bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF METFORMIN AND INSULIN ON MORPHOLOGY, STEREOLOGY AND MEAN MORPHOMETRIC DIFFUSION CAPACITY IN DIABETIC PLACENTA
Authors: Arshad Rabia , Azam Fahad , Shaheen Abida
Published: July 2024

Background: Insulin given for the treatment of GDM is associated with hypoxic changes whereas Metformin has beneficial micro-vascular effects on the placenta. This comparative drug study was conducted with objectives to compare the effects of Metformin and Insulin on the morphology and stereology in gestational diabetes. And to calculate and compare the mean morphometric diffusion capacity for oxygen in Metformin and Insulin treated gestational diabetics. Methods: This clinical trial was conducted from Jan 2018 to Feb 2019 in the Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, in collaboration with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Out of 136 high-risk females, 83 confirmed gestational diabetics were enrolled in second trimester and were further randomised into Group A (oral Metformin therapy) and Group B (subcutaneous Insulin therapy). They were followed till term and after delivery. Collected placentae (35 in each group) were subjected to gross, microscopic and detailed stereological study. Results: Placental weight on gross, hypoxic changes such as immature villi, chorangiosis and syncytial knots on light microscopic morphology, placental volume, the total volume of placental villi and total volume of foetal connective tissue on stereology were significantly more in Insulin-treated diabetic placentae whereas the mean villi diameter and mean morphometric diffusion capacity was significantly more in Metformin-treated placentae. Conclusion: Metformin-treated placentae were significantly different as compared to the insulin-treated placenta. Metformin treated placentae showed better morphometric diffusion capacity for oxygen than insulin treated placentae.
Pak J Physiol 2022;18(2):22?7
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN IRON STATUS AND GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Naureen Tallat , Ahmed Umbreen , Riaz Bushra , Ali Ujala , Sharafat Javaria , Shabbir Ehsan
Published: July 2024

Background: Early identification of risk factors for gestational diabetes may result in its prevention and better management. In this study, we aimed to compare serum iron, total iron binding capacity and transferring saturation in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes. Methods: A comparative cross sectional analytical study was conducted at Army Medical College and Centre for Research in Experimental and Analytical Medicine (CREAM) in association with Pak Emirates Military Hospital. Thirty healthy pregnant women and thirty patients of gestational diabetes mellitus matched for age, gestational age and body mass index (BMI) were recruited for the study. The diagnosis of gestational diabetes was made on the basis of abnormal glucose tolerance test at twenty four weeks of gestation. Serum iron and total iron binding capacity of all subjects were measured using colorimetric assay and transferrin saturation was calculated. Analysis of data was carried using SPSS-22. Mean values were calculated for all variables and compared by two sample t-test. Pearson correlation was determined to find association between different quantitative variables in two groups and p?0.05 was considered significant. Results: Serum iron was significantly higher (p=0.007), TIBC significantly lower (p=0.004) and transferrin saturation significantly higher (p<0.001) in gestational diabetes group as compared to control group. Conclusion: Markers of iron status including serum iron and transferrin saturation were higher in patients of gestational diabetes and may pose a risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus. 
Pak J Physiol 2022;18(2):47–50
PREVALENCE OF MALARIA IN BLOOD DONORS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN PESHAWAR
Authors: Jan Zahish Safiullah , Jan Nayab Safiullah , Safdar Humaira , Rehman Ayesha , Khan Khizar Abdullah , Humayun Sidra
Published: July 2024

Background: Malaria is a protozoan parasitic infection of humans resulting from one or more of the five species of the genus Plasmodium. A transfusion transmitted infection (TTI) is a virus, parasite, or other potential pathogen that can be transmitted in donated blood through transfusion to a recipient. The aim of this study was to find out the frequency of malaria in blood donors at a tertiary care hospital in Peshawar. Methods: A total of 218 patients were observed in this descriptive cross-sectional investigation from 16 April to 16 October 2021, at Department of Pathology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. Informed consent was obtained from the blood donors justifying the inclusion criteria. Three ml venous blood of each donor was collected in EDTA containing vacutainer. The complete blood count was done on CELL-DYN Ruby® analyzer. Geimsa stained thick and thin blood films were made from each donor blood sample and was examined under ×100 objective lens (oil immersion) using a light microscope for Plasmodium. Results: Mean age of the subjects was 32±11.46 years; 88% donors were male and 12% were female. The frequency of malarial parasite was 4% in blood donors. The transmission of malarial parasite was found significant with a history of fever among the blood donors (p<0.05). Conclusion: The frequency of malarial parasite was 4% in blood donors presenting at a tertiary care hospital of Peshawar, Pakistan.
Pak J Physiol 2022;18(3):27?9
EFFECT OF INTENSIVE EXERCISE ON LUNG VOLUMES: ATHLETE VERSUS NON-ATHLETE CHILDREN
Authors: Sadiq Sara , Latif Javaria , Langah Azizullah , Iqbal Nasima , Faisal Syed Fazal e Karim , Khan Muhammad Aitmaud uddolah
Published: July 2024

Background: Age, sex, height, weight, ethnicity, smoking habits, physical fitness, exercise, and environmental conditions can all influence spirometry results. Objective of this study was to find out the spirometry lung volumes among athlete children and their comparison with non-athlete children. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with children and adolescents aged 7–18 years from April to October 2021. A modified version of The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Questionnaire 17 was used. Height, weight and body measurements were recorded. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), Forced Expiratory Volume in 1st second (FEV1), FEV1/FVC, Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR), Forced Expiratory Flow between 25% and 75% expired volume (FEF25–75%) were measured. Data analysis was done on SPSS-20. Results: The FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC ratio, PEF, and FEF25–75% were 2.24±0.75, 2.06±0.73, 93.01±4.62, 233.3±69.9 and 2.72±1.1 respectively. There was a direct increase in lung volumes with age from children to adolescent and were more among athletes as compared to non-athletes. Mann-Whitney U test showed normal distribution of all pulmonary functions variables including FVC, FEV1, PEFR, and FEF25–75% among athletes as well as non-athletes. The independent t-test reported a significant variation of all pulmonary function variables among athletes and non-athletes at a confidence interval of 95% (p?0.000). Conclusion: Age and physical exercise are important factors influencing spirometry reference values and therefore, they should be considered when using spirometry. The physical exercise, particularly intensive exercise in athletes improves lung volumes and should be encouraged in young children.
Pak J Physiol 2022;8(4):7?10
EFFECT OF SEVERITY OF ISCHEMIA ON QT DISPERSION IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: Mubarak Sadia , Hamid Sidra , Riaz Bushra , Shafiq Mamoona , Razzaq Zubia
Published: July 2024

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most prevalent cause of death due to myocardial ischemia. QT dispersion is a marker of increased risk for myocardial ischemia events. The objective of this study was to find out the effect of severity of ischemia on ventricular repolarization heterogeneity by measuring and comparing QT dispersion in single, double and triple coronary artery disease patients. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Army Medical College (AMC) in collaboration with Electrophysiology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Cardiology (AFIC). Forty patients aged 55±8 Yrs with CAD were included in the study. Holter monitors were used to attain ECG recordings digitally with ten electrodes. For exploration of digital QT dispersion data CardioScan Luxury version was used. Results: Out of 40 patients 18 (45%) had single, 16 (40%) double, and 6 (15%) had triple vessel disease. A significant difference was noted on comparison across mean values of QT dispersion in three groups with single, double and triple vessels coronary artery disease (p=0.01). There was also a remarkable difference of QT dispersion between single and triple vessel disease patients (p=0.007). Conclusion: Ventricular repolarization heterogeneity increases with the ischemia. Patients with triple vessel disease are more prone to risk of developing life threatening arrhythmias.
Pak J Physiol 2022;18(4):11-3
PROPERTIES OF FATIGUE BETWEEN SLOW AND FAST MUSCLES OF MALE AND FEMALE DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Ashfaq Mehvish , Jabeen Sidra , Mubarak Sadia , Rasul Amina , Hamid Sidra , Javed Ambreen
Published: July 2024

Background: The metabolic disorder of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) has deleterious effects on skeletal muscle contractile functions. This study aimed to compare parameters of fatigue between slow and fast skeletal muscles of male and female type 2 diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats. Methodology: This was a quasi experimental study conducted at Army Medical College Rawalpindi and National Institute of Health, Islamabad. Forty Sprague Dawley rats in good health were split into groups I (Control) and II (Diabetics) of 20 rats each. Each group had 10 male and 10 female rats. Diabetic groups were given intra-peritoneal streptozotocin (STZ), 35 mg/Kg body weight on 15th day. Control groups were fed a normal diet and diabetic rats were given diet with high fat. On 21st day body weight, blood glucose and triglyceride/high density lipoprotein ratio were estimated to confirm extraction of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Intact Soleus and Extensor Digitorium Longus muscles were removed and fixed in organ bath system having Krebs-Ringer buffer solution and connected to data acquisition unit (iWorx®) to study their fatigability parameters. Independent samples t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Slow and fast skeletal muscles in diabetic rats showed reduction in resistance to and recovery from fatigue. Fatigue parameters between male and female diabetic rats revealed no significant differences. Conclusion: Fatigue parameters do not differ between male and female diabetic rats.
Pak J Physiol 2023;19(1):7?10
SERUM C REACTIVE PROTEIN AS AN INFLAMMATORY MARKER IN GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Naureen Tallat , Riaz Bushra , Mushtaq Aysha , Shabbir Ehsan , Nadeem Muhammad Sohaib , Gohar Lubna
Published: July 2024

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus is the most prevalent metabolic disorder of pregnancy. A number of factors are implicated in its causation. Inflammation may play a role in development of diabetes. This study aimed to look for an association between serum C reactive protein and gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was carried out at Physiology Department, Army Medical College in collaboration with Pak Emirates Military Hospital from July 2019 to March 2020. Thirty healthy pregnant females and 30 gestational diabetes mellitus patients with 24–32 weeks of gestation were selected. The diagnosis of gestational diabetes was made on the basis of abnormal glucose tolerance test according to International Association for Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG) criteria. Blood samples were evaluated for serum CRP. Data were analyzed on SPSS-22. Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. Comparison of data was performed using independent samples t-test. Pearson correlation coefficient was determined to find association between numerical variables. Results were considered significant at p?0.05. Results: Mean Serum C reactive protein level was significantly higher in gestational diabetes group compared with healthy control group and had significant positive correlation with plasma glucose levels as well as glycosylated haemoglobin. Conclusion: High CRP levels in GDM had positive correlation with blood sugar levels. Early diagnosis of inflammation with raised CRP level may be helpful in identifying the subjects at risk.
Pak J Physiol 2023;19(3):3–6
TYPES OF ITEM WRITING FLAWS IN MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND THEIR EFFECT ON PASSING RATE OF STUDENTS
Authors: Awan Sarmud Latif , Manzoor Shagufta , Gillani Irum , Kayani Ziyad Afzal , Farooq Humza , Khurshid Sahar
Published: July 2024

Background: The most popular written exam in health professions education is the multiple-choice style question (MCQ). This study sought to understand the effects of multiple-choice writing errors on students' academic performance in medical education. Methods: This descriptive study was done from December 2017 to June 2019 in Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK) Medical College, Muzaffarabad. Ten block examinations were included. The item review committee reviewed all MCQs for flaws. Two tests from each class of MBBS were taken. The original tests containing all items were labeled as flawed tests and the result of each flawed test was evaluated. The students were graded into high, moderate and low achievement groups with scores of more than 79.9, between 50–79.9 and less than 50 percent respectively. Flawed items were then removed from the tests by the review committee and the scores of each test (standard test) were determined and compared with flawed tests and its effects were assessed in three achieving groups of students. Optical mark reading (OMR) classic-4 software was used for post-exam analysis and data were analyzed by using SPSS-25.  Results: The passing rate ranged from 68.18% to 90.82% in flawed and 75.54% to 93.69% in standard tests. Most standard tests (7) had higher passing rates than flawed tests. Conclusion: Tests containing in-house developed MCQs have frequent item writing flaws and their inclusion in assessment did affect the passing rates of students but were not statistically significant.
Pak J Physiol 2023;19(4):49–52
CYTOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL IMPACT OF ARSENIC EXPOSURE ON THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM AND OESTROUS CYCLE OF FEMALE RATS
Authors: Mir Urfa Zaryab , Mir Amaidah , Yasmeen Maria , Ikram Faiza , Masood Zahra , Umar Sana
Published: July 2024

Background: Rising concentration of arsenic in drinking water is severely damaging the reproductive health of both humans and animals. This study was thus designed to evaluate the deleterious effects of sodium arsenite at a minimum dose on the endocrine system and oestrus cycle of female Sprague Dawley rats. Methods: A randomized control trial was conducted at College of Physicians & Surgeons Pakistan, Regional Centre, Islamabad. Sixty healthy female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into group 1 (control) and group 2 (experimental) with 30 rats in each group. After one week of acclimatization, the control group was administered 10 ml of distilled water daily via oral gavage, and the experimental group was administered 4 µg of sodium arsenite dissolved in 10 ml of distilled water daily via oral gavage. After one week of habituation, vaginal smears were taken daily to study the oestrus cycle. Whereas, serum oestrogen and progesterone levels were assessed using ELISA after 14 days of intervention. Biochemical parameters (oestrogen and progesterone) were analyzed on SPSS-22. Comparison of means of these hormones was evaluated by the Student’s t-test. Results: After exposure to sodium arsenite, the oestrus cycle of the experimental group was prolonged and halted in the diestrus phase along with significant reduction of serum estradiol and progesterone levels. Conclusion: Low dose of arsenic delays and disturbs regulation of oestrus cycle and disrupts the hormonal levels in female rats.
Pak J Physiol 2023;19(4):19–22
PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF SILYMARIN AND CHOLCALCIFEROL ON ISONIAZID INDUCED HEPATOTOXICITY IN MICE
Authors: Malik Rabia Iftikhar , Waheed Akbar , Salim Salma , Muhammadi Fatima , Ijaz Nimra , Naeem Uzma
Published: July 2024

Background: Hepatotoxicity is the gravest concern associated with use of anti-tuberculous drugs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the individual and combined hepatoprotective effect of silymarin and cholecalciferol in isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: This animal experimental study was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, and Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Islamic International Medical College, in collaboration with National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan. Fifty adult Balb-C mice were included in this study. They were distributed into 5 groups. Each group contained 10 mice. Group 1 was normal control, Group 2 disease control, and Group 3, 4, and 5 were experimental groups. Except Group 1, all other groups were given isoniazid (150 mg/Kg) and only Group 2 was not fed with any drugs. Group 3 received silymarin (50 mg/Kg dissolved in physiological saline) through intragastric gavage for 28 days. Group 4 was given Vitamin D (1,000 IU/Kg) for 28 days. Group 5 was given isoniazid (150 mg/Kg) along with silymarin and Vitamin D for 28 days. Serum ALT and bilirubin levels were estimated on day 0, 14, and 28. Results: As compared to Group 2, Group 3 to Group 5 showed a lower rise in serum ALT and bilirubin (p<0.001). Group 4 and 5 showed significantly reduced biochemical markers (ALT and bilirubin) (p=0.001). Conclusion: Silymarin and cholecalciferol effectively and synergistically ameliorate hepatotoxicity induced by isoniazid. Silymarin offers better hepatoprotection than cholecalciferol in isoniazid induced hepatotoxicity.
Pak J Physiol 2024;20(1):37-40
EFFECT OF WHITE SUGAR, BROWN SUGAR AND JAGGERY POWDER SYRUP ON BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL MARKERS OF SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS
Authors: Lodhi Hifza Noor , Chaudry Sana Rasheed , Nasreen Shagufta , Siddiqui Amer Hassan , Yousaf Rana Muhammad , Chiragh Sadia , Saeed Muniza
Published: July 2024

Hypertension accounts for 10% of the total annual health budget in developed countries.1 By 2025, the number of people living with hypertension is expected to reach 1.56 billion people.2Dietary factors that increase blood pressure (BP) are of interest to public health authorities.3,4Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were taken. All groups received standard chow ad libitum. Controls (A), received plain drinking water, and the Sucrose treatment rats received 10% sucrose solution prepared daily for 12 weeks. Non-invasive blood pressure was recorded  using computer based data recording system power lab model: M-ML 856, Australia with rat tail cuff attachment.Blood samples were collected. Serum aliquots were frozen at ?80°C for: ALT, AST, TG, total cholesterol (TC), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were determined using commercial enzymatic methods (CELM diagnosis, São Paulo, Brazil). The concentration of VLDL and low-density lipoprotein was measured.
ANOVA and Post-Hoc Tukey tests were applied to determine statistical difference among the study groups.
The results showed variable effects on biochemical and histopathological findings in rat liver, kidney and pancreas. The pancreas and kidneys of the rats showed adverse inflammatory histopathological changes maximally in rats taking jaggery syrup (Shakkar) flowed by white sugar and minimal in Shakkar. The adverse effects on liver cells were maximally seen on rats given brown sugar.
This study enabled us to better understand the biochemical and histopathological effects of various types of sugars available in Pakistani market in order to create awareness regarding their effects on health.
Junk Food Consumption and its Health Effect among Medical Students in Baghdad, Iraq
Authors: Maha Ali
Published: July 2024

Consumption of unhealthy food is a widespread phenomenon among young individuals, even those studying medicine. The heightened academic workload experienced by medical students has a detrimental impact on their dietary decisions, leading to a stressful lifestyle. This study aimed to assess the incidence of junk food consumption and its impact on the health of Iraqi medical students. A cross-sectional study was done from May 2024 to June 2024 in the medical department, which includes medicine, dentistry, and pharmacy. The study utilized a standardized questionnaire. The participants' ages ranged from 18 to 24. Data was collected to assess the knowledge and health impacts of consuming junk food. This included gathering information on eating habits, preferences, timing of intake, the influence of nutritional information on the choice of junk food, and any history of diseases in the past six months. A total of 628 students took part in the study, with 75.2% demonstrating awareness of the hazards and the significant correlation between obesity and fast food. However, a significant majority of participants, specifically 86.5%, consumed fast food. Out of the three students surveyed, 56.4% cited hygiene concerns, 16.8% claimed stomach problems, and 17.8% reported dental problems. A substantial correlation (p-value 0.009) was found between the eating of unhealthy food and feelings of tiredness or lethargy. The poll indicates that medical students possess a greater understanding of the health hazards associated with junk food, yet its intake continues to be prevalent. This suggests that there is a need for additional research on the dietary elements of our future health professionals. Furthermore, timely interventions should be implemented through education and training to raise awareness about the adverse impacts of consuming junk food in society.
Notes on the presence of dwarf spinner dolphins Stenella longirostris roseiventris (Wagner, 1846) in Puerto Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan
Authors: Aquino Ma. Theresa , Cruz Rommel , Cadigal Glenda , dela Cruz Mark , Jalovar-Che Che
Published: July 2024

This research note aimed to document the presence of dwarf spinner dolphins Stenella longirostris roseiventris (Wagner, 1846) in Puerto Princesa Bay to update the cetacean species inventory of the bay and the little-known distribution of the subspecies in the country. During a dolphin watching expedition, the subspecies was spotted for the first time in Puerto Princesa Bay, Puerto Princesa City, Palawan just east of Turtle Bay on 29 May 2021. The presence of Gray’s spinner dolphins S. longirostris longirostris (Gray, 1828) in the same vicinity highlighted the difference in size and shape of individuals of the two groups. The subspecies was confirmed using biometrics on a picture taken of a mother and its calf. The dorsal fin height and the pectoral fin ratios to the snout-to-dorsal fin length fit that of the dwarf spinner.
Economic Conflicts: Understanding Dynamics, Impacts, and Resolution Strategies
Authors: Asere Gbenga Femi , James Sambo Wujat , Joseph Williams Enam , Olatayo James
Published: July 2024

Economic conflicts represent complex and multifaceted challenges within the global landscape. This research provides comprehensive explanations of the dynamics, impacts, and potential resolution strategies related to economic conflicts. By examining the underlying causes, such as trade disputes, resource competition, or geopolitical tensions, this study sheds light on the interconnected nature of economic conflicts and their repercussions on various stakeholders, including governments, businesses, and societies. Drawing upon a diverse range of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence, this research investigates the economic, political, and social dimensions of conflicts, exploring the ripple effects they generate across national levels. The study also delves into the economic costs incurred during conflicts, such as reduced trade, investment volatility, and market instability, and their long-term implications for growth and development.Furthermore, this research examines existing mechanisms and strategies employed for conflict resolution, including diplomatic negotiations, multilateral institutions, and economic diplomacy. By critically evaluating their effectiveness and limitations, the study aims to contribute to the development of innovative approaches that foster peaceful and mutually beneficial resolutions to economic conflicts. Ultimately, this research seeks to enhance our understanding of economic conflicts, their underlying drivers, and the potential avenues for resolution. By shedding light on the complexities of these conflicts, it provides policymakers, businesses, and academics with valuable insights to mitigate risks, promote economic stability, and foster sustainable global economic relations.
Upaya Penanggulangan Kenakalan Remaja di GMIT Jemaat Efata Liliba
Authors: Kore Mega Cindy
Published: July 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui upaya penanggulangan kenakalan remaja yang dilakukan di Gereja Masehi Injili di Timor Jemaat Efata Liliba. Kenakalan remaja bukanlah fenomena terbatas pada lingkungan terkecil, melainkan hampir merata terjadi, baik di perkotaan maupun pedesaan, yang urgen untuk ditinjau lebih mendalam. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif, dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan observasi dengan melibatkan 2 orang remaja. Selanjutnya, data dianalisis berdasarkan tahapan analisis dari Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa upaya penanggulangan kenakalan remaja di Gereja Masehi Injili di Timor Jemaat Efata Liliba dilakukan melalui kebaktian remaja, ibadah pemuda, kegiatan pembinaan remaja, kegiatan sosialisasi bagi remaja, dan katekisasi. Namun, upaya yang dilakukan belum maksimal sehingga remaja mengalami pelbagai masalah, seperti terlibat dalam perkelahian, kemabukan, perjudian. Dengan demikian, Gereja Masehi Injili di Timor Jemaat Efata Liliba perlu membimbing dan mendampingi remaja yang terlibat dalam pelbagai kenakalan remaja yang terjadi dengan memaksimalkan pengawasan dan menamakan nilai-nilai Kristiani.
Relationship Between Sodium, Chloride, And Potassium Levels and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Thyroid Patients from Iraq
Authors: Salih Merzah Khalidah
Published: July 2024

Serum samples from thirty patients with thyroiditis disease (hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism) were collected from visits to the endocrinology departments of the Baghdad Teaching Hospital and the Oncology Teaching Hospital and were compared to twenty control samples from healthy people. The results helped researchers determine the causes of the two conditions by applying theoretical analyses of the thyroid gland, which included calculating the total hormone concentration in the thyroid gland. Thyroiditis was shown to occur more frequently in females than in males, and to peak amongst the ages of 20-40. T3, T4, and TSH levels were all shown to be significantly different between hypothyroid, hyperthyroid, and control patients (P0.005). Serum levels of potassium and sodium are within the normal range, whereas chloride is slightly higher.
Cryptocurrency Integration Challenges in Blockchain for Financial Institution
Authors: Islam Md Rafiqul , Rahman Muhammad Mahbubur , Rahman Mohammed Ataur , Mohamad Muslim Har Sani Bin , Embong Abd Halim Bin
Published: July 2024

Cryptocurrency is the latest adventure of currencies that works by using the new edge technology called the blockchain. It has gained the notable attention of the people for the last several years across the world. Cryptocurrency is also globally known as digital currency or virtual currency, and it is a form of payment that can be used online for goods and services. Blockchain has captured the application of many in the financial industry, including those vigorous in the transaction, clearing, and settlement, with its promise of greater efficiency and higher resiliency. The Cryptocurrency has been adopted by using blockchain technology that raised eye-catching attention in the financial sector, government, stakeholders, and individuals as well. It can be anticipated that Cryptocurrency will be the future currency that will replace fiat money worldwide. Though it has been attracted the users' attention, the money of them worried about its future useability, drawbacks, and challenges. Still, the research on cryptocurrencies is far behind and in the initial stage to integrate these currencies in financial institutes. This lack of trust situation in the financial sector aggravates further when it comes to cryptocurrency management challenges that are still not critically analyzed. The originality of this paper is the concept of currencies including cryptocurrencies, the concept of the blockchain ecosystem, and the cryptocurrency integration challenges of the existing blockchain in the financial institution. This paper will help the new researchers to work on cryptocurrencies and their integration challenges in the financial system.
GPS and GSM Based Vehicle Tracker
Authors: Motakabber S. M. A. , Alam AHM Zahirul , Wafa Syed Ahmad Fawwaz , Francis Mohamed Reda Maurice
Published: July 2024

Nowadays, electronic wireless vehicle tracking is becoming essential for preventing car theft and emergency services in vehicle accidents. There are three types of vehicle tracking systems in the market. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. Based on the working principle, these trackers are classified as cellular phone-based trackers, wireless passive trackers, and real-time satellite trackers. This paper has discussed designing and developing a vehicle tracking system using an Arduino microcontroller, GSM, and GPS modules. The proposed design is a different approach to these vehicle tracking systems. The function of the tracker is done in three steps; first, it connects the hardware components and tests the connectivity; when the secure connectivity is confirmed, it executes the write command for the connected GSM and GPS modules. Finally, it tracks the target vehicle, collects the GPS coordinates, and processes the data using the software. The proposed design has been verified by MATLAB simulation, and the results obtained are satisfactory for both simulation and practical examination.
academic insight for approaching the sustainability of the textile industry
Authors: Parro-Ruiz Alicia , Achouragh-Aoulad-Abdellah Safae , Medina-Salgado María-Sonia , Ortiz-de-Urbina-Criado Marta
Published: July 2024

Objective: Sustainability is gaining importance in the textile sector, but there is a lack of literature reviews using bibliometric techniques to provide a quantitative and comprehensive assessment of scientific output. This article aims to provide a current and systematic overview of previous literature on sustainability in the textile sector. To achieve this, a literature review on this topic is done and a model of analysis of the issues studied is presented.Methodology: A mixed-method approach combining bibliometric analysis and qualitative reflection was employed on a sample of 580 papers. Co-word analysis identified thematic clusters in the literature.Results: A general analytical model has been presented to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date review creating five key thematic research domains: Sustainable Development, Value Chain - Cellulose and Textile, Design Process, Circular Economy, and Sustainability. The model has also made it possible to evaluate the relationship of these areas with each other and identify other emerging themes.Limitations: The main limitations come from the methodology used. Future studies can complement the results obtained using additional techniques such as event analysis or case studies.Practical implications: This approach allows companies to focus their strategic decisionson sustainability practices. The findings provide insights for industry stakeholders to prioritise sustainability-related investments and initiatives and enhance operational efficiency.
Summa y sigue con Mmusa
Authors: Lalueza Ferran
Published: July 2024

En el sector de la publicidad y otros ámbitos de la comunicación persuasiva, a medida que el uso de la inteligencia artificial (IA) se convierta de forma vertiginosa en un mero commodity, las agencias deberán dotarse de elementos diferenciadores que aporten verdadero valor a sus clientes y, en definitiva, a las marcas en este terreno. El lanzamiento de Mmusa, la herramienta de IA promovida por la agencia de branding Summa, apunta en esa dirección.
Guidelines for the application of ground penetrating radar (GPR) to inspection of concrete bridges – reflection mode
Authors: Topczewski Łukasz
Published: July 2024

In the paper results from experimental tests and state of the art of the GPR technique are presented. Tests were done with the use of SIR-20 GPR system with two antennas 1.6 GHz and 2.6 GHz. The results indicated possible application fields of this technique during condition assessment process of the concrete and prestressed bridges. Particular attention was focused on the preparation of guidelines on how to use this technique in practice. In the paper all stages of testing and data interpretation were thoroughly described and explained.
Ukrainian and Polish experiences in the use of coal waste as a material for road construction
Authors: Voloshyna Iryna , Vyrozhemskiy Valeriy , Urbanik Andrzej , Kraszewski Cezary , Szpikowski Mirosław
Published: July 2024

Coal mining accompanied by the formation of large amounts of waste. These wastes are a potential source of material for road construction. Because of their properties, they can be treated as soils or aggregates. Coal wastes are used in road construction in particular for the construction of embankments. However, the balance of the use of such materials is negative, landfill wastes, not decrease. Stockpiled material is a source of environmental pollution and takes up valuable land that could be used for cultivation or investments. To meet these challenges arise various research projects aimed at international exchange technical and scientific experiments. INCRIS project is an example of this, and the main objective is to strengthen cooperation DNDI as coordinator and institutions involved in the project. The main direction of the research project to increase the use of coal wastes.
Impact of repetitive loading on subgrade parameters derived from light weight deflectometer test
Authors: Krawczyk Bartłomiej , Mackiewicz Piotr
Published: July 2024

The most popular methods used for evaluation of subgrade bearing capacity with light weight deflectometer (LWD) assume linear-elastic behaviour of material. In these methods the input data used for identification of subgrade parameters are limited to initial loading cycles. Change of material parameters occurring under repetitive loading is not taken into consideration. Due to the characteristics of road building materials, including in particular granular materials, omitting the compaction resulting from repetitive loading is considered a rough approximation. Actually the subgrade parameters do change after each load application. It is generally accepted that after the third loading cycle (3rd drop) final degree of compaction is achieved and, as such, the vertical deflections obtained at the fourth, fifth and sixth cycles provide a representative measure of the subgrade parameters (calculated as an average of the three measurements). This paper presents the results of research carried out to verify the above-mentioned assumption by measuring subgrade displacements according to LWD test, followed by comparing the measurement results against numerically identified moduli of the respective layers. The authors have demonstrated that the identified subgrade parameters vary depending on the number of loading cycles (drops) in LWD test. Identification of subgrade parameters was carried out with 3D-FEM (Finite Element Method).
Viaduct construction with movable scaffolding system: distribution of the top slab weight
Authors: Díaz de Terán José Ramón , Haach Vladimir Guilherme
Published: July 2024

The construction of viaducts with Movable Scaffolding System (MSS) is a sophisticated. However, the construction sequence has a disadvantage of an insufficiently clear distribution of the top slab weight between the scaffolding and the first casting phase of the deck. In order to solve this problem designers assume that the whole weight of the top slab is supported by the scaffolding. In fact, if the whole weight is supposed to be resisted by the scaffolding, it implies that heavier, stiffer and more expensive scaffoldings must be chosen to construct a viaduct. If the distribution of the top slab weight between the scaffolding and the first casting phase is clarified, the scaffolding can be chosen to resist lower loads, so as to lighter and cheaper scaffoldings can be selected. Moreover, if the top slab weight distribution is clarified, the stresses both at the deck and at the scaffolding can be determined more accurately. The contribution of this paper consists in clarifying the weight distribution between the first casting phase and the scaffolding. In order to achieve this objective, it identifies a number of parameters and investigates the importance of the hanger stiffness, as well as the influence of the first casting phase and the scaffolding stiffness.
Numerically based statistical analysis of parameters effects on FRP honeycomb sandwich panels subjected to torsional loading
Authors: Modabberifar Mehdi , Roudi Milad , Soury Ehsan
Published: July 2024

In recent years, honeycomb fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) sandwich panels have been increasingly used in various industries. The objective of this study is to conduct a combined numerical-statistical investigation of honeycomb FRP sandwich beams subject to torsion load. In this paper, the effect of geometric parameters of sandwich panel on maximum shear strain in both face and core and angle of torsion in a honeycomb FRP sandwich structures in torsion is investigated. Effects of parameters including core thickness, face skin thickness, cell shape, cell size, and cell thickness on mechanical behavior of the structure were numerically investigated. Taguchi method was employed as experimental design and an optimum parameter combination for the maximum structure stiffness has been obtained. The results showed that cell size and face skin thickness have the most significant impacts on torsion angle, maximum shear strain in face and core.
Use of polynomial transition curves in the design of horizontal arcs
Authors: Kobryń Andrzej
Published: July 2024

The paper presents the use of polynomial transition curves in the design of curved horizontal alignment of roads. The method based on using appropriate families of polynomial transition curves can provide a useful tool for road engineers. The geometry of these curves is defined by parameter C representing the relationship between the slope of tangent line drawn at the point of curvature, the assumed radius at the point of tangency and x-coordinate. With a wide range of C values it is possible to obtain curves with geometry well adjusted to local constraints. This paper provides a brief description of the geometry of such curves. Moreover, it gives formulas for setting out these curves in field.
Odmienność projektowania obiektów budowlanych na powierzchni terenów górniczych oraz pogórniczych zagrożonych zawodnieniami na przykładzie dużej inwestycji drogowej
Authors: Ignacy Dariusz , Gruchlik Piotr
Published: July 2024

Przedmiotem artykułu jest szczegółowa analiza lokalizacji śląskiego fragmentu autostrady A1 na sztucznie odwadnianym terenie pogórniczym „Bytom – Centrum I” i wpływu takiej lokalizacji na zmiany w środowisku wodnym powodowane przez górnictwo. Eksploatacja górnicza rud oraz węgla kamiennego doprowadziła do znaczących przekształceń hydrogeologicznych oraz hydrologicznych terenu górniczego. Trwające od ponad 200 lat odwadnianie złóż oraz powierzchni doprowadziło do powstania głębokiego leja depresji, co skutkuje osuszeniami wielu terenów górniczych i pogórniczych całego Górnego Śląska. Te wymuszone warunki wodne środowiska terenów górniczych często traktowane są jako naturalne. Tymczasem obowiązujące prawo nakazuje przedsiębiorcom górniczym lub ich następcom prawnym przywrócić w terenie górniczym pierwotne naturalne warunki wodne w procesie likwidacji kopalni. Wówczas mogą ulec zatopieniu powierzchnie terenów pogórniczych zagrożone zawodnieniami. W artykule oceniono wpływ lokalizacji obiektu drogowego na skalę oraz zasięgi obecnego oraz docelowego (po całkowitej likwidacji odwadniania) zawodnienia powierzchni. W końcowej części przeanalizowano i oceniono przepisy prawne, które stanowią podstawę projektowania obiektów budowlanych w terenach górniczych.
Wpływ trójskładnikowego spoiwa hydraulicznego na właściwości recyklowanej podbudowy z asfaltem spienionym oraz emulsją asfaltową: badania terenowe
Authors: Mazurek Grzegorz , Buczyński Przemysław , Iwański Marek , Horodecka Renata
Published: July 2024

W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań wpływu rodzaju środków wiążących hydraulicznych i asfaltowych na właściwości recyklowanej podbudowy na zimno (RCM). W składzie recyklowanej mieszanki na zimno zastosowano dwa typy środków wiążących, tj. lepiszcze asfaltowe w postaci asfaltu spienionego lub emulsji asfaltowej oraz cement portlandzki (CEM I 32,5R) lub trójskładnikowe spoiwo hydrauliczne. Spoiwo hydrauliczne zostało wytworzone poprzez wymieszanie trzech bazowych składników w następujących proporcjach: 40% CEM-I-32,5R; 20% Ca(OH)2 oraz 40% UCPP (ubocznych cementowych produktów pylastych). Recyklowane mieszanki na zimno wytworzono w warunkach przemysłowych w ramach odcinka doświadczalnego. Gotową recyklowaną mieszankę na zimno z emulsją asfaltową (EB-RCM) oraz asfaltem spienionym (FB-RCM) pobrano z odcinka doświadczalnego i zagęszczono w warunkach laboratoryjnych. Wpływ typu technologii oraz środka wiążącego oceniono w oparciu o właściwości fizyczne i mechaniczne takie jak: zawartość wolnych przestrzeni, wytrzymałość na pośrednie rozciąganie, moduł sztywności w +5°C oraz +25°C, wytrzymałość na osiowe ściskanie oraz szybkość pełzania. Stwierdzono, że niezależnie od rodzaju zastosowanego lepiszcza asfaltowego (rodzaju technologii) zastosowanie trójskładnikowego spoiwa hydraulicznego w składzie recyklowanej podbudowy spowodowało wzrost kohezji oraz spadek sztywności w temperaturze +5°C. Ponadto spadek wytrzymałości na ściskanie mieszanki FB-RCM zawierającej trójskładnikowe spoiwo hydrauliczne nie spowodował wzrostu szybkości przyrostu deformacji. Monitoring czynników środowiskowych wskazał, że recyklowane mieszanki zachowują stałą wartość wilgotności w czasie.
Moduł ścinania i współczynnik tłumienia kruszywa betonowego pochodzącego z recyklingu z cyklicznego testu ścinania skrętnego
Authors: Gabryś Katarzyna
Published: July 2024

W niniejszym badaniu zbadano właściwości dynamiczne przy małych odkształceniach trzech mieszanek kruszywa betonowego z recyklingu (RCA) przy użyciu badań laboratoryjnych typowych dla gruntów naturalnych, a mianowicie badania cyklicznego ścinania skrętnego (CTS). Do wykonania dwóch próbek wykorzystano pokruszone krawężniki betonowe pochodzące z rozbiórki w Warszawie. Do stworzenia trzeciej próbki wykorzystano pokruszony beton z rozebranych budynków, także z Warszawy, głównie z betonowych elementów ścian i podłóg. Przeprowadzono serię testów CTS w celu zbadania wpływu różnych parametrów, w tym ciśnienia ograniczającego, częstotliwości wzbudzenia i liczby cykli wibracji na moduł G, moduł Gmax, krzywą degradacji modułu ścinania G(γ)/Gmax, współczynnik D, współczynnik Dmin, zmianę krzywej tłumienia D(γ)/Dmin. Uzyskane charakterystyki sztywności i tłumienia analizowanego kruszywa betonowego porównano z charakterystykami naturalnego kruszywa żwirowo-piaskowego – kruszywa naturalnego NA). Wyniki zebrane z badań CTS wskazują, że wydajność większości destruktu betonowego jest porównywalna z kruszywem naturalnym i może być stosowana jako niezwiązany materiał ziarnisty (UGM).
Beton wałowany z wykorzystaniem kruszywa z recyklingu do wykonywania nawierzchni dróg lokalnych
Authors: Graczyk Mirosław , Bebłacz Danuta
Published: July 2024

Beton wałowany RCC jest specjalną odmianą mieszanki betonowej o optymalnej wilgotności, zbliżonej do wilgotności gruntu. Układany jest standardowym rozściełaczem asfaltowym i zagęszczany przy użyciu walców drogowych. Technologia betonu wałowanego ze względu na swoje zalety: jak szybkość realizacji i niskie koszty budowy, jest dobrym rozwiązaniem w budowie dróg lokalnych. Beton wałowany jest doskonałą i nowoczesną alternatywą dla innych mieszanek, gdzie z powodzeniem można zastosować materiały z recyklingu, zatem warto zastanowić się nad szerszym jej wykorzystaniem w budowie dróg Polsce. W artykule zostaną przedstawione wymagania dla materiałów stosowanych do produkcji betonu wałowanego, sposób wykonania nawierzchni z betonu wałowanego. Poruszone zostanie również zagadnienie wykorzystania istniejącej nawierzchni do produkcji betonu wałowanego np. gruz betonowy uzyskany z nawierzchni z płyt drogowych, destrukt asfaltowy.
Skuteczność specjalistycznego preparatu chemicznego w odświeżaniu granulatu asfaltowego
Authors: Jurczak Robert , Mieczkowski Paweł , Merska Oliwia , Ratajczak Maria
Published: July 2024

Materiały stosowane w budownictwie powinny funkcjonować w obiegu zamkniętym, co oznacza ich ponowne wykorzystanie w momencie utraty właściwości w pierwotnym wyrobie budowlanym. Do tego typu materiałów należy zaliczyć mieszanki mineralno-asfaltowe, które w postaci destruktu asfaltowego pozyskiwane są z remontowanych lub przebudowywanych dróg. Ich funkcjonalność w dużym stopniu zależy od właściwości lepiszcza asfaltowego, które w wyniku procesów starzeniowych utraciło swoje właściwości lepkosprężyste. Poprawę tych właściwości można uzyskać poprzez zastosowanie specjalistycznych preparatów chemicznych zwanych rejuvenatorami. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań, które podzielono na dwa etapy. W pierwszym etapie badania wykonywano dla lepiszcza asfaltowego. Wykorzystano asfalt drogowy 50/70 przed i po starzeniu (RTFOT + PAV) oraz postarzone lepiszcze z dodatkiem rejuvenartora. Obok badań podstawowych (penetracji, temperatury mięknienia, zespolonego modułu ścinania i kąta przesunięcia fazowego) oznaczono skład grupowy asfaltów oraz wykonano analizy widmowe. W drugim etapie badania wykonano dla betonu asfaltowego AC 16 W 50/70, pozyskanego z WMB. Oznaczono podstawowe parametry mieszanki referencyjnej, po starzeniu technologicznym oraz eksploatacyjnym oraz z udziałem odświeżacza. W zakresie oznaczeń była gęstość, gęstość objętościowa, odporność na działanie wody, moduł sztywności, trwałość zmęczeniowa oraz parametry niskotemperaturowe mieszanki (TSRST). Przeprowadzone badania granulatu asfaltowego z udziałem esteru fosforowego alkoholu oleilowego, etoksylowanego świadczą, że substancja ta wpływa pozytywnie na zmiany właściwości zestarzonych lepiszczy asfaltowych, co pozwala z powodzeniem stosować ją w technologii drogowej