bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Computational Study of Reactions with Boric Acid Aimed to Promote the Utilization of Lignin
Authors: Wu Yu‐Chung , Yu Chin‐Hui
Published: August 2024

For exploring the reaction between the hydroxyl groups of lignin and boric acid under the alkaline condition, we study three proposed mechanisms for the formation of the anionic borate diester (ABDE) using the salicyl alcohol anion as the model compound by the density functional theory. ABDE has high flame retardancy and is a potentially practical application of lignin. The catalysis of sodium cation is found to enhance the deprotonation of the water cluster. The deprotonated product, hydroxide anion, is essential to the critical step, which is the cleavage of B−O bonds of the boric acid molecule, in reaction mechanisms. The energy profiles of the mechanisms show that the reaction between lignin and boric acid may start from the hydroxymethyl moieties of lignin since it requires less energy for the aforementioned critical step than from the phenol moieties of lignin. Moreover, the hydroxide anions compete with the hydroxymethyl groups in lignin for the formation of B−O bonds by forming tetrahydroxyborate anion (TBA) which requires very high activation energies to further react to the desired product ABDE. The optimal condition is to enhance the catalytic effect of sodium cations and meanwhile to control the formation of TBA.
Constructing Cyclic Hydrogen Bonding to Suppress Side Reactions and Dendrite Formation on Zinc Anodes
Authors: Gong Zhiqing , Liu Zhaomeng , Gao Xuan‐Wen , Chen Nian , Song Yu , Wu Xianwen , Hu Anjun
Published: August 2024

The high electrochemical reactivity of H2O molecules and zinc metal results in severe side reactions and dendrite formation on zinc anodes. Here we demonstrate that these issues can be addressed by using N‐hydroxymethylacetamide (NHA) as additives in 2 M ZnSO4 electrolytes. The addition of NHA molecules, acting as both a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor, enables the formation of cyclic hydrogen bonding with H2O molecules. This interaction disrupts the existing hydrogen bonding networks between H2O molecules, hindering proton transport, and containing H2O molecules within the cyclic hydrogen bonding structure to prevent deprotonation. Additionally, NHA molecules show a preference for adsorption on the (101) crystal surface of zinc metal. This preferential adsorption reduces the surface energy of the (101) plane, facilitating the homogeneous Zn deposition along the (101) direction. Thus, the NHA enables Zn||Zn symmetric cell with a cycle lifespan of 1100 hours at 5 mA cm−2 and Zn||Cu asymmetric cell with a high Coulombic efficiency over 99.5 %. Moreover, the NHA‐modified Zn||AC zinc ion hybrid capacitor is capable of sustaining 15000 cycles at 2 A g−1. This electrolyte additive engineering presents a promising strategy to enhance the performance and broaden the application potential of zinc metal‐based energy storage devices.
Neutral Adducts of Molybdenum Hexafluoride: Structure and Bonding in MoF6(NC5H5) and MoF6(NC5H5)2
Authors: van Hoeve Miriam D. , Bell Rachael , O'Donnell Felix , Hazendonk Paul , Wetmore Stacey D. , Gerken Michael
Published: August 2024

The first Lewis acid base adducts of MoF6 and an organic base have been synthesized, i. e., MoF6(NC5H5) and MoF6(NC5H5)2. These adducts are structurally characterized with X‐ray crystallography, showing that both adducts adopt capped trigonal prismatic structures. The MoF6(NC5H5) and MoF6(NC5H5)2 adducts are fluxional on the NMR time scale at room temperature. Two different fluorine environments could be resolved by 19F NMR spectroscopy at −80 °C for the 1 : 2 adduct, MoF6(NC5H5)2, whereas MoF6(NC5H5) remains fluxional at that temperature. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations aide the assignment of the infrared and Raman spectra. Natural Bond Order and Molecular Electrostatic Potential analyses elucidate the structures and properties of the MoF6 pyridine adducts. Regions of significantly higher molecular electrostatic potential, i. e., σ‐holes, in trigonal prismatic compared to octahedral MoF6 rationalize the capped trigonal prismatic geometry of the adducts. Whereas MoF6(NC5H5) is stable at room temperature under exclusion of moisture, MoF6(NC5H5)2 decomposes at 60 °C in pyridine solvent, and the solid slowly decomposes at room temperature after 24 h.
Clinical Manifestation and Multidisciplinary Treatment Approaches for Primary Tracheal Carcinoma in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Therapeutic Review of 13 Patients
Authors: Chowdhury Qamruzzaman , Rahman Md. Arifur , Begum Ferdous Ara , Islam Md. Shariful , Khair Murtaza , Sarker Zakir Hossain , Parvez Mashud , Haque A. K. M. Akramul , Hossain Ali
Published: August 2024

Background

Primary tracheal carcinoma is an exceptionally rare and life‐threatening disease that presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Delayed diagnosis due to misinterpretation of airway obstruction symptoms often leads to poorer prognoses for patients. This study aimed to explore the clinical manifestations and multidisciplinary treatment approaches for primary tracheal carcinoma in Bangladesh, with a focus on recent advancements in diagnosis and treatment.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted at Bangladesh Specialized Hospital Limited, involving patients aged over 30 who were diagnosed with tracheal carcinoma and underwent multidisiplinary treatment from July 2018 to June 2019. Data were collected through patient interviews and medical record reviews. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed to examine demographic characteristics, histological variations, tumor locations, clinical signs and symptoms, treatment approaches, and outcomes.

Results

The study illuminated varied clinical presentations and the successful application of multidisciplinary approaches among the 13 patients. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma were the predominant histological subtypes. Symptomatology, including dyspnea, cough, and hemoptysis, highlighted the challenge of early detection. Despite the rarity and intricacies associated with primary tracheal carcinoma, the multidisciplinary strategy yielded generally positive outcomes, as evidenced by a 1‐year survival rate of 92.31% and a 5‐year survival rate of 76.92%. Kaplan–Meier survival curves underscored the superior efficacy of surgical interventions over non‐surgical approaches.

Conclusion

Despite some limitations, this study contributes crucial insights into the nuanced management of primary tracheal carcinoma in the Bangladeshi context. The demonstrated success of the multidisciplinary strategy, especially surgical interventions, accentuates the importance of definitive resection. The lone case of local recurrence emphasizes the necessity for vigilant follow‐up.
Asymmetric Charge Distribution in One‐Dimensional Metal‐Organic Assemblies to Promote Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Liu Ning , Jiang Jialong , Xu Mingming , Zhang Shiqi , Zhang Runhao , Chen Zhonghang , Mao Yue , Cheng Peng , Shi Wei
Published: August 2024

The local charge distribution of photocatalyst is crucial to the catalytic activity due to its influence on the charge separation process. Herein, we report two one‐dimensional Ni‐based metal‐organic assemblies for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution without using noble‐metal cocatalysts. By adjusting the aromatic ring in the center of the tricarboxylic ligand, the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity was increased from 1715 to 2652 μmol h−1 g−1. The detailed mechanism study shows that the introduced nitrogen atoms in the ligands of the metal‐organic coordination assembly could modulate the local charge distribution, and yielding a significant enhancement of the molecular dipole moment which engenders a propulsive force for the effective separation and transport of photoinduced charge carriers. This work provides insights into the local charge distribution via ligand modulation for enhancing the activity of photocatalysts.
Improving persuasive writing skills of high school students with specific learning disabilities: STOP and DARE strategy
Authors: Öğülmüş Kürşat , Açıkgöz Murat Hikmet
Published: August 2024

Writing skills, crucial for various forms of expression, depend on effective planning and self‐regulation. Competent writers emphasise pre‐writing activities and self‐regulation nevertheless students with Specific Learning Disabilities (SLD) often struggle with writing, impacting their academic achievement. This study explored the efficacy of the STOP and DARE strategy, grounded in the Self‐Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) model, for teaching persuasive writing to four high school students diagnosed with SLD. The study employed a multiple probe across subjects design to assess the impact of STOP and DARE on various persuasive writing skills. The intervention involved rigorous implementation of the strategy over 12–21 sessions, occurring 3 days a week for 80–90 min each day. The results indicated a functional relation between the strategy's implementation and improvements in persuasive essay elements, text length, use of linking words and holistic quality. Moreover, participants expressed a high level of satisfaction with the intervention. Future research could consider investigating functional text elements in addition to basic persuasive text elements. Furthermore, the adaptability of the STOP and DARE strategy to different languages and its applicability in diverse writing types, as well as its effectiveness in varied linguistic and cultural contexts, should be explored.
Response of stream habitat and microbiomes to spruce budworm defoliation: New considerations for outbreak management
Authors: McCaig Madison L. , Kidd Karen A. , Smenderovac Emily E. , Perrotta Brittany G. , Emilson Caroline E. , Stastny Michael , Venier Lisa , Emilson Erik J. S.
Published: August 2024

Defoliation by eastern spruce budworm is one of the most important natural disturbances in Canadian boreal and hemi‐boreal forests with annual area affected surpassing that of fire and harvest combined, and its impacts are projected to increase in frequency, severity, and range under future climate scenarios. Deciding on an active management strategy to control outbreaks and minimize broader economic, ecological, and social impacts is becoming increasingly important. These strategies differ in the degree to which defoliation is suppressed, but little is known about the downstream consequences of defoliation and, thus, the implications of management. Given the disproportionate role of headwater streams and their microbiomes on net riverine productivity across forested landscapes, we investigated the effects of defoliation by spruce budworm on headwater stream habitat and microbiome structure and function to inform management decisions. We experimentally manipulated a gradient of defoliation among 12 watersheds during a spruce budworm outbreak in the Gaspésie Peninsula, Québec, Canada. From May through October of 2019–2021, stream habitat (flow rates, dissolved organic matter [DOM], water chemistry, and nutrients), algal biomass, and water temperatures were assessed. Bacterial and fungal biofilm communities were examined by incubating six leaf packs for five weeks (mid‐August to late September) in one stream reach per watershed. Microbiome community structure was determined using metabarcoding of 16S and ITS rRNA genes, and community functions were examined using extracellular enzyme assays, leaf litter decomposition rates, and taxonomic functional assignments. We found that cumulative defoliation was correlated with increased streamflow rates and temperatures, and more aromatic DOM (measured as specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm), but was not correlated to nutrient concentrations. Cumulative defoliation was also associated with altered microbial community composition, an increase in carbohydrate biosynthesis, and a reduction in aromatic compound degradation, suggesting that microbes are shifting to the preferential use of simple carbohydrates rather than more complex aromatic compounds. These results demonstrate that high levels of defoliation can affect headwater stream microbiomes to the point of altering stream ecosystem productivity and carbon cycling potential, highlighting the importance of incorporating broader ecological processes into spruce budworm management decisions.
Structure‐Based Design and in‐Flow Synthesis of Aromatic Endoperoxides Acting as Oxygen Releasing Agents
Authors: Agnes Marco , Santagata Adelaide , Veclani Daniele , Venturini Alessandro , Monari Magda , Dambruoso Paolo , Manet Ilse
Published: August 2024

Hypoxia occurs in different pathological settings as a consequence of poor vascularization, and it results in reduced efficacy of some current nosocomial treatments i. e. chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. In order to overcome these boundaries, aromatic endoperoxides (EPOs) have been studied and proposed as oxygen‐releasing agents (ORAs) due to their ability to reversibly bind molecular oxygen (O2), liberating it upon suitable triggering. DFT calculation of the dissociation energy (Ediss) of the intramolecular O−O bridge and structural crystallographic data of synthesized and studied EPOs drove the design of an array of 9,10‐disubstituted anthracenes among which three candidates were carefully selected. Once optimized the synthesis of the aromatic substrates, for the first time the corresponding EPOs have been produced under continuous flow irradiation in the presence of a sub‐stoichiometric amount of a photosensitizer in organic solvents. The release of O2could be obtained straightforwardly at 37.5 °C by thermolysis. In accordance with the calculated Ediss=3.2 kcal mol−1and an experimental t1/2=40 minutes, 3,3′‐(anthracene‐9,10‐diyl)bis(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐ol) resulted as the best candidate for the sustained release of O2under physiologically relevant conditions. Its exploitation as ORA to relieve hypoxia will be evaluated and described in due course.
Anthraquinone/Activated Carbon Electrochemical Sensor and its Application in Ofloxacin Analysis
Authors: Zhong Cailing , Chen Yuwen , Zheng Yixuan , Tian Qifeng , Chen Yichang , Xie Mingjiang , Tian Zhengfang
Published: August 2024

Ofloxacin (OFL) has antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory effects on respiratory tract infection, skin soft tissue infection and urogenital tract infection caused by sensitive bacteria. In this study, an electrochemical sensor on account of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and anthraquinone (AQ)/Vulcan XC‐72 (C) composite was prosperity prepared for the determination of ofloxacin (OFL) drug. The morphology and structure of C/20%AQ composites were characterized by SEM. The electrochemical behavior of OFL on the C/20%AQ/GCE sensor was tested using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The consequences indicate that the linear response of the sensor to OFL at pH 6.5 in 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) was in the scope of 0.1–550.0 μM (R2=0.998) with the limit of detection of 0.01 μM. The prepared C/20%AQ/GCE sensor exhibited good anti‐interference ability and repeatability against OFL. The sensor presents a sensitive, simple and low cost OFL detection method, and has been successfully applied to real samples.
Biogenic zinc oxide nanoregulator determines the quantitative analysis of morpho‐anatomical and antioxidant capacity in Lactuca sativa L.
Authors: Hasan Murtaza , Tariq Tuba , Mustafa Ghazala , Ismail Emad A. A. , Awwad Fuad A. , Hatami Mehrnaz
Published: August 2024

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) can possibly serve as a pervasive source of essential nutrient zinc in agricultural crops in the future. The major environmental concerns with ZnO NPs might be their toxicity and incorrect dosage, which might lead to crop damage and environmental pollution. Interplay between ZnO NPs and Lactuca sativa (L. sativa) will be of interest, yet little is known about apropos interaction of these two, which will assist in optimizing the dose of ZnO NPs for their commercial use in agriculture. The current study aimed to investigate the growth, anatomical, and antioxidative responses of L. sativa against ZnO NPs and zinc acetate. ZnO NPs were foliar sprayed with concentrations of 0, 25, 50, and 100 ppm. ZnO NPs remarkably promoted L. sativa growth, leaf water content, and biomass accumulation; however, they declined root growth. The foliar spray of ZnO NPs improved the thickness of the stem hypodermis, cortex, pericycle, and phloem, while decreasing the stem diameter, thickness of the epidermis, and number of vascular bundles. ZnO NPs rigorously declined the cell area of xylem but slightly improved it in phloem. Unlike stem cells’ anatomical responses to ZnO NPs, the root cells behaved otherwise. Overall, the antioxidative activity of L. sativa considerably improved at 25 ppm concentration and decreased at 100 ppm. Generally, low and medium concentrations of ZnO NPs promoted plant morphological, anatomical, and antioxidant traits, while higher doses inhibited the same traits. Contrary to this, Zn acetate displayed severe toxic effects on almost all studied anatomical traits.
Neuroprotective effects of resveratrol through modulation of PI3K/Akt/GSK‐3β pathway and metalloproteases
Authors: Ozpak Lütfiye , Bağca Bakiye Göker
Published: August 2024

To analyze the expressional changes in the PI3K/Akt/GSK‐3β pathway and metalloprotease in the cellular Alzheimer's Disease (AD) model with the effect of antioxidant resveratrol. Neuron‐like cells were obtained by a two‐step method of neuronal differentiation by using a combination of retinoic acid (RA) and brain‐derived factor (BDNF) exposure. Then, the application of the amyloid beta peptide 25–35 (Aβ25‐35) to the cell culture mimicked the environmental toxicity observed in AD. Afterward, cell viability and apoptosis assays were performed to determine whether the resveratrol exerts a cytotoxic and apoptotic effect. Finally, the expressional changes in genes in the cellular AD model with the effect of resveratrol were analyzed by Real‐Time PCR. The analysis in silico was assessed using the STRING V12.0 database in each group. Apoptosis data findings were decreased by 1.5‐fold and 2.5‐fold respectively by Differentiated+Resveratrol (RES) and RES when compared to control but no significant difference was observed between RES and AD model groups. Real‐time PCR analysis results revealed PI3K (3.38‐fold), AKT (3.95‐fold), and RELN (1.99‐fold) expressions were significantly higher (p < .001), and also GSK‐3β, TAU, ADAMTS‐4, ADAMTS‐5, and TIMP‐3 gene expression levels were significantly downregulated (2.53‐, 1.79‐, 2.85‐, 4.09‐, and 6.62‐fold, respectively) in the Differentiated+Aβ + RES groups compared to the Differentiated+Aβ group (p < .001). Network analysis shows the functional enrichment of 23 Alzheimer‐related GO terms in the Wnt signaling, proteolysis, and extracellular matrix organization pathways. Resveratrol has inhibited GSK‐3β by activating the PI3K/Akt insulin pathway in a neurotoxic environment. In addition, TAU, RELN, metalloproteases, and their inhibitors associated with Alzheimer's pathology have been regulated supporting the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol.
The C‐terminal self‐binding helical peptide of human estrogen‐related receptor γ can be druggably targeted by a novel class of rationally designed peptidic antagonists
Authors: Li Zilong , Peng Yue , Ye Haiyang , Zhang Yunyi , Zhou Peng
Published: August 2024

Orphan nuclear estrogen‐related receptor γ (ERRγ) has been recognized as a potential therapeutic target for cancer, inflammation and metabolic disorder. The ERRγ contains a regulatory AF2 helical tail linked C‐terminally to its ligand‐binding domain (LBD), which is a self‐binding peptide (SBP) and serves as molecular switch to dynamically regulate the receptor alternation between active and inactive states by binding to and unbinding from the AF2‐binding site on ERRγ LBD surface, respectively. Traditional ERRγ modulators are all small‐molecule chemical ligands that can be classified into agonists and inverse agonists in terms of their action mechanism; the agonists stabilize the AF2 in ABS site with an agonist conformation, while the inverse agonists lock the AF2 out of the site to largely abolish ERRγ transcriptional activity. Here, a class of ERRγ peptidic antagonists was described to compete with native AF2 for the ABS site, thus blocking the active state of AF2 binding to ERRγ LBD domain. Self‐inhibitory peptide was derived from the SBP‐covering AF2 region and we expected it can rebind potently to the ABS site by reducing its intrinsic disorder and entropy cost upon the rebinding. Hydrocarbon stapling was employed to do so, which employed an all‐hydrocarbon bridge across the [i, i + 4]‐anchor residue pair in the N‐terminal, middle or C‐terminal region of the self‐inhibitory peptide. As might be expected, it is revealed that the stapled peptides are good binders of ERRγ LBD domain and can effectively compete with the native AF2 helical tail for ERRγ ABS site, which exhibit a basically similar binding mode with AF2 to the site and form diverse noncovalent interactions with the site, thus conferring stability and specificity to the domain–peptide complexes.
Application of Second‐Generation Sequencing Technology in Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Authors: Wang Chong , Yang Shuo , Liu Qi , Liu Hongchao , Jin Shangjia , Zheng Jiajia , Xiao Xiumei , Hou Xin , Li Jing , Ma Sisi , Cui Liyan
Published: August 2024

Background

Lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) has long been an important threat to people's life and health, so the rapid diagnosis of LRTI is of great significance in clinical treatment. In recent years, the development of the sequencing technology provides a new direction for the rapid diagnosis of LRTI. In this review, the advantages and disadvantages of second‐generation sequencing techniques represented by metagenomics next‐generation sequencing (mNGS) and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) in LRTI were reviewed. Furthermore, it offers insights into the future trajectory of this technology, highlighting its potential to revolutionise the field of respiratory infection diagnostics.

Objective

This review summarises developments in mechanistic research of second‐generation sequencing technology their relationship with clinical practice, providing insights for future research.

Methods

Authors conducted a search on PubMed and Web of Science using the professional terms ‘Lower respiratory tract infection’ and ‘droplet digital polymerase chain reaction’ and ‘metagenomics next generation sequencing’. The obtained literature was then roughly categorised based on their research content. Similar studies were grouped into the same sections, and further searches were conducted based on the keywords of each section.

Results

Different studies discussed the application of second‐generation sequencing technology in LRTI from different angles, including the detection of pathogens of LRTI by mNGS and ddPCR, the prediction ability of drug‐resistant bacteria, and comparison with traditional methods. We try to analyse the advantages and disadvantages of the second‐generation sequencing technology by combing the research results of mNGS and ddPCR. In addition, the development direction of the second‐generation sequencing technology is prospected.
A Randomized, Parallel, Open‐Label, Single‐Dose and Multiple‐Dose Clinical Trial to Investigate the Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacodynamic, and Safety Profiles of Obicetrapib in Healthy Participants in China
Authors: Zhang Jing , Cao Guoying , Huo Yong , Guarneiri Liana L. , Ditmarsch Marc , Kastelein John J. P. , Kling Douglas , Hsieh Andrew , Wuerdeman Erin , Davidson Michael H.
Published: August 2024

Obicetrapib is a selective cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor. Previous research has demonstrated similar pharmacokinetic (PK) responses to single doses of obicetrapib between Japanese and White males, but the PK responses have not been established in Chinese individuals. The purpose of this randomized, parallel, open‐label trial was to characterize the PK and pharmacodynamic (PD; CETP activity and plasma lipids) responses and safety of single doses (5, 10, or 25 mg; N = 36) and multiple doses (10 mg for 14 days; N = 12) of obicetrapib in healthy Chinese individuals. The maximum concentration and area under the drug concentration‐time curve of obicetrapib from 0 h to infinity increased with dose after all single doses of obicetrapib. After 7 consecutive days of dosing, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol reached their minimum and maximum changes of 42% reduction and 108% increase, respectively. Primary PK and PD parameters after single‐ and multiple‐dose administration of obicetrapib were similar to those in healthy white participants in previous studies. One participant in the 5 mg dose group experienced a treatment‐emergent adverse event of decreased white blood cell and neutrophil counts, which resolved without intervention. In conclusion, these findings support the inclusion of Chinese individuals in the ongoing phase 3 clinical development program of obicetrapib.
Change in physical activity and its association with decline in kidney function: A UK Biobank‐based cohort study
Authors: Liu Qiaoling , Celis‐Morales Carlos , Lees Jennifer S. , Sattar Naveed , Ho Frederick K. , Pell Jill P. , Mark Patrick B. , Welsh Paul
Published: August 2024

Background

Previous research on the association between physical activity (PA) and kidney function is inconsistent. The association between muscle mass and serum creatinine (SCr) may have implications for interpreting the effect of PA on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Few studies have reported changes in physical activity and changes in kidney function.

Methods

A cohort study was constructed using the UK Biobank. Changes in physical activity were self‐reported as metabolic equivalent task (MET) minutes/week. eGFR was calculated using SCr and cystatin C (CysC). Cox and nonlinear regressions with restricted cubic splines were applied to explore the association between changes in physical activity and rapid decline of kidney function (RDKF, eGFR annual decrease ≥3 mL/min/1.73 m2), and the annual change of eGFR. An exploratory analysis of cardiorespiratory fitness as the exposure was conducted.

Results

Among 11 757 participants, the median follow‐up time was 4.4 years. Participants whose PA decreased by 1000 MET minutes/week at the follow‐up assessment had a 2% reduction in risk of developing RDKFSCr (HR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.00). In contrast, a 1000 MET minutes/week increase in PA was associated with a 4% reduction in risk of developing RDKFCysC (HR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93, 0.99). A PA increase of 1000 MET minutes/week was associated with eGFRCysC annual increase of 0.04 mL/min/1.73 m2 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.06) but no significant changes in eGFRSCr.

Conclusions

In this general population study, there are differing associations between changes in PA and changes in kidney function depending on the kidney biomarker used. Increasing PA is modestly associated with improving annual eGFRCysC and reduced risk of RDKF.
The maternal lifestyle in pregnancy: Implications for foetal skeletal muscle development
Authors: Sun Haijun , Chen Meixia , Liao Jialong , He Linjuan , Wan Boyang , Yin Jingdong , Zhang Xin
Published: August 2024

The world is facing a global nutrition crisis, as evidenced by the rising incidence of metabolic disorders such as obesity, insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. Skeletal muscle is the largest tissue in humans and plays an important role in movement and host metabolism. Muscle fibre formation occurs mainly during the embryonic stage. Therefore, maternal lifestyle, especially nutrition and exercise during pregnancy, has a critical influence on foetal skeletal muscle development and the subsequent metabolic health of the offspring. In this review, the influence of maternal obesity, malnutrition and micronutrient intake on foetal skeletal muscle development is systematically summarized. We also aim to describe how maternal exercise shapes foetal muscle development and metabolic health in the offspring. The role of maternal gut microbiota and its metabolites on foetal muscle development is further discussed, although this field is still in its ‘infancy’. This review will provide new insights to reduce the global crisis of metabolic disorders and highlight current gaps to promote further research.
Higher serum uric acid as a risk factor for frailty in older adults: A nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Kang Min‐gu , Baek Ji Yeon , Jo Yunju , Ryu Dongryeol , Jang Il‐Young , Jung Hee‐Won , Kim Beom‐Jun
Published: August 2024

Background

Uric acid (UA), the terminal breakdown product of purine metabolism, possesses contradictory roles, functioning both as an inflammatory mediator and as an antioxidant. Its clinical relevance, particularly in geriatric populations, remains a topic of ongoing debate. Aiming to elucidate whether circulating UA is detrimental or beneficial to human health, we investigate the association between serum UA concentrations and the frailty index—a comprehensive measure of biological aging in a nationally representative cohort of community‐dwelling older adults.

Methods

We conducted a population‐based, cross‐sectional study utilizing data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The sample included 4268 participants aged 65 years and above. A deficit accumulation frailty index (FI) was constructed using 38 items that assess physical, cognitive, psychological, and social domains. Based on the FI, participants were categorized into non‐frail (FI ≤ 0.15), pre‐frail (0.15 < FI ≤ 0.25), or frail (FI > 0.25). Serum UA levels were quantified through a colorimetric enzymatic assay.

Results

After controlling for confounders such as age, sex, socioeconomic status (including income and education level), lifestyle factors (smoking status), and medical history (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, stroke, cardiovascular diseases), and body mass index, serum UA levels were observed to be significantly higher in frail participants compared with their non‐frail counterparts (P < 0.001). Furthermore, serum UA concentrations demonstrated a positive correlation with the FI (P < 0.001), and the odds ratio for frailty per 1 mg/dL increase in serum UA was 1.22 (P < 0.001). Additionally, older adults in the highest quartile of UA levels exhibited a significantly higher FI and 1.66‐fold increased odds of frailty compared with those in the lowest quartile (P = 0.011 and P = 0.005, respectively).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that elevated circulating UA levels may act as a pro‐aging factor rather than an anti‐aging one in older adults, highlighting its potential role in accelerating biological aging. The data further support the utility of serum UA as a potential blood‐based biomarker for frailty in this demographic, contributing to the expanding evidence on its significance in geriatric health assessments.
Meeting of minds: Skinner and Michotte at the International Congress of Psychology, Stockholm, 1951
Authors: Wearden John H.
Published: August 2024

This note discusses the apparently unpublished correspondence between B. F. Skinner and the Belgian psychologist Albert Michotte, preceding Skinner's visit to the Thirteenth International Congress of Psychology in Stockholm in 1951. Skinner's letters, written in French, were intended to arrange a visit to Michotte's laboratory in Leuven (then called Louvain) in Belgium, which in the end never took place, although it seems highly likely that they met in Stockholm. There is no record of the topic of the conversations they may have had, although one possible speculation concerns discussions of causality, as both Skinner and Michotte had published work relating to this topic in the 1940s, Michotte's La Perception de la Causalité and Skinner's Superstition in the pigeon. The note also discusses the way in which Skinner's visit to the Thirteenth Congress influenced the development of the experimental analysis of behavior in both Europe and Japan.
Gastric intestinal metaplasia regression in United States population: A retrospective longitudinal study
Authors: Ahmed Akram I , El Sabagh Ahmed , Caplan Claire , Lee Arielle , Cho Won K
Published: August 2024

Background and Aim

Gastric cancer is a health concern and contributes to cancer‐related deaths. Gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) is a premalignant lesion of gastric cancer. Currently, factors associated with GIM regression are under‐investigated. This study aims to assess the rate of GIM regression and identify factors associated with it.

Methods

This study was conducted at Medstar Washington Hospital Center. We included patients who had GIM between January 2015 and December 2020. Population was divided into GIM persistence or regression. Data included demographics, esophagogastroduodenoscopy findings, Helicobacter pylori status, and laboratory results. Statistical analyses included Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional models to explore predictors of GIM regression.

Results

Among 2375 patients, 9.1% had GIM. Notably, 85 patients had GIM regression and 132 patients had persistent GIM. African Americans constituted (75%) of the regression group and (76%) of the persistence group. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) was noted in 12.9% of the regression group at baseline, and 5.9% at follow‐up; the persistence group showed 11.4% at baseline and 5.3% at follow‐up (P = 0.89). Regression analysis revealed that the presence of PUD was associated with a higher rate of regression (hazard ratio [HR] 2.46, P = 0.013). Smoking status showed lower rates of regression (HR 0.54 and 0.62, P = 0.038 and 0.169). On gastric mapping, African Americans, Hispanics, and individuals of other races/ethnicities displayed lower rates of GIM regression (HR 0.68, 0.78 and 0.69).

Conclusion

PUD was associated with a higher rate of GIM regression, while smoking showed lower regression rates. Results provide insights into factors influencing GIM regression in African American population and may inform future surveillance and treatment strategies.
Impact of fecal microbiota transplantation in severe alcoholic hepatitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Taha Amira M , Abouelmagd Khaled , Nada Sarah A , Mahmoud Abdelrahman M , Nguyen Dang , Sharma Sadish , Elewa Mandy
Published: August 2024

Background and Aim

Severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) is a serious condition with few treatments. By modifying the gut–liver axis, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was proposed as a treatment for SAH. The purpose of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of FMT versus the standard of care (SOC) in improving SAH patient survival rates.

Methods

A thorough search of electronic databases was conducted till September 2023. The survival rates of SAH patients undergoing FMT versus SOC were compared. Using Review Manager 5.4, odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

Results

The meta‐analysis consisted of six studies with a total of 371 patients with SAH. Patients who received FMT had significantly higher survival rates at 1 and 3 months compared to those who received SOC, with pooled OR of 2.91 (95% CI: 1.56–5.42, P = 0.0008) and 3.07 (95% CI: 1.81–5.20, P < 0.0001), respectively. However, the survival advantage disappeared after 6 months (OR: 2.96, 95% CI: 0.99–8.85, P = 0.05) and 1 year of follow‐up (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 0.44–7.46, P = 0.41).

Conclusion

This meta‐analysis highlights the potential of FMT to significantly improve short‐term survival rates in SAH patients. However, the survival benefit did not last 6–12 months. These findings call for additional research into the effectiveness of FMT over the long term, along with strategies for extending the survival benefit.
Outcomes of melphalan 140 mg/m2 followed by autologous stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma patients with co‐morbidities: Single‐centre experience
Authors: Melotti Dario , Asher Samir , Troy‐Barnes Ethan , Nesr George , Wilson William , Camilleri Marquita , Popat Rakesh , Xu Ke , Rabin Neil , Sive Jonathan , Papanikolaou Xenofon , Lee Lydia , McMillan Annabel , Yong Kwee , Kyriakou Chara
Published: August 2024

High‐dose melphalan followed by stem cell rescue is the standard consolidative therapy for transplant‐eligible patients with multiple myeloma (MM) in the United Kingdom. A melphalan dose of 200 mg/m2 (Mel200) is considered the “gold standard” for autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) conditioning for fit patients ≤70 years old; however, with a peak diagnosis incidence at 80–89 years old in the UK dose adjustments will be inevitable to limit toxicities. In this single‐centre UK‐based retrospective analysis, data was collected from patients with plasma cell dyscrasias who underwent a first reduced‐intensity, Mel140, ASCT from 2006 to 2019, a total of 81 patients. We found that the procedure was overall safe with seven (9%) of patients requiring ITU admission and a single transplant‐related death within the initial autograft admission. The progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival were comparable with those previously reported in the literature with median PFS for our cohort of 31 months. Univariate analysis of our data showed an inferior PFS for patients aged ≥70 years. In conclusion, although this is a retrospective analysis, it demonstrates that dose‐reduced melphalan conditioning is safe and effective in patients deemed unfit for standard‐intensity conditioning.
Alterations in amygdala subregions—Default mode network connectivity after treatment in patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Xu Jianxiong , Liang Jiaquan , Yan Haohao , Zhang Chunguo , Zhang Xinglian , Li Xuesong , Huang Wei , Guo Huagui , Yang Yu , Ye Jinzhong , Ou Yangpan , Deng Wen , Xu Jinbing , Li Xiaoling , Xie Guojun , Guo Wenbin
Published: August 2024

Disrupted connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) during resting‐state functional MRI (rs‐fMRI) is well‐documented in schizophrenia (SCZ). The amygdala, a key component in the neurobiology of SCZ, comprises distinct subregions that may exert varying effects on the disorder. This study aimed to investigate variations in functional connectivity (FC) between distinct amygdala subregions and the DMN in SCZ individuals and explore the effects of treatment on these connections. Fifty‐six SCZ patients and 51 healthy controls underwent FC analysis and questionnaire surveys during resting state. The amygdala was selected as the region of interest (ROI) and subdivided into four parts. Changes in FC were examined, and correlations between questionnaire scores and brain activity were explored. Pre‐treatment, SCZ patients exhibited reduced FC between the amygdala and DMN compared to HCs. After treatment, significant differences persisted in the right medial amygdala, while other regions did not differ significantly from controls. In addition, PANSS scores positively correlated with FC between the Right Medial Amygdala and the left SMFC (r = .347, p = .009), while RBANS5A scores showed a positive correlation with FC between the Left Lateral Amygdala and the right MTG (rho = −.347, p = .009). The rsFC between the amygdala and the DMN plays a crucial role in the treatment mechanisms of SCZ. This could provide a promising predictive indicator for understanding the neural mechanisms behind treatment and symptomatic improvement.
Long‐term snowfall trends and variability in the Alps
Authors: Bozzoli Michele , Crespi Alice , Matiu Michael , Majone Bruno , Giovannini Lorenzo , Zardi Dino , Brugnara Yuri , Bozzo Alessio , Berro Daniele Cat , Mercalli Luca , Bertoldi Giacomo
Published: August 2024

Snow is particularly impacted by climate change and therefore there is an urgent need to understand the temporal and spatial variability of depth of snowfall (HN) trends. However, the analysis of historical HN observations on large‐scale areas is often impeded by lack of continuous long‐term time series availability. This study investigates HN trends using observed time series spanning the period 1920–2020 from 46 sites in the Alps at different elevations. To discern patterns and variations in HN over the years, our analysis focuses also on key parameters such as precipitation (P), mean air temperature (TMEAN), and large‐scale synoptic descriptors, that is, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), Arctic Oscillation (AO) and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) indices. Our findings reveal that in the last 100 years and below 2000 m a.s.l., despite a slight increase in winter precipitation, there was a decrease in HN over the Alps, especially for southern and low‐elevation sites. The South‐West and South‐East regions experienced an average loss of 4.9 and 3.8%/decade, respectively. A smaller relative loss was found in the Northern region (2.3%/decade). The negative HN trends can be mainly explained by an increase of TMEAN by 0.15°C/decade. Most of the decrease in HN occurred mainly between 1980 and 2020, as a result of a more pronounced increase in TMEAN. This is also confirmed by the change of the running correlation between HN and TMEAN, NAO, AO over time, which until 1980 were not correlated at all, while the correlation increased in later years. This suggests that in more recent years favourable combinations of temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric pattern have become more crucial for snowfall to occur. On the other hand, no correlation was found with the AMO index.
Comparative analysis of the spatiotemporal patterns and trends of three types of summer heatwaves in China (1981–2020) using a biometeorological index
Authors: Qin Yaqi , Ma Hongyun , Chen Haishan
Published: August 2024

Under global warming, heatwaves (HWs) are exerting increasing impacts on human life. In order to explore the thermal sensation of HWs under the combined influence of air temperature, humidity, radiation and wind speed, this study utilized the hourly Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) data from the ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) to define daytime, night‐time and compound HWs, and then comparatively analysed their occurrences in China during 1981–2020. Results revealed that daytime HWs affect the majority of regions in China with the exception of the Tibetan Plateau, while both night‐time and compound HWs mainly strike the Yangtze River Basin and the Guangdong–Guangxi region in southeastern China. Additionally, it is noteworthy that a substantial portion of regions experiencing night‐time HWs also encounter compound HWs. The frequency and intensity of all three types of HWs show increasing trends generally in regions where HWs occur. The spatial coverage of HWs grows at rates of 8.05%/10a, 2.11%/10a and 1.62%/10a for the daytime, night‐time and compound types, respectively. For each summer month, the spatial coverage of daytime HWs notably surpasses that of night‐time and compound HWs. Further classifying HWs with intensity, it is found that the spatial coverage of both moderate and severe HW events exhibits discernible rising trends across all three types of HWs. Furthermore, regions with higher HW frequencies are more likely to experience severe HWs as well as record‐breaking ones. Additionally, the spatial coverage of daytime, night‐time and compound record‐breaking HWs is expanding.
Immediate and delayed flap reconstruction have equivalent outcomes and associated costs following soft tissue sarcoma surgery
Authors: Haldeman Pearce B. , Harfouche Cyril , Rosales Ricardo , Trimm Conner , Chun Liane , Reid Christopher , Flint James H. , Chiarappa Frank
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives

Surgical treatment of soft tissue sarcoma (STS) involves wide resection of the tumor, which can necessitate soft tissue reconstruction with local or free tissue flaps. This retrospective study compares cost, surgical and oncologic outcomes between patients undergoing reconstruction with immediate versus delayed flap coverage following STS resection.

Methods

Thirty‐four patients who underwent planned flap reconstruction following resection of primary STS were identified retrospectively. Twenty‐four (71%) received immediate reconstruction during the index surgery and 10 (29%) underwent planned delayed reconstruction. Preoperative patient‐specific metrics, tumor characteristics, and surgical and patient outcomes were collected. Total hospital charges associated with every encounter during the perioperative period were obtained.

Results

Patient demographics, comorbidities, tumor metrics, and surgical characteristics were equivalent between groups. Postoperative wound complications, reoperations, readmissions, and disease‐specific survival did not differ between cohorts. Costs associated with each reconstruction strategy were equivalent on bivariate and multivariate testing, when accounting for operating room time, hospital length of stay, and reoperation rate.

Conclusions

Our study identifies no significant difference in patient outcome measures or cost between planned immediate and delayed flap reconstruction following STS resection. These results support the implementation of either treatment strategy in keeping with patient‐centered, multidisciplinary care principles.
Conversion surgery for gastric cancer with PM
Authors: Kitai Toshiyuki , Yamanaka Kenya
Published: August 2024

It remains unclear whether the application of surgery to gastric cancer with peritoneal carcinomatosis prolongs survival. Twenty studies on conversion surgery were reviewed. Key points were the response to chemotherapy, complete resection, and a low tumor burden at the time of surgery. A bidirectional approach has been developed to increase the response rate. There are two different strategies in surgery. The outcomes of ongoing trials may clarify controversial issues.
Chemotherapy switch for nonresponse or progression on neoadjuvant chemotherapy for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Hagerty Brendan L. , Fekrmandi Fatemeh , Schneider Tyce , Fountzilas Christos , Stiles Zachary , Kukar Moshim , Calvo Benjamin , Cherkassky Leonid
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives

Patients with localized pancreatic adenocarcinoma who do not respond to neoadjuvant therapy present a challenge. We sought to define the characteristics and outcomes of those patients to guide clinical practice.

Methods

Patients included were those without evidence of biochemical or radiographic response and no evidence of distant progression at the first reassessment after initiation of therapy.

Results

Of the 45 patients in the cohort, 23 (51.1%) proceeded to surgical exploration with all but one of those undergoing resection. The median overall survival of the study cohort was 28.6 and 48.6 months in those who underwent resection. A total of 13 patients (28.9%) underwent chemotherapy switch (CS) during their course of neoadjuvant therapy. The CS cohort demonstrated higher rates of radiologic progression (25% vs. 10%, p = 0.329), new or worse vascular involvement (58.3% vs. 30%, p = 0.082), and CA 19‐9 increase (30.8% vs. 12.9%, p = 0.209) at initial re‐staging. Despite this, overall survival was similar between the two groups (20.7 vs. 28.7 months, p = 0.674).

Conclusion

Non‐responders to first‐line neoadjuvant therapy have poor rates of curative‐intent resection. However, resection should be undertaken when feasible. CS may be considered in patients who do not respond to first‐line chemotherapy.