bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contrasting paired benthic and planktonic foraminifera radiocarbon ages from Bermuda Rise ODP Site 1063 during Heinrich Stadials 1 and 2
Authors: Lippold Jörg , Fohlmeister Jens , Wacker Lukas , Kucera Michal , Kromer Bernd , Grützner Jens
Published: October 2024

We report 27 planktonic and 21 benthic radiocarbon ages from the subtropical marine sediment core ODP Site 1063 (Bermuda Rise) for the time range between 30 and 14 ka before present. Despite low abundances of benthic specimens, it was possible to measure radiocarbon ages down to ∼10 µg carbon using a MICADAS and the gas ion source developed at ETH Zurich. Based on a tentative radiocarbon–independent age-model we found that the radiocarbon reservoir of the bottom water varied moderately relative to the analytical and age-model related uncertainties throughout the examined time-period, but larger differences in the radiocarbon reservoir appear to have affected the upper ocean layer. In particular, radiocarbon levels around Heinrich Stadial 2 reveal surface radiocarbon content similar to that of the atmosphere, while during Heinrich Stadial 1 surface waters were significantly depleted in 14C.
Assessing the Intersectional Impact of Domestic Migration Law: Reacting to State-Created Categories and Vulnerabilities of Asylum Seekers in Israel
Authors: Sarkin Jeremy Julian , Morais Tatiana
Published: October 2024

In 2020, the Israeli Supreme Court held section 4 of the Law on Prevention of Infiltration and Ensuring the Departure of Infiltrators from Israel, also known as the Deposit Law, to be unconstitutional. Among other provisions, that law required 36 per cent of the wages of foreign workers to be paid into a dedicated account and returned when the person left the country. For years the Deposit Law had a negative impact on the lives of asylum seekers because of its racialised, gendered, ethnonational and religious impact. Its intersectional impact illustrates cultural, structural and systematic violence, which has been particularly punitive for asylum-seeking women, who are more exposed to sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV).

In this context, this interdisciplinary qualitative and empirical research article draws from empirical fieldwork conducted in Israel to understand the intersectional impact of the law. It therefore conducts a theoretical examination of the literature and connects that to the empirical study. Thus, the article empirically and theoretically investigates (i) the extent to which state-created categories foster unlawful multilayered and multilevel forms of vulnerability and discrimination; (ii) the intersectional impact of the Deposit Law and how it is related to SGBV; and (iii) how state-created intersecting vulnerabilities can be diagnosed. The overall goal of the article is to indicate the intertwined nature and interconnection between state-created categories and the inevitability of state-created vulnerabilities.
Model-theoretic syntax for the working syntactician
Authors: Steedman Mark
Published: October 2024

To bring linguistic theory back in touch with commonplace observations concerning the resilience of language in use to language change, language acquisition and ungrammaticality, Pullum and colleagues have argued for a ‘model-theoretic’ theory of syntax. The present paper examines the implications for linguists working in standard formal frameworks and argues that, to the extent that such theories embrace monotonicity in syntactic operations, they qualify as model-theoretic under some minor modifications to allow for the possibility of unknown words.
The case for eliminating excessive worry as a requirement for generalized anxiety disorder: a cross-national investigation
Authors: Ruscio Ayelet Meron , Rassaby Madeleine , Stein Murray B. , Stein Dan J. , Aguilar-Gaxiola Sergio , Al-Hamzawi Ali , Alonso Jordi , Atwoli Lukoye , Borges Guilherme , Bromet Evelyn J. , Bruffaerts Ronny , Bunting Brendan , Cardoso Graça , Chardoul Stephanie , de Girolamo Giovanni , de Jonge Peter , Gureje Oye , Haro Josep Maria , Karam Elie G. , Karam Aimee , Kiejna Andrzej , Kovess-Masfety Viviane , Lee Sue , Navarro-Mateu Fernando , Nishi Daisuke , Piazza Marina , Posada-Villa José , Sampson Nancy A. , Scott Kate M. , Slade Tim , Stagnaro Juan Carlos , Torres Yolanda , Viana Maria Carmen , Vladescu Cristian , Zarkov Zahari , Kessler Ronald C.
Published: October 2024

Background

Around the world, people living in objectively difficult circumstances who experience symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) do not qualify for a diagnosis because their worry is not ‘excessive’ relative to the context. We carried out the first large-scale, cross-national study to explore the implications of removing this excessiveness requirement.

Methods

Data come from the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative. A total of 133 614 adults from 12 surveys in Low- or Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) and 16 surveys in High-Income Countries (HICs) were assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Non-excessive worriers meeting all other DSM-5 criteria for GAD were compared to respondents meeting all criteria for GAD, and to respondents without GAD, on clinically-relevant correlates.

Results

Removing the excessiveness requirement increases the global lifetime prevalence of GAD from 2.6% to 4.0%, with larger increases in LMICs than HICs. Non-excessive and excessive GAD cases worry about many of the same things, although non-excessive cases worry more about health/welfare of loved ones, and less about personal or non-specific concerns, than excessive cases. Non-excessive cases closely resemble excessive cases in socio-demographic characteristics, family history of GAD, and risk of temporally secondary comorbidity and suicidality. Although non-excessive cases are less severe on average, they report impairment comparable to excessive cases and often seek treatment for GAD symptoms.

Conclusions

Individuals with non-excessive worry who meet all other DSM-5 criteria for GAD are clinically significant cases. Eliminating the excessiveness requirement would lead to a more defensible GAD diagnosis.
Genetic and molecular correlates of cortical thickness alterations in adults with obsessive–compulsive disorder: a transcription–neuroimaging association analysis
Authors: Zhang Da , Teng Changjun , Xu Yinhao , Tian Lei , Cao Ping , Wang Xiao , Li Zonghong , Guan Chengbin , Hu Xiao
Published: October 2024

Background

Although numerous neuroimaging studies have depicted neural alterations in individuals with obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), a psychiatric disorder characterized by intrusive cognitions and repetitive behaviors, the molecular mechanisms connecting brain structural changes and gene expression remain poorly understood.

Methods

This study combined the Allen Human Brain Atlas dataset with neuroimaging data from the Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium and independent cohorts. Later, partial least squares regression and enrichment analysis were performed to probe the correlation between transcription and cortical thickness variation among adults with OCD.

Results

The cortical map of case-control differences in cortical thickness was spatially correlated with cortical expression of a weighted combination of genes enriched for neurobiologically relevant ontology terms preferentially expressed across different cell types and cortical layers. These genes were specifically expressed in brain tissue, spanning all cortical developmental stages. Protein–protein interaction analysis revealed that these genes coded a network of proteins encompassing various highly interactive hubs.

Conclusions

The study findings bridge the gap between neural structure and transcriptome data in OCD, fostering an integrative understanding of the potential biological mechanisms.
Digital assessment of nonverbal behaviors forecasts first onset of depression
Authors: Ozturk Sekine , Feltman Scott , Klein Daniel N. , Kotov Roman , Mohanty Aprajita
Published: October 2024

Background

Adolescence is marked by a sharp increase in the incidence of depression, especially in females. Identification of risk for depressive disorders (DD) in this key developmental stage can help prevention efforts, mitigating the clinical and public burden of DD. While frequently used in diagnosis, nonverbal behaviors are relatively understudied as risk markers for DD. Digital technology, such as facial recognition, may provide objective, fast, efficient, and cost-effective means of measuring nonverbal behavior.

Method

Here, we analyzed video-recorded clinical interviews of 359 never-depressed adolescents females via commercially available facial emotion recognition software.

Results

We found that average head and facial movements forecast future first onset of depression (AUC = 0.70) beyond the effects of other established self-report and physiological markers of DD risk.

Conclusions

Overall, these findings suggest that digital assessment of nonverbal behaviors may provide a promising risk marker for DD, which could aid in early identification and intervention efforts.
Callimachus, Conon and Ptolemy: an Alexandrian epigram between geography and astronomy
Authors: Pontani Filippomaria
Published: October 2024

A neglected, anonymous and undated epigram on the world map of Ptolemy’s Geography, here critically edited for the first time on the basis of all existing manuscripts, proves a rare case of reception of Callimachus’ Lock of Berenice, with an emphasis on the bonds between geography and astronomy, and with so-called ‘geographical astrology’. It may stem from Late Antique Alexandria.
An intelligent fixed-time super-twisting sliding mode control of the uncertain hybrid mechanism
Authors: Li Xue , Gao Guoqin
Published: October 2024

In order to improve the global convergence performance of the super-twisting sliding mode control (STSMC) for the uncertain hybrid mechanism, especially in the high-speed scenario, and enhance the robustness of hybrid mechanism system to the uncertainties with a wide range of changes, an intelligent fixed-time super-twisting sliding mode control (IFTSTSMC) is proposed. Firstly, a fixed-time super-twisting sliding mode control (FTSTSMC) algorithm is designed by adding the exponential power terms with the fixed-time performance parameters in sliding variables and the transcendental function of the super-twisting algorithm in order to enhance the global convergence performance of the STSMC. Secondly, the existence condition of FTSTSMC for the uncertain hybrid mechanism is analyzed. The IFTSTSMC is designed by introducing RBF neural network to break through the limited range of uncertainties in FTSTSMC and enhance the robustness of hybrid mechanism system to the uncertainties with a wide range of changes. Then, the Lyapunov stability of the proposed method and the global fixed-time convergence of the system are proved theoretically. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed control method are verified by the simulation and the automobile electro-coating conveying prototype experiment comparing with two classical finite-time sliding mode control methods.
Late Talkers can generalise trained labels by object shape similarities, but not unfamiliar labels
Authors: Zuniga-Montanez Cecilia , Krott Andrea
Published: October 2024

Late talkers (LTs) exhibit delayed vocabulary development, which might stem from a lack of a typical word learning strategy to generalise object labels by shape, called the ‘shape bias’. We investigated whether LTs can acquire a shape bias and whether this accelerates vocabulary learning. Fourteen LTs were randomly allocated to either a shape training group (Mage = 2.76 years, 6 males), which was taught that objects similar in shape have the same name, or a control group (Mage = 2.61 years, 4 males), which was taught real words without any focus on object shape. After seven training sessions, children in the shape training group generalised trained labels by shape (d = 1.28), but not unfamiliar labels. Children in the control group extended all labels randomly. Training did not affect expressive vocabulary.
Aging and Mental Health: Collaborating on Research Priorities with Older Adults, Caregivers and Health and Social Care Providers across Canada
Authors: Giosa Justine L. , Kalles Elizabeth , Yogaratnam Karthika , Kim Tammy , McNeil Heather , Holyoke Paul
Published: October 2024

Age-related changes can affect mental health, but aging-focused mental health research is limited. The objective was to identify the top 10 unanswered research questions on aging and mental health according to what matters most to aging Canadians. A steering group of experts-by-experience (e.g., older adults, caregivers, health and social care providers) guided three phases of a modified James Lind Alliance priority-setting partnership: (1) a broad national survey (n = 305) and a rapid literature scan; (2) a follow-up national survey (n = 703); and (3) four online workshops (n = 52) with a nominal group technique. Forty-two unique questions on aging and mental health resulted, of which 18 were determined to be answered by existing evidence. Of the 25 partially and unanswered questions, 10 were ranked as top priority. Findings can be used to prioritize future research, knowledge mobilization, and funding decisions, and to promote and support collaboration between longstanding siloed research and care fields.
Six of one, half a dozen of the other? Examining measurement properties of different potentially traumatic event polyvictimization operationalizations using a multiverse analysis framework
Authors: McGuire Austen , Smith Daniel W. , Kilpatrick Dean
Published: October 2024

Numerous differences exist between and within research projects related to assessment and operationalization of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) for youth, especially when measuring polyvictimization. However, few studies have systematically examined how polyvictimization measurement differences influence PTE’s relation to functioning. This study sought to address these knowledge gaps by conducting a secondary data multiverse replication (SDMR) to systematically (re)evaluate PTE polyvictimization measurement approaches. Participants included 3297 adolescents (Mage = 14.63; 50.59% female; 65.15% white) from the National Survey of Adolescents-Replication study who completed a structured interview on PTE exposure and emotional and behavioral health (i.e., posttraumatic stress and major depressive disorder, drug and alcohol use, and delinquency). Results indicated that PTE operationalizations using a count variable tended to demonstrate better model performance and prediction of youth at-risk of emotional and behavioral health challenges, compared to models using a binary (yes/no) PTE operationalization. Differences in model performance and prediction were less distinct between models examining multiple forms of a single type of PTE (e.g., maltreatment, community violence), compared to models examining multiple PTE types. These findings emphasize the importance of using multidimensional approaches to PTE operationalization and the need for more multiverse analyses to improve PTE evidence-based assessment.
Fears of positive and negative evaluation and their within-person associations with emotion regulation in adolescence: A longitudinal analysis
Authors: Tsarpalis-Fragkoulidis Achilleas , Tran Ulrich S. , Zemp Martina
Published: October 2024

Fear of positive evaluation (FPE) has recently emerged as an important aspect of social anxiety, alongside fear of negative evaluation. These evaluation fears peak during adolescence, a developmental stage that is also often accompanied by difficulties in emotion regulation, thereby increasing young individuals’ vulnerability to mental disorders, such as social anxiety. We aimed to examine the longitudinal within-person associations between fears of evaluation, social anxiety, and three emotion regulation strategies (i.e., acceptance, suppression, rumination) in adolescents. Data were collected from a sample of 684 adolescents through an online survey three times over the course of 6 months and were analyzed using random intercept cross-lagged panel models. At the between-person level, FPE was linked to all three emotion regulation strategies, whereas fear of negative evaluation and social anxiety were associated with acceptance and rumination. At the within-person level, difficulties in accepting emotions predicted FPE, suppression predicted social anxiety, and social anxiety predicted rumination over time. These findings reveal complex interdependencies between emotion regulation, social anxiety, and evaluation fears, both reflecting individual differences and predicting changes within individuals, and further elucidate the developmental trajectory of social anxiety in adolescence.
Childhood adversity and adolescent mental health: Examining cumulative and specificity effects across contexts and developmental timing
Authors: Hardi Felicia A. , Peckins Melissa K. , Mitchell Colter , McLoyd Vonnie , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , Hyde Luke W. , Monk Christopher S.
Published: October 2024

Associations between adversity and youth psychopathology likely vary based on the types and timing of experiences. Major theories suggest that the impact of childhood adversity may either be cumulative in type (the more types of adversity, the worse outcomes) or in timing (the longer exposure, the worse outcomes) or, alternatively, specific concerning the type (e.g., parenting, home, neighborhood) or the timing of adversity (e.g., specific developmental periods). In a longitudinal sample from the Future of Families and Wellbeing Study (N = 4,210), we evaluated these competing hypotheses using a data-driven structured life-course modeling approach using risk factors examined at child age 1 (infancy), 3 (toddlerhood), 5 (early childhood), and 9 (middle childhood). Results showed that exposures to more types of adversity for longer durations (i.e., cumulative in both type and timing) best predicted youth psychopathology. Adversities that occurred at age 9 were better predictors of youth psychopathology as compared to those experienced earlier, except for neglect, which was predictive of internalizing symptoms when experienced at age 3. Throughout childhood (across ages 1–9), aside from the accumulation of all adversities, parental stress and low collective efficacy were the strongest predictors of internalizing symptoms, whereas psychological aggression was predictive of externalizing symptoms.
The rise, expansion, and endurance of Kaanul: The view from northwestern Peten
Authors: Barrientos Q. Tomás , Canuto Marcello A. , Stuart David
Published: October 2024

The ancient Maya political landscape was permeated by regional systems of political asymmetry. These hegemonic networks fluctuated through time, but the steady presence of a few especially dominant polities shows that they were a persistent feature with very real sociopolitical effects. Based on research carried out at the sites of La Corona and Achiotal, and epigraphic studies in many other sites in the Maya Central Lowlands, we offer a general interpretation of the historical and sociopolitical development of one of these hegemonic polities: the Kaanul dynasty. Combining epigraphic and archaeological data, we discuss the Early Classic political landscape in the northern Peten region (“Chatahn” Winik, Suutz', and Sak Wahyis), as well as the development and maintenance of political relations with the Kaanul dynasty for over two centuries. These data allow us to suggest that the northwestern Peten was not only a strategic point for the initial expansion of the Kaanul dynasty in the sixth century a.d., but also an important lynchpin for the maintenance of its hegemonic control in the seventh and eighth centuries a.d. We suggest that epigraphic and archaeological data of the northern Peten from the Classic period help to illuminate how a unique regional hegemony over the Maya Lowlands was achieved and maintained.
The team for a new age: Naranjo and Holmul under Kaanu'l's sway
Authors: Tokovinine Alexandre , Estrada-Belli Francisco , Fialko Vilma
Published: October 2024

The article presents the results of the last decade of archaeological and epigraphic research, which clarified the history of the polities of the ancient Maya sites of Holmul and Naranjo during the expansion of the Dzibanche royal dynasty in the eastern area of the Department of Peten, Guatemala, from the second half of the sixth century through the first half of the seventh century a.d. The discussion centers on the textual and material indicators of the geopolitical contacts of the royal families of Sak Chuwen of Naranjo and Chak Tok Wayaab of Holmul, including changes in polychrome pottery and hieroglyphic inscriptions, in particular, rhetoric of good governance and political loyalty. In the case of Holmul, the transformation affects the urban landscape of the site. New data clarify the relationship between Holmul and Naranjo during the initial period of their subordination to the kings of Dzibanche. The emerging picture of these secondary alliances and hierarchies within the Kaanu'l domain is essential for a better understanding of Classic Maya political systems at local and regional levels.
Impact of high-flow nasal oxygen therapy on postoperative atelectasis and reintubation rate after paediatric cardiac surgery
Authors: Öztürk Erkut , Ozyilmaz Isa , Yücel Ezgi Direnç , Recep Berra Zümrüt Tan , Tanidir İbrahim Cansaran , Hatemi Ali Can
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

Airway problems emerging after congenital cardiac surgery operations may have an impact on mortality and morbidity. Recently, to improve alveolar gas exchange and reduce respiratory effort, high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) has started to be used in paediatric cases. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of high-flow nasal oxygen therapy on postoperative atelectasis development and reintubation rate in paediatric cardiac surgery patients.

Methods:

This study was conducted retrospectively in term newborns and infants younger than six months of age who underwent congenital cardiac surgery operation from 1 November 2022 to 1 November 2023 and were followed in the paediatric cardiac ICU. Patients who were receiving mechanical ventilator support at least 12 hours postoperatively were evaluated for the development of postoperative atelectasis and reintubation in the first 3 days of extubation. The patients were grouped as HFNC and non-HFNC users. Demographic characteristics, surgery type, and ICU clinical follow-up data were obtained from medical records. The results were statistically evaluated.

Results:

A total of 40 patients who did not use HFNC in the early postoperative period and 40 patients with HFNC in the late period during the study period were included in the study. The median age was 1 month (IQR 15 days–2 months) with equal gender distribution. Among patients, 70% of them were in the neonatal age group. Reintubation rates in the first 72 hours in HFNC users and non-HFNC users were 2.5% and 12.5%, respectively (p < 0.05). The median postoperative atelectasis scores at 24, 48, and 72 hours of extubation were 2 versus 2.5 (p > 0.05), 1.5 versus 3.5 (p < 0.05), and 1 versus 3 (p < 0.05) in HFNC users and non-HFNC users, respectively.

Conclusion:

HFNC therapy may have a positive effect on preventing atelectasis and reducing the reintubation rate in the early postoperative period.
Myocardial infarction in a 17-year-old patient diagnosed with MPOD II syndrome
Authors: Clarac Cécilia , Karila-Cohen Julie , Bonnet Damien
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism (MOPD) syndrome type 2, caused by a mutation in the PCNT gene (21q22.3), is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. Patients present with bone dysplasia, insulin resistance, kidney diseases, and cardiac malformations, making them prone to vascular diseases. Cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and coronary diseases are documented. The prognosis is associated with cerebrovascular complications.

Method:

We report a case of a patient with MOPD type II who suffered a myocardial infarction in our institution. Informed consent for publishing was obtained.

Result:

A 17-year-old female with MPOD II syndrome (20 kg and 86 cm) was referred for chest pain. Thoracic pains had been occurring for over a month, increasing in intensity, with an episode prompting emergency consultation. Initial tests revealed elevated troponin and an inflammatory response. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed ST-segment depression and elevation. Echocardiography revealed hypokinetic inferior walls with moderate concentric hypertrophy. A coronary CT scan showed subendocardial hypodensity. Diagnostic coronary angiography revealed tri-branch lesions and almost complete stenoses or occlusions on the circumflex artery (Image). No indication for interventional treatment due to diffuse atheromatous lesions. Exclusive medical treatment was initiated.

Conclusion:

MPOD II syndrome is associated with cardiac malformations and neurovascular complications, including myocardial infarction. Regular ECG monitoring is advisable. Active surveillance for coronary diseases is necessary from adolescence. Recognising this complication allows for prompt intervention. This case highlights the need for specific monitoring and prompt management of chest pain in patients with MPOD II syndrome. Primary prevention could mitigate the occurrence of coronary events in this high-risk population.
Team dynamics after implementation of guidelines for anaesthesia for children with CHD
Authors: Vogt Peggy , Libby Julie , Long Justin B.
Published: October 2024

Guidelines were created at our single centrer institution for which anesthesiology team should care for pediatric cardiac patients for noncardiac surgery. The goal of the survey was to assess inter-team dynamics after the implementation of guidelines and revealed that practice behaviour can quickly change but a sustained change in team dynamics and workplace culture takes time.
Factors associated with caregiver strain among mothers and fathers of children with advanced cancer
Authors: Olsavsky Anna L. , Sutherland-Foggio Malcolm , Stanek Charis J. , Hill Kylie N. , Himelhoch Alexandra C. , Kenney Ansley E. , Humphrey Lisa , Olshefski Randal , Skeens Micah A. , Nahata Leena , Gerhardt Cynthia A.
Published: October 2024

Objectives

To characterize caregiver experiences in the context of advanced pediatric cancer by identifying individual (i.e., demographic factors, stress) and family context factors (i.e., family roles, social support) associated with caregiver strain.

Methods

Families of children (ages 5–25) with advanced cancer (i.e., physician-estimated prognosis < 60%, relapsed/refractory disease) were recruited from a large children’s hospital. Mothers (n = 55; 87% White) and fathers (n = 30; 83% White) reported on their caregiver strain, cancer-specific stress, general stress, social support, division of 7 family roles (e.g., medical care of ill child, household chores), and their satisfaction with each role.

Results

Parents reported moderate caregiver strain, cancer-specific stress, and general stress, and high social support and satisfaction with family roles. Fathers reported family roles were shared equally, whereas mothers reported either sharing roles or completing them independently. When accounting for income and partnership status, greater caregiver strain for mothers was associated with greater general stress, greater satisfaction with family roles, and lower social support. For fathers, greater caregiver strain was associated only with greater cancer-specific stress.

Significance of results

In the context of advanced pediatric cancer, fathers may experience caregiver strain as cancer-specific stress increases, whereas mothers’ strain may depend on broader family and social factors. Psychosocial providers should address general and cancer-specific stress within families, and provide resources for enhancing mothers’ social support. Additional research is needed with larger, more diverse samples to inform future intervention approaches.
Landslide Hazard Is Projected to Increase Across High Mountain Asia
Authors: Stanley Thomas A. , Soobitsky Rachel B. , Amatya Pukar M. , Kirschbaum Dalia B.
Published: October 2024

High Mountain Asia has long been known as a hotspot for landslide risk, and studies have suggested that landslide hazard is likely to increase in this region over the coming decades. Extreme precipitation may become more frequent, with a nonlinear response relative to increasing global temperatures. However, these changes are geographically varied. This article maps probable changes to landslide hazard, as shown by a landslide hazard indicator (LHI) derived from downscaled precipitation and temperature. In order to capture the nonlinear response of slopes to extreme precipitation, a simple machine‐learning model was trained on a database of landslides across High Mountain Asia to develop a regional LHI. This model was applied to statistically downscaled data from the 30 members of the Seamless System for Prediction and Earth System Research large ensembles to produce a range of possible outcomes under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 2‐4.5 and 5‐8.5. The LHI reveals that landslide hazard will increase in most parts of High Mountain Asia. Absolute increases will be highest in already hazardous areas such as the Central Himalaya, but relative change is greatest on the Tibetan Plateau. Even in regions where landslide hazard declines by year 2100, it will increase prior to the mid‐century mark. However, the seasonal cycle of landslide occurrence will not change greatly across High Mountain Asia. Although substantial uncertainty remains in these projections, the overall direction of change seems reliable. These findings highlight the importance of continued analysis to inform disaster risk reduction strategies for stakeholders across High Mountain Asia.
Increasing Optimum Temperature of Vegetation Activity Over the Past Four Decades
Authors: Wang Yiheng , Sarmah Sangeeta , Singha Mrinal , Chen Weinan , Ge Yong , Liang Liyin L. , Goswami Santonu , Niu Shuli
Published: October 2024

Over the past four decades, global temperatures have increased more rapidly than before, potentially reducing vegetation activity if temperatures exceed the optimum temperature (Topt). However, plants have the capacity to acclimate to rising temperatures by adjusting Topt, thereby maintaining or even enhancing photosynthesis and carbon uptake. Despite this, it remains unclear how Topt of vegetation activity changes over time and to what extent global vegetation can acclimate to current temperature changes. In this study, we evaluated the temporal trends of Topt of vegetation activity and the thermal acclimation magnitudes globally using three remote‐sensed vegetation indices and eddy‐covariance observations of gross primary productivity from 1982 to 2020. We found that the global Topt of vegetation activity has increased at an average rate of 0.63°C per decade over the past four decades. The increase in Topt closely tracked the rise in annual maximum daily mean temperature (Tmax), indicating that thermal acclimation has occurred widely across the globe. Globally, we found an average thermal acclimation magnitude of 0.38°C per 1°C increase in Tmax. Notably, polar and continental regions exhibited the highest thermal acclimation magnitudes, while arid areas showed the lowest. Additionally, the thermal acclimation magnitude was positively affected by interannual temperature variability and negatively affected by soil moisture and vapor pressure deficits. Our findings indicate that terrestrial ecosystems have acclimated to current climate warming trends with varying degrees, suggesting a greater potential for land carbon uptake. Moreover, these results highlight the necessity for earth system models to integrate the thermal acclimation of Topt to better forecast the global carbon cycle.
Simulating Arctic Carbon Emissions in a Warming World
Authors: Poe Jeralyn , Wells Jon , Sch�del Christina , Huntzinger Deborah , Riley William
Published: October 2024

Not all climate models include carbon from thawing permafrost, and those that do often disagree. Scientists are working to better inform models and assess how these crucial materials are simulated.
Hurricane Helene Brings Climate into the Spotlight in Vice Presidential Debate
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: October 2024

J. D. Vance and Tim Walz clashed over whether climate change is real and what solutions should look like (and whether they’re needed at all).
A Dimensionless Framework for the Partitioning of Fluvial Inorganic Carbon
Authors: Bertagni Matteo B. , Regnier Pierre , Yan Yanzi , Porporato Amilcare
Published: October 2024

Rivers are pivotal in the global carbon cycle, transporting terrestrial carbon to the ocean while emitting significant amount of to the atmosphere. However, the partitioning of fluvial inorganic carbon (IC) between downstream transport and atmospheric evasion remains uncertain due to intricate hydrodynamic and biogeochemical processes. Inspired by Budyko's hydrological work, this study introduces a dimensionless framework to identify critical factors in fluvial IC partitioning: the IC fraction in equilibrium with the atmosphere and the ratio of advection to evasion timescales. River catchment analyses and modeling reveal that the equilibrium ratio determines the fraction of IC stably transported downstream. The hydrodynamic‐driven timescale ratio determines the fate of out‐of‐equilibrium IC, with low‐order streams favoring atmospheric evasion and higher‐order streams promoting downstream transport. This framework provides a simple yet robust approach to predicting river carbon dynamics, with implications for land‐to‐ocean transport, fluvial emissions, and climate mitigation strategies such as enhanced weathering.
Ocean Surface Gravity Waves Excited by the 2022 Eruption of Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano
Authors: Nishida Kiwamu , Ichihara Mie , Kubota Tatsuya , Tonegawa Takashi
Published: October 2024

On 15 January 2022, a massive underwater eruption occurred at the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano. The plume reached the mesosphere, and the eruption excited a significant atmospheric Lamb wave, which forced the tsunami. The complicated tsunami waveforms due to ocean‐atmosphere coupling prevented inferring the force history of the excitation. To address this, we analyze ocean surface gravity waves (OSWs) from 15 to 40 mHz, which are decoupled from the Lamb wave due to their slower phase velocities. Modeling these OSWs, we infer that the excitation started at 4:00 UTC with an amplitude of N and lasted for 5 hr, followed by a sub‐event at 8:40 UTC. The observations suggest an initial blowout of seawater above the summit and a subsequent outflow that excited a tsunami below 5 mHz. The 2 hr delayed OSW excitation from 6 to 15 mHz may indicate seawater inflow into the crater.
Statistical Study of Energy Transport and Conversion in Electron Diffusion Regions at Earth's Dayside Magnetopause
Authors: Fargette Naïs , Eastwood Jonathan P. , Waters Cara L. , Øieroset Marit , Phan Tai D. , Newman David L. , Stawarz J. E. , Goldman Martin V. , Lapenta Giovanni
Published: October 2024

The electron diffusion region (EDR) is a key region for magnetic reconnection, but the typical energy transport and conversion in EDRs is still not well understood. In this work, we perform a statistical study of 80 previously published near X‐line events identified at the dayside magnetopause in Magnetospheric Multiscale data. We find 44 events that clearly present all commonly accepted EDR signatures and use this database to investigate energy flux partition and energy conversion. We find that energy partition is changed inside EDRs, with a 71%–29% allocation of particle energy flux density between electrons and ions respectively. The electron enthalpy flux density is found to dominate locally at all EDRs and is predominantly oriented in the out‐of‐plane direction, perpendicular to the reconnecting magnetic field. We also examine the transition from electron‐ to ion‐dominated energy flux partition further from the EDR, finding this typically occurs at scales of the order of the ion inertial length, larger than the typical EDR size. We then investigate energy conversion and transport and highlight complex processes, with potential non‐steady‐state energy accumulation and release near the EDR. We discuss the implications of our results for reconnection energy conversion, and for magnetopause dynamics in general.
Very‐Near‐Field Coseismic Fault Pressure Drop and Delayed Postseismic Cross‐Fault Flow Induced by Fault Damage From the 2018 M6.3 Hualien, Taiwan Earthquake
Authors: Hung Ruei‐Jiun , Weingarten Matthew , Manga Michael
Published: October 2024

Earthquakes can produce rock damage, poroelastic deformation, and ground shaking that modify fault zone hydrogeologic properties. Coseismic and postseismic hydrologic response to the ruptured fault can serve as constraints on hydrogeologic property changes. Here, we document fluid pressure responses to the 2018 M6.3 Hualien, Taiwan earthquake and model the postseismic fault zone hydrology inferred from very‐near‐fault data. Two groundwater wells located ∼180–250 m from the fault damage zone experienced 10–15 m of groundwater level decline followed by a prolonged (>6 months) recovery. Poroelastic models indicate that strain dilation in the fault's hanging wall can produce water level reductions of several meters. However, the model cannot explain groundwater level change in the footwall nor the delayed postseismic recovery, suggesting fault zone damage played a primary role in both the coseismic and postseismic water level reductions. Fluid flow models incorporating the effects of coseismic fault damage on the temporal evolution of hydrologic fault properties show enhanced hydraulic anisotropy after the earthquake. The best‐fit models show that while both vertical hydraulic conductivity and specific storage likely increased within the fault zone, the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is low, suggesting the fault zone behaves as a hydraulic barrier to cross‐fault flow with modeled diffusivities as low as ∼10−3 m2/s. High‐fidelity hydrologic measurements in the very‐near‐field of fault zones (e.g., within a few hundred meters) may be a useful tool to constrain the spatial and temporal evolution of fault zone properties before, during, and after rupture.
LiveWire: Horizontal Geoelectric Field Prediction With 1‐hr Lead‐Time Using Multi‐Fidelity Boosted Neural Networks
Authors: Hu A. , Camporeale E. , Lucas G. , Berger T.
Published: October 2024

Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) are electrical currents generated by rapid changes in the geomagnetic field during space weather events, posing risks to power grids and pipelines. Traditional approaches predict GICs indirectly by forecasting , the temporal variation of the geomagnetic field, which is proportional to the induced electric field via Faraday's law. However, current physics‐based models driven by in situ solar wind measurements offer only 10–30 min lead times, insufficient for power grid operators to take mitigating actions. Additionally, grid operators prefer direct forecasts of the geoelectric field, which directly influences GICs, rather than relying on intermediate predictions of that require complex and time‐consuming calculations. We present a novel approach that directly forecasts the horizontal geoelectric field with a one‐hour lead time, bypassing predictions. Our method combines magnetometer data, magnetotelluric survey data, and solar wind inputs into a new probabilistic multi‐fidelity machine learning technique, ProBoost, resulting in the LiveWire model. Using data from the Boulder Geomagnetic Observatory (BOU) since 2002, we trained and validated LiveWire on the top 50 geoelectric field events during geomagnetic storms. Our results show that LiveWire outperforms both a persistence forecast and the operational Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) by at least 31% and 23%, respectively. This advancement in geoelectric field forecasting promises more accurate GIC predictions, helping enhance the resilience of critical infrastructure to space weather.
FTO-mediated SMAD2 m6A modification protects cartilage against Osteoarthritis
Authors: Zhou Hongyi , Xie Ziang , Qian Yu , Ni Weiyu , Cui Lei , Fang Xiangqian , Wan Shuanglin , Zhao Xiangde , Qin An , Fan Shunwu , Wu Yizheng
Published: October 2024

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is one of the most prevalent forms of epigenetic modification and plays an important role in the development of degenerative diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). However, the evidence concerning the role of m6A modification in OA is insufficient. Here, m6A modification was increased in human OA cartilage and degenerated chondrocytes. Among all of the m6A enzymes, the expression of the demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) decreased dramatically. Conditional knockout of FTO in chondrocytes accelerates OA progression. FTO transcription is regulated by runt-related transcription factor-1 (RUNX1). Reduced FTO elevates m6A modification at the adenosine N6 position in SMAD family member 2 (SMAD2) mRNA, whose stability is subsequently modulated by the recruited m6A reader protein YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA binding protein F2 (YTHDF2). Collectively, these findings reveal the function and mechanism of the m6A family member FTO in OA progression. Therefore, reducing m6A modification to increase SMAD2 stability by activating FTO might be a potential therapeutic strategy for OA treatment.
Resting-state functional connectivity in anxiety disorders: a multicenter fMRI study
Authors: Langhammer Till , Hilbert Kevin , Adolph Dirk , Arolt Volker , Bischoff Sophie , Böhnlein Joscha , Cwik Jan C. , Dannlowski Udo , Deckert Jürgen , Domschke Katharina , Evens Ricarda , Fydrich Thomas , Gathmann Bettina , Hamm Alfons O. , Heinig Ingmar , Herrmann Martin J. , Hollandt Maike , Junghoefer Markus , Kircher Tilo , Koelkebeck Katja , Leehr Elisabeth J. , Lotze Martin , Margraf Jürgen , Mumm Jennifer L. M. , Pittig Andre , Plag Jens , Richter Jan , Roesmann Kati , Ridderbusch Isabelle C. , Schneider Silvia , Schwarzmeier Hanna , Seeger Fabian , Siminski Niklas , Straube Thomas , Ströhle Andreas , Szeska Christoph , Wittchen Hans-Ulrich , Wroblewski Adrian , Yang Yunbo , Straube Benjamin , Lueken Ulrike
Published: October 2024

Anxiety disorders (AD) are associated with altered connectivity in large-scale intrinsic brain networks. It remains uncertain how much these signatures overlap across different phenotypes due to a lack of well-powered cross-disorder comparisons. We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) to investigate differences in functional connectivity (FC) in a cross-disorder sample of AD patients and healthy controls (HC). Before treatment, 439 patients from two German multicenter clinical trials at eight different sites fulfilling a primary diagnosis of panic disorder and/or agoraphobia (PD/AG, N = 154), social anxiety disorder (SAD, N = 95), or specific phobia (SP, N = 190) and 105 HC underwent an 8 min rsfMRI assessment. We performed categorical and dimensional regions of interest (ROI)-to-ROI analyses focusing on connectivity between regions of the defensive system and prefrontal regulation areas. AD patients showed increased connectivity between the insula and the thalamus compared to controls. This was mainly driven by PD/AG patients who showed increased (insula/hippocampus/amygdala—thalamus) and decreased (dorsomedial prefrontal cortex/periaqueductal gray—anterior cingulate cortex) positive connectivity between subcortical and cortical areas. In contrast, SAD patients showed decreased negative connectivity exclusively in cortical areas (insula—orbitofrontal cortex), whereas no differences were found in SP patients. State anxiety associated with the scanner environment did not explain the FC between these regions. Only PD/AG patients showed pronounced connectivity changes along a widespread subcortical-cortical network, including the midbrain. Dimensional analyses yielded no significant results. The results highlighting categorical differences between ADs at a systems neuroscience level are discussed within the context of personalized neuroscience-informed treatments. PROTECT-AD’s registration at NIMH Protocol Registration System: 01EE1402A and German Register of Clinical Studies: DRKS00008743. SpiderVR’s registration at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03208400.
Waist circumference-years and cancer risk: a prospective study of the association and comparison of predictive performance with waist circumference and body mass index
Authors: Hawwash Nadin , Sperrin Matthew , Martin Glen P. , Joshu Corinne E. , Florido Roberta , Platz Elizabeth A. , Renehan Andrew G.
Published: October 2024

Background

Associations of waist circumferences (WC) and body mass index (BMI) measured once or over time, with cancer incidence were studied. WC is associated with some cancers independent of BMI. Analyses of cumulative central adiposity and cancer are lacking. We investigated associations between waist circumference-years, incorporating exposure time to WC ≥ 102 cm in men or ≥88 cm in women, and cancer, and compared this with single WC or BMI.

Methods

Serial WC measurements taken over 9 years in the prospective Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) predicted yearly WC. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) of cancer incidence for waist circumference-years, WC or BMI, measured in Visit 4. Harrell’s C-statistic quantified metric predictive performances.

Results

10,172 participants were followed up from Visit 4 for cancer over a median 13.7 for men and 15.8 years for women. For obesity-related cancers, HRs per standard deviation waist circumference-years were 1.14 (95%CI:1.04,1.25) and 1.19 (95%CI:1.12,1.27), respectively. Differences in metric predictive performances were marginal.

Discussion

This is the first study to identify positive associations between waist circumference-years and cancer. Waist circumference-years did not provide additional information on cancer risk beyond that of WC and BMI. BMI is routinely measured in clinic so it may be preferred over WC.
The single-cell transcriptomic atlas iPain identifies senescence of nociceptors as a therapeutical target for chronic pain treatment
Authors: Techameena Prach , Feng Xiaona , Zhang Kaiwen , Hadjab Saida
Published: October 2024

Chronic pain remains a significant medical challenge with complex underlying mechanisms, and an urgent need for new treatments. Our research built and utilized the iPain single-cell atlas to study chronic pain progression in dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia. We discovered that senescence of a small subset of pain-sensing neurons may be a driver of chronic pain. This mechanism was observed in animal models after nerve injury and in human patients diagnosed with chronic pain or diabetic painful neuropathy. Notably, treatment with senolytics, drugs that remove senescent cells, reversed pain symptoms in mice post-injury. These findings highlight the role of cellular senescence in chronic pain development, demonstrate the therapeutic potential of senolytic treatments, and underscore the value of the iPain atlas for future pain research.