bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Star Formation Rate in the Gravoturbulent Interstellar Medium
Authors: Burkhart Blakesley
Published: August 2018

Stars form in supersonic turbulent molecular clouds that are self-gravitating. We present an analytic determination of the star formation rate (SFR) in a gravoturbulent medium based on the density probability distribution function of molecular clouds having a piecewise lognormal (LN) and power-law (PL) form. This is in contrast to previous analytic SFR models that are governed primarily by interstellar turbulence, which sets purely LN density probability distribution functions (PDFs). In the gravoturbulent SFR model described herein, low-density gas resides in the LN portion of the PDF. Gas becomes gravitationally unstable past a critical density (ρ
crit), and the PDF begins to form a PL. As the collapse of the cloud proceeds, the transitional density (ρ

t
) between the LN and PL portions of the PDF moves toward lower density while the slope of the PL (α) becomes increasingly shallow. The SFR per free-fall time is calculated via an integral over the LN from ρ
crit to ρ

t
and an integral over the PL from ρ

t
to the maximum density. As α becomes shallower, the SFR accelerates beyond the expected values calculated from an LN density PDF. We show that the star formation efficiency per free-fall time in observations of local molecular clouds increases with shallower PDF PL slopes, in agreement with our model. Our model can explain why star formation is spatially and temporally variable within a cloud and why the depletion times observed in local and extragalactic giant molecular clouds vary. Both star-bursting and quiescent star-forming systems can be explained without the need to invoke extreme variations of turbulence in the local interstellar environment.
A Fundamental Line of Black Hole Activity
Authors: Daly Ruth A. , Stout Douglas A. , Mysliwiec Jeremy N.
Published: August 2018

Black hole systems with outflows are characterized by intrinsic physical quantities such as the outflow beam power, L

j
, the bolometric accretion disk luminosity, L
bol, and black hole mass or Eddington luminosity, L
Edd. When these systems produce compact radio emission and X-ray emission, they can be placed on the fundamental plane (FP), an empirical relationship between compact radio luminosity, X-ray luminosity, and black hole mass. We consider a fundamental line (FL) of black hole activity written in terms of dimensionless intrinsic physical quantities: log(L

j
/L
Edd) = A log(L
bol/L
Edd) + B or equivalently log(L

j
/L
bol) = (A − 1) log(L
bol/L
Edd) + B, and show that the FP may be written in the form of the FL. The FL has a smaller dispersion than the FP, suggesting the FP derives from the FL. Disk-dominated and jet-dominated systems have consistent best-fit FL parameters that suggest they are governed by the same physics. There are sharp cutoffs at L
bol/L
Edd ≃ 1 and L

j
/L
Edd ≃ 0.2, and no indication of a strong break as

. Consistent values of A are obtained for numerous samples, including FRII sources, LINERS, AGNs with compact radio emission, and Galactic black holes, which indicate a weighted mean value of A ≃ 0.45 ± 0.01. The results suggest that a common physical mechanism related to the dimensionless bolometric luminosity of the disk controls the jet power relative to the disk power. The beam power L

j
can be obtained by combining FP best-fit parameters and compact radio luminosity for sources that fall on the FP.
How Many Active Regions Are Necessary to Predict the Solar Dipole Moment?
Authors: Whitbread T. , Yeates A. R. , Muñoz-Jaramillo A.
Published: August 2018

We test recent claims that the polar field at the end of Cycle 23 was weakened by a small number of large, abnormally oriented regions, and investigate what this means for solar cycle prediction. We isolate the contribution of individual regions from magnetograms for Cycles 21, 22, and 23 using a 2D surface flux transport model, and find that although the top ∼10% of contributors tend to define sudden large variations in the axial dipole moment, the cumulative contribution of many weaker regions cannot be ignored. To recreate the axial dipole moment to a reasonable degree, many more regions are required in Cycle 23 than in Cycles 21 and 22 when ordered by contribution. We suggest that the negative contribution of the most significant regions of Cycle 23 could indeed be a cause of the weak polar field at the following cycle minimum and the low-amplitude Cycle 24. We also examine the relationship between a region’s axial dipole moment contribution and its emergence latitude, flux, and initial axial dipole moment. We find that once the initial dipole moment of a given region has been measured, we can predict the long-term dipole moment contribution using emergence latitude alone.
A Projected Estimate of the Reionization Optical Depth Using the CLASS Experiment’s Sample Variance Limited E-mode Measurement
Authors: Watts Duncan J. , Wang 王冰 Bingjie 洁 , Ali Aamir , Appel John W. , Bennett Charles L. , Chuss David T. , Dahal सुमित दाहाल Sumit , Eimer Joseph R. , Essinger-Hileman Thomas , Harrington Kathleen , Hinshaw Gary , Iuliano Jeffrey , Marriage Tobias A. , Miller Nathan J. , Padilla Ivan L. , Parker Lucas , Petroff Matthew , Rostem Karwan , Wollack Edward J. , Xu 徐智 Zhilei 磊
Published: August 2018

We analyze simulated maps of the Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) experiment and recover a nearly cosmic variance limited estimate of the reionization optical depth τ. We use a power spectrum-based likelihood to simultaneously clean foregrounds and estimate cosmological parameters in multipole space. Using software specifically designed to constrain τ, the amplitude of scalar fluctuations A

s
, and the tensor-to-scalar ratio r, we demonstrate that the CLASS experiment will be able to estimate τ within a factor of two of the cosmic variance limit allowed by full-sky cosmic microwave background polarization measurements. Additionally, we discuss the role of CLASS’s τ constraint in conjunction with gravitational lensing of the CMB on obtaining a ≳4σ measurement of the sum of the neutrino masses.
HD 4915: A Maunder Minimum Candidate
Authors: Shah Shivani P. , Wright Jason T. , Isaacson Howard , Howard Andrew W. , Curtis Jason L.
Published: August 2018

We study the magnetic activity cycle of HD 4915 using the Ca ii HK emission line strengths measured by Keck I/High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) spectrograph. The star has been observed as a part of California Planet Search Program from 2006 to present. We note decreasing amplitude in the magnetic activity cycle, a pattern suggesting the star’s entry into a Magnetic Grand Minimum state, reminiscent of the Sun’s Maunder and Dalton Minima. We recommend further monitoring of the star to confirm the grand minimum nature of the dynamo, which would provide insight into the state of the Sun’s chromosphere and the global magnetic field during its grand minima. We also recommend continued observations of HK emission lines, and ground- or space-based photometric observations to estimate the sunspot coverage.
Stellar Binaries Incident on Supermassive Black Hole Binaries: Implications for Double Tidal Disruption Events, Calcium-rich Transients, and Hypervelocity Stars
Authors: Coughlin Eric R. , Darbha Siva , Kasen Daniel , Quataert Eliot
Published: August 2018

We analyze the outcome of the interaction between a stellar binary and a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) by performing a large number of gravitational scattering experiments. Most of the encounters result in either the ejection of an intact binary or the ejection of two individual stars following the tidal breakup of the binary. However, tidal disruption events (TDEs) and mergers constitute a few percent of the outcomes, and double temporally distinct TDEs (i.e., separated by at least one orbit of the SMBHB) occur at the percent level. We also demonstrate that the properties of the ejected binaries are significantly altered through the interaction with the SMBHB, and their large eccentricities increase the merger rate and could lead to gravitational-wave inspirals far from the nucleus of the host galaxy. We discuss our results in the context of observed tidal disruption events, hypervelocity stars, and remote supernovae, such as calcium-rich transients.
If Only They Could Speak
Authors: Wehi Priscilla
Published: August 2018

As a child, I loved exhibits at the museum. As an adult conservation biologist, entering the back rooms of the museum to view the collections is even more remarkable. I have begun to realise the scope of what might be held in museum collections, and to consider what these specimens, artefacts, taonga (treasure) might tell us. Using examples from my work on insects, birds and kahukurii (dogskin cloaks), and analyses from morphometrics to isotopes, I will show how sampling from museum collections can add layers of richness and complexity to research, with the added dimensions of space, time, and connection to communities. Finally, I’ll discuss some of the ethics and understandings that guide my work with museum collections, and what it means to be part of collaborative partnerships of discovery with museum curators and communities.
23rd International Colloquium on Animal Cytogenetics and Genomics (23 ICACG) June 9–12, 2018, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Authors: Galkina Svetlana , Vishnevskaya Maria
Published: August 2018

In memory of Ingemar Gustavsson

23rd International Colloquium on Animal Cytogenetics and Genomics (23 ICACG) took place in June 9–12, 2018 in Saint-Petersburg, Russia. Organized biennially, the Colloquium runs from 1970. From its very start this meeting is associated with the name of Ingemar Gustavsson to whom we dedicated the Colloquium 2018. The long and productive career of Ingemar Gustavsson had focused on chromosomes and their fundamental role in animal physiology, fertility, health and production in the context of agriculture and veterinary medicine. His meticulous analysis of breeding data performed back in 1964–69 resulted in the unequivocal identification of an association between heterozygosity for the 1/29 translocation in Swedish cattle and reduction in the fertility of the breed. Eventually, the argument in favor of selective elimination of bulls carrying the translocation from the breeding programs prevailed and the field of modern veterinary cytogenetics was established.

Participants from fourteen different countries attended the 23 ICACG in Russia, the country having long lasting traditions in cytogenetics and the Scientific schools of N.K. Koltzov, S.S. Chetverikov and A.S. Serebrovsky, geneticists who made important conceptual contributions to studies of chromosomes and genes, population genetics and evolutionary theory as early as in the beginning of the XX-th century.

All the abstracts received were subdivided between plenary and seven scientific sessions covering the issues in evolutionary and comparative cytogenetics, cytogenetics and genomes of domestic animals, meiosis studies, particular chromosome analyses, clinical cytogenetics, karyotypes and genomes of vertebrate and invertebrate animals, chromatin studies. In the abstract text below each presentation is marked with a capital letter: „L” stands for lectures, „O” for oral presentations and „P” for poster presentations.

We gratefully acknowledge the support from the Saint-Petersburg Association of Scientists and Scholars (SPbSU), Veterinary Genetics Center ZOOGEN, Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR), VEUK, Helicon, Axioma BIO, BioVitrum, Sartorius, DIA-M companies.

The current collected abstracts comprise written contributions of the presentations during the 23 ICACG and were edited by Svetlana Galkina and Maria Vishnevskaya.

The next Colloquium – 24 ICACG – will be held at the University of Kent in Canterbury (UK) in 2020.

Please, cite abstracts as follows:

Gall JG (2018) Giant chromosomes and deep sequences: what the amphibian egg tells us about transcription. In: Galkina SA, Vishnevskaya MS, Mikhailova EI (Eds) 23rd Inernational Colloquium on Animal Cytogenetics and Genomics (23rdICACG), June 9–12, 2018, St Petersburg, Russia. Comparative Cytogenetics 12(3): p–p. https://doi.org/10.3897/CompCytogen.v12i3.27748
New record of Epistylis hentscheli (Ciliophora, Peritrichia) as an epibiont of Procambarus (Austrocambarus) sp. (Crustacea, Decapoda) in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Ramírez-Ballesteros Mireya , Fernandez-Leborans Gregorio , Mayén-Estrada Rosaura
Published: August 2018

Epibiosis is very common between crustaceans and ciliates where the calcified surface of the crustacean body provides a suitable substrate for ciliate colonization. The aim of this contribution is to provide data about a new record between the epistylid ciliate Epistylishentscheli Kahl, 1935, and the crayfish Procambarus (Austrocambarus) sp. The distribution of the epistylid on the basibiont body and its cellular/colonial characteristics were analyzed. Procambarus (Austrocambarus) sp. harbored colonies of E.hentscheli only on the pereiopods. This is the first record of this peritrich ciliate as an epibiont on Crustacea, having been previously found on algae and fish.
Normative Data on Foveal Avascular Zone Dimensions in Four Macular Vascular Layers
Authors: Schwartz Roy , Bagchi Akanksha , Dubis Adam , Hykin Philip , Sivaprasad Sobha
Published: August 2018

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

To provide normative data on the size of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in the four histological retinal vascular layers as measured using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and evaluate interobserver variability.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

Two graders measured the FAZ area in each layer (nerve fiber layer [NFL], ganglion cell layer [GCL], inner plexiform layer to inner nuclear layer [INL], and INL to outer plexiform layer), as well as the superficial and deep capillary plexuses.

RESULTS:

Forty-seven eyes of 25 subjects were included. The FAZ was not clearly delineated in the NFL or GCL layers. There was high agreement between measurements of the FAZ area of the different layers. Inter- and intraobserver agreements were high.

CONCLUSION:

This is the first study to measure FAZ size across the retina. There was a high correlation between FAZ sizes among the different layers on OCTA.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2018;49:580–586.]
Late ROP Reactivation and Retinal Detachment in a Teenager
Authors: Golas Liliya , Shapiro Michael J. , Blair Michael P.
Published: August 2018

Exudative and tractional retinal detachments have been reported as late sequelae of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). The authors report a case of unilateral retinal detachment in a 19-year-old patient with history of peripheral ablation for ROP in the contralateral eye. This late reactivation is likely due to persistent avascular retina producing constant low levels of vascular endothelial growth factor. Therefore, close follow-up and ablation of peripheral avascular retina should be considered in patients with ROP, regardless of treatment history, to decrease lifelong risk of severe complications, including retinal detachment decades later.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2018;49:625–628.]
Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy Phenotype in Behçet's Disease
Authors: Hernanz Inés , Horton Sarah , Burke Tomas R. , Guly Catherine M. , Carreño Ester
Published: August 2018

Acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) is a rare disease, the etiology of which remains unclear. An ischemic event at the level of the deep capillary plexus has been proposed. The authors present three cases of AMN in the context of active systemic Behçet's disease, with the support of multimodal imaging. All patients were known to have Behçet's disease before the diagnosis of AMN. AMN was confirmed in all three cases on spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), near infrared reflectance and OCT angiography. Behçet's disease is known to be a prothrombotic disease. The presentation of AMN in this context supports the presumed ischemic etiology of AMN.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2018;49:634–638.]
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography for Evaluation of Sattler's Layer in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease
Authors: Wintergerst Maximilian W. M. , Herrmann Philipp , Finger Robert P.
Published: August 2018

The authors report a case of acute Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome with massively impaired perfusion in the Sattler's layer on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). The hypoperfusion fully resolved during a period of 4 weeks and correlated well with hypofluorescent spots on indocyanine green angiography. This is the first time reduced perfusion in Sattler's layer has been observed on OCTA. This finding may aid further understanding of the pathology underlying VKH syndrome and indicates that evaluation of deeper choroidal layers like Sattler's layer may be of importance for disease monitoring and predicting prognosis in choroidal diseases.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2018;49:639–642.]
Biopsy of a Choroidal Melanoma Using Transvitreal Pars Plana Vitrectomy
Authors: Tang Peter H. , Shields Ryan A. , Mruthyunjaya Prithvi , Schefler Amy C.
Published: August 2018

Determining when a previously benign choroidal nevi becomes malignant can be challenging, as traditional biopsy methods are often invasive and can lead to secondary complications such as endophthalmitis and vitreous hemorrhage. Using a transvitreal approach with the 27-gauge vitrectomy system provides several advantages, including direct visualization, theoretically lower risk of inadvertent seeding, and collection of a larger sample size. In this video, the authors present their technique for transvitreal biopsy of choroidal lesions using the 27-gauge vitreous cutter.
Active and Mass Shootings
Authors: Hardin Kelli Christine
Published: August 2018

Serving as an introduction to the book, this chapter reviews the literature and statistics about active and mass shootings. It provides a broad overview of the research on specific causes, occurrences, and responses to large-scale violence in the United States. Though there are clear demographic and biographical patterns among the shooters, more research is necessary, as monocausal, singular approaches fall short in terms of prediction and prevention. Additionally, while police responses have evolved and training for violent events has become more commonplace, there is a clear need for more nuanced research and evaluation on best practices to minimize casualties and prevent these events from occurring.
Media Salience and Mass Murder
Authors: Schildkraut Jaclyn , Muschert Glenn W.
Published: August 2018

Mass shootings in the United States continue to be a cause for national concern both for the public and politicians alike. A key component in this pervasive discourse is the news media, which, since most people never will directly experience a mass shooting or other episodic violent crime, acts as the main source for information about these and other crime events. The present study analyzes the media coverage and framing patterns of 12 years of public mass shootings following the 1999 attack at Columbine High School. A two-dimensional analytic model is used to examine framing at both the spatial and temporal levels. The findings indicate that while the framing across the time dimension remains consistent with previous research, the use of the space frames departs from previous research, indicating a shift in the coverage. These findings and their associated implications for policy responses to mass shootings also are considered.
Fuzzy Logic Approach for Material Selection in Mechanical Engineering Design
Authors: Faisal Nadeem , Roy Apurba Kumar , Kumar Kaushik
Published: August 2018

The selection of materials for a product in mechanical design holds a great importance as the selection of a specific material can impact the success or failure of the product. There are lot of methods and approaches that are available for material selection process, but majority of them work well with only material properties dealing in quantitatively measured properties. With so much amount of material being developed and researched each and every day, the selection of an optimum material has become a fuzzy characteristic. In this chapter, a simplified fuzzy logic is used as a simple, easy and effective method for choosing an optimum material in mechanical design problems. An illustration is carried out when the fuzzy logic is applied to the selection of material for aircraft wing's spar and how an optimum material is achieved.
Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Approach Based on Moderator Intuitionistic Fuzzy Hybrid Aggregation Operators
Authors: Joshi Bhagawati Prasad , Singh Akhilesh
Published: August 2018

It has been seen in literature that the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) is very powerful tool to deal with real life problems under the environment of uncertainty. This notion of IFSs favours the intermingling of the uncertainty index in membership functions. The uncertainty index is basically generated from a lot of parameters such as lack of awareness, historical information, situation, short of standard terminologies, etc. Hence, the uncertainty index appended finding the membership grade under IFSs needs additional enhancement. Then, the concept of a moderator intuitionistic fuzzy set (MIFS) is defined by adding a parameter in the IFSs environment to make the uncertain behaviour more accurate. In this chapter, some new moderator intuitionistic fuzzy hybrid aggregation operators are presented on the basis of averaging and geometric point of views to aggregate moderator intuitionistic fuzzy information. Then, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach is provided and successfully implemented to real-life problems of candidate selection.
New Einstein Hybrid Aggregation Operators for Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets and Applications in Multi-Criteria Decision-Making
Authors: Joshi Bhagawati Prasad , Kumar Abhay
Published: August 2018

The fusion of multidimensional intuitionistic fuzzy information plays an important part in decision making processes under an intuitionistic fuzzy environment. In this chapter, it is observed that existing intuitionistic fuzzy Einstein hybrid aggregation operators do not follow the idempotency and boundedness. This leads to sometimes illogical and even absurd results to the decision maker. Hence, some new intuitionistic fuzzy Einstein hybrid aggregation operators such as the new intuitionistic fuzzy Einstein hybrid weighted averaging (IFEHWA) and the new intuitionistic fuzzy Einstein hybrid weighted geometric (IFEHWG) were developed. The new IFEHWA and IFEHWG operators can weigh the arguments as well as their ordered positions the same as the intuitionistic fuzzy Einstein hybrid aggregation operators do. Further, it is validated that the defined operators are idempotent, bounded, monotonic and commutative. Then, based on the developed approach, a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) procedure is given. Finally, a numerical example is conducted to demonstrate the proposed method effectively.
Application of Renewable Energy System With Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Singh Sweta , Zindani Divya , Roy Apurba Kumar , Kumar Kaushik
Published: August 2018

There has been rapid surge in energy consumption owing to the industrialization and the growing population. There has been a shift from agrarian economy to the industrial economy. This transformation has led to increased energy consumption in tandem with the emissions associated with it. Thus, the energy consumption has led to environmental concerns. Therefore, the planning and modeling of energy resources has become critical to economic growth and should be efficiently done for securing the health of the environment as well. Looking at the importance of modeling and planning, the present chapter is an attempt to explore the fuzzy based models used for the renewable systems and in particular the wind energy systems. It has been found that the fuzzy based models have been used extensively for installation of wind farms, for optimization of the parameters related to wind systems and for the site selection of the different wind energy farms.
Heart-Based Teaching
Authors: Pedigo Timothy W. , Howell Glenna Lambert
Published: August 2018

Heart-Based Teaching, a mindfulness training program embedded in the professional education curriculum of preservice teacher candidates, is described. Heart-Based Teaching prepares teacher candidates to model and teach mindfulness to help their future students achieve social emotional goals as well as to enhance the teacher candidates' own social emotional competencies. Theoretical and research bases of the program as well as specific elements of implementation are included: structure of the two required courses, mini-lecture/discussion topics of each class session, assignments, assessments, and rubrics. Some initial qualitative data that contributed to program development are presented, and parameters of an ongoing robust quantitative study are described. Heart-Based Teaching is presented as a replicable model for other teacher education programs.
Evaluating E-Assessment
Authors: Azevedo José , Beites Patrícia Damas , Oliveira Ema Patrícia
Published: August 2018

Assessment is an important phase of the teaching and learning processes. Assessment generates a big amount of data, which in the case of summative assessment is in the form of students' grades. In e-assessment application, these grades are easily collected and stored. The analysis of the grades is very important to directly evaluate e-assessment and thus indirectly evaluate the teaching and learning processes. This chapter presents a practical example of analysis of grades obtained during an e-assessment process implementation using statistical methods. Important tips on how to correctly use these statistical methods are presented throughout the chapter. The analysis concerns seven years, and a positive evolution of the grades is verified.
Combining the Overlay Model and Bayesian Networks to Determine Learning Styles in AHES
Authors: Tadlaoui Mouenis Anouar , Carvalho Rommel Novaes , Khaldi Mohamed
Published: August 2018

First of all, it is important to note that the work presented here lies within the modeling part of the learner in an adaptive educational system construed as computational modeling of the learner. Modeling the learner in adaptive systems involves different information such as knowledge of the domain, the performance of the learning goals, background, learning styles, etc. Although there are several methods to manage the learner model, like the stereotype model or learner profiles, they do not handle the uncertainty in the dynamic modeling of the learner. The main hypothesis of this work is to show the link between the structure of the learner model and especially the characteristics of a learning profile and the learning style of a learning situation. This chapter shows how the combination of these two approaches to learner modeling can address the dynamic aspect of the problem in the modeling of the learner.
Staff Reflections on Using E-Assessment Feedback in the Digital Age
Authors: Helfaya Akrum , O'Neill James
Published: August 2018

Assessment and feedback represent two of the key elements that affect students' learning. Using e-assessment with productive and instant e-feedback reduces the gap between current and preferred performance of the new generation of digital students. Action research methodology was used to investigate staff perception of using e-assessment feedback in the teaching and learning process. To achieve this aim, a survey was administered to 48 full-time academics to collect data about their perceptions of using e-assessment and/or e-feedback to assess their students' performance. And then seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with the staff. Findings from staff survey and interviews show that the teaching staff is generally in agreement with the use of and benefits of e-assessment and/or e-feedback in teaching business and management modules. Using technology, therefore, can provide an avenue for innovative assessment and prompt feedback methods that meet the needs of the digital students in the digital age in an efficient and effective manner.
Fault Diagnosis of Induction Motors Using Motor Current Signature Analysis
Authors: Geethanjali Muthiah , Ramadoss Hemavathi
Published: August 2018

Induction motors are termed as horses of modern industry because they are playing a vital role in industries. They are simple, efficient, robust, rugged, and highly reliable. The feasibility of mishap in induction motors is less, but they are prone to faults, which are left unobserved most of the time. Hence, more attention has been paid to detection and diagnosis of incipient faults to prevent damage spreading and increase the lifetime of the motor. To detect and diagnose the faults, online condition monitoring of the machine has been utilized in a wide manner. At present, focus is made on optimization procedures for fault diagnosis in induction motors to obtain a quick assessment at industry level. This chapter discloses an overview of various types of possible faults in induction motors. In addition, the conventional (invasive) and innovative techniques (noninvasive), especially motor current signature analysis (MCSA), techniques for fault detection and diagnosis in induction machines are covered with a focus on future research.
A Mobile Augmented Reality System for Enhancing Electrical Machine Supervision
Authors: Gimeno Jesús , Casas Sergio , Portalés Cristina
Published: August 2018

Electrical machines are used almost everywhere, and our daily life depends on them. For this reason, it is important to articulate mechanisms to control, supervise, and perform proper maintenance of these machines, especially those used in critical industrial process. The SCADA protocol is one of the technologies that eases the operation and supervision of electrical machines. However, the absence of a spatial connection between the SCADA signals and the machines being supervised suggests the use of augmented reality (AR) to fill this void. This chapter describes SIMARA: A Mobile AR application based on a dual computer-vision system (QR-codes and fiducial markers). SIMARA provides a robust client application for the integration of AR and SCADA signals by means of virtual panels shown on top of real SCADA machines. An authoring tool is also provided in order for users to customize the application to their particular needs, allowing to create, by means of web services, customized virtual panels, and links between SCADA signals and the virtual information shown in the AR application.
Types of Faults and Condition Monitoring Methods of Induction Motors
Authors: Maheswari M.  , Gunasekharan S
Published: August 2018

Induction motors are the electromechanical devices used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and work under the principle of mutual inductance. They have stator and rotor as two major parts. They run at constant speed when the supply voltage and frequency are constant and are suited for constant speed drives. They have rugged construction but working environment causes different faults. As per IEEE and EPRI study on induction motor faults, bearing fault and stator faults are 46% and 36%, respectively. The broad categories of the fault are stator winding fault, broken rotor fault, rotor mass unbalance fault, bowed rotor faults, single phasing fault, bearing fault, and crawling. Unbalanced stator voltage and current, oscillations in torque, drop in efficiency and torque, overheating and unwarranted vibration are the effects of these faults. Undetected faults cause complete failure of motor and it is costly in terms of lost production time, maintenance cost, and wasted raw materials.
Sensor and Its Application
Authors: Rahman Saifur , Alwadie Abdullah S. , Saeed S. Hasan , Khan Faizan A.
Published: August 2018

Electronic nose systems are used to deliver a pattern response to a listed odor, and pattern recognition software is used to perform odor recognition and discrimination by using a series of sensors. The method of electronic noses generally includes time taking measurements in a non-standard test and error process. The sensory panel problem can be solved by electronic nose. For this purpose, a sensor model is used to design sensor array. The generated signal of these sensor array is used further to classify a mixture of two gases using principle component analysis (PCA)-based classification analysis. During classification, the efficiency of PCA classification has been checked over the different signal preprocessing technique. Continuous real monitoring of odor is done at specific sites in the field over hours, days, weeks, or even months. An electronic machine can also avoid many other troubles linked with the employ of human panels. Each and every variability, adaptation (becoming minimum sensitive during extended exposure), and revelation to hazardous compounds all come to mind.
Strategy for Data: Open it or Hack it?
Authors: Herala Antti , Kokkola Juho , Kasurinen Jussi , Vanhala Erno
Published: August 2018

The open data ventures can be summarized in a way that companies are reluctant to share their data with anyone, whereas governments open their data for citizens, institutions, and businesses as much as they can. However, this principle is changing, since there is added value in the digital information and datasets the companies possess and they are slowly understanding the value of crowdsourcing. In order to engage external experts, companies are reluctant to open their data, but they are interested in hosting hackathons. Hackathons are seen as a valuable direction to engage developers with private data. In this article, we observed and analyzed different industry cases for strategies and opinions on how and why organizations arrange hackathon events to extract information from their data, and how this relates to the popular open data movement. Our results indicate that hackathons offer more control and practical solutions over the fundamental open data approach. It would seem that hackathons provide better inroads for the companies to monetize their datasets and information assets, while open data could bring more visibility to the brand.
Antibodies against Schmallenberg virus detected in cattle in the Otjozondjupa region, Namibia
Authors: Molini Umberto , Capobianco Dondona Andrea , Hilbert Renate , Monaco Federica
Published: August 2018

Several ruminant species have been shown to be susceptible to Schmallenberg virus (SBV), but adult animals usually recover after showing mild or no clinical signs. However, transplacental infection can occur and lead to abortion, malformations and stillborn lambs, calves and goat kids. During November and December 2014, malformations were observed in 11 stillborn calves from two farms in the north-eastern region of Namibia. Blood samples were collected from 9 of the 11 cows that delivered stillborn and malformed calves. All these animals tested negative for Rift Valley fever, bovine viral diarrhoea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and were serologically positive for bluetongue virus, SBV and epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus. Clinical findings and serological results suggested that SBV may be circulating in Namibia.
Recurrent Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in a postmenopausal Indian lady
Authors: Sharath Babu NM , Chacko ST , Chacko BR , Irodi A
Published: August 2018

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is a syndrome of acute left ventricular dysfunction with a clinical presentation often mimicking acute coronary syndrome. Without a high index of suspicion, this clinical entity often goes unrecognized. Although initially categorized as a benign completely reversible condition, it is no longer considered to be so. Recurrence of this condition, though rare, has been reported in a non-Indian population. We present a case of recurrent TTC in a postmenopausal Indian lady who had a similar clinical presentation both at the index event and at recurrence.
Which tests not witch hunts: a diagnostic approach for conducting replication research
Authors: Brown Annette N. , Wood Benjamin Douglas Kuflick
Published: August 2018

Replication research can be used to explore original study results that researchers consider questionable, but it should also be a tool for reinforcing the credibility of results that are important to policies and programs. The challenge is to design a replication plan open to both supporting the original findings and uncovering potential problems. The purpose of this paper is to provide replication researchers with an objective list of checks or tests to consider when planning a replication study. The authors present tips for diagnostic replication exercises in four groups: validity of assumptions, data transformations, estimation methods, and heterogeneous impacts. For each group, the authors present an introduction to the issues, a list of replication tests and checks, some examples of how these checks are employed in replication studies of development impact evaluations, and a set of resources that provide statistical and econometric details. The authors also provide a list of don’ts for how to conduct and report replication research.
Production of N2O5 and ClNO2 in summer in urban Beijing, China
Authors: Zhou Wei , Zhao Jian , Ouyang Bin , Mehra Archit , Xu Weiqi , Wang Yuying , Bannan Thomas J. , Worrall Stephen D. , Priestley Michael , Bacak Asan , Chen Qi , Xie Conghui , Wang Qingqing , Wang Junfeng , Du Wei , Zhang Yingjie , Ge Xinlei , Ye Penglin , Lee James D. , Fu Pingqing , Wang Zifa , Worsnop Douglas , Jones Roderic , Percival Carl J. , Coe Hugh , Sun Yele
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide
(N2O5) has a significant impact on both nocturnal particulate
nitrate formation and photochemistry on the following day through the photolysis
of nitryl chloride (ClNO2), yet these processes in highly polluted
urban areas remain poorly understood. Here we present measurements of
gas-phase N2O5 and ClNO2 by high-resolution time-of-flight
chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) during summer in urban
Beijing, China as part of the Air Pollution and Human Health (APHH)
campaign. N2O5 and ClNO2 show large day-to-day variations
with average (±1σ) mixing ratios of 79.2±157.1 and
174.3±262.0 pptv, respectively. High reactivity of N2O5,
with τ (N2O5)−1 ranging from 0.20 × 10−2 to
1.46 × 10−2 s−1, suggests active nocturnal
chemistry and a large nocturnal nitrate formation potential via
N2O5 heterogeneous uptake. The lifetime of N2O5, τ (N2O5),
decreases rapidly with the increase in aerosol surface
area, yet it varies differently as a function of relative humidity with the
highest value peaking at ∼ 40 %. The N2O5 uptake
coefficients estimated from the product formation rates of ClNO2 and
particulate nitrate are in the range of 0.017–0.19, corresponding to direct
N2O5 loss rates of 0.00044–0.0034 s−1. Further analysis
indicates that the fast N2O5 loss in the nocturnal boundary layer
in urban Beijing is mainly attributed to its indirect
loss via NO3, for example through the reactions with volatile organic
compounds and NO, while the contribution of the heterogeneous uptake of
N2O5 is comparably small (7–33 %). High ClNO2 yields
ranging from 0.10 to 0.35 were also observed, which might have important
implications for air quality by affecting nitrate and ozone
formation.
Seasonality of aerosol optical properties in the Arctic
Authors: Schmeisser Lauren , Backman John , Ogren John A. , Andrews Elisabeth , Asmi Eija , Starkweather Sandra , Uttal Taneil , Fiebig Markus , Sharma Sangeeta , Eleftheriadis Kostas , Vratolis Stergios , Bergin Michael , Tunved Peter , Jefferson Anne
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Given the sensitivity of the Arctic climate to short-lived climate forcers,
long-term in situ surface measurements of aerosol parameters are useful in
gaining insight into the magnitude and variability of these climate forcings.
Seasonality of aerosol optical properties – including the aerosol
light-scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, single-scattering
albedo, scattering Ångström exponent, and asymmetry parameter – are
presented for six monitoring sites throughout the Arctic: Alert, Canada;
Barrow, USA; Pallas, Finland; Summit, Greenland; Tiksi, Russia; and Zeppelin
Mountain, Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Norway. Results show annual variability
in all parameters, though the seasonality of each aerosol optical property
varies from site to site. There is a large diversity in magnitude and
variability of scattering coefficient at all sites, reflecting differences in
aerosol source, transport, and removal at different locations throughout the
Arctic. Of the Arctic sites, the highest annual mean scattering coefficient
is measured at Tiksi (12.47 Mm−1), and the lowest annual mean
scattering coefficient is measured at Summit (1.74 Mm−1). At most
sites, aerosol absorption peaks in the winter and spring, and has a minimum
throughout the Arctic in the summer, indicative of the Arctic haze
phenomenon; however, nuanced variations in seasonalities suggest that this
phenomenon is not identically observed in all regions of the Arctic. The
highest annual mean absorption coefficient is measured at Pallas
(0.48 Mm−1), and Summit has the lowest annual mean absorption
coefficient (0.12 Mm−1). At the Arctic monitoring stations analyzed
here, mean annual single-scattering albedo ranges from 0.909 (at Pallas) to
0.960 (at Barrow), the mean annual scattering Ångström exponent
ranges from 1.04 (at Barrow) to 1.80 (at Summit), and the mean asymmetry
parameter ranges from 0.57 (at Alert) to 0.75 (at Summit). Systematic
variability of aerosol optical properties in the Arctic supports the notion
that the sites presented here measure a variety of aerosol populations, which
also experience different removal mechanisms. A robust conclusion from the
seasonal cycles presented is that the Arctic cannot be treated as one common
and uniform environment but rather is a region with ample spatiotemporal
variability in aerosols. This notion is important in considering the design
or aerosol monitoring networks in the region and is important for informing
climate models to better represent short-lived aerosol climate forcers in
order to yield more accurate climate predictions for the Arctic.
Nitrogen isotope fractionation during gas-to-particle conversion of NOx to NO3− in the atmosphere – implications for isotope-based NOx source apportionment
Authors: Chang Yunhua , Zhang Yanlin , Tian Chongguo , Zhang Shichun , Ma Xiaoyan , Cao Fang , Liu Xiaoyan , Zhang Wenqi , Kuhn Thomas , Lehmann Moritz F.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Atmospheric fine-particle (PM2.5) pollution is frequently associated with the formation of particulate nitrate (pNO3−), the end product of the oxidation of NOx gases (NO + NO2) in the upper troposphere. The application of stable nitrogen (N) (and oxygen) isotope analyses of pNO3− to constrain NOx source partitioning in the atmosphere requires knowledge of the isotope fractionation during the reactions leading to nitrate formation. Here we determined the δ15N values of fresh pNO3− (δ15N–pNO3−) in PM2.5 at a rural site in northern China, where atmospheric pNO3− can be attributed exclusively to biomass burning. The observed δ15N–pNO3− (12.17±1.55 ‰; n = 8) was much higher than the N isotopic source signature of NOx from biomass burning (1.04±4.13 ‰). The large difference between δ15N–pNO3− and δ15N–NOx (Δ(δ15N)) can be reconciled by the net N isotope effect (εN) associated with the gas–particle conversion from NOx to NO3−. For the biomass burning site, a mean εN( ≈ Δ(δ15N)) of 10.99±0.74 ‰ was assessed through a newly developed computational quantum chemistry (CQC) module. εN depends on the relative importance of the two dominant N isotope exchange reactions involved (NO2 reaction with OH versus hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) with H2O) and varies between regions and on a diurnal basis. A second, slightly higher CQC-based mean value for εN (15.33±4.90 ‰) was estimated for an urban site with intense traffic in eastern China and integrated in a Bayesian isotope mixing model to make isotope-based source apportionment estimates for NOx at this site. Based on the δ15N values (10.93±3.32 ‰; n = 43) of ambient pNO3− determined for the urban site, and considering the location-specific estimate for εN, our results reveal that the relative contribution of coal combustion and road traffic to urban NOx is 32 % ± 11 % and 68 %± 11 %, respectively. This finding agrees well with a regional bottom-up emission inventory of NOx. Moreover, the variation pattern of OH contribution to ambient pNO3− formation calculated by the CQC module is consistent with that simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem), further confirming the robustness of our estimates. Our investigations also show that, without the consideration of the N isotope effect during pNO3− formation, the observed δ15N–pNO3− at the study site would erroneously imply that NOx is derived almost entirely from coal combustion. Similarly, reanalysis of reported δ15N–NO3− data throughout China and its neighboring areas suggests that NOx emissions from coal combustion may be substantively overestimated (by  > 30 %) when the N isotope fractionation during atmospheric pNO3− formation is neglected.
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields from NO3 radical + isoprene based on nighttime aircraft power plant plume transects
Authors: Fry Juliane L. , Brown Steven S. , Middlebrook Ann M. , Edwards Peter M. , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Day Douglas A. , Jimenez José L. , Allen Hannah M. , Ryerson Thomas B. , Pollack Ilana , Graus Martin , Warneke Carsten , de Gouw Joost A. , Brock Charles A. , Gilman Jessica , Lerner Brian M. , Dubé William P. , Liao Jin , Welti André
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Nighttime reaction of nitrate radicals (NO3) with biogenic volatile
organic compounds (BVOC) has been proposed as a potentially important but
also highly uncertain source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The
southeastern United States has both high BVOC and nitrogen oxide
(NOx) emissions, resulting in a large model-predicted
NO3-BVOC source of SOA. Coal-fired power plants in this region
constitute substantial NOx emissions point sources into a
nighttime atmosphere characterized by high regionally widespread
concentrations of isoprene. In this paper, we exploit nighttime aircraft
observations of these power plant plumes, in which NO3 radicals
rapidly remove isoprene, to obtain field-based estimates of the secondary
organic aerosol yield from NO3 + isoprene. Observed in-plume
increases in nitrate aerosol are consistent with organic nitrate aerosol
production from NO3 + isoprene, and these are used to determine
molar SOA yields, for which the average over nine plumes is 9 % (±5 %). Corresponding mass yields depend on the assumed molecular formula
for isoprene-NO3-SOA, but the average over nine plumes is 27 %
(±14 %), on average larger than those previously measured in chamber
studies (12 %–14 % mass yield as ΔOA ∕ ΔVOC after
oxidation of both double bonds). Yields are larger for longer plume ages.
This suggests that ambient aging processes lead more effectively to
condensable material than typical chamber conditions allow. We discuss
potential mechanistic explanations for this difference, including longer
ambient peroxy radical lifetimes and heterogeneous reactions of
NO3-isoprene gas phase products. More in-depth studies are needed to
better understand the aerosol yield and oxidation mechanism of NO3
radical + isoprene, a coupled anthropogenic–biogenic source of SOA that
may be regionally significant.