bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilization of Metaphor as a Method of Language Teaching
Authors: Poghosyan Ofelya
Published: February 2021

Metaphor is often used as a stylistic device in literature to exert aesthetic impact on the reader. Nonetheless, due to its underlying cognitive function, metaphor can easily be used in the language teaching process to develop the creative mind of the learner/teacher, as well as to increase the efficiency of the teaching process.
In Defense of the Author*
Authors: Madoyan Gohar
Published: February 2021

The concept of the author has been surrounded by much controversy since the early years of literature. It was heavily discussed in the antique period and was “crowned” in the era of Romanticism. However, in the 20th century and along with the advancement of the ideas of an individuality, human rights and equality, new philosophical directions sprang which cast doubt at the previously held traditional views and approaches. Structuralists and later post-structuralists “killed” the author enhancing the role of the reader. But has the author died? Maybe he is just dozing?

* The title makes reference to an essay by E.R. Hirsch.
Inter-Textual Relations between Reginald Scot’s “The Discoverie of Witchcraft” and Shakespeare’s “Macbeth”
Authors: Kojoyan Ani
Published: February 2021

The article investigates the intertextual relationship between The Discoveries of Witchcraft by Reginald Scot and Macbeth by Shakespeare. Both texts are in a complex intertextual relationship. Scot expresses his explicit doubts about the phenomenon of witchcraft and witches, in general. Shakespeare, most probably, referred to Scot’s work while creating and portraying the characters of the three psychic- witch sisters in his tragedy. And though Shakespeare’s reference to Scot’s work is perhaps evident, there is still something vague, hence, it is not possible to arrive at the conclusion that the two writers shared the same opinion about witchcraft and spelling. Still, it can be concluded that Scot and his work play an important role in the investigation and interpretation of Shakespeare’s work.
Constructions with Reflexive and Reciprocal Verbs in English and Armenian
Authors: Mkhitaryan Yelena , Vardanyan Mary
Published: February 2021

Reflexive and reciprocal verbs constitute a special class both in the English and Armenian verbal system. As for their semantics, they manifest similarity, but morphologically and syntactically they show some differences. In English the meanings of reflexivity and reciprocity are expressed both by single verbs and their combination with the respective pronouns. In Armenian these categories are designated by means of the suffix վ. The English reflexives may be used with the pronouns without apparent semantic change, whereas the Armenian counterparts normally do not take them. Used with other words than the respective pronouns these verbs lose the meanings of reflexivity and reciprocity and function as common transitive verbs.
On the Verbal Expression of Emotions: Language and Emotion Interplays
Authors: Stepanyan Ani
Published: February 2021

In pre-historic times people used to communicate with each other through grunts, barks and roars. They gradually developed an elaborate set of sounds to express their emotions and convey their messages. Now it is the systematic use of language that differentiates human beings from animals. The interpersonal communication of emotional states is fundamental to everyday verbal interactions, and the way these emotions are expressed and understood is important in cross-cultural and interpersonal relationships. The verbal descriptions of emotional states can provide quite precise information about different forms of emotions.
Damnable Lives? The Inter-Textual Relations between Marlowe’s “Doctor Faustus” and “The English Faust” Book
Authors: Kojoyan Ani
Published: February 2021

Christopher Marlowe’s play Doctor Faustus is a problematic work in regards to the issues of its date and authorship, but one thing can be stated with certainty: it was inspired by The History of the Damnable Life and Deserved Death of Doctor John Faustus which is commonly known as the English Faust Book. The present article observes inter-textual dimensions between Marlowe’s tragedy Doctor Faustus and its prose source-book – the English Faust Book. The article discusses intertextual relations both at paradigmatic and syntagmatic levels. According to the analysis, it becomes obvious that despite several similarities between the two texts, certain differences also exist which are conditioned by political and religious factors of time and social-historical factors of space.
The Interpretation of Metamorphosis as a Narrative Device in George MacDonald’s Fairy Tales
Authors: Hayroyan Diana
Published: February 2021

The following article is an attempt to study metamorphosis as a narrative device in Scottish fairy tale writer George MacDonald’s fairy tales. Due to a closer study of the theoretical background of metamorphosis and the analyses of the examples it becomes possible to describe metamorphosis not only as a stylistic but also as a narrative device. In the mentioned fairy tales metamorphosis, granting specific meaning to the events, reveals the unique poetics of the fairy tales and promotes a deeper understanding of the fairy tale text thus fulfilling the author’s intention.
T.E. Lawrence’s Idea on How to Solve the Armenian Question
Authors: Gasparyan Naira
Published: February 2021

T.E. Lawrence’s specific perception of the Turks and of the Armenians is analyzed within the frames of this particular research article. T.E. Lawrence’s biographical-documentary novel The Seven Pillars of Wisdom and his famous interview given to the American journalist and editor Lincoln Steffens have been the material of our cultural and linguostylistic study. An attempt is made to establish the true image of the Young Turks and the Armenians who were killed by the Turks because of their national identity. Lawrence depicts Turkish atrocities with some highlighted negative emotion.
Anatomy of Persuasive Discourse (on some functional and semantic aspects of literary discourse analysis)*
Authors: Mikayelyan Tigran
Published: February 2021

The problem of persuasive discourse has been analyzed in this article from the perspectives of literary discourse – to be specifically chosen and introduced – much more as a model of communicative behaviour and pattern of textuality rather than as a sample of artistic perception of life. The survey into the structure of persuasive discourse suggested by María Azucena Penas Ibáñez has served as basis for the paper that tries to cover the major constituents of a relatively overall image of persuasive discourse completed under all the standards of textuality. The paper attempts at introducing a paradigm of factors to be taken into consideration in respective analyses of persuasive discourse.

* The paper is based on María Azucena Penas Ibáñez’s research (Penas Ibáñez 2011:113-134).
Representation of the Concept “Loneliness” in Katherine Mansfield’s Authorial World Picture
Authors: Sargsyan Mariana , Madoyan Gohar
Published: February 2021

The present paper aims at observing the peculiarities of the linguistic representation of the concept loneliness in K. Mansfield’s authorial world picture. The authorial approach to the representation of the mentioned concept is studied in phonetic, lexical and syntactic aspects with the aim of discovering the specificities of interaction at micro and macro-levels of the text. A preliminary overview of the linguistic representation of the concept loneliness provided by the research will enable linking the results of the study with the cognitive stylistic individuality of the author.
Gender and Disparaging Humour
Authors: Knyazyan Anna
Published: February 2021

The article covers the problem of deprecating humor in English anecdotes. It deals with the issue of using invective lexical units in comic discourse. Women swear considerably less than men. Aggressive anecdotes frequently disparage women. Generalizations about women and men inevitably involve false assumptions as they refuse to acknowledge the diverse identities, aspirations and personalities of individual women and men. Women are the brunt of more jokes than men. In English anecdotes men’s voice dominates. Conceptions of male dominance and patriarchy have also affected the lens through which we view the maternal image in language socialization practices.
On Nominalization, A Rhetorical Device in Academic Writing
Authors: Khamesian Minoo
Published: February 2021

Writing for science and technology is indubitably proliferating nowadays, which results in scientists being under ever-increasing pressure to write and publish their articles. To fulfill the goal of writing on different scientific domains and publishing, it is of paramount importance to be familiar with the peculiarities of the written style of the language of the discourse community. As far as engineering disciplines are concerned, foremost with electronic engineering in mind, of all various stylistic problems in scientific/technical writing, “nominalization”, as one of the most distinctive linguistic characteristics of academic writing, deserves a lot of attention. Since academic writing is often characterized by high frequency of nominalization, in the hope of providing a new insight into the development of writing for engineering, the present article aims to reveal the importance of the salutary effects of this systemic resource that will put the students and academics on the path of academic excellence.
Colour Terms in Advertisements
Authors: Harutyunyan Kristine
Published: February 2021

The present article focuses on the peculiarities of the usage of colour terminology in advertisements. We live in a colourful world and there are great many colour words to describe it. We also live in a world where advertisement has become an accompanying phenomenon of our everyday life. It is obvious that the language of advertising has its specific features and it seems worth trying to reveal the role and the meaning of the colours used in advertisements. Colour terms are known to be linguistic universals which have certain associations attached to each of them. We may suppose that the colours that are mostly used in the advertisements are the basic colour terms. The spheres where we expect to find wider usage of colour terms should be the ones connected with fashion industry.
Diminutives as Intimacy Expressions in English and Armenian
Authors: Khachikyan Shushan
Published: February 2021

Diminutives are an important means of expressing attitudes and emotions in both English and Armenian. Diminutives as intimacy expressions have been much studied in English, meanwhile this aspect of communication has received less scholarly attention in Armenian. The comparative analysis of English and Armenian diminutives carried out in the present paper demonstrates the linguistic differences between Armenian and English diminutive systems, and comes to prove that the conceptualization of intimacy may vary across cultures.
Promoting Independent Learning
Authors: Poghosyan Ofelya , Ghumashyan Varduhi
Published: February 2021

At present the role of independent learning has become more crucial than ever. The rapid development of close ties between the countries of the world, the requirement of urgent solutions to numerous problems connected with ecology, peace, politics, economy, art, etc. have strengthened the need for an international global language in order to exchange information between different cultures. Today this language is English and, consequently, learning English has become a must. The effectiveness of learning in general and that of independent learning in particular depends on the level of responsibility of the students. In other words, the student, who in fact is a learner, should have a clear idea of the plan of his/her study. The students should know how much time, effort and money they are going to ‘invest’ into their studies, and, moreover, they should be responsible for their own role in the interactive, student-centered ‘give and take’ process of learning a foreign language.
Detecting a Literary Future in the Historical Past: The Gibraltar Case
Authors: Stotesbury John A.
Published: February 2021

Until the present millennium, very little creative literary writing in either English or Spanish had been published in the British colonial enclave of Gibraltar. Given the small population size of the autonomous community of some 30,000 people, it was considered unlikely that a “national” literary culture could form. In the course of the past decade, a handful of dedicated writers have published a noticeable amount of fiction, all of which is concerned with establishing a recognized Gibraltarian literary identity. The present article, while not arguing for the permanence of a Gibraltarian national literary culture, attempts to trace some of the ways in which a small, unified, geopolitical territory has attempted to tell its own story.
Cultural Remodelling of Refugee Armenians after the Genocide
Authors: Paronyan Shushanik
Published: February 2021

The present article concerns one of the most painful pages in Annenian history – the Genocide of Armenians in 1915 and its traumatic and tragic outcome – forced migrations and cultural remodelling of ethnic Armenians, those who were able to survive the terrible massacre. The aim of the paper is to discuss how the deported ethnic Western Armenians and their descendants underwent the process of acculturation in the USA, reshaping their ethnic cultural blueprint into Diasporan Armenian cultural tradition. To illustrate cases of cultural remodelling, samples of fictional discourse where the literary heroes present three generations of American Armenians have been examined. The research combines the interpretative frameworks of cross-cultural pragmatics and discourse analysis. The analysis of discourse from cultural perspective allows us to conclude that Diasporan Armenians must have formed a multicultural stratum in the American ethnic patchwork.
Imagery in Action: G. Orwell’s “Animal Farm”
Authors: Muradian Gaiane
Published: February 2021

The present paper is a literary stylistic analysis that highlights the imagery, the allegorical significance, linguistic manipulation or abuse of language in the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell. Orwell’s sophisticated exposure of political abuse of language is one of the most typical characteristics of Animal Farm and an indispensable part of his imagery. Seemingly a plain story of animals, inwardly this novel is an allegory that refers to power struggle, usurpation, intimidation, exploitation, hypocrisy, corruption, political racket and terror of the ruling classes in whatever form they may appear (human or animal). However serious the theme is, Orwell has made it fictitious and amusing through his vivid imagery and artful use of literary devices. With its clear, deceptively simple, but creatively honed prose style and expressive language, the novel is a source of great aesthetic and intellectual pleasure and political insight.
The Nineteenth Century American Fiction: Hawthorne, “The House of the Seven Gables” and Its Reception: A Brief Overview
Authors: Simović Saša , Mijušković Marija
Published: February 2021

Critics have always been interested in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s literary oeuvre but that interest has varied over different periods of time. Nevertheless, we can claim that his books have always enjoyed a rousing reception. This paper discusses Nathaniel Hawthorne’s famous romance The House of the Seven Gables and its reception from the time of its publication, 1851, to the present day. We will focus our attention on the essential features of the book that were commented on and reviewed by the most influential critics who dealt with Hawthorne’s text.
Sports Idioms and Their Interpretation in Different Dimensions
Authors: Barseghyan Gevorg
Published: February 2021

The present paper aims at elucidating the ethnocultural relevance of sports terms and expressions which tend to penetrate into everyday English speech as well as political discourse. Obvious is the fact that the character and essence of cross-cultural interrelations depends, to a great extent on the participants’ ability to understand each other in order to reach an agreement. It is also well known that mutual understanding is in most cases defined by the ethnic culture of each side and the psychology of the ethnic group. Members of common culture not only share the same information but also the methods of coding, storing and retrieving the information. Rituals, traditions, customs are very closely connected with language and form part and parcel of the linguacultural “realia”. In the present article sports terms and expressions are viewed as realia and social behaviour patterns as each nation has its unique way of understanding and perceiving a game in its own way, thus attaching some symbolic significance to it understandable within the scope of the linguocultural traditions of the country it has originated in. Our observations show that the wide use of sports terms and expressions in non-sporting situations, particularly in political discourse and everyday speech is to a certain extent conditioned by their sociocultural origin and the new connotational meanings acquired in the course of the language development.
Muslim Immigrant Students in European Higher Educational Institutions
Authors: Chubaryan Siranush
Published: February 2021

This study investigates the influence of higher education on the integration of Muslim students from migrant background into French, German and Armenian societies. In 1999 many European states signed the Bologna Declaration (also Bologna Process), the goal of which was unification of European higher Education under one umbrella. In line with many aims stated in Bologna Declaration, one of the eye-catching characteristics was the policy’s flexibility, which would allow students enrolled in higher education institutions all over Europe to voice and promote their social, educational, cultural needs and take part in decision-making processes. To be able to understand whether the Bologna Process plays a role of integrator for Muslim immigrant students as well, the research attempts to reveal how Muslim immigrant students perceive and describe their experiences with European higher education; how they describe their integration into European institutional environment and consequently into European society. For this purpose case study approach has been applied. Individual interviews with student-participants have been conducted.
Male and Female Profanity in English Anecdotes
Authors: Knyazyan Anna
Published: February 2021

The article covers the problem of profanity and deprecating humor in English anecdotes. Aggressive humor often occurs in the form of sarcasm or teasing and often includes compulsive displays of humor with little regard for others. It deals with the issue of using swearwords in comic discourse. Swearing is a behavior more frequently engaged in by males than by females. Various generalizations about women and men involve some false assumptions as they negate the aspirations, diverse identities and personalities of individual males and females. On the largest scale women are the brunt of more jokes than men.
Metaphor through the Lens of Clinical Medicine: The Case of Specialty-Specific Signs
Authors: Margaryan Svetlana , Petrosyan Alina
Published: February 2021

The present paper aims at discussing certain metaphors which name diseases resembling specialty-specific signs manifested in different occupations. An attempt is made towards showcasing the cognitive value that metaphor entails when used in a clinical setting to verbalize different diseases. Stedman’s Medical Dictionary – currently the most content-rich medical dictionary – has served a major reference point for the analysis of specialty-specific metaphors in Medicine.
On Text Coherence via Frame-Based Presuppositions
Authors: Tovmasyan Hranush
Published: February 2021

The article is an attempt to shed light on one of the most interesting issues on the crossroads of psycholinguistics, pragmatics and cognitive linguistics – framebased semantics and frame-based presuppositions as text coherence means. The findings of the article allow of the following statement: the text is implicitly bound via complex mental structures – frames – by virtue of their hierarchic, presuppositional structure. The appearance of a frame in the context implicitly introduces pieces of information – presuppositions – from its information slots. The presuppositions structured in the slots of the frame create predictable associations of words and word-combinations on the surface structure of the text, thus securing its coherence.
Words Left Unspoken in the Lives of the Black
Authors: Tchaparian Vicky
Published: February 2021

Toni Morrison’s fifth novel, Beloved, represents a postmodern traumatic story the characters of which deal with black history and the scars it has left on the African American community. As Rafael Perez-Torres claims, “the story of slavery invoked by Beloved is built on the absence of power, the absence of selfdetermination, the absence of homeland, the absence of a language” (Perez-Torres 1993:131). Throughout the story T. Morrison gives a voice to a ghost to speak up, but she takes away the voice of the ghost’s mother who does not have the power to tell her story about her infanticide and so, has a troubled relationship with language. Later, Beloved’s sister, Denver, who becomes dumb and deaf after learning the story about her mother’s infanticide, gets back her senses when she goes to the community to ask for help to nurture her suffering mother. Although T. Morrison treats different themes, the following paper is an attempt to study the importance of language in Beloved, through comparing the Maternity symbolic order in Morrison to the Paternity symbolic order in Jacque Lacan’s The Psychoses (1955-1956).
The Modeling of Social Distance on the Mat: Towards a Semiotic Study of Aikido
Authors: Ghazaryan Grigor
Published: February 2021

The study of language through sign systems that represent “by-products” or substitutes of language as a means of communication is a direction in linguistics that adds to the knowledge about the productivity and language-generating potential of natural languages. Nonverbal language which boasts a plethora of wordless cues through which people communicate, includes postures, gestures, stances, and movements, all of which can be analyzed and explained through the use of the instruments of a semiotic methodology. For instance, the study of signs through the rituals, conventions and overall nonverbal interactions in the diaculture of modern Japanese martial arts, reveals interesting characteristics of the sign language used particularly in Kenjutsu and Aikido. The mentioned martial arts make wide use of nonverbal cues that are characterized by features of indexicality, iconicity and symbolicity, and echo concrete social norms and conventions. Those social conventions are materialized and translated into the setting of trainings through philosophical concepts and ideas.
Linguo-Cognitive Analysis of the Concept God (on the Basis of J. Fowles’ Philosophical Essay “The Aristos”)
Authors: Isahakyan Heghine
Published: February 2021

The article aims at disclosing the concept God in J. Fowles philosophical essay “The Aristos” as well as defining linguistic means of its actualization. The key concept or concepts of a narrative, storing the main idea of the text actually reveal the author’s individual world perception, highlighting those aspects of the concept that the author sees or would like the reader to focus his/her attention on. Proceeding from this point the investigation of a narrative disclosing its key concepts via conceptual metaphor opens great perspectives for understanding the author's unique world perception, sometimes, contradicting the universal understanding of the concept.
Dictogloss Approach to Dictation Writing Activities
Authors: Ghaltakhchyan Siranoush
Published: February 2021

The present article is devoted to the study of modern approaches to dictation writing activities, namely to dictogloss approach, the purport of which is, first and foremost, to build a solid foundation of the English language proficiency and enhance integrated language skills in context. As different from traditional dictation writing activities, that aim at helping language learners become accustomed to processing and differentiating between different sounds of the target language, identifying words and phrases and recording them as accurately as possible, the dictogloss method of dictation writing tries to boost listening for detailed understanding, i.e. focusing on the grammatical constructions used in the texts, guessing the words and phrases suitable to the context, constructing meaning from the recorded texts and interpreting the gist of the dictated stories. Our study shows that the effectiveness of dictation writing activities in EFL classroom increases and the dictogloss procedure becomes more enjoyable and challenging in case of the intensive use of authentic materials, i.e. when the texts are not dictated directly by the teachers themselves, but are told by native speakers recorded on CDs.
Authenticity and Teacher’s Role in Project Based Learning
Authors: Madoyan Lusine
Published: February 2021

Project based learning (PBL) is a student-centered teaching method that involves a dynamic classroom approach in which students gain knowledge and skills to explore and respond to an authentic and engaging problem or challenge. PBL focuses on different real-world subject matters that can sustain the interest of students, require student collaboration and autonomy, and at the same time, accommodate a purposeful and explicit focus on form and other aspects of language.

The present article focuses on the teacher’s role in project based learning as well as the importance of authenticity in designing a project.
Linguocultural Peculiarities of British Parliamentary Discourse
Authors: Abrahamyan Samvel
Published: February 2021

Peculiarities of British parliamentary discourse are largely conditioned by context models of its participants, which influence the style and linguistic forms of their speeches. As context models are culturally predetermined, linguistic means used in parliamentary discourse have also certain linguocultural peculiarities. Centuries-old traditions of British parliamentary system find their reflection in the language and form an essential part of British parliamentary discourse. The adherence to these communicative norms, including different rituals, ceremonies and traditions peculiar to British political life and British political discourse, has a special symbolic meaning and is aimed at maintaining stability of the political system, respect for the state power and its authority.
Armenian Culture from the Semiotic Perspective
Authors: Matevosyan Armine , Dalalyan Manana
Published: February 2021

The present paper goes along the lines of Semiotics, a branch of linguistics. It studies the system of signs which takes the form of words, images, sounds, gestures and objects. Through the usage of signs we represent the linguocultural aspect of our knowledge, ethnic traditions and folklore.

The interest we take in the paper is the study of signs and symbols in Armenian culture. Culture, including miniature paining, singing, dancing, architecture and cuisine, may involve any sphere of Armenian identity. Signs and symbols that constitute language and culture are constructed through verbal and non-verbal interactions and are arbitrary.

The purpose of our analysis is to specify what why, whom questions in a specific context of situation, as well as in a large context of culture, such as social community, media and communication.
Analysis and Interpretation of Genocide Related Terms
Authors: Gasparyan Naira
Published: February 2021

The present article seeks to establish the cognitive value and the communicative message of genocide related terms with the account of the extra-linguistic factors. Terms like slaughter, massacre, ethnic cleansing, physical annihilation, killings, deportations are used to present and discuss both pro-Turkish attitudes of and neutral or pro-Armenian standpoints of great humanists and friends of Armenians. Still another intent of ours is to show that the terms genocide and democide which realize a specifically highlighted cognitive function, are the most appropriate ones to best define the disastrous events of 1915 on the territory of West (Turkish) Armenia.
Personification as Manifestation of Author’s Ironical Attitude from the Title-Text Correlation Standpoint (in the novel Animal Farm by G. Orwell)
Authors: Mkhitaryan Irina
Published: February 2021

The paper attempts at presenting the author’s ironical attitude in the allegorical novel “Animal farm” written by G. Orwell. Here we posit the idea that the author’s ironical attitude can be embodied by personification, a figure of speech, which makes inanimate objects, animal characters or abstract ideas seem just like people by giving them human traits. The article also clarifies the role of context in defining the title-text correlation, which is best marked by the superiority of pigs ruling the farm instead of people. Hence, the former Manor Farm comes to be named Animal farm, postulating the abilities and strength of animals.
The Use of Simile in Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights
Authors: Militonyan Jemma
Published: February 2021

Figures of speech are imaginative tools in both literature and ordinary communication used for explaining speech beyond its usual usage. Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights (1847) – the only novel written by this writer - differs from many other literary works due to its style, its particular use of language and figures of speech. The literary tool and figure of speech we have illustrated in the present paper is the simile. Emily Brontë uses simile as a means both to creatively and purposefully convey her thoughts and ideas to the reader and to impact him/her. The literary analysis shows that the simile is also an excellent device for the author to make an unusual thing seem more familiar or a familiar thing seem more unique. Through simile the reader may imagine vividly the fictive world of Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights.
Reflexive Pronoun Deviations in Contemporary English Social Media
Authors: Grigoryan Gevorg
Published: February 2021

The paper discusses reflexive pronoun deviations in modern English in the domain of social media. The mentioned deviations are the result of intensive contact of English with other languages. The advent of digital technologies make a platform for millions of speakers all over the world to communicate in any language they want. The latter has eventually triggered the convergence of many grammatical structures and lexical items of different languages. As a result, new deviations and misspellings emerge in different platforms of social media. Among these alterations, the actively used reflexive pronoun misspellings and variations have a unique role. These pronominal variations help us to evaluate the current state of reflexive pronouns and lead us to foresee the possible future change of English.
Linguistic Analysis of the Two Speech Functions in President Donald Trump’s Inaugural Speech
Authors: Tchaparian Vicky
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study is the linguistic interpretation of President Donald Trump’s inaugural speech during the ceremony held in Washington D. C. on January 21, 2017. The two functions of speech which will be analyzed here are the grammatical and textual functions. The findings reveal two main themes: one is the criticism of the economic situation of America during the last years and the other is a promise and a vow for a change towards a better future where the economy will flourish and there will be prosperity. The study shows the president’s determination to make America strong again, safe again, and prosperous again.
Scottish Identity through National Proverbs and Sayings (A Linguo-Cultural Perspective)
Authors: Gasparyan Naira
Published: February 2021

The importance of historicity in the construction of national identity is undeniable.

Proverbs and sayings, which are a link with the past, are used by speakers for a variety of purposes. Folklore, literary criticism, stylistics are the main fields interested in the study of proverbs, but scholars from a variety of fields have found ways to profitably incorporate the study of proverbs. The development and maintenance of proverbs and sayings, which is a time-consuming process, cannot go unaffected by inner and outer factors. The aim of this article is to show that proverbs and sayings, formed and established in the course of the development of the nation and its culture, can provide a reasonable basis for establishing a nation’s identity and wisdom (Usman et al 2013: 47-58). It is beyond doubt that in the era of globalization national identity issues necessarily find their multilateral consideration and objective evaluation by scholars of vast assortment of specialties across scientific disciplines.
Functional Interpretation of Alright? as a Lecture Question: a Multimodal Analysis
Authors: Hakobyan Nare
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to the revelation of how crucial the multimodal analysis is in the functional interpretation of Alright? as a lecture question, because it is only thanks to the multimodal analysis that the functional interpretation of the question becomes complete and comprehensive. Moreover, we will attempt to answer the question whether Alright? is a true question or not.
Language and Gender in Political Discourse
Authors: Knyazyan Anna , Hakobyan Varduhi
Published: February 2021

This article covers the problem of male and female speech differences in political discourse. Male and female politicians use different language tools in order to make the message comprehensible to the listener. Most studies of male and female language reveal women as considerably less influential than men. However, our study shows that women’s role in political activity becomes increasingly important and deserves higher attention. The analysis of the speeches of political leaders gives us the idea that there are several differences which are notable in verbal communication when what we are after is gender. The article aims to identify male and female linguistic features in the speeches of two political leaders: Donald J. Trump and Hillary R. Clinton.
“Byronic” Phraseological Units and Their Equivalents in the Armenian Translation
Authors: Poghosyan Ofelya , Ghumashyan Varduhi
Published: February 2021

The article highlights one of the most typical features of G.G. Byron’s individual style, particularly, the use of a great variety of phraseological units in his works. The basic layer of Byron’s literary vocabulary includes phraseological units derived from the Bible and Greek mythology.

The present article focuses on the problem of translatability of the so-called “Byronic” phraseological units in his narrative poem Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage.

It is an acknowledged fact that Byron’s works are translated into numerous languages and the Armenian translations have their special place among them. The eminent Armenian writer H.Tumanyan succeeded in finding the best equivalents of “Byronic” phraseological units that not only sound convincing, truthful and colourful, but also very often enrich both the source and the target languages.
Critical Discourse and Event Semantics Analyses of D. Trump’s Statement on the Armenian Genocide
Authors: Hakobyan Sona
Published: February 2021

The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the US President D. Trump’s statement on the Armenian Genocide. Our research is based on some principles of the discourse analytical theories covering the fields of semantics, pragmatics and political discourse. Critical Discourse Analysis is applied for analyzing political discourse and mostly studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political context. As for the event semantics analysis we employ the socalled Event Structure Approach focusing on causative constructions which refer to predicates formed by a combination of a causative event and an underlying predicate. Hence, two types of linguistic theories are applied for enclosing the hidden subtexts of the president’s intentions along with maneuvering strategies.
Sports Metaphors in American Political Discourse
Authors: Askarian Mariam , Vanesyan Hovhannes
Published: February 2021

In cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor refers to the understanding of an idea in terms of another familiar object. As conceptual metaphors are great persuasive means due to their ability to make unfamiliar things familiar, we have analyzed transcripts of recent political speeches with a special reference to presidential campaign speeches (2016-2019). It should be noted that the usage of conceptual metaphors is strictly linked to cultural patterns, i.e. Asian people tend to use conceptual metaphors of eating or family, while Western politicians tend to rely on sport, driving or war metaphors. The thing is that they consciously, subconsciously or even unconsciously view their lives as a race, a game or a battle. Our analysis is based on Western presidential campaign speeches. As an outcome of our analysis we wanted to reveal and elucidate that particular link between culture and cognitive linguistics.
Morality vs Immorality in the Miserable Life of Daniel Defoe’s Moll Flanders
Authors: Tchaparian Vicky
Published: February 2021

Defoe’s novel, Moll Flanders, the story of a thief, a criminal, a whore, a mistress, a lady, a lover, a beggar, and a plantation owner who lives the life of a repentant at 70, reveals Moll’s both high and low morals. In the present paper I try to reveal the fact that Moll Flanders, the protagonist, and the first person narrator of the novel, speaks in the voice of Defoe who had lived a life of both vice and virtue with all its extremes. Moll Flanders represents the age Defoe lived, along with its harsh and corrupt judicial system, the poverty, the low level of life in the English society, and the injustice of the patriarchy, where love and marriage were commodities in the market called life. In the society where Moll lived, women got married either for money or for title but never for love. Thus, Moll, having neither money nor title, and urging to become a lady, passed through different stages in her life living in vice but later repenting and living in virtue.
The Phonetic Particulars of Modern English Advertising
Authors: Decheva Svetlana
Published: February 2021

This article is designed to give a sharper focus on the phonetic properties of advertising in the English speaking world. We come from the premise that globalization processes and the consumer culture of the so-called Net Generation make the marketers change their sales strategies and find new, no less effective promotional tactics, which would be more attractive to the young. To see how this language policy actually works an in-depth processing of the material is required, and cognitive syllabics happens to be a great help in this respect.
The Language of Advertising in English Sport Magazines
Authors: Barseghyan Gevorg
Published: February 2021

Advertising plays a crucial role in our reality. It invades our lives through TV screens, radio frequencies, the pages of newspapers and journals. Being a unique phenomenon in our reality, which is designed for thousands of readers, listeners, viewers, it has given birth to different approaches and opinions. Advertising is a rapidly developing phenomenon, quick in responding to major and minor changes in the social life. Today it has penetrated into sports as well. Sport is a big business and many companies use sport as a means of publicizing their product. Thus, the present paper intends to study sport ads with the aim of presenting them as a register standing out for uniqueness, containing a small scale plot which aims to draw the attention of the reader to the phenomenon. Usually such small texts use the names of world famous sportsmen which immediately attract attention. In sport ads the plot usually includes certain qualities which demonstrate the skills of a given sportsman, and the object is advertised through creating a text which is combined with illustrations of the very object.
Comparative Analysis of the Category of Diminutiveness in the Russian, English and Armenian Languages
Authors: Abrahamyan Karine
Published: February 2021

The paper highlights the most typical features of the lexico-grammatical category of diminutiveness from the derivational point of view. The correlation between language and culture, language and national linguistic traditions, language and national mentality is revealed through the category under study.

The results of the research prove that applying cognitive approach to the analysis of the category of diminutiveness on the derivational level enables us to reveal: a) the existing asymmetry of linguistic images of the world in different languages, b) graduality of the lexico-grammatical category of diminutiveness in Modern Russian which brings forth peculiar derivational clusters.
Understanding in Literary Translation
Authors: Mikoyan Aschen
Published: February 2021

The article addresses the issue of the importance of a full and adequate understanding of a literary ST on the part of the translator. Understanding is crucial on all levels of the text – lexical meanings and connotations, phraseology, idiomaticity, syntax, stylistic devices and overtones, etc. Apart from these, there are various other aspects of the text – its cultural, historical and literary allusions, various culture-specific terms and other, not necessarily, explicit, elements and features that the translator must fully understand so as to produce an adequate and worthwhile rendering of his/her ST in a different language.
Under Children’s Eyes: Armenia in Nina Gabrielian’s Work
Authors: Imposti Gabriella Elina
Published: February 2021

Nina Gabrielian is a Russian writer of Armenian origin who lives and works in Moscow. She has published collections of poems, stories and critical essays. She is also a fine painter and from the early 2000s she has taken part in several exhibitions collective and personal as well. The imaginative world of her paintings is permeated by the memory of Armenia. In her stories and poems there is particular attention to colour and shape. The lyrical hero is constantly recovering the collective memory of the Armenian Genocide, which can take the deceptively innocent appearance of a children’s game. In this paper I will investigate the way Gabrielian depicts childhood and memory in her literary work.
Approach for CM/DM Current Extraction and Crosstalk Analysis of Twisted-Wire Pairs with Random Non-uniform Twisting
Authors: Huang Chao , Zhao Yan , Yan Wei , Ji Yanxing , Liu Qiangqiang , Li Shijin , Cao Yi
Published: February 2021

In this paper, a twisted-wire pairs (TWP) with random non-uniform twisting is established. It is divided into a complete pitch segment and a noncomplete pitch segment by the ratio between the pitch and the length. The randomness of the actual TWP cable is accurately simulated by the following methods: 1) random combination of complete pitch segments; 2) random combination of non-complete pitch segments; 3) random combination between 1) and 2). Based on the TWP model, an equivalent multi-conductor transmission lines (MTLs) model can be obtained. The neural network algorithm is introduced to describe the complex relationship between the arbitrary position of the TWP and the per-unit-length (p.u.l) parameter matrix. In addition, the crosstalk and the common-mode (CM) and differential-mode (DM) noise under field-to-wire coupling are predicted. The numerical results show that crosstalk and CM/DM noise in TWP cable are susceptible to the twisted pitch at high frequencies. Compared with full-wave simulation, the accuracy of the
proposed method is proved.
Antenna Resonant Frequency Modeling based on AdaBoost Gaussian Process Ensemble
Authors: Zhang Tianliang , Tian Yubo , Chen Xuezhi , Gao Jing
Published: February 2021

The design of electromagnetic components generally relies on simulation of full-wave
electromagnetic field software exploiting global optimization methods. The main problem of the method is time consuming. Aiming at solving the problem, this study proposes a regression surrogate model based on AdaBoost Gaussian process (GP) ensemble (AGPE). In this method, the GP is used as the weak model, and the AdaBoost algorithm is introduced as the ensemble framework to integrate the weak models, and the strong learner will eventually be used as a surrogate model. Numerical simulation experiment is used to verify the effectiveness of the model, the mean relative error (MRE)
of the three classical benchmark functions decreases, respectively, from 0.0585, 0.0528, 0.0241 to 0.0143, 0.0265, 0.0116, and then the method is used to model the resonance frequency of rectangular microstrip antenna (MSA) and coplanar waveguide butterfly MSA. The MRE of test samples based on the APGE are 0.0069, 0.0008 respectively, and the MRE of a single GP are 0.0191, 0.0023 respectively. The results show that, compared with a single GP regression model, the proposed AGPE method works better. In addition, in the modeling experiment of resonant frequency of rectangular MSA, the results obtained by AGPE are compared with those obtained by using neural network (NN). The results show that the proposed method is more effective.
Design and Analysis of Reflectarray Compound Unit Cell for 5G Communication
Authors: Bashir Tahir , Xiong Han , Aziz Abdul , Qureshi Muhammad , Ahmed Haroon , Wahab Abdul , Umaid Muhammad
Published: February 2021

In this paper, a single-layer compound unit element is proposed for reflectarray antenna design operating in Ka-band (26.5-29.5GHz) at the center frequency of 28GHz. A systematic study on the performance of a compound unit element is examined first. The structure of the proposed unit element is a unique combination of two different shape simple patches i.e. cross dipole and square patches. The desired phase range is achieved due to the multi-resonance of both patch elements with a single layer without any air-gap. The compound unit element is simulated by computer models of CST Microwave studio based on the Floquet approach (infinite periodic approach) and it has achieved 348.589o reflection phase range. Furthermore, the analysis of the reflection phase range, S-curve gradient, reflection magnitude, fabrication tolerance, and surface current density is also simulated and demonstrated. Based on the remarkable performance, the proposed element can be considered as the best element of single-beam or multi-beam reflectarray antenna design for 5G applications.
Electromagnetic Response Prediction of Reflectarray Antenna Elements Based on Support Vector Regression
Authors: Shi Liping , Zhang Qinghe , Zhang Shihui , Yi Chao , Liu Guangxu
Published: February 2021

In this letter, support vector regression (SVR) is used to predict the electromagnetic (EM)
response of a complex shaped reflectarray (RA) unit cell. The calculation of the scattering coefficients of passive RA elements with periodic intervals is firstly transformed into a regression estimation problem, and then an analysis model is established by SVR to quickly predict the EM response of the unit cells. To this end, the full-wave (FW) simulation software is used to obtain a set of random samples of the scattering coefficient matrix of the RA antenna unit cell, which is used for SVR training. Under the same conditions, the radial basis function network (RBFN) is also used to predict the EM response of the elements, and the comparison results show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method.