bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A KM-Enabled Architecture for Collaborative Systems
Authors: Zhou Lina , Zhang Dongsong
Published: May 2011

Driven by the collaborative technology, COllaborative SYstems (COSY) facilitate information management in the organizations. In face of the dynamic and information-overloaded age, knowledge management (KM) has been recognized as an effective solution in the past few years. Thus, merging the force of COSY and KM will be very promising in increasing the competitive advantages of the organizations. This paper proposes a KM-enabled architecture for COSY. Some research issues related with KM in the new architecture are discussed. It is shown from applying the architecture to a virtual global business company that the architecture could support and integrate COSY and KM effectively.
Information Retrieval Using Collaborating Multi-User Agents
Authors: Ferneley Elaine
Published: May 2011

Informal channels for the exchange of information have long been recognised as important (Menzel, 1959; Wilson, 1981; Kuhlthau, 1991; Root, 1988; Kraut and Galegher, 1990). Typical examples of informal information exchange activities are conferring with peers and consultation with a subject librarian (Taylor, 1968; Kuhlthau, 1991; Fox, Hix, Nowell, Brueni, Wafe, Heath and Rao, 1993). If Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) are to become truly user-centred then they must support such informal collaborative activity. The recent interest in knowledge management has, in part, been stimulated by the recognition that valuable information is transferred during informal collaborations (Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995). To bring some formality to the process organisations are investing in document management software, intranets and groupware technologies (Kiesler, 1997). However, these technologies rely largely on the user actively searching out information and assume that the user can formulate their information needs into an appropriate query. Additionally, such systems tend towards failure in the longer term if users are not motivated in augmenting the knowledge base (Skyrme, 1999).
Information Technology, Core Competencies and Sustained Competitive Advantage
Authors: Byrd Terry Anthony
Published: May 2011

The value of information technology (IT) in today’s organizations is constantly debated. Researchers and practitioners have examined organizations to try to discover causal links between competitive advantage and IT. This paper presents and details a model that depicts a possible connection between competitive advantage and IT. Furthermore, this paper attempts to show how one major component of the overall IT resources, the IT infrastructure, might yield sustained competitive advantage for an organization. More precisely, IT infrastructure flexibility is examined as an enabler of “core competencies” that have been closely related to sustained competitive advantage in the research literature. The core competencies enabled by IT that are the focus of this study are mass customization and time-to-market. By showing that IT infrastructure flexibility acts as an enabler of these competencies, the relationship to sustained competitive advantage is demonstrated.
The Societal Impact of World Wide Web - Key Challenges for the 21st Century
Authors: Burn Janice M. , Loch Karen D.
Published: May 2011

Many lessons from history offer strong evidence that technology can have a definite effect on the social and political aspects of human life. At times it is difficult to grasp how supposedly neutral technology might lead to social upheavals, mass migrations of people, and shifts in wealth and power. Yet a quick retrospective look at the last few centuries finds that various technologies have done just that, challenging the notion of the neutrality of technology. Some examples include the printing press, railways, and the telephone. The effects of these technologies usually begin in our minds by changing the way we view time and space. Railways made the world seem smaller by enabling us to send goods, people, and information to many parts of the world in a fraction of the time it took before. Telephones changed the way we think about both time and distance, enabling us to stay connected without needing to be physically displaced. While new technologies create new opportunities for certain individuals or groups to gain wealth, there are other economic implications with a wider ranging impact, political and social. Eventually, as the technology matures, social upheavals, mass migrations and shifts in economic and political power can be observed. We find concrete examples of this dynamic phenomenon during the Reformation, the industrial revolution, and more recently, as we witness the ongoing information technology revolution.
On the Role of Human Morality in Information System Security
Authors: Siponen Mikko T.
Published: May 2011

This chapter argues, following the scholars of the first category, that human morality has a role as a means for ensuring security. But to achieve this goal solid theoretical foundations, on which a concrete guidance can be based, are needed. The existing proposals (e.g., Kowalski, 1990; Baskerville, 1995; Dhillon & Backhouse, 2000) do not suggest any theoretical foundation nor concrete means for using ethics as a means of ensuring security. The aim of this paper is to propose a framework for the use of ethics in this respect. To achieve this aim, a critique of the relevance of ethics must be considered. The use of human morality as a means of ensuring security has been criticized by Leiwo and Heikkuri (1998a, 1998b) on the grounds of cultural relativism (and hacker ethics/hacking culture). If cultural relativism is valid as an ethical doctrine, the use of human morality as a means of protection is very questionable. It would only be possible in certain “security” cultures, i.e., cultures in which security norms have been established–if at all. However, the objection of Leiwo and Heikkuri (1998a, 1998b) is argued to be questionable. We feel that cultural relativism has detrimental effects on our well-being and security. Things might be better if the weaknesses of cultural relativism were recognized. This paper adopts the conceptual analysis in terms of Järvinen (1997, 2000) as the research approach. An early version of this paper was presented at an international conference on information security (IFIP TC11, Beijing, China, 2000). The chapter is organized as follows. In the second section, the possible ethical theoretical frameworks are discussed. In the third section, the objections to the use of ethics as a means of protection based on cultural relativism (descriptivism) are explored. In the fourth section, an alternative approach based on non-descriptivism is suggested. The fifth section discusses the implications and limitations of this study. The sixth section summarises the key issues of the chapter including future research questions.
Opportunities for Service-Learning Partnerships in the Information Systems Curriculum
Authors: Lazar Jonathan , Lidtke Doris
Published: May 2011

Service-learning partnerships involve students taking part in community service that relates to their academic course experience. Students who major in information systems are increasingly being provided with real-world experiences. These real-world experiences offer numerous benefits. Students can immediately apply their course knowledge to real-world situations. Students can get the experience of grappling with political, social, and ethical issues in a workplace setting. In addition, students can develop a sense of civic responsibility, by contributing their skills to their communities. This chapter presents the issues involved in implementing the service-learning paradigm in an information systems curriculum. Examples of successful service-learning courses are presented, and new possibilities for service-learning courses are discussed.
The World Wide Web and Law Enforcement
Authors: Halapin Richard A.
Published: May 2011

The World Wide Web has exhibited the most explosive growth of any technology ever invented. Two events occurring in the 1992-93 period provided the foundation. First was the decision by Congress to open the Internet to commercial exploitation. The second was the adaptation of hypertext concepts to the Internet, which led to the Web. Fueled by commercial exploitation, the Web grew in just 6 years, to over 40 million linked computers. Time to such maturity for older communication technologies was measured in decades. The growth has “left in the dust” the development of commercial, civil, and criminal law needed to secure the social benefits of Web technology. Similarly, “Law Enforcement” has been unable to adapt to the Web over such a short period. While Congress struggles with a new “contract law” for Web commercial transactions, national awareness is growing about undesirable consequences of Web technology. Fraud, pornography, and violence, are exposing the threat potential of the Web. It is clear that “Law Enforcement” must plan for and take action to meet these potential threats. Methods and procedures for countering threats require that law enforcement officials understand the mechanisms of the Web along all links from user to resource. These officials must also advise legislative bodies on their enforcement needs during “catch-up” with the Web.
Nurturing Trust and Reactive Training
Authors: Tucker David , de Berranger Pascale
Published: May 2011

Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) make a substantial contribution to the economic and social wellbeing of many national economies. Consequently, the European Union (EU) is funding several initiatives aimed at stimulating growth within SMEs. In particular, there is concern that despite the potential benefits of information and communication technology (ICT), adoption rates in UK-based SMEs tend to be low. The aim of this paper is to identify important factors which contribute to successful diffusion projects. The main causes of low ICT adoption rates are identified. Using empirical data collected from a successful UK diffusion initiative, the paper reveals the importance of nurturing a trusting relationship with potential ICT adopters both before and during the diffusion project. It goes on to show that the provision of reactive training during the diffusion process is vital. Finally, the case study findings are compared with the literature and comparisons are drawn.
Facilitating Sensemaking in Knowledge Integration within Geographically Dispersed Cross-Functional Teams
Authors: Rura-Polley Thekla , Baker Ellen , Hawryszkiewycz Igor T.
Published: May 2011

This paper looks at knowledge management within geographically dispersed, cross-functional teams. In particular, it describes an electronic knowledge management system, LiveNet, that combines support for rational innovation processes with collaborative support mechanisms. These collaborative support mechanisms extend previously available group support systems by incorporating sensemaking tools.
ERP-Based Knowledge Transfer
Authors: Lee Zoonky , Lee Jinyoul , Sieber Tim
Published: May 2011

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is an enterprise-wide package that tightly integrates all necessary business functions into a single system with a shared database. The implementation of ERP entails that business knowledge incorporated in the basic architecture of the software package is transferred into the adopting organization. This article investigates how organizational-specific requirements and technology constraints inherent in the software package interact in this knowledge transfer process. In-depth interviews, process analysis and documentation analysis are used to analyze the early implementation stage of ERP. The results conclude that the visible knowledge in the business process from the ERP package is compulsorily transferred into the organization along with business rules inherent in the process due to the process automation, the cross-functional nature of ERP package and limited flexibility of the package. The results also suggest that organizational adaptive capability of role and responsibility redistribution, development of new types of required knowledge and a different knowledge structure in the organization will internalize these standardized processes into business routines that will give a competitive edge. This article provides a new angle of adopting ERP in an organization, and contributes to a better understanding of competitive advantage based on process knowledge when standardized business processes are implemented in an organization.
Knowledge Management in U. S. Federal Government Organizations
Authors: Buchwalter J. Judah
Published: May 2011

Knowledge management (KM) is an active and growing field. One of the key factors of KM is its dependence on a culture that will support KM activities. Some of the activities that are extremely culture dependent are the sharing and acceptance of knowledge between individuals and organizations. The question to be answered is whether U.S. federal government (hereafter referred to as “government”) organizations, which are notorious for the lack of this type of culture (although not all), can accomplish KM at all or just need a different approach that has not been defined previously? In this research, we will propose to use government initiatives to entice the organization into creating the culture needed for KM. We will also propose a way to effect changes in the culture by implementing a social initiative that has proven successful in other organizations. The combination of these two activities is expected to create a culture that is viable for KM to flourish even in the infamous government organization.
Information Manager/Librarian to Knowledge Manager
Authors: Rao K. Nageswara , Babu K. H.
Published: May 2011

Many organizations world over are embracing knowledge management systems for survival and to retain profitability. This trend is visible in the technology intensive businesses like biotechnology, computers and telecommunications and also in professions like legal, accountancy and management consultancy. A new breed of managers called “Knowledge Manager” has emerged to put the new system in place in the organizations. Information Managers and Librarians are increasingly drafted to fill the post of Knowledge Managers as their work is nearest to the job. This article covers the broad classification of knowledge and the mechanisms of its transmission and transformation. Finally the importance of human element in the Knowledge Management System is highlighted for the benefit of Information Managers and Librarians.
Implementing Knowledge Management
Authors: Snyder Charles A. , Wilson Larry T.
Published: May 2011

Knowledge Management (KM) has become a pervasive topic in management practice. The proliferation of KM is the result of concentrated and deliberate efforts on the part of many organizations. Scores of books, articles, and conferences tout KM. There is widespread belief that KM can lead to competitive advantage. Some authors have attempted to show that competitive advantage based on knowledge is highly valued by stock markets (see, e.g., Sveiby, 1997). The purpose of this chapter is to present some definitions of KM and to raise issues that managers should consider. There is a discussion of categories of knowledge and their relevance for managers. We provide the elements that every organization should consider in assessing their readiness for KM. The components of knowledge harvesting are presented and organizational considerations are introduced. Reasons that KM efforts fail are provided as well.
Designing Organizational Memory for Knowledge Management Support in Collaborative Learning
Authors: Vat Kam Hou
Published: May 2011

This chapter investigates the design of organizational memory (OM) which is targeted for knowledge management (KM) support tailored for collaboration among academic staff and students in a university environment. Specifically, we describe our KM initiatives to support organizational learning in terms of the knowledge processes evolving over selected knowledge domains for training and research purpose. The chapter also depicts our ideas on knowledge items regarding their meta-modeling, indexing, and ontological aspects. The overall design of our OM is then discussed in terms of its context for knowledge work. The paper concludes by re-iterating the challenges in knowledge sharing and depositing into the OM for its continuous growth and utilization.
The Information Laws
Authors: Targowski Andrew S.
Published: May 2011

Mankind progresses in proportion to its wisdom which has roots in practice, acquired skills, available data & information, concepts and knowledge. To be wise, humankind needs to be informed and knowledgeable, otherwise will not survive own failures. Progress in knowledge was painfully slow as long as the racial memory was transmitted only by oral tradition. With the invention of writing and books the process of knowledge discovery and dissemination has been accelerated. Today, computers and their networks speed up that process far beyond our imagination. In 2000’s the Information Wave significantly controls the Agricultural and Industrial Waves through millions of computers. IT supports decision-making based on knowledge-oriented systems such as “data mining” that, for example, discovers knowledge about customers, organizational dynamics, and so forth to achieve competitive advantage. Information and knowledge become the strategic resource as engineering science was in the Industrial Wave. However, the discovery of human cognition potential must be guided by knowledge s c i e n c e, which just emerges. One of signs of any science is its set of scientific data, universal rules, laws, and systems of rules and laws. Hence, this paper offers the first attempt to develop main laws of information that should increase our awareness about the Information Wave which is a new stage of civilization’s dynamics that is taking place at the beginning of the 3rd Millennium. The chapter also provides the framework for the analysis of the human capital from the information perspective. This set of considerations reflects a new emerging approach which I call macro-information ecology.
'Knowledge Management'
Authors: White D. A. , Sutton Y. M.
Published: May 2011

As organisations continue to seek optimal levels of competitive advantage and innovation, the search continues for more powerful and successful ways of achieving these goals. One such is the emerging discipline of Knowledge Management (KM). This is an approach, which is becoming firmly embedded in the panoply of management methods, as noted by Scarborough et al. (1999), “Knowledge Management (and the learning organisation) represent important new approaches to the problems of competitiveness and innovation confronting organisations.” These are not insignificant claims and, typically, pursuing them requires organisational investment, which is also substantial. This paper seeks to develop a critique of KM, with a view to supporting more informed theory and practice in this area. This critique is based upon recent empirical research (Sutton, 2000; Sutton and White, 2000; White and Sutton, 2000). The nature, methods, and key findings of that research are, therefore, briefly described here.
Measuring the Financial Benefits of IT Investments on Coordination
Authors: Francalanci Chiara , Maggiolini P.
Published: May 2011

We know from the information processing perspective within the theory of organizations that IT can reduce coordination costs by increasing an organization’s information processing capacity. Purpose of this chapter is to empirically examine the relationship between greater investments in information technology and lower coordination costs on firm-level data. Two high-level measures of coordination costs are defined based on the information processing perspective within the theory of organizations. Our hypothesis that greater IT investments should be correlated with lower coordination costs is tested with both measures on longitudinal data from a cross-sectional sample of 18 large Italian companies over an 8-year period between 1988 and 1995. Results on this sample seem to support our hypothesis by showing a significant and negative correlation both aggregately and on sub-samples of data clustered by industry.
Extraction, Transformation, and Loading Processes
Authors: Adzic Jovanka , Fiore Valter , Sisto Luisella
Published: May 2011

ETL stands for Extraction, Transformation, and Loading: in other words, for the Data Warehouse (DW) backstage. The main focus of our exposition here is the practical application of the ETL process in real world cases with extra problems and strong requirements, particularly performance issues related to population of large Data Warehouse. In a context of ETL/DW with strong requirements, we can individuate the most common constraints and criticalities that one can meet in developing an ETL system. We will describe some techniques related to the physical data base design, pipelining, and parallelism which are crucial for the whole ETL process. We will propose our practical approach “infrastructure based ETL”: it is not a tool but a set of functionalities and/or services that the experience has proved to be useful and enough widespread in the ETL scenario and one can build the application on top of it.
Evaluation of The Effects of CO2 Partial Pressure on The Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of Flexible Pipes Tensile Armour Wires
Authors: dos Santos Fabio Pinheiro , Pires Fabio , Clements Richard Alasdair , Clevelario Judimar Assis , Sheldrake Terry H. , Souza Luiz Felipe Guimarães , Kenedi Paulo Pedro
Published: May 2011

The upcoming developments in the pre-salt area, offshore Brazil, will require the expansion of the current qualification envelope for the materials used in subsea equipment. It is expected that such fields present a higher concentration of CO2 when compared to the ultra deepwater developments carried out to date, thus leading to more aggressive environments when compared to those already known to the offshore industry. Due to the gas permeation behavior inherent in the flexible pipe's materials, any increase in the CO2 concentration in the conveyed fluid will be reflected as an increase in the CO2 concentration in the pipe annulus, subjecting its metallic armor layers to a more aggressive environment. Based on this scenario, Wellstream has established a research and development programme, in partnership with CEFET-RJ, to evaluate the effects of the CO2 partial pressure on the corrosion fatigue behavior of tensile armor wires used in flexible pipes. The scope of the research programme focused on the design of a corrosion fatigue test fixture for tensile armor wires in environments up to 15 bar CO2, and the execution of corrosion fatigue tests using different partial pressures of CO2 whilst maintaining the consistency of the other test variables, such as test setup, test frequency, test media, tensile armor wire supplier and material batch. Upon completion of the test programme, it was possible to quantify the effects of the CO2 partial pressure on the fatigue service life of tensile armor wires in flexible pipes, which generated valuable test data to support flexible pipe design for such harsh environments.

Introduction

Unbonded dynamic flexible risers represent a key integrating technology for offshore developments, playing a major role in connecting subsea structures with surface floating production units. The versatility of flexible pipes provide a wide range of applications due to their unique structural characteristics, which comprise the use of helically wound metallic wires and tapes, and extruded thermoplastics, to form a composite pipe structure designed to address field specific requirements. Figure 1 presents a typical rough bore flexible pipe structure.
Effectiveness of Passive Heave Compensation in a Deepwater Environment
Authors: Presley Barry , Koutsoukos Sotirios
Published: May 2011

The technical advantage of a method of providing heave compensation for deepwater installation operations is presented. This paper explores the use of passive heave compensation (PHC) as an alternative to active heave compensation (AHC) to improve seabed landing. The theoretical modeling of such systems is shown to increase vessel operability and therefore reduce installation time and costs.

When a subsea package is to be installed on the seabed, the landing velocity or acceleration may be restricted due to various reasons, such as the possibility of disturbing the soil or damaging any sensitive components in the package. This may limit the permissible seastate for installation and restrict vessel operability. In order to improve operability, active heave compensation systems are often used to bring down the landing velocity and acceleration

The effectiveness of passive heave compensation (PHC) for seabed landing is assessed analytically in a variety of global locations. It is concluded that passive heave compensation systems can be effective in many regions and applications where achieving soft landing of subsea packages is important during subsea installation to improve operability. This paper demonstrates that passive heave compensation systems are a viable alternative to active heave compensation systems.

Introduction

There is an increasing need to lower, install and retrieve larger packages to greater water depths from vessels offshore. As a result, there is increased scrutiny on the integrity of the cranes and winches during these operations, especially as these assets are used closer to their rated capacity. There also appears to be increasing demand on the integrity of installed packages and to position these within tighter tolerances on the seabed, calling for better prediction, control of package displacement parameters and line tension. The major displacement of the package during lowering, installation or retrieval operations is in the vertical (heave) direction of the vessel from which it is suspended. Compensating for the heave of the vessel from which the structure is installed can therefore reduce the displacement of the package. The motion parameters and line tension can also be influenced by introducing suitably tuned devices in the line which can additionally absorb any amplified dynamic loads.

Package motions and line tensions assume importance at three key stages during a lowering operation; as the package passes through the splash zone, as it passes through resonance, and as it approaches touchdown on the seabed. In shallow water, shorter wire length causes the boom tip and the package to move in phase. However, in deeper water as the wire is much longer the package motions are no longer solely a function of boom tip motions, indeed the package can oscillate at the system (i.e. crane structure, wire and package) natural frequency.
Touch Down Zone Curvature Measurements on Insulated Steel Catenary Risers in Ultra Deep Water (Development, Implementation and Results)
Authors: Edwards Roderick Y. , Le Douaron Stephanie , Gallagher Brian , Prislin Igor , Duley David
Published: May 2011

1.0 Abstract

Bending strain is the main contributor to fatigue damage in the touch-down zone (TDZ) of a Steel Catenary Riser (SCR). Measurement of the curvature in the SCR at the TDZ due to bending is essential to the validation of numerical models for SCR response and fatigue estimation. Long term SCR integrity monitoring systems may also require tools for the measurement of bending strain in the TDZ. In deep water, production SCRs typically have thick anti-corrosion and insulation layers that make the inference of the strain in the underlying pipe challenging. This paper describes the development of a strain measurement system and unique attachment scheme that can be literally built into the insulation and anti-corrosion layers on ultra deep water SCRs. Results of qualification tests will be presented that prove that the " insulation strain measurement system?? produces a very accurate estimate of the strain in the underlying pipe steel. In addition, test results are presented that demonstrate that the attachment scheme does not threaten the integrity of the insulation and corrosion protection layers. Finally full scale bending strain measurement results will be presented from the TDZ of the Total AKPO Gas Export SCR in 1200 meters of water that illustrate the quality of the data, the excellent resolution and reasonableness of the results compared to numerical model predictions.

2.0 Introduction and Functional Requirements of the AKPO Riser Monitoring System

Total's Akpo field lies offshore Nigeria within OML130, some 200 km south of Port Harcourt, in water depths ranging from 1250 m to 1480 m, and is operated by TOTAL UPSTREAM NIGERIA LIMITED. The spread-moored 2 million barrel AKPO FPSO receives oil and gas through insulated SCRs, produces the fluids, and offloads the product via 2 Off-Loading Lines (OOLs) to the OLT which is a Single Point Mooring (SPM) buoy, and subsequently to a shuttle tanker. The current field production plan includes 22 producing wells, 20 water injection wells, and 2 gas injection wells, arranged in clusters around subsea manifolds. The subsea manifolds are connected to the FPSO through looped and insulated flowlines and SCRs. The overall project schematic is shown in Figure 1.

The SCR system is composed of:8 off 10?? ID production loops with Flex Joint (FJ) at FPSO side1 off 8?? ID gas injection line with FJ at FPSO side4 off 10?? ID water injection line with FJ at FPSO side1 off 16?? OD gas export line with FJ at FPSO side

The OOL system is composed of:2 off 16?? ID OOL with FJ at FPSO side and FJ at SPM buoy side.
Frigg Decommissioning - Contracting Process
Authors: Rugeldal Kurt Arne
Published: May 2011

Frigg and MCP01 Cessation Project (FCP) is the largest decommissioning project undertaken in recent years and includes removal of six Topsides, three steel Jackets and sea-lines with an estimated total weight of 87000 metric tonnes. Different methods have been applied from single and module based lifts to "piece small" dismantling and removal.

As a first major Decommissioning Project in the North Sea, the Decommissioning of the Frigg and MCP01 installations required special attention in formulating the Contracting Process.

This paper describes the Contracting Process from the initial scope definitions until the award of Contracts some 5 years later. The paper describes some of the special features and challenges faced in setting up the Contract Strategy and formulating the Contracting Process. Furthermore, the paper describes how new technology, such as " single lift?? and " piece-small?? technology were incorporated in the pre-qualification Process to suit our specific decommissioning case.

The paper also describes specific issues related to the Contract Format used on this Contract, highlighting special features particular to this type of work. In addition the paper discusses the Compensation Format used and how the risk sharing between Company and Contractor was formulated in the Contract.

Finally, the paper will review lessons learned and highlight some of the more important recommendations for similar types of projects.

Introduction

The Frigg Field was a gas Field, situated in the North Sea, on the border between Norway and United Kingdom (UK).

The Field had three installations located in the Norwegian sector, a drilling and production platform (DP2), a treatment and compression platform (TCP2) and an unused steel substructure damaged during installation in 1974 (DP1). Three other installations were located in the UK sector, a treatment platform (TP1), a concrete drilling platform (CDP1) and quarter platform (QP). The platforms were installed in the period 1974 to 1977. The gas was transported to St Fergus in Scotland, through the Frigg pipelines, passing through a manifold and compression platform (MCP01) situated at the mid-point of the pipelines. The partners for the Frigg Unit Installations are Total E&P Norge AS 28.66%, Statoil Petroleum AS 32.16%, and Total E&P UK Limited 39.18%.

Figure 13 (last page) shows a map of the North Sea with the location of the Frigg Field and the MCP01 (left) as well as an illustrator's views of the installations on the Frigg Field (right).

Scope Definition

The Scope Of Work (SOW) for the Frigg and MCP01 Cessation Project was defined during the initial Process which started in 1999. This was later formulated and described in the Frigg and MCP01Cessation Plan and submitted to the respective Authorities in Norway and UK for approval.

The Norwegian and the UK Authorities approved the Frigg Cessation Plan in May 2003, and this plan formed the basis for the work performed during the following year.
The Bureau of Ocean Energy Managment, Regulation and Enforcement's Historic Preservation Program
Authors: Horrell Christopher E.
Published: May 2011

In consultation with the Secretary of the Department of the Interior, every Federal agency is responsible for developing an effective historic preservation program. The purpose of this program is to identify, evaluate, and nominate historic properties to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), provide protection of historic properties, under the jurisdiction or control of the agency as well as those properties not under the auspices of the agency but subject to be potentially affected by agency-permitted actions. The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) also requires that agency preservation-related activities are carried out in consultation with other Federal, State, and local agencies, Indian tribes, Native Hawaiian Organizations (NHO), and the private sector, and that the procedures for compliance with Section 106 of the Act be consistent with regulations issued by the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP). Furthermore, the Act stipulates that an agency may not grant assistance, a license or permit to an applicant who damages or destroys a historic property with the intent of avoiding the requirements of Section 106. This paper will discuss the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement's (BOEMRE) Historic Preservation Program in the Gulf of Mexico Region (GOMR), and highlight how the agency conducts its regulatory responsibility under the National Historic Preservation Act with respect to oil and gas development on the Outer Continental Shelf.

Introduction

The Department of the Interior's (DOI), Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE), is the federal agency responsible for overseeing the safe and environmentally responsible development of energy and mineral resouces on the Outer Continetal Shelf (OCS). As such, the BOEMRE is responsible for Historic Preservation throughout the Federal waters on the OCS.

Historic Preservation

Every Federal agency is responsible for developing an effective historic preservation program in consultation with the Secretary of the Department of the Interior. These Federal historic preservation programs shall be coordinated by each agency's Federal Preservation Officer.

The preservation and use of historic properties and their careful consideration in agency planning and decision making are in the public interest, are consistent with the declaration of policy set forth in the NHPA, and must be a fundamental part of the mission of any Federal Agency (NPS and ACHP 1998).
Subsea Liquid Sampling Using Flow-through Technique
Authors: Hall Graham
Published: May 2011

This paper provides an overview of a new subsea liquid sampling technology; a method of capturing a physical sample of produced fluid from a Subsea Tree / Manifold and recovering it for laboratory analysis.

Whilst sampling at the surface is a relatively mature technology, subsea sampling is not common practice due to the challenges involved.

Being able to take liquid samples from individual wells subsea before they are comingled into the pipeline enables production optimisation on a number of fronts including:Flow-meter calibration (affected by water cut / salinity)Tracer detection (understanding the reservoir)Need for Scale squeeze (barium content)Well fluid composition (per well)

Prototype testing has been completed at the National Engineering Laboratory, East Kilbride, Scotland using both the multiphase and wetgas flow loops. The testing program validated the technique, was used to optimize the design and determine the operating envelope across a wide variety of flow regimes.

Application engineering is underway for a project in the Gulf of Mexico.

The system provides access to valuable data which can be used to optimize production.

Introduction

Subsea wells are typically comingled before entering an export pipeline to a production facility, either offshore or onshore. This prevents conventional surface sampling technologies from being used to analyse produced fluids from individual wells. Other factors, such as subsea chemical injection and differing flowing conditions at surface, compound the problem.

International standards have been created for sampling (ISO 3171, ISO 3165, ISO 3170); however, there is currently no standard that specifically addresses subsea sampling.

Some of the challenges faced in taking a sample subsea include: access to the well stream; hydrostatic pressure; remote operations and harsh environment.
Development and Performance of Biodegradable Antiscalants for Oilfield Applications
Authors: Dickinson Wayne , Sanders Laura , Lowen Chris
Published: May 2011

Biodegradable scale inhibitors have been developed that provide excellent inhibition of barium sulfate scale and that meet regulatory requirements for application in the North Sea and in other sensitive marine environments. These inhibitors are in compliance with the " yellow-banded?? classification issued by the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, meeting ecotoxicity, bioaccumulation, and biodegradation standards. Using turbidity and dynamic tube-blocking protocol, the inhibitors have been shown to provide barium sulfate inhibition comparable to their non-biodegradable equivalents.

Introduction

Deposition of scale on production equipment impairs the production of oil and gas in reservoirs, down hole, surface and injection operations. Scale inhibitors are often a significant portion of the aqueous based chemical stimulation package used in either the stimulation and/or completion of oil/gas wells. Although highly effective, a number of the chemistries used for these applications-polyacrylates, polyphosphonates, and polysulphonates-have low biodegradability and are unable to meet increasingly strict environmental legislation.

A series of improved polymeric scale inhibitors have been developed in accord with the ecotoxicity, bioaccumulation, and biodegradablity standards set by the Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR.. These inhibitors are highly effective for control of a variety of alkaline-earth scales and are suitable for use in scaling environments ranging from mild supersaturation to severe conditions where difficult-to-control barium sulfate scales may form. These products perform comparably to their non-biodegradable equivalents while exceeding the standards required for " yellow-banding?? status in oil production for the Norwegian sector of North Sea.

Basic polycarboxylic and sulphonated polycarboxylic acid chemistries were used as the basis of the new scale-inhibiting products. The new inhibitors were developed by examination of their scale inhibiting properties relative to conventional polycarboxylates and-in conjunction with biodegradation testing-were optimized with regard to scale inhibition, biodegradability, and price. Characteristics of the chemistries are shown in Table 1.

With the increased biodegradability and excellent scale inhibition performance of these range of chemistries, oil and gas producers can control scale in operations while meeting environmental requirements required in the North Sea and other locations around the world.

Experimental Details

Regulatory Testing

The regulatory requirements for ecotoxicological testing for all chemicals used for offshore drilling in the North Sea are specified in the OSPAR guidelines for the North-East Atlantic. These regulations were implemented in 2001 and are intended to harmonize the mandatory control systems for offshore chemicals. The three categories of tests required by OSPAR are:Acute toxicityBioaccumulationSeawater biodegradation (persistence)
Deviated Well Cross-well Elastic Wave Forward Modeling And Reverse Time Migration Imaging
Authors: Sun Yuan , Jin Qihu , Fan Tingen , Hu Shaohua , Yu Dai
Published: May 2011

Deviated well is the widely-used drilling well for offshore oil exploration and exploitation is limited by platform. Besides, owing to limited lifetime of drill platforms, simultaneous extraction is popular in exploration, and reservoir's anisotropy problems show up. In order to solve problems like offshore deviated well cross-well seismic sampling design and wave field imaging, this article deduces finite difference equation of anisotropy medium staggered grid, and analyses anisotropy medium's numerical simulation questions in single source excited condition, and its border treatment adopts PML absorption border. On the basis of this, for fault model of deviated well, we adopt staggered grid finite difference reverse time migration imaging technology and do forward modeling and reverse time migration imaging on theoretical model. We have showed the validity of the arithmetic.

0 Introductions

In recent 20 years, no matter in theoretical methods or practical production, the resolution of cross-well seismic technology is much higher than that of the conventional ground seismic exploration technology in solving problems of fine structure imaging, reservoir and interlayer fine descriptions, reservoir dynamic monitoring and residual oil and gas predicting. Cross-well seismic technology has drawn extensive attentions in oil exploration and exploitation field, and has been developing rapidly. Concerning of region, onshore cross-well seismic has been replaced gradually by offshore cross-well seismic, and the observation method is changing from conventional vertical well to deviated well. However, during so many years of oil exploration, the change of cross-well reservoir is comparatively large and the anisotropy problem is typical. Always, there are certain problems when adopting conventional anisotropy medium model for forward modeling and wave field imaging. The purpose of this article is to solve the problem of offshore deviated-well cross-well seismic forward modeling and imaging.
Cascade and Chinook Project: Pipes and Bends: Material Design and Production
Authors: Novelli Paolo , Armengol Mariano , Darcis Philippe , Anelli Ettore , Fazackerley Bill , Kristiansen Per , Blockhus DJ
Published: May 2011

This paper describes the flowlines and hybrid risers' material selection and production for the Cascade and Chinook Development, a ground breaking ultra deep water project that will see the first production of the new Lower Tertiary in the Gulf of México.

The subsea development is very significant, given the number of records and firsts, resulting from the deepest production facility in the world, at the time, of 8,250 ft (2,520 m) and the deepest drill center at 8,857 ft (2,700 m) water depth. Production from the wells in Cascade East, Cascade West and Chinook will be gathered and transported to the FPSO (Floating Production, Storage and Offloading) via four 9 5/8?? flowlines and four FSHRs (Free Standing Hybrid Risers). A fifth FSHR connected to a 6?? gas export pipeline will take unused associated gas (gas that is not consumed on the FPSO) to existing pipeline infrastructure in Green Canyon.

The flowlines and riser systems included highly critical tubular components such as HW (Heavy Wall) pipes and bends, up to 1.63?? (41.4 mm), setting up a record in terms of metallurgical, production and dimensional requirements. This paper will provide details on pipe and bend selection and production, providing laboratory and manufacturing data, setting a reference point for future HPHT (High Pressure High Temperature) flowlines and risers' system development in the Lower Tertiary and in other critical deepwater developments worldwide.

Introduction

Cascade and Chinook fields are located in the Walker Ridge block, around 250 miles south of the Louisiana coastline in ultra deepwater, at around 8,500 ft (2,590 m) of water depth. Petrobras is the operator of both fields, with Total acting as a partner in Chinook field.

The Cascade and Chinook prospect belongs to what is defined as the Lower Tertiary Wilcox trend, a series of deep reservoirs discovered starting from 2001 in turbitide deposits ([1] Meyer et al., 2005). Besides the Cascade and Chinook fields, Lower Tertiary discoveries include Perdido folt belt, Great White, Jack and St. Malo prospect and the recent ultra deep discovery, Tiber.
Developments in Managing Flexible Risers and Pipelines, A Suppliers Perspective
Authors: Dahl Carsten S. , Andersen Bo Asp Moller , Gronne Mikael
Published: May 2011

With the increasing use of flexible pipe technology - driven by the move to deeper, more marginal and more challenging conditions - the need for systematic management of the flexible pipes is becoming more apparent. In particular, the full implementation of Riser Integrity Management (RIM) plays a vital role to ensure an efficient and safe operation.

This paper will discuss issues regarding Riser Integrity Management raised by operators and addressed to NKT Flexibles (NKTF) as the supplier. The discussion will include measurements and tests of flexible pipes, assessment and repair of possible damages, as well as assessment of change of regime e.g. change of location/ bore contents/ pressure/ temperature/ souring.

Riser condition monitoring and inspection form an important part of integrity management together with processing and analyses of the monitored data. The present paper identifies and discusses available and emerging options for condition monitoring and for engineering assessments and remedial actions, and discusses the recently developed technology of embedded optical fiber monitoring for quantifying the integrity of the flexible risers during their service life.

Introduction

Early Flexible Pipe Development

The development and use of flexible riser and pipeline technology for offshore oil and gas production is relatively young, however, flexible pipelines were applied for other purposes, before the introduction to the offshore industry.

The concept of a flexible armored marine pipeline was first introduced and applied at a significant scale in the World War II project codenamed PLUTO (PipeLine Under The Ocean) for transporting fuel under the British Channel from the United Kingdom to Normandy, France. The design was based on high voltage marine power cable technology.

The first commercial marine pipeline was installed between two Danish islands in 1964, also based on marine power cable technology.

The step on to high pressure pipelines, reinforced against collapse, for the offshore industry was taken in 1972, applying technologies developed by IFP, France.

Early Experiences

Initially, flexible pipelines have been considered maintenance free and not in need for regular inspection.

Since their first introduction, a vast number of improvements have been introduced to the design and manufacturing of the pipes, end-terminations and accessories.