bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An experimental study on the effects of nutrient enrichment on organic carbon storage in western Pacific oligotrophic gyre
Authors: Liu J. , Jiao N. , Tang K.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Carbon sequestration in the ocean is of great concern with respect to the mitigation of global warming. How to hold the fixed organic carbon in the presence of tremendous heterotrophic microorganisms in marine environments is the central issue. We have previously hypothesized that excessive nutrients would ultimately decrease the storage of organic carbon in marine environments. To test it out, a series of in situ nutrient enrichment incubation experiments were conducted at a site (17.59° N, 127.00° E) within the Western Pacific oligotrophic gyre. Five treatments were employed: glucose or algal exudation organic material (EOM) and nitrate and phosphate were added alone or in combination to approximate final concentrations of 10 μmol C kg−1, 1 μmol N kg−1 and 0.11 μmol P kg−1 respectively. The results showed that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) consumption rates and bacterial community specific growth rates were enhanced by inorganic nutrients enrichment treatments during the initial 48 h incubation. At the end of 14 days incubation, about 1/3 (average 3.29 μmol C kg−1) more organic carbon was respired from the glucose enriched incubation with addition of inorganic nutrients compared to that without addition of inorganic nutrients. In the case no essential nutrients were available, even glucose could not be efficiently used by bacteria and thus remained in the environment. These results suggest that repletion of inorganic nutrients has negative impacts on carbon preservation, presumably due to elevated nutrient-stimulated bacterial metabolism and respiration, which is meaningful for potential coastal water management and worth for further studies.
Numerical simulations of oceanic oxygen cycling in the FAMOUS Earth-System model: FAMOUS-ES, version 1.0
Authors: Williams J. H. T. , Totterdell I. J. , Halloran P. R. , Valdes P. J.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Addition and validation of an oxygen cycle to the ocean component of the FAMOUS climate model are described. Surface validation is carried out with respect to HadGEM2-ES where good agreement is found and where discrepancies are mainly attributed to disagreement in surface temperature structure between the models. The agreement between the models at depth (where observations are also used in the comparison) in the Southern Hemisphere is less encouraging than in the Northern Hemisphere. This is attributed to a combination of excessive surface productivity in FAMOUS' equatorial waters (and its concomitant effect on remineralisation at depth) and its reduced overturning circulation compared to HadGEM2-ES. For the entire Atlantic basin FAMOUS has a circulation strength of 12.7 ± 0.4 Sv compared to 15.0 ± 0.9 for HadGEM2-ES. The HadGEM2-ES data used in this paper were obtained from the online database of the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, CMIP5 (Taylor et al., 2012).
Technical Note: Erosion processes in black-marls at the millimetre scale, the input of an analogical model
Authors: Bechet J. , Duc J. , Jaboyedoff M. , Loye A. , Mathys N.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. An analogical model of badland soil has been created in the aim to study the erosion process at the millimetric scale when exposed to rainfall. The analogical model is composed of a sample of black-marls soil, coming from a badlands area of southern of France. It is holding in a 0.5 m2 metal case. For the experiment the model has been exposed to a natural rainfall with an angle of 45°. It was monitored by a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS). This experiment allowed identifying several processes as micro-landslides, swelling of the clay content in the black-marls, the compression and creeping of the ground. All these processes have been studied and identified at the millimetre scale.
An experimental study of regime transitions in a differentially heated baroclinic annulus with flat and sloping bottom topographies
Authors: Vincze M. , Harlander U. , von Larcher Th. , Egbers C.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. A series of laboratory experiments has been carried out in a thermally driven rotating annulus to study the onset of baroclinic instability, using horizontal and uniformly sloping bottom topographies. Different wave flow regimes have been identified and their phase boundaries – expressed in terms of appropriate non-dimensional parameters – have been compared to the recent numerical linear stability analysis of von Larcher et al. (2013). In the flat bottom case, the numerically predicted alignment of the boundary between the axisymmetric and the regular wave flow regime was found to be consistent with the experimental results. However, once the sloping bottom end wall was introduced, the detected behaviour was qualitatively different from that of the simulations. This disagreement is thought to be the consequence of nonlinear wave–wave interactions that could not be resolved in the framework of the numerical study. This argument is supported by the observed development of interference vacillation in the runs with sloping bottom, a mixed flow state in which baroclinic wave modes exhibiting different drift rates and amplitudes can co-exist.
“True Stories from Real Life”:
Authors: Earle David M. , Clarkson Smith Georgia
Published: February 2014

The Smart Set is known as a popular venue for modernist writers and cultural criticism, but upon Mencken and Nathan's departure it became Hearst's sensational confessional title. This article examines the confessional form for elements of populist empowerment, and in so doing questions periodical studies' methodology of selective reading. In addition, this article argues that the Smart Set was always commercial, playing both sides of the cultural divide despite tendencies for modernist canonization on the part of critics. Ultimately, it is up to the literary historian to convey a realistic portrait of a magazine and up to the reader to decide how to interpret its cultural stance.
Aspectos sociodemográficos y laborales de las inmigraciones regionales en Honduras
Authors: Figueroa David
Published: February 2014

Los convenios y declaraciones que se han establecido en función de la temática migratoria, son determinados de alguna medida por las condiciones variantes en que los inmigrantes conviven y realizan sus actividades de tipo laboral en los países de destino. La informalidad y la precariedad, características de la mayoría de las actividades laborales que realizan los inmigrantes en Honduras, están relacionadas a la irregularidad en la documentación, la temporalidad del trabajo, la falta de empoderamiento del trabajador, los bajos salarios y las largas jornadas de trabajo. La violación de derechos humanos y laborales hacia los inmigrantes hace evidente la necesidad de estudiar la relación de estas situaciones. De lo anterior hay dos disertaciones que se contradicen entre el discurso y la realidad, hay un discurso que proclama la existencia de acuerdos y compromisos que obligan el cumplimiento de los derechos laborales; y por otra parte la realidad, mostrando las persistentes violaciones laborales de los inmigrantes. Hay que tener claro que la migración es un fenómeno en materia de derechos y que se relaciona linealmente con los nuevos desafíos del desarrollo en la región. En nuestro mundo globalizado, las mercancías principalmente de los países desarrollados no tienen fronteras y gozan de plena movilidad; mientras que los seres humanos de los países menos favorecidos cada vez enfrentan más restricciones para ejercer el derecho de emigrar. Aún así, es imposible imaginar un mundo en que las personas no se trasladen a través de las fronteras. No obstante, está sumamente comprobado que los migrantes contribuyen tanto a las sociedades de origen como a las de destino. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v9i0.1303 Revista Población y Desarrollo: Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.9 2013: 19-31
Dialogues with Paintings: Notes on How to Look and See
Authors: Rorty Amelie
Published: February 2014

Paintings invite us to engage in dialogues with them. By questioning them, by reflecting on the ways they structure and express the world, we can come to understand the layers of meaning that are embedded in the ways we construct our perceptions. Learning to look at paintings is a way of learning to see the world through someone else’s eyes. The questions in "Dialogues with Paintings" are intended to help us see a painting, to understand how and why the painter made it look the way it does. It takes a long time and many questions–many dialogues–to come to see a painting as a whole composed of many approaches, perspectives, aspects. By reflecting on the ways paintings structure and express the world, we can come to understand the layers of meaning that are embedded in the ways we construct our perceptions. Learning how to look at paintings can also help us see things more clearly and vividly, to notice the compositions of things–scenes, faces, landscapes, city streets, rooms–to see how light and shadow affect color, how shapes echo one another, how distance is conveyed, how ways of understanding the world are visually expressed and conveyed, how seeing a painting can change our way of seeing our world.
Putting the "Pain" In Painting: A Conceptualization and Consideration of Serious Art
Authors: Napier J. Ryan
Published: February 2014

The term "serious art" is often used to describe various artworks, but a unified term is not extant. Prominent conceptualizations of the term by John Passmore, Catherine Lord, and Edward Sankowski are considered in the formation of a, integrative definition of serious art, which centers on quality of craftsmanship and the artwork’s potentials to inspire reevaluation on personal, communal, and cultural levels. Also discussed is the role of context in the development and evaluation of serious art, particularly whether art is a response to freedom or to constraint. Utilizing this essay’s definition of serious art, I contend that serious art is created and considered in relation to repression or trauma, phenomena that are arguably experienced by all individuals regardless of overt, overarching constraints. Further, developing and experiencing serious art must also be considered liberative processes. The current conceptualization of serious art is limited by the complete absence of folk crafts and the inclusion of only few types of art in academic discussions about serious art
Morally Corrupt Aesthetic Pleasure?
Authors: Neuber Simone
Published: February 2014

Why do we not object on moral grounds against the enjoyment of tragedies? And why do we not feel moral guilt when looking forward to watching a tragedy involving a heroine’s suffering? The present paper suggests that concentrating on these questions within the periphery of the paradox of tragedy is as interesting as an inquiry into the question of how the apparently "negative" can arouse feelings of pleasure, which rests on a number of problematic presuppositions concerning hedonic qualities of emotions. Following Walton’s way of looking at the paradox helps us get a clearer idea of what it is that we actually appreciate when in a state of "tragic pleasure." My paper not only rejects an oversimplified two-object approach but also Susan Feagin’s reflexivist answer, that is, the assumption that tragic pleasure is fed by our moral involvement with the play. I hope to show that tragic pleasure is not independent from conventions; conventions seem to sanction "tragic pleasure" as long as the recipient fulfils two conditions: (i) the specification of the object of his pleasure may not essentially make reference to moral harm, and (ii) he has to believe that his enjoyment has not been at the expense of moral harm.
Anticipating a Maximally Inclusive Eschaton: Jürgen Moltmann’s Potential Contribution to Animal Theology
Authors: Mclaughlin Ryan Patrick
Published: February 2014

The scope of Jürgen Moltmann’s theological explorations is vast. Greater still is the quantity of secondary literature written about his theology. Yet there is an absence of literature regarding his theology of animals. In this article, I examine Moltmann’s theological framework in order to establish his potential contribution to animal theology. I further critically delineate and constructively develop the ethics Moltmann derives from his theological explorations. Ultimately, I suggest that Moltmann’s contribution to animal theology is highly impactful, providing a solid theological ground for the superiority of the practice of vegetarianism and laws against unnecessary hunting.
In the Corridors of Animal Minds
Authors: Caffo Leonardo
Published: February 2014

In this article I review the anthology Experiencing Animal Minds: An Anthology of Animal-Human Encounters, edited by Julie A. Smith and Robert W. Mitchell. Apart from providing an overview of the arguments proposed in the book, I propose Jakob von Uexküll’s (1909/1985) idea that we should get rid of the anthropocentric prejudice that animal lives belong to the same frame as ours. The animal other has to be studied from his or her own perspective, not from ours, as we try to reconsider from the right perspective the ontological break of the single word "animal" proposed by Jacques Derrida (2008).
PROGRESS AND PROBLEMS OF FORESTRY IN THE TRENT DISTRICT
Authors: Crosbie H. W. , Ardenne M.
Published: February 2014

The papers and discussion that follow were presented at a regular meeting of the Southern Ontario Section of the C.S.F.E. held in Toronto on March 29, 1940.Dr. C. D. Howe was not present at the meeting, but as he is greatly interested in the future of the forest in the Trent Watershed, and as he and Dr. J. H. White made a survey of that area, he acceded to the editorial representative's request to comment on the papers given.Readers are referred to an article entitled "Consideration of Forest Management Possibilities in the Trent District of Ontario," by Mr. Crosbie, written with Mr. Ardenne's collaboration, which appeared in Vol. XV, No. 2, of the Forestry Chronicle, June, 1939. (Ed. Note)
REPORT ON POPLAR HYBRIDIZATION II 1937 AND 1938
Authors: Heimburger C.
Published: February 2014

The results of further progress in a poplar hybridization project initiated in 1935 with the aim of producing valuable hardy and disease resistant material of rapid growth for the production of wood of high quality for industrial purposes, and of value for shelterbelts in the Prairies are reported. It has been possible to cross the native aspens of Eastern and Western Canada with several exotic aspens and their hybrids with silver poplar, and to obtain hybrid material of great promise for these purposes. Some western balsam poplars have also been crossed with exotic species and have yielded hybrids of promise for shelterbelts. An attempt to cross an aspen with a cottonwood has so far yielded indifferent results. The cross of a basket willow with a cottonwood was not successful. Hardiness, disease resistance, and good propagability from stem or root cuttings are at present the most important characters used in evaluating the young hybrids.
NOTES ON INTERPRETATION OF VERTICAL AIR PHOTOGRAPHS
Authors: Andrews G. S.
Published: February 2014

The air photograph is a means to an end. That end is a qualitative and quantitative knowledge of the features of the earth's surface.A number of pictorial elements—tones, texture, shadows, and outlines—taken in conjunction, build up a comprehensive picture of conditions on the ground.The influences of central perspective and scale are discussed.Suggestions are given as to the application of air photographs and a description of the more prominent features to be observed in such photographs—water, rock outcrops, alpine slides, snow, ice and forest types.
LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE AS FACTORS IN THE GERMINATION OF THE SEED OF DOUGLAS FIR (PSEUDOTSUGA TAXIFOLIA (LAMB.) BRITT)
Authors: Allen George S.
Published: February 2014

Comparatively little is known concerning the factors which are important during the germination of Douglas fir seed. Some data are presented in this paper which suggest that neither light nor temperature, within the limits studied, are likely to be limiting factors in the germination of stratified seed or seed which has overwintered on the ground. It is considered possible, however, that temperature can be a limiting factor in the case of seed which has not been subjected to cold, moist conditions prior to germination. Applications of the findings to nursery practice and seed testing are suggested.
SAMPLING METHODS IN LOG SCALING
Authors: Fogh I. F.
Published: February 2014

Studies made by B. R. Lexen, Senior Silviculturist at the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A., on the application of sampling methods in the scaling of lodge-pole and ponderosa pine logs are extended to the scaling of spruce and balsam bolts and small logs in Eastern Canadian pulpwood operations. It was found that Lexen's conclusions held good. Three general methods are available—(1) Random Sampling, (2) Representative or Stratified Random Sampling, and, (3) Mechanical Sampling. These are described and compared as regards accuracy and work entailed.A Random Sampling of two percent provides a reasonably close estimate of the total but refinements in technique and intensification in sampling are necessary if great accuracy is desired. Three refinements in technique are outlined.Mechanical Sampling provides an unbiased estimate of the mean but evaluation of sampling error must be based on Random Samples. Due to ease of application in the field Mechanical Sampling is preferable.
CONSERVATION AND DEMOCRACY
Authors: Wheatley A. B.
Published: February 2014

The useful occupation of the total manpower of a nation is the first essential necessity for the general wellbeing of the whole, as well as for the individual. This condition is dependent upon an adequate use of all natural resources, particularly the renewable portion of those resources. Potential forest land comprises a very large area in Southern Ontario in addition to the total area composed of farmers' woodlots. These factors indicate that there is opportunity to make conservation in its broadest aspect, forestry activities in particular, a fulltime occupation for a larges number of inadequately employed people.
Longer-Term Volume Trade-offs in Spruce and Jack Pine Plantations Following Various Conifer Release Treatments
Authors: Bell F. Wayne , Dacosta Jennifer , Penner Margaret , Morneault Andrée , Stinson Al , Towill Bill , Luckai Nancy , Winters John
Published: February 2014

We assessed growth responses 10 years post treatment for 31 combinations of site, species, and treatments from six studies in Ontario, Canada, to determine if conifer release treatments increase gross total conifer volumes but decrease gross total stand volumes in boreal forests. Treatments included single and multiple herbicide application or motor-manual and mechanical conifer release. Treatment effects on 10th-year gross total preferred conifer and total stand volumes ranged from −49% to +556% and −71% to +116%, respectively, compared to the untreated controls. We projected net merchantable stand volumes (NMV) from 10 years post treatment to 60 years of age. These projections indicate that NMV of preferred conifers at age 60 could range from 7.4 m3 ha−1 to 232.4 m3 ha−1. The variation in observed and predicted volumes can be attributed to site characteristics, tree species, ecology, and treatment efficiency.
“Careless fires” and “smoaky weather”: The documentation of prescribed burning in the Peace–Athabasca trading post journals 1818–1899
Authors: Ferguson Theresa
Published: February 2014

An examination of a series of trade post journals from northern Alberta shows how the recording of prescribed fires was shaped by the foci of these brief journal entries. Contextual analysis of these records informed by previous ethnographic research on local Aboriginal burning suggests 1) that prescribed fires that were both routine and carried out at some distance from the post were not likely to be recorded, and 2) that the Aboriginal “careless fires” that threatened or appeared to threaten post property were in fact prescribed fires.
Opportunities and challenges for Ontario's forest bioeconomy
Authors: Puddister D. , Dominy S.W.J. , Baker J.A. , Morris D.M. , Maure J. , Rice J.A. , Jones T.A. , Majumdar I. , Hazlett P.W. , Titus B.D. , Fleming R.L. , Wetzel S.
Published: February 2014

Ontario's forest sector is undergoing a significant shift owing to declining markets for traditional products; this shift is further exacerbated by a cyclical industry downturn. These factors are leading to extensive job losses in Ontario's north as well as rural community upheaval. Governments are striving to reverse these effects by stimulating new industries focused on using forest biofibre for products such as fuel for energy, specialty chemicals, and polymers. In light of these new demands, provincial and federal policy and science experts are examining the range of potential forest biomass utilization opportunities in terms of their long-term implications for sustainability, role in an emerging bioeconomy, and the possible influences of, for example, a changing climate and technological advances. Current research and broad-scale monitoring projects are helping to answer several important questions in the ecological, economic, policy, resource supply, and technological realms, while new questions must be continually addressed. In this paper, we describe the legislative, policy, and administrative context in which the sustainable biofibre industry may exist. We argue that social, economic, and environmental goals for a sustainable forest biofibre industry in Ontario can best be achieved by adhering to the principles of adaptive management. Market forces and third-party certification, which can influence the biofibre sector, are also discussed.
Advancing the cause? Contributions of criteria and indicators to sustainable forest management in Canada
Authors: Duinker Peter
Published: February 2014

The aim of the paper is to take stock, based on my personal scholarly and practical experiences, of the progress made in Canada with criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management (C&I-SFM). Some developmental history is reviewed, and applications at national and local levels are summarized. In my opinion, Canada's work in developing and applying C&I-SFM has been beneficial, particularly in focussing forest-sector dialogues, in sensitizing people to the wide range of forest values, and in retrospective determinations of progress in SFM. Improvements over the next decade are needed in several areas: (a) improving data-collection programs; (b) linking C&I-SFM more directly into forest policy development; (c) shifting from retrospective to prospective sustainability analysis; and (d) applying C&I-SFM to non-industrial forests such as protected areas and urban forests. The C&I-SFM concept is sound. We have yet to tap its full potential in the pursuit of forest and forest-sector sustainability.
Optimizing a novel method for manual tree falling
Authors: Lyons C. Kevin , Noll Florian
Published: February 2014

This paper reports the results from work done to optimize a novel manual tree falling method that uses uncut strips of wood on the backcut side of the tree to restrain the tree while the faller is at the base, and then uses a remotely operated hydraulic flange spreader to initiate falling. This paper found the optimal target length of the uncut strips was 7.5 cm, one uncut strip was just as effective as two, and that one uncut strip was much simpler for the faller to cut.
Assisted migration: Introduction to a multifaceted concept
Authors: Ste-Marie Catherine , A. Nelson Elizabeth , Dabros Anna , Bonneau Marie-Eve
Published: February 2014

The idea that humans can assist nature by purposely moving species to suitable habitats to fill the gap between their migration capability and the expected rate of climate change is being increasingly contemplated and debated as an adaptive management option. The interest in assisted migration, both in the scientific community and society at large, is growing rapidly and is starting to be translated into action in Canada. However, the concept is in its infancy; clear terminology has not yet been established and assisted migration still encompasses a broad range of practices. This introductory paper for the special issue of The Forestry Chronicle on the subject of assisted migration describes increasing interest in the subject and its complexity. It also provides an overview of the potential scale of assisted migration, proposes a terminology, and briefly introduces the following papers. Overall, the five papers aim to present a comprehensive state of the scientific and operational knowledge and the debate on assisted migration in the context of Canada's forests.
Differential interspecific incompatibility among Populus hybrids in sections Aigeiros Duby and Tacamahaca Spach
Authors: Assibi Mahama A. , Hall Richard , Zalesny Ronald
Published: February 2014

In our previous Populus breeding, compatible crosses between P. maximowiczii A. Henry and P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh corroborated the potential of interspecific hybrids, despite low seed set. Our current objective was to test the range of incompatibility among intraspecific and interspecific crosses using parental germplasm from the sections Aigeiros Duby (P. deltoides and P. nigra L.) and Tacamahaca Spach (P. maximowiczii). We determined the success rate of crosses, along with seed production and seedling viability. The success of crosses ranged from complete incompatibility to complete compatibility, with 29% to 85% of the transplanted germinants developing into healthy seedlings.
Willow vegetation filters for wastewater treatment and soil remediation combined with biomass production
Authors: Aronsson Pär , Perttu Kurth
Published: February 2014

Vegetation filters of fast-growing trees such as willows and poplars are becoming important as an alternative to conventional treatment of wastewater and landfill leachate. Short-rotation willow coppice is a non-edible crop and has many of the requirements for a suitable vegetation filter. The filtering capacity (e.g., of nitrogen) is very high, and the crop promotes denitrification in the root zone. It has a highly selective uptake of heavy metals, especially cadmium, which enables remediation of contaminated soils. In addition, willows have a high evapotranspiration rate facilitating high loads, e.g., of polluted landfill leachate. Because of the pathogens present in municipal wastewater and sludge, special attention must be paid to storage and distribution of wastewater. In many cases vegetation fdters are more cost-effective than conventional treatment methods and also facilitate recycling of valuable resources in society.
Sampling design and precision of basal area growth and stand structure in uneven-aged northern hardwoods
Authors: Guillemette François , Lambert Marie-Claude , Bédard Steve
Published: February 2014

Sampling design (distribution of plots, plot sizes, and number of sample plots) is an important consideration in planning a field study since it determines the bias and precision of information obtained. In this study, we evaluated the effects of two commonly used sampling designs on the precision of estimates of means related to stand basal area, considered as a whole or by diameter class, and 10-year growth components, in six 2-ha areas located in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands of Quebec managed under selection cutting. The study compares random and systematic sampling designs of one to 10 plots, with plots varying in size from 0.05 ha to 1.25 ha. Increasing the total area sampled (i.e., sampling area) in a stand from 0.05 ha to about 0.25 ha resulted in large precision gains; further increases in sampling area had more limited effects on precision. A sampling area of at least 0.5 ha would be required to obtain a minimally acceptable precision in estimating means of total basal area and 10-year growth components. A much larger sampling area would be required to obtain sufficient precision in estimating mean basal area by diameter class, often required to study stand structure. Precision can also be increased by dividing the sampling area into several smaller plots rather than using a single large plot. We found no clear difference in the results between random and systematic selection approaches.
Monitoring riparian restoration to ensure recruitment of large woody debris in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia
Authors: L. Ryland Alexandra , C. Thomas Sean
Published: February 2014

Monitoring is a fundamental aspect of restoration, as it determines when the restoration objectives have been met. As restoration objectives are not universal, monitoring needs to be included in the development and design of each restoration project. We assessed the effectiveness and efficiency of a forest stand dynamic monitoring plan, developed for use with riparian restoration occurring on Lyell Island, Haida Gwaii, British Columbia. The restoration objective is to accelerate the development of late-successional forests for the benefit of riparian wildlife species and recruitment of in-stream large woody debris, which specifically provides essential habitat for a variety of fish species. In this study large woody debris (LWD) is referred to as downed wood greater than 7.5 cm in diameter. Prior to the start of riparian restoration, two watersheds were quantified for their stand structure and composition using the forest stand dynamic monitoring plan. An error analysis of these data was used to assess the sampling efficiency of the monitoring plan. The design of the monitoring plan was found to be efficient at monitoring the riparian forest stand dynamics (with seven or eight plots per site sufficient to evaluate stand basal area and stem density to within 10%), but not woody debris volumes (for which deviations >10% were found even with 14 plots per site). Incorporation of additional line transects or adoption of more efficient sampling methods for woody debris (such as diameter or length relascope methods) is suggested as a means of enhancing large woody debris sampling efficiency.
An analysis of the Modeling and Inventory Support Tool: Yield curves vary with Forest Ecosystem Classification
Authors: Marina Daniel , C. Thomas Sean
Published: February 2014

Stand-level growth and yield models are essential to assessing sustainable levels of forest harvest; such assessments are supported in Ontario by the Modeling and Inventory Support Tool (MIST), which combines updated yield estimates and predicted successional trajectories to improve yield forecasts in Ontario. Currently, forest management planning and MIST stratifies the landbase by the Standard Forest Unit (SFU), but not ecosite as defined under the Forest Ecosystem Classification (FEC) system. Here we examined variation in MIST's input and output parameters (site index, top height, and basal area) for ecosites that fall within the definition of the PW1 SFU in Central Ontario (white-pine-dominated sites). Ecosites showed significant differences in site index values and top height, but not basal area, results indicating systematic differences in productivity among ecosites within the SFU. These results show that fine-scale variation in edaphic factors, as indicated by ecosite information, correspond to differences in stand productivity, and suggest the importance of a more harmonized approach between yield modeling, SFUs, and the FEC system in Ontario.
Community-linked conservation using Devakad (sacred groves) in the Kodagu Model Forest, India
Authors: Kushalappa C.G. , Raghavendra S.
Published: February 2014

Kodagu District in Karnataka State, South India, part of the Western Ghats region, is described as one of the hottest hot spots of biodiversity in the world. This district can also be called a hot spot of sacred forest tradition due to the density and diversity of deities and communities that are part of an informal conservation concept based on Devakad, or sacred groves. This paper discusses the current status, threats and conservation initiatives undertaken by different stakeholders to revive this unique conservation concept and highlights the role of the Kodagu Model Forest as a key facilitator in the conservation effort.
Trends in research and collaboration in the Canadian Model Forest Network, 1993–2010
Authors: Bonnell Brian
Published: February 2014

A fundamental principle of the Model Forest concept focuses on the generation and sharing of knowledge through research, innovation and collaboration. Over 380 papers, published in journals, have been identified that are based on research and other activities supported by a Model Forest in Canada. Bibliometrics is a research method used to measure scientific output, level of influence of a researcher or organization, changes in research focus and levels of collaboration between researchers and organizations. This study presents an analysis of research trends and collaborative research activity within the Canadian Model Forest Network from 1993 to 2010 based on journal articles produced during that time period. The analysis shows publication of research varies among Model Forests and individual projects. The most significant result is a clear trend towards increased national-level collaboration in research activities with the Canadian Forest Service and various universities acting as key hubs in the publication of the results of Model Forest-supported research.
Dynamiques sociales et stratégies féminines dans la Forêt modèle de campo-ma’an, cameroun
Authors: Tiani Anne Marie , Tchoko Julie Gagoe , Eboto Hélène , Njomkap Jean Claude , Bouki Théophile , Ndo Angéline , Diaw Mariteuw Chimere
Published: February 2014

Located in the southwestern corner of Cameroon, Campo-Ma’an Model Forest is part of the vast Congo Basin forest. Previously, a variety of interventions in the area have had different effects, some of them negative, on the lives of the local residents including women who are the main providers of household income in rural areas. With the inauguration of the Campo-Ma’an Model Forest in 2005—a platform based on a voluntary partnership of all public, private and community actors—was established. This led to collaboration capable of addressing sustainable development and conservation issues within this region. The goal of this paper is to show that, in this ever-changing context, the Model Forest concept is bringing about changes in the vision, structuring and strategies of the different social groups, particularly amongst women.
Proposed research on home ranges and resource use of the water monitor lizard, Varanus salvator
Authors: Uyeda Linda T. , Iskandar E. , Kyes R.C. , Wirsing A.J.
Published: February 2014

Throughout the world, population growth and conversion of land for human development increase the potential for areas of human and wildlife activity to overlap. Anthropogenic effects on animal behavior may have ecological consequences if response to human disturbance or dependence on anthropogenic food sources prevents wildlife from carrying out traditional ecological roles. The presence of large predatory species such as the water monitor lizard, Varanus salvator, in areas of human development may also result in conflict if animals become habituated to the presence of humans or begin to compete for resources. Understanding anthropogenic effects on V. salvator resource use and activity is a key to predicting behavior and informing conflict mitigation in systems where humans and V. salvator coexist. V. salvator home ranges and resource use will be investigated on Tinjil Island, Indonesia, where radiotelemetry will be used to track V. salvator individuals across areas of varying human presence in both wet and dry seasons. Greater insight into anthropogenic influences on V. salvator resource use will contribute increased knowledge of V. salvator's ecological role in undisturbed and human-altered communities and can serve to inform the prevention of human–V. salvator conflict.
Intertribal Timber Council survey of tribal research needs
Authors: Beatty Chris , Leighton Adrian
Published: February 2014

This paper presents the results of the first systematic attempt to understand the research needs, priorities, and interests of Native American tribes’ forest resource managers and decision-makers. In 2011 the Intertribal Timber Council disseminated a survey to 129 individuals that represented over 30 tribes as well as a variety of federal agencies and research/education institutions. The survey sought to evaluate the relative importance of a variety of research topic areas as well as better understand impediments to research faced by the tribes and evaluate the relative attractiveness of different opportunities for collaborations and partnerships. Results from the survey reveal three important themes: 1) tribes place particular importance on research related to water, fisheries and other “non-timber” values; 2) collaboration and cooperation are very important, especially concerning (but by no means limited to) the integration of traditional knowledge with western science; and 3) adaptation of research to the local landscape is of greater value than pursuing peer-reviewed, original research for its own sake. The findings of this survey will provide an important tool to the new ITC research subcommittee as it attempts to aid in the creation of culturally responsive, tribally driven forest-based research.
Current inventory and modelling of sawmill residues in Eastern Canada
Authors: Krigstin Sally , Hayashi Kaho , Tchórzewski Jacek , Wetzel Suzanne
Published: February 2014

Integration within the forest industry in Canada historically developed to optimize use of the available timber resource. Sawmill residues, which were at one time considered waste, changed into a sought-after resource for panel and pulp manufactures. With the downturn in the Canadian forest industry and the 46.5% decrease in nationwide sawn lumber production between 2004 and 2009, the potential for utilizing sawmill residues to develop novel markets presents itself with added encouragement from national and global pressures towards creating a sustainable bio-based economy. Scarcity of information related to quantity and quality of local sawmill residue feedstocks leads to a lack of reliable data that can be used by entrepreneurs to develop sustainable supply chains for this resource. The development of an easily updateable sawmill database for all provinces, Manitoba eastwards, is explained in detail along with the comprehensive presentation of a sawmill residue output calculation model for sawdust, bark, chips/slabs, and shavings. These tools will help to predict current and future sawmill residue availability and aid in the most efficient uses of this resource in the bioeconomy.
Stakeholder engagement: A foundation for natural heritage systems identification and conservation in southern Ontario
Authors: Spang Elizabeth , Lemieux Christopher M. , Strobl Silvia
Published: February 2014

In southern Ontario, multiple organizations apply various approaches to identifying natural heritage systems (NHS). Natural heritage systems comprise a network of natural features and areas, such as protected areas, forests, wetlands, river corridors, lakes, and meadows, as well as the associated natural processes to be conserved and/or managed for various environmental and public services. The application of a variety of approaches can lead to a lack of connections between natural heritage features across political jurisdictions. To further complicate the situation, not all municipalities have the necessary tools and information available to identify and protect NHS nor do they have the capacity to coordinate designing NHS with neighbouring jurisdictions. To address these challenges, a new approach was developed and tested that engages many stakeholders in the collaborative design of a NHS for an ecologically based landscape that crosses several political boundaries. Engagement is an opportunity to work together on common goals with stakeholders, communities, and citizens to find solutions to complex problems and move beyond the traditional consultation that government has used extensively in the past. We engaged a representative group of stakeholders to design and map a scientifically based, quantitatively derived NHS. The engagement process alternated data preparation and analysis activities with target-setting and decision-making by a diverse group of stakeholders, including municipalities, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, stewardship groups, landowners, and other interests. Throughout the target-setting process, observations and feedback from the stakeholders were collected. This paper both documents a number of lessons learned through the engagement process, and demonstrates that stakeholder engagement in NHS design has great potential to coordinate conservation efforts across political jurisdictions and the varied mandates of several organizations.
Designing natural heritage systems in southern Ontario using a systematic conservation planning approach
Authors: Puric-Mladenovic Danijela , Strobl Silvia
Published: February 2014

Landscape planning in settled landscapes includes identifying larger areas of natural vegetation to be conserved protected and/or managed for various environmental and public services. These “green backbones” of the landscape, called Natural Heritage Systems (NHS) in the settled landscapes of southern Ontario, Canada, should have appropriate land use planning and natural areas management actions and related policies to protect and enhance biodiversity and ecological functions. As such, an NHS should be derived using a rigorous and defensible methodology while ensuring public involvement and input during this process. This paper describes the methodology for regional NHS design currently being implemented by OMNR in collaboration with numerous conservation partners and municipalities in southern Ontario. The methodology combines the principles and methods of landscape planning, conservation planning, and spatial analysis, while ensuring that the process is adaptable and repeatable over time and different scales. For each landscape, explicit and transparent conservation objectives, features and targets are identified based on stakeholder inputs. Numerous conservation and restoration objectives are translated into explicit quantitative targets for each analysis unit, and a mathematical optimization algorithm is used to represent all the targets at minimal cost (least land area). The methodology is illustrated using examples from a pilot study in Ecodistrict 7E–5 with some references to ongoing NHS implementation projects as well as potential applications of this method.
Comparative effects of full-tree and tree-length shelterwood harvesting on residual tree damage and coarse woody debris volume in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence forest
Authors: Jones Trevor A. , McPherson Scott
Published: February 2014

Residual stand damage and coarse woody debris loads were evaluated in 15 hardwood and white pine uniform shelterwood harvest blocks, in the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Forest Region, using tree-length (TL) and full-tree (FT) harvesting techniques. Stand-level damage rates to residual stems in both the TL and FT harvest operations were below Ontario’s allowable “major” damage limits of 15% to all residual trees and 10% to acceptable growing stock (AGS) trees. No significant differences in damage rates were observed between the TL and FT harvest systems and were comparable to past assessments in TL and FT harvested blocks. Despite efforts to increase utilization of material from these study sites, no significant differences were observed in coarse woody debris (CWD) volume or the distribution of that volume across decay classes.
Re-examining wood supply in light of future spruce budworm outbreaks: A case study in New Brunswick
Authors: Hennigar C.R. , Erdle T.A. , Gullison J.J. , MacLean D.A.
Published: February 2014

Forest protection (spraying of biological insecticide), salvage harvesting, and strategic re-planning are typical mitigation options to reduce wood supply impacts caused by spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) defoliation. However, all such measures are expensive and difficult to implement, and decisions about if and to what extent such measures should be applied hinge on the magnitude of benefits and associated costs. We used an integrated forest estate pest-impact planning model to quantify harvest impacts for three plausible outbreak scenarios, and the effect of these typical mitigation strategies for 3.0 million ha in New Brunswick. Cumulative harvest reductions, relative to the no defoliation case, reached 18% and 25% by 2052 under moderate and severe defoliation patterns, respectively. We demonstrate that up to 30% to 50% of these projected reductions could be avoided through foliage protection treatments, depending on the outbreak scenario. Salvage and re-planning mitigated harvest losses by up to 20% in the short term (20 to 25 years), but had little benefit over the long run (40+ years). Even with aggressive implementation of all mitigation measures, significant harvest impacts (10% reduction from 2017 to 2042) were unavoidable, regardless of outbreak scenario.
Emulating boreal forest disturbance dynamics: Can we maintain timber supply, aboriginal land use, and woodland caribou habitat?
Authors: Dhital Narayan , Raulier Frédéric , Asselin Hugo , Imbeau Louis , Valeria Osvaldo , Bergeron Yves
Published: February 2014

The effects on timber supply incurred by implementing an ecosystem-based management strategy were evaluated in an eastern Canadian boreal forest management unit. Standard linear programming was used to test the effects of four key policy issues: (1) aim for a targeted forest age structure inspired by natural fire regime and forest dynamics (multi-cohort approach), (2) agglomerate harvest blocks in operating areas to reproduce natural disturbance patterns at the landscape scale, (3) maintain cumulated clearcutting and natural disturbance rates inside the historical range of variability, and (4) exclude from harvest areas of potential interest to aboriginal people. The targeted forest age structure was achieved with a minimum reduction of periodic timber supply, but only after 50 years. Compared to a “business-as-usual” scenario, inclusion of the first three policy issues resulted in a 3% to 11% reduction in planned timber supply and a restoration period requiring that 43% to 67% of the productive area be excluded from clearcutting activities for the next 50 years. Such results require that partial cutting not be confined to operating areas eligible for clearcutting. Further exclusion of forest areas of potential interest to aboriginal people resulted in an additional 4% to 10% decrease in planned timber supply. Validation of the coarse filters used in this study (first three policy issues) was done using habitat requirements of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Almost all scenarios induced a disturbance rate likely to allow a self-sustaining woodland caribou population within 25 years.