bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adenoviral-Mediated Transduction of Human Pancreatic Islets: Importance of Adenoviral Genome for Cell Viability and Association with a Deficient Antiviral Response
Authors: Barbu Andreea R. , Akusjärvi Göran , Welsh Nils
Published: February 2005

As adenoviral vectors are extensively used for genetic manipulation of insulin-producing cells in vitro, there is an increasing need to evaluate their effects on the function, morphology, and viability of transduced pancreatic islets. In the present study we observed that specific adenoviral genotypes, carrying E4 and E1/E3 deletions, correlate with differential induction of necrosis in pancreatic islet cells. In particular, the adenovirus death protein encoded from the E3 region of the adenoviral genome was able to modulate the changes induced in the morphology and viability of the transduced cells. We also propose a putative role for the transcriptional regulator pIX. Although human islet cells showed an increased resistance in terms of viral concentrations required for the induction of cell toxicity, our results showed that they were unable to build up an efficient antiviral response after transduction and that their survival was dependent on the exogenous addition of α-interferon. An intact and fully functional β-cell is crucial for the successful application of gene therapy approaches in type 1 diabetes, and therefore, the implications of our findings need to be considered when designing vectors for gene transfer into pancreatic β-cells.
Integration of the Extranuclear and Nuclear Actions of Estrogen
Authors: Levin Ellis R.
Published: February 2005

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are localized to many sites within the cell, potentially contributing to overall estrogen action. In the nucleus, estrogen mainly modulates gene transcription, and the resulting protein products determine the cell biological actions of the sex steroid. In addition, a small pool of ERs localize to the plasma membrane and signal mainly though coupling, directly or indirectly, to G proteins. In response to steroid, signal transduction modulates both nontranscriptional and transcriptional events and impacts both the rapid and more prolonged actions of estrogen. Cross-talk from membrane-localized ERs to nuclear ERs can be mediated through growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, such as epidermal growth factor receptor and IGF-I receptor. Growth factor receptors enact signal transduction to kinases such as ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that phosphorylate and activate nuclear ERs, and this can also occur in the absence of sex steroid. A complex relationship between the membrane and nuclear effects of estrogen also involves membrane-initiated phosphorylation of coactivators, recruiting these proteins to the nuclear transcriptosome. Finally, large pools of cytoplasmic ERs exist, and some are localized to mitochondria. The integration of sex steroid effects at distinct cellular locations of its receptor leads to important cellular physiological outcomes and are manifest in both reproductive and nonreproductive organs.
Direct Observation of Hydrogen Production from an Alcohol Polymer Stimulated by Surface Electron Current
Authors: Matsuura Hiroshi , Tanikawa Tamio , Takaba Hiromitsu , Usui Yuichi , Arimoto Hidenobu
Published: February 2005

We report here on direct observation of hydrogen production from an alcohol polymer stimulated by surface electron current using an atomic-force microscope (AFM) tip. The initiation of the reaction and one location of hydrogen production were identified by direct microscale observations.
Formation of Gold Nanoparticles by Good’s Buffers
Authors: Habib Ahsan , Tabata Masaaki , Wu Ying Guang
Published: February 2005

Gold nanoparticle formation was found from tetrachloroaurate(III) in the presence of Good’s Buffers, such as 2-morpholinoethanesulfonic acid (MES) and 2-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES), which are used widely in laboratories for studies of analytical, inorganic, physical, and bio-chemistry as well as biology. The obtained gold nanoparticles were examined by Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV–vis), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Electrophoretic Light Scattering (ELS) in an aqueous system and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for particle morphologies. UV–vis spectra showed absorption maxima at ∼530 and ∼750 nm, depending on the buffer reagents and their concentration, pH, and ionic strength. The size and the surface zeta potential of the formed nanoparticles were 23 to 73 nm and −30 to −12 mV, respectively. The TEM pictures clearly indicated the formation of finely dispersed, chained, or aggregated gold nanoparticles, depending on the experimental conditions. The mechanism of gold nanoparticle formation was studied by the measurements of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electron spin resonance (ESR). MES and HEPES showed a positive anodic peak at approximately +800 mV vs Ag/AgCl electrode, which indicated that these buffering agents have mild reducing ability. ESR results indicated the generation of nitrogen-centered cationic free radicals from these Good’s Buffers in the presence of Au(III), resulting in the formation of gold nanoparticles. A reaction mechanism is proposed.
Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Two New Two-Photon Photopolymerization Initiators
Authors: Yan Yun-Xing , Tao Xu-Tang , Sun Yuan-Hong , Yu Wen-Tao , Xu Gui-Bao , Wang Chuan-Kui , Zhao Hua-Ping , Yang Jia-Xiang , Yu Xiao-Qiang , Zhao Xian , Jiang Min-Hua
Published: February 2005

Two new two-photon photopolymerization initiators, diphenyl-(4-{2-[4-(2-pyridin-4-ylvinyl)phenyl]vinyl}phenyl)amine 3 and 9-(4-{2-[4-(2-pyridin-4-ylvinyl)phenyl]vinyl}phenyl)-9H-carbazole 4, have been synthesized and their crystal structures have been determined. One-photon fluorescence, one-photon fluorescence quantum yields, one-photon fluorescence lifetimes, and two-photon fluorescence have been investigated. The results show that they are good two-photon absorbing chromophores and effective two-photon photopolymerization initiators. The calculated two-photon absorption cross sections of molecules 3 and 4 for the lowest excited state are 59.3 × 10−50 and 43.0 × 10−50 cm4 s photon−1, respectively. Two-photon initiating polymerization microfabrication experiments have been studied and the possible photopolymerization mechanisms have been discussed.
New Activators for the Coupling Reaction of Terminal Alkynes with Organic Halides
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed S , Sekiguchi Akitoshi , Shimada Tomohiro , Kawashima Jun , Mori Atsunori
Published: February 2005

Cross-coupling reactions of terminal alkynes with organic halides catalyzed by palladium(0) or palladium(0)/Cu(I) take place in the presence of several activators, such as silver(I) oxide, tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF), and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH), to give the corresponding coupling products in good-to-excellent yields.
A New Method for the Synthesis of Organotellurium Compounds by the Use of Reductive Cleavage of the Tellurium–Tellurium Bond with Lanthanum Metal
Authors: Nishiyama Yutaka , Okada Mitsuo , Nishino Toshiki , Sonoda Noboru
Published: February 2005

It was confirmed that lanthanum metal is an efficient reagent for the reductive cleavage of the tellurium–tellurium bond of ditelluride. Alkyl phenyl tellurides were prepared by the reaction of diphenyl ditelluride with primary and secondary alkyl halides in the presence of lanthanum metal and a catalytic amount of iodine in moderate to good yields. The reaction was accelerated by the addition of HMPA. In addition, the reduction of ditelluride with lanthanum metal, followed by the addition of acyl or aroyl chlorides or α,β-unsaturated ester, provided the Te-phenyl tellurol esters and the β-phenyl telluro ester in moderate yields.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Phenylethynylpyridinium Derivatives for Second-Order Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Umezawa Hirohito , Okada Shuji , Oikawa Hidetoshi , Matsuda Hiro , Nakanishi Hachiro
Published: February 2005

Several salts of 1-methyl-4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenylethynyl]pyridinium 1, whose ethenyl analogue 2 is the cation of DAST (1-methyl-4-{2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]ethenyl}pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate), were synthesized, and these properties were investigated. From a molecular-orbital calculation, the hyperpolarizability (β) of 1 was calculated to be about 80% of that of 2. The absorption maximum wavelength of 1 is shorter than that of 2. Six SHG active salts based on cation 1, including iodide and 4-substituted benzenesulfonates, were obtained in total. Among them, the crystal structures of p-chlorobenzenesulfonate salt (1c) and p-toluenesulfonate salt (1e) could be analyzed. As a result, these two have almost the same structures, and the off-diagonal second-order nonlinear optical coefficient (d) values were estimated to be about twice as large as those of DAST.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers with Signaling Function Based on the UV–Vis Spectral Change by Diastereoselective Binding Events
Authors: Takeuchi Toshifumi , Seko Akinobu , Mukawa Takashi
Published: February 2005

Signaling cinchonidine-imprinted polymers were prepared using a polymerizable iron(III) porphyrin and/or methacrylic acid as functional monomer(s), and evaluated by chromatographic tests, Scatchard analysis, and spectroscopic analysis. An imprinted polymer prepared with an equimolar amount of the iron(III) porphyrin monomer to cinchonidine and six equivalents of methacrylic acid gave the strongest binding (Ka = 5.7 × 105 M−1) and highest selectivity (α = 14.6) for cinchonidine against its diastereomer, cinchonine. Thus, it was concluded that the iron(III) porphyrin and methacrylic acid residues worked cooperatively at the imprinted binding site. There is also the added advantage that the porphyrin provides a signaling function proportional to the chiral binding event of cinchonidine. A linear relationship was observed between the UV–vis absorbance of the imprinted polymer and the logarithm of cinchonidine concentrations, indicating that the polymer may be used as a selective cinchonidine sensing material. Moreover, various metalloporphyrins can be used as functionalized monomers in order to prepare functional MIPs for a wide range of target compounds capable of coordination with such metalloporphyrins, even if the target compounds have no characteristic UV–vis absorption or fluorescence.
Efficient Synthesis of 1,4-Dialkoxy and 1,4-Dialkyl Substituted 2,5-Divinylbenzenes via the Stille Reaction
Authors: Daoud Walid A , Turner Michael L
Published: February 2005

An efficient palladium catalyzed cross coupling of tributyl(vinyl)stannane with dialkoxy and dialkyl substituted 1,4-dihalobenzenes is described. This single-step coupling provides an efficient synthesis of functionalized 2,5-divinylbenzenes, which are useful precursors of 1,4-phenylenevinylene copolymers.
Test Foot Contact Time Effects in Pedestrian Slip-Resistance Metrology
Authors: Smith RH
Published: February 2005

Pedestrian slip-resistance metrology involves the use of tribometers employing test feet on test surfaces. This paper investigates the hypothesis that measured static slip-resistance on smooth walkways increases with test foot contact time, as has been found for coefficient-of-friction testing between smooth metals. Earlier slip-resistance testing by others, as well as results from testing in the present investigation, is consistent with this hypothesis. Some tribometers cannot control contact time. If the contact-time hypothesis is correct, reproducible results cannot be obtained from such devices. The mechanism accounting for increased metallic friction with contact time, as well as its possible applicability to slip-resistance tribometry, is discussed.
Results of an Interlaboratory Study of the ASTM Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites D 3039
Authors: Pinnell M , Fields R , Zabora R
Published: February 2005

An investigation was conducted on the ASTM Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites (D 3039). This investigation consisted of both preliminary testing and an interlaboratory test program. Information generated from preliminary testing was used to determine the effects of various parameters and to optimize the interlaboratory test plan and test protocol. The interlaboratory study portion of this investigation was conducted on six composite material systems in a variety of lay-up configurations. The number of participating labs ranged from five to nine depending on the material type. Precision statistics were determined for the ASTM D 3039 standard from the data generated by the interlaboratory testing in accordance with the ASTM Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method (E 691).
Crystal structure and vibrational spectroscopy of the new acidic diphosphate (NH4)2Zn(H2P2O7)2 · 2 H2O
Authors: Capitelli Francesco , Khaoulaf Redouane , Harcharras Mohamed , Ennaciri Abdelaziz , Habyby Sidi Hmad , Valentini Veronica , Mattei Giorgio , Bertolasi Valerio
Published: February 2005

The hydrated ammonium hemizinc dihydrogen diphosphate (NH4)2Zn(H2P2O7)2 · 2 H2O was synthesized. It crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1, Z = 1, with the following unit-cell-parameters: a = 7.0026(2) Å, b = 7.3297(2) Å, c = 7.7885(3) Å, α = 81.229(1)°, β = 71.064(1)°, γ = 88.172(1)°, V = 373.64(2) Å3. The structure was obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry, and a full-matrix least-squares refinement based on F
2 gave a final R
1 index of = 0.0447 (wR
2 = 0.1336), utilizing 2055 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). The crystal packing consists in a three-dimensional network made by layers parallel to ab plane of ZnO6 octahedra sharing four vertices with H2P2O7 double tetrahedra: (NH4)+ cations fill up the cavities between tetrahedra and octahedra; strong hydrogen bonds stabilize the framework. The dihydrogendiphosphate anion (H2P2O7)2- shows bent eclipsed conformation and the Zn2+ ion lies on inversion centre. Raman and infrared spectra of (NH4)2Zn(H2P2O7)2 · 2 H2O have been collected and interpreted using factor group analysis. No coincidences observed between most of Raman and IR spectral bands confirmed the centrosymmetric structure of the title compound; the vibrational spectra point to a bent POP bridge angle.
The crystal structure of a metal-containing ionic liquid: A new octachlorotricuprate(II)
Authors: Sun Hongjian , Harms Klaus , Sundermeyer Jörg
Published: February 2005

The crystal and molecular structure of 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octachlorotricuprate(II) has been determined at low temperature (193 K). The complex crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P-1, Z = 2, with unit cell dimensions a = 8.986(1), b = 12.595(1), c = 13.081(1) Å, α = 88.561(9), β = 79.743(9), γ = 81.724(9)° and Dx = 1.734 Mg/m3. The structure was refined by a full-matrix least-squares procedure on F
2 to final R = 0.0697 using 4366 reflections with I > 2σ(I). The copper atoms show square-pyrimidal coordination geometry with a long bond length Cu—Cl (2.623 ∼ 2.676 Å) in axial direction.
Effect of hydrostatic pressure on the γ-polymorph of glycine. 1. A polymorphic transition into a new δ-form
Authors: Boldyreva Elena V. , Ivashevskaya Svetlana N. , Sowa Heidrun , Ahsbahs Hans , Weber Hans-Peter
Published: February 2005

The results of a high-resolution powder diffraction study of the effect of high hydrostatic pressure up to 8 GPa on the pure γ-polymorph of glycine (P31) are discussed. A phase transition with a jumpwise change of cell volume and cell parameters was observed. The transition starts at about 2.73 GPa and is still not complete even at 7.85 GPa. The crystal structure of the previously unknown high-pressure polymorph of glycine (δ-polymorph) could be solved and refined in the space group Pn. In this structure, glycine zwitter-ions are linked via NH…O hydrogen bonds into layers, which form double-layered bands via additional NH…O hydrogen bonds. The structure of the individual layers in the high-pressure polymorph is similar to that in the previously known α- (P21/n) and β- (P21) forms, but the packing of the layers is essentially different. The pressure-induced polymorphic transformation in the γ-glycine can be compared with a change in the secondary structure of a peptide, when a helix is transformed into a sheet.
Structural comparison of Ru(Cl)2(tBuNC)2(PPh3)2 isomers and relevance to their solid state isomerization reaction
Authors: Look Jennifer L. , Horwood Owen P. M. , Levendis Demetrius C. , Coville Neil J.
Published: February 2005

The solid state isomerization of ttt-RuCl2(tBuNC)2(PPh3)2 to generate cct-RuCl2(tBuNC)2(PPh3)2 demonstrates striking differences in behavior in the crystalline and powder forms. Single crystal structures of the two complexes have now been determined, and provide insight into this reaction. Comparison of the molecular structures indicates that electronic effects drive the reaction. Analysis of the crystal structures reveals that steric considerations prevent the isomerization from occurring within the crystal lattice. Lattice disruption must therefore occur concomitantly with or preceding the isomerization.
Geometric modeling of force equilibria in crystals: the “equal distance – equal force” formalism (EDEF)
Authors: Mädler Fritz , Knorr Karsten
Published: February 2005

For a broad class of symmetric compounds a formalism is presented which allows detection and proof of physical force equilibria on the basis of purely geomet ric considerations. To represent the atomic interactions be tween structural fragments, the traditional concept of coor dination is generalized by means of the Cartesian product of the sets of atomic coordinates of the fragments. If the physical forces between the atom pairs in the generalized coordination shells are of the same kind, translational and rotational equilibrium between fragments can be read from the geometric directions of the interactions rather than from quantitative physical laws. Partial force equilibrium, as a weaker notion of total force equilibrium, opens up a way to qualitative considerations of dynamic phenomena. Here the basic concepts of this “EDEF model” are defined and il lustrated. We also study the relationship between the EDEF formalism and the underlying symmetry and prove condi tions which are sufficient to conclude EDEF equilibria from the common symmetry elements of the fragments involved. The geometric model enables us to consider the structure of crystals from the point of view of their inner forces.
Update: Fear of Death
Authors: Penson Richard T. , Partridge Rosamund A. , Shah Muhammad A. , Giansiracusa David , Chabner Bruce A. , Lynch Thomas J.
Published: February 2005

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to:

Describe the fears that patients experience regarding death and the dying process. List the most successful methods caregivers can use to empathize with the dying patient. Discuss the benefits to physicians who share the emotional journey with patients during end-of-life care.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Shortly before his death in 1995, Kenneth B. Schwartz, a cancer patient at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) founded The Kenneth B. Schwartz Center® at MGH. The Schwartz Center® is a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting and advancing compassionate health care delivery, which provides hope to the patient and support to caregivers and encourages the healing process. The center sponsors the Schwartz Center Rounds®, a monthly multidisciplinary forum where caregivers reflect on important psychosocial issues faced by patients, their families, and their caregivers, and gain insight and support from fellow staff members.

For many, cancer is synonymous with death. Fearing death is a rational response. For too long, medicine has ignored this primeval fear. Increasingly, clinicians recognize and address end-of-life issues, facing patients' and our own emotional vulnerabilities in order to connect and explore problems and fears. Listening and learning from the patient guides us as we acknowledge much of the mystery that still surrounds the dying process. Rarely is there a simple or right answer. An empathetic response to suffering patients is the best support. Support is vital in fostering the adjustment of patients. A silent presence may prove more helpful than well-meant counsel for many patients. Through an examination of eight caregiver narratives of their patients' experiences, the role of the health care provider in the dying process, particularly in regard to challenging fear, is reviewed.
Formation of CarbonCarbon and CarbonHeteroatom Bonds via Organoboranes and Organoborates
Authors: Negishi Ei‐Ichi , Idacavage Michael J.
Published: February 2005

Until recently the use of organometallics as discrete reagents and intermediates in organic synthesis had been largely restricted to a relatively few classes or compounds, such as those containing lithium and magnesium. Mainly within the last two decades, organocopper compounds and organoboron compounds have emerged as versatile and useful reagents and intermediates in organic synthesis. Except for carboranes, organoboron compounds generally exist either as tricoordinate or as tetracoordinate species. The trisubstituted derivatives of boron are called
boranes
, which may exist either as essentially trigonal planar monomeric species or as aggregates in which the boron atoms occupy the central position of an essentially tetrahedral configuration. In fact, essentially all monoorganoboranes (RBH
2
) and diorganoboranes (R
2
BH) as well as the parent borane (BH
3
) exist as the dimers, whereas triorganoboranes (R
3
B) are usually monomeric. For the sake of simplicity, however, all of these compounds are treated as monomers in this chapter, except when such a simplification is unacceptable. This chapter describes some of the key features common to various organoboron reactions used for the formation of carboncarbon and carbonheteroatom bonds and summarizes the available information on these reactions according to the product types. Hydration of olefins and acetylenes via hydroboration–oxidation was reviewed earlier, and this chapter does not update this reaction. Also excluded is a detailed discussion of the synthesis of olefins and acetylenes via organoboron compounds.
Fluorination by Sulfur Tetrafluoride
Authors: Wang Chia‐Lin J.
Published: February 2005

This chapter is an update of Chapter 1 of Volume 21 ofOrganic Reactions, based on the nearly 110 publications that have appeared from 1972 through 1982. Since the nature of the reaction and its mechanistic considerations have been clearly described in the previous chapter, they are not repeated. However, mechanisms involving the reaction of sulfur tetrafluoride with certain specific compounds are discussed under “Scope and Limitations”.

Sulfur tetrafluoride continues to be one of the more common fluorinating agents, especially for relatively inert substrates. Its synthetic applications are summarized.
Phosphorus Addition atsp2Carbon
Authors: Engel Robert
Published: February 2005

In recent years a renewed interest in the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds has appeared. This has been the result principally of the development of new applications of materials bearing a carbon–phosphorus linkage for chemical synthesis, biological regulation, and a variety of industrial uses.

In chemical syntheses the phosphoryl function has been found to be of great utility as an activator for two major categories of transformations. The first of these is the generation of new carboncarbon double bonds through the phosphoryl‐stabilized anion modifications of the Wittig reaction. For these reactions, the phosphoryl function increases the acidity of the hydrogen of the carbon attached to phosphorus and, after addition to a carbonyl linkage, is usually eliminated as a water‐soluble byproduct. Alternatively, the initially formed phosphonate anion may be used as a nucleophile in a substitution reaction leading to a derived phosphonate product having its own synthetic utility.

In the second category of transformations an appropriately functionalized phosphonate reacts at the carbon attached to phosphorus to give products that can be envisioned as resulting from reaction of an electrophilic substrate with a carbonyl group of inverted polarity. The phosphoryl function, which is generally eliminated in the formation of the target material, facilitates these “umpolung” reactions that could not be accomplished directly with a parent material bearing the simple carbonoxygen double bond.

With regard to biological applications, the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds has been of interest for several reasons. Among these is the discovery in a variety of organisms of naturally occurring compounds bearing the carbonphosphorus bond. Phosphonomycin and aminoethylphosphonic acid are two well‐known examples of such compounds. It has also been recognized that phosphonates may be capable of perturbing metabolic processes normally involving phosphates of similar structure. In addition, materials with other metabolic regulatory capabilities have been found. As a result, there have been not only syntheses of many new organophosphorus compounds but also the development of improved methods for such syntheses.

The review presented in this chapter is concerned with one approach to carbonphosphorus bond formation that is particularly significant for the aforementioned applications, specifically the addition of a (formally) trivalent phosphorus ester or amide to an unsaturated carbon linkage under polar reaction conditions. Reactions of a variety of types of phosphorus reagents with simple carbonyl compounds, imines, and other related polar unsaturated carbon functions, as well as conjugate addition reactions, are reviewed.
The Electrophilic Substitution of Allylsilanes and Vinylsilanes
Authors: Fleming Ian , Dunoguès Jacques , Smithers Roger
Published: February 2005

Allylsilanes and vinylsilanes usually react with electrophiles to give substitution. These reactions are conveniently understood as the reactions of alkenes that have been significantly but only slightly modified by the presence of the silyl group. In both reactions, substitution is favored over addition, and both the site of attack and the site of the double bond in the product are usually determined by the site of the silyl group in the starting material.

In this chapter only the electrophilic substitution reactions of allylsilanes, vinylsilanes, and allenylsilanes is discussed. It is further restricted to the reactions of tetraorganosilanes because they are synthetically the most interesting in the laboratory. However, although they are not included in the tables, allylsilanes and vinylsilanes that react by addition rather than substitution or that are not tetraorganosilanes are referred to occasionally in the text wherever their reactions illuminate the discussion. Many of the features of the reactions discussed here are shared by the reactions of arylsilanes, ethynylsilanes, propargylsilanes, cyclopropylsilanes, and cyclopropylmethylsilanes. The methods by which allylsilanes and vinylsilanes are synthesized have been summarized in several places.

Stereochemsitry of reactions of allenylsilanes and vinylsilanes is discussed. Scope and limitations include discussions of protodesilylation and deuterodesilyation and the use of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen as electrophiles. Other electrophiles include phosphorus, sulfur, metals, halogens, and selenium. All of these are covered in the extensive tabular material
Orthogonale multipolare Wechselwirkungen in chemischen und biologischen Strukturen
Authors: Paulini Ralph , Müller Klaus , Diederich François
Published: February 2005

Eine Vielzahl von Studien zur molekularen Erkennung hat unser Wissen über apolare und durch H‐Brücken vermittelte Wechselwirkungen sowie Wechselwirkungen zwischen Ionen und Dipolen in den letzten Jahrzehnten beträchtlich erweitert. Weit weniger Beachtung wurde hingegen der Rolle multipolarer Wechselwirkungen (insbesondere solcher mit orthogonaler Anordnung) beim Aufbau eines Kristallgitters oder bei der Stabilisierung von Komplexen biologischer Rezeptoren geschenkt. Das Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es daher, anhand von Ergebnissen aus Datenbankrecherchen eine Übersicht über die unterschiedlichen Typen dieser bislang oft übersehenen Wechselwirkungen und ihre strukturellen Charakteristiken zu geben. Die vielen Beispiele solcher Wechselwirkungen, die in Kristallstrukturen kleiner Moleküle und Protein‐Ligand‐Komplexen identifiziert wurden, sind ein Beleg für ihre Bedeutung bei molekularen Erkennungsprozessen in der Chemie und der Biologie.
CoII5(OH)6(SO4)2 (H2O)4: The First Ferromagnet Based on a Layered Cobalt—Hydroxide Pillared by Inorganic ×××OSO3—Co (H2O)4—O3SO×××.
Authors: Ben Salah Mohsen , Vilminot Serge , Richard‐Plouet Mireille , Andre Gilles , Mhiri Tahar , Kurmoo Mohamedally
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
On the Low Temperature Stability of In2Pt.
Authors: Patrone Marta , Richter Klaus W. , Borzone Gabriella , Ipser Herbert
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Octahedral Molybdenum Cluster Cyanide Complexes with Selenide and Halide Ligands in the Cluster Core.
Authors: Mironov Yuri V. , Ikorskii Vladimir N. , Fedorov Vladimir E. , Ibers James A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
3D‐Coordination Cluster Polymers [Ln(H2O)3Re6Te8(CN)6] ×nH2O (Ln: La3+, Nd3+): Direct Structural Analogy with the Mononuclear LnM(CN)6×nH2O Family.
Authors: Artemkina Sofia B. , Naumov Nikolai G. , Virovets Alexander V. , Fedorov Vladimir E.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lewis Acid Mediated Selective Chlorinations of Silyl Enolate.
Authors: Zhang Yanhua , Shibatomi Kazutaka , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Microwave Assisted Solvent‐Free General Route to Cyclic Enaminones.
Authors: Chanda Kaushik , Dutta Milan Chandra , Vishwakarma J. N.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, Structure, and Derivatives of endo‐4‐Aminomethyltetracyclo [6.2.1.13,6.02,7]dodec‐9‐ene.
Authors: Kas'yan L. I. , Golodaeva E. A. , Okovityi S. I. , Kas'yan A. O. , Karpenko D. V. , Umrykhina L. K.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐(Nitrophenyl) Benzamide and Benzenesulfonamide Derivatives by Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution.
Authors: Bunce Richard A. , Smith Christopher L. , Knight Christopher L.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mesogenic 4‐(ω‐Hydroxyalkoxy)‐4′‐formylazobenzenes.
Authors: Kuvshinova S. A. , Zav'yalov A. V. , Koifman O. I. , Aleksandriiskii V. V. , Burmistrov V. A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Substituted Naphthalenes from α‐Tetralones Generated by a Xanthate Radical Addition—Cyclization Sequence.
Authors: Cordero‐Vargas Alejandro , Perez‐Martin Ines , Quiclet‐Sire Beatrice , Zard Samir Z.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unusual Dimerization of Acetylene γ‐Hydroxyaldehyde.
Authors: Novokshonova I. A. , Medvedeva A. S. , Afonin A. V. , Safronova L. P.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nickel Mediated Biginelli‐Like Three Component Coupling Reaction: A Solvent‐Free Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Spiro‐Fused Heterocycles.
Authors: Saini Anil , Kumar Sanjay , Sandhu Jagir S.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Dibenzoquinoxaline Discotic Mesogens.
Authors: Foster E. Johan , Babuin Jarret , Nguyen Natalie , Williams Vance E.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Syntheses of Morpholine‐2,3‐diones and 2‐Hydroxymorpholin‐3‐ones: Intermediates in the Synthesis of Aprepitant.
Authors: Nelson Todd D. , Rosen Jonathan D. , Brands Karel M. J. , Craig Bridgette , Huffman Mark A. , McNamara James M.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A C3‐Symmetric Molecular Scaffold for the Construction of Large Receptors.
Authors: Haberhauer Gebhard , Oeser Thomas , Rominger Frank
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
α,α‐Difluoro‐H‐phosphinates: Useful Intermediates for a Variety of Phosphate Isosteres.
Authors: Gautier Arnaud , Garipova Goulnara , Salcedo Carmen , Balieu Sebastien , Piettre Serge R.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Identification of the Polar Constituents of Potamogeton Species by HPLC‐UV with Post‐Column Derivatization, HPLC‐MSn and HPLC‐NMR, and Isolation of a New ent‐Labdane Diglycoside.
Authors: Waridel Patrice , Wolfender Jean‐Luc , Lachavanne Jean‐Bernard , Hostettmann Kurt
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxygenated Diterpenes and Other Constituents from Moroccan Juniperus phoenicea and Juniperus thurifera Var. africana
Authors: Barrero Alejandro F. , Quilez del Moral Jose F. , Herrador M. Mar , Akssira Mohamed , Bennamara Ahmed , Akkad Said , Aitigri Mohamed
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Halogenated Diterpenoids from the Red Alga Laurencia nipponica.
Authors: Lyakhova Ekaterina G. , Kalinovsky Anatoly I. , Kolesnikova Sophia A. , Vaskovsky Victor E. , Stonik Valentin A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Steroidal Oxazolidine Thiones in the Cholestane Series
Authors: Mushfiq Mohammad , Manuel Thresiamma , Rehman Rakhshanda
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of the Four 3‐Aminotricyclo[2.2.1.0(2,6)] Heptane‐1,3‐dicarboxylic Acid Isomers.
Authors: Baudy Reinhardt B. , Sze Jean Y. , Butera John A.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Deoxyribonucleoside Kinases in Mitochondrial DNA Depletion
Authors: Saada‐Reisch Ann
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Adenylosuccinate Lyase Deficiency: Study of Physiopathologic Mechanism(s)
Authors: Race V. , Marie S. , Kienlen‐Campard P. , Hermans E. , Octave J. N. , Van den Berghe G. , Vincent M.‐F.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Identification of the 5′‐Nucleotidase Activity Altered in Neurological Syndromes
Authors: Pesi R. , Camici M. , Micheli V. , Notarantonio L. , Jacomelli G. , Tozzi M. G.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metal Phosphonate Open‐Framework Materials
Authors: Maeda Kazuyuki
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Adventures with Acetylenes: A Personal Odyssey from Wyerone and Crepenynic Acid to Enediynes, Acetylenic Cyclophanes, and Propargyl Alcohols
Authors: Fallis Alex G.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
meso‐Aryl‐β‐pyrrolic Positions Interactions in meso‐Tetraarylporphyrins: Flat Arylporphyrins and Building Blocks for Oligoporphyrins
Authors: Callot Henry J. , Ruppert Romain , Jeandon Christophe , Richeter Sebastien
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Gallium(III) Corroles
Authors: Weaver Jeremy J. , Sorasaenee Karn , Sheikh Mayra , Goldschmidt Ruth , Tkachenko Elena , Gross Zeev , Gray Harry B.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Tome A. C.
Published: February 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Long‐term survival probabilities for childhood rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Punyko Judith A. , Mertens Ann C. , Baker K. Scott , Ness Kirsten K. , Robison Leslie L. , Gurney James G.
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND

Evidence from clinical trials has documented improvements in event‐free survival from childhood rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) since the 1970s; however, the survival experience of children enrolled on cancer clinical trials may not reflect the full range of patients treated in community settings. The current study evaluated 5‐year survival and 10‐year conditional survival for RMS from U.S. population‐based cancer registry data.

METHODS

Public‐use data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program were used in life table and Cox regression analyses to evaluate RMS survival by patient age at diagnosis, gender, tumor histology, tumor site and stage, and major treatment eras among 848 children who were age < 20 years at the time of diagnosis, were a resident of 1 of 9 geographic reporting regions, and were diagnosed between 1973 and 2000.

RESULTS

The 5‐year survival probabilities were found to be highest for younger‐age children (ages 1–4 years: 77%), patients with localized disease (83%), those whose tumors had an embryonal histology (67%), and patients with orbital (86%) and genitourinary (80%) tumor sites. Poor prognosis was associated with diagnosis during infancy (47%) and adolescence (48%); metastatic disease at the time of presentation (31%); alveolar histology (49%); and tumors of the extremities (50%), retroperitoneum (52%), and trunk (52%). Conditional 10‐year survival probabilities among those who survived ≥ 5 years were 85% or higher. The probability of survival by stage at the time of diagnosis increased with each successive treatment era, suggesting a stage shift phenomenon over time.

CONCLUSIONS

Large variations in 5‐year survival were evident depending on patient age and tumor characteristics. However, children who survived the first 5 years after diagnosis were found to have an excellent long‐term prognosis. The patterns in RMS survival noted from the current population‐based evaluation did not appear to differ substantially from those previously reported by major clinical trials. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Characterization and modelling of the spatial heterogeneity of snowmelt erosion
Authors: Ollesch G. , Sukhanovski Y. , Kistner I. , Rode M. , Meissner R.
Published: February 2005

Recent studies about soil erosion show that erosion rates in winter can reach or exceed erosion induced by summer events. A factor of particular importance is the incidence of frozen soil, which modifies the surface runoff generation and also the erodibility of the soil. In this paper, investigations are conducted to characterize the snowmelt erosion events in the 1·44 km2 ‘Schäfertal’ research catchment that is located c. 150 km southwest of Berlin. Two runoff events of different initial conditions are compared and analysed. Although the net erosion rate in the catchment is relatively low, the described event with soil frost is considerably different from the event without soil frost. For example, the net erosion, maximum and median suspended sediment concentrations are significantly higher for the event with frozen soil. The results presented suggest that the sediment source areas differ for both situations. On one hand the channel or sediment flushing is identified as the source, while on the other hand hill slope processes and intra‐storm variations are recognized for the soil frost situation. A model modification is presented to improve the estimation of spatial differentiation of surface runoff within the continuous hydrological model WaSim, which is linked to the erosion model AGNPS. Based on measurements of topsoil temperature at locations with diverse exposition and land use, an algorithm is developed. The average agreement of air temperature to the calculated topsoil temperature is r2 = 0·75. The spatial information about soil frost is utilized to modify the infiltration characteristics of the soil. Hence, the spatial aspects of runoff generation in winter conditions and the related transport of sediment is considered in a more realistic way. The spatial results of the modelling are plausible but the estimation of erosion needs further improvement. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Barchan dunes: why they cannot be treated as ‘solitons’ or ‘solitary waves’
Authors: Livingstone Ian , Wiggs Giles F. S. , Baddock Matthew
Published: February 2005

Schwämmle and Herrmann (Nature, 2003, vol. 426, p. 619) have suggested that two sub‐aerial barchan sand dunes could ‘pass through one another while still preserving their shape’ in a manner similar to solitons or solitary waves. A wide range of published field and wind tunnel evidence suggests that this assertion should not go unchallenged. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term tracing of adenoviral expression in rat and rabbit using luciferase imaging
Authors: Li Jin Zhong , Holman David , Li Hongwei , Liu An‐Hsiang , Beres Brian , Hankins Gerald R , Helm Gregory A
Published: February 2005

Background

Luciferase optical imaging provides a novel method to monitor transgene expression in small living animals. As the genetic and immunological heritages of particular animals significantly affect the expression of adenovirus‐delivered transgenes, it is essential to know the expression patterns specific to athymic nude and Sprague‐Dawley rats, two strains commonly used in rodent models. In this study we set out to determine these patterns. At the same time, we tested luciferase optical imaging in a larger animal, the rabbit.

Methods

A recombinant luciferase adenoviral vector was injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly into athymic nude rats, Sprague‐Dawley rats, and Dutch Belted rabbits. The luciferase expression was assessed using a cooled charge‐coupled device.

Results

The luminescent signal was capable of passing through at least 1.3 cm of muscle tissue and proved to be much stronger when luciferin was delivered via a local injection than by an intraperitoneal injection. Although the types of immune cells differed between immunodeficient and immunocompetent rats, similar amounts and patterns of luciferase expression were observed in the musculature in two rat strains during the 1st month after a viral intramuscular injection. The duration of luciferase expression was longer than 15 months in athymic nude rats, 9 months in Sprague‐Dawley rats, and 6 months in rabbits following a direct viral injection.

Conclusions

Luciferase expression after adenoviral gene delivery can persist for longer than 6 months, even in immunocompetent animals. Live imaging of luciferase expression can be performed not only in small animals, but also in larger animals such as rabbits. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
p‐quinone mediates 6‐hydroxydopamine‐induced dopaminergic neuronal death and ferrous iron accelerates the conversion of p‐quinone into melanin extracellularly
Authors: Izumi Yasuhiko , Sawada Hideyuki , Sakka Noriko , Yamamoto Noriyuki , Kume Toshiaki , Katsuki Hiroshi , Shimohama Shun , Akaike Akinori
Published: February 2005

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). 6‐Hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA), a dopaminergic neurotoxin, is detected in human brains and the urine of PD patients. Using SH‐SY5Y, a human neuroblastoma cell line, we demonstrated that 6‐OHDA toxicity was determined by the amount of p‐quinone produced in 6‐OHDA auto‐oxidation rather than by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Glutathione (GSH), which conjugated with p‐quinone, provided significant protection whereas catalase, which detoxified hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions, failed to block cell death caused by 6‐OHDA. Although iron accumulated in the SN of patients with PD can cause dopaminergic neuronal degeneration by enhancing oxidative stress, we found that extracellular ferrous iron promoted the formation of melanin and reduced the amount of p‐quinone. The addition of ferrous iron to the culture medium inhibited caspase‐3 activation and apoptotic nuclear morphologic changes and blocked 6‐OHDA‐induced cytotoxicity in SH‐SY5Y cells and primary cultured mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. These data suggested that generation of p‐quinone played a pivotal role in 6‐OHDA‐induced toxicity and extracellular iron in contrast to intracellular iron was protective rather than harmful because it accelerated the conversion of p‐quinone into melanin. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful antifungal combination therapy with voriconazole and caspofungin
Authors: Schuster Friedhelm , Moelter Christian , Schmid Irene , Graubner Ulrike B. , Kammer Birgit , Belohradsky Bernd H. , Führer Monika
Published: February 2005

A 12‐year‐old boy in third remission of an acute lymphoblastic leukaemia developed infection of lung and paranasal sinuses with Aspergillus flavus in neutropenia. Because of the high risk of leukaemia‐relapse bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from a matched unrelated donor was carried out despite invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). It is the first reported patient with IPA, who was successfully treated by the antifungal combination therapy with voriconazole and caspofungin therapy during myeloablative BMT. Despite 6 weeks of aplasia, a dramatic decrease of lesions highly suggestive of aspergillosis was observed after BMT. Since discharge‐oral voriconazole monotherapy has been continued. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2005;44:682–685. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystallization behavior of P(EN‐co‐ET) copolyesters: Crystallization kinetics and morphology revealed by DSC, time‐resolved SAXS analysis, and TEM
Authors: Lee Wan Duk , Im Seung Soon
Published: February 2005

The crystallization kinetics and morphology of PEN/PET copolyesters were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), time‐resolved small‐angle X‐ray scattering (TR‐SAXS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Avrami exponents obtained using DSC were approximately 3 for homo PEN and 4 for all the copolyesters. The 3‐parameter Avrami model was successfully fitted to the invariants with respect to the time obtained from TR‐SAXS, and the exponent values were similar to those obtained from DSC. Moreover, the Avrami rate constants obtained from TR‐SAXS showed marked temperature‐sensitive decreases in all samples, like those obtained from DSC. This indicates that not only could changes in morphological parameters be obtained from the analysis of TR‐SAXS data but also crystallization kinetics. The changes in the morphological parameters determined from the SAXS data indicate that the minor components, dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) segments, are rejected into the amorphous phase during crystallization. In the TEM study, copolyesters crystallized at temperature above 240 °C grew into both the α‐ and β‐form, although 240 °C is the optimum condition for the β‐form crystal. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 805–816, 2005
Quantitative analysis of the microscale of auxetic foams
Authors: Gaspar N. , Smith C. W. , Miller E. A. , Seidler G. T. , Evans K. E.
Published: February 2005

The auxetic foams first produced by Lakes have been modelled in a variety of ways, each model trying to reproduce some observed feature of the microscale of the foams. Such features include bent or broken ribs or inverted angles between ribs. These models can reproduce the Poisson's ratio or Poisson's function of auxetic foam if the model parameters are carefully chosen. However these model parameters may not actually reflect the internal structure of the foams. A big problem is that measurement of parameters such as lengths and angles is not straightforward within a 3‐d sample. In this work a sample of auxetic foam has been imaged by 3‐d X‐ray computed tomography. The resulting image is translated to a form that emphasises the geometrical structure of connected ribs. This connected rib data are suitably analysed to describe both the microstructural construction of auxetic foams and the statistical spread of structure, that is, the heterogeneity of an auxetic foam. From the analysis of the microstructure, observations are made about the requirements for microstructural models and comparisons made to previous existing models. From the statistical data, measures of heterogeneity are made that will help with future modelling that includes the heterogeneous aspect of auxetic foams. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)