bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Agenda for Research
Authors: Desjarlais Robert , Eisenberg Leon , Good Byron , Kleinman Arthur
Published: November 2023

Research requires the commitment of substantial human and financial resources. During a worldwide recession that has left many low-income societies heavily in debt and high-income countries struggling to maintain their economic growth and prosperity, why should research be done? The answer is that ignorance is more costly than knowledge. The cost is economic; but it is also a cost in the burden of social misery and in the abridgment of human potential. Sound research enables countries to spend their health care funds more efficiently. For example, research tools now exist to analyze the cost-effectiveness of specific clinical interventions. A study in mainland China found that innovative family- and community-based rehabilitation programs for people with chronic mental illness decreased symptoms, improved functioning, and reduced the rate of rehospitalization; such approaches carried out on a national scale could save tens of millions of dollars while also improving care and reducing suffering.1 Studies examining the quality of existing care can identify sources of substandard care that are also very costly. For example, studies of physician practices and patient compliance reveal that doctors often prescribe antidepressant medication in suboptimal amounts and that patients do not take medication as prescribed2; medication is wasted; depression often continues unabated; the result is further work and social disability.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke I:Childhood Diseases
Authors: Etzel Ruth A
Published: November 2023

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is ubiquitous. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(NHANES III) provided data on levels of serum cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, in a representative sample of approximately 12,000 nonsmokers from the U.S. population in the late 1980s. Using a more sensitive assay than previous studies, the investigators found that 88% of U.S. nonsmokers had detectable levels of serum cotinine. Forty-three percent of children under age 12 lived in a home with at least one smoker.
The Use of Epidemiologic Methods in Disasters
Authors: Noji Erick.
Published: November 2023

Epidemiology, as classically defined, is the quantitative study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in human populations (I). It is less concerned with events affecting a single individual than it is with the patterns of events in populations. The fundamental axiom of epidemiology is that adverse health outcomes do not occur randomly within a population but rather occur in somewhat predictable patterns. Such patterns may be manifested as clusters of disease, injuries, or other health outcomes in time, space, or certain groups of people.
Floods
Authors: Alilay Josephine M
Published: November 2023

Of all natural hazards, floods occur most often and are the most widespread in scope and severity (1, 2). Among all natural disasters in the United States, floods are the main cause of death (3). Floods are defined as the overflow of areas that are not normally submerged with water or a stream that has broken its normal confines or has accumulated due to lack of drainage (4). When water levels rise above normal stages and overflow to the extent that surrounding communities become vulnerable to rapidly moving or rising water, flood events become hazardous.
Introduction: Myths and Realities Regarding Battered Women
Authors: Roberts Albert R
Published: November 2023

Rachel, age thirty-four, described her abusive partner’s self-destructive patterns and his death threats against her:

He had been doing drugs, and he started getting paranoid and accused me of making signals out to someone in the hall—and there was no one out there. He asked me to go downstairs to get something and he locked himself in the room, and I knew that he was upset and I heard the click of a gun being dry fired, and I could hear him spinning the barrel and I started getting scared. Finally I convinced him to open the door. He acted like he was gonna shoot himself. I begged him not to. The kids were down the hall [sleeping]. I got angry with him and said, “Go ahead, do it”; then I said, “Give it to me—I’ll do it.” He gave me the gun. I put it down and went downstairs. He came after me and held the gun to my head and said, “Ifl can’t have you, no one can!” He cocked it [the gun]. We were there for a long time. I was crying and told him I never cheated on him, and finally through talking, I convinced him not to do it. For a long time I thought I was gonna die that night.
Battered Women, Homicide, and the Legal System
Authors: Mechanic Mindy B
Published: November 2023

In recent years, expert testimony on the battered woman syndrome, or BWS, (Walker, 1979, 1984b) has been offered to support self-defense claims made by battered women charged with the homicide of their abusers (Blackman, 1986; Ewing, 1987; Kinports, 1988; Walker, 1984b; Schneider, 1986). The aim of expert testimony in battered women’s homicide cases is to provide the jury with information about the nature of violent relationships and the psychological consequences resulting from repeated abuse. Specifically, expert testimony on battered woman syndrome is used to explain to the judge or jury how the experience of repeated abuse shaped a battered woman’s perceptions and judgments, leading to her belief that she was at risk of imminent death or bodily injury (one of the requirements for self-defense), even though she might have committed the homicide at a time other than in the midst of a battering incident. The general purpose of expert testimony is to give jurors a cognitive schema or social framework (Walker & Monahan, 1987) within which complex and unfamiliar information can be organized, thereby placing the defendant’s case within a larger theoretical framework (Blackman & Brickman, 1984).
Supertasks
Authors: Earman John
Published: November 2023

Is it possible to perform a supertask, that is, to carry out an infinite number of operations in a finite span of time? In one sense the answer is obviously yes since, for example, an ordinary walk from point a to point b involves crossing an infinite number of finite (but rapidly shrinking) spatial intervals in a finite time. Providing a criterion to separate such uninteresting supertasks from the more interesting but controversial forms is in itself no easy task,1 but there is no difficulty in providing exemplars of what philosophers have in mind by the latter. There is, for instance, the Thomson lamp (Thomson 1954-55). At t = 0 the lamp is on. Between t = 0 and t = 1/2 the switch at the base of the lamp is pressed, turning the lamp off. Between t = 1/2 and t = 3/4 the switch is pressed again, turning the lamp on. Etcetera.
Lee Dissected
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

In 1961 Alan Nolan Published A Superb Book About The Iron Brigade of the Army of the Potomac. Nolan will need the same tough hide possessed by the Union veterans he described in that book to endure the attacks on his book about Robert E. Lee from spiritual descendants of the legions who marched with Lee. For Lee Considered is nothing less than a wholesale revision of the heroic image of the white South’s favourite icon. Nolan calls his study Lee Considered rather than Reconsidered because he believes that the image of the legendary Lee has blocked genuine consideration of the historical Lee—apart from Thomas L. Connelly’s 1977 book, The Marble Man, which was primarily an account of the construction of the Lee myth.
Installing And Selecting Fonts
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

We can use any digital fonts with LATEX or TEX. Most of these fonts were not designed with TEX in mind, so they need some preparation. Font installation refers to the process by which we reorganize the characters in the font and perform additional bookkeeping to make it usable by TEX. Font selection refers to the instructions we apply in a TEX document to select a certain font for typesetting.
New Math Fonts
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

Typesetting math has always been a problem. Math fonts have to contain many odd and special-purpose characters, including extensible characters that come in pieces and out of which a typesetter must construct the right sizes to surround tall formulas. Decisions on the proper sizing of the fonts are always needed because the correct size depends on context. Finally, the spacing within math mode is completely different from nonmath spacing, and the metric files accompanying an aspiring math font have to reflect this spacing.
Pstricks
Authors: Hoenig Alan
Published: November 2023

Postprocessors like dvips translate each. dvi command into a PostScript equivalent. Might it not be possible to anticipate that activity and embed PostScript commands directly into a TEX document? After all, the special command is a mechanism that exists precisely for purposes like this. The advantage of placing direct PostScript commands into a source file is that a clever macro package can use the LATEX and TEX input language familiar to so many LATEX and TEX users-to generate useful graphic constructs in the PostScript language, which is familiar to relatively few users.
From Wytham Woods to Baker Lake, 1959–1962
Authors: Chitty Dennis
Published: November 2023

Like all previous field work, my last study at Oxford was a test of conclusions from the study before. The idea that voles are nonviable during a cyclic decline had been the guiding light since before the war; but the preceding study with Janet had thrown doubt on that and suggested that, after all, the environment must also be where the trouble lay. The environmental factor that Ellen Phipps and I now set out to study was different, however, from the factors usually classed as environmental. This time it was the environment created by the behavior of the voles themselves.
Synchrony, 1924–1961
Authors: Chitty Dennis
Published: November 2023

No studies of cyclic populations deal experimentally with the tendency for weather to keep them in phase. There are good reasons for this tearing apart of the seamless coat of learning. First is the practical difficulty of finding out of-phase populations within easy working distance of each other; at present they crop up by luck only, and harassed field workers may be unprepared to take advantage of them. Alternatively, when they do turn up, such popula tions may frustrate him or her by slipping unexpectedly back into phase. It may some day be possible to manipulate populations into different phases, wait in hopes of their coming back into line, and meanwhile guess which variables to measure. The main difficulty, however, is theoretical. For while there is no winter in the bounty of explanations for the biological changes, there are no good explanations for their synchrony. I once suggested that predators play a part in producing regional synchrony,2 but there is no evi dence that they are everywhere abundant enough to affect the length of a cycle or change the behavior of the animals—as they may under some circum stances. Weather therefore seems the agent most likely to explain the ten dency for populations to go up and down at the same time.
Entrepreneurial Spirit in French Canada
Authors: Egnal Marc
Published: November 2023

Petite-Nation was a poor seigneury located on the Ottawa River, mid way between Ottawa and Montreal. Much of the land was given over to timber; only a third of the soil was suitable for farming. Louis Joseph Papineau, the fiercely nationalist leader of the Patriote party, purchased the seigneury from his father in 1817. For Papineau, Petite Nation was to be more than a source of revenue-it was to be an example of a French-Canadian path of rural development. Papineau wanted French Canadians, not English speakers, to oversee all activi ties in Petite-Nation. He disliked interference from the office of sheriff, which he condemned as a “maudite invention anglais comme tant d’autres” (“another damned innovation of the English”). He favored his younger brother, Denis-Benjamin, or at least another French Canadian as the principal merchant for the farmers. And Papineau did not want Americans or the British taking up his land. “Foreign squatters,” he commented, arc “infinitely less satisfactory than our Canadians.”
Water On Mars
Authors: Carr Michael H
Published: November 2023

Mars has always held a special interest because of the possibility that life may have existed there, and its water history is crucial to understanding its geology, climatology, and biology. Moreover, recent studies in molecular phylogeny suggest that volcanic hot springs, which may have been common in early Mars, are also the most likely point of origin for life on Earth. In this book, Dr. Carr explores the history of water on Mars, including evidence that liquid water was once abundant at the planet’s surface; ways in which the climate might have changed to accommodate liquid water; and what an abundance of water implies for the formation of Mars and other planets, including Earth. The book’s argument rests on interpretation of data acquired on Viking missions, and on information from meteorites, found on Earth, that almost certainly originated on Mars. Because liquid water is universally regarded as essential for life, the water story has particular biological significance, with important implications for the future exploration of the planet, and should be a valuable study for geologists and planetary scientists.
Counterpoints in Perception and Mental Imagery: Introduction
Authors: Cornoldi Cesare , Logie Robert
Published: November 2023

The relationships among perception, representation, and mental imagery have given rise to one of the most vigorously debated areas of psychology. Research in this area has generated an abundance of theory, together with contrasting positions and heated discussion. However, the vis polemica present in many studies in the field apparently tends to address detailed aspects of individual studies rather than general philosophical questions or psychological theories that have their roots in the history of human thinking.
When Imagery Fails: Effects of Verbal Recoding on Accessibility of Visual Memories
Authors: Brandimonte Maria A , Gerbino Walter
Published: November 2023

In the last two decades, the relationship between imagery and memory has varied from being an essential element of imagery theories to being incidental and of little importance. Much of the research and theory developed in the 1970s viewed imagery as a mediator of memory performance. Such research has usually focused on the usefulness of imagery as a mnemonic technique (Bower, 1972; Paivio, 1971, 1975) and on the effects of imagery quality (e.g., vividness) on memory performance (Marks, 1972).
“joanie” Get Angry
Authors: Burns Lori
Published: November 2023

Joanie Sommers’s 1962 hit single “Johnny Get Angry” positions women within a patriarchal society. Defining her role in terms of male dominance, the singer invites her male partner to demonstrate his authority, saying “Johnny get angry, Johnny get mad/ Give me the biggest lecture I ever had … show me that you care, really care for me:’ Contemporary singer k. d. lang takes this incitation to anger to its logical conclusion: physical abuse. Her 1985 performance (recorded on videotape2) casts a feminist eye upon the earlier song and the social values that it represents. Indeed, lang’s interpretation is intended to problematize the issue of violence against women. She manipulates the original song setting to emphasize the inherent imbalance of power between the female and male roles. This chapter analyzes text/music relations in the original song in order to consider how the “feminine” and the “masculine” are constructed within the musical discourse of the song. It then explores how lang develops the original material to reflect the social tension it contains.
Finland Child Abuse as a Family Problem
Authors: Tarja Pösö
Published: November 2023

The debate about child abuse is relatively new in Finland. Prompted by discussions of child abuse in the United States and Great Britain, in the 1970s and early 1980s opinion polls were taken and predictions were made, following estimates and models borrowed from abroad, about the extent of child abuse in Finland. Child Abuse, by Ruth S. Kempe and C. Henry Kempe (1981) was translated into Finnish in 1981. In Finland, too, it was mostly medical professionals and researchers who initially published articles and expressed their worries about child abuse (Korpilahti, 1981, p. 62).
Counseling, Testing, and Risk Reduction
Authors: Goldbaum Gary M , Chaffee Frank
Published: November 2023

HIV testing should be made widely available. Concerns about false-positive tests among low-risk individuals should not discourage HIV testing, a highly sensitive and specific two-stage process. The initial screening test, the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), has sensitivity and specificity greater than 99 percent. Appropriate follow-up of indeterminate Western blot tests will exclude or make the diagnosis of HIV infection in virtually all cases. Details of the the laboratory tests used to diagnose HIV are provided in Chapter 4.
Laboratory Diagnosis of HIV
Authors: Celum Connie L , Coombs Robert W
Published: November 2023

All persons undergoing HIV testing need both pre-test and post-test counseling. Chapter 3 provides a detailed discussion regarding the indications and contraindications for testing and components of pre-test and post-test counseling.
Primary HIV Infection
Authors: Schacker Timothy W , Corey Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Primary (or acute) HIV infection refers to the initial infection with HIV. Symptoms range from none or mild sore throat to a severe mononucleosis-like syndrome or aseptic meningitis. In the 1987 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (COC) classification system, primary HIV infection was classified as stage 1 infection. In the current COC classification, primary HIV infection is classified under the “A” category.
Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Nienow John R , Spach David H , Hooton Thomas M , Collier Ann C
Published: November 2023

The optimal use of antiretroviral agents has become one of the most controversial issues related to HIV care. Limited published data, along with new therapeutic options, have combined to create confusion regarding the optimal use of antiretroviral medications in clinical practice. The recommendations that follow in this chapter are intended to incorporate conclusions drawn from controlled clinical research, unpublished data, and our clinical experience.
Future Anti-HIV Therapy
Authors: Lund James A , Spach David H , Collier Ann C
Published: November 2023

As the worldwide HIV pandemic spreads and the death toll continues to mount, the urgency for effective anti-HIV therapies has intensified. Despite a decade of intensive research, currently approved anti-HIV therapies provide only modest clinical benefit. Moreover, the development of viral resistance with existing therapies has fueled pessimism and has stimulated much research into new agents and new interventions that affect different parts of the viral life cycle.
Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Marra Christina M
Published: November 2023

Peripheral neuropathy describes the clinical syndrome of weakness, sensory loss, diminished tendon reflexes, or some combination of these findings caused by lesions of peripheral nerves. It may symmetrically involve the distal extremities, usually lower extremity greater than upper extremity (distal sensory, motor, or sensorimotor polyneuropathy), or may involve one or more named nerves (mononeuritis or mononeuritis multiplex). Peripheral neuropathy can also involve nerve roots (polyradiculopathy).

From a pathophysiologic perspective, peripheral neuropathies are commonly divided into axonal and demyelinating types. Axonal neuropathy primarily destroys the axon, with secondary loss of the myelin sheath. Nerve conduction velocities are commonly normal with axonal neuropathy, but the sensory or motor amplitudes are low. Demyelinating neuropathy is associated with loss of the myelin sheath but preservation of the axon. Nerve conduction velocities are slowed, but the amplitudes are normal with this type of neuropathy.

From a clinical standpoint, four main types of peripheral neuropathy occur among HIV-infected persons: (1) distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSPN), (2) acute and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP and CIDP), (3) mononeuritis or mononeuritis multiplex (MM), and (4) lumbosacral polyradiculopathy (LSPR).

With HIV-infected patients, the type of neuropathy depends in part on the degree of their immunodeficiency. Patients with AIDP and CIDP more often have early stage HIV disease. Distal sensory neuropathy, the most common form of neuropathy, generally develops in patients with more advanced, or late stage HIV disease. Similarly, LSPR predominantly occurs in patients who have progressed to AIDS. Mononeuritis or limited MM can develop in early stage HIV disease; extensive neuritis is seen in late stage HIV disease and may resemble CIDP.
In Support of the Language Acquisition Device
Authors: Lillo-Martin Diane
Published: November 2023

I hope that Chapter 3 and my comments here strongly support my position that deafness does not result in “cognitive poverty” (Conrad, 1979, cited by Campbell in Chapter 4). Rather, what I hope to have shown is that a child born deaf is essentially no different from a child born hearing-more specifically, both have the benefit of a modular language acquisition device that guides language acquisition but leaves (most of) the rest of cognition essentially unaffected. Thus, given the appropriate (visual) input, the language acquisition device operates as usual: the deaf child acquires a native language, and the rest follows. I would like to take this opportunity, however, to clarify my interpretation of the workings of this language acquisition device, especially as it applies in special circumstances, since both Campbell and Siple have argued against its existence. I find the evidence for it convincing, particularly in the area of complex syntax-the area that has received the bulk of the attention from linguists working within this approach. Furthermore, I find the model completely compatible with the evidence given for noncanonical situations. As Campbell points out, such cases are germane, but I do not think that they contradict the essence of the theory.
Memories Of Trauma M The Treatment Of Children
Authors: Sauzier Maria C
Published: November 2023

Trauma, our capacity to forget and our ability to remember, has long been a leitmotif in psychiatry, as well as being of interest to anyone attempting to understand human nature. Childhood trauma, and particularly sexual abuse, has been the focus of controversy for well over 100 years. In 1860, Ambroise Tardieu, a forensic pathologist, described the effects of sexual abuse, torture, and murder on the child bodies he had studied in the Paris morgue. His textbook became a medical sensation, was reprinted three times-and then disappeared. In 1896, Sigmund Freud told his Viennese colleagues that he had discovered sexual abuse to be the root of hysteria. He was met with cold rebuke and the threat of losing all credibility and academic standing. When fact became fantasy, in the Oedipus conflict, Viennese society sighed with relief-except for Sandor Ferenczi. In 1933, Ferenczi’s paper about incest, “Confusion of Tongues Between Adults and the Child,” was met with more than just stony silence. It was literally destroyed: not only the paper but the printing plate disappeared. An English translation escaped, which allowed a reprinting in 1949. In the early 1950s, Kinsey and his colleagues found that 24% of white, middle-class married women reported childhood sexual abuse and were still upset by it. This finding was downplayed, as it ran counter to Kinsey’s agenda of liberating contemporary Americans from the shackles of Victorian prudery and hypocrisy.
The Bulwarks of Christendom Religion and Warfare, 1400-1550
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R
Published: November 2023

“Bulwark” is a military term with heroic connotations like valor, fortitude, and self-sacrifice. It also is a historical metaphor for the role that almost every Central European nation sees itself as having played at one time or another in history, from the Middle Ages right up to the present. The larger context of the bulwark metaphor is the assumption that the history of Western Christendom-or Western Civilization or “the West”-is analogous to the chronicle of a fortress that has had a succession of different enemies at its gates.
Effects of Alcohol on Electrophysiological Activity of the Brain
Authors: Porjesz Bernice , Begleiter Henri
Published: November 2023

Event-related potential (ERP) techniques offer a unique approach to assessing brain function as they permit the simultaneous observation of electrophysiology and cognition. ERPs are obtained by recording with non invasive scalp electrodes brain electrical activity after the delivery of a discrete stimulus to any sensory modality. Signal-averaging techniques permit the extraction of these time-locked neuroelectric signals (event-related potentials) from the random background “noise” (EEG). Depending on stimulation properties, experimental paradigms, filter settings, recording sites, feature extraction, and quantitative measurement procedures, these signals represent overlapping activity emanating from neural generators along the pathways from peripheral end organs to higher cortical integrative centers in the brain.
Alcohol, Alcoholism, and the Autonomic Nervous System: A Critical Account
Authors: Maltzman Irving , Marinkovic Ksenua
Published: November 2023

Much of the current human experimental research on alcohol and the autonomic nervous system is driven by theoretical interests that were not apparent at the time of earlier reviews (e.g., Jones, et al., 1976; Naitoh, 1971; Wallgren and Barry, 1970). Among these theoretical concerns are expectancy and the balanced placebo design, cue reactivity and craving, priming, risk factors, and conditioned tolerance. These issues are important not only because of their theoretical significance but also because of their practical implications for treatment and treatment choice: abstinence versus controlled drinking. In this chapter we review some of these issues as they are reflected in studies using measures of the autonomic nervous system (ANS).
Effects of Alcohol on Membrane Lipids
Authors: Goldstein Dora B
Published: November 2023

Although we do not know the details of ethanol’s mechanism of action, we do know that it works in a hydrophobic environment. Nearly a century ago Hans Horst Meyer (1899) and Ernst Overton (1901) began the work in which they demonstrated that ethanol is among the chemicals whose partition into olive oil predicts their anesthetic potency. Intoxication is apparently caused only by the portion of the ethanol that is in a hydrophobic phase, and because it is not a particularly lipid-soluble compound ethanol is a weak anesthetic indeed.
Pharmacological Effects in the Development of Physiological Tolerance and Physical Dependence
Authors: Deitrich Richard A , Radcliffe Richard , Erwin V Gene
Published: November 2023

The role of tolerance and physical dependence in the pathogenesis of alcoholism has long been recognized. The development of chronic tolerance to ethanol leads to greater and greater intake of ethanol, subsequent tissue damage, increased likelihood of more severe dependence, and the possibility of life-threatening withdrawal. The development of tolerance in the short term may encourage individuals to drink more per occasion in an attempt to recover or maintain the “glow” of the effects of alcohol experienced after the first drink. Whether or not this is important to the development of alcoholism is a matter of debate, but the existence of this acute tolerance has been known for many years. The mechanistic relationship of this acute tolerance to the chronic tolerance seen after weeks, months, or years of drinking remains to be elucidated.
Introduction
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

George Fox, founder of the Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers, was a significant figure in the history of the Radical Reformation. But he was also more. He sensed a need for, then captured in his movement, the sense of individual responsibility and initiative without which the newly emerging world of capitalism would have had tougher going. His concerns were primarily religious, but he also stressed the secular needs of those left behind by the changing social order. Hence achieving justice, social and economic, was always one of his major intentions, especially in the heady days of the English Revolution. Articulating the spirit of his age, Fox at his most creative pushed the accepted definitions of Christianity to stress new individualistic dimensions and inculcate them in his sect. The fact that by the end of his life the Society of Friends was well on its way to the prosperous respectability it has since enjoyed was no accident.
Every Oak Has Been an Acorn
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

Scenes like the one unfolding in St. Michael and All Angels’, a small church in midlands Leicestershire, took place with accepted regularity in all parts of the kingdom. The parish, in the village called Drayton-in-the-Clay, had only a few more than a hundred souls. Church law provided that none be admitted to the sacrament of Holy Communion without reciting the catechism, the articles of faith, the Ten Commandments, and the Lord’s Prayer. A child could normally fulfill this requirement and be ready for confirmation at age twelve or thirteen. The hierarchy of the Anglican church positively commanded the catechizing of children, but a rector of Presbyterian leanings like Robert Mason would have considered instilling correct doctrines among his charges an important personal obligation as well. This Sunday, in the late 1630s, one half hour before evensong, Mason had gathered the half-dozen youngsters in the front of the church to go over questions 117 and 118, the ones dealing with a Christian’s duty to his or her neighbors. Mason, nearing seventy, could hardly forget his duty to ask probing questions and make sure his young and fidgety pupils grasped the intended meaning of each section; it was a more elementary method than that used at Balliol College at the University of Oxford where the old minister had earned his bachelor’s and master of arts degrees, more than fifty years earlier.
As Like an Apple as an Oyster
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

“An original, being no man’s copy,” was the way his friend William Penn wanted to remember George Fox after he died. Penn thought Fox’s lack of formal education and his inelegant speech were assets allowing him to ignore the jealousy of those who valued mere human wisdom. Fox’s lack of formal training meant that he did not formulate his religious views in the usual academic way, nor was he bound by artificial categories requiring his views to fit a particular theological mold. Despite the fact that he possessed a good library for the time, his writings show few signs that he read the books he owned. His theology grew out of his own experiences, was tempered by his common sense, and was tested against his own selective reading of the Bible. He was not a theologian, nor was he interested in being one—originators of new sects seldom are. First and foremost he was a man of faith. He wanted to communicate his spiritual experiences to his generation, many of whose members shared his own frustrations and goals. Thus he relied on what he considered his inspired intuition and his sense of the way things were, not on theological systems created by mere mortals.
For the Same Man to Be a Heretic and a Good Subject Is Impossible
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

The date was January 6, 1661, a Sunday, and one of those minor events occurred that was to have a major impact far beyond the immediate ramifications of the incident itself. A London cooper, Thomas Venner, goaded his church of about fifty to rise in a charismatic, abortive rebellion. As a Fifth Monarchist, Venner had favored the Good Old Cause; he now planned to usher in the Kingdom of God and replace the seven-month-old regime of Charles II with one led by Christ himself. “King Jesus,” the insurgents’ slogan demanded, “and the [regicides’] heads upon the gate.” They took over St. Paul’s Cathedral until a combined troop of volunteers and regular forces drove them to retreat, into a wood near Highgate. Emerging three days later, they fought as though the fate of the world depended upon their victory, but most were killed or captured. Their effort failed, to say the least: fourteen of their own heads, including an unrepentant Venner’s, were stuck up on London Bridge as grisly warnings to others who might attempt similar rebellious acts. Rumors swept the city, armed men stalked the streets, shopkeepers locked their doors, and shocked citizens retreated to their homes.
A Man May Cut Himself with His Own Knife
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

George Fox returned to the north, weary, half-ill, and needing to recuperate. But he was not a person to remain idle, particularly when facing a major challenge. Over the course of his half-century Fox had learned that control of the past allowed a person to grasp the present and shape the future. So he set about making sure that he knew the past—his own as well as the movement’s—in order to cope with the malcontents who were working havoc among northern adherents. Thus he began work on an autobiography, recording his life and his recollections of the movement’s past. Dictating to his son-in-law Thomas Lower, he carefully went through the correspondence that Margaret had kept over the years—a sure way to jog his memory. He noted on each missive that he had read it, who the author and the recipient were, the approximate date, and often his decision about the letter’s disposition, whether it should be recopied or destroyed. Both his Journal which was not published until after his death, and the notations he added to the letters naturally reflected his view of the controversies in which he had taken part. To assure himself that posterity had the correct version, he modified some letters to make them say what he wanted them to say. He also took time to compose detailed instructions for dealing with his large literary legacy.
Traps of Trans-formation: Theoretical Convergences between Riddle and Ritual
Authors: Handelman Don
Published: November 2023

Explaining the enigmatic character of riddles is a central challenge in the study of these phenomena. These discussions are dominated by linguistically based analyses and literary interpretations. The former often address rules of language whereby spoken or written enigmas are generated and resolved. The latter discuss the role of such enigmas in various narrative forms. Both perspectives also address corpora of riddles as forms and enactments of culture: as contextualized by culture and in tum as giving meaning to certain cultural productions (i.e. tales, epics, expressive performances, and so forth).
God’s Wrath
Authors: Stowell Daniel W
Published: November 2023

The experience of the Civil War shook the foundations of southern religious life between 1863 and 1865. White religious southerners made a strong commitment to the war effort, and the early years of the war were marked by a confidence in the Confederate cause and God’s support of it as evidenced by battlefield victories. As the war raged into a third year, however, the antebellum patterns of southern life became more vulnerable to change. Religious southerners generally did not question their beliefs that God wore gray and the Confederacy would succeed, though a few did. Their concerns were much less philosophical and much more practical. Not only had the North declared war on slavery, but northern armies were occupying larger and larger sections of the South. Slaveowners feared that their human property might Hee to Federal lines. Many areas of the South struggled with material privations, and numerous daily routines of life were disrupted by the war.
What Can Biologists Solve?
Authors: Luria S E
Published: November 2023

What is the relation of biology to social concerns, aside from work that is primarily medical? We hear from all sides that biology, and in fact all pure science, has become irrelevant, neglecting its obligation to pursue goals of physical betterment of man. We all know the fallacy of this viewpoint. We know that all science can find applications in appropriate times and circumstances. Even the most esoteric studies on bacterial gene action and on DNA and RNA synthesis have suddenly become central to the cancer problem. For example, viruses cause cancers, and scientists are searching within human cells for genetic material that may resemble cancer-producing viruses.
The Magical Aura Of The IQ
Authors: Kagan Jerome
Published: November 2023

Every society, or large cohesive group within a society, recognizes that in order to maintain stability a small group must possess some power over the much larger citizenry. The power is sometimes inherited, sometimes awarded, sometimes attained, and sometimes seized. In actual practice, this lean and rather raw description is usually disguised by a clever strategy-much like a magician’s wrist movement-that makes select psychological traits symbolic of highly valued, status-conferring attributes hence, they become the vessels from which power is inevitably drawn.
An Affluent Society’s Excuses For Inequality: Developmental, Economic, And Educational
Authors: Gordon Edmund W , Derek Green
Published: November 2023

Those of us who are committed ta the pedagogical enterprise note with interest, and often frustration, the recurring themes that challenge the conduct and advancement of our undertaking. Un like the historian or sociologist, who might view these themes with interest but with some detachment, we are called upon to re-examine, clarify, and perhaps justify the presuppositions, methods, and goals that provide the framework within which education and development are carried on. Indeed this perhaps is as it should be, in view of the ambivalence with which these concerns are treated by a society that, on the one hand appears to value the perceived outcomes of the educational process, while on the other is often reluctant to invest the resources necessary to improve it, particularly when benefits seem likely to accrue to those who are on the lower end of the ethnic and socio-economic status scales.
Racist Arguments And IQ
Authors: Gould Stephen Jay
Published: November 2023

Louis Agassiz, the greatest biologist of mid-nineteenth-century America, argued that God had created blacks and whites as separate species. The defenders of slavery took much comfort from this assenion, for biblical proscriptions of charity and equality did not have to extend across a species boundary. What could an abolitionist say? Science had shone its cold and dispassionate light upon the subject; Christian hope and sentimentality could not refute it.
The Tainted Sources Of The Bell Curve
Authors: Lane Charles
Published: November 2023

For all the shock value of its assertion that blacks are intractably, and probably biologically, inferior in intelligence to whites and Asians, The Bell Curve is not quite an original piece of research. It is, in spite of all the controversy that is attending its publication, only a review of the literature-an elaborate interpretation of data culled from the work of other social scientists. For this reason, the credibility of its authors, Charles Murray and Richard]. Herrnstein, rests significantly on the credibility of their sources.
Fairness and the Politics of Health Care Reform
Authors: Daniels Norman , Light Donald W , Caplan Ronald L
Published: November 2023

Our aim in this book is to put fairness on the table as an issue in the national debate about health care reform and the design of our health care system. Specifically, we develop a tool consisting of scorable benchmarks for assessing ten dimensions of the fairness of health care reform proposals. Its purpose is not to moralize or to grab the high moral ground for hidden political purposes. Rather, it is to provide a framework that facilitates debate and understanding and clarifies what social values are at stake, often hidden, in the complex details of health policy.
Using the Benchmarks to Score Insurance Reforms
Authors: Daniels Norman , Light Donald W , Caplan Ronald L
Published: November 2023

The benchmarks of fairness and their criteria show what is ethically at stake when important choices are made about the design of reform proposals. Our task now is to show how they can be used in practice to compare the fairness of alternate proposals. We do not intend to use the scores we assign to talk down opponents or seize the moral high ground or end discussion about fairness. Rather, we offer the benchmarks as an analytic tool that can improve debate about fairness by making it more substantive and specific. The question is, How best to illustrate their use?
Using the Benchmarks to score Health Care Reforms
Authors: Daniels Norman , Light Donald W , Caplan Ronald L
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 addressed the first five benchmarks and the greater fairness that different reform proposals would bring. This chapter continues with benchmarks 6-through-10 concerning aspects of fairness built into how money is spent, how services are provided, how much choice people have, at what level budgets are set, and the issue that few reform efforts address-how decisions about rationing are done. Once again, we wish to share our thinking as we use the benchmarks to assess real-world reform bills, with all their lapses, overlaps, contradictions, and vague ness. This seems the best way to show how others can put fairness on the table next to affordability and other key criteria for assessing a given reform idea.
Invasive Techniques for Neuropathic Pain in Cancer
Authors: Cramond Tess
Published: November 2023

The conventional management of patients with cancer pain involves anticancer therapy; oral analgesics; support for the patient and family, and psychological techniques, including modification of lifestyle; and the control of other distressing symptoms. It is generally agreed that effective pain control is achieved in 85%-90% of patients by these standard means. When pain persists and definitive treatment of the lesion is not possible, invasive techniques must be considered (Fig. 4.1). The proper use of these techniques for the treatment of neuropathic pain is challenging and demands an understanding of the underlying pathophysiology.
Ethical Issues in Hydration and Nutrition
Authors: Macdonald Neil
Published: November 2023

Science creates new ethical issues, but it also leads to a re-evaluation of existing standards. Offering food and drink to the dying is intimately tied with compassionate care. Today, we can extend this offer through the employment of technical means of sustenance. Under commonly encountered circumstances, we now know that forcing nutrition on patients with advanced cancer may actually harm them, while controversy swirls around the hydration of patients in their final days. One should distinguish matters of principle from matters of fact, for both are involved and related in the ethics of hydration and nutrition. Controversies relating to matters of fact require evidence for their resolution, and that evidence comes from observation and research. The principles governing clinical decisions about hydration and nutrition relate to the rights of patients to make their own informed choices and refusals about medical treatment. In the case of Robert Corbeil, the judge of the Quebec Superior Court declared that Mr. Corbeil had the right to refuse to eat and to be fed, even if he died as a result. The critical issue was whether the patient was sufficiently lucid and balanced of mind to make a decision on his own behalf. That others may have found his decision unreasonable was irrelevant.
Introduction: Asthenia: Definitions and Dimensions
Authors: Portenoy Russell K
Published: November 2023

Patients with chronic medical diseases commonly report a distressing lack of vitality. This phenomenon is characterized by a range of descriptors, which together suggest both physical and mental aspects. The physical aspects may be characterized by weakness or tiredness, which suggests dysfunction in muscles, or by lethargy or sleepiness, which indicates difficulties in maintaining alertness. Other descriptors, such as apathy, lassitude, inattention, difficulty concentrating, or loss of motivation, recognize a prominent mental (usually cognitive) aspect. Two commonly used terms, asthenia and fatigue, capture these characteristics more broadly. Either can refer to a sense of diminished vitality in physical or mental functioning, or both, that occurs in the setting of medical disease. Although an asthenia-anorexia-cachexia syndrome has been appreciated in patients with far-advanced diseases, including cancer, the empirical data now available do not provide a basis for distinguishing the asthenia component of this syndrome from a constellation of symptoms generally described as fatigue. For now, progress in understanding and managing the lack of vitality that commonly afflicts the medically ill would be facilitated by considering fatigue and asthenia together. Asthenia, or fatigue, is a symptom. Like other symptoms, it is fundamentally subjective. This subjectivity implies that the “weakness” often reported as part of the symptomatology does not require an objective correlate. Although some patients who report fatigue have demonstrable muscle weakness, most do not. Some patients experience easy fatigability with physical activity, but this, too, does not require a correlate on physical examination or electrophysiologic testing. Although objective evidence of a physical problem can help the clinician understand the origins of the complaint and maybe choose a therapy, such evidence is not required to confirm or quantitate the patient’s report.
Role of Bisphosphonates and Other Bone Resorption Inhibitors in Metastatic Bone Pain
Authors: Ernst D Scott
Published: November 2023

Bone metastases are a frequent occurrence in patients with advanced cancer, usually developing from primary malignancies of the breast, prostate, and lung. Indeed, autopsy studies suggest that bone metastases occur in up to 85% of patients who die from these primaries. Other primary tumors, such as kidney, bladder, and neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, also metastasize to bone and account for up to 20% of those patients with bone lesions. Of the hematological malignancies, multiple myeloma typically has extensive bone involvement, which contributes significantly to the morbidity of the disease.
Introduction Psychiatric Disorders in Patients with Progressive Medical Disease: The Importance of Diagnosis
Authors: Breitbart William
Published: November 2023

The British singer-composer Sting wrote the above lyrics, which are from his album Mercury Falling, shortly after visiting a friend who was dying of AIDS in a New York City hospital. Sting reflected a nascent and growing realization in our society that medical technology does in fact have limitations, and that ultimately, perhaps, we must embrace a more spiritual perspective in life, and especially, in the face of death. Much of the re-awakening to the importance of the spiritual components of care is indeed welcome, essential, and healing for individuals with terminal illness and their families. However, I believe that part of what we are experiencing as a renaissance of spirituality in palliative care is in fact a backlash against the “over-medicalization of dying” and the invasion of often unwanted high technology interventions into end-of-life care. Clearly, modem academic palliative medicine must find a proper balance between the medical and spiritual aspects of care of the terminally ill. This balance is best achieved by incorporating into palliative care both patient preferences and values, and recommendations for medical therapeutics that are evidence based and empirically derived.