bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new voxel-based model for the determination of atmospheric-weighted-mean temperature in GPS atmospheric sounding
Authors: He Changyong , Wu Suqin , Wang Xiaoming , Hu Andong , Zhang Kefei
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been regarded as a powerful atmospheric observing system for determining precipitable water vapour (PWV) nowadays. One of the most critical variables in PWV remote sensing using GPS technique is the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD). The conversion from ZTD to PWV requires a good knowledge of the atmospheric-weighted-mean temperature (Tm) over the station. Thus the quality of PWV is affected by the accuracy of both ZTD and Tm. In this study, an improved voxel-based Tm model, named GWMT−D, was developed and validated using global reanalysis data from 2010 to 2014 provided by NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 data (NCEP2). The performance of GWMT−D, along with other three selected empirical Tm models, GTm−III, GWMT−IV and GTm_N, was assessed with reference Tm derived from different sources – the NCEP2, Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) data and radiosonde measurements. The results showed that the new GWMT−D model outperformed all the other three models with a root-mean-square error of less than 5.0 K at different altitudes over the globe. The new GWMT−D model can provide an alternative Tm determination method in real-time/near real-time GPS-PWV remote sensing system.
Updated MISR Dark-Water Research Aerosol Retrieval Algorithm – Part 1: Empirical Calibration Corrections and Coupled 1.1 km Ocean-Surface Chlorophyll-a Retrievals
Authors: Limbacher James A. , Kahn Ralph A.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. As aerosol amount and type are key factors in the “atmospheric correction” required for remote-sensing chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl) retrievals, the Multi-Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) can contribute to ocean color analysis despite a lack of spectral channels optimized for this application. Conversely, an improved ocean-surface constraint should also improve MISR aerosol-type products, especially spectral single-scattering albedo retrievals. We develop and apply new calibration corrections to the MISR top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance data, and introduce a self-consistent retrieval of Chl together with aerosol over dark water. The calibration corrections include: a modified stray-light model based on comparison with coincident MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra data, and trend analysis using MISR TOA bidirectional reflectance factors (BRFs) over three pseudo-invariant desert sites. The trend analysis shows that MISR radiometric sensitivity decreased by up to 2 percent for MISR spectral bands between January 2002 and December 2014. After applying calibration corrections, we run the MISR Research Retrieval Algorithm (RA) to validate the MISR RA-retrieved Chl, and analyze both the MISR and corresponding MODIS-Terra values compared to a set of 49 collocated SeaBASS in situ observations, constrained to Chlin situ
Contribution of storms to shoreline changes in mesotidal dissipative beaches: case study in the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain)
Authors: Puig María , Del Río Laura , Plomaritis Theocharis A. , Benavente Javier
Published: December 2016

Abstract. In this study an analysis of storminess and rates of shoreline change is performed and discussed jointly in four geomorphological units of the Gulf of Cádiz (SW Spain) for the period of 1956–2010. For this purpose, storm events are identified based on the following characteristics: wave height above 2.5 m, a minimum duration of 12 h and events with calm periods of less than 24 h were considered as a single event. Subsequently, energy parameters are determined in order to characterize storm-induced impacts. Conversely, geographic information system (GIS) tools are used to measure shoreline changes in aerial photographs and orthophotographs of each site, selecting the high water line as shoreline proxy. Each geomorphological unit is divided into different behavioural patterns according to recorded coastal changes, so that each one shows a particular behaviour.In general the variability of shoreline changes that is explained by storms and the relation between storm parameters and coastal changes present better results in exposed areas (Cádiz and Vistahermosa) than in sheltered areas (Valdelagrana spit barrier) because the former are more sensitive to storm impacts. On the contrary, in areas where there is no relation between coastal changes and storm parameters (Valdelagrana and Sancti Petri sand spit), it is suggested that anthropogenic factors are the main forcing agents determining shoreline behaviour. However, in these areas the storminess also modulates coastline recession by increasing erosion when the number of storms is high.
Fear of Crime in South Korea
Authors: Brown Ben
Published: December 2016

This study provides analyses of data on crime-associated trepidation obtained from surveys administered to college students in South Korea. The survey contained questions about, and the analyses distinguished between, offense-specific fears (fear of burglary and fear of home invasion), perceived risk of victimization (day and night), and crime avoidance behaviors (avoidance of nocturnal activity and avoidance of particular areas). Regression analyses of the data show that victimization was not consistently associated with crime-associated trepidation, while gender significantly impacted all measures of concern about crime. Women were more likely than men to report being fearful, perceiving risk, and crime avoidance behaviors. Building upon prior scholarship (for example, Madriz 1997; Stanko 1989) and considering the social context in which the data were gathered, it is herein suggested that the gendered variation in crime-associated anxiety may reflect patriarchal power relations. The methodological and policy implications of the study are also discussed.
Democracy and Vigilantism: The Case of Michoacán, Mexico
Authors: Ochoa Jerjes Aguirre , Tomas Casimiro Leco
Published: December 2016

The so-called self-defense forces in Mexico must be seen as a form of vigilantism generated by an incipient process of democratization that has not produced the institutional quality necessary to contain the activity of organized crime groups driven, essentially, by the high demand for drugs in the United States. Our qualitative analysis of Mexico’s Tierra Caliente (‘Hotlands’) revealed profound processes of institutional deterioration in politics and the economy that have created conditions ripe for vigilantism. In the absence of substantial improvements in the quality of Mexico’s democracy, especially at the levels of state and municipal government, the emergence of other forms of vigilantism and ongoing violence are foreseeable.
Elizabeth Stanley (2016) The Road to Hell: State Violence against Children in Postwar New Zealand. Auckland, NZ: Auckland University Press.
Authors: Fishwick Elaine
Published: December 2016

A review of Elizabeth Stanley's recent publication on state violence against children in New Zealand.
Gestation and Parental Rights: Why is Good Enough Good Enough?
Authors: Porter Lindsey
Published: December 2016

In this paper I explore the question of whether gestation can ground parental rights. I consider Anca Gheaus’s (2012) claim that the labour and bonding of gestation give one the right to parent one’s biological child. I argue that, while Gheaus’s gestational account of parental rights is the most successful of such accounts in the literature, it is ultimately unsuccessful, because the concept ‘maternal-fetal bonding’ does not stand up to scrutiny. Gheaus argues that the labour expended in gestation generates parental rights. This is a standard, Lockean sort of a move in parental ethics—it usually relies on the claim that I have proprietary rights over the products of my labour. However, Gheaus argues that a standard labour account of parental rights could not generate parental rights over one’s own birth child via gestation without ownership, since the labour would merely afford one a right to enjoy the goods of parenthood. At best, then, labour alone would generate a right to a child. But, Gheaus argues, not only do gestational mothers expend labour in the course of the pregnancy; they also develop emotional ties to the fetus. They ‘bond’ with it. This, Gheaus argues, coupled with labour, gives the birth mother parental rights over her birth child. Fathers, on her account, acquire rights over their birth child by contributing labour—in the form of antenatal support—during the course of the pregnancy. I argue that because ‘bonding’ is not an appropriately morally salient phenomenon, Gheaus’s account does not work unless it relies on a proprietary claim, and this is prima facie reason to reject the account. Further, the fact that it only confers parental rights on fathers by proxy also gives us reason to reject the account. I then offer a brief sketch of a more promising, positive account of parental rights.
Technology and Narratives of Continuity in Transgender Experiences
Authors: Billingsley Amy
Published: December 2016

This essay examines narratives of fundamental change, which portray a break in the continuity between a pre-transition and post-transition transgender subject, in accounts of transgender transitions. Narratives of fundamental change highlight the various changes that occur during transition and its disruptive effects upon a trans subject’s continuous identity. First, this essay considers the historical appearance of fundamental change narratives in the social sciences, the media, and their use by families of trans people, partners of trans people, and trans people themselves. After this is a consideration of Mark Johnson’s account of narrative as a meaning-making activity that occurs in the context of social norms. Johnson’s account is then applied to narratives of fundamental change to explain why these narratives occur, especially in relation to social norms and lived experience. The essay concludes by considering the trajectory of fundamental change narratives, looking at emerging transgender narratives, which stress a more integrated, complex account of transgender lives.
Reducing Stereotype Threat in First-Year Logic Classes
Authors: Lehan Vanessa
Published: December 2016

In this paper I examine some research on how to diminish or eliminate stereotype threat in mathematics. Some of the successful strategies include: informing our students about stereotype threat, challenging the idea that logical intelligence is an “innate” ability, making students In threatened groups feel welcomed, and introducing counter-stereotypical role models. The purpose of this paper is to take these strategies that have proven successful and come up with specific ways to incorporate them into introductory logic classes. For example, the possible benefit of presenting logic to our undergraduate students by concentrating on aspects of logic that do not result in a clash of schemas (i.e., logic as language and the benefit of logic as aesthetic enjoyment).
Moral Failure — Response to Critics
Authors: Tessman Lisa
Published: December 2016

I briefly introduce Moral Failure as a book that brings together philosophical and empirical work in moral psychology to examine moral requirements that are non-negotiable and that contravene the principle that “ought implies can.” I respond to Rivera by arguing that the process of construction that imbues normative requirements with authority need not systematize or eliminate conflicts between normative requirements. My response to Schwartzman clarifies what is problematic about nonideal theorizing that limits itself to offering action-guidance. In response to Kittay, I defend my rejection of “ought implies can,” and consider the implications of the concept of unfair moral requirements.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for English Language and Literature Studies, Vol. 6, No. 4
Authors: Ding Alice
Published: December 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for English Language and Literature Studies, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2016.
A Model-Based Cost-Minimization Analysis as a Decision Tool in Obstetric Care in Helgeland, Northern Norway
Authors: Angelsen Halvard , Norum Jan , Angelsen Villy , Mürer Fred A. , Erlandsen Randi
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND: Quality of care is of utmost importance in maternity care. Today, we base the choice of institution on risk factors. Recently, a Norwegian national plan introduced new guidelines concerning quality and staffing. Consequently, the hospital trusts had to increase the number of obstetricians and midwives and handle raised costs. One way to meet such challenges is to reduce the number of delivery units.OBJECTIVES: We aimed to clarify the costs and benefits of two alternative strategies in obstetric care in Helgeland hospital trust using a model-based cost-minimization analysis (CMA).METHODS: The consequences, in terms of cost/savings and mothers´ time of travelling, by closing two midwife-administered maternity units (MAMUs) and keeping the two departments of obstetrics (DOGs) running was analyzed. We implemented data from the Helgeland hospital trust and the Medical Birth Registry of Norway (MBRN) and the selected period was 2010-2012. The comparator was today’s organization. Costs were converted into Euros at the rate of € 1 = NOK 9.527.RESULTS: The model concluded the closing of two MAMUs created an annual net saving of € 584,346. The mothers´ mean time of travelling increased by 11 minutes and by 91 minutes for those directly affected by the closure. The organizational changes were concluded safe and of low risk with regard to quality of care. A sensitivity analysis revealed the number of midwives dismissed being the most important variable. CONCLUSION: A model-based CMA may be a supportive tool when evaluating maternity care.
Barriers to Adherence of Antiretroviral Treatment in a Prison of Tehran: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Farhoudi Behnam , Alipour Amin , Ghodrati Saeed , SeyedAlinaghi SeyedAhmad , Zanganeh Mehrangiz , Mohraz Minoo
Published: December 2016

Focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted on Ghezel-hesar prison of Karaj, Alborz province, to investigate the barriers to and facilitators of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in January, 2015.   Participants reported illegal drug use, deficits in educating patients regarding HIV treatment, side effects of anti-retroviral drugs, treatment interruption, drug interactions, fear of hangover, poor diet, low socioeconomic background, hopelessness, depression, not believing in the treatment, rejection and lack of social support, stigma, obligatory break in the prison yard, lack of tendency toward visiting psychiatrists, lack of family support, forgetfulness, and not receiving complementary drugs as the barriers to adherence to ART. In addition, the facilitators of the treatment included physician-patient good communication, physician's compassion, providing patients with counseling services, educating patients regarding HIV treatment necessity, peer education, informing patients of CD4 level, educating correctional staffs in treating patients with courtesy, providing methadone on time, and improving patients' diet. Providing HIV-infected inmates with welfare programs and educating them regarding the adherence to ART may play a prominent role in the HIV treatment among HIV-infected inmates. Training correctional staffs concerning the significance of HIV treatment and adherence to ART can also be effective in the treatment of HIV-infected prisoners.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of English Linguistics, Vol. 6, No. 6
Authors: Xu Diana
Published: December 2016

Reviewer acknowledgements for International Journal of English Linguistics, Vol. 6, No. 6, 2016.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Management and Sustainability, Vol. 6, No. 4
Authors: Xiao Maple
Published: December 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Management and Sustainability, Vol. 6, No. 4, 2016.
EVALUATION OF CLIMATE CONDITIONS ON ROCK MASS ENERGY BALANCE IN THE VŠB-TU OSTRAVA RESEARCH POLYGONS
Authors: Bujok Petr , Klempa Martin , Porzer Michal , Janečková Nikola , Pytlik Adam
Published: December 2016

VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava (VŠB-TU Ostrava) has unique conditions for analysing temperature changes in the rock mass while borehole heat exchangers have been operational for a long time. The Auditory building is heated with a system of heat pumps (borehole heat exchangers). It is one of the largest such objects in the Czech Republic. The heat of the rock mass is provided by a system of technological boreholes. The research boreholes are used for monitoring temperature changes in the rock mass while using the Auditory’s heating system. The system for monitoring boreholes within the area of technological borehole activity is called Large Research Polygon (LRP). Apart from LRP, the university also possesses another research polygon – Small Research Polygon (SRP) located at a distance from the LRP near the Energy Research Centre (ERC). All boreholes performed within both research fields are equipped with sensors monitoring the temperature changes while the Auditory building is being heated (thermal energy is recovered from the rock mass in winter) or cooled (thermal energy is transmitted to the rock mass in summer). The main objective of the research carried out in both research fields is checking the functionality and efficiency of the entire system. Certain aspects of thermal energy recuperation from the rock mass are described. The paper is closed with the results of monitoring and calculation of temperature in the surface layers to about 20 m of depth.
UPPER CAMBRIAN AND TREMADOCIAN SEDIMENTS IN THE NAROL AREA (SOUTHERN LUBLIN REGION) – SOURCE AND RESERVOIR OF SHALE GAS?
Authors: Sikorska-Jaworowska Magdalena
Published: December 2016

Petrologic investigations of Upper Cambrian and Tremadocian deposits were carried out in the Narol region (southern Lublin region) in prospecting for shale gas accumulations. The observations and analyses were made using a polarizing microscope, luminoscope (CL) and scanning microscope (BSE, SE, EDS, SEM-CL). The following analyses were performed: CL-spectral analysis of quartz, X-ray structural analysis of clay fraction, and pyrolytic analysis of organic matter. The rocks under study are represented mainly by clay-silt shales with sandy interbeds. They belong to the epicontinental siliciclastic association deposited on an extensive shelf subjected to tidal and storm action.
The shales consist largely of illite, and the silt fraction is represented by quartz with a small admixture of feldspars. Quartz cement is common (growths and aggregates of authigenic quartz), while carbonate cement (calcite, Fe-dolomite/ ankerite and siderite), as well as pyrite, kaolinite and phosphate cements are rare.
The shales reveal microporosity in the form of “microchannels” paralleling illite plates, and within mica packets. The micropores (1–2 µm in size) are observed in both the carbonate cement and organic matter.
As a result of deep burial and intense diagenetic processes, the organic matter has undergone strong alteration (max. Ro = 2.5%). The vitrinite reflectance index and pyrolitic analysis of organic matter, as well as the highly ordered illite structure, indicate the maximum palaeotemperatures in the range of 120–150°C.
The rocks show numerous fractures healed with carbonates and/or quartz. Some of the fractures that run parallel to the lamination (or more rarely those running perpendicular or at a high angle) have remained open and are potential pathways of hydrocarbon migration.
Pyrolytic analysis shows that the shales do not represent source rocks. It is supposed that they do not represent reservoirs for unconventional hydrocarbon accumulations.
OUTLINE OF METALLOGENY OF THE POLISH CARPATHIANS – ORE DEPOSIT MODELS AND THE POSSIBILITY OF DISCOVERY HIDDEN ORE DEPOSITS
Authors: NIEĆ Marek , RADWANEK-BĄK Barbara , LENIK Piotr
Published: December 2016

There are numerous manifestations of ore mineralization in the Polish part of the Carpathians. In the past there were episodes of mining activity too. Iron ores were mined in Tatra Mountains and Outer Carpathians) as well as a small scale exploitation of polymetallic lodes was undertaken (Tatra, Pieniny). Currently there is a lack documented deposits of metallic ores in this area. Former deposits were of small size, in addition, often significantly exhausted and did not meet current quality requirements. The last exploration works for ore deposits were carried out in the twentieth century, especially in the period after World War II. However, but they have not led to discovery of new deposits. The increasing demand for metals and the development of technologies allowing the use of ore with low levels of metals and profitable exploitation of small “hidden” deposits gives rise to reconsider the possibility of occurrence of ore deposits in the Carpathians. This paper focuses on two major topics. The first one is a discussion and analysis of available source materials and data on the old deposits and identified occurrences of ore mineralization. An attempt their interpretation in relation to the contemporary models of deposits was made. The current models geotectonic construction of the Carpathians and their development, was taken into account. The second topic, based on the results presented analyzes and thoughts, focuses to select some areas, which are prospective for the occurrence of ore deposits, especially deposits located at greater depths than previously sought. In these areas (the Bystre thrust, the area from Krynica to Wysowa as well as the zone with andesite occurrences in the Pieniny Klippen Belt) it is recommended to perform exploration, both in terms of their deep geological conditions as well as some geochemical surveys, using modern research methods.
Analysis of high frequency vibration of tram monobloc wheel
Authors: Sowiński Bogdan
Published: December 2016

European Environmental Agency estimates that about 120 million people in the EU (over 30% of the total population) are exposed to traffic noise above 55 Ldn dB. It is estimated that 10% of the EU population is exposed to noise associated with the rail traffic. The two main sources of traffic noise comes from vehicles engines and the noise generated in the contact between the wheel and the road. In the latter the considerable part the noise is due to phenomena occurring in a wheel tram – rail system. Therefore, the problem of reducing the noise generated by railway vehicles is the subject of many studies, both experimental and theoretical. Commonly used wheel trams so called "resilient wheels" are equipped with layer made of a resilient material, e.g. rubber, between the tread and the wheel disc. But the monobloc tram wheel is the standard design against which should be carried out the studies on reduction of noise in wheel-rail system. This paper presents the results of calculations related to eigenforms, eigenfrequencies and Frequency Response Function of a three-dimensional model of a monobloc tram wheel. The calculations were carried out using the finite element method. Vibration analysis was performed for the range to 5 kHz. Analysis carried out has shown that the wheel tread plays a more important role in the generation of high-frequency vibrations.
Effect of vehicle composition and delay on roundabout capacity under mixed traffic conditions
Authors: Abhigna Dodappaneni , Kondreddy Sindhu , Shankar K. V. R. Ravi
Published: December 2016

Roundabouts are replacing conventional unsignalized intersections in many parts of the world (Polus and Shmueli, 1997). Capacity estimation is necessary for designing a new roundabout, to analyze and improve the existing roundabout facilities. There are several methods to estimate the capacity of the roundabout, but most of them are for homogeneous lane based traffic conditions and not applicable for mixed traffic conditions. This study tries to find out the applicability of the existing methods to mixed traffic conditions, identify the effect of vehicle composition, travel time and delay on capacity. In this study, data was collected from two roundabouts located in Mysore, Karnataka and Rajahmundry, Andhra Pradesh in India. Capacities for both the roundabouts are calculated using the existing methods and compared. VISSIM simulation model has been developed and analyzed for different vehicle compositions scenarios. It was observed that vehicle composition of the traffic influences the roundabout capacity. Since the entry capacity of a roundabout varies significantly with the vehicle composition of the traffic at the roundabout, it is necessary to incorporate this factor into the existing capacity estimation models.
Le vocable « sahel » comme indicateur discursif de l’espace identitaire du Nord-Cameroun
Authors: Hatolong Boho Zacharie
Published: December 2016

Le langage ou les pratiques langagières sont susceptibles de créer des lieux communs où se cristallisent, symboliquement ou concrètement, les identités culturelles. La mise en mot de l’espace sahélien du Cameroun à travers le vocable ‘Sahel’ et ses dérivées terminologiques en est une illustration. En effet, le mot sert de descripteur et participe d’une géographie tranquille de la socio-culture ou d’une sémiotique du quotidien. Si ‘sahel’ est le mot désignateur d’un vaste univers socioculturel, ‘sahélitude’ en est la pratique, c’est-à-dire, le fondement d’un modèle de discours identitaire ou d’une vision politique objective. Les discours sur fond de déchirement et d’exclusion sociale s’étant montrés inopérants pour les sociétés en quête d’intégration et d’une politique publique plus juste, les positionnements relativistes et consensuels s’imposent comme mesure palliative. L’éconyme peut donc supplanter l’anthropo-socionyme pour constituer un mode in vivo de dire réflexif ou de dire altéritaire.
Participación estudiantil comunitaria
Authors: Lopez de Maturana Luna Silvia Rosario
Published: December 2016

La formación en comunidad de las alumnas de Pedagogía en Educación Parvularia de la Universidad de La Serena, Chile, implica participación permanente en los procesos socioculturales que ocurren en sus prácticas, lo que disminuye el riesgo de vivir experiencias escolarizantes y acomodaticias en su formación profesional. Ellas estudian de manera no lineal tensando el orden programático de la clase con la emergencia del devenir contingente de la comunidad urbano marginal en la que participan, proceso del cual darán cuenta a lo largo de sus cuatro años de formación universitaria. A medida que las alumnas van descubriendo la comunidad van reconociendo las sinergias educativas que emergen en los espacios y tiempos informales donde se desarrolla la vida comunitaria, generando una recursividad de transformación de los procesos de enseñanza y de aprendizaje universitarios.
Gender research from multiple disciplines: Profiles, commitments and interrelations in an interdisciplinary group
Authors: Buet Marine
Published: December 2016

One of the greatest difficulties in interdisciplinary work is being able to focus on a common project when efforts and hierarchies do not advance in the same direction. In this paper, we describe a particular group, Genre Egalité et Mixité, and its operation. This interdisciplinary research group on gender in education, created at the University of Lyon, explores the issue along three axes: professor training, scientific research and the creation of a specialised library. Coming from several disciplines, researchers have different profiles and, consequently, different conceptions of feminism, which makes the team unique.
Dust‐infused baroclinic cyclone storm clouds: The evidence, meteorology, and some implications
Authors: Fromm Michael , Kablick George , Caffrey Peter
Published: November 2016

Desert mineral dust is a critical yet still poorly understood component of atmospheric composition, weather, and climate. Long‐range transport of dust is well known, yet uncertainty persists regarding the pathway from the desert floor to the free troposphere. Here we will show that a recurrent pathway for dust into the uppermost troposphere involves passage through an extratropical baroclinic cyclonic storm. The evidence derives from a synergistic use of satellite‐based, multispectral nadir‐image data and lidar. The dust‐infused baroclinic storm (DIBS) exhibits peculiar cirrus cloud top reflected and emitted radiance from the UV through thermal IR, involving positive UV absorbing aerosol index, muted visible reflectivity, visible cumuliform texture, and systematically intense visible lidar backscatter on a synoptic scale. Proof that the DIBS is microphysically impacted by storm‐scale dust infusion is the occurrence of anomalously large daytime 3.9–11μm brightness temperature difference indicative of small ice crystals. We present multispectral snapshots of two DIBS, over two desert source regions, in comparison with a pristine baroclinic storm cloud. Each storm snapshot is presented in the context of the baroclinic cyclone's lifetime and dust source region (the Gobi desert and the Sahara). These and other cases discussed show that the DIBS is a recurring conduit for long‐range transport and a natural experiment in dust‐related aerosol indirect effects.
Application of independent component analysis to multitemporal InSAR data with volcanic case studies
Authors: Ebmeier S. K.
Published: November 2016

A challenge in the analysis of multitemporal interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data is distinguishing and separating volcanic, tectonic, and anthropogenic displacements from each other and from atmospheric or orbital noise. Independent component analysis (ICA) is a method for decomposing a mixed signal based on the assumption that the component sources are non‐Gaussian and statistically independent. ICA has potential as a tool for exploratory analysis of InSAR data, and in particular for testing whether geophysical signals are related or independent. This article presents tests of the applicability of ICA to InSAR by using synthetic data and application to Sentinel‐1A archive images from two contrasting examples of volcano deformation. Coeruptive subsidence associated with the April 2015 eruption of Calbuco (Chile) was identified in spatial patterns found by maximizing both spatial and temporal independence. Spatial patterns and rates of lava subsidence were retrieved by using ICA analysis of interferograms from Parícutin lava fields (México) and found to be consistent with previous observations. I demonstrate that ICA is an appropriate method for the analysis of volcanic signals in the presence of atmospheric noise and propose a strategy for the reliable identification of geophysical displacements by using cluster analysis of the spatial patterns of independent components. This approach allows the detection of geophysical processes on a range of scales and provides a test of signal independence where multiple displacement sources are active.
Climatic controls on debris‐flow activity and sediment aggradation: The Del Medio fan, NW Argentina
Authors: Savi Sara , Schildgen Taylor F. , Tofelde Stefanie , Wittmann Hella , Scherler Dirk , Mey Jürgen , Alonso Ricardo N. , Strecker Manfred R.
Published: November 2016

In the Central Andes, several studies on alluvial terraces and valley fills have linked sediment aggradation to periods of enhanced sediment supply. However, debate continues over whether tectonic or climatic factors are most important in triggering the enhanced supply. The Del Medio catchment in the Humahuaca Basin (Eastern Cordillera, NW Argentina) is located within a transition zone between subhumid and arid climates and hosts the only active debris‐flow fan within this intermontane valley. By combining 10Be analyses of boulder and sediment samples within the Del Medio catchment, with regional morphometric measurements of nearby catchments, we identify the surface processes responsible for aggradation in the Del Medio fan and their likely triggers. We find that the fan surface has been shaped by debris flows and channel avulsions during the last 400 years. Among potential tectonic, climatic, and autogenic factors that might influence deposition, our analyses point to a combination of several favorable factors that drive aggradation. These are in particular the impact of occasional abundant rainfall on steep slopes in rock types prone to failure, located in a region characterized by relatively low rainfall amounts and limited transport capacity. These characteristics are primarily associated with the climatic transition zone between the humid foreland and the arid orogen interior, which creates an imbalance between sediment supply and sediment transfer. The conditions and processes that drive aggradation in the Del Medio catchment today may provide a modern analog for the conditions and processes that drove aggradation in other nearby tributaries in the past.
Miniaturized Battery‐Free Wireless Systems for Wearable Pulse Oximetry
Authors: Kim Jeonghyun , Gutruf Philipp , Chiarelli Antonio M. , Heo Seung Yun , Cho Kyoungyeon , Xie Zhaoqian , Banks Anthony , Han Seungyoung , Jang Kyung‐In , Lee Jung Woo , Lee Kyu‐Tae , Feng Xue , Huang Yonggang , Fabiani Monica , Gratton Gabriele , Paik Ungyu , Rogers John A.
Published: November 2016

Development of unconventional technologies for wireless collection and analysis of quantitative, clinically relevant information on physiological status is of growing interest. Soft, biocompatible systems are widely regarded as important because they facilitate mounting on external (e.g., skin) and internal (e.g., heart and brain) surfaces of the body. Ultraminiaturized, lightweight, and battery‐free devices have the potential to establish complementary options in biointegration, where chronic interfaces (i.e., months) are possible on hard surfaces such as the fingernails and the teeth, with negligible risk for irritation or discomfort. Here, the authors report materials and device concepts for flexible platforms that incorporate advanced optoelectronic functionality for applications in wireless capture and transmission of photoplethysmograms, including quantitative information on blood oxygenation, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Specifically, reflectance pulse oximetry in conjunction with near‐field communication capabilities enables operation in thin, miniaturized flexible devices. Studies of the material aspects associated with the body interface, together with investigations of the radio frequency characteristics, the optoelectronic data acquisition approaches, and the analysis methods capture all of the relevant engineering considerations. Demonstrations of operation on various locations of the body and quantitative comparisons to clinical gold standards establish the versatility and the measurement accuracy of these systems, respectively.
Dumbbell Fluidic Tweezers for Dynamical Trapping and Selective Transport of Microobjects
Authors: Zhou Qi , Petit Tristan , Choi Hongsoo , Nelson Bradley J. , Zhang Li
Published: November 2016

Mobile microvortices generated by rotating nickel (Ni) nanowires (NW) have been reported as capable of inducing fluidic trapping that can be precisely focused and translated to manipulate microobjects. Here, a new design for significantly enhanced fluidic trapping is reported, which is a dumbbell (DB)‐shaped magnetic actuator, assembled by a Ni NW and two polystyrene microbeads. In contrast to the single mode of tumbling trapping possessed by Ni NW, the magnetic dumbbell is able to perform dynamical trapping and implement on‐demand transport of microobjects in three modes, i.e., tumbling, wobbling, and rolling. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate the robustness and efficacy of the fluidic trap by the DB actuator. And simulations using a finite element model compare the fluidic traps induced by NW and DB, followed by further discussion on the actuation and transport efficiency of NW and DB fluidic tweezers (FT). At last, some practical issues regarding the application of DB FT are addressed.
Stereocontrolled [4+1] Annulation of α‐Hydroxycyclobutenones: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Cyclopentenones
Authors: Mao Xu , Song Peidong , Hao Yu , Sun Zezhong , Hu Xiangdong
Published: November 2016

A stereocontrolled [4+1] annulation of α‐hydroxycyclobutenones has been disclosed. For the first time, α‐hydroxycyclobutenones have been proven as facile diene precursors for [4+1] annulation. Meanwhile, the reported transformation presents a concise synthetic route to polysubstituted cyclopentenones with high stereoselectivity.

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Copper‐Catalyzed Allenylation‐Isomerization Sequence of Penta‐1,4‐diyn‐3‐yl Acetates with P(O)H Compounds: Facile Synthesis of 1‐Phosphonyl 2,4‐Diynes
Authors: Shen Ruwei , Yang Jianlin , Luo Bing , Zhang Lixiong , Han Li‐Biao
Published: November 2016

The copper‐catalyzed reaction of 5‐substituted penta‐1,4‐diyn‐3‐yl acetates with P(O)H compounds to efficiently give a new class of phosphonyl diynes is reported. The reaction may take place through a regioselective nucleophilic attack of phosphorus nucleophiles on Cu‐allenylidene intermediates to form allenyl intermediates followed by a rapid allene‐alkyne isomerization process. The synthetic utility of the obtained products is demonstrated.

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Catalyst‐Controlled Regiodivergent Dehydrogenative Heck Reaction of 4‐Arylthiophene/Furan‐3‐Carboxylates
Authors: Gao Shang , Wu Zijun , Wu Fei , Lin Aijun , Yao Hequan
Published: November 2016

A catalyst‐controlled regiodivergent dehydrogenative Heck reaction of 4‐arylthiophene/furan‐3‐carboxylates has been realized. Use of a palladium catalyst led to the C‐5 alkenylation through electronic palladation, while a ruthenium catalyst favored the C‐2 alkenylation with the assistance of a directing group. This reaction exhibited good to excellent regioselectivities.

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Copper(I) Iodide‐Catalyzed Sulfenylation of Maleimides and Related 3‐Indolylmaleimides with Thiols
Authors: Yang Zhen‐Hua , An Yu‐Long , Chen Ying , Shao Zhi‐Yu , Zhao Sheng‐Yin
Published: November 2016

An efficient copper(I) iodide‐catalyzed sulfenylation of maleimides and related 3‐indolylmaleimides with thiols has been developed in the presence of fluoroboric acid. Several 3‐thiomaleimides and 3‐indolyl‐4‐thiomaleimides were obtained with good yields under ligand‐free conditions. The methods are simple, practical and show good functional group tolerance.

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Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,3‐Dipolar [3+4] Cycloaddition and Kinetic Resolution of Azomethine Imines with Azoalkenes
Authors: Wei Liang , Wang Zuo‐Fei , Yao Lu , Qiu Guofu , Tao Haiyan , Li Hua , Wang Chun‐Jiang
Published: November 2016

An unprecedented copper(II)‐catalyzed enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar [3+4] cycloaddition of azomethine imines with in situ formed azoalkenes has been realized. This strategy provides a facile access to biologically important 1,2,4,5‐tetrazepine derivatives in high yield with exclusive regioselectivity and high stereoselectivity. Moreover, enantioenriched azomethine imines could be obtained via an efficient kinetic resolution using the same approach.

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Effect of small amount of water on the dynamics properties and microstructures of ionic liquids
Authors: Zhou Jing , Liu Xiaomin , Zhang Suojiang , Zhang Xiangping , Yu Guangren
Published: November 2016

A series of systems of 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([Bmim][Ac]), 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([Bmim][Tf2N]) with a small amount of water were simulated. Viscosities of systems were obtained by nonequilibrium molecule dynamics simulation and the results show that the viscosities change in different ways: for [Bmim][BF4] and [Bmim][Tf2N], viscosities decrease rapidly in the first stage, and then decrease slowly with the increase of water content. But for [Bmim][Ac], the viscosities increase first and then decrease. The unique phenomenon of [Bmim][Ac] can be attributed to the formation of chain‐like structure of anion•••water•••anion•••. Hydrogen bond (HB) interaction between ion pairs is weakened, but the number of HB between water and anions increases with increase of water content. Besides, the microstructures of water in ionic liquids‐water systems were compared and found that the distribution of water is more concentrated in [Bmim][Tf2N]‐H2O system, while it is isotropy in [Bmim][Ac]‐H2O system. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2248–2256, 2017
Monte Carlo real coded genetic algorithm (MC‐RGA) for radioactive particle tracking (RPT) experimentation
Authors: Yadav Ashutosh , Ramteke Manojkumar , Pant Harish Jagat , Roy Shantanu
Published: November 2016

Radioactive particle tracking (RPT) technique is a non‐invasive velocimetry technique, extensively applied to study hydrodynamics of dense multiphase systems. In this technique, the position of a radioactive tracer particle, designed to mimic the phase of interest, is followed as a Lagrangian marker of point velocity. Computational limitations encountered during tracer particle position reconstruction (which is an inherently slow process) have thus far restricted the use of this versatile technique only to small‐scale process vessels. Here, we present a noteworthy improvement over the classical Monte Carlo algorithm for tracer particle position reconstruction, whereby we enhance the convergence and computational speed of the algorithm using Real Coded Genetic Algorithm optimization. This modification results in drastic reduction in computational time required for detector parameter estimation, and altogether eliminates the need for the “distance‐count map,” which was earlier inherent to RPT experimentation. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2850–2863, 2017
Novel hierarchical Ni/MgO catalyst for highly efficient CO methanation in a fluidized bed reactor
Authors: Li Jun , Zhu Qingshan , Peng Wencai , Zhang Qiang , Luo Guohua , Wei Fei
Published: November 2016

A facile synthesis of the hierarchical Ni/MgO catalyst is reported, with extremely fine dispersion of Ni nanoparticles (NPs) and high surface oxygen mobility. The hierarchical Ni/MgO catalyst exhibits higher activity for CH4 formation than that prepared by the impregnation method. The enhanced activity and thermal stability of the hierarchical Ni/MgO catalyst is attributed to hierarchical MgO particles with a multilayer structure and high surface oxygen mobility. This induces better metal‐support interactions, high Ni dispersion to prevent Ni NPs sintering, and the high surface oxygen mobility provides a high resistance to carbon deposition. Compared to the impregnated Ni/MgO catalyst, the hierarchical Ni/MgO catalyst exhibits a better fluidization quality and a higher attrition‐resistance in a fluidized‐bed reactor. This approach to improve the catalytic activity by creation of hierarchical Ni/MgO particles is encouraging for the design of novel catalysts for synthetic natural gas production, especially from the perspective of matching catalysts with fluidized‐bed reactors. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2141–2152, 2017
Stochastic phenomena in a fiber Raman amplifier
Authors: Kalashnikov Vladimir , Sergeyev Sergey V. , Ania‐Castanón Juan Diego , Jacobsen Gunnar , Popov Sergei
Published: November 2016

The interplay of such cornerstones of modern nonlinear fiber optics as a nonlinearity, stochasticity and polarization leads to variety of the noise induced instabilities including polarization attraction and escape phenomena harnessing of which is a key to unlocking the fiber optic systems specifications required in high resolution spectroscopy, metrology, biomedicine and telecommunications. Here, by using direct stochastic modeling, the mapping of interplay of the Raman scattering‐based nonlinearity, the random birefringence of a fiber, and the pump‐to‐signal intensity noise transfer has been done in terms of the fiber Raman amplifier parameters, namely polarization mode dispersion, the relative intensity noise of the pump laser, fiber length, and the signal power. The obtained results reveal conditions for emergence of the random birefringence‐induced resonance‐like enhancement of the gain fluctuations (stochastic anti‐resonance) accompanied by pulse broadening and rare events in the form of low power output signals having probability heavily deviated from the Gaussian distribution.

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Struktur eines monomeren Transthyretin mit der klinisch wichtigen T119M‐Mutation
Authors: Kim Jin Hae , Oroz Javier , Zweckstetter Markus
Published: November 2016

Mutationen im Protein Transthyretin können Transthyretin‐Amyloidose hervorrufen sowie Individuen davor schützen. Wenig ist jedoch über die strukturelle Basis pathogener und klinisch schützender Transthyretin‐Mutanten bekannt. Hier berichten wir über die Lösungsstruktur eines Transthyretin‐Monomers, das die klinisch wichtige T119M‐Mutation trägt. Die Struktur offenbart eine nichtnative Anordnung, die sich von allen bekannten Transthyretin‐Strukturen unterscheidet, und unterstreicht die Bedeutung von Lösungsstudien mit hoher Auflösung, um molekulare Prozesse zu verstehen, die zu Amyloid‐Erkrankungen führen.
Ein stabil protoniertes Adenin‐Nukleotid mit einem extrem verschobenen pKa‐Wert stabilisiert die Tertiärstruktur eines GTP‐bindenden RNA‐Aptamers
Authors: Wolter Antje C. , Weickhmann A. Katharina , Nasiri Amir H. , Hantke Katharina , Ohlenschläger Oliver , Wunderlich Christoph H. , Kreutz Christoph , Duchardt‐Ferner Elke , Wöhnert Jens
Published: November 2016

RNA‐Tertiärstrukturmotive werden durch viele verschiedene Wasserstoffbrücken stabilisiert. Protonierte A‐ und C‐Nukleotide werden normalerweise nicht als geeignete Bausteine für solche Motive betrachtet, da ihre pKa‐Werte weit vom physiologischen pH‐Wert entfernt sind. Hier beschreiben wir die NMR‐Struktur eines in vitro selektierten GTP‐bindenden RNA‐Aptamers gebunden an GTP mit einer sehr komplexen Tertiärstruktur. Es enthält ein neuartiges, durch ein protoniertes A stabilisiertes Basenquartett. Aufgrund der besonderen strukturellen Umgebung innerhalb des Basenquartetts im GTP‐Komplex ist der pKa‐Wert für die Protonierung dieses A‐Nukleotides im Vergleich zum pKa‐Wert für A‐Nukleotide in einzelsträngiger RNA um mehr als fünf pH‐Einheiten verschoben. Dies ist die größte bisher beschriebene Verschiebung des pKa‐Wertes für ein A in strukturierten Nukleinsäuren. Sowohl die Vorfaltung der RNA als auch die Ligandenbindung tragen zu dieser Verschiebung des pKa‐Wertes bei.
Variable Time Normalization Analysis: General Graphical Elucidation of Reaction Orders from Concentration Profiles
Authors: Burés Jordi
Published: November 2016

The recent technological evolution of reaction monitoring techniques has not been paralleled by the development of modern kinetic analyses. The analyses currently used disregard part of the data acquired, thus requiring an increased number of experiments to obtain sufficient kinetic information for a given chemical reaction. Herein, we present a simple graphical analysis method that takes advantage of the data‐rich results provided by modern reaction monitoring tools. This analysis uses a variable normalization of the time scale to enable the visual comparison of entire concentration reaction profiles. As a result, the order in each component of the reaction, as well as kobs , is determined with just a few experiments using a simple and quick mathematical data treatment. This analysis facilitates the rapid extraction of relevant kinetic information and will be a valuable tool for the study of reaction mechanisms.
Structure of Monomeric Transthyretin Carrying the Clinically Important T119M Mutation
Authors: Kim Jin Hae , Oroz Javier , Zweckstetter Markus
Published: November 2016

Mutations in the protein transthyretin can cause as well as protect individuals from transthyretin amyloidosis, an incurable fatal inherited disease. Little is known, however, about the structural basis of pathogenic and clinically protective transthyretin mutants. Here we determined the solution structure of a transthyretin monomer that carries the clinically important T119M mutation. The structure displays a non‐native arrangement that is distinct from all known structures of transthyretin and highlights the importance of high‐resolution studies in solution for understanding molecular processes that lead to amyloid diseases.