bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY EXAMINING THE PREVALENCE, CLINICAL PROFILE, AND OUTCOMES OF SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN AGED FIVE TO SIXTY
Authors: Azizullah Langah  , Naseer Ahmad Memon  , Ameer Ali Jamali  , Munawar Ali Siyal  , Karam Khushik  , Ali Akbar Siyal
Published: June 2024

Objective: To ascertain the prevalence and clinical characteristics of severe acute malnutrition (SAM), includingkinds, comorbidities, and risk factors, in children between the ages of five and sixty months. Furthermore, to assessthe SAM therapy and post-hospitalization course.”Study Design: A Prospective Observational StudyPlace and Duration of Study: From 05-January 2022 to 05- July 2022, this research was carried out at thePeoples university of Medical Health Sciences NawabShah Department of Pediatrics.Materials and Methods: The prospective study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, People’s University ofMedical and Health Sciences Nawabshah from January 2022 to July included based on previously specified criteria .A structured proforma was used to record demographics, clinical presentations, and comorbidities. Statistical analysisused appropriate methods to elucidate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes associated with SAM inthis cohort.Results: The study found a 3.5% prevalence of severe malnutrition (SAM) in children aged sixty-five months.Clinical presentations included fever (65%), fever (62%), anorexia (55%), and acute respiratory distress syndrome(52%). Comorbidities such as anemia (82%) and pneumonia (38%) were common. Approximately 51% recovered,with an average hospital stay of 9.21 ± 6.78 days. However, four children (6%) died on admission. These findingshighlight the enormous burden of SAM and emphasize the importance of effective management strategies to controlnutritional maintenance and infectious diseases in affected children emphasize the role of medicine.Conclusion: The study highlights the widespread challenge of acute malnutrition (SAM) among children inNawabshah, emphasizing the urgent need for multi-faceted interventions. Addressing the complex intersection of social,economic, and health determinants is essential to improving outcomes. Sustainable treatment is needed to reduce thenegative impact of malnutrition and improve child health in resource-limited settings. The findings highlight the criticalrole of integrated approaches, including medical interventions, prevention programs, and socioeconomic empowermentin the cycle of malnutrition stopping and highlighting long-term health consequences for vulnerable children.Keywords: Severe acute malnutrition, Clinical profile, Outcomes, Children, Prevalence
EXPLORING THE DENTAL HEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICES OF COLLEGE STUDENTS IN RELATION TO SCALING AND ROUTINE DENTAL CHECK-UPS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS IN DISTRICT MANSEHRA KPK
Authors: Muhammad Anas  , Muhammad Usman Sultan  , Hafeezullah
Published: June 2024

Background: Maintaining good oral hygiene practice and receiving routine dental check -up are crucial for preventingdental diseases. Dental scaling is a common dental procedure that involves removing the calculus and other debris fromthe teeth.Objective: This study aimed to explore the dental health beliefs and practices of college students in District Mansehraregarding scaling and routine dental checkups and identify the sociodemographic factors that influence dental healthbehaviors.Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 200 college students including females and males inDistrict Mansehra, and data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics is used toanalyze the data through SPSS .Result: Only 37% of college students adhere to regular dental checkups every six months, and a mere 16.5%express a positive attitude towards dental scaling. Notably, there are no statistically significant differences in dentalcheck-up rates between genders (P = 0.210), housing arrangements (own vs. rented, P = 0.494), or education levels(P = 0.598). Similarly, there is no significant variance in attitudes towards scaling based on gender (P = 0.116),urban/rural residence (P = 0.459), housing status (P = 0.531), or education level (P = 0.295). Overall, the studyunderscores the unsatisfactory dental care habits among college students and suggests a widespread negative perceptionof routine dental check-ups and scaling.Conclusion: The findings of the study provide valuable insights into the oral health needs of this population andinform the development of culturally appropriate oral health promotion programs.Keywords: Dental Health beliefs and Practice, Routine Dental Check-up, Sociodemographic factors.
TO COMPARE KERATOMETRY ASTIGMATISM FROM TEMPORAL AND SUPERIOR CORNEAL INCISIONS DURING PHACOEMULSIFICATION
Authors: Mohammad Ashraf  , Nazullah  , Samina kareem  , Mohammad Rafique  , Sohail  , Gul karam
Published: June 2024

Objective: To examine the average change in keratometry’s medically produced astigmatism between lateral andphacoemulsification corneal incisions.Study Design: Randomized Controlled TrialStudy Duration and place of study: Department of Ophthalmology, Khyber Institute of Ophthalmic Sciences HMC,Peshawar. From 20-07- 2020 to 21-01-2021.Materials and Methods: A random allocation process divided 140 cataract patients into two groups. Phacoemulsification was performed using a superior corneal incision in group A and a temporal incision in group B. Baselineand follow-up keratometry readings were used to compute the average astigmatism change.Results: Patient age averaged 49.6 + 5.3 years throughout the research group. Group B patients averaged 50.4 +4.9 years old (p 0.04), whereas group A patients averaged 48.9 + 5.8 years. Group A included 82.9% males and17.1% women, whereas group B had 74.3% men and 25.7% women (p 0.217). Group A’s mean BMI was 24.9+ 3.8 kg/m2, whereas Group B’s was 25.2 + 3.7. A and B had mean baseline BCVAs of 0.8 + 0.2 and 0.8 +0.2, respectively (p 0.858). Keratometry showed group A’s mean baseline astigmatism was 0.2 + 0.06D and groupB’s 0.1 + 0.07 (p 0.614). Keratometry showed that group A’s mean follow-up astigmatism was 1.2 + 0.2D andgroup B’s 1.1 + 0.2 (p 0.836). According to keratometry, group A’s astigmatism changed by 1.0 + 0.17D andgroup B’s by 1.0 + 0.2 (p 0.707).Conclusion: We found no statistically significant difference in mean astigmatism before and after phacoemulsificationin corneal vs temporal incision groups. Our study had a limited sample size and did not account for effect modifiers, thuswe urge additional studies with higher sample sizes and accounting for confounders that may affect patients’ medicallyinduced astigmatism after phacoemulsification.Keywords: Senile Cataract, phacoemulsification, temporal incision superior corneal incision, astigmatism, keratometry.
MATERNAL VACCINATION BEHAVIORS, ATTITUDES, AND KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT: A CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN KARACHI, PAKISTAN
Authors: Naseer Ahmad Memon  , Azizullah Langah  , Ameer Ali Jamali  , Munawar Ali Siyal  , Karam Khushik  , Ali Akbar Siyal
Published: June 2024

Objective: to evaluate mothers’ vaccination habits, attitudes, and knowledge about immunizing a one-year-old childat Department of Pediatrics, Peoples university of Medical Health Sciences Nawab Shah KarachiStudy Design: A Cross-sectional StudyPlace and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Peoples university ofMedical Health Sciences NawabShah from 05- July 2022 to 05- Dec- 2022Materials and Methods: Using a semi-structured questionnaire, all mothers of children under a year old werequestioned about their vaccination practices, attitudes, and knowledge. Version 21 of the SPSS programme was usedto enter and analyse the data obtained through a questionnaire.Results: The study found significant differences in maternal knowledge of EPIs, particularly in low-income andilliterate communities. 80% initiated their child’s vaccination program and 30.4% had inadequate vaccination. Higherlevels of education are associated with socioeconomic status and better advocacy practices. Common reasons for lateattendance included difficulty understanding policies and the absence of physicians. Medical professionals served as theprimary source of information, and parents generally expressed positive attitudes towards vaccinations, although someconsidered vaccinations unnecessary for minor illnesses meaning no exposure in focused efforts to address knowledgegaps and increase vaccine coverage, potentially reducing vaccine-preventable diseases.Conclusion: Our mothers’ strong positive attitudes and sparse vaccination practices were found to be associated withpoor vaccination knowledge.Keywords: Vaccination practices, Mothers ,Attitudes, Immunization
In the beginning, there was the analogue. An alternative history of the beginnings of computer art
Authors: Rosen Margit
Published: June 2024

Since the late 1960s, the historiography of computer art has been developing a canon that is progressively broadening. However, this canon reveals significant blind spots, particularly due to the predominant success of digital computers leading to computer art being almost exclusively identified with digital technology. This identification overlooks other significant classes of computers, notably analogue and hybrid systems, leaving the contributions, artworks, and ideas of many early pioneers in the field unrecognized. Consequently, the history of art created with analogue and hybrid computers remains largely unexplored both in art history and media archaeology. This article seeks to illuminate this relatively obscure chapter of history by introducing the individuals and projects that utilized analogue computers, drawing on previously unknown historical sources. The aim is to underscore the historical significance of a technology that is currently experiencing a resurgence of interest in the field of computer science. The findings reveal that before the advent of artistic experiments with digital computers, analogue computers were the subject of pioneering exploration. The real-time intuitive operation of analogue computers was a unique advantage, foreshadowing a human-machine relationship now commonplace with digital technology. The narrative of the analogue computer constitutes an essential domain for understanding the diversity of computing technologies at the dawn of the computer age. Despite the scarcity of sources documenting these artistic endeavors, this article serves as a call to action for further research in this neglected area.
A Myelin Map of Trunk Folds in the Elephant Trigeminal Nucleus
Authors: Reveyaz Noémie , Schneeweiß Undine , Heise Olivia , Gerhardt Ben , Gui Andreea M. , Kaufmann Lena V. , Alfken Jette , Reichmann Jakob , Salditt Tim , Hildebrandt Thomas , Brecht Michael
Published: June 2024

Elephants have elaborate trunk skills and large, but poorly understood brains. Here we study trunk representations in elephant trigeminal nuclei, which form large protrusions on the ventral brainstem. Dense vascularization and intense cytochrome-oxidase reactivity distinguish several elongated putative trunk modules, which repeat in the anterior-posterior direction; our analysis focuses on the most anterior and largest of the units, the putative nucleus principalis trunk module. Module neuron density is low and non-neural cells outnumber neurons by ∼108:1. Dendritic trees are elongated along the axis of axon bundles (myelin stripes) transversing the trunk module. Furthermore, synchrotron X-ray phase contrast tomography suggests myelin-stripe-axons transverse the trunk module. We show a remarkable correspondence of trunk module myelin stripes and trunk folds. Myelin stripes show little relation to trigeminal neurons and stripe-axons appear to often go nowhere; these observations suggest the possibility that myelin stripes might serve to separate trunk-fold domains rather than to connect neurons. The myelin-stripes-to-folds mapping allowed to determine neural magnification factors, which changed from 1000:1 proximally to 5:1 in the trunk finger. Asian elephants have fewer (∼640,000) trunk-module neurons than Africans (∼740,000) and show enlarged representations of trunk parts involved in object wrapping. We conclude the elephant trigeminal trunk module is exquisitely organized into trunk-fold-related units.
Eavttut ja hástalusat boazodollui Norggas, Ruoŧas ja Suomas
Authors: Hannu Ulrika , Holand Øystein , Åhman Birgitta
Published: June 2024

This report is based on the book "Reindeer Husbandry and Global Environmental Change - pastoralism in Fennoscandia". The book, which was published in 2022, brings together previous and new research compiled within a Nordic collaboration project, ReiGN (Reindeer husbandry in a Globalizing North), funded by NordForsk during the years 2016 – 2021. Grants from NordForsk also funded this report.
The report, published in Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish and North Sámi, summarizes some of the main results from the book. In nine chapters it describes how reindeer herding is affected by climate change, the continuous loss of reindeer grazing land and other external factors that together represent large challenges for reindeer, reindeer herders and the reindeer herding community as a whole. The report contains perspectives from many different research areas. Each chapter in the report has one or more references and links to chapters in the above mentioned book, which is freely available online (https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003118565).
The chapters in the report cover a range of different topics, like present and historical reindeer herding (Chapter 1), the genetic background of the semi-domesticated reindeer (Chapter 2), how reindeer ranges are used and how they are affected by climate change and expanding industrial development (Chapter 3), possibilities for adaptation to a warmer climate (Chapter 4), impact of large predators (Chapter 5), external and internal governance (Chapter 6), reindeer herding as subsistence (Chapter 7), the role of supplementary feeding (Chapter 8), and reindeer health and diseases in a climate perspective (Chapter 9). The report ends with some reflections over the present situation and future perspectives for reindeer herding.
The report is aimed at herders and managers, as well as other land users, authorities and policymakers who deal with natural resource management, climate and environmental issues or other matters related to reindeer herding and the use of land and water within the reindeer herding area.
Rangifer Report No 21 is the North Sámi version of the report. Reports in Swedish and Norwegian have already been published as Rangifer Report No 16 and No 17, respectively. A Finnish version is published as a following number of Rangifer Report.
Development and validation of a multi-parameter nomogram for venous thromboembolism in gastric cancer patients: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Zhou Hang , Lei Haike , Zhao Huai , Huang Kaifeng , Wang Yundong , Hong Ruixia , Huo Jishun , Luo Li , Li Fang
Published: June 2024

Objective

Gastric cancer (GC), one of the highest venous thromboembolism (VTE) incidence rates in cancer, contributes to considerable morbidity, mortality, and, prominently, extra cost. However, up to now, there is not a high-quality VTE model to steadily predict the risk for VTE in China. Consequently, setting up a prediction model to predict the VTE risk is imperative.

Methods

Data from 3,092 patients from December 15, 2017, to December 31, 2022, were retrospectively analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess risk factors for GC, and a nomogram was constructed based on screened risk factors. A receiver operating curve (ROC) and calibration plot was created to evaluate the accuracy of the nomogram.

Results

The risk factors of suffering from VTE were older age (OR = 1.02, 95% CI [1.00–1.04]), Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) ≥ 70 (OR = 0.45, 95% CI [0.25–0.83]), Blood transfusion (OR = 2.37, 95% CI [1.47–3.84]), advanced clinical stage (OR = 3.98, 95% CI [1.59–9.99]), central venous catheterization (CVC) (OR = 4.27, 95% CI [2.03–8.99]), operation (OR = 2.72, 95% CI [1.55–4.77]), fibrinogen degradation product (FDP) >5 µg/mL (OR = 1.92, 95% CI [1.13–3.25]), and D-dimer > 0.5 mg/L (OR = 2.50, 95% CI [1.19–5.28]). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.82 in the training set and 0.85 in the validation set.

Conclusion

Our prediction model can accurately predict the risk of the appearance of VTE in gastric cancer patients and can be used as a robust and efficient tool for evaluating the possibility of VTE.
Role of Cytology for Diagnosis of Appendageal Tumours and Comparison with Histopathology: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Das Rama , Mondal Rajib Kumar , Sengupta Sanjay , Das Deboprio , Hazra Rathin
Published: June 2024

Introduction: Skin adnexal neoplasms are quite rare in routine pathology practice, yet the domain of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) remains relatively unexplored. This current study explored different Adnexal Tumours (ATs) through FNAC, emphasising the efficacy of cytological diagnosis as a safe, simple, quick, and cost-effective tool with high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing skin ATs. Aim: To diagnose various appendageal tumours through cytological examination, confirm and categorise them (benign/ malignant) via histopathological examination, and identify any cytohistological discrepancies. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted over a five-year period (January 2016- December 2021) at the Department of Pathology, Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital (NRSMCH) in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, following ethical approval. Patients underwent history and physical examination followed by FNAC. ATs were diagnosed cytologically in 78 out of 23,852 FNAC cases. The results were compared with histopathological diagnosis to assess concordance or discordance based on predefined criteria. Leishman-Giemsa (L&G) stain was used for cytological examination, and Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain for histopathology. Results: Cytologically, ATs were diagnosed in 78 cases (0.33%), with the majority being benign 69 (88.46%). There was a female preponderance (49, 62.82%) with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1.7. Nodular Hidradenoma (NH) was the most common diagnosis (16/48=33.33%). Out of 59 biopsy-confirmed lesions, 55 showed cytohistological concordance (93.22%), with only four discordant cases (6.78%). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for detecting malignancy in this series were 70%, 97.90%, 87.50%, and 94.10%, respectively. Conclusion: FNAC should be the primary choice for detecting skin ATs due to its safety, reliability, high predictive value, and low chance of discordance. Although occasional cytohistological discrepancies may occur, proper clinical correlation, aspiration from multiple sites, expert cytopathologists, and high-quality staining are essential to avoid misdiagnosis.
Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy: A Case Report
Authors: Paliwal Sonal , Upadhyaya Prerna
Published: June 2024

Paracentral Acute Middle Maculopathy (PAMM) is an optical coherence tomography finding observed in patients with retinal capillary ischaemia. It is a type of ischaemic maculopathy that affects the intermediate and deep retinal capillary plexuses. PAMM has been associated with various retinal vascular disorders such as retinal artery and venous occlusions, diabetic retinopathy, sickle cell anaemia, and Purtscher retinopathy. It can also occur following a flu-like illness and transorbital compression. The authors present a case of a 37-year-old healthy female patient who exhibited signs and symptoms suggestive of PAMM a few days after experiencing a self-limiting flu-like illness.
CONHECIMENTOS RELIGIOSOS NO ENSINO MÉDIO:
Authors: Oliari Gilberto
Published: June 2024

Este artigo tem o objetivo de apresentar algumas reflexões acerca da presença de objetos do conhecimento, habilidades e competências relativas ao conhecimento religioso no Currículo Base do Ensino Médio do Território Catarinense. Apresenta um conjunto de evidências a partir do currículo do Ensino Médio de Santa Catarina, demonstrando que há indicação de discussões relativas ao conhecimento religioso no currículo, refletindo sobre a necessidade de metodologias específicas para desenvolver tais temáticas, bem como sobre a necessidade de formação de professores com habilitação em Ciência(s) da(s) Religião(ões) para a docência a partir dela. Conclui-se afirmando que essa temática é de extrema importância de ser debatida no Ensino Médio e, que a presença de professores habilitados para tal área, possibilita fugir de discriminações ou mesmo de fundamentalismo religioso.
MUTUAL COOPERATION NETWORKS (MCN) AS A PROPOSAL OF SCHOOL INTERVENTION:
Authors: Da Cruz Gouveia Marco Aurélio , Ferreira Sandra Lúcia , Schlinz Rita
Published: June 2024

This article presents the study that investigated the role of a technical education institution in the state of São Paulo. This is a qualitative research with a longitudinal design whose data were collected through questionnaires applied in different periods, thus generating information from the participants of the researched courses and based on the criteria of content analysis proposed by Bardin. The results indicate that the conception of the Mutual Cooperation Network (MCN) is integrated into the concept of qualified participation as an essential tenet for the implementation of an institutional intervention project, based on ethical values, alterity, empowerment of human rights, as well as on the adoption of actions that seek a reorganization of institutional reasoning and values, making those involved more humanized and critical
A fontosabb termékpályák piaci folyamatai, 2020
Authors: Ecsediné Wanek Zsuzsanna , Egri Edit , Isépy Anett , Mándi-Nagy Dániel , Pásztor Zsuzsanna , Stummer Ildikó , Tubáné Elek Réka , Vadkerti-Tóth Nikolett
Published: June 2024

A kiadvány a fontosabb termékpályák 2020. évi piaci folyamatait mutatja be, elsősorban az ártrendeken keresztül. Az összeállítás az Agrárközgazdasági Intézet Piaci Árinformációs Rendszerének adataira, valamint a különböző magyarországi és nemzetközi forrásokból származó árinformációkra és adatokra támaszkodik. Magyarországon az étkezési búza termelői ára 7 százalékkal 55,8 ezer forint/tonnára, a takarmánybúzáé 11 százalékkal 53,1 ezer forint/tonnára, a takarmánykukoricáé 17 százalékkal 50,3 ezer forint/tonnára emelkedett 2020-ban az előző évihez képest. Az ipari napraforgómag (magas olajsavas napraforgómaggal együtt) a 2019. évinél 25 százalékkal volt drágább 2020-ban (121,1 ezer forint/tonna), a repcemag termelői ára 11 százalékkal 128,4 ezer forint/tonnára emelkedett egy év alatt. Magyarországon 760 ezer tonna cukorrépát szedtek fel 2020-ban, ami 4 százalékkal kevesebb a 2019. évinél. A magyarországi sertésárak az előző évekhez hasonlóan 2020-ban is követték az uniós árak tendenciáját. A vágósertés termelői ára 541 forint/kg hasított meleg súly volt 2020ban, 2 százalékkal csökkent egy év alatt. A vágócsirke élősúlyos termelői ára 2,1 százalékkal 254 forint/ kilogrammra csökkent 2020-ban a 2019. évihez viszonyítva. A vágómarha termelői ára 1 százalékkal mérséklődött, míg a vágóbárányé 14 százalékkal, a nyerstejé 5 százalékkal emelkedett 2020-ban a 2019. évi átlagárhoz képest. A zöldségfélék termelése nem változott számottevően, termelői ára 10 százalékkal emelkedett. A gyümölcsök termelése tovább csökkent, míg termelői ára 73 százalékkal emelkedett. A földrajzi jelzés nélküli (FN) borok és az oltalom alatt álló földrajzi jelzéssel (OFJ) ellátott borok feldolgozói értékesítési ára 10 százalékkal volt magasabb 2020-ban, mint egy évvel korábban.
Agricultural Statistics Pocketbook 2022
Authors: Kiss Gabriella , Demeter Edit
Published: June 2024

The publication provides information on the developments and situation in agriculture, forestry and food industry in 2022. Statistical data published in previous pocketbooks were used to provide comparability of time series. Besides national and branch indicators and data, principal agricultural data are presented in details by counties. International statistics are suitable to show the main trends. The published data are compiled based on the publications of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, National Game Management Database (OVA), Hungarian Energy and Public Utility Regulatory Authority (MEKH), National Land Centre (NFK), EUROSTAT, the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) and the Institute of Agricultural Economics (AKI).
Studies on Genetic Divergence in Cabbage Genotypes in the Mid Hills of Solan District, Himachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Thakur Seema , Pandey Sanjivni , Thakur Rajesh
Published: June 2024

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) is one of the most important vegetables of the family Brassicaceae and is grown under temperate to tropical climatic conditions for its head in more than ninety countries throughout the world. The diversity in cabbage is immense due to the presence of variation in shape, size, weight and maturity of heads. The greater the variability in the available germplasm, more would be the chances for selecting superior genotypes for use in breeding programmes or direct use as cultivars. Twenty three genotypes of cabbage including check variety, Golden Acre were evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The results concluded that twenty-three diverse genotypes of cabbage were grouped into four clusters. The resultant four clusters showed genetic diversity and maximum number of genotypes were accommodated in cluster I (12) followed by II (7), IV (3) and III (1). The maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster II and III, therefore, the hybridization between the genotypes of cluster II and III can be performed to get superior hybrids or recombinants in segregating populations for further breeding programmes. Based on the mean performance, genetic distance and clustering pattern, inter-varietal crosses can be made which may be advantageous in creating wider variability for better heterotic combinations and transgressive segregants in  cabbage.
A Review of Some Goodness-of-Fit Tests for Logistic Regression Model
Authors: Ailobhio D. T. , Ikughur J. A.
Published: June 2024

Some goodness-of-fit statistic (Likelihood ratio test, Pseudo (R2) test, Hosmer-lemeshow test and Chi-square test) were used to determine model fit in binary logistic regression, their estimates were compared to each other, to determine their performances.  From our analysis the likelihood ratio test, the pseudo (R2) test and the chi-square test, produced results that are similar and shows the presences of poor fit, with  model1 being the most fit of the three models. Even though hosmer-lemeshow test produced a P-value that is very low, indicating the presence of poor fit in all three models, the differences between these models were not revealed, because the test produced the same estimates for the three models. The likelihood ratio test produced results that are similar to the chi-square test. We also observed that the goodness-of-fit parameters (Null Deviances, Residual Deviance and the Alkaike Information Criteria (AIC)), that accompany model formation in R-statistical software produced result that align with the goodness-of-fit statistic used, the set back is that the summary provided by this parameters, does not reveal model similarities.
Exploring the Correlation between Yield Components and Nutrient Content in Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] Genotypes Subjected to Drought Stress Condition
Authors: Gandhi Mukul Kumar , Anjani Kumari , Kale Anil Namdev , Paul Prasenjit , Sharma Vinay Kumar
Published: June 2024

The study evaluated 30 genotypes of foxtail millet at Millets Research Station Dholi, RPCAU, Pusa, during Kharif 2021. A randomized block design with three replications was used. Before selecting genotypes based on micronutrient content (Fe and Zn) for nutritional quality traits, it's crucial to understand their potential impact on yield. The study examined the relationships between quality traits and yield attributes in foxtail millet genotypes using a diverse range of genotypes. Correlation analysis under normal condition revealed positive relationships, particularly between panicle girth and number of productive tillers per plant, grain yield per plant and days to maturity, days to 50% flowering and iron content and days to 50% flowering and zinc content, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.307 to 0.333. This indicates that these traits collectively enhance plant productivity under favorable conditions. However, under drought conditions, the relationships shift. Grain yield per plant showed significant positive correlation only with days to 50% lowering and number of productive tillers per plant with panicle girth, with correlation coefficients of 0.315 and 0.314, respectively. Further, significantly negative correlation of days to maturity with number of productive tillers per plant, panicle girth and zinc content was observed. Similarly, days to 50% flowering was found negatively correlated with panicle girth. This suggests that under water stress, fewer traits positively influence yield, with panicle girth becoming a crucial factor in maintaining grain yield. This analysis highlights how environmental conditions affect the relationships between plant traits. Under normal conditions, a broader set of traits, including micronutrient levels, contribute to productivity. In contrast, under drought stress, the focus shifts to key traits like panicle girth, essential for resilience and yield stability. These insights can improve and speed up breeding programs aiming to enhance drought tolerance in crops, by prioritizing traits that significantly impact yield under adverse conditions.
Chemical Fungicides and Antagonists as Potential Treatments for Ganoderma lucidum-Associated Basal Stem Rot in Mandarin Trees
Authors: Ingle Y. V. , Lengare K A. , Damre P. R. , Lahariya K. T.
Published: June 2024

Ganoderma lucidum causes basal stem rot disease in mandarin trees, resulting in a variety of symptoms including dieback, foliage discoloration, an unhealthy appearance and eventual tree declines or death. Prior to field application, it is imperative to assess the efficacy of newer molecules and possible potential antagonists through In vitro testing. In this study, ten chemical fungicides and four antagonists were evaluated for their effectiveness against G. lucidum using the poison food method and dual culture technique, respectively.  Among the chemical fungicides tested, Copper oxychloride 50% WP (@3g/l), Fluxapyroxad 167 G/L + Pyraclostrobin 333 G/L SC (@0.6 g/l), and Metiram 55% + Pyroclostribin 5% WG (@1g/l) demonstrated the highest effectiveness, entirely suppressing (100%) pathogen growth. In the dual culture technique, the fungal antagonists Trichoderma harzianum (79.63%) and Trichoderma asperellum (77.57%) exhibited superior effectiveness compared to Pseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus subtilis against G. lucidum. These findings highlight the efficacy of chemical fungicides and antagonists in treating G. lucidum-induced basal stem rot in mandarin trees.
Compatibility of Commercial Polymers Used by the Seed Industry for Maize Biological Seed Coating
Authors: K. Arpitha, , P. Sujatha , K. Jhansi Rani, , S. Triveni,
Published: June 2024

An efficient biological seed coating begins with the choice of a suitable polymer. Experiments were conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad, to determine the compatibility of commercial polymers and biocontrol agents. Five polymers commercially used by the seed industry were procured from seed companies. Three bioformulations were purchased from the commercial biofertilizer units and the pure cultures of Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis were isolated from the bioformulations through serial dilutions, culturing and subculturing on microbial media. The compatibility of commercially used polymers has been tested with biocontrol agents using poisoned food technique (for fungal bioagents) and the inhibition zone technique (for bacterial bioagents). Observations on the reduction in radial growth of the fungal bioagent and zone of inhibition of bacterial bioagents was recorded in mm. The results revealed that all the 5 polymers commercially used by the seed industry were tested to show 96–100% compatibility with Trichoderma viride, 100% compatibility with Pseudomonas fluorescens, and 95–100% compatibility with Bacillus subtilis. These findings indicate that there is a greater compatibility of all the commercial polymers used in the seed industry with the bioagents which can also be used for effective seed coating with bioagents economically without incurring any additional inventory from the part of the industry.
Occupational Health Hazards in Paddy Cultivation Practices in the Coastal Region of Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Chaithanya Leela Krishna , P Prathibha Joshi. , Barua Sukanya , V Sangeetha. , Satyapriya
Published: June 2024

India is one of the largest producers of rice and ranks second in the world in production. All the cultivation practices in paddy are done manually by the farm labour due to various reasons such as lack of money, small land holding size, lack of awareness on improved tools, high operational cost of machinery, etc. Cultivation practices involved so much drudgery which results in the various work-related health hazards, and ultimately reducing the efficiency and productivity of work. So, address the above issue the present study was planned in the East and West Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh. 60 females and 60 males constitute the study based on the specific practices done by the males and females. Two blocks were selected from each district in which 30 samples (15 males and 15 females) were taken from each by using simple random sampling method which constitutes 120 sample size from four blocks. The study followed ex post facto research design. Pregnant women, lactating mothers, old age people, people with hyper tenson, diabetes, heart diseases were excluded in the study. The study included the farmers who are in age group 20-40 years, physically fit for doing farming, and at least 3 years farming experience.  A structured interview schedule has been prepared with the consent and construct the validity with the experts to assess the work-related health hazards and assigned mean ranks by using SPSS Software. Results found that in land preparation pain in the body (2.87), in irrigation tingling/ numbness in hand got the highest weighted mean (2.17), in manure and fertilizer application pain in the body (2.58), in pesticidal spray irritation in eyes/blurred vision (2.82), in threshing pain in the body (2.77), in load carrying pain in the body (2.82) has got the highest weighted mean which were the male- specific activities. Whereas in uprooting (2.83), transplanting (2.97), weeding (2.97), harvesting (3.00), and winnowing (2.37) tingling/numbness in hand have got highest weighted mean which were the female-specific activities. If they continue to work manually, they may face serious health problems which finally affect various factors such as the efficiency of work, productivity of work, the standard of living, healthy life, etc…So, it was suggested that they could go for the improved tools that are easily available and can reduce the drudgery to some extent.
Genetic and Phenotypic Trends along with Genetic Parameters of Production Traits in Murrah Buffalo
Authors: Sharma Smriti , Saharan Priyanka , Dhaka S. S. , Patil C. S. , Sharma Rohit
Published: June 2024

Aim: This study investigates the genetic parameters and trends in production traits of Murrah buffaloes over a 24-year period (1996-2019) at a farm in Hisar, Haryana. Data on key production traits including 305 days milk yield (305DMY), peak yield (PY), lactation length (LL), dry period (DP), lactation milk yield (LMY), and wet average (WA) were collected from 614 Murrah buffaloes.
Methodology: Utilizing a univariate animal model, the average estimated breeding values for the production traits were computed: 2148.05 kg for 305DMY, 10.74 kg/day for PY, 319.19 days for LL, 117.88 days for DP, 2288.80 kg for LMY, and 7.12 kg/day for WA.
Results: The study revealed a minimum genetic correlation of -0.81 and a phenotypic correlation of -0.32 between LL and WA. Heritability estimates for 305DMY, PY, LL, DP, LMY, and WA ranged from 0.13 to 0.48, while repeatability estimates varied from 0.35 to 0.54. The genetic trends were positive for all production traits except LL and DP, while phenotypic trends had positive values for all traits except DP.
Conclusion: From this study, it can be inferred that selecting based on peak yield as a benchmark would be more fit for achieving correlated improvements in other production traits.
Determination of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Radiation Hazards from the Soil of Tin Mining in Kyerwa District, Tanzania
Authors: Gurisha Mikidadi S. , Makoba Atumain A. , Kiyengo Hellen E. , Rao P.V. Kanaka
Published: June 2024

Gamma spectrometry was used to determine the activity concentrations of the natural radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in soil samples from the Tin mining in Kyerwa District, Tanzania. The study findings revealed that the mean activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were 90.68, 65.45, and 630.95 Bq/kg, respectively. These values were all greater than the average global activity concentrations for 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K which are 32 Bq/kg, 45 Bq/kg, and 420 Bq/kg, respectively. Assessments of the radiological risks associated with these naturally occurring radionuclides were done. In this case, the radium equivalent activity (Raeq), external hazard index (Hex), internal hazard index (Hin), and radioactivity level index (Iγ) were calculated. The results show that the mean values of Raeq, Hex, Hin, and Iγ were 230.6 Bq/kg, 0.628, 0.861, and 0.831, respectively. These results were below the global criteria levels for Raeq, Hex, Hin, and Iγ, which are 370 Bq/kg, 1, 1, and 2, respectively. Estimates for the absorbed dose rate in the air (DR), the annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), and the annual gonadal equivalent dose (AGED) were also made. The findings revealed that the corresponding mean values for DR, AEDE, and AGED were 106.8 nGy/h, 1.07 mSv/y, and 744.4 μSvy-1. The mean values exceeded the global average value of 57 nGy/h for DR, 0.07 mSv/y for AEDE, and 2984 Sv/y for AGED. Therefore, Tin mining activities in the Kyerwa District could endanger the mining community from natural radioactive sources. In this study, therefore, we recommend performing a periodic inspection of the mining areas, monitoring the mining workers, and determining the level of activity and concentrations of different radionuclides in the mining area.
Radiocarbon Dating
Authors: Buchholz Bruce A.
Published: September 2012

Radiocarbon dating can be used to determine the age of objects that contain components that were once alive. In the case of human remains, a radiocarbon date can distinguish between a crime scene and an archaeological site. Documents, museum artifacts, and art objects can be dated to determine if their age is correct for the historical context. A radiocarbon date does not confirm authenticity, but it can help identify a forgery.
Manganese: The Oxygen‐Evolving Complex and ModelsUpdate based on the original article by G. Charles Dismukes & Rogier T. van Willigen, Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry Second Edition, © 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Yano Junko , Kern Jan
Published: September 2012

In this chapter, we give an overview of nature's singular biological process for producing dioxygen by the oxidation of water in photosynthetic organisms. The harnessing of light to accomplish the splitting of water was arguably nature's most successful experiment in biological innovation. It enabled global proliferation of oxygenic photosynthesis and created the biogeochemical cycles of oxygen and carbon on earth. We review the atomic structure of the metalloenzyme, the photosystem II water oxidation complex (PSII‐WOC), as revealed by X‐ray diffraction and spectroscopic techniques. We describe (i) the electronic and geometric structure of its inorganic core, Mn
4
CaO
5
, based upon spectroscopic and diffraction measurements; (ii) the organization of the protein subunits as revealed by X‐ray diffraction and the role of select amino acid residues by site‐directed mutagenesis; and (iii) the kinetics of the formation of light‐induced intermediates, the exchange rates between substrate and free water molecules, the stoichiometry of electron and proton release, and the activation energies to discuss possible mechanisms for photosynthetic water splitting. The chemistry of photosynthetic water splitting is energetically demanding and mechanistically complex. The lessons learned from nature have guided chemists seeking to incorporate these design principles within catalysts suitable for abiotic water splitting. We end with a description of the few synthetic manganese complexes that have been found to produce oxygen from water and discuss the chemical mechanisms by which they appear to function.
Nitrogenase Assembly and CatalysisUpdate based on the original article by Yilin Hu, Benedikt Schmid & Markus W. Ribbe,Encyclopedia of Inorganic ChemistrySecond Edition, © 2005, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Authors: Lee Chi Chung , Wiig Jared A. , Ribbe Markus W. , Hu Yilin
Published: September 2012

Nitrogenases catalyze the reduction of N2to NH3as well as the reduction of alternative substrates such as H+, C2H2, and CO. The best characterized molybdenum nitrogenase (Mo‐nitrogenase) comprises two components: the Fe protein, which contains a [Fe4S4] cluster; and the MoFe protein, which contains two pairs of P‐cluster ([Fe8S7]) and FeMoco ([MoFe7S9C‐homocitrate]). The second best characterized nitrogenase is vanadium nitrogenase (V‐nitrogenase), which is highly homologous to Mo‐nitrogenase in structure and function, but far superior in reducing CO – an alternative substrate – to hydrocarbons.

The assembly of Mo‐nitrogenase requires the participation of a number ofnitrogen‐fixing (nif) genes. The MoFe protein, the catalytic component of Mo‐nitrogenase, is synthesized through the ex situ assembly of FeMoco, the in situ assembly of P‐cluster, and the stepwise maturation of the two αβ‐halves of the MoFe protein. The catalysis of Mo‐nitrogenase involves the binding of MgATP to the reduced Fe protein, the complex formation of Fe protein with MoFe protein, and the interprotein electron transfer from the former to the latter concomitant with the hydrolysis of ATP. Once a sufficient amount of electrons is accumulated on the MoFe protein, substrate reduction takes place at its FeMoco site.
Hemozoin: Crystal Engineering Survivability
Authors: Sandlin Rebecca D. , Carrell Holly M. , Wright David W.
Published: September 2012

During the intraerythrocytic stages of malaria infection, the parasite consumes host hemoglobin as a nutrient source, resulting in the liberation of free heme. In order to survive, the malaria parasite utilizes a unique detoxification pathway in which this toxic free heme is converted to the nontoxic biomineral hemozoin. Structurally, hemozoin consists of reciprocal head‐to‐tail dimeric units of heme bound through propionate O‐Fe(III). The propionic acid groups of the heme dimer then hydrogen‐bond with other dimers to form the extended crystal. Disruption of this crystallization process results in parasite death, and therefore serves as an important strategy for drug design. Hemozoin formation does not occur spontaneously at a physiologically relevant rate, and identification of the biological mediator of this crystal remained elusive for many years. Although hemozoin has been studied since the 18th century, scientists have only begun to obtain a detailed understanding of the structure and formation of this biomineral in the last 25 years. Current studies strongly support the hypothesis that neutral lipid bodies present within the parasite are the biological template for hemozoin crystallization. When synthetic neutral lipid bodies (SNLDs) were replicatedin vitro, it was found that Fe(III)PPIX rapidly accumulates within these SNLDs. Furthermore, the SNLDs have been shown to serve as a kinetically competent site for β‐hematin formation (synthetic hemozoin). This new paradigm for hemozoin formation was rapidly translated into an improved high‐throughput screening assay that effectively recapitulated the physiological environment and will allow for improved hit to lead development of new antimalarial drugs.
Efficient Polymer Solar Cells with a High Open Circuit Voltage of 1 Volt
Authors: Yuan Jianyu , Zhai Zhichun , Dong Huilong , Li Jing , Jiang Zuoquan , Li Youyong , Ma Wanli
Published: September 2012

A series of polymers containing benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene and N‐alkylthieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione are designed. By incorporating different alkylthienyl side chains, the fill factor (FF) and open circuit voltage (Voc) of the copolymers are further improved. The experimental results and theoretical calculations show that the size and topology of the side chains can influence the polymer solubility, energy levels, and intermolecular packing by altering the molecular coplanarity. As a result of improved morphology and fine‐tuned energy levels, an increased FF and a high Voc of 1.00 V are achieved, as well as a power conversion efficiency of 6.17%, which is the highest efficiency ever reported for polymer solar cells with a Voc over 1 V.
Highly Efficient Warm White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes by Triplet Exciton Conversion
Authors: Chang Yi‐Lu , Song Yin , Wang Zhibin , Helander Michael G. , Qiu Jacky , Chai Lily , Liu Zhiwei , Scholes Gregory D. , Lu Zhenghong
Published: September 2012

White organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) are currently under intensive research and development worldwide as a new generation light source to replace problematic incandescent bulbs and fluorescent tubes. One of the major challenges facing WOLEDs has been to achieve high energy efficiency and high color rendering index simultaneously to make the technology competitive against other alternative technologies such as inorganic LEDs. Here, an all‐phosphor, four‐color WOLEDs is presented, employing a novel device design principle utilizing molecular energy transfer or, specifically, triplet exciton conversion within common organic layers in a cascaded emissive zone configuration to achieve exceptional performance: an 24.5% external quantum efficiency (EQE) at 1000 cd/m2 with a color rendering index (CRI) of 81, and an EQE at 5000 cd/m2 of 20.4% with a CRI of 85, using standard phosphors. The EQEs achieved are the highest reported to date among WOLEDs of single or multiple emitters possessing such high CRI, which represents a significant step towards the realization of WOLEDs in solid‐state lighting.