bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSVII-40 Late-Breaking Abstract: Ultrasonography and bacterial community of naturally occurring liver abscesses and non-abscessed livers in finishing Holstein steers
Authors: Stotz Miranda K , Crossland Whitney L
Published: November 2020

Liver abscesses persist in feedlot cattle representing a financial burden to both pre- and post-mortem sectors of the beef industry. Pre- and Post-mortem strategies are needed to understand onset, duration, and resolution of abscesses, etiology, and fully quantify their impact on performance. Holstein steers (n = 56; Initial BW=384±13.5 kg) consuming a finishing diet (90% concentrate) for 188 d (Final BW=660±42 kg) were used for live ultrasonography of the liver. Feed intake was recorded daily and BW and liver ultrasound images recorded every 28 d. At harvest, livers were graded and imaged to compare with ultrasound images. Tissue was sampled from both abscessed and non-abscessed livers and 16s rDNA sequencing performed. Steers ranked within feedlot performance variables for 188 days on feed (DOF) and the final 48 DOF were compared with post-mortem liver score using the FREQ procedure of SAS. A contingency table for abscess detection by ultrasound versus harvest was used to evaluate ultrasound accuracy. Abscess prevalence of Holstein steers was 60.7%. No relationship was detected between liver severity score and DMI, ADG and G:F calculated from the total days on feed (P ≥ 0.394). However, in the last 48 DOF, steers with non-abscessed or resolved liver abscesses tended to have greater ADG values (P = 0.099) and G:F (P = 0.049) than steers with mild and severely abscessed livers. Final ultrasound identified 14 of 23 abscessed livers. Abscesses not detected by ultrasound were inactive scars/adhesions, located on the visceral side or covered by lung or intestinal tissue. Non-abscessed and scarred livers had greater OTU richness and evenness while severely abscessed livers had greater dominance (P < 0.001). Beta-diversity indicated community separation of tissue from different severity scores. All 56 liver samples contained F. necrophorum and Bacteroides spp. DNA; abscessed or not. The true prevalence and duration of liver abscesses in finishing cattle requires greater pre-mortem surveillance.
PSVII-39 Late-Breaking Abstract: Enhancing production and Aleutian disease resilience in mink through advanced genomics
Authors: Miar Younes , Plastow Graham , Wang Zhiquan , Sargolzaei Mehdi
Published: November 2020

The fur industry is one of the oldest and the most historically significant industries in Canada. The industry has used American mink (Neovison vison) as the major source of fur for decades because of their high-quality fur and wide range of colours. This project will seek to (1) create the first accurate whole-genome sequence assembly of mink using next-generation sequencing technology to help understanding the biology and evolution of the order Carnivora, (2) design a robust and informative SNP assay for genomics discovery in mink, (3) discover genome structure and signature of selection as well as identify new genetic variants explaining variation in economically important traits, and (4) identify the genetic relationships among these traits including feed efficiency, Aleutian disease resilience, fur quality, reproductive performance, growth rate and pelt size. One hundred mink DNA samples from the Canadian Centre for Fur Animal Research at Dalhousie Agriculture Campus (Truro, Nova Scotia), and one breeding population (Millbank Fur Farm Limited, Rockwood, Ontario) were sequenced using next-generation whole-genome sequencing with more than 30x coverage to create the first SNP assay for American mink. A DNA panel composed of these sequenced mink from five color-types were assembled to identify the most homozygous individual as the reference animal for whole-genome sequence assembly development. The phenotypic data and DNA samples from 3,323 animals were collected and will be genotyped using the customized assay. The ultimate objective is to develop new tools for implementation of marker assisted selection or genomic selection in mink breeding programs for development of superior, highly efficient, and healthy animals. This approach will help improve the overall performance of the North American mink industry, which is now in difficulty due to several economic factors such as the high price of feed, declining price of fur and prevalence of diseases.
PSVIII-41 Late-Breaking Abstract: Milk urea level of dairy cows in Northern Kazakhstan
Authors: Shamshidin Alzhan , Aitmukhanbetov Daulet , Batyrgaliyev Yerkingali , Seitmuratov Anuarbek
Published: November 2020

The high milk productivity of cows with an inadequate feeding level is the cause of many animal diseases. To control protein and energy in feeding ration it may be used as an indicator the milk urea content (Nousiainen, J.K.J. Shingfield, and P. Huhtanen, 2004). The norm of its content is in the range of 15–30 mg% (Smith, J., G. Verkerk, B. McKay, 2000). The purpose of the work was to introduce milk urea indicator in Republic of Kazakhstan by the experience of USA and Canada milk labs. Research work was carried out under project “Improving the breeding methods efficiency.” The studies were carried out using infrared analyzer CombiFoss FT +. The results of the study are shown in table 1. As you can see, milk urea content in Agrofirm Rodina LLP was 34.25 ± 0.29 mg%. Analysis of cows diet in this farm showed, there it was protein excess by 7.9% in comparison with the norms. In the second farm, Esil-Agro LLP, it was a different case. Milk urea content was 11.7 mg%. Low level of urea in this case was the result of energy and protein lack in the diet of dairy cows. It can be concluded that in conditions of dairy farms in the Republic of Kazakhstan, milk urea can serve as reliable indicator of protein and energy level in the diets of dairy cows, monitoring its content will ensure the rational use of expensive protein feeds, preserving animal health and thereby increase the efficiency of milk production.
PSX-35 Late-Breaking Abstract: Use of total tract NDF and starch digestibility in beef cow and replacement heifer diet formulation
Authors: Dahlke Garland , Jakub Devin , Goeser John , Lundy Erika L
Published: November 2020

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of using the total tract neutral detergent fiber (TTNDFd) and starch digestibility methodology in the formulation of beef cow and replacement heifer rations. This methodology ultimately applies to the estimation of energy availability to the animal and accompanied performance as outlined by the NASEM 2016 Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle publication. Multiparous, Angus cows during the last two months of gestation and yearling replacement, Shorthorn heifers comprised the study. Cows received one of four, dry ingredient diets while heifers received a corn silage-based diet. Feed nutrient evaluation along with intake were documented and applied to the NASEM model for these cattle. Results were compared to actual performance. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) derived energy estimates which generally accompany commercial laboratory feed analysis reports were compared as well. A T-test between actual and projected growth was used to describe the difference. The T-test between the TTNDFd/Starch derived results did not show any statistical difference between the actual and projected results for heifers P(T< =t) 0.15 with an average ADG bias of -0.06 Kg. The cow results over the four diets P(T< =t) ranged from 0.41 to 0.004 with an average bias of 0.04 to 0.27 Kg overestimating ADG. The T-test between the ADF derived results showed a difference between the actual and estimated values for heifers P(T< =t) 0.0004 with an average ADG bias of 0.2 Kg. The cow results over the four diets likewise over estimated available energy substantially. Here the test ranged from P(T< =t) 0.03 to 0.0001 with an average bias of 0.35 to 0.7 Kg. It appears that TTNDFd methodology should be strongly considered in the evaluation of forages and in the development of ration formulation software for beef offered high levels of fiber in their ration.
PSX-30 Late-Breaking Abstract: Genotypes database of pedigree cattle population in Kazakhstan and the introduction of a calculating mechanism for livestock parentage verification
Authors: Tleulenov Zhumadiya , Yesseyeva Gainiya , Seitmuratov Anuarbek , Ayupova Almagul
Published: November 2020

A significant increase in pedigree cattle in Kazakhstan has led to scientific work on the conservation of breed genotypes in Kazakhstan and the development of imported breeds. Aim of work: creation a national database and collection of genotyped DNA samples of cattle in Kazakhstan and the introduction of an automated statistical and mathematical calculation of the local pedigree cattle parentage verification. The methodology of work has been the selection of biological samples and registration of data on the animal. DNA and STR locus testing have been performed at the University of Queensland’s Animal Genetics Laboratory (Australia). DNA genotyping was carried out using 21 polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite loci. The database of DNA genotypes of breeding animals has been written and introduced into the database of breeding livestock in Kazakhstan (www.plem.kz). The method of determining kinship and confirming the origin of the animal was implemented by calculating the probability of random coincidence of genetic markers, taking into account their distribution in the population according to the “product rule.” The frequency distribution of homozygous alleles for 12 microsatellite loci (table 1) recommended by ICAR and 21 DNA loci (table 2) in the context of breeds was calculated, which indicates an increase in reliability when calculating the origin of livestock, with an increase in the number of microsatellite loci studied to 21 markers. The lower probability threshold is established, with 95% statistical significance confirms the relationship between the compared animals (table 3). A database of genotyped DNA samples of beef and dairy cattle breeds in Kazakhstan has been created and is currently used in pedigree beef cattle breeding. Access to the DNA database is provided to Kazakhstan genetic laboratories, and an automated calculation of the mathematical probability of parentage verification for a breeding animal and the generation of a genetic certificate was introduced on the website www.plem.kz
PSV-25 Detection of heart and aorta tissue peptide markers by the multiple-reaction monitoring method
Authors: Khvostov Daniil , Vostrikova Natalya , Chernukha Irina M
Published: November 2020

Functional, particularly personalized meat-based foods are of more in demand by a consumer today. Functional additives, such as plant components and animal proteins from bovine or porcine tissues have been successfully used. With many ingredients added to foods, it is important to provide quality and composition monitoring to confirm the products’ authenticity, to identify undeclared or rarely used types of raw meat in product formulations. For example, if animal heart tissue is a component of a product formulation or if aorta tissue presents in a product due to improper trimming. Different methods are used to identify raw materials, including new approaches in proteomics and peptidomics that are considered the most effective modern methods nowadays. The purpose of the study is meat product composition analysis and special biomarker peptide identification to confirm the presence of heart and aorta tissue in a finished meat product. Over 20 amino acid sequences were checked based on earlier obtained data. Those amino acid sequences were analyzed with a high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection as described. The MS settings were selected using the Skyline. Signal-to-Noise ratio (S/N) over 10 units were used to choose the best peptide candidates. Seven peptides were found in porcine hearts. The best candidate was peptide VNVDEVGGEALGR (S/N - 73.10±5.3) from β-Hemoglobin. Two marker peptides from serum albumin were selected for pork aorta: TVLGNFAAFVQK (S/N 53.51±2.4) and EVTEFAK (S/N 31.69±4.1). These biomarkers showed the best detection and specificity. The multiply reaction monitoring method made it possible to identify the most/best specific peptides—biomarkers that could confirm the heart and/or aorta in meat products. The method can be used for comparative research or identification of best peptides that are specific to any type of animal tissue. The work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 16-16- 10073.
PSIII-23 Effect of feed antioxidants on behavior and stress resistance of fattening pigs
Authors: Nekrasov Roman V , Chabaev Magomed G , Tsis Elena Y , Bogolyubova Nadezhda V , Mishurov Alexey V , Rykov Roman A
Published: November 2020

Antioxidants application (selenium, vitamin E and flavonoids) in pig diets provides solving the problem of oxidative stress effects. The research aims to study the efficiency of supplement Taxifolin feeding to reduce the stress effects. Experiments were performed using crossbred [(BWxL)xD] pigs (BW1=34.5–34.9 kg, N=36, n = 9) during the fattening period. Animals were allocated to 4 groups: 1 – control (standard forage – SF, without stress – STR-), 2 – control (SF, STR+), 3 – experimental (SF+0.2 mg kg Se, STR+), 4 – experimental group (SF+32 mg kg TAX, STR+). The animals were kept for 3 heads in a stall and to simulate technological stress, they were rotated within the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th groups every 14 days. The incidence of animal anxiety was directly dependent on the recorded acts of aggression (17%; 29%; 29%; 25% & 8%; 27%; 35%; 30% of the total incidence, according to the experimental groups). In general, for the whole fattening period, the average daily gain increase by 1,6% was recorded in the fourth experimental group compared to the first control group (1012.1±43.5 vs. 996.4±32.8 g, P > 0.5). The Taxifolin effect was manifested as an “adaptive factor” to external stimuli under simulated stress, and contributed to a decrease in cortisol level in the animals’ blood at the end of the experiment (215±53 vs. 309±107, 294±111, 305±61 nmol/l, P > 0.5). At the end of the experiment pigs fed with Taxifolin had the higher lysis rate by 19.2% (42.0±4.8 vs. 22.8±2.5, P < 0.5), the lysozyme content in the blood serum – by 0.35 µg/ml (0.79±0.10 vs. 0.44±0.04 µg/ml, P < 0,5) compared to the control. Consequently, stressors prevention by using natural antioxidants (bioflavonoids) is justified. The work was supported by the grant No. 19-16-00068 of the Russian Science Foundation and GZ АААА-А18-118021590136-7.
PSIII-24 Effect of two sources of encapsulated sodium butyrate on broilers performance
Authors: Sol Cinta , Puyalto Mónica , Mallo Juan José
Published: November 2020

The study was conducted to elucidate effects of feed supplementation with two sources of encapsulated sodium butyrate (ESB, ~30% sodium butyrate encapsulated with vegetable fat) respect to a control diet, on broilers performance. A total of 960 Ross308 one-day-old chicks were randomly distributed into 3 treatments with 16 replicates and 20 birds per replicate: CON (control diet), AD (CON + 2.19kg/tn of ESB from supplier 1) and GUSTOR (CON + 2.19kg/tn of ESB from supplier 2). Feed and water were offered ad libitum. Performance was recorded at 0, 21 and 42d at pen level, and the results presented were corrected by mortality; gut morphology from jejunum at 42 days was also recorded. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA using the GLM procedure of SAS. Regarding body weight, some numerical differences were observed between control and groups with ESB at 21d (777g, 786g, and 784g, for CON, AD and GUSTOR, respectively) and at 41d (2719g, 2727g and 2734g, for CON, AD and GUSTOR, respectively). From 0-21d, 22-42d and 0-42d average daily feed intake (ADFI, g/d) was significantly affected by treatment (0-42d: 101b, 100b, 98a, for CON, AD and GUSTOR, respectively, P = 0.045). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) followed the same trend and was significantly improved by GUSTOR at 21 (0-21d: 1.52b, 1.52b and 1.48a for CON, AD and GUSTOR, respectively, P = 0.002) and at 42 days (0-42d: 1.59b, 1.58b and 1.56a for CON, AD and GUSTOR, respectively, P < 0.001). No differences were found in villus height and density, crypt depth and density, number of goblet cells and mucus layer in jejunum at 42d. As expected, the results showed no differences on gut morphology due to a totally encapsulated active principle without activity in the small intestine. Even though both ESB were similar, birds supplemented with ESB-GUSTOR were more efficient than birds supplemented with ESB-AD.
PSII-38 Tolerable upper intake levels of iron damage the intestine and alter the intestinal flora in weaned piglets
Authors: Ding Haoxuan , Han Jianan , Feng Jie
Published: November 2020

Iron supplementation has been an intervention to improve iron storage and prevent iron deficiency anaemia in weaned piglets. NRC has set recommended nutrient intake (RNI) and tolerable upper intake levels (UL). The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential harm of UL iron to the gut and microbes of weaned piglets. Thirty 23-day old weaned piglets assigned to three dietary treatments: a basal diet supplemented with 100 (RNI), 300, or 3000 (UL) mg FeSO4/kg diet for 28 days. Piglets were then euthanized, and the gut and cecum microbes were collected. UL iron significantly reduced the height of the villi in the duodenum, ileum, and jejunum of weaned piglets, and showed duodenal mitochondrial swelling (P < 0.05). The addition of UL iron to the diet significantly reduced the expression of tight junction proteins Claudin-1, Occludin, and ZO-1 in weaned piglet duodenal mucosa (P < 0.05). The protein levels of DMT1 and Zip14 decreased (P < 0.05), and the protein levels of ferritin increased in the duodenal mucosa of UL iron fed weaned piglets (P < 0.05). Moreover, UL iron also increased the content of ROS and MDA and decreased the activity of SOD in the weaned piglet duodenal mucosa (P < 0.05). Additionally, UL iron significantly increased intestinal microbial diversity and species richness in weaned piglets. At the phylum level, UL iron supplementation was associated with a significant increase in Proteobacteria relative abundance, and significantly decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes (P < 0.05). At the genus level, the relative abundance of Clostridiales, Faecalibacterium, and Prevotellaceae decreased significantly (P < 0.05), while the relative abundance of Desulfovibrio and Anaerovibrio increased significantly (P < 0.05). In conclusion, UL iron caused damage to the intestinal villi, damaged the intestinal barrier, reduced iron absorption, induced oxidative stress, led to histopathological changes, and modified the intestinal microbial structure in weaned piglets.
PSVI-20 The Effect of Resistant Starch Type II on Satiety Hormones of Fasting Dogs
Authors: Alvarenga Isabella Corsato , Jewell Dennis E , Jackson Matthew , Aldrich Charles G
Published: November 2020

Resistant starches comprise the starch fraction that escapes small intestine (SI) digestion and reaches the colon, where it is fermented by saccharolytic bacteria that produce beneficial postbiotics. Moreover, slowly digestible starches lower glycemic index and may promote satiety. The objectives of this study were to assess whether diets having increased RS perturbed fasting levels of satiety hormones in dogs. Diets with three levels of resistant starch (RS type II) were produced via extrusion at three levels of mechanical energy. Nine male and 15 female adult Beagle dogs were fed the low, medium and high RS foods in a 3x3 Latin square design (n = 24). The study was approved by IACUC at Hill’s Pet Nutrition (# 883.0.0.0). Fasting blood was collected in the morning on days 27 and 28 of each period, and serum was separated and frozen at -70°C until analysis. Satiety hormones were measured by ELISA. Data was first converted to natural log to approximate normal distribution and then analyzed as a mixed model by the GLIMMIX procedure from SAS (v 9.4) with diet as fixed effect and dog and period as random effects. Ghrelin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucagon, leptin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and peptide YY (PYY) were not different across treatments likely due to the fasting state of dogs. Surprisingly, only insulin increased with higher RS consumption. It is possible that more propionate (not measured) was produced in the colon of dogs fed the high RS diet, which went through gluconeogenesis in the liver and resulted in a change in the time of glucose entering the blood stream. This could explain the insulin increase during fasting, but needs to be verified by measurement of fecal SCFA. Future research should explore the effect of type II RS on satiety hormones at multiple time points postprandial.
PSXI-23 Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community diversity from feces of pasture-raised broiler and layer chickens, swine, and beef cattle in the Southeastern USA
Authors: Min Byeng Ryel , Castleberry Lana , Rothrock Michael , Rutherford Laura Lee , Waldrip Heidi , Parker David , Brauer David , Pitta Dipti , Indugu Nagaraju
Published: November 2020

Animal manure can be a source of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) and pharmaceutical residues; however, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the presence of ARGs in pastured livestock systems. The objective was to determine the effects of four pasture-raised livestock species (broiler and layer chickens, swine, and beef cattle) on three different farms on fecal antibiotic residues (AR), microbial community diversity (MCD), and ARGs. Fecal DNA was collected (25 g each), homogenized, and extracted (0.2 g) using a Fecal/Soil Microbe DNA MimiPrep Kit. 16S rRNA, an estimate of the total MCD, was sequenced. Sulfonamide (Sul; Sul1) and tetracycline (Tet; TetA) ARGs were enumerated by qPCR. The results indicated that average fecal Tet AR tended to be greater (P = 0.09) for broiler chickens (11.4 µg kg-1) than for other livestock species (1.8-0.06 µg kg1), while chlortetracycline, lincomycine, oxytetracycline, and sulfachloropyridazine AR were similar among livestock species. There were interactions (P < 0.01) between farms and animal species for fecal pH and concentrations of total carbon, magnesium, sulfur, copper, and lead across animal species. In addition, cattle and swine samples showed a high degree of variability (α- and □-diversities) in fecal MCD, compared to broiler and layer fecal samples (P < 0.01). Firmicutes were the most abundant bacterial phylum in broiler (85.3%) and layer (80.0%) chickens (P < 0.01), as compared to swine (64.4%) and cattle (62.1%). The Sul1 (P < 0.05) and TetA (P < 0.001) ARGs in layer hens were the highest (16.5 x 10–4 and 1.4 x 10–4), followed by broiler chickens (2.9 x 10–4 and 1.7 x 10–4), swine (0.22 x 10–4 and 0.20 x 10–4), and beef cattle (0.19 x 10–4 and 0.02 x 10–4). This study indicated that individual farm management practices and specific animal species affected content of fecal AR, the fecal MCD, and ARG status in pasture-raised animals.
PSXI-25 The effect of plant tannins on methane and nitrous oxide emissions from dairy manure under laboratory conditions
Authors: Min Byeng Ryel , Parker David , Casey Kenneth , Willis Will , Castleberry Lana , Meyer Beverly , Robbe Heather , Waldrip Heidi
Published: November 2020

Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG; methane, CH4; nitrous oxide, N2O) from dairy cattle manure contribute to global climate change. The aim of this study was to assess the associative effects of three different levels [0, 4 and 8% wet weight (WW) basis] of condensed tannins (CT; quebracho tannins) and hydrolysable tannins (HT; chestnut tannins) on CH4 and N2O emissions. The dairy manure consisted of a 50:50 volume mixture of fresh feces and dry manure scraped from the surface of an open-lot dairy in the Texas panhandle. Control (0% tannin), 4%, and 8% of CT or HT (w/w) were added to each bucket and homogenized with a hand mixer for 5 min. Aliquots of 220 g (WW) manure, with or without tannins, were placed into 1 L fermentation bottles (n = 3, total of 18 bottles) and incubated at 39o C for 14 days. A second set of 18 fermenters were set up in the same manner for sample collection at 0, 2, 3, 6, and 9 h to discern changes in pH and redox status. There were no differences in redox values with the addition of either tannin type to in vitro fermenters. However, application of CT to dairy manure reduced (P < 0.05-0.01) cumulative CH4 emissions by 68 to 63% at the concentrations of 4 and 8% WW, respectively, compared with the non-tannin control group. Both CT and HT decreased cumulative N2O emissions (P < 0.02). Examination of the emission kinetics revealed a tradeoff (interchange or pollution swapping) between CH4 and N2O emissions when tannins were applied to manure. These results suggested that the inclusion of 4% CT (WW) is a promising technique for reducing CH4 and N2O emissions from excreted dairy manure. Further study is warranted to investigate the effects of feeding CT and HT on manure-derived GHG in dairy systems.
PSXI-11 Drinking device can reduce apparent water consumption and improve device cleanliness without impairing calf performance
Authors: Devant Maria , Verdu Marçal , Medinya Carles , Riera Joan , Marti Sonia
Published: November 2020

Drinker devices can affect feed and water intake, which then affect performance, as well as device cleanliness, water quality and spillage. One hundred and eighteen Holstein male calves (311 ± 1.4 kg and 228 ± 0.6 d of age) were used in a randomized block design to evaluate the effect of drinker device on concentrate and water intake, performance and water spillage during the winter months. Calves were allocated in 6 pens (3 pens/treatment; 19 to 20 calves/pen) with one computerized concentrate feeder and one straw feeder. Pens were assigned to one of the two treatments: one water through (TRO, 35 cm x 35 cm, no pressure was required) or one bowl with nipple facing up (BO, bowl with a 20 cm diameter and 5-cm nipple, bite-style that was activated then animals pressed the nipple). Concentrate and water intake were recorded daily, body weight (BW), drinker device cleanliness, and water spillage (DM of bedding under the drinker) fortnightly, and water quality monthly. Data were analyzed using a mixed-effects model. Final BW, average daily gain, and concentrate intake were not affected by treatment. Apparent water intake tended (P = 0.10) to be greater in TRO (26.5 ± 0.39 L/day) than in BO (25.5 ± 0.39 L/day) and water spillage was lesser in TRO (70.3 ± 1.67 % DM) than BO (75.6 ± 1.67 % DM) pens. No differences in water quality parameters were observed despite cleanliness of TRO was lesser compared with BO devices (83.3 % vs 2.0% had presence of feed, respectively, P < 0.001). Data of the present study are promising; the bowl nipple device reduces 4% apparent water consumption and water spillage with no impairment in animal performance and improving device cleanliness. A replicate trial will be run during summer months to contrast and complete the present study results.
PSXI-24 Production cost feedlot beef cattle in the southeast and central-western regions of Brazil: Analyzes from 2017 to 2019
Authors: Moreno Danny , Sartorello Gustavo L , Boldrin Guilherme , Reis Beatriz Q , Rezende Vanessa , Alves Laya , Souza Miguel , Gameiro Augusto H
Published: November 2020

The aims were to evaluate and compare the total cost (TC) and feedlot cattle production cost index (ICBC) in the states of São Paulo (SP) and Goiás (GO) from April of 2017 until December of 2019. In addition, the progress of ICBC was compared with the General Price Index - Internal Availability (IGP-DI) in that same period. This research has been developed at the Laboratory of Socioeconomic Analyses and Animal Science (LAE) of the University of São Paulo (USP). The LAE monitors all the prices of basic inputs used in the feedlot system monthly these states and updates the data to create the ICBC. The feedlot of the states of SP and GO were delimited in three representative properties, two for SP (CSPm and CSPg) and one for GO (CGO). We found that among the evaluation period the accumulated inflation by the IGP-DI was 15.1%, while in the ICBC it was 22%, 21.7% and 38.3% for CSPm, CSPg and CGO, respectively. In other words, there was a real increase of 6.9%, 6.6% and 23.2%, in that same order, for farmers. CSPm, CSPg and CGO showed similar TC in April 2017 and September 2019. However, in October 2019 the TC per kg of live weight (LW) increased until the end of the evaluation period (December 2019), this being $3.52, $3.46 and $3.62 per kg of LW, respectively. Our findings on cost items increased more in the State of GO than SP. Purchase animals and the inputs of the diet were the main cost items that influence the TC. It was concluded that in the southeast and central-western regions of Brazil, farmers had real increases in their production costs in the feedlot. Furthermore, there was greater variability in ICBC compared to IGP-DI.
PSXI-8 Corn stover feedlot diets with elevated mycotoxins and binder effect on cattle performance
Authors: Karls Caleb , Schaefer Mitch , Schaefer Dan
Published: November 2020

Weather conditions often dictate the quality of corn, corn silage, and corn stover harvested for livestock feed. When growing and/or harvest conditions are wet, mycotoxin producing fungi can flourish. Mycotoxin levels were determined to be elevated in the fall 2018 corn crop (Table 1). A 3 x 2 factorial experiment was initiated to observe effects of a mycotoxin binder, hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (Engage-M, United Animal Health, Sheridan, IN), on cattle performance. Three treatment diets with elevated mycotoxin levels were amended with Engage-M fed at 0 or 14 g hd-1 d-1. Steers (n = 72, 12 pens total) were fed during Grow (21 d) and Finish (51 d) phases. During the Grow phase a 52% corn silage, 20% DDGS, and 8% supplement basal diet was fed and treatments were an additional 20% diet DM included as corn silage (CSIL), conventional corn stover (CST), or single-pass bale stover (SPB). Cattle fed Engage-M during Grow phase had numerically higher daily gains, 1.35 kg d-1, compared to no binder, 1.26 kg d-1 (P = 0.17). During the Finish phase, all cattle were fed similarly (72.1% rolled corn, 12% corn silage, 8.9% DDGS, 7% supplement diet DM). Cattle fed Engage-M tended (P = 0.09) to have increased daily gains, 2.07 kg d-1, compared to no binder, 1.9 kg d-1. Dry matter intake was similar for both treatments during the Finish trial, 12.9 kg hd-1 d-1 (P = 0.83), suggesting the increase in cattle performance was due to improved utilization of feed and not feed intake. The Finish phase feed to gain ratio was 6.25 vs. 6.83 (P = 0.06) with and without Engage-M, respectively. The trend was for cattle fed Engage-M to be 9.2% more efficient. The present study suggests that feeding Engage-M may increase cattle performance when diets have elevated levels of zearalenone and vomitoxin.
PSII-11 Effect of a feed supplement composed of native rumen microorganisms on feedlot steer digestive health
Authors: Yang Fan , Embree Jordan , Gilmore Sean , Embree Mallory M
Published: November 2020

Feedlot cattle that receive high grain diets are prone to developing rumen acidosis. The rumen microbiome is a critical part of feed digestion, and thus naturally occurring, native rumen microorganisms may alleviate digestive distress. A daily, in feed microbial feed supplement (MFS) (Magnius, ASCUS Biosciences Inc, San Diego, CA) containing three native rumen microbes (Chordacoccus ruminofurens, Prevotella albensis, and Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens) was evaluated. Seventy-five commercial feedlot steers (Johnson Research, LLC, Parma, Idaho) were split into three treatment groups, 25 control, 25 low-dose (3E8 cells/steer/day), and 25 high-dose (3E9 cells/steer/day). The study included three periods: acclimation (28 days), grow-out period 1 (68 days), and grow-out period 2 (73 days). The animals were individually penned for the acclimation and grow-out period 1, and were collapsed into 7–9 steers per pen for grow-out period 2. The finishing ration for grow-out period 2 was also adjusted to 89.77% concentrate (DM) from 85.56% during grow-out period 1. No significant performance differences among treatment groups were observed during grow-out period 1. In grow-out period 2, the average daily weight gain of mid-weight steers was significantly higher (P = 0.04) in animals receiving a high-dose of MFS than controls. Additionally, the rumen pH of experimental steers were significantly higher than the controls (P < 0.001) during grow-out period 2. The rumen microbiome shifts further supported the observed pH differences. A strong (R2 >0.6) and significant negative correlation (P < 0.001) was observed between rumen pH and rumen dissolved %CO2 in all three treatment groups throughout the study. This is consistent with literature reporting that rumen CO2 accumulation may contribute significantly to rumen acidosis. These findings demonstrate the promise of using microbial based feed supplements in the improvement of feedlot cattle digestive health and performance.
PSIX-7 Grazing toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue does not influence pancreatic or small intestinal digestive enzyme activities in beef steers
Authors: Trotta Ronald J , Klotz James L , Matthews James , Swanson Kendall C
Published: November 2020

The objective of this experiment was to determine the influence of toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue exposure on pancreatic and small intestinal digestive enzyme activities in steers. Twelve fescue-naive beef steers [693 ± 42.7 kg of body weight (BW)] were stratified by BW and randomly assigned within BW ranks to graze non-toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue (NTE, n = 6; 0.01 ± 0.009 mg ergovaline + ergovalinine/kg) or toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue (TE, n = 6; 0.50 ± 0.048 mg ergovaline + ergovalinine/kg) pastures for 84 d. After the grazing period, steers were weighed and then slaughtered in three groups for tissue collection. A 1-m segment of the small intestine was collected 5-m distal to the pyloric sphincter. Subsamples of the small intestinal mucosa and pancreas were collected, homogenized in saline, and assayed for protein concentration. Pancreatic and small intestinal digestive enzyme activities were assayed. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS as a randomized complete block design for effects of treatment and slaughter group (blocking factor). Steers grazing NTE pastures had a greater (P < 0.001) average daily gain (0.282 vs -0.631 kg/d) and final BW at slaughter (739 vs 620 kg) than steers grazing TE pastures. Small intestinal segment mass and mucosal density (P ≥ 0.16) were not influenced by treatment. Grazing TE pasture did not influence (P ≥ 0.21) pancreatic or small intestinal protein concentrations. Pancreatic α-amylase and trypsin activity per gram pancreas (P ≥ 0.21) or per gram pancreatic protein (P ≥ 0.30) were not influenced by fescue treatment. Small intestinal glucoamylase, isomaltase, and maltase activities did not differ between steers grazing NTE or TE pastures when expressed per gram of intestinal tissue (P ≥ 0.47) or per gram of intestinal protein (P ≥ 0.60). These data indicate that decreased gains observed in cattle consuming TE are not a result of decreased pancreatic or small intestinal digestive enzyme activities.
PSIX-6 Gastrointestinal microbiome of calves fed solid diets containing different levels and sources of NDF
Authors: Virgínio Júnior Gercino F , Poczynek Milaine , Silva Ana Paula , Toledo Ariany , Cezar Amanda , Coutinho Luiz , Montenegro Horácio , Bittar Carla Maris M
Published: November 2020

Different levels and sources of NDF can modify the gastrointestinal microbiome. This study evaluated 18 Holstein calves housed in not-bedded suspended individual cages and fed one of three treatments: 22NDF - conventional starter containing 22% NDF (n = 7); 31NDF - starter with 31% NDF, replacing part of the corn by soybean hull (n = 6); and 22NDF+H - conventional starter with 22% NDF plus coast-cross hay ad libitum (n = 5). All animals received 4 L of milk replacer daily (24% CP; 18.5% fat; diluted to 12.5% solids), divided into two meals, being weaned at 8th week of age. After weaning, animals were housed in tropical shelters, fed with the respective solid diet and coast-cross hay ad libitum for all treatments. To evaluate the microbiome, ruminal fluid samples were collected using a modified Geishauser oral probe at weeks 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10, two hours after the morning feeding, and fecal samples were collected at birth (0) and at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10. The microbial community was determined by sequencing V3 and V4 region amplicons of the 16S rRNA gene that was amplified by PCR and sequenced by the Illumina MiSeq platform. Ruminal microbiome had no differences in diversity for the effects of weeks, treatments or interaction of both factors (Table 1). In feces, the diversity indices and evenness were higher for 22NDF+H when compared to 22NDF, with no difference for 31NDF. All indices were significantly affected by calves age. At birth, calves had the greatest diversity and richness. Week 1 and 2 had less evenness and diversity. Bacteroidota, Firmicutes_A and Firmicutes_C were the most abundant phylum in rumen and feces. The supply of hay was only effective in modifying the fecal microbiome of dairy calves, suggesting a resilience in the ruminal microbiome.
PSIX-21 Performance and health of dairy calves fed with acidified milk in tropical climates
Authors: Coelho Marina , Tomaluski Cristiane , Dondé Sophia , Toledo Ariany , Bernardes João Pedro , Jeronymo Nathalia , Virgínio Júnior Gercino F , Silva Marcos , Reis Maria Eduarda , Bittar Carla Maris M
Published: November 2020

The acidification of milk is used in mild climate countries as a way of conservation because it reduces the feed bacteriological load and consequently improves the animals’ performance. However, this management is hampered in hot climates. Thirty-tree males and female Holstein colostrum-fed newborn calves were used in a randomized block experimental design and fed different liquid feed: refrigerated whole milk (WM); acidified milk kept in room temperature (AM); or a commercial milk replacer (MR: 22.9% CP; 18.8% fat; 16% solids). The animals were housed in individual shelters with free access to water and starter concentrate since 2d of age. Calves were fed 6L of liquid diet divided in two meals until their gradual weaning at 56d of age. The milk was acidified to a pH of 4.5 with formic acid 12 hours prior to feeding and kept in ambient temperature (23.7°C). The pH was monitored and corrected to the target pH before each meal. Blood samples were weekly collected and health was evaluated daily. No effect on feed intake was observed (Table 1). Feeding AM decreased calves’ weight gain as compared to that for WM fed calves but with no difference from those fed MR. Fecal scores was higher for MR as compared to WM fed calves, but with no difference from AM. However, AM calves presented higher average rectal temperature than WM fed calves, but a lower number of days with fever. AM is an alternative for feeding calves in tropical climates with performance similar to that observed for MR but with lower days with fever.
PSIX-11 In vitro fermentation parameters of defatted hemp samples at different levels of irrigation
Authors: Silva Aghata , Norris Aaron , Franco Arturo , De Moura Felipe H , Fonseca Mozart
Published: November 2020

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of defatted hemp under three irrigation regimes (0, 100, and 200 mm: DF0, DF1, and DF2 respectively) on in vitro fermentation parameters relative to alfalfa (Medicago sativa). Fermentation kinetics was accessed through in vitro gas production technique. Two ruminally cannulated Angus steers were used as inoculum donors in four incubation runs. For each incubation, four 160-mL serum bottles containing 200 mg of air-dried samples were incubated in 14 mL of buffering media and 4 mL of rumen inoculum. Each incubation spanned 48h with gas production measured at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48-h post-incubation. In vitro true digestibility of dry matter (IVTDMD) and organic matter (IVTOMD), total gas production (TGP), metabolizable energy (ME) and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. Hemp and alfalfa were compared via orthogonal contrast using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (version 9.4) with treatment as fixed effect and run as a random. Relative to alfalfa (Alf) hemp displayed increased TGP (P < 0.01; 31.1 vs. 27.47 mL) that remained following correction for DM and OM (P ≤ 0.05). Similarly, IVTDMD and IVTOMD were higher for hemp (P < 0.01; 77.7 vs. 70.2% and 81.7 vs. 73.9%). Hemp yielded slightly higher ME (P = 0.03) but equivalent total VFA production when compared to Alf (P = 0.62), even when corrected for DM and OM. Irrigation at 200 mm decreased TGP and fermentability of fat-extracted hemp (p-value). Results also indicate that irrigation at its highest level is detrimental to the availability of ME for rumen microbes, but not with the expense of the in vitro digestibility (IVTDMD and IVTOMD) nor in total VFA produced. In conclusion, defatted hemp samples appear to have greater digestibility and ME with equivalent VFA production relative to alfalfa.
PSIX-19 Leucine supplementation alters immune responses and blood metabolites of lambs exposed to endotoxin
Authors: Birkenstock Bianca , Catey Mary , McIntosh Stacia , Lopez Francesca , Klump Logan , Ashley Ryan , Scholljegerdes Eric J , Loest Clint A
Published: November 2020

This study evaluated effects of supplemental Leu on immune responses and blood metabolites of 29 wether lambs (43.8±10.7 kg) exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Lambs were fed (1.8% BW daily) a diet of 70% alfalfa hay and 30% corn-based supplement in equal portions twice daily. Lambs were adapted to dietary treatments for 7 days followed by 24-hour collections. Treatments (2×3 factorial) were subcutaneous injection of saline (-LPS) or saline containing LPS to supply 3μg (+LPS) per kg BW on day 7, and daily supplementation of no Leu (NO-LEU), intravenously-infused Leu (IV-LEU), or dietary ruminally-protected Leu (RP-LEU). The IV-LEU and RP-LEU supplied L-Leu at 15mg/kg BW daily. Lambs received jugular catheters 7 days before LPS. Rectal temperature and tumor necrosis factor-α were greater for +LPS than -LPS lambs receiving NO-LEU, and not different between +LPS and -LPS lambs receiving IV-LEU and RP-LEU (LPS×LEU; P≤0.10). Cortisol was greater for +LPS than -LPS lambs 2, 4, and 8 hours after LPS (LPS×hour; P < 0.01). Haptoglobin (24 hours after LPS) was greater for +LPS than -LPS lambs (P < 0.01). Lymphocytes were lower for +LPS than -LPS lambs receiving NO-LEU, and not different between +LPS and -LPS lambs receiving IV-LEU and RP-LEU (LPS×LEU; P = 0.03). Serum glucose was not different at 0, 1, 2, and 4 hours, but lower for +LPS than -LPS lambs 8 hours after LPS (LPS×hour; P = 0.06). Serum Leu, isoleucine, and valine were lower for +LPS than -LPS lambs 4, 8, and 12 hours after LPS (LPS×hour; P < 0.01). Serum Leu was greater for IV-LEU than NO-LEU and RP-LEU at 0 hours, not different among Leu treatments at 1, 2, 4, and 8 hours, and lower for IV-LEU and RP-LEU than NO-LEU 12 hours after LPS (LEU×hour; P < 0.01). These results indicate that Leu supplementation attenuates the inflammatory response to an endotoxin in sheep.
PSVI-6 Effects of feeding a novel alfalfa leaf pellet (ProLEAF MAX™) and an alfalfa stem byproduct (ProFiber Plus™) on growth and conception rates of developing dairy heifers
Authors: Smith Laura A , Young Allen Y , Briggs Reganne K , Brady Tevan J , Reichhardt Caleb C , Thornton Kara J
Published: November 2020

Alfalfa is a commonly grown forage in the Intermountain west and is often included in rations for dairy animals. This study investigated the effects of including novel alfalfa products: ProLEAF MAX™ (PLM), an alfalfa leaf pellet; and ProFiber Plus™ (PFP), alfalfa stems, in the ration of dairy heifers on growth, feed efficiency, and conception. Heifers were stratified by weight and farm origin, and randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups (n = 8/treatment): control (CON, typical ration that included alfalfa hay), PLM+PFP (a ration that replaced alfalfa hay with PLM and PFP), or PFP (a ration that replaced alfalfa hay with PFP). Heifers were fed for 84 d in individual pens and feed intake and refusals were recorded daily. Weight, hip height, and wither height were recorded every two weeks and blood was collected every four weeks. Additionally, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and conception rates were measured. Data were analyzed with day as a repeated measure and treatment as a fixed effect. Heifers fed the CON ration had increased (P < 0.05) weight gain, hip height, and dry matter intake over time compared to the treatment groups. There was a treatment*time (P < 0.05) effect on feed efficiency where heifers fed the PFP had more variable feed efficiency than CON or PLM+PFP. Treatment had an effect (P > 0.03) on BUN where CON heifers had increased BUN compared to those fed PFP. No differences (P < 0.05) were observed in conception. These data provide insight into how performance of growing heifers is affected when novel alfalfa products are included in the ration and indicate that inclusion of PFP might decrease growth of heifers by decreasing DMI. More research needs to be done to determine whether there is an optimal amount of these products to include in heifer rations.
PSVI-8 Effects of feeding ensiled or dried grape pomace on measures of nitrogen utilization in backgrounding cattle
Authors: Chibisa Gwinyai E , Ream Cody , Stevens Allison
Published: November 2020

Because of its content of polyphenolic compounds, feeding grape pomace (GP) could alter nitrogen (N) utilization in cattle in a manner that limits urinary N excretion and, thus, reactive N emissions. However, the preservation method used for GP, whose shelf-life is limited when fresh, could potentially cause changes in the bioactivity of the polyphenolic compounds. This study evaluated the effects of feeding either ensiled or sun-dried GP on ruminal ammonia-N (NH3-N) and plasma urea-N (PUN) concentrations, and route of N excretion in backgrounding cattle. Six ruminally-cannulated beef heifers were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design with 21-d periods. Dietary treatments were (DM basis): 1) a typical backgrounding diet (CON), 2) CON + 15% ensiled GP, and 3) CON + 15% sun-dried GP. Grape pomace partially replaced triticale silage in the diet. Ruminal fluid (d 19 at 3 h post-feeding), blood (d 21 at 3 h post-feeding), and fecal grab and spot urine samples (d 19 at 0900, 1500, and 2100; d 20 at 0300, 1200, and 1800 h; d 21 at 0000 and 0600 h) were collected and analyzed for metabolites. Data was analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS. There was no diet effect (P ≥ 0.48) on N intake, and ruminal NH3-N and PUN concentrations. Urine N (g/d and % of N intake) and urea-N (g/d) output were lower (P < 0.01) for heifers fed GP-containing diets than the CON diet. However, fecal N excretion (g/d and % of N intake) was greater (P = 0.01) for heifers fed GP-containing diets than the CON diet. In summary, although there was no diet effect ruminal NH3-N and PUN concentrations, feeding GP irrespective of preservation method, was effective in changing the route of N excretion from urine to feces, which is beneficial from an environmental standpoint.