bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Christian and Buddhist approach to religious exclusivity. Do interfaith scholars have it right?
Authors: McCoy Daniel J. , Corduan Winfried , Stoker Henk
Published: July 2016

Buddhist-Christian interfaith scholars1 are quick to denounce what they perceive as religious exclusivity. So when it comes to the major views on just how true and salvific the religions can be, it is no surprise that Exclusivism is ruled out automatically. What is surprising is how inevitable it is that when Buddhist-Christian interfaith scholars commit to any view – whether Inclusivism, Pluralism, or Relativism – they themselves end up committing the sin of exclusivity. Whatever view they entertain turns out to be too exclusivistic for somebody, by having too particular a saviour (Exclusivism), too particular a salvation (Inclusivism), too particular a metaphysics (Pluralism), or too sceptical a religious outlook (Relativism).2 To make matters worse, the further the interfaith scholar cycles away from Exclusivism in an attempt to elude exclusivity, the further she wanders not only from Christianity, but from Buddhism as well. Thus, by attempting to unite the two religions, the interfaith scholar finds herself at odds with both sides. Truly, it seems the interfaith scholar has no place to lay her head. By consulting interfaith scholars’ own writings, this paper describes their dilemma in finding such a place.
Ricoeur on myth and demythologising
Authors: Malan Gert Jacobus
Published: July 2016

Since Jean Paul Gustav Ricoeur’s passing away in 2005, there has been a significant international resurgence of interest in his work. Coming to grips with the sheer extent of Ricoeur’s publications on a variety of subjects can leave one thoroughly perplexed. This is also true when investigating his views on myth and demythologisation. Numerous of his publications expound from various perspectives his insights on myth and its interpretation. This investigation proposes to bring together Ricoeur’s extensive contributions on myth, its interpretation and demythologisation in order to present them in condensed form. This will pave the way for a future follow-up study to compare Ricoeur’s perspectives to Bultmann’s demythologisation program and consider combining their contributions for theological hermeneutics.Keywords: myth; demythologising; Ricoeur; Bultmann; hermeneutics
The memorable invention of the death of Jesus
Authors: Dewey Arthur J.
Published: July 2016

The death story of Jesus of Nazareth has traditionally been understood as a matter of historical fact. The various versions of the story would seem to confirm a documented death scene. Nevertheless, critical appraisals of this material have raised numerous questions regarding the passion story. This article considers how the very structure of the story is a vital clue to the way in which the death of Jesus was invented. The Jewish tale of the suffering and vindication of the innocent one provides the memory locus for discovering meaning in the fate of Jesus. We find that the basic fact of the death tale of Jesus is that it was a fiction, authorising further elaborations for those who understood the craft of memory.
Enkele opmerkingen over de straf der steniging in her Oude Testament
Authors: Obbink H. W.
Published: July 2016

No abstract available.
Exact Solutions for the Flow of Fractional Maxwell Fluid in Pipe-Like Domains
Authors: Mathur Vatsala , Khandelwal Kavita
Published: July 2016

This paper presents an analysis of unsteady flow of incompressible fractional Maxwell fluid filled in the annular region between two infinite coaxial circular cylinders. The fluid motion is created by the inner cylinder that applies a longitudinal time-dependent shear stress and the outer cylinder that is moving at a constant velocity. The velocity field and shear stress are determined using the Laplace and finite Hankel transforms. Obtained solutions are presented in terms of the generalized G and R functions. We also obtain the solutions for ordinary Maxwell fluid and Newtonian fluid as special cases of generalized solutions. The influence of different parameters on the velocity field and shear stress are also presented using graphical illustration. Finally, a comparison is drawn between motions of fractional Maxwell fluid, ordinary Maxwell fluid and Newtonian fluid.
Solution Reconstruction on Unstructured Tetrahedral Meshes UsingP1-Conservative Interpolation
Authors: Peng Biao , Zhou Chunhua , Ai Junqiang
Published: July 2016

This paper extends an algorithm ofP1-conservative interpolation on triangular meshes to tetrahedral meshes and thus constructs an approach of solution reconstruction for three-dimensional problems. The conservation property is achieved by local mesh intersection and the mass of a tetrahedron of the current mesh is calculated by the integral on its intersection with the background mesh. For each current tetrahedron, the overlapped background tetrahedrons are detected efficiently. A mesh intersection algorithm is proposed to construct the intersection of a current tetrahedron with the overlapped background tetrahedron and mesh the intersection region by tetrahedrons. A localization algorithm is employed to search the host units in background mesh for each vertex of the current mesh. In order to enforce the maximum principle and avoid the loss of monotonicity, correction of nodal interpolated solution on tetrahedral meshes is given. The performance of the present solution reconstruction method is verified by numerical experiments on several analytic functions and the solution of the flow around a sphere.
Retrieval of aerosol optical depth from surface solar radiation measurements
using machine learning algorithms, non-linear regression and a radiative
transfer-based look-up table
Authors: Huttunen Jani , Kokkola Harri , Mielonen Tero , Mononen Mika Esa Juhani , Lipponen Antti , Reunanen Juha , Lindfors Anders Vilhelm , Mikkonen Santtu , Lehtinen Kari Erkki Juhani , Kouremeti Natalia , Bais Alkiviadis , Niska Harri , Arola Antti
Published: July 2016

Abstract. In order to have a good estimate of the current forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, knowledge on past aerosol levels is needed. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a good measure for aerosol loading. However, dedicated measurements of AOD are only available from the 1990s onward. One option to lengthen the AOD time series beyond the 1990s is to retrieve AOD from surface solar radiation (SSR) measurements taken with pyranometers. In this work, we have evaluated several inversion methods designed for this task. We compared a look-up table method based on radiative transfer modelling, a non-linear regression method and four machine learning methods (Gaussian process, neural network, random forest and support vector machine) with AOD observations carried out with a sun photometer at an Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) site in Thessaloniki, Greece. Our results show that most of the machine learning methods produce AOD estimates comparable to the look-up table and non-linear regression methods. All of the applied methods produced AOD values that corresponded well to the AERONET observations with the lowest correlation coefficient value being 0.87 for the random forest method. While many of the methods tended to slightly overestimate low AODs and underestimate high AODs, neural network and support vector machine showed overall better correspondence for the whole AOD range. The differences in producing both ends of the AOD range seem to be caused by differences in the aerosol composition. High AODs were in most cases those with high water vapour content which might affect the aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA) through uptake of water into aerosols. Our study indicates that machine learning methods benefit from the fact that they do not constrain the aerosol SSA in the retrieval, whereas the LUT method assumes a constant value for it. This would also mean that machine learning methods could have potential in reproducing AOD from SSR even though SSA would have changed during the observation period.
Hybrid ensemble 4DVar assimilation of stratospheric ozone using a global
shallow water model
Authors: Allen Douglas R. , Hoppel Karl W. , Kuhl David D.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Wind extraction from stratospheric ozone (O3) assimilation is examined using a hybrid ensemble 4-D variational assimilation (4DVar) shallow water model (SWM) system coupled to the tracer advection equation. Stratospheric radiance observations are simulated using global observations of the SWM fluid height (Z), while O3 observations represent sampling by a typical polar-orbiting satellite. Four ensemble sizes were examined (25, 50, 100, and 1518 members), with the largest ensemble equal to the number of dynamical state variables. The optimal length scale for ensemble localization was found by tuning an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). This scale was then used for localizing the ensemble covariances that were blended with conventional covariances in the hybrid 4DVar experiments. Both optimal length scale and optimal blending coefficient increase with ensemble size, with optimal blending coefficients varying from 0.2–0.5 for small ensembles to 0.5–1.0 for large ensembles. The hybrid system outperforms conventional 4DVar for all ensemble sizes, while for large ensembles the hybrid produces similar results to the offline EnKF. Assimilating O3 in addition to Z benefits the winds in the hybrid system, with the fractional improvement in global vector wind increasing from  ∼  35 % with 25 and 50 members to  ∼  50 % with 1518 members. For the smallest ensembles (25 and 50 members), the hybrid 4DVar assimilation improves the zonal wind analysis over conventional 4DVar in the Northern Hemisphere (winter-like) region and also at the Equator, where Z observations alone have difficulty constraining winds due to lack of geostrophy. For larger ensembles (100 and 1518 members), the hybrid system results in both zonal and meridional wind error reductions, relative to 4DVar, across the globe.
Application of a new scheme of cloud base droplet nucleation in a Spectral (bin) Microphysics cloud model: sensitivity to aerosol concentrations
Authors: Ilotoviz E. , Khain A.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. A new scheme of droplet nucleation at cloud base is implemented into the Hebrew University cloud model (HUCM) with spectral (bin) microphysics. In this scheme, supersaturation maximum Smax near cloud base is calculated using theoretical results according to which Smax ~ W(3/4)Nd(−1/2), where W is the vertical velocity at cloud base and Nd is droplet concentration. Microphysical cloud structure obtained in the simulations of a mid-latitude hail storm using the new scheme is compared with that obtained in the standard approach, in which droplet nucleation is calculated using the values of supersaturation calculated in grid points. The simulations were performed with high and low concentrations of cloud condensational nuclei and different slope parameters in expression for the activity CCN spectra. It is shown that the new scheme substantially improves the vertical profile of droplet concentration shifting the concentration maximum to cloud base. The effect of calculation of droplet concentration using the analytical prediction of Smax is especially significant in cases of high CCN concentration. Application of the new approach in cases of low CCN concentration does not change cloud microphysics significantly. It is shown that the shape of CCN size distribution on cloud microphysics is not less important that the effect of total CCN concentration. It is shown that the smallest CCN with diameters less than about 0.015 μm have a substantial effect on microphysics of deep convective clouds.
A retrospective streamflow ensemble forecast for an extreme hydrologic
event: a case study of Hurricane Irene and on the Hudson River basin
Authors: Saleh Firas , Ramaswamy Venkatsundar , Georgas Nickitas , Blumberg Alan F. , Pullen Julie
Published: July 2016

Abstract. This paper investigates the uncertainties in hourly streamflow ensemble forecasts for an extreme hydrological event using a hydrological model forced with short-range ensemble weather prediction models. A state-of-the art, automated, short-term hydrologic prediction framework was implemented using GIS and a regional scale hydrological model (HEC-HMS). The hydrologic framework was applied to the Hudson River basin ( ∼  36 000 km2) in the United States using gridded precipitation data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) and was validated against streamflow observations from the United States Geologic Survey (USGS). Finally, 21 precipitation ensemble members of the latest Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS/R) were forced into HEC-HMS to generate a retrospective streamflow ensemble forecast for an extreme hydrological event, Hurricane Irene. The work shows that ensemble stream discharge forecasts provide improved predictions and useful information about associated uncertainties, thus improving the assessment of risks when compared with deterministic forecasts. The uncertainties in weather inputs may result in false warnings and missed river flooding events, reducing the potential to effectively mitigate flood damage. The findings demonstrate how errors in the ensemble median streamflow forecast and time of peak, as well as the ensemble spread (uncertainty) are reduced 48 h pre-event by utilizing the ensemble framework. The methodology and implications of this work benefit efforts of short-term streamflow forecasts at regional scales, notably regarding the peak timing of an extreme hydrologic event when combined with a flood threshold exceedance diagram. Although the modeling framework was implemented on the Hudson River basin, it is flexible and applicable in other parts of the world where atmospheric reanalysis products and streamflow data are available.
Comparison of uncertainty in multi-parameter and multi-model ensemble hydrologic analysis of climate change
Authors: Her Younggu , Yoo Seung-Hwan , Seong Chounghyun , Jeong Jaehak , Cho Jaepil , Hwang Syewoon
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Quantification of uncertainty in ensemble based predictions of climate change and the corresponding hydrologic impact is necessary for the development of robust climate change adaptation plans. Although the equifinality of hydrological modeling has been discussed for a long time, its impact on the hydrologic analysis of climate change has not been studied enough to provide clear ideas that represent the relative contributions of uncertainty contained in both multi-GCM (general circulation model) and multi-parameter ensembles toward the projections of hydrologic components. This study demonstrated that the uncertainty in multi-GCM (or multi-model) ensembles could be an order of magnitude larger than that of multi-parameter ensembles for predictions of direct runoff, suggesting that the selection of appropriate GCMs should be much more emphasized than the selection of a parameter set among behavioral ones when projecting direct runoff. When simulating soil moisture and groundwater, on the other hand, equifinality in hydrologic modeling was more influential than uncertainty in the multi-GCM ensemble. Also, uncertainty in a hydrologic simulation of climate change impact was much more closely associated with uncertainty in ensemble projections of precipitation than that in projected temperature, indicating a need to pay closer attention to the precipitation data for improvement of the reliability of hydrologic predictions. From among 35 GCMs incorporated, this study identified GCMs that contributed the most and least to uncertainty in an assessment of climate change impacts on the hydrology of 61 Ohio River watersheds, thereby exhibiting a framework to quantify contributions of individual GCMs to the overall uncertainty in climate change modeling.
Recruitment and monitoring behaviors by leaders predict following in wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus)
Authors: Seltmann Anne , Franz Mathias , Majolo Bonaventura , Qarro Mohamed , Ostner Julia , Schülke Oliver
Published: July 2016

Abstract. For group-living animals it is essential to maintain the cohesiveness of the group when traveling. Individuals have to make an accurate decision about where and when to move. Communication before and during the departure of the first individual may play a crucial role in synchronizing a collective movement. We hypothesized that individuals in a wild primate group use signals or cues prior to and after departure to achieve collective movements. With two observers we used all-occurrences behavior sampling of collective movements in a group of wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) in the Middle Atlas, Morocco. The number of individuals displaying pre-departure behavior predicted the success of an initiation of a collective movement. Pauses of the first departing individual after departure enhanced following behavior and might have served as recruitment signal. However, the opposite was the case for back-glancing, which functions as a monitoring signal in other species. Because in our study frequently back-glancing individuals were also less socially integrated, back glances may better be interpreted as indicators of hesitation and insecurity. To successfully initiate a collective movement, it seemed to be sufficient for a socially integrated group member to take action when other group members signal their willingness prior to departure and to occasionally wait for the group while moving.
About the consistency between Envisat and CryoSat-2 radar freeboard retrieval over Antarctic sea ice
Authors: Schwegmann Sandra , Rinne Eero , Ricker Robert , Hendricks Stefan , Helm Veit
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Knowledge about Antarctic sea-ice volume and its changes over the past decades has been sparse due to the lack of systematic sea-ice thickness measurements in this remote area. Recently, first attempts have been made to develop a sea-ice thickness product over the Southern Ocean from space-borne radar altimetry and results look promising. Today, more than 20 years of radar altimeter data are potentially available for such products. However, the characteristics of individual radar types differ for the available altimeter missions. Hence, it is important and our goal to study the consistency between single sensors in order to develop long and consistent time series. Here, the consistency between freeboard measurements of the Radar Altimeter 2 on board Envisat and freeboard measurements from the Synthetic-Aperture Interferometric Radar Altimeter on board CryoSat-2 is tested for their overlap period in 2011. Results indicate that mean and modal values are in reasonable agreement over the sea-ice growth season (May–October) and partly also beyond. In general, Envisat data show higher freeboards in the first-year ice zone while CryoSat-2 freeboards are higher in the multiyear ice zone and near the coasts. This has consequences for the agreement in individual sectors of the Southern Ocean, where one or the other ice class may dominate. Nevertheless, over the growth season, mean freeboard for the entire (regionally separated) Southern Ocean differs generally by not more than 3 cm (8 cm, with few exceptions) between Envisat and CryoSat-2, and the differences between modal freeboards lie generally within ±10 cm and often even below.
I. El Caribe como nuevo locus de enunciación: energía creadora y procesos de creolización
Authors: Arredondo Erika
Published: July 2016

Otros caribes: de las Antillas al continente (sudamérica, centroamérica y norteamérica)
VIII. Reseñas
Authors: Arredondo Erika
Published: July 2016

Otros caribes: de las Antillas al continente (sudamérica, centroamérica y norteamérica)
AVALIAÇÃO DO DESEMPENHO DO MÉTODO CPPM EM ANÁLISES ELASTOPLÁSTICAS
Authors: Duque Gutiérrez Maria Paz , Matias Silva William Taylor
Published: July 2016

RESUMO: O método de projeção do ponto mais próximo (CPPM, closest point projection method) é amplamente utilizado quando se apresentam respostas não lineares no comportamento dos materiais. Este artigo destina-se ao detalhamento e formulação analítica do método e avaliar com exemplos simples seu desempenho utilizando distintas leis de endurecimento não lineares para definir a evolução das deformações plásticas. O método é implementado sob uma cinemática de deformações infinitesimais. É considerado que o material possui propriedades elásticas constantes. O critério de escoamento de von Mises é utilizado com uma regra associativa de fluxo para descrever o comportamento tensão-deformação do material. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é verificar a robustez do método e apresentar explicação completa da formulação analítica. ABSTRACT: The closest point projection method is widely used when nonlinear responses occur in the behavior of the materials. The aim of this work is detailing its analytical formulation with simple examples and evaluates the performance of the method using different nonlinear hardening laws to define the evolution of plastic deformation. The method is implemented under a kinematic of infinitesimal strains, it is considered a material with constant elastic properties, the von Mises yield criterion and an associative flow rule is used to describe the stress - strain behavior of the material. The main contribution of this work is to verify the robustness of the method and the complete explanation of the analytical formulation. RESUMEN. El método de proyección al punto más próximo (CPPM, closest point projection method) es ampliamente utilizado cuando se presentan respuestas no lineales en el comportamiento de los materiales. Se pretende con este trabajo detallar su formulación analítica y evaluar con ejemplos simples el desempeño del método utilizando diferentes leyes de endurecimiento no lineales para definir la evolución de las deformaciones plásticas. El método es implementado bajo una cinemática de deformaciones infinitesimales. Se considera un material con propiedades elásticas constantes, se emplea el criterio de fluencia de von Mises y una regla asociativa de flujo para describir el comportamiento tensión - deformación del material. La principal contribución de este trabajo es la verificación de la robustez del método y la explicación completa de la formulación analítica.
A DIMENSÃO HUMANA DO SERVIÇO DE AMARRAÇÃO DA ARMADURA DE LAJE DE CONCRETO ARMADO: CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA ERGONOMIA
Authors: Longen Willians Cassiano , Pereira Douglas De Matos , De Mattia Junior Nério
Published: July 2016

RESUMO: A área da construção civil está em grande destaque na economia atual do país, apesar dos grandes capitais envolvidos neste setor ele ainda se destaca pelo grande número de acidentes de trabalho, ambientes insalubres e lesões musculoesqueléticas envolvendo seus trabalhadores. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar ergonomicamente o serviço de distribuição e amarração da armadura da laje de concreto armado. Realizou-se a organização e a compilação dos dados através de estatística descritiva a partir dos dados de um questionário e observações diretas e instrumentais com registros fotográficos e filmagens aplicados junto aos 15 trabalhadores do setor de armação de lajes de 6 obras localizadas na cidade de Torres/RS. Os dados obtidos na presente pesquisa servem de subsídio para compreender melhor as queixas dos trabalhadores e métodos para poder atenuá-las. Foram apresentadas medidas preventivas para aliviar as dores musculoesqueléticas dos colaboradores. Verificou-se que apesar do trabalho realizado pelo armador oferecer riscos biomecânicos mostrou-se que com a colaboração das empresas envolvidas e com medidas de Segurança do Trabalho é possível adotar ações para reduzir estes riscos ao trabalhador. Este trabalho carrega contribuições práticas para a atenuação do risco ergonômico inerente a atividade de amarração de armadura de laje de concreto armado. ABSTRACT: The construction area is largely featured in the current economy of the country, despite the large capital cities involved in this sector he still stands out for the large number of work accidents, unhealthy environments and musculoskeletal injuries involving its workers. This study aims to analyze ergonomically and mooring distribution service of the armature of the reinforced concrete slab. The Organization and compilation of data through descriptive statistics from the data of a questionnaire and direct observations and instruments with photographic records and footage applied along 15 industry workers of 6 slabs frame works located in the city of Torres/RS. The data obtained in this research serve as subsidy for a better understanding of the workers ' complaints and methods in order to mitigate them. Preventive measures have been proposed to alleviate musculoskeletal pain of employees. It was found that despite the work done by owner offer biomechanical risks showed that with the collaboration of the enterprises involved and with work safety measures it is possible to adopt actions to reduce these risks to the worker. This work carries practical contributions to the mitigation of the risk inherent in the activity of ergonomic securing armour reinforced concrete slab.
Phthalates in meat products in dependence on the fat content
Authors: Jarošová Alžbeta , Bogdanovičová Soňa
Published: July 2016

The content of dibutylphthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in samples of packages intended for thermally processed meat products and release of phthalates from packages into meat products in dependence on the fat content were observed. 80 samples of packages were analyzed, 5 of them wereselected due to exceeding the specific migration limit. The raw meat was prepared, one type with the fat content of 10% and second one with the fat content of 50%. The both types of raw meat were analyzed for the content of DBP and DEHP and packed into chosen packages.The samples of meat products were thermally processed (70 â„ƒ, 10 min in the core), stored until the expiration date at 4 °C and gradually analyzed after 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of storage. Determination of phthalates was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the Zorbax Eclipse C8column and by UV detection at a wavelength of 224 mm. The phthalate content in the raw meat was under the limit of detection. According to the EU Commission Regulation no. 10/2011 the specific migration limit of products intended for the contact with food for DEHP (max. 1.5 mg.kg-1of food stimulant and DBP max. 0.3 mg.kg-1 of food stimulant), wasexceeded already after first day of storage, in case of DBP in two samples with 10% of fat and after 7th day of storage in one sample. In the samples with 50% of fat, SML was exceeded after first day of storage in four samples and in one sample after 14th day of storage. Regarding DEHP in the samples with 10% of fat SML was exceeded after 1st day of storage in one sample and after 7th day of storage also in one sample and after 21st day of storage similarly in one sample. Four samples with 50% of fat had SML exceeded in case of DEHP already after 1st day of storage. By comparison of PAE migration depending on the fat content we concluded that leaching of PAE from a package into food was 2 - 21 times higher in samples with 50% of fat than in samples with 10% of fat.
A Quantification Model for the Structure of Clay Materials
Authors: Tang Liansheng , Sang Haitao , Chen Haokun , Sun Yinlei , Zhang Longjian
Published: July 2016

Background

In this paper, the quantification for clay structure is explicitly explained, and the approach and goals of quantification are also discussed. The authors consider that the purpose of the quantification for clay structure is to determine some parameters that can be used to quantitatively characterize the impact of clay structure on the macro-mechanical behaviour.

Methods

According to the system theory and the law of energy conservation, a quantification model for the structure characteristics of clay materials is established and three quantitative parameters (i.e., deformation structure potential, strength structure potential and comprehensive structure potential) are proposed. And the corresponding tests are conducted.

Results

The experimental results show that these quantitative parameters can accurately reflect the influence of clay structure on the deformation behaviour, strength behaviour and the relative magnitude of structural influence on the above two quantitative parameters, respectively.

Conclusions

These quantitative parameters have explicit mechanical meanings, and can be used to characterize the structural influences of clay on its mechanical behaviour.
Preparation, Structure and Luminescent Properties of Eu3+ Doped MBPO5 (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) Red Phosphor for White LED
Authors: Wei Zhiren , Lu Yue , Li Xu , Dong Yue , Jiao Dian , Guan Li , Dong Guoyi , Teng Feng
Published: July 2016

Motivation

A suite of MBPO5 (borophosphates-BPO):Eu3+ (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) red emitting phosphors were synthesized and their luminescent properties were studied by excitation and emission spectra.

Results

The energy gap of CBPO, SBPO and BBPO are 5.481, 5.498 and 5.604 eV, respectively. While, these samples showed similar total and partial densities of states. The x-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that the samples were simple MPBO5 phase. According to the absorption spectra, the band gap energies of CBPO:Eu3+, SBPO: Eu3+ and BBPO:Eu3+ were calculated to be 5.499, 5.516 and 5.659 eV, respectively. The spectra of all three MBPO5:Eu3+ samples were similar with main excitation and emission peaks at 394 nm and 594 nm, respectively. The concentration quenching did not appear with the increase of the concentration of Eu3+. The charge compensator can improve the emission intensity. The average decay time of CBPO:0.05Eu3+, SBPO:0.05Eu3+ and BBPO:0.05Eu3+ was 3.29, 2.54, and 3.15 ms, respectively. The above results suggested that this phosphor was qualified as red phosphor, which could be used as a near UV-based white LED.
Kriterier ved validering av en metode for kost-holdsundersøkelser - Når er validiteten til en metode tilfredsstillende?
Authors: Andersen Lene Frost
Published: July 2016

SAMMENDRAGDet finnes ingen metode for kostholdsundersøkelser som kan måle kostholdet til et individ eller en gruppeindivider uten at det er feil knyttet til dataene. Dette får konsekvenser for tolkningen av resultatene frakostholdsundersøkelser og for tolkningen av sammenhengen mellom matinntak og helse. For at mangelfullekostholdsdata ikke skal resultere i feil konklusjoner er det viktig å undersøke validiteten til metoderfor kostholdsundersøkelser, samt å vurdere i hvilke sammenhenger en kostholdsmetode gir tilstrekkeliggode data til at de kan brukes. Ved vurdering av validiteten til metoder for kostholdsundersøkelser er dettre trinn som inngår; vurdering av design og gjennomføring av en valideringsstudie, vurdering av analyseringenav kostdataene fra valideringsstudien, samt tolkning av resultatene fra valideringsstudien. Iartikkelen diskuteres hvordan man kan vurdere validiteten til metoder for kostholdsundersøkelser ved å gåigjennom de tre trinn som er nevnt ovenfor. Dessuten illustreres ved hjelp av tre eksempler på forskjelligeepidemiologiske studier, når validiteten til en kostholdsmetode er tilfredsstillende i en studie, samt hvilkekonsekvenser validiteten kan ha for konklusjonen i en studie.Frost Andersen L. Criteria for the validation of dietary assessment methods. When is the validitysatisfactory? Nor J Epidemiol 2000; 10 (1): 17-24.ENGLISH SUMMARYToday there is no method available to measure dietary exposure among individuals or groups of individualswithout error. The errors will affect the interpretation of the results from dietary assessment studiesand have an impact on epidemiological measures of associations between intake and disease. To reducethese problems it is important to examine the validity of dietary assessment methods, and to examine inwhat kind of studies data from a specific dietary assessment method are valid enough to be used. Evaluationof the validity of dietary assessment methods include three levels; (1) evaluation of the design andimplementation of the validation study, (2) evaluation of the data analysis from the validation study, and(3) the interpretation of the results from the validation study. This article discusses how to evaluate thevalidity of dietary assessment methods using the three levels mentioned above. Furthermore, three examplesof epidemiological studies illustrate when the validity of a dietary assessment method is satisfactory ina study, and what kind of consequenses the validity may have for the conclusion of a study.
Contributions of food categories to absolute nutrient intake and between-person variation within a representative sample of 2677 Norwegian men and women
Authors: Mosdøl Annhild , Holmboe-Ottesen Gerd , Johansson Lars , Solvoll Kari , Bjørge-Løken Elin , Thelle Dag S.
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTSemi-quantitative food frequency data from a nation-wide, representative sample of 2677 Norwegianmen and women were analysed to identify food categories contributing most to absolute intake andbetween-person variation in intake of energy and nine nutrients. The 149 food categories in the questionnairewere ranked according to their contribution to absolute nutrient intake, and categories contributingat least 0.5% to the average absolute intake were included in a stepwise regression model. Thenumber of food categories explaining 90% of the between-person variation varied from 2 categories forb -carotene to 33 for a-tocopherol. The models accounted for 53–76% of the estimated absolute nutrientintakes. These analyses present a meaningful way of restricting the number of food categories inquestionnaires aimed at capturing the between-person variation in energy or specific nutrient intakes.NORSK SAMMENDRAGSemikvantitative matvarefrekvensdata fra et landsrepresentativt utvalg av 2677 norske menn og kvinnerble analysert for å identifisere de matvarekategoriene som bidro mest til absolutt inntak og til variasjoni inntak mellom individer for energi og ni næringsstoffer. De 149 matvarekategoriene ble rangert iforhold til deres bidrag til inntaket av et næringsstoff, og de kategoriene som bidro med minst 0,5% avgjennomsnittlig inntak ble inkludert i en trinnvis regresjonsmodell. Antallet kategorier som forklarte90% av variasjonen mellom individer varierte fra 2 kategorier for b-karoten til 33 for a-tokoferol.Modellene inkluderte 53–76% av det estimerte absoluttinntaket av næringsstoffene. Disse analysenepeker på en meningsfylt måte å redusere antall kostspørsmål i spørreskjema som er rettet mot å fangeopp variasjonen i inntak av energi og utvalgte næringsstoffer mellom personer.
Computerised data bases on prescription drug use and health care in the community of Tierp, Sweden: Experiences and challenges from a study of antidepressant-treated patients
Authors: Bingefors Kerstin
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTMuch of our knowledge of drugs originates from clinical trials of drug efficacy performed on stringentlyselected patient groups, often without multiple concurrent diseases. However, the effectiveness of treatmentunder conditions of use in ordinary clinical practice may be very different to conditions in therandomised clinical trial. Use of large computerised data bases and record linkage has thus becomeincreasingly common in pharmacoepidemiologic research. The greatest advantages of using routinelycollected data are the minimisation of study costs and time required to complete a study, considerationsthat are particularly relevant for longitudinal studies. The advantages of using data bases also include thepossibility of obtaining large sample sizes and to retrospectively study long-term outcomes. The risk forrecall bias, a significant problem in interviews and questionnaires, is also reduced. However, computeriseddata bases also have some potentially serious disadvantages, primarily in the areas of data validityand data availability. The Tierp study, including individually based data bases of prescription drug use,will be used here as an example of research. In this paper an example of a comprehensive data base studyconcerning health care and drug utilisation in depressed patients is presented. Methodological considerationsin data base research are discussed in relation to experiences from the antidepressant study. A wellplanned and research oriented computerised data base on prescription drugs represents an important toolin the study of the outcome of drug treatment in real world clinical practice.
Leder
Authors: Glattre Eystein
Published: July 2016

Det er jo gjennomgaaende Feilen i Norge, at manmangler Forstaaelsen af at i vore Dage fordresKundskab og Dygtighed mer end nogensinde.Sophus Lie1842-1899
Screening for prostatakreft i Norge
Authors: Fosså Sophie D. , Høisæter P. Å.
Published: July 2016

ENGLISH SUMMARYFosså SD, Høisæter PÅ. Screening for prostate cancer in Norway. Nor J Epidemiol 2001; 11 (2): 147-152.Background  Results  Conclusion  . Population-based PSA screening can not be recommended in Norway. PSA-based opportunisticscreening should be substantially reduced. If an asymptomatic man persistently requires PSAtesting, the responsible doctor has to inform him about the potential disadvantages as well as the potentialbenefits associated with opportunistic screening, diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer. PSAscreeningshould be considered as a public health care strategy, depending on the results of the ERPCS.. The rate of opportunistic screening in Norway in elderly men was about 7% in 1999 but isincreasing, with significant differences between the counties. The current health care strategy is to limitopportunistic screening to a minimum, as the effectiveness of this task is unproven. Reduction of mortalitycan only be achieved by the early diagnosis and treatment of “clinically important” prostatecancer. The identification of these cases remains problematic in clinical routine. Data from the CancerRegistry of Norway, and knowledge about prostate cancer tumour biology and epidemiology leavedoubt whether the aim of the ERPCS can be reached in 2008: The Norwegian Urological Cancer Grouphas therefore not recommended Norway's participation in the ERPCS.. PSA-based opportunistic screening for prostate cancer is increasing throughout theworld, and also in Norway. The mortality reducing effectiveness of population-based PSA screeninghas, however, so far not been proven and it is currently addressed by a European randomised trial(ERPCS). This trial aims to demonstrate a 20% reduction of the prostate cancer-related mortality rate inthe year 2008 in men who have had regular PSA analysis and, if possible, curatively intended treatmentof a newly diagnosed prostate cancer.
Trender i insidens og mortalitet av kreft i Norge
Authors: Tretli Steinar , Robsahm Trude Eid , Svensson Elisabeth
Published: July 2016

ENGLISH SUMMARYTretli S, Robsahm TE, Svensson E. Time trends in cancer incidence and mortality in Norway.Nor J Epidemiol  2001; 11 (2): 177-185.The aim of this study is to decribe the trends in incidence and mortality of cancer by calendar time.Most types of cancer, except those with high case fatality short time after the diagnosis, demonstrate alarger increase in incidence than in mortality over time. For persons below 70 years of age during theperiod 1931-95 the mortality rate has been close to constant. Obviously, the mortality of lung andstomach cancer has changed over time, however, these have changed in different direction and almostlevelled out. In this paper, it is discussed how registration routines, classification rules, treatment resultsand the basis of the diagnosis can influence the incidence and mortality trends.
PRINCIPAIS SISTEMAS ATMOSFÉRICOS ATUANTES SOBRE A REGIÃO NORDESTE DO BRASIL E A INFLUÊNCIA DOS OCEANOS PACÍFICO E ATLÂNTICO NO CLIMA DA REGIÃO
Authors: Ferreira Antonio Geraldo , Mello Namir Giovanni da Silva
Published: July 2016

Este trabalho descreve os principais sistemas atmosféricos de pequena,meso e grande escala que influenciam o tempo e o clima da RegiãoNordeste do Brasil, tais como: zona de convergência inter-tropical, frentesde nuvens, vórtice troposférico dos altos níveis, brisa marítima e outros.Também são descritas as influências dos oceanos Pacífico e Atlântico sobreo clima dessa região.
UTILIZAÇÃO DE SIG NA ANÁLISE DE TORNADOS: UMA FERRAMENTA METODOLÓGICA PARA O BRASIL
Authors: Pena Viana de Oliveira Marcelino Isabela , Hidalgo Nunes Lucí
Published: July 2016

As ocorrências de tornados e de outros eventos atmosféricos extremos sempreaconteceram no território brasileiro. Entretanto, somente nos últimosanos têm advindo maiores enfoques e pesquisas relacionadas a esse fenômenono país. Ainda não foi possível afirmar se o incremento na freqüência e intensidadede tornados está vinculado a maior divulgação dada pelos meios decomunicação ou as mudanças globais. Essa incógnita existe em decorrênciada ausência de um banco de dados para as ocorrências de eventos extremosno Brasil. Uma das ferramentas que tem sido grandemente utilizada paraanálise de fenômenos que causam desastres é o Sistema de Informação Geográfica(SIG). Essa ferramenta é extremamente eficiente tanto na fase dealerta, quanto na fase de análise e gerenciamento de risco. Ressalta-se que oSIG também pode ser utilizado para análises atmosféricas a priori (origem) eanálises de superfície a posteriori (conseqüências). Neste contexto, o presentetrabalho tem como objetivo verificar a aplicabilidade do SIG como ferramentapara análise de episódios de tornados no Brasil. Destaca-se que existeuma grande dificuldade na padronização de um banco de dados de tornadospara o país, em função da adoção de variáveis que sejam representativas econfiáveis. São estas variáveis que permitirão o melhor entendimento da origeme das conseqüências desse fenômeno.
O CLIMA DO LITORAL DO ESTADO DO PARANÁ
Authors: Vanhoni Felipe , Mendonça Francisco
Published: July 2016

O Brasil apresenta um vasto litoral, com cerca de 8.000 quilômetros deextensão. O litoral do estado do Paraná é um dos menores, representando cercade 100 km deste total numa área de aproximadamente 6.600 quilômetrosquadrados. Devido aos fatores estáticos e dinâmicos atuantes, o clima destaárea apresenta-se de maneira complexa e particular. O presente trabalhosintetiza as características climáticas do litoral paranaense a partir daabordagem de dois elementos: a temperatura do ar e a pluviosidade. A chuvaapresenta-se de forma concentrada nos meses de verão, sendo que as menoresmédias destacam-se nos meses de inverno. O total médio anual e sazonal variaentre a planície e as áreas mais altas, sendo estas as que apresentam osmaiores índices. O total anual de chuvas, nos anos de ocorrência do El Niño,apresentou-se acima da média histórica, evidenciando a ligação entre aqueleevento no oceano Pacífico e as chuvas no litoral Atlântico. A temperatura nãoapresentou grandes diferenças entre as estações analisadas, porém assim comoa pluviosidade sofre a influência do relevo que se apresenta de forma bastanteirregular nas proximidades da região, chegando a mais de 1 600 m de altitude.O tipo climático predominante na área é o Cfa, controlado por sistemas tropicaise polares.
REGIONALIZAÇÃO SAZONAL E MENSAL DA PRECIPTAÇÃO PLUVIAL MÁXIMA NO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Pereira Britto Fabiane , Barletta Rodrigo , Mendonça Magaly
Published: July 2016

Este trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar a precipitação pluvial e identificaros sistemas atmosféricos que atuam no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foramutilizados dados mensais de precipitação pluvial do período entre 1967 a 1998,de 14 Estações Meteorológicas. O comportamento espaço – temporal daprecipitação pluvial, foi analisado através da variabilidade sazonal e mensal.Totais médios de pluviosidade foram calculados para cada estaçãometeorológica. Posteriormente, efetuou-se uma análise e interpretação dedistribuição dos totais de precipitação pluvial (sazonal e mensal) quepossibilitaram a análise e interpretação dos dados. Sazonalmente, no litoral e nocentro-sul do Estado, os meses de inverno são os mais chuvosos, devido afreqüência de passagens dos sistemas frontais. No sudoeste do Estado, o outonoé mais chuvoso, devido a atuação dos bloqueios atmosféricos. No noroeste osmeses da primavera são os mais chuvosos, devido a formação dos ComplexosConvectivos de Mesoescala. No nordeste o verão é mais chuvoso, em função daschuvas convectivas associadas a sistemas atmosféricos como a Zona deConvergência do Atlântico Sul.
VARIABILIDADE DA PRECIPITAÇÃO E PRODUTIVIDADE AGRÍCOLA NA REGIÃO DO MEDIO PARANAPANEMA, SP
Authors: Fernanda da Silva Daniela , Prela-Pantano Angélica , Lima Sant’ Anna Neto João
Published: July 2016

Os elementos climáticos principalmente a precipitação pluvial em paísestropicais, se mostram como insumos essenciais para a produtividade agrícola,além da importância dos aspectos sociais, políticos e econômicos. A região deestudo (Médio Paranapanema), está localizado no sudoeste paulista, encontrasenuma faixa transicional dos climas zonais, caracterizado por maiorirregularidade interanual das precipitações. Sob este aspecto, a presentepesquisa objetiva mostrar o papel das variáveis climáticas, notadamente ofenômeno pluvial, como elemento regulador da produtividade agrícola. Ouniverso de análise escolhido engloba 12 municípios do Médio Vale do RioParanapanema. Analisaram-se os dados de produção agrícola, referentes aosanos de 1983 a 2000 (IEA). As informações sobre a pluviosidade são referentesao mesmo período e foram coletadas junto à rede do DAEE/SP e IAC. Observouseque as culturas praticadas para a agroindústria na região (cana-de-açúcar)mostrou-se menos sujeitas às variações pluviométricas do que as culturastradicionais produzidas por pequenos e médios produtores, como o milho e soja,demonstrando que o grau de modernização da agricultura, ao incorporar asinfluências climáticas como renda diferencial da terra, apresenta maior proteçãoe maior possibilidade de sucesso nas safras, ainda que o investimento para taisações (cultivares adaptados, irrigação, tratos culturais), aumente o custo deprodução.
PERSPECTIVAS CLIMÁTICAS PARA OS PRÓXIMOS 20 ANOS
Authors: Carlos Baldicero Molion Luiz
Published: July 2016

Dados observados e de Reanálises (NCEP/NCAR) foram utilizados para estudar avariabilidade dos climas do Brasil no período 1948-2007, e antever sua evoluçãofutura, associadas a uma oscilação interdecadal da temperatura superficial doPacífico (ODP). Os resultados das análises indicaram que os totaispluviométricos de algumas partes do País, em particular no sudeste daAmazônia, Centro-Oeste e o Sul, apresentaram coeficientes de correlaçãovariando de 0,5 a 0,8 com a ODP, a um nível de confiança maior que 99,5%, eque, na fase fria da ODP (1947-1976), esses totais foram entre 10% e 30%inferiores aos de sua fase quente recente (1977-1998). Foi verificado umincremento médio de cerca de 75% nas cotas do Rio Paraguai, em Ladário, dafase fria para a quente, em parte devido ao aumento de precipitação nessaúltima fase. Em adição, na fase fria, as médias das temperaturas mínimas foramaté 1°C mais baixas no período de junho a agosto, e até 2°C mais baixas nosmeses de outubro e novembro, em seis localidades gaúchas. Observaçõesrecentes indicaram que a ODP já entrou em uma nova fase fria e é possível queo clima das próximas duas décadas venha a ser semelhante ao de sua fase friaanterior. Propôs-se que resultados de estudos diagnósticos regionais e cenáriosclimáticos de sua fase fria, sejam utilizados como guias para prognósticosclimáticos até o ano 2030, com o objetivo de dar suporte a um melhorplanejamento das atividades humanas e contribuir para o bem-estar daSociedade.
NORMAS E INSTRUÇÕES PARA PUBLICAÇÃO
Authors: ABClima Editor Da Revista da
Published: July 2016

A Revista Brasileira de Climatologia, instrumento de divulgação científica da Associação Brasileira de Climatologia, publica artigos científicos originais, notas técnicas, revisões bibliográficas, artigos especiais da área de Climatologia, com a condição de que sejam inéditos.