bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herbicide programs for the termination of grass and broadleaf cover crop species
Authors: Whalen Derek M. , Bish Mandy D. , Young Bryan G. , Conley Shawn P. , Reynolds Daniel B. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Bradley Kevin W.
Published: September 2019

The use of cover crops in soybean production systems has increased in recent years. There are many questions surrounding cover crops—specifically about benefits to crop production and most effective herbicides for spring termination. No studies evaluating cover crop termination have been conducted across a wide geographic area, to our knowledge. Therefore, field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Arkansas, Indiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Wisconsin for spring termination of regionally specific cover crops. Glyphosate-, glufosinate-, and paraquat-containing treatments were applied between April 15 and April 29 in 2016 and April 10 and April 20 in 2017. Visible control of cover crops was determined 28 days after treatment. Glyphosate-containing herbicide treatments were more effective than paraquat- and glufosinate-containing treatments, providing 71% to 97% control across all site years. Specifically, glyphosate at 1.12 kg ha−1 applied alone or with 2,4-D at 0.56 kg ha−1, saflufenacil at 0.025 kg ha−1, or clethodim at 0.56 kg ha−1 provided the most effective control on all grass cover crop species. Glyphosate-, paraquat-, or glufosinate-containing treatments were generally most effective on broadleaf cover crop species when applied with 2,4-D or dicamba. Results from this research indicate that proper herbicide selection is crucial to successfully terminate cover crops in the spring.
Obésité: épidémiologie, implications socio-politiques et prise en charge de type conventionnelle
Authors: Giusti Vittorio
Published: September 2019

Résumé. L’obésité est une maladie psychosomatique chronique et complexe d’origine multifactorielle souvent associée à comorbidités cardiovasculaires, métaboliques, respiratoires, orthopédiques et psychologiques. Ce contexte de polimorbidité nécessite d’un suivi à vie et d’une prise en charge multidisciplinaire spécialisé. De plus le caractère silencieux de ces maladies, associé au vieillissement de la population et l’augmentation de l’espérance de vie, augmente encore plus l’impact de la maladie chronique sur la globalité de la morbidité et de la mortalité. En Suisse l’obésité a désormais un caractère épidémique, comme dans le monde entier, et concerne environ le 11 % de notre population. Ce pourcentage augmente progressivement au point que l’obésité est considérée comme un problème de santé publique. En effet les coûts directs et indirects imputés à l’obésité correspondent à environ 8 % des dépenses totales de la santé. La prise en charge de cette maladie complexe doit être toujours à long terme et doit intégrer les aspects diététiques, comportementaux et psychologiques en fonction du profil du patient.
Wirkmechanismen der bariatrischen und metabolen Chirurgie
Authors: Hosa Hanna , Bueter Marco
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung. Zusammenfassung: Bei steigender Prävalenz der Adipositas und der damit assoziierten Komorbiditäten rückt die bariatrische und metabole Chirurgie immer mehr in den Vordergrund, wobei weltweit der Roux-Y-Magenbypass (= Roux-en-Y ­Gastric- Bypass, RYGB) und der Schlauchmagen (= Sleeve gastrectomy, SG) die häufigsten Eingriffe darstellen. Der erzielte Gewichtsverlust und das veränderte Essverhalten scheinen dabei nicht wie initial vermutet ausschliesslich auf einer ­mechanischen Restriktion der Nahrungspassage und / oder einer kalorischen Malabsorption der aufgenommenen Nahrung zu beruhen, sondern vielmehr auf ein komplexes Zusammenspiel verschiedenster physiologischer Wirkmechanismen zurückführbar zu sein. Ziel des vorliegenden Artikels ist es deshalb, vor dem Hintergrund des aktuellen Wissenstandes einen kurzen Überblick über die wichtigsten Wirkmechanismen der bariatrischen und metabolen Chirurgie zu liefern.
Nuklearmedizinische Diagnostik und Therapie im Kontext der Modernen Onkologie
Authors: Schaefer Niklaus , Prior John
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Nuklearmedizinische befasst sich mit der Bildgebung, Therapie und Theranostik mittels radioaktaktiver Elemente gebunden an zielgerichtete Trägermoleküle, sogenannte Radiotracer. Insbesondere die moderne Onkologie profitiert von den zunehmenden diagnostischen Möglichkeiten, zum Beispiel im Rahmen der immer präziseren Ausbreitungsdiagnostik von Tumoren oder der frühzeitigen Messung vom Ansprechen von Tumoren unter gezielten Therapien. Die moderne Nuklearmedizin bietet ebenfalls neue und innovative Methoden zur Behandlung spezieller Tumortypen an. Neue verfügbare Therapien umfassen zum Beispiel das metastasierte Prostatakarzinom, während weitere Methoden zum Beispiel für das Mamma- und Lungenkarzinom oder das Pankreaskarzinom aktuell in klinischen Studien überprüft werden. Die Nuklearmedizin wird durch die Theranostik komplettiert wobei therapeutische und diagnostische Methoden kombiniert werden. Insbesondere in moderne, personalisierte Onkologie mit all ihren zielgerichteten Therapien profitiert von diesen Methoden um das Therapieansprechen, im zeitlichen Verlauf vorherzusagen.
Moderne Behandlungskonzepte in der Radio-Onkologie
Authors: Plasswilm Ludwig , Studer Gabriela , Aebersold Daniel M. , Zwahlen Daniel R.
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Radiotherapie ist eine häufig eingesetzte Therapieform bei Tumorerkrankungen und kommt bei der Hälfte aller Patientinnen und Patienten mit Krebserkrankung zum Einsatz. Fortschritte im Verständnis tumor- und strahlenbiologischer Grundlagen, in Medizinphysik und Informatik sowie technischer Entwicklungen haben die Wirksamkeit und Heilungserfolge der Strahlentherapie kontinuierlich verbessert. Patientinnen und Patienten profitieren von neuen Behandlungskonzepten wie der hypofraktionierten Radiotherapie bei Mamma- und Prostatakarzinom, was zu einer zeitlichen Verkürzung der Gesamtbehandlungsdauer um mehrere Wochen führt. Ausgewählte Patientinnen mit frühen Stadien eines Mammakarzinoms können nach brusterhaltender Operation mit einer Teilbrustbestrahlung mit Fokus auf das Tumorbett behandelt werden, was Verträglichkeit und Komfort erhöht. Die stereotaktische Radiotherapie über fünf bis sechs Bestrahlungssitzungen und die Einzeitbestrahlung (Radiochirurgie) haben die Behandlungsoptionen bei häufigen Tumorentitäten erweitert und führen zu langanhaltenden Tumorkontrollen, was mehr Lebenszeit und Lebensqualität für die Betroffenen bedeutet. Beim frühen Lungenkarzinom stellt die stereotaktische Radiotherapie eine Alternative zur Operation des Primärtumors dar. Bei Patientinnen und Patienten mit oligometastatischer Tumorerkrankung ist dank der stereotaktischen Radiotherapie in bestimmten Indikationen ein kurativer Therapieansatz möglich, indem die einzelnen Metastasen präzis mit einer hohen Dosis wirkungsvoll behandelt werden. Bei Patientinnen und Patienten mit Hirnmetastasen wird die Ganzhirnbestrahlung abgelöst durch die stereotaktische Bestrahlung der einzelnen Metastasen mit geringeren Nebenwirkungen. Vielversprechende Resultate für eine verbesserte Tumorkontrolle bietet die Kombination der Radiotherapie mit der Immuntherapie. Die Radioimmuntherapie stellt eine neue Therapiekombination dar, wobei eine abschliessende Bewertung des Nebenwirkungsrisikos derzeit noch nicht möglich ist. Um therapeutische Sicherheit zu gewinnen, sind weitere prospektiv erhobene Studiendaten notwendig.
Comment on “First Observation of Mesosphere Response to the Solar Wind High‐Speed Streams” by W. Yi et al.
Authors: Tsurutani Bruce T. , Hajra Rajkumar , Echer Ezequiel , Lakhina Gurbax S.
Published: September 2019

While Yi, Reid, Xue, Younger, Spargo, et al. (2017, http://doi:10.1002/2017JA024446) described the observational results showing solar wind high‐speed stream (HSS) impacts on the mesosphere over Antarctica, the specific physical mechanism behind them was not discussed. We discussed here how magnetospheric wave‐particle interactions and energetic ~20‐ to 50‐keV electron precipitation into the auroral zone atmosphere (diffuse auroras) during HSS intervals can cause the observed effects in the mesosphere.
Joint Inversion of Coseismic and Early Postseismic Slip to Optimize the Information Content in Geodetic Data: Application to the 2009 Mw6.3 L'Aquila Earthquake, Central Italy
Authors: Ragon Théa , Sladen Anthony , Bletery Quentin , Vergnolle Mathilde , Cavalié Olivier , Avallone Antonio , Balestra Julien , Delouis Bertrand
Published: September 2019

When analyzing the rupture of a large earthquake, geodetic data are often critical. These data are generally characterized by either a good temporal or a good spatial resolution, but rarely both. As a consequence, many studies analyze the coseismic rupture with data that also include one or more days of early postseismic deformation. Here, we invert simultaneously for the coseismic and postseismic slip with the condition that the sum of the two models remains compatible with data covering the two slip episodes. We validate the benefits of this approach with a toy model and an application to the 2009 Mw6.3 L'Aquila earthquake, using a Bayesian approach and accounting for epistemic uncertainties. For the L'Aquila earthquake, we find that if early postseismic deformation is not an explicitly acknowledged coseismic signal, coseismic slip models may overestimate the peak amplitude while long‐term postseismic models may largely underestimate the total postseismic slip amplitude. This example illustrates how the proposed approach could improve our comprehension of the seismic cycle, fault frictional properties, and the spatial and temporal relationship between seismic rupture, afterslip, and aftershocks.
A Comparison of 36Cl Nuclear Bomb Inputs Deposited in Snow From Vostok and Talos Dome, Antarctica, Using the 36Cl/Cl− ratio
Authors: Pivot S. , Baroni M. , Bard E. , Giraud X. ,   ASTER Team
Published: September 2019

36Cl production in the atmosphere is modulated by the magnetic field intensity of both the Sun and the Earth. The record of 36Cl concentration along with that of 10Be in ice cores may therefore provide information as to their variability. To better understand the 36Cl signal in glaciological archives, we measured its concentration in Talos Dome snow samples (mean accumulation rate of 8 g cm−2 year−1 water equivalent) spanning the 1910 to 1980 CE period with a resolution of one sample every 3 years from 1955 to 1980 C.E., and in Vostok snow samples (mean accumulation rate of 1.96 g cm−2 year−1 water equivalent) spanning the 1949 to 2007 CE period with a 6‐month resolution that had never before been obtained. Marine nuclear bomb tests in the late 1950s produced anthropogenic 36Cl, which was injected into the stratosphere and spread around the globe. In the late 1950s this anthropogenic pulse led to an increase of 36Cl concentration at Talos Dome that was more than 100 times higher than the prebomb and postbomb values. It is noteworthy that the atmosphere of Vostok remains polluted by anthropogenic 36Cl today. This pollution results from gaseous H36Cl mobility at low accumulation sites and implies re‐emission of 36Cl from the snowpack that is not observed at Talos Dome. The 36Cl/Cl− ratio may be used to discriminate the stratospheric anthropogenic 36Cl source from the tropospheric natural 36Cl source, which allows us to discuss the immobile vs. mobile 36Cl in the Vostok snowpack.
Phase Stability and Thermal Equation of State of Iron Carbide Fe3C to 245 GPa
Authors: Hu Xiaojun , Fei Yingwei , Yang Jing , Cai Yang , Ye Shijia , Qi Meilan , Liu Fusheng , Zhang Mingjian
Published: September 2019

We conducted shock wave experiments on iron carbide Fe3C up to a Hugoniot pressure of 245 GPa. The correlation between the particle velocity (up) and shock wave velocity (us) can be fitted into a linear relationship, us = 4.627(±0.073) + 1.614(±0.028) up. The density‐pressure relationship is consistent with a single‐phase compression without decomposition. The inference is further supported by the comparison of the observed Hugoniot density with the calculated Hugoniot curves of possible decomposition products. The new Hugoniot data combined with the reported 300‐K isothermal compression data yielded a Grüneisen parameter of γ = 2.23(7.982/ρ)0.29. The thermal equation of state of Fe3C is further used to calculate the density profile of Fe3C along the Earth's adiabatic geotherm. The density of Fe3C was found to be too low (by ~5%) to match the observed density in the Earth's inner core, and Fe3C is unlikely a dominant component of the inner core.
Nineteenth‐Century Tides in the Gulf of Maine and Implications for Secular Trends
Authors: Ray R. D. , Talke S. A.
Published: September 2019

Since the early twentieth century, the amplitudes of tidal constituents in the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy display clear secular trends that are among the largest anywhere observed for a regional body of water. The M2 amplitude at Eastport, Maine, increased at a rate of 14.1 ± 1.2 cm per century until it temporarily dropped during 1980–1990, apparently in response to changes in the wider North Atlantic. Annual tidal analyses indicate M2 reached an all‐time high amplitude last year (2018). Here we report new estimates of tides derived from nineteenth century water‐level measurements found in the U.S. National Archives. Results from Eastport, Portland, and Pulpit Harbor (tied to Bar Harbor) do not follow the twentieth century trends and indicate that the Gulf of Maine tide changes commenced sometime in the late nineteenth or early twentieth centuries, coincident with a transition to modern rates of sea‐level rise as observed at Boston and Portland. General agreement is that sea level rise alone is insufficient to cause the twentieth‐century tide changes. A role for ocean stratification is suggested by the long‐term warming of Gulf of Maine waters; archival water temperatures at Boston, Portland, and Eastport show increases of ∼2 °C since the 1880s. In addition, a changing seasonal dependence in M2 amplitudes is reflected in a changing seasonal dependence in water temperatures. The observations suggest that models seeking to reproduce Gulf of Maine tides must consider both sea level rise and long‐term changes in stratification.
A Stochastic Representation of Temperature Fluctuations Induced by Mesoscale Gravity Waves
Authors: Kärcher B. , Podglajen A.
Published: September 2019

Ubiquitous mesoscale gravity waves generate high cooling rates important for cirrus formation. We make use of long‐duration balloon observations to devise a probabilistic model describing mesoscale temperature uctuations (MTF) away from strong wave sources. We define background conditions based on observed probability distributions of temperature and underlying vertical wind speed fluctuations. We show theoretically that MTF are subject to damping at a rate near the Coriolis frequency when the vertical wind speed fluctuations are autocorrelated over a fraction of a Brunt‐Väisälä period. We find that for background wave activity, a decrease in temperature of 1K translates into cooling rate standard deviations and mean updraft speeds of 4–8Kh−1 and ≈ 10–20 cms−1, respectively, depending on latitude and stratification. We introduce an effective Coriolis frequency to generate cooling rates in equatorial regions consistent with balloon data. Above ice saturation, MTF are large enough to affect ice crystal nucleation. Our results help constrain uncertainty in aerosol‐cirrus interactions, provide insights to better meet challenges in comparing measurement data with model simulations, and support the development of cutting‐edge ice cloud schemes in global models.
Global Distribution of Superbolts
Authors: Holzworth R. H. , McCarthy M. P. , Brundell J. B. , Jacobson A. R. , Rodger C. J.
Published: September 2019

We use World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data on the radiated radio frequency electromagnetic energy per stroke to identify the upper tip of the global lightning stroke energy distribution. The mean stroke energy is about 1,000 J per stroke in the very low frequency band between 5 and 18 kHz, while the distribution used in this paper is limited to strokes in that band above 1 MJ, about 3 orders of magnitude above the mean. It is shown that these energies are representative of the tip of the optical distribution, first identified by Turman (1977) above 10 GW per stroke, which he termed “superbolts.” The distribution peaks globally in the Northern Hemisphere winter (November–February) with most superbolts being found in the North Atlantic west of Europe, the winter Mediterranean Sea, and a strong local maximum over the Andes in South America. We identify regions with somewhat fewer superbolts in the North Pacific east of Japan in winter, along the equator of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and south of South Africa. We find very few superbolts during April–October each year. While superbolts are scattered around the globe, the local occurrence peaks do not coincide with the usual three main lightning “chimneys.” Unlike the distribution of all normal global lightning, we find superbolts predominantly over the oceans and seas, with fewer over the continents, just the opposite of all global lightning.
Impact of preoperative prostate magnetic resonance imaging on the surgical management of high-risk prostate cancer
Authors: Baack Kukreja Janet , Bathala Tharakeswara K. , Reichard Chad A. , Troncoso Patricia , Delacroix Scott , Davies Benjamin , Eggener Scott , Smaldone Marc , Minhaj Siddiqui Mohummad , Tollefson Matthew , Chapin Brian F.
Published: September 2019

Objective

To evaluate the effect of adding multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) to pre-surgical planning on surgical decision making for the management of high-risk prostate cancer (HRPC).

Patients and methods

A survey was designed to query multiple centers on surgical decisions of 41 consecutive HRPC cases seen from 2012 to 2015. HRPC was defined by the National Comprehensive Cancer Center Network guidelines. Six fellowship-trained urologic oncologists were asked for their surgical plan in regards to the degree of planned nerve-sparing and lymph node dissection. Two rounds of surveys were administered to six external urologic oncologists. The first survey included the case description only and the second included case description with mpMRI images and report. The correct surgical plan was analyzed by correlation of the degree of planned surgical excision and consistency with the final pathologic evaluation. A priori, an effect size of 20% change was used to determine statistical significance, at p < 0.05.

Results

All cases had at least one change to surgical planning after mpMRI review. Forty (98%) patients had a change in the degree of planned nerve sparing: wider excision in 32% and increased nerve sparing in 24%. After mpMRI the correct surgical plan change was made in 49% for the right and left 51%, decreasing the potential for positive margins. Lymph node dissection was altered from standard to extended lymph node dissection in 17%.

Conclusions

Although mpMRI is not integrated in guidelines for preoperative planning in HRPC, its use may impact surgical planning, cancer control, and quality of life.
Protease Nexin I is a feedback regulator of EGF/PKC/MAPK/EGR1 signaling in breast cancer cells metastasis and stemness
Authors: Tang Tingting , Zhu Qinhua , Li Xinping , Zhu Gaole , Deng Siwei , Wang Yingshan , Ni Lingyu , Chen Xinyuan , Zhang Yanfeng , Xia Tiansong , Zen Ke , Pan Yi , Jin Liang
Published: September 2019

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, which remains incurable once metastatic. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are a small subset of breast cancer cells, which are the radical cause of drug resistance, tumor relapse, and metastasis in breast cancer. The extracellular serine protease inhibitor serpinE2, also named protease nexin-1 (PN-1), contributes to enhanced metastasis of cancer cells mainly by remodeling the tumor matrix. In this study, we found that PN-1 was up-regulated in breast cancer, which promoted cell invasion, migration and stemness. Furthermore, by using specific inhibitors, we discovered that epidermal growth factor (EGF) up-regulated PN-1 in breast cancer cells through cascade activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to the activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), which finally led to the up-regulation of early growth response protein 1 (EGR1). Moreover, EGF signaling was further activated as a feedback of PN-1 up-regulation through PN-1 blocking HtrA1. Taken together, our findings revealed a novel signaling axis that up-regulated PN-1 expression in breast cancer cells, and the new mechanism of PN-1-promoted breast cancer metastasis, which may provide new insights into identifying novel therapeutic targets for breast cancer.
An all-photonic full color RGB system based on molecular photoswitches
Authors: Naren Gaowa , Hsu Chien-Wei , Li Shiming , Morimoto Masakazu , Tang Sicheng , Hernando Jordi , Guirado Gonzalo , Irie Masahiro , Raymo Françisco M. , Sundén Henrik , Andréasson Joakim
Published: September 2019

On-command changes in the emission color of functional materials is a sought-after property in many contexts. Of particular interest are systems using light as the external trigger to induce the color changes. Here we report on a tri-component cocktail consisting of a fluorescent donor molecule and two photochromic acceptor molecules encapsulated in polymer micelles and we show that the color of the emitted fluorescence can be continuously changed from blue-to-green and from blue-to-red upon selective light-induced isomerization of the photochromic acceptors to the fluorescent forms. Interestingly, isomerization of both acceptors to different degrees allows for the generation of all emission colors within the red-green-blue (RGB) color system. The function relies on orthogonally controlled FRET reactions between the blue emitting donor and the green and red emitting acceptors, respectively.
Local Josephson vortex generation and manipulation with a Magnetic Force Microscope
Authors: Dremov Viacheslav V. , Grebenchuk Sergey Yu. , Shishkin Andrey G. , Baranov Denis S. , Hovhannisyan Razmik A. , Skryabina Olga V. , Lebedev Nickolay , Golovchanskiy Igor A. , Chichkov Vladimir I. , Brun Christophe , Cren Tristan , Krasnov Vladimir M. , Golubov Alexander A. , Roditchev Dimitri , Stolyarov Vasily S.
Published: September 2019

Josephson vortices play an essential role in superconducting quantum electronics devices. Often seen as purely conceptual topological objects, 2π-phase singularities, their observation and manipulation are challenging. Here we show that in Superconductor—Normal metal—Superconductor lateral junctions Josephson vortices have a peculiar magnetic fingerprint that we reveal in Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) experiments. Based on this discovery, we demonstrate the possibility of the Josephson vortex generation and manipulation by the magnetic tip of a MFM, thus paving a way for the remote inspection and control of individual nano-components of superconducting quantum circuits.
Tuning high-Q nonlinear dynamics in a disordered quantum magnet
Authors: Silevitch D. M. , Tang C. , Aeppli G. , Rosenbaum T. F.
Published: September 2019

Quantum states cohere and interfere. Atoms arranged imperfectly in a solid rarely display these properties. Here we demonstrate an exception in a disordered quantum magnet that divides itself into nearly isolated subsystems. We probe these coherent spin clusters by driving the system nonlinearly and measuring the resulting hole in the linear spectral response. The Fano shape of the hole encodes the incoherent lifetime as well as coherent mixing of the localized excitations. For the Ising magnet LiHo0.045Y0.955F4, the quality factor Q for spectral holes can be as high as 100,000. We tune the dynamics by sweeping the Fano mixing parameter q through zero via the ac pump amplitude as well as a dc transverse field. The zero crossing of q is associated with a dissipationless response at the drive frequency. Identifying localized two-level systems in a dense and disordered magnet advances the search for qubit platforms emerging from strongly interacting, many-body systems.
PCP and Wnt pathway components act in parallel during zebrafish mechanosensory hair cell orientation
Authors: Navajas Acedo Joaquin , Voas Matthew G. , Alexander Richard , Woolley Thomas , Unruh Jay R. , Li Hua , Moens Cecilia , Piotrowski Tatjana
Published: September 2019

Planar cell polarity (PCP) plays crucial roles in developmental processes such as gastrulation, neural tube closure and hearing. Wnt pathway mutants are often classified as PCP mutants due to similarities between their phenotypes. Here, we show that in the zebrafish lateral line, disruptions of the PCP and Wnt pathways have differential effects on hair cell orientations. While mutations in the PCP genes vangl2 and scrib cause random orientations of hair cells, mutations in wnt11f1, gpc4 and fzd7a/b induce hair cells to adopt a concentric pattern. This concentric pattern is not caused by defects in PCP but is due to misaligned support cells. The molecular basis of the support cell defect is unknown but we demonstrate that the PCP and Wnt pathways work in parallel to establish proper hair cell orientation. Consequently, hair cell orientation defects are not solely explained by defects in PCP signaling, and some hair cell phenotypes warrant re-evaluation.
A high-performance oxygen evolution catalyst in neutral-pH for sunlight-driven CO2 reduction
Authors: Zhou Li Qin , Ling Chen , Zhou Hui , Wang Xiang , Liao Joseph , Reddy Gunugunuri K. , Deng Liangzi , Peck Torin C. , Zhang Ruigang , Whittingham M. Stanley , Wang Chongmin , Chu Ching-Wu , Yao Yan , Jia Hongfei
Published: September 2019

The efficiency of sunlight-driven reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2), a process mimicking the photosynthesis in nature that integrates the light harvester and electrolysis cell to convert CO2 into valuable chemicals, is greatly limited by the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution in pH-neutral conditions. Current non-noble metal oxide catalysts developed to drive oxygen evolution in alkaline solution have poor performance in neutral solutions. Here we report a highly active and stable oxygen evolution catalyst in neutral pH, Brownmillerite Sr2GaCoO5, with the specific activity about one order of magnitude higher than that of widely used iridium oxide catalyst. Using Sr2GaCoO5 to catalyze oxygen evolution, the integrated CO2 reduction achieves the average solar-to-CO efficiency of 13.9% with no appreciable performance degradation in 19 h of operation. Our results not only set a record for the efficiency in sunlight-driven CO2 reduction, but open new opportunities towards the realization of practical CO2 reduction systems.
Structural basis for activation of a diguanylate cyclase required for bacterial predation in Bdellovibrio
Authors: Meek Richard W. , Cadby Ian T. , Moynihan Patrick J. , Lovering Andrew L.
Published: September 2019

The bacterial second messenger cyclic-di-GMP is a widespread, prominent effector of lifestyle change. An example of this occurs in the predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, which cycles between free-living and intraperiplasmic phases after entering (and killing) another bacterium. The initiation of prey invasion is governed by DgcB (GGDEF enzyme) that produces cyclic-di-GMP in response to an unknown stimulus. Here, we report the structure of DgcB, and demonstrate that the GGDEF and sensory forkhead-associated (FHA) domains form an asymmetric dimer. Our structures indicate that the FHA domain is a consensus phosphopeptide sensor, and that the ligand for activation is surprisingly derived from the N-terminal region of DgcB itself. We confirm this hypothesis by determining the structure of a FHA:phosphopeptide complex, from which we design a constitutively-active mutant (confirmed via enzyme assays). Our results provide an understanding of the stimulus driving DgcB-mediated prey invasion and detail a unique mechanism of GGDEF enzyme regulation.
Neonicotinoid seed treatments of soybean provide negligible benefits to US farmers
Authors: Mourtzinis Spyridon , Krupke Christian H. , Esker Paul D. , Varenhorst Adam , Arneson Nicholas J. , Bradley Carl A. , Byrne Adam M. , Chilvers Martin I. , Giesler Loren J. , Herbert Ames , Kandel Yuba R. , Kazula Maciej J. , Hunt Catherine , Lindsey Laura E. , Malone Sean , Mueller Daren S. , Naeve Seth , Nafziger Emerson , Reisig Dominic D. , Ross William J. , Rossman Devon R. , Taylor Sally , Conley Shawn P.
Published: September 2019

Neonicotinoids are the most widely used insecticides worldwide and are typically deployed as seed treatments (hereafter NST) in many grain and oilseed crops, including soybeans. However, there is a surprising dearth of information regarding NST effectiveness in increasing soybean seed yield, and most published data suggest weak, or inconsistent yield benefit. The US is the key soybean-producing nation worldwide and this work includes soybean yield data from 194 randomized and replicated field studies conducted specifically to evaluate the effect of NSTs on soybean seed yield at sites within 14 states from 2006 through 2017. Here we show that across the principal soybean-growing region of the country, there are negligible and management-specific yield benefits attributed to NSTs. Across the entire region, the maximum observed yield benefits due to fungicide (FST = fungicide seed treatment) + neonicotinoid use (FST + NST) reached 0.13 Mg/ha. Across the entire region, combinations of management practices affected the effectiveness of FST + NST to increase yield but benefits were minimal ranging between 0.01 to 0.22 Mg/ha. Despite widespread use, this practice appears to have little benefit for most of soybean producers; across the entire region, a partial economic analysis further showed inconsistent evidence of a break-even cost of FST or FST + NST. These results demonstrate that the current widespread prophylactic use of NST in the key soybean-producing areas of the US should be re-evaluated by producers and regulators alike.
Critical Transitions in Intensive Care Units: A Sepsis Case Study
Authors: Ghalati Pejman F. , Samal Satya S. , Bhat Jayesh S. , Deisz Robert , Marx Gernot , Schuppert Andreas
Published: September 2019

The progression of complex human diseases is associated with critical transitions across dynamical regimes. These transitions often spawn early-warning signals and provide insights into the underlying disease-driving mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a computational method based on surprise loss (SL) to discover data-driven indicators of such transitions in a multivariate time series dataset of septic shock and non-sepsis patient cohorts (MIMIC-III database). The core idea of SL is to train a mathematical model on time series in an unsupervised fashion and to quantify the deterioration of the model’s forecast (out-of-sample) performance relative to its past (in-sample) performance. Considering the highest value of the moving average of SL as a critical transition, our retrospective analysis revealed that critical transitions occurred at a median of over 35 hours before the onset of septic shock, which suggests the applicability of our method as an early-warning indicator. Furthermore, we show that clinical variables at critical-transition regions are significantly different between septic shock and non-sepsis cohorts. Therefore, our paper contributes a critical-transition-based data-sampling strategy that can be utilized for further analysis, such as patient classification. Moreover, our method outperformed other indicators of critical transition in complex systems, such as temporal autocorrelation and variance.
Unveiling the multi-step solubilization mechanism of sub-micron size vesicles by detergents
Authors: Dalgarno Paul A. , Juan-Colás José , Hedley Gordon J. , Piñeiro Lucas , Novo Mercedes , Perez-Gonzalez Cibran , Samuel Ifor D. W. , Leake Mark C. , Johnson Steven , Al-Soufi Wajih , Penedo J. Carlos , Quinn Steven D.
Published: September 2019

The solubilization of membranes by detergents is critical for many technological applications and has become widely used in biochemistry research to induce cell rupture, extract cell constituents, and to purify, reconstitute and crystallize membrane proteins. The thermodynamic details of solubilization have been extensively investigated, but the kinetic aspects remain poorly understood. Here we used a combination of single-vesicle Förster resonance energy transfer (svFRET), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring to access the real-time kinetics and elementary solubilization steps of sub-micron sized vesicles, which are inaccessible by conventional diffraction-limited optical methods. Real-time injection of a non-ionic detergent, Triton X, induced biphasic solubilization kinetics of surface-immobilized vesicles labelled with the Dil/DiD FRET pair. The nanoscale sensitivity accessible by svFRET allowed us to unambiguously assign each kinetic step to distortions of the vesicle structure comprising an initial fast vesicle-swelling event followed by slow lipid loss and micellization. We expect the svFRET platform to be applicable beyond the sub-micron sizes studied here and become a unique tool to unravel the complex kinetics of detergent-lipid interactions.
Clinical, pathophysiologic, and genomic analysis of the outcomes of primary head and neck malignancy after pulmonary metastasectomy
Authors: Lu Hsueh-Ju , Hsieh Chih-Cheng , Yeh Chi-Chun , Yeh Yi-Chen , Wu Chun-Chi , Wang Feng-Sheng , Lai Jin-Mei , Yang Muh-Hwa , Wang Cheng-Hsu , Huang Chi-Ying F. , Chang Peter Mu-Hsin
Published: September 2019

The median overall survival (OS) of some head and neck malignancies, such as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with metastatic lesions was only 12 months. Whether aggressive pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) improves survival is controversial. Patients with primary head and neck malignancy undergoing PM were enrolled. Clinical outcomes were compared among different histological types. Whole-exome sequencing was used for matched pulmonary metastatic samples. The genes where genetic variants have been identified were sent for analysis by DAVID, IPA, and STRING. Forty-nine patients with primary head and neck malignancies were enrolled. Two-year postmetastasectomy survival (PMS) rates of adenoid cystic carcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and HNSCC were 100%, 88.2%, 71.4%, and 59.2%, respectively (P = 0.024). In HNSCC, the time to distant metastasis was an independent predictive factor of the efficacy of PM. Several pathways, such as branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) consumption, were significantly associated with the progression of HNSCC [P < 0.001, fold enrichment (FE) = 5.45]. Moreover, metabolism-associated signaling pathways also seemed to be involved in cancer metastasis. Histological types and time to distant metastasis were important factors influencing the clinical outcomes of PM. For HNSCC, metabolic-associated signaling pathways were significantly associated with tumor progression and distant metastasis. Future validations are warranted.
Disorder-aided pulse stabilization in dissipative synthetic photonic lattices
Authors: Derevyanko Stanislav
Published: September 2019

We consider a discrete time evolution of light in dissipative and disordered photonic lattice presenting a generalization of two popular non-Hermitian models in mathematical literature: Hatano-Nelson and random clock model and suggest a possible experimental implementation using coupled fiber loops. We show that if the model is treated as non-unitary Floquet operator rather than the effective Hamiltonian the combination of controlled photon loss and static phase disorder leads to pulse stabilization in the ring topology. We have also studied the topological invariant associated with the system and found additional evidence for the absence of Anderson transition.
Publisher Correction: Geometrical Perturbation Techniques and Approximate Analysis for Eigenmode Splitting and Shifting in Electromagnetic Planar Dual-Mode Resonators
Authors: Naji Adham , Warr Paul A.
Published: September 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Revealing biogeochemical signatures of Arctic landscapes with river chemistry
Authors: Shogren Arial J. , Zarnetske Jay P. , Abbott Benjamin W. , Iannucci Frances , Frei Rebecca J. , Griffin Natasha A. , Bowden William B.
Published: September 2019

Riverine fluxes of carbon and inorganic nutrients are increasing in virtually all large permafrost-affected rivers, indicating major shifts in Arctic landscapes. However, it is currently difficult to identify what is causing these changes in nutrient processing and flux because most long-term records of Arctic river chemistry are from small, headwater catchments draining <200 km2 or from large rivers draining >100,000 km2. The interactions of nutrient sources and sinks across these scales are what ultimately control solute flux to the Arctic Ocean. In this context, we performed spatially-distributed sampling of 120 subcatchments nested within three Arctic watersheds spanning alpine, tundra, and glacial-lake landscapes in Alaska. We found that the dominant spatial scales controlling organic carbon and major nutrient concentrations was 3–30 km2, indicating a continuum of diffuse and discrete sourcing and processing dynamics. These patterns were consistent seasonally, suggesting that relatively fine-scale landscape patches drive solute generation in this region of the Arctic. These network-scale empirical frameworks could guide and benchmark future Earth system models seeking to represent lateral and longitudinal solute transport in rapidly changing Arctic landscapes.
White matter microstructure mediates the association between physical fitness and cognition in healthy, young adults
Authors: Opel Nils , Martin Stella , Meinert Susanne , Redlich Ronny , Enneking Verena , Richter Maike , Goltermann Janik , Johnen Andreas , Dannlowski Udo , Repple Jonathan
Published: September 2019

We aimed to extend our knowledge on the relationship between physical fitness (PF) and both white matter microstructure and cognition through in-depth investigation of various cognitive domains while accounting for potentially relevant nuisance covariates in a well-powered sample. To this end, associations between walking endurance, diffusion-tensor-imaging (DTI) based measures of fractional anisotropy (FA) within brain white matter and cognitive measures included in the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery were investigated in a sample of n = 1206 healthy, young adults (mean age = 28.8; 45.5% male) as part of the human connectome project. Higher levels of endurance were associated with widespread higher FA (pFWE < 0.05) as well as with enhanced global cognitive function (p < 0.001). Significant positive relationships between endurance and cognitive performance were similarly found for almost all cognitive domains. Higher FA was significantly associated with enhanced global cognitive function (p < 0.001) and FA was shown to significantly mediate the association between walking endurance and cognitive performance. Inclusion of potentially relevant nuisance covariates including gender, age, education, BMI, HBA1c, and arterial blood pressure did not change the overall pattern of results. These findings support the notion of a beneficial and potentially protective effect of PF on brain structure and cognition.
Author Correction: Comparative mode of action of the antimicrobial peptide melimine and its derivative Mel4 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Yasir Muhammad , Dutta Debarun , Willcox Mark D. P.
Published: September 2019

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Mosaicism of XX and XXY cells accounts for high copy number of Toll like Receptor 7 and 8 genes in peripheral blood of men with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Martin Gabriel V. , Kanaan Sami B. , Hemon Marie F. , Azzouz Doua F. , El Haddad Marina , Balandraud Nathalie , Mignon-Ravix Cécile , Picard Christophe , Arnoux Fanny , Martin Marielle , Roudier Jean , Auger Isabelle , Lambert Nathalie C.
Published: September 2019

The X chromosome, hemizygous in males, contains numerous genes important to immunological and hormonal function. Alterations in X-linked gene dosage are suspected to contribute to female predominance in autoimmunity. A powerful example of X-linked dosage involvement comes from theBXSBmurine lupus model, where the duplication of the X-linkedToll-Like Receptor 7(Tlr7)gene aggravates autoimmunity in male mice. Such alterations are possible in men with autoimmune diseases. Here we showed that a quarter to a third of men with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) had significantly increased copy numbers (CN) ofTLR7gene and its paralogTLR8. Patients with high CN had an upregulated pro-inflammatory JNK/p38 signaling pathway. By fluorescencein situhybridization, we further demonstrated that the increase in X-linked genes CN was due to the presence of an extra X chromosome in some cells. Men with RA had a significant cellular mosaicism of female (46,XX) and/or Klinefelter (47,XXY) cells among male (46,XY) cells, reaching up to 1.4% in peripheral blood. Our results present a new potential trigger for RA in men and opens a new field of investigation particularly relevant for gender-biased autoimmune diseases.
Survival rate and Outcome of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for treatment of acute cardiorespiratory failure in trauma patients
Authors: Lang Nikolaus W. , Schwihla Ines , Weihs Valerie , Kasparek Maximilian , Joestl Julian , Hajdu Stefan , Sarahrudi Kambiz
Published: September 2019

Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) remains the last option for cardiorespiratory stabilization of severe traumatic injured patients. Currently limited data are available and therefore, the current study assessed the survival rate and outcome of ECLS in a Level I trauma center. Between 2002 and 2016, 18 patients (7 females, 11 males) with an median age of 29.5 IQR 23.5 (range 1–64) years were treated with ECLS due to acute traumatic cardiorespiratory failure. Trauma mechanism, survival rate, ISS, SOFA, GCS, GOS, CPC, time to ECLS, hospital- and ICU stay, surgical interventions, complications and infections were retrospectively assessed. Veno-arterial ECLS was applied in 15 cases (83.3%) and veno-venous ECLS in 3 cases (16.6%). Survivors were significant younger than non-survivors (p = 0.0289) and had a lower ISS (23.5 (IQR 22.75) vs 38.5 (IQR 16.5), p = n.s.). The median time to ECLS cannulation was 2 (IQR 0,25) hours in survivors 2 (IQR 4) in non-survivors. Average GCS was 3 (IQR 9.25) at admission. Six patients (33.3%) survived and had a satisfying neurological outcome with a mean GOS of 5 (IQR 0.25) (p = n.s.). ECLS is a valuable treatment in severe injured patients with traumatic cardiorespiratory failure and improves survival with good neurological outcome. Younger patients and patients with a lower ISS are associated with a higher survival rate. Consideration of earlier cannulation in traumatic cardiorespiratory failure might be beneficial to improve survival.
Impact of Intermittent Hypoxia on Sepsis Outcomes in a Murine Model
Authors: Chou Kun-Ta , Cheng Shih-Chin , Huang Shiang-Fen , Perng Diahn-Warng , Chang Shi-Chuan , Chen Yuh-Min , Hsu Han-Shui , Hung Shih-Chieh
Published: September 2019

Sleep apnea has been associated with a variety of diseases, but its impact on sepsis outcome remains unclear. This study investigated the effect of intermittent hypoxia [IH]–the principal feature of sleep apnea–on murine sepsis. 5-week-old male C57BL6 mice were assigned to groups receiving severe IH (O2 fluctuating from room air to an O2 nadir of 5.7% with a cycle length of 90 seconds), mild IH (room air to 12%, 4 minutes/cycle), or room air for 3 weeks. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture and survival was monitored. Sepsis severity was evaluated by murine sepsis scores, blood bacterial load, plasma tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]/interleukin-6 [IL-6] levels and histopathology of vital organs. Compared with normoxic controls, mice subjected to severe IH had earlier mortality, a lower leukocyte count, higher blood bacterial load, higher plasma TNF-α and IL-6 levels, more severe inflammatory changes in the lung, spleen and small intestine. Mice subjected to mild IH did not differ from normoxic controls, except a higher IL-6 level after sepsis induced. The adverse impact of severe IH was reversed following a 10-day normoxic recovery. In conclusion, severe IH, not mild IH, contributed to poorer outcomes in a murine sepsis model.
Immunometabolic modulation of retinal inflammation by CD36 ligand
Authors: Mellal Katia , Omri Samy , Mulumba Mukandila , Tahiri Houda , Fortin Carl , Dorion Marie-France , Pham Hung , Garcia Ramos Yesica , Zhang Jinqiang , Pundir Sheetal , Joyal Jean-Sébastien , Bouchard Jean-François , Sennlaub Florian , Febbraio Maria , Hardy Pierre , Gravel Simon-Pierre , Marleau Sylvie , Lubell William D. , Chemtob Sylvain , Ong Huy
Published: September 2019

In subretinal inflammation, activated mononuclear phagocytes (MP) play a key role in the progression of retinopathies. Little is known about the mechanism involved in the loss of photoreceptors leading to vision impairment. Studying retinal damage induced by photo-oxidative stress, we observed that cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36)-deficient mice featured less subretinal MP accumulation and attenuated photoreceptor degeneration. Moreover, treatment with a CD36-selective azapeptide ligand (MPE-001) reduced subretinal activated MP accumulation in wild type mice and preserved photoreceptor layers and function as assessed by electroretinography in a CD36-dependent manner. The azapeptide modulated the transcriptome of subretinal activated MP by reducing pro-inflammatory markers. In isolated MP, MPE-001 induced dissociation of the CD36-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) oligomeric complex, decreasing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. In addition, MPE-001 caused an aerobic metabolic shift in activated MP, involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activation, which in turn mitigated inflammation. Accordingly, PPAR-γ inhibition blocked the cytoprotective effect of MPE-001 on photoreceptor apoptosis elicited by activated MP. By altering activated MP metabolism, MPE-001 decreased immune responses to alleviate subsequent inflammation-dependent neuronal injury characteristic of various vision-threatening retinal disorders.
Dichoptic vision in the absence of attention: neither fusion nor rivalry
Authors: Qian Cheng Stella , Ling Sam , Brascamp Jan W.
Published: September 2019

When the two eyes’ processing streams meet in visual cortex, two things can happen: sufficiently similar monocular inputs are combined into a fused representation, whereas markedly different inputs engage in rivalry. Interestingly, the emergence of rivalry appears to require attention. Withdrawing attention causes the alternating monocular dominance that characterizes rivalry to cease, apparently allowing both monocular signals to be processed simultaneously. What happens to these signals in this case, however, remains something of a mystery; are they fused into an integrated representation? In a set of experiments, we show this not to be the case: visual aftereffects are consistent with the simultaneous yet separate presence of two segregated monocular representations, rather than a joint representation. These results provide evidence that dichoptic vision without attention prompts a third and previously unknown mode, where both eyes’ inputs receive equal processing, but escape interocular fusion.