Linear measurements and shape analysis in the calcaneus of selected dog breeds
Authors: Toryan Esra , Szara Tomasz , Gündemir Ozan 
Published: June 2024

The vast array of dog breeds showcases a remarkable diversity that extends to osteological differences. Exploring these morphological distinctions and establishing reference data for various dog breeds are essential steps in comprehending the evolutionary changes that dogs have undergone. In this study, we conducted linear measurements of the calcaneus and performed shape analyses on selected dog breeds to elucidate distinctive characteristics among them. X‐ray images of the calcaneus from six different dog breeds—Maltese Terrier, Toy Poodle, Pomeranian, Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, French Bulldog and Golden Retriever—were utilized for this investigation. Radiological images were obtained from a medio‐lateral exposure, positioned 30 cm away from the x‐ray device. From these images, four linear length measurements and two angle values were extracted. Additionally, a 2D geometric morphometric analysis was conducted using 32 semi landmarks placed on the radiological images. Linear measurements were assessed using ANOVA, while principal component analysis was employed to examine shape variations across all individuals. Shape differences between species were further elucidated through canonical variates analysis. The results revealed that the Golden Retriever exhibited the highest values for linear measurements, while the Pomeranian showed the lowest. Maltese Terriers displayed the highest dorsal calcaneal angle value. Notably, there were significant differences in calcaneal body length among all breeds, except for the Toy Poodle and Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. Moreover, Maltese Terriers exhibited statistically distinct angular measurements compared to other breeds. Principal component analysis unveiled that the first principal component explained 32.69% of the total variation, with the cranial edge of the calcaneal body being closer to the body in individuals with higher values. Shape variations also indicated that Golden Retrievers displayed a broader range of shapes compared to French Bulldogs, which exhibited a more conservative distribution. While there was no clear breed‐specific distinction according to the first principal component, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels generally showed lower values. In canonical variates analysis, distinctions in calcaneal shape between species were apparent, with Golden Retrievers, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels and French Bulldogs displaying positive values for the first canonical variates. The highest Procrustes distance was observed between Maltese Terriers and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. Notably, allometry was found to be statistically insignificant. This comprehensive study utilized both linear and geometric morphometric analyses based on x‐ray images, yielding promising results. The integration of imaging systems in veterinary anatomy research presents numerous opportunities for studying animal welfare and health, utilizing various materials such as bones and cadavers. These advancements hold the potential for further enhancing our understanding of animal morphology and well‐being.