bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volatilization Potential of Per- and Poly-fluoroalkyl Substances from Airfield Pavements and during Recycling of Asphalt
Authors: Bastow Trevor P. , Douglas Grant B. , Davis Greg B.
Published: July 2022

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water are typically present in their ionic (nonvolatile) forms; however, these can transition to their nonionic (volatile) forms when in contact with organic solvents and organic matrices. In particular, when PFAS are dissolved in organic solvents such as residues left from firefighting foams, fuels, and bitumen present in asphalt, the equilibrium between ionic and nonionic forms can trend toward more volatile nonionic forms of PFAS. We assessed the volatility of common PFAS based on calculated and available experimental data across ambient temperature ranges experienced by airfield pavements and at elevated temperatures associated with reworking asphalts for reuse. Volatilities are shown to be comparable to hydrocarbons in the semivolatile range, suggesting that volatilization is a viable loss mechanism for some PFAS that are nonvolatile in water. The present study points to future investigative needs for this unexplored mass loss mechanism and potential exposure pathway. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2202–2208. © 2022 Commonwealth of Australia. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Cryopolymerization‐enabled self‐wrinkled polyaniline‐based hydrogels for highly stretchable all‐in‐one supercapacitors
Authors: Song Hui , Wang Yufeng , Fei Qingyang , Nguyen Dai Hai , Zhang Chao , Liu Tianxi
Published: July 2022

Conductive polymer hydrogels are attractive due to their combination of high theoretical capacitance, intrinsic electrical conductivity, fast ion transport, and high flexibility for supercapacitor electrodes. However, it is challenging to integrate conductive polymer hydrogels into an all‐in‐one supercapacitor (A‐SC) simultaneously with large stretchability and superior energy density. Here, a self‐wrinkled polyaniline (PANI)‐based composite hydrogel (SPCH) with an electrolytic hydrogel and a PANI composite hydrogel as the core and sheath, respectively, was prepared through a stretching/cryopolymerization/releasing strategy. The self‐wrinkled PANI‐based hydrogel exhibited large stretchability (∼970%) and high fatigue resistance (∼100% retention of tensile strength after 1200 cycles at a 200% strain) ascribing to the formation of the self‐wrinkled surfaces and the intrinsic stretchability of hydrogels. Upon cutting off the edge connections, the SPCH could directly work as an intrinsically stretchable A‐SC maintaining high energy density (70 µW h cm−2) and stable electrochemical outputs under a stretchability of 500% strain and a full‐scale bending of 180°. After 1000 cycles of 100% strain stretching and releasing processes, the A‐SC device could deliver highly stable outputs with high capacitance retention of 92%. This study might provide a straightforward method for fabricating self‐wrinkled conductive polymer‐based hydrogels for A‐SCs with highly deformation‐tolerant energy storage.
Ranking of transarterial and targeted therapies for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma in the era of immuno‐oncology: A network meta‐analysis of randomized sorafenib‐controlled trials
Authors: An Jihyun , Han Seungbong , Kim Ha Il , Shim Ju Hyun
Published: July 2022

To date, no studies have compared the new first‐line atezolizumab+bevacizumab with transarterial therapies combined with the prior standard‐of‐care, sorafenib, in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We compared and ranked all relevant transarterial and targeted treatments competing with atezolizumab+bevacizumab for such disease, based on direct and indirect evidence. This network meta‐analysis was conducted as a systematic review of phase 2 and 3 randomized sorafenib‐controlled trials investigating systemic treatment strategies for HCCs unsuitable for or that progressed after surgery or locoregional treatments as first‐line option published between 2008 and 2021. We ranked the treatments based on overall survival (OS) as the primary outcome, together with progression‐free survival (PFS) and grade 3–4 adverse events. Subgroup analyses were also implemented to estimate intervention efficacies in particular groups. We identified 3451 publications, 15 trials consisting of 7158 patients, using 14 different therapies including combinations of sorafenib with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), hepatic arterial chemoinfusion, and radioembolization. Regarding OS, atezolizumab+bevacizumab was the only regimen significantly superior to sorafenib (hazard ratio 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25–0.70), and it ranked first. This combination was also the best in the PFS analysis (0.59; 0.47–0.74), followed by lenvatinib (0.66; 0.57–0.76) and TACE+sorafenib (0.73; 0.59–0.91); all had significantly better outcomes than sorafenib alone. TACE+sorafenib (0.52; 0.27–1.00) was ranked first based on OS in a subset with portal invasion, but not in the metastatic series, with atezolizumab+bevacizumab second (0.58; 0.38–0.89). Lenvatinib (odds ratio 1.76; 95% CI 1.35–2.30) and TACE+sorafenib (2.02; 1.23–3.32), but not atezolizumab+bevacizumab (1.38; 0.93–2.05), were significantly less safe than sorafenib monotherapy. Conclusion: Our results indicate that atezolizumab+bevacizumab is the best first‐line clinically relevant systemic modality in advanced HCC. TACE+sorafenib may also be considered for the disease with portal invasion. (PROSPERO No. CRD42021250701).
Examining the role of sex on the benefits of muscle‐strengthening activities for people living with obesity: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Keshavarz Mohammad , Sénéchal Martin , Dombrowski Stephan U. , Meister Daniel , Bouchard Danielle R.
Published: July 2022

Aims

To investigate the correlations between meeting the muscle‐strengthening activities guideline, body fat %, and mortality for individuals living with obesity and to explore if these correlations are moderated by sex.

Methods

Data from 3915 adults ‎(51.9% women; 48.1% men‎) living with obesity (body fat % ≥25 for men and ≥35 for women) from two cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2003‐04/2005‐06) were analyzed. Muscle‐strengthening activities were self‐reported via a questionnaire, body fat % was measured via Dual Energy X‐ray, and mortality was obtained via administrative data for an average of 10 years.

Results

18.7% of men and 15.2% of women living with obesity met the muscle‐strengthening activities guideline (p = 0.021)‎. Sex was correlated with body fat %; (β (SE)= 11.34 (0.18); p ≤ 0.001) and risk of mortality (hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) = 0.36 (0.24–0.54); p ≤ 0.001), once adjusted for confounders (weekly aerobic activities, ethnicity, education, household income, smoking, and the sum of chronic conditions). The interaction between sex and meeting the muscle‐strengthening activities guideline was not significantly correlated with the studied outcomes.

Conclusion

Performing muscle‐strengthening activities a minimum of two times per week does not impact body fat % or risk of mortality (over 10 years) differently in men or women living with obesity.
The impact of theory of mind and executive function on math and reading abilities: A longitudinal study
Authors: Kloo Daniela , Osterhaus Christopher , Kristen‐Antonow Susanne , Sodian Beate
Published: July 2022

Both theory of mind (ToM) and executive functioning have been related to children's academic abilities. In a longitudinal study with 112 children, we investigated the influence of these two abilities on children's math and reading performance at 7 years of age. We found that math performance was predicted by concurrent working memory as well as by preschool numerical abilities and ToM. Reading performance was predicted by concurrent working memory and verbal IQ at 6 years. This corroborates earlier research demonstrating the importance of executive functioning (working memory) and ToM for later academic abilities. We argue that ToM may be an important developmental precursor of math performance because both require an understanding of representations.
Menstruation: Environmental impact and need for global health equity
Authors: Harrison Megan E. , Tyson Nichole
Published: July 2022

Synopsis

Menstrual health hygiene equity involves increasing awareness about the global environmental impact of disposable menstrual products and creating equitable opportunity for healthy hygiene products.
A painless way to customize Circos plot: From data preparation to visualization using TBtools
Authors: Chen Chengjie , Wu Ya , Xia Rui
Published: July 2022

Circos plots enable scientists to easily inspect big biological data genome‐widely on a macroscopic scale, but cumbersome preparation of input data and complex parameter configuration limits its application. We have developed the “Advanced Circos” function in TBtools, to provide a simple way to construct Circos plots. As an out‐of‐the‐box combo toolkit, TBtools has integrated a set of functions convenient for input data preparation. The “Advanced Circos” function is supplied with a user‐friendly interface for the customization of parameter settings and can be deployed to visualize all kinds of genomic data, such as genomic associations, alignment data, gene density, and QTL locations. In the present article, we introduce the main features of “Advance Circos” and the protocols of upstream data preparation, aiming to endow more users with the ability to use Circos plots in big genomic data exploration.
Within‐ and between‐patients associations between self‐efficacy, outcome expectation, and symptom change in cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Vîslă Andreea , Allemand Mathias , Flückiger Christoph
Published: July 2022

Objectives

There is limited information on how a change in patients' expectations over time results in symptom change in psychotherapy. This study aimed to investigate the changes in patients' expectations and symptoms during treatment and across follow‐up as well as to determine the within‐ and between‐patient relationships between two types of patient expectations, that is, self‐efficacy and outcome expectation, and symptom change.

Methods

Participants (80 participants × 6 repeated measures; 480 observations) with generalized anxiety disorder were treated using cognitive behavioral therapy and the within‐ and between‐patient scores of self‐efficacy and outcome expectation were evaluated in multilevel models as predictors of symptom change.

Results

Patients' self‐efficacy and outcome expectation increased, whereas severity of their symptoms reduced during and after treatment. At the within‐patient (WP) level, an increase in self‐efficacy was associated with a decrease in worry and depressive symptoms, and an increase in outcome expectation was associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms. The between‐patient (BP) effect, however, was contrary to the WP effect, that is, self‐efficacy was positively correlated with worry and outcome expectation was positively correlated with depressive symptoms

Conclusion

These results highlight the importance of disaggregating the WP variability from BP variability in psychotherapy process–outcome research as they exhibit different associations at the within‐ and between‐patient levels. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT03079336).
Burnout assessment among academic dental staff during COVID‐19: Data from Arab countries
Authors: Alsaggaf Arwa U. , Bustani Mohammad , Abid Mushriq , Hakeem Faisal F. , Abed Hassan
Published: July 2022

Purpose/objective

This study aimed to identify factors that were associated with high burnout and investigate the prevalence of burnout among academic dental staff during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Method

A cross‐sectional online survey was carried out among academic dentists who are working in multiple dental schools in Arab countries. The Copenhagen Burnout Inventory was used to assess participants’ work‐related burnout. Logistic regression was used to assess the factors that increase the risk of burnout among academic dentists.

Results

Of the 254 participants who took part in the study, 141 were males (55.5%). The average age of the participants in the study was 42.1 years (standard deviation = 10.0). The prevalence of burnout among participants was 44.9% (n = 114). Using a fully adjusted logistic regression model, age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.09, p = 0.008) and gender (OR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.31–0.94, p = 0.03) were significant variables associated with high overall burnout. Female individuals had a substantially reduced risk of experiencing high personal burnout than male participants (OR = 0.56, 95% CI: 0.32–0.98, p = 0.043) in the personal burnout subdomain. While in the patient's burnout subdomain, age (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00–1.08, p = 0.048), type of speciality (OR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.02–5.83, p = 0.044), and teaching place (OR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.21–5.11, p = 0.013) were associated with higher burnout.

Conclusion

This study concluded that gender and age are characteristics that increase the risk of higher burnout among academic dentists during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Liver in guinea pig: Scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies
Authors: Rajathi Shunmugam , Ramesh Geetha , Kannan Thandavan Arthanari , Dharani Palanisamy , Gnanadevi Ravignanam
Published: July 2022

The liver performs many functions, which support metabolism, immunity, digestion, detoxification, vitamin storage, and so on. The liver is the storage organ for fat‐soluble vitamins, iron and copper. Six adult healthy guinea pigs of 16–32 weeks of age (Irrespective of sex) were procured from the Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, TANUVAS as per ethical committee approval. Animals were dissected as per CPCSEA norms and liver pieces were utilized for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study. The study was performed to document the ultrastructural details of liver of guinea pigs by SEM and TEM. By SEM, the liver parenchyma appeared as lobular with anastomosed one cell thick hepatic cell plates, which appeared as continuous sheets with small to large holes representing sinusoids. The sinusoidal lumen was lined by two types of cells namely endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. Endothelial cells had numerous large and small cytoplasmic fenestrations. Presence of Kupffer cells along with Ito cells were observed in the sinusoids. By TEM, hepatocytes had angular shape with sinusoidal face and bile canalicular face. Hepatocytes had oval nucleus with peripheral heterochromatin and central electron lucent granules and a prominent nucleolus. Bile canaliculi were formed by two adjacent hepatocytes. Fenestrated endothelial cells with flat and elongated shape were found to be in the formation of hepatic sinusoidal wall. A narrow space of Disse was found between the sinusoidal endothelium and hepatocytes. Kupffer cells and pit cells were found within the sinusoidal lumen. Ito cells were found in the space of Disse.

Research Highlights

By scanning electron microscopy, the liver parenchyma appeared as lobular with anastomosed one cell thick hepatic cell plates, which appeared as continuous sheets with small to large holes representing sinusoids.

By transmission electron microscopy, hepatocytes had angular shape with sinusoidal face and bile canalicular face. Hepatocytes had oval nucleus with peripheral heterochromatin and central electron lucent granules and a prominent nucleolus.
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) arising in the setting of polycythemia vera (PV): An illustration of the emerging role of flow cytometry analysis in monitoring progression of myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: El Hussein Siba , Yabe Mariko , Wang Wei , Pemmaraju Naveen , Loghavi Sanam , Jelloul Fatima Zahra , Fang Hong , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Burack W. Richard , Evans Andrew G. , Liesveld Jane L. , Bennett John M.
Published: July 2022

This report highlights the value of flow cytometry analysis, particularly in the setting of myeloproliferative neoplasms showing features of progression, as neoplastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell (PDC) proliferations may be present, representing either a clonal expansion of mature PDCs related to the underlying myeloproliferative neoplasm or transformation to blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). BPDCN should always be considered in patients with myeloid neoplasms in progression and/or who develop new cutaneous findings, as it may prompt change of management.
Prospective study of oral pre‐exposure prophylaxis initiation and adherence among young women in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Mansoor Leila E. , Lewis Lara , Naicker Cherise L. , Harkoo Ishana , Dawood Halima , Naidoo Kalendri , Gengiah Tanuja N. , Samsunder Natasha , Beesham Ivana , Abdool Karim Salim S. , Abdool Karim Quarraisha
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), introduced into South Africa (SA) in 2016, has increasingly become part of HIV prevention standard of care. Given the urgent need for increased HIV prevention efforts for young women in SA, we conducted an implementation study to explore oral PrEP initiation and adherence, and the impact of oral PrEP on HIV incidence in this group.

Methods

This prospective cohort study (CAPRISA 082) was conducted at two sites (urban and rural) in KwaZulu‐Natal, between March 2016 and February 2018. HIV‐negative, sexually active women, aged 18–30 years, were enrolled and followed for approximately 10 months. Oral PrEP was offered as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention package. Adherence to oral PrEP was measured using pill counts and tenofovir‐diphosphate (TFV‐DP) levels. Characteristics of oral PrEP initiators versus non‐initiators were compared using risk ratios. HIV incidence rates were measured using Poisson regression.

Results

Of 425 women enrolled, 262 (62%) initiated oral PrEP. Uptake was significantly higher at the rural site compared to the urban site (78% [n = 203/259] vs. 36% [n = 59/166], respectively, p‐value<0.001). Approximately 25% and 50% had stopped using oral PrEP by 3 and 12 months post‐initiation, respectively. Median pill count adherence was 90% (interquartile range: 81–97%); however, TFV‐DP was only detected in 13% of samples tested, that is 56/431 samples from 97 (37%) participants who initiated oral PrEP. In total, 11 women seroconverted yielding an HIV incidence rate of 2.81 per 100 person‐years (95% confidence interval: 1.40–5.03). Nine of 11 seroconverters had initiated oral PrEP; however, all showed drug levels equivalent to taking one to zero tablets per week. Among women who initiated oral PrEP, >50% had discontinued using oral PrEP by study end, with side effects, such as diarrhoea, nausea, headaches and rash, being the most frequent reason for discontinuation.

Conclusions

Despite moderate oral PrEP initiation and high pill count adherence, adherence as measured by TFV‐DP levels was low and early discontinuation was high. The overall HIV incidence rate was high underscoring the critical need to address barriers to oral PrEP initiation, adherence and continued use, as well as expanding HIV prevention options for young women.
HIF‐1α‐regulated stanniocalcin‐1 mediates gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
Authors: Zhao Fangyu , Yang Gang , Qiu Jiangdong , Liu Yueze , Tao Jinxin , Chen Guangyu , Su Dan , You Lei , Zheng Lianfang , Zhang Taiping , Zhao Yupei
Published: July 2022

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a poor response to the first‐line chemotherapy drug gemcitabine. We previously identified stanniocalcin‐1 as a gemcitabine‐resistant‐related gene, but its specific role and function in pancreatic cancer remain unclear. RT‐qPCR and Western blot were used to evaluate differential protein and mRNA expressions. The biological functions of genes were determined using proliferation and drug‐resistance experiments. Subcutaneous tumorigenesis experiment was performed on nude mice. Prognostic analysis was performed using public databases and our clinical data. We found HIF‐1α‐regulated STC1 expression mediated chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer. Deeper, we explored the action mechanism of STC1 and identified PI3K/AKT as the downstream signaling pathway of STC1. Furthermore, we analyzed clinical data and found that STC1 expression was related to the prognosis of gemcitabine‐treated patients after surgery. In general, we proved the HIF‐1α/STC1/PI3K‐AKT axis participated in PDAC progression and chemoresistance, and STC1 may serve as a potential prognostic factor and therapeutic target for PDAC treatment.
Systematic evaluation of the predictive gene expression signatures of immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic melanoma
Authors: Coleman Samuel , Xie Mengyu , Tarhini Ahmad A. , Tan Aik Choon
Published: July 2022

Advances in immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), have transformed the standard of care for many types of cancer including melanoma. ICIs have improved the overall outcome of melanoma patients; however, a significant proportion of patients suffer from primary or secondary tumor resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop predictive biomarkers to better select patients for ICI therapy. Numerous biomarkers that predict the response of melanoma to ICIs have been investigated, including biomarker signatures based on genomics or transcriptomics. Most of these predictive biomarkers have not been systematically evaluated across different cohorts to determine the reproducibility of these signatures in metastatic melanoma. We evaluated 28 previously published predictive biomarkers of ICIs based on gene expression signatures in eight previously published studies with available RNA‐sequencing data in public repositories. We found that signatures related to IFN‐γ‐responsive genes, T and B cell markers, and chemokines in the tumor immune microenvironment are generally predictive of response to ICIs in these patients. In addition, we identified that these predictive biomarkers have higher predictive values in on‐treatment samples as compared to pretreatment samples in metastatic melanoma. The most frequently overlapping genes among the top 18 predictive signatures were CXCL10, CXCL9, PRF1, RANTES, IFNG, HLA‐DRA, GZMB, and CD8A. From gene set enrichment analysis and cell type deconvolution, we estimated that the tumors of responders were enriched with infiltrating cytotoxic T‐cells and other immune cells and the upregulation of genes related to interferon‐γ signaling. Conversely, the tumors of non‐responders were enriched with stromal‐related cell types such as fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, as well as enrichment with T helper 17 cell types across all cohorts. In summary, our approach of validating and integrating multi‐omics data can help guide future biomarker development in the field of ICIs and serve the quest for a more personalized therapeutic approach for melanoma patients.
A workflow for predicting temperature increase at the electrical contacts of deep brain stimulation electrodes undergoing MRI
Authors: Sadeghi‐Tarakameh Alireza , Zulkarnain Nur Izzati Huda , He Xiaoxuan , Atalar Ergin , Harel Noam , Eryaman Yigitcan
Published: July 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to present a workflow for predicting the radiofrequency (RF) heating around the contacts of a deep brain stimulation (DBS) lead during an MRI scan.

Methods

The induced RF current on the DBS lead accumulates electric charge on the metallic contacts, which may cause a high local specific absorption rate (SAR), and therefore, heating. The accumulated charge was modeled by imposing a voltage boundary condition on the contacts in a quasi‐static electromagnetic (EM) simulation allowing thermal simulations to be performed with the resulting SAR distributions. Estimating SAR and temperature increases from a lead in vivo through EM simulation is not practical given anatomic differences and variations in lead geometry. To overcome this limitation, a new parameter, transimpedance, was defined to characterize a given lead. By combining the transimpedance, which can be measured in a single calibration scan, along with MR‐based current measurements of the lead in a unique orientation and anatomy, local heating can be estimated. Heating determined with this approach was compared with results from heating studies of a commercial DBS electrode in a gel phantom with different lead configurations to validate the proposed method.

Results

Using data from a single calibration experiment, the transimpedance of a commercial DBS electrode (directional lead, Infinity DBS system, Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL) was determined to be 88 Ω. Heating predictions using the DBS transimpedance and rapidly acquired MR‐based current measurements in 26 different lead configurations resulted in a <23% (on average 11.3%) normalized root‐mean‐square error compared to experimental heating measurements during RF scans.

Conclusion

In this study, a workflow consisting of an MR‐based current measurement on the DBS lead and simple quasi‐static EM/thermal simulations to predict the temperature increase around a DBS electrode undergoing an MRI scan is proposed and validated using a commercial DBS electrode.
Dynamic modeling and analysis of the looped space tether transportation system based on ANCF
Authors: Yang Jie , Wang Qingtao , Zhang Zhiyong , Liu Zhendong , Xu Shidong , Li Gangqiang
Published: July 2022

A high‐fidelity multibody‐system dynamic model of the looped tether transportation system (L‐TTS) is proposed in this study to study its large deformation as well as large overall motion. The absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF)‐based gradient‐deficient beam element is employed to establish the accurate model of the two flexible tethers subject to large deformations. The relative movement of climbers along tethers is described by using the sliding joint model based on ANCF. To reduce the collision risks between tethers and climbers, two libration suppression strategies, namely, the decelerated motion of climbers relative to tethers and multiple climbers per tether are investigated in this study. Several numerical simulations not only validate the effectiveness of the two strategies in reducing the collision risks between climbers and tethers, the overall librations of L‐TTS, and the magnitudes of the longitudinal elastic force of tethers, but also verify the good performance of the high‐fidelity model proposed in this study for dynamic simulation of the L‐TTS in microgravity conditions.
Self‐actuating multilayer scaffold for skeletal muscle tissue engineering
Authors: Khalili Amin , Noziere Rocheny , Tuberty‐Vaughan Emma , Freeman Joseph Warren
Published: July 2022

Electroactive polymers (EAP) can alter and change their shape when subjected to an electric field, they have been investigated for a variety of purposes including smart drug delivery and artificial muscles. However, approaches to design electroactive hydrogel structures can be hindered by low polymeric conductivity, which then requires high electrical input to induce movement and results in low cellular viability. Our purpose in this study, was to reduce the input voltage required for movement by layering electroactive PEGDA:Acrylic acid (PEGDA:AA) with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) modified with a conductive nanocomposite of colloidal poly(3,4 ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and graphene oxide (GO). In this study PEDOT:PSS/GO was a flexible electrode that stimulated the PEGDA:AA. The multilayered hydrogel was evaluated for angular movement, electrical properties, and biocompatibility with C2C12 myoblast cells. The data showed that increasing the PEDOT:PSS/GO in the hydrogel decreased the conductivity, potentially due to the presence of GO. The addition of PEDOT:PSS/GO increased scaffold movement compared with PEGDA:AA alone when stimulated at 1 V. Fewer scaffolds displayed significantly more movement with increased voltage, but the 10% PEDOT:PSS/GO group experienced more movement at each tested voltage. C2C12 cells on the 10% PEDOT:PSS/GO were more metabolically active than cells on scaffolds with increased concentrations of PEDOT:PSS/GO. This work is an initial step in creating biocompatible scaffolds capable of actuation for tissue engineering.
Temperature analysis in fiber metal laminates drilling: Experimental and numerical results
Authors: Parodo Gianluca , Rubino Felice , Sorrentino Luca , Turchetta Sandro
Published: July 2022

Drilling process of fiber metal laminates (FML) requires a proper design of the processing parameters to prevent the occurrence of several issues and minimize defects, which can be detrimental for the integrity of the parts. These aspects become more critical in dry machining used in aeronautic field. In this scenario, the monitoring of process temperature is crucial to obtain useful information for machining optimization since many critical factors, such as matrix burnout, fiber pull‐out and delamination, depend on the heat generated during the machining. The aim of this work is to monitor the temperature measured on the tool and workpiece during dry drilling of Al/GFRP (GLARE) and Al/CFRP (CARALL) hybrid laminates. The influence of the cutting speed on the temperature trends was analyzed. Two different set‐ups were designed to measure the temperature on the tool, near the cutting edge and on the flank, and inside the laminate, in both the metallic and the composite parts. In addition, a numerical model to analyze the process temperature trend during drilling has been developed. The increasing the spindle speed from 1500 to 8000 rpm resulted in a decreasing of maximum temperatures of approximately 10°C on the tool tip and on the flank for the GLARE, and of almost 20°C in the CARALL laminates. The numerical simulation also pointed that the temperature fields is dictated by the thermal properties of carbon and glass fibers: temperature profiles within the CARALL were found smoother than those observed in GLARE.
Polymer networks functionalized with low‐valent phosphorus cations
Authors: Béland Vanessa A. , Wang Zhiqiang , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Ragogna Paul J.
Published: July 2022

In this work, we show that polymer networks composed of tertiary alkyl phosphines can be cleanly functionalized with phosphino‐phosphonium or triphosphenium cations. Methods for functionalizing the polymers range from halide abstraction of commercially available reagents, to ligand exchange from simple to make reported compounds, and finally, macromolecular ligand design guided by observations made at the molecular level to accommodate the formation of kinetically favored triphosphenium cation functionalized networks. The synthesis, comprehensive characterization, and comparison of the new polymers to molecular analogues is outlined. It is shown the addition of the low valent phosphorus centers to the polymer network has the effect of tuning material physical properties.
Multiple compensatory mutations contribute to the de‐domestication of Iberian weedy rice
Authors: Li Xiang , Zhang Shulin , Amaro‐Blanco Ignacio , Perera Sherin , Khandekar Nikhil Shirish , Lowey Daniel , Osuna Maria Dolores , Caicedo Ana L.
Published: July 2022

Societal Impact Statement

Weedy plants are a major constraint on agricultural productivity. Weedy rice is a weed that invades rice fields worldwide and is responsible for reductions in rice yields. Studies to date have detected multiple independent weedy rice origins in different parts of the world. We investigated the origin of weedy rice in Spain and Portugal and found that it has evolved from a cultivated rice variety group grown locally. Iberian weeds carry mutations that reverse domesticated pericarp color to its ancestral red color. Our results imply that management strategies are needed to prevent the evolution of troublesome weeds from cultivated ancestors.

Weedy rice, a damaging conspecific weed of cultivated rice, has arisen multiple times independently around the world. Understanding all weedy rice origins is necessary to create more effective weed management strategies. The origins of weedy rice in Spain and Portugal, where there are no native Oryza species, are unknown. In this study, we try to identify the likely ancestors of Iberian weedy rice and the mechanisms involved in the evolution of two weedy traits, seed shattering, and red pericarps.

We used genotyping by sequencing to understand the origin of Iberian weedy rice and its relationship to other weedy, wild, and cultivated rice groups worldwide. We also genotyped candidate genes for shattering and pericarp color.

We find that weedy rice in the Iberian Peninsula has primarily evolved through de‐domestication of temperate japonica cultivars, with minor origins from exotic weedy rice. Iberian weeds have evolved the capacity to shatter seeds via novel loci and have acquired red pericarps via compensatory mutations in the Rc domestication gene. Our results suggest the Iberian weeds have experienced selection at multiple locations in the genome to establish as weeds, likely targeting male fertility genes among other functions.

Our characterization of Iberian weedy rice adds to the growing evidence that de‐domestication of cultivated rice varieties is the main source of weedy rice worldwide. Their evolutionary versatility explains why weedy rice continues to be one of the most problematic weeds of cultivated rice.
Pulmonary function of children with tracheomalacia and associated clinical factors
Authors: Boonjindasup Wicharn , Marchant Julie M. , McElrea Margaret S. , Yerkovich Stephanie T. , Thomas Rahul J. , Masters Ian B. , Chang Anne B.
Published: July 2022

Objectives

Spirometry is easily accessible yet there is limited data in children with tracheomalacia. Availability of such data may inform clinical practice. We aimed to describe spirometry indices of children with tracheomalacia, including Empey index and flow‐volume curve pattern, and determine whether these indices relate with bronchoscopic features.

Methods

From the database of children with tracheomalacia diagnosed during 2016–2019, we reviewed their flexible bronchoscopy and spirometry data in a blinded manner. We specially evaluated several spirometry indices and tracheomalacia features (cross‐sectional lumen reduction, malacic length, and presence of bronchomalacia) and determined their association using multivariable regression.

Results

Of 53 children with tracheomalacia, the mean (SD) peak expiratory flow (PEF) was below the normal range [68.9 percent of predicted value (23.08)]. However, all other spirometry parameters were within normal range [Z‐score forced expired volume in 1 s (FEV1) = −1.18 (1.39), forced vital capacity (FVC) = −0.61 (1.46), forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity​​​​​​ (FEF25%–75%) = −1.43 (1.10), FEV1/FVC = −1.04 (1.08)], Empey Index = 8.21 (1.59). The most common flow‐volume curve pattern was the “knee” pattern (n = 39, 73.6%). Multivariable linear regression identified the presence of bronchomalacia was significantly associated with lower flows: FEV1 [coefficient (95% CI) −0.78 (−1.54, −0.02)], FEF25%–75% [−0.61 (−1.22, 0)], and PEF [−12.69 (−21.13, −4.25)], all p ≤ 0.05. Other bronchoscopic‐defined tracheomalacia features examined (cross‐sectional lumen reduction, malacic length) were not significantly associated with spirometry indices.

Conclusion

The “knee” pattern in spirometry flow‐volume curve is common in children with tracheomalacia but other indices, including Empey index, cannot be used to characterize tracheomalacia. Spirometry indices were not significantly associated with bronchoscopic tracheomalacia features but children with tracheobronchomalacia have significantly lower flow than those with tracheomalacia alone.
Rethinking migration networks on the move: Associative, professional and global encounters between Romanians in Spain
Authors: Marcu Silvia
Published: July 2022

This paper explores the (re)interpretation of migration networks on the move following the European Union (EU) enlargement towards eastern Europe, which affected people's mobility in time–space. The paper poses two questions: are one or more migration networks engaged in this mobility? Is it possible to rethink migration networks in the context of mobility? Drawing on 60 in‐depth interviews with Romanians in Spain, my novel argument is that even while on they move people construct dynamic and multifaceted networks situated between encounter and difference that transcend their distinctive features and complement each other: ‘associative networks’ grouped around migrant associations; ‘professional networks’ articulated around the institutions that represent Romania in Spain; and ‘global networks of encounter’ that include highly mobile young people. The conclusions emphasize that the notion of migration networks on the move can be rethought by taking a transformative approach that overcomes differences and seeks interconnective synergy.
Beneficial effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract on inflammatory markers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the clinical trials
Authors: Mousavi Seyedeh Neda , Hosseinikia Mahboobe , Yousefi Rad Esmaeil , Saboori Somayeh
Published: July 2022

The beneficial effects of Ginkgo biloba on cardio‐metabolic markers have been reported. However, its effect on inflammation is not assessed in any meta‐analysis. We performed a systematic review of randomized controlled trials evaluating the effects of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBLE) on serum C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) levels. A systematic search was performed on four databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, up to October 2021. After screening, 17 trials met our inclusion criteria. Trials were of 1–24 weeks of duration and included 1,104 participants. In the meta‐analysis, the weighted mean differences (WMD) in change for serum CRP were −1.5 mg/L (95% CI: −2.16, −0.85, p < 0.001). Moreover, WMD for serum IL‐6 and TNF‐α were in favor of the GBLE compared to the placebo [(−16.86 pg/mL, 95% CI: −19.38, −14.34, p < 0.001); and (−4.19 pg/mL, 95%CI: −5.14, −3.23, p < 0.001), respectively]. Subgroup analysis showed that GBLE has a beneficial effect on serum CRP at the baseline levels≥3 mg/L and doses<500 mg/day. This meta‐analysis showed that the GBLE could reduce serum inflammatory markers. Therefore, this medicinal herb might be a possible strategy for inflammation control.
The role of package design typicality on a hand sanitizer purchase
Authors: Frierson Ami , Hurley Rupert A. , Kimmel Robert M. , Griffin Sarah , Bridges William , Roth Ginger , Kessler Samuel J.
Published: July 2022

This descriptive research uses multiple methods to understand consumers' interactions with hand sanitizer packaging at the point of purchase during the coronavirus pandemic. An analysis of common visual codes within the product category defines a typical hand sanitizer package at the time of the study. Eye‐tracking biometrics systematically describe consumers' attention to hand sanitizer products while shopping. Finally, quantitative and qualitative survey data capture participants' perceived typicality of hand sanitizer packaging, package element preferences and their attitude towards the product.

A multiple regression analysis found that visual appeal, brand confidence and packaging have a significant positive relationship to participants' perceived typicality. Packages perceived as typical were best described as transparent with non‐pigmented products and few graphical elements included on the principal display panel (PDP). Form, dispensing method and active ingredient were the most important considerations in hand sanitizer purchases. Participants indicated that brand was not an important factor when shopping for hand sanitizer, but biometrics suggested that it was more important than most other text.

Findings contribute to the growing research around package design typicality with a novel product category and offer a baseline understanding of expectations for hand sanitizer packaging. Attention towards 11 hand sanitizer packaging stimuli and survey responses of 61 human subjects located in the southeast United States during the coronavirus pandemic were collected and analysed. Further research is needed to understand consumer interaction with hand sanitizer packaging outside this context.
Combining ab initio and machine learning method to improve the prediction of diatomic vibrational energies
Authors: Fu Jia , Wan Zhitao , Yang Zhangzhang , Liu Li , Fan Qunchao , Xie Feng , Zhang Yi , Ma Jie
Published: July 2022

Through the comprehensive analysis of ab initio and experimental results of a large number of diatomic systems, the systematic deviation of ab initio method in vibrational energies prediction caused by physical/mathematical simplification is located. A joint ab initio and machine learning method based on information across molecules is proposed to deal with the problem. Starting from an ab initio model, and then systematically modifying it through machine learning, the vibrational energies prediction of many diatomic systems (SiC, HBr, NO, PC, N2, SiO, O2, ClF, etc.) have been improved, and significantly surpassed the more complex ab initio model. In addition to the improvement of accuracy, the new method also greatly reduces the computational expense, and is applicable for the systems without experimental data.
Tracking control for large‐scale switched nonlinear systems subject to asymmetric input saturation and output hysteresis: A new adaptive network‐based approach
Authors: Han Yu‐Qun , He Wen‐Jing , Li Na , Zhu Shan‐Liang
Published: July 2022

For large‐scale switched nonlinear systems subject to asymmetric input saturation and output hysteresis, an adaptive control strategy is put forward by using a novel neural network, that is, multi‐dimensional Taylor network (MTN), which can effectively cope with the output tracking problem of this system. Firstly, asymmetric input saturation is expressed as the combination of a linear function and a bounded error function. Then, the modified Bouc‐Wen hysteresis model is employed to solve the nonlinear problem caused by output hysteresis. Afterwards, based on the approximation ability of MTN, a novel adaptive decentralized control method is designed by combining Lyapunov stability theory with adaptive backstepping technology, which realizes the stability and boundedness of the controlled systems. It should be noted that the asymmetric input saturation, the output hysteresis, large‐scale nonlinear systems and switched nonlinear systems appear in the same framework for the first time. Finally, a practical example and a numerical example are given to verify the availability of the proposed control strategy.
An elementary mechanism for simultaneously modeling discrete decisions and decision times
Authors: Yu Jiangbo
Published: July 2022

In the field of system dynamics (SD), there has been a missing set of theoretically sound techniques for explicitly modeling dynamics during discrete decision‐making processes across varying levels and types of decision pressures. Purchasing a property, filing a divorce, approving a merger, imposing a tariff, and launching a war are examples of actions that have broader ramifications; in these cases, the decisions and timing of those decisions are crucial in understanding and predicting the interactions between the decision‐makers and their environments. Sequential Sampling Models (SSMs) have remained commonplace in cognitive psychology (CP) for decades because of their utility in simultaneously capturing individual decisions and decision‐time distributions. This article reviews existing SSM literature and proposes a generalized, elementary mechanism distilled from existing SSMs, which establishes a connection between SD and CP in the hope of benefiting both fields. © 2022 System Dynamics Society.
The Importance of Phenology and Thermal Exposure to Early Life History Success of Nonnative Smallmouth Bass in the Yellowstone River
Authors: Voss Nicholas S. , Al‐Chokhachy Robert , Sepulveda Adam J. , Verhille Christine E. , Ruggles Michael P. , Zale Alexander V.
Published: July 2022

Knowledge of potential spread by introduced species is critical to effective management and conservation. The Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu is an example of a fish that has been introduced globally, often spreads after introduction, and has substantial predatory impacts on fish assemblages. Nonnative Smallmouth Bass in the free‐flowing Yellowstone River, Montana, have expanded from warmer, downstream sections of river into colder, upstream sections containing socio‐economically valuable trout fisheries. We sought insight into mechanisms controlling upstream spread by evaluating whether progressively colder upstream climates physiologically constrained successful recruitment by limiting age‐0 growth and preventing overwinter survival (i.e., population establishment). We documented the phenology, growth, and overwinter survival of age‐0 Smallmouth Bass across a temperature gradient leading to their upstream extent in the Yellowstone River. The upstream extent of population establishment did not appear limited by water temperature alone. Age‐0 body size at the onset of winter did not differ significantly between colder, upstream reaches and warmer, downstream reaches. Instead, the earlier hatch timing exhibited by some age‐0 individuals in upstream sections allowed them to experience longer growing seasons than many individuals in downstream sections. This counter‐intuitive hatching phenology mediated much of the expected decreases in growth in colder, upstream climates. Furthermore, evidence of successful overwinter survival and simulations of age‐0 starvation mortality indicated that age‐0 individuals at the upstream extent of their distribution successfully recruited to the age‐1 year‐class during four consecutive years. However, age‐0 individuals were rare or absent throughout the uppermost upstream distribution of adults, suggesting that something other than temperature limits or discourages reproduction farther upstream. Taken together, our results suggest that Smallmouth Bass have not yet reached the thermal limit of their upstream distribution in the Yellowstone River and that future spread may challenge fisheries managers tasked with management of coldwater trout fisheries in this river.