bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Related to the Localisation of Symptoms to the Chest in Depression
Authors: Burns B. H. , Nichols Madeline A.
Published: August 2008

Over a hundred years ago Griesinger (1861) identified hypochondriasis with melancholia; and quite recently, Kenyon (1964) in a study of 512 patients with a diagnosis of hypochondriasis concluded that it was always part of another syndrome, most commonly a depressive or anxiety state. Many patients with a depressive illness experience localized somatic symptoms. The question arises why, during an episode of depression, some patients have localized somatic symptoms, sometimes consistently in the same site in recurrent episodes, whilst others have none. The head, chest and abdomen have been reported as the most common sites (Schneider, 1959; Gittleson, 1962). Jaspers (1913–46) pointed out that ‘we should distinguish between phenomenological description of actual bodily experiences and any discussion of the significance for the individual of his own body in terms of the effective meaningful connections where there are hypochondriacal narcissistic or symbol-forming tendencies influencing the self-awareness'. The present study is concerned with the possible meaningful connections related to the localization of symptoms to the chest in depression, and follows a descriptive account of respiratory symptoms in depression (Burns, 1971). These symptoms include sighing respiration, hyperventilation, ‘vital feelings' on the chest and depressive delusions directed towards the chest.
Six-Months, Fixed-Term, Once Weekly Psychotherapy: A Report on 20 Cases with Follow-ups
Authors: Stewart Harold
Published: August 2008

The difficulties in providing adequate psychotherapy facilities in the N.H.S. are well known, and various psychotherapeutic techniques have been used to try to cope with them. Of these the most important have been variants of group and brief psychotherapy, and it is with the latter that this paper is concerned. The technique I have used in this series is to offer patients once-weekly psychotherapy for a maximum period of 6 months and then to terminate no matter what progress has been made, the patient having been informed of these conditions from the start. In this paper I shall consider the criteria used in the selection of patients, the technique and probable mode of action, a brief account of the cases with the therapeutic results obtained, and the follow-up on these cases.
An Unusual Response to Chlorpromazine Therapy
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: August 2008

The production of a catatonic-like state in animals by phenothiazines and related compounds (‘experimental catatonia’) is an important laboratory test in the assessment of neuroleptics (Joyce, 1968). This response is, however, uncommon in humans who are receiving therapeutic doses of this type of drug. Such a case is described, and some of the literature concerning this subject is reviewed.
Enhanced Relief of Phobias by Flooding During Waning Diazepam Effect
Authors: Marks I. M. , Viswanathan R. , Lipsedge M. S. , Gardner R.
Published: August 2008

Sedatives such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines and alcohol are valuable reducers of anxiety, but their effects do not endure for long after the drug has been metabolized and excreted. Phobics often become able to enter their phobic situation under the influence of sedatives, but as the drug effect wears off they begin to escape from the situation once more. This might be a form of drug-dissociative behaviour. In animal experiments, behaviour learned in the sedative drugged state often fails to transfer to the undrugged state (Miller, 1964). However, this effect might be more pronounced during the phase of peak drug effect than during the phase when the drug effect is wearing off. In rats, exposure to the phobic situation during slow withdrawal of sedative drugs was found to be effective in extinguishing conditioned avoidance responses (Sherman, 1967). That more lasting behavioural changes can follow treatment given both in the drug and in the non-drug state is suggested by evidence adduced by Baum (1971); he found that, in rats, avoidance behaviour which was learned both in the alcohol and in the non-drug state was more resistant to extinction than avoidance acquired in a non-drug state alone. The same might apply to approach behaviour in human phobics.
A Comparison of Oxypertine and Diazepam in Anxiety Neurosis seen in Hospital Out-patients
Authors: Wadzisz F. J.
Published: August 2008

Oxypertine (Integrin, Winthrop Laboratories) is a phenylpiperazine derivative unrelated to the phenothiazines or benzodiazepines. It has powerful anti-psychotic properties demonstrated in early trials and reviewed by Skarbek and Jacobsen (1965).
Birth Order and Family Size of School-Phobic Adolescents
Authors: Berg Ian , Butler Alan , McGuire Ralph
Published: August 2008

It has been found that young people suffering from school phobia, particularly those of secondary school age in Britain, tend to be the youngest in their family (Hersov, 1960; Smith, 1970). This paper reports an investigation carried out in an attempt to confirm and extend this observation. A hundred school-phobic youngsters admitted to Highlands, a psychiatric in-patient unit for adolescents, were looked at from the point of view of order in the sibship; in this respect they were compared with 91 non-school-phobic children suffering from neurotic or conduct disorders admitted to the same hospital unit and with 127 randomly selected normal secondary school children stratified for age, sex and social class. The state of excessive dependency which appears to exist between mothers and their children in school phobia, even in early adolescence (Berg and McGuire, 1971) may be partly due to the circumstance of the affected individual being a younger child in the family.
Parental Social Class in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Hare Edward H. , Price John S. , Slater Eliot
Published: August 2008

In the search for environmental causes of mental disorder, the epidemiologist looks for an association between the disorder and some environmental factor. The significance of such an association can only be determined by a comparison of the patient population with a control population. Ideally, die control population will be the general population from which the patients have been drawn, but because this often presents great technical difficulties an alternative is to compare one diagnostic group with another. Sound conclusions cannot, however, be drawn from such a comparison unless it is known how far the diagnostic groups differ for factors which influence, or are thought likely to influence, the association being studied. Such factors, of which age- and sex-distribution are the most obvious, will often include social and cultural status. Cultural status—at least in so far as this may be equated with religion and country of birth—can be allowed for by confining the comparison to patients of a particular religion and place of birth. As regards social status, it is the patient's background rather than his present condition which seems important; for on the one hand present social status will be varyingly influenced by the type and severity of disorder, and on the other hand a person's general social behaviour and attitude (in as far, at least, as these are associated with the sort of social factors which psychiatrists have commonly studied) are more likely to stem from the type of upbringing he had than from his recent experiences.
Skin Melanin Concentrations in Schizophrenia
Authors: Robins Ashley H.
Published: August 2008

Greiner and Nicolson (1965) put forward the hypothesis that schizophrenia was associated with a state of increased melanogenesis which they attributed to a biochemical defect in the pineal gland. Isolated literature reports had documented the occurrence of hyperpigmentation in schizophrenia. These observations might be relevant, as the neurone and melanocyte have common features: both are ultimately derived from the neural plate; both require tyrosine as precursor in the biosynthesis of their specific products (catecholamines and melanin respectively); and many neurocutaneous diseases show coexistent neuropsychiatric and pigmentary disorder.
Clinical Evaluation of a New Chemical Compound with Antidepressant Properties
Authors: Wheatley David
Published: August 2008

UK 3557 is a new indoline derivative with antidepressant properties (Canas-Rodriguez, 1969), and the following formula:
Intensive Psychotherapy for Acute Psychiatric Patients in a Day Hospital Setting in Israel
Authors: Fried Y. , Brüll F.
Published: August 2008

The psychiatric services in the field of community psychiatry in Israel have developed in a number of directions over the past decade. Following the establishment by the Workers' Sick Fund (Kupat Holim) of a Rehabilitation Unit for chronic psychiatric patients (Wijsenbeek and Lindner (53)) and the opening of a Day Hospital for acute cases in conjunction with a psychiatric hospital (Ramot and Jaffe (45)), a Day Hospital was established in October 1968, at the Out-Patient Mental Health Clinic (Ramat Chen), to serve acute psychiatric patients. This represented the first attempt of its kind in Israel. The professional literature on Day Hospitals, which in the main describes a ‘half-way out’ type of hospital (Farndale (16); Epps and Hanes (14); Kramer (32)), also reports the existence of a ‘half-way in’ type of institution, operating as an autonomous service catering to a particular geographical region, without being attached directly to a mental hospital. This kind of Day Hospital, specifically designed for acute cases, has not yet been tried in Israel.
Post-partum Mood Change in Jamaican Women: A Description and Discussion on its Significance
Authors: Davidson J. R. T.
Published: August 2008

Notwithstanding Hamilton's remark that childbirth is responsible for a great deal of neurotic illness, the literature is heavily weighted in favour of studies of puerperal psychosis, even though this condition occurs in only one in a thousand births. Since the milder forms of illness tend to pass unrecognized they are often responsible for stress in the individual and family; thus it is right and proper that more attention has recently been paid to these. Pitt (1968), for example, found an incidence of 10–17 per cent of atypical depression and psychosomatic illness that persisted for several weeks and in some cases for as long as one year following childbirth. Between normality and psychotic or neurotic illness lies the mild affective disorder that so often characterizes pregnancy and the early Puerperium, but does not amount to an ‘illness'. Perhaps because women regard it as an expected hazard from which they will recover it has not generally been considered to merit serious study. Jarrahi-Zadehet al. (1969) looked at this and found that as many as 55 per cent had one or more depressive symptoms during pregnancy. If anything it was less common post-partum, and they furnished evidence for a brain syndrome of mild degree occurring at this time. Yalomet al. (1968) have described the post-partum blues syndrome as occurring in 66 per cent of their subjects and hold it to be a self-limiting condition of only a few days duration. It is likely that patients with the blues have a greater risk of developing a neurotic depression, which might reflect upon personality factors, but the same cannot be said to hold for post-partum psychosis.
Genetic Theorizing and Schizophrenia
Authors: Gottesman Irving I. , Shields James
Published: August 2008

Schizophrenia research embodies a microcosm of the vexing problems that confront the behavioural sciences, but particularly those disciplines concerned with psychopathology. We are ignorant of the means to prevent schizophrenia because we continue to be ignorant about its aetiology. Despite recognizable descriptions of the syndrome in ancient Hindu treatises (c.1400 b.c.) and 76 years after its designation as dementia praecox by Kraepelin (1896), we are still grappling with such basic issues as when and how to diagnose Eugen Bleuler's (1911) ‘group of schizophrenias' (cf. Katz, Cole, and Barton, 1968). Despite brilliant advances in molecular biology, neurochemistry, and brain-behaviour phenomena generally, we cannot pinpoint any necessary biological defect in all or most schizophrenics. Despite selfless expenditures of time and energy by gifted psychotherapists and sophisticated social science efforts, we cannot specify any necessary life experience, either at the level of the family or of a culture, common to all or most schizophrenics. While there is obvious merit in casting the problem in an interactionist framework, aetiology still defies an easy solution because we must then isolate what element(s) in the genotype interact with what element(s) in the internal and/or external environment (as well as when and how) to produce the phenotype we recognize as a schizophrenic one.
Affective Disorder on Paternal and Maternal Sides
Authors: Mendlewicz Julien , Fieve Ronald R. , Rainer John D. , Cataldo Mima
Published: August 2008

Recent family studies of manic-depressive psychosis have emphasized the role of genetics in the aetiology of this bipolar illness (3, 8). However, the mode of genetic transmission is still unknown, the main controversy being between major gene and polygenic inheritance. Furthermore, it is not yet evident whether bipolar illness constitutes a homogeneous entity or whether it may be subdivided into different genetic subgroups. Mendlewicz, Fieve, Rainer, and Fleiss (1) recently produced some evidence that bipolar psychosis can be differentiated into two subgroups on the basis of family history data. Two matched samples of 30 patients each were studied, distinguished by the presence or absence of bipolar illness in their first degree relatives. The patients with a positive family history (FH+) in first degree relatives showed earlier onset of illness and more psychotic symptoms occurring in the manic phase. Alcoholism, if present, was of an episodic pattern. In patients with a negative family history (FH—), there was a later onset of illness; psychotic symptoms occurred usually in the depressive phase; and alcoholism, when present, tended to be chronic.
Anticipatory Grief and Widowhood
Authors: Clayton Paula J. , Halikas James A. , Maurice William L. , Robins Eli
Published: August 2008

Lindemann (6) first used the term ‘anticipatory grief’. It referred to the separation of two people with one anticipating the death of the other and preparing for it to such an extent that on the return of the other there is rejection rather than happy acceptance. In his example a soldier returning from combat complained that his wife no longer loved him and was seeking a divorce. After seeing the man, Lindemann attributed the problem to the wife's ‘anticipatory grief. It seems there could be other explanations to his example.
Psychiatric Problems of Haemodialysis: Their Treatment by Hypnosis
Authors: Scott David L.
Published: August 2008

Renal dialysis has been a life-saving miracle for the ‘chosen few‘, but has created major moral, social, financial, psychological and interpersonal problems.
Differences Between National Suicide Rates
Authors: Barraclough B. M.
Published: August 2008

Durkheim directed attention to the suicide rate seen not merely as the sum of individual acts of suicide but as the product of factors which affect the group or society as a whole. The study of suicide rates of different societies thus involves the study of their social structures and leads to inferences about the effects of differences in their cultural, social, psychological and religious composition. Such inferences are based on the assumption that differences in suicide rates are valid and not merely artefacts resulting from differing ascertainment procedures.
Heterosexual Aversion in Homosexual Males
Authors: Freund Kurt , Langevin Ron , Cibiri Stephen , Zajac Yaroslaw
Published: August 2008

Psychotherapists tend to view homosexuality as a neurosis or as a neurotic symptom (Sadger, 1909, 1921; Klein, 1932; Rado, 1940; Ellis, 1952, 1955; Bieber et al., 1962; Ovesey et al., 1963). In support of this viewpoint, several authors have observed that the frequency of typical neurotic phenomena in homosexual males is much higher than that in a heterosexual male population, and have concluded that homosexuality is one of the neurotic symptoms of their patients (Stekel, 1929; Henry, 1937; Ellis, 1959; Musaph, 1960; Doidge and Holtzman, 1960). However, an alternative interpretation is that such maladaptive patterns develop from the difficult situation of a homosexual male in a heterosexual society and from the general disapproval he encounters. Moreover, the finding of increased prevalence of neurotic symptoms in homosexual males has itself been challenged by Kronfeld (1923) and Hooker (1957), who pointed out that the investigated homosexual males represented a selection of people who sought psychiatric help. Hooker studied non-patient samples from homosexuals' clubs and did not find an abnormally high frequency of neurotic symptoms.
Augmented Respiratory Relief
Authors: Orwin Arnold
Published: August 2008

Respiratory relief (R.R.) appeared to be a simple and rapid treatment for specific phobias and for the phobic components of more complex neurotic conditions (Orwin, 1971). The basic hypothesis was that the R.R., satisfying an intense need to breathe, if simultaneous with the presentation of a phobic stimulus, would inhibit the degree of anxiety previously provoked and that this inhibition would persist. The need to breathe was induced by voluntary restriction up to maximum voluntary respiratory arrest (M.V.R.A.). As in conventional desensitization (Wolpe, 1958), a hierarchy was drawn up and the patients were desensitized using R.R. instead of relaxation. Carbon dioxide-oxygen mixtures were introduced because CO2is known to stimulate respiration, and it was expected that by intensifying the need to breathe the speed and effectiveness of treatment would be increased by the augmented respiratory relief (A.R.R.).
‘The Running Treatment’: A Preliminary Communication on a New use for an Old Therapy (Physical Activity) in the Agoraphobic Syndrome
Authors: Orwin Arnold
Published: August 2008

Agoraphobia was the name given by Westphal (1871) to the fear of walking through streets and public places. The agoraphobic syndrome, which covers much else and includes fear of confined spaces, crowds, travelling and shopping, was carefully defined by Marks (1969). His full description and review revealed, perhaps surprisingly, that although the desire to escape rapidly from a feared situation has been clearly recognized in the literature, no detailed observation seems to have been made of the rate of locomotion in this condition.
A Double Blind Trial for the Clinical Management of Psychogenic Headache
Authors: Okasha A. , Ghaleb H. A. , Sadek A.
Published: August 2008

The term psychogenic headache is not regarded as defining a meaningful diagnostic entity and can be used to refer to any type of headache in which psychological factors appear to play a significant aetiological role.
The use of Parenteral and Oral Chlorimipramine (Anafranil) in the Treatment of Depressive States
Authors: Collins G. H.
Published: August 2008

This paper is an extension of an earlier introductory one (1) and evaluates the results of treatment with parenteral and oral chlorimipramine of 200 patients suffering from depressive states of varying severity. The current research project was started in January 1968, and is still in progress. Further references to the literature may be obtained from the original paper or by application to the author. Fifty-seven of the cases treated were so severely depressed that ECT would normally have been given. All were in-patients and were treated with intravenous infusions of chlorimipramine. The other 143 patients were less severely depressed and were seen as out-patients. They were treated with increasing doses of oral chlorimipramine, but a few cases in both groups also had ECT to expedite recovery. Approximately 50 patients exhibited obsessional features in addition to depression, and their response to treatment was so promising as to merit special mention.
The Historical Approach to the Theory of Diagnosis
Authors: Richardson Humphrey
Published: August 2008

In this paper I shall discuss certain problems which arise in the theory of diagnosis and argue that there is a case for applying historical methods, as distinguished from scientific methods, as a possible approach towards solving them; and attempt also to show that such an approach may have value for generating research as well as being of practical use in clinical work.
The Obsessive Compulsive Syndrome as a Neurotic Device for the Reduction of Self-uncertainty
Authors: Makhlouf-Norris Fawzeya , Norris Hugh
Published: August 2008

In 1957, Lewis, writing about obsessional neurotic illness, stated: ‘There has been no marked increase in our state of knowledge of it in recent years, and indeed much of what can be found on the subject in current textbooks had already been fully stated and closely discussed in the first two decades of this century ….’ A recurrent theme in the literature is the supposed relationship between obsessional neurotic illness and ‘obsessional’ character traits. The psychoanalytic view that there is a strong association between obsessional symptoms and the ‘anal’ character traits was disputed by Lewis (1935). He found little evidence to support the existence of a well-marked constellation of character traits, or of a relationship between ‘obsessional’ traits and obsessional neurotic illness. Sandler and Hazari (1960) gave supportive evidence for the psychoanalytic view, but Reed (1970) doubted whether their conclusions were justified by the findings. Makhlouf-Norris (1968) summarized the literature in fourteen points, two of which are outlined below.
An Analysis of Out-patient Services
Authors: Johnson D. A. W.
Published: August 2008

The psychiatric out-patient department fulfils a comprehensive role in the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of psychiatric disorders; it is no longer an annexe of the mental hospital principally concerned with providing follow-up and support for discharged patients. But despite the enormous growth of out-patient facilities and treatments, there have been few studies analysing the out-patient services. The Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals present detailed accounts of their out-patients, but although they serve a defined area their special functions possibly make their clientele unrepresentative. Diagnoses of out-patients in Buckinghamshire were analysed by Kessel and Shepherd (1962), but this survey gives no information about the treatment or disposal of patients. Innes and Sharp (1962) presented detailed statistics for combined inpatient and out-patients in the North East of Scotland, but did not separate the two classes of patients. The most comprehensive information concerning patients attending a hospital psychiatric out-patient department—their diagnosis, treatment and disposal—comes from Kessel and Hassall (1965 and 1971) in their evaluation of the functioning of the new Plymouth Nuffield Clinic, and from Kaeser and Cooper (1971) who investigated a group of general practitioner referrals to the Maudsley Hospital to assess the satisfaction gained by the patients and family doctors from such consultations.
Brain Damage in Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Bale R. N.
Published: August 2008

Several previous studies have demonstrated involvement of the central nervous system in diabetes mellitus. Reske-Nielsen and Lundbaek (1963) gave a description of cerebral changes seen in an autopsy study of three cases of long term diabetes and considered these to contribute a diabetic encephalopathy. Lawrence et al. (1942) demonstrated lesions in the brain following fatal hypoglycaemia, and Fineberg and Altschul (1952) described cases in which permanent brain damage followed non-fatal hypoglycaemia. Grunnet (1963) found cerebral atherosclerosis to develop at an earlier age and more severely in the diabetic than the non-diabetic, and a higher incidence of cerebrovascular accident was found in diabetic than non-diabetic subjects by Alex et al. (1962).
Redundancy, Repetition and Pausing in Schizophrenic Speech
Authors: Silverman Gerald
Published: August 2008

It is a common clinical observation that schizophrenic subjects often exhibit abnormalities of verbal behaviour in both the spoken and the written modes. Such abnormalities may range from minor idiosyncrasy to gross linguistic deviance. Where the linguistic deviance is very obvious, this of itself may carry considerable diagnostic weight in the overall schizophrenic symptomatology. In general, two main questions have been asked concerning this phenomenon: (a)whydo schizophrenics produce abnormal language?; (b)whatprecisely is thelinguistic characteristicof the abnormality? For mainly historical reasons it has been the first question which until relatively recently has received the most attention. The past twenty years or so have seen a remarkable advance in linguistics and its vigorous hybrid, psycholinguistics, without which present attempts to analyse and quantify language deviance would have been impossible. All of this is relevant to question (b). Since the beginning of this century, however, psychodynamic models and theories have afforded sufficient frameworks for speculation over question (a).
Psychiatric Diagnoses: A Study of How they are Made
Authors: Kendell R. E.
Published: August 2008

Much has been said and written about the logical status of diagnoses; their reliability and validity have often been measured and questioned; and several mathematical models of the diagnostic process have been developed for use in computers. But surprisingly little interest has been taken in the practical aspects of diagnosis as a decision-making process. A large and undistinguished literature on ‘psycho-diagnostics' was generated by clinical psychologists in the 1950s, but this was largely concerned with diagnoses derived from cognitive and projective test results and so has little relevance to diagnosis by the traditional medical method of asking the patient about his symptoms. More recently a few people, like Gauron and Dickinson in Iowa and Sandifer in North Carolina, have studied the diagnostic activity of psychiatrists in specially designed experimental situations, and their findings have been both interesting and instructive. But we are still uncertain at what stage in a diagnostic interview a provisional diagnosis is usually arrived at, or how often this initial impression is correct, or is changed later on. Nor do we know the relative importance of the patient's behaviour and the factual information he provides in reply to questions, or what differences exist between psychiatrists in the means by which they reach a diagnosis, or in the speed and confidence with which they do so. The studies described here were designed with the aim of shedding some light on these matters.
The Token Economy: A Living-Learning Environment
Authors: Fernandez J. , Fischer I. , Ryan E.
Published: August 2008

The use of a token-economy system to condition ward-wide behaviours in psychiatric in-patients, is gaining acceptance as a definite therapeutic modality (Franks, 1969).
The Effect of Forewarning on the Occurrence of Side-effects and Discontinuance of Medication in Patients on Amitriptyline
Authors: Myers E. D. , Calvert E. J.
Published: August 2008

It is generally accepted that psychological factors are of importance in determining the effects of drugs—beneficial or adverse (Green, 1964; Wilson, 1966; Boszormenyi, 1969). Placebo studies have suggested that one such psychological factor may be prior knowledge of side-effects (Wolf, 1950; M.R.C., 1950; Coleman, 1969). In a controlled trial of amitriptyline in general practice (Blashki et al., 1971) the patients were asked to record their experience of side-effects on a prepared list, and it was thought that this might have ‘involved the risk of suggesting side-effects to the patients'. In a controlled trial of Imipramine in general practice (Porter, 1970) the data suggested that side-effects were an important cause for patients abandoning treatment. Doctors may be chary of detailing side-effects, thinking that imparting such knowledge to patients may in a proportion of them induce the side-effects to appear and lead to discontinuance of therapy.
Efficacy of Antianxiety Drug Therapy in Alcohol Post-Intoxication Symptoms
Authors: Bliding Åke
Published: August 2008

The frequency and intensity of various alcohol post-intoxication symptoms and their regression was studied during a three week double-blind treatment period. During the first two weeks daily doses of 60–120 mg. chlorprothixen and 120–240 mg. oxazepam respectively were given. During the third week a dose reduction was generally made, and during the fourth week placebo treatment was given. As an alternative treatment placebo alone was given during four weeks. No other medication than the coded substance was allowed during the observation period. The dose-response technique was used for ethical and practical reasons. The results have been registered by means of psychometric tests as well as assessments made by the patients, the personnel and the psychiatrist (the author) (Fig.). Some of these results have already been accounted for (Bliding, 1970) and will consequently not be mentioned here.
A Short Note on Pseudo-Hallucinations
Authors: Hare Edward H.
Published: August 2008

A recent examination paper for the Membership of the Royal College of Psychiatrists contained a compulsory question on pseudo-hallucinations. As is proper in a higher examination, the question was difficult, and at least one examiner (the present writer) had no idea what the answer should have been. While it is probably true that an examiner does not need to know a great deal about a question in order to assess a candidate's worth, yet if he is conscientious he will feel that he ought to know something about it. A rapid search through several textbooks proved curiously unhelpful; so this particular examiner awarded marks as best he could, and as soon as time permitted set out to discover what he should have known about pseudo-hallucinations. The present communication reports his findings and reflections. The findings are in no sense an exhaustive enquiry into the subject; they are the outcome of a search through those current textbooks and journals which may be taken to constitute as broad and as authoritative a background of study as can reasonably be expected of an examination candidate faced with a compulsory question.
Frederick Mott, Founder of the Maudsley Laboratories
Authors: Meyer Alfred
Published: August 2008

It has long been my wish to review the early history of the Maudsley Laboratories, which were my working home for many years. While I was on their active staff, however, I was forced to postpone this plan in favour of more pressing problems.
The Use of Clustering Techniques for the Classification of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Strauss John S. , Bartko John J. , Carpenter William T.
Published: August 2008

There has been a reawakening of interest in the classification of psychiatric patients. Clinicians and researchers alike have realized that it is impossible to evaluate methods of treatment, determine aetiology, or measure the course of illness of psychiatric disorders without adequate methods for diagnosis. On the other hand, it has been shown that conventional clinical methods for making psychiatric diagnoses are of distressingly low reliability, except for the broadest categories, and have only marginal relationships to such criteria of validity as common aetiology, common response to treatment, and common prognosis (Baldessarini, 1970; Beck et al., 1962; Jenkins, 1966). Klein (1967) has shown that the usual clinical diagnoses, because of low validity, can actually obscure important relationships between types of psychopathology and such crucial variables as response to treatment.
Anterior Bifrontal ECT: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Abrams Richard , Taylor Michael Alan
Published: August 2008

Unilateral ECT (U/ECT) produces therapeutic generalized convulsions with less amnesia and confusion than classical bilateral ECT (B/ECT). The clinical effects of these two methods have recendy been compared (Abrams et al., 1972) and reviewed (Abrams, 1972), with the conclusion that U/ECT is less effective than B/ECT in the treatment of depressed patients. Generalized seizures are induced with both methods, and we considered the possibility that the therapeutic advantage for B/ECT lay in its bilateral stimulation of the brain. An opportunity to evaluate the effects of bilateral stimulation exclusive of the temporal lobes arose at the suggestion of Inglis (1970) that seizures induced with treatment electrodes placed over the front of the head should improve mood but have less effect on memory than the other techniques.
A Note on the Nurses' Observation Scale for In-Patient Evaluation (NOSIE)
Authors: Philip Alistair E.
Published: August 2008

In most mental hospitals some attempt is made to effect change among long-stay patients. This problem in rehabilitation has been approached in several ways, but irrespective of individual approach it is desirable to have some assessment of the degree of change accomplished. Social aspects of behaviour, rather than symptoms, are the target of such rehabilitative efforts, and nurses play an important part both in pursuing the goals of treatment and in assessing change in individual patients. The NOSIE (Honigfeld and Klett, 1965; Honigfeld, Gillis and Klett, 1966) is a particularly well-developed rating scale whose content has been tailored to the task of assessing change in long-stay patients and has been successfully used for this purpose in the United States. In its present form it comprises 30 items which form 6 scales: namely, Social Competence, Social Interest, Personal Neatness, Irritability, Manifest Psychosis and Retardation. This note is concerned with three questions which the British user should ask before using the scale; does it do what it claims to do, does it do it accurately, and what range of scores could be expected in a British hospital population.
Whole Blood 5-Hydroxytryptamine during Treatment of Endogenous Depressive Illness
Authors: Gayford J. J. , Parker A. L. , Phillips Eileen M. , Rowsell A. R.
Published: August 2008

In the course of a study on endogenous depressive illness, whole blood 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) has been recorded in sixteen in-patients at Roffey Park Hospital. Thirteen patients received L-tryptophan 1 G t.d.s. and 3 G nocte, of whom two received in addition phenelzine 15 mg. b.d. for 48 hours followed by 30 mg. b.d. thereafter. Three patients received amitriptyline 25 mg. b.d. and 50 mg. nocte for 48 hours followed by 50 mg. b.d. and 75 mg. nocte thereafter. One patient receiving Ltryptophan had essential hypertension and received α-methylDOPA throughout. Observation continued for six weeks.
IQ and Fertility in Schizophrenia
Authors: Jones Marshall B.
Published: August 2008

In recent years workers in the area have reached and secured several points of critical importance in the aetiology of schizophrenia. Studies carried out on children bora to schizophrenic mothers but separated from them at birth or in early infancy have established that genetic factors play a major role in the disease (Heston, 1966; Karlsson, 1966; Rosenthalet al., 1968). The index children in these studies become schizophrenic at roughly the same rates (10–15 per cent) as children reared by their schizophrenic mothers and much more commonly than control children separated from non-schizophrenic mothers early in life and placed through the same agencies to comparable foster or adoptive homes.
A Training Scheme for Child Psychiatrists
Authors: Barker Philip
Published: August 2008

In 1968 a new regional child psychiatry unit was opened in Birmingham, followed in 1969 by a regional adolescent unit. These events coincided with a general recognition of the need to train more child psychiatrists. It thus became possible to plan a new training scheme, using the new units, without the constraints which might have resulted from the existence of an established pattern of postgraduate training.
Distress Behaviour: a Study of Selected Samaritan Clients and Parasuicides (‘Attempted Suicide’ Patients)
Authors: Kreitman Norman , Chowdhury Nilima
Published: August 2008

This paper represents part of a study into what determines the action taken by individuals in distress. More specifically we were concerned to elucidate why some people attempt to find relief by seeking support and guidance from an appropriate agency, while others resort to self-aggressive behaviour. Two groups of subjects have been investigated, one consisting of certain clients seeking help from the Telephone Samaritans organization, while the other comprises patients who had engaged in acts generally described as ‘attempted suicide’ but better termed ‘parasuicide’ (Kreitman et al., 1969) or ‘deliberate self-poisoning or self-injury’ (Kessel, 1965).
Suicide Frequency before and after Introduction of Community Psychiatry in a Danish Island
Authors: Nielsen Johannes , Videbech Thomas
Published: August 2008

The present study was made within the framework of the Sams⊘-project, a psychiatric service and research project in the Danish island of Sams⊘, which had a population of 6,823 in 1957 when the project was started.
Psychotherapy with Depressed Women: An Empirical Study of Content Themes and Reflection
Authors: Weissman Myrna M. , Klerman Gerald L.
Published: August 2008

There are many clinical reports on psychotherapy with depressed patients, and an enormous effort has been devoted to psychotherapy research (10, 23, 24, 27, 28). However, there is little quantitative description of the content of psychotherapy—what patients discuss during sessions and how much time is spent reflecting on problems. This situation is partially understandable given the technical difficulties in obtaining psychotherapy process data. Content analysis of transcribed tapes, process records, video-tapes and the coding of words have been among the methods used (7, 9, 12, 14). These methods are inclusive and precise but impracticable in lengthy psychotherapy or with large samples.
A Double-Blind Trial of Phenelzine and Amitriptyline in Depressed Out-Patients. a Possible Differential Effect of the Drugs on Symptoms
Authors: Kay D. W. K. , Garside R. F. , Fahy T. J.
Published: August 2008

It is widely agreed that the MAO inhibitor group of drugs are less effective anti-depressants than the tricyclics in severe depressions, specially those of endogenous type (Medical Research Council, 1965), but a role for them is still claimed, for example, in the treatment of milder depressions or of depressive symptoms. According to Pöldinger (1967) they are ‘thermagasics', i.e. psychic energizers or disinhibitors, and their mood elevating effect is relatively slight. Dally (1965) maintained that MAO inhibitors were most useful in atypical depressions, with tension and anxiety, but were ineffective in patients with inadequate personalities. Kelly et al. (1970) found that these drugs relieved depressive symptoms in phobic anxiety states. In this paper we have attempted to reexamine this question in a double-blind trial of phenelzine and amitriptyline in depressed out-patients.
Trial of a Sustained Release Form of Amitriptyline (Lentizol) in the Treatment of Depressive Illness
Authors: Sedman G.
Published: August 2008

The advantages of a new sustained release form of amitriptyline (Lentizol) which can be given in a single dose for the treatment of depressive illness have recently been described by Sims (1972) and Haider (1972). This paper reports a similar double blind cross-over trial in the treatment of depressive illness (ICD 296) of the same substance compared against conventional amitriptyline at an overall higher dosage level.
A Family Kindred with Ill-used Children: The Burden on the Community
Authors: Oliver J. E. , Cox J. M.
Published: August 2008

A nine-month-old baby was admitted to hospital following attacks by his father. The baby had been choked, then injured by prolonged banging against furniture; finally, he had been picked up by one leg and thrown across the room. The child had also been attacked previously.
Antenatal Identification of Women Liable to Have Problems in Managing Their Infants
Authors: Frommer Eva A. , O'Shea Gillian
Published: August 2008

The investigation which is reported here was designed as a pilot project for a possible later research programme into the prevention of emotional disturbance in mothers and young children. The idea came through the clinical experience gained by one of us (E.A.F.) during eight years' work in a Day Unit for disturbed children under five and their families at St. Thomas' Hospital, London (Frommer, 1967). It had become clear over the years that many of the mothers of such children had themselves experienced a disrupted childhood, with separations from their parents or siblings, mental and physical ill-health of family members, and even cruelty and physical violence to themselves or a parent or sibling.
The Importance of Childhood Experience in relation to Problems of Marriage and Family-Building
Authors: Frommer Eva A. , O'Shea Gillian
Published: August 2008

Previous reports (1 and 2) have shown that very simple questions to a mother about her own childhood, particularly whether she was ever separated from one or both parents, can identify a group of women who are likely to experience difficulty in managing their baby.
The School-Age Siblings of Mongol Children
Authors: Gath Ann
Published: August 2008

During the past fifteen years, attention has been drawn to the difficulties experienced by the families of mentally-handicapped children. Early studies showed that a mentally handicapped child in the home constituted a severe burden for other members of the family, particularly the mother (Tizard and Grad, 1961; Holt, 1957; Schonell and Watts, 1957).
Visual Interaction in Psychiatric Patients: A Review
Authors: Rutter D. R.
Published: August 2008

During the last decade, social psychologists and ethologists have become increasingly interested in the non-verbal elements of social interaction, as recent reviews testify (Argyle, 1969; Vine, 1970; Hinde, 1972). Research into facial expression, visual interaction, posture, gesture, non-verbal aspects of speech, etc., has considerable clinical implications, but carefully conducted investigations of non-verbal social interaction in psychiatric patients have been rare (Grant, 1972). The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence concerned with one aspect of social behaviour in psychiatric patients, namely visual interaction, in an attempt to summarize the current state of knowledge and to suggest ways in which research in this area might develop.
Bhang Psychosis
Authors: Thacore V. R.
Published: August 2008

The abuse of cannabis and its consequences to mental health have been a subject of much debate in recent years. While the literature is replete with reports of mental disturbances following acute intoxications (1, 4, 7, 15), the mental health implications of long-term abuse of cannabis remain speculative (9, 13). Since the drug possesses psychotomimetic and hallucinogenic (8) properties, prolonged experimentation with cannabis on human subjects is undesirable. The clinical manifestations of disturbed mental functioning due to chronic abuse of cannabis can therefore be best observed in societies where the drug is taken as a pastime, generally to enjoy pleasant euphoria. Such a situation is found in India where the use of cannabis has become woven into the general philosophy of life over the years. The drug is particularly used at religious ceremonies, and sweets and non-alcoholic beverages containing varying quantities of cannabis are traditionally offered and consumed during the colour-throwing festival of Holi.
Schizophreniform Psychosis among Epileptics in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Standage K. F.
Published: August 2008

Several years have passed since the last study of the psychiatric abnormalities shown by epileptic patients in an English mental hospital (2), during which time detailed information has become available about the development of schizophreniform states in some chronic epileptics (3). This study was undertaken to examine the mental state of patients with epilepsy resident in Bexley Hospital, using a semi-structured psychiatric interview technique (6). The criteria used for the definition of epilepsy were those of Gunn and Fenton (1)—a history of at least three epileptic attacks in a two-year-period, and continuation of anti-convulsant therapy if the period did not immediately precede the time of examination.
Methods of Suicide of English and Welsh Immigrants in Australia
Authors: Burvill P. W. , McCall M. G. , Reid T. A. , Stenhouse N. S.
Published: August 2008

One of the better known facts about suicide rates is their remarkable stability in terms of the sex of the victim, the methods used and the age-specific rates in different societies over considerable periods of time. Suicide studies suggest that the frequency and methods of suicide are determined largely by the culture, social mores and a number of other factors— possibly demographic—which remain relatively stable over fairly long periods (Whitlock, 1971). Methods of suicide can vary from country to country (Dublin, 1963; Stengel, 1964). In Australia, there has been a remarkable consistency in the major methods of suicide throughout this century (Saint, 1965), although Hetzel (1971) has pointed out the marked rise in rates from self-poisoning in the last twenty years. Burvill (1970) has contrasted the methods of suicide in Western Australia with those reported in America and Britain, as has Whitlock (1971) among the various immigrant groups in Australia, although he warned that his results were based on comparatively small numbers of suicides in minority population groups. Overall age-standardized suicide rates among immigrants to Australia are substantially higher than those prevailing in their country of origin and among the Australian-born population (Whitlock, 1971; Burvill et al., 1972).
Abnormal Homicide in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong M. , Singer K.
Published: August 2008

The different classifications of homicide used make comparative studies difficult. For our purposes we will sub-divide homicide as follows: (i) ‘Abnormal homicide’, comprising (a) ‘murder-suicide’ in which the murder suspect commits suicide, and (b) ‘abnormal murder’, comprising cases where (i) the murder suspect is mentally ill, or (ii) the court returns a verdict of manslaughter by reason of diminished responsibility. (2) ‘Normal homicide’, a term we will use synonymously with ‘normal murder’, i.e. murder committed by the mentally normal.
Obstetric Complications and Physical Size of Offspring of Schizophrenic, Schizophrenic-like, and Control Mothers
Authors: McNeil Thomas F. , Kaij Lennart
Published: August 2008

The question whether schizophrenic mothers have increased risk for obstetric complications (OCs) has practical relevance to fertility recommendations and obstetric surveillance for such women. From a theoretical viewpoint the study of OCs in schizophrenic women concerns the possible relationship between tension-anxiety and OCs, and, additionally, whether the offspring have an increased risk for disturbance based at least partially upon an increased incidence of OCs. Recent evidence suggests a relationship or interaction between genetic factors contributed through family lineage and OCs attending the gestation of genetically-high-risk offspring. Increased OC rates have been found to be differentially characteristic of the pre-schizophrenics or the pre-disturbed persons within discordant monozygotic twin pairs (27), discordant regular sibling pairs (23), and offspring of schizophrenic mothers (18). Mednick (15, p. 56) has suggested that the OCs ‘trigger some characteristic which may be genetically predisposed’.