bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culture Shock Revisited: The Social and Cultural Contingencies to Class Marginality
Authors: Jack Anthony Abraham
Published: June 2014

Existing explanations of class marginality predict similar social experiences for all lower‐income undergraduates. This article extends this literature by presenting data highlighting the cultural and social contingencies that account for differences in experiences of class marginality. The degree of cultural and social dissimilarity between one's life before and during college helps explain variation in experiences. I contrast the experiences of two groups of lower‐income, black undergraduates—the Doubly Disadvantaged and Privileged Poor. Although from comparable disadvantaged households and neighborhoods, they travel along divergent paths to college. Unlike the Doubly Disadvantaged, whose precollege experiences are localized, the Privileged Poor cross social boundaries for school. In college, the Doubly Disadvantaged report negative interactions with peers and professors and adopt isolationist strategies, while the Privileged Poor generally report positive interactions and adopt integrationist strategies. In addition to extending present conceptualizations of class marginality, this study advances our understanding of how and when class and culture matter in stratification processes in college.
Remarkable Rhinophoridae in a growing generic genealogy (Diptera: Calyptratae, Oestroidea)
Authors: CERRETTI PIERFILIPPO , LOGIUDICE GIUSEPPE , PAPE THOMAS
Published: June 2014

Four new genera (Apomorphyto gen.n. from Costa Rica, Bixinia gen.n. from Australia, Rhinodonia gen.n. from New Caledonia, Rhinopeza gen.n. from Papua New Guinea) and nine new species (Apomorphyto inbio sp.n., Bixinia collessi sp.n., B. solitaria sp.n., B. spei sp.n., B. variabilis sp.n., B. winkleri sp.n., Rhinodonia antiqua sp.n., R. flavicera sp.n., Rhinopeza gracilis sp.n.) of Rhinophoridae (Diptera: Calyptratae, Oestroidea) are described. All new species were included in a morphology‐based phylogenetic analysis to provide arguments for the justification and monophyly (when nonmonotypic) of the new genera and for including these in the Rhinophoridae. The New Caledonian Rhinodonia is a candidate sister taxon to all other rhinophorids, and the Australasian ‘axiniine’ species emerge inside a clade of all Neotropical taxa thus suggesting migration from South America across Antarctica into Australia.

This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:51C1F448‐DDD0‐4F14‐8173‐B8C687F7E841.
Identification of the carotenoid modifying gene PALE YELLOW PETAL 1 as an essential factor in xanthophyll esterification and yellow flower pigmentation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Authors: Ariizumi Tohru , Kishimoto Sanae , Kakami Ryo , Maoka Takashi , Hirakawa Hideki , Suzuki Yutaka , Ozeki Yuko , Shirasawa Kenta , Bernillon Stephane , Okabe Yoshihiro , Moing Annick , Asamizu Erika , Rothan Christophe , Ohmiya Akemi , Ezura Hiroshi
Published: June 2014

Xanthophylls, the pigments responsible for yellow to red coloration, are naturally occurring carotenoid compounds in many colored tissues of plants. These pigments are esterified within the chromoplast; however, little is known about the mechanisms underlying their accumulation in flower organs. In this study, we characterized two allelic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) mutants, pale yellow petal (pyp) 1‐1 and pyp1‐2, that have reduced yellow color intensity in the petals and anthers due to loss‐of‐function mutations. Carotenoid analyses showed that the yellow flower organs of wild‐type tomato contained high levels of xanthophylls that largely consisted of neoxanthin and violaxanthin esterified with myristic and/or palmitic acids. Functional disruption of PYP1 resulted in loss of xanthophyll esters, which was associated with a reduction in the total carotenoid content and disruption of normal chromoplast development. These findings suggest that xanthophyll esterification promotes the sequestration of carotenoids in the chromoplast and that accumulation of these esters is important for normal chromoplast development. Next‐generation sequencing coupled with map‐based positional cloning identified the mutant alleles responsible for the pyp1 phenotype. PYP1 most likely encodes a carotenoid modifying protein that plays a vital role in the production of xanthophyll esters in tomato anthers and petals. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the production of xanthophyll esters in higher plants, thereby shedding light on a longstanding mystery.
Effect of Beverage Flavor on Body Hydration in Hong Kong Chinese Children Exercising in a Hot Environment
Authors: Wong Stephen Heung-Sang , Sun Feng-Hua
Published: June 2014

The purpose of the current study was to examine the effect of flavor on voluntary drinking and thermoregulatory responses in Chinese boys and girls exercising intermittently in a hot environment. Fourteen boys and girls (9 to 11 years old) performed four 3-hour intermittent exercise sessions (20-min walking sessions at 50% VO2peak followed by a 25-minute rest period) in a hot and humid environment (~30 °C ambient temperature and ~70% relative humidity). The participants consumed 1 of 4 beverages ad libitum in a randomized sequence by using a Latin-square principle: unflavored water (W), orange-flavored water (OF), lemon-flavored water (LF), and grape-flavored water (GF). No differences were observed in the total fluid intake (W vs. OF vs. LF vs. GF: Boys, 441 ± 114 vs. 493 ± 106 vs. 387 ± 83 vs. 568 ± 146 ml; Girls, 613 ± 131 vs. 923 ± 204 vs. 825 ± 157 vs. 790 ± 166 ml), urine and sweat output, and physiological perceptual variables among trials and between sexes. The results suggested that Chinese children can maintain body fluid balance while exercising moderately in a hot and humid environment by ad libitum drinking. The flavor of the beverages had no impact on the voluntary drinking and the state of hydration in the current study.
Biochemical markers of neurodegeneration in hereditary diffuse leucoencephalopathy with spheroids
Authors: Spitzer Philipp , Kohl Zacharias , Gölitz Philipp , Coras Roland , Blümcke Ingmar , Brück Wolfgang , Dörfler Arnd , Maihöfner Christian
Published: June 2014

Hereditary diffuse leucoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) is a rare autosomal dominantly inherited disease with unknown pathophysiology. Diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases is increasingly based on biomarkers. Although lumbar puncture is routinely performed during the diagnostic workup of HDLS, reports on alterations of neurodegeneration-specific biochemical markers have not been documented so far. We report a 35-year-old woman with clinical, radiological and neuropathological signs of HDLS. She suffered from a rapidly progressive frontal lobe syndrome. Brain MRI revealed diffuse leucoencephalopathy with predominant involvement of the periventricular white matter and corpus callosum. Although she was severely impaired and leucoencephalopathy was prominent, only cerebrospinal fluid total-τ was moderately elevated. Other markers of neuronal (NSE) and astrocytic (S100B) damage were within normal range. Therefore, biochemical markers of central nervous system damage are not helpful in the diagnosis of HDLS.
Glove and PICO: a novel technique for treatment of chronic wound due to osteomyelitis of the hand
Authors: Narayan Nitisha , Edwards Daren , Ragoowansi Raj H
Published: June 2014

Chronic wounds on the dorsum of the hand are often challenging to treat. Vacuum-assisted closure has enjoyed widespread use in recent years for many difficult chronic wounds as an alternative to surgery. Unfortunately, owing to the unique anatomy of the hand, it is usually very difficult to get a seal without significantly immobilising the hand. We report a case of a chronic wound on the dorsum of the hand as a result of osteomyelitis in a 37-year-old man, which was treated with Single Use Negative Pressure Wound Therapy, ‘PICO’ (Smith and Nephew Co, UK). We combined the PICO dressing with a rubber glove to get a good seal enabling appropriate suction without immobilising the hand. Once the wound bed was ready, the defect was covered with a reverse forearm flap.
The importance of “His” story
Authors: Swafe Leyla , Ail Dhiraj , Makkuni Damodar
Published: June 2014

A 73-year-old previously healthy man presented with a 3-day history of rigours, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, haemoptysis and myalgia. He had not been abroad recently, but reported being a farmer and having had a recent rat infestation. Laboratory investigations revealed acute kidney failure, deranged liver function tests, raised C reactive protein and a chest CT revealed bilateral ground-glass opacities. This presentation was consistent with icteric leptospirosis which was confirmed by serological testing. Following haemofiltration and the administration of antibiotics the patient made an excellent recovery from his leptospirosis.
A delayed diagnosis of Mounier-Kuhn syndrome
Authors: Gouder Caroline , Bilocca David , Fsadni Peter , Montefort Stephen
Published: June 2014

Following a provisional diagnosis of asthma of several years’ duration by his general practitioner, a 43-year-old otherwise healthy man who was a non-smoker was referred to a pulmonologist with worsening productive cough and exertional breathlessness. A thoracic CT scan revealed dilated airways (tracheal diameter 35 mm, left bronchial diameter 20 mm, right bronchial diameter 18 mm). Inflamed and easily collapsible airways were seen on bronchoscopy. The patient remained stable and was followed up with regular spirometry. A follow-up CT scan 7 years later showed tracheobronchomegaly (tracheal diameter 42 mm, left bronchial diameter 25 mm, right bronchial diameter 23 mm) with large cystic spaces consistent with Mounier-Kuhn syndrome. Repeat bronchoscopy showed a massively dilated trachea and generalised collapse on expiration with a dilated thin-walled bronchial tree. He was deemed ineligible for lung transplantation due to the extent of airway involvement making it difficult to anastomose donor lung to native tissue.
Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome: a clinicoradiological amalgam
Authors: Sharma Bhawna , Nagpal Kadam , Handa Rahul , Bhana Indu
Published: June 2014

Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome is a relatively rare syndrome with its typical clinical and radiological features including facial asymmetry, hemiplegia, cerebral hemiatrophy, mental retardation with calvarial thickening, hypertrophy of sinuses and elevated petrous ridge on imaging. We present here a case of congenital type Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome with some additional features in the form of microcephaly, hypospadias and pachygyria.
Stability analysis of three-dimensional slopes under water drawdown conditions
Authors: Gao Yufeng , Zhu Desheng , Zhang Fei , Lei G.H. , Qin Hongyu
Published: June 2014

The traditional approaches for evaluating the stability of slopes or earth dams subjected to water drawdown are performed under plane-strain two-dimensional (2D) condition. Three-dimensional (3D) effect is neglected in assessment of the safety of a slope limited by rigid structures or a dam constrained by a narrow valley. Based on the kinematic approach of limit analysis, a 3D rotational failure mechanism is adopted here to investigate the influence of water drawdown on stability of 3D slopes. Several stability charts are presented to conveniently estimate the safety factor of 3D slopes under four different types of drawdown processes. An example is given to demonstrate the difference in the safety factors obtained from 2D and 3D analyses. When a slope is constrained to a large width (the ratio of the width to the height B/H ≥ 10.0), the 3D effect can be neglected and the plane-strain analysis is appropriate to assess its safety.
Pullout capacity of inclined plate anchors embedded in sand
Authors: Bhattacharya Paramita , Kumar Jyant
Published: June 2014

The pullout capacity of an inclined strip plate anchor embedded in sand has been determined by using the lower bound theorem of the limit analysis in combination with finite elements and linear optimization. The numerical results in the form of pullout factors have been presented by changing gradually the inclination of the plate from horizontal to vertical. The pullout resistance increases significantly with an increase in the horizontal inclination (θ) of the plate especially for θ > 30°. The effect of the anchor plate–soil interface friction angle (δ) on the pullout resistance becomes extensive for a vertical anchor but remains insignificant for a horizontal anchor. The development of the failure zone around the anchor plates was also studied by varying θ and δ. The results from the analysis match well with the theoretical and experimental results reported in literature.
An analytic analysis of d-dimensional Gauss–Bonnet holographic superconductor in Born–Infeld electrodynamics
Authors: Guo Xiong-Ying , Zhang Li-Chun , Zhao Ren
Published: June 2014

We employ the simple analytic method and the variational method of the Strum–Liouville (S–L) eigenvalue problem to analytically study the holographic superconductor phase transition in Gauss–Bonnet gravity with Born–Infeld (BI) electrodynamics in the probe limit, respectively. We find that the scalar hair formation at low temperatures is indeed affected by the Gauss–Bonnet as well as the BI coupling parameters, but also by the scalar field mass and the spacetime dimensional. Our analytic result has been found in agreement with the numerical results.
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film solar cell with buffer layer of DNA-CTMA biopolymer
Authors: Son Won-Ho , Reddy M. Siva Pratap , Choi Sie-Young
Published: June 2014

The characteristics of nip-type a- Si : H thin film solar cells based on DNA-CTMA biopolymer was investigated. The DNA-CTMA was used as the buffer layer in nip-type a- Si : H solar cell. The E opt of the DNA-CTMA biopolymer was measured with UV-VIS spectrometer. The E opt of DNA-CTMA was determined as 3.96 eV by the plot of (Ahν)2 versus hν. All films of amorphous materials were deposited by PECVD method. The solar cell with a simple structure of glass/ITO/n-a- Si : H /i-a- Si : H /p-a- Si : H /DNA-CTMA/ Al was fabricated. The various values of V oc , J sc , FF , and conversion efficiency η were measured under 100 mW/cm2 (AM 1.5) solar simulator irradiation. Consequently, the resulting in solar cell showed an enhancement in conversion efficiency η compared to conventional nip-type a- Si : H solar cell without buffer layer of DNA-CTMA biopolymer.
A Semi-Explicit Finite Element Method for Dynamic Analysis of Dielectric Elastomers
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Qian , Foo Choon Chiang , Liu G. R.
Published: June 2014

A novel semi-explicit finite element method is proposed to analyze dynamic electromechanical coupling behavior of dielectric elastomers. The method consists of an explicit solver to update the velocity field and an implicit solver to update the electric voltage. The electromechanical coupling is realized by including the Maxwell stress in the explicit solver, and introducing the displacement field into the implicit solver. The stability, accuracy, convergence properties and mesh-independence are verified for static and dynamic problems. Numerical examples demonstrate that the method is able to analyze complex deformations resulting from electromechanical instabilities, including snap-through instability and wrinkling.
On the fractional parts of Dedekind sums
Authors: Girstmair Kurt
Published: June 2014

We show that each rational number r, 0 ≤ r < 1, occurs as the fractional part of a Dedekind sum S(m, n). Further, we determine the number of integers x, 1 ≤ x ≤ n, (x, n) = 1, such that S(m, n) and S(x, n) have the same fractional parts.
On effective determination of symmetric-square lifts, level aspect
Authors: Sun Qingfeng
Published: June 2014

Let F be the symmetric-square lift with Laplace eigenvalue λF(Δ) = 1 + 4μ2. Suppose that |μ| ≤ Λ. It is proved that F is uniquely determined by the central values of Rankin–Selberg L-functions L(s, F ⊗ h), where h runs over the set of holomorphic cusp forms of weight 10 and level q ≈ Λϱ+ϵ with [Formula: see text] for any ϵ > 0. Here θ is the exponent towards the Ramanujan conjecture for GL2 Maass forms. We also prove an unconditional result in weight aspect.
Development and implementation of incident response near-infrared models for analyzing contaminated medicines containing diethylene glycol solvent
Authors: Yin Lihui , Zhang Xuebo , Li Xiaodong , Jin Shaohong
Published: June 2014

Samples of preparations contaminated by diethylene glycol (DEG), diethylene glycol raw materials and laboratory prepared solutions were measured to get NIR spectra. Then the identification models were developed using the collected spectra and the spectra of distilled water, propylene glycol and the preparations without diethylene glycol. Besides, the quantification model was also established for determining the concentration of diethylene glycol in the preparations. Validation results show the identification and quantification models have ideal prediction performance. The emergency NIR models are rapid, easy to use and accurate, and can be implemented for identifying diethylene glycol raw material, screening the preparations contaminated by diethylene glycol in the markets and analyzing the concentrations of DEG.
Visible auto-fluorescence in biological fluids as biomarker of pathological processes and new monitoring tool
Authors: Kuznetsov A. , Frorip A. , Maiste A. , Ots-Rosenberg M. , Sünter A.
Published: June 2014

Comparative optical study of biofluids (serum, urine, hemodialysate) by concentration change of endogenous visible fluorescence substance (VFS) has been carried out. Biofluids were collected from chronic kidney diseases (CKD) patients (Pts) as well as from healthy controls (HCs). Excitation/emission spectra are similar for all samples of biofluids differing only in intensity, which is higher for CKD Pts. Strong similarity enables the study of given biofluids from a united physical platform, proposed earlier, i.e., as nanoparticles approach. Specific spectral redistribution of visible fluorescence (VF) intensity as a result of dilution is revealed. The concentration change of VFS by dilution of samples manifests in nonlinear dependences in the scales "VF intensity–concentration" for serum and urine and in perfect linearity for hemodialysate (HD). The latter fact can be used in monitoring of hemodialysis procedure.
Addressing Affordability in the National Flood Insurance Program
Authors: Kousky Carolyn , Kunreuther Howard
Published: June 2014

There is often tension between setting insurance premiums that reflect risk and dealing with equity/affordability issues. The National Flood Insurance Program in the United States recently moved toward elimination of certain premium discounts, but this raised issues with respect to the affordability of coverage for homeowners in flood-prone areas. Ultimately, Congress reversed course and reinstated discounted rates for certain classes of policyholders. We examine the tension between risk-based rates and affordability through a case study of Ocean County, New Jersey, an area heavily damaged by Hurricane Sandy. We argue that the NFIP must address affordability, but that this should not be done through discounted premiums. Instead, we propose a means-tested voucher program coupled with a loan program for investments in hazard mitigation.
Chapter 10 The effect of topography on ash-cloud surge generation and propagation
Authors: Ogburn Sarah E. , Calder Eliza S. , Cole Paul D. , Stinton Adam J.
Published: June 2014

The relationship between valley morphology and ash-cloud surge development for 12 pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) at Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV), Montserrat is investigated. Channel slope, sinuosity and cross-sectional area were measured from high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) using geographical information system (GIS) software; and were compared to geometric parameters of the deposits. The data illustrate three surge-generation regimes: a proximal area of rapid expansion; a medial deflation zone; and a steadier distal surge ‘fringe'. The extent to which these regimes develop varies with flow volume. For larger flows, within the proximal and medial regimes, a strong inverse correlation exists between surge detachment and valley cross-sectional area. Surge detachment is also correlated with observed and modelled flow velocities. Areas of topography-induced increases in velocity are interpreted to result in more pervasive fragmentation and fluidization, and thus enhanced surge generation. Distally, surge deposits appear as fringes with decaying extents, indicative of more passive expansion and decreasing velocity. The results indicate that surge mobility and detachment are a complex product of flow mass flux and topography, and that future efforts to model dense–dilute coupled flows will need to account for and integrate several mechanisms acting on different parts of the flow.
Chapter 12 Geodetic imaging of magma migration at Soufrière Hills Volcano 1995 to 2008
Authors: Elsworth Derek , Foroozan Roozbeh , Taron Joshua , Mattioli Glen S. , Voight Barry
Published: June 2014

We use histories of magma efflux and surface deformation from a continuously operating global positioning system (cGPS) to quantitatively constrain magma transfer within the deep crustal plumbing of the Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV). Displacement records reach a surface aperture of approximately 11 km and are continuous over three successive cycles of eruption followed by a pause spanning 1995–2008, and we focus on data of this time period. The assumed geometry and flow topology is for twin vertically stacked spherical chambers pierced by a vertical conduit that transmits magma from the deep crust to the surface. For a compressible magma column within an elastic crust we use mean deformation rates measured at between 6 and 13 cGPS stations for periods of effusion then repose and the time-history of magma efflux to define optimal chamber depths and basal magma input. The best fit for a constrained constant basal input to the system is obtained for chambers at 5 and 19 km, and a constant magma input rate of approximately 1.2 m
3
s
−1
. Eruptive then pause episodes are, respectively, characterized by synchronous deflation then inflation of both shallow and deep chambers. Throughout this period of three repeated episodes of effusion then repose, the total effusive volume (
c.
0.95 km
3
dense rock equivalent, DRE) has been sourced half from the lower chamber (
c.
0.5 km
3
) and half from below this chamber (
c.
0.45 km
3
). A consistent observation, repeated through three episodes, is that the eruption restarts as the shallow chamber regains its original volume following the pause and that eruption rearrests when the shallow chamber has deflated by a small but constant volume change (
c.
16–22 Mm
3
). This magmatic metering is consistent with a control on eruption periodicity that involves overpressured breaching of the shallow chamber followed by underpressured sealing. We contrast these observations with other contemporary models that have consistently placed an upper chamber at a depth of approximately 5–6 km, and deeper chambers at 12 km and deeper.
Chapter 13 AVTIS observations of lava dome growth at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat: 2004 to 2011
Authors: Wadge G. , Macfarlane D. G. , Odbert H. M. , Stinton A. , Robertson D. A. , James M. R. , Pinkerton H.
Published: June 2014

To solve the problem of lava dome growth at Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV) being invisible and unmeasured owing to cloud, we have designed, built and deployed a ground-based millimetre-wave radar/radiometer: the All-weather Volcano Topography Imaging Sensor (AVTIS). In this chapter, after an outline technical sketch of the instruments, we describe the campaigns between 2004 and 2011 used to test their capabilities. We then present results from the campaigns to illustrate how signals of volcanological interest can be retrieved. The primary measurements of AVTIS are range (to within, at best, about 1 m), and, from that, topography, topographical change and effusion rates, and surface temperature (to within a few degrees Celsius). Changes in radar reflectivity can indicate surface processes (e.g. mass wasting). Surface motion within the instantaneous field of view produces a Doppler signal that allows detection of rockfall. Attenuation of the signal by rain along the path can, when stacked temporally, give an image of rain cloud structure and, by calibration, a rate of rainfall. We regard a strategy of two radars – one permanantly mounted (at Windy Hill) autonomous instrument, and the other used as a rover – as being best for capturing dome growth.
Chapter 14 Continuous and campaign-style gravimetric investigations on Montserrat 2006 to 2009
Authors: Hautmann Stefanie , Gottsmann Joachim , Camacho Antonio G. , Van Camp Michel , Fournier Nicolas
Published: June 2014

Gravimetric time series can provide vital clues about subsurface dynamics associated with active volcanism. Here, we report on continuous and campaign-style gravimetric observations on Montserrat between 2006 and 2009. More than 240 days of continuous gravimetric records enabled us to derive a first local joint solid Earth tides and ocean loading model for Montserrat, and we report the tidal harmonics for 14 major wave groups. Compared to global predictions, the new model (MTY11) achieves an up to one order of magnitude better precision over diurnal and semi-diurnal frequencies. We anticipate that the model will help reduce the effects of tidal perturbations on other geodetic time series recorded on Montserrat. Abrupt variations in gravity accompanied Vulcanian explosions and probably reflect the response of a shallow aquifer to stress changes during pressurization and depressurization of the subvolcanic plumbing system.

Campaign data enabled the quantification of mass variations during a cycle of activity including dome formation and repose. Both forward and inverse modelling of the spatio-temporal time series indicates that the source of the recorded gravity variations is situated beneath central Montserrat. Our favourite interpretation of the campaign data is that the gravity variations reflect volcano-tectonic interaction beneath the Centre Hills of Montserrat that are triggered by changes in the active magmatic system of Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV). We also discuss our findings on subsurface mass variations in relation to annual precipitation records and active dome formation. Both continuous and discrete gravimetric observations indicate coupling between the dominant magmatic sources responsible for the ongoing eruption at SHV and shallow-seated local sources such as aquifers and fluid-saturated fault-damage zones. Our investigations demonstrate the value of including gravimetric observations over a wide frequency range for volcanic system characterization in a volcanic island arc setting.

Supplementary material:

Details on the inversion routine of the explorative source model GROWTH 2.0 and the resulting images from its application to time-lapse gravity data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18701
.
Chapter 17 Petrological and geochemical variation during the Soufrière Hills eruption, 1995 to 2010
Authors: Christopher Thomas E. , Humphreys Madeleine C. S. , Barclay Jenni , Genareau Kimberly , De Angelis Sarah M. H. , Plail Melissa , Donovan Amy
Published: June 2014

The andesite lava erupted at the Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV) is crystal-rich with 33–63% phenocrysts of plagioclase (65%), amphibole (28%), orthopyroxene (7%), and minor Fe–Ti oxide and clinopyroxene microphenocrysts. The andesite hosts mafic enclaves that have similar mineral phases to the andesite. The enclaves are generally crystal-poor but can have up to 27% of inherited phenocrysts from the andesite, the majority of which are plagioclase. The eruption is defined by discrete periods of extrusion called phases, separated by pauses. The enclaves exhibit bulk geochemical trends that are consistent with fractionation. We infer that the intruded mafic liquids of Phases I and II interacted and assimilated plutonic residue remaining from the multiple prior mafic intrusions, while the basaltic liquids from Phases III and V assimilated relatively little material. We also infer a change in the basaltic composition coming from depth. The bulk Fe contents of both magma types are coupled and they both show a systematic interphase variation in Fe content. We interpret the coupled Fe variation to be due to contamination of the andesite from the intruding basalt via diffusion and advection processes, resulting in the erupted andesite products bearing the geochemical imprint of the syn-eruptive enclaves.
Chapter 2 Cyclic phenomena at the Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Odbert Henry M. , Stewart Roderick C. , Wadge Geoffrey
Published: June 2014

Cycles of eruptive activity are generally interpreted as evidence of one or more mechanisms operating in equilibrium. Modulation of cycle characteristics thus reflects changes in the conditions affecting those mechanisms. This kind of semi-deterministic behaviour at the Soufrière Hills Volcano has occurred on multiple timescales and with a range of eruptive intensity. By documenting cyclic phenomena, it is possible to investigate the mechanisms that modulate the state of the eruption and examine conceptual models. Pattern recognition and model development allows some degree of short-term forecasting ability for volcanic activity. We report the cyclic eruptive phenomena that have occurred on Montserrat on scales of hours to centuries. We identify four dominant types of cyclicity: sub-daily variations in lava flux; sub-annual cycles in eruption intensity; multi-annual ‘on–off’ switching of lava extrusion; and multi-decadal recurrence of seismic crises. We exploit a wealth of multi-parameter datasets (including seismic, geodetic, thermal, archive and visual observations), and present the evidence and observations for each type of cyclicity, some of which are documented here for the first time. Wavelet time-series analysis is used to constrain cycle characteristics, where appropriate. We discuss the implications of these observations in understanding the eruptive mechanisms of the Soufrière Hills Volcano.

Supplementary material:

Details of all sub-daily cycles are listed in a supplementary table that is available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18700
.
Chapter 23 Sulphur dioxide diffusion tube monitoring: Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, 1995 to 2011
Authors: Murrell Caroline , Christopher Thomas E. , Bass Venus , Syers Racquel
Published: June 2014

Sulphur dioxide (SO
2
) diffusion tube monitoring has been undertaken on Montserrat since 1995, providing a unique and insightful long-term dataset of ground-level SO
2
concentrations during the eruption of the Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV). The monitoring of ground-level SO
2
is important to assess the potential of human exposure to high levels of SO
2
that may impact on health. Air-quality objectives for SO
2
are present in some countries to prevent potential health impacts. Here we summarise diffusion tube monitoring in Montserrat and analyse concentrations with respect to the potential for exposure to levels above recommended levels. We explore relationships that may exist with SO
2
flux measurements and volcanic events. Concentrations have been higher during pauses in lava extrusion. Diffusion tube concentrations are highest within 5 km of the volcano and at locations downwind of the plume. Areas where concentrations have exceeded relevant limits have been uninhabited since 1996. The potential for human exposure above recommended limits is, therefore, currently considered low, as the population would not have been exposed to high concentrations for extended periods of time. Full-time occupation and/or long-term exposure in the areas where concentrations exceed the relevant limits would not be advised.
Chapter 26 Consequences of long-term volcanic activity for essential services in Montserrat: challenges, adaptations and resilience
Authors: Sword-Daniels V. , Wilson T. M. , Sargeant S. , Rossetto T. , Twigg J. , Johnston D. M. , Loughlin S. C. , Cole P. D.
Published: June 2014

Long-term volcanic activity at Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV), Montserrat (1995–ongoing) has created challenges for society and the resilience of the essential services (infrastructure) that support it. This paper explores the consequences, adaptations and resilience of essential services through interviews with their staff. We find that quick fixes for essential service reinstatement in the north of Montserrat have prevailed. Yet, the legacy of this approach inhibits functionality through inadequate facilities and the perception of sites as temporary, stalling investment. Emigration resulted in staff shortages, retraining requirements and challenges for the viability of specialist services. Low-impact hazards exacerbate shortcomings in essential services, causing power cuts, corrosion, and temporary closures of schools, clinics and the airport. Adaptations developed over time include changes to roofing materials, the addition of back-up systems, collaborative working and the development of contingency plans. Resilience of essential services has improved through decentralization, adaptations, and via strong community networks and tolerance of disruptions. Barriers to increasing resilience include the expense of some adaptations and the current reluctance to invest in essential services, hindering development. We offer some lessons for policy and practice to guide post-crisis redevelopment, through engagement with the community and by complementing community-level adaptations with investment to address long-term needs.
Chapter 3 Dual-chamber-conduit models of non-linear dynamics behaviour at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Melnik Oleg , Costa Antonio
Published: June 2014

Modern geophysical data recorded during lava dome building eruptions indicate the presence of multiple connected magma storage regions. Most numerical models for lava dome eruptions assume a single magma chamber fed from below with a constant or prescribed time dependent influx rate and connected to the Earth surface through a conduit.

Here we present a development of the model of extrusive eruptions considering a system made of two magma chambers located in elastic rocks and connected by a dyke between each other. We use locations and volumes of the magma chambers inferred for Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat from ground deformation studies and seismic tomography.

The model shows cyclic behaviour with a period that depends on the intensity of the influx rate, the volumes and shape of the two chambers and the degree of connectivity of the two reservoirs. For a weak connectivity the overpressure in the lower chamber stays nearly constant during the cycle and the influx of fresh magma into the shallow chamber is also nearly constant. For a strong connectivity between the chambers their overpressure increases or decreases during the cycle in a synchronous way.
Chapter 4 Ash venting occurring both prior to and during lava extrusion at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat, from 2005 to 2010
Authors: Cole P. D. , Smith P. , Komorowski J.-C. , Alfano F. , Bonadonna C. , Stinton A. , Christopher T. , Odbert H. M. , Loughlin S.
Published: June 2014

This paper describes ash-venting activity at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat that was precursory to the onset of three phases of lava extrusion in 2005, 2008 and 2009, and similar ash venting that occurred during the fifth phase of lava extrusion.

We describe in detail a style of mild, tephra-generating activity termed ash venting and its associated tephra products. The nature of the seismicity associated with ash venting is compared with that of explosive activity. All explosive events, from small explosions to large Vulcanian explosions, have impulsive, low-frequency onsets. These are absent in ash-venting events, which have subtle, emergent onsets.

Microscope and grain-size analyses show that ash-venting events and large Vulcanian explosions generate tephra that is similar in grain size (in medial and distal regions), although phreatic events in 2005 were finer grained. Ash-venting products are either composed of fine-grained, variably altered pre-existing material or juvenile material. There is a general correlation between the length of the pause and the length of the period of precursory activity prior to lava extrusion following it. Syn-extrusive ash venting is frequently associated with short-term increases in extrusion rate and is considered to be related to shear-induced fragmentation at the conduit margin.
Chapter 9 Thermal, acoustic and seismic signals from pyroclastic density currents and Vulcanian explosions at Soufrière Hills Volcano, Montserrat
Authors: Delle Donne D. , Ripepe M. , De Angelis S. , Cole P. D. , Lacanna G. , Poggi P. , Stewart R.
Published: June 2014

We show two examples of how integrated analysis of thermal and infrasound signal can be used to obtain, in real time, information on volcanic activity. Soufrière Hills Volcano (SHV) on Montserrat offers the opportunity to study a large variety of processes related to lava-dome activity, such as pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) and large Vulcanian eruptions. Infrasound and thermal analysis are used to constrain the propagation of PDCs and their velocities, which are calculated here to range between 15 and 75 m s
−1
. During the Vulcanian eruption of 5 February 2010, infrasound and thermal records allow us to identify an approximately 13 s seismic precursor possibly related to the pressurization of the conduit before the explosion onset. The associated very long period (VLP) seismic signal is correlated with the gas-thrust phase detected by thermal imagery, and may reflect a change in the upward momentum induced by the mass discharge. Moreover, from infrasound and thermal analysis, we estimate a gas-thrust phase lasting 22 s, with an initial plume velocity of approximately 170 m s
−1
and a mean volumetric discharge rate of 0.3×10
5
–9.2×10
5
m
3
s
−1
. This information provided in real time gives important input parameters for modelling the tephra dispersal into the atmosphere.
Templateless Synthesis and Characterization of Hollow Gadolinium Doped Cerium Oxide Nanofibers by Electrospinning
Authors: Thiabdokmai Chutima , Tangtrakarn Apishok , Promsuy Shatchai , Ngiewlay Pilan , Mongkolkachit Charusporn
Published: June 2014

The hollow nanofibers of Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ(GDC20) were electrospun from the PVP and nitrate precursors. The evolution of hollow channel was investigated by TG-DTA and ex situ TEM for the fibers heated at 250–300°C for 1–5 h. The hollow cores were revealed during the crystallization of nano-GDC20 and the PVP decomposition stage. The structural and morphological properties of GDC20 fibers before and after being calcined at 500–900°C for 8 h were investigated by FTIR, FE-SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, and Raman spectroscopy. The results from XRD and Raman scattering verify the successful doping of Gd3+ions into the CeO2host lattice. The conductivity of the cold-pressed GDC 20 pellet sintered at 1400°C is more than 0.01 S/cm at and above 600°C.
Two NovelCYP11B1Gene Mutations in Patients from Two Croatian Families with 11β-Hydroxylase Deficiency
Authors: Dumic Katja , Yuen Tony , Grubic Zorana , Kusec Vesna , Barisic Ingeborg , New Maria I.
Published: June 2014

Steroid 11β-hydroxylase deficiency (11β-OHD) is the second most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Mutations in theCYP11B1gene, which encodes steroid 11β-hydroxylase, are responsible for this autosomal recessive disorder. Here, we describe the molecular genetics of two previously reported male siblings in whom diagnosis of 11β-OHD has been established based on their hormonal profiles displaying high levels of 11-deoxycortisol and hyperandrogenism. Both patients are compound heterozygous for a novel p.E67fs (c.199delG) mutation in exon 1 and a p.R448H (c.1343G>A) mutation in exon 8. We also report the biochemical and molecular genetics data of one new 11β-OHD patient. Sequencing of theCYP11B1gene reveals that this patient is compound heterozygous for a novel, previously undescribed p.R141Q (c.422G>A) mutation in exon 3 and a p.T318R (c.953C>G) mutation in exon 5. All three patients are of Croatian (Slavic) origin and there is no self-reported consanguinity in these two families. Results of our investigation confirm that most of theCYP11B1mutations are private. In order to elucidate the molecular basis for 11β-OHD in the Croatian/Slavic population, it is imperative to performCYP11B1genetic analysis in more patients from this region, since so far only four patients from three unrelated Croatian families have been analyzed.
Morphological Changes in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of Aging Female Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Engelberth Rovena Clara G. J. , Silva Kayo Diogenes de A. , Azevedo Carolina V. de M. , Gavioli Elaine Cristina , Santos Jose Ronaldo dos , Soares Joacil Germano , Nascimento Junior Expedito S. , Cavalcante Judney C. , Costa Miriam Stela M. O. , Cavalcante Jeferson S.
Published: June 2014

The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are pointed to as the mammals central circadian pacemaker. Aged animals show internal time disruption possibly caused by morphological and neurochemical changes in SCN components. Some studies reported changes of neuronal cells and neuroglia in the SCN of rats and nonhuman primates during aging. The effects of senescence on morphological aspects in SCN are important for understanding some alterations in biological rhythms expression. Therefore, our aim was to perform a comparative study of the morphological aspects of SCN in adult and aged female marmoset. Morphometric analysis of SCN was performed using Nissl staining, NeuN-IR, GFAP-IR, and CB-IR. A significant decrease in the SCN cells staining with Nissl, NeuN, and CB were observed in aged female marmosets compared to adults, while a significant increase in glial cells was found in aged marmosets, thus suggesting compensatory process due to neuronal loss evoked by aging.
Daily Feeding of Fructooligosaccharide or Glucomannan Delays Onset of Senescence in SAMP8 Mice
Authors: Nakamura Sadako , Kondo Naoyuki , Yamaguchi Yoshitake , Hashiguchi Michiru , Tanabe Kenichi , Ushiroda Chihiro , Kawahashi-Tokuhisa Miho , Yui Katsuyuki , Miyakoda Mana , Oku Tsuneyuki
Published: June 2014

We hypothesized that daily intake of nondigestible saccharides delays senescence onset through the improvement of intestinal microflora. Here, we raised senescence accelerated mice prone 8 (SAMP8) on the AIN93 diet (CONT), with sucrose being substituted for 5% of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) or 5% of glucomannan (GM), 15 mice per group. Ten SAMR1 were raised as reference of normal aging with control diet. Grading of senescence was conducted using the method developed by Hosokawa, and body weight, dietary intake, and drinking water intake were measured on alternate days. Following 38 weeks of these diets we evaluated learning and memory abilities using a passive avoidance apparatus and investigated effects on the intestinal microflora, measured oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines. Continuous intake of FOS and GM significantly enhanced learning and memory ability and decelerated senescence development when compared with the CONT group.Bifidobacteriumlevels were significantly increased in FOS and GM-fed mice. Urinary 8OHdG, 15-isoprostane, serum TNF-α, and IL-6 were also lower in FOS-fed mice, while IL-10 in FOS and GM groups was higher than in CONT group. These findings suggest that daily intake of nondigestible saccharides delays the onset of senescence via improvement of intestinal microflora.
Defining Autism: Variability in State Education Agency Definitions of and Evaluations for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Pennington Malinda L. , Cullinan Douglas , Southern Louise B.
Published: June 2014

In light of the steady rise in the prevalence of students with autism, this study examined the definition of autism published by state education agencies (SEAs), as well as SEA-indicated evaluation procedures for determining student qualification for autism. We compared components of each SEA definition to aspects of autism from two authoritative sources: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA-2004). We also compared SEA-indicated evaluation procedures across SEAs to evaluation procedures noted in IDEA-2004. Results indicated that many more SEA definitions incorporate IDEA-2004 features than DSM-IV-TR features. However, despite similar foundations, SEA definitions of autism displayed considerable variability. Evaluation procedures were found to vary even more across SEAs. Moreover, within any particular SEA there often was little concordance between the definition (what autism is) and evaluation procedures (how autism is recognized). Recommendations for state and federal policy changes are discussed.
Large Dosage of Chishao in Formulae for Cholestatic Hepatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ma Xiao , Wang Ji , He Xuan , Zhao Yanling , Wang Jiabo , Zhang Ping , Zhu Yun , Zhong Lin , Zheng Quanfu , Xiao Xiaohe
Published: June 2014

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of large dosage of Chishao in formulae for treatment of cholestatic hepatitis. Methods. The major databases (PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Chinese Biomedical Database Wanfang, VIP medicine information system, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched until January 2014. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of large dosage of Chishao in formulae that reported on publications in treatment of cholestatic hepatitis with total efficacy rate, together with the biochemical indices including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBIL), and direct bilirubin (DBIL), were extracted by two reviewers. The Cochrane tool was used for the assessment of risk of bias included trials. Data were analyzed with RevMan 5.2.7 software. Results. 11 RCTs involving 1275 subjects with cholestatic hepatitis were included. Compared with essential therapy, large dosage of Chishao in formulae demonstrated more efficiently with down regulation of serum ALT, AST, TBIL, DBIL. Meanwhile, there were no obvious adverse events. Conclusion. As a promising novel treatment approach, widely using large dosage of Chishao in formulae may enhance the curative efficacy for cholestatic hepatitis. Considering being accepted by more and more practitioners, further rigorously designed clinical studies are required.
A Simple Approach in Estimating the Effectiveness of Adapting Mirror Concentrator and Tracking Mechanism for PV Arrays in the Tropics
Authors: Ya’acob M. E. , Hizam H. , Abdul Rahman H. , Wan Omar W. Z. , Htay Myo Than , Rahim A. H. M. A.
Published: June 2014

Mirror concentrating element and tracking mechanism has been seriously investigated and widely adapted in solar PV technology. In this study, a practical in-field method is conducted in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, for the two technologies in comparison to the common fixed flat PV arrays. The data sampling process is measured under stochastic weather characteristics with the main target of calculating the effectiveness of PV power output. The data are monitored, recorded, and analysed in real time via GPRS online monitoring system for 10 consecutive months. The analysis is based on a simple comparison of the actual daily power generation from each PV generator with statistical analysis of multiple linear regression (MLR) and analysis of variance test (ANOVA). From the analysis, it is shown that tracking mechanism generates approximately 88 Watts (9.4%) compared to the mirror concentrator which generates 144 Watts (23.4%) of the cumulative dc power for different array configurations at standard testing condition (STC) references. The significant increase in power generation shows feasibilities of implying both mechanisms for PV generators and thus contributes to additional reference in PV array design.