bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Coolant Pressure and Volume Flow Rate in the Gundrilling Process
Authors: Jung Jinhyuk , Ni Jun
Published: November 2003

Coolant volume flow rate and pressure critically affect the chip evacuation in the gundrilling process. A predictive fluid model was developed to estimate coolant volume flow rate and pressure, which considered the whole gundrill system of coolant channels as a system of circular and non-circular cross-sections of fluid channels and gundrill geometry. Major contributions to the findings of the following important facts were made through experiments as well as modeling. First, the generation of swarfs in the coolant transport did not create a noticeable hydraulic resistance no matter whether swarfs were carbon steel or aluminum. Second, the size of the coolant holes of the head is not necessarily the most influential factor for determining coolant volume flow rate as believed in general practice. Last, hydraulic resistance by the clearance area of the hole bottom becomes negligible when its size reaches a saturation point.
A study of electric dipole radiation via scattering of polarized laser light
Authors: Sharma Natthi L. , Behringer Ernest R. , Crombez Rene C.
Published: November 2003

We have developed an advanced undergraduate experiment to explore electric dipole radiation in the optical frequency domain. A polarized laser beam is used to illuminate an aqueous suspension of skim milk, and the light scattered from the suspension is measured in the plane perpendicular to the laser beam as a function of the angle θ with respect to the polarization direction and as a function of the perpendicular distance R from the laser beam. When the length of the scattering region, d, is much smaller than R, the measurements agree very well with the sin2 θ/R2 dependence of electric dipole radiation. Increasing the scatterer concentration increases the background of multiply scattered light and decreases the degree of polarization of the scattered light with no appreciable change in the observed sin2 θ/R2 dependence. We discuss variations of the experiment for different instructional needs and describe how an understanding of dipole radiation helps students to appreciate a number of optical phenomena.
Thermodynamics of black holes in a finite box
Authors: Custódio P. S. , Horvath J. E.
Published: November 2003

We analyze the thermodynamic behavior of black holes in a finite closed box. The evolution of the black hole mass is analyzed, with and without radiation initially. We deduce a minimal volume above which one black hole can lose all of its mass to the box, a result that agrees with a previous analysis by Page. The equilibrium times and masses are evaluated and their behavior is discussed. We show that N black holes achieve the same equilibrium masses even though the initial masses were different. The total entropy of the system is used to derive the functional dependence of the equilibrium mass on the box volume, the number of black holes, and the temperature of the radiation. A set of problems devised to reinforce the concepts is also presented.
Vector constants of the motion and orbits in the Coulomb/Kepler problem
Authors: Muñoz Gerardo
Published: November 2003

The equation for the conic sections describing the possible orbits in a potential V∼r−1 is obtained by means of a vector constant of the motion differing from the traditional Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector.
Coaxial cable analogs of multilayer dielectric optical coatings
Authors: del Mar Sánchez-López Marı́a , Davis Jeffrey A. , Crabtree Karlton
Published: November 2003

We study the properties of periodic coaxial cable structures (coaxial photonic crystals), where the periodicity consists of alternating cables with low and high impedance. We show that the electrical signal that propagates through these structures leads to similar phenomena as the light propagating through the corresponding multilayer dielectric optical coating structures. In this way, Bragg reflectors, optical thin-film filters, and Fabry–Perot resonators are reproduced in the megahertz frequency range. This represents an inexpensive way of experimentally investigating wave propagation in locally periodic media.
Experiments with the drinking bird
Authors: Güémez J. , Valiente R. , Fiolhais C. , Fiolhais M.
Published: November 2003

We present a simple model of the dynamics of the drinking bird and relate its period to the properties of its internal and external liquids. The effect of humidity on the motion is studied and it is shown that there are two evaporation regimes. The results of the model are in agreement with observations.
The method of least squares used to invert an orbit problem
Authors: Bannister Ross
Published: November 2003

Six parameters uniquely describe the orbit of a body about the Sun. Given these parameters, it is possible to make predictions of the body’s position by solving its equation of motion. The parameters cannot be directly measured, so they must be inferred indirectly by an inversion method which uses measurements of other quantities in combination with the equation of motion. Inverse techniques are valuable tools in many applications where only noisy, incomplete, and indirect observations are available for estimating parameter values. The methodology of the approach is introduced and the Kepler problem is used as a real-world example.
Euler angle geometry, helicity basis vectors, and the Wigner D-function addition theorem
Authors: Pendleton J. David
Published: November 2003

Euler angles often are used to describe the orientation of a secondary system rotated relative to a primary system by generating two auxiliary systems and the secondary with three rotations. We use basis vectors to show that the auxiliary systems of the y-convention Euler angles (used in quantum mechanics) are the cylindrical and spherical systems associated with the primary Cartesian system. We then apply Euler angle geometry to obtain an improved expression (and understanding) of the Wigner D-function addition theorem and related geometrical issues. We introduce helicity vectors and express vector spherical harmonics as combinations of Wigner D-functions to show that the D-function addition theorem is implicit within expansions of rotated vector spherical harmonics. As example applications of the Wigner D-function, we obtain an addition theorem for vector spherical harmonics and then simplify a dyadic Green function (related to Mie theory) describing inelastic light scattering from a laser-irradiated spherical droplet containing a fluorescing molecule.
Coriolis Force on Your Arms
Authors: Johns Robert
Published: November 2003

The Coriolis force is a sideward force that acts on a rotating object as it moves toward or away from the center of rotation. It is important to long-range artillery and the formation of tornados, but we seldom experience this force on a human scale, unless we play on a merry-go-round or similar apparatus.1 This note describes a simple activity that lets us see the effect of the Coriolis force on our outstretched arms as they fall down to our sides while we rotate.
Force on Current-Carrying Wire
Authors: Weichman Frank
Published: November 2003

We describe a small, portable device to be used as a variant on the demonstration of the force on a current-carrying wire.
CRITICAL NOTES ON PLATO'S POLITEIA, X
Authors:   Slings
Published: November 2003

This paper is the tenth and last instalment of a series of notes intended as a companion to the new Oxford Classical Text of the Politeia (Platonis Rempvblicam recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxit S.R. Slings, Oxonii 2003). The following passages are treated: 596b10-12, 598e5-599a1, 602c1-3, 602d3, 605a3-4, 605c3, 606c2-3, 607c6, 608e5, 610a4, 610b1-2, 610e3, 610e9, 611c4, 612e8-621d5 (reconstruction of D, one of the three primary MSS), 617e8, 618c4-8, 619c1, 621b6-7, 621b8.
CATULLUS 2 AND 3: A PROGRAMMATIC PAIR OF SAPPHIC EPIGRAMS?
Authors:   Ingleheart
Published: November 2003

Starting from a broad ancient definition of 'epigrams' which includes poems which are not in elegiacs, and Martial's use of Catullus 2 (written in hendecasyllables) as a model for his own epigrams (Mart. 4.14.13-4), my paper examines epigrammatic features in Catullus 2 and 3, as well as other literary affinities that can be traced in these poems. AP 7.195 and 196 (by Meleager) are important epigrammatic models for Catullus 2, and I identify major correspondences and differences between these poems, before considering another important model for Catullus 2: Sappho fr. 1. From examination of Sapphic features in Catullus 2 and 2b, my paper moves to Catullus 3, and explores its affinities with Greek epigram (in particular the epitaphs found in AP 7 and Hellenistic curse poetry). In the final section of the paper, working from Martial's references to Catullus' passer and Catullus' use of Sappho fr. 1 in Catullus 2, I consider Catullus 2 as the opening poem of a Catullan collection, and the implications that this has for our interpretation of his poetry.
MARTIAL, HERKULES UND DOMITIAN: BÜSTEN, STATUETTEN UND STATUEN IM EPIGRAMMATON LIBER NONUS
Authors: Lorenz Sven
Published: November 2003

Martial's epigrams 9.43 and 44 on a statuette of Hercules owned by the patron Novius Vindex (also mentioned in Statius Silv. 4.6) have usually been read as historical documents which tell us something about Martial's relationship with Statius and about patronage in the age of Domitian. In the Epigrammaton liber nonus, however, there are two more pairs of epigrams and three single poems which, like 9.43 and 44, talk of statues or statuettes (9. ep. ; 23/24; 50; 64/65; 101). These poems on contemporary and ancient works of art play an important role in the arrangement of the book in that they divide the liber into sections which thematically differ from each other. In these sections Martial presents and contrasts different qualities of his epigrammatic oeuvre and shows how even the lowest genre of poetry can serve as panegyric literature for the sublime emperor Domitian. It has become common practice to dissect the Epigrammaton libri into individual pieces and to use them as mines of information about life in antiquity in general and about Martial's life in particular. We should not, however, neglect the context of Martial's epigrams: the Epigrammaton libri.
Book Review
Authors:   Lowe
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Editorial Comment
Authors:   Valencia-Ospina
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Updates to Law and Practice of the International Court of Justice (1920–1996)
Authors:   Rosenne
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The 2001 Amendments to the Rules of Procedure of the International Court of Justice
Authors:   Prager
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Editorial Comment
Authors:   Malintoppi
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Problems of Adjudication and Arbitration in Maritime Boundary Disputes
Authors:   Kaikobad
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
International Justice and Developing Countries: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors:   Romano
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Procedural Developments at the International Court of Justice
Authors:   Prager
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Procedural Developments in International Criminal Courts
Authors:   Wierda
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Dictionnaire de droit international public, under the direction of Jean Salmon, with a preface by Gilbert Guillaume
Authors:   Pilkington
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Analyzing International Economic Negotiations: Towards a Synthesis of Approaches
Authors:   Landau
Published: November 2003

Economic negotiations have unique structural characteristics and deserve special scrutiny. These attributes entail the institutional frameworks in which issues are placed and the actors involved. Economic negotiations can be conducted at bilateral, regional or multilateral levels. They are not one-shot exercises, so countries can play off multilateral options when they have better bilateral or regional alternatives and vice versa. Economic negotiations are often networked into other negotiations to constitute an intricate and interlinked pattern of relations. They also can become complex in terms of the number of agents involved in the process and the multiple levels of interaction. Finally, they have specific structural configurations of their own.
Symmetry and Asymmetry in International Negotiations
Authors:   Landau,   Pfetsch
Published: November 2003

The properties of symmetry and asymmetry among negotiating partners can influence the process and outcomes of a negotiation in four major ways. First, they describe the relative potential strengths and power of the negotiating parties and, as such, not only indicate differences and similarities that exist between the negotiating partners, but also determine the process. Second, even asymmetric parties seek to find equality through the process of negotiation. A third form of symmetry and asymmetry is manifest when a third party is engaged to mediate the negotiation process. A third manifestation concerns the symmetry of instruments to be used in negotiations. Finally, the outcome of the negotiation process expresses utility perceptions by both parties. Thus the idea of symmetry/asymmetry and the perception, there of, can be found in all stages of the negotiation process.
Negotiating North American Free Trade
Authors:   Tomlin,   Cameron
Published: November 2003

Negotiators for powerful, self-reliant states tend to be less responsive to weak states relative to domestic constituents, while negotiators for states entangled in ties of asymmetric interdependence with more powerful states tend to be more responsive to the demands of powerful states than to the demands of domestic constituents. Asymmetrical power does not necessarily lead to asymmetrical results, however, because negotiators in weaker states may, nevertheless, have more attractive non-agreement alternatives and a longer shadow of the future. Negotiators with attractive non-agreement alternatives will be more willing to put agreement at risk by withholding concessions in the negotiation process. Centralized and vertical institutions are often a bargaining liability precisely because weak states tend to be less responsive to domestic constituents, whereas divided government can be a major asset. These propositions are demonstrated through an analysis and reconstruction of the North American Free Trade negotiation process.
The OECD Agreement to Criminalize Bribery: A Negotiation Analytic Perspective
Authors:   Metcalfe
Published: November 2003

This article examines a negotiation under the auspices of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on a Convention Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. We view the OECD negotiation as the culmination of 20 years of US diplomatic pressure. The investigation provides a detailed description of the Bribery Convention in terms of negotiators' preferences. To accomplish this we structure the talks within a negotiation analytic framework specifying parties, issues, resolutions, preferences, and reservation values. Preference data for the ten largest OECD exporters are presented. This permits the outcome to be described in quantitative terms. Pushing the analysis forward, we assess the impact on the negotiation process of the addition of a highly divisive issue. The divisive issue splits the parties into two coalitions, threatens deadlock, and is left unresolved until the final hours of the negotiation, setting up a game of Chicken. This study offers lessons for the management of future international economic negotiations. Complex multiparty negotiations can benefit from small teams of facilitators focused on designing and managing the negotiation process.
Negotiating in International Watercourses: Diplomacy, Conflict and Cooperation
Authors:   Dinar,   Dinar
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Hydropolitics: Grounds for Despair, Reasons for Hope
Authors:   Elhance
Published: November 2003

As the competition over transboundary water resources to satisfy growing societal needs intensifies, hydropolitics in international river basins is demanding increasing attention from the international community. Third parties are being asked to play important roles in facilitating and supporting negotiations, and helping to develop and sustain bilateral and multilateral agreements aimed at cooperative development and sharing of water across international borders. This article highlights the great complexity of hydropolitics in international basins, as well as the constraints and opportunities embodied in all negotiations for sharing the multiple-use potential of transboundary water resources. The hope is that a sophisticated and context-sensitive understanding of hydropolitics on the part of mediators and negotiators, and national and international decision makers, can help tackle the challenges that lie ahead in this highly complex arena of international relations more effectively.
Negotiated Resolution of the Jordan-Israel Water Conflict
Authors:   Haddadin
Published: November 2003

This article reviews and analyzes the process associated with the water conflict between Jordan and Israel. It starts with the attempts made by the United States between 1953 and 1955 to work out a Unified Plan (The Johnston Plan) for the development of the Jordan Valley. The Plan was expected to forge tacit cooperation in the utilization of the Jordan River waters among Israel and the Arab riparian parties (then at a state of war with Israel). The efforts culminated in an agreement on the technical side, but approval on the political side was postponed and never materialized. The article then turns to the direct negotiations between Jordan and Israel. This process was conducted through the Middle East Peace Process which was launched in Madrid in 1991. The article focuses only on the water negotiations while reviewing the bilateral negotiations and the basis of the resolution over water. The negotiated resolution of 1994 is compared with Johnston's Unified Plan of 1955, with further attention to the status of the implementation of the water agreement since 1994.
The Process of Negotiation Over International Water Disputes:The Case of the Nile Basin
Authors:   Alemu,   Dinar
Published: November 2003

The political aspects of the consultation process on the Nile issues are used to demonstrate the dynamic nature of a negotiating process and to explain its possible outcomes. By looking at the dynamics of the process, and by investigating the underlying causes for drawbacks and successes of the process over time, characteristic features of the Nile case are identified. Two approaches, the Strategic Management Process (SMP) and Political Accounting System (PAS), are applied that allow a quantitative perspective on the process. In relative terms, both SMP and PAS analyses suggest that there is more disagreement among the riparians on water allocation and out-of-basin transfer of Nile water issues, and more agreement on regional cooperation. The results also suggest that there is an increasing trend of disagreement on water allocation over time. As suggested in the analysis and based on the observed trends, it is apparent that in the short-run, and given that all other factors/conditions remain constant, the Nile negotiation/consultation process is not progressing towards regional consensus/agreement on the three major Nile issues.
Media Coverage of International Negotiation: A Taxonomy of Levels and Effects
Authors:   Gilboa
Published: November 2003

This article offers an analytical framework to investigate levels of media coverage and effective international negotiation. The framework includes three theoretical models based on the degree to which officials and negotiators allow diplomatic negotiations to be exposed to the media and public opinion. In the secret diplomacy model, the media and the public are totally excluded from negotiations, while in closed-door diplomacy they are partially excluded. In the open diplomacy model, negotiations are much more open to the media and coverage is more extensive. The framework helps to explore fundamental theoretical and professional implications of each model for government officials and negotiators, journalists and public opinion. This article demonstrates the analytical usefulness of the models through applications to various examples and case studies of significant contemporary diplomatic processes.
International Institutions and Janus Faces: The Influence of International Institutions on Central Negotiators within Two-Level Games
Authors:   Mitchell
Published: November 2003

This study addresses two interrelated questions. First, how can we expand the utility of the two-level model by developing the international level of the game, and second, how can this new conceptualization of the two-level game improve our understanding of how chief negotiators create a negotiation strategy? To address these questions, it will be explained how a state formulates its international strategy by taking into account that states participate in international institutions and are bound by their own domestic politics. Specifically, the relationship between chief executive, that executive's perception of bargaining strength relative to the legislature and alliance membership will be framed in a two-level game. By utilizing a two-level model, it will be possible to construct a series of hypotheses that explain, which strategy the chief executive will use at the outset of a negotiation. The hypotheses will be tested by examining the strategies chosen by four heads of state (Francois Mitterrand, George Bush, Margaret Thatcher and Helmut Kohl) towards the Iraqi government in the days after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Overall, this study is meant to be a ``first-cut'' at explaining the choice of strategy during negotiations and addressing the deficiencies of the two-level model.
Track Two Diplomacy and Regional Security in the Middle East
Authors:   Kaye
Published: November 2003

Over the past decade former, and sometimes current, adversaries in the Middle East increasingly have been engaged in unofficial multilateral regional security dialogues, a form of track two diplomacy. Despite the proliferation of such dialogues, we know very little about them. This article reviews the nature and content of a variety of track two security dialogues among Arabs and Israelis and evaluates the impact of such activities. What have such dialogues accomplished to date, and what are their limitations? By what standards should we measure success and failure? How can such dialogues be improved in the Middle East and other conflictual regions? The article suggests that those who expect track two to lead to major policy shifts in track one (the official negotiating process) will be disappointed and perceive such dialogues as a failure. However, if we evaluate track two based on what the process itself produces, both in terms of changing regional perceptions among its participants and impacting regional security policy in an incremental fashion, we are more likely to see its value. In this sense, the research supports arguments made by other students of negotiation who suggest that outcomes are not always the sole objective or the appropriate measure of success for international negotiations; the negotiation process itself also has value. Despite problems and limitations, track two diplomacy has proved an important mechanism in building regional understanding and knowledge in the arms control and regional security realm. Such diplomacy could also be applied to other issues and regions during the lengthy process of building peace among adversaries.
Diplomacy as Independent and Dependent Variable
Authors:   Steiner
Published: November 2003

A distinction between diplomacy as independent variable, impacting upon other developments, and diplomacy as dependent variable, adapting to other causes, is employed to underpin focused case analysis of negotiation between states. To dramatize diplomacy as dependent variable, it is hypothesized that allies with convergent interests would find negotiations between themselves more difficult when domestic constraints such as political ideology and pressure group activity intrude. To highlight diplomacy as independent variable, it is hypothesized that adversaries with divergent interests employ diplomatic statecraft to reduce the chances of war in periods of confrontation. Using a relatively small case sample, this study confirms these hypotheses, but reveals similarities as well as differences between the case categories. It is argued that the focused case approach is a fruitful way to yield much-needed generalizations about diplomatic statecraft.
Negotiating Identity: From Metaphor to Process
Authors:   Zartman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Negotiating Gender and Authority in Northern Syria
Authors:   Doerre
Published: November 2003

Insights from Pruitt's dual-concern model are applied to explore the negotiation of authority across cultures through gender-specific behavior within the intercultural setting of an American archaeological excavation in northern Syria. The annually recurring temporary communities created by archaeological excavations in the Middle East offer an intriguing site for the analysis of the negotiation of social authority in the workplace. American volunteers, both male and female, participate in archaeological excavations as the immediate supervisors of the local Syrian work crew. These archaeological ``tourists'' generally lack any familiarity with the local language and culture and must rely on their own strategies for managing relations with the Arab work crews. This article examines the daily interactions between the volunteers and workers, focusing specifically on the role of gender in these interactions. Pruitt's model helps to explain why women are generally more successful than men as social actors within this worksite. The rigorous use of the word ``negotiate'' helps in understanding these social interactions more clearly.
Negotiation Theory and the Development of Identity
Authors:   Pruitt
Published: November 2003

This issue of International Negotiation examines how negotiation theory can be used to understand the development of people's identity, especially their political identity. All of the articles in the issue involve ``negotiation'' if it is defined broadly as a process aimed at reconciling conflicting desires or viewpoints. The development of group (collective) identity and individual political identity is explored, and the contribution of negotiation theory to understanding identity development is investigated. Overall, these articles present a challenge to negotiation theory: to develop itself in directions that will be useful for understanding how identities are negotiated. Crucial gaps in this theory are considered.
Negotiation and Identity: Implications for Negotiation Theory
Authors:   Druckman
Published: November 2003

Contributions from the literature on social identity for negotiation theory are discussed in terms of three dimensions of identity. One dimension refers to a dynamic process of negotiating identities. Just as the process of negotiating over divergent interests is influenced by the parties' identities, the identities are shaped by the way that process is conducted. Another dimension refers to the durability of identities, which are shown to have implications for the negotiating flexibility of representatives and their constituents. A third dimension concerns the spread of identities in a population, which are shown to influence the credibility of negotiating commitments, the role played by domestic politics in international negotiation, and the willingness of national representatives to enter into regional or global agreements. These dimensions are used as a framework for comparative research on national identities. Building on Mezran's analysis (article in this issue) of four north African countries, an illustrative application of the framework demonstrates how the research might be implemented.
Negotiating Internal Conflict: Incentives and Intractability
Authors:   Zartman
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Conflict Resolution or Transformation? An Analysis of the South African and Mozambican Political Settlements
Authors:   Lloyd
Published: November 2003

How much conflict must be resolved for a political settlement and its implementation to be successful? This article argues that a political settlement must satisfy the combatants' expectations regarding the resolution of the causes of the conflict. How deeply do these causes need to be resolved for the parties to be satisfied? To answer this question two concepts are introduced: the immediate and underlying causes of a conflict. Immediate causes (grievances) are specific, concrete policies that provoke some subset of a state's population to rebel against the government. Underlying causes are diverging interests that led to the introduction of these policies that caused the grievances. This article examines the political settlements in South Africa and Mozambique that terminated armed hostilities, overcame the conflict, and opened the door to normal politics. The research indicates that in both cases the political settlement satisfactorily resolved the immediate causes of the conflict. There was greater dissatisfaction in South Africa because the political settlement did not resolve the underlying causes of the conflict. A major reason for this dissatisfaction was that although the electoral outcome gave the ANC strong popular support, the political settlement limited its ability to grapple with root causes. In Mozambique, fears of reigniting another protracted armed confrontation and the close electoral outcome dissuaded either side from addressing the underlying causes of the conflict.
Multiparty Mediation in Tajikistan: The 1997 Peace Agreement
Authors:   Iji
Published: November 2003

This article uses the successful international mediation of the Tajikistan conflict as a case study to show how the presence of multiple mediators can contribute to effective mediation of internal conflicts, especially when the external parties cooperate with each other. After examining the course of the Tajik negotiations leading up to the 1997 peace agreement, the article discusses the roles played by state and non-state mediators in the peace process, particularly Russia, Iran, and other regional powers, as well as the UN and the unofficial dialogue organized under the framework of the Dartmouth Conference. To provide structure for the analysis, the concept of the three roles of a mediator – communication, formulation, and manipulation – is employed. The article argues that multiparty mediation can create unique incentives for conflict management not available through a single mediator.
External Stakeholder Impacts on Third-Party Interventions in Resolving Malignant Conflicts: The Case of a Failed Third-Party Intervention in Cyprus
Authors:   Yiu,   Saner
Published: November 2003

This article focuses on the potentially positive and negative impact that multiple and competing external stakeholders (influential foreign powers, supranational institutions, intergovernmental organizations and NGOs from various countries) can have on official and non-official third-party peace building initiatives. The example examined in this article describes a Swiss NGO-initiated intercommunal project in Cyprus. It analyzes the failure of this confidence-building project by looking at the role of external (and to a lesser degree, internal) stakeholders in the intervention. The article is descriptive and narrative due to the fact that access to confidential information of key stakeholder governments and institutions remains limited. The aim of the authors is to use this field experience in Cyprus to further develop the theory and practice of third-party intervention into persistent and malignant conflicts characterized by interference from multiple external stakeholders.
Tempting the Wrath: ``Plan Colombia'' in the Colombian Peace Process
Authors:   Sanin
Published: November 2003

What role did `Plan Colombia' – the United States' counter-narcotics aid package –play in the dynamics of Colombia's peace negotiations? This article explains how `Plan Colombia' can be perceived as a strategic move by the Pastrana Administration to overcome the protracted stalemate in the peace negotiations between the government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC). Using basic tools from game theory, it is shown how `Plan Colombia' could have created incentives for both parties to move towards bilateral concession. However, it is argued that due to the absence of an imminent threat, the incentive structures were not altered sufficiently to induce the parties to compromise. A distinct consequence of `Plan Colombia' is that it irreversibly linked the United State's interest in the Colombian internal conflict to the issue of narcotics.
Introductory Note
Authors:   Telhami
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Case-Based Research on International Negotiation: Approaches and Data Sets
Authors:   Druckman
Published: November 2003

Four case-based research approaches to analysis of data on international negotiation are discussed: the single, analytical case study, the temporal or time-series case study, the focused comparison of a small number of similar cases, and aggregate comparisons of a large number of different cases. The strategies are compared in terms of a number of methodological and substantive features. They are considered as alternative routes to theory development, understood best in relation to each other and best utilized together as part of a multi-method research strategy. The role of frameworks for guiding comparative analyses is discussed in the second part of the article. They are illustrated in conjunction with several multivariate projects involving the coding of variables from a variety of cases. Methods of analysis and findings obtained from these projects are then summarized. These framework-driven comparative analyses are facilitated by the advent of web-based technologies. The new technologies are especially useful for collecting information about cases of negotiation not described in archival publications. The article concludes with challenges that confront the analyst and some gaps that remain to be filled.
Creating Data on International Negotiation Strategies, Alternatives and Outcomes
Authors:   Odell
Published: November 2003

If greater efforts could be invested in generating uniform data on the international negotiation process, I would nominate at least three key dimensions for fresh attention: strategies, alternatives, and outcomes. Although these are not the only interesting dimensions, better empirical knowledge about them is surely central. Strategies can be conceived of as sets of observable behavior that vary along a continuum from purely distributive, through mixed, to purely integrative tactics. This continuum could bring greater order to the many ways in which the notion of strategy has been used. A second worthwhile indicator would estimate the value of the party's best alternative to negotiated agreement and changes in that value. Theoretically, behavior and ultimately outcomes depend critically on the parties' alternatives outside the talks. Third, I believe negotiation researchers need to place a high priority on pinning down the difference that the process makes, net of other influences, to the outcome. Measuring gains and losses requires first choosing a conceptual reference point for the comparison. Data creation projects such as these would face theoretical and technical dilemmas that would demand careful thought. But if the necessary resources were invested, researchers would be better able to test hypotheses about negotiation on evidence from actual experience, in addition to laboratory evidence.
Salt II and Beyond
Authors: Earle II  , Warnke
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
Authors: Benedick
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
The U.S. Private Sector and the Environment
Authors: Martin-Brown
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Ethnic Bargaining and the Management of Intense Conflict
Authors: Rothchild
Published: November 2003

Recent negotiating successes should cause us to pause and reconsider the widespread mood of scholarly pessimism regarding the possibilities for ethnic bargaining. Such pessimism springs in part from an emphasis on the long-standing nature of group differences and the hatreds that is said to accompany these differences, and in part from the threat to moderate politics that can take place under democratic as well as authoritarian regimes. To be sure, when adversaries confront each other directly and no mediator stands between them, a shift in strategic interactions can prove difficult but not impossible. However, the structure for interethnic bargaining changes significantly when a third-party mediator intercedes and attempts to influence the adversaries to alter their perceptions on the benefits of reaching an agreement. Third-party mediation, then, is the missing variable in the traditional literature on ethnic bargaining; this missing element helps to explain an important part of the gap between the scholarly pessimism of the past and the current reality.
International Negotiations and Plural Societies: The Cases of Estonia and Tatarstan
Authors: Kaplan
Published: November 2003

Multi-ethnic societies create special contexts for international negotiations. Chief governmental officers (CGOs) , domestic constituencies, and public protest may affect both the nature of agreements and the domestic structures of regimes. Employing a two-level negotiations perspective, the role of third parties and the ability of CGOs to modify domestic constituencies is highlighted. The contraction of participation and the cooptation of nationalism by CGOs distinguishes these cases which involve plural societies from other international negotiations.
Ethnic Conflict and Three-Level Games: Turks, Kurds, and Foreign Actors
Authors: Kubicek
Published: November 2003

National and ethnic conflict have assumed new prominence in world politics. This article builds upon Robert Putnam's model of multi-level games to assess both the dynamics of conflict and conditions favoring settlement in the case of the on-going battle between the Turkish government and Kurdish separatists. In this case, interaction among issues and forces at inter-ethnic, domestic politics, and international levels affect prospects for a negotiated settlement. Particularly crucial elements have been the structure of Turkey's government and the constraints on free expression. These factors severely limit the chances to resolve the dual Prisoners' Dilemma and find a means to achieve mutual cooperation.
Forcing the Political Agenda: The Zapatista Rebellion and the Limits of Ethnic Bargaining in Mexico
Authors: Foley
Published: November 2003

The Zapatista rebels of southern Mexico have achieved considerable success both in maintaining themselves against unlikely odds and in coming to agreement with the Mexican government on issues affecting indigenous rights and identity. At the same time, a central demand, both of the Zapatistas and the indigenous movement which they have helped to revitalize, namely revision of the 1992 constitutional reforms affecting corporate claims to land and the possibility of further land reform, has been roundly rejected by the government. The paper explains both Zapatista achievements and the limits to ethnic bargaining evident in the negotiations to date through an analysis of the dynamic process by which both sides came to the negotiating table and shaped and reshaped the rules of the bargaining game. It draws on social movement theory to show how the Zapatistas in particular were able to overcome the ``asymmetry of internal conflict'' and frame the issues, enlarging its base of support to a national level. At the same time, specifically indigenous issues could be resolved much more readily than the larger concerns, including those surrounding landholding, which motivated the rebellion. The shifting political context had much to do with the government's willingness to negotiate; but the Zapatista's skill at assembling a national constituency, attracting international attention, and framing the issues were decisive in achieving accords on indigenous rights. Nevertheless, in the absence of a ``mutually hurting stalemate,'' government negotiators could continue to reject Zapatista demands on issues reaching beyond strictly ethnic concerns.
Political Pacts as Negotiated Agreements: Comparing Ethnic and Non-Ethnic Cases
Authors: Hartzell  , Rothchild
Published: November 2003

This article seeks to conceptualize political pacts as a transitional strategy that has been employed by a number of countries seeking to move toward democratic regimes or outcomes. Political pacts, which are formed in an effort to manage large-scale and often violent societal conflict, have certain common characteristics, among them the key role played by elites in negotiating and designing these agreements. After examining the concept of political pacts, the defining characteristics of pacts, and the relation they bear to societal conflict, we focus on the latter factor, differentiating between cases of domestic societal conflict that have an identity/personalistic dimension to them and those that do not. In particular, we seek to determine the types of factors that may facilitate or complicate the successful use of pacts as a transitional strategy for creating and maintaining democratic regimes.
Lessons Learned from the Middle East Peace Process: Introduction
Authors: Pruitt
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
A Brief History of the Oslo Talks
Authors: Pruitt  , Zartman  , Bercovitch
Published: November 2003

No Abstract
Explaining Oslo
Authors: Zartman
Published: November 2003

Three approaches are rested as explanations of the outcome of the Oslo negotiations. Ripeness theory explains the onset of the Madrid negotiations, which then talked themselves into a mutually hurting stalemate, but it accounts only for the beginning of Oslo, not its outcome. Process analysis shows neither a formula-detail nor a concession-convergence process but a hybrid constructed substantive process with two turning points of toughness, alongside a two-phased procedural process created by the need to officialize the proceedings. This approach explains rather well the nature of the constructed outcome. Contending theories of mediation bring out the importance of seeking a settlement rather than a resolution, of turning track two into track one diplomacy, and of using a powerless rather than a muscled mediator. But they also show how the type of outcome reached at Oslo prepared its own undoing when brought back home.
Communication and the Oslo Negotiation: Contacts, Patterns, and Modes
Authors: Carcasson  , Putnam
Published: November 2003

This essay contends that Oslo, as a back-channel negotiation, grew out of and was implemented within a complex communication system. This system consists of six elements: the roles of multiple agents, the patterns of interaction among the agents, communication across the sides, overlapping inputs from negotiation channels, the roles of mediators, and the use of communication modes. Back-channel negotiations are characterized by concerns for legitimacy, secrecy, keeping the talks moving, and leveraging both sides to remain at the table. The Oslo system evolved through the use of multiple agents to enhance legitimacy and the use of chain patterns to filter information and persuade principals. The Norwegian mediators acted as facilitators to build relationships between the sides, leverage costs and benefits of working together, and accelerate the speed of the talks through using multiple modes of communication. Overall, the communication system preserved the secrecy of the process through special codes for telephone conversations and through traveling to multiple sites outside of Oslo for meetings. Ironically, the secrecy and expediency of the process also created an insular system, one in which the principals experienced selective bias and illusions of unanimity.
Fair Division: A New Approach to the Spratly Islands Controversy
Authors: denoon  , Brams
Published: November 2003

The Spratly Islands are a group of over 230 small islands and reefs in the South China Sea. Both China and Taiwan, as well as four members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) – Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei –have made claims on part or all of the land areas and surrounding waters, which are believed to have major oil and gas deposits. Because there are overlapping claims, and no single country has had continuous possession of the area, it is unlikely that international legal procedures can resolve the dispute quickly. There are four major issues in the dispute: sovereignty, economic development, freedom of passage, and regional security. We focus on sovereignty and suggest a two-step process for dividing the islands. A fair-division procedure called Adjusted Winner (AW) would first be applied to the allocation between China and ASEAN, after which there would be an allocation among the ASEAN states. The example used to illustrate AW divides the region into five zones and concentrates on the first step, negotiation between China and ASEAN. We present three potential bidding strategies for China, and two for ASEAN, that give six different allocations of the islands. The AW allocations are efficient, equitable, envy-free and, in our example, give both sides between 65% and 83% of what we assume they would prefer.
Training as Interactive Conflict Resolution: Characteristics and Challenges
Authors: Fisher
Published: November 2003

The face of international conflict continues to shift toward a predominance of internal conflicts between or among contending communal groups within divided societies. New conceptual tools and expanded methods of conflict resolution are required to address this destructive phenomenon. The problem-solving workshop, which can serve useful prenegotiaton functions, is now joined with a variety of innovative interventions in dialogue, reconciliation and conflict resolution training. A broad definition of interactive conflict resolution goes beyond problem-solving workshops to include all forms of facilitated, face-to-face activities in communication, training, education or consultation that promote collaborative conflict analysis and peacebuilding among influential members of groups in protracted conflict. The history and rationale of training in conflict resolution is to be found largely in the development and expression of human relations training and more recently in the growth of training in negotiation and mediation skills. Conflict resolution training in divided societies can be seen as having a unique intergroup focus, and as embodying both generic and focused objectives, the former relating to enhanced capacities of participants to manage conflict effectively, and the latter involving increased understanding of the other group and the creation of mutual ideas for peacebuilding. Thus, training as interactive conflict resolution often involves generic activities to impart concepts and skills as well as focused experiences to induce intergroup understanding and cooperation. While directed toward laudable goals, this powerful form of training raises some important pragmatic and ethical issues that need to be managed carefully.