bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sleuth Cities: East L.A., Seoul, and Military Mysteries in Martin Limón’s Slicky Boys and The Wandering Ghost
Authors: Kim Joo Ok
Published: June 2014

In this article I explore cultural representations of Chicano/as in Korea, specifically focusing on Martin Limón’s numerous portrayals of an impoverished East L.A. as a gritty California counterpart to the desperate, at times overtly racist military district of Itaewon, located in Seoul. I also explore the genre of this mystery series as an aperture into racism, gendered exploitation, militarization, and expansion of U.S. frontiers from California across the Pacific to Korea. I argue that Limón'snovel binds together East L.A. and Itaewon as interconnected sites of war, poverty, gender and racial exploitation that inspire a critique of state power.
Fashioning Cosmopolitan Citizenship: Transnational Gazes and the Production of Romance in Asian/American Bridal Photography
Authors: Lieu Nhi T.
Published: June 2014

This article explores bridal makeovers, the visual production of bodily transformations in these practices, and the documentation of those transformations through bridal photography. It argues that photography performs three main intertwining functions. First, wedding photographs naturalize gender, emphasizing youth and beauty of the bridal body. Second, fashion photography taken of Asian American couples prior to the wedding functions simultaneously to demystify race by incorporating the subjects into narratives of heterosexual romance. Third, in creating these images, Asians and Asian Americans fashion themselves as cosmopolitan, global bodies able to traverse class, race, and nation through their participation in consumer capitalism.
Colonial Management, Collaborative Dissent: English Readers in the Philippines and Camilo Osias, 1905–1932
Authors: Schueller Malini Johar
Published: June 2014

Primers and English readers in the colonial Philippines were not simply means of teaching English but were part of biopolitical management of Filipinos in which the creation of an Americanized tutelary subject was a major technology of U.S. colonial rule, a technology that continues in areas of occupation today. This essay examines the overlaps and differences between forms of nationalism articulated in readers for the Philippines, compiled by American teachers Mary Helen Fee, David Gibbs, and Orlando Scheirer Reimold before 1915, and the 1920s Philippine Readers series authored by Camilo Osias, Filipino nationalist and first Filipino superintendent of schools. It demonstrates how Osias, despite his position within the colonial hierarchy and the colonial apparatuses through which the genre functioned, was paradoxically able to use the genre to open up a space for an anti-imperial, independence-now Filipino nationalism. The article teases out the ways in which the early readers attempted to inculcate American political, social, and economic ideals in Filipino children and how Osia’ s readers contest colonial hegemony by critiquing but also laying claim to aspects of the dominant ideology itself.
The contribution of evidentials to utterance content: Evidence from the Basque reportative particle omen
Authors: Korta Kepa , Zubeldia Larraitz
Published: June 2014

The aim of the present work is to provide evidence for two debates in the formal literature on evidentiality (i) whether the evidential content of evidential elements is in the scope of (certain) operators, and (ii) whether the evidential content can be directly assented/rejected or challenged. We argue, based on the main semantic and pragmatic properties of the Basque reportative particle omen , that, on the one hand, evidential content can have narrow scope within certain operators, and, on the other hand, it can be rejected (contrary to what is claimed to happen crosslinguistically). Based on these conclusions, we contend that the role of omen is best interpreted as contributing to the truth conditions or the propositional content of the utterance, and not to its illocutionary force or as a presupposition trigger. We argue that, by using omen , speakers assert that the reported proposition has been stated (or written) by someone other than themselves. Omen has no other semantic meaning. In our view, the speaker’s expression of uncertainty often attributed to omen , if it is present, belongs to the pragmatic content of the utterance and, more precisely, is a generalized conversational implicature of the omen -utterance. Grice’s (1989a [1975], 1989b [1978]) cancelability ‘test’ and the data from several corpora support our conclusion. The speaker’s expression of uncertainty is explicitly or contextually cancelable, and we found many examples in which the speaker’s certainty about either the truth or falsity of the reported proposition is clear. In addition, inspired by Korta & Perry 2011a, we distinguish between three contents, or sets of truth conditions, involved in an omen -utterance, relative to the possible status of the original speaker. Moreover, the results of another test (which can be called the reportability test) show that speakers tend not to use omen to report nonliteral contents (particularized conversational implicatures and presuppositions, at least).
On the linguistic effects of articulatory ease, with a focus on sign languages
Authors: Napoli Donna Jo , Sanders Nathan , Wright Rebecca
Published: June 2014

Abstract:
Spoken language has a well-known drive for ease of articulation, which Kirchner (1998, 2004) analyzes as reduction of the total magnitude of all biomechanical forces involved. We extend Kirchner’s insights from vocal articulation to manual articulation, with a focus on joint usage, and we discuss ways that articulatory ease might be realized in sign languages. In particular, moving more joints and/or joints more proximal to the torso results in greater mass being moved, and thus more articulatory force being expended, than moving fewer joints or moving more distal joints. We predict that in casual conversation, where articulatory ease is prized, moving fewer joints should be favored over moving more, and moving distal joints should be favored over moving proximal joints. We report on the results of our study of the casual signing of fluent signers of American Sign Language, which confirm our predictions: in comparison to citation forms of signs, the casual variants produced by the signers in our experiment exhibit an overall decrease in average joint usage, as well as a general preference for more distal articulation than is used in citation form. We conclude that all language, regardless of modality, is shaped by a fundamental drive for ease of articulation. Our work advances a cross-modality approach for considering ease of articulation, develops a potentially important vocabulary for describing variations in signs, and demonstrates that American Sign Language exhibits variation that can be accounted for in terms of ease of articulation. We further suggest that the linguistic drive for ease of articulation is part of a broader tendency for the human body to reduce biomechanical effort in all physical activities.
Hiatus resolution in American English: The case against glide insertion
Authors: Davidson Lisa , Erker Daniel
Published: June 2014

It has generally been assumed that after nonlow vowels in English, hiatus is resolved by inserting a homorganic glide (e.g. seeing [sijɪŋ], Itô & Mester 2009). However, despite suspicions that inserted glides may be fundamentally different from lexical glides (e.g. Cruttenden 2008), a systematic phonetic investigation of the purported glide is lacking. We examine the nature of hiatus resolution by comparing three environments: (i) vowel-vowel sequences within words (VV: kiosk ), (ii) vowel-vowel sequences across word boundaries (VBV: see otters ), and (iii) vowel-glide-vowel sequences across word boundaries (VGV: see yachts ). The first finding is that a glottal stop produced between the vowels accounts for nearly half of the responses for VBV phrases, whereas glottal stops are present in less than 5% of the VV and the VGV conditions. Second, an acoustic comparison of VV, VBV, and VGV phrases not produced with glottal stops shows significant differences between the vowel-glide-vowel and the vowel-vowel sequences on all measures, including duration, intensity, and formants. These results indicate that American English speakers tend to resolve hiatus at word boundaries with glottal stop insertion, whereas there is no hiatus resolution at all within words. A brief optimality-theoretic analysis sketches out the phonological differences between hiatus at word boundaries and word-medially.
Onsets contribute to syllable weight: Statistical evidence from stress and meter
Authors: Ryan Kevin M.
Published: June 2014

While some accounts of syllable weight deny a role for onsets, onset-sensitive weight criteria have received renewed attention in recent years (e.g. Gordon 2005, Topintzi 2010). This article presents new evidence supporting onsets as factors in weight. First, in complex stress systems such as those of English and Russian, onset length is a significant attractor of stress both in the lexicon and in nonce probes. This effect is highly systematic and unlikely, it is argued, to be driven by analogy alone. Second, in flexible quantitative meters (e.g. in Sanskrit), poets preferentially align longer onsets with heavier metrical positions, all else being equal. A theory of syllable weight is proposed in which the domain of weight begins not with the rime but with the p-center (perceptual center) of the syllable, which is perturbed by properties of the onset. While onset effects are apparently universal in gradient weight systems, they are weak enough to be usually eclipsed by the structure of the rime under categorization. This proposal therefore motivates both the existence of onset weight effects and the subordination of the onset to the rime with respect to weight.
A statistical comparison of written language and nonlinguistic symbol systems
Authors: Sproat Richard
Published: June 2014

Are statistical methods useful in distinguishing written language from nonlinguistic symbol systems? Some recent articles (Rao et al. 2009a, Lee et al. 2010a) have claimed so. Both of these previous articles use measures based at least in part on bigram conditional entropy, and subsequent work by one of the authors (Rao) has used other entropic measures. In both cases the authors have argued that the methods proposed either are useful for discriminating between linguistic and nonlinguistic systems (Lee et al.), or at least count as evidence of a more ‘inductive’ kind for the status of a system (Rao et al.).

Using a larger set of nonlinguistic and comparison linguistic corpora than were used in these and other studies, I show that none of the previously proposed methods are useful as published. However, one of the measures proposed by Lee and colleagues (2010a) (with a different cut-off value) and a novel measure based on repetition turn out to be good measures for classifying symbol systems into the two categories. For the two ancient symbol systems of interest to Rao and colleagues (2009a) and Lee and colleagues (2010a)—Indus Valley inscriptions and Pictish symbols, respectively—both of these measures classify them as nonlinguistic, contradicting the findings of those previous works.
Recursive misrepresentations: A reply to Levinson (2013)
Authors: Legate Julie Anne , Pesetsky David , Yang Charles
Published: June 2014

Levinson 2013 (L13) argues against the idea that ‘recursion, and especially recursive center-embedding, might be the core domain-specific property of language’ (p. 159), citing crosslinguistic grammatical data and specific corpus studies. L13 offers an alternative: language inherits its recursive properties ‘from the action domain’ (p. 159). We argue that L13’s claims are at best un-warranted and can in many instances be shown to be false. L13’s reasoning is similarly flawed— in particular, the presumption that center-embedding can stand proxy for embedding (and clausal embedding can stand proxy for recursion). Thus, no support remains for its conclusions. Furthermore, though these conclusions are pitched as relevant to specific claims that have been published about the role of syntactic recursion, L13 misrepresents these claims. Consequently, even an empirically supported, better-reasoned version of L13 would not bear on the questions it claims to address.
Ensuring language acquisition for deaf children: What linguists can do
Authors: Humphries Tom , Kushalnagar Poorna , Mathur Gaurav , Napoli Donna Jo , Padden Carol , Rathmann Christian
Published: June 2014

Parents of small deaf children need guidance on constructing home and school environments that affect normal language acquisition. They often turn to physicians and spiritual leaders and, increasingly, the internet. These sources can be underinformed about crucial issues, such as matters of brain plasticity connected to the risk of linguistic deprivation, and delay or disruption in the development of cognitive skills interwoven with linguistic ability. We have formed a team of specialists in education, linguistics, pediatric medicine, and psychology, and at times specialists in theology and in law have joined our group. We argue that deaf children should be taught a sign language in the early years. This does not preclude oral-aural training and assistive technology. With a strong first language (a sign language), the child can become bilingual (with the written form of the ambient spoken language and, perhaps, the spoken form), accruing the benefits of bilingualism. We have published in medical journals, addressing primary care physicians, in a journal with a spiritual-leader readership, and in a health-law journal. Articles in progress address medical educators and practitioners. Team members present findings at conferences, work on lobbying and legislative efforts with the National Association of the Deaf, and spread the word at conferences of target audiences. We share our work in Word format, so that anyone can easily appropriate it for our common interests. One of our articles has been downloaded over 27,000 times (as of April 2014), and we are asked to consult with committees in other countries as they draft national policies.
Precede-and-command revisited
Authors: Bruening Benjamin
Published: June 2014

The relation of c-command (Reinhart 1976, 1983) is widely believed to be the fundamental relation in syntax, underlying such diverse phenomena as coreference (the binding principles ), scope and variable binding, syntactic movement, and so on. Precedence is generally held to be irrelevant. This article argues that this view is mistaken. Syntax does not involve c-command at all, but rather a much coarser notion of command, phase-command , where only phasal nodes matter, not every node in the tree. Precedence also plays an important role. The article argues this point in detail for the binding principles, and shows that the relation that is required is precede-and-command (Langacker 1969, Jackendoff 1972, Lasnik 1976), where command is phase-command. It revisits Reinhart’s arguments for c-command and against precedence, and shows that those arguments do not go through. Finally, precede-and-command does not need to be stipulated, but follows from a view of grammar and processing where sentences are built in a left-to-right fashion.
Ensino superior para o novo século. Problema ou solução?
Authors: Boavida João
Published: June 2014

O artigo chama a atenção para a difícil conciliação que as universidades terão que fazer entre investigação e ensino, em condições sociais inéditas e na nova ordem mundial em que se encontram. Reconhece a dificuldade em mudar mentalidades e atitudes mas vê na qualificação pedagógica, em sentido lato, o único caminho possível. Reconhece também, como sinal de esperança, que ao longo da sua história o ensino universitário tem sabido responder às mudanças sociais e culturais que lhe foram sendo colocadas.
Consumo de álcool e seus efeitos no desempenho escolar
Authors: Fonseca António Castro
Published: June 2014

O consumo de álcool e o insucesso escolar são dois dos maiores problemas com que os jovens se vêem, desde há muito, confrontados em vários países e, de modo particular, em Portugal. Embora esses dois problemas apareçam frequentemente associados, pouco se sabe ainda, ao certo, sobre o sentido dessa relação. O objectivo deste estudo é analisar os efeitos de diversos padrões de consumo de álcool sobre o desempenho académico na adolescência, em Portugal. Utilizaram-se para esse efeito os dados de um estudo longitudinal em que uma amostra de alunos das escolas públicas do ensino básico de Coimbra foi seguida desde os primeiros anos do ensino básico até aos 17-18 anos de idade. As informações sobre o consumo de álcool foram recolhidas através da resposta a quatro perguntas inseridas num questionário de auto-avaliação de comportamentos anti-sociais. Por sua vez, as informações sobre o desempenho académico foram obtidas por meio de uma entrevista aos jovens aquando da sua avaliação aos 17-18 anos e através de dados recolhidos nas escolas que, no follow-up, eles frequentavam. Os resultados revelaram que o consumo de álcool já ocorria com alguma frequência nos primeiros anos do ensino básico, aumentando progressivamente, com a idade, até se tornar um fenómeno quase normativo no fim da adolescência, sobretudo entre os rapazes. No que se refere aos efeitos negativos do consumo de álcool, não se encontraram diferenças significativas no desempenho escolar entre os que nunca consumiram álcool e os que o experimentaram alguma vez. Além disso, quando se compararam os indivíduos que apresentavam padrões de consumo mais graves (v.g. consumo de início precoce, embriaguez ou consumo persistente) com o resto da amostra, obtiveram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas a nível das repetências; mas essas diferenças desapareciam uma vez controlado o efeito de outros factores da infância, designadamente as dificuldades de aprendizagem reportadas pelos professores ou os problemas de atenção. No conjunto, estes resultados parecem apoiar a ideia de que o consumo de álcool, sobretudo o consumo ocasional e moderado, não afecta significativamente o desempenho escolar dos jovens. Seria interessante verificar se este padrão de resultados se mantém quando se estudarem formas mais graves de consumo de álcool, designadamente nos casos de dependência ou alcoolismo juvenil, ou quando avaliaram novamente os mesmos indivíduos no início da idade adulta.
Comparison Between Lignocaine Hydrochloride and Ropivacaine Hydrochloride as Lumbosacral Epidural Anaesthetic Agents in Goats Undergoing Laparoscopy Assisted Embryo Transfer
Authors: Khajuria Anubhav , Fazili Mujeeb ur Rehman , Shah Riaz Ahmad , Bhat Maajid Hassan , Khan Firdous Ahmad , Yaqoob Syed Hilal , Naykoo Niyaz Ahmad , Ganai Nazir Ahmad
Published: June 2014

Goats (n=12) undergoing laparoscopy assisted embryo transfer were randomly allotted to two groups (I and II) and injected lignocaine hydrochloride (4mg/kg) or ropivacaine hydrochloride (1mg/kg) at the lumbosacral epidural space. The animals were held with raised hind quarters for the first three minutes following injection. Immediately after induction of regional anaesthesia, they were restrained in dorsal recumbency in the Trendelenburg position in a cradle. Laparoscopy was performed after creating pneumoperitoneum using filtered room air. The mean (± S.E) induction time in animals of group I was significantly shorter (5.33 ± 0.61 min) than those belonging to group II (12.66 ±1.99 min). Complete analgesia developed throughout the hind quarters and abdomen for 30 min and 60 min in group I and II animal’s respectively. Unlike animals of group I, group II goats continued to show moderate analgesia for 180 minutes. The motor activity returned after a lapse of 130.00 ± 12.64 min and 405.00 ± 46.31 min respectively. Occasional vocalization and struggling was noticed in two goats one from each group irrespective of the surgical manipulations during laparoscopy. The rectal temperature and respiration rates showed only non-significant increase, but the heart rate values were significantly higher (P < 0.5) up to 150 min in animals of both the groups when compared to their baseline values. From this study, it was concluded that both anaesthetic agents produced satisfactory regional anaesthesia in goats undergoing laparoscopy. However, considering the very long delay in regaining the hind limb motor activity, the use of ropivacaine may not be recommended for this purpose. Supplementation of sedative/tranquilizer with lumbosacral epidural anaesthesia needs evaluation.
Charting the Research on the Policies and Politics of Coaching
Authors: Woulfin Sarah
Published: June 2014

Facing relentless pressure to improve student achievement, many states and districts are using coaching as a policy lever to promote changes in practice. This special issue centers on the policies and politics of coaching, and this editorial commentary highlights what we know about the role of coaches and coaching in the field of education. Then I introduce and synthesize the special issue’s seven empirical contributions. Taken together, these papers, using qualitative and quantitative methods, attend to the implementation of diverse coaching models. These papers surface novel findings on the coaching of both teachers and principals and have implications for scholars, reformers, and practitioners. Finally, I make recommendations for future research on coaching that is grounded in theory and which would advance our understanding of both educational policy and change.
Principals’ Sensemaking of Coaching for Ambitious Reading Instruction in a High-Stakes Accountability Policy Environment
Authors: Matsumura Lindsay Clare , Wang Elaine
Published: June 2014

In the present exploratory qualitative study we examine the contextual factors that influenced the implementation of a multi-year comprehensive literacy-coaching program (Content-Focused Coaching, CFC). We argue that principals’ sensemaking of the dialogic instructional strategies promoted by the program in light of high-stakes accountability policies influenced coaches’ work with teachers. Principals’ views of the efficacy of the teaching strategies promoted by CFC for meeting accountability targets influenced how principals socially positioned coaches in schools (i.e., the degree to which they promoted coaches as sources of expertise to teachers), and the extent to which the coaching received by teachers focused on implementing dialogic teaching practices. Our results also suggest that principals’ sensemaking of the program was for the most part consistent across years, even in the face of shifting accountability status and changes in district leadership. Implications of our findings for improving the implementation of coaching programs are discussed.
Building Teachers’ Data-use Capacity: Insights from Strong and Developing Coaches
Authors: Huguet Alice , Marsh Julie A , Farrell Caitlin
Published: June 2014

Coaching has become a central strategy in district and school efforts to build teacher capacity to interpret and respond to student learning data. Despite their popularity, there is limited research on the implementation of these initiatives. This article begins to addresses this gap by examining the elements of a coach’s practice that appear to build teachers’ skills and knowledge to use data to guide instructional decisions. Drawing on sociocultural learning theory and interview and survey data collected in four middle schools—two with “strong” coaches and two with “developing” coaches—we find that coaching to build data-use capacity appears to rely less on the official title or model (i.e., data coach vs. instructional coach) and more on the diversity of coach practices as well as content area and interpersonal expertise. Further, administrators play an important role in shaping the work of a coach through their mediation of political dynamics in a school. The article concludes with implications for coaching practice, as well as suggestions to guide future research and theory development.
A Look Inside Mathematics Coaching: Roles, Content, and Dynamics
Authors: Mudzimiri Rejoice , Burroughs Elizabeth A. , Luebeck Jennifer , Sutton John , Yopp David
Published: June 2014

Mathematics classroom coaching is used across the United States as a means for improving instruction, with the ultimate goal of improving student learning. The job assignments of coaches can vary widely across schools and districts.  Regardless of the various forms that coaching can take, there is the consistent expectation that a coach’s day-to-day work will positively influence classroom instruction. The study reported here attempts to gain a more complete picture of the job of an elementary mathematics coach based on the observation of seven coaches in five different districts for a day. We report the variety of ways we observed elementary mathematics coaches interact with teachers, and what roles and responsibilities they take on. Our analysis of these data led us to create a template for conducting observations of mathematics classroom coaching, which could be used by researchers seeking to conduct studies about coaching or by administrators seeking to document the day-to-day work of coaches.
Understanding Relationship: Maximizing the Effects of Science Coaching
Authors: Anderson Ruth , Feldman Sue , Minstrell Jim
Published: June 2014

AbstractThere is growing empirical evidence that instructional coaching can help teachers transfer their learning from professional trainings (e.g., new strategies) to classroom practice and that coaching promotes greater collaboration and reflection among teachers. At the same time, however, research on the effectiveness of particular coaching models and the underlying reasons for their effectiveness is only beginning to emerge. Why does coaching “work” when it does?  What causes it to break down and to what extent can it be repaired?  Our five-year mixed methods study of science instructional coaching in a single school district set out to answer these and other questions.  Data from multiple sources (surveys, interviews, classroom observations and coaching logs) confirmed a strong correlation between improvements in teacher practice and the time teacher and coach spend together (at least 10 hours for elementary teachers and 20 for secondary) the focus of their work (narrow as opposed to broad); and most importantly, the quality of their professional relationship. In this paper, we present preliminary findings from a follow-up analysis intended to help explicate how relationships seemed to matter in coaching. We believe the findings from the secondary analysis help to clarify coaching interactions and to specify what contributes to or detracts from their productivity.  These findings may not only help to inform decisions related to the design, implementation and ongoing maintenance of coaching programs but also provide fodder for considerations related to the organizational capacity, flexibility and adaptability of the schools and school systems.
What Would it Cost to Coach Every New Principal? An Estimate Using Statewide Personnel Data
Authors: Lochmiller Chad R.
Published: June 2014

In this paper, I use Levin and McEwan’s (2001) cost feasibility approach and personnel data obtained from the Superintendent of Public Instruction to estimate the cost of providing coaching support to every newly hired principal in Washington State. Based on this descriptive analysis, I estimate that the cost to provide leadership coaching to every newly hired principal as an induction support would range between $153,000 and $845,000 per year representing a per pupil cost between $4.01 and $12.35, respectively, depending on the amount each leadership coach receives in compensation. A more conservative approach that provides coaching support only to newly hired principals working in high poverty schools would cost the state between $143,975 and $443,000 per year representing a per pupil cost between $4.20 and $12.92, respectively, depending on the amount each leadership coach receives in compensation. Implications for coaching and principal professional development are discussed within the context of policy decisions. In particular, the article considers whether coaching is a financially feasible professional development strategy and how new information about the per pupil cost of coaching might better inform ongoing policy discussions related to leadership coaching.
Capacity Building and Districts’ Decision to Implement Coaching Initiatives
Authors: Mangin Melinda M.
Published: June 2014

The United States has experienced tremendous growth in the development of coaching initiatives including professional training programs, state endorsements and resources for coaches. These developments bring attention to the potential for coaching to improve education. They also raise the question of how best to facilitate implementation in local districts. One approach is to build capacity for coaching in schools and districts. Capacity building, as a policy tool, can facilitate the skills and knowledge necessary to engage in new practices. To understand the influence of capacity building efforts on districts’ decision to implement coach initiatives, this study examines how one Regional School District (RSD) worked to build capacity for literacy coaching among its 20 constituent districts. Data were collected through annual interviews with administrators in all 20 districts over three years. To analyze the data, I employed Weiss’ decisionmaking framework, which examines the influence of ideology, interests and information on policy positions and decision outcomes (1983). Findings suggest that the RSD’s ongoing capacity building efforts influenced districts’ decision to implement coach roles, even in districts that initially expressed no interest in coaching. This study provides insights into the utility of capacity building for implementing coach roles and into the “politics” behind coaching initiatives.
DE-MARGINALIZING SCIENCE IN THE ELEMENTARY CLASSROOM BY COACHING TEACHERS TO ADDRESS PERCEIVED DILEMMAS
Authors: Berg Alissa , Mensah Felicia M.
Published: June 2014

This study identified and explored the dilemmas experienced by three first-grade teachers in teaching elementary school science. The impact of coaching and teachers’ career stages on how teachers reconciled their dilemmas was examined. Results of this comparative case study indicate that, when it came to teaching science, teachers perceived tensions between focusing instructional practice on science versus the other school subjects, tensions between their responsibility to teach science and their lack of a science background, and tensions between using their curriculum as a script, supplement, starting point, or not all. Participants reconciled their common dilemmas in different ways.  Extent of teaching experience; comfort level with teaching reading, writing, and mathematics; and the sense of accountability teachers felt to teach science were related to how effectively dilemmas were addressed. The amount of time spent with the science coach-researchers was tied to the amount of time science was taught and the extent to which teachers addressed dilemmas in reform-oriented ways.
Cloning and functional characterization of a monoterpene synthase gene from Eleutherococcus trifoliatus
Authors: Huang Kuan-Feng , Lee Yi-Ru , Tseng Yen-Hsueh , Wang Sheng-Yang , Chu Fang-Hua
Published: June 2014

Eleutherococcus trifoliatus also known as the three-leaved Eleutherococcus, a member of the Araliaceae (ginseng) family, is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. Recently, many studies have demonstrated the bioactivities of the secondary metabolites in E. trifoliatus. In this study, a monoterpene synthase from E. trifoliatus has been characterized. A pair of degenerate primers was designed and a fragment with conserved region of terpene synthase (TPS) was obtained. After 5′- and 3′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), the full-length cDNA was obtained. The gene designated EtLIM contains an open reading frame of 1752 bp with a predicated molecular mass of 67.3 kDa. It was expressed in young leaves, stems, and drupes. The product of EtLIM has been identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) as limonene.
Low total IgM values and high cytomegalovirus loads in the blood of newborns with symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Kobayashi Yoko , Morioka Ichiro , Koda Tsubasa , Nakamachi Yuji , Okazaki Yoko , Noguchi Yoriko , Ogi Miki , Chikahira Masatsugu , Tanimura Kenji , Ebina Yasuhiko , Funakoshi Toru , Ohashi Masanobu , Iijima Kazumoto , Inoue Naoki , Kawano Seiji , Yamada Hideto
Published: June 2014

Aims: Neurological outcomes differ considerably between symptomatic and asymptomatic infants with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Our objective was to characterize laboratory markers in symptomatic newborns in comparison with asymptomatic newborns with congenital CMV infection.

Methods: Ten newborns with symptomatic and 13 newborns with asymptomatic congenital CMV infection were included in this 3-year prospective cohort study. Total immunoglobulin M (IgM), CMV-IgM, CMV antigenemia, and CMV-DNA in blood and urine were measured and their positive rates and quantitative values compared between the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups.

Results: Fifty percent of newborns in the symptomatic group were positive based on total IgM; this was significantly lower than in the asymptomatic group (100%). Quantitative total IgM values were significantly lower, and there were significantly more copies of CMV-DNA in the blood of symptomatic newborns than in asymptomatic newborns (median values for total IgM: 14 vs. 43 mg/dL and blood CMV-DNA: 3.2×102 vs. 3.5×101 copies/106 white blood cells). CMV-IgM, CMV antigenemia, and urine CMV-DNA did not differ significantly between groups.

Conclusion: Low total IgM values and high blood CMV loads were associated with the presence of symptoms in newborns with congenital CMV infection.
Comparison of algorithms to infer genetic population structure from unlinked molecular markers
Authors: Peña-Malavera Andrea , Bruno Cecilia , Fernandez Elmer , Balzarini Monica
Published: June 2014

Identifying population genetic structure (PGS) is crucial for breeding and conservation. Several clustering algorithms are available to identify the underlying PGS to be used with genetic data of maize genotypes. In this work, six methods to identify PGS from unlinked molecular marker data were compared using simulated and experimental data consisting of multilocus-biallelic genotypes. Datasets were delineated under different biological scenarios characterized by three levels of genetic divergence among populations (low, medium, and high
The corregidor as dragon and the encomendero as lion
Authors: Sáenz Sabine Dedenbach-Salazar
Published: June 2014

With his Primer nueva coronica y buen gobierno Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (ca. 1535–post 1616), the best known Andean early-17th century author of indigenous descent, created a comprehensive and complex work about the indigenous past and the colonial present of his time. Colonial language data and information in an Amerindian language, interpreted from within the writer's framework as well as parting from Andean and European traditions, can be used to better understand the author's objectives for employing a certain text genre and language. This paper gives a sociolinguistic and ethno-historical analysis of Guaman Poma's work. Guaman Poma uses animal imagery of wild beasts in order to portray colonial society. Certain functionaries are likened to animals which threaten the indigenous people. The critical author presents these menaces in two sections of his work: in a critique of the administration which contains an illustration that links wild animals and functionaries directly and explicitly, and through prayers seeking protection from these same threats. Making use of symbolic language, textual and visual imagery, Guaman Poma associates uncivilized elements of nature with the barbaric behavior of the authorities. Nature and culture have always been closely linked in the Andes, and Guaman Poma makes extensive traditional and at the same time creative use of this connection. I argue that in doing so he creates a new colonial indigenous discourse and uses subversion in the repressive context of the time to call the attention of the reader to the social problems created by colonial rule, thereby making an innovative use of both his native language and Spanish traditions.
Henri Henrikhovitch Manizer's Botocudo folklore texts: a symbol analysis
Authors: Pessoa Kâtia Nepomuceno , Seki Lucy
Published: June 2014

Henri Henrikhovitch Manizer (1889–1917) was a Russian ethnographer and linguist who spent six months among the Botocudo people from the Southeastern region of Brazil in the beginning of the twentieth century. His research was the result of a Russian expedition through South America in 1915. Manizer was the first researcher who was able to write down the Botocudo language with the most developed method of his time: the International Phonetic Alphabet transcription (Sebestyén 1981). Although many ethnographers had visited the Botocudo people before him, the material he collected is in many aspects of great value but it still remains unexplored both by linguists. This material includes bilingual Botocudo-Portuguese tales: a bilingual dictionary, articles and notes on the Botocudo grammar and culture, and a description of his impressions of the group. In spite of the good quality of the data, still many problems can be reported, such as the variations registered in the language transcriptions, the difficulties in transcribing some phonetic sounds (like voiceless nasals and contour segments, for example), the translation into Portuguese, problems with comprehension of the morphological and syntactic aspects, and cultural barriers (Seki 1984, 1985, 2001, 2004). In this paper, we aim to show our current research on this matter and present some of the partial results of this investigation based on the linguistic data by Manizer. We found out that our synchronical study of the phonology of the Krenak language, the only language of the Botocudo group which is still alive, leads to a better understanding of this old material, although there will remain still some unanswered questions. It enables us to formulate some hypotheses on what may have happened to the language and, maybe, to predict and understand its changes through time. As a result, we shall be able to work with this old material and make it available for both scholars and speakers of the language.
A comparative study of crystallographic van der Waals radii
Authors: Hu Sheng-Zhi , Zhou Zhao-Hui , Xie Zhao-Xiong , Robertson Beverly E.
Published: June 2014

Important data sets of crystallographic van der Waals radii covering major portions of the Periodic Table are reviewed, including those originally published in Pauling’s pioneering work in the late 1930s, together with other more recent data sets. The van der Waals radii for rare gases are determined next from short contact distances in crystallographic data, as an illustration of the value of crystal structure databases for the direct determination of van der Waals radii for non-metallic elements. Then, van der Waals radii for the other non-metallic and metallic elements, as presented in the literature and having been determined using various approaches, are compared systematically. Finally, certain outstanding problems related to the derivation and application of van der Waals radii are discussed, and further investigations of crystallographic van der Waals radii are suggested.
Modeling of Dimensional Changes and Residual Stresses After Transformation-Free Cooling
Authors: Landek Darko , Lisjak Dragutin , Lübben Thomas , Župan Josip
Published: June 2014

Predicting thermal distortions and residual stresses after steel heat treatment is a complex task in which the solution involves the use of a number of process parameters and nonlinear variation of steel properties. Former investigations in transformation-free cooling processes of long cylindrical work pieces in a gas nozzle field showed a typical behavior of the dimensional changes which indicated the possibility of introducing dimensionless numbers to predict thermal distortions. It was found that the changes in the dimensions of cylinders correlate well with only a few dimensionless numbers which are defined as function of shape and dimensions of components, its initial temperature, temperature of the quenching media, heat transfer coefficient, heat conductivity, heat capacity, density, thermal expansion coefficient, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, yield strength, and strain hardening behavior. For a systematic investigation of impacts on dimensional changes and residual stresses after transformation-free cooling, a representative group of 28 austenitic stainless steels was selected from literature. Their properties were statistically analyzed and three representative combinations of steel properties have been selected. The numerical simulations were carried out by use of the commercial finite element (FE) program SYSWELD 2005 with the aim to predict residual stresses and change of dimensions of a long cylinder made of austenitic stainless steel after gas cooling from the high temperature down to room temperature. The FE results were analyzed with the nonlinear regression methods and with genetic programming methods. From these analyses, two dimensionless mathematical models were proposed, one for prediction of thermal distortions and the other for prediction of equivalent residual stresses. The proposed dimensionless regression models allow the portability of the calculation results to similar cooling conditions (temperature independent heat transfer) for a transformation-free cooling of long cylinders made from any austenitic steel selected from the considered representative group of steels.
Prion permissive pathways: extracellular matrix genes control susceptibility to prion infection
Authors: Imberdis Thibaut , Harris David A
Published: June 2014

There are wide variations in the susceptibility of humans, animals, and cultured cell lines to infection by prions. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Marbiah et al () identified a gene regulatory network that regulates the susceptibility of cultured cells to prion infection. Surprisingly, a number of these genes impact the structure of the extracellular matrix. These results have important implications for understanding mechanisms of prion infection and also suggest new therapeutic targets.
Not an inside job: non‐coded amino acids compromise the genetic code
Authors: Ribas de Pouplana Lluís
Published: June 2014

The sophistication of the editing mechanisms that prevent gene translation errors indicates that amino acid misincorporation is generally a problem to be avoided. Mistranslation is considered invariably deleterious and often caused by confusion between similar proteogenic amino acids. These views are being challenged. The evidence linking misincorporation of dietary non‐proteogenic amino acids to human disease continues to grow, and a report in this issue of The EMBO Journal demonstrates the importance of preventing non‐proteogenic amino acid misincorporation for cellular homeostasis (Cvetesic et al, ).
Epidermal p65/NF‐κB signalling is essential for skin carcinogenesis
Authors: Kim Chun , Pasparakis Manolis
Published: June 2014

The nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signalling pathway exhibits both tumour‐promoting and tumour‐suppressing functions in different tissues and models of carcinogenesis. In particular in epidermal keratinocytes, NF‐κB signalling was reported to exert primarily growth inhibitory and tumour‐suppressing functions. Here, we show that mice with keratinocyte‐restricted p65/RelA deficiency were resistant to 7, 12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)‐/12‐O‐tetra decanoylphorbol‐13 acetate (TPA)‐induced skin carcinogenesis. p65 deficiency sensitized epidermal keratinocytes to DNA damage‐induced death in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that inhibition of p65‐dependent prosurvival functions prevented tumour initiation by facilitating the elimination of cells carrying damaged DNA. In addition, lack of p65 strongly inhibited TPA‐induced epidermal hyperplasia and skin inflammation by suppressing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines by epidermal keratinocytes. Therefore, p65‐dependent NF‐κB signalling in keratinocytes promotes DMBA‐/TPA‐induced skin carcinogenesis by protecting keratinocytes from DNA damage‐induced death and facilitating the establishment of a tumour‐nurturing proinflammatory microenvironment.
Contrast-Enhanced and Time-of-Flight MR Angiographic Assessment of Endovascular Coiled Intracranial Aneurysms at 1.5 T
Authors: Levent Akin , Yuce Ihsan , Eren Suat , Ozyigit Omer , Kantarci Mecit
Published: June 2014

This study evaluated contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) and three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D-TOF-MRA) through comparisons with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for the follow-up of intracranial aneurysms treated with detachable coils.

Sixty-seven patients with 79 aneurysms underwent 3D-TOF-MRA, CE-MRA, and catheter angiography one year after coiling. Two independent observers classified recanalization status on images as neck or body remnant or no recanalization. For 3D-TOF-MRA and CE-MRA, the intermodality agreement, interobserver agreement, and correlation with angiography were assessed.

Sixty-seven patients with 79 coiled aneurysms agreed to participate in the study. Three aneurysms could not be detected on 3D-TOF-MRA, so they were excluded from this study. Interobserver agreement was very good for 3D-TOF-MRA and CE-MRA (kappa (κ): 0.87, 0.94, respectively). Correlation of TOF-MRA with angiography was good (κ: 0.76). Correlation of CE-MRA with angiography was excellent (κ: 0.91). The sensitivity and specificity of TOF-MRA were 92% and 98%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of CE-MRA were 96% and 98%, respectively.

After selective embolization of intracranial aneurysms, CE-MRA is useful and comparable to DSA in the assessment of aneurysmal recanalization. Agreement with the gold standard is stronger with CE-MRA than with 3D-TOF-MRA.
Hybrid Y Stenting with the Waffle-Cone
Authors: Limbucci Nicola , Nappini Sergio , Renieri Leonardo , Consoli Arturo , Rosi Andrea , Grillea Giovanni , Bartolo Marcello , Mangiafico Salvatore
Published: June 2014

Endovascular treatment of wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms is challenging and often requires adjunctive techniques and devices. We report our experience with the hybrid Y stenting with the waffle-cone technique, combining Y stent-assisted coiling and waffle-cone stenting techniques. This approach has been described only in a single case report using a combination of open and closed cell stents. We describe four cases treated by hybrid Y stenting with the waffle-cone procedure with a variation from the originally reported technique, consisting in deploying two closed cell stents. All patients were successfully treated without complications. We propose hybrid Y stenting with the waffle-cone for the treatment of wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms as a bailout technique after failure of Y stent-assisted coiling.