bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low-Frequency Local Field Potentials and Spikes in Primary Visual Cortex Convey Independent Visual Information
Authors: Belitski Andrei , Gretton Arthur , Magri Cesare , Murayama Yusuke , Montemurro Marcelo A. , Logothetis Nikos K. , Panzeri Stefano
Published: May 2008

Local field potentials (LFPs) reflect subthreshold integrative processes that complement spike train measures. However, little is yet known about the differences between how LFPs and spikes encode rich naturalistic sensory stimuli. We addressed this question by recording LFPs and spikes from the primary visual cortex of anesthetized macaques while presenting a color movie. We then determined how the power of LFPs and spikes at different frequencies represents the visual features in the movie. We found that the most informative LFP frequency ranges were 1–8 and 60–100 Hz. LFPs in the range of 12–40 Hz carried little information about the stimulus, and may primarily reflect neuromodulatory inputs. Spike power was informative only at frequencies <12 Hz. We further quantified “signal correlations” (correlations in the trial-averaged power response to different stimuli) and “noise correlations” (trial-by-trial correlations in the fluctuations around the average) of LFPs and spikes recorded from the same electrode. We found positive signal correlation between high-gamma LFPs (60–100 Hz) and spikes, as well as strong positive signal correlation within high-gamma LFPs, suggesting that high-gamma LFPs and spikes are generated within the same network. LFPs <24 Hz shared strong positive noise correlations, indicating that they are influenced by a common source, such as a diffuse neuromodulatory input. LFPs <40 Hz showed very little signal and noise correlations with LFPs >40 Hz and with spikes, suggesting that low-frequency LFPs reflect neural processes that in natural conditions are fully decoupled from those giving rise to spikes and to high-gamma LFPs.
The Glutamate Receptor-Interacting Protein Family of GluR2-Binding Proteins Is Required for Long-Term Synaptic Depression Expression in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells
Authors: Takamiya Kogo , Mao Lifang , Huganir Richard L. , Linden David J.
Published: May 2008

Glutamate receptor-interacting protein 1 (GRIP1) and GRIP2 are closely related proteins that bind GluR2-containing AMPA receptors and couple them to structural and signaling complexes in neurons. Cerebellar long-term synaptic depression (LTD) is a model system of synaptic plasticity that is expressed by persistent internalization of GluR2-containing AMPA receptors. Here, we show that genetic deletion of both GRIP1 and GRIP2 blocks LTD expression in primary cultures of mouse cerebellar neurons but that single deletion of either isoform allows LTD to occur. In GRIP1/2 double knock-out Purkinje cells, LTD can be fully rescued by a plasmid-driving expression of GRIP1 and partially rescued by a GRIP2 plasmid. These results indicate that the GRIP family comprises an essential molecular component for cerebellar LTD.
Opposing Patterns of Signaling Activation in Dopamine D1and D2Receptor-Expressing Striatal Neurons in Response to Cocaine and Haloperidol
Authors: Bertran-Gonzalez Jesus , Bosch Clémentine , Maroteaux Matthieu , Matamales Miriam , Hervé Denis , Valjent Emmanuel , Girault Jean-Antoine
Published: May 2008

Psychostimulants and other drugs of abuse activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the striatum, through combined stimulation of dopamine D1receptors (D1Rs) and glutamate NMDA receptors. Antipsychotic drugs activate similar signaling proteins in the striatum by blocking dopamine D2receptors (D2Rs). However, the neurons in which these pathways are activated by psychotropic drugs are not precisely identified. We used transgenic mice, in which enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression was driven by D1R promoter (drd1a-EGFP) or D2R promoter (drd2-EGFP). We confirmed the expression ofdrd1a-EGFP in striatonigral anddrd2-EGFP in striatopallidal neurons.Drd2-EGFP was also expressed in cholinergic interneurons, whereas no expression of either promoter was detected in GABAergic interneurons. Acute cocaine treatment increased phosphorylation of ERK and its direct or indirect nuclear targets, mitogen- and stress-activated kinase-1 (MSK1) and histone H3, exclusively in D1R-expressing output neurons in the dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens. Cocaine-induced expression of c-Fos and Zif268 predominated in D1R-expressing neurons but was also observed in D2R-expressing neurons. One week after repeated cocaine administration, cocaine-induced signaling responses were decreased, with the exception of enhanced ERK phosphorylation in dorsal striatum. The responses remained confined to D1R neurons. In contrast, acute haloperidol injection activated phosphorylation of ERK, MSK1, and H3 only in D2R neurons and inducedc-fosandzif268predominantly in these neurons. Our results demonstrate that cocaine and haloperidol specifically activate signaling pathways in two completely segregated populations of striatal output neurons, providing direct evidence for the selective mechanisms by which these drugs exert their long-term effects.
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Acts as a Natural Innate Immune Receptor to Clear Amyloid β1–42and Delay the Cognitive Decline in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Richard Karine L. , Filali Mohammed , Préfontaine Paul , Rivest Serge
Published: May 2008

Microglia are the immune cells of the brain, they are activated in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and mouse models of AD, and they express the innate immune receptor toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). The present study investigated role of this receptor in the progression of AD-like pathologies. Here we show that amyloid β (Aβ) stimulates TLR2 expression in a small proportion of microglia. We then generated triple transgenic mice that are deficient in TLR2 from mice that harbor a mutant human presenelin 1 and a chimeric mouse/human amyloid precursor protein (APP) genes. TLR2 deficiency accelerated spatial and contextual memory impairments, which correlated with increased levels of Aβ1–42and transforming growth factor β1 in the brain. NMDA receptors 1 and 2A expression levels were also lower in the hippocampus ofAPP–TLR2−/−mice. Gene therapy in cells of the bone marrow using lentivirus constructs expressing TLR2 rescued the cognitive impairment ofAPP–TLR2−/−mice. Indeed, lenti-green fluorescent protein/TLR2 treatment had beneficial effects by restoring the memory consolidation process disrupted by TLR2 deficiency in APP mice. These data suggest that TLR2 acts as an endogenous receptor for the clearance of toxic Aβ by bone-marrow-derived immune cells. The cognitive decline is markedly accelerated in a context of TLR2 deficiency. Upregulating this innate immune receptor may then be considered as a potential new powerful therapeutic approach for AD.
Dissociating the Role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Striatum in the Computation of Goal Values and Prediction Errors
Authors: Hare Todd A. , O'Doherty John , Camerer Colin F. , Schultz Wolfram , Rangel Antonio
Published: May 2008

To make sound economic decisions, the brain needs to compute several different value-related signals. These include goal values that measure the predicted reward that results from the outcome generated by each of the actions under consideration, decision values that measure the net value of taking the different actions, and prediction errors that measure deviations from individuals' previous reward expectations. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging and a novel decision-making paradigm to dissociate the neural basis of these three computations. Our results show that they are supported by different neural substrates: goal values are correlated with activity in the medial orbitofrontal cortex, decision values are correlated with activity in the central orbitofrontal cortex, and prediction errors are correlated with activity in the ventral striatum.
Complexation parameters for the actinides(IV)-humic acid system: a search for consistency and application to laboratory and field observations
Authors: Reiller Pascal E. , Evans Nick D. M. , Szabó Gyula
Published: May 2008

The coherence of actinide(IV) complexation by humic substances (HS) is reviewed and new data are proposed. In a first attempt, the values of independent data from literature on Th(IV), U(IV), and Pu(IV) are collected, selected, and compiled. The data obtained follow the “classical” trend of increasing conditional formation “constants” with pH, led both by the increasing ionisation of HS and by the extensive hydrolysis of the tetravalent actinides. Even though a fair agreement is evident, the experimental uncertainties do not permit a full analogy between the actinides(IV) to be ascertained. In a second attempt, the experiments from which the original data are available were reinterpreted using only one hydrolysis constant set for U(IV) as an example, considering that all actinides(IV) have analogous humic complexation behaviour. Hence, the obtained evolution of conditional formation “constants” is much more coherent and the uncertainties do not permit to distinguish an actinide(IV) from one another. The obtained data are then applied to independent laboratory and in situ experiments in order to delimit the domain of possible applicability. This exercise demonstrates the treatment of data through analogy in the case of actinides(IV) and would permit to limit and orientate the number of necessary, but difficult, experiment with redox sensitive elements like U, Np, or Pu. It also demonstrates that complexation-only mechanisms may not be sufficient to understand field observations.
Optimization of the decision threshold for single radioactive counting
Authors: Vivier V. , Aupiais Jean
Published: May 2008

In the above mentioned paper several misprints and errors in the formulae have been noticed. In particular, several equations were not properly writtten in terms of variables of integration. We now present the correct data.
Towards pump-probe resonant X-ray diffraction at femtosecond undulator sources
Authors: Ingold Gerhard , Abela Rafael , Beaud Paul , Johnson Steven Lee , Staub Urs
Published: May 2008

The first tunable undulator source for femtosecond hard X-rays in the range 4–12 keV is now in operation at the SLS storage ring. The source combines accelerator and laser technology relevant for future seeded free electron lasers. It provides inherently synchronized femtosecond laser ‘pump’ and X-ray ‘probe’ pulses to enable time-resolved diffraction and absorption experiments. By using X-ray diffraction to probe laser-induced coherent optical phonons in bulk bismuth, we estimate an X-ray pulse duration of 140 ± 30 fs FWHM with timing drifts below 30 fs rms measured over 5 days. The excellent spatial and temporal stability of the source allows quantitative measurement of ultrafast lattice dynamics and associated phase transitions in real space with atomic resolution and instrumental time resolution of 85 fs rms. Studying semimetals such as bismuth, we have demonstrated (i) grazing incidence femtosecond X-ray diffraction on single crystals that allows us to more completely characterize the ultrafast structural dynamics of solids, and (ii) optical control of real space coherent atomic motion. Both methods will be used to study the dynamics of photo-induced phase transitions in strongly correlated systems such as manganites. The time resolution of such measurements could be improved by one order of magnitude at future XFEL facilities at much higher flux. Femtosecond linear and non-linear resonant X-ray scattering employing full polarization control both in the soft (0.3–3 keV) and hard (4–15 keV) X-ray regime will become feasible which allows direct measurement of orbital degrees of freedom. However, a laser and hard X-ray cross-correlation technique with sufficient temporal resolution and signal-to-noise ratio appropriate for single shot operation has yet to be realized. Again, laser seeding using a phase stabilized few-cycle (5–7 fs) laser may be a viable option to generate <10 fs X-ray pulses.
Excited state isomerization in photochromic ruthenium complexes
Authors: Rack Jeffrey J.
Published: May 2008

Photochromic ruthenium polypyridyl complexes whose action is based on an excited state linkage isomerization are discussed. Picosecond transient absoption spectroscopic data indicate that isomerization occurs along the charge-transfer manifold. These studies indicate that rotation about the Ru–S bond is an important vibration along this coordinate. These complexes are of interest in photonic molecular devices, specifically molecular information storage applications.
Trust, the Democratic Process, and Involvement in a Rural Community*
Authors: Marquart‐Pyatt Sandra T. , Petrzelka Peggy
Published: May 2008

Abstract A number of dimensions of the democratic political process are important for understanding civic communities and civic engagement. While many of these aspects have been examined at the federal level, less is known about how these dynamics operate at the local level, especially in rural communities, and that, moreover, involve a specific issue. In this study, we explore the relationships between trust in public officials, views of the decision‐making process, and issue‐related involvement in a rural community in Utah. In particular, we examine the factors underpinning citizens' expressed levels of general trust in public officials, support for the decision‐making process in their community related to a specific issue, the factors influencing individuals to participate in the issue, and how citizens view various groups involved in defining the public good related to the specific issue. We find 1) that perceptions of the political process influence all three aspects of the democratic process, 2) that neither lack of trust nor dissatisfaction appears to be detrimental to the democratic process at the local level, and 3) that differences in opinion regarding definitions of the public good intersect with other aspects of the political process. This research sheds light on factors influencing rural community functioning and citizen responses to proposed changes. In discussing the results, we reflect in particular on their implications for rural communities.
Erratum: Continuous subcutaneous hydrocortisone infusion in Addison's disease.
Authors: Løvås Kristian , S Husebye Eystein
Published: May 2008

The authors and the journal apologize for an error in the above paper which appeared in 157 (1) (109–112). In this paper on page 110, the hydrocortisone doses given in Fig. 1A were incorrect. The correct hydrocortisone doses were 0.5 (08–12 h), 0.2 (12–20 h), 0.05 (20–02 h) and 1.0 mg/m2 body surface area/hour (02–08 h).
Incidence of hyperthyroidism in Stockholm, Sweden, 2003–2005.
Authors: Abraham-Nordling Mirna , Törring Ove , Lantz Mikael , Hallengren Bengt , Ohrling Hans , Lundell Göran , Calissendorff Jan , Jörneskog Gun , Wallin Göran
Published: May 2008

Objectives

To investigate the incidence of hyperthyroidism in Stockholm County, in those patients who were diagnosed with hyperthyroidism for the first time during the years 2003–2005.

Design

All new cases of hyperthyroidism ≥18 years of age were prospectively registered to calculate the total incidence of hyperthyroidism, as well as the incidence of the subgroups: Graves' disease (GD), toxic multinodular goitre and solitary toxic adenoma (STA). Eight specialized units/hospitals in Stockholm County participated in the registration. The participating physicians were all specialists in medical endocrinology, oncology, nuclear medicine or surgery.

Results

During a 3-year period, 1431 new patients of hyperthyroidism were diagnosed in a well-defined adult population (>18 years of age) of in average 1 457 036 inhabitants. This corresponds to a mean annual incidence of hyperthyroidism of 32.7/100 000. The incidence of GD was 24.5/100 000 per year, toxic nodular goitre was 3.3/100 000 per year and STA was 4.9/100 000 per year.

Conclusions

The total incidence of hyperthyroidism in Stockholm County was found to be 32.7/100 000 per year, of which 75% had GD. There were a higher percentage of smokers among the patients with hyperthyroidism compared with the overall population in Stockholm, but no difference in the frequency of smoking between patients with GD and toxic nodular goitre.
Screening pregnant women for autoimmune thyroid disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis.
Authors: Dosiou Chrysoula , Sanders Gillian D , Araki Sally S , Crapo Lawrence M
Published: May 2008

Objective

Untreated maternal hypothyroidism during pregnancy can have adverse consequences on maternal health and child intelligence quotient (IQ). Our objective was to examine the cost-effectiveness of screening pregnant women for autoimmune thyroid disease.

Design

We developed a state-transition Markov model and performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of screening pregnant US women, aged 15–45 years, with no known history of thyroid disease, in the first trimester.

Methods

Three strategies were compared: 1) no screening, 2) one-time screening using anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies, and 3) one-time screening using TSH. Screening tests were added to the laboratory tests of the first prenatal visit. Abnormal screening tests were followed by further testing and subsequent thyroxine treatment of hypothyroid women.

Results

Screening pregnant women in the first trimester using TSH was cost-saving compared with no screening. Screening using anti-TPO antibodies was cost-effective compared with TSH screening with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $15 182 per quality-adjusted life year. Screening using TSH remained cost-saving across a wide range of ages at screening, costs of treatment, and probabilities of adverse outcomes. The cost-effectiveness of anti-TPO screening compared with TSH screening was mostly influenced by the probability of diagnosing hypothyroidism in unscreened subjects or subjects with a normal screening test. Screening remained highly cost-effective in scenarios where we assumed no improvement of child IQ outcomes by levothyroxine treatment.

Conclusion

Screening all pregnant women for autoimmune thyroid disease in the first trimester is cost-effective compared with not screening.
The synergistic effect of sex hormone-binding globulin and aromatase genes on polycystic ovary syndrome phenotype.
Authors: Xita Nectaria , Georgiou Ioannis , Lazaros Leandros , Psofaki Vasiliki , Kolios George , Tsatsoulis Agathocles
Published: May 2008

Objective

Experimental evidence suggests that fetal exposure to androgen excess may program the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in utero. The aim of this study was to examine whether the sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)(TAAAA)n and the cytochrome P450, family 19 (CYP19)(TTTA)n polymorphisms, known to influence sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels and aromatase activity respectively, play a synergistic role in the development of PCOS.

Design and methods

We studied 180 women with PCOS and 160 healthy women of reproductive age. The body mass index (BMI) was recorded and the hormonal profile determined from the third to fifth day of menstrual cycle. DNA was extracted from blood leucocytes and the SHBG(TAAAA)n and CYP19(TTTA)n polymorphisms were genotyped.

Results

Genotype analysis revealed 6 SHBG(TAAAA)n alleles with 6–11 repeats and 6 CYP19(TTTA)n alleles with 7–12 repeats. Women were subdivided into four groups: those with short SHBG (≤8 TAAAA repeats) and CYP19 alleles (≤9 TTTA repeats), those with short SHBG–long CYP19 alleles, those with long SHBG–short CYP19 alleles, and those with long SHBG and CYP19 alleles. Women with PCOS tended to have at greater frequency, long SHBG–short CYP19 alleles compared with controls (57.3 vs 42.4%, P=0.07). Importantly, PCOS women with long SHBG–short CYP19 alleles had the lowest SHBG levels (P=0.02) and the highest total testosterone (P=0.008), free androgen index (P=0.002), DHEAS (P=0.02), and testosterone/estradiol ratio (P=0.03), compared with those with other genotypes. This association was independent of age, BMI, and insulin resistance indexes.

Conclusion

We speculate that the SHBG and CYP19 genes may have a synergistic role in the developmental programming of PCOS, by affecting androgen bioavailability and aromatization respectively.
Nonindependent Domestication of the Two Rice Subspecies,Oryza sativassp.indicaand ssp.japonica, Demonstrated by Multilocus Microsatellites
Authors: Gao Li-zhi , Innan Hideki
Published: May 2008

The origins of the Asian cultivated rice Oryza sativa from its wild ancestor O. rufipogon have been debated for decades. The question mainly concerns whether it originated monophyletically or polyphyletically. To shed light on the origins and demographic history of rice domestication, we genotyped a total of 92 individual plants from the two O. sativa subspecies and O. rufipogon for 60 microsatellites. An approximate Bayesian method was applied to estimate demographic parameters for O. rufipogon vs. O. sativa ssp. indica and O. rufipogon vs. O. sativa ssp. japonica. We showed that the japonica subspecies suffered a more severe bottleneck than the indica subspecies and thus a greater loss of genetic variation during its domestication. Across microsatellite loci there is a significant positive correlation in the reduction of genetic diversity between the two subspecies. The results suggest that completely independent domestication of indica and japonica subspecies may not explain our data and that there is at least partial sharing of their ancestral populations and/or recent gene flow between them.
Sites of Recombination Are Local Determinants of Meiotic Homolog Pairing inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Mell Joshua Chang , Wienholz Bethany L , Salem Asmaa , Burgess Sean M
Published: May 2008

Trans-acting factors involved in the early meiotic recombination pathway play a major role in promoting homolog pairing during meiosis in many plants, fungi, and mammals. Here we address whether or not allelic sites have higher levels of interaction when in cis to meiotic recombination events in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We used Cre/loxP site-specific recombination to genetically measure the magnitude of physical interaction between loxP sites located at allelic positions on homologous chromosomes during meiosis. We observed nonrandom coincidence of Cre-mediated loxP recombination events and meiotic recombination events when the two occurred at linked positions. Further experiments showed that a subset of recombination events destined to become crossover products increased the frequency of nearby Cre-mediated loxP recombination. Our results support a simple physical model of homolog pairing in budding yeast, where recombination at numerous genomic positions generally serves to loosely coalign homologous chromosomes, while crossover-bound recombination intermediates locally stabilize interactions between allelic sites.
Regulation of Neurogenesis and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling by the Insulin Receptor/Target of Rapamycin Pathway in Drosophila
Authors: McNeill Helen , Craig Gavin M , Bateman Joseph M
Published: May 2008

Determining how growth and differentiation are coordinated is key to understanding normal development, as well as disease states such as cancer, where that control is lost. We have previously shown that growth and neuronal differentiation are coordinated by the insulin receptor/target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase (InR/TOR) pathway. Here we show that the control of growth and differentiation diverge downstream of TOR. TOR regulates growth by controlling the activity of S6 kinase (S6K) and eIF4E. Loss of s6k delays differentiation, and is epistatic to the loss of tsc2, indicating that S6K acts downstream or in parallel to TOR in differentiation as in growth. However, loss of eIF4E inhibits growth but does not affect the timing of differentiation. We also show, for the first time in Drosophila, that there is crosstalk between the InR/TOR pathway and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling. InR/TOR signaling regulates the expression of several EGFR pathway components including pointedP2 (pntP2). In addition, reduction of EGFR signaling levels phenocopies inhibition of the InR/TOR pathway in the regulation of differentiation. Together these data suggest that InR/TOR signaling regulates the timing of differentiation through modulation of EGFR target genes in developing photoreceptors.
Natural Variation in the Degree of Autonomous Endosperm Formation Reveals Independence and Constraints of Embryo Growth During Seed Development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Ungru Alexander , Nowack Moritz K , Reymond Matthieu , Shirzadi Reza , Kumar Manoj , Biewers Sandra , Grini Paul E , Schnittger Arp
Published: May 2008

Seed development in flowering plants is a paradigm for the coordination of different tissues during organ growth. It requires a tight interplay between the two typically sexually produced structures: the embryo, developing from the fertilized egg cell, and the endosperm, originating from a fertilized central cell, along with the surrounding maternal tissues. Little is known about the presumptive signal transduction pathways administering and coordinating these different tissues during seed growth and development. Recently, a new signal has been identified emanating from the fertilization of the egg cell that triggers central cell proliferation without prior fertilization. Here, we demonstrate that there exists a large natural genetic variation with respect to the outcome of this signaling process in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. By using a recombinant inbred line population between the two Arabidopsis accessions Bayreuth-0 and Shahdara, we have identified two genetic components that influence the development of unfertilized endosperm. Exploiting this natural variation, we could further dissect the interdependence of embryo and endosperm growth during early seed development. Our data show an unexpectedly large degree of independence in embryo growth, but also reveal the embryo's developmental restrictions with respect to endosperm size. This work provides a genetic framework for dissection of the interplay between embryo and endosperm during seed growth in plants.
The Distribution of Beneficial and Fixed Mutation Fitness Effects Close to an Optimum
Authors: Martin Guillaume , Lenormand Thomas
Published: May 2008

The distribution of the selection coefficients of beneficial mutations is pivotal to the study of the adaptive process, both at the organismal level (theories of adaptation) and at the gene level (molecular evolution). A now famous result of extreme value theory states that this distribution is an exponential, at least when considering a well-adapted wild type. However, this prediction could be inaccurate under selection for an optimum (because fitness effect distributions have a finite right tail in this case). In this article, we derive the distribution of beneficial mutation effects under a general model of stabilizing selection, with arbitrary selective and mutational covariance between a finite set of traits. We assume a well-adapted wild type, thus taking advantage of the robustness of tail behaviors, as in extreme value theory. We show that, under these general conditions, both beneficial mutation effects and fixed effects (mutations escaping drift loss) are beta distributed. In both cases, the parameters have explicit biological meaning and are empirically measurable; their variation through time can also be predicted. We retrieve the classic exponential distribution as a subcase of the beta when there are a moderate to large number of weakly correlated traits under selection. In this case too, we provide an explicit biological interpretation of the parameters of the distribution. We show by simulations that these conclusions are fairly robust to a lower adaptation of the wild type and discuss the relevance of our findings in the context of adaptation theories and experimental evolution.
Prevalence of Developmental Delays and Participation in Early Intervention Services for Young Children
Authors: Rosenberg Steven A. , Zhang Duan , Robinson Cordelia C.
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVES. The objective of this study was to use a nationally representative longitudinal sample of children born in the United States in 2001 to estimate rates of eligibility for Part C early intervention, to estimate rates of access to services for developmental delays, and to examine factors that are associated with access to services.

METHODS. Data for this study were collected as part of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, Birth Cohort, which obtained data from participants when children were 9 and 24 months of age. Descriptive analyses were used to generate national estimates of the prevalence of developmental delays that would make children eligible for Part C services and rates of participation in early intervention services. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine whether child developmental delay, race, insurance availability, and poverty status were associated with the probability of receiving services.

RESULTS. Results indicated that ∼13% of children in the sample had developmental delays that would make them eligible for Part C early intervention. At 24 months, only 10% of children with delays received services. Children with developmental delays were more likely to receive services than those who do not have delays; black children were less likely to receive services than children from other ethnic and racial groups.

CONCLUSIONS. The prevalence of developmental delays that make children eligible for Part C services is much higher than previously thought. Moreover, the majority of children who are eligible for Part C services are not receiving services for their developmental problems. Strategies need to be developed to monitor patterns of enrollment in early intervention services and reach out to more minority children, particularly black children.
Influence of ammonium chloride on growth and uptake of Fe, Cu, Zn and B in cotton grown in alkaline soil
Authors: Yasin Ashraf M. , Alvi A. , Ashraf M. , Ahmed R.
Published: May 2008

A pot culture experiment was conducted to study the influence of NH
4
Cl (AnalaR grade or commercial fertilizer) on soil pH and on the growth, yield and nutrient uptake of cotton (cv. NIAB-Karishma) grown in alkaline soil. The experiment was carried out in a net-house under natural conditions. The soil used was clayey loam with pH 8.61, and ammonium chloride either from commercial fertilizer or of AnalaR grade (both containing up to 25% N) was applied in three split doses, after germination (10 days), at the vegetative stage (40 days) and at the flowering stage (80 days) @ 6, 12 and 18 kg ha
−1
. The application of NH
4
Cl decreased the soil pH and increased the plant height and cotton yield plant
−1
. Plants treated with NH
4
Cl AnalaR grade produced higher yields as compared to NH
4
Cl commercial fertilizer. The uptake of micronutrients such as Fe, Cu, Zn and B was enhanced by NH
4
Cl application in both the stem and leaves of cotton. However, AnalaR grade NH
4
Cl proved more effective than NH
4
Cl commercial fertilizer in all cases.
The translation process - interplay between literal rendering and a search for sense
Authors: Tirkkonen-Condit Sonja , Mäkisalo Jukka , Immonen Sini
Published: May 2008

This research focuses on the type and proportion of the revisions made by translators during target text production. Eighteen professional translators used the keyboard logging software Translog while carrying out a translation task on a computer. As Translog registers and displays all keyboard activity in relation to time, all the revisions in the log files can also be identified and counted. The revisions were categorised as revisions of typing errors, revisions of literal translation and other revisions. Typing error revisions account for 51.5%, literal translation revisions for 20.5% and other revisions for 28.0%. If typing error revisions are ignored, literal translation revisions account for 42.3%. Revisions of literal translation were observed at all linguistic levels and in all translators’ log files, irrespective of the quality of their final translations. These results suggest that literal translation constitutes an integral element of the translation process and can perhaps be considered as a strategy to expand the translator’s working memory. The results also give support to the Monitor Model of translation, which maintains that literal rendering is the default strategy of target text production.
Lost in translation: An intertextual study of personal proper-name allusions
Authors: Dastjerdi Hossein , Sahebhonar Sara
Published: May 2008

A translator who examines a text with a view to translating it will have a number of concerns. Among them, allusions are likely to play a subsidiary but not negligible role. Translating allusions can be a demanding task due to the fact that allusions have specific meanings in the culture and language in which they arise but not necessarily in others. Taking this into account, the present study set out to investigate allusive references, namely personal proper-name allusions (PPN) in the first Book of Rumi’s (1207–1273)Mathnawi, and its two translations by Redhouse (1881) and Nicholson (1940) to find out how translation strategies can help translators to elicit meanings associated with the proper-name allusions in question. In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the personal proper names inMathnawiand their equivalents in the two English translations were first identified and statistically analysed. Then, Leppihalme’s (1997) proposed strategies for translating proper-name allusions were applied to the personal proper names in question to see which specific strategies were preferred by each of the translators. The analysis revealed that the overwhelmingly most common strategy for the translation of personal proper names was that of ‘retention without any guidance’. This is indicative of the translators’ wish to be as faithful as possible to the source texts — something that both translators tried to achieve, but to varying extents, as described in the prefaces to their translations. The analysis also showed that when other strategies were employed, a relative loss of allusive connotations was inevitable.
A profession in the making: Self-descriptions of liaison interpreters in Estonia
Authors: Mullamaa Kristina
Published: May 2008

In 2003–2006, a study on the evolving role model of liaison interpreters in Estonia was carried out (Mullamaa 2005; Mullamaa 2006a). The study offers insights into a specific translation culture (Prunč 1997) and the interdependence of the developing of a professional role with the societal processes at the macro and micro levels. It suggests that the 16-year time-span in Estonia after the collapse of the Soviet Union has offered favorable conditions for the development of some principles and strategies that might not have been possible in more rule-governed contexts. In the current research we have used the methodological framework of ethnography. Using the principles of chaining we have found and interviewed 14 practitioners. This article presents the main results of the study.
Translating idiomatically into French in Quebec: Caught in the crossfire
Authors: Mboudjeke Jean-Guy
Published: May 2008

In translation theory, a translation is said to be“idiomatic”when it reads fluently, when it does not bear any linguistic or cultural features that are reminiscent of the source language and culture.“Idiomatic”translation thus stands in sharp contrast to the notion of interference, which is generally viewed as one of the worst linguistic mistakes in translation. However, the tendency to resort to interference, knowingly or unknowingly, is usually high among speakers who are bilingual or live in bilingual settings (for example speakers of French in North America). For some of these speakers, interference is not always a mistake, but an integral part of communication strategies as well as a marker of a distinct and distinctive linguistic identity. For others, interference is nothing less than a plague that threatens the integrity of the language, of the culture, and therefore of the group identity. In such a sociolinguistic environment, translating idiomatically or counteridiomatically becomes quickly coloured by ideology. What are these ideologies? How do they impact translation as a product? To tackle these questions, the paper will examine the impact of two types of ideological discourse relating to French spoken in Quebec and their impact on translation. It will argue that French Quebecker translators are, as it were, torn between the requirement to protect the quality of the French language in Quebec and the imperative to adapt their translations to their target audience whose workaday idiom bear the features of English (anglicisms).
Standardizált polifenol-koncentrátum keringési hatásai koszorúérműtéten átesett betegeken: randomizált, kettős vak-, placebokontrollos vizsgálatr
Authors: Galajda Zoltán , Dér Henrietta , Balogh Emese , Szentkirályi István , Tóth Zsuzsa , Soltész Pál , Szentmiklósi A. József
Published: May 2008

Absztrakt

A szerzők vizsgálatukban a hazai forgalomba hozott élelmiszer-kiegészítők közül a Flavon Max (GéSz Kft., Debrecen) készítmény szív- és érrendszeri hatásait értékelték többek között súlyos koszorúérbetegeken. A vizsgálatokat két randomizált, kettős vak-, placebóval ellenőrzött betegcsoporton végezték, felhasználva impedancia-kardiográfot, TensioMed Arteriographot®, az arteria ulnaris intima vastagságának mérését, illetve biokémiai módszereket. A vizsgálat eredményeit összesítve és elemezve, a Flavon Max hatására két tényező esetében találtak jelentős (p < 0,05) javulást: a vérnyomásgörbék vizsgálatával kapott augmentációs index, illetve a laboratóriumi vizsgálat során mért C-reaktív protein (CRP) érték esetében. Összefoglalva: A Flavon Max a koszorúérműtétet követő időszakban a betegek számára hasznos kiegészítő kezelésnek bizonyult.
A meszes mitralis billentyű sebészi kimetszése ultrahangvágóvalr
Authors: Asghar Dashti , Palotás Lehel , Kromplák Zsanett , Patonay Lajos , Szentkirályi István , Galajda Zoltán
Published: May 2008

Absztrakt

Jelenleg az elmeszesedett mitralis billentyű kimetszése ultrahangvágóval még nem meghonosodott eljárás a szívsebészetben. A szerzők az elmeszesedett mitralis billentyű kimetszését ultrahangvágóval végezték, ily módon lerövidítve a műtét idejét. Ugyanakkor a billentyű kimetszése helyben történik, anélkül hogy előhúznák vagy kiemelnék. Az eljárást előbb sertésszíveken (20 eset) próbálták ki, majd 15 emberen végzett műtét során alkalmazták. A kísérletekben és műtéteknél nyert szövetmintákat szövettani vizsgálatnak vetették alá. A szöveti károsodás átlagos kiterjedése az állatkísérleteknél 0,7 mm-t, az emberi műtétek esetén 1,1 mm-t mutatott. Nem észleltek hátrányos mellékhatást az ultrahangvágó használatával mitralis billentyű kimetszése során, és ezért javasolják a használatát.
Kiegészítő klinikai módszer a nyitott szívműtéteknél fellépő légembolisatio csökkentésérer
Authors: Szabó Zoltán , Träff Stefan , Hermansson Ulf , Tamás Éva , Maros Tamás , Szentkirályi István
Published: May 2008

Absztrakt

Nyitott szívműtétek kapcsán még órákkal az extacorporalis keringés (ECC) befejezését követően is távozik levegő a bal szívfélből, még akkor is, ha a műtét idején a levegőnél nehezebb, azt kiszorító CO2-ot alkalmaztak. Az általunk kidolgozott módszer a sebészi légtelenítő eljárások kiegészítésére szolgál; lényege a nyitott szívműtétek alatt a szívüregekben, különösképpen a tüdővénákban megrekedt, emboliaforrást jelentő levegő eltávolításának megkönnyítése a bal pitvari beáramlás művi növelésével. Ez úgy történik, hogy a gépi lélegeztetés újraindításakor az ECC előtti légzési perctérfogat mellett – a szív feltöltésével egyidejűleg a légzésszámot 10 légvétel/perc-re csökkentjük, ezáltal megnöveljük az intrapulmonalis nyomást, következésképpen a bal pitvari beáramlás sebességét. Nyelőcsői szívultrahang (TEE – transoesophagealis echocardiographia) segítségével a légtelenítés menete jól ellenőrizhető.
Hirudinnal végzett alvadásgátlás heparin kiváltotta thrombocytopeniában harmadik szívműtét soránr
Authors: Herman Katalin , Vaszily Miklós , Szentgyörgyi Lajos , Ajzner Éva , Muszbek László , Péterffy Árpád
Published: May 2008

Absztrakt

A szerzők heparin által kiváltott thrombocytopeniában szenvedő beteg billentyűhibája miatti harmadik szívműtétjének véralvadásgátlását hirudinnal végezték. A szoros aortaszűkület miatt prostacyclin-előkezelés nem jöhetett szóba, és a műtét utáni alvadásgátlás igénye a heparinoidok alkalmazását is kizárta. Rekombináns hirudint (Refludan®/Hoechst) adagoltak és a plazmaszintet ekarin alvadási idő segítségével ellenőrizték. Műtét után újraindították a cumarin hatású véralvadásgátló kezelést, de a hirudin adását az INR kívánt szintjének beállításáig folytatták. A műtét és az ezt követő időszak szövődménymentesen zajlott le, a beteg transzfúziót nem igényelt, és 6,5 évvel a legutóbbi szívműtétje óta panaszmentes és elégedett az életminőségével. Következtetés: Heparinindukált thrombocytopeniában szenvedő beteg nyitott szívműtétjének elvégzéséhez szükséges teljes fokú véralvadásgátlás hirudinnal biztonságosan végezhető, ha azt ekarin alvadási idővel ellenőrzik és vezérlik.
Alkoholtartalmú bőrfertőtlenítők és diathermia okozta égések sebészi beavatkozások soránr
Authors: Szentgyörgyi Lajos , Leny Andrij , Tamás Éva , Péterffy Árpád
Published: May 2008

Absztrakt

A szerzők két beteg szívműtéte során fellépő tűzesetet ismertetik. Minkét esetben az operációs terület szokásos fertőtlenítésén és izolálásán kívül a műtét folyamán 70%-os alkoholtartalmú fertőtlenítő oldattal való lemosással óhajtották a műtéti sebfertőzés veszélyét csökkenteni, illetve a megbomlott műtéti izolálást helyreállítani. Az alkoholos fertőtlenítővel való lemosás után a szinte azonnal alkalmazott diathermia az el nem párolgott alkoholt meggyújtotta. Az egyik betegnél a tűz ráterjedt a műtéti fóliára, és kb. 5%-os másodfokú és 1%-os harmadfokú égési sérülést okozott, amely plasztikai sebészi kezelést igényelt. A másik betegnél a tűz meggyújtotta a beteg szakállát, és 1%-os másodfokú égési sérülést okozott, amely a szokásos helyi sebkezelésre meggyógyult. Mindkét beteg felépült szívműtétje után az égési sérülések ellenére. Ez a két tűzsérülés az összes műtét 0,003–0,004%-a. Következtetés: A műtét alatti – szerencsére igen ritka – tűzesetek súlyos következményekkel járhatnak, de megelőzhetők és kiküszöbölhetők a munkafegyelem és a tűzvédelmi előírások pontos betartásával. A megelőzés leghatásosabb módja a műtő személyzetének (orvosok, altatónővérek és kisegítő személyzet) széles körű oktatása, továbbképzése.
Hová vezet a Botallo-vezeték? Tévedéshezr
Authors: Péterffy Árpád , Péterffy Mikael
Published: May 2008

Absztrakt

A közlemény célja, hogy felhívja a hazai orvostársadalom figyelmét arra a tényre, hogy helytelen “ductus Botalli”-nak nevezni a pulmonalis arteria és az aorta közti artériás vezetéket(ductus arteriosus), amely a magzati keringés fontos része, és ezért nyitva van, de a születés után, a tüdővel való légzés során feleslegessé válik, és elzáródik. A 16. században élt olasz Leonardo Botallo által leírt és saját magáról elnevezett anatómiai képlet aforamen ovale. Sajnálatos módon könyvének későbbi kiadásában történt meg a tévesztés, és társították össze a ductus arteriosust az olasz orvos és hadisebész nevével. Továbbá a mű németre való fordítása is hozzájárulhatott a tévedéshez, ugyanis a “ductus Botalli” elnevezés német nyelvterületen, Skandináviában és Magyarországon terjedt el, viszont az angolszász és spanyol orvosirodalomban nem. Tekintettel arra, hogy a “ductus Botalli” elnevezés tévedésen alapul, fölöttébb kívánatos lenne ennek a hibás elnevezésnek mellőzése a magyar orvosi nyelvben, hasonlóan a német és skandináv nyelvű orvosi irodalomhoz, ahol ez már megtörtént.
Ross-műtét vagy mechanikus műbillentyű beültetés fiatalkori aorta vitiumos betegeknélr
Authors: Nagy Zsolt , Watterson Kevin G.
Published: May 2008

Absztrakt

Célkitűzés: A szerzők visszatekintő és összehasonlító tanulmányukban keresik a választ a fiatalkori aortabillentyű-hibák Ross-féle autograft-, illetve mechanikus műbillentyű beültetés javallataira a hosszú távú eredmények alapján. Beteganyag, módszerek: A szerzők 1992–2002 között 34 fiatal (18–35 éves) beteget operáltak súlyos aortavitium miatt. Egyaránt 17-17 betegnél Ross-műtét, illetve mechanikus aortaműbillentyű beültetés történt. Hét beteg anatómiai rendellenességek (méretaránytalanság 3, kóros falszerkezet 2, rendellenes koszorúér 2 eset), öt beteg pedig élettani okok (kezelhetetlen hypertonia 2, rossz bal kamra 2, aktív endocarditis 1 eset) miatt volt alkalmatlan a tervezett Ross-műtét elvégzésére. Három további betegnél saját kérésre, két esetben megfelelő méretű pulmonalis homograft hiánya következtében történt mechanikus műbillentyű beültetése. Eredmények: Korai halálozás egyik csoportban sem volt, és valamennyi beteget utánvizsgálták (utánkövetési idő 64,4 ± 26,8 hónap). Az aortaműbillentyű-beültetésen átesett betegek körében két késői haláleset volt (műbillentyű-endocarditis okozta sepsis, illetve végstádiumú szívelégtelenség). A műbillentyűs csoportban az utánkövetési idő alatt összesen két betegnél alakult ki műbillentyű-endocarditis, két másik betegnél pedig a véralvadásgátlással kapcsolatos szövődmény lépett fel. Ross-műtétet követően egy betegnél alakult ki korai endocarditis (fertőzött homograft következtében), egy másik kisebb tüdőemboliát szenvedett. Egy esetben észleltek enyhe aortaelégtelenséget a Ross-műtétet követően. A bal kamra végdiastolés átmérője és falvastagsága a Ross-műtétet követően jelentősen kisebbnek bizonyult, mint a műbillentyű-beültetést követően (p = 0,049 és p = 0,017). Következtetések: Ross-műtétet követően a bal kamrai izomtömeg gyorsabban és nagyobb mértékben csökken, mint műbillentyű-beültetést követően. A tökéletesebb bal kamrai helyreállítódás és a véralvadásgátlás szükségtelensége miatt a fiatal betegek minden tekintetben teljesen normális életmódot folytathatnak, de a Ross-műtét nem minden betegnél végezhető el biztonsággal.
Myastheniás betegek altatása thymectomia soránr
Authors: Hallay Judit , Micskei Csaba , Kollár Sándor , Sz. Kiss Sándor , Fülesdi Béla
Published: May 2008

Absztrakt

A myasthenia gravis ritka autoimmun betegség, melyet az akaratlagosan működő izmok kóros fáradékonysága jellemez. Ennek oka a működő acetilkolin receptorok számának csökkenése az ideg-izom csatlakozásban. A szerzők visszatekintve vizsgálták 1981 és 2006 között 186 beteg myasthenia miatt végzett thymectomia-altatással nyert tapasztalataikat. Műtét után hét beteg igényelt 24 órát meghaladó gépi légzéstámogatást, amely egy esetben meghaladta a 7 napot, de sebészi halálozás nem volt. A műtét előtt a betegek előkészítésként promethazint és atropint kaptak. Az altatás bevezetéséhez propofolt, ethomidatot, thiopentalt, valamint sevoflurane-t alkalmaztak. Depolarizáló és nem depolarizáló izomellazítót nem adtak a műtét során. A megfelelő mélységű altatást sevoflurane-nal, a fájdalommentességet kis adagú opiáttal biztosították. A betegek 95%-át a műtétet követően a műtőasztalon sikerült extubálni. Az intenzív osztályon eltöltött idő csökkenthető, amennyiben a beteg nem igényel műtét utáni lélegeztetést. Fájdalomcsillapításhoz nemsteroid gyulladásgátló készítményt, illetve nalbuphint alkalmaztak. Következtetés: A myastheniás betegek altatása thymectomia során altatógázokon alapszik, kis adagú anticholinerg gyógyszerekkel és esetleg steroidokkal a légzési szövődmények megelőzhetők.