bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface From Circle Rotation
Authors: Гирш  , Girsh A.
Published: May 2017

Descriptive geometry, as the elementary one, studies the real world by its abstractions. But Euclid’s geometry of the real world is conjugated to pseudo-Euclidean geometry, and they make a conjugated pair. As a consequence, each real figure is conjugated with some imaginary pattern. This paper apart from some science facts demonstrates the presence of imaginary patterns in geometric constructions, where the imaginary patterns manifest themselves as singularities or as geometrically imaginary points (GIP) in “Real — Imaginary” conjugate pairs. The study is conducted, as a rule, from simple to complex, from particulars to generals. Rotation of a circle around an arbitrary axis generates, in the general case, a quartic surface. Among the quartic surfaces are a circular torus and a sphere as a special case of the torus. The torus is obtained from the circle rotation around an axis lying in the circle plane. If the axis does not intersect the generating circle, then the surface is called an open torus; when the axis intersects the generating circle, then the surface is called a closed torus; when the rotation axis passes through the center of the generating circle, then the surface is a sphere. The open torus is associated with a bagel, and the closed one — with an apple. The torus is a perfect example for the application of two well-known Guldin’s formulas. Next, the imaginary torus support is considered in this paper, at the end of which the sphere and its imaginary sup - port are considered. Imaginary patterns lead to the complex numbers, in regards to which grieved the great J. Steiner, calling them "hieroglyphs of analysis". But imaginary patterns exist apart from analysis formulas — they are the part of geometry. J.V. Poncelet was the first who understood the imaginary points in 1812, being in Russian captivity in Saratov and, what is important, without analysis formulas at all. Computational geometry often shows quantities, large numbers of real figures, because it takes into account the imaginary images too.
The Limits of Choice of Applicable Law under the European Union Regulation No. 864/2007 of 11 July 2007 “On the Law Applicabl to Non-Contractual Obligations”
Authors: Нам Кирилл , Nam Kirill
Published: May 2017

The tendency toward unification of EU countries’ national legal orders is a natural and necessary part of integration processes within the European Union. However, due to the diversity and differences of legal systems and cultures in the European states, the question of establishing a complete uniformity of material legal norms, first of all, in the field of private law, seems to be the one of a remote future. In this regard, a milestone development has been the unification of EU countries’ legal norms of private international law concerning non-contractual obligations, i. e. the adoption and entry into force of the EU Regulation (Rome II). One of the main novelties introduced therein is the principle of parties’ autonomy according to which parties to a non-contractual obligation have the right to choose the law to be applied to their relationship. The author analyzes and systemizes the limits of such a choice contained in the EU Regulation (Rome II). Parties to non-contractual obligations through the choice of applicable law can build their relationships in a way that corresponds to their goals and wishes. However, at the same time they should carefully consider all limitations of their choice of law and possible legal implications of it which are contained in the EU Regulation (Rome II).
Legal Models of Eurasian and Latin-American Integration Associations
Authors: Рафалюк Елена , Rafalyuk Elena , Залоило Максим , Zaloilo Maksim , Власова Наталия , Vlasova Nataliya
Published: May 2017

The article deals with various legal models of integration associations of Eurasia and Latin America. The authors argue that the model of integration association is based on a set of attributes (purpose of integration, system of bodies and its’ competence, procedure of decision making, depth of economic and legal convergence, etc.). One of the characteristics of a model of integration association is a type of cooperation: coordination or supranational. Integration associations differ depending on a particular form of economic integration (free trade area, customs union, common economic space, common market, economic union, etc.), which also characterizes the individual model of each of the integration union. Organization of American States is characterized as a union of a coordination type of cooperation. Mercosur is an international organization of coordination with several supranational features. The model of the Andean Community is seeking for a supranational type. The evolution of Latin American integration communities depends primarily on the political and economic factors. There are new models of integration communities based on the agreements between several regional blocs. The forms of the Eurasian economic integration are the customs union, the common economic space, forming common market. The Eurasian Economic Union tends to the supranational association. Based on the research conducted using the formal-legal, comparative and historical-legal methods the authors formulate conclusions about the trends, challenges and prospects of further development of integration processes in the Eurasia and Latin America.
Modern Trends of Development and Improvement by Means of Unification of the Judicial Extradition Procedure of Persons Who Have Committed Crimes of a Terrorist Nature
Authors: Кошкина Дарья , Koshkina Darya
Published: May 2017

The article considers the modern trends of development of mechanisms of regulation of international relations on the example of the judicial extradition procedure of persons who have committed crimes of a terrorist nature, which is one of the key instruments to counter international terrorism. So, the author identified the harmonization of the national legislation of the EU Member States as the main trend as well as in other interregional organizations. A typical example is the European arrest warrant (EAW), introduced by the Framework decision “On the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between EU Member States” of 2002. The author analyzed the regulatory counter-terrorism documents of the main interregional organisations and came to conclusion that harmonization of national legislations on issues of legal support of the extradition of persons who have committed the terrorist crimes, is a really necessary measure to ensure international cooperation between different States, including at the level of law enforcement, in matters of anti-terrorist activities. In addition, the article provides relevant examples from law enforcement practices relating to extraterritorial terrorist activities. The author analyzed the motivations of the State to unify their national legislations on improving the effectiveness of legal measures to counter international terrorism.
Problems of Definitions in International Water Law
Authors: Случевская Юлия , Sluchevskaya Yuliya
Published: May 2017

The article studies one of the basic definitions of International Water Law – “transboundary waters”. It is noted the altered priorities of the use of water resources as well as new methods used in the natural sciences, especially in the hydrology, have an impact on the content of this definition. It is investigated the correlation of such definitions as “transboundary waters”, “transboundary watercourses”, “international watercourses”, “international river basin”, “international drainage basin”, “international rivers”, “international lakes”. It is analyzed sources of international water law, which was elaborated terminology and definitions, it is traced their evolution. The author points out the following features of the definition “transboundary waters”: 1) these include surface water and groundwater; 2) they cross the border between two or more states are located on boundaries; 3) the use of transboundary waters affects the interests of two or more states; 4) the special legal regulation of their use (the doctrine of absolute sovereignty over water resources are located within of boundaries of the state; the doctrine of belonging of transboundary waters to all states of the international drainage basin; the doctrine of optimal development of the river basin; the doctrine of limited sovereignty; the doctrine of the priority); 5) specific requirements for the protection of ecosystems of transboundary waters; 6) the large conflict potential in use of water resources.
Legal Problems of Counterterrorism in a Changing World and Globalization of Public Relations
Authors: Черногор Николай , Chernogor Nikolay , Пашенцев Дмитрий , Pashentsev Dmitriy , Шулятьев Игорь , Shulyat'ev Igor' , Гонтарь Людмила , Gontar' Lyudmila
Published: May 2017

One of the most important challenges that threaten security and the harmonious development of humankind is terrorism. International counterterrorism is a major task of the world community, and the modern civilization depends of the successful solution of this task. This struggle must be based on some fundamental principles: the scientific validity of a coherent system of anti-terrorist activities; coordination of efforts of all world community; the combination of antiterrorist measures in the political, military, law enforcement, social spheres; improving anti-terrorism legislation. The problem of terrorism should be considered as complex problem consisted of political, economic, ideological, national, religious, social and legal components. The effort of scientific understanding of important issues related to the fight against international terrorism were undertaken at the scientific conference “Legal problems of counterterrorism”, held at the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation on 29 September 2016. Students of the leading universities of our country participated this conference. The article presents an overview of the discussions held in the framework of the conference, and summed up its main results. The participants of the conference noted that currently not all types of terrorism are the objects of international legal regulation. The ideological content of terrorism can be used as criteria for the classification of terrorism and its separation from other social phenomena. International terrorism can be funded from various entities, including philanthropic organizations, there is a strong need to improve the normative legal regulation of activities of these structures.
Trends in low income of the population Russia
Authors: Глебов  , Glebov Andrey , Леонов  , Leonov Aleksandr
Published: May 2017

Analysis of household income shows that the level of real disposable income falls from 2013. The revenue structure reduced the volume of revenues from business activities, increases the amount of income received in the form of various social benefits without increasing the amount of income from property. This indicates the ineffectiveness of government policy in the sphere of incomes.
Competitive Intensity and Its Two-Sided Effect on the Boundaries of Firm Performance
Authors: Montez Joao , Ruiz-Aliseda Francisco , Ryall Michael D.
Published: May 2017

The new perspective emerging from strategy’s value-capture stream is that the effects of competition are twofold: competition for an agent bounds its performance from below, while that for its transaction partners bounds from above. Thus, assessing the intensity of competition on either side is essential to understanding firm performance. Yet, the literature provides no formal notion of “competitive intensity” with which to make such assessments. Rather, some authors use added value as their central analytic concept, others the core. Added value is simple but misses the crucial, for-an-agent side of competition. The core is theoretically complete but difficult to interpret and empirically intractable. This paper formalizes three, increasingly general notions of competitive intensity, all of which improve on added value while avoiding the complexity of the core. We analyze markets characterized by disjoint networks of agents (e.g., supply chains), providing several insights into competition and new tools for empirical work.

The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2737 .

This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Research roundup: May 2017
Authors: Lewis Lisa , Lally Sheila , Thurtle Val
Published: May 2017

In this section, a range of brief synopses of recently published articles that may be of interest to health visitors is presented. The aim of this roundup is to provide an overview, rather than a detailed summary, of the research papers selected. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
Photofunctionalised Ti6Al4V implants enhance early phase osseointegration
Authors: Yamauchi R. , Itabashi T. , Wada K. , Tanaka T. , Kumagai G. , Ishibashi Y.
Published: May 2017

Objectives

Ultraviolet (UV) light-mediated photofunctionalisation is known to improve osseointegration of pure titanium (Ti). However, histological examination of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), which is frequently applied in orthopaedic and dental surgery, has not yet been performed. This study examined the osseointegration of photofunctionalised Ti6Al4V implants.

Methods

Ti and Ti6Al4V implants were treated with UV light, and the chemical composition and contact angle on the surfaces were evaluated to confirm photofunctionalisation. The implants were inserted into femurs in rats, and the rats were killed two or four weeks after the surgery. For histomorphometric analysis, both the bone–implant contact (BIC) ratio and the bone volume (BV) ratio were calculated from histological analysis and microcomputed tomography data.

Results

The amount of carbon and the contact angle on both implants were significantly reduced after UV irradiation. The BIC ratios for both UV light-treated implants significantly increased at two weeks, but there was no significant difference at four weeks. There was no significant difference in the BV ratios between the UV light-treated and control implants at two or four weeks.

Conclusions

This study suggests that photofunctionalisation of Ti6Al4V implants, similar to that of Ti implants, may promotes osseointegration in early but not in the late phase of osseointegration. Cite this article: R. Yamauchi, T. Itabashi, K. Wada, T. Tanaka, G. Kumagai, Y. Ishibashi. Photofunctionalised Ti6Al4V implants enhance early phase osseointegration. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:331–336. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.65.BJR-2016-0221.R1.
Evaluation of bacterial adherence of clinical isolates ofStaphylococcus sp.using a competitive model
Authors: Martinez-Perez M. , Perez-Jorge C. , Lozano D. , Portal-Nuñez S. , Perez-Tanoira R. , Conde A. , Arenas M. A. , Hernandez-Lopez J. M. , de Damborenea J. J. , Gomez-Barrena E. , Esbrit P. , Esteban J.
Published: May 2017

Objectives

Implant-related infection is one of the most devastating complications in orthopaedic surgery. Many surface and/or material modifications have been developed in order to minimise this problem; however, most of the in vitro studies did not evaluate bacterial adhesion in the presence of eukaryotic cells, as stated by the ‘race for the surface’ theory. Moreover, the adherence of numerous clinical strains with different initial concentrations has not been studied.

Methods

We describe a method for the study of bacterial adherence in the presence of preosteoblastic cells. For this purpose we mixed different concentrations of bacterial cells from collection and clinical strains of staphylococci isolated from implant-related infections with preosteoblastic cells, and analysed the minimal concentration of bacteria able to colonise the surface of the material with image analysis.

Results

Our results show that clinical strains adhere to the material surface at lower concentrations than collection strains. A destructive effect of bacteria on preosteoblastic cells was also detected, especially with higher concentrations of bacteria.

Conclusions

The method described herein can be used to evaluate the effect of surface modifications on bacterial adherence more accurately than conventional monoculture studies. Clinical strains behave differently than collection strains with respect to bacterial adherence. Cite this article: M. Martinez-Perez, C. Perez-Jorge, D. Lozano, S. Portal-Nuñez, R. Perez-Tanoira, A. Conde, M. A. Arenas, J. M. Hernandez-Lopez, J. J. de Damborenea, E. Gomez-Barrena, P. Esbrit, J. Esteban. Evaluation of bacterial adherence of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus sp. using a competitive model: An in vitro approach to the “race for the surface” theory. Bone Joint Res 2017;6:315–322. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.65.BJR-2016-0226.R2.
Managing urban unrest: problematising juvenile delinquency in multi-ethnic Sweden
Authors: Dahlstedt Magnus , Lozic Vanja
Published: May 2017

The focus of this article is representations of unrest among youth in Swedish multi-ethnic areas. Using interviews with informants from the social services, police, schools and voluntary organisations involved in work on the social inclusion of youth in one multi-ethnic area in Sweden, we analyse discourses of the causes of urban unrest and the means to solve these. With an analytical framework on governing as problematising activities as the point of departure, the analysis indicates a strong focus on the suburb and migrant parents among the informants as a problem and as in need of normalisation to Swedish core values. Such conceptualisations of problems and solutions are quite symptomatic of ongoing changes of welfare policy, where the main responsibility for the welfare of citizens is put on the individuals themselves, rather than on the collective and the state.
Investigating young people’s semi‑dependence during university
Authors: Antonucci Lorenza
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents the different ‘profiles’ identified, showing the statements on which the different profiles (groups of students coming from the three countries) have agreed and disagreed. This part shows how the disagreement reflects the presence of different university experiences. The chapter explores in depth the main topics that have emerged from the study, showing the substantial differences in the university experiences of young people from the five profiles and comparing their positions in several areas: socio-economic background, welfare mixes (role of the family, state support, participation in the labour market during university) and the university experience (financial position, housing and accommodation, well-being, and education).
Explaining inequality: the role of social origins and welfare sources
Authors: Antonucci Lorenza
Published: May 2017

After having presented the results of the three-country analysis, this chapter illustrates the diversity of the young people’s experiences within each country. In order to so, the chapter presents the list of the top 10 statements which attracted most disagreement across factors within each country. The chapter shows that within each country there are sources of inequality: in England the means-tested system of student support overestimates what the family can contribute in higher education; in Italy the over-reliance on family sources results in a social reproduction of inequality; in Sweden the insufficiency of state sources means that young people from lower classes tend to work while in university, while housing conditions appear to be highly stratified.
Old age and the fourth age paradigm
Authors: Higgs Paul , Gilleard Chris
Published: May 2017

This chapter outlines the fourth age paradigm. It argues that later life is increasingly losing its coherence as a unitary stage in the life course. Diversity in the discourses and practices surrounding later life abound. The discourses of active and healthy ageing in particular promote an optimistic ‘third age’ culture. This framing of later life as a time for autonomy, self-expression and pleasure creates the conditions for the shadowy background of a fourth age imaginary. It is within this imaginary sphere that all the fears and failures of ageing and agedness are deposited.
Conclusion
Authors: Higgs Paul , Gilleard Chris
Published: May 2017

The fourth age is realised by and within the moral imperative of care. Recognising that a person needs help in looking after themselves implies not just vulnerability but incapacity. What renders this situation abject is the extent to which the person perceived as being incapable not only does not seek help but seems not to recognise themselves as being unable to look after themselves. Failing to acknowledge one’s failings becomes more abject as the gap between capacity and incapacity grows. Once the ‘protective’ shields that mask someone’s incapacities no longer serve their purpose and the call arises that ‘something be done’, so the fourth age is summoned. While it is clearly protective when caring relationships are reciprocally ‘co-constructed’, many circumstances limit or transform that relationship from one of co-construction to one defined as a relationship of one. Negotiating these transformations is difficult. Protecting infirm individuals from becoming ‘lost’ within the social imaginary of the fourth age may conflict with the desire to ensure their comfort and dignity. The moral imperative of care cannot itself determine the outcomes.
Competing concepts of class: implications and applications for community development
Authors: Minnite Lorraine C. , Piven Frances Fox
Published: May 2017

This chapter reviews some of the trends associated with the new phase of capitalism called ‘neoliberalism’, particularly widening inequality and its correlates in the growing political influence of the wealthiest strata. The consequences for community development include tax cuts, cuts in public spending, and mounting private and public debt. Finally, the authors consider the prospects for effective resistance within the context of community development theory and practice.
Race, class and green jobs in low-income communities in the US: challenges for community development
Authors: Franklin Sekou
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on green jobs programs that targeted low-income residents, especially Blacks living in chronically distressed communities. The period under study begins with the date the United States Congress passed the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 and continues until the height of the congressional budget fights in March 2011. This chapter argues that green jobs programs targeting a marginalized workforce were more likely to be adopted in cities where advocates were able to leverage municipal officials, especially mayors, and collaborate with local economic and racial justice activists on clean energy and other community development projects. Advocates also repositioned the sustainable development (and green jobs) agenda within the broader framework of community development. The success of this repositioning strategy depended on cultivating cross-sector alliances between environmentalists, labor, economic and racial justice groups, and civil rights organizations in support of green jobs programs.
Wartime influences: from the evacuation to the Children Act 1948
Authors: Hendrick Harry
Published: May 2017

This chapter continues the theme of chapter one in examining the changing nature of the adult-child relationship as it helped to underpin the post-war social democratic family ideal. The chapter focuses on the social-psycho impact of the evacuation, the influence of the debate around the 'problem family' in relation to social democracy, and the Children Act, 1948, for the care of children in care. These topics are discussed in relation to the lessons they provided for policy developments concerning the post-war family and the parent-child relations that were seen to be integral to the psychological health of the family as a social institution and to that of its individual members.
Aspects of neoliberalism: political, economic and social realignment
Authors: Hendrick Harry
Published: May 2017

The chapter is the first of three chapters introducing the argument concerning the emergence of parental narcissism as a critical feature of 'neoliberal times'. The chapter provides a select overview of some of the major realignments that have contributed to our culture of narcissism. It begins by acknowledging that late modernity is characterized by a precarious identity, an uncertain future, and a 'widespread sense of 'demands frustrated and desires unmet'. It then considers the tribulations of 'post democracy'(marked by political disenchantment), the advent of neoliberalism, and the interconnections between feminism, neoliberalism, and the social liberationist agenda - particularly in relation to the family, mothering and childcare. The chapter argues that these forces, certainly with respect to parenting, have come to exert a malign influence on our late modern selves.
Introduction
Authors: Hill Shirley A.
Published: May 2017

This book explores how the health of African Americans is influenced by numerous social settings and policies that reinforce racial inequality. The author accomplishes this by expanding on existing literature and research on the health deficit experienced by African Americans, as well as drawing on interviews with a class-diverse group of African-American women and men about health attitudes and experiences. This chapter introduces the structure of the author’s research and the structure of the remaining chapter of the book.
Race, racism, and health outcomes
Authors: Hill Shirley A.
Published: May 2017

Race is irrefutably linked to health outcomes, and this chapter looks at the origins of race along with the growing intraracial diversity of African-Americans. The major argument is that black people live in a highly racialized society where racial stereotypes and discrimination are everyday parts of life, leading to high levels of social stress. Institutional racism operates in many settings and has a dire impact on black health, regardless of socioeconomic position.
Economic decline and incarceration
Authors: Hill Shirley A.
Published: May 2017

The post-industrial turn in the economy during the 1970s has had a lasting impact on black communities, leading to high rates of crime, unemployment, gang violence, and illicit drug use. The ‘war on drugs’ disproportionately affected African-American communities, leading to spiralling rates of incarceration. Incarceration takes a toll on the health of inmates, but also on their entire families. This chapter looks at the health and family consequences of illicit drug use and especially mass incarceration.
Children’s health
Authors: Hill Shirley A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at parental efforts to provide health and sexual socialization to their children. The socialization efforts of parents are shaped by cultural and social class factors, as are the larger family patterns to affect children’s health. This chapter places the efforts of parents to socialize their children within the larger context of family life –e.g., single-parents, poverty, intergenerational households—as well as neighbourhood context.
Conclusion
Authors: Hill Shirley A.
Published: May 2017

Within the US, racial disparities in health have remained stark: Blacks have higher rates of sickness and infant mortality than other races, and the shortest life spans. Racial stereotypes, exclusion and discrimination are chronic stressors and take a toll on black health. Institutionalized racism operates in less visible ways to undermine health, such as less spending on public services in black neighbourhoods. The adverse effects of these policies are compounded in a society that emphasizes social mobility through hard work yet offers limited opportunities for the disadvantaged to achieve that mobility. The nation’s poor health outcomes reflect racial and class inequalities in access to health care and decent living conditions, and tarnishes the reputation of its medical system and its image as a world leader.
Our theoretical frame
Authors: Seal Mike , Harris Pete
Published: May 2017

The authors set out their own distinctive analytical frame that combines elements of critical theory, psychosocial criminology and applied existential philosophy to produce a practical conceptual basis for work with the young people that youth workers will encounter on a daily basis. This involves the authors seeking to augment the existing youth work ‘canon’ with some key concepts from criminological thought, primarily around the study of desistance and masculinities. The authors seek to locate the criminological subject within a social context, whilst taking psychodynamic ideas of the “defended self” seriously, and existential philosophy which serves to foreground notions of self, choice and meaning within considerations of violent behaviour and desistance. These are then linked to what the authors see as 4 possible levels of meaningful response: personal/psychological, community/cultural, structural/symbolic and existential.
Using participatory research methods to study youth violence
Authors: Seal Mike , Harris Pete
Published: May 2017

The chapter is primarily intended as an introduction to participatory research methods for practitioners. After outlining in detail the research methods they employed, the authors present some ideas that they feel make a contribution to the existing literature on participatory research. Specifically, they identify five significant areas for the practice of participatory research in contexts such as youth violence. The first of these areas is the need to continually affirm the epistemological stance of participatory research to all parties. Secondly, the need for critical analysis of local ‘expert’ knowledge. Additionally, the need for participatory researchers to cultivate an improvisatory disposition, and the use of peer researchers and the contingent nature of self-disclosure engenders ‘proxy trust’ and the symbolic as well as instrumental value. Finally, the need for notions of ‘action’ and ‘impact’ in participatory research to be understood in contexts other than the achievement of structural social change and to include recognition of the pedagogic and personally empowering products engendered through the research process.
Responding at the structural (S) level
Authors: Seal Mike , Harris Pete
Published: May 2017

This chapter uses critical theory to explore how youth workers need to consciously seek to avoid collusion with structural violence. The authors’ data suggests that many young people across the EU feel they are, in effect, situated within a violent relationship with the state and the police. There is strong evidence that large numbers of young people are being caught up in anti-crime measures that penalise them in terms of their freedom to gather in public spaces, irrespective of their involvement in crime or violence. The authors show how this is resulting in a deepening of young people’s sense of exclusion from the rest of society. The authors argue that youth workers should be facilitated within managerial structures to challenge this structural and symbolic violence, and they provide some theoretical concepts, such as sousveillance, to equip youth workers with some tools to do so.
Morality
Authors: Millie Andrew
Published: May 2017

This chapter demonstrates that there is much crossover between moral philosophy ad criminology. The day-to-day interests within criminology are linked with ideas and notions to do with morality, whether to criminalise, how to police, how to punish, limitations of social control and how to side with the powerless. These are all questions which revolve around ideas of morality. This chapter discusses different philosophical traditions such as virtues and consequences and deontological notions of duty and rules. Then a historic association between utilitarian thinking and criminology is noted, concluding by considering the Golden Rule and Immanuel Kant’s categorical imperative.
Aesthetics and crime
Authors: Millie Andrew
Published: May 2017

The link between criminology and aesthetics might not be immediately apparent. People’s expectations of aesthetics are central to what is regarded as acceptable behaviour within public spaces. This chapter shows how aesthetics and expectations are central to what gets criminalised and what doesn’t. For example, which graffiti writers become celebrities and considered ‘art’ and who ends up in prison or, ideas of landscape beauty which dictates what, or who, is permitted to be in a certain place. This chapter argues that beauty is not objective but subjective based on notions of taste. Taste is essential to what is authorized and what is criminalised. Class and power plays a key role on whose tastes becomes legislated and seen as valid, and whose tastes are seen as ‘wrong’ leading to marginalisation. Ultimately, it becomes clear that aesthetics have a key role to play within criminology.
Men, prison and aspirational masculinities
Authors: Sloan Jennifer
Published: May 2017

This chapter reflects on the findings from the author’s ethnographic study in a prison for adult males. The author’s focus is on the men’s changing visions and expectations of their futures as men, which she frames as ‘aspirational masculinities’. The experience of time in prison may encourage negative and aggressive forms of masculinity on the one hand, but does allow opportunity for reflection and a reappraisal of life priorities on the other. In particular, she highlights shifts over time in the ‘audiences’ that men consider important for the performance of their masculinity, reflecting changes in values, attachments and expectations of life and identities beyond the prison wall.
Different pathways for different journeys: ethnicity, identity transition and desistance
Authors: Calverley Adam
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the processes of adopting viable non-offending identities are as important in the desistance of minority ethnic offenders as they are for offenders who are white. However, differences in structural location and cultural expectations and practices mean that the forms of pro-social identity that are accessible and available vary. The author examines the ways Black and dual heritage and South Asian male desisters invest in available discourses of masculinity which are shaped by ethnicity (Gadd and Farrall, 2004) and how this process of identity re-construction provides a means of transitioning from an offender to a non-offender identity. The author then pinpoints the ways that identity is racialised and reviews the effects this has on desistance and the different strategies employed to deal with challenges imposed by racism.
Fear and loathing in the community: sexual offenders and desistance in a climate of risk and ‘extreme othering’
Authors: Burrows Jacky
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses attention on sex offenders who, perhaps more than any other 'type' of offender, have been systematically vilified, demonised, and ostracised from mainstream society. The author argues that, for once, the public, the media, the government, and – worryingly – large numbers of professionals seem to be in agreement that such 'othering' is entirely right and proper in what are seen to be the larger interests of public protection. The author explores the implications of this deeply entrenched culture for ‘would-be desisters’ and suggests ways forward that offer individuals opportunities to uncouple from the ‘master status’ of sex offender and to build positive social networks.
Social identity, social networks and social capital in desistance and recovery
Authors: Best David
Published: May 2017

This chapter applies a Social Identity Model of Recovery (Best et al, 2015) from substance use recovery to desistance. Based on social identity theory, this approach suggests that diverse social networks, specifically those involving individuals who are non-users and/or offenders, are supportive of recovery. Such networks assist the individual in the transition ‘from addict identity to recovery identity’ and building ‘recovery capital’ created by an amalgam of personal, social and community capital, that is held together by the emerging social identities. Support for this model is provided by a mixed methods study that collected data from a sample of drug and alcohol workers in recovery from previous problematic dependent use. The chapter presents quantitative analysis and powerful case studies to argue for the role of social group membership in creating and consolidating attachments to new norms, values and behaviours, and the social identities that follow.
Alcoholics Anonymous: sustaining behavioural change
Authors: Irving James
Published: May 2017

This chapter concentrates on the practices of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and how they facilitate behavioural change. The author analysed intensive interviews with long-term members of AA using a framework that focused on motivation to engage, structured social engagement (through the activities of AA) and personal agency. The resulting model (presented as a helix to represent progression over time) illustrates the way that individuals use support from AA and the understandings of their problem drinking – reflecting AA language and concepts in what the author terms ‘linguistic echoes’ – to maintain sobriety. Although there may be limits to identity transformation while still engaged with the organisation as ‘sober alcoholics’, the programme emphasises moral reflection and commitment to new norms and beliefs which are key elements of desistance processes.
Introducing the anthology
Authors: Schwabenland Christina , Lange Chris , Onyx Jenny , Nakagawa Sachiko
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter presents a brief review of major themes in civil society organisations research and also feminist orientated research into organisations, arguing that while CSO researchers have tended to neglect considerations of gender, and in particular, of the gendering of organisations, feminist researchers have rarely considered CSOs as a potentially distinctive form of organisation. In bringing these two areas of work into a more dialogical relationship the authors draw on Nancy Fraser’s conception of emancipation as a position from which domination, wherever it is experienced, can be identified and critiqued. The chapter concludes by describing how the authors’ use of Fraser has informed the structuring of the book, the themes they have chosen to explore and the additional insights the book explicates.
‘Empowerment’ as women’s emancipation? A global analysis of the empowerment paradigm and the influence of feminism in women’s NGOs1
Authors: Phillips Ruth
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses the ‘empowerment paradigm’ that informs many gender equality policies and programmes. The discussion draws on the findings of a global study inquiring into women’s NGOs; their understanding of empowerment and gender equality and how these inform their work. The chapter explores how concepts of gender equality and empowerment can be seen as emancipatory and how they are understood and applied at a global social policy level. Furthermore, given the intrinsic relationship between women’s emancipation and feminism, the chapter also explores the contemporary role of feminism within women’s NGOs. The data supports a critical analysis of the way that the concept of empowerment has become simultaneously subverted and yet highly influential within gender equality policy and practice.
New gender-political impulses from Eastern Europe: the case of Pussy Riot
Authors: Hinterhuber Eva Maria , Fuchs Gesine
Published: May 2017

In this chapter the authors strive to answer existing research desiderata by exploring the role of Pussy Riot as a civil society actor in the emancipation of women in a national as well as international setting. In order to address this issue, the authors explore the political, societal and religious as well as the gender-political and economic context in which Pussy Riot is located and respectively acting, the reasons behind the formation of Pussy Riot and its recent history and the specific ways in which the group pronounces its political and religious, feminist and economy critical protest.
Breaking down dichotomies in the narratives of women’s activism in Morocco
Authors: Lounasmaa Aura
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the historical and ideological split that is causing the division in women’s civil society in Morocco and the possibilities of moving beyond this division. The rights-based and faith-based organisations share many goals, such as women’s economic independence and political parity. Even the language to discuss these goals is often shared, mixing elements of human rights, Moroccan traditions and Islam. Many rights-based groups believe that despite these activities faith-based groups cannot be trusted. Hence women’s civil society in Morocco remains divided even on issues where all agree. Both faith-based and rights-based participants of this study have noted that the political parties they come from and are aligned with do not represent the women’s point of view. Joining forces on strategic issues would thus seem like a good step in mobilising greater forces for women’s political emancipation in Morocco.
Housing and politics
Authors: Lund Brian
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the ‘housing studies’ literature has had a propensity to concentrate on policy outcomes and the roles of industrialisation, capitalism and globalisation in determining continuity and change in housing policy. Such emphasis has meant that the influence of political processes, that is, the struggles to secure control, make decisions and implement them, supported by the state’s authority, have tended to be neglected. Theoretical frameworks such as the new institutionalism, social constructionism and public choice theory, useful in capturing political processes, are considered. The roles of the various ‘actors’ in the political process are outlined: promotional and economic interest groups; think tanks; political parties; the European Union; devolved governments; the Westminster Parliament; the Core Executive; government departments and the electorate.
Land politics
Authors: Lund Brian
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores political conflicts over the land issue. It examines the role of land value in house prices over time, the thinking underlying Henry George’s land tax proposal, the fate of the various attempts to tax betterment value and Lloyd George’s challenge to the landed aristocracy. The politics of planning controls are reviewed with particular reference to the influence of interest groups such as the Campaign for the Protection of Rural England. The fortunes of Green Belts, New Towns, Eco-towns, Regional Development Agencies and the local use and national responses to development control are investigated. The connections between planning control and the containment of urban Britain are examined as are the electoral politics of land release in the 2010 and 2015 General Elections.
Conclusion: power, planning and protest
Authors: Lund Brian
Published: May 2017

In this chapter, the book’s content is reviewed in relationship to the themes of power, planning and protest. The potential ballot box consequences of changes in the franchise are explored from a public choice perspective with the governmentality idea used to explore how these consequences were mitigated. The politics of the post war numbers game are examined with changes in the class structure related to the post 1970s switch from supply to choice. Contemporary housing politics in England are examined with reference to generation rent, Starter Homes on brownfield sites, planning control, rent regulation, a residualised council house sector, the direction of housing associations to homeownership and the divergent policies persued in Scotland and Wales. The notion of housing as a wicked problem is explored.
Qualitative comparative analysis for reviewing evidence and making decisions
Authors: Ryan Matt
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at another technique that has grown in popularity – qualitative comparative analysis – in the social sciences to analyse situations with comparative rigour through access to medium-N. In this, the author explores the logic of Boolean and fuzzy set analysis and then explores any applications to policy learning identified. This chapter will offer an assessment of the limitations to the technique but also the enormous potential it holds.
Deliberative policy analysis
Authors: Dryzek John S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter shows how open deliberation can enhance the legitimacy of policy making, and how it can also, as a science, overcome the bounded rationality of individuals. This chapter explores the value of deliberation in evaluation especially in an environment policy context, not as a tool for democracy per se but as toll for better policy. The social science background to these claims will be explored and examples given of the application of deliberation to better policy making. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the approach will be explored.
Conclusion: Connecting social science and policy
Authors: Stoker Gerry , Evans Mark
Published: May 2017

The conclusion makes an argument for how the relationship between policy and social science could be improved.
Restructuring care: comparative policy developments
Authors: Adamson Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents historical overviews of in-home childcare in Australia, the UK and Canada. It discusses the policy trajectories across these countries within the context of early childhood education and care policy and migration policy. Particular attention is given to debates about how childcare policies and funding positioned home-based care arrangements – in both the caregiver and child’s home – across the public, private, informal and formal domains. In all three countries similar debates took place regarding the role of care versus education across the public and private, and formal and informal spheres. Dominant ideas about the care of young children being the responsibility of the family hindered the success of advocacy efforts, particularly by the feminist movement, for regulated, centre-based early childhood education and care. However, by looking at the details of the debates, pressures and actors through the lens of in-home childcare, contrasting attitudes are revealed.
Introduction
Authors: Barlow Charlotte
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces the concept of coercion and the existing field of research on coercion and female offenders, and it sets out the structure of the research within the book. The author will be using a case study approach to examine four women co-offenders, all of which have been co-accused with a man with whom they are in an intimate relationship. The use of case and court file documents allows the author to examine both the legal and media representations of the women and their cases. The chapter concludes by laying out the structure of the remainder of the book.
Applying the ‘Continuum of Coercion’: An Alternative, Feminist Framework
Authors: Barlow Charlotte
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins by critiquing the representation of the women’s reasons for offending as being a ‘rational choice’. Furthermore, the chapter introduces an alternative feminist conceptual framework to gain a more nuanced understanding of coercion as a pathway into crime for co-offending women. This framework is applied to the case studies analysed in this research by drawing on the women’s testimonies and experiences, taken from the case file material. The framework of a ‘continuum of coercion’ highlights the ways in which abusive, controlling and/ or obsessive relationships with a male partner may influence a woman’s ‘decision’ to offend and suggests that in some instances, such behaviours should be understood as being part of the wider continuum of domestic violence.