bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The preparation and dyeing properties of pineapple leaf fibres modified with a cationic modifier
Authors: Dong Chaohong , Lu Zhou , Zhang Xiao , Zhu Ping , Li Nana
Published: April 2014

Pineapple leaf fibres were modified with cationic modifier GX‐H23 and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (surfactant 1227) to change their surface electric properties. After modification, the pineapple leaf fibres were dyed separately with CI Reactive Red 15 under traditional and salt‐free dyeing conditions. Based on dye uptake analysis, the influence of different modification and dyeing conditions on the dyeing properties of pineapple leaf fibres were evaluated. The results showed that the modified pineapple leaf fibres under salt‐free dyeing conditions exhibited superior dye uptake, especially when the cationic modifier GX‐H23 was used. The optimum parameters for modification with surfactant 1227 were: 15 g/l of surfactant 1227, 10 g/l of sodium hydroxide, and 90 °C for 30 min; the optimum parameters for modification with cationic modifier GX‐H23 were: 15 g/l of cationic modifier GX‐H23, 20 g/l of sodium hydroxide, and 60 °C for 40 min.
Are different soil metals near the homes of pregnant women associated with mild and severe intellectual disability in children?
Authors: McDermott Suzanne , Bao Weichao , Tong Xin , Cai Bo , Lawson Andrew , Aelion C Marjorie
Published: April 2014

Aim

We explored the association of relatively low concentrations of metals in the soil proximal to maternal residence during pregnancy, with intellectual disability. We hypothesized different metals would be associated with mild versus severe intellectual disability.

Method

We used a mixed methods design, starting with a retrospective cohort from 1996 to 2002, of 10 051 pregnant mothers, soil sampling in the areas where these mothers resided during pregnancy, and follow‐up of their children to determine if there was an intellectual disability outcome. We tested the soil and then predicted the soil concentration at the maternal homes, and modeled the association with the severity of the child's intellectual disability.

Results

We found a significant positive association between mild intellectual disability and soil mercury (p=0.007). For severe intellectual disability, there was a significant positive association with the soil arsenic and lead (p=0.025).

Interpretation

This is the first report of the differential impact of metals in soil and severity of intellectual disability in children. Soil mercury concentration in the area the mother lived during pregnancy is associated with significantly increased odds of mild intellectual disability; a combination of arsenic and lead is associated with significantly increased odds of severe intellectual disability. These associations are present when controlling for maternal, child, and neighborhood characteristics.
Contribution of socio‐economic status on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic search and review
Authors: Solaski Myrill , Majnemer Annette , Oskoui Maryam
Published: April 2014

Aim

The association between socio‐economic status (SES) and cerebral palsy (CP) remains controversial. Preterm birth, low birthweight, and postnatal injuries are accepted mediating risk factors for CP, but the question remains whether SES confers additional risk. The aim of this study was to analyse existing knowledge on the relationship between SES and the risk of CP.

Method

We conducted a systematic search and review of potentially relevant research relating to SES and CP published from 1980 to 2012. Heterogeneity between studies did not allow for data aggregation or meta‐analysis; therefore, a narrative review was used to summarize the findings.

Results

Twelve studies were included in the systematic review. Of these, eight found low SES to be a risk factor for increased CP prevalence. Three studies detected statistically significant associations even after controlling for birthweight and gestational age as variables. Two of these studies also accounted for additional confounding variables (multiple births and timing of CP acquisition) and continued to detect contributory effects of SES. Linear negative correlations between CP prevalence and SES were shown by three studies.

Interpretation

Evidence suggests that the effect of SES on CP prevalence goes beyond that of the mediating factors preterm birth, low birthweight, and postnatal trauma. These associations were seen in area‐based and, to a lesser extent, individual measures of SES. A better understanding of mediating factors is imperative in developing targeted public health intervention programmes to reduce the prevalence of CP.
Reliability of a novel, semi‐quantitative scale for classification of structural brain magnetic resonance imaging in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Fiori Simona , Cioni Giovanni , Klingels Katrjin , Ortibus Els , Van Gestel Leen , Rose Stephen , Boyd Roslyn N , Feys Hilde , Guzzetta Andrea
Published: April 2014

Aim

To describe the development of a novel rating scale for classification of brain structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and to assess its interrater and intrarater reliability.

Method

The scale consists of three sections. Section 1 contains descriptive information about the patient and MRI. Section 2 contains the graphical template of brain hemispheres onto which the lesion is transposed. Section 3 contains the scoring system for the quantitative analysis of the lesion characteristics, grouped into different global scores and subscores that assess separately side, regions, and depth. A larger interrater and intrarater reliability study was performed in 34 children with CP (22 males, 12 females; mean age at scan of 9y 5mo [SD 3y 3mo], range 4y–16y 11mo; Gross Motor Function Classification System level I, [n=22], II [n=10], and level III [n=2]).

Results

Very high interrater and intrarater reliability of the total score was found with indices above 0.87. Reliability coefficients of the lobar and hemispheric subscores ranged between 0.53 and 0.95. Global scores for hemispheres, basal ganglia, brain stem, and corpus callosum showed reliability coefficients above 0.65.

Interpretation

This study presents the first visual, semi‐quantitative scale for classification of brain structural MRI in children with CP. The high degree of reliability of the scale supports its potential application for investigating the relationship between brain structure and function and examining treatment response according to brain lesion severity in children with CP.
Quantitative comparison of cortical and deep grey matter in pathological subtypes of unilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Scheck Simon M , Pannek Kerstin , Fiori Simona , Boyd Roslyn N , Rose Stephen E
Published: April 2014

Aim

The aim of this study was to quantify grey matter changes in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP), differentiating between cortical or deep grey matter (CDGM) lesions, periventricular white matter (PWM) lesions, and unilateral and bilateral lesions.

Method

In a cross‐sectional study we obtained high resolution structural magnetic resonance images from 72 children (41 males, 31 females, mean age 10y 9mo [SD 3y 1mo], range 5y 1mo–17y 1mo) with UCP (33 left, 39 right hemiplegia; Manual Ability Classification System level I n=29, II n=43; Gross Motor Function Classification System level I n=46, II n=26), and 19 children with typical development (CTD; eight males, 11 females, mean age 11y 2mo [SD 2y 7mo], range 7y 8mo–16y 4mo). Images were classified by lesion type and analyzed using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) and subcortical volumetric analysis.

Results

Deep grey matter volumes were not significantly different between children with CDGM and PWM lesions, with the thalamus, putamen, and globus pallidus being reduced unilaterally in both groups compared with CTD (p≤0.001). Children with CDGM lesions additionally showed widespread cortical changes involving all lobes using VBM (p<0.01). Children with bilateral lesions had reduced thalamus and putamen volumes bilaterally (p<0.001). The thalamic volume was reduced bilaterally in children with unilateral lesions (p=0.004).

Interpretation

Lesions to the PWM cause secondary changes to the deep grey matter structures similar to primary changes seen in CDGM lesions. Despite having a unilateral phenotype, grey matter changes are observed bilaterally, even in children with unilateral lesions.
Congenital cytomegalovirus is associated with severe forms of cerebral palsy and female sex in a retrospective population‐based study
Authors: Smithers‐Sheedy Hayley , Raynes‐Greenow Camille , Badawi Nadia , McIntyre Sarah , Jones Cheryl A ,   the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register Group
Published: April 2014

Aim

Congenital cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection can result in poor outcomes including cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of this study was to describe the incidence and comorbidities of CP reported to the Australian Cerebral Palsy Register (ACPR) as attributed to cCMV infection.

Method

This was a retrospective population‐based study. Cases were drawn from Australian state CP registers with population level ascertainment, 1993 to 2003 (n=2265; 56.4% males, Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] ratings available for Victorian cases only: 70% GMFCS levels I to III and 30% GMFCS levels IV to V). Clinical data were extracted and cases with cCMV reported as a known cause were compared with cases where cCMV was not reported.

Results

Children with cCMV (n=34; 12 males, 22 females; mean [SD] gestational age, 36.4 wk [4.4], range 24–41 wk) accounted for 1.5% of CP cases; 2.9 per 100 000 live births, (95% confidence intervals 1.9–3.9). When compared with CP cases where cCMV was not reported, proportionally, more CP cases with cCMV were born to younger mothers (p<0.001), were female (64% vs 43%, p=0.014), had spastic quadriplegia (73% vs 21%, p<0.001), required wheeled mobility i.e. GMFCS IV or V (78% vs 28%, p<0.001), had epilepsy (70% vs 30%, p<0.001), deafness (40% vs 2%, p<0.001), functional blindness (20% vs 5%, p<0.001), and severe communication impairment (71% vs 25%, p<0.001).

Interpretation

cCMV is an important potentially preventable cause of CP and is associated with severe disability and female sex in cases reported to the ACPR. Future studies utilising prospective sample collection for cCMV testing are needed to confirm these findings.
Standardizing corneal nerve fibre length for nerve tortuosity increases its association with measures of diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Edwards K. , Pritchard N. , Vagenas D. , Russell A. , Malik R. A. , Efron N.
Published: April 2014

Aims

Recent studies on corneal markers have advocated corneal nerve fibre length as the most important measure of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The aim of this study was to determine if standardizing corneal nerve fibre length for tortuosity increases its association with other measures of diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Methods

Two hundred and thirty‐one individuals with diabetes with either predominantly mild or absent neuropathic changes and 61 control subjects underwent evaluation of diabetic neuropathy symptom score, neuropathy disability score, testing with 10‐g monofilament, quantitative sensory testing (warm, cold, vibration detection) and nerve conduction studies. Corneal nerve fibre length and corneal nerve fibre tortuosity were measured using corneal confocal microscopy. A tortuosity‐standardised corneal nerve fibre length variable was generated by dividing corneal nerve fibre length by corneal nerve fibre tortuosity. Differences in corneal nerve morphology between individuals with and without diabetic peripheral neuropathy and control subjects were determined and associations were estimated between corneal morphology and established tests of, and risk factors for, diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Results

The tortuosity‐standardised corneal nerve fibre length variable was better than corneal nerve fibre length in demonstrating differences between individuals with diabetes, with and without neuropathy (tortuosity‐standardised corneal nerve fibre length variable: 70.5 ± 27.3 vs. 84.9 ± 28.7, P < 0.001, receiver operating characteristic area under the curve = 0.67; corneal nerve fibre length: 15.9 ± 6.9 vs. 18.4 ± 6.2 mm/mm2, P = 0.004, receiver operating characteristic area under the curve = 0.64). Furthermore, the tortuosity‐standardised corneal nerve fibre length variable demonstrated a significant difference between the control subjects and individuals with diabetes, without neuropathy, while corneal nerve fibre length did not (tortuosity‐standardised corneal nerve fibre length variable: 94.3 ± 27.1 vs. 84.9 ± 28.7, P = 0.028; corneal nerve fibre length: 20.1 ± 6.3 vs. 18.4 ± 6.2 mm/mm2, P = 0.084). Correlations between corneal nerve fibre length and established measures of neuropathy and risk factors for neuropathy were higher when a correction was made for the nerve tortuosity.

Conclusions

Standardizing corneal nerve fibre length for tortuosity enhances the ability to differentiate individuals with diabetes, with and without neuropathy.
Coffee consumption and the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults—results from a Swedish case–control study
Authors: Löfvenborg J. E. , Andersson T. , Carlsson P.‐O. , Dorkhan M. , Groop L. , Martinell M. , Rasouli B. , Storm P. , Tuomi T. , Carlsson S.
Published: April 2014

Aims

Coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes. Our aim was to investigate if coffee intake may also reduce the risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, an autoimmune form of diabetes with features of Type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We used data from a population‐based case–control study with incident cases of adult onset (≥ 35 years) diabetes, including 245 cases of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody positive), 759 cases of Type 2 diabetes (glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody negative), together with 990 control subjects without diabetes, randomly selected from the population. Using questionnaire information on coffee consumption, we estimated the odds ratio of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults and Type 2 diabetes adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, physical activity, alcohol, education and family history of diabetes.

Results

Coffee intake was inversely associated with Type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.87–0.98 per cup/day). With regard to latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, the general trend was weak (odds ratio 1.04, 95% CI 0.96–1.13), but stratification by degree of autoimmunity (median glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody levels) suggested that coffee intake may be associated with an increased risk of high glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (odds ratio 1.11, 95% CI 1.00–1.23 per cup/day). Furthermore, for every additional cup of coffee consumed per day, there was a 15.2% (P = 0.0268) increase in glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody levels.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm that coffee consumption is associated with a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes. Interestingly, the findings suggest that coffee may be associated with development of autoimmunity and possibly an increased risk of more Type 1‐like latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.
Racial disparities in cardiovascular risk factor control in an underinsured population with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Wang Y. , Katzmarzyk P. T. , Horswell R. , Zhao W. , Li W. , Johnson J. , Ryan D. H. , Hu G.
Published: April 2014

Aim

To investigate the race‐specific trend in attainment of the American Diabetes Association cardiovascular risk factor control goals (HbA1c <53 mmol/mol (7.0%), blood pressure <130/80 mmHg and LDL cholesterol <2.6mmol/l) by patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Methods

The study sample included 14 946 African‐American and 12 758 white patients who were newly diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes between 2001 and 2009 in the Louisiana State University Hospital system. The race‐specific percentages of patients' attainment of American Diabetes Association goals were calculated using the baseline and follow‐up measurements of HbA1c, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol levels. Logistic regression was used to test the difference between African‐American and white patients.

Results

The percentage of patients who met all three American Diabetes Association goals increased from 8.2% in 2001 to 10.2% in 2009 (increased by 24.4%) in this cohort. Compared with African‐American patients, white patients had better attainment of the following American Diabetes Association goals: HbA1c (61.4 vs. 55.1%), blood pressure (25.8 vs. 20.4%), LDL cholesterol (40.1 vs. 37.7%) and all three goals (7.3 vs. 5.1%). African‐American and white patients generally had a better cardiovascular disease risk factor profile during follow‐up when we assessed attainment of the American Diabetes Association goals by means of HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL cholesterol.

Conclusions

During 2001–2009, the present low‐income cohort of people with Type 2 diabetes generally experienced improved control of cardiovascular disease risk factors. White patients had better attainment of the American Diabetes Association cardiovascular risk factor control goals than their African‐American counterparts.
How is research publishing going to progress in the next 20 years? Transcription of Session for Editors, Associate Editors, Publishers and Others with an Interest in Scientific Publishing Held at IADR Meeting In Seattle on Wednesday, 20 March 2013
Authors: Eaton K. A. , Holland G. R. , Giannobile W. V. , Hancocks S. , Robinson P. G. , Lynch C. D.
Published: April 2014

On March 20th 2013, a one‐hour session for Editors, Associate Editors, Publishers and others with an interest in scientific publishing was held at the IADR International Session in Seattle. Organised by Kenneth Eaton and Chris Lynch (Chair and Secretary, respectively, of the British Dental Editors Forum), the meeting sought to bring together leading international experts in dental publishing, as well as authors, reviewers and students engaged in research. The meeting was an overwhelming success, with more than 100 attendees. A panel involving four leading dental editors led a discussion on anticipated developments in publishing dental research with much involvement and contribution from audience members. This was the third such meeting held at the IADR for Editors, Associate Editors, Publishers and others with an interest in scientific publishing. A follow up session will take place in Cape Town on 25 June 2014 as part of the annual IADR meeting. The transcript of the meeting is reproduced in this article. Where possible speakers are identified by name. At the first time of mention their role/ position is also stated, thereafter only their name appears. We are grateful to Stephen Hancocks Ltd for their generous sponsorship of this event. For those who were not able to attend the authors hope this article gives a flavour of the discussions and will encourage colleagues to attend future events. Involvement is open to Editors, Associate Editors, Publishers and others with an interest in scientific publishing. It is a very open group and all those with an interest will be welcome to join in.
Impaired health‐related quality of life in acute myeloid leukemia survivors: a single‐center study
Authors: Leunis Annemieke , Redekop William K. , Uyl‐de Groot Carin A. , Löwenberg Bob
Published: April 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and its treatment on health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) by comparing the HRQOL of AML survivors with the HRQOL in the general population.

Methods

Two HRQOL questionnaires (EQ‐5D and QLQ‐C30) were sent to patients diagnosed with AML between 1999 and 2011 at a single academic hospital and still alive in 2012. HRQOL in AML survivors was compared with general population reference values. Multivariate analysis was used to identify factors associated with HRQOL in AML survivors.

Results

Questionnaires were returned by 92 of the 103 patients (89%). AML survivors reported significantly worse functioning, more fatigue, pain, dyspnea, appetite loss, and financial difficulties and lower EQ‐VAS scores than the general population (P < 0.05). Impaired HRQOL in AML survivors was mainly found in survivors without a paid job. Other factors associated with a poor HRQOL were allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and the absence of social support.

Conclusion

This single‐center study showed that the HRQOL in AML survivors is worse than the HRQOL in the general population. HRQOL in these patients can be improved by adequately treating and preventing fatigue, pain, dyspnea, and appetite loss.
Comparison of the blood supply to the articular‐epiphyseal growth complex in horse vs. pony foals
Authors: Hendrickson E. H. S. , Olstad K. , Nødtvedt A. , Pauwels E. , van Hoorebeke L. , Dolvik N. I.
Published: April 2014

Reasons for performing study

To increase understanding of why the prevalence of clinical/radiographic osteochondrosis (OC) dissecans is high in horses and low in ponies.

Objectives

To investigate whether the clinical difference in OC occurrence between horses and ponies could partly be explained by a difference in: 1) number of patent vessels in the epiphyseal growth cartilage; 2) duration of the presence of patent cartilage canals; or 3) growth cartilage thickness at predilection sites for OC. The hypothesis was that pony foals would have fewer cartilage canals, shorter duration of blood supply and thinner growth cartilage than horse foals.

Study design

Observational, cross‐sectional study.

Methods

Nine Standardbred foals (horse group) 1–49 days old and 11 Norwegian Fjord foals (pony group) 1–62 days old were included. A total of 15 anatomical locations in the tarsocrural and metatarsophalangeal joints were examined by one or more of the following techniques: arterial perfusion; photography of cleared specimens; microcomputed tomography; radiography; and histology. The number of cartilage canals was counted. Cartilage thickness was measured. Duration of blood supply was assessed in histological sections.

Results

Of the 3 common predilection sites for OC investigated, there were significantly fewer vessels (P = 0.003) and thinner cartilage (P = 0.002) at the distal lateral trochlear ridge of the talus in the pony group. There was no difference in the duration of presence of cartilage canals between the groups.

Conclusion

The hypothesis that pony foals would have fewer cartilage canals and thinner growth cartilage than horse foals was confirmed for the lateral trochlear ridge of the talus. The current results may contribute towards an explanation for the low prevalence of OC at the distal lateral trochlear ridge of the talus in pony foals.
Re‐evaluation of the sepsis score in equine neonates
Authors: Weber E. J. , Sanchez L. C. , Giguère S.
Published: April 2014

Reasons for performing study

The modified sepsis scoring system provides a method to identify sepsis in foals early in the disease process, but inconsistent results have been obtained from its clinical application in previous studies.

Objectives

To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the modified sepsis score in a larger population of foals. A secondary objective was to identify factors associated with sepsis.

Study design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

Records were retrospectively analysed for neonatal admissions to the University of Florida Large Animal Hospital from 1982 to 2008. Backwards stepwise multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate objective clinical factors associated with sepsis. Receiver operating chararacteristic ROC curve analysis was performed on the modified sepsis score and used to determine an optimal cut point.

Results

A total of 1065 foals were included in the study. The modified sepsis score had a sensitivity of 56.4% and specificity of 73.4% for the originally suggested cut point (>11). Receiver operating chararacteristic analysis revealed an optimal cut point of >7 (sensitivity 84.4%, specificity 41.8%). The modified sepsis score performed better than the generated regression model which included age, creatinine, lymphocytes, potassium and IgG>8 g/l (P = 0.026). Diagnostic performance of the modified sepsis score did not change significantly over time.

Conclusions

Sensitivity and specificity of the modified sepsis score were not as high as previously documented, but the score still outperformed a regression model derived from objective clinical data.

The Summary is available in Chinese – see Supporting information.
Temporal and spatial regulation of cAMP signaling in disease: role of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases
Authors: Otero Carolina , Peñaloza Juan P. , Rodas Paula I. , Fernández‐Ramires Ricardo , Velasquez Luis , Jung Juan E.
Published: April 2014

Since its discovery, cAMP has been proposed as one of the most versatile second messengers. The remarkable feature of cAMP to tightly control highly diverse physiological processes, including metabolism, homeostasis, secretion, muscle contraction, cell proliferation and migration, immune response, and gene transcription, is reflected by millions of different articles worldwide. Compartmentalization of cAMP in space and time, maintained by mainly phosphodiesterases, contributes to the maintenance of equilibrium inside the cell where one signal can trigger many different events. Novel cAMP sensors seem to carry out certain unexpected signaling properties of cAMP and thereby to permit delicate adaptations of biologic responses. Measuring space and time events with biosensors will increase our current knowledge on the pathophysiology of diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cognitive impairment, cancer, and renal and heart failure. Further insights into the cAMP dynamics will help to optimize the pharmacological treatment for these diseases.
The AMPA receptor antagonist perampanel is a new hope in the treatment for epilepsy
Authors: El Desoky Ehab S.
Published: April 2014

Perampanel is a novel drug recently approved as adjunctive therapy in epileptic patients aged 12 years and older who have drug‐resistant partial epilepsy with and without secondary generalization. Pharmacological researches revealed that perampanel reduces neuronal excitability by a non‐competitive antagonistic activity against the ionotropic alpha‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors causing modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission. The pharmacological profile of the drug showed complete absorption following oral administration, and extensive metabolism in the liver by oxidation followed by glucuronidation with an elimination half‐life of approximately 53–165 h (average: 105 h), allowing once‐daily administration. Randomized placebo‐controlled trials demonstrated an effective dose range of the drug, between 4 and 12 mg/day, to significantly reduce seizure frequency in patients with partial‐onset seizure that are pharmacoresistant with a favorable tolerability profile. The most frequent adverse events of the drug reported in phase III clinical trials were dizziness, somnolence, fatigue, and headache. However, the data raised from the studies can give a hope that perampanel offers a valuable option as an adjuvant therapy for pharmacoresistant partial‐onset and secondarily generalized seizures.
Automated analysis of delayed emesis in the telemetered ferret: detection of synergistic effects of aprepitant and ondansetron
Authors: Goineau Sonia , Guillaume Philippe , Barrais Laurence , Castagné Vincent
Published: April 2014

Nausea and vomiting are common side effects of cancer chemotherapy. We have previously described a model in the ferret where delayed emesis can be measured automatically using telemetry. This study was designed to examine the sensitivity of this automated emesis model for detecting moderate and/or additive pharmacological effects by investigating low‐dose effects of aprepitant alone or in combination with ondansetron. Ferrets implanted with telemetry devices (Data Sciences International) were orally treated with aprepitant (0.03 mg/kg) and/or ondansetron (0.3 mg/kg) and then challenged with cisplatin (8 mg/kg, i.p.). Abdominal pressure was recorded in unrestrained animals from 18 to 72 h post‐challenge, and the pressure signals were automatically analyzed using adapted software (Emka Technologies). Ondansetron administered alone 1 h before cisplatin challenge had no significant effects on the delayed emesis phase. Once‐daily treatment with aprepitant (2 h before cisplatin and then 24 and 48 h after cisplatin challenge) slightly reduced the total number of emetic events (−32%, NS). When administered together, aprepitant and ondansetron exhibited synergistic effects on delayed‐phase emesis. The combined treatment markedly and significantly decreased the mean number of emetic events recorded between 24 and 54 h after cisplatin dosing (−75%, P < 0.05) and the total number of emetic events (−56%, p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that the automated cisplatin‐induced emesis model in the ferret is sensitive enough to detect the synergistic effects of aprepitant and ondansetron in combination, creating new and important perspectives for the evaluation of combined therapy in the reduction of side effects of cancer chemotherapy.
Occurrence and density of Pacific saury Cololabis saira larvae and juveniles in relation to environmental factors during the winter spawning season in the Kuroshio Current system
Authors: Takasuka Akinori , Kuroda Hiroshi , Okunishi Takeshi , Shimizu Yugo , Hirota Yuichi , Kubota Hiroshi , Sakaji Hideo , Kimura Ryo , Ito Shin‐Ichi , Oozeki Yoshioki
Published: April 2014

The occurrence and density of Pacific saury Cololabis saira larvae and juveniles were examined in relation to environmental factors during the winter spawning season in the Kuroshio Current system, based on samples from extensive surveys off the Pacific coast of Japan in 2003–2012. Dense distributions of larvae and juveniles were observed in areas around and on the offshore side of the Kuroshio axis except during a large Kuroshio meander year (2005). The relationships of larval and juvenile occurrence and density given the occurrence to sea surface temperature (SST), salinity (SSS), and chlorophyll‐a concentration (CHL) were examined by generalized additive models for 10‐mm size classes up to 40 mm. In general, the optimal SST for larval and juvenile occurrence and density given the occurrence was consistently observed at 19–20°C. The patterns were more complex for SSS, but a peak in occurrence was observed at 34.75–34.80. In contrast, there were negative relationships of occurrence and density given the occurrence to CHL. These patterns tended to be consistent among different size classes, although the patterns differed for the smallest size class depending on environmental factors. Synthetically, the window for spawning and larval and juvenile occurrence and density seems to be largely determined by physical factors, in particular temperature. The environmental conditions which larvae and juveniles encounter would be maintained while they are transported. The survival success under the physically favorable but food‐poor conditions of the Kuroshio Current system could be key to their recruitment success.
Effects of recent and past climatic shifts on the genetic structure of the high mountain Yellow‐spotted ringlet butterfly Erebia manto (Lepidoptera, Satyrinae): a conservation problem
Authors: Schmitt Thomas , Habel Jan Christian , Rödder Dennis , Louy Dirk
Published: April 2014

Mountain species have evolved important genetic differentiation due to past climatic fluctuations. The genetic uniqueness of many of these lineages is now at risk due to global warming. Here, we analyse allozyme polymorphisms of 1306 individuals (36 populations) of the mountain butterfly Erebia manto and perform Species Distribution Models (SDMs). As a consensus of analyses, we obtained six most likely genetic clusters: (i) Pyrenees with Massif Central; (ii) Vosges; (iii–v) Alps including the Slovakian Carpathians; (vi) southern Carpathians. The Vosges population showed the strongest genetic split from all other populations, being almost as strong as the split between E. manto and its sister species Erebia eriphyle. The distinctiveness of the Pyrenees‐Massif Central group and of the southern Carpathians group from all other groups is also quite high. All three groups are assumed to have survived more than one full glacial–interglacial cycle close to their current distributions with up‐hill and down‐slope shifts conforming climatic conditions. In contrast with these well‐differentiated groups, the three groups present in the Alps and the Slovakian Carpathians show a much shallower genetic structure and thus also should be of a more recent origin. As predicted by our SDM projections, rising temperatures will strongly impact the distribution of E. manto. While the populations in the Alps are predicted to shrink, the survival of the three lineages present here should not be at risk. The situation of the three other lineages is quite different. All models predict the extinction of the Vosges lineage in the wake of global warming, and also the southern Carpathians and Pyrenees‐Massif Central lineages might be at high risk to disappear. Thus, albeit global warming will therefore be unlikely to threaten E. manto as a species, an important proportion of the species’ intraspecific differentiation and thus uniqueness might be lost.
Determination of tropical deforestation rates and related carbon losses from 1990 to 2010
Authors: Achard Frédéric , Beuchle René , Mayaux Philippe , Stibig Hans‐Jürgen , Bodart Catherine , Brink Andreas , Carboni Silvia , Desclée Baudouin , Donnay François , Eva Hugh D. , Lupi Andrea , Raši Rastislav , Seliger Roman , Simonetti Dario
Published: April 2014

We estimate changes in forest cover (deforestation and forest regrowth) in the tropics for the two last decades (1990–2000 and 2000–2010) based on a sample of 4000 units of 10 ×10 km size. Forest cover is interpreted from satellite imagery at 30 × 30 m resolution. Forest cover changes are then combined with pan‐tropical biomass maps to estimate carbon losses. We show that there was a gross loss of tropical forests of 8.0 million ha yr−1 in the 1990s and 7.6 million ha yr−1 in the 2000s (0.49% annual rate), with no statistically significant difference. Humid forests account for 64% of the total forest cover in 2010 and 54% of the net forest loss during second study decade. Losses of forest cover and Other Wooded Land (OWL) cover result in estimates of carbon losses which are similar for 1990s and 2000s at 887 MtC yr−1 (range: 646–1238) and 880 MtC yr−1 (range: 602–1237) respectively, with humid regions contributing two‐thirds. The estimates of forest area changes have small statistical standard errors due to large sample size. We also reduce uncertainties of previous estimates of carbon losses and removals. Our estimates of forest area change are significantly lower as compared to national survey data. We reconcile recent low estimates of carbon emissions from tropical deforestation for early 2000s and show that carbon loss rates did not change between the two last decades. Carbon losses from deforestation represent circa 10% of Carbon emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production during the last decade (2000–2010). Our estimates of annual removals of carbon from forest regrowth at 115 MtC yr−1 (range: 61–168) and 97 MtC yr−1 (53–141) for the 1990s and 2000s respectively are five to fifteen times lower than earlier published estimates.
Permafrost conditions in peatlands regulate magnitude, timing, and chemical composition of catchment dissolved organic carbon export
Authors: Olefeldt David , Roulet Nigel T.
Published: April 2014

Permafrost thaw in peatlands has the potential to alter catchment export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and thus influence downstream aquatic C cycling. Subarctic peatlands are often mosaics of different peatland types, where permafrost conditions regulate the hydrological setting of each type. We show that hydrological setting is key to observed differences in magnitude, timing, and chemical composition of DOC export between permafrost and nonpermafrost peatland types, and that these differences influence the export of DOC of larger catchments even when peatlands are minor catchment components. In many aspects, DOC export from a studied peatland permafrost plateau was similar to that of a forested upland catchment. Similarities included low annual export (2–3 g C m−2) dominated by the snow melt period (~70%), and how substantial DOC export following storms required wet antecedent conditions. Conversely, nonpermafrost fens had higher DOC export (7 g C m−2), resulting from sustained hydrological connectivity during summer. Chemical composition of catchment DOC export arose from the mixing of highly aromatic DOC from organic soils from permafrost plateau soil water and upland forest surface horizons with nonaromatic DOC from mineral soil groundwater, but was further modulated by fens. Increasing aromaticity from fen inflow to outlet was substantial and depended on both water residence time and water temperature. The role of fens as catchment biogeochemical hotspots was further emphasized by their capacity for sulfate retention. As a result of fen characteristics, a 4% fen cover in a mixed catchment was responsible for 34% higher DOC export, 50% higher DOC concentrations and ~10% higher DOC aromaticity at the catchment outlet during summer compared to a nonpeatland upland catchment. Expansion of fens due to thaw thus has potential to influence landscape C cycling by increasing fen capacity to act as biogeochemical hotspots, amplifying aquatic C cycling, and increasing catchment DOC export.
Elevated atmospheric CO2 stimulates soil fungal diversity through increased fine root production in a semiarid shrubland ecosystem
Authors: Lipson David A. , Kuske Cheryl R. , Gallegos‐Graves La Verne , Oechel Walter C.
Published: April 2014

Soil fungal communities are likely to be central in mediating microbial feedbacks to climate change through their effects on soil carbon (C) storage, nutrient cycling, and plant health. Plants often produce increased fine root biomass in response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), but the responses of soil microbial communities are variable and uncertain, particularly in terms of species diversity. In this study, we describe the responses of the soil fungal community to free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) in a semiarid chaparral shrubland in Southern California (dominated by Adenomstoma fasciculatum) using large subunit rRNA gene sequencing. Community composition varied greatly over the landscape and responses to FACE were subtle, involving a few specific groups. Increased frequency of Sordariomycetes and Leotiomycetes, the latter including the Helotiales, a group that includes many dark septate endophytes known to associate positively with roots, was observed in the FACE plots. Fungal diversity, both in terms of richness and evenness, increased consistently in the FACE treatment, and was relatively high compared to other studies that used similar methods. Increases in diversity were observed across multiple phylogenetic levels, from genus to class, and were distributed broadly across fungal lineages. Diversity was also higher in samples collected close to (5 cm) plants compared to samples in canopy gaps (30 cm away from plants). Fungal biomass correlated well with soil organic matter (SOM) content, but patterns of diversity were correlated with fine root production rather than SOM. We conclude that the fungal community in this ecosystem is tightly linked to plant fine root production, and that future changes in the fungal community in response to elevated CO2 and other climatic changes will be primarily driven by changes in plant belowground allocation. Potential feedbacks mediated by soil fungi, such as soil C sequestration, nutrient cycling, and pathogenesis, are discussed.
Unexpected role of winter precipitation in determining heat requirement for spring vegetation green‐up at northern middle and high latitudes
Authors: Fu Yongshuo H , Piao Shilong , Zhao Hongfang , Jeong Su‐Jong , Wang Xuhui , Vitasse Yann , Ciais Philippe , Janssens Ivan A
Published: April 2014

Heat requirement, expressed in growing degree days (GDD), is a widely used method to assess and predict the effect of temperature on plant development. Until recently, the analysis of spatial patterns of GDD requirement for spring vegetation green‐up onset was limited to local and regional scales, mainly because of the sparse and aggregated spatial availability of ground phenology data. Taking advantage of the large temporal and spatial scales of remote sensing‐based green‐up onset data, we studied the spatial patterns of GDD requirement for vegetation green‐up at northern middle and high latitudes. We further explored the correlations between GDD requirement for vegetation green‐up and previous winter season chilling temperatures and precipitation, using spatial partial correlations. We showed that GDD requirement for vegetation green‐up onset declines towards the north at a mean rate of 18.8 °C‐days per degree latitude between 35°N and 70°N, and vary significantly among different vegetation types. Our results confirmed that the GDD requirement for vegetation green‐up is negatively correlated with previous winter chilling, which was defined as the number of chilling days from the day when the land surface froze in the previous autumn to the day of green‐up onset. This negative correlation is a well‐known phenomenon from local studies. Interestingly, irrespective of the vegetation type, we also found a positive correlation between the GDD requirement and previous winter season precipitation, which was defined as the sum of the precipitation of the month when green‐up onset occur and the precipitation that occurred during the previous 2 months. Our study suggests that GDD requirement, chilling and precipitation may have complex interactions in their effects on spring vegetation green‐up phenology. These findings have important implications for improving phenology models and could therefore advance our understanding of the interplay between spring phenology and carbon fluxes.
Carbon debt repayment or carbon sequestration parity? Lessons from a forest bioenergy case study in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Ter‐Mikaelian Michael T. , Colombo Stephen J. , Lovekin Dave , McKechnie Jon , Reynolds Rick , Titus Brian , Laurin Emil , Chapman Anne‐Marie , Chen Jiaxin , MacLean Heather L.
Published: April 2014

Forest bioenergy can contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with energy production. We assessed changes in GHG emissions resulting from displacement of coal with wood pellets for the Atikokan Generating Station located in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. Two contrasting biomass sources were considered for continuous wood pellet production: harvest residue from current harvest operations (residue scenario) and fibre from expanded harvest of standing live trees (stemwood scenario). For the stemwood scenario, two metrics were used to assess the effects of displacing coal with forest biomass on GHG emissions: (i) time to carbon sequestration parity, defined as the time from the beginning of harvest to when the combined GHG benefit of displacing coal with biomass and the amount of carbon in regenerating forest equalled the amount of forest carbon without harvest for energy production; and (ii) time to carbon debt repayment, defined as the time from the beginning of harvest to when the combined GHG benefit of displacing coal with biomass and the amount of carbon in the regenerating forest equalled forest carbon at the time of harvest. Only time to carbon sequestration parity was used for the residue scenario. In the residue scenario, carbon sequestration parity was achieved within 1 year. In the stemwood scenario, times to carbon sequestration parity and carbon debt repayment were 91 and 112 years, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that estimates were robust when parameter values were varied. Modelling experiments showed that increasing growth rates for regenerating stands in the stemwood scenario could substantially reduce time to carbon sequestration parity. We discuss the use of the two metrics (time to carbon sequestration parity and time to carbon debt repayment) for assessing the effects of forest bioenergy projects on GHG emissions and make recommendations on terminology and methodologies for forest bioenergy studies.
A comparison of searching the Cochrane library databases via CRD, Ovid and Wiley: implications for systematic searching and information services
Authors: Craven Jenny , Jefferies Jayne , Kendrick Jenny , Nicholls Dave , Boynton Janette , Frankish Ruth
Published: April 2014

Background

The Cochrane Library databases are available via different interfaces; evidence in the literature, together with anecdotal evidence, shows interfaces perform differently. To ensure the quality of searches, a study was undertaken to systematically explore the functionality of interfaces.

Objectives

To demonstrate differences in functionality when searching the same databases across different interfaces; to discuss the implications this may have on searching; and in a wider context, to suggest a ‘best match’ for comparable searching.

Methods

Detailed cross‐comparisons of a selection of search functions including MeSH terms, free text, proximity operators and truncation were undertaken in databases accessed via CRD, Wiley and Ovid. Up to three terms per function were selected and analysed.

Results

Differences were identified in the way searches for MeSH headings are executed, which fields are searched, how proximity operators perform, the word order searched and where terms are searched. This adds to a body of evidence demonstrating a lack of consistency in searching across different interfaces.

Conclusions

A ‘best match’ for comparable searching is suggested. Differences between interfaces offering the same database content can have implications for the success of a search, on user education, and on database evaluation and purchasing decisions.
International trends in health science librarianship Part 9: the UK – Scotland and Wales
Authors: Wales Ann , Bruch Sarah , Foster Wendy , Gorman Meg , Peters Janet
Published: April 2014

This is the 9th in a series of articles exploring international trends in health science librarianship. The previous article in this series looked at Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. In this issue the focus is Scotland and Wales. There will be three or four more articles this year tracking trends in the Far East, Africa, South Asia and the Middle East.

JM
Cinemeducation: using film as an educational tool in mental health services
Authors: Gorring Helene , Loy John , Spring Hannah
Published: April 2014

This feature looks at the benefits of using film as an educational tool for mental health. In particular, it presents two case studies outlining how two health library services successfully implemented film clubs for the purposes of teaching and learning for mental health.

H.S.