bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chonburi, Thailand
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

Chonburi is one of many cities in Asia undergoing rapid industrialization and economic growth. The conversion of former agricultural hinterlands into vast industrial zones has not just transformed the city’s economy and demographics; it has made it difficult even to define what is “urban:’ But the proliferation of agro-processing industries and fast-food restaurants has not hurt business for the city’s vibrant street food sector. Economic change has reinforced the traditional expectations that Thai women will contribute significantly to family income. As a result, the street food trade is dominated by women.
Manikganj, Bangladesh
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

Many of the characteristics of the street food trade in Manikganj reflect the poverty of the local population, as well as the cultural influence of Islam, most notably in the almost total absence of women vendors. The family nature of the trade is illustrated by the importance of spouses and female relatives in the production of the street foods for sale. Compared to most other cities except for Ziguinchor, demand for street foods is relatively limited, as is the variety of products offered.
lle-lfe, Nigeria
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

Ile-Ife is an ancient town, and its inhabitants have a long tradition of eating food on the street, which is sold predominantly by women who are culturally bound to support their own children in this land of non-pooling household budgets. In the decades since independence from British colonial rule, however, a combination of rapid urbanization and the spectacular boom and bust of the Nigerian economy has fueled the growth of the street food sector, as well as its conflicts with the military governments. In few other countries has a modern state waged such a destructive “street cleaning” campaign against its street food vendors, in the supposed interests of public health and civic order. The stalls of many Ife vendors were destroyed while the research study was in progress; the staff was able to document the immediate impact.
Implications for Research, Planning, and Policy
Authors: Tinker Irene
Published: October 2023

The ultimate goals of the Street Food Project were from the beginning focused on both the micro and macro levels. At the city level, our objective was to utilize the findings of the studies to identify interventions that would improve the economics of the trade and the safety of the food the vendors sold. These interventions were to recognize and support the critical role women, as well as men, play in each city’s trade. At the international level, our objective was to influence the organizations and debates that shape food policies. Chapter 9 illustrates how these twin goals played out in the food arena. At the local level, training programs in food handling replaced sporadic enforcement of unrealistic health standards in many cities. At the macro policy level, the EPOC studies helped reorient public health experts, particularly at the Food and Agricultural Organization, away from the support of stringent laws restricting the sale of food on the streets, toward a recognition of the value of the trade.
Blood is Thicker than Mud: e-Note goes to Compton on The Fresh Prince of Bel Air
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent
Published: October 2023

In the 1980s much was made of the The Cosby Show’s challenge to black “authenticity.” With its doctor-lawyer parents and collegebound kids, Cosby was a controversial attempt to uncouple blackness and poverty. But what most cultural theorists failed to note was the ongoing nature of this representational struggle, which reached new heights with the 1990 debut of The Fresh Prince of Bel Air. Although sold as a lighthearted, “fish-out-of-water” tale (a combination of The Beverly Hillmllies and Diff’rent Strokes), the ideological tensions underlying this sitcom were far from frivolous. Rather, The Fresh Prince of Bel Air was a collective autobiographical narrative about the traumas of integration in a post-civil-rights era. Not only did it take the black upper class for granted, as had Cosby, but it also wrestled, frequently and openly, with economic and cultural mobility.
High Yella Bananas and Hair Weaves: The Sinbad Show
Authors: Zook Kristal Brent
Published: October 2023

Although it lasted only one season (1993-94), The Sinbad Show provides a prime illustration of struggles that often take place within black television. Clearly containing the four common elements of black TV-autobiography, improvisation, aesthetics, and drama-the show’s behind-the-scenes politics of production offered important insights as to why in-group textual conversations among African Americans so often meet with resistance among predominantly white network executives and advertisers. Through its collective conversations about color and caste, The Sinbad Show expressed the duality and contradiction common to many black productions: that is, it highlighted the need to celebrate “our” shared experience (what I call nationalist desire), while at the same time challenging the very existence of such a thing. Such narratives exploded the myth of a single, unified black home, even as they set about reimagining and rebuilding it.
The Possibility of Republican Liberalism
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: October 2023

To make the case for the desirability of republican liberalism, it is necessary first to show that republicanism and liberalism are not altogether incompatible with each other. If they are—if republican liberalism is an oxymoron, a contradiction in terms that simply cannot form the basis of a political theory—there is no point in trying to establish its worth.
Citizenship and the General Will
Authors: Dagger Richard
Published: October 2023

Jean-Jacques Rousseau is not likely to be the first choice of anyone who canvasses the history of political thought in search of exemplars of republican liberalism. Rousseau’s republican credentials are good enough, to be sure, as a number of recent studies attest. The problem is that they may be too good to allow much hope of finding a significant strain of liberalism in his thought. Certainly his willingness to invoke a legislator who “should feel that he is capable of changing human nature,” his call for a civil religion that requires “a purely civil profession of faith, the articles of which are for the sovereign to establish,” and his declaration that people may “be forced to be free” seem to put him outside the bounds of most definitions of liberalism.
Turning News into Politics
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

Whole books have been written on news and politics in eighteenth-century England. They describe the government’s attempts to license or tax the press, or to subsidize some papers and intimidate others by libel actions. They mention the press’s influence in shifting power between political parties or against a particular “ministry.” And of course they are especially alert to any possible contribution the press may have made to the American or French revolutions.’ This study views the issue of news and politics quite differently. Our interest will be the way that news directed attention toward politics and away from society’s other institutions. We will be seeing how the news revolution helped in modernity’s project of politicizing life. Normally, when we speak of a political bias in the news, we mean that papers lean toward one party or ideology as against a rival, or that they are critical or supportive of an existing administration. But there is a deeper, more pervasive political bias in news, which is to insinuate that political attention is the mark of a thing’s importance. By now, this has become an assumption. But the scope of politics is not a natural constant; it has grown or hypertrophied in recent centuries, absorbing functions once performed by institutions whose growth was more natural.
American Culture and the Madness of Law
Authors: Campos Paul F
Published: October 2023

In the middle of a dull April afternoon I answer a telephone call from a reporter with the New York Times. The reporter wants to talk about Mahmoud AbdulRauf’s constitutional rights. He informs me that AbdulRauf, a shooting guard for Denver’s professional basket­ ball team, has just been suspended without pay by the National Basketball Association. Apparently, he is refusing to stand at respectful attention during that playing of the national anthem that always takes place before the beginning of any significant American sporting event. It turns out there is actually a league rule that requires all players to stand at respectful attention during the playing of the Star-Spangled Banner. Abdul-Rauf is claiming that he considers standing for the national anthem a violation of his religious obligations and furthermore considers the U.S. flag and anthem “symbols of oppression.” On what I hope is a slow news day, this rather absurd little dispute has been seized on by elements of the national media. “What about the First Amendment?” the Times reporter asks. Here we go again, I think: the law talk is starting.
Addicted to Law
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: October 2023

The President of the United States is about to step onto the tarmac of Denver’s brand-new airport, where he will deliver a campaign speech, framed artfully for the cameras against a backdrop of purple mountain majesty. After crossing cities and plains, deserts and mighty rivers, he has descended out of the clouds to bring us a message of hope, and to show us how to build a bridge that will reach the ever-receding future. Now he emerges from his ceremonial airship, to be greeted by kowtowing dignitaries, high school cheerleaders, crowds of the curious and the committed, and of course that swarm of equipment-laden journalists forever trailing in his charismatic wake. He speaks the words he has come all this way to deliver, words designed to be the first sound bite on this evening’s national news: “Today I have signed legislation to crack down on illegal drugs.”
The Future of an Illusion
Authors: Campos Paul F
Published: October 2023

The materialist tradition is massive, complex, ubiquitous, and yet elusive. Its various elements-its attitude toward consciousness, its conception of scientific verification, its metaphysics and theory of knowledgeare all mutually supporting, so that when one part is challenged, the defenders can easily fall back on another part whose certainty is taken for granted ... [hence] the defenders do not feel it necessary to meet your actual arguments, because they know in advance you must be wrong. They know that the materialist tradition-which they often mistakenly call “science”-is on their side.
The Banality of Goodness
Authors: Campos Paul F
Published: October 2023

“Napalming babies,” observed Arthur Leff, “is bad.” This I am willing to grant; although as Richard Posner points out in his inimitably relentless fashion, even that sort of moral statement needs to be qualified by its particular context Oust or unjust war; unavoidable consequence of battle or negligent infliction of civilian casualties, etc.). The essay in which Leff made this observation, “Unspeakable Ethics, Unnatural Law,” makes a stark case for the depth of the crisis modernity faces in regard to the evaluation of ethical and moral questions. Nietzsche sums up that crisis in a single sentence: “Now suppose that belief in God has vanished: the question presents itself anew: ‘who speaks?”‘ Let us pursue the answer to this question in the particular context of legal argument and judicial decision making.
The Carriage Mass
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Natividade kept thinking about the cabocla on Castelo hill, about the prediction of greatness and the notice of the fight. She began to remember that, in fact, her pregnancy had not been easy. But what remained in her awareness was the good fortune of glory and greatness. The fight faded from her awareness, as if it hadn’t happened at all. The future, yes, that was the most important thing, everything in fact. She said nothing as they rode by Santa Luzia beach. At the Largo da Lapa she questioned her sister about what she thought of the fortune-teller. Perpetua answered that she had a good impression, that she believed her, and both agreed that she seemed to speak of her own sons, such was her enthusiasm. Perpetua did, however, scold her sister about the 50,000 reis given in payment; 20,000 would have been enough.
There are Contradictions that Can Be Explained
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Don’t ask me to explain the cause of such modesty in the advertisement and the Mass and so much publicity with the carriage, lackey, and livery. There are contradictions that can be explained. A good author, who made up his story or placed importance on the apparent logic of events, would transport the Santos couple by foot or by public carriage or rented coach; but I, my friend, I know how things happened, and I relate them exactly as they were. At most, I explain them, with the condition that such a custom will not become a habit. Explanations eat up time and paper, they hold up the action and end up in boredom. It’s best to read with attention.
Maternity
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

At first they rode in silence. Natividade only spoke to complain of the dirty church, which had soiled her dress.
View of the Palace
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

In Catete, their carriage and a victoria crossed and stopped for a while. A man jumped out of the victoria and walked over to the carriage. It was Natividade’s husband, who was now going to the office, a little later than usual, because he had been -waiting for his wife’s return. He had been thinking of her and business, about the boys and the Rio Branco law then being discussed in the Chamber of Deputies.
The Vow
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

It was also said that the husband got out of the victoria and walked over to the coupe, where the wife and sister-in-law waited, and anticipating his questions, they smiled. “Don’t tell him anything,” advised Perpetua.
“Teste David Cum Sybilla”
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

“And so,” said Santos. “Now hasn’t the counselor, instead of learning, taught us a thing or two? I think he gave some good arguments.”
Just Two—Forty Years—Third Reason
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

0ne of my intentions in this book is not to bring you to tears.
Robespierre and Louis XVI
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

The opinions of Pedro and Paulo grew so strong that one day they attached themselves to something. They were walking down the Rua da Carioca. A glazier’s shop was located there, with mirrors of varying sizes and, more than mirrors, it also had old portraits and cheap engravings, with and without is well preserved, and for a little more money, I’ll put a frame on it. Here you go, a thousand.”
The Battle of the Portraits
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

There is almost no need to talk about the fate of the portraits of the king and the commissioner. Each boy hung his at the head of his bed. This situation did not last long, because both of them started to deface the poor engravings, which were not guilty of anything. There appeared donkey’s ears, ugly words, animal drawings, until one day Paulo tore up Pedro’s and Pedro tore up Paulo’s. Naturally, they avenged themselves with blows. Their mother heard the noise and ran upstairs. She restrained her sons, but they were already scratched up, and she went to bed sadly. Would that cursed rivalry never end? She silently asked herself that question, lying on her bed, with her face in the pillow, which this time stayed dry but her soul was weeping.
About an Inopportune Thought
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

And here comes a thought from the reader. “But if two old engravings can push them to blows and bloodshed, will they be happy with their wives? Won’t they want the very same and only woman?”
Solitude Is Also Tedious
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

But everything becomes tedious, even solitude. Aires began to feel a twinge of boredom. He yawned, napped, he began to develop a thirst for living people, strangers, it did not matter who, happy or sad. He began to frequent eccentric neighborhoods, he climbed the hillsides, he went to the old churches, to the new streets, to Copacabana and Tijuca. The sea there, here the forest and the view, awoke in him an infinity of echoes which seemed to him to be the very voices of the ancients. All this he wrote, at night, to fortify his resolve to continue his solitary life. But there is no resolve against need.
About the Young Lady
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

At that time the twins were both at the university, one at the School of Law in Sao Paulo and the other at the School of Medicine in Rio. It would not be long before they were graduated and ready, one to defend people’s rights and wrongs and the other to help them live and die. All contrasts reside within man.
Discord Is Not as Ugly as Is Said
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Discord is not as ugly as they say, my friend. it is neither ugly, nor sterile. Count only how many books it has produced, from Homer to the present day, not excluding ... not excluding what? l was going to say this one, but Modesty waves to me from afar that I should stop here. l stop here, and long live Modesty, which hardly can stand the capital letter I give her, the letter and the hurrahs, but she will have to go with it and with them. Hurrah for Modesty, and let us exclude this book. Leave only the great epics and tragedies that Discord gave life to, and tell me if such effects do not prove the grandeur of the cause. No, discord is not as ugly as it is painted.
The Incident of the Donkey
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

If Aires followed his inclinations, and I his, neither he would continue to walk, nor I would start this chapter. We would remain in the previous one, without ever finishing it. But there is nothing in memory that lasts, if some more forceful event claims our attention, and a simple donkey made Carmen and her song disappear.
An Hypothesis
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Visions and reminiscences thus ate up the counselor’s time and space, to the point that they made him forget Natividade’s request. But he did not forget it entirely, and the words exchanged with her jumped out at him from the cobblestones on the street. He considered that he had nothing to lose in studying the two boys. He even was able to grab hold of an hypothesis, a kind of swallow that flies between the trees, swooping down and then up again, landing here, landing there, taking off again, and dissipating in a flurry of motion. The vague and colorful hypothesis was this: that if the twins had been born from him they would hardly have diverged at all, thanks to the equilibrium of his spirit. The soul of the old man began to sprout shoots of I know not what retrospective desires, and to review that hypothesis, another Caracas, another Carmen, he the father, these boys his, the whole swallow which took flight in a silent rustling of movement.
The Speech
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Natividade had no distractions of any kind. Her entire sense of self resided in her sons and now especially in the letter and the speech.
Terpsichore
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

None of these things bothered Natividade. She was more concerned with the ball on the Ilha Fiscal which took place in November to honor the Chilean naval officers. Not that she herself still danced, but she enjoyed watching others dance and now had the opinion that dance is a pleasure of the eyes. This opinion is one of the effects of that bad habit of growing old. Do not fall into that habit, reader. There are others, also bad, none worse, this is the worst. Let the philosophers say that old age is a useful state because of the experience and other advantages. Do not grow old, my friend, as much as the years invite you to leave Spring behind. At best, accept Summer. Summer is good, warm, the nights are brief, it is true, but the dawns do not always bring fog, and the sky is born blue. Thus you will dance forever.
Confidences
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

One understands that was not exactly the case. It was not with greater or lesser pleasure. It was a rule of society, since Flora had asked him to, I am not sure whether discreetly. That politeness might have also been linked to some desire to learn a secret, I will not be the one to deny, nor you, not even he himself After a few minutes, Aires felt how this little one revived in him some dead voices, barren or unborn, voices of a father. The twins had only given him that same sensation once because they were Natividade’s sons. Here it was not the mother, it was Flora herself, her gestures, her speech, and perchance her fate.
The Reunion
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Well, you have now seen how Flora received Pedro’s brother; just as she would have received Paulo’s brother. Both were apostles. Paulo thought her prettier than a few months before and told her so that same afternoon in Sao Clemente, with this familiar and cordial phrase: “Madam, you are lovelier than ever.”
The Morning of the I5th
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

When things like this occurred, it was Aires’s custom to leave the house early for a stroll. He did not always get it right. This time he went to the Passeio PU.blico. He arrived at seven thirty in the morning, walked through the entrance up to the terrace, and looked out at the sea. The ocean was choppy. Aires began to walk back and forth along the terrace, listening to the waves and looking over the rail from time to time to see them crash against the seawall and retreat. He liked it when the sea was like this. He thought of the waves as having a strong soul that moved them to intimidate the earth. The water, curling over itself, gave him a sensation, more than of life, of a person, who did not lack nerves and muscles and who possessed a voice with which to shout out his anger.
“Stop on ‘D’”
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

“But His Excellency is having lunch,” said the servant on the stair landing, to someone who asked to speak to the counselor.
Between the Sons
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

When Santos arrived home, Natividade was restless, not having received exact and definitive word of the events.
The Club and the Spade
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Friends of the household came to visit, bringing news and rumors. They varied little, and generally there was no sure opinion about the result. Nobody knew if the victory of the movement was a good or an evil; they just knew it was a fact. Thus the naivete with which somebody proposed the usual game of whist, and the good will of others in accepting the proposal. Santos, while he declared that he would not play, ordered the cards and the chips brought out, but others were of the opinion that a player was missing, and without him it would not be the same. He wanted to resist. It would not be fitting that on the very day the monarchy had fallen or would fall, he give himself to recreation. He did not think this aloud or softly, but to himself, and perhaps he read it in his wife’s face.
The Commission
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

The words have escaped me. Yes, a commission was given to her father and l know nothing about it, nor did she. Confidential business. Flora called it the commission from hell. Her father, without going that deep, mentally agreed with her. Verbally he denied the characterization.
The ‘‘Regress”
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

When Marshal Deodoro dissolved the national Congress on November 3, Batista recalled the era of the liberal manifestos and wanted to write one. He started it in secret, using the beautiful phrases that he knew by heart, Latin citations, two or three digressions. Dona Claudia held him at the brink of the precipice with clear and sound reasons. More than anything, the coup d’etat could be beneficial. Liberty is often served by seeming to suffocate it. Then, the same man who had proclaimed liberty now invited the nation to declare what it wanted, and to amend the Constitution except in its essential parts. The word of the generalissimo, like his sword, was enough to defend and consummate the work begun. Dona Claudia did not have her own style, but she did know how to communicate the heat of her convictions to the heart of a man of good will Batista, after listening and thinking, patted her on the shoulder confidently: “You are right, my dear.”
Textual Reference
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Before continuing, it is necessary to say that our Aires did not refer vaguely or in a generic way to a few people but to one particular person. His name then was N6brega. Before he was not called anything, he was simply that hawker of souls who met Natividade and Perpetua on the Rua de Sao Jose, at the corner of Miseric6rdia. You have not forgotten that the new mother left a note of 2,000 reis in the bowl of the alms collector. The note -was new and beautiful. It went from the bowl to his pocket in a hall way, not without some struggle.
A Visit to the Marshal
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Dona Claudia, when he finished, asked him simply: ‘‘Are you going to see the marshal today?” Batista, returning to his senses, said: “Of course.” They had agreed that he would call on the president of the republic to explain to him the commission that he had carried out, which was confidential and nevertheless, impartial. He would talk about the spirit of concord which guided his actions and the esteem he garnered. Then he would talk about the desirability of a government which, through strength and liberty, would be even better than that of the generalissimo, concluding with a final, well-studied phrase.
Oh, Two Souls …
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Come on, Flora, help me, by quoting something, verse or prose, which expresses your situation. Quote Goethe, my friend, quote a fitting verse from Faust:
The Agreement
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

“As far as I can tell, one of you likes her, if not both,” said Aires.
Not Just the Truth Should Be Told to a Mother
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

t nine o’clock the next morning, Natividade was ready to go to the Mass that she had requested at the church in Gloria.

And two, three, four, five times she went to the door of their room to check if there were any sounds, in answer to the note she had left. Nothing. She concluded that they had come in late. She didn’t guess that they were sleeping on an agreement, nor what the agreement was about. As long as they were sleeping on soft beds, all was well. Anyway, she put on her gloves, went downstairs, got into her carriage, and went to church.
The Third
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Fearing those thoughts, what was Flora to do? She opened one of the windows to her room, which faced the street, leaned over the balcony, and looked up and down. She saw the starless night, the few people walking by, silently or talking, a few rooms lit and open, one with a piano. She did not see a certain figure of a man on the opposite sidewalk, looking at the Batista house. She did not see the figure, nor would it matter to her who it was. As soon as the figure saw her, it trembled and did not unfasten its eyes from her, nor its feet from the ground.
Withdrawal
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

That night passed without incident. The twins came, Flora did not appear, and the next day two notes asked Dona Cliudia how her daughter was doing. The mother responded that she was well. But Flora did not receive them with the usual happiness. There was something wrong that made her quiet. They asked her for music, she played. That was good because it was a way of withdrawing into herself. She did not respond to their handclasps as they supposed she had until a short while ago. Thus it was that night, and so it went on the following. First one then the other arrived early, thinking it was the presence of the rival that confused the girl. But precedence was worth nothing.
A Private Christ
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

All of this took such a toll on her that she ended up asking her Christ for an appointment for her father-a post as governor or any other commission far away from Rio. Jesus Christ does not distribute government posts in this world.
The Doctor Aires
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

0ne day it seemed to the mother that her daughter was nervous. She questioned her and discovered that Flora was having dizzy spells and lapses of memory. That was just the day that Aires appeared for a visit, with messages from Natividade. The mother spoke to him first and confided her fears to him. She asked that he question her as well. Aires put on the airs of a doctor, and when the young woman appeared and the mother left them in the parlor together, he took care to question her cautiously.
The Knotty Case
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

The twins also thought the case complicated. When they went to Sao Clemente, they got news of the girl without any confirmation of her return. Time went on. It wouldn’t be long be fore they consulted a fortune-teller, as two people did long ago.
The Answer
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

Not wanting to give the answer point-blank, Dona Rita consulted the girl, who replied simply: Tell him I don’t intend to marry.”
Both Who?
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

We were at the point where one of the windows of the room increased the amount of light and sky that Flora asked for, despite the fever, which was in fact low. What happened next should take a book. It was not right away, it took long hours and some days. There was enough time so Flora and life could have a reconciliation or a farewell. Both one and the other could be extensive; they could also be short. I knew a man who became ill when he was old, if not from old age itself, and he spent an almost infinite time in his final farewell. He was already asking for death, but when he saw the fleshless face of his final friend spying through the half-open door, he turned his head away and hummed a nursery song, to deceive her and live.
Old Ceremonies
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

The coffin is being brought out. All take off their hats, as soon as it comes through the door. People passing by stop.
A Summary of Hopes
Authors: Lowe Elizabeth , Borges Dain
Published: October 2023

“when one does not wish it, two cannot fight”: such is the old proverb that I heard as a lad, the best age to hear proverbs. In maturity they should already be part of the bag gage of life, fruits of ancient and common experience. I believed this one, but that was not what gave me the resolve never to fight. It was because I found it in myself, that I gave it credence. Even if it had not existed, it would have been the same. As for how I came not to want to, I cannot answer, I don’t know. Nobody opposed me. I got along with all temperaments. I had few disagreements, and I only lost one or two friendships, so peacefully, in fact, that the lost friends did not stop greeting me in the street. One of them asked me forgiveness in his will.
Defining the Public: Representative Men
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya
Published: October 2023

The emphasis raised at the outset and sustained throughout this book on the significance of race and rights as being constitutive of Emerson’s concept of American identity immediately calls our attention to a related subject: his inquiry into the exact nature of the public realm in which civil rights may be properly exercised or violated and in which racial identities are constituted. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in characterizing and critiquing the liberal public sphere as a category of bourgeois society. For many political theorists, this critique has hinged upon claims regarding the conditions for participation in rational-critical debate over public issues, and the unacknowledged gender-, class-, and race-based exclusions that have historically impeded the full realization of an ideally democratic process.
Locating the Limits of Consent in “Friendship”
Authors: Patterson Anita Haya
Published: October 2023

Action registers the connectedness of persons in public space. The reality of any single action is entirely dependent on the fact of its visibility and the presence and reactions of others.’ In The Human  Condition, Hannah Arendt is trying to make this same basic point when she excludes any biologically driven and thus “hidden” activities traditionally associated with the household from her definition of political action.2 The Greek polis, in her account, is a place in which all bodily action in political life (including violent action) has been reduced to talk:
The Geographic Mobility of Immigrants after Their Arrival at New York
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P
Published: October 2023

The immigrant who wrote these words in his diary in 1854 after the journey to America expressed the misgivings most immigrants must have felt at some point in their travels. But this immigrant and his family were not standing on the docks of lower Manhattan when he began to have his doubts. Instead, they were on the shores of Lake Michigan, having just been deposited by steamer at Milwaukee. Though he was unsure of what his next step would be, he had planned all along to travel to Wisconsin. He and his family arrived at New York, but left the same afternoon, bound immediately for the interior where they had heard opportunity lay. Although much progress has been made over the last fifty years in measuring the geographic mobility of nineteenth-century Americans, we still know little of the paths followed by people like the immigrant described above in moving from one location to another. Both the earliest studies of geographic mobility by Malin, Curti, and Bogue that focused on the farming frontier, and more recent work on urban places in both the East and the West by Thernstrom, Katz, Griffen and Griffen, and Galenson, have focused on the experience of individuals located in documentary sources in the same location over several years. These studies have calculated the fraction of the population observed in a place at one point in time that is still located in that place after a period of time, usually a decade (the decadal persistence rate), and examined the characteristics associated with the probability that individuals would remain in the same community. The experience of individuals who changed locations has been inferred from their appearance in and disappearance from these sources.
Occupational Change at Arrival
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P
Published: October 2023

The research of a generation of economic and social historians has given us considerable insight into the occupational mobility experienced in the United States by immigrants in the first half of the nineteenth century. This work has shown that upward occupational mobility was infrequent during the careers of first-generation immigrants in the United States: no more than a third of immigrants who began their careers in the United States as unskilled workers in cities as different as Newburyport, Boston, Poughkeepsie, and South Bend were able to rise into the ranks of skilled or white collar workers, even after several decades in the United States. This poor performance seems inconsistent with the belief expressed by many immigrants that the United States was a place where economic advancement—particularly occupational mobility—was likely. This apparent paradox may result from a censoring problem in these studies: they examine immigrants’ U.S. occupations using sources such as the U.S. census, city directories, and local tax records, while immigrants were probably least likely to be enumerated in such sources in their first years in the United States. As a result, these studies may miss a great deal of occupational mobility if mobility was most likely in the first years after arrival. Even if occupational mobility was genuinely infrequent among recent arrivals, immigrants’ optimism may have been justified if some of those observed as white collar, skilled workers, or farmers in the United States had been unskilled workers before they left Europe. To see whether either of these is the case, we need to know how immigrants’ postmigration occupations changed as their time in the United States increased, and how their premigration and postmigration occupations compared.
Conclusions
Authors: Ferrie Joseph P
Published: October 2023

The early years of antebellum immigrants’ experience in the United States were years of change. From their arrival at the docks of New York until up to twenty years later, they changed their locations, their occupations, and their wealth holdings, and changed them in ways consistent with an effort to find their niche in the economy of their adopted homeland. Some groups had a more difficult time than others in making these transitions: by virtually every measure, the Irish fared considerably worse than the British or Germans who arrived over the 1840s. But even the Irish experienced the extensive mobility characteristic of antebellum immigrants in the years immediately after their arrival in the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Rothman David J
Published: October 2023

The starting point for this book rests in my ongoing puzzlement and fascination with question of why the America health car system 1s so highly 1d1osyncrabc. Although the notion of American exceptionalism can be exaggerated, among Western countries American medicine stands out as practically unique. No matter what the yardstick, the differences are profound. Compared to other industrialized countries, the United States trains a greater percentage of medical specialists and subspecialists. We insist more vigorously than others on the right to choose our own doctors; we pay higher fees for each visit and procedure, in the process making American physicians the richest in the world. We invest more heavily than others in biomedical research. No other country follows medical developments as closely as we do; more medical journalists are employed in the United States than anywhere else. And as everyone knows, we devote more of our national resources to health care. It now represents a trilliondollar industry.
The Iron Lung and Democratic Medicine
Authors: Rothman David J
Published: October 2023

The first encounter of Americans with life-saving medical technologies was the iron lung, a clumsy but often effective machine that was capable of rescuing polio victims from imminent death. Invented in 1928 by Philip Drinker and widely distributed immediately thereafter, the iron lung became the occasion for Americans to express and absorb the values that would continue to influence national attitudes and practices decades later. Around this device, Americans formulated their initial ideas about allocating scarce medical resources. It is here that we find the origins of the ethic that life-saving technologies had to be available to everyone, that the prospect of benefits, however slim, outweighed the costs, however substantial. And it is here that the message Blue Cross so energetically spread received compelling reinforcement: that the private sector was fully capable of meeting the challenges which the distribution of scarce and powerful medical resources presented. Through private initiatives, not government programs, this country could escape making hard choices about allocation. To the question of who lives, who dies, the answer could well be, everyone lives.
No Limits
Authors: Rothman David J
Published: October 2023

American health care policy in the early 1990s seemed to be on the verge of a genuine revolution. Even skeptical observers were persuaded that the twin pillars upholding past practices were crumbling and a new departure was imminent. First, as we have seen, Americans were apparently becoming disenchanted with medical technologies, recognizing the need for tough-minded decisions about allocation. But, second, and even more astonishing, the middle classes were becoming acutely dissatisfied with the workings of private health insurance. The marketplace was letting them down, not giving them the protections they needed. The concern was not so much about the 40 million uninsured Americans as the fact that the insurance costs of the middle classes were climbing and their coverage was jeopardized if they changed jobs or became unemployed. To a number of political analysts and health economists, these two perspectives, joined together, significantly improved the prospects for national health insurance. Once the middle classes felt the need to make trade-offs, to give up unbounded access to medical machines in return for guaranteed coverage, it might well be possible to provide a health insurance program for all by the year 2000.
The Economic Transformation of Latin America.
Authors: Roberts Paul Craig , Araujo Karen Lafollette
Published: October 2023

As the twentieth century enters its final years, Latin America is enveloped in tumultuous change. Countries that had for decades relied on socialist development planning and inward-looking protectionist policies privatized, deregulated, and opened their economies to global trade. Like Hernan Cortes, who burned his ships behind him as he set off to conquer the New World, the new political leaders burned their bridges to the old order. They democratized political systems, and a civil society emerged independent of the state. From Mexico to Argentina, governments subjected themselves to standards of truth, morality, and justice, elevating the rights of the individual over privileges that had been seized by the state. The outcome of the reforms is a rebirth in all areas of life: economic, political, social, and spiritual.

This claim may seem excessive in view of the corruption charges made against the Salinas family and Carlos Menem’s family. However, it would be a mistake to view the escalating corruption charges as a sign of rising corruption. Rather, the allegations indicate that a formerly untouchable class can now be held accountable. It is the success of Salinas and Menem in opening the political system that has made such allegations possible. The charges would be more appropriately viewed as signs of increased accountability and political competition.
Outdated International Development Institutions
Authors: Roberts Paul Craig , Araujo Karen Lafollette
Published: October 2023

The World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), and InterAmerican Development Bank (IDB) own or lease space in some twenty-five buildings in downtown Washington, D.C. Their principal buildings reflect an opulence that only public money can afford. The IMF headquarters is located at 700 19th Street. Inside, an imposing lobby is crowned with a twelve-story atrium. Marble and fountains abound. Stairs rise to a second-level dining room where international bureaucrats and their guests dine under chandeliers among flowers and tropical trees.

Across the street on a site two blocks from the White House, a new World Bank headquarters is under construction. The complex, with gleaming glass towers, will occupy a city block. According to the Financial Times, the construction costs were $83.5 million over budget as of July 16, 1993. Still unfinished in 1996, the overruns alone may exceed the original estimate of $200 million for the building.

The Inter-American Development Bank is a spectacular twelvestory building that fills a city block along New York Avenue at 13th Street. A central atrium of beige, black, and white marble sports a seven-story stone fountain in an Aztec reminiscent design from which a waterfall cascades to the lobby below.
Epidemiology and Risk Assessment
Authors: Samet Jonathan M , Burke Thomas A
Published: October 2023

Risk assessment is now a widely used term for a systematic approach to characterizing the risks posed to individuals and populations by environmental pollutants and other potentially adverse exposures. Risk assessment is increasingly applied as a translational tool for moving from research findings to the implementation and evaluation of policies. In the United States, its use is either explicitly or implicitly required by a number of federal statutes (Table 5-1), and its application worldwide is mounting. This chapter provides an introduction to risk assessment, focusing on those aspects of its methodology most pertinent to epidemiologists and addressing the use of epidemiologic data in risk assessment.
An Agricultural Empire
Authors: Bogue Allan G
Published: October 2023

From the early nineteenth century through the first decades of the twentieth, settlers created farms in the American trans-Mississippi West. Each life story in this process was unique, but similar elements might be found in all of them. Collectively, these biographies compose the history of American agriculture and settlement west of the Mississippi. The settlers directed torrents of grain and mountains of meat, hides, wool, and cotton to the markets of the older states and of the world and by their example drew millions of hopeful compatriots and immigrants into the American West to share in the adventure of planting European-American settlements.
Religion And Spirituality
Authors: Szasz Ferenc M , Szasz Margaret Connell
Published: October 2023

In the spring and summer of 1788, a number of eastern cities staged celebrations in honor of the new Constitution of the United States. The most impressive of these “federal processions” occurred in Philadelphia, where, on 4 July 1788, a crowd of about seventeen thousand watched five hundred people file past in a mammoth parade. According to the eyewitness Francis Hopkinson, the marchers grouped themselves by guild or profession, and eighty-fifth in line (after the lawyers but before the doctors) strolled “the clergy of the different Christian denominations, with the rabbi of the Jews, walking arm in arm.” This public display of”charity and brotherly love” by Philadelphia’s clergy proved a first, not only for America but probably for the entire world. It pointed to the fact that religion in the new federal Republic would play a vastly different role from anything that had gone before.
Politics And Protests
Authors: Malone Michael P , Peterson F Ross
Published: October 2023

On an autumn evening along the Pedernales River in the hill country of central Texas, Lyndon Baines Johnson, president of the United States and Texas native, mounted his horse and began riding through his herd of cattle. Dressed in western attire, with ever-present Stetson, the tall Texan rode among the cattle with reckless abandon as Secret Service men in business suits jumped in jeeps and cars in order to stay close to Johnson as he exhibited his riding skills. Twenty years later, on his ranch near Santa Barbara, California, Ronald Reagan, the transplanted midwesterner, swung into the saddle of his horse and slowly led a small entourage along the hilly trails overlooking one of America’s most affluent comm unities. The planned activity allowed the Secret Service agents to don jeans and boots. The actorturned-politician became a westerner because of vocation, and his acquired horsemanship came from movie roles, not boyhood necessity.