bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Binding and Degradation of the C1q Subcomponent of Complement by Thioglycollate‐Stimulated Guinea Pig Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: VEERHUIS R. , KLAR‐MOHAMAD N. , van ES L. A. , DAHA M. R.
Published: June 2006

Expression of C1q receptors on the plasma membrane of thioglycollate‐stimulated guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages increased 1.54 times as compared to unstimulated controls. A Scatchard plot of the binding of 125I‐C1q to the cells revealed that the binding is a result of an increase in the number of receptors and not to an increased affinity of the receptors. Thioglycollate‐.activated macrophages were found to be 1.6 times more active than non‐activated macrophages in the binding of 125 I‐C1q at 4°C. The enhanced binding of 125I‐C1q by activated peritoneal macrophages was reflected in an increase in the amount of 125I‐C1q degraded by these tells as compared to resident peritoneal macrophages. This suggests that stimulation of phagocytic cells leads to an increase in the expression of C1q receptors and to a concomittant increase in the uptake and degradation of C1q.
Human Peritoneal Eosinophils and Formation of Arachidonate Cyclooxygenase Products
Authors: FOEGH M. L. , MADDOX Y. T. , RAMWELL P. W.
Published: June 2006

Human peritoneal eosinophils were obtained from the waste dialysis bags of patients undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. The number of eosinophils obtained from each bag varied from 3×107 to 288×107. The cells were incubated for 1 h in tissue culture medium and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1 (6‐keto‐PGFi), and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were determined by radioimmunoassay of the supernatant. The basal release as well as the stimulated release from the purified eosinophils of TXB2 were five times greater than the release of PGE2 and thirty times greater than the release of 6‐keto‐PGF1. A dose‐response curve was achieved for all three cyclooxygenase products with the calcium ionophase A12387. The release of TXB2 was inhibited in a dose‐dependent manner by the specific thromboxane A2 (TXA2) synthase inhibitor OKY‐1581 and a corresponding increase in PGE2 and 6‐keto‐PGF1, was obtained. Indomethacin (5.6×10−6 M) inhibited the cyclooxygenase products to almost undetectable levels.
Human T‐Cell Hybrids Secreting Lymphokines: Effect of Different Parent Cell Clones of the Human T‐Cell Acute Lymphoblastoid Leukaemia Line CCRF‐CEM
Authors: GALLAGHER G. , STIMSON W. H.
Published: June 2006

We have cloned a number of cell lines from the human T‐lymphocyte acute lymphoblastoid leukaemia (ALL) line CCFR‐CEM, and attempted to construt functionally active human T‐lymphocyte hybrids with them. Functional hybrids were generated using only one particular clone, 3H6. The activities found in She supernatant of two of these hybrids, DB1G7 and DH2DI0, are described. Supernatant from DB1G7 was found to suppress strongly the migration of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, while that from DB2D10 was shown to inhibit the proliferate response of human T lymphocytes to both phylohaemagglulinin and concanuvalin A. There was no cross‐reactivity between the two supernatants, confirming the usefulness of the human T‐lymphocyte hybrid technique in dissecting human T‐lymphocyte function. The successful use of 3H6 is contrasted with (he failure of another clone, 2H2, to permit the production of functional hybrids. Problems relating to the use of CCRF‐CEM and its clones as parent cell lines in the production of human T‐lymphocyte hybrids are discussed.
Screening Monoclonal Antibodies against Cell‐Surface Antigens High Frequency of Natural Antibodies
Authors: PERROT J. Y. , KRIEF P. , JULIEN C , BENOIT P , MIRSHAHI M. , BILLARD M. , ROSENFELD C. , BOUCHEIX C.
Published: June 2006

Two commonly used methods for screening hybridoma supernatants against cell‐surface antigens were performed simultaneously on the supernatant culture fluids of different hybridizations, and compared with the detection of Ig secretion. Supernatants reacting with glutaraldehyde‐fixed cells (EL.ISA (Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) on fixed cells) are mostly non‐specific for the immunogen; in addition, with this method, only half of the antibodies detected by immunofluorescence are identified These results can be explained by the frequent occurrence of hybridomas secreting antibodies displaying natural antibody’ properties, which are strongly reactive with intracellular antigens, and apparently made accessible by the fixation procedure Since artefacts impair the interpretation of results with ELISA on fixed cells, and complement‐mediated cytotoxicity usually as a low yield, membrane immunofluorescence remains the best method for screening hybridoma antibodies
Features of Haemocyanin‐Induced Suppression in Vivo
Authors: HUCHET R.
Published: June 2006

Haemocyanin (KLH, 4 mg), given intraperitoneally, induces in mice a state of unresponsiveness related only to the activity of two independent pathways of suppression. The early pathway is characterized by the depression of the anti‐trinitrophenyl response to TNP KLH within 24 h of KLH injection, and the ability of spleen cells from KLH‐treated animals to transfer unresponsiveness in normal recipients. These features of suppression are stopped after fractionation of spleen cells from KLH‐treated mice over insolubilized conjugated histamine columns. The late pathway of suppression is characterized by the nonspecificity of its effector phase, leading to a depressed anti‐FLu antibody response after a challenge with TNP KLH + FLu OVA. These features, which are cyclophosphamide‐resistant, are no longer active after passage through insolubilized conjugated histamine columns.
Compartment Dependence of T‐Lymphocyte Motility
Authors: SUNDQVIST K.G. , OTTESKOG P. , MELLSTEDT H.
Published: June 2006

Fresh human T lymphocytes from the blood of healthy individuals exhibited few motile forms, i.e. nonspherical shape and lamellar surface activity, when allowed to settle on a plastic surface. This poor motility of ‘normal’ blood T lymphocytes is most likely physiological, since under the same conditions more than 75% of the blood lymphocytes from T‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (TCLL) cases showed motile forms. In contrast to blood T cells, a large proportion of fresh human splenic T lymphocytes from separate individuals generally showed motile behaviour within 1 h when plated on a substrate. The rate of migration of spleen T cells into a collagen matrix was higher than that of blood T cells. The poor motile behaviour therefore appeared to be a limiting factor for translocation and migration of blood T cells within a collagen matrix. Culture on a collagen matrix at ‘low’ cell density in the presence or absence of serum for 2 days augmented the percentage of motile blood T cells lo the same level as for fresh spleen T cells, whereas culture on plastic caused a relatively moderate increase in motility. This collagen‐mediated potentiation probably does not reflect polyclonal T‐cell activation, since it occurred in serum‐free medium and appeared independent of cell interactions, and since collagen did not induce DNA synthesis. These results demonstrate two major factors regulating the ‘spontaneous’ motility of T lymphocytes, namely the location of the cell within the body and the nature of the substratum.
Acetylcholine Receptor Antibodies and Anti‐Idiotype Antibodies Produced in Blood Lymphocyte Cultures from Patients with Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: LEFVERT A. K. , SUNDEN H. , HOLM G.
Published: June 2006

The production of acetylcholine receptor antibody idiotypes and of antibodies directed against receptor antibody idiotopes were studied in cultures of blood mononuclear cells from 11 patients with myasthenia gravis and 11 healthy donors. The antibody specificities were defined by their reaction with monoclonal anti‐receptor and anti‐idiotypic antibodies. Cells from eight patients but no controls produced both kinds of antibodies, These antibodies were less frequently found in patients’ sera. In no patient were antibody specificities present in serum not detected in cell cultures. It is concluded that the B‐cell repertoire of specific autoantibodies is more completely disclosed by analysis of blood cell cultures than by serum antibody determinations. The results suggest an idiotype‐anti‐idiotype regulation of anti‐acetylcholine receptor autoimmunity in myasthenia gravis.
Effects of Calmodulin Antagonists Cd2+ and Trifluoperazine on Mixed Lymphocyte Culture Cell‐Mediated Lysis and Antibody‐Dependent Cell Cytolysis
Authors: WOLFF C. H. J.
Published: June 2006

The effects of two substances with calmodulin‐antagonistic properties, cadmium and trifluoperazone, were studied on mixed lymphocyte culture‐cell mediated lysis (MLC‐CML) and antibody‐dependent cell cytolysis (ADCC). Both cadmium and trifluoperazine readily inhibited MLC‐CMC, while ADCC was inhibited only to a small extent or not at all. Trifluoperazine almost completely inhibited phagocytosis in cells whose ability to lyse antibody‐coated red blood cells was unimpaired. The results suggests a striking difference in the extent in which calmodulin mediated processes take part in MLC‐CML on the one hand and ADCC on the other. This indicates a profound dissimilarity in the mechanisms of these two types of cell‐mediated lysis.
Regulation of Interleukin 2 Receptor Expression by Interleukin 2
Authors: RESKE‐KUNZ A. B. , VON STELDERN D. , RÜDE E. , DIAMANTSTEIN T.
Published: June 2006

The regulatory influence of Interleukin 2 (IL‐2) on the expression of IL‐2 receptors (IL.‐2R) was studied using long‐term cultured T‐cell lines and recombinant IL‐2 (r‐IL‐2). Three T‐cell lines with different growth requirements were used as model systems: insulin‐specific BK‐BI‐1.2 cells express IL‐2R transiently after antigenic restimulation, ovalbumin‐reactive BK‐OVA‐1R cells express IL‐2R permanently, and BK‐BI‐2.6.C6 cells bear IL‐2R constilutively but do not exhibit antigen reactivity. All three T‐cell lines exhibited the property of increased IL‐2R expression in the presence of r‐IL‐2, as tested by cyto‐fluoromelry employing monoclonal antibody AMT‐13 directed at the murine IL‐2R. IL‐2R density was influenced selectively by r‐IL‐2. because the level of Thy‐1.2 molecules was similar in the presence and absence of r‐IL‐2. With BK‐BI‐2.6.C6 cells, r‐IL‐2 was shown to upregulate high‐affinity receptors. Since BK‐BI‐2.6.C6 and BK‐OVA‐IR cells were grown in the absence of feeder cells, these data show that r‐IL‐2 can regulate the expression of its own receptor without the participation of monokines. Results obtained with the T‐cell line BK‐BI‐1.2, representing insulin‐specific T cells with transient IL‐2R expression, show that the presence of r‐IL‐2 did not prevent a decline in IL‐2R density occurring on day 5 after antigenic stimulus. This indicates that additional mechanisms besides antigen‐ and IL‐2‐induced IL‐2R upregulation are operative in controlling IL‐2R density on the cell surface.
Characterization of Amyloid Protein AA and Its Serum Precursor SAA in the Horse
Authors: HUSEBEKK A. , HUSBY G. , SLETTEN K. , MARHAUG G. , NORDSTOGA K.
Published: June 2006

Amyloid was extracted from the liver of a horse that had developed amyloidosis after being used for several years for the production of antibodies to bacterial antigens. The amyloid fibrils were shown to he of the AA type. Two AA proteins with molecular weights of 9000 and 11,000 and with identical partial N‐terminal amino acid sequences were identified. Marked structural homology with AA from other species including man was seen, although clear species‐related antigenic specificity was observed. SAA isolated from an acute phase (septic abortion) horse serum was identical to AA with respect to antigenicity and the 10 first N‐terminal amino acid residues that have been studied up to now. The hulk of SAA was present in the high‐density lipoprotein complex in serum. Also SAA was heterogeneous with respect to size, most molecules having a molecular weight of 11,000, and a minority 9000.
A Family with Complement Factor I Deficiency
Authors: RASMUSSEN J. M. , TEISNER B. , BRANDSLUND I. , SVEHAG S.‐E.
Published: June 2006

A family with inherited factor I deficiency is described. The proband was a 19‐year‐old Caucasian female with one episode of meningococcal meningitis and one episode of suspected septicaemia of unknown cause. Two obligate and two probable heterozyotes with factor I levels below the lower limit of the reference range were identified. None of these exhibited increased susceptibility to infectious diseases. The inheritance was autosomal codominant. In addition, molecular heterogeneity of factor H in plasma from the proband but not from any other family members was demonstrated by crossed Immunoelectrophoresis. The migration of factor H component of fast electrophoretic mobility was retarded by antibodies to C3eand C3d. suggesting the presence of a fluid‐phase complex between factor H and excess C3h generated by the uncontrolled activity of the amplification loop.
Comparison of Hapten‐Specific Cytotoxic and Suppressor T Cells by a Split Culture Approach
Authors: ANDRIGHETTO G. , BENATO B. , LOPATTA D. , ZÖLLER M.
Published: June 2006

The protocols for the induction of hapten‐specific suppressor T cells (Ts) and hapten‐specific cytotoxic T cells (Tc) are essentially the same. Hence, to exclude or support the possibility of an apparent suppression of B‐cell responsiveness by elimination of B cells due to cytotoxic cells, limiting dilution cultures were concomitantly tested for suppression of a primary B‐cell response against trinitrophenol (TNP), and cytotoxic activity towards a TNP‐haptenized anti‐TNP IgM hybridoma. When compared with the spleen cells (SC) of untreated Balb/c mice, the frequency of Tc was found to be increased after in vivo or in vitro induction of TNP‐specific Ts (via intravenous injection of TNP‐haptenized tympocytes or cocultivation of SC with haptenized lymphocytes). Despite this synchronous increase of hapten‐specific Ts and Tc, the number of wells displaying both cytotoxic and suppressive activity did not exceed the number of wells that were expected to contain Ts and Tc. Hence, in the system described, hapten‐specific Tc did not lyse anti‐hapten antibody‐producing B cells to any measurable extent, and suppression of a B‐cell response by in vivo or in vitro‐induced Ts was independent of cytotoxic T‐cell activity.
Monocyte‐T‐Cell Interactions in the Regulation of Polyclonal B‐Cell Response
Authors: PRYJMA J. , FLAD H.‐D. , GRUBER M. , ERNST M.
Published: June 2006

Human peripheral blood monocyte subsets with and without Fc receptor for human IgG are known to suppress (FcR+) and enhance (FcR−) pokeweed mitogen‐induccd polyclonal immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro. The ability of these subsets to modulate immunoglobulin production in the presence or absence OKT8− T cells and under conditions where suppressor T‐cells activation was blocked by irradiation or mitomycin C was studied. It was shown that, regardless of the presence or absence of suppressor T cells, FcR− monocytes can suppress immunoglobulin production if their number in culture exceeds 20%. However, at lower numbers this monocyte sunset was suppressive only when suppressor T cells were activated. The suppressor T‐cell activation was shown to be independent of the predominant presence of the FcR+ or FcR monocyte subset. Moreover, the enhancing effect of FcR−monocytes was not caused by their interference with suppressor T‐cell activation.
Mast Cells Induced in Vitro by Interleukin 3 from Native Murine Thymus Cells
Authors: KAWANISHI H. , MEDICUS R. G. , PALASZYNSKI E. W.
Published: June 2006

To shed further light on the induction and characterization of thymus‐derived mast cells, we cultured a variety of cell populations from murine thymus tissues (Balb/e) in the presence or absence of interleukin 3 (IL‐3). The whole cell population and the nun‐adherent T cell‐depleted population developed mast cells. The morphological studies revealed granulated cells: the granules were stained with toluidine blue, alcian blue (pH 3.0). and metachromatic dyes. Electron microscope revealed altered mast cell granules. These cells contained relatively low amounts of histamine (‐ 1700 ng/106 cells), were IL.‐3 (but not IL‐2)‐dependent, and did not possess T‐cell. B‐cell. or macrophage markers. No phagocytosis was observed. the cells also had 20α‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and both IL‐3 and IgE (145,600/cell) high affinity receptors. The frequency analysis showed 17 precursor cells per 106 thymic cells. The results indicate that the thymus indeed contains progenitors of mast cells responsive to IL‐3, and that the mast cells are derived from non‐T. non‐phagocytic. and non‐adherent cells of the thymus. Their T‐lymphocyte product (IL.‐3) dependency, ultrastructural appearance, granular stainability, and low content of histamine may support the view that the mast cells originating from the thymus probably belong to a mucosal must cell lineage.
Suppression of Parasite‐Specific Response in Plasmodium falciparum Malaria. A Longitudinal Study of Blood Mononculear Cell Proliferation and Subset Composition
Authors: THEANDER T. G. , BYGBJERG I. C. , ANDERSEN B.J. , JEPSEN S. , KHARAZMI A. , ØDUM N.
Published: June 2006

The present longitudinal study was designed to characterize immunosuppression during acute Plasmodiu, falciparum infection, during the treatment and up to 1 month after the acute stage. The proliferative responses of blood mononuclear cells (BMNC) isolated from non‐immune and semi‐immune malaria patients and controls to mitogens and two Plasmodium‐derived stimulators (merozoites, Meroz. and soluble purified antigen, Spag) and non‐related antigens were measured by [2 H]thymidine incorporation. BMNC isolated before treatment (day 0) from the non‐immune patients did not respond to Meroz, whereas those from controls showed a significantly higher response. The SPag responses were also low in BMNC isolated on day 0 and increased in both the non‐immune and the semi‐immune patients during the observation period. These findings indicate that during malaria there is a depression of the parasite‐specific proliferative response. The subset composition of BMNC isolated from non‐immune patients was studied in a FACS analyser. The mean cell volumes of both Leu 2’and Leu.3 cells were increased during the acute phase of the infection, indicating that malaria infection results in activation of both T‐helper and T‐suppressor cells. There was no overall reduction of the response to mitogens on day 0. However. 3 days alter initiation of the treatment the mitogen response was decreased.‘This finding indicates that it is important to distinguish between the effects of malaria infection and of drug treatment.
Regulation of Natural Killer Cytotoxicity by Escherichia coli‐Derived Human Interferon Gamma
Authors: PLATSOUCAS C. D.
Published: June 2006

The abilities of Escherichia coli‐ derived human interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) and E. coii‐ derived human interferon‐μA (IFN‐μA) or ‐μ2 (IFN‐μ2) to augment natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity were compared. When low concentrations (less than 10 antiviral units/ml) of interferons were used, and equal numbers of antiviral units of E. coli‐derived IFN‐γ and E. coli‐ derived IFN‐μA or IFN‐μ2. were compared for their ability to augment NK. E. coli‐derived IFN‐γ was found to be more active in augmenting NK against the K562targets, than E. coli‐ derived IFN‐μA or IFN‐μ2. Antiviral units in these experiments were determined by the standard cytopathic effect assay using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)‐challenged human fibroblasts, trisomic for chromosome 21. However, when these interferons were compared on a weight basis (ng/ml) or on a molar basis, their ability to augment NK against the K562 targets was comparable. These differences in the relative abilities of these interferons (when their concentrations were expressed in antiviral units/ml) to augment NK, were due to an approximately 100‐fold difference in their specific activities (antiviral units per mg of interferon). These were 1. 8 × 106 units/mg for E. coli‐derived IFN‐γ, 2. 0 × 108 units/mg for E. coli‐derived IFN‐μA,and 1. 8 × 108 units/mg for E. coli‐derived IFN‐μ2. At concentrations higher than 10 units/ml. all these interferons showed a similar ability to augment NK. Studies on the kinetics on the augmentation revealed that in vitro treatment with E. coli‐derived IFN‐γ for several hours was necessary for augmentation of NK against targets from haemopoietic human tumour cell lines (K562, Daudi). In contrast, alpha interferons were able to augment NK after treatment in vitro for significantly shorter periods (30 min or less with certain donors), Augmentation of NK cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood mononuclear leucocytes by E. coli‐derived IFN‐γ was not accompanied by the induction of interleukin 2 (IL‐2) production, suggesting that 1L. ‐2 is not involved in the augmentation of NK by 1FN‐γ, A monoclonal antibody specific for human IFN‐γ blocked augmentation of NK by E. coli‐derived IFN‐γ and natural IFN‐γ ‐ but not by E. coli‐derived IFN‐μA or staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA). Pretreatment (14 h at 37°C) of effector cells with this anti‐IFN‐γ monoclonal antibody or addition of this antibody directly into the 15chromium release assay had no effect on NK cytotoxicity, suggesting that constitutively produced IFN‐γ is not required for maintaining NK cytotoxicity.
Correlation between the Phenotype and the Functional Capacity of Activated T Cells in Patients with Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: VOLK H.‐D. , KOPP J. , KÖRNER I. J. , JAHN S. , GRUNOW R. , BARTHELMES H. , FIEBIG H.
Published: June 2006

Activated T cells in the peripheral blood of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were determined using monoclonal antibodies against activation antigens. Elevated percentages of HLA‐DR+ T cells were found in association with active disease. In contrast, we observed an increase in IL‐2, receptor‐bearing T cells in only six out of 16 patients with active disease. In vitro assays, like spontaneous proliferation, response to IL‐2, production of IL‐2, and immunoglobulin synthesis have shown that the different patterns of activation antigens are related to different functional stages of T‐cell activation. The possible therapeutic consequences are discussed.
Murine Thymocytes Mediate a Natural Killer‐Like Activity against Herpes Virus‐Infected Target Cells but Not YAC‐1 Target Cells
Authors: TANG J. , DELONG D. C. , BUTLER L. D. , MARDER P. , ADES E. W.
Published: June 2006

In this report, we demonstrated a natural killer (NK)‐like activity against HSV‐1 infected ceils mediated by CD‐1 mouse thymocytes. This cytolytic activity is specific for HSV‐1‐infected MCN cells, since both uninfected MCN and Y AC‐1 target cells are not susceptible to thymocyte lysis. Antibody plus complement depletion experiments indicate that a portion of the activity is associated with the Lyt 2 /L3T4− thymocyte subpopulation. This NK‐like activity cannot be enhanced by addition of interleukin 2 in vitro.
T‐Cell Effector Function and Unresponsiveness in the Murine Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection
Authors: MARKER O. , THOMSEN A. R.
Published: June 2006

When the virus dose is increased from 102 (low dose) to 104 LD50 (high dose) a fatal lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection is changed into a subclinical one, and a selective virus‐specific delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) unresponsiveness is induced, while the cytotoxic T‐cell response remains essentially unchanged. When low‐dose spleen effectors were transferred intravenously into intracerebrally infected high‐dose mice, fatal LCM disease occurred, which means that infected central nervous system target structures in these animals are sensitive to virus‐specific T cells. When low‐dose cells were transferred to intravenously infected high‐dose mice, these animals regained their TD function (the effect of T cells mediating DTH). Since this indicates that the survival of intracerebrally infected high‐dose mice is intimately linked with the absence of virus‐specific DTH reactivity, a search for T suppressor (Ts) activity in these animals was performed by transferring high‐dose spleen cells to lethally (intracerebrally) infected low‐dose recipients. In this way we obtained an afferent suppression, which was not H‐2 restricted, but was abrogated when the spleen cells were pretreated with neutralizing anti‐LCMV serum, indicating a suppressive effect of virus transferred with the infected cells. When tolerance induction was attempted with virus alone, a potentially fatal immune reaction could be altered to unresponsiveness (i.e. survival) as late as 4 days after an otherwise lethal infection with LCMV. The results indicate that the maturation of the virus‐specific TD response is sensitive to large amounts of virus antigen. We conclude that this impairment and the resulting DTH unresponsiveness is due to a clonal deletion or anergy rather than to the effect of Ts cells, and that the TD effector function is critical to the development of fatal LCM disease.
T‐Cell Effector Function and Unresponsiveness in the Murine Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection
Authors: THOMSEN A. R. , MARKER O.
Published: June 2006

An increase in the virus dose from 102 LD50 (low dose) to 104 LD50 (high dose) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) results in markedly delayed virus clearance, in spite of a potent cytotoxic T‐cell (Tc) response. However, virus‐specific delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactivity is markedly depressed in high‐dose mice, suggesting an association between DTH and virus clearance. When virus‐primed memory cells are transferred, DTH reactivity as well as virus‐clearing capacity is restored in high‐dose mice, indicating that the virus is not present in a changed or concealed form. The role of T‐cells mediating DTH (TD cells) in virus clearance was also studied by adoptive transfer to naive recipients. Here the high‐dose primed cells did mediate virus clearance, although no DTH reaction was detectable 24–72 h after transfer. However, when footpad swelling was measured 96 h or more after transfer a DTH response emerged, indicating that TD priming had taken place in high‐dose animals. Pre‐irradiation of high‐dose primed cells markedly inhibited the antiviral activity as well as DTH, suggesting that upon transfer to naive recipients TD precursors from high‐dose mice would proliferate into effector cells capable of mediating both functions. Treatment with anti‐Lyt 2+C’ abrogated the capacity to induce virus‐specific DTH, thus confirming that the cells involved are not helper T (TH) cells. We conclude that the DTH unresponsiveness in high‐dose mice reflects a defective differentiation of TD precursor into effector cells which is reversible upon transfer to a less antigen loaded environment. Furthermore, it is suggested that TD function is crucial to the process of virus clearance.
Serum Amyloid P‐Component Levels in Patients with Malignancy
Authors: LEVO Y. , WOLLNER S. , TREVES A. J.
Published: June 2006

The P component of amyloid is a normal serum protein designated SAP. SAP has substantial homology with C‐reactive protein (CRP). However, unlike CRP, SAP is not an acute‐phase reactant in man. Recent studies have established SAP as a major acute‐phase protein in mice. Moreover, mice which have received tumour implants have also been found to have raised serum concentrations of SAP. The aim of the present study was to determine possible association between the serum level of SAP and human cancer. We found that patients with carcinoma of the breast have significantly increased serum concentrations of SAP. Moreover, in these patients SAP levels correlated with the severity of the disease. Patients with carcinoma of the colon, however, did not differ from healthy individuals in the serum level of SAP. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed.
Nuclear Uptake of l,25‐Dihydroxy[3H]‐cholecalciferol in Peripheral Blood Monocytes
Authors: ERIKSEN E. F. , NIELSEN H. K. , MOSEKILDE L. , NIELSEN H. B. , MELSEN F.
Published: June 2006

The active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25‐dihydroxycholecal ciferol induces differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. The pharmacological induction of differentiation of primitive, rapidly proliferating cell lines into more mature cells with lower proliferative potential is a new dimension in the treatment of myeloproliferative disorders, which may prove to be an important alternative to more traditional regimens, Furthermore, the cell primarily engaged in bone resorption‐the osteoclast‐represents another differentiated form of mononuclear phagocytes, and 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol increases the number of osteoclasts. Since the cellular action of 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol is exerted mainly through its binding to nuclear receptors, a detailed knowledge of ligand‐receptor interactions is mandatory for future work in this area. In order to investigate the interaction between 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol and its receptor in mononuclear cells, the nuclear uptake of the hormone was studied using a whole cell assay. The nuclear uptake of l,25‐dihydroxy[3H]cholecalciferol in human monocytes at physiological temperature and pH was saturable, specific, and fully reversible. When eight normal individuals were investigated, the maximal binding capacity (Bmax) was 0.4–8.4 fmol/106 cells and the dissociation constants (Kd) were 0.12–0.45 nmol/l. The characterization of the nuclear uptake of 1,25‐dihydroxy [3H]cholecalciferol in intact human monocytes shows that it is mediated by binding of the ligand to a specific nuclear receptor. The binding to the nuclear receptor is the result of the passage of ligand across the cytoplasmic membrane and of the cytoplasmic transport of ligand. In contrast to conventional receptor assays in hypertonic cellular extracts, this system provides information on the role of the cytoplasmic membrane in relation to the nuclear uptake of 1,25‐dihydroxycholecalciferol, which may be closer to in vivo cellular conditions.
Generation of Monoclonal Rheumatoid Factors after Immunization with Collagen II‐Anti‐Collagen II Immune Complexes
Authors: HOLMDAHL R. , NORDLING C. , RUBIN K. , TARKOWSKI A. , KLARESKOG L.
Published: June 2006

Two monoclonal IgG rheumatoid factors were obtained alter hybridization of spleen cells from DBA/1 mice immunized with immune complexes containing native collagen type II and a monoclonal anti‐collagen II antibody. One of these rheumatoid factors reacted not only with purified murine Fc fragments, but also with Fab fragments of the anti‐collagen II antibody used for immunization, whereas no reactivity was seen with Fab fragments from normal mouse IgG. The findings demonstrate the ability of immune complexes encompassing native collagen type II to induce production of IgG rheumatoid factors, and suggest that an idiotypic relationship may exist between certain rheumatoid factors and anti‐collagen II antibodies.
Early Defect of Phagocytic Cell Function in Subjects at Risk for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: ESTEVEZ M. E. , BALLART I. J. , DIEZ R. A. , PLANES N. , SCAGLIONE C. , SEN L.
Published: June 2006

We studied the functions of peripheral blood monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells in 15 apparently healthy homosexual men, eight homosexual or bisexual subjects with unexplained generalized lymphadenopathies (pre‐AIDS), four homosexual men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and 15 heterosexual men. In comparison with normal controls, the homosexual groups studied presented a decreased monocyte candidacidal activity for Candida pseudotropicalis that gradually deteriorates as the clinical symptoms progress towards AIDS. The monocyte phagocytic function was retained. Although the phagocytic and candidacidal activities of the polymorphonuclear cells did not differ from those of the normal controls, the candidacidal activity in some of the cases studied was unusually enhanced, indicating that the cells were in an activated state. In addition, only two of nine sera tested from asymptomatic homosexual males were positive for antibodies to HTLV‐III/LAV, while six out of eight pre‐AIDS and both of the two AIDS patients tested had antibodies to AIDS‐associated retrovirus. We suggest that in AIDS the phagocytic system is already involved, together with B and T lymphocyte abnormalities, during the early events of the syndrome, even without the detection of AIDS‐associated retrovirus antibodies.
Regulation of Human Natural Killing
Authors: LEUNG K. H. , IP M. M. , KOREN H. S.
Published: June 2006

In this study we demonstrated that natural killer (NK) cell lysis by human peripheral blood nonadherent (NA) cells against K562 target cells was rapidly inhibited by four agents that inhibit the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), U‐60257, α‐phenanthroline, and esculetin. However, human NK cells activated by interferons (IFN) or poly I:C were partially resistant to suppression by NDGA and U‐60257. Pretreatment of the NA cells with the four lipoxygenase inhibitors at 37°C for 18 h led to suppression of NK activity. The inhibition of NK activity by NDGA was not reversed by aspirin at a concentration that inhibits PGE2 synthesis. Thus, suppression of NK activity by NDGA was not mediated by the effects on PGE2 synthesis. However, the inhibition of endogenous NK activity by NDGA, U‐60257, α‐phenanthroline, or esculetin was partially reversed by IFN or poly I:C. These results suggest that products of lipoxygenation are required for maintenance of human NK activity.
Interactions of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris and Mouse Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: JÄGERROOS H. J. W. , NUORTIO L. T. , KURUP V. P. , MÄNTYJÄRVI R. A.
Published: June 2006

Interactions of mouse alveolar macrophages from three different inbred strains of mice and Thermoactinomyces vulgaris, a microbe associated with Farmer's lung disease, were studied. Alveolar macrophages were found to abolish the mitogenic activity of T. vulgaris. A prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor indomethacin, could not restore the activity. Alveolar macrophage supernatants generated by T. vulgaris treatment exerted strong suppression in secondary concanavalin A‐induced lymphocyte transformation, Indomethacin partly relieved the suppression but a histamine 2 receptor blocker, cimetidine, had no effect. Interleukin 1 activity was practically undetectable by the thymocyte co‐stimulation assay unless indomethacin was used. When indomethacin was used, interleukin 1 activity could he detected in all strains of mice tested. Major differences in the abolition of the mitogenic effect, in the suppressive effect, or in the release of interleukin 1 were not detected between inbred strains of mice tested. The results indicate that alveolar macrophages exert suppressive actions in vitro after T. vulgaris treatment but in vivo activities remain to be elucidated.
Evidence for the Existence of W3/13+ Monocytes in the Rat
Authors: HEDLUND G. , SEGRÉN S. , JANSSON B. , SJÖGREN H.O.
Published: June 2006

Rat blood mononuclear cells were studied with W3/13, OX19, and W3/25 monoclonal antibodies in a dual staining procedure. Cells recognized as W3/13+ OX19− W3/25+ showed a high light scatter pattern were plastic adherent and exhibited spreading, and were identified as monocytes when stained with May‐Grunwald‐Giemsa. This evidence suggests that at least a subpopulation of monocytes/macrophages are W3/13+
Effects of Cyclosporin A on Autoimmune Disease in MRL/1 and BXSB Mice
Authors: BERDEN J. H. M. , FAABER P. , ASSMANN K. J. M. , RIJKE T. P. M.
Published: June 2006

MRL/1 and BXSB mice were treated daily with cyclosporin A (CyA) in an oral dose of 25 mg/kg body weight. With this dose, blood levels within the therapeutic range were obtained. In normal mice CyA in this dose significantly prolonged the survival of an H‐2 incompatible skin graft, and suppressed delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH). It had no influence on the magnitude of a primary antibody response. Autoimmune mice were treated from 6 to 22 weeks of age. CyA treatment did not alter significantly the anti‐DNA and anti‐IgG autoantibody levels in either strain compared with control mice, who received olive oil. There was a slight but significant increase in serum IgG levels in CyA‐treated MRL/1 mice. Clinical signs of glomerulonephritis (decreased kidney function and albuminuria), and glomerular proliferation were not altered by CyA treatment in either strain. The amount of mesangial IgG deposits was reduced in CyA‐treated MRL/1 mice, and remained unchanged in BXSB mice. The extent of the interstitial and perivascular infiltrates and the frequency and severity of necrotizing arteritis in the kidneys of MRL/1 mice were reduced by CyA treatment. The most prominent effect of CyA was an evident reduction in lymphoproliferation in MRL/1 mice. Mortality was not reduced by CyA treatment in MRL/1 and BXSB mice.
Synthesis of Complement Components C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 in Vitro by Human Monocytes and Assembly of the Terminal Complement Complex
Authors: HETLAND G. , JOHNSON E. , FALK R. J. , ESKELAND T.
Published: June 2006

Monocytes cultured under serum‐free conditions secreted protein which bound covalently and non‐covalently to agarose beads, an activator of the alternative pathway of complement. There was a significant binding of monoclonal anti‐C3c antibodies, polyclonal anti‐C5, anti‐C6, anti‐C7, anti‐C8, and anti‐C9 antibodies, and of a monoclonal antibody against a neoantigen of polymerized C9 to agarose beads incubated with the monocytes for 24, 48, 72 or 96 h. From these results, we conclude that monocytes produce C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9 that assemble as the terminal complement complex on the surface of the agarose beads. Activation by agarose of the alternative pathway with generation of particle bound C3 and C5 convertases is a prerequisite for the subsequent formation of the terminal complement complex. Whether SC5b‐9 or the membrane attack of complement (C5b‐9) is formed on the beads will be examined.
The Role of Superoxide Anion and Lysosomal Enzymes in Anti‐Listerial Activity of Elicited Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: HASHIMOTO S. , NOMOTO K. , YOKOKURA T.
Published: June 2006

The in vitro effect of superoxide anion and lysosomal enzyme activity on the killing of Listeria monocytogenes EGD (listeria) by peritoneal macrophages (PM) was investigated. Generation of superoxide anion by PM stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was significantly increased by intraperitoneal injection of Lactobacillus casei YIT 9018 (LC9018) or Corvnebacterium parvum (CP), but not by injection of peptone. However, superoxide anion generation by LC9018‐elicited PM stimulated with listeria was not increased any more than that by peptone‐elicited PM. and generation of superoxide anion by the PM was affected by the difference in stimuli. The killing of listeria by LC9018‐ or CP‐elicited PM in vitro was significantly less than that by peptone‐elicited PM or resident PM, Significant correlation was observed between the anti‐listerial activity of PM and the intracellular killing of listeria by PM. On the other hand γ‐glucuronidase and γ‐N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosaminidase activities of LC9018‐elicited, CP‐elicited, or resident PM were significantly weaker than those of peptone‐elicited PM, and no significant correlation was observed between the increase in γ ‐glucuronidase and γ–N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosaminidase activities and the increase in anti‐listerial activity. These results suggest that increase in the activity of lysosomal enzymes such as γ‐glucuronidase and γ‐N‐ acetyl‐D‐glucosaminidase is not correlated with the anti‐listerial activity of PM. and that superoxide anion has very little effect on the anti‐listerial activity of PM in vitro.
Passage of Undegraded Dietary Antigen into the Blood of Healthy Adults Further Characterization of the Kinetics of Uptake and the Size Distribution of the Antigen
Authors: HUSBY S. , JENSENIUS J. C. , SVEHAG S.‐E.
Published: June 2006

The molecular weight distribution of ovalbumin (OA) absorbed into the blood in eight healthy adults after a test meal was analysed by high pressure liquid gel permeation chromatography (HPLC) followed by ELISA for OA. OA was found either as free OA or as aggregates of a size mainly below 700kD. The addition of OA in vitro to an antibody‐containing serum resulted in OA‐containing immune complexes (OA‐IC) of similar size. The size distribution of serum OA‐IC was more heterogeneous late than early in the 7‐h observation period. Free OA disappeared at an equal or higher rate than OA‐IC when both entities were present in the same individual. The presence of OA‐IC was related to the serum IgG antibody levels. IgG, but not IgA or IgM, could be detected in OA‐IC (in three individuals) by ELISA. The kinetics of OA appearance was followed for 48 h after a test meal in three individuals. In one person, serum OA reached peak values at 24 h and detectable amounts persisted for 48 h after the test meal. In the other test persons the OA levels peaked earlier. The present study indicates that in healthy adults dietary antigens are absorbed and circulate regularly in minute amounts apparently as native protein and/or as small immune complexes, mostly containing IgG antibodies.
Human Epidermal Langerhans Cells and Peripheral Blood Monocytes
Authors: RÄSÄNEN L. , LEHTO M. , JANSÉN C. , REUNALA T. , LEINIKKI P.
Published: June 2006

We compared the functional capacities of human epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) and peripheral blood monocytes. Epidermal sheets were obtained by a suction blister device. After enzymatic treatmenl LC were enriched by attaching them to IgG‐located erythrocyte monolayers. On a per cell basis, LC were several times more efficient accessory cells than monocytes in augmenting nickel‐ and tuberculin (PPD)‐induced T‐cell proliferation. In mixed cell cultures LC stimulated both autologous and allogeneic T cells, whereas monocytes stimulated only allogeneic cells In addition. LC were significantly more potent allogeneic stimulators than monocytes. Although monocytes were weaker accessory cells and allogeneic stimulators than LC, they induced higher interleukin 1 (IL‐1) activities than LC‐enriched or LC‐depleted cells. These results indicate that there are functional differences between LC and monocytes and that antigen presentation and mediator secretion are not correlated.
Defective Immune Complex Degradation by Monocytes in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.
Authors: KÁVAI M. , CSIPÖ I. , SONKOLY J. , CSONGOR J. , SZEGEDI G. Y.
Published: June 2006

The binding of 125I‐labelled anti‐bovine serum albumin (BS A)‐BSA immune complexes (IC). giving a final molar antibody to antigen ratio of 1:1. to monocytes isolated from 18 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and from 10 normal healthy donors was quantitatively investigated. The degradation of the hound IC by the same monocytes was kinetically determined at the same time. The assays were performed on monocyte monolayers. Scatchard plots at 4°C demonstrated that monocytes from patients with active SLE expressed a mean Fey receptor (FcR.) number that was 22% higher than that of the controls, although this did not reach statistical significance. The FcR number of normal monocytes and the degradation rate of anti‐BSA‐BSA complexes by the same cells showed a positive correlation. At the same time, the digestion of anti‐BSA‐BSA complexes by monocytes of SLE patients with active disease was prolonged, despite their enhanced FcR‐ligand binding. The dissociation of FcR‐ligand binding and FcR‐mediated degradation suggests that the IC degradation is controlled by altered biochemical mechanisms in the monocytes of SLE patients.
Generation of Cell‐Derived Factors Suppressing IgE Synthesis of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis‐Infected Mice in Vitro
Authors: PFEIFFER P. , RAUSCHEN I. , BUJANOWSKI J. , KÖNIG W.
Published: June 2006

Modulation of de novo IgE synthesis in vitro was studied using the parasitic infection of mice with the nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Cell‐derived factors were generated by stimulation of splenic and mesenteric lymph node cells of BALB/c mice with monoclonal IgE in vitro. High molecular weight (>50,000) and low molecular weight (<50,000) culture superna‐tants were prepared. De novo IgE synthesis of BALB/c lymphocytes‐obtained from N. brasiliensis‐reinfected mice that secreted pronounced quantities of IgE in vitro‐was markedly reduced by the addition of high molecular weight supernatants. A dose‐dependent suppression of IgE synthesis was obtained, whereas IgG synthesis, viability, and cell proliferation were not inhibited. After fractionation of low molecular weight supernatants with IgE‐Sepharose the glycine/HCl eluate fractions markedly inhibited the in vitro IgE synthesis. Low molecular weight factors which suppressed IgE synthesis without modulating IgG production were obtained from IgE high responder B6D2F1 normal mouse cells. Thus, our results demonstrate the generation of IgE‐specific suppressor factors in vitro upon stimulation with IgE. The suppression of IgE synthesis by eluate fractions of low molecular weight supernatants absorbed with IgE‐Sepharose suggest a potential role for IgE binding factors on de novo IgE synthesis in vitro.
HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐Bw4, Bw6 and ‐DR Antigens are Expressed on Purified Seminal Cells Other than Spermatozoa.
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ‐CÓRDOBA S. , REGUEIRO J. R. , VILLENA A. ARNAIZ
Published: June 2006

HLA‐A, HLA‐B. HLA‐C, HLA‐Bw4. Bw6 and HLA‐DR antigens have been detected on purified seminal cells, other than spermatozoa (SCnonSz) using specific absorptions. These results contrast with those obtained on spermatozoa, which only express significant amounts of HLA‐A and HLA‐B antigens. and which may be relevant to explain immunosuppressive alloimmunization in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Subsets in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Peripheral Blood of Healthy Volunteers
Authors: YAMADA M. , TAMURA N. , SHIRAI T. , KIRA S.
Published: June 2006

The lymphocyte subsets in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and the peripheral blood of 25 healthy volunteers were examined by analysis with a fluorescence‐activated cell sorter. Comparison of the lymphocyte subsets in the BALF with those of the peripheral blood revealed much higher values for the ratios of each Leu. 3A+ (CD4). Leu. 3+ 8− and Leu 2+ 15− cells, while the ratios of Leu 1+ (CD5). Leu 2a+ (CD8). Leu 7+. Leu 8+. Leu 10+. Leu 11a+ (CD16), Leu 12+ and Leu 2+ 15+ cells were low in the BALF. The above results indicate that the lymphocyte subsets in the BALF from healthy individuals are mainly composed of cells with surface phenotypes of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells with virtual absence of cells carrying suppressor T and NK cell phenotypes. and with low B cell ratio. Therefore, it is assumed that the local immune mechanism of the lung is different from that of the peripheral blood.