bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pottery of Knossos
Authors: Mackenzie Duncan
Published: May 2006

In the first provisional reports of the Excavations in the Palace at Knossos, published by Mr. Evans after each season's work, the general accounts of the distribution and stratification of the pottery play a part in accordance with the importance of this kind of evidence in its bearing on the history of the site. From these accounts it will be seen that there exist on the Palace Site of Knossos and its neighbourhood three distinct strata of deposit.

I. A prehistoric, neolithic stratum, first of all verified in the preliminary pits on the E. slope of the Knossos Hill and successively afterwards in the W. and N.E. regions of the site, then in test-pits sunk within the palace boundaries in the region N. of the S. Propylaea in the Central Court, in the Third Magazine and in the West Court. These test-pits all reached a depth of from seven to eight metres before virgin soil was reached. This gives a thickness of neolithic deposit starting from the virgin soil and extending upwards to the beginnings of the painted series averaging about six metres. This formidable depth of pure neolithic deposit is very much greater than any yet verified in the Aegean region, and in its gradual formation is in itself evidence both of the extreme longevity and of the unbroken continuity of development of the civilization represented by it.
On some Antiquities of the Mycenaean Age recently acquired by the British Museum
Authors: Walters H. B.
Published: May 2006

The present paper is intended as a brief summary of acquisitions of the British Museum during the past ten years or so, which may be assigned to the Mycenaean period, and which have not as yet been published. The results of the Museum excavations at Curium and Salamis (Cyprus) in 1895–6 are not included, being reserved for publication elsewhere, and the gold treasure acquired in 1892 has been fully described by Mr. Arthur Evans in the Journal, vol. xiii. p. 195 ff. In the case of the vases the terminus post quem is afforded by the publication of Furtwaengler and Loeschcke's Mykenische Vasen in 1886; for the gems, by the issue of the Museum Catalogue in 1888.

The most convenient classification for a description of this kind is perhaps a geographical one, but as in some cases the provenience of the objects is unknown or indefinite, I have thought it better to group them under the heading of material, with a geographical sub-classification, so far as such is practicable.
Artemisium
Authors: Grundy G. B.
Published: May 2006

It has fallen to my lot in the course of the last few months to examine the text of Herodotus with a view to discovering, if possible, the extent to which the Greeks of the time of the Persian War were acquainted with the principles of strategy.

What may be called the ‘incidental’ nature of the historian's narrative demands, of course, that the greatest care should be expended by any one who pretends to examine it, and the manifestly unprofessional character of the military portion of it, together with the evident inexperience of the author in matters connected with war, would render the task a hopeless one, were not the nature of the theatre of events so marked in character as to elucidate much that would otherwise be obscure or incomprehensible.
A New Pandora Vase
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

Scenes from the history of Pandora are rare in works of Greek art. There have at present been published, so far as I am aware, only five representations of her, in two reliefs and three vases. These all represent her birth or her coming into being. All the vases are in the British Museum. To these I have to add a fourth vase (Pl. I.), recently presented to the Ashmolean Museum by Mr. Edmund Oldfield, and bringing before us a fresh scene from the interesting history of the strange being made by the gods for the delusion and betrayal of men.

The tale of Pandora, as it appears in Hesiod, is so well known that I need only glance at its main features. When Prometheus had stolen for men fire from the gods, Zeus, determining to punish him, caused Hephaestus to make of earth a beauteous woman, whom, the goddesses adorned with ornaments, but in whom Hermes implanted a deceitful heart and a treacherous tongue.
Roads in Pontus, Royal and Roman1
Authors: Arthur J. , Munro J. Arthur R.
Published: May 2006

The territory once occupied by the Mithridatic kingdom of Pontus lies between the Euxine and the northern edge of the high Anatolian plateau. It consists of a long strip of seaboard and a broader central tract of alternate river valleys and mountain ranges. The mountains and valleys run more or less parallel to the coast, and rise one behind another up the slope, like lines of gigantic entrenchments scored along a hillside. The channels whereby the Iris and the Halys pierce their way northwards are mere rifts cleft across through the ridges. The main trend of hill and dale is from east to west.

The northernmost chain of mountains steeply overhangs the Euxine and cuts off the seaboard from the country behind. Roads across this barrier are few and difficult. In the whole stretch of coast, from Amastris on the west to Trapezus on the east, Amisus is the only open door into the interior. Here, between the Paphlagonian mountains and the Paryadres range, the Halys and the Iris find an exit to the sea, and there is a slight dip—it cannot be called a gap—over which a great road penetrates to Amasia and Cappadocia. The road is not really difficult, but it is toilsome, for although this central section of the country is relatively low, yet the ridges and valleys pursue their course without interruption across the hollow, and if the former are not quite so high as in the east and west the latter are deeper.
Arabic Lists of the Byzantine Themes
Authors: Brooks E. W.
Published: May 2006

Of the themes of the Byzantine Empire there exists in Greek only one systematic account, the confused and discursive work of Constantine Porphyrogennetos, from which little trustworthy information as to the history of the themes before the accession of the Macedonian dynasty can be gathered. The same author has also preserved a table of precedence drawn up by Philotheos the protospatharios in the year 899, which includes the generals of the various themes existing at that time; and he has himself given us a record of the salaries paid to the generals in the time of Leo VI. This lack of information may, however, be in part supplied from the Arab geographers, who provide us with five catalogues of the themes, the earliest of which, that of Ibn Khurdadhbah, is fifty years earlier than the list of Philotheos and about one hundred years earlier than Constantine's work. With this catalogue that of Al Idrisi (1154) is practically identical. The other three are that of Ibn Al Fakih Al Hamadhani (circ. 902), preserved in the Geographical Dictionary of Yakut (1224), that of Kudama (circ. 930), and that contained in the Khitab Al Tanbih wal Ishraf (Book of celebration and observation) of Al Mas‘udi (956). Of these descriptions those of Ibn Khurdadhbah and Kudama have been translated into French by Prof. De Goeje, and that of Al Mas‘udi by M. Carra de Vaux; of that of Ibn Al Fakih I give a translation below.
On the Ancient Hecatompedon which occupied the Site of the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens
Authors: Penrose F. C.
Published: May 2006

Dr. Dörpfeld, as was to be expected, has published in the Mittheilungen an answer to my article in the Journal of Hellenic Studies for 1891.

Excepting in two corrections of detail, of which I recognize the value, and shall have occasion to make mention in the proper place, he does not appear to me to have shaken in the slightest degree the position that I took up, namely, that the great sub-basement wall under the south flank of the Parthenon was built for a temple named the Hecatompedon anterior by many years to the time of Cimon, and that the remains of large limestone architraves frieze and cornice in the north wall of the Acropolis belonged to that temple and not to the archaic temple of Athene near the Erechtheum, the discovery of which will always be associated with Dr. Dörpfeld's name. I must assume that the readers of this article will have before them both my original paper in the Hellenic Journal, already referred to, and Dr. Dörpfeld's answer in the Mittheilungen which, so far as it affects my argument, I will endeavour to answer point by point.
On Two Greek Ostraka from Egypt, Belonging to the Third Century B.C. and the First Century A.D. Respectively
Authors: Keene Charles H.
Published: May 2006

During a visit to Egypt in 1890 and 1891 I acquired the ostraka of which facsimiles are given herewith. Professor Mahaffy has deciphered the inscriptions.

The earlier ostrakon, which I bought for half a piastre (1d.) from a lad near Luxor, measures 44 inches in height by 5 in greatest breadth, narrowing to 2¼. Professor Mahaffy pronounces it to belong to the Ptolemaic period, and it may probably be dated as early as 235 B.C., the twelfth year of the third Ptolemy.
The Development of the Plan of the Thersilion
Authors: Bather A. G.
Published: May 2006

Mr. Benson in the preceding paper has given an account of the new facts which have been brought to light by the complete clearing of the Thersilion. With regard to these points of fact there can be no question and in the deductions to be drawn from them we are for the most part agreed. It remains to be seen whether from the remains before us we can reconstruct a building of any known Greek design, in other words, whether we can discover what was the builder's plan and how he developed it. At first sight a large columned hall of this nature appears to be un-Greek in character: the only parallel we can produce for it is the late Hall of the Mysteries at Eleusis, which however only resembles it in the badest characteristics. Where we do find halls which resemble this building however is in the East. The Hall of the hundred columns at Persepolis (Perrot et Chipiez, v. p. 723) presents several striking analogies: like the Thersilion it is a large square building on one side flanked by a portico while we have two doors on each of the other three. Now, as is clearly shown by the character of the building, the Thersilion belongs, in its original plan, to the earliest period after the foundation of Megalopolis by Epameinondas. That is sufficiently proved by the cramps and the. use of tufa rather than conglomerate for the foundation bases. Moreover just at this period we have a direct communication between Persia and Megalopolis in the person of Antiochus, who visited Susa as a delegate from the Arcadian league in 367 B.C. (Xen. Hell. vii. 1, 33–38 J.H.S. Supp. Pap. I. p. 128), and it is quite possible, whether he was the dedicator of the theatre thrones or not, that he brought back the idea of such a columned hall from the East. But it can have been only the general idea that was so brought to Megalopolis: the arrangement of the columns in the Thersilion is entirely different from that of its prototypes in the East, while the inward slope of the floor is also a new element. Thus, though this building may have owed its origin and shape to the East, its plan, as I will endeavour to show, is taken from a common Greek type, and is in fact simply that of a Greek theatre.
The Cults of Olbia (Part I.)
Authors: Hirst G. M.
Published: May 2006

The object of the present essay is to bring together whatever fragments of evidence we possess which may throw light upon the cults of Olbia, the colony founded by the Milesians at the mouth of the Borysthenes about 647 B.C. But by way of preface it may be worth while briefly to indicate the claims that Olbia has to be the subject of special study. All the Greek settlements on the North coast of the Euxine must have had in common many traits which marked them off from Greek colonies elsewhere, but Olbia, while in many respects it may be regarded as a typical city of the locality, was also undoubtedly possessed of an individuality of its own.
Animal Worship in the Mycenaean Age
Authors: Cook A. B.
Published: May 2006

Among the many discoveries made by the Greek Archaeological Society at Mycenae in 1886 there is one which, for the student of primitive religion, possesses a quite exceptional interest—I refer to the strange fresco here reproduced (Fig. 1). It was recovered at the excavation of a chamber belonging to the oldest period. The fresco itself was found on a wall somewhat to the south of this chamber, but evidently connected with the same group of buildings. M. Tsountas, the able director of the operations, describes it as It may be well to quote further his own account of the find. bearing on their shoulders a pole, which they grasp with their right hands—the left in each case not being shown.
First Report of a Journey in Pisidia, Lycaonia, and Pamphylia (Part III.)
Authors: Cronin H. S.
Published: May 2006

We were at Khatyn Serai for four days, arriving on the fourth day of July, 1901, and leaving on the seventh. Our road from Konia lay through Baiyat, where we copied the following inscription.

The length of our stay at Khatyn Serai enabled us to become acquainted with a good number of inscriptions. Besides verifying almost all the inscriptions already published from Professor Sterrett's copies, or from Professor Ramsay's earlier ones (cf. W.E. pp. 242 ff.; C.I.L. vol. iii. pp. 1239 and 2061), we heard of and copied twenty-four new inscriptions, ten of which are in Latin and one bilingual. We were also able to make some examination of Zoldera, the site of the ancient city, which lies rather more than a mile N.W. of the village.

The inscriptions are most conveniently considered according to the language in which they are written; for if they were found on the site of the modern village, they were in all probability carried thither from Zoldera.
The Bee in Greek Mythology
Authors: Cook Arthur Bernard
Published: May 2006

The illustration which heads this paper shows a gold ornament in the form of a bee purchased in 1875 by the British Museum. It is a neat specimen of early granulated work; but, beyond the fact that it came from Crete, nothing is known as to the circumstances of its discovery. Similar finds have, however, been made elsewhere. Furtwängler in the Arch. Zeit. vol, 41, col. 274, notices among the acquisitions of the Berlin Museum for the year 1882 ‘sundry small plates of gold from the Crimea representing a head of Dionysus, Bees, and a Gorgoneiou.’ Our own national collection possesses fourteen bodies of bees in gold of late Etruscan workmanship, and also a bee stamped in gold leaf of the same date. With these may be compared the three hundred golden bees found along with an ox-head of gold in the tomb of Childeric, king of the Franks. Doubtless other examples could be cited; and it seems worth while to attempt some investigation of their significance.
Three Greek Numeral Systems
Authors: Tod Marcus Niebuhr
Published: May 2006

A study of the Greek numeral systems as illustrated by extant inscriptions has convinced me that there are many misconceptions still current which require correction, and that there is an urgent need for the collection and tabulation of the evidence for the acrophonic systems of Greece, those, that is, of which the numerals employed in Attica down to Roman times form the best known example. This task I hope to essay in the forthcoming volume of the British School Annual, but meantime I may briefly discuss three instances which have not hitherto met with the attention they deserve. If the results attained are not in all cases certain, I hope that I shall at least succeed in calling attention to the problems and in stimulating someone else to seek and to discover their true solution.
On the meaning of the word ΘϒΜΕΛΗ.
Authors: Gow A. S. F.
Published: May 2006

The word θυμέλη has attracted much attention from scholars owing to its importance in connexion with the Greek theatre. Discussion, however, has not led to any agreement as to the meaning of the word. Drs. Doerpfeld and Reisch held that it meant an altar or its foundation: Dr. Doerpfeld now expresses the opinion that it was a pavement round the altar which served to connect the altar with the temple of the god to whom it belonged, and was at the same time convenient for the slaughtering of the victims. This platform was called at Olympia the πρόθυσις. On the other hand, Prof. C. Robert believes the real meaning of the word to be ‘foundation,’ and that it might be used in this sense of any structure, whether house, altar, or temple. Mr. A. B. Cook holds that the word might be applied to either form of the Dionysiac altar, whether it was a βωμός or merely a τράπεζα for the reception of offerings. This view is followed by Haigh.
An Essay towards the Classification of Homeric Coin Types
Authors: Esdaile Katharine A.
Published: May 2006

In dealing with any ideal portrait it is well to remember a remark of Pliny's concerning the portraits of the poet Alcman, not that Alcman is represented on any coin we know of, but because the phrase throws light on the whole question: Alcman poeta nullius est nobilior [Calamidis] there is no nobler portrait of the poet Alcman than that by Calamis. This passage implies that Pliny knew portraits of Alcman by various sculptors and preferred that of Calamis; nor is this surprising, if we consider the number of portraits of Homer and Sappho for example recorded by ancient writers. The obvious but often forgotten deduction to be drawn from the fact that different artists represented the same subject differently is, that it is not legitimate to assume that the identification of one type of portrait necessarily puts all other identifications out of court. When, for instance, the Ny-Carlsberg Anacreon was identified, all other types were discarded; as Bernoulli puts it, “Mit der Auffindung der capitolinischen Herme sind natürlich die früher aufgestellten Anakreondeutungen sämtlich in Wegfall gekommen.” (Gr. Ikon. i. p. 83.) Yet later representations of Anacreon existed, as the epigrams of Leonidas of Tarentum, Eugenes, and Theocritus show, and coins of Teos represent him not only in the attitude of the famous Athenian statue, but seated in flowing drapery, playing or holding the lyre.
Notes and Inscriptions from South-Western Messenia
Authors: Tod Marcus Niebuhr
Published: May 2006

The following notes and inscriptions represent part of the results of a journey made in the spring of 1904, supplemented and revised on a second visit paid to the same district in the following November. One inscription from Korone, a fragment of the ‘Edictum Diocletiani,’ I have already published (J.H.S. 1904, p. 195 foll.). I have attempted to state as briefly as possible the fresh topographical evidence collected on my tour, avoiding as far as possible any mere repetition of the descriptions and discussions of previous writers.

The literature dealing with this part of Greece is not extensive. I give here a list in chronological order of the more important works in which its geography and antiquities are discussed, and append to each the abbreviated title which I shall use for purposes of reference.
A Fragment of the ‘Edictum Diocletiani.’
Authors: Forster Edward S.
Published: May 2006

During a journey in the spring of last year along the east coast of the Messenian Gulf I took an impression of a fragment of a Latin inscription built into the north wall of the Church of Hagios Taxiarches in the village of Oetylus.

The fragment is of white marble and is broken on every side. It measures ̇47 m. in height and ̇21 m. in width. The letters measure ̇013 m.
Olympian Treasuries and Treasuries in General
Authors: Dyer Louis
Published: May 2006

Proceeding along the terrace of the treasuries, Pausanias devotes the nineteenth chapter of his second book on Elis to passing in review the whole row of them, naming each according to the Hellenic community by which it was built and dedicated. First he notes the Sicyonians' treasury, then the ‘Carthaginians'’ (Syracusans'). At this point begins a confusion in his text which culminates in the startling declaration that the third and fourth treasuries are a dedication of the Epidamnians, a notable fact which he immediately denies by speaking of one and only one Epidamnians' treasury. After this he remarks that the Sybarites also built a treasury next to that of the Byzantines. This is disconcerting as he mentions the Byzantines' treasury nowhere else either before or afterwards. Next to the Sybarites' treasury, he then says, was that of the Libyans of Cyrene, in which he saw statues of Roman emperors.
Notes on some Greek Inscriptions, mainly in Athens
Authors: Woodward A. M.
Published: May 2006

This paper contains some notes on miscellaneous inscriptions of which all but two are in Athens. The two exceptions are, firstly, the Ἀστραγαλομαντϵία inscription at Adalia, of which I publish a copy which will, I trust, be found more accurate than any of the previous versions; and, secondly, a recently discovered inscription from Northern Phocis dating probably from the end of the second, or the beginning of the third, century A.D. The remainder of the paper is devoted to some corrections in previously published copies of inscriptions in the Acropolis Museum.

During a recent visit to Adalia (Attalia) in Pamphylia I copied again the well-known Ἀστραγαλομαντϵία inscription which is built into a wall there in one of the streets not far from the harbour; and it seems worth while to publish here the text of the inscription in minuscules, with a few critical notes. The most accessible copy of the stone is that given in Kaibel, Epigrammata Graeca No. 1038, but it is very faulty, and since that work was published other copies of the same inscription, or of similar inscriptions which are almost identically worded, have been found in Asia Minor. The most complete version was found by Sterrett at Ördekji (Anabura) in Pisidia (Papers of the American School at Athens, iii. [The Wolfe Expedition to Asia Minor] pp. 206–214; Hermes xiii. pp. 532 foll.), and enabled many of the previously uncertain readings on the Adalia stone to be cleared up; and a fragmentary inscription of the same class which is in places identical with that at Adalia was found at Aghlasun (Sagalassus) in Pisidia more recently.
The Homeric Catalogue
Authors: Allen T. W.
Published: May 2006

In antiquity Apollodorus wrote a work upon the Greek Catalogue, Demetrius of Scepsis one, in thirty books, on the Trojan; both were used by Strabo, who surpassed, fortunately, either in judgment. Titles of similar works are ascribed to the logographer Damastes and the rhetor Polus. Its literary merits are extolled by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Comp. Verb. 102, and though a considerable number of MSS. omit it, Tribonianus of Side in the Byzantine period was found to execute a special metaphrase of it.

In modern times the latest work dealing with the Catalogue apart appears to be the short treatise of Benedikt Niese, Der homerische Schiffskatalog als historische Quelle betrachtet, Kiel, 1873. Written at the blackest moment of Homeric and historical science, before the first light from archaeology had begun to illumine the gloom of Higher Criticism, before even Wilamowitz had lit his corpse-candle, the book naturally cannot influence our opinion now, and would not have needed mention but for the singular uis inertiae owing to which it is still currently cited. Niese's principal conclusions were: the Catalogue involves late political circumstances, contains geographical inaccuracies, especially in regard to Thessaly, and is the result of the contamination of an old geographical document or periegesis dating from 770–740 with names of heroes and peoples taken from the Cypria: the Trojan Catalogue is made out of the Trojan Catalogue again in the Cypria with additions from the body of the Iliad; and the editor of both may be found in a Milesian of 630–600.
Excavations at Rhitsóna in Boeotia
Authors: Ure P. N.
Published: May 2006

The six graves catalogued below were excavated in 1907 and 1908, at the same time as those already published by Professor Burrows and myself in B.S.A. xiv. and J.H.S. xxix. Their position in the cemetery is indicated on the Plan, B.S.A. xiv. p. 230, Fig. 1. Their contents consist almost entirely of Proto-Corinthian and Corinthian vases. None contained any vases of what we have called Boeotian Kylix ware, and only Graves 4 and 14, the latest of the six, show any direct connexion with graves that did contain it.

This connexion is worth noting in detail for its bearings on the view, put forward B.S.A. xiv., that the Boeotian Kylix style was, in part at least, the result of Corinthian influence. Indeed the chief importance of the graves here published lies perhaps in the confirmation they afford this view.
The Rock-cut Statue near Manissa
Authors: Cowper H. S.
Published: May 2006

With reference to the controversy as to whether the rock-cut figure known as the Buyuk Tash (or Surat Tash) on Mount Sipylus is to be identified with the statue of the Mother of the Gods, or the weeping stone Niobe which are mentioned by Pausanias, I think the following might be worth recording.

Mons. M. G. Weber in his Le Sipylus et Les Monuments (1880, p. 117) has remarked that the statement of Pausanias (viii. 2.), that it was asserted that the Niobe wept in Summer, furnishes an argument against the identification of the Niobe with the Tash Souret, since in summer there is no water on that part of the mountain, and even in winter the figure ‘ne reçoit que les eaux immédiates de la pluie. Il faut décidément chercher Niobe dans l'intérieur du massif qui cache certainement encore plus ďun monument préhistorique.’
The Fleets of the First Punic War
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: May 2006

According to Polybius, there took part in the battle of Ecnomus 680 quinqueremes and 290,000 men, i.e. crews 204,000 and troops 86,000; while in the next year, at the battle of the Hermaean promontory, 550 quinqueremes were engaged. The only figures comparable to these in Roman history, manifest absurdities apart, are those given by Appian for the battle of Naulochus, and perhaps those for Actium. At Naulochus 300 ships of all sizes are said to have been in action on either side, and no doubt Agrippa's fleet, at any rate, did amount to this large number; while at Actium Octavian may have had anything up to 400. But in Octavian's time the population of all Italy may have been 7 to 8 millions; the Mediterranean was almost a Roman lake, and its entire resources went to furnish the fleets for the civil wars.
The ‘List of Thalassocracies’ in Eusebius: a Reply
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: May 2006

Mr. Fotheringham's paper, if I understand it rightly, divides itself into three parts. He corrects certain errors in my tabular statement of the evidence, and in my commentary on it; he criticizes my suggestion that the ‘List of Thalassocracies’ may represent a fifth-century document; and he reconstructs from materials comprised wholly in the existing texts of Eusebius' work an outline of the Eusebian view of the ‘List,’ as he understands it; the gist of which is that he thinks that Eusebius not merely incorporated in his Canones the names of all the states contained in the ‘List,’ but also intended to space the thalassocracies according to the numerals contained in the Excerpt. From this he infers that, where the numerals in the Excerpt are lost, they may safely be restored from the intervals indicated in the Canones; and from this, finally, (1) that the Excerpt was not mutilated when Eusebius incorporated it in his Chronographia, and (2) that it represented, in its missing section at all events, the same chronological scheme as underlies the rest of Eusebius' work, and not, as I had been led to suggest, a different, earlier, and more accurate system.
Three Inscriptions from Asia Minor
Authors: Hicks E. L.
Published: May 2006

Fragment of white marble, entire at the upper and right edge only, measuring 5¼ in. × 4 in. Found among the ruins of Troy on Apr. 20, 1907, by Mr. F. G. Harman from the ‘Argonaut’: now the property of J. Alison Glover, Esq., M.D.

The date is late, not earlier than the first century B.C., as is indicated by the absence of the iota adscriptum, (1. 4), and the coarse style of the lettering. The form ἑατῶν in 1. 5 is characteristic of the first century B.C. Δίφιλος Ξανθίππου is not otherwise known to me. The πανήγυρις or festival assembly of the Panathenaea at Troy celebrated by the nine cities of the Ilian union is mentioned in numerous inscriptions. It is impossible to define further the outline of the original document, as so much is lost.
Monemvasia
Authors: Miller William
Published: May 2006

There are few places in Greece which possess the combined charms of natural beauty and of historic association to the same extent as Monemvasia, The great rock which rises out of the sea near the ancient Epidauros Limera is not only one of the most picturesque sites of the Peloponnese, but has a splendid record of heroic independence, which entitles it to a high place in the list of the world's fortresses (Figs. 1, 2). Monemvasia's importance is, however, wholly mediaeval; and its history has hitherto never been written; for the painstaking brochure of the patriotic Monemvasiote deputy and ex-Minister K. Papamichalópoulos, was composed before modern research rendered it possible to draw upon the original authorities at Venice and elsewhere. In the present paper I have endeavoured to state briefly what, in the present state of Greek mediaeval studies, is known about this interesting city during the Frankish period.
Archaeology in Greece (1906-1907)
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: May 2006

The archaeological activities of the twelvemonth from July 1906 to June 1907, with which this paper deals, have been very numerous. Not only are there many smaller discoveries of interest to be recorded, but also the more important excavations, the French at Delos, the German at Pergamon, to which may now be added those of the British School at Sparta, have made considerable progress. Especially important is the scheme for excavating the Agora and the northern slopes of the Acropolis at Athens, now at last begun after many difficulties by the Greek Archaeological Society.

The work is under the direct supervision of the General Ephor of Antiquities, Dr. Kavvadhias, with a committee consisting of the Crown Prince as chairman, the president of the University, the mayor of Athens and the directors of the foreign Schools of Archaeology. A beginning has been made by the demolition of some houses near the Theseum. The scheme embraces the clearing of the whole of the northern slopes of the Acropolis, the Agora, and in general, the region between the Tower of the Winds and the Theseum. This area is entirely covered with houses, and this has given rise to serious difficulties. These are now in a fair way to be overcome, and great results are to be expected in the course of the next few years.
Notes on Inscriptiones Graecae V. 1
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

The editor of the recent volume of the Inscriptiones Graecae, which comprises the inscriptions of Laconia and Messenia, is to be congratulated upon the conclusion of a long and arduous task, and still more upon the careful and scholarly manner in which that task has been accomplished. Undertaken originally by Max Fraenkel, who devoted to it the few months of life which remained to him after editing the Argolic inscriptions (I.G. iv.), it was carried on by Hans von Prott, and after his sudden death in 1903 was entrusted by the Berlin Academy to Walter Kolbe, now Professor at the University of Rostock, who after almost ten years has completed it in a manner worthy of the august body under whose auspices it has been carried through. Out of 1626 inscriptions, 158 had not been previously published, while the texts of those which were already known have gained much by correction, based usually upon the copies of the editor or of von Prott, and by judicious restoration. The present writer has to acknowlege a number of errors and omissions in the epigraphical section of the Sparta Museum Catalogue which are set right in this volume.
A Cypriote Inscription from Keryneia
Authors: Peristianes J. C.
Published: May 2006

The town of Keryneia is situate on the northern coast of the Island of Cyprus, between the ancient city of Lapethos and the town of Macaria. It was founded by Kepheus, the leader of an Achaean colony in Cyprus, simultaneously with Lapethos, which was founded by Praxandros of Therapnae in Laconia. Keryneia figured as one of the nine kingdoms of Cyprus during her naval supremacy about the tenth-ninth century B.C. The last king or tyrannus of Keryneia was Themison, who was taken prisoner and deposed by Ptolemaeus Soter I. in 312 B.C., together with the last king of Lapethos, Praxippus, on the ground that they made alliance with Antigonus against him. By the seashore at the western end of the town there is an extensive necropolis of rock-cut tombs, some containing more than one chamber, which were rifled in ancient times; these the inhabitants of the small modern town, following ancient tradition, call ‘the Tombs of the Greeks,’ Τάϕους τῶν Ἑλλήνων. The ancient town obviously extended southwards, on the plateau overlooking the coast, and included the present quarter of ‘Ρηάτικον or ‘Ρηγάτικον (Royal Residence), a word handed down from the Frankish period. Keryneia played a prominent part in mediaeval history from the deposition of Isaac Comnenus, the last Byzantine King of Cyprus, by Richard the Lion-Hearted in 1191, until 1570.
Rhesos of Thrace
Authors: Leaf Walter
Published: May 2006

Across the fascinating, if somewhat flamboyant, pictures of the Doloneia there shoots a meteor like Goethe's Sternschuppe:— Aus der Höhe schoss ich her Im Stern- und Feuerscheine, Liege nun im Grase quer: Wer hilft mir auf die Beine?

Rhesos appears in shining armour—or rather, we are told that he appears, for we never see him or hear him. We learn only that on the very night of his entry into the Trojan ranks he is slain in his sleep without a blow. His entry has not been prepared, his exit is forgotten; there is no word of him before or after the tenth book of the Iliad.
Two Cyrenaic Kylikes
Authors: Droop J. P.
Published: May 2006

The intrinsic interest of the two Cyrenaic kylikes, which I am now able to publish owing to the kindness of the authorities of the National Museum at Athens and of the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, is not very great, but the desire to complete so far as is possible the list of the extant vases of this class is sufficient apology for making them known.
The Battles of Andros and Cos
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: May 2006

No apology should be needed for treating afresh these much-discussed battles, if only because the last two years have produced new and important evidence from Delos; though in fact the literary allusions, scanty as they are, have hardly even yet been sufficiently elucidated. I hope in this paper to fix the dates of Andros and Cos by the Delian archon-list, and to consider what that means in terms of B.C. In a subsequent paper, to be published in the next number of this Journal, I hope, by working out the history of the ship which Antigonus Gonatas dedicated to Apollo, to confirm the date assigned to Cos in this paper. If these two dates could really be fixed, they would be invaluable for our understanding of Aegean history in the middle of the third century.
Corpus Inscriptionum Neo-Phrygiarum
Authors: Calder W. M.
Published: May 2006

A complete collection of the known Phrygian inscriptions belonging to the Roman Imperial period was published by Professor [Sir] W. M. Ramsay in vol. viii. of the Jahresh. d. Oest. Arch. Inst. (1905), pp. 79–120. On that occasion Professor Ramsay reprinted all the Phrygian texts which he had already collected in Kuhns Zeitschrift für Vergl. Sprachf. xxviii. pp. 381 ff., and added nineteen new inscriptions. The discovery in 1908 and 1910 of a score of fresh inscriptions, many of considerable interest, affords a suitable opportunity to revise the text of the older series. In a large majority, of cases, the new discoveries confirm Professor Ramsay's interpretations. In some cases they suggest or impose modifications. An account of other literature on the subject will be found in Ramsay's later paper. As I shall have occasion to refer constantly to Ramsay's papers in Kuhns Zeitschrift and the Jahresh. d. Oest. Arch. Inst., it will be convenient to call those papers R (a) and R (b) respectively. Professor Ramsay's numbering does not correspond exactly with the number of Phrygian texts published, because his earlier collection contains a few Greek inscriptions.
The Birds of Homer
Authors: Boraston J. Maclair
Published: May 2006

It was with some misgiving that I set out in my attempt to identify the birds referred to by Homer in the Iliad and the Odyssey. His greatness as a poet seemed to offer no guarantee of his faithfulness as an observer in an age when science as such did not exist, and the spirit of accuracy it begets was as yet unawakened. Moreover, I had long observed Homer to be before all else a poet of action. His references to natural objects are largely by way of illustration—short, crisp asides, as it were, in which the selected word and the packed phrase reveal the economy of his art in matters subordinate to the main theme. His references to colour in birds are extremely rare; those regarding form are epithetic, and recur with something of the conventional formality of the epithets applied to his heroes. However, whether in the form of epithet or by special description, Homer's portrayal of birds deals chiefly with essentials. In this lie the advantage and the disadvantage of the Homeric method for one whose main purpose is concerned with what in Homer was merely contributory to a fuller one. The advantage of such a method is that it forces essentials to the front, and the disadvantage, that the references to these may be limited by the nature of the matter they serve to illustrate; or that, being references to the characteristics of a class of birds, they may not suffice for the identification of a particular member of that class.
A Bronze Head of the Fifth Century B.C.
Authors: Gardner P.
Published: May 2006

A Generous gift to the Ashmolean Museum, from Mr. E. P. Warren, has not only allowed the art-lovers of Oxford to enjoy an exquisite work of art, but has also enabled students of Greek sculpture to attain to a fuller knowledge of the style and technique of the great schools of the fifth century B.C. Our head appears to have been broken off a statue; unfortunately it is not complete. And as it had to be put together and bent into shape, any measurements will be of little value.
Queen Dynamis of Bosporus
Authors: Rostovtzeff M.
Published: May 2006

In 1898 there were discovered in the ruins of an ancient building (maybe a temple) near Novorossijsk several objects made of bronze (a candelabrum, the remnants of a tripod, the handle of a vessel, probably some consecrated plate), and together with them was found a woman's bust in bronze.

The style of the candelabrum reminds one closely of the candelabrum discovered in the vault of Mme. Zaitzeva in Kertch, and it dates consequently from the age of Augustus (see Rostovtzeff,Ancient Decorative Painting in the South of Russia, St. Petersburg, 1914, p. 207 f., Pl. LX.). The handle of a vessel, in all its details, is similar to handles of vessels found at Bori. The whole treasure found at Bori was published by E. M. Pridik (Materials for the Archaeology of Russia, No. 34), and it dates from about the beginning of the Christian era.
A Greek Carnival
Authors: Robertson D. S.
Published: May 2006

In the discussion of Greek dramatic origins, a curious passage of Apuleius has never, so far as I know, been mentioned.

In the second book of the Metamorphoses the hero Lucius describes a feast given at Hypata in Thessaly by his rich relative Byrrhena. After the feast Byrrhena informs him that an annual festival, coeval with the city, will be celebrated next day—a joyous ceremony, unique in the world, in honour of the god Laughter. She wishes that he could invent some humorous freak for the occasion. Lucius promises to do his best. Being very drunk, he then bids Byrrhena good-night, and departs with his slave for the house of Milo, his miserly old host. A gust blows out their torch, and they get home with difficulty, arm in arm. There they find three large and lusty persone violently battering the door. Lucius has been warned by his mistress, Milo's slave Fotis, against certain young Mohawks of the town—‘uesana factio nobilissimorum iuuenum’—who think nothing of murdering rich strangers. He at once draws his sword, and one by one stabs all three. Fotis, roused by the noise, lets him in and he quickly falls asleep.
The Progress of Greek Epigraphy, 1915–1918
Authors: Tod Marcus N.
Published: May 2006

In my last epigraphical summary (J.H.S.xxxv. 260 ff.) I dealt with the period from July 1914 to June 1915 inclusive. The present article continues the record down to the close of 1918. The conditions of the three and a half years which it thus attempts to cover will, I hope, prove a sufficient excuse for any omissions which may exist—as I fear they must—in the following pages. That the output of these years should have been so much smaller than that of normal times will cause no surprise: what is surprising is rather the fact that so many books and articles should have appeared, including not a few of great and permanent value, during a world-crisis which has demanded the thought and activities of many, and the lives of some, who would otherwise have been engaged in epigraphical work—a fact which affords striking testimony to the vitality of the studies with which this article deals. Actual excavation has naturally been brought almost completely to a standstill, and the number of inscriptions published for the first time is consequently small, but noteworthy progress has been made in the restoration and interpretation of numerous previously known, and in some cases very familiar, documents.
Pisidian Wolf-priests, Phrygian Goat-Priests, and the Old-Ionian Tribes
Authors: Ramsay William Mitchell
Published: May 2006

On a Pisidian tombstone the name Gagdabos Edagdabos occurs. In publishing this in the Revue des Universités du Midi, 1895, p. 360, I quoted Radet's tempting conjecture, that it is a case of filiation expressed by prefix. Religion however furnishes a more probable explanation. A priest named Gagdabos adds his title Edagdabos. Gagdabos is a reduplicated form such as is extremely common in Anatolian nomenclature: e.g. on a sarcophagus found in the north Isaurian hills not very far from Lystra the two names Gaa and Goggoa both occur and are evidently names in the same family, one a reduplication of the other; Kretschmer has noted (like all Anatolian students) the habit of using reduplicated names.

Gagdabos therefore, implies a simpler name Gdabos or Gdawos: this word was grecised as δάος, and latinized as Davus, a common name of slaves from Anatolia.
The Political Standing of Delos
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: May 2006

In this paper I am considering two things; the position of Delos as a ‘holy place,’ and the rules of the practice among Greek cities with regard to the grant of a τόπος or site for a stele. From these it follows automatically that the somewhat fashionable dogma of the ‘neutrality’ of Delos is not only (on our present materials) untrue, but is impossible,—it has no chance whatever of being true. It is strange that it should have gained the acceptance it has without any examination of its foundations ever having been made; however, this is so, and it presents rather a striking instance of the effect of mere repetition. Its importance, of course, consists in this, that, if it were true, then the festivals, etc., at Delos can never have any political meaning and we lose our only sure basis for the chronology of the middle of the third century. If this were necessary, one would naturally accept the consequences; the necessity, however, is in fact the other way. I am not going through what others have written; but I have borne in mind Professor Kolbe's argument for Delian neutrality in his drastic reconstruction of this period, a reconstruction which is ingenious, but is unfortunately based on other unsound hypotheses beside the Delian; and I shall notice in their place the four inscriptions with regard to the grant of a site on which he relied as exceptional, but which are really simple illustrations of well-established practice. I am dealing with that practice at some length, as I hope it may possess some interest of its own apart from the theme of this paper, seeing that the rules have never been formulated; but I was glad to find that Professor Wilhelm, who has done so much to elucidate the machinery of setting up decrees, in the two pages which he has incidentally given to the subject, at once noticed what I take to be the important matter, viz. that a question of interstate courtesy is involved.
The Establishment of the Classical Type in Geeek Art
Authors: Walston Charles
Published: May 2006

It is hardly necessary to attempt a definition of what is meant by ‘the classical type’ in the body or in the face. Ordinary people know what they mean when they speak of a ‘classical face,’ ‘regular features,’ or ‘a perfectly made man or woman’ as regards the nude figure. Even though such people may have but a slight familiarity with Greek or Graeco-Roman statues and busts, or have never even actually perceived, themselves, the distinctive characteristics of the classical type, they have had it conveyed to them indirectly through the work of modern artists and illustrators of books or advertisements, or even in the attenuated and vulgarised renderings on chocolate boxes. No doubt we are now living in revolt and reaction against this type of beauty and normality, as in the past there have been periodic reactions against the dominance of the classic types, whether in ‘realistic’ or ‘romantic’ movements, throughout the historical development of art since the classical age. The fact, however, remains, that the standards of proportion and inter-relation between the parts of the body and between the features of the human head, as embodied in the classic type, still determine the taste of, at least, the Western world.
Archaic Terra-cotta Agalmata in Italy and Sicily
Authors: Van Buren E. Douglas
Published: May 2006

Votive statues of the gods placed in the temples, forecourts or temene were common in Greece at an early period, and material evidence has proved that in Sicily and even in Italy there were numerous examples of the same custom. In Greece, a land rich in marbles, the sculptor's art rapidly developed and flowered into masterpieces which became the models for the western world. In Sicily, and even more markedly in Italy, regions which in the archaic period produced little marble or good, workable stone, the material chiefly used was clay; hence, owing to their perishable nature, comparatively few of the creations of these early masters have come down to us. Yet the Sicilian School had a great reputation and led the van for daring initiative and mastery of technical difficulties.