bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Covenant Transformed: The Jeremiad Tradition and the War of 1812
Authors: Gribbin William
Published: April 2006

In his essay, “From the Covenant to the Revival”, Perry Miller suggested that after the Revolution America's traditional concept of the Covenant between Jehovah and His people gradually changed. No longer did a calamity bring abject self-debasement and pleas for mercy in the face of well-deserved punishment. No more would Americans look upon a crisis in their national affairs as an occasion for jeremiads, for confessing their sins and begging relief from the retribution they merited. Miller wrote,

A theology which for almost two centuries had assumed that men would persistently sin, and so would have to be recurrently summoned to communal repentance, had for the first time identified its basic conception with a specific political action. Then, for the first time in the lite of the conception, the cause was totally gained. Did not a startling inference follow: these people must have reformed themselves completely, must now dwell on a pinnacle of virtuousness?
The Social Sources of Mormonism
Authors: De Pillis Mario S.
Published: April 2006

Since the very beginnings of Mormon history, non-Mormon historians (and “anti-Mormon” polemicists) have traced the sources of the religion in one way or another to some conception of New England. The conceptions have been as varied as the writers themselves: New England has been the land of both enthusiasm and rational religion; of educated, enlightened Yankees and of credulous, antiintellectual Yankees; of a culture east of the Hudson and of a culture extending across the northern half of the United States; a region of people with great civic and religious virtue but also a people noted for deception, cunning, and hypocrisy. The problem of the New England Mind has never been settled, but all writers have assumed that at one time or another western New York, the supposed birthplace of Mormonism, was a “frontier” of New England.
Conciliarism in Anglicanism
Authors: Albright Raymond W.
Published: April 2006

When the church in England was reorganized in the reign of Henry VIII the canon law immediately became one of the major concerns of both the monarch and the bishops since it lay at the very foundation of the nature and structure of the church. From the earliest centuries England had participated in the full life of the church and there was no intention now to separate itself from that heritage. English bishops had participated in the conciliar procedures of the church as early as 314 at the Synod of Arles; other early synods were convened in England and the canon law of the church was known and observed there.
A Glimpse of Syons Glory
Authors: Wilson John F.
Published: April 2006

Among the numerous tracts which were published during the early and hectic days of the Long Parliament (1641) one anonymous sermon has fascinated historians and assumed some importance in the interpretation of Puritanism during those years. It represents in brief compass a significant facet of Civil War Puritanism. It has served to indicate how radical if latent ideas later developed within the broader movement. Professor Woodhouse reprinted sections of A Glimpse of Syons Glory to illustrate “The Priviledges of the Saints” in their anticipation of the impending inauguration of the Millennium. In Professor Haller's words it reveals “the vital excitement which gave … meaning” to the apocalyptic poetry of Daniel and Revelation, “dreams [which] were warmly cherished among the London populace on the eve of the revolution.”
Luther's Sola Fide in Italy: 1542–1551
Authors: Anderson Marvin W.
Published: April 2006

“What do they know of Luther, who only Luther know?” This question posed by Professor Gordon Rupp is apposite as one commemorates the 450th Anniversary year of Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. The discovery of Luther's biblical lectures has led to a renaissance in Luther studies. Would not careful attention to Catholic commentaries in the period between Luther and Trent provide that perspective suggested in Rupp's more than rhetorical question? In a recent study attention is drawn to humanistic influences on the decree of April 8, 1546 at Trent.8 I should like to draw attention to the Catholic biblical study of Marino Grimani (1486–1546), Clemens Aranis (1482–1559), and Ambrosius Catharinus (1484–1553) which is necessary to an understanding of the context of that April 8, 1546 decree on scripture and tradition at Trent. By thus observing part of the Catholic reaction to Luther one understands in a different way the importance for the people of God of Luther's study of the word of God. That difference relates to the definition of authority which is beyond the scope of this descriptive essay.
Fate, Fortune, Free Will and Nature in Eusebius of Caesarea
Authors: Chesnut Glenn F.
Published: April 2006

In working out his own understanding of historical causation, Eusebius had to deal with the great issues of the pagan Graeco-Roman historiographical tradition. He had to reject, alter or adapt the classical understanding of Fate, Fortune, Nature and human free will in order to work out a coherent Christian understanding of history and the forces that shaped it.
Religion, Revolution and the Rise of Modern Nationalism: Reflections on the American Experience
Authors: Ahlstrom Sydney E.
Published: April 2006

In 1789, two months after the inauguration of George Washington as president of the “first new nation,” the foundering regime of Louis XVI, in the 802d year of Capetian rule in France, was forced to convene the Estates General. As the French crisis deepened, all of Europe was deeply stirred—and in radically diverse ways. One Sunday morning in the spring of 1791 some Tübingen University students, including the future philosophers Hegel and Schelling, were bold enough to celebrate the revolution's progress by erecting a Freedom Tree in a nearby meadow. A more characteristic response came in August of that year when the Hapsburg Emperor Leopold II, whose sister, Marie Antoinette, had recently been made a prisoner in the Tuilleries, joined the King of Prussia in the Declaration of Pillnitz. This threat of foreign intervention, in turn, awakened the French nation and brought the revolution to a new pitch of excitement. Paris soon heard for the first time the thrilling strains ofLa Marseillaise. While a citizens army marched off against the forces of Reaction, the newly elected delegates to a constitutional convention made their way to Paris. Then on 20 September 1792, the very day on which the Convention proclaimed the Year One of the French Republic, the Prussian march on Paris was gloriously halted at the battle of Valmy in the Argonne near Belgium.
George Berkeley and New World Community
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S.
Published: April 2006

From the days when Christians were identified by the exclamation, “See how they love one another!”, to the present when other sorts of exclamations may be heard, the phenomenon of Christian community has received considerable attention. “From the first century in Rome,” Robert Nisbet has observed, “down to the contemporary works of Maritain, Niebuhr, and Ellul, the search for Christian community has been a crucial element of Western history.” Durkheim, Nisbet adds, found the very origins of religion in “the sense of the sacred community.” Whether as historians of Western history or of church history, we cannot escape the question of community. And whether as citizen or believer, neither can we escape more existential questions suggested in our own land and our own time that relate to the broad theme, “Christianity and Community.”
“There Should Be No Beggars Among Christians”: Karlstadt, Luther, and the Origins of Protestant Poor Relief
Authors: Lindberg Carter
Published: April 2006

Thesis forty-three of theNinety-five Thesesreads, “Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better deed than he who buys indulgences.” Following the historical convention of dating the Reformation from theNinety-five Thesesof 1517, we may argue that from its inception theology and social ethics were inseparable. One particular aspect of the Reformation impact on social change which has attracted attention and controversy from the sixteenth century to the present is welfare reform. While it would be overbold to claim that reform of poor relief was motivated by theology alone, radical theological change was certainly a major factor. Since righteousnesscoram Deowas thought to be by grace alone, it became difficult to rationalize the plight of the poor as a peculiar form of blessedness. Thus Luther excoriated the indulgence sellers who robbed the people of needed resources. What was implicit in theNinety-five Thesesbecame increasingly explicit in the months and years leading up to the publication on January 24, 1522 of the Wittenberg Order.
Loyalist as Royalist, Patriot as Puritan: The American Revolution as a Repetition of the English Civil Wars
Authors: Spalding James C.
Published: April 2006

Patriots at the beginning of the American Revolution were conscious of participating in a tradition of liberty derived from their Puritan forefathers. Not only did they refer back to the crossing of the sea by their ancestors who “bravely threw themselves upon the bosom of the ocean, determined to find a place in which they might enjoy their freedom, or perish in the glorious attempt,” but they also spoke of themselves as “the descendants of Oliver Cromwell's army,” “the descendants of Cromwell's elect.” Benjamin Rush thought of himself as being a son of liberty genetically when he wrote, “I am the great grandson of an officer John Rush who fell fighting against King Charles 1st under Oliver Cromwell.”2
Religious Liberty in Argentina During the First Perón Regime, 1943-1955
Authors: D'Amico David F.
Published: April 2006

This article describes and interprets the ebb and flow of religious liberty in Argentina from 1943 to 1955, concentrating on the restriction of Protestant liberties. Most authors have not included the situation of Protestants in their discussions of the first Perón regime, but since new source material on the subject has become available, it may be treated somewhat objectively. The following essay will evaluate the role of the Roman Catholic Church in the intricate developments which led to the coercion of Protestants and will examine the role played by General Perón during the last year of his first regime as it affected Roman Catholic and Protestant Christianity.
Cultural Crisis in the Mormon Kingdom: A Reconsideration of the Causes of Kirtland Dissent
Authors: Hill Marvin S.
Published: April 2006

Until the time that the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints left western New York (where the church had been founded in 1830) and moved en masse to Kirtland, Ohio and then Far West, Missouri (where a second gathering place was established), the Mormons constituted a close-knit and fairly harmonious group. At Kirtland, however, serious internal discontent developed. In the wake of the collapse of the Anti-Banking Society in 1837 came widespread apostasy of many Mormons, several apostles included, who challenged Joseph Smith's role as prophetic leader whose word was the will of the Lord in secular as well as spiritual affairs. According to the prevailing interpretation, the causes were essentially economic. Fawn Brodie maintains in her chapter on the “Kirtland Disaster” that the “toppling of the Kirtland bank loosed a hornet's nest.” Quoting Apostle Heber C. Kimball, she says that afterward “there were not twenty persons on earth that would declare that Joseph Smith was a prophet of God.” Despite Smith's efforts to salvage his Ohio community, “with mercantile firms bankrupt, the steam mill silent, and the land values sinking to an appalling low, Kirtland was fast disintegrating.” In a recent work, Leonard J. Arrington and Davis Bitton repeat the generalization: “in Kirtland … Smith's failed bank led to internal dissension.”
Social Reform and the Divided Conscience of Antebellum Protestantism
Authors: Moorhead James H.
Published: April 2006

It is a commonplace of antebellum historiography that the numerous reforms of the age often bore an intimate connection with Protestant evangelicalism, and Charles Grandison Finney is often portrayed as a symbol of this link. In addition to endorsing such causes as antislavery and temperance, the great evangelist inspired numerous converts to work out their salvation through useful service, including reform; and the areas swept by his revivals provided fertile soil for every manner of ultraism. Both as theological innovator and religious activist, he seemed to epitomize a tide of perfectionist optimism surging with great force against institutional restraints.Yet there was a very cautious side to Finney. He seldom committed himself unreservedly to any cause other than revivalism and generally eschewed the most controversial approaches to reform. Viewing this aspect of his career, one scholar has recently argued that “the basic thrust of Finney's thought and activity was conservative, status conscious, and pessimistic about human nature.” Because of these two faces, the historian is tempted to fix on one or the other as the “real” Finney, but it is more profitable to probe his ambiguities than to mitigate them. An examination of Finney offers fruitful insight into nineteenth-century evangelicalism's explosive potential for reform and its equally powerful tendency to limit and contain that impulse.
The German Evangelical Churches and the Struggle for the Schools in the Weimar Republic
Authors: Gordon Frank J.
Published: April 2006

It is a well-known fact that the German Evangelical churches did not hold the Weimar Republic in the highest esteem. This lack of church affection for the republic cannot be wholly explained with reference only to the monarchist, authoritarian intellectual and theological heritage of the German churches. Research in the Evangelical newspaper press and in official church proceedings and proclamations reveals that the republic's treatment of issues of vital concern to the churches played a crucial role in shaping church political opinion.1Among the most important of these issues was the question of religious instruction in the schools. German children had always received such instruction as a regular part of their elementary school curriculum. Also, the overwhelming majority of school children before 1918 had attended confessional schools; that is, Protestant children attended Protestant schools, Catholics went to Catholic schools, and Jews to Jewish schools. Only three states, Baden, Hesse, and Nassau, had systematically established interconfessional or “simultaneous” schools (Simultanschulen).2
Clerical Dismissals in Colonial and Revolutionary New Hampshire
Authors: Kirsch George B.
Published: April 2006

Over the past several decades American historians have emphasized the importance of New England ministers as town leaders during the colonial and Revolutionary eras. Recently, several scholars have examined changing roles of Congregational and Presbyterian pastors from the 1630s to the early nineteenth century. Ministerial dismissals are an important aspect of this subject, yet historians have not given this topic the critical analysis it deserves. This essay will discuss the nature of these dismissals and explain their significance in relation to several broad questions of social change in New England prior to 1790. Although New Hampshire's experience with clerical removals was not necessarily representative of New England, that state merits special attention because it has been neglected in studies of this period.
Revolutionary Ideology in Stuart England: The Essays of Christopher Hill
Authors: Greaves Richard L.
Published: April 2006

With the possible exception of Sir Geoffrey Elton and Lawrence Stone, no present historian of Tudor and Stuart England has been more prolific or controversial than Christopher Hill, the former master of Balliol College, Oxford. The twenty-nine articles, lectures, and book reviews included in the first two volumes of hisCollected Essaysdeal with many of the themes developed in his more recent books, beginning withThe World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution(London, 1972). Although two of the pieces appeared as early as the 1950s, Hill has revised the essays for this collection, so that the total corpus reflects his mature judgment.
Lord Halifax and Monasticism in the Church of England
Authors: Kollar Rene
Published: April 2006

Lord Halifax is primarily remembered for his dedication to ecumenism. Negotiations with the Vatican concerning the validity of Anglican orders and the pioneering conversations with Cardinal Mercier are examples of his efforts to bring unity and peace to Christendom. Believing that certain practices, devotions, and customs were the inheritance of all Christians, he sought to introduce into the Church of England some of those common elements. One, absent since the sixteenth century, was Benedictine monasticism. Not only did the Anglican church have the right to claim monastic life as part of its tradition, he insisted, but Benedictine life in the Church of England might invigorate a structure many believed was static.
Cardinal Cesarini and Cusa’s “Concordantia”
Authors: Christianson Gerald
Published: April 2006

Nicholas of Gusa’s Concordantia catholica, that “most mature and
harmonious” of conciliar treatises whose 550th anniversary we celebrated in
1983-1984, bears a dual dedication: to the Emperor Sigismund and to Cardinal
Giuliano Cesarini, papal legate and president of the Council of Basel from
1431 to 1438. These two figures represented church and empire and—no less
significantly—were potential allies to Cusa’s client, Ulrich of
Manderscheid, in the disputed election to the archbishopric of
Trier.
A Catholic Salvation Army: David Goldstein, Pioneer Lay Evangelist
Authors: Campbell Debra
Published: April 2006

With the publication of Catholic Revivalism in 1978, Jay P. Dolan transferred the scholarly discussion of nineteenth-century American revivalism to a larger arena. He not only unveiled the Catholic counterpart of a phenomenon hitherto considered exclusively Protestant, but he also demonstrated that potentially fruitful comparisons might be drawn between the Protestant and the Catholic revival experiences. Although twentieth-century evangelism still awaits an inclusive ecumenical treatment along the lines pursued by Dolan, some promising subjects for initial forays into this field have surfaced. This essay focuses upon one minor character in the epic story of American Catholic evangelism, David Goldstein (1870–1958), a convert from Judaism and socialism and a pioneer lay Catholic street lecturer between the world wars.
The Pan-American Mass, 1909–1914: A Rejected Contribution to Thanksgiving Day
Authors: Vivian James F.
Published: April 2006

The Right Reverend Monsignor William T. Russell, pastor of Saint Patrick's Church in Washington, D.C., since 1908 and reputedly one of the finest preachers in the country, agreed to an unusual interview during the spring of 1912. Five other clergy, including a rabbi, likewise participated in separate sessions with the same Protestant minister. The resulting six semiautobiographical accounts appeared as a weekly series inCollier'smagazine at midyear. Unlike the companion pieces, however, the article devoted to Msgr. Russell appeared at a particularly timely moment. On the one hand, the Pan-American Thanksgiving Day celebration, although just three years old, seemed well on the way toward becoming an annual observance that neither the president of the United States nor the Latin American diplomatic contingent could slight idly. Yet, on the other hand, the article heralded a major Protestant protest that would call the entire basis of the celebration into public and even political question. Upon assuming the presidency in 1913, an unsuspecting Woodrow Wilson would find himself inadvertently drawn into an interdenominational dispute over the special Catholic service. Embarrassed to the point of privately admitting a clumsy mistake, Wilson eventually yielded to the critics and finally withdrew his support from an implied experiment in the cultural extension of a famous holiday.
The Percy-“Fisher” Controversies and the Ecclesiastical Politics of Jacobean Anti-Catholicism, 1622–1625
Authors: Wadkins Timothy H.
Published: April 2006

Theologically and ecclesiologically James I of England was a “Gentleman of Wide Swallow.” Although he did not possess the type of skepticism that later emerged in post-Restoration latitudinarianism, he did endorse as orthodox only those essential doctrines which Christians had agreed upon in the early centuries of the church, which were grounded in the “expresse word of God” and given their most basic formulation in the creeds. The king viewed himself as an irenic monarch, one who could bring peace to Christendom by promoting an accommodation to these essentials and compromise between conflicting parties. This was an ecumenical approach to religion for his day, and he believed he could help disagreeing Christians “meet in the middest which is the center and perfection of all things.”
American Religion and the Academy in the Early Twentieth Century: The Chicago Years of William Warren Sweet
Authors: Ash James L.
Published: April 2006

An enormous change in the academic study of religion has occurred in the United States during the last half-century as the center of the enterprise has moved from the church-supported college and the seminary to the secular university and the graduate school. Some of this change has been caused by the rise of state-supported higher education, some by the secularizing trend that has shaped all modern American universities, both public and private. The change clearly has resulted in a discipline (if the term may be loosely used) in which not only has the number of practicing religion scholars greatly multiplied, but the scholarship itself also has grown in academic stature, becoming less eulogistic, more critical, and more methodologically congruent with other humanities disciplines.1
‘The Willing Captive of Home?’: The English Catholic Women's League, 1906–1920
Authors: Kane Paula M.
Published: April 2006

Henry Cardinal Manning wrote in 1863 that he wanted English Catholics to be “downright, masculine, and decided Catholics—more Roman than Rome, and more ultramontane than the Pope himself.” Given this uncompromising call for militant, masculine Roman Catholicism in Protestant Victorian England, frequently cited by scholars, it may seem surprising that a laywomen's movement would have emerged in Great Britain. In 1906, however, a national Catholic Women's League (CWL), linked closely to Rome, to the English clergy, and to lay social action, emerged in step with the aggressive Catholicism outlined by Manning 40 years earlier. The Catholic Women's League was led by a coterie of noblewomen, middle-class professionals, and clergy, many of them former Anglicans. The founder, Margaret Fletcher (1862–1943), and the league's foremost members were converts; the spiritual advisor, Rev. Bernard Vaughan, was the son of a convert. A short list of the clergy affiliated with the CWL reveals an impressiveWho's Whoin the Catholic hierarchy and in social work in the early twentieth century: Francis Cardinal Bourne (Archbishop of Westminster from 1903 to 1935), Monsignor Robert Hugh Benson (a convert and well-known author), and influential Jesuits Bernard Vaughan, Charles Plater, Cyril Martindale, Joseph Keating, Leo O'Hea and Joseph Rickaby. The CWL was born from a joining of convert zeal and episcopal-clerical support to a tradition of lay initiative among English Catholics.
A Tale of Two Controversies: Darwinism in the Debate over “Essays and Reviews”
Authors: Altholz Josef L.
Published: April 2006

The intellectual crisis of Victorian faith was a tale of two books. Charles Darwin'sOrigin of Specieswas published on 28 November, 1859; a composite volume of biblical criticism,Essays and Reviews, six of whose seven authors were clergymen, appeared on 21 March 1860. Both volumes provoked controversies. The Darwinian controversy is remembered and the biblicalcontroversy is largely forgotten, and perhaps in thelongue durŕeof history this ought to be so. But there was no doubt at the time that the biblical controversy was more important, dealing with matters that Victorians regarded as both fundamental and familiar. Richard Church, later dean of St. Paul's, wrote to his American scientist friend Asa Gray in 1861 that Darwin's “book I have no doubt would be the subject still of a great row, if there were not a much greater row going on aboutEssays and Reviews.” Leslie Stephen, who experienced both controversies as a young man, later regretted that “the controversy raised byEssays and Reviewseven distracted men for a time from the far more important issues raised by the publication of Darwin'sOrigin of Species.” A modern student of press reactions to Darwin found thatEssays and Reviewsreceived quantitatively more attention and concluded: “Darwin's book received decidedly less immediate attention in the press than the theological Essays and Reviews … [T]here is little doubt that science was no match for religion in the competition for public interest in Mid-Victorian Britain.” HadEssays and Reviewsbeen published when first advertised in February 1859, or even when rescheduled in October, it, rather than theOrigin of Species, would have been the major book of that critical year.
Orishatukeh Faduma and the New Theology
Authors: Moore Moses Nathaniel
Published: April 2006

In 1890 theBoston Heraldcarried the following review of an article entitled “Thoughts for the Times or The New Theology”: “A curiosity is a paper by a native African, Orishatukeh Faduma, on ‘Thoughts for the Times,’ by which he means the new theology. This is the first time that a criticof the new theology has turned up from the dark continent, and is a curious and significant paper. When a native can write like this on subjects in which he has been obliged to educate himself, it means that we are to say nothing more against the intelligence of the African race.” While correct in noting the historical significance of Faduma's efforts, the reviewer's condescension disclosed his failure to appreciate and understand the sophistication and depth of Faduma' theological analysis and agenda. Faduma's critique of elements of the New Theology did not entail his rejection of this controversial theological synthesis which emerged during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Rather, his comments on religion and science, the historicalcritical method, comparative religion, missiology, the historical development of Christianity, and Christian ethics reveal that he essentially shared the theological orientation of its formulators.
“Cum Status Ecclesie Noster Sit”: Florence and the Council of Pisa (1409)
Authors: Lewin Alison Williams
Published: April 2006

Of all the divisions and crises that the Catholic church endured in its first fifteen hundred years of existence, none was so destructive as the Great Schism (1378–1417). For forty years learned theologians and doctors of canon law argued over whether the pontiff residing in Rome or in Avignon was the true pope. The effects of the schism upon the highly organized administration of the church were disastrous, as were its effects upon society in general. Countless clerics fought over claims to benefices with appointees from the other obedience; the revenues of the church, quite impressive in the mid-fourteenth century, shrank precipitously; and opportunistic rulers especially in Italy did not hesitate to wage private wars under the banner of one or the other papacy, or to prey upon the actual holdings of the church.
Horace Bushnell and the Question of Miracles
Authors: Mullin Robert Bruce
Published: April 2006

Horace Bushnell has never lacked for commentators, and with notable exceptions the general picture of him (whether for praise or vilification) has been that of the “father” of American theological liberalism. This standard interpretation of Bushnell, however, fails to do justice to one of the more interesting aspects of his thought: his discussion in his treatiseNature and the Supernaturalof the possibility of modern-day miracles. Although considered scandalous by his contemporaries and a pitiable misunderstanding by later commentators, his arguments, I believe, bear reexamination. In his treatment of the question of modern miracles Bushnell both offered his contribution to a 300-year-long theological debate and set forth his vision of the direction in which American Protestantism must head in order to meet squarely the growing spiritual crisis of nineteenth-century culture.
‘Self-Support’: The Episcopal Mission and Nationalism in Japan
Authors: Sachs William L.
Published: April 2006

Japan offers a profound instance of the encounter between culture and Christian mission. From 1859 to 1940 American Protestant missionaries encountered powerful cultural shifts as Japan modernized. Public enthusiasm for Western ways in the late nineteenth century tempted missionaries and some Japanese to believe that Christianity was Japan's greatest resource for national development. However, the rise of nationalism made the role of churches and missionaries in Japanese life problematic. Scholars have not examined closely the Protestant missionary adaptation to Japanese nationalism. The missionaries of the Episcopal church provide an important instance of such response.
Inquiry and Inquisition: Academic Freedom in Medieval Universities
Authors: Courtenay William J.
Published: April 2006

The year 1988 marks not only the centennial of the American Society of Church History, it is also the anniversary of two important works dealing with the theme of religious toleration and freedom of ideas. One is the fiftieth anniversary of G. G. Coulton's Inquisition and Liberty. The other is Henry Charles Lea's History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, published in three volumes early in 1888. Coulton's work became a model for many that followed: a highly readable, consciously engaging narrative outlining the main features of one of the darker chapters of medieval church history. It covered the development of religious nonconformity, the church's response, especially through the creation and operation of the Inquistion, and the principal victims of the Inquisition: the Albigensians, Waldensians, Spiritual Franciscans, and those accused of witchcraft. Lea's earlier treatment covered those themes in a far more extensive way, and he also included, unlike Coulton, a final chapter on the problem of religious orthodoxy in the schools as viewed from the standpoint of the Inquisition. Lea, in fact, is one of the few authors writing on heresy and inquisition who attempted to place the cases of questioned orthodoxy and freedom of thought in medieval schools and universities in this larger context. Although he did not pursue the topic in any depth, Lea was aware that the character of theological study and the proper training of an educated priesthood were linked to the issue of religious orthodoxy in the schools and the threat of heresy among those charged with the preservation and dissemination of truth.
Defending Roman Loyalties and Republican Values: The 1848 Italian Revolution in American Catholic Apologetics
Authors: Mize Sandra Yocum
Published: April 2006

Pius IX's categorical rejection of an Italian republic from 1848 to his death in 1878 created a daunting task for American Catholic apologists, who wanted to defend their besieged leader without fueling anti-Catholic nationalism.1The responses, even from those who had oniy minimally defended the papacy's temporal power prior to 1848, exceeded predictable expressions of sympathy. Pius IX's long suffering became the prism through which a beleaguered American Catholic community viewed the whole spectrum of its own experiences of hope and frustration in securing influence in an often hostile society.
Michel Foucault, Lust, Women, and Sin in Louis XIV's Paris
Authors: Riley Philip F.
Published: April 2006

Since 1984, the year of his death, a veritable cottage industry of criticism has appeared to decipher, decode, and demolish Michel Foucault. Despite the polemics, ambiguities, and, at times, the impenetrability of his prose, Foucault and his critics do agree that one of the central concerns of his work, particularly his early work, was an analysis of power and how such institutions as police, prisons, and churches reflect the power structures of society.
Jean Gerson after Constance: ‘Via Media et Regia’ as a Revision of the Ockhamist Covenant
Authors: Burrows Mark S.
Published: April 2006

Few issues have received as much attention and achieved as little consensus among historians of late medieval theology during the past several generations as the debate over the character of “nominalism.” One thrust of the research from this debate has focused on the theological dimensions of this scholastic tradition: building on the work of Erich Hochstetter, Paul Vignaux, and others, Heiko Oberman discussed this development in the North American arena of scholarship by describing theological concerns as “the inner core of nominalism.”1
Changing Images of the Samaritan Woman in Early Reformed Commentaries on John
Authors: Farmer Craig S.
Published: April 2006

Medieval Christians were fascinated by the character of the Samaritan woman, whose story is presented in the fourth chapter of the Gospel of John. Numerous legends celebrating her life history recounted in imaginative detail the heroic deeds of this convert to Christ. The Bible itself, of course, gives no information about her following her encounter with Jesus, nor does it even mention her name. But medieval hagiographers named her Photina and recounted her brave witness to the gospel, leading to her ultimate martyrdom. One legend reports that she converted the daughter of Nero and was martyred in Rome. Another places her in Carthage, where she preached the gospel and died in prison. Although ancient and medieval commentaries on the fourth Gospel do not commemorate these extracanonical accomplishments, they portray the Samaritan woman's personality and discipleship in equally flattering ways. Not only does she beautifully model the sinner's conversion to Christ, but she also demonstrates admirable zeal in bearing witness to Christ among her fellow Samaritans. On the basis of her testimony, a host of the citizens of Sychar come to faith in Christ, a feat matched by none of Jesus' disciples in the pages of the Gospels.
John of Damascus on Human Cognition: An Element In His Apologetic For Icons
Authors: Payton James R.
Published: April 2006

During the first phase of the Iconoclastic Controversy (717–787), John of Damascus emerged as the chief spokesman of the iconodules. His apologetic for icons, developed in hisTreatises Against Those Who Attack the Holy Images(around 730) provided the rationale for the dogmatic decree legitimizing icons, which was adopted at the Seventh Ecumenical Council (Nicea II, 787). Exegetical, hermeneutical, and christological arguments played the dominant roles in his defense of the legitimacy of icons. An additional element in the Damascene's apologetic was an innovative theory of human cognition which placed a high value on created materiality, and thus extended the traditional Eastern Christian appreciation of the material world.
Some Scripture Is Inspired by God: Late-Nineteenth-Century Protestants and the Demise of a Common Bible
Authors: Thuesen Peter J.
Published: April 2006

“A New Testament which Needs neither a Glossary nor a Commentary.” So proclaimed the New York Evening Post on 21 May 1881, in a front-page story announcing the publication of the Revised Version of the Scriptures. The first major English translation since the King James Bible, the Revised New Testament was billed as the most accurate version ever, and the Post writer did not hesitate to hyperbolize. The printing of the Revision, the reporter declared, would probably “rank among the great events of the nineteenth century.” Meanwhile, as buyers snatched up the first Testaments in New York, a bigger sensation was building in Chicago. Dubbing the new translation nothing other than “the Bible as it is,” the Chicago Tribune printedthe entire Revised New Testament—from Matthew to Revelation—in its regular Sunday edition. Although the Tribune pilfered its scriptural text from the Bible's authorized publishers, the paper lambasted the rival Chicago Times (“the fraudulent newspaper concern on Wells Street”) for printing a “forged” Testament of its own. The unsavory competition in Chicago's fourth estate did not deter an eager public, who bought 107,000 copies of theTribune'sTestament alone. Demand for bound editions of the updated Bible was no less intense, with nationwide sales figures quickly surpassing one million.
On some limit theorems for the GI/G/1 queue
Authors: Hooke John A.
Published: April 2006

For a GI/G/1 queue a limit theorem is obtained for the total input of work during (0, t]. This result is then used to obtain similar theorems for the waiting and idle times and for busy periods initiated by large service loads. Some of the results contained in the paper have recently been proved by other authors in more general settings. The intent of this work is to show how they may be obtained in lesser generality using simpler techniques.
Some results on a traffic model of Rényi
Authors: Brown Mark
Published: April 2006

In [5] Renyi considers the following traffic model: Vehicles enter a highway at times 〈Ti, i = 1, 2, … 〉, forming a homogeneous Poisson process of intensity λ. The vehicle entering at time Ti will choose a velocity Vi and will travel at that constant velocity. The random variables 〈Vi, i = 1, 2, …〉 are independently and identically distributed (i.i.d.) and independent of 〈Ti〉 with c.d.f. F satisfying

All vehicles travel in the same direction.
Time dependence of queues with semi-Markovian services
Authors: Çinlar Erhan
Published: April 2006

A single server queueing system with Poisson input is considered. There are a finite number of types of customers and the service time of the nth customers depends on the types of the nth and the (n – l)th customers. The time dependence of the queue size process will be studied, (it will be clear how the methods of the paper can be applied to other processes of interest,) and limiting as well as transient results will be given.
The joint distribution of the virtual waitingtime and the residual busy period for the M/G/1 queue
Authors: Neuts Marcel F.
Published: April 2006

In the M/G/1 queue, the joint distribution of the virtual waitingtime and the residual duration of the busy period at any time t, is given by a formula analogous to the one for the virtual waitingtime by itself. In the limit, as t → ∞, the limiting joint distribution is given by a formula of the Pollaczek-Khintchine type.
The recovery of the root of a tree
Authors: Haigh John
Published: April 2006

A population which develops as a linear birth process from one individual gives rise to a family tree of size N which shows the relationships of the N members to each other. If this tree is given, but with no a priori information of which point is the root (the original member) we seek to utilize our knowledge of the stochastic manner in which the tree grew to estimate this root. A maximum likelihood estimate is obtained, and the probabilities that this estimate is the true kth point, or a member of the true rth generation are obtained as functions of N. As N → ∞ these probabilities converge to non-zero values for any fixed k, r, which are surprisingly large—for example, when k is 1, the limiting value is 1 — loge2 ≈ .30685.
The fixed cycle traffic light problem: a note on a paper by Mcneil
Authors: Siskind Victor
Published: April 2006

Both paper and author (D. R. McNeil, (1968)) will be referred to below as DRM. The said paper deals with the following situation: an intersection is controlled by a traffic light with a fixed cycle time, T; the possibility of other delays, e.g., due to turning vehicles, is ignored; arrivals at the light form a compound Poisson process; if vehicles arrive to find the light green and the queue empty they are not delayed, while in the contrary case they depart when they reach the head of the queue, providing the light is green, each vehicle taking a constant time to move off. The length of the effective red period is R. For further details and discussion, DRM may be consulted.
The range of the (n + 1)th moment for distributions on [0, 1]
Authors: Skibinsky Morris
Published: April 2006

Let p denote the class of all probability measures defined on the Borel subsets of the unit interval I = [0, 1]. For each positive integer n, take

Mn is convex, closed, bounded, and n-dimensional; the convex hull of the space curve {(t,t2, …, tn): 0 ≦ t ≦ 1}; e.g., see Theorems 7.2, 7.3 of [1]. At each point (c1, C2, …, cn) of Mn, define

Note that v−, v+ depend only on C1, C2, …, Cn− 1; Vm only on cn; We shall as notational convenience dictates and as will be apparent from the context regard v±n as functions on Mn− 1 or on higher order moment spaces and also regard Vn as a function on moment spaces of order higher than n.
A stochastic model for the breaking of molecular segments
Authors: Bithell J. F.
Published: April 2006

In many chemical and biochemical situations it is of interest to know the distribution that results from the breaking up of long molecules into shorter segments under certain hypotheses. For example, Montroll and Simha (1940) assumed that polymers consist of discrete units—monomers—connected by bonds all of which have an equal chance of breaking in the depolymerization process. Charlesby (1954) used a different approach to essentially the same model and in effect obtained differential equations for the moments of the ensuing distributions. More recently, Daniels (1967) has given a more thorough mathematical exposition, especially with regard to the effect of the initial length distribution, while Blatt (1967) has considered a model in which not all links are susceptible to breakage.
On an approximation made when analysing stochastic processes
Authors: Morgan Byron J. T. , Hinde John P.
Published: April 2006

We investigate the effect of a particular mode of approximation by means of four examples of its use; in each case the model approximated is a Markov process with discrete states in continuous time.
A single server queue in discrete time with customers served in random order
Authors: Balmer D. W.
Published: April 2006

This paper aims at showing that for the discrete time analogue of the M/G/l queueing model with service in random order and with a traffic intensity ρ > 0, the condition ρ < ∞ is sufficient in order that every customer joining the queue be served eventually, with probability one (Theorem 2).
On the equivalence of certain truncated point processes
Authors: Vit Pedro
Published: April 2006

A truncated point process is defined in terms of a point process and a truncation mechanism independent of the process. The equivalence between two different types of truncation is shown, where the truncations occur after a geometric number of events have occurred or after an exponential time has elapsed, some examples are given.
Multi-server assembly queues
Authors: Crane Michael A.
Published: April 2006

A model is studied in which each of several servers assembles finished products consisting of N different input items. Items of each type arrive independently at the assembly station and are grouped into N-tuples consisting of one item of each type. N-tuples are assembled into finished products by the servers on a first come-first-served basis. The model is analyzed by means of the theory of weak convergence, and functional limit theorems are obtained for appropriately normalized random functions induced by the queue size processes. The limits are expressed as functionals of multi-dimensional Wiener processes, with ordinary central limit theorems obtained as corollaries.
Evacuation of a Yule process with immigration
Authors: Brown Mark , Ross Sheldon , Shorrock Richard
Published: April 2006

Individuals arrive at a geographical area that is initially empty, in accordance with a pure birth process with birth parameters λj = jλ + θ, j ≧ 0. Due to contamination, this geographical area is unsafe for its population and at some fixed time T in the future everyone in the area will be evacuated and no further immigration will be allowed.

Suppose now than an intermediate evacuation time τ, 0 ≦ τ ≦ T, at which time everyone present in the area would be evacuated, is to be chosen. The area would then again fill up with individuals between times τ and T, and, at T, the final evacuation would be made and the area would be permanently sealed off. The problem is to choose τ so as to minimise the total expected cost incurred by time T, where a cost g(x) is incurred for each individual that spends a time x in the area.
Stochastic comparisons of random processes, with applications in reliability
Authors: Pledger Gordon , Proschan Frank
Published: April 2006

The usual definition of stochastic comparison of random vectors is extended to stochastic comparison of random processes. Conditions are stated under which {X (t), t ≧ 0} stochastically larger than {Y (t), t ≧ 0} implies that for increasing functionals f.

Applications are made to reliability problems, yielding stochastic comparisons for systems of independently operating machines assuming exponential failure and exponential repair. From these stochastic comparisons we may then deduce similar stochastic comparisons for functionals of practical importance in reliability applications, such as the total machine up-time, the first time that the number of functioning machines drops below a specified number, the total time during which at least a specified number of machines are functioning, etc.
The heavy traffic approximation for single server queues in series
Authors: Harrison J. Michael
Published: April 2006

A tandem queue with K single server stations and unlimited interstage storage is considered. Customers arrive at the first station in a renewal process, and the service times at the various stations are mutually independent i.i.d. sequences. The central result shows that the equilibrium waiting time vector is distributed approximately as a random vector Z under traffic conditions (meaning that the system traffic intensity is near its critical value). The weak limit Z is defined as a certain functional of multi-dimensional Brownian motion. Its distribution depends on the underlying interarrival and service time distributions only through their first two moments. The outstanding unsolved problem is to determine explicitly the distribution of Z for general values of the relevant parameters. A general computational approach is demonstrated and used to solve for one special case.
A strong variational principle for continuous spin systems
Authors: Pirlot Marc
Published: April 2006

We prove in the setting of the system of unbounded spins developed by Lebowitz and Presutti, a strong variational principle analogous to Lanford and Ruelle's for discrete spins. We establish this result for finite-range regular and superstable potentials satisfying a condition which enables us to define the thermodynamic energy of the system.
On the distribution of a random triangle
Authors: Alagar V. S.
Published: April 2006

In this paper we find the distribution of the area X of a randomly chosen triangle within a given triangle T. An extension of the classical Crofton technique is used in setting up a sequence of differential equations to obtain the desired distribution.
Optimal replacement policy with unobservable states
Authors: Wang Robert C.
Published: April 2006

In this paper we shall solve the optimal policy for the Markovian replacement model in which the state of a machine is not observable. We shall consider both discounted and average costs and discuss two examples.