bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
White on whiteness: becoming radicalized about race
Authors: Gustafson Diana L.
Published: May 2007

Race difference and whiteness — key elements in the construction of my cultural identity — became a focus of my reflective practice that began over 5 years ago. This article reflects critically on the production of white identity from my social location as a white nurse. My attention focused on two aspects of whiteness: the social location from which I live and learn, and the hegemonic but unmarked discourse that informs the knowledge I read and create as a researcher. My white identity is characterized by four features: the absent presence of whiteness; the need for an oppositional identity; the entitlement of choice and subjectivity; and the denial of a dominant position and relation to the racialized Other. Exploring these features is critically important at this juncture in global and professional history because of the persistence of neoliberalism and the popularity of culturalist approaches to diversity. Examining the process of my radicalization about race simultaneously calls attention to the historiography of ideas about whiteness and race difference and the institutionalization of beliefs and practices about race difference that continuously reproduce racialized identities and inform collective nursing practice and research.
Duloxetine compared with placebo for treating women with symptoms of overactive bladder
Authors: Steers William D. , Herschorn Sender , Kreder Karl J. , Moore Kate , Strohbehn Kris , Yalcin Ilker , Bump Richard C. ,   Duloxetine OAB Study Group
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate duloxetine (a serotonin‐noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor) in women with symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB), as it has been shown to increase the bladder capacity in an animal model.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

In all, 306 women (aged 21–84 years) were recruited and randomly assigned to placebo (153) or duloxetine (80‐mg/day for 4 weeks increased to 120‐mg/day for 8 weeks; 153). Symptoms of OAB were defined as bothersome urinary urgency and/or urge urinary incontinence (UI) for ≥3 months. Participants were also required to have a mean daytime voiding interval (VI) of ≤2 h and urodynamic observations of either detrusor overactivity (DOA) or urgency which limited bladder capacity to <400 mL, both with no stress UI (SUI). The primary efficacy analysis compared the treatment effects on mean change from baseline to endpoint in the mean number of voiding episodes (VE)/24 h. The secondary efficacy analyses compared the treatment effects on the number of UI episodes (IE)/24 h, in the Incontinence Quality of Life questionnaire (I‐QOL) score, and on the mean daytime VI. Safety was assessed with vital signs, adverse event reporting, routine laboratory testing, electrocardiogram, and the measurement of postvoid residual urine volumes (PVR).

RESULTS

Patients randomized to duloxetine had significant improvements over those randomized to placebo for decreases in VE and IE, for increases in the daytime VI, and for improvements in I‐QOL scores at both doses of duloxetine. Urodynamic studies showed no significant increases in maximum cystometric capacity or in the volume threshold for DOA. The most common treatment‐emergent adverse events with duloxetine (nausea, 31%; dry mouth, 16%; dizziness, 14%; constipation, 14%; insomnia, 13%; and fatigue, 11%) were the same as those reported by women with SUI and were significantly more common with duloxetine than placebo. Laboratory assessments, vital signs and electrocardiograms were stable relative to baseline, with no relevant differences detected between groups. There was a significant difference in the change in PVR with duloxetine (<5 mL mean increase) but no patient reported hesitancy or retention.

CONCLUSION

In this trial, duloxetine was better than placebo for treating women with ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ symptoms of OAB associated with DOA or a bladder capacity of <400 mL.
Dysfunctional voiding confirmed by transdermal perineal electromyography, and its effective treatment with baclofen in women with lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover trial
Authors: Xu Danfeng , Qu Chuangyu , Meng Hong , Ren Jizhong , Zhu Youhua , Min Zhilian , Kong Yuele
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVES

To assess the activity of baclofen, a potent γ‐aminobutyric acid‐ergic agonist, against dysfunctional voiding (DV) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in a clinical trial, as DV is a leading cause of LUTS in women, but there is no effective treatment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We conducted a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled crossover trial in 60 women with DV and LUTS between January 2003 and January 2006; patients were randomly assigned either baclofen 10 mg three times daily, then matching placebo for 4 weeks, or matching placebo then baclofen 10 mg three times daily for 4 weeks, separated by a 2‐week washout period. Voiding diaries and multichannel urodynamics (at baseline, 4 and 10 weeks) were used to record the changes of voids/24 h and urodynamic variables. The primary efficacy endpoint was the change in voids/24 h, and the TL value (log[T/L]), a new electromyographic variables showing the extent of DV. Efficacy outcomes at 4 and 10 weeks were compared with the baseline data, using a crossover‐designed analysis of variance model.

RESULTS

The efficacy analysis of the treatment showed that baclofen was associated with significantly fewer voids/24 h than placebo (mean difference from baseline 5.53 vs 2.70;P = 0.001) and a significant increase in TL (mean difference from baseline −1.78 vs 0.01,P = 0.001). No significant adverse events were reported.

CONCLUSIONS

A 4‐week course of baclofen significantly reduced the number of voids/24 h and increased the TL value in women with DV confirmed by transdermal perineal electromyography. These encouraging results suggest that baclofen could be used for treating DV in women.
Recent trends in the formulation of permanent waving products for hair
Authors: PURI A. K.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Current trends in the formulation of permanent waving products for hair are discussed in light of recently reported findings on the reactivity of disulphide bond in the hair keratin and theories on the mechanism of permanent waving. Effectiveness of protein and other additives is discussed in detail.

Nouvelles tendences dans la formulation des produits pour permanente
Inhalation testing of toiletries in animals
Authors: WELLS ARTHUR BERNARD
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

The purpose of testing is to establish the safety of ingredients to be handled in the factory and of the products to be used by the consumer. Inhalation tests tend to require much time and are expensive; the number of inhalation tests may be reduced by preliminary measurement of the respirable fraction of an aerosol or powder, by toxicity tests on macrophages in culture, and by instillation of suspensions into the lung via the trachea. Inhalation exposures may be in whole body exposure chambers or the head only may be exposed; the techniques are discussed. The criteria of a satisfactory inhalation test are considered and histological features which should be investigated are reviewed.

Tests d'inhalation par les animaux des produits de toilette
U.v. absorbers in sun cosmetics 1978
Authors: LIEM D. H. , HILDERINK L. T. H.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

A comprehensive survey has been carried out to establish which sun‐screen agents are used by the cosmetics industry in Holland. During 1978, some 200 cosmetic sun preparations, composed of forty‐eight brands, were purchased and analysed to determine which u.v. absorbing compounds were present. Most of those found were identified and quantified by means of thin layer chromatography and u.v. spectrometry. A basis for this work was the proposal by the European Cosmetic Manufacturers to produce a positive list of u.v. absorbers. It was felt that by carrying out this survey, some priority could be placed on the most popular materials used by the industry. When comparing those found with the European list of u.v. absorbers 1978, only twenty‐four of the sixty compounds listed could be identified in the samples. The six most frequently used were found to be:

2‐Ethylhexyl.p.methoxycinnamate (nineteen brands).

2‐Phenylbenzimidazole.5‐sulphonic acid (eleven brands).

2‐Ethoxyethyl.p.methoxycinnamate (nine brands).

3 (4′Methylbenzylidene)D,D,L‐camphor (seven brands).

3‐Benzylidene.D,L‐camphor (six brands).

2‐Hydroxy.4‐methoxy.benzophenone (six brands).

Usage levels varied from 0.4% up to 6.8%. Twenty‐two products used a combination of two, and four products a combination of three sun‐screens.

Les filtres u.v. dans les produits anti‐solaires 1978
Cosmetics considered in the context of physical attractiveness: a review
Authors: GRAHAM JEAN ANN , JOUHAR A. J.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

This review demonstrates the importance of outward appearance (especially of the face and head) in physical attractiveness and describes the methodology and results of objective experiments which assess interpersonal attraction, others' perceptions of the physically attractive and self‐perception.

It shows that, although cosmetics have been used, inter alia, to manipulate physical attractiveness in some of these experiments, there are little data showing benefit of cosmetics per se to the individual.

Consequently, the review is a first step in designing objective studies to test the hypothesis that cosmetics are of demonstrable benefit to the user.

Les produits cosmetiques et l'attrait physique
The application of high pressure liquid chromatography to product and raw material quality assurance
Authors: SMITH M. H.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Following a brief description of high performance liquid chromatography (H.P.L.C.) some applications of the technique to the toiletry industry are described and compared with other, more traditional, analytical methods which are available.

The choice of H.P.L.C. components available to the analyst is considered.

Les applications de la chromatographie liquid à haute pression (H.P.L.C.) au contrôle des matiéres premières et des produits finis
Solubilisation micellaire de corticoides par des surfactifs non ioniques
Authors: MOËS‐HENSCHEL V. , JAMINET F.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

L'étude de la solubilisation micellaire de trois glucocorticoïdes topiques, la Dexaméthasone, le 21 – acétate de Fluprednylidène et le 17 – valérate de Bétaméthasone, par des tensio ‐actifs non ioniques du type éthers de polyoxyéthylèneglycol (BRIJR) a été réalisée à l'aide de la méthode de mesure des solubilités. Les résultats obtenus permettent de supposer que la solubilisation a surtout lieu à l'intérieur des micelles. D'autre part, le calcul des rapports de solubilité, R, en fonction du pourcentage de tensio – actif a permis de déterminer la capacité de liaison des surfactifs étudiés pour les trois stéroïdes. Cette valeur est une constante, ce qui indique que l'interaction est indépendante de la concentration en tensio – actif.

Dans le cas de la Dexaméthasone, les méthodes de dialyse d'équilibre et de dialyse différentielle ont aussi été employées afin de déterminer si l'interaction existant entre les surfactifs et le stéroïde est également indépendante de la concentration en stéroïde libre. Les résultats obtenus permettent de conclure que l'interaction peut être exprimée par un coefficient de partage entre les micelles et la phase aqueuse.

Micellar solubilisation of corticoids by nonionic surfactants.

The availaibility of a drug in the presence of surfactants depends on the amount of free drug in solution. In previous work (1), we tried to measure the amount of free corticoïds (Dexamethasone, Fluprednylidene 21 – acetate and Betamethasone 17 – valerate) in topical preparations containing various amounts of non‐ionic surfactants (ethers of polyoxyethyleneglycol.

With this aim, experiments have been carried out to characterise the nature of the interaction between these drugs and the surfactants. We have studied the micellar solubilisation of the three steroïds by means of solubility measurements. From the results obtained, we have calculated the solubilising capacities of surfactants expressed on molar basis and we can assume that solubilisation probably takes place in the inner part of micelles.

Calculations of solubility ratios (R) as a function of the percentage of surfactant enable determination of a binding capacity of the surfactants for the drugs. This value is a constant independent of the concentration of the surfactants. If the distribution law is obeyed, the interaction can also be expressed by a partition coefficient calculated from the results of the solubility measurements. To verify whether the distribution law really applies and if the interaction is independent of the amount of free drug in solution, we have employed, for Dexamethasone, the methods of equilibrium and differential dialysis.
Les propriétés vibratoires transversales des fibres de kératine. Influence de l'eau et d'autres agents
Authors: GARSON J. C. , VIDALIS M. , ROUSSOPOULOS P. , LEVEQUE J. L.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Les méthodes vibratoires permettent d'étudier les fibres de kératine dans la zone des très faibles déformations en s'affranchissant des difficultés habituelles des études effectuées à partir du tracé du diagramme force‐élongation. Deux nouvelles méthodes mettant en jeu des vibrations transversales sont décrites. Elles permettent d'obtenir le module d'élasticité dynamique, la masse spécifique et l'ellipticité de la fibre. Ces deux méthodes sont utilisées pour caractériser le comportement des fibres de kératine naturelles ou modifiées chimiquement. Ainsi, l'influence des liaisons ioniques sur la teneur en eau des fibres et don sur leurs propriétés élastiques est discutée. L'effet d'autres agents utilisés dans les traitements cosmétiques (décoloration, réduction, depôt de polymères) sont interprétés en fonction de la connaissance que l'on a de la structure de la kératine et de son interaction avec l'eau.

The transverse vibrational properties of keratin fibres in the presence of water and other materials

Vibrating methods allow studies about the elastic properties of keratin fibres in the weak deformation range preventing interferences due to the usual problems encountered in the strain‐strength studies. Two new transversal vibrating methods are presented. They afford the measurement of the dynamical elastic modulus, the specific weight and the ellipticity of the fibres.

These two methods are used in order to characterise natural or chemically modified fibres. The influence of ionic bonds on water content of the fibres and therefore on their visco‐elastic properties has been investigated. Effect of agents used for cosmetic treatments (hair bleaching, permanent waving, polymer coating) are interpreted in terms of the keratin structure and of its interaction with water molecules.
The perfuming of paper – technical and safety problems
Authors: LAWTON P. D. E. , FORBES D. M.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

This paper describes the rapid growth and diversity of consumer products based on cellulose fibres since the second world war, paying particular attention to soft tissue. The early use of perfumes as reodorants, based on traditional reodorisation knowledge, quickly gave way to the more sophisticated use of perfumes in their own right as a valuable and sometimes indispensable aid to the marketer of soft tissue. Special attention is devoted to the problem of selecting from the very wide range of perfumery ingredients available to perfumers, those which may be suitable for paper perfumery. The tests to evaluate their suitability are described and some of the results presented. The importance of the phenomena of fixation is examined in view of the nature of the product to be perfumed and its unusually long shelf life. The limitations of odour types available for paper products is discussed and a typical paper perfume formula studied.

The paper concludes with an illustrated description of the general methods used today for the manufacture of soft tissue. An appraisal of the various methods that have been tried, and are used today to incorporate perfume into the products is also described. During this latter part of the presentation attention will be focused on the advantages and disadvantages of the methods selected with regard to their efficiency, installation, maintenance commitment and safety considerations.

Le parfumage du papier – aspects techniques et innocuité
Les methodes d'évaluation quantitative des lipides de surface chez l'homme. Présentation d'une nouvelle procédure
Authors: SAINT‐LÉGÉR D. , LÉVÉQUE J. L.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Il existe trois méthodes permettant de mesurer l'excrétion sébacée chez l'homme. Ces méthodes ne sont pas équivalentes sur le plan de la précision et de leur utilisation routinière. Une application de la méthode de Schaefer et Kuhn‐Bussius est proposée, permettant une détermination rapide et precise des taux des lipides de surface chez l'homme. Une expérimentation, avec cette méthode, chez trente‐deux personnes, permet de préciser le mécanisme du prélèvement ainsi que la définition quantitative des types de peau.

Three main methods to measure quantitatively surface lipids in man have been used. A comparison of the information they produce and their routine practicabilities are given.

Adaptation and standardization of the Schaeffer and Kuhn‐Bussius method, using a photoelectric absorptiometer and ground glass plates are described.

This procedure, applied to thirty‐two adults, demonstrated the quantitative nature of the sampling mechanism. A mathematical approach gives the precise definition of the casual‐level. This procedure shows that casual‐level values appear to be correlated with skin types.
High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of thioglycolic acid in cold wave fluids and depilating creams
Authors: ROOSELAAR J. , LIEM D. H.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

A high pressure liquid chromatographic method is described for the determination of thioglycolic acid in hair waving fluids and depilatories. Prior to chromatography the acid is converted into a yellow‐coloured nitrobenzooxadioazole (NBD) derivative to permit HPLC detection at 464 nm. Optimum derivatization conditions could be obtained when 0.01% aqueous solutions of thioglycolic acid were heated with NBD‐C1 at pH 7. Hair waving fluids and depilatories are simply diluted with an aqueous buffer of pH 7 and, if necessary, clarified and filtered, before the derivatization procedure. To the mixture an internal standard Sunset Yellow FCF, Colour Index nr. 15985, is added before performing ion‐pair reverse phase HPLC. A reverse phase C18 column is used. The mobile phase is aqueous methanol, to which the counter ion, tetrabutyl‐ammonium phosphate, is added. Recoveries ranged from 97.8 to 100.7%.

The proposed method permits a resolution of other possible mercaptocompounds such as thiolactic acid and thioglycerol. Sixty market samples of cold wave fluids and depilatories have been analysed by the proposed method, and the results compared with data obtained by iodometric titration.

Le dosage de l'acide thioglycolique dans les liquides pour permanentes a froid et dans les cremes depilatoires par la chromatographie liquide haute pression (HPLC)
Etude de l'action des produits biologiques sur la cellule vivante par mesure de la consommation d'oxygene
Authors: MARTINI M. C. , BARRAILLIER S. , COTTE J.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

L'activité d'un produit appliqué localement sur la peau peut, dans certains cas, se manifester par une augmentation du métabolisme cellulaire et se traduire par une augmentation de la consommation d'oxygène.

Les auteurs ont utilisé deux méthodes faisant appel soit aux cellules épidermiques de rat soit aux cellules hépatiques de souris et applicables aux principes actifs et au produit fini.

Les résultats portant sur extraits placentaires humains lyophilisés, liquides amniotiques humain et bovin, placenta Filatov sont exposés et les auteurs ont essayé de relier l'activitéà la présence dans chacun des extraits de facteurs pouvant être considérés comme favorables ou défavorables: taux de phosphatases alcalines, nature et pourcentage des acides aminés, présence de conservateur, de propylène glycol, de glycérol, influence du pH.

Enfin, l'évaluation de l'efficacité d'un produit fini a été réalisée par application d'une préparation contenant 5% d'extrait placentaire humain lyophilisé sur 2 lots de 10 rats quotidiennement pendant 2 à 4 mois. Les lots témoins recevaient la base crème sans E.P.H.L.

L'augmentation de la consommation d'oxygène des cellules épidermiques de rats traités pendant 2 mois était significative par rapport aux témoins.

A study of the action of biological products on the living cell by measuring the oxygen consumption

The activity of a product applied locally to the skin may, in certain cases, cause an increase in the cell metabolism, reflected by an increase in oxygen consumption.

The authors employed two methods involving epidermal cells of the rat and hepatic cells of the mouse, based on the polarographic measurement of oxygen pressures in the survival medium, using Clark's electrode.

The first method mainly uses the epidermal cells of the rat. The investigation is carried out on a control group which is sufficiently large to be representative (50 animals). It yields the basic value of oxygen consumption of the cells in the survival liquid. In the test group, the epidermal cells from ten different animals consume oxygen in the presence of the test product.
Influence du pH et de la lumiere sur la stabilité de quelques antioxydants
Authors: RACINE Ph.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

L'influence du pH et de la lumière sur la stabilité intrinsèque de quelques antioxydants naturels et synthétiques a étéétudiée en milieu hydroalcoolique.

Des différences importantes de stabilité ont été observées selon le pH du milieu et la présence ou l'absence de lumière. Des mesures ont été effectuées également dans des émulsions H/E contenant un antioxydant. II découle de cette étude que lors du choix d'un antioxydant pour protéger un milieu donné, on doit vérifier au préalable que le pH du milieu et la présence éventuelle de lumière n'affectent pas sa stabilité intrinsèque. Les antioxydants ont été mesurés par voltamétrie anodique.

Influence of pH and light on the stability of some antioxidants

Many organic molecules can be oxidized in the presence of oxygen. Light and traces of heavy metal ions catalyse the process of oxidation. The addition of a very small quantity of antioxidant to alcoholic perfumes and cosmetic bases is often made to retard auto‐oxidations. Among the parameters which could influence the efficiency of an antioxidant, its intrinsic stability should be considered in the medium to be protected. This stability might conceivably be influenced by the pH, the presence of light, heavy metal ions and microorganisms. In this study we have concentrated on the role played by the first two factors. To eliminate a possible interference by the last two, analytical grades reagents together with chelators and high proof (80% v/v) hydroalcoholic solutions have been used. The antioxidants tested were: BHT, BHA, ethyl gallate, 2, carboxy‐6, hydroxy, 2, 5, 7, 8, tetramethyl chroman (Trolox CR) and D–L‐alpha‐tocopherol.

Solutions of 0.5 mmol/kg of each antioxidant were prepared in 80% v/v hydroalcoholic solutions and the pH adjusted with citric acid and potassium hydroxyde or hydrochloric acid. The pH extended from 2.5 to 10 and thus largely covers the pH range of cosmetic products. Of each solution, 100ml were kept in hermetically closed 125ml white glass bottles stored at room temperature (22 ± 2° C) and kept in the dark or exposed to the diffuse daylight of the laboratory. The antioxidants concentrations were determined by linear sweep voltametry on gold or glassy carbon electrodes. Significant differences in behaviour were observed. BHA and BHT are stable regardless of light and pH except at high pH (≤9).

Ethyl gallate vanishes rapidly in alkaline, neutral and even weakly acid pH independently of the presence of light. Trolox C and D–L‐alpha‐tocopherol demonstrated a marked influence of the presence of daylight and of the pH.
Determination of sun protection factors in the hairless mouse
Authors: JAMES C. N. , MIDDLETON J. D.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

A laboratory method for determining sun protection factors (SPF) in the hairless mouse has been developed. The ability of the method to predict the SPF in man has been investigated using sunscreen ingredients and finished products with known activities in man. The results indicate that the hairless mouse can be used to assess sunscreen products although the SPF found appeared slightly higher than that determined in man.

Determination des facteurs de protection solaire sur la souris sans poils
Correlation of spectrophotometric data with sunscreen protection factors
Authors: PETRO ANTHONY J.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Sunscreen protection factors, obtained for dilute solutions contained in 2 cm quartz cells placed between a human subject and the Xenon Are sun simulator lamp, are able to be correlated with spectrophotometric data. The correlation, interpreted in terms of the mechanism of sunscreen protection, successfully predicts that an opacifier which is active only in the UV‐A spectral region, though ineffective as a sunscreen by itself, would significantly enhance the protective ability of an opacifier which is active mainly in the UV‐B spectral region, and that complete erythemal prevention requires opacification to both the UV‐B and UV‐A regions. This correlation is reached by measuring the total area under the spectral curve in the UV‐A and UV‐B regions as predicted by a new form of Beer's law, for polychromatic radiation, which is derived. The procedure is shown to be a simple approach to predicting the efficacy of various sunscreen agents which do not exhibit fluorescence.
Determination of chlorobutanol in cosmetic products by electron capture gas chromatography
Authors: BUKANSKI B. WYHOWSKI DE , SCHMITZ‐MASSE M. O.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

A method of determining qualitatively and quantitatively chlorobutanol in cosmetic products by means of an electron capture detector is described. Simple dilution procedure with a solvent containing an internal standard is used.

Dosage du chlorobutanol dans les produits cosmétiques par chromatographie en phase gazeuse
Review
Authors: KINGSTON B.H.
Published: May 2007

PERFUMERY TECHNOLOGY. Art: Science: Industry, by V.F. Wells and M. Billot
Etude expérimental de l'indice de protection de produits antisolaires. Valeur prédictive à l'homme
Authors: GIRARD J. , LAFILLE C. , UNKOVIC J. , BARBIER A.
Published: May 2007

Synopsis

Après avoir rappelé brièvement le spectre d'action biologique du rayonnement ultraviolet du soleil sur la peau normale et les données theoriques de protection qui en découlent, le caractère prévisionnel de différentes méthodes d'étude in vitro et in vivo des antisolaires est commentéà partir de résultats obtenus en laboratoire sur différents principes actifs (PABA, Eusolex 4360, Giv Tan F), et préparations cosmétiques du commerce.

Les méthodes in vitro, basées sur l'absorption dans l'UV des produits, aboutissent à une protection surévaluée et dans ces conditions à une extrapolation trés aléatoire du pouvoir de protection.

La méthode utilisée in vivo (détermination classique d'un indice de protection) souligne, dans le cadre de la prédiction, le choix de la qualité d'absorption du filtre, de la source UV utilisée, mais aussi de nombreux autres facteurs agissant sur la protection. Dans ces conditions, les résultats obtenus chez le cobaye et l'homme avec des irradiations simulant le spectre solaire, montrent alors une concordance satisfaisante pour les principes actifs étudies. Ces observations sont ensuite commentees par comparaison à d'autres travaux publiés faisant mention d'autre source d'irradiation (spectre de raies) et de méthode de détection (thermométrique en particulier).

Predictive nature of laboratory methods in sunscreen studies
Ectopic expression of a recessive resistance gene generates dominant potyvirus resistance in plants
Authors: Kang Byoung‐Cheorl , Yeam Inhwa , Li Hanxia , Perez Kari W. , Jahn Molly M.
Published: May 2007

Despite long‐standing plant breeding investments and early successes in genetic engineering, plant viral pathogens still cause major losses in agriculture worldwide. Early transgenic approaches involved the expression of pathogen‐derived sequences that provided limited protection against relatively narrow ranges of viral pathotypes. In contrast, this study demonstrates that the ectopic expression of pvr1, a recessive gene from Capsicum chinense, results in dominant broad‐spectrum potyvirus resistance in transgenic tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). The pvr1 locus in pepper encodes the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E. Naturally occurring point mutations at this locus result in monogenic recessive broad‐spectrum potyvirus resistance that has been globally deployed via plant breeding programmes for more than 50 years. Transgenic tomato progenies that over‐expressed the Capsicum pvr1 allele showed dominant resistance to several tobacco etch virus strains and other potyviruses, including pepper mottle virus, a range of protection similar to that observed in pepper homozygous for the pvr1 allele.
Bayesian Variable Selection for Longitudinal Substance Abuse Treatment Data Subject to Informative Censoring
Authors: Paddock Susan M.
Published: May 2007

Measuring the process of care in substance abuse treatment requires analysing repeated client assessments at critical time points during treatment tenure. Assessments are frequently censored because of early departure from treatment. Most analyses accounting for informative censoring define the censoring time to be that of the last observed assessment. However, if missing assessments for those who remain in treatment are attributable to logistical reasons rather than to the underlying treatment process being measured, then the length of stay in treatment might better characterize censoring than would time of measurement. Bayesian variable selection is incorporated in the conditional linear model to assess whether time of measurement or length of stay better characterizes informative censoring. Marginal posterior distributions of the trajectory of treatment process scores are obtained that incorporate model uncertainty. The methodology is motivated by data from an on-going study of the quality of care in in-patient substance abuse treatment.
Cerebral perfusion in the elderly with nocturnal blood pressure fall
Authors: Siennicki‐Lantz A. , Reinprecht F. , Axelsson J. , Elmståhl S.
Published: May 2007

Cerebrovascular disease may be linked with vascular autoregulation in aging. The aim of this study was to examine relation between nocturnal blood pressure (BP) fall and cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in elderly men. The prospective ‘Men born in 1914’ cohort study has been in progress since 1968 and included 809 subjects. After 14 years from the last follow up, 97 subjects reached the age of 82 and underwent CBF measurement and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Diastolic BP at night decreased in 84 subjects with median 12.7% and increased in 13 subjects with median 3.7%. Relative diastolic BP fall at night was negatively associated to CBF in temporal and infero‐parietal areas. Higher proportion of subjects with increasing systolic BP during the 14‐year period was observed in the subgroup with extreme nocturnal diastolic BP dip, irrespectively of BP values or prevalence of hypertension. Extreme nocturnal diastolic BP fall in a cohort of elderly men is correlated with focal changes in CBF. Further studies could explain if increasing BP in the elderly is a cause or result of pathological autoregulation, and if antihypertensive treatment increases nocturnal BP dip.
Organizing Foreign Exchange Intervention in the Euro Area*
Authors: HENNING C. RANDALL
Published: May 2007

Scholarship on European integration has debated the external character of the monetary union extensively. This article examines the establishment of the institutional arrangements for foreign exchange intervention and the policy‐making surrounding the market operations of autumn 2000 – the only case to date of euro area intervention in currency markets. Drawing on elite interviews of officials in European institutions and international organizations, among other sources, it specifies the division of labour between the European Central Bank, Eurogroup and other European actors. The article concludes that (1) the inter‐institutional understanding within the euro area gives substantial but not complete latitude to the ECB, (2) the understanding is susceptible to renegotiation over time and (3) economic divergence within the euro area could threaten the ability of the monetary union to act coherently externally.
Lawyers, Justices, and Issue Salience: When and How Do Legal Arguments Affect the U.S. Supreme Court?
Authors: McAtee Andrea , McGuire Kevin T.
Published: May 2007

A good deal of scholarly evidence suggests that the decisionmaking of the U.S. Supreme Court is affected by legal argument. At the same time, it seems clear that in a great many cases the justices have enduring, strongly held views. In such cases, they should be impervious to the effects of advocacy. When are the justices apt to be influenced by the Court's legal community, and when will lawyers be less relevant? The answer, we think, has to do with the salience of the issue before the Court. We suspect that in nonsalient cases the justices have less-intense preferences and therefore are open to the persuasion of lawyers. In salient cases, by contrast, the content of legal policy matters much more to the justices. As a result, they are less amenable to legal argument and adhere more strictly to their personal policy preferences. Our empirical tests support this orientation.
Molecular Phylogenetics of Subclass Peritrichia (Ciliophora: Oligohymenophorea) Based on Expanded Analyses of 18S rRNA Sequences
Authors: UTZ LAURA R. P. , EIZIRIK EDUARDO
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT. Phylogenetic relationships among peritrich ciliates remain unclear in spite of recent progress. To expand the analyses performed in previous studies, and to statistically test hypotheses of monophyly, we analyzed a broad sample of 18s rRNA sequences (including 15 peritrich genera), applying a conservative alignment strategy and several phylogenetic approaches. The main results are that: (i) the monophyly of Peritrichia cannot be rejected; (ii) the two main clades of Sessilida do not correspond to formally recognized taxa; (iii) the monophyly of genera Vorticella and Epistylis is significantly rejected; and (iv) morphological structures commonly used in peritrich taxonomy may be evolutionarily labile.
CLASS II COMPOSITE RESIN RESTORATIONS WITH GINGIVAL MARGINS IN DENTIN
Authors: BEDRAN‐RUSSO ANA KARINA B. , SWIFT EDWARD J.
Published: May 2007

The rising demand for esthetic restorations has considerably increased the number of direct composite restorations being placed in private practices. While composite resin is often selected primarily for its esthetic qualities, another significant advantage of direct composite restorations is the ability to perform conservative cavity preparations. The traditional configuration used for amalgam restorations is no longer mandatory; thus, more sound tooth structure can be preserved.

The technique of composite placement is complex when compared to amalgam placement. The use of adhesive systems prior to placement of composite restorations requires not only excellent isolation to avoid contamination, but also precise manipulation of the adhesive system. While stable bonds to enamel are routinely obtained, the heterogeneous composition and intricate morphology of dentin makes this substrate more challenging to restore. In addition, the cavity configuration (C‐factor) and inherent polymerization shrinkage of composite resin play an important role in the durability of the composite–dentin interface. Class II preparations often have gingival margins in root surfaces because of the location of the caries lesion. Clinicians are then faced with a preparation that is challenging to isolate, has a relatively high C‐factor, and relies on optimal bonding to dentin to secure long‐lasting marginal integrity. Various restorative techniques, such as incremental placement or the use of an intermediate layer (flowable composite or resin‐modified glass ionomer cements—open sandwich technique), have been some of the methods proposed to increase the longevity of composite restorations, especially those with margins in dentin. This review evaluates some of the published research on Class II composite resin restorations with margins in the dentin/cementum.
Magnetohydrodynamic rebound shocks of supernovae
Authors: Lou Yu-Qing , Wang Wei-Gang
Published: May 2007

We construct magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) similarity rebound shocks joining ‘quasi-static’ asymptotic solutions around the central degenerate core to explore an MHD model for the evolution of random magnetic field in supernova explosions. This provides a theoretical basis for further studying synchrotron diagnostics, MHD shock acceleration of cosmic rays, and the nature of intense magnetic field in compact objects. The magnetic field strength in space approaches a limiting ratio, which is comparable to the ratio of the ejecta mass driven out and the progenitor mass, during this self-similar rebound MHD shock evolution. The intense magnetic field of the remnant compact star as compared with that of the progenitor star is mainly attributed to both the gravitational core collapse and the radial distribution of magnetic field.
The Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research: Necessity and Justification
Authors: Francione Gary L.
Published: May 2007

Discourse about the use of animals in biomedical research usually focuses on two issues. The first, which I will refer to as the “necessity issue,” is empirical and asks whether the use of nonhumans in experiments is required in order to gather statistically valid information that will contribute in a significant way to improving human health. The second, which I will refer to as the “justification issue,” is moral and asks whether the use of nonhumans in biomedical research, if necessary as an empirical matter, can be defended as a matter of ethical theory.

If it is not necessary as an empirical matter to use animals in research, then there is no need to inquire about moral justification. Therefore, I examine the necessity issue first. The argument that it is necessary to use nonhumans in biomedical research, though flawed, is at least plausible, unlike our necessity arguments for other animal uses. I then discuss the justification issue and conclude that we cannot morally justify using nonhuman animals in research.
Genetic Determinism and Discrimination: A Call to Re-Orient Prevailing Human Rights Discourse to Better Comport with the Public Implications of Individual Genetic Testing
Authors: Eltis Karen
Published: May 2007

“Privacy considerations no longer arise out of particular individual problems; rather, they express conflicts affecting everyone.”

Along with the promise of assuaging the scourge of disease, the so-called genetic revolution unquestioningly imports a slew of thorny human rights issues that touch on matters such as dignity, disclosure, and the subject of this article – genetic testing and the social stigma potentially deriving therefrom.

It is now rather evident that certain otherwise therapeutically promising forms of research can inadvertently involve social risks exceeding the individual preoccupations of eclectic study participants. With that as the case, the following proposes to examine the peculiar stigma attached to genetic information and its potential human rights implications extending beyond the insurance and employment context. In so doing, it raises the intersection of interests between self-identified members of historically vulnerable groups and the group itself, which the law seems to take for granted in the genetics context.
Use of Forensic DNA Evidence in Prosecutors' Offices
Authors: Prottas Jeffrey M. , Noble Alice A.
Published: May 2007

DNA evidence has rapidly become a significant and routine feature of modern criminal prosecutions. The first introduction of DNA evidence in a U.S. Court occurred in 1987. By 1994, 42 percent of local prosecutors reported that they had used DNA evidence in a felony case at least once. By 2001 that number had increased to 68 percent. Moreover, from a technical point of view, the potential benefits of DNA testing are substantial. Early hurdles to admissibility during trial have been overcome by the adoption of rigorous standards for DNA analysis. Rapid development of identification technology, fueled in significant part by the Human Genome Project, and the resultant development and expansion of national forensic DNA databases, has increased the potential of DNA to play a major role in crime solving. Indeed, over three million offender profiles, collected by state and federal authorities, now reside in the National DNA Index System (NDIS). This number is likely to increase as more states and the federal government are expanding compelled DNA collections to individuals arrested for certain crimes.
Genetic Testing and the Future of Disability Insurance: Thinking about Discrimination in the Genetic Age
Authors: Miller Paul Steven
Published: May 2007

As we enter the new century, humanity wields increasing power to understand, alter, and control the world in which we live. The mysteries of our genetic code provide remarkable new insights into our unique human characteristics. Rapid developments in information technology provide instant access to limitless data. The information age has taken hold, and the genetic revolution is in full swing. With apologies to Aldous Huxley, we stand at the precipice of a brave new world.

It has been just 50 years since James Watson and Francis Crick's groundbreaking discovery of the double helix. Since then, profound developments in the science of genetics have been staggering. More staggering still are the potential benefits, the boundless horizons, the promised and unimagined applications of their work, and the work of the many scientists involved in the sequencing of the human genome. There can be no doubt that a firm and unwavering commitment to the betterment of humankind has fueled this tireless effort.
Predictive Genetic Testing: Congruence of Disability Insurers' Interests with the Public Interest
Authors: Silvers Anita
Published: May 2007

The idea that disability insurers would benefit if the use of predictive genetic testing expands may seem little short of obvious. If individuals with higher than species-typical genetic propensities for illness or disease are identified, and barred or discouraged from participating in disability insurance programs, is it not obvious that the amount that disability insurers pay out will decrease? Is there any reason to doubt that insurers thus would gain advantage by promoting genetic testing? Writers on this subject typically have taken on faith that advantage goes to whoever knows most about the genetic characteristics of the individual seeking insurance. They therefore have assumed, without proving, that insurers’ interests lie with proliferating genetic information about insurance seekers.

Consequently, from a perspective that gives priority to commercial interests, denying insurers the freedom to obtain genetic information about insurance seekers or holders appears obviously damaging and even unfair. On the other hand, from a perspective that gives priority to the interests of citizens who may use insurance, the greater use of and access to predictive genetic testing sets off ethical alarms.
Life, Health, and Disability Insurance: Understanding the Relationships
Authors: Jerry Robert H.
Published: May 2007

This project focuses on the extent to which disability insurers should be allowed to use genetic information in underwriting and rate-setting, but this subject cannot be completely isolated from the related questions of whether life and health insurers should also have this discretion. Federal and state laws place significant restrictions on insurers’ use of genetic information in health insurance, but regulation of such use in life and disability insurance is considerably more modest. This essay examines the reasons for this disparity and discusses the implications for future proposals to regulate disability insurers’ use of genetic information in underwriting and rate-setting. The thesis is relatively simple: Communitarian values are stronger in health insurance than in life and disability insurance. Accordingly, the public is likely to acquiesce to insurers’ insistence that they be allowed to make distinctions among insureds in disability insurance (and life insurance) that would not be tolerated in health insurance.
Independent Identification of Friction Characteristics for Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Abdellatif Houssem , Grotjahn Martin , Heimann Bodo
Published: May 2007

The compensation for friction or joint losses in robotic manipulators contributes to an important improvement of the control quality. Besides appropriate friction modeling, experimental identification of the model parameters is fundamental toward better control performance. Conventionally steady-state friction characteristics are investigated for mechanical systems in the first step. However, and due to the high kinematic coupling, such procedure is already complicated for complex multiple closed-loop mechanisms, like parallel manipulators. Actuation friction of such mechanisms becomes configuration dependent. This paper presents a methodology that deals with such challenge. The kinematic coupling is regarded in the friction model and therefore in the design of the experimental identification. With the proposed strategy, it is possible to identify the steady-state friction parameters independently from any knowledge about inertial or rigid-body dynamics. Friction models for sensorless passive joints can also be provided. Besides, the method is kept very practical, since there is no need for any additional hardware devices or interfaces than a standard industrial control. The suitability for the industrial field is proven by experimental application to PaLiDA that is a six degrees of freedom parallel manipulator equipped with linear directly driven actuators.
Engineering of the Yeast
Yarrowia lipolytica
for the Production of Glycoproteins Lacking the Outer-Chain Mannose Residues of N-Glycans
Authors: Song Yunkyoung , Choi Min Hee , Park Jeong-Nam , Kim Moo Woong , Kim Eun Jung , Kang Hyun Ah , Kim Jeong-Yoon
Published: May 2007

In an attempt to engineer a
Yarrowia lipolytica
strain to produce glycoproteins lacking the outer-chain mannose residues of N-linked oligosaccharides, we investigated the functions of the
OCH1
gene encoding a putative α-1,6-mannosyltransferase in
Y. lipolytica
. The complementation of the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae och1
mutation by the expression of Yl
OCH1
and the lack of in vitro α-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity in the Yl
och1
null mutant indicated that Yl
OCH1
is a functional ortholog of
S. cerevisiae OCH1
. The oligosaccharides assembled on two secretory glycoproteins, the
Trichoderma reesei
endoglucanase I and the endogenous
Y. lipolytica
lipase, from the Yl
och1
null mutant contained a single predominant species, the core oligosaccharide Man
8
GlcNAc
2
, whereas those from the wild-type strain consisted of oligosaccharides with heterogeneous sizes, Man
8
GlcNAc
2
to Man
12
GlcNAc
2
. Digestion with α-1,2- and α-1,6-mannosidase of the oligosaccharides from the wild-type and Yl
och1
mutant strains strongly supported the possibility that the Yl
och1
mutant strain has a defect in adding the first α-1,6-linked mannose to the core oligosaccharide. Taken together, these results indicate that Yl
OCH1
plays a key role in the outer-chain mannosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides in
Y. lipolytica
. Therefore, the Yl
och1
mutant strain can be used as a host to produce glycoproteins lacking the outer-chain mannoses and further developed for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins containing human-compatible oligosaccharides.