bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shuttlecock-Like Arrangement of a Tweezer-Type Cavitand in the Crystalline State
Authors: Yoshida Asako , Goto Kei , Kawashima Takayuki
Published: May 2006

A tweezer-type cavitand bearing highly coordinated hydrosilane units at the pincer moieties was synthesized and its crystal structure was elucidated. It was found that the cavitand molecules and the hexane molecules included in their cavities form a unique shuttlecock-like columnar arrangement in the crystalline state.
Catalytic Removal of Nitrogen Monoxide over Rare Earth Ion-Exchanged Zeolites in the Presence of Propene and Oxygen
Authors: Misono Makoto , Kondo Kouzou
Published: May 2006

Ce- and Pr-exchanged zeolites were active for the catalytic removal of nitrogen monoxide (1000 ppm) in the presence of propene (166–1000 ppm) and oxygen (2%).
Intramolecular Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Pyromellitimide-linked Porphyrins
Authors: Osuka Atsuhiro , Nakajma Satoshi , Maruyama Kazuhiro , Mataga Noboru , Asahi Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2006

Characteristic absorption of the anion radical of pyromellitimide around 715 nm was demonstrated to be particularly useful for studies on photoinduced electron transfer reactions. Charge recombination in pyromellitimide-linked porphyrin was greatly retarded in benzene due to the large energy gap and small reorganization energy. A long-lived charge separated state (τ = 2.5 μs) was formed in the case of a diporphyrin-porphyrin-pyromellitimide triad system.
Switching and Memory Phenomena of Cu–TCNQ Thin Films Triggered by a Stimulus with an STM Tip
Authors: Matsumoto Mutsuyoshi , Nishio Yoshitaka , Tachibana Hiroaki , Nakamura Takayoshi , Kawabata Yasujiro , Samura Hideo , Nagamura Toshihiko
Published: May 2006

Switching and memory phenomena were observed of Cu–TCNQ films, triggered by a stimulus with an STM tip. When a 1.5-volt stimulus was given to the film surface for 1 min, a convex image (120 nm in diameter) appeared in the STM image. This image, stable for at least 20 hours at room temperature, was deleted by a heat treatment.
Novel Conducting Copper Complexes Based on Thiophene-fused DCNQI
Authors: Kobayashi Keiji , Mazaki Yasuhiro , Kikuchi Koichi , Saito Kazuya , Ikemoto Isao , Hino Shojun
Published: May 2006

Novel copper complexes (DTQI)(CuI)2 and (DTQI)2Cu(H2O) were prepared by using a new acceptor DTQI, i.e., thiophene-fused DCNQI. The former was metallic down to 170 K with the room temperature conductivity of 45 S cm−1 (compaction).
Structural and Physical Properties of κ and θ-(BEDT-TSeF)2TaF6. Molecular Design Aimed Toward the Two-dimensional Metal
Authors: Kato Reizo , Kobayashi Akiko , Miyamoto Akihito , Kobayashi Hayao
Published: May 2006

Crystal structure analysis of cation radical salts κ-and θ-(BEDT-TSeF)2TaF6 indicates that BEDT-TSeF molecule has strong tendency to perform two-dimensional molecular packing. The k salt is metallic down to 4.2 K. Temperature dependent resistivity of the θ salt shows minimum at 70 K and the ratio ρ5 K/ρ70 K is ca. 30.
Oriented Intercalation of Myoglobin into Multilayered Films of Synthetic Bilayer Membranes
Authors: Hamachi Itaru , Honda Tatsuya , Noda Shunsaku , Kunitake Toyoki
Published: May 2006

Myoglobin (Mb) was intercalated in a specific orientation into a multilayered cast film of a phosphate bilayer membrane, whereas Mb intercalated in an ammonium multibilayer film was denatured.
A Remarkably Efficient Photochemical Methodology for Endo to Exo IsomerizatLon of Dials–Alder Cycloadducts
Authors: Pandey Bipin , Athawale Asawar A , Reddy Ravinder S , Dalvi Pramod V , Kumar Pradeep
Published: May 2006

Irradiation of a solution of ethanol containing Diels–Alder cycloadducts and 10–20% (by volume) triethylamine at 300 nm furnishes quantitative yield (>90%) of corresponding exo isomers. A probable mechanism based on photo-induced electron transfer (PET) has been described.
Langmuir–Blodgett Films of Long Chain Derivatives of Carbazoledioxazines
Authors: Ikeda Masaaki , Kitahara Kiyoshi , Nishi Hisao , Nakahara Hiroo , Fukuda Kiyoshige
Published: May 2006

Long chain derivatives of carbazoledioxazines with a linear and an angular type structures were synthesized. Monolayers were spread on water surface from toluene solution and deposited onto solid supports. From pressure-area isotherms and thickness together with polarized visible and IR spectra of multilayers, the molecular orientations in the films were investigated.
Allylation of Acid Chlorides by Allyltributyltin in the Presence of Catalytic Amounts of Dibutyltin Dichloride
Authors: Yano Katsunori , Baba Akio , Matsuda Haruo
Published: May 2006

Redistribution of allyltributyltin and dibutyltin dichloride into allyldibutyltin chloride and tributyltin chloride is enhanced by coordinative compounds such as phosphine oxide and ammonium chloride. This redistribution is applied to the reaction of allyltributyltin and acid chlorides promoted by catalytic amounts of dibutyltin dichloride-tetraethylammonium chloride.
β-Cyclodextrin Bound Retrohydroxamate Ferrioxamines. Chiral Iron(lll) Coordination and Biological Activity of Synthetic Siderophores
Authors: Akiyama Masayasu , Katoh Akira , Kato Jun-ichi , Takahashi Keiko , Hattori Kenjiro
Published: May 2006

Two β-cyclodextrin bound synthetic siderophores that mimic linear and cyclic desferrioxamines are prepared. These synthetic siderophores form stable 1:1 iron(III) complexes with a Δ-selective coordination and show the growth promotion activity when tested with Aureobacterium flavescens.
Synthesis and Photolysis of N-(Phenoxycarbonyloxy)-2-thiopyridone Derivatives. A New Unimolecular Route to Quantitative Generation of Phenoxyl Radicals
Authors: Togo Yoshifumi , Nakamura Nobuo , Iwamura Hiizu
Published: May 2006

N-(Phenoxycarbonyloxy)-2-thiopyridone derivatives were prepared by the reaction of lithium phenoxides with phosgene followed by the reaction with 2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide and photolyzed to give quantitative yield of phenoxyl radicals.
Decomposition of Merocyanine Aggregates into Monomers in UV-Irradiated Spiropyran Solutions as Revealed in Anomalous Absorption Decay at the Merocyanine Monomer Band
Authors: Sato Hiroyasu , Shinohara Hisanori , Kobayashi Makoto , Kiyokawa Toshio
Published: May 2006

The aggregates which absorb near 700 nm, formed on the UV-irradiation of 6-nitro-1′,3′,3′-trimethylspiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-indoline] in some nonpolar solvents, were found to decompose into monomers, through the anomalous absorption decay at the merocyanine monomer band.
Reaction of Oxazoles with Nitrosobenzene. A Route to 1,2,4-Oxadiazolines
Authors: Suga Hiroyuki , Ibata Toshikazu
Published: May 2006

The reaction of substituted oxazoles with nitrosobenzene gave 2-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolines in good yields through a ring opening of oxazole.
Novel Single Step Preparation of 1,3,5-Thiadiazin-4-ones from Carbon Oxide Sulfide and Dialkylcyanamides under High Pressure
Authors: Yasumoto Masahiko , Tsuchiya Tohru , Taguchi Yoichi , Shibuya Isao , Yonemoto Katsumi , Goto Midori
Published: May 2006

At 800 MPa, 130 °C carbon oxide sulfide condensed with dialkylcyanamide to afford 2,6-bis(dialkylamino)-1,3,5-thiadiazin-4-ones in good yields.
The Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of the 3:2 Charge Transfer Complex of Bis(ethylenedithio)dithiapyrene (ETDTPY) and Dibenzobarrelenotetracyanoquinodimethane (DBBTCNQ)
Authors: Toyoda Jiro , Nakasuji Kazuhiro , Kotani Tomoyuki , Murata Ichiro , Kawamoto Atsushi , Tanaka Jiro
Published: May 2006

The V-shape correlation between hvcr and ΔEo,r of the charge transfer complexes is convenient to judge the gross features of the solid state properties. Using this correlation, we found the 3:2 charge transfer complex of bis(ethylenedithio)dithiapyrene (ETDTPY) and dibenzobarrelenotetracyanoquinodimethane (DBBTCNQ) which showed the columnar structure of alternating trimeric stack of the donor and dimeric stack of the acceptor.
Multi-Point Interaction of Phosphates with Protonated Pyridylporphyrin. Discrimination of Monoalkyl and Dialkyl Phosphates
Authors: Aoyama Yasuhiro , Nonaka Shin-ichi , Motomura Tadahiro , Toi Hiroo , Ogoshi Hisanobu
Published: May 2006

The rigid and unique polyammonium binding site of fully protonated 5,15-bis(2-pyridyl)octaethylporphyrin allows novel discrimination of monoalkyl phosphate vs. dialkylphosphate as well as oxy- and dicarboxylic acids vs. monocarboxylic acid; the former are readily bound with the protonated porphyrin via multi-point interaction, while the latter not.
Chromatographic Separation of Light Rare Earth Metal Ions on Polyacryloylacetone Chelating Resin
Authors: Tomida Tahei , Inagawa Keiji , Masuda Seizo
Published: May 2006

The chromatographic separation of La(III) from other light rare earth metal ions [Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd(III), Sm(III)] was achieved by using polyacryloylacetone as a stationary phase. High resolutions were obtained when pH of the eluent (HCl) was decreased stepwise.
Self-aggregates of Hydrophobic Polysaccharide Derivatives
Authors: Akiyoshi Kazunari , Yamaguchi Shigehiko , Sunamoto Junzo
Published: May 2006

Hydrophobic polysaccharide derivatives bearing palmitoyl or cholesterol moieties form self aggregates in an aqueous solution. The critical concentrations to give the polymer aggregates depended on the degree of substitution of the hydrophobic moiety. Cholesterol-bearing pullulan showed a stronger binding for hydrophobic guest molecules and higher colloidal stability compared with the corresponding palmitoyl-bearing one.
Electroluminescence from Polysilane Film Doped with Europium Complex
Authors: Kido Junji , Nagai Katsutoshi , Okamoto Yoshiyuki , Skotheim Terje
Published: May 2006

Electroluminescent devices with poly(methylphenylsilane) film doped with Eu3+ complexes were fabricated. The cell structure of glass substrate/indium-tin-oxide/polysilane/electron transport layer/Mg/Ag was employed. Sharp red electroluminescence of europium ion was obtained at dc bias voltage of over 12 V.
Synthesis of a Simple Model Compound of Dynemicin and Cycloaromatization with Pinacol-Pinacolone Rearrangement in the Strained Enediyne Medium Ring
Authors: Nishikawa Toshio , Ino Akira , Isobe Minoru , Goto Toshio
Published: May 2006

Novel bicyclo[7.3.1]-tridecadiyne system included in dynemicin was synthesized from a quinoline aldehyde in 9 steps. Key step was the cyclization with silyl acetylene to ketone carbonyl group through fluoride activation with CsF. The cyclized compound did aromatize under acidic condition, with opening of the epoxide ring, to give a Bergman product that was further converted with pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement.
Ruthenium Complex-Catalyzed Facile Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzo-azoles
Authors: Kondo Teruyuki , Yang Sungbong , Huh Keun-Tae , Kobayashi Masanobu , Kotachi Shinji , Watanabe Yoshihisa
Published: May 2006

Ruthenium complex shows high catalytic activity for the reaction of 2-aminophenol with primary alcohols to give the corresponding 2-substituted benzoxazoles in high yields. Similarly, 2-substituted benzimidazoles are also synthesized readily by the ruthenium catalyzed reaction of 1,2-phenylenediamine with primary alcohols.
New Liquid Crystals with a Flexible Benzyloxytropone Core
Authors: Mori Akira , Taya Hisashi , Takeshita Hitoshi
Published: May 2006

2-Benzyloxytropones showed a monotropic smectic A phase while the corresponding alkoxybenzyl alkoxyphenyl ethers were nonmesogenic. The tropone carbonyl group acting as a dipolar lateral substituent enhanced the smectic thermal stability.
Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Thiols on a TEMPO Modified Electrode
Authors: Kashiwagi Yoshitomo , Ohsawa Akio , Osa Tetsuo , Ma Zhenkun , Bobbitt James M
Published: May 2006

Monothiols were oxidized efficiently and quantitatively to disulfides on graphite felt electrode coated with 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (4-amino-TEMPO). The 4-amino-TEMPO was immobilized through an amide linkage with poly(acrylic acid). The poly(acrylic acid) was cross-linked with 1,6-diaminohexane, and the residual carboxyl groups were methylated with diazomethane. The electrode was stable and could be used repeatedly.
Mass Spectral Fragmentations of Polysilanylalkanols. The Analogies between Mass Spectrometry and Photo-Induced Electron Transfer
Authors: Nakadaira Yasuhiro , Otani Shinju , Kyushin Soichiro , Ohashi Mamoru , Sakurai Hideki , Funada Yasuhito , Sakamoto Kenkichi , Sekiguchi Akira
Published: May 2006

The mass spectra of polysilanylalkanols can be rationalized on the basis of their characteristic reactions under photo-induced electron transfer reactions.
Cation-Specific Ionic Conductivity of Polymer Composite Films Incorporating a Crowned Azobenzene Derivative
Authors: Kimura Keiichi , Hirao Motokazu , Yokoyama Masaaki , Sato Mamoru
Published: May 2006

Polymer composite films consisting of a polyester elastomer, NaClO4 or LiClO4, and a lipophilic azobenzene derivative containing monoaza-15-crown-5 moiety exhibited higher ionic conductivity than did a similar film containing KClO4, reflecting the ion specificity for cation complexation of the crowned azobenzene itself. The NaClO4- and LiClC4-containing composite films possessed significant domains consisting of aggregates of the crowned azobenzene.
A New Alkoxyiodination and Nitratoiodination of Olefins Using lodine-Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Horiuchi C Akira , Nishio Yoshihiko , Gong Dan , Fujisaki Takanori , Kiji Shinji
Published: May 2006

Reactions of cycloolefins with iodine-cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate in alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol) under reflux gave the corresponding vicinal alkoxyiodocycloalkanes in good yields. In the case of t-butyl alcohol, trans-iodo nitrates were obtained.
Tetranuclear Copper(I)-Based Infinite One-Dimentional Chain Complex. Synthesis and X-Ray Crystal Structure of {[Cu2(μ-3-methylpyridazine)2(μ-pyrazine)3](ClO4)2}∞
Authors: Kitagawa Susumu , Munakata Megumu , Tanimura Tadashi
Published: May 2006

The title copper(I) compound has been isolated, whose X-ray crystallographic structure shows a rare polymerization mode in which the tetranuclear copper units, composed of three- and two-coordinate copper(I) atoms, are linked by pyrazines. This gives a cyclic voltammogram and a chrage transfer band characteristic of the polymeric structure in the solid state.
Enhanced Polymer Transport Due to the Presence of Salts in Multicomponent Convection
Authors: Maeda Hiroshi , Mashita Takehiro , Sasaki Shigeo
Published: May 2006

Transport rate of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) in aqueous dextran matrix was enhanced by the addition of CsCl or NaCl but not by LiCl. This enhancement can be partly attributed to a decrease in hydrodynamic resistance.
Synthesis of (−)-Neoanisatin, a Neurotoxic Sesquiterpenoid Having a Novel Spiro β-Lactone
Authors: Niwa Haruki , Yamada Kiyoyuki
Published: May 2006

(−)-Anisatin can be converted into (−)-neoanisatin, which accomplishes the total synthesis of the natural enantiomer of neoanisatin.
Preparation of 1,4-Dienes from 2-(2-Hydroxyalkylseleno)benzothiazoles by the Reaction involving Se→O Aza-aromatic Ring Rearrangement
Authors: Shibata Koichi , Shiono Hirofumi , Mitsunobu Oyo
Published: May 2006

The reaction of 2-(acylmethylseleno)benzothiazoles with allylic Grignard reagents in the presence of BF3·OEt2 gave the corresponding 2-(2-hydroxyalkylseleno)benzothiazoles which, on treatment with NaH and Ph3P, afforded 1,4-dienes in good to excellent yields.
Unusual Bonding in the Isomers of 6,7,13a,13b-Tetrahydro-6H-dipyrido[l,2-a:2′,1′-c][1,4]diazepine
Authors: Toyota Azumao , Muramatsu Takashi , Hanaya Kaoru , Ikegami Yusaku
Published: May 2006

MNDO studies on the titled compound reveal that the most stable meso and dl conformers possess an extremely long CC single bond, the latter being lower in energy than the former by 4.9 kJ/mol. Available experimental results are explained by the characteristic molecular properties.
Alcohol-Incorporated Photoaddition of Alkenes to 1,2-Naphthalenedicarboxylic Anhydride
Authors: Kubo Yasuo , Tanaka Yoshiaki , Araki Takeo
Published: May 2006

Irradiation of 1,2-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride (1) with alkenes in methanol-benzene or in methanol-acetonitrile gave methanol-incorporated adducts at a carbonyl carbon atom in 1 and those at a naphthalene ring carbon atom in 1.
Enhancement Effect of Pentafluorophenol on the Liquid-Liquid Partition of Tris(acetylacetonato) Complexes of Chromium(III) and Cobalt(III)
Authors: Katsuta Shoichi , Imura Hisanori , Suzuki Nobuo
Published: May 2006

The partition coefficient of tris(acetylacetonato)-chromium(III) and -cobalt(III) (M(acac)3) between heptane and aqueous solutions was remarkably enhanced by the presence of pentafluorophenol (PFP). This effect was ascribed to the formation of the hydrogen-bonded association complexes, M(acac)3·PFP and M(acac)3·PFP, in the organic phase, and the association constants were determined.
Formation of a Tricyclic [2.2]Paracyclophane Derivative in the Low-Temperature Photoreaction of an Unsymmetric Diolefin Crystal
Authors: Chung Chan-Moon , Nakamura Fumihiko , Hashimoto Yukihiko , Hasegawa Masaki
Published: May 2006

Propyl α-cyano-4-[2-(4-pyrimidyl)ethenyl]cinnamate crystal afforded a tricyclic [2.2]paracyclophane derivative upon photoirradiation at low temperatures even though it gave a monocyclic dimer and oligomers at room temperature. This result is very significant in understanding of photochemical behavior of organic crystals at low temperature and in development of a new synthetic route of highly strained [2.2]paracyclophane derivative.
Structural Phase Transitions of the Polymorphs of CsSnI3 by Means of Rietveld Analysis of the X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Yamada Koji , Funabiki Shinya , Horimoto Hiromi , Matsui Takashi , Okuda Tsutomu , Ichiba Sumio
Published: May 2006

The successive phase transitions of the polymorphs of CsSnI3 were studied by means of the powder X-ray diffraction and their crystal structures were analyzed at three different temperatures by the Rietveld method.
Effect of Substituents on the Triple Ion Formation from Various Ammonium or Guanidium Chlorides
Authors: Hojo Masashi , Miyauchi Yoshihiro , Ide Natsuo , Imai Yoshihiko
Published: May 2006

The triple ion formation from various ammonium or guanidium chlorides has been examined by conductometry in acetonitrile, benzonitrile, and propylene carbonate. The observed minimum in the Λ−C1/2 curve of diethylcyclohexylammonium chloride in benzonitrile could be reproduced in terms of a large formation constant of quadrupole complexes by computer simulations.
The Ozone-Mediated Reaction of Nonactivated Arenes with Nitrogen Oxides
Authors: Suzuki Hitomi , Murashima Takashi , Shimizu Kazuhiro , Tsukamoto Kenkichi
Published: May 2006

In the presence of ozone and appropriate catalyst, nitrogen oxides (NO, N2O3, and NO2) exhibit strong nitrating ability, converting nonactivated arenes into the corresponding nitro derivatives in good to moderate yields.
Bi–Pd Catalyst for Selective Hydrodechlorination of 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane to Trifluoroethene, a Key Intermediate to 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane as a CFC Replacement for Refrigeration
Authors: Ohnishi Ryuichiro , Suzuki Isao , Ichikawa Masaru
Published: May 2006

Trifluoroethene, a key intermediate to 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (FC-134a), was catalytically synthesized with 80–90% selectivity at 80–100% conversion in the hydrodechlorination of 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane(FC-113) at 200–250 °C under an atmospheric pressure over Bi–Pd (Bi/Pd = 0.4–0.6) supported on metal oxides.
On-Line Elimination of Electroactive Interferents for Flow-Type Electrochemical Biosensor System
Authors: Okawa Yusuke , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Ohno Takashi
Published: May 2006

A flow-through electrolytic cell (electrochemical filter; ECF) was newly designed for the elimination of electroactive interferents with electrochemical biosensors. The ECF has been combined with a glucose oxidase monolayer electrode in a flow injection analysis (FIA) setup. The addition of ferricyanide to the carrier buffer drastically increased the elimination efficiency for L-ascorbic acid and the biosensor output. Glucose content in soft drinks has been determined without any pretreatment.
Reversal Phenomena of the Preferential Activation of Aldehydes to the Corresponding Acetals under Non-Basic Conditions. The Chemoselective Aldol Reaction of Aldehydes with t-Butyldimethylsilyl Enol Ethers Using TBSCl–INCl3 as a Catalyst
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Ohno Takashi , Sik Han Jeong , Kobayashi Shu
Published: May 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount of t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride (TBSCl) and indium(III) chloride (InCl3), aldehydes smoothly react with t-butyldimethylsilyl enol ethers to afford the corresponding aldol adducts in good yields whereas acetals do not react under the same reaction conditions.
Chiral Polypeptide Monolayers from Self-Condensation of Amphiphilic Amino Acid Ester. Effect of Chirality on the Membrane Structure
Authors: Miyasaka Tsutomu , Nishikawa Naoyuki , Orikasa Atsushi , Ono Mitsunori
Published: May 2006

A Chiral polypeptide monolayer was prepared by self-condensation of an amphiphilic (S)-serine phenyl ester on an aqueous subphase. The monolayer film gave a two-dimensional structure markedly different from that of racemic analogues, reflecting the effect of molecular recognition of chirality in the lateral self-condensation process.
Hydrogen Source in the Photochemical Cobalt–Carbon Cleavage of Hydrophobic Vitamin B12 Derivatives in Hydrophobic Microenvironments
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Hisaeda Yoshio , Song Xi-Ming , Takasaki Kenji , Ohno Teruhisa
Published: May 2006

The photolysis of a hydrophobia vitamin B12 with a benzyl moiety at the Coβ site was carried out in a D2O solution containing single-walled vesicles, and a major product was the non-deuterated toluene. A hydrogen atom was apparently abstracted from the hydrophobic vitamin B12 or a lipid molecule, and not from bulk water.
An Efficient Method for the Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2-cis- and 1,2-trans-Ribofuranosides from 1-Hydroxy Ribofuranose by the Use of Diphenyltin Sulfide and Trifluoromethanesulfonic Anhydride
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Matsubara Koki , Suda Shinji
Published: May 2006

1,2-trans-Ribofuranosides are stereoselectively synthesized in high yields directly from 1-hydroxy ribofuranose and trimethylsilylated nucleophiles by the use of diphenyltin sulfide and trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride. Even further, in the coexistence of lithium perchlorate, 1,2-cis-ribofuranosides are prepared predominantly in high yields.
Oxidative Decomposition of Methyl Linoleate by a Lipoxygenase Model Iron Complex Fe((pz)3BH)2
Authors: Tachibana Masahiko , Sasaki Ken , Ueda Akihiro , Sakai Mutsuji , Sakakibara Yasumasa , Ohno Atsuyoshi , Okamoto Tadashi
Published: May 2006

Highly effective aerobic oxidation of methyl linoleate was induced by ferrous pyrazolylborate complex in dichloromethane solution for the mimesis of lipoxygenase reaction.
Desorption Behavior of Cd, Zn and Pb Sorbed on Hydroxyaluminum- and Hydroxyaluminosilicate-Montmorillonite Complexes
Authors: Saha Uttam Kumar , Iwasaki Kōzō , Sakurai Katsutoshi
Published: May 2006

There is a clear gap in the understanding of the desorption patterns of metals sorbed on soils and clays, despite their importance in the mobility, transport and fate of metals in natural environments. In this study, we investigated the desorption behavior of Cd, Zn and Pb sorbed on montmorillonite (Mt) and on hydroxyaluminum (HyA)- and hydroxyaluminosilicate (HAS)-Mt complexes. At pH 6.5, 2.5 g L–1 of HyA-Mt and HAS-Mt sorbed almost all of the 10–6 M Cd, Zn or Pb, while Mt under the same condition sorbed ~48, 49 and 55% of the added Cd, Zn and Pb, respectively. Based on pH50 values, the selectivity of metal sorption on Mt was Pb > Zn > Cd, and on the complexes, it was Pb ≫ Zn = Cd. In general, larger fractions of sorbed metals were remobilized from Mt than from the complexes. Again, in comparison with Pb, larger fractions of sorbed Cd and Zn were remobilized from different clays. Reducing the pHs of the equilibrium sorption systems from a fixed point (6.5) to different points (6.0, 5.5, 5.0, 4.5, and 4.0) and from different points (6.5, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0, and 4.5) to a fixed point (4.0) both yielded hysteretic metal desorption patterns. The fractions of Cd and Zn desorbed through Na and Cu exchange from the clays, especially from the complexes, were very different, indicating the existence of cation exchangeable metal sorption sites of weak and strong affinities on the complexes. Based on the EDTA-extractable fractions of Cd and Zn from HAS–Mt and HyA-Mt, it appeared that HyA–metal bonds are stronger than the HAS–metal bonds. Compared with other agents, acetic acid remobilized the highest fractions of all metals irrespective of the type of clays, with a concomitant release of Al or Al + Si. The Pb-HyA/HAS-Mt bonds were, however, still much too strong to be broken substantially by this mechanism. The results accomplished in this study suggest further attention to the fundamental understanding of the mobility, fate, bioavailability and toxicity of the concerned metals in soils and related environments.
Anomalous Reverse Zoning of Saponite and Corrensite Caused by Contact Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Alteration of Marly Rocks Associated with Subvolcanic Bodies
Authors: Abad Isabel , Jiménez-Millán Juan , Molina José Miguel , Nieto Fernando , Vera Juan Antonio
Published: May 2006

The effects of a subvolcanic intrusion on its host rocks in the Priego de Córdoba area (SE Spain) was studied by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The intrusion of a laccolith of stratiform dolerite in partially consolidated marly sediments at quite shallow depths below the ocean floor took place during the intracontinental rifting phase of the Subbetic zone of the Betic Cordilleras. In the first stage, contact metamorphism caused the crystallization of calc-silicate consisting of grossular andradite garnet, diopside, vesuvianite and titanite for which the upper temperature limit was 500°C. Phyllosilicates are found in a network of veins cross-cutting the carbonate and calc-silicate matrix, indicating their formation during a process of hydrothermal alteration superimposed on the contact aureole. In the area closest to the subvolcanic rocks, saponite is the main phyllosilicate although some dispersed chlorite is found. In the zone furthest from the contact, corrensite together with saponite and beidellitic smectites were observed. The presence of low-temperature phases (saponite) in the area closest to the laccolith reveals the evolution of the hydrothermal system toward cooler conditions. In the early stage, the circulation of a hot hydrothermal fluid caused the crystallization of chlorite in the area surrounding the subvolcanic body and corrensite in the more distal area, which might have begun even during the contact metamorphism stage. A cooling phase followed, resulting in the crystallization of saponite in the host rocks, and the crystallization of dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectites inside the subvolcanic body.
Synthesis of Cu-Containing Layered Double Hydroxides with a Narrow Crystallite-Size Distribution
Authors: Feng Yongjun , Li Dianqing , Li Chunxi , Wang Zihao , Evans D. G. , Duan Xue
Published: May 2006

Hydrotalcite-like layered double hydroxides (LDHs) containing different ratios of Ni2+, Cu2+, Mg2+ and Al3+ in the layers have been prepared by a new method, the key features of which are a very rapid mixing and nucleation process in a colloid mill followed by a separate ageing process. The compositions and structural parameters of the materials synthesized using the two routes are very similar, although the degree of crystallinity is slightly higher for the LDHs produced using the new method. The major advantage of the new method is that it produces smaller crystallites, having a very narrow range of distribution of crystallite size. In the conventional coprecipitation process at constant pH, the mixing process takes a considerable time during which nuclei formed at the beginning of the process have a much longer time to undergo crystal growth than those formed at the end of the process. The consequence is that a wide dispersion of crystallite sizes is obtained. In the colloid mill process, however, the mixing and nucleation is complete in a very short time and is followed by a separate ageing process.
Formation of Nontronite from Oxidative Dissolution of Pyrite Disseminated in Precambrian Felsic Metavolcanics of the Southern Iberian Massif (Spain)
Authors: Fernández-Caliani J. C. , Crespo E. , Rodas M. , Barrenechea J. F. , Luque F. J.
Published: May 2006

This paper describes a rare occurrence of nontronite associated with sulfide-bearing felsic metavolcanics, providing evidence of colloidal deposition in open spaces as result of a low-temperature water-rock interaction. Microbotryoidal masses of green nontronite with impurities of kaolinite, illite, barite, amorphous silica and iron oxyhydroxides are found as vein and cavity fillings in deeply kaolinized rhyolites and rhyolitic tuffs of Precambrian age, at Oliva de Merida in SW Spain. Clay mineral characterization has been carried out by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, analytical electron microscopy and stable isotope (oxygen and hydrogen) analysis. Nontronite was formed under low-temperature alteration conditions, from a continuous sequence of reactions and aqueous solution compositions, involving two basic processes that acted in concert: oxidative dissolution of pyrite and hydrolysis of K-feldspar. After acidity neutralization, dissolved silica released by incongruent dissolution of K-feldspar reacted with ferric sulfate derived from pyrite oxidation to form nontronite under oxidizing conditions, in the presence of relatively warm meteoric water.
Utility of N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide to Differentiate Cardiac Diseases from Noncardiac Diseases in Young Pediatric Patients
Authors: Hammerer-Lercher Angelika , Geiger Ralf , Mair Johannes , Url Christoph , Tulzer Gerald , Lechner Evelyn , Puschendorf Bernd , Sommer Rudolf
Published: May 2006

Background: Previous studies comparing children with cardiac disease with children with lung disease or healthy children indicated that natriuretic peptides are promising markers in pediatric patients. The aim of this study was to further clarify the diagnostic usefulness of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) measurements in a less preselected population of children younger than 3 years, a population in which clinical symptoms are frequently unspecific.

Methods: NT-proBNP concentrations (Roche Diagnostics) were measured in sera of 142 pediatric patients (age range, 33–1070 days) presenting at the Gynaecologic and Pediatric Hospital (Linz, Austria) between January 2003 and January 2004. ROC curve analysis for the diagnostic performance of NT-proBNP, the Mann–Whitney U-test for group comparison, and linear regression analysis for influencing factors were performed.

Results: NT-proBNP concentrations were significantly increased in infants with cardiac diseases [median (25th–75th percentile), 3681 (1045–13557) ng/L; n = 23] compared with infants with other diseases [241 (116–542) ng/L; n = 119], and ROC analysis revealed good performance for NT-proBNP in differentiating between infants with and without cardiac diseases [mean area under the curve (AUC) with 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.87 (0.76–0.94)]. A subgroup analysis of exactly age- and sex-matched infants was performed, which revealed results comparable to those for the whole study population [mean (95% CI) AUC, 0.84 (0.68–0.93)].

Conclusion: In a heterogeneous group of pediatric patients <3 years of age, NT-proBNP showed good diagnostic performance to distinguish between cardiac diseases and various noncardiac diseases.
Clinical-Scale High-Throughput Analysis of Urinary 8-Oxo-7,8-Dihydro-2′-Deoxyguanosine by Isotope-Dilution Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry with On-Line Solid-Phase Extraction
Authors: Hu Chiung-Wen , Wang Chien-Jen , Chang Louis W , Chao Mu-Rong
Published: May 2006

Background: Quantification of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) in urine or blood is used to assess and monitor oxidative stress in patients. We describe the use of on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) and isotope-dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for automated measurement of urinary 8-oxodGuo.

Methods: Automated purification of urine was accomplished with a switching valve and an Inertsil ODS-3 column. After the addition of 15N5-labeled 8-oxodGuo as an internal standard, urine samples were analyzed within 10 min without sample purification. This method was applied to measure urinary 8-oxodGuo in a group of healthy persons (32 regular smokers and 35 nonsmokers). Urinary cotinine was also assayed by an isotope-dilution LC-MS/MS method.

Results: The lower limit of detection was 5.7 ng/L on column (2.0 fmol). Inter- and intraday imprecision (CV) was <5.0%. Mean recovery of 8-oxodGuo in urine was 99%–102%. Mean (SD) urinary concentrations of 8-oxodGuo in smokers [7.26 (3.14) μg/g creatinine] were significantly higher than those in nonsmokers [4.69 (1.70) μg/g creatinine; P <0.005]. Urinary concentrations of 8-oxodGuo were significantly correlated with concentrations of cotinine in smokers (P <0.05).

Conclusions: This on-line SPE LC-MS/MS method is sufficiently sensitive, precise, and rapid to provide high-throughput direct analysis of urinary 8-oxodGuo without compromising quality and validation criteria. This method could be applicable for use in daily clinical practice for assessing oxidative stress in patients.
Molecular Diagnosis of Prader–Willi and Angelman Syndromes by Methylation-Specific Melting Analysis and Methylation-Specific Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification
Authors: Procter Melinda , Chou Lan-Szu , Tang Wei , Jama Mohamed , Mao Rong
Published: May 2006

Background: Approximately 99% of Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) and 80% of Angelman syndrome (AS) cases have deletions at a common region in chromosome 15q11.2-q13, uniparental disomy for chromosome 15 (UPD15), or imprinting center defects affecting gene expression in this region. The resulting clinical phenotype (PWS or AS) in each class of genomic abnormalities depends on the parent of origin. Both disorders are characterized at the molecular level by abnormal methylation of imprinted regions at 15q11.2-q13. Other rare chromosome 15 rearrangements and a few smaller atypical deletions associated with abnormal methylation patterns also have symptoms overlapping with either PWS or AS.

Methods: We designed a methylation-specific melting analysis (MS-MA) method for a rapid screening of PWS/AS and evaluated methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) for diagnosis of PWS/AS associated with deletions, UPD15, or rare duplications. Forty-nine previously genotyped samples were tested by MS-MA. We also tested 26 MS-MA genotyped samples and 1 additional sample with rare duplication of chromosome region 15q11-q12.

Results: PWS/AS genotyping results obtained by MS-MA and by MS-MLPA were fully concordant. In addition, MS-MLPA was superior in detecting deletions/rare duplications, possible UPD15, or imprinting center defects, which were usually determined by a laborious fluorescence in situ hybridization method or by chromosomal segregation analysis for the parental-origin using short-tandem repeat makers.

Conclusions: MS-MA appears to be an efficient primary method to diagnose PWS/AS, and use of the quantitative MS-MLPA method provides detailed information about deletions, rare duplications, and possibly UPD.
Oxidized Forms of Glutathione in Peripheral Blood as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress
Authors: Rossi Ranieri , Dalle-Donne Isabella , Milzani Aldo , Giustarini Daniela
Published: May 2006

Background: Reduced glutathione (GSH) and its redox forms, glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and glutathionylated proteins (PSSG), are biomarkers of oxidative stress, but methodologic artifacts can interfere with their measurement. We evaluated the importance of correct sample handling during the preanalytical phase for GSH, GSSG, and PSSG measurement.

Methods: We used human blood for in vitro experiments with oxidants [tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH), diamide, and menadione]. For in vivo experiments, we used rats in which we cannulated the jugular and femoral veins for both oxidant administration and blood collection. We measured GSH, GSSG, and PSSG with HPLC with or without sample pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to prevent artifacts. We also measured malondialdehyde (MDA) with HPLC, and protein carbonyls (PCO) with spectrophotometric procedures.

Results: When methodologic artifacts were prevented by pretreatment with NEM, GSSG results increased up to 3-fold over the basal concentrations, even in the presence of 5 μmol/L t-BOOH or diamide and 20 μmol/L menadione. PSSG increased by ∼50% at 20 μmol/L t-BOOH or diamide and at 50 μmol/L menadione. PCO and MDA remained unchanged. In vivo oxidation treatments elicited immediate and significant increases in GSSG and PSSG over basal values (up to 200-fold), whereas PCO and MDA showed only slight variation 120 or 180 min after treatment.

Conclusions: With the use of artifact-free measurement methods, GSH, GSSG, and PSSG are potentially powerful and reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress status and can be used to evaluate whether, and to what extent, oxidative stress may be involved in various diseases.
Genotyping of Ovine Prion Protein Gene (PRNP) Variants by PCR with Melting Curve Analysis,
Authors: Schütz Ekkehard , Scharfenstein Melanie , Brenig Bertram
Published: May 2006

Background: Scrapie is the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in sheep. Because genetic variants of the ovine PrP gene (PRNP) can be associated with disease risk, the European Union initiated programs to eradicate high-risk PRNP genotypes from sheep livestock. For this purpose, reliable and cost-effective genotyping is needed.

Methods: We amplified DNA to cover the 3 risk codons in exon 3 encoding amino acids 136, 154, and 171. Amplicons were mixed with dye-labeled probe sets, and melting curves were recorded in a LightCycler by use of color and temperature multiplexing. Probe design was based on thermodynamic calculations to ensure unequivocal results for the 3 codons of interest, taking the additional F141 and T137 sequence variants into account.

Results: The fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) method, when compared with sequencing, gave exactly the predicted melting temperatures for all possible genotypes. When we validated the method with samples from official certification programs, it showed completely matching results. Turnaround time was ∼5 h after receipt of a whole-blood sample. The method detected the rare sequence variants T137 and F141, which were clearly distinguishable from the other known genotypes by melting curve analysis. One scrapie sheep was ARR/ARR, which is considered the haplotype with the lowest risk.

Conclusions: The FRET-based PRNP genotyping method for sheep is rapid and can differentiate all genotypes at each locus in 1 capillary. The assay is fast and has lower costs than restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis or sequencing.
Transformative Aspects of the Angelic Imaginary
Authors: Blassnigg Martha
Published: May 2006

The following paper will present some outcomes of research into the topic of clairvoyance in a European context and the depiction of the spiritual in film in order to suggest that a cultural analysis of the perception of the angelic imaginary can offer insights into the interrelation
between the subject areas of cinema and consciousness. This research on clairvoyance began in 1997 as part of an interdisciplinary study arising out of the disciplines of Cultural Anthropology and Film Theory at the University of Amsterdam: it focused on the phenomenon of the clairvoyant perception
of angels and compared this with the treatment of the spiritual in film. One major outcome of this study reveals a significant correspondence between the general cinema experience and the clairvoyants' perception of apparitions: both could be adequately described as multi-sensorial experiences
reaching beyond the audio-visual perception into a stimulation of an internal affection (in the Bergsonian use of the term) imbricated with thought, memory and association, embracing the importance of the often underrated sensations of touch, smell and emotions. What follows will summarize
these insights and situate them within a broader theoretical context, in which the work of Henri Bergson will be revisited through the subsequent insights of Gilles Deleuze in order to re-evaluate Deleuze's contribution and place my own research within an interdisciplinary framework of Philosophy,
Film Studies and Cultural Anthropology.
Constraint is freedom. An application of zombie to certain aspects of art and cognitive psychology
Authors: Smith Brian Reffin
Published: May 2006

Given that computers are not merely information-processors but rather representation-processors, who are the people most suited to dealing with representations of consciousness or the lack of it, once these consist in a computer? Who are the experts on irredundant holism when it comes
to making sense of and manipulating these representations? Neither scientists nor philosophers, but rather artists, poets and so on. If this is the case it is not surprising that there already exists, in and out of the computational domain, a body of knowledge about and evidence for the synthesis
in an almost alchemical way of the scientific and philosophical (spiritual, one might almost say) approaches to consciousness. This presentation will examine aspects of zombie in both computer-based and traditional art, with several previously unknown examples of the use of zombie-like imagery
in classical art leading to contemporary attempts to portray the nothing that being a zombie is like. Audience participation will be more or less obligatory. This document is really background notes to the above, pretending to be a paper.
Real‐time In Situ Monitoring of Human Prostate Photodynamic Therapy with Diffuse Light
Authors: Yu Guoqiang , Durduran Turgut , Zhou Chao , Zhu Timothy C. , Finlay Jarod C. , Busch Theresa M. , Malkowicz S. Bruce , Hahn Stephen M. , Yodh Arjun G.
Published: May 2006

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires oxygen to cause cellular and vascular tumor damage. Tissue oxygen concentration, in turn, is influenced by blood flow and blood oxygenation. Real‐time clinical measurement of these hemo‐dynamic quantities, however, is rare. This paper reports the development and application of a probe, combining diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) for measurement of tumor blood oxygenation and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) for measurement of tumor blood flow. The instrument was adapted for clinical use during interstitial prostate PDT. Three patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer received 2 mg/ kg motexafin lutetium (MLu) 3 h before illumination and a total light dose of 100 J/cm2 at 150 mW/cm. Prostrate blood oxygen saturation (StO2) decreased only slightly (?3%) after treatment. On the other hand, prostate blood flow and total hemoglobin concentration over the course of PDT decreased by 50% and 15%, respectively, suggesting MLu‐mediated PDT has an anti‐vascular effect. While it is certainly impossible to draw definite conclusions from measurements of only three patients, the observed differences in tumor blood flow and blood oxygenation responses during PDT can, in principle, be used to choose among tissue oxygen consumption models and therefore emphasize the potential clinical value for simultaneous monitoring of both parameters.
Realizing Outdoor Independent Learning with a Butterfly-Watching Mobile Learning System
Authors: Chen Yuh-Shyan , Kao Tai-Chien , Sheu Jang-Ping
Published: May 2006

In this article, we describe the development of a mobile butterfly-watching learning (BWL) system to realize outdoor independent learning for mobile learners. The mobile butterfly-watching learning system was designed in a wireless mobile ad-hoc learning environment. This is first result to provide a cognitive tool with supporting the independent learning by applying PDA with wireless communication technology to extend learning outside of the classroom. Independent learning consists of self-selection, self-determination, self-modification, and self-checking. To support independent learning, we designed useful butterfly-watching learning subsystems to offer the self-selection, self-determination, self-modification, and self-checking functionality. The study sample consisted of 24 five-year students who enrolled in natural science course in the Fall of 2003 in Taiwan. The study lasted fourth months (one semester). During the butterfly-watching activity, each learner arbitrarily took a distinct butterfly picture and entered it into his own PDA to acquire the butterfly knowledge anytime and anywhere through wireless communication. The potential impacts, limitations, and lessons learned from this study are discussed from both the educational and technological points of view. Mobile outside classroom learning potentially extends the scope of learning activities and with more flexibility than in traditional school curriculum. This work shows that the concept of applying PDA with wireless communication technology is a “new cognitive learning tool” to personally access, analyze, interpret, and organize their personal knowledge anytime and anywhere.
Identifying Teacher, School, and District Characteristics Associated with Middle and High School Teachers' Use of Technology: A Multilevel Perspective
Authors: O'Dwyer Laura M. , Russell Michael , Bebell Damian
Published: May 2006

Investment in educational technology has increased rapidly in recent years and many observers have begun to question whether, and how technology is being used as a teaching and learning tool. In order to address this issue, this research used survey data collected from 1,404 middle and high school teachers in 52 schools across 22 Massachusetts school districts to examine how technology is being used by upper grade teachers, and examines the school and district organizational characteristics that are associated with increased use of technology as a teaching and learning tool. Specifically, this research used hierarchical linear regression (HLM) techniques to model the teacher, school and district characteristics associated with five specific teacher uses of educational technology. This research found that both teacher and organizational characteristics were each found to be associated with the five technology uses, and characteristics varied in their ability to predict the five different uses.
Nonlinear dynamics of a VOC combustion loop reactor
Authors: Altimari Pietro , Maffettone Pier Luca , Crescitelli Silvestro , Russo Lucia , Mancusi Erasmo
Published: May 2006

Bifurcation analysis of a network of three catalytic combustors with periodically switched feed position is carried out. The influence of the switch time, of the feed temperature and of the heat exchange coefficient at the wall on the dynamical behavior is studied by a numerical continuation technique based on the spatiotemporal symmetry of the forced system. Symmetric and asymmetric periodic regimes are detected as the bifurcation parameters are changed. The stability range of periodic ignited regimes and their bifurcations are analyzed. In particular, it appears that some complex regimes are the only stable ignited regimes at ambient feed temperature in several operating conditions. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006