bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vitro and in silico screening and identification of potential bioactive anthraquinones of Morinda lucida benth against pathogenic bacterial target proteins
Authors: Adekunle Oluwatobi David , Adeleke Oluwafeyikemi Ajoke , Odugbemi Adeshina Isaiah , Faboro Esther Oremeyi , Lajide Labunmi
Published: May 2024

Background

The use of plant extracts as antibiotics is gaining more attention because bacteria are one of the biggest threats to global health and the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics in humans and animals is increasing. Antibacterial susceptibility is used to determine which specific antibiotics a particular bacterium is sensitive to. This research is focused on the phytochemical, in vitro antibacterial susceptibility, and in silico analysis of Morinda lucida root extracts against gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The root of M. lucida was extracted separately with ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate.

Results

Crude extracts of M. lucida had active antibacterial activity and were a promising natural antibiotic when compared to gentamicin. The in vitro results showed that the extracts of M. lucida had good susceptibility properties against the two drug-resistant bacteria while the in silico showed that 2-hydroxy-1-methoxy anthraquinone is predicted to have a better susceptibility with S. aureus while alizarin has better susceptibility properties against P. aeruginosa. Finally, the MD simulation studies of Alizarin and 9,10-Anthracenedione 2-hydroxy-1- methoxy- define the stability of protein–ligand complexes within a 50 ns time scale.
Unveiling the patterns: exploring social and clinical characteristics of frequent mental health visits to the emergency department—a comprehensive systematic review
Authors: Zhang Zhonghao , Das Soumitra
Published: May 2024

Background

Frequent presenters (FPs) are a group of individuals who visit the hospital emergency department (ED) frequently for urgent care. Many among the group present with the main diagnosis of mental health conditions. This group of individual tend to use ED resources disproportionally and significantly affects overall healthcare outcomes. No previous reviews have examined the profiles of FPs with mental health conditions.

Aims

This study aims to identify the key socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who frequently present to ED with a mental health primary diagnosis by performing a comprehensive systematic review of the existing literature.

Method

PRISMA guideline was used. PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) were searched in May 2023. A manual search on the reference list of included articles was conducted at the same time. Covidence was used to perform extraction and screening, which were completed independently by two authors. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined.

Results

The abstracts of 3341 non-duplicate articles were screened, with 40 full texts assessed for eligibility. 20 studies were included from 2004 to 2022 conducted in 6 countries with a total patient number of 25,688 (52% male, 48% female, mean age 40.7 years old). 27% were unemployed, 20% married, 41% homeless, and 17% had tertiary or above education. 44% had a history of substance abuse or alcohol dependence. The top 3 diagnoses are found to be anxiety disorders (44%), depressive disorders (39%) schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders (33%).

Conclusion

On average, FPs are middle-aged and equally prevalent in both genders. Current data lacks representation for gender-diverse groups. They are significantly associated with high rates of unemployment, homelessness, lower than average education level, and being single. Anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, and schizophrenia spectrum disorders are the most common clinical diagnoses associated with the group.
Praxis, Persistence, and Public Archaeology: Disrupting the Mission Myth at La Purísima Concepción
Authors: Brown Kaitlin M.
Published: May 2024

This article introduces a model that harnesses praxis as a powerful tool for critique, knowledge, and action within the realm of public archaeology. The adopted framework focuses on persistence as a middle-range methodology that bridges the material past to activist and collaborative-based projects. Recent research at Mission La Purísima Concepción in Lompoc, California, shows the effectiveness of this model and its real-world application. Visitors to California missions encounter the pervasive “Mission Myth”—a narrative that systematically overlooks and marginalizes Indigenous presence while perpetuating ideas of White hegemony and Eurocentrism. Archaeological excavations in the Native rancheria and collaboration with members of the Chumash community help resist notions of Indigenous erasure. By activating notions of persistence through public archaeology, this study contributes to dismantling entrenched terminal narratives, paving the way for a more accurate representation of the past and fostering a more inclusive archaeological practice.
Social Welfare Functions and Health Policy: A New Approach
Authors: Adler Matthew D.
Published: May 2024

The social welfare function (SWF) framework converts the possible outcomes of governmental policy choice into vectors (lists) of interpersonally comparable well-being numbers, measuring the lifetime well-being of each individual in the population of interest. The SWF proper is a rule for ranking these vectors. The utilitarian SWF adds up well-being numbers. A prioritarian SWF adds up well-being numbers plugged into a strictly increasing and strictly concave transformation function. Governmental policies are conceptualized as probability distributions over well-being vectors. A recent literature applies the SWF framework to health policy. This article first provides a brief overview of the SWF framework and then reviews some of the key concepts and findings that have emerged from this literature. One such concept is the “social value of risk reduction” (SVRR): the marginal social value (as calculated by the SWF) per unit of reduction in fatality risk for a given individual. The SVRR is the analogue, within the SWF framework, to the value-of-statistical-life (VSL) concept within benefit–cost analysis. This article explicates the SVRR concept and reports on recent theoretical findings and simulations that illustrate the properties of utilitarian and prioritarian SVRRs and their differences from VSL.
“We are 9 degrees and sunny”: the use of personal pronouns with weather predicates
Authors: Ghomeshi Jila , Duncan Mercedes
Published: May 2024

This squib discusses a construction heard during weather reports on CBC Radio One in Manitoba whereby personal pronouns appear as the subjects of weather predicates. We show that the use of we/you in statements like we are minus 15 degrees and Brandon, you are sunny is unlike other non-prototypical uses for personal pronouns that have been noted in the literature and argue they index place rather than person. We note that the deictic coordinates of the utterance that are spelled out by these pronouns are necessary for a felicitous interpretation of weather statements, even though they are typically implicit. This implicit deixis, in turn, sheds light on a long-standing claim that weather-it, in contrast to a true expletive, is ‘quasi-argumental’ (Chomsky 1981). That is, we suggest that the deictic coordinates of an utterance are ‘quasi-arguments’.
On the weight zero compactly supported cohomology of
Authors: Brandt Madeline , Chan Melody , Kannan Siddarth
Published: May 2024

For

$g\ge 2$

and

$n\ge 0$

, let

$\mathcal {H}_{g,n}\subset \mathcal {M}_{g,n}$

denote the complex moduli stack of n-marked smooth hyperelliptic curves of genus g. A normal crossings compactification of this space is provided by the theory of pointed admissible

$\mathbb {Z}/2\mathbb {Z}$

-covers. We explicitly determine the resulting dual complex, and we use this to define a graph complex which computes the weight zero compactly supported cohomology of

$\mathcal {H}_{g, n}$

. Using this graph complex, we give a sum-over-graphs formula for the

$S_n$

-equivariant weight zero compactly supported Euler characteristic of

$\mathcal {H}_{g, n}$

. This formula allows for the computer-aided calculation, for each

$g\le 7$

, of the generating function

$\mathsf {h}_g$

for these equivariant Euler characteristics for all n. More generally, we determine the dual complex of the boundary in any moduli space of pointed admissible G-covers of genus zero curves, when G is abelian, as a symmetric

$\Delta $

-complex. We use these complexes to generalize our formula for

$\mathsf {h}_g$

to moduli spaces of n-pointed smooth abelian covers of genus zero curves.
Globally F-regular type of the moduli spaces of parabolic symplectic/orthogonal bundles on curves
Authors: Wang Jianping , Wen Xueqing
Published: May 2024

We prove that the moduli spaces of parabolic symplectic/orthogonal bundles on a smooth curve are globally F-regular type. As a consequence, all higher cohomologies of the theta line bundle vanish. During the proof, we develop a method to estimate codimension.
Estimating Clostridioides difficile infection-associated readmission rates: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Eubank Taryn A. , Jantarathaneewat Kittiya , Jo Jinhee , Garey Kevin W.
Published: May 2024

Background:

The economic burden of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is considerable and mostly associated with a high frequency of hospitalizations. Numerous publications have demonstrated that CDI is associated with a higher risk of hospital readmission, but not always a specific rate or attributable to disease recurrence.

Methods:

In this systematic review, we describe the incidence of 30-day CDI-associated readmission rates and the effect of active interventions. Three search engines were utilized for the literature search, and a total of 9 studies were included in this review. Hospital readmission proportions from interventional and observational studies were analyzed through meta-analysis with random effects.

Results:

Two thousand five hundred and twenty-one articles were identified. After screening full-text articles, 9 eligible articles published between 2002 and 2023 met the inclusion criteria. In total, 132,862 CDI patients were evaluated. Thirty-day CDI-associated readmissions were defined as either an ICD9/10 code indicating CDI admission with a prior admission within the past 30 days (n = 4) or a medical chart evaluation of signs and symptoms consistent with CDI (diarrhea) along with a positive diagnostic test (n = 5) with a prior hospitalization for CDI within the past 30 days. Meta-analysis of observational studies estimated 30-day CDI readmissions were 6% (95% CI, 5%–7%). Three studies evaluated the effect of active interventions to reduce CDI-associated 30-day readmission rates. Two of 3 interventions reduced the likelihood of CDI-associated 30-day readmissions.

Conclusions:

This systematic review identified a 6% rate of 30-day CDI-associated hospital readmission. Antimicrobial stewardship efforts and the use of specific therapeutics were shown to reduce these rates.
Secondary motions in turbulent ribbed channel flows
Authors: Castro Ian P. , Kim Jae Wook
Published: May 2024

We present data from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the fully turbulent flow through nominally two-dimensional channels containing longitudinal, surface-mounted, rectangular ribs whose widths (

$W$

) are either one third of or equal to the gap (

$S-W$

) between consecutive ribs across the domain, where

$S$

is the span (centre-to-centre spacing) of the ribs. A range of the ratio of channel half-height (

$H$

) to span (

$S$

) is considered, covering

$0.25\le H/S\le 2.5$

. In each case, a fixed rib height (

$h$

) of

$0.1H$

was used, but a number of cases with much smaller heights,

$h/H=0.025$

or 0.05, were also studied. The secondary flows resulting from the presence of the ribs are examined, along with their sources in terms of the axial vorticity transport equation, which highlights the effects of spanwise inhomogeneity in the Reynolds stresses. We show that the strength of the secondary flows depends strongly on

$H/S$

(and, correspondingly, on

$W/S$

) and that the major sources of axial vorticity arise near the top corners of the ribs, with convection of that vorticity dominating its spread. We also show that for smaller ribs, the secondary flow strengths are similar to those predicted by Zampino et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 944, 2022, A4) using a linearised model of the Reynolds-averaged equations, which does not include the vorticity convection process; the behaviour of secondary flow topology and strength with varying

$W/H$

is thus noticeably different.
Global stability of the flow past a stepped cylinder
Authors: Massaro D. , Schlatter P.
Published: May 2024

We investigate the global instability mechanism of the flow past a three-dimensional stepped cylinder. A comprehensive study is performed for different diameter ratios of the two joined cylinders ($r=D/d$) ranging from$r=1.1$to$r=4$. Independently of$r$, the spectrum of the linearised Navier–Stokes operator reveals a pair of complex conjugate eigenvalues, with Strouhal number$St \approx 0.11$. The initial transition is triggered by a two-dimensional mechanism of the larger cylinder only, not affected by the presence of the junction and the smaller cylinder ($Re_{D,cr}\approx 47$). The structural sensitivity analysis is used to identify where the instability mechanism acts. The onset of transition is solely localised in the large cylinder wake (L cell), where the wavemaker has two symmetric lobes across the separation bubble. When the Reynolds number increases, a second and a third unstable pair of complex conjugate eigenvalues appears. They are localised in the small cylinder (S) wake and modulation (N) region. For any$r$, the appearance of unstable eigenmodes resembling the three cells S–N–L in the wake is observed. The nonlinear simulation results support this finding, in contrast with the previous classification of the laminar vortex shedding in direct (L–S) and indirect (L–N–S) modes interaction Lewis & Gharib (Phys. Fluids, vol. 4, 1992, pp. 104–117). This result indicates that each cell undergoes a supercritical Hopf bifurcation for any$r$. As$r$approaches$1$, the modal linear stability results also show an unstable eigenmode in the wake of the small cylinder resembling a new modulation cell, named N2, similar to the N cell but mirrored with respect to the junction plane.
Medical schools in empires: connecting the dots
Authors: Cho Hohee , Robert Martin
Published: May 2024

This article provides an overview of the historiography of medical education and calls for greater attention to the connections between medical schools. It begins by reviewing research on medical education in imperial metropoles. Researchers have compared medical schools in different national contexts, traced travellers between them or examined the hierarchies that medical education created within the medical profession. The article then shows how historians have emphasised the ways in which medicine in colonial empires was shaped by negotiation, exchange, hybridisation and competition. The final part of the article introduces the special issue ‘Medical Education in Empires’. Drawing on a variety of sources in English, French, Dutch and Chinese, the special issue builds on these historiographies by juxtaposing cases of medical schools in imperial contexts since the eighteenth century. It considers who funded these medical schools and why, what models of medicine underpinned their creation, what social changes they contributed to, what life was like in these schools, who the students and teachers were and what graduates did with their medical careers. This special issue thus contributes to clarifying the role of medical education in empires and the long-term impact of empires on the medical world.
Latent profile analysis reveals overlapping ARFID and shape/weight motivations for restriction in eating disorders
Authors: Abber Sophie R. , Becker Kendra R. , Stern Casey M. , Palmer Lilian P. , Joiner Thomas E. , Breithaupt Lauren , Kambanis Paraskevi Evelyna , Eddy Kamryn T. , Thomas Jennifer J. , Burton-Murray Helen
Published: May 2024

Background

DSM-5 differentiates avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) from other eating disorders (EDs) by a lack of overvaluation of body weight/shape driving restrictive eating. However, clinical observations and research demonstrate ARFID and shape/weight motivations sometimes co-occur. To inform classification, we: (1) derived profiles underlying restriction motivation and examined their validity and (2) described diagnostic characterizations of individuals in each profile to explore whether findings support current diagnostic schemes. We expected, consistent with DSM-5, that profiles would comprise individuals endorsing solely ARFID or restraint (i.e. trying to eat less to control shape/weight) motivations.

Methods

We applied latent profile analysis to 202 treatment-seeking individuals (ages 10–79 years [M = 26, s.d. = 14], 76% female) with ARFID or a non-ARFID ED, using the Nine-Item ARFID Screen (Picky, Appetite, and Fear subscales) and the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire Restraint subscale as indicators.

Results

A 5-profile solution emerged: Restraint/ARFID-Mixed (n = 24; 8% [n = 2] with ARFID diagnosis); ARFID-2 (with Picky/Appetite; n = 56; 82% ARFID); ARFID-3 (with Picky/Appetite/Fear; n = 40; 68% ARFID); Restraint (n = 45; 11% ARFID); and Non-Endorsers (n = 37; 2% ARFID). Two profiles comprised individuals endorsing solely ARFID motivations (ARFID-2, ARFID-3) and one comprising solely restraint motivations (Restraint), consistent with DSM-5. However, Restraint/ARFID-Mixed (92% non-ARFID ED diagnoses, comprising 18% of those with non-ARFID ED diagnoses in the full sample) endorsed ARFID and restraint motivations.

Conclusions

The heterogeneous profiles identified suggest ARFID and restraint motivations for dietary restriction may overlap somewhat and that individuals with non-ARFID EDs can also endorse high ARFID symptoms. Future research should clarify diagnostic boundaries between ARFID and non-ARFID EDs.
‘Crossing the reflective bridge’: how therapists synthesise personal and professional development from self-practice/self-reflection during CBT training
Authors: Presley Vickie L. , Jones Gwion
Published: May 2024

Over the last two decades, self-practice/self-reflection (SP/SR) has been advocated as a useful experiential teaching method on CBT training programmes. As part of this, theoretical positions point to the importance of there being an explicit process of ‘bridging’ between what is learnt about the self (personal development) and the implications of this for clinical practice (professional development). However, exactly how participants experience this synthesis as part of their engagement in SP/SR has not yet been clarified. As such, the present study set out to explicate trainee CBT therapists’ experiences of this process, in order to further our understanding of how they synthesise their personal and professional development during training. Nineteen trainees took part in the study, each consenting to a 1000-word written summary of their learning from SP/SR being entered into the dataset and analysed using thematic analysis. The analysis identified five interconnected themes, illustrating how trainees had (i) identified self-schemas, (ii) increased their awareness of personal context, and (iii) conceptualised the role of the self in the therapeutic process; they had then achieved (iv) personal–professional development via experiential change methods, resulting in (v) perceived benefits for their clinical practice. SP/SR may therefore be a useful vehicle to enhance personal and professional development during training by helping trainees to understand and address the role of the self in cognitive behavioural psychotherapy. Tentative implications for CBT training and practice have been offered.

Key learning aims

(1)

To summarise key theoretical positions and research outcomes underpinning the use of SP/SR as a CBT training method to enhance personal and professional development.

(2)

To understand trainee experiences of synthesising personal and professional development from SP/SR during training.

(3)

To consider implications for CBT training and ongoing professional practice.
Diagnose Koronare Herzkrankheit
Authors: Kinsky Hans-Jochim , Mitznegg Peter
Published: May 2024

Bei der Koronaren Herzkrankheit (KHK) können die Arterien, die das Herz mit Blut versorgen, durch Ablagerungen von Fett und anderen Substanzen verengt werden. Dies kann zu einer verminderten Durchblutung des Herzmuskels und schließlich zu einem Herzinfarkt führen. Eine frühzeitige Diagnose kann helfen, die richtige Behandlung einzuleiten und das Risiko eines Herzinfarkts oder Schlaganfalls zu senken. Insbesondere, um das Risiko für eine Wiederholung eines Herzinfarkts zu senken, ist es besonders wichtig, einen gesunden Lebensstil zu führen, einschließlich regelmäßiger körperlicher Aktivität, einer gesunden Ernährung und des Rauchstopps. Das Buch stellt die Probleme um die Koronare Herzkrankheit und dem Herzinfarkt aus der Sicht des Patienten dar. Verständlich erklärt erhält der Leser die Informationen, die für ihn wesentlich und hilfreich sind: Wie werden die Veränderungen im Herzmuskel oder im Herzrhythmus durch diagnostische Methoden sichtbar (Stress-Echokardiographie, CT-Koronarangiogramm, Koronarangiographie). Wie wirken die verschiedenen Medikamente? Wie können invasive Verfahren wie Stents oder Bypass-Operationen helfen? Was bewirkt eine Ernährungsumstellung und körperliche Aktivität? Für alle KHK-Patienten ist dieser Ratgeber zu empfehlen, um gut informiert zusammen mit der behandelnden Ärzt_in das individuelle Risiko zu bewerten und gemeinsam einen Plan zur Prävention und Vermeidung eines (weiteren) Herzinfarktes zu erstellen.
Kommunikation und Interaktion in der Pflege
Authors: Büker Heinz-Joachim , Schumacher Margret
Published: May 2024

Kommunikation und Interaktion gehören zu den zentralen Kompetenzen, die es in der Pflegeausbildung zu erwerben und in der Praxis anzuwenden gilt. Die Autor*innen des Kurzlehrbuchs zur Kommunikation und Interaktion in der Pflege

führen in die Grundlagen der Kommunikation ein bezüglich der Funktionen von Sprache, der Dimensionen einer Nachricht und nonverbaler Kommunikation
beschreiben die kommunikativen Kompetenzen Empathie und aktives Zuhören
stellen standardisierte Gesprächs- und Reflexionsformate vor wie Supervision, kollegiale Beratung und Personalgespräche
skizzieren die Besonderheiten der Kommunikation im Krankenhaus
geben ergänzende Informationen zu den Themen Humor, interprofessionelle Kommunikation, Spiegelneuronen und Mikroschulung zur Medikamenteneinnahme
bieten vertiefende Informationen zur Kommunikation
mit Kindern und Jugendlichen bezüglich deren Sprach-erwerbes und Sprachentwicklung
vermitteln praktische Informationen zur Interaktion mit alten Menschen bezüglich Tür- und Angelgesprächen, Kommunikation mit Menschen mit Demenz, Gestaltung eines Erzählkreises und des Umgangs mit Verlusterfahrungen bei sterbenden und trauernden Menschen
decken die curricular relevanten Inhalte der generalisti-schen Pflegeausbildung ab bezüglich der Gestaltung
von personen- und situationsorientierter Kommunikation und Beratung
erleichtern das Lernen und Anwenden der Inhalte mit zahlreichen Aufgaben, anschaulichen Illustrationen, curricularen Hinweisen und praxisorientierten Beispielen.
Illuminating the Transition From an Open to a Semi‐Closed Volcanic Vent System Through Episodic Tremor Duration and Shape
Authors: Eibl Eva P. S. , Thordarson Thor , Moreland William M. , Gudnason Egill Árni , Höskuldsson Ármann , Hersir Gylfi Páll , Heimann Sebastian
Published: May 2024

[Volcanic eruptions generate continuous or episodic tremor, which can provide unrivaled information about activity changes during eruption. However, the wealth of information in episodic tremor patterns is often not harvested and transitions between patterns remain obscure. The 2021 Geldingadalir eruption, Iceland, is an exceptional case, where the lava effusion caused continuous tremor, and 8698 tremor episodes spanning two orders of magnitude in duration and repose. Based on seismometer and video camera data, we associate several‐minute‐long, symmetrical episodes with an open vent system, where lava remains in the crater bowl during repose, connected to a shallow magma compartment. Ramp‐shaped episodes, lasting several hours, are associated with a temporary closure of the vent system, where no lava remains in the crater bowl during repose and more time is required to resume effusion. The transition from continuous to episodic effusion is related to the cumulative time spent in effusion and repose, and to external factors like crater wall collapses. The range of observed eruption styles and shifts between them, took place at unchanged magma supply rate. This underpins the importance of processes, geometry and evolution of the shallow conduit with time.]
Evidence From Intermediate‐Depth Earthquakes of Slab‐Derived Fluids Beneath the Taupō Volcanic Zone
Authors: Mark O. K. , Illsley‐Kemp F. , Townend J. , Barker S. J.
Published: May 2024

Ahi Tupua, the central section of the Taupō Volcanic Zone in the central North Island of New Zealand, encompasses Taupō and Ōkataina calderas and has been the most frequently active and productive silicic magma system worldwide during the Quaternary. The entire Taupō Volcanic Zone is underlain by the Hikurangi Subduction Zone where a Large Igneous Province, the Hikurangi Plateau, is being subducted, but Ahi Tupua exhibits much higher rates of magma output than either the northern or the southern sections. Trace element signatures of Ahi Tupua eruptive products suggest that both decompression melting and flux melting play a role in this rifted arc setting, with fluid flux signatures being more prevalent in regions of active caldera volcanism. Intermediate‐depth (50–300 km) earthquakes provide a means of studying faulting and fluid flow processes within and around the subducting slab beneath Ahi Tupua. Using data from the national seismic network and a 13‐station temporary network (“ECLIPSE”), we repick and relocate 397 intermediate‐depth earthquakes of magnitudes M2.5+ that occurred in a 29‐month interval, and compute focal mechanisms for a subset of 47 earthquakes. We observe some seismicity that may be within the mantle wedge but most of the relocated earthquakes occur within the crust and uppermost mantle of the subducted slab and exhibit a weak transition from predominantly normal‐faulting in the slab crust to predominantly reverse‐faulting in the slab mantle. No double seismic zone is observed beneath Ahi Tupua. These observations are consistent with dehydration of the slab and flow of slab‐derived fluids along existing faults into the mantle wedge, that drives flux melting and accounts for the distinctive geochemical signatures and voluminous output of Ahi Tupua calderas.
Intraseasonal Variability of Full‐Depth Currents in the Philippine Sea
Authors: Yuan Xin , Wang Qingye , Hu Dunxin , Feng Junqiao , Wang Fujun , Tian Zhizhao
Published: May 2024

Intraseasonal variability (ISV) in the meridional velocity of multi‐layer currents in the Philippines Sea was investigated using near full‐depth mooring observations deployed at 130°E, 11°N from September 2015 to October 2019 and the reanalysis data from 2015 to 2019. Prominent bimodal ISVs structures were detected in the power spectra of the meridional velocities at 45‐ and 62‐days, occurring from the surface through to the bottom. Further analysis suggested that the identified ISV of 62‐days in the upper 1,500 m was controlled by large‐scale oceanic Rossby waves with a zonal wavelength of 687 km. The full‐depth 45‐days fluctuation is limited by the entire zonal width of the Philippines Basin, which is approximately 900 km. The 45‐days variability modulated by the barotropic Rossby normal mode triggered by resonant wind forcing in the key region of 126°–140°E and 5°–13°N. Whereas the deep‐layer 62‐days fluctuation is limited by the basin width near the bottom (5,700 m), which is approximately 640 km. In addition, two super‐intense ISV events occurred in the upper layers following the 2015/16 and 2018/19 El Niño events, which generally lagged the Niño 3.4 index by six/seven months. This study reveals the upper‐layer ocean ISVs response in the western Pacific following El Niño events and triggering of the deep‐layer ocean ISVs by the actual basin scale. Our findings provide a better understanding of the variations in full‐depth currents in the western Pacific Ocean.
Large‐Scale Physical Modeling of Wave Generation and Runup on Slopes From the Collapse of Partially and Fully Submerged Granular Columns
Authors: Treflik‐Body E. , Steel E. , Take W. A. , Mulligan R. P.
Published: May 2024

Climate change is making coastal regions increasingly vulnerable to hazards, including rapid subaerial and submarine landslides, which can result in catastrophic tsunamis. Due to the complex geomechanics of failure, limited physical modeling studies have been conducted that encompass the entire problem including the triggering of granular landslides, the waves generated by partially and fully submerged mass failures, and the runup of these waves on local and distal slopes. In the present study, for the first time, waves in both the seaward direction (in the direction of failure for both submarine and partially submerged slides) and the landward direction (opposing the direction of failure only for submarine slides) are investigated during morphological evolution of the granular material. A series of large‐scale experiments are conducted under varying levels of submergence in water by releasing columns of gravel‐sized material into a range of different reservoir depths. This is accomplished using a pneumatically actuated vertical lift gate designed specifically for these experiments. The wave amplitudes measured in the seaward direction agree with empirical relationships developed in a previous study using smaller‐scale models, and a new analytical solution relating the column submergence to the trough‐led wave amplitudes in landward direction is presented. These novel predictions of wave amplitude and runup in both the seaward and landward directions indicate strong dependence of the wave behavior on the submergence depth and granular properties, improving our understanding of tsunamis generated by mass failures in coastal regions.
Autumnal Equinox Shift in Arctic Surface Energy Budget: Beaufort‐Chukchi Seas Case Study
Authors: Carrigg Joseph , Yu Lisan , Menezes Viviane V. , Chen Yanxu
Published: May 2024

This study examines the annual cycle of the Surface Energy Budget (SEB) in the Beaufort‐Chukchi seas, focusing on the autumn transition. Shipboard measurements from NASA's Salinity and Stratification at the Sea Ice Edge (SASSIE) experiment (8 September–2 October 2022) and satellite flux analysis for the entire 2022 were utilized to provide a comprehensive perspective of the SEB's seasonal dynamics. An important finding is the alignment of SEB’s autumnal transition with the September 22 equinox, marking the onset of prolonged Arctic darkness. This transition involved a shift from the summertime radiative heating to cooling conditions, characterized by outgoing longwave radiation surpassing incoming solar radiation and a notable increase in synoptic turbulent latent and sensible heat flux variability. The increased turbulent heat fluxes after the equinox were associated with increased occurrences of short‐duration cold air outbreaks. These outbreaks seem to originate from cold mesoscale surface winds transitioning from cooling landmasses or ice caps to the warmer seas, driven by differential cooling rates between land/ice and ocean as solar irradiance declined. Turbulent heat losses, outpacing longwave emission by more than fivefold, accelerated ocean surface cooling in the subsequent 2 months, leading to the complete freeze‐up of the Beaufort‐Chukchi seas by late November. These findings underscore the substantial influence of astronomical seasons on the SEB, emphasizing their crucial role in Arctic climate dynamics.
Local Similarity Between Aeolian Barchan Dunes and Their Downsized Subaqueous Counterparts
Authors: Zhang Yang , Lin Yuanwei , He Nan , Gao Xin , Yang Bin
Published: May 2024

Aeolian barchan dunes on Earth and other planets have been widely investigated. Much of the understanding of barchan dune morphodynamics comes from field observations, numerical simulations, and downsized water‐tunnel experiments as well. Many of the evolution of barchan dunes in water‐tunnel experiments are similar to those of aeolian cases, although they have notable differences in scale, sand particle motion and hydrodynamic characteristics. Here, we first review the literature on the local similarities between aeolian and downsized subaqueous barchan dunes, focusing on (a) dune formation, (b) dune morphology, (c) particle‐scale characteristics, and (d) sand/dune emission at horns. A comprehensive description of double‐dune interaction modes is then presented to illustrate the local similarity of barchan dune morphodynamics. Specifically, as the interaction mode undergoes a process of “merging‐splitting‐chasing,” the similarity between the interaction modes of aeolian and downsized subaqueous dunes continuously decreases. Furthermore, we summarize the significance and limitations of downsized water‐tunnel experiments for barchan dunes, and highlight the focus for future investigation.
Decoding Deep‐Time Rhythms: Probing the Limit of Stratigraphic Correlation in the Time‐Specific Facies of the Late Devonian Usseln Limestone (Rhenish Massif, Germany)
Authors: Wichern N. M. A. , Bialik O. M. , Nohl T. , Becker R. T. , De Vleeschouwer D.
Published: May 2024

The iso‐ or diachronous character of a geologic unit is scale‐dependent, especially for time‐specific facies. The Usseln Limestone is a Late Devonian time‐specific facies from Germany, occurring immediately below the Lower Kellwasser black shale. Here, we investigate whether cm‐scale rhythmical bands within the Usseln Limestone are correlatable across its depositional basin. Its facies were studied at three locations ca. 50 km apart, representing different depositional settings. Its cm‐scale alternations in lithological facies and elemental content (μXRF) form an excellent target for correlations on millennial timescales. Correlation attempts failed to converge to a solution at the cm‐scale of individual rhythmites. Dynamic Time Warping, however, provided convincing correlations at the dm‐scale, supporting its use as a high‐resolution correlation tool. The Usseln Limestone base may be diachronous, but the top is likely isochronous. This finding is in agreement with sudden basin‐wide black shale deposition at the onset of the Kellwasser Crisis.
Mitigating Atmospheric Delays in InSAR Time Series: The DetrendInSAR Method and Its Validation
Authors: Liu Jihong , Hu Jun , Bürgmann Roland , Li Zhiwei , Jónsson Sigurjón
Published: May 2024

How to effectively mitigate atmospheric delay signals in InSAR observations has long been a pressing problem in the InSAR community. Here we propose a new method, DetrendInSAR, that addresses this issue by incorporating the spatiotemporal characteristics of displacements and atmospheric delays as a‐priori information. This enables simultaneously modeling and estimating surface displacements, atmospheric delays, and other unmodeled long‐wavelength errors (e.g., orbit errors) in InSAR time series. We use both simulated‐ and real‐data experiments to validate the performance of the proposed method, and results show a 20%–70% reduction of RMSE values for the DetrendInSAR‐obtained displacements compared with four commonly‐used atmospheric delay reduction methods. We also show that the DetrendInSAR method is capable of capturing the spatial and temporal details of sudden deformation jumps as small as 1 cm, due to a magnitude 5.4 earthquake, in InSAR time series. Based on the DetrendInSAR‐corrected ascending and descending Sentinel‐1 InSAR time series, we calculate the 2‐year postseismic east and vertical displacements of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo earthquake, which better illuminate the postseismic deformation.
Physical frailty, genetic predisposition, and incident dementia: a large prospective cohort study
Authors: Gao Pei-Yang , Ma Ling-Zhi , Wang Xue-Jie , Wu Bang-Sheng , Huang Yi-Ming , Wang Zhi-Bo , Fu Yan , Ou Ya-Nan , Feng Jian-Feng , Cheng Wei , Tan Lan , Yu Jin-Tai
Published: May 2024

Physical frailty and genetic factors are both risk factors for increased dementia; nevertheless, the joint effect remains unclear. This study aimed to investigated the long-term relationship between physical frailty, genetic risk, and dementia incidence. A total of 274,194 participants from the UK Biobank were included. We applied Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate the association between physical frailty and genetic and dementia risks. Among the participants (146,574 females [53.45%]; mean age, 57.24 years), 3,353 (1.22%) new-onset dementia events were recorded. Compared to non-frailty, the hazard ratio (HR) for dementia incidence in prefrailty and frailty was 1.396 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.294–1.506, P < 0.001) and 2.304 (95% CI, 2.030–2.616, P < 0.001), respectively. Compared to non-frailty and low polygenic risk score (PRS), the HR for dementia risk was 3.908 (95% CI, 3.051–5.006, P < 0.001) for frailty and high PRS. Furthermore, among the participants, slow walking speed (HR, 1.817; 95% CI, 1.640–2.014, P < 0.001), low physical activity (HR, 1.719; 95% CI, 1.545–1.912, P < 0.001), exhaustion (HR, 1.670; 95% CI, 1.502–1.856, P < 0.001), low grip strength (HR, 1.606; 95% CI, 1.479–1.744, P < 0.001), and weight loss (HR, 1.464; 95% CI, 1.328–1.615, P < 0.001) were independently associated with dementia risk compared to non-frailty. Particularly, precise modulation for different dementia genetic risk populations can also be identified due to differences in dementia risk resulting from the constitutive pattern of frailty in different genetic risk populations. In conclusion, both physical frailty and high genetic risk are significantly associated with higher dementia risk. Early intervention to modify frailty is beneficial for achieving primary and precise prevention of dementia, especially in those at high genetic risk.
Impact of SMAASH-C, a novel nutritional supplement, on drug-seeking and toxicity in female and male rats
Authors: Towers Eleanor Blair , Williams Ivy L. , Aristidou Ariadne S. K. , Salako-Akande Ajibike O. , Lynch Wendy J.
Published: May 2024

Relapse to drug use after abstinence is a major challenge in treating substance use disorder. Exposure to drug-associated cues during abstinence can trigger intense craving and precipitate relapse. New and more effective anti-relapse interventions are critically needed, particularly for cocaine use disorder since no effective pharmacological intervention is available. We discovered that a nutritional supplement we developed as part of a nutritional approach for managing patients with substance use disorder reduced patient reports of drug craving and relapse. The goal of this study was to determine the efficacy of this supplement, SMAASH-C, at reducing drug-craving/relapse vulnerability in males and females in rat models with cocaine. Effects were determined following extended-access cocaine self-administration (24-hr/day for 10 days) and a two-week treatment regimen at a moderate and moderate-to-high dose (0.4 and 0.8 g/kg/day) as well as a 6-week regimen at a moderate dose (0.4 g/kg/day; Experiment 2). We also determined its efficacy to offset serum markers of organ toxicity in response to chronic cocaine self-administration and abstinence (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, amylase; urea nitrogen). In females, both the 2- and 6-week SMAASH-C treatment regimens reduced cocaine-seeking (extinction or cue-induced reinstatement), particularly when drug-seeking was heightened (e.g., during estrus). Despite a lack of efficacy to reduce drug-seeking in males, SMAASH-C treatment normalized cocaine/abstinence-induced increases in serum levels of aspartate transaminase and amylase, which are markers of liver and pancreatic toxicity respectively. Thus, the beneficial effects of oral SMAASH-C treatment over abstinence following chronic cocaine self-administration appears to be sex-specific.
The impact of magnesium content on lithium-magnesium alloy electrode performance with argyrodite solid electrolyte
Authors: Aspinall Jack , Sada Krishnakanth , Guo Hua , Kotakadi Souhardh , Narayanan Sudarshan , Chart Yvonne , Jagger Ben , Milan Emily , Brassart Laurence , Armstrong David , Pasta Mauro
Published: May 2024

Solid-state lithium-based batteries offer higher energy density than their Li-ion counterparts. Yet they are limited in terms of negative electrode discharge performance and require high stack pressure during operation. To circumvent these issues, we propose the use of lithium-rich magnesium alloys as suitable negative electrodes in combination with Li6PS5Cl solid-state electrolyte. We synthesise and characterise lithium-rich magnesium alloys, quantifying the changes in mechanical properties, transport, and surface chemistry that impact electrochemical performance. Increases in hardness, stiffness, adhesion, and resistance to creep are quantified by nanoindentation as a function of magnesium content. A decrease in diffusivity is quantified with 6Li pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance, and only a small increase in interfacial impedance due to the presence of magnesium is identified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy which is correlated with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The addition of magnesium aids contact retention on discharge, but this must be balanced against a decrease in lithium diffusivity. We demonstrate via electrochemical testing of symmetric cells at 2.5 MPa and 30∘C that 1% magnesium content in the alloy increases the stripping capacity compared to both pure lithium and higher magnesium content alloys by balancing these effects.
Enhanced surface colonisation and competition during bacterial adaptation to a fungus
Authors: Richter Anne , Blei Felix , Hu Guohai , Schwitalla Jan W. , Lozano-Andrade Carlos N. , Xie Jiyu , Jarmusch Scott A. , Wibowo Mario , Kjeldgaard Bodil , Surabhi Surabhi , Xu Xinming , Jautzus Theresa , Phippen Christopher B. W. , Tyc Olaf , Arentshorst Mark , Wang Yue , Garbeva Paolina , Larsen Thomas Ostenfeld , Ram Arthur F. J. , van den Hondel Cees A. M. , Maróti Gergely , Kovács Ákos T.
Published: May 2024

Bacterial-fungal interactions influence microbial community performance of most ecosystems and elicit specific microbial behaviours, including stimulating specialised metabolite production. Here, we use a co-culture experimental evolution approach to investigate bacterial adaptation to the presence of a fungus, using a simple model of bacterial-fungal interactions encompassing the bacterium Bacillus subtilis and the fungus Aspergillus niger. We find in one evolving population that B. subtilis was selected for enhanced production of the lipopeptide surfactin and accelerated surface spreading ability, leading to inhibition of fungal expansion and acidification of the environment. These phenotypes were explained by specific mutations in the DegS-DegU two-component system. In the presence of surfactin, fungal hyphae exhibited bulging cells with delocalised secretory vesicles possibly provoking an RlmA-dependent cell wall stress. Thus, our results indicate that the presence of the fungus selects for increased surfactin production, which inhibits fungal growth and facilitates the competitive success of the bacterium.
Cobalt-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling of alkynyl sulfides with unactivated chlorosilanes
Authors: Xing Donghui , Liu Jinlin , Cai Dingxin , Huang Bin , Jiang Huanfeng , Huang Liangbin
Published: May 2024

Herein, we disclose a highly efficient cobalt-catalyzed cross-electrophile alkynylation of a broad range of unactivated chlorosilanes with alkynyl sulfides as a stable and practical alkynyl electrophiles. Strategically, employing easily synthesized alkynyl sulfides as alkynyl precursors allows access to various alkynylsilanes in good to excellent yields. Notably, this method avoids the utilization of strong bases, noble metal catalysts, high temperature and forcing reaction conditions, thus presenting apparent advantages, such as broad substrate scope (72 examples, up to 97% yield), high Csp-S chemo-selectivity and excellent functional group compatibility (Ar-X, X = Cl, Br, I, OTf, OTs). Moreover, the utilities of this method are also illustrated by downstream transformations and late-stage modification of structurally complex natural products and pharmaceuticals. Mechanistic studies elucidated that the cobalt catalyst initially reacted with alkynyl sulfides, and the activation of chlorosilanes occurred via an SN2 process instead of a radical pathway.
Biodiversity increases resistance of grasslands against plant invasions under multiple environmental changes
Authors: Cheng Cai , Liu Zekang , Song Wei , Chen Xue , Zhang Zhijie , Li Bo , van Kleunen Mark , Wu Jihua
Published: May 2024

Biodiversity often helps communities resist invasion. However, it is unclear whether this diversity–invasion relationship holds true under environmental changes. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis of 1010 observations from 25 grassland studies in which plant species richness is manipulated together with one or more environmental change factors to test invasibility (measured by biomass or cover of invaders). We find that biodiversity increases resistance to invaders across various environmental conditions. However, the positive biodiversity effect on invasion resistance is strengthened under experimental warming, whereas it is weakened under experimentally imposed drought. When multiple factors are imposed simultaneously, the positive biodiversity effect is strengthened. Overall, we show that biodiversity helps grassland communities resist plant invasions under multiple environmental changes. Therefore, investment in the protection and restoration of native biodiversity is not only important for prevention of invasions under current conditions but also under continued global environmental change.
Removal of the large inverted repeat from the plastid genome reveals gene dosage effects and leads to increased genome copy number
Authors: Krämer Carolin , Boehm Christian R. , Liu Jinghan , Ting Michael Kien Yin , Hertle Alexander P. , Forner Joachim , Ruf Stephanie , Schöttler Mark A. , Zoschke Reimo , Bock Ralph
Published: May 2024

The chloroplast genomes of most plants and algae contain a large inverted repeat (IR) region that separates two single-copy regions and harbours the ribosomal RNA operon. We have addressed the functional importance of the IR region by removing an entire copy of the 25.3-kb IR from the tobacco plastid genome. Using plastid transformation and subsequent selectable marker gene elimination, we precisely excised the IR, thus generating plants with a substantially reduced plastid genome size. We show that the lack of the IR results in a mildly reduced plastid ribosome number, suggesting a gene dosage benefit from the duplicated presence of the ribosomal RNA operon. Moreover, the IR deletion plants contain an increased number of plastid genomes, suggesting that genome copy number is regulated by measuring total plastid DNA content rather than by counting genomes. Together, our findings (1) demonstrate that the IR can enhance the translation capacity of the plastid, (2) reveal the relationship between genome size and genome copy number, and (3) provide a simplified plastid genome structure that will facilitate future synthetic biology applications.