bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variability in epibiont colonization of shells ofFusitriton magellanicus(Gastropoda) on the Argentinean shelf
Authors: Schejter Laura , Escolar Mariana , Bremec Claudia
Published: September 2010

An inventory of the main epibiont organisms on living specimens, on empty shells and on pagurized shells ofFusitriton magellanicuscollected inZygochlamys patagonicafishing grounds off Argentina is provided here. Additionally, considering that the presence of the thick, hairy periostracum could be an inhibitor of boring and encrusting species, we analyse the presence of a periostracum in livingF. magellanicusin relation to the presence of epibionts. More than 70% of all shells bore encrusting organisms (of at least 30 taxa) but only a small proportion of shells was heavily fouled, the majority of living, empty and pagurized shells being lightly or moderately fouled. Polychaetes were the most common epibiont group (present on more than 60% of shells) while sponges and ascidians were responsible for the majority of the heavily fouled living gastropods. In general, specimens had a moderate level of encrustation and, simultaneously, a low or medium coating of periostracum. Hairy gastropods (only 14% of the sampled specimens) had few or no epibionts. A relationship between the size of the shell and the level of encrustation was only found in living gastropods.Fusitriton magellanicusis the second species in importance (after the Patagonian scallop) for the provision of a hard settlement substrate in the shelf-break frontal area of the Argentine Sea.
Larval body size–mass relationships of barnacles common to the English Channel coast of the UK
Authors: Muxagata E. , Williams J.A.
Published: September 2010

The study presents dry mass and body measurements of the larval stages of five common barnacle species occurring in mesozooplankton catches of Southampton Water and the central Solent area of the south coast of the UK. Quantitative samples were collected with conventional 120-μm mesh plankton nets. Species-specific regression equations relating carapace width and total length with dry mass were obtained for stage II to stage VI nauplii and cyprids of Austrominius modestus, Amphibalanus improvisus, Balanus crenatus, Semibalanus balanoides and Verruca stroemia. Width–dry mass and length–dry mass regressions obtained in the present study accounted for more than 98% of the variability for naupliar stages, and length–dry mass for 80% of the variability for cyprids. The dry mass of barnacle larvae predicted from carapace width equations determined here differed by only –6% from the measured dry masses of an independent data set, suggesting these first-reported equations of barnacle larvae are useful additions to zooplankton production studies.
Childhood sexual abuse and abnormal personality: a population-based study
Authors: Moran P. , Coffey C. , Chanen A. , Mann A. , Carlin J. B. , Patton G. C.
Published: September 2010

Background

Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has been shown to be a risk factor for personality disorder (PD). However, no previous studies have examined whether associations exist between sexual abuse and abnormal personality as measured both categorically and dimensionally. Such enquiry would more fully illuminate the impact of CSA on adult personality.

Method

Using a large nationally representative sample, we set out to examine associations between CSA and categorically defined PD. We also examined associations between CSA and the five dimensions of personality (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism). A total of 1520 young adults were interviewed to determine the prevalence of sexual abuse occurring before age 16 years. A dimensional measure of personality was completed by 1469 participants, and 1145 had an informant-based PD assessment.

Results

PD was independently associated with repeated CSA [fully adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–3.4]. Repeated sexual abuse was also associated with higher neuroticism and lower agreeableness (p values for both <0.001). Adjusting for the effects of potential confounders and mediators, including earlier symptoms of anxiety and depression, had little impact on the strength of associations.

Conclusions

We conclude that repeated CSA is independently associated with categorically defined PD, and also with higher neuroticism and lower agreeableness. Our findings suggest that if a dimensional classification of PDs is adopted in future classification systems, there might be meaningful continuity with previous aetiological research conducted using the current categorical system.
Vanishing transverse entropy in smooth ergodic theory
Authors: LEDRAPPIER FRANÇOIS , XIE JIAN-SHENG
Published: September 2010

For a measure-preserving transformation, the entropy being zero means that there is no increasingσ-algebra. In this note, we prove that a similar phenomenon occurs forC2diffeomorphisms when considering the increment between the partial entropies associated with different exponents.
A lightweight approach to datatype-generic rewriting
Authors: VAN NOORT THOMAS , RODRIGUEZ YAKUSHEV ALEXEY , HOLDERMANS STEFAN , JEURING JOHAN , HEEREN BASTIAAN , MAGALHÃES JOSÉ PEDRO
Published: September 2010

Term-rewriting systems can be expressed as generic programs parameterised over the shape of the terms being rewritten. Previous implementations of generic rewriting libraries require users to either adapt the datatypes that are used to describe these terms or to specify rewrite rules as functions. These are fundamental limitations: the former implies a lot of work for the user, while the latter makes it hard if not impossible to document, test, and analyze rewrite rules. In this article, we demonstrate how to overcome these limitations by making essential use of type-indexed datatypes. Our approach is lightweight in that it is entirely expressible in Haskell with GADTs and type families and can be readily packaged for use with contemporary Haskell distributions.
Non-pharmacological management of urinary incontinence
Authors: Mathur A , Browning J , Mistri AK
Published: September 2010

Urinary incontinence is a common and under-reported symptom, affecting one in five people, with a higher prevalence in women and those who are elderly. It can have a major impact on physical health and social activity. Initial assessment to categorize symptom type is the key to guiding further therapy. Non-pharmacological (NP) options are preferred as first-line intervention, and if unsuccessful, are followed by anticholinergics, often in combination with NP options. Surgical intervention must be sought where appropriate. However, NP interventions are often not considered due to uncertainty about the evidence-base, perceived difficulty of application and perhaps a lack of awareness of or access to specialist continence services. This article addresses the first of the barriers, summarizing the evidence for various NP interventions, including lifestyle interventions, physical therapies, behavioural therapies and containment options, enabling the reader to formulate an evidence-based opinion and a pragmatic view on the feasibility, efficacy and applicability of the various NP interventions, without automatic recourse to anticholinergic medication in the first instance.
Inherited Social Difference at the Edges of Flakes
Authors: Close Angela E.
Published: September 2010

It is now generally accepted that there are no human societies which are truly egalitarian; this also true of bonobos and chimpanzees, among whom rank is inherited. If it were true of the common ancestor of Homo and Pan, there would have been (inherited) social inequality throughout our hominin ancestry. The problem is how to find it. It is also accepted that artefacts play an active and important role in our social lives; thus, socially defined differences may be reflected among the very simplest of artefacts. A case study of flaked stone from southwestern Egypt, dating to about 7000–8000 years ago, suggests that social differences can, indeed, be identified within very simple artefacts — in this case, plain, unmodified stone flakes. Using unmodified stone flakes, I explore the possibility of identifying not merely social difference but, specifically, inherited social difference in the Upper Palaeolithic of Europe and among early African hominins more than 2,000,000 years ago.
On the Soundness of Inferring Modern Language from Symbolic Behaviour
Authors: Botha Rudolf
Published: September 2010

At issue in this article is the soundness of archaeological inferences which proceed stepwise from data about the material culture of Middle Stone Age humans, via assumptions about their symbolic behaviour, to the conclusion that they had modern language. Taking as paradigmatic the inference that the humans who inhabited Blombos Cave in South Africa some 75,000 years ago had fully syntactical language, the article argues that the inferential step from symbolic behaviour to modern language lacks the required warrant. This step, it is shown, is not underpinned by an adequate bridge theory of the putative links between symbolic behaviour and modern language. The bridge theories invoked to date to shore up the Blombos inference are flawed, for instance, in that they incorporate untenable assumptions about language, including an incorrect view of the expressive power of relatively simple linguistic means.
Emotional and Mnemonic Geographies at Hambledon Hill: Texturing Neolithic Places with Bodies and Bones
Authors: Harris Oliver
Published: September 2010

This article investigates the shaping of place through memory and emotion. In particular it explores how, by engaging with particular kinds of materials, people texture locales in ways which help to structure future actions. By examining the manner in which deceased human bodies were engaged with at the British Neolithic site of Hambledon Hill, this article argues that we can trace the creation of these mnemonic and emotional geographies and so add to our understanding of how and why traditions of practice, including the deposition of human bone, were maintained through time.
Spatial Structures and Symbolic Systems in Irish and British Passage Tombs: the Organization of Architectural Elements, Parietal Carved Signs and Funerary Deposits
Authors: Robin Guillaume
Published: September 2010

Passage tombs are the most elaborate monuments that were built during the Irish and British Neolithic, not only because of their complex monumental architecture but also because they are the only type of tomb that has carvings and such a diversity of funerary objects. This article focuses on the spatial organization of these three components of passage tombs and identifies several recurrent structures that are classified into three groups. From these spatial structures, an abstract elementary model is proposed that helps to understand the conceptual principles and the symbolic significations that guided the construction, decoration and use of the monuments.
Fortifications as Warfare Culture: the Hilltop Centre of Yayno (Ancash, Peru), AD 400–800
Authors: Lau George F.
Published: September 2010

This article evaluates defensive works at the ancient hilltop centre of Yayno, Pomabamba, north highlands, Peru. Survey, mapping and sampling excavations show that its primaryoccupation dates to cal. AD 400–800, by groups of the Recuay tradition. At the centre of a network articulating small nearby farming villages, Yayno features an impressive series of natural and built defensive strategies. These worked in concert to protect the community from outsiders and keep internal groups physically segregated. The fortifications are discussed in relation to local political organization and a martial aesthetic in northern Peru during the period. Recuay elite identity and monumentalism arose out of local corporate traditions of hilltop dwelling and defence. Although such traditions are now largely absent in contemporary patterns of settlement, an archaeology of warfare at Yayno has repercussions for local understandings of the past.
Interpretation Bias and Anxiety in Childhood: Stability, Specificity and Longitudinal Associations
Authors: Creswell Cathy , O'Connor Thomas G.
Published: September 2010

Background: Biases in the interpretation of ambiguous material are central to cognitive models of anxiety; however, understanding of the association between interpretation and anxiety in childhood is limited. To address this, a prospective investigation of the stability and specificity of anxious cognitions and anxiety and the relationship between these factors was conducted. Method: Sixty-five children (10–11 years) from a community sample completed measures of self-reported anxiety, depression, and conduct problems, and responded to ambiguous stories at three time points over one-year. Results: Individual differences in biases in interpretation of ambiguity (specifically “anticipated distress” and “threat interpretation”) were stable over time. Furthermore, anticipated distress and threat interpretation were specifically associated with anxiety symptoms. Distress anticipation predicted change in anxiety symptoms over time. In contrast, anxiety scores predicted change in threat interpretation over time. Conclusions: The results suggest that different cognitive constructs may show different longitudinal links with anxiety. These preliminary findings extend research and theory on anxious cognitions and their link with anxiety in children, and suggest that these cognitive processes may be valuable targets for assessment and intervention.
Losing a parent to cancer: A preliminary investigation into the needs of adolescents and young adults
Authors: Patterson Pandora , Rangganadhan Anita
Published: September 2010

Objective:

Research into parental loss has led to an understanding of the types of reactions and responses that children, and to a lesser extent adolescents and young adults, have when a parent dies. Only limited studies, however, have directly investigated the psychosocial needs of young people during this period. The aim of the current study was to identify and better understand the needs of adolescents and young adults who have lost a parent to cancer, and to ascertain the extent to which these needs had been met.

Method:

As the study is exploratory in nature, a qualitative questionnaire was used to explore the needs and unmet needs of adolescents and young adults who have had a parent die of cancer. Sixty-two parentally bereaved young people aged 12–23 participated.

Results:

The data were thematically analyzed and seven conceptually distinct need themes emerged, namely: support and understanding; help coping with feelings; to talk to people who have had a similar experience; information; have a break/have fun; space and time to grieve; and help with household responsibilities.

Significance of results:

The research findings will assist health professionals in developing services and interventions which are more responsive to the needs of parentally bereaved young people.
Factors influencing older adults to complete advance directives
Authors: Alano Gloria J. , Pekmezaris Renee , Tai Julia Y. , Hussain Mohammed J. , Jeune Jose , Louis Betina , El-Kass Gabriel , Ashraf Muhammad S. , Reddy Roopika , Lesser Martin , Wolf-Klein Gisele P.
Published: September 2010

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors which influence advance directive (AD) completion among older adults.

Method:

Direct interviews of hospitalized and community-dwelling cognitively intact patients >65 years of age were conducted in three tertiary teaching settings in New York. Analysis of AD completion focused on its correlation with demographics, personal beliefs, knowledge, attitudes, and exposure to educational media initiatives. We identified five variables with loadings of at least 0.30 in absolute value, along with five demographic variables (significant in the univariate analyses) for multiple logistic regression. The backward elimination method was used to select the final set of jointly significant predictor variables.

Results:

Of the 200 subjects consenting to an interview, 125 subjects (63%) had completed ADs. In comparing groups with and without ADs, gender (p < 0.0002), age (p < 0.0161), race (p < 0.0001), education (p < 0.0039), and religion (p < 0.0104) were significantly associated with having an AD. Factors predicting AD completion are: thinking an AD will help in the relief of suffering at the end of life, (OR 76.3,p < 0.0001), being asked to complete ADs/ or receiving explanation about ADs (OR 55.2,p < 0.0001), having undergone major surgery (OR 6.3,p < 0.0017), female gender (OR 11.1,p < 0.0001) and increasing age (76–85vs.59–75: OR 3.4,p < 0.0543; <85vs. 59–75: OR 6.3,p < 0.0263).

Significance of results:

This study suggests that among older adults, the probability of completing ADs is related to personal requests by health care providers, educational level, and exposure to advance care planning media campaigns.
What makes grief difficult? Perspectives from bereaved family caregivers and healthcare providers of advanced cancer patients
Authors: Stajduhar Kelli I. , Martin Wanda , Cairns Moira
Published: September 2010

Objective:

Family members who take on the role of caregiving for someone who is dying begin bereavement after being emotionally and physically taxed by the caregiving experience. The course of bereavement is influenced by a number of factors, including health problems, financial concerns, social support, and family relationships. This paper reports on findings from a secondary analysis of qualitative data from a study examining family caregiver coping in end-of-life cancer care, to describe, from the perspectives of bereaved family caregivers, their perspectives on what made their grief difficult.

Method:

Qualitative data from three focus groups with family caregivers (n = 19) and two focus groups with health professionals (n = 14) were subjected to interpretive thematic analysis.

Results:

Our finding suggest three broad areas that make family caregivers' grief difficult: (1) dealing with occurrences in everyday life; (2) dealing with challenges specific to the caregiving situation; and (3) dealing with the healthcare system.

Significance of results:

The findings provide an important beginning point in understanding the types of issues that seem to make grief difficult for family caregivers of cancer patients at the end of life and can help professional groups to understand what is needed by family caregivers in terms of support and delivery of services.
Evaluation of a British child bereavement service: The user's perspective
Authors: Lydon Anne , Hennings Jean , Woolley Bernadette Ryan
Published: September 2010

Objective:

This article summarizes the findings from a 3-year independent evaluation of a regional Child Bereavement Service (CBS). The service was commissioned by a Primary Care Trust in Northern England, and funded by a British cancer charity, Macmillan Cancer Support. The need for a CBS was recognized by members of a Palliative Care Group who identified a gap in local services for bereaved children, who may be susceptible to short/long-term psychiatric/psychological disorders. The service was established to offer support for professionals working with bereaved children and their family.

Method:

Interventions provided by the service included pre/post bereavement support, individual work with the child and/or family, and group work. An evaluation (2004–2007), was conducted to inform service development utilizing semi-structured interviews with parents/carers of service users (n = 20), and semi-structured interviews with healthcare professionals (n = 8). Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using grounded theory methods.

Results:

Referrals were higher than expected. Sixty per year were anticipated; however, in the first year alone, there were 255 referrals. Health and social care professionals who attended training courses, provided by the CBS staff, expressed confidence in providing bereavement support themselves, or by making appropriate referrals to the CBS. Parents and carers welcomed a service specifically for their children.

Significance of results:

The CBS is a viable organization that supports bereaved children as expressed in this article.
A psychosocial cancer phone center staffed by professional psychologists as an integral part of the standard process of care: Its utility during the course of illness
Authors: Arnaboldi Paola , Lupo Francesca N. , Santoro Luigi , Rubio Luigia , Tenore Angela , Solinas Ilaria , Grotti Fabrizio Delle , Ferri Vito , Teresi Nicasia , Zurrida Stefano , Didier Florence
Published: September 2010

Objective:

Major cancer centers cannot ignore psychosocial patient needs that have a significant impact on the process of adjustment to cancer and on compliance to treatments. We introduced a new service, the Gigi Ghirotti Psychosocial Cancer Phone Center (GGPCPC), staffed by professional psychologists, for use by our patients and their relatives. This article investigates its feasibility as a support delivery vehicle for patients in their follow-up phase, and also investigates patients' sense of abandonment related to their care setting.

Method:

A close collaboration was set up between GGPCPC psychologists and European Institute of Oncology (IEO) psychologists. Education and awareness sessions regarding the importance of such a source of psychological support were conducted by IEO psychologists with nurses, secretaries, and receptionists. IEO psychologists input monthly data, recorded on specific paper-tabs by GGPCPC psychologists for each call received by the phone center between March 2007 and March 2009, into a SPSS database.

Results:

Four hundred and thirty individuals contacted the center mainly to receive psychological support during their treatment phase, when they visited IEO for treatment sessions. Multiple indicators suggest that this telephone support program was feasible and provided support to a broad range of cancer patients. Patients seemed to prefer it to face-to-face psychological support during their treatment-phase.

Significance of results:

The GGPCPC was demonstrated to be an efficacious support and information delivery vehicle for patients and relatives during the illness course.
Symptoms experienced by cancer patients during the first year from diagnosis: Patient and informal caregiver ratings and agreement
Authors: Molassiotis Alexander , Zheng Y. , Denton-Cardew L. , Swindell R. , Brunton L.
Published: September 2010

Objective:

The aim of this study was to explore the symptom experience of patients with cancer, identify changes in symptoms over time, and explore the congruence of symptom reports between patients and their informal caregivers.

Method:

This was a prospective longitudinal evaluation of symptoms over 1 year from start of treatments (T1) using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale. Assessments and follow up took place at 3 months (T2), 6 months (T3) and 12 months (T4). A heterogeneous sample of 100 patients with cancer participated, providing 325 assessments over time. Furthermore, 82 caregivers also participated, providing 238 dyadic patient–caregiver assessments over the same time.

Results:

The most commonly occurring, and by far most distressing, symptom was “lack of energy.” Common symptoms reported were lack of concentration, difficulties sleeping, shortness of breath, cough, pain, dry mouth, and feeling drowsy. Symptom occurrence and distress improved over time, particularly from T2 to T3 (p < 0.05), but the “chronicity” of some generic symptoms was notable. Caregivers tended to overestimate occurrence and distress compared to patients, particularly in symptoms of psychological nature; κ statistics had a highest coefficient of 0.45, suggesting moderate agreement between patients and caregivers at best.

Significance of results:

More attention needs to be paid to the commonly reported symptoms by patients, as they have the potential of impacting on quality of life (QOL). As patient–caregiver reports had moderate agreement, effort should be directed to improving this agreement, as caregivers are often communicating patient symptoms to clinicians.
Making sense of health and illness in palliative care: Volunteers' perspectives
Authors: Sévigny Andrée , Cohen S. Robin , Dumont Serge , Frappier Annie
Published: September 2010

Objective:

To encourage communication and contribute to the palliative care movement's need for interdisciplinary care, this article offers to explore the stance of volunteers on two fundamental concepts, “health” and “illness,” as well as their related understanding of “palliative care.” Volunteers' understandings are then compared with the concepts put forth by the Canadian Hospice Palliative Care Association (CHPCA) in its “Model to Guide Hospice Palliative Care.”

Method:

Focus groups with volunteers, and individual interviews with coordinators from five selected palliative care community action organizations from across Canada, are used. A total of 65 participants from three Canadian provinces were interviewed.

Results:

Participants view illness as a subjective, multidimensional, and transformative experience that requires multiple adjustments. It is an impediment to personal equilibrium and a challenge for the terminally ill and their close ones. Health, on the other hand, is a complex phenomenon that consists of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being. For participants, health is most often embodied by a person's capacity to adjust to their challenging circumstances. Both volunteers and coordinators see palliative care as an alternative approach to care that centers on helping patients and their families through their ordeal by offering comfort and respite, and helping patients enjoy their life for as long as possible.

Significance of Results:

Participants describe illness as a destabilizing loss and palliative care as a means to compensate for the numerous consequences this loss brings; their actions reflect these principles and are compatible with the CHPCA model.
Involvement in everyday life for people with a life threatening illness
Authors: Svidén Gerd Andersson , Tham Kerstin , Borell Lena
Published: September 2010

Objective:

In many studies, everyday life has been shown to be of great significance in the context of life-threatening cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate how people with cancer who are receiving palliative care engage in and undertake activities in their everyday lives.

Method:

This is a qualitative interview study adopting a grounded theory approach. The sample was composed of participants receiving services from palliative hospital-based home care and day care services. A total of 47 individuals were interviewed.

Results:

Despite experiencing the threat of progressive loss of functioning, the participants were striving to remain involved in and to be active in everyday life. Continued involvement in everyday life with lowered expectations concerning performance gave the participants the possibility to continue doing daily activities as well as to perform new and engaging activities that were a source of pleasure and enabled the patients to feel a sense of competence.

Significance of results:

This study has demonstrated the power of being involved in everyday life activities. The proposed model, explaining individuals' desire to continue to live an active life despite a progressive loss of functioning, can provide a model to help the reasoning of professionals when supporting patients in their everyday life.
Improving quality of life through rehabilitation in palliative care: Case report
Authors: Kasven-Gonzalez Nicole , Souverain Regine , Miale Susan
Published: September 2010

Objective:

Occupational and physical therapists can have a significant impact on the quality of life of terminally ill cancer patients. In the critical care setting, rehabilitation is often overlooked. However, occupational and physical therapists work with critically-ill patients to create realistic and meaningful goals for improving comfort, mobility, socialization skills, and ability to care for oneself regardless of disease state and medical status. The following case report describes rehabilitation intervention with a young woman diagnosed with osteosarcoma and leukemia during the final stage of her life.

Method:

This case report highlights the use of patient-centered goals and the importance of close collaboration between the patient, occupational therapist, and physical therapists to achieve a higher quality of life.

Results:

A collaborative effort by the occupational and physical therapists yielded positive outcomes as defined by the patient, patient family, and the medical staff in the critical care setting.

Significance of results:

Palliative care patients may benefit from occupational therapy (OT) and physical therapy (PT) intervention. Rehabilitation specialists are skilled at working with patients to set realistic and meaningful functional goals. Further study on rehabilitation treatment to improve quality of life among patients in palliative care is needed.
SRF cryostat dynamics at the Canadian Light Source
Authors: Regier C. , Matias E. , Pieper J.
Published: September 2010

This work includes the creation of a computer model of the superconducting radio frequency cryostat located at the Canadian Light Source (CLS) in Saskatoon, Canada. This cryostat requires careful pressure and level modulation to ensure proper radio frequency control. A detailed mathematical model of the cryostat is generated based on gas and liquid mass balances for a boiling vessel, along with pressure–volume–temperature relations. Model results are compared with experimental data taken from the actual cryostat at the CLS to determine the accuracy of the simulation. Finally, cryostat performance is explored using the model, and it is demonstrated that there are no significant advantages in pressure modulation when reducing the level operating point, and in fact a reduction in operating level slightly increases the maximum value of pressure spikes due to heat loading.
Spatial and temporal evolution of horizontally extensive lightning discharges associated with sprite‐producing positive cloud‐to‐ground flashes in northeastern Spain
Authors: van der Velde Oscar A. , Montanyà Joan , Soula Serge , Pineda Nicolau , Bech Joan
Published: September 2010

During the evening of 6 August 2008, a small mesoscale convective system (MCS) entered the area of radar and 2‐D interferometric lightning detection system coverage in northeastern Spain and produced 17 sprites recorded by a camera at only 95–180 km distance. This study presents an analysis of the in‐cloud component of the sprite‐associated lightning flashes and those of other flashes. The analysis focuses on the horizontal development of sprite‐producing lightning by discussing three examples, divided into the periods before the positive cloud‐to‐ground flash (+CG), between +CG and the end of the sprite, and the period after the sprite. Location and horizontal size of sprites appear to be well explained by the temporal and spatial development of the lightning path. The majority of sprite‐producing discharges started directly at the rear side of developing and mature convective cores within the decaying MCS, either with the +CG or with preceding negative leaders. The +CG started a burst of VHF sources during which the sprite developed. Delayed carrot sprites developed after a secondary, smaller burst and were well collocated with the burst toward the rear of the MCS. The order of development of elements in a grouped sprite followed the direction of lightning propagation during the burst stage. The second part of the analysis concentrates on the metrics of sequences of VHF sources and shows that sprites are indeed produced by the largest, longest lasting discharges with particularly large line‐perpendicular dimensions (37 km median compared with 11 km for +CG >25 kA).
Venusian bow shock as seen by the ASPERA‐4 ion instrument on Venus Express
Authors: Whittaker I. , Guymer G. , Grande M. , Pintér B. , Barabash S. , Federov A. , Mazelle C. , Sauvaud J. A. , Lundin R. , Russell C. T. , Futaana Y. , Fränz M. , Zhang T. L. , Andersson H. , Grigoriev A. , Holmström M. , Yamauchi M. , Asamura K. , Baumjohann W. , Lammer H. , Coates A. J. , Kataria D. O. , Linder D. R. , Curtis C. C. , Hsieh K. C. , Koskinen H. E. J. , Kallio E. , Riihelä P. , Schmidt W. , Kozyra J. , McKenna‐Lawlor S. , Thocaven J. J. , Orsini S. , Cerulli‐Irelli R. , Mura A. , Milillo M. , Maggi M. , Roelof E. , Brandt P. , Frahm R. A. , Sharber J. R. , Wurz P. , Bochsler P.
Published: September 2010

The Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA‐4) instrument on Venus Express is used to determine bow shock position at Venus using ion data alone, using data recorded during a solar minimum from the Ion Mass Analyzer (IMA) which is part of the ASPERA‐4 package. Previous models constructed from solar minimum data using Venus Express, Pioneer Venus Orbiter (PVO) and Venera 9 and 10 are also compared to the current fit. An important feature of this new fit is a statistical accuracy introduced in the form of a probability weighting function for the data points, based on the time spent in particular locations. The bow shock curve is then compared to two‐dimensional ion maps. These verify the accuracy of this and previous solar minimum fit curves based on PVO and Venus Express magnetic data. Comparing all bow shock models to the 2D ion maps shows that a combination of models produces the best fit. Since all the fitted curves show differences in position they are investigated relative to the solar conditions pertaining at the times when the individual data sets were measured. The sub solar point and terminator distance were thus found to vary linearly with sunspot number and hence with solar activity. This relationship, which was already known to exist between solar maximum and solar minimum, is now shown to exist between different solar minima and even within the same minimum. This indicates a need for the mechanisms for bow shock maintenance and variance to be more closely modeled.
Spectral observations of FUV auroral arcs and comparison with inverted‐V precipitating electrons
Authors: Lee C. N. , Min K. W. , Lee J.‐J. , Parks G. K. , Fillingim M. O. , Lummerzheim D. , Cho K. S. , Kim K.‐H. , Kim Y. H. , Park Y. D. , Han W. , Edelstein J. , Korpela E.
Published: September 2010

This paper presents first simultaneous observations of far ultraviolet (FUV) spectra of discrete and diffuse auroras, together with precipitating electrons measured on the same spacecraft, to emphasize the importance of high‐resolution FUV images for accurate estimation of precipitating energy flux in the auroral region. An FUV spectrograph image with ∼2 km × 3 km resolution show small‐scale features were embedded in the auroral arcs. Comparison of peak energies of inverted‐V events with the corresponding FUV spectra shows that the observed long band N2 Lyman‐Birge‐Hopfield (LBH) emission (long LBH band (LBHL): 160.0–171.5 nm) varied more sensitively to the peak energies compared to the short band. Comparison of the inverted‐V structures and their energy fluxes with the LBHL irradiance for ∼10 km × 10 km regions show they are well correlated for peak energy >2 keV. When the data are averaged over a larger area (70 km × ∼140 km), on the other hand, the LBHL irradiance becomes less bright for the corresponding electron energy flux due to the contribution from the low‐intensity background diffuse aurora produced by secondary electrons. This study demonstrates a reliable relationship between precipitating electron energy flux and LBHL intensity is obtained only if the precipitating region and FUV intensity are locally matched with a scale of less than 10 km corresponding to the size of discrete auroras.
Wave and particle characteristics of earthward electron injections associated with dipolarization fronts
Authors: Deng Xiaohua , Ashour‐Abdalla Maha , Zhou Meng , Walker Raymond , El‐Alaoui Mostafa , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Ergun R. E. , Schriver David
Published: September 2010

A comprehensive examination of particle and wave data from multiple Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) satellites has been made of an electron injection structure in the magnetotail as it propagated earthward from −20 RE to −11 RE on 27 February 2009. The electron injection, which was closely associated with a dipolarization front and bursty bulk flows, occurred within a thin plasma boundary layer and had both perpendicular and parallel energization, with very little energy dispersion. The thin plasma boundary layer had a thickness comparable to the ion inertial length and displayed different plasma characteristics at different locations. Strong electromagnetic waves between the lower hybrid frequency and the electron gyrofrequency, as well as electrostatic waves up to the electron plasma frequency, were observed within the thin plasma boundary layers. The two outermost spacecraft at X = −20.1 RE and X = −16.7 RE detected intense whistler waves, most likely driven by an observed electron temperature anisotropy with T⊥/T∥ > 1. Closer to Earth at X = −11.1 RE, whistlers were not seen, consistent with the observed electron distribution having T⊥/T∥ < 1. Near the electron injection region, nonlinear electrostatic structures such as electrostatic solitary waves and double layers were also observed. These nonlinear electrostatic structures can interact with the electron distribution and accelerate electrons; high energy distributions could be generated if the electrons encountered a large number of these structures. The observations show that nonideal MHD, nonlinear, and kinetic behavior is intrinsic to the electron injections with multiscale coupling.
Traveling ionospheric disturbances and their relations to storm‐enhanced density features and plasma density irregularities in the local evening and nighttime hours of the Halloween superstorms of 29–31 October 2003
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C.
Published: September 2010

This study focuses on the local evening or nighttime hours of the Halloween superstorms. Its database, containing multi‐instrument Defense Meteorological Satellite Program data plus ionosonde and magnetometer data, allowed us to investigate the various plasma density features developed and the impact of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs), drift perturbations, and South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) effects on them. We identified the midlatitude trough, some topside bubbles, the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA), and some storm‐enhanced density (SED) features. Results reveal that these features' underlying vertical plasma flows became enhanced (degraded) when they were in the same (opposite) direction as the field‐aligned flows associated with a TID. Demonstrated with some Coupled Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Plasmasphere–simulated wind vector maps, high (low) plasma densities were maintained by equatorward (poleward) winds. We observed some descending (∼600 m/s) bubbles with increased temperatures (∼4500°K), due to their fast poleward movement (∼1.4 km/s), structuring some nearby SED features in the SAMA region and some low‐latitude plasma in the Australian sector. During the second superstorm's main phase (30 October 2003), a rising bubble with increased temperatures (∼5000°K), due to the SAMA's energetic electrons, further depleted the EIA trough. This observation contradicts a current interpretation of this depleted EIA trough as bubble. At the time of prereversal enhancement (∼2300 UT on 30 October), some extremely large SED features (∼85 × 104 ions+/cm3) developed (∼±30°N geomagnetic latitude) around the symmetrical EIA over Brazil. This scenario created a symmetrical plasma density profile contradicting some current speculations on the EIA's asymmetry and its southern crest's displacement to higher latitudes over Brazil. Indeed, a SED feature appeared at higher latitudes (∼35°S geographic latitude).
Detection and measurement of ice grains and gas distribution in the Enceladus plume by Cassini's Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer
Authors: Teolis B. D. , Perry M. E. , Magee B. A. , Westlake J. , Waite J. H.
Published: September 2010

We report on the measurements of the Cassini Ion Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) of the density and structure of Enceladus' south polar plume during the E3 and E5 flybys on 12 March and 9 October 2008. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we analyze the dependence of the INMS gas inlet transmittance on spacecraft pointing and the effect on the measurements at E3. We apply a finite element analysis to correct for water physisorption in the inlet and obtain a maximum plume density almost twice that suggested by the raw INMS data. The results indicate uniform spreading of the plume vapor from the source with a source rate of at least 100 kg/s. We also analyze the detection of ice grains by the INMS and find that, in contrast to the plume's vapor component, the grains are concentrated within the plume jets seen in Cassini imaging, supporting the suggestion that the jets are composed of fine‐grained ice.
Noncoaxial K‐feldspar and AMS subfabrics in the Land's End granite, Cornwall: Evidence of magmatic fabric decoupling during late deformation and matrix crystallization
Authors: Kratinová Zuzana , Ježek Josef , Schulmann Karel , Hrouda František , Shail Robin K. , Lexa Ondrej
Published: September 2010

A comparative study of the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and K‐feldspar phenocryst fabrics in the Land's End granite demonstrates that the AMS fabric predominantly reflects late magmatic deformation. Tensor analysis of the K‐feldspar fabric shows a complex pattern, characterized by meter‐scale variations in orientation, symmetry, and intensity, mainly related to heterogeneous flow of the phenocryst‐rich magma during emplacement. In contrast, the AMS fabric is predominantly homogenous, subhorizontal, and oblate, and is stable at the pluton scale. Quantitative microstructural analysis suggests that the AMS fabric is controlled by deformation of the partially crystallized matrix, resulting from the combined effects of late internal adjustment within the pluton and regional deformation. A general model of fabric development associated with a vertical pure‐shear overprint on a variable vertical fabric is evaluated by numerical modeling. The study demonstrates how the memory of different fabric elements may be dependent upon their grain size, crystallization sequence, and recorded previous strain.
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar–GPS integration: Interseismic strain accumulation across the Hunter Mountain fault in the eastern California shear zone
Authors: Gourmelen Noel , Amelung Falk , Lanari Riccardo
Published: September 2010

The principal limitations of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) to measure subtle, long‐wavelength deformation are uncertainties associated with the satellite orbits. We propose a method to remove orbital phase errors from the InSAR data by integrating InSAR and continuous GPS time series. We model the along‐track variation of the baseline errors as second‐order polynomials and estimate the coefficients using the continuous GPS measurements. We apply this method to a 600 km long region encompassing the Basin and Range and the eastern California shear zone. Comparison of the corrected InSAR velocities with independent GPS data shows that this method removes the long‐wavelength InSAR errors. The InSAR data reveal a region of sharp variation in the line‐of‐sight velocity across the Hunter Mountain fault. We model the deformation as interseismic elastic strain accumulation across a strike‐slip fault. The modeling suggests a fault slip rate of 4.9 ± 0.8 mm/yr and a locking depth of 2 ± 0.4 km. The shallow locking depth suggests that the Hunter Mountain fault is a transfer fault between low angle normal faults in the area.
Improved retrieval of aerosol size‐resolved properties from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer over India: Role of aerosol model and surface reflectance
Authors: Jethva H. , Satheesh S. K. , Srinivasan J. , Levy R. C.
Published: September 2010

We have compared the total as well as fine mode aerosol optical depth (τ and τfine) retrieved by Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard Terra and Aqua (2001–2005) with the equivalent parameters derived by Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) at Kanpur (26.45°N, 80.35°E), northern India. MODIS Collection 005 (C005)–derived τ0.55 was found to be in good agreement with the AERONET measurements. The τfine and η (τfine/τ) were, however, biased low significantly in most matched cases. A new set of retrieval with the use of absorbing aerosol model (SSA ∼ 0.87) with increased visible surface reflectance provided improved τ and τfine at Kanpur. The new derivation of η also compares well qualitatively with an independent set of in situ measurements of accumulation mass fraction over much of the southern India. This suggests that though MODIS land algorithm has limited information to derive size properties of aerosols over land, more accurate parameterization of aerosol and surface properties within the existing C005 algorithm may improve the accuracy of size‐resolved aerosol optical properties. The results presented in this paper indicate that there is a need to reconsider the surface parameterization and assumed aerosol properties in MODIS C005 algorithm over the Indian region in order to retrieve more accurate aerosol optical and size properties, which are essential to quantify the impact of human‐made aerosols on climate.
Evaluation of satellite‐estimated surface longwave radiation using ground‐based observations
Authors: Gui Sheng , Liang Shunlin , Li Lin
Published: September 2010

This study evaluates four satellite‐estimated data sets of surface longwave radiation (LW), the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment‐Surface Radiation Budget (GEWEX‐SRB), the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project‐Flux Data (ISCCP‐FD), the Clouds and Earth Radiant Energy System‐Gridded Radiative Fluxes and Clouds (CERES‐FSW), and a newly developed data set from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), with ground measurements at 15 sites of 2003. GEWEX‐SRB (1°*1°) and ISCCP‐FD (280 km*280 km) irradiance are available at 3‐hourly intervals, CERES‐FSW (1°*1°) and MODIS (1 km*1 km) irradiance are available at satellite overpass time. Evaluation is carried out separately for clear‐sky, cloudy sky and all‐sky conditions. Results show that, under all‐sky conditions, downwelling LW (LWDN) in ISCCP‐FD is overestimated while in CERES‐FSW it is underestimated; but for LWDN in GEWEX‐SRB and upwelling LW (LWUP) in all data sets, estimation errors are region‐dependent: no uniform trend can be found. Under clear‐sky conditions, LWDN in most data sets is underestimated, with some exceptions; LWUP in GEWEX‐SRB and ISCCP‐FD is overestimated while in CERES‐FSW and MODIS it is underestimated with some exceptions. Under cloudy sky conditions, LWDN is overestimated in GEWEX‐SRB and ISCCP‐FD while it is underestimated in CERES‐FSW; LWUP in most data sets is underestimated, with some exceptions. All data sets perform better when estimating LWUP than LWDN, during the nighttime than during the daytime, and under clear‐sky conditions than under cloudy sky conditions. However, there are substantial errors in some regions, such as LWDN overestimation by ISCCP‐FD on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. Such errors are related to the errors of input precipitable water vapor, temperature, and elevation differences.