bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religion and suicide acceptability: A review and
extension
Authors: Stack Steven
Published: August 2015

Religiosity has been a major, long standing
construct in sociological analyses of suicide,
but has received relatively less attention in
other disciplines within Suicidology. Research
on the four major explanations for a link
between religiosity and suicide acceptability
are reviewed: religious affiliation/integration,
religious commitment, religious networks,
and moral communities. Some special attention
is directed to the proposition from religious
commitment theory that religion offers
a protection against hopelessness, a noted
risk factor for suicide. A major limitation of
existing work is that it remains disproportionately
based on Western and more developed
nations. This limitation is addressed through
a new analysis of data from Wave V of the
World Values Surveys on 174,883 individuals
nested in 80 nations including many Eastern
and less developed countries. The results
suggest something close to a sociological
law: the greater the reported importance of
religion, the lower the suicide acceptability.
Future work is needed to ascertain to what
extent the variability in the culture of
religious hope contributes to this association.
Religiøsitet har lenge vært et viktig tema i
sosiologiske analyser av selvmord, men har
fått relativt liten oppmerksomhet innenfor
andre retninger i suicidologien. I denne artikkelen
redegjøres det for forskningen på
de fire hovedforklaringene for sammenhengen
mellom religiøsitet og i hvilke grad selvmord
aksepteres som løsning: religiøs tilhørighet/
integrasjon, religiøst engasjement,
religiøse nettverk, og moralfelleskap. Et spesielt
fokus rettes mot antakelsen fra teorien
om religiøst engasjement at religion innebærer
en beskyttelse mot håpløshet, en velkjent
risikofaktor for selvmord. En betydelig begrensning
i arbeidet som hittil er utført på
dette feltet er at det er for sterkt basert på
vestlige og mer utviklede land. Denne begrensningen
forsøkes omgått gjennom en ny analyse
av data fra World Values Surveys (Runde
5) der 174 883 personer i 80 land deltok.
Mange land i Øst og og mindre utviklede land
deltok i denne undersøkelsen. Resultatene
peker på noe i nærheten av en lovmessig
sammenheng: Jo større betydning religionen
oppleves å ha, i desto lavere grad aksepteres
selvmord som løsning. Det er nødvendig å
utføre videre forskning for å forstå i hvilken
grad kulturelle variasjoner av religiøst håp
bidrar til denne sammenhengen.
Sammenhenger mellom alkoholbruk og suicidal atferd på individnivå: en oversikt
Authors: Rossow Ingeborg
Published: August 2015

Alkoholmisbruk er en viktig risikofaktor for selvmord og annen villet egenskade. Denne artikkelen gir en oversikt over empirisk forskning som har belyst sammenhenger mellom alkoholmisbruk og suicidal atferd på individnivå og viser at de observerte sammenhengene er både betydelige, men også varierende mellom studier. Ved selvmord finner man at mellom 15 og 61 % hadde et alkoholmisbruk, og blant personer med alkoholmisbruk er risikoen for selvmord om lag 10 ganger høyere enn i befolkningen ellers. Også alkoholberuselse er en viktig risikofaktor for suicidal atferd; ved selvmord finner man at mellom 10 og 69 % var alkoholpåvirket. Artikkelen drøfter mulighetene for at en persons alkoholmisbruk eller alkoholberuselse kan ha betydning for suicidal atferd hos andre, som for eksempel barn eller andre nære pårørende. Artikkelen diskuterer også ulike underliggende mekanismer som kan forklare de observerte sammenhengene. Alcohol abuse is a major risk factor for suicide and other deliberate self harm. This article provides an overview of empirical research that has examined the relationship between alcohol abuse and suicidal behavior at the individual level and shows that the observed correlations are not only significant, but also varying between studies. Among suicides, it is found that 15 to 69 % of the deceased had alcohol abuse and among alcohol abusers the suicide risk is about ten times that of the general population. Also alcohol intoxication is an important risk factor for suicidal behavior; among suicides it is found that 10 to 69 % were under the influence of alcohol at the time of death. The article discusses the possibility that a person's alcohol abuse and alcohol intoxication may affect suicidal behavior in others, such as in children or other close relatives. Finally, the article discusses different underlying mechanisms that can explain the observed correlations.
Samband mellan alkohol och självmord på befolkningsnivå: en översikt
Authors: Norström Thor
Published: August 2015

I sitt inflytelserika arbete avfärdade Durkheim kategoriskt alkoholkonsumtion eller alkoholmissbruk som en plausibel orsaksfaktor bakom självmord. Detta kan vara ett skäl till att alkoholfaktorn länge var negligerad inom den samhällsvetenskapliga självmordsforskningen. Under de senaste decennierna har dock det publicerats ett växande antal studier på befolkningsnivå där frågeställningen gäller hur förändringar i totalkonsumtionen av alkohol påverkar självmordsfrekvensen i samhället. Föreliggande artikel ger en översikt över den forskning som publicerats på detta område efter 1989. Genom sökningar i MedLine och Social Sciences Citation Index kompletterade med manuella sökningar identifierades 42 relevanta studier. De flesta (34) av de 42 studierna presenterar genusspecifika estimat av sambandet mellan totalkonsumtionen av alkohol och självmord. Av dessa var 53 % signifikant positiva för män, motsvarande siffra för kvinnor var 37 %. Ingen studie rapporterade ett signifikant negativt samband. Det finns en tydlig kulturell variation i sambandets styrka; det tenderar att vara starkare ju mer landets dryckesmönster är inriktat mot berusningsdrickande. Det konkluderas att studierna utgör en breddning av såväl självmordsforskning (genom att inkludera alkoholfaktorn) som alkoholepidemiologisk forskning (genom att bredda utfallspanoramat från somatiska till sociala skador). De flesta studier baseras dock på data från utvecklade västländer. Framtida studier bör vidgas till ett bredare urval av länder. In his influential work Durkheim rejected drinking as a plausible causal factor for suicide. This may be one reason why the alcohol factor was long neglected in sociological suicide research. However, recent decades have witnessed a growing number of studies on the population level where the issue is how changes in alcohol consumption affect the suicide rate. The present article provides an overview of the research published in this area after 1989. Through searches of MedLine and Social Sciences Citation Index supplemented by manual searches 42 relevant studies were identified. Most (34) of the 42 studies present gender-specific estimates of the relationship between alcohol consumption and suicide. Of these, 53 % were significantly positive for males, and 37 % for females. No study reported a significant negative relationship. There is a distinct cultural variation in the strength of the relationship: it tends to be stronger the more the country's drinking patterns are geared towards binge drinking. It is concluded that the studies represent a broadening of the suicide research (by including the alcohol factor) as well as alcohol epidemiological research (by broadening the outcome panorama from somatic to social harm). However, most studies are based on data from developed Western countries. Future studies should include a broader range of countries.
Dialektisk atferdsterapi – en relevant behandling for pasienter med rusmisbruk og emosjonelt ustabil personlighetsforstyrrelse?
Authors: Lindquist Karoline Alfheim , Tørmoen Anita Johanna , Mehlum Lars
Published: August 2015

Emosjonelt ustabil personlighetsforstyrrelse og ruslidelser er vanlig i kliniske populasjoner og diagnostisk komorbiditet mellom disse lidelsene forekommer ofte. En slik komorbiditet gir ofte en negativ additiv effekt, for debut av lidelsen, forløp, prognose og behandling. Det er holdepunkter for å hevde at de deler en felles etiologi i form av emosjonell dysregulering og impulskontrollsvikt. Dialektisk adferdsterapi (DBT) kombinerer en kognitiv atferdsterapeutisk tilnærming med akseptorienterte strategier og en dialektisk filosofisk holdning. DBT er empirisk validert som effektiv behandling for personer med ustabil personlighetsforstyrrelse. I denne artikkelen undersøkte vi om litteraturen tilsier at DBT også er et hensiktsmessig behandlingstilbud til pasienter med både ustabil personlighetsforstyrrelse og ruslidelse. Et litteratursøk identifiserte tre studier som undersøker dette. Resultatene er ikke entydige, men samlet sett gir de et optimistisk grunnlag til støtte for at DBT kan være et hensiktsmessig tilbud også for ruspasienter, både knyttet til reduksjon av rusmiddelmisbruk, lavere drop-out rate fra behandling og at behandlingseffekten kan vare over tid. Borderline personality disorder and substance use disorders are prevalent in clinical samples, and they often co-occur. The co-occurrence of these disorders often increases the risk for problems, and has negative impact on the trajectory, prognosis and treatment. The assumption that both disorders share the same underlying problems of emotional dysregulation is supported by a large body of evidence. Dialectical behaviour therapy, a treatment developed for patients with borderline personality disorder addresses directly the core problems of regulating emotions. The aim of this literature review was to examine whether this specific treatment had evidence regarding effectiveness also for patients with co-morbid borderline personality disorder and substance use disorder. The article is based on non-systematic literature review, and found three studies who directly examined the effect of dialectical behaviour therapy for this group. The results from these studies are promising, indicating less use of substances, lower dropout rate, and the observed effect lasts over time.
Du skal ta live a dei”. Om Kristiania-Bohêmen og suicid
Authors: Thorvik Arne
Published: August 2015

Artikkelen tar for seg den norske Kristiania-Bohemen på 1880–90-tallet og dens forståelse av suicid. Den lille kretsen var i noen grad inspirert av tilsvarende bevegelser i Frankrike, men mer preget av pessimisme og undergangsstemning, og tematiserer suicid i mange skjønnlitterære verk. Hovedskikkelsen Hans Jæger forsøkte i den dokumentariske romanen Fra Kristiania-Bohêmen (1885) å beskrive et individs ”determinerte” vei mot suicid i et devitaliserende og anomisk samfunn. På denne måten tangerte Jæger den sosialpsykologiske forståelsen som den franske sosiologen Durkheim skulle presentere tiåret senere, samt moderne psykodynamisk teoridannelse. Bohemens bruk av rusmidler og vansker med varige tilknytninger tematiseres også. The article deals with the Norwegian bohemians of the 1880-90ies, and their understanding of the phenomenon of suicide. The small bohemian circle of Kristiania (the former name of Oslo) was to some extent inspired by similar movements in France, but more subject to pessimism and dystopia, and discusses suicide in several works of fiction. The main character of the Norwegian bohemians was Hans Jæger. In his documentary novel From the Kristiania Bohemia (1885), Jæger attempted to describe an individual's deterministic course towards suicide in a society of devitalisation and anomie. In this way, Jæger came close to the social-psychological conceptualisation presented by the French sociologist Durkheim in Le Suicide a decade later, and to modern psychodynamic theories. The article also themes the bohemians' use of alcohol and drugs, and their difficulties to attain lasting connections.
Når etterlatte ved selvmord møter presse
Authors: Grøm Terese , Herrestad Henning
Published: August 2015

Formidling av etterlattes erfaring i media er en viktig del av allmenn folkeopplysning om selvmord. Formålet med denne artikkelen er å gi konkrete råd for etterlatte i møte med pressen, for god åpenhet om selvmord. Hovedpunkter: Du kan selv legge premisser for intervjuet. Få oversikt over sakens vinkling og budskap. Avtal gjennomlesing- og korrigeringsmuligheter. Unngå omtale av selvmordsmetode og sted. Hold deg til ditt budskap. An important aspect of general education on suicide is the suicide survivors' voice in the media. The aim of this article is to give the survivors advice concerning meetings with the press, to ensure that information communicated in interviews serves its educational purpose. The main issues are: Influence the premises for the interview. Establish the outlines of the press article's angle and message. Make an agreement regarding opportunity to read and correct. Avoid information about method and place of suicide. Stick with your message.
Edwin Shneidman: A commonsense book of death
Authors: Larsen Kim
Published: August 2015

.
Hva er dialektisk atferdsterapi? En kort oversikt
Authors: Mehlum Lars , Tørmoen Anita Johanna
Published: August 2015

Dialektisk atferdsterapi (DBT) er en empirisk validert behandlingsmetode for personer med kronisk suicidalitet, selvskading og emosjonelt ustabil personlighetsforstyrrelse. DBT antar at emosjonell reguleringssvikt er underliggende årsak til dysregulert atferd, og kombinerer en kognitiv-atferdsorientert tilnærming med valideringsterapi. Behandlingen er prinsippstyrt og delvis manualbasert, og inneholder flere modaliteter. Denne artikkelen gir en kort introduksjon til behandlingen og en oppsummering av evidensbasen for DBT i sin opprinnelige form. DBT er etterhvert tatt i bruk overfor andre tilstander og forsøkt benyttet med bare utvalgte deler av behandlingen, og vi ser på evidensen for slike tilpasninger. Enkelte uformelle og formelle evalueringer av de økonomiske aspektene ved DBT er rapportert og gjengis her, og vi diskuterer kort DBTs mulige fortrinn i forhold til andre behandlingsformer. Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based treatment for adults with repeated self-harm and borderline personality disorder and for self-harming adolescents with traits from the disorder. The assumption that a core problem of regulating emotions leads to dysregulated behaviour informs the treatment which consists of elements from cognitive-behavioural techniques and validation. The treatment is principle-driven and partially manual based. This paper intends to provide a brief introduction to DBT and lists the evidence for the full treatment programme as well as some of the literature on adaptions. Finally we discuss economic evaluations as well as DBT in relation to other evidence based treatments for borderline personality disorders.
Erfaringer fra ferdighetstreningsgruppe i Dialektisk atferdsterapi
Authors: Bertelsen Tone Enge
Published: August 2015

Pasienter med emosjonelt ustabil personlighetsforstyrrelse har en alvorlig tilstand som kan være krevende å behandle. Siden 2009 har Søndre Oslo DPS tilbudt dialektisk adferdsterapi (DBT) til denne pasientgruppen. Denne teksten har til formål å se nærmere på DBT-behandling hvor ferdighetstrening i gruppe er et sentralt element. Ved å presentere den overordnede strukturen sammen med et utvalgt intervensjoner deles erfaringer med denne tilnærmingen, hvis målsetting er å øke pasientens livskvalitet. Pasientens forpliktelser ovenfor gruppa har i arbeidet vært overordnet i tillegg til undervisning og praktiske øvelser. Tilbakemeldingene fra pasientene forteller om økt mestring og kontroll gjennom bruk av DBT-ferdigheter. The treatment for patients diagnosed Emotionally unstable personality disorder can be challenging. Since 2009 Søndre Oslo DPS (local hospital) have conducted Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) for these patients. The Skills Training Group is one of the central elements of DBTtherapy. This article aim to share the process towards higher quality of life by studying the overall structure and interventions conducted in the group. In the group there has been a focus on terms of commitment and psychoeducational training. The feedback from the patients indicates efficient use of DBT-skills.
Selvmordsforebygging i akuttpsykiatriske døgnavdelinger - erfaringer fra nasjonalt læringsnettverk
Authors: Brudvik Marie , Ness Ewa , Walby Fredrik
Published: August 2015

Tiden under eller etter innleggelse i psykiatrisk avdeling er en velkjent høyrisikoperiode for selvmord. I 2013 gjennomførte den nasjonale pasientsikkerhetskampanjen “I trygge hender” et læringsnettverk for å forebygge selvmord i akuttpsykiatriske døgnavdelinger. I løpet av en periode på åtte måneder skulle akuttpsykiatriske døgnavdelinger implementere en rekke selvmordsforebyggende tiltak. Alle helseforetak i alle helseregioner ble invitert til å delta med team fra akuttpsykiatriske avdelinger. Det ble levert sluttrapport fra 22 team som representerte 17 helseforetak. Av de 22 teamene som deltok var det også med flere DPSer. Alle deltakende team har skrevet sluttrapporter som er gjennomgått og analysert i etterkant med fokus på hvilket tiltak som har størst endring, hva som har vært utfordringene for implementeringen og om det rapporteres andre følgeresultater enn implementering av tiltak. Rapportene viser at de fleste enhetene hadde på plass rutiner for en rekke av tiltakene i forkant av læringsnettverket, men at det var deler av tiltakene som gjensto å implementere. De tiltakene som flest team har rapportert forbedring på har vært kriseplan, time i hånden og kontakt med pårørende. Sluttrapportene tyder på at deltakelse i læringsnettverk har ført til bedre rutiner for dokumentasjon for flere team. Time during or after hospitalization in a psychiatric ward is a well-known high-risk period for suicide. In 2013 the Norwegian patient safety campaign “In Safe Hands” completed a learning collaborative to implement suicide prevention interventions in acute psychiatric inpatient wards. All Norwegian hospitals were invited to participate with teams from acute psychiatric wards. Of the 22 participating teams representing 17 hospitals, all wrote final reports. The reports were reviewed and analyzed with particular attention towards which interventions had led to change, what the challenges were in relation to implementation and whether the teams had reported any effects besides the interventions. Several of the 22 teams that participated represented district psychiatric centers. Although most units reported they had procedures for some of the program interventions, none had implemented the whole intervention package ahead of the learning collaborative. The interventions that most teams reported improvement on were the establishment of a crisis plan, the intervention called “appointment - in- the hand” which implies that all patients receive an appointment upon discharge, and contact with relatives. The final reports also indicate that participation in a learning collaborative have led to improved procedures for documentation for several wards.
Developmental alterations in centrosome integrity contribute to the post-mitotic state of mammalian cardiomyocytes
Authors: Zebrowski David C , Vergarajauregui Silvia , Wu Chi-Chung , Piatkowski Tanja , Becker Robert , Leone Marina , Hirth Sofia , Ricciardi Filomena , Falk Nathalie , Giessl Andreas , Just Steffen , Braun Thomas , Weidinger Gilbert , Engel Felix B
Published: August 2015

Mammalian cardiomyocytes become post-mitotic shortly after birth. Understanding how this occurs is highly relevant to cardiac regenerative therapy. Yet, how cardiomyocytes achieve and maintain a post-mitotic state is unknown. Here, we show that cardiomyocyte centrosome integrity is lost shortly after birth. This is coupled with relocalization of various centrosome proteins to the nuclear envelope. Consequently, postnatal cardiomyocytes are unable to undergo ciliogenesis and the nuclear envelope adopts the function as cellular microtubule organizing center. Loss of centrosome integrity is associated with, and can promote, cardiomyocyte G0/G1 cell cycle arrest suggesting that centrosome disassembly is developmentally utilized to achieve the post-mitotic state in mammalian cardiomyocytes. Adult cardiomyocytes of zebrafish and newt, which are able to proliferate, maintain centrosome integrity. Collectively, our data provide a novel mechanism underlying the post-mitotic state of mammalian cardiomyocytes as well as a potential explanation for why zebrafish and newts, but not mammals, can regenerate their heart.
Ambient resonance of Mesa Arch, Canyonlands National Park, Utah
Authors: Starr Alison M. , Moore Jeffrey R. , Thorne Michael S.
Published: August 2015

We analyzed the resonance characteristics of a prominent natural arch in Canyonlands National Park, Mesa Arch, as measured from ambient seismic data. Evaluating spectral and polarization attributes, we distinguished the first four resonant frequencies of the arch, 2.9, 6.0, 6.9, and 8.5 Hz, as well as basic properties of the associated mode shapes. We then affirmed experimental data using 3‐D numerical modal analysis, providing estimates of material properties and clarifying vibrational mode shapes. Monitoring resonant frequencies over time, we searched for shifts associated with changing environmental conditions and long‐term progressive damage. We measured ~3% direct daily variation in resonant frequency associated with changing rock temperature, thermal stress, and stiffening of the rock matrix. Independent tilt data showed similar diurnal cycles associated with thermoelastic stresses and deformation of the arch. We observed no permanent resonant frequency shifts related to irreversible damage of Mesa Arch during our study period.
Submarine permafrost depth from ambient seismic noise
Authors: Overduin Pier P. , Haberland Christian , Ryberg Trond , Kneier Fabian , Jacobi Tim , Grigoriev Mikhail. N. , Ohrnberger Matthias
Published: August 2015

Permafrost inundated since the last glacial maximum is degrading, potentially releasing trapped or stabilized greenhouse gases, but few observations of the depth of ice‐bonded permafrost (IBP) below the seafloor exist for most of the arctic continental shelf. We use spectral ratios of the ambient vibration seismic wavefield, together with estimated shear wave velocity from the dispersion curves of surface waves, for estimating the thickness of the sediment overlying the IBP. Peaks in spectral ratios modeled for three‐layered 1‐D systems correspond with varying thickness of the unfrozen sediment. Seismic receivers were deployed on the seabed around Muostakh Island in the central Laptev Sea, Siberia. We derive depths of the IBP between 3.7 and 20.7 m ± 15%, increasing with distance from the shoreline. Correspondence between expected permafrost distribution, modeled response, and observational data suggests that the method is promising for the determination of the thickness of unfrozen sediment.
Empirical modeling of 3‐D force‐balanced plasma and magnetic field structures during substorm growth phase
Authors: Yue Chao , Wang Chih‐Ping , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Murphy Kyle R. , Xing Xiaoyan , Lyons Larry , Henderson Michael , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Lui A. T. Y. , Nagai Tsugunobu
Published: August 2015

Accurate evaluation of the physical processes during the substorm growth phase, including formation of field‐aligned currents (FACs), isotropization by current sheet scattering, instabilities, and ionosphere‐magnetosphere connection, relies on knowing the realistic three‐dimensional (3‐D) magnetic field configuration, which cannot be reliably provided by current available empirical models. We have established a 3‐D substorm growth phase magnetic field model, which is uniquely constructed from empirical plasma sheet pressures under the constraint of force balance. We investigated the evolution of model pressure and magnetic field responding to increasing energy loading and their configurations under different solar wind dynamic pressure (PSW) and sunspot number. Our model reproduces the typical growth phase evolution signatures: plasma pressure increases, magnetic field lines become more stretched, current sheet becomes thinner, and the Region 2 FACs are enhanced. The model magnetic fields agree quantitatively well with observed fields. The magnetic field is substantially more stretched under higher PSW, while the dependence on sunspot number is nonlinear and less substantial. By applying our modeling to a substorm event, we found that (1) the equatorward movement of proton aurora during the growth phase is mainly due to continuous stretching of magnetic field lines, (2) the ballooning instability is more favorable during late growth phase around midnight tail where there is a localized plasma beta peak, and (3) the equatorial mapping of the breakup auroral arc is at X~−14 RE near midnight, coinciding with the location of the maximum growth rate for the ballooning instability.
Impact of the lateral blast on the spatial pattern and grain size characteristics of the 18 May 1980 Mount St. Helens fallout deposit
Authors: Eychenne Julia , Cashman Katharine , Rust Alison , Durant Adam
Published: August 2015

The 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens started with a lateral blast that fed a pyroclastic surge, which then uplifted to form a co‐blast plume. Thirty minutes later, Plinian activity started at the vent and fluctuated in intensity for ~9 h. The resulting fallout deposit, documented to > 600 km from vent, presents some striking features: (1) displacement of the overall deposit to the north of the vent, (2) a secondary thickness and mass maximum at ~300 km from vent, (3) a total grain size distribution dominated by fine ash (62 wt % of the deposit < 63 µm), and (4) individual grain size distributions that vary dramatically in the crosswind direction from strongly bimodal in the south to skewed unimodal in the north. Results from a new deconvolution of the individual grain size distributions show that they are a combination of a coarse subpopulation that decreases in size with distance from vent and a constant fine subpopulation with a mean of ∼15 µm. Relative proportions of each subpopulation vary asymmetrically in the crosswind directions, with the fine subpopulation preponderant toward the north and the coarse one dominating the south of the deposit, both reach their absolute maxima in mass on the deposit axis. Componentry analyses of selected samples show that blast‐derived material is greatly enriched toward the north of the deposit. These results indicate that the co‐blast plume dispersed fine‐grained material over great distances and dominated the fine subpopulation. Comparison with reanalysis data of atmospheric wind fields and satellite images of the spreading ash cloud suggests contrasting ash transport and depositional processes for the (early) co‐blast plume and the (later) vent‐derived Plinian plumes. The co‐blast plume is displaced to the north; it had a high overshoot height, and eastward dispersion via strong winds low in the stratosphere (~10–15 km). The Plinian plumes were lower and dispersed most of the material to the southeast as the direction of high‐velocity winds shifted just before the late climactic Plinian eruptive phase. Fine ash (fine subpopulation) was deposited continuously throughout the deposit, with an increase of sedimentation rate ~300 km from the vent where there is a secondary maximum in the deposit mass and thickness. Fine ash probably settled by a combination of enhanced sedimentation mechanisms, including not only aggregation but also gravitational convective instabilities of cloud base, hydrometeor formation and destruction, and entrainment of small particles by larger ones. Finally, we show that half of the deposit (by mass) in the medial area was deposited by the co‐blast plume, and that a significant proportion of the Mount St. Helens fallout deposit is nonjuvenile, which has implications for the magmatic budget of this eruption.
The frequency dependence and locations of short‐period microseisms generated in the Southern Ocean and West Pacific
Authors: Gal M. , Reading A. M. , Ellingsen S. P. , Gualtieri L. , Koper K. D. , Burlacu R. , Tkalčić H. , Hemer M. A.
Published: August 2015

The origin of the microseismic wavefield is associated with deep ocean and coastal regions where, under certain conditions, ocean waves can excite seismic waves that propagate as surface and body waves. Given that the characteristics of seismic signals generally vary with frequency, here we explore the frequency‐ and azimuth‐dependent properties of microseisms recorded at a medium aperture (25 km) array in Australia. We examine the frequency‐dependent properties of the wavefield, and its temporal variation, over two decades (1991–2012), with a focus on relatively high‐frequency microseisms (0.325–0.725 Hz) recorded at the Warramunga Array, which has good slowness resolution capabilities in this frequency range. The analysis is carried out using the incoherently averaged signal Capon beamforming, which gives robust estimates of slowness and back azimuth and is able to resolve multiple wave arrivals within a single time window. For surface waves, we find that fundamental mode Rayleigh waves (Rg) dominate for lower frequencies (<0.55 Hz) while higher frequencies (>0.55 Hz) show a transition to higher mode surface waves (Lg). For body waves, source locations are identified in deep ocean regions for lower frequencies and in shallow waters for higher frequencies. We further examine the association between surface wave arrivals and a WAVEWATCH III ocean wave hindcast. Correlations with the ocean wave hindcast show that secondary microseisms in the lower‐frequency band are generated mainly by ocean swell, while higher‐frequency bands are generated by the wind sea, i.e., local wind conditions.
Pacific Ocean surface freshwater variability underneath the double ITCZ as seen by satellite sea surface salinity retrievals
Authors: Sena Martins Meike , Stammer Detlef
Published: August 2015

The salinity budget of the upper tropical Pacific Ocean underneath the double Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is studied using the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Aquarius surface salinity observations as well as in situ salinity measurements. In this shallow mixed layer region of the ocean, precipitation effects on the near‐surface salinity budget are large, typically leading to a band of fresh sea surface salinity (SSS) between March and June. The role of precipitation during the freshening period is documented here through a direct correlation between the SMOS SSS fields and the monthly accumulated precipitation. During the same period, the mixed layer salinity budget is impacted by advection, which, based on in situ observations, is found to be another important mechanism for the evolution of the near‐surface salinity as documented through a connection between the north equatorial eastern Pacific Fresh water pool and this south equatorial freshwater pattern in boreal spring. However, given the information at hand, the near‐surface salinity budget cannot be closed, suggesting that other processes are important too, such as nonlinear effects, mixing, and entrainment.
Relative contributions of gaseous oxidized mercury and fine and coarse particle‐bound mercury to mercury wet deposition at nine monitoring sites in North America
Authors: Cheng Irene , Zhang Leiming , Mao Huiting
Published: August 2015

Relative contributions to mercury wet deposition by gaseous oxidized mercury (%GOM) and fine and coarse particle‐bound mercury (%FPBM and %CPBM) were estimated making use of monitored FPBM air concentration and mercury wet deposition at nine North American locations. Scavenging ratios of particulate inorganic ions (K+ and Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+) were used as a surrogate for those of FPBM and CPBM, respectively. FPBM and CPBM were estimated to contribute 8–36% and 5–27%, respectively, depending on the location, to total wet deposition. The rest of the 39–87% was attributed to the contribution of GOM. The average %GOM, %FPBM and %CPBM among all locations were 65%, 17%, and 18%, respectively. The relative distributions of %GOM, %FPBM, and %CPBM were influenced by Hg(II) gas‐particle partitioning, urban site characteristics, and precipitation type. At the regional scale, %GOM dominated over %FPBM and %CPBM. However, the sum of FPBM and CPBM contributed to nearly half of the total Hg wet deposition in urban areas, which was greater than other site categories and is attributed to higher FPBM air concentrations. At four locations, %FPBM exceeded %GOM during winter in contrast to summer, suggesting the efficient snow scavenging of aerosols. The results from this study are useful in improving mercury transport models since most of these models do not estimate CPBM, but frequently use monitored mercury wet deposition data for model evaluation.
Socio‐Economic Hazards and Impacts of Space Weather: The Important Range Between Mild and Extreme
Authors: Schrijver Carolus J.
Published: August 2015

Society needs to prepare for more severe space weather than it has experienced in the modern technological era. To enable that we must both quantify extreme‐event characteristics and analyze impacts of lesser events that are frequent yet severe enough to be informative. Exploratory studies suggest that economic impacts of a century‐level space hurricane and of a century of lesser space weather “gales” may turn out to be of the same order of magnitude. The economic benefits of effective mitigation of the impacts of space gales may substantially exceed the required investments, even as these investments provide valuable information to prepare for the worst possible storms.
Oxygen Diffusion in SrTiO3 and Related Perovskite Oxides
Authors: De Souza R. A.
Published: August 2015

The transport of oxygen ions plays a central role in determining the performance or the degradation of perovskite‐type oxides in applications as diverse as ceramic capacitors, solid electrolytes, memristive devices and all‐oxide electronics. In this Feature Article, experimental data reported in the literature for oxygen diffusion in SrTiO3 and in related titanate, zirconate and cerate perovskite oxides [CaTiO3, BaTiO3, (Na,Bi)TiO3, Pb(Ti,Zr)O3, CaZrO3, SrZrO3, BaZrO3, SrCeO3, BaCeO3] are reviewed. The two related aims are to draw attention to discrepancies and to identify reliable diffusion data. The physical limit to the diffusivity of oxygen vacancies in a perovskite oxide is also considered.
Triphenylphosphonium‐Conjugated Poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐Based Self‐Assembled Nanostructures as Nanosized Drugs and Drug Delivery Carriers for Mitochondria‐Targeting Synergistic Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Cho Dong Youl , Cho Hana , Kwon Kiyoon , Yu Minjong , Lee Eunji , Huh Kang Moo , Lee Don Haeng , Kang Han Chang
Published: August 2015

For mitochondria‐targeting delivery, a coupling reaction between poly(ε‐caprolactone) diol (PCL diol) and 4‐carboxybutyltriphenylphosphonium (4‐carboxybutyl TPP) results in the synthesis of amphiphilic TPP‐PCL‐TPP (TPCL) polymers with a bola‐like structure. In aqueous environments, the TPCL polymer self‐assembled via cosolvent dispersion and film hydration, resulting in the formation of cationic nanoparticles (NPs) less than 50 nm in size with zeta‐potentials of approximately 40 mV. Interestingly, different preparation methods for TPCL NPs result in various morphologies such as nanovesicles, nanofibers, and nanosheets. In vitro cytotoxicity results with TPCL NPs indicate IC50 values of approximately 10–60 μg mL−1, suggesting their potential as anticancer nanodrugs. TPCL NPs can be loaded both with hydrophobic doxorubicin (Dox) and its hydrophilic salt form (Dox·HCl), and their drug loading contents are approximately 2–10 wt% depending on the loading method and the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the drugs. Although Dox·HCl exhibits more cellular and nuclear uptake, resulting in greater antitumor effects than Dox, most drug‐loaded TPCL NPs exhibit higher mitochondrial uptake and approximately 2–7‐fold higher mitochondria‐to‐nucleus preference than free drugs, resulting in superior (approximately 7.5–18‐fold) tumor‐killing activity for most drug‐loaded TPCL NPs compared with free drugs. In conclusion, TPCL‐based nanoparticles have potential both as antitumor nanodrugs themselves and as nanocarriers for chemical therapeutics.
Significant Enhancement of Triboelectric Charge Density by Fluorinated Surface Modification in Nanoscale for Converting Mechanical Energy
Authors: Li Hua Yang , Su Li , Kuang Shuang Yang , Pan Cao Feng , Zhu Guang , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: August 2015

Excellent triboelectric and mechanical properties are achieved on the same material for the first time by developing an effective, general, straightforward, and area‐scalable approach to surface modification of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film via inductive‐coupled plasma etching. The modification enables gigantic enhancement of triboelectric charge density on the PET surface. Based on the modified PET as a contact material, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) exhibits significantly promoted electric output compared to the one without the modification. The obtained electric output is even superior to a TENG made of conventional polytetrafluoroethylene that is known for its strongest ability of being charged by triboelectrification among all engineering plastics. Detailed characterizations reveal that the enhancement of triboelectric charge density on the PET is attributed to both chemical modification of fluorination and physical modification of roughened morphology in nanoscale. Therefore, this work proposes a new route to obtaining high‐performance TENGs by manipulating and modifying surface properties of materials.
Etching‐Free Epitaxial Growth of Gold on Silver Nanostructures for High Chemical Stability and Plasmonic Activity
Authors: Liu Hongpo , Liu Tingzhuo , Zhang Lei , Han Lu , Gao Chuanbo , Yin Yadong
Published: August 2015

A robust method for epitaxial deposition of Au onto the surface of Ag nanostructures is demonstrated, which allows effective conversion of Ag nano­structures of various morphologies into Ag@Au counterparts, with the anisotropic ones showing excellent plasmonic properties comparable to the original Ag nanostructures while significantly enhanced stability. Sulfite plays a determining role in the success of this epitaxial deposition as it strongly complexes with gold cations to completely prevent galvanic replacement while it also remains benign to the Ag surface to avoid any ligand‐assisted oxidative etching. By using Ag nanoplates as an example, it is shown that the corresponding Ag@Au nanoplates possess remarkable plasmonic properties that are virtually Ag‐like, in clear contrast to Ag@Au nanospheres that exhibit much lower plasmonic activities than their Ag counterparts. As a result, they display high durability and activities in surface‐enhanced Raman scattering applications. This strategy may represent a general platform for depositing a noble metal on less stable metal nanostructures, thus opening up new opportunities in rational design of functional metal nanomaterials for a broad range of applications.
Local Distortions in Nanostructured Ferroelectric Ceramics through Strain Tuning
Authors: Philippot Gilles , Albino Marjorie , Epherre Romain , Chevallier Geoffroy , Beynet Yannick , Manière Charles , Weibel Alicia , Peigney Alain , Deluca Marco , Elissalde Catherine , Maglione Mario , Aymonier Cyril , Estournès Claude
Published: August 2015

Ferroelectric materials are highly sensitive to grain size reduction because strain and ferroelectric polarization have a direct connection. Using 15 nm (Ba,Sr)TiO3 particles obtained by advanced supercritical synthesis and their densification by high‐pressure spark plasma sintering under air, reproducible and dense nanostructured ceramics are achieved. Taking advantage of the high pressure (up to 600 MPa) applied during the sintering step, the internal stress generated at the grain scale can be monitored to compensate for the particle surface stress due to size effect. Both the local dynamics observed by Raman scattering and the overall dielectric behavior consistently indicate a recovery of the ferroelectric properties as the sintering pressure is increased. This unique behavior shows that low‐temperature and high‐pressure processing enables designing nanostructured functional ceramics exhibiting original properties.
Drop printing of pharmaceuticals: Effect of molecular weight on PEG coated‐naproxen/PEG 3350 solid dispersions
Authors: Hsu Hsin‐Yun , Harris Michael T. , Toth Scott , Simpson Garth J.
Published: August 2015

Solid dispersions have been used to enhance the bioavailability of poorly water‐soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, the solid‐state phase, compositional uniformity, and scale‐up problems are issues that need to be addressed. To allow for highly controllable products, the drop printing (DP) technique can provide precise dosages and predictable compositional uniformity of APIs in two‐/three‐dimensional structures. DP was used to prepare naproxen (NAP)/polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG 3350) solid dispersions with PEG coatings of different molecular weights (MWs). A comparison of moisture‐accelerated crystallization inhibition by different PEG coatings was assessed. Scanning electron microscopy, second harmonic generation microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry analysis were performed to characterize the morphology and quantify the apparent crystallinity of NAP within the solid dispersions. Thermogravimetric analysis was employed to measure the water content within each sample. The results suggest that the moisture‐accelerated crystallization inhibition capability of the PEG coatings increased with increasing MW of the PEG coating. Besides, to demonstrate the flexibility of DP technology on manufacturing formulation, multilayer tablets with different PEG serving as barrier layers were also constructed, and their dissolution behavior was examined. By applying DP and appropriate materials, it is possible to design various carrier devices used to control the release dynamics of the API. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4502–4508, 2015
Craniosynostosis and Noonan syndrome withKRASmutations: Expanding the phenotype with a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Addissie Yonit A. , Kotecha Udhaya , Hart Rachel A. , Martinez Ariel F. , Kruszka Paul , Muenke Maximilian
Published: August 2015

Noonan syndrome (NS) is a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome caused by germline mutations in genes coding for components of the Ras‐mitogen‐activated protein kinase (RAS‐MAPK) pathway. Features include short stature, characteristic facies, congenital heart anomalies, and developmental delay. While there is considerable clinical heterogeneity in NS, craniosynostosis is not a common feature of the condition. Here, we report on a 2 month‐old girl with Noonan syndrome associated with a de novo mutation inKRAS(p.P34Q) and premature closure of the sagittal suture. We provide a review of the literature of germlineKRASmutations and find that approximately 10% of published cases have craniosynostosis. Our findings expand on the NS phenotype and suggest that germline mutations in theKRASgene are causally involved in craniosynostosis, supporting the role of the RAS‐MAPK pathway as a mediator of aberrant bone growth in cranial sutures. The inclusion of craniosynostosis as a possible phenotype inKRAS‐associated Noonan Syndrome has implications in the differential diagnosis and surgical management of individuals with craniosynostosis. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
National down syndrome patient database: Insights from the development of a multi‐center registry study
Authors: Lavigne Jenifer , Sharr Christianne , Ozonoff Al , Prock Lisa Albers , Baumer Nicole , Brasington Campbell , Cannon Sheila , Crissman Blythe , Davidson Emily , Florez Jose C. , Kishnani Priya , Lombardo Angela , Lyerly Jordan , McCannon Jessica B. , McDonough Mary Ellen , Schwartz Alison , Berrier Kathryn L. , Sparks Susan , Stock‐Guild Kara , Toler Tomi L. , Vellody Kishore , Voelz Lauren , Skotko Brian G.
Published: August 2015

The Down Syndrome Study Group (DSSG) was founded in 2012 as a voluntary, collaborative effort with the goal of supporting evidenced‐based health care guidelines for individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Since then, 5 DS specialty clinics have collected prospective, longitudinal data on medical conditions that co‐occur with DS. Data were entered by clinical staff or trained designees into the National Down Syndrome Patient Database, which we created using REDCap software. In our pilot year, we enrolled 663 participants across the U.S., ages 36 days to 70 years, from multiple racial and ethnic backgrounds. Here we report: (i) the demographic distribution of participants enrolled, (ii) a detailed account of our database infrastructure, and (iii) lessons learned during our pilot year to assist future researchers with similar goals for other patient populations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome and dental anomalies
Authors: Chacon‐Camacho Oscar Francisco , Fuerte‐Flores Bertha Irene , Ricardez‐Marcial Edgar F. , Zenteno Juan Carlos
Published: August 2015

SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome is an uncommon autosomal dominant syndrome caused by mutations in the SOX2 gene and clinically characterized by severe eye malformations (anophthalmia/microphthalmia) and extraocular anomalies mainly involving brain, esophagus, and genitalia. In this work, a patient with the SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome and exhibiting a novel dental anomaly is described. SOX2 genotyping in this patient revealed an apparently de novo c.70del20 deletion, a commonly reported SOX2 mutation. A review of the phenotypic variation observed in patients carrying the recurrent SOX2 c.70del20 mutation is presented. Although dental anomalies are uncommonly reported in the SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome, we suggest that a dental examination should be performed in patients with SOX2 mutations. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dysspondyloenchondromatosis (DSC) associated with COL2A1 mutation: Clinical and radiological overlap with spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia‐Strudwick type (SEMD‐S)
Authors: Merrick Blair , Calder Alistair , Wakeling Emma
Published: August 2015

Dysspondyloenchondromatosis (DSC) is a rare skeletal dysplasia characterized by enchondroma‐like lesions and anisospondyly. The former leads to discrepancies in limb length, and the latter, to progressive kyphoscoliosis. Two recent cases have highlighted the genetic heterogeneity of DSC, one demonstrating the presence and, the other, the absence of a COL2A1 mutation. This may have important clinical implications, for example, screening for complications including atlanto‐axial instability associated with type II collagenopathies, as well as long‐term patient management. We report on a case with radiographic features of DSC with overlap into the type II collagenopathy spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia, Strudwick type, who was found to carry a novel heterozygous mutation in the COL2A1 gene. Testing for COL2A1 mutations should be performed in all patients with radiological features of DSC. Further research is needed to identify the underlying molecular cause in cases where no COL2A1 mutation is identified. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Asymmetric Synthesis of Tetrahydrolipstatin
Authors: Liu Xiaofan , Wang Yanping , O'Doherty George A.
Published: August 2015

The various syntheses of the over‐the‐counter anti‐obesity drug tetrahydrolipstatin (also known as Orlistat) are reviewed. The 31 various syntheses cover the development of enantioselective natural products synthesis since the first synthesis of tetrahydrolipstatin (THL) by Schneider in 1987. After Schneider's landmark synthetic effort there have been numerous total and formal syntheses of THL, which have involved a diverse range of approaches. These various syntheses can be classified by the methods that were used to install the stereochemistry, for instance, chiral auxiliary, asymmetric aldol, asymmetric allylation/crotylation, asymmetric reductions, asymmetric resolutions, asymmetric oxidations, and chiron approach. These routes also feature the elegant use of a chiral phosphate template, a tandem [2+2]‐Mukaiyama aldol‐lactonization, an anti‐aldol segment via a non‐aldol route, a Prins cyclization, and an epoxide carbonylation.