bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Reverse Coattails Effect: Local Party Organization in the 1989 Brazilian Presidential Election
Authors: Ames Barry
Published: May 2006

Increasingly, it is said that the main determinants of electoral outcomes are class, ethnicity, and religion and that local political organizations occupy only marginal roles in national elections. I assess the effects of local party organizations in the presidential election of 1989 in Brazil. Given the long hiatus in competitive politics, the absence of any parties linked to the country's previous democratic experience, and the weakness of citizen identification with political parties, Brazil should be a textbook example of the collapse of local political organizations. The presidential candidates, however, acted as if party endorsements mattered, and in the context of Brazilian politics, it was rational for municipal mayors to trade blocs of votes for future local benefits. Applying a series of increasingly complex models to the vote shares of the leading candidates, I show that all candidates did significantly better in municipalities where the mayor represented their party. I also show that spatial factors affect the tactics of local politicians, and I distinguish charismatic from purely organizational components of support.
The Boundaries of Public Reason
Authors: Frohock Fred M.
Published: May 2006

Modern versions of public reason occasionally must address disputes so profound and divisive that the adjudicative powers of reason cannot resolve them on the expectations of liberal governance. The beliefs underlying these disputes represent the legitimate pluralism of the liberal state, but they also reproducewithinthe languages of public reason the same divisive views that the liberal state must manage in the larger society. The effects of divisive beliefs can be mitigated, however, with a noncomputational version of public reason that allows collective terms to dominate simple merit adjudication. This type of reasoning requires a survey of considerations beyond the merits of the case at hand and opens public reason to the more general needs of the political society.
A theory of restricted quantification I
Authors: Hailperin Theodore
Published: May 2006

The notion of a variable restricted in range to some set of values, or to values having some property, is widespread in logic and mathematics. To avoid continual explicit mention of such a restriction the common device is to resort to a typographically different set of letters for such variables. But a notation of this kind is clearly inadequate when a general discussion, including more than one kind of restriction, is under consideration. For example, two restrictions may have some inner connection, as in the case of mutually exclusive restrictions, and this the usual symbolism doesn't depict; or, one may wish to study the dependence of such restrictions upon one or more parameters as in the case of bounded quantifiers of recursive function theory; or, one can even conceive of restrictions which may in turn depend upon restricted variables. In each of these cases the currently used notation is deficient.

Ifxis an individual-variable andQa formula of the predicate calculus, then for the idea ‘xsuch thatQ’ the notation ‘vxQ’ is proposed as one having the requisite degree of notational multiplicity – the ‘vx’ acting as a binding operator for free occurrences ofxinQ. The expression ‘vxQ’ is referred to as arestricted-variableand it may occupy positions in formulas appropriate to individual-variables, in argument places as well as in quantifiers. In § 2 a first-level predicate calculus, called ‘‘, is presented in which the restricted-variable is an integral part.
The axiomatization of arithmetic
Authors: Wang Hao
Published: May 2006

I once asked myself the question: How were the famous axiom systems, such as Euclid's for geometry, Zermelo's for set theory, Peano's for arithmetic, originally obtained? This was to me more than merely a historical question, as I wished to know how the basic concepts and axioms were to be singled out, and, once they were singled out, how one could establish their adequacy. One possible approach which suggests itself is to take typical theorems, proofs, definitions, and examine case by case what assumptions and concepts are involved. The obstacle in such an empirical study is, apart from the obvious demand of excessive time and energy, the lack of conclusiveness in both result and justification.

The attempt to find an answer to this question led me to some interesting fragments of history. For example, in 1899 Cantor distinguished consistent collections (the “sets”) from inconsistent collections ([1], p. 443), anticipating partly the distinction between the two kinds of classes stressed by von Neumann and Quine. Cantor had already proposed a form of the axiom of substitution ([1], p. 444, line 3), although Fraenkel and Skolem, more than twenty years later, had to adjoin it to Zermelo's list of axioms as a supplement. In another direction, the history of the development of axioms of geometry makes clear how natural it was for Hilbert to raise in 1900 the consistency question of analysis ([2], p. 299) quite independently of the emphasis on set-theoretical paradoxes.

By far the best piece of good fortune I had in these historical researches was, however, my findings with regard to Peano's axioms for arithmetic. It is rather well-known, through Peano's own acknowledgement ([3], p. 273), that Peano borrowed his axioms from Dedekind and made extensive use of Grassmann's work in his development of the axioms.
Alternative proof of a theorem of Kleene
Authors: Wang Hao
Published: May 2006

We offer a simple alternative proof of Theorem II, Kleene [1]:

Theorem. For certain primitive recursive -predicates R and S,

We separate the definitions of < o and O:

Definition 1. (1) 1 <o2; (2) for all y, if 1 <oy, then y <o 2v; (3) for all e, if (n)(Ey)T(e, no, y) and (n)(e(no) <oe((n+1)o)), then (n)(e(no) <o 3·5e); (4) for all x, y, z, if x <oy, y <oz, then x <oz; (5) a <ob only as required by (1)–(4).

Definition 2. a ϵ O if and only if 1 <o 2α.

If we write α(2a·3b) = O for a <ob in Conditions (1) to (4) of Definition 1 and take their conjunction, we get an arithmetic predicate P(α). By the Frege-Dedekind device for handling inductive definitions,

Hence, by Theorem 1 (Part 2) of [2], we have a primitive recursive S such that a <o b ≡ (α)(Ey)S(a, b, α, y). By Definition 2,

The classical use of the function quantifier (α) in the above proof is conspicuous. It is not clear that the constructive or intuitionistic content of Kleene's proof (cf. [1] Footnote 40) can be obtained by this method.
Überprüfung einer frühen Anwendung der Kombinatorik in der Logik
Authors: Biermann Kurt-R. , Mau Jürgen
Published: May 2006

Plutarch berichtet, Chrysipp habe gesagt, “daß die Konjunktionen aus 10 Aussagen zahlenmäßig 1.000.000 übertreffen, ohne daß er das zuvor selbst genau untersucht hat oder von Fachleuten die Wahrheit erkundet hat …. Den Chrysipp widerlegen alle Arithmetiker, unter ihnen Hipparch, der beweist, daß ihm (Chrysipp) ein sehr großer Rechenfehler unterlaufen ist insofern, als nämlich das Bejahende 103.049 Konjunktionen ausmache, das Verneinende 310.952.”

Ohne Zweifel liegt hier eine der frühesten uns bekannten Aufgaben aus dem Gebiete der Kombinatorik, − neben der Berechnung der Zahl der Silben durch Xenokrates, die sich aus der Zusammenstellung von Buchstaben ergeben −, vor. Außerdem handelt es sich um die erste Anwendung der Kombinatorik in der Logik, bei der Werte auftreten, die nicht durch einfaches Abzählen gewonnen sein können.

Es ist bisher weder eine befriedigende Deutung der von Plutarch gegebenen Zahlenwerte noch, von der Interpretation ausgehend, eine Wiederherstellung der von den Alten benutzten Formeln gelungen.
Degrees of models
Authors: Shoenfield J. R.
Published: May 2006

According to Gödel's completeness theorem, every consistent theory1 has a model whose domain is a set of natural numbers. The objects of the model corresponding to the predicate symbols of the theory are then predicates of natural numbers. Kleene [5] p. 398 showed that, if the theory is axiomatizable,2 then the model can be chosen so that these predicates are in both two-quantifier forms, i.e., they can be expressed in both the forms (x)(Ey)R and (Ex)(y)S with R and S recursive. An alternative proof has been given by Hasen jaeger [3].
Weakening significance of ENSO as a predictor of summer precipitation in China
Authors: Hui Gao , Yongguang Wang , Jinhai He
Published: May 2006

The interdecadal variation of the relationship between ENSO and summer precipitation in China has been examined based on observed monthly rainfall data and NOAA ERSST data from 1951 to 2003. Results show that the relation has weakened during the past two decades, and the significance of ENSO as a predictor has also decreased. An evident example is that before the late 1970s, when above‐normal (below‐normal) SST appears over the Niño‐3 or Niño‐4 regions in previous winters, more (less) summer rainfall will often be found in North China and south of Yangtze River valley, less (more) rainfall appears along the Huaihe River valley, and the Chinese Meiyu will be later (earlier). However, all of these conclusions should be adopted carefully after the 1980s because of the feeble relation between ENSO and summer precipitation in China. This weakening relationship has increased the difficulty of summer rainfall prediction in China.
Solar wind proton temperature anisotropy: Linear theory and WIND/SWE observations
Authors: Hellinger Petr , Trávníček Pavel , Kasper Justin C. , Lazarus Alan J.
Published: May 2006

We present a comparison between WIND/SWE observations (Kasper et al., 2006) of β∥p and T⊥p/T∥p (where β∥p is the proton parallel beta and T⊥p and T∥p are the perpendicular and parallel proton temperatures, respectively; here parallel and perpendicular indicate directions with respect to the ambient magnetic field) and predictions of the Vlasov linear theory. In the slow solar wind, the observed proton temperature anisotropy seems to be constrained by oblique instabilities, by the mirror one and the oblique fire hose, contrary to the results of the linear theory which predicts a dominance of the proton cyclotron instability and the parallel fire hose. The fast solar wind core protons exhibit an anticorrelation between β∥c and T⊥c/T∥c (where β∥c is the core proton parallel beta and T⊥c and T∥c are the perpendicular and parallel core proton temperatures, respectively) similar to that observed in the HELIOS data (Marsch et al., 2004).
Comparison of two- and three-dimensional simulations of miscible Rayleigh-Taylor instability
Authors: Cabot W.
Published: May 2006

A comparison of two-dimensional and three-dimensional high-resolution numerical large-eddy simulations of planar, miscible Rayleigh-Taylor instability flows is presented. The resolution of the three-dimensional simulation is sufficient to attain a fully turbulent state. A number of different statistics from the mixing region (e.g., growth rates, probability distribution functions, mixedness measures, and spectra) are used to demonstrate that two-dimensional flow simulations differ substantially from the three-dimensional one. It is found that the two-dimensional flow grows more quickly than its three-dimensional counterpart at late times, develops larger structures, and is much less well mixed. These findings are consistent with the concept of inverse cascade in two-dimensional flow, as well as the influence of a reduced effective Atwood number on miscible flow.
A new resistance function for two rigid spheres in a uniform compressible low-Reynolds-number flow
Authors: Khair Aditya S. , Swaroop Manuj , Brady John F.
Published: May 2006

The pressure moment of a rigid particle is defined as the trace of the first moment of the surface stress acting on the particle. We calculate the pressure moments of two unequal rigid spheres immersed in a uniform compressible linear flow, using twin multipole expansions and lubrication theory. Following the practice established in previous studies on two-body hydrodynamic interactions at low Reynolds number, the results are expressed in terms of a new (stresslet) resistance function.
Can the dynamics of shallow wakes be reproduced from a single time-averaged profile?
Authors: Chan F. C. , Ghidaoui M. S. , Kolyshkin A. A.
Published: May 2006

To date, all linear stability analyses of shallow wakes are performed on a series of wake-type profiles, but the wake generating object and its associated separation points are always neglected in such analyses. The results of numerical modeling of depth-averaged shallow water equations are presented in order to assess the importance of a wake generating body (cylinder) for the vortex structure and the global frequency of oscillations. More specifically, this Brief Communication seeks to answer the following question: is it possible to reproduce the dynamics of a vortex street in shallow wakes by only knowing the time-averaged profile at a particular location downstream of the bluff body? This is accomplished by comparing the wake characteristics for the case with a cylinder situated in the middle of the flow domain with the flow characteristics for the case without a cylinder. The upstream boundary condition for the no cylinder case consists of a wake-type velocity profile. It is found that spatio-temporal patterns for the case with and without the cylinder are similar. The global frequency of oscillations, however, differs by 20% to 30% for the vortex street regime and by more than 50% for the unsteady bubble regime. Better agreement between the vortex shedding frequencies for the cases with a cylinder and without a cylinder is achieved by introducing transverse perturbations at the upstream boundary for the no cylinder case.
Nitrogen monoxide (NO)-mediated iron release from cells is linked to NO-induced glutathione efflux via multidrug resistance-associated protein 1
Authors: Watts Ralph N. , Hawkins Clare , Ponka Prem , Richardson Des R.
Published: May 2006

Nitrogen monoxide (NO) plays a role in the cytotoxic mechanisms of activated macrophages against tumor cells by inducing iron (Fe) release. We have shown that NO-mediated Fe efflux from cells required glutathione (GSH), and we have hypothesized that a GS–Fe–NO complex was released. Hence, we studied the role of the GSH-conjugate transporter multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) in NO-mediated Fe efflux. MCF7-VP cells overexpressing MRP1 exhibited a 3- to 4-fold increase in NO-mediated59Fe and GSH efflux compared with WT cells (MCF7-WT) over 4 h. Similar results were found for other MRP1-overexpressing cell types but not those expressing another drug efflux pump, P-glycoprotein. NO-mediated59Fe and GSH efflux were temperature- and energy-dependent and were significantly decreased by the GSH-depleting agent and MRP1 transport inhibitorl-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine. Other MRP1 inhibitors, MK571, probenecid, and difloxacin, significantly inhibited NO-mediated59Fe release. EPR spectroscopy demonstrated the dinitrosyl-dithiol-Fe complex (DNIC) peak in NO-treated cells was increased by MRP1 inhibitors, indicating inhibited DNIC transport from cells. The extent of DNIC accumulation correlated with the ability of MRP1 inhibitors to prevent NO-mediated59Fe efflux. MCF7-VP cells were more sensitive than MCF7-WT cells to growth inhibition by effects of NO, which was potentiated byl-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine. These data indicate the importance of GSH in NO-mediated inhibition of proliferation. Collectively, NO stimulates Fe and GSH efflux from cells via MRP1. Active transport of NO by MRP1 overcomes diffusion that is inefficient and nontargeted, which has broad ramifications for understanding NO biology.
Bis(tetrabutylammonium) isophthalate 1-phenyl-3-[2,4,5-tris(3-phenylureido)phenyl]urea: a synchrotron study
Authors: Light Mark E , Gale Philip A , Brooks Simon J
Published: May 2006

The structure of 2C16H36N+·C8H4O4
2−·C34H30N8O4, comprises tapes of encapsulated hydrogen-bonded isophthalate anions which are arranged into parallel sheets interleaved with tetrabutylammonium layers; each of the two independent neutral molecules is disposed about a centre of inversion.
4-(2-Chloro-4-nitrophenoxy)-N-[2-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yloxy)benzyl]aniline
Authors: Chen Zheng-Bo , Wu Jun , Zhang Pei-Zhi , Zhang Pei-Min , Lv Jing
Published: May 2006

In the title molecule, C25H21Cl1N4O6, all bond lengths and angles show normal values. Weak intermolecular C—H...Cl hydrogen bonds link the molecules into chains extending along the crystallographic c axis. The crystal packing is further stabilized by van der Waals forces.
A dianionic 5-sulfonatosalicylate species in the proton-transfer compound bis(benzylaminium) 3-carboxylato-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonate
Authors: Smith Graham , Wermuth Urs D. , Healy Peter C.
Published: May 2006

The crystal structure of anhydrous bis(benzylaminium) 5-sulfonatosalicylate, 2C7H10N+·C7H4O6S2−, from the reaction of benzylamine with 5-sulfosalicylic acid, shows the presence of a dianionic 5-sulfonatosalicylate species, uncommon among proton-transfer compounds of this acid with organic Lewis bases. Hydrogen-bonding interactions between both aminium N+—H groups of the two cations and both the sulfonate and carboxylate O-atom acceptors of the anions give a layered two-dimensional network structure.
Methyl 3-(4-methylbenzylidene)dithiocarbazate
Authors: Shan Shang , Zhang Yan-Ling
Published: May 2006

Crystals of the title compound, C10H12N2S2, were obtained from a condensation reaction of methyl dithiocarbazate and 4-methylbenzaldehyde. The essentially planar molecule exhibits an E configuration. Weak intermolecular N—H...S hydrogen bonds link the molecules into centrosymmetric dimers.
3-Acetyl-7-(diethylamino)coumarin
Authors: Hamaker Christopher G. , McCully Charles S.
Published: May 2006

The title compound, C15H17NO3, is nearly planar with a dihedral angle of 1.55 (10)° between the lactone and benzene rings. The molecules form chains through weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds and the chains are dimerized by type-II carbonyl–carbonyl interactions.
Liver fluke-associated and sporadic cholangiocarcinoma: an immunohistochemical study of bile duct, peribiliary gland and tumour cell phenotypes
Authors: Hughes N R , Pairojkul C , Royce S G , Clouston A , Bhathal P S
Published: May 2006

Aim:To compare cell phenotypes displayed by cholangiocarcinomas and adjacent bile duct lesions in patients from an area endemic in liver-fluke infestation and those with sporadic cholangiocarcinoma.

Methods:65 fluke-associated and 47 sporadic cholangiocarcinomas and 6 normal livers were studied. Serial paraffin-wax sections were stained immunohistochemically with monoclonal antibodies characterising a Brunner or pyloric gland metaplasia cell phenotype (antigens D10 and 1F6), intestinal goblet cells (antigen 17NM), gastric foveolar apomucin (MUC5AC), a gastrointestinal epithelium cytokeratin (CK20) and thep53protein.

Results:60% of the 112 cholangiocarcinomas expressed antigen D10, 68% MUC5AC, 33% antigen 17NM and 20% CK20; 37% showed overexpression ofp53. When present together in a cholangiocarcinoma, cancer cells expressing D10 were distinct from those displaying 17NM or MUC5AC. Many more fluke-associated cholangiocarcinomas than sporadic cholangiocarcinomas displayed 17NM andp53expression. Most cases of hyperplastic and dysplastic biliary epithelium expressed D10 strongly. Pyloric gland metaplasia and peribiliary glands displayed D10 and 1F6, with peribiliary gland hyperplasia more evident in the livers with fluke-associated cholangiocarcinoma; goblet cells in intestinal metaplasia stained for 17NM. No notable association of expression between any two antigens (includingp53) was found in the cancers.

Conclusions:Most cases of dysplastic biliary epithelium and cholangiocarcinoma display a Brunner or pyloric gland cell phenotype and a gastric foveolar cell phenotype. The expression of D10 in hyperplastic and dysplastic epithelium and in cholangiocarcinoma is consistent with a dysplasia–carcinoma sequence. Many more fluke-associated cholangiocarcinomas than sporadic cholangiocarcinoma display an intestinal goblet cell phenotype and overexpressp53, indicating differences in the aetiopathology of the cancers in the two groups of patients.
Effects ofHelicobacter pylorion the cadherin–catenin complex
Authors: Bebb J R , Leach L , Zaitoun A , Hand N , Letley D P , Thomas R , Atherton J C
Published: May 2006

Background:The cadherin–catenin complex is the key component of the adherens junction in epithelial cells, and changes in this complex are implicated in gastric adenocarcinoma. Germline mutations in E-cadherin have been described in diffuse-type gastric adenocarcinoma.Helicobacter pyloriinfection is the first stage in gastric carcinogenesis.

Aims:To determine whetherH pyloriwas associated with changes in the complex, and whether this was affected by virulence of the strain.

Methods:Epithelial cell lines were cultured withH pyloriusing the wild-type pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains andCagEnull andVacAnull isogenic mutants. Gastric biopsy specimens at endoscopy were obtained from patients with (n = 17) and without (n = 15)H pyloriinfection, and E-cadherin and β–catenin expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry.H pyloriwas typed by polymerase chain reaction from these patients forCagEandVacA.

Results:In vitro studies showed that coculture with a pathogenic strain ofH pyloriled to disruption of epithelial junctional β-catenin expression, but without evidence of nuclear translocation or signalling. This effect was independent of a functionalCagpathogenicity island and vacuolating activity, but dependent on live bacteria. No marked differences in β-catenin or E-cadherin expression were seen in gastric biopsy specimens in patients with and withoutH pyloriinfection.

Conclusion:AcuteH pyloriinfection disrupts junctional β-catenin in vitro, but chronic infection byH pylorihas no effect on E-cadherin and β-catenin expression, as seen in gastric biopsy specimens at the initial gastritis stage of the proposed Correa pathway of gastric carcinogenesis. A later effect at the later stages of atrophy or intestinal metaplasia cannot be ruled out.
Diverse effects of vascular endothelial growth factor on human pulmonary endothelial barrier and migration
Authors: Mirzapoiazova T. , Kolosova I. , Usatyuk P. V. , Natarajan V. , Verin A. D.
Published: May 2006

Increased endothelial permeability is involved in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a permeability-increasing cytokine. At the same time, VEGF is known to have a beneficial effect on endothelial cells (EC), increasing their survival. Pulmonary endothelium, particularly, may be exposed to higher VEGF concentrations, since the VEGF level is the higher in the lungs than in any other organ. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the effects of VEGF on barrier function and motility of cultured human pulmonary EC. Using transendothelial resistance measurements as an indicator of permeability, we found that 10 ng/ml VEGF significantly improved barrier properties of cultured human pulmonary artery EC (118.6 ± 0.6% compared with 100% control, P < 0.001). In contrast, challenge with 100 ng/ml VEGF decreased endothelial barrier (71.6 ± 1.0% compared with 100% control, P < 0.001) and caused disruption of adherens junctions. VEGF at both concentrations increased cellular migration; however, 10 ng/ml VEGF had a significantly stronger effect. VEGF caused a dose-dependent increase in intracellular Ca2+concentration; however, phosphorylation of myosin light chain was detectably elevated only after treatment with 100 ng/ml. In contrast, 10 ng/ml but not 100 ng/ml VEGF caused a significant increase in intracellular cAMP (known barrier-protective stimulus) compared with nonstimulated cells (1,096 ± 157 and 610 ± 86 fmol/mg, respectively; P < 0.024). Y576-specific phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase was also stimulated by 10 ng/ml VEGF. Our data suggest that, depending on its concentration, VEGF may cause diverse effects on pulmonary endothelial permeability via different signaling pathways.
Dopamine activates amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in alveolar type I cells in lung slice preparations
Authors: Helms My N. , Self Julie , Bao Hui Fang , Job Lauren C. , Jain Lucky , Eaton Douglas C.
Published: May 2006

Active Na+ reabsorption by alveolar epithelial cells generates the driving force used to clear fluids from the air space. Using single-channel methods, we examined epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) activity of alveolar type I (AT1) cells from live 250- to 300-μm sections of lung tissue, circumventing concerns that protracted cell isolation procedures might compromise the innate transport properties of native lung cells. We used fluorescein-labeled Erythrina crystagalli lectin to positively identify AT1 cells for single-channel patch-clamp analysis. We demonstrated, for the first time, single-channel recordings of highly selective and nonselective amiloride-sensitive ENaC channels (HSC and NSC, respectively) from AT1 cells in situ, with mean conductances of 8.2 ± 2.5 and 22 ± 3.2 pS, respectively. Additionally, 25 nM amiloride in the patch electrode blocked Na+ channel activity in AT1 cells. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the presence of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors on the surface of AT1 cells, and single-channel recordings showed that 10 μM dopamine increased Na+ channel activity [product of the number of channels and single-channel open probability ( NPo)] from 0.31 ± 0.19 to 0.60 ± 0.21 ( P < 0.001). The D1 receptor antagonist SCH-23390 (10 μM) blocked the stimulatory effect of dopamine on AT1 cells, but the D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride did not.
Guild Socialism and Pluralism
Authors: Ellis Ellen Deborah
Published: May 2006

It is impossible accurately to determine whether the more potent line of causation of the recent attack on the orthodox theory of the state is to be found in the field of the developing science of jurisprudence, or in that of practical experience, economic, religious, social, and political, inasmuch as both of these factors are so largely involved. There is reason to think, however, that the more important cause lies in the latter field. The conditions of modern life are changing so rapidly and are becoming daily so much more complex that to many the existing political organization no longer adequately expresses or reflects the social organization behind it. These individuals and groups have in consequence become so discontented with the present system that they have not been satisfied with suggesting new governmental forms and machinery, but failing in their enthusiasm to distinguish state from government, have undertaken in many cases to overthrow the very citadel of the state itself. Nor has the movement halted even at this point, for in this attempt not only has the attack been launched against the nature of the state and of sovereignty, through the calling into question of its two fundamental attributes, unity and absolutism, but the charge has been carried over into the realm of right as well, in the challenging of the right and the justification of the absolute sovereign state.
The First (Special) Session of the Sixty-Seventh Congress April 11, 1921—November 23, 1921
Authors: Rogers Lindsay
Published: May 2006

Beginning on March 4, 1921, the Republican party, for the first time in ten years, was in complete control of the executive and both branches of Congress. Entirely apart from the issues of party politics, its régime promised to be interesting. Campaign pledges had been made that legislation would be speedily passed relieving the country of the ill effects of what President Harding called “war's involvements;” economy and efficiency were to be secured; more business in government and less government in business were among the promises, and the reorganization of the administration, long talked of, was to be achieved. There were, moreover, two significant possibilities from the standpoint of party government. During the campaign, Mr. Harding said that “government is a simple thing,” and that, if he was elected President, Congress would be allowed to play its proper part under the Constitution.
The Parliament Act of 1911—II
Authors: Dennis Alfred L. P.
Published: May 2006

A previous article attempted a summary of the contents of the Parliament Act of 1911 and a mention of its immediate ancestry. There followed notice of some historical alleviatory suggestions regarding the composition of the House of Lords and an analysis both of the actual provisions of the Act and of proposals alternative to them with respect to the powers of the Upper House in the matter of “money bills.”

This second article, continuing the method of the first, includes at the outset the question of the powers of the House of Lords as to “general legislation,” i. e. public bills other than money bills. There follows reference to historical ancestry in these matters. Thus the consideration of the means by which the Act became law, that potential resort to the use of the royal prerogative by the temporary executive, may clear the way for speculation as to the significance of the Parliament Act as a whole.

Briefly the Act provides for a final reduction of the powers of the House of Lords as to general legislation to a suspensive veto operative against House of Commons measures only in two successive sessions; after a lapse of two years after the first introduction of the measure in the Lower House and on its third passage there the bill can become law on the royal assent being given, the Lords notwithstanding.
Greece Abandons Proportional Representation
Authors: Polyzoides Adamantios Th.
Published: May 2006

Following the adoption by Greece of proportional representation in the general election of November 7, 1926, that system was abandoned in the last election, held on August 19, 1928, on the ground that it failed to give the country a strong and homogenous government. The earlier operation of “P. R.” in Greece was set forth in a former number of this Review. In a total of 286 seats, in the election of 1926, the Venizelist Republican group secured 144, as against the Antivenizelist Royalist group which secured 130, there being also a unit of nine Communists and three Agrarians elected to that Chamber. In view of the impossibility of either of the major groups forming a cabinet with the strong support of the Chamber, a coalition ministry was resorted to, and it worked with marked success so long as a compromise program was followed. This cabinet, under the leadership of the veteran statesman, Dr. Alexander Zaimis, himself not a deputy, was supported in the Chamber by the 106 votes of the Liberal Union, the 18 of the Republican Union, the 63 of the Popular Royalists, and the 54 of the Free Opinion Moderate Royalist party, thus having a total support of 241 votes, against 45 disunited and leaderless opponents. This coalition was able to heal the serious breach that had split the Hellenic nation since 1915 over the question of Greek participation in the World War or absolute neutrality. The ministry was, furthermore, instrumental in bringing some order into the chaotic finances of the country.
Our Relations with Japan
Authors: Latané John Holladay
Published: May 2006

The rise of Japan within the span of one generation from the condition of a weak feudalized state, shut off from all contact with the western nations, to the position of a world power dominated by a desire to shape the destinies of Eastern Asia and ready to dispute with other powers the control of the Pacific, constitutes one of the most dramatic stories in the whole range of history. The rapid assimilation of western ideas and the successful appropriation of all the material elements of western civilization are without a parallel.

Dr. Nitobé, whom we are glad to recognize not only as a great scholar but as a great writer of English, in his remarkable book, Bushido, the Soul of Japan, describes with great power and beauty the idealism of the Samurai, or gentlemen of Japan of a generation ago, but while the old spirit still flashes out occasionally as in the spectacular, and to us meaningless, suicide, on the occasion of the funeral of the late Emperor, of one of his most distinguished subjects, General Nogi, we cannot help believing that the Japanese have outgrown their idealism; that they cast it aside when they discarded their mediaeval weapons and abandoned their self-complacent exclusivism. The Japanese are the greatest materialists in the world today, for it is the material elements of western civilization that they have appropriated and to which they owe their success in two wars. A nation of materialists, fired with ambition and military ardor, are going just as far in their aggressiveness as sheer force will carry them. That is why Japan with her present ambitions is so generally regarded as a menace to the peace of the world.
A Parliamentary By-election in Paris
Authors: Gosnell Harold F.
Published: May 2006

The final results of a hotly contested by-election in Paris were given out on Sunday evening, March 28. Two communist deputies were elected to the Chamber to replace two conservatives by the narrow margin of 1,500 votes in a constituency which contained nearly 200,000 registered electors. This election is important not only because of the wide comment which it caused but also because it illustrates many of the working forces in present-day French politics.
The Recent Italian Elections
Authors: Hershey Amos S.
Published: May 2006

Since this is the first time that the great majority of male adults have had the opportunity of exercising the franchise, the recent Italian elections constitute an event of considerable significance, and were watched with much interest in Europe.

According to the new electoral law of 1912–13, practically all adult male Italians were given the right to vote at Parliamentary elections. More specifically, this right of suffrage may now be exercised by three classes of citizens: (1) all literate male Italians who are twenty-one years old; (2) illiterates who have reached the age of thirty; (3) all who have served in the Italian army or navy, even though they have not attained the age of twenty-one. Thus the number of possible voters has been increased from less than 3,500,000 to more than 8,500,000—an addition of over 5,000,000 illiterates.
The Political Bureaucracy of France Since the War
Authors: Sharp Walter R.
Published: May 2006

To comment upon the far-reaching effects of modern warfare upon national life is in these days commonplace. Nevertheless, nearly ten years after Versailles, countless ramifications of the World War's long-term effects remain unexplored. Silent but profound social and political readjustments were set in motion which are only now beginning to be studied by trained observers of human institutions, while the public at large scarcely suspects what is going on.

The administrative organization of France has not escaped these subtle processes. A bureaucratic inheritance surviving a half-dozen political revolutions, it has perhaps been more deeply shaken by events of the last fifteen years than in any period of similar length since the French Revolution itself. Some of these changes bid fair to modify not only the popular attitude toward the ubiquitous fonctionnaire, but the organization and spirit of the civil service as well.

For a proper understanding of the causes and significance of this administrative evolution, we must revert for a moment to the scene as it appeared in 1914. Then the public service of France was a highly centralized hierarchical organization, with a democratic façade, but resting none the less upon the imperial foundations laid by Napoleon. There were as many as 900,000 persons in public employment, including the staffs of the départements and the communes. As in America to-day, the man in the street was sure this number was excessive. He remembered, doubtless, that France had done very well with 40,000 civil servants in Balzac's day, when the population of the country was only a fourth smaller than in 1914. Why, then, were twenty times as many needed in the twentieth century? As a matter of fact, the French public service made use of a staff which was, in proportion to population, no larger than the English or the American, especially if it be remembered that over 150,000 public school teachers and several thousand telegraph and telephone employees were among the 900,000 civil servants mentioned.
Campaign Expenditures
Authors: Sait Edward McChesney
Published: May 2006

I start with an assumption. It is an assumption which can be supported by impressive evidence, and which political experts, familiar with that evidence, will be disposed to admit: campaign expenditures, in many parts of this country, tend to be not only excessive but also corrupt.

This corruption is particularly noxious because it affects the very foundations of the democratic process. Therefore, when once its existence has been recognized, the application of a remedy becomes imperative. Only one question can arise: What is the appropriate remedy?

Twenty years ago Mr. Perry Belmont was prescribing publicity. His pharmacopoeia resembled, in its simplicity, that of the late Sir William Osier, which was confined to nux vomica and hope. According to his belief—and it is shared by many today—the best method of treatment is to tell the patient what is wrong with him and let him cure himself. In a word, if the law requires publicity for the details of campaign contributions and expenditures, an informed public opinion, becoming aware of unhealthy conditions, can be relied upon to correct them.

Experience makes it plain that this prescription contains too much hope and not enough nux vomica. Public interest in campaign expenditures and the abuses connected with them is spasmodic. It can be roused from its chronic torpor only by the shock of some particularly scandalous or dramatic revelation. The shock comes at frequent intervals.
First Session of the Seventieth Congress December 5, 1927, to May 29, 1928
Authors: Macmahon Arthur W.
Published: May 2006

Long sessions in presidential years are short ones in the sense that the conventions dictate earlier and more definite limits than even Washington weather invites. Moving to such an end, the recent session could not escape the season's contagion. Yet presidential politics hardly set the tone of the session. Its work had unusual inherent interest. The array of questions before it, mingling economic and technical elements, was indicative of the trend of problems of public policy. It presented the paradox of all Congresses, of course: partisanship in building the machine; eclectic voting or bipartisan combinations in the actual passing of bills.

Membership. The Republican majority in the House had been cut by the 1926 elections and by a party shift in one of five by-elections from 61 to 40—a margin safe enough for purposes of organization, even apart from the relaxed mood and leaderless condition of insurgency in the lower chamber.

In the Senate, however, the Republican lead had been reduced to a hair. Even if Smith of Illinois and Vare of Pennsylvania were counted, those called Republicans numbered only 48, against 47 Democrats and a Farmer Labor member. Deaths chanced to net the Republicans a seat, so that at the session's close, although lacking Smith and Vare, they still had a plurality of one. Two empty seats in the meantime were evidence of the weakness of the regular Senate Republicans when deprived of the aid of House amendments and House conferees.
The essence of democracy
Authors: Hasbach Wilhelm
Published: May 2006

Mr. W. J. Shepard, in a review of my work, Die moderne Demokratie, remarks that I have forgotten its spirit in the study of its forms. “It is not the vitalizing spirit,” he writes, “the impelling motive force, the broadly based popular sentiment of democracy that is of interest, but only the forms and mechanism ‥‥ of democratic-republican states.” Now I have in the fifth chapter of the second book presented the theory of political democracy, in the sixth that of social democracy, and in the seventh that of democratic socialism; and in the first of these three chapters I have discussed popular sovereignty and active citizenship, the supremacy of the majority in a democracy, the unlimited constituent power of the people (pouvoir constituant), in which European science has conceived the essence of this form of the state to reside in contradistinction to other forms. But Mr. Shepard has a different conception of its nature. He has raised an interesting question in this connection which I should like to discuss in the following pages.

Brief though his statement on this point is, no one can doubt that he considers the supremacy of public opinion as the essence of democracy, since he writes: “No discussion of the nature, elements and effects of public opinion, no appreciation of the spirit of democracy is to be found in the covers of this volume.” As a matter of fact I have treated of this subject in the above-mentioned first division of the fifth chapter, which is devoted to the discussion of popular sovereignty, though certainly in the brief compass which appeared to me sufficient for the understanding of the nature of democracy.
Repeal of the Judiciary Act of 1801
Authors: Carpenter William S.
Published: May 2006

The intent of the framers of the judiciary act of 1801 has been to the present day a matter of some doubt. On the one hand it has been shown that alterations in the judiciary system of the United States had long been agitated before the failure of the Federalist party in the elections of 1800. Soon after the establishment of federal courts in 1789 relief had been sought by the justices of the supreme court from the arduous duties necessitated in riding the circuits. In 1799 a bill designed to establish a system of circuit courts was reported upon which action was postponed. But this later became the basis for the act of 1801. It has, therefore, been contended that, quite apart from the political advantage given the Federalists by the passage of the act of 1801, such changes in the judiciary system were warranted by necessity.

At the same time it is equally clear that the amount of business before the courts of the United States, although it had been excessive, had begun to decline. No further prosecutions were to be expected under the alien and sedition acts, and a decrease in the number of suits before the federal courts involving other questions was observed even before the accession of Jefferson to the presidency.
Geography and the Gerrymander
Authors: Sauer C. O.
Published: May 2006

The gerrymander is an American name for a political abuse, which, though by no means exclusively American, has been most widely practiced and generally tolerated in this country. It is a device for the partial suppression of public opinion that simulates agreement with democratic institutions. The subterfuge, therefore, has no place in countries in which oligarchic control is legitimized. Nor is it suited to European conditions, because it is difficult there to shift electoral boundaries. European electoral units in large part have a clearly defined historical basis, which in turn rests upon geographic coherence. This solidarity is commonly so great that it cannot be disregarded. American political divisions on the other hand show in major part very imperfect adjustment to economic and historic conditions, largely, because many of the divisions were created in advance of such conditions. They are, in the main, not gradual growths, but deliberate and arbitrary legislative creations, made without adequate knowledge of the conditions that make for unity or disunity of population within an area. Political divisions tend, therefore, to be less significant than in European countries and to be regarded more lightly. It is in particular the smaller unit, such as the county, that has been manipulated for electoral purposes. In spite of their poorly drawn individual boundaries, groups of counties can be organized into larger electoral units in such a manner as to represent a common body of interests predominating. On the other hand they can be so arranged as to mask these interests. The lack of proper coherence in the individual county may be rectified in large measure in the group, or it may be intensified. Gerrymandering accomplishes the latter result.
National Sovereignty Versus the Rule of Law
Authors: Sandelius Walter
Published: May 2006

So evident has become the reality of the international community on the one hand, and that of occupational groups on the other, that sociology, which is more concerned with social tendencies than with formal doctrine of any kind, has largely discarded the idea of the sovereign nation-state. But juristic science in considerable measure still clings to it. This is true because the latter is naturally more concerned than sociology with the conservative function of legal formalities. Yet the progressivist influence that sociology has already exerted upon legal concepts is likely to continue; which means that the present sociological insistencies will more nearly correspond with the legal ideas of tomorrow than they do with those of today. Law, in order to maintain its function, must of necessity feed upon the fresh materials of change; to live, it will, in the long run, have to conform to moral and social needs. Morality, which is always at least a step ahead of the law, requires to be followed by the law, for the sake of the life of both, at a distance neither too great nor too short. For the law that follows too closely upon the heels of morality, no less than that which is too far behind, fails to be generally respected and enforced. Legal development is in constant need of being harmonized with all the other strands of history, to the end of the good life. This historic propriety is the ideal not only for the content of legislation, but also—though here the steps of change are fewer and longer—in the realm of fundamental juristic concepts such as that of national sovereignty.
State Centralization in North Carolina
Authors: Wager Paul W.
Published: May 2006

In recent years, two pronounced tendencies have been manifest in the relation of the states to the local governments. One has been increased state aid for the support of functions which have hitherto been recognized as local functions, particularly roads and schools. These enlarged state grants have been made partly to relieve the burden of local taxation, partly in recognition of a larger responsibility on the part of the state, and partly to stimulate a higher quality of service. In order to insure the realization of the last-mentioned purpose, the aid has usually been conditioned on the fulfillment of certain minimum requirements.

The second tendency has been for the state to assume closer supervision over the finances of local government. This greater solicitude on the part of the state in respect to local finances has sprung from a number of reasons, two of which are the tremendous increase in the size of local funds since the beginning of the road-building era and the frequent misuse of the debt-incurring privilege.