bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pandoraea
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Pan.do.rae' a
. N.L. fem. n.
Pandoraea
referring to Pandora's box in Greek mythology, the origin of diseases of mankind.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Burkholderiaceae / Pandoraea

Gram‐negative
,
motile
,
nonsporeforming rods
(0.5–0.7 × 1.5–4.0 µm).
One polar flagellum
. Positive reactions: catalase, alkaline phosphatase, leucine arylamidase; assimilation of d‐gluconate,
L
‐malate, and phenylacetate;
growth on Drigalsky agar
and in 0.5 and 1.5% NaCl. Major fatty acids include C
12:0
, C
12:0 2OH
, C
16:0
, C
16:0 2OH
, C
16:0 3OH
, C
17:0 cyclo
, C
18:1 2OH
, and C
19:0 cyclo ω8c
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 61.2–64.3.

Type species
:
Pandoraea apista
Coenye, Falsen, Hoste, Ohlen, Goris, Govan, Gillis and Vandamme 2000, 896.
Polynucleobacter
Authors: Görtz Hans‐Dieter , Schmidt Helmut J.
Published: August 2015

Pol.y.nuc' le.o.bac.ter.
Gr. adj.
polys
numerous; L. masc. n.
nucleus
nut, kernel; masc.
bacter
the equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bactrum
a rod;
polynucleobacter
the bacterium with many nucleoids.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Burkholderiaceae / Polynucleobacter

Bacterial endosymbiont formerly called omikron. Multiple nucleoids. Inhabits the cytoplasm of the following closely related
Euplotes
spp. (Ciliophora, Protozoa):
E
.
aediculatus
,
E
.
eurystomus
,
E
.
patella
,
E
.
plumipes
,
E
.
woodruffi
,
E
.
daidaleos
, and
E
.
octocarinatus
. Essential for their host species. Nonmotile.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 47.7 or 44.9.

Type species
:
Polynucleobacter necessarius
Heckmann and Schmidt 1987, 456.
Comamonas
Authors: Willems Anne , Gillis Monique
Published: August 2015

Co.ma.mo' nas. L. n.comalock of hair; Gr. n.monasa unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.Comamonascell with a polar tuft of flagella.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Comamonas

Straight or slightly curved rods or spirilla, 0.3–0.8 × 1.1–4.4 µm; occasionally longer (5–7 µm), irregularly curved cells or spirilla may occur. Cells occur separately or in pairs andare motile by means of polar or bipolar tufts of 1–5 flagellaexcept forC.koreensis, which is nonmotile.Gram negative. No diffusible pigments are produced on nutrient agar.Oxidase and catalase positive.Aerobic.Chemoorganotrophic, oxidative carbohydrate metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.C.nitrativoransis also capable of denitrification. Good growth on media containing organic acids, amino acids, or peptone; few carbohydrates are used. Major fatty acids are hexadecanoic acid (C16:0), hexadecenoic acid (C16:1) and octadecenoic acid (C18:1); 3‐hydroxydecanoic acid (C10:0 3OH) is always present.The major quinone is ubiquinone Q‐8.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 60–69.

Type species:Comamonas terrigena(ex Hugh 1962) De Vos, Kersters, Falsen, Pot, Gillis, Segers and De Ley 1985b, 450, emend. Willems, Pot, Falsen, Vandamme, Gillis, Kersters and De Ley 1991c, 439.
Delftia
Authors: Sly Lindsay I. , Wen Aimin , Fegan Mark
Published: August 2015

Delf' tia
. M.L. fem. n.
Delftia
referring to the city of Delft, the site of isolation of the type species, and in recognition of the role of Delft research groups in the development of bacteriology.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Delftia

Cells are
straight to slightly curved rods
, 0.4–0.8 × 2.5–4.1 µm (occasionally up to 7 µm), occurring
singly or in pairs
.
Motile by means of polar or bipolar tufts of one to five flagella
. Do not produce endospores. Gram negative.
Oxidase and catalase positive
. No fluorescent pigment produced. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate is accumulated.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Nonfermentative. Reduce nitrate to nitrite. Do not denitrify.
Chemoorganotrophic
. Good growth occurs on media containing organic acids, amino acids, peptone, and carbohydrates. Utilize mannitol and fructose as the sole carbon source, but not glucose. No autotrophic growth with H
2
. Hydrolyze acetamide. No levan formation from sucrose. Arginine dihydrolase absent.
Meta
cleavage of protocatechuate. Lipase (Tween 80 hydrolysis) positive.
Main polyamines are putrescine and 2‐hydroxyputrescine
. The
major quinone is ubiquinone Q‐8
; minor quinones are Q‐7 and Q‐9. Major fatty acids are hexadecanoic acid (C
16:0
), hexadecenoic acid (C
16:1
), and octadecenoic acid (C
18:1
). 3‐hydroxy fatty acids (C
10:0 3OH
and C
8:0 3OH
) but not 2‐hydroxy fatty acids are present. DNA–rRNA hybridization and 16S rRNA sequence analysis places the genus in the family
Comamonadaceae
. Isolated from soil, sediment, activated sludge, crude oil, oil brine, water, and various clinical samples.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 67–69.

Type species
:
Delftia acidovorans
(den Dooren de Jong 1926) Wen, Fegan, Hayward, Chakraborty and Sly 1999, 573 (
Pseudomonas acidovorans
den Dooren de Jong 1926, 106;
Comamonas acidovorans
(den Dooren de Jong 1926) Tamaoka, Ha and Komagata 1987, 58.)
Hydrogenophaga
Authors: Willems Anne , Gillis Monique
Published: August 2015

Hy.dro.ge.no' pha.ga
. Gr. n.
hydro
water; Gr. n.
gennao
to create; M.L.
hydrogenum
hydrogen, that which produces water; Gr. v.
phagein
to eat; M.L. fem. n.
Hydrogenophaga
eater of hydrogen.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Hydrogenophaga

Straight to slightly curved rods
, 0.3–0.6 × 0.6–5.5 µm, occurring singly or in pairs.
Gram negative
.
Motile by means of one or
,
rarely
,
two polar to subpolar flagella
. Colonies are yellow due to the presence of
carotenoid pigments
.
Aerobic
.
Oxidase positive
and
catalase positive
, except for
H
.
pseudoflava
, which is catalase variable.
Chemoorganotrophic or chemolithoautotrophic
, using the oxidation of H
2
as an energy source and CO
2
as a carbon source. Oxidative carbohydrate metabolism occurs, with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor; alternatively, two species (
H
.
pseudoflava
and
H
.
taeniospiralis
) are capable of
heterotrophic denitrification
of nitrate. Good growth occurs on media containing organic acids, amino acids, or peptone; there is less versatility in the use of carbohydrates. Cellular lipids contain 3‐hydroxyoctanoic acid (C
8:0 3OH
) either alone or together with 3‐hydroxydecanoic acid (C
10:0 3OH
); 2‐hydroxy‐substituted fatty acids are absent.
Ubiquinone Q‐8
is the main quinone. Putrescine and 2‐hydroxyputrescine are present in approximately equimolar concentrations, either exclusively or as the dominant polyamines.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65–69.

Type species
:
Hydrogenophaga flava
(Niklewski 1910) Willems, Busse, Goor, Pot, Falsen, Jantzen, Hoste, Gillis, Kersters, Auling, and De Ley 1989, 329 (
Pseudomonas flava
(Niklewski 1910) Davis, Doudoroff, Stanier, and Mandel 1969, 385;
Hydrogenomonas flava
Niklewski 1910, 123.)
Lampropedia
Authors: Murray R.G.E.
Published: August 2015

Lam.pro.pe' di.a
. Gr. adj.
lampros
bright, radiant; Gr. n.
pedia
a plain, flat country; M.L. fem. n.
Lampropedia
a shining flat sheet (of cells).

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Lampropedia

Sheets of rounded, almost cubical cells, arranged in square tablets of 16–64 cells
, occasionally separated into pairs or tetrads.
Divide synchronously in a sheet and alternately in two planes
. The cells of a tablet are enclosed within a
complex, structured envelope
. Each cell is enclosed in a
Gram‐negative type of cell wall
. Intracellular granules of
poly
‐β‐
hydroxybutyrate
are prominent. No flagella occur.
Twitching movements
of small groups of cells occur during active growth.
Obligately aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen serving as the terminal electron acceptor.
Growth occurs as a thin, hydrophobic, extending pellicle
on the surface of both liquid and solid media. Nonpigmented. Optimal temperature, 30°C. Optimal pH, 7.0. Oxidase and catalase positive. Chemoorganotrophic.
Energy sources are limited to intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid cycle
. Carbohydrates, alcohols, glucosides, and fatty acids are not utilized. Ammonium salts or certain amino acids can serve as sole nitrogen sources.
Vitamins may be required for growth
. The ecological niche is unknown but observations and isolations indicate an environment rich in organic matter.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 61 (Bd).

Type species
:
Lampropedia hyalina
(Ehrenberg 1832) Schroeter 1886, 151 (
Gonium hyalinum
Ehrenberg 1832, 63.)
Macromonas
Authors: Dubinina Galina A. , Rainey Fred A. , Gijs Kuenen J.
Published: August 2015

Ma' cro.mo' nas
. Gr. adj.
macrus
large; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; M.L. fem. n.
Macromonas
a large monad.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Macromonas

Large cells are colorless, cylindrical, bean‐shaped, or slightly bent. Gram negative. Sluggish or rapidly motile by means of a polar tuft of flagella. Strictly aerobic or microaerophilic. A typical characteristic is the presence of several large inclusions of calcium oxalate, previously believed to be calcium carbonate. Sulfur globules may also be present. Multiplication by constriction followed by fission. No resting stages are known. The genus is composed of two species; the type species has not been grown in pure culture. Several strains of the second species have been studied in pure culture.

Type species
:
Macromonas mobilis
(Lauterborn 1915) Utermöhl and Koppe
in
Koppe 1924, 632 (“
Achromatium mobile
” Lauterborn 1915)
Polaromonas
Authors: Gosink John J.
Published: August 2015

Po' lar.o.mo' nas
. M.L. adj.
polaris
pertaining to the geographic poles; Gr. fem. n.
monas
unit; M.L. fem. n.
Polaromonas
polar bacterium.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Polaromonas

Cigar‐shaped rods, 0.8 × 2.0–3.0 µm. Gram negative and encapsulated. Motile by a polar flagellum. Aerobic. Chemoorganotrophic, catalase and oxidase positive. Require amino acids, but not vitamins for growth.

Cellular fatty acids predominantly (74–79%) C
16:1 ω7c
, and C
16:0
(14–17%), and some (7–9%) C
18:1 ω7c
, C
18:1 ω9t
, or C
18:1 ω12t
. Organisms may contain gas vesicles

. Psychrophilic; growth temperature maximum of known strains is 15°C. 16S rDNA‐based phylogeny shows this is a member of the
Comamonadaceae
in the
Betaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 52–57.

Type species
:
Polaromonas vacuolata
Irgens, Gosink and Staley 1996, 825.
Rhodoferax
Authors: Hiraishi Akira , Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Rho.do.fe' rax
. Gr. n.
rhodon
rose; L. adj.
ferax
fertile; M.L. masc. n.
Rhodoferax
red and fertile.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Rhodoferax

Cells are curved or vibrioid rods, motile by means of polar flagella
, that multiply by binary fission and do not form endospores and capsules.

Gram negative, belonging to the
Betaproteobacteria

. Internal membrane systems are poorly developed or absent.

Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids of the spheroidene series. Contain ubiquinones and rhodoquinones with eight isoprene units (Q‐8 and RQ‐8). Straight‐chain C
16:1

and C

16:
0

acids are the major components of cellular fatty acids.

C
8:0 3OH

acid is present. Membrane‐bound fumarate reductase activity occurs with FMNH
2
as the electron donor.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 59.8–61.5.

Type species
:
Rhodoferax fermentans
Hiraishi, Hoshino and Satoh 1992a, 192 (Effective publication: Hiraishi, Hoshino and Satoh 1991a, 334.)
Variovorax
Authors: Willems Anne , Mergaert Joris , Swings Jean
Published: August 2015

Va.ri.o' vo.rax
. L. adj.
varius
various; L. adj.
vorax
voracious; M.L. masc. n.
Variovorax
(bacteria) devouring a variety (of substrates).

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Variovorax

Straight to slightly curved rods
, 0.5–0.6 × 1.2–3.0 µm, occurring singly or in pairs.
Gram negative
.
Motile by means of sparse
,
peritrichous flagella
. Colonies are yellow due to the presence of carotenoid pigments.
Aerobic
,

having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with O
2
as the terminal electron acceptor

.
Oxidase and catalase positive
.
Chemoorganotrophic
.
Some strains are capable of lithoautotrophic growth
, using H
2
as an energy source. These are referred to as biotype I, whereas nonlithoautotrophic strains are referred to as biotype II (Davis et al., 1969). Good growth occurs on media containing carbohydrates, organic acids, amino acids, or peptone.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66.8–69.4.

Type species
:
Variovorax paradoxus
(Davis 1969) Willems, De Ley, Gillis and Kersters 1991a, 447 (
Alcaligenes paradoxus
Davis
in
Davis, Doudoroff, Stanier and Mandel 1969, 387.)
Incertae Sedis II. Ideonella
Authors: Malmqvist Åsa , Moore Edward R.B. , Ternström Anders
Published: August 2015

I.de.o.nel' la
. M.L. fem. n. derived from
Ideon
the research center where the bacterium was isolated and described; M.L. dim. ending
ella
.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / incertae Sedis II. Ideonella

Cells are straight or slightly curved rods
,
0
.
7–1
.
0
×
2
.
5–5
.
0 µm
, occurring singly, in pairs or in short filaments of four to five cells. When occurring in pairs or filaments, individual cells have a fusiform appearance with pointed ends.
Motile by two or more polar or subpolar flagella
. Gram negative. Prosthecae, sheaths, or endospores are not produced. No resting stages are known. Bacteriochlorophyll, carotenoids, or other pigments are not produced.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor; however,
chlorate can serve as an alternate terminal electron acceptor under anaerobic conditions
.
Oxidase positive
.
Weakly catalase positive
; catalase is produced only in minute amounts and the conventional agar colony test may be interpreted as negative. Chemoorganotrophic, utilizing organic acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates as carbon sources. Mesophilic, growing in the temperature range of 12–42°C. Belongs to the class
Betaproteobacteria
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 68.1.

Type species
:
Ideonella dechloratans
Malmqvist, Welander, Moore, Ternström, Molin, Stenström 1994b, 595 (Effective publication: Malmqvist, Welander, Moore, Ternström, Molin, Stenström 1994a, 63.)
Incertae Sedis III. Leptothrix
Authors: Spring Stefan , Kämpfer Peter
Published: August 2015

Lep' to.thrix
. Gr. adj.
leptus
fine, small; Gr. n.
thrix
hair; M.L. fem. n.
Leptothrix
fine hair.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / incertae Sedis III. Leptothrix

Straight rods
,
0
.
6–1
.
5
×
2
.
5–15 µm
,
occurring in chains within a sheath
or free swimming as single cells, pairs, or short chains. Most strains are motile by
one polar flagellum
. One species is characterized by holdfasts
1
and a subpolar tuft of flagella. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate is stored in globules as reserve material. Gram negative.
Sheaths can become encrusted by the deposition of iron and manganese oxides
.

Type species
:
Leptothrix ochracea
(Roth 1797) Kützing 1843, 198 (
Conferva ochracea
Roth 1797.)
Incertae Sedis IV. Roseateles
Authors: Hiraishi Akira , Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Ro.se.a.te' les
. L. adj.
roseus
rose‐colored, pink; Gr. adj.
ateles
defective, incomplete; M.L. masc. n.
Roseateles
the rose‐colored incomplete (photosynthetic bacterium).

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / incertae Sedis IV. Roseateles

Cells are straight slender rods
, 0.5–0.6 µm wide, motile by means of polar flagella, reproduce by binary fission. Gram negative.

Belong to the
Betaproteobacteria

. Do not form any type of internal membranes.

Synthesize bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids as photosynthetic pigments

.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 66.2–66.3.

Type species
:
Roseateles depolymerans
Suyama, Shigematsu, Takaichi, Nodasaka, Fujikawa, Hosoya, Tokiwa, Kanagawa and Hanada 1999, 455.
Incertae Sedis V. Rubrivivax
Authors: Imhoff Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Rub.ri.vi' vax
. L. neut. adj.
rubrum
red; L. masc. adj.
vivax
long living; M.L. masc. n.
Rubrivivax
the red and long living (bacterium).

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / incertae Sedis V. Rubrivivax

Cells are straight or curved rods
, are motile by means of polar flagella, and multiply by binary fission.

Gram negative and belonging to the
Betaproteobacteria

. Internal membrane systems are poorly developed or absent.

Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll
a
and carotenoids of the spheroidene series

.
Ubiquinones and menaquinones with eight isoprene units
(
Q‐8 and MK‐8
)
are present
.
Straight‐chain C

16
:
1

and C

16:
0

are the major components of cellular fatty acids.
C

10
:
0 3OH

is present.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 70.5–72.4 (Bd), 71.2–72.1 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Rubrivivax gelatinosus
(Molisch 1907) Willems, Gillis and De Ley 1991b, 71 (
Rhodocyclus gelatinosus
(Molisch 1907) Imhoff, Trüper and Pfennig 1984, 341;
Rhodopseudomonas gelatinosa
(Molisch 1907) van Niel 1944, 98;
Rhodocystis gelatinosa
Molisch 1907, 22.)
Incertae Sedis VI. Sphaerotilus
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Spring Stefan
Published: August 2015

Sphae.ro' ti.lus.
Gr. n.
sphaera
a sphere; Gr. n.
tilus
anything shredded, floc, down; M.L. masc. n.
Sphaerotilus
spherical flock.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / incertae Sedis VI. Sphaerotilus

Straight rods
,
1
.
2–2
.
5
×
2–10 µm
,
usually arranged in single chains within sheaths of uniform width
, which may be attached by means of holdfasts to walls of containers, submerged plants, stones, and other surfaces. True, rather than false, branching of the filaments does not occur.
Single or paired cells released from the sheaths are motile by means of a bundle of subpolar flagella
, sometimes so intertwined as to give the appearance of a single large “unit flagellum”. Sheaths usually thin without encrustation by ferric and manganic oxides. They cannot always be easily recognized when completely filled with cells, but if parts of the sheaths are vacated by the cells, recognition of the organism cannot be misinterpreted. Resting stages are not known. Gram negative. Has a propensity for storing
poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate
in granules.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Can grow at very low concentrations of dissolved oxygen (below 0.1 mg/l). Temperature range: 10–40°C; optimum: between 20° and 30°C. pH range: 5.4–9; Optimal pH: between 6.5 and 7.5.
Chemoorganotrophic
. Alcohols, organic acids, and sugars are used as sources of carbon and energy. Ammonium salts and nitrates may serve as nitrogen source in the presence of vitamin B
12
or methionine. Peptone, Casamino acids, and mixtures of aspartic and glutamic acids, and vitamin B
12
, or methionine give better results.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 70.

Type species
:
Sphaerotilus natans
Kützing 1833, 386.
Incertae Sedis VII. Tepidimonas
Authors: da Costa Milton S. , Fernanda Nobre M. , Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Te.pi.di.mo' nas.
L. adj.
tepidus
warm; Gr. n.
monas
unit; N.L. fem. n.
tepidimonas
warm monad.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / incertae Sedis VII. Tepidimonas

Short rod‐shaped cells 0
.
5–1
.
0
×
1
.
0–2
.
0 µm
.
Motile by means of one polar flagellum
. Endospores are not formed. Cells stain Gram negative. Colonies are not pigmented.
Strictly aerobic
. Nitrate is not used as a terminal electron acceptor. Oxidase and catalase positive.
Optimal temperature for growth
,
between 50 and 55
°
C
. Optimal pH for growth, between 7.5 and 8.5. Fatty acids are of the straight‐chain type. Major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol; ubiquinone 8 is the major respiratory quinone.
Chemolithoheterotrophic
. Reduced sulfur compounds are oxidized to sulfate in the presence of a metabolizable organic carbon source. Organic acids and amino acids are used as carbon and energy sources, but sugars, polysaccharides and polyols are not assimilated.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 69.7.

Type species
:
Tepidimonas ignava
Moreira, Rainey, Nobre, da Silva and da Costa 2000, 741.
Incertae Sedis IX. Xylophilus
Authors: Willems Anne , Gillis Monique
Published: August 2015

Xy.lo' phi.lus
. Gr. n.
xylon
wood; Gr. n.
philos
friend; M.L. masc.
Xylophilus
friend of wood.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Comamonadaceae / Incertae Sedis IX. Xylophilus

Straight to slightly curved rods
, 0.4–0.8 × 0.6–3.3 µm, occurring singly, in pairs or short chains.
Long filamentous cells may occur in older cultures
(length may be 30 µm or more).

Gram negative. Motile by a single polar flagellum. Aerobic, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the only terminal electron acceptor.
In vitro
growth is generally very slow

and rather poor, even at the optimal growth temperature of 24°C.
Oxidase negative
, catalase positive.
Chemoorganotrophic
with oxidative carbohydrate metabolism.
Xylophilus
causes bacterial necrosis and canker of grapevine and can be isolated from infected plant material.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 68–69.

Type species
:
Xylophilus ampelinus
(Panagopoulos 1969) Willems, Gillis, Kersters, Van Den Broecke and De Ley 1987, 428 (
Xanthomonas ampelina
Panagopoulos 1969, 75.)
Duganella
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Du.ga.nel' la
. M.L. dim. ending ‐
ella;
M.L. fem. n.
Duganella
named after P.R. Dugan, the American microbiologist who isolated the organism.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Oxalobacteraceae / Duganella

Straight or slightly curved rods
, 0.6–0.8 × 1.8–3.0 µm.
Motile by single polar flagellum
. Gram negative. Nonsporeforming.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory metabolism with O
2
as the terminal electron acceptor. Nitrate is not used as a terminal electron acceptor. No chemolithotrophic growth occurs with H
2
.
In liquid media
,
either of two types of growth may occur
:
amorphous flocs
(
occasionally fingerlike
),
or dispersed growth with little or no formation of flocs
.
Colonies on nutrient agar are pale yellow to straw‐colored
. Mesophilic. Neutrophilic. Chemoorganotrophic. Growth occurs on organic media or on mineral media supplemented with simple organic compounds.
Catalase and oxidase positive
.
Acid is produced oxidatively from glucose
and other carbohydrates.
Starch
,
gelatin
,
casein
,
and urea are hydrolyzed
. Major cellular fatty acids are C
16:0
, C
16:1
; C
10:0 3OH
is the major hydroxy fatty acid. Ubiquinone‐8 is the sole respiratory quinone. Putrescine and hydroxyputrescine are intracellular polyamines. The genus is classified in the class
Betaproteobacteria
. Isolated from sewage and polluted water.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 63–64.

Type species
:
Duganella zoogloeoides
Hiraishi, Shin and Sugiyama 1997b, 1251.
Herbaspirillum
Authors: Baldani José Ivo , Baldani Vera Lúcia Divan , Döbereiner Johanna
Published: August 2015

Her.ba.spi.ril' lum
. L. fem. n.
herba
herbaceous, seed‐bearing plant that does not produce persistent woody tissue; M.L. dim. neut. n.
spirillum
small spiral;
Herbaspirillum
small, spiral‐shaped bacteria from herbaceous, seed‐bearing plants.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Oxalobacteraceae / Herbaspirillum

Cells are generally
vibrioid
, sometimes spirilloid, approximately
0
.
6–0
.
7
μ
m in diameter
. The cell length varies from 1.5–5.0 µm depending on the culture medium.
Gram negative
. Motile, having 1–3 flagella at one or both poles. The organisms have a strictly
respiratory type of metabolism
, and sugars may be oxidized but not fermented.

The three named species presently included in the genus have the ability to fix atmospheric N
2
under microaerobic conditions

and grow well with N
2
as the sole nitrogen source, even in the presence of 10% sucrose.
Oxidase and urease positive
. Catalase variable or weak. Salts of organic acids such as malate, pyruvate, succinate and fumarate are the favored carbon source for NH
4
+
or N
2
‐dependent growth. Other carbon sources, such as glycerol, mannitol,
D
‐glucose, and sorbitol, but not sucrose, are also catabolized. Optimal temperature, 30–34°C.
Optimal pH
,
5
.
3–8
.
0
. Colonies on JNFb agar plates containing three times the usual concentration of bromothymol blue are smooth and white with blue or green centers after one week. Occur mainly in association with
graminaceous plants endophytically colonizing roots
,
stems and leaves
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 60–65.

Type species
:
Herbaspirillum seropedicae
Baldani, Baldani, Seldin and Döbereiner 1986a, 90 emend. Baldani, Pot, Kirchoof, Falsen, Baldani, Olivares, Hoste, Kersters, Hartmann, Gillis and Döbereiner 1996, 808.
Massilia
Authors:   The Editorial Board*
Published: August 2015

Mas.sil' i.a
. L. n.
Massilia
Latin name of Marseille, France.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Oxalobacteraceae / Massilia

Gram‐negative nonsporeforming motile rods
(1.0 × 3.0 µm).
Strictly aerobic
; catalase positive and oxidase negative.
Grow in 3
%
NaCl
. No denitrification. Produce arginine dihydrolase and urease. Hydrolyze esculin, gelatin, and starch.
No acid from carbohydrates
. Utilize
L
‐alanine,
L
‐arabinose,
D
‐cellobiose, fumarate,
D
‐galacturonate, gentisate,
D
‐glucuronate, α‐ketoglutarate, α‐lactose,
D
‐malate,
L
‐malate, malonate, maltose,
D
‐mannose, protochachuate, α‐
L
‐rhamnose, succinate,
D
‐tagatose, and
D
‐xylose. Does not utilize
D
‐alanine,
L
‐aspartate, citrate,
D
‐fructose,
D
‐galactose,
D
‐glucose,
L
‐glutamate,
DL
‐glycerate, β‐hydroxybutyrate,
DL
‐lactate,
D
‐melezitose, mucate,
D
‐saccharate,
L
‐serine, sucrose,
L
‐tartrate, or
D
‐trehalose. Major fatty acids are C
16:1 ω7c
, C
16:0
, C
18:1
, C
12:0
, C
10:0 3OH
, C
14:0
, and C
12:0 2OH
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 64 ± 1.8 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Massilia timonae
La Scola, Birtles, Mallet and Raoult 2000, 423 (Effective publication: La Scola, Birtles, Mallet and Raoult 1998a, 2852).
Oxalobacter
Authors: Allison Milton J. , MacGregor Barbara J. , Sharp Richard , Stahl David A.
Published: August 2015

Ox.al.o.bac' ter. Gr. n.oxalpertaining to oxalate; M.L. n.bacterthe masculine form of the Gr. neut. n.bactruma rod; M.L. masc. n.Oxalobacteran oxalate rod.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Burkholderiales / Oxalobacteraceae / Oxalobacter

Straight or curved to vibrioid,Gram‐negative,nonsporeforming rods 0.4–0.6×1.0–2.5μm in length. Flagella may be present or absent.Strictly anaerobic. Chemoorganotroph.Oxalate is used as the major carbon and energy source.Oxamate may also be used,but neither carbohydrates nor any of a wide variety of other compounds will replace oxalate as the growth substrate. Acetate is assimilated for cell synthesis and is required by some, and perhaps by all, strains. Oxalate utilization is accompanied by alkalization of the medium, and formate is produced in approximately equimolar proportions to the amount of oxalate metabolized. Strains have been isolated from the rumens of cattle and sheep, from cecal and fecal samples from humans, guinea pigs, swine, domestic and wild rats, and from freshwater lake and marine sediments. It is probable that these bacteria colonize many other anaerobic habitats.Oxalobacteris currently classified in the classBetaproteobacteria, the orderBurkholderiales, and the familyOxalobacteraceae.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 48–52.

Type species:Oxalobacter formigenesAllison, Dawson, Mayberry and Foss 1985b, 375 (Effective publication: Allison, Dawson, Mayberry and Foss 1985a, 6.)
Thiobacillus
Authors: Kelly Donovan P. , Wood Ann P. , Stackebrandt Erko
Published: August 2015

Thi.o.ba.cil' lus. Gr. n.thiossulfur; L nbacillusa small rod; M. L. masc n.Thiobacillussulfur rodlet.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Hydrogenophilales / Hydrogenophilaceae / Thiobacillus

Small, Gram‐negative, rod‐shaped cells (0.3–0.5 × 0.9–4.0 µm). Some species are motile by means of polar flagella. No resting stages known. Energy is derived by the oxidation of one or more reduced sulfur compounds, including sulfides, sulfur, thiosulfate, polythionates, and thiocyanate. Sulfate is the end product of sulfur‐compound oxidation, but sulfur, sulfite, and polythionates may be accumulated by most species, sometimes transiently. All species can fix carbon dioxide by means of the Benson–Calvin cycle and are capable of autotrophic growth; some species are obligately chemolithotrophic, while others are chemoorganotrophic. The genus currently includes obligate aerobes and facultative denitrifiers. Optimal pH of 2–8 with optimal temperature of 28–43°C. Distribution is seemingly ubiquitous in marine, freshwater, and soil environments, especially where oxidizable sulfur is abundant (e.g., sulfur springs, sulfide minerals, sulfur deposits, sewage treatment areas, and sources of sulfur gases, such as sediments or anaerobic soils releasing H2S).

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 62–67.

Type species:Thiobacillus thioparusBeijerinck 1904b, 597.
Methylobacillus
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Meth.yl.o.ba.cil' lus
. Fr.
méthyle
the methyl radical; L. dim. n.
bacillus
a small rod; M.L. masc. n.
Methylobacillus
methyl rodlet.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Methylophilales / Methylophilaceae / Methylobacillus

Rods 0.3–0.6 × 0.8–2.0 µm.
Motile by means of a single polar flagellum or nonmotile
. Gram negative.
Most strains are obligate methylotrophs that grow on one‐carbon compounds other than methane
; however, some strains can also use fructose.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. The major cellular fatty acids are straight‐chain saturated C
16:0
and unsaturated C
16:1
. The major quinone is Q‐8; Q‐7 and Q‐9 are minor components.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 50–56.

Type species
:
Methylobacillus glycogenes
Yordy and Weaver 1977, 254; emend. Urakami and Komagata 1986a, 510.
Chromobacterium
Authors: Gillis Monique , Logan Niall A.
Published: August 2015

Chro.mo.bac.te' ri.um.Gr. n.chromacolor; Gr. n.bakteriona small rod; M.L. neut. n.Chromobacteriuma small, colored rod.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales / Neisseriaceae / Chromobacterium

Cells straight,round‐ended,often coccoid,but usually occuring as rods, 0.6–0.9×1.5–3.0μm, occurring singly, sometimes in pairs or short chains. No definite capsules are evident. No resting stages known. Gram negative. Usually contain poly‐β‐hydroxy‐butyrate crystals (80% of strains positive), but rarely contain metachromatic granules.Motile by means of both a single polar flagellum and, usually, one or more subpolar or lateral flagella.Facultative anaerobes.Minimum temperature for growth 10–15°C; maximum about 40°C; optimal growth at 30–35°C. Optimal pH 7–8; no growth occurs below pH 5. Grow on ordinary peptone media; no distinctive organic growth factor requirements. Colonies are smooth, but rough variants may occur; colonies are of butyrous consistency and are easily emulsified in water.Most strains produce the violet pigment violacein, but strains producing nonpigmented colonies are sometimes encountered, and subcultures of pigmented strains often contain partially or completely unpigmented colonies. Growth in nutrient broth produces a violet ring at the surface with a fragile pellicle. Chemoorganotrophs;most strains(80%)attack carbohydrates fermentatively, some(20%)oxidatively, producing small amounts of acidbut usually no gas. Lactate is oxidized to CO2. Usually oxidase positive by the method of Sivendra and Lo (1975). No growth in media containing 6% or more NaCl. Catalase positive, but very sensitive to hydrogen peroxide. Indole negative, Voges–Proskauer negative. Nitrate and nitrite reduced. Ammonia produced from peptone. Arginine hydrolyzed.Hydrogen cyanide produced.Resistant to benzylpenicillin, 10 mg/ml.Sensitive to tetracycline, 30 mg/ml.Resistant to O/129(2,4‐diamino‐6,7‐diisopropyl pteridine) by disc diffusion method, 50 mg/disc. Soil and water organisms, occasionally causing infections of humans and other mammals. 16S rRNA gene sequence data placeChromobacteriumin the classBetaproteobacteria.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 65–68 (Tm).

Type species:Chromobacterium violaceumBergonzini 1881, 153.
Eikenella
Authors: Bottone Edward J. , Jackson Francis L. , Goodman Yvonne E.
Published: August 2015

Ei.ke.nel' la. M.L. dim. ending ‐ella; M.L. fem. n.Eikenellanamed after M. Eiken, who first named the type species of the genus.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales / Neisseriaceae / Eikenella

Straight rods, 0.3–0.4 × 1.5–04.0 µm, unbranched, with rounded ends and a regular morphology. Short filaments are occasionally formed. Nonsporeforming. Gram negative.Nonmotile, possessing no flagella; however, a “twitching motility” may occur on agar surfaces.Facultatively anaerobic. Optimal growth temperature, 35–37°C.Colonies may appear to corrode the surface of the agar; noncorroding strains may also occur. Nonhemolytic; a slight greening of blood media around colonies may occur.Oxidase positive(Kovacs method).Negative for catalase,urease,arginine dihydrolase,and indole.Lysine‐decarboxylase positive. Nitrates are reduced to nitrites.No acid is formed from glucose or other carbohydrates.Hemin is usually required for growth under aerobic conditions. Occur in the human mouth and intestine; can be opportunistic pathogens.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 56–58.

Type species:Eikenella corrodens(Eiken 1958) Jackson and Goodman 1972, 75 (Bacteroides corrodensEiken 1958, 415.)
Iodobacter
Authors: Logan Niall A.
Published: August 2015

I.o.do.bac' ter
. Gr. adj.
ioeides
violet‐colored; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
the equivalent of Gr. neut. n.
bakterion
a small rod; M.L. masc. n.
Iodobacter
a violet‐colored, small rod.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales / Neisseriaceae / Iodobacter

Straight,
round‐ended rods
,
0
.
7
×
3
.
0–3
.
5
μ
m
,
occurring singly
,
in pairs
, sometimes in chains, and occasionally as long filaments. Definite capsules are not evident. No resting stages known. Gram negative.
Motile by means of both a single polar flagellum and usually one or more subpolar or lateral flagella
.
Facultative anaerobes
. Grow on ordinary peptone media.
On low‐nutrient media
,
such as nutrient agar containing a quarter of the normal concentration of nutrients
,
colonies are usually very thin
,
with rough surfaces and irregular edges
,
and may spread to 1 cm or more in diameter
; they are of butyrous consistency and are easily emulsified in water. Most strains produce the violet pigment violacein, and this shows most intensely in the centers of spreading colonies, but strains producing nonpigmented colonies (which are easily overlooked) are sometimes encountered. Occasional strains may spread only poorly and may even produce slightly gelatinous colonies, whose appearances are reminiscent of those produced by
Chromobacterium
and
Janthinobacterium
species. On full‐strength nutrient agar and other routine, richer media, colonies may show less tendency to spread. Growth in quarter‐strength nutrient broth is moderate after 24 h at 25°C, with uniform turbidity and a violet ring at the surface, but no pellicle; strains that produce long filaments may appear to gel in broths. Chemoorganotrophs;
attack carbohydrates fermentatively
,
producing small amounts of acid
,
but no gas
.
Grow at 4–30
°
C
,
with optimal growth at
~
25
°
C
.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 50–52.

Type species
:
Iodobacter fluviatilis
(Moss, Ryall and Logan 1978) Logan 1989, 455 (
Chromobacterium fluviatile
Moss, Ryall and Logan 1981, 216 (Effective publication: Moss, Ryall and Logan 1978, 18.))
Microvirgula
Authors: Patureau Dominique
Published: August 2015

Mi.cro.vir' gu.la
. Gr. adj.
micros
small; L. fem. n.
virgula
twig or rod; M.L. n.
Microvirgula
small twig or rod.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales / Neisseriaceae / Microvirgula

Curved rods
, occurring singly, in pairs, or in clusters.
Motile
. Gram negative.
Oxidase and catalase positive
.
Aerobic
, having a strictly respiratory type of metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor; however, anaerobic respiration occurs in the presence of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrous oxide, with the formation of N
2
.
Denitrification is not repressed under aerobic conditions
. Chemoorganotrophic.
Growth occurs on a variety of carbon sources including acetate
,
succinate
,
propionate
,
ethanol
,
methanol
,
and glycerol
,
but not on sugars
. Belongs to the
Betaproteobacteria
. Isolated from an up‐flow anoxic filter inoculated with activated sludges.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65.

Type species
:
Microvirgula aerodenitrificans
Patureau, Godon, Dabert, Bouchez, Bernet, Delgenes and Moletta 1998, 781.
Neisseria
Authors: Tønjum Tone
Published: August 2015

Neis.se' ri.a. M.L. fem. n.Neisserianamed after Albert Neisser, who discovered the etiological agent of gonorrhea in the pus of patients in 1889.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales / Neisseriaceae / Neisseria

Cocci 0.6–1.9 µm in diameter, occurring singly but often in pairs with adjacent sides flattened; two species (Neisseria elongataandN.weaveri) are exceptions and consist of short rods 0.5 µm wide, often arranged as diplobacilli or in chains. Division of the coccal species is in two planes at right angles to each other, sometimes resulting in tetrads. Capsules and fimbriae (pili) may be present. Endospores are not present. Gram negative, but there is a tendency to resist decolorization. Swimming motility does not occur and flagella are absent. Aerobic. Some species produce a yellow carotenoid pigment. Some species are nutritionally fastidious and hemolytic. Optimal temperature, 35–37°C. Oxidase positive. Catalase positive except most strains ofN.elongata. Carbonic anhydrase is produced by all species. All species reduce nitrite exceptN.gonorrhoeaeandN.canis.Neisseriaspp. produce acid from carbohydrates by oxidation, not fermentation. Chemoorganotrophic. Exotoxins are not produced. Some species are saccharolytic. Inhabitants of the mucous membranes of mammals. Some species are primary pathogens of humans. The genusNeisseriabelongs to the familyNeisseriaceaeof theBetaproteobacteria.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 48–56.

Type species:Neisseria gonorrhoeae(Zopf 1885) Trevisan 1885, 106 (Merismopedia gonorrhoeaeZopf 1885, 54.)
Prolinoborus
Authors: Krieg Noel R.
Published: August 2015

Pro.li.no' bo.rus
. L. n.
prolina
the amino acid proline; Gr. adj.
boros
voracious M.L. masc. n.
Prolinoborus
(bacteria) that readily consume proline.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales / Neisseriaceae / Prolinoborus

Straight rods
,
0
.
7–0
.
9
μ
m in width
. Cells are approximately 5–10 µm in length, but old cultures may contain cells up to 42 µm long. Curved or S‐shaped variants have been reported to occur in one strain after prolonged serial transfer. A polar membrane underlies the cytoplasmic membrane.
Intracellular poly
‐β‐
hydroxybutyrate granules are present
in the rods. Extensive conversion of the rod‐shaped cells to round forms (“
coccoid bodies
”) occurs in older cultures.
Upon initial isolation
,
the cells form highly viscous flocs
,
within which the cells swim steadily in straight lines
. The floc‐forming ability is gradually lost during subsequent serial transfers, and the growth eventually becomes turbid. Cells have
bipolar flagellar fascicles composed of up to 11 flagella
. The fascicles can be seen clearly by dark‐field microscopy and show
unusual and distinctive behavior
when the cells are suspended in ordinary, nonviscous media: helical wave propagation with waves progressing from base to tip, an ability to coil up like springs, and basal bending accompanied by a change in wavelength.
In such nonviscous media the cells do not swim
;
instead
,
they exhibit an ineffectual
“
floundering about
”
movement
; however, when they are suspended in a medium of high viscosity (10–200 centipoise, obtained by the use of agents such as DNA or methylcellulose “400 centipoise”), they swim steadily in straight lines. Optimal temperature, 30°C; no growth at 20°C or 40°C.
Catalase and oxidase positive
.
Carbohydrates are not catabolized
. Pyruvate and proline are the most effective sole carbon sources.
Proline can be used a sole source of nitrogen and carbon
.
Nitrogenase activity
(ability to reduce acetylene)
occurs under microaerobic conditions
. Habitat: pond water.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62–65.

Type species
:
Prolinoborus fasciculus
(Strength, Isani, Linn, Williams, Vandermolen, Laughon and Krieg 1976) Pot, Willems, Gillis and De Ley 1992b, 53 (
Aquaspirillum fasciculus
Strength, Isani, Linn, Williams, Vandermolen, Laughon and Krieg 1976, 266.)
Incertae Sedis XIV. Catenococcus
Authors: Sorokin Dimitry Y.
Published: August 2015

Caten
.
o
.
coc
'
cus
. L. n.
catena
chain; Gr. n.
coccus
berry;
Catenococcus
a chain of berries.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Neisseriales / Neisseriaceae / incertae Sedis XIV. Catenococcus

Cells
coccoid
, occurring mostly in
chains
.
Gram negative
.
Nonmotile
. Metabolism
respiratory
and
fermentative
;
facultative anaerobe
. Neutrophilic and mesophilic.
Obligately heterotrophic
; able to utilize some sugars, sugar alcohols, and organic acids as carbon and energy sources.
Oxidize thiosulfate
,
sulfide
,

and S
0
incompletely to tetrathionate

during heterotrophic growth. Able to

reduce S
0

and
ferric iron
in the presence of fermentable substrate under microaerobic and anaerobic conditions. Oxidase and catalase positive.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 49.8 ± 0.5 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Catenococcus thiocycli
Sorokin 1994, 852 (
Catenococcus thiocyclus
(sic)) (Effective publication: Sorokin 1992, 2291.)
Gallionella
Authors: Hallbeck Lotta E‐L. , Pedersen Karsten
Published: August 2015

Gal.li.o.nel' la. M.L. dim. ending ‐ella; M.L. fem. n.Gallionellanamed for B. Gaillon, a customs agent and zoologist (1782–1839) in Dieppe, France.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Nitrosomonadales / Gallionellaceae / Gallionella

Gram‐negative,bean‐shaped cells, usually 0.5–0.8 × 1.6–2.5 µm, that secrete an extracellulartwisted stalkfrom the concave side, 0.3–0.5 µm in width and up to 400 µm or more in length. The stalk is composed of numerous 2 nm‐wide fibers and is produced under microaerophilic conditions when cells are in late exponential or stationary growth phase. Motile by means of a polar flagellum.Microaerophilic; chemolithotrophic growthcan be obtainedin vitrousing oxygen and ferrous iron concentration gradients in a salt medium withCO2as sole carbon source(Table BXII.β.108).Mixotrophic metabolismhas been demonstrated with glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Can be found where anaerobicgroundwater with ferrous ironreaches an oxygen‐containing environment. Belongs to theBetaproteobacteria, familyGallionellaceae, with one known species,G. ferruginea. Most closely related species according to 16S rDNA sequence analysis is the chemolithotrophNitrosospira multiformis, distantly related with a 16S rDNA sequence similarity of 90%.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 51–54.6 (Hanert, 1989).

Type species:Gallionella ferrugineaEhrenberg 1838, 166.
Nitrosospira
Authors: Koops Hans‐Peter , Pommerening‐Röser Andreas
Published: August 2015

Ni.tro.so.spi' ra
. M.L. adj.
nitrosus
nitrous; Gr. n.
spira
a coil, spiral; M.L. fem. n.
Nitrosospira
nitrous spiral.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Nitrosomonadales / Nitrosomonadaceae / Nitrosospira

Cells are tightly coiled spirals
(Figure 1a), 0.3–0.4 µm in width, with 3–20 turns. Occasionally, vibrioid cells occur in cultures. By phase‐microscopy,
spherical forms
0.8–1.2 µm in diameter may be observed in cultures. Gram‐negative cell wall.
Intracytoplasmic membranes are rare
(Figure 1b), but tubular invaginations are observed. Motile strains possess
peritrichous flagella
. 1–6 flagella are observed, each 3–5 µm in length. Urease‐positive strains, as well as urease‐negative strains, exist in all species. Common in grasslands, heath, forest soils, and mountainous environments. Some strains have been isolated from building stones and from acid soils (pH 4.0–4.5). Occasionally observed in freshwater environments. Using molecular ecological methods, the existence of
Nitrosospira
‐like groups in marine environment has repeatedly been indicated (Stephen et al., 1996; Phillips et al., 1999; Bano and Hollibaugh, 2000). However this has not yet been proven via isolation of strains.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 53.2–55.4.

Type species
:
Nitrosospira briensis
Winogradsky and Winogradsky 1933, 407.
Azoarcus
Authors: Reinhold‐Hurek Barbara , Tan Zhiyuan , Hurek Thomas
Published: August 2015

A.zo' ar.cus
. Fr. n.
azote
nitrogen; L. masc. n.
arcus
arch, bow; M.L. masc. n.
Azoarcus
nitrogen (‐fixing) bow.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Rhodocyclales / Rhodocyclaceae / Azoarcus

Straight to slightly curved rods, 0.4–1.5 × 1.1–4.0 μm. Cell pairs often appear slightly S‐shaped
. In most species, some elongated cells (8–12 µm) occur in late‐log or stationary‐phase cultures on medium containing malic acid and N
2
or ammonium as nitrogen source.
Cells are highly motile by means of one polar flagellum. Accumulate poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate granules
. Gram negative.
Some species are nitrogen fixers
; these require microaerobic conditions for growth on N
2
. On semisolid nitrogen‐free media, microaerophilic growth can be observed as veil‐like pellicles developing several mm below the surface and moving to the medium surface during growth. In most species, colonies on VM agar
1
supplemented with ethanol develop
a nondiffusible yellowish pigment
. Optimal temperature for growth 30–40°C; no growth occurs at 45°C.

Chemoorganoheterotrophic. Bacteria have a strictly respiratory metabolism with O
2
as the terminal electron acceptor

, except one species. Alternatively, under anaerobic conditions, nitrate can be used for dissimilatory nitrate reduction.
Oxidase positive. Grow well on salts of organic acids
such as
L
‐malate, succinate, fumarate,
DL
‐lactate; also grow well on ethanol, on
L
‐glutamate, but not on mono‐ or disaccharides except for species that are not plant‐associated. These soil‐borne species utilize a variety of
aromatic substrates as sole carbon sources under denitrifying conditions
. Nitrate can be used as a nitrogen source (assimilatory nitrate reduction). Growth factor requirements vary: some strains depend on
p
‐aminobenzoic acid or on cobalamine. All investigated species have C
16:1
cellular fatty acids; all species except one have C
16:1 ω7c
and C
18:1
as the major cellular fatty acids.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 62–68 (

T
m

).

Type species
:
Azoarcus indigens
Reinhold‐Hurek, Hurek, Gillis, Hoste, Vancanneyt, Kersters and De Ley 1993b, 583.
Azospira
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

A.zo' spi.ra
. Fr. n.
azote
nitrogen; L. fem. n.
spira
winding, turn; M.L. fem. n.
Azospira
nitrogen‐fixing spiral.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Rhodocyclales / Rhodocyclaceae / Azospira

Gram‐negative curved motile rods
(0.4–0.6 × 1.1–2.5 µm). One polar flagellum.
Cells elongated in stationary cultures
. Chemoorganoheterotrophic and aerobic; microaerophilic when fixing N
2
. Strictly respiratory; O
2
and nitrate are electron acceptors. Oxidase and catalase positive.

Fix N
2

. Grow on acetate,
n
‐caproate, ethanol, fumarate,
L
‐glutamate,
DL
‐lactate,
L
‐malate, 2‐oxoglutarate, propionate, and succinate.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 65–66.

Type species
:
Azospira oryzae
Reinhold‐Hurek and Hurek 2000, 658.
Dechloromonas
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

De.chlo.ro.mo' nas
. L. pref.
de
from; Gr. adj.
chloros
green (chlorine); Gr. fem. n.
monas
unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Dechloromonas
a dechlorinating monad.

Proteobacteria / Betaproteobacteria / Rhodocyclales / Rhodocyclaceae / Dechloromonas

Gram‐negative, nonsporeforming, facultatively anaerobic, motile rods
(0.5 × 2 µm). Strictly respiratory metabolism.
Chlorate and perchlorate reduced to chloride
; organic electron donors. O
2
also serves as an electron acceptor; some strains use nitrate as an electron acceptor.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 63.5.

Type species
:
Dechloromonas agitata
Achenbach, Michaelidou, Bruce, Fryman and Coates 2001, 531.