bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Another Look at Travel Patterns and Urban Form: The US and Great Britain
Authors: Giuliano Genevieve , Narayan Dhiraj
Published: January 2004

This paper explores the relationship between land-use patterns and individual mobility from a comparative international perspective. There is a vast literature on US automobile dependence. Major explanatory factors include: transport, housing, land-use and tax policy; per capita incomes; American cultural preferences; national geography; and the spatial structure of US metropolitan areas (itself a result of the first three factors). Emphasising the policy environment, many researchers have cast their analysis in comparative terms, noting the differences in automobile use between European countries and the US. It is argued that US patterns of metropolitan form, with low development densities and dispersed population and employment, reinforce vehicle dependence. In contrast, most European metropolitan areas, with higher densities and more centralised land-use patterns, have lower levels of car use. Stronger controls on land use employed in many European countries are seen as having preserved the compact form of metropolitan areas. These arguments imply significant relationships between land-use patterns and travel behaviour. Using travel diary data from the US and Great Britain, these relationships are compared across the two countries. It is found that differences in daily trips and miles travelled are explained by differences in both the urban form and household income. While the effect of income on daily travel is similar for the US and Great Britain, the effect of density is more pronounced in the US.
Src Homology 2–containing 5-Inositol Phosphatase (SHIP) Suppresses an Early Stage of Lymphoid Cell Development through Elevated Interleukin-6 Production by Myeloid Cells in Bone Marrow
Authors: Nakamura Koji , Kouro Taku , Kincade Paul W. , Malykhin Alexander , Maeda Kazuhiko , Coggeshall K. Mark
Published: January 2004

The Src homology (SH)2–containing inositol 5-phosphatase (SHIP) negatively regulates a variety of immune responses through inhibitory immune receptors. In SHIP−/− animals, we found that the number of early lymphoid progenitors in the bone marrow was significantly reduced and accompanied by expansion of myeloid cells. We exploited an in vitro system using hematopoietic progenitors that reproduced the in vivo phenotype of SHIP−/− mice. Lineage-negative marrow (Lin−) cells isolated from wild-type mice failed to differentiate into B cells when cocultured with those of SHIP−/− mice. Furthermore, culture supernatants of SHIP−/− Lin− cells suppressed the B lineage expansion of wild-type lineage-negative cells, suggesting the presence of a suppressive cytokine. SHIP−/− Lin− cells contained more IL-6 transcripts than wild-type Lin− cells, and neutralizing anti–IL-6 antibody rescued the B lineage expansion suppressed by the supernatants of SHIP−/− Lin− cells. Finally, we found that addition of recombinant IL-6 to cultures of wild-type Lin− bone marrow cells reproduced the phenotype of SHIP−/− bone marrow cultures: suppression of B cell development and expansion of myeloid cells. The results identify IL-6 as an important regulatory cytokine that can suppress B lineage differentiation and drive excessive myeloid development in bone marrow.
Transcription ofDrosophilaTroponin I Gene Is Regulated by Two Conserved, Functionally Identical, Synergistic Elements
Authors: Marín María-Cruz , Rodríguez José-Rodrigo , Ferrús Alberto
Published: January 2004

The Drosophila wings-up A gene encodes Troponin I. Two regions, located upstream of the transcription initiation site (upstream regulatory element) and in the first intron (intron regulatory element), regulate gene expression in specific developmental and muscle type domains. Based on LacZ reporter expression in transgenic lines, upstream regulatory element and intron regulatory element yield identical expression patterns. Both elements are required for full expression levels in vivo as indicated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. Three myocyte enhancer factor-2 binding sites have been functionally characterized in each regulatory element. Using exon specific probes, we show that transvection is based on transcriptional changes in the homologous chromosome and that Zeste and Suppressor of Zeste 3 gene products act as repressors for wings-up A. Critical regions for transvection and for Zeste effects are defined near the transcription initiation site. After in silico analysis in insects (Anopheles and Drosophila pseudoobscura) and vertebrates (Ratus and Coturnix), the regulatory organization of Drosophila seems to be conserved. Troponin I (TnI) is expressed before muscle progenitors begin to fuse, and sarcomere morphogenesis is affected by TnI depletion as Z discs fail to form, revealing a novel developmental role for the protein or its transcripts. Also, abnormal stoichiometry among TnI isoforms, rather than their absolute levels, seems to cause the functional muscle defects.
Analysis of Multiple Genomic Sequence Alignments: A Web Resource, Online Tools, and Lessons Learned From Analysis of Mammalian SCL Loci
Authors: Chapman Michael A. , Donaldson Ian J. , Gilbert James , Grafham Darren , Rogers Jane , Green Anthony R. , Göttgens Berthold
Published: January 2004

Comparative analysis of genomic sequences is becoming a standard technique for studying gene regulation. However, only a limited number of tools are currently available for the analysis of multiple genomic sequences. An extensive data set for the testing and training of such tools is provided by theSCLgene locus. Here we have expanded the data set to eight vertebrate species by sequencing the dogSCLlocus and by annotating the dog and ratSCLloci. To provide a resource for the bioinformatics community, allSCLsequences and functional annotations, comprising a collation of the extensive experimental evidence pertaining toSCLregulation, have been made available via a Web server. A Web interface to new tools specifically designed for the display and analysis of multiple sequence alignments was also implemented. The uniqueSCLdata set and new sequence comparison tools allowed us to perform a rigorous examination of the true benefits of multiple sequence comparisons. We demonstrate that multiple sequence alignments are, overall, superior to pairwise alignments for identification of mammalian regulatory regions. In the search for individual transcription factor binding sites, multiple alignments markedly increase the signal-to-noise ratio compared to pairwise alignments.
A cybernetic framework linking personality and other variables in understanding general health
Authors: Barton Cunningham J. , Lischeron Joe , Chye Koh Hian , Farrier Mike
Published: January 2004

Personality traits such as anxiety, self‐esteem and aggressive hostility are often thought to affect the stress that a person perceives or manifests. With data from 176 male executives, this study suggests that there are indirect and interacting relationships between personality and general health. This article proposes a cybernetic framework that links personality with other variables in understanding overall health. The framework specifies that personal characteristics (i.e. age), personality, and environment all play a role, each interacting systemically. The framework provides a basis for illustrating these interactions. For example, while type A personalities are more likely to get involved in more stressful situations, their negative health effects might depend on other variables, such as self‐esteem and years in the job. While personality features are important risk factors, they may not, by themselves, predict stress. Stress is the result of interacting variables including age, position, job level, the stress experience, and one's personality.
Conservation of the extinct Toromiro Tree, Sophora toromiro
Authors: Maunder Mike
Published: January 2004

One of the extinct flowering plants of Easter Island (Rapa Nui) is the Toromiro Tree, Sophora toromiro Skottsb. (Leguminosae) which is, however, maintained in cultivation in several botanic gardens. An outline of the history of the flora of the island, and of the Toromiro in particular, are given. The efforts of the Toromiro Management Group to secure its future, and its successful re‐introduction to the island, are described.
Plate 342. Crocus kerndorffiorum
Authors: Mathew Brian
Published: January 2004

Crocus kerndorfiorum Pasche (Iridaceae), an endemic of the Taurus Mountains, southern Turkey, is illustrated. Its relationships, distribution, ecology, conservation status and cultivation requirements are discussed and a full description is provided.
Neither common nor garden: The garden as a refuge for threatened plant species
Authors: Maunder Mike , Higgens Sarah , Culham Alastair
Published: January 2004

An increasing number of plant species are being lost to the world primarily as a result of massive levels of degradation to wild habitats, and in a smaller number of cases through inappropriate trading. A handful of these extinctions have been prevented, or perhaps delayed, through cultivation in gardens and nurseries (Melville, 1970). In a well‐stocked garden‐centre the amateur horticulturist can purchase a number of species now extinct in the wild. These species survive as genetic fragments of the diversity originally present in the lost wild population. This paper, through a series of case studies, discusses the ambivalent relationship between the horticulturist and species conservation.
Plate 353. Helleborus thibetanus
Authors: Hall Tony , Mathew Brian
Published: January 2004

The Chinese Helleborus thibetanus (Ranunculaceae), a geographically isolated species in the genus, is illustrated; its history, relationships, distribution, ecology and cultural requirements are discussed and a full description of the species is provided.
Plate 372. Fitzroya cupressoides
Authors: Gardner Martin F. , Thomas Philip , Lara Antonio , Escobar Bernardo
Published: January 2004

Fitzroya cupressoides (Molina) I.M. Johnst. (Cupressaceae), a remarkable endemic conifer of temperate South America, is illustrated, together with a full description and details of its ecology, conservation and cultivation.
Plate 388. Iris sprengeri
Authors: Güner Adil , Hall Tony , Mathew Brian
Published: January 2004

Iris sprengeri Siehe, a Turkish species belonging to Iris Section Oncocyclus, is illustrated. Its relationships, ecology, conservation status and cultivation requirements are discussed and a full description is provided.
Plate 391. Fritillaria pudica
Authors: Macfarlane Roger
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, relationships, distribution and cultural requirements of the North American Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Sprengel (Liliaceae), are discussed. An illustration is provided and a full description is given.
Plate 398. Fritillaria involucrata
Authors: Rix Martyn
Published: January 2004

The taxonomy, relationships, distribution and cultural requirements of Fritillaria involucrata All. (Liliaceae) from southern France are discussed. An illustration is provided and a full description is given.
Plate 399. Andira inermis subsp. inermis
Authors: Pennington R. Toby , Lewis Gwilym , Marsh Mike
Published: January 2004

The history, taxonomy, distribution, habitat and cultivation requirements of the unusual woody legume
Andira inermis (W. Wright) DC. subsp. inermis (Leguminosae) are discussed; a full botanical description, watercolour illustration and dissection drawings are also provided.
Plate 400. Mimulus naiandinus
Authors: Watson J. M. , Von Bohlen C.
Published: January 2004

Summary. The new taxon Mimulus naiandinus J.M. Watson & von Bohlen (Scrophulariaceae) is an uncommon endemic from mid‐altitudes in the precordillera of central Chile. Of the South American species of Mimulus, only M. luteus L. var. variegatus (Lodd.) Hook. shares similarly bicoloured corollas of cream or pale yellow strongly overlaid with pink.
The Ambulance Journey as an Information Generating Process
Authors: Hughes David
Published: January 2004

Abstract One aspect of the emergency ambulance journey often overlooked is its importance as a source of subjective definitions and verbal descriptions which ultimately are likely to influence the form of the incoming patient's initial reception at hospital. Crewmen's need for some‘picture’of the case being processed from the time an emergency telephone call is received, is linked to their reliance on a stock of typified knowledge in recognizing and ordering emerging elements of information. The paper explores some features of the extended process of categorization which lies behind the account of the patient's condition finally offered by crewmen to casualty department staff.
Medical Work: Accommodating a Body of Knowledge to Practice
Authors: De Santis Grace
Published: January 2004

Abstract It is the purpose of this paper to examine the relationship between the production of new scientific knowledge and the application of that knowledge to medical practice. The paper focuses, first, on the growth of the scientific enterprise and argues that the expanding medical division of labor is the profession's accommodation to the increased size of its body of knowledge. The paper goes on to discuss the emergent role of a new category of workers in that division of labor, clinical researchers. The second major focus of the paper concerns the relationship among medical specialists, who must allocate the new scientific discoveries among themselves. The final portion of the paper identifies the components of the process which accomplishes the task of distributing medical work among the specialty communities. The issue of primary concern to this discussion, which appears only as an underlying theme until the concluding section, is the effect of this allocation process on the structure of the medical profession and the type of medical care it delivers.
Orchestrated Encounters: An Essay in the Comparative Analysis of Speech‐Exchange Systems
Authors: Dingwall Robert
Published: January 2004

Abstract This paper reviews some of the contributions of conversational analysis and argues that its range of questions has been unduly restrictive. In particular, it is contended that its goals cannot be achieved without some reference to contextual features of a kind which have traditionally interested ethnographers, although it may offer a more rigorous methodology. These arguments are illustrated and developed through an analysis of speech‐exchange in tutorials in a school of health visiting. It is concluded that the restoration of a comparative focus and a re‐examination of Sacks’original writings may open important avenues for the empirical grounding of statements about wider social structures and their realisation in everyday life.
Migration, Health Status and Utilization of Health Services
Authors: Nagi Saad Z. , Haavio‐Mannila Elina
Published: January 2004

Abstract Evidence concerning the relations of migration to health status and health care utilization is inconclusive. This paper outlines the theoretical positions on these relations and reviews the empirical findings supporting varying positions. The paper also presents the findings of a survey of a probability sample of the U.S. population concerning these issues. The analysis is organized around comparisons among immigrants from other societies, internal migrants, and non‐migrants on important dimensions of health status and the utilization of different types of health services. Comparisons were also made among first generation, second generation, and‘old stock.’Finally, immigrants were grouped by country and area of origin to assess the influence of cultural differences on health and the utilization of services. Attempts were made to control the influence of demographic characteristics while assessing the relations between migration and health status. The controlled analysis showed immigrants to enjoy better health conditions followed by migrants and then the non‐migrants. Significant differences in physical performance were manifested among immigrants from varying areas of origin, and also among generations of nativity. Controlling for both demographic characteristics and health status, immigrants were consistently the least utilizers of services and internal migrants the highest. An increase in utilization was associated with generational residence in the U.S. First generation were least utilizers, followed by second generation with the‘old stock’being the greatest utilizers. Immigrants from different countries and regions of the world also exhibited significant differences in the patterns of utilization of health services.
Ethnic Minorities and Psychiatric Services
Authors: Littlewood Roland , Cross Sybil
Published: January 2004

Abstract Black psychiatric out‐patients appear to be more likely to receive various physical treatments than do British born patients or white immigrants: major tranquillisers and electroconvulsive therapy. Both black patients and white immigrants are more likely to receive intramuscular medication than the British born and have a pattern of out‐patient attendance which involves self‐referrals, missed appointments and being seen on booked appointments by the most junior members of the therapeutic team. These findings cannot all be adequately interpreted as the result of demographic differences or differing conceptions of mental illness and readiness to seek treatment. They appear to involve either (a) Differences in psychiatric phenomenology which have not been recognised or (b) Stereotyped attitudes of mental health professionals.
The Role of Proximity in the Use of Hospital Emergency Departments
Authors: Magnusson Gudjon
Published: January 2004

Abstract In Stockholm, greatly increased utilization of hospital emergency departments has caused considerable strain on the emergency services. A similar trend has been reported from cities in other countries. Using record‐linkage we studied in a defined population the relationship between visiting rates in the hospital emergency department and a) travelling distance and b) utilization of outpatient clinics and inpatient care. The results indicate that visiting rates are strongly correlated with travelling distance from the hospital and utilization of inpatient and outpatient hospital care. The results have implications for planning and location of resources.
The Sociology of Reproduction
Authors: Macintyre Sally
Published: January 2004

Book reviews in this article:

Sheila Kitzinger and John A. Davis, The Place of Birth.

Sheila Kitzinger, Women as Mothers.

Sheila Kitzinger, The Good Birth Guide.

Ann Oakley, Becoming a Mother.

Ann Cartwright, The Dignity of Labour? A Study of Childbearing and Induction.
The Social Context of Psychiatric Care
Authors: Bloor Michael , McKeganey Neil
Published: January 2004

Book reviews in this article:

J. Stuart Whiteley and John Gordon, Group Approaches in Psychiatry.

R. D. Hinshelwood and Nick Manning (eds). Therapeutic Communities: Reflections and Progress.

David Towell and Clive Harries (eds). Innovation in Patient Care.

Steven P. Segal and Uri Aviram, The Mentally Ill in Community‐Based Sheltered Care: A Study of Community Care and Social Integration.
The Blair Government and the Core Executive
Authors: Burch Martin , Holliday Ian
Published: January 2004

The article contests the view that the Blair government has presided over the demise of cabinet government in the UK, and the rise of a kind of British presidentialism. By examining changes made at the very heart of government, chiefly in the Prime Minister's and Cabinet Offices, it argues that change under Labour marks the latest stage in the evolution of Britain's still functioning system of cabinet government. Moreover, recent reforms, like so many before, have been partly prompted by deep-seated administrative factors that have helped to shape the core executive for close to a century. Nevertheless, the article concedes that the Blair reforms do reflect an acceleration of pre-existing trends, with the result that the executive arm of government has been substantially enhanced. This has led to some change in the balance of power both within the core executive and across central government more widely.
Five Ways of Institutionalizing Political Opposition: Lessons from the Advanced Democracies
Authors: Helms Ludger
Published: January 2004

Legitimate political opposition constitutes a key component of any form of liberal democracy, which has, however, received surprisingly scant attention in the more recent political science literature. In an attempt to revitalize the debate about the various forms of political opposition, this paper starts with distinguishing five different ways or models of institutionalizing political opposition in liberal democratic systems. It goes on to look at how these different models have worked in the constitutional practice of selected western democracies. In the second part of this article, the focus is on the possible lessons that constitution-makers in democratizing countries could draw from this experience. Whereas there is no best model of opposition in general, some models would seem to be better suited to meet the particular needs of new democracies than others.
Creating Democracy's Good Losers: The Rise, Fall and Return of Parliamentary Disorder in Post-war Japan
Authors: Wolfe Eugene L.
Published: January 2004

‘Good losers’, legislators willing to play by parliamentary rules, even at the cost of defeat, are a microfoundation of democracy. Yet how they are created has not been adequately explained. Theories focusing on institutions, evolving norms, electoral incentives and ideology do not account for the case of post-war Japan, where deliberate disorder was common in the 1950s and 1960s, absent in the 1970s and 1980s, and returned in the 1990s. This paper highlights the importance of the legislative majority's behaviour in encouraging procedural compliance through the provision of informal mechanisms of consultation and compromise. The lack of such mechanisms also explains periods of parliamentary disorder in other countries.
Being Irish
Authors: de-Shalit Avner
Published: January 2004

The case of Israeli identity is a good example of the paradox of national identity and national self-determination. On the one hand Israelis put forwards ‘centripetal’ claims about why they are part of the family of nations. These claims are based on universal arguments and would go hand-in-hand with universal (often liberal) values. On the other hand they maintain ‘centrifugal’ claims, about ‘breaking away’, and about why their nation feels different from other nations. Centrifugal claims emphasize a people's uniqueness and tend to refer to particularistic morality. In the case of Israeli identity, emphasizing the particularistic goes together with chauvinistic attitudes towards other nations.

It is argued that the more vulnerable Israelis feel, the more they define themselves in a centrifugal way, that is, by distinguishing themselves from the rest of humankind. This tendency, I argue, proves a self-fulfilling prophecy: the more a nation defines itself in centrifugal terms, the more paranoid it becomes; this, in turn, serves to fan the flames of suspicion even more, and sustains the nation's self-image as different, unique and detached. The nation enters a vicious circle, which prevents it from becoming a normal member of the family of nations.
Sensitization to cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants and the ubiquitous protein profilin: mimickers of allergy
Authors: Ebo D. G. , Hagendorens M. M. , Bridts C. H. , De clerck L. S. , Stevens W. J.
Published: January 2004

Background
During the last decade, evidence has been provided for profilins and cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCDs) to be capable of inducing cross‐reactive IgE antibodies with little clinical relevance.

Objective
To investigate the prevalence of sensitization to CCD and profilin in isolated allergies (birch, timothy grass, house dust mite, pets (cat and/or dog), natural rubber latex (NRL) and hymenoptera venom). To study the contribution of anti‐CCD and anti‐profilin IgE antibodies as a cause of clinically irrelevant IgE for NRL and apple.

Methods
For the first part of the study, 100 patients with inhalant allergy, 17 patients with NRL allergy and 40 patients with venom anaphylaxis were enrolled. Diagnosis was based on a questionnaire and a positive IgE determination and skin test for relevant allergen. Patients were identified as sensitized to CCD if they had a negative prick test and positive IgE for the glycoprotein bromelain. Sensitization to profilin was assessed by IgE for rBet v 2 (recombinant birch profilin). For the second part of the study, sera containing IgE against apple (n=82) or NRL (n=38) were classified as true‐negative or false‐positive according to the presence or absence of an oral allergy syndrome (OAS) or NRL‐induced anaphylaxis. In these patients, sensitization to CCD and profilin was evaluated as described above.

Results
No sensitization to bromelain‐type CCD and profilin was found in isolated birch pollen or NRL allergy. In contrast, sensitization to bromelain‐type CCD was found in 4/17 patients with isolated grass pollinosis, 5/24 patients with combined pollinosis (birch, timothy, mugwort) and 7/33 patients with venom anaphylaxis. Sensitization to profilin was almost restricted to patients with combined pollen allergy (5/24). In pollen‐allergic individuals with a false‐positive IgE against NRL the prevalence of sensitization to bromelain‐type CCD and profilin IgE was higher than in NRL‐allergic patients (P<0.00001 and P=0.0006, respectively). In pollen‐allergic individuals with a false‐positive IgE to apple, the frequency of sensitization to bromelain‐type CCD was higher than in OAS patients (P=0.004). Clinically irrelevant NRL and apple were also found in four and five out of the seven patients sensitized to venom CCD, respectively. In pollinosis, clinically irrelevant NRL and apple IgE antibodies were inhibited by bromelain and recombinant birch profilin, whereas in isolated venom anaphylaxis these antibodies were inhibited by bromelain.

Conclusions
Patients monoallergic to NRL or birch pollen showed no sensitization to bromelain‐type CCD or profilin. Sensitization to profilin and/or bromelain‐type CCD, caused by pollen (timothy grass, mugwort) or hymenoptera venom allergens, can elicit false‐positive IgE antibodies against NRL and apple.
Effect of intranasal fluticasone propionate and triamcinolone acetonide on basal and dynamic measures of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal‐axis activity in healthy volunteers
Authors: Bachert C. , Lukat K.‐F. , Lange B.
Published: January 2004

Background
Most published studies show that intranasal corticosteroids have no effect on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, but there have been isolated reports to the contrary, contradicting accumulated knowledge on pharmacokinetics.

Objective
To re‐evaluate the effect of fluticasone propionate aqueous nasal spray (FPANS) and triamcinolone acetonide (TAA) aqueous nasal spray on the HPA axis using an improved study design.

Methods
Twenty‐three healthy volunteers were randomized in a double‐blind, three‐way crossover study. The study comprised a 4‐day placebo run‐in phase followed by three 4‐day treatment periods (placebo, FPANS (200 μg once daily) or TAA aqueous nasal spray (220 μg once daily)), separated by 7–14 days washout intervals. Before the first, and on the last day of each treatment period, 12‐h overnight urine was collected to assess cortisol excretion and cortisol creatinine ratio. Approximately 26 h after the last administration of study medication, volunteers underwent stimulation with 0.5 μg adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Serum cortisol concentrations were measured before and 20 and 30 min after injection. Blood and urine samples were analysed for cortisol by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

Results
Compared with placebo, EP or TAA had no significant effect on mean overnight (12 h) urinary cortisol excretion, and did not significantly suppress the overnight geometric mean urinary cortisol/creatinine excretion ratio. Values for serum cortisol before and after ACTH simulation showed no significant suppression, although there was a slight blunting of the HPA‐axis response following TAA treatment.

Conclusion
This study confirms that there are no detectable effects on the HPA axis following short‐term intranasal FP or TAA at their recommended dosages.
Cleaning of rotary nickel–titanium endodontic instruments
Authors: Linsuwanont P. , Parashos P. , Messer H. H.
Published: January 2004

Aim  To develop and evaluate an effective cleaning procedure for rotary nickel–titanium (NiTi) endodontic instruments.

Methodology  New rotary instruments (ProFile size 25/.04) were contaminated by preparing canals of extracted teeth. Three factors were evaluated to develop an effective cleaning sequence: dry or moist storage before cleaning; mechanical removal (brushing); and chemical dissolution in 1% NaOCl with ultrasonication. Debris on flutes was scored after staining in situ with Van Gieson's solution at ×45 magnification. Debris was classified as stained or unstained particulate debris and organic film, and rated as none, slight, moderate or heavy. The effectiveness of a recommended cleaning sequence was tested on different instrument types and in private endodontic practices.

Results  All new instruments showed metallic spurs and fine particulate debris on the surfaces. After contamination, brushing alone removed most particulate debris, but did not remove organic film. NaOCl effectively removed organic film. Under laboratory conditions, the sequential cleaning procedures (moist storage, brushing followed by immersion in 1% NaOCl and ultrasonic cleaning) totally removed organic debris. Dry storage before cleaning or autoclaving with debris present reduced cleaning effectiveness (P < 0.001, one‐way anova). In three private practices, the cleaning protocol substantially reduced biological contamination, but complete cleaning was not always achieved (87% clean).

Conclusion  Complete removal of organic debris from instruments is feasible using a combination of mechanical removal and chemical dissolution, but requires meticulous attention to details.
Three‐dimensional observation of pulp cavities in the maxillary first premolar tooth using micro‐CT
Authors: Oi T. , Saka H. , Ide Y.
Published: January 2004

Aim  To observe three‐dimensional morphological changes with age in the pulp cavities of maxillary first premolar teeth.

Methodology  The specimens used in this study were 10 maxillary first premolar teeth (five males and five females) obtained from patients in three age groups, namely in their twenties (20s), forties (40s) and sixties (60s). Each specimen was imaged by a micro‐CT to reconstruct the three‐dimensional structure. Then, using the reconstructed images, the morphological characteristics of the pulp cavity, the volume ratio at the horn region, the floor region and the overall region of the pulp chamber and the diameters of the buccal and lingual orifices of the root canals were compared between the three age groups.

Results  The mesio‐distal widths and the heights of the pulp cavity decreased with age. The volume ratio and the diameter of the root canal orifices also decreased. The decrease in volume was not constant but showed a large decrease between the 20s and the 40s, compared to those of 40s to 60s.

Conclusions  Morphological features of the pulp cavity of maxillary first premolar teeth in different age groups were observed three dimensionally using micro‐CT. Decreases in pulp cavity size and shape with age were clarified using a three‐dimensional technique.
Relationship between theory of mind and language ability in children and adolescents with intellectual disability
Authors: Abbeduto L. , Short‐Meyerson K. , Benson G. , Dolish J.
Published: January 2004

Background  The present study was designed to evaluate the validity of the false belief task as a measure of theory of mind development in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). In most if it variants, the false belief task is linguistically demanding. This raises the possibility that the finding that individuals with ID do poorly on it might reflect language difficulties rather than theory of mind difficulties. Complicating matters further, however, is the fact that there are theoretical reasons to suppose that there might be a relationship between some dimensions of language ability and theory of mind development in individuals with ID (as well as in other populations).

Method  In the present study, children and adolescents with ID and typically developing (non‐verbal) mental age matches completed a standard false belief task and several tasks designed to measure language ability.

Results  We reasoned that a pattern in which false belief performance was correlated with all measures of language ability would reflect an artefactual relationship, whereas a more highly circumscribed, theoretically sensible pattern of correlations that was similar across both groups would support the validity of the false belief task.

Conclusions  The results indicated that for individuals with ID who have limited narrative language skills, those limitations contribute substantially to their failure on the false belief task. For individuals with ID who have more highly developed narrative language skills (about 40% of the sample tested), however, the false belief task may provide a valid measure of their progress towards acquiring an adequate theory of mind. This latter conclusion was suggested by the fact screening out individuals who failed to meet linguistic and cognitive prerequisites for dealing with the performance demands of the false belief task yielded non‐significant correlations between false belief performance and the language measures for both the group with ID and the typically developing comparison group.
Features and preliminary results of the Dutch centre of the ERSPC (Rotterdam, the Netherlands)
Authors: Roobol M.J. , Kirkels W.J. , Schröder F.H.
Published: January 2004

OBJECTIVE

To describe the preliminary results of the Dutch section of a large multicentre study of screening for prostate cancer, the European Randomized study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC), initiated in the Netherlands and Belgium in 1991.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

After a series of five pilot studies which started in 1991, full‐capacity screening started in 1994 with the use of a serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) determination, a digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) as screening tests. Depending on the results and the screening protocol used, men were referred for further examination by sextant biopsies (extended with a seventh biopsy if TRUS showed abnormality). The protocols used, efficiency of the different screening tests, number of cancers detected in the pilot studies, initial screening round and preliminary results of the second screening round are described.

RESULTS

After the pilot studies it became clear that a study of prostate cancer screening was feasible in the Rotterdam area. The screening protocol was workable and the recruitment rate acceptable (39.5%). An inventory of the population registries of Rotterdam and surrounding municipalities, and the known recruitment rate, made it clear that a contribution of 40 000 men (aged 55–74 years) from the Dutch centre to the ERSPC was feasible. The initial screening round started in December 1993 and lasted until December 1999 (protocol 5–10). In all, 42 376 men were randomized and 1014 cancers detected (5.1%). During this screening the protocol was simplified. After evaluating the different screening tests abnormal results of the DRE and TRUS were omitted as an indication for a sextant biopsy. Only a serum PSA level of ≥ 3.0 ng/mL is now used as the indication. The second screening round started in December 1997 and continues. To December 2002, 9920 men were screened for the second time, 4 years after their initial screening visit. To date 446 cancers have been detected (4.5%); this round will last to December 2003. Further evaluation of the screening regimen and characteristics of the cancers detected are constantly assessed within the Dutch ERSPC. Meanwhile a third screening round has also been initiated, which will last to December 2007.

CONCLUSION

A prostate cancer screening study of the projected magnitude is feasible in Rotterdam; the recruitment rate is acceptable and the screening tests well tolerated. The study has generated many scientific publications and will be of great value in determining whether prostate cancer screening should be part of general healthcare.
From citadels to clusters: the evolution of regional innovation policies in Australia
Authors: Garrett‐jones Sam
Published: January 2004

In Australia, the federal (central) and State (regional) governments share constitutional responsibility for aspects of science and innovation policy. In practice, the federal government has tended to overshadow the States both in funding and policy for research and innovation. It can be argued that we are now seeing the strong rebirth of regionalism (at least at the State level) as far as government support for science, technology and knowledge‐based industries is concerned. The paper traces the growth of regional innovation policies through examples of initiatives from South Australia and other regions and examines the respective contributions of the State and federal governments. The character of State government support has evolved over the last 15 years, from sponsoring grand ‘technology citadels’ to today's strategies that take a more bottom‐up approach to building intense innovation environments, local clusters and knowledge hubs. Some of these trends reflect the influence of the global knowledge economy on regional industries, while others (notably the relative decline of the federal government as an R&D performer) are peculiarities of the Australian innovation system. The outcome is a significant evolution in Australia's innovation system, one which parallels responses to globalisation in other countries and suggests a different – but not diminished – role for public sector innovation policy.
Transatlantic innovation infrastructure networks: public‐private, EU–US R&D partnerships
Authors: Carayannis Elias G. , Laget Patrice
Published: January 2004

Collaborative, team‐based research is now the most significant mode of activity in the global scientific community. Anecdotal and statistical evidence shows moreover that collaboration in scientific research is increasingly global in nature. That is, the groups of researchers who are involved in scientific progress often span one or more nations in origin, location and/or sponsorship. Another significant trend in recent cases of scientific collaboration is the increase in cross‐sectoral cooperation, where researchers in a group are employed by government, private industry, and/or academic and other non‐profit institutions.

In this paper, we review the scale, scope and intensity of cross‐national, cross‐sectoral research collaboration through the analysis of historical data on co‐authorship of scientific publications. The first part of the paper reviews existing literature on the analysis of co‐authorship data, and discusses the limitations of this form of analysis and typical strategies to mitigate those limitations. The second part of the paper describes a preliminary study of cross‐national, cross‐sectoral scientific collaborations covering the years 1988 through 1997, where we examined the scale (volume of co‐authored papers), intensity (co‐authored papers versus other kinds of co‐authorship), and scope (patterns in co‐authorship) for cross‐national, cross‐sectoral collaborations. The conclusion of the paper discusses significant trends and patterns derived from this study, and their implications for further research into these types of collaborations.
Tackling the paradox: can attaining global research excellence be compatible with local technology development?
Authors: Helleputte Johan Van , Reid Alasdair
Published: January 2004

This paper uses the case of the IMEC (microelectronics research centre) to examine the compatibility between strategic IPR management of large independent research centres, and regional industrial policy missions given to such centres in return for government funding. In particular, the issue of whether a balance can be found between a necessary drive for international recognition and critical mass of funding, and a policy of IPR valorization towards regional firms is examined.

The first section sets out the mission of IMEC and the evolution over time of its strategic approach to building global industrial partnerships based on a sophisticated model of IPR management. Drawing on a recent evaluation, the subject of the second section is the extent to which the results of the industrial and exploratory research activities of IMEC are then commercialized in local Flemish industry.

The concluding section offers policy conclusions in terms of the instruments and objectives which public policy makers can apply to maximize the local impact of large globally operating research centres.
New strategic goals and organizational solutions in large R&D labs: lessons from Centro Ricerche Fiat and Telecom Italia Lab
Authors: Cesaroni Fabrizio , Minin Alberto Di , Piccaluga Andrea
Published: January 2004

The issue of corporate R&D management has become particularly relevant during the last decade, since many industrial sectors experienced growing complexity in their research areas and increasing constraints in budgets devoted to R&D activities. This paper discusses the cases of the ICT and automotive sectors, exploring the changes in managerial procedures and strategies that two of the largest corporate research centres in Italy (Telecom Italia Lab and Centro Ricerche Fiat) adopted during a delicate phase of transition.

Both cases are characterized by a growing pressure towards the effective integration of short‐term and long‐term perspectives, i.e. towards a balance between valorization of research results and competencies, and exploration of new technological trajectories. The solutions adopted by the two organizations are explored and discussed. Specifically, while TiLab focused on the promotion of controlled spin‐off companies, CRF has been very active in local technology transfer, especially in favour of SMFs.
The evolution of a local R&D strategy: the experience of a service in the UK National Health Service (NHS)
Authors: Rogers David
Published: January 2004

Increasing concern about the state of health‐related research in the UK in the 80s and early 90s, led to an influential parliamentary review. The consequence of this was to strengthen health research through a programme that was fully integrated into the management structure of the NHS. No country had ever attempted such an ambitious approach (Black, 1997). In 1994 a far‐reaching review, recommended further, revolutionary changes to the management of R&D in the UK National Health Service (Culyer, 1994). Many of these were implemented in 1997 with the result that every UK health service at regional and local level has developed an infrastructure, and management arrangements for R&D activity. In most local areas, hospitals with significant involvement in R&D have been eligible to bid to the UK Department of Health for NHS R&D Support funds.

In Nottingham, three Hospital Trusts and a community based service made bids to the Department of Health and received grants to support R&D. This paper focuses on one of the hospital Trusts ‐ the mental health service in Nottingham. Our experience will be of particular interest as the first bid that the mental health service made was spectacularly unsuccessful. The organisation was forced to consider dis‐investment in its existing research infrastructure and a potential negative impact on the provision of patient care. This led to a wide‐ranging consultation and evaluation of research and research‐related activity. A range of approaches and tools were deployed to develop the strategy and to ensure its successful implementation and evolution. The strategy reflected a balanced approach, taking into account historical and organisational research strengths, while recognising the need to build capacity and capability, enhance foresight capability and strengthen the knowledge base. The ability to contribute to, and influence policy and practice has been a key driver of the strategy.

The result was a successful bid and the evolution of an R&D strategy that has been flexible in its response to policy changes, changing local circumstances and wider socio‐economic trends and technical innovations. Furthermore, R&D performance, measured through outputs, impacts and income, has continually improved and increased.
The externalisation of R&D activities and the growing market of product development services
Authors: Chiesa Vittorio , Manzini Raffaella , Pizzurno Emanuele
Published: January 2004

Several authors in recent years have discussed the observed trend towards the externalisation of (part of) a firm's R&D activities. As a consequence, several companies have been created that provide innovators with technical and scientific services such as R&D contracts, laboratory testing services, technology consulting, industrial design, engineering.

The paper is based upon an empirical study which consists of (i) an extensive analysis, in which information has been collected (for about two hundred companies) on size, location and type of services offered; (ii) an intensive analysis, in which one case is studied in depth of a company providing product development services. Some conclusions have been drawn regarding the characteristics of the market of product development services and the management and organisation of companies operating in that market.
Choosing research priorities by using the analytic hierarchy process: an application to international agriculture
Authors: Braunschweig Thomas , Becker Barbara
Published: January 2004

In order to strengthen research coordination and increase the effectiveness of investments, the Swiss Centre for International Agriculture (ZIL) embarked on a formal priority‐setting exercise. The paper documents the decision‐making process, examines the application of the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) as decision‐support tool, and discusses the outcome of the process. Starting with a set of alternative research areas and potential decision criteria, the process went through several steps where necessary information was gathered and processed, criteria structured and weighted, and alternative research areas assessed against criteria. The AHP helped structure the multi‐criteria decision problem, elicit criteria weights, and evaluate the expected contributions of the alternatives to the previously defined objectives. The outcome of the process was a prioritized list of potential research areas for ZIL's next programme phase. Sensitivity analysis was performed to test the stability of the priority ranking. The paper concludes with a discussion on the group decision‐making process and an outlook onto the next steps towards a better focused research agenda of ZIL.