bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Law Reports, Transcripts, and the Fabric of the Criminal Law—A Speculation
Authors: Munday Roderick
Published: June 2004

Thanks to the advent of searchable, computerised archives of unreported (but fully referenced) appellate decisions, anyone researching a legal problem today has ready access to a vast mass of previously concealed authorities. This article speculates on one of the troubling possibilities this cornucopia brings with it: namely, that if one surveys the full range of materials now accessible, one may actually need to reconfigure what were previously assumed to be settled bodies of knowledge. Using the soon-to-be-defunct similar fact evidence principles as an illustration, this article is not so much intended offer a proof of the thesis, but to throw out a teasing question that, in truth, goes to the root of English legal method.
What Future for Voluntary Manslaughter?
Authors: Elliott Catherine
Published: June 2004

This article examines the Law Commission's Consultation Paper, Partial Defences to Murder, which was published in June 2003. There are fundamental problems with the defence of provocation. The author suggests that this partial defence should therefore be abolished and replaced by a new partial defence of self-preservation. This could provide a defence where the offender, or another person with whom he or she is closely associated, has been repeatedly subjected to serious violence or tormenting behaviour. This conduct must have caused the offender to be in a state of severe emotional disturbance at the time of the killing.
Mechanism of the pressure induced reconstructive transformation of KCl from the NaCl type to the CsCl type structure
Authors: Zahn Dirk , Leoni Stefano
Published: June 2004

The mechanism of the B1–B2 reconstructive phase transition in KCl is elucidated by a combination of geometric modeling and path sampling molecular dynamics simulations. Even for the limited size of the simulation system collective movements of the ions are found to be disfavored. Instead, the phase transition is observed to be initiated by a small nucleus, which grows in the course of the transition process. Both phases are separated by an interface exhibiting a B33 structure.
Metallic high-pressure modifications of main group elements
Authors: Schwarz Ulrich
Published: June 2004

The high-pressure structural chemistry of main group elements in the metallic state is reviewed under consideration of more recent determinations of atomic arrangements with to some extend unexpected complexity. Following the concept of the pressure-coordination rule, the number of nearest neighbours is employed as a guiding quantity to reveal systematic trends. Violations of the rule will be mainly discussed in the light of electronic ground state changes upon compression.
Determination of Smoltification Status in Juvenile Migratory Rainbow Trout and Chinook Salmon in Minnesota
Authors: Negus Mary T.
Published: June 2004

The progress of smoltification was quantified with an enzyme assay (gill sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, or “Na+, K+-ATPase,” activity) in nonnative populations of migratory salmonines that are stocked or naturally spawned in Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior. This information was needed to develop stocking strategies that would maximize imprinting at intended locations and to determine the causes and consequences of early emigration in stream-reared fish. Species and strains tested included (1) chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha during hatchery rearing and after stocking, (2) two strains of O. mykiss—steelhead (naturalized) and a Kamloops (hatchery) strain of migratory rainbow trout—during hatchery rearing and after stocking, and (3) stream-reared steelhead emigrants captured in smolt traps. The ATPase activity level that distinguished smolts from nonsmolts was 11 μmol Pi · (mg protein)−1 · h−1 for chinook salmon and 10 μmol Pi · (mg protein)−1 · h−1 for all groups of rainbow trout tested. Plots of ATPase activity against fork length, weight, and body depth indicated that 91% of chinook salmon and 100% of rainbow trout were stocked at sizes that exceeded a minimum size for smolting. Temperature appeared to influence smoltification of chinook salmon. Stocking into a river significantly increased ATPase activity levels of hatchery chinook salmon and Kamloops rainbow trout, but data were inconclusive for steelhead. Most stocked steelhead fry and naturally spawned steelhead that emigrated before age 2 were not smolts and may have emigrated as a result of natural exploratory movement. My results suggest that stocking all fish in May or June, controlling rearing and stocking temperatures of chinook salmon, and controlling the sizes attained by migratory rainbow trout in the hatchery may maximize in-stream smolting and future homing to desired locations.
Technological and Economic Interrelationships in Hawaii's Troll and Handline Fisheries
Authors: Sharma Khem R. , Pradhan Naresh C. , Leung Pingsun
Published: June 2004

This paper examines technological and economic interrelationships in Hawaii's troll and handline fisheries. A multiproduct dual revenue function was specified separately for the two fisheries to estimate own-price, cross-price, and effort elasticities of supply for selected species or groups of species. Various aspects of multiproduct cost structure were also analyzed with the information contained in the revenue function model. The null hypothesis of nonjointness in inputs was rejected for the troll fishery but not for the handline fishery. Thus, single-species management may be inappropriate for the former but appropriate for the latter. The acceptance of the input-output separability hypothesis in both fisheries suggests that management of the whole multispecies fishery, rather than regulation of a few key species, may be warranted. Own-price and cross-price elasticity estimates for the troll fishery suggest that the fishers' output supply decisions depend on prices and that pairs of individual species are either substitutes or complements in production. However, in the handline fishery, neither the individual species' own prices nor the prices of other species were found to affect the output supply decisions. Output supplies under both fisheries were positively affected by the effort level. Both fisheries were characterized by cost anticomplementarities, decreasing multiproduct economies of scale, and inelastic cost elasticities.
Active and Passive Management of the Recreational Fishery for Pacific Halibut off the U.S. West Coast
Authors: Williams Gregg H. , Blood Calvin L.
Published: June 2004

Since the 1970s, the recreational fishery for Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis off the West Coast of the United States (Washington, Oregon, and California) has grown substantially, thereby reducing the amount of halibut available to other users. A catch sharing plan (CSP) was developed in 1988 to allocate the available yield among recreational fishers, commercial fishers, and treaty Indian tribes. The CSP defines the share of the total available catch allocated to each group and further subdivisions within the groups. The most complex allocation is that for the recreational fishery, which is managed by the agencies of the three coastal states, the federal fisheries agency, and an international commission that has overall responsibility for the preservation of the species. Management tools for the recreational fishery include seasons, bag limits, closed areas, vessel licensing and registration, minimum length limits, and various levels of catch monitoring. Although the recreational fishery has been managed conservatively, catches often exceed catch limits, though not substantially. Further refinements to management will probably need to pursue new directions, as current management practices are performing as well as can be expected.
A Predictive Risk Model for Electroshock-Induced Mortality of the Endangered Cape Fear Shiner
Authors: Holliman F. Michael , Reynolds James B. , Kwak Thomas J.
Published: June 2004

We evaluated the effects of a single electroshock on injury and mortality of hatchery-reared Cape Fear shiners Notropis mekistocholas (N = 517), an endangered cyprinid. Groups of 18-22 Cape Fear shiners were exposed to DC, 120-Hz pulsed DC (PDC), or 60-Hz PDC at voltage gradients of 1.1, 1.9, or 2.7 V/cm for 3 s. Mortality occurred only among fish exposed to 120-Hz PDC (25%) and DC (38%) applied at 2.7 V/cm. Because no mortality occurred in Cape Fear shiners exposed to 60-Hz PDC, this waveform was selected for further study of electroshock duration (3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 s) and voltage gradient (0.9, 1.6, or 2.3 V/cm). Most fish electroshocked in the experiments were immobilized (ceased swimming motion). No physical injury was detected by necropsy or radiography in any fish. Electroshock-induced mortality of Cape Fear shiners showed a strong multivariable relationship to voltage gradient, electroshock duration, and fish length. Fish subjected to 60-Hz PDC at 0.9 or 1.6 V/cm for 6 s experienced low mortality (<10%). Our results demonstrate that Cape Fear shiners can be immobilized by 60-Hz PDC electroshock without injury or significant risk of mortality. We propose that electrofishing may be safely used to sample similar small cyprinids, imperiled or otherwise, when electrofishers select an appropriate waveform (DC pulsed at 60-Hz or less) and use it judiciously (minimal exposure at, or below, the immobilization threshold).
Estimating the Economic Impacts of a Trophy Largemouth Bass Fishery: Issues and Applications
Authors: Chen R. J. , Hunt K. M. , Ditton R. B.
Published: June 2004

We sought to apply economic impact assessment methodology to better understand the local and state-level economic impacts associated with a trophy largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides fishery at Lake Fork, Texas. A sample of 848 anglers encountered during creel surveys were sent follow-up mail surveys and asked about their trip expenditures. Creel surveys indicated 74% of anglers were nonlocal state residents, 11% were residents of the three adjacent counties, 10% were from adjacent states, and 5% were other out-of-state anglers. An estimated 204,739 one-person, multiple-day fishing trips were made to Lake Fork between June 1, 1994, and May 31, 1995. We estimate that US$27,487,000 was spent on fishing trips during the study period: $15,783,000 in the local area, $10,637,000 elsewhere in Texas, and $1,067,000 out-of-state. Local residents spent the least per angler/trip ($44) and out-of-state anglers from nonbordering states spent the most per angler/trip ($474). Anglers residing outside of the local area (nonlocal residents and border state and other out-of-state residents) made about $14,540,000 (92%) of the total expenditures in the Lake Fork area. These direct expenditures for local goods and services generated an additional $4,019,871 in economic output, resulting in a total output of $18,559,871 and 367 full- and part-time jobs. The total value-added generated by this increased level of output was estimated at $9,355,999. The total output associated with the fishery at the state level was $9,585,057, and nonresident angler expenditures created 163 jobs in Texas. Besides showing the extent of positive economic impacts of nonlocal fishing activity, these results reveal the extent to which private sector stakeholders benefited from recreational fishing at Lake Fork.
Relative Survival and Growth of Triploid and Diploid Rainbow Trout in Two Idaho Reservoirs
Authors: Teuscher David M. , Schill Daniel J. , Megargle Douglas J. , Dillon Jeff C.
Published: June 2004

The objective of this study was to determine whether triploid rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss grew faster or lived longer than diploid rainbow trout stocked in two southeastern Idaho reservoirs. In October 1996, triploid and diploid rainbow trout were differentially marked and stocked in equal proportions. Relative survival and growth rates were estimated by means of gill-net and electrofishing samples collected through October 2000. In both reservoirs, the relative survival rate (total catch) was significantly higher for triploid fish. The final catch ratios (triploid: diploid) were 1.4:1 and 1.9:1 in the Treasureton and Daniels reservoirs, respectively. We also observed ontogenetic differences in growth. At age 1, mean lengths and weights were similar for the triploid and diploid fish in each reservoir. During the second year, diploids weighed significantly more than triploids. The trend reversed as the diploid fish matured: age-3 and older triploids matched or exceeded diploid fish in length though not in weight. Our findings suggest that while managers considering the use of triploid rainbow trout for trophy management should not expect a consistent growth advantage, such use may extend the period that a specific plant of fish is susceptible to anglers.
Predation by Northern Pikeminnow on Hatchery and Wild Coho Salmon Smolts in the Chehalis River, Washington
Authors: Fresh Kurt L. , Schroder Steven L. , Carr Mark I.
Published: June 2004

One explanation for the low smolt-to-adult survival rates of hatchery and wild coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch originating from the Chehalis River, Washington, is predation by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis. To evaluate this hypothesis, we studied predation by northern pikeminnow on emigrating coho salmon smolts in the undammed, lower main-stem Chehalis River (river kilometers (rkm) 27-82) during Apr and May of 1988 and 1989. Where only wild coho salmon smolts were available, we estimated that northern pikeminnow ate 0.2% of the 1,100,000 wild coho salmon smolts migrating through this reach in 1989. In the reach where both hatchery and wild fish were present, northern pikeminnow ate about 0.9% of the hatchery and wild coho salmon available in this area in 1989. Thus, the total estimated loss of coho salmon smolts due to northern pikeminnow predation in the lower main-stem Chehalis River in 1989 was approximately 18,200 fish. This was about two orders of magnitude less than the loss that we predicted to occur if northern pikeminnow were primarily responsible for the low survival rates of coho salmon in this basin. Evidence suggested that most of the predation was occurring on hatchery origin fish below rkm 42. We conclude that northern pikeminnow were not responsible for the low survival rates of coho salmon smolts in the Chehalis River Basin, but they do have a more significant impact on the survival of hatchery-produced coho salmon than on the survival of wild coho salmon.
A Trap for Handling Adult Anadromous Salmonids at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River, Washington
Authors: Harmon Jerrel R.
Published: June 2004

During the winter of 1995 and spring of 1996, the trapping facility in the fish ladder at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River was modified to create a system that permits processing large numbers of adult fish while minimizing stress caused by handling. This was accomplished primarily by incorporating a gravity-flow dewatering system into the trap. Adults passing up the fish ladder can be sampled randomly or with the use of diversion systems that sample for coded wire or passive integrated transponder tags. About 13% of the 1,060,059 adult Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss that passed through the facility from 1996 through 2001 were diverted for various research collections and observations.
Estimation of Fishing Tournament Mortality and Its Sampling Variance
Authors: Wilde Gene R. , Pope Kevin L. , Strauss Richard E.
Published: June 2004

The mortality of fish captured in fishing tournaments has commonly been estimated incorrectly and, thus far, only one account has presented an estimate of the standard error or confidence interval for tournament-associated mortality. In this article we describe methods for estimating the initial, delayed, and total mortality of tournament-caught fish and provide formulae for estimating the sampling variances of these estimates. The absence of such estimates from previous studies may explain an observed lack of change in tournament-associated mortality between the 1980s and the 1990s. Our methods provide insight into the design of studies of tournament-associated mortality and suggest, for example, that many previous studies have held too few fish for observation and have greatly undersampled control fish. Improved study design and reporting should increase our understanding of the factors influencing tournament-associated mortality.
Responses to Gizzard Shad Recovery following Selective Treatment in Walker County Lake, Alabama, 1996-1999
Authors: Irwin Brian J. , DeVries Dennis R. , Kim Gene W.
Published: June 2004

Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum is an important prey fish that is capable of influencing both the upper and lower trophic levels in aquatic systems. Contrary to our predictions, during the 4 years after a selective reduction of gizzard shad in Walker County State Fishing Lake (WCL), Alabama, the sport fish population structure did not decline as gizzard shad abundance rebounded. Adult gizzard shad catch rates in electrofishing transects (g/h) increased annually, and we saw a concomitant reduction of the WCL zooplankton community over the 4-year period. Limnetic larval gizzard shad density was highest in the second postreduction year and declined during the third and fourth years. In years when larval gizzard shad appeared in limnetic larval fish samples before larval white crappies Pomoxis annularis, larval white crappie densities were low. Conversely, the density of limnetic larval sunfishes Lepomis spp. was unrelated to that of larval gizzard shad, probably because of the protracted reproduction periods of the sunfishes. The combination of the density-dependent growth of juvenile gizzard shad and continual production of age-0 sunfishes provided abundant prey for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Consequently, both the electrofishing catch rates and relative weights of largemouth bass remained high throughout the 4-year postreduction period, contrary to the a priori expectations that prompted the reduction. Although gizzard shad biomass increased markedly during the recovery period, a decline in the sport fishery was not apparent within the 4-year period of this study. Our findings suggest that the interval between treatments to reduce the gizzard shad population in WCL may be increased to more than 3 years, potentially saving time and personnel costs and providing an opportunity for positive public relations with respect to fish management in such a system.
An Evaluation of an Electronic Logbook as a More Accurate Method of Estimating Spatial Patterns of Trawling Effort and Bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery
Authors: Gallaway Benny J. , Cole John G. , Martin Larry R. , Nance James M. , Longnecker Michael
Published: June 2004

Penaeid shrimp trawling effort in the Gulf of Mexico is not measured directly but is estimated from landings and interview data gathered by port agents of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). The total pounds landed from each trip are assigned to one or more of the 219 statistical area-depth zone cells for which a catch rate (pounds per nominal day fished or catch per unit effort (CPUE)) is also obtained. Each month, the total landings in pounds for each cell are divided by the CPUE of the cell to determine effort or days fished. These values are summed across all cells and months to provide an estimate of total effort. The accuracy of total effort estimates is directly proportional to the accuracy of the landings allocations and estimated CPUE values. It has been assumed that allocation errors are random and that directional bias is negligible. In a previous paper, we described an electronic logbook (ELB) that enables accurate measurement of the spatial patterns of fishing effort. Herein, we provide comparisons of actual areas fished, pounds landed, and catch rates as measured with ELBs to the corresponding estimates made by NMFS port agents. The results show that directional bias occurs and that CPUE is often underestimated. Based on 135 trip comparisons, midshelf effort in 2000 was greatly overestimated, whereas nearshore and deepwater effort was substantially underestimated. If our effort results are representative, present estimates of the bycatch of midshelf species may therefore be greatly overestimated, whereas the converse may be true for nearshore and deepwater species. We suggest that a cooperative program involving both NMFS and industry should be implemented based on ELB technology and the port agent network to obtain more precise and accurate estimates of shrimp trawling effort with minimal impact on the fishers.
Movement of Smallmouth Bass in Elkhorn Creek, Kentucky
Authors: VanArnum Christy J. Gunderson , Buynak Gerard L. , Ross Jeffrey R.
Published: June 2004

Movement patterns of 305–406-mm smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu were observed by use of radiotelemetry in main-stem Elkhorn Creek and the Kentucky River, Kentucky, in 2000 and 2001 to determine impacts of movement and homing ability on a special regulation area within the open-river system. Smallmouth bass are protected from harvest in main-stem Elkhorn Creek by a 305–406-mm protective slot limit, but can be harvested in the Kentucky River under a 305-mm minimum length limit. In 2000, 39 smallmouth bass radio-tagged in May and June after spawning were composed of migratory (69%) and sedentary (31%) groups, with 13% utilizing the Kentucky River. In 2001, 15 smallmouth bass radio-tagged in late March prior to spawning were year-round sedentary residents; 20% made limited movements out of their original capture pool. In addition, we displaced 15 smallmouth bass from Elkhorn Creek into the Kentucky River in March 2001 to observe and quantify homing; 60% of the fish returned to the creek from their displacement locations. Managers should consider movement patterns when developing special regulation areas, particularly as seasonal movements may affect the size and scope of the area necessary for adequate protection.
Relationship between Large Woody Debris Characteristics and Pool Formation in Small Coastal British Columbia Streams
Authors: Rosenfeld Jordan S. , Huato Leonardo
Published: June 2004

The characteristics and function of large woody debris (LWD) were measured in 41 small (1.2-11.2-m bank-full channel width), fish-bearing streams in coastal British Columbia to determine how total LWD abundance and the features of individual LWD pieces (diameter, length, orientation, and presence of a rootwad) influenced the effectiveness of pool formation. Pool spacing (the number of channel widths between channel-spanning pools) was a decreasing power function of total LWD abundance, but the relationship was relatively weak. Stratification of sites by channel gradient improved the model fit, steeper streams (≥2% gradient) having a significantly lower pool spacing than lower-gradient streams (<2%). The proportion of LWD that formed pools increased from 6% for pieces with a diameter of 15-30 cm to 43% for pieces with a diameter of more than 60 cm. Large woody debris more than 60 cm in diameter formed a higher proportion of pools across all channel widths. A simple, size-structured model of LWD abundance in small streams suggests that loss of LWD larger than 60 cm in diameter will greatly decrease pool frequency across all channel widths but have the greatest impact on large streams. Models that estimate pool frequency based on total LWD abundance irrespective of size distribution may underestimate the impact of riparian management that reduces the number of larger-diameter trees recruiting to the stream channel.
Electrofishing Power Requirements in Relation to Duty Cycle
Authors: Miranda L. E. , Dolan C. R.
Published: June 2004

Under controlled laboratory conditions we measured the electrical peak power required to immobilize (i.e., narcotize or tetanize) fish of various species and sizes with duty cycles (i.e., percentage of time a field is energized) ranging from 1.5% to 100%. Electrofishing effectiveness was closely associated with duty cycle. Duty cycles of 10–50% required the least peak power to immobilize fish; peak power requirements increased gradually above 50% duty cycle and sharply below 10%. Small duty cycles can increase field strength by making possible higher instantaneous peak voltages that allow the threshold power needed to immobilize fish to radiate farther away from the electrodes. Therefore, operating within the 10–50% range of duty cycles would allow a larger radius of immobilization action than operating with higher duty cycles. This 10–50% range of duty cycles also coincided with some of the highest margins of difference between the electrical power required to narcotize and that required to tetanize fish. This observation is worthy of note because proper use of duty cycle could help reduce the mortality associated with tetany documented by some authors. Although electrofishing with intermediate duty cycles can potentially increase effectiveness of electrofishing, our results suggest that immobilization response is not fully accounted for by duty cycle because of a potential interaction between pulse frequency and duration that requires further investigation.
Evidence of Offshore Lake Trout Reproduction in Lake Huron
Authors: Desorcie Timothy J. , Bowen Charles A.
Published: June 2004

Six Fathom Bank-Yankee Reef, an offshore reef complex, was an historically important spawning area believed to represent some of the best habitat for the rehabilitation of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Huron. Since 1986, lake trout have been stocked on these offshore reefs to reestablish self-sustaining populations. We sampled with beam trawls to determine the abundance of naturally reproduced age-0 lake trout on these offshore reefs during May-July in 1994-1998 and 2000-2002. In total, 123 naturally reproduced lake trout fry were caught at Six Fathom Bank, and 2 naturally reproduced lake trout fry were caught at nearby Yankee Reef. Our findings suggest that this region of Lake Huron contains suitable habitat for lake trout spawning and offers hope that lake trout rehabilitation can be achieved in the main basin of Lake Huron.
Visibility of Visual Implant Elastomer Tags in Atlantic Salmon Reared for Two Years in Marine Net-Pens
Authors: FitzGerald Jennifer L. , Sheehan Timothy F. , Kocik John F.
Published: June 2004

We evaluated detectability of visual implant elastomer (VIE) tags in individual Atlantic salmon Salmo salar reared from smolts to adults in commercial marine net-pens. A total of 9,000 individual smolts were marked (adipose eye, lower jaw, or both) with colored VIE tags. During the period from March 1998 to December 2000 (2–28 months after tagging) a total of 3,220 fish were visually inspected for VIE tags. Tag detection rates remained high (>90%) for the first 17 months after tagging but then declined sharply, particularly for VIEs in the jaw. Use of a UV light significantly increased detection of both eye and jaw VIE tags. We conclude that VIE tags are optimal for use in Atlantic salmon when recovery of fish occurs within 17 months of tagging.
Effects of High Water Temperature on Growth, Smoltification, and Predator Avoidance in Juvenile Sacramento RiverChinook Salmon
Authors: Marine Keith R. , Cech Joseph J.
Published: June 2004

Intensive water management and frequent drought cycles can increase water temperatures, thereby decreasing habitat quality for Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha inhabiting streams of California's Central Valley. We studied the incremental effects of chronic exposure (>60 d; effects measured bimonthly) to three temperature regimes typical of the range of conditions experienced by Sacramento River fall-run Chinook salmon during juvenile rearing and smoltification (13–16°C, 17–20°C, and 21–24°C; diel fluctuations of 0.5–3°C were allowed within these limits). Our laboratory experiments demonstrated that Chinook salmon can readily survive and grow at temperatures up to 24°C. However, juveniles reared at 21–24°C experienced significantly decreased growth rates, impaired smoltification indices, and increased predation vulnerability compared with juveniles reared at 13–16°C. Fish reared at 17–20°C experienced similar growth, variable smoltification impairment, and higher predation vulnerability compared with fish reared at 13–16°C. These results improve our understanding of the range of juvenile Chinook salmon responses to elevated temperatures and should assist biologists and resource decision makers in coordinating water management and salmon conservation decisions.
Physiological Responses of Walleyes to Live-Release Angling Tournaments
Authors: Killen Shaun S. , Suski Cory D. , Morrissey Michael B. , Dyment Peter , Furimsky Marosh , Tufts Bruce L.
Published: June 2004

This study examines the physiological impacts of live-release angling tournament practices on walleyes Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum). Blood and white muscle samples were taken from walleyes following the weigh-in at several live-release angling tournaments in southern Ontario. The tournament walleyes had significantly elevated plasma cortisol levels in comparison with those of the control walleyes, indicating that tournament practices elicit a significant stress response in the tournament fish. Increased creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities revealed that walleyes experience a moderate degree of cellular damage during live-release angling tournaments. In contrast to recent research with largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, the tournament walleyes showed evidence of plasma ion loss. The tournament walleyes also experienced dramatic reductions in white muscle energy stores (phosphocreatine, ATP, and glycogen) and corresponding increases in plasma and white muscle lactate levels when compared with those of the control fish. These metabolic changes were similar in magnitude to the changes previously observed in largemouth bass following tournaments and suggest that current tournament procedures may commonly cause relatively large bouts of anaerobic metabolism in fish.
Off-Season Spawning of Black Crappie in a North-Central Florida Lake
Authors: Nagid Eric J. , Dockendorf Kevin J. , Hujik Robert W.
Published: June 2004

Black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus less than 60 mm total length were observed in December in Orange Lake, Florida, during fishery investigations. Sagittal otoliths were examined for daily growth rings to estimate hatch date. Hatch date ranged from 9 to 29 October 2001; mean hatch date was 20 October, which is the first published occurrence of off-season spawning of black crappies. Fishery managers should be aware of potential seasonal spawning variability when estimating growth.
Reintroduction of the Flannelmouth Sucker in the Lower Colorado River
Authors: Mueller Gordon A. , Wydoski Richard
Published: June 2004

A single stocking of 611 wild flannelmouth suckers Catostomus latipinnis in 1976 represented the first successful reintroduction of a native fish in the lower Colorado River. Flannelmouth suckers ranging in age from young of the year to 24 years were captured during 1999–2001; their population was estimated as at least 2,286 (95% confidence interval, 1,847–2,998). Recruitment appeared sporadic, consisting of consecutive years of low recruitment (<10%) supplemented by a stronger (31%) year-class. Historically, this native fish was rare and was believed extirpated from the lower river by 1975, but it now reproduces naturally in a reach dramatically altered by water development. This successful reintroduction indicates that one native fish can successfully tolerate environmental alterations whereas another, the razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus, apparently cannot. Other opportunities may exist in altered rivers to benefit native fishes where they were absent or historically rare.
Daily Increment Formation in Otoliths of the Redspotted Sunfish
Authors: Roberts Matt E. , Wetzel James E. , Brooks Ronald C. , Garvey James E.
Published: June 2004

To generate reliable age information for fishes, we must assess the robustness of techniques to environmental variation. We quantified daily ring deposition within the sagittal otoliths of known-age larval and juvenile redspotted sunfish Lepomis miniatus reared in ponds. We also determined how daily light : dark cycles mimicking natural conditions, reduced daylight, or constant daylight affected ring deposition in fish housed in aquaria. Additionally, we quantified how constant temperature (26°C), low daily variability in temperature (26±1°C), and high daily variability (26±2°C) affected production of daily rings. In pond-reared fish, the first increment was produced by the evening of hatch, and increment deposition occurred with 24-h periodicity through 119 d. Independent age estimates from two readers closely agreed. Photocycle and temperature variation did not affect periodicity of increment formation or the precision and accuracy of age estimates. Age and growth data can be reliably determined in this species to assess recruitment dynamics and develop management and conservation strategies.
Use of Ultrasound Imaging to Determine Sex of Shovelnose Sturgeon
Authors: Colombo Robert E. , Wills Paul S. , Garvey James E.
Published: June 2004

During November 2002, 51 shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus were sexed by ultrasound imaging using a portable ultrasonograph. We identified males with 96% accuracy (N = 25) and females with 80% accuracy (N = 25); one hermaphroditic individual was misidentified as a male. Overall, ultrasound imaging was 86% accurate. Sex in postspawned females was difficult to determine, 60% being misidentified as males (N = 5). Ultrasonography is an effective noninvasive method for sex determination that can be applied to other species of Acipenseriformes. Modern portable equipment expands its utility to field studies.
Effects of Intraperitoneally Implanted Radio Transmitters on the Swimming Performance and Physiology of Pacific Lamprey
Authors: Close David A. , Fitzpatrick Martin S. , Lorion Christopher M. , Li Hiram W. , Schreck Carl B.
Published: June 2004

Information on movement patterns and behaviors of Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata at Columbia River hydroelectric projects is needed to determine effects of the dams on survival. Radiotelemetry provides a good method for gaining knowledge about Pacific lamprey behavior at the dams; however, one of the assumptions of a radiotelemetry experiment is that tagged individuals are representative of untagged individuals. Therefore, we undertook an assessment of the swimming performance and physiological effects of surgical implantation of radio transmitters into the peritoneal cavities of Pacific lamprey. We measured concentrations of plasma glucose, ventilation rate, and swimming performance at short-term and long-term intervals following the surgical implantation of radio transmitters in Pacific lamprey. We found no short-term difference in glucose levels between tagged (3.4-g tags) and control lampreys, suggesting tagging is no more stressful than handling. Plasma levels of glucose in Pacific lampreys implanted with 7.4-g transmitters were greater at 3 and 24 h postsurgery compared with controls; however, these differences disappeared at 96 h. Ventilation rates of tagged (7.4 g) and control lampreys did not differ at 1, 24, and 168 h after surgeries. Swimming performance of Pacific lampreys implanted with 7.4-g transmitters was impaired immediately after surgery; however, swimming was not compromised at 1 and 7 d after surgery. In the long term (i.e., 4 months postimplantation), plasma glucose levels in lampreys implanted with 3.4-g transmitters did not differ from control or sham lampreys, whereas those implanted with 10.0 g transmitters had higher plasma glucose than intact controls. Adult lampreys implanted with 7.4-g transmitters remained statistically indistinct from controls at 30, 60, 90, and 180 d after surgery. Of the control and 7.4-g tagged lampreys, 22% matured and developed secondary sexual characteristics with loose eggs or flowing milt by the end of March. We found 100% survival rate with our tagged fish in all experiments. These results indicate that radio tags weighing 7.4 g or less that are surgically implanted in adult Pacific lamprey can meet the core assumption of radiotelemetry, provided precautions are taken to ensure adequate time for recovery from surgery.
Anaphylactoid Reaction to Muromonab‐CD3 in a Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipient
Authors: Berkowitz Robert J. , Possidente Carl J. , McPherson Bruce R. , Guillot Ann , Braun Stuart V. , Reese Jeffrey C.
Published: June 2004

Muromonab‐CD3 (OKT3), a murine IgG2a antibody directed against the T3 (CD3) complex on mature lymphocytes, triggers adverse immune reactions. Anaphylactic reactions have occurred in patients exposed to OKT3 and are mediated by anti‐OKT3 IgE antibodies. The reactions are not antibody mediated and can occur within seconds of administration of a mast cell secretogogue. A renal transplant recipient became hypotensive and hypoxic immediately after receiving her first dose of OKT3 and required advanced life support. Serum antibody tests were negative for anti‐OKT3 IgG, IgE, and antimouse protein antibodies. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of a patient with an anaphylactoid reaction to the initial infusion of OKT3.
Osteoporosis: A New Challenge in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Lambert Jean‐Philippe
Published: June 2004

The increased life expectancy of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) may lead to medical complications such as osteoporosis. Based on data collected through a MEDLINE search (1985–May 1999) and review of references for additional relevant articles, nutrition status, weight, and disease severity are factors most highly correlated with osteopenia. Links also were noted with calcium and vitamin D intake, hypogonadism, chronic inflammation, and age, but findings in these areas are not consistent from one report to the next. Increased fracture rates and kyphosis are consequences of osteoporosis. Simple measures such as compliance with recommended nutrition guidelines and restrictions in corticosteroid therapy could be considered first‐line management options. Further studies must be conducted to clarify factors involved in the etiology of osteoporosis in patients with CF and to identify the best treatment and prevention methods.
Induction of Interleukin‐8 Release by Lung Epithelium with Cystic Fibrosis Epithelial Lining Fluid Is Marginally Affected by Inhibitors of Interleukin‐1β
Authors: Coulter Kristin R. , Allen Elizabeth D. , Hart Judy , Wewers Mark D. , Castile Robert G. , Knoell Daren L.
Published: June 2004

Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and neutrophil elastase (NE) are present in the epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Both factors activate surrounding cells including lung epithelial cells, causing release of IL‐8, a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils. Previous studies showed up‐regulation of IL‐8 release by lung epithelial cells as a function of NE in CF; however, few studies addressed the relationship between IL‐1β and activation of lung epithelial cells in CF lungs. Confluent layers of A549 cells, a type II‐like human lung epithelial cell line, were incubated overnight with IL‐Iβ (0–5 ng/ml) or NE (100 nM), and supernatants were analyzed for IL‐8 by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Both IL‐1β and NE led to a significant increase in IL‐8: 12.8 ± 2.8 ng/ml and 0.8 ± 0.3 ng/ml, respectively. Next, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were obtained from one healthy adult volunteer and six patients with CF and measured for IL‐8 and IL‐1β concentrations by ELISA. Both IL‐8 (range 169.00 ± 56.57 to 1742.04 ± 338.98 pg/ml) and IL‐1β (range 0–24.26 ± 0.52 pg/ml) were detected in CF specimens, whereas neither was detected in the volunteer's specimen. Normal and CF BALs then were incubated overnight at a 1:10 dilution with confluent A549 cells. Analysis by ELISA of cell‐free supernatants revealed increased IL‐8 production from cells stimulated with CF BALs only. Similar experiments were performed with BAL supernatants that had been incubated with soluble IL‐1 type II receptor, soluble IL‐1 receptor antagonist, or a peptide inhibitor of NE. Addition of IL‐1 inhibitors had a marginal effect on the amount of IL‐8 release after incubation with CF BAL samples, whereas inhibition of NE had no effect. Our results indicate that other factors present in ELF in CF account for IL‐8 release from lung epithelial cells.
Assessment of Patients' Perceptions and Beliefs Regarding Herbal Therapies
Authors: Klepser Teresa Bailey , Doucette William R. , Horton Matthew R. , Buys Lucinda M. , Ernst Michael E. , Ford Julie K. , Hoehns James D. , Kautzman Holli A. , Logemann Craig D. , Swegle John M. , Ritho Michael , Klepser Michael E.
Published: June 2004

We evaluated the demographics and beliefs regarding safety and efficacy of herbal therapy among individuals in Iowa and assessed the willingness to discuss the use of these products with health care providers. We distributed 1300 surveys to two random samples: patients attending eight clinics, and residents of the state (mailing). Data were categorized according to herb use and compared between users and nonusers. The response rate was 61% (794 people), with 41.6% of respondents reporting herb use. They were predominately white women and were likely to have had education beyond high school (p<0.05). Their use of prescription drugs was high (p<0.05). Although users rated safety and efficacy of herbs higher than nonusers (p<0.05), both groups believed that health care providers should be aware of use and would provide this information.
Clinical Pharmacology of Dopamine Agonists
Authors: Lam Y. W. Francis
Published: June 2004

With the availability of newer dopamine agonists selective for dopamine (D2) receptor subtypes, medical management of Parkinson's disease has progressed substantially. These agents can decrease the frequency of ergot‐related side effects and dyskinesias. Also, when given as adjunctive therapy with levodopa, they can allow the levodopa maintenance dosage to be reduced without loss of symptom control. Based on early clinical experience, dopamine agonists can also be prescribed as initial monotherapy and can delay therapy with levodopa. Their therapeutic roles will be defined further by long‐term studies.
The Challenge of Managing Mild Parkinson's Disease
Authors: LeWitt Peter A.
Published: June 2004

Clinicians have a number of options when diagnosing and managing Parkinson's disease. The decision to start pharmacotherapy often depends on the particular needs of the patient and careful weighing of possible benefits, cost, and adverse outcomes. Even mild parkinsonism may require the input of a specialist to obtain the best results.
Aseptic Meningitis after Intraventricular Administration of Gentamicin
Authors: Haase Krystal K. , Lapointe Marc , Haines Stephen J.
Published: June 2004

Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is a major cause of morbidity in patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts. Intraventricular administration of gentamicin, in combination with systemic antibiotics and shunt removal, may be beneficial in treating these infections. A young child was treated successfully for a ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection while receiving systemic nafcillin and intraventricular gentamicin. During treatment she developed CNS toxicity resembling aseptic meningitis. Based on CSF gentamicin levels and differential white blood cell counts, it was suspected that gentamicin was causing meningeal inflammation. Discontinuation of the drug relieved her symptoms. Rebound CSF leukocytosis associated with lymphocyte increase, despite a negative CSF culture, can indicate aseptic meningitis when drugs are administered intraventricularly. Clinicians should evaluate CSF cell count differentials before concluding treatment failure when administering antibiotics intraventricularly for meningitis.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Intramuscular Streptomycin in Patients with Tuberculosis
Authors: Zhu Min , Burman William J. , Jaresko George S. , Berning Shaun E. , Jelliffe Roger W. , Peloquin Charles A.
Published: June 2004

Study Objectives. To determine population pharmacokinetic parameters of streptomycin after administration of multiple intramuscular and intravenous doses.

Design. Prospective, unblinded clinical study.

Setting. Two medical centers in Denver, Colorado.

Patients. Thirty patients with tuberculosis.

Intervention. Patients received multiple doses of streptomycin as part of their tuberculosis treatment. They received concurrent drugs based on in vitro susceptibility data.

Measurements and Main Results. Serum samples were collected over a 10‐hour period and assayed by validated high‐performance liquid chromatography. Concentration‐time data were analyzed using population methods. Streptomycin concentrations increased linearly with increasing intravenous doses. The intramuscular doses did not produce as linear a relationship, presumably because of variability in rates of and, potentially, completeness of absorption. Streptomycin elimination decreased with declining renal function. Higher, intermittent doses were well tolerated and appeared to maximize the peak concentration:minimal inhibitory concentration ratio.

Conclusion. Overall, pharmacokinetic parameters of streptomycin were comparable with those previously published for streptomycin and other aminoglycosides. Higher, intermittent doses maximize pharmacodynamic parameter estimates and might have advantages for treatment of tuberculosis.
Does Ketamine Have a Role in Managing Severe Exacerbation of Asthma in Adults?
Authors: Lau Tim T. Y. , Zed Peter J.
Published: June 2004

Objective. To evaluate the role of ketamine in management of severe exacerbation of asthma in adults.

Methods. Qualitative systematic search using MEDLINE (January 1966‐September 2000), EMBASE (January 1988‐September 2000), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Issue 2, 2000).

Results. One prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial and five case reports were retrieved. In the clinical trial, low‐dosage ketamine as an adjunct to standard therapy offered no benefit in improving outcomes in nonventilated patients. In the case reports, all patients with refractory severe exacerbation of asthma requiring mechanical ventilation appeared to receive some benefit from ketamine, with alleviation of bronchospasm and improved oxygenation. Adverse effects included dysphoria, hallucinations, and increased pulmonary secretions.

Conclusion. Limited evidence is available in the literature to support administration of ketamine in severe exacerbation of asthma. Although a few cases suggest possible benefit from ketamine, it should not be considered until controlled clinical trials demonstrate that benefits outweigh risks for patients for whom other standard therapies failed.
Improved Influenza Vaccination Rates in a Rural Population as a Result of a Pharmacist‐Managed Immunization Campaign
Authors: Van Amburgh Jenny A. , Waite Nancy M. , Hobson Eric H. , Migden Hedy
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To increase the rate of influenza vaccinations in high‐risk patients by means of a pharmacist‐managed immunization campaign.

Design. Unblinded, single intervention.

Setting. Rural primary care clinic.

Patients. Six hundred fifty‐seven patients at high risk for contracting influenza according to criteria established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Intervention. High‐risk patients identified by chart review were mailed an education packet on influenza immunization. Vaccinations were given in specially designated clinics and during routine clinic visits. Campaign success and reasons why patients remained unvaccinated were determined by follow‐up surveys.

Measurements and Main Results. The influenza vaccination rate increased from 28% at baseline (before program initiation) to 54% after program initiation. Unvaccinated patients were younger and resided in more urban areas than vaccinated patients; vaccinated patients had a higher frequency of cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Vaccinated patients consistently identified the education packet and their health care providers as primary motivators for vaccination.

Conclusion. Our pharmacist‐managed vaccine program increased the influenza immunization rate in high‐risk patients.