bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost and availability of healthy food choices in a London health district
Authors: Mooney Cathy
Published: March 2008

To assess whether the foods and diet being promoted by the local Food Health Policy are affordable by and available to all sections of the community, cost and availability of a wide range of foods was recorded in the main supermarkets in Hampstead, an Inner London Health District. It was found that the recommended foods and diet were more expensive and less available than alternatives, particularly in deprived areas. This is a constraint to changing over to a healthier diet, particularly for people on very low levels of income i.e. those on pensions and benefits. Healthy eating programmes should take these constraints into consideration and efforts to increase the availability of cheap, healthy food should be a priority at national and local level. Higher pensions and benefit levels would also create more equitable access to healthy diets.
Construction of a modest‐but‐adequate food budget for households with two adults and one pre‐school child: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Nelson M. , Peploe Karen A.
Published: March 2008

A food budget which is modest‐but‐adequate rather than subsistence in concept has been constructed for households with 1 man, 1 woman and 1 child aged 1–4 years old. National Food Survey and Family Expenditure Survey data provided the initial points of reference with regard to food consumption patterns and expenditure.

The budget reflects current food consumption patterns in the median income group and incorporates guidelines for healthy eating. It is based on low but not minimum prices, and so allows for individual variations in food preferences and availability.

The estimated cost of home food consumption at July 1988 prices was £9.64 per person per week. Additional expenditure was required for sweets and soft drinks (73 p) and foods purchased and eaten away from home (£1.49), giving a total weekly expenditure of £11.86 per person per week, or £35.58 for the household.

The estimated increase in food costs between 1983 and 1988 was 20% using the Retail Price Index but 36% using 1988 supermarket prices. Any up‐dating of budgets should therefore be based on current prices rather than on changes in the RPI.

£35.58 represents 52% of the income of a 2 adult, 1 child family on Income Support (£68.35). This is substantially in excess of the poverty line suggested by Orshansky (1965) (no more than 30% of net income spent on food). The purchase of a modest‐but‐adequate and healthy diet is likely to be out of the financial reach of the majority of families living on low incomes in the UK.
The effect of oral vitamin D supplementation on plasma 25 hydroxy vitamin D in institutionalized elderly patients in a subtropical climate–a twelve‐month follow‐up
Authors: Lovell G. A. , Phillips P. A. , Thomas M. J.
Published: March 2008

Plasma 25 hydroxy Vitamin D (25 [OH]D) concentrations were studied in a group of 29 nursing home residents (age range 56 to 93 years) in a subtropical climate (Brisbane, Australia) before and after oral supplementation of 37.6 nmol of vitamin D per day over a 12‐month period. Eleven of the 29 subjects had pretreatment 25 ([OH]D) concentrations of less than 25 nmol/1. There was a significant rise in 25[OH]D concentrations from a baseline of 33.5 ±21.25 nmol/1 (mean±standard deviation) to 62.25±18 nmol/1 (P<0.001) while there was no significant change in calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase concentrations during the 12 months. In this population, the daily supplement was efficacious in correcting vitamin D deficiency and in no case was there biochemical evidence of toxicity.
Factors affecting the nutritional status of patients with chronic renal failure undergoing haemodialysis
Authors: Allman Margaret A.
Published: March 2008

There is a high prevalence of the features of protein‐energy malnutrition among patients with chronic renal failure undergoing maintenance haemodialysis. Poor food intakes are only partly responsible. The disease state itself and renal replacement therapy are contributing factors to the development of malnutrition. Hypogeusia, anorexia and impaired digestion of nutrients have been reported. Changes in the hormonal environment may result in poor utilization and altered metabolism of nutrients. The requirements for nutrients may be different to those in normal healthy individuals. However, despite the effects of unalterable non‐dietary factors on nutrition, it is possible to manipulate dietary intakes to improve the nutritional status.
Nickel in the diet and its role in allergic dermatitis
Authors: Booth J.
Published: March 2008

There is general agreement amongst determatologists that flare of hand eczema can occur after oral exposure to nickel. Knowledge of the nickel content of foods is therefore necessary for dietitians who may counsel such patients. This review discusses the following topics: (i) current evidence for the importance of nickel sensitivity; (ii) the quantity of nickel required to provoke a reaction; (iii) the nickel content of foods and the role of low nickel diets.
Development of a nutritional knowledge questionnaire
Authors: Towler G. , Shepherd R.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes the development and validation of a nutritional knowledge questionnaire. The questionnaire included a forced choice nutrient density section and multiple choice exercise. Two groups of respondents (group 1, nutrition professionals, n = 27; group 2, engineering undergraduates, n =55) completed the questionnaire. Significant differences were found between group scores for each of the four nutrients (protein, carbohydrate, fat and fibre) and for the multiple choice (P < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha for the complete questionnaire was 0.82. These results suggest a robust and valid test instrument for the measurement of nutritional knowledge, which will be used to examine relationships between nutritional knowledge and behaviour.
Effects of diet on blood lipid levels: western‐type diet and ‘prudent’ diet compared
Authors: Yarnell J. W. G. , Fehily Ann M. , Gilbert J. F. , Butland Barbara , Wheatley Deborah
Published: March 2008

A small cross‐over study among ten free‐living volunteers was carried out to determine the changes in plasma cholesterol levels [total, high density lipoproteins (HDL) and subfractions) during two dietary regimens. One diet, designated as ‘western’ was characterized by high saturated fat (46% energy from fat, 24% from saturated fat), low fibre and no fish; the other designated ‘prudent’ permitted ad lib consumption of fish, chicken, high‐fibre bread and cereals, vegetables and fruit but a minimum of dairy and meat products (21% energy from fat, 6% saturated). Between the ends of the ‘western’ and ‘prudent’ periods total cholesterol levels fell in all subjects, on average by 0.93 mmol/1. HDL cholesterol and its subfractions also tended to decrease, but not consistently in all subjects. Correlations between individual changes in fat intake and changes in plasma total cholesterol suggested a positive relationship (a large change in dietary fat associated with a large change in plasma total cholesterol). Changes in HDL cholesterol appeared to be negatively related to changes in fat and positively to changes in carbohydrate intakes. Changes in dietary energy levels showed no association with changes in lipid levels. On the basis of the present results, further studies are desirable to determine optimal dietary changes to achieve low plasma total cholesterol levels and conservation of HDL‐cholesterol levels.
Feeding practices of Italian children 8–36 months old
Authors: Francescato Maria Pia , Zalateo Cristina , Tonini G. , Nordio S. , de Bernard B.
Published: March 2008

The energy and nutrient intakes of 8‐, 18‐ and 36‐month‐old infants in an Italian community was studied by the means of a 7‐day dietary record. A longitudinal study, which included 41 children was also performed through the same interval of life. The total number of children varies from 192 subjects of 8 months to 148 subjects of 36 months (15–20% of the population in that age group).

The registration method, computer assisted, set up by some of the authors, adopts a special computation algorithm, and is based upon a dietetic diary to be compiled in real time. Intake data are recorded without weighing the foods, while the portion, the amount of food taken by each subject, is used as the unit of measure.

The mean daily energy intake for the infants was similar to the RDA. The ratio between the macronutrients was characterized by a high protein and fat, but low carbohydrate intake; 15–17% of energy derived from protein, 33–38% of energy derived from fats and 46–50% from carbohydrates. As the diet of the family presents the same characteristics, it appears that the weaned infant's diet obeys the family feeding habits.

Daily intake of sodium was high in the diet of infants 18‐ and 36‐months‐old indicating that salt was added generously to the food. Calcium and phosphorus intakes were high in the food of 8‐month‐old children, while iron was rather low in the diet of older children (18‐ and 36‐month‐old children).

The data show that the diet of weaned children is rapidly influenced by the feeding habits of families and that the diet shows the characteristics of privileged countries.
Infant feeding: a review of breast‐ and formula‐feeding practices
Authors: Clark Brenda J. , Laing S. C.
Published: March 2008

The large scale use of cows' milk for infant feeding is a comparatively recent development. The trends in artificial formula and breast‐feeding practices are reviewed by comparing the recommendations in infant feeding practices from the 1974, 1980 and 1988 DHSS Present Day Practices in Infant Feeding Reports.
Comparison of official 10 g carbohydrate exchange system with simplified dietary advice in insulin dependent diabetics
Authors: Mitchell Rosemary D. , Nowakowska Janina A. , Hurst Amanda J.
Published: March 2008

Twenty‐eight insulin dependent diabetics followed a simple diet, which involved avoiding concentrated highly refined carbohydrate foods and eating regular meals, for three months. For a further three months, they followed a diet which used a conventional carbohydrate exchange system. Mean HbA1 was 12.4% at the start of the study and fell to 11.5% after three months on a simple diet. No further significant improvement occurred after a further three months on the exchange diet (mean HbA1 11.3%). Seven‐day food records showed consistency of carbohydrate intake to be no greater on the carbohydrate exchange diet than on the simple diet. There was no significant difference between simple or exchange diets with respect to energy, carbohydrate, or dietary fibre intakes, or percentage energy from carbohydrate. The possibility of improving diabetic control by teaching a simple diet in conjunction with interpreting blood tests and insulin adjustment is discussed.
The pattern of food consumption related to energy intake
Authors: McBride A. , Wise A. , McNeill G. , James W. P. T.
Published: March 2008

Food habits of 36 men were recorded by means of a 7‐d weighed inventory. Those recording higher energy intakes tended to consume a greater number of portions of some food items, but portion weights were not related to the energy intake. Those with higher energy intakes consumed a greater number of large meals; the relationship between energy intake and frequency of meals depended on the definition of a meal. There was no correlation between energy intake and variety of food consumed.
The nutrient intakes of women: dietary surveys in 1966 and 1983 compared
Authors: Elwood P. C. , Bird G. , Hughes S. J. , Fehily A. M.
Published: March 2008

A survey of the diets of a random sample of 81 women in one of the South Wales' valleys was conducted in 1966. The results are compared with a similar survey conducted in 1983. Total energy intake was 16% lower in 1983 than in 1966, the proportion of this obtained from fat hardly differed (42 and 41% in 1966 and 1983, respectively). The average consumption of meat was greater by approximately 20% in 1983 and of potatoes and bread lower by 50% and 20%, respectively, than in 1966. Estimates of alcohol intake showed a very marked increase between the two surveys though this was largely a reflection of a fall in the proportion of women who consumed no alcohol during the week of the survey.
Estimation of food and macronutrient intake by household measures
Authors: Ralph Ann , Massie Linda , McNeill G. , Vint Hazel , James W. P. T.
Published: March 2008

Nine healthy women aged 21–57 years, ranging in weight from lean to obese, took part in a 12‐d metabolic study on energy metabolism. They were provided with two different dietary regimes: a ‘Standard’ diet with 40% energy from fat and 45% energy from carbohydrate and a ‘NACNE’ diet with 30% energy from fat and 55% energy from carbohydrate. During both dietary periods they received a 3‐d rotating menu. For 3 of the 6 days on each diet, all food and drink consumed was recorded by the women in units based on household measures. This record was used to estimate energy intake based on food composition tables and the subjects' assessment of the portion sizes in served meals. Estimated energy intake by the group averaged 97% of actual intake (range 83% to 112%) on the Standard diet, and 97% (range 67% to 115%) on the NACNE diet. There was a tendency to overestimate carbohydrate intake and underestimate fat intake on both diets. Protein was overestimated on the NACNE diet. There was little evidence of a relationship between body mass index (BMI) of subjects and the accuracy of estimation of total energy intake.
The role of nutrition in HIV infection
Authors: Peck Katie , Johnson Sandra
Published: March 2008

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) attacks the immune system, resulting in people becoming HIV antibody positive. Under certain conditions the disease may develop, causing individuals to become symptomatic, possibly progressing to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). People in this situation are nutritionally at risk. Appropriate dietary advice may affect the prognosis of the disease, alleviate symptoms and offer the patient active involvement in treatment. Dietitians have a very practical role to play in the management of this disease.
Post‐menopausal bone density, lactase deficiency and milk consumption
Authors: Callegari C. , Lami F. , Levantesi F. , Andreacchio Anna Maria , Tatali M. , Miglioli. M. , Gnudi S. , Barbara L.
Published: March 2008

To assess the relationship between skeletal integrity and lactose malabsorption, we studied bone mineral content (BMC), current milk and calcium intake and lactose absorption by hydrogen (H2) breath test in 155 post‐menopausal women. A statistically significant relationship was found between age, onset of menopause and BMC, and between BMC and current milk intake. Although BMC was reduced in women with lower calcium intake, this relationship failed to reach statistical significance. There was an inverse relationship between mean H2 production and BMC in women 2–5 years after the onset of menopause.

These results may indicate that, although the loss of ovarian function is a pre‐eminent factor in the development of osteoporosis, milk consumption represents a defensive factor against adult bone loss.
A comparison of the energy supplements Polycal and Duocal in cancer patients
Authors: Morris Rachel , Hart Katy , Smith Veronica , Shannon Lorna , Bolton Jean , Abbott Rebecca , Alleyne Melanie , Plant Hilary , Slevin M. L.
Published: March 2008

Reduced food intake is a common problem in patients with malignant disease. Oral supplements can be easily added to foods to increase their nutrient‐energy content. In a previous study (Parkinson et ah, 1987), Polycal was found to be the most acceptable energy supplement although it did not increase the energy content as much as had been hoped. Duocal, a relatively new product, was not then tested. It has a higher energy density, so might be expected to give a greater increase at the same level of palatability. This study was set up to compare the palatability and ability to increase energy of Polycal and Duocal, when incorporated into commonly used recipes. The first stage assessed the relative palatability of the two energy supplements, and found them to be equal. The second stage then set out to find the maximum acceptable amount of Duocal which could be added to a recipe. It was found that Duocal could make a larger contribution to increasing the energy content of the diet than Polycal.
Dietary and anthropometric measures in mild to moderate senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT)
Authors: O'Neill D. , McKiernan Mary , Gibney M. , Walsh J. B. , Coakley D.
Published: March 2008

Although low body‐weight and weight loss have been documented in institutionalized patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT), there is a paucity of information on the nutrition of SDAT patients living in the community. Dietary, haematological, biochemical and immunological indices of nutrition were similar in nine patients with mild to moderate SDAT living in their own homes and in nine elderly controls. However, the SDAT patients were noted to have lower body weight, triceps skinfold thickness, body‐mass index and mid‐arm muscle circumference. These findings suggest that low body‐weight is a feature of early SDAT. Further study is needed to determine whether low body‐weight is associated with the aetiology of the disease, or whether it is a result of the disease process.
Strategies to influence nutrition behaviour
Authors: Steven Maisie
Published: March 2008

An attempt is made in this paper to consider first the current nutritional scene with its problems, and then to suggest strategies for improvement. As the quality of people's diets everywhere is influenced by many different factors, not least by availability of food, ability to pay for it, and some (however basic) understanding of its effects upon health, a strong plea is made for consideration to be given to those most in need of nutritional help–the least advantaged and least motivated groups in the developed countries, as well as the poor in the Third World. Some strategies aimed at improving nutrition behaviour are outlined.

Having given some considerable thought to the exact meaning of the title, I decided it is best understood as ‘ways and means of bringing about beneficial changes in food habits from the health point of view’. The more I considered what such changes might entail, the less appropriate it seemed to think merely in terms of one's own immediate area, or even of the developed parts of the world. Thus, although many of the examples offered are taken either from my native Scotland or from the UK as a whole, I have attempted to aim for a wider view.
A direct data entry system for processing dietary records: comparison with manual coding
Authors: Sheppard Alison M. , Coles Karen J. , Fehily Ann M. , Holliday Ruth M.
Published: March 2008

Forty 7‐day weighed food intake records were coded twice, once by transcribing codes and weights manually onto data sheets and once by direct data entry into a microcomputer using a menu‐driven food coding program. To reduce the possibility of bias, a crossover design was used: one survey assistant coded the first 20 manually and then the second 20 by direct data entry; the other survey assistant coded the first 20 by direct data entry and the second 20 manually. The direct data entry system was found to reduce coding time by 32% and total processing time by 34%. The number of errors was also substantially reduced (by 39%). Direct data entry therefore represents a considerable improvement in the efficiency of data processing: for every 100 7‐day records, 60 h of processing time would be saved.
Selective supplementation in pregnancy: effect on birth weight
Authors: Atton Carol , Watney Patsy J. M.
Published: March 2008

Four‐hundred and twenty‐three pregnant women were admitted to this study which was designed to see whether birth weight could be increased by giving nutritional supplements to pregnant women who are nutritionally at risk, as proposed by Viegas et al in 1982. Selection was made by measuring change in the mean triceps skinfold thickness (MTST) between 18 and 28 weeks of pregnancy. Seventy‐eight European and 80 Asian women failed to increase their MTST in mid trimester; half the women in each racial group were supplemented with a milk‐based product yielding 407 kcal and 14.6 g protein daily from the 28th week of pregnancy until delivery.

Supplementation did not increase the mean birth weight; the babies of the supplemented women weighed 3.10 + 0.37 (mean ±2 s.d.) kg compared with the babies of comparable unsupplemented women which weighed 3.19 ±0.40 kg (corrected for maternal height and weight, parity, gestation at delivery and infants sex). Comparison of the corrected birth weight of the babies of unsupplemented women with MTST increase of ±6.2 mm between 18 and 28 weeks gestation and those with an MTST increase ±0.2 mm in the same 10 weeks showed no significant difference whether all races were analysed together or Europeans and Asians were analysed separately. Triceps skinfold thickness change therefore did not select women who were nutritionally at risk.
Microbial aspects of home enteral nutrition–a discussion
Authors: Anderton Annette
Published: March 2008

Factors that might contribute to the microbial contamination of enteral feeds prepared and administered in the home are reviewed and the significance of this contamination discussed. Numbers, types and sources of micro‐organisms, and possible routes for contamination of home enteral feeds, are outlined and the role of cleaning and disinfection in reducing the microbial load is discussed. Some preliminary guidelines are suggested for the handling of enteral feeds in the home.
Nutrition education in primary schools in Hampshire
Authors: Cade Janet
Published: March 2008

A random sample of headteachers in 150 primary schools in Hampshire were sent a questionnaire on nutrition teaching and use of tuck shops. The response rate was 90%. Nutrition was taught either directly or indirectly in 96% of the schools, although only 33% of schools had a policy concerning nutrition education. Having a policy was related to the aspects of nutrition which were taught and the subject areas where nutrition was included. Sixty‐nine per cent of headteachers felt that staff would like more information or advice on nutrition education and this may have affected the low numbers of schools involved in taking any new initiatives to promote nutrition and healthy eating. Children were allowed to bring sweets in to 30% of schools and tuck shops were available in 22%. However, in 61% of schools children were only allowed to bring in fruit or vegetable snacks (apart from a packed lunch). It appears that schools are teaching nutrition but many lack information to help with the teaching.
Improving the image of the dietitian—a personal view
Authors: Robertson Aileen
Published: March 2008

The image of the dietitian is frequently discussed but few systematic studies identify (a) how dietitians perceive themselves, or (b) how others perceive the profession. This paper does not include a systematic study but includes a discussion which outlines some views on the evolution of the dietetic profession. Views are expressed on the science of dietetics, the unique role of the dietitian and professional image. One aim for the future should be to develop a post‐graduate academic college of dietetics.
Food intolerance and the Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Hawthorne B. , Lambert Sarah , Scott D. , Scott B.
Published: March 2008

Thirty‐eight patients with particularly troublesome irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were selected for trial on a 2‐week exclusion diet. Eighteen patients improved dramatically and, with two exceptions, subsequently identified foods to which they were intolerant. Follow‐up by postal questionnaire showed that at least 10 were still following their dietary restrictions 3–45 months later.

Twelve of the 16 food intolerant patients were intolerant to more than one food. Fifteen patients found their symptoms did not improve on the exclusion diet. Five patients refused to try or were unable to complete the exclusion diet. The use of an appropriate exclusion diet for selected patients with IBS is recommended.
Problems with the re‐use of enteral feeding systems—a study of the effectiveness of a range of cleaning and disinfection procedures
Authors: Anderton Annette , Nwoguh C. E.
Published: March 2008

Although many manufacturer's state that their systems are ‘single‐use only’, some authors are now recommending that enteral feed delivery systems can be re‐used, particularly in the home, in order to reduce the expense of enteral feeding.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a range of currently recommended cleaning and disinfection procedures in removing bacteria from five commonly used enteral feeding systems. The systems used were, a collapsible, top‐fill reservoir with integral giving set, a plastic enteral nutrition bag with side port and integral giving set, and three different types of rigid plastic reservoirs with separate giving sets.

The systems were filled with 1000‐ml portions of feed experimentally contaminated with either Klebsiella aerogenes or Escherichia coli and the feed perfused through the systems for 15 h; viable counts increased from 102‐‐103 to 107‐‐109 cfu ml‐1. The systems were then cleaned by a range of methods including rinsing and/or immersing them in sterile water, sterile water and detergent, and/or disinfection with hypochlorite solutions. When the systems were refilled with sterile feed it was found that residual bacteria in the systems multiplied to yield levels ≤109 cfu ml‐1 after 15 h.

The results of the present study demonstrate that none of the methods tested can be recommended as being totally effective in removing bacteria from contaminated systems.
Factors influencing compliance with dietary advice: the Diet And Reinfarction Trial (DART)
Authors: Fehily A. M. , Vaughan‐Williams E. , Shiels K. , Williams A. H. , Homer M. , Bingham G. , Holliday R. M. , Sweetnam P. M. , Burr M. L.
Published: March 2008

Factors influencing compliance with dietary advice were investigated in the Diet and Reinfarcation Trial (DART). In terms of achieved intakes, smokers had a lower mean P/S ratio and fibre intake than non‐smokers; manual workers had a lower mean fibre intake than non‐manual workers; and obese men had a higher percentage of energy from fat and lower P/S ratio than non‐obese men. However the effect of the advice (difference in intakes of those advised and thosen not advised) was similar in smokers and non‐smokers and was similar in all social classes. The effect of fat advice was less among obese men than among non‐obese men, probably as a result of weight‐reducing advice given to all overweight men. Fat advice tended to have a greater effect among those who gave up smoking after their heart attack than among non‐smokers and those who continued to smoke but the difference was not statistically significant. This suggests that advice on diet and smoking can be given simultaneously and still be effective.
Exercise and lipoprotein metabolism in women
Authors: Hardman Adrianne E. , Hudson Annette
Published: March 2008

Exercise is not regarded as a major risk factor for ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Nevertheless, physically active individuals have a lower risk than their sedentary counterparts, possibly because of favourable modifications of lipoprotein metabolism. In particular, endurance‐trained men and women have markedly higher concentrations of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol than sedentary controls. Although the results of exercise intervention studies are less consistent than cross‐sectional observations, many do show an increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol with training. However, most studies have involved high‐intensity exercise, usually running, and adherence to these sort of training regimens is poor. Exercise will only influence the risk of IHD in the population if the amount and type of exercise needed to confer benefit is attractive and attainable to large numbers of people. Consequently, there is a need to examine the potential of more socially acceptable, low‐intensity exercise to influence risk factors for IHD. In a study at Loughborough University 42 women (mean age 44.9 years) were studied for one year. Twenty‐eight followed a programme of brisk walking, whilst 16 acted as controls. After 12 months the walkers showed an 11% increase in maximal oxygen uptake (Mean±s.e.m.) (26.7±‐0.7 ml/kg/min cf. 29.7±0.8 ml/kg/min, P<0.01) but no change in body mass or the sum of four skinfolds. Plasma total cholesterol was not significantly different at 12 months for either group but walkers showed a 27% increase in plasma high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.17 ± 0.08 mmol/l cf. 1.49±0.06 mmol/l, P<0.01). Brisk walking was therefore a sufficient exercise stimulus to improve fitness and influence lipoprotein metabolism in these previously sedentary, middle‐aged women.
Studies in gastric emptying and fluid balance during exericse
Authors: Rehrer N. J.
Published: March 2008

The problems of rehydration during exercise are addressed. Dehydration will reduce circulatory capacity, cooling and exercise efficiency and hence reduce athletic performance. However, athletes attempting to supplement fluid intake during performance commonly complain of gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort.

Experiments are described investigating the relationship between GI function and fluid supplementation. The authors conclude that fluids should be taken early in the exercise period, before dehydration sets in.
Effect of diet manipulation on metabolic changes and performance in competitive cyclists
Authors: Brouns F. , Saris W. H. M. , ten Hoor F.
Published: March 2008

Thirteen highly trained subjects were studied for the effect of consuming a normal carbohydrate‐rich diet (N) on energy exchanged, substrate metabolism and performance. Six of these subjects performed the same protocol receiving N supplemented with a high maltodextrin‐low fructose beverage (Mf). The studies were performed in random order. The subjects performed two days of sustained exhausting cycling, proceeded and followed by a standardized resting day, in a respiration chamber allowing for continuous gas analysis, weighed food and fluid intake, collection of excreta and drawing of blood samples at 07.00 hours, 12.00 hours (halfway exercise) and 15.00 hours at exhaustion. Muscle biopsies were taken prior to, 45 min after and 24 h after exercise (energy expenditure 25.2–26.6 MJ/day).

The results showed that while consuming a normal diet, the cyclists develop a negative energy balance (‐9 MJ/day) and regulate their hormone levels in such a way that fat oxidation and protein breakdown are increased and CHO oxidation becomes depressed.

When supplemented with Mf the subjects showed increased blood glucose, insulin and decreased glucagon levels. Fat metabolism was significantly depressed as indicated by the levels of blood fatty acids, glycerol and ketones.

A significant glycogen sparing, as well as supercompensation within 24 h of recovery, was observed after Mf supplementation. The normal ad libitum available CHO‐rich diet was insufficient fully to restore glycogen within 24 h. The changes in substrate availability and glycogen depletion were accompanied by a significant performance improvement, 126% when cycling a final 90% Wmax bout, when supplemented with Mf compared to N.
Sources of macronutrients and energy in the diet of a group of French high‐school students on school‐days
Authors: Michaud C. , Corniglion J. M. , Michel F. , Musse N. , Nicolas J. P. , Mejean L.
Published: March 2008

Dietary data from 481 French high‐school students aged 15–19 years were used to provide quantitative information regarding the contribution of 26 food groups to the whole sample intake of the following macronutrients: energy, protein, simple and complex carbohydrates, total fat. Each subject recorded his/her dietary intake using a one‐day record in household measures with interview. The percentage of total nutrient intake which each food group provided is presented as well as the proportion of students consuming them.

Foods sometimes overlooked, such as sweet pastries, were found in some instances to be quantitatively important as a principal source of all macronutrients in the adolescent diet. These data should be useful to epidemiologists in the development of dietary assessment instruments and also for the nutritionists, health professionals and nutrition educators who work with adolescents.
Empty calories? Nutrient intake in relation to sugar intake in English adolescents
Authors: Rugg‐Gunn A. J. , Hackett A. F. , Jenkins G. N. , Appleton D. R.
Published: March 2008

The relation between the intake of added sugars and other nutrients was examined by analysing the diet of 405 English children aged 11–14 years. For each sex, the nutrient intake of the 30 subjects with the highest intake of added sugars in proportion to energy intake (g/MJ) was compared with the nutrient intake of the 30 subjects with the lowest intake of added sugars in proportion to energy intake. Those eating the highest amount of added sugars consumed less protein and vitamin D compared with those who ate the lowest amounts of added sugars.

Some differences in the nutrient intakes of the high and low added sugar groups were observed for girls only, and non‐significant trends were observed in both sexes, tending to suggest that those consuming diets containing low levels of added sugars in proportion to energy (a low preference for sugar) ate a more nutrient‐dense diet and, to some extent, supported the concept of ‘empty calories’. However, when sugars intake was expressed as g weight (and not in proportion to energy), energy intake and consumption of most nutrients were considerably higher in those eating high levels of added sugars, probably because of their higher intake of foods in general.
Audit of dietary input into a hospital lipid clinic
Authors: Le Cornu Kate
Published: March 2008

Patients attending a lipid clinic demonstrated a fall in blood cholesterol level averaging 17% and a weight reduction averaging 3.2 kg (7.13 lbs) in the first 3 months after intensive dietary advice. The cost of maintaining a patient on diet and drugs was calculated to be approximately £601 year, compared with only £35 on diet alone. Of the £35, only £5.20 relates to dietetic costs which makes dietary therapy the most cost‐effective part of the management of hypercholesterolaemia.
Prospective study of food intake and nutritional status in HIV infection
Authors: Foskett M. , Kapembwa M. , Sedgwick P. , Griffin G. E.
Published: March 2008

Weight loss is a common feature of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. The aetiology of such weight loss is multifactorial; however the relative importance of factors involved is unknown. In order to test the hypothesis that a gross reduction of food intake is one of the factors responsible for weight loss seen in HIV disease, we prospectively measured food intake for 7 days in 11 male HIV antibody positive subjects and nine male control subjects. Anthropometric measurements were taken to assess nutritional status and fat absorption was assessed using 1–14C Triolein breath test. In the 3 months preceding the study mean weight loss was 3.9±1.2 kg. (s.e.m.) for the HIV antibody positive group. Protein and energy intakes were not significantly different between the two groups. HIV infected subjects had significantly lower mid‐arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and grip strength (GS). Fat malabsorption of a minor degree was detected in only three subjects. These data suggest that constitutionally well HIV infected subjects have reduced MAMC and GS in the face of apparently adequate protein and energy intakes.
Dietary fibre intake of irritable bowel patients prescribed a high fibre diet
Authors: Lambert J. P. , Morrison V. , Brunt P. W. , Mowat N. A. G. , Eastwood M. A. , Dickerson J. W. T.
Published: March 2008

Seventy‐three patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) were randomly allocated into one of the following three groups: dietary advice with follow up (DAF) had repeated dietary advice from an experienced senior‐dietitian, dietary advice (DA) a single interview with the dietitian and no dietary advice (NDA) a diet‐sheet alone without explanation. An age, sex‐matched control group was recruited from staff at an institute for higher education. Fibre was assessed by a food‐frequency questionnaire at the beginning and end of the 6‐month study, and by a 7‐day weighed food inventory at the end of the study.

There was no difference between the fibre intake of the patients and controls at the beginning of the study. After 6 months there was a mean increase of 7 g fibre/day by the patients (P<0.001) but no increase by the controls. There was no difference in the intake of the three dietary‐treatment groups either at the beginning or end of the study, whether assessed by questionnaire or weighed inventory. Only 14 patients achieved a daily intake of 30 g fibre during the week they weighed their food.

This study suggests that although simple diet‐sheets given to patients without further explanation have their limitations, currently employed methods of dietetic counselling appear to offer little additional advantage.
Anorexia nervosa: nocturnal supplementary nasogastric feeding in the community
Authors: Greaves Evelyn , Blades Mabel , Christie R. A. S. , Machen J. , Ryecart N. , Baird‐Smith Sara
Published: March 2008

Nocturnal supplementary nasogastric feeding in a domiciliary setting coupled with dietary counselling in 4 patients with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa is detailed. The four patients were given nocturnal supplementary nasogastric feeds, for periods of 16 days to 12 weeks. In three of the four patients substantial weight gains of 4.3 to 11.5 kg were achieved and all four patients reported substantial increases in daily voluntary oral food intake.

We conclude that this approach may enable the patient to be managed at home and provides a basis for further psychotherapy treatment.
Calcium intake, physical activity and bone mass in pre‐menopausal women
Authors: Nelson M. , Mayer A. B. , Rutherford O. , Jones D.
Published: March 2008

Thirty pre‐menopausal women aged 35–40 years were assessed with respect to dietary calcium intake, physical activity and other factors related to bone loss (by questionnaire); bone mass in the mid and distal femur measured by computerized tomography; and leg strength and muscle size. Cortical thickness at mid‐femur was negatively associated with breast‐feeding (r=‐0.40). Bone mass in the distal femur was negatively associated with age (r=‐0.46) and positively associated with activity (r=0.44) and leg strength (r=0.42). There was no association of bone mass at either site with current dietary calcium intake (range 198–1511 mg/day), nor with body mass index (BMI), hand‐grip strength, parity, oral contraceptive use, smoking, or alcohol intake. Thus, in older pre‐menopausal women, activity apparently helps to maintain bone mass at the distal femur, a site of high trabecular bone content, while current dietary‐calcium intake has no effect on bone mass in the femur. Activity was most strongly associated with bone mass in the distal femur when it was defined as the total number of hours spent standing or moving (i.e. other than sitting or lying down), regardless of the intensity of activity.

The strong negative association between bone mass in the distal femur and age in older pre‐menopausal women is of concern in relation to long‐term risk of osteoporotic related fracture, suggesting that factors relating to bone loss in this age‐group should be studied longitudinally. The apparent loss of cortical bone in breast‐feeders warrants further investigation.
Formulation of practical advice for reducing dietary fat intakes in unemployed in Dublin
Authors: Gibney M. J. , Lee P.
Published: March 2008

Patterns of food and nutrient intake in a sample of 97 adults in a region of Dublin with chronically high unemployment were examined. Food intake (g/10 MJ/day) of the upper and lower quartiles of intakes of selected nutrients were compared. Quartiles of fat intake were expressed as percentage energy from fat or as g/day. In both cases, but most notably in the former, the intake of table sugar was inversely related to the intake of fat. Again irrespective of the mode of expression, the high‐fat diets were characterised by high intakes of spreadable fats. The high intakes of sugar seen with low intake of fat (g/day or percentage energy) were not associated with an absolute diminution of macronutrient (excluding sugar or energy) intake or of micronutrient intake.
Effect of the introduction of a food and health policy on the nutritional intake of hospitalized patients
Authors: Frost G. , Elston C. , Masters K. , de Swiet M.
Published: March 2008

This study assesses the effect of the introduction of a food and health policy on the nutritional intake of hospitalized patients. Subjects were selected from three clinical areas: ante‐natal, orthopaedics and care of the elderly. The nutrient intake of 81 patients was measured by one‐day weighed‐food intakes before the introduction of the Food and Health Policy, and again on 89 different patients after its introduction. Patients recorded any food and beverages consumed in addition to that supplied by the hospital. The introduction of the Food and Health Policy had no deleterious effects on energy and protein intake. The percentage contribution of fat to the total energy intake was significantly lower after the introduction of the Food and Health Policy (P<0.05). The subjects ate significantly less energy (P<0.005) and energy intakes were increased from food eaten in addition to that provided by the hospital. Analysis shows that this is not the case for the care of the elderly patients.

From this study it would appear that the introduction of a Food and Health Policy did not deleteriously effect energy intake. In some cases the contributions of fat, carbohydrate and protein to the diet were improved.

Concern has to be expressed over the total‐energy intake and whether this covers the requirements of patients.
A combination method of dietary survey: report of a field‐trial
Authors: Bull N. L. , Wheeler E. F. , Gatenby S. J.
Published: March 2008

A comparative study of dietary survey methods led to the suggestion that the best estimate of subjects' usual dietary intakes would be obtained using a combination of different techniques. A survey tool was devised which comprised elements of weighed record, food frequency interviewing and 24‐hour recall. The aim of this methodology was to provide data from large‐scale studies performed by market‐research personnel which included the assessment of intakes of non‐nutrient elements of the diet, e.g. additives or contaminants. A field‐trial was conducted with small groups of recruits and an experienced dietitian performed the fieldwork and was able to assess the methodology as a survey tool. Results from the study illustrated the differences in average daily nutrient intakes between disabled adults (energy 5.83 MJ, protein 66.7 g, fat 57 g, carbohydrate 162 g), elderly subjects (7.53 MJ, 71.9 g, 80 g and 206 g) and above‐average earners (10.25 MJ, 93.2 g, 108 g and 262 9). The field‐trial supported the combination method as a promising alternative to existing techniques and suggestions are made for its development and use.
Selenium status in healthy Italian adults
Authors: Francescato M. P. , Furlan G. , Tamer I. , Grand E. , de Bernard B.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of selenium in serum of an Italian population of 143 subjects. Data suggest that an adequate amount of selenium is consumed in the diet, since the level of selenium concentration in the blood is normal (70.7 μg/1), A correlation coefficient of 0.82 (p<0.001) between selenium concentration in blood and selenium content of the diet was found in a group of subjects in whom both variables were measured.
Formative evaluation of a workplace menu labelling scheme
Authors: Williams Carol , Poulter Jennifer
Published: March 2008

A menu labelling scheme for workplace restaurants has been developed using a model of the expectations and requirements of the three main user‐groups; customers, caterers and health educators. The scheme (‘Star Struck’) is a positive marking scheme, labelling foods which are high in fibre and/or low in fat using point‐of‐sale nutrition information. The pilot version of the scheme was formatively evaluated in two staff restaurants; one in the NHS and the other in the private sector. Questionnaires and Rapid Assessment Procedures (RAPS) were used to assess the response of the user groups to the pilot scheme. The results of the study are encouraging and support the argument that there is a large customer demand for nutrition labelling in a workplace restaurant setting. The findings indicate the need for more refinement to the ‘Star Struck’ scheme to meet the operational and information needs of the user groups.

These modifications are described and discussed and recommendations are made for the introduction of menu‐labelling schemes into workplaces in general. This study suggests that menu labelling can provide a simple basis for healthy menu‐planning and highlights the need for further work in this area.
Computer‐aided formulation of experimental diets
Authors: Wise A.
Published: March 2008

A computer program has been designed to test‐out random combinations of different numbers of food portions against set target quantities of nutrients required in experimental diets. The most acceptahle combination is selected and refined by random adjustments of the weight of each food component until a meal nutritionally closer to that required is achieved. Several complete meals are then incorporated into a diet by refining the weights of each meal until the complete diet matches the required one.
Studies on perceived breast milk insufficiency—relationship to the weaning process
Authors: Hillervik‐Lindquist C. , Hofvander Y. , Sjölin S.
Published: March 2008

In order to study the weaning process in relation to transient lactation crises, 51 mother‐infant pairs were followed prospectively during the period from 3 days to 18 months after delivery. In total, 55% of the mothers experienced transient lactation crises, emanating mostly from a perception of breast milk insufficiency. It was found that those in the crisis group introduced taste portions and started the weaning process significantly earlier than those in the non‐crisis group although most mothers in both groups initiated weaning in accordance with general recommendations. A wide variation in the length of the weaning period was also found. In 25% of the infants in the crisis group and 35% in the non‐crisis group the weaning period lasted for more than 5 months. It was also revealed that most mothers in both groups started the transition from breast milk feeds to supplements at single feeds with the noon feed and ended the weaning with the evening or night feed. This transition at single feeds, however, was carried out at very different speeds, ranging from 0 to 46 weeks in the crisis group and from 0 to 28 weeks in the non‐crisis group. It is concluded that each individual mother seemed to have her own way of weaning her infant. A greater awareness of this variation in weaning behaviour is of importance when guiding the mother.
Nutritional support in carcinoid tumour—a case study
Authors: Frost G. , Gilbey S.
Published: March 2008

This case study illustrates the effect a carcinoid tumour may have on the patients nutritional status and demonstrates the effectiveness of nutritional support. It highlights the role of overnight nasogastric feeding and supplementary feeding in improving nutritional status and the effect of palliative therapy in helping a young patient with advanced carcinoid tumour return to a normal life.