bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ПРЕСТУПНОСТЬ В ИСПРАВИТЕЛЬНЫХ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯХ
Authors: Орозбаева Ж.М.
Published: February 2025

Борьба с преступностью является как один из актуаль­ных вопросов в современных условиях. При разработке таких мер, как пресечение преступности, необходимы теорети­че­ские разработки. Несмотря на проведенные фундамен­тальные исследования различных видов преступности в юридической нау­ке, в том числе в криминологии, тем не менее, некоторым аспектам преступности в отечественной юриди­ческой науке уделяется несколько меньше внимания. Основная цель статьи, выявить характерные признаки преступности лиц отбываю­щих наказание. По итогам исследования обобще­ны взгляды ка­са­тельно к терминологии пенитенциарной преступности и оп­ре­делены ее характерные черты. Вместе с тем выявлены пре­об­ладающие группы преступлений в струк­туре пени­тен­ци­ар­ной преступности, выявлены и специфи­ческие признаки прес­туп­ности в исправительных учреж­дениях.

Кылмыштуулук менен күрөшүү учурдун актуалдуу су­роо­ло­рунун бири катары келип чыгат. Кылмыштуулукка бөгөт коюу алдын алуу сыяктуу чараларды иштеп чыгууда тео­рия­лык иштемелер зарыл. Юридикалык илимде анын ичинде кри­ми­нологияда кылмыштуулуктун түрлөрү боюнча бир канча фун­да­менталдуу изилдөөлөр жүргүзүлгөн. Бирок ошого ка­ра­бас­тан кылмыштуулуктун кээ бир аспектилери ата мекендик юридикалык илимде бир канча аз көңүл бөлүнгөн. Макаланын негизги максаты жазасын өтөп жаткандардын кыл­мыш­туу­лу­­гунун мазмундук жактарын жыйымдуу изилдөө менен бир­дик­­те ага мүнөздүү болгон белгилерди аныктоо мүмкүнчү­лүк­тө­­рү каралган. Макаланын жыйынтыгында пени­тен­циардык кылмыштуулук терминологиясы боюнча ар тарап­туу көз ка­раш­­тар жалпыланып анын мүнөздүү белгилери аныкталган. Ошону менен бирдикте пенитенциардык кыл­мыш­туулуктун тү­зүмүндөгү кылмыштардын басымдуу топ­тору аныкталып, тү­зө­түү мекемелериндеги кылмыш­туулук­тун өзгөчөлүк бел­ги­лери сыпатталган.

The fight against crime is one of the pressing issues in modern conditions. When developing measures such as the suppression of crime, theoretical developments are necessary. Despite the fun­da­men­tal research carried out on various types of crime in legal scien­­ce, including criminology, however, some aspects of crime in do­mestic legal science have received somewhat less attention. The main purpose of the article is to identify characteristic signs of crime in persons serving sentences. Based on the results of the stu­dy, views regarding the terminology of penitentiary crime are sum­ma­rized and its characteristic features are identified. At the same time, the predominant groups of crimes in the structure of peniten­tia­ry crime have been identified, and specific signs of crime in cor­rec­tional institutions have been identified.
РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ СУРЬМУСОДЕРЖАЩИХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ И ЧАСТИЦ В СРЕДЕ: С3Н6О3-Sb2O3-Sb2S3-Н2О
Authors: Шабданова Э.А. , Тунгучбекова Ж.Т. , Акжолова К.П. , Мурзубраимов Б.М.
Published: February 2025

Цель статьи – экспериментальное исследование гете­ро­­генной сложной системы: молочная кислота – оксид сурь­мы (III) – сульфид сурьмы (III) – вода при соотношении ис­ход­ных компонентов (3:1:1:1) и определение концентрации от­дель­ных компонентов и частиц в газовой фазе при широких интервалах изменения температуры. Равновесные составы и кон­центрации компонентов, образованных в системе: С3Н6О3-Sb2O3-Sb2S3-Н2О показали распределение конденсиро­ванных частиц сурьмы. При этом максимальное значение кон­цен­трации конденсированной сурьмы соответствует 1,14871 - 1,94673 моль/кг в пределах 448-998К. Максимальное значе­ние концентраций конденсированной сурьмы соответ­ст­вует 2,12483 моль/кг при 648 К. Содержание конден­сированного оксида сурьмы Sb2O3 (к) равно 0,571768-0,572036 моль/кг в пре­делах изменения температуры 298-398 К, а конден­си­ро­ван­ного сульфида сурьмы Sb2S3 (к) в пределах 298-598 К равно 0,490649-0,268931 моль/кг, соответственно.

Бул макаланын максаты – сүт кычкылы – сурьма ок­си­ди (III) – сурьма сульфиди (III) – суу (3:1:1:1) катышын­дагы ге­терогендүү татаал системаны эксперименталдык изилдөө жана температуранын кеңири диапазонунда газ фаза­сын­да­гы айрым компоненттердин жана бөлүкчөлөрдүн концен­тра­ция­сын аныктоо. С3Н6О3-Sb2O3-Sb2S3-Н2О система­сында тү­зүл­гөн компоненттердин тең салмактуу курамы жана кон­цен­трациялары сурьманын конденсацияланган бө­лүк­чөлө­рү­нүн бөлүнүшүн көрсөттү. Бул учурда конденса­цияланган сурь­ма­нын максималдуу концентрациясы 448-998 К диапазонунда 1,14871-1,94673 моль/кг түзөт. 648 К темпе­ратурасында кон­денсацияланган сурьманын максималдуу концентрациясы 2,12483 моль/кг туура келет. Конденса­цияланган сурьма ок­с­и­ди Sb2O3 (к) 298-398 К диапазонунда 0,571768-0,572036 моль/кг түзөт, ал эми конденсацияланган сурьма сульфиди Sb2S3(к) 298-598 К диапазонунда 0,490649-0,268931 моль/кг туура келет.

The purpose of the article is an experimental study of a hete­ro­geneous complex system: lactic acid - antimony (III) oxide – an­ti­mony (III) sulfide - water at a ratio of initial components (3:1:1:1) and determination of the concentration of individual com­ponents and particles in the gas phase with wide temperature change intervals. The equilibrium compositions and concen­tra­tions of the components formed in the system: C3H6O3-Sb2O3-Sb2S3-H2O showed the distribution of condensed antimony parti­c­les. In this case, the maximum value of the concentration of con­den­sed antimony corresponds to 1.14871-1.94673 mol/kg within the range of 448-998K. The maximum value of the concentration of condensed antimony corresponds to 2.12483 mol/kg at 648 K. The content of condensed antimony oxide Sb2O3 (с) is equal to 0.571768-0.572036 mol/kg within the temperature range of 298-398 K, and condensed antimony sulfide Sb2S3 (с) within the range of 298-598 K is equal to 0.490649-0.268931 mol/kg, respectively.
РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО МЕХАНИЗМА БЮДЖЕТНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ НАЛОГОВОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ В КЫРГЫЗСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКЕ
Authors: Кожошев А.О. , Уметалиев Т.Ж.
Published: February 2025

Вопросы касающийся в системе межбюджетных от­но­ше­ний в основном сталкиваются на проблему налоговых дохо­дов и сбалансированности двух бюджетов, республиканского и местного. В данном контексте мы можем говорить о сис­те­ме функуии перераспределения самой бюджетной по­ли­ти­ки, так как именно из-за дисбаланса налоговых доходов мно­гие местные бюджеты оказались в дотационном положении. Несмотря на разделение части общегосударственных налогов в пользу местных бюджетом до сих пор не определены мех­а­низ­мы и инструменты для поступлении в местные бюджеты доходов. Проблема влияние общегосударственных налогов на местные бюджеты должны быть более четко регла­мен­ти­ро­ваны. Республиканский бюджет и местный бюджет. Имен­­но такая постановка вопроса является наиболее ак­ту­аль­­ной. В статье расмотрены вопросы, касающиеся именно роли местных бюджетов в развитии региональной экономики.

Бюджеттер аралык мамилелер системасында тиеше­лүү маселелер негизинен салыктык кирешелер жана эки бюд­жет­­тин, республикалык жана жергиликтүү бюджеттин тең салмактуулугу проблемасына туш келет. Бул кон­текст­те биз бюджеттик саясаттын өзүн кайра бөлүштүрүү функ­ция системасы жөнүндө айта алабыз, анткени дал ушул нало кирешелеринин дисбалансынан улам көптөгөн жергиликтүү бюд­жеттер дотациялык абалда калган. Жалпы мамлекеттик салыктардын бөлүгүн жергиликтүү бюджеттин пайдасына бөлүштүрүүгө карабастан, ушул кезге чейин жергиликтүү бюд­жеттерге кирешелердин келип түшүүсү үчүн меха­низм­дер жана инструменттер аныкталган эмес. Жалпы мамле­кет­тик салыктардын жергиликтүү бюджеттерге тийгизген таасири кыйла так регламенттелиши керек. Республикалык бюджетке жана жергиликтүү бюджетке. Дал ушул суроо бе­рүү эң актуалдуу болуп саналат. Макалада регионалдык эко­номиканы өнүктүрүүдө жергиликтүү бюджеттердин ро­лу­на тиешелүү маселелер каралды.

Issues related to the system of inter-budgetary relations main­ly face the problem of tax revenues and the balance of two bud­gets, republican and local. In this context, we can talk abouta system of functions for the redistribution of budget policy itself, sinceit is preciselybecause of the imbalancein gross revenues that many local budgets have found themselves ina subsidized position. Despite the divisionof part of the national taxes in favorof local budgets, the mechanisms and tools for income receipt to local budgetshave not yet been determined.The problem of the im­pact of national taxes on local budgets should be more clearly re­gu­lated. The republican budget and the local budget. It is this for­mu­lation of the question that is most relevant. The article examines issues related specifically to the role of local budgets in the deve­lopmentof the regional economy.
НАУЧНО-МЕТОДОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ СЦЕНИЧЕСКОЙ РЕЧИ
Authors: Искендерова Ж.И.
Published: February 2025

В статье отмечается, что в советское время кыр­гыз­ское профессиональное искусство быстро достигло больших ус­пехов, все отрасли культуры и театрального искусства про­цветали за исторически короткий промежуток времени. В Советском Кыргызстане сценическую карьеру начинали из­вест­­ные русские реформаторы К.С. Станиславский и В.И. Немирович-Данченко. В результате их многолетней огромной деятельности можно сказать, что работа над сценической речью и поиск ее методических приемов открыли новую эру в развитии театрального искусства. Особенно К.С. Станислав­ским и В.И. Немировичем-Данченко повествуется о становле­нии полной концепции сце­нического искусства, о гармоничном раз­витии творческой натуры актера и о том, что они посвя­тили все свои труды решению вопросов подготовки и воспи­тания грамотных кадров.

Макалада cовет мезгилинде кыргыз профессионалдык ис­кусст­восу тез арада көп жетишкендиктерге ээ болгондугу, ма­­да­нияттын уюткусу театр өнөрүнүн бардык тармактары та­рыхый кыска убакыттын ичинде гүлдөп өсүп-өнүккөнү туу­ралуу айтылат. Советтик Кыргызстанда сахна кебинин ка­лып­­­та­нуусуна орустун белгилүү реформаторлору К.С. Стани­слав­­ский жана В.И. Немирович-Данченко зор салымын кошуш­кан. Алар­дын көп жылдык эбегейсиз ишмердүүлүгүнүн натый­жа­сында сахнада сүйлөөнүн үстүндө иштөөдө жана анын ме­то­дикалык ыкмаларын табууда театр искусствосунун өнү­гү­шүн­дө жаңы доорду ачты деп айтсак болот. Айрыкча, К.С. Станиславский жа­на В.И. Немирович-Данченко тарабынан сах­­на кебинин мый­зам­дарынын толук концепциясынын жара­лы­шы, актёрдун чы­гар­мачылык табиятын гармониялуу өстү­рүү жана билимдүү кадр­ларды даярдоо ж.б. маселелерин чеч­кен­ге бүт эмгектерин арнашкандыгы баяндалат.

The article notes that in Soviet times, Kyrgyz professional art quickly achieved great success, all branchesof culture and theatri­cal art flourishedin a historically short periodof time. In Soviet Kyrgyzstan, famous Russian reformers K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko began their stage careers. As a resultof their many years of tremendous activity, it can be said that the work on stage speech and the search for its methodological techniques have opened a new era inthe development of theatrical art. Espe­cial­ly K.S. Stanislavsky and V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko tells aboutthe formation of a complete conceptof scenic art, the harmonious development of the actor's creative nature and the fact that they de­vo­ted all their efforts to solving the issuesof training and edu­ca­ting competent personnel.
РОЛЬ ЛОШАДЕЙ В ИСТОРИИ ЧЕЛОВЕКА
Authors: Орозакунов А.И.
Published: February 2025

Лошади играли значительную роль в истории чело­ве­че­ства на протяжении многих тысячелетий. Их влияние охва­ты­вает различные сферы жизни людей, начиная от сельского хо­зяйства и транспорта до военных операций и спорта. Ло­ша­ди были использованы как тягловые животные для пахоты по­лей, перевозки сена и других сельскохозяйст­венных задач. Их применение в сельском труде существенно увеличило произ­во­ди­тельность труда и облегчило многие задачи. Вплоть до изобретения моторизованных транспорт­ных средств, лошади были одним из основных источников тяги для карет, повозок и других средств передвижения. Они использовались для дос­тав­ки грузов и пассажиров. Лошади были неотъемлемой частью военных конфликтов. В истории они использовались в кавале­рии для атаки и маневрирования, а также для транспор­ти­ров­ки солдат и оборудования. Кроме того, лошади использовались в роли военных животных, перевозят снаряжение и обеспе­чи­вая коммуникацию.

Аттар миңдеген жылдар бою адамзат тарыхында маа­ни­лүү роль ойногон. Алардын таасири айыл чарба жана транс­порт­тон, аскердик операцияларга жана спортко чейинки адам­дардын жашоосунун ар кандай тармактарын камтып кел­ген. Жылкылар талаа, айдоо, чөп ташуу жана башка айыл чарба иштери үчүн мал катары колдонулган. Аларды айыл эм­ге­гинде колдонуу, эмгек өндүрүмдүүлүгүн олуттуу жогорулат­ты жана көптөгөн милдеттерди жеңил­детти. Жүк ташуучу унаалар ойлоп табылганга чейин аттар арабаларды, чир­ке­гич­терди жана башка транспорттук кара­жаттарды тартуунун негизги булактарынын бири болгон. Алар жүк жана жүргүн­чү­лөр­дү жеткирүү үчүн колдонулган. Аттар согуш чыр-ча­так­тарынын ажырагыс бөлүгү болгон. Тарыхта алар атчан ас­кер­лерде кол салуу жана аракет­түүлүгү, ошондой эле аскер­лер­ди жана шаймандарды ташуу үчүн колдонулган. Мындан тышкары, аттар аскер жаныбар­лары катары колдонулуп, шай­мандарды ташып, байланышты камсыз кылышкан.

Horses have played a significant role in human history for many millennia. Their influence covers various areas of people's lives, ranging from agriculture and transportation to military ope­ra­tions and sports. Horses were used as draft animals for plowing fields, hauling hay and other agricultural tasks. Their use in agri­cul­tural labor has significantly increased labor productivity and faci­litated many tasks. Until the invention of motorized vehicles, hor­ses were one of the main sources of traction for carriages, carts and other means of transportation. They were used to deliver goods and passengers. Horses were an integral part of the military. Horses were an integral part of military conflicts. Historically, they have been used in cavalry for attacking and maneuvering, as well as for transporting soldiers and equipment. In addition, horses were used as military animals, transporting equipment and providing communication.
МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЕ СОТРУДНИЧЕСТВО КЫРГЫЗСТАНА ПО БОРЬБЕ С НЕЗАКОННЫМ ОБОРОТОМ НАРКОТИЧЕСКИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ
Authors: Нуркулова Н.М.
Published: February 2025

Особую тревогу вызывает текущее состояние Кыргыз­ста­на по борьбе с преступностью в связи с ростом числа прес­туп­лений, в том числе связанных с наркотическими веще­ст­ва­ми. Несмотря на то, что в юридической науке защищен ряд мо­нографических работ, диссертаций по изучению прес­туп­ле­ний, связанных с незаконным оборотом наркотических сред­ств, его всестороннее углубленное изучение представляет осо­бую необходимость.Особое место занимают исследования по борьбе с международной преступностью в сочетании с кри­ми­но­логическими, криминалистическими, уголовно-правовыми ис­сле­дованиями наркотических веществ. Поскольку его мас­шта­бы распространяются на несколько стран, которые не нахо­дя­тся на территории одной страны, что наносит серьезный ущерб региональной безопасности. Целью статьи является оцен­ка текущего состояния и перспектив Кыргызстана через анализ международного сотрудничества в борьбе с прес­туп­ле­ниями, связанными с наркотиками.

Кыргызстандын учурдагы кылмыштуулукка каршы күрө­шүү боюнча абалы бир канча кылмыштардын анын ичинде нар­­­котикалык зат менен байланышкан кылмыштардын санын өсү­шү өзгөчө кооптонууну жаратат. Юридикалык илимде нар­­­котикалык заттарды мыйзамсыз жүгүртүү менен бай­ла­ныш­кан кылмыштарды изилдөө боюнча бир катар моногра­фия­­лык эмгектер, диссертациялар корголгондугуна карабас­тан, аны ар тараптуу терең изилдөө өзгөчө зарыл­чылыкты жа­­­ратууда. Наркотикалык заттарды кылмыш укук­тук кри­ми­нологиялык, криминалистикалык изилдөөлөр менен бирдик­те эл аралык кылмыштуулукка каршы күрөшүү боюнча изил­дөө дагы өзгөчө орунга ээ. Анткени анын масштабы бир өлкө­нүн ай­магында эмес бир канча өлкөлөргө жайылып, регио­нал­дык кооп­суздукка олутуу зыян келтирүүдө.Макаланын макса­ты Кыр­гызстандын наркотикалык заттар менен байланыш­кан кылмыштарга каршы күрөшүү боюнча эл аралык кызмат­та­шууну талдоо аркылуу учурдагы абалы жана келечеги боюнча баа берүү саналат.

The current state of Kyrgyzstan in combating crime is of par­ti­­cular concern due to the growing number of crimes, including those related to narcotic substances. Despite the fact that a number of monographs and dissertations on the study of crimes related to illicit drug trafficking have been defended in legal science, its com­pre­hensive in-depth study is of particular need. A special place is oc­­cupied by research on combating international crime in com­bi­na­tion with criminological, forensic, criminal-legal studies of narcotic substances. Since its scope extends to several countries that are not located on the territory of one country, which seriously damages re­gio­nal security. The purpose of the article is to assess the current state and prospects of Kyrgyzstan through the analysis of inter­na­tio­nal cooperation in combating drug-related crimes.
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ В ОБРАЗОВАНИИ
Authors: Тыныстанова Н.А.
Published: February 2025

Сегодня весьма актуально определить сущность содер­жа­ния новых технологий, используемых в образовательном про­цессе, а также создать на основе соответствующего опи­са­ния специальные обобщающие характеристики, которые позволят определить особенности их практического внедрения в процесс обучения. Таким образом, технология, специально реа­лизуемая в образовании, имеет свою специфику, возмож­нос­ти и ограничения использования, определяющие ее примене­ние в конкретной ситуации. В связи с этим особую актуаль­ность приобретают исследования, направленные на рассмо­трение образовательной технологии с точки зрения выделения ее важных характеристик, определяющих ее конкретное на­прав­ление и применение в свою области. Содержание педа­гогической технологии рассматривается как взаимосвязь це­лой системы самостоятельных элементов, подкрепленная еди­ной логикой организации образовательного процесса. Взаи­мо­зависимость между этими системами неизбежна.

Бүгүнкү күндө билим берүү процессинде колдонулуп жат­кан жаңы технологиялардын мазмунунун маңызын анык­тоо, ошондой эле буга тиешелүү сыпаттаманын негизинде окуу процессинде аны практикалык ишке ашыруунун өзгөчө­лүк­­төрүн аныктай турган атайын жалпылоочу мүнөздө­мө­лөр­дү түзүү замандын талабына ылайык өтө актуалдуу болуп турган учур. Ошентип, окутууда атайын ишке ашы­рылган тех­нологиянын өзүнүн спецификасы, мүмкүнчүлүктөрү жана кол­донуунун чектөөлөрү бар, алар аны конкреттүү кырдаалда колдонууну аныктайт. Ушуга байланыштуу билим берүү тех­но­логиясын анын спецификалык багытын жана колдонулушун аныктаган маанилүү мүнөздөмөлөрүн бөлүп алуу позициясынан кароого багытталган изилдөөлөр өзгөчө актуал­дуу болуп са­на­лат. Педагогикалык технологиянын мазмуну - бул билим берүү процессин уюштуруунун бирдиктүү логикасы менен бекем­дел­ген өз алдынчалуу элементтердин бүтүндөй системасынын өз ара байланышы катары каралат. Бул систе­малардын орто­сун­да бири-бирине болгон өз ара көз каран­дылык сөзсүз түрдө байкалат.

Today it is very important to determine the essence of the content of new technologies used in the educational process, as well as to create, based on the corresponding description, special ge­ne­ra­lizing characteristics that will allow us to determine the features of their practical implementation in the learning process. Thus, tech­nology specifically implemented in education has its own spe­ci­fics, capabilities and limitations of use, which determine its appli­ca­tion in a specific situation. In this regard, research aimed at consi­de­ring educational technology from the point of view of highlighting its important characteristics that determine its specific direction and application is of particular relevance. The content of peda­go­gi­cal technology is considered as the interrelation of a whole system of independent elements, supported by a unified logic of organizing the educational process. Interdependence between these systems is inevitable.
ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ И ПОИСК КРЕАТИВНО-ИННОВАЦИОННЫХ РЕШЕНИЙ В СИСТЕМЕ ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ ПЕРЕРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ОТРАСЛИ КЫРГЫЗСТАНА
Authors: Арынбаев Ж.Т.
Published: February 2025

В данной статье рассматриваются проблемы управле­ния перерабатывающей отрасли Кыргызстана в современных условиях. Управление в индустриальной эпохе – это, прежде всего, дисциплинированная и точная система и принятие оперативных управленческих решений. В информационно-циф­ро­вом обществе, характеризующемся возрастанием роли и зна­чения творческих управленческих технологий, главным ве­ду­щим качеством управленца становится авторизован­ность, нестандартность, инициативность, самостоятель­ность в выборе инструментария решения нестандартных проблем, то есть менеджер – это, прежде всего, творец, осуществ­ляю­щий поиск креативно-инновационных решений. Особеннос­тью в работе современных управленцев креатив­ного типа яв­ляет­ся непрерывность, постоянность процесса генериро­ва­ния новационных нестандартных мыслей, идей, предложений, как в оперативно-тактическом плане, так и в стратегиче­ском нередко в режиме постоянно меняющейся внутренней и внешней среды и реального времени.

Бул макалада азыркы шарттарда Кыргызстандын кай­ра иштетүү өнөр жайын башкаруу көйгөйлөрү талкуу­ланат. Индустриалдык доордо башкаруу – бул, биринчи кезек­те, тар­типтүү жана так система жана оперативдүү баш­ка­руу че­чимдерин кабыл алуу. Чыгармачыл башкаруу техноло­гия­ла­ры­нын ролунун жана маанисинин жогорулашы менен мү­нөз­дөл­гөн маалыматтык-санариптик коомдо менеджер­дин не­гиз­ги алдыңкы сапаты авторизация, оригиналдуулук, демил­ге­лүү­лүк, стандарттуу эмес маселелерди чечүү үчүн ин­стру­менттерди тандоодо өз алдынчалык болуп саналат. Чыгар­ма­чыл типтеги заманбап менеджерлердин ишинин өзгөчөлүгү болуп оперативдүү-тактикалык жактан да, стра­те­гиялык жак­тан да, көбүнчө дайыма өзгөрүп туруучу ички жана тыш­кы чөйрө жана реалдуу убакыт эсептелет.

This article discusses the problems of managing the pro­ces­sing industry of Kyrgyzstan in modern conditions. Management in the industrial era is, first of all, a disciplined and precise system and the adoption of operational management decisions. In an in­for­­mation and digital society, characterized by an increasing role and importance of creative management technologies, the main lead­ing quality of a manager becomes authorization, originality, initiative, independence in choosing tools for solving non-standard problems, that is, a manager is, first of all, a creator who searches for creative and innovative solutions. decisions. A feature in the work of modern managers of the creative type is the continuity, con­stancy of the process of generating innovative non-standard thoughts, ideas, proposals, both in operational-tactical terms and in strategic ones, often in a constantly changing internal and external environment and real time.
Single Semiconductor-Based Photocurrent Switching via Light Intensity for Selective Biosensing
Authors: Li Wang , Yang Hong , Ruan Qiushi , Liang Sicheng , Shen Yanfei , Liu Songqin , Zhu Haibin , Zhang Yuanjian
Published: February 2025

The mechanism behind photocurrent generation is essential for tuning photoelectrochemical properties of semiconductors and fabricating related devices. As a basic parameter, the photocurrent polarity has been exploited for information processing and can be regulated by constructing suitable interfaces/junctions of semiconductors, tuning external bias potential, or light wavelengths. Nonetheless, light intensity is generally thought to affect only the photocurrent intensity rather than the photocurrent polarity. Here, we report a universal strategy to modulate the photocurrent polarity of a single semiconductor-based photoelectrode by light intensity. Photoelectrochemical kinetic measurements revealed that the surface states, bias potential, and light intensity jointly played crucial roles in the process of photogenerated carrier transfer, thus determining the photocurrent polarity. Based on the different charge transfer pathways produced simply under light of different intensities, a highly selective PEC sensing platform was demonstrated for dopamine detection without any sophisticated biorecognition processes.
2,8-Dihalogenated diazocines: versatile reactants for functionalised photoswitches
Authors: Notheis Maximilian J. , Sahiti Vigan , Prangenberg Vivienne , Kruse Johannes S. , von Krbek Larissa K. S.
Published: February 2025

Diazocine photoswitches possess distinctive structural characteristics and remarkable photochemical properties, leading to their growing application in photopharmacology and smart materials. We report the synthesis of 2,8-pseudo-para substituted diazocines with two bromo, two iodo, or a combination of both substituents, achieving effective scalability. Besides demonstrating good reactivity in Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, the substituted diazocines predominantly retain their good photochemical properties, rendering them valuable components for said applications.
Bicyclic selenenyl sulfides tune stepwise rates of thiol/selenol addition, resolution, and cyclisation, to reveal cellular constraints for bioreductive probes targeting mammalian thioredoxin reductase
Authors: Zeisel Lukas , Dessen-Weissenhorn Lucas , Scholzen Karoline C. , Madabeni Andrea , Orian Laura , Arnér Elias S. J. , Thorn-Seshold Oliver
Published: February 2025

The bioreductive activation of dichalcogenide probes by mammalian thiol-type oxidoreductases proceeds via a cascade of consecutive, partly-reversible steps. Stereocontrol elements can exert control over these steps' reaction rates, which was recently exploited in bicyclic reduction substrates that fuse a reducible disulfide ring to a templating nitrogenous ring to reach powerful substrate-controlled kinetic selectivities for, e.g., vicinal dithiol vs monothiol reductants in live cells. We now deploy regio-, diastereo-, template-, and pH-control elements to shape the reactivity of unprecedented bicyclic selenenyl sulfides (SeSP), arriving at probes that selectively address the mammalian selenoenzyme thioredoxin reductase TrxR1. We accessed these densely-functionalised cis- or trans-fused-1,2-thiaselenanes on gram scale over 5 steps, via a regioselective key step that elaborates an unusual, differentially protected 2,2’-biaziridine intermediate through sequential one-pot chalcogen introduction and selenenyl sulfide formation. By profiling all regio- and diastereo-isomeric bicycles for their partly- or fully-reversible reactivity, we showed how effects that slow their reduction steps (addition then resolution) can compensate by vastly accelerating subsequent cyclisation speeds, such that cellular redox processing is effective and TrxR-selective. More broadly, this study shows how multistep cascade probes can leverage conformational effects and internal non-covalent interactions to differentiate step kinetics along their on-target vs off-target reaction pathways, thus achieving reaction-based target selectivity in complex biological settings.
Material Characterization of NMC Black Mass from End-of-Life Lithium-Ion Batteries for Enhanced Recycling Strategies
Authors: Farooq Hammad , Bandyopadhyay Sulalit
Published: February 2025

Recycling black mass (BM) obtained from NMC-based end-of-life lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is hindered by metallic impurities (Al and Cu), residual electrolytes, and PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) binder. Pre-treatment of BM, such as milling and pyrolysis, to remove these impurities necessitates characterizing its physicochemical properties that affect such pre-treatment methods. More importantly, a judicious combination of characterization techniques can provide an integrated framework for efficiently planning pre-treatment and recycling processes. In this study, industrial BM samples from end-of-life NMC622, NMC111, and NMC901 LIBs are characterized. The comparative characterization of BM using FBRM (focused beam reflectance measurement) and laser diffraction techniques showed that applying square weighting to the chord length distribution measured by FBRM yields values close to the actual particle size, while also providing a method that can be used for real-time analysis of recycling processes. XRD (x-ray diffraction), complemented by SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and metal composition data confirmed that crystalline NMC phases remain intact in untreated BM and graphite exists as a mixture of 2H and 3R phases. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy with SEM elemental analysis provided insights into the carbonaceous deposits and metal particles on graphite surfaces. Qualitative TGA/MS (thermogravimetry with mass spectrometry) of BM under pyrolytic conditions allowed the identification of residual electrolytes and PVDF through the evolution of carbonaceous and fluorinated gases. Quantitative TGA/MS under oxidative conditions allowed quantification of total carbon in BM and estimation of PVDF. Explored characterization techniques highlight the impact of pre-treatment processes and provide a decision framework for selecting and optimizing recycling strategies.
The Polytope Formalism for Constitutional Isomerism and Isomerisation
Authors: Canfield Peter , Crossley Maxwell
Published: February 2025

The principles of the Polytope Formalism as developed for stereoisomerism can also be applied to constitutional isomerism reflecting a deep connection between the two and thereby opening the way for describing all isomerism including nuclearspin isomerism. Further, the conceptual framework and methodology can accommodate other discrete molecular-state aspects not typically considered “isomerism”, such as rovibrational and electronic states. The formalism thus provides a universal framework for the abstract description of chemical entities, their naming, and digital representation. Of greater importance, by accommodating a multidimensional implementation of transition-state theory, the results of the formalism meaningfully describe the landscape of the associated chemical space. This provides a powerful and essential tool for its exploration. Novel features of the Polytope Formalism of constitutional isomerism are that it is based upon atom connectivity and the explicit inclusion of subvalent and hypervalent species. The resulting comprehensive sets of possible species include isomers and their related interconversion intermediates (transition states, higher-order saddle points, etc.) providing a powerful tool for elucidating isomerisation mechanisms. The networks of species and interconversion pathways map onto the corresponding potential-energy surfaces and thus represent an “encoding” of these surfaces. Implementation of the formalism is demonstrated through worked examples of H-tautomerism, illuminating applications more broadly.
A set of Quantum–Mechanically Derived Force Fields for Natural and Synthetic Retinal Photoswitches
Authors: Daoud Razan , Veglianti Simone , Piras Anna , Semmeq Abderrahmane , Prampolini Giacomo , Padula Daniele
Published: February 2025

The diverse biological functions of rhodopsins are all triggered by photoexcitation of retinal protonated Schiff base chromophores. This diversity can be traced back not only to variations in the protein scaffolds in which the chromophore is embedded, but also to the different isomeric forms of the chromophore itself, whose role is crucial in several processes. Although most computational approaches for these systems often require classical molecular dynamics, efforts in providing a set of parameters able to accurately and consistently model through molecular mechanics several isomeric chromophores are lacking in literature. The most recent efforts entail either refinements of general purpose force fields, which lack in accuracy, or parameterisation strategies that include environmental effects, making the resulting parameters not transferable to a different embedding. In this work, we provide accurate intramolecular force fields based on data purposely computed using Møller–Plesset second order perturbation theory, specifically tailored for varied natural retinal Protonated Schiff Bases and synthetic analogues often employed in retinal-based photoswitches. We demonstrate the quality of our quantum–mechanically derived force fields (QMD–FFs) through a wide set of validation tests. These consistently indicate an excellent description of each chromophore in terms of equilibrium geometries, conformational landscapes, and optical properties in comparison to literature data, experimental measurements, and reference QM calculations. Our intramolecular QMD–FFs, distributed in electronic format, can be adopted to describe these chromophores in complex environments, exploiting in- termolecular parameters compatible with the ones available in literature for biological macromolecules.
An Ultra-Potent, Ultra-Economical, Antifreeze Polypeptide
Authors: McPartlon Thomas , Osborne Charles , Wang Ke , Detwiler Rachel , Meister Konrad , Kramer Jessica
Published: February 2025

The coarsening of ice crystals during freeze and thaw events is a challenge in diverse settings from transportation and agriculture to foods and biomedicine. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of antifreeze polypeptides that inhibit ice crystal growth at μg concentrations are reported herein. The polypeptides, composed of Ala and Glu, were prepared using economical methodology, are thermally stable, are biodegradable, and are non-toxic to human cells. Mirror-image polypeptides resisted degradation and are suitable for applications with a longevity criterion. Their α-helical conformation played a role in antifreeze activity, but chirality did not. In proof-of-concept experiments, the antifreeze polypeptides could prevent damage to model protein therapeutics during repeated freeze-thaw cycles, and could be applied to prevent large ice crystals in a frozen food product. These simple, economical Ala/Glu polypeptides are promising materials for diverse antifreeze applications, particularly in biological settings.
Papain-mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Use in the Fluorescence-based Analysis of Folic Acid
Authors: Magpantay Ma. Danica , Lacquio Maritess , Recuenco Mariam
Published: February 2025

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using an aqueous extract of papain as a reducing and a stabilizing agent for use in the fluorescence-based sensing of the B-vitamin, folic acid.  The AgNPs obtained were spherical with diameters between 3-40 nm, with an average diameter of 11.4 ± 6.4 nm.  The AgNPs also exhibited surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 420 nm and fluorescence upon excitation with UV light.  The addition of increments of folic acid caused the quenching of the AgNPs’ fluorescence which could be fitted to the Stern-Volmer equation. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the AgNPs as folate sensors were 1.510 μg and 5.033 μg, respectively. Analysis of folate in selected over-the-counter vitamin and mineral supplements showed stark discrepancies between declared and experimental folate levels. Thus, it was inferred that other substances, such as metal ions and other vitamins could interfere in folate analysis. While the use of papain-AgNPs as sensors seems promising, more work should be done for the improved selectivity and specificity for folate.
Factors and processes of natural environment contamination with substitute waters and petroleum products
Authors: Suyarko Vasyl , Ulytskyi Oleg , Serdіukova Olga
Published: February 2025

Statement of the problem determine the factors and processes of contamination of the natural environment with secondary stratum waters.

The subject of the research is associated reservoir waters of oil and gas wells.

The object of the study is the physical and chemical features of associated reservoir solutions containing hydrocarbons and the processes of their influence on natural ecological systems.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the danger of accompanying reservoir waters and oil products for natural ecological systems and human health. Factors and processes of pollution of the natural environment due to leaks of associated formation water (SW) and oil products in the process of search, exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon deposits are considered. The mechanisms and ecological consequences of this phenomenon, as well as the level of danger of individual pollutant components, were analyzed. Changes in natural ecosystems as a result of the arrival of sewage sludge and petroleum products into them were studied. Measures to protect the natural environment and reduce environmental risks during drilling of oil and gas wells and development of hydrocarbon deposits are proposed. Accompanying formation waters are brines of sodium chloride solutions (brines) formed at great depths and characterized by high pressures. In the process of drilling deep wells and extracting oil and gas, sewage sludge can gush out onto the earth's surface. This leads to salinization of soils and withdrawal of large areas of agricultural land from circulation, pollution of local water intakes, disruption of the vital activity of flora and fauna, and most importantly – to a negative effect on the human body. It is proposed to divide the types of pollution of sewage containing petroleum products into 4 groups: sodium chloride solutions; petroleum products; toxic components of sewage sludge and petroleum products; thermal pollution by thermal SW.

Results. The factors of natural protection of underground water from pollution have been determined. Intensive water exchange in the infiltration zone leads to both rapid pollution and rapid purification of groundwater and non-pressurized groundwater. Underground waters that lie deeper, due to hydrodynamic pressures, push pollutants out of aquifers and remain clean. The chemical elements and compounds of hazardous waste and oil products belonging to the first, second and third classes of danger are given. The consequences of their negative impact on the human body are indicated. A conclusion was made about the need for environmental monitoring near oil and gas industries. The environmental and economic expediency of using SW as a hydro-mineral raw material for the industrial extraction of valuable chemical elements from them is emphasized.
The Aftermath Of COVID-19 on Grade 9 and 12 Biology Classes in Lebanon
Authors:   ,   Lebanese American University -- Chouran Beirut, El Ahmadieh Abeer
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this thesis was to explore the aftermath of COVID-19 in Grade 9 and 12 Biology Classes in Lebanon. The focus of the study was on comparing the content and skills covered in grade 9 and 12 biology curriculums and official exam levels before and after COVID-19 in addition to the teacher's perspective about the impact of online teaching on the learning process of the student’s experience and finding strategies to identify and fill the gaps. Learning loss, as defined by Fuchs et al. (2023), is a decline in expected rates of academic progress. This study adopted a qualitative approach to explore the percentage of lessons lost, changes in the official exam level, and teachers’ perspectives to find strategies to identify and fill the learning gaps identified. The study observed the curriculum and checked the questions of the tests three years before and three years after COVID-19. Three grade 9 and three grade 12 biology teachers participated in the study depending on professional, experienced teachers who worked in three well-known private schools. Qualitative thematic analysis was done depending on the data collected from the semi-structured interviews. To increase the reliability of the thesis results, three sources’ data were triangulated and compared. Findings revealed that online teaching had a huge impact on the presence of the learning experience of the students. Grade 9 students lost covering half the materials usually required, although the level of the questions shows slightly lower level than the ones before COVID-19. While grade 12 students in addition to the loss of about half the materials covered, the level of the questions highly dropped after covid-19. Six themes emerged from interviews with grades 9 and 12 teachers: “Experience and Adaptation to Online Teaching”, “Disruption in curriculum delivery," “Impact on critical thinking and practical skills", “Identification of Learning Gaps and Assessment Strategies”, “Efficacy of Remedial Strategies”, “National Exam Adjustments and Consequences". New questions for future research were raised, and recommendations for biology teachers, stakeholders, and the Ministry of Education were provided.
Phase II National Study: Job Satisfaction and Workplace Environment Among Community Pharmacists in Lebanon: Pre and Post Economic Crisis
Authors:   ,   Lebanese American University -- Chouran Beirut, Salaheddin Amira Talaat
Published: February 2025

Background: Pharmacists play a crucial role in healthcare systems worldwide. High levels of pharmacist job satisfaction are critical for the delivery of quality, patient-centered care. In Lebanon, pharmacists face unique challenges stemming from an ongoing economic crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and a shifting healthcare landscape. Aims: This study aims to assess the job satisfaction of Lebanese pharmacists during the ongoing economic and healthcare challenges. Specifically, it seeks to evaluate the impact of Lebanon’s economic collapse, medication shortages, and the COVID-19 pandemic on pharmacists’ working conditions, autonomy, and overall job satisfaction. The study also aims to compare the results to those obtained in Phase I (2016). Methods: This is a phase II national study where a stratified random sample of pharmacists from all governorates of Lebanon was obtained from a complete list of Lebanese pharmacists. The survey was administered via a link sent to pharmacists through SMS and WhatsApp, with follow-up calls to encourage participation. The questionnaire utilized in phase I (2016) was updated to include questions on the impact of the economic crisis and COVID-19 on Lebanese pharmacists’ job satisfaction. Results: Notable differences between Phase I and Phase II emerged regarding overall job satisfaction. Average weekly working hours decreased from 59.2 hours in Phase 1 to 49.8 hours in Phase II. Regarding autonomy, more pharmacists in Phase 2 (85.8%) agreed they had opportunities to utilize their skills and knowledge. Drug shortages had a significant impact on pharmacy operations, with 72.6% of pharmacists in Phase II reporting business disruptions due to shortages. Pharmacists also reported an increase in the frequency of prescription interventions, particularly related to dosage errors and drug-drug interactions, with intervention rates rising from 23.7% in 2016 to 51.1% in 2024. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the perspectives of Lebanese community pharmacists, focusing on key aspects such as job satisfaction, autonomy, and the challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing economic crisis. While certain aspects of pharmacists' experiences have evolved by 2024, financial dissatisfaction and overall job dissatisfaction persist, emphasizing the need for greater support and resources to address job-related stress and enhance the prescription system, thereby reducing the frequency of interventions.
Work Conditions that Promote Teacher Satisfaction and Retention
Authors:   ,   Lebanese American University -- Chouran Beirut, Houssami Dounia
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on teachers in Lebanon who face several challenges. This study aims to identify factors that promote teacher job satisfaction and their perceptions of the work conditions that help in retaining them. The study employed a mixed-methods approach, exploring teachers' views on their work conditions and their impact on their decision to stay. The study was conducted in two schools located in Beirut, with a purposeful sample of 100 teachers who took an online survey (10 of them voluntarily agreed to sit for an interview). The study aimed to provide valuable insights for school administrators whose aim is to lower their turnover rate and retain their qualified teachers. It emphasized the essential role of effective school leadership in promoting an environment that supports teachers and empowers them to reveal the leaders in themselves. The study revealed that elementary and middle school teachers valued the relationship they have with their school leaders who trust them and support them as well as school leaders who demonstrate strong leadership skills. This was evident in both schools. Moreover, the study revealed that teachers are more satisfied and willing to stay in their school when they are supported when dealing with student conduct. For future studies, it is important to widen the range of teachers included to compare the perceptions of teachers who teach different curricula and different levels as well as including a diverse range of schools that reflect diverse cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds in Lebanon that are not only located in the capital, Beirut.
THE CONDITION OF THE HANGING BIRCH STANDS (BETULA PENDULA ROTH) AND FEATURES OF ACCUMULATION AND TRANSLOCATION OF METALS IN THE SOIL-PLANT SYSTEM UNDER CONDITIONS OF MAN-MADE POLLUTION (STERLITAMAK INDUSTRIAL CENTER, REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN)
Authors:   Timirâzevskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ akademiâ, Giniyatullin R.K.
Published: February 2025

The issues of the content of metals (Mn, Cd, Pb, Ni) in the soil cover, in the aboveground and underground organs of the hanging birch (Betula pendula Roth) in the conditions of polymetallic pollution of the Sterlitamak industrial center are discussed. It is noted that the high metal content in the soils under birch plantations has a slight effect on the vital condition of trees. In the conditions of the Sterlitamak industrial center (SIC), the vital condition of birch plantations was assessed as “healthy”. Based on the characteristics of the features of metal translocation, it is shown that birch roots are able to absorb a significant amount of metals from the soil. During the transition from roots to branches and leaves, there is a decrease in concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni. Localization of Cd, Pb and Ni is noted mainly in the roots and in smaller quantities in the branches and leaves of birch. According to the “biological absorption coefficient”, Cd, Ni, Pb are elements of the “average capture”. In conditions of pollution, an excess of metals inhibits the intake of Mn in plants. The biogeochemical activity of the absorption of elements in birch varies depending on the habitat conditions: the highest values are typical for birch in the conditional control zone. Birch trees as part of the sanitary protection plantings of the SIC accumulate man-made metals and successfully perform environmental protection functions to limit the spread of industrial pollutants in the environment.
THE METHOD OF DETECTING SEASONAL CHANGES IN LANDSCAPE FORMATIONS
Authors:   Timirâzevskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ akademiâ, Asadov H.G.
Published: February 2025

The aim of the study is to investigate the possibility of developing a new method and an appropriate technique for detecting seasonal changes in water-saturated and coastal landscape formations. To assess seasonal changes in natural areas, an integral multiplicative criterion is proposed as an alternative to the existing vector criterion used in the technology of processing spectral data “ Tasseled Cap”. It is determined that the proposed method, in comparison with the known analogue, provides for the use of an additional extreme feature to confirm the identification of characteristic natural zones when monitoring the Earth’s surface.