bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Mating Strategies in Two Species of Philanthus (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
Authors: Evans Howard
Published: July 2020

In the majority of animals, most or all of both pre- and post-zygotic parental investment is contributed by the female of the species. Thus, the females and their ability to invest in offspring represent a limited resource, which must be procured by a male if he is to reproduce successfully. It is on this basis that sexual selection theory predicts that there will be intense competition among males for access to sexually receptive females.
Elk-Cattle Interactions in Calving Areas
Authors: Sauer John , Boyce Mark
Published: July 2020

Elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) in northwestern Wyoming tend to calve in open sagebrush habitats. In Jackson Hole the poriion of Grand Teton National Park east of Elk Ranch Reservoir has been described as a traditional calving ground for elk (Anderson 1958). Cattle are grazed in this area starting June 1, at the peak of the elk calving period. In May 1978 a study was begun to determine if the cattle and associated human disturbances had a detrimental effect on the elk. Elk use of the area was found to significatly decrease after the cattle entered the area. (Boyce and Sauer 1979). Field work this year was designed to substantiate the conclusions from last year's observations and provide more information on how the elk respond to the presence of cattle on their preferred calving habitat.
Local and Long-Range Movements of Bald Eagles Associated with Autumn Concentrations in Glacier National Park, Montana
Authors: McClelland B. , Shea David , Allen Harriet , Spettigue Elizabeth , Young Leonard
Published: July 2020

Large numbers of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) concentrate in the McDonald Creek area of Glatier National Park each autumn to feed on a spawning run of kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka). This report summarizes the third year of a continuing study of the local and long-range movements of Bald Eagles from this concentration.
Influences of the Longnose Sucker on the Early Life Stages of Cutthroat Trout in Tributaries of Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
Authors: Baxter George , Swanson Richard
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine what, if any, influences the longnose sucker (Catostomus catostomus) have upon the cutthroat trout (Salmo clarkii) population in Yellowstone Lake, Yellowstone National Park, with special reference to early life stage interactions. The specific objective of this investigation was to determine if the introduced sucker was having a deleterious effect upon the growth and survival of indigenous trout fry. Cutthroat trout and longnose suckers use tributaries of Yellowstone Lake as spawning areas and the potential for intraspecific competition between fry of both species is considerable. The maintenance of an ecologically sound population of cutthroat trout in Yellowstone Park is a prerequisite to the National Park Service policy of maintalning native flora and fauna in national parks.
Diphyllobothrium cordiceps: A Tapeworm Problem in Yellowstone Lake Fishes New Investigations into the Life Cycle
Authors: Kingston Newton , Diem Kenneth , Mitchum Douglas
Published: July 2020

Diphyllobothrium cordiceps (Leidy, 1872) has been known from Yellowstone Lake fishes since 1872. Leidy described and named the species Dibothrium cordiceps from poorly preserved larval (plerocercoid) material collected from native trout, Salmo mykiss (= Salmo clarki) by members of the Hayden Expedition. The larval tapeworm has been reported only from cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki, brown trout, Salmo trutta, brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, and grayling, Thymallus arcticus, chiefly from Yellowstone Lake and adjacent waters in the northern Rocky Mountains. Simms and Shaw (1939), found cordiceps outside the Rocky Mountain area in brook trout from Elk Lake, western Deschutes County, Oregon.
The Effects of Fire on Forest Floor Vegetation in Ponderosa Pine Forests in the Southern Black Hills
Authors: Bock Jane , Bock Carl
Published: July 2020

The objective of this study is to carry out an ecological analysis of vegetation occurring under the ponderosa pine canopy in Wind Cave National Park and to define the relationship between this vegetation and fire. The N. P. S. has expressed speciaI interest in areas which have been invaded by ponderosa pine since the national policy of fire suppression was established near the turn of the century.
Evaluation of Water Quality and Rate of Sedimentation of Bighorn Lake
Authors: Lee G. , Jones R.
Published: July 2020

The managers of the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area have expressed concern about two aspects of water quality in Bighorn Lake, the rate of sediment accumulation in the upper ends of the lake, especially in the Horseshoe Bend region, and the excessive fertility that occurs generally in the upper end, although it sometimes extends throughout the total length of the lake. In the spring of 1980 a cooperative study was initiated which was designed to estimate the rate of sediment accumulation in the Horseshoe Bend area of Bighorn Lake since closure of the Yellowtail Dam in 1967. Studies were also initiated to evaluate the sources of aquatic plant nutrients, the factors limiting phytoplankton growth within the upper ends of Bighorn Lake, and the current degree of eutrophication-fertility of waters in this region of the waterbody. This report presents a summary of the results of the first eight months of these studies.
Bird Populations in a Narrowleaf Cottonwood Community, Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming
Authors: Diem Kenneth
Published: July 2020

An Avian Atlas for the State of Wyoming is being developed by the Wyoming Game and Fish Department. Baseline information on the avifauna of the riparian communities is especially sparse. Consequently, the objective of this project is to collect information on the composition, density, distribution and habitat of the bird species inhabiting a portion of the narrowleaf cottonwood, Populus angustifolia, community in Grand Teton National Park. The study was initiated in June 1980 on a portion of the western floodplain of Pilgrim Creek. The metal, southeast corner stake of this 300 m x 400m (12 ha) plot is located on a bearing line 4Â° E of N. 77 mm from the fiducial center of the infrared aerial photo N31 (U.S. Bur. of Reclamation Series B/R17, 7-16-79). This floodplain community is predominantly narrowleaf cottonwood with scattered trees of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides, engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii, and lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta. In the moister areas several small patches of alder, Alnus incana occur under the larger trees and a few patches of willow (Salix, sp.) are located in moist openings of the woodland.
Further Studies on Diphyllobothrium cordiceps in Yellowstone Lake
Authors: Kingston N. , Mitchum D. , Diem K.
Published: July 2020

The California gull Larus californicus, has been reported as a host for Diphyllobothrium cordiceps from cutthroat trout, Salmo clarki, (Post, 1971) . A comparison of development and of morphological forms of D. cordiceps in young gulls and hamsters which had previously been proven to be susceptible to infection was considered desirable. Previous experimental exposures of cutthroat trout and grayling, Thymallus arcticus, to plerocercoids naturally infected from cutthroat trout had given mixed results with transfer of plerocercoids from cutthroat to cutthroat but not from cutthroat to grayling (Kingston et al., 1980) though grayling have been cited as a natural host for the tapeworm (Post, 1971). Work in 1980 was directed towards the elucidation of these aspects of the life cycle of D. cordiceps.
A Microcomputer Based Park Resources Management System for Glacier National Park
Authors: Magee Michael
Published: July 2020

The primary objective of this project is to assess the computing needs of the Glacier National Park and to make recommendations with respect to the management of park resources. As originally proposed, one of the principal objectives was to consult with the park service and to suggest alternatives for hardware configurations that would meet the ever increasing information management requirements of Glacier National Park. Before the initial meeting between the principal investigator and park service personnel, however, a Datapoint minicomputer was selected by the regional office in Denver for use by Glacier as well as other parks within the area. Thus, the objectives to be attained by this and subsequent reports will deal primarily with the uses to which the newly acquired hardware can be put as well as suggesting methods of operation and additional hardware which would enhance information processing at Glacier National Park.
Mushrooms of Grand Teton National Park
Authors: McKnight Kent , Harper Kimball , McKnight Karl
Published: July 2020

Fungi are highly significant in the ecology of the Park biota not only as parasites and mycorrhizal symbionts but also for energy recycling as primary organisms of decay. Records of higher fungi occurring in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks appear constantly in taxonomic monographs (e.g. Hesler & Smith, 1979), special reports McKnight, 1975, 1979, and by implication, at least, in regional reports or check-lists including fungi of Wyoming which may or may not give specific localities (e.g. Larsen & Denisen, 1978, Lowe & Gilbertson, 1961). The 1700 collections of fungi from the central Rocky Mountains distributed by Solheim contain many from Wyoming (Gilbertson, Cummins, & Darnall, 1979), including a large number from the two National Parks. Although they represent a major contribution to our knowledge of the park fungi, most of Solheim's specimens are parasites or other small fungi not included in the groups covered in this study.
Effects of Environmental Variables on Some Physiological Responses of Microtus montanus Under Natural Conditions
Authors: Pinter Aelita
Published: July 2020

Cyclic fluctuations in the population density of microtine rodents have been known since antiquity. However, factors responsible for this phenomenon are not known. The objectives of this long term study are essentially fourfold. First, to characterize the environmental variables that might affect Microtus in different seasons of the year. Second, to record the growth, maturation and reproductive activity of Microtus montanus under natural conditions. Third, to determine the maturational, as well as, seasonal pelage changes of these rodents. Fourth, the data resulting from the execution of the first three objectives would be correlated in an attempt to determine the causes underlying the multiannual fluctuations in population density of these microtine rodents.
Seismicity of the Teton and Southern Yellowstone Fault Systems
Authors: Doser D. , Smith R.
Published: July 2020

Two summer field seasons of microearthquake monitoring in the Teton and Southern Yellowstone regions have been carried out in an attempt to define the seismicity of the area. Prior to this survey, only limited monitoring of the northern Jackson Hole and Mt. Leidy Highlands areas (Smith, Pelton and Love, 1977; Smith and others, 1977) had been conducted.
Dispersal Activities of the Black-Tailed Prarie Dog of Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota
Authors: Garrett Monte , Franklin William
Published: July 2020

The increase in the size and number of black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys) ludovicianus) colonies in Wind Cave National Park has been a chronic problem since periodic poisoning programs were discontinued in the mid-1960s. In 1967, there were an estimated 254 hectares of prairie dog colonies in the park (Lovaas 1972). Aerial photographs in 1978 indicated an excess of 500 hectares (Dalsted et al. 1981). This worsening condition is alarming to park managers because 1) the native prairie component of the park is shrinking every year due to encroachment of forest and modification by prairie dogs, 2) prairie dogs are believed to be competing for forage with other grazing wildlife (e.g., buffalo and elk), and 3) the park is being accused by local landowners of being a reservoir for prairie dogs infesting adjacent rangeland.
Effects of Fire on Bird and Small Mammal Communities in the Grasslands of Wind Cave National Park
Authors: Shown D. , Sloan N.
Published: July 2020

Wind Cave National Park initiated a prescribed burning program in 1972. Yearly burns have been conducted since to evaluate the effects of fire on the park biota. This project was begun to study what effects burning is having on bird and small mammal populations within the grassland community.
Characterization of Soils in Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Bartelli L. , Trettin C.
Published: July 2020

This is a continuation of a project initiated in 1980 to characterize the major soils of Yellowstone National Park. It has entailed the integration of existing resource data, such as the Yellowstone National Park geologic map (U.S.G.S. 1972), surficial geological map (U.S.G.S. 1972) and the vegetative habitat map (Despain, 1980), with detailed soils characterization data.
Quantitative Assessment of Thermal Features of the Southwest Portion of Yellowstone Park
Authors: Parry William , Chapman David , Bowman John , Allis Richard
Published: July 2020

The objectives of this project are to obtain chemical, thermal, and hydrological data for thermal features in the southwest portion of Yellowstone National Park, and to make assessments of the heat, mass, and chemical budgets for the region. With a better understanding of the hydrothermal regime we intend to delineate key thermal features which should be monitored on a periodic basis to detect inadvertent geothermal development impact.
Prairie Dog Dispersal and Habitat Preference in Badlands National Park
Authors: Hansen R. , Uresk D. , Cincotta R.
Published: July 2020

The ongoing prairie dog research in Badlands National Park, presently in its second year of investigation has four main objectives. They are to investigate: 1. Immigration and egression patterns of blacktailed prairie dogs; 2. Their vegetational habitat preferences; 3. Their habitat preferences in terms of soils and aspect; and 4. Prairie dog seasonal food habits.
Bird Populations in a Black Cottonwood Community, Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Diem Kenneth
Published: July 2020

Baseline information on the avifauna of the riparian communities in Grand Teton National Park is sparse. Consequently, the objective of this project is to collect information on the composition, density, distribution and habitat of the bird species inhabiting a portion of the black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa, community in Grand Teton National Park. The study was initiated in June 1980 on a portion of the western floodplain of Pilgrim Creek. The southeast conner of this 300m x 400m (12ha) plot is identified by a metal post. This post can be located on a bearing line of 4Â° E of N. 77 mm from the fiducial center of the infrared aerial photo N 31 (U.S. Bur. of Reclamation Series B/Rl7, 7-16-79). This floodplain community is predominantly black cotton wood with scattered trees of quaking aspen, Populus tremuloides, engelman spruce, Picea engelmannii and lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta. In restricted moister areas several small patches of alder, Alnus incana occur under the larger trees and a few patches of willow, (Salix, sp.) are located in moist openings of the woodland.
Ecological Study of River Otters in Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Hall Joseph
Published: July 2020

The primary goals of the study are to obtain information on the distribution, density, movements, activity patterns and behavior of otters on the Snake River from Jackson Lake Dam to Moose. Most observations were concentrated along the 3.5 mile section from the dam to and including the Oxbow. This report covers field work during the periods of March 7-17 and August 11 - September 25. No otters were seen in March but they were observed for 28 hours during 88 hours afield in August and September. Additionally, Mr. John Turner of Triang1e-X Float Trips and Mr. Dick Barker of Barker-Ewing Float Trips were most cooperative in obtaining sightings of otters made on the river by their parties between Deadman Bar #2 and Moose.
Differential Pairing and Mating in the Primitive Insect Cyphoderris Strepitans (Orthoptera:Haglidae)
Authors: Morris Glenn
Published: July 2020

Cyphoderris strepitans is a cricket-like insect found in Grand Teton National Park. Males perch in sagebrush and produce a calling song which draws sexually receptive females. Singing activity is nocturnal and begins in late May and early June. Because females typically consume a part of the male's hind wings during mating (Morris 1979, Dodson et al 1983) it is possible to follow in the field, the pairing opportunities of free-living males. In addition to sperm and the substance of their wings, males give the female a spermatophylax, and proteinaceous food gift which she eats (Gwynne 1983). To maximize such nutritional investments females should have been selected to pair with mature unmated males rather than with once-mated males; virgin males will be more capable than non-virgin (on average) of providing a maximally large and nutritious food gift (wing + spermatophylax). The objective of this research was to test the theoretical prediction that unmated males experience greater success than non-virgin males in securing a mate.
Effects of Environmental Variables on some Physiological Responses of Microtus montanus Under Natural Conditions
Authors: Pinter Aelita
Published: July 2020

Cyclic fluctations in the popu]ation density of rnicrotine rodents have been known since antiquity. However, factors responsible for this phenomenon are not known. The objectives of this long term study are essentially threefold: 1. characterize those environmental variables that might affect Microtus montanus in different seasons of the year; 2. record the growth, maturation and reproductive activity of the voles under natural conditions; and 3. determine the maturational, as well as, the seasonal pelage changes of these rodents. The data resulting from the execution of the above objectives would be correlated in an attempt to determine the causes undedying the multiannual fluctuations in the population density of these microtine rodents in Grand Teton National Park.
Rabies in the Northwest U.S. and Canada
Authors: Steele James
Published: July 2020

Rabies is a problem in western US as well as most of the country. The disease has become established in skunks, foxes, raccoons and bats, and is sporadic in all kinds of other mammals. Companion animals, i.e., dogs and cats are successfully protected by immunization - new vaccines can give protection for life, although it is recommended that the vaccine be given annually in areas where rabies is enzootic. There have been few human deaths due to rabies in the past decade due to the improved human treatment and preventive vaccination of persons at risk, ie. veterinarians and their assistants, wildlife wardens and scientists.
The use of Diethystilbestrol as a Temporary Chemosterilant in Black-Tailed Prarie Dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus)
Authors: Garrett Monte , Franklin William
Published: July 2020

The following is an abstract of a manuscript submitted to the Journal of Range Management - 25 September 1982. Abstract. The effectiveness of diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen, as a reproductive inhibitor in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) was examined in a 4-year study at Wind Cave National Park, South Dakota. In 1979 and 1980, a study colony was monitored to determine age structure, reproductive success of individual animals, and rate of colony expansion. In 1981, the colony was divided into control and experimental areas (Fig. 1). Treatment with DES during the breeding season resulted in complete curtailment of reproduction on the experimental side while reproduction of the control group was similar to that of previous years. Results were identical in 1982 when treatment was reversed (Fig. 2). There were no obvious effects of DES treatment on the subsequent reproductive capability of study animals. In 1981, surface expansion of the study colony was significantly less on the DES-treated side compared with previous years (Fig. 3). Prospects of using DES for managing prairie dog populations are discussed. The authors visualize an integrated approach to prairie dog management; that is, use of rodenticide for initial reduction and irregular DES treatments thereafter to maintain the population at low levels.
Effects of Fire on Bird and Small Mammal Communities in the Grasslands of Wind Cave National Park
Authors: Forde J. , Sloan N.
Published: July 2020

Wind Cave National Park initiated a prescribed burning program in 1972 and yearly burns have been conducted since to evaluate the effects of fire on the Park biota. This research project is designed to determine what effects burning is having on bird and small mammal populations within the grassland community. The objectives of this investigation include: 1. Comparisons of bird and small mammal population levels between pre- and post-burn transects and between burned and control areas; and 2. Vegetation sampling to demonstrate the importance of certain plant species densities and stand composition for the various species of birds and small mammals.
Characterization of Soils in Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Trettin C. , Bartelli L.
Published: July 2020

The soil characterization study was initiated in 1980 to identify and describe the major soil areas of Yellowstone National Park. Recent investigations have provided detailed geologic (U.S.G.S., 1972; U.S.G.S., 1972) and vegetation data (Despain, 1980); however, specific soils data and soil interpretations for resource management have been lacking. This study provides for detailed analyses of the major soils with specific emphasis on geologic and vegetative relationships.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AREAS COOPERATING WITH U. W.-N.P.S. RESEARCH CENTER
Authors: The National Park Service Research Center University of Wyoming
Published: July 2020

This section contains a list of National Park Service areas cooperating with U.W.-N.P.S. Research Center including Montana and Wyoming, North Dakota and South Dakota.
Big Horn Basin Natural Resources Data Assessment
Authors: Eifert Walter , Wesche Thomas , Anderson Stanley
Published: July 2020

The primary goal of this study is to establish the mechanism for a benchmark evaluation of the natural resource conditions of the Big Horn Basin prior to 1984.
Baseline Flora and Fauna Survey and Evaluation of Riveside Environment at Grant-Kohrs Ranch National Historic Site Deer Lodge, Montana
Authors: Rice Peter , Tourangeau Phillip , Ray Gary , Bromenshenk Jerry
Published: July 2020

There are four primary objectives in this study: 1. Baseline survey of flora and fauna at the Ranch; 2. The extent and severity of heavy metal contamination throughout the Ranch; 3. An evaluation of areas along the Clark Fork River within the Ranch that are denuded of vegetation or have little vegetative cover; and 4. To provide a list of possible management alternatives for the denuded areas.
Parasites of Ruminants: Possible Cross-Transmission of Dictyocaulus Sp. Lungworm Between Cattle and Elk
Authors: Bergstrom Robert
Published: July 2020

Determine the relationship of elk lungworm, Dictyocaulus hadweni, and a related species, D. viviparus in cattle. Elk are reinfected annually in the spring months with the lungworm species noted above. Serum samples from the elk are needed in order to attempt to explain why the elk make no immune response to lungworm infections during the period, April-June. Additionally, epidemiological work with the lungworm of cattle in areas also utilized by elk in Teton and Fremont Counties of Wyoming will be completed so as to learn more about possible cross-transmission of the lungworm infections in the cervids and bovids.
Effects of Environmental Variables on Some Physiological Responses of Microtus montanus under Natural Conditions
Authors: Pinter Aelita
Published: July 2020

Cyclic fluctuations in the population density of microtine rodents have been known since antiquity. However, factors responsible for this phenomenon are not known. The objectives of this long term study are essentially threefold. First, to characterize those environmental variables that might affect Microtus montanus in different seasons of the year. Second, to record the growth, maturation and reproductive activity of the voles under natural conditions. Third, to determine the maturational, as well as the seasonal pelage changes of these rodents. The data resulting from the execution of the above objectives would be correlated in an attempt to determine the causes underlying the multi-annual fluctuations in the population density of these microtine rodents in Grand Teton National Park.
Optimum Carrying Capacity for Bison in Theodore Roosevelt National Park
Authors: Marlow Clayton , Irby Lynn , Norland Jack
Published: July 2020

This project was designed to determine the optimum population size for bison in the Theodore Roosevelt National Park (TRNP) by fulfilling the following objectives: 1. Delineate primary and secondary areas of bison use. 2. Determine net primary productivity for major range sites within primary and secondary use areas. 3. Determine the general seasonal food habits of bison in TRNP. 4. Determine range trends under present population density of bison and the maximum carrying capacity of primary use areas. 5. Integrate range trend and carrying capacity estimates with management priorities for bison on the TRNP.
Yellowstone Lake: An Evaluation of Patterns in Productivity
Authors: Romme W. , Knight D.
Published: July 2020

There is evidence to suggest that the primary productivity of Yellowstone Lake may have decreased during the last 1500 years, with an accelerated decline in the last 100 years. Shero and Parker (1977) analyzed diatom frustules preserved in lake sediments and described a gradual decrease in both numbers and volume of frustules over the past 1500 years, although species composition has remained relatively constant. Varley (1974, and personal communication) compared chemical analyses of lake water made in 1884 with recent analyses and found lower concentrations of several elements in the recent samples. He also notes that early visitors at the Lake Hotel often complained about the offensive smell of rotting "seeweed" piled 3-4 feet deep on the beach, whereas only scattered macrophyte detritus can be found on the lake shore today.
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AREAS COOPERATING WITH U.W.-N.P.S. RESEARCH CENTER
Authors: The National Park Service Research Center University of Wyoming
Published: July 2020

This section contains a list of the National Park Service areas cooperating with U.W.-N.P.S. Research Center including Montana and Wyoming, North Dakota and South Dakota.
Abundance and Distribution of Vascular Plants in the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area
Authors: Knight Dennis , Jones George , Myers Rich
Published: July 2020

This study began in 1983 and, as originally proposed, has three phases: 1) Floristic survey and herbarium development (1983-84); 2) Vegetation analysis and classification (1984-85); and 3) Conclusion of vegetation analysis and preparation of a vegetation map (1985-86). This work is on schedule. Justification for the study was to provide the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (BCNRA) with basic vegetation information that could be helpful in resource management. Very little ecological research has been conducted in the BCNRA.
Fire and the Vegetative Mosaic at Devil's Tower National Monument
Authors: Fisher Richard , Jenkins Michael
Published: July 2020

The primary objective of the research underway is to determine the effects of past and present fire regimes on the vegetative mosaic at Devil's Tower. Secondary objectives are to develop a fire history, to assess the use of biogenic opal (phytoliths) as an indicator of vegetative boundaries, and to develop a burning plan to be used in vegetation management.
Ecological Study of River Otters in Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Hall Joseph
Published: July 2020

The objectives of this study are to obtain information about habitat preferences, movements, activity patterns, social interactions, distribution and density of otters within the park, primarily on the Snake River between the Jackson Lake Dam and Moose. This type of information is valuable as a basis of comparison with what is known about otters elsewhere and also could guide the National Park Service in altering policies or managing habitats to the benefit of otters, should this be desired in the future.
Life History Strategies of the Montane Vole, Microtus montanus
Authors: Jannett, Jr. Frederick
Published: July 2020

Emphasis in microtine rodent biology has historically been placed on population regulation and the population cycle. Until recently, little attention has been directed to behavior and sociality in microtine rodents, but work on the sociobiology of the montane vole (Jannett, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984) is serving to integrate various aspects of the biology of this species so that its life history characteristics can be interpreted in an evolutionary framework. Work undertaken in 1984 continues previously initiated surveys of various topics, such as synchrony of population events in different populations, survivorship, scent gland development, patterns of cranial and dental variation, population trends in a sympatric species of vole ( M. longicaudus), and reproduction in a primary predator, the shorttail weasel (Mustela erminea). In addition, work in 1984 was initiated with C. Welsh on age variation in the chemical composition of male M. montanus preputial glands.
Effects of Environmental Variables on Some Physiological Responses of Microtus montanus under Natural Conditions
Authors: Pinter Aelita
Published: July 2020

Cyclic fluctuations in the population density of microtine rodents have been known since antiquity. However, factors responsible for this phenomenon are not known. The objectives of this long term study are essentially threefold. First, to characterize those environmental variables that might affect Microtus montanus in different seasons of the year. Second, to record the growth, maturation and reproductive activity of the voles under natural conditions. Third, to determine the maturational as well as the seasonal pelage changes of these rodents. The data resulting from the execution of the above objectives would be correlated in an attempt to determine the causes underlying the multiannual fluctuations in the population density of these microtine rodents in Grand Teton National Park.
Environmental Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Medine Allen , Klein Stephen
Published: July 2020

Heavy metals in our National Parks and Forest, their transport processes, environmental distributions and biological effects have been the focus of increasing concern. Direct toxicity to higher organisms and man are the center of this concern, with transport phenomena, ultimate fate and aqueous chemistry as further focus points. It is well known that heavy metal concentrations in soils, plants, and water along heavily traveled roads tend to show increased levels compared to control sites. The current research is to assess the contamination of roadside waters of Yellowstone National Park due primarily to the intensive summer automobile traffic and increasing winter visitation and oversnow vehicles.
Mountain Pine Beetle Infestation: Cycling and Succession in Lodgepole Pine Forest
Authors: Romme W. , Yavitt J. , Knight D. , Fedders J.
Published: July 2020

This work began in 1980 with the objective of studying the effects of mountain pine beetle outbreaks in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks and the surrounding area. The immediate effects of outbreaks on stand structure have been documented (Roe and Amman 1970, Amman and Cole 1980), but little is known about long-term influences on ecosystem processes such as primary productivity, material cycling, and succession. Thus, our research deals with the effects of beetle outbreaks on (1) rates of growth in surviving trees and total stand productivity, (2) dead woody fuels and fire risk, (3) forest succession, and (4) nutrient cycling.
Exotic Plants of the Northern Rocky Mountain Environmental Zones
Authors: Woods Bryant , Weaver Tad
Published: July 2020

Exotic plants occur in national parks and forests throughout the northern Rocky Mountains. We report here progress on a study to determine their physiological and ecological ranges within major environmental zone of the region. To date, we have clarified objectives, refined methodology, and sampled 80-85% of initial sites chosen in Glacier NP. We begin data analysis in January, and will sample in both Grand Teton and Glacier in the coming summer.
Effect of Fire on Mixed-Grass Plant Communities in Badlands National Park
Authors: Whisenant Steven , Uresk Dan
Published: July 2020

This research has the objective of determining the influence of fire on density and peak standing crop of the major grass species of the Badlands National Park mixed-grass prairie. An important goal is to evaluate the potential of prescribed fire for the control of Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus).
Fish, Amphibian, and Reptile Inventory for the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area
Authors: Redder Alan , Hubert Wayne , Anderson Stanley , Duvall David
Published: July 2020

This study was designed to inventory fish, amphibian, and reptile populations inhabiting the Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area using standard sampling techniques and field observations in order to determine species composition, distribution, relative abundance, and habitat associations.
The Effects of Fire on Virgin Northern Mixed Grassland at Custer National Monument
Authors: Bock Jane , Stone Maureen
Published: July 2020

Our second season of field work at the Battlefield ended in July, 1985. During this second season, we resampled the 25 study plots we established in 1984 (see Eighth Annual Report). In the wildfire of August, 1983, 20 of our study plots were burned (the experimental plots), and 5 were not (the control plots). The study plots are indicated in the sketch map, Figure 1. An excavation, approximately 1 m2, was made by the amateur archeologists visiting the site. No further incidents of this sort are anticipated for the duration of the study.
Parasites of Ruminants in the Jackson Hole Area: Dictyocaulus hadweni, Larvae in Elk and Cattle Feces
Authors: Bergstrom Robert , Worley David
Published: July 2020

A knowledge of current prevalence and intensity of lungworm infections in elk and domestic ruminants sharing the same range would be useful to wildlife managers, ranchers, forest service personnel and others. Limited epidemiological studies of the interaction of hosts and their parasites and the possibilities of cross-transmission from wild to domestic ruminants or from domestic to wild ruminants have been conducted in Georgia (Davidson, et al., 1981) and on a similar scale in some other states but not in Wyoming.
The Cenozoic Uplift History of the Teton Range: Calibration and Application of Fission-Track Geothermometry
Authors: Burbank Douglas , Roberts Susan
Published: July 2020

The Teton Range has experienced at least two pulses of uplift during the Cenozoic era. The earliest uplift, around 50-60 Myr. ago, was associated with the Laramide Orogeny, and it produced an unknown amount of uplift of the ancestral Teton-Gros Ventre Range. The more recent uplift is a Plio-Pleistocene phenomena, in which several thousand meters of uplift can be documented through offsets of isochronous strata. During these pulses of uplift, the range has been differentially warped, such that the center of the range has been uplifted to a greater extent than the northern and southern terminations of the range. This differential uplift can be easily delineated by tracing the Precambrian-Cambrian unconformity along the axis of the range as it ascends from either end towards its highest point in the center.
Survey of the Bat Species and their Habitat use in Grand Teton National Park
Authors: Genter David , Metzgar Lee
Published: July 2020

Until recently, little attention has been directed to the bat fauna of GTNP. The role of bats in ecosystems is more significant than previously thought. Also, the public's awareness of bats is growing and as part of routine interpretive needs, the NPS must have factual information on all animals in the Park. A baseline survey was conducted to determine species composition, distribution, abundance, and habitat use of bats in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. The principal objectives are: 1. Obtain information on species occurrence and distribution within the Park; 2. Assess the population status for bat species present; 3. Identify rare species in the Park and identify management needs to ensure the viability of these species in GTNP; and 4. Evaluate potential conflicts with human activities.
Inventory of and Rehabilitation Recommendations for Sites Disturbed by Modern Man's Activities in Grand Teton National Park
Authors: McArthur E. , Monsen Stephen , Blauer A.
Published: July 2020

This study has four principal objectives. The first was to locate and map the major areas in the Grand Teton National Park and the Rockefeller Memorial Parkway that have been disturbed or altered from their natural condition by modern man's activities. We were particularly concerned with those lands added to the Park in 1950 and up to the present. The second objective was to document the nature and extent of the disturbance at each site, including date of disturbance and the historical context in which the disturbances occurred. The third objective was to evaluate disturbed sites for cultural resource significance, whether or not artificial measures are needed to restore the sites to acceptable natural conditions, and how well they have progressed toward satisfactory restoration since they were disturbed. The final objective was to develop general guidelines and site specific plans for restoring or rehabilitating disturbed sites using information from the scientific and applied management literature and information that can be obtained from the disturbed sites themselves as to expected rates of natural recovery and the effectiveness of artificial measures that have been used previously.
Mountain Pine Bettle Infestation: Cycling and Succession in Lodgepole Pine Forests
Authors: Romme W. , Yavitt J. , Knight D. , Fedders J.
Published: July 2020

This work began in 1980 with the objective of studying the effects of mountain pine beetle outbreaks in Yellowstone and Grand Teton National Parks and the surrounding area. The immediate effects of outbreaks on stand structure have been documented (Roe and Amman 1970, Amman and Cole 1980), but little is known about long-term influences on ecosystem processes such as primary productivity, material cycling, and succession. Thus, our research deals with the effects of beetle outbreaks on (1) rates of growth in surviving trees and total stand productivity, (2) dead woody fuels and fire risk, (3) forest succession, and (4) nutrient cycling.
Environmental Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Klein Stephen
Published: July 2020

The sources, concentrations and biological effects of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems are topics of concern to resource managers and environmental researchers as well as the layman. Numerous studies have shown toxic responses in aquatic biota and man due to the discharge of heavy metals into the aquatic environment. The high automobile traffic densities in National Parks increase the potential for heavy metal contamination of roadside waters which may result in adverse ecological and human impacts.
Riparian Vegetation of the Northern Range, Yellowstone National Park; Classification, Succession, and Environmental Relationships
Authors: Pfister Robert , Cooper Stephen
Published: July 2020

The primary objective of the 1985 field season was to acquire a sufficient number of wetland vegetation samples (plots) from across the range of environments present on the northern range (elk winter range) of Yellowstone National Park (YNP) to permit community and gradient analysis of these wetlands. These plots will contribute toward our first product, a wetlands community type classification suitable for management applications such as vegetation mapping and interpretation.
Fire and Landscape Dynamics in Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Romme William , Despain Don
Published: July 2020

This study is an investigation of long-term patch dynamics in the mosaic of forest communities covering the subalpine plateaus of Yellowstone Park. Our specific objectives are the following: 1. We will map the present forest mosaic of a 600,000-ha area, showing the age (number of years since the last destructive fire) and successional stage of each more-or-less homogeneous patch of forest; 2. Usng this map, we will measure the area of each patch created by past fires, determine the size distribution of patches, and estimate the frequency and predictability of formation of patches of each size; and 3. We will reconstruct the changes during the last 200-300 years in individual forest stands and in the entire landscape mosaic, and use these reconstructions to answer the following questions: a. Has the Yellowstone landscape been characterized by quasi-equilibrium conditions, in which the proportion of the total area covered by early, middle, and late successional stages and the diversity of plant communities represented have remained more-or-less constant, or have these parameters fluctuated greatly in the last 200-300 years? b. If we find that the entire landscape has been in a state of equilibrium (which we may not find), then what is the minimum land area necessary for landscape dynamics to approach this condition, i.e., to what extent could the Park be divided into isolated subunits without these subunits losing the quasi-equilibrium state? c. How have the proportions of forest successional stages varied over time in units of the Park that have special ecological interest, such as elk summer range, grizzly bear habitat, or the watershed of Yellowstone Lake?
Effects of Fire on Mixed-Grass Plant Communities in Badlands National Park
Authors: Whisenant Steven , Uresk Dan
Published: July 2020

This research had the objective of determining the influence of fire on densities and standing crops of the major grass species of the Badlands National Park mixed-grass prairie. An important goal was to evaluate the potential of prescribed fire as a management tool for Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus).
The Effects of Fire on Virgin Northern Mixed Grassland at Custer Battlefield National Monument
Authors: Bock Jane , Bock Carl , Stone Maureen
Published: July 2020

INTRODUCTION TO THE FINAL REPORT. This report describes our 3-year study on the effects of wildfire at Custer National Monument near Crow Agency, Montana. A wildfire of undetermined origin, which occurred on 10 August, 1983, burned 220 ha (approximately 90%) of the Monument (Flgure 1). Although no data are available on fire intensity, the ambient conditions were remembered as hot, dry, and windy. An examination of photos shows that the fire killed virtually all above-ground vegetation. Our work commenced in spring, 1984. Field work for this project was carried out in the springs and summers of 1984, 1985, and 1986. Our final report is divided into four parts. The first and longest section describes our study of the vegetation on the Battlefield and its response to fire. The second section is a manuscript (presently under review) which presents a study of the responses of birds to the fire. The third portion presents a history of the Battlefield's vegetation from the time of the Battle of the Little Bighorn until now. The fourth section presents our checklist of the vegetation of Custer National Monument, and our classification of the dominant grassland communities on the study area.
Baseline Inventory of Mammals, Reptiles, and Amphibians of Devils Tower National Monument, Wyoming
Authors: Armstrong David
Published: July 2020

Despite its small size, Devils Tower National Monument encompasses a remarkable array of ecological situations. The area is of particular interest to the ecologist and biogeographer because Devil's Tower and environs rise as an "is1and" of montane and saxicoline habitat out of a "sea" of shortgrass prairie.
Life History Strategies of the Montane Vole, Microtus montanus
Authors: Jannett, Jr. Frederick
Published: July 2020

Emphasis in microtine rodent biology has historically been placed on population regulation and the population cycle. Until recently, little attention has been directed to behavior and sociality in microtine rodents, but work on the sociobiology of the montane vole (Jannett, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1984) is serving to integrate various aspects of the biology of this species so that its life history characteristics can be interpreted in an evolutionary framework. Work undertaken in 1986 continues previously initiated surveys of various topics, such as synchrony of population events in different populations, survivorship, scent gland development, patterns of cranial and dental variation, population trends in a sympatric species of vole (M. longicaudus), and reproduction in a primary predator, the shorttail weasel (Mustela erminea).
The Effect of Mating on Calling in Cyphoderris strepitans
Authors: Sakaluk Scott , Morris Glenn , Snedden W.
Published: July 2020

Cyphoderris strepitans Morris & Gwynne (Haglidae) is a cricket-like insect occurring in sagebrush habitats in Grand Teton National Park. The males of this primitive orthopteran produce sounds by rubbing together stridulatory structures located on their forewings (Morris & Gwynne 1978). They emerge from the litter beneath the sage shortly after sunset, climb into the bushes and begin to call; matings take place in sage bushes or on the ground some time thereafter (Dodson et al. 1983).
Distribution, Movement, Habitat Usage, Food Habits, and Associated Behavior of Reintroduced Elk in Theodore Roosevelt National Park
Authors: Irby Lynn , Marlow Clayton , Picton Harold , Sullivan Mark
Published: July 2020

Objectives 1. Determination of daily and seasonal movements of elk (Cervus elaphus). 2. Identification of vegetation and physiographic characteristics of habitats and/or habitat complexes used for feeding, cover, mating, and calving. 3. Determination of seasonal and yearlong range. 4. Identification of actual or potential damage to park resources (including structures, vegetation, and other animals) that could be attributed to introduction of elk. 5. Description of daily and seasonal activity and behavior patterns of elk. 6. Description of elk population changes during the study and prediction of elk carrying capacity for each unit of Theodore Roosevelt National Park (TRNP).
Yellowstone Lake: An Evaluation of Patterns in Productivity
Authors: Romme W. , Knight D.
Published: July 2020

This study was initiated in 1982 to critically evaluate the evidence that primary productivity in Yellowstone Lake has decreased during the last 1500 years with an accelerated decline in the last century. Our specific objectives were the following: 1. Assemble, summarize, and evaluate existing data and observations related to the past and present trophic status of Yellowstone Lake. 2. Identify all possible explanations for the observed pattern in lake productivity, both long-term (last 1500 years) and recent (last 100 years), and summarize and evaluate existing evidence to support or refute each proposed explanation. 3. Collect new data to test one attractive hypothesis that has been mentioned frequently but never examined closely, namely that changes in the nutrient status and productivity of the lake are related, at least in part, to the effects of large fires in the watershed.