bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Two‐Stage Agglutination Test for the Detection of Antithrombocyte Antibodies
Authors: Hanna N. , Nelken D.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A two‐stage agglutination test is described, in which the synergistie action of autoantibodies and heteroantibodies in subagglutinating doses is utilized for the detection of thrombocyte autoantibodies. The test is more sensitive than the direct agglutination test for detecting thrombocyte agglutinins. It also detects ‘incomplete’ antithrombocyte antibodies with high reproducibility. The two‐stage agglutination test gave positive results in 11 of 21 cases of ITP while the direct agglutination test was positive in only 3 of these cases. It is simple and easy to perform, as it utilizes very small quantities of thrombocytes and requires no washings of the thrombocytes. The direct variation of this test is discussed.
Immunoglobulin Components in Crystalline Ceruloplasmin and Anticomplementary Activity1
Authors: Fisher Gwendolyn B. , Deutsch H. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The presence of small amounts of γG‐globulin and of γM‐globulin components have been demonstrated in once‐crystallized ceruloplasmin preparations. These immunoglobulin impurities appear to be largely removed by repeated crystallization or by chromatographic procedures utilizing SE‐cellulose and hydroxylapatite. The anticomplementary activity of such material, although free from immunoglobulins, is comparable to that of once‐crystallized ceruloplasmin. This activity of ceruloplasmin differs markedly from that of γG‐globulin in that human serum albumin abolishes the activity of ceruloplasmin, and increases in the concentration of ceruloplasmin do not effect parallel increases in anticomplementary activity. Crude ceruloplasmin preparations possess both thermolabile and thermostable anticomplementary factors but crystalline material contains only the latter type. Complete or partial removal of copper modifies but does not abolish the anticomplementary activity of ceruloplasmin. These results suggest that the anti‐complementary activity of ceruloplasmin is a property of the protein and is not due entirely to its component copper or to the presence of immunoglobulin impurities.
The Stimulation of Immune Antibodies Anti‐A and Anti‐B in Patients after Treatment with Cryoprecipitate and Factor IX Concentrate (P.P.S.B. According to Soulier)
Authors: McShine R. L. , Kunst V. A. J. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Investigations of the sera from group O and A patients with haemophilia‐A and ‐B, and with von Willebrand's disease, revealed that immune antibodies anti‐A and anti‐B can be stimulated alter treatment with cryoprecipitate and factor IX concentrate (PPSB). The group O sera were investigated only for immune anti‐A. The immune properties demonstrated in the sera consisted in an increase in the titre of saline agglutinins and the appearance or increase of incomplete and haemolytic antibodies anti‐A or anti‐B. The stimulation of immune antibodies anti‐A and anti‐B is most probably caused by the presence of soluble A and B blood group substances in the products, as A substance could be demonstrated in samples of cryoprecipitate and PPSB.
Multiple Antibody Response Following Busulfan Therapy1
Authors: Spitler L. , Fudenberg H. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A patient is described who produced antibodies during a period of bone marrow failure produced by prolonged administration of busulfan for chronic myelogenous leukemia, The patient produced antibodies to transfused blood constituents including serum IgA, leukocytes and platelets after minimal stimulus. This case illustrates that under certain conditions the so‐called immunosuppressive agents can cause a paradoxical heightening of antibody response.
The Incidence of H Deficient A2 and A2B Bloods and Family Studies on the AH/ABH Status of an Aint, and Some New Variant Blood Types (Aint H↓A1, A2↑HwA1, A.2↑BHA1B and A2↓BHA2B
Authors: Voak D. , Lodge T. W. , Stapleton R. R. , Fogg H. , Roberts H. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The incidence of H deficient A2 blood samples in the Sheffield area was found to be 1 in 169 and 1 in 13 of group A2 and A2B blood samples respectively. Family studies are described on an Aint and on examples of the new variant phenotypes, AintH↓., A2↑HW, A2↑BHW and A2BHW. The sera of some of the variants contained cold anti‐Hs/HIs/HIc/LebH antibodies, but none contained the Bombay type of anti‐Hs active at 37°C. The authors suggest that the modified A status of most of the variants is due to reduced expression of the A1 genes as a result of insufficient production of H precursor substance by weak H alleles. In paternity testing, it is important that an exclusion should not be based on the occurrence of an A1 child of a not A1 group A mating until the A2/A2B parent(s) have been shown to have a normal H status.
The CDe Rhesus Gene Complex; Some Considerations Revealed by a Study of a Danish Family with an Antigen of the Rhesus Gene Complex (C) D (e) Defined by a ‘New’ Antibody
Authors: Giles Carolyn M. , Skov F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A serum containing anti‐Cw+Wra reacted with a donor sample of Rh phenotype CCDee shown to be negative for both Cw and Wra. The donor's mother had a weakly expressed C antigen and the ‘new’ antibody was found to be reacting with a gene complex (C)D(e) previously found in Swedish families. A comparison was made of serological reactions of variant CDe complexes.
Automated Red Cell Antibody Analysis. A Parallel Study
Authors: Perrault R. , Högman C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The AutoAnalyzer method of red blood cell antibody detection can be adapted to identify the serological specificity of these same antibodies. In the present study, 1,152 AA‐positive sera obtained during AA screening were investigated. In 217 (19%) of these sera blood group antibodies were identified by manual techniques. Since the AA techniques are generally more sensitive than manual methods an attempt was made to identify antibodies by the AA methods in 823 sera which were negative manually. The low‐ionic strength‐Polybrene (LISP) method was found to be suitable for antibody identification because of its sensitivity in the detection of most red cell antibodies and the small technical deviations of OD from the base‐line. The bromeline‐methyl cellulose (BMC) technique is less sensitive and often more difficult to interpret in antibody identification. In some cases, however, this method was the only one that gave positive reactions. In 214 instances antibodies were identified by the AA techniques, about half of which were anti‐D's, the others being RBC antibodies of more or less rare varieties. The relative frequency of these rare antibodies was higher in the group of manual‐negative sera, 47 versus 21%, normally found. Positive identification but no clear‐cut blood type antibody was found in 155 cases (19%). Indications were obtained that some of the reactions were due to HL‐A antibodies. Antibodies to HL‐A7 and HL‐A5 were found to react with red cells. In addition the AA techniques seemed to be more sensitive to detect RBC autoantibodies than standard manual methods. However, the usefulness of the AA techniques for routine antibody identification is diminished by the relative slowness of the machine.
Tr: A Canine Red Cell Antigen Related to the A‐antigen of Human Red Cells
Authors: Bowdler A. J. , Bull R. W. , Slating R. , Swisher S. N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A canine red cell antigen, Tr, was defined by means of an immune canine antiserum produced by isoimmunization of a dog with canine red cells. The specificity of the antiserum was found to be identical to that of a naturally‐occurring canine antiserum which reacted specifically with human group A red cells after absorption with human group O and B red cells. Absorption and agglutination‐inhibition studies with human saliva showed that the canine red cell antigen Tr is related to the A antigen of human red cells; its representation on the canine red cell appears to be weaker than that of the A antigen of human A1 red cells. The incidence of the Tr antigen on canine red cells is approximately 50%. No relationships were established between the canine A, B, C and D blood types and the ABH system of man.
Two Years Experience with a Computer in a Blood Transfusion Center
Authors: Tischer O. , Wuilleret B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An account of the reasons which have induced the administration of the Lausanne Blood Transfusion Center to equip their institute with a computer. The electronic equipment used is described. The functions of the various programs written for the administration of the Transfusion Center with this computer are given in detail. The results which have been obtained are concisely exposed and discussed.
An Rh Gene Complex which Results in a ‘New’ Antigen Detectable by a Specific Antibody, Anti‐Rh 33
Authors: Giles Carolyn M. , Crossland J. D. , Haggas W. K. , Longster G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two unrelated donors possess a ‘new’ antigen of the Rh system which is associated with variant D and e genes in an Ro gene complex, and which is detected by a ‘new’ antibody, anti‐Rh 33, in serum Hawd.
Blood Group Substances A and B
Authors: Cohen P. , Hudson H. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Immune globulins prepared from placentas, venous plasma and mixtures of the two sources were assayed by hemagglutination inhibition for blood group substances A and B. The maximum amount of B substance in placental immune serum globulin (human) was 200 μg/ml; in venous immune serum globulin (human), 5 μg/ml; in immune serum globulin (human) from mixed sources, 27 μg/ml. The amount of blood group substance A was approximately 10% of the amount of B substance in placental globulins. Tetanus immune globulin (human) derived from venous plasma contained levels of blood group substance similar to those in immune serum globulin (human) from mixed sources.
Further Studies on the Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Polymorphism in Austria1
Authors: Wüst H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In extended examinations of the ADA polymorphism in the Austrian population, 47 families with 171 children and 317 mother‐child pairs were investigated. The results showed full agreement with the postulated Mendelian way of inheritance. The gene frequencies, evaluated from 674 unrelated Austrian people are ADA1 — 0.9317 and ADA2 — 0.0682. One rare phenotype ADA 4‐1 (frequency 0.0015) was observed during this investigation. The use of a high voltage electrophoresis apparatus for starch gel electrophoresis is described.
Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn in a Zambian Community
Authors: Barclay G. P. T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Haemolytic disease of the newborn in Zambian children has been investigated. Of 740 newborn children, 21 (2.8%) have been found to have a positive modified anti‐human globulin test; in 19, this was due to ABO incompatibility. On the other hand, nearly as many children in this series were found who were jaundiced for a reason that was not discovered. They were a more serious problem clinically.

Since the introduction of serum for the prophylaxis of Rh disease in Zambia, 167 Rh‐negative antenatal women have been discovered. Nearly 5% of these have been found to show evidence of immunization.
Development of Large‐Scale Fractionation Methods
Authors: James H. L. , Wickerhauser M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A modification of the method of Johnson for the preparation of clinical factor VIII concentrates is described by which a concentrate may consistently be obtained from 100‐liter plasma volumes at a potency of 10 factor VIII units/ml or greater and a specific activity of 0.3 factor VIII units/mg protein (18 to 20‐fold purification over plasma) with a final recovery close to 40% of the actual factor VIII activity of the starting plasma; these potency and purity values exceed the minimum requirements of the Division of Biologics Standards of the National Institutes of Health.

The major changes that were introduced were: (a) an accelerated cryoprecipitation step to minimize the risk of pyrogen formation; (b) the elimination of ethanol to avoid coprecipitation of nonspecific proteins, thereby improving the purity of the final concentrate; (c) the reduction of the tris extraction volume to obtain a higher final factor VIII potency and smaller volumes for lyophilization; (d) the control of pH during the Al (OH)3 adsorption step to improve the purity and filtrability of the concentrate; (e) the removal of the Al (OH)3 precipitate by a foamless centrifugation technique to minimize denaturation of the factor VIII in the supernatant; and (f) the use of new clarification media to facilitate the final sterile filtration step.
Hemoglobin Function: Effects of Salts and Glutathione1
Authors: Dawson R. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. These studies were undertaken to explore the observation of Valtis and Kennedy that the right‐shifted O2curve produced by treating stored bank blood with sodium chloride would persist after its administration, and to restudy the effects of glutathione (GSH) on the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, originally studied by Horejsi and Komarkova. The Valtis‐Kennedy salt effect was reversed by washing the salt‐treated red cells with physiological saline. No change in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve was apparent as the result of glutathione treatment when the red cells in solution had been corrected to a pH of 7.4.
Factor V Activity in Fresh Frozen and Cryoprecipitate‐Removed Plasma1
Authors: Katz A. J. , Morse E. E.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Factor V activity was assayed in routinely‐prepared fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and in frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate‐removed (FPCR). Mean activity in FFP within 1 week of preparation was 86%, but declined to 63% after 2 months of storage at ‐35°C. Within 1 week of preparation, FPCR factor V activity was 56%; there was little loss of activity during 3 months of freezer storage. The difference between FFP and FPCR is due to loss of factor V activity during the 24 h required for preparation of cryoprecipitate. The factor V activity of either FPCR or stored FFP is probably adequate to provide hemostatic levels in a patient who is severely deficient in factor V.
In vitro Restoration of 2,3‐P2‐Glycerate in 2,3‐P2‐Glycerate‐Poor Erythrocytes in a System for Organ Perfusion
Authors: Bakker J. C. , Dekker E. , Offerijns F. G. J.
Published: March 2009

In vitro regeneration of 2,3‐DPG in a red cell suspension with glucose as the only substrate is described.
Acetylcholinesterase Activity in En(a—) Red Cells1
Authors: Herz F. , Kaplan E. , Furuhjelm U.
Published: March 2009

En(a–) red cells show surface alterations reminiscent of those seen in normal cells exposed to proteolytic enzymes. Since this kind of treatment causes inactivation of acetylcholinesterase, a comparison of the activity and properties of this surface‐located enzyme in En(a–) and in normal red cells was made. No significant differences in regard to specific activity, Km, heat stability, inactivation by exogenous agents and density (age)‐dependent distribution were observed.
Application of the C3 System in Paternity Cases
Authors: Teisberg P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Based on the Norwegian allele frequencies, it can be calculated that 13.46% of men falsely accused of paternity can be excluded by use of the C 3 system. The confidence‐of‐exclusion rate in this system, calculated from the existing family and mother‐child materials, is 96–98% in Caucasian population groups.

The results of the application of this polymorphic system to 874 cases of disputed paternity are presented. In the 846 cases comprising the common C 3 proteins only, a total of 71 men were excluded. This number fits well with the calculated number of expected exclusions. In 28 cases where C 3 variants were involved, 5 out of 49 alleged fathers were excluded.

It is concluded that the C 3 system represents a valuable supplement to the panel of genetic marker‐systems presently used in cases of disputed paternity.
A New Antibody, Anti‐K12, Associated with the Kell Blood Group System1
Authors: Marsh W. L. , Stroup Marjory , Macilroy Mija , øyen Ragnhild , Reid Marion E. , Heistø H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antibody, named anti‐K12, reacts with a high‐frequency red‐cell antigen associated with the Kell blood groups. Two examples have been found, both in people having the phenotype K‐k+, Kp(a–b +), Js(a–b +). Anti‐K12 reacted with all of 1,000 random blood samples, less strongly with some Kp(a + b–) samples, weakly with red cells of the McLeod phenotype and not at all with Ko red cells. It reacted weakly against red cells from children with chronic granulomatous disease with weak Kell antigens.

While the data establish a phenotypic association between the K12 antigen and the Kell system, there is no evidence to show whether K12 is an inherited character, and, if so, whether the controlling gene is part of the Kell complex.
Does Anti‐D IgG Prophylaxis Protect against Leucocyte Isoimmunization?
Authors: Imre Gabriella , Keserü T. L. , Kassai M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Sera from 98 primiparous Rh(D)‐negative women were tested for leucocyte isoimmunization from blood samples taken at delivery and 3 months after, when prevention of Rh immunization was first checked. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were demonstrated already at delivery in 16 cases (16.3%). Ten of the remaining 82 women whose serum was negative at delivery developed antibodies in the meantime, according to the tests carried out with serum samples taken 3 months after (12.2%).

All batches of anti‐D IgG used during the investigation period contained lymphocytotoxic antibodies. However, a protective effect against leucocyte isoimmunization is unlikely in these cases. More than half of the immunized women were already primed by the time of delivery, and a considerable percentage (12.2) of the rest became immunized afterwards. The incidence of immunization detected either at delivery or 3 months after, altogether 26.5%, moderately exceeds the figure for the indidence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies during second pregnancy in the authors' own statistics, obtained with the same serological method (21.6%). In 46 cases at and after second delivery a similar relation was found with antibody incidence during third pregnancy.
Ag(h), an Additional Factor of the Ag System
Authors: Bütler R. , Brunner E. , Morganti G. , Vierucci A. , Hrubiśko M. , Gáliková J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Two anti‐Ag sera were described which reveal a new specificity: Ag(h). The dominant mode of inheritence of this new factor as well as its genetic relationship to the Ag(a1,c,d,g,t,x,y,z) system is demonstrated.
Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia due to Red Cell Antibodies of Different Specificities in a Patient with Chronic Hepatitis
Authors: Lightwood Andrea M. , Scott G. L.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A patient with chronic hepatitis with associated autoimmune phenomena developed red cell antibodies with specificities in the I blood group system and against stored red cells. These antibodies were all IgM in type and caused in vivo haemolysis which responded to treatment with corticosteroids.
Rhesus Antibodies Demonstrable only by Enzyme Technique
Authors: Gundolf F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Some Rhesus antibodies are demonstrable only by enzyme technique and not by indirect Coombs' technique. An experiment has been carried out, showing that the most likely explanation, why the positive reaction with enzyme technique becomes negative with the indirect Coombs' technique, is that the antibody is simply washed off.
An Inherited Blood Group A Variant in the Finnish Population
Authors: Nevanlinna H. R. , Pirkola Anna
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A rare variant of blood group A, Afinn, is used as a marker when studying the Finnish population structure. Slow immigration is probably the main cause of the primary enrichment of this gene that has not yet been described outside Finland. Practically all the 98 propositi originated from the areas in the south‐west and south‐east that were first settled in prehistoric times. This indicates that both were inhabited by the same settlers, probably immigrating over the Gulf of Finland rather than using two different routes.

The frequency of Afinn in the first settled areas was estimated at approximately 1:1,000, showing large local differences at community level, with estimated peaks as high as more than 1%. The frequency distribution was analysed in a computer simulation programme; the similarities with the observed distribution of Afinn were compatible with the effect of sampling and drift, causing substantial loss and large frequency deviations in the isolated subpopulations.
The Production of High Titre Rh (D) Antibody in Male Volunteers
Authors: Gibson T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 13 male volunteers, all group A Rh‐negative, were immunised with fresh A Rh‐positive washed red cells. All 13 produced anti‐D. The antibody produced was to be used in the prevention of Rh haemolytic disease. In 8 of the 13 donors, the antibody was of a sufficiently high albumin titre (128 or more) to be used as intended. By plasmapheresis, these eight volunteers have so far donated 149 units of plasma. The first volunteers started the course of injections in March 1970. The first antibody of sufficiently high titre to make plasmapheresis worthwhile was obtained in February 1971. The shortest interval from first injection to first donation was 39 weeks.
Lu9, another New Antigen of the Lutheran Blood‐Group System1
Authors: Molthan Lyndall , Crawford Mary N. , Marsh W. L. , Allen F. H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new Lutheran antigen, Lu9, with a frequency of about 2%, has been recognized. It has an apparent allelic relationship to the high‐frequency character Lu6.
Recent Advances in our Understanding of Hepatitis B Infections
Authors: Prince A. M. , Szmuness W. , Brotman B. , Ikram H.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The development of highly sensitive hemagglutination (HA) assays for detection of hepatitis B antibody has made possible observation of primary anamnestic antibody responses in most individuals exposed to hepatitis B virus and the development and evaluation of a hyperimmune γ‐globulin preparation.

The hemagglutination inhibition assay, while more sensitive than previous techniques for the detection of hepatitis B antigen (HB‐ag) carriers, does not presently appear suitable for use in routine screening of blood donors. However, use of this assay to subtype the antigenic specificities of HB‐ag makes it a valuable identity test for ultrasensitive assays.

Prospective serologic follow‐up of children newly admitted to an institution for the mentally retarded and studies on HB‐ag carriers and their families (by hemagglutination inhibition and HA techniques) have revealed that the ratio of infection to clinical disease in hepatitis B infections is greater than 28:1.
Hepatitis‐Free Reagents in Tests for Australia Antigen
Authors: Stephan W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The risks to laboratory personnel of infectious reagents in hepatitis serology can be suppressed by cold sterilisation with β‐propiolactone and subsequent UV irradiation. Immunological studies have shown that concentrations of up to 4% β‐propiolactone did not alter the immunological reactivity of Au antigen which means that potentially infectious sera can perhaps be sterilised with β‐propiolactone alone.
Anti‐s and Anti‐U Cold‐Reacting Antibodies1
Authors: Lalezari Parviz , Malamut Dorothy C. , Dreisiger Martha E. , Sanders Clifford
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The thermal and immunochemical properties of seven examples of anti‐s and one example of anti‐U have been studied. It is shown by the antiglobulin, as well as the automated Polybrene technique, that these antibodies are cold‐reacting and share this property with antibodies of the rest of the MNS system. It is furthermore demonstrated that the antibodies studied are IgG immunoglobulins. These data are in conformity with the hypothesis that the thermal properties of various antigen‐antibody reactions are primarily determined by the antigen and not by the antibody.
ABO Blood Grouping of Human Hair Using Radioactively‐Labelled Antibodies
Authors: Boettcher B. , Kay D. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 125J‐labelled anti‐A, anti‐B and Dolichos biflorus extract were found to be suitable for use in the ABO grouping of hairs. The technique developed will tolerate a wide range of experimental conditions and, thus, is less exacting than mixed agglutination or elution techniques. The procedure involves crushing the hair in a press, incubating the hair with radiolabeled reagent, washing, and exposing control and test hairs to X‐ray film.

Ulex europaeus extract, although it could be labelled satisfactorily, could not be used to identify hairs from O individuals. The A antigen could not be demonstrated on hair from an A2 individual.
Removal of Buffy Coat from Stored ACD Blood by Dextran: Agglomeration and Subsequent Filtration
Authors: Goldmann S. F. , Heiss F. , Scheinert Irmgard
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method for preparing buffy coat‐poor red cell suspensions from stored ACD blood is described. Stored ACD blood is sedimented in presence of dextran and then passed through nylon fibre niters. A removal of 94% of leukocytes and 97% of platelets is achieved with this procedure. Red cell recovery is over 70%.
A Second Example of Anti‐Ge1, and Some Observations on Gerbich Subgroups
Authors: Macgregor A. , Booth P. B.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A second example of anti‐Gel has been identified. The Gerbich subgrouping of certain Melanesian populations has shown that not all subjects who react weakly with anti‐Gel, 2 or anti‐Gel, 2, 3 lack Gel specificity. It is suggested that Gel, ‐2 people may exist in New Guinea.
Permanent Mixed‐Field Polyagglutinability (PMFP)
Authors: Sturgeon Phillip , Luner Stephen J. , McQuiston Dorothy T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. With the use of endless belt fluid electrophoresis, these studies confirm previous reports of two cell populations in PMFP having different mobilities. Our method shows two clearly separated bands, while with the microelectrophoresis method a distinctly bimodal distribution is reported. The abnormal (A) cells show a 33‐ to 42‐percent reduction in mobility and a 47‐ to 48‐percent reduction in sialic acid as compared with standard cells. The serologically normal (N) cell population, on mixture with standard cells and subjected to electrophoresis, exhibits no increase in streak width indicative of increased electrophoretic heterogeneity. This is consistent with the findings in the preceding report of no serological abnormalities in the (N) cells. Results of hematological studies, red cell isozyme determinations and assays of glycolytic enzymes activity were not significantly different between the two cell populations.

These observations lead us to suggest that the basic abnormality in PMFP (A) cells (Tn transformation) represents a point mutation involving a single genetic step in erythrocyte membrane glycoprotein biosynthesis. A block in the transfer of terminal D‐galactose to N‐acetylgalactosamine in a substantial proportion of (A) cell heterosaccharides is postulated to be common to all of the serological and biophysical aberrations. This would be consistent with the observed reduction of T, NVG, NHmn (also MHmn), electrostatic charge, sialic acid, and increased ‘saline agglutinability’ in incomplete antisera. The defect in galactose linkage could also leave exposed underlying N‐acetylgalactosamines with the consequent manifestation of AHmn, ADB, AHP, NBV and Tn.
Neuraminidase and Anti‐Neuraminidase Serum: Effect on the Cell Surface Properties
Authors: Sachtleben P. , Gsell R. , Mehrishi J. N.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Neuraminidase lowers the electrical cell surface charge by cleavage of N‐acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) from the cell periphery. Neuraminidase antisera prepared in rabbits increase the surface charge density of neuraminidase‐treated cells. It is suggested that the lowering of the cell surface charge is due not only to enzymatic splitting of NANA but also to some masking of the surface sites by adsorbed enzyme on the cell surface.
Enzyme Anti‐Human‐Globulin Test
Authors: SSEBABI E. C. T.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An enzyme anti‐human‐globulin test has been used to detect autoantibodies to red cells. Tests done in parallel establish that the method is considerably more sensitive than the conventional direct anti‐human‐globulin test and other methods normally used in antibody detection. Enzyme autoantibodies have been found frequently in several groups of patients. They are heterogeneous as regards immunoglobulin class and sometimes bind complement. Eight patients with haemolytic anaemia in whom enzyme autoantibodies were detected improved when treated with prednisone.
Allo‐Antigens and Allo‐Antibodies of the Ko System, Serological and Genetic Study
Authors: Marcelli‐Barge A. , Poirier J. C. , Dausset J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Four new cases of anti‐Koa allo‐antibodies and a third case of anti‐Kob antibody are described. These IgM thromboagglutinating antibodies present a maximum reactivity at 37 °C and at pH 7. The cross‐reaction of anti‐Kob antibody with antigen Koa is confirmed. Gene and phenotype frequencies of Koa and Kob alloantigens are determined through a study of 254 Caucasians. Among 63 families, 26 informative families in a double back‐cross situation made it possible to confirm that there is no close linkage between the Ko system and the HL‐A, Rhesus, MNSs, Kell, Duffy and Lewis system.
Quantitative Studies on Salivary Blood Group Substances
Authors: Sturgeon P. , McQuiston Dorothy , Van Camp S.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. An automated system for the quantitation of salivary blood group substances has been used to determine the concentration of ABH and Lea substances in the saliva of a normal population. The method and serological conditions employed make a clear and qualitative division of the population into ABH secretors and nonsecretors. Age from 10 to 80 years and sex do not influence concentration. There is a significant difference in mean A, B and H concentrations when individuals are grouped according to ABO types. Within these groups the ranges of values represent, for the most part, further individual differences rather than the sum of methodological and sampling variables. The mean concentration of Lea substance in individuals of the 3 major red cell Lewis types: Le(a+b‐), Le(a‐b+) and Le(a‐b‐) are markedly different but there is no influence of ABO type on Lea concentration. The method has made it possible to set forth in relatively accurate and in quantitative terms the magnitude of these differences and the ranges of normal.
Preservation of Coagulation Factors V and VIII during Collection and Subsequent Storage of Bank Blood in ACD‐A and CPD Solutions
Authors: Weisert O. , Jeremic M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Predonation levels and levels in ACD‐A and CPD blood units stored for up to 21 days under standard blood bank conditions were assayed for factors V and VIII. Factor V activity decreased slowly and almost alike in both groups, reaching 40% in ACD‐A and 31% in CPD bottles after 3 weeks of storage. Factor VIII activity fell from predonation level 102 to 73% in ACD‐A and 107 to 97% in CPD units within 2 h of blood collection. Subsequent loss was rapid in both groups, reaching 23 and 33% after 1 week, 14 and 12% after 3 weeks, respectively. The findings indicate that factor VIII is better preserved in fresh CPD than in fresh ACD‐A bank blood.
The Use of a Range Expander in Automated Anti‐D Quantitation
Authors: Cotton R. , Sobey D. F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The autoanalyzer for antibody quantitation has been modified to enable undiluted maternal serum containing anti‐D to be screened in order to select those patients in which amniocentesis is advisable. This has been achieved by an automatic dilution of the serum within the machine, the use of enzyme pre‐treated cells, and the introduction of a range expander between the colorimeter and the recorder.
New Determinants of Hepatitis B Antigen (Au or HB Antigen)
Authors: Soulier J. P. , Couroucé‐Pauty A. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 261 HB antigens were subtyped for d and y. In the healthy carriers, 63 were found to be ad and 75 were ay. In the patients with acute hepatitis, 24 were ad and 33 ay (6 were ad and 2 ay in chronic hepatitis). Among haemodialyzed patients, 50 were ay and only 6 were ad. In 2 of these renal patients, we found a true association of ad and ay (ady). The w and r determinants were detected in 63 of these 261 HB antigens. 61 were w (33 ayw, 26 adw and 2 adyw), only 2 were w negative (I ayr and 1 adr).

In the course of this study, several abnormalities: reactions of some ay with anti‐d sera, peculiar behaviour of an antiserum from Dakar which was responsible for the formation of spurs between some ay (and three ad) over all other HB antigens could not be explained by the w and r determinants. This and other observations (especially selected absorptions) led us to subdivide the ay into three categories (1, 2 and 3) and the ad into two categories (4 and 5). A sixth category consisted of the genuine association of ad and ay (ady).

The observation that ay of category 3 and ad of category 5 behaved similarly in absorption studies and with the antiserum ‘Dakar’, led us to conclude that the common a determinant was heterogeneous and included 3 subdeterminants: al, a2 and a3, of decreasing antigenic strength. The five categories observed were interpreted as follows: (1) aly, healthy carriers from Vietnam; (2) a2y, healthy carriers, niainly Caucasians, and all the ay patients; (3) a3y, healthy carriers, mainly Africans; (4) a2d the great majority of ad carriers and patients, and (5) a3d, only 3 cases (see text). These new subdeterminants are discussed and compared with the determinants already described by other investigators.
The α‐Galactose Specificity of Anti‐Pk
Authors: Voak D. , Anstee D. , Pardoe Grace
Published: March 2009

Abstract. These studies indicate that α‐galactose is the terminal and immunodominant sugar of the Pk determinant. Human anti‐Pk and the ‘anti‐Pk’ activity of salmon and trout protectins are strongly inhibited by α‐galactosyl groups of galactose, disaccharides and macromolecules, e.g. P1 substance. Removal of a‐galactose from P1 substance abolishes its ability to inhibit anti‐Pk antibody activity.

Anti‐Pk antibody has a narrow spectrum for terminal a‐galactosyl groups of cell surface antigens defining those of Pk but not those of B, P1 or P2 cells, while all these cells are agglutinated by the fish roe protectins. We suggest that anti‐Pk antibody selects a larger determinant than the terminal α‐galactosyl group and the full determinant is structurally different from those of B, P1 and P2 antigens. By contrast, fish roe agglutinins bind to a part only of the α‐galactosyl group, present in all these antigens.
A Papain‐Bromelin‐Polybrene Four‐Channel Autoanalyzer System for Blood Group Antibody Screening
Authors: Habibi B. , Gerbal A. , Salmon C.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A papain‐bromelin‐polybrene antibody screening four‐channel Autoanalyzer system was developed using basic flow charts. Use of four different test cells as well as four different techniques and accelerated sampling rate made possible adaptation of automated screening methods to the routine needs of a transfusion service. Parallel manual and Autoanalyzer assays of 22,912 sera during a 12‐month period showed that performance of the apparatus was not outstanding with respect to some naturally occurring antibodies such as anti‐Lewis, anti‐P1, anti‐Lua and anti‐M. On the contrary, manually missed weak immune antibodies were well detected by the apparatus which showed a high sensitivity as well for many cross‐reacting and auto‐antibodies.

Parallel screening of sera by both the machine and a simplified manual technique (saline, Coombs) using appropriate red cells appear to be a practical and reliable antibody‐screening policy. The problem of identification of ‘Autoanalyzer‐specific’ antibodies remains to be resolved in routine practice of transfusion laboratories.
The Non‐Identity of Anti‐NA and Anti‐N in the Serum of an MN Persan
Authors: Booth P. B. , Moores Phyllis
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The anti‐N in the serum of an MN person is not anti‐NA, and her red cells are MNA.
Another Antibody Related to the Lutheran Blood Group System (Much.)
Authors: Sinclair Margaret , Buchanan D. I. , Tippett Patricia , Sanger Ruth
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A new antibody, Much., is added to the list of antibodies related to the Lutheran blood group system. The family of the maker of the antibody provides some evidence that the corresponding antigen is not controlled from the Lutheran locus.
Studies on the Secretion of Blood Group Substances:II. Observions on the Red Cell Phenotype Le(a‐b‐x‐)1
Authors: ARCILLA M. B. , STURGEON P.
Published: March 2009

AbstractSalivas from 35 type Le(a‐b‐x‐) subjects were tested for Lea,Leb, Lex, A, B and H substances by both manual and automated quantitative hemagglutination inhibition methods. For comparison, similar data were gathered from 226 Lewis positive adults. Among the 13 Ma‐bx‐) nonsccretors, 7 had small quantities of salivary Leaactivity and 11 had low concentrations of salivary Lexby manual methods. None showed any salivary Lebactivity. By the automated method, low concentrations of Leaactivity were demonstrable in 12. Among the 22 Ma‐b‐x‐) ‐tors, 6 had minute quantities of salivary Lewis activity, mainly Leb. The Lebactivity could not represent cross reactivity with H substance because most of those subjects with the highest H activities had no Lebactivity.

Our quantitative studies show, when salivary Lewis activity is present in individuals whose red cells era type Ma‐bx‐), that the activity is much lower in comparison with individuals whose red cells are Lewis positive. Thus, based on quantitative salivary studies, it is possible to distinguish between Lewis positive (Len and Lewis negative (le/le) individuals.

These observations suggest that the le gene is not a completely inert allele but that it governs the biosynthesis of serologically active substances. The Ze gene can be regarded as an inefficient Le which produces exactly the same products in a qualitative way as the Le gene but quantitatively far less. Another possibility is, as recently suggested, that the le gene actually governs the biosynthesis of distinct products Lecand Ledand that salivary Leaand Lebactivities among Lewis negative subjects represent cross reactivity with these products.
Cryptic A‐Like Receptor Sites in Human Erythrocyte Glycoproteins: Proposed Nature of Tn‐Antigen
Authors: Dahr W. , Uhlenbruck G. , Bird G. W. G.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Periodate oxidation and Smith degradation of desialized human erythrocyte glycoproteins lead to an almost complete destruction of galactose and some loss of galactosamine and glucosamine. Neutral sugar and hexosamine content of native MN substances are only slightly influenced by periodate oxidation. Destruction of galactose is accompanied by an uncovering of A‐like receptor sites detectable by agglutinins from plants and snails, which are directed against terminal N‐acetylgalactosamine. From the specificity of these antibody‐like substances, it is deduced that the amino sugar functioning as receptor is α‐glycosidically linked. Destruction of the receptor sites by subsequent alkaline borohydride treatment suggests that the N‐acetylgalactosamine is unmasked by degradation of the alkali‐labile tetrasaccharide of human erythrocyte glycoproteins. Periodate‐oxidized and Smith‐degraded NANA‐free erythrocyte and ovarian cyst glycoproteins treated by acetolysis are potent inhibitors of anti‐Tn from man, animals, and plants, suggesting that Tn‐antigen is represented by terminal, α‐glycosidic, peptide‐bound N‐acetylgalactosamine. It is concluded that Tn‐antigen is probably a cryptic determinant of the alkali‐labile tetrasaccharide, which has been isolated from human erythrocyte glycopeptides.
Reversed Haemagglutination Test for the Detection of Hepatitis B Antigen
Authors: Schuurs A. H. W. M. , Kačaki J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The results of a multi‐centre trial of a simple reversed haemagglutination (rHA) technique for hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) screening are presented. rHA was compared with counter‐immunoelectrophoresis (CEP), immunodiffusion (ID) and micro‐complement fixation (CF). Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used as a reference test.

In a group of serum panels consisting of 3,700 samples, rHA was generally found more sensitive than CEP and ID, and about as sensitive as CF. In terms of specificity, rHA was found to be equal to CEP and CF and less specific than ID. An absorption procedure proved to eliminate practically all false positives. In a second phase, 41,355 samples from blood donors were tested. On the average, the sensitivity of rHA was superior to that of CEP. rHA detected, with a high degree of specificity, about 40% more positive samples than CEP.

These results allow the conclusion that rHA is very suitable for mass HB Ag screening of blood donors.
The Reactions of IgG and IgM Anti‐A and Anti‐B Blood Group Antibodies with 125I‐Labelled Blood Group Glycoproteins
Authors: Holburn A. M. , Masters Carole A.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The reactions between IgG and IgM anti‐A and anti‐B and 125I‐labelled A and B blood group glycoproteins were investigated by a modification of the Farr technique. Inhibition curves obtained in a radioimmunoassay system indicate that IgM anti‐A and anti‐B antibodies have a significantly higher binding constant for A and B glycoproteins than IgG anti‐A and anti‐B. The observed difference in binding constant may explain the fact that A and B glycoproteins readily inhibit agglutination of A and B red cells by IgM anti‐A and anti‐B but less readily inhibit agglutination by IgG anti‐A and anti‐B.
A Second Example of Anti‐Yta with Rapid in vivo Destruction of Yt(a+) Red Cells
Authors: Göbel U. , Drescher K. H. , Pöttgen W. , Lehr H. J.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A 51Cr red cell survival study performed on a woman who developed anti‐Yta during pregnancy resulting in an extremely reduced lifespan of less than 12 h of incompatible cells. Laboratory tests indicated a ‘dangerous' immune type antibody. However, it did not cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. The discrepancy between the serological and biological behavior raises a question of clinical significance.
Contributions to the Optimal Use of Human Blood
Authors: Vogelaar E. F. , Berg M. A. G. D. Boer‐V. D. , Reijnierse E. , Brummelhuis H. G. J. , Krijnen H. W.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. It was observed that during the preparation of normal anti‐D immunoglobulin concentrates by a modified Cohn VI method a considerable loss of anti‐D activity occurred in fraction III. A method was developed to prepare anti‐D immunoglobulin concentrates from fraction III by ethanol fractionation. Three batches were treated on a production scale. An average of 18% of the amount of anti‐D activity present in the original plasma, was recovered, which increased the total yield of anti‐D activity from 44 to 62%.

The specific activity of anti‐D in the concentrate thus prepared was 2–3 times higher than that in the normal anti‐D immunoglobulin concentrate. The anti‐D immunoglobulin concentrate prepared from fraction III was diluted with normal immunoglobulin concentrate to reach an anti‐D concentration of 110–120 μg/ml.

Using several analytical procedures no essential differences could be demonstrated between this final product and the normal immunoglobulin concentrate. After 8 months of storage at 4°C no significant decrease in anti‐D activity could be demonstrated.
Anti‐T Agglutinin in Cirrhosis of the Liver
Authors: Boccardi V. , Attiná D. , Bigliocchi S. , Girelli Gabriella
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Anti‐T agglutinin has been studied in 44 cases of liver cirrhosis and 2 of chronic active hepatitis. The antibody titre was significantly higher than in normal controls. No correlation was found between anti‐T titre and γ‐globulin level or clinical conditions.
Reactivity of Monkey Erythrocytes in Immune Adherence
Authors: Schwartz Jeanna , Vardinon Nurith
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Blood samples from 31 humans and 21 monkeys (9 Cercopithecus aethiopiae, 7 Macacus rhesus and 5 Papio anubis), were examined for suitability in the immune‐adherence phenomenon, which is known to provoke agglutination of ‘primate’ red cells, when added to an antigen‐antibody complex in presence of complement. The 21 monkey blood samples were all negative; in the meantime, under same conditions, only 5 of 31 human blood samples were unsuitable (similar values were obtained with human blood samples in prior research). The high frequency of negativity among the three monkey genera is probably due to the absence of a surface receptor on their red cells; suitability of primate red cells for immuneadherence should be reconsidered in accordance with this finding.
Gc Opava: a Variant of the Group‐Specific Component (Gc) System with an Electrophoretic Mobility Intermediate between Gc 1–1 and Gc 2–21
Authors: Vavrusa Bohdan , Cleve Hartwig
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A family from Opava, Czechoslovakia, with a Gc variant is described. The variant has an electrophoretic mobility between Gc 1–1 and Gc 2–2. The notation Gc Opava (Gc Op) is proposed. The variant appears to be determined by an allele at the Gc locus, GcOp. Three family members had the phenotype Gc Op‐1; three family members had the phenotype Gc Op‐2.
Observations on the Reproducibility of the Bromelised Test Cell Anti‐D Assay Using the Auto‐Analyser1
Authors: Gunson H. H. , Phillips P. K. , Stratton F.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. With the bromelised test cell technique, as commonly used, that is the auto‐analyser manifold subject to ambient temperature with the exception of the incubation coils at 37 °C, an anomalous inherent variability has been observed in the anti‐D assay of a certain proportion of antisera; these show a significant difference in the estimates of anti‐D concentration obtained using the added bromelin and bromelised test cell techniques. The inherent error of assay exhibited by such antisera is partially dependent on the test cell and can be significantly improved by the use of a bromelised pool of test cells. Such a technique results in an overall reproducibility with these antisera of ±20% which should be regarded as the reproducibility for the technique as a whole, although with a proportion of anti‐D antisera the estimates of antibody concentration will be obtained with greater precision.
Effects of Repeated Heating on Human Albumin1
Authors: Roelands J. F. , Moody M. F. , Cohen P.
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Solutions of stabilized 5 and 25% Normal Serum Albumin (Human) fractionated from plasma, placentas, and blends of these sources were subjected to repeated heatings for 120 h at 56 °C, interspersed with storage for 48 h at 4°C. Disc electrophoretic analyses showed that heating some solutions produced a reversible dimerization of the albumin related to the source, protein concentration, and number of heatings. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis showed that repeated heating produced a reduction in the amount of albumin with the formation of a component with a mobility slower than that of albumin. After eight heatings plasma albumin gelled; albumin from placental‐plasma blends partially gelled; there was no gelation of placental albumin after nine heatings.