bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caregiving: Adult Child–Parent
Authors: Egbert Nichole , Sorenson Amber
Published: September 2022

Most adults prefer to stay with family when they get older and require assistance with day‐to‐day activities or chronic health issues. However, the many stresses associated with caring for a parent can be difficult for the adult child to manage. As they care for an aging parent, adult children can feel isolated and deprived of social connections with others. In often putting their parent's needs above their own, adult child caregivers' physical and mental health may be left unattended. Additionally, adult children may be caring for their own children, and in some cases grandchildren, too – leaving them without a known support system to communicate with that truly understands their challenges. Other caregiver–care receiver‐related challenges can include conflicts stemming from adult child and parent role reversal, as well as difficulties in defining family caregiving roles and responsibilities – particularly amongst adult child siblings. For the primary adult child caregiver, receiving social support and expressions of gratitude from other family members is significant in reducing any potential conflict and increasing the adult child's feelings of adequacy in their caregiving efforts.
Family Resilience
Authors: Alabere Regina Ogechi , Terui Sachiko
Published: September 2022

Families are bound to experience adversities, which can be a single event or persist for many years, such as the diagnosis and prognosis of dementia, or the process of caring for a family member with cancer. When such life disruptions occur, family members have to renegotiate roles while adapting to a new normal. Resilience is a discursive practice that family members engage in when normalcy is disrupted. This entry introduces two communication theories addressing family resilience. Buzzanell's communication theory of resilience provides insights into how family members experience and achieve resilience in difficult health communication contexts. The theory of resilience and relational load presented by Afifi and colleagues identifies four propositions that all identify communicative maintenance, communal orientation, and emotional reserve as central in understanding how families perform resilience in the face of difficult change. Research in applied topics as they relate to the theories of resilience is offered, as well as an overview of future research pathways in the areas of health and resilience as they involve family communication.
Topic Avoidance in Families
Authors: Donovan Erin E. , Quaack Karly R.
Published: September 2022

Families engage in strategic topic avoidance about a range of health topics, from serious illnesses such as cancer to mental health, to risky behaviors related to sexual health and substance use. Most of this research has examined topic avoidance in couples, parent–child relationships, and family caregiving contexts, with emerging focus on siblings and broader family systems. Family members are motivated to avoid difficult or potentially conflict‐inducing topics related to health, such as distressing emotions, death and dying, and identity‐threatening issues like body image and past risky behavior. Family members report avoiding topics in order to accomplish numerous goals, such as protecting one another from distressing emotions and respecting one another's privacy. Some health topics are avoided by families because of their complex and uncertain nature, which leaves families feeling unable to discuss them adequately. Although many people perceive benefits from avoiding tough conversations about health with family members, there is also evidence that avoidance is associated with lower relationship satisfaction and mental well‐being.
Polypharmacy, Deprescribing
Authors: Lukacena Kaylee Marie , Harrington Nancy Grant , Huffmyer Mark J. , Keck James W. , Moga Daniela C.
Published: September 2022

This entry provides an introduction to the concepts of polypharmacy and deprescribing, the current approaches to deprescribing interventions, and the role of health communication in deprescribing. Although polypharmacy may be necessary at times, inappropriate polypharmacy is a major health concern in many nations, and deprescribing is one solution to combat the problem. Although some deprescribing interventions have reduced inappropriate medication use short term, they have not been successful in achieving long‐term deprescribing. After reviewing the deprescribing literature, we discuss approaching deprescribing from a communication perspective, viewing the patient, clinician, and pharmacist as stakeholders in the decision‐making process.
Unexplained/Rare Illnesses
Authors: Kerr Anna M.
Published: September 2022

More than 300 million individuals are living with unexplained or rare illnesses. These patients and their caregivers face many communication challenges given the lack of understanding about their illness or the lack of a medical explanation for their symptoms. Patients with unexplained and rare illnesses also experience significant frustration with the healthcare system, feel isolated from family and friends, experience social stigma and negative judgment, and report lower health‐related quality of life than patients with more common serious illnesses. They also report more financial and emotional burden due to the lengthy process of seeking a “legitimate” diagnosis. Consequently, patients and caregivers are tasked with the roles of researcher, care coordinator, and advocate – communicating in ways that legitimize their suffering and moral credibility to the public and medical communities.
Ally Communication
Authors: Anderson Jenn
Published: September 2022

Health ally communication occurs whenever a person or group discursively leverages their privilege to stand in solidarity with people facing health‐related injustice, whether that person or group identifies as an ally or not. Health ally communication should not be confused with health advocacy or health activism, because health ally communication
always
speaks “with” not “for” groups experiencing health‐related marginalization as it seeks to dismantle health‐related injustices. Health ally communication is a form of discourse that reveals a fluid, intersectional notion of privilege (unearned status, power, preference) in any given context and leverages that privilege to challenge injustice alongside a nonprivileged group. In this way, the conceptualization of ally communication recognizes that one may possess privilege in one social space but not another, and therefore that a person may serve as a health ally in one context yet seek out a health ally in another. Focusing on the
communication
of allyship, rather than allyship as an identity, draws attention to the complex ways that messages – from interpersonal conversations to health campaigns – can be crafted to address health‐related injustices in ways that amplify the voices and experiences of marginalized groups experiencing that injustice.
Clinical Trials Recruitment: Underrepresented Groups
Authors: Ridley‐Merriweather Katherine E.
Published: September 2022

Although underrepresented populations' cultures differ from each other, these groups do share some characteristics and concerns about medical research, causing hesitancy and low clinical trial participation levels. To better benefit the health of marginalized populations, it is important to apply health communication strategies to increase clinical trial participation levels. This entry briefly describes some of the history, barriers to clinical trial participation, and particular cultural concerns of numerous underserved populations. It also suggests several health communication research strategies to respectfully address the valid cultural hesitancies of all underserved and underrepresented groups in efforts to increase their willingness to take part in clinical trials.
Older Adults and Ageism
Authors: Chang Leanne
Published: September 2022

This entry begins with an introduction to criteria and language used to describe older adults and ageism as a form of social injustice. It then reviews how ageism in media, intergenerational communication, and institutional practices and policy shapes the meaning of old age and influences health. Ageism in media encompasses media underrepresentation and stereotyping of older adults that cultivates a biased understanding of aging. Ageism in intergenerational communication has been examined from four theoretical perspectives that provide explanations of out‐group discrimination and age‐adapted communication styles. Structural and institutional ageism involves inequities in healthcare resource allocation, research participation, and training in geriatrics. This entry ends with a summary of emerging evidence on the short‐term and long‐term impacts of ageism on older adults' health.
Trauma‐Informed Approaches
Authors: Ramasubramanian Srividya , Riewestahl Emily
Published: September 2022

The role of trauma and its consequences for health have led to greater awareness on this topic in the recent past. A trauma‐informed approach to healthcare systems, healthcare, and health communication informs us about the need for such systems to understand the impact of trauma, especially complex and chronic forms, on physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual well‐being. It is important to take a multipronged and interdisciplinary approach to addressing trauma that involves the micro, meso, and macro levels of healthcare – from the broader societal, systemic, and organizational level to the more individual aspects of health. Health communication plays a vital role in trauma‐informed approaches that center on patients' unique needs, backgrounds, and experiences within clinical, medical, and other health and healing contexts. Communication, storytelling, and narratives are central to helping facilitate healing from trauma within and outside of formal healthcare and clinical contexts.
Health Communication Ethics
Authors: Guttman Nurit , Thompson Teresa L.
Published: September 2022

The combination of health issues and communication concerns brings to light significant ethical considerations for health communication scholars and practitioners. Our discussion of these considerations focuses on guiding precepts from bioethics, key ethical concerns from a clinical perspective, those considerations that relate most directly to digital and social media about health factors, and health campaign and social marketing issues as they connect to ethical consequences. All of these factors remind us that we need to take cultural issues into consideration; they are particularly relevant when communicating with individuals from diverse backgrounds and amplified in times of emergency situations or pandemics.
CIH (Complementary and Integrative Healthcare): Art, Music, and Theater in Healthcare
Authors: Harter Lynn M. , Casapulla Sharon , Kaminski Chuck W. , Mock Brandon
Published: September 2022

This entry explores how artful encounters enlarge the scope of healthcare and can foster well‐being in ways that lie beyond the traditional reach of biomedicine. In the United States and internationally, arts programming is integrated alongside conventional medicine and used by community‐based organizations in serving their constituents and fostering social change. Meanwhile, the integration of the arts in medical education orients future clinicians to move between the generalities of science and the particularities of people's storied lives to foster holistic care and well‐being.
CIH
(Complementary and Integrative Healthcare): Ingestibles
Authors: Tarn Derjung Mimi
Published: September 2022

This entry describes the current state of the literature on clinician–patient communication regarding ingestible complementary medicine products, commonly known as dietary supplements. The existing literature mostly concentrates on quantifying whether or not patients disclose their dietary supplement use to their clinicians. Disclosure rates vary greatly, ranging from 9 to 77%. Most studies showed that patients infrequently disclosed their supplement use, and fewer than 50% of hospitalized patients disclosed their use to hospital physicians. Racial/ethnic disparities in disclosure may exist. Audio recordings of office visits showed that even when patients disclosed supplement use, they infrequently disclosed all of their supplements. The majority of existing studies surveyed patients, and are thus limited by patient recall. Only a handful of studies used direct observation of encounters to examine in‐depth conversations regarding dietary supplements. These studies revealed that discussions about important topics such as potential supplement–drug interactions and harms are infrequently touched upon, though these discussions occur more frequently when nonvitamin, nonmineral dietary supplements are raised (compared to vitamins/minerals). In addition, discussions about dietary supplements may not always match existing scientific evidence. Knowledge is lacking about how often conversations about potential interactions and risks occur when patients are prescribed medications with potential supplement–drug interactions, what these discussions entail, and how they may influence patient behaviors around dietary supplement use.
CIH
(Complementary and Integrative Healthcare): Integrative Healthcare
Authors: Sharf Barbara F.
Published: September 2022

Complementary–integrative health (CIH) refers primarily to the mixture of allopathic medicine with one or more complementary modalities originating from traditional practices and/or other cultural systems of medicine. An essential aspect of CIH is an emphasis on a holistic understanding of health. While CIH trends are global, there are many variations. This entry is concerned with the transformation over the past 25 years of complementary–alternative medicine, relegated to the social margins, to complementary–integrative health, institutionalized within mainstream organizations and social understanding. Health communication research conducted in the United States and elsewhere has examined these changes through analyses of language, integrative organizational functions and challenges, and external forms of resistance.
CIH
(Complementary and Integrative Healthcare): Overview
Authors: Ho Evelyn Y. , Koenig Christopher J.
Published: September 2022

This entry discusses terminology, definitions, and research examining communication about complementary and integrative healthcare (CIH) between patients and clinicians. The terminology of modern CIH is deeply intertwined with the history and acceptance of CIH forms as legitimate therapies worldwide. Health communication scholarship began with examining how language was used to discuss CIH, ultimately advocating for terms like
holistic
over terms like
complementary
or
alternative
, which center biomedicine as the norm. While widely studied in health sciences, the primary issue for health communication has been measuring patient disclosure of CIH use to biomedical clinicians. Health communication research generally uses self‐report data with little attention paid to the actual communication or interaction. A growing body of research uses direct observation – typically in the form of audio/video recordings of clinician–patient interactions – to examine the process of CIH communication. While CIH communication is relatively underemphasized in health communication generally, the discipline increasingly recognizes CIH as a significant area for future research. Whether focused on specific forms such as traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, supplements, mindfulness, or arts/music therapy, or focused on the process of institutional integration, health communication scholars have examined questions of language and translation, social construction, and clinician–patient or healer–patient interaction.
Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services
Authors: Terui Sachiko
Published: September 2022

Individuals in racial and ethnic minority groups tend to experience health disparities compared with their counterparts. This entry provides an overview of the US National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) in health and healthcare, and cultural and linguistic influences that individuals with diverse backgrounds may experience in healthcare settings. The CLAS Standards present a valuable guidance for health and healthcare organizations to provide culturally and linguistically appropriate healthcare services to individuals with diverse backgrounds. However, many organizations fail to fully implement and practice the CLAS Standards, partially due to their lack of full awareness of the guidelines. Mindful communication on cultural and linguistic influences on health and health management can help provide culturally and linguistically appropriate care. Culture plays an important role in clinical care because it influences how individuals understand reality, how they make sense of things around them, how they interact with other individuals, and how they seek healthcare. Language barriers can create challenges for patients when exchanging information, making shared decisions, developing trust and relationships with clinicians, and receiving quality of care.
Cultural Health Capital
Authors: Madden Erin Fanning , Sulzer Sandra
Published: September 2022

This entry provides an introduction to Janet Shim's “cultural health capital” (CHC) concept, the areas of sociological research upon which this concept builds, how the concept has been used to study healthcare communication, and future directions for research engaging with this concept. CHC refers to cultural skills and resources that may be used to accrue advantages in healthcare interactions. Examples of CHC are numerous and can depend on the particularities of a healthcare context, but often include knowledge of medical vocabulary and ability to communicate efficiently. Patients with privileged positions in society are generally most able to obtain and maintain forms of high‐value CHC, which they may use to gain advantages in healthcare. Healthcare clinicians often hold unexamined expectations of patient CHC, and reward individuals who are able to display these cultural resources in clinical interactions with high‐quality health services. Shim's CHC concept thus provides a link between micro‐level healthcare interactions and macro‐level social hierarchies and explains how clinical interactions contribute to unequal care.
Health Coaching
Authors: Wingard Leah
Published: September 2022

Health coaching is a rapidly growing practice and profession internationally in a wide variety of healthcare settings and is offered to patients as a support to manage their health. It is often associated with self‐determined management of health and wellness and commonly focuses on psychological and behavioral aspects of health. Further, it is generally aligned with holistic and patient‐centered approaches to health and thought of as a collaborative and relationship‐centered way to support patient self‐efficacy and behavioral change to meet health goals by putting the patient preferences first. Health coaching may be delivered in a variety of ways including in person, phone, video chat, texting, and e‐mail and may use a number of different technologies including web‐based and mobile apps. While several professional organizations have established definitions and core competencies for certifying professional health coaches, the term health coaching, when used in many healthcare contexts, can be understood as more of a generalized umbrella term for a number of related practices that support patients' management of their health. Health coaching offers a promising approach to motivating and engaging patients and is often seen as an important step toward reducing utilization of healthcare services and hospitalizations and ultimately controlling healthcare costs.
Nutrition/Diet
Authors: Vilaro Melissa J. , Auguste Kendra P.
Published: September 2022

This entry describes ways the field of health communication approaches nutrition communication and highlights some key concepts that noncommunication scholars can consider incorporating into their health communication about nutrition. Health communication scholars seek to understand factors that lead to specific outcomes, for example, the effects of visual design on food purchasing behaviors, strategies for successfully conveying nutrition information, and understanding factors that lead to shifts in food purchased. This entry covers various nutrition communication strategies to promote change among intended audiences, including tailoring food packaging or nutrition campaigns to improve information processing capacity of audience segments with different characteristics (high vs. low knowledge). Ability to process and use nutrition communication is influenced by individual level of knowledge, as well as contextual variables of messages (graphics, visual elements, source, channel). This high‐level overview discusses nutrition communication research pertaining to nutrition facts panels, front of package labels, and nutrition campaigns. Nutrition communication may be seen as falling along a continuum of education and persuasion. As such, to understand the unique role and expertise of communication scholars, we specifically focus on the role of health communication strategies for nutrition communication.
Crisis Communication
Authors: Jin Yan , Vijaykumar Santosh
Published: September 2022

This entry provides an overview of public health crises and public health crisis communication, grounded in crisis communication and literature around emerging infectious disease outbreaks (IDOs). It lays down the theoretical foundations for communication and crisis information management in times of public health risks and emergencies, heralded by two conceptual frameworks developed specifically to tackle IDOs and applicable to other health crises: Vijaykumar and colleagues' risk amplification through media spread (RAMS) framework and Jin colleagues' infectious disease threat (IDT) appraisal model. It outlines key crisis communicative behaviors of individuals, including crisis information seeking and sharing (CISS) and crisis information vetting, summarizing empirical evidences in the context of IDOs. The rise of online misinformation as a critical concern in the communication management of IDOs and emerging interventions to combat this threat are further examined. Unique challenges and opportunities embedded in public health crisis communication (e.g., overcoming unintended effects of public health crisis communication) are identified for future research.
Food Safety
Authors: Kim Jarim , Nan Xiaoli
Published: September 2022

Research related to food safety communication falls into three general categories: media coverage of food safety issues, risk perceptions of food hazards, and food safety information sources. Research in the first category has focused on how mass media covers food safety issues and specifically how media reports food recall messages and the consequences of these reports. Research in the second category has investigated the psychological factors that influence consumers' perceptions of various food hazards, shedding light on consumers' attitudes and behaviors related to food safety issues. Finally, research in the third category has examined the uses of food safety information sources, the sociodemographic determinants of different consumer groups' use of information sources, and the effects that these different information source uses have on risk perceptions.
COMBI
: Communication for Behavioral Impact
Authors: White Livingston A.
Published: September 2022

Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI) is a communication planning model for social mobilization and strategic behavior change applied to social or health interventions. The guiding mantras of the approach are: doing nothing until precise behavioral objectives have been set, and doing nothing until a situational market analysis has been undertaken. COMBI adopts its communication planning processes from public relations, community mobilization, sustained appropriate advertising, interpersonal communication, and point‐of‐service promotion. The key steps in the COMBI planning process involve considering the goal, behavioral objective(s), situational market analysis, strategy for achieving the results, plan of action, management and implementation, monitoring, assessment of behavioral impact, and budget. The model is informed by marketing theory that speaks to audience, exchange theory and value, competition, and the four Cs of integrated marketing communication. COMBI also benefits from models used in health behavior change such as the health belief model, the theory of reasoned action or planned behavior, social cognitive theory, and the transtheoretical model. Despite its advantages, some downfalls of COMBI are that on its own it does not always generate development and programs using COMBI often require substantial resources. Nonetheless, COMBI programs aim at an integrated effort with a thoughtful amalgamation and selection of communication actions relevant to achieving desired behavioral outcomes.
Academic Organizations: EACH: International Association for Communication in Healthcare
Authors: van Weel‐Baumgarten Evelyn , Rosenbaum Marcy E.
Published: September 2022

EACH: International Association for Communication in Healthcare is a charitable organization for professionals with an interest in evidence‐based approaches to research, teaching, and policy of healthcare communication. The central focus of EACH has been on healthcare professionals' interactions with patients, families, and each other, as well as the experiences of these persons in navigating illness and healthcare systems. Volunteer members from more than 40 countries share ideas and expertise from a variety of professions and stages of career through networking, an accessible website with interactive forums, and in‐person and online events. EACH is governed by an Executive Committee. National representatives, organized in an Advisory Committee, provide EACH insight in communication in healthcare needs in their respective countries with a broad variety of cultures and healthcare systems. EACH mainly works through three subcommittees on research (rEACH), teaching (tEACH), and policy and practice (pEACH), producing publications, resources, databases, and courses and providing mentoring to junior colleagues. Special interest groups facilitate work between members of specific professional groups or with a focus on important topics within communication and healthcare. EACH hosts an International Conference on Communication in Healthcare (ICCH) every other year and is in collaborative relationships with other professional organizations relevant for the topic of communication in healthcare. EACH is affiliated with
Patient Education and Counseling
(
PEC
), the main journal devoted to communication in healthcare, as a way for EACH and its members to publish and disseminate high‐quality research and teaching of healthcare communication.
Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR)
Authors: Drake Connor D. , Lewinski Allison A. , Zullig Leah L.
Published: September 2022

The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) is a conceptual framework used extensively to understand the complex and nuanced factors associated with organizational change. CFIR categorizes implementation factors into five domains, each with nested constructs associated with the adoption or translation of evidence‐based programs into real‐world settings. Use of CFIR enables an organized systematic approach to identifying, reporting, and analyzing implementation determinants across diverse settings, contexts, populations, and research designs and approaches; and it guides the examination of barriers to and facilitators of the adoption of an evidence‐based program. The application of CFIR ranges from guiding implementation planning, systematically assessing implementation context, and/or evaluating the effectiveness of multilevel implementation strategies. A large and growing body of literature has used CFIR to better understand and report implementation efforts in contexts such as healthcare, social services, and education.
Health Information Avoidance
Authors: Link Elena
Published: September 2022

People do not always welcome health‐ or disease‐related information but instead avoid potentially threatening information about health risks, diagnoses or treatments. This common communication phenomenon or mode of information transaction is called health information avoidance. The entry provides a definition and conceptual clarification showing that avoidance is a purposed decision to avoid attention and exposure to certain information although the information might be of personal relevance. Further, information avoidance is distinguished from related concepts like health information seeking, information ignoring, monitoring, and blunting. The coping and self‐protective functions of health information avoidance are elaborated and positive as well as negative consequences for health and well‐being are described. Health information avoidance is used to cope with emotional burden, but can be counterproductive for health promotion and prevention if it prevents knowledge gain and prevents or delays healthcare uptake or preventive behaviors. With the aim to describe the predictors of health information avoidance, two theoretical frameworks relevant to explain health information avoidance are outlined, which provide a profound basis for empirical testing as health information avoidance is a rather understudied phenomenon and methodological challenges to measure health information avoidance need to be considered.
Health Misinformation and Rumors
Authors: Martinez Lourdes S.
Published: September 2022

This entry introduces the concept of health misinformation, which refers to health‐related information verified as false. Other concepts related to health misinformation include health misperceptions (false beliefs) and health rumors (unverified health information that may or may not be true). In addition to distinguishing between health misinformation and other related concepts, this entry summarizes research examining effects of health misinformation, where health misinformation is likely to originate and spread, and theory that can be used to study health misinformation. Challenges raised by the problem of health misinformation call for increased research examining the process by which health misinformation is likely to affect populations and identifying the best strategies for addressing health misinformation once it begins to spread across different groups and communities.
Reproductive Health and Justice
Authors: Ketheeswaran Nivethitha
Published: September 2022

While the term “reproductive justice” is relatively new to the field of health communication, the subject matter of reproductive justice has been taken up by many health communication researchers. Reproductive justice‐centered health communication research addresses the violent history of reproductive policy, the growing justice movements for marginalized reproduction, and the ever‐connected tension between public discourse and the private body. This entry defines the shift from reproductive rights to reproductive justice and provides an overview of health communication research surrounding reproductive justice in a critical context, an interpersonal context, and the future directions of reproductive health communication.
Chronic Disease and Families
Authors: Cooke‐Jackson Angela , Gunning Jacqueline N.
Published: September 2022

This entry provides an overview of chronic diseases and illnesses in family systems. The authors offer a review of the social support literature. Additionally, they provide a brief explanation of how social support varies across racial and ethnic family systems, specifically, African Americans, Latino/Hispanics, American Indian/Alaskan Natives, and Asian American/Pacific Islanders. A brief commentary of the implication of COVID‐19 pandemic on the above‐mentioned groups is provided to understand the impact of specific chronic illnesses on underserved or underrepresented populations. The entry concludes with key takeaways to health communication specialists, physicians, and practitioners to encourage them to consider how families living with chronic diseases and illnesses are impacted over the long term.
Family Communication Patterns and Health
Authors: Campbell‐Salome Gemme , Hesse Colin
Published: September 2022

This entry introduces family communication patterns theory (FCPT) and the ecological perspective it provides in the study of health communication by investigating the persistent influence of family communication. FCPT maintains that through consistent, long‐term communication, families create a shared social reality of the world, influencing individual beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. Family communication patterns create a stable and predictable schema that guides how individuals understand and communicate with the world. Families create this schema through two communication dimensions: conversation orientation and conformity orientation. Conversation orientation is the degree to which the family communicates openly about an assortment of topics. Conformity orientation is the extent to which the family stresses uniformity of beliefs and values and emphasizes family hierarchy and obedience to authority figures. These two communication dimensions interact consistently, creating four family types: consensual, pluralist, protective, and laissez‐faire. These family communication patterns have been found to influence individual health communication, attitudes, and behaviors. Further, a family's conversation and conformity orientations influence their likelihood of talking about certain health topics, rules governing the depth of certain health conversations, and the frequency of health conversations. The entry concludes with future directions for research on FCPT in health communication contexts.
Family Health Narratives
Authors: Campbell‐Salome Gemme
Published: September 2022

This entry introduces family health narratives by explicating a family communication theory focused on storytelling and narratives. Communicated narrative sense‐making theory (CNSM) provides three heuristics for investigating family narratives and their links to relational and psychosocial well‐being. Most research in health communication to date has used the first heuristic – retrospective storytelling – to examine the content of family health narratives and how they reflect and affect coping, health attitudes, and health decision making. The second heuristic, interactional sense‐making, provides a framework for exploring the communication processes of family storytelling and ties interactional sense‐making behaviors to improved psychosocial and relational health. More research is needed in the third heuristic – translational storytelling – which is particularly compelling for health communication scholars. Translational storytelling seeks to apply findings from retrospective storytelling and interactional sense‐making to develop and implement narrative interventions to improve coping and health outcomes. This entry concludes with future directions for research on family health narratives using CNSM to expand our understanding of the complex links between family storytelling and health.
Genetic Risk Disclosure and Family Sharing
Authors: Boumis Josephine K. , Dean Marleah
Published: September 2022

Detecting inherited predispositions to certain health risks such as cancer can lead to better prevention strategies and management decisions, ultimately reducing morbidity and health risk. Effectively distributing genetic risk information is contingent upon disclosure of risk within families. Family sharing can have a significant impact on family members' decision making concerning their own risk. Past research has found many reasons why individuals are motivated to share their genetic risk test results with their family members. Yet, there are inherent challenges present in these conversations. Understanding both the motivations and barriers to genetic risk disclosure is an important contribution to the efforts to increase cascade testing and the use of genetic counseling.
Body Image/Body (Dis)satisfaction
Authors: Webber Katrina T.
Published: September 2022

This entry provides an introduction to the concepts of body image and body dissatisfaction, presents a brief overview of key areas within health communication that examine body image and body dissatisfaction, and suggests areas in which further exploration is needed. Body image is a multifaceted concept which exists on a spectrum of positive and negative feelings about appearance. Having a more negative body image can lead to body dissatisfaction, which has been associated with various negative mental and physical health outcomes including eating disorders and weight stigma. The role of health campaigns, media, and interpersonal interactions are important factors to consider when studying body image and body dissatisfaction.
Vaccination: General
Authors: Pringle Wendy , Greyson Devon
Published: September 2022

Vaccine communication is key to providing access to vaccination services and building confidence in vaccines. Vaccine communication is studied by scholars working in a number of different disciplines, usually aiming to improve our understanding of vaccine discussions in clinical settings, in public health campaigns, among communities and peers, or around the web. Increasing attention is being paid to the importance of context and culture‐specific settings in which vaccine communication takes place, helping to address the concerns of different populations. The framing and tailoring of vaccine‐related messages are key to expressing the complex science of vaccination to diverse audiences. As the science of vaccines advances, health communication scholarship can draw on all of these approaches to better understand and respond to the challenges ahead.
Dissemination and Implementation Science
Authors: Yilma Hagere , Rimal Rajiv N.
Published: September 2022

There is a well‐documented lag between research that demonstrates an intervention to be successful, and the adoption of the intervention in the real world. As a result, few people outside of research settings benefit from interventions deemed to be efficacious in experimental designs. Dissemination and implementation science has emerged in response to this research‐to‐practice gap, with the goal of understanding the barriers and facilitators that influence the adoption, scale‐up, and sustainability of interventions in the real world. At the heart of this goal is the translation of research findings into diverse populations. Successful dissemination and implementation science balances rigor and relevance in study design, considering both context and causality. Often, mixed method studies are used to answer implementation science research questions. Several frameworks have also been developed to aid the achievement of implementation goals. Additionally, successful dissemination and implementation science relies on interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary partnerships that engage stakeholders at various levels. As the field continues to grow, there is now a greater emphasis on sustainability and scale‐up to regional, national, and international levels. There has also been a shift toward incorporating health equity in a more explicit manner and consider the deimplementation of interventions that do not fare well in the real world.
Online Support Groups
Authors: Wright Kevin B.
Published: September 2022

This entry examines research and theory related to online support groups for individuals facing a wide variety of health concerns. Online support groups have proliferated over the past two decades with the expansion of social media and mobile communication devices. Social scientists from a number of disciplines, including communication, have made important research contributions that have enriched our understanding of these groups. Toward that end, it looks at motivations for joining online support groups, types of social support that are typically offered within these groups, technological affordances of online support groups, mental and physical health outcomes associated with participating in online support groups, negative aspects of these groups, and limitations and future directions for online support group research.
Violence: Structural
Authors: Basnyat Iccha , Zhao Xiaoman
Published: September 2022

Structural violence, first proposed by Johan Galtung and later extended by Paul Farmer into the realm of healthcare, refers to the violence built into social structures, whether economic, political, legal or cultural, that leads to unequal life chances and prevents individuals and groups from achieving their full potential. The cumulative effect of structural violence often plays out in the form of denied healthcare, unequal treatment by healthcare providers, discrimination and stigma in community interactions, with an adverse impact on health outcomes. The harm is
structural
, normalized through social arrangement, and
violent
, closely linked to injury and death. Embedded in long‐standing social structures, structural violence is regularly practiced in communicative processes at societal, interpersonal, and individual levels. The structure–agency duality must also be included into the exploration of structural violence as the very processes that determine one's structural limitations also entail the possibility of enacting agency.
Risk Communication
Authors: Lopez Rachel , Cho Hyunyi
Published: September 2022

This entry provides an introduction to risk communication. It defines risk communication as symbolic activities of individuals, groups, and institutions for identifying, understanding, and managing risk to individuals and society. On this basis, this entry focuses on risk message design, risk communication audiences, and key theoretical models. To understand risk communication, one must consider the capabilities of different kinds of messages, the receivers of the information, and interaction between these entities. Because reducing risk requires not only modifications of individual behaviors but also changes in societal conditions, this entry discusses the societal risk reduction motivation model which provides a multilevel perspective of social and structural contexts surrounding risk. Further attention to societal processes surrounding risk is necessary to promote public health and avoid unintended outcomes. Social media‐based social movements may also be an avenue where future risk communication theory, research, and action converge.
Homelessness
Authors: Gent Whitney
Published: September 2022

Homelessness is a condition of extreme poverty experienced globally. People experiencing homelessness are more likely than people who are stably housed to have negative health outcomes, including chronic health conditions, addiction, mental health issues, and exposure to physical and sexual violence. The public visibility of homeless people dealing with health disparities contributes to their dehumanization and stigmatization. Health communication interventions can improve homeless people's health outcomes by providing housing (e.g., through Housing First), ensuring access to mobile health resources, and reconsidering the cultures of institutions and organizations offering health services.
Temperature Dependence of Bandgap in Lead‐Halide Perovskites with Corner‐Sharing Octahedra
Authors: Xu Jin , Yu Shaohua , Shang Xiaoying , Chen Xueyuan
Published: September 2022

Understanding the molecular origin of the atypical temperature dependence of bandgap (i.e., bandgap renormalization) in lead‐halide perovskites with corner‐sharing octahedra is of fundamental interest and a prerequisite for their applications in fabricating high‐performance optoelectronic devices. The bandgap renormalization is attributed to the lattice thermal expansion and electron–phonon interactions. However, it remains controversial whether the thermal expansion has a negligible effect on the band‐edge structure of corner‐sharing [PbX6]4− (X = halide anion) octahedra in perovskites, relative to the electron–phonon interactions. In this review, this issue is clarified by focusing upon the most recent theoretical advances in the field of investigating the bandgap renormalization in perovskites. The timely research progress on the modulation of bandgap renormalization through the structural engineering in perovskites is also outlined. Finally, a vision about the directions for further in‐depth research in this field is provided, with the intent of promoting a more profound understanding and controlling of bandgap renormalization in perovskites in the future.
CO2Hydrogenation over Copper/ZnO Single‐Atom Catalysts: Water‐Promoted Transient Synthesis of Methanol
Authors: Wu Wenlong , Wang Yanan , Luo Lei , Wang Menglin , Li Zhongling , Chen Yue , Wang Zhiqi , Chai Jingbo , Cen Zeyan , Shi Yongliang , Zhao Jin , Zeng Jie , Li Hongliang
Published: September 2022

The hydrogenation of CO2by renewable power‐generated hydrogen offers a promising approach to a sustainable carbon cycle. However, the role of water during CO2hydrogenation is still under debate. Herein, we demonstrated that either too low or too high contents of water hampered the methanol synthesis over Cu/ZnO based catalysts. For Cu single atoms on ZnO supports, the optimal content of water was 0.11 vol. % under 30 bar (CO2 : H2=1 : 3) at 170 °C. Upon the introduction of optimal‐content water, the methanol selectivity immediately became 99.1 %, meanwhile the conversion of CO2underwent a volcano‐type trend with the maximum of 4.9 %. According to mechanistic studies, water acted as a bridge between H atoms and CO2/intermediates, facilitating the transformation of COOH* and CH2O*. The enhanced activity induced the generation of more water to react with CO via water‐gas shift reaction, resulting in the increase in methanol selectivity.
Controllable crosslinking system of soy protein‐based adhesives via soybean polysaccharide for wood composites
Authors: Mi Yan , Bai Yumei , Gao Daqian , Gao Zhenhua , Gu Hao , Yang Weijun
Published: September 2022

The development of soy protein‐based adhesives is an environment‐friendly strategy to fabricate formaldehyde‐free wood composite with desired properties. However, it remains challenge to effectively control crosslinking process and therefore tailor the property of soy protein‐based adhesives. Herein, inspired by the components of defatted soy flour, a controllable crosslinking system of soy protein and epichlorohydrin‐modified polyamidoamine was developed by adjusting the soybean polysaccharide contents. The results confirmed that soluble polysaccharide involved into the crosslinking system via Maillard reaction. Even though the weight ratios of polysaccharide in the adhesives increased from 0% to 60%, the water‐insoluble contents of the cured adhesives were slightly driven down from 89.15% to 84.98%, meanwhile thermal stability of the cured adhesives can be improved 1.4 times. Moreover, polysaccharide can be used as a small molecular additive to reduce initial viscosity of the adhesive and achieve improved spread property and mechanical interlock with plywood. Notably, the soaked wet bond strength of the resultant plywood reached 1.58 MPa and the cycled wet bond strength reached 1.17 MPa, which meet the requirement of outdoor use, when the contents of polysaccharide in the adhesives were 40%. Therefore, this study may provide a facile and cost‐effective approach to prepare a high‐performance soy protein‐based adhesive.