bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolic therapy of ischemic stroke with Cortexin and Nootropil
Authors: Skorokhodov A. N. , Kobintsev Yu. A.
Published: October 2021

A significant increase in ischemic stroke (IS), including among people of working age, leading to disability and frequent deaths, determines the relevance of the use of new therapeutic measures to combat cerebral ischemia.
Nikolai Kirillovich Bogolepov (09/25/1900 - 10/15/1980) - doctor, scientist, teacher, public figure
Authors: Grechko V. E.
Published: October 2021

With my teacher in the field of neurological science - Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the State Prize of the USSR, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, Honored Doctor of the RSFSR, Academician of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Nikolai Kirillovich Bogolepov, I first met and met in 1957, when I entered in postgraduate studies in neurology at the Central Institute for the Expertise of Working Ability and Organization of Labor of Disabled People (TSIETIN).
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with hepatitis C virus infection (Arch. Neurol. — 2001. — Oct. — 58(10). — P. 1679—1681: англ.)
Authors: Sacconi S. , Salviati L. , Merelli E.
Published: October 2021

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADE) is a manifestation of an autoimmune demyelinating process in the central nervous system, while it is known that this disease is often preceded by various acute viral infections. The combination of ADE with viral hepatitis C (HCV) was first detailed in a peer-reviewed article and illustrated by the following clinical observation.
Dizziness and headache: a common association in children and adolescents (J. Child. Neurol. — 2001. — OCT. —16(10). — P 727—730: англ.)
Authors: Weisleder P. , Fife T.
Published: October 2021

Dizziness is known to be a common concomitant symptom of migraine attacks in adults. In the pediatric population, the association of clinical symptoms is less obvious. The authors examined the medical histories of children and adolescents (31 cases in total) who underwent special testing of vestibular functions from July 1994 to July 2000.
Hemicrania continua is not that rare (Neurology. —2001. —Sep. 25. — 57(6). —P. 948—951: англ.)
Authors: Peres M. , Silberstein S. , Nahmias S. , Shechter A. , Youssef I. , Rozen T. , Young W.
Published: October 2021

Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania is a sensitive headache characterized by a prolonged course, moderate or severe pain syndrome and unilateral localization. The literature describes about 90 cases of such a headache, however, the clinical forms of chronic paroxysmal headache have not yet been determined.
Evaluation of placebo use in migraine without aura, migraine with aura and episodic tension-type headache acute attacks (Arq. Neuropsiquiatr. —2001. —Sep. —59(3-A). —P. 552—558: португал.)
Authors: Bigal M. , Bigal J. , Bordini C. , Speciali J.
Published: October 2021

This study investigated the effectiveness of placebo in the relief of migraine attacks without aura, migraine with aura, and episodic tension headaches. Patients with headache attacks who applied for emergency care (from March 1997 to November 1999) were divided into 3 groups (each group included 30 participants): migraine without aura (MBA), migraine with aura (MCA ) and with episodic tension headache (EGBN).
Blepharoclonus and Arnold—Chiari malformation (Acta Neurol. Scand. — 2001. — Aug. —104(2).— P. 113—117: англ.)
Authors: Jacome D.
Published: October 2021

Clonic blepharospasm - high-amplitude contractions of the circular muscle of the eye. This syndrome occurs in some diseases, such as traumatic brain injury. In this work, clinical observations with Arnold-Chiari malformation, in which clonic blepharospasm is shown for the first time.
A Retrospective Analysis ofb-Value Changes Preceding Strong Earthquakes
Authors: DeSalvio Nicolas D. , Rudolph Maxwell L.
Published: October 2021

Earthquake precursors have long been sought as a means to predict earthquakes with very limited success. Recently, it has been suggested that a decrease in the Gutenberg–Richter b-value after a magnitude 6 earthquake is predictive of an imminent mainshock of larger magnitude, and a three-level traffic-light system has been proposed. However, this method is dependent on parameters that must be chosen by an expert. We systematically explore the parameter space to find an optimal set of parameters based on the Matthews correlation coefficient. For each parameter combination, we analyze the temporal changes in the frequency–magnitude distribution for every M ≥ 6 earthquake sequence in the U.S. Geological Survey Comprehensive Earthquake Catalog for western North America. We then consider smaller events, those with a foreshock magnitude as small as 5, and repeat the analysis to assess its performance for events that modify stresses over smaller spatial regions. We analyze 25 M ≥ 6 events and 88 M 5–6 events. We find that no perfect parameter combination exists. Although the method generates correct retrodictions for some M 5 events, the predictions are dependent on the retrospectively selected parameters. About 80%–95% of magnitude 5–6 events have too little data to generate a result. Predictions are time dependent and have large uncertainties. Without a precise definition of precursory b-value changes, this and similar prediction schemes are incompatible with the IASPEI criteria for evaluating earthquake precursors. If limitations on measuring precursory changes in seismicity and relating them to the state of stress in the crust can be overcome, real-time forecasting of mainshocks could reduce the loss of lives.
The Seismogenic Structure of the 2017 Mw 6.9 Milin, Tibet, Earthquake: A Possible Newly Active Fault at the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis
Authors: Xie Chao , Zhou Bengang , Wang Ping , Li Zhengfang , Liu Tai , Pang Wei , Cao Zhongquan
Published: October 2021

On 18 November 2017, an Mw 6.9 earthquake occurred in Milin, Tibet, with the epicenter at the top of the Namche Barwa syntaxis. This event did not produce surface ruptures, and its seismogenic structure remains unclear or controversial. Using the locations of the Milin mainshock and aftershocks, locations of regional small earthquakes and focal mechanism solutions from 2007 to 2009, this work analyzed the causative fault and tectonic setting of the Milin earthquake and assessed the regional seismic risk. The results suggest that the seismogenic structure of the Milin earthquake was a secondary fault, the southern branch of the XiXingla fault (XXLF). Within 28 hr after the mainshock, the aftershocks of the Milin event spread northeastward to the secondary north branch fault of the XXLF and the secondary south branch fault of the Palong–Pangxin fault. Across the top of the Namche Barwa syntaxis (Namche Barwa block) and the Chayu block in the southeast, an earthquake dense belt (EDB) has developed. This EDB has similar deep structures beneath the two blocks, in which several northeast-dipping structural planes exit, and different portions of the EDB imply a unified tectonic stress field. Combining these data with the foreshock–mainshock–aftershock data for the 1950 Mw 8.6 Chayu, Tibet, earthquake, we speculate that the structural planes produced by the EDB at depth in the two blocks have already been connected or tended to connect, resulting in a new fault system trending northwest and approximately 280 km long. The 2017 Mw 6.9 Milin earthquake occurred at the northwestern end of this fault system. At present, the development stage, maturity, and fine structure of this new fault system remain unclear but should receive additional attention. Based on its maximum rupture area, this new fault system is capable of generating an Mw 7.7 earthquake in the future.
Estudio bibliométrico del constructo teórico “víctima”: Acercamiento a partir del conflicto armado en Colombia
Authors: Sorzano Rodríguez Deisy Milena , Galván Vela Esthela , Bonilla Ovallos María Eugenia , Ravina-Ripoll Rafael
Published: October 2021

El presente artículo tuvo por objetivo abordar la red conceptual de la acepción “víctima”, a través del señalamiento de los orígenes, recorrido teórico y revisión de las aportaciones científicas al concepto, para ser aterrizado en el ejemplo ilustrativo de la victimización a partir del análisis del caso del conflicto armado colombiano, con el ánimo de establecer el alcance y las limitaciones existentes del objeto de estudio. Aunado a esto, se realizó también un análisis documental, por lo que se presentan los datos obtenidos de la revisión bibliométrica, referente a los trabajos de este campo publicados desde 1984 hasta el año 2020. Para este propósito se hizo búsqueda de datos en Scopus, base de datos bibliográfica global y de alta calidad, localizando 1 mil 928 documentos, de los que se destacan los autores, las regiones, las afiliaciones instituciones, los periodos de publicación, las definiciones más representativas, entre otros datos relevantes, concluyendo en la necesidad de reivindicar los vacíos existentes en cuanto a la claridad del concepto, la notoria ausencia de investigación en países como Colombia frente al considerable aporte de territorios como Estados Unidos y, en términos generales, la invisibilidad de la producción de calidad latinoamericana.
Dynamic Tourism in ASEAN Countries: Do Institutional Indicators Matter?
Authors: Sari Vita Kartika , Cahyadin Malik
Published: October 2021

Tourism is one of the fastest-growing industries. Tourism is able to move the economy forward at the micro-level such as encouraging the informal sector and local potential while at the macro level it can increase currency transactions. In various countries, the tourism sector is able to increase domestic and foreign demands as well as to encourage transportation, hospitality, and manufacturing industries. This study examines the effect of institutional indicators on tourism in ASEAN countries during 2000-2018 under dynamic panel estimation. The number of observations was about 180, namely: time series from 2000-2018 and cross-section of 10 countries. ASEAN as one of the destinations in the world requires an increase in institutional quality to be able to compete and provide world-class tourism services. The six institutional indicators were employed such as voice and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. Moreover, the dynamic panel estimation was expressed by Pooled OLS and REM estimations. Interestingly, the findings show that political stability compromises the number of tourist arrivals while government effectiveness can stimulate tourist arrivals. Similarly, GDP per capita can hinder the number of tourist arrivals, while the exchange rate leads increasing of tourism arrivals. Thus, the governments in ASEAN countries can promote and cooperate together to develop tourism in the regional level. The GDP per capita of ASEAN countries should be increased, and the level of exchange rate can be maintained at a stable range. Besides, the governments should also improve the quality of institutions.
Frequency of bleeding complications in Algerian patients treated with the vitamin K antagonist acenocoumarol and associated factors
Authors: Belkacemi Malika , Merad Yassine , Berber Abdellah
Published: October 2021

Background: The major complication of vitamin K antagonist (VKA) therapy is bleeding. This study aimed to estimate the rate of hemorrhagic accidents and identify the hemorrhagic factors in Algerian patients treated by the VKA, acenocoumarol.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study in patients undergoing VKA therapy, followed in the cardiology department of the University Hospital of Sidi Bel Abbes.Results: One hundred patients were included. We recorded 22 cases of bleeding. Overdose and concomitant use of drugs that interfere with the acenocoumarol effect are significant risk factors of bleeding.Conclusions: Knowledge of predictive factors for VKA-related excessive anticoagulation seems to be of the utmost importance for improving patient management. There is a need for a national registry to assess the efficacy and safety of drug use in the short and long term. This pilot study is a cornerstone in the development of oral anticoagulation therapy monitoring in our region.
Endometrial stromal sarcoma: a rare form of undifferentiated endometrial cancer
Authors: Mehra Dolly , Saiyyed Anjum
Published: October 2021

Uterine sarcomas are a rare for of uterine cancers. They account for 0.2% of uterine cancers. The median age group is 40 to 60 years. They run an indolent course. About 60% women recur after a long period. Metastasis may occur even after 20 years. They can be classified into low grade, high grade and undifferentiated types. Low grade ESS has good prognosis. Surgery with adjuvant hormonal therapy is the mainstay of treatment. Adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy have no role in management. The role of lymphadenectomy is not clear. The first line treatment for recurrence is a repeat surgery. Patients require a long term follow up to detect recurrence. Here we present a case of perimenopausal women presenting as a case of AUB. MRI initially diagnosed it as a case of fibroid. Patient underwent TAH with BSO. Subsequent hispathology and immunohistochemistry revealed it to be Low grade ESS. Although rare, endometrial stromal sarcoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women presenting as AUB.
Risk factors for post-partum hemorrhage in patients who underwent operative vaginal delivery in a tertiary care center
Authors: Sivasambu Gayatri Devi , Kempaiah Sujani B. , Thukral Urvashi
Published: October 2021

Background: Operative vaginal delivery is a timely intervention to cut short second stage labor when imminent delivery is in the interests of mother, fetus, or both. It reduces second stage cesarean section morbidity and uterine scar and its influence on future obstetric career. The possible structural neonatal adverse outcomes due to operative vaginal delivery are well quantified. However, its effects on maternal outcome need to be understood better. In this paper, we study the effect of operative vaginal delivery on maternal post-partum hemorrhage (PPH) and the associated risk factors.Methods: It was a retrospective study carried out for the period July 2016 to July 2020 at Ramaiah Medical College, Bengaluru. Total number of vaginal deliveries in this period were 6318. Out of these, 1020 patients underwent assisted vaginal delivery using vacuum/ forceps/ sequential use of instrument. Blood loss greater than 500 ml is considered PPH for the purpose of this study. 15% of the study population was noted to have PPH. We employ a multivariate logistic regression to identify statistically significant risk factors for PPH in women undergoing operative vaginal delivery.Results: The logistic regression model identifies multiparity, maternal age, neonatal birth weight more than 3.5 kg, application of forceps in women with hypertensive disorders, III-degree tear, cervical tear to significantly increase the risk of PPH in our study population.Conclusions: Certain factors seem to increase the risk of PPH in operative vaginal delivery. The risks and benefits must be weighed properly before use of instruments.
Progression of knowledge in diabetes mellitus and covid-19
Authors: Latha VL Asha
Published: October 2021

The Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) is a pandemic infectious disease caused by the novel corona virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Diabetes mellitus (DM) and hyperglycemia are among the major comorbidities in patients with COVID-19 which might modulate immune and inflammatory responses leading to poor outcomes. Several reports show that patients with DM and COVID-19 are at an increased risk for developing severe complications including acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and death. Furthermore, compromised innate immunity, pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu, reduced expression of ACE-2 and use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists in diabetic patients may also contribute to poor prognosis in COVID-19. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between COVID-19 and DM remain to be elucidated. The severity and mortality was significantly higher in diabetic patients which may predispose patients with COVID-19 to poor outcomes. Most of these conclusions are preliminary, and further investigation of the optimal management in diabetic patients is necessary. Thus, it is imperative that diabetic patients should take all necessary precautions and ensure good glycemic control amid with COVID-19 pandemic.
Adaptogens as anti-stress agents in reducing increased plasma cortisol level during stress
Authors: Anju  , Kumar Ghosh Ashis
Published: October 2021

The stress response involves the activation of both the sympathetic-adrenal response and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. During times of increased stress, the adrenal gland is stimulated to produce increased levels of hormones. Cortisol, the main hormone involved in the stress response, is secreted in increased amounts within minutes of a perceived stressor. Cortisol secretion can increase as much as 20-fold and has several important physiological effects. Short-term surges in cortisol levels can suppress inflammation and at the same time suppress immune function. Though inflammation control is important, surges of sustained levels of cortisol are not healthy and ultimately lead to premature aging, degenerative disease, and increased susceptibility to cancer. Studies show that psycho-social stress activates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis causing an increase in morning cortisol levels, which correlated to the subjects reports of increased fatigue and anxiety. Although this stress response is important for survival during an acute stressor, prolonged activation of the stress response may lead to adrenal exhaustion in which cortisol levels drop to insufficient levels resulting in fatigue or illness. Many herbs have been shown to impact adrenal function. Adaptogens are plants that produce a non-specific response improving the physiological resistance to stressors. These herbs are often used in the context of adrenal support formulas to balance adrenal hormone levels. It is believed that adaptogenic herbs can increase low levels of adrenal hormone or decrease levels that are elevated. Additionally, these herbs provide balancing activity on many body systems that are impacted by stress, such as the immune response and blood sugar control.

In the present study, we have evaluated the efficacy of ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum 47mg/kg p.o, Withania somnifera 23 mg/kg p.o and Bacopa monnieri 23 mg/kg p.o on plasma cortisol level in mice subjected to swim endurance test and cold restraint stress. The standard group was administered water-soluble root powder of Panax ginseng 100 mg/kg p.o and the stress control group was administered distilled water orally for 7 days. It was found that mice pretreated with ethanolic extracts of Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera and Bacopa monnieri showed a fall in the plasma cortisol level. The standard group also showed a significant decrease in the plasma cortisol level compared to the stress and normal control groups.
A study on corneal astigmatism before and after pterygium excision
Authors: Munoli Karishma , Reddy Prajwalli
Published: October 2021

The prevalence of pterygium shows a substantial increase for increasing age and UV irradiation. There is paucity of available literature regarding the total area of pterygium, percentage of extension of pterygium on to the cornea and its effects on corneal astigmatism. Hence this study was undertaken to evaluate the pre and post-surgical effect of the size of the pterygium on corneal astigmatism.

100 out patients aged between 22 to 50 years diagnosed with pterygium were included in the study. Slit lamp bio microscope was used to measure the length and width of pterygium in millimetres. Slit beam was used to measure the diameter of cornea. Corneal astigmatism was measured pre and postoperatively on day 1 and 1 month follow up using keratometery.

In this study 2.13±1.39 was the mean preoperative astigmatism, 1.36±1.03 was the mean post-operative astigmatism on day 1 and on 1 month follow up 0.86±0.91 was the mean post-operative astigmatism which was statistically significant(p<0.001)). The corneal astigmatism was directly proportional to pterygium area. As the area of pterygium increased the post-operative astigmatism significantly decreased. There was increase in corneal astigmatism with the increase in the percentage of pterygium extension onto cornea. In post-operative period the corneal astigmatism decreased with the increase in the percentage of pterygium extension onto cornea (p<0.001).

As per our findings we draw a conclusion that surgical removal of pterygium significantly reduces pterygium induced astigmatism and also there is an improvement in visual acuity.
Demographic study of vernal keratoconjunctivitis in tertiary eye centre in Eastern India
Authors: Ranjan Abhishek , Prasad Mukta
Published: October 2021

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic form of ocular allergy that can potentially cause severe visual complications, affecting mainly children and young adults. The objective of this study is to evaluate the age group involved, sex predilection, occupation, seasonal variations, type of disease and prevalence of corneal involvement in cases presented to tertiary eye care centres of Eastern India.

A total of 180 patients with signs and symptoms of VKC, who presented between April 2019 to March 2021 were studied. Patients who were not having any systemic or ocular illness and not received systemic or ocular medications during the four weeks, were included in the study.

Most of the patients were found to be between 6 to 15 years (67.22%) age group and 70% are male. 71.66% of the patients were school going children. Majority of the patients were presented in the month of April to September (71.11%) i.e. during warm weather. Bulbar variety (42.22%) are most common type of VKC and 68.51% cases had corneal involvement at presentation.

Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis is the disease of childhood, mostly during school going age and more commonly affects males. It is usually bilateral and more prevalent during hot and humid climate.
Pindborg tumour: A case report
Authors: Dubey Deepa , Rishi Sudhir , Chawla Pallavi , Badyal Vinay
Published: October 2021

The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT) is a benign epithelial odontogenic lesion that accounts for less than 1% of all odontogenic tumors. CEOT is usually asymptomatic and an incidental radiological finding, often presenting as a mandibular radiolucency with flecks of calcified material. We report a case of CEOT in the right posterior maxilla of a 24-year-old female that was associated with an ectopic unerupted tooth. The tumour in this case caused mild pain and appeared radiographically similar to an odontoma or Ameloblastic fibro-odontome, due to its dense calcified contents. Diagnosis was confirmed through histopathology. This case report highlights the unusual clinical and radiographic appearence of Pindborg tumor.
Study of Icaritin Films by Low-Energy Electron Beam Deposition
Authors: Cheng Tongfei , Cao Jinxing , Jiang Xiaohong , Yarmolenko M.A. , Rogachev A.A. , Rogachev A.V.
Published: October 2021

In this paper, icaritin film was prepared by low-energy beam electron beam deposition (EBD). The material test showed that the structure and composition of icaritin were not changed after electron beam deposition. Then, the film was sliced and immersed in simulated body fluids, it can be seen that the film was released quickly in the first 7 days. With the extension of soaking time, the release rate gradually slowed down, and the release amount exceeded 90% in about 20 days. In vitro cytotoxicity test showed that the relative cell viability rate of the film was still 92.32±1.30% (p<0.05), indicating that the film possessed excellent cytocompatibility.
Optical Radiation from the Sputtered Species under Excitation of Ternary Mixtures of Noble Gases by the 6Li(n,α)3H Nuclear Reaction Products
Authors: Samarkhanov K. , Khasenov M. , Batyrbekov E. , Gordienko Yu. , Baklanova Yu. , Kenzhina I. , Tulubayev Ye. , Karambayeva I.
Published: October 2021

The present paper examines the luminescence of ternary Ar-Kr-Xe and Ne-Ar-Kr mixtures of noble gases in the spectral range from 300 to 970 nm, excited by the 6Li(n,α)3H nuclear reaction products in the core of a nuclear reactor. A thin layer of lithium applied on the walls of the experimental device, stabilized in the matrix of the capillary-porous structure, serves as a source of gas excitation. During in-pile tests, conducted at the IVG.1M research reactor, thermal neutrons interact via the 6Li(n,α)3H reaction, and the emergent alpha particles with a kinetic energy of 2.05 MeV and tritium ions with a kinetic energy of 2.73 MeV excite gaseous medium. The study was carried out in a wide temperature range. The temperature dependence of the intensity of the emission of the atoms of noble gases and alkali metals, heteronuclear ionic molecules of noble gases were studied. The obtained values of the activation energy of the emission process 1.58 eV for lithium and 0.72 eV for potassium agree well with the known values of evaporation energy. Excitation of alkali metals atoms occurs consequently of the Penning process of alkali metals atoms on noble gas atoms in the 1s-states and further ion-molecular reactions.
Supercritical Fluid Extraction in Resveratrol Isolation Technology
Authors: Zhabayeva A.N. , Velyamov M.T. , Nakypbekova N.E. , Dolgikh S.G. , Adekenov S.M.
Published: October 2021

The article discusses the use of supercritical fluid extraction in the technology for the isolation of resveratrol, a phenolic compound found in Vitis vinifera L. A technology was developed for obtaining the sum of polyphenolic compounds with a quantitative content of resveratrol. As a raw material for the production of the substance, Vitis pomace was used after the production of wine and juice, which makes it possible to introduce complex processing of plant raw materials. For the first time, by the method of carbon dioxide extraction, the conditions for the isolation of resveratrol from Vitis pomace raw materials of the Kazakhstani varieties Saperavi and Cabernet were optimized. The influence of pressure (from 10 to 35 MPa), duration (from 60 to 180 min), temperature (from 50 to 70 °C) was studied when optimizing the extraction mode. The quantitative content of resveratrol in carbon dioxide extracts was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography( HPLC). The optimal parameters for the extraction of Vitis vinifera L. pomace (pressure, duration, temperature) were established, which provide a relatively high content of resveratrol in the extracts.
Comparative effects of partial dictation and dictogloss on listening comprehension ability of EFL learners
Authors: Abdolmajid Milad , Mowlaie Bahram , Rahimi Ali
Published: October 2021

TEFL teachers and scholars acknowledge the unique characteristics of listening skills and the vital role it plays in language learning and communication. The present study seeks to empirically investigate if partial dictation versus dictogloss has any significant effect on listening comprehension of Iranian EFL learners. Participants include 60 male EFL learners who were selected via double sampling and after taking the listening pre-test were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (partial dictation versus dictogloss) and a control group. A thorough analysis of the data using paired sample t-test indicated that the partial dictation group slightly outperformed the dictogloss group in the listening post-test and both experimental groups significantly outperformed the control group. The results can have implications for learners, teachers and material developers.
 
Keywords: Dictogloss, listening comprehension, partial dictation, EFL learners, comprehension ability.
Letting students decide whether to work in pairs or individually in class
Authors: Araujo Portugal Juan Carlos
Published: October 2021

Communicative approaches to language teaching have advocated for the benefits of pair and group work when learning foreign languages. This paper reports an example of classroom research that has been carried out with intermediate students of English, level B1+, focusing on how they prefer to work in class as regards grammar and vocabulary exercises when given the chance to choose. In order to obtain the results for this classroom research study, the students’ teacher becomes a participant observer who records the data throughout the course and collects the data on observation worksheets. Contrary to what it might be expected, the outcomes show that many of the younger students prefer working on their own and then compare and justify their answers with their partners, rather than working in pairs from the very beginning. This is recommended to establish whether this is just specific of these students, or it is something common with other students and teachers have been unaware of it.
 
Keywords: Classroom research, individual work, learning gains, learning preferences, pair work, personal decision.
Portuguese Authorship in Published Clinical Trials: Differences in Industry and Investigator Initiated Trials
Authors: Pinheiro Andrade Maria , Matias Daniela , Batuca Joana , Gouveia Nélia , Mota-Filipe Hélder , Carreira Monteiro Emília , Madeira Catarina
Published: October 2021

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the Portuguese authorship in publications resulting from trials initiated by the industry or investigators and run in Portugal.Material and Methods: Clinical trials with Portuguese institutions as sponsor or recruiting centers, and registered in four clinical trial registries, in the last 14 years, were assessed. Publications of completed trials, from both the initiative of the industry and investigatorswere screened and compared.Results: The percentage of published trials initiated by industry and investigators was similar (28.0%). However, the percentage of completed investigator-initiated trials (43.6%) was lower when compared to industry trials (69.7%). There was a higher percentage of Portuguese authorship in published investigator-initiated trials when compared with industry-initiated trials (47.1% vs 8.5%, respectively). Moreover, industry-initiated trials with Portuguese authors were published in journals with lower journal impact factor when compared with those published without authorship of Portuguese investigators. Oncology was the therapeutic area with the highest number of clinical trial registrations and publications. However, in publications with Portuguese authors, industry Initiated trials mainly focused on neurology while investigator-initiated trials had a higher number of papers in the fields of gastroenterology and infection diseases. Published trials with Portuguese authorship, initiated by the industry or investigators, also targeted different populations and had different purposes. In both cases, no significant differences were observed in terms of the journal impact factor or in the alignment of the published randomized trials with the respective reporting guidelines.Discussion: When compared with previous publications, this study showed an increasing trend in the number of clinical trials in Portugal, published within similar timeframes, after trial conclusion. Even though both industry and investigator trials are published within the standards for reporting trials, the low number of Portuguese authorships in industry publications might underline the need for invigorating these independent clinical trials in Portugal by capacitating and empowering national clinical research teams.Conclusion: This study confirmed that even though all registered trials had the involvement of Portuguese institutions as a recruiting center, not all the published trials had Portuguese investigators as authors, mainly those initiated by the industry.
Urgensi Prinsip Kepatutan dan Keadilan (Redelijkheid en Billijkheid) Dalam Pembuatan Perjanjian Pendahuluan
Authors: Rini Ragil Kusnaning
Published: October 2021

The principle of reasonableness and fairness (redelijkheid en billijkheid) is a pair of principles that are closely related and constitute an interpretation of the principle of good faith. So that the terms used in NBW are no longer good faith, but rather reasonableness and fairness. In the Netherlands, this principle is mandatory not only at the time of contract execution, but also at the pre-contract stage, giving rise to pre-contractual liability. Whereas to judge whether or not a preliminary agreement is binding, what must be observed first is the substance and not just based on the title. The importance of applying the principles of reasonableness and fairness in the preliminary agreement is to realize contractual justice and provide protection for weak parties when the expectations of the promises offered cannot be fulfilled. In essence, the principle of reasonableness and fairness requires proportionality among the parties. A preliminary agreement if the clauses are made without paying attention to the principles of reasonableness and fairness will have the potential to cause disputes. Furthermore, the party who feels aggrieved can file a lawsuit on the basis of an unlawful act and demand compensation for the costs that have been incurred.Keywords: Preliminary Agreements; Good Faith; Redelijkheid en Billijkheid.Prinsip kepatutan dan keadilan (redelijkheid en billijkheid) merupakan sepasang prinsip yang saling terkait erat dan merupakan penafsiran dari makna prinsip itikad baik. Sehingga istilah yang digunakan pada NBW tidak lagi itikad baik (good faith), melainkan kepatutan dan keadilan (reasonableness and fairness). Di Belanda, prinsip ini tidak hanya diwajibkan pada saat pelaksanaan kontrak saja, namun juga pada tahapan pra kontrak sehingga menimbulkan adanya pra-contractual liability. Bahwa untuk menilai mengikat atau tidaknya suatu perjanjian pendahuluan, maka yang harus dicermati terlebih dahulu adalah substansinya dan bukan hanya didasarkan pada judulnya saja. Pentingnya penerapan prinsip kepatutan dan keadilan dalam perjanjian pendahuluan adalah untuk mewujudkan keadilan berkontrak dan memberikan perlindungan terhadap pihak yang lemah manakala harapan dari janji-janji yang ditawarkan tidak dapat terpenuhi. Pada hakikatnya prinsip kepatutan dan keadilan menghendaki adanya proporsionalitas diantara para pihak. Suatu perjanjian pendahuluan jika klausul-klausulnya dibuat tanpa memperhatikan prinsip kepatutan dan keadilan akan berpotensi menimbulkan perselisihan. Selanjutnya terhadap pihak yang merasa dirugikan dapat mengajukan gugatan atas dasar perbuatan melanggar hukum dan menuntut ganti kerugian atas biaya-biaya yang telah dikeluarkannya.Kata Kunci: Perjanjian Pendahuluan; Itikad Baik; Redelijkheid en Billijkheid.
Reformulation of Regulation Concerning Share Ownership in Regional Development Bank by Regional Governments of Indonesia
Authors: Nufitasari Dien , Dewantara Reka
Published: October 2021

The Regional Development Bank is an investment or realization of the regional government's commitment to carry out the objectives of the Act in terms of improving the area. Regional Development Banks have an important role in moving the regional economy, but obstacles arise from the regulatory side which experience conflicting norms in terms of regulating share ownership by regions so that synchronization is needed to realize legal certainty. The research in this cynical article aims to find regulatory reformulation regarding share ownership at the Regional Development Bank (BPD) with legal certainty. The research in this article uses a type of normative juridical law research. The approaches used are Statute Approaches, Conceptual Approaches and Analytical Approaches. The results of the study indicate that there are inconsistencies in the provisions governing share ownership in BPD. This gives juridical implications for the emergence of rights, obligations and legal relations as a result of the inconsistency of these arrangements. Regulatory reformulation regarding BPD share ownership by Regional Governments is carried out by adopting and efficacy of the concept of norms, resulting in a consistent regulation regarding BPD share ownership by regional governments..
Ratio Legis on the Right to Language in the Education System in Timor Leste
Authors: Marsal Antonino Pedro , Sukardi Sukardi
Published: October 2021

The East Timor obtained its independence though a referendum conducted by the United Nation (UN). The constitution of the Democratic Republic of Timor Leste (RDTL) officially enacted on 20th of May 2002. The language clause with the constitution, article 13 states that the official language of East Timor is Tetun and Portuguese. Based on the language clause mention above, the government of East Timor puts a policy in place, obligated all level of educational system to only use Portuguese in their activity. This policy, however, gets fierce rejection especially from private educational institutions because of its inconsistency with the new reality  According to the data from the United Nation (UN), actually, only less than 5 persent of the Timorese speaks Portuguese. in this research, there are 2 legal issues emerged. The first is about the language as a constitutional right of citizens. Secondly, use of Portuguese language in the education system in East Timor to human rights?. To analyze the legal problems, this research utilizes the qualitative and  legal method. And, it can be successfully proved that the implementation of language clause of East Timor The government policy does not consider the legal principle of proportionality justice and then to be discriminative for Timorese who use Tetun and other national languages, which are important to be developed by the nation as wel. The conclusion that the use of Portuguese language violated constitutional rights and impedes the quality of education.
Legal Construction of Anti-Eco-Slapp Reinforcement In Indonesia
Authors: Banulita Mia , Utami Titik
Published: October 2021

SLAPP does not only occur in the environmental sector but in any situation which act aims to stop or eliminate public participation in aggression against certain policies. In the environmental sector, it is referred to as Eco-SLAPP which aims to provide fear, silence, and intimidation toward people who commit aggression against environmental policies and/or certain interests through reporting/complaints or lawsuits to court. Therefore, the Anti-Eco-SLAPP concept in Law Number 32 of 2009 was raised to provide protection against the act of Eco-SLAPP since it harms people who fight for good and healthy environment. Unfortunately, weakness is found in Law Number 32 of 2009 regarding substance and process in fulfilling Anti Eco-SLAPP. In terms of substance, Article 2 letter a Law Number 32 of 2009 has not given the state responsibility to implement Anti Eco-SLAPP, Article 66 Law Number 32 of 2009 has not regulated good faith as the reason a person cannot be prosecuted criminally or sued civilly, protection from administrative action, and motion strike/dismissal process and SLAPP Back, to prevent early Eco-SLAPP actions. In addition, the implementation of Anti Eco-SLAPP is often misinterpreted since it is unable to distinguish pure criminal acts and actions to fight for the environment based on good faith. Based on this, it is necessary to construct an Anti Eco-SLAPP law based on the weaknesses of the existing Law Number 32 of 2009, so as to reinforce the implementation of Anti Eco-SLAPP in Indonesia.
Patterns related to the pollutant concentration data in the Metropolitan Area of Belo Horizonte, Brasil
Authors: Marcos Cerqueira Mendes Luiza Maria , Carvalho Vanessa Silveira Barreto Carvalho , Bolzan Martins Fabrina , Toledo de Almeida Albuquerque Taciana
Published: October 2021

Air pollution from human and industrial activities has been a major concern in recent years. Among the various pollutants found in the atmosphere, particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) show significant occurrences, with high concentrations in several urban centers frequently associated with environmental and public health problems. Therefore, this study uses the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique and Tukey's test to investigate the patterns related to the variability of maximum daily concentrations of O3 and mean daily concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter inferior to 10 μm (PM10), registered between 2007 and 2012 through six sites in the Metropolitan Area of Belo Horizonte (MABH), Brazil. To this end, the data were analyzed using ANOVA arranged in a factorial scheme (6 x 4 x 2) with four repetitions per treatment, followed by Tukey’s test. In the ANOVA and Tukey's test, the first factor (A) represents the six air quality monitoring stations, the second (B) represents the seasons, and the third (C) the measurements carried out during working days and weekends. Seasonal variability patterns show higher concentrations of O3 in the Spring and PM10 in the Winter. The mean values for working days and weekends showed different patterns for the two pollutants. For PM10, the concentrations were higher during the working days when compared to the weekends. For O3, the weekend effect was found only in one of the stations. The profiles of vehicular and industrial emissions have been identified as a potential factor that led to these results.
HBV, HCV, HIV & TB Prevalence in Injection Drug Users in Major Cities of Punjab, Pakistan- a Survey-Based Research Report
Authors: Ali Ghafran , Ashfaq Kanza
Published: October 2021

Hepatitis-B,C,HIV and TB among intravenous drug users continues to be a serious explanation for disease and death, this study was conducted to survey the prevalence of Hepatitis-B,C,HIV and TB in rehabilitation center of Punjab, Pakistan. A telephonic and visited survey of 78 rehabilitation centers in Punjab Pakistan to assess their treatment. An analysis of 21 responded that returned useable data revealed that only 7.2% patients of responded rehabilitation centers are positive for HEP-B. 33.23% patients are positive for HEP-C, 8.74% patients are positive for HIV and 0.87% patients are positive for TB. Majority of the respondent of whom doctors, psychologists believe that the patient, partner of the patient and their children should be offered for HEP-B,C,HIV and TB screening regularly.
Oral Immunotherapy for Food-Allergic Children: A Pro-Con Debate
Authors: Mori Francesca , Giovannini Mattia , Barni Simona , Jiménez-Saiz Rodrigo , Munblit Daniel , Biagioni Benedetta , Liccioli Giulia , Sarti Lucrezia , Liotti Lucia , Ricci Silvia , Novembre Elio , Sahiner Umit , Baldo Ermanno , Caimmi Davide
Published: October 2021

The prevalence of food allergy has increased in recent years, especially in children. Food allergen avoidance and symptomatic drugs in case of an allergic reaction remain the standard of care in food allergy. Nevertheless, increasing attention has been given to the possibility to treat food allergy, through immunotherapy, particularly oral immunotherapy (OIT). Several OIT protocols and clinical trials have been published. Most of them focus on children allergic to milk, egg, or peanuts, although recent studies developed protocols for other foods, such as wheat and different nuts. OIT efficacy in randomized controlled trials is usually evaluated as the possibility for patients to achieve desensitization, while the issue of a possible long-term sustained unresponsiveness has not been completely addressed. Here, we evaluated current OIT knowledge, focusing on the results of clinical trials and current guidelines. Specifically, we wanted to highlight what is known in terms of OIT efficacy and effectiveness, safety, and impact on quality of life. For each aspect, we reported the pros and the cons, inferable from published literature. In conclusion, even though many protocols, reviews and meta-analysis have been published on this topic, OIT remains a controversial therapy and no definitive generalized conclusion may be drawn so far. It should be an option provided by specialized teams, when both patients and their families are prone to adhere to the proposed protocol. Efficacy, long-term effectiveness, possible role of adjuvant therapies, risk of severe reactions including anaphylaxis or eosinophilic esophagitis, and impact on the quality of life of both children and caregivers are all aspects that should be discussed before starting OIT. Future studies are needed to provide firm clinical and scientific evidence, which should also consider patient reported outcomes.
TPEN Selectively Eliminates Lymphoblastic B cells from Bone Marrow Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients
Authors: Mendivil-Perez Miguel , Velez-Pardo Carlos , Quiroz-Duque Lina Maria , Restrepo-Rincon Alexandra , Valencia-Zuluaga Natalia Andrea , Jimenez-Del-Rio Marlene
Published: October 2021

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a hematologic disorder characterized by the abnormal proliferation and accumulation of immature B-lymphoblasts arrested at various stages of differentiation. Despite advances in treatment, a significant percentage of pediatric patients with precursor B-ALL still relapse. Therefore, alternative therapies are needed to improve the cure rates for pediatric patients. TPEN (N, N, N’, N’-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)-ethylenediamine).is a pro-oxidant agent capable of selectively inducing apoptosis in leukemia cells. Consequently, it has been suggested that TPEN could be a potential agent for oxidative therapy. However, it is not yet known whether TPEN can selectively destroy leukemia cells in a more disease-like model, for example, the bloodstream and bone marrow (BM), in vitro. This investigation is an extension of a previous study that dealt with the effect of TPEN on ex vivo isolated/purified refractory B-ALL cells. Here, we evaluated the effect of TPEN on whole BM from nonleukemic patients (control) or pediatric patients diagnosed with de novo B-ALL or refractory B-ALL cells by analyzing the hematopoietic cell lineage marker CD34/CD19. Although TPEN was innocuous to nonleukemic BM (n=3), we found that TPEN significantly induced apoptosis in de novo (n = 5) and refractory B-ALL (n = 6) leukemic cell populations. Moreover, TPEN significantly increased the counts of cells positive for the oxidation of the stress sensor protein DJ-1, a sign of the formation of H2O2, and significantly increased the counts of cells positive for the pro-apoptotic proteins TP53, PUMA, and CASPASE-3 (CASP-3), indicative of apoptosis, in B-ALL cells. We demonstrate that TPEN selectively eliminates B-ALL cells independent of age, diagnosis status (de novo or refractory), sex, karyotype, or immunophenotype. Understanding TPEN-induced cell death in leukemia cells provides insight into more effective therapeutic oxidation-inducing anticancer agents.