bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia associated with tetanus toxoid vaccination
Authors: AKOSA A.B. , ALI M.H. , KHOO C.T.K. , EVANS D.M.
Published: April 2007

Three cases of angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia are reported at the site of tetanus toxoid vaccination. All presented as nodules on the upper arm, a known adverse effect of the vaccine following superficial inoculation. Histologically the nodules showed numerous small and medium sized vessels, some lined by hyperplastic endothelial cells with perivascular lymphocytic cuffing and an inflammatory infiltrate of plasma cells, eosinophils and scattered mast cells. Lymphoid follicles replete with germinal centres were identified in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. Immunostaining revealed a polytypic lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate and a curious IgE reticulated pattern within the germinal centres, a feature described in both Kimura's disease and angiolymphoid hyperplasia. The present study suggests that atopic reaction to tetanus toxoid may be an aetiological factor in some cases of angiolymphoid hyperplasia.
Mixed mesonephric adenocarcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Authors: BUTTERWORTH D.M. , HABOUBI N.Y. , LUPTON E.W.
Published: April 2007

Mesonephric type adenocarcinoma is a very rare tumour in the bladder and bears a resemblance to nephrogenic adenoma. We report (to the best of our knowledge), the first case where the tumour was partly composed of mesonephric and partly of poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinoma. Staining for α1‐antitrypsin and carcino‐embryonic antigen were positive in the mesonephric component but negative in the transitional cell carcinoma. history of haematuria. At the age of 20 he had contracted tuberculosis with involvement of the genitourinary tract, requiring a left nephrectomy and removal of the right epididymis. He had been in chronic renal failure for the previous eight years, requiring daily peritoneal dialysis in the latter two years. At cystoscopy a large, solid tumour was found arising on the posterior wall of the left side of the bladder and extending on to the anterior wall. A limited transurethral resection was performed. Post‐operatively, there were no local complications and he was referred for radiotherapy.
The histiocytoses of childhood
Authors: ALONE M.M.
Published: April 2007

The histiocytoses of childhood include Langerhans' cell histiocytosis, haemophagocytic syndrome (familial and reactive), sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy (Rosai‐Dorfman disease), juvenile xanthogranuloma and malignant histiocytosis. These disorders show wide variation in their clinical presentation, prognosis and genetic implications. All are characterized by localized or generalized proliferation of histiocytes, but they differ in their morphology, histochemical and immunochemical staining patterns and electronmicroscopical features. On the basis of a comprehensive clinical history and critical interpretation of morphology and immunocytochemistry using an appropriately selected panel of antibodies, a diagnosis can be reached in the majority of cases.
Immunohistochemical detection of the multidrug transport protein P1 70 in human normal tissues and malignant lymphomas
Authors: PILERI S.A. , SABATTINI E. , FALINI B. , TAZZARI P.L. , GHERLINZONI F. , MICHIELI M.G. , DAMIANI D. , ZUCCHINI L. , GOBBI M. , TSURUO T. , BACCARANI M.
Published: April 2007

Two monoclonal antibodies, MRK16 and C219, both directed at the 170 kDa P‐glycoprotein multidrug resistance agent, were applied to frozen sections or cytospin preparations from normal human tissues and 60 non‐Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas. Adrenal gland, kidney, liver and pancreas were always stained by the reagents, albeit with slightly different patterns. Brain capillaries as well as macrophages and some elements of the bone marrow, peripheral blood, ovarian stroma and colonic, gastric and jejunal mucosa were positive in all examined preparations. There were differences in the staining patterns with the two antibodies. Among the 60 non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, 25 contained a number of positive cells, which ranged from 2% to 100%. No correlation was seen between the expression of P1 70 and histological type, stage, clinical symptoms or growth fraction. A close relationship was shown between the presence of P1 70 positive elements and the clinical course of the disease (P<0.001).
Chromosomal translocation detected by bcl‐1 and bcl‐2 rearrangement in low‐grade B‐cell lymphomas in a European population
Authors: OTT M.M. , MÜLLER‐HERMELINK H.K. , SCHMITT B. , FELLER A.C.
Published: April 2007

Twenty‐nine cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma of low‐grade malignancy in a European population were investigated for the presence of bcl‐2 and bcl‐1 gene rearrangement. The cases were classified according to the Kiel classification. It was shown that bcl‐2 gene rearrangements were exclusively confined to centroblastic‐centrocytic lymphomas. bcl‐1 rearrangements were found in two cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. As the chromosomal translocation t(14;18) is reported to occur in up to 85% of follicular lymphomas, our results provide additional evidence that the differentiation of low‐grade B‐cell lymphomas according to the Kiel classification defines biologically distinct entities.
Endocrine cell carcinoma of the gallbladder
Authors: McLEAN C.A. , PEDERSEN J.S.
Published: April 2007

An endocrine cell carcinoma in the gallbladder of a 59‐year‐old woman is reported. The morphological features of this diagnosis are compared with 14 previously reported primary gallbladder carcinoid tumours that had metastasized. The histogenesis and current classification of endocrine cell tumours is discussed.
Identification of titanium pigment in drug addicts' tissues
Authors: FILHO J.C. COELHO. , MOREIRA R.A. , CROCKER P.R. , LEVISON D.A. , CORRIN B.
Published: April 2007

Autopsy on two drug addicts who had been injecting themselves intravenously with crushed Algafan tablets (active principle, propoxyphene hydrochloride) showed crystals consistent with talc in their lungs and other organs. A fine granular material that appeared black by transmitted light was also present. Electron microprobe analysis of an Algafan tablet showed an organic core and a coating that contained titanium, magnesium, silicon and calcium. Analysis of the crystals in the tissue sections showed magnesium and silicon in proportions compatible with talc, whilst fine granular material that probably represented the black pigment registered titanium. Titanium dioxide is a common whitening agent. It appears white by reflected light, black by transmitted light and pink by polarized light. This last feature should be helpful to histopathologists examining tissue sections containing titanium.
Cystic renal neoplasms of infancy and childhood: a light microscopical, lectin histochemical and immunohistochemical study
Authors: DOMIZIO P. , RISDON R.A.
Published: April 2007

Cystic renal neoplasms of infancy and childhood, represented largely by cystic variants of nephroblastoma, form a spectrum of clinicopathological entities with differing behaviours. Cystic nephroma and cystic partially differentiated nephroblastoma occupy the benign end of the tumour spectrum, while polycystic Wilms' tumour forms the malignant end. A wide variety of names, reflecting different theories on aetiology, has been applied to the lesions comprising this spectrum, and this has undoubtedly caused confusion in their recognition and classification. We examined five cases of cystic renal tumours in young children which illustrate the entire spectrum, and lectin histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of these cases showed a close similarity in the pattern of staining of the three variants of cystic tumours. This finding, which has not previously been reported to our knowledge, supports the concept of a close pathogenetic relationship between these tumours.
High‐grade T‐cell lymphoma following treatment with cyclosporin A
Authors: BROWN L.A. , WISELKA M. , CAMPBELL A. , PRINGLE J.H. , NICHOLSON K. , LAUDER I.
Published: April 2007

A 47‐year‐old man with persistent severe oropharyngeal ulceration developed a high‐grade T‐cell lymphoma soon after commencing treatment with cyclosporin A. Using Southern blotting to identify T‐cell β‐chain gene rearrangements, evidence of clonal restriction was found both in blood and lymph node DNA samples. Two BamH1 rearranged bands were demonstrated in both samples. In the blood a 16 Kb band predominated, with a weaker 28 Kb band. In the lymph node sample this pattern was reversed. The findings suggest that a bi‐clonal population of T‐lymphocytes or clonal evolution of an existing T‐cell monoclone had developed, and that cyclosporin contributed to the emergence of a high‐grade T‐cell lymphoma.
The changing phenotypic appearance of a malignant vulval neoplasm containing both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements
Authors: PARHAM D.M. , MORTON K. , ROBERTSON A.J. , PHILIP W.D.P.
Published: April 2007

We describe the changing phenotypic appearance over a 7‐year period of a malignant neoplasm of the vulva. This lesion was studied by light and electronmicroscopy and immunohistochemical techniques. The tumour contained both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements including osteosarcomatous differentiation. To our knowledge osteosarcomatous differentiation has not been reported previously at this site. We submit that the best term for this type of neoplasm, based on tumour differentiation rather than reputed histogenesis, is carcinosarcoma. Tumours such as these occurring in the female genital tract should be distinguished from metastatic mixed Müllerian tumours.
pathological prognostic factors in breast cancer. I. The value of histological grade in breast cancer: experience from a large study with long‐term follow‐up
Authors: ELSTON C.W. , ELLIS I.O.
Published: April 2007

Morphological assessment of the degree of differentiation has been shown in numerous studies to provide useful prognostic information in breast cancer, but until recently histological grading has not been accepted as a routine procedur mainly because of perceived problems with reproducibility and consistency. In the Nottingham/Tenovus Primary Breast Cancer Study the most commonly used method, described by Bloom & Richardson, has been modified in order to make the criteria more objective. The revised technique involves semiquantitative evaluation of three morphological features–the percentage of tubule formation, the degree of nuclear pleomorphism and an accurate mitotic count using a defined field area. A numerical scoring system is used and the overall grade is derived from a summation of individual scores for the three variables; three grades of differentiation are used. Since 1973, over 2200 patients with primary operable breast cancer have been entered into a study of multiple prognostic factors. Histological grade, assessed in 1831 patients, shows a very strong correlation with prognosis; patients with grade I tumours have a significantly better survival than those with grade II and III tumours (P<0.0001). These results demonstrate that this method for histological grading provides important prognostic information and, if the grading protocol is followed consistently, reproducible results can be obtained. Histological grade forms part of the multifactorial Nottingham prognostic index, together with tumour size and lymph node stage, which is used to stratify individual patients for appropriate therapy.
The histogenesis of inflammatory fibroid polyps of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: TRILLO A.A. , ROWDEN G.
Published: April 2007

Inflammatory fibroid polyps are lesions occurring in the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. These lesions have been identified by a variety of names, indicative of their uncertain histogenesis. Three cases were studied by light microscopy and cytochemistry and, in one case, by electronmicroscopy. The most characteristic feature consisted of concentric fibrovascular structures. Peroxidase reaction for muscle actin and Ulex europeus agglutinin was positive in the two main cellular components. Electronmicroscopy revealed that the two principal cell constituents were endothelial and myocytic cells. These observations support the conclusion that inflammatory fibroid polyps are lesions of vascular origin.
Effect of chewing Qat on mucosal histology and prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum of Yemeni patients
Authors: EL‐GUNEID A. , EL‐SHERIF A.M. , MURRAY‐LYON I.M. , ZUREIKAT N. , SHOUSHA S.
Published: April 2007

This investigation was aimed at assessing whether the Yemeni habit of chewing Qat on a regular basis had a significan effect on the upper alimentary tract. Seventy patients with dyspepsia attending Al‐Thawra Hospital in Taiz. Yemen Republic were examined by endoscopy. Biopsies were taken from the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum. The patients included 28 who gave a history of daily Qat intake, 21 with less frequent intake and 21 who took none. The only statistically significant finding associated with daily Qat intake was a higher prevalence of duodenal ulcer, particularly in females. However, a strong association was also found between heavy smoking and ulcer, with most ulcer patients who chewed Qat daily being heavy smokers. Chewing Qat was not associated with a higher prevalence of oesophageal dysplasia, making it unlikely to be the cause of the perceived high incidence of oesophageal carcinoma in Yemen. There was a high prevalence of gastric H. pylori colonization (93%) and columnar‐lined lower end of oesophagus (18%), as well as low prevalence of intestinal metaplasia of stomach (4%); this was not, however, related to chewing Qat. Further epidemiological and histological studies are needed to assess the significance of these findings in relation to the incidence of oesophageal and gastric carcinoma in Yemen.
Ovarian morphology in long‐term androgen‐treated female to male transsexuals. A human model for the study of polycystic ovarian syndrome?
Authors: PACHE T.D. , CHADHA S. , GOOREN L.J.G. , HOP W.C.J. , JAARSMA K.W. , DOMMERHOLT H.B.R. , FAUSER B.C.J.M.
Published: April 2007

Descriptions of the effect of androgenson ovarian human tissues are exceptional. This opportunity was provided for us by 17 women with transsexualism—female to male transsexuals (TSX)—who had been given androgens for a mean period of 21 months before hystero‐salpingo‐oophorectomy took place. Twenty‐nine ovaries from TSX and 14 control ovaries from 13 regularly cycling women were examined. As compared with controls, TSX ovaries were enlarged and displayed a two‐fold increase in cystic follicles and a 3.5‐fold increase in atretic follicles; the ovarian cortex was collagenized and three‐times thicker. Theca interna hyperplasia and luteinization were uniformly observed in TSX cystic follicles. Stromal hyperplasia was a constant finding in TSX ovaries, accompanied by clusters of luteinized stromal cells in 12 cases. Eventually these findings met the histological criteria for the diagnosis of polycystic ovaries. These observations demonstrate that androgens alone may induce polycystic changes. The assumption that the role of androgens is pivotal at the follicular level—inducing follicle growth arrest and accelerating cystic changes—in the genesis of polycystic ovaries is reinforced.
Glomus tumour of the trachea: report of a case with microscopic, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical examination and review of the literature
Authors: GARCÍA‐PRATS M.D. , SOTELO‐RODRÍGUEZ M.T. , BALLESTÍN C. , MARTÍNEZ‐GONZÁLEZ M.A. , ROCA R. , ALFARO J. , MIGUEL E. DE
Published: April 2007

A case of glomus tumour of the trachea is reported. The patient, a 58‐year‐old man, complained of dyspnoea, cough and occasional haemoptysis for many years and had been misdiagnosed as having chronic bronchitis. The diagnosis of glomus tumour in a tissue sample taken by bronchoscopy was useful in planning adequate surgery. Light and electronmicroscopy of the excised tumour confirmed the preoperative diagnosis. Immunohistochemical examination showed vimentin and actin in the tumour cells, and negativity for high and low molecular weight keratins, desmin, neurofilaments, and factor VIII‐related antigen, findings similar to glomus tumours of other sites.
Malignant lymphoma with myxoid stroma: a new pattern in need of recognition
Authors: TSE C.C.H. , CHAN J.K.C. , YUEN R.W.S. , NG C.S.
Published: April 2007

We report a case of malignant lymphoma in the soft tissues exhibiting prominent myxoid stromal changes and cord‐like cellular arrangement, mimicking the architectural as well as cytological features of myxoid chondrosarcoma, except for the absence of tumour lobulation. The only clue to the possible lymphomatous nature of the lesion was the past history of lymphoma. Immunohistochemical studies showed that this represented a B‐cell lymphoma, staining positively for leucocyte common antigen and five B‐lineage markers L26, MB2, B1 (CD20), B4 (CD19) and To15 (CD22). We conclude that malignant lymphoma should not be excluded from consideration when one encounters a myxoid tumour.
Immunohistology of bone marrow: a modified method of glycol‐methacrylate embedding
Authors: BURGIO V.L. , PIGNOLONI P. , BARONI C.D.
Published: April 2007

We describe here a modified glycol‐methacrylate embedding technique for bone marrow biopsies which allows high‐quality visualization of morphological details and optimal antigen preservation. By the use of this technique it is possible to recognize haemopoietic and stromal cells which are known to play a key role in the regulation of haemopoiesis.
Pathology of the lung in leukaemia and lymphoma: a study of 87 autopsies
Authors: DORAN H.M. , SHEPPARD M.N. , COLLINS P.W. , JONES L. , NEWLAND A.C. , WALT J.D. VAN DER
Published: April 2007

Histopathological findings in the lungs in a series of autopsies on 87 patients suffering from various types of leukaemia or lymphoma who had received no treatment, or various combinations of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation were reviewed. Thirteen untreated patients showed neoplastic infiltration (4), thromboembolism (4), infection (5) or amyloidosis (1). Seventy‐two treated cases showed malignant infiltration (14), vascular damage (21), infections (32) and/or diffuse alveolar damage (47). One patient treated with local irradiation for myeloma had acute bronchopneumonia alone and another treated with [32P] for polycythaemia rubra vera had extensive thrombo‐embolism of the large pulmonary vessels. Clinical and autopsy evidence of infection correlated very poorly. Non‐infective pulmonary disease was a frequent finding. Bacterial, fungal or pneumocystis pneumonia particularly affected the chemotherapy and radiotherapy groups, while cytomegalovirus infection was seen only in the bone marrow transplant group. This study shows that diffuse alveolar damage is a common and important problem in patients treated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy.
Salivary duct adenocarcinoma
Authors: SIMPSON R.H.W. , CLARKE T.J. , SARSFIELD P.T.L. , BABAJEWS A.V.
Published: April 2007

Six cases of salivary duct adenocarcinoma are presented. All had a history of a rapidly enlarging mass in the parotid gland with involvement of the facial nerve. The histopathological appearance was distinctive, each case showing an invasive tumour resembling ductal carcinoma of the breast, often with areas of comedo necrosis. Five patients died within 26 months, and the one long‐term survivor (68 months) has widespread metastatic disease. These findings are similar to cases which have previously been described, but the tumour has not been widely reported, particularly in Britain. We feel that salivary duct adenocarcinoma is a distinct clinicopathological entity and, as its histological appearance is usually unmistakable, we believe it deserves wider recognition.
Hodgkin's disease presenting with the histological features of Castleman's disease
Authors: MAHESWARAN P.R. , RAMSAY A.D. , NORTON A.J. , ROCHE W.R.
Published: April 2007

Three cases are reported in which an initial diagnosis of the plasma cell variant of Castleman's disease was made, but in which a second lymph node biopsy within a year showed evidence of Hodgkin's disease. Review of the initial biopsy indicated that atypical CD15 and CD30 positive cells were present in the initial biopsy. This illustrates the difficulty in making the diagnosis of Castleman's disease and suggests that the lymphoid reaction to the presence of Hodgkin's disease may result in similar histological appearances. The need for re‐evaluation of the diagnosis of Castleman's disease in the face of persistent or recurrent disease is stressed.
Lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas
Authors: RAMSDEN K.L. , NEWMAN J.
Published: April 2007

A case of lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas is reported. The unilocular cyst was filled with keratin, lined by mature, keratinizing squamous epithelium and surrounded by lymphoid tissue.
Synaptophysin in human breast carcinomas
Authors: UCCINI S. , MONARDO F. , PARADISO P. , MASCIANGELO R. , MARZULLO A. , RUCO L.P. , BARONI C.D.
Published: April 2007

Synaptophysin expression was studied immunohisto‐chemically in 109 female and in three male breast carcinomas. Positivity was demonstrated in 10 female and in two male tumours in a high percentage of neoplastic cells. Synaptophysin positive breast carcinomas also expressed other neuroendocrine markers such as chromogranin and neuron‐specific enolase.
Spindle cell haemangioendothelioma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study indicative of a non‐neoplastic lesion
Authors: FLETCHER C.D.M. , BEHAM A. , SCHMID C.
Published: April 2007

Spindle cell haemangioendothelioma is an uncommon vascular lesion, of which 35 cases have been previously reported. A further 20 cases are reported herein. These lesions affected a wide age range in both sexes, and showed a predilection for the extremities. Twelve patients had multiple lesions and, in these cases, local progression over many years but no true recurrence was typical. None of the 20 patients developed metastases. but one later developed an angiosarcoma. Individual cases were associated with congenital lymphoedema, Klippel‐Trenaunay syndrome and early‐onset varicose veins.

Histologically, in addition to the admixture of cavernous spaces and solid spindle cell/epithelioid cell areas, the presence both of irregularly distributed and perivascular smooth muscle cells and of malformed variably‐sized vessels at the periphery of almost every lesion was noted in each case. Reticulin staining, immunohistochemistry and electronmicroscopy revealed the presence of primitive vessel formation and partial endothelial differentiation in the solid spindle cell areas. Combining these data with those from previously published series, it is suggested that spindle cell haemangioendothelioma is a non‐neoplastic lesion (rather than a borderline malignancy as it is currently regarded) and that its development correlates with histological and/or clinical evidence of a malformed vasculature at the affected site.
Differential basement membrane composition in multiple epithelioid haemangioendotheliomas of liver and lung
Authors: NERLICH A. , BERNDT R. , SCHLEICHER E.
Published: April 2007

We report a case of epithelioid haemangioendothelioma involving both lung and liver. The tumour cells were positive for factor‐VIII‐related antigen. Immunohistochemical analysis of various basement membrane components in tumour tissue of lung and liver showed striking differences. In the liver tumour there was selective expression of collagen IV, with minimal and focal amounts of laminin and basement membrane‐associated heparan sulphate proteoglycan. In the lung tumour nodules, in contrast, all these basement membrane components were present. These patterns of basement membrane expression closely resemble those of normal liver and lung basement membrane respectively. We suggest that this provides evidence that epithelioid haemangioendothelioma arises from local endothelial cell proliferation and that it supports the assumption of a multicentric rather than metastatic origin when multiple tumour deposits are found.
Diffuse hepatocyte ballooning in liver biopsies from orthotopic liver transplant patients
Authors: GOLDSTEIN N.S. , HART J. , LEWIN K.J.
Published: April 2007

Mild to moderate liver injury to the orthotopically transplanted liver may result from acute rejection, mild ischaemia, or viral hepatitis. Because these conditions are often clinically indistinguishable, liver biopsy is frequently helpful. We previously characterized and reported the morphological spectrum of mild‐to‐moderate ischaemic injury from 170 liver biopsies (51 liver transplant patients). During this review, we found eight patients with a diffuse hepatocyte ballooning pattern. This pattern had some similarity to ‘preservation injury’ described by others, and in fact seven of the eight patients had these changes within the first 2 weeks post‐transplant. However, two of the seven patients also displayed these changes up to 6 months post‐transplant and the eighth patient developed these histological patterns only after the early post‐transplant period. Follow‐up data on patients with diffuse hepatocyte ballooning showed that some reverted to normal histology, some transformed to well‐delineated perivenular ballooning, and some progressed to perivenular necrosis and/or infarction. Only when superimposed perivenular necrosis became apparent did the Injury become irreversible, necessitating allograft removal or resulting in death. The pathogenesis of diffuse hepatocyte ballooning is unclear. However, the association of some of the cases with ‘preservation injury’ pattern in the early post‐transplant period and the progression of others to necrosis and infarction, suggest an ischaemic basis for this lesion.
Invasive adenocarcinoma arising in extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva
Authors: EVANS A. T. , NEVEN P.
Published: April 2007

A case of extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva giving rise to an invasive microacinar adenocarcinoma is presented. Extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva is rare and documented detailed cases associated with unequivocal dermal invasion exceptional. We have reviewed the literature with particular reference to such cases.
Extramammary Paget's disease of the vulva with dermal invasion and vulval intra‐epithelial neoplasia
Authors: HAWLEY I. C. , HUSAIN F. , PRYSE‐DAVIES J.
Published: April 2007

Vulval biopsies from a 66‐year‐old lady complaining of pruritus showed intraepithelial Paget's disease. On simple vulvectomy, extramammary Paget's disease was found to be associated with vulval intra‐epithelial neoplasia (VIN III) and superficial dermal invasive adenocarcinoma. Bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy later revealed metastatic spread of the tumour. We believe this is a unique combination and discuss the possible origins in relation to this lady's past medical history of breast carcinoma 20 years and spinal metastases 17 years before.
Primary intracranial sarcomas: histopathological features of 19 cases
Authors: PAULUS W. , SLOWIK F. , JELLINGER K.
Published: April 2007

Nineteen primary intracranial sarcomas out of a total of about 25 000 brain tumour biopsies are reported. Subtypes Included malignant fibrous histiocytoma (6 cases), leiomyosarcoma (3), rhabdomyosarcoma (2), angiosarcoma (2), and one case each of fibrosarcoma, low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma, malignant ectomesenchymoma, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, differentiated chondrosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma. Histological and immunohistochemical features corresponded to those of extracranial sarcomas. Nests of pleomorphic astrocytes mimicking glioma were detected in the five storiform‐pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytomas. Our results indicate that intracranial sarcomas can be classified like their extracranial counterparts. The low incidence compared with earlier series is related to changes in classification and progress in histogenetic clarification.
Monocytoid B‐cell lymphoma: morphological variants and relationship to low‐grade B‐cell lymphoma of the mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue
Authors: NIZZE H. , COGLIATTI S.B. , SCHILLING C. VON , FELLER A.C. , LENNERT K.
Published: April 2007

Twenty‐eight cases of monocytoid B‐cell lymphoma of lymph nodes and 16 lymph node metastases of primary gastric lymphomas, mostly low‐grade B‐cell lymphomas of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type were investigated morphologically and immunohistochemically. Both groups showed the same morphological and immunohistochemical features: diagnostically important sites of infiltration were the sinuses and the marginal zones, The tumour cells were either medium‐sized or small. The cytoplasm stained grey with Giemsa and was sometimes rather pale. In imprints the grey colour of the cytoplasm was a characteristic feature. The medium‐sized cell type was more frequent; in one third of the cases it was combined with a prominent lymphoplasmacytic component from the same clone, and it resembled the monocytoid B‐cells of the sinuses. The small cell type was less common, was not combined with a lymphoplasmacytic component and more closely resembled marginal zone cells. The difference was underlined by the negative reaction with the monoclonal antibody Ki‐B3 in the small cell type, which, conversely, was positive in the medium‐sized cell type and in the monocytoid B‐cell reaction of the sinuses. Both of these cell types, however, showed a granular reaction with the new monoclonal antibody Ki‐Mlp. The morphological and immunohistochemical parallels are arguments in favour of the assumption that monocytoid B‐cell lymphoma is the nodal equivalent of low‐grade B‐cell lymphoma of MALT type. This is further supported by the fact that in nine of our 28 cases of monocytoid B‐cell lymphoma, lymphomas were found simultaneously or subsequently in organs of the MALT. Monocytoid B‐cell lymphoma must be differentiated from an infiltration that occurs in the form of clusters of monocytoid B‐cells in other low‐grade B‐cell lymphomas, especially in immunocytoma with a high content of epithelioid cells.
Nucleolar organizer regions in benign and malignant prostatic disease
Authors: LLOYD S.N. , JOHNSON C.P. , BROWN I.L. , KIRK D.
Published: April 2007

A modified silver stain technique for visualizing nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR counting) was applied to 24 benign and 23 malignant prostatic biopsies. Marked inter‐observer variation was found, particularly in sections with high AgNOR counts. After averaging the AgNOR counts of both observers, there was no significant difference in counts between the benign and the malignant biopsies. The AgNOR count appeared to be increased in tumours up to Gleason histological grade 6, but not in tumours of Gleason histological grade 7 or more.
Intracytoplasmic lumina–a useful diagnostic feature of adenocarcinomas
Authors: QUINCEY C. , RAITT N. , BELL J. , ELLIS I.O.
Published: April 2007

The monoclonal antibody NCRC‐11, which has epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)‐like immunoreactivity, was used to identify intracytoplasmic lumina in a series of 105 adenocarcinomas from various sites and in 283 breast carcinomas; 55% of the non‐breast carcinomas and all breast carcinomas except one of spindle cell type contained intracytoplasmic lumina. The highest frequency (16.4% of tumour cells) was found in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. The use of antibodies with EMA reactivity is advocated in the routine investigation of metastatic and undifferentiated tumours.
Cone biopsy causes cervical endometriosis and tubo‐endometrioid metaplasia
Authors: ISMAIL S.M.
Published: April 2007

Cervices from 42 hysterectomies performed from 1 to 91 months (mean 12.2) following conization were re‐examined in order to assess the possible effects of post‐traumatic regeneration on the endocervix. Twenty‐nine (69%) showed a continuum of abnormalities in which the shared finding was the presence of tubo‐endometrioid glands, accompanied in many cases by varying amounts of endometrial‐type stroma. Thus, 18 post‐conization cervices (43%) showed endometriosis, and a further 11 cases (26%) contained tubo‐endometrioid glands without demonstrable endometrial‐type stroma. These abnormalities were situated at the healed cone biopsy site, either superficially within the new transformation zone and/or within the cone biopsy scar. Post‐conization cervical endometriosis occurred from 2 to 91 months (mean 17.8) and tubo‐endometrioid metaplasia 2–24 months (mean 11.0) after the cone biopsy. It is concluded that cervical endometriosis and tubo‐endometrioid metaplasia are common complications of conization, and that they represent aberrant differentiation following injury. The demonstration of endometriosis and tuboendometrioid metaplasia in 69% of post‐conization cervices has implications for the interpretation of cervical biopsies and smears from this group of women.
The pattern of amyloidosis in a Malaysian patient population
Authors: LOOI L.M.
Published: April 2007

Congo red screening of 27052 routine biopsy specimens from 22827 patients over a 51/2‐year period in the Department of Pathology, University of Malaya detected 186 cases of amyloidosis. The categories of amyloidosis encountered and their prevalences in relation to each other were: systemic AL (5.9%); systemic AA (3.2%); isolated atrial (14%); primary localized cutaneous (7.5%); other primary localized deposits (3.2%); localized intratumour (58%); and dystrophic (8.6%). A third of patients with systemic AL amyloidosis had coexistent immunocyte abnormality. The commonest underlying pathology for systemic AA amyloidosis was leprosy. Notable among the types of localized amyloidosis revealed by this study were isolated atrial amyloidosis, which appeared to complicate chronic rheumatic heart disease, and intratumour amyloidosis complicating nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Other tumours in which amyloid deposits were observed included basal cell carcinoma, islet cell tumour and medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Dystrophic amyloidosis was observed in fibrotic tissues, such as damaged cardiac valves and osteoarthritic joints. Heredofamilial amyloidosis, senile systemic amyloidosis and degenerative cerebral amyloidosis were notably absent from this study.
Thick malignant melanomas (> 3 mm Breslow) with good clinical outcome: a histological study and survival analysis
Authors: BLESSING K. , MCLAREN K.M. , MCLEAN A. , DAVIDSON P.
Published: April 2007

Thick malignant melanomas in general tend to have a poor prognosis, but exceptions occur where there may be no further recurrence. The reasons for this difference in clinical behaviour are not fully understood. We have looked at thick malignant melanomas (> 3.0 mm) in the East of Scotland that have no evidence of metastasis after a minimum of 6 years follow‐up and compared the clinical and histological features with a similar group, associated with histological evidence of metastasis and/or death. Both groups received similar treatment regimes. We have identified 41 patients with thick melanomas in the former group. When compared with the control group, factors found to be significantly different between the two groups were: the nature of the lower margin of the tumour; vascular invasion; and anatomical location.
Cytomegalovirus gastritis with perforation and gastrocolic fistula formation
Authors: AQEL N.M. , TANNER P. , DRURY A. , FRANCIS N.D. , HENRY K.
Published: April 2007

A 76‐year‐old man with lymphoma involving cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes and abdomen was treated by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. He subsequently developed cytomegalovirus gastritis and gastric ulcers with a gastrocolic fistula and a jejuno‐jejunal fistula, necessitating a partial gastrectomy. The pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus gastritis and its complications are discussed.
Keratin expression in the normal breast and in breast carcinoma
Authors: TSUBURA A. , OKADA H. , SENZAKI H. , HATANO T. , MORII S.
Published: April 2007

The immunohistochemical reactivities of 69 cases of breast carcinoma were examined on methacarn‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections using eight different monoclonal antibodies which recognize one or a few keratin polypeptides. In the normal breast, the monoclonal antibodies RPN1162, RPN1165 and AE1 stained almost all the luminal cells but not the basal (myoepithelial) cells. The monoclonal antibodies 35BH11, M20, CK5, and CK8.12 stained only a subset of the luminal cells. In contrast, 312C8‐1 stained basal cells but not luminal cells. All the tumour specimens reacted with AE1, while over 80% of them also reacted with 35BH11 (57/69), CK5 (57/69) and RPN1165 (55/69); 30% reacted with CK8.12 (21/69) and 16% with RPN1162 (11/69). Basal cell‐specific keratin, as defined by 312C8‐1, was detected in only 1% of cases (1/69). Monoclonal antibodies to different keratin polypeptides may be of use in the characterization and subdivision of breast cancer.
Solitary fibrous tumour arising at unusual sites: analysis of a series
Authors: GOODLAD J.R. , FLETCHER C.D.M.
Published: April 2007

Solitary fibrous tumours (‘pleural fibromas’) are well‐recognized in the pleura, but their rare occurrence at other sites has only become appreciated in recent years, as a consequence of which extrapleural examples often go unrecognized or misdiagnosed. Eight cases (three peritoneal, two retroperitoneal. two intrapulmonary and one mediastinal) are presented herein. All but one presented in adulthood, and three were asymptomatic chance findings. Size ranged from 0.8 to 26 cm in maximum diameter. To date, none has behaved in an aggressive fashion. Histologically, these lesions are entirely comparable to their pleural counterparts, and accurate diagnosis is largely dependent on appreciation of their potential extrapleural location. Immunohistochemistry in seven cases favoured myofibroblastic fibroblastic differentiation, in keeping with the putative submesothelial origin of these lesions.
T‐cell lymphoma in Singapore: pathology, clinical findings and association with HTLV‐1 antibodies
Authors: SNG I. , LEVIN A. , JAFFE E.S. , NG H.W. , SIM C.S. , BLATTNER W.B.
Published: April 2007

Of 128 cases of malignant lymphomas studied in Singapore between 1986 and 1988, 28 were identified as peripheral T‐cell lymphomas. Sera from two of the 128 cases were positive for HTLV‐1 antibodies and both cases had the clinical and pathological features of adult T‐cell leukaemia/lymphoma. The pathological and clinical features of the 28 cases of peripheral T‐cell lymphoma are presented in detail. Survival data indicated no significant difference between the low grade and high grade histological types. Three of the patients had previous or concomitant malignancies. The percentage of T‐cell lymphomas associated with HTLV‐1 infection in Singapore is low compared to those areas in which HTLV‐1 is endemic.
Cytokeratin expression in mucinous sweat gland carcinomas: an immunohistochemical analysis of four cases
Authors: ECKERT F. , SCHMID U. , HARDMEIER T. , ALTMANNSBERGER M.
Published: April 2007

Four mucinous sweat gland carcinomas were examined for the distribution of cytokeratin (CK) polypeptides using immunohistochemical techniques on paraffin‐embedded sections. All the tumour specimens reacted with monoclonal antibodies to CK 7, CK 8, CK 18 and CK 19. Antibodies to CK 1, CK 1/2/10/14, CK 1/5/10/11, CK 13, CK 14 and CK 20 did not stain any of the carcinomas. The results add additional support to the notion that mucinous sweat gland carcinoma represents a tumour histogenetically related to the eccrine secretory coil. Furthermore, the absence of CK 20 might significantly contribute to the differentiation of this tumour from cutaneous metastases from gastrointestinal carcinomas.
Malignant Warthin's tumour: a case study
Authors: THERKILDSEN M.H. , CHRISTENSEN N. , ANDERSEN L.J. , LARSEN S. , KATHOLM M.
Published: April 2007

Malignant transformation of a benign Warthin's tumour (adenolymphoma) is extremely rare. The light microscopic and ultrastructural features of an adenocarcinoma arising in a Warthin's tumour in the parotid gland are described. Light microscopy demonstrated a transition zone from the benign to the malignant component, and the malignant cells revealed oncocytic features by both light‐ and electronmicroscopy.
Stereological estimates of nuclear volume in carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater
Authors: ARTACHO‐PERULA E. , ROLDAN‐VILLALOBOS R. , LOPEZ‐RUBIO F. , VAAMONDE‐LEMOS R.
Published: April 2007

The stereological estimate of mean nuclear volume is an objective and reproducible method of measurement of nuclear size in terms of absolute volume. We have used this method to study carcinomas of the ampulla of Vater. Our study includes 21 cases—five papillary and 16 intestinal—all treated by the same surgical procedure. The volumeweighted mean nuclear volume (nuclearv̄v) and the mean nuclear area were calculated. The mean volumes of nuclearv̄v were significantly different (P<0.01) between the papillary and intestinal carcinomas, but no differences were found between normal mucosa and papillary carcinoma. The variance was significantly larger in the intestinal group than the papillary and normal groups. The nuclearv̄v showed a significant association with survival, larger nuclearv̄v (>150 μm3) being associated with a lower survival rate.
Sebaceous glands and hair follices in the cervix uteri
Authors: ROBLEDO M.C. , VAZQUEZ J.J. , CONTRERAS‐MEJUTO F. , LOPEZ‐GARCIA G.
Published: April 2007

We report a case of ectopic ectodermal structures in the ectocervix of a 51‐year‐old female. Sebaceous glands and numerous abnormal hair follicles were present in the stroma of an otherwise normal cervix.
Light microscopic and ultrastructural distribution of type VI collagen in human liver: alterations in chronic biliary disease
Authors: GRIFFITHS M.R. , SHEPHERD M. , FERRIER R. , SCHUPPAN D. , JAMES O.F.W. , BURT A.D.
Published: April 2007

We have investigated the distribution of type VI collagen in normal human liver obtained from cadaveric renal transplant donors, using a peroxidase‐antiperoxidase method for light microscopic visualization, and an immunogold labelling method for ultrastructural localization. The distribution was compared with that of the more abundant interstitial collagen type III, using antibodies to amino terminal procollagen type III.

Staining for type VI collagen was identified in Glisson's capsule, in portal tract stroma and within the space of Disse. Perisinusoidal staining showed intra‐acinar heterogeneity with the intensity in acinar zones 2 and 3 being greater than in zone 1. Type III collagen was also found in the space of Disse although no significant intra‐acinar variation in staining intensity was noted. Immuno‐gold labelling for type VI collagen was demonstrated on amorphous or microfilamentous material lying between, and occasionally appearing to interconnect, cross‐striated collagen fibrils, whereas labelling for amino terminal procollagen type III was exclusively on fibrils. Intracellular staining for type VI collagen was noted in perisinusoidal (Ito) cells. These results confirm that type VI collagen is a ubiquitous constituent of the normal hepatic extracellular matrix and suggest that it may be synthesized by perisinusoidal (Ito) cells.

The distribution of type VI collagen was also studied in biopsy material from patients with different histological stages of primary biliary cirrhosis. Intense staining was noted around proliferating bile ductules within developing fibrous septa and in established septa of cirrhotic liver. These observations indicate that this ‘minor’ matrix component may play an important role in hepatic fibrogenesis.
Pathomorphological findings in thyroid cancers of children from the Republic of Belarus: a study of 86 cases occurring between 1986 (‘post‐Chernobyl’) and 1991
Authors: FURMANCHUK A.W. , AVERKIN J.I. , EGLOFF B. , RUCHTI C. , ABELIN T. , SCHÄPPI W. , KOROTKEVICH E.A.
Published: April 2007

Recently, an impressive increase in malignant thyroid tumours has been observed among children less than 15 years of age living in the Republic of Belarus at the time of the nuclear accident of Chernobyl in 1986. More than half of these patients lived in the region of Gomel, nearest to Chernobyl. Because of the very short time interval between the accident and the tumour occurrence an independent review of the available histopathological material was done. Out of 101 cases diagnosed as thyroid cancers, we reviewed slides of 93 cases and agreed the diagnosis of malignancy in 92.5%. Of these tumours 96.5% were papillary carcinomas, 61.5% were moderately or poorly differentiated. Extrathyroidal extension was observed in 60.5%, regional lymph node metastases in 74% and distant metastases in 7%. One of the patients died from lung metastases. Our results confirm that the neoplasms increasingly diagnosed between 1986 and 1991 among children of this region are thyroid carcinomas. In addition, we correlate several histopathological findings with sex and age of the patients and other parameters, and compare the results with data from other studies.
Intermediate filament expression in mesotheliomas: leiomyoid mesotheliomas are not uncommon
Authors: MAYALL F.G. , GODDARD H. , GIBBS A.R.
Published: April 2007

In this study we examined intermediate filament expression in 45 formalin‐fixed mesotheliomas. Immunostaining for cytokeratin was found in 86%, for vimentin in 71%, and for desmin in 4%; none stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein or neurofilament. The two biphasic mesotheliomas which expressed desmin also expressed smooth muscle actin but were negative for myoglobin. This, together with the ultrastructural findings, was taken as unequivocal evidence of a leiomyoid form of mesothelioma which might easily be confused with leiomyosarcoma. Both of these tumours co‐expressed cytokeratin, exemplifying the value of cytokeratin immunostaining in the distinction between mesothelioma and sarcoma. Consistent non‐expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in mesotheliomas may help to distinguish them from nerve sheath tumours.
Immunohistochemical localization of basement membrane type VII collagen and laminin in neoplasms of the head and neck
Authors: WETZELS R.H.W. , VELDEN L‐A. VAN DER , SCHAAFSMA H.E. , MANNI J.J. , LEIGH I.M. , VOOIJS G.P. , RAMAEKERS F.C.S.
Published: April 2007

The distribution pattern of the basement membrane components type VII collagen and laminin, was studied immunohistochemically in normal human head and neck tissues and in a series of benign and malignant tumours from the same site. Using monoclonal antibodies, a basement membrane containing type VII collagen and laminin could be demonstrated beneath the epithelial cell layer in 16 normal head and neck tissues from different localizations. Unlike type VII collagen, laminin was also abundantly present around blood vessels and muscle fibres.

With respect to 42 squamous cell carcinomas studied, type VII collagen and laminin were present in basement membranes surrounding small and large tumour fields, independent of the tumour grade. Type VII collagen was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of tumour cells in 36% of the cases, while the antibody to laminin displayed a basement membrane staining pattern mainly. Both antibodies showed a staining gradient in more than half of the cases, with strong staining in the centre of the tumour and weakening of the staining towards the tumour periphery.

In a series of 22 salivary gland tumours consisting of 19 pleomorphic adenomas and three adenoid cystic carcinomas, the distribution pattern of type VII collagen and laminin was very heterogeneous. Laminin was present in 17 and type VII collagen in 10 of 19 cases of pleomorphic adenoma, mostly scattered throughout the tumour fields. In the tumours positive for type VII collagen areas with little or no positivity were also found. A correlation between type VII collagen positivity and the presence of basal cell keratin 14 positivity was noticed in the majority of cases. The three adenoid cystic carcinomas studied displayed random positivity with the laminin antibody, whilst the antibody to type VII collagen showed little positivity in these cases.