bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Masturbation
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 19 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott states that an objective attitude towards masturbation is practically impossible in discussions between doctors, children and parents, and that this fact arises not from the masturbation but as a result of unconscious masturbation fantasies. Winnicott discusses physical complications such as papular urticaria, as well as the difficulty of identifying whether the masturbation is normal or abnormal.
Speech Disorders
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Chapter 20 of Clinical Notes on Disorders of Childhood. In this chapter, Winnicott comments on the value of speech to the child and discusses cases of stuttering, incessant talking and deafness. Winnicott concludes that it is more healthy to recognize that stuttering is not properly understood and to promote a natural cure than to make interventions of active treatment.
Abstract: Repression and Rationalization
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s abstract of Lundholm’s book Repression and Rationalisation.
The Teacher, the Parent and the Doctor
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott studies difficulties in the emotional development of babies and of children of different age groups. It forms the foundation for a study of the inter-relations of parents, teachers, doctors and all concerned in the management and education of the children.
Review: On the Bringing Up of Children
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s review of On the Bringing up of Children, edited by John Rickman, in which he recommends it to mothers and nurses who are always asking for readable information from psycho-analysts.
Shyness and Nervous Disorders in Children
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott gives examples from school and clinic settings of children with fears, anxieties and shyness often derived from real experiences that may be resolved by appropriate care.
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott writes to the British Medical Journal about his concerns on the effects of circumcision on young children.
Discussion of War Aims
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott holds that the British are better than their German enemies if they can show that they aim at a more mature stage of emotional development than Germany. He stresses the importance of truly understanding the concepts of freedom and democracy as they relate to psychological health.
Why Do Babies Cry?
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott deals with the different reasons that babies cry. He stresses the importance of recognizing the value of crying because babies cry when they feel anxious or insecure, and their crying brings appropriate adult response.
Kinds of Psychological Effect of Shock Therapy
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott discusses the subject of shock therapy for mental disorders under five separate headings: (1) The effect of the therapy on the staff and the atmosphere of the institution; (2) the effect of the treatment through its being thought of by the patient as part of the doctor’s emotional relation to him; (3) the effect of the treatment according to conscious and pre-conscious ideas and fantasies; (4) the effect of the treatment according to the expectation that can be predicted in various types of ill people; and (5) the effect of the treatment according to a patient’s fantasy about his personality and his body.
Memorandum on Corporal Punishment
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In his Memorandum on Corporal Punishment, written for the County Hostels Committee of Oxfordshire County Council, Winnicott suggests that the Committee should consider the subject of corporal punishment. He describes the pros and cons of corporal punishment in the management of difficult children and stresses the importance of recognizing that many of these children are mentally ill, and that they require treatment, not punishment.
Some Psychological Aspects of Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this address to magistrates, Winnicott discusses how crime produces public feelings of revenge. The normal child, helped by his own home, grows a capacity to control himself. In between the extremes of normal and antisocial ill children are children who can still achieve a belief in stability if a continuous experience of control by loving persons is provided. Winnicott refers to the wartime experience of belated provision of a stable environment for children deprived of home life in the hostels for evacuated children, especially those who were difficult to billet. For children deprived of home life, personal psychotherapy is directed towards enabling the child to complete his or her emotional development.
Residential Management as Treatment for Difficult Children
Authors: Winnicott Donald W. , Britton Clare
Published: March 2017

This essay, written with Clare Britton, is concerned with showing how hostels are organised for the residential care of difficult evacuated children. Success in hostel work lessens the failure of the child’s own home, and the aims of such care are both the protection of the public from ‘nuisance’ children and helping those children’s hidden suffering. They describe the importance of placing children in the correct type of residential care, and he stresses the importance of good staffing, because every change of wardens produces casualties among the children, and interrupts the natural therapeutics of hostel work.
Letter to the British Medical Journal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to the British Medical Journal, Winnicott draws attention to the danger that a state medical service could be forced by Parliament to accept osteopathy, homeopathy, and other practices that are not accepted by the profession on scientific grounds. The profession must actively support the right of the unqualified practitioner to practise, on his own responsibility, while at the same time absolutely protecting itself from the possibility of having its beliefs warped by political pressure.
The Gwrw Tree
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

‘The Gwrw Tree’ is a whimsical story of a tree that grew and grew and did practically nothing else. While the Gwrw tree grew and grew, a man who watched it grew more and more amazed. When the Gwrw tree’s little game of just going on growing ended, the man had a new fear that the tree would dwindle and diminish to nothing.
Letter to Anna Freud
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Anna Freud, Winnicott writes of the importance of the British contribution to the mental health conference they are both attending and stresses their contribution to the study of aggression, guilt, depression, and reparation and their interrelation. To enable human beings to tolerate and accept their own aggression, respect for guilt and depression is needed, plus full recognition of reparative tendencies.
A Man Looks at Motherhood
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott expresses the notion that if human babies are to develop into healthy, independent, and society-minded adult individuals, they absolutely depend on being given a good start, and this good start is assured in nature by the existence of the bond between the baby’s mother and the baby, the thing called love. If a mother loves her baby, he or she is getting a good start.
The Baby as a Person
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and paper for mothers, Winnicott describes how digestion relates to a baby as ‘body’ but that the act of feeding and digesting food also involves a baby’s imaginative experience. Total happenings, where the baby’s body and his imagining are in synchrony, thanks to the mother’s adaptation, enable babies to catch hold of time. By allowing the baby time for total experiences, and by her own participation, mothers provide the foundation for the child’s capacity eventually to enjoy all sorts of experiences. Mothers have no difficulty in seeing the person in their own babies from the start.
The World in Small Doses
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this broadcast and paper for mothers, Winnicott describes how a two- to four-year-old child exists in two worlds at once. The world we share with the child and the child’s own imaginative world, which the child is able to experience. Winnicott emphasizes the importance of the mother’s role in sharing a specialized bit of the world with her small child, so that the child is not muddled as the bit of the external world is gradually enlarged. Instead the child can enjoy the world that is there to be found.
Letter to The Times
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to The Times, Winnicott talks about the ordinary home and ordinary parents doing an ordinary good job of starting off infants and children with a basis for mental health in order to become part of the community. Nothing, in Winnicott’s view, must be allowed to interfere with this. There are homes where children are neglected or cruelly treated, and organizations to assist with this, but Government department access to bad homes should not be intrusive, or more harm than good will be done. He emphasises the serious shortage of trained workers which he believes will hinder implementation of the new Children’s Act that resulted from the valuable Curtis Report.
Letter to Otho W. S. Fitzgerald
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter Winnicott talks about how strain on the senior members of the British Psychoanalytic Society is terrific because of the great post-war influx of candidates to the Society. He states his beliefs that a consolidated scientific group is building which will be very important in general psychiatric education, and goes on to say that the Society should concern itself with research that will resolve disagreements amongst its members.
Childhood Psychosis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott emphasises that, in the study of a psychotic child, paediatrics and psychology tend to part company and that it is only by comparing the emotional development of the psychotic and the healthy child that progress can be made. The psychotic child needs a specialized environment more or less continuously over a period of time, so the study of the child should be undertaken at home, provided it is a good home, capable of making an active adaptation to the particular child’s needs. There is little to be said for the treatment of a psychotic child in a hospital ward.
Letter to W. R. Bion
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to W. R. Bion, Winnicott says that he finds Bion’s paper difficult, but that it shows his way of doing analysis and that Winnicott is sure Bion will make a very significant contribution to the field.
The Foundation of Mental Health
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott discusses the World Health Organisation’s Expert Committee on Mental Health and its focus on infancy and childhood as the foundation of adult mental health. The essay discusses the maternity services, the management of the infant and the pre-school child, the dependence of the pre-school child on the mother, school health in its wider aspects, and the emotional problems arising from physical handicap and from the isolation of children suffering from infectious diseases such as leprosy and tuberculosis.
Review: Papers on Psycho-Analysis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In his review of E. Jones, Papers on Psycho-analysis, Winnicott talks about Jones’s frank discussion of Freud’s theories of early sexual development in the female and shows how he compares these theories with those of Horney, Deutsch, Klein, Riviere, and others. Winnicott finds the work outstanding and judges that these eighty-nine papers are invaluable to any student of the psychology that has grown out of Freud’s work.
Review: Infant Feeding and Feeding Difficulties
Authors: Winnicott Donald W. , Evans Philip , MacKeith Ronald
Published: March 2017

In his review of Evans and MacKeith’s, Infant Feeding and Feeding Difficulties, Winnicott states that the authors have given those who work with infants and their mothers an accurate, up-to-date and easily read exposition of available knowledge and opinion. Assuming the soundness of the physical facts about infants and mothers, what is most valuable, according to Winnicott, is the choice of quotations from a wide field of cultural experience.
Introduction to Volume 3
Authors: Bonaminio Vincenzo , Fabozzi Paolo
Published: March 2017

The Introduction to Volume 3 covers the growth of Winnicott’s important clinical contributions to psychoanalysis, in particular the paper ‘Hate In the Counter Transference’, whose use of the emotional self of the analyst (as opposed to the analyst’s ‘neutrality’ at the disposal of the patient) is seen as innovative. Reference is made to a new semantics of aggression, the study of early infancy through the psychosis of adult analytic patients, mother-infant interactions, new definitions of ‘subject’ and ‘object’ in clinical work, unconscious clinical relationships, the phenomena of transitional objects, illusion and potential space, true and false self, authenticity, maturation, and integration by the infant.
Letter to Willi Hoffer
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Hoffer for the special issue of the International Journal of Psychoanalysis on Klein, although he regrets the absence of a contribution of his own to it. He agrees that Associate Members reading membership papers are sensitive to criticism but does not feel that discussions should be curtailed to preserve the feelings of their authors.
Letter to H. Ezriel
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott says that Ezriel’s affection for gestalt psychology seem to take pattern-making as a primary state, whereas for the psycho-analyst the pattern-making is a secondary phenomenon related to primary unintegration.
Anxiety Associated with Insecurity
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This essay draws together some of Winnicott’s conclusions about good infant care. For him, the capacity for a one-body relationship follows that of a two-body relationship, through the introjection of the object (mother) in the earliest stages. He believes that unlike the Kleinian position, ‘good-enough’ infant-care can neutralise feelings of external persecution and prevent feelings of disintegration and loss of contact between psyche and soma. Inherent in growth, however, is both pain and anxiety in respect of the various phenomena that arise in early life and how they are lived by the mother and infant together.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter Winnicott identifies some links with his position and that of Marion Milner regarding ‘the good-enough mother’ or ‘the not good-enough mother’, and ‘the good mother’ and ‘the bad mother’ of Kleinian terminology, and how these concepts apply to the infant’s healthy development.
Letter to Herbert Rosenfeld
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott disagrees with Rosenfeld about the work of Melanie Klein, stating that there is much in psychosis which cannot be explained along Kleinian lines. As such, Winnicott contends, the future of analytic research is an exciting thing. He believes that Klein’s work leads to the beginning of the understanding of psychoses, but the implication that Klein’s statements can be extended backwards to cover very primitive infantile problems is harmful to her work. He thinks her supporters should be less dogmatic. He values Rosenfeld’s work but feels he does not recognise the role of the real (not just the internal) mother.
Review: Psychoanalytic Studies of the Personality
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review, written with Masud Khan, Winnicott judges it is possible to get something out of Fairbairn’s work on dreams by considering the relationship of his concept of introjection of the bad object to Freud’s work on repetition-compulsion. Fairbairn starts with an infant that is a whole human being, one experiencing the relation to the breast as a separate object, an object that he has experienced and about which he has complicated ideas. He says that the ‘libido is object-seeking,’ and considers introjection as a specific defence mechanism, not as a primary process or a kind of object-relationship. Fairbairn’s theory here has similarities with Melanie Klein’s theory. Winnicott says Fairbairn fails to note the differences between the needs of ‘whole’ infants (however young) experiencing object-relationships of an oral quality and those of infants at the theoretical start, who are emerging from a fused state characterised by primary identification with the mother.
Mother, Teacher, and the Child’s Needs
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

This essay deals with the respective roles of the mother, the nursery school teacher and the teacher of older children in the developing emotional life of the young child.
Letter to Michael Fordham
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Fordham for reading his paper and disagrees with a comment of Fordham's that Winnicott had said something in his paper to upset religious people.
Letter to Roger Money-Kyrle
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott expresses annoyance with Money-Kyrle and states that he feels he asked for a personal opinion from Money-Kyrle, and got a party line instead.
Pitfalls in Adoption
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott discusses possible problems in adoption, using the case of a little boy. He emphasises the importance of regulated adoption procedures to match prospective parents and infants.
Introduction to Volume 4
Authors: Scarfone Dominique
Published: March 2017

The Introduction to Volume 4 proposes a different way of reading Winnicott, not only to appreciate his various key concepts, but also to capture the mode, logic and movement of his thinking, by reading him slowly. Reference is made to Winnicott’s idiom - his own use of psychoanalytic language - which keeps the language personal and alive, and which follows the spirit of Freud. The author brings this approach to Winnicott’s work on psychosis, regression and depression, focusing on relating and relationships, and finally quoting from ‘Holding and Interpretation’ as evidence of Winnicott at work in such a way.
Private Practice
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott expresses his opinion that it would be a tragedy if private practice in child psychiatry were to disappear in the face of public health clinics. Winnicott describes his own contribution to the field of child psychology through his work at Paddington Green Children’s Hospital and states his belief that private practice provides an economical psychiatric method when compared with ordinary clinic results.
Clinical Varieties of Transference
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott discusses the influence on analytical practice of the new understanding of early infant care with respect to the concepts of true and false self, regression, neurotic defence, ego and the unconscious processes that emerge during analysis. Different types of patients produce different types of transference and require different techniques in analysis.
Letter to Michael Fordham
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to Michael Fordham asking him to answer his point that the environment must have a theoretical start of absolute adaptation. He asks Fordham to clarify his use of the terms ‘self’, ‘ego’, ‘conscious’ and ‘self-conscious’.
Letter to Hanna Segal
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to Hanna Segal in which he expresses his appreciation of Segal’s discussion of transitional objects, including Segal’s discussion of a third area of communication with the patient, and her emphasis on the difficulty of communication that lies at the base of psychosis.
Letter to Enid Balint
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

A letter from Winnicott to Enid Balint supporting her paper, presented to the BPAS, and asking her to omit reference to oral dependence in his work. He maintains a distinction between regression to dependence, and instinctual regression. Winnicott laments the tendency in the BPAS to interpret the material of the papers of colleagues, instead of properly discussing it.
Psycho-Analysis and the Sense of Guilt
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

For Winnicott the human capacity for a sense of guilt is indicative of individual emotional growth. A defective sense of guilt is not linked to intellectual capacity or incapacity but rather the capacity for guilt is linked to the tolerance of ambivalence within the self. In successful analyses of individuals oppressed by guilt, there is a lessening of guilt, though for some the source of guilt cannot be reached, and for those individuals who feel that they are not able to explain this it can make for a feeling of madness.
Letter to Barbara Lantos
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Barbara Lantos, Winnicott comments on her paper to the BPAS presented the previous night. Winnicott clarifies his position, agreeing that the infant does not ‘want to eat the mother’. Lantos repudiated the idea of the infant’s aggressive attack on the mother, but Winnicott believed this needed discussion. He suggests that a short paper on primary repression, as identified by Anna Freud, could be important and would need time for discussion.
Letter to Charles Rycroft
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Charles Rycroft, Winnicott praises Rycroft’s paper, especially the part dealing with the build-up of the idea of a whole person. Winnicott expresses his belief that clinical analysis throws light on this aspect of early ‘signs’ in the study of this subject, although to some extent, the process takes place through the content of the analyst’s interpretations. He ends by saying that he is just learning how to chair BPAS meetings.
Letter to Thomas Main
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Thomas Main, Winnicott praises his paper and suggests that Main present the middle part of that paper, on the problems of nurses, at a scientific meeting of the BPAS. He notes that he has informed Charles Rycroft (scientific secretary) of this.
Letter to Michael Balint
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Michael Balint for his presentation to the BPAS and applauds his humility about his own and everyone’s failures. He thinks the meeting productive and has sent Balint his comments.
Letter to Michael Balint
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Michael Balint for sending him a copy of his book and remarks that he has ordered a copy of another, Problems of Human Pleasure and Behaviour. He expresses his hopes to see Balint and his wife Enid soon socially.
Letter to Joan Riviere
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Joan Riviere, Winnicott thanks her for taking part in discussions surrounding John Bowlby’s paper ‘The Nature of the Child’s Tie to His Mother’, presented before the BPAS.
Letter to Prunella Briance
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Prunella Briance, Winnicott thanks her for enjoying his article in the Nursing Mirror. Winnicott thinks highly of Grantly Dick-Read, and he offers to Briance a copy of his book The Child and the Family.
Letter to Michael Balint
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Michael Balint, Winnicott apologises for not finishing his review of Balint’s recent book The Doctor, His Patients and the Illness and hopes to talk more with him soon. He expresses his disturbance at the complete absence of B group analysts at the scientific meeting of the BPAS and says that tensions have arisen in the Society since the Paris congress.
Excitement in the Aetiology of Coronary Thrombosis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s notes for a lecture. In a survey of psycho-somatic disorder, coronary thrombosis provides a good example of it but there is still the question of physiology. The common state of affairs in men and women who like to link their instinctual experiences with the enrichment of relationships is that many excitements must remain unrequited, and must find a way of dying down. Here Winnicott considers the physiology of such a psycho-somatic disorder as coronary thrombosis.
Review: The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child , Volume 11
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s review was favourable for this work on the psychoanalytic study of children. He commends the work, which is divided into four sections: theoretical contributions; papers on normal and pathological development; clinical contributions; and applied psycho-analysis.
Letter to Anna Freud
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Anna Freud, Winnicott confirms that she will be one of the discussants of Bowlby’s paper ‘Separation Anxiety’. Winnicott expresses his uncertainty on whether they will be discussing the development of Freud’s theory of anxiety, the clinical effect of separation in the seven months to third birthday period, or the contribution of ethology to the theory of instincts.
Obituary: Dr Ambrose Cyril Wilson
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s obituary of Ambrose Wilson, in which he notes Wilson’s important contributions to psychoanalysis, especially his work on the paternal aspects of the superego.
Classification: Is There a Psycho-Analytic Contribution to Psychiatric Classification?
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper presented to BPAS Winnicott discusses whether psychoanalytic understanding can be of use when it comes to classifying psychiatric disorders. He sees his own work (as well as that of colleagues) in understanding the importance of the concept of the false self, the connections between psychopathy and early deprivation and the failure of adaptive environmental provision for the infant at its early helpless and dependent stage of life as being essential to understanding psychiatric disorders and how they may be classified. Regression and breakdown are also addressed.
Letter to Donald Meltzer
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter Winnicott discusses Melzer’s BPAS presentation of the previous night. Winnicott maintains that it is only possible to make long interpretations as Meltzer reported under special circumstances, and when the patient has a high I.Q., and that it is unfortunate that his presentation implied that Kleinians talk more than do their patients. Winnicott noted that one-third of the Society was not present at Meltzer’s presentation, claiming that B groupers stayed away because they would be listening to ‘a foreign language’. Winnicott expresses his hopes that those who report this kind of paper will do so in a way acceptable to the Society as a whole.
Casework with Mentally Ill Children
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott describes his casework with children who are mentally ill, as largely a problem-solving process. He gives various examples. He sees the analyst as working with the parents and the teachers, sometimes the psychiatric socialworker in such work and the management of the child.
Discussion of ‘Grief and Mourning in Infancy’
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott takes the ideas of Bowlby on grief and mourning in infancy to task and argues that his own idea presents a very different point of view. For Winnicott the capacity to mourn implies maturity, something not associated with infancy. Winnicott includes references to the work of Melanie Klein.
Letter to Thomas Szasz
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Thomas Szasz, Winnicott writes to say that he will not fill in the particular questionnaire Szasz has sent him, as it cannot, if answered, represent his own views accurately. He adds that he nevertheless respects Szasz as a serious researcher.
Obituary: Oscar Friedmann
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott’s obituary of psychoanalyst Oscar Friedmann, 1903–58, in which he summarises Friedmann’s important work with Jewish refugees.
A Clinical Approach to Family Problems
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott writes of the importance of the family as a localized element in a society, an element orientated to the task of dealing with the arrival of a new individual. Behind the idea of the family, is the recognition of the individual small child’s initial need of a simplified version of society, used for the purposes of essential emotional growth. Winnicott sees maturity as the growth of the individual in relation to society appropriate to the age of the child, and resulting eventually in the individual’s capacity to identify with society without too great a sacrifice of individual impulse. He also asserts that parents know more about their children’s needs than society does, because the parents are immediately involved.
Jealousy
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this talk, Winnicott asks mothers what they think about jealousy in their children, and he uses the ensuing discussion to highlight his own theories about the role of jealousy (both healthy and unhealthy) in normal childhood development.
What Irks?
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this radio broadcast by Winnicott, there is first a lengthy discussion among a group of mothers who agree that the care of small children can be irksome, despite their obvious love for their children. Winnicott then comments on these discussions, emphasizing the role of the mother in healthy childhood development, the mother’s lack of privacy and her attempts to defend herself against total possession by her child.
On Security
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay, Winnicott emphasizes the importance of security to the developing child, but warns parents against overprotectiveness. He believes that from this sense of security arises both self-control and a sense of responsibility in the adolescent who will want to go on to provide a similar environment of security for his or her own child.
Letter to John Harvard-Watts
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to his publisher, Winnicott asks about the status of his Collected Papers, especially its reception in the United States.
Plato’s Sophist
Authors: Notomi Noburu
Published: March 2017

The Sophist is a dialogue by Plato (b. c. 427–d. c. 347 bce) that modern scholarship unanimously places in his later period. This placement connects it with the other later dialogues; namely, the Statesman, Timaeus, Critias, Philebus, and Laws. Also, it is closely related to the preceding dialogues of the transitional period; namely, the Parmenides and Theaetetus. The classification of “later dialogues,” originally suggested by Lewis Campbell in 1867, is now a common view of the Platonic chronology. Scholars normally assume that Plato wrote it after the second voyage to Sicily (c. 366–365 bce) in his early sixties. The official theme of the Sophist is to examine and define the Sophist, which had been a major concern for Plato since the earlier dialogues (e.g., the Apology of Socrates, Gorgias, Protagoras). The method of division (diairesis), employed for definition, is originally suggested in the Phaedrus and is used also in the Statesman and Philebus. But the inquiry into the Sophist faces several difficulties of philosophical importance concerning falsehood, image, not-being, and being. After solving these difficulties, it finally defines the Sophist as “imitator of the wise.” The dialogue covers a wide range of philosophical subjects and is famous for substantial discussions on ontology, epistemology, logic, and the philosophy of language. Ontological questions such as the following are asked: Can we speak or think of not-being? What is being? The examination provides a basis for logic and epistemology in the following questions: How is there a falsehood? What are a statement (logos), a judgment, and an appearance (phantasia)? Then, modern scholars ask what negation is, and how one can distinguish between different uses of the verb “to be.” Finally, the examination of the true nature of the Sophist raises issues of education, ethics, politics, rhetoric, aesthetics, and cosmology. The dialogue was probably read and discussed in Plato’s Academy and therefore greatly influenced later philosophers. Aristotle took over many achievements of the inquiry, such as definitions of “statement” and “truth/falsehood,” and critically used the method of division. Since the mid-20th century, the analytical approach has shed new light on the logical aspects of the dialogue (in particular, falsehood, negation, and the verb “to be”), so the context and development of scholarly arguments have to be taken into consideration, while many earlier studies keep their interpretative values. More-recent studies show a wider variety of approaches to the dialogue (different from the analytic tradition).
Animal Communication
Authors: Crews Taylor , Krause Mark
Published: March 2017

Animal communication is a thriving area of study, with contributions from the fields of biology, ecology, animal behavior, animal cognition, ethology, and comparative psychology. The importance of animal communication to the behavioral sciences is evident from its application to each of the four major approaches outlined in Niko Tinbergen’s classic 1963 article “On Aims and Methods of Ethology.” Researchers examine the developmental basis of animal communication, exemplified by research in bird song learning. The causation and physiological approach is represented in the huge literature spanning the behavioral, neural, endocrine, and physical bases of animal communication. The rich comparative and phylogenetic literature reveals evolutionary continuity and specialization of communication systems. Lastly, relationships between communication and reproductive fitness have been studied extensively, and indeed these alone form the foundation of major disciplines, such as behavioral ecology. One challenge to bringing this literature together is separating legitimate scientific study of animal communication from pseudoscience. There is a vast collection of popular books written by non-scholars claiming special and unique insight into animal communication, particularly with regard to what these signals mean in terms of subjective and purported spiritual animal-human connections. Obviously, such sources are not appropriate for this bibliography. Also, some scholars have written popular accounts of their work on animal communication, and these are included sparingly here. This bibliography is divided into sections covering authored and edited volumes on animal communication, and journals that are rich in content about animal communication, including special issues. Following this are sections organized by species diversity of communication modalities, vocal plasticity, animal language studies, neuroscience, and the evolutionary and functional significance of animal communication.
One Target, Two Mechanisms: The Impact of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ and Its Vector, Diaphorina citri, on Citrus Leaf Pigments
Authors: Killiny Nabil , Nehela Yasser
Published: March 2017

Huanglongbing (HLB) is currently the largest threat to global citrus production. We examined the effect of HLB pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ infection or infestation by its vector, Diaphorina citri, on ‘Valencia’ sweet orange leaf pigments using high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by gene expression analysis for 46 involved genes in carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis pathways. Both ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ and D. citri alter the total citrus leaf pigment balance with a greater impact by ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’. Although zeaxanthin was accumulated in ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-infected leaves, chlorophyllide a was increased in D. citri-infested plants. Our findings support the idea that both ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ and D. citri affect the citrus pigments and promote symptom development but using two different mechanisms. ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ promotes chlorophyll degradation but accelerates the biosynthesis of carotenoid pigments, resulting in accumulation of abscisic acid and its precursor, zeaxanthin. Zeaxanthin also has a photoprotective role. By contrast, D. citri induced the degradation of most carotenoids and accelerated chlorophyll biosynthesis, leading to chlorophyllide a accumulation. Chlorophyllide a might have an antiherbivory role. Accordingly, we suggest that citrus plants try to defend themselves against ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ or D. citri using multifaceted defense systems, based on the stressor type. These findings will help in better understanding the tritrophic interactions among plant, pathogen, and vector.
Dual ovarian stimulation and random start in assisted reproductive technologies: from ovarian biology to clinical application
Authors: Vaiarelli Alberto , Venturella Roberta , Vizziello Damiano , Bulletti Francesco , Ubaldi Filippo M.
Published: March 2017

Purpose of review

The opportunity to use gonadotropins to stimulate the growth of antral follicles coming from different follicular waves available in different moment of the menstrual cycle allowed the implementation of innovative protocols in assisted reproductive technologies. The purpose of this review is to explore the possible advantages related to these new controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) strategies.

Recent findings

Women exhibit major and minor wave patterns of ovarian follicular development during the menstrual cycle, as it is in animal species. These observations led to the introduction of two new strategies for COS: the random start and the double ovarian stimulation within a single menstrual cycle.

The use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist COS protocols, started randomly at any day of the menstrual cycle, is today a standard procedure in those cases where obtaining oocytes is an urgent task, such as in case of fertility preservation for malignant diseases or other medical indications.

On the other hand, in poor prognosis patients, double ovarian stimulation has been suggested with the aim of maximizing the number of oocytes retrieved within a single menstrual cycle and, in turn increasing the chance to obtain a reproductively competent embryo. Randomized control trials are necessary to confirm these preliminary findings.
27-GAUGE VITRECTOMY WOUND INTEGRITY
Authors: Khan M. Ali , Durrani Alia K. , Hsu Jason , Regillo Carl D.
Published: March 2017

Purpose:

To compare clinical outcomes using angled versus straight trocar insertion during 27-gauge pars plana vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane.

Methods:

Pilot randomized controlled trial. Thirty eyes of 30 patients undergoing 27-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with membrane peeling for epiretinal membrane were randomized 1:1 to receive angled or straight trocar insertion. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and postoperative wound-related complications were compared.

Results:

Fifteen eyes were randomized to each the angled and straight incision groups. No significant difference in phakic status (P = 0.71) or preoperative IOP (15.1 ± 3.4 vs. 14.6 ± 3.0 mmHg, P = 0.67) existed between groups. On postoperative Day 1, eyes in the straight group had lower IOP compared with the angled group (11.8 ± 3.9 vs. 15.3 ± 5.2 mmHg, P = 0.04) and a relative decrease in IOP compared with preoperative values (11.8 ± 3.9 vs. 15.1 ± 3.4 mmHg, P < 0.01). No IOP difference between groups was present at Day 7 (P = 0.43) or Day 30 (P = 0.42). Postoperative complications included transient hypotony (1 eye, straight group) and serous choroidal detachment (1 eye, angled group).

Conclusion:

Eyes with straight incisions had transiently lower IOP on postoperative Day 1, possibly suggestive of subclinical wound leak in the very early postoperative period. Overall, rates of hypotony and sclerotomy-related complications were similarly low between wound construction strategies.
Impact of Ophthalmic Surgeon Experience on Early Postoperative Central Corneal Thickness After Cataract Surgery
Authors: Lhuillier Louis , Jeancolas Anne L. , Renaudin Laurie , Goetz Christophe , Ameloot François , Premy Shanour , Ouamara Nadia , Perone Jean M.
Published: March 2017

Purpose:

To assess the impact of surgeon experience on early postoperative central corneal thickness (CCT) in eyes that have undergone phacoemulsification-based cataract surgery.

Methods:

One hundred sixty eyes underwent phacoemulsification-based cataract surgery performed by an experienced surgeon (n = 110; senior group) or a surgically less experienced ophthalmic assistant (n = 50; junior group), using the divide-and-conquer or tilt-and-tumble technique for cataractous lens extraction. The primary endpoint was postoperative corneal edema 2 hours after surgery, determined by pachymetry-based CCT.

Results:

Mean age of patients was 71.5 ± 9.1 years. Mean CCT at postoperative hour 2 was 622.8 ± 69.3 μm: an increase of 14.3% ± 10.8 from 545.3 ± 33.7 μm preoperatively (P = 0.0028). Mean CCT at postoperative hour 2 and postoperative corneal edema were significantly higher for the junior group than the senior group, with mean respective increases of 105.8 ± 81.4 μm (19.3% ± 14.2%) and 66.4 ± 3.7 μm (12.3% ± 8.3%), P = 0.0001. After adjustment for confounding factors, surgical experience was the only factor significantly associated with corneal edema: β = 39.58; SD = 11.05; P = 0.0005. Other intergroup differences observed included significantly longer mean operating and mean ultrasound times in the junior group than in the senior group. A final corneal suture was used more frequently in the senior than in the junior group, at rates of 32.7% and 2.0%, respectively, P < 0.0001.

Conclusions:

Greater surgical experience was found to be associated with reduced early postoperative corneal edema, shorter operative time, and shorter ultrasound time. This suggests that beyond mastering the initial learning curve of phacoemulsification, surgical experience enables faster and safer surgery.
Anxiety Associated With High‐resolution Anorectal Manometry in Pediatric Patients and Parents
Authors: Lamparyk Katherine , Mahajan Lori , Debeljak Ashley , Steffen Rita
Published: March 2017

High‐resolution anorectal manometry is an increasingly common procedure performed in pediatric patients to rule out Hirschsprung and assess anorectal function and sensation. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate anxiety of patients and their parents associated with high‐resolution anorectal manometry. Preprocedural anxiety was assessed by standardized questionnaire in all parents and children older than 8 years and observed behavioral distress was recorded by the attending pediatric gastroenterologist. Thirty‐five children (mean age = 7.2 years, ±2.8) and their parents completed the study. Patient anxiety was found to be markedly elevated. Observed behavioral distress was elevated compared to more invasive procedures. Self‐reported parental anxiety was comparable to adults undergoing endoscopic procedures themselves. Despite the low risk of this procedure, healthcare providers should be aware of the high levels of anxiety and distress that occur in patients and their parents associated with anorectal manometry.
Intake of Added Sugars During the Early Toddler Period
Authors: Welsh Jean A. , Figueroa Janet
Published: March 2017

The 2015 to 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that added sugar (AS) consumption be limited to less than 10% of the total energy intake to reduce the risk of obesity and chronic disease. Currently, individuals 2 years or older in the United States consume nearly 15% of their daily total energy as ASs. Little is known about the sugar consumption patterns of younger children. This study used dietary data from the 2009 to 2010 and 2011 to 2012 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and AS content information from the 2009 to 2010 and 2011 to 2012 Food Patterns Equivalents Database to estimate AS intake consumed by US toddlers aged 12 up to 24 months). Food codes and descriptions were used to categorize all sugars as either dairy or nondairy and as ASs or naturally occurring sugars (NOSs). Sugars were also categorized by the forms in which they were consumed—liquids (beverages) versus solids (foods). Intake was assessed for all children by demographic subgroups and by occasion and location of consumption. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS 9.4 software (Cary, North Carolina). Sample weights were applied to obtain nationally representative estimates of intake, and SAS survey procedures were used to account for the complex sampling methods used in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. United States toddlers consumed an average of 90.5 g/d of total sugars, which provided 30.1% of their total energy intake. Most of the sugars consumed (64.4 ± 2.5 g) were NOSs. Mean daily intake of AS among toddlers was 26.2 ± 1.3 g, which was 8.4% of their total energy intake. The leading sources of AS for toddlers were sweetened fruit juices/fruit flavored drinks (23.3%), cakes/cookies/pastries/pies (15.3%), sugars/sweets (10.3%), cereals/rice/pasta (8.4%), and yogurt (7.3%). The consumption of AS among US toddlers approaches the limit recommended by the 2015 to 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans for the prevention of obesity and chronic disease. The leading sources of AS are those that tend to lack nutrients important in the diets of young children.
Influences on the Initial Dietary Pattern Among Children From Birth to 24 Months
Authors: Murray Robert D.
Published: March 2017

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA), published every 5 years, review existing evidence and distill it into recommendations for sound nutrition. The Agricultural Act of 2014 mandated that the next edition of the DGA include recommendations aimed at the infant from birth to 24 months old. Recognizing the close relationship between fetal development and lifelong health, maternal nutrition during pregnancy was also included in the directive. This is a unique stage of life, characterized not only by specific nutritional requirements but also by rapidly changing sources of nutrition. High energy needs, rapid growth, and neural expansion, as well as fundamental cognitive, motor, and social-emotional development, depend on a high-quality diet for optimal outcomes. By the age of 2 to 3 years, the child will have acquired the type of stable eating habits and food preferences that together comprise what the DGA 2015-2020 described as a dietary pattern; that is, they are consuming foods and beverages in a routine that tends to persist over time. Initial exposure to foods and flavors that will culminate in personal food preferences represents an opportunity to establish a strong foundation for a child’s lifelong nutrition. Taking advantage of this opportunity will hinge on the translation of nutrition science into practical parenting guidance for a heterogeneous, culturally diverse US population. This article will examine some of the many influences that shape a child’s initial eating pattern.