bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Effects of Rosination in the Preparation of Lithol Red R (C.I. Pigment Red 49)
Authors: CZAJKOWSKI W. , JONES F.
Published: July 2010

It has been found that alkali metal salts of wood rosin are amphiphilic and in certain concentrations in water exhibit mesophase behaviour. The influence of sodium and barium rosinates below and above their CMC values on the morphology and crystal structure of Lithol Red R (C.I. Pigment Red 49) has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction methods. The results indicate that the morphological changes which occur on rosination are probably due to the incorporation of the pigment in the micellar structure and also a consequence of molecular adsorption of rosin on the pigment particles.
Health and Safety at Work Act
Authors: WORSLEY J. L.
Published: July 2010

This paper outlines the situation which faces management at plant level and describes in some detail an actual risk control system which has been introduced and is being developed with some success in textile factories. The paper gives a brief account of the historical background to the Act.
Some Factors Affecting the Bulk of Package‐dyed Wool Carpet Yarns and their Performance in Tufted Carpets
Authors: CRAWSHAW G. H. , SMIGIELSKI E.
Published: July 2010

Hank‐ and package‐dyed woollen and semi‐worsted yarns are compared after winding onto several different types of package. The performance features, appearance retention and texture of the tufted carpets made from these yarns were found to be determined more by blend composition and spinning method than by the dyeing methods, even though hank‐dyed yarns were bulkier. Test results indicate that package dyeing and hank dyeing are equally satisfactory dyeing methods for carpet yarns.
The Interaction of Urea, Thiourea and Ammonium Thiocyanate with Dyes in Solution in Cold Dyeing Systems
Authors: ASQUITH R. S. , KWOK W. F. , OTTERBURN M. S.
Published: July 2010

The effect of urea, thiourea and ammonium thiocyanate on various dye solutions has been examined. It has been found that generally urea and thiourea disaggregate the dye in solution whilst ammonium thiocyanate causes aggregation. Exceptions to these findings do occur. Thus urea enhances the aggregation of C.I. Acid Red 138, hut not other dyes of this class. Thiourea reacts preferentially with CI. Reactive Reds 1 and 2, giving products which are relatively inert in reactions with wool. Such products, whilst not reducing dye exhaustion, reduce fixation considerably.
Colour and Constitution of Anthraquinonoid Dyes. Part II–Modified PPP Calculations and Annelation Effects
Authors: Kogo Yoshiya , Kikuchi Hikaru , Matsuoko M. , Kitao† T.
Published: July 2010

The Pariser–Parr–Pople (PPP) method with the variable (3, yapproximation has been used to calculate the ^–electronic excitation energy of 1, 4–disubstituted benzo– and dibenzo–anthraquinone dyes. A good linear correlation between the observed and calculated values for the first –* excitation was found for a series of benzo AQ dyes. The effect of annelation on the colour of benzo AQ dyes was studied on the basis of the calculated results. It was concluded that 2, 3–annelation differs from 5, 6– and 6, 7–annelation because the 2, 3–benzo ring is also included in the donor moiety.
Industrial Pass/Fail Colour Matching Part 1‐Preparation of Visual Colour‐matching Data
Authors: McDonald Roderick
Published: July 2010

The preparation of a comprehensive set of visual colour–difference pairs covering 640 samples grouped around 55 colour centres uniformly distributed throughout colour space is described. 25, 590 pass/fail decisions of a panel of eight observers are analysed to provide acceptability ratings for each of the sample pairs. The data also provide information on the within– and between–observer errors and the reproducibility of the panel. The experiment provides a useful data set for the evaluation of colour–difference formulae.
Reactive Dyes in the 80's
Authors: Ramsay D. W.
Published: July 2010

Presented to the Scottish Region at a one–day conference entitled ‘A Profile of the 80s’, held at the Eurocrest Hotel, Glasgow, on 23 May 1980.
The Dyeing of Wool with Reactive Dyes in the Presence of Trichloroacetic Acid
Authors: Lewis D. M.
Published: July 2010

Although the development of reactive dyes has been accompanied by the introduction of auxiliary products to give satisfactory dyeing quality, there are still areas where problems are encountered. A novel system, based on the use of trichloroacetic acid, is proposed, which gives improved levelness, especially when dyeing wool with mixtures of reactive dyes. Dyeing is carried out under acidic conditions where there is a slower rate of dye–fibre reaction and consequently, significant dye migration;as soon as the temperature of the bath reaches the boil, the trichloroacetic acid decomposes, the pH rises to approximately neutral and the dye is fixed.
Low Wet Pick‐up Processing for the 80s
Authors: Leah Robert D
Published: July 2010

The paper reviews the development of low wet pick‐up finishing from the time when the main incentive was that of product improvement to more recent times where energy conservation has become the main consideration. The degree of uniformity of treatment is governed to a large extent by the liquor‐transport properties of the textile substrate, and the paper describes the effect of preparation and construction on the wicking properties of cotton fabrics. Various low wet pick‐up applicators are described briefly and an attempt is made to suggest what factors are likely to need particular attention for these to be used successfully.

It is suggested that there are several degrees of sophistication and that, very largely, the precise details of intended usage determines which of the available systems will be suitable.
The Assessment of the Uniformity of Continuous Shrink–resist Treatments by Light Microscopy
Authors: Greaves Philip H
Published: July 2010

The uniformity of chlorination and I or polymer deposition in continuously shrink–resist–treated wool was assessed by using selected dyes and a fluorochrome, and examining stained fibres in cross–section under a tungsten lu. v. light microscope. The differing levels of staining between fibre sections within a sample provide an indication of the uniformity of treatment.
A Rapid Method for Assessing the Efficacy of Biocides Applied to Textile Materials
Authors: McCarthy B J , Kricka L J
Published: July 2010

A novel method is presented for detecting and measuring microbial growth on wool textile substrates and for determining the efficacy of biocides in textile applications, based on the bioluminescent light emission and photographic detection of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) released from mildew‐causing microbes. The method will facilitate the evaluation of biocide performance, providing preliminary results within a matter of hours.
Edwin H Land's Contributions to Colour Science
Authors: McLaren Keith
Published: July 2010

Over the last 30 years Edwin H Land and his colleagues have been conducting studies outside the mainstream of colour vision research. Although their conclusion that spectrophotometers cannot categorise the colours of objects is undoubtably false, their studies have revealed that the remarkable phenomenon of the constancy of surface colours under highly chromatic illuminants has still not been explained, in spite of having been under investigation for almost a century. Their retinex theory is an attempt to do this; it has not yet been subjected to experiments specially designed to prove it wrong. If the theory does emerge successfully, there should be no difficulty in incorporating it into current colour vision theory, which is far from being complete. However, the impact of the retinex theory on the practice of colorimetry is unlikely to be significant.
The Application of Mixed Surfactant Micelles in Wool Textile Finishing
Authors: Parra J L , Domínguez J J García , de la Maza A. , Leal J Sánchez
Published: July 2010

Anti‐shrinkage procedures based on the deposition of Hercosett on untreated wool fibres combined with either the use of an amphoteric surfactant or mixed micelles of amphoteric/anionic surfactants are described. Specific molar ratios of the surfactants were found to promote good stability of the bath, giving area felting shrinkage values of the treated fabrics less than 10%.
Changing technology and machinery
Authors: Richardson Gerald A
Published: July 2010

During the 1980s the textile processing industries in the developed countries of the Western world have been presented with a number of challenges and opportunities. Those companies that have recognised and reacted positively have emerged from the struggle for survival of the late 1970s into a situation where they can look forward with more confidence to the future. The keys to success have been (a) speed in adopting and effectively managing new technology to improve quality, reduce costs and increase flexibility, and (b) responding effectively to the demands of the market in terms of product development, consistency of quality and quick response to change.
The adsorption of pyrazolone acid dyes by polyamide fibres
Authors: Kraska Jan , Blus Kazimierz
Published: July 2010

Investigations of the adsorption of acid dyes (l–phenyl–3–methylpyrazolone derivatives) by polyamide fibres have been carried out. It has been found that the adsorption levels are unexpectedly different for various dyes. Some of the dyes, despite high concentration in the dyebath, show adsorption within the limits of what would be predicted by consideration of the amino group content in the amorphous region of the fibre. Other dyes, despite high pH, are characterised by considerably higher adsorption than would be predicted. The results obtained suggest that the increased adsorption of the dyes is brought about by the aggregation of molecules in the fibre into dimers or their multiples.
Inhibition of the biacetyl‐sensitised photo‐oxidation of azo dyes
Authors: Neevel J G , van Beek H C A , van de Graaf B
Published: July 2010

The photo‐oxidation of azo dyes in the presence of oxygen and biacetyl is inhibited by phenol, sodium 1‐naphthol‐4‐sulphonate, the sodium salt of naphthionic acid and the azo dyes themselves. Phosphorescence quenching of biacetyl by these compounds revealed that inhibition is mainly caused by quenching of its first triplet state. Kinetic behaviour was investigated by phosphorescence measurements and inhibition experiments on the system. The results indicate that there is a possibility that the light fastness properties of dyed substrates containing carbonyl groups might be improved by adding efficient quenchers for the excited triplet states of these groups.
The catalytic effect of tertiary amines on the dyeing of monochlorotriazine dyes at high temperatures in a neutral medium
Authors: Dongzhi Liu , Kunyu Gao , Lubai Cheng
Published: July 2010

An investigation has been carried out on the reaction kinetics of monochlorotriazine dye with DABCO and nicotinic acid. The results indicate that in a neutral medium and at high temperature the quaternisation of monochlorotriazlne dyes with DABCO takes place more quickly than it does with nicotinic acid. It was found that DABCO is the more active catalyst under the experimental conditions adopted.
Halochromism of acrylic fibres dyed with some disperse dyes
Authors: Hoten Masanobu , Kojima Yukio , Ito Taisuke
Published: July 2010

Anomalous dyeing behaviour has been found when regular acrylic fibre treated in hydrochloric acid, in which the sulphonic acid group was present entirely in the acid form, was dyed in neutral condition with azo and anthraquinone disperse dyes. In the very early stages of dyeing there was an abnormally high degree of dye exhaustion, with bathochromic (azo) or hypsochromic (anthraquinone) colour changes on the fibre. These phenomena gradually disappeared after prolonged dyeing, with normal adsorption equilibria and colours eventually being obtained. The results were explained on the basis of protonation by the sulphonic acid groups of treated fibre which occurs at the azo nitrogen or the amino nitrogens of the substituents in the 1 — or 1,4‐positions of anthraquinone. The normal adsorption equilibria after prolonged dyeing was attributed to hydrolysis of the cyano side group to form carboxylic acid. This produces ammonia to liberate neutral dye from the protonated dye cation adsorbed electrostatically by the sulphonic acid anion of the treated fibre.
The eXceL concept for the dyeing of cellulose fibres with Procion H‐EXL dyes*
Authors: Bradbury M J , Collishaw P S , Phillips D A S
Published: July 2010

The development of the Procion H‐EXL range of reactive dyes for exhaust dyeing of cellulose is reviewed. The migration properties of reactive dyes, as individual products and in admixture, on unmercerised cotton is quantified under different conditions. A factor indicating the potential for level dyeing has been devised from the reults of this study. Based on this data, application techniques have been developed for Procion H‐EXL dyes that offer simplicity, excellent reproducibility and high productivity.
The production of level fast dyeings on wool with nucleophilic dyes and a crosslinking agent
Authors: Lei X P , Lewis D M , Wang Y N
Published: July 2010

A specially prepared alkylamino dye and a crosslinking agent precursor, hexamethylene tetramine (HMTA), have been applied together to wool fabric to achieve level fast dyeings. This new method is compared with the conventional reactive dyeing method and the optimum application conditions of the new method are discussed.
Dyeing and finishing polyester/ cotton — the commercial approach
Authors: Pashley John
Published: July 2010

Fabrics woven from blends of polyester and cotton are used in large quantities for a wide range of clothing purposes. It is therefore vital that the most cost‐effective finishing methods are used on these fabrics. Here, John Pashley looks at finishing techniques for polyester/cotton from a commercial angle.
The modification of the surface diffusion barrier of wool
Authors: Negri A P , Cornell H J , Rivett D E
Published: July 2010

The covalently bound fatty acid monolayer on the surface of wool fibres acts as a hydrophobic barrier which can be removed by alcoholic alkaline or chlorine treatments. Aqueous treatments have been investigated for the removal of the covalently bound fatty acid layer. Base/cationic detergent treatments were found to be the most effective aqueous treatments, removing up to 65% of the surface bound fatty acid. When more than 20% of the covalently bound fatty acid was removed, wetting times were found to be significantly reduced. The time of dyeing for CI Acid Red 1 was reduced significantly following sodium carbonate/cetyl trimethylammonium hydroxide treatments. The modification of surface bound fatty acids was assessed by monitoring the amount of 18‐methyleicosanoic acid remaining bound to the fibre following each treatment.
Linenndashthe way ahead
Authors: Hickman William S
Published: July 2010

Although a ‘traditional’ fibre, linen production has decreased substantially in recent years. In this article, William Hickman looks at the problems posed by linen, and research that is being carried out on linen fibres in order to secure its future.
Dyeing properties of oxygen low‐temperature plasma‐treated wool and nylon 6 fibres with acid and basic dyes
Authors: Wakida Tomiji , Lee Muncheul , Sato Yukihiro , Ogasawara Shinji , Ge Yi , Niu Shouhua
Published: July 2010

Wool and nylon 6 fibres treated with oxygen low‐temperature plasma were dyed with acid and basic dyes. Despite the increase of electronegativity of the fibre surface caused by the plasma treatment, the rate of dyeing of wool was increased with both dyes, while that of nylon 6 was decreased with the acid dye and increased with the basic dye.
Enzyme–enhanced bleaching of wool
Authors: Levene R
Published: July 2010

The whiteness obtained in wool bleaching is enhanced by the presence of a protease, with both peroxide bleaching and when sodium dithionite or bisulphite is used. This is because the enzyme makes the wool fibre more susceptible to the whitening action of the bleaching agent. However, the increased whiteness is accompanied by losses in both weight and strength.
Intestinal Fat Suppresses Protein‐Induced Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion in Chronically Bile‐Pancreatic Juice‐Diverted Rats
Authors: Hara Hiroshi , Sauchi Chinatsu , Nishi Takashi , Kasai Takanori
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Previously, we showed that the increase in pancreatic enzyme secretion was lower after feeding a casein diet containing fat than that after feeding a fat‐free casein diet in chronically bile‐pancreatic juice (BPJ)‐diverted rats. In the present study, we determined whether the suppressive effects of fats on flow volume of BPJ and pancreatic enzyme secretion depend on delaying gastric emptying and examined the characteristics of the suppression with intraduodenal instillation of soybean oil or lecithin in BPJ‐diverted rats. The study was conducted as three separate experiments using conscious rats with chronic BPJ diversion by means of a common bile‐pancreatic duct catheter. The flow volume of BPJ and the secretion of pancreatic amylase and trypsin were determined after intraduodenal instillation of the test solution. Exocrine pancreatic secretion was strongly stimulated by administration of guanidinated casein hydrolysate (HGC, 150 mg/ml) in chronic BPJ‐diverted rats. However, pancreatic secretion after administration of an emulsion containing HGC with either soybean oil (100 mg/ml) or mixed fat (50 mg/ml soybean oil + 50 mg/ml lecithin) was much lower than that after administration of HGC alone. In contrast, administration of the soybean oil emulsion without HGC resulted in a small, but significant increase in the volume of BPJ. The suppressive effects of soybean oil (100 mg/ml) on the increases in the BPJ flow and enzyme secretion were similar to those of sodium taurocholate (10 mg/ml), and there was no additive effect of soybean oil on taurocholate suppression. In conclusion, duodenally instilled soybean oil suppressed increases in flow volume of BPJ and pancreatic enzyme secretion induced by HGC in chronic BPJ‐diverted rats, showing that the suppressive effect of the fat does not depend on delaying gastric emptying.
Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorders
Authors: Bauer Michael , Pfennig Andrea
Published: July 2010

Summary:  Bipolar, or manic–depressive, disorders are frequent and severe mental illnesses associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Epilepsy and bipolar disorder could probably share some aspects of pathophysiology because manic as well as depressive symptoms are seen in patients with seizures, and a number of antiepileptic drugs are effectively used in the acute and prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder. Epidemiologic research suggests a dimensional composition of bipolar illness at the population level. Apart from the DSM‐IV diagnostic features of bipolar I (mania and depression) and bipolar II (hypomania and depression), the concept of bipolar spectrum disorders comprises a range of bipolar conditions with less obvious manifestations with estimated lifetime prevalence rates ranging from 2.8 to 6.5%. Expanding the definition of bipolar II disorders shows that half of the patients currently diagnosed with a unipolar depressive episode could suffer from unrecognized bipolar II disorder, and about the same number of mild depressive patients could be minor bipolars. Research efforts to refine the diagnostic criteria of bipolar disorder aim at an earlier and complete recognition of the disease to provide appropriate pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment early in the course of the illness to anticipate individual suffering, suicidal behavior, and increased socioeconomic costs for society. This article also discusses risk factors, comorbid conditions, course of illness, as well as the individual and socioeconomic impact of bipolar disorders.

Conclusions: The findings suggest reconceptualizing bipolar illnesses as highly recurrent, malignant disorders that occur far more frequently than previously thought. Interdisciplinary knowledge transfer could help to increase our understanding of the pathophysiology of these disorders as well as provide grounds for better recognition and treatment of patients with manic and/or depressive symptoms.
An overview of epilepsy and driving
Authors: Drazkowski Joseph
Published: July 2010

Summary  Operating a motor vehicle is important to people with epilepsy (PWE). Being allowed to legally drive, largely depends on being seizure free for a defined period of time and being physically capable. Each patient's driving situation should be considered individually with advice offered guided by the goals of maximizing safety for both PWE and the public. There are considerable risks associated with driving for PWE or other medical conditions. Unfortunately, laws that govern driving are not uniform from state to state or country to country, requiring individual practitioners to be familiar with the local regulations. Good medical care leading to improved seizure control may allow PWE to drive and improve their quality of life. The privilege of driving a motor vehicle is important for many people with and without epilepsy. Many factors impact the ability to drive and laws governing driving and epilepsy are quite variable around the USA and the world. Being restricted from driving due to seizures represents a significant event in one's life affecting independence, sometimes employment and quality of life. The privilege of operating a motorized vehicle is granted by some form of governmental agency in virtually every state and country.
The treatment of the first seizure: The benefits
Authors: Chadwick David W.
Published: July 2010

Summary

The benefits of antiepileptic drug treatment are among the best quantified of any area of epilepsy management, because of the number and quality of randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta‐analyses that address these issues. It is evident that there are groups of readily identified patients at higher risk of seizure recurrence for whom the benefits of early drug treatment in preventing short‐term seizure recurrence may be attractive for individual patients, although for the majority of patients at lower risk, benefit is minimal. It is now possible to exclude any modification of the long‐term prognosis for patients arising from early treatment.
Strategies for developing multi‐epitope, subunit‐based, chemically synthesized anti‐malarial vaccines
Authors: Patarroyo M. E. , Cifuentes G. , Bermúdez A. , Patarroyo M. A.
Published: July 2010

Introduction

P. falciparum invasion of RBCs

Merozoite proteins involved in invading erythrocytes

Erythrocyte proteins involved in merozoite invasion

The state of current worldwide anti‐malarial vaccine approaches

A rational approach towards developing subunit‐based synthetic vaccines

The immune response elicited by conserved HABPs

Structural analysis of native and modified HABPs

Secondary structure analysis

Native and modified HABP 3D structure explains some immunological phenomena

Supporting the haplotype – and allele‐conscious TCR concept

Modified HABPs' 3D structure revealed a fit into HLA molecules

Conclusion

An anti‐malarial vaccine against the extremely lethal Plasmodium falciparum is desperately needed. Peptides from this parasite's proteins involved in invasion and having high red blood cell‐binding ability were identified; these conserved peptides were not immun genic or protection‐inducing when used for immunizing Aotus monkeys. Modifying some critical binding residues in these high‐activi binding peptides' (HABPs') attachment to red blood cells (RBC) allowed them to induce immunogenicity and protection against expermental challenge and acquire the ability to bind to specific HLA‐DRp1* alleles. These modified HABPs adopted certain characterist structural configurations as determined by circular dichroism (CD) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) associated with certain HLA‐DRβ1* haplotype binding activities and characteristics, such as a 2‐Å‐distance difference between amino acids fitting into HLA‐DRp1 Pockets 1 to 9, residues participating in binding to HLA‐DR pockets and residues making contact with the TCR, suggesting haplotyp and allele‐conscious TCR. This has been demonstrated in HLA‐DR‐like genotyped monkeys and provides the basis for designing high effective, subunit‐based, multi‐antigen, multi‐stage, synthetic vaccines, for immediate human use, malaria being one of them.
Protection of the Neostriatal Dopamine Stores against Reserpine by Local Treatment with Metatyramine
Authors: Andén Nils‐Erik , Butcher Sherrel G. , Fuxe Kjell
Published: July 2010

Metatyramine (15 mg in 5 hrs) was infused unilaterally into the corpus striatum of rats while the same volume of saline was given contralaterally. Reserpine given simultaneously (2.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally) caused a significantly smaller reduction of dopamine on the metatyramine‐treated side after 25 hrs. The noradrenaline was protected to a smaller extent. At the same time there was a turning of the rats to the opposite side. Four hours after a second injection of reserpine (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally), negligible amounts of dopamine were found on both sides and the asymmetries had disappeared. Since the asymmetries were more marked 24 hrs later than during the metatyramine infusion, the protection of the dopamine on one side was probably responsible for the asymmetries.
Studies on the Subcutaneous Absorption in Mice VII: Absorption of 3H2O and 14C‐sucrose from Non‐buffered Solutions at Different pH Values
Authors: Secher‐Hansen E.
Published: July 2010

The possible influence on the subcutaneous absorption process of the pH of the injected unbuffered solutions was examined in normal and oestradiol pretreated mice. Eighty μl of 0.9 % NaCl, pH 4.60, 5.70, and 8.90, containing 3H2O and 14C‐sucrose in tracer concentrations were injected. In the oestradiol pretreated mice, the clearance of the tracer substance was significantly faster at pH 4.60 than at pH 8.90. Addition of hyaluronidase to the solutions abolished these differences. The results point to the connective tissue ground substance as the medium capable of modifying the absorption process according to slight pH differences of the injected solutions.
Substrates for Kinin‐Releasing Enzymes in Rat Plasma
Authors: Briseid Kjell , Dyrud Olav Kjell , Arntzen Finn Cato
Published: July 2010

Indirect evidence has been provided for the presence of 3 kininogen fractions: The average amounts of kinin released by rat plasma kallikrein (1.5 μg/ml plasma, S. E. M. = 0.03) and by rat urine kallikrein (1.4 μg/ml plasma, S. E. M. = 0.03) in 7 plasma batches corresponding to a total of 90 rats, when added up, significantly exceeded the total kininogen (2.0 μg/ml plasma, S. E. M. = 0.04). Methods and materials were as described by BRISEID, DYRUD & ÖIE (1970). It is suggested that plasma kallikrein released kinin from 2 kininogen fractions, S1″ and S1″, and that urine kallikrein released kinin from 2 kininogen fractions, S1″ and S2. Repeated incubation with each of the kininogenase preparations used did not increase the yield of kinin. Soybean trypsin inhibitor did not reduce the amount of kinin released by urine kallikrein; the plasma kallikrein, however, was strongly inhibited. In control experiments leucine aminopeptidase transformed kallidin to bradykinin, but did not increase the kinin activity of the urine kallikrein incubates.
Stereospecificity of the Enzymatic Biotransformation of the Enantiomers of Prilocaine (Citanest®)
Authors: Åkerman B. , Ross S.
Published: July 2010

No differences have been found between D‐(—)‐, L‐(+)‐ and DL‐(±)‐prilocaine (citanest®) with regard to intravenous LD50's in mice, nor have any differences been found between the D‐(—)‐ and L‐(+)‐forms on subcutaneous injection. Compared to L‐(+)‐prilocaine, D‐(—)‐prilocaine was less toxic on intravenous infusion (mice, 0.12–0.30 mg/min.) and had less cumulative effect in rabbits (20 mg/kg each 15 min.). The plasma concentrations (cats) of the D‐(—)‐form (25 mg/kg intravenously) were lower than those of the L‐(+)‐form and more o‐toluidine, one of the metabolites of prilocaine, was detected in the blood. D‐(—)‐prilocaine also produced methaemoglobinaemia at a more rapid rate. The 14C‐labelled enantiomers of prilocaine were hydrolyzed at significantly different rates by liver homogenates, slices (mice, rabbits, cats) and isolated microsomes (rabbits); D‐(—)‐prilocaine had the highest affinity for the enzyme(s). Thus, a significant stereospecificity of the hydrolyzing enzymes in their reaction with the enantiomers of prilocaine was found. However, no evidence was obtained which could suggest substitution of the local anaesthetic prilocaine by either of its optical isomers.
The Urinary Excretion of Enibomalum (NFN) in Man after Administration of Anaesthetic Doses
Authors: Ravn‐Jonsen A.
Published: July 2010

Anaesthetic doses of enibomal (500–1000 mg intravenously) were administered to eight patients and the urine subjected to thin‐layer chromatography. Four metabolites were detected, but no enibomal. 5‐acetonyl‐5‐isopropylbarbituric acid (VIII) was demonstrable for up to 6 days, and another metabolite, 1‐methyl‐5‐(2′‐oxo‐3′‐hydroxypropyl)‐5‐isopropylbarbituric acid (VI), was almost equally long lasting. 1‐methyl‐5‐acetonyl‐5‐isopropylbarbituric acid (II) and ibomal (NFN) (VII) were present more sporadically, and only during the first 2–3 days. VIII was identified by means of IR‐spectrophotometry. The identity of VI was confirmed on three TLC‐systems by comparison with synthetic VI. The alteration in the UV‐spectrum after exposure to ammonia was similarly used for identification. The identity of II was determined by TLC and UV‐spectrophotometry, while VII was determined exclusively by its location on the TLC‐system. Quantitative analysis of the urine from four patients, showed VI and VIII to be the main excretion products (6–9 per cent and 2–7 per cent of the dose given). II constituted no more than 0.3–0.9 per cent, while VII occurred in such a small amount that quantitative determination was impossible. The investigation showed that enibomal is deposited in the organism, but not whether its short‐term action is due to deposition or to rapid metabolism.
The Distribution of 14C‐4‐Mestranol in Mice
Authors: Appelgren Lars‐Erik , Karlsson Roger
Published: July 2010

Whole body autoradiography of mice 2, 20, 60 and 240 min. after intravenous injection of 14C‐mestranol showed a rapid and high accumulation of mestranol and/or its metabolites in the adrenal cortex, brown fat and the nervous system. A rather high uptake was also registered in the walls of the follicles and in the corpora lutea. Thin‐layer chromatography of methylene chloride extracts indicated demethylation of 14C‐mestranol in the body since labelled substance(s) with the same chromatographic behaviour as ethynyloestradiol was/were found in the liver, brown and body fat and in the combined extract from ovaries and uterus.
Interfering Peaks in Gas Chromatographic Exclusion Screening of Direct Chloroform Extracts of Blood*
Authors: Niyogi S. K. , Rieders F.
Published: July 2010

The abilities of 24 endogenous biochemicals to interfere with gas chromatographic exclusion screening analyses for drugs of direct chloroform extracts obtained from forensic blood specimens were studied. The relative retention on OV‐17 of the 24 endogenous compounds and the direct extract‐abilities of 8 of these were compared with those of 30 directly extractable acidic, phenolic, neutral and basic drugs. On direct extracts of blood, gas chromatographic peaks were obtained with phenylethylamine, 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural, p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, p‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid and stearic acid. Palmitic acid and p‐hydroxyphenylpropionic acid were not directly extractable, while no gas chromatographic peaks were obtained with three neutral lipids, cholesterol, four cholesterol esters, deoxycholic acid, phosphatidyl‐L‐serine, heparin and L‐glutamine. Tyramine, tryptamine, tristearin and lysolecithin gave gas chromatographic peaks but their direct extractabilities were not determined. Post mortem toxicological cases are described in which apparent barbiturate, tripelennamine, hydroxyglutethimide and desipramine gas chromatographic peaks were probably mimicked by stearic acid, p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and/or tryptamine; differentiations were effected by selective washing of the chloroform extracts with weak and strong bases, acid, ammoniacal AgNO3 and aqueous NaHSO3.
Metabolic Disposition of Emepronium in the Dog with a Note on the Relationship between Plasma Concentration and Effect
Authors: Sundwall A. , Uthne K. , Vessman J.
Published: July 2010

The fate of emepronium (cetiprin®) in the dog has been studied following different routes of administration. The drug is rather extensively metabolized following both intravenous, oral and rectal administration. At least two metabolites are formed. Following intravenous injection twice as much radioactivity is found in the faeces as in the urine, about half in the form of the unchanged drug. This means that there is probably an extensive enterohepatic circulation of the drug. In four dogs 0.6, 0.8, 1.1 and 1.6 % of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine within 24 hours following oral administration of 20 mg/kg. It is concluded from experiments with the radioactive compound that from 2 to 10 % of the dose is absorbed if metabolism and biliary excretion are taken into account. Plasma concentrations of emepronium in the nanogram range can be determined by gas chromatography of the oxidation product, ben‐zophenone. A plasma concentration of about 20 μ/ml is lethal to both rats and dogs and the threshold concentration for an effect on the heart rate in the dog is about 100 ng/ml.
Renal Excretion of Riboflavin in the Rat
Authors: Christensen Sten
Published: July 2010

Renal clearances of riboflavin and inulin‐14C‐carboxylic acid were determined in Wistar rats anaesthetized with ethanol + N2O or amobarbital sodium. At plasma riboflavin concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 10 μg/ml the riboflavin:inulin clearance ratio varied from 1.2 to 3.2, indicating active tubular secretion of riboflavin. Probenecid, 10–75 mg/kg intra‐arterially, depressed the clearance ratio to approximately 1.0. Since the binding of riboflavin to plasma proteins averaged 21 %, this indicates that back diffusion does not occur in the tubules. Precipitation of riboflavin in the kidneys at high plasma levels prevented the demonstration of a possible tubular maximum (Tm) for the tubular secretion. The clearance ratio was generally unaffected by considerable variations of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). At very low plasma levels, however, the clearance ratio varied proportionally with the GFR and the urine flow. Partly on this basis it is suggested that riboflavin, as well as being secreted into the tubules, is in addition reabsorped from the tubules by an easily saturable mechanism.
Distribution of Cadmium Among Protein Fractions of Mouse Liver1)
Authors: Nordberg Gunnar F. , Piscator Magnus , Lind Birger
Published: July 2010

Liver proteins from mice injected subcutaneously with cadmium chloride (3 mg Cd/kg body weight) were separated on G‐75 Sephadex at intervals 20 min.‐21 days after injection. Fairly soon after the injection, cadmium was found bound to proteins of high molecular weight whereas at survival times exceeding 24 hours the cadmium was associated with a low molecular weight protein. In mice repeatedly exposed to cadmium (0.25 mg/kg, daily, 5 days/week) for periods up to 5 months, cadmium was principally bound to the low molecular weight protein, which has characteristics in common with the earlier described protein, metallothionein. The importance of “mouse metallothionein” in the toxicity of cadmium is discussed.
The Distribution of 2‐Amino‐4‐phenylsulphonylbenzenesulphonamide (NSD 3004) in Blood and its Binding to Blood Components
Authors: Lund J. , Lassen J. Buus , Squires R. F.
Published: July 2010

The biological half‐life in the blood of a new anticonvulsive drug, NSD 3004, was studied in various species. The half‐life in man was about 120 days and from 2–30 days in 3 other mammalian species. The substance is a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and is bound strongly to the carbonic anhydrase in human red blood cells with a dissociation constant of about 10‐8 M. The receptor (drug) concentration is about 100–133 μM in red blood cells which corresponds to the concentration of carbonic anhydrase. The data presented indicate that NSD 3004 is bound to human carbonic anhydrases B and C (HCAB and HCAC) and that the strongest binding is to the C fraction. More than 90% of the NSD 3004 in the plasma is protein bound. This, and the high affinity to the red blood cells, explains the extremely long half‐life of the substance in human blood.
In Vivo Studies of Two Choline Acetyltransferase Inhibitors*
Authors: Aquilonius S.‐M. , Frankenberg L. , Stensiö K.‐E. , Winbladh B.
Published: July 2010

Trans isomers of some styrylpyridine analogues are known to be potent reversible inhibitors of choline acetyltransferase in vitro, while corresponding cis isomers have been claimed to be almost ineffective. Synthesis of trans and cis isomers of two such compounds, 4[β(1‐naphthyl)vinyl] pyridine and N(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐4[β(1‐naphthyl)vinyl] pyridinium bromide, was performed and the effects of the trans and cis isomers compared on neuromuscular transmission in the cat. No effect indicating choline acetyltransferase inhibition in vivo was found. A feature common to both the trans and cis isomers was a slowly developing, irreversible block of neuromuscular function, muscular hypothermia and contracture. Studies on the choline acetyltransferase inhibitory effect in plasma following the intravenous administration of trans isomers revealed a short‐lasting effect and a partial inactivation by plasma. It was concluded that the choline acetyl‐transferase inhibitory effect in vivo of these compounds is doubtful. Further knowledge of their pharmacokinetics may facilitate the synthesis of in vivo active derivatives.
Urinary Phenolic Compounds in Gnotobiotic and Conventional Rats on a Free Diet, and Before and after L‐DOPA Loading on a Milk Diet*
Authors: Borud O. , Midtvedt T. , Gjessing L. R.
Published: July 2010

Rat urines were investigated for phenolic acids, phenolic amines and neutral phenolic compounds while under dietary control, and also after the oral administration of L‐DOPA. Germ‐free, mono‐associated and conventional rats were used. No major differences in the urinary phenolic compounds were observed after L‐DOPA loading on a milk diet.
The Androgenic Action of Adrenal Implants in the Ventral Prostate of Adult, Castrated, and Oestrogen‐treated Rats
Authors: Müntzing Jonas
Published: July 2010

Adrenal implants in the ventral prostate of unilaterally adrenalectomized, castrated rats had no effect on the histological appearance of the ventral prostate after 24 days. When similar rats were treated with polyoestradiol phosphate, PEP, 8 mg/kg, the ventral prostates were clearly stimulated but only in the lobe containing the implant. It is concluded that PEP increases the adrenal secretion of ventral prostate stimulating hormones or makes the ventral prostate more sensitive to such hormones.
The Anti‐Inflammatory Action of Phenyl‐Methyl‐Oxadiazole (PMO): An Experimental Study on the Guinea‐Pig Trachea
Authors: Dahlgren Sven E. , Dalhamn Tore
Published: July 2010

The anti‐inflammatory action of phenyl‐methyl‐oxadiazole (PMO) was studied in guinea pigs. Inflammation of the respiratory organs was induced chemically by acrolein aerosol. In repeated experimental series, two involving intraperitoneal and one with oral administration of the test solutions, the anti‐inflammatory action was found to be statistically significant.
Teratogenic and Embryotoxic Effects of the Herbicides Di‐ and Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acids (2, 4D and 2, 4, 5‐T)
Authors: Båge Gertrud , Cekanova Eva , Larsson K. S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Commercial solutions of phenoxyacetic acids were tested for teratogenic effects in NMRI‐mice. The Swedish product Hormoslyr 500‐T contained only 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5‐T) while Hormoslyr 64 was a mixture of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and 2,4,5‐T (2:1). Subcutaneous injections were given from day 6 through day 14 of pregnancy and the animals were sacrificed on day 18. The number of resorbed embryos, living embryos with gross malformations, as well as internal and skeletal malformations were recorded. It was found that both preparations at the high dosage (110 mg/kg/day) were teratogenic and embryotoxic. At the low dose level (50 mg/kg/day) the 2,4,5‐T solution was more harmful than the mixture of 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T. The risks of teratogenicity in human civilian use and the role of dioxins are discussed.
Actinomycin D and Development of Tolerance to Morphine Analgesia in Rats
Authors: Jóanneson Torkell , Steele William J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Adult male (Wistar) rats were given an analgesic dose of morphine (10 mg/kg subcutaneously) with or without actinomycin D (10 μg/kg intraperitoneally) daily over a period of 3 or 4 days. The degree of analgesia was measured on the hot plate after each injection or after the last injection only. A high degree of tolerance to morphine analgesia was observed after only one or two doses of morphine whether actinomycin D was given or not. Tolerance developed at about the same rate whether the animals were tested each day on the hot plate or on the last day only. Actinomycin D had no analgesic action of its own but it reduced the analgesic action of morphine in animals tested on the first day.
The Effect of Varying External K+ and Ca++ on the Increase in 42K‐efflux Produced by Phenylephrine and Carbachol in Circular Rabbit Fundus Strips
Authors: Haffner J. F. W. , Nesheim B.‐I. , Setekleiv J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Circular strips from the fundus of rabbit stomachs were incubated for one hour in radioactive (42K) modified Krebs solution. They were then transferred to a constant flow apparatus, where they were washed with inactive Krebs solutions with K+‐concentration ([K+]o) of zero, 5.9 (standard), 23.6, and 94.4 mM, and with Ca++‐free solution (0[Ca++]o). After an initial equilibration period of 32 min., the strips were exposed to 10−4W M phenylephrine or carbachol. The 42K‐efflux, the effects of the two drugs on 42K‐efflux, and the mechanical responses were studied. The 42K‐efflux was lowest at 5.9 mM K+, and highest at 94.4. Both phenylephrine and carbachol increased efflux at [K+]o of zero and 5.9 mM, and at 0[Ca++]o. Carbachol also increased efflux at [K+]o of 23.6 mM. Mechanical responses to both drugs were obtained at all [K+], and at 0[Ca++]o. Both the mechanical responses and the alterations in efflux were greatest at 5.9 mM K+, but otherwise no correlation was found between the magnitude of these two types of responses. As the incubation medium had been modified correspondingly to the washing fluid, the K‐uptake at the various [K+]o and at 0[Ca++]o could also be determined. The K+‐uptake at 0[Ca++]o was 49.3 mM K+/kg dry weight, at 0[K+]o 64.9 mM/kg, at standard [K+]o 145.2 mM/kg, at 23.6 mM K+ 176.9 mM/kg, and at 94.4 K+ it was 890.1 mM/kg. The uptake at standard [K+]o, was lower after cold storage for two days than after one day, but the length of storage did not appear to influence 42K‐efflux or the responses to phenylephrine and carbachol.
Potassium‐Efflux and the Response to Carbachol, Phenylephrine, Adrenaline, Noradrenaline, and Isoprenaline in Rabbit Antrum Muscle
Authors: Haffner J. F. W. , Nesheim B.‐I. , Setekleiv J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Longitudinal strips from the antrum of rabbit stomachs were incubated for one hour in radioactive (42K) Krebs solution, and transferred to a constant flow apparatus where they were washed with non‐ radioactive solution. After an equilibration period of 28 min., the strips were exposed to 10−5 M carbachol, or 10‐4 M phenylephrine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, or isoprenaline. Some carbacholtreated strips were later also exposed to the adrenergic drugs. The mechanical responses and the effect of the drugs on 42K‐efflux were studied. Carbachol which initiated rhythmic contractions or gave a “fused” (tetanic) contraction, produced a transient, statistically significant increase in K‐efflux as compared with untreated controls. Phenylephrine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline which had no effect or initiated rhythmic contractions in inactive strips, reduced the mechanical activity in strips previously exposed to carbachol. Isoprenaline had only inhibitory effects. All the four adrenergic drugs increased K‐efflux significantly in inactive strips, probably due to a‐receptor stimulation, since the effect of isoprenaline could be blocked by phentolamine. Noradrenaline also increased K‐efflux significantly in strips exposed to carbachol. The increase in K‐efflux produced by phenylephrine in the antrum strips was not as great as that previously recorded in fundus strips. The K‐uptake was the same, but K‐efflux was greater than in the fundus. It is concluded that a‐receptor stimulation increases K‐efflux regardless of whether the mechanical response is excitatory, inhibitory, or nil.
Inhibition of Free Fatty Acid Mobilization by Nicotinic Acid in Canine Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in Situ: Combination of Lipolysis Inhibition and Increased Re‐esterification
Authors: Fredholm Bertil B.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Canine subcutaneous adipose tissue was isolated and auto‐perfused in situ. Nicotinic acid (NicA) (4 or 40 mg/kg intravenously caused an increased lactate release and/or a decreased pyruvate release from the tissue. Following the administration of the higher dose of NicA the glucose uptake was also enhanced. While there was no inhibition of basal lipolysis, basal FFA release was significantly reduced following the higher dose of NicA. Lipolysis induced by sympathetic nerve stimulation (4 Hz for 10 min.) was inhibited by 60‐80 per cent, while induced FFA release was inhibited by 90 per cent or more. This increase in re‐esterification was statistically significant. It is concluded that re‐esterification plays an important role in the FFA‐lowering effect of NicA.
Prolonged Neuroleptic Effect of α‐Flupenthixol Decanoate in Oil
Authors: Nymark M. , Franck K. F. , Pedersen V. , Boeck V. , Nielsen I. Møller
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The duration and intensity of the neuroleptic effect of α‐flupenthixol decanoate in viscoleo® have been compared with that of α‐flupenthixol, 2 HCl in aqueous solution and α‐flupenthixol base in viscoleo® in a number of animal experimental models. Incorporation of α‐flupenthixol base in oil led to a prolongation of the neuroleptic effect (apomorphine antagonism in dogs, inhibition of conditioned avoidance in rats and mice) as compared to the duration of the effect of α‐flupenthixol, 2 HCl in aqueous solution. In both cases marked sedation was observed. In contrast, there was no sedation after α‐flupenthixol decanoate in oil, but a slower, smoother onset and a much longer duration of neuroleptic effect resulted. In rats the cataleptic effect and the apomorphine antagonistic effect of α‐flupenthixol decanoate in oil were of much shorter duration than the inhibitory effect on conditioned avoidance response. In mice a slight potentiation of barbiturate anaesthesia could be demonstrated 1‐6 hrs after high doses of α‐flupenthixol decanoate in oil. The clinical advantages of the depot preparation are discussed.
On the Effect of a Polypeptide Isolated from “Kalata‐Kalata” (Oldenlandia affinis DC) on the Oestrogen Dominated Uterus
Authors: Gran Lorents
Published: July 2010

Abstract: In African folk medicine an aqueous extract of Oldenlandia affinis DC, “Kalata‐Kalata”, is used to accelerate childbirth. From the extract, which induced strong contractions in isolated uteri, serotonin and an utero‐active polypeptide have been isolated. The peptide has been examined on oestrogen dominated uteri from rats and rabbits in vivo and in vitro and also on human, uterine strips. The oxytocic activity showed the same threshold value of 20 üg/ml in vitro for all three species. In vivo the same dose caused ventricular fibrillation.