bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFEITOS DO TRANSPORTE NO BEM-ESTAR E QUALIDADE DA CARNE DE BOVINOS
Authors: DINIZ P. P. , SILVA B. L. , PEREIRA V. V. , GRANDE P. A.
Published: April 2015

Objetivou-se com esta revisão fazer um estudo bibliográfico sobre como o transporte rodoviário e o manejo inadequado dos animais na fazenda mostram-se importantes causas de perdas econômicas devido às lesões nas carcaças com consequente rejeição do sistema de inspeção durante o abate. O transporte rodoviário é o meio mais comum de condução de animais de corte para o abate. O transporte rodoviário, em condições desfavoráveis, pode provocar a morte dos animais ou conduzir a contusões, perda de peso e estresse dos animais. O aumento do estresse durante o transporte é proporcionado pelas condições desfavoráveis como privação de alimento e água, alta umidade, alta velocidade do ar e densidade de carga. O principal aspecto a ser considerado durante o transporte de bovinos, é o espaço ocupado por animal, ou seja, a densidade de carga, que pode ser classificada em alta (600 Kg/m²), média (400 Kg/m²) e baixa (200 Kg/m²). Assim, o objetivo desta revisão bibliográfica é fazer um levantamento dos principais fatores durante o transporte dos bovinos que estão relacionados com as perdas na qualidade e rendimentos de carcaça.
RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS URBANOS: UMA QUESTÃO SOCIOAMBIENTAL MUNICIPAL
Authors: LIMA Mirian Luiza de , RODRIGUES Edson Vander , COSTA Wesley Satlher da , RIBEIRO Josimar
Published: April 2015

O tratamento e a destinação final inadequados dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU) têm potencializado, nas últimas décadas, o agravamento dos problemas ambientais, trazendo como consequências, danos severos ao meio ambiente e redução na qualidade de vida. Daí, a importância de se educar a população, para formação de cidadãos esclarecidos, conscientes e ambientalmente corretos. Assim, esse trabalho teve o objetivo de investigar o impacto ambiental que os RSU podem gerar na sociedade. Os resultados mostram que a Educação Ambiental ainda é muito carente nas escolas investigadas. Além disso, verificou-se que 87,0 % das escolas não seguem o que é exigido por lei e deixam a desejar quanto à conscientização dos alunos em relação à coleta seletiva, pois somente a escola Henrique Coutinho apresenta as lixeiras de coleta seletiva.
DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE SAWMILL FOR THE SMALL RURAL PROPERTY
Authors: BERTINATTO R. , BREDA C. A. , BARICCATTI R. , VIDAL T. C. M. , WERNCKE I. , MAXIMO C. C.
Published: April 2015

The fast forest production growth in Brazil has revealed the small producers' difficulty in processing the planted trees small quantities in their properties, due to high wood cutting and transportation costs when taking it to the sawmill, which is usually made by outsource, and, because of this, the producer profits are always depending on these services payment. This context has encouraged this research, which had as its objective the building of a portable chainsaw, with low production costs and that makes use of a chainsaw usually already owned by the producer who will work with it. It was made in Cascavel city, Paraná state, in 2009. The machine was complemented with the installation of a silencer, in order to decrease the noise and target the exhaust gas away from the operator's face, in addition to a traction set with a tirfor hoist to decrease the effort made by him as well. In the operation evaluation, the cutting quality was satisfying and the complements have contributed in a meaningful way to improve the profits, as well as there was a smaller operator's exhaustion. However we concluded that this sawmill model is indicated to the processing of small wood quantities due to the reasonable ergonomics and the intense need to work near to the ground level.
VARIÁVEIS FISIOLÓGICAS DE BÚFALAS EXPOSTAS A BANHO APÓS ESTRESSE TÉRMICO
Authors: GONÇALVES A.M. , ALVES F. , LALA B. , BUSTOS MAC LEAN P.A.
Published: April 2015

O experimento teve como objetivo avaliar o tempo que búfalas levaram para voltar ao estado fisiológico normal depois de submetidas a estresse térmico. Foram utilizadas seis búfalas mestiças Murrah com idade aproximada de 2,5 a 3 anos e peso médio de 450 kg. As búfalas foram submetidas a dois tratamentos com três animais cada: banho (B) e sem banho (SB). As variáveis fisiológicas coletadas foram: freqüência respiratória (FR); taxa de sudação (TS) e temperatura retal (TR). Todos os animais ficaram mantidos em piquete de aproximadamente 2000 m², sem disponibilidade de sombra e tanques de água, das 8h00 às 14h00, durante quatro dias não consecutivos de coletas. As coletas foram realizadas antes e após a exposição ao sol, e de hora em hora até as 16h00. A exposição dos animais ao sol fez com que houvesse um aumento significativo nas variáveis fisiológicas, com isso o tratamento banho foi mais eficiente para a variável frequência, respiratória comparado ao tratamento sem banho, para que as búfalas voltassem ao seu estado normal após o estresse térmico.
INFLUÊNCIA DO ESPAÇAMENTO NA PRODUTIVIDADE DE HÍBRIDOS DE MILHO SOB ALTA DENSIDADE POPULACIONAL
Authors: VAZQUEZ G. H. , GARCIA F. P. , ASSIS A. V. DE
Published: April 2015

Um arranjo espacial adequado de plantas por área pode aumentar a eficiência de utilização da luz solar, da água e de nutrientes e, por consequência, elevar a produtividade de grãos. O objetivo deste trabalho instalado em Fernandópolis/SP foi avaliar o desempenho de cinco híbridos de milho (AG 7000, AG 8060, AG 7040, DKB 350 e DKB 390) submetidos a três espaçamentos entrelinhas (0,45; 0,70 e 0,80 m) em uma densidade populacional final próxima de 65.000 plantas ha-1. Concluiu-se que reduções no espaçamento entrelinhas de semeadura não interferiram nas características agronômicas avaliadas (altura da planta e da inserção da espiga, número de folhas após a espiga, número de grãos por espiga, número de fileiras por espiga e de grãos por fileira). O diâmetro do colmo foi superior no espaçamento de 0,45 m. Todas as características avaliadas mostraram interferência quanto ao híbrido semeado. A maior produtividade de grãos foi obtida pelo híbrido AG 8060 que não diferiu de DKB 390 e AG 7040. No espaçamento de 0,45 m, a produtividade de grãos foi 11% superior à obtida com 0,80 m entrelinhas, não diferindo de 0,70 m.
ENRIQUECIMENTO AMBIENTAL E COMPORTAMENTO DE SUÍNOS: REVISÃO
Authors: Foppa L. , Caldara F. R. , Machado S.P. , Moura R. , Santos R. K. S. , Nääs I. A. , Garcia R. G.
Published: April 2015

É cada vez maior a preocupação da comunidade científica e do mercado consumidor em relação aos métodos que os animais são produzidos. As novas exigências do mercado externo, em relação à qualidade ética dos produtos disponibilizados para o consumo, requerem novas técnicas direcionadas ao bem-estar animal. Na suinocultura industrial, os animais, geralmente, vivem confinados em todas as fases da vida. Portanto, estudos vêm sendo realizados para minimizar os efeitos do estresse gerados pelos monótonos ambientes de confinamento. O uso de objetos de enriquecimento ambiental pode ser uma alternativa viável de adaptação ao sistema de produção de suínos presente no Brasil. Contudo, sua eficácia ainda é limitada devido à rápida habituação dos suínos aos objetos disponibilizados. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar alternativas de enriquecimento ambiental usadas na suinocultura.
ANÁLISE DO USO DAS MÍDIAS SOCIAIS PELAS 50 MAIORES EMPRESAS DO AGRONEGÓCIO BRASILEIRO ENTRE OS ANOS 2012 E 2013
Authors: Garzon Karen Gimenez , Machado JOÃO Guilherme de Camargo Ferraz
Published: April 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o uso das mídias sociais por empresas do setor do agronegócio no Brasil. Mais especificamente, buscou-se classificar as empresas quanto à finalidade de utilização e o conteúdo publicado por essas mídias, comparando-as dentro do mesmo setor. Foram analisadas as 50 maiores empresas classificadas no Guia Exame Melhores e Maiores em 2010 e 2011, na categoria ‘Agronegócio’, permitindo a comparação dos resultados. Para a realização da pesquisa foi utilizado a técnica da análise de conteúdo, por meio da observação e interpretação das postagens feitas durante 30 dias consecutivos. Para essa análise foram criadas categorias, visando facilitar a classificação do conteúdo postado. Os resultados mostraram um significativo aumento no uso do Facebook em 2013, enquanto a quantidade de tweets se manteve praticamente a mesma. Nos dois casos, a categoria de postagem mais frequente foi ‘informação’, com 34% e 37% do total de postagens, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que as empresas do setor do agronegócio continuam utilizando pouco as mídias sociais como canal de comunicação, apesar do aumento de 109% de um ano para o outro.
ESTUDOS ELETROQUÍMICOS DA OXIDAÇÃO DO POLUENTE ORGÂNICO PERSISTENTE 4-CLOROFENOL
Authors: Gilles V. , Soares T. F. , Andrade A. R. De , Ribeiro J.
Published: April 2015

O presente trabalho trata da preparação e caracterização de eletrodos do tipo Anodos Dimensionalmente Estáveis, ADE®, para degradação de compostos orgânicos. Os eletrodos foram preparados pela decomposição térmica de precursores poliméricos a 450 ºC, com as seguintes composições nominais: Ti/Pt(30%)RuO2(10%)SnO2(60%),
Ti/Pt(30%)RuO2(30%)SnO2(40%) e Ti/Pt(30%)RuO2(35%)SnO2(35%). As análises por difração de raios X mostraram a existência de Pt apenas na forma metálica com estrutura cúbica de face centrada. Os óxidos de rutênio e estanho apresentaram estrutura tetragonal e formaram soluções sólidas para concentrações de RuO2 ≥ 30 %. As micrografias obtidas mostraram morfologia de barro–rachado para os eletrodos com alta porcentagem de rutênio. As análises por Voltametria cíclica realizadas em meio ácido na presença do 4-Clorofenol, 4-CF, evidenciaram o aparecimento de um pico anódico próximo a 1,0 V vs Ag/AgCl(KCl-3,0 mol/L) sendo proporcional a concentração do 4-CF. Teste de eletrólise mostraram que os eletrodos Ti/Pt(30%)RuO2(30%)SnO2(40%) e Ti/Pt(30%)RuO2(35%)SnO2(35%) são consideravelmente mais eficientes. Os resultados obtidos por Impedância Eletroquímica mostraram que o eletrodo Ti/Pt(30%)RuO2(35%)SnO2(35%) tem menor resistência de transferência de carga.
DESSULFURIZAÇÃO BIOLÓGICA DE BIOGÁS NAS CONDIÇÕES AMBIENTAIS DO BRASIL
Authors: Müller R. , Feiden A. , Marques F.S. , Lucio L.T. , Mari A.G.
Published: April 2015

Os processos de produção de biogás estão bem solucionados comercialmente no Brasil. No entanto, o biogás não está robusto ao ponto de ser entendido pela agroindústria como um produto, que pode gerar energia elétrica, térmica ou veicular, pois seu processo de purificação ainda carece de tecnológicas de baixo custo, principalmente para as pequenas e médias agroindústrias. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o uso do processo de dessulfurização biológica para o Brasil.
USO DE ÍNDICES DE QUALIDADE PARA AVALIAÇÃO DA ÁGUA EM AMBIENTE LÊNTICO
Authors: Goveia D. , Rebelo A. , Loro A. P. , Sasso G. D. , Da Rocha T. N. F. , Dompieri T. P. , Carlos V. M.
Published: April 2015

Sistemas aquáticos que apresentam águas calmas e com região delimitada, por exemplo, lagoas, lagos e pântanos, são denominados ambientes lênticos. O Parque Carlos Alberto de Souza, localizado em Sorocaba-SP, é um dos parques existentes na cidade contendo lago artificial, onde habitam peixes, tartarugas e garças. É frequentado por crianças e adultos para lazer ou prática de exercícios. Sendo assim, uma boa qualidade de água é fundamental para a vida no lago. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a qualidade da água, usando índices de qualidade adotados pela CETESB (Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental). Os resultados apresentaram valor elevado de coliformes termotolerantes e baixa concentração de oxigênio. Considerando a ponderação dos parâmetros a água foi classificada como boa, porém o índice referente à presença de nutrientes classificou o corpo hídrico como hipertrófico, o que pode causar aflorações de algas e mortandades de peixes. Os resultados representam um alerta quanto à necessidade de monitoramento da qualidade dos ambientes lênticos e a necessitade de alertas à população que frequentam o ambiente.
PODER CALORÍFICO DA MADEIRA DE Eucalyptus grandis E DA Hevea brasiliensis
Authors: Müzel S. D. , De Oliveira K. A. , Hansted F. A. S. , Prates G. A. , Goveia D.
Published: April 2015

A biomassa é todo o material orgânico que, quando queimado, libera alguma forma de energia. Para utilização da biomassa é necessário conhecer o seu poder calorífico que está diretamente relacionada com o teor de umidade no combustível. O objetivo deste estudo é determinar o poder calorifico superior das espécies de Eucalyptus grandis e Hevea brasiliensis, visando conhecer seu potencial energético. Foi determinado o teor de umidade pelo método gravimétrico e poder calorifico superior através de uma bomba calorimétrica Ika. Os resultados do teor de umidade foram satisfatórios em comparação com os recomendados pela NBR 14929 (2003), DIN 51731 e ÖNORM M7135. O poder calorífico superior foi considerado adequado comparando com os encontrados na literatura, por conseguinte, estes materiais mostraram ter um bom potencial energético, podendo ser utilizados para queima, como biomassa ou na produção de pellets.
ANALYSIS OF LEAF BLADE AREA AND TOTAL ILLUMINATION INDEXES OF PANICUM MAXIMUM JACQ. CV. ARIES GRASS WITH DIFFERENT NITROGEN RATES FOR SHEEP FEEDING
Authors: Da Costa L. P. R. , Moreira A. L. , Gabriel Filho L. R. A. , Souza R. DE O. , Cremasco C. P. , Putti F. F. , Chacur M. G. M.
Published: April 2015

Improvement of nutrition of small ruminants increases production and minimizes costs, especially during dry periods. On the other hand, investments in energy and protein foods cause high production costs. An economical alternative lies in investing in fodder production featuring quality and quantity, by lowering costs and maximizing profits of commercial farms. Current research analyzes forage of the pasture grass Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Aries, fertilized with 200 and 400 kg of nitrogen per ha/year, and applying Student´s t test to compare the effects in pasture development. The best fertilization for quality forage production within the region´s climate and for sheep breeding was assessed. There were no significant differences among the different levels of nitrogen with regard to total illumination and leaf area index. Results show that the use of the least amount of fertilizer, i. e. 200 kg-1ha-1 year, is economically viable, taking into account lower costs in their acquisition, transportation and application.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTION OF PERISHABLE GOODS IN THE STATE OF SÃO PAULO
Authors: Putti F. F. , Macini N. , Silva I. P. de F. , Latorre D. de O. , Silva Junior J. F. da , Ludwig R. , Schimitd A. P. R. A.
Published: April 2015

Brazil is characterized by great diversity. The fact is not different in the state of São Paulo where several crops are produced in different administrative regions. Current study determines which productions are closer to major consumer centers. A multivariate analysis between production and towns has been applied so that the principal components of this analysis may be assessed. Further, the more perishable products are those which are closer to consuming centers.
AVALIAÇÃO DE UM TERRACEADOR EM UM SOLO DO SEMIÁRIDO CEARENSE
Authors: BULCÃO J.P. , MELO R.P. , DO NASCIMENTO H.C.F. , DE FREITAS C.R. , ALBIERO D.
Published: April 2015

O preparo do solo tem por objetivo fornecer condições ideais ao estabelecimento e desenvolvimento de culturas. Desde o surgimento de implementos para o preparo de solo, existe a preocupação em realizar a melhoria dos mesmos. Os maiores avanços foram no sentido de aumentar a aptidão dos trabalhos realizados pelos conjuntos de máquinas, no sentido de aperfeiçoar técnicas do preparo propriamente dito. O terraceador é um implemento agrícola muito utilizado para fazer curvas de nível em terrenos inclinados. Os ângulos de corte dos discos de um terraceador tem interferência na profundidade de penetração do disco no solo, na altura e largura do camalhão, o que varia seu formato. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência dos diferentes ângulos de ataque do terraceador no solo cearense. O trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Federal do Ceará. O solo utilizado para realizar os ensaios foi um solo Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo. Foi utilizado um trator Valtra A950 para tracionar o terraceador. Em seguida foram realizados 3 operações de terraceamento em parcelas de 50 metros para os ângulos de 90°, 100° e 110°. Posteriormente foi realizada a medição da base maior, base menor e altura da curva de nível. Foi utilizada a estatística descritiva básica para avaliar os dados. Foi utilizado o software Microsoft Excel e o software Minitab – Versão 16 para analise dos dados.
ESTIMATIVA DO DESCARTE DE RESÍDUOS PASSÍVEIS DE RECICLAGEM NA ÁREA RURAL DE ILHA SOLTEIRA – SP
Authors: LEITE M.A. , DORNFELD C.B. , RENK J.J. , SIMONATO D.C.
Published: April 2015

O município de Ilha Solteira possui diversas pequenas propriedades e, como a maioria das comunidades rurais brasileiras, enfrentam problemas na destinação final dos resíduos sólidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a quantidade de resíduos passíveis de reciclagem (RPR) na área rural de Ilha Solteira - SP (Cinturão Verde, Assentamentos Estrela da Ilha e Santa Maria da Lagoa) e como estes resíduos são descartados pelos proprietários. Os resultados mostraram que o Cinturão Verde possui coleta seletiva e que o plástico foi o material mais segregado, no entanto, nem todos os produtores utilizaram esse serviço, utilizando a queima como prática comum. Os Assentamentos não dispõem de coleta seletiva e a queima incompleta dos resíduos nas propriedades foi o método mais utilizado para a disposição final. Concluiu-se que, mesmo onde existe a coleta seletiva, sua utilização plena não ocorreu por parte dos proprietários, sendo que a disposição inadequada de resíduos passíveis de reciclagem ocorreu tanto em locais onde existe e onde não há o serviço de coleta seletiva, podendo causar danos ambientais e problemas de saúde pública na área rural.
THE DEPLOYMENT OF BIODIGESTER SYSTEMS IN RURAL PROPERTIES
Authors: HALMEMAN M.C.R. , STACHISSINI M.G. , DAMACENO F.M. , GABRIEL FILHO L.R.A. , CREMASCO C.P. , PUTTI F.F.
Published: April 2015

Swine production has a strong impact on the national and international meat economy. However, this type of agribusiness generates solid and liquid wastes which impact the environment when deposited inadequately. An alternative for the treatment of these effluents would combine appropriate management of residual biomass to the digester system. Current study collects data to deploy a digester system on a rural property in Mambore PR Brazil, with a herd of 330 matrices. Further, 30,301.49 kg.day-1 in feces and urine and use of 15,673 m3 of water were obtained. Daily volume of wastes estimated the amount of biogas within conditions of hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 22 days and 30 days, with temperature variation of biomass at 20°C, 25°C and 30°C. Electric energy produced was estimated at105,553.95 kWh.year-1 with HRT of 22 days and 20°C. Under the above conditions, the biofertilizer produced amounted to 27,500 kg. Thus, the biogas produced could generate electricity to meet the needs of the farm and the bio-fertilizer produced could be used on crops or sold.
RESÍDUOS DE CASAS DE FARINHA DO AGRESTE ALAGOANO: PERSPECTIVAS DE UTILIZAÇÃO
Authors: Souza S. de O. , Da Silva A. P. B. , Da Silva R. M. , De Oliveira L. C. , Goveia D. , Botero W. G.
Published: April 2015

O Brasil se destaca no cenário mundial como produtor agrícola, dentre os diversos tipos de cultivo, a mandioca é considerada um dos principais, devido o aproveitamento de quase todas as partes dessa espécie vegetal. É um produto tanto de uso alimentar para o ser humano quanto para animais. No entanto, um problema que vem sendo observado é a elevada produção de resíduos oriundos do processamento da mandioca, gerando danos ao meio ambiente e a sociedade, inclusive devido sua toxicidade. Desses resíduos merecem destaque a casca da mandioca e a manipueira, líquido de cor amarelo-claro resultante da prensagem da massa da mandioca. Neste trabalho foi comprovado que esses subprodutos apresentam teores consideráveis para macro, micronutrientes e matéria orgânica, portanto podem apresentar diversas aplicações, dentre elas o uso para complementação na ração de animais e principalmente na aplicação no solo como fertilizante, em diversas culturas, gerando renda, diminuindo custos e consequentemente minimizando os danos que vem trazendo ao meio ambiente.
Fresh carbon input differentially impacts soil carbon decomposition across natural and managed systems
Authors: Luo Zhongkui , Wang Enli , Smith Chris
Published: April 2015

The amount of fresh carbon input into soil is experiencing substantial changes under global change. It is unclear what will be the consequences of such input changes on native soil carbon decomposition across ecosystems. By synthesizing data from 143 experimental comparisons, we show that, on average, fresh carbon input stimulates soil carbon decomposition by 14%. The response was lower in forest soils (1%) compared with soils from other ecosystems (>24%), and higher following inputs of plant residue‐like substrates (31%) compared to root exudate‐like substrates (9%). The responses decrease with the baseline soil carbon decomposition rate under no additional carbon input, but increase with the fresh carbon input rate. The rates of these changes vary significantly across ecosystems and with the carbon substrates being added. These findings can be applied to provide robust estimates of soil carbon balance across ecosystems under changing aboveground and belowground inputs as consequence of climate and land management changes.
Non‐random species loss in bacterial communities reduces antifungal volatile production
Authors: Hol W. H. Gera , Garbeva Paolina , Hordijk Cornelis , Hundscheid Maria P. J. , Gunnewiek Paulien J. A. Klein , van Agtmaal Maaike , Kuramae Eiko E. , de Boer Wietse
Published: April 2015

The contribution of low‐abundance microbial species to soil ecosystems is easily overlooked because there is considerable overlap between metabolic abilities (functional redundancy) of dominant and subordinate microbial species. Here we studied how loss of less abundant soil bacteria affected the production of antifungal volatiles, an important factor in the natural control of soil‐borne pathogenic fungi. We provide novel empirical evidence that the loss of soil bacterial species leads to a decline in the production of volatiles that suppress root pathogens. By using dilution‐to‐extinction for seven different soils we created bacterial communities with a decreasing number of species and grew them under carbon‐limited conditions. Communities with high bacterial species richness produced volatiles that strongly reduced the hyphal growth of the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. For most soil origins loss of bacterial species resulted in loss of antifungal volatile production. Analysis of the volatiles revealed that several known antifungal compounds were only produced in the more diverse bacterial communities. Our results suggest that less abundant bacterial species play an important role in antifungal volatile production by soil bacterial communities and, consequently, in the natural suppression of soil‐borne pathogens.
What is this all about?
Authors: Bruni Thomas
Published: April 2015

What's Ahead - Editor Thomas Bruni explains how this new SPE publication will serve the needs of young professionals.
The Job Market in the Oil and Gas Business
Authors: Tealdi Loris
Published: April 2015

Forum - Young professionals discuss how they feel about their current jobs and their prospects for career advancement.
An Open Letter From 2006 SPE President Eve Sprunt
Authors: Sprunt Eve
Published: April 2015

Letter from SPE President - President Eve Sprunt writes about stretching the technical boundaries and the future of SPE.
High-Octane Leadership in Times of Uncertainty
Authors: MacArthur John
Published: April 2015

YEPP PerSPEctive - John MacArthur shares his thoughts on leadership.

Humanity has always faced tough challenges. These challenges remain daunting. According to Jessica Williams' book 50 Facts That Should Change the World, one in five people in the world live on less than U.S. $1 per day and about the same proportion, some 800 million people, go hungry daily. Williams explains that in recent years, a third of the world's population has been at war, with a quarter of all armed conflicts involving a struggle for natural resources such as oil, minerals, metals, water, timber, and drug crops. The good news is that our industry can help tackle these problems; a secure supply of energy is critical to peaceful economic growth and a stable development environment.

Global energy demand grew by more than 4% last year, exceeding 10 billion tons of oil equivalent (approximately 73 billion bbl) for the first time, and according to Intl. Energy Agency (IEA) projections, this could increase by more than half over the next quarter century. We will still rely on hydrocarbons, with 60% of demand to be met by oil and gas by 2030.
Changing Disciplines in E&P: Why You Should Do It
Authors: Colmenares Luis Carlos
Published: April 2015

Pillars of the Industry - Senior reservoir engineer Luis Carlos Colmenares advocates changing disciplines early in your career.
The Attributes of Successful Professionals
Authors: Ring Jasper
Published: April 2015

Pillars of the Industry - Insights from Jasper Ring, Subsurface Manager for Chevron's Blind Faith Project in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico.
A Message From 2009 SPE President Leo Roodhart
Authors: Roodhart Leon
Published: April 2015

Message from SPE President

President Leo Roodhart addresses young professionals around the world.
Interview with David J. O’Reilly
Authors: O'Reilly David J.
Published: April 2015

The Way Ahead Interview

An interview with David J. O'Reilly, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Chevron Corporation.
What Will Unlock Development of Unconventional Resources?
Authors: Kleinberg Robert
Published: April 2015

Economist's Corner

Robert Kleinberg draws attention to how fluctuating oil prices affect the pace of technology development for unconventional resources.
Stepping Out of Your Comfort Zone
Authors: Cobb William
Published: April 2015

Pillars of the Industry - Past SPE President Bill Cobb sheds light on getting the most out of SPE involvement.
Public Energy Education
Authors: Chalbaud Carlos , Okoroafor Rita , Andreev Anton , Svendsen Per Olav Eide , Etkind Josh
Published: April 2015

Forum - Young professionals speak out on energy education.

For this article, The Way Ahead addressed one of the most challenging topics for professionals in the oil and gas industry: public energy education. When oil prices peaked at USD 147/bbl in 2008, everyone felt the crunch. Food prices spiked and transportation costs rose. Global warming and the environmental impact of energy use took center stage in the public debate. Yet, media coverage, public debate, and politicians still seem to lack a fundamental understanding of where energy comes from, the costs and trade-offs related to different energy sources, technological and geographic constraints, and the hard choices that lie ahead. This article illustrates that industry professionals feel a responsibility to educate their friends, family, and neighbors, and students of all ages about energy.
Emerging Oil and Gas Regions: Brazil, the Arctic, and West Africa
Authors: Onukwu Anthony
Published: April 2015

What's Ahead - Anthony Onukwu previews articles on emerging oil and gas regions.

Welcome to the first issue of 2011. As always, we are looking ahead and, in this issue, TWA brings you another interesting theme, with some exciting articles on emerging oil and gas regions.

When German scientist Alfred Wegener put forward the idea that the geographic fit of the western coast of Africa and the eastern coast of South America had once been joined together in the geological past. Most people would have thought it was a myth, but advances in marine geology over the next 40 years led to the recognition that the two continents had separated at the end of the Jurassic and the very beginning of the Cretaceous periods by a process of rifting and oceanic suturing. Today, deepwater Brazil is the rising star in the Western Hemisphere for the oil and gas industry after the offshore finds in pre-salt, and deepwater west Africa—also with salt body structures—has achieved huge success in recent years. The number of fields is expected to increase fivefold by 2013. It is the immense promise of the giant deepwater “elephant” fields that is fueling the current boom in exploration and development and raising the levels of investment in these regions.
Emerging Oil Regions Brazil, the Arctic, and West Africa - and the Role of Fluid Properties
Authors: Dindoruk Birol
Published: April 2015

Academia.edu@TWA - A brief introduction to the subject regions, highlighting some key differences with respect to other known basins as well as the size of the prize, is followed by a focus on fluid properties’ role in terms of field development and uncertainty reduction.
Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources: New Challenge for the Industry, Great Opportunities for YPs
Authors: Andreev Anton , Roberts Tyler
Published: April 2015

Forum - The development of unconventional resources and great opportunities for young professionals.
Unconventional Resources
Authors: Leimkuhler Joe , Leveille Greg
Published: April 2015

Technical Leaders Interview - An interview with Joe Leimkuhler of Shell and Greg Leveille of ConocoPhillips on unconventional resources development.
The Cutting Edge: Research and Development’s Role in Deep Water
Authors: Irion Amelia
Published: April 2015

HR Discussion - An interview with Schlumberger’s Amelia Irion on research and development’s role in deep water.
Leveraging Technology to Win in the Deepwater Gulf of Mexico Wilcox Plays
Authors: Rawicki Andrew
Published: April 2015

Tech 101 - Leveraging technology to win in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico Wilcox plays.

The focus of my past few years has been on a technology-driven play in the Lower Tertiary-Age reservoirs of the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM). These Upper, Middle, and Lower Wilcox reservoirs represent a large resource base in an infrastructure-rich basin. Chevron-operated production will begin from the Wilcox reservoir in 2014, when the company’s Jack/St Malo subsea development is commissioned. In addition, Chevron’s two most recent deepwater GOM discoveries have been in the Wilcox, and the company continues to hold a very strong lease position for future exploration.

Technology Management System Across Chevron: The “Focus Area” Model

Like most integrated energy companies, Chevron has evolved a system of technology governance that suits the enterprise. To ensure the technologies critical to providing competitive differentiation are identified and advanced, the company developed a “focus area” model. Decisions are made by governance bodies composed jointly of energy technology company (ETC) and operating company representatives. Strategic drivers are identified and validated for the various Technology Focus Areas (such as exploration, reservoir management, or deepwater development), and technology initiatives are funded on the basis of a technology’s risk/reward profile and its alignment with the strategic drivers. These initiatives are managed by technology practitioners within ETC, ensuring that the technologies that are developed and the lessons learned coincident with early deployment are easily shared throughout the enterprise. Business units are allocated their fair share of the cost to develop each technology, and most development projects managed within the focus area process contribute to the common good (or at least the good of a significant sector) of the corporation.
Whither Enterprising Young Exploration and Production Professionals?
Authors: Kanwar Raj
Published: April 2015

Pillars of the Industry - Insight into India’s oil and gas history, entrepreneurship, and success from Raj Kanwar, founder of SK Oilfield Company.
Advice to a Young Entrepreneur: The Way Ahead Interviews Established Entrepreneurs
Authors: Levy Ricardo B. , Rosen Howard
Published: April 2015

Technical Leaders Interview - Established entrepreneurs Ricardo B. Levy and Howard Rosen of Stanford University share advice on becoming a young entrepreneur.
Getting to the Next Promotion
Authors: Ware Sonya
Published: April 2015

Soft Skills - How to prepare yourself for your next promotion.

Sometime in the first 5 years of your career, you may be getting a promotion. However, before a promotion takes place, you have to begin to walk as if you are already performing at the next level. This shouldn’t be because of self-entitlement, but rather a frame of mind, a way of being that trains others to see you at the next level. Ultimately, you are subtly branding yourself as being the next manager by exemplifying qualities seen in the next level, which includes performance. Below are some ways to do this in your day-today work.

Deliver beyond expectations.

Have you ever purchased a sandwich and a drink only to be called back to the counter because the price also included a bag of chips or a cookie? It is a good feeling. You think to yourself, “This is a good value and I am pleasantly surprised.”

As you deliver your work, presentations, or reports, always give a little extra. If the request is for A, B, and C, think beyond this and include D and maybe even E. I once had a team member in a leadership team who embodied this way of being. I would ask her to extract data from a system so that I could evaluate it. She would give me the data in record time and share her analysis of the data: trends, categories, and observations. As you can imagine, this saved me a ton of time and gave me a starting point that I didn’t expect.
Adding Value With a New Mentality
Authors: Bruni Thomas
Published: April 2015

What's Ahead - Editor Thomas Bruni discusses how young professionals can increase their value to their companies more quickly.
Making Choices When Opportunities Arise
Authors: Rimoldi Andrea
Published: April 2015

YEPP PerSPEctive - Eni engineer Andrea Rimoldi ponders whether a transfer to Angola is worth it.
The Future of Peak Oil
Authors: Economides Michael J.
Published: April 2015

Pillars of the Industry - University of Houston professor Michael Economides weighs in on the debate over peak oil.
Dealing With Difficult People: You Can React or Respond
Authors: Tegano Deborah
Published: April 2015

Soft Skills

Deborah Tegano, Managing Partner of Executive Management Consulting, offers strategies for dealing with difficult people.
Rock Science versus Rocket Science: The Importance and Advantages of a Petroleum Engineering Education
Authors: Ghalambor Ali
Published: April 2015

Pillars of the Industry

Ali Ghalambor, head of the Department of Petroleum Engineering at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, looks at petroleum engineering as a career—one he considers at times to be more sophisticated than rocket science—and offers some insight into the profession.
A Crucial Foundation - R&D in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Qutob Hani
Published: April 2015

Pillars of the Industry - Hani Qutob, on "A Crucial Foundation - R&D in the Petroleum Industry."
Current Research and Challenges Pertaining to CO2 Flooding and Sequestration
Authors: Rao Dandina N. , Hughes Richard G.
Published: April 2015

Academia.edu@TWA - Current research in CO2 flooding and sequestration.

CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery: Background

With 50% to 65% of the original oil in place (OOIP) remaining in many reservoirs after primary and secondary recovery, more operators and governments are considering the use of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes as an opportunity whose time has come. Additionally, in the face of global warming, the prospect of CO2 sequestration has arisen with the potential of sequestering large quantities of CO2 in depleted oil fields as a means of preventing its release into the atmosphere.

The concept of injecting gas into a formation to stimulate recovery of residual oil is not new. Successful laboratory gas-injection experiments generated a lot of optimism in the 1950s, but by the 1970s field experiments yielded only moderate recoveries of 5% to 10% of the remaining OOIP. Viscous fingering, solvent channeling, and reservoir heterogeneity were found to be the main culprits for the disappointing field performance. Early efforts were directed at developing methods to “improve” the injected gas’s mobility and volumetric sweep efficiency, and included the water-alternating-gas (WAG) process, using foaming agents and polymers. Much of these research efforts continue today in universities and other research laboratories. One concern, however, is that the research favors modeling work rather than experimental development of new concepts and processes.
Interview with Aidan Heavey
Authors: Heavey Aidan
Published: April 2015

The Way Ahead Interview - Interview with Aidan Heavey, Chief Executive Officer, Tullow Oil

What was your first job in the oil and gas industry, and what were your first impressions of the industry when you began working in it?

My first job in the industry was starting up Tullow, which was very different from my previous jobs. The global aspect of the business, the opportunity to become involved in operations around the world, and the chance to meet fascinating people in doing so were the things that first excited me about the industry.

What made you decide to start Tullow Oil?

My background was not in engineering. I was an accountant before I decided upon a change of career. Back in the 1980s the oil industry grew fast before the oil price collapse. The North Sea was in full swing and many small oil companies were starting up in Ireland. It was similar to the dotcom boom during the late 1990s. Oil and gas seemed like an exciting industry, and setting up Tullow was the way for me to get involved. In 1985, I spoke with a friend in London about exploration fields in Africa that big companies were abandoning because they were discovering gas rather than oil. One of these was a gas field in Senegal discovered by SAP (Société Africaine de Pétrole). This particular field was connected to a power station. Following negotiations with the Senegalese government, the lease was then granted to us and from there Tullow was born.
Job Satisfaction in the Oil and Gas World
Authors: Okafor Amarachukwu , Soltani Amir
Published: April 2015

Soft Skills - Results of a survey that examines job satisfaction in the oil and gas industry.
Insight into Independents: Interview with Two Leaders
Authors: Ferrier Jon , Widell Chris
Published: April 2015

Technical Leaders Interview - The views both of an industry veteran and of a YP who is also a veteran, but of a different kind.
How to Advance One’s Career, Manage One’s Team, and Become a More Successful Leader: Using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Authors: Horikoshi Wendy C.
Published: April 2015

HR Discussion - How to use the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator to advance one’s career.

To assist in understanding your leadership style and how you can communicate effectively with others in the workplace, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) can provide revealing and useful insights. The MBTI can help you recognize that people do not all speak the same “language.” Understanding the concepts and framework of the MBTI can bridge differing perspectives that affect teamwork and work relationships. It can be a tool to aid in working together more effectively on a project and in helping learn how to promote each other’s best quality work. It also provides pathways for discovering each other’s values and needs and for finding avenues for developing oneself.
Discover a Career: Petrophysics
Authors: Chen Andrew , Pagan Ronald
Published: April 2015

Discover a Career - Shell Canada’s Andrew Chen and Ronald Pagan talk about petrophysics as a career in the petroleum industry.
Potential Source of Technical and Leadership Skills: Former Members of the US Military
Authors: Zornick John
Published: April 2015

HR Discussion - Interview with John Zornick on hiring former members of the US military.

How can former members of the US military help fill the demand for engineers in the oil and gas industry?

Although degreed engineers are a small minority in the US military, many military officers are graduates of the service academies. Each of the five US military service academies [US Military Academy (Army), US Naval Academy (Navy and Marine Corps), US Coast Guard Academy, US Merchant Marine Academy, and US Air Force Academy] provides a broad curriculum with a strong focus on engineering. All those who attend these schools must take a series of math, science, and engineering courses that provide a strong technical foundation.

Once military service graduates begin serving in the US armed forces, they often work with equipment that requires advanced technical competencies. For example, a navy surface warfare officer may be responsible for the engineering plant of a ship consisting of very large diesel engines, generators, and electronic auxiliary equipment.

In another example, every navy submarine officer, no matter their educational degree, completes a rigorous year-long curriculum in the areas of math, chemistry, thermodynamics, physics, electrical engineering, materials, and mechanical systems.

Once such military officers end their service commitment and enter into civilian life, this combination of professional training and hands-on experience in applying engineering principles provides them with a background that can be useful in filling the demand for engineers in the oil and gas industry.
Preparing Engineers to Be Job Makers, Not Job Takers
Authors: Hassin Bryan , Karwowski Kaz
Published: April 2015

Academia - How engineers can prepare to be job makers, not job takers.

The entrepreneurial spirit is an increasingly valuable asset in today’s economy. The same toolkit used to launch a business from scratch turns out to be quite applicable to larger, more established organizations as well. Mature energy companies and even nonprofit or government bodies have just as much need as startup companies for ambitious employees who have the ability to identify problems, listen to customers/stakeholders, marshal resources, and inspire teams to create efficient solutions.

The George R. Brown School of Engineering, part of Rice University in Houston, Texas, is tasked with preparing the next generation of engineers for careers in academia or industry. In fact many of the students could spend the majority of their professional lives working in the energy industry. However, it is difficult in a traditional classroom setting to imbue engineering students with the spirit of entrepreneurialism. In addition, there is a dearth of rigorous scientific research about entrepreneurship and its effective development. So, if entrepreneurialism is an increasingly important skill for engineering careers, how does a university prepare its students today for their careers of tomorrow?
Can We Reach Agreement? Managing Conflicts, Their Causes, and Consequences
Authors: Tesoro-Tess Michele , Cromeyer Aguayo Elena C.
Published: April 2015

Soft Skills - Why conflicts often occur on the job, and how to overcome them.

Social institutions such as families, organizations, companies, and religious institutions provide us with moral principles and guidelines to deal with interpersonal conflicts that may occur within these institutions and in everyday life. However, not withstanding this role taken by social institutions, interpersonal conflicts are numerous and arise daily and can be traced back to three main types of conflicts:• Conflicts of power.• Conflicts of interest.• Conflicts of ethics (moral principles).

Conflicts of power. The issue at hand (very broadly speaking) is the power to have someone carry out or refrain from performing a specific action. In companies, this type of conflict is normally managed through hierarchy. A hierarchy-based organization manages power with the "top-down" approach. In theory, if the logic of this structure were strictly adhered to, no negotiation would be required or necessary, and one could assume that conflicts of power never exist between the managerial staff and the employees they are supervising. However, as we all know, conflicts of power do occur at the workplace, and it is most likely that we all have been involved in or have witnessed one.
"Oil" Jack - If GE Oil Existed
Authors: Bruni Thomas
Published: April 2015

What's Ahead - Editor Thomas Bruni discusses mentoring's place in the big picture.

Were there a magic recipe to make an organization worth more than the sum of its parts, mentoring would be one of its base ingredients.

The ultimate goal of any mentoring program is to make sure no showstopper exists that prevents one from realizing his or her full potential. Ideally, mentoring should provide the new hire with a head start in the process of gaining awareness and understanding of how the organization works, how to navigate through it, and where exactly the new hire fits in the whole picture. Instead of climbing the associated steep learning curve alone, the new hire gets a free ride from the mentor.

Mentoring (among training programs in general) is ever more important in consideration of the looming "big crew change" that will absorb a large chunk of experienced professionals who will soon hit pension age (or have already done so). Before the full scale of the retirement process unfolds, the industry needs to have the second-liners ready to take over the baton.

Mentoring is also instrumental for what probably is the most valuable talent of all: leadership. The mentor serves as a role model and teacher, instilling the ability to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations—the essence of leadership.
Mentoring Takes Many Beneficial Forms
Authors: Joustra Tjerk
Published: April 2015

YEPP PerSPEctive - A new Shell hire reflects on his mentoring experiences.

Almost 5 years have passed since I walked into a building in Assen, The Netherlands, on my first day with Shell. Straight out of Delft U. of Technology, where I studied civil engineering, and I was about to start my first job as a production technologist. Clearly, my engineering degree did not fully prepare me for the technical job I was about to start in the enormous organization I was about to join. This was the start of a journey with a steep learning curve, both technical and organizational.

On this first day, I met many people, but one would clearly become my pillar when it came to my technical development. On the second day, he took me to the rig for a logging job and explained every single nut and bolt I could see. By doing that, he not only gave me a head start in my learning process, but he also motivated me even more to develop my technical skills as quickly as possible. Mentoring is all about motivating, teaching, and challenging. After that experience, my mentor continued to show and teach me so many more technical subjects in those first couple of months. Having the guidance of such an experienced colleague, of whom you can ask the "stupid" questions, is extremely important and helpful, especially in the beginning of your career.