bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Table of Contents and Foreword
Authors: Pavanello Marcelo Antonio
Published: December 2020

We are pleased to publish the 2017 issues of JICS, which represents the third year in the path to increase visibility and attraction of high quality papers, by publishing three issues instead of two. In this issue one can find some of the papers that have been selected from those presented at SBMicro2016 (31st Symposium on Microelectronics Technology and Devices) and SBCCI2016 (29th Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems Design), which have been held in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in 2016. Among the contributions presented at both Symposia, only a few best rated were selected by the JICS Editorial Board and have been invited to submit an extended version to the Journal. These extended papers have passed through the usual reviewing process before acceptance. In addition to the best papers presented at the conference, spontaneous submissions passed through the usual reviewing process and have been accepted as regular papers. We would like to thank the authors for their effort in preparing these high quality papers, as well as the reviewers for their valuable contribution on paper evaluation and selection, which guarantees the scientific level of this issue. We sincerely hope that JICS readers will enjoy these contributions.

Marcelo Antonio Pavanello - JICS Editor-in-chief
Characterization of Birefringent Titanium-Oxide Thin Films Deposited by DC Sputtering
Authors: De Araújo H. P. , Dos Santos Filho S. G.
Published: December 2020

This work presents the characterization of birefringent properties of titanium-oxide thin films using spectrophotometry and double-cavity Fabry-Perot structures. All films were deposited by DC sputtering over tilted substrates and the birefringence was characterized as a function of the deposition angle by the numerical difference between the refractive indexes for s- and p-polarized light beams. As a result, the highest value of birefringence (0.03) was obtained for samples tilted at 21º (having the normal axis as reference). A polarizing narrow-band Fabry-Perot filter centered at 400 and 700nm was designed by means of numerical simulations of the multilayer structures using a MATLAB© toolbox to solve the classical optical equations. Using this designed double-cavity Fabry-Perot structure [Ag(40nm) / TiO2(160nm) / Ag(40nm) / TiO2(164nm) / Ag(40nm)], transmittance ratios (Tp/Ts) for p- and s-polarized light beams resulted 1.70 at a wavelength of 699nm and 1.36 at another wavelength of 393nm (centers of the two narrow-band peaks), which corroborated the birefringent characteristics of the nearly-stoichiometric titania (TiO2) thin films.
Advantageous Sampling of Correlated Current Signals to Supress Fixed-Pattern Noise in CMOS Imagers
Authors: Souza R. A. , Ventura L. G. M. , Martins A. R. S. , Monteiro D. W. de Lima , Salles L. P.
Published: December 2020

The Active Pixel Sensor (APS) has been a vastly used integrated circuit topology in CMOS imagers. Mismatch of physical parameters among pixels, caused by process variations, introduces Fixed-Pattern Noise (FPN) at the array output. Correlated Double Sampling (CDS) in voltage mode is a commonly used method to suppress the offset caused FPN. However, it increases the complexity as well as the demanded silicon area of either the pixel or the external circuitry, besides having its signal swing restricted by the supply voltage. An alternative CDS circuit operating in current mode to reduce FPN is presented in this paper. The correlated current signals are sampled and subtracted using a simpler circuitry, leading to a more efficient relation of FPN reduction for the required silicon area. Furthermore, this technique does not change the APS topology or basic operation cycle. A simulated and tested CDS alternative is presented, and a simulated further improved version is proposed. Simulation and experiments showed a 40% FPN reduction with the fabricated CDS, whereas the improved simulated version ensures 90% FPN reduction.
Table of Contents and Foreword
Authors: Pavanello Marcelo Antonio
Published: December 2020

This issue continues the publication of selected papers from those presented at SBMicro2016 (31th Symposium on Microelectronics Technology and Devices) and SBCCI2016 (29th Symposium on Integrated Circuits and Systems Design), which have been held in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, in 2016. Among the contributions presented at both Symposia, only a few best rated were selected by the JICS Editorial Board and have been invited to submit an extended version to the Journal. These extended papers have passed through the usual reviewing process before acceptance. In addition to the best papers presented at these conference, spontaneous submissions passed through the usual reviewing process and have been accepted as regular papers. We would like to thank the authors for their effort in preparing these high quality papers, as well as the reviewers for their valuable contribution on paper evaluation and selection, which guarantees the scientific level of this issue. We sincerely hope that JICS readers will enjoy these contributions.Marcelo Antonio Pavanello - JICS Editor-in-chief
Ground Plane Influence on Analog Parameters of Different UTBB nMOSFET Technologies
Authors: Itocazu V. T. , Sonnenberg V. , Martino J. A. , Simoen E. , Clayes Cor
Published: December 2020

This paper presents an analysis of the silicon film thickness (6 nm and 14 nm), the gate dielectric material (SiO2 and High- κ material) and the Ground Plane influence on the analog parameters of Ultra Thin Body and Buried Oxide (UTBB) SOl nMOSFET devices, based on experimental and simulation results. Two channel lengths (70 nm and 1μm) have been considered and the analog performance has been analyzed as a function of the back gate bias. It is shown that at zero back gate bias , the presence of a Ground Plane improves the transconductance in the saturation region due to the strong coupling between front and back gates in devices with a long channel (1 μm), thin silicon film (6 nm) and SiO2 as gate dielectric material. However, for the intrinsic voltage gain, output conductance and Early Voltage, the devices without Ground Plane present better results due to the higher drain electrical field penetration. Short-channel transistors (70 nm) with Ground Plane show an improvement of the analog parameters also due to the high drain electrical field penetration. Similar behavior is noticed in devices with a thicker silicon film (14nm). UTBB nMOSFETs with High- κ material present less influence of a Ground Plane on the parameters analyzed. Varying the back gate bias in devices with long channel (1 μm) and SiO2 as gate dielectric material, the analog parameters present better results in devices without Ground Plane, except for the transconductance in long channel transistors with a thin silicon film, for the reason explained before (strong coupling between front and back gates). Devices with High-κ material as gate dielectric show a minor improvement of the analog performance with a Ground Plane.
Analytical Model for Threshold Voltage in UTBB SOI MOSFET in Dynamic Threshold Voltage Operation
Authors: Itocazu V. T. , Sasaki K. R. A. , Sonnenberg V. , Martino J. A. , Simoen E. , Claeys C.
Published: December 2020

This paper presents an analytical model to determine the threshold voltage in Ultrathin Body and Buried Oxide Fully Depleted Silicon on Insulator (UTBB FD SOI) MOSFETs operating in dynamic threshold (DT) voltage modes. The analytical model is based on implementing the quantum confinement effect and the DT restriction. The results show that the proposed analytical model in its simplicity provides a good agreement to the experimental data.
Displacer-Type Liquid Level Sensor with Liquid Density Auto-Compensation
Authors: Souza Matheus Oliveira , Carvalho Elyson , Canuto Jânio , Freire Raimundo , Brusamarello Valner
Published: December 2020

In the classic displacer-type liquid level measuring method, liquid level is calculated via the buoyancy force exerted by the liquid on a displacer. This technology has high linearity, precision, accuracy, ease of installation and low cost. Nonetheless, displacer level sensors have significant sensitivity to variations in liquid density, which hinder its use in industrial applications that such quantity is not held constant. In this paper a novel displacer-type liquid level sensor is presented and analyzed. The method consists of adding another displacer and thus calculating the new measured value by the quotient of the buoyancy forces of both displacers. Therefore, the new measurement is ideally insensitive to the variations in liquid density. A prototype was built and prototype results presented high linearity, being able to mitigate the sensitivity to the liquid density, increasing accuracy in the measurements.
Power Constrained Design Optimization of Analog Circuits Based on Physical gm/ID Characteristics
Authors: Girardi Alessandro , Bampi Sergio
Published: December 2020

This paper presents a transistor optimization methodology for low-power analog integrated CMOS circuits, relying on the physics-based gm/ID characteristics as a design optimization guide. Our custom layout tool LIT implements and uses the ACM MOS compact model in the optimization loop. The methodology is implemented for automation within LIT and exploits all design space through the simulated annealing optimization process, providing solutions close to optimum with a single technology-dependent curve and accurate expressions for transconductance and current valid in all operation regions. The compact model itself contributes to convergence and to optimized implementations, since it has analytic expressions which are continuous in all current regimes, including weak and moderate inversion. The advantage of constraining the optimization within a power budget is of great importance for low-power CMOS. As examples we show the optimization results obtained with LIT, resulting in significant power savings, for the design of a folded-cascode and a two-stage Miller operational amplifier.
Buffer Sizing for Multimedia Flows in Packet-Switching NoCs
Authors: Tedesco Leonel P. , Calazans Ney , Moraes Fernando
Published: December 2020

Wormhole packet switching, used in many NoC designs, introduces jitter. This may produce violations of application deadlines. Several works in the literature propose stream workload models, and techniques for buffer sizing. These works do not consider the concurrency between different flows, or the NoC model is too abstract, masking the jitter introduced by data packaging and router processing. One technique to deal with jitter is to introduce a decoupling buffer (D-buffer) on the target IP. This buffer receives data from the NoC with jitter, while the target IP consumes data from this buffer at the application rate, without jitter. Two problems must be solved to implement D-buffers: (i) which size must the buffer have? (ii) how much time should be expected before data consumption starts (threshold)? This work proposes a general method to define D-buffer size and threshold, considering the influence of packaging, arbitration, routing and concurrency between flows. A traffic model for stream applications is detailed and used to characterize jitter sources in wormhole packet switching. Experimental results demonstrate the impact on multimedia flows with fixed and variable packet sizes (from real traffic traces). Simple traffic models employing constant frame sizes result in small D-buffers. On the other hand, employing multimedia frames from application traces (i.e. real application data) increases buffer size and threshold while still suppressing jitter. Another parameter analyzed in the paper is the percentage of deadline violations as a function of D-buffer size. The method guarantees throughput with no deadline violation and does not modify the NoC structure. The cost of adding such D-buffers is an increased latency and extra silicon area.
Stress Analysis on Ultra Thin Ground Wafers
Authors: Teixeira Ricardo C. , De Munck Koen , De Moor Piet , Baert Kris , Swinnen Bart , Van Hoof Chris , Knüettel Alexsander
Published: December 2020

Grinding wafers is a well established process for thinning wafers down to 100 μm for use in smart cards and stacking chips. As a result of the mechanical process, the wafer backside is compressively stressed. In this paper, authors investigate the influence of the backside induced stress in Si wafers thinned down to ~20μm by means of an IR time-of-flight like technique. Such aggressive thinning is a requirement for high density vias interconnect, stacked die packaging and flexible electronics. We found that the thinning process used did not add significant stress value on the thinned wafer.
Tradeoff of FPGA Design of a Floating-point Library for Arithmetic Operators
Authors: Mu`ñoz Daniel M. , Sanchez Diego F. , Llanos Carlos H. , Ayala-Rincón Mauricio
Published: December 2020

Many scientific and engineering applications require to perform a large number of arithmetic operations that must be computed in an efficient manner using a high precision and a large dynamic range. Commonly, these applications are implemented on personal computers taking advantage of the floating-point arithmetic to perform the computations and high operational frequencies. However, most common software architectures execute the instructions in a sequential way due to the von Neumann model and, consequently, several delays are introduced in the data transfer between the program memory and the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU). There are several mobile applications which require to operate with a high performance in terms of accuracy of the computations and execution time as well as with low power consumption. Modern Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are a suitable solution for high performance embedded applications given the flexibility of their architectures and their parallel capabilities, which allows the implementation of complex algorithms and performance improvements. This paper describes a parameterizable floating-point library for arithmetic operators based on FPGAs. A general architecture was implemented for addition/subtraction and multiplication and two different architectures based on the Goldschmidt’s and the Newton-Raphson algorithms were implemented for division and square root. Additionally, a tradeoff analysis of the hardware implementation was performed, which enables the designer to choose, for general purpose applications, the suitable bit-width representation and error associated, as well as the area cost, elapsed time and power consumption for each arithmetic operator. Synthesis results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the implemented cores on commercial FPGAs and showed that the most critical parameter is the dedicated Digital Signal Processing (DSP) slices consumption. Simulation results were addressed to compute the mean square error (MSE) and maximum absolute error demonstrating the correctness of the implemented floating-point library and achieving and experimental error analysis. The Newton-Raphson algorithm achieves similar MSE results as the Goldschmidt’s algorithm, operating with similar frequencies; however, the first one saves more logic area and dedicated DSP blocks.
Packet-driven General Purpose Instruction Execution on Communication-based Architectures
Authors: Fernandes Silvio R. , Silva Ivan S. , Kreutz Marcio
Published: December 2020

In the last few years, the development of Multi-Core architectures was driven by the crescent advance in integration technology. In this scenario, when the number of cores increases, problems found on shared communication media, such as busses, can be addressed by using a network approach. This paper proposes the usage of communication capabilities of Networks-on-Chip (NoCs) to execute general purpose instructions. The main idea behind this approach is to allow networks-on-chip architectures to execute general purpose instructions inside each router architecture. This paper addresses the main architectural concerns involved on creating datapaths for routers as well as the programming model suggested to pack instructions on messages. Simulation results on two case studies illustrate the benefits of the proposed architecture when compared to an equivalent NoC-based MP-SoC.
Extraction of Mobility Degradation and Source-and-Drain Resistance in MOSFETs
Authors: Muci J. , Rey A. D. Latorre , García-Sanchéz F. J. , Muñoz D. C. Lugo , Ortiz-Conde A. , Ho C.-S. , Liou J. J. , Pavanello M. A. , Doria R. T.
Published: December 2020

A MOSFET model parameters extraction procedure that overcomes the difficulties of separating the effects of source-and-drain series resistance and mobility degradation factor is presented. Instead of the conventional direct fitting, the present procedure involves the use of indirect bidimensional fitting of the source-to-drain resistance of a single device, as obtained from the below-saturation output characteristics measured at several above-threshold gate voltages. The procedure is verified with a simulated long channel FinFET device with externally added resistances and is later applied to experimental planar bulk DRAM MOSFET devices with channel lengths ranging from 0.23μm to 2.0μm. The procedure is shown to be advantageous in terms of computational efficiency and it is appropriate even with high values of externally added series resistances. For the case of devices with various channel lengths, the accuracy of the procedure is improved if the value of RSD is extracted from the shortest channel length. This value of RSD could be used for extracting the other parameters for devices with longer channel.
A Design Methodology Using the Inversion Coefficient for Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Voltage References
Authors: Colombo Dalton , Fayomi Christian , Nabki Frederic , Ferreira Luiz F. , Wirth Gilson , Bampi Sergio
Published: December 2020

This paper presents an analog design methodology, which uses the selection of the inversion coefficient of MOS devices, to design low-voltage and low-power (LVLP) CMOS voltage references. The motivation of this work comes from the demand for analog design methods that optimize the sizing process of transistors working in subthreshold operation. The advantage of the presented method – compared to the traditional approaches for circuit design – is the reduction of design cycle time and the minimization of simulation iterations when the proposed equations are used. As a case study, a LVLP voltage reference based on subthreshold MOSFETs with a supply voltage of 0.7 V was designed in a 0.18-μm CMOS technology.
Low power CMOS full adder design with body biasing approach
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Arya Sandeep K. , Pandey Sujata
Published: December 2020

In this paper, five different low power full adders using XOR/XNOR gates and multiplexer blocks with body biasing have been presented. In the first methodology, the adder depicts minimum power dissipation of 204.09μW and delay of 5.9849 ns. In the second, an improvement in power consumption has been reported at 128.92μW with delay of 5.9875 ns by using voltage biasing of two PMOS (P1 &P2) along with substrate biasing. In the third methodology, adder gives minimum power dissipation of 0.223nW with a delay of 5.2352 ns. Further, in fourth, it shows minimum power consumption of 0.199nW with a delay of 5.1002 ns and finally in fifth methodology, minimum power reduces to 0.192nW.Moreover, power delay product (PDP) results also have been compared for these methodologies. Comparisons have been made with earlier reported circuits and proposed circuits show better performance in terms of power consumption and delay.
A Compact Low-Power CMOS Analog FSR Model-Based CNN
Authors: Santana Edson P. , Freire Raimundo C. S. , Cunha Ana Isabela A.
Published: December 2020

A compact low-power CMOS analog circuit implementation of a Cellular Neural Network based on Full Signal Range Model (FSR-CNN) is presented. The required operations in cell definition are synapses (multiplication and summation) and saturated integration. In each synapse, a new multiplier architecture is employed with voltage and current inputs and a current output, which allows sharing building blocks and using continuously programmable weight values. Feasibility and usefulness of the proposed FSR cell architecture is verified through the simulation of two applications: the connected component detector and the border extractor.
Detection of Transient Faults in Nanometer Technologies by using Modular Built-In Current Sensors
Authors: Torres Frank Sill , Bastos Rodrigo Possamai
Published: December 2020

Soft error resilience is an increasingly important requirement of integrated circuits realized in CMOS nanometer technologies. Among the several approaches, Bulk Built-in Current Sensors (BBICS) offer a promising solution as they are able to detect particle strikes immediately after its occurrence. Based on this idea we demonstrate a novel modular BBICS (mBBICS) that tackles the main problems of these integrated sensors – area, leakage, and robustness. Simulations based on a predictive nanometer technology indicate competitive response times for high performance applications at the cost of 25 % area overhead and very low power penalty. Thereby, all simulated particle strikes that lead to transient faults could be detected. Additionally, reliability analysis proved the robustness of the proposed mBBICS against wide variations of temperature and process parameters.
Low-Cost and High-Throughput Hardware Design for the HEVC 16x16 2-D DCT Transform
Authors: Conceição Ruhan , De Souza Jr José Cláudio , Jeske Ricardo , Zatt Bruno , Porto Marcelo , Agostini Luciano
Published: December 2020

This article presents the hardware design of the 16x16 2-D DCT used in the new video coding standard, the HEVC – High Efficiency Video Coding. The transforms stage is one of the innovations proposed by HEVC, since a variable size transforms stage is available (from 4x4 to 32x32), allowing the use of transforms with larger dimensions than used in previous standards. The presented design explores the 2-D DCT separability property, using two instances of the one-dimension DCT. The architecture focuses on low hardware cost and high throughput, thus the HEVC 16-points DCT algorithm was simplified targeting a more efficient hardware implementation. Operations and hardware minimization strategies were used in order to achieve such simplifications: operation reordering, factoring, multiplications to shift-adds conversion, and sharing of common sub-expressions. The 1-D DCT architectures were designed in a fully combinational way in order to reduce control overhead. A transposition buffer is used to connect the two 1-D DCT architectures. The synthesis was directed to Stratix III FPGA and TSMC 65nm standard cells technologies. The complete 2-D DCT architecture is able to achieve real-time processing for high and ultra-high definition videos, such as Full HD, QFHD and UHD 8K. When compared with related works, the architectures designed in this work reached the highest throughput and the lowest hardware resources consumption.
Local Laser Annealing of Contacts Between MWCNTs and Metallic Electrodes
Authors: Silveira José V. , Savu Raluca , Swart Jacobus W. , Mendes Filho Josue , Souza Filho Antonio G. , Moshkalev Stanislav A.
Published: December 2020

A new approach to improve the electrical and thermal contacts between multi-walled carbon nanotubes and metallic electrodes was developed by using spatially localized laser heating coupled with a micro Raman equipment. After the deposition by dielectrophoresis, the nanotubes were heated in ambient atmosphere by a focused laser beam in order to improve the electrical contacts of the nanostructures with different electrodes (W, Ti and Au) and also to excite the Raman signal of the nanotubes. The changes in the vibrational frequencies of the Raman bands of the nanotubes provides a real time feedback of the treatment conditions allowing to estimate the local temperature, which is used for adjusting the parameters of treatment. Laser treatment tests were performed in a single step (single exposition of the sample to laser) or gradually (successive expositions of the sample to laser, with gradual increase of the used laser power density) and better results were obtained for the gradual treatment tests. Laser treatment of contacts carried out after the calibration of the treatment parameters, showed a reduction of up to three orders of magnitude in the electrical resistance of the devices. The main advantage of this method, when compared with traditional and rapid thermal annealing, is that the thermal treatment is localized in a small region, thus allowing the processing of circuits composed of different materials, whereby each process can be individually controlled.
Accelerated Ageing Test in Maize: Pattern of Seed Deterioration
Authors:   uvaraja 3 1 Department of Seed Science and Technology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India, S Kavitha , C Menaka , S Srinivasan ,   Department of Crop Physiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India, A Yuvaraj ,   3 Department of Millets Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India
Published: December 2020

The freshly harvested seeds of maize single cross hybrid TNAU maize hybrid CO 6 were kept under accelerated ageing condition by exposing the seeds to 40°C temperature and 100 per cent relative humidity in order to assess the physical, physiological and biochemical changes taking place during storage. This study revealed that minimum germination of 90 per cent as per the Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards (IMSCS) was reached on 4th day of accelerated ageing and reached 54 percent on 9th day of accelerated ageing against the initial seed germination of 98 per cent. The moisture content was increased from 10.1 per cent to 15.9 per cent on 9th day of accelerated ageing. The root length, shoot length, dry matter production, vigour index, α-amylase, catalase, peroxidase activity and carbohydrate content were decreased. Whereas electrical conductivity of seed leachate and reducing sugars were increased, while advancing the period of accelerated ageing.
Effectiveness of SMS based Extension Advisories on Farmers Adoption Behaviour
Authors:   Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Sociology, 2 Directorate of Extension Education, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore – 641 003., M Murugan , C Karthikeyan
Published: December 2020

The study deals with analysis of impact of SMS based advisories on farmers adoption behaviour disseminated by institutions such as DEMIC (Domestic and Export Market Intelligence Cell), ACRC (Agro Climate Research Centre) and KVK (Krishi Vigyan Kendra) which were exclusively involved in the delivery of Market, Weather and Technology advisory respectively throughout Tamil Nadu. Totally 30 farmers from each of these institutions were identified through simple random sampling method which sum up to a total of 90 respondents. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics – mean, standard deviation, frequencies, independent sample t-test and chi-square test. Results showed that the adoption of SMS based advisories was low among registered farmers of KVK as compared to that of ACRC and DEMIC. Majority (87.80 %) of the respondents had medium level of perception towards SMS based advisories. Most of the farmers reported that lack of access to an effective extension service (or) credible information source as the constraint to access the required information. Extension activities need to be strengthened through a combination of personal & ICT based extension approach to meet out such gaps in future.
A teologia do pluralismo religioso em questão
Authors: Teixeira Faustino
Published: December 2020

O tema da teologia das religiões vem ganhando a cada dia uma importância mais decisiva no cenário da reflexão teológica contemporânea. Não se reduz a um novo tema para a reflexão teológica, mas apresenta-se como um “novo modo de fazer teologia” no contexto inter- religioso atual. O debate tem sido intenso e as perspectivas de abordagem diversificadas. O objetivo deste artigo consiste em apresentar o es¬tado atual da questão, a partir das contribuições de Jacques Dupuis, um dos mais destacados especialistas sobre o tema. Como marco de entrada, busca-se situar o embate dos paradigmas teológicos hoje presentes no debate. Em seguida, aborda-se a controvérsia em torno da proposta teo-lógica de Jacques Dupuis sobre a teologia cristã do pluralismo religioso. De forma a favorecer ao leitor uma melhor compreensão desta teologia, apresentam-se, num segundo momento, as chaves interpretativas para uma teologia cristã do pluralismo religioso e algumas questões fundamentais que aparecem no debate atual.
Endülüs’ün Büyük Filozofu İbn Bâcce
Authors: MASÛMÎ M. Saghir Hasan
Published: December 2020

İbn Bâcce İslam felsefesinin ve Meşşâî geleneğin öne çıkan filozoflarındandır. Endülüs’ün önemli filozoflarından biri olan İbn Bâcce’nin düşünceleri İslam Felsefesinin yanında Batı aydınlanmasına da tesir etmiştir. Yaptığı Aristo yorumları nedeniyle Latincede Avenpace ve Avempace olarak bilinir. Tıp, felsefe, edebiyat, astronomi, matematik, tabiat ilimleri ve musiki alanında ciddi bir eğitimi olan İbn Bâcce, aynı zamanda hafız olup, İslami disiplinlerde uzmandır. Meşşâî geleneğe mensup olmakla birlikte kendine özgün fikirleri de olan İbn Bâcce, bir dönem Gırnata ve doğum yeri olan Sarakusta’da vezirlik yapmıştır. Talebesi İbn Tufeyl’in (ö. 581/1185) belirttiği üzere vezirlik ve saray tabipliği görevinden dolayı felsefi fikirlerini yazmakla yeterince ilgilenememiştir. Murabıtlar devletinde yöneticilik yaptığı sırada devlet ve halk arasındaki ilişkileri, gelenek ve görenekleri, diğer devletlerle olan irtibatı, üretim ve tüketim ilişkilerini gözlemlemiştir. Ayrıca hekim olduğu için insan ve yetilerini ayrıntılı analiz etmiştir. Görüşlerinden dolayı, kendisini dinsizlikle itham edenler arasında dönemin âlimlerinden Feth b. Hakan el-Kaysi (ö. 529/1135), meşhur tabip Ebü’l-Alâ İbn Zühr (ö. 470/1078), İbnü’s-Sîd el-Batalyevsî (ö. 521/1127) de vardı. Bundan dolayı İbn Bâcce’nin vefat nedeninin zehirlenme olduğu iddia edilmiştir.
Liver cell membrane antibody, kidney injury molecule and lungs tumour antigen expression on the MCF-7 cell induced breast cancer administered with Citrus limon juice and tamoxifen in Sprawgue dawley rats
Authors: Oyebadejo SA  , Nsuhoridem SA  , Oyeleye OE
Published: December 2020

Monitoring and evaluation have been one of the major measures to determine possible progression of response of disorder to the alternative treatments, however Anti-Liver Cell membrane Antibody, Kidney Injury Molecule and Lungs Tumour Antigen Expression on the MCF-7 Cell Induced Breast Cancer Rats administered with Citrus Limon juice and Tamoxifen were carried out, Over one hundred and twenty Sprague dawley rats of 40 days old average body weight 180-220g were divided into ten (10) containing of 12 animals per group, group 1 was control, fed only with rat chow and water, group 2 was MCF-7 cell line induced rats alone (BCIR only), group 3 Citrus Limon juice (CLJ) at 8.88%, Group 4 Citrus Limon juice (CLJ) at 17.32%, group 5 Citrus Limon juice (CLJ) at 25.98%, group 6 was given 0.2mg/kg of Tamoxifen alone, group 7 (BCIR+CLJ at 8.88%), group 8 (BCIR+CLJ at 17.32%), group 9 (BCIR+CLJ at 25.98%) and group (BCIR+ 0.2mg/kg of Tamoxifen). Acute and sub – acute toxicity were carried out after the establishment of safety dose following determination of LD50, on the fresh Citrus Limon juice Breast cancer induction and Tumor sizes were analysed. At the end of the administration, animals were sacrificed, fresh blood was taken, centrifuged at 3000 rpm, serum was collected and stored at 8oc Breast Cancer Tumor Associated Assays, Kidney Injury, Liver cell Membrane Antibody and Lung Tumor Antigens were analysed. Result, Mammary tumor induction was succeeded in all the MCF-7 cell line induced groups with minimum number of morbidity. Tumor size was significantly increase in tumor mass BCIR only at P>0.001 when compared to BCIR + CLJ and BCIR + Tamoxifen groups. Immunoogical expression of Breast Cancer Associated Tumor revealed significant increase suppressor gene/protein, Immunocytochemical in-vivo of Breast Cancer Associated Organs showed significant increase in KIM , LCMA and LTA at P>0.001 in BCIR when compared to all the BCIR + CLJ, BCIR + Tamoxifen and other non-BCIR groups. In conclusion, this study showed that KIM , LCMA and LTA exhibited strong Immunochemical expression of Citrus Limon juice potency possessing possible anticancer activities without posing pathological conditions on the body during and after usage, hence KIM, LCMA and LTA are demonstrated to be valuable in the monitoring and evaluation progression of tumor as Citrus Limon Juice could be used as alternative therapy in the treatment of Breast cancer that are hormonal dependant in similar manner to Tamoxifen.
Morality and ethics in research
Authors: Chima Ichendu
Published: December 2020

Morality and ethics as a concept suggest the consideration of good versus evil in the light of the principles that govern an institution. However, this notion is not without due argument on what could be read and interpreted as morality and the guiding principles referred to as ethics particularly in research. Furthermore, scholars has it that certain research work in the past infringed on human and animals species. This brought about the quest for a mitigation strategy, one of the strategies includes formation of committee known as ethics committee, who are empowered to formulate framework/codes as acceptable/guiding principles, reference for further research work which aid the reduction in the level of infringement. The essay appraised several literatures geared towards answering the essay questions.
Effect of income diversification on the financial performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria
Authors: Gunu Suleiman Umar , Gunu Umar
Published: December 2020

Corporate diversification is a center of research in strategic management and finance. Many firms are experiencing a decline in their traditional activities' dues to environmental challenges, including competition, inadequate infrastructural facilities, and economic instability. The study examines the effect of income diversification on the financial performance of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria. Specifically, it determines the impact of product income segment diversification and non-product income segment diversification on quoted manufacturing firms' financial performance in Nigerian. The study adopted an ex-post facto research design using secondary data of 42 firms from the 63 quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria for 11 years (2007-2017) period. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is utilized for data analysis. The study found that both product income segment diversification and non-product income segment diversification significantly affect the financial performance (ROA and ROCE variables) of quoted manufacturing firms in Nigeria. The study concluded that quoted manufacturing firms' financial performance in Nigeria is significantly affected by product income segment diversification and non-product income diversification. The study recommended that manufacturing firms should strategically diversified to increase their income generation in both the product segment and non-product segment to improve their financial performance.
Hegel’s The Phenomenology of Spirit: Stylistic and Terminological Analysis
Authors: Rumyantseva Tatsiana G.
Published: December 2020

In 2020 the international philosophical community celebrates the 250th anniversary of the birth of G.W.F. Hegel. This anniversary provides an excellent opportunity to once again reconsider to the iconic works of the great German philosopher, among them, special attention should be paid to The Phenomenology of the Spirit, which is universally considered as one of the most famous works of world philosophical literature. Being the first of Hegel’s major works and, at the same time, the first and only part of the early version of his system of absolute idealism, this book, largely due to the efforts of the French Neo-Hegelians, acquired the status of one of the most famous philosophical works. Meanwhile, The Phenomenology of the Spirit is rightfully considered one of the most complex philosophical texts, which does not cease to attract attention, including due to the intricacies of its style. Being called by K. Marx “the true point of origin and the secret of the Hegelian philosophy,” this work, among other numerous “secrets” and “mysteries,” undoubtedly hides the mystery associated with the terminological and stylistic features of Hegel’s writing. Noting the serious difficulties encountered in reading The Phenomenology of the Spirit, the author of the article shows that Hegel wrote it, developing a new philosophical language, creating a range of linguistic innovations, also using Germanized Latin and Greek terms. Along with Spinoza’s Latin terminology, he borrowed some concepts from his compatriots (Wolf, Kant, Fichte and others), deliberately altering their meaning. The article also shows that, being an extremely complex (both in stylistic-linguistic and structural aspects) philosophical work, Hegel’s The Phenomenology of the Spirit had a huge impact on the development of intellectual culture of the 20th century, and not only due to its conceptions. Its language itself greatly contributed to the formation of special philosophical terminology and anticipated a number of significant changes in the structure and composition of philosophical texts.
THE DISCONNECTED VOICES OF MOTHERHOOD AND DAUGHTERHOOD IN TONI MORRISON’S PARADISE: JOURNEY FROM UNCERTAINTY TO CHAOS
Authors: Alipour Ahdiyeh , Abdul Zanyar Kareem
Published: December 2020

This paper is an attempt of analysing the problematic mother-daughter relationship in Paradise (1998), a female coming-of-age novel by Toni Morrison. In the novel, a black woman and her daughter had an uneasy relationship. The daughter strived to shape her own identity and future, but her uneasy relationship with her mother profoundly affected her choices and the way she lived. Undoubtedly, the patriarchal environment that had moulded the female identity and shaped a woman’s world resulted in a dysfunctional relationship between mother and daughter. Although the seed of maternal love existed in her heart as in all mothers, she was often incapable of transferring this love into words and actions, overwhelmed as she was by the pressures patriarchal society. The oppressive pressure on black women is depicted far surpassed that on the whites, and the former were ostracized from society merely because of who they were and by the colour of their skin. This paper explores how patriarchy and conventional beliefs could influence the mother-daughter relationship and prevented the expression of a mother’s true love, consequently depriving them of the opportunity or ability to perform physiologically and psychologically as mothers, biological or otherwise, in black communities. To liberate herself, the daughter had to struggle in the swamp, which her ancestors had created by the force of convention and patriarchy. However, when she eventually discovered the way to free herself from the swamp, she felt no welcome from society and so continued to remain isolated and ostracised.
PRESUPPOSITION IN BEAUTY AND THE BEAST MOVIE SCRIPT
Authors: Kristy Yossi , Deliana Deliana , Harefa Yulianus
Published: December 2020

This research was intended to find out the types of presupposition in the character’s utterances of Beauty and the Beast movie script and describe the meaning of presupposition that are represented in the movie script. This research used a descriptive qualitative method, which was carried out by collecting, grouping, analyzing and interpreting the research data. The data in this research were the utterances of the characters in movie script containing presupposition. The data were collected through four steps:  observation, taking note, data validation and setting them in tables. Based on the data analysis, it was found that 6 types of presupposition were used in the character’s utterances of the movie script. The most frequent type of presupposition used by the characters was existential presupposition with 26 data of 58 data found in this movie script. The second type of presupposition often used was factive presupposition with 9 data found in the data. Then, the third was lexical presupposition consisting of 8 data and the fourth was structural presupposition with the same number. The fifth type of presupposition used was non-factive presupposition with 4 data found in this research. The last type of presupposition used in this research was counter-factual presupposition with 3 data found in the movie script.
PROBLEMS IN THE APPLICATION OF GOOGLE TRANSLATE AS A LEARNING MEDIA IN TRANSLATION
Authors: Sembiring Brahmana Christanta Rejuna Phanes , Sofyan Rudy , Putri Dian Marisha
Published: December 2020

This paper is concerned with the problems in the application of Google Translate as a translation tool. The discussion focuses on the identification of the problems faced by the translators. This research was conducted by using the descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach. Some theories supporting this research were proposed by Munday, Imre, and also Ghasemi and Hasemian. The data sources in this research were taken from the questionnaires given to students of English Literature Department of USU. From the analysis, it was found that the biggest problems often faced by the students of English Literature Department of USU were the inaccuracy and mismatch of the meaning translated which reached 31%, followed by the inaccuracy of the language structure in the translation result which reached 30%. On the other hand, the findings also showed that the best solution to deal with these problems was to make self-corrections and check the meaning of some suspected words in the dictionary and make the best choice according to the context. With the same percentage of 29%, it could be concluded that the two solutions were claimed to be the best and most efficient for the students. The conclusion was that the use of Google Translate as a learning media in translation could be accepted and applied in the classroom. Based on the results of this analysis, it was revealed that students had already known how to solve the problems of using Google Translate.
EXPLORING EFL STUDENTS’ PROBLEMS IN LISTENING TO ENGLISH NEWS BROADCASTS
Authors: Zulfikar Zulfikar , Aulia Cut Tarri , Akmal Saiful
Published: December 2020

Listening is central for language learning and for daily communication. However, in foreign language learning, students still encounter problems in understanding listening materials. This present study is aimed to reveal the students’ problems in listening English news broadcasts. The subjects of this study were two classrooms at the Department of English Language Education at an acknowledged university in Banda Aceh. The samples were made of 50 students in their third semester. This study employed a quantitative analysis approach. A close-ended questionnaire was used as the instruments in collecting the data. The findings showed that the difficulties faced by the students in listening to English news broadcast were mainly caused by unfamiliar topics, unfamiliar vocabulary, different accents, fast speech rate, unintelligible pronunciation, difficulty in inference making, excessively long passages, complicated grammatical structure, as well as complex ideas.
DESIGN THINKING APPROACH IN TRANSLATING BANYUMAS TOURISM TEXTS
Authors: Yulianita Nadia Gitya , Roiyasa Nisa , Prasetyoningsih Tri Wahyu Setiawan
Published: December 2020

The research aims to identify the students’ translation quality in translating Banyumas tourism texts. Moreover, this research tries to find out the effect of design thinking approach in translation class. This research was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative method. In other words, this research describes the effect of design thinking approach to the students’ translation by dividing students of English Diploma Study Program, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman enrolling on Translation Indonesian-English class into two classes. Class A uses design thinking approach in translating the texts, while class B does not. The students focus on translating Banyumas tourism texts. After the students translate the texts, the researchers and raters do a focus group discussion to check and rate their translation quality in terms of accuracy. The result shows that the translation quality of class A is better than that of class B. It can be seen from the accuracy point of class A which is 2.95 meanwhile, class B has 2.90 for its accuracy. This proves that design thinking approach is suitable to teach translation.
THE EFFECT OF INPUT SPACING ON EFL LEARNERS' VOCABULARY KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Farvardin Mohammad Taghi , Bagherian Sararoodi Ashraf
Published: December 2020

The lag or the intersession interval (ISI) is the gap between two learning sessions. Lag effects are one of those effects that few studies have examined. Moreover, albeit a huge bulk of research on input spacing (i.e., phenomenon of distributed learning conditions) has been done in laboratory setting, few studies have directly examined this issue within real contexts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of not only spaced-short but also spaced-long condition on the vocabulary knowledge of EFL learners. To achieve this goal, 37 intermediate level EFL learners were selected from four intact classes. The whole process took place in nine weeks; two testing sessions for pretest and a 28-day delayed posttest, two learning sessions and a final review session. Learning was done in two sessions. In this process, 20 target items were divided into 10 target words from each two lists. The first 10 words were studied during the first session, and reviewed during the review session. Eight days (intersession interval) ISI was specified for the spaced-long condition. Finally, a 1-day ISI was specified for the spaced-short condition. To do so, the second 10 words during the second session were studied, and then they were reviewed during the review session. The results of paired samples t-test revealed that spaced-long input was more effective than the space-short. Spaced-long condition could help learners for conceptual understanding to develop, reduce forgetting and provide opportunities for learners to learn more efficiently.
GAS-PHASE SYNTHESIS OF DIAMOND STRUCTURES
Authors:   S. S. Kutateladze Institute of Thermal Physics Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Rebrov A. K.
Published: December 2020

The diamond synthesis from vapor (gas) phase is realized under complex influence of nonequilibrium transfer processes in activated gas mixtures by formation of carbon structures on a nascent diamond surface. The microwave plasma generates an active gas mixture and fragments of building material are transported