bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting adverse drug reaction profiles by integrating protein interaction networks with drug structures
Authors: Huang Liang‐Chin , Wu Xiaogang , Chen Jake Y.
Published: November 2012

The prediction of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) has become increasingly important, due to the rising concern on serious ADRs that can cause drugs to fail to reach or stay in the market. We proposed a framework for predicting ADR profiles by integrating protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks with drug structures. We compared ADR prediction performances over 18 ADR categories through four feature groups—only drug targets, drug targets with PPI networks, drug structures, and drug targets with PPI networks plus drug structures. The results showed that the integration of PPI networks and drug structures can significantly improve the ADR prediction performance. The median AUC values for the four groups were 0.59, 0.61, 0.65, and 0.70. We used the protein features in the best two models, “Cardiac disorders” (median‐AUC: 0.82) and “Psychiatric disorders” (median‐AUC: 0.76), to build ADR‐specific PPI networks with literature supports. For validation, we examined 30 drugs withdrawn from the U.S. market to see if our approach can predict their ADR profiles and explain why they were withdrawn. Except for three drugs having ADRs in the categories we did not predict, 25 out of 27 withdrawn drugs (92.6%) having severe ADRs were successfully predicted by our approach.
Capillary electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing in peptide and protein analysis
Authors: Righetti Pier Giorgio , Sebastiano Roberto , Citterio Attilio
Published: November 2012

CZE and CIEF of proteins have preceded, and accompanied, the birth of proteomics. Although they might not be fully exploited in massive proteomic analyses (especially those projects aiming at a deep discovery of possibly the entire proteome of a cell or subcellular organelles or biological fluids), it still has interesting features and advantages, especially with samples of limited heterogeneity and in the field of purity checking for recombinant DNA proteins meant for human consumption. The purpose of this tutorial paper is to guide the reader through the history of the field, then through the main steps of the process, from sample preparation to analysis of proteins and peptides, while commenting on the constraints and caveats of the technique. The tutorial ends with an outlook on the future, which might be dominated by microchip electrophoresis, especially for ultrafast analyses of protein samples in a sieving mode, in presence of either sieving liquid polymers or firm gels polymerized within the microchannels. To this purpose, commercial instrumentation is already available on the market. This tutorial is part of the International Proteomics Tutorial Programme (IPTP 13).
Differences between insertions of ethylene into metallocene and non‐metallocene ethylene polymerization catalysts
Authors: Zhang Cheng‐Gen , Zhang Liaoyun , Li Huayi , Yu Shu‐Yuan , Wang Zhi‐Xiang
Published: November 2012

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at ωB97XD/SDD level have been conducted to study the differences between the insertions of ethylene into the non‐metallocene octahedral group 4 catalysts and those into metallocene group 4 catalysts. The study shows that both can be described by the Cossess mechanim, but are different energetically. The latter have energy profiles involving stable π complexes between ethylene and catalysts prior to insertion and the insertion transition states (TSs) being lower than reactants, whereas the π complexes involved in the former are significantly less stable than their counterparts in the latter, and the insertion TSs are higher than or close to the reactants. The energy decomposition analyses on the activation energies indicate that the octahedral catalysts exert more significant steric effects than the metallocene catalysts, which are responsible for the differences. The cis arrangements of two chloride atoms in the precursors of metallocene catalysts were considered to be crucial for their catalytic activity, but the precursors of octahedral catalysts with either cis or trans arrangements of two chloride atoms exhibit activity. Nevertheless, the effective catalysts generated from octahedral precursors with cis chloride atoms have lower activation barriers than those from precursors with trans chloride atoms. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, and electroluminescence properties of poly(fluorenevinylene benzobisthiazoles)
Authors: Intemann Jeremy J. , Mike Jared F. , Cai Min , Barnes Charles A. , Xiao Teng , Roggers Robert A. , Shinar Joseph , Shinar Ruth , Jeffries‐EL Malika
Published: November 2012

A series of vinylene‐linked copolymers based on electron‐deficient benzobisthiazole and electron‐rich fluorene moieties were synthesized via Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons polymerization. Three different polymers P1, P2, and P3, were prepared bearing octyl, 3,7‐dimethyloctyl, and 2‐(2‐ethoxy)ethoxyethyl side chains, respectively. The polymers all possessed moderate molecular weights, good solubility in aprotic organic solvents, and high fluorescence quantum efficiencies in dilute solutions. P2, which bore branched 3,7‐dimethyloctyl side chains, exhibited better solubility than the other polymers, but also exhibited the lowest thermal decomposition temperature of all polymers. Overall, the impact of the side chains on the polymers optical properties in solution was negligible as all three polymers gave similar absorption and emission spectra in both solution and film. Guest‐host light‐emitting diodes using dilute blends of the polymers in a poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) host gave blue‐green emission with P2 exhibiting the highest luminous efficiency, 0.61 Cd/A at ∼500 nm. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Optical and electronic properties of fluorene‐based copolymers and their sensory applications
Authors: Ibrahimova Vüsala , Eda Kocak Meliha , Önal Ahmet M. , Tuncel Dönüs
Published: November 2012

A series of novel, fluorene‐based conjugated copolymers, poly[(9,9‐bis{propenyl}‐9H‐fluorene)‐co‐(9,9‐dihexyl‐9H‐fluorene)] (P1), poly[(9,9‐bis{carboxymethylsulfonyl‐propyl}fluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl)‐co‐(9,9‐dihexyl‐9H‐fluorene)] (P2) and poly[(9,9‐dihexylfluorene)‐co‐alt‐(9,9‐bis‐(6‐azidohexyl)fluorene)] (P3), are synthesized by Suzuki coupling reactions and their electrochemical properties, in the form of films, are investigated using cyclic voltammetry. The results reveal that the polymer films exhibit electrochromic properties with a pseudo‐reversible redox behavior; transparent in the neutral state and dark violet in the oxidized state. Among the three polymers, P2 possesses the shortest response time and the highest coloration efficiency value. These polymers emit blue light with a band gap value of around 2.9 eV and have high fluorescent quantum yields. Their metal ion sensory abilities are also investigated by titrating them with a number of different transition metal ions; all of these polymers exhibit a higher selectivity toward Fe3+ ions than the other ions tested with Stern–Volmer constants of 4.41 × 106M−1, 3.28 × 107M−1, 1.25 × 106M−1, and 6.56 × 106M−1 for P1, P2, water soluble version of P2 (P2S) and P3, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Affinity‐based microarrays for proteomic analysis of cancer tissues
Authors: Hoheisel Jörg D. , Alhamdani Mohamed S. S. , Schröder Christoph
Published: November 2012

Based on about a decade of technical developments in analysing the human proteome with antibody microarrays and experience in performing such analyses, now there are the means at hand for detailed and simultaneously global investigations of this kind. Many technical aspects have been dealt with of both the microarray format itself – such as overcoming kinetic and mass transport limitations and thus achieving accurate measurements – and ancillary processes – such as extraction procedures that provide good protein solubilisation, produce reproducible yields and preserve the native protein conformation as much as possible. The overall analysis process is robust and reproducible, highly sensitive down to the level of single‐molecule detection and permits an analysis of several parameters on many molecules at a time. While the study of body liquids is widely applied, analyses of tissue proteomes are still scarce. However, conditions do exist to perform the latter at a quality level that meets the standards for clinical applications. This review highlights methodological aspects relevant for a biomedically useful analysis of cellular samples and discusses the potential of such studies, in particular, in view of personalised medicine approaches.
Characterization of a‐SiNx:H layer: Bulk properties, interface with Si and solar cell efficiency
Authors: Lamers Machteld , Butler Keith , Vullum Per Erik , Harding John , Weeber Arthur
Published: November 2012

In this paper two front‐side a‐SiNx:H layers that can be used in the solar cell industry are extensively characterized and related to solar cell efficiency. Variations in layer build up, atomic density, optical properties, bulk passivation and surface passivation are discussed. The build up of these two layers are considered against a background of over 80 SiNx:H layers. These layers differ in stoichiometry, atomic content, optical properties and surface passivation, as the refractive index is varied between 1.8 and 3.0. Additionally, comparable data output of different characterization equipment is discussed on validity. On solar cells, the effect of different layer build up is investigated and it is found that a wide process window is allowed for similar cell efficiencies regarding the optical transmission, bulk and surface passivation.
Quantum reduced fidelity and quantum phase crossover in a spin ladder system with four‐spin exchange
Authors: Sun Z. Y. , Huang H. L. , Wang B.
Published: November 2012

The quantum phase crossover in a spin ladder model with four‐spin exchange is investigated. Previous studies show that the crossover cannot be detected by the singularity or finite‐size analysis of ground‐state observables for finite ladders. In this work, we find that the first‐excited‐state fidelity shows a sudden drop exactly at the crossover point, regardless of the length of the ladder. It suggests that the excited‐state fidelity for finite systems is very effective in detecting the crossover in infinite systems. The underlying mechanism is understood through the analysis of re‐construction of the low‐lying energy levels of the systems.
Centralized group key management mechanism for VANET
Authors: Guo Ming‐Huang , Liaw Horng‐Twu , Deng Der‐Jiunn , Chao Han‐Chieh
Published: November 2012

The vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a novel wireless network and suffers security threats as other networks. Information exchanged in the network might be stolen by malicious users, and some secure mechanisms are needed to provide the privacy. In VANET, the vehicles can be separated to different groups. When vehicles in the same group want to communicate with others, they can use the group key to protect the messages, and the privacy in the group communication is preserved. In this paper, we propose a group key management method with centralized key management scheme for VANET. In each group, there is a group leader, and the group leader will manage the members and the keys. By managing the group keys properly, the communication in the group can be secure. In the performance evaluation and analysis, our proposal provides better rekey mechanisms to related works and also achieves the forward secrecy and backward secrecy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DNA Hairpin Stabilization on a Hydrophobic Surface
Authors: Kastantin Mark , Schwartz Daniel K.
Published: November 2012

DNA hybridization in the vicinity of surfaces is a fundamental process for self‐assembled nanoarrays, nanocrystal superlattices, and biosensors. It is widely recognized that solid surfaces alter molecular forces governing hybridization relative to a bulk solution, and these effects can either favor or disfavor the hybridized state depending on the specific sequence and surface. Results presented here provide new insights into the dynamics of DNA hairpin‐coil conformational transitions in the vicinity of hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) and hydrophobic trimethylsilane (TMS) surfaces. Single‐molecule methods are used to observe the forward and reverse hybridization hairpin‐coil transition of adsorbed species while simultaneously measuring molecular surface diffusion in order to gain insight into surface interactions with individual DNA bases. At least 35 000 individual molecular trajectories are observed on each type of surface. It is found that unfolding slows and the folding rate increases on TMS relative to OEG, despite stronger attractions between TMS and unpaired nucleobases. These rate differences lead to near‐complete hairpin formation on hydrophobic TMS and significant unfolding on hydrophilic OEG, resulting in the surprising conclusion that hydrophobic surface coatings are preferable for nanotechnology applications that rely on DNA hybridization near surfaces.
Efficient compilation strategy for object‐oriented languages under the closed‐world assumption
Authors: Sonntag Benoît , Colnet Dominique
Published: November 2012

Reaching the best level of runtime performance from a high‐level, object‐oriented language is often considered challenging if not unattainable. The closed‐world assumption involves considering all of the source code of an application together at compile time. That assumption makes it possible to produce an efficient code. For instance, multiple inheritance can be implemented as efficiently as single inheritance. Our compilation strategy is the result of a prolonged project, tying together several compilation techniques: call graph analysis, dead code elimination, type flow analysis, code customization, implementation of dynamic dispatch, inlining, pointer optimization, switch optimization, objects layout, and so on. Merging all of these techniques into a global strategy appears to be quite problematic. Throughout the paper, two real‐world compilers are used as benchmarks to provide measurements for compiler writers to evaluate the applicability of our approach. Type flow analysis is a fundamental aspect of our strategy to resolve method calls. We have extended type flow analysis to deal with the content of arrays, enabling us to process additional expressions and thus making it possible to obtain a true global analysis. Typically, more than 90% of method call sites are statically resolved. Our experience indicates that the closed‐world assumption is suitable for numerous applications. Surprisingly, even library‐defined control statements from dynamic languages are perfectly processed with our strategy. The Smalltalk ifTrue:ifFalse:, whileTrue:, to:do:, and so on are, for the very first time, perfectly translated. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on output prediction system of wind power generation using complex‐valued neural network with multipoint GPV data
Authors: Kitajima Takahiro , Yasuno Takashi , Sori Hitoshi
Published: November 2012

In recent years, wind power generation has seen rapid growth as a solution to the depletion of fossil fuels and to global warming. However, the output of the wind power generator fluctuates widely depending on the wind speed, which affects the power grid. In this paper, we propose a prediction system of wind power generation ahead of 24 h by using a complex‐valued neural network (CVNN). To predict the output of wind power generation, it is necessary to predict the wind speed accurately. Generally, wind data is expressed as a vector, which has both magnitude and direction. Therefore, it is also possible to treat wind data by a complex number and then use it as input information of the CVNN, which is very useful for operation of a complex number and nonlinear data. In computer simulations, we use multipoint numerical weather prediction data that surround the wind prediction point to realize long‐time prediction. Thereby, we expect that the CVNN can take into account wind dynamics in two‐dimensional space. Several simulation results and t‐tests demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed prediction system. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An interpolation method of uncertain landmarks for improving accuracy of simulation on qualitative and quantitative hybrid model
Authors: Samejima Masaki , Akiyoshi Masanori
Published: November 2012

It became possible to simulate a qualitative and quantitative hybrid model by dividing ranges of the model's quantitative variables with ‘landmarks’ and by associating divided ranges and kinds of qualitative values with each other. When landmarks are uncertain, it is difficult to set appropriate landmarks to guarantee the accuracy of the simulation. In order to guarantee the accuracy of the simulation, the proposed method interpolates uncertain landmarks based on initial values and reliable landmarks of the hybrid model. First, candidate positions, where landmarks are interpolated, are decided by associating the range including an initial value and an initial qualitative value. Next, values of landmarks are estimated by applying monotone cubic spline interpolation to the reliable landmarks. Through the application of the proposed method to a hybrid model, the difference between the simulation result on the hybrid model and the result derived from the quantitative model is decreased by 0.17 compared to the method without the interpolation. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A generalized method for Lagrangian modeling of power conversion circuit with integrated magnetic components
Authors: Umetani Kazuhiro
Published: November 2012

A generalized Lagrangian is proposed to enable systematic analysis of integrated magnetic components. Although a few conventional theories are known that handle magnetic circuit, they cause difficulties in modeling or analysis, especially when applied to a highly integrated core. These difficulties are avoided in the proposed theory, as its Lagrangian is configurable directly from the physical core structure. As an example, the Lagrangian of the trans‐linked three‐phase boost converter is presented. Along with the Lagrangian, two types of circuit analysis are also presented: one is to obtain the state‐space model of the converter; the other is to translate the integrated magnetic component into an equivalent circuit of basic components such as transformers and inductors. The analyses show the usefulness of the proposed method in practical applications. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Model predictive control for line pacing in steel processing
Authors: Konaka Eiji , Suzuki Tatsuya , Asano Kazuya , Iijima Yoshitsugu
Published: November 2012

Line pacing control in steel processing lines is known to be a difficult task for operators.?They usually take a conservative control policy in order to avoid shutdown, and the processing capacity of the line has not been fully utilized yet. This paper presents a new modeling and control technique for line pacing based on a hybrid petri net (HPN) and mixed logical dynamical system (MLDS) expressions. The proposed modeling method can harmoniously integrate continuous and discrete aspects of the system. Moreover, the proposed method can provide a suitable formulation for numerical optimization. Based on this hybrid system modeling, the closed‐loop control can be realized by the receding horizon scheme. Numerical examples demonstrate that the processing capacity can be fully utilized by the proposed method. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Investigations on the Steric Accessibility of the Carbanionic Moiety in Zwitterionic Magnesium Tris(pyrazolyl)methanide Complexes. Synthesis and Characterisation of Bi‐ and Tri­metallic Complexes
Authors: Meyer Jens , Kuzu Istemi , González‐Gallardo Sandra , Breher Frank
Published: November 2012

Reactions of HC(pz)3 and HC(4‐Mepz)3 with MgBu2 and Mg{N(SiMe3)2}2 gave the zwitterionic complexes [Mg{C(pz)3}2] (2) and [Mg{C(4‐Mepz)3}2] (4), respectively, containing “free” pyramidal carbanions (pz = pyrazolyl). The solid‐state structure of 2 has been determined. Reactions of 2 and 4 as well as the recently reported homo‐ and heteroleptic complexes [Mg{C(3, 5‐Me2pz)3}2] (1) and [Mg{C(3, 5‐Me2pz)3}{C(pz)3}] (3) with the Lewis acid AlEt3 furnished the bi‐ and trimetallic complexes [Mg{C(pz)3}2(AlEt3)2] (5), [Mg{C(pz)3}(AlEt3){C(3, 5‐Me2pz)3}] (6), and [Mg{C(4‐Mepz)3}2(AlEt3)2] (7). Based on NMR spectroscopic investigations, including an X‐ray structural analysis on single crystals of 5, only the parent tris(pyrazolyl)methanide {C(pz)3}– and the 4‐methyl‐substituted ligand scaffolds form C‐bound adducts with the Lewis acid. By quantifying the steric bulk of κ3N‐coordinated {C(pz)3}– it could be shown that its steric features are similar to those of bulky phosphine ligands.
Distribution of live and dead cells in pellets of an actinomycete Amycolatopsis balhimycina and its correlation with balhimycin productivity
Authors: Singh Kamaleshwar P , Mahendra Amit L , Jayaraj Vibha , Wangikar Pramod P , Jadhav Sameer
Published: November 2012

Secondary metabolites such as antibiotics are typically produced by actinomycetes as a response to growth limiting stress conditions. Several studies have shown that secondary metabolite production is correlated with changes observed in actinomycete pellet morphology. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between the production of balhimycin and the spatio-temporal distribution of live and dead cells in pellets of Amycolatopsis balhimycina in submerged cultures. To this end, we used laser scanning confocal microscopy to analyze pellets from balhimycin producing and nonproducing media containing 0.2 and 1.0 g l−1 of potassium di-hydrogen phosphate, respectively. We observed a substantially higher fraction of live cells in pellets from cultures yielding larger amounts of balhimycin. Moreover, in media that resulted in no balhimycin production, the pellets exhibit an initial death phase which commences from the centre of the pellet and extends in the radial direction. A second growth phase was observed in these pellets, where live mycelia are seen to appear in the dead core of the pellets. This secondary growth was absent in pellets from media producing higher amounts of balhimycin. These results suggest that distribution of live and dead cells and its correlation with antibiotic production in the non-sporulating A. balhimycina differs markedly than that observed in Streptomycetes.
Wood pulp as an immobilization matrix for the continuous production of isopropanol and butanol
Authors: Survase Shrikant A , van Heiningen Adriaan , Granström Tom
Published: November 2012

The study was focused on developing a continuous method to produce an alcohol mixture suitable to be used as a gasoline supplement. The immobilized column reactor with wood pulp fibers was successfully used for the continuous production of butanol and isopropanol using Clostridium beijerinckii DSM 6423. A sugar mixture (glucose, mannose, galactose, arabinose and xylose) representing lignocellulose hydrolysate was used as a substrate for the production of solvents. The effect of dilution rate on solvent production was studied during continuous operation. The maximum total solvent concentration of 11.99 g/l was obtained at a dilution rate of 0.16 h−1. The maximum solvent productivity (5.58 g/l h) was obtained at a dilution rate of 1.5 h−1. The maximum solvent yield of 0.45 g/g from sugar mixture was observed at 0.25 h−1. The system will be further used for the solvent production using wood hydrolysate as a substrate.
Effect of Microwave Treatment on Sinapic Acid Derivatives in Rapeseed and Rapeseed Meal
Authors: Niu Yanxing , Jiang Mulan , Wan Chuyun , Yang Mei , Hu Shuangxi
Published: November 2012

Microwave treatment is a new method for rapeseed processing. To better understand the benefits of microwave pretreatment on rapeseed processing, qualitative and quantitative analysis of sinapic acid derivatives is needed. In this study, the effect of microwave treatment on the content of sinapic acid derivatives in rapeseed and the effect of cold‐press and solvent extraction on the content of sinapic acid derivatives in rapeseed meal were evaluated using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography. It was found that during the microwave treatment, the content of sinapine and sinapic acid in the rapeseed increased slightly at the outset of treatment and significantly decreased thereafter. Following 7 min of microwave treatment, the content of sinapine in rapeseed exhibited its largest decrease of 16.7 %. By contrast, microwave heating of the rapeseed increased the canolol content significantly. We employed two sample paired t tests as a means to analyze the difference between meal and defatted cold‐pressed cake. The results indicated that the content of sinapine and sinapic acid in defatted cake was significantly higher than that in meal, while the different extraction methods (solvent extraction and cold‐press) did not appear to have a significant influence on the content of canolol in meal (p ≤ 0.05).
The ribonuclease l‐dependent antiviral roles of human 2′,5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase family members against hepatitis C virus
Authors: Kwon Young-Chan , Kang Ju-Il , Hwang Soon B. , Ahn Byung-Yoon
Published: November 2012

The latent ribonuclease RNase L and the interferon‐inducible 2′,5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS) have been implicated in the antiviral response against hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, the specific roles of these enzymes against HCV have not been fully elucidated. In this study, a scarce endogenous expression and RNA degrading activity of RNase L in human hepatoma Huh7 cells enabled us to demonstrate the antiviral activity of RNase L against HCV replication through the transient expression of the enzyme. The antiviral potential of specific members of the OAS family was further examined through overexpression and RNA interference approaches. Our data suggested that among the members of the OAS family, OAS1 p46 and OAS3 p100 mediate the RNase l‐dependent antiviral activity against HCV.
Lamination languages
Authors: LOPEZ LUIS-MIGUEL , NARBEL PHILIPPE
Published: November 2012

Leaves of laminations can be symbolically represented by deforming them into paths of labeled embedded carrier graphs, including train tracks. Here, we describe and characterize the languages of two-way infinite words coming from this kind of coding, called lamination languages, first, by using carrier graph sequences, and second, by using word combinatorics. These characterizations generalize those existing for interval exchange transformations. We also show that lamination languages have ultimately affine factor complexity, and we present effective techniques to build these languages.
Morphological variation between isolates of the nematode Haemonchus contortus from sheep and goat populations in Malaysia and Yemen
Authors: Gharamah A.A. , Rahman W.A. , Siti Azizah M.N.
Published: November 2012

Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic nematode parasite of sheep and goats. This work was conducted to investigate the population and host variations of the parasitic nematode H. contortus of sheep and goats from Malaysia and Yemen. Eight morphological characters were investigated, namely the total body length, cervical papillae, right spicule, left spicule, right barb, left barb, gubernaculum and cuticular ridge (synlophe) pattern. Statistical analysis showed the presence of morphological variation between populations of H. contortus from Malaysia and Yemen, with minor variation in the synlophe pattern of these isolates. Isolates from each country were grouped together in the scatterplots with no host isolation. Body, cervical papillae and spicule lengths were the most important characters that distinguished between populations of the two countries. This variation between Malaysia and Yemen may be attributed to geographical isolation and the possible presence of a different isolate of this worm in each country.
Prediction of potential well structure formed in spherical inertial electrostatic confinement fusion devices with various parameters
Authors: GHASEMI M. , HABIBI M. , AMROLLAHI R.
Published: November 2012

In this paper, the theoretical analysis regarding potential structure on the inertial electrostatic confinement fusion devices has been carried out. Negatively biased grid as cathode placed at the center of the device surrounded by anode is assumed. The device is an ion-injection system and electrons may be emitted from the surface of the cathode. So the existence of both ion and electron currents inside the cathode is considered. Dependence of radial potential well structure on some important parameters as the spreads in the normalized total and angular electron and ion energies, the ratio of ion circulating current to electron circulating current, ion perveance, and grid transparency are investigated by solving Poisson equation.
Optical thickness corrections to ECE measurement of electron temperature in IR-T1 tokamak
Authors: AHMADI MONA , KHORSHID PEJMAN , JALILI OMID
Published: November 2012

The Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) radiation has been investigated, passing through plasma column with concerning absorption effect on the IR-T1 tokamak. The intensity of second harmonic X-mode is used to investigate changes in electron temperature profile. The results show that radiation temperature (Trad) detected outside the plasma column is less than the electron temperature (Te) in the core. The radiation temperature can be directly interpreted as Te to about 3–10% reduction. This implies that optical thickness and electron density effects are more considerable at lower temperatures.
The quest to find the plasma edge and discover a collisionally modified Bohm criterion
Authors: FRANKLIN R. N.
Published: November 2012

The concepts of ‘plasma edge’ and ‘collisionally modified Bohm criterion’ have occupied attention for many years since the publication of work by Bohm that gave rise to the Bohm criterion. He acknowledged that his description of the plasma-sheath transition was incomplete. We summarize work that shows that neither concept has precision, at the same time giving a critique.
On supersonic plasma flow around an obstacle
Authors: ALLEN J. E.
Published: November 2012

Supersonic plasma flow around an object large compared with the Debye distance is treated using an isothermal gas dynamics model. The case of (initially) subsonic flow has been studied previously using this model, the motivation then being the use of Langmuir probes. In supersonic plasma flow Mach cones describing weak discontinuities rather than shock waves are predicted. A comparison has been made with particle-in-cell simulations carried out by Willis et al. (Willis, C. T. N., Allen, J. E., Coppins, M. and Bacharis, M. 2011 Phys. Rev. E, 84, 046410), where such Mach cones are observed. Other features cannot be explained by the isothermal gas dynamics model, these include the appearance, at high supersonic velocities, of an ion-free region downstream.
Cutoff of the current in plasma opening switches
Authors: LOGINOV SERGEY V.
Published: November 2012

The paper considers the erosion mechanism of operation of nano- and microsecond plasma opening switches (POSs). For this purpose, postulates of the well-known erosion model of the POS operation are reviewed and some remarks on its individual statements are discussed. A voltage scaling for a nanosecond switch with rarefied plasma (~1013 cm−3) is derived. It is shown that the peak voltage across the nanosecond switch on its opening is proportional to the switch conduction current. The formation of an erosion gap in a microsecond switch with high-density plasma (~1015 cm−3) is put to phenomenological analysis and a voltage scaling for the switch is obtained. It is found that in the microsecond switch, unlike the nanosecond switch, the peak voltage is inversely proportional to the switch conduction current.
Scaling up classification rule induction through parallel processing
Authors: Stahl Frederic , Bramer Max
Published: November 2012

The fast increase in the size and number of databases demands data mining approaches that are scalable to large amounts of data. This has led to the exploration of parallel computing technologies in order to perform data mining tasks concurrently using several processors. Parallelization seems to be a natural and cost-effective way to scale up data mining technologies. One of the most important of these data mining technologies is the classification of newly recorded data. This paper surveys advances in parallelization in the field of classification rule induction.
Emergency surgery for extrinsic coronary compression after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation
Authors: Mauri Lucia , Frigiola Alessandro , Butera Gianfranco
Published: November 2012

Coronary artery compression is a rare and potentially fatal complication after percutaneous pulmonary valve implantation. We report on a case of an acute antero-septal non-ST myocardial infarction secondary to the partial laceration of the conduit and the creation of a thrombus giving an extrinsic compression of left anterior descendent coronary artery after Melody valve implantation.
The interpretation of depositions in pits. Is it time for the pendulum to swing back?
Authors: Berggren Åsa
Published: November 2012

Richard Bradley was critical of the hesitation he saw in British archaeology towards the use of the interpretive category ‘votive deposit’. The artefacts were instead interpreted in practical terms, as lost things or hidden treasures. This was published in 1990 in The passage of arms. Since then, or – as Garrow shows – since the mid-1980s, much has happened. Garrow has reacted against what he calls the hyperinterpretive turn in archaeology, where almost every patterning of material culture is regarded as intentional and symbolic. Instead, or as a complement, he wants to see a more developed discussion about material culture patterning as a result of everyday practices that just happen, without an attached symbolic meaning, but still varied and variable. So, is it time for the pendulum to swing back?
Deposition in the Bronze Age
Authors: Hansen Svend
Published: November 2012

In his paper on structured deposition the author exclusively focuses on the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age archaeology of Britain. He shows the wide range of discussions from the the key paper by Richards and Thomas in 1984 to the most recent papers of the ‘hyperinterpretive turn’.
Structured deposition meets deliberate object fragmentation
Authors: Chapman John
Published: November 2012

It is a pleasure to be invited to contribute to a debate on the nature of ‘structured deposition’, even though I do not have the expertise to comment on much of the detailed discussion of British prehistoric material presented in this excellent paper. The way in which my commentary approaches structured deposition is by posing two questions relating to the field of deliberate object fragmentation – an important aspect of many sites where structured deposition has been claimed (such as Kilverstone, Etton or Windmill Hill) – (a) can the identification of deliberate object fragmentation contribute to the understanding of specific deposits, sites or landscapes? (b) To what extent does the agency of humans and objects relate to structured deposition and deliberate object fragmentation?
PSEUDO-DIALOGUE IN PLATO'S CLITOPHON
Authors: Bryan Jenny
Published: November 2012

Scholars disagree over why Plato's Clitophon ends without any response to Clitophon's criticisms of Socratic method. A close examination of the characterisation of Clitophon provides a potential answer. During the course of his speech, Clitophon shows himself to have misunderstood Socrates, in terms both of method and teaching. The manner in which he reports Socratic conversations suggests that he is more interested in Socrates' personal authority than in entering into productive dialogue. Clitophon represents the kind of young man who wants Socrates to tell him what to think and who will go elsewhere if Socrates will not answer this desire. Socrates remains silent in the face of Clitophon's criticisms because Clitophon has offered no thoughts of his own and, this being the case, there is no possibility of making elenctic progress.
BORDERS AND TERRITORIES: THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL TYLISSOS
Authors: Kyriakidis Evangelos
Published: November 2012

A few lines of a famous fifth-century treaty inscription between Argos, Tylissos and Knossos are the focus of this study which attempts to reconstruct the border between Tylissos and Knossos in the Classical period. Borders are important intangible features inscribed on the landscape, separating or uniting people. The two Classical states had a long history as neighbouring states, and the comparison between the Classical border and the projected borders of other periods is of particular interest.
Emerging technology monitors ice‐sea interface at outlet glaciers
Authors: Dixon Timothy H. , Voytenko Denis , Lembke Chad , de la Peña Santiago , Howat Ian , Gourmelen Noel , Werner Charles , Oddsson Björn
Published: November 2012

Recent melting in Greenland and Antarctica has led to concerns about the long‐term stability of these ice sheets and their potential contributions to future sea level rise. Marine‐terminating outlet glaciers play a key role in the dynamics of these ice sheets; recent mass losses are likely related to increased influx of warmer water to the base of outlet glaciers, as evidenced by the fact that changes in ocean currents, calving front retreats, glacial thinning, mass redistribution based on satellite gravity data, and accelerating coastal uplift are roughly concurrent [e.g., Holland et al., 2008; Wouters et al., 2008; Jiang et al., 2010; Straneo et al., 2012; Bevis et al., 2012]. However, collecting quantitative measurements within the dynamic environment of marine outlet glaciers is challenging. Oceanographic measurements are limited in iceberg‐laden fjords. Measuring ice flow speeds near the calving front is similarly challenging; satellite methods lack temporal resolution (satellite revisit times are several days or longer), while GPS gives limited spatial resolution, a problem for assessing changes near the highly variable calving front.
Obama states obligation to act on climate change
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2012

Obama states obligation to act on climate change Noting increased global temperatures, Arctic ice melt, and severe weather events, President Barack Obama said that climate change is real and called for a conversation across the country to determine what can be done about it.
Historical tide gauge data and sediment cores put Hurricane Sandy in context
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2012

Historical tide gauge data and sediment cores put Hurricane Sandy in context Several studies that put the recent devastating Hurricane Sandy in context were reported on 5 November at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in Charlotte, N. C. Stefan Talke of Portland State University explained that old tide gauge data that he and colleagues have been digitizing show that Sandy was the largest hurricane to hit New York in more than 100 years. Compared to the 1893 storm that was the largest in their records, “Hurricane Sandy was much larger, probably about twice as large, in terms of storm surge,” he said. Their study is part of an effort to determine whether sea level rise is accelerating.
Marine ecosystem synthesis: From physics to whales in the Pacific Arctic
Authors: Sheffield Guy Lisa , Moore Sue E. , Stabeno Phyllis
Published: November 2012

Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) Workshop; Anchorage, Alaska, 14–16 March 2012 The Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) program brings together a multidisciplinary group of Arctic scientists and Alaskan coastal community residents to explore and integrate marine research information in the Pacific Arctic region. The goal of SOAR is to increase scientific understanding of the relationships among oceanographic conditions (physics, chemistry, sea ice), benthic organisms, lower trophic pelagic species (forage fish and zooplankton), and higher trophic species (i.e., seabirds, walrus, whales) in the Pacific Arctic, with particular emphasis on the Chukchi Sea oil and gas lease sale areas.
Shop the AGU books clearance sale
Authors: Moscovitch Mirelle
Published: November 2012

For more than 85 years, AGU books have provided access to the work of scientists worldwide and covered exceptional research in the Earth and space sciences. Now more than 80 of our most popular titles are available at discounted prices. AGU members can save up to 75% off titles from the Geophysical Monograph Series, Water Resources Monograph Series, Special Publications, and more.
AGU updating position statement on climate change: Call for comments
Authors: Hankin Erik
Published: November 2012

Since 1982, AGU has developed and maintained position statements to provide scientific expertise on significant policy issues. All members are encouraged to help inform the policy‐making process in their home and research locales with thoughtful presentation of scientific viewpoints. To aid in this task, AGU members may use an AGU position statement as an official statement of the Union in discussion with policy makers. Position statements are published on the AGU science policy Web page, where they can be viewed by scientists, policy makers, media, and the general public.
Spring snow cover loss exceeds model predictions
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: November 2012

Spring snow cover extent in the Northern Hemisphere has declined to record lows in recent years, Derksen and Brown report. They analyzed spring (April–June) snow cover extent from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration snow chart climate data record. They found that recent years show statistically significant reductions in snow cover compared to the historic record. In Eurasia, new records for the lowest spring snow cover extent have been set every year since 2008, and in North America, record lows have been set in 3 of the past 5 years.
Microbiology of Lonar Lake and other soda lakes
Authors: Paul Antony Chakkiath , Kumaresan Deepak , Hunger Sindy , Drake Harold L , Murrell J Colin , Shouche Yogesh S
Published: November 2012

Soda lakes are saline and alkaline ecosystems that are believed to have existed throughout the geological record of Earth. They are widely distributed across the globe, but are highly abundant in terrestrial biomes such as deserts and steppes and in geologically interesting regions such as the East African Rift valley. The unusual geochemistry of these lakes supports the growth of an impressive array of microorganisms that are of ecological and economic importance. Haloalkaliphilic Bacteria and Archaea belonging to all major trophic groups have been described from many soda lakes, including lakes with exceptionally high levels of heavy metals. Lonar Lake is a soda lake that is centered at an unusual meteorite impact structure in the Deccan basalts in India and its key physicochemical and microbiological characteristics are highlighted in this article. The occurrence of diverse functional groups of microbes, such as methanogens, methanotrophs, phototrophs, denitrifiers, sulfur oxidizers, sulfate reducers and syntrophs in soda lakes, suggests that these habitats harbor complex microbial food webs that (a) interconnect various biological cycles via redox coupling and (b) impact on the production and consumption of greenhouse gases. Soda lake microorganisms harbor several biotechnologically relevant enzymes and biomolecules (for example, cellulases, amylases, ectoine) and there is the need to augment bioprospecting efforts in soda lake environments with new integrated approaches. Importantly, some saline and alkaline lake ecosystems around the world need to be protected from anthropogenic pressures that threaten their long-term existence.
Effects of patch connectivity and heterogeneity on metacommunity structure of planktonic bacteria and viruses
Authors: Declerck Steven A J , Winter Christian , Shurin Jonathan B , Suttle Curtis A , Matthews Blake
Published: November 2012

Dispersal limitation is generally considered to have little influence on the spatial structure of biodiversity in microbial metacommunities. This notion derives mainly from the analysis of spatial patterns in the field, but experimental tests of dispersal limitation using natural communities are rare for prokaryotes and, to our knowledge, non-existent for viruses. We studied the effects of dispersal intensity (three levels) and patch heterogeneity (two levels) on the structure of replicate experimental metacommunities of bacteria and viruses using outdoor mesocosms with plankton communities from natural ponds and lakes. Low levels of dispersal resulted in a decrease in the compositional differences (beta diversity) among the communities of both bacteria and viruses, but we found no effects of patch heterogeneity. The reductions in beta diversity are unlikely to be a result of mass effects and only partly explained by indirect dispersal-mediated interactions with phytoplankton and zooplankton. Our results suggest that even a very limited exchange among local communities can alter the trajectory of bacterial and viral communities at small temporal and spatial scales.
Contemporary environmental variation determines microbial diversity patterns in acid mine drainage
Authors: Kuang Jia-Liang , Huang Li-Nan , Chen Lin-Xing , Hua Zheng-Shuang , Li Sheng-Jin , Hu Min , Li Jin-Tian , Shu Wen-Sheng
Published: November 2012

A wide array of microorganisms survive and thrive in extreme environments. However, we know little about the patterns of, and controls over, their large-scale ecological distribution. To this end, we have applied a bar-coded 16S rRNA pyrosequencing technology to explore the phylogenetic differentiation among 59 microbial communities from physically and geochemically diverse acid mine drainage (AMD) sites across Southeast China, revealing for the first time environmental variation as the major factor explaining community differences in these harsh environments. Our data showed that overall microbial diversity estimates, including phylogenetic diversity, phylotype richness and pairwise UniFrac distance, were largely correlated with pH conditions. Furthermore, multivariate regression tree analysis also identified solution pH as a strong predictor of relative lineage abundance. Betaproteobacteria, mostly affiliated with the ‘Ferrovum’ genus, were explicitly predominant in assemblages under moderate pH conditions, whereas Alphaproteobacteria, Euryarchaeota, Gammaproteobacteria and Nitrospira exhibited a strong adaptation to more acidic environments. Strikingly, such pH-dependent patterns could also be observed in a subsequent comprehensive analysis of the environmental distribution of acidophilic microorganisms based on 16S rRNA gene sequences previously retrieved from globally distributed AMD and associated environments, regardless of the long-distance isolation and the distinct substrate types. Collectively, our results suggest that microbial diversity patterns are better predicted by contemporary environmental variation rather than geographical distance in extreme AMD systems.