bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IL-7Rα on CD4+ T cells is required for their survival and the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Azizi Gholamreza , Van den Broek Bram , Ishikawa Larissa Lumi Watanabe , Naziri Hamed , Yazdani Reza , Zhang Guang-Xian , Ciric Bogoljub , Rostami Abdolmohamad
Published: October 2024

Background

The IL-7 receptor alpha (IL-7Rα) binds both IL-7 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). IL-7Rα is essential for the development and survival of naive CD4+ T cells and their differentiation to effector/memory CD4+ T cells. Mice lacking IL-7Rα have severe lymphopenia and are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis. However, it has been reported that IL-7Rα on peripheral CD4+ T cells is disposable for their maintenance and EAE pathogenesis, which does not align with the body of knowledge on the role of IL-7Rα in the biology of CD4+ T cells. Given that a definitive study on this important topic is lacking, we revisited it using a novel approach, an inducible knockout of the IL-7Rα gene in CD4+ T cells.

Methods

We generated Il7rafl/fl/CD4CreERT2 double transgenic mouse line (henceforth CD4ΔIl7ra), susceptible to tamoxifen-induced knockout of the IL-7Rα gene in CD4+ T cells. CD4ΔIl7ra mice were immunized with MOG35 − 55 for EAE induction and monitored for disease development. The expression of IL-7Rα, CD4+ T cell numbers, and MOG35 − 55-specific CD4+ T cell response was evaluated in the central nervous system (CNS) and lymphoid tissues by flow cytometry. Additionally, splenocytes of CD4ΔIl7ra mice were stimulated with MOG35 − 55 to assess their proliferative response and cytokine production by T helper cells.

Results

Loss of IL-7Rα from the surface of CD4+ T cells in CD4ΔIl7ra mice was virtually complete several days after tamoxifen treatment. The loss of IL-7Rα in CD4+ T cells led to a gradual and substantial decrease in their numbers in both non-immunized and immunized CD4ΔIl7ra mice, followed by slow repopulation up to the initial numbers. CD4ΔIl7ra mice did not develop EAE. We found a decrease in the total numbers of TNF-, IFN-γ-, IL-17 A-, and GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells in the spleens and CNS of immunized CD4ΔIl7ra mice. Tracking MOG35 − 55-specific CD4+ T cells revealed a significant reduction in their numbers in CD4ΔIl7ra mice and decreased proliferation and cytokine production in response to MOG35 − 55.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that IL-7Rα on peripheral CD4+ T cells is essential for their maintenance, immune response, and EAE pathogenesis.
Assessment of the impact an educational intervention on post-traumatic stress disorder and social cognitive theory constructs in women with sexual assault experience: a study protocol for a clinical trial
Authors: Vafaeinejad Nasrin , Boroumandfar Zahra , Kazemi Ashraf , Dehsorkhi Hamid Nasiri , Sohrabi Sosan
Published: October 2024

Background

The high psychological burden of rape, together with complications such as pregnancy and chronic conditions, is associated with an increase in mental disorders. Social cognitive theory (SCT) is an important health theory that views behavior as dynamic and influenced by environmental, behavioral and individual factors. The aim of the present research is to determine the effect of an educational intervention on post-traumatic stress disorder and social cognitive theory constructs in women who have experienced sexual assault.

Methods/design

This study is randomized, double-blind clinical trial research that will be conducted on 40 women with experience of sexual. In this research, by the intervention program based on social cognitive theory include" awareness, self-efficacy, outcome expectations and environment. Written consent will be obtained from the participants to participate in the research. Participants in the intervention group will be taught about health, hygiene, psychology and stress reduction methods in group or individual sessions according to their preference in 6 sessions of 60 min each, one session per week. A post-test will be conducted for both groups.

Discussion

This study provides comprehensive data on the effect of providing an educational intervention using the social cognition Theory. Social cognitive theory focuses on how patterns of behavior are learned and how they function in interaction between the individual and the environment. It seems that the use of this theory in designing the content of educational interventions can be useful and practical.

Trial registration: The trial is prospectively recorded at the IRCT registry (Trial ID: IRCT20230926059526N1. Date recorded: 18/10/2023.
Applications of nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity for the detection of phytochemicals and hazardous substances in plant samples
Authors: Xu Lei , Luo Mao-Ling , Dai Jing-Jing , Zhu Huan , Li Peng , Wang Dan , Yang Feng-Qing
Published: October 2024

Plants such as herbs, vegetables, fruits, and cereals are closely related to human life. Developing effective testing methods to ensure their safety and quantify their active components are of significant importance. Recently, nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity (known as nanozymes) have been widely developed in various assays, including colorimetric, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and electrochemical analysis. This review presents the latest advances in analyzing phytochemicals and hazardous substances in plant samples based on nanozymes, including some active ingredients, organophosphorus pesticides, heavy metal ions, and mycotoxins. Additionally, the current shortcomings and challenges of the actual sample analysis were discussed.
Long-term effectiveness and safety of lomitapide in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: an observational case series
Authors: Suppressa Patrizia , Coppola Chiara , Cocco Veronica , O’Brien Sallyann
Published: October 2024

Background

We assessed long-term real-world effectiveness and safety of lomitapide in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH).

Methods

Retrospective case series of six patients with HoFH treated with lomitapide in an Italian clinic. Changes in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) during lomitapide treatment were assessed. The effect on LDL-C of PCSK9 inhibitors, apheresis and lomitapide was evaluated. Additionally, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), gastrointestinal tolerability, hepatic steatosis/elasticity, transaminases, and cardiovascular events and symptoms were assessed.

Results

Median age at HoFH clinical and molecular diagnoses was 25 (range 2–49) and 40 (29–71) years, respectively. Five (83.3%) had prior cardiovascular events. One patient received apheresis, which was subsequently discontinued. All patients received PCSK9 inhibitors but discontinued due to minimal effectiveness. Median (range) age at lomitapide initiation was 44 (28–73) years, with a median 47 (18–85) months’ treatment (mean dose 17.5 [5–40] mg/day). Mean (SD) baseline LDL-C was 263.2 (148.1) mg/dL, which decreased by 80% at nadir (52.8 [19.2] mg/dL) and 69% at last follow-up (81.3 [30.5] mg/dL). Four patients (66.7%) achieved LDL-C < 70 mg/dL sometime during follow-up, all of whom also achieved LDL-C < 55 mg/dL. Adverse events (AEs) were generally mild to moderate, hepatic steatosis was either absent or mild/moderate and hepatic elasticity remained normal in all but two patients (> 70 years old). All patients with reported cardiovascular symptoms had improvements in symptoms, and all patients reported stabilization or regression of intima-media thickness and atheromatous plaques.

Conclusions

These long-term, real-world data demonstrate that lomitapide substantially reduced LDL-C for up to seven years. Most patients achieved LDL-C goal at some point, consistent with published Phase III trial and real-world evidence data. No patient discontinued lomitapide treatment. Further long-term follow-up in a larger patient population will be important to determine cardiovascular and other outcomes.
Redefining chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) regulation: China’s responses to address secondary cancer risks of CAR-T therapy
Authors: Tan Ruirong , Li Rui , Dai Meng-Yuan , Liu Miao , Zhao Junning
Published: October 2024

Since the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy in 2017, it has marked a major breakthrough in cancer treatment, leading to a surge in global research and applications in this field. In recent years, China has made rapid progress, quickly catching up through heavy investment in CAR-T construction, preparation processes, and treatment strategies. China’s CAR-T therapy market is driven by substantial pharmaceutical investment targeting its vast population, yet high therapy costs remain uncovered by basic medical insurance. In November 2023, FDA issued a warning about the risk of secondary cancers in patients undergoing CAR-T therapy, sparking global concern. In fact, the China National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) preemptively implemented a series of measures to address the safety concerns of CAR-T therapy, emphasizing the risk of secondary cancers and advising lifelong monitoring as part of the approval process for CAR-T products. Nevertheless, additional regulatory measures are needed to address emerging risks, particularly the threat of secondary cancers. The authors believe that raising the standards for Investigational New Drug (IND) approval and establishing a dynamic reporting and feedback system based on real-world data will strengthen regulatory oversight and support the sustainable growth of the CAR-T industry in China.
Prehospital undertriage of older injured patients in western Switzerland: an observational cross-sectional study
Authors: Poncet Clément , Carron Pierre-Nicolas , Darioli Vincent , Zingg Tobias , Ageron Francois-Xavier
Published: October 2024

Background

The ageing of the population is leading to an increase in the number of traumatic injuries and represents a major challenge for the future. Falls represent the leading cause of Emergency department admission in older people, with injuries ranging from minor to severe multiple injuries. Older injured patients are more likely to be undertriaged than younger patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of undertriage in older patients with particular emphasis on access to trauma centres and resuscitation rooms.

Methods

Retrospective observational cross-sectional study based on data prospectively collected from prehospital electronic records including all patients ≥ 18 years for whom an ambulance or helicopter was dispatched between 1 January 2018 and 31 April 2023 due to a trauma. The primary outcome, admission to the resuscitation room of the regional trauma centre with trauma team activation, was assessed by age. Multivariate logistic regression was used to control for known confounders and to test for plausible effect modifiers.

Results

Emergency Medical Services treated 37,906 injured patients. Older patients ≥ 75 years represented 17,719 patients (47%). Admission to trauma centre with trauma team activation was lower in older patients, N = 121 (1%) compared to N = 599 (5%) in younger patients, p < 0.001; adjusted odds ratio: 0.33 (0.24–0.45); p < 0.001. Undertriage increased by twofold with age ≥ 75; OR: 1.81 (1.04–3.15); p value < 0.001. Undertriaged patients were older, more likely to be female, to have low energy trauma and to be located farther from the regional trauma centre.

Conclusion

Older injured patients were at increased risk of undertriage and non-trauma team activation admission, especially if they were older, female, had head injury without altered consciousness and greater distance to regional trauma centre.
Relationship between platelet count and severity of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Zeng Ying , ying Yi Hai , He Yuan , Gan Bin , Wei Xian , Huang Jie , Yang Shu jie
Published: October 2024

Background

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Platelets have a unique role in lung repair and remodeling. This study aimed to determine the relationship between platelet count and NRDS severity.

Methods

The study included 234 newborns diagnosed with NRDS from January 2019 to August 2023. This study employed two methods of grouping: the first based on platelet count, dividing participants into thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 150 × 109/L, n = 50) and non-thrombocytopenia groups (platelet count ≥ 150 × 109/L, n = 184), and the second based on the severity of NRDS, categorizing them into severe (n = 24) and mild-moderate (n = 210) groups. Within the first grouping method, the thrombocytopenia group was further subdivided into moderate-severe group (platelet count < 100 × 109/L, n = 4) and mild group (platelet count was between 100.0 × 109/L and 150.0 × 109/L, n = 46). This study aimed to analyze the clinical characteristics of NRDS with thrombocytopenia, explore the correlation between platelet count and clinical indicators of NRDS. Binary Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify independent risk factors for thrombocytopenia in NRDS.

Results

A higher proportion of newborns in the severe group exhibited thrombocytopenia (severe group = 41.7%, mild-moderate group = 19.0%). Hospital stay, ventilation time, oxygen therapy duration were longer in the thrombocytopenia group compared to the non-thrombocytopenia group. Hospital stay, ventilation time, oxygen therapy duration, chest radiography score, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were inversely associated with platelet count. Conversely, Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min, gestational age, and birth weight showed positive correlations with platelet count. Point-biserail correlation showed that thrombocytopenia was more likely to occur in newborns whose mothers had gestational hypertension, and the lower platelet count, the more severe NRDS. Oxygen therapy duration, birth weight < 1500 g, gestational hypertension and CRP levels emerged as independent risk factors for thrombocytopenia in NRDS. All differences were statistically significant (p all < 0.05).

Conclusion

NRDS accompanied by thrombocytopenia indicates a more severe condition and poorer clinical outcomes. It is hypothesized that NRDS with thrombocytopenia involves a complex multifactorial etiology, including severe lung inflammation.
The diagnosis and management of mucopolysaccharidosis type II
Authors: Mao Shao-Jia , Chen Qing-Qing , Dai Yang-Li , Dong Guan-Ping , Zou Chao-Chun
Published: October 2024

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare X-linked recessive inherited lysosomal storage disease. With pathogenic variants of the IDS gene, the activity of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) is reduced or lost, causing the inability to degrade glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in cells and influencing cell function, eventually resulting in multisystemic manifestations, such as a coarse face, dysostosis multiplex, recurrent respiratory tract infections, and hernias. Diagnosing MPS II requires a combination of clinical manifestations, imaging examinations, urinary GAGs screening, enzyme activity, and genetic testing. Currently, symptomatic treatment is the main therapeutic approach. Owing to economic and drug availability issues, only a minority of patients opt for enzyme replacement therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The limited awareness of the disease, the lack of widespread detection technology, and uneven economic development contribute to the high rates of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis in China.
Challenges and opportunities in pediatric residency: an analysis of the increasing number of residents in Italy
Authors: Corsello Antonio , Rotulo Silvia , Santangelo Andrea , Diana Alfredo , Rossi Federico , Antonietta Catania Maria , Aracu Claudia , Tiralongo Giuseppe , Pegoraro Francesco
Published: October 2024

Background

Pediatric residency in Italy has undergone significant changes in recent years, with a notable increase in the number of pediatric residents. Exploring the implications of this increase, highlighting disparities in training opportunities, and discussing the broader socio-economic impacts on pediatric healthcare, represent a crucial consideration for the healthcare system in the future.

Main Body

The Italian National Association of Pediatric Residents (“Osservatorio Nazionale Specializzandi in Pediatria”, ONSP) conducted an extensive survey among pediatric residents to assess the current state of pediatric residency. Key findings indicate that 50% of respondents believe the number of residents is excessive for the available training opportunities, leading to concerns about the quality of education and hands-on experience. Despite the increased number of residents, the workload has increased, but up to one-third of residents feel that the autonomy provided by their programs is insufficient. Significant disparities in training quality were found across different regions, with notable shortages in neonatology and pediatric emergency departments. Research opportunities are also limited, with only 17% of residents finding the time allocated to research satisfactory, especially in central and southern Italy.

Conclusion

The increase in pediatric residents presents both challenges and opportunities. Addressing these challenges through strategic reforms, such as implementing standardized national curricula, investing in training resources and mobility programs, and enhancing research opportunities, is crucial for the future of pediatric residency in Italy. Ensuring high-quality training for all residents is an ethical and practical obligation that will significantly impact pediatric healthcare.
Potential associations between Schistosoma mansoni infection and physico-chemical characteristics and water-related human activities in Côte d’Ivoire: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Sékré Jean-Baptiste K. , Diakité Nana R. , Assaré Rufin K. , Kouadio Jules N. , Coulibaly Gaoussou , Konan Cyrille K. , Kouamin Alain-Claver , Méité Aboulaye , Hattendorf Jan , Ouattara Mamadou , Utzinger Jürg , N’Goran Eliézer K.
Published: October 2024

Background

Schistosomiasis remains a public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is intimately connected to poverty and environmental factors. Our research was readily embedded into a multi-country schistosomiasis oversampling study. The aim of the study presented here was to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and to investigate the role of water body characteristics and water-related human activities in disease transmission.

Methods

In August and September 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the western part of Côte d’Ivoire. Stool and urine samples were collected from 1602 and 1729 children aged 5–14 years, respectively, in 65 villages in the health districts of Biankouma, Ouaninou and Touba. Additionally, data were collected from direct observation of water-related activities at water bodies and interviews conducted with community leaders and health workers. The prevalence and risk factors for Schistosoma infection were assessed using generalised estimating equation models.

Results

The prevalence ofS. mansoni and S. haematobium were 27.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 21.5–34.3%) and 0.1% (95% CI 0.03–0.5%), respectively. Low prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths was observed with 2.4%, 0.4% and 0.2% for hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides, respectively. At the health district level, we found S. mansoni prevalence of 34.4% (95% CI 25.0–45.3%), 34.3% (95% CI 24.0–46.2%) and 16.3% (95% CI 9.5–26.6%) for Biankouma, Ouaninou and Touba, respectively. Female and male participants were at a similar risk of infection (29.0% vs. 26.0%, odds ratio [OR]: 1.18, 95% CI 0.92–1.50). Children aged 9–14 years showed a higher prevalence than their younger counterparts aged 5–8 years (34.5% vs. 22.7%, OR: 1.80, 95% CI 1.42–2.27). High infection prevalence was observed in villages where children were washing clothes and dishes at open surface water sites and pursued recreational activities (e.g. swimming and playing in the water). The temperature, total dissolved solids and pH of water samples showed no significant association with S. mansoni infection at the village unit.

Conclusions

Human water-related activities such as washing clothes and playing in the water are risk factors for S. mansoni transmission. Hence, preventive chemotherapy should be combined with information, education and communication to avoid or reduce the frequency of water exposure in children as part of a comprehensive package of interventions towards elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem.

Graphical Abstract
Unveiling the mycobiome of ecological importance from termitarium soils
Authors: Enagbonma Ben Jesuorsemwen , Cromwell Stephanie , Amoo Adenike Eunice , Babalola Olubukola Oluranti
Published: October 2024

Background

Termitarium is an intricate biological home with exceptional physicochemical soil properties and numerous beneficial microbiomes. The termitarium microbiome plays a role in several bionetwork processes. It contributes significantly to sustainable agriculture, forestry, and horticulture. In contrast to the immense number of research works focusing on termitarium bacteria and archaea, the amount of study about termitarium fungal communities is limited. This is despite the fact that fungi significantly contribute to the cycling of energy and matter on Earth. Thus, this study investigates the metagenomic datasets from termitarium soil collected from agricultural soils, to obtain a depiction of their mycobiome of ecological importance.

Results

Our dataset showed that Ascomycota was the most rank phylum, while Basidiomycota was the next in rank. Specifically, we identified numerous fungi of commercially importance, for example, producers of cellulases and cellulosomes. This was strengthened with the presence of functional genes/enzymes capable of promoting plant growth traits and defence system. Analysis further shown that soil properties influenced the distribution of fungal communities. Magnesium, nitrogen, and potassium, for example, were observed to be among the best predictor of fungal distribution and explained 87.40% of the total variation.

Conclusion

This study epitomize further insights into the mycobiome of termitarium soils that are of ecological interest. Again, with some of our sequences assembled as uncategorized fungi, further studies are recommended for the evaluation of the metabolic potentials of these fungi as there is a possibility of the discovery of new fungi or genes of industrial or environmental applications.
Modified furosemide responsiveness index and biomarkers for AKI progression and prognosis: a prospective observational study
Authors: Su Ying , Liu Wen-jun , Zhao Yu-feng , Zhang Yi-jie , Qiu Yue , Lu Zhi-hui , Wang Peng , Lin Shuang , Tu Guo-wei , Luo Zhe
Published: October 2024

Background

Modified furosemide responsiveness index (mFRI) is a novel biomarker for assessing diuretic response and AKI progression in patients with early AKI. However, the comparative predictive performance of mFRI and novel renal biomarkers for adverse renal outcomes remains unclear. In a single-center prospective study, we aimed to evaluate the discriminatory abilities of mFRI and other novel renal biomarkers in predicting AKI progression and prognosis in patients with initial mild and moderate AKI (KDIGO stage 1 to 2).

Results

Patients with initial mild and moderate AKI within 48 h following cardiac surgery were included in this study. The mFRI, renal biomarkers (including serum or urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [sNGAL or uNGAL], serum cystatin C, urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glycosaminidase [uNAG], urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio) and cytokines (TNF, IL-1β, IL-2R, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10) were measured at AKI diagnosis. The mFRI was calculated for each patient, which was defined as 2-hour urine output divided by furosemide dose and body weight. Of 1013 included patients, 154 (15.2%) experienced AKI progression, with 59 (5.8%) progressing to stage 3 and 33 (3.3%) meeting the composite outcome of hospital mortality or receipt of renal replacement therapy (RRT). The mFRI showed non-inferiority or potential superiority to renal biomarkers and cytokines in predicting AKI progression (area under the curve [AUC] 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77–0.82), progression to stage 3 (AUC 0.87, 95% CI 0.85–0.89), and composite outcome of death and receipt of RRT (AUC 0.85, 95% CI 0.82–0.87). Furthermore, the combination of a functional biomarker (mFRI) and a urinary injury biomarker (uNAG or uNGAL) resulted in a significant improvement in the prediction of adverse renal outcomes than either individual biomarker (all P < 0.05). Moreover, incorporating these panels into clinical model significantly enhanced its predictive capacity for adverse renal outcomes, as demonstrated by the C index, integrated discrimination improvement, and net reclassification improvement (all P < 0.05).

Conclusions

As a rapid, cost-effective and easily accessible biomarker, mFRI, exhibited superior or comparable predictive capabilities for AKI progression and prognosis compared to renal biomarkers in cardiac surgical patients with mild to moderate AKI.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04962412. Registered July 15, 2021, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04962412?cond=NCT04962412&draw=2&rank=1.

Graphical abstract
Personal values clusters and their associations to social media behaviors and psychological well-being
Authors: Ionescu Claudiu Gabriel , Ciuperca Ella Magdalena , Cotel Adriana , Licu Monica
Published: October 2024

The current study contributes to the literature by assessing the associations between personal values, explored with Schwartz`s Portrait Values Questionnaire, social media behaviors, assessed with Bergen Scale of Social Media Addiction and Social Media Motivations to Use Scale and psychological well-being assessed with Patient Health Questionnaire-4, in a sample of first-year medical students. It was examined medical students’ personal values profiles and the perceived influence of social media on self-aspects. All participants (N = 151) were Romanian and English module students, young (average age = 19.2, SD = 1.5), 68,9% females and 31,1% males. Pearson coefficient correlation analyses were performed to verify the associations between the main four clusters of personal values (Self Transcendence, Self Enhancement, Openness to change and Conservationism) with social media behaviors and psychological wellbeing. The most frequent cluster of values was Self-Transcendence (M = 5.21) while the least was Self-Enhancement (M = 4.05). There was no significant correlation between social media addiction, psychological wellbeing and a specific cluster of values while the perception of self-aspects influenced by social media included involvement in community problems, creativity for Openness to change group (R = .24;.22, p < .05), tolerance towards sexual minorities and self-evaluation in Self Transcendence group (R = .24;.21;.42, p < .05) while Conservationism and Self Enhancement groups didn`t report any change. The findings highlight the need for awareness and education of medical students and general population in the field of Digital Ethics including social media complex impact on personal values as AI-algorithms may imply a potential destabilization and perpetual shaping of one`s behavior with still unpredictable individual and societal effects.
Single cell spatial profiling of FFPE splenic tissue from a humanized mouse model of HIV infection
Authors: Wu Guoxin , Keller Samuel H. , Sardo Luca , Magliaro Brian , Zuck Paul , Balibar Carl J. , Williams Claire , Pan Liuliu , Gregory Mark , Ton Kathy , Maxwell Jill , Cheney Carol , Rush Tom , Howell Bonnie J.
Published: October 2024

Background

Latency remains a major obstacle to finding a cure for HIV despite the availability of antiretroviral therapy. Due to virus dormancy, limited biomarkers are available to identify latent HIV-infected cells. Profiling of individual HIV-infected cells is needed to explore potential latency biomarkers and to study the mechanisms of persistence that maintain the HIV reservoir.

Methods

Single cell spatial transcriptomic characterization using the CosMx Spatial Molecular Imager platform was conducted to analyze HIV-infected cells in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections of splenic tissue surgically obtained from an HIV-infected humanized mouse model. Regulation of over a thousand human genes was quantified in both viremic and aviremic specimens. In addition, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed in parallel to identify HIV viral RNA- and p24-containing cells, respectively. Finally, initial findings from CosMx gene profiling were confirmed by isolating RNA from CD4 + T cells obtained from a person living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy following either PMA/Ionomycin or DMSO treatment. RNA was quantified using qPCR for a panel of targeted human host genes.

Results

Supervised cell typing revealed that most of the HIV-infected cells in the mouse spleen sections were differentiated CD4 + T cells. A significantly higher number of infected cells, 2781 (1.61%) in comparison to 112 (0.06%), and total HIV transcripts per infected cell were observed in viremic samples compared to aviremic samples, respectively, which was consistent with the data obtained from ISH and IHC. Notably, the expression of 55 genes was different in infected cells within tissue from aviremic animals compared to viremic. In particular, both spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and CXCL17, were expressed approximately 100-fold higher. This data was further evaluated against bulk RNA isolated from HIV-infected human primary CD4 + T cells. A nearly 6-fold higher expression of SYK mRNA was observed in DMSO-treated CD4 + T cells compared to those stimulated with PMA/Ionomycin.

Conclusion

This study found that the CosMx SMI platform is valuable for assessing HIV infection and providing insights into host biomarkers associated with HIV reservoirs. Higher relative expression of the SYK gene in aviremic-infected cells from the humanized mouse HIV model was consistent with levels found in CD4 + T cells of aviremic donors.
Analysis of fabric movement and dust removal performance due to twist motion in a clothing care system
Authors: Kim Hyojeong , Yu Dongju , Jeong Hyeonhui , Lee Sang Wook , Yun Changsang
Published: October 2024

This study aims to explore effective dust removal methods for the improvement of clothing care systems by analyzing the fabric movement caused by the twist motion and examining its influence on dust removal performance. The finite element method simulation was used to model the tension at different vertical and horizontal positions of the fabric as a spring array, to calculate the fabric movements at each position over time when a twisting force was applied and enable comparison with experiments. When observing the fabric movement due to the twist motion with actual fabrics, silk showed the greatest movement, followed by cotton and linen. Cotton experienced decreasing force from the top to the bottom, with increased amplitude at the bottom due to fluttering caused by the bottom not being fixed. When examining the fabric movement according to the velocity, slower velocity did not effectively transmit twist force to the bottom, while faster velocity resulted in more small movements. The analysis revealed that greater force at faster velocity led to better dust removal performance. Therefore, for efficient dust removal, the force transmitted to the fabric should be increased. Most dust is removed within the first 10 min, so exerting a strong force for a short duration is important.
Pediatric septoplasty impact on nasal breathing and when to consider a revision surgery-A meta-analysis study
Authors: Rabie Amr Nabil , Begermy Marwa Mohamed El , Shalma Ahmed Adel Attia El , Fadel Michael
Published: October 2024

Background

Some children with a deviated nasal septum show no symptoms, but up to 30% have breathing problems. Septal deviation is usually caused by microtrauma during delivery, but in severe cases, trauma is the main cause. Many people fail to recognize septal damage after trauma, &children with untreated septal abnormalities often have severe problems. Thus, we can see why symptoms increase with age.

Objective

Through the available literature, this review seeks to establish the effect of nasal septoplasty among pediatric patients on nasal breathing and the need for revision surgery.

Subjects and methods

Prospective and retrospective studies published in peer-reviewed journals including clinical trials, cohort studies, cases, and cross-sectional.

Results

Five studies. 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 151 people assessed NOSE pre- and post-pediatric septoplasty. The pooled mean NOSE score difference between pre- and postoperative evaluations was -50.26 (95% CI, -62.55 to -37.97), showing a substantial decrease. In Saeed et al. (Ann Coll Med Mosul June 45(1):70-79, 2023), mean differences ranged from -71 points (95% CI, -75.41 to -66.59) to -30 points in Lee (2017). Surgicalft benefits were regularly shown. Each year of follow-up did not substantially lower NOSE score improvement by 0.39 (SE = 0.29; P = 0.17; I2 = 89.6%) in a meta-regression analysis in children, NOSE score improvement increased by 6.36 per year (SE = 1.14; P =  < 0.001; I2 = 34.45%). In meta-regression research on revision rates following pediatric septoplasty, each year of follow-up raised the rate by 0.13 (SE 0.02; P < 0.001; I2 = 4.78%). However, revision rates were not significantly associated with each year of pediatric age (coefficient, -0.39; SE 0.22; P = 0.075; I2 = 86.25%).

Conclusion

This comprehensive meta-analysis shows that septoplasty improves nasal airway function and obstruction in children. NOSE Scale disease-specific QOL improved significantly after pediatric septoplasty. According to the meta-regression analysis, each year of follow-up time resulted in a 0.39 drop in NOSE score improvement (SE = 0.29; P = 0.17; I2 = 89.6%). Each year of pediatric age increased NOSE score improvement by 6.36.
Village (re)commoning: rethinking Hong Kong's rural built heritage as commons
Authors: Mak Vincci W.S. , Decaudin Maxime Cedric
Published: October 2024

In recent years, a growing number of village revitalisation schemes have been initiated in Hong Kong by nonprofit organisations (NPOs) with expertise in ecological and heritage conservation. Although many projects have been commended for their success, villagers feel excluded and remain largely disengaged from the revitalisation process. This article proposes redefining the current understanding of Hong Kong’s rural heritage by introducing the concepts of commons and commoning as a relatively new theoretical framework for analysing village revitalisation. Although it has been mobilised in Hong Kong’s urban context, the concept of commoning is rarely used as a theoretical framework for discussing rural heritage. What new knowledge can be derived from a commoning approach to Hong Kong’s village heritage? How does this approach elucidate past assumptions regarding the value and significance of built heritage? How can the concept of commoning be used to reinterpret the relative success or failure of recent revitalisation initiatives? First, commoning can provide a better understanding of how village heritage was created and managed over time. Second, the literature on commoning provides better tools for understanding the historical processes that led to the disappearance of Hong Kong built heritage commons in the second half of the 20th century. Third, the concept of recommoning is helpful for better understanding the current situation of Hong Kong and the shortcomings experienced by some villagers. This paper also shows that many of the specificities of global contemporary recommoning are relevant to the case of Hong Kong and can partially explain the success or failure of some village revitalisation initiatives. Overall, this article reflects on how various categories of commons and the complex social process of commoning offer multiple advantages to improve our understanding of built heritage when analysing village revitalisation schemes in Hong Kong.
Lishman's Organic Psychiatry: ‘no comparable book in the English-speaking world’
Authors: Badrakalimuthu Raja
Published: October 2024

In 1978, William Alwyn Lishman's Organic Psychiatry: The Psychological Consequences of Cerebral Disorder was published, fostering the development of neuropsychiatry and leading to the recognition of Lishman as the father of neuropsychiatry. This article is a narrative account of his personal struggles, as well as conceptual dilemmas he dealt with while writing this book, and how through its four editions it has evolved to become an anchor for psychiatrists as they seek to develop understanding of the workings of the brain, and a beacon for them when they discuss clinical implications of diagnosis with patients and families.
Lunatic Asylums: Their Organisation and Management, by Charles Arthur Mercier
Authors: Ferrier I. Nicol
Published: October 2024

Lunatic Asylums, published 130 years ago, is a fascinating insight into how these institutions were managed in the late Victorian era. This brief article considers what it reveals about the zeitgeist of the time and the book's author, the remarkable Charles Mercier.
Two-dimensional two-phase elasto-plastic seismic response of earth dams
Authors: Γιάγκος Αλέξανδρος
Published: October 2024

Αναπτύσσεται ένα απλοποιημένο, αποτελεσματικό και αποδοτικό αριθμητικό προσομοίωμα για της εκτέλεση της φαινομενολογικής ανάλυσης της ελαστο-πλαστικής σεισμικής απόκρισης χωμάτινων φραγμάτων. Η μέθοδος μπορεί να εφαρμοστεί σε φράγματα μεγάλου μήκους με περίπου συμμετρικές τριγωνικές διατομές, τα οποία είναι κατασκευασμένα από ομογενείς οριζόντιες στρώσεις εδαφικού υλικού, και λαμβάνει υπόψη την παρουσία νερού στο υλικό του φράγματος. Η μέθοδος βασίζεται σε μία δισδιάστατη διατύπωση κατά Galerkin των εξισώσεων της κίνησης του υλικού του φράγματος, ενώ πλήρως συζευγμένες εξισώσεις για το σκελετό του εδαφικού υλικού και την πίεση των πόρων χρησιμοποιούνται στο κορεσμένο τμήμα του φράγματος. Η μη γραμμική υστερητική απόκριση του εδαφικού σκελετού προσομοιώνεται με χρήση ενός ελαστο-πλαστικού καταστατικού προσομοιώματος ενεργής τάσης και πολλαπλών επιφανειών. Το προσομοίωμα επικυρώνεται πρώτα με τη χρήση ημιτονοειδών διεγέρσεων σταθερής κατάστασης και μοναδικής συχνότητας. Στη συνέχεια, υπολογίζονται σεισμικές αποκρίσεις για το φράγμα Santa Felicia, το οποίο βρίσκεται στην κομητεία Ventura της Καλιφόρνια, όταν αυτό υφίσταται το σεισμό του San Fernando που συνέβη το 1971, αλλά και για το φράγμα Long Valley, το οποίο βρίσκεται στην κομητεία Mono της Καλιφόρνια, όταν αυτό υφίσταται τον ισχυρότερο από τους σεισμούς των Mammoth Lakes που συνέβη το 1980. Οι μετρηθείσες επιταχύνσεις στις στέψεις των δύο αυτών φραγμάτων συγκρίνονται με τις υπολογισθείσες τόσο σε επίπεδο χρονικών σειρών όσο και σε περιεχόμενο συχνοτήτων και προκύπτει μία καλή συμφωνία στην ανάντη-κατάντη κατεύθυνση και μία ικανοποιητική συμφωνία στην κατακόρυφη διεύθυνση. Οι ιδιοσυχνότητες που προκύπτουν από την ανάλυση είναι επίσης σε καλή συμφωνία με αυτές που εκτιμώνται από τις σεισμικές καταγραφές ή μετρήθηκαν επιτόπου. Τέλος, εκτελούνται παραμετρικές αναλύσεις με χρήση του προσομοιώματος του φράγματος Long Valley, προκειμένου να αναδείξουν την επιρροή των πιο σημαντικών εδαφικών παραμέτρων στη σεισμική απόκριση.
Code and Data Repository for Disjoint Bilinear Optimization: A Two-stage Robust Optimization Perspective
Authors: Zhen Jianzhe , Marandi Ahmadreza , de Moor Danique , den Hertog Dick , Vandenberghe Lieven
Published: October 2024

The software and data in this repository are a snapshot of the software and data that were used in the research reported in the paper Disjoint Bilinear Optimization: A Two-stage Robust Optimization Perspective by Jianzhe Zhen, Ahmadreza Marandi, Danique de Moor, Dick den Hertog, and Lieven Vandenberghe.
Endogenous Risk Exposure and Systemic Instability
Authors: Shu Chong
Published: October 2024

Most research on systemic stability assumes an economy where banks are subject to exogenous shocks. However, in practice, banks choose their exposure to risk. I show that there exists a network risk-taking externality: the risk exposure choices made by connected banks are strategically complementary. Banks within financial networks, especially densely connected ones, become endogenously exposed to excessive risks. The theory offers several novel perspectives on policy debates. For instance, it suggests that limiting government bailouts to interbank exposures can effectively reduce endogenous systemic risk.

This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance.

Funding: This work was financially supported by the USC Dornsife Institute for New Economic Thinking Fellowship, the Marshall PhD Fellowship, and European Finance Association Doctoral Tutorial Best Paper Prize.

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.01519 .
adultcentrism and the children's classroom: if you want to teach them you must know who they are
Authors: Eslava Edgar
Published: October 2024

The paper addresses academic adultcentrism from the perspective of the pre-service instruction and practice of philosophy teachers, based on the experience we have gained while leading a Didactic of Philosophy seminar for a Philosophy and Letters academic program where students are engaged in the designing, implementation and evaluation of academic material and class performance for K-12 schools. After giving a brief presentation of the context in which philosophy teaching takes place, and a description of the logic and horizon that set the basis of our seminar, we define and discuss four particular ways in which adultcentrism permeates the preparation and performance of philosophy classes for classrooms with students ranging from 8 to 15 years old: cognitive, epistemic, pedagogical and disciplinary adultcentrism.  As well as some of the ways in which, as part of the seminar, the students and the instructor have devised to address and overcome the adultcentrism problems. At the end of the discussion, an auto-critical note is included in order to show the limits of our own practices and base ground, as well as a way to define new necessary approaches and perspectives required to address both the problems we found to be at the bottom of current teaching practices. As well as n our own expectations, methods and ways to deal with those issues with our pre-service young colleagues.
Capitalistas e filantropos:
Authors: Dos Santos Alves Jorge Luís
Published: October 2024

O artigo analisa a presença e atuação dos imigrantes portugueses estabelecidos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro no século XIX, período de transição da escravidão para o trabalho livre, do desenvolvimento incipiente da indústria e do mercado financeiro. Uma fração dos imigrados acumulou fortuna em atividades beneficiadas pela acelerada expansão da economia urbana (comércio, finança, indústria, mercado imobiliário), participou de forma significativa do desenvolvimento econômico do Rio de Janeiro e constituiu uma elite no interior da colônia. A ascensão econômica dos imigrantes de “grossa fortuna” foi acompanhada pela busca do prestígio social e de símbolos de distinção social (comendas e títulos de nobreza) por meio de doações e o patrocínio de instituições culturais e filantrópicas que constituem, até hoje, a base da presença portuguesa na cidade. Essas questões foram problematizadas pela elaboração de microbiografias de três gerações de empresários da elite da colônia portuguesa.
bom nome do Império
Authors: Pessanha Edimilson
Published: October 2024

Resenha de: MIRANDA; José Augusto Ribas. Os bons devedores: Brasil e Peru na formação global de capitais: 1850-1880. Porto Alegre: ediPUCRS, 2023. 284 p.
Proprietários, comerciantes, militares, traficantes...
Authors: De Oliveira e Silva Santana Kátia Luciene
Published: October 2024

O objetivo deste trabalho é traçar um panorama do perfil e trajetória dos juízes de paz das freguesias urbanas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, eleitos para os mandatos compreendidos entre as eleições de 1829 e 1840, no intuito de conhecer quem foram os sujeitos escolhidos para a função e os interesses que os moviam a aceitarem o cargo da magistratura leiga. Para tanto, foram investigados manuscritos localizados no Arquivo Nacional e no Arquivo Geral da Cidade do Rio de Janeiro, além dos periódicos da imprensa fluminense. A partir do estudo prosopográfico do grupo de 140 juízes identificados, a pesquisa revelou uma rede de relações que perpassa a inserção desses proprietários, comerciantes, militares e traficantes no tráfico e/ou comércio de escravos, nos movimentos associativos e nas disputas das facções políticas daquele período, o que denota a defesa de suas ideologias, projetos políticos e interesses pessoais e de grupo.
financiamento da lavoura canavieira paulista:
Authors: Nicolette Carlos Eduardo
Published: October 2024

O objetivo do artigo é analisar e destacar o papel de negociantes de grosso trato lusitanos estabelecidos em São Paulo na construção e desenvolvimento do setor açucareiro em Campinas (SP) no final do período colonial. A hipótese central é que esses negociantes, especialmente o Brigadeiro Luís Antônio de Sousa, foram peças fundamentais para a montagem da lavoura canavieira paulista ao investirem seus capitais em terras, escravizados e engenhos, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento econômico da região. Essa situação ocorreu após acumularem riqueza, possibilitada pelas condições político-econômicas de São Paulo no último quarto do Setecentos. Para cumprir tal objetivo, o artigo sistematiza, num primeiro plano, o conceito de fronteira da mercadoria de Jason W. Moore e as transformações político-econômicas de São Paulo na segunda metade do século XVIII a fim de compreender como teria sido possível essa acumulação de capitais. Em seguida, serão apresentados os principais investimentos de negociantes em Campinas a fim de evidenciar o papel do capital mercantil na transformação dessa economia açucareira e da expansão da fronteira do açúcar. Os principais resultados evidenciam que a montagem do complexo açucareiro de Campinas está intimamente conectada aos investimentos de capitais que os negociantes realizaram na vila.
Capitalistas, comerciantes e homens de negócios:
Authors: Guimarães Carlos Gabriel , Moreira Vargas Jonas
Published: October 2024

Apresentação. Revista Maracanan, n. 36 - dossiê "Capitalistas, comerciantes e homens de negócios: trajetórias de atuação e redes mercantis no mundo Atlântico (séc. XIX)", p. 10-15, maio-ago. 2024.
Acoustic Feature Extraction Based on Wavelet Transform for Industrial Induction Motor-Driven Belt Conveyor Condition Monitoring
Authors: Xiao Long , Wang Zhiping
Published: October 2024

The industrial induction motor-driven belt conveyor is an essential component in manufacturing facilities. Any unexpected shutdown can lead to significant disruptions, resulting in financial losses amounting to thousands of dollars per hour. Unfortunately, efficient mechanisms for monitoring the conveyor's condition are often lacking. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure early, precise, and effective detection of malfunctions in belt conveyors. This necessitates the identification of distinctive anomalies stemming from initial damage to the rotating machinery and motor components. This paper presents a non-invasive acoustic monitoring technique designed specifically for industrial belt conveyors. The method employed relies on wavelet transform-based feature extraction, offering notable advantages in terms of classification accuracy, time efficiency, and the quantity of feature vectors required for classifier training.