bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of bedside pulmonary function in the neonate: From the past to the future
Authors: Reiterer F. , Sivieri E. , Abbasi S.
Published: July 2015

Pulmonary function testing and monitoring plays an important role in the respiratory management of neonates. A noninvasive and complete bedside evaluation of the respiratory status is especially useful in critically ill neonates to assess disease severity and resolution and the response to pharmacological interventions as well as to guide mechanical respiratory support. Besides traditional tools to assess pulmonary gas exchage such as arterial or transcutaenous blood gas analysis, pulse oximetry, and capnography, additional valuable information about global lung function is provided through measurement of pulmonary mechanics and volumes. This has now been aided by commercially available computerized pulmonary function testing systems, respiratory monitors, and modern ventilators with integrated pulmonary function readouts. In an attempt to apply easy‐to‐use pulmonary function testing methods which do not interfere with the infant́s airflow, other tools have been developed such as respiratory inductance plethysmography, and more recently, electromagnetic and optoelectronic plethysmography, electrical impedance tomography, and electrical impedance segmentography. These alternative technologies allow not only global, but also regional and dynamic evaluations of lung ventilation. Although these methods have proven their usefulness for research applications, they are not yet broadly used in a routine clinical setting. This review will give a historical and clinical overview of different bedside methods to assess and monitor pulmonary function and evaluate the potential clinical usefulness of such methods with an outlook into future directions in neonatal respiratory diagnostics. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:1039–1050. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cohesive Hamaker Constants and Dispersive Surface Energies of RDX, PETN, TNT, and Ammonium Nitrate‐Based Explosives
Authors: Harrison Aaron J. , Otte Andrew , Carvajal Theresa , Pinal Rodolfo , Beaudoin Stephen P.
Published: July 2015

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was used to characterize dispersive surface energies γSDand cohesive Hamaker constantsAiifor RDX, PETN, TNT, ammonium nitrate (AN), and AN‐based explosives at 303 K. The γSDfor RDX at 303 K is compared to previous studies and generally found to be in good agreement, substantiating the use of NESTT training materials to characterize explosives via IGC. Additionally, the effect of the amount of fuel in the AN mixtures on γSDis examined using simple linear regression. Finally, the IGC‐predictedAiivalues are compared to Lifshitz estimations forAiiof RDX, PETN, TNT, and AN.
Sensitivity of the AROME ensemble to initial and surface perturbations during HyMeX
Authors: Bouttier François , Raynaud Laure , Nuissier Olivier , Ménétrier Benjamin
Published: July 2015

The AROME‐EPS convection‐permitting ensemble prediction system has been evaluated over the HyMeX‐SOP1 period. Objective verification scores are computed using dense observing networks prepared for the HyMeX experiment. In probabilistic terms, the AROME‐EPS ensemble performs better than the AROME‐France deterministic prediction system, and a state‐of‐the‐art ensemble at a lower resolution. The strengths and weaknesses of AROME‐EPS are discussed. Here, impact experiments are used to study perturbation schemes for the initial conditions and the model surface. Both have a significant effect on the ensemble performance. The interactions between the perturbations of lateral boundaries, initial conditions and surface perturbations are studied. The consistency between initial and lateral perturbations is found to be unimportant from a meteorological point of view. Ensemble data assimilation is not as effective as a simpler surface perturbation scheme, and it is noted that both approaches could be usefully combined.
Awards: A strategic management perspective
Authors: Gallus Jana , Frey Bruno S.
Published: July 2015

Research summary: Awards are a valuable strategic resource. Motivation theory and the emerging body of empirical literature suggest that awards can have a significant effect on employee motivation and corporate performance, though not always in the intended direction. Awards can also destroy value. The organizational award literature has so far largely neglected this important issue. We develop a synthesis of the dimensions critical for successful award bestowals, and analyze under which conditions awards generate firm‐specific value that is sustained and difficult for competitors to imitate. The process of value creation and capture is contingent on the given firm's organizational characteristics and nature of production. The article concludes by laying out empirical implications.JELcodes: M52, M54, J24, J30.

Managerial summary: Awards are widely used in the corporate sector. They fundamentally differ from monetary incentives, which risk crowding out employees' intrinsic motivation. Among the variety of awards, two general types can be distinguished: confirmatory awards based on explicit, pre‐determined performance criteria, and discretionary awards, which rely on broad performance evaluations and may be used ex post to honor outstanding performance. Appropriately designed and adjusted to the specific firm's characteristics, awards enhance employees' motivation and corporate performance. They express recognition and support their recipients' perceived competence and social status. Awards help to retain valuable employees and to establish role models. However, awards may also backfire, for instance, when they provoke envy among coworkers. We propose when awards risk destroying value and when they are particularly useful. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technical aspects and effectiveness of percutaneous fetal therapies for large sacrococcygeal teratomas: cohort study and literature review
Authors: Sananes N. , Javadian P. , Schwach Werneck Britto I. , Meyer N. , Koch A. , Gaudineau A. , Favre R. , Ruano R.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of minimally invasive ablation of high‐risk large sacrococcygeal teratomas (SCT) and to compare the efficacy of vascular and interstitial tumor ablation.

Methods

This was a retrospective multicenter study including a cohort of fetuses with high‐risk large SCTs between 2004 and 2010. In addition, we performed a systematic literature review of all cases that underwent tumor ablation in order to compare the survival rates after ‘vascular’ and ‘interstitial’ ablation. Statistical analysis was conducted using Bayesian methods.

Results

In our cohort, a total of 13 fetuses had high‐risk large SCT and five of them underwent tumor ablation. The estimated difference in hydrops resolution rate between the fetal intervention and the no fetal intervention groups was 44.6% (95% credibility interval, 1.5 to 81.0%; Pdiff> 0 = 97.9%). The estimated difference in survival rate between the fetal intervention and the no fetal intervention groups was 31.0% (13.9 to 48.1%; Pdiff> 0 = 99.9%). We analyzed our five cases together with 28 cases from the literature and estimated the difference in survival rate between the vascular and interstitial ablation groups as 19.8% (–13.1 to 50.1%; Pdiff> 0 = 88.3%). The estimated difference in hydrops resolution rate between the vascular and the interstitial ablation groups was 36.7% (–5.7 to 72.7%; Pdiff> 0 = 95.5%).

Conclusion

Minimally invasive surgery seems to improve perinatal outcome in cases of high‐risk large fetal SCT. Our findings suggest that ‘vascular’ ablation may improve outcome and may be more effective than ‘interstitial’ tumor ablation, but this hypothesis needs further investigation in a larger multicenter prospective study. Copyright © 2015 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Lack of phosphomannomutase 2 affects Xenopus laevis morphogenesis and the non‐canonical Wnt5a/Ror2 signalling
Authors: Himmelreich Nastassja , Kaufmann Lilian T. , Steinbeisser Herbert , Körner Christian , Thiel Christian
Published: July 2015

Reduced phosphomannomutase 2 activity in man leads to hypoglycosylation of glycoconjugates causing PMM2‐CDG, the most common type of congenital disorders of glycosylation. Here we show that an antisense morpholino‐mediated knockdown of the Xenopus laevis phosphomannomutase 2 gene provoked a general underglycosylation in frog embryos, which led to an altered phenotype and reduced glycosylation of Wnt5a as member of the non‐canonical Wnt signalling. Loss of function experiments in hemi‐sectioned embryos proved that due to the phosphomannomutase 2 knockdown expression of the Wnt5a/Ror2 target gene paraxial protocadherin was significantly decreased. Regarding the expression of paraxial protocadherin, a gain of function could only be achieved by injections of wnt5a and ror2 in dorsal neighbouring blastomeres, while a parallel injection of phosphomannomutase 2 morpholino led to a significant reduced level of expression. Our data show for the first time that a knockdown of phosphomannomutase 2 influences in vivo the non‐canonical Wnt signalling during early embryogenesis.
Dynamics, flexibility, and allostery in molecular chaperonins
Authors: Skjærven Lars , Cuellar Jorge , Martinez Aurora , Valpuesta José María
Published: July 2015

The chaperonins are a family of molecular chaperones present in all three kingdoms of life. They are classified into Group I and Group II. Group I consists of the bacterial variants (GroEL) and the eukaryotic ones from mitochondria and chloroplasts (Hsp60), while Group II consists of the archaeal (thermosomes) and eukaryotic cytosolic variants (CCT or TRiC). Both groups assemble into a dual ring structure, with each ring providing a protective folding chamber for nascent and denatured proteins. Their functional cycle is powered by ATP binding and hydrolysis, which drives a series of structural rearrangements that enable encapsulation and subsequent release of the substrate protein. Chaperonins have elaborate allosteric mechanisms to regulate their functional cycle. Long‐range negative cooperativity between the two rings ensures alternation of the folding chambers. Positive intra‐ring cooperativity, which facilitates concerted conformational transitions within the protein subunits of one ring, has only been demonstrated for Group I chaperonins. In this review, we describe our present understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the structure–function relationships in these complex protein systems with a particular focus on the structural dynamics, allostery, and associated conformational rearrangements.
Suppression of ornithine decarboxylase promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Tsai Yo-Hsian , Lin Kuan-Lian , Huang Yuan-Pin , Hsu Yi-Chiang , Chen Chung-Hwan , Chen Yuhsin , Sie Min-Hua , Wang Gwo-Jaw , Lee Mon-Juan
Published: July 2015

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is the rate‐limiting enzyme for polyamine biosynthesis. Suppression of ODC by its irreversible inhibitor, α‐difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), or by RNA interference through siRNA, enhanced osteogenic gene expression and alkaline phosphatase activity, and accelerated matrix mineralization of human bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). Besides, adipogenic gene expression and lipid accumulation was attenuated, indicating that the enhanced osteogenesis was accompanied by down‐regulation of adipogenesis when ODC was suppressed. A decrease in the intracellular polyamine content of hBMSCs during osteogenic induction was observed, suggesting that the level of endogenous polyamines is regulated during differentiation of hBMSCs. This study elucidates the role of polyamine metabolism in the lineage commitment of stem cells and provides a potential new indication for DFMO as bone‐stimulating drug.
Converging party systems in Russia and Central Asia: A case of authoritarian norm diffusion?
Authors: Roberts Sean P.
Published: July 2015

Almost twenty five years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia and several Central Asian republics appear to be converging on what may be termed a ‘hierarchic party system’, characterised by controlled and unequal competition between parties. Addressing the juncture between international politics and party politics, this article explores this convergence and considers Russian authoritarian norm diffusion as a possible explanation. This article argues that although Russia continues to build significant party-based linkage in Central Asia, similarities between party systems are the result of complex, multidirectional norm diffusion, as regimes look to liberalise or close their respective political systems.
COMPETITIVE EQUILIBRIA WITH DISTORTION RISK MEASURES
Authors: Boonen Tim J.
Published: July 2015

This paper studies optimal risk redistribution between firms, such as banks or insurance companies. The introduction of the Basel II regulation and the Swiss Solvency Test has increased the use of risk measures to evaluate financial or insurance risk. We consider the case where firms use a distortion risk measure (also called dual utility) to evaluate risk. The paper first characterizes all Pareto optimal redistributions. Thereafter, it characterizes all competitive equilibria. It presents three conditions that are jointly sufficient for existence of a unique equilibrium redistribution. This equilibrium's redistribution and prices are provided in closed form via a representative agent.
Responding to Children of Prisoners: The Views of Education Professionals in Victoria
Authors: McCrickard Rose , Flynn Catherine
Published: July 2015

This paper reports on one aspect of data gathered in an Australian Research Council (ARC) funded project which sought to uncover how children are responded to when their parents are arrested and imprisoned. This paper presents initial specific insights into how Victorian schools understand and respond to these children. Due to the limited research previously conducted in this area of study, a flexible and exploratory approach was implemented. Data were obtained from eight Victorian education staff members, from a variety of professional domains, and were analysed using thematic analysis. Results indicate that a school's ability to respond appropriately to this group of students is shaped by the general and specific knowledge of parental imprisonment held by schools. Access to such knowledge is limited, however, by both the stigmatised nature of the problem and the current, fragmented, service system. More optimistically, it seems that when schools have greater awareness, positive responses can be implemented. Implications for this are discussed, with a particular focus on the need for clear channels of communication and collaborative work.
Image Simulation for Mingantu Ultrawide Spectral Radioheliograph in the Decimetre Wave Range–CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Du J. , Yan Y. , Wang W. , Liu D.
Published: July 2015

In the original publication of “Image Simulation for Mingantu Ultrawide Spectral Radioheliograph in the Decimetre Wave Range,” by Jing Du, Yihua Yan, Wei Wang, and Donghao Liu, there were concerns regarding ambiguity of a few statements. To clarify, the authors have submitted an update regarding Table 6 (p. 12) and the supporting language (p. 13):
The effect of silencing arginine kinase by RNAi on the larval development of Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Qi X.-L. , Su X.-F. , Lu G.-Q. , Liu C.-X. , Liang G.-M. , Cheng H.-M.
Published: July 2015

Arginine kinase (AK) is an important regulation factor of energy metabolism in invertebrate. An arginine kinase gene, named HaAK, was identified to be differentially expressed between Cry1Ac-susceptible (96S) and Cry1Ac-resistant (Bt-R) Helicoverpa armigera larvae using cDNA-amplification fragment length polymorphism analysis. The full-length open reading frame sequence of HaAK gene with 1068 bp was isolated from H. armigera. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay revealed that HaAK gene is specifically expressed in multiple tissues and at larval developmental stages. The peak expression level of HaAK was detected in the midgut of the fifth-instar larvae. Moreover, the expression of HaAK was obviously down-regulated in Bt-R larvae. We further constructed a dsRNA vector directly targeting HaAK and employed RNAi technology to control the larvae. The feeding bioassays showed that minute quantities of dsRNA could greatly increase the larval mortality and delay the larval pupation. Silencing of HaAK significantly retarded the larval development, indicating that HaAK is a potential target for RNA interference-based pest management.
“TRUST ME, I'M A PATIENT …”: DISCLOSURE STANDARDS AND THE PATIENT'S RIGHT TO DECIDE
Authors: McGrath C.P.
Published: July 2015

A medical practitioner's role as adviser prior to treatment is crucial in providing the basis on which the patient consents to a procedure or not. In Sidaway v Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital and the Maudsley Hospital [1985] A.C. 871, the House of Lords confirmed the applicability of the “Bolam” test, historically the province of treatment cases, to cases concerning the disclosure of risks. By a majority decision, although without a clear ratio, the question of what risks a practitioner should disclose was regarded as matter for clinical judgment. Where a practitioner could demonstrate that he had disclosed an amount of information that was in keeping with the practice of a responsible body of medical opinion, this would defeat a claim in negligence. Lord Bridge provided two exceptions: first where there was a substantial risk of grave adverse consequences, an example of which he gave as the 10% risk of a stroke, and, secondly, where the patient had specifically questioned the practitioner. In both circumstances, the risk ought to be disclosed regardless of settled medical practice. Lord Scarman dissented on the basis that the analytical starting point in disclosure cases was the patient's right to know what risks they would be subjected to; this was not a matter for clinical judgment.
A HIPPY-HIPPY CLEAN BREAK?
Authors: Sloan Brian
Published: July 2015

THE media were unsurprisingly interested when the Supreme Court considered the case of a poverty-stricken New Age traveller turned multi-millionaire whose former wife appeared years after divorce to claim a share of his subsequently acquired wealth (Vince v Wyatt [2015] UKSC 14). The case also raised an important point of legal principle.
ILIAD 13.754: ΟΡΕΙ ΝΙΦΟΕΝΤΙ ΕΟΙΚΩΣ
Authors: Phillips Tom
Published: July 2015

At Iliad 13.751-3, Hector heeds Polydamas' advice to rally the Trojans by gathering their best fighters together and debating their next move (13.736-47). The speech is followed by a simile that has puzzled some commentators, in which Hector is compared to a snowy mountain as he moves through the Trojan ranks. The passage runs as follows:
‘Πουλυδάμα σὺ μὲν αὐτοῦ ἐρύκακε πάντας ἀρίστους,αὐτὰρ ἐγὼ κεῖσ’ εἶμι καὶ ἀντιόω πολέμοιο·αἶψα δ’ ἐλεύσομαι αὖτις ἐπὴν εὖ τοῖς ἐπιτείλω.’ἦ ῥα, καὶ ὁρμήθη ὄρεϊ νιφόεντι ἐοικὼςκεκλήγων, διὰ δὲ Τρώων πέτετ’ ἠδ’ ἐπικούρων. 755οἳ δ’ ἐς Πανθοΐδην ἀγαπήνορα Πουλυδάμανταπάντες ἐπεσσεύοντ’, ἐπεὶ Ἕκτορος ἔκλυον αὐδήν.

‘Polydamas, hold all the best men here, while I go there and face the battle. I shall swiftly come back again, when I have given my orders to the men.’ He spoke and rushed off appearing like a snowy mountain, crying out, and flew through the ranks of the Trojans and their allies, and they all rushed to the kindly-minded Polydamas, Panthoos’ son, when they heard Hector's voice.
The role of GRIK4 gene in treatment-resistant depression
Authors: MILANESI ELENA , BONVICINI CRISTIAN , CONGIU CHIARA , BORTOLOMASI MARCO , GAINELLI GIULIO , GENNARELLI MASSIMO , MINELLI ALESSANDRA
Published: July 2015

Several lines of evidence implicate abnormalities in glutamatergic neural transmission in major depressive disorder (MDD) and treatment response. A high percentage of MDD patients do not respond adequately to antidepressants and are classified as having treatment-resistant depression (TRD). In this study we investigated five GRIK4 variants, previously associated with antidepressants response, in an Italian cohort of 247 MDD no-TRD and 380 TRD patients. We found an association between rs11218030 G allele and TRD. Moreover, significant associations between rs11218030 and rs1954787 and the presence of psychotic symptoms were observed. In conclusion, our data support the involvement of GRIK4 in TRD and in the risk of developing psychotic symptoms during depressive episodes.
Effects of saline irrigation on yield and qualitative characterization of seed of an amaranth accession grown under Mediterranean conditions
Authors: LAVINI A. , PULVENTO C. , d'ANDRIA R. , RICCARDI M. , JACOBSEN S. E.
Published: July 2015

Yield responses of a grain amaranth accession to different irrigation strategies were evaluated in Naples, Italy. Field experiments were carried out to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative response of amaranth under combined abiotic stresses (salinity and drought) in a Mediterranean environment of South Italy affected by problems due to groundwater salinization from seawater intrusion.

A comparison was made in 2009 and 2010 between a fully irrigated treatment (1·00), with the restitution of all of the water necessary to replenish to field capacity the soil layer explored by roots (0·00–0·36 m), and two treatments with restitution of 0·50 and 0·25 of the water volume used for the fully irrigated treatment. The three levels of irrigation volume were combined with two levels of salinity, either fresh or salt water, with electrical conductivity (EC) of the irrigation water of 0·64 and 22 dS/m respectively, in a factorial experiment thus harbouring six treatments in a randomized complete block design. The results showed good adaptation of amaranth to drought. It was possible to obtain high yields even if groundwater with infiltrated seawater was used for irrigation (50% yield reduction when the EC of soil saturated paste extract (ECe) was 13·97 dS/m). A reduction of 50% in the volume of irrigation did not cause a significant reduction in yield, whether using fresh or saline water, compared to the treatment fully irrigated with fresh water. The chemical composition of amaranth seeds, however, was significantly affected by the treatments. Starch and ash content decreased with increasing drought while protein content was increased by both salt and drought.

In view of the increased presence of salinity and drought stress in the Mediterranean area and the scarce information on amaranth response to salt and water stress, the aim of the present work is evaluation of the quantitative and qualitative response of amaranth grown in a Mediterranean environment of South Italy under combined drought and salinity stress.
Cross-fertilization as a reproductive strategy in a tissue flukesDidymosulcus katsuwonicola(Platyhelmintes: Didymozoidae) inferred by genetic analysis
Authors: MLADINEO IVONA , TOMAŠ MARINA , STANIĆ RINO
Published: July 2015

Mitochondrial DNA locus cytochrome oxidase I was used to asses intraspecific genetic diversity of a didymozoid speciesDidymosulcus katsuwonicola.Adult forms of this species live encapsulated in pairs in the gills of the reared Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). The life cycle of this food-borne parasites and its migration in the host tissues after releasing from the digestive tract to the definitive site in the gills are unknown. Our goal was to assess whether two encysted didymozoids share the same haplotype, indicative of a common maternal origin, as well as the extent of cross- in respect to self-fertilization strategy. Intraspecific comparison showed high haplotype diversity, while the presence of two matching haplotypes within a single cyst encompassed only 17% of sampled individuals. This infers that cross-fertilization between paired individuals within the cyst is more common mechanism than self-fertilization. Such hermaphroditic parasite's trait suggests the existence of intricate infection and reproduction mechanisms, presumably as an adaptation for successful fulfillment of their indirect life cycle through dissemination of genetically more diverse and consequently more fit offspring.
Major D.E.L. ‘Roy’ Homard
Authors: Haddelsey Stephen
Published: July 2015

Major D.E.L. ‘Roy’ Homard, (Fig. 1) who died aged 94 on 20 May 2015, was an army engineer who played a critical role in two of the most significant British polar expeditions of the post-war era. He was also one of just 45 individuals to be awarded the Polar Medal with both Arctic and Antarctic clasps. (Awards of the Polar Medal include combined clasps. Data supplied by Glenn M. Stein FRGS).
Spatiotemporal variation and social determinants of suicide in China, 2006–2012: findings from a nationally representative mortality surveillance system
Authors: Liu S. , Page A. , Yin P. , Astell-Burt T. , Feng X. , Liu Y. , Liu J. , Wang L. , Zhou M.
Published: July 2015

Background

Suicide in China has declined since the 1990s. However, there has been limited investigation of the potential spatiotemporal variation and social determinants of suicide during subsequent periods.

Method

Annual suicide counts from 2006 to 2012 stratified by county, 5-year age group (⩾15 years) and gender were obtained from the Chinese Disease Surveillance Points system. Trends and geographic differentials were examined using multilevel negative binomial regression models to explore spatiotemporal variation in suicide, and the role of key sociodemographic factors associated with suicide.

Results

The suicide rate (per 100 000) in China decreased from 14.7 to 9.1, 2006–2012. Rates of suicide were higher in males than females and increased substantially with age. Suicide rates were higher in rural areas compared with urban areas; however, urban–rural disparities reduced over time with a faster decline for rural areas. Within both urban and rural areas, higher rates of suicide were evident in areas with lower socio-economic circumstances (SEC) [rate ratio (RR) 1.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31–2.62]. Suicide rates varied more than twofold (median RR 2.06) across counties, and were highest in central and southwest regions of China. A high proportion of the divorced population, especially for younger females, was associated with lower suicide rates (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.46–0.79).

Conclusions

Geographic variations for suicide should be taken into account in policy making, particularly for older males living in rural areas and urban areas with low SEC. Measures to reduce disparities in socio-economic level and alleviate family relation stress are current priorities.
The relationship between external temperature and daily activity in a large rodent (Dasyprocta azarae) in the Brazilian Pantanal
Authors: Cid Bruno , Oliveira-Santos Luiz Gustavo R. , Mourão Guilherme
Published: July 2015

Daily activity patterns reflect interactions between circadian mechanisms and environmental stimuli. Among these stimuli, temperature can be an important factor affecting activity budgets. To sample the agouti (Dasyprocta azarae), a systematic camera-trap grid was established with 50 independent sampling sites. A circular kernel function was used to characterize the activity patterns of the agouti population. To evaluate shifts in activity as a function of mean daily temperature, the entire set of records was subdivided into smaller sets covering different temperature ranges. The activity pattern belonging to each set was characterized and compared through the overlap of their full activity (95% isopleth) and activity core (50% isopleth). Based on 400 independent records, agoutis were predominately diurnal. They shifted their activity core, while keeping their activity range (the amount of time a population remains active during the 24-h cycle) constant through the temperature gradient. The agouti demonstrated a unimodal activity pattern at lower temperatures, which became more bimodal at higher temperatures. Nevertheless, it kept its activity range constant, regardless of temperature. These results likely reflect a trade-off between activity time and thermoregulation during the diurnal period and demonstrate how the agouti can change its behaviour to achieve thermal comfort.
Size and spatial correlation of defective domains in yttrium-doped CeO2
Authors: Checchia Stefano , Scavini Marco , Allieta Mattia , Brunelli Michela , Ferrero Claudio , Coduri Mauro
Published: July 2015

The size of dopant-rich nanodomains was assessed in four samples of Ce1−μYμO2−μ/2 through systematic pair distribution function (PDF) refinements. Experimental G(r) curves were fitted by different structural models with the aim of finding a description which balanced precise structure parameterization and reasonable number of parameters. The most reliable model was a single Y2O3-like phase, which best accommodated to the close relationship between the fluorite (CeO2-like) and C-type (Y2O3-like) structures. In this model, a refined cation coordinate, x(M2), measured the relative occurrence in the G(r) of the chemical environment of Y and Ce at any value of r. The r-value at which x(M2) vanished, i.e. at which the refined C-type cell becomes a redundant, low-symmetry description of a fluorite cell, was assumed as the size of a C-type domain. Subtle features in G(r) could be attributed to the fluorite or C-type phase up to ~500 Å thanks to the narrow instrumental resolution function of the ID31 beamline (now ID22) at the ESRF, which allows us to get high resolution PDF data.
Detection of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus pseudintermediusST169 and novel ST354 SCCmecII–III isolates related to the worldwide ST71 clone
Authors: ISHIHARA K. , KOIZUMI A. , SAITO M. , MURAMATSU Y. , TAMURA Y.
Published: July 2015

The recent appearance of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus pseudintermedius(MRSP) is a concern for both veterinary and human healthcare. MRSP clonal lineages with sequence type (ST) 71-spat02-staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec(SCCmec) II–III and ST68-spat06-SCCmecV have spread throughout Europe and North America, respectively. The current study compared the molecular characteristics of 43 MRSP isolates from dogs in Japan with those of MRSP from previous reports using multilocus sequence typing based on seven housekeeping genes, SCCmectyping, and detection of antimicrobial resistance genes. Three related clonal lineages, ST71, ST169, and the newly registered ST354, were observed in SCCmecII–III isolates from Japan, despite MRSP SCCmecII–III isolates being thought to belong to a single clonal lineage. The majority of SCCmecII–III isolates belonging to ST169 (9/11) and ST354 (3/3), but not ST71 (0/11), harbouredtetM. Four STs were observed for the SCCmecV isolates; however, neither ST68 nor related STs were found in the Japanese MRSP isolates. In conclusion, MRSP SCCmecII–III isolates from Japan belonged to ST71 and related STs (ST169 and ST354). A variety of MRSP SCCmecV clones, including some novel clones, were identified.
Exertional Heat Illness: Emerging Concepts and Advances in Prehospital Care
Authors: Pryor Riana R. , Roth Ronald N. , Suyama Joe , Hostler David
Published: July 2015

Exertional heat illness is a classification of disease with clinical presentations that are not always diagnosed easily. Exertional heat stroke is a significant cause of death in competitive sports, and the increasing popularity of marathons races and ultra-endurance competitions will make treating many heat illnesses more common for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers. Although evidence is available primarily from case series and healthy volunteer studies, the consensus for treating exertional heat illness, coupled with altered mental status, is whole body rapid cooling. Cold or ice water immersion remains the most effective treatment to achieve this goal. External thermometry is unreliable in the context of heat stress and direct internal temperature measurement by rectal or esophageal probes must be used when diagnosing heat illness and during cooling. With rapid recognition and implementation of effective cooling, most patients suffering from exertional heat stroke will recover quickly and can be discharged home with instructions to rest and to avoid heat stress and exercise for a minimum of 48 hours; although, further research pertaining to return to activity is warranted.

PryorRR,RothRN,SuyamaJ,HostlerD.Exertional heat illness: emerging concepts and advances in prehospital care.Prehosp Disaster Med.2015;30(3):19.
Cross-language priming: A view from bilingual speech
Authors: TRAVIS CATHERINE E. , TORRES CACOULLOS RENA , KIDD EVAN
Published: July 2015

In the current paper we report on a study of priming of variable Spanish 1sg subject expression in spontaneous Spanish–English bilingual speech (based on the New Mexico Spanish–English Bilingual corpus, Torres Cacoullos & Travis, in preparation). We show both within- and cross-language Coreferential Subject Priming; however, cross-language priming from English to Spanish is weaker and shorter lived than within-language Spanish-to-Spanish priming, a finding that appears not to be attributable to lexical boost. Instead, interactions with subject continuity and verb type show that the strength of priming depends on co-occurring contextual features and particular [pronoun + verb] constructions, from the more lexically specific to the more schematically general. Quantitative patterns in speech thus offer insights unavailable from experimental work into the scope and locus of priming effects, suggesting that priming in bilingual discourse can serve to gauge degrees of strength of within- and cross-language associations between usage-based constructions.
Characterisation of anaemia and associated factors among infants and pre-schoolers from rural India
Authors: Nair Krishnapillai Madhavan , Fernandez-Rao Sylvia , Nagalla Balakrishna , Kankipati Radhakrishna Vijaya , Punjal Ravinder , Augustine Little Flower , Hurley Kristen M , Tilton Nicholas , Harding Kimberly B , Reinhart Greg , Black Maureen M
Published: July 2015

Objective

In India, national databases indicate anaemia prevalence of 80 % among 6–35-month-old children and 58 % among 36–59-month-old children. The present study aimed to characterise anaemia and the associated factors among infants and pre-schoolers living in rural India.

Design

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of data collected prior to an intervention trial. Fe-deficiency with anaemia (IDA), Fe deficiency with no anaemia (IDNA) and anaemia without Fe deficiency were defined. Serum ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and sTfR/log ferritin index were used to indicate Fe status.

Setting

Twenty-six villages of Nalgonda district, Telangana, India. Data were collected in community sites.

Participants

Four hundred and seventy-six infants (aged 6–12 months), 316 pre-schoolers (aged 29–56 months) and their mothers.

Results

Prevalence of anaemia among infants and pre-schoolers was 66·4 and 47·8 %, prevalence of IDA was 52·2 and 42·1 %, prevalence of IDNA was 22·2 and 29·8 %, prevalence of anaemia without Fe deficiency was 14·2 and 5·7 %. Among infants, anaemia was positively associated with maternal anaemia (OR=3·31; 95 % CI 2·10, 5·23;P<0·001), and sTfR/log ferritin index (OR=2·21; 95 % CI 1·39, 3·54;P=0·001). Among pre-schoolers, anaemia was positively associated with maternal anaemia (OR=3·77; 95 % CI 1·94, 7·30;P<0·001), sTfR/log ferritin index (OR=5·29; 95 % CI 2·67, 10·50;P<0·001), high C-reactive protein (OR=4·39; 95 % CI 1·91, 10·06,P<0·001) and young age (29–35 months: OR=1·92; 05 % CI 1·18, 3·13,P=0·009).

Conclusions

Anaemia prevalence continues to be high among infants and pre-schoolers in rural India. Based on sTfR/ferritin index, Fe deficiency is a major factor associated with anaemia. Anaemia is also associated with inflammation among pre-schoolers and with maternal anaemia among infants and pre-schoolers, illustrating the importance of understanding the aetiology of anaemia in designing effective control strategies.
The Creation of the Multilateral Trade Court: Design and Experiential Learning
Authors: ELSIG MANFRED , ECKHARDT JAPPE
Published: July 2015

The creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO)'s dispute settlement system (DSS) in 1995 remains one of the most puzzling outcomes in international politics and international law in the 1990s. We provide a new explanation for this move to law. We argue that important contextual variables of the negotiations have been largely overlooked by existing explanations, namely ‘experiential learning’. While negotiations to create institutions are characterized by uncertainty about distributional effects, negotiators will look for clues that moderate uncertainty. In the context of the Uruguay Round negotiations, a significant amount of information was drawn from actual practice and experience with the existing General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) dispute settlement system. In short, experience gained with judicial institutions and outcomes is important to understand the key results of the negotiations: a legalization leap, more specifically a judicialization of the existing dispute settlement system. We focus on the two dominant actors in the negotiations (the United States and the (then) European Community) and provide evidence for our argument based on an analysis of GATT cases in the 1980s, GATT documents, and in-depth interviews with negotiators who participated in the negotiations.
The consequences of social intolerance on non-violent protest
Authors: Rapp Carolin , Ackermann Kathrin
Published: July 2015

This paper scrutinizes the impact of intolerance toward diverse ethnic, religious, and cultural groups on an individual’s willingness to actively engage in non-violent protest. Following new insights, we examine the individual as well as the ecological effect of social intolerance on protest behavior. Drawing from insights of social psychology and communication science, we expect that the prevalence of intolerance reinforces the positive effect of individual-level intolerance on protest participation. From a rational choice perspective, however, a negative moderating effect is expected, as the expression of opinions becomes redundant for intolerant individuals in an intolerant society. We base our multilevel analyses on data from theWorld Values Surveyscovering 32 established democracies. Our results reveal that intolerance leads to more non-violent protest participation. This relationship, however, is strongly influenced by the prevalence of intolerance in a country.
The Influence of Retrieval Practice Versus Delayed Judgments of	Learning on Memory
Authors: Tauber Sarah K. (Uma) , Dunlosky John , Rawson Katherine A.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The positive effect of delayed retrieval practice on subsequent test performance is robust; by contrast, making delayed judgments of learning (JOLs) encourages covert retrieval but has a minor influence on final test performance. In three experiments, we experimentally established and explored this memory-metamemory paradox. After initial study of paired associates (e.g., husky – ram), participants either were explicitly tested (husky – ?) or made a JOL. In Experiment 1, we adopted the standard JOL method, using a short retention interval, whereas in Experiments 2 and 3, we used a common testing-effect method involving a longer retention interval. Delayed JOLs did not boost test performance, but explicit delayed tests boosted memory after a longer retention interval. As important, participants spent less time to make JOLs than to retrieve responses. These data indicate that differences in the dynamics of retrieval for practice tests versus delayed JOLs are responsible for the paradox.
Modeling the Stratosphere's "Heartbeat"
Authors: Hamilton Kevin , Osprey Scott , Butchart Neal
Published: July 2015

Quasibiennial Oscillation Modeling and Reanalysis Workshop; Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 16–18 March 2015
Outstanding Student Paper Awards
Authors:   AGU
Published: July 2015

The American Geophysical Union announces winners from the 2015 Joint Assembly.
Density-dependent adaptive resistance allows swimming bacteria to colonize an antibiotic gradient
Authors: Hol Felix J H , Hubert Bert , Dekker Cees , Keymer Juan E
Published: July 2015

During antibiotic treatment, antibiotic concentration gradients develop. Little is know regarding the effects of antibiotic gradients on populations of nonresistant bacteria. Using a microfluidic device, we show that high-density motile Escherichia coli populations composed of nonresistant bacteria can, unexpectedly, colonize environments where a lethal concentration of the antibiotic kanamycin is present. Colonizing bacteria establish an adaptively resistant population, which remains viable for over 24 h while exposed to the antibiotic. Quantitative analysis of multiple colonization events shows that collectively swimming bacteria need to exceed a critical population density in order to successfully colonize the antibiotic landscape. After colonization, bacteria are not dormant but show both growth and swimming motility under antibiotic stress. Our results highlight the importance of motility and population density in facilitating adaptive resistance, and indicate that adaptive resistance may be a first step to the emergence of genetically encoded resistance in landscapes of antibiotic gradients.
Functional environmental proteomics: elucidating the role of a c-type cytochrome abundant during uranium bioremediation
Authors: Yun Jiae , Malvankar Nikhil S , Ueki Toshiyuki , Lovley Derek R
Published: July 2015

Studies with pure cultures of dissimilatory metal-reducing microorganisms have demonstrated that outer-surface c-type cytochromes are important electron transfer agents for the reduction of metals, but previous environmental proteomic studies have typically not recovered cytochrome sequences from subsurface environments in which metal reduction is important. Gel-separation, heme-staining and mass spectrometry of proteins in groundwater from in situ uranium bioremediation experiments identified a putative c-type cytochrome, designated Geobactersubsurface c-type cytochrome A (GscA), encoded within the genome of strain M18, a Geobacter isolate previously recovered from the site. Homologs of GscA were identified in the genomes of other Geobacter isolates in the phylogenetic cluster known as subsurface clade 1, which predominates in a diversity of Fe(III)-reducing subsurface environments. Most of the gscA sequences recovered from groundwater genomic DNA clustered in a tight phylogenetic group closely related to strain M18. GscA was most abundant in groundwater samples in which Geobacter sp. predominated. Expression of gscA in a strain of Geobacter sulfurreducens that lacked the gene for the c-type cytochrome OmcS, thought to facilitate electron transfer from conductive pili to Fe(III) oxide, restored the capacity for Fe(III) oxide reduction. Atomic force microscopy provided evidence that GscA was associated with the pili. These results demonstrate that a c-type cytochrome with an apparent function similar to that of OmcS is abundant when Geobacter sp. are abundant in the subsurface, providing insight into the mechanisms for the growth of subsurface Geobacter sp. on Fe(III) oxide and suggesting an approach for functional analysis of other Geobacter proteins found in the subsurface.
Impaired protein translation in Drosophila models for Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy caused by mutant tRNA synthetases
Authors: Niehues Sven , Bussmann Julia , Steffes Georg , Erdmann Ines , Köhrer Caroline , Sun Litao , Wagner Marina , Schäfer Kerstin , Wang Guangxia , Koerdt Sophia N. , Stum Morgane , Jaiswal Sumit , RajBhandary Uttam L. , Thomas Ulrich , Aberle Hermann , Burgess Robert W. , Yang Xiang-Lei , Dieterich Daniela , Storkebaum Erik
Published: July 2015

Dominant mutations in five tRNA synthetases cause Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) neuropathy, suggesting that altered aminoacylation function underlies the disease. However, previous studies showed that loss of aminoacylation activity is not required to cause CMT. Here we present a Drosophila model for CMT with mutations in glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS). Expression of three CMT-mutant GARS proteins induces defects in motor performance and motor and sensory neuron morphology, and shortens lifespan. Mutant GARS proteins display normal subcellular localization but markedly reduce global protein synthesis in motor and sensory neurons, or when ubiquitously expressed in adults, as revealed by FUNCAT and BONCAT. Translational slowdown is not attributable to altered tRNAGly aminoacylation, and cannot be rescued by Drosophila Gars overexpression, indicating a gain-of-toxic-function mechanism. Expression of CMT-mutant tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase also impairs translation, suggesting a common pathogenic mechanism. Finally, genetic reduction of translation is sufficient to induce CMT-like phenotypes, indicating a causal contribution of translational slowdown to CMT.
Cell-selective labelling of proteomes in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Erdmann Ines , Marter Kathrin , Kobler Oliver , Niehues Sven , Abele Julia , Müller Anke , Bussmann Julia , Storkebaum Erik , Ziv Tamar , Thomas Ulrich , Dieterich Daniela C.
Published: July 2015

The specification and adaptability of cells rely on changes in protein composition. Nonetheless, uncovering proteome dynamics with cell-type-specific resolution remains challenging. Here we introduce a strategy for cell-specific analysis of newly synthesized proteomes by combining targeted expression of a mutated methionyl-tRNA synthetase (MetRS) with bioorthogonal or fluorescent non-canonical amino-acid-tagging techniques (BONCAT or FUNCAT). Substituting leucine by glycine within the MetRS-binding pocket (MetRSLtoG) enables incorporation of the non-canonical amino acid azidonorleucine (ANL) instead of methionine during translation. Newly synthesized proteins can thus be labelled by coupling the azide group of ANL to alkyne-bearing tags through ‘click chemistry’. To test these methods for applicability in vivo, we expressed MetRSLtoG cell specifically in Drosophila. FUNCAT and BONCAT reveal ANL incorporation into proteins selectively in cells expressing the mutated enzyme. Cell-type-specific FUNCAT and BONCAT, thus, constitute eligible techniques to study protein synthesis-dependent processes in complex and behaving organisms.
Integrated genetic and epigenetic analysis defines novel molecular subgroups in rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Seki Masafumi , Nishimura Riki , Yoshida Kenichi , Shimamura Teppei , Shiraishi Yuichi , Sato Yusuke , Kato Motohiro , Chiba Kenichi , Tanaka Hiroko , Hoshino Noriko , Nagae Genta , Shiozawa Yusuke , Okuno Yusuke , Hosoi Hajime , Tanaka Yukichi , Okita Hajime , Miyachi Mitsuru , Souzaki Ryota , Taguchi Tomoaki , Koh Katsuyoshi , Hanada Ryoji , Kato Keisuke , Nomura Yuko , Akiyama Masaharu , Oka Akira , Igarashi Takashi , Miyano Satoru , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Hayashi Yasuhide , Ogawa Seishi , Takita Junko
Published: July 2015

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in childhood. Here we studied 60 RMSs using whole-exome/-transcriptome sequencing, copy number (CN) and DNA methylome analyses to unravel the genetic/epigenetic basis of RMS. On the basis of methylation patterns, RMS is clustered into four distinct subtypes, which exhibits remarkable correlation with mutation/CN profiles, histological phenotypes and clinical behaviours. A1 and A2 subtypes, especially A1, largely correspond to alveolar histology with frequent PAX3/7 fusions and alterations in cell cycle regulators. In contrast, mostly showing embryonal histology, both E1 and E2 subtypes are characterized by high frequency of CN alterations and/or allelic imbalances, FGFR4/RAS/AKT pathway mutations and PTEN mutations/methylation and in E2, also by p53 inactivation. Despite the better prognosis of embryonal RMS, patients in the E2 are likely to have a poor prognosis. Our results highlight the close relationships of the methylation status and gene mutations with the biological behaviour in RMS.