bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early maladaptive schemas in methamphetamine and opioid addicts
Authors: Rezaei F. , Shams Alizadeh N.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

According to schema theory people have categorical rules or templates that they use to interpret the world and guide their behavior. A. T. Beck et al. (1990) and Young (1994) defined maladaptive or dysfunctional schemas as enduring, unconditional, negative beliefs about oneself, others, and the environment which organize one's experiences and subsequent behaviors. Because the early maladaptive schemas have been shown to predict psychosocial functioning and psychopathology it is reasonable to suspect that they might also impact substance abuse and substance dependence.

Objectives

Examining the 3 addict subgroups in terms of EMS factors and comparison of addict patients with control group.

Aims

To determine whether there are particular schemas that may be underlying the addictive behavior.

Methods

Participants were 34 opiate dependent, 18 methamphetamine addicts, 30 subjects with heroin dependence and 48 healthy subjects as control group. Addict group had completed at least 6 months of treatment, all were in early full remission. Participants were given the Young Schema Questionnaire-Long Form in order to identify EMSs.

Results

The results suggest that there are significant differences between the addict and control groups on 8 of the 18 schemas. There was not found any significant difference between opioid and methamphetamine groups regarding mean scores of EMSs or schema domains.

Conclusion

People with schema domains of impaired performance and impaired limits may be more likely to engage in substance dependence and these findings may have implications for drug abuse prevention programs.
Reasons for underutilisation of drug therapy for smoking cessation among Malaysian aboriginal smokers
Authors: Robson N. , Rashid R. , Habil H.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

The smoking rate among Malaysian aboriginal people is double the rate of other Malaysians. Smoking is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in aboriginal people but smoking cessation among this population is very low. At present, pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation is not subsidised in the health services.

Objective and aim

The study aimed to explore potential reasons for the underutilisation of drug therapy for smoking cessation among aboriginal and non-aboriginal smokers.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among aboriginal and non-aboriginal smokers in the state of Selangor between March 2010-August 2010. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire on demographics, smoking behaviour, physician counselling on smoking cessation and perceptions about drug therapy for smoking cessation.

Results

The overall response rate was 85% (250 Aboriginal smokers and 105 non-aboriginal smokers). Majority of smokers reported smoking cessation or reduction in the previous 6 months (Aboriginal 62% vs non-aboriginal 68%). Aboriginal participants were less likely to seek physician services (p = 0.001) and less willing to use nicotine replacement therapy (p = 0.01) or varenicline (p = 0.001). Among all smokers, having to buy the medication and price of the medication was the most important factor associated with less willingness to use the drugs but advice from physician was associated with willingness to use the drugs.

Conclusions

Regardless of ethnic origin, smokers were interested to quit smoking, but cost of medication may explain their lower uptake of drug therapy. Malaysian policy makers should consider making the drugs for smoking cessation freely available in the Malaysian health services.
Pathological gambling and behavior addiction in adulthood
Authors: Romo L. , Morvannou A. , Cheze N. , Legauffre C. , Lucas C. , Coëffec A. , De Lisle Nichols E. , Wahart C.
Published: May 2011

Gambling behaviors of young adults may begin in adolescence and continue or even worsen in adulthood (Goudriaan et al., 2009).

Even if the young adult population is not an homogeneous group, studies show that almost 5% of young people, against 1% in general population showed pathological gambling (Dyke, 2009)

Our objective was to study the presence of problem gambling among a population of young adults in professional-schools.

We included 629 people, average age 20 and 66.4% of men. We used a battery of assessment scales of consumption of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, pathological gambling, compulsive shopping, video games addiction, anxiety and depression.

The results show a prevalence of 1.6% of young people with a score of pathological gambling in the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI) and 7% with a score of problematic use.

The findings regarding depression, anxiety and other dependencies will be discussed.
Risks factors for cocaine-induced psychotic disorder
Authors: Roncero C. , Comin M. , Daigre C. , Grau-López L. , Martínez-Luna N. , Eiroa-Orosa F. , Miquel L. , Castrillo E. , Torrens M. , Casas M.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Chronic consumption of cocaine can induce transient psychotic symptoms, expressed as paranoia or hallucinations. The term cocaine induced psychosis (CIP) has been used to describe this syndrome. Cocaine Induce Psichotic Disorder (CIPD) have been used to describe a full psychotic state. CIP and CIPD prevalences are not well described.

Objectives

To evaluate risk factors for CIPD, in cocaine-dependents according to DSM-IV criteria.

Methods

We evaluated 150 patients (mean age 34 y.o, 81.8% men) of which 143 were included, using The PRISM (Psychiatric Research for Substance and Mental Disorders) interview. Exclusion criteria were: psychotic disorder or bipolar type I disorder, intoxication at interview, severe somatic disease at interview and language barrier. We compared three groups: group I: without any psychotic symptoms (33,33%); group II: with any psychotic symptoms (28,57%) and group III: with CIPD (38,77%).

Results

Differences were found in Patients of Group III in the Age at onset of addiction p < .0001*, past history of imprisonment p < 0,01, Alcohol Use disorders p = .006, Cannabis use disorders P < .0001* and Hallucinogens use disorders p < 0,001.All remaining after Bonferroni corrections.

Conclusions

CIPD is common in this population (approximately 40%). Risk factor for suffering CIPD were described, in Cocaine-dependents. Finally, professionals who work with cocaine-dependents patients should incorporate these considerations into an integral approach.
Impulsivity and addiction severity in cocaine, cocaine and heroin and heroin dependent patients measured by BIS-11 and Europasi
Authors: Roncero C. , Rodríguez-Cintas L. , Daigre C. , Gideoni F. , Martínez-Lun N. , Barral C. , Egido A. , López C. , Alvarós J. , Ros E.
Published: May 2011

Objectives

We aimed to study the relationship between impulsivity and the addiction severity in 3 groups of outpatients attending our clinic, through the Barrat Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) and the standarized, semistructured interview EuropAsi.

Methods

174 outpatients were analized (82.6% men, 113 cocaine-dependent as main drug (mean age 32.71 y.o. (31.45–33.96)), 43 cocaine and heroin-dependent (mean age 36.68 y.o. (33.52–39.85)) and 18 heroin dependent (mean age 37.94 (32.71–41.50)). 26.3% were cannabis-dependent and 10.9% abused of Cannabis. Statistical analysis used was the Kruskal-Wallis Test.

Results

Differences in motor impulsivity were found between the 2 groups with cocaine dependency and the only heroin-dependent (mean = 20.59, ST ± 7.7 and mean = 17.11, ST ± 7.3, respectively; W: .019). EuropASI, showed intergroup differences in the medical, use of alcohol and legal areas. In the medical area the most affected were the heroin dependent group (mean score = .40), followed by cocaine and heroin group (mean score = .27) and the cocaine-dependent (Mean = .10). In the use of alcohol area the most affected were the cocaine group (Mean = .16) followed by the cocaine and heroin-dependent (mean = .11) and heroin dependent (Mean = .06). In the legal area the most affected were the the cocaine and heroin-dependent (Mean =.22) followed by heroin-dependent (Mean = .09) and cocaine-dependent (Mean = .07).

Conclusions

Patients suffering from stimulant dependency alone or together with heroin dependency show different impulsivity levels. The addiction severity varies depending on the substance of abuse. Treatment programs should be designed attending patients’ needs.
Impulsivity spectrum disorders as a risk factor for cocaine-induced psychosis
Authors: Roncero C. , Daigre C. , Comin M. , Grau-López L. , Martínez-Luna N. , Gómez-Baeza S. , Artiaga M. , Rodriguez-Dominguez C. , Miquel L. , Miguel C.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Chronic consumption of cocaine can induce transient psychotic symptoms, expressed as paranoia or hallucinations. This is typically prevented by abstinence. The term Cocaine-Induced Psychosis (CIP) has been used to describe this syndrome. Impulsivity has been hypothesised are likked with CIP.

Objectives

This study examined the relationship between CIP and substance consumption variables and impulsivity disorders including ADHD (Axis I) and Borderline personality disorders (BPD) (Axis II), and attempted to evaluated their link as a risk factors for CIP.

Aims

Trained psychiatrists systematically conducted a structured interview in which the conclusions from the psychotic symptoms were summarized. We used the CADDID to evaluate Adult ADHD, SCID II for axis II disorders, and the Barrat Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11).

Methods

We evaluated 163 (34,16 yo, 85,80% men) cocaine-dependent patients, according to DSM-IV criteria.

Results

We found statistically significant association between CIP and Early age at onset of cocaine addiction (p = 0,04), cocaine use per day 6 months before starting treatment (p = 0,03), Barrat cognitive impulsivity subscale (p < 0,004), and Adult ADHD (p < 0,041). No relationship between BPD and CIP was found.

Conclusions

We confirm previous findings that Impulsivity disorders as ADHD or high impulsivity trails are liked to CIP. Coinciding with our previous findings, relationship between early age of onset cocaine dependence or high amounts of cocaine use and CIP was found. CIP are related with impulsivity disorders spectrum.
Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT): low versus high regulated model
Authors: Rusdi A.R. , Masturah R. , Robson N. , Habil H.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

In Malaysia, MMT started with low regulated model since year 2002 to address increasing prevalence of HIV/AIDS among intravenous drug users. However, fear of widespread diversion and overdose death forced the government to implement high regulated MMT model. Universiti Malaya conducted both model among self-sponsored(low supervision) and government-sponsored(high supervison) program.

Objectives

To investigate the biodemographic profiles, psychosocial correlates, pattern of substance use, methadone dosing and client satisfaction level among the two groups.

Methods

We conducted a cross sectional study involving 50 clients from each model. The inclusion criteria inludes opiates dependents age > 18 years and above with written consent using convenience sampling from October to December 2008. Semistructured questionare for demographic and pattern of substance use interview, MINI Neuropsychiatric interview for psychiatric morbidity and CSQ-8 for client satisfaction measurement. Analysis was done using SPSS version 16.

Results

All the participants are males with the mean age of 40 years. 61% are married and 90% are employed during the interview. 80% received MMT more than one year and 65% achieved maintenance dose more than 50mg daily. 68% used substance more than 10 years prior to the MMT and 73% starts using heroin below age of 20 years old. 57% have comorbid psychiatric illness(anti-social personality, major depression and psychotic disorders) and 33% have medical illness(HIV+, Hepatitis B/C and tuberculosis). There were no significance difference in demographic profiles, pattern of substance use, psychiatric/medical comorbidities and clients satisfasfaction level between the two groups.

Conclusion

Both group are similar from the clients satisfaction perpectives.
Spiritual enhanced drug addiction rehabilitation (SEDAR) program: An innovative strategy for increase coverage of methadone program in Malaysia
Authors: Rusdi A.R. , Noorzurani R. , Hussain H.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

In Malaysia, national methadone maintenance therapy program was started by the goverment in October 2005 as part of harm reduction approach in reducing HIV prevalence among drug users along with needles and Syringes exchange(NSEP) program. However, slow coverage of MMT treatment occurs due to limited resources in existing health facilities and lack of participation from general practioners(Gps). There is a need for another paltform to increase coverage and participation of GPs in national MMT program.

Objectives

To compare the retention rate and other outcomes measures between SEDAR program and Standard MMT treatment in hospital.

Aims

To determine the feasability of MMT program in mosque environment.

Methods

The pilot MMT program known as SEDAR program was conducted in Ar-Rahman mosque involving 30 clients. Brief spiritual intervention(BSI) was given by mosque staffs on top of standard MMT treatment counseling. BSI include washing body parts with water or “wuduk”, praying in the mosque or “tahiyatul masjid” and recite “doa” in the mosque environment prior to direct observed therapy of methadone in the mosque by the pharmacist. The retention rate, % of urine drugs negative over time period, drug use and HIV risk behavior, quality of live and spiritual progress were measure using specific tools: OTI, WHO Qol, SF36, HIR96.

Results

We expect the SEDAR group in Mosque has better outcomes or comparable with standard MMT treatment in hospital setting.

Conclusions

The SEDAR program is feasable to increase coverage of MMT program in Malaysia.
Comparison of psychiatric disorders between opium dependent and non dependent families in Arak-Iran in 2010
Authors: Salehi B. , Solhi H. , Fotovat A.-R. , Motamedi D.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Opium dependence is a worldwide problem, that has developed beyond the health - care border line.

Objective

There are a lot of foreign studies about psychiatric disorders in the opium dependent families. But those are a few in our culture and geographic area.

Aims

The aim of this study is comparing of psychiatric disorders between opium dependent and non dependent families in Arak-Iran in 2010.

Materials & method

This is a case - control study that carried on 230 families of 87 opium dependent subjects attending to the withdrawal clinics as case group and 420 families of 174 opium nondependents as control group who attended to the blood transfusion center in Arak -Iran by using SCL-90 Questionnaire. Then analyzed data by using Spss 15 in order for comparing different psychiatric disorders in them.

Result

Depression, Generalized anxiety disorder, hostility and paranoia were significantly different in three pathological types such as borderline, disorder and combined disorders (Pvalue < 0.05) in opium dependent and non-dependent families, but there were not Significantly different between other disorders such as somatization, Obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal disturbance, phobia and psychotic disorder in that questionnaires SCL90-R were measured (P value > 0.05). Psychiatric disorders as overall were significantly differences in opium dependent and non-dependent families (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

According to our finding a number of psychiatric disorders are more common in opium dependent families.Therefore further studies in this area and families with other substance dependence subjects were suggested.
Comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder: A case report
Authors: Sarajlija M. , Dostanic N. , Jugovic A.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Dual diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance use disorder (SUD) is reported to be both highly prevalent and highly challenging in therapeutic sense. Comorbidity of PTSD with SUD is complex, since substance abuse may often develop as an attempt to self-medicate the painful symptoms of PTSD while consequential withdrawal states exaggerate PTSD.Although there is a significant degree of comorbidity between PTSD and SUD, understanding of causal relationships between these disorders remains scarce.

Case report

We present the case of twenty-five year old male with PTSD (according the criteria of both ICD-X and DSM-IV) developed after trauma. Traumatic event included patient being witness to infliction of serious injuries to another person and also experiencing severe threat to personal safety. Three weeks after this occasion, suffering with clear symptoms of PTSD, patient started self-medication with benzodiazepines. Aside from temporary relief shortly after medication usage, PTSD symptoms generally worsened, particularly during periods of withdrawal. Five months after starting with substance use, patient was admitted to our Center. Treatment consisted of psychotherapy and medications (antidepressive, mood stabilizers, non-benzodiazepine hypnotic) with good response.

Conclusion

The addition of SUD to PTSD represents complication that needs to be appropriately addressed during treatment. Further research is necessary to ascertain which treatment could be most effective solution for this frequent association.
Patients’ opinion on the smoking habit at a psychiatric hospitalization unit of a general hospital
Authors: Scherer E.A. , Scherer Z.A.P. , Durão A.M.S. , Azevedo H.A. ,   GREIVI - Grupo de Estudos Interdisciplinar sobre Violência
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Mental patients constitute a vulnerable group for the smoking habit, with higher prevalence and addiction levels than in the general population. Free time at psychiatric institutions can contribute for hospitalized patients to smoke. Difficulties to control smoking during hospitalization include non-integration of anti-smoking strategies into service routines, disbelief in addiction treatments and the view of smoking as an instrument that appeases and facilitates social interaction.

Objective

Get to know patients’ opinion on tobacco use during hospitalization and the smokers’ addiction level.

Aims

Get to know the circumstance of the smoking habit during psychiatric hospitalization.

Method

Exploratory-descriptive quantitative and qualitative study, carried out at the Psychiatric Ward at Ribeirão Preto Medical School Hospital of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. A semistructured interview was applied to all subjects and the Fagerström questionnaire to the smokers.

Results

Out of 25 patients, 44% suffered from mood disorder and 28% from schizophrenia; 52% had been ill for ten years or more; 64% had been hospitalized between one and five times; 24% were smokers; 83.3% with a high addiction level. Most non-smokers agreed with a smoking prohibition in collective rooms, without privileges for mentally ill patients. The smokers were opposed to anti-smoking policies, but favorable to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) during hospitalization.

Conclusion

These findings can support future research and permit suggestions on studies to assess the NRT used at this or other services, as well as the possibility for patients to give up smoking.
Exploring the mental status of people with opium and heroin addiction
Authors: Shirazi K.K. , Heydarnia E. , Kamalianfard S. , Heydarnia M. , Fararooie M. , Rahimi E.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Individuals who engage in drugs abusing are more susceptible to a variety of physical, social and psychological health problems.

Objective

This study describes mental disorders of patients with opium and heroin addiction before taking MMT.

Method

Participants included 172 addicts (162 men and 10 women), referring to Fanoos addiction relief center, whose age ranged from 16–66 with mean age of 32.8. All participants were asked to complete a questionnaire about their bad feelings experienced during past month before taking methadone maintenance therapy.

Results

The average age of the first drug abusing was 20.5 with range of 10–60. The most frequent bad feelings that were reported by participants were sensation of anxiety, hopelessness and aloneness. 68.6% of patients had a history of depression, 56.4% were aggressive and 26.3% of them had ideas of suicide.

Conclusions

Exploring of mental status of addict people before taking MMT can be used for evaluation of treatment effects and designing more effective interventions.
Severe non-adherens to treatment phenomena with russian men alcoholics
Authors: Smirnova V.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Non-adherence in alcoholics is one of the major problems of contemporary Russian psychiatry.

Objective

To investigate the prevalence and structure of non-adherence in Russian men alcoholics receiving treatment in psychiatric hospital.

Methods

Forty five men(mean age 39.5 yrs) with alcoholism were randomly selected from narcology department and week after the last alcohol use enrolled in the subsequent survey including questionnaires on knowledge about the disease on treatment and health behavior. Patients with neurological deficit and any another psychiatric disorders in anamnesis were excluded.

Results

We have shown that only 4% of patients demonstrated adherence to treatment. 93% felt significant deterioration in physical well-being in the last 2–5 years, only 83% attributed it to alcohol use and only 67% were agree with diagnosis. The remaining 29% denied the alcohol dependence, but recognized the need for detoxification and general medical examination to improve the physical well-being. 96% thought unnecessary to work with a psychologist or a therapist or referral to a rehabilitation center or opioid receptor antagonist in spite of repeated failures of self-termination of drinking. They attributed this to the low efficiency of these methods and their high cost or absence problems and diseases.

Conclusion

Non-adherence is very prevalent in Russian men alcoholics. Severe non-adherence to treatment including illness denials is observed in 29% of patients. Non-adherence to treatment including most part of proposed methods is observed in 67%.
Neuromorphologic and neurochemical regularities of prenatal exposure of developing human brain to alcohol
Authors: Solonsky A. , Shushpanova T. , Semke V. , Bokhan N.
Published: May 2011

Objective

To identify neuromorphologic and neurochemical patterns of prenatal exposure to alcohol of developing brain of man as risk factor for development of mental pathology in offspring of mothers with alcoholism.

Methods

We studied brains of embryos and fetuses (7–12 weeks). There were obtained 53 embryos: 23 - from alcoholics and 30 - from healthy women. Age of patients was 26–39 years, disease duration - from 3 to 13 years. All cases were diagnosed with stage II alcoholism (F 10.201; F 10.202). To evaluate the properties of benzodiazepine receptors in brains of embryos sinaptoneurosomas we used method of radio receptor binding of selective ligand 3H-flyunitrazepame.

Results

Damage to cytoplasmic membrane and internal cell membrane systems, emergence and subsequent transformation of different types of spherical formations in perinuclear space, variety of options of mitochondria as a normal structure, and with signs of functional and structural pathology, increased development of Golgi complex, appearance of lipofuscin, multi-vesicular cells and myelin formation, delay of development of synaptic contacts of vesicular type, manifested in decreasing length of postsynaptic density of synaptic contacts, reducing area and perimeter of presynaptic terminals in main study group, changing nature of vascularization of brain tissue, what was expressed in reduction of average area of vessels, an increase in their number per unit of area and reducing perimeter of brain.

Conclusion

We have found that alcoholism during pregnancy results in decrease of affinity of synaptosomal receptors of brains of embryos. This may affect overall neurotransmitter processes in brain.
Sphincter of oddi dysfunction: sonographic examination in opiate addicts
Authors: Soltan M. , Abd Ghaffar M.
Published: May 2011

Objective

To benefit from the usefulness of ultrasonography in measurement of common bile duct in opiate addicts and to correlate between the common bile duct (CBD) diameter and the duration of addiction.

Materials and method

Fifteen addicts, diagnosed according to DSM IV diagnostic criteria, were examined by abdominal ultrasound. The common bile duct is measured and the results were analyzed with other factors like age, the period of addiction, laboratory findings.

Results

According to the findings, there is a significant increase in the range of the CBD diameter in comparison with normal bile ducts. Also, the mean diameter of the CBD in the different age groups showed a significant difference (p < 0.01) and there was a positive significant correlation between the CBD diameter and the period of addiction (p < 0.05, r = 0.875); the multiple comparisons shows that the significant difference between the 3 age groups were due to a significance between group (1) & (2), and group (1) & (3) but no significance between group (2) & (3). So, with the increased length of the addiction period, the mean CBD diameter increases.

Conclusion

In opiate addicts, the common bile duct is found to be dilated; however with normal serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase level and no obstructive causes by ultrasound examination, no need for any further assessment.
Clinical predictors of tobacco dependence relapses
Authors: Speranskaya O.I.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

So far, the smoking relapses after quitting have not been studied clinically. Psychological research emphasizes the role of stress and mood disorders in tobacco dependence relapse.

Our investigations showed that not only emotional changes but some clinico-psychopatological factors (signs) of tobacco dependence are very important in predicting the smoking relapses.

Methods

165 tobacco dependent patients, age 47–76, 105 women, 60 men, smoking period more than 25 years, were examined and anamnestically investigated from their first attempts to start smoking. All of them had therapy resistance appeared after several successful quittings.

Factor analysis was made to find out the prognostic signs for smoking recidives.

Results

100% patients had at least 2–3 “unfull” therapy remissions after smoking cessations with the persistence of ideatory component of craving for tobacco: the impossibility to control the mental ideas of smoking.

The less meaningful factors were, such as:

•

depressive mood at the time of remission with anxiety and sensibility in women (73%) and disphoria and irritability in men (89%);

•

indifferent attitude towards tobacco smoke smell (72%);

•

indifferent attitude to own health condition (56% women, 93% men);

•

short time quitting periods before relapses in smoking anamnesis ;

•

passive smoking in family (at work) (72 women, 43%men);

•

slowly disappearing symptoms of smoking cessation at the process of treatment (86% both sexes).

Conclusions

These data have preventive and prognostic benefit for diagnosis and planning therapy intervention.
Co-occurrence of patological gambling and alcohol dependence like common behavior
Authors: Stankovic M. , Alcaz S. , Vucetic-Arsic S. , Nikic M. , Popovic R. , Pejic S.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Pathological gambling and alcoholism are more common. In recent literature many factors may increase the risk for both conditions (social, cognitive, genetic, psychopharmacological).

Objectives

Experts talk about problematic behavior linking gambling and alcoholism and the terms „disordered gambling behavior“ and „disordered alcoholics behavior“ occurrence like common behaviour. Most gamblers drink alcohol during gambling.

Aim

Our paper show that some kind of disordered or dysfunctional behavior among pathological gambling and alcoholism presented common behavior frame for both of them.

Methods

We observed 25 male inpatients/outpatients, range of age between 20 – 50, for six months period of time who were treated in Department of Alcoholism in Special Hospital On Addictions, Belgrade, Serbia.We used the ICD-X diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling and alcohol dependence (excluded other disorder and co morbidity), data collected by medical history of illnes, psychiatry interview and check list for behavior disorder for both conditions.

Results

All the patients have negative consequences of their pathological gambling and alcoholism like loss the money, loss the job,disfunctonal family and partners relationships, loss of friends, avoid school and other peer activities, improve criminal behavior, sleep disorder, anxiety, depressive mood disorder. Also, occurrences the impulsivity behavior and lack of control as common factor for both behavior.

Conclusion

According the available literature and ICD-X do not meet the diagnostic criteria for common behavior disorder co-occurrence of pathological gambling and alcoholism yet, but determine „event-level“ like co-occurrence of gambling and drinking behavior. Some paper like this shows that exist common behavior linking gambling and alcoholism.
Baclofen in cannabis dependence syndrome - a open-label study and a brief follow up
Authors: Subodh N. , Chand P. , Murthy P. , Madhusudhan S. , Benegal V.
Published: May 2011

Aim

To study the effect of baclofen in preventing drug use in persons with cannabis misuse.

Methodology

An open label study to asses the effect of baclofen in treating persons with cannabis dependence (ICD-10 criteria) with assessments of outcome every month for a period of three months.

Results

20 male subjects (mean age of 29.70 ± 10.19 years) with a mean age at development of dependence of 20.75 ± 09.34 years and mean duration of cannabis use of 89.40 ± 57.41 months, were treated with baclofen (mean dose of 33.75 ± 04.83 mg./day). At three months 12 subjects (60%) completely stopped, 6 subjects (30%) decreased the frequency and 2 subjects (10%) continued the same frequency of the cannabis intake.

Conclusion

Our findings provide preliminary support for the use of baclofen in maintaining abstinence and improving outcome in patients with cannabis dependence.
Barriers to care for women with substance use
Authors: Subodh N. , Murthy P. , Chand P. , Rani V. , Benegal V.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Substance use among females showing an increasing trend in India. Though there is an increase in the rate of women approaching Deaddiction centre for treatment it is lower than the community prevalence of women with substance use.

Objectives

This study aims to look at the barriers preventing women from seeking treatment.

Aim

To assess the self reported barriers to seek treatment for women with substance users.

Methodology

A total of 50 substance using women were included among 52 visiting our de-addiction centre from Oct 09 till early part of Jan 10. All of them were self rated on barrier to care questionnaire specially prepared for the study.

Results

The mean age of the sample was 42.32 (SD 12.37). Majority of them were married, house wives studied up to primary. The most common substances used were Alcohol and tobacco (36%), followed by alcohol (26%) and tobacco (26%). The common perceived barriers to care are substance use has a solution to their problem (80%), disadvantage life circumstances (70%), lack of information on treatment options (64%), limited knowledge about treatment available (64%), shame/guilt of using the substance (64%) and limited knowledge about substance use problems (62%).

Conclusion

Findings highlights the areas that require attention for women with substance use. Handling these issues in a better way may increase the treatment seeking in women substance users.
Psychiatric symptoms’ treatment to patients addicted to alcohol, cocaine and crack
Authors: Silva A.M. , Pequeno M.L. , Feltrin M.D. , Gonçalves J.A. , Ropero Pelaez F.J. , Vitorino J. , Taniguchi S.F.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS) related to the use of neuroleptics are an limiting factor to patients’ compliance during the treatment with this group of drugs.

Objective

The aim of this study was to identify which drugs are mostly prescribed for cocaine, crack and alcohol addicts’ psychotic symptoms.

Methods

This study selected 31 patients with mean age of 33.61 ± 1.90 enrolled with psychotic disorders related to use of illicit drugs in an public mental health service.

Results

Patients under this study were addict to alcohol (61,29%), cocaine or crack, associated (38,71%).

The percentage of patients addicted to alcohol treated with typical neuroleptic-(typical-neurol) was 42,11%, with atypical neuroleptic-(atypical-neurol) was 26,32%, with association of typical and atypical neuroleptics-(typical/atypical-neurol) (21,60%), and with benzodiazepines associated with serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (BZD-SSRI) (10,00)%. The cocaine or crack associated or not with alcohol patients were treated with typical-neurol (41,67%), atypical-neurol (41,67%), typical/atypical-neurolol (8,33%) and BZD-SSRI (8,33%).

The EPS related to the use of neuroleptics in patients addicted to alcohol were given biperiden (52,65%), promethazine or anticolvulsant (Prometh/Anticonv) (42,11%) and no-treatment (5,26%). For those patients, addicted to cocaine, crack and alcohol altogether were given biperiden (58,34%), Prometh/Anticonv (25,00%) and no-treatment (16,67%).

Conclusions

In the case of using neuroleptics, the EPS should be reversed with biperiden in an dose combined with the neuroleptic prescribed to each individual, in an effort to minimized hallucination. Also, if sedation was indicated using Prometh/Anticonv to patients that are taking neuroleptics, then the health care professional team in charge must be aware of consciousness level-reduction.
Quetiapine for the treatment of cocaine dependence
Authors: Tapp A. , Wood A.E. , Kennedy A. , Sylvers P.
Published: May 2011

Background

Cocaine abuse continues to be epidemic, and yet there are no FDA approved medications for the treatment of cocaine use disorders. A previous pilot study conducted by this author suggested that quetiapine may help reduce the cravings for cocaine in 22 individuals with cocaine dependence.

Methods

This 12-week, prospective, intent-to-treat, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study examined the effectiveness of quetiapine (Seroquel SR™) versus matched placebo for the treatment of cocaine dependence in non-psychotic individuals. Sixty individuals with a diagnosis of cocaine dependence were randomized in this study, 29 into the quetiapine arm, and 31 into the placebo arm. Those who were randomized to quetiapine were titrated up to a target dose of 400 mg/day of quetiapine, while those on the placebo arm were given a matched placebo. All subjects had weekly clinic visits for a cognitive-behavioral therapy group session. Outcome measures included questionnaires of cocaine use, cravings for cocaine, and urine drug screen.

Results

Initial analyses indicate that the intensity, frequency, and length of cocaine cravings were reduced over 6 weeks in both the quetiapine and placebo groups. All hazard analyses indicated that the total money spent on cocaine also decreased in both groups, with a trend toward greater decrements in cocaine use the longer they remained in the study. Data analyses are ongoing to determine the potential effect of quetiapine on treatment of cocaine addiction.

Conclusions

Conclusions regarding the use of quetiapine as a treatment for cocaine dependence will be discussed.
The management of drug dependency followed through the center for drug addicts of Annaba
Authors: Tefahi B.B. , Kacha F. ,   Drug Project, Therapeutic Support, CIST, Annaba
Published: May 2011

Introduction

The drug dependency are chronic disorders of enamel relapse resulting from the interaction between a living organism and a psychoactive substance.

Objective

The aim of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive treatment plan for drug dependency at the center through drug addiction treatment using Annaba a semi-structured interview by direct multidimensional exploring different psychoactive substances.

Methods

Our methodology is based on an observational study of a cohort of 100 patients, aged 17 to 54, having a substance-related disorders according to DSM IV-TR, followed by the CIST Annaba since 2008.

Results

The age group most affected is between 21–30 years, predominantly male (96%), singles (68%), inactive (58%) and residing in the region of Annaba (77%), duration average consumption is higher (10 + 3 years) in 33% of cases, poly drug at doses above therapeutic in 90% of cases. The personality assessment is made by the Rorschach projective test of objectifying the presence of borderline personality disorder in 68% of cases. The establishment of a therapeutic project (motivational interviewing, drug substitution treatment and symptomatic treatment with cognitive behavioral psychotherapy) of drug dependency at the CIST Annaba could positively reinforce the assumption by reducing or stopping use toxic products. Cases of remission were found in 48%, but relapse was concerned that a quarter of cases.
Correlations between the clinical forms of alcoholism and début age
Authors: Tiugan A. , Tiugan C.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

The mal-adaptative use of alcohol represents independent psychiatric pathology, but the social and professional disability and the co-morbidity with other psycho-pathologic disorders gains the value of a phenomenon.

Objectives

The research was done clinically and catamnestic, both analytically and retrospectively over a period of 12 years on a group of patients with mal-adaptative consumption of alcohol, making the correlation between the clinical forms and the age of its debut.

Matherial and Method

The group included 644 patients with diagnosis of alcohol induced disorders..

The information obtained from the observation sheets (anamnesis, psychiatric interview and psychological examination) were statistically processed depending on the debut age, age groups and clinical forms.

Results

There is a vulnerability of early debut for alcohol consumption, with the development of secondary symptomatology predominantly in the age interval 35–40 years old (29,97%).

The early debut of alcohol consumption (16–25 years) was correlated with acute intoxication 11,49%, withdrawal syndrome 31,68%, anxiety disorders 28,26% and psychotic disorder 18,57%.

Clinical boards in over 45 years old patients were characterized by alcohol induced depressive disorders 72%, personality disorders 11,80%, cognitive disorders 16,2%, alcohol use being released by psycho-stressing factor (76%)

In advanced ages, the use of alcohol was correlated with depressive and behavioural disorders (68%).

Conclusions

The patients with early debut of alcohol consumption developed psycho-pathologic disorders secondary to it, before 30 years old.

The consumption debut at young ages is correlated with the severe addiction type and the behavioural model, and in advanced ages with depressive disorders.
Xenontherapy of withdrawal syndrom among the patients with opioid dependence
Authors: Tsygankov B.D. , Shamov S.A. , Khritinin D.F. , Dobrovolskaya U.V. , Yaltonskaya A.V.
Published: May 2011

Development of safe and efficient methods of opioid withdrawal syndrome treatment is a problem of addiction psychiatry. The search for new methods is influenced by the fact that the withdrawl state is complicated by severe psycho-vegetative dysfunction, pain, consistent insomnia, absence of response to psychopharmacological treatment and frequent co-morbidity with HBV/HCV.

The objective of this research was to study the effects of the inert gas - Xenon - on the psychopathological and psycho-vegetative symptoms of withdrawal and post-withdrawal states among patients with opioid dependency.

The aims of the research were as follows: to develop a new medical technology in the treatment of opioid withdrawal and post-withdrawal states with an account of the severity of their course, to develop clinical-laboratory differential predictors of efficacy of the treatment. From 2001 till 2006 a complex examination and treatment of 208 patients who suffered from opioid withdrawal state were conducted. The standard treatment was complemented with the use of Xenon in the intensive care wards of the Clinic of Drug Addiction №17, Moscow. An assessment of the therapeutic efficacy was based on the dynamic use of contemporary clinical, laboratory, psychological and statistical methods.

Results showed that supplementing the standard treatment with the use of Xenon led to the quickest reduction of the diver symptoms of opioid withdrawal and post-withdrawal states. It was proved that Xenon, as an antagonist of NMDA-receptors, provides a strong painkilling and neuroprotective effect and ultimatly stabilizes dysfunction of the vegetative system due to the suppression of catecholamine producing.
P01-118 – Where is “I” in addiction? (A link between personality disorders and drug addiction)
Authors: Knežević Tasić J. , Sapic R. , Valkanou M.
Published: May 2011

Is there something called „addictive“ personality, what is shared for most drug addicts and is there a space for individuality when addiction is in question? The main objective of this study was to discover the personality characteristic that are accountable for predicting addictive behaviour. The aim was to find a personality profile that is most vulnerable towards drug abuse. Additionally, factors such as emotional involvedness, attachment quality, parental style, education, professional ability, and more were examined. The sample of this research contained 103 participants, 55 addicts and 48 individuals in a control group. Millon Multiaxial Clinical Inventory III (MCMI III) and specially constructed data sheet were used. Canonical discriminant analysis presented the best model which generates distinct personality features that strongly predict drug abuse and to explore differences in the presence of psychopathological features between groups, whilst a Chi-squared analysis examined the additional factors. Significant differences were found between general population and substance abuse group in the presence of personality disorders and level of presented pathology. In conclusion individuals who developed Antisocial, Borderline, Depressive and Dependant personal style are most prone to use substances, whilst individuals who belong to Histrionic or Compulsive Personality style are most unlikely to develop addiction (p < .001). The addiction is firmly attached to the Depression major presence, PTSD and Dysthymia. Also, addiction group shows significantly higher level of pathology (p < .001).
Alcohol dependence in a psychiatric interconsultation unit
Authors: Veiga I. , Martinez P. , Vigo L. , Portillo J. , Gago A.
Published: May 2011

Aims

To determine the pattern of alcohol dependence among medical impatients who requires Psychiatric Interconsultation, with the purpose of achieve a better understanding of the problem and to suggest prevention strategies.

Methods

Sample studied was collected among all inpatients with diagnosis of alcohol dependence (DSM-IV-TR) admitted in our hospital during a study period of 3 years, from january 2007 to may 2010, who required psychiatric interconsultation.

Results

101 admissions with diagnosis of alcohol dependence were reviewed. There were 80 men (79,20%) and 21 women (20,8%). The mean of age was 53,13 years. The mean days of stay was 14,13. In this study, 60 subjects (59,40) there are medical history of alcohol dependence and 58 (57,42%) psychiatrc history.

Aims of admission

Alcohol deprivation 13 cases (12,87%); convulsion 6 (5,94%); acute agitation 5 (4,95%); cranioencephalic trauma 5 (4,95%); alcohol intoxication 5 (4,95%); fracture 4 (3,96%); suicide attempt 6 (3,96%); psychiatric indication 10 (9,9%); primary care indication 3 (0,029%); organic problem secondary to alcohol 32 (31,68%); other 12 (6,11%). 42 patients were admitted in Unidade Medica de Alta precoz (41,58%); Medical 21 (20,79%); Traumatology department 4 (3,96%); Gastroenterology 12 (6,11%); Neurology 3 (0,029%); Other departments 19 (18,81%).

Conclusions

The main cause of medical admission are somatic complications of alcohol, finding that only 9.9% of the income was indicated by the psychiatrist and to 0.029% for the primary care physician. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention 1, 2 and 3 of these complications should be a target of psychiatry.
Attentional bias and pathological gambling. Validation of gambling-related pictures for the development of a dot-probe task
Authors: Vizcaino E.J.V. , Mayor M.M. , Gras I.M. , Alfaro G.P. , Arriero M.Á.J. , Valladolid G.R.
Published: May 2011

Background

There is a growing trend to consider pathological gambling (PG) as an addictive behavior. Attentional bias (AB) occurs when the attentional channeling is directed towards emotionally valued stimuli despite an individual's effort to ignore them. This paradigm has been widely used to assess other addictions such as alcoholism and cocaine misuse. AB has been assessed in PG using the modified Stroop procedure. Despite that, to date, other procedures such as the dot-probe task have not been used.

Objective

To develop a dot-probe task to assess AB in PG.

Methods

We selected 38 gambling-related pictures that were validated using the Self-Assessment Manikin Visual Analogical Scale (SAM-VAS). This scale measures the pleasure, arousal, and dominance associated with a person's affective reaction to a wide variety of stimuli. We applied the scale to 20 subjects who met DSM-IV criteria for PG and to 20 matched control subjects.

Results

From 38 preselected pictures, 25 had an affective valence and enough intensity to be selected for the subsequent development of the dot-probe task.

Conclusions

To date, the modified Stroop procedure has been the only task carried out to assess AB in gamblers. These gambling-related pictures will be used to develop a dot-probe task to assess AB in pathological gamblers. In addition, we will assess the Eye movement task and Event-related Potentials, as direct measures of AB.
Sensitivity to reward and sensitivity to punishment as factors for predicting an alcohol use disorder
Authors: Vizcaíno E.J.V. , Mayor M.M. , Gras I.M. , Alfaro G.P. , Arriero M.Á.J. , Valladolid G.R.
Published: May 2011

Rationale

Gray's theory of personality distinguishes two personality dimensions: Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS). This construct has been widely used in the field of addictions and the study of impulsivity. BIS and BAS can be measured using the Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ). This questionnaire has been carried out in cross-sectional studies related to alcohol misuse, eating disorders, pathological gambling and cannabis misuse.

Objectives

To study Sensitivity to Reward and Sensitivity to Punishment as factors that could predict the development of Alcohol Dependence.

Methods

380 subjects completed the SPSRQ at the beginning of the study and were followed-up for 4 years. At this point, participants completed a protocol that assessed drinking-related variables and drinking patterns. Statistic was performed using regression analysis.

Results

Low scores obtained in the Reward Sensitivity Subscale was a significant predictor for developing an Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). High scores obtained in the Punishment Sensitivity Subscale were not significantly related to the subsequent development of an AUD.

Conclusions

Low scores obtained in the Reward Sensitivity Subscale predict a higher risk for the development of Alcohol Dependence. This could be due to more difficulties that these individuals exhibit, despite the negative consequences, when they have to inhibit their seeking behavior and intake of alcohol.