bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calcium/Calmodulin–Dependent Protein Kinase II in Cerebrovascular Diseases
Authors: Zhang Xuejing , Connelly Jaclyn , Levitan Edwin S. , Sun Dandan , Wang Jane Q.
Published: March 2021

Cerebrovascular disease is the most common life-threatening and debilitating condition that often leads to stroke. The multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a key Ca2+ sensor and an important signaling protein in a variety of biological systems within the brain, heart, and vasculature. In the brain, past stroke-related studies have been mainly focused on the role of CaMKII in ischemic stroke in neurons and established CaMKII as a major mediator of neuronal cell death induced by glutamate excitotoxicity and oxidative stress following ischemic stroke. However, with growing understanding of the importance of neurovascular interactions in cerebrovascular diseases, there are clearly gaps in our understanding of how CaMKII functions in the complex neurovascular biological processes and its contributions to cerebrovascular diseases. Additionally, emerging evidence demonstrates novel regulatory mechanisms of CaMKII and potential roles of the less-studied CaMKII isoforms in the ischemic brain, which has sparked renewed interests in this dynamic kinase family. This review discusses past findings and emerging evidence on CaMKII in several major cerebrovascular dysfunctions including ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and vascular dementia, focusing on the unique roles played by CaMKII in the underlying biological processes of neuronal cell death, neuroinflammation, and endothelial barrier dysfunction triggered by stroke. We also highlight exciting new findings, promising therapeutic agents, and future perspectives for CaMKII in cerebrovascular systems.
Preparation of alkali-resistant PVDF membranes via immobilization of sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) on surface
Authors: Wen Gongpu , Chen Kun , Zhang Yanhong , Zhou Yue , Pan Jun , Wang Qian , Sun Siyuan , Wang Zhaohui
Published: March 2021

A novel strategy was proposed to fabricate alkali-resistant PVDF membrane via sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) attached to the surface of membrane and immobilized by UV-curable polyester acrylate and tri(propylene glycol) diacrylate (TPGDA). The attached anionic surfactant, SDS, on the membrane surface can resist the alkali corrosion by NaOH, and the curing of the resin can immobilize the SDS on the membrane firmly. Due to the unique alkali resistance of SDS and resin formed, the UV-curable resin-modified PVDF membrane showed greatly enhanced alkali-resistant ability. Characterization of SEM and FTIR showed that polyester acrylate and TPGDA were cured successfully under the action of 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone (184) and ultraviolet light. Whiteness, differential scanning calorimeter and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer characterization showed that the modified PVDF membrane had a lower degree of dehydrofluorination than the pristine PVDF membrane after alkali treatment. Results of the detailed alkali-resistant analysis indicated that the F/C ratio of the UV-curable resin-modified PVDF membrane decreased by 2.6% after alkali treatment compared to pristine PVDF membrane decreased by 19.28%. The alkali-resistant performance was mainly attributed to the immobilized SDS. This study provided a facile and scalable method for designing alkali-resistant PVDF membrane, which shows a promising potential in the treatment of alkaline wastewater and alkaline-cleaning PVDF membrane.
Influence of methyl group in a quinoline moiety on optical and light-induced properties of side-chain azo-polymers
Authors: Chomicki D. , Kharchenko O. , Skowronski L. , Kowalonek J. , Smokal V. , Krupka O. , Derkowska-Zielinska B.
Published: March 2021

We present the optical and photochromic properties as well as surface quality of thin films of the methacrylic copolymers containing 2-methylquinoline and quinoline azo-dyes in side chain. The extinction coefficient and refractive index were determined using spectroscopic ellipsometry combined with transmittance measurements. Photo-responsive behavior was investigated by determination of trans–cis photoisomerization rates under irradiation with unpolarized 365 nm light. We found that optical properties as well as photoisomerization rates of investigated polymers are dependent on the presence of a methyl substituent in the 2nd position of the quinoline moiety. The quality of the thin films was examined using Atomic Force Microscopy measurements.
The emergence of land systems as the nexus for sustainability transformations
Authors: de Bremond Ariane
Published: March 2021

This perspective recognizes the seminal Ambio articles of Sombroek et al. (1993), Turner et al. (1994) and Brussaard et al. (1997), identifying their individual and collective role in laying the ground work for a global change research agenda on land and its human use through increased understanding of terrestrial ecosystem dynamics and global change, and furthering nascent interdisciplinary efforts within the global change science community to better understand the ‘human driving forces’ of change. From these efforts, land system science, as a systemic science focused on complex socio-ecological interactions around land use and associated trade-offs and synergies, emerges as an ‘interdiscipline’ challenged to better understand land systems as the ‘meeting ground’ for multiple claims on land for biodiversity, carbon, livelihoods, food production among others, and support pathways to sustainability for people and nature.
Shape-shifting and pushing against the odds: staff perceptions of the experiences of first generation students in South Africa and the UK
Authors: Forsyth Rachel , Hamshire Claire , Fontaine-Rainen Danny , Soldaat Leza
Published: March 2021

The principles of diversity and inclusion are valued across the higher education sector, but the ways in which these principles are translated into pedagogic practice are not always evident. Students who are first in their family to attend university continue to report barriers to full participation in university life. They are more likely to leave their studies early, and to achieve lower grades in their final qualifications, than students whose families have previous experience of higher education. The purpose of this study was to explore whether a mismatch between staff perceptions and students’ experiences might be a possible contributor to these disparities. The study explored and compared staff discourses about the experiences of first generation students at two universities, one in the United Kingdom (UK), and the other in South Africa (SA). One-to-one interviews were carried out with 40 staff members (20 at each institution) to explore their views about first generation students. The results showed that staff were well aware of challenges faced by first generation students; however, they were unsure of their roles in relation to shaping an inclusive environment, and tended not to consider how to use the assets that they believed first generation students bring with them to higher education. This paper explores these staff discourses; and considers proposals for challenging commonly-voiced assumptions about students and university life in a broader context of diversity and inclusive teaching practice.
Quasi-dual Baer modules
Authors: Tribak Rachid , Talebi Yahya , Hosseinpour Mehrab
Published: March 2021

Let R be a ring and let M be an R-module with $$S={\text {End}}_R(M)$$

S
=

End
R

(
M
)

. The module M is called quasi-dual Baer if for every fully invariant submodule N of M, $$\{\phi \in S \mid Im\phi \subseteq N\} = eS$$

{
ϕ
∈
S
∣
I
m
ϕ
⊆
N
}
=
e
S

for some idempotent e in S. We show that M is quasi-dual Baer if and only if $$\sum _{\varphi \in \mathfrak {I}} \varphi (M)$$

∑

φ
∈
I

φ

(
M
)

is a direct summand of M for every left ideal $$\mathfrak {I}$$
I
of S. The R-module $$R_R$$

R
R

is quasi-dual Baer if and only if R is a finite product of simple rings. Other characterizations of quasi-dual Baer modules are obtained. Examples which delineate the concepts and results are provided.
Surging trends in prescriptions and costs of antidepressants in England amid COVID-19
Authors: Rabeea Shahad A. , Merchant Hamid A. , Khan Muhammad Umair , Kow Chia Siang , Hasan Syed Shahzad
Published: March 2021

The social restrictions amid coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have posed a serious threat to mental health and have implications in the use of medications for mental health including antidepressants (ADs). This study investigated the trends in prescriptions and costs of various ADs in England during COVID-19 pandemic. National prescribing rates and net ingredient costs (NIC) of all ADs prescriptions during 2016 to 2020 were analyed. The total number of ADs prescriptions dispensed during COVID-19 pandemic (January to December 2020) were 78 million, 4 million more than in 2019 that costed NHS England £ 139 million more than in 2019. Sertraline, an SSRI antidepressant drug, alone accounted for an extra £113 million during 2020 than in 2019. The peak dispensing for ADs was observed in March 2020 while the total costs for AD drugs peaked in April 2020. The rising prescription costs for ADs during COVID-19 pandemic is a potential cause of concern, in particular the increasing use in adolescents and younger adults needs attention, who are at a higher risk of life-threatening adverse drug reactions.
Bioengineered Islet Cell Transplantation
Authors: Bellofatto Kevin , Moeckli Beat , Wassmer Charles-Henri , Laurent Margaux , Oldani Graziano , Andres Axel , Berney Thierry , Berishvili Ekaterine , Toso Christian , Peloso Andrea
Published: March 2021

Purpose of Review

β cell replacement via whole pancreas or islet transplantation has greatly evolved for the cure of type 1 diabetes. Both these strategies are however still affected by several limitations. Pancreas bioengineering holds the potential to overcome these hurdles aiming to repair and regenerate β cell compartment. In this review, we detail the state-of-the-art and recent progress in the bioengineering field applied to diabetes research.

Recent Findings

The primary target of pancreatic bioengineering is to manufacture a construct supporting insulin activity in vivo. Scaffold-base technique, 3D bioprinting, macro-devices, insulin-secreting organoids, and pancreas-on-chip represent the most promising technologies for pancreatic bioengineering.

There are several factors affecting the clinical application of these technologies, and studies reported so far are encouraging but need to be optimized. Nevertheless pancreas bioengineering is evolving very quickly and its combination with stem cell research developments can only accelerate this trend.
Self-esteem as a catalyst for change in adolescent inpatients with anorexia nervosa: a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Biney Hannah , Giles Emma , Hutt Matt , Matthews Rachel , Lacey J. Hubert
Published: March 2021

Purpose

To determine the potential effectiveness of a six-session manualised self-esteem group using CBT approaches when given as an adjuvant to adolescent inpatients with Anorexia Nervosa (AN).

Methods

Using a randomised controlled design, 50 girls aged 12–17 years with AN were assigned to either self-esteem group with treatment as usual (TAU) (n = 25) or TAU alone (n = 25). 50/78 (64%) consented to be randomised. Both groups completed self-report measures of self-esteem and eating disorder psychopathology at three time points to measure the potential effectiveness of the treatment. Qualitative feedback was collected to assess acceptability.

Results

29 participants completed the study: 15 self-esteem group with TAU, 14 TAU alone. Self-esteem group participants had greater improvement in all outcomes than TAU participants at all time points, the difference in self-report self-esteem at T2 is 1.12 (95% CI − 1.44–3.69; effect size = 0.21). Similar small effect sizes were found for the eating disorder psychopathology measure following completion of the intervention but not at four-week follow-up. Favourable qualitative feedback was gained.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that the self-esteem group supplements an intensive treatment package which also addresses elements of low self-esteem. The self-esteem group was beneficial for addressing self-esteem and acted as a catalyst for change in eating disorder psychopathology. Positive qualitative feedback indicated the intervention was acceptable to users. Self-esteem group is a potential new adjuvant treatment for AN.

EMB Rating

Level 1.
Static one-leg standing balance test as a screening tool for low muscle mass in healthy elderly women
Authors: Khanal Praval , He Lingxiao , Stebbings Georgina K. , Onambele-Pearson Gladys L. , Degens Hans , Williams Alun G. , Thomis Martine , Morse Christopher I.
Published: March 2021

Background

Identification of simple screening tools for detecting lower skeletal muscle mass may be beneficial for planning effective interventions in the elderly.

Aims

We aimed to (1) establish a threshold for one-leg standing balance test (OLST) time for low muscle mass, and (2) test the ability of that threshold to assess muscular impairments in a poor balance group.

Methods

Eyes-open OLST (maximum duration 30 s) was performed with right and left legs in 291 women (age 71 ± 6 years). OLST time was calculated as the sum of the OLST time of right and left legs. Fat-free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass (SMM), fat mass, biceps brachii and vastus lateralis sizes; handgrip strength (HGS), elbow flexion maximum torque (MVCEF) and knee extension maximum torque (MVCKE) were measured. Muscle quality was calculated as MVCKE/FFM and physical activity was assessed by questionnaire. Low muscle mass was defined as SMMrelative of 22.1%, a previously established threshold for pre-sarcopenia.

Results

The OLST threshold time to detect low muscle mass was 55 s (sensitivity: 0.63; specificity: 0.60). The poor balance group (OLST < 55 s) had higher fat mass (3.0%, p < 0.001), larger VL thickness (5.1%, p = 0.016), and lower HGS (− 10.2%, p < 0.001), MVCEF (− 8.2%, p = 0.003), MVCKE (− 9.5%, p = 0.012), MVCKE/FFM (− 11.0%, p = 0.004) and physical activity (− 8.0%, p = 0.024) compared to the normal balance group. While after adjusting age, the differences exist for HGS, fat mass and VL thickness only.

Discussion

An OLST threshold of 55 s calculated as the summed score from both legs discriminated pre-sarcopenic characteristics among active, community-dwelling older women with limited potential (sensitivity 0.63, specificity 0.60).

Conclusion

OLST, which can be performed easily in community settings without the need for more complex muscle mass measurement, may help identify women at risk of developing sarcopenia.
Alternative Curing Methods
Authors: Siekmann Lisa , Plötz Madeleine , Krischek Carsten
Published: March 2021

Purpose of Review

Curing—the treatment of meat products with nitrite and nitrate—is controversially discussed by consumers, as increased consumption of cured foods might negatively influence human health.

Recent Findings

However, omitting of curing chemicals might reduce microbiological safety, thereby increasing the risk to consumer health. Also, besides the addition of nitrate/nitrite, meat products are additionally preserved within the hurdle principle by other methods such as chilling, ripening, or heating.

The present article focuses on the addition of plants/plant extracts or plasma-treated water as nitrate sources and the direct treatment of meat products with plasma for nitrate generation. With regard to color and microbial safety of cured meat products, which are relevant to the consumers, promising results were also obtained with the alternative curing methods. Nonetheless, it is doubtful to what extent these methods are viable alternatives, as the curing chemicals themselves and not their origin are problematic for consumer health.
End-stage kidney disease in patients with clinically manifest vascular disease; incidence and risk factors: results from the UCC-SMART cohort study
Authors: Østergaard Helena Bleken , Westerink Jan , Verhaar Marianne C. , Bots Michiel L. , Asselbergs Folkert W. , de Borst Gert J. , Kappelle L. Jaap , Visseren Frank L. J. , van der Leeuw Joep ,   the UCC-SMART studygroup
Published: March 2021

Background

Patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are at increased risk of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Insights into the incidence and role of modifiable risk factors for end-stage kidney disease may provide means for prevention in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Methods

We included 8402 patients with stable cardiovascular disease. Incidence rates (IRs) for end-stage kidney disease were determined stratified according to vascular disease location. Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the risk of end-stage kidney disease for the different determinants.

Results

Sixty-five events were observed with a median follow-up of 8.6 years. The overall incidence rate of end-stage kidney disease was 0.9/1000 person-years. Patients with polyvascular disease had the highest incidence rate (1.8/1000 person-years). Smoking (Hazard ratio (HR) 1.87; 95% CI 1.10–3.19), type 2 diabetes (HR 1.81; 95% CI 1.05–3.14), higher systolic blood pressure (HR 1.37; 95% CI 1.24–1.52/10 mmHg), lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (HR 2.86; 95% CI 2.44–3.23/10 mL/min/1.73 m2) and higher urine albumin/creatinine ratio (uACR) (HR 1.19; 95% CI 1.15–1.23/10 mg/mmol) were independently associated with elevated risk of end-stage kidney disease. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, non-HDL-cholesterol and exercise were not independently associated with risk of end-stage kidney disease.

Conclusions

Incidence of end-stage kidney disease in patients with cardiovascular disease varies according to vascular disease location. Several modifiable risk factors for end-stage kidney disease were identified in patients with cardiovascular disease. These findings highlight the potential of risk factor management in patients with manifest cardiovascular disease.

Graphic abstract
Robust neutrosophic programming approach for solving intuitionistic fuzzy multiobjective optimization problems
Authors: Ahmad Firoz
Published: March 2021

This study presents the modeling of the multiobjective optimization problem in an intuitionistic fuzzy environment. The uncertain parameters are depicted as intuitionistic fuzzy numbers, and the crisp version is obtained using the ranking function method. Also, we have developed a novel interactive neutrosophic programming approach to solve multiobjective optimization problems. The proposed method involves neutral thoughts while making decisions. Furthermore, various sorts of membership functions are also depicted for the marginal evaluation of each objective simultaneously. The different numerical examples are presented to show the performances of the proposed solution approach. A case study of the cloud computing pricing problem is also addressed to reveal the real-life applications. The practical implication of the current study is also discussed efficiently. Finally, conclusions and future research scope are suggested based on the proposed work.
A new sudden death chart for the Weibull distribution under complexity
Authors: Arif Osama H. , Aslam Muhammad
Published: March 2021

This article presents a new control chart for monitoring reliability using sudden death testing under the neutrosophic statistics (NS). The average run lengths of the in-control and the out-of-control process have been determined for evaluating the quick detection ability for small and moderate shifts. For the industrial use, tables and figures have been presented for different parameters. The proposed control chart is efficient in comparison with the existing control chart under classical statistics and value addition in the toolkit of the quality control personnel.
Hand gesture classification using a novel CNN-crow search algorithm
Authors: Gadekallu Thippa Reddy , Alazab Mamoun , Kaluri Rajesh , Maddikunta Praveen Kumar Reddy , Bhattacharya Sweta , Lakshmanna Kuruva , M Parimala
Published: March 2021

Human–computer interaction (HCI) and related technologies focus on the implementation of interactive computational systems. The studies in HCI emphasize on system use, creation of new techniques that support user activities, access to information, and ensures seamless communication. The use of artificial intelligence and deep learning-based models has been extensive across various domains yielding state-of-the-art results. In the present study, a crow search-based convolution neural networks model has been implemented in gesture recognition pertaining to the HCI domain. The hand gesture dataset used in the study is a publicly available one, downloaded from Kaggle. In this work, a one-hot encoding technique is used to convert the categorical data values to binary form. This is followed by the implementation of a crow search algorithm (CSA) for selecting optimal hyper-parameters for training of dataset using the convolution neural networks. The irrelevant parameters are eliminated from consideration, which contributes towards enhancement of accuracy in classifying the hand gestures. The model generates 100 percent training and testing accuracy that justifies the superiority of the model against traditional state-of-the-art models.
The Possibility/Impossibility of Ethical Community during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Philosophical Reflection
Authors: Lyngdoh Shining Star
Published: March 2021

The outbreak of COVID-19 has raised a global concern and calls for an urgent response. During this perpetual time of epidemic crisis, philosophy has to stand on trial and provide a responsible justification for how it is still relevant and can be of used during this global crisis. In such a time of crisis like that of COVID-19, this paper offers a philosophical reflection from within the possibility/impossibility of community thinking in India, and the demand for an ethical responsivity and response-ability to act ethically towards the Other (autrui) to show that philosophy always already emerges from within the context of crisis. As an alternative outlook to the thinking of totalitarian singularity and individualism, community—in its possible and impossible making—can offer more meaningful engagement with the other human being by being responsible and extending care towards the Other. The thinking of a shared community life is the facticity of one’s own being-together-in-common without the dismissal of individual differences as can be seen in the works of Jean-Luc Nancy, and there is an ethical demand that comes from the face-to-face ethical relationship with the Other as argued by Emmanuel Levinas.
Eastern Europe’s “Transitional Industry”?: Deconstructing the Early Streletskian
Authors: Dinnis R. , Bessudnov A. , Reynolds N. , Devièse T. , Dudin A. , Pate A. , Sablin M. , Sinitsyn A. , Higham T.
Published: March 2021

The Streletskian is central to understanding the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic on the East European Plain. Early Streletskian assemblages are frequently seen as marking the Neanderthal-anatomically modern human (AMH) anthropological transition, as well as the Middle-to-Upper Palaeolithic archaeological transition. The age of key Streletskian assemblages, however, remains unclear, and there are outstanding questions over how they relate to Middle and Early Upper Palaeolithic facies. The three oldest Streletskian layers—Kostenki 1 Layer V, Kostenki 6 and Kostenki 12 Layer III—were excavated by A. N. Rogachev in the mid-20th century. Here, we re-examine these layers in light of problems noted during Rogachev’s campaigns and later excavations. Layer V in the northern part of Kostenki 1 is the most likely assemblage to be unmixed. A new radiocarbon date of 35,100 ± 500 BP (OxA- X-2717-21) for this assemblage agrees with Rogachev’s stratigraphic interpretation and contradicts later claims of a younger age. More ancient radiocarbon dates for Kostenki 1 Layer V are from areas lacking diagnostic Streletskian points. The Kostenki 6 assemblage’s stratigraphic context is extremely poor, but new radiocarbon dates are consistent with Rogachev’s view that the archaeological material was deposited prior to the CI tephra (i.e. >34.3 ka BP). Multiple lines of evidence indicate that Kostenki 12 Layer III contains material of different ages. Despite some uncertainty over the precise relationship between the dated sample and diagnostic lithic material, Kostenki 1 Layer V (North) therefore currently provides the best age estimate for an early Streletskian context. This age is younger than fully Upper Palaeolithic assemblages elsewhere at Kostenki. Other “Streletskian” assemblages and Streletskian points from younger contexts at Kostenki are briefly reviewed, with possible explanations for their chronostratigraphic distribution considered. We caution that the cultural taxon Streletskian should not be applied to assemblages based simply on the presence of bifacially worked artefacts.
Cova de les Malladetes (Valencia, Spain): New Insights About the Early Upper Palaeolithic in the Mediterranean Basin of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Villaverde Valentín , Sanchis Alfred , Badal Ernestina , Bel Miguel Ángel , Bergadà M. Mercè , Eixea Aleix , Guillem Pere M. , Martínez-Alfaro Álvaro , Martínez-Valle Rafael , Martínez-Varea Carmen M. , Real Cristina , Steier Peter , Wild Eva M.
Published: March 2021

New excavations carried out at Cova de les Malladetes confirm and improve previous information on the archaeological sequence of this site. A total of 29 new dates allow to specify the chronology of the Aurignacian (levels XIVA–XII) and Gravettian (levels XI–VII). Furthermore, concerning the results obtained during the 1970 excavation, three new levels were identified: level XIVB, which represents a short temporal human occupation hiatus, and levels XV and XVI with some hearths and anthropic evidence, although the lithic material does not permit a cultural attribution. This paper presents data obtained from the analysis of archaeobotanical, micro- and macrofaunal assemblages and lithic and osseous industry. Results are relevant concerning the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental characterisation of the Early Upper Palaeolithic, as well as for assessing the human occupation patterns during the Gravettian and Aurignacian. Moreover, we evaluate the chronological implications of the basal levels (XIVB, XV and XVI), drawing attention to the absence of an important temporal gap between this phase and the start of the Early Upper Palaeolithic at the site. Finally, our new data extend the information provided by other sites in the Spanish Mediterranean region, allowing a more defined characterisation of the Early Upper Palaeolithic, especially regarding the Evolved Aurignacian chronology and its techno-typological structure, with the presence of Roc-de-Combe subtype Dufour bladelets.
Nuclear BK channels regulate CREB phosphorylation in RAW264.7 macrophages
Authors: Selezneva Anna , Yoshida Minae , Gibb Alasdair , Willis Dean
Published: March 2021

Background

Macrophages are important cells of the innate immune system and contribute to a variety of physiological and pathophysiological responses. Monovalent and divalent ion channels have been studied in macrophage function, and while much research is still required, a role for these channels is beginning to emerge in macrophages. In addition to the plasma membrane, ion channels are also found in intracellular membranes including mitochondrial, lysosomal and nuclear membranes. While studying the function of plasma membrane located large conductance voltage- and calcium-activated potassium channels (BK channels) in a macrophage cell line RAW264.7, we became aware of the expression of these ion channels in other cellular locations.

Methods

Immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis were used to identify the expression of BK channels. To demonstrate a functional role for the nuclear located channel, we investigated the effect of the lipid soluble BK channel inhibitor paxilline on CREB phosphorylation.

Results

Treatment of resting macrophages with paxilline resulted in increased CREB phosphorylation. To confirm a role for nuclear BK channels, these experiments were repeated in isolated nuclei and similar results were found. Ca2+ and calmodulin-dependent kinases (CaMK) have been demonstrated to regulate CREB phosphorylation. Inhibition of CaMKII and CaMKIV resulted in the reversal of paxilline-induced CREB phosphorylation.

Conclusions

These results suggest that nuclear BK channels regulate CREB phosphorylation in macrophages. Nuclear located ion channels may therefore be part of novel signalling pathways in macrophages and should be taken into account when studying the role of ion channels in these and other cells.

Graphic abstract
The role of brain gaseous neurotransmitters in anxiety
Authors: Pałasz Artur , Menezes Itiana Castro , Worthington John J.
Published: March 2021

Although anxiety is perhaps one of the most significant current medical and social problems, the neurochemical mechanistic background of this common condition remains to be fully understood. Multifunctional regulatory gasotransmitters are novel, atypical inorganic factors of the brain that are involved in the mechanisms of anxiety responses. Nitric oxide (NO) signaling shows ambiguous action in animal models of anxiety, while NO donors exert anxiogenic or anxiolytic effect depending on their chemical structure, dose, treatment schedule and gas release rapidity. The majority of NO synthase inhibitors act as a relatively potent axiolytic agents, while hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon monoxide (CO) delivered experimentally in the form of “slow” or “fast” releasing donors have recently been considered as anxiolytic neurotransmitters. In this comprehensive review we critically summarize the literature regarding the intriguing roles of NO, H2S and CO in the neuromolecular mechanisms of anxiety in the context of their putative, yet promising therapeutic application. A possible mechanism of gasotransmitter action at the level of anxiety-related synaptic transmission is also presented. Brain gasesous neuromediators urgently require further wide ranging studies to clarify their potential value for the current neuropharmacology of anxiety disorders.
Confinement effects for rubberised concrete in tubular steel cross-sections under combined loading
Authors: Mujdeci A. , Bompa D. V. , Elghazouli A. Y.
Published: March 2021

This paper describes an experimental investigation into confinement effects provided by circular tubular sections to rubberised concrete materials under combined loading. The tests include specimens with 0%, 30% and 60% rubber replacement of mineral aggregates by volume. After describing the experimental arrangements and specimen details, the results of bending and eccentric compression tests are presented, together with complementary axial compression tests on stub-column samples. Tests on hollow steel specimens are also included for comparison purposes. Particular focus is given to assessing the confinement effects in the infill concrete as well as their influence on the axial–bending cross-section strength interaction. The results show that whilst the capacity is reduced with the increase in the rubber replacement ratio, an enhanced confinement action is obtained for high rubber content concrete compared with conventional materials. Test measurements by means of digital image correlation techniques show that the confinement in axial compression and the neutral axis position under combined loading depend on the rubber content. Analytical procedures for determining the capacity of rubberised concrete infilled cross-sections are also considered based on the test results as well as those from a collated database and then compared with available recommendations. Rubber content-dependent modification factors are proposed to provide more realistic representations of the axial and flexural cross-section capacities. The test results and observations are used, in conjunction with a number of analytical assessments, to highlight the main parameters influencing the behaviour and to propose simplified expressions for determining the cross-section strength under combined compression and bending.
An Apostolic Gospel
Authors: Watson Francis
Published: March 2021

The so-called Epistula Apostolorum is an early gospel-like text in which the eleven apostles recount a question-and-answer session with the risen Jesus on Easter morning, intended to equip them for the worldwide mission to which they are now called. The Epistula draws selectively from the Gospels of John and Matthew, while disagreeing with its sources at a number of points and claiming definitive status for its own rendering of the apostolic gospel. This book is based on a new translation of this important but neglected text, drawing on the Coptic, Ethiopic, and Latin manuscript evidence and with variants noted in an English-language critical apparatus. Extensive additional notes are provided to clarify issues of text, translation, and exegesis. The central chapters explore major theological themes such as incarnation, resurrection, and eschatology in the light of related texts within and beyond the New Testament.
Should You Stay Away from Strangers?
Authors: Busby Ethan
Published: March 2021

Harmonious relationships between groups are critical for democracy, and intergroup contact presents an appealing way to encourage this harmony. However, what kinds of contact work best? Ethan Busby reviews existing studies of contact, propose a framework for studying the political consequences of contact, and discusses four experiments following these recommendations. These studies focus on equal status contact and rely on different samples and contexts. Busby finds that equal-status does not promote more political support for racial and ethnic outgroups and can reduce outgroup support. The Element is concluded by discussing the implications of these findings for the study of contact generally.
The Health Risks of Airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Upper North Thailand
Authors: Kongpran Jira , Kliengchuay Wissanupong , Niampradit Sarima , Sahanavin Narut , Siriratruengsuk Weerayuth , Tantrakarnapa Kraichat
Published: March 2021

Every year, Northern Thailand faces haze pollution during the haze episode. The particulate matter (PM), including fine fraction (PM2.5), a coarse fraction (PM2.5–10), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was measured in six provinces in upper north Thailand during the haze and non‐haze episodes in 2018. Eighty‐three percent of the PM2.5 measurements (21.8–194.0 µg/m3) during the haze episode exceeded the national ambient air quality standard in Thailand. All 16 PAHs were detected in the study area in both periods. The average concentration of total PAHs (particle‐bound and gas‐phase) during the haze episode was 134.7 ± 80.4 ng/m3, which was about 26 times higher than those in the non‐haze (5.1 ± 9.7 µg/m3). Naphthalene and acenaphthene were the dominant PAHs in the gas phase; whereas, indeno[123‐cd] pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene, and Benzo[ghi]Perylene were dominant in the particle‐bound phase. The estimated inhalation excess cancer risk from PAHs exposure was 9.3 × 10−4 and 2.5 × 10−5 in the haze episode and non‐haze, respectively. Diagnostic ratios and principal component analysis revealed that PAHs were derived from mixed sources of vehicle emission and solid combustion in the haze episode and vehicle emission in the non‐haze period. High pollution levels of PM and large cancer risk attributable to the exposure of PAHs in the haze episode suggest urgent countermeasures to reduce the source emission, especially from the solid combustion in the area.
Spatiotemporal Analysis of Seismotectonic State of Injection‐Induced Seismicity Clusters in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
Authors: Dokht Ramin M. H. , Kao Honn , Babaie Mahani Alireza , Visser Ryan
Published: March 2021

The observations of spatiotemporal distribution of seismicity in western Canada indicate that the occurrence of earthquakes is tied to the hydraulic fracturing operations and disposal of coproduced wastewater. In this study, we investigate the temporal changes in the frequency‐magnitude distributions for multiple clusters of induced events in regions where the level of background seismicity is low. The induced events are clustered into six major groups using density‐based spatial and soft clustering algorithms based on their epicenters. Each cluster is identified by different distributions of earthquake magnitudes and injection scenarios. The linear relationship between the number of induced earthquakes and cumulative injection volume enables us, on a regional scale, to quantitatively characterize the seismotectonic conditions of the clusters using the estimates of the seismogenic indices. The seismogenic index provides a means to estimate the occurrence probability of earthquakes with a given magnitude induced during injection. The calculated seismogenic indices agree very well with the expected seismic response to hydraulic fracturing and wastewater disposal and show a strong correlation with tectonically accumulated strain energy. Statistical models based on the seismogenic index can be employed to mitigate the potential risk of large magnitude induced events.
Impact of Anticyclonic Eddies Under Stormy Weather on the Mixed Layer Variability in April South of the Kuroshio Extension
Authors: Ding Yang , Xu Lixiao , Zhang Yang
Published: March 2021

Subtropical mode water (STMW) plays an important role in the North Pacific climate system by recording climate variability and by taking in anthropogenic carbon dioxide. A thick STMW forms in anticyclonic eddies (AEs) with deeper mixed layers during winter and early spring. However, the mixed layer depth (MLD) variability and mode water formation in AEs under synoptic weather events are not well known. In this study, we tracked an AE located south of the Kuroshio Extension for several months by 17 Argo floats with daily sampling. We found that the MLD inside the target AE deepened sharply to more than 150 m during storms in April, while the MLD outside had little change and was only 50 m on average. We further compared the different mixed layer deepening processes inside and outside other AEs over the same region based on historical Argo data from 2004 to 2019. Since the relatively weak stratification in AEs is easily destroyed by storms with strong wind bursts and significant surface cooling in early spring, the mixed layer deepening time period lasts longer (December–April) inside AEs than outside AEs (January–March). The mode water ventilation and formation period are correspondingly extended in AEs, with important implications for North Pacific climate variability and the biogeochemical cycle.
The Geomagnetic Kp Index and Derived Indices of Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Matzka J. , Stolle C. , Yamazaki Y. , Bronkalla O. , Morschhauser A.
Published: March 2021

The geomagnetic Kp index is one of the most extensively used indices of geomagnetic activity, both for scientific and operational purposes. This article reviews the properties of the Kp index and provides a reference for users of the Kp index and associated data products as derived and distributed by the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. The near real‐time production of the nowcast Kp index is of particular interest for space weather services and here we describe and evaluate its current setup.
Discovery of Two Sub‐Volcanic Basins Below the North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP), Faroe Platform, NE Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Ólavsdóttir Jana , Stoker Martyn S. , S. Riishuus Morten , Eidesgaard Óluva R.
Published: March 2021

The Faroe Platform lies on the outer continental margin of NW Europe. Its pre‐breakup structural configuration has long been debated as it is entirely buried beneath a thick cover of lower Palaeogene volcanic rocks. Here we present the results of an integrated geological and geophysical study designed to test whether low‐gravity areas on the Faroe Platform are basins inverted during the Neogene, and high‐gravity areas are basement blocks. Based on a series of profiles constructed from forward gravity modeling, our results identify two new sedimentary basins—the Beinta and Kerstin basins—bounded by four basement highs—the West Suðuroy High, East Suðuroy High, Borðoy High, and the Sandoy High. The Beinta and Kerstin basins extend to depths of 8–10 km and 8–9 km, respectively, whereas the tops of the structural highs are located between 3–6 km below the present‐day surface of the platform. Deformation of the A‐horizon, which marks the boundary between pre‐and syn‐breakup volcanism, is consistent with a phase of Miocene‐Pliocene basin inversion, also evident in the adjacent Faroe‐Shetland Basin. Our study also gives indications of cross‐cutting intrusive networks that likely represent part of the magmatic plumbing system in the central part of the Faroe Platform.
Seasonal Performance of a Nonhydrostatic Global Atmospheric Model on a Cubed‐Sphere Grid
Authors: Kim Jung‐Eun Esther , Koo Myung‐Seo , Yoo Changhyun , Hong Song‐You
Published: March 2021

The Korean Integrated Model (KIM), a recently developed nonhydrostatic global atmospheric model over a cubed‐sphere grid, was deployed in April 2020 as an operational weather forecasting model. As its application extends to research and predictions longer than the weather time scale, we evaluated the ability of the KIM on seasonal ensemble simulation for the boreal winter and summer cases with respect to seasonal mean biases. The results are compared with those obtained from a conventional hydrostatic spectral model, which has been widely used for seasonal simulations and in climate research. To isolate the origin of the error sources, the same physics packages is used in both the KIM and the reference models. The simulated mean states are very close to the reanalysis for the selected cases. Most large‐scale fields from the KIM are comparable to those from the reference model, which implies that the general features of large‐scale variables and precipitation are highly governed by physical parameterizations, and that the physics‐dynamics coupling is stable in a long‐term simulation. Large‐scale tropical circulations, such as the Hadley and Walker circulations, need to be improved for applications related to future changes and climate projections. Moreover, the results reveal that the simulated global precipitation band is misplaced and the heat fluxes over oceans are relatively misrepresented near the eastern boundaries of tropical and subtropical regions. This analysis suggests the necessity of realistic atmosphere‐ocean interactions that reflect ocean overturning circulation via ocean coupling as well as the refinement of deep and shallow convection schemes.
Teaching Geoscience History in Context
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: March 2021

The history of geoscience is filled with racist ideology and problematic foundational figures. A new set of modules aims to help educators by offering more inclusive context for inequities in the field today.
Researchers Home in on the Age of the Yangtze River
Authors: Learn Joshua
Published: March 2021

Findings on the river’s age also have implications for past landscape change in Asia.
Volcanic Lands Warm Before Eruptions
Authors: Papp Ashleigh
Published: March 2021

Satellite data have revealed that ground radiant temperatures around volcanoes rose in the years leading up to eruptions. The observation may help in forecasting future volcanic activity.
Insights from the Depths of Hawaii’s Kīlauea Volcano
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: March 2021

One of the world’s best monitored and most active volcanos still has secrets to yield, and researchers are turning to vapor bubbles trapped in melt inclusions to find them.
Halogen (F, Cl) Concentrations and Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐B Isotopes of the Basaltic Andesites From the Southern Okinawa Trough: Implications for the Recycling of Subducted Serpentinites
Authors: Zhang Yuxiang , Gaetani Glenn , Zeng Zhigang , Monteleone Brian , Yin Xuebo , Wang Xiaoyuan , Chen Shuai
Published: March 2021

Serpentinites are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in the global geochemical cycle. However, discriminating the contributions of serpentinites to arc magmas from those of other subduction components is challenging. The Okinawa Trough is a back‐arc basin developed behind the Ryukyu subduction zone, where magmas are extensively affected by sediment subduction. In this study, we reported the F‐Cl concentrations and Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐B isotopes of basaltic andesites from the Yaeyama Graben, Yonaguni Graben, and Irabu Knoll in the southern Okinawa Trough. The Irabu Knoll lavas show the most enrichment of fluid‐mobile elements and F ± Cl, and have the heaviest B isotopes (δ11B: +6.6 ± 1.5‰). They also have decoupled Sr‐Nd isotopes: higher 87Sr/86Sr (∼0.7049) but have no obvious decrease of 143Nd/144Nd (∼0.5128). Results from slab dehydration modeling and mixing calculations suggest that the heavy δ11B in the Irabu Knoll lavas is not consistent with fluids derived from altered oceanic crust (AOC), sediments, or wedge serpentinites (formed in the mantle wedge), but rather from slab serpentinites (formed within the subducting plate); sediments control the subduction input of Nd, whereas the decoupled Sr‐Nd isotopes are most likely due to the excess radiogenic Sr carried by AOC fluids. Our results imply that recycling of serpentinite fluids and AOC fluids are usually coupled in subduction zones, as the arc lavas influenced by subducted serpentinite generally show Sr‐Nd isotopes decoupling. The large variation of Sr‐Nd‐B isotopes observed in a relatively localized area is consistent with a focused migration through the mantle wedge of components from multiple sources.
Greenspace redevelopment, pressure of displacement, and sleep quality among Black adults in Southwest Atlanta
Authors: Williams Patrice C. , Krafty Robert , Alexander Terrence , Davis Zipporah , Gregory Akil-Vuai , Proby Raven , Troxel Wendy , Coutts Christopher
Published: March 2021

Background

Little is known on how greenspace redevelopment—creating or improving existing parks and trails—targeted for low-income and/or majority Black neighborhoods could amplify existing social environmental stressors, increase residents’ susceptibility to displacement, and impact their sleep quality.

Objective

To examine the relationship between social environmental stressors associated with displacement and sleep quality among Black adults.

Methods

Linear regression models were employed on survey data to investigate the association between social environmental stressors, independently and combined, on sleep quality among Black adults residing in block groups targeted for greenspace redevelopment (i.e., exposed) and matched with block groups that were not (i.e., unexposed).

Results

The independent associations between everyday discrimination, heightened vigilance, housing unaffordability, and subjective sleep quality were not modified by greenspace redevelopment, controlling for other factors. The association between financial strain and subjective sleep quality was different for exposed and unexposed participants with exposed participants having a poorer sleep quality. The combined model revealed that the association between financial strain and sleep quality persisted. However, for different financial strain categories exposed participants slept poorer and/or better than unexposed participants.

Significance

Our findings suggest a nuanced relationship between social environmental stressors, pressure of displacement related to greenspace redevelopment, and sleep quality among Black adults.