bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cult Complex of Bel at Porolissum. Historical and Architectural Perspective
Authors: Opreanu Coriolan Horațiu , Taloș Flaminiu
Published: March 2021

The authors are reopening the file of a monument at Porolissum long time ago archaeologically investigated. After the history of research, they are discussing the chronology and the construction phases of the temple, They reject the initial existence of the temple of Liber Pater under the temple of Bel, as no evidence for such a situation exists. At the same time is not accepted the hypothesis of a Christian basilica built over the temple sometimes in the 4th century. There are analyzed two architectural elements (a Corinthian capital with human protome and an ornamented merlon) which offered the occasion to the authors to introspect the deep cultural roots of the monument and of the religious cult performend by the Palmyrene community to whom the temple and the banqueting hall from the vicinity belonged. The analyze of the two stone elements shows that their origins are to be found in the Oriental civilizations, as well as their symbolic meaning. Mentioning also some votive altars at Porolissum ornamented with the crowsteps motif, of Oriental origin, is proposed the activity at Porolissum of a carving workshop whose masters were Orientals who saw the original monuments in Palmyra and worked for the local Palmyrene community. The final part of the paper propose a 3D reconstruction of the cult complex, based on all available historical and archaeological data and using the ancient architectural principles.
Cultic Inventory From the Bronze Age Settlement From Șoimuş – Teleghi (Hunedoara County)
Authors: Rișcuță Nicolae Cătălin , Marc Antoniu Tudor , Bărbat Ioan Alexandru
Published: March 2021

The preventive archaeological research fulfilled on the Deva – Orăştie highway route, led us to discover a large settlement belonging to the Bronze Age, on the terrace of the Mureş River, at Şoimuş – Teleghi (Hunedoara County). Some of the investigated features from this site contain large quantity of pottery and bone artefacts. These artefacts are vessels with celestial symbolic representations, decorated hearths and portable stoves (pyraunoi) with anthropomorphic plastic applications. Among these, there are animal bones such as vertebras and phalanges, some of them processed and with intense using traces. Another category of special objects was the clay wheels models, which were found in several pits, whole or fragmentary. Despite being part of the assemblage of a clay wagon model, these items were found separately, indicating that the wheel itself had a special meaning in the imaginary of the community. We consider that all these artefacts had a special function in rituals activities and also that they were used, probably, in shamanic practices.
Şiirde Anlam Sorunu ve Şiirsel Anlamın Yapısı Üzerine
Authors: REYHANOĞULLARI Gökhan
Published: March 2021

Anlam, sadece edebiyatın değil, birçok disiplinin ana konularından biridir. Mantık, felsefe, sosyoloji, psikoloji gibi birçok disiplinin çalışma alanına giren anlam, kesinlik kazanmış bir çerçevenin sınırlarına girmiş değildir. Bu sebeple temel bir sorunsal olarak ele alınmakta ve farklı yaklaşımlar etrafında irdelenmektedir. Özellikle edebî bağlamda önemli bir sorunsal olarak yerini koruyan “anlam”, şiir dolayımında daha da derin bir mesele olarak ele alınmaktadır. Şiirin anlam sorunsalı, farklı kuram ve eleştiri anlayışları tarafından irdelenmiş, ancak genel geçer bir netliğe kavuşturulamamıştır. Anlam, şiiri oluşturan öğelerden biri olmasına rağmen, diğer bütün unsurları da doğrudan etkilemiş olması sebebiyle, öncelikli konuma alınmıştır. Şiirde anlam sorunu, şiirin öz-biçim, imge, gerçeklik, dil, toplumculuk, bireycilik gibi birçok özelliği bağlamında tartışma konusu olmuştur. Modern Türk şiirinin genel olarak bu unsurlarla ilişkilendirerek ele aldığı anlam sorunu, dönemlere ve şairlere göre farklı sonuçlar ortaya çıkarmıştır. Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında şairlerin, anlam sorununa genel geçer bir çerçeve çizmediğini belirtmek gerekir. Ancak her şair kendi anlam anlayışı doğrusunda hareket etmiş olsa da şiirsel anlamın, sezgisel bir duyuş ile karşılanabileceğini işaret etmiştir. Dolayısıyla Modern Türk şiirinin hiçbir evresinde şiir, bütüncül olarak bir anlamsızlığı savunmamış ve bunun örneklerini vermemiştir. Şiiri oluşturan sözcüklerin, şiir öncesinde bir anlam taşıdığını ve şiirin bu sözcüklerden oluştuğunu varsayarsak bütünlüğe kavuşmuş bir şiirin anlamdan yoksun olması beklenemez. Ancak bütün bunların ötesinde şiirin belirgin bir anlama denk düştüğünü ve sınırları çizilmiş bir mantıkla ortaya konulabileceğini söylemek mümkün değildir. Şiirsel anlam, her şeyden önce sadece söz konusu olan şiirin kendindedir ve kendisine aittir.
Association of Space Flight Participants: History and Development Issues (Part 1).
Authors: Baturin Yu.M. , Ivanova L.V. , Krichevsky S.V.
Published: March 2021

The paper is devoted to the establishment and development of the International Association of Space Explorers with the active involvement of the Soviet and Russian cosmonauts. The Association is a unique and influential space community for cooperation and experience exchange; it unites 430 people who have been in space and represents 38 countries of the world. The paper examines a period of about half a century (1970–2020): a 10-year historical background of the establishment of the Association, about 5 years of its pre-history and about 35 years of its history. It also presents the Association’s activity area, general structure and symbols, systematizes the main events and achievements of this organization as an actor and history object of world and domestic manned astronautics in scientific, technical, political, socio-cultural and sociological aspects, summarizes the main conclusions about development problems.
A study of the polymerization of a monofunctional benzoxazine monomer based on phenol and aniline and its copolymerization with epoxy resins
Authors: Sarychev I. A. , Khmelnitsky V. V. , Khaskov M. A. , Guseva M. A.
Published: March 2021

In the work, the liquid monofunctional benzoxazine monomer based on phenol and aniline (P-a) was synthesized in melt and benzoxazine-epoxy compositions based on it were obtained. The processes of polymerization of a benzoxazine monomer and its copolymerization with epoxy resins of various structures and functionality in catalyzed and non-catalyzed systems have been investigated, and the rheological properties of the compositions have been evaluated. For the obtained polybenzoxazines and benzoxazine-epoxy copolymers, the thermal characteristics were determined, in particular, the glass transition temperature, the temperature of the onset of intense destruction and the coke residue. It has been established that the structure and functionality of epoxy resins have a different effect on the thermal characteristics of the copolymers.
Procedure for evaluation of tightness of polymer tanks for transportation of fuel by air
Authors: Kolotilin D. V. , Dedov A. V. , Kunnap R. I.
Published: March 2021

The analysis of methods for assessing the diffusion permeability of polymer materials is carried out. The limitations of the methods for determining the tightness time and the rate of fuel bleeding from elastic tanks based on thermoplastic polyurethanes are shown. To solve the set tasks, an approach is proposed related to establishing dependencies of the kinetics of diesel fuel bleeding in the coordinate system of the conditional time, which was calculated as the square root of the process time. The tightness time and rate of fuel bleeding depends on the degree of filling of the tank during testing.
On the possibility of upgrading the composition of cable PVC compound
Authors: Borukaev T. A. , Malamatov A. Kh. , Salamov A. Kh.
Published: March 2021

Upgrade of the composition of cable PVC-compound grade I40-13A with aluminum hydroxide has been carried out. Fire resistance, thermophysical and physical-mechanical properties of the obtained compounds have been investigated. It is shown that the modernization of the composition of cable PVC compound with aluminum hydroxide enables production of a fi re-resistant compound. It was found that aluminum hydroxide significantly changes the thermophysical properties of cable plastic compound. In particular, heat generation and smoke generation during plastic compound combustion are significantly reduced. It has been established that the physical-mechanical and rheological characteristics of the cable compound modernized with aluminum hydroxide remain at the level of the original compound. The optimal amount of aluminum hydroxide for the modernization of cable plastic compound of the I40-13A grade is 10–15 wt.%.
Trace Elements in the Nizhne-Bureysk Reservoir Tributaries Water
Authors:   Shesterkina N.M., Shersterkin V.P.
Published: March 2021

Implementation of big scale projects on construction and operation of waterworks facilities is a serious factor of intervention into aquatic ecosystems functioning. The Bureya River and its tributaries water chemical composition was characterized with the results of the river water monitoring within the zone of the Nizhne-Bureysk hydro power station construction over the period of 2011-2014, and considerable variations of the small rivers’ water physical/chemical characteristics were demonstrated. Seasonal and many-year dynamics of the trace elements dissolved forms content was revealed. Higher concentrations of iron, manganese, copper, and mercury, as well as their considerable concentrations connected with the territory natural features were established. Small rivers’ waters that drain mostly effusive rocks are characterized by higher concentrations of iron and manganese while sediments are characterized by high concentration of aluminum. The seasonal and many-year character of the microelements dissolved forms is diverse and is mostly determined by the hydrological factor. In the high water 2013 a considerable increase in copper and barium runoff was registered in all tributaries while increase of aluminum concentration was found only in the Bureya, insignificant increase of the iron content was seen in all tributaries, and cadmium concentration increased only in some watercourses. As for all other trace elements, no marked content increase was observed.
Common Features of the Euthrophic Bog Waters Hydro/chemical Regime Formation
Authors:   Kalyuzhniy I.L.
Published: March 2021

Economic development of the euphrophic bogs demands a lot of knowledge on the main features of their waters hydro/chemical regime and chemical composition. The objective of the study is detection of the main regularities of the euphrophic bogs regime and water chemical composition formation. On the basis of many-year complex investigations of Tarman, Listvyansk, and Baksinsk euphrophic bogs according to the methods accepted in the Rosgidromet system it has been found that the bog waters main ions regime depends on the bogs hydro/meteorological regime and is caused by the groundwater and atmospheric precipitations chemical composition. The main hydro/meteorological factors that influence the principal components of the bog waters chemical composition are the water level regime, evaporation and bog frost penetration. It has been shown that euthrophic bogs in the different geo/morphological and hydro/geological bedding conditions have their own specific features both in individual hydrological regime phases and in waters chemical composition. These specific features predetermine some differences in the waters chemical composition of the similar micro/landscapes of the bog tracks under study. The study outcomes enable to assess the possibilities of the bog waters resources for practical purposes, as well as their components impact upon building structures and line structures located within the bog zone.
Interaction between Cadmium and Manganese in Aquatic Macrophytes (Illustrated by Elodea Canadensis)
Authors:   Maleva M.G., Chukina N.V., Borisova G.G.
Published: March 2021

The mutual effect of two heavy metals – toxic (Cd2+) and essential (Mn2+) on the aquatic plant was studied in model systems. Experiments were performed on submerged aquatic macrophyte – Elodea canadensis Michx. Elodea shoots (10–15 cm in length) were incubated for 5 days in a nutrient solution with CdSO4 and MnSO4 at the concentration of 100 μmoles (added separate and combined). The following characteristics were analyzed in Elodea leaves: the accumulation of Cd2+ and Mn2+; the content of photosynthetic pigments and its ratio; the level of chlorophyll fluorescence (quantum efficiency, Fv/Fm). Incubation of Elodea plants with Cd2+ increased its content by more than 1000 times compared to the control. Incubation with Mn2+ increased its content by 10 times. The combined effect of cadmium and manganese reduced Cd2+ accumulation in the Elodea leaves almost in 2 times in comparison with its separate action, while the Mn2+ accumulation was decreased only by 40 %. Under the cadmium action the content of all photosynthetic pigments was decreased, while by the manganese action – only chlorophylls were reduced. It was shown that Mn2+ mitigated Cd2+ toxicity. The content of chlorophyll a, carotenoids and quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) was decreased to the lesser degree than under the separate cadmium action. Probably this is caused by the inhibition of its uptake in the presence of manganese.
Assessment of Hydrological and Water Management Characteristics under Conditions of Uncertainty of the Formation Factors
Authors:   Bolgov M. V.
Published: March 2021

The main problems of an engineering hydrology connected with the analysis of non-stationary sequences of hydrological characteristics, statistical inauthenticity of estimates, uncertainty of long-term forecasts, taking into account the need of the accounting of anthropogenic factors of the runoff alterations are discussed. The novel complicated hydrological tasks reasons have been analyzed, problems of the extreme events hydrological analysis have been classified, issues of decision making in the various uncertain conditions have been explored. The problem of the input long-term forecast reliability in the process of water management computations has been studied with the Lake Baikal level fluctuations range as a study case. Relevant issues of the hydrological characteristics assessment in the conditions of future climatic changes uncertainty have been considered. The Bayesian method of probabilistic assessment of extreme water consumption and levels on water bodies in conjunction with possibilities of the long-term forecasting based on the atmosphere circulation models are recommended.
Assessment of Renewable Water Resources of the European Part of Russia and Spatial/temporal Analysis of their Distribution
Authors:   Dzhamalov R.G., Frolova N.L., Bugrov A.A., Grigoryev V.Y., Kireyeva M.B., Rets Y.P., Safronova T.I., Telegina A.A., Telegina Y.A.
Published: March 2021

Assessment and analysis of the annual, low-water and minimal monthly runoff of the European part of Russia over the past 35 years (till 2011) in comparison with the earlier periods of observation (1945–1977) have been performed. The runoff genesis for different river basins has been studied and the main causes of the current changes of the runoff characteristics have been found. Regional regularities of hydrological/hydro/geological processes have been stated zoning of the territories with emphasis on the river runoff formation features has been carried out. Re-estimation of the renewable (natural) surface and ground water resources over 1970–2010 has been done. Regional estimation and analysis of water resources distribution in the European part of Russia enable to make conclusions on the surface and ground water components of river runoff spatial/temporal dynamics taking into consideration contemporary features of their formation under the non-stationary climate influence. Positive changes of the annual average and especially winter air temperatures in combination with atmospheric precipitation greatly affected the rivers water content and their runoff regime. Climate changes have already caused considerable alterations of the water regime and the water resources formation conditions in a number of major regions.
Genesis of the Rivers Maximum Water Content and Water Regime Variability in Contemporary Climatic Period.
Authors:   Dmitrieva V.A., Buchik S.V.
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the water regime of the Upper Don`s rivers in the current climatic period, comparing characteristics of 1939-1970, 1971-2000, 2001-2014. The features of the formation of flood peaks were identified. The spring flood caused by melting snow increased to about 10 days. The shortest period of spring flood on the Don River near the town of Liski lasted 41 days in 1961, and the longest – 78 days in 2001.The timing of the beginning of the spring flood has shifted toward earlier dates of its occurrence and the ending -to the side of later dates. With increasing total duration of spring flood on 15-20 days, the late onset of the highs was observed. Due to milder winters and reduction of depths of soil freezing on the pick of the spring flood, water on the slopes of the river filtered to a greater extent in the soil, than goes on the formation of slope runoff. And only during a more intense snowmelt and water flow in the riverbed is formed the maximum flow of floods. Temporal and spatial heterogeneity of the formation of maxima in the river system of Don and of Khoper were marked. In the upper reaches they represent two independent, isolated from each other zone of runoff formation. In the basin of the Khoper highs are formed later than in the Don`s basin. The emergence of the thaw in February is almost natural now. In February of 2016, with abnormal weather conditions, the boundary between the winter and spring seasons due to numerous thaws were conditional. The frequency of occurrence the bimodal spring floods in the basin of the Khoper has frequented. In 2010, the spring flood hydrograph had atypical ridged shape. Reduction of runoff of spring flood and its share in annual volume in this century up to 38-45 % in the rivers of the Central Russian upland on the right bank of the Don leads to a change in the priority of sources of supply. The dominant source of power for the rivers of the basin of the hopper remains the snow supply.
On Assessment of the Results of Implementation of the Water Strategy of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2020.
Authors:   Merzlikina Y.B., Krutikova K.V., Morozova Y.Y., Prokhorova N.B
Published: March 2021

Tools for implementation of the Water Strategy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2020, its objectives and the degree of its realization have been discussed; effectiveness of the various level executive bodies’ activities on the program implementation has been assessed. Main problems appearing in the process of attaining strategic tasks and objectives have been revealed. The system of target indicators and their calculation methodology have been considered. Outcomes of the independent monitoring of the strategy some objectives realization have been given.Three levels of the target programs (Federal, basin and regional) have been considered as the main tool of the Water Strategy implementation. The Federal target program “Development of the water/economic complex of the Russian Federation in 2012-2020” plays the role. A brief analysis of the Water Strategy and the Federa l Program target indicators has been done; their implementations, problems of their attaining and specific features of their setting have been discussed. Beside analysis of the degree of attaining of the official objectives, an attempt was made to assess some parameters of the water sector condition that indirectly characterized their effectiveness and formed the independent monitoring system. Regional aspects of the expected results have been analyzed in order to understand more clearly the focus points of the Water Strategy implementation; the results of the analysis have been illustrated with thematic maps. The article deals as well with the prerequisites of reviewing the Water Strategy main provisions for the coming period of 2030–2035.
Development of Integral Criteria of Separation of Reservoirs Bottom Sediments Potentially Hazardous Zones.
Authors:   Venit sianov Y.V., Kirpichnikova N.V., Shchegolkova N.M.
Published: March 2021

In 2011–2013 complex experiments were conducted on the Uchinsk reservoir water area during different hydrological seasons. As a result of these researches a hydrodynamic model of Uchinsk reservoir has been developed on the basis of SMS v.10.1 (Surface-water Modeling System) licensed software package by AQUAVEO LLC in 2d approximation.The main factors influencing secondary pollution caused by bottom sediments, spreading of pollutants supplied from bottom sediments, as well as possibility to control the reservoir water quality have been highlighted. Quantitative hydro/physical, hydro/dynamic, and hydro/chemical criteria for forecasting of the probability of secondary pollution caused by the reservoir bottom sediments have been developed. A concept of reservoir zoning by the hazard level of water mass secondary pollution with heavy metals during the period of conditions favorable for heavy metals output from bottom sediments. On the basis of these criteria mapping of the Uchisk reservoir water area with the use of a mathematical model has been carried out. Measures on the reduction of the reservoir secondary pollution probability have been proposed.
Climatic Changes Impact upon the Spring High-water Runoff and its Formation Factors in the Volga Basin.
Authors:   Lavrov S.A., Kalyuzhniy I.L.
Published: March 2021

An assessment of the spring runoff characteristics and its formation factors in the Volga basin over the period of 1978–2010 vs. the period of 1948–1977 has been carried out. It has been found that the spring runoff variations are different in direction: 70% of the observed catchments demonstrate decrease of the spring high-water runoff layer, while 30% demonstrate the increase. Runoff alterations are statistically significant only at 35 % of individual catchments. On the average in the Volga River the runoff value at individual catchments with the runoff volume negative trend, this value decreased by approximately 10% over the past thirty years. It has been shown that the snowmelt runoff depends on the wide range of hydro/meteorological, physical and physical/geographic factors that are often correlated. Results of laboratory/field investigations and mathematical simulation were used for analysis of physical regularities of the snowmelt runoff formation processes that caused its variability. It has been shown that maximal snow resource and precipitation of the flood period are the main climatic factors that determine the spring flood runoff. The substrate surface factors act as intermediate regulators; they intensify or reduce the climatic factors’ role and ultimately determine the spring flood runoff variations trend. The proposal is to use the total volume of spring/winter precipitation as well as the winter air temperature as the main predictors for the spring flood long-term forecast.
Dynamics of Water Quality of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir over the 1979-2014 Period.
Authors:   Lobchenko E.E., Minina L.I., Nichiporova I.P., Pervysheva A.O.
Published: March 2021

Analysis of many-year hydro/chemical information of the Rosgidroment state observation network that enables to assess the changes in the pollutants typical for the Tsimlyansk reservoir over the 1979–2014 period has been carried on the basis of a single methodological/methodical framework. The easily oxidizable organic substances dynamics (by BOD5) and organic substances (by COD), as well as changing of many-year season concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen and phosphates has been studied as they are the most active substances contributing to aquatic organisms vital functions in view of the cyanobacteriae-caused “blooming” typical for the Tsimlyansk reservoir. These biogenic elements’ concentration in water mostly depends on activity of the biological processes occurring within water bodies. It has been demonstrated that seasonal variations are characteristic for the organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorous mineral forms content in the Tsimlyansk reservoir water, and increase in their content can promote its euthrophication.Comparison of the observed data with the maximal permissible concentration values were used for the water quality assessment. An integrated assessment of the Tsimlyansk reservoir water quality dynamics has been accomplished at the most human affected ranges. Some trends of the Tsimlyansk reservoir monitoring system improvement in the conditions of the complicated hydrological situation caused by the 2010-2014 low-water period in the Don basin have been outlined: in particular, joint functioning of hydro/chemical and hydro/biological observation stations with hydrological stations. Bearing in mind that the in-reservoir processes of chemical substances transformation and redistribution are critical for the reservoir aquatic ecosystem functioning and sustainability it is very important to study exchange processes within the water-bottom sediments system.
The use of Geo/chemical Barriers for Mining Enterprises’ Pit and underspoil Waters Treatment.
Authors:   Sharapov N.M., Panych A.A., Sokolov A.V.
Published: March 2021

Critical analysis of the currently-existing methods of pit and underspoil waters treatment in respect of excessively heavy metals? As well as filtration properties of the geo/chemical barriers beds. The most effective option for treatment has been selected. As a result of the laboratory studies a modified dependency for the filtration coefficient calculating for the geo/ chemical barrier bedding has been proposed. It has been found that the artificial geo/chemical barriers made according the special techniques and having the filtration bed of natural materials are the most prospective option. In the process of mining and processing they can be divided into different size fractions, the ability that significantly affects the bed filtration properties that is defined by the filtration coefficient value. The modified filtration coefficient calculation dependency for geo/chemical barriers bed has been proposed in accordance with the laboratory studies’ output.
Many-year Dynamics of the Self-purification Processes as an Integral Indicator for the Choice of Managing Impacts (the Moskva River as a study case)
Authors:   Shchegolkova N.M., Venitsianov Y.V., Rybka K.Y., Zvezdenkova G.A., Skripchinskiy A.K.
Published: March 2021

The main regulating impacts on the Moskva River environmental status over the past 15 years were identified: bottom washing (1998), and commissioning of the snow-melting stations system (2005–2006). Ecological status of the river was assessed by many-year observation rows in the range downstream the main flow of diffuse pollution from the urban territory and by the self-purification rate on the river part 34 km downstream the city. It was shown that functioning of the snow-melting stations system considerable improved ecological status of the river at the urban range. However, self-purification at the downstream range became slower recently while the bottom sediments-caused water pollution in terms of some components was observed. Reasons of the self-purification rates decrease were analyzed. Insufficient self-purification capacity of the urban over-regulated river was acknowledged as the reason the ecological status degradation. Technological solutions were proposed to increase the river self-purification ability: washing the river bottom with big amounts of water from reservoirs with a five-year interval; establishment of nitri-de-nitrification zones within the area of active nitri-de-nitrification; building of phitotreatment facilities in the mouths of the most polluted discharges; artificial growing of hydrocoles that can increase the river self-purification ability.
Abstrakcja, obiekty i cywilizacja globalna
Authors: Janusz Robert
Published: March 2021

The article is about an interaction between philosophy and informatics. The discussion is based on a complex example - a country, which has an evolving domain. In contemporary computer science very complex systems are modeled. However it would be impossible to model such systems with every detail, because it would be too difficult, it would be as complex as the reality itself. Frequently complex domains don't have an exact description of their behavior: some have an inadequate description, some have a contradictory one. To model such complex domains a computer science specialist acts like a philosopher: makes classifications, explanations, etc. On the other hand there have to be some philosophical presuppositions - a conviction that a logical analysis and design will work in the domain being modeled: a postulate is introduced that logos is able to capture-in the reality. The descriptions
are continuously purified from irrational influences.
Józef Alojzy Dmowski SJ (1799-1879) Precursor of the Renewal of Thomism
Authors: Darowski Roman
Published: March 2021

Józef Alojzy [Josephus Aloisius] Dmowski was one of the precursors of the nineteenth century renewal of Thomism and this was a few dozen years before the promulgation of Pope Leo XIII's encyclical, Aeterni Patris (1879). He was one of the most famous Christian philosophers of the nineteenth century. His work was also the first extensive philosophy textbook of that time which included a l l the disciplines of the time, published by the Jesuits after the re-establishment of the Order in 1814. (The suppression took place in 1773). Until now Dmowski's philosophy has not been the subject of an extensive study. I aim to remedy this in the present article.
Dan Lloyd. Radiant Cool. A Novel Theory of Consiousness [Promienienny chłód. Nowa teoria świadomości]
Authors: Bremer Józef
Published: March 2021

Dan Lloyd jest profesorem filozofii w Trinity College (Hartford w Connecticut). Tytuł i motto omawianej książki nawiązuje do wiersza Allena Ginsberga „Skowyt" [„Widziałem najwspanialsze umysły mego pokolenia, zniszczone obłędem, ... którzy ukończyli uniwersytety chłodnym promiennym okiem..." (with radiant cool eyes)]. Książka Radiant Cool jest napisana prostym językiem, chociaż pojawia się w niej wiele neurofenomenologicznego „żargonu", co może zniechęcać do dalszej lektury. Książka dostarcza dobrego wprowadzenia do fenomenologii Husserla i do debat obecnych we współczesnej, angloamerykańskiej filozofii świadomości, odwołujących się do wyników badan neurologicznych. Można ją polecić studentom filozofii, psychologii oraz neurologii. Wprowadzający charakter książki podkreślają liczne schematy, wytłuszczenia, wcięcia tekstu, tabelki itp., mające unaocznić główne toki rozumowania. Cechy ujemny takich schematów i rysunków jest to, ze równocześnie zawyżają one pole rozumienia i sprawiają wrażenie, że tak naprawdę, to problem świadomości już został rozwiązany. Dlatego podczas czytania Radiant Cool należy ciągle pamiętać, że tezy Lloyda są z założenia „optymistyczne" i mają informacyjno-komercyjny (infomercial) charakter.
Wojciech Słomski. W stronę człowieka, Wokół koncepcji filozofii Antoniego Kępińskiego [In the direction of man. About Antoni Kępiński's conception of philosophy]
Authors: Czarnecki Paweł Stanisław
Published: March 2021

Assuming, according to Jaspers, that the measure of truth of a philosophical system is the lifestyle of its creator as well as his ability at drawing conclusions resulting from philosophical speculation to the requirements of practical action, the question must be asked, to what extent, if at all Wojciech Słomski's book tries to recognise and name the philosophically characteristic merging of theory and practise. Despite this, it shouldn't be the superior aim of any biography, let alone the biography of a philosopher (where this kind of behaviour would force the author to take up the position of a judge for whom the reproducing of a true biography is a process coming close to producing a final verdict). However in the case of Professor Antoni Kępiński, the connection between theoretical views and real life holds meaning not only for judging the truth of these views but most of all for a correct understanding of them.
Opinie wczesnochrześcijańskich i scholastycznych myślicieli na temat decyzji pacjenta o rezygnacji z interwencji medycznych
Authors: Aszyk Piotr
Published: March 2021

We współczesnych dyskusjach dotyczących szczegółowych zagadnień z zakresu etyki medycznej sporo uwagi poświęca się kwestii odstąpienia od interwencji medycznej lub zasadności stosowania pewnych rodzajów terapii nie rokujących poprawy stanu zdrowia chorej osoby. W publikacjach autorów chrześcijańskich tematyka ta nie zajmowała nigdy centralnego miejsca, aczkolwiek różnego typu kwestie dotyczące kontynuacji bądź przerwania leczenia znaleźć można już na kartach wczesnochrześcijańskich filozoficznych i teologicznych traktatów i rozpraw. Dopiero współcześnie w związku z szybkim rozwojem nauk medycznych poświęca się temu zagadnieniu więcej uwagi. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia poglądy wybranych wczesnochrześcijańskich i scholastycznych myślicieli na kwestię odstąpienia od interwencji medycznych. Zachowane do naszych czasów teksty i opinie różnych autorów pozwoli nam, w pewnym stopniu, zrozumieć historyczny kontekst oraz kulturowe uwarunkowania proponowanych wówczas rozstrzygnięć etycznych.
II concetto di legge nella Summa theologiae di San Tommaso d'Aquino
Authors: Majkrzak Henryk
Published: March 2021

San Tommaso d'Aquino ha trattato della legge in generale e della legge naturale in particolare in numerosi scritti, ma soprattutto nella Summa theologiae. Egli ha posto in evidenza il carattere razionale della legge: se la legge esprime un ordine dell'essere, essa non puo non essere l'espressione di un'intelligenza: „rationis est enim ordinare ad finem''. Secondo lui la legge e un comando della ragione ordinato al bene comune, promulgato da chi e incaricato di una comunita: „Quaedam rationis ordinatio ad bonum commune, ab eo qui curam communitatis habet promulgata''. Questa definizione della legge si realizza, analogicamente, nei diversi tipi di legge. Nella sua definizione l'Aquinate da grande rilievo a due caratteri fondamentali della legge: la razionalita e l'universalitä. La legge e opera della ragione (rationis ordinatio). Infatti la legge e una norma direttiva dell'agire umano in ordine al fine dell'uomo. Bisogna conoscere il fine e il rapporto dei mezzi al fine, in modo da scegliere i piu adatti e stabilire il miglior piano di esecuzione: e questo e compito proprio della ragione. La legge deve avere di mira il bene comune e per questo deve possedere carattere universale. II bene comune e il bene di una comunita di persone ed e quindi relative alla natura della comunita, a cui si riferisce.
History of Philosophy in Lithuania (I)
Authors: Plečkaitis Romanas
Published: March 2021

The academic History of Philosophy in Lithuania in three volumes will be published by the Institute of Culture, Philosophy and Art. The first presented volume covers the development of Lithuanian philosophy from the 16th to the 18th centuries. It includes late medieval and Renaissance philosophy, the second scholasticism and modern philosophy. The first Lithuanians to be introduced to philosophy were young members of the gentry who studied in European universities at the end of the 14th century. The recently baptized Lithuania strove to adopt Western culture and to present itself as a Western state. Some graduated from the universities as bachelors or masters of philosophy and returned to their country. At the end of the 14th century, Vilnius Cathedral School was founded. The elements of logic were probably taught there. The growth of the political and economic power of the Grand Duchy
of Lithuania brought about the need for higher education. That need was significantly increased by the growing activity of various religious orders. In 1507 the Dominicans started teaching philosophy and theology
to their novices. They were able to teach late medieval philosophy in its thomistic interpretation. We can regard 1507 as the year Lithuania benefited form a new phenomenon, professional philosophy, and the Dominicans
as its initiators. They taught not only the disciplines of late medieval philosophy but also the basics of the other sciences. The Dominicans, and later the Jesuits, Franciscans, Bernardines, Carmelites, Trinitarians and other monastic orders, enriched intellectual life in Lithuania by teaching philosophy in their schools.
Powszechna Encyklopedia Filozofii
Authors: Ziemiański Stanisław
Published: March 2021

The fifth volume of the Universal Encyclopaedia of Philosophy [Powszechna Encyklopedia Filozofii] has been edited in September 2004 by the St. Thomas Aquinas Society in Poland (Section of  Societa Internazionale Tommaso d'Aquino) under the auspices of the Department of Metaphysics at the Catholic University in Lublin. The grand volume of 934 pages contains entries beginning with the letters Iq-J-Ko. The Universal Encyclopaedia of Philosophy [UEP] has been out since 2000 in Lublin. It is the first philosophical encyclopaedia in the whole history of Polish academic activity, and the fifth such publication world-wide.
Andreas Tapken. Der notwendige Andere. Eine interdisziplinäre Studie im Dialog mit Heinz Kohut und Edith Stein
Authors: Machnacz Jerzy
Published: March 2021

Dobrze dobrany tytuł książki spełnia dwa wymagania: zwraca uwagę na jej tematykę i czyni to w taki sposób, że zachęca czytelnika do sięgnięcia po nią. Jakby temu przecząc, Tapken rozpoczyna swoją pracę następująco: „'Der notwendige Andere' - zgadzam się, tytuł jest bardzo ogólny, niezbyt sprecyzowany, a nawet niejasny. O jakim drugim jest w ogóle mowa? W jaki sposób jest drugi konieczny?' (s. 15). Dla mnie osobiście ten tytuł jest ważny i interesujący. Dlaczego? Wiąże się to bowiem z bogactwem znaczeniowym języka niemieckiego i polskiego. W niemieckim: „Not" - znaczy tyle co: konieczność, potrzeba, ale również: bieda, nędza, kłopot; „Wende" - znaczy zaś: zmiana, zwrot, przełom. Przymiotnik: „notwendig", mówi o konieczności drugiego, o jego potrzebie. Już starożytni wiedzieli, że człowiek potrzebuje drugiego (człowieka), aby stać się człowiekiem. Być człowiekiem znaczy: być dla drugiego i z drugim. W tym też sensie drugi (człowiek) jest konieczny dla człowieka, ponieważ umożliwia mu bycie, wybawia z nędzy samotności, wyprowadza z biedy samozagłady. Samotność jest w podwójny sposób zabójcza dla człowieka, ona godzi w jego istoty i jego istnienie. Tyle o konieczności, o nieodzowności, potrzebie drugiego w naszym ludzkim życiu.
Dominique Lambert, René Resöhazy. Comment les pattes viennent au serpent. Essai sur l'etonnante plasticite du vivant
Authors: Lenartowicz Piotr
Published: March 2021

The general ideas of this book are of double origin. One source is akin to the relatively recent current of biological thought named Evo-Devo. Second source belongs to a more ancient French philosophical tradition represented, among others, by Bergson and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Few words about the Evo-Devo research program. Its creation was prompted by the analysis of the developmental processes in the embryos of different species. About fifteen years ago some discoveries related to the dynamics of the embryological development demonstrated a striking structural identity/stability of homeoboxes in different living forms. Homeoboxes are just small genes (only
180 base pair long) determining a strictly specific aminoacid sequence of short polypeptides (only about 60 aminoacids long) which „act" like hormones, „regulating" the dynamism of the gradually developing body. The parentheses were used deliberately, to stress the arbitrary character of the „signalling".
Hans-Dietrich Mutschler. Naturphilosophie
Authors: Ziemiański Stanisław
Published: March 2021

Jak czytamy na czwartej stronie okładki recenzowanej książki, „niezależna filozofia przyrody uznaje wyniki pozytywnej nauki oraz teorii nauki jako refleksji nad nią, zadaje jednak pytanie, czym jest owa przyroda, która jest przedmiotem techniczno-praktycznych i etyczno-praktycznych sytuacji". Książka składa się ze Wstępu i 6 nierównej objętości rozdziałów. Mimo, że nosi tytuł Naturphilosophie, sugerujący, że jest ona systematycznym  wykładem filozofii przyrody, faktycznie stanowi wprowadzenie do tego rodzaju filozofii. Autor przedstawia w niej panorama współczesnych poglądów na filozofię, szczególnie na metafizyki, i przeprowadza gruntowną ich krytykę. Ogólną tezą autora jest stwierdzenie, że nauki przyrodnicze programowo odcinają się od filozofii, odrzucając szczególnie pojęcie celowości. W praktyce jednak posługują się terminologią teleologiczną, w czym ujawnia się bądź ich niekonsekwencja, bądź ograniczenie. Autor jest zdania, że w poglądach wielu filozofujących fizyków kryje się niczym nie podbudowany platonizm, i jest skłonny przyznać w wielu przypadkach rację Arystotelesowi, którego w sposób nieuzasadniony współcześnie wielu kwestionuje.
Christopher Hitchcock, ed. Contemporary Debates in the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Poznański Jacek
Published: March 2021

Książka ukazała się jako drugi tom (pierwszy dotyczy filozofii religii) w nowo utworzonej serii Contemporary Debates in Philosophy, której patronuje wydawnictwo Blackwell Publishing Ltd, dobrze znane na rynku wydawnictw naukowych o charakterze przeglądowym (antologie) czy quasi-encyklopedycznym (companions). Ideą przewodnią serii jest udostepnienie studentom oraz wykładowcom forum filozoficznego, które dałoby im możliwość w pewien sposób włączyć się w dyskusje żywo podejmowane we współczesnej zachodniej filozofii. Jednakże autorzy są świadomi pewnej specyficznej trudności, jaką niesie dzisiaj filozofia, szczególnie, gdy chce się ją zaprezentować studentom. Chodzi tutaj o mniej lub bardziej uzasadnione wrażenie, że każdy filozof rozumie terminy i problemy filozoficzne na swój sposób. To pociąga za sobą sytuacje, w których debaty wydają się tylko pozorne, 'gdyż jedni filozofowie atakują pozycje, których nikt nie broni, a drudzy bronią pozycji, których nikt nie atakuje'. Aby zapobiec takim paralelnym monologom i bezpośrednio zderzyć kontrastujące pozycje w ich całej mocy, autorzy przyjęli szczególną metodę.
Józef Bremer, and Robert Janusz, ed. Philosophia Rationis Magistra Vitae
Authors: Głowacki Krzysztof , Ignacik Mateusz
Published: March 2021

The Jesuit Faculty of Philosophy in Cracow has existed since 1934, when it was erected by the Congregation for Seminaries and Universities. For the first 55 years it educated only the Jesuits, but since 1989 it has been opened to the laity as well. A memorial book Philosophia Rationis Magistra Vitae was published to celebrate the 70th anniversary of the Faculty of Philosophy with special dedication to its Professors: Fr. Roman Darowski SJ, Fr. Piotr Lenartowicz SJ, and Fr. Stanislaw Ziemiański SJ. All of them have worked at the former Faculty of Philosophy which is now the Faculty of Philosophy of Ignatianum. In these past few years, Fr. Ziemiański and Fr. Lenartowicz have celebrated their 70th birthday, during this year Fr. Darowski will celebrate such jubilee. The book consists of two volumes. The first contains congratulatory letters from Provincials of the Polish Jesuits to the Jubilarians. It also contains a short history of the Jesuit Faculty of Philosophy in Cracow, and provides presentations of the professors celebrating their anniversaries.
Wchodzenie w Byt
Authors: Ziemiański Stanisław
Published: March 2021

Często używa się wyrażenia „wchodzenie w byt'' zamiast np. „zmiana substancjalna" czy w ogóle powstawanie. Aby sprawdzić, czy to wyrażenie jest poprawne, trzeba zbadać, jak rozumie się w nim terminy składowe: „byt" i „wchodzenie" (i odpowiednio „wychodzenie" z bytu). Dlatego artykuł składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej będziemy się starali określić, co rozumiemy przez „byt", w drugiej, co mamy na myśli, mówiąc o „wchodzeniu w byt". Kiedy w czasie pewnej dyskusji padło hasło tzw. ontologii dynamicznej, a jako koronny jej przykład podano „rzekę, do której nie można dwa razy wstąpić", uznałem za konieczne zaprzeczyć nie tylko trafności przykładu, ale także zakwestionować bytowość rzeki. Uzasadniłem moje stanowisko tym, ze ruch nie jest zmianą, a więc nie nadaje się do ilustracji ontologii dynamicznej, rzeka zaś to zbiór bytów indywidualnych, mianowicie cząstek H2O i wielu innych, np. CO2, ograniczony warunkami zewnętrznymi (grawitacja i brzegi).
Evolution of the Cathohic Social Teaching in the Years 1891-2002
Authors: Pyszka Stanisław
Published: March 2021

The proclamation of the encyclical Rerum Novarum by Leo XIII on 15 May 1891 gave rise to what is today called the social teaching of the Church, or more precisely of the Catholic Church, since Orthodox churches did not take up the subject and Protestant churches became occupied with social issues only in the last decades of the twentieth century. Experts agree that the proclamation of this encyclical is linked with the beginning of the social teaching of the Church. There was no previous official social teaching, if we take social teaching to be a series of formal statements made by the Magisterium of the Church. At the end of the nineteenth century the Church witnessed radical political, economic and social changes, finding itself under various influences of the prevailing ideologies (CA 4). The so-called „second industrial revolution" in economic life took place in 1870-1914. Rerum Novarum is commonly considered the beginning of the social teaching of the Church in its modern approach/ Until then the faithful were only warned of errors (Gregory XVI, Mirari Vos, 15 August 1832; Pius IX, Syllabus, 1864).
Controlled colossal polarization originating in the Li-ion conductor–dielectric interface
Authors: Teranishi Takashi , Nishikori Yuki , Yoneda Mika , Kishimoto Akira
Published: March 2021

A novel colossal polarization architecture generated at the fast Li-ion conductor–dielectric interface is proposed. A fast Li-ion conductor, La0.57Li0.29TiO3 (LLT), is utilized as the conductive core material, while the ferroelectric barium titanate (BaTiO3; BT) was coated onto the LLT as the shell layer via a liquid phase reaction. After densification of the composites, the shell BT fully transforms into the interdiffusion layer, i.e. (Ba, Li, La)TiO3 (BLLT). The BLLT effectively hinders Li diffusion, leading to a colossal polarization at the core–shell interface. Consequently, the optimized BT–LLT achieves dielectric characteristics at 1 kHz with permittivity of 3.28 × 104.
Theoretical study on the effect of H2 and NH3 on trimethylgallium decomposition process in GaN MOVPE
Authors: Sakakibara Soma , Chokawa Kenta , Araidai Masaaki , Kusaba Akira , Kangawa Yoshihiro , Shiraishi Kenji
Published: March 2021

We investigate the decomposition process of trimethylgallium (TMGa) during GaN metal organic vapor phase epitaxy in detail by using ab inito calculations. We analyze the decomposition rate of TMGa by estimating Gibbs energy of activation including H2 as well as NH3 effects. Our obtained main reaction pathway of TMGa decomposition is as follows: Ga(CH3)3 + 3H2 + NH3 → Ga(CH3)2NH2 + 3H2 + CH4 → Ga(CH3)2H + 2H2 + NH3 +CH4 → GaCH3HNH2 + 2H2 + 2CH4 → GaCH3H2 + H2 + NH3 + 2CH4 → GaH2NH2 + H2 + 3CH4 → GaH3 + NH3 + 3CH4. Our proposed TMGa decomposition pathway can represent the actual epitaxial growth phenomenon by considering neither polymerization reactions nor radical reactions, which are now widely adopted in fluid simulations of crystal growth. Moreover, our proposed pathway is in good agreement with the experiments.