bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An IoT and Blockchain‐based approach for the smart water management system in agriculture
Authors: Zeng Hui , Dhiman Gaurav , Sharma Ashutosh , Sharma Amit , Tselykh Alexey
Published: November 2021

Agriculture in rural areas facing critical issues such as irrigation with the increase in water crises followed by some other issues line seed quality, poor fertilizers and many others. The recent advances suggest that IoT and Blockchain Technology along with artificial intelligence will be most dominant technologies in near future. In this article, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) with Blockchain technology is implemented for monitoring agricultural fields efficiently. An efficient seed quality monitoring and smart water management system is design using IoT and Blockchain Technology for managing and coordinating the use of good quality seeds and water resources among communities. The Blockchain network is implemented for securing the information and supporting trust among the members of community. The Blockchain network is also implemented for sporting trust among commercial resource constrained systems, which are communicating with the Blockchain network consisting of a hardware platform. The design of a prototype and its performance evaluation based on implementation is also presented.
Economic stress, parenting, and adolescents’ adjustment during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Low Natalie , Mounts Nina S.
Published: November 2021

Objective

This investigation examined pathways through which financial stress impacts parents’ and adolescents’ well‐being during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Background

Pandemic‐related stress (e.g., financial stress) experienced by parents may indirectly affect adolescents’ well‐being, although the pathways involved are currently unknown.

Method

Families currently living in the United States and having adolescents between 12 and 18 years old participated in this investigation (N = 272). Parents responded to questionnaires online about their financial situation, personal well‐being, relationship with their oldest typically developing adolescent (12–18 years old; Mage = 14.74; SDage = 1.80; 46.4% young women), and their adolescents’ well‐being.

Results

Higher levels of financial stress were related to higher levels of parental psychological distress, higher levels of parenting stress, and higher levels of adolescent loneliness. Higher stay‐at‐home intensity was related to higher levels of parenting stress, higher levels of parent–adolescent conflict, and poorer adolescent adjustment. Several significant indirect paths were identified between financial stress and adolescents’ adjustment. The relationship between financial stress and adolescents’ well‐being (i.e., internalizing behaviors and loneliness) was mediated by parental psychological distress and parenting stress. When parenting stress was a mediator, the effect was more pronounced the more time families spent at home.

Conclusion

Parents who were worried about their financial situation had greater difficulty with psychological distress and parenting stress, especially when parents were spending more time at home.

Implications

Understanding the way in which financial stress influences parents’ and adolescents’ adjustment during the pandemic will inform and prepare practitioners and policymakers for similar situations in the future.
Innate immunity and inflammophagy: balancing the defence and immune homeostasis
Authors: Chauhan Swati , Jena Kautilya Kumar , Mehto Subhash , Chauhan Nishant Ranjan , Sahu Rinku , Dhar Kollori , Yadav Rina , Krishna Sivaram , Jaiswal Pundrik , Chauhan Santosh
Published: November 2021

Extensive crosstalk exists between autophagy and innate immune signalling pathways. The stimuli that induce pattern recognition receptor (PRR)‐mediated innate immune signalling pathways, also upregulate autophagy. The purpose of this increased autophagy is to eliminate the stimuli and/or suppress the inflammatory pathways by targeted degradation of PRRs or intermediary proteins (termed ‘inflammophagy’). By executing these functions, autophagy dampens excess inflammation triggered by the innate immune signalling pathways. Thus, autophagy helps in the maintenance of the body's innate immune homeostasis to protect from inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Many autophagy‐dependent mechanisms that could control innate immune signalling have been studied over the last few years. However, still, the understanding is incomplete, and studies that are more systematic should be undertaken to delineate the mechanisms of inflammophagy. Here, we discuss the available knowledge of crosstalk between autophagy and PRR signalling pathways.
De novo developed protein binders mimicking Interferon lambda signaling
Authors: Kolářová Lucie , Zahradník Jiří , Huličiak Maroš , Mikulecký Pavel , Peleg Yoav , Shemesh Maya , Schreiber Gideon , Schneider Bohdan
Published: November 2021

We hereby describe the process of design and selection of nonantibody protein binders mimicking cytokine signaling. We chose to mimic signaling of IFN‐λ1, type 3 interferon (also known as IL‐29) for its novelty and the importance of its biological functions. All four known interferons λ signal through binding to the extracellular domains of IL‐28 receptor 1 (IL‐28R1) and IL‐10 receptor 2 (IL‐10R2). Our binders were therefore trained to bind both receptors simultaneously. The bifunctional binder molecules were developed by yeast display, a method of directed evolution. The signaling capacity of the bivalent binders was tested by measuring phosphorylation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and production of mRNA of six selected genes naturally induced by IFN‐ λ1 in human cell lines. The newly developed bivalent binders offer opportunities to study cytokine‐related biological functions and modulation of the cell behavior by receptor activation on the cell surfaces alternative to the use of natural IFN‐λ.
The recognition of coordinative compound words by learners of Chinese as a foreign language: A mixed methods study
Authors: Sun Jing , Pae Hye K. , Ai Haiyang
Published: November 2021

Learners of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) tend to swap the two characters within a coordinative compound word in verbal identification and written production. This mixed methods study not only investigated how CFL learners identified intercharacter orthographic and semantic relationships within two‐morpheme coordinative compound words, but also explored how they used decoding strategies to resolve confusion related to constituent characters within compound words. Thirty‐two English‐speaking learners of Chinese participated in this study. The quantitative strand using a lexical decision task revealed significant character transposition effects and intercharacter semantic similarity effects but nonsignificant intercharacter orthographic similarity effects. Such effects were supported and further complemented by qualitative findings from a semistructured interview on learners' thought processes for compound word recognition. The nonsignificant intercharacter orthographic similarity effects were attributable to the meaning relationships between the constituent characters that shared the same radicals. Taken together, the results suggested that CFL learners tended to perceive compound words as whole units. For pedagogical recommendations, this study emphasized the importance of sublexical radical knowledge, morphological awareness for self‐sufficient vocabulary building, and character handwriting for CFL learners' efficient reading development.
High growth performance in the early ontogeny of an amphidromous fish, Ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis, promoted survival during a disastrous river spate
Authors: Murase Iki , Iguchi Kei’ichiro
Published: November 2021

Although river floods and spates have a major influence on fish populations, few studies have examined the selective pressure on individuals and traits that favour their survival. In this study, the factors that potentially affect the survival of an amphidromous fish species, ayu Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis (Temminck & Schlegel), during a major spate were examined. Using otolith analyses, ayu in the Takahashi River, Okayama, Japan, were compared before (April; n = 50) and after (September; n = 32) a spate with regard to their respective hatch‐date distributions, standard body length and age at upstream migration, age at metamorphosis, and larval and juvenile growth rates. When comparing juvenile traits, surviving adult ayu grew faster than individuals collected before the spate. These findings suggest that juvenile growth rate is a key factor for enhancing subsequent survival and highlight the importance of conserving suitable nursery habitats to enhance fish survival during future floods.
Women deserve better: A discussion on COVID‐19 and the gendered organization in the new economy
Authors: Johnson Simisola
Published: November 2021

It is often thought that large‐scale shocks to society (e.g., war, epidemics, financial collapses etc) equalize societal inequalities, however, we have witnessed a one‐in‐century pandemic (and the economic downturn it has triggered), widen rather than narrow an enduring global injustice: gendered organizations. With women bearing the brunt of school closures, mass lay‐offs and increase in care duties due to lockdowns, racialized women at increased risk of COVID exposure due to essential worker status, and men reaping the benefits of rapid, technological transformations of the economy—largely amplified by pandemic disruptions—it appears that white, masculine bodies and abilities in the workforce are inoculated from the perils of disaster. Equality matters, especially in times of crisis. Following this idea, the author draws on Joan Acker's “ideal worker” concept to demonstrate how pandemic disparities in the workforce are challenging organizational practices, expectations, and experiences worldwide to evolve. This article concludes with a call for workplace policy reforms as a means to advance gender parity goals, as it is critical to achieving organizational inclusivity, and overall, a thriving society and economy post‐pandemic.
Urologic dermatology: a comprehensive foray into the noninfectious etiologies of balanitis
Authors: Nemirovsky Daniel R. , Singh Rohan , Jalalian Aria , Malik Rena D.
Published: November 2021

Balanitis is classically defined as inflammation of the glans penis, often also encompassing the prepuce (balanoposthitis). Several investigations have found that a sizable proportion of urology clinic visits are due to balanitis or related complaints. Balanitis can have numerous complications, including severe pain, urethral stenosis, phimosis, sexual dysfunction, and if untreated, malignancy. Unfortunately, there is no recent or comprehensive review that describes the various etiologies, clinical workup, and treatments for balanitis. Herein this review, we attempt to provide the reader with a complete and updated guide to balanitis in an attempt to improve clinical outcomes.
Banners of the Double Kingdom: How to Identify the Product of Creation and Its Order
Authors: Epsen Edward
Published: November 2021

One of the important dogmatic questions concerning the creed’s first article is to understand what gets produced in the divine act of creation and how that product is ontologically ordered. Traditionally creation is regarded as a double product of two kingdoms, heaven and earth, where God’s sovereign governance of earth is mediated through a governance already established in the created realm of heaven. I show that there are theological and philosophical reasons for affirming that God not only makes heaven and earth, but ontologically orders them so that the visible things are made from, or through the mediation of, the invisible.
Effect of keishibukuryogan combined with tocopherol nicotinate on sperm parameters in patients with a varicocele
Authors: Takeshima Teppei , Karibe Jurii , Saito Tomoki , Ishibashi Yukari , Usui Kimitsugu , Mori Kohei , Kuroda Shinnosuke , Komeya Mitsuru , Yumura Yasushi
Published: November 2021

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of keishibukuryogan, a traditional Kampo formula known to be an anti‐Oketsu (impaired microcirculation and non‐physiological blood congestion) drug, in combination with an anti‐oxidant for the treatment of varicoceles.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 119 patients with palpable and subclinical varicoceles who were treated with 7.5 g/day of keishibukuryogan and 600 mg/day of tocopherol nicotinate. Their motile sperm concentrations at the start of medication and after 3 months were compared. As a subgroup analysis, a comparison test was carried out between patients with a high‐grade varicocele and those with a low‐grade varicocele.

Results

The mean age of the study patients was 35.6 years. Among them, 17, 41, 44 and 17 had subclinical, grade 1, grade 2 and grade 3 varicoceles, respectively. Overall, the differences in motile sperm concentration (millions/mL) before and after treatment were not significant (median 0.58, 95% confidence interval −0.12 to 1.56; P = 0.115). The results of the subgroup analysis showed that the motile sperm concentration in patients with a low‐grade varicocele significantly increased (median 1.21, 95% confidence interval 0.45–2.47; P = 0.024); however, no significant improvements were seen in patients with a high‐grade varicocele.

Conclusions

The results of the present study showed that the combination of keishibukuryogan and an anti‐oxidant had a limited effect on varicoceles, but they suggest that it is effective for the treatment of low‐grade varicoceles.
Australia’s superior skilled migration outcomes compared with Canada’s
Authors: Harrap Benjamin , Hawthorne Lesleyanne , Holland Margaret , McDonald James Ted , Scott Anthony
Published: November 2021

Australia and Canada are global exemplars of skilled migration policy, designed to have important effects on economic growth. This article assesses the development and outcomes of their permanent migration programmes for a range of regulated professions. We compare the matched census data from both countries in 2016 and then examine the key drivers of the major differences found through qualitative interviews. Although the trends in numbers and source countries and characteristics of skilled migrants are similar, their earnings relative to equivalent native‐born earnings are far lower in Canada than in Australia. This reflects the Australian government's greater power to initiate and drive policy reform agendas, early strategies designed to enhance foreign credential recognition and a heightened role for employers including through two‐step migration. Canada has recently announced significantly expanded migration intakes. These seem unlikely to lead to strong economic growth, unless entry requirements are tightened and more targeted support provided.
The making and the portrayal of Scottish distinctiveness: How does the narrative create its audience?
Authors: Nicolson Marcus , Korkut Umut
Published: November 2021

How do states present themselves as inclusive towards migrants and their citizens? This article traces the discourse‐to‐audience framework through an analysis of the Scottish government's rhetoric on Scottish distinctiveness and its effect on how young migrants see Scotland. In order, we examine how the discourse of Scottish distinctiveness is constructed and conveyed through a close examination of Scottish First Minister Nicola Sturgeon's public speeches. Through the examples given, we see how an image of Scotland as open, inclusive and outward‐looking is invoked. We then examine how the discourse fosters its audiences through narrative interviews conducted with young adult migrants living in Scotland. We operationalize Foucault's theory of governmentality to this extent and argue that the macro narrative of distinctiveness directs the ‘conduct of conduct’ of young migrants in Scottish society.
Reflections on return migration: Understanding how African immigrants in Canada contemplate return
Authors: Mensah Joseph , Owusu Ansah Augustine
Published: November 2021

Even though research on return migration has flourished in the last decade, we still know very little about how immigrants contemplate the decision to return to the homeland. Using multinomial logistic regression, we examined the variables underpinning the return intentions of African immigrants in Canada—specifically, Ghanaians and Somalis in Toronto and Vancouver. Our key independent variables included immigrants’ socioeconomic characteristics, their time‐ and place‐utility factors, their attachments to the homeland, their integration into the Canadian society and their perceived levels of racism in Canada. We found that respondents who were born in Somalia were less likely to have return intentions, compared with those who were born in Ghana. Also, those who lived in Toronto were more likely to have return intentions relative to those who lived in Vancouver. Moreover, those who perceived the level of racism in Canada to be high were more likely to have return intentions.
Micro but mighty—Micronutrients in the epigenetic regulation of adaptive immune responses*
Authors: Chen Heng‐Yi , Hsu Michael , Lio Chan‐Wang Jerry
Published: November 2021

Micronutrients are essential small molecules required by organisms in minute quantity for survival. For instance, vitamins and minerals, the two major categories of micronutrients, are central for biological processes such as metabolism, cell replication, differentiation, and immune response. Studies estimated that around two billion humans worldwide suffer from micronutrient deficiencies, also known as “hidden hunger,” linked to weakened immune responses. While micronutrients affect the immune system at multiple levels, recent studies showed that micronutrients potentially impact the differentiation and function of immune cells as cofactors for epigenetic enzymes, including the 2‐oxoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase (2OGDD) family involved in histone and DNA demethylation. Here, we will first provide an overview of the role of DNA methylation in T cells and B cells, followed by the micronutrients ascorbate (vitamin C) and iron, two critical cofactors for 2OGDD. We will discuss the emerging evidence of these micronutrients could regulate adaptive immune response by influencing epigenetic remodeling.
Suicide by hanging: A scoping review
Authors: Sabrinskas Rachael , Hamilton Bridget , Daniel Catherine , Oliffe John
Published: November 2021

Suicide by hanging is increasing in many countries around the world and whilst efforts are being made to influence the prevention agenda to reduce the incidence, little is known regarding the contributing factors for choosing this method. The purpose of this scoping review is to summate understandings about how the epidemiology and prevention of suicide by hanging is recognised, described, and discussed in the literature, and critically appraise the extent to which the lived‐experiences of survivors of suicide attempts are included. A scoping review was conducted implementing the appropriate framework and in accord with the PRIMSA‐ScR extension. Three databases (CINAHL, PubMed, and PsycINFO) were searched along with the reference lists of eligible sources in January and February 2021. Thirty‐six articles with a primary focus on hanging as a method of suicide and/or its prevention are included in this review, with brief thematic analysis used to summarise the featured studies. Three distinct themes emerging from the literature include: (i) Hanging suicide deaths in the community environment or person’s usual place of residence, (ii) Hanging suicide deaths in controlled environments (including police cells, prisons, and inpatient units), and (iii) Medical management of near‐lethal hangings. This review highlights the necessity for improving education and policy regarding the controlled environments frequently associated with hanging suicides and the medical management of near‐lethal hangings, as well as the ongoing need for policy to guide and govern the responsible media portrayal of known suicides as well as fictional hangings. Finally, this review highlights the necessity for including those with lived‐experiences of a suicide attempt by hanging to advance the current prevention agenda.
Role of age and birth month in infants hospitalized with RSV‐confirmed disease in the Valencia Region, Spain
Authors: Mira‐Iglesias Ainara , Demont Clarisse , López‐Labrador F. Xavier , Mengual‐Chuliá Beatriz , García‐Rubio Javier , Carballido‐Fernández Mario , Tortajada‐Girbés Miguel , Mollar‐Maseres Juan , Schwarz‐Chavarri Germán , Puig‐Barberà Joan , Díez‐Domingo Javier ,   for the Valencia Hospital Network for the Study of Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses
Published: November 2021

Background

RSV is the leading cause of hospital admissions in infants and the principal cause of bronchiolitis in young children. There is a lack of granular data on RSV‐associated hospitalization per season using laboratory confirmed results. Our current study addresses this issue and intends to fill this gap.

Methods

The study was conducted from 2014 through 2018, in 4 to 10 hospitals in the Valencia Region, Spain. Infants included in this study were admitted in hospital through the Emergency Department with a respiratory complaint and tested by RT‐PCR for RSV in a central laboratory.

Results

Incidence rates of RSV‐associated hospitalization varied by season and hospital. Overall, the highest incidence rates were observed in 2017/2018. RSV‐associated hospitalization was highest in infants below 3 months of age and in those born before or at the beginning of the RSV season. Almost 54% of total infants hospitalized with laboratory confirmed RSV were found to be born outside the season, from April to October. The RSV positivity rate by ICD‐10 discharged codes varied by season and age with results from 48% to 57% among LRI (J09‐J22).

Conclusion

The study was instrumental in bringing forth the time unpredictability of RSV epidemics, the critical impact of age, and the comparable distribution of RSV‐associated hospitalization in infants born on either side of the RSV season. These data could help in better characterization of the population that drives the healthcare burden and is crucial for the development of future immunization strategies, especially with upcoming vaccines in against RSV.
Internal developmental assets and substance use among Hispanic adolescents. A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Belintxon Maider , Calatrava María , Osorio Alfonso , Balaguer Álvaro , Vidaurreta Marta
Published: November 2021

Aims

To determine the associations between internal assets (planning and decision‐making, interpersonal competence and commitment to learning) and substance use (tobacco, alcohol, binge drinking, marijuana use and other drugs).

Design

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in four countries (Chile, Mexico, Spain and Peru).

Methods

Adolescents aged 12–18 self‐completed a multi‐purpose questionnaire between 2016 and 2019. Multiple logistic regressions and structural equation models were performed to analyse the association between internal assets (planning and decision‐making, interpersonal competence, and commitment to learning) and substance use.

Results

The results indicate that planning and decision‐making and commitment to learning are conducive to the prevention of substance use. On the contrary, interpersonal competence was not associated with substance use.

Conclusion

The present study shows that planning and decision‐making and commitment to learning can be relevant factors in explaining substance use during adolescence. Internal assets can be an important aspect to include in health promotion interventions with children, youth and families to prevent substance use. These findings may be useful for researchers, schools, paediatric nurse practitioners, and health professionals in general to design health programs focused on children and adolescents. Furthermore, the Developmental Assets framework has been proved as a suitable frame of reference for paediatric nurse practitioners to assess and develop child and adolescent positive development and design health promotion interventions to prevent substance use.
First evidence of post‐glacial contraction of Alpine endemics: Insights from Berardia subacaulis in the European Alps
Authors: Guerrina Maria , Theodoridis Spyros , Minuto Luigi , Conti Elena , Casazza Gabriele
Published: November 2021

Aim

Late Quaternary glaciations left an enduring imprint on the distribution of species and their genetic structure. The responses of plants endemic to the Alps can be summarized in three major demographic hypotheses: (i) post‐glacial expansion hypothesis; (ii) post‐glacial contraction hypothesis; and (iii) long‐term stability hypothesis. Here we test these hypotheses and reconstruct the time and extent of demographic responses of an endemic plant to the Late Quaternary climate dynamics.

Location

European Alps.

Taxon

Berardia subacaulis Vill. (Asteraceae).

Methods

We used species distribution models to estimate the paleodistribution of B. subacaulis (Asteraceae) throughout the last 28 Ky and generated genome‐wide sequences to estimate current patterns of spatial structure of genetic diversity. We tested five demographic models by integrating the results of the two independent approaches in an Approximate Bayesian Computation framework.

Results

The species has weak genetic differentiation among populations, with two main genetic groups. Species distribution models showed a reduction in potentially suitable areas for B. subacaulis during the post‐glacial climate warming and demographic models identified a recent split (2.46 Kya) between the two genetic groups and they slightly supported the post glacial contraction hypothesis.

Main conclusions

Taken together, our results support the post‐glacial contraction of an endemic plant, differing from the main pattern observed for endemics species in the European Alps during the Late Quaternary. The different pattern observed in B. subacaulis might be due to several factors, including the less severe effects of glaciations and the environmental heterogeneity of the South Western Alps, combined with some features of the species (i.e. poor dispersal ability, slow growth and microhabitat preferences). Future research in areas where the ice cover was less extensive will contribute to a more complete understanding of the role of climatic changes in shaping the endemics of the European Alps.
The impact of functional interdependencies of computer simulations on collaborative learning: Evidence from multiple sources
Authors: Liu Chen‐Chung , Lin Tsun‐Wei , Cheng Chia‐Hui , Wen Cai‐Ting , Chang Ming‐Hua , Fan Chiang Shih‐Hsun , Tsai Meng‐Jung , Lin Hung‐Ming , Hwang Fu‐Kwun
Published: November 2021

Background

Collaborative computer simulations are available on some online platforms which support students at distributed locations to synchronously collaborate on the simulations to learn sciences. However, how students collaborate with each other in collaborative simulations is not clear.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate whether functional interdependency would influence learning.

Methods

Two collaborative learning models with different functional interdependencies were examined (the synchronous model and the distributed accountability model). Multiple data sources obtained from 64 students were collected and analyzed. We discuss the collaborative learning with two levels of factors: the individual‐level factors (i.e., individual perceptions of teamwork quality, visual attention and learning performance before and after a simulation activity) and the pair‐level factors (i.e., discourse data and joint attention). Given that the pair‐level factors in the collaborative learning environment may affect the individual‐level factors, we further discuss the interactions of the two levels of factors in different collaborative learning models with hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis.

Results and Conclusions

The analytical results of the individual‐level factors found participants in the distributed accountability model demonstrated more frequent and longer attention to the learning activity. Furthermore, the results indicated that the two simulation learning activities would enhance the participants' learning performance except in Q2. For the pair‐level factors, the results demonstrated that the participants in the distributed accountability model showed more active discourse segments but similar joint attention patterns in the learning activity. The results of the HLM analysis indicated that the students in the distributed accountability model had to collaborate with their partners through more constructive dialogue, and focused on the same areas of interest to enhance their learning performance, as the complexity of the distributed accountability design was implemented in a simulation learning activity.

Major takeaways

We found that the increase of functional interdependency cannot guarantee students' learning effect in collaborative learning and may hinder the communication that is needed during collaboration. Researcher may need to consider other collaboration tools to enhance the reciprocal reflection.
Perspectives of Doulas of Color on their Role in Alleviating Racial Disparities in Birth Outcomes: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Kathawa Cosette A. , Arora Kavita Shah , Zielinski Ruth , Low Lisa Kane
Published: November 2021

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to explore how doulas of color conceptualize both their work and how their racial and ethnic identities influence their work within the context of racial disparities in birth outcomes in the United States.

Methods

We conducted semistructured qualitative interviews with doulas of color who had attended at least 3 births as doulas. Participants were recruited from across the United States. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative content analysis was used to derive themes from the transcribed interviews.

Results

Interviews were conducted with 8 doulas of color, ranging in age from 21 to 47 from across the United States. All participants were either current college students or had earned a college degree. Although many of the doulas identified as being of more than one racial or ethnic group, nearly all participants identified closely with being Black or African American first, and their other racial groups second. Four major themes emerged: relationship with the medical system, role of identity in the doulas' work, role of class, and divisions within the natural birth movement.

Discussion

The majority of doulas who participated in this study stated that their racial identity strongly influenced their work, particularly when working with women of the same race or ethnicity due to their shared identities. Several participants initially became doulas because of a desire to alleviate disparities in birth outcomes for women of color. This suggests a commitment on the part of the study participants to serving their communities and to bridging the gap between women of color and the health care system. Several participants also noted that they feel alienated by both the health care system and the mainstream natural birth community.
Endothelial cell biomarkers in critically ill COVID‐19 patients with encephalitis
Authors: Altmayer Victor , Ziveri Jason , Frère Corinne , Salem Joe‐Elie , Weiss Nicolas , Cao Albert , Marois Clémence , Rohaut Benjamin , Demeret Sophie , Bourdoulous Sandrine , Le Guennec Loic
Published: November 2021

COVID‐19 is associated with encephalitis in critically ill patients and endothelial dysfunction seems to contribute to this life‐threatening complication. Our objective was to determine the hallmark of endothelial activation in COVID‐19‐related encephalitis. In an observational study in intensive care unit (ICU), we compared vascular biomarkers of critically ill COVID‐19 patients with or without encephalitis. To be classified in the encephalitis group, patients had to have new onset of central neurologic symptom, and pathological findings on either brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or electroencephalogram (EEG). Among the 32 critically ill COVID‐19 consecutive patients, 21 were categorized in the control group and 11 in the encephalitis group. Encephalitis patients had a longer ICU stay than control patients (median length [25th–75th percentile] of 52 [16–79] vs. 20.5 [11–44] days, respectively, p = 0.04). Nine‐month overall follow‐up mortality reached 21% (7/32 patients), with mortality rates in the encephalitis group and the control group of 27% and 19%, respectively. Encephalitis was associated with significant higher release of soluble endothelial activation markers (sE‐selectin, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin 6, placental growth factor, and thrombomodulin), but these increases were correlated with TNF‐α plasmatic levels. The hypoxia‐inducible protein angiopoietin‐like 4 (ANGPTL4) was at significantly higher levels in encephalitis patients compared to control patients (p = 0.0099), and in contrary to the other increased factors, was not correlated with TNF‐α levels (r = 0.2832, p = 0.1163). Our findings suggest that COVID‐19‐related encephalitis is a cytokine‐associated acute brain dysfunction. ANGPTL4 was the only elevated marker found in encephalitis patients, which was not correlated with systemic inflammation, suggesting that ANGPTL4 might be a relevant factor to predict encephalitis in critically ill COVID‐19 patients.

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Mixed methods systematic review: Factors influencing research activity among nurses in clinical practice
Authors: Morrison Lindy , Johnston Bridget , Cooper Mark
Published: November 2021

Aim

This study aimed to identify, evaluate and summarise current evidence in relation to the factors that influence the conducting of research by nurses in clinical practice.

Design

This study used mixed methods systematic review.

Data sources

CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus and ASSIA, with dates limited from 2015 to 2020, were used to conduct a systematic search of the literature.

Review methods

The Joanna Briggs Institute approach was followed, with results reported according to the Preferred Reporting System for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses. The associated checklist for systematic reviews was also used. A standardised data extraction tool was then used, with quality appraisal guided by the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, with a subsequent convergent qualitative synthesis.

Results

Sixteen papers were identified for inclusion, nine quantitative, six qualitative and one mixed methods. Four themes were identified: research competence and culture, proactive research mentorship, research resources and making a difference. These were critically discussed in relation to barriers and enablers to the conduct of research by nurses in clinical practice. Commonly cited barriers included a lack of research knowledge, confidence and access to resources, particularly protected time, while enablers such as educational partnerships, identifying research‐motivated clinical nurses and access to research role models were also apparent in the literature.

Conclusions

Globally, nurses in clinical practice are clearly motivated to engage in the research process despite apparent barriers that have a significant impact on productivity. Nevertheless, there are also enablers to building research capacity apparent that offer methodological and structural approaches to empower this group to conduct research.
Statistical modeling and inference in the era of Data Science and Graphical Causal modeling
Authors: Spanos Aris
Published: November 2021

The paper discusses four paradigm shifts in statistics since the 1920s with a view to compare their similarities and differences, and evaluate their effectiveness in giving rise to ‘learning from data' about phenomena of interest. The first is Fisher's 1922 recasting of Karl Pearson's descriptive statistics into a model‐based [] statistical induction that dominates current statistics (frequentist and Bayesian). A crucial departure was Fisher's replacing the curve‐fitting perspective guided by goodness‐of‐fit measures with a model‐based perspective guided by the statistical adequacy: the validity of the probabilistic assumptions comprising . Statistical adequacy is pivotal in securing trustworthy evidence since it underwrites the reliability of inference. The second is the nonparametric turn in the 1970s aiming to broaden by replacing its distribution assumption with weaker mathematical conditions relating to the unknown density function underlying . The third is a two‐pronged development initiated in Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the 1990s that gave rise to Data Science (DS) and Graphical Causal (GC) modeling. The primary objective of the paper is to compare and evaluate the other competing approaches with a refined/enhanced version of Fisher's model‐based approach in terms of their effectiveness in giving rise to genuine “learning from data;” excellent goodness‐of‐fit/prediction is neither necessary nor sufficient for statistical adequacy, or so it is argued.
Esthetic and Functional Rehabilitation of an Adolescent Patient with Severe Dental Fluorosis: A Clinical Report
Authors: Hosney Sherif , Ercoli Carlo , Dilbone Deborah , Carranza Maria Gabriela , Chochlidakis Konstantinos
Published: November 2021

Dental fluorosis is a developmental defect affecting amelogenesis. It presents clinically in different forms depending on the concentration, duration, and time of exposure to fluoride. Several therapeutic modalities have been described to manage mild and moderate forms of dental fluorosis; however, limited literature is available on the restorative management of severe forms of dental fluorosis, specifically in young individuals. This clinical report describes a complete prosthodontic rehabilitation of an adolescent patient with severe dental fluorosis affecting his permanent dentition. The patient was treated with a combination of monolithic, minimally‐veneered zirconia crowns and direct composite resins. At the 1‐year follow‐up appointment, there were no complications, and both the patient's oral health and the integrity of the restorations remained stable.
We Know Even More Things: A Decade Review of Parenting Research
Authors: Morris Amanda Sheffield , Ratliff Erin L. , Cosgrove Kelly T. , Steinberg Laurence
Published: November 2021

In this article, we highlight the important ideas that have emerged from research on parenting and adolescent development over the past decade. Beginning with research on authoritative parenting, we examine key elements of this parenting style and its influence across diverse contexts and populations. We turn our attention to four topics that have generated much research in the past decade: (1) how parenting contributes to adolescent peer and romantic relationships; (2) the impact of parenting on adolescent brain development; (3) gene‐environment interactions in parenting research; and (4) parents’ involvement in adolescents’ social media use. We discuss contemporary challenges and ways parents can promote healthy development. We consider the integration of research, practice, and policy that best supports parents and adolescents.
Dynamics of Identity Development in Adolescence: A Decade in Review
Authors: Branje Susan , de Moor Elisabeth L. , Spitzer Jenna , Becht Andrik I.
Published: November 2021

One of the key developmental tasks in adolescence is to develop a coherent identity. The current review addresses progress in the field of identity research between the years 2010 and 2020. Synthesizing research on the development of identity, we show that identity development during adolescence and early adulthood is characterized by both systematic maturation and substantial stability. This review discusses the role of life events and transitions for identity and the role of micro‐processes and narrative processes as a potential mechanisms of personal identity development change. It provides an overview of the linkages between identity development and developmental outcomes, specifically paying attention to within‐person processes. It additionally discusses how identity development takes place in the context of close relationships.
Bullying Prevention in Adolescence: Solutions and New Challenges from the Past Decade
Authors: Salmivalli Christina , Laninga‐Wijnen Lydia , Malamut Sarah T. , Garandeau Claire F.
Published: November 2021

Bullying among youth at school continues to be a global challenge. Being exposed to bullying may be especially hurtful in adolescence, a vulnerable period during which both peer group belonging and status become key concerns. In the current review, we first summarize the effectiveness of the solutions that were offered a decade ago in the form of anti‐bullying programs. We proceed by highlighting some intriguing challenges concomitant to, or emerging from these solutions, focusing especially on their relevance during adolescence. These challenges are related to (1) the relatively weak, and highly variable effects of anti‐bullying programs, (2) the complex associations among bullying, victimization, and social status, (3) the questions raised regarding the beneficial (or possibly iatrogenic) effects of peer defending, and (4) the healthy context paradox, that is, the phenomenon of remaining or emerging victims being worse off in contexts where the average levels of victimization decrease. We end by providing some suggestions for the next decade of research in the area of bullying prevention among adolescents.
Contextualizing the Social and Educational Journeys of Adolescents within the Life Course
Authors: Crosnoe Robert
Published: November 2021

What happens during adolescence emerges from early in life and sets the stage for later in life. This linking function of adolescence within the life course is grounded in social, psychological, and biological development and is fundamental to the intergenerational transmission of societal inequalities. This article explores this life course phenomenon by focusing on how the social ups and downs of secondary school shape adolescents’ educational trajectories, translating their backgrounds into their futures through the interplay of their personal agency with the constraints imposed by the stratified institutions they navigate. Illustrative examples include gender differences in risky behavior, racialized experiences of school discipline, immigrant youths’ family relations, LGBTQ students’ school safety, STEM education, adverse childhood experiences, and mindset interventions.
Ethno‐political socialization of young children in societies involved in intractable conflict: The case of Israel
Authors: Nasie Meytal , Reifen Tagar Michal , Bar‐Tal Daniel
Published: November 2021

This paper presents an analysis of the ethno‐political socialization of young children in the context of intractable conflict, drawing on the case of Israeli society. The analysis is based on the integrative developmental‐contextual theory (IDCT), which proposes that in the context of intractable conflict, from a very early age onward, in‐group members acquire a socio‐psychological repertoire that consists of narratives, beliefs, attitudes, and emotions related to the conflict and to the rival group. IDCT highlights three central components that dictate the nature of this socio‐psychological repertoire: children's normative developmental trajectory, the context in which the development takes place, and the ethno‐political socialization that is performed by societal agents. We discuss the interaction between these components in socializing children's socio‐psychological repertoire, and ways to change the course of socialization in the context of intractable conflict towards peace‐oriented socialization.
Analytic versus holistic: Cognitive styles can influence consumer response and behavior toward foods
Authors: Beekman Thadeus L. , Seo Han‐Seok
Published: November 2021

While there is a growing body of attention to the diversity of cognitive styles among individuals, that has yet to be directly applied to sensory and consumer sciences. This study was aimed at identifying how divergent analytic and holistic cognitive styles can affect individuals' food‐related experiences. Participants were classified into either analytic or holistic cognitive style groups based on their scores on the Analysis‐Holism Scale. Focus group interviews were conducted to identify group differences with respect to three aspects of food‐related experiences: (a) shopping for, (b) preparing, and (c) consuming food. The results revealed that analytic consumers focused more on individual ingredients, separate meal portions, and singular important food attributes, while holistic consumers focused more on overall impressions, entire meal portions, and multiple food attributes as being important. In conclusion, this study sheds lights on how cognitive styles can modulate consumers' food‐related experiences in everyday life.

Practical applications

Prior analytic–holistic research has highlighted how these two consumer groups can exhibit different processing and interpretations of identical situations. By utilizing psychology theory in the applied setting of sensory evaluation, it has been detailed how analytic and holistic groups that co‐exist in a single population can provide significantly different results in response to food samples in everyday life. Analytic–holistic cognitive styles should therefore be taken into consideration when conducting consumer‐oriented sensory evaluation and product development to achieve better understanding of and predict consumer response and behavior toward food products.
Efficacy of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from Larrea tridentata against Clavibacter michiganensis
Authors: Méndez‐Andrade Rolando , Vallejo‐Perez Moises Roberto , Loera‐Alvarado Esperanza , de los Santos‐Villarreal Gladys , García‐Cerda Luis Alfonso , Vera‐Reyes Ileana
Published: November 2021

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from plant extracts is simple, fast and environmentally friendly. In this study, an aqueous extract of fresh leaves from Larrea tridentata was evaluated as a possible source of reducing and stabilizing agents to obtain AgNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, revealing the metallic nature of Ag nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies showed spherical nanoparticles with sizes below 28 nm. Furthermore, its bactericidal effect against Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) infection in tomato plants was determined. Forty‐two days after inoculation with Cmm, the disease incidence in plants with AgNPs did not exceed 20% at 50 mg L−1, and it also reduced disease severity by 36%, which correlates with the inhibition of bacterial growth in the tissue (up to 95%). The physiological analysis also showed the growth‐promoting effect of AgNPs in diseased plants, increasing shoot length (22.1%) and root dry weight (25.73%) compared with the pathogenic control. Congruently, AgNPs increased enzyme activity for CAT, APX, POD, and total phenol and flavonoid concentrations in the leaves. Slower symptom development and reduction in bacterial growth in AgNPs‐treated plants could be due to this bactericidal activity and the induction of an antioxidative protection system.