bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Did Alexander Fleming Deserve the Nobel Prize?
Authors: Sand Martin
Published: October 2019

Penicillin is a serendipitous discovery par excellence. But, what does this say about Alexander Fleming’s praiseworthiness? Clearly, Fleming would not have received the Nobel Prize, had not a mould accidently entered his laboratory. This seems paradoxical, since it was beyond his control. The present article will first discuss Fleming’s discovery of Penicillin as an example of moral luck in science and technology and critically assess some common responses to this problem. Second, the Control Principle that says that people are not responsible for things beyond their control will be defended. An implication of this principle is that Alexander Fleming’s desert, which is based on his epistemic skills, remains untouched by luck. Third, by distinguishing different notions of praiseworthiness, a way to resolve the paradox of moral luck will be elaborated. Desert provides only a pro tanto reason to determine whether someone is an appropriate addressee of reward. Here, luck can make a difference. Forth, it will be argued that stimulating the quest for socially beneficial science provides a compelling reason to treat scientists with equal desert differently. Penicillin provides striking evidence for the importance of this quest and showcasing it incentivizes the making of socially beneficial science. Ultimately, it will be justified why Fleming deserved the Nobel Prize in at least one sense of the concept.
Meta-analysis of Nekton Recovery Following Marsh Restoration in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Hollweg Terill A. , Christman Mary C. , Lipton Joshua , Wallace Bryan P. , Huisenga Mary T. , Lane Diana R. , Benson Kristopher G.
Published: October 2019

To investigate regional patterns in marsh recovery following restoration, a meta-analysis of nekton densities at restored and reference marshes in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GOM) was conducted. Results were variable at both restored and reference sites, but general trends with respect to the age of the restored site were observed. Pooled together, mean total nekton density in restored marshes during the first 5 years following restoration was approximately 50% of reference marsh densities [95% confidence interval (CI): 26.6–93.0%]. Mean total nekton density in restored marshes in subsequent years (age of restored sites: 6 to 30 years) was approximately 73% of reference marsh densities (95% CI: 46.1–116.1%). Relative densities of crustaceans in restored marshes tended to be lower than in reference marshes during both the initial 5 years following restoration (mean = 36%; 95% CI: 16.6–76.7%) and in subsequent years (mean = 71%; 95% CI: 42.7–119.2%). Mean densities of fish species also tended to be somewhat lower in restored marshes than in reference marshes, but relative densities were highly variable during both the initial 5-year period (mean = 85%; 95% CI: 33.5–215.3%) and in subsequent years (mean = 77%; 95% CI: 39.3–152.7%). A generally increasing trend in total nekton and total crustacean densities was observed over the first 15 years following restoration; mean densities at restored sites were comparable to paired reference locations by approximately year 13. Findings from this study indicate that marsh restoration may not consistently result in nekton production similar to that of natural sites, particularly in the earlier years following restoration when baseline ecosystem processes are developing.
Instantaneous Effects of Sediment Resuspension on Inorganic and Organic Benthic Nutrient Fluxes at a Shallow Water Coastal Site in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea
Authors: Niemistö Juha , Lund-Hansen Lars Chresten
Published: October 2019

Climate change is leading to harsher resuspension events in shallow coastal environments influencing benthic nutrient fluxes. However, we lack information on the quantitative connection between these fluxes and the physical forces. Two identical experiments that were carried out both in May and August provided novel knowledge on the instantaneous effects of resuspension with known intensity on the benthic dissolved inorganic (phosphate: DIP, ammonium: NH4+, nitrite+nitrate: NOx, silicate, DSi) and organic nutrient (phosphorus: DOP, nitrogen: DON, carbon: DOC) fluxes in the shallow soft bottoms of the archipelago of Gulf of Finland (GoF), Baltic Sea. Resuspension treatments, as 2 times the critical shear stress, induced effluxes of one to two orders of magnitude higher than the diffusive fluxes from the studied oxic bottoms. The presence of oxygen resulted in newly formed iron oxyhydroxides and the subsequent precipitation/adsorption of the redox-dependent nutrients (DIP, DSi, organic nutrients) affecting their fluxes. Resuspension-induced NH4+ and NOx fluxes were associated with the organic content of sediments showing the highest values at the organic rich sites. NH4+ showed the strongest responses to resuspension treatments in August, but NOx at the time of high oxygen concentrations in near-bottom water in May. Foreseen increases in the frequency and intensity of resuspension events due to climate change will most likely enhance the internal nutrient loading of the studied coastal areas. The fluxes presented here, connected to known current velocities, can be utilized in modeling work and to assess and predict the internal nutrient loading following climate change.
More than Nothing: Examining the Worldview Influences of Nonreligious College Students
Authors: Scheitle Christopher P. , Corcoran Katie E.
Published: October 2019

Nonreligious individuals are often defined by their absence of a religious worldview rather than the worldview that might take its place. This study examines data from a unique survey that asked a representative sample of first-year college students to identify important influences on their worldview at the beginning and end of the year. Cross-sectional analyses show that nonreligious students are less likely than religious students to identify family background or cultural traditions as important worldview influences, but are more likely to say that sexual orientation is an important influence on their worldview. Longitudinal analyses show that individuals who were nonreligious at a previous time are less likely to identify family as an important influence at a later time regardless of whether they are still nonreligious. Individuals who become nonreligious over time shift their perceived worldview influences away from religious beliefs and cultural traditions to philosophical traditions. These findings help contribute to our understanding of the content and dynamics of secular worldviews.
Start current and growth rate in Smith–Purcell free-electron laser with dielectric-loaded cylindrical grating
Authors: Rezaei Zahra , Farokhi Bizhan
Published: October 2019

We present an analytic theory for Smith–Purcell device in which a cylindrical metal–dielectric grating was derived by an annular electron beam propagating along the grating axis. A dispersion relation is obtained for azimuthally symmetric modes. Also, the first-order and second-order growth rates of the modes which are in phase with the beam are compared. It is shown that the second-order growth rate gives a more accurate description of beam–wave interaction for beams with larger thicknesses, as well as grating slots, with smaller depths and greater lengths. The start current for BWO operation of the SP-FEL is presented too. The importance of the minimum value of start current is that above it, the SP-FEL will operate as an oscillator, even in the absence of external feedback. In this case, the group velocity of the synchronous evanescent wave is negative, while the electron beam travels in the forward direction. It is shown in this paper that the dielectric and grating parameters affect the value of start current. So, by changing these parameters, the minimum value for the start current can be obtained.
Real numbers are the hidden variables of classical mechanics
Authors: Gisin Nicolas
Published: October 2019

Do scientific theories limit human knowledge? In other words, are there physical variables hidden by essence forever? We argue for negative answers and illustrate our point on chaotic classical dynamical systems. We emphasize parallels with quantum theory and conclude that the common real numbers are, de facto, the hidden variables of classical physics. Consequently, real numbers should not be considered as “physically real” and classical mechanics, like quantum physics, is indeterministic.
Influence of Rib Stiffness and Limited Long-Term Junction Strength on Geogrid Performance
Authors: Müller Werner , Wöhlecke Andreas
Published: October 2019

The description of the behavior of geogrids in reinforced soil constructions usually ignores long-term behavior and possible failure modes of junctions between longitudinal and transverse ribs. Two proposals have been made during recent years to overcome this drawback. The first analytic approach applies only to rigid geogrids and assumes a specific tensile-shear failure mode of geogrid junctions. The second numerical approach applies also for non-rigid geogrids and takes into account different modes of junction failure. This note discusses the two approaches focusing on the effects of rib stiffness and limited strength, different failure modes and degradation of junctions. It is shown that the mentioned effects should be considered in geogrid design, because they may alter significantly the long-term geogrid performance.
Extending belief research to adult basic education: an exploration of some adult educators’ beliefs about numeracy and its teaching
Authors: Beeli-Zimmermann Sonja
Published: October 2019

While belief research has become an integral part of the educational research agenda, it has been uneven. One neglected area is the beliefs of adult education teachers. Focusing on five such teachers working in adult basic education and teaching numeracy in Switzerland, this exploratory study uses different data to describe their beliefs about numeracy and its teaching. It is shown that this group holds clearly different views from other groups of adult teachers and it is argued that extending belief research to this target group using different approaches could contribute to a wider knowledge base on beliefs in general.
Identification of Potential Drought Areas in West Africa Under Climate Change and Variability
Authors: Quenum Gandome Mayeul L. D. , Klutse Nana A. B. , Dieng Diarra , Laux Patrick , Arnault Joël , Kodja Japhet. D. , Oguntunde Philip G.
Published: October 2019

The study investigates how the rising global temperature will affect the spatial pattern of rainfall and consequently drought in West Africa. The precipitation and potential evapotranspiration variables that are obtained from the Rossby Centre regional atmospheric model (RCA4) and driven by ten (10) global climate models under the RCP8.5 scenario were used. The model data were obtained from the Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) and analyzed at four specific global warming levels (GWLs) (i.e., 1.5 °C, 2.0 °C, 2.5 °C, and 3.0 °C) above the pre-industrial level. This study utilized four (4) indices: the standardized precipitation index, the precipitation concentration index, the precipitation concentration degree, and the precipitation concentration period over West Africa to explore the spatiotemporal variations in the characteristics of precipitation concentrations. Additionally, studying the impact of the four GWLs on consecutive dry days, consecutive wet days, and frequency of the intense rainfall events led to a better understanding of the spatiotemporal pattern of extreme precipitation. The results show that, at each GWL studied, the onset of rainfall comes 1 month earlier in the Gulf of Guinea compared to the historical period (1971–2000) with increasing rainfall intensity in the whole study domain, and the northeastern part of the study area becomes wetter. The rainfall concentration is uniformly distributed over the Gulf of Guinea and the Savanna zone for both the historical period and RCP8.5 scenario, while the Sahel zone which has shown an irregular concentration of rainfall for the historical period shows a uniform concentration of rainfall under all four GWLs.
Preparation and Characterization of High-Viscosity Montmorillonite
Authors: Wu Limei , Wang Xiaolong , Xu Changwei , Gao Fei , Gao Lili , Lv Guocheng , Yin Li
Published: October 2019

Hydrophobicity, high viscosity, and dispersion are important properties for organo-montmorillonites, and all organo-montmorillonite configurations have yet to be fully characterized with respect to this property. High-viscosity montmorillonite (Mnt) is useful in gels and as an adsorber. The current study focused on modifying Mnt using organic cations and anions of various chain lengths in batch experiments with various concentrations and ratios. The viscosity of organic Mnt reached up to 395 mP.s. Molecular dynamics simulations and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to identify the conditions and arrangement of organic cations and anions in the Mnt interlayer area. The intercalation mechanism of organic cations and anions was also determined, providing a theoretical basis for the preparation of high-viscosity Mnt.
Using Meta-Analysis for Large-Scale Ecosystem Service Valuation: Progress, Prospects, and Challenges
Authors: Johnston Robert J. , Bauer Dana Marie
Published: October 2019

This article discusses prospects and challenges related to the use of meta-regression models (MRMs) for ecosystem service benefit transfer, with an emphasis on validity criteria and post-estimation procedures given sparse attention in the ecosystem services literature. We illustrate these topics using a meta-analysis of willingness to pay for water quality changes that support aquatic ecosystem services and the application of this model to estimate water quality benefits under alternative riparian buffer restoration scenarios in New Hampshire's Great Bay Watershed. These illustrations highlight the advantages of MRM benefit transfers, together with the challenges and data needs encountered when quantifying ecosystem service values.
THE EFFECT OF THE ASSUMED INTEREST RATE AND SMOOTHING ON VARIABLE ANNUITIES
Authors: Balter Anne G. , Werker Bas J. M.
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we consider the risk–return trade-off for variable annuities in a Black–Scholes setting. Our analysis is based on a novel explicit allocation of initial wealth over the payments at various horizons. We investigate the relationship between the optimal consumption problem and the design of variable annuities by deriving the optimal so-called assumed interest rate for an investor with constant relative risk aversion preferences. We investigate the utility loss due to deviations from this. Finally, we show analytically how habit-formation-type smoothing of financial market shocks over the remaining lifetime leads to smaller year-to-year volatility in pension payouts, but to increases in the longer-term volatility.
YANG–BAXTER FIELD FOR SPIN HALL–LITTLEWOOD SYMMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: BUFETOV ALEXEY , PETROV LEONID
Published: October 2019

Employing bijectivization of summation identities, we introduce local stochastic moves based on the Yang–Baxter equation for$U_{q}(\widehat{\mathfrak{sl}_{2}})$. Combining these moves leads to a new object which we call the spin Hall–Littlewood Yang–Baxter field—a probability distribution on two-dimensional arrays of particle configurations on the discrete line. We identify joint distributions along down-right paths in the Yang–Baxter field with spin Hall–Littlewood processes, a generalization of Schur processes. We consider various degenerations of the Yang–Baxter field leading to new dynamic versions of the stochastic six-vertex model and of the Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process.
Dating Izapa Monuments: Comments on Rosenswig
Authors: Inomata Takeshi , Henderson Lucia
Published: October 2019

Rosenswig's discussion of the sculptural chronology of Izapa contains some inaccuracies that require correction. The dates of the monuments at Izapa also require further evaluation.
The Elections to Nonterritorial Autonomies of Central and South Eastern Europe
Authors: Dobos Balázs
Published: October 2019

In managing ethno-cultural diversity, several countries in Central and Eastern Europe refer to the notion of nonterritorial/cultural autonomy in their legislation and policies, and in some of them, namely Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Serbia, and Slovenia, registered minority voters are granted the right to create their own representational, consultative, or decision-making bodies by direct or indirect elections. While a growing body of literature has examined the functioning of these elected minority councils/self-governments at various levels, numerous features of their elections have not been addressed. Elections, commonly understood as formal group decision-making processes, may fulfill various functions both in theory and practice, and these are highly context-dependent. In this regard, little is known about the role played by minority elections in intra-community relations, and whether and how these elections can contribute to increasing legitimacy and accountability and strengthening the political weight and influence of the respective minority groups. This article seeks to address these issues. Written from a theoretical perspective, but based on electoral statistics and country experiences, it comparatively explores the main issues related to the special minority elections in the five countries of analysis and assesses whether they can be considered successful forms of diversity management.
How can a seemingly weak state in the financial services industry act strong? The role of organizational policy capacity in monetary and macroprudential policy
Authors: Bakır Caner , Çoban Mehmet Kerem
Published: October 2019

It is widely held in the public policy and political economy literatures that the Turkish state is weak and cannot adopt a proactive approach in the financial services industry by steering and coordinating the financial policy network. However, it is puzzling that this seemingly “weak” Turkish state, which is often marked by fragmentation, conflict, and a lack of policy coordination within the state apparatus, acted strongly between 2010 and 2016 by taking pre-emptive measures to contain the macrofinancial risks arising from hot money inflows and bank credit expansion. Examining the organizational policy capacity of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, this article argues that proactive policy design and implementation are more likely to complement state capacity when the principal bureaucratic actors have strong organizational policy capacities.
Analysis of the disc components of our galaxy via kinematic and spectroscopic procedures
Authors: Karaali S. , Bilir S. , Gökçe E. Yaz , Plevne O.
Published: October 2019

We used the spectroscopic and astrometric data provided from the GALactic Archaeology with HERMES (GALAH) Data Release (DR2) and Gaia DR2, respectively, for a large sample of stars to investigate the behaviour of the [

$\alpha$

/Fe] abundances via two procedures, that is, kinematically and spectroscopically. With the kinematical procedure, we investigated the distribution of the [

$\alpha$

/Fe] abundances into the high-/low-probability thin disc, and high-/low-probability thick-disc populations in terms of total space velocity, [Fe/H] abundance, and age. The high-probability thin-disc stars dominate in all sub-intervals of [

$\alpha$

/Fe], including the rich ones: [

$\alpha$

/Fe]

$\,>\,0.3$

dex, where the high-probability thick-disc stars are expected to dominate. This result can be explained by the limiting apparent magnitude of the GALAH DR2 (

$V \lt 14$

mag) and intermediate galactic latitude of the star sample. Stars in the four populations share equivalent [

$\alpha$

/Fe] and [Fe/H] abundances, total space velocities, and ages. Hence, none of these parameters can be used alone for separation of a sample of stars into different populations. High-probability thin-disc stars with abundance

$-1.3 \lt {\rm[Fe/H]}\leq -0.5$

dex and age

$9 \lt \tau\leq13$

Gyr are assumed to have different birth places relative to the metal-rich and younger ones. With the spectroscopic procedure, we separated the sample stars into

$\alpha$

-rich and

$\alpha$

-poor categories by means of their ages as well as their [

$\alpha$

/Fe] and [Fe/H] abundances. Stars older than 8 Gyr are richer in [

$\alpha$

/Fe] than the younger ones. We could estimate the abundance [

$\alpha$

/Fe] = 0.14 dex as the boundary separating the

$\alpha$

-rich and

$\alpha$

-poor sub-samples in the [

$\alpha$

/Fe]

$\,\times\,$

[Fe/H] plane.
The impact of artificial intelligence on the current and future practice of clinical cancer genomics
Authors: Greatbatch Olivia , Garrett Alice , Snape Katie
Published: October 2019

Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the most significant fields of development in the current digital age. Rapid advancements have raised speculation as to its potential benefits in a wide range of fields, with healthcare often at the forefront. However, amidst this optimism, apprehension and opposition continue to strongly persist. Oft-cited concerns include the threat of unemployment, harm to the doctor–patient relationship and questions of safety and accuracy. In this article, we review both the current and future medical applications of AI within the sub-speciality of cancer genomics.
Second primary lung cancer following laryngeal cancer: retrospective study of incidence and multivariate analysis of risk factors in 209 patients
Authors: Adams M , Gray G , Kelly A , Toner F , Ullah R
Published: October 2019

Objective

To analyse the incidence of second primary lung cancer following treatment for laryngeal cancer and to identify risk factors for its development.

Method

Retrospective case series.

Results

The five-year actuarial incidence of second primary lung cancer was 8 per cent (1.6 per cent per year). This was associated with a very poor median survival of seven months following diagnosis. Supraglottic tumours were associated with an increased risk of second primary lung cancer compared to glottic tumours in both univariate (hazard ratio = 4.32,p= 0.005) and multivariate analyses (hazard ratio = 4.14,p= 0.03).

Conclusion

Second primary lung cancer occurs at a rate of 1.6 per cent per year following a diagnosis of laryngeal cancer, and this is associated in a statistically significant manner with supraglottic primary tumour. The recent National Lung Cancer Screening Trial suggests a survival advantage of 20 per cent at five years with annual screening using low-dose computed tomography scanning of the chest in a comparable cohort to ours. These findings have the potential to inform post-treatment surveillance protocols in the future.
Long-term quality of life in patients with vestibular schwannoma managed with microsurgery
Authors: Santa Maria C , Santa Maria P L , Bulsara V , Jayawardena J , Caldow J D , Png L H , Atlas M D
Published: October 2019

Objective

Little is known about the long term (greater than 10 years) quality of life in patients with vestibular schwannoma. This study aimed to evaluate long-term outcomes in patients with vestibular schwannoma.

Method

A retrospective cohort study was performed across 2 academic institutions, with patients followed at least 10 years after vestibular schwannoma surgery (2000 to 2007). Telephone interviews were used to assess quality of life using the Glasgow Benefit Inventory and short form 12 item (version 2) health survey.

Results

A total of 99 out of 110 patients were included. Increasing age and symptom burden were associated with poorer quality of life (p= 0.01 and 0.02, respectively). The presence of imbalance, headache and facial nerve dysfunction were all associated with poorer quality of life scores (p= 0.01, 0.04 and 0.02, respectively).

Conclusion

Identifying and managing post-operative symptoms may improve quality of life in vestibular schwannoma patients and can guide clinical decision making.
MEGALO NISI GALANIS (6300–1800bc): CONSTRUCTING A CULTURAL SEQUENCE FOR THE NEOLITHIC OF WEST MACEDONIA, GREECE
Authors: Fotiadis Michael , Hondroyanni-Metoki Areti , Kalogirou Alexandra , Maniatis Yannis , Stroulia Anna , Ziota Christina
Published: October 2019

Scores of Neolithic sites have been excavated in west Macedonia since the 1990s, yet the majority are relatively short-lived installations, lacking high-resolution stratigraphies and sequences of radiocarbon dates. Megalo Nisi Galanis, a large mound in the Kitrini Limni basin, near modern Kozani, is a rare exception to that pattern. Systematically surveyed and excavated in 1987–9 and 1993, this site covers a large part of the Neolithic period in a stratified, radiocarbon-dated sequence capped in places by thin deposits of the Early Bronze Age. We present here the critical details of that sequence and relate them to evidence from other, recently excavated sites in west Macedonia. Megalo Nisi Galanis was first settled in the Early Neolithic (late seventh millenniumbc), was intensively occupied until the early phases of the Final Neolithic (around 4500bc), and continued to be inhabited, albeit sparely or intermittently, until the transition from the Early to the Middle Bronze Age, about 1800bc. By the end of occupation, the mound covered more than eight hectares and rose up to five metres above the surrounding landscape. We attend closely to features of that landscape that are likely to have played an important role in the history of occupation of the site and Kitrini Limni in the course of the Holocene.
CREATING GLOBAL DEMAND: POLYCENTRIC APPROACHES, CROSSROADS OF SILK AND SILVER IN CHINA AND IBERIAN EMPIRES DURING THE EARLY MODERN ERA
Authors: Perez-Garcia Manuel
Published: October 2019

This monographic issue of theRHE-JILAEHpresents new case studies in order to compare regions of Asia, Europe and the Americas through analysis of global demand for western goods in China (goods of European and American origin) as well as demand eastern goods (of Chinese and Indian origin) in Europe and the Americas. The global circulation of goods included accumulation of American silver in the hands of Chinese merchants and private institutions. Thus, this issue re-evaluates origins of the first globalisation during the 16thcentury, as opposed to the 1820s. Global trade networks and long-distance alliances in Asia, the Americas and Europe date back to the 16thcentury when Manila galleon routes were established.
Bisecting measures with hyperplane arrangements
Authors: HUBARD ALFREDO , KARASEV ROMAN
Published: October 2019

We show that provided that n is a power of two, any nD measures in ℝn can be bisected by an arrangement of D hyperplanes.
Different Demands, Varying Responses: Local Government Responses to Workers’ Collective Actions in South China
Authors: Yang Yujeong , Chen Wei
Published: October 2019

While Chinese local governments remain extremely wary of workers’ collective actions, they do not always suppress them; sometimes, they tolerate such actions and even seek to placate workers. What accounts for these different government responses to workers’ collective actions? Based on a sample of over 1,491 collective action cases that took place in Guangdong between 2011 and 2016, we find that the types of demands raised by workers during collective actions affect how local governments respond. Local governments are likely to forcefully intervene in collective actions in which workers make defensive claims concerning issues of payment. In contrast, local governments are likely to use non-forceful approaches in response to actions in which workers make defensive claims regarding social security.
Framework for metaphor-based spatial configuration design: a case study of Japanese rock gardens
Authors: Kahlon Yuval , Fujii Haruyuki
Published: October 2019

Metaphors are powerful tools for design, enabling designers to encapsulate sets of properties and relations as short verbal descriptions. This paper aims to clarify how simple spatial configurations may emerge from concise metaphoric descriptions at the conceptual design phase. To this aim, we propose a framework for a metaphor-based design process. As a basis for the framework, we introduce the concept of “complementary visual potential” – a property which ties the spatial configuration of the objects in the composition with their metaphoric roles. The framework is developed by studying the practice of metaphor-based spatial configuration design in Japanese rock gardens. Accordingly, it is implemented and tested in this context by attempting to generate alternative designs for an existing rock composition in the famous garden of Ryōan-ji. This is followed by a discussion of its possible implications and potential for generalization to other areas of design.
Inhabiting Whiteness: The Eoan GroupLa traviata, 1956
Authors: Pistorius Juliana M.
Published: October 2019

Active at the height of the apartheid regime, the Eoan Group treated South Africans to operas ‘in the true tradition of Italy’. The group relied on elaborate, naturalistic stage settings and the most stereotypical of operatic conventions to construct a hereditary link between itself and Italy, thus creating an alignment with the cultural ideal of Europe and its colonial representative – whiteness. This article offers a materialist reading of the Eoan Group's first operatic endeavour,La traviatain 1956, to argue that their invocation and emulation of the ‘Italian tradition’ served to situate them within a class-based discourse of racially inscribed civility. Drawing on archival records relating to props, costumes, advertisements and funding, it shows how the group constructed an imagined Italian heritage both to emphasise the quality of their productions, and to create an affinity with their white audiences. In this reading, the construction of an Italian operatic tradition functions not as a neutral aesthetic category, but as a historically situated politics of race and class.
Violence for a Good Cause? The Role of Violent Tactics in West German Solidarity Campaigns for Better Working and Living Conditions in the Global South in the 1980s
Authors: Karcher Katharina
Published: October 2019

Taking up Frank Trentmann's suggestion of ‘widening the historical frame’ in which we analyse the fair trade movement, this article explores the entangled history of violent and peaceful tactics in two transnational solidarity campaigns in West Germany the 1980s: the German anti-Apartheid movement and a campaign for women workers in a South Korean garment factory. Both campaigns had the aim to improve the living and working conditions of producers in the Global South and were characterised by a complex interplay of peaceful and militant tactics ranging from boycott calls to arson attacks and bombings. Although more research into the impact of violent protest is needed, the two case studies suggest that the use of violent protest tactics can contribute towards the success of protest movements if it attracts considerable media attention, the targeted companies face significant social and political pressure and the cumulative disruption costs clearly exceed the concession costs.
The Everyday Compensation (EComp) Questionnaire: Construct Validity and Associations with Diagnosis and Longitudinal Change in Cognition and Everyday Function in Older Adults
Authors: Tomaszewski Farias Sarah , Gravano Jason , Weakley Alyssa , Schmitter-Edgecombe Maureen , Harvey Danielle , Mungas Dan , Chan Michelle , Giovannetti Tania
Published: October 2019

Objective:

The Everyday Compensation scale (EComp) is an informant-rated questionnaire designed to measure cognitively based compensatory strategies that support both everyday memory and executive function in the context of completing instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Although previous findings provided early support for the usefulness of the initial version of EComp, the current paper further describes the development, refinement, and validation of EComp as a new assessment tool of compensation for IADLs.

Method:

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine its factor structure. Convergent and predictive validity was evaluated by examining the relationship between EComp and markers of disease, including diagnosis, cognitive change, and trajectories of functional abilities.

Results:

CFA supported a general compensation factor after accounting for variance attributable to IADL domain-specific engagement. The clinical groups differed in compensatory strategy use, with those with dementia using significantly fewer compensatory strategies as compared to individuals with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment. Greater levels of compensation were related to better cognitive functions (memory and executive function) and functional abilities, as well as slower rates of cognitive and functional decline over time. Importantly, higher levels of compensation were associated with less functional difficulties and subsequently slower rate of functional decline independent of the level of cognitive impairment.

Conclusions:

Engagement in compensatory strategies among older adults has important implications for prolonging functional independence, even in those with declining cognitive functioning. Results suggest that the revised EComp is likely to be useful in measuring cognitively based compensation in older adults.
Photosynthesis on exoplanets and exomoons from reflected light
Authors: Lingam Manasvi , Loeb Abraham
Published: October 2019

Photosynthesis offers a convenient means of sustaining biospheres. We quantify the constraints for photosynthesis to be functional on the permanent nightside of tidally locked rocky exoplanets via reflected light from their exomoons. We show that the exomoons must be at least half the size of Earth's moon in order for conventional oxygenic photosynthesis to operate. This scenario of photosynthesis is unlikely for exoplanets around late-type M-dwarfs due to the low likelihood of large exomoons and their orbital instability over long timescales. Subsequently, we investigate the prospects for photosynthesis on habitable exomoons via reflected light from the giant planets that they orbit. Our analysis indicates that such photosynthetic biospheres are potentially sustainable on these moons except those around late-type M-dwarfs. We conclude our analysis by delineating certain physiological and biochemical features of photosynthesis and other carbon fixation pathways, and the likelihood of their evolution on habitable planets and moons.
Constitutionalism and populism: national political integration and global legal integration
Authors: Thornhill Chris
Published: October 2019

This article adds to the emergent body of constitutional-theoretical research on populist government. It argues that constitutional analysis has specific importance in explaining the hostility to global legal norms that characterizes many populist or neo-nationalist polities. However, it argues that more classical perspectives in constitutional theory have not provided adequate explanations for this phenomenon. This is because constitutionalism itself misunderstands the sociological foundations of constitutional democracy and it promotes normative models of democracy, based in theories of popular sovereignty and constituent power, which create a legitimational space in which populism can flourish. In contrast, this article sets out a historical-sociological account of national democracy, explaining how democracy has been formed through processes of global norm construction. As a result, the basic subjects imputed to democracy by both constitutionalism and populism only became real on global normative foundations. In advancing these claims, this article presents a global-sociological critique of populism, explaining that populism evolves where the realities of democratic formation enter conflict with the norms of constitutional theory. In so doing, it offers a sociological theory of constitutional democracy that might help to avert democratic self-subversion.
Circularly polarized ferrite patch antenna for LEO satellite applications
Authors: Arnaud E. , Huitema L. , Chantalat R. , Bellion A. , Monediere T.
Published: October 2019

This paper presents the capacity of an S band circularly polarized patch antenna using a ferrite material for low-earth orbiting satellites (2025–2100 MHz for TeleCommand) to obtain a semi-isotropic radiation pattern. Indeed, circularly polarized antennas are generally large and bulky which is often incompatible for spatial applications especially for small satellites. A new antenna design is proposed with the following maximum dimensions: a diameter of 80 mm and a height of 12 mm. The structure presents an axial ratio lower than 6 dB (according to requirements) and a realized gain higher than −6 dB over a 4% bandwidth at the limit of coverage i.e. 90° irrespective of the azimuth angle (φ).
The Netherlands Twin Register: Longitudinal Research Based on Twin and Twin-Family Designs
Authors: Ligthart Lannie , van Beijsterveldt Catharina E.M. , Kevenaar Sofieke T. , de Zeeuw Eveline , van Bergen Elsje , Bruins Susanne , Pool René , Helmer Quinta , van Dongen Jenny , Hottenga Jouke-Jan , van’t Ent Dennis , Dolan Conor V. , Davies Gareth E. , Ehli Erik A. , Bartels Meike , Willemsen Gonneke , de Geus Eco J.C. , Boomsma Dorret I.
Published: October 2019

The Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) is a national register in which twins, multiples and their parents, siblings, spouses and other family members participate. Here we describe the NTR resources that were created from more than 30 years of data collections; the development and maintenance of the newly developed database systems, and the possibilities these resources create for future research. Since the early 1980s, the NTR has enrolled around 120,000 twins and a roughly equal number of their relatives. The majority of twin families have participated in survey studies, and subsamples took part in biomaterial collection (e.g., DNA) and dedicated projects, for example, for neuropsychological, biomarker and behavioral traits. The recruitment into the NTR is all inclusive without any restrictions on enrollment. These resources — the longitudinal phenotyping, the extended pedigree structures and the multigeneration genotyping — allow for future twin-family research that will contribute to gene discovery, causality modeling, and studies of genetic and cultural inheritance.
Temporal Variability in the Nutrient Biogeochemistry of the Surface North Atlantic: 15 Years of Ship of Opportunity Data
Authors: Macovei V. A. , Torres‐Valdés S. , Hartman S. E. , Schuster U. , Moore C. M. , Brown P. J. , Hydes D. J. , Sanders R. J.
Published: October 2019

Ocean biological processes play an important role in the global carbon cycle via the production of organic matter and its subsequent export. Often, this flux is assumed to be in steady state; however, it is dependent on nutrients introduced to surface waters via multiple mechanisms, some of which are likely to exhibit both intra‐annual and interannual variability leading to comparable variability in ocean carbon uptake. Here we test this variability using surface (5 m) inorganic nutrient concentrations from voluntary observing ships and satellite‐derived estimates of chlorophyll and net primary production. At lower latitudes, the seasonality is small, and the monthly averages of nitrate:phosphate are lower than the canonical 16:1 Redfield ratio, implying nitrogen limitation, a situation confirmed via a series of nutrient limitation experiments conducted between Bermuda and Puerto Rico. The nutrient seasonal cycle is more pronounced at higher latitudes, with clear interannual variability. Over a large area of the midlatitude North Atlantic, the winters of 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 had nitrate values more than 1μmol L−1 higher than the 2002–2017 average, suggesting that during this period, the system may have shifted to phosphorus limitation. This nitrate increase meant that, in the region between 31° and 39° N, new production calculated from nitrate uptake was 20.5g C m−2 in 2010, more than four times higher than the median value of the whole observing period. Overall, we suggest that substantial variability in nutrient concentrations and biological carbon uptake occurs in the North Atlantic with interannual variability apparent over a number of different time scales.
Controls on the Thermomechanical Evolution of Hyperextended Lithosphere at Magma‐Poor Rifted Margins: The Example of Espirito Santo and the Kwanza Basins
Authors: Lavier L.L. , Ball P. J. , Manatschal G. , Heumann M. J. , MacDonald J. , Matt V. J. , Schneider C.
Published: October 2019

High‐quality, long offset seismic data from many distal rifted margins show evidence for hyper‐extended, <10‐km‐thick crust. Direct observation of such domains is challenging as they lie, at great water depth, buried beneath thick sedimentary sequences and formed by rock‐assemblages that are hydrated and geophysically indistinguishable. Only a few drill holes have penetrated basement at ultradistal rifted margins. These observations, together with outcrops of preserved analogs exposed in collisional orogens, suggest that the complex interaction of detachment faults rooted in a subhorizontal shear zone in the hyperextended crust or, in the serpentinized mantle controls the formation of the ocean continent transition. While depth‐dependent thinning controls the early phases of rifting conforming to classical rift models, we still have a superficial understanding of how normal faults and subhorizontal shear zones form and evolve during rifting and lithospheric breakup. Here we develop a rheological parameterization to simulate the formation of, and slip‐on, large offset normal faults rooted in growing brittle to ductile shear zones. The evolution of these structures leads to the creation of a hyperextended crust and eventually exhumed serpentinized mantle. We also propose a simplified formulation to simulate magmatic underplating and seafloor spreading. The resulting numerical models provide a self‐consistent picture for the evolution of magma‐poor rifted margins from initiation of rifting to seafloor spreading. The model results are compared with first‐order observations of the Kwanza and Espirito Santo conjugate margins in the South Atlantic as well as of magma‐poor margins globally.
MMS Observations of Whistler and Lower Hybrid Drift Waves Associated with Magnetic Reconnection in the Turbulent Magnetosheath
Authors: Vörös Zoltán , Yordanova Emilyia , Graham Daniel B. , Khotyaintsev Yuri V. , Narita Yasuhito
Published: October 2019

Magnetic reconnection (MR) and the associated concurrently occurring waves have been extensively studied at large‐scale plasma boundaries, in quasi‐symmetric and asymmetric configurations in the terrestrial magnetotail and at the magnetopause. Recent high‐resolution observations by MMS (Magnetospheric Multiscale) spacecraft indicate that MR can occur also in the magnetosheath where the conditions are highly turbulent when the upstream shock geometry is quasi‐parallel. The strong turbulent motions make the boundary conditions for evolving MR complicated. In this paper it is demonstrated that the wave observations in localized regions of MR can serve as an additional diagnostic tool reinforcing our capacity for identifying MR events in turbulent plasmas. It is shown that in a close resemblance with MR at large‐scale boundaries, turbulent reconnection associated whistler waves occur at separatrix/outflow regions and at the outer boundary of the electron diffusion region, while lower hybrid drift waves are associated with density gradients during the crossing of the current sheet. The lower hybrid drift instability can make the density inhomogeneities rippled. The identification of MR associated waves in the magnetosheath represents also an important milestone for developing a better understanding of energy redistribution and dissipation in turbulent plasmas.
Periodic Excitation of Chorus and ECH Waves Modulated by Ultralow Frequency Compressions
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Chen Lunjin , Artemyev Anton V. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Liu Xu
Published: October 2019

Spacecraft observations often reveal the presence of marginally stable chorus and electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves across a spatial scale about several Earth radii (RE), which is much larger than the spatial scale of the localized injections that are thought to generate them. Given the importance of these waves for electron acceleration, scattering, and loss to the atmosphere, here we investigate how such broad, periodic wave excitation might occur. We show that it can be attributed to modulation of hot (resonant) electron distributions by ultralow frequency (ULF) waves, which transport electrons radially inward/outward by as much as ∼1.5 RE. Unstable electrons (and chorus waves generated by them) from higher L‐shells (presumably from the azimuthally extended flow‐braking region) are thus brought to lower L‐shells. Half a ULF cycle later, outward electron transport increases the loss cone anisotropy (the perpendicular velocity gradient near the loss cone), resulting in periodic generation of ECH waves with intensities that are anticorrelated with chorus wave intensity. Such wave generation and intermittent electron precipitation (modulated on the spatial/temporal scale of a ULF wavelength/wave period) across large spatial scales could explain the pulsating aurora.
Viscoelasticity of Liquid Iron at Conditions of the Earth's Outer Core
Authors: Xian Jia‐Wei , Sun Tao , Tsuchiya Taku
Published: October 2019

Viscosity and elasticity are material properties essential for understanding the composition, dynamics, and evolution of the Earth's core, yet their intrinsic connection as embedded in the general theory of viscoelasticity is not well explored. Here we use molecular dynamics to determine the viscoelasticity of liquid iron at conditions of the Earth's outer core. The frequency‐dependent viscosity and shear modulus are determined from the power spectrum of the stress autocorrelation function. We find that the stress autocorrelation function is well characterized by a generalized Maxwell model containing two relaxation modes. The mode with shorter relaxation time (τ1) corresponds to the motion of individual atoms; the other with longer relaxation time (τ2) is associated with collective motions. As temperature (T ) decreases, the slow‐decaying mode becomes more prominent with increasingly larger τ2. In contrast, τ1 remains nearly constant (∼0.016 ps). The infinite frequency shear modulus (G∞), which characterizes the instantaneous shear response, is found to be larger than the static shear modulus of hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) iron of the same density and increases linearly with T. Based on these findings as well as seismic analyses (Tsuboi & Saito, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03351717; Krasnoshchekov et al., 2005, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03613), the zero frequency viscosity (η0) of the lowermost outer core is inferred as 109 Pa·s. The likely material states exhibiting such viscosities are discussed. Moreover, we show that to retain the rigidity consistent with seismic observations, the η0 of the inner core should be at least 1013 Pa·s.