bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visualization and geospatial analysis on rural areas using sub-regional statistics
Authors: Morimoto Takehiro
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Visualization and geospatial analyses of rural areas at a sub-regional scale is important for examining rural areas and analyzing their spatial characteristics and their relationships between geographical conditions in detail. However, those types of researches have been scarce. The most important reason for this is a low correspondence between the territories of sub-regional statistical units in the population census, the agriculture census, and other numerical data of geographical conditions. One way to solve this problem is to use grid cell data, but the grid cell statistics of the agricultural census had not been made after 1980 agricultural census. After 35 years of blanks, the kind of statistics was finally created based on the 2015 agricultural census and published in 2018. This grid cell statistics of 2015 agricultural census covers only human aspects of agricultural management.In this research, the author examined the availability of grid cell data of the agricultural census for visualization and geospatial analyses of rural areas. Firstly, the author composed grid cell data by allocating agricultural settlement data to grid cells based on grid cell data of land use information. Regional variations of agricultural land use and their changes were visualized better than the case based on agricultural settlement data. Then quantitative analyses on their regional distribution and relationships between geographical and social factors were conducted. Influences of elevation, slope and population density on land use were clarified. Secondly, the author used the 2015 grid cell data for mapping, spatial analyses and examining the relationship between geographical and social factors. It was confirmed that the distribution of human aspects of agricultural management was potentially related to urban expansion.These findings show a significant potential of grid cell statistics for visualization and geospatial analyses of rural areas.
Mapping votes and representing power: Spatio-temporal and multiscalar analysis of electoral results in Tunisia between 2011 and 2018
Authors: Ben Rebah Maher
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Tunisia has held four elections (legislative2011 and 2014, presidential 2014 and local 2018) since the 2011 Revolution. The last municipal elections held on May 6, 2018 were the first free and fair local elections in the country’s history so far. The political dynamics at play after 2011 are far from being settled. In fact, the first National Constituent Assembly’s election in October 2011 knew a large advance of Ennahda Islamist Party. With the 2014 legislative elections we come to witness the advent of a new political party: Nidaa Tounes. However, in the last local elections the political scene was marked by the breakthrough of many independent lists. Along with the ever decreasing voters participation. It reached only 35.6% of registered voters in 2018 which is hardly half the turnout in 2014.This paper aims to use cartographic illustration at the ‘Imada’ level, the smallest administrative scale in Tunisia to provide a local spatial evidence of voting patterns in Tunisia. To my knowledge, this is the first attempt to map electoral results at such a fine scale in the Tunisian political analysis context.For the purpose of this study, a time-series electoral GIS-based database was designed. The data used was mainly provided by the Independent Higher Election Authority (ISIE). The electoral results are first produced at the scale of polling stations which is the finest scale. They are then aggregated into vote centers which in turn are aggregated into sectors or 'Imadas'. Imadas are the building blocks of higher territorial levels such as municipalities, delegations, and governorates (regions).The Imada-level electoral mapping and analysis will be applied to 2011, 2014 and 2018 elections results.The analysis will be applied to two levels : First, the country-level where we will analyse at one and the same time the electoral geography of the two major political parties, i.e. Ennahda and Nidaa Tounes as well as. The dispersion of votes and the turnout evolution .Secondly, we will explore the impact of redistricting and gerrymandering on local votes. Two case studies will be juxtaposed: the stable region of Tunis which underwent no communal redistricting at all as opposed to the region of Kasserine which was completely restuctured.
A Choropleth Map Classification Scheme with Control of Robustness for Uncertain Geographical Attributes
Authors: Mu Wangshu , Tong Daoqin
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Choropleth mapping visualizes geographical data by grouping map units into a few classes and assigning different colors, shades or patterns to each class. Traditional choropleth mapping method assumes that the data to be displayed are certain. However, many geographical attributes contain uncertainty. For example, attributes generated from survey results may contain sampling error, and data summarized based on statistic inferences usually have a confidence interval. In recent years, some efforts have been made to study choropleth maps for uncertain geographical attributes. Existing research mainly focuses on identifying the class breaks that optimize the within-class homogeneity or between-class separability. These studies have paid little attention to the evaluation of the possibility that each areal unit might be placed in a wrong class due to its associated uncertainty. This paper addresses this issue by proposing a new choropleth mapping scheme that explicitly incorporates robustness. Given a user specified acceptable robustness level that defines the maximum tolerance of misplacement, this paper provides a maximum likelihood estimation-based method to determine the optimal class breaks. A discretization method is introduced to solve the optimization model and generate class breaks. The method is applied to map the American Community Survey 5-year estimated county-level income data with normally distributed uncertainty in the United States at various robustness levels. Results are compared with the theoretical lower bound to show the effectiveness of the discretization method. The relationship between the proposed method and the existing approaches is discussed.
Variation of Geospatial Representation of Community Hazard Maps with Disaster Prevention Activities
Authors: Murayama Toru
Published: July 2019

Abstract. After the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, the limitation of assistance by public bodies in the time of such massive natural disaster struck has been recognized. Moreover, it has acknowledged that self-help by suffered families and mutual support of neighbours are crucial to mitigate further damage. Since then, the major focus of the disaster management in Japan has altered to effectiveness of non-structural measures for a forecast crisis. Thus, improving the existing hazard maps into those that show actions to be taken by residents in an easy-to-understand manner has been dictated by the national government.This study discusses the geospatial representation of an alternative hazard map from residents’ perspective with the local community activities. Those mapping activities have been conducted for some years in a study area. Then, the geospatial information represented on the community hazard map has gradually changed. At the early year of the activities, the map represents the certainty of disaster risks. At the late year of those after few modifications have made, the map mainly argues the possibility of risks from residents’ perspective.
Geomorphological mapping based on DEMs and GIS: A review
Authors: Oguchi Takashi
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Geomorphology is a scientific discipline dealing with the characteristics, origin, and evolution of landforms. It utilizes topographic data such as spot height information, contour lines on topographic maps, and DEMs (Digital Elevation Models). Topographic data were traditionally obtained by ground surveying, but introduction of aerial photogrammetry in the early 20th century enabled more efficient data acquisition based on remote sensing. In recent years, active remote sensing methods including airborne and terrestrial laser scanning and applications of satellite radar have also been employed, and aerial photogrammetry has become easier and popular thanks to drones and a new photogrammetric method, SfM (Structure from Motion). The resultant topographic data especially raster DEMs are combined with GIS (Geographic Information Systems) to obtain derivatives such as slope and aspect as well as to conduct efficient geomorphological mapping. Resultant maps can depict various topographic characteristics based on surface height and DEM derivatives, and applications of advanced algorithms and some heuristic reasoning permit semi-automated landform classification. This quantitative approach differs from traditional and more qualitative methods to produce landform classification maps using visual interpretation of analogue aerial photographs and topographic maps as well as field observations.For scientific purposes, landforms need to be classified based on not only shape characteristics but also formation processes and ages. Among them, DEMs only represent shape characteristics, and understanding formation processes and ages usually require other data such as properties of surficial deposits observed in the field. However, numerous geomorphological studies indicate relationships between shapes and forming-processes of landforms, and even ages of landforms affect shapes such as a wider distribution of dissected elements within older landforms. Recent introduction of artificial intelligence in geomorphology including machine learning and deep learning may permit us to better understand the relationships of shapes with processes and ages. Establishing such relationships, however, is still highly challenging, and at this moment most geomorphologists think landform classification maps based on the traditional methods are more usable than those from the DEM-based methods. Nevertheless, researchers of some other fields such as civil engineering more appreciate the DEM-based methods because they can be conducted without deep geomorphological knowledge. Therefore, the methods should be developed for interdisciplinary understanding. This paper reviews and discusses such complex situations of geomorphological mapping today in relation to historical development of methodology.
Questionnaire Survey about the Reasons of Young People Migrating to the Tsunami-hit Area
Authors: Okabe Kayo , Dan Mayumi , Nakayama Chikako
Published: July 2019

Abstract. This abstract illustrates major results obtained from the questionnaire survey carried out in Kesennuma on October 2018.We conducted a questionnaire survey focusing on the lifestyles of young migrants living in Kesennuma. The questionnaire was carried out through the Internet using the Google Form. The questionnaire consists of three parts: 1) attitude toward work, income and time management, 2) use of the Internet and 3) interaction with local people.Kesennuma is the region where greatly damaged by the tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake occurred in 2011. Many volunteers visited this tsunami-hit area and spent days in reconstructing the area with the local people. Among those volunteers, a certain number of young people decided to migrate from other parts of Japan to the tsunami damaged area. Some left their jobs and found a new job in this area, some after graduating universities started new business, and some returned to their parents’ home to help them. Since then, they have been working continuously in many ways, with the local people in order to revitalize the tsunami-hit area, especially in Kesennuma.The objective of the questionnaire was to find out the reasons why those young people decided to migrate from other parts of Japan and settle down in this local area.The questionnaire was distributed to those young migrants in Kesennuma area who contacted with the Kesennuma Centre for Migration and Settlement. We received answers from 108 young migrants, and the response rate of the questionnaire was 87%. This number is extremely high compared to common questionnaire response percentage.We focused on the three topics of the questionnaire, namely Q1: Are you satisfied with your life here?, Q2: How many hours do you use the Internet per day? Q3: How far do you visit your local acquaintances?
A Study on the Distribution of Foreign-Female-Isolated Areas in Japan
Authors: Okamoto Kohei , Morita Masatoshi
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 made a realization of non-Japanese living dispersed in various areas across Japan. The non-Japanese trainees working in the small-size factories in the underpopulated areas and the immigrant wives married to Japanese men in the farming areas were there to compensate for the decreasing Japanese working-age population and the decreasing number of Japanese women who will marry farmers. These women, mostly Chinese and Filipino, live in local communities, isolated from the other non-Japanese residents; they cannot use their mother tongue, they cannot get mutual helps, and they cannot form ethnic community. Their distribution pattern is very different from that in foreigner-concentrated areas in metropolises like Tokyo and Osaka. Ethnicity studies in geography and sociology have mainly focused on foreigner-concentrated areas. There have been few studies on ethnic minorities who live dispersed among their host society. They have been invisible in Japanese society. This study try to clarify where in Japan non-Japanese are living dispersed and develop the method to measure how sparsely they are scattered.This study analyses the distribution pattern on non-Japanese by using the Grid Square Statistics of 2010 Population Census and GIS. The Grid Square Statistics is one of the small area statistics which divides the whole area of Japan into small mesh. This study uses statistics of 1 km × 1 km grids (Figure 1).So far, we have seen that the degree of the isolation of the non-Japanese woman is remarkable in north-eastern Japan. For example, among the 3,249 inhabited grids of Yamagata Prefecture, 1,291 of which had non-Japanese residents, 509 had only one non-Japanese, and 479 of those 509 non-Japanese were women. In other words, 15.7% of the one-square-kilometre inhabited grids in Yamagata Prefecture had only one non-Japanese resident and that person was female, which is the highest among 47 prefectures in Japan. On the other hand, this ratio was relatively low in the metropolitan areas including Kanagawa prefecture and the prefectures of southwestern Japan (Figure 2).This study identifies the grid which have only one non-Japanese and that person is female as “isolated-grid”. In the isolated-grids, there are grids where no foreigners live in the 8 adjacent grids, which could be named as “more-isolated-grid” (Figure 1). When we calculate the proportions of the grids for each prefecture and draw them with Quantile classification (Figure 3, left), isolated-grids are distributed in eastern Japan such as Tohoku region same as Figure 2. On the other hand, more-isolated-grids are found not only in eastern Japan but also in western Japan such as Kyushu (Figure 3, right). This is a new finding that has never been said before.
From historical cartography to historical mapping: digital edition of Gaul/Raczynski topographic map of Greater Poland (1807–1812)
Authors: Panecki Tomasz
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The aim of the author is to present and discuss methodological problems related to the development of old maps’ digital editions on the example of the so called Gaul/Raczyński topographic map – a perfect case providing the whole catalogue of problems related to archival maps’ representation in the digital form. Today, we can observe an increasing interest in spatial and digital humanities, as well as more frequent old and historical maps dissemination via web services. However, consistent methods of their depiction in the digital manner have not yet been developed. The aim of the project is not only to develop such a method, but also to indicate its perspectives and constraints in the context of its future application among the whole array of old maps. The development of map’s digital edition allows the full use of such data in historical and geographical studies.
Subnational estimates of health in low- and middle-income countries: a geospatial approach with interpolation and raster analysis
Authors: Park Lois
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Program and policy planners are eager for population health data at subnational levels in the era of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) is a major source of data for tracking population health in low- and middle-income countries, with over 300 surveys in 90 countries since the 1980s. The DHS is usually nationally representative and commonly sampled to be representative at one administrative level below the national level, often the region. However, regional estimates are still too broad and general to meet the needs of decision-makers, who desire to make data-driven decisions at more local levels. In addition to data on health the DHS collects and publishes the coordinates of all sampled clusters. This analysis proposes and demonstrates a spatial approach to generating subnational estimates of health using the publicly available spatial data. By pairing kriging for interpolation with raster analysis for weighting by population size and aggregation, estimates of antenatal care coverage are generated at the district level in Malawi, using data from the 2015–16 DHS. Preliminary results show that estimates generated with this geospatial approach are well-aligned with estimates published by the DHS. The resulting maps with a continuous surface of estimates is also able to demonstrate subnational heterogeneity in health status in a way standard choropleth maps are unable. While the approach requires refinement and further validation, it is a creative way to use spatial analysis tools to address the demand for health indicators at local levels.
Spatial Analysis of Urbanization in Major Asian and African Cities
Authors: Ranagalage Manjula , Murayama Yuji
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The world statistics shows that 54% of the world population had been accumulated in urbanized areas by 2014. It is estimated that the global urban population will be increasing up to 66% of the total by 2050. According to the United Nations (UN) projection, the urbanization will be faster in Asian and African countries than the other continents. It is obvious this rapid increase will bring about serious socio-economic and environmental problems in the near future. Thus the geographical thinking of urbanization is becoming a vital topic to introduce proper urban planning for the future sustainability.Many geographers have focused on the urbanization pattern and process of the developing countries during the last two decades. In this connection, the scarcity of the spatial data has been an obstacle to study quantitatively urbanization especially in Asian and African cities. Based on this background, since the 2000s, the Division of Spatial Information Sciences, University of Tsukuba, has conducted the research to establish the city-based spatial information platform to overcome this obstacle, i.e., the lack of the data. The main objective of this project is to capture the urbanization pattern and process over the time by using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) techniques. The data on land use and land cover, land surface temperature, energy consumption, and population density are now available with the same spatial resolution in terms of selected cities.Our goal is to open the web-based GIS system to provide the geospatial database of Asian and African cities and scientifically discuss the urban sustainability by using scenario-based simulation. The projected future scenario will be useful for the urban policy by the “back-casting method.”
Demystifying Least Square Adjustment Using Android Smartphone and Graphic Calculator
Authors: Recamunda Roberto M.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. “Least Square Adjustment” is recommended as the best method for adjusting various surveying observations and computations used in map making. Its mathematical complexity and analysis remains however, a mystery to some students of Surveying, Cartography or Geoinformatics, who are not using high end, costly and branded soft wares. This paper therefore will attempt to demystify this epitome of survey adjustment by presenting a review of mathematical subjects like Matrix Arithmetic, Linear Algebra, Statistics and Differential Equations as foundation for understanding. Derived equations from this subjects and other learning materials is presented with complimentary explanation. Practical sample problems are solved using Casio Graphic Calculators programmed by the author and its results compared.. More advanced Least Square operations is introduced using “BIGLINE” an Android application for smartphones developed by the author. Programs developed were used to solve problems in Resection, Traverse and Coordinate Transformations. Comparative solutions present the same results against sample problems figured in books or published research papers. Challenges to its application and future developments will cap the discussion as well as its potential as a learning and practical problem solving tool necessary for a competent cartographer or GIS professional.
When marks become graphics. Rediscovering a forgotten Bertin’s fork?
Authors: Rouffineau Gilles
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Adaptations of Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams, Networks, Maps (Bertin, 1967), and more broadly Jacques Bertin’s graphics research published since the mid-sixties, are manifold. So is the wide range of fields chosen to present various visual transformations and deep interpretations proposed to explain his actual graphical methods. From agriculture to demography, or european electric industry to animal behaviour responding to the light (pill bugs…), anything that can be quantified, compared and classified could fit in some graphic treatment for a better understanding. In this respect, graphics is able to go deeper and faster than any other analysis.I would like to present a forgotten, unusual, rather unfinished, attempt to make use of graphics in a french design graduate school pedagogy during the eighties. Obviously, the impact of Bertin's research is huge in the cartography and social or historical sciences, but it seems seldom in the more casual educational domain, and more particularly in graphic design training course. Is it a paradox?
Online Hazard Maps, Risk Communication, Acceptance and Usage Continuance Intention Model: A Selected Review of Literature
Authors: Sari Kartika Puspita , Kanegae Hidehiko
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The rapid progress of communication and information technology, as well as geospatial technology in the last decades, has noticeably altered the manner in which spatial information about disasters is accessed, stored and disseminated. The Internet broadcasts static maps and interactive mapping about natural hazards, in which as a consequence, the public is now flooded by vast amounts of this cartographic information. However, there are a little theoretical or empirical study concerns how individuals accept online hazard maps as a source of information or a medium of risk communication. As an initial step of further research about the issue, this study, therefore, aims to conduct a systematic review on relevant prior research that can help to construct a model to define how individuals accept and intend to continue using this web-based cartographic communication medium. As a next step, we will extend this model to explain how the acceptance and intention might increase one's awareness of the risks of natural hazards as it subsequently affects decision making on risk reduction behavioral responses. We begin the analysis by reviewing the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) as the foundational framework for risk communication. As acceptance and usage intention is commonly described by Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Expectation-Confirmation Theory (ECT), we then comprehensively review selected literature on these notions. Various studies conducted within hazard maps, the Internet and risk communication context were evaluated to identify factors have not been incorporated into prior acceptance and usage models. The result of this study contributes to the theoretical novelty and helps to identify gaps of existing literature in the domains of user acceptance and intention of continue usage of online hazard maps in risk communication.
Ten Telltale Signs of Novice Cartography
Authors: Buckley Aileen R.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. A telltale is a small flag on a sailboat that indicates the flow of air over the sail (figure 1). The flags perform an important function as they provide an immediate and accurate indication of optimum sail trim (that is, the angle of the sail compared to wind direction) and course to steer (Jasper, 1987). As a consequence, they are the most important thing for the helmsperson and crew to watch.In English, the idiom "telltale sign" means "an indication of something that has happened or exists, sometimes allowing a secret to be known" (Longman, 2019). An example is use of an N-shaped line symbol in a legend to indicate that ArcGIS software was used to make the map (figure 2). This cartographic convention was not often used before the software introduced this option as the default method for displaying line items in a legend. Most traditionally-trained map makers would not use this approach, so it became one way to identify the work of a generation of newer map makers who used default software settings even if they wanted others to think they were experienced map makers.In this paper, "a telltale sign of novice cartography" provides evidence of map making by someone who is still learning the best or correct way to make maps. It can be thought of as a typical cartographic blunder by a person who makes maps but does not fully know yet what she or he is doing. These telltale signs can help map makers to know what pitfalls to avoid when making maps, they can help educators to know what to teach when instructing others how to make maps, and they can help map readers to know what to look for to determine the veracity of a map. They can, in a sense, reveal secrets about the ability of the map maker.Through an informal email by this paper's author, nearly 150 cartographers worldwide from academia, government, and the private sector were asked to submit their own list of telltale signs of novice cartography. They were asked to share ten things they think of as signs that a map was made by someone who is still learning or perhaps has failed to learn. The cartographers were not asked to rank the items in the list, nor were they required to provide exactly ten items in the list – in fact, some offered more than ten items, and some offered fewer.Nearly 100 responses were received as of January 1, 2019. The responses were compiled into a single text document. Content analysis was used to analyse the responses by interpreting and coding the text. Additional responses continue to arrive – those responses will also be analysed.The final results of this analysis will be revealed at the International Cartographic Conference in 2019. The data will then be made available to others to explore and analyse.
The Re-Scheme Project for the Mexican Cartography Plan
Authors: Cortina G. Cecilia Z. , Tun Humbert Leonardo , Pe'eri Shachak
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The Mexican Navy is empowered by its current federal legislation to produce charts over military and civilian ports within Mexico. To fulfil this task, a National Nautical Cartography Program has been developed. The program currently consists on a production and maintenance scheme of 254 nautical charts at scale within general, coastal, approach, harbour and berthing usage bands. The design of the National Nautical Cartography Program is the result of port infrastructure and maritime traffic analysis that also follows the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recommendations published in the “Regulations for International (INT) Charts and Chart Specifications of the IHO” S-4. This paper will present details on the re-scheme project that includes Electronic Navigation Chart (ENC) cell footprints and their compilation scales in order to produce a seamless chart coverage along the coastlines of Mexico and a more efficient production workflow. The re-scheme project intends to provide more detail to existing charts and also provide current updates to ever-changing port infrastructure of the country and the emergence of new navigation routes for commerce and tourism. Additional benefits of the re-scheme project include: Providing an orderly design of ENC cell for program management, standardizing progressive scales with chart display, and establishing better international collaboration between Mexico and its neighbours on charts along the borders and INT charts.
What strategies make compatible the stakes of nature conservation and the stakes of economic growth in protected area? Example of El Kala National Park, Algeria
Authors: Diaf Imene
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Public policies to protect natural environments are initiated by international organizations and are increasingly integrated in many countries. At the country level and at local government level, there is a regulation for the protection of species and the development of protected areas.However,in some countries, nature management policies do not pay much attention to issues raised by local populations, especially development issues. These seem often incompatible with the logic of protection of nature defended by the national administrations.There is a frequent contradiction between development issues based on the growth of usual economic activities and nature conservation issues. Recent studies show that there are ways to make these issues compatible. It is not a question of giving priority to one or the other but of bringing the two together while moving towards an integrated management of the protected territories. If the knowledge on this subject progresses for the countries of Europe, the knowledge is weaker for the southern shore of the Mediterranean region. The question of erosion of biodiversity is well understood by most countries bordering the southern Mediterranean countries. But it faces other priorities.Our study focuses on the case of a natural park located in the northeast of Algeria: the sector of the El Kala National Park, also known as EKNP. This territory faces a double strategic ambition: to strengthen the protection of nature but also to develop the agricultural economy and tourism. The question at stake is that of compatibility: how are the two issues compatible? What elements make it possible to measure the efforts undertaken? What innovative solutions can be suggested based on experiences from other nearby or similar territories? Our method relies on the analysis of 3 types of data: national statistics of Algeria according to its National Office of Statistics (NOS), conservation and development strategy documents and satellite data. Satellite data is used to measure the evolution of natural environments to measure the effectiveness of management measures. Then the results are confronted with the international scientific literature.Our study, resulting from the processing of LANDSAT images, shows an increase in the area of PNEK vegetation between 1995 and 2005. However, the study reflects the important contradiction between tourism potential and investment capacity. Public policies aim at the creation of large seaside resorts. On the other hand, no strategy is developed towards sustainable tourism in relation to the potential of the protected area.
Mapping Reality and Virtuality: Paintings, Maps and Hydrographical Surveying about British and American Settlements of the Shanghai Bund, 1845–1860
Authors: Fung Kam Wing
Published: July 2019

Abstract. On 8th November, 1843, Captain George Balfour (1809–1894) arrived in Shanghai to take up his position of the first British Consul in Shanghai. After he paid a visit to the Taotai 道台 of Shanghai Gong Wujiu 宮慕久 and had a discussion with the latter, both sides agreed and announced that Shanghai would be open to foreign trade since 17th November, 1843. The boundary of the British Settlement was mentioned in Land Regulations of Shanghai, the promulgated agreement between Gong and Balfour in November 1845; the southern end of the British Settlement was Yang-Kin-Pan Creek (Yang King Pang or Yangjingbin 洋涇濱 Creek; now Yan’an Road East) and the northern end Lijia chang 李家廠 (now Beijing Road East) [Figure 1]. The eastern end was not mentioned in the Land Regulations and understood as Huangpu River 黃浦江. The western end was unsettled but in the following year, it was agreed that it would be Barrier Road (Jielu Road 界路, now Henan Road Central). A survey of the British Settlement at that time gave the area of 830 acres and land deeds were issued. In 1848, the American Settlement was established. Consul of the US and Britain as well as the authorities of the two settlements both hired professionals to map the two settlements or invited the surveyors of the two navies to draw navigational or channel survey maps from Huangpu River to Yangtze River. This paper will use paintings, maps and sources on hydrographical measurement to give a succinct account of the development of cartography and surveying of the British and the American Settlements between 1845 and 1860.
Fast georeferencing/geocoding tool for old maps with large distortions
Authors: Gede Mátyás
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Maps created before the 17th century often have large distortions which make it useless to force them into any modern map projection by georeferencing. In a local scope, however, they preserve spatial relationships between map objects, therefore, using an appropriate control point set and local interpolation it is possible to define a quite accurate connection between the old and a modern map. Additionally, researchers in the past decades created long lists of settlements of these maps, often without any geometric information but matching most places with present day settlements. The author developed a web application to help geocoding these lists and at the same time to create an accurate georeferenced of the corresponding old maps. This tool displays the old map and a recent web map parallel, without forcing the projection of the web map to the old one. The user can load settlement lists, perform a bulk geocoding based on present day names. The geocoded places appear on the new map, and any of these points can be also placed on the old map, defining a control point pair. After setting enough control points, all the other place names can be automatically placed by local interpolation based on the control points. The place positions can be refined manually by the user, which will improve the accuracy of the automatic placement as well.
Bathymetric properties of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Jakobsson Martin , Stranne Christian , O'Regan Matt , Greenwood Sarah L. , Gustafsson Bo , Humborg Christoph , Weidner Elizabeth
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Baltic Sea bathymetric properties are analysed here using the newly released
digital bathymetric model (DBM) by the European Marine Observation and Data
Network (EMODnet). The analyses include hypsometry, volume, descriptive
depth statistics, and kilometre-scale seafloor ruggedness, i.e. terrain
heterogeneity, for the Baltic Sea as a whole as well as for 17 sub-basins
defined by the Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (HELCOM). We
compare the new EMODnet DBM with IOWTOPO the previously most widely used
DBM of the Baltic Se aproduced by the Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde (IOW), which has served as the primary gridded bathymetric
resource in physical and environmental studies for nearly two decades. The
area of deep water exchange between the Bothnian Sea and the Northern Baltic
Proper across the Åland Sea is specifically analysed in terms of depths
and locations of critical bathymetric sills. The EMODnet DBM provides a
bathymetric sill depth of 88 m at the northern side of the Åland Sea and
60 m at the southern side, differing from previously identified sill depths
of 100 and 70 m, respectively. High-resolution multibeam bathymetry acquired
from this deep water exchange path, where vigorous bottom currents
interacted with the seafloor, allows us to assess what presently available
DBMs are missing in terms of physical characterization of the seafloor. Our
study highlights the need for continued work towards complete
high-resolution mapping of the Baltic Sea seafloor.
A Method for Segmenting Medicare Expenditures to Inform Cost Effective Care
Delivery for Older Adults
Authors: Crowley Christopher , Kent Tyler , Wardlow Liane , Twaddle Martha
Published: July 2019

Introduction: Faced with growing populations of older, medically complex patients,
health systems are now incentivized to deliver cost-effective, high-value care. We
evaluated a new method that builds upon existing Medicare spending concentration studies
to further segment these expenditures, revealing use patterns to inform care
redesign.Methods: We obtained monthly Medicare expenditure data and derived baseline
comparison data using typical methods for identifying a yearly high-cost subpopulation.
We then applied the new methodology, ordering monthly patient expenditures from highest
to lowest to more extensively segment the baseline data. Our evaluation examined the
following within the new more extensive segmentation: monthly expenditure distribution,
corresponding patient counts, and occupancy of specific patient subgroups within the
extended segmentation of baseline data.Results: Compared to the baseline data, we found
further spending concentration, with 16.7 percent of high-cost patients being
responsible for about two-thirds of baseline expenditures. The remaining 83.3 percent of
the high-cost subpopulation exhibited lower spending, collectively accounting for about
one third of baseline expenditures. Additionally, we found that unique patient subgroups
occupied different segments over time, with specific subgroups comprising 8.3 percent of
the study subpopulation patients migrating into and out of each highest spending
segment, accounting for almost half of monthly baseline expenditures.Conclusions: With
monthly health care expenditures concentrated among small numbers of migrating patients,
our evaluation suggested potential cost-effectiveness in tiered care delivery models,
where small subgroups receive direct, active care interactions, while the remainder
experience surveillance-level care, designed to both address ongoing medical needs and
to detect emergent migration.
Hacer visible la reflexión docente: experiencia formativa innovadora en la asignatura de Tecnología Educativa II
Authors: Rodríguez Aguilar Melissa
Published: July 2019

El presente artículo analiza la experiencia formativa innovadora desarrollada en el primer período académico 2016, en la asignatura PA-209 Tecnología Educativa II, modalidad presencial, sección 1400, de la Carrera de Pedagogía y Ciencias de la Educación, de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, UNAH, campus de Ciudad Universitaria. La reflexión se hace a partir de la mirada del docente, y es lograda mediante la documentación de procesos, estrategias de enseñanza, vivencias y visiones que posibilitan la comprensión y transformación de las prácticas pedagógicas. Ser observador crítico de esta práctica formativa, permitió profundizar en las motivaciones intrínsecas que promovieron los cambios, así como indagar sobre cuáles fueron los aprendizajes significativos que adquirieron los estudiantes en la asignatura de Tecnología Educativa II. Se concluye con las lecciones aprendidas, desafíos y retos por enfrentar desde el conocimiento pedagógico, disciplinar y tecnológico con los cuales se construye la labor docente en el nivel superior.
Protective efficacy of commercial vaccines against a virulent field strain of Clostridium chauvoei
Authors: Ziech Rosangela Estel , Farias Luana D’Ávila , Balzan Cláudia , Luz Monique Aldren Burnett da , Frey Joachim , Vargas Agueda Castagna de
Published: July 2019

Blackleg is an acute and frequently fatal infection that mainly affects cattle and is caused by Clostridium chauvoei. Formalin-killed, whole-cell vaccines are commonly used to control blackleg. The aim of this study was to verify the protective efficacy of two commercial vaccines against the infection of guinea pigs with two strains of C. chauvoei, a virulent field strain (SBP 07/09) and the reference strain used in official tests (Manguinhos-Teixeira or MT). The strains used in the challenge were characterized by whole genome sequencing, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations of 15 antimicrobials were determined. To assess the protective efficacy, guinea pigs were vaccinated and subsequently challenged with C. chauvoei. All four vaccinated and challenged groups seroconverted after vaccination, while the control group remained seronegative, as determined by indirect ELISA. The identical performance of the two C. chauvoei strains in terms of virulence after challenge and their inability to infect vaccinated animals was correlated with their high genetic homology. Both commercial vaccines showed good protective efficacy against both the reference and field strains. Although C. chauvoei vaccination failures have been reported, the results from our study and others reported high similarity among C. chauvoei strains from all over the world, which suggests that the vaccine failures are not due to antigenic variability but inadequate vaccine management.
Effect of using trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on the metabolic profile of Holstein cows in the transition period
Authors: Collet Silvana Giacomini , Sousa Rejane Dos Santos , Ortolani Enrico Lippi , Thaler Neto André , Carpeggiani Michèli Cristina , Ferronatto Thais Caroline , Taffarel Gustavo Vinícius , Demeda Mateus Alan , Leal Marta Lizandra do Rego
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was to assess the metaphylactic effect of subcutaneous doses of trace minerals (copper, zinc, selenium, and manganese) and vitamins A and E on biochemical (NEFA, BHBA, fructosamine, urea, triglycerides, HDL, and calcium) and hormonal parameters (cortisol, insulin, and IGF-1) of Holstein cows in the transition period. Sixty animals kept in a semi-confinement system, with an average production of 22 liters of milk per day (Farm 1) and 24 liters of milk per day (Farm 2) and a diet according to NRC (2001) with a low metabolic challenge, were divided into two groups: a treatment group, supplemented with trace minerals and vitamins (MTVG) (n=30), and a control group (CG) (n=30). The collection of blood samples was performed at the moments M1 (21 days prepartum), M2 (14 days prepartum), M3 (7 days prepartum), M4 (parturition day), M5 (7 days postpartum), M6 (14 days postpartum), and M7 (21 days postpartum). The experimental design was a randomized block design and the data were submitted to analysis of variance with repeated measures in time within the random variable cow. Differences were considered significant at 5% significance level and trend at 10% level. No difference was observed between treatment and the interaction treatment × day in the assessed parameters. However, some variables showed a significant difference of day. NEFA levels (P < 0.0001) were higher on the parturition day. BHBA concentrations were higher after parturition (P=0.0031), with a peak at the third week of lactation. Fructosamine showed increasing values until the parturition day (P=0.0373), in which higher concentrations were observed. Average values of HDL were higher at 21 days postpartum (P < 0.0001). Triglycerides levels remained high during the prepartum period but showed a sudden drop on the parturition day (P < 0.0001), with lower values postpartum. Regarding serum calcium and IGF-1, lower values were observed on the parturition day (P < 0.001) for both parameters. Cortisol presented a difference regarding day, with higher values on the parturition day (P=0.0151). Thus, the use of trace minerals and vitamins A and E in animals with an adequate body score and low metabolic challenge presents a low response to biochemical and hormonal parameters.
The motivational role of intuitive law in the views of Leon Petrażycki
Authors: Drabarek Anna
Published: July 2019

A lot of controversy has arisen around the view expressed by Leon Petrażycki who proposes a division into intuitive and positive law. This division is not aimed, however, at contraposing that which is established by norms and that which could be referred to as desirable or ideal law. The content of intuitive law, just like that of positive – or statutory – law, is often equally irrational, barbarian, and backward. What Petrażycki has in mind is rather a significant, substantial difference between the two. It consists in a difference in the intellectual content of legal experience. Intuitive law does not contain any norms, but an awareness of the obligation to act in a certain way which is independent from any authorities. Intuitive law is individual and changeable, as its contents depend on one’s personal character. A certain similarity in intuitive legal experiences is, according to Petrażycki, largely dependent on the living conditions in the family and social group.
Sexual culture of students in the educational space of higher education in Poland and Ukraine - research message
Authors: Kempińska Urszula , Rudenko Mykola
Published: July 2019

One of the tasks of preventive medicine as part of sexual prophylaxis is to improve sexual culture. Sexual culture is the entirety of sexual life of a society that origins from magic, religion and ideology in its aesthetic, emotional, family and social manifestations. It permeates art, affects the law, creates its own myths, models of love, ars amandi, norms and customs serving as social rituals. The moral transformations taking place in all countries of the Western cultural area are manifested first of all by the loosening of traditional norms regulating sexual intercourse. Increasingly, researchers sensitize adults to the growing popularity of the so-called orgiastic sex, in which the escalation of sexual stimuli (influenced by alcohol and/or drugs) is associated with the lack of ethical standards and principles, which causes the preference of various atypical (eg. group sex) and deviant forms of sexual activity (eg. sadistic sex). The aim of the research presented in this study was to get to know the sexual culture of Polish and Ukrainian students. Research problems have focused on the following questions: What does the sexual culture mean for the respondents? How many times have the respondents betrayed their partner? How often do the respondents talk to their partners about sexual needs?