bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Interaction-Design Method Based upon a Modified Algorithm of Newton's Second Law of Motion
Authors: Feng Qiao , Huang Tian
Published: April 2024

Newton's Second Law of Motion algorithm is crucial to interactive visual effects and interactive behavior in interface design. Designers can only utilize simple algorithm templates in interface design since they lack organized mathematical science, especially programming. Directly using Newton's Second Law of Motion algorithm introduces two interface design issues. First, the created picture has a simplistic impact, laborious interaction, too few interactive parts, and boring visual effects. Second, using this novel approach directly to interface design reduces creativity, originality, and cognitive inertia. This study suggests a Newton's Second Law–based algorithm modification. It provides a novel algorithm application idea and a design strategy based on algorithm change to enable new interface design. Algorithm design gives interface design a new viewpoint and improves content production. In the arithmetic process of Newton's Second Law of Motion algorithm, the introduction of repulsive force, reset force, shape, color, and other attributes of interactive objects, and the integration of other algorithms to transform its basic arithmetic logic, is conducive to the improvement of the visual effect of interaction design. It also improves users’ interaction experiences, sentiments, and desire to participate with design work.
Intermediate Address Space: virtual memory optimization of heterogeneous architectures for cache-resident workloads
Authors: Liu Qunyou , Huang Darong , Costero Luis , Zapater Marina , Atienza David
Published: April 2024

The increasing demand for computing power and the emergence of heterogeneous computing architectures have driven the exploration of innovative techniques to address current limitations in both the compute and memory subsystems. One such solution is the use of
Accelerated Processing Units
(APUs), processors that incorporate both a
central processing unit
(CPU) and an
integrated graphics processing unit
(iGPU).

However, the performance of both APU and CPU systems can be significantly hampered by address translation overhead, leading to a decline in overall performance, especially for cache-resident workloads. To address this issue, we propose the introduction of a new
intermediate address space
(IAS) in both APU and CPU systems. IAS serves as a bridge between
virtual address
(VA) spaces and
physical address
(PA) spaces, optimizing the address translation process. In the case of APU systems, our research indicates that the iGPU suffers from significant
translation look-aside buffer
(TLB) misses in certain workload situations. Using an IAS, we can divide the initial address translation into front- and back-end phases, effectively shifting the bottleneck in address translation from the cache side to the memory controller side, a technique that proves to be effective for cache-resident workloads. Our simulations demonstrate that implementing IAS in the CPU system can boost performance by up to 40% compared to conventional CPU systems. Furthermore, we evaluate the effectiveness of APU systems, comparing the performance of IAS-based systems with traditional systems, showing up to a 185% improvement in APU system performance with our proposed IAS implementation.

Furthermore, our analysis indicates that over 90% of TLB misses can be filtered by the cache, and employing a larger cache within the system could potentially result in even greater improvements. The proposed IAS offers a promising and practical solution to enhance the performance of both APU and CPU systems, contributing to state-of-the-art research in the field of computer architecture.
Applying Generative Machine Learning to Intrusion Detection: A Systematic Mapping Study and Review
Authors: Halvorsen James , Izurieta Clemente , Cai Haipeng , Gebremedhin Assefaw
Published: April 2024

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) are an essential element of modern cyber defense, alerting users to when and where cyber-attacks occur. Machine learning can enable IDSs to further distinguish between benign and malicious behaviors, but it comes with several challenges, including lack of quality training data and high false-positive rates. Generative Machine Learning Models (GMLMs) can help overcome these challenges. This article offers an in-depth exploration of GMLMs’ application to intrusion detection. It gives (1) a systematic mapping study of research at the intersection of GMLMs and IDSs, and (2) a detailed review providing insights and directions for future research.
A Survey on Resilience in Information Sharing on Networks: Taxonomy and Applied Techniques
Authors: Batista Agnaldo de Souza , Dos Santos Aldri Luiz
Published: April 2024

Information sharing is vital in any communication network environment to enable network operating services take decisions based on the information collected by several deployed computing devices. The various networks that compose cyberspace, as Internet-of-Things (IoT) ecosystems, have significantly increased the need to constantly share information, which is often subject to disturbances. In this sense, the damage of anomalous operations boosted researches aimed at improving resilience to information sharing. Hence, in this survey, we present a systematization of knowledge about scientific efforts for achieving resilience to information sharing on networks. First, we introduce a taxonomy to organize the strategies applied to attain resilience to information sharing on networks, offering brief concepts about network anomalies and connectivity services. Then, we detail the taxonomy in the face of malicious threats, network disruptions, and performance issues, discussing the presented solutions. Next, we analyze the techniques existing in the literature to foster resilience to information exchanged on communication networks to verify their benefits and constraints. Throughout the text, we highlight and argue issues that restrain the use of these techniques during the design and runtime.
Overcoming Catastrophic Forgetting in Continual Fine-Grained Urban Flow Inference
Authors: Xu Xovee , Zhong Ting , Yu Haoyang , Zhou Fan , Trajcevski Goce
Published: April 2024

Citywide fine-grained urban flow inference (FUFI) problem aims to infer the high-resolution flow maps from the coarse-grained ones, which plays an important role in sustainable and economic urban computing and intelligent traffic management. Previous models tackle this problem from spatial constraint, external factors, and memory cost. However, utilizing the new urban flow maps to calibrate the learned model is very challenging due to the “catastrophic forgetting” problem and is still under-explored. In this article, we make the first step in FUFI and present CUFAR—Continual Urban Flow inference with augmented Adaptive knowledge Replay—a novel framework for inferring the fine-grained citywide traffic flows. Specifically, (1) we design a spatial-temporal inference network that can extract better flow map features from both local and global levels; (2) then, we present an augmented adaptive knowledge replay (AKR) training algorithm to selectively replay the learned knowledge to facilitate the learning process of the model on new knowledge without forgetting. We apply several data augmentation techniques to improve the generalization capability of the learning model, gaining additional performance improvements. We also propose a knowledge discriminator to avoid the “negative replaying” issue introduced by noisy urban flow maps. Extensive experiments on two large-scale real-world FUFI datasets demonstrate that our proposed model consistently outperforms strong baselines and effectively mitigates the forgetting problem.
Understanding the Impact of Visual and Kinematic Information on the Perception of Physicality Errors
Authors: Yamac Goksu , O’Sullivan Carol , Neff Michael
Published: April 2024

Errors that arise due to a mismatch in the dynamics of a person’s motion and the visualized movements of their avatar in virtual reality are termed “physicality errors” to distinguish them from simple physical errors, such as footskate. Physicality errors involve plausible motions, but with dynamic inconsistencies. Even with perfect tracking and ideal virtual worlds, such errors are inevitable in virtual reality whenever a person adopts an avatar that does not match their own proportions or lifts a virtual object that appears heavier than the movement of their hand. This study investigates people’s sensitivity to physicality errors to understand when they are likely to be noticeable and need to be mitigated. It uses a simple, well-understood exercise of a dumbbell lift to explore the impact of motion kinematics and varied sources of visual information, including changing body size, changing the size of manipulated objects, and displaying muscular strain. Results suggest that kinematic (motion) information has a dominant impact on perception of effort, but visual information, particularly the visual size of the lifted object, has a strong impact on perceived weight. This can lead to perceptual mismatches that reduce perceived naturalness. Small errors may not be noticeable, but large errors reduce naturalness. Further results are discussed, which inform the requirements for animation algorithms.
ARIoTEDef: Adversarially Robust IoT Early Defense System Based on Self-Evolution against Multi-step Attacks
Authors: Huang Mengdie , Lee Hyunwoo , Kundu Ashish , Chen Xiaofeng , Mudgerikar Anand , Li Ninghui , Bertino Elisa
Published: April 2024

Internet of Things (IoT) cyber threats, exemplified by jackware and crypto mining, underscore the vulnerability of IoT devices. Due to the multi-step nature of many attacks, early detection is vital for a swift response and preventing malware propagation. However, accurately detecting early-stage attacks is challenging, as attackers employ stealthy, zero-day, or adversarial machine learning to evade detection. To enhance security, we propose ARIoTEDef, an Adversarially Robust IoT Early Defense system, which identifies early-stage infections and evolves autonomously. It models multi-stage attacks based on a cyber kill chain and maintains stage-specific detectors. When anomalies in the later action stage emerge, the system retroactively analyzes event logs using an attention-based sequence-to-sequence model to identify early infections. Then, the infection detector is updated with information about the identified infections. We have evaluated ARIoTEDef against multi-stage attacks, such as the Mirai botnet. Results show that the infection detector’s average F1 score increases from 0.31 to 0.87 after one evolution round. We have also conducted an extensive analysis of ARIoTEDef against adversarial evasion attacks. Our results show that ARIoTEDef is robust and benefits from multiple rounds of evolution.
Assessment of Patient-Derived Xenograft Growth and Antitumor Activity: The NCI PDXNet Consensus Recommendations
Authors: Meric-Bernstam Funda , Lloyd Michael W. , Koc Soner , Evrard Yvonne A. , McShane Lisa M. , Lewis Michael T. , Evans Kurt W. , Li Dali , Rubinstein Lawrence , Welm Alana , Dean Dennis A. , Srivastava Anuj , Grover Jeffrey W. , Ha Min J. , Chen Huiqin , Huang Xuelin , Varadarajan Kaushik , Wang Jing , Roth Jack A. , Welm Bryan , Govinden Ramaswamy , Ding Li , Kaochar Salma , Mitsiades Nicholas , Carvajal-Carmona Luis , Herylyn Meenhard , Davies Michael A. , Shapiro Geoffrey I. , Fields Ryan , Trevino Jose G. , Harrell Joshua C. ,   NCI PDXNet Consortium, Doroshow James H. , Chuang Jeffrey H. , Moscow Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2024

Although patient-derived xenografts (PDX) are commonly used for preclinical modeling in cancer research, a standard approach to in vivo tumor growth analysis and assessment of antitumor activity is lacking, complicating the comparison of different studies and determination of whether a PDX experiment has produced evidence needed to consider a new therapy promising. We present consensus recommendations for assessment of PDX growth and antitumor activity, providing public access to a suite of tools for in vivo growth analyses. We expect that harmonizing PDX study design and analysis and assessing a suite of analytical tools will enhance information exchange and facilitate identification of promising novel therapies and biomarkers for guiding cancer therapy.
INA03: A Potent Transferrin-Competitive Antibody–Drug Conjugate against CD71 for Safer Acute Leukemia Treatment
Authors: Bratti Manuela , Stubbs Elisa , Kolodych Sergii , Souchet Herve , Kelly Lois , Merlin Johanna , Marchal Michelle , Castellano Remy , Josselin Emmanuelle , Pasquer Hélène , Benajiba Lina , Puissant Alexandre , Koniev Oleksandr , Collette Yves , Belanger Coralie , Hermine Olivier , Monteiro Renato C. , Launay Pierre
Published: April 2024

Innovative strategies for enhancing efficacy and overcoming drug resistance in hematologic cancers, such as using antibody–drug conjugates (ADC), have shifted the paradigm of conventional care by delivering promising outcomes in cancer therapies with a significant reduction in the risk of relapse. Transferrin receptor (TfR1), cluster of differentiation 71 (CD71), is known to be overexpressed in malignant cells and considered a potent antitumor target. Therefore, we developed an anti-CD71 ADC, INA03, a humanized antibody conjugated to monomethyl auristatin E through a 3-arylpropiolonitrile–valine–citrulline linker. In this study, we investigated the potency and safety of INA03, in competition with Transferrin (Tf), the CD71’s natural ligand, as a novel strategy to specifically target highly proliferative cells. The high expression of CD71 was confirmed on different leukemic cell lines, allowing INA03 to bind efficiently. Subsequently, INA03 rapidly internalizes into lysosomal compartments, in which its cytotoxic drug is released following cathepsin B cleavage. Downregulation of CD71 expression using shRNA highlighted that INA03-induced cell death was dependent on CD71 density at the cell surface. INA03 intravenous treatment in acute leukemia mouse models significantly reduced tumor burden, increased mouse survival, and showed no residual disease compared with conventional chemotherapies. Because INA03 competes with human Tf, a double knock-in (human CD71/human Tf) competent mouse model was generated to mimic human pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. INA03 administration in human CD71/hTf mice did not reveal any improper toxicities, even at high doses. Hence, these data demonstrate the promising preclinical efficacy and safety of INA03 and support its development as a novel acute leukemia treatment.

Significance: The Tf receptor is believed to be undruggable because of its ubiquitous expression. By entering into competition with its cognate ligand, the Tf and INA03 ADC can safely achieve potency.
Prevalence of H. pylori and Gastric Intestinal Metaplasia in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Carriers
Authors: Niccum Blake A. , Coughlin Sarah , Clay Daniel , Heiman Jordan , Buckley Kole H. , Dungan Michaela , Daniel Michael G. , Ruiz Jose , Maxwell Kara N. , Domchek Susan M. , Leung Galen , Ahmad Nuzhat A. , Ginsberg Gregory G. , Kochman Michael L. , Katona Bryson W.
Published: April 2024

BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers may be at increased risk for gastric cancer; however, the mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis remain poorly understood. We sought to determine the prevalence of gastric cancer risk factors Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and gastric intestinal metaplasia (GIM) among BRCA1/2 carriers to gain insight into the pathogenesis of gastric cancer in this population. A total of 100 unselected BRCA1/2 carriers who underwent endoscopic ultrasound from March 2022 to March 2023 underwent concomitant upper endoscopy with nontargeted gastric antrum and body biopsies. The study population (70% women; mean age 60.1 years) included 66% BRCA2 carriers. H. pylori was detected in one (1%) individual, 7 (7%) had GIM, 2 (2%) had autoimmune atrophic gastritis, and no gastric cancers were diagnosed. Among BRCA1/2 carriers, H. pylori prevalence was low and GIM prevalence was similar to that in the general population; however, identification of H. pylori or GIM may help inform future gastric cancer risk management strategies in BRCA1/2 carriers.

Prevention Relevance: Evaluating the burden of H. pylori infection and GIM among BRCA1/2 carriers is warranted to better understand the mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis and to help inform risk management strategies for gastric cancer among this at-risk population.
Estudo sôbre pernas de Adelocephalidae (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Oiticica Filho José
Published: April 2024

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Quatro novos gêneros de Laniatores do Brasil
Authors: Mello-Leitão C. de
Published: April 2024

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Um novo grilo cavernícola de Minas Gerais (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsitidae)
Authors: Costa-Lima Dr. A. da
Published: April 2024

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Sôbre a prioridade de Basilia ferrisi Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1931
Authors: Guimarães Lindolpho R.
Published: April 2024

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Um pedipalpo e dois escorpiões da Colômbia
Authors: Mello-Leitão C. de
Published: April 2024

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Notas de uma expedição realizada de fevereiro a março de 1940, às localidades de Ilha Sêca, no Estado de São Paulo, e Salobra, no Estado de Mato Grosso
Authors: Travassos Filho Lauro
Published: April 2024

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Descrição do alótipo de Baccha lanei Curran, 1936 (Syrphidae, Dipt.)
Authors: Carrera Messias
Published: April 2024

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Um novo Ceroplastes gigante (Coccoidae: Coccidae)
Authors: Lima Dr. A. da Costa
Published: April 2024

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Contribuição ao conhecimento dos flebótomos de São Paulo. IV. Descrição de três novas espécies
Authors: Barretto M. Pereira , Coutinho J. O.
Published: April 2024

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Notas sôbre o gênero Olbiogaster Osten Sacken, 1886 com a descrição de uma nova espécie (Fam. Anisopodidae, Dipt.)
Authors: Carrera Messias
Published: April 2024

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Sôbre uma nova raça amazônica em Tachyphonus surinamus Linné
Authors: Pinto Oliverio M. de Oliveira
Published: April 2024

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Observações sôbre a biologia do Phlebotomus whitmani Antunes e Coutinho, 1939 (Diptera, Psichodidae) em condições experimentais
Authors: Barretto M. Pereira
Published: April 2024

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Reflections on the Novel, Ecology, and the Laws of Thermodynamics
Authors: Gold Barri J.
Published: April 2024

The intertwined narratives of realistic fiction and the laws of thermodynamics parallel one another in their shaping of anthropocentric perspectives. The novel, with its human-centered storytelling, forward trajectory, concern with the details of daily life, and satisfyingly closed endings, has powerfully influenced our expectations for narratives in both fiction and non-fiction alike. Examining two ecologically problematic aspects of the novel—its anthropocentrism and its apparent closure—in relation to the science of energy, this study suggests that understanding the biases within novelistic storytelling can shed light on inherent biases in scientific narratives, encouraging a reevaluation of energy discourse to foster alternative perspectives and ecologically conscious worldviews.
Bites, Blood, Boundaries: Rats, Mosquitoes, and Domestication across Disciplines
Authors: Reis-Castro Luisa , Lee Jia Hui
Published: April 2024

Domestication is a set of processes that requires active reconfigurations of interspecies relations, environments, and technologies. In this view, both ethnographic and historical sources help us track the exact ways that domestication as a practice actively reveals and conceals relations of power among people and between people and other animals. Two pertinent cases—training rats in Tanzania to detect landmines and releasing mosquitoes to deter the transmission of pathogenic viruses in Brazil—take place in contexts where animals are being modified to achieve certain developmental, medical, or humanitarian goals. These animals, like any in the history of domestication, breach boundaries, crossing wild and domestic categories, in these cases at the moment and experience of being bitten. These moments draw our attention to the stakes involved in thinking about domestication.
“Sentient Beings”: Cephalopods’ Minds and U.K. Law
Authors: Shmuely Shira
Published: April 2024

How and why has invertebrate sentience come to be debated by lawmakers, and what does this development tell us about the relationship between scientific knowledge, animal ethics, and the law? This preliminary analysis of this puzzle examines milestones in the production of knowledges about cephalopods (squids, cuttlefish, nautilus, and octopuses) starting in the 1830s and traces the role this knowledge played in the ideas and debates that led to the inclusion of cephalopods in U.K. animal welfare law. New ideas about mind and consciousness emerged from the interplay between interspecies encounters among people and cephalopods and the gradual revision of ethical obligations toward nonhuman animals more generally.
Immediate Operative Trauma Assessment Score: A Simple and Reliable Predictor of Mortality in Trauma Patients Undergoing Urgent/Emergent Surgery
Authors: Silver Elliot , Nahmias Jeffry , Lekawa Michael , Inaba Kenji , Schellenberg Morgan , De Virgilio Christian , Grigorian Areg
Published: April 2024

Objective: Many current trauma mortality prediction tools are either too intricate or rely on data not readily available during a trauma patient’s initial evaluation. Moreover, none are tailored to those necessitating urgent or emergent surgery. Our objective was to design a practical, user-friendly scoring tool using immediately available variables, and then compare its efficacy to the widely-known Revised Trauma Score (RTS). Methods: The adult 2017-2021 Trauma Quality Improvement Program (TQIP) database was queried to identify patients ≥18 years old undergoing any urgent/emergent operation (direct from Emergency Department to operating room). Patients were divided into derivation and validation groups. A three-step methodology was used. First, multiple logistic regression models were created to determine risk of death using only variables available upon arrival. Second, the weighted average and relative impact of each independent predictor was used to derive an easily calculated Immediate Operative Trauma Assessment Score (IOTAS). We then validated IOTAS using AUROC and compared it to RTS. Results: From 249 208 patients in the derivation-set, 14 635 (5.9%) died. Age ≥65, Glasgow Coma Scale score <9, hypotension (SBP <90 mmHg), and tachycardia (>120/min) on arrival were identified as independent predictors for mortality. Using these, the IOTAS was structured, offering scores between 0-8. The AUROC for this was .88. A clear escalation in mortality was observed across scores: from 4.4% at score 1 to 60.5% at score 8. For the validation set (250 182 patients; mortality rate 5.8%), the AUROC remained consistent at .87, surpassing RTS’s AUROC of .83. Conclusion: IOTAS is a novel, accurate, and now validated tool that is intuitive and efficient in predicting mortality for trauma patients requiring urgent or emergent surgeries. It outperforms RTS, and thereby may help guide clinicians when determining the best course of action in patient management as well as counseling patients and their families.
Poor Acceptance of the Revised Classification of Premalignant Anal Lesions Following the LAST Standardized Project
Authors: Montero Stefania , Sandigo-Saballos Isabela , Tom Cynthia , Lee Hanjoo
Published: April 2024

Introduction

The Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) Project recommended unified classification for HPV–associated squamous lesions of the lower anogenital tract, using a 2-tiered nomenclature in 2013. Adherence to the new nomenclature worldwide is unknown. This study aims to assess the trend of the use of the two-tiered High Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion and Low Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (HSIL/LSIL) as opposed to the traditional three-tiered Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (AIN I/II/III) classification as suggested by the LAST Project.

Methods

A literature search on full-text English language studies of premalignant anal lesion was performed on PubMed from 2002-2022. The studies were categorized by continent, and the prevalence of HSIL/LSIL classification vs AIN I/II/III was calculated.

Results

546 studies and 251 studies were identified using the AIN I/II/II and the HSIL/LSIL classification respectively. Global trend suggested a statistically significant downward trend in the use of the two-tiered nomenclature system in publications globally. Regional trend including North America, Europe, and other (Asia and Latin America) showed variance in adoption of the two-tiered nomenclature system.

Conclusion

Despite multidisciplinary collaborative effort, adherence to the recommendations to use the two-tiered system for HPV-associated premalignant anal lesions continues to be suboptimal. Further efforts are needed to identify the cause of poor adherence to be able to create strategies that reinforces unification of terminology and integration of LAST the recommendations.
Exploring the association of Indigeneity, social adversity status and externalizing symptoms in children and adolescents
Authors: Vance Alasdair , McGaw Janet , O’Meara Angel , Gone Joseph P , Eades Sandra
Published: April 2024

Objective:

The relationship between Indigeneity, social adversity status and externalizing symptoms is complex and unclear. This study investigates how Indigeneity, social adversity status and externalizing symptoms are related in young people.

Methods:

A total of 132 Indigenous and 247 non-Indigenous young people aged 6–16 years were recruited from a hospital mental health outpatient service. Normality plots with statistics for social adversity status and parent-reported externalizing symptoms were completed for the two groups, matched for age, gender, mental disorder symptom severity, symptom-linked distress and impairment. Standard multiple regression was used to examine how Indigeneity moderates the relationship between social adversity status and parent-reported externalizing symptoms. A scatterplot investigated the association between Indigeneity and social adversity status in young people with parent-reported externalizing symptoms.

Results:

The distributions of the two groups and (1) social adversity status and (2) parent -reported externalizing symptoms were non-normal but acceptable for a moderator analysis. Indigeneity and social adversity status made independent significant positive contributions to externalizing symptoms. In contrast the interaction between Indigeneity and social adversity status made a nonsignificant negative trend to externalizing symptoms. A scatterplot revealed Indigeneity moderated the link between social adversity status and externalizing symptoms.

Conclusions:

High social adversity status is linked to externalizing symptoms in non-Indigenous young people but despite higher social adversity, Indigenous young people don’t necessarily externalize. Potential protective resilience factors for externalizing symptoms in the Indigenous young people need to be ascertained and nurtured. Future systematic investigations of the contribution of these protective factors to Indigenous referral pathways and management are needed. It is also crucial that increased social adversity status is addressed and managed in all young people, regardless of Indigeneity.
Bad apples and sour grapes: How fruit and vegetable wholesalers’ fantasy mediates experienced stigma
Authors: Michel Sophie , Vince Russ
Published: April 2024

How do organisations that belong to a stigmatised industry manage negative perceptions? We contribute to answering this question by highlighting how organisational members turn external negative evaluations into positive self-idealisations. Our research offers a unique perspective on how stigmatised actors navigate their tarnished image, as well as how they remain attached to a group and its attributes despite its stigmatisation. The study reports findings from two French fruit and vegetable wholesalers, who are commonly perceived as thieves, bandits and unwanted intermediaries. We explain how organisational members were able to neutralise negative perceptions by mobilising and maintaining an idealised perception of their centrality. This structuring fantasy formed a powerful defence against stigmatised perceptions, transforming the stigma into self-idealisation that supported organisational stability. The organisations studied developed idealisation strategies based on members’ attachment to or distancing from nostalgic fantasies of the past. We suggest that awareness of the idealised construct that underpins a particular attachment to a stigmatised attribute may help organisations and their members free themselves from stigma.
Gender Identity in the 2021 Census of England and Wales: How a Flawed Question Created Spurious Data
Authors: Biggs Michael
Published: April 2024

The 2021 Census of England and Wales was one of the first in the world to ascertain the gender identity of an entire population. This article argues that its results are implausible with regard to geography, language, education, ethnicity, and religion. The results contradict data on referrals to gender clinics and signatures on a pro-transgender petition. The results are also internally inconsistent when the various categories of gender identity are correlated across localities, and when compared with sexual orientation. The spurious results were produced by a flawed question, which originated with a transgender campaigning organization. The question evidently confused a substantial number of respondents who erroneously declared their gender identity to differ from their natal sex. Confusion is manifested in the overrepresentation of people lacking English proficiency in the most suspect gender categories. These findings demonstrate how a faulty question can distort our apprehension of the social world.
Moving through Toronto’s PATH: Assembling private urban governance
Authors: Mackinnon Debra , Treffers Stefan , Lippert Randy K
Published: April 2024

This paper explores Toronto’s urban PATH, a 30 km network of underground pedestrian tunnels and elevated walkways that connect shopping areas, residential towers, mass transit and downtown destinations. Both as a case and heuristic, this paper situates Toronto’s PATH as an assemblage of private urban governance forms, exploring emergent and evolving constellations of power and responsibility for governing city space that defy easy distinctions of ‘public’ or ‘private’. As an urban assemblage, the PATH comprises potential and actual entities and associations, and is an accumulation of encounters. Never a stable or static entity, the PATH and its governance, we argue, is provisional, revealing constantly evolving connections, alignments and political-economic potentialities. We contend the PATH serves as a palimpsest of mutating governing relations; a multiplicity of meanings, visions and encounters etched into the built environment. By focusing on public and private vestiges, wayfinding, and visibility, and private verticalising ventures, we highlight how practices, logics, processes, urban actors and their histories collide to form fragile, provisional urban alignments and visions.
Prevalence, Correlates, and Trends of Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Cambodia: Findings From 2014 and 2021-22 Cross-Sectional Demographic and Health Surveys
Authors: Shaikh Masood Ali
Published: April 2024

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is globally endemic and a gross violation of human rights, in addition to abuse of intimacy by some men against their female intimate partners. Based on literature review, attitudinal, socio-demographic, and experiential attributes of 15 to 49 year old ever partnered women in the heterosexual relationships were identified. This study used the anonymized 2020-21Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey (CDHS) data to compute the IPV prevalence and its correlates, in addition to computing the changes in IPV prevalence at the urban, rural, and at the national levels using data from the 2014 CDHS. Identified attitudinal, socio-demographic, and experiential attributes were used in the bivariate and multivariable analysis. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used for computing the bivariate and multivariate associations with IPV; additionally, trend analysis was done to compute changes in IPV prevalence between the 2 surveys. Lifetime prevalence of IPV was 20.70%, while the most common subtype was emotional IPV at 18.70%. Ten out of 12 correlates studied were found to be statistically significantly associated with IPV in the bivariate analysis. These were added in the multivariable model and 7 were found to be statistically significantly associated with IPV. Which included educational attainment of women and their intimate partners, number of living children, women’s IPV acceptance, male partner’s alcohol use, knowledge of physical beating of mother by one’s father, and controlling behavior exercised by partner. During the intervening period between the 2 CDHSs, IPV and its subtypes were decreased in both urban and rural areas, as well as nationally. IPV decrease between the 2 DHSs and lower IPV rates in 2021-22 augur well for the health and human rights of Cambodian women. However, the ultimate target of eliminating IPV against women, will require measures that ensure economic and gender empowerment, and gender equality.
Value per Statistical Life at the Sub-National Level as a Tool for Assessing Public Health and Environmental Problems
Authors: Becerra-Pérez Luis Armando , Ramos-Alvarez Roberto Alonso , DelaCruz Juan J. , García-Páez Benjamín
Published: April 2024

This article aims to estimate the Value per Statistical Life (VSL) and Value per Statistical Life Year (VSLY) at the sub-national level, which can be used to calculate the economic impact of health and environmental problems. We estimate the value of life for Mexico and its 32 states, grouped into 5 regions for 2021. We used the OECD’s guidelines on “Mortality Risk Valuation in Environment, Health and Transport Policies,” which applies the measure of Willingness to Pay (WTP) and Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA). Mexico’s overall VSL of $2 000 000 USD in 2021 showcases the value placed on human life. The variation in VSL across the 32 states, with Chiapas having the lowest VSL of $400 000 USD and Mexico City boasting the highest VSL of $3 300 000 USD highlights the different levels of regional development and people’s willingness to pay to reduce the risk of mortality. Our estimates of VSL and VSLY have the potential to contribute to the evaluation of public policies in the fields of health and the environment. Monetizing human life through these estimates can offer valuable insights to policymakers at both the national and sub-national levels. By quantifying the economic value placed on human life, this paper helps decision-makers prioritize investments, assess the cost-effectiveness of interventions, and allocate resources to maximize societal well-being.
Prevalence of Pre-Hypertension/Hypertension and Its Associated Factors Among Adults in the Wolaita Zone of Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Endrias Eshetu Elfios , Tesfaye Mamito Teketel , Geta Hardido Temesgen , Ataro Bizuayehu Atinafu
Published: April 2024

Preventing the development of high blood pressure and resulting complication requires estimating the prevalence of prehypertension/hypertension and identifying associated risk factors. Information about pre-hypertension/hypertension in Ethiopia, especially in the southern region, is scarce, and limited knowledge exists regarding the prevalence and risk factors associated with pre-hypertension/hypertension. Objective of this study was to assess prevalence of pre-hypertension/hypertension and its associated factors among adults in Wolaita Zone of Southern Ethiopia, 2023. This cross-sectional study was conducted among adults attending outpatient departments in governmental hospitals in South Ethiopia in 2023. Face-to-face interviews were used to gather information on sociodemographic data, dietary and behavioral patterns, and medical history. Digital weighing scales, Stadiometers, and digital sphygmomanometers were used to measure height, blood pressure, and weight, respectively. Epi-Data version 3.1 was used to enter the data before exporting it to SPSS version 25 for analysis. To find factors associated with prehypertension/hypertension, binary logistic regressions were conducted and odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were computed. The overall prevalence of prehypertension/hypertension was 42.8% (95% confidence interval: 39.56, 49.47). Factors associated with prehypertension/hypertension in this study were older age, male gender, obesity, diabetes mellitus comorbidity, alcohol drinking, and family history of hypertension. Lifestyle modification is demanded for pre-hypertensive/hypertensive patients to prevent progression to severe complications, including premature death and permanent disabilities.
The Impact of Behavioral Lifestyle Intervention on Inflammatory Cytokines in Older Adults Living With Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Jiwani Rozmin , Serra Monica , Espinoza Sara , Berndt Andrea , Patel Darpan
Published: April 2024

Objective:

This study investigates the effects of a behavioral lifestyle intervention on inflammatory cytokines and frailty in older adults (≥ 65 years) with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Method:

We conducted a single-arm, 6-month intervention supplemented with diet and activity self-monitoring technology. We assessed frailty using Fried criteria and quantified inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating-factor [GM-CSF], interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor [TNF-α]) using a multiplex assay. We used paired t-tests with significance at P < .05. We calculated the Spearman correlation and evaluated the relationship between frailty, BMI, and inflammatory cytokines.

Results:

Eighteen participants completed the study (mean ± SD: 71.5 ± 5.3 years; BMI: 34 ± 6 kg/m2). At baseline, we had 4 frail, 13 pre-frail, and 1 non-frail participant. At 6 months, we observed the therapeutic effects of the intervention on frailty score, BMI, IL-2, IFN-y, and GM-CSF.

Discussion:

The study highlights the importance of behavioral lifestyle intervention in improving inflammatory cytokines and frailty in older adults.
Tourism, War, and Media: The Russia-Ukraine War Narrative
Authors: Tan Jie , Cheng Mingming
Published: April 2024

Underpinned by framing theory, this study examines how the mainstream news media constructs the war and tourism narratives. Using frame analysis and Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), this paper systematically unpacks the intertwined relationship between war and tourism in constructing its narratives during the ongoing Russia-Ukraine war. Three main frames were identified, including “impact,” “response” and “status,” which encompass eight specific issues. Results of Qualitative Comparative Analysis show that there are three influential narrative patterns associated with negative emotional frames: dashed hopes in tourism destinations, debates over travel bans versus human rights principles, and pessimism and uncertainty in the tourism industry. This research advances tourism literature by providing a new interpretative and analytical lens to the intricate interplay between war and tourism, serving as an important reference for future frame analysis research in tourism.
Understanding the Travel Decision-Making Behaviors of Ethnic Minority Tourists: The Moderating Role of Psychological Empowerment
Authors: Kim Yoo Ri , Nsom Kimbu Albert , Ramakrishnan Sumeetra , Saha Prosanjit
Published: April 2024

Grounded on the concept of ethnicity, this paper explores the travel consumption and decision-making behaviors of ethnic minority travelers through the lens of psychological empowerment. Employing a quantitative-dominant concurrent nested mixed-methods approach, 951 surveys (404 white and 547 ethnic minority participants), 6 focus groups, and 10 semi-structured interviews (with ethnic minority travelers) were conducted in the UK. The findings reveal the existence of prejudices and discrimination experienced by ethnic minorities during international and domestic travel, with ethnicity being a key factor. The paper identifies the need to adopt a multi-level empowerment approach, where psychological empowerment is found to be key to understanding how negative experiences and perceived risks are accepted, feared, and/or transformed into sources of interactional and intrapersonal empowerment. This has significant positive impacts on international and domestic travel intentions of ethnic minorities. The theoretical, methodological, and management implications of the study are discussed.
Family Systems, Inequality, and Juvenile Justice
Authors: Rodriguez Nancy , Goldman Margaret
Published: April 2024

America’s juvenile justice system was founded on the notion that the juvenile court would serve as the “ultimate parent” for youth. Yet, the history of youth punishment challenges the promise of juvenile “justice.” To offer a more comprehensive account of the family systems in juvenile court, this study draws from the insights of historical research on youth punishment and family criminalization to examine juvenile court outcomes in Arizona. Combining a historical lens with insights from attribution theory, we use quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the relationship between diverse family systems, including single mothers, single fathers, extended families, and foster care families, and juvenile court outcomes (i.e., diversion, preadjudication detention, petition, and judicial dismissal). Our findings suggest the need for more complex understandings of both family and punishment, and more expansive theorizations of the sorts of solutions that match the scope and scale of the problem.
Person-Centered Combinations of Individual, Familial, Neighborhood, and Structural Risk Factors Differentially Relate to Antisocial Behavior and Psychopathology
Authors: Ricard Jordyn R. , Hyde Luke W. , Baskin-Sommers Arielle
Published: April 2024

Research highlights risk factors across systems, from person to community, for understanding antisocial behavior. However, limited research used person-centered analyses to investigate how individual, familial, neighborhood, and structural risk factors cluster and relate to antisocial behavior. We applied latent profile analysis to questionnaires and Census-derived data ( N = 478; Northeast sample). A five-profile solution fit best (1: Low Risk; 2: Elevated Personality Risk; 3: Elevated Family and Structural Risk; 4: Elevated Personality, Family, and Neighborhood Risk; 5: Elevated Neighborhood and Structural Risk). We compared profiles across questionnaire-based, interview-based, and criminal record outcomes. The Elevated Personality, Family, and Neighborhood Risk profile had the strongest relationship to risky behavior and an antisocial personality disorder diagnosis. The Elevated Neighborhood and Structural Risk profile showed the strongest relationship to number of crimes. These results elucidate patterns of co-occurring risk within-people, across systems, and reveal important commonalities and dissociations among forms of antisocial behavior.
Productive Modernization and Challenges for Chilean Peasant Agriculture during the Phase of Post-Agrarian Reform
Authors: Avendaño Octavio , Gutiérrez Constanza
Published: April 2024

The article addresses the trajectory and adaptative process of Chilean peasant agriculture from the mid-1970s to 2020. Our hypothesis is that peasant agricultural production has been forced into a process of permanent reconversion, which takes place every time a new agrarian policy is defined. Based on a review of secondary data, interviews, documents and other studies on agrarian transformation, we undertake a sociohistorical analysis of the adaptative process of peasant agriculture to these changes in the irrigated valleys of Chile’s central area. We also address the role played by the state in these developments. Our analysis highlights the difficulties of adapting to the neoliberal modernization process, as well as the most recent problems involving drought and the dispute over water in the central valley.
Agricultural adaptation strategies under Morales’s administration: The Case of a Guarni Community in the Bolivian Chaco
Authors: Martín Galán Vanesa
Published: April 2024

In Bolivia, the Morales administration promoted agricultural projects in Guarani communities with the purpose of enhancing climate resilience and strengthening the communities’ production capacities and systems. Though aligned with the government’s broader goal of decolonizing Indigenous realities, this objective proved questionable in the light of the government’s neoextractivist development model. Scholars have shown that the enhancement of climate resilience in Bolivia faces significant difficulties due to socio-structural barriers. A study of one local project based on ethnographic fieldwork between 2015 and 2016 in a Guarani community reveals that the limits of the decolonial horizon of radical pluridiversity in the MAS political project are key to understanding some of those difficulties. Rooted in the One World World paradigm (the dominant narrative of reality), the project reenacted a socio-ecological order that constrained Indigenous ways of life and agriculture and, therefore, the foundations on which Guaraní climate resilience has historically rested.

En Bolivia, el gobierno de Morales promovió proyectos agrícolas en comunidades guaraníes con el propósito de mejorar la resiliencia climática y fortalecer las capacidades y sistemas de producción de las comunidades, lo que estaba alineado con el objetivo más amplio del gobierno de descolonizar las realidades indígenas. Sin embargo, la descolonización y emancipación de los proyectos de vida indígena han sido cuestionadas a la luz del modelo de desarrollo neoextractivista del gobierno. Se ha demostrado que la mejora de la resiliencia climática enfrenta dificultades significativas debido a barreras socio-estructurales. El estudio de un proyecto local basado en el trabajo de campo etnográfico realizado entre 2015 y 2016 en una comunidad guaraní revela que los límites del horizonte decolonial de la pluridiversidad radical, en el proyecto político del MAS son clave para entender algunas de esas dificultades. Enraizado en el paradigma del Mundo Único (narrative dominante sobre la realidad), el proyecto recreó un orden socio-ecológico que limita las formas de vida y las agriculturas indígenas y, por lo tanto, los cimientos sobre los que históricamente se ha basado su resiliencia climática.
Fifty Years of Modern China: An International Journal of History and Social Science
Authors: Huang Philip C. C. , Bernhardt Kathryn
Published: April 2024

Looking back at the past half-century since the founding of the journal Modern China in 1975, we can see that in the beginning non–Chinese American scholars accounted for fully 73 percent of all articles. That figure remained at a fairly high 64 percent at the end of the century, but has declined greatly since, first down to 26 percent by 2005-2009, and further to just 11 percent in 2020-2022. That decline has been partly countered by the increasing numbers of Chinese-origin scholars (US citizens or not) based in the United States. At the same time, the proportion of articles published by mainland China–based scholars has steadily increased in the past two decades, reaching the present 28 percent. If we add to that articles by Chinese-origin scholars both inside and outside the United States, citizens or not, the total proportion rises to 65 percent, nearly two-thirds of all our articles, a sea change for the journal. Alongside that change, there has been the rise and expansion also of non–Chinese-origin scholars in the rest of the English–language world outside the United States, who now account for 24 percent of all our articles. Together these changes tell about the dramatic transnationalization of English language–based China studies as a whole, from mainly non–Chinese-origin American scholars to an ever-increasing proportion of Chinese-origin scholars, and from mainly a US endeavor to an ever more transnational one.