authors: Turvey Malcolm
Published: October 2023

The major goal of flim theory before the 1960—what today is known as “classical” flim theory—was to prove that the cinema is an art on a par with, or perhaps even superior to, the other arts. Due to its novelty, the prejudice against its photographic medium (the claim that photography is mere mechanical reproduction and therefore not art), and its quick development into a form of mass entertainment, the cinema was not accepted as an art, at least initially. Classical flim theorists therefore set out to show why and how the cinema is art.
Introduction
Authors: Hovers Erella
Published: October 2023

Studies of the Middle Paleolithic are closely linked with the question of modern human origins. Historically, the appearance of morphologically modern humans in Europe was conceived as the immediate cause for the emergence of cultural and behavioral modernity. The picture in the Levant has been dramatically different, with Anatomically Modern Humans (referred to throughout the book as “Moderns”) appearing on the local scene as early as the Middle Paleolithic. During the Middle Paleolithic in the Levant cultural shifts were not coterminous with biological changes, and behavioral differences between Neanderthals and Moderns are not easily recognized. Consequently, the Levantine Middle Paleolithic record is highly pertinent for understanding the conditions under which behavioral modernity (in itself an elusive term that rests on weak theoretical foundations and is open to many, sometimes contradictory, interpretations) emerged (see Henshilwood and Marean 2003; Kuhn and Hovers 2006).
Qafzeh Cave: The Region and the Site
Authors: Hovers Erella
Published: October 2023

The Galilee is a region of complex geological structure, characterized by a high frequency of faulting and numerous other tectonic features that are dated to various periods (Freund 1978). These faulting events shaped many of the geomorphic features of the region, which is divided into two major units: the Lower Galilee (up to 600 m above mean sea level [a.m.s.l.]) and Upper Galilee (1000–1200 m a.m.s.l.); they are separated by the Beit HaKerem Valley (Biq’at Beit HaKerem) (only 150 m a.m.s.l.). The Lower Galilee is divided into three distinct geological and geomorphologic sub-units.
Lithic Production: 2. The Debitage
Authors: Hovers Erella
Published: October 2023

Research in empirical disciplines tends to focus on units of analysis that can be defined by particular criteria (Adams and Adams 1991; papers in Ramenofsky and Steffen 1998). In Paleolithic archaeology, that analytical focus was supplied for a long time by retouched artifacts grouped into “types,” regardless of the fact that unretouched artifacts constituted the quantitative bulk of most assemblages. Today it is unthinkable that lithic assemblages could be studied without taking into account the component of the unretouched Vaked pieces (debitage). This change in the approach to the study of the Middle Paleolithic can be traced back to François Bordes, who introduced the study of complete assemblages through quantitative methods (see chapter 1). White Bordes recognized that unretouched elements embodied information about the technological process that could not be gleaned from the analysis of retouched “types” alone. Bordes’s recognition of Mousterian cultural variants was based Erst and foremost on the relative distributions of retouched artifact groups, considered them in tandem with the patterning of key technological characteristics in both the retouched and unretouched components of any given assemblage.
The Organization of Lithic Technology at Qafzeh
Authors: Hovers Erella
Published: October 2023

The analyses of the lithic assemblages of Qafzeh followed the logic of “reverse engineering” (see chapter 2; discussed specifically in relation to lithics and Levallois Vaking by Hovers 1997; Sandgathe 2005, among others). The sets of analyses presented in the previous chapters attempted to accomplish the Erst of two stages involved in thinking about the meaning of ancient artifacts. By looking at the interrelationship of the various properties of the artifacts, I attempted to understand how artifacts were made and how material constraints and production processes affected the respective characteristics of these groups of artifacts. In this chapter I engage in the second question involved in the research strategy of reverse engineering: what could these artifacts do? The strategy of “reverse engineering” was Erst defined and described within evolutionary studies, where it clearly does not assume “intelligent design” but does ask what ecological survival functions could be answered by the structure of evolutionary designs. In our case, it is the technological designs that we wonder about. Reverse engineering is easiest if artifact structure includes some sort of signature pointing to the function (e.g., through differential use-wear signatures on various artifact types). However, in many cases recognizing the signature of prehistoric artifacts involves some a priori premises and assumptions about their potential functions.
Budget Battles
Authors: Gillon Steven M
Published: October 2023

The budget fight for me is the equivalent of Gettysburg in the Civil War,” Gingrich told reporters in August 1995. Although he was not as fond of military metaphors as Gingrich, Clinton would have agreed with the point: the party that won the battle over the budget would likely win the ideological war. For many observers, Bill Clinton and Newt Gingrich personified the larger struggle between the two parties about the role of government in American life at the end of the twentieth century. “At the apex of the budget drama,” observed the journalist Major Garrett, “it was as if the entire Democratic Party, past, present, and future, lived within Bill Clinton, and the entire Republican Party—not the doddering, pliant, feeble legislative weakling of yore, but the rippling, youthful, proud, and intemperate majority of today—lived and breathed through Newt Gingrich.”
Bank-To-Bank Indemnity
Authors: Kurkela Matti S
Published: October 2023

An Indemnity Agreement between two banks involved is of a somewhat different character. In most cases it is a cross-border agreement, which causes a conflict-of-law issue to arise. Further, the bank-to-bank relationship is of special character because both parties are experts in their own business and both usually enjoy a high credit rating.
“Sailing Down My Golden River”
Authors: Winkler Allan M
Published: October 2023

Looking down from his hillside home, Seeger could see the Hudson River rolling south toward Manhattan. He loved the cabin he built with his own hands and the river that flowed beneath it. The thick forest reminded him of a childhood spent tromping through the woods, camping out, exploring the outdoors. “I luff the woods,” he once told his father. Even now, in his early forties, with his long legs and strong constitution, he still delighted in hiking across the land. But as he looked down at the river, he liked what he saw less and less. The water was filling up with chemical waste and sludge from factories and sewage plants. Once clear and blue, the Hudson was turning murky and brown. Cleaning it up became his focus as he threw himself into the fledgling environmental movement.
Review of Laws Having Racially Disparate Impacts
Authors: Wing Adrien Katherine
Published: October 2023

Race discrimination is a global phenomenon. Sometimes, the behavior is intentional. In the U.S. context, the Fourteenth Amendment has been interpreted to protect against such activity. In many other circumstances, there is a racially discriminatory impact, that is, the behavior was not intentional. In the United States, the Civil Rights Act covers this type of discrimination. Other countries have grappled with how to handle racially disparate impact as well. The main case selection in this chapter, City Council of Pretoria v. Walker, illustrates how South Africa is handling the concept. That country is emerging from a recent history of de jure segregation against a black majority by the white minority. South Africa has a new Constitutional Court that is interpreting a new post-apartheid constitution with a detailed equality clause that covers both intentional and unintentional behavior. The Walker case implicates issues of race, class, housing segregation, and “reverse discrimination” in interesting ways, and raises the question of how the U.S. Supreme Court would handle a similar case. The notes discuss the experience of the U.S., Brazil, Canada, Europe, and international law.
Discrimination on the Basis of Sexual Orientation
Authors: Hunter Nan D
Published: October 2023

One of the most intellectually compelling aspects of sexual orientation law is that it is a rapidly growing field, one which is very much a work in progress in a world of global law.
29
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

A new adventure for me now is menopause! How will I know if symptoms are due to seizure activity, side effects of medication, or hormonal changes? Thank God for good doctors, good friends, and a wonderful family.
46
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

Epilepsy is so new to me that I don’t know what experiences merit sharing. At this time, there has been relatively minimal effect on the quality and substance of my life. Until this point, I’ve been fortunate to be in good health and not to take medication beyond an aspirin or acetaminophen here and there. It took a while to get adjusted to taking medication on a schedule and remembering to take it with me at the start of the day.
64
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Krishnamurthy Kaarkuzhali Babu , Cantrell Deborah T Combs
Published: October 2023

How many men does it take to change a light bulb? One—but the job will never get done. How many women does it take to change a light bulb? Many—but they will find the problem, make a plan, and get it done today. And they will work together while doing so!! How can we apply this riddle to our own lives with epilepsy? It means that if you have concerns about your health or the impact of your epilepsy on others, then you need to find out what the problem is, get help from others, find out the necessary information, figure out the problem, and address it!.
Introduction
Authors: Schachter Steven C
Published: October 2023

A seizure is usually defined as a sudden alteration of behavior due to a temporary change in the electrical functioning of the brain, in particular the outer layer of the brain called the cortex. Approxi-mately 1 percent of the population has recurrent seizures. When a person has recurrent seizures over a period of time, he or she is usually diagnosed with epilepsy. Seizures are the main symptoms of epilepsy and the main target for treatment. Seizures can take many different forms, as the descriptions in this book indicate.
Living with Epilepsy
Authors: Schachter Steven C
Published: October 2023

I was diagnosed with epilepsy after being told for over ten years that I didn’t have it. It was very difficult for my parents to accept. And in some ways it was something that they did not want to really hear . . . because it made their daughter imperfect. In the end, my mother blamed herself, because she had lifted a dresser while she was only eight-plus months pregnant with me. Because of that I was born premature.
Epilepsy and Seizures in Children
Authors: Pellock John M
Published: October 2023

Epilepsy Defined Childhood epilepsy comes in many forms. An otherwise bright, alert, and very intelligent child may have only brief staring spells, whereas another child with other handicaps may have prolonged convulsions. Therefore, what epilepsy means to an individual depends on the person he or she knows or has heard about with epilepsy. Seizure types, their causes, and illnesses that may be associated with seizures all influence what we think about when we attempt to define epilepsy. A seizure is a symptom that the brain is malfunctioning. It is a clinical event. This malfunction may be transient and may never recur, or it may be the sign of a permanent disability that will bring many more seizures. Because different areas of the brain can produce seizures, they may take on very different characteristics in each child or adult. The term epilepsy is used to refer to a group of disorders marked by recurrent seizures. Most children with epilepsy have one or only a few types of seizures. As children grow and mature, the behavior that characterizes their seizures may vary. In some children, the seizures eventually disappear and they are said to have ‘‘grown out of their seizures.’’ The eventual course of a child’s epilepsy is frequently related to the cause of the seizures.
Pedagogy: South Kensington and the Provinces
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: October 2023

While the British Museum and the National Gallery were the sites to which the imagination of a total centralized collection tended to return through most of the nineteenth century, the period saw the emergence of other important institutions established to satisfy the same goal. The South Kensington Museum, identified from the outset by its location far from the center of the city, manifested the museal aspirations of the era unconstrained by the limits of a traditional site, collection, or structure. Founded by the sponsors of the Great Exhibition with funds remaining from that venture, the institution was driven from the outset by clearly articulated pedagogic aims. However, while Henry Cole emphasizes his commitment to transparency and openness in the brief extract that opens this selection, the institution that later became the Victoria and Albert Museum was not likely to escape the threat of confusion and surfeit liable to afflict a national storehouse or treasury that came to include a number of quite distinct collections. As the four-part series from Leisure Hour, “The South Kensington Museum” (1859), demonstrates, the modern museum is as subject to becoming overwhelmingly heterogeneous as its more oldfashioned predecessors.
Making The Birth of a Nation
Authors: Stokes Melvyn
Published: October 2023

If there ever was a scenario for shooting The Birth of a Nation, it disappeared a long time ago. Raymond Allen Cook claims that sometime in early 1914, Dixon and Griffith spent several weeks working on such a scenario in a loft in New York’s Union Square. This may be true, although Dixon’s demands for financial compensation for the rights to his work (and dissatisfaction when the full amount was not forthcoming) make it unlikely. In any case, there was probably already a scenario of sorts, the one prepared by Frank E. Woods in 1912 for the unsuccessful Kinemacolor version of The Clansman. Early prints of The Birth of a Nation contain a credit for a “Story by D. W. Griffith and Frank E. Woods.” The film’s copyright also jointly credited the scenario to Griffith and Woods. What appears most likely is that Griffith and Woods worked closely together as they had at Biograph to refashion Dixon’s novels (with some additional material from his play) into a narrative treatment that could be used at the start of filming.
Transforming the American Movie Audience
Authors: Stokes Melvyn
Published: October 2023

On February 18, 1915, The Birth of a Nation became the first motion picture ever to be shown in the White House. Operators wearing full evening dress utilized two Simplex machines to project the film onto the white wooden panels of the East Room. The screening was a personal favor by President Woodrow Wilson to Thomas Dixon Jr., a former classmate and longtime friend. Invited by Dixon to view Griffith’s film, the president had only one objection, and that was practical: he could not accept social invitations because he was still officially in mourning for his wife, Ellen Axson Wilson, who had died a few months earlier. To get around this difficulty, Dixon suggested exhibiting the film at the White House, where the president, his daughters, and some members of the cabinet would be able to view it. There is a legend (one of many that would grow up around this movie) that at the end of the showing, Wilson remarked: “It is like writing history with lightning. And my only regret is that it is all so terribly true.” He may have said this. After all, the film’s view of the Civil War and Reconstruction periods was not too different from Wilson’s own (his historical writings were several times quoted in the film’s intertitles). Moreover, it is unlikely that the Southern-born Wilson (who, as president, had extended segregation to all departments of the federal government) was bothered by the film’s rampant racism. But there seems to be no contemporary reference for the remark. In 1977, when the only survivor of the White House screening was interviewed, she recalled that the president “seemed lost in thought during the showing” and “walked out of the room without saying a word when the movie was over.”
Optical Coherence Tomography in the Management of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Moshfeghi Andrew A , Scott Ingrid U , Flynn Harry W , Puliafito Carmen A
Published: October 2023

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive test that evaluates diabetic retinopathy both quantitatively and qualitatively. Time-domain (Stratus OCT) Spectral-domain (Fourier domain OCT) Retinal thickness evaluation with OCT is often inversely correlated with visual acuity in patients with diabetic macular edema, although this association has been reported to be modest. OCT abnormalities due to diabetic retinopathy include the following: Cystoid macular edema Vitreoretinal traction and posterior hyaloid abnormalities Subretinal Luid OCT is useful to monitor the clinical course as well as the response to treatment. Laser photocoagulation Intravitreal pharmacotherapies Intravitreal steroids Intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors Vitreoretinal surgery Correlation of clinical examination, Luorescein angiography, and OCT Endings can provide a comprehensive assessment and understanding of visual dysfunction in patients with diabetic retinopathy.
E
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

EAA Excitatory amino acid (neurotransmitter), including aspartate and glutamate (q.v.). At least three different subtypes of EAA receptors are known: (1) the NMDA receptor (q.v.), which is activated by NMDA and also by ibotenate, glutamate, and aspartate; (2) the kainate receptor, which is activated by kainate and also by glutamate and quisqualate; and (3) the AMPA receptor, which is activated by AMPA and also by glutamate and quisqualate. See excitotoxicity.

EAAT2 Excitatory amino acid transporter-2, the promotor of a gene for the major glutamate transporter in CNS. See glutamate.

EAATs Excitatory amino-acid transporters, a family of membrane proteins essential to glutamate uptake (q.v.). EAAT1 and EAAT2 are predominantly glial and are found in the hippocampus. EAAT3 is expressed in neurons of the hippocampus and elsewhere in the brain. EAAT4 and EAAT5 are also neuronal; the former is found in Pukinje cells in the cerebellum, the latter in the retina.

EAP Employee assistance program (q.v.).

ear pulling Pulling of the ears is believed by Kanner to be a substitute for thumb-sucking; in psychoanalysis it is believed to be a masturbatory equivalent.

Earle, Pliny (1809–1892) American psychiatrist; hospital administration; in 1877 published statistical study entitled The Curability of Insanity.

early infantile autism See autistic disorder.
H
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

HAART Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy; also known as cart (combination antiretroviral therapy). Available since 1996, HAART uses multiple (three or more) antiretroviral drugs, typically from at least two classes, to suppress human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. Multiple classes are required because new mutations—including those that confer resistance to single drugs or classes—arise at prodigious rates and are “archived “ in the form of proviral DNA. See microglia. Additionally, by reducing plasma viral replication to undetectable levels, HAART curbs CD4+ T lymphocyte destruction, a major pathogenic feature of HIV disease. This partially restores immune function and impedes disease progression, but it does not eliminate the virus. The person infected with HIV must take medications for life (Ellis, R. et al. Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8: 33–44, 2007). See pill fatigue; risk-taking behavior; STIs.
J
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

Jack the Clipper The designation given to any person with a morbid propensity to clip hair or braids of girls; the name was first used in reference to a man in Chicago who for several years carried on the practice.

Jack the Ripper According to some, a London physician, an epileptic, who over a period of years during the 1880s committed brutal murders, presumably while in a postictal fugue state.

jacknife spasms See infantile spasms.

Jackson, John Hughlings (1834–1911) British neurologist; epilepsy, aphasia, dissolution, and disinhibition processes in brain damage.

Jackson law According to Hughlings Jackson ‘s concept of the hierarchic development of mental functions, when there is organic brain disease the higher (i.e., the more complex and more recently developed) centers will be paralyzed or affected first, and the lower centers will resist deterioration the longest.

Jackson syndrome A bulbar syndrome due to involvement of the vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal nerves. Symptoms are homolateral paralysis of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx; homolateral paralysis of the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles; and homolateral paralysis and atrophy of the tongue.

Jacksonian epilepsy A variant of grand mal epilepsy (q.v.) described by J. H. Jackson. The convulsion begins with clonic movements, which increase in severity and spread (the “cortical march ‘ ‘) to involve large segments of the limb, then the other limb on the same side, then the face, and finally sometimes the other side, at which point consciousness is usually lost. The spread is along anatomical and/or physiological lines, and this type of epilepsy almost always indicates organic disease of the precentral cortex.
W
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

Wada dominance test A method for determining the side of cerebral dominance by intracarotid injection of amobarbital, introduced by J. Wada in 1949.

waddling gait Clumsy gait, seen in dislocation of the hip and in muscular dystrophies with hip weakness. The weakness necessitates use of the trunk muscles in walking, so that the patient rolls from side to side as he walks.

Wagner, Ernst A famous patient in European psychiatry who is an example of the classic concept of paranoia. Wagner was a teacher who, at age 27, committed an undisclosed sexual act with animals. The next day, and for the rest of his life, he developed the conviction that other people knew what he had done and were mocking him. This led to a sensational mass murder in 1913 (when he was 38) that included his wife, his children, and 8 others from his village; he wounded 12 others and burned down several buildings.
Z
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

Zeitgeber See rhythms, biological.

zelophobia Fear of jealousy.

zelotypia Zealotry; excessive zeal, carried to the verge of insanity, in the advocacy of any cause. Zelotypia is sometimes an expression of schizoidia (q.v.).

Zieve syndrome Transient hyperlipemia, jaundice, and hemolytic anemia associated with alcoholic fatty liver and cirrhosis, probably caused by specific damage to the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans and to the liver; in most cases, upper abdominal pain is so severe that an operable condition is suspected.

zinc Zn; a metallic element with the atomic number 30.
The Child Who Hurts All Over
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Children who complain of constant pain are a source of great concern for both parents and physicians. While there are many possible explanations, these symptoms may be the first indication of rheumatic or other serious diseases. Parents who are concerned should schedule a full physical examination, making sure the staff knows this is not a routine physical. Your child is far more likely to get the care he or she needs if your physician knows why you are coming and is thinking about the problem in advance.
Dermatomyositis and Polymyositis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Dermatomyositis in childhood is characterized by weakness of the proximal muscles (those muscles closest to the trunk) and rash. In most cases the disease begins slowly, with the gradual onset of progressive weakness. However, a small percentage of cases begin with dramatic fever, rash, elevated muscle enzymes, and profound weakness. Dermatomyositis may begin in any age group, sometimes affecting very young children and at other times teenagers. The dermatomyositis that occurs in adults appears to be different from the disease in childhood. The key to the diagnosis of dermatomyositis is recognition of progressive muscle weakness involving the upper arms and upper legs to a much greater degree than the hands and feet. It is always associated with a rash, usually on the upper eyelids and over the elbows and knees.
Sports Injuries
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

I often evaluate children who have significant athletic ability and chronic pain. One of these was a young girl who was training for the Olympics. Tania had grown up in Eastern Europe, and because of her talent she had been selected to come to the United States to work with a famous coach in preparation for the next Olympics. Her family stopped to see me in New York on their way to the training program because she had “minor knee pain.” When I took the history, I found that Tania’s knee pain had begun over a year ago. At first it occurred only when she worked out, but with time it became more persistent. Her family was very proud, saying, “She works out six days a week, many hours each day despite the pain.” Unfortunately, careful evaluation revealed that Tania had permanently damaged the bone in her leg (proximal tibia). Her dedication in continuing to practice despite the pain did not lead to the Olympics; it led to surgery and the end of her career. Had Tania stopped and been evaluated sooner, the diagnosis of benign hypermobile joint syndrome could have been made, the permanent injury could have been prevented, and her athletic career might have been saved.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Margaret was fourteen years old when I met her. She did well in junior high school but seemed lazy over the summer before starting high school. When high school began, she did not seem to be making new friends and complained of being tired. School was hard. Her family just assumed that she needed to get used to high school. As the semester progressed, she seemed to be spending more time in her room. Her parents got phone calls reporting that she was not performing well in school, and her grades were poor. She was losing weight, irritable, and disinterested. By December there were questions about drug use, difficulty adjusting to the new school, and so on.

In January the school requested a psychiatric evaluation. The psychiatrist asked for a pediatric evaluation. Fortunately, the pediatrician ran a full set of blood tests and found that Margaret was anemic, with an elevated ESR and a positive ANA test. She was referred to my office. When I walked into the room and shook her hand, she cried because her hands hurt when I squeezed. She had not realized that she had arthritis. She had no rash, but her blood and urine tests confirmed the presence of systemic lupus erythematosus. As I write this, I saw Margaret yesterday. It’s eight years later, and she is finishing college and doing very well. She wants to teach English.
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Maurice Raynaud (1834–1881) was a French medical student in the 1860s who was required to write a thesis to fulfill the requirements for graduation from medical school. He described the color changes he noticed in the hands of some women while standing outside in the cold waiting for the streetcar during the winter in Paris.
Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Charlotte was twenty-one years old when I first met her. She had been cared for by another rheumatologist for many years but was referred to me because of her need for joint replacement surgery. She was diagnosed with JA at the age of twelve years and treated with corticosteroids when her disease did not respond to NSAIDs. She felt much better with the corticosteroids and was able to attend school and go on to college. During the college years, Charlotte was away from home and managed her own medications. Although she was officially on a low dose of corticosteroids, she freely admitted that when she felt stiff or sore she took extra doses. Charlotte completed college with honors and planned to go on to graduate school. However, she had fallen and fractured her femur. X-rays revealed that she had severe diffuse osteoporosis. Over the next few years, she suffered multiple fractures. She has never been able to attend graduate school.
Alternative Medicine: Vitamins and Supplements
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Whenever I finish explaining a new medication and a parent asks, “Is there another choice?” I know that something is worrying the parent. One of the biggest problems in medicine is fear of side effects, and in talking to parents, I often make a comparison to flying. When you board the airplane and the flight attendant talks about the life jacket under the seat in front of you, you cannot help but think, “If there’s a real chance we’re going to land in the water, I’m getting off this plane.” Surely, the flight attendant feels the same way. However, the government requires that passengers be informed about the life jacket and other safety precautions. Similarly, physicians are required to tell patients about the possible side effects of medications. If they thought there would be any serious ones, they would not prescribe the medicine. However, physicians and flight attendants are required to give patients and passengers this information, because no one knows for sure when something might go wrong.
Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Rebecca’s parents were very nervous. Rebecca had severe arthritis that had affected her hips. Despite taking multiple medications from a variety of physicians, things had slowly gotten worse over the past year. Now Rebecca was in my office. She and her parents had hoped that I would have a medication to reverse all of her problems and allow her to walk normally again. Unfortunately, it wasn’t so. Rebecca’s hip pain was so bad that she rarely ventured out of the house except to go to school. She had begun to use a wheelchair to get from class to class. Careful review of her X-rays made it clear that medications would cause no improvement. Rebecca needed hip replacements.
Perceptual Influences of Extraretinal Signals for Normal Eye Movements and Infantile Nystagmus
Authors: Bedell Harold E , Tong Jianliang , Patel, Saumil S , White Janis M
Published: October 2023

The involuntary eye movements in patients with infantile Nystagmus (IN) generate rapid to-and-fro motion of the retinal image, which has the potential to produce oscillopsia and the perception of motion smear. In normal subjects, extraretinal signals can neurally “cancel” the retinal image motion that occurs during eye movements and can reduce the extent of perceived motion smear. Previous studies indicate that extraretinal signals also contribute to perceived stability in subjects with IN. In addition to “canceling” the to-and-fro motion of the retinal image, extraretinal signals also partly compensate for changes in retinal-image orientation that occur during the torsional component of IN. We show that extraretinal signals reduce perceived motion smear in subjects with IN, preferentially for relative target motion in the opposite direction of slow-phase eye movements. A possible mechanism for the reduction of perceived motion smear is a decrease in the duration of the temporal impulse response function during eye movements. Temporal contrast sensitivities measured in normal observers, and subjects with IN are consistent with this possibility. Although extraretinal eye movement signals have similar influences on perceived stability and clarity in normal observers and subjects with IN, the characteristics of the operative neural mechanisms may not be identical.
Internal and External Influences on Foveation and Perception in Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome
Authors: Abel Larry A , Malesic Linda
Published: October 2023

Infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) is a disorder that is influenced by a range of both internal and external factors, more so than many other disturbances of vision. Manipulation of stimulus characteristics such as contrast have been shown to provoke oscillopsia a perception of environmental motion often said to be absent in INS. Rapidly flickering stimuli can also lead to multiply perceived images. Some internal factors, such as variability with gaze position, have been well documented. Others, such as exacerbation with visual effort, are widely described but have rarely been formally studied. In one study that did examine this, the expected relationship was not found, but subjects’ comments suggested that an absence of motivation may have been contributory. Although case reports have shown that stress or anxiety can exacerbate INS and provoke oscillopsia, systematic studies have been lacking. Similarly, changes in visual function or ocular alignment in adulthood may decrease foveation and elicit oscillopsia in nystagmus patients who were previously free of this symptom. Future models of INS should incorporate modulatory inputs from the limbic system that represent motivational or stress-related influences, as well as limits on the functioning of the mechanisms that compensate for retinal-image motion and thus suppress oscillopsia.
Genetics and Pharmacological Treatment of Nystagmus: A Review of the Literature and Recent Findings
Authors: Gottlob Irene
Published: October 2023

New developments in genetics and pharmacological treatment of nystagmus are reviewed in this chapter. While cases of nystagmus are frequently sporadic, kindreds in which nystagmus segregated as an autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, or X-linked trait have been reported. Of these, X-linked pedigrees are the most frequent. By linkage analysis, the major X-linked locus for nystagmus, NYS1, was localized to chromosome Xq26-q27. Linkage analysis and DNA-sequence analysis performed in 26 families with idiopathic congenital nystagmus (ICN) led to the detection of a novel gene named FERM domain containing 7, FRMD7 , at Xq26.2 in which we have identified 22 different mutations. Mutations in the FRMD7 gene encode a previously unidentified member of the protein 4.1 superfamily. Several drugs have been used to treat acquired nystagmus; however, pharmacological treatment has so far not been used in congenital nystagmus. A randomized study showed that memantine (up to 40 mg) and gabapentin (up to 2400 mg) can significantly improve visual acuity in ICN and reduce nystagmus in ICN and in nystagmus associated to ocular disease.
The Complement Hypothesis to Explain Preferential Involvement of Extraocular Muscle in Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Kaminski Henry J , Zhou Yuefang , Soltys, Jindrich , Kusner Linda L
Published: October 2023

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular transmission disorder caused by antibody-mediated complement injury to the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).1-3 The resultant damage to the NMJ leads to loss of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) and simplification of the postsynaptic architecture.Patients with MG demonstrate a distinct predilection for involvement of extraocular muscle (EOM). While the authors have, in previous reviews, presented arguments for functional and physiological reasons as to why this might be the case,5,6 in this chapter we present mounting evidence that a low level of complement-inhibitory proteins may be the predominant contributor to the differential involvement of EOM by MG. If correct, this contention has significant therapeutic ramifications. Complement inhibitors are being evaluated in human trials, and their application to MG in general, and its ocular complications in particular, may be of significant benefit to patients. This chapter provides a brief review of the pathophysiology of MG, followed by a discussion of possible explanations for the differential involvement of EOM by MG. The authors then present their observations to support the “complement hypothesis” as an explanation for the propensity of EOM manifestations produced by MG.