bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can pest management and biosecurity benefit from the surveillance and security industries
Authors: Hardwick S. , Ferguson C.M. , Wilson D.J. , Sik J.
Published: October 2019

Selfreporting cameras have the potential to revolutionise the trapping networks utilised in pest management and biosecurity A study was carried out to determine whether commercially available selfreporting camera systems that use WiFi and GSM to transmit images to secure websites could be incorporated into trapping networks Of 45 systems initially examined one the RedEye security camera was laboratory tested Tests showed that the standard optics package was incapable of distinguishing between clover root weevil (Sitona lepidus) and Argentine stem weevil (Listronotus bonariensis) An upgrade of the cameras optics enabled it be used to successfully monitor porina (Wiseana spp) flight activity While this result was encouraging more research is needed before the technology can be incorporated into trapping networks In particular further thought is needed as to the level of image resolution that is required to ensure that the system is relevant to all pest management and biosecurity practitioners
Identification of weed seeds in soil samples intercepted at the New Zealand border
Authors: James T.K. , Champion P.D. , Dowsett C.A. , McNeill M.R. , Houliston G.J.
Published: October 2019

Identification of weed seeds from overseas countries can be problematic particularly when diagnostic tools are lacking or incomplete A well trained seed analyst will usually be able to identify seed to generic level but not always to the species level Resources for identification of mature plants are usually more complete Using a seed germination method for intercepted soil samples achieved two goals; it provided an easier route to identification and a measure of viable seed The drawback of this method is the need to grow the plants through to flowering DNA identification is an emerging method for more rapid identification but it relies on availability of matching sequences in an existing database and validation of source plant identification with reliable voucher specimens The limitations and advantages of both techniques are discussed and ways in which timely and accurate identification can be provided for biosecurity practitioners are suggested
Postharvest management of New Zealand flower thrips on export apricots using ethyl formate
Authors: Redpath S.P. , Wilson A. , Jamieson L.E. , Page-Weir N.E.M. , Griffin M.J. , Chhagan A. , Hamilton B.
Published: October 2019

New Zealand flower thrips (NZFT Thrips obscuratus) is the most abundant pest on New Zealand apricots at harvest and is a quarantine pest for apricot export markets Ethyl formate (EF) is a Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS) compound being investigated treatments against NZFT and their impact on apricot fruit quality in shipping containers NZFT adults and larvae on apricots were treated in field bins of apricots in a 282 m3 in Hawkes Bay and Central Otago respectively In Hawkes Bay the treatments resulted in 100 mortality of NZFT adults and larvae In Central Otago the treatments resulted in 100 mortality of NZFT adults and 98100 larval mortality Export grade apricot cultivars expressed no adverse effects on quality to this concentration of EFCO2
In vitro evaluation of fungicides and biocontrol agents for efficacy against Neofusicoccum spp that cause dieback of blueberries
Authors: Tennakoon K.M.S. , Ridgway H.J. , Jones E.E. , Jaspers M.V.
Published: October 2019

Several botryosphaeriaceous species have been reported to cause stem canker twig blight and dieback of blueberries with different Botryosphaeria species reported in different parts of the world This research evaluated nine fungicides for their ability to reduce mycelial growth conidial germination and germ tube elongation of four common and pathogenic botryosphaeriaceous species recovered from New Zealand blueberries Furthermore two biocontrol agents were tested against the same species using dual plate assays Fludioxonil carbendazim flusilazole and tebuconazole were the most effective for inhibition of mycelial growth of three isolates each of Neofusicoccum australe N luteum N parvum and N ribis EC50 values for these fungicides were less than 01 mg ai/litre Carbendazim and iprodione (both EC50 004 mg/litre) were the most effective for reduction of conidial germination of all four species In addition these two fungicides were effective for inhibition of germ tube elongation with mean EC50 values of 004 and 01 mg/litre respectively The biocontrol agents Trichoderma atroviride and Bacillus subtilis reduced mycelial growth of all species tested with a range of macroscopic interactions This study has indicated the most promising fungicides and biocontrol agents for further investigations to protect pruning wounds in blueberries
A treasure trove of insect pathogens and other beneficial microbes
Authors: Nelson T.L. , Young S.D.
Published: October 2019

AgResearch Lincoln maintains two large collections of beneficial microbes which include insectpathogenic bacteria and fungi and plant growthpromoting microorganisms The collections serve as a repository for indigenous microbes of potential value as biocontrol agents and plant growth stimulants as well as reference isolates from overseas collections Over 3500 bacterial and 680 fungal isolates have been accessioned over a 22year period from most regions in New Zealand including the Chatham Islands Preservation of these vital genetic resources is essential for current and future bioprotection programmes providing a source of beneficial microbes for regulation of pest threats arising through biosecurity failure new crop management priorities and climate change The microbes are made available for research trials/commercialisation through collaborative programmes with research organisations such as Plant Food Research (fungi and bacteria for control of chorus cicada Fullers rose weevil bronze beetle) Landcare Research (fungi for control of social wasps) Auckland University (effect of endophytic insectpathogenic fungi on plant growth) and industry partners In the last decade the collections have also played a role in confirming the presence in New Zealand of microorganisms formerly considered to be new under the HSNO Act
The search for white tip of Californian thistle in New Zealand
Authors: Cripps M.G. , Bailey K.L. , Merfield C.N. , Jackman S.D. , Bourd?t G.W.
Published: October 2019

Phoma macrostoma is a cosmopolitan fungus pathogenic to a wide range of herbaceous and woody plant species but nonpathogenic to most grasses Recently a strain of P macrostoma pathogenic to Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense) and other broadleaf weeds was registered as a bioherbicide in Canada for use in turf grass and arable cropping systemsThis strain causes a condition known as white tip disease that is characterised by symptoms of yellow to white chlorosis commonly referred to as photobleaching Symptoms characteristic of white tip disease have been observed on Californian thistle in New Zealand but it is uncertain if the causal agent is P macrostoma The aim was to determine if strains of P macrostoma that cause white tip disease and are genetically similar to the Canadian bioherbicide strain are present in New Zealand The presence of such strains would facilitate the registration of this pathogen as a bioherbicide since most safety requirements will have been satisfied by overseas research People in the agricultural industry are encouraged to look for Californian thistle with white tip symptoms and send samples to AgResearch for identification
A glyphosateresistant perennial ryegrass population is also resistant to amitrole
Authors: Ghanizadeh H. , Harrington K.C. , James T.K. , Woolley D.J.
Published: October 2019

A doseresponse experiment was conducted on a previously confirmed glyphosate resistant perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) population from a Marlborough vineyard to examine if it is also resistant to amitrole after an initial experiment suggested amitrole is less effective on this population The plants of two populations of perennial ryegrass Population O (glyphosate resistant) and Population SP (glyphosate susceptible) were multiplied up by splitting out tillers and planting them into pots The plants were sprayed with rates of amitrole from 0 to 9600 g ai/ha and each treatment consisted of five replicates (one plant per replicate) The dry weight of plant material was measured 8 weeks after herbicide application The data were fitted to a three parameter logistic model and the herbicide rate giving 50 reduction in growth (GR50) was calculated The GR50 value of Population SP for amitrole was 523 g ai/ha whereas the GR50 for Population O was found to be 131 times greater This is the first confirmed case of amitrole resistance evolving within New Zealand and further work is currently underway to study this resistance
Herbicide responses of matforming weeds of forest remnants in New Zealand
Authors: James T.K. , Dowsett C.A.
Published: October 2019

Tradescantia fluminensis Plectranthus ciliatus Asparagus scandens Hedera helix Lamium galeobdolon and Selaginella kraussiana are all matforming invasive species that limit regeneration of native plants in forest remnants in New Zealand Experiments using potted specimens of these weeds showed that low rates (338675 g/ha) of the herbicide triclopyr gave >90 defoliation of T fluminensis A scandens and L galeobdolon but a higher rate of 1350 g/ha only gave 85 defoliation of H helix Diquat gave 85 defoliation of P ciliatus Aminopyralid was effective against S kraussiana but was very slow acting These experiments have identified herbicides and application rates for effective forest weed management to facilitate native plant regeneration in New Zealand temperate forests
Photostability of pyranine and suitability as a spray drift tracer
Authors: Nairn J.J. , Forster W.A.
Published: October 2019

Pyranine a water soluble fluorescent tracer has been used in spray drift studies yet there is limited information regarding analytical methods and conflicting information on the rapidity and extent to which the pyranine may degrade This study assessed the suitability of pyranine as a tracer for drift studies While pyranine did decompose when exposed to sunlight whilst in solution spray droplets dry in minutes and photodecomposition appears to be significantly slower in the solid phase Droplet residues showed minimal photodecomposition after exposure to sunlight for 2 h Pyranine samples could be stored in cool dark conditions as dried deposits or in solution for over 2 weeks without significant degradation Pyranine is a suitable tracer for spray drift determinations as there is no significant degradation over the time required to collect process and measure samples allowing residues to be accurately quantified provided liquid extracts are suitably buffered
Control of Neonectria ditissima with copper based products in New Zealand
Authors: Walter M. , Stevenson O.D. , Amponsah N.T. , Scheper R.W.A. , Rainham D.G. , Hornblow C.G. , Kerer U. , Dryden G.H. , Latter I. , Butler R.C.
Published: October 2019

New Zealand pipfruit crops require postharvest fungicides for control of European canker caused by Neonectria ditissima Fungicide efficacy trials to protect leaf scars from N ditissima infections were conducted during autumn 2013 and 2014 Disease control of artificially inoculated leaf scars was achieved by single applications of copper oxychloride and copper oxide but not copper hydroxide applied at 43 11 and 06 kg elemental copper/ ha respectively Control of leaf scar infections by copper oxide (065 and 095 kg elemental copper/ha) was similar to control by captan Leaf scars (010 days old) remained susceptible to infections up to 10 days after leaf fall; disease control was achieved by redistribution of copper and captan fungicides onto new leaf scars Disease control using copper oxide was consistent and similar to control using captan The copper product and concentration of elemental copper are important for successful control of leaf scar infections by N ditissima
Effect of Epichlo endophyte strains in Lolium spp cultivars on Argentine stem weevil parasitism by Microctonus hyperodae
Authors: Goldson S.L. , Tomasetto F. , Popay A.J.
Published: October 2019

This paper reports on an extensive field investigation conducted at Lincoln during the 20142015 summer/early autumn This aimed to assess the effects of a range of novel Epichlo endophytes when present in different cultivars of Lolium spp on parasitism rates by the biological control agent Microctonus hyperodae in Listronotus bonariensis (ie the Argentine stem weevil) Results for the entire summer and including all treatment combinations did not find any significant differences in parasitism in L bonariensis populations However in the early autumn independent of the endophytes present significantly higher levels of parasitism were found in a tetraploid Lolium multiflorum cultivar and a tetraploid L perenne selection compared to the L perenne cultivars Whether this finding has any bearing on a possible mechanism of weevil resistance is discussed
An initial genetic characterisation of the grape powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) in New Zealand associated with recent reports of the sexual stage
Authors: Cooper J.A. , Park D. , Johnston P.R.
Published: October 2019

The asexual form of the grape powdery mildew Erysiphe necator has been present in New Zealand for over 100 years In 2013 the sexual stage was reported for the first time in vineyards in Hawkes Bay associated with increased disease issues This paper presents an initial genetic analysis of New Zealand populations compared to known populations overseas and tentatively identifies two haplotypes new to New Zealand Initial analysis of matingtype ratios indicates only one of these haplotypes is sexually reproducing A better understanding of the fundamental character of the New Zealand populations of Erysiphe necator is needed before an accurate assessment can be made of the practical impact that the introduction of the sexual stage has had on disease incidence and control
A leaf disc assay for determining resistance of taro to Phytophthora colocasiae
Authors: Tyson J.L. , Fullerton R.A.
Published: October 2019

Phytophthora colocasiae is a destructive fungal pathogen of taro (Colocasia esculenta) which causes taro leaf blight This disease destroyed Samoas taro export industry and led to local food shortages following introduction of the pathogen in 1993 In support of a Pacific regional taro resistance breeding programme laboratory studies in New Zealand aimed to develop a leaf disc bioassay for identifying taro genotypes with disease tolerance A medium has been developed that will retard senescence of the leaf discs for over 14 days The rate of leaf disc infection and subsequent lesion development varied with incubation temperature leaf age and taro cultivar An understanding of these factors and the variation they cause has resulted in a laboratory leaf disc assay for testing resistance of different taro cultivars to taro leaf blight
Risks to pest management in New Zealands pipfruit Integrated Fruit Production programme
Authors: Lo P.L. , Walker J.T.S. , Rogers D.J.
Published: October 2019

Pest management in New Zealands pipfruit Integrated Fruit Production (IFP) programme relies on selective pesticides biological control and pheromone mating disruption The current situation is potentially precarious and one concern the impact of less selective pesticides was tested Apple trees received synthetic pyrethroid (deltamethrin) sprays during the first half of two growing seasons Beneficial and pest species were monitored monthly from November to April Treated trees had fewer predatory bugs (91 100 reduction) lacewings (64100) earwigs (80100) predatory mites (67100) spiders (2064) and Hymenoptera (1649) than untreated trees Ladybird numbers varied depending on the assessment method Outbreaks of phytophagous mites and woolly scale and Froggatts apple leafhopper on untreated trees Factors that make pest management under IFP vulnerable in the future include a loss of biological control and the consequences of new pests establishing
In vitro inhibition of Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae by wound protectants
Authors: Cornish D.A. , Yu J. , Oldham J.M. , Benge J. , Max W. , Vanneste J.L.
Published: October 2019

Preventing Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (Psa) the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit from entering pruning wounds would reduce disease incidence and facilitate canopy management Antibacterial activity against Psa has been determined in the laboratory for active ingredients commercially available in New Zealand Only tebuconazole tebuconazole with octhilinone and a formulation of cyproconazole and iodocarb killed Psa on agar plates or in liquid medium However only tebuconazole with octhilinone killed Psa within 5 min Psa was detected by polymerase chain reaction following plating on instruments used for applying wound protectants in an infected orchard This suggests that under some conditions the pathogen could be transferred from vine to vine when applying some wound protectants Addition of streptomycin sulphate to tebuconazole or a formulation of cyproconazole and iodocarb did not result in a rapid and complete kill of Psa similar to that with a commercial formulation of streptomycin applied alone
Assessing the potential of Yersinia entomophaga to control plantain moth in a laboratory assay
Authors: Jones S.A. , Ferguson C.M. , Philip B.A. , Van_Koten C. , Hurst M.R.H.
Published: October 2019

The recent increased use of the highquality droughttolerant forage plant plantain (Plantago lanceolata) (Plantaginaceae) has been associated with outbreaks of native geometrid caterpillars such as Scopula rubraria The outbreaks most often occur under warm climatic conditions and within plantain monocrops Pest populations can reach 11500 larvae/m2 Stands can be severely damaged with 90 of plants destroyed and stand life expectancy reduced by 23 years This study assessed the efficacy of the insecticidal bacterium Yersinia entomophaga against S rubraria under laboratory conditions using a leaf history of S rubraria and the pathobiology of Y entomophaga suggest the bacterium could be developed as a biopesticide for use against S rubraria
A bioassay to compare the disease suppressive capacity of pasture soils
Authors: Dignam B.E.A. , O'Callaghan M. , Condron L.M. , Raaijmakers J.M. , Kowalchuk G.A. , Wakelin S.A.
Published: October 2019

Dynamic pathogen complexes can develop under pastures thereby substantially reducing potential productivity Suppression of such pathogen complexes is therefore of great importance and bioassays can quantify disease suppression in soils This study describes the development of a pasturerelevant system Rhizoctonia solani AG 21 induced dampingoff (wirestem) of kale (Brassica oleracea) As kale is not a component of traditional ryegrass clover pasture swards the assay allows assessment of general disease suppression considered more enduring in multiplehostmultiplepathogen systems A pathogenic Rhizoctonia solani isolate was obtained from New Zealand pastoral soil Inoculation of soils with this isolate resulted in a level of dampingoff disease comparable to that induced by reference Rhizoctonia solani isolate Rs0432 Significantly different levels of inoculuminduced disease incidence and progression were found in four distinct pastoral soils In combination with soil physicochemical data and environmental DNA approaches this bioassay can be used to further advance understanding of the influence of farm management practices on disease suppression in pasture soils
Remote microscopy diagnostics for preclearance export of apricots grown in Central Otago
Authors: Attfield B. , Anderson D.
Published: October 2019

Central Otago growers wishing to export apricots to Australia are required to have fruit graded packed and inspected by a registered packhouse as part of the Offshore PreClearance Inspection Programme As part of this programme an Australian government inspector is brought to Central Otago by the industry for approximately 6 weeks to carry out fruit inspections in the packhouse specifically targeting insect interceptions Any insects found in the 600 fruit sampled from each lot inspected (0530 pallets) are brought to Plant Food Research Clyde where a technician prepares the specimen for remote microscopy diagnostics (RMD) RMD enables sameday insect identification by experts from the Plant Health and Environment Laboratory Ministry for Primary Industries Christchurch A camera mounted on a compound or stereo microscope relays images in real time via the internet enabling the specimen to be manipulated by the technician in Clyde for identification by qualified staff in Christchurch Previously insect identification took approximately 3 days as specimens were sent by courier from Central Otago to a certified laboratory in Auckland RMD real time saving equates to less fruit spoilage and less disruption to transport systems awaiting shipments to be cleared
Biopesticides for New Zealands pests opportunities and challenges
Authors: O?Callaghan M. , Wilson M.J. , Zydenbos S.M.
Published: October 2019

Biopesticides can provide effective control of existing and invasive invertebrate pests and diseases impacting on New Zealands primary sector production and combat new pests emerging as a result of landuse change farming intensification and climate change While the international biopesticide market is undergoing rapid growth at present assisted by regulatory environments favourable to biopesticide registration and uptake biopesticides are not widely used in New Zealand The number of biopesticides registered under the Agriculture Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act (Ministry for Primary Industries MPI) has slowly increased from 11 products in 1991 to 33 in 2010 with 49 registered in 2015 However only a limited number of these products are actively marketed and used by growers at present To play an increasing role in New Zealands sustainable production systems next generation biopesticides will need to have levels of efficacy comparable to currently available controls and will be able to be used by farmers with minimal change of practice This will be achieved through use of a new suite of microorganisms with broader host ranges and different modes of action from currently available microbial agents together with new cost effective production and delivery systems Efficient commercialisation of New Zealandappropriate biopesticides will also be facilitated by proposed changes to the registration process including the development of MPIs new Biological Pesticides Standard
Detecting and controlling Serratia marcescens in a laboratory colony of Mastrus ridens
Authors: Sandanayaka W.R.M. , Davis V.A. , Marshall S.D.G. , Charles J.G.
Published: October 2019

Mastrus ridens (Hymenoptera Ichneumonidae) is an ectoparasitoid of cocooning Cydia pomonella (codling moth CM) larvae and has been introduced into New Zealand in a classical biocontrol programme Large numbers of M ridens are currently being reared in the laboratory on diapausing CM larvae for release into applegrowing regions Within the rearing colony a bacterial epizootic was discovered that killed both CM larvae and developing M ridens DNA from infected CM larvae was amplified using bacterial 16s rDNA primers with sequencing identifying the bacterium as Serratia marcescens a common species associated with insects The epizootic probably arose from CM larvae in oviposition cages The rearing method has been modified to minimise the presence of bacteria Mastrus ridens pupae are now removed from the corrugated cardboard rolls (in which they develop on CM larvae) and held in emergence containers that have been sterilised by washing with sodium hypochlorite Any diseased adult M ridens are detected by the red colour of their abdomen and only healthy adults are selected as parents for subsequent generations Improved hygiene and selection of healthy adult parasitoids successfully controlled the S marcescens epizootic
What habitat does spiny snout mite occupy in Tasmania
Authors: Wilson D.J. , Gerard P.J.
Published: October 2019

Spiny snout mite (Neomolgus capillatus) is a potential biocontrol agent for clover flea (Sminthurus viridis) a white clover pest on dairy farms in warmer and wetter parts of New Zealand In the 1990s this mite was introduced from Brittany France into Tasmania for clover flea control Results during the release programme were highly promising and subsequent anecdotal farmer reports indicate widespread decreases in damage As N capillatus is a predatory mite and already known to attack nontarget organisms habitat specificity will determine whether it could be introduced into New Zealand without risk to native insects To assess this pastures on nine of the original Tasmanian release farms and adjacent nontarget habitats ranging from bush wetlands eucalypt stands to sand dune country were sampled in April 2014 Litter samples were collected heat extracted and mite species identified Neomolgus capillatus was found at effective densities in pastures that had good clover cover Where present it displaced Bdellodes spp mites that are ineffective against clover flea No N capillatus were found in the nontarget habitats all of which lacked clover and contained other predatory mites including Bdellodes spp Therefore the preference by N capillatus for lush pastures makes it an excellent prospect for introduction as a biocontrol agent into clover flea prone regions of New Zealand
Developing smart aerosol technologies for insect control
Authors: Lennon Z.J. , Harper A.R. , Suckling D.M. , El-Sayed A.M.
Published: October 2019

Novel technologies for controlling invasive pest insects could benefit New Zealand environmentally and economically Current technologies could be improved by reducing nontarget impacts and running costs and improving delivery to target populations A novel aerosol technology currently in development is presented for control of pest insects The data are from two preliminary experiments investigating the potential use of this technology to control the invasive social wasp Vespula vulgaris In experiment 1 the quantity of the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene delivered from a prototype sprayer to dead mounted wasps at various distances was measured Up to 200 956;g of methoprene was able to be delivered from 40 cm away In experiment 2 V vulgaris larvae were fed methoprene in single varyingstrength doses under laboratory conditions The proportion of larvae pupated after 1 week was measured It was found that 075 15 and 3 956;g methoprene all successfully reduced pupation These promising early results indicate smart aerosol technology may be a viable option for control of pest insects and warrants further development
Ovarian development in Arhopalus ferus (Coleoptera Cerambycidae)
Authors: Barrington A.M. , Logan D.P.
Published: October 2019

Burnt pine longhorn (BPL) Arhopalus ferus Burnt pine longhorn (BPL) Arhopalus ferus (Mulsant) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) is an introduced species sometimes found in association with export logs and sawn timber In this study oocyte development was assessed at a constant 15 20 and 25C and behaviour was observed with the aim of determining optimal mating age for laboratoryreared insects At eclosion females were kept in 60 ml cups at 15 20 and 25C with a strip of cardboard as a resting site and frozen at 4 3 and 2day intervals respectively for dissection At 15 20 and 25C the first oocytes reached maximum length and were chorionated at ca 25 12 and 10 days respectively Cardboard chewing was observed from ca 20 10 and 8 days at 15 20 and 25C respectively Chewing behaviour may mimic the wild adult clearing its exit hole before leaving the decaying tree and corresponds with the approximate period that earliest oocytes have reached maximum size Based on these results the optimum time for pairing laboratoryreared adults kept at 20C is later than 10 days after eclosion Subsequently adults reared at 20C and paired when they were 1415 days old mated and began egglaying immediately
The rise and rise of Bactericera cockerelli in potato crops in Canterbury
Authors: Vereijssen J. , Barnes A.M. , Berry N.A. , Drayton G.M. , Fletcher J.D. , Jacobs J.M.E. , Jorgensen N. , Nielsen M-C. , Pitman A.R. , Scott I.A.W. , Smith G.R. , Taylor N.M. , Teulon D.A.J. , Thompson S.E.
Published: October 2019

Tomato potato psyllid (TPP) Bactericera cockerelli (Scaron;ulc) (Hemiptera Triozidae) was first recorded in the North Island of New Zealand in 2006 Three years later the insect was found in the Oamaru area (South Island) Over the years there has been a rise in TPP numbers trapped in potato crops in Canterbury (South Island) Recently increased prevalence and severity of foliar and tuber symptoms related to plant infection with Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso) vectored by TPP have been observed in trials and in commercial potato crops Moreover in the 201314 season the resulting zebra chip disease was observed for the first time in tubers at a processing plant in Canterbury It is concluded that Canterbury has a landscape where hosts are available yearround and a climate that does not seem to hinder TPP development The aim of this paper is to present a stocktake of TPP in Canterbury
The tolerance of tomato potato psyllid life stages to ethyl formate
Authors: Jamieson L.E. , Griffin M.J. , Page-Weir N.E.M. , Redpath S.P. , Chhagan A. , Connolly P.G. , Woolf A.B.
Published: October 2019

Methyl bromide fumigation became mandatory for capsicums and truss tomatoes exported to Australia after tomato potato psyllid (TPP) was detected in 2006 in New Zealand Methyl bromide detrimentally affects product quality by increasing rots and the browning of the green stems An alternative being tested is ethyl formate (EF) and carbon dioxide commercially available as VAPORMATEreg; This study examined the tolerances of different life stages of TPP to EF Eggs were considerably more tolerant of EF than adults and nymphs Complete elimination of egg hatch was achieved after a 1h exposure to 119 EF In contrast all nymphs and adults were killed after a 1h exposure to 012 and 006 EF respectively Assessment of egg mortality was altered to better reflect the posthatch treatment effects on nymph survival In a subsequent egg age tolerance trial mean lethal concentrations for 99 mortality ranged from ca 1 EF for young and older eggs to ca 15 EF for midaged eggs
Field assessment of herbicides to aid establishment of manuka (Leptospermum scoparium)
Authors: Harrington K.C. , Nurhayati R.H. , Millner J.P.
Published: October 2019

Herbicide treatments were assessed in two concurrent experiments for improving the establishment of manuka seedlings (three provenances) transplanted into hillside pastures for honey production Height and trunk diameters 18 months after planting were still significantly reduced by initial poor control of weeds Controlling weeds in a patch of 10 m diameter gave better manuka growth than doing so in a 05 m diameter patch Two of the more effective treatments were a mixture of glyphosate simazine and clopyralid applied before planting and a postplanting application of glyphosate and simazine sprayed while shielding the manuka A mixture of haloxyfop clopyralid and simazine applied in August then again in December following planting in July gave no further improvement in manuka growth than when applied only in August Residues of metsulfuron equivalent to 120 g ai/ha applied just prior to transplanting caused no adverse effects in any of the three provenances of manuka
A quantitative comparison of articles on two pests and two pathogens of biosecurity risk to New Zealand extracted from International and Chinese databases
Authors: Xu B. , Shaw N. , Gee M. , Teulon D.A.J.
Published: October 2019

New Zealands increasing trade and tourism with Asia and especially China brings with it the need to understand the biosecurity risk to New Zealand from these countries This study compared the number of articles on two Chinese horticultural pests and two Chinese horticultural plant pathogens both of biosecurity relevance for New Zealand which were extracted using webbased searches conducted on two international and three Chinese databases There were up to 35 times more articles found in Chinese databases searched with Chinese characters than found in international databases searched with Latin script The quality of information from the articles in any of these databases was not examined Based on these results it would be prudent to explore further the information found in Chinese articles stored in Chinese databases to determine their relevance to New Zealands biosecurity system Searching Chinese databases with Chinese characters in combination with the more usual searches in international databases might ensure a more comprehensive coverage and could help to reduce the biosecurity risk to New Zealand in the future
Occurrence of oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta) in apple orchards in New Zealand
Authors: Lo P.L. , Walker J.T.S.
Published: October 2019

Grapholita molesta (Oriental Fruit Moth OFM) primarily infests stonefruit but overseas it has adapted to pipfruit and become a major pest of apples and pears in some places The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of OFM in New Zealand apple orchards Pheromone trapping was conducted in five apple growing regions in 201415 and repeated in Hawkes Bay and Nelson in 201516 No OFM was found in Gisborne (three orchards) Nelson (six) or Central Otago (seven) but it was recorded on one of six Waikato orchards In Hawkes Bay OFM occurred on 23/36 orchards although on 15 properties le;7 moths/trap/year were caught However traps in two orchards caught over 100 moths/year The few OFM collected on some orchards may have been strays from nearby stonefruit orchards but the high numbers in these two apple orchard blocks suggested the populations were established The implications of OFM becoming an apple pest or reaching the South Island are discussed
Modelling winter survival mating and trapping of Queensland fruit fly in Auckland New Zealand
Authors: Kean J.M.
Published: October 2019

In February 2015 an established population of the Queensland fruit fly (Qfly Bactrocera tryoni) was detected in Grey Lynn Auckland It was questionable whether Qfly might successfully overwinter in Auckland and how trap efficacy and mating behaviour would be affected by winter conditions During the official biosecurity response to eradicate Qfly these questions were addressed using published Qfly models that had been developed and parameterised from biological data from its native range A model for cold acclimatisation suggested that Auckland winters would not be sufficiently cold to cause significant mortality of adult Qfly but substantial cold mortality might occur in more southern locations The temperature requirement for mating suggested mating would be relatively rare from June to October and two models for relative trap efficacy suggested that traps would be relatively ineffective until late spring (OctoberNovember) The Ministry for Primary Industrys biosecurity response was successful with no detection of Qfly after March 2015 and eradication formally declared in December 2015
Plant callus response to egglaying by chorus cicada and its effect on egg hatch
Authors: Rowe C.A. , Logan D.P. , Connolly P.G.
Published: October 2019

Chorus cicada Amphipsalta zelandica (Biosduval) is an endemic species of cicada that is a pest of kiwifruit Adult female cicadas cause damage to kiwifruit canes when egg laying The oviposition wound often stimulates the local formation of callus tissue in kiwifruit canes The effect of eggnest callusing on the proportion of eggs to hatch successfully was investigated as a potential plant resistance trait for selection The proportion of callus tissue covering the eggnest and the number of eggs hatched were measured from eggnests in canes of two kiwifruit cultivars Hayward and Zesy002 and stems of Hass avocado Eggnests with more callus tissue had reduced egg hatch in both cultivars of kiwifruit and avocado The host plant also affected egg hatch with significantly different hatch rates between the two kiwifruit cultivars and avocado at zero percent callusing
Interspecific competition between Mastrus ridens and Liotryphon caudatus ectoparasitoids of codling moth Cydia pomonella
Authors: Sandanayaka W.R.M. , Davis V.A. , Charles J.G.
Published: October 2019

Mastrus ridens is a gregarious ectoparasitoid and Liotryphon caudatus is a solitary ectoparasitoid of cocooned codling moth larvae These two parasitoid species could potentially compete for resources because they oviposit and develop on the same lifestage of their host Competition experiments in the laboratory showed that females of both species oviposited into host cocoons regardless of previous parasitism but adults of only one species ever emerged Liotryphon caudatus larvae were highly aggressive They preyed upon eggs and larvae of M ridens as well as conspecifics such that only a single adult L caudatus emerged Mastrus ridens larvae survived competition with L caudatus if they had a sufficient time to develop to a size that could attack L caudatus eggs However L caudatus was often still able to outcompete M ridens even when M ridens eggs were laid first Mastrus ridens hyperparasitised L caudatus larvae that had themselves cocooned within the host cocoon but no parasitoids emerged Liotryphon caudatus outcompeted M ridens in an enclosed space but that ability in a natural ecosystem remains to be investigated
Preliminary investigations of the risk of plant debris as a Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae inoculum source
Authors: Tyson J.L. , Curtis C.L. , Manning M.A. , Dobson S.J. , McKenna C.E.
Published: October 2019

In New Zealand the causal agent of kiwifruit canker Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae (Psa) can survive in overwintered kiwifruit plant debris on the orchard floor at least until spring This study used trap plates and trap plants to determine the importance of fallen leaves and winter prunings on the orchard floor as inoculum sources Trap plates were positioned 15 50 and 100 cm above the debris Psa was detected only when the plates were exposed during rain events and was found to be splashed upwards in small amounts from the debris during rain Leaf lesions developed only on the trap plants exposed during the first week of the 20week trial In this trial there is some evidence that plant debris is not a significant inoculum source and would not have posed a major risk for reinfection of any surrounding kiwifruit vines at the time of budburst in spring
Biological control of fusarium wilt of tomato by Trichoderma isolates
Authors: Ghazalibiglar H. , Kandula D.R.W. , Hampton J.G.
Published: October 2019

Th is study investigated the ability of ten Trichoderma isolates to control the fusarium wilt pathogen of tomato Fusarium oxysporum f sp lycopersici as well as the eff ect of these isolates on tomato plant growth in the presence and absence of the pathogen The isolates were obtained from the Lincoln BioProtection Research Centre Culture Collection and were inoculated into seed raising mix (05 w/w) in two glasshouse studies Two Trichoderma isolates significantly (P
Establishment and dispersal of Cotesia rubecula a larval parasitoid of Pieris rapae in the Nelson district
Authors: Wallis D.R. , Shaw P.W. , Walker G.P. , MacDonald F.H.
Published: October 2019

Cotesia rubecula is a solitary larval parasitoid of Pieris rapae the small white butterfly (SWB) and has become an important biological control agent in regions where it has established since its release into New Zealand in 1993 It was first released in the Nelson region at three sites on 15 April 2013 after a survey in 2010 failed to find the parasitoid The cocoons of C rubecula for this release came from collections of SWB larvae at a trial site at Pukekohe and from unsprayed forage brassica plants growing near Burnham midCanterbury Monitoring of C rubecula and the established parasitoid C glomerata took place over two seasons 201415 and 201516 with all stages of SWB larvae collected at five properties across the Nelson region from Richmond to Motueka C rubecula were recovered from two of the original release sites for the next two years and appeared to spread to another site 9 km away from any release site This parasitoid is considered to be established in the region and should disperse naturally to become an important biological control agent of SWB in most habitats
What is the host range of Phytophthora agathidicida in New Zealand
Authors: Ryder J.M. , Waipara N.W. , Burns B.R.
Published: October 2019

Phytophthora agathidicida is a virulent oomycete plant pathogen which is currently known to only infect Agathis australis in New Zealand Phytophthora species rarely have a single plant host so other hosts for P agathidicida are likely but unknown Phytophthora species are also often cryptic and sometimes asymptomatic on their host plants making it a challenge to identify their true host range Once an exotic Phytophthora species is introduced to an area it becomes virtually impossible to eliminate A sound understanding of a Phytophthoras epidemiology is needed to prevent its spread onto uninfected hosts This study determined whether P agathidicida has a wider host range than currently recognised Plant community composition was compared between healthy and infected kauri forest to detect possible susceptible species and detached leaf assays were utilised as a further screen of possible hosts Results showed a significant difference in species abundances between sites infected with P agathidicida and sites without P agathidicida that was unrelated to other potential variables Leaf assays also indicated several other native plant species other than A australis as possible carriers or hosts including Knightia excelsa and Leucopogon fasciculatus Identifying the host range of P agathidicida is important for optimising the design of future control strategies for this pathogen
Establishing cocooning apple leafcurling midge onto apples for disinfestation research
Authors: Hawthorne A.J. , Griffin M.J. , Page-Weir N.E.M. , Redpath S.P. , Jamieson L.E.
Published: October 2019

Apple exports intercepted with cocooning apple leafcurling midge (ALCM) are fumigated with methyl bromide (MB) which reduces apple quality ALCM is controlled in the orchard using the insecticide Movento while also being parasitised by Platygaster demades and preyed on by generalist predators such as Sejanus albisignata These ALCM control measures make it difficult to collect sufficient numbers of ALCMinfested apples for disinfestation research on alternatives to MB Therefore procedures were developed for collecting and storing cocooning ALCM on apples in the laboratory ALCMinfested leaves were collected in plastic bags saturated with water and placed at 20C The water stimulated larvae to exit the leafrolls Using a fine paint brush ten larvae were placed on the calyx of an apple and confined using a cage attached with BluTak The apples were placed in plastic bins and sprayed with water A mesh net and a brown paper bag were secured over the top of the bin to reduce condensation The bin was stored at 20C 168 lightdark for 1015 days Of 1133 apples established 988 of them (872 ) had on average 22 cocooning ACLM Large numbers of cocooning ALCM on fruit can now be provided for disinfestation research
Strategies to manage the evolution of glyphosate resistance in New Zealand
Authors: Harrington K.C. , James T.K. , Parker M.D. , Ghanizadeh H.
Published: October 2019

The first cases of weeds developing resistance to glyphosate within New Zealand have recently been reported and investigated Both perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) populations have become resistant to glyphosate in several Marlborough vineyards due to many years of weed control using mainly just glyphosate Glyphosate is currently being used in many situations throughout New Zealand that could easily lead to further resistance developing such as in other perennial fruit crops on roadsides railways amenity areas waste areas fence lines and headlands of crops Following wide consultation as part of a Sustainable Farming Fund project strategies for resistance management in three systems (vineyard and orchards amenity and waste areas and crops and pastures) are suggested Adoption of these strategies will allow glyphosate to continue as a useful herbicide in New Zealand
Синтез и противомикробная активность производных 4-(4-ацетилфенил)-3-гидрокси-2H-хромен-2-она
Authors: Руснак Ольга Викторовна , Лытвын Роман Зиновьевич , Скрипская Ольга Васильевна , Блиндер Олена О. , Питковыч Христина Евгеньевна , Ягодинец Петр Иванович , Обушак Николай Дмитриевич
Published: October 2019

Взаимодействием 4-(4-бромацетилфенил)-3-гидрокси-2H-хромен-2-она с пиридином, 4-метилпиридином, хинолином и бензо[f]хинолином получены четвертичные соли, а с бинуклеофильными реагентами — производные тиазола, имидазо[1,2-a]пиридина и имидазо[1,2-a]пиримидина. Некоторые из полученных соединений обладают высокой противомикробной активностью, что указывает на целесообразность дальнейших исследований соединений этого ряда.
Специфическая противовирусая активность пиримидин-диспиротрипиперазиния в монотерапии и в комбинации с ацикловиром на модели герпесвирусной инфекции
Authors: Новоселова Елена Александровна , Рябова Ольга Борисовна , Ленева Ирина Анатольевна , Макаров Вадим Альбертович
Published: October 2019

В противовирусной терапии инфекций, вызываемых вирусом простого герпеса, применяются аналоги ингибиторов вирусной ДНК-полимеразы нуклеозидов, которые эффективны, но, в связи с широким применением в клинической практике, все чаще встречаются штаммы вируса простого герпеса, резистентные к данной терапии. Ранее синтезированное нами соединение PDSTP (фармацевтическая субстанция соединения пиримидин-диспиротрипиперазиния – 3,3’-(2-метил-5-нитропиримидин-4,6-диил)бис-3,12-диаза-6,9-диазониадиспиро[5.2.5.2]гексадекан тетрахлорид дигидрохлорида) в экспериментах in vitro обладало высокой противогерпетической активностью. Проведена оценка противогерпетической эффективности новой субстанции на модели герпетического энцефалита мышей при различных схемах лечения (внутрибрюшинное и пероральное введение, монотерапия и комбинированная терапия с ацикловиром).
Определение степени этерификации бензиловых эфиров гепарина при синтезе отечественного аналога низкомолекулярного гепарина — эноксапарина
Authors: Фрумин Леонид Ерухимович , Юрьева Кристина Павловна , Матвеев Андрей Валерьевич , Ворфоломеева Елена Викторовна , Востров Иван Александрович , Затонский Георгий Валерьевич , Прохоров Денис Игоревич , Жаворонок Елена Сергеевна , Панов Алексей Валерьевич , Гребенкина Любовь Евгеньевна , Пятигорская Наталья Валерьевна , Бркич Галина Эдуардовна , Кедик Станислав Анатольевич
Published: October 2019

Исследована стадия этерификации при получении низкомолекулярного гепарина (эноксапарина) методом гидролитической деполимеризации нефракционированного гепарина, которая заключается в обработке предварительно синтезированного гепарината бензетония бензилхлоридом. С помощью методов ВЭЖХ, 1H и 13C ЯМР определено содержание бензиловых фрагментов в синтезированных бензиловых эфирах гепарина и оценена их степень бензилирования. По этим данным рассчитано содержание карбоксильных групп в исходном гепарине, которое составило (0,13 ± 0,01) моль/г. Это позволяет предложить новый способ оценки степени бензилирования гепарина по данным методов 1H ЯМР и ВЭЖХ. Показано, что с увеличением мольного избытка бензилхлорида содержание фрагментов бензила в бензиловых эфирах гепарина возрастает.