bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deinococcus
Authors: Battista John R. , Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Dei.no.coc' cus. Gr. adj.deinosstrange or unusual; Gr. n.kokkosa grain or berry; M.L. masc. n.Deinococcusunusual coccus.

“Deinococcus‐Thermus” / Deinococci / Deinococcales / Deinococcaceae / Deinococcus

Deinococcusstrains form eitherspherical cells0.5–3.5 µm in diameter, orrods0.6–1.2 µm wide × 1.5–4.0 µm long. Spherical cells form pairs or tetrads and appear larger than other cocci. Species aremesophilicorthermophilic, with optimum growth temperatures of 25–35°C or 45–50°C, respectively. With the exception ofD. grandis, all species stain Gram‐positive.Nonmotile, without a differentiated resting stage.Aerobic, catalase is produced. Several distinct cell wall layers are visible by electron microscopy of sections and an outer membrane is included. The peptidoglycan is type A3β and containsl‐ornithine. Menaquinone 8(MK‐8) is the predominant respiratory quinone. The phospholipids do not include phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, or derivatives. Fatty acids are saturated or monounsaturated. Unbranched 15, 16, and 17 carbon acids predominate in mesophilic species, branched 16 and 17 carbon acids in thermophilic species.Chemoorganotrophic; metabolism is respiratory. May be proteolytic. All natural isolates areionizing‐radiation resistant. The habitat of the mesophilic species is not defined, thermophilic species are found in hot springs.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 62–70.

Type species:Deinococcus radioduransBrooks and Murray 1981, 354.
Meiothermus
Authors: Nobre M. Fernanda , da Costa Milton S.
Published: August 2015

Mei.o.ther' mus
. Gr. prefix
meio
‐ less; Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; M.L. masc. n.
Meiothermus
to indicate an organism in a less hot place.

“Deinococcus‐Thermus” / Deinococci / Thermales / Thermaceae / Meiothermus

Straight rods
, 0.5–0.8 µm in diameter; the cell length is variable. Long filaments are also formed under some culture conditions.
Nonmotile
; do not possess flagella. Endospores are not observed. Stain Gram‐negative. Most strains form
red‐ or orange‐pigmented colonies
, some strains are bright
yellow
. Aerobic with a strictly respiratory type of metabolism, but some strains use nitrate as terminal electron acceptor. Oxidase positive; the strains of one species are catalase positive, whereas the strains of the other species are catalase negative.
Slightly thermophilic
, with optimum growth temperatures of 50–65°C; strains do not grow at 70°C. The optimum pH ranges from 7.5 to 8.0.
Menaquinone 8
is the predominant respiratory quinone;
ornithine
is present in the peptidoglycan. One major phospholipid and two prominent glycolipids migrating close to each other dominate the polar lipid pattern. Additional phospholipids and glycolipids are minor components. Fatty acids are predominantly
iso‐ and anteiso‐branched. Branched‐chain 2‐hydroxy fatty acids
are present in all strains. Proteins and peptides are hydrolyzed by all strains. Starch is hydrolyzed by some strains. Hexoses, a few pentoses and a few polyols, disaccharides, amino acids, and organic acids are used as sole carbon and energy sources. Most strains require yeast extract or cofactors for growth. Found in
hydrothermal areas
with neutral to alkaline pH, also isolated from fermentors.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59–70.

Type species
:
Meiothermus ruber
(Loginova, Egorova, Golovacheva and Seregina 1984) Nobre, Trüper and da Costa 1996b, 605 (
Thermus ruber
Loginova, Egorova, Golovacheva, Seregina 1984, 498.)
Halorubrum
Authors: McGenity Terry J. , Grant William D.
Published: August 2015

Ha.lo.ru' brum
. Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; L. neut. adj.
rubrum
red; M.L. neut. n.
Halorubrum
salt (requiring) and red.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Haloferacales / Halorubraceae / Halorubrum

Cells rod shaped 1–12 µm × 0.5–1.2 µm or pleomorphic. Does not form spores. Colonies orange‐red, smooth, circular, convex, or bright pink in gas‐vacuolate species. Cells stain Gram‐negative or variable. Some strains motile.
Strict aerobes. Chemoorganotrophic, using many substrates, including sugars, as sources of carbon and energy
. Oxidase and catalase positive.
Produces nitrite from nitrate. Growth in medium between 1.5 and 5.2 M NaCl
. Temperature range for growth 4–56°C. A minor DNA component may be present. Forms a phylogenetic cluster with more than 92.8% 16S rRNA sequence similarity. Has three signature sequences (Table A2.25).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62.7–71.2.

Type species
:
Halorubrum saccharovorum
(Tomlinson and Hochstein 1976) McGenity and Grant 1996, 362 (Effective publication: McGenity and Grant 1995, 241) (
Halobacterium saccharovorum
Tomlinson and Hochstein 1976, 587;
Halorubrobacterium saccharovorum
(Tomlinson and Hochstein 1976) Kamekura and Dyall‐Smith 1995, 345.)
Methanohalobium
Authors: Zhilina Tatjana N.
Published: August 2015

Me.tha.no.ha.lo' bi.um
. M.L. neut. n.
methanum
methane; Gr. n.
hals, halos
salt; Gr. n.
bios
life; M.L. neut. n.
Methanohalobium
methane‐producing organism living in salt.

Euryarchaeota / Methanosarcinales / Methanosarcinales / Methanosarcinaceae / Methanohalobium

Cells flat, polygonal, or irregular spheroid bodies in small aggregates
(
5–10 µm
)
or single
(0.2–2 µm; average, 1 µm). Gram stain variable.
Nonmotile. Strictly anaerobic. Extremely halophilic
: optimum NaCl concentration, 4.3 M, with a range of 2.6–5.1
M. Moderately thermophilic
. Optimum temperature, 40–55°C; maximum, ~60°C; minimum, 35–37°C. Grows between pH 6.0 and 8.3; optimum pH, 7.0–7.5.
Strictly methylotrophic. Trimethylamine, dimethylamine, and methylamine are substrates
for growth and methanogenesis;

acetate, formate, and H
2
/CO
2
are not utilized

; methanol is utilized at very low concentrations (<5 mM).

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 37.

Type species
:
Methanohalobium evestigatum
Zhilina and Zavarzin 1 9 8 8, 136 (Effective publication: Zhilina and Zavarzin 1 9 8 7a, 467) (
Methanohalobium evestigatus
(sic) Zhilina and Zavarzin 1 9 8 7a, 467).
Halobacillus
Authors: Spring Stefan
Published: August 2015

Ha.lo.ba.cil'lus. Gr. n.
hals
salt; L. n.
bacillus
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Halobacillus
salt (‐loving) rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Halobacillus

Spherical to oval cells, 1.0–2.5 µm in diameter, occurring singly, in pairs, or aggregates (packets of four or more cells) or straight rod‐shaped cells with pointed ends having a width of 0.5–1.4 µm and a length of 2.0–4.5 µm, occurring singly, in pairs, or short chains. The length of rod‐shaped cells can be up to 20 µm under some culture conditions. Gram‐positive. Endospores are formed. Motility, if present, is tumbling and conferred by one or more flagella. Colonies are circular, smooth, slightly raised, and opaque. Pigmentation by a nondiffusible pigment is variable ranging from cream‐white or pale yellow to bright orange.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40–43.

Type species
:
Halobacillus halophilus
(Claus, Fahmy, Rolf and Tosunoglu 1983) Spring, Ludwig, Marquez, Ventosa and Schleifer 1996, 495
VP
(
Sporosarcina halophila
Claus, Fahmy, Rolf and Tosunoglu 1983, 503.)
Paraliobacillus
Authors: Yamasato Kazuhide , Ishikawa Morio
Published: August 2015

Pa.ra.li.o.ba.cil'lus. Gr. adj.paralioslittoral; L. n.bacillusrod; N.L. masc. n.Paraliobacillusrod inhabiting littoral (marine) environment.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Paraliobacillus

Cells are Gram‐positive,endospore‐forming rodsthat aremotile by peritrichous flagella(Figure 1).Facultatively anaerobic. Catalase‐positive when cultivated aerobically. Pseudocatalase‐negative.Requires carbohydrate, sugar alcohol, or related compounds for growth in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Glucose is aerobically metabolized to produce acetate and pyruvate as main organic acids. In anaerobic cultivation, lactate, formate, acetate, and ethanol are the end products from glucose, with a molar ratio of approximately 2:1:1 for the latter three products, without gas production. Slightly halophilic and extremely halotolerant. Slightly alkaliphilic. Containsmeso‐diaminopimelic acid in cell‐wall peptidoglycan.The menaquinone type is menaquinone‐7. Cytochromes are present. Occupies an independent lineage within the halophilic/halotolerant/alkaliphilic and/or alkalitolerant group*in rRNA group 1 of the phyletic group classically defined as the genusBacillus(Ash et al., 1991).

DNA G+C content(mol%): 35.6 (HPLC).

Type species:Paraliobacillus ryukyuensisIshikawa, Ishizaki, Yamamoto and Yamasato 2003a, 627VP(Effective publication: Ishikawa, Ishizaki, Yamamoto and Yamasato 2002, 275.).
Paenibacillus
Authors: Priest Fergus G.
Published: August 2015

Pae.ni.ba.cil'lus. L. adj.paenealmost; bacterial nameBacillus; N.L. masc. n.Paenibacillusalmost a bacillus.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Paenibacillaceae” / Paenibacillus

Rod‐shaped cells of Gram‐positive structure, but usually stain variable or negative in the laboratory. Oval endospores are formed that distend the sporangium. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Facultatively anaerobic or strictly aerobic. Most species are catalase‐positive. Colonies are generally smooth and translucent, light brown, white, or sometimes light pink in color. Optimum growth generally occurs at 28–40°C and pH 7.0, although strains of some species are alkaliphilic. Growth is inhibited by 10% NaCl.Major fatty acid is C15:0 anteiso. Additional important fatty acid fractions often contain C16:0, C15:0 iso, and C17:0 anteiso.Two forward PCR primers, PAEN515F(5′‐GCTCGGAGAGTGACGGGTACCTGAGA)and 843F(5′‐TCGATACCCTTGGTGCCGAAGT)have been described, either of which can be used with an appropriate reverse primer, for example 1484R(TACCTTGTTACGACTTCACCCCA),for diagnostic amplification from the 16S rRNA gene.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 40–59.

Type species:Paenibacillus polymyxa(Prazmowski 1880) Ash, Priest and Collins 1994, 852VP(Effective publication: Ash, Priest and Collins 1993, 259) (Clostridium polymyxaPrazmowski 1880, 37;Bacillus polymyxaMacé 1889, 588).
Filibacter
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: August 2015

Fi.li.bac'ter. L. n.
filum
a thread; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
masculine form of Gr. neut. n.
bactron
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Filibacter
thread rod.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Planococcaceae / Filibacter

Filaments composed of cylindrical cells, straight or curved
. Filaments are neither sheathed nor branched. Gram stain negative. Cell junctions clearly marked by constrictions.
Filaments are flexible
, but do not show active flexing.
Motile by gliding
. Resting stages not observed. Nonspore‐forming. Strictly aerobic, catalase and oxidase‐positive. The mol% of the DNA is 44.

Peptidoglycan contains lysine. Murein type
l
‐lysine‐
d
‐glutamic acid, variation A4 . Major respiratory lipoquinone is menaquinone MK‐7. Membrane fatty acids are dominated by C
15:0 anteiso
and C
17:0 anteiso

.
Cytochromes are predominantly of the
c
type while
b
‐type cytochromes occur in lesser amounts. Phylogenetically, a member of
Bacillus
RNA group 2, subphylum
Clostridium–Bacillus
, phylum of Gram‐positive bacteria.
Bacillus globisporus
,
Bacillus pasteuri
, and
Bacillus psychrophilus
are close phylogenetic neighbors.

Type species
:
Filibacter limicola
Maiden and Jones 1985, 375
VP
(Effective publication: Maiden and Jones 1984, 2957).
Jeotgalibacillus
Authors: Clerck Elke De , Vos Paul De
Published: August 2015

Je.ot.ga.li.ba.cil'lus. N.L. n.
jeotgalum
(Korean n.
jeotga
) jeotgal, traditional Korean food; L. n.
bacillus
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Jeotgalibacillus
rod from jeotgal.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Planococcaceae / Jeotgalibacillus

Rods 1.0–1.2 × 2.0–4.0 µm, but longer rods are often observed. Motile by peritrichous flagella.
Round endospores
are formed in swollen sporangia. Cells stain Gram‐variable.

Cell wall peptidoglycan contains
L
‐lysine at position 3 of the peptide subunit

. Facultatively anaerobic. Optimal growth temperature is 30–35°C. Optimal pH for growth is 7.0–8.0. Catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive. Urease‐negative. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite.
The predominant menaquinones are MK‐7 and MK‐8
. The major fatty acid is C
15:0 iso
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 44.

Type species
:
Jeotgalibacillus alimentarius
Yoon, Weiss, Lee, Lee, Kang and Park 2001c, 2092
VP
.
Staphylococcus
Authors: Schleifer Karl‐Heinz , Bell Julia A.
Published: August 2015

Staph.y.lo.coc'cus. Gr. n.staphylebunch of grapes; Gr. n.kokkosa grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.Staphylococcusthe grape‐like coccus.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / “Staphylococcaceae” / Staphylococcus

Cells spherical, 0.5–1.5 µm in diameter, occurring singly, in pairs, in tetrads, in short chains (3–4 cells), and characteristically dividing in more than one plane to form irregular grape‐like clusters.Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonmotile. Resting stages not produced.Cell wall contains peptidoglycan and teichoic acid. The diamino acid present in the peptidoglycan isL‐lysine(peptidoglycan group A3). Usually unencapsulated or limited capsule formation.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 27–41 (Tm, Bd).

Type species:Staphylococcus aureusRosenbach 1 8 8 4, 18AL.
Exiguobacterium
Authors: Collins Matthew D.
Published: August 2015

Ex.ig.uo.bac.te'ri.um. L. adj.
exiguus
short, small; L. n.
bacillus
rod; N.L. neut. n.
Exiguobacterium
small rod

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / Bacillales / Incertae Sedis ‐ Family III / Exiguobacterium

Cells may be ovoid or short rods occurring singly, in pairs, or chains. Gram‐stain‐positive and not acid‐fast. Nonsporeforming. Motile. Facultatively anaerobic and catalase‐positive. No growth at 10 or 45°C. Gas is not produced
. Acid is produced from
D
‐glucose and some other sugars.

The cell‐wall murein is based on
L
‐lysine. Menaquinones are the sole respiratory quinones, with menaquinone‐7 predominating

. Mycolic acids are not present.
The long‐chain cellular fatty acids consist of a mixture of straight‐chain saturated, anteiso‐ and iso‐methyl branched, and monounsaturated types
. The polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine; phosphatidylinositol and unidentified phospholipids may be present.
The G+C content of the DNA is 46.6–55.8 mol%
(
T

m

).

Type species
:
Exiguobacterium aurantiacum
Collins, Lund, Farrow and Schleifer 1984, 91
VP
(Effective publication: Collins, Lund, Farrow and Schleifer 1983, 2040).
Desemzia
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko
Published: August 2015

De.sem'zi.a. N.L. fem. n.
Desemzia
arbitrary name, derived from the abbreviation
DSMZ
(Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen)

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Carnobacteriaceae” / Desemzia

Short rods, occurring singly and occasionally in pairs. Gram‐stain‐positive. Cells from older cultures tend to lose the ability to retain the Gram stain. Microaerophilic. Nonsporeforming. Not acid‐fast. Catalase‐negative, oxidase‐negative. Metabolism fermentative.

Peptidoglycan contains lysine as the diagnostic amino acid (peptidoglycan type
l
‐lysine‐
d
‐glutamic acid; variation A4

α). Mycolic acids and isoprenoid quinones absent.

Straight‐chain saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, hexadecanoic (C
16:0
), hexadecenoic (C
16:1
) and
cis
‐vaccenic (C
18:1ω7
) predominate

. The DNA G+C content is 40 mol%. Phylogenetically, a member of the family
Carnobacteriaceae
, order
Lactobacillales
, phylum
Firmicutes
, the genus
Carnobacterium
is the closest phylogenetic neighbor.

Type species
:
Desemzia incerta
(Steinhaus 1941) Stackebrandt, Schumann, Swiderski and Weiss 1999, 187
VP
(“
Bacterium incertum
” Steinhaus 1941;
Brevibacterium incertum
Breed 1953, 14.).
Vagococcus
Authors: Collins Matthew D.
Published: August 2015

Va.go.coc'cus. L. adj.
vagus
wandering; Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain, berry; N.L. masc. n.
Vagococcus
wandering coccus, referring to motility.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Enterococcaceae” / Vagococcus

Cells are ovoid
,
occurring singly
,
in pairs
,
or chains
. Gram‐positive. May or may not be motile. Nonsporeforming.
Facultatively anaerobic and catalase‐negative
.
Grows at 10
°
C but not at 45
°
C
.
Gas is not produced in MRS broth
.

Acid is produced from
D
‐glucose and some other sugars

.
Pyrrolidonyl arylamidase and leucine arylamidase are produced
.
Arginine dihydrolase is not produced
.
Hippurate is not hydrolyzed
.
Susceptible to vancomycin
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34–40 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Vagococcus fluvialis
Collins, Ash, Farrow, Wall‐banks and Williams 1990a, 212
VP
(Effective publication: Collins, Ash, Farrow, Wallbanks and Williams 1989a, 459.).
Acetobacterium
Authors: Simankova Maria V. , Kotsyurbenko Oleg R.
Published: August 2015

A.ce.to.bac.te'ri.um. L. n.
acetum
vinegar; Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Acetobacterium
vinegar rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Eubacteriaceae” / Acetobacterium

Oval‐shaped
,
short rods
.
Gram‐stain‐positive
.
Motile
. Endospores not formed.
Strictly anaerobic
. Optimal temperature 27–30°C for mesophilic species, 20–30°C for psychrotolerant species. Optimal pH 7.0–8.0. Colonies are convex, white, slightly yellow, or brownish, 0.6–1.0 mm in diameter.
Autotrophic
growth occurs by anaerobic oxidation of H
2
and reduction of CO
2
to acetic acid.
Chemo‐organotrophic
, carrying out
homoacetogenic
fermentation of reduced substrates, such as fructose and some other monomeric sugars, as well as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and methanol; methyl groups of phenyl methyl ethers and betaine are converted to acetate. The acetyl‐CoM pathway serves as an energy‐conserving process and as a mechanism for autotrophic assimilation of carbon. Cytochromes have not been detected.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39–45.8.

Type species
:
Acetobacterium woodii
Balch, Schoberth, Tanner and Wolfe 1977, 360.
Anaerostipes
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

An.ae.ro.sti'pes. Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air; L. masc. n.
stipes
club of stick;
Anaerostipes
a stick not living in air.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Anaerostipes

Nonsporeforming
, nonmotile rods, sometimes in chains of 2–4 cells.
Gram positive in exponential phase
but not stationary‐phase cultures. Nonmotile.
Strictly anaerobic
and both catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative.
Nonhemolytic
. Cells p
roduce mainly acetic
, lactic, and butyric acids from glucose.
Arginine dihydrolase
, phosphoamidase, and α‐galactosidase are produced.
Gelatin and urea are not hydrolyzed
;
indole is not produced
. Positive for
nitrate reduction
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 45.5–46.

Type species
:
Anaerostipes caccae
Schwiertz, Hold, Duncan, Gruhl, Collins, Lawson, Flint and Blaut 2002a, 1437 (Effective publication: Schwiertz, Hold, Duncan, Gruhl, Collins, Lawson, Flint and Blaut 2002b, 50.).
Bryantella
Authors: Lawson Paul A.
Published: August 2015

Bry.an.tel'la. N.L. fem. n.
Bryantella
named after the American microbiologist Marvin P. Bryant in recognition of his outstanding contributions to the microbial ecology of anaerobic ecosystems.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Bryantella

Short
,
rod‐shaped cells that occur in pairs and short chains
. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonmotile. Does not form spores.
Strictly anaerobic chemo‐organotroph
.
Catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative
.
Acid but not gas is produced from glucose
. Does not require rumen fluid for growth. Indole‐negative. Nitrate is not reduced. Acetate is the sole product of glucose fermentation when grown in the presence of high concentrations of formate. Isolated from human feces.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 50.3.

Type species
:
Bryantella formatexigens
Wolin, Miller, Collins and Lawson 2004, 1
VP
(Effective publication: Wolin, Miller, Collins and Lawson 2003, 6325.).
Catonella
Authors: Willems Anne , Collins Matthew D.
Published: August 2015

Ca.to.nel'la. N.L. fem. n.
Catonella
in honor of Elizabeth P. Cato, an American microbiologist.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Catonella

Obligately anaerobic
,
catalase‐negative
,
Gram‐stain‐negative
,
non‐spore‐forming rods
.
Nonmotile
.
End products of carbohydrate fermentation include major amounts of acetate and smaller amounts of formate and lactate
.
Major cellular fatty acids
when grown in peptone‐yeast extract‐glucose broth include
C

14
:
0

fatty acid,
C

14
:
0

dimethyl acetal,
and C

16
:
0

fatty acid.
Catonella
is associated with periodontitis in human gingival crevices and periodontal pockets. The mol% G+C content of DNA is 34. Based on 16S rDNA sequence of its type strain,
Catonella
belongs to cluster XIVa (Collins et al., 1994) of the
Clostridium
subphylum of the Gram‐positive bacteria.

Type species
:
Catonella morbi
Moore and Moore 1994, 189
VP
.
Coprococcus
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki
Published: August 2015

Co'pro.coc'cus. Gr. n.
kopros
feces; Gr. n.
kokkos
berry; N.L. masc. n.
Coprococcus
fecal coccus.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Coprococcus

Cocci
that are
Gram‐stain‐positive
, nonmotile, and
obligately anaerobic chemoorganotrophs
. All species in the genus are isolated from human feces (Moore and Holdeman, 1974) but rarely isolated from human clinical specimens. Strains were originally isolated on an anaerobically sterilized rumen‐fluid‐glucose‐cellobiose agar (Holdeman et al., 1977a) roll tube. However, pure cultured strains grow on anaerobically incubated blood agar plates (supplemented with brain heart infusion agar with 5% sheep blood). Cells may occur as pairs or chains of pairs. Cells of the some species are slightly elongated, in particular, when grown in medium containing fermentable carbohydrates.
Fermentable carbohydrates
are either
required
or are
highly stimulatory for growth
.
Major fermentation products include butyric and acetic acids
,
with formic or propionic acid
. Characteristics to differentiate species of the genus
Coprococcus
and biochemically closely related species of the
Ruminococcus
are given in Table 167. The genus phylogenetically belongs to family
Lachnospiraceae
and the phylogenetic position within the family is shown in Figure 1 (Ezaki et al., 1994; Rainey and Janssen, 1995; Willems and Collins, 1995a). In the family
Lachnospiraceae
, members of genus
Coprococcus
are phylogenetically closely related to anaerobic curved bacteria, genus
Lachnospira
as in Figure 1.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39–42.

Type species
:
Coprococcus eutactus
Holdeman and Moore 1974, 261
AL
.
Johnsonella
Authors: Willems Anne , Collins Matthew D.
Published: August 2015

John.son.el'la. N.L. fem. n.
Johnsonella
in honor of John L. Johnson, a microbiologist from the United States.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Johnsonella

Obligately anaerobic
,
catalase‐negative
,
Gram‐stain‐negative
,
non‐spore‐forming rods
.
Nonmotile
.
Nonfermentative
. In peptone‐yeast extract‐glucose broth a moderate amount of acetate and isovalerate, and traces of lactate, succinate, isobutyrate and butyrate are produced.
Major cellular fatty acids
when grown in peptone‐yeast extract‐glucose broth include
an unidentified compound with an equivalent chain‐length of 9
.
740
,
C

14
:
0

and C

16:
0

fatty acids.
Johnsonella
is associated with gingivitis and periodontitis in human gingival crevice and periodontal pockets.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 32.

Type species
:
Johnsonella ignava
Moore and Moore 1994, 190
VP
.
Lachnobacterium
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Lach.no.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. n.
lachnos
woolly hair, down; L. dim. n.
bakterion
a small rod; N. L. neut. n.
Lachnobacterium
woolly rod, after its colonial morphology on agar.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Lachnobacterium

Long
,
straight rods
occurring as chains or filaments.
Gram‐stain‐positive
.
Anaerobic
.
Spores not formed
. Products from glucose fermentation are lactic acid with very minor amounts of acetic and butyric acids.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 33.9 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Lachnobacterium bovis
Whitford, Yanke, Forster and Teather 2001, 1980
VP
.
Lachnospira
Authors: Cornick Nancy A. , Stanton Thaddeus B.
Published: August 2015

Lach. no. spi'ra. Gr. n.
lachnos
woolly hair, down; L. n.
spira
a coil; N.L.fem. n.
Lachnospira
named for the filamentous or “woolly” colonies formed in agar by curved or helical cells of
Lachnospira multipara
.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Lachnospira

Straight or slightly curved rod‐shaped cells. May appear helical. Single cells measure 0.35–0.6×2.0–4.0 µm. Cells occur in pairs and occasionally in long chains. Gram‐stain‐variable or ‐positive. Cells possess Gram‐positive ultrastructure.
Actively motile
by monotrichous or peritrichous flagella, depending on the species.
Strictly anaerobic
. Grows at 30–45 °C. Grows in anaerobically prepared media containing rumen fluid or yeast extract, inorganic salts, and pectin or polygalacturonic acid. May also grow in a chemically defined medium. Chemo‐organotrophic metabolism.
Pectinolytic
. Ferments pectin, polygalacturonic acid, fructose, and cellobiose. Acetate, formate, ethanol, and CO
2
are the major end products from polygalacturonic acid and pectin fermentation. Small amounts of H
2
may also be produced. Methanol is also produced when pectin is fermented. Succinate, butyrate, and propionate are not produced. Galacturonic acid (the monomer of polygalacturonic acid) is not fermented. Does not produce indole, catalase, or H
2
S. Does not reduce nitrate. Does not hydrolyze gelatin or starch.
Indigenous to mammalian intestinal tract
. Isolated from bovine rumen contents and from swine feces and cecal contents.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38–45.

Type species
:
Lachnospira multipara
Bryant and Small 1956a, 24
AL
.
Pseudobutyrivibrio
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Pseu.do.bu.ty.ri.vib.ri.o. Gr. adj.
pseudes
false;
butyrivibrio
from the genus
Butyrivibrio
; N.L. masc. n.
Pseudobutyrivibrio
not a true butyribvibrio.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Pseudobutyrivibrio

Non‐spore forming
,
Gram‐stain‐negative
,
anaerobic rods
.
Ferment
a variety of carbohydrates. Major end products of fermentation are formate, butyrate, and lactate. The major cellular fatty acid is C
16:0
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40.5–42.7 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis
van Gylswyk, Hippe and Rainey 1996, 561
VP
.
Roseburia
Authors: Stanton Thaddeus B. , Duncan Sylvia H. , Flint Harry J.
Published: August 2015

Rose.bur'i.a. N.L. fem. n.
Roseburia
named in honor of Theodor Rosebury, an American microbiologist who studied and described micro‐organisms indigenous to humans.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Roseburia

Slightly curved, rod‐shaped cells (0.5 × 1.5–5 µm) occur singly and in (dividing) pairs. Nonsporulating. Gram‐negative to Gram‐variable staining reaction. Taxonomically grouped within cluster XIVa of the
Clostridium
subphylum on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence (see below).
Actively motile at 37
°
C
by means of multiple flagella inserted along the concave side and occasionally along one end of the cell.
The flagella appear as a subterminal bundle
when cells are examined by scanning electron microscopy or phase‐contrast light microscopy (Figure 168).
Strictly anaerobic
. Chemo‐organotrophic. Uses the carbohydrates
D
‐glucose, cellobiose,
D
‐maltose,
D
‐raffinose, sucrose, and
D
‐xylose as carbon and energy sources.
Hydrolyzes and ferments starch
. Grows in anaerobically prepared media containing volatile fatty acids, yeast extract, trypticase peptone, inorganic salts, hemin, glucose, and vitamins, beneath 95% N
2
/5% CO
2
or 100% CO
2
atmosphere.

Produces H
2

,

CO
2

,
and large amounts of butyrate from fermentation of glucose and acetate
. May produce lactate, formate, and trace amounts of ethanol.
Consumes acetate
,
which may be stimulatory during growth on carbohydrates
.
Indigenous to mammalian intestinal tract
. Catalase‐negative. Isolated from mouse cecal mucosa and from human feces. Uncultured bacteria with partial 16S rDNA sequences 95–97% similar to those of
Roseburia
(GenBank nos AJ312385 and L14676) have been detected in 16S rDNA analyses of swine gastrointestinal tract samples (Leser et al., 2002) and adult human fecal samples (Hold et al., 2002). Two species of
Roseburia
have been characterized. They can be differentiated by characteristics given in Table 171.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 29–42% (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Roseburia cecicola
Stanton and Savage 1983a, 626
VP
.
Shuttleworthia
Authors: Wade William G. , Downes Julia
Published: August 2015

Shutt.le.worth'ia. N.L. fem. n.
Shuttleworthia
named to honor Cyril Shuttleworth, the distinguished British microbiologist.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Shuttleworthia

Slightly curved short rods
which occur singly, in pairs, short chains, or diphtheroidal arrangements. Rods 0.4–0.6 µm in diameter and 1.0–2.5 µm in length.
Gram‐stain‐positive
,
non‐spore‐forming
,
and nonmotile
. Obligately
anaerobic
. Optimal growth temperature 30–37 °C. Several different colony morphologies exist.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 50–51 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Shuttleworthia satelles
Downes, Munson, Radford, Spratt and Wade 2002, 1474
VP
.
Sporobacterium
Authors: Mechichi Tahar , Patel Bharat K. C.
Published: August 2015

Spo.ro.bac.ter'ium. Gr. n.sporaspore; Gr. neut. dim. n.bakterionrod; N.L. neut. n.Sporobacteriumsporeforming rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Sporobacterium

Slightly curved rods(5–10 µm × 0.4–0.8 µm).Gram‐stain‐positive. Terminal sporesdistend the cells. Motile byperitrichous flagella. Strictly anaerobic. Chemo‐organotrophic. Utilizes a wide range of aromatic compounds, crotonate, and methanol. Growth occurs between 25–45 °C and at pH 6.5–8.5. Isolated from an anaerobic methanogenic waste treatment digester fed with olive mill wastewater.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 38.

Type species:Sporobacterium oleariumMechichi, Labat, Garcia, Thomas and Patel 1999, 1747VP.
Dehalobacter
Authors: Holliger Christof
Published: August 2015

De.ha.lo.bac'ter. L. pref.
de
from; Gr. n.
halo
,
halos
the sea, salt; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
baktron
a rod; N.L. masc. n.
Dehalobacter
a halogen‐removing rod‐shaped bacterium.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Peptococcaceae / Dehalobacter

Cells with a diameter of 0.3–0.5 µm and 2–3 µm long are
rodshaped with tapered ends
. Appear singly or in pairs; nonsporeforming. Cells stain Gram‐negative.
Motile
, having one lateral flagellum per cell.
Strictly anaerobic
. Electron micrographs indicate that cells are surrounded by an S‐layer. Cell wall contains the
peptidoglycan type A3γ
. Menaquinones and
b
‐type cytochromes are present.
Mesophilic
with optimal growth 25–35°C; no growth at 37°C.
Chemolithoheterotrophic
, using dehalorespiration as method of metabolism and acetate as carbon source.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 45.

Type species
:
Dehalobacter restrictus
Holliger, Hahn, Harmsen, Ludwig, Schumacher, Tindall, Vazquez, Weiss and Zehnder 1998a, 631
VP
(Effective publication: Holliger, Hahn, Harmsen, Ludwig, Schumacher, Tindall, Vazquez, Weiss and Zehnder 1998b, 319.).
Syntrophobotulus
Authors: Schink Bernhard , Friedrich Michael W.
Published: August 2015

Syn.tro.pho.bo'tu.lus. Gr. pref.
syn
together; Gr. v.
trophein
to nourish; L. masc. n.
botulus
sausage; N.L. masc. n.
Syntrophobotulus
a syntrophic, sausage‐like bacterium.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Peptococcaceae / Syntrophobotulus

Straight to slightly curved rods
. Spores formed at the cell ends. Stains Gram‐stain‐negative; ultrastructural analysis shows Gram‐positive cell‐wall architecture.
Strictly anaerobic; fermentative metabolism
. Chemo‐organotrophic. Cytochromes and catalase activity absent. Isolated from sewage sludge.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 46.7 ± 0.15 % (HPLC).

Type species
:
Syntrophobotulus glycolicus
Friedrich, Springer, Ludwig and Schink 1996, 1068
VP
.
Peptostreptococcus
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki
Published: August 2015

Pep.to.strep.to.cocc'cus. Gr. adj.
peptos
cooked, digested; N.L. masc. n.
Streptococcus
a bacterial genus name; N.L. masc. n.
Peptostreptococcus
the digesting streptococcus.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Peptostreptococcaceae” / Peptostreptococcus

Non‐spore‐forming obligately anaerobic Gram‐stain‐positive cocci. Cells may occur in pairs, irregular masses, or chains. Chemo‐organotrophs. The optimum temperature for growth is 37°C. Metabolize peptone and amino acids to acetic, butyric, isobutyric, caproic, and isocaproic acid (Holdeman et al., 1986). Carbohydrates are weakly fermented. Found in human intestine, vagina, and various abscesses. Diamino acid of peptidoglycan is lysine.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34–36.

Type species
:
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
(Natvig 1905) Kluyver and van Niel 1936, 401
AL
(
Streptococcus anaerobius
Natvig 1905, 724).
Acetanaerobacterium
Authors: Dong Xiuzhu
Published: August 2015

A.cet.an.ae.ro.bac.te'ri.um. L. neut. n.
acetum
vinegar; Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air;
anaero
not (living) in air; Gr. neut. dim. n.
bakterion
small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Acetanaerobacterium
vinegar‐producing anaerobic small rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / Acetanaerobacterium

Straight, thin rod‐shaped cells
. 0.2–0.4 × 4–8 µm. Gram‐stain‐positive. Motile. Nonspore‐forming.
Obligately anaerobic. No microaerophilic or aerobic growth occurs
. Mesophilic; grows at 20–42°C. Grows at neutral pH. Chemo‐organotrophic.
Oxidase and catalase are not produced
. Amino acids and peptides may serve as nitrogen sources. A variety of mono‐, di‐, and oligosaccharides are fermented. Gelatin and esculin are hydrolyzed.
The major fermentation products from glucose include acetate, ethanol, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide
; lactic acid, propionate, and succinate are not produced. Sulfate is not reduced. 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicates this genus belonging to the
Clostridium leptum
rRNA subgroup (Collins et al., 1994) within the family
Clostridiaceae
. Isolated from the anaerobic sludge of paper mill waste water.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 48.6–50.4.

Type species
:
Acetanaerobacterium elongatum
Chen and Dong 2004, 2261
VP
.
Anaerofilum
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

An.ae.ro'fi.lum. Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air; Gr. adj.
anaero
absence of air, referring to the anaerobic mode of living; L. neut. n.
filum
thread, referring to the very thin rod‐shaped cells; N.L. neut. n.
Anaerofilum
anaerobic thin rods.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / Anaerofilum

Thin, straight rods, 0.2–0.6 µm in diameter and 3–6 µm in length, occurring singly or in pairs. Filaments up to 30 µm observed occasionally. Spores are not formed. Cell wall contains
L
‐glycine,
D
‐glutamate,
L
‐lysine, and
D
‐alanine. Serine forms linkage in interpeptide bridge. Sphaeroplasts are formed in the stationary phase. Some strains are motile. Obligate anaerobe. Strains of this organism are catalase negative. Mesophilic with temperature range for growth between 18 and 44°C. Chemoorganotrophic. Ferments mono‐ and disaccharides. Major end products of fermentation are lactate, acetate, ethanol, formate, 2,3‐butanediol, and carbon dioxide. Sulfate is not reduced. Hydrogen and hydrogen sulfide are not produced. Found in anaerobic sewage sludge of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 54–55 (
T
m
/HPLC).

Type species
:
Anaerofilum pentosovorans
Zellner, Stackebrandt, Nagel, Messner, Weiss and Winter 1996, 874
VP
.
Anaerotruncus
Authors: Lawson Paul A.
Published: August 2015

An.ae.ro.trun'cus. Gr. pref.
an
without; Gr. masc. n.
aer
air; L. masc. n.
truncus
stick; N.L. masc. n.
Anaerotruncus
a stick that lives without air.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / Anaerotruncus

Thin rod‐shaped cells
. Gram positive and sporeforming.
Strictly anaerobic and catalase negative
. Glucose is fermented.
End products of metabolism from peptone/yeast extract broth are acetic and butyric acids
. Gelatin is not hydrolyzed. Urease negative. Nitrate is not reduced to nitrite. Indole positive. Based on 16S rRNA sequence and phylogenetic analysis, this genus belongs to the
Clostridium leptum
rRNA super cluster (Cluster IV). Isolated from human feces and blood.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 53–54.

Type species
:
Anaerotruncus colihominis
Lawson, Song, Liu, Molitoris, Vaisanen, Collins and Finegold 2004, 415
VP
.
Oscillospira
Authors: Kamagata Yoichi
Published: August 2015

Os.cil.lo.spi'ra. L. n.oscilluma swing; L. n.spiraa spiral; N.L. fem. n.Oscillospirathe oscillating spiral.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / Oscillospira

Large rods or filaments 3–6 µm in diameter and 10–40 µm in length,divided by closely spaced cross‐walls into numerous diskshaped cells. Reproduction by transverse fission. Sometimes motile by means of numerous lateral flagella. Endospores occasionally formed.Growth in pure culture has not been reported.Found only in herbivorous animals.Oscillospira guilliermondiiis the only species of this genus.

Type species:Oscillospira guilliermondiicorrig. Chatton and Pérard 1913, 1159AL.
Ruminococcus
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki
Published: August 2015

Ru.min.o.coc'cus. L. adj.
ruminalis
of the rumen; Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain, berry; N.L. masc. n.
Ruminococcus coccus
of the rumen.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / Ruminococcus

Cells are coccoid
, usually 0.3–1.5 × 0.7–1.8 µm.
Cells are in pairs and chains
.
A few are motile with 1–3 flagella
.
Gram‐stain‐positive cell‐wall structure but many stain Gram‐negative
.
Optimal temperature
,
37–42
°
C
.
Chemo‐organotrophic
.
Strictly anaerobic and require fermentable carbohydrates to grow
. Fermentation of carbohydrate yields various proportions of
acetate
,
formate
,
succinate
,
lactate
,
and ethanol
.
Amino acid and peptides are not fermented
.
Indole is not produced
(
Bryant
,
1986
).
Isolated from rumen
,
large bowel
,
or cecum of many animals and humans
. Some are isolated from human clinical specimens. Rumen fluid agar is effective to isolate and characterize strains (Holdeman et al., 1977). Some strains use cellulose on rumen fluid cellobiose agar plate (Holdeman et al., 1977) and require ammonia as a nitrogen source.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 39–47.

Type species
:
Ruminococcus flavefaciens
Sijpesteijn 1948, 152
AL
.
Sporobacter
Authors: Grech‐Mora Isabelle , Fardeau Marie‐Laure , Garcia Jean‐Louis , Ollivier Bernard
Published: August 2015

Spo.ro.bac'ter. Gr. n.sporaa spore; N.L. n.bactermasc. equivalent of Gr. neut. dim. n.bakterionrod; N.L. masc. n.Sporobactera spore‐forming rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / Sporobacter

Slightly curved rodsthat are 0.2–0.4 × 1–2 µm and occur singly or in pairs.Motile by peritrichous flagella. Gram‐stain‐positive. Terminal spore swelling the sporange. Chemo‐organotrophic andobligately anaerobicmember of the domainBacteria. Yeast extract (0.01%) is required for growth. Produces methylated sulfides from methylated aromatic compounds (e.g., 3,4,5‐trimethoxycinnamate) if sulfide or cysteine is present in the medium with acetate being the only volatile fatty acid produced from this metabolism. External electron acceptors are not used.Mesophilic and neutrophilic.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 57 (HPLC).

Type species:Sporobacter termitidisGrech‐Mora, Fardeau, Patel, Ollivier, Rimbault, Prensier, Garcia and Garnier‐Sillam 1996, 517VP.
Pelospora
Authors: Schink Bernhard
Published: August 2015

Pe.lo.spo'ra. Gr. masc. n.
pelos
mud; Gr. fem. n.
spora
a seed, spore; N.L. fem. n.
Pelospora
a spore‐forming bacterium originating from mud.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Syntrophomonadaceae / Pelospora

Strictly anaerobic bacteria forming spores
.
Organic substrates fermented
.
No reduction of external electron acceptors such as sulfate
,
nitrate
,
or Fe
(
III
)‐
oxides
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 49.0 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Pelospora glutarica
Matthies, Springer, Ludwig and Schink 2000, 647
VP
.
Acidaminococcus
Authors: Russell James B.
Published: August 2015

A.cid.a.min.o.coc'cus. L. n.
acidum
acid; N.L. neut. n.
amino
amino; Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain, berry; N.L. masc. n.
Acidaminococcus
the amino acid coccus.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Acidaminococcus

Cells coccoid
, 0.6–1.0 µm in diameter, often occurring as oval or kidney‐shaped diplococci. Nonspore‐forming.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Nonmotile; flagella are not present. The cellwall contains

meso

‐
diaminopimelic acid
; whole cells contain galactose, glucose, and ribose. Menaquinones and ubiquinones are absent.
Anaerobic
; no growth on the surface of agar media incubated in the air. Optimal growth at 30–37°C and pH 7.0. Oxidase and catalase‐negative.
Chemo‐organotrophic
:
D
‐ and
L
‐Glutamate,
trans
‐aconitate, and citrate are the known energy sources. Other amino acids, pyruvate, lactate, fumarate, malate, and succinate are not used as energy sources. Approximately 40% of the strains catabolize glucose, from which little acid is produced. On complex media, ammonia, CO
2
, acetate, butyrate, and hydrogen are produced, but propionate and valerate have not been detected. Glutamate is fermented to about 1.0 CO
2
, 1.0 ammonia, 1.2 acetate, 0.4 butyrate, and up to 10 kPa H
2
; citrate and
trans
‐aconitate are fermented to about 2.0 CO
2
, 1.8 acetate, 0.1 butyrate, and 90 kPa H
2
. Nutritional requirements are complex. Isolated from the intestinal tract of the pig and humans. Has also been isolated from cattle rumen, but not usually a predominant ruminal bacterium.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 54.7–57.4.

Type species
:
Acidaminococcus fermentans
Rogosa 1969, 765
AL
emend. Cook, Rainey, Chen, Stackebrandt and Russell 1994a, 577.
Allisonella
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Al.li.son.ella. N.L. dim. suff. ‐
ella;
N.L. fem. n.
Allisonella
named after the American microbiologist Milton J. Allison, a prominent rumen microbiologist who isolated
Oxalobacter formigenes
, a ruminal bacterium that decarboxylates oxalate.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Allisonella

Cells are
ovoid shaped
,
nonmotile
, and form diploids or chains.
Spores not observed
. Cells stain
Gram‐negative
. Resistant to ionophore and monensin.
Catalase
‐,
oxidase
‐,
and indole‐negative
. Nonfermentative, facultative anaerobic, and chemoheterotrophic. Utilizes histidine as sole energy source. Produces histamine and CO
2
as end products from histidine. Growth occurs in medium containing yeast extract, butyrate, and histidine. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons, the genus
Allisonella
is a member of the family
Veillonellaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 45–48 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Allisonella histaminiformans
Garner, Flint and Russell 2003, 373
VP
(Effective publication: Garner, Flint and Russell 2002, 504.).
Anaeroglobus
Authors: Carlier Jean‐Philippe
Published: August 2015

An.ae.ro. glo'bus. Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air; N.L.
anaero
not (living) in air; L. masc. n.
globus
sphere; N.L. masc. n.
Anaeroglobus
a sphere not living in air.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Anaeroglobus

Anaerobic
,
Gram‐stain‐negative cocci
, 0.5–1.1 µm in diameter, nonmotile, endospores not formed. Cells are coccoid to ellipsoidal and found in pairs or short chains. Most of the usual carbohydrates are not fermented.
No gas is produced
in glucose agar deeps.
Catalase and nitrate reduction tests are negative
. The metabolic end products are acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, and isovaleric acids. Occurs in gastrointestinal tract and presumably in oral cavity of man.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 51.8 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Anaeroglobus geminatus
Carlier, Marchandin, Jumas‐Bilak, Lorin, Henry, Carriere and Jean‐Pierre 2002, 986
VP
.
Centipeda
Authors: Small Alanna M. , Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Cen.ti' pe.da. L. fem. n.
centipede
a centipede.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Centipeda

Gram‐stain‐negative
,
nonspore‐forming
,
serpentine
, and
rod‐shaped
with three or more curves. The cells are
motile
by means of flagella, which are inserted in a spiral path along the cell body. The movement of the cells occurs by flexion of the entire cell and rotation around its long axis.
Anaerobic
, chemoorganotrophic. Saccharoclastic. Propionic acid is a major end product of growth; acetic acid, succinic acid, and lactic acid are also produced from carbohydrate fermentation.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 51.4–53.6 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Centipeda periodontii
Lai, Males, Dougherty, Berthold and Listgarten 1983, 631
VP
.
Mitsuokella
Authors: Willems Anne , Collins Matthew D.
Published: August 2015

Mit.su.o.kel'la. N.L. fem. n.
Mitsuokella
named after Tomotari Mitsuoka, the Japanese bacteriologist who first described the organism.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Mitsuokella

Gram‐stain‐negative
,
obligately anaerobic
,
non‐spore‐forming
,
nonmotile rods
. Stout rods of regular shape with rounded ends.
Fermentative metabolism
. Growth is enhanced by glucose or other fermentable carbohydrates.
Major end products from glucose fermentation are acetate
,
lactate and succinate
. No copious gas formation from glucose. Gelatinase and catalase absent; amylase present. Indole‐negative. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite.

DNA G+C composition is 55.9–58.2 mol% (
T
m
). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences,
Mitsuokella
belongs to the
Sporomusa
branch of the
Clostrium
subphylum of the
Firmicutes
where it is closely related to
Selenemonas ruminantium
(Lan et al., 2002b; Willems and Collins, 1995b).

Type species
:
Mitsuokella multacida
corrig. (Mitsuoka, Terada, Watanabe and Uchida 1974) Shah and Collins 1983, 439
VP
(Effective publication: Shah and Collins 1982, 493.).
Pectinatus
Authors: Haikara Auli , Juvonen Riikka
Published: August 2015

Pec.ti.na'tus. L. part. adj.pectinatuscombed; N.L. masc. n.Pectinatuscombed (bacteria).

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Pectinatus

Slightly curved rods,0.4–0.9μm in diameter and 2–50μm or more in length, with rounded ends. They occur singly, in pairs, and only rarely in short chains. In old cultures, very elongated cells with a helical shape can be found and round cell forms are also observed. Gram‐stain‐negative. According to the cell envelope structure, intermediates between Gram‐stain‐positive and Gram‐stain‐negative bacteria. Cadaverine or putrescine is found in the cell‐wall peptidoglycan.Motile, young cells form an “X” shape during movement whereas old cells have characteristically slow snakelike movements.Flagella emanate from only one side of the cell body. The organisms areobligately anaerobic,non‐spore‐forming mesophiles. They are cytochrome oxidase‐negative and do not produce indole, liquefy gelatin, reduce nitrate, or hydrolyze arginine. Urease and catalase may or may not be produced. The main metabolic products from glucose arepropionic and acetic acid.Hydrogen sulfide and acetoin are also produced and succinic and lactic acids may be produced. Originally isolated fromspoiled,packaged beer. The habitat outside the brewery is not defined.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 38–41.

Type species:Pectinatus cerevisiiphilusLee, Mabee and Jangaard 1978, 582ALemend. Schleifer, Leuteritz, Weiss, Ludwig, Kirchhof and Seidel‐Rüfer 1990, 25.