bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influencing Client Expectations About Career Counseling Using a Videotaped Intervention
Authors: Whitaker Laura A. , Phillips Julia C. , Tokar David M.
Published: December 2011

Realistic client expectations about career counseling are essential to positive client outcomes. The authors investigated a videotaped intervention designed to influence participants' expectations about career counseling using a pretest/posttest experimental design. As measured by the Expectations About Counseling‐Brief Form (H. E. A. Tinsley, 1982), undergraduate participants who watched the videotaped intervention significantly increased their expectations of personal commitment to career counseling and decreased their expectations of counselor expertise compared with participants who watched a control videotape. A secondary hypothesis, that changes in expectations would positively affect attitudes toward career counseling as measured by the Attitudes Toward Career Counseling Scale (A. R. Rochlen, J. J. Mohr, & B. K. Hargrove, 1999), was not supported.
The Relationship of Attachment Variables to Career Decision‐Making Self‐Efficacy and Fear of Commitment
Authors: Wolfe Jessica B. , Betz Nancy E.
Published: December 2011

The present study indicated that both attachment bonds and self‐rated attachment style were significantly related to fear of commitment and, to a lesser extent, career decision‐making self‐efficacy. Given previous research showing that fear of commitment is related to career indecisiveness and “floundering,” the possible importance of attention to attachment bonds and styles in career counseling is suggested.
Diverse Pathways of Psychology Majors: Vocational Interests, Self‐Efficacy, and Intentions
Authors: Rottinghaus Patrick J. , Gaffey Abigail R. , Borgen Fred H. , Ralston Christopher A.
Published: December 2011

The authors examine the differences in vocational interests and self‐efficacy of 254 undergraduate psychology majors organized by 7 career intention groups (e.g., psychological research). The explanatory power of individual General Occupational Themes (GOTs), Basic Interest Scales (BISs), and Personal Style Scales (PSSs) of the Strong Interest Inventory (L. W. Harmon, J. C. Hansen, F. H. Borgen, & A. L. Hammer, 1994) and the General Confidence Themes (GCTs) of the Skills Confidence Inventory (N. E. Betz, F. H. Borgen, & L. W. Harmon, 1996) is examined. Results show overall group differences in Holland themes. The BISs, PSSs, and GCTs appear to augment GOTs when used with clients considering psychology or other fields with diverse pathways.
Vocational Skills and Outcomes Among Native American Adolescents: A Test of the Integrative Contextual Model of Career Development
Authors: Turner Sherri L. , Trotter Michelle J. , Lapan Richard T. , Czajka Katherine A. , Yang Pahoua , Brissett Annette E. A.
Published: December 2011

This study tested hypotheses of the Integrative Contextual Model of Career Development (R. T. Lapan, 2004a) by investigating the multivariate effects of 6 interrelated career development skills (career exploration, person‐ environment fit, goal setting, social/prosocial/work readiness, self‐regulated learning, and the utilization of social support) on 6 intermediate vocational outcomes (academic achievement, self‐efficacy expectations, positive self‐attributions, vocational interests, vocational identity, and proactivity) among Native American adolescents. Results showed that individual and shared variance among the skills positively predicted 79% of variance in 5 of the 6 outcomes. Results suggest that each of the skills contributes substantially and in combination to Native American adolescents' career development.
Content Analysis of CDQ From 1994–2003: Implications and Trends for Practitioners and Researchers From a Decade of Research
Authors: Loveland James M. , Buboltz Walter C. , Schwartz Jonathan , Gibson Gina
Published: December 2011

A review of the content of The Career Development Quarterly (CDQ) was conducted for the period between 1994 and 2003. In total, 297 articles were published in CDQ during this period. The content analysis was based on content, authorship, and institutional affiliation. The principal areas of research were career development: life‐span perspectives and women's workforce participation. Of the articles published during this period, 33% fell into 1 of these 2 categories. Compared with the previous analysis (W. Buboltz & M. Savickas, 1994), a change was noted in the amount of research in women's workforce participation, which rose from 1.4% to 12.8%, whereas research on career development interventions fell by approximately 50%. The authors discuss implications and areas for future research.
Applying Image Norms Across Super's Career Development Stages
Authors: Giannantonio Cristina M. , Hurley‐Hanson Amy E.
Published: December 2011

D. E. Super's (1957) theory of career development has long been of interest to careers researchers (M. Savickas, 1994; S. C. Whiston & B. K. Brecheisen, 2002). Its insightful illustration of career stages has made it widely applied by careers practitioners. Image norms may influence the career decisions and developmental tasks inherent in each stage. An image norm is the belief that individuals must present or possess a certain image, consistent with occupational, organizational, or industry standards, in order to achieve career success. Understanding the effects of image norms across D. E. Super's (1957) career stages has important implications for individuals, organizations, and career counseling professionals.
Computer Science Majors: Sex Role Orientation, Academic Achievement, and Social Cognitive Factors
Authors: Brown Chris , Garavalia Linda S. , Fritts Mary Lou Hines , Olson Elizabeth A.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the sex role orientations endorsed by 188 male and female students majoring in computer science, a male‐dominated college degree program. The relations among sex role orientation and academic achievement and social cognitive factors influential in career decision‐making self‐efficacy were explored. Findings revealed that androgynous‐ and feminine‐oriented students scored significantly higher on career decision‐making self‐efficacy as compared with undifferentiated students. No significant sex role orientation differences were found for academic achievement and general and career locus of control.
The Influence of Communism on Career Development and Education in Romania
Authors: Whitmarsh Lona , Ritter Ruxandra
Published: December 2011

Contemporary career counseling research has awakened career counselors to the reality that their theories of development, assessment, and intervention have been constructed within the capitalistic structure of the late‐20th‐century labor force in the United States. The social transition model of career counseling outlined by M. Pope (2000) has identified changes in developmental theory, assessment techniques, and intervention strategies, reflecting changes in U.S. culture in the new millennium. With the career counselor's focus on enhancing multicultural awareness, cultural sensitivity, and globalization, this project presents the societal forces within a Communist environment that influenced the career development process, illustrated by a case history.
Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development—2006
Authors: Tien Hsiu‐Lan Shelley
Published: December 2011

The author presents professional literature published in 2006 related to career counseling and development. The literature is organized into 3 sections: (a) professional issues related to career development throughout the life span, culture, ethnicity, gender, and other specific topics; (b) research related to theoretical and conceptual advances; and (c) career interventions and practice, including issues related to career assessment and technology. Cohesive themes throughout this review are the concepts of social context embedded in career development, multicultural perspectives, and global and international perspectives of career development. Research is encouraged regarding career interventions that are based on career theories specific to certain cultures and in general for global needs.
Career Maturity of Students in Accelerated Versus Traditional Programs
Authors: Borges Nicole J. , Richard George V. , Duffy Ryan D.
Published: December 2011

The authors assessed the career maturity of students in accelerated versus traditional academic programs. Students in traditional programs were hypothesized to be more advanced regarding their career decision making and development when compared with students in accelerated programs. The Medical Career Development Inventory (see M. L. Savickas, 1984) was administered to 441 medical students. Results showed that students in traditional programs had significantly greater career crystallization and career specification. Interventions are needed to further the career maturity and developmental tasks of students in accelerated programs.
Teachers' Occupation‐Specific Work‐Family Conflict
Authors: Cinamon Rachel Gali , Rich Yisrael , Westman Mina
Published: December 2011

To expand work‐family conflict (WFC) research to specific occupations, this study investigated how work and family generic and occupation‐specific stressors and support variables related to family interfering with work (F → W) and work interfering with family (W → F) among 230 Israeli high school teachers. Further expanding WFC research, the authors assessed WFC effects on burnout and vigor. Results indicated that W → F conflict was related to generic variables and more so to distinctive teaching characteristics (e.g., investment in student behavior and parent‐teacher relations). Both W → F and F → W predicted burnout, whereas only F → W predicted vigor. Implications for WFC research and occupational health programs are discussed.
Differences Between Black/African American and White College Students Regarding Influences on High School Completion, College Attendance, and Career Choice
Authors: Daire Andrew P. , LaMothe Saron , Fuller David P.
Published: December 2011

Compared with White persons, Black/African American persons in the United States continue to experience high rates of educational deficits and employment stagnation as well as lower college graduation rates. This study examined the influences on Black/African American and White college students' high school completion, college attendance, and career choice. Results indicate that future income and future status have a greater influence on the career choice of Black/African American college students than on the career choice of White college students. The authors discuss these findings and present implications for career development professionals.
The Job Club Redux: A Step Forward in Addressing the Career Development Needs of Counselor Education Students
Authors: Rutter Michael E. , Jones James V.
Published: December 2011

The career development needs of counselor education students beginning a professional job search have not been systematically explored. Although job clubs have been linked to positive outcomes, there is no empirical evidence that they meet the needs of this group. The purpose of this study was to examine how counselor education students viewed a proposed job club intervention using focus group data. The findings suggested that students had strong interest in a group that emphasized empowerment and collaboration, offered predictable social support, and provided training in specific job search skills. Implications for counselor education and career counseling practice are discussed.
Enlisted Service Members' Transition Into the Civilian World of Work: A Cognitive Information Processing Approach
Authors: Clemens Elysia V. , Milsom Amy S.
Published: December 2011

For many enlisted service members in transition, securing new jobs or careers is among their top priorities (B. Litz & S. M. Orsillo, 2004; U.S. Army Garrison Vicenza, n.d.). The complexity of enlisted soldiers' transitions combined with the significant number of 1st‐term enlisted soldiers returning to civilian life calls for career counselors to heighten their awareness of the specific needs of enlisted service members' entering or reentering the civilian sector. This article presents cognitive information processing theory as a foundation for working with enlisted military personnel who are transitioning into the civilian world of work.
Analysis of an Online Career Narrative Intervention: “What's My Story?”
Authors: Severy Lisa E.
Published: December 2011

Traditional career theory assumes that the work world is predictably stable and individual work preferences remain constant (E. L. Herr, 2001; M. L. Savickas, 1993; R. A. Young & L. Valach, 2000). Emerging theory challenges those assumptions by acknowledging that both change constantly. These theories encourage creativity, empowerment, and theme exploration (N. Amundson, 2005; L. R. Cochran, 1997; M. L. Savickas, 1993; R. A. Young & L. Valach, 2000). This project involved the creation of an online, narrative‐based career intervention based in these new theories. Results indicate that participants using the intervention exhibited less career indecision and more career certainty.
Mindfulness as a Coping Mechanism for Employment Uncertainty
Authors: Jacobs Sharona J. , Blustein David L.
Published: December 2011

Mindfulness‐based stress interventions are well suited to reduce the anxiety of clients living with employment uncertainty. With the advent of globalization, increased job flux, and at‐will employment policies, feelings of insecurity are becoming more prevalent, contributing to work‐related stress (D. L. Blustein, 2006), which in turn is associated with lowered job satisfaction, elevated turnover intentions, and increased cardiovascular risk (C. D. Spielberger, P. R. Vagg, & C. F. Wasala, 2003). Mindfulness, an intentional consciousness learned through meditation, can reduce psychological suffering by reducing the anticipation anxiety experienced by employed workers who face a high degree of employment uncertainty.
Career Issues and Workplace Considerations for the Transsexual Community: Bridging a Gap of Knowledge for Career Counselors and Mental Heath Care Providers
Authors: Pepper Shanti M. , Lorah Peggy
Published: December 2011

The field of career counseling has addressed the needs of several minority groups; however, the transsexual community has consistently been overlooked. Transsexual individuals may face many personal and professional obstacles due to the complex psychological aspects and expensive medical procedures inherent in transitioning (the complex and multidimensional process of changing genders). Maintaining employment and a steady income are vital when engaging in this costly transition experience. In this article, the authors bridge a gap of knowledge for career counselors and mental health care providers by identifying possible workplace issues and propose 4 primary competency components. A critique of the current literature, recommendations for counselors, and directions for future research are discussed.
Validation of a Multivariate Career and Educational Counseling Intervention Model Using Long‐Term Follow‐Up
Authors: Greenwood Janet I.
Published: December 2011

In this study, the author sought to validate the effectiveness of a multivariate career and educational counseling intervention model through long‐term follow‐up of clients seen in private practice. Effectiveness was measured by clients' commitment to and enjoyment of their chosen career paths and the relationship of these factors to adherence to program recommendations. Findings indicated that 65% of clients adhered to program recommendations. Those who adhered to program recommendations were significantly more committed to their careers; however, no significant difference was found in clients' enjoyment of their careers. Additionally, 85% of clients reported that the program met their needs, and 95% would recommend the program.
Frank Findings: Frank Parsons and the Parson Family
Authors: Briddick William C.
Published: December 2011

The historical portrait of Frank Parsons in terms of his early years and family life has endured considerable speculation based on limited information. At the 100th anniversary of his death, new information has emerged to refute some of the widely held claims about Parsons and his family life. It is time to move beyond the confines of secondary sources to primary sources of information about Parsons. The legacy of Parsons deserves a more thorough and accurate examination.
Problems With and Needs for Interdisciplinary Interactions in Vocational Guidance
Authors: Schultheiss Donna E. Palladino , Pennington Deneen
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes 10 presentations in a discussion group of the 2007 joint international symposium of the International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Society for Vocational Psychology, and National Career Development Association held in Padua, Italy. This discussion group focused on interdisciplinary interactions in vocational guidance. The group engaged in dialogue to address the changing needs of world workers in the dynamic global economy by considering interdisciplinary research and practice implications. This article summarizes the major discussion topics and offers propositions for a way for the vocational guidance profession to move forward on these issues.
Training Career Practitioners
Authors: Niles Spencer G. , Engels Dennis , Lenz Janet
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes 8 presentations from Group 8 on the theme “Training of Researchers and Practitioners,” which were part of the 2007 joint symposium of the International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Society for Vocational Psychology, and National Career Development Association held in Padua, Italy. Three themes representing challenges for the profession emerged from the presentations: (a) the need for public policies addressing career development, (b) the need for greater competency standardization, and (c) the need to create innovative training programs. Discussion group participants presented creative strategies for addressing these challenges.
Exploring the Application of Multiple Intelligences Theory to Career Counseling
Authors: Shearer C. Branton , Luzzo Darrell Anthony
Published: December 2011

This article demonstrates the practical value of applying H. Gardner's (1993) theory of multiple intelligences (MI) to the practice of career counseling. An overview of H. Gardner's MI theory is presented, and the ways in which educational and vocational planning can be augmented by the integration of MI theory in career counseling contexts are discussed. The Multiple Intelligences Developmental Assessment Scales (C. B. Shearer, 2007), a research‐based self‐report measure of intellectual disposition, is introduced, and a case study illustrating the effective application of H. Gardner's MI theory to career counseling is presented.
Addressing Career Success Issues of African Americans in the Workplace: An Undergraduate Business Program Intervention
Authors: White Belinda Johnson
Published: December 2011

Career success as measured by the objective, traditional criteria of the composite of high number of promotions, high annual compensation, and high organizational level in corporate America has eluded the majority of African Americans. This article describes an undergraduate business program career success intervention designed to assist African Americans in overcoming the organizational barriers present in corporate America that prevent their upward mobility, examines its effectiveness, and concludes with implications for research and practice in career development and counseling.
Integrating Individual Differences in Career Assessment: The Atlas Model of Individual Differences and the Strong Ring
Authors: Armstrong Patrick Ian , Rounds James
Published: December 2011

Career assessment methods often include measures of individual differences constructs, such as interests, personality, abilities, and values. Although many researchers have recently called for the development of integrated models, career counseling professionals have long faced the challenge of integrating this information into their practice. The authors examine the use of integrated models to enhance the career counseling process, including Armstrong, Day, McVay, and Rounds's (2008) RIASEC‐based Atlas Model of Individual Differences (using Holland's 1997, typology of 6 interest types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional [RIASEC]) and Armstrong, Smith, Donnay, and Rounds's (2004) basic interests‐based Strong Ring. These models provide a structured framework for presenting clients with assessment feedback that emphasizes connections between interests, personality, and abilities.
The Salience of a Career Calling Among College Students: Exploring Group Differences and Links to Religiousness, Life Meaning, and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Duffy Ryan D. , Sedlacek William E.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the degree to which 1st‐year college students endorse a career calling and how levels of calling differ across demographic variables and religiousness, life meaning, and life satisfaction. Forty‐four percent of students believed that having a career calling was mostly or totally true of them, and 28% responded to searching for a calling in the same fashion. Students seeking advanced professional degrees were more likely to feel a career calling, and the presence of a calling was found to weakly correlate with religiousness and life satisfaction and moderately correlate with life meaning. Practice implications are suggested.
Multicultural Career Counseling: A National Survey of Competencies and Practices
Authors: Vespia Kristin M. , Fitzpatrick Mary E. , Fouad Nadya A. , Kantamneni Neeta , Chen Yung‐Lung
Published: December 2011

Career counselors' multicultural competence has not been widely investigated. In this study, a national sample of 230 career counselors completed an online survey that included measures of career counseling self‐efficacy and multicultural counseling competence. Beyond these self‐report instruments, counselors responded to open‐ended items that requested specific examples of their actual multicultural counseling practices. Results indicated that counselors rated themselves as multi‐culturally competent, but those ratings were more closely linked to general career counseling self‐efficacy than to external evaluations of their self‐reported multicultural counseling practices. Findings also reinforced the importance of training and experience in developing multicultural competence.
Applying a Systemic Procedure to Locate Career Decision‐Making Difficulties
Authors: Gati Itamar , Amir Tamar
Published: December 2011

Locating clients' career decision‐making difficulties is one of the first steps in career counseling. The authors demonstrate the feasibility and utility of a systematic 4‐stage procedure for locating and interpreting career decision‐making difficulties by analyzing responses of 626 college students (collected by Tai, 2007) to the Career Decision‐making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ; Gati, Krausz, & Osipow, 1996). In addition, the responses of 2 students selected from this group are individually analyzed and interpreted. The procedure makes it possible to map the various career decision‐making difficulties of undergraduate students and tailor the appropriate career counseling intervention to the unique needs of clients.
Career Issues and Concerns for Persons Living With HIV/AIDS
Authors: Dahlbeck David T. , Lease Suzanne H.
Published: December 2011

As the perception of HIV/AIDS continues to shift from a terminal illness to a manageable disease, persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) are able to reenter the workforce or remain in their current jobs for a longer period of time. Although this change is positive, it also raises many career concerns for PLWHAs. Using an ecological approach and the theory of work adjustment (Lofquist & Dawis, 1969, 1991), the authors provide suggestions for working with PLWHAs on career‐related issues. A case vignette is presented to demonstrate how this approach may be applied.
Success According to Professionals in the Fashion Industry
Authors: Gerber Tara , Saiki Diana
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine career success perceived by professionals in the fashion industry. Two sets of open‐ ended interviews were conducted with 33 fashion industry professionals. The interviews were analyzed for success themes using a grounded approach methodology. External definitions of success mentioned were salary, promotions, sales, being seen as an expert, and having influence. Internal rewards included being innovative, maintaining integrity, and work satisfaction. Attributes identified as important for career success were motivation, flexibility, a positive attitude, networking ability, enjoying work, a mentor, self‐promotion, multitasking, following instinct, dressing well, and doing research.
Individual and Familial Factors Influencing the Educational and Career Plans of Chinese Immigrant Youths
Authors: Ma Pei‐Wen Winnie , Yeh Christine J.
Published: December 2011

The authors explore how individual and familial factors predict educational and career aspirations, plans, and vocational outcome expectations of urban, Chinese immigrant youths. Participants were 265 Chinese immigrant high school students in New York City. The results indicated that higher self‐reported English language fluency and career‐related support from parents positively predicted career and educational aspirations and plans to go to college, lower English language fluency predicted plans to work immediately after high school, and perception of educational barriers predicted negative career expectations. Implications for future research and counseling in the career development of Asian immigrant youths are addressed.
Positive Adolescent Career Development: The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Work Values
Authors: Hirschi Andreas
Published: December 2011

This longitudinal study of 268 Swiss adolescents, spanning across 8th grade, investigated the relation of intrinsic and extrinsic work values to positive career development in deciding, planning, and exploring. Results showed that girls reported more intrinsic and fewer extrinsic work values compared with boys. Students with an immigration background reported more extrinsic values than did students of Swiss nationality. When gender, nationality, and scholastic achievement were controlled, more general work value endorsement was a significant predictor of an above‐average increase in career development over the course of the school year. Endorsement of more intrinsic but not extrinsic work values was related to positive career development.
Using Sand Trays and Miniature Figures to Facilitate Career Decision Making
Authors: Sangganjanavanich Varunee Faii , Magnuson Sandy
Published: December 2011

Sand tray therapy has earned status as a respected, often powerful, therapeutic modality. Counselors have used sand trays and figures for a variety of purposes with children, adolescents, adults, families, and groups. This modality can also be used to facilitate career decision making and related issues as clients create visual representations of their career history, goals, dilemmas, barriers, opportunities, resources, and options. The authors present an overview of the therapeutic use of sand trays and figures, a brief historical review, and a theoretical context. Recommendations for implementation with clients requesting career counseling are provided and illustrated.
Effects of Orientations to Happiness on Vocational Identity Achievement
Authors: Hirschi Andreas
Published: December 2011

There is an increased interest in vocational psychology and career counseling regarding the link between career development and well‐being, yet, little is known about how different ways to achieve well‐being or happiness relate to career development. This study explored the relationship between 3 orientations to happiness (meaning, pleasure, and engagement) and vocational identity achievement among 2 groups of Swiss adolescents (n = 268, 8th grade; n = 208, 11th grade). The results indicated that more orientation to meaning and engagement but not to pleasure positively related to vocational identity achievement.
The Effectiveness of the Strength‐Centered Career Adjustment Model for Dual‐Career Women in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Yu‐Chen , Tien Hsiu‐Lan Shelley
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated the effectiveness of a Strength‐Centered Career Adjustment Model for dual‐career women (N = 28). Fourteen women in the experimental group received strength‐centered career counseling for 6 to 8 sessions; the 14 women in the control group received test services in 1 to 2 sessions. All participants completed the Personal Growth Initiative Scale (PGIS), Job Satisfaction Inventory (JSI), and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) before and after the counseling sessions or test services. Analysis of covariance indicated that there were significant differences between the scores of the experimental and the control group on the PGIS and SWLS but not on the JSI.
Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development—2010
Authors: Creager Marie F. Shoffner
Published: December 2011

This review of the 2010 career counseling and development research presents the breadth and depth of topics published in the field ranging from children's conceptions of career to employee burnout. The review covers topics in the career literature on professional issues, career theory and concepts, career development, the world of work, career assessment and technology, and career interventions. The author summarizes the 2010 research to provide information and direction to career practitioners, theorists, and researchers.
The Career Development Quarterly: A Centennial Retrospective
Authors: Savickas Mark L. , Pope Mark , Niles Spencer G.
Published: December 2011

The Career Development Quarterly has been the premier journal in the field of vocational guidance and career intervention since its inception 100 years ago. To celebrate its centennial, 3 former editors trace its evolution from a modest and occasional newsletter to its current status as a major professional journal. They recount its history of publishing foundational articles in vocational guidance practice and career development theory, commitment to improving counseling practice, leadership in public policy and social justice issues, and expansion to international audiences.
The Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Korean Career Stress Inventory for College Students
Authors: Choi Bo Young , Park Heerak , Nam Suk Kyung , Lee Jayoung , Cho Daeyeon , Lee Sang Min
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean College Stress Inventory (KCSI), which is designed to measure Korean college students' experiences and symptoms of career stress. Even though there have been numerous scales related to career issues, few scales measure the career stress construct and its dimensions. Factor structure, internal consistency, and concurrent validity of the KCSI scores are described. Results indicated that the internal consistency reliabilities of 4 KCSI subscale scores were reasonably high. In addition, the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the modified 4‐factor solution seemed to provide a reasonably good fit to the data. Implications, limitations, and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Catholic Counselor's Book Shelf
Authors: Sullivan Daniel C.
Published: December 2011

Willis D. Nutting, Fides Publishers, Notre Dame

Paul Siwek, Joseph F. Wagner
A Consistent Ethic of Life: An American‐Catholic Dialogue
Authors: BERNARDIN JOSEPH CARDINAL
Published: December 2011

Cardinal Bernardin provides an analysis of the Catholic Church and society at large for developing a consistent ethic of life. The Cardinal's position is that the pro‐life position of the Catholic Church must be a comprehensive and consistent ethic of life. Furthermore, questions of abortion and nuclear war must be linked by a consistent ethic of life. Cardinal Bernardin closes with a conviction that there is a new openness today in society to the role of moral argument and moral vision in public affairs. The Catholic Church needs to commit itself to domestic and foreign policy changes that reflect a respect for life.
Failures of Socialization
Authors: HOGAN ROBERT , SLOAN TOD
Published: December 2011

The incidence rate of crime (andotherindicators of alientation) for school‐aged, young Americans is at its highest level in the history of the country. These figures are normally interpreted in terms of sociological variables suchas “cohort effects” and “unemployment.” Drawing on the tradition of research in culture and personality, we interpret these failures of socialization in terms of certain widespread changes in patterns of child‐rearing.
Karl Marx and Group Therapy: An Old Warning about a New Phenomenon
Authors: COOPER TERRY D.
Published: December 2011

Marx's classic critique of religion is used to explore the social function of many therapy groups. The manner in which groups can act as a conserving force for the status quo is investigated. The argument is made that the Marxist critique can help promote a more realistic social awareness and a more effective perception of groups. A set of questions is provided for group leaders who want to avoid apolitical, asocial, and ahistorical thinking.
A Jamesian Critique of the Counseling Movement
Authors: DAY BRYON
Published: December 2011

This article argues for a “dialectical tension” between critical, psychological theory, and the practice of psychotherapy. It finds fault with the development of the counseling movement from Adler to the present; it also finds, in the philosophical categories offered in the pragmatism of William James, a consistent and fruitful ground for both critical theorizing and therapeutic pursuits. Positivism is rejected in favor of an empiricism that allows for metaphysical statements to be articulated concerning the fundamental structures and truths that constitute the reality of human experience.
A Model for Addressing Spiritual Issues in Counseling
Authors: RUSSO THOMAS J.
Published: December 2011

The hesitancy on the part of counselors and psychotherapists to approach the spiritual concerns of clients has been widely discussed in the literature. Among the various reasons given for the reluctance of counselors and other therapists regarding spiritual matters is that such issues have not been a part of traditional training models. A counseling and psychotherapy training model is proposed here that is both continuous and developmental in nature. The model contains discrete yet continuous levels of learning; Learning Level III is concerned with emergent spiritual issues. The holistic epistemology of Gregory Bateson is used to derive guiding theoretical principles for the training model.
Teachers do not Deal in Widgets
Authors: SHREEVE WILLIAM , RADEBAUGH MURIEL R. , NORBY JANET R. , GOETTER WILLIAM G. J. , MIDGLEY T. K. , STUECKLE ARNOLD F. , DE MICHELE BARBARA
Published: December 2011

Although the use of merit pay, incentive pay, bonus pay, and job promotion are well‐established measures in the private or corporate sector of American society, few examples of successful teacher merit pay systems exist. In 1983, the Eastern Washington University Department of Education surveyed six major private corporations to determine whether corporate merit pay programs could be applied to teachers and educational institutions. Survey findings suggest several reasons why merit pay programs for teachers will probably fail: (a) lack of monetary goals; (b) the necessity for subjective evaluation, which requires multiple measurement devices, extensive supervision, and time; (c) the absence of a many‐tiered corporate structure in most educational institutions; and (d) increased supervisory direction that could stifle creativity and flexibility.
Counselor Values And The Pregnant Adolescent Client
Authors: KENNEDY BEBE C. , FITZGIBBONS MARY C. , CORLEY PATRICIA J.
Published: December 2011

A PREGNANCY FOR AN unmarried teenager is a dynamic and often traumatic situation. It is generally unplanned and frequently the cause of real heartache. Most counselors will respond with empathy to the problem and certainly to the adolescent.
Values and Ethics in Family Therapy
Authors: DOHERTY WILLIAM J.
Published: December 2011

This article is an introduction to this special issue on values and ethical issues in family therapy. The author discusses the historical context for the rising interest in these issues in family therapy, describes the rationale for this special issue, and presents a framework for analyzing the core values of the prominent models of family therapy. The ethical debate over use of paradoxical techniques in family therapy is used as an illustration of a values clash between different models of family therapy.
Exploring Gender Bias Against Women: Ethics for Marriage and Family Therapy
Authors: WEINER J. PAMELA , BOSS PAULINE
Published: December 2011

During the past 15 years, the negative implications of the female gender role, as demonstrated by marital dissatisfaction and mental health problems, have been documented extensively in the social science, psychology, and feminist literatures. In this article, developmental and psychological assumptions about women that are fundamental to current marriage and family therapy practice are explored. The authors call attention to the absence of substantive knowledge about women's development and to the ethical risks associated with reliance on traditional gender role notions in work with female clients. Ethical guidelines for reducing bias in therapy, especially with couples and families, are offered to counselors and therapists for evaluation and refinement of professional gender role sensitivity.
Professionals' Values in Family Assessment
Authors: RYDER ROBERT G.
Published: December 2011

Organized assessment procedures are used as prefaces to therapy to help in transmittal of information and structuring of relationships, as well as in gathering of information. The apparent output from such procedures can be a tangled mix of descriptive information and value judgment in which the values of the tester are confused with facts about those tested. Because of possible costs to therapy and the difficulty of obtaining clear information, caution in the use of such procedures is suggested.
Ethical Issues in Family‐Centered Primary Care
Authors: CHRISTIANSON CHARLES E.
Published: December 2011

In 1969 a new primary care medical specialty, family practice, was formally created. One element in the development of this specialty from the roots of general practice was an understanding of the importance of family process in health and health care. Family physicians are now trained to work with families in the provision of primary medical care, and many provide some formal family counseling and therapy. The family physician who works with families faces many of the same ethical conflicts with which family therapists are confronted. The primary relationship of the family physician to his or her patients, however, as the provider of continuing health care, modifies these conflicts and creates new and vexing problems.
Personal Value and the “Song of the Sea”
Authors: SPALDING PAUL
Published: December 2011

The author draws a contrast between certain pagan hymns of victory and the biblical hymn of victory recorded in Exodus 15: 1b–18. The author notes that in the Exodus hymn, Yahweh, God of Israel, fulfills the role that is assigned by the pagan hymns to a terrestrial king. This shift in emphasis from the human to the divine carries with it a new view of the human creature, which asserts that human beings beholden to this God owe no absolute obedience to any ruler or any state. The biblical hymn, then, praises not simply God but the absolute dignity of all human beings.
Educating for Authenticity
Authors: LEAHY ROBERT
Published: December 2011

Education that has value should aim toward integrating thinking, feeling, and acting. Educators can empower students by helping them learn how to learn about values. D.B. Gowin's (1981) theory of educating shows how this can be done. In this article his theory is used to provide a model for linking literature and philosophy to educate in such a way as to teach about values. In this way, literature is given a philosophical context, philosophical ideas are given an experiential basis, and discussions of values are given the foundation of a theory of educating. An end of education should be self‐educating, in which students learn how to learn, moving them toward autonomy and authenticity.
Outcome of an Alcohol Use and Attitude Survey
Authors: TRYON GEORGIANA SHICK
Published: December 2011

In this study the author discusses an alcohol use survey and summarizes the survey literature on college alcohol consumption.
Faith and Praxis in Theology
Authors: EVANS JAMES H.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author examines the relationship between faith and praxis in theology. The contemporary trends that make this relationship crucial for theology are noted, and its implications for Christian witness are explored through a brief analysis of several “liberation theologies.” The development of the relationship between faith and praxis is traced in Latin American liberation theology, African Christian theology, Asian Christian theology, feminist theology in the United States, and Black theology in the United States. Finally, some observations are given regarding the kind of faith and praxis that is demanded of Christians who would give authentic witness today.
On “Liberating” Theology from Christianity: Religious Values and Political Philosophy
Authors: SCHALL JAMES V.
Published: December 2011

The widely analyzed phenomenon of liberation theology needs to be discussed primarily at the theoretical level of its relation to political philosophy. Essentially, liberation theology serves as a means to co‐opt the ideas, institutions, and motivations of religious people into the service of modern ideology, particularly Marxism. To fully comprehend this school of thought, one must understand it as an aspect of modern Gnosticism. That is, liberation theology accepts the reconstruction of human and cosmic purpose through an interpretation of classical religious ideas in the light of Marxist categories, themselves with direct and intelligible roots in political philosophy. Liberation theology proposes a this‐wordly salvation as the content of the original revelation, while retaining all of the original religious terminology. The final test of such a proposal lies in its purpose and effect. The avowed justification of liberation theology, that is, the alleviation of the poor, can be best achieved by other means and ideas more in conformity with the tenets and means of classical religion and philosophy, which themselves cannot be reduced to mere politics.
On the Dialectics of Liberation Theology
Authors: LAPSLEY DANIEL K.
Published: December 2011

In this article the author argues that no coherent theology of liberation is possible if that theory's rational grounding of historical analysis is based on the dialectics of scientific socialism. After a brief outline of the affinities between the Marxist and Christian salvation histories, the author discusses the scientific status of the dialectical laws, highlights the role that dialectics play in the theology of liberation developed by Gustavo Gutierrez (1973), and reflects on the future development of liberation theology.
Marxism and Liberation Theology
Authors: HUDELSON RICHARD
Published: December 2011

In this article the author provides a concise summary of the main features of Marxism and challenges the thesis of the Vatican's “Instruction on Certain Aspects of the Theology of Liberation” that any use of Marxist categories or analysis entails a wholesale acceptance of Marxist philosophy, with its atheistic implications.
Pastoral Counseling and Confidentiality
Authors: ATKINSON DONALD R. , MILLER HOMER M.L.
Published: December 2011

Pastoral counselors may be unaware of certain potential legal complications caused by differences between the laws governing confidentiality for psychotherapists and those governing confidentiality for the clergyperson. The confidentiality laws (as determined by both legislation and court cases) of California are examined to exemplify the differences in privileges held by psychotherapists and clergy in most states. Confidentiality covers a broad area of communications for a psychotherapist, but only the narrow area of specific penitential communications for a clergyperson. Clergy who are also practicing psychotherapists are advised to be very clear which role they are filling at any given time.
The Sabbath: Implications for Mental Health
Authors: GOLDBERG ALAN D.
Published: December 2011

Jewish tradition established the Sabbath as a special day. Its observance was both part of a religious tradition and an example of psychological health. The author explores the values and attitudes that underlie Sabbath observance, identifies some of the themes and behaviors most characteristic of these observances, and relates these to current mental health practices.
Feminism and Religion
Authors: JAKUBIAK MARY , MURPHY SHEILA
Published: December 2011

Religion—capital R—effectively eliminated the feminine experience in its process of institutionalization as church; religion—small r—the whole human view, cannot be adequately reflected through such a myopic institution. All humans will not be equally respected, given unequal status. Thus, the church becomes a powerful contributor to inherently unjust social, legal, and economic systems. Feminism, negated as a philosophical and religious world view by Western religions, challenges the status quo insofar as it calls for endorsement of full human equality.
The Relationship Between Religiosity and Narcissism
Authors: WATSON P.J. , HOOD RALPH W. , MORRIS RONALD J. , HALL JAMES R.
Published: December 2011

Intrinsic religiosity correlated negatively and specifically with the maladaptive exploitiveness dimension of narcissism. Data are discussed in terms of the contemporary controversy regarding humanistic‐theistic values.
Some Interpersonal Effects of Imposing Guilt Versus Eliciting Altruism
Authors: RUBIN JEFFREY , SHAFFER WARREN F.
Published: December 2011

Two groups of participants observed a videotaped interpersonal conflict involving two friends. The two groups were distinguished by their observing the videotaped protagonist making a request by imposing guilt or eliciting altruism. Immediately after observing the conflict, ratings were obtained from the two groups on their evaluation of the protagonist and their probable response to the protagonist's request. The major results indicated that when altruism was elicited instead of guilt imposed, participants indicated that the protagonist was more likable and respected and that they would be more likely to comply with the protagonist's request and less likely to become overtly or covertly angry at the protagonist.
The Potential Contribution of the Behavioral Scientist to World Peace
Authors: ROGERS CARL R. , MALCOLM DAVID
Published: December 2011

In this brief statement, Carl Rogers, with assistance from David Malcolm, presents his view of the state of the world today. His hope is to disengage the world from a precarious entanglement that threatens human survival. He seeks alternatives that would reduce psychological barriers that impinge on rational communication.
The Underlying Theory: Drawn from Experience with Individuals and Groups
Authors: ROGERS CARL R.
Published: December 2011

This article is based on a presentation Carl made at the University of California, Irvine, on November 8, 1986. Carl focuses on the conditions that facilitate change—both in individuals and groups. Carl connects his theory of personal change with the process for achieving peace.
The Personal and the (Inter‐)Disciplinary: Reflections on Larry Kohlberg as my Mentor
Authors: BOYD DWIGHT
Published: December 2011

Boyd, a philosopher, describes how he came to collaborate with the psychologist Kohlberg, whose theorizing framed problems at the interface between the two disciplines.