bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genotyping from semen of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata)
Authors: Domingo‐Roura Xavier , Marmi Josep , Andrés Olga , Yamagiwa Juichi , Terradas Jaume
Published: January 2004

The noninvasive collection of animal cells is crucial for DNA analyses in wild populations that cannot be disturbed by capture. We describe the collection of 68 semen samples following copulation and masturbation events in wild habituated and nonhabituated troops of Japanese macaques on the protected island of Yakushima. We used this DNA to amplify 390 base pairs (bp) of the mitochondrial DNA control region in 16 individuals from eight troops, and found a monomorphic pattern in agreement with the low variability imposed by geographic isolation and female philopatry. We also amplified two microsatellite loci from samples collected after the resident males of a focal troop had copulated with different females. We found several different allele combinations in samples collected after the observed mating of a single male, indicating the presence of contaminant DNA, presumably from males that had previously mated with the same female. This discovery made it impossible to assign a given sample to a specific male except when the samples were recovered after masturbation events. Thus, it was not possible to test for kinship or estimate allele frequencies from the semen samples. The mixing of semen, and the pattern of sample collection observed in morphologically identified individuals support the notion that strong mating and sperm competition exists among resident and nonresident males. Am. J. Primatol. 62:31–42, 2004. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in locomotor and foraging skills in captive‐born, reintroduced golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia)
Authors: Stoinski T.S. , Beck B.B.
Published: January 2004

The behavior of reintroduced, captive‐born animals is understudied, limiting the scientific understanding and utility of reintroduction as a conservation tool. This work describes changes in locomotor and foraging behaviors in captive‐born golden lion tamarins over the first 18 months after their release into the wild. The subjects included 73 individuals living in and around the Poco das Antas Biological Reserve in Brazil between 1984 and 1996. The differences between animals that survived 6 months after release and those that did not indicate that initial deficiencies in locomotor and foraging abilities are related to survival. Behavioral changes in both juvenile and adult individuals during the first 6 and 18 months after release appear to be primarily related to locomotor abilities; however, the effect of provisioning on foraging abilities is unknown. Juvenile animals showed a larger number of changes relative to adults during the first 6 and 18 months, suggesting that placing tamarins into complex environments early in development may promote the expression of natural behaviors and increase survival opportunities after their release. However, when this is not possible, the best mechanism for reintroducing adult members of this species involves intensive post‐release support rather than pre‐release training, which confers few behavioral advantages. Recommendations for future reintroductions with this and other species include introducing animals to complex environments early in development, and collecting data systematically. Am. J. Primatol. 62:1–13, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral study in the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) using compounds considered sweet by humans
Authors: Schilling Alain , Danilova Vicktoria , Hellekant Goran
Published: January 2004

This study presents the results from two‐bottle preference (TBP) tests performed on the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus), a small Malagasy primate. We found that of 18 compounds considered sweet by humans, M. murinus preferred only six: D‐tryptophan, dulcin, fructose, sucrose, SC45647, and xylitol. The animals neither preferred nor rejected acesulfame‐K, alitame, aspartame, N‐4‐cyanophenyl‐N′‐cyanoguanidineacetate (CCGA), cyanosuosan, cyclamate, monellin, saccharin, suosan, super‐aspartame, N‐trifluoroacetyl‐L‐glutamyl‐4‐aminophenylcarbonitrile (TGC), and thaumatin. Together with previously recorded taste‐nerve responses in M. murinus to acesulfame‐K, alitame, aspartame, cyclamate, monellin, saccharin, and suosan [Hellekant et al., Chem Senses 18:307–320, 1993b], the current results suggest that these compounds either do not taste sweet to M. murinus or they have an aversive taste component. In this work we also relate these findings to phylogeny. Am. J. Primatol. 62:43–48, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical manifestations of cerebral amyloid angiopathy–related inflammation
Authors: Eng Jessica A. , Frosch Matthew P. , Choi Kyungchan , Rebeck G. William , Greenberg Steven M.
Published: January 2004

To explore the clinical effects of inflammation associated with vascular deposits of the amyloid β peptide (Aβ), we analyzed 42 consecutive patients with pathologically diagnosed cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) for evidence of an inflammatory response. Inflammation with giant‐cell reaction surrounding amyloid‐laden vessels was identified in 7 of the 42 cases. The clinical symptoms in each of the seven were subacute cognitive decline or seizure rather than hemorrhagic stroke, the primary clinical presentation in 33 of 35 patients with noninflammatory CAA (p < 0.001). Inflammatory CAA also was associated with radiographic white matter abnormalities, significantly younger age at presentation, and a marked overrepresentation of the apolipoprotein E ε4/ε4 genotype (71% vs 4%, p < 0.001). Of the six inflammatory CAA patients with available follow‐up information, five demonstrated clinical and radiographic improvement after immunosuppressive treatment. The syndrome of CAA‐related perivascular inflammation appears to represent a subset of CAA with clinically distinct symptoms that may respond to immunosuppressive treatment. These data add to evidence that inflammation against Aβ can cause vascular dysfunction, a potential mechanism for the toxic response recently observed in clinical trials of Aβ immunization.
How heritable is Alzheimer's disease late in life? Findings from Swedish twins
Authors: Pedersen Nancy L. , Gatz Margaret , Berg Stig , Johansson Boo
Published: January 2004

Although genetic effects are known to be important for early onset Alzheimer's disease, little is known about the importance of genetic effects for late‐onset disease. Furthermore, previous studies are based on prevalent cases. Our purpose was to characterize the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors for incident Alzheimer's disease late in life, and to test for differences in the importance of genetic effects at different ages. A cohort of 662 pairs of Swedish twins 52 to 98 years of age who were without symptoms of dementia was followed up for an average of 5 years. Incident dementia cases were detected through follow‐up at 2 to 3‐year intervals using either cognitive testing or telephone screening followed by dementia workups. A physician, psychologist, and nurse gave consensus diagnoses. During the follow‐up period, 5.8% of the sample was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Average age of onset was 83.9 years (standard deviation, 6.3). Of the 26 monozygotic pairs in which at least one twin developed Alzheimer's disease, 5 were concordant (probandwise concordance, 32.2%). The concordance rate for dizygotic pairs was 8.7% (2 of 44 pairs). Structural model fitting indicated that 48% of the variation in liability to Alzheimer's disease could be attributed to genetic variation. Estimates did not differ significantly between twins younger than age 80 years and those older than age 80 years at baseline. Although these genetic estimates for incident disease are lower than those for prevalent disease, the importance of genetic factors for liability to Alzheimer's disease is considerable even late in life.
Prion deposition in olfactory biopsy of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
Authors: Tabaton Massimo , Monaco Salvatore , Cordone Maria Paola , Colucci Monica , Giaccone Giorgio , Tagliavini Fabrizio , Zanusso Gianluigi
Published: January 2004

Currently, definite peripheral markers for the in vivo diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) are not available. Here, we report the presence of pathological prion protein in the olfactory mucosa of a case with sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Prion protein immunoreactivity was detected in an olfactory biopsy performed 45 days after the disease onset, suggesting that the involvement of olfactory epithelium is an early event in sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.
Cover Picture: 5‐Dehydro‐1,3‐quinodimethane: A Hydrocarbon with an Open‐Shell Doublet Ground State (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 6/2004)
Authors: Slipchenko Lyudmila V. , Munsch Tamara E. , Wenthold Paul G. , Krylov Anna I.
Published: January 2004

Contrary to the accepted guidelines for the occupancy of orbitals (such as Hund's rule or the Aufbau principle), three unpaired electrons are coupled antiferromagnetically in the 5‐dehydro‐m‐xylylene triradical. This first example of an organic molecule with an “open‐shell” doublet ground state is described by P. G. Wenthold, A. I. Krylov, and co‐workers on page 742 ff. The cover pictures shows the singly occupied orbitals in the triradical and highlights the correlation between theoretical and experimental results.
Rapid improvements in cortical bone dynamics and structure after lactation in established breeder rats
Authors: Miller Scott C. , Bowman Beth M.
Published: January 2004

The mineral requirements for milk production during lactation usually result in a decrease in maternal skeletal mass during this period. The purpose of this study was to characterize changes in cortical bone formation, resorption, and structure after lactation in established breeder rats. Rats were taken at the end of the second pregnancy, second lactation, and at two, four, and six weeks after the pups were weaned. Age‐related, nulliparous groups were included for comparison. Cortical bone structure and bone formation and resorption were measured at the tibiofibular junction using histomorphometric methods. As expected, there were decreases in cortical bone area, width, and minimum cortical thickness with an increase in marrow cavity area during lactation. Bone formation rates were essentially zero on the periosteal and endocortical surfaces at the end of lactation, while eroded (resorption) endocortical surface was greatly increased compared with the end of pregnancy. At or immediately after weaning, there was a rapid reversal of resorption to formation surface on the endocortical envelope similar to the events of true bone remodeling. Likewise, there was a commencement of bone formation on the periosteal surface. The volume‐ and surface‐referent bone rates measured on the endocortical surface were substantially elevated over those measured at the end of the second pregnancy or in the nulliparous animals. Peak bone formation rates were observed on both the endocortical and periosteal surfaces by four weeks after weaning. These results show that the postlactation period is profoundly anabolic for cortical bone in the established breeder rat. The rapid and dramatic increases in bone formation likely serve to restore bone lost during lactation and to prepare the maternal skeleton for the next reproductive cycle. Anat Rec Part A 276A:143–149, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vitamin A distribution and content in tissues of the lamprey, Lampetra japonica
Authors: Wold Heidi L. , Wake Kenjiro , Higashi Nobuyo , Wang Daren , Kojima Naosuke , Imai Katsuyuki , Blomhoff Rune , Senoo Haruki
Published: January 2004

Vitamin A (retinol and retinyl ester) distribution and content in tissues of a lamprey (Lampetra japonica) were analyzed by morphological methods, namely, gold chloride staining, fluorescence microscopy to detect specific vitamin A autofluorescence, and electron microscopy, as well as high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Hepatic stellate cells showed an abundance of vitamin A stored in lipid droplets in their cytoplasm. Similar cells storing vitamin A were present in the intestine, kidney, gill, and heart in both female and male lampreys. Morphological data obtained by gold chloride staining method, fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and HPLC quantification of retinol were consistent. The highest level of total retinol measured by HPLC was found in the intestine. The second and third highest concentrations of vitamin A were found in the liver and the kidney, respectively. These vitamin A‐storing cells were not epithelial cells, but mesoderm‐derived cells. We propose as a hypothesis that these cells belong to the stellate cell system (family) that stores vitamin A and regulates homeostasis of the vitamin in the whole body in the lamprey. Fibroblastic cells in the skin and somatic muscle stored little vitamin A. These results indicate that there is difference in the vitamin A‐storing capacity between the splanchnic and intermediate mesoderm‐derived cells (stellate cells) and somatic and dorsal mesoderm‐derived cells (fibroblasts) in the lamprey. Stellate cells derived from the splanchnic and intermediate mesoderm have high capacity and fibroblasts derived from the somatic and dorsal mesoderm have low capacity for the storage of vitamin A in the lamprey. Anat Rec Part A 276A:134–142, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cranial sutures and bones: Growth and fusion in relation to masticatory strain
Authors: Sun Zongyang , Lee Eugenia , Herring Susan W.
Published: January 2004

Cranial bones and sutures are mechanically loaded during mastication. Their response to masticatory strain, however, is largely unknown, especially in the context of age change. Using strain gages, this study investigated masticatory strain in the posterior interfrontal and the anterior interparietal sutures and their adjacent bones in 3‐ and 7‐month‐old miniature swine (Sus scrofa). Double‐fluorochrome labeling of these animals and an additional 5‐month group was used to reveal suture and bone growth as well as features of suture morphology and fusion. With increasing age, the posterior interfrontal suture strain decreased in magnitude and changed in pattern from pure compression to both compression and tension, whereas the interparietal suture remained in tension and the magnitude increased unless the suture was fused. Morphologically, the posterior interfrontal suture was highly interdigitated at 3 months and then lost interdigitation ectocranially in older pigs, whereas the anterior interparietal suture remained butt‐ended. Mineralization apposition rate (MAR) decreased with age in both sutures and was unrelated to strain. Bone mineralization was most vigorous on the ectocranial surface of the frontal and the parietal bones. Unlike the sutures, with age bone strain remained constant while bone MARs significantly increased and were correlated with bone thickness. Fusion had occurred in the interparietal suture of some pigs. In all cases fusion was ectocranial rather than endocranial. Fusion appeared to be associated with increased suture strain and enhanced bone growth on the ectocranial surface. Collectively, these results indicate that age is an important factor for strain and growth of the cranium. Anat Rec Part A 276A:150–161, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Virtual study of the endocranial morphology of the matrix‐filled cranium from Eliye Springs, Kenya
Authors: Bräuer Günter , Groden Christoph , Gröning Flora , Kroll Angelika , Kupczik Kornelius , Mbua Emma , Pommert Andreas , Schiemann Thomas
Published: January 2004

This paper provides the first endocranial description of the matrix‐filled archaic Homo sapiens cranium from Eliye Springs, Kenya. Using CT‐based 3D reconstruction, the virtually cleaned endocranial surface allowed for the assessment of more than 30 metrical and nonmetrical features, most of which are considered of phylogenetic importance. The VOXEL‐MAN program used was most valuable in describing and analyzing the morphological conditions. Since many of the features have not been widely or virtually studied, a small sample of late Pleistocene/early Holocene skulls from East Africa was similarly analyzed for insight into recent variation. The comparisons between Eliye Springs and the modern African specimens showed that the endocranial morphology of this probably later Middle Pleistocene hominid falls into, or close to, the modern ranges of variation for most features. This study also addresses the problems of variation and phylogenetic significance of many of the features, and highlights the need for basic studies on the variability and relevance of such endocranial traits in human evolution. Anat Rec Part A 276A:113–133, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What happened in the origin of human consciousness?
Authors: Tattersall Ian
Published: January 2004

At some point in its evolutionary history, our species Homo sapiens ceased to be a nonlinguistic, nonsymbolic organism, living in the world as presented to it by Nature, and instead began to exist in a world that it reconstructs in its own mind. Most scientists since Darwin have been content to explain this extraordinary transformation in human consciousness by the operation of natural selection. However, the human fossil and archaeological records indicate that modern human symbolic consciousness is not the culmination of the long trend that natural selection would predict. Instead, it shows that major change in the human past has been episodic and rare and that, as far as can be determined from the archaeological record, the passage from nonsymbolic to symbolic cognition is a recent event as well as an unprecedented one. So recent, indeed, that it significantly postdates the acquisition of modern human anatomy as expressed in skeletal structure. It, thus, appears most likely that the biological (neural) capacity underwriting the radically new behavioral mode arose as an incidental exaptation in the same process that produced the new skeletal structure of Homo sapiens, but that it lay unexpressed until it was “discovered” by means of a cultural innovation, plausibly the invention of language. As in the case of the modern anatomical structure, it appears that the new capacity was initially expressed in Africa and that its various behavioral potentials were sequentially discovered in a drawn‐out process that is continuing today. An “accidental” origin of the human capacity helps understand why so many human behaviors have proven self‐destructive and contradictory, a feature of our species that reductionist, selection‐based scenarios are hard‐put to explain. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 276B:19–26, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preserving and sharing examples of anatomical variation and developmental anomalies via photorealistic virtual reality
Authors: Nieder Gary L. , Nagy Frank , Wagner Lynn A.
Published: January 2004

Computer graphics technology has made it possible to create photographic‐quality virtual specimens from real anatomical material. One technique for doing this, QuickTime™ Virtual Reality (QTVR), results in virtual specimens that are easily shared on the Internet and displayed as standalone entities or incorporated into complex programs or Web sites. A compelling use of this technology is the sharing of rare specimens such as unusual variations, developmental anomalies or gross pathology. These types of specimens have traditionally been confined to anatomical museums, but could serve a much more useful existence as freely shared virtual specimens. An example presented here is a relatively rare developmental defect in the embryonic aortic arches that results in a right‐sided aortic arch coursing posterior to the trachea and esophagus. In a time of ever increasing restraints on the practical side of anatomy education, an Internet‐based library of human variation and other rare specimens would be a useful supplement to students' limited exposure to the human body. Since the discovery and preparation of specimens would be the rate‐limiting step in producing such a collection, we propose the establishment of a center for virtual specimen creation and preservation through a cooperative effort by gross anatomists and pathologists in contributing the source material. This collection, a work in progress, is available at www.anatomy.wright.edu/qtvr. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 276B:15–18, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A social biography of Carnegie embryo no. 836
Authors: Morgan Lynn M.
Published: January 2004

A tiny, sectioned embryo specimen known as Carnegie no. 836 has served as the prototype for Stage 13 (28‐32 days) since the 1910s. Recently digitalized and reanimated for the 21st century, this singular specimen is now being used to develop 3D and 4D visualizations. Yet the social origins of the specimen have been largely forgotten. This essay traces the biography of 836 from its origins in a young woman's life, through sectioning and transformation into a scientific specimen, to its contemporary manifestations as a symbol of life. By reuniting the specimen with its story, we can appreciate how cultural attitudes toward embryo specimens have changed over the past century. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 276B:3–7, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gunther von Hagens and Body Worlds part 1: The anatomist as prosektor and proplastiker
Authors: Moore Charleen M. , Brown C. Mackenzie
Published: January 2004

Recent calls to reintegrate the sciences and humanities are challenged by the contemporary work of anatomist Gunther von Hagens and his Body Worlds exhibits of plastinated cadavers. The anatomical quest to understand our physical interior has long been in tension both with aesthetic ideals and religious sensitivities regarding the metaphysical significance of the human body. Part I of this two‐part Historical Note examines tensions epitomized by Goethe's figures of the prosektor and proplastiker. The former, driven by scientific curiosity, is willing to destroy, even desecrate, the human form to obtain knowledge. The latter demurs at such mutilation of our physical body, wondrous even in death — seeking instead to rejoin what the prosektor has pulled apart, to restore human dignity. In the confrontation between prosektor and proplastiker, roles disturbingly fused in the person of von Hagens himself, questions arise regarding the authenticity of models as well as the appropriate recipients of such mediated yet intimate anatomical knowledge. Part II will focus on religious perspectives on the human body, variously interpreted as God's handiwork, habitation for the soul, and vehicle of resurrection. Consideration also is given to the role of anatomist as priest, prophet, and Promethean creator, roles self‐consciously embraced by von Hagens. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 276B:8–14, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural motifs in ribosomal RNAs: Implications for RNA design and genomics
Authors: Zorn Julie , Gan Hin Hark , Shiffeldrim Nahum , Schlick Tamar
Published: January 2004

The various motifs of RNA molecules are closely related to their structural and functional properties. To better understand the nature and distributions of such structural motifs (i.e., paired and unpaired bases in stems, junctions, hairpin loops, bulges, and internal loops) and uncover characteristic features, we analyze the large 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs of Escherichia coli. We find that the paired and unpaired bases in structural motifs have characteristic distribution shapes and ranges; for example, the frequency distribution of paired bases in stems declines linearly with the number of bases, whereas that for unpaired bases in junctions has a pronounced peak. Significantly, our survey reveals that the ratio of total (over the entire molecule) unpaired to paired bases (0.75) and the fraction of bases in stems (0.6), junctions (0.16), hairpin loops (0.12), and bulges/internal loops (0.12) are shared by 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs, suggesting that natural RNAs may maintain certain proportions of bases in various motifs to ensure structural integrity. These findings may help in the design of novel RNAs and in the search (via constraints) for RNA‐coding motifs in genomes, problems of intense current focus. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 73: 340–347, 2004
Calculation of ligand‐nucleic acid binding free energies with the generalized‐born model in DOCK
Authors: Kang Xinshan , Shafer Richard H. , Kuntz Irwin D.
Published: January 2004

The calculation of ligand‐nucleic acid binding free energies is investigated by including solvation effects computed with the generalized‐Born model. Modifications of the solvation module in DOCK, including introduction of all‐atom parameters and revision of coefficients in front of different terms, are shown to improve calculations involving nucleic acids. This computing scheme is capable of calculating binding energies, with reasonable accuracy, for a wide variety of DNA‐ligand complexes, RNA‐ligand complexes, and even for the formation of double‐stranded DNA. This implementation of GB/SA is also shown to be capable of discriminating strong ligands from poor ligands for a series of RNA aptamers without sacrificing the high efficiency of the previous implementation. These results validate this approach to screening large databases against nucleic acid targets. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 73:192–204, 2004
DNA sequence‐dependent deformability—insights from computer simulations
Authors: Lankaš Filip
Published: January 2004

The article reviews some recent developments in studying DNA sequence‐dependent deformability, with emphasis on computer modeling. After a brief outline of available experimental techniques, we proceed to computational methods and focus on atomic‐resolution molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A sequence‐dependent local (base‐pair step) force field inferred from MD is compared with force fields obtained by other techniques. Various methods for establishing global (flexible‐rod) DNA elastic constants are reviewed, including an approach based on atomic resolution MD. The problem of defining the global deformation variables, as well as the question of anisotropy and nonlocal effects, are discussed. As an example, both local and global deformability calculations from atomic‐resolution MD of EcoRI dodecamer are presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 73:327–339, 2004
Effect of phosphorothioate chirality on the grooves of DNA double helices: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Mukherjee Shayantani , Bhattacharyya Dhananjay
Published: January 2004

Phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS–ODNs) have gained considerable attention in drug therapy, primarily as potent antisense or antigene oligomers, which bind to specific DNA or mRNA sequences and lead to transcriptional or translational arrest. These are obtained by substituting one of the anionic oxygen of the phosphate group by a sulfur atom, which introduces chirality to the phosphorus atom of the DNA backbone. In this molecular dynamics simulation study, structural parameters like groove widths, environmental parameters like hydration or cation binding, and electrostatic energy surfaces of both the chiral forms of DNA/PS–DNA duplexes were assessed and compared with that of a normal DNA. Results indicate that, PS‐S form with its sulfur atoms facing the minor groove has a widened minor groove, while the scenario is reverse for the PS‐R form. Further analysis reveals the existence of several factors like large van der Waals radius of sulfur and the effect it has on its neighboring hydration pattern along with the net electrostatic environment, influencing such structural alterations. This also indicates, for the first time, the effect of absolute phosphorothioate chirality on the global structure of a DNA/PS–DNA hybrid that otherwise resembles a regular B‐DNA structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 73: 269–282, 2004
Microbioreactor arrays with parametric control for high‐throughput experimentation
Authors: Maharbiz Michel M. , Holtz William J. , Howe Roger T. , Keasling Jay D.
Published: January 2004

A scalable array technology for parametric control of high‐throughput cell cultivations is demonstrated. The technology makes use of commercial printed circuit board (PCB) technology, integrated circuit sensors, and an electrochemical gas generation system. We present results for an array of eight 250 μl microbioreactors. Each bioreactor contains an independently addressable suite that provides closed‐loop temperature control, generates feed gas electrochemically, and continuously monitors optical density. The PCB technology allows for the assembly of additional off‐the‐shelf components into the microbioreactor array; we demonstrate the use of a commercial ISFET chip to continuously monitor culture pH. The electrochemical dosing system provides a powerful paradigm for reproducible gas delivery to high‐density arrays of microreactors. Growth data are presented forEscherichia colicultured in the array with varying microaerobic conditions using electrochemically generated oxygen. Additionally, we present data on carbon dioxide generation for pH dosing. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of cobalt on the anaerobic thermophilic conversion of methanol
Authors: Paulo Paula L , Jiang Bo , Cysneiros Denise , Stams Alfons J. M , Lettinga Gatze
Published: January 2004

The importance of cobalt on the anaerobic conversion of methanol under thermophilic conditions was studied in three parallel lab‐scale UASB‐reactors and in cobalt‐limited enriched cultures. Reactors R1, R2, and R3 were fed with methanol in a bicarbonate‐buffered medium, supplied with iron and macronutrients: in R1 all metals were supplied (control), R2 was cobalt deprived, and in R3 all metals were deprived. In the 136 days of continuous experiment, a drop in performance was observed over the last 30 days. Particularly in R3, both methanol removal and methane formation dropped by 7.1% and 13.7%, respectively, compared to the control reactor, R1. When the medium was cobalt‐deprived, acetate was not produced and, as a consequence, the enriched consortium lost its capacity to degrade acetate, indicating that the acetotrophic microorganisms were washed out. The addition of 0.5 μM of cobalt to a cobalt‐deprived enrichment culture led to acetate accumulation. The results obtained in this study indicate that the mixed consortium requires a proper amount of cobalt, and its addition to a concentration of 0.1 μM leads to the highest methanol conversion rate, with methane as the sole end product from methanol. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of gene dosage, promoters, and substrates on unfolded protein stress of recombinant Pichia pastoris
Authors: Hohenblum Hubertus , Gasser Brigitte , Maurer Michael , Borth Nicole , Mattanovich Diethard
Published: January 2004

The expression of heterologous proteins may exert severe stress on the host cells at different levels. Depending on the specific features of the product, different steps may be rate‐limiting. For the secretion of recombinant proteins from yeast cells, folding and disulfide bond formation were identified as rate‐limiting in several cases and the induction of the chaperone BiP (binding protein) is described. During the development of Pichia pastoris strains secreting human trypsinogen, a severe limitation of the amount of secreted product was identified. Strains using either the AOX1 or the GAP promoter were compared at different gene copy numbers. With the constitutive GAP promoter, no effect on the expression level was observed, whereas with the inducible AOX1 promoter an increase of the copy number above two resulted in a decrease of expression. To identify whether part of the product remained in the cells, lysates were fractionated and significant amounts of the product were identified in the insoluble fraction containing the endoplasmic reticulum, while the soluble cytosolic fraction contained product only in clones using the GAP promoter. An increase of BiP was observed upon induction of expression, indicating that the intracellular product fraction exerts an unfolded protein response in the host cells. A strain using the GAP promoter was grown both on glucose and methanol and trypsinogen was identified in the insoluble fractions of both cultures, but only in the soluble fraction of the glucose grown cultures, indicating that the amounts and distribution of intracellularly retained product depends on the culture conditions, especially the carbon source. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CGRAPHIC: Educational software for learning the foundations of programming
Authors: Fernández Antonio J. , Sánchez Jesús Millán
Published: January 2004

We present CGRAPHIC, an original software for learning the basic concepts of implementing (possibly educational) software. CGRAPHIC is being used in first‐year university courses in engineering studies, and its main aim is to complement the role of the teacher and improve the quality of teaching foundations of programming. CGRAPHIC is a virtual tutor, a programming textbook (online), and an interpreter as well as a debugger of the programming language C, and can be executed on any navigator program in Internet or locally. This software enables different levels of learning (theoretical and practical) and allows the student to study—intuitively, graphically, and gradually—the principles of programming that are crucial to developing new software. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 11: 167–178, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10048
Java applet on computation of thermodynamic properties of steam and R134a refrigerant
Authors: Tan F. L. , Chua Patrick S. K.
Published: January 2004

This paper describes the application of Java programming on the computation of thermodynamic properties of steam and the HFC‐134a, 1,1,1,2‐tetrafluoroethane (R134a) refrigerant through the Java applets. The Java applets can compute thermodynamic properties of steam and R134a refrigerant, such as specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy in the phases of saturated mixture, compressed liquid, and superheated vapor. The calculated values are accurate compared to the standard reference properties tables for steam and refrigerant. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 11: 211–225, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10049
Educational software for gas–solid and liquid–solid separation equipment
Authors: Fernandes Fabiano A. N. , Rodrigues Sueli
Published: January 2004

Computer‐aided design has become extremely popular and its use in classroom can be very helpful, adding more analysis capabilities to all engineering areas. This article presents AmbientPro, an educational software, developed to introduce gas–solid and liquid–solid processes to undergraduate students and to provide unit operation courses with realistic exercises involving simulation of chemical processes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 11: 226–232, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10051
Interactive Groundwater (IGW): An innovative digital laboratory for groundwater education and research
Authors: Li Shu‐Guang , Liu Qun
Published: January 2004

In this study, we present an award‐wining software environment for groundwater education and research. The software functions as a “digital laboratory” in which students can freely explore: visually creating an aquifer of desired configurations and then immediately investigating and visualizing the groundwater system. Students learn by active exploration and interaction. The software allows introducing routinely research and complex problem‐solving into the classroom. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 11: 179–202, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10052
Holistic but customized resources for a course in numerical methods
Authors: Kaw Autar , Collier Nathan , Keteltas Michael , Paul Jai , Besterfield Glen
Published: January 2004

Prototype web based resources have been developed for an undergraduate course in Numerical Methods. The web modules are holistic, that is they include pre‐requisite information, real‐life applications, presentations and notes, simulations, and self‐assessment. The student interest and learning are maximized by providing customization of content based on a student's engineering major and computational system of choice. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 11: 203–210, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10053
Stenting of anomalous left carotid artery using a radial artery approach
Authors: Harjai Kishore J. , Quenneville Renne , Safian Robert D. , Schreiber Theodore
Published: January 2004

A 90‐year‐old male presented with symptomatic severe stenosis of an anomalous left carotid artery originating from the brachicephalic trunk. A previous attempt at selective cannulation of the left carotid artery was unsuccessful using a transfemoral approach. We performed successful carotid artery angioplasty and stenting using a right radial artery approach. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:286–288. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Intracoronary stenting and angiographic results: Restenosis after direct stenting versus stenting with predilation in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease (ISAR‐DIRECT trial)
Authors: Mehilli Julinda , Kastrati Adnan , Dirschinger Josef , Etzel Lena , Bollwein Hildegard , Pache Jürgen , Schühlen Helmut , von Beckerath Nicolas , Seyfarth Melchior , Schmitt Claus , Schömig Albert
Published: January 2004

The objective of this randomized study was to assess whether direct stenting leads to less restenosis than does conventional stenting (CS) with predilation in clinical practice. We included 910 patients who were randomly assigned to undergo either direct stenting (DS; n = 456) or CS (n = 454). No significant difference was observed in the incidence of angiographic restenosis (primary endpoint): 23.6% for DS and 21.0% for CS (P = 0.41; relative risk = 1.1; 95% CI = 0.8–1.5). The incidence of target vessel revascularization was 17.3% among DS and 14.8% among CS patients (P = 0.29; relative risk = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.8–1.6). The combined incidence of death or myocardial infarction at one year was 9.0% in the DS group and 7.0% in the CS group (P = 0.28). In conclusion, direct stenting is not associated with any reduction of thrombotic and restenotic complications as compared to the conventional stenting. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:190–195. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coronary artery pseudoaneurysm after balloon angioplasty and intracoronary β‐radiation for in‐stent restenosis
Authors: Dixon Simon R. , Grines Cindy L. , Safian Robert D.
Published: January 2004

Intracoronary brachytherapy is an effective method for treating in‐stent restenosis. We report a case of coronary artery pseudoaneurysm after balloon angioplasty and intracoronary β‐radiation. The pseudoaneurysm was treated successfully with implantation of two coronary stent grafts. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:214–216. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcatheter occlusion of baffle leaks following atrial switch procedures for transposition of the great vessels (d‐TGV)
Authors: Balzer David T. , Johnson Mark , Sharkey Angela M. , Kort Henry
Published: January 2004

Baffle‐related complications following atrial switch procedures for transposition are relatively common. Transcatheter treatment of baffle stenosis has an established role as a therapeutic modality. However, transcatheter device closure of atrial baffles leaks has rarely been reported. We report four patients who underwent device closure of baffle leaks using the Amplatzer septal occluder following atrial switch procedures in order to demonstrate the safety and utility of this method of treatment and to establish its role as a suitable alternative to surgical closure. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:259–263. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethical issues for invasive cardiologists: Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions
Authors: Cameron Airlie A.C. , Laskey Warren K. , Sheldon William C.
Published: January 2004

In view of the major impact of medical economic forces, rapidly changing technology, and other pressures on invasive cardiologists, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions determined that a statement of the ethical issues confronting the modern invasive cardiologist was needed. The various conflicts presented to the cardiologist in his or her roles as practicing clinician, administrator of the catheterization laboratory, educator, or clinical researcher were reviewed. In all instances, the major concern was determined to be the welfare of the patient no matter how forceful the pressures from various outside force or concerns for personal advancement might be. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2004;61:157–162. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spurensuche im Wein: Mit Voltammetrie
Authors: Henze Günter , Bauer Karl‐Heinz
Published: January 2004

Stripping Voltammetry and Stripping Chronopotentiometry have rarely been used in wine analysis. However, the high sensitivity and selectivity of these techniques, combined with inexpensive instrumentation and the possibility of speciation analysis make them eminently suited for this task. Investigationes in the μg/L‐ and ng/L‐range are possible just as the differentiation between labile and non‐labile or bound metal species.
Von der Verbrennung zum Herzschlag: Chemische Triebkräfte
Authors: Janek Jürgen , Seibert Albert , Hofmann Jan Philipp , Schwertfeger Hartmut
Published: January 2004

Was hat eine chemische Verbrennung mit dem Herzschlag zu tun? Diese Frage wird im Rahmen einer physikalisch‐chemischen Experimentalvorlesung beantwortet. Dabei fügen sich scheinbar weit voneinander entfernte Phänomene in ein klar strukturiertes Bild. Es wird deutlich, dass der menschliche Körper aus thermodynamischer Sicht eine biologische „Wärmekraftmaschine”︁ ist, deren Wirkungsgrad höher ist als der Wirkungsgrad mechanischer Wärmekraftmaschinen („Dampfmaschinen”︁).
Ciliary reorientation is evoked by a rise in calcium level over the entire cilium
Authors: Iwadate Yoshiaki , Suzaki Toshinobu
Published: January 2004

Internal Ca2+ levels control the pattern of ciliary and flagellar beating in eukaryotes. In ciliates, ciliary reversal is induced by a rise in intra‐ciliary Ca2+, but the mechanism by which Ca2+ induces reversal is not known. We injected the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Calcium Green into a ciliate Didinium nasutum and observed the intra‐ciliary Ca2+ level during the initial reversed stroke preceding spontaneous cyclic reversed beating. In D. nasutum, Ca2+ rose throughout the length of the cilia undergoing initial reversed stroke. Electron microscopy with a combined oxalate‐pyroantimonate method showed Ca2+ deposits distributed throughout the reversed cilia. We injected caged Ca2+ into D. nasutum and irradiated the base or mid region of the cilia with UV to locally increase Ca2+ concentration. Uncaging Ca2+ in the middle of the cilia produced reversal distally, but not proximally to the site of Ca2+ release. These results strongly suggest that not only Ca2+ influx sites, but also Ca2+ binding sites and vectoral bending machineries for ciliary reversal, are distributed throughout the cilium. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 57:197–206, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A subclass of myosin XI is associated with mitochondria, plastids, and the molecular chaperone subunit TCP‐1α in maize
Authors: Wang Zhengyuan , Pesacreta Thomas C.
Published: January 2004

The role and regulation of specific plant myosins in cyclosis is not well understood. In the present report, an affinity‐purified antibody generated against a conserved tail region of some class XI plant myosin isoforms was used for biochemical and immunofluorescence studies of Zea mays. Myosin XI co‐localized with plastids and mitochondria but not with nuclei, the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, or peroxisomes. This suggests that myosin XI is involved in the motility of specific organelles. Myosin XI was more than 50% co‐localized with tailless complex polypeptide‐1α (TCP‐1α) in tissue sections of mature tissues located more than 1.0 mm from the apex, and the two proteins co‐eluted from gel filtration and ion exchange columns. On Western blots, TCP‐1α isoforms showed a developmental shift from the youngest 5.0 mm of the root to more mature regions that were more than 10.0 mm from the apex. This developmental shift coincided with a higher percentage of myosin XI /TCP‐1α co‐localization, and faster degradation of myosin XI by serine protease. Our results suggest that class XI plant myosin requires TCP‐1α for regulating folding or providing protection against denaturation. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 57:218–232, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microtubules become more dynamic but not shorter during preprophase band formation: A possible “search‐and‐capture” mechanism for microtubule translocation
Authors: Vos Jan W. , Dogterom Marileen , Emons Anne Mie C.
Published: January 2004

The dynamic behavior of the microtubule cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in cellular organization, but the physical mechanisms underlying microtubule (re)organization in plant cells are poorly understood. We investigated microtubule dynamics in tobacco BY‐2 suspension cells during interphase and during the formation of the preprophase band (PPB), the cytoskeletal structure that defines the site of cytokinesis. Here we show that after 2 h of microtubule accumulation in the PPB and concurrent disappearance elsewhere in the cortex, the PPB is completed and starts to breakdown exponentially already 20 min before the onset of prometaphase. During formation of the PPB, the dynamic instability, i.e., the stochastic alternating between growing and shrinking phases, of the cortical microtubules outside the PPB increases significantly, but the microtubules do not become shorter. Based on this, as well as on the cross‐linking of microtubules in the PPB and the lack of evidence for motor involvement, we propose a “search‐and‐capture” mechanism for PPB formation, in which the regulation of dynamic instability causes the cortical microtubules to become more dynamic and possibly longer, while the microtubule cross‐linking activity of the developing PPB preferentially stabilizes these “searching” microtubules. Thus, microtubules gradually disappear from the cortex outside the PPB and aggregate to the forming PPB. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 57:246–258, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.