bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Fluorescence Quenching of DBSA‐PANI‐Employing Nitroaromatics.
Authors: Lakshmidevi Venkatappa , Yelamaggad Chennabasaveshwara V. , Venkataraman Abbaraju
Published: March 2018

Owing to their high selectivity and excellent sensitivity, fluorescence‐based sensors have continued to receive increasing attention.In particular, fluorescence techniques for sensing explosives, the high energy materials, with the aid of inexpensive and feasible ingredients have become a centre of attraction in recent years.However, the development of such economically viable and reliant materials has remained highly elusive. Herein we report such a novel fluorescent sensor namely, dodecylbenzene‐sulfonic acid (DBSA)‐doped polyaniline (PANI), which recognizes the presence of nitroaromatic (NAC) explosives, such as 2,4,6‐trinitro phenol (picric acid)(PA), 1,3‐dinitrobenzene (DNB) and nitrobenzene (NB), in solutions at lower concentrations. This is the first demonstration of its kind where the fluorescent polyaniline is shown to facilitate the detection of NACs by oxidative fluorescence quenching phenomenon. The fluoroscence quenching of DBSA‐PANI by NACs has been carried out using N‐methyl pyrrolidone and quenching efficiency has been estimated by Stern−Volmer equation. Especially, the DBSA‐PANI system turns out to be a promising fluorescent probe for the detection of phenolic nitro‐explosive (PA) with high sensitivity and a high Stern Volmer constant. The quenching phenomenon, where DBSA‐PANI and NACs interact intensively via intermolecular π‐π interactions, involves a photo induced electron‐transfer process that has been evidenced by spectroscopic and redox studies.
An Estimation Method of Metal‐Ligand Orbital Mixing in Lanthanide(III) Complexes Using Magnetic Circular Dichroism
Authors: Kitagawa Yuichi , Nakanishi Takayuki , Fushimi Koji , Hasegawa Yasuchika
Published: March 2018

The photophysical properties of lanthanide(III) complexes depend on the magnitude of orbital mixing between the lanthanide(III) and ligands. Herein, an estimation method of orbital mixing in lanthanide(III) complexes is reported using LnCl3⋅nH2O (Ln=Pr, Gd, Tb) and Ln(tfa)3(H2O)2 (tfa: trifluoroacetylacetonate, Ln=Pr, Gd, and Tb) for the first time. The electronic state properties were assessed from the electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra. The MCD spectra revealed the energy levels of the spin‐allowed and spin‐forbidden 4 f–5d transitions of the Tb(III) complex that is hidden by the intense π–π* transition of the ligands. This energy gap corresponds to the exchange splitting energy between the 5d and 4fn−1 electrons, which provides information regarding the orbital mixing between the Tb(III) ion and the ligands.
Demand‐side strategy, relational advantage, and partner‐driven corporate scope: The case for client‐led diversification
Authors: Mawdsley John K. , Somaya Deepak
Published: March 2018

Research Summary: We advance research on corporate diversification by joining insights from the demand‐side and relational views in strategy to offer a novel theory of client‐led diversification. We propose that client‐led diversification results from a combination of the customer‐driven opportunities emphasized in the demand‐side view and the creation of added value through relational assets that is a central tenet of the relational view. Furthermore, we hypothesize that suppliers’ client‐specific knowledge, clients’ relational commitment to suppliers, and growth opportunities in clients’ markets (relative to the suppliers’ own markets) will magnify the client‐led diversification effect. We test our hypotheses using a longitudinal dataset on patent law firms and their diversification into new domains of patent prosecution work for their corporate clients.

Managerial Summary: Explanations of why firms diversify into new lines of business have largely concerned the redeployment of underutilized resources, with little regard to opportunities or influences stemming from firms’ existing customers. In our article, we show how the changing scope of business needs from a knowledge‐based supplier firm's set of existing clients is a central driver of supplier‐firm diversification, and this is especially the case when the level of relational assets shared between a supplier and its clients is higher. In a competitive landscape where suppliers compete intensively for the business of clients, our results show how managers can increase the likelihood of capturing additional business from its existing exchange relationships rather than bearing the risks of seeking new exchange relationships.
Effects of Nb and Tempering Time on Carbide Precipitation Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Cr–Mo–V Steel for Brake Discs
Authors: Wu Dan , Wang Fuming , Cheng Jin , Li Changrong
Published: March 2018

To improve the performance of the steel for brake discs, like mechanical properties and thermal fatigue resistance, Nb is added to the steel. In this paper, the effects of Nb and tempering time on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the steel have been studied. The investigation of precipitation behaviors is based on Thermo‐Calc software and transmission electron microscopy. The results show there is a negative linear relationship between the yield strength and the logarithm of time, and tempering time should not exceed 2 h. V‐rich M8C7 and NbC occur during austenitizing, while (Mo,V)C, M23C6, and M7C3 precipitate during tempering. (Mo,V)C has a strong strengthening effect at the early stage of tempering, but it grows faster than M8C7. With 0.025% Nb addition, the yield strength and impact energy increase simultaneously due to the refinement of martensite; the addition of 0.045% Nb promotes the tempering stability due to the suppression of precipitation and coarsening of Cr carbides and the precipitation strengthening of M8C7 and NbC, therefore, the addition of 0.025–0.045% Nb is conducive to improving the performance of the steel. Moreover, the suppression of Cr carbides with 0.045% Nb addition makes up for the damage of large NbC to toughness.
China's first road‐cum‐railway suspension bridge with rigid‐cables of three main stiffening frames in parallel: The two‐storey Jinan Yellow River Bridge
Authors: Wu Xun , Wang Wenzhao , Chen Weizhen , Ding Shihong
Published: March 2018

The Jinan Yellow River Bridge is China's first road‐cum‐railway bridge with rigid‐cables of three main stiffening frames in parallel. The main bridge, which is 796 m long, is a continuous two‐storey steel truss girder with a span arrangement of 128 m + 3 × 180 m + 128 m. The Jinan Yellow River Bridge was designed by China Railway Design Corporation and constructed by Steel Structure Construction Co. Ltd of China Tiesiju Civil Engineering Group.
Allgemeines Nachweiskonzept stabilitätsgefährdeter Bauteile – Normenvorschlag für EN 1993‐1‐5 als neuer Anhang F
Authors: Maur Jörn , Grunert Bernd
Published: March 2018

Eine überarbeitete Version des Eurocodes 3 für das Plattenbeulen soll bald veröffentlicht werden, in welcher unter anderem die Methode der reduzierten Spannungen in EN 1993‐1‐5 Abschnitt 10 revidiert sein wird. Die hierzu jüngst in dieser Fachzeitschrift publizierten neuen Regelungen, insbesondere zum biaxial gedrückten ausgesteiften Plattenbeulfeld, sind teilweise aufwendig. Ergänzend zu diesen bekanntgemachten Regeln wird im Normenvorschlag ein Konzept der „stufenweisen Genauigkeit” angewendet, mit welchem sich ein unterer Grenzwert des Beulwiderstandes schnell ermitteln lässt. Für den Nachweis der Beulsteife wird basierend auf einem bereits veröffentlichten Vorschlag (Vorverformungsamplitude als geometrische Ersatzimperfektion für den Steifennachweis), ein eigener Abminderungsfaktor für Beulsteifen neu definiert. Wegen der Kompatibilität zum MNA/LBA‐Nachweiskonzept für Schalen in EN 1993‐1‐6 wird eine normenteilübergreifende Formulierung vorgeschlagen, die eine allgemeine Betrachtung zusammengesetzter stählerner Strukturen zukünftig normativ regeln kann. Der Normenvorschlag wird anhand von Beispielen veranschaulicht.
Intron retention in viruses and cellular genes: Detention, border controls and passports
Authors: Rekosh David , Hammarskjold Marie‐Louise
Published: March 2018

Intron retention (IR), where one or more introns remain in the RNA after splicing, was long thought to be rare in mammalian cells, albeit common in plants and some viruses. Largely due to the development of better methods for RNA analysis, it has now been recognized that IR is much more common than previously thought and that this mechanism is likely to play an important role in mammalian gene regulation. To date, most publications and reviews about IR have described the resulting mRNAs as “dead end” products, with no direct consequence for the proteome. However, there are also many reports of mRNAs with retained introns giving rise to alternative protein isoforms. Although this was originally revealed in viral systems, there are now numerous examples of bona fide cellular proteins that are translated from mRNAs with retained introns. These new isoforms have sometimes been shown to have important regulatory functions. In this review, we highlight recent developments in this area and the research on viruses that led the way to the realization of the many ways in which mRNAs with retained introns can be regulated.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms

RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing

RNA Export and Localization > Nuclear Export/Import

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
Asymptotic behavior of a 2D overhead crane with input delays in the boundary control
Authors: Al‐Musallam Fadhel , Ammari Kaïs , Chentouf Boumediène
Published: March 2018

The paper investigates the asymptotic behavior of a 2D overhead crane with input delays in the boundary control. A linear boundary control is proposed. The main feature of such a control lies in the fact that it solely depends on the velocity but under the presence of time‐delays. We end‐up with a closed‐loop system where no displacement term is involved. It is shown that the problem is well‐posed in the sense of semigroups theory. LaSalle's invariance principle is invoked in order to establish the asymptotic convergence for the solutions of the system to a stationary position which depends on the initial data. Using a resolvent method, it is proved that the convergence is indeed of polynomial type as long as the delay term satisfies a smallness condition. Lastly, non‐convergence results are put forward in the case when such a condition on the delay term is not fulfilled.
Anomalous dimension of subleading-power N-jet operators
Authors: Beneke Martin , Garny Mathias , Szafron Robert , Wang Jian
Published: March 2018

Abstract

We begin a systematic investigation of the anomalous dimension of subleading power N-jet operators in view of resummation of logarithmically enhanced terms in partonic cross sections beyond leading power. We provide an explicit result at the one-loop order for fermion-number two N-jet operators at the second order in the power expansion parameter of soft-collinear effective theory.
Safe SUSY
Authors: Bajc Borut , Dondi Nicola Andrea , Sannino Francesco
Published: March 2018

Abstract

We investigate the short distance fate of distinct classes of not asymptotically free supersymmetric gauge theories. Examples include super QCD with two adjoint fields and generalised superpotentials, gauge theories without superpotentials and with two types of matter representation and semi-simple gauge theories such as quivers. We show that for the aforementioned theories asymptotic safety is nonperturbatively compatible with all known constraints.
Allogenic succession of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wils.) forests in different climate condition
Authors: Lim Chi Hong , An Ji Hong , Jung Song Hie , Lee Chang Seok
Published: March 2018

This study was conducted to clarify the changes in vegetation that occurred due to changing environmental factors, especially climate, at Korean fir (Abies koreana) stands with different climatic conditions established on Mt. Halla, which is located on a southern island of South Korea. The difference of species composition between sites was large and depended on elevation and slope aspect at lower elevations, whereas not as much among stands or between sites at the highest elevations of each slope aspect. It was interpreted that differences and similarities among sites were dominated by the microclimate determined by the topographic conditions of each site. The result of vegetation dynamics analysis predicted that the Korean fir forests would be replaced by temperate forests such as Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) forests or shade intolerant forests composed of early successional species such as Korean cherry (Prunus maximowiczii) and Spreading yew (Taxus cuspidata) at lower elevations, while would continuously persist at the highest elevations. We interpreted the vegetation changes appeared at the lower elevations as an allogenic succession, as the recent rapid climate changes directly and indirectly dominated the change. The species distribution modeling predicted that the distributional range of Korean fir would decrease to 13.4 and 10.1% of the current distribution in 2050 and 2070, respectively. Further, the distribution modeling showed that the sites located at lower elevations would no longer be within the distributional range of Korean fir forest, and those at the highest elevations would be sparsely scattered in fragmented states.
Socioeconomic disadvantage and psychological deficits: Pathways from early cumulative risk to late‐adolescent criminal conviction
Authors: Savolainen Jukka , Eisman Andria , Mason W. Alex , Schwartz Joseph A. , Miettunen Jouko , Järvelin Marjo‐Riitta
Published: March 2018

Early exposure to multiple risk factors has been shown to predict criminal offending, but the mechanisms responsible for this association are poorly understood. Integrating social‐environmental and dispositional theories of crime this research investigated the capacity of family socioeconomic disadvantage and individual psychological deficits to mediate the association between childhood cumulative risk and late adolescent criminal convictions. Male participants in the 1986 Northern Finland Birth Cohort Study (n = 3414) were followed from the prenatal period through age 19–20. The data were analyzed by estimating a structural equation model of the hypothesized pathways. The results found support for both processes of influence, and the model sustained a statistically significant direct effect of cumulative risk on crime. Socioeconomic disadvantage and psychological deficits contribute to criminal offending independently and with roughly equal magnitude. The results point to the utility of both environmental and psychological interventions to prevent criminality among children at risk.
Nonsuicidal self‐injury in community adolescents: A systematic review of prospective predictors, mediators and moderators
Authors: Valencia‐Agudo Fatima , Burcher Georgina Corbet , Ezpeleta Lourdes , Kramer Tami
Published: March 2018

Nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) usually starts during adolescence and is associated with an array of psychological and psychiatric symptoms and future suicide attempts. The aim of this study is to determine prospective predictors, mediators and moderators of NSSI in adolescent community samples in order to target prevention and treatment strategies. Two team members searched online databases independently. Thirty‐nine studies were included in the review. Several variables were seen to prospectively predict NSSI: female gender, family‐related variables, peer victimisation, depression, previous NSSI and self‐concept. Few studies analysed mediators and moderators. Low self‐concept was highlighted as a relevant moderator in the relationship between intra/interpersonal variables and NSSI. Implications of these findings are discussed. The considerable heterogeneity between studies posed a limitation to determine robust predictors of NSSI. Further prospective studies using standardised measures of predictors and outcomes are needed to ascertain the most at risk individuals and develop prevention strategies.
Health-Related Lifestyle Factors and Sexual Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Research
Authors: Allen Mark S. , Walter Emma E.
Published: March 2018

Background

Sexual dysfunction is a common problem among men and women and is associated with negative individual functioning, relationship difficulties, and lower quality of life.

Aim

To determine the magnitude of associations between 6 health-related lifestyle factors (cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, diet, caffeine, and cannabis use) and 3 common sexual dysfunctions (erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, and female sexual dysfunction).

Methods

A comprehensive literature search of 10 electronic databases identified 89 studies that met the inclusion criteria (452 effect sizes; N = 348,865). Pooled mean effects (for univariate, age-adjusted, and multivariable-adjusted estimates) were computed using inverse-variance weighted random-effects meta-analysis and moderation by study and population characteristics were tested using random-effects meta-regression.

Results

Mean effect sizes from 92 separate meta-analyses provided evidence that health-related lifestyle factors are important for sexual dysfunction. Cigarette smoking (past and current), alcohol intake, and physical activity had dose-dependent associations with erectile dysfunction. Risk of erectile dysfunction increased with greater cigarette smoking and decreased with greater physical activity. Alcohol had a curvilinear association such that moderate intake was associated with a lower risk of erectile dysfunction. Participation in physical activity was associated with a lower risk of female sexual dysfunction. There was some evidence that a healthy diet was related to a lower risk of erectile dysfunction and female sexual dysfunction, and caffeine intake was unrelated to erectile dysfunction. Publication bias appeared minimal and findings were similar for clinical and non-clinical samples.

Clinical Translation

Modification of lifestyle factors would appear to be a useful low-risk approach to decreasing the risk of erectile dysfunction and female sexual dysfunction.

Strengths and Limitations

Strengths include the testing of age-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted models and tests of potential moderators using meta-regression. Limitations include low statistical power in models testing diet, caffeine, and cannabis use as risk factors.

Conclusion

Results provide compelling evidence that cigarette smoking, alcohol, and physical activity are important for sexual dysfunction. Insufficient research was available to draw conclusions regarding risk factors for premature ejaculation or for cannabis use as a risk factor. These findings should be of interest to clinicians treating men and women with complaints relating to symptoms of sexual dysfunction.
Effects of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on A53T α-Synuclein Transgenic Mouse Models of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Kuang Shaosong , Yang Lin , Rao Ziliang , Zhong Zhiyong , Li Jinfeng , Zhong Haichao , Dai Lulu , Tang Xiaojiang
Published: March 2018

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system mainly affecting the motor system. Presently, there is no effective and safe drug to treat patients with PD. Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), obtained from leaves of the Ginkgo biloba tree, is a complex mixture of ingredients primarily containing two active components: flavonoids and terpenoids. In this study, we investigated the effects of GBE on A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice, a PD model that has better simulated the progression of PD patients than other models such as the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6 tetrahydropyridine–induced PD model. Methods: Fifty α-synuclein A53T transgenic mice were fed and treated with GBE, and locomotor activity was detected by pole test, forced swim test, and wire-hang test. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporters was detected using immunohistochemistry. Superoxide dismutase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, and malondialdehyde expression were detected using an assay kit. Results: Our results show that GBE treatment improved locomotor activity and that superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase inhibited the expression of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde and recovered the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporters. Conclusions: The GBE treatment improved locomotor activity and inhibited the development of PD in the A53T α-synuclein transgenic mice, which may be partly responsible for decreased oxidative damage and maintain the normal dopamine homeostasis.
Secondary Abnormal CSF Neurotransmitter Metabolite Profiles in a Pediatric Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: van Karnebeek Clara D.M. , Dunbar Mary , Egri Csilla , Sayson Bryan , Milea Janetta , Stockler-Ipsiroglu Sylvia , Huh Linda , Connolly Mary B. , Horvath Gabriella A.
Published: March 2018

Background:Secondary neurotransmitter deficiencies have been reported in several reviews. Our primary aim was to assess the relationship among epilepsy, antiseizure medications, and specific neurotransmitter abnormalities. We also evaluated movement disorders and brain abnormalities via magnetic resonance imaging scans in patients with secondary neurotransmitter defects.Methods:This is a retrospective case series of 376 patients who underwent neurotransmitter analysis at BC Children’s Hospital between 2009 and 2013, for a variety of neurological presentations. The biochemical genetics laboratory database was interrogated for results of cerebrospinal fluid neurotransmitter analyses. Clinical data for patients with abnormal results were collected from the hospital charts. Statistical analysis included one-way analysis of variance, chi-square, and a two-way contingency table.Results:Abnormal neurotransmitter values were identified in 67 (17.8%) patients, two (0.53%) of which were attributable to a congenital neurotransmitter disorder and 11 (16.9%) secondary to other genetic diagnoses. Of 64 patients with secondary abnormal neurotransmitter values, 38 (59%) presented with epilepsy and 20 (31%) with movement disorders. A combination of epilepsy and movement disorder was less frequent.Discussion:Acknowledging the limitations of this retrospective chart review, we conclude that, in our cohort, in addition to patients with movement disorders, a considerable number of patients with epilepsy and epileptic encephalopathy also showed secondary neurotransmitter mono-amine abnormalities. There is no clear relation, however, between clinical phenotype and type of neurotransmitter affected. In addition, no association was identified between the type of antiseizure medications and affected neurotransmitter type. We outline the need for prospective studies to further enrich our understanding of the relation between epilepsy and neurotransmitters with a focus on improving treatments and patient outcomes.
EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION
Authors: Somanathan Rohini
Published: March 2018

This special issue on gender comprises articles from four different country settings: Sierra Leone, Senegal, Bangladesh, and Albania. Each uses large secondary data sets to explore how changing market and institutional environments affect gender attitudes and outcomes. In spite of the many historical and contemporary differences in these four economies, we see common difficulties in achieving gender equality.
Victim Precipitation and the Wage Gap
Authors: Cheng Shannon , Corrington Abigail , Hebl Mikki , Ng Linnea , Watson Ivy
Published: March 2018

Cortina, Rabelo, and Holland (2018) accurately cite the general public's overuse of victim precipitation ideologies, or the notion that victims engage in actions that directly bring about their unfortunate circumstances. These ideologies also have permeated industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology and the study of people in the workplace (e.g., women's choice in clothing leads to sexual harassment, certain target characteristics and actions incite workplace bullying). We agree with Cortina et al. that this ideology unintentionally benefits the perpetrator by placing blame and responsibility for nonoptimal workplace situations directly on the target. The field of I-O psychology needs to move away from this model of victim blaming as a remediation for workplace disparities.
Civil Service Mandated Cutoff Scores: Challenges and Practice Recommendations
Authors: Hoffman Calvin C.
Published: March 2018

Los Angeles County's civil service rule specifies a 70% cutoff score regardless of the situation (type of job, type of assessment, or outcome of interest). This civil service rule would be difficult to defend if it were challenged in court, and the rule places the county at increased risk in the event of employment litigation, particularly with public safety jobs (police, fire, sheriff, etc.). Additionally, it is unlikely that this cutoff would optimally balance the county's interests in fair employment practices and expected job performance (SIOP, 2003). Given the propensity for public safety candidates and employees to file lawsuits related to hiring and promotions, and given the fact that public safety agencies in this county have been subjected to a number of employment-related lawsuits in the past, the current rule is problematic. Prior to this rule's development, as well as after its implementation in 1988, there has been substantial litigation related to cutoff scores, and courts have identified what they consider to be more and less appropriate methods for setting cutoff scores.
Three-dimensional wake transition of a square cylinder
Authors: Jiang Hongyi , Cheng Liang , An Hongwei
Published: March 2018

Three-dimensional (3-D) wake transition for flow past a square cylinder aligned with sides perpendicular and parallel to the approaching flow is investigated using direct numerical simulation. The secondary wake instability, namely a Mode A instability, occurs at a Reynolds number ($Re$) of 165.7. A gradual wake transition from Mode A* (i.e. Mode A with vortex dislocations) to Mode B is observed over a range of $Re$ from 185 to 210, within which the probability of occurrence of vortex dislocations decreases monotonically with increasing $Re$. The characteristics of the Strouhal–Reynolds number relationship are analysed. At the onset of Mode A*, a sudden drop of the 3-D Strouhal number from its two-dimensional counterpart is observed, which is due to the subcritical nature of the Mode A* instability. A continuous 3-D Strouhal–Reynolds number curve is observed over the mode swapping regime, since Mode A* and Mode B have extremely close vortex shedding frequencies and therefore only a single merged peak is observed in the frequency spectrum. The existence of hysteresis for the Mode A and Mode B wake instabilities is examined. The unconfined Mode A and Mode B wake instabilities are hysteretic and non-hysteretic, respectively. However, a spanwise confined Mode A could be non-hysteretic. It is proposed that the existence of hysteresis at a wake instability can be identified by examining the sudden/gradual variation of the 3-D flow properties at the onset of the wake instability, with sudden and gradual variations corresponding to hysteretic (subcritical) and non-hysteretic (supercritical) flows, respectively.
ES COMPLICADO: 1.260 AÑOS DE TUMBAS DE TIRO Y CÁMARA EN EL NOROESTE DE JALISCO, MÉXICO
Authors: Mountjoy Joseph B. , Rhodes Jill A.
Published: March 2018

Se han encontrado tumbas prehispánicas de tipo tiro y cámara en muchos países de América Latina, sobre todo a lo largo del litoral Pacífico. En el Occidente de México las primeras interpretaciones de estas tumbas, los entierros y las ofrendas asociadas son de poca confianza dado el uso de información principalmente de saqueadores, inspección de tumbas ya saqueadas y estudios de ofrendas removidas de su contexto original. Afortunadamente, excavaciones recientes de tumbas de tiro y cámara en los estados de Nayarit, Jalisco, Michoacán y Colima han proporcionado información de contextos mortuorios no saqueados. Nosotros presentamos información que hemos obtenido durante los últimos 22 años acerca del uso de tumbas de tiro y cámara durante por lo menos 1.260 años en tres municipios en el extremo noroeste de Jalisco. Esta información indica que la interpretación de este tipo de tumba y su contenido es compleja en varios aspectos, notablemente: dilatación, forma, profundidad, tratamiento de los restos humanos, ofrendas y su asociación con otros tipos de enterramientos. No obstante, la interpretación de algunas ofrendas por medio de analogías con la cultura huichol indica cierta unidad y continuidad cultural.
Topological analysis of graphoglyptid trace fossils, a study of macrobenthic solitary and collective animal behaviors in the deep-sea environment
Authors: Fan Ruo-ying , Gong Yi-ming , Uchman Alfred
Published: March 2018

Graphoglyptids are biogenic structures commonly found in deep-sea flysch deposits and occasionally detected on the modern deep-sea floor. They extend principally horizontally and take a variety of geometric patterns, whose functional morphology remains an enigma in ichnology and paleoceanography. Based on published materials from 1850 to 2017 (79 ichnotaxa from 28 ichnogenera of graphoglyptids) and systematic observations of one of the largest deep-sea trace fossil collections in the world, this paper proposes that topological analysis is an important ingredient in the taxonomy and functional interpretation of graphoglyptids. Accordingly, graphoglyptids are classified into line, tree, and net forms by their key topological architecture, and are further attributed to 19 topological prototypes by detailed secondary topological features. Line graphoglyptids are single-connected structures with uniform tunnel width, representing primarily the feeding patterns of solitary animals. Tree graphoglyptids, the most diverse architectural group of graphoglyptids, are ascribed to 11 topological prototypes according to the connectivity features of burrow segments and the number and distributional pattern of the branching points. Net graphoglyptids are subdivided into three topological prototypes on the basis of the connectivity features and/or the regularity of the meshes. Multiconnected net forms are considered as a continuous morphological spectrum with different levels of complexity in the net formation. The various connected components in multiconnected tree and net graphoglyptids generally exhibit small and uniform tunnel diameter in a given structure (suggesting a tiny trace maker[s]). The whole structure shows relatively extensive linear or surface coverage and overall good preservation, indicating sustained processes of burrow construction. It is highly probable that certain multiconnected tree and net graphoglyptids represent some emergent patterns from self-organized collective behaviors of conspecific animals. Graphoglyptids thus provide us with a new perspective on the study of solitary and collective behaviors of macrobenthos in the deep-sea environment.
Sedimentary, Geochemical and Micropaleontological Responses to Sea Level Variations in the Vitoria Estuary, Espírito Santo
Authors: Machado Giseli Modolo Vieira , Bastos Alex Cardoso , da Silva de Freitas Alex , Baptista Neto Jose Antônio
Published: March 2018

Marine insertion indicators in the Vitoria estuary (ES) revealed relative variations in sea level during the Holocene in three sediment cores. Sedimentological, geochemical (C/N ratio), and paleontological (shells and palynomorphs) analysis and14C dating associated five sedimentary facies to different estuarine deposits. A C/N ratio <10 at the core base indicated organic matter of marine origin. Moving up the cores to 110–150 cm, an abrupt increase in C/N to 26–63 in every core suggests the sudden entry of higher plants into the estuary, potentially the moment sea level retreated. High continental (10,743 palynomorphs/g) and low marine palynomorph concentrations (323 palynomorphs/g) suggest a primarily continental source even during transgression and at high sea level. Around 8973 cal BP, an open bay already existed in the region of Vitoria. Sea level potentially exceeded the current level around 7110 cal BP. The transgressive maximum was at 5567 cal BP. Marine insertion indicators, such as marine shells, low C/N ratios and foraminiferal linings, did not always respond directly to sea level oscillations. These discrepancies probably result from lateral variations in sedimentary deposits from transport patterns and from variations in organic matter and palynomorph preservation due to differences in river and obstacle proximity.
Reculver
Authors: Jessup R. F.
Published: March 2018

The twin towers of Reculver, a far-seen monument on the northeast coast of Kent 3½ miles east of Herne Bay (PLATE I), have long been recognized as a sea-mark of great antiquity. They were for many years maintained solely for the benefit of mariners using the shoal-beset inshore channels on the southern side of the Thames Estuary, but with the general disuse of these channels during the last decade such a guide-mark is no longer required.
Human Progress; a review
Authors: Crawford O. G. S.
Published: March 2018

No book quite like this has ever been written. That is partly because the scientific discoveries upon which it is based are themselves so new that some of them are still unpublished (the earliest pictograms, for instance). But even when the knowledge is less new it is, for the most part, the special preserve of a few students, of great powers but limited range and outlook. Professor Childe can meet them on their own ground, for he has studied the archaeology of the Near East and India (as well as of Europe) at first hand. Four of the nine chapters in this book ‘are based on first-hand study of the original objects, and reports’ (p. vii); and, indeed, so are the relevant parts of the first three—the last two being of a general nature. There is probably no man living with better qualifications for such a theme as the Making of Man; and that holds true, whether one agrees (as the reviewer does) with Professor Childe's thesis, or not. Most of it, of course, is not opinion but fact.
Mycenae
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: March 2018

The plain of Argos is roughly triangular in shape. The base lies along the sea coast from Lerna to Nauplia and the apex is at Mycenae, which thus overlooks the Argive plain as Deceleia overlooks the Attic. The traveller, who, like Pausanias, approaches Argolis from the northeast by way of Corinth and Nemea and sees, as he emerges from the Tretos defile, the Argive plain opening before him to the southeast, will notice among the foothills to his left a rather inconspicuous, but isolated hill standing out between two steep and rocky conical peaks. This is the citadel of Mycenae. It owes its strength to its natural position, which is easily defensible, and it has an ample supply of fresh water from the spring Perseia running into an underground cistern reached by a secret passage. There were also three wells within the walls and at least one rain-water cistern. No enemy can hope to approach its walls in any force without being observed, and its distance from the coast precludes any danger of surprise from the sea. As a seat of power it is admirably placed. It dominates the Argive plain and it controls the routes that lead northeast to Corinth and the rich districts easily accessible thence, the fertile littoral of Achaia or the Boeotian coast with the central Greek plain behind. The site was thus naturally inhabited early in the Bronze Age, probably from the very beginning of that age on the Mainland of Greece about 2800 B.C., and round it on the outlying hills were neighbouring settlements so that the district even then must have been fairly well populated.
A randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial to evaluate bread, in which gluten has been pre-digested by prolyl endoprotease treatment, in subjects self-reporting benefits of adopting a gluten-free or low-gluten diet
Authors: Rees Dinka , Holtrop Grietje , Chope Gemma , Moar Kim M. , Cruickshank Morven , Hoggard Nigel
Published: March 2018

The aim of the present study was to determine if the enzymeAspergillus nigerprolyl endoprotease (ANPEP), which degrades the immunogenic proline-rich residues in gluten peptides, can be used in the development of new wheat products, suitable for gluten-sensitive (GS) individuals. We have carried out a double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial with two groups of adults; subjects, self-reporting benefits of adopting a gluten-free or low-gluten diet (GS,n16) and a control non-GS group (n12). For the trial, volunteers consumed four wheat breads: normal bread, bread treated with 0·8 or 1 % ANPEP and low-protein bread made from biscuit flour. Compared with controls, GS subjects had a favourable cardiovascular lipid profile – lower LDL (4·0 (sem0·3)v. 2·8 (sem0·2) mmol/l;P=0·008) and LDL:HDL ratio (3·2 (sem0·4)v. 1·8 (sem0·2);P=0·005) and modified haematological profile. The majority of the GS subjects followed a low-gluten lifestyle, which helps to reduce the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms severity. The low-gluten lifestyle does not have any effect on the quality of life, fatigue or mental state of this population. Consumption of normal wheat bread increased GI symptoms in GS subjects compared with their habitual diet. ANPEP lowered the immunogenic gluten in the treated bread by approximately 40 %. However, when compared with the control bread for inducing GI symptoms, no treatment effects were apparent. ANPEP can be applied in the production of bread with taste, texture and appearance comparable with standard bread.
β-Hydroxyβ-methylbutyrate free acid alters cortisol responses, but not myofibrillar proteolysis, during a 24-h fast
Authors: Tinsley Grant M. , Givan Amy H. , Graybeal Austin J. , Villarreal Michael I. , Cross Austin G.
Published: March 2018

This study was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial examining the effects ofβ-hydroxyβ-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) supplementation on muscle protein breakdown, cortisol, testosterone and resting energy expenditure (REE) during acute fasting. Conditions consisted of supplementation with 3 g/d HMB-FA or placebo during a 3-d meat-free diet followed by a 24-h fast. Urine was collected before and during the 24-h fast for analysis of 3-methylhistidine:creatinine ratio (3MH:CR). Salivary cortisol, testosterone, their ratio (T:C), and the cortisol awakening response were assessed. ANOVA was used to analyse all dependent variables, and linear mixed models were used to confirm the absence of carryover effects. Eleven participants (six females, five males) completed the study. Urinary HMB concentrations confirmed compliance with supplementation. 3MH:CR was unaffected by fasting and supplementation, but the cortisol awakening response differed between conditions. In both conditions, cortisol increased from awakening to 30 min post-awakening (P=0·01). Cortisol was reduced from 30 to 45 min post-awakening with HMB-FA (−32 %,d=−1·0,P=0·04), but not placebo (PL) (−6 %,d=−0·2,P=0·14). In males, T:C increased from 0 to 24 h of fasting with HMB-FA (+162 %,d=3·0,P=0·001), but not placebo (+13 %,d=0·4,P=0·60), due to reductions in cortisol. REE was higher at 24 h of fasting than 16 h of fasting independent of supplementation (+4·0 %,d=0·3,P=0·04). In conclusion, HMB-FA may affect cortisol responses, but not myofibrillar proteolysis, during acute 24-h fasting.
The Moral Roots of Partisan Division: How Moral Conviction Heightens Affective Polarization
Authors: Garrett Kristin N. , Bankert Alexa
Published: March 2018

Partisan bias and hostility have increased substantially over the last few decades in the American electorate, and previous work shows that partisan strength and sorting help drive this trend. Drawing on insights from moral psychology, however, we posit that partisan moral convictions heighten affective polarization beyond the effects of partisanship, increasing partisan animosity and copartisan favoritism. Testing this theory using data from two national samples and novel measures of affective polarization in everyday life, we find that people who tend to moralize politics display more partisan bias, distance and hostility, irrespective of partisan strength. These results shed light on a different moral divide that separates the American public and raise key normative questions about moral conviction and electoral politics.
Feudalism, Collaboration and Path Dependence in England’s Political Development
Authors: Leon Gabriel
Published: March 2018

This article presents a formal model of path dependence inspired by England’s history. The introduction of feudalism after the Norman Conquest – the critical juncture – created a large elite that rebelled frequently. The king fought these revolts with the help of collaborators he recruited from the masses. In compensation, he made these collaborators members of the elite. This was a cost-effective form of compensation: rents were only partly rival, and so new elite members only partially diluted the rents received by the king. The dilution from adding new members decreased as the elite grew in size, generating positive feedback and path dependence. This mechanism can account for the extension of rights in England in the early stages of its journey towards democracy.
L'impact des minorités visibles sur l'appui à la Charte des valeurs et l'interdiction des signes religieux
Authors: Ferland Benjamin
Published: March 2018

L’étude propose d'examiner l'impact des minorités visibles sur les attitudes des Québécois francophones face à la Charte des valeurs et l'interdiction des signes religieux dans la fonction publique. En se basant sur les théories du contact et des conflits intergroupes ainsi que la théorie de l'identité sociale, nous faisons l'hypothèse que la proportion de minorités visibles dans une circonscription a un effet positif sur l'appui à la Charte et l'interdiction des signes religieux pour les individus souverainistes (tel que prédit par la théorie des conflits intergroupes) alors que l'effet est négatif pour les individus fédéralistes (tel que prédit par la théorie du contact). À partir de données de sondage, nos résultats confirment que la présence de minorités visibles a un effet négatif sur l'appui à l'interdiction des signes religieux pour tous les répondants, sauf les individus très souverainistes. Par contre, la présence de minorités visibles n'a pas d'effet positif ni négatif sur l'appui à la Charte des valeurs. Considérant que les enjeux d'immigration continueront à occuper l'espace public dans les années à venir, notre étude contribue à une meilleure compréhension des effets de vivre à proximité de populations immigrantes sur les attitudes des Québécois face à l'immigration et plus précisément, quant aux politiques proposées afin d'encadrer la diversité culturelle.
The narrative self in rural dementia: a case study from eastern Nova Scotia
Authors: CHISHOLM RILEY , BISCHOPING KATHERINE
Published: March 2018

This analysis examines how the narrative self of a person with dementia is maintained by family members in a small rural Nova Scotian community. In the literature, the expectation is often that rurality is a condition of isolation, distance from family and limited health resources. However, drawing on three years of ethnographic and interviewing research with a large extended family whose patriarch, Alexander, is a person with dementia, we demonstrate how a community's rurality influences interpretations of dementia. In Alexander's rurality, of particular import are local definitions of belonging, which privilege intimate knowledge of local history, working as a farmer to shape the land, and being of Scottish descent and male. As family members find Alexander's belonging to come into question in their community, we show them to employ narratives in which he is valorised for continuing to uphold local values – of ‘usefulness’ and of ‘being the land’. We show how the family members must also revisit and revise these narratives when Alexander's belonging is further called into question outside the family setting and, specifically, at the local farmer's market, where Alexander is often no longer greeted by other marketgoers. The men and women of the family arrive at different interpretations of this development, with the women considering marketgoers to demean and dehumanise Alexander, while the men feel that the marketgoers are avoiding interactions that would embarrass him. Such disagreements reveal the ongoing emotional labour of creating narratives that lack closure, certainty and consensus, as well as ways in which gender and rurality operate intersectionally in the process of meaning-making.
Modular, hollow culms of rain-forest bamboos explain their persistence across a wide range of light environments
Authors: Fujinuma Junichi , Potts Matthew D. , Kassim Abd Rahman , Harrison Rhett D. , Razak O. Abd , Kohyama Takashi S.
Published: March 2018

Tropical bamboos persist in a wide range of light conditions and quickly respond to changes in light availability. However, the mechanisms underpinning this ability remain unknown. In order to test the hypothesis that the modular and hollow culm architecture of bamboos explains their performance in a wide range of light environments, we determined the allometric relationships of two dominant bamboo species of the upper hill dipterocarp forests of Malaysia,Gigantochloa ligulata(n = 29) andSchizostachyum grande(n = 25), via destructive sampling. We also monitored biomass turnover of bamboos and woody trees in 24 permanent plots (1.92 ha in total) over a one-year period. Compared with woody trees, bamboo culms attained 1.5 times the height and their clumps supported four times as much total leaf area at the same above-ground biomass. In addition, at a given height, bamboo clumps had six times larger crown projection area than trees while having a similar amount of total leaf area per unit of crown projection area. Finally, bamboos’ biomass turnover rate was three times higher than trees, andG. ligulataincreased its specific rate of biomass increase after canopy disturbance, while trees decreased. We conclude that the unique architecture of bamboos allows them to persist under closed forest canopy light conditions and to respond to gap formation via high biomass turnover rate.
An in vivo Acetolactate Synthase Assay
Authors: Simpson David M. , Stoller Edward W. , Wax Loyd M.
Published: March 2018

A method was developed and tested for in vivo assay of acetolactate synthase (ALS). The method used foliar application of 1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid (CPCA) to inhibit ketol-acid reductoisomerase, the enzyme immediately following ALS in biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids, thereby causing accumulation of acetolactate. Since the amount of acetolactate accumulation is a function of carbon flux through ALS, quantification of acetolactate accumulation determined ALS activity. Accumulation of acetolactate in soybean leaves resulted from CPCA rates as low as 15 g/ha and occurred within 1.5 h. Accumulation rates in soybean leaflets declined with leaf age from 84 μg/h/g tissue at 3 d to 17 μg/h/g tissue at 7 d. Foliar application of CPCA also caused acetolactate accumulation in corn, grain sorghum, velvetleaf, common cocklebur, and smooth pigweed. The ability of the in vivo assay to quantify the reduction in ALS activity following applications of ALS-inhibiting herbicides was validated by comparing ALS activity following thifensulfuron application to ‘Williams 82’ soybean, which has a sulfonylurea-sensitive ALS, and ‘Asgrow 3200’ soybean, which has a sulfonylurea-insensitive ALS. Thifensulfuron reduced ALS activity in Williams 82 soybean to 0, 0.8, 3.3, and 15.6% of the CPCA control at 6, 12, 24, and 48 HAT, but ALS activity in Asgrow 3200 soybean was reduced only to 34, 40, 57, and 88% of the CPCA control.