bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multiple feature-maps interaction pyramid network for defect detection of steel surface
Authors: Zhao Xinyue , Zhao Jindong , He Zaixing
Published: January 2023

Diverse categories, variety of shapes and uncertainty of contrast lead to challenges in accurately detecting the fine details of defects in steel surface images. Deep learning methods have provided accurate, real-time detection algorithms in the field of defect detection of steel surface in recent year. Most deep learning-based networks fuse information from each intermediate layer simply and directly, while the intrinsic relationship of feature maps with different resolutions is lacking. Therefore, a novel approach to exploit the attention mechanism, multiple feature-maps interaction pyramid network (MFIPNet), is proposed. MFIPNet is designed to consider both structural regularization and structural information in an integrated fashion by using the attention mechanism as a selector for multiple feature-maps. In MFIPNet, multiple feature-maps are integrated together with different contributions, which assists the network to better adapt to the complexity of the defects. The proposed method is evaluated on the public datasets both qualitatively and quantitatively. The results demonstrate that our method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches by more than 3.92% in mPA and 7.58% in mIoU.
An anti-noise fault diagnosis approach for rolling bearings based on multiscale CNN-LSTM and a deep residual learning model
Authors: Chen Hongming , Meng Wei , Li Yongjian , Xiong Qing
Published: January 2023

Bearing fault vibration signals collected in real engineering cases often contain environmental noise which can easily mask the fault type characteristics of vibration signals, making it difficult to determine the corresponding fault type when traditional deep learning methods are used for fault diagnosis. To solve the above problem, a neural network model named multiscale CNN-LSTM (convolutional neural network-long short-term memory) and a deep residual learning model was designed, which combines a multiscale wide CNN-LSTM module and a deep residual module for rolling bearing fault diagnosis. In this model, a wide convolution kernel CNN-LSTM structure with different convolution scales is used to extract a variety of different types of frequency and sequential features from vibration signals. It is worth noting that the wide convolution kernel CNN-LSTM structure not only has stronger feature extraction performance compared with the common convolution layer but can also reduce the interference of high-frequency noise. Moreover, the deep residual module with a wide convolution kernel CNN-LSTM structure is used to further improve the feature expression ability of the proposed model. The above algorithm enables the proposed model to better extract the fault features hidden in the noise signal. When compared with some state-of-the-art methods, the experimental results showed that this model has better anti-noise performance and better generalization ability for rolling bearing fault diagnosis.
Combustion diagnostics of metal particles: a review
Authors: Peng Fan , Liu Hecong , Cai Weiwei
Published: January 2023

Metal fuel is one of the attractive alternative fuels for its high energy density and zero carbon emission. In the past, they were often used as additives in fireworks and propellants. More attentions have been paid to metal fuels as the environmental issue and energy dilemma become increasingly severe. Ongoing efforts have been devoted to both modelling and experimental studies of metal fuel combustion. This review mainly focuses on the experimental progress in the combustion of micron-scale metal fuels during the past three decades. The experimental setups and the combustion diagnostics techniques used for single particle combustion and metal dust flames have significant distinctions, so they have been summarized separately. Those setups to produce single particle flames or metal dust flames are discussed in terms of their structure, scope of application, advantages and disadvantages. The diagnostics techniques are classified according to the physical parameters that are commonly adopted to characterize the metal particle combustion including burn time, temperature, particle size, dust concentration and burning velocity. Both online and offline measurement techniques are investigated in detail focusing on the measurement principle, system configuration and uncertainty analysis. Finally, the review is concluded with some unresolved problems in the field of metal particle combustion diagnostics, and provides insights into promising future research directions.
Creating pair plasmas with observable collective effects
Authors: Qu Kenan , Meuren Sebastian , Fisch Nathaniel J
Published: January 2023

Although existing technology cannot yet directly produce fields at the Schwinger level, experimental facilities can already explore strong-field quantum electrodynamics (QED) phenomena by taking advantage of the Lorentz boost of energetic electron beams. Recent studies show that QED cascades can create electron–positron pairs at sufficiently high density to exhibit collective plasma effects. Signatures of collective pair plasma effects can appear in exquisite detail through plasma-induced frequency upshifts and chirps in the laser spectrum. Maximizing the magnitude of the QED plasma signature demands high pair density and low pair energy, which suits the configuration of colliding an over

10

18

 

J

m

−
3

energy-density electron beam with a 1022–

10

23

 

W
c

m

−
2

intensity laser pulse. The collision creates pairs that have a large plasma frequency, made even larger as they slow down or reverse direction due to both the radiation reaction and laser pressure. This paper explains at a tutorial level the key properties of the QED cascades and laser frequency upshift, and at the same time finds the minimum parameters that can be used to produce observable QED plasma.
Simulation of ion cyclotron resonance heating by using particle-in-cell method in MPS-LD linear plasma device
Authors: Sun Changjiang , Sang Chaofeng , Wang Hongyu , Zhang Yanjie , Wang Yue , Bian Yu , Wu Jintao , Wang Dezhen
Published: January 2023

The auxiliary heating of electrons and ions in linear plasma devices (LPDs) is necessary to achieve the boundary plasma relevant environment of tokamaks, to investigate the boundary physics and plasma—material interactions. In this work, the simulation of ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) in the LPD multiple plasma simulation linear device (MPS-LD) is carried out by using a 3D particle-in-cell method, and the wave—ion interaction mechanism based on a ‘beach-heating’ technique in the ion heating region is investigated. A left-handed, circularly polarized wave along the magnetic field lines is used to represent the electromagnetic wave in the model, after the analysis of the cold plasma dispersion relation. The mechanism of ion heating by collisionless damping absorption is demonstrated and explained by using the plasma current as the plasma response. The dependencies of the heating efficiency on the plasma density, magnetic field strength and magnetic field configuration are studied. The correlation between plasma density and magnetic field strength, which satisfies the heating efficiency, is found and it is in perfect agreement with the theoretical derivation. Finally, by using the designed parameters of MPS-LD provided by SOLPS-ITER, the prediction of ICRH is performed. The simulation result shows that the ion temperature can be heated higher than 40 eV and it satisfies the requirement for scrape-off layer/divertor simulation experimentally in MPS-LD.
Plasma heating and particle acceleration in collisionless shocks through astrophysical observations
Authors: Miceli M
Published: January 2023

Supernova remnants (SNRs), the products of stellar explosions, are powerful astrophysical laboratories, which allow us to study the physics of collisionless shocks, thanks to their bright electromagnetic emission. Blast wave shocks generated by supernovae (SNe) provide us with an observational window to study extreme conditions, characterized by high Mach (and Alfvénic Mach) numbers, together with powerful nonthermal processes. In collisionless shocks, temperature equilibration between different species may not be reached at the shock front. In this framework, different particle species may be heated at different temperatures (depending on their mass) in the post-shock medium of SNRs. SNRs are also characterized by broadband nonthermal emission stemming from the shock front as a result of nonthermal populations of leptons and hadrons. These particles, known as cosmic rays, are accelerated up to ultrarelativistic energies via diffusive shock acceleration. If SNRs lose a significant fraction of their ram energy to accelerate cosmic rays, the shock dynamics should be altered with respect to the adiabatic case. This shock modification should result in an increase in the total shock compression ratio with respect to the Rankine–Hugoniot value of 4. Here, I show that the combination of x-ray high resolution spectroscopy (to measure ion temperatures) and moderate resolution spectroscopy (for a detailed diagnostic of the post-shock density) can be exploited to study both the heating mechanism and the particle acceleration in collisionless shocks. I report on new results on the temperatures measured for different ion species in the remnant of the SN observed in 1987 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (SN 1987A). I also discuss evidence of shock modification recently obtained in the remnant of SN 1006 a. D., where the shock compression ratio increases significantly as the angle between the shock velocity and the ambient magnetic field is reduced.
On the minimum transport required to passively suppress runaway electrons in SPARC disruptions
Authors: Tinguely R A , Pusztai I , Izzo V A , Särkimäki K , Fülöp T , Garnier D T , Granetz R S , Hoppe M , Paz-Soldan C , Sundström A , Sweeney R
Published: January 2023

In Izzo et al (2022 Nucl. Fusion
62 096029), state-of-the-art modeling of thermal and current quench (CQ) magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) coupled with a self-consistent evolution of runaway electron (RE) generation and transport showed that a non-axisymmetric (n = 1) in-vessel coil could passively prevent RE beam formation during disruptions in SPARC, a compact high-field tokamak projected to achieve a fusion gain Q > 2 in DT plasmas. However, such suppression requires finite transport of REs within magnetic islands and re-healed flux surfaces; conservatively assuming zero transport in these regions leads to an upper bound of RE current

∼

1

M
A

compared to

∼

8.7

M
A

of pre-disruption plasma current. Further investigation finds that core-localized electrons, within

r

/

a
<
0.3

and with kinetic energies

∼

0.2

–

15

M
e
V

, contribute most to the RE plateau formation. Yet only a relatively small amount of transport, i.e. a diffusion coefficient

∼

18

m

2

s

−
1

, is needed in the core to fully mitigate these REs. Properly accounting for (a) the CQ electric field’s effect on RE transport in islands and (b) the contribution of significant RE currents to disruption MHD may help achieve this.
Calculation of penetration depth under various numerical models for the reflection-type two-coil mutual inductance technique
Authors: Liu Ningning , Yao Gang , Qu Yueqiao , Wang Xutao , Wang Jinyue , Zhang Wenxuan , Duan Mingchao , Guan Dan-Dan , Wang Shiyong , Zheng Hao , Li Yao-Yi , Liu Canhua , Jia Jin-Feng
Published: January 2023

The two-coil mutual inductance (TCMI) technique is a useful experimental method to derive the magnetic penetration depth λ in a superconducting film after proper numerical calculations, in which various film geometries including infinite, circular and quadrangle films have been utilized. Based on previously reported reflection-type TCMI experimental data taken from NbN and K-adsorbed FeSe thin films, we investigate the validity of various numerical models with different geometries by comparing their calculation results. The calculated values of λ for various film geometries become identical only when the film size is at least three times larger than the coil size. For a rectangular film with a width comparable to the coil size, the numerical models of circular and square film geometries with proper sizes can also be adopted to obtain a similar λ value as that calculated with a rectangular film geometry. Although the true value of λ can be approximately achieved only after a complicated calibration, its calculated temperature dependence is insensitive to the choice of numerical models. With these results, a proper film geometry for the numerical calculation of λ may be selected to effectively improve the calculation efficiency.
Dynamics and length distributions of microtubules with a multistep catastrophe mechanism
Authors: Schwietert Felix , Heydenreich Lina , Kierfeld Jan
Published: January 2023

Regarding the experimental observation that microtubule (MT) catastrophe can be described as a multistep process, we extend the Dogterom–Leibler model for dynamic instability in order to discuss the effect that such a multistep catastrophe mechanism has on the distribution of MT lengths in the two regimes of bounded and unbounded growth. We show that in the former case, the steady state length distribution is non-exponential and has a lighter tail if multiple steps are required to undergo a catastrophe. If rescue events are possible, we detect a maximum in the distribution, i.e. the MT has a most probable length greater than zero. In the regime of unbounded growth, the length distribution converges to a Gaussian distribution whose variance decreases with the number of catastrophe steps. We extend our work by applying the multistep catastrophe model to MTs that grow against an opposing force and to MTs that are confined between two rigid walls. We determine critical forces below which the MT is in the bounded regime, and show that the multistep characteristics of the length distribution are largely lost if the growth of an MT in the unbounded regime is restricted by a rigid wall. All results are verified by stochastic simulations.
Magnetization enhanced the multiple magnetic domain-dominated resonance modes in stripe domain films
Authors: Yu Jing , Chen Xiaowen , Wang Fangzhou , Adam Roman , Bürgler Daniel E , Pan Lining , Zhang Jing , Cui Yuanzhi , Li Qiuyue , Liu Meihong , Xu Jie , Li Shandong , Parlak Umut , Wang Jianbo , Liu Qingfang , Cinchetti Mirko , Schneider Claus M , Cao Derang
Published: January 2023

FeCoHf films with different Hf contents and thicknesses were deposited by composition-gradient sputtering. The results showed that the stripe domain (SD) structure emerges when the film thickness exceeds a critical thickness (220–330 nm), but the increase in introduced Hf leads to a decrease in magnetization, and in turn, the stripe phase weakens and eventually disappears. Dynamic measurements revealed magnetic domain-dependent resonant absorption spectra with up to seven resonance peaks, which have rarely been observed in magnetic film with an established SD structure. The number of resonant peaks can be controlled by the saturation magnetization of the film. Micromagnetic simulations indicate that multiple magnetic domain resonance modes can be attributed to the enhanced magnetization, which induces an increase in the magnetic domain wall volume. These results emphasize the pivotal role of magnetic domain dynamics in the framework of spintronic and microwave devices.
Methods of poly(3,4)-ethylenedioxithiophene (PEDOT) electrodeposition on metal electrodes for neural stimulation and recording
Authors: Niederhoffer Thomas , Vanhoestenberghe Anne , Lancashire Henry T
Published: January 2023

Conductive polymers are of great interest in the field of neural electrodes because of their potential to improve the interfacial properties of electrodes. In particular, the conductive polymer poly (3,4)-ethylenedioxithiophene (PEDOT) has been widely studied for neural applications. Objective: This review compares methods for electrodeposition of PEDOT on metal neural electrodes, and analyses the effects of deposition methods on morphology and electrochemical performance. Approach: Electrochemical performances were analysed against several deposition method choices, including deposition charge density and co-ion, and correlations were explained to morphological and structural arguments as well as characterisation methods choices. Main results: Coating thickness and charge storage capacity are positively correlated with PEDOT electrodeposition charge density. We also show that PEDOT coated electrode impedance at 1 kHz, the only consistently reported impedance quantity, is strongly dependent upon electrode radius across a wide range of studies, because PEDOT coatings reduces the reactance of the complex impedance, conferring a more resistive behaviour to electrodes (at 1 kHz) dominated by the solution resistance and electrode geometry. This review also summarises how PEDOT co-ion choice affects coating structure and morphology and shows that co-ions notably influence the charge injection limit but have a limited influence on charge storage capacity and impedance. Finally we discuss the possible influence of characterisation methods to assess the robustness of comparisons between published results using different methods of characterisation. Significance: This review aims to serve as a common basis for researchers working with PEDOT by showing the effects of deposition methods on electrochemical performance, and aims to set a standard for accurate and uniform reporting of methods.
Making a case for endovascular approaches for neural recording and stimulation
Authors: Thielen Brianna , Xu Huijing , Fujii Tatsuhiro , Rangwala Shivani D , Jiang Wenxuan , Lin Michelle , Kammen Alexandra , Liu Charles , Selvan Pradeep , Song Dong , Mack William J , Meng Ellis
Published: January 2023

There are many electrode types for recording and stimulating neural tissue, most of which necessitate direct contact with the target tissue. These electrodes range from large, scalp electrodes which are used to non-invasively record averaged, low frequency electrical signals from large areas/volumes of the brain, to penetrating microelectrodes which are implanted directly into neural tissue and interface with one or a few neurons. With the exception of scalp electrodes (which provide very low-resolution recordings), each of these electrodes requires a highly invasive, open brain surgical procedure for implantation, which is accompanied by significant risk to the patient. To mitigate this risk, a minimally invasive endovascular approach can be used. Several types of endovascular electrodes have been developed to be delivered into the blood vessels in the brain via a standard catheterization procedure. In this review, the existing body of research on the development and application of endovascular electrodes is presented. The capabilities of each of these endovascular electrodes is compared to commonly used direct-contact electrodes to demonstrate the relative efficacy of the devices. Potential clinical applications of endovascular recording and stimulation and the advantages of endovascular versus direct-contact approaches are presented.
Modulation of spinal circuits following phase-dependent electrical stimulation of afferent pathways
Authors: Pascual-Valdunciel Alejandro , Kurukuti Nish Mohith , Montero-Pardo Cristina , Barroso Filipe Oliveira , Pons José Luis
Published: January 2023

Objective. Peripheral electrical stimulation (PES) of afferent pathways is a tool commonly used to induce neural adaptations in some neural disorders such as pathological tremor or stroke. However, the neuromodulatory effects of stimulation interventions synchronized with physiological activity (closed-loop strategies) have been scarcely researched in the upper-limb. Here, the short-term spinal effects of a 20-minute stimulation protocol where afferent pathways were stimulated with a closed-loop strategy named selective and adaptive timely stimulation (SATS) were explored in 11 healthy subjects. Approach. SATS was applied to the radial nerve in-phase (INP) or out-of-phase (OOP) with respect to the muscle activity of the extensor carpi radialis (ECR). The neural adaptations at the spinal cord level were assessed for the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) by measuring disynaptic Group I inhibition, Ia presynaptic inhibition, Ib facilitation from the H-reflex and estimation of the neural drive before, immediately after, and 30 minutes after the intervention. Main results. SATS strategy delivered electrical stimulation synchronized with the real-time muscle activity measured, with an average delay of 17 ± 8 ms. SATS-INP induced increased disynaptic Group I inhibition (77 ± 23% of baseline conditioned FCR H-reflex), while SATS-OOP elicited the opposite effect (125 ± 46% of baseline conditioned FCR H-reflex). Some of the subjects maintained the changes after 30 minutes. No other significant changes were found for the rest of measurements. Significance. These results suggest that the short-term modulatory effects of phase-dependent PES occur at specific targeted spinal pathways for the wrist muscles in healthy individuals. Importantly, timely recruitment of afferent pathways synchronized with specific muscle activity is a fundamental principle that shall be considered when tailoring PES protocols to modulate specific neural circuits. (NCT number 04501133).
Dynamics of lattice random walk within regions composed of different media and interfaces
Authors: Das Debraj , Giuggioli Luca
Published: January 2023

We study the lattice random walk dynamics in a heterogeneous space of two media separated by an interface and having different diffusivity and bias. Depending on the position of the interface, there exist two exclusive ways to model the dynamics: (a) Type A dynamics whereby the interface is placed between two lattice points, and (b) Type B dynamics whereby the interface is placed on a lattice point. For both types, we obtain exact results for the one-dimensional generating function of the Green’s function or propagator for the composite system in unbounded domain as well as domains confined with reflecting, absorbing, and mixed boundaries. For the case with reflecting confinement in the absence of bias, the steady-state probability shows a step-like behavior for the Type A dynamics, while it is uniform for the Type B dynamics. We also derive explicit expressions for the first-passage probability and the mean first-passage time, and compare the hitting time dependence to a single target. Finally, considering the continuous-space continuous-time limit of the propagator, we obtain the boundary conditions at the interface. At the interface, while the flux is the same, the probability density is discontinuous for Type A and is continuous for Type B. For the latter we derive a generalized version of the so-called leather boundary condition in the appropriate limit.
Ocean dynamics and biological feedbacks limit the potential of macroalgae carbon dioxide removal
Authors: Berger Manon , Kwiatkowski Lester , Ho David T , Bopp Laurent
Published: January 2023

In combination with drastic emission reduction cuts, limiting global warming below 1.5 °C or 2 °C requires atmospheric carbon dioxide removal (CDR) of up to 16 GtCO2 yr−1 by 2050. Among CDR solutions, ocean afforestation through macroalgae cultivation is considered promising due to high rates of productivity and environmental co-benefits. We modify a high-resolution ocean biogeochemical model to simulate the consumption of dissolved inorganic carbon and macronutrients by idealised macroalgal cultivation in Exclusive Economic Zones. Under imposed macroalgal production of 0.5 PgC yr−1 with no nutrient feedbacks, physicochemical processes are found to limit the enhancement in the ocean carbon sink to 0.39 PgC yr−1 (1.43 GtCO2 yr−1), corresponding to CDR efficiency of 79%. Only 0.22 PgC yr−1 (56%) of this air–sea carbon flux occurs in the regions of macroalgae cultivation, posing potential issues for measurement, reporting, and verification. When additional macronutrient limitations and feedbacks are simulated, the realised macroalgal production rate drops to 0.37 PgC yr−1 and the enhancement in the air–sea carbon flux to 0.21 PgC yr−1 (0.79 GtCO yr−1), or 58% of the macroalgal net production. This decrease in CDR efficiency is a consequence of a deepening in the optimum depth of macroalgal production and a reduction in phytoplankton production due to reduced nitrate and phosphate availability. At regional scales, the decrease of phytoplankton productivity can even cause a net reduction in the oceanic carbon sink. Although additional modelling efforts are required, Eastern boundary upwelling systems and regions of the Northeast Pacific and the Southern Ocean are revealed as potentially promising locations for efficient macroalgae-based CDR. Despite the CDR potential of ocean afforestation, our simulations indicate potential negative impacts on marine food webs with reductions in phytoplankton primary production of up to −40 gC m−2 yr−1 in the eastern tropical Pacific.
Bound states asymptotics in the system with quantum wires in ℝ3
Authors: Kondej S
Published: January 2023

In this paper we discuss spectral properties of the Schrödinger operator acting in

L
2

(

R

3

)

with a delta potential localized on two infinite lines. The aim of analysis is to reveal how the configuration of lines affects the spectrum. In particular, we study the behaviour of spectral infimum with respect to θ. The main result of the paper concerns the asymptotics of the function counting of discrete spectrum points for θ → 0, namely we show that the discrete spectrum points number below the threshold of the essential spectrum admits the asymptotics

.
Analytical results for the entanglement dynamics of disjoint blocks in the XY spin chain
Authors: Parez Gilles , Bonsignori Riccarda
Published: January 2023

The study of the dynamics of entanglement measures after a quench has become a very active area of research in the last two decades, motivated by the development of experimental techniques. However, exact results in this context are available in only very few cases. In this work, we present the proof of the quasiparticle picture for the dynamics of entanglement entropies for two disjoint blocks in the XY chain after a quantum quench. As a byproduct, we also prove the quasiparticle conjecture for the mutual information in that model. Our calculations generalize those presented in Fagotti and Calabrese (2008 Phys. Rev. A 78 010306) to the case where the correlation matrix is a block-Toeplitz matrix, and rely on the multidimensional stationary phase approximation in the scaling limit. We also test the quasiparticle predictions against exact numerical calculations, and find excellent agreement. In the case of three blocks, we show that the tripartite information vanishes when at least two blocks are adjacent.
Double null data and the characteristic problem in general relativity
Authors: Mars Marc , Sánchez-Pérez Gabriel
Published: January 2023

General hypersurfaces of any causal character can be studied abstractly using the hypersurface data formalism. In the null case, we write down all tangential components of the ambient Ricci tensor in terms of the abstract data. Using this formalism, we formulate and solve in a completely abstract way the characteristic Cauchy problem of the Einstein vacuum field equations. The initial data is detached from any spacetime notion, and it is fully diffeomorphism and gauge covariant. The results of this paper put the characteristic problem on a similar footing as the standard Cauchy problem in General Relativity.
A new criterion for self-healing quantification of structured light beams
Authors: Saadati-Sharafeh Fazel , Amiri Pari , Akhlaghi Ehsan A , Azizian-Kalandaragh Yashar
Published: January 2023

This paper introduces a new approach to the self-healing quantification of structured light beams. The self-healing is quantitatively determined by defining a self-healing degree (SHD) and a similarity function based on comparing the intensity distributions of the perturbed and unperturbed beams. In addition, the SHD is employed for two other intensity-based methods to compare the methods’ performance. The Bessel beams (BBs) with integer and fractional topological charges (TCs) are examined numerically to verify the method. Further, the effect of superposition of the Bessel and mirrored BBs with respect to the x-axis on the self-healing property is investigated. The perturbation of the beams is applied using a pair of circular masks as a symmetric perturbation. The propagating of perturbed and unperturbed beams is simulated by the angular spectrum method. The obtained quantitative results are confirmed by the intuitive results and also the accuracy of the proposed method is similar to the other used methods. On the other hand, due to using fewer calculations with respect to them and so is less time-consuming (about 57% and 67% reduction in computational time), it can be used as an adequate alternative method. As a result of this method, it is shown that the superposition of BBs with their mirrored ones is an effective factor to improve the self-healing property, in which the SHD of the superposed beams is more than the BBs for each TC. It is also shown that using the fractional TC beams is another advantageous improvement to increase the SHD.
Dual Attention and Patient Similarity Network for drug recommendation
Authors: Wu Jialun , Dong Yuxin , Gao Zeyu , Gong Tieliang , Li Chen
Published: January 2023

Motivation

Artificially making clinical decisions for patients with multi-morbidity has long been considered a thorny problem due to the complexity of the disease. Drug recommendations can assist doctors in automatically providing effective and safe drug combinations conducive to treatment and reducing adverse reactions. However, the existing drug recommendation works ignored two critical information. (i) Different types of medical information and their interrelationships in the patient’s visit history can be used to construct a comprehensive patient representation. (ii) Patients with similar disease characteristics and their corresponding medication information can be used as a reference for predicting drug combinations.

Results

To address these limitations, we propose DAPSNet, which encodes multi-type medical codes into patient representations through code- and visit-level attention mechanisms, while integrating drug information corresponding to similar patient states to improve the performance of drug recommendation. Specifically, our DAPSNet is enlightened by the decision-making process of human doctors. Given a patient, DAPSNet first learns the importance of patient history records between diagnosis, procedure and drug in different visits, then retrieves the drug information corresponding to similar patient disease states for assisting drug combination prediction. Moreover, in the training stage, we introduce a novel information constraint loss function based on the information bottleneck principle to constrain the learned representation and enhance the robustness of DAPSNet. We evaluate the proposed DAPSNet on the public MIMIC-III dataset, our model achieves relative improvements of 1.33%, 1.20% and 2.03% in Jaccard, F1 and PR-AUC scores, respectively, compared to state-of-the-art methods.

Availability and implementation

The source code is available at the github repository: https://github.com/andylun96/DAPSNet.
Neural attenuation: age-related dedifferentiation in the left occipitotemporal cortex for visual word processing
Authors: Xue Licheng , Lv Yating , Zhao Jing
Published: January 2023

The present study investigated the age-related neural basis of cognitive decline in the left ventral occipitotemporal cortex (vOT)—a brain area that responds selectively to visual words processing. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to estimate neural activity in this area, while young and old adults viewed words and line drawings. Our results demonstrated the existence of neural dedifferentiation of the left vOT in old adults during visual word processing. More specifically, this dedifferentiation was due to neural attenuation that is, decreased response to words rather than increased response to line drawings in old adults compared with young adults. In addition, individuals who showed decreased neural response to words had worse performance in visual word processing. Taken together, our findings support the neural attenuation hypothesis for the cognitive decline in visual word processing in old adults.
The variation of geomagnetic field intensity in Central Anatolia during the Neogene-Quaternary period
Authors: Kaya Nurcan , Hisarlı Z Mümtaz , Nowaczyk Norbert R , Makaroğlu Özlem
Published: January 2023

A detailed palaeointensity study was performed using the modified Thellier method on 18 Quaternary and Neogene volcanic units, ages ranging from 0.08 to 5.98 Ma, in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Robust data, which were estimated from 12 lava units in the study area, significantly increase the database of palaeomagnetic data, directions and absolute palaeointensity for the Anatolian region covering the time window back to ∼6 Ma. Previous studies sensitively dated the samples, except for one site dated in this study. The palaeointensity (VDM) value from the upper Miocene site estimated as 48.6 ± 9.2 μT (10.1 × 1022 ± 1.9 Am2) fits well into the Neogene VDM range in the data archives. For Pliocene samples with an age of 4.7 Ma, the palaeointensity was calculated to be 21.0 ± 4.7 μT. For these samples, an inclination of +42.9° was determined, and together with the results of low palaeointensity and normal polarity, this corresponds to the Nunivak or Sidufjall subchrons. These are normal polarity chrons within the Gilbert Chron which predominantly has reversed polarity. Palaeodirectional data and field strength with age between 0.08 and 2.57 Ma clearly showed the Brunhes and Matuyama Chrons in the Pleistocene. Three new data with 25.0 ± 7.9 μT (age 1.84 Ma), 59.7 ± 8.2 μT (age 2.15 Ma) and 79.6 ± 19.3 μT (age 2.57 Ma) from the early Pleistocene period significantly contribute to global data archives, which lack palaeointensity data from similar latitude range. The average VDM values for nine Pleistocene sites were calculated to be 51.5 ± 16.4 μT (10.3 × 1022 ± 3.7 Am2). According to the comparison of our data with the palaeointensity database, field model record and previous studies of the Pleistocene, significantly high field strength obtained from Central Anatolia, located in the Northern Hemisphere, could have occurred due to asymmetry between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres during the Pleistocene.
7. Liberal internationalism
Authors: Dunne Tim
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the core assumptions of liberalism regarding world politics. It explores why liberals believe in progress, what explains the ascendancy of liberal ideas in world politics since 1945, and whether liberal solutions to global problems are hard to achieve and difficult to sustain. The chapter also considers central ideas in liberal thinking on international relations, including internationalism, idealism, and institutionalism. It concludes with an assessment of the challenges confronting liberalism. Two case studies are presented. The first case study looks at the rise and fall of what it terms ‘the indispensable nation’, in other words the old liberal world order, lead by the United States. The other case study examines the African concept of sovereignty: sovereignty as responsibility.
8. Marxist theories of international relations
Authors: Hobden Stephen , Jones Richard Wyn
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the contribution of Marxism to the study of international relations. It first considers whether globalization is a new phenomenon or a long-standing feature of capitalist development, and whether ‘crisis’ is an inevitable feature of capitalism, and if so, whether capitalism contains the seeds of its own destruction. The chapter proceeds by discussing a number of core features common to Marxist approaches as well as the internationalization of Karl Marx's ideas by Vladimir Lenin and subsequently by writers in the world-system framework. It also explains how Frankfurt School critical theory, and Antonio Gramsci and his various followers, introduced an analysis of culture into Marxist analysis. Two case studies are presented, the first relating to capitalist developments in Communist China, the second looks at the global Covid-19 pandemic and considers the social impact and patterns of impact in a global setting.
15. International and global security
Authors: Baylis John
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines whether international relations, especially in an era of increasing globalization, are likely to be as violent in the future as they have been in the past. It asks whether globalization increases or decreases international security, which international relations theories best help to provide an understanding of global security and insecurity, and what are the most important contemporary threats to international security. The chapter first considers existing disagreements about the causes of war and whether violence is always likely to remain with us. It then discusses traditional/classical realist and more contemporary neorealist and neoliberal perspectives on international security, along with a range of alternative approaches. It also explores recent debates about globalization and geopolitics. Case studies in this chapter explore insecurity in the post-cold war world and tension in the South and East China Seas.
24. Environmental issues
Authors: Vogler John
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how environmental issues have become increasingly prominent on the international agenda over the last five decades. It considers whether globalization and development must come at the expense of the physical environment, whether state governments can cooperate to protect the planet, and whether climate justice is possible. The chapter first provides a brief history of the development of an international environmental agenda before discussing the functions of international environmental cooperation. It then explores efforts to address the problem of climate change through the establishment of an international climate regime and highlights the neglect of environmental issues in traditional and realist international relations theory. Two case studies are presented, one dealing with the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) and the other the geopolitics of Arctic climate change.
25. Global health
Authors: Harman Sophie
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at public health on a global scale and examines how crucial this topic has become since the recent Covid-19 pandemic. Global political interest in pandemics, the chapter argues, is about much more than just the threat to health and lives. It is also about the knock-on impact health emergencies, such as the recent pandemic, have on economics and society including social welfare and education, but also socio-economic, gender, and racial equality. The chapter starts with an examination of how health became a global issue with reference in particular to the relationship between war and disease. In addition to this, health became a global issues as a result of the growth in world trade and the resultant economic globalization. Two case studies are presented in this chapter. The first consider the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1308 and the second delves into the relationship between Covid-19 vaccinations and intellectual property rights.
27. Poverty, hunger, and development
Authors: Evans Tony
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the contested nature of three important concepts in world politics: poverty, hunger, and development. It explores whether the poor must always be with us, why so many children die of malnutrition, and whether development should be understood as an economic issue. It also considers orthodox and alternative approaches to development as solutions for poverty and hunger. The chapter includes two case studies. The first looking at the hunger of children around the world, comparing the pre- and post-pandemic situations. The second case study examines hunger in Uganda, again, comparing the state of hunger for families in that country before and after the Covid-19 pandemic.
33. Humanitarian intervention in world politics
Authors: Bellamy Alex J. , Wheeler Nicholas J.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the role of humanitarian intervention in world politics. It considers how we should resolve tensions when valued principles such as order, sovereignty, and self-determination come into conflict with human rights; and how international thought and practice has evolved with respect to humanitarian intervention. The chapter discusses the case for and against humanitarian intervention and looks at humanitarian activism during the 1990s. It also analyses the responsibility to protect principle and the use of force to achieve its protection goals in Libya in 2011. Two case studies are presented in this chapter. The first one looks at Myanmar and barriers to intervention. The second one centres on the role of Middle Eastern governments in Operation Unified Protector which took place in 2011 in Libya.
The coordinated radio and infrared survey for high-mass star formation – V. The CORNISH-South survey and catalogue
Authors: Irabor T , Hoare M G , Burton M , Cotton W D , Diamond P , Dougherty S , Ellingsen S P , Fender R , Fuller G A , Garrington S , Goldsmith P F , Green J , Gunn A G , Jackson J , Kurtz S , Lumsden S L , Marti J , McDonald I , Molinari S , Moore T J , Mutale M , Muxlow T , O’Brien T , Oudmaijer R D , Paladini R , Pandian J D , Paredes J M , Richards A M S , Sanchez-Monge A , Spencer R , Thompson M A , Umana G , Urquhart J S , Wieringa M , Zijlstra A
Published: January 2023

We present the first high spatial resolution radio continuum survey of the southern Galactic plane. The CORNISH project has mapped the region defined by 295° < l < 350°; |b| < 1° at 5.5 GHz, with a resolution of 2.5 arcsec (FWHM). As with the CORNISH-North survey, this is designed to primarily provide matching radio data to the Spitzer GLIMPSE survey region. The CORNISH-South survey achieved a root mean square noise level of ∼0.11 mJy beam−1, using the 6A configuration of the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). In this paper, we discuss the observations, data processing and measurements of the source properties. Above a 7σ detection limit, 4701 sources were detected, and their ensemble properties show similar distributions with their northern counterparts. The catalogue is highly reliable and is complete to 90 per cent at a flux density level of 1.1 mJy. We developed a new way of measuring the integrated flux densities and angular sizes of non-Gaussian sources. The catalogue primarily provides positions, flux density measurements, and angular sizes. All sources with IR counterparts at 8 μm have been visually classified, utilizing additional imaging data from optical, near-IR, mid-IR, far-IR, and sub-millimetre galactic plane surveys. This has resulted in the detection of 524 H ii regions of which 255 are ultra-compact H ii regions, 287 planetary nebulae, 79 radio stars, and 6 massive young stellar objects. The rest of the sources are likely to be extragalactic. These data are particularly important in the characterization and population studies of compact ionized sources such as UCHII regions and PNe towards the Galactic mid-plane.
The Cynosure of CtBP: Evolution of a Bilaterian Transcriptional Corepressor
Authors: Raicu Ana-Maria , Kadiyala Dhruva , Niblock Madeline , Jain Aanchal , Yang Yahui , Bird Kalynn M , Bertholf Kayla , Seenivasan Akshay , Siddiq Mohammad , Arnosti David N
Published: January 2023

Evolution of sequence-specific transcription factors clearly drives lineage-specific innovations, but less is known about how changes in the central transcriptional machinery may contribute to evolutionary transformations. In particular, transcriptional regulators are rich in intrinsically disordered regions that appear to be magnets for evolutionary innovation. The C-terminal Binding Protein (CtBP) is a transcriptional corepressor derived from an ancestral lineage of alpha hydroxyacid dehydrogenases; it is found in mammals and invertebrates, and features a core NAD-binding domain as well as an unstructured C-terminus (CTD) of unknown function. CtBP can act on promoters and enhancers to repress transcription through chromatin-linked mechanisms. Our comparative phylogenetic study shows that CtBP is a bilaterian innovation whose CTD of about 100 residues is present in almost all orthologs. CtBP CTDs contain conserved blocks of residues and retain a predicted disordered property, despite having variations in the primary sequence. Interestingly, the structure of the C-terminus has undergone radical transformation independently in certain lineages including flatworms and nematodes. Also contributing to CTD diversity is the production of myriad alternative RNA splicing products, including the production of “short” tailless forms of CtBP in Drosophila. Additional diversity stems from multiple gene duplications in vertebrates, where up to five CtBP orthologs have been observed. Vertebrate lineages show fewer major modifications in the unstructured CTD, possibly because gene regulatory constraints of the vertebrate body plan place specific constraints on this domain. Our study highlights the rich regulatory potential of this previously unstudied domain of a central transcriptional regulator.
Systematic identification of gene-altering programmed inversions across the bacterial domain
Authors: Milman Oren , Yelin Idan , Kishony Roy
Published: January 2023

Programmed chromosomal inversions allow bacteria to generate intra-population genotypic and functional heterogeneity, a bet-hedging strategy important in changing environments. Some programmed inversions modify coding sequences, producing different alleles in several gene families, most notably in specificity-determining genes such as Type I restriction-modification systems, where systematic searches revealed cross phylum abundance. Yet, a broad, gene-independent, systematic search for gene-altering programmed inversions has been absent, and little is known about their genomic sequence attributes and prevalence across gene families. Here, identifying intra-species variation in genomes of over 35 000 species, we develop a predictive model of gene-altering inversions, revealing key attributes of their genomic sequence attributes, including gene-pseudogene size asymmetry and orientation bias. The model predicted over 11,000 gene-altering loci covering known targeted gene families, as well as novel targeted families including Type II restriction-modification systems, a protein of unknown function, and a fusion-protein containing conjugative-pilus and phage tail domains. Publicly available long-read sequencing datasets validated representatives of these newly predicted inversion-targeted gene families, confirming intra-population genetic heterogeneity. Together, these results reveal gene-altering programmed inversions as a key strategy adopted across the bacterial domain, and highlight programmed inversions that modify Type II restriction-modification systems as a possible new mechanism for maintaining intra-population heterogeneity.