bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential effect of recipient cytoplasm for microtubule organization and preimplantation development in rat reconstituted embryos with two‐cell embryonic cell nuclear transfer
Authors: Shinozawa Tadahiro , Mizutani Eiji , Tomioka Ikuo , Kawahara Manabu , Sasada Hiroshi , Matsumoto Hiromichi , Sato Eimei
Published: April 2004

In the present study, we examined the developmental ability of enucleated zygotes, MII oocytes, and parthenogenetically activated oocytes at pronuclear stages (parthenogenetic PNs) as recipient cytoplasm for rat embryonic cell nuclear transfer. Enucleated zygotes as recipient cytoplasm receiving two‐cell nuclei allowed development to blastocysts, whereas the development of embryos reconstituted with MII oocytes and parthenogenetic PNs was arrested at the two‐cell stage. Previous observations in rat two‐cell embryos suggested that the distribution of microtubules is involved in two‐cell arrest. Therefore, we also examined the distribution of microtubules using immunofluorescence. At the two‐cell stage after nuclear transfer into enucleated zygotes, microtubules were distributed homogeneously in the cytoplasm during interphase, and normal mitotic spindles were observed in cleaving embryos from the two‐ to four‐cell stage. In contrast, embryos reconstituted with MII oocytes and parthenogenetic PNs showed aberrant microtubule organization. In enucleated zygotes, fibrous microtubules were distributed homogeneously in the cytoplasm. In contrast, dense microtubules were localized at the subcortical area in the cytoplasm and strong immunofluorescence intensity was observed at the plasma membrane, while very weak intensity was detected in the central part of enucleated MII oocytes. In enucleated parthenogenetic PNs, high‐density and fibrous microtubules were distributed in the subcortical and central areas, respectively. Pre‐enucleated parthenogenetic PNs also showed lower intensity of microtubule immunofluorescence in the central cytoplasm than zygotes. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that zygote cytoplasm is better as recipient than MII oocyte and parthenogenetic PNs for rat two‐cell embryonic cell nuclear transfer to develop beyond four‐cell stage. Furthermore, microtubule organization is involved in the development of reconstituted embryos to overcome the two‐cell arrest. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 313–318, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nucleolar ultrastructure and protein allocation in in vitro produced porcine embryos
Authors: Laurincik J. , Bjerregaard B. , Strejcek F. , Rath D. , Niemann H. , Rosenkranz C. , Ochs R.L. , Maddox‐Hyttel P.
Published: April 2004

The nucleolus formation was studied as an indirect marker of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes activation in porcine embryos following oocyte maturation, fertilization, and culture in vitro. Nucleologenesis was assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), light microscopical autoradiography following 20 min of 3H‐uridine incubation, and immunocytochemical localization of key nucleolar proteins involved in rRNA transcription (upstream binding factor (UBF), topoisomerase I, and RNA polymerase I) and processing (fibrillarin, nucleophosmin, nucleolin) by confocal laser scanning microscopy. During the first four post‐fertilization cell cycles, TEM revealed spherical nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs), consisting of densely packed fibrils, as the most prominent intra‐nuclear entities of the blastomeres. Fibrillo‐granular nucleoli were observed in some blastomeres in a single embryo during the 5th cell cycle, i.e., the tentative 16‐cell stage, where formation of fibrillar centres (FC), a dense fibrillar component, and a granular component on the surface of the NPBs was seen. In this embryo, autoradiographic labeling was detected over the nucleoplasm and in particular over the nucleoli. Fibrillarin was immunocytochemically localized in the presumptive NPBs of the pronuclei. This protein was again localized to the presumptive NPBs together with nucleolin from late during the 3rd cell cycle, i.e., the four‐cell stage in some embryos. UBF, RNA polymerase I, and nucleophosmin were localized to the presumptive NPBs in a proportion of the embryos at the 4th cell cycle, i.e., the tentative eight‐cell stage and onwards. Toposiomerase I was not localized to intra‐nuclear entities even during the 5th post‐fertilization cell cycle. Moreover, a considerable proportion of the blastomere nuclei apparently did not show localization of other nucleolar proteins. In conclusion, porcine embryos produced in vitro display a substantial delay in or even lack of the development of functional nucleoli. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 327–334, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Possibilities of finite calculus in computational mechanics
Authors: Oñate Eugenio
Published: April 2004

The expression ‘finite calculus’ refers to the derivation of the governing differential equations in mechanics by invoking balance of fluxes, forces, etc. in a space–time domain of finite size. The governing equations resulting from this approach are different from those of infinitesimal calculus theory and they incorporate new terms which depend on the dimensions of the balance domain. The new governing equations allow the derivation of naturally stabilized numerical schemes using any discretization procedure. The paper discusses the possibilities of the finite calculus method for the finite element solution of convection–diffusion problems with sharp gradients, incompressible fluid flow and incompressible solid mechanics problems and strain localization situations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale morphology and thermo‐mechanical history of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)
Authors: Diego Bénédict , David Laurent , Girard‐Reydet Emmanuel , Lucas Jean‐Michel , Denizart Olivier
Published: April 2004

The multiscale morphology of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) formulations (in the nanometre to the micrometre range) was investigated by high resolution scanning electron microscopy, ultra‐small‐, small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, as a function of thermo‐mechanical history. It has been shown that the hierarchical structure of PVC grains, when in the dry blend, disappeared during gelation that combines mechanical stress (ie shear stress and hydrostatic pressure) and heating. Nevertheless, the memory of the presence of the smallest particles (domains with diameters of about 80 nm) containing dense amorphous PVC and nanoscaled crystallites, has been highlighted by the study of the change of the microstructure when PVC was reprocessed with high mechanical deformation at a lower temperature than the previous gelation temperature. As a result, the main phenomena occurring during gelation were, in a first step, the disappearance of the hierarchical structure of the grains and, in a second step, the inter‐diffusion of the chains across the frontiers of the primary particles (mechanically reversible), but maintaining the domain structure. The crystalline microstructure was affected by thermo‐mechanical history, but the gelation level should not be estimated strictly in relation to the crystalline morphology. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Creep behaviour of polymer blends based on epoxy matrix and intractable high Tg thermoplastic
Authors: Gauthier Catherine , Bonnet Anthony , Gaertner Roger , Sautereau Henry
Published: April 2004

Polymer blends based on intractable, high temperature‐resistant thermoplastic polyetherimide (PEI) and epoxy‐amine (EA) were processed by dissolution of the thermoplastic into the epoxy‐amine precursors, followed by subsequent reaction. Because the PEI concentration was higher than the critical concentration, phase separation produced a dispersion of crosslinked thermoset (EA) in a PEI matrix. The creep behaviour of the blends were investigated in the temperature range near the glass transition of the thermoset phase. To account for the experimental data, two ways of modelling were explored, assuming (1) perfect coupling between phases (2) total debonding. Comparison between experimental data and modelling results indicates that a strong debonding process takes place even at low stress. This conclusion is in fair agreement with the low value of the estimated interfacial adhesion at the PEI matrix–EA particles interface. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Small‐angle X‐ray scattering investigation of the deformation processes in the amorphous phase of high density polyethylene
Authors: Hubert Laura , David Laurent , Séguéla Roland , Vigier Gérard
Published: April 2004

In situ small‐angle X‐ray scattering of high density polyethylene under uni‐axial tensile test was used for investigating the deformation at the scale of the periodic crystalline–amorphous nano‐structure. The more or less uniform elastic straining of the rubbery amorphous layers is discussed in terms of mechanically active intercrystalline tie chains. Correlation is made with the long‐term use properties. It is concluded that this approach is a powerful means to assess the mechanical efficiency of tie molecules. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Elastomer‐modified epoxy/amine systems in a resin transfer moulding process
Authors: Nguyen‐Thuc Boi Huyen , Maazouz Abderrahim
Published: April 2004

The effect of the elastomer structure on toughening highly crosslinked epoxy systems in a resin transfer moulding process (RTM) was investigated. Two kinds of elastomers containing carboxyl functionalized groups were used: (1) a reactive liquid elastomer based on carboxyl‐terminated butadiene‐acrylonitrile copolymer (CTBN), (2) a preformed core‐shell rubber (CSR). The introduction of CTBN rubber caused the modification in the glass transition temperature due to the miscibility in the epoxy matrix, whereas CSR particles did not. During cure, these elastomers affected the morphological, rheological and dielectric behaviour of epoxy/amine systems. A blend of 5% CTBN and 5% CSR exhibited a bimodal distribution of rubber particle sizes (analyzed by transmission electron microscopy) whereas scanning electron microscopy showed the glass fibre‐matrix cohesion in fracture surfaces. A semi‐empirical model was used (developed by Castro‐Macosko for describing chemorheological behaviour of epoxy/amine systems for the RTM process). The increase in viscosity and the reduction in ion conductivity were the two key parameters to monitor the cure process. The presence of rubber affected the rheological behaviour involving initial viscosity and gel point. The investigation of temperatures, pressures and ionic conductivities in various glass fibre layers was conducted to control the front flow filling and the cure reaction. The introduction of rubber modified the inflexion area of the cured rubber–epoxy blends by changing the cure rate. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of nano‐sized silica/poly(methyl methacrylate) composite latexes by heterocoagulation: comparison of three synthetic routes
Authors: Luna‐Xavier José‐Luiz , Guyot Alain , Bourgeat‐Lami Elodie
Published: April 2004

Continuing earlier work, 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyramidine) dihydrochloride (AIBA) was used as a cationic initiator to generate positively charged polymers, and promote interaction of these polymers with the negatively charged surface of colloidal silica particles in aqueous solution. Three different synthetic routes have been investigated. In a first route, emulsion polymerization of MMA, initiated by AIBA, was performed directly in an aqueous suspension of the silica beads using a non‐ionic polyoxyethylenic surfactant (NP30). In a second route, AIBA was first adsorbed on the silica surface, and the free amount of initiator was discarded from the suspension. The silica‐adsorbed AIBA adduct was suspended in water with the help of surfactant, and used to initiate the emulsion polymerization of MMA. In a third route, cationic PMMA particles were synthesized separately and subsequently adsorbed on the silica surface. Whatever the approach used for their elaboration, the colloidal nanocomposites were shown to exhibit a raspberry‐like morphology. Quantitative determination of the amount of surface polymer enabled us to evaluate the efficiency of the heterocoagulation process and establish a comparison among the three synthetic routes. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Thermosensitive copolymers having soluble and insoluble monomer units, poly(N‐vinylacetamide‐co‐methyl acrylate)s: Effect of additives on their lower critical solution temperatures
Authors: Mori Takeshi , Fukuda Yasuhisa , Okamura Hirokazu , Minagawa Keiji , Masuda Seizo , Tanaka Masami
Published: April 2004

New thermosensitive polymers were synthesized by copolymerization between N‐vinylacetamide (NVA) and methyl acrylate whose homopolymers are soluble and insoluble in water, respectively. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the obtained copolymers ranged between 59 and 83 °C, and the LCST increased with an increasing NVA content in the copolymers. The effectiveness of various salts addition on lowering the LCST of the copolymer solutions followed Hoffmeister series. NaCl and Na2SO4 addition linearly lowered the LCST with an increasing salts concentration, and slopes of the lines were almost constant regardless of the copolymer composition. The effectiveness of alcohols with various alkyl chain lengths on lowering the LCST did not follow the viscosity B coefficient values of the alcohols, which was probably the result of preferential adsorption of the alcohols to the copolymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2651–2658, 2004
Boundaries or chaos: an outpatient psychodrama group for adolescents
Authors: Holmes Paul
Published: April 2004

This paper, through the description of one afternoon's psychodrama session with adolescents in an outpatient setting, explores some of the issues of “containment” and “boundaries” raised by the running of such a group.

It will be suggested that the methods of psychodrama offer techniques to contain certain anxieties within the therapeutic setting, but that also, as in any adolescent group, awareness must be maintained of a whole hierarchy of boundaries. If these are ignored, chaos may follow, resulting in the collapse of the group, and thus the failure of its therapeutic function.
Marriage by arrangement: a metaphor for one particular use of network therapy
Authors: Reed C.Y.
Published: April 2004

This paper uses the metaphor of the wedding in an arranged marriage to describe the process of using a network meeting to overcome resistance and engage a hostile adolescent and her family in a residential treatment programme. A review of the literature is followed by a description of the clinical case. Finally, practical and theoretical issues are discussed.
Seasonal variations in the child and adolescent psychoses
Authors: Garralda M.Elena , Watt Alison E.
Published: April 2004

We examined seasonality effects in a controlled study of children and adolescents with psychotic states. There was a peak of psychotic births between February and March but this pattern did not differentiate psychotics from psychiatrically disturbed controls. Onset of illness was found to be significantly more common in the summer months (June to August) in psychotics than in controls. We discuss possible explanations for this phenomenon.
The family and the unemployed adolescent
Authors: Patton Wendy , Noller Patricia
Published: April 2004

The present study explores the relationship between adolescent unemployment and family functioning. Adolescents and their parents completed the Family Adaptability and Evaluation Scales (FACES III) initially when the adolescents were in the final year of compulsory schooling, and then again at yearly intervals for 2 years. During this time the adolescents had either returned to school, or become employed or unemployed. Differences in perceptions according to employment group of the adolescent were found for both adolescents and their parents, highlighting the effect of an unemployed adolescent on adolescent and parent perceptions of family functioning. Unemployed adolescents and their parents saw the family as less cohesive at all three times of the study. Parents of employed and unemployed adolescents wanted more cohesion, as did unemployed males and females, and employed males. Greater dissatisfaction about family cohesion was expressed by unemployed adolescents and their parents than by the other groups.
Parent and adolescent perceptions of family functioning: a comparison of clinic and non‐clinic families
Authors: Noller Patricia , Seth‐Smith Mary , Bouma Ruth , Schweitzer Robert
Published: April 2004

In this paper two studies are reported which compare (a) the perceptions of family functioning held by clinic and non‐clinic adolescents, and (b) the perceptions of family functioning held by adolescents and their mothers in clinic and non‐clinic families. In Study 1, matched group of clinic and non‐clinic adolescents were compared on their responses to a 30‐item scale (ICPS) designed to measure three factors of family functioning: Intimacy (high vs. low), Parenting Style (democratic vs. controlled) and Conflict (high vs. low). Clinic and non‐clinic adolescents were also compared on their responses to a multi‐dimensional measure of adolescent self‐concept. Although there was little difference between the two groups of adolescents in terms of their perceptions of family functioning, there were strong relationships between the self‐concept variables and the family functioning variables. In Study 2, comparisons were made between the perceptions of family functioning held by mothers and adolescents for both clinical and non‐clinic families. There were no differences between the two groups of adolescents in terms of their perceptions of family functioning, although there were clear differences between the two groups of mothers. In addition, clinic adolescents and their mothers did not differ in their perceptions of the family, whereas adolescents in the non‐clinic group saw their families significantly as less intimate and more conflicted than did their mothers.
Interrogative suggestibility among adolescent boys and its relationship with intelligence, memory, and cognitive set
Authors: Singh Krishna K. , Gudjonsson Gisli H.
Published: April 2004

This study investigates some of the hypotheses generated by the Gudjonsson and Clark model of interrogative suggestibility. The subjects were 40 adolescent boys (11–16 years), who completed the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale and instruments measuring intellectual skills, memory, field‐dependence, hostility, and attitudes towards persons in authority. Suggestibility correlated negatively with I.Q. and memory capacity, and positively with field‐dependence.
Characterization and promoter analysis of the mouse nestin gene
Authors: Cheng Leping , Jin Zhigang , Liu Li , Yan Ye , Li Tingting , Zhu Xueliang , Jing Naihe
Published: April 2004

The intermediate filament protein nestin is expressed in the neural stem cells of the developing central nervous system (CNS). Promoter analysis revealed that the minimal promoter of the mouse nestin gene resides in the region −11 to +183 of the 5′‐non‐coding and upstream flanking region, and that two adjacent Sp1‐binding sites are necessary for promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility‐shift assays (EMSA) and supershift assays showed that Sp1 and Sp3 proteins selectively bind to the upstream Sp1 site. These results demonstrate an important functionality of Sp1 and Sp3 in regulating the expression of the mouse nestin gene.
Mechanisms, Processes, and Contexts
Authors: Kjeldstadli Knut
Published: April 2004

The plan of Dynamics of Contention embraces several goals. The first is to revitalize social-movement theory, to make it more dynamic, to transcend sharp distinctions between (for example) actors and trajectories. The second is to tear down the barriers between subdisciplines in social science such as social-movement theory and the study of nationalisms. These are conventional demarcations which the authors see as arbitrary and counterproductive to new insights that may be gained within a broader field of contentious politics. Finally the centrepiece: the authors aim to develop an explanatory strategy that avoids two pitfalls – particularistic history and sweeping generalizations in the tradition of Carl Hempel's covering law model. They propose the following solution. First, identify a number (not too large) of causal mechanisms that are at work in different times and places. Secondly, examine whether these mechanisms link regularly, whether they concatenate into what the authors call “robust processes”, i.e. processes that may be identified in a number of different historical “episodes”. An “episode” is something unique and circumscribed, not something ephemeral. On the other hand, an episode of nation-building may last for years. The authors' ambition seems to be to offer lean and muscular, but not parsimonious, explanations. To use their own words, their programme aims to “uncover recurring sets of mechanisms that combine into robust processes which, in turn, recur over a surprising number and broad range of episodes” (p. 314).
Progress and the argument from evil
Authors: CLARK STEPHEN R. L.
Published: April 2004

The argument from evil, though it is the most effective rhetorical argument against orthodox theism, fails to demonstrate its conclusion, since we are unavoidably ignorant whether there is more evil than could possibly be justified. That same ignorance infects any claims to discern a divine purpose in nature, as well as recent attempts at a broadly Irenaean theodicy. Evolution is not, on neo-Darwinian theory, intellectually, morally, or spiritually progressive in the way that some religious thinkers have supposed. To suppose so, indeed, is to misidentify the evils we should fear. But though we should neither conceal the evils of the world nor offer any consequentialist justification of them, we may still reasonably maintain an orthodox theism. Evil is not created so that otherwise unattainable goods may come, but is an unavoidable byproduct of creation which it is – or may be – God's purpose to redeem.
Localizability Analysis for GPS/Galileo Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring
Authors: Hewitson Steve , Kyu Lee Hung , Wang Jinling
Published: April 2004

With the European Commission (EC) and European Space Agency's (ESA) plans to develop a new satellite navigation system, Galileo and the modernisation of GPS well underway the integrity of such systems is as much, if not more, of a concern as ever. Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) refers to the integrity monitoring of the GPS/Galileo navigation signals autonomously performed by the receiver independent of any external reference systems, apart from the navigation signals themselves. Quality measures need to be used to evaluate the RAIM performance at different locations and under various navigation modes, such as GPS only and GPS/Galileo integration, etc. The quality measures should include both the reliability and localizability measures. Reliability is used to assess the capability of GPS/Galileo receivers to detect the outliers while localizability is used to determine the capability of GPS/Galileo receivers to correctly identify the detected outlier from the measurements processed.

Within this paper, the fundamental equations required for effective outlier detection and identification algorithms are described together with the measures of reliability and localizability. Detailed simulations and analyses have been performed to assess the performances of GPS only and integrated GPS/Galileo navigation solutions with respect to reliability and localizability. Simulation results show that, in comparison with the GPS-only solution, the localizability of the integrated GPS/Galileo solution can be improved by up to 270%. The results also indicate an expectation of a considerable increase in the sensitivity to outliers and accuracy of their estimation with the augmentation of the Galileo system with the existing GPS system.
Analysis of research in CALL (1980–2000) with a reflection on CALL as an academic discipline
Authors: DEBSKI ROBERT
Published: April 2004

Though we often speak of the development of CALL as an academic discipline and its growth as a field of inquiry,
little evidence has to date been gathered to prove it. This descriptive study investigates the current state of and changes in CALL
research output and its characteristics such as theoretical foundation, method of evidence gathering, and reporting standards.
It is based on a numerical analysis of 91 research articles published in 1980–2000 in seven English language journals. CALL
emerges from this study as a fast developing area of research, which draws on an increasingly diverse body of theory and methods
from a number of cognate disciplines. CALL researchers are increasingly more confident about their research, as reflected in the
high level of generalization present in the examined sample. This is not however matched by proper attention given in their reports
to research credibility issues.
The use of corpora and IT in a comparative evaluation approach to oral business English
Authors: CURADO FUENTES ALEJANDRO
Published: April 2004

This paper presents a method for the assessment of oral fluency in Business English according to a two corpora-based
lexical approach. The original query for our research is the possibility of estimating the level of oral skills among Business English (BE)
learners by contrasting their word use in oral presentations with corpus data frequencies. Use of Information Technology (IT) resources and
electronic BE corpora is thus measured in the evaluative approach to identify significant performance changes between learners who have
used such electronic resources and learners who have not.
On a Stroboscopic Approach to Quantum Tomography of Qudits Governed by Gaussian Semigroups
Authors: Jamiołkowski Andrzej
Published: April 2004

In this paper, we discuss the minimal number η of observables Q1,…, Qη, where expectation values at some time instants t1,…,tr determine the trajectory of a d-level quantum system (“qudit”) governed by the Gaussian semigroup [Formula: see text] We assume that the macroscopic information about the system in question is given by the mean values [Formula: see text] of n selfadjoint operators Q1,…, Qn at some time instants t1< t2 < … <tr, where n < d2 − 1 and r ≤ deg μ(λ, 𝕃). Here μ(λ, 𝕃) stands for the minimal polynomial of the generator [Formula: see text] of the Gaussian flow Φ(t).
Ionospheric patch formation: Direct measurements of the origin of a polar cap patch
Authors: Carlson Herbert C. , Oksavik Kjellmar , Moen Joran , Pedersen Todd
Published: April 2004

We present the first direct measurements documenting the origin of an ionospheric patch, emerging into the polar cap from the noon dark cusp region of the dayside auroral oval. A series of such patches were observed. The observed patch‐formation signatures, in plasma density and velocity, ion and electron temperature, and optical transient signatures, are all compared to those required of the Lockwood and Carlson [1992] transient reconnection mechanism for patch formation. Conformity of the observed signatures, to the stringent signatures demanded of these five independent parameters by the tested mechanism, is taken as strong substantiation of the applicability of this mechanism. The data excludes two alternate candidate mechanisms.
Annual cycles of sea ice and phytoplankton in Cape Bathurst polynya, southeastern Beaufort Sea, Canadian Arctic
Authors: Arrigo Kevin R. , van Dijken Gert L.
Published: April 2004

The relationship between the dynamics of sea ice and phytoplankton abundance were investigated for the Cape Bathurst polynya region of the Canadian Arctic using five years (1998–2002) of satellite data from SSM/I and SeaWiFS. The Cape Bathurst polynya exhibited marked interannual variability in sea ice dynamics, both in the timing of initial polynya formation and in the extent and persistence of open water. Related to this, although all years exhibited two distinct phytoplankton blooms, these also varied in their intensity and timing. Generally, the late bloom of each year was the most intense, after surface waters had stratified in summer. Blooms were most intense in spring 1998, following anomalous warming and early stratification, and late summer 2002, following a summer ice melt event. Changes in the timing of phytoplankton bloom development in polar waters can impact food web structure and the relative importance of top‐down versus bottom‐up control of marine ecosystems.
Monitoring the plasmapause using geomagnetic field line resonances
Authors: Menk F. W. , Mann I. R. , Smith A. J. , Waters C. L. , Clilverd M. A. , Milling D. K.
Published: April 2004

This paper discusses the use of ground magnetometer data to derive plasma mass density profiles of the dayside plasmapause region with spatial and temporal resolution in the range 0.15–0.4 RE and 20–60 min. This is achieved using cross‐phase techniques to identify field line resonance signatures that are not apparent in power spectra. Under quiet conditions, mass density profiles do not show a distinct plasmapause and closely resemble electron density profiles for similar conditions. Under more active conditions the plasmapause can be clearly identified, and its width can be resolved in about 20% of the cases. Spatial integration effects smooth the mass density profiles near the plasmapause boundaries, while comparison of the mass and electron densities allows estimates of the heavy ion mass loading. Temporal variations in the plasmapause position and plasmaspheric density depletions are readily resolved. Sudden changes in solar wind conditions cause a redistribution of plasma within ∼20 min, probably in response to penetration of the magnetospheric electric field into the plasmasphere. Field line resonances occur daily and provide a useful tool for investigating the plasmapause region, especially in conjunction with VLF whistler and in situ particle and imaging experiments. Furthermore, the extensive existing suites of magnetometer data permit retrospective studies of focus intervals.
Configuration of subducting Philippine Sea plate beneath southwest Japan revealed from receiver function analysis based on the multivariate autoregressive model
Authors: Shiomi Katsuhiko , Sato Haruo , Obara Kazushige , Ohtake Masakazu
Published: April 2004

We construct a detailed image of velocity discontinuity beneath southwest Japan by using receiver functions. We first propose an improved receiver function estimation method based on the statistical multivariate autoregressive model. Then we apply the new method to the teleseismic waveform data recorded by the high‐density seismograph network in southwest Japan. The results show a clear velocity discontinuity at 30 km depth beneath the southern Shikoku region. This discontinuity, corresponding to the boundary between the oceanic crust and the high‐velocity layer (the oceanic Moho) of the Philippine Sea plate (PHS), continues down to the north indicating that the aseismic PHS extends to the central Chugoku region. The continental Moho is also clearly imaged beneath the Chugoku region. The depth contour of the PHS shows a rather complicated feature with ridges and valleys. The most significant ridge is located around longitude 133°E, west of which the contours are basically directed north‐south, changing to west‐east to the east. Beneath the western part of this ridge, hypocenters of microearthquakes are located above this velocity discontinuity, while earthquakes mainly occur below the discontinuity, within the oceanic mantle, beneath the eastern part of the ridge.
Hydraulics and mixing in the Hudson River estuary: A numerical model study of tidal variations during neap tide conditions
Authors: Stenström Petter
Published: April 2004

Three‐dimensional numerical modeling is performed to study intratidal and along‐channel variability in stratification and mixing in the Hudson River estuary. The modeled fields show good agreement with observations, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Estuarine circulation dominates the mean fields, and intratidal variability is dominated by tidal straining that acts to strengthen the stratification during ebb and weaken it during flood. Mixing is mainly confined to a bottom layer during flood but occurs higher up in the water column during ebb. Mixing across the halocline shows marked along‐channel variability due to bathymetric effects. During ebb, mixing occurs preferentially at an abrupt channel expansion seaward of a channel constriction at the George Washington Bridge, as predicted by Chant and Wilson [2000]. The salt flux across the halocline in this region, averaged over ebb, exceeds 5 × 10−4 kg m−2 s−1, a factor of 3 greater than the along‐channel average. Increased residence time of tracers should be expected in this region due to the strong mixing but also due to observed secondary circulation [Chant and Wilson, 1997]. Mixing across the halocline during flood is small, except for early flood, before the well‐mixed bottom layer is developed. Mixing is then localized to the landward slope of sills.
Ocean surface determination from X‐band radar‐image sequences
Authors: Dankert H. , Rosenthal W.
Published: April 2004

An empirical inversion method is presented for determination of time series of ocean surface elevation maps from nautical radar‐image sequences. The method is based on the determination of the surface tilt angle in antenna look direction at each pixel of the radar images. Thereby in situ sensors are not required. An external calibration is not necessary. A conventional nautical X‐band radar, operating at grazing incidence and horizontal polarization in transmit and receive, is used as a sensor. Radar‐image sequences, with their high spatial resolution and large coverage, offer a unique opportunity to derive and study individual waves and wave fields in space and time and therefore allow the measurement of individual wave parameters and wave groups. For validation of the inversion scheme, the significant wave heights derived from the inverted radar data sets and from colocated wave records are compared. It is shown that the accuracy of the radar‐retrieved significant wave height is within the accuracy of the in situ sensors. Furthermore, a wave elevation time series is directly compared to a buoy record to show the capabilities of the proposed method.
A hillslope‐scale experiment to measure lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity
Authors: Brooks Erin S. , Boll Jan , McDaniel Paul A.
Published: April 2004

One of the most challenging parameters in hillslope‐ and watershed‐scale, distributed, hydrologic models is the lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks). In this paper, we present a methodology to determine the hillslope‐scale lateral Ks above a moderately deep sloping restrictive layer in an 18 × 35 m hillslope plot using perched water level measurements and drain tile outflow data. The hillslope‐scale lateral Ks was compared to small‐scale Ks measured with small soil cores and the Guelph permeameter. Our results show that small‐scale Ks measurements underestimate the actual hillslope‐scale Ks. The hillslope‐scale Ks measurements were 13.7, 4.1, and 3.2 larger than small soil core measurements in the A, B, and E horizons, respectively. We argue that the gap between small‐scale and hillslope‐scale Ks within the same porous medium is foremost a measurement problem. Data analysis provided the Ks distribution with depth, showing a sharp decrease in Ks within the first 0.1 m of the soil and an exponential decline in Ks below 0.1 m. The distribution of Ks with depth was best described by a double‐exponential relationship. Overall, results indicate the importance of macroporosity, perhaps of biological origin, in determining Ks at a hillslope scale.
Stable isotope evidence for moisture sources in the asian summer monsoon under present and past climate regimes
Authors: Aggarwal Pradeep K. , Fröhlich Klaus , Kulkarni Kshitij M. , Gourcy Laurence L.
Published: April 2004

Stable isotope compositions of present day precipitation in the 70°E–160°W longitude range reveal a strong correlation with moisture source and transport patterns and are not correlated with the amount of precipitation, contrary to existing interpretations. Spatially and temporally variable moisture sources and cyclonic circulation result in more depleted isotope values (δ18O ∼ −5 to −7‰) in the 100°E–170°E range. Oceanic moisture with minimal continental loss or input results in comparatively enriched δ18O values (∼−2 to −4‰) in the 70°E–100°E range and east of 170°E. Isotope compositions of dated groundwater archives from the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand and Bangladesh, reflecting past isotopic composition of precipitation, indicate that this distinction in moisture regimes was preserved during the last glacial period and strongly suggest that there was no significant shift in the summer Inter‐Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in this region.
Exploring strategy context with foresight
Authors: MacKay R Bradley , McKiernan Peter
Published: April 2004

Abstract Strategic management literatures have contributed significantly to our understanding of strategic decision‐making, strategy formulation, strategy content and process. However, research into strategy context has been spasmodic, less interrogative and non‐systemic. Hence, the relationship between context and both the content and process dimensions is not well understood. Recently, many organizations have been turning to scenario thinking methodologies to explore, facilitate and foster a linkage that enables better strategy content to develop. Scenario thinking has enhanced environmental sense‐making in many organizations. But, such processes have come under increasing criticism for missing weak signals and emerging patterns in the underlying drivers of future change. This paper examines the reasons for these flaws by reference to recent developments in the cognitive psychology literature. It then investigates the strengths and weaknesses of using counterfactual reasoning as a tool for reducing the main biases that lead to foresightful thinking failures.
‘Get up, I feel like being a strategy machine’
Authors: Clegg Stewart , Carter Chris , Kornberger Martin
Published: April 2004

Abstract This paper engages with the epistemological foundations of and current developments in the canon of strategic management. The Cartesian underpinnings of strategy are explored; the assumptions of orthodox strategic management are critiqued; the concerns of the practice perspective are reviewed; and, finally, an agenda for extending the study of ‘strategy as practice’ is outlined.
The Governance of Homelessness in the European South: Spatial and Institutional Contexts of Philanthropy in Athens
Authors: Arapoglou Vassilis P.
Published: April 2004

This paper aims at shedding some light, by contrasting the discourses and practices of shelter-providers and welfare agencies which manage the homeless in Athens, on the ways in which culture and power combine to produce segmented responses to homelessness in the European South. It is argued that central state, local state, church and voluntary agencies resort to different understandings of pity in order to acknowledge responsibility for different groups of homeless people and shape action in a variety of local settings. Official rhetoric addresses visible homelessness but conceals exclusions, selecting deserving from non-deserving clients and 'clean-ups' of public spaces. Radical voices aim at revealing hidden homelessness and sustain inclusive practices such as street or community work, but they fail to secure access for the homeless to housing, income and good quality of care.
Urban Governance, Competition and Welfare
Authors: Laurila Hannu
Published: April 2004

The market mechanism of spatial resource allocation is examined in a system of cities, where social welfare depends on city size. The competitive dynamics of the system is a product of the interplay between people's individual exit-type choices (migration) and their collective voice-type choices (urban governance). It is shown that the use of efficiency-enhancing measures of urban governance depends on the pressure of exit. A necessary condition for dynamic efficiency is that the market equilibrium of migration is non-stable, which sounds somewhat paradoxical. Dynamic efficiency is more likely to emerge between initially small cities, in which agglomeration economies dominate, than between initially large cities, in which agglomeration diseconomies dominate. The incentives for proper urban governance are somewhat ambiguous in the most relevant case, where cities are of asymmetrical size. It is therefore important to strengthen the incentives by means of national urban policy.
Phonon Density of States from a Crystal-analyzer Inverse-geometry Spectrometer: A Study on Ordered Solid Hydrogen Sulfide and Hydrogen Chloride
Authors: Colognesi D. , Andreani C. , Degiorgi E.
Published: April 2004

We have studied two “ice-like” systems, H2S and HCl, which, despite their molecular simplicity, exhibit a rich polymorphism in solid phase. We performed incoherent neutron scattering measurements employing a new crystal-analyzer inverse-geometry neutron spectrometer, TOSCA-I. After a detailed data reduction procedure, we devised a technique aiming to estimate and remove the multi-phonon part of the spectra. Finally, the H-projected phonon densities of states, ZH(ω), were extracted and the respective H mean squared displacements, 〈u2〉H, determined. These ZH(ω) show good statistical accuracy and resolution and represent an important benchmark for future lattice-dynamics simulations and phonon dispersion curve measurements. Since some thermal softening of the phonon modes was visible in both H2S and HCl, we tried to quantify this anharmonic effect through the zero-point proton mean squared displacement, 〈u2inter〉H,0, and the zero-point proton mean kinetic energy, 〈Ek,inter〉H,0. Finally, approximate Grüneisen parameters for 〈u2inter〉H,0 and 〈Ek,inter〉H,0 were calculated exploiting D2S neutron diffraction data.
Prompt Gamma Neutron Activation Analysis of Steel
Authors: Ahmad W. , Ahmad M. , Rajput M.U.
Published: April 2004

The prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) facility at the Pakistan Research Reactor (PARR-I) has been used for elemental analysis of different kinds of materials. A high-efficiency, high-resolution gamma spectrometer based on a high-purity germanium detector is being employed in this study. The cadmium ratio of the incident neutron beam is 62 and the thermal neutron flux at the target position is about 1.5×106 n/cm2/s. The system is usually operated in Compton suppression mode to enhance peak to background ratio in the lower energy region (<1.5 MeV). The gamma ray detector is calibrated with standard radioactive sources up to 1.5 MeV. The aim of the present study is to determine the quantity of boron in reactor grade steels as well as in some other materials containing boron. The results of boron assessment in SS-304L and amorphous (Fe0.99Mo0.01)78Si9B13 alloy are also presented.
Michigan Assessment‐Screening Test for Alcohol and Drugs (MAST/AD): Evaluation in a Clinical Sample
Authors: Westermeyer Joseph , Yargic Ilhan , Thuras Paul
Published: April 2004

In this study, we sought to evaluate a modification of the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test designed to include problems associated with other drug abuse/ dependence besides alcohol. Scores of the lifetime Michigan Assessment‐Screening Test j Alcohol‐Drug (MAST/AD) were compared to other lifetime measures of substance abuse and dependence and to psychiatric scales reflecting current or recent symptoms. Two university medical centers with alcohol‐drug programs located within departments of psychiatry hosted 520 patients with alcohol‐drug‐related diagnoses. Patients completed their own MAST/AD using a paper‐and‐pencil format. Based on interviews with the patient, a research associate rated the patients’ substance‐related problems on the Minnesota Substance Abuse Problem Scale (M‐SAPS) and obtained information on lifetime treatment for substance abuse. An addictions psychiatrist determined abuse or dependence and made a current diagnosis of alcohol abuse/ dependence only, drug abuse/ dependence only, and alcohol plus drug abuse/ dependence. The MAST/AD was highly correlated with the M‐SAPS and several other measures of substance abuse morbidity. Patients with alcohol‐only and drug‐only diagnoses did not differ from one another on the MAST AD, although both groups had lower scores than those with alcohol plus drug diagnoses. Current psychosocial morbidity as assessed by the patient and the psychiatrist was associated with the MAST/AD, although less strongly than with lifetime substance abuse measures. The lifetime MAST/AD demonstrates reliability as a severity measure for alcohol and/ or or drug abuse. With minor modification, this standard measure can be expanded from alcohol diagnoses to all substance diagnoses. This study in a clinical population did not demonstrate its utility as a screening instrument; additional work is needed to reveal its utility for this purpose. (Am J Addict 2004;13:151–162)
Treatment of alcohol withdrawal: chlormethiazole vs. carbamazepine and the effect on memory performance—a pilot study
Authors: Seifert J , Peters E , Jahn K , Metzner C , Ohlmeier M , te Wildt B , Emrich HM , Schneider U
Published: April 2004

Although relatively little attention has been paid to the question how acute alcohol withdrawal might affect cognitive functions, this factor remains of particular interest because it influences psychotherapeutic treatment during detoxification. The clinical outcome and neuropsychological state of 37 inpatients with alcohol withdrawal was investigated in a randomized single‐blind approach. Two different medical strategies [chlormethiazole (CMZ) vs. carbamazepine (CBZ)] in the treatment of inpatients with alcohol withdrawal syndrome were compared. Among comparable groups (related to gender, age, initial alcohol level, severity of abuses, severity of initial withdrawal symptoms such as tremor, perspiration, psychomotor agitation, hallucinations, orientation, intelligence, patient demographics), CBZ is just as potent as CMZ in therapy of withdrawal symptoms (circulatory function, vegetative function, psychomotor activity). Patients in both groups showed initial impairments in some neuropsychological tests (d2, Zahlen‐Verbundings test, Beck Depression Inventory, Anxiety Sensitivity Index) with significant improvement during detoxification. Additionally, CBZ‐treated patients showed significantly better verbal memory performance during the first days of treatment. Without any addictive potential, CBZ therapy could be very supportive in alcohol detoxification. In addition a higher verbal memory performance state could be favourable for a psychotherapeutic approach.