bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lower implicit self-esteem as a pathway linking childhood abuse to depression and suicidal ideation
Authors: Reid-Russell Azure , Miller Adam Bryant , Cvencek Dario , Meltzoff Andrew N. , McLaughlin Katie A.
Published: February 2021

Identifying the potential pathways linking childhood abuse to depression and suicidal ideation is critical for developing effective interventions. This study investigated implicit self-esteem—unconscious valenced self-evaluation—as a potential pathway linking childhood abuse with depression and suicidal ideation. A sample of youth aged 8–16 years (N = 240) completed a self-esteem Implicit Association Test (IAT) and assessments of abuse exposure, and psychopathology symptoms, including depression, suicidal ideation, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms. Psychopathology symptoms were re-assessed 1–3 years later. Childhood abuse was positively associated with baseline and follow-up depression symptoms and suicidal ideation severity, and negatively associated with implicit self-esteem. Lower implicit self-esteem was associated with both depression and suicidal ideation assessed concurrently and predicted significant increases in depression and suicidal ideation over the longitudinal follow-up period. Lower implicit self-esteem was also associated with baseline anxiety, externalizing symptoms, and a general psychopathology factor (i.e. p-factor). We found an indirect effect of childhood abuse on baseline and follow-up depression symptoms and baseline suicidal ideation through implicit self-esteem. These findings point to implicit self-esteem as a potential mechanism linking childhood abuse to depression and suicidal ideation.
Body size preferences for women and adolescent girls living in Africa: a mixed-methods systematic review
Authors: Pradeilles Rebecca , Holdsworth Michelle , Olaitan Oluwabukola , Irache Ana , Osei-Kwasi Hibbah A , Ngandu Christian B , Cohen Emmanuel
Published: February 2021

Objective:

To synthesise evidence on body size preferences for females living in Africa and the factors influencing these.

Design:

Mixed-methods systematic review including searches on Medline, CINHAL, ASSIA, Web of Science and PsycINFO (PROSPERO CRD42015020509). A sequential-explanatory approach was used to integrate quantitative and qualitative findings.

Setting:

Urban and rural Africa.

Participants:

Studies of both sexes providing data on body size preferences for adolescent girls and women aged ≥10 years.

Results:

Seventy-three articles from twenty-one countries were included: fifty quantitative, fifteen qualitative and eight mixed methods. Most studies reported a preference for normal or overweight body sizes. Some studies of adolescent girls/young women indicated a preference for underweight. Factors influencing preferences for large(r) body sizes included: socio-demographic (e.g. education, rural residency), health-related (e.g. current BMI, pubertal status), psycho-social (e.g. avoiding HIV stigma) and socio-cultural factors (e.g. spouse’s preference, social standing, cultural norms). Factors influencing preferences for slim(mer) body sizes included: socio-demographic (e.g. higher socioeconomic status, urban residency, younger age), health-related (e.g. health knowledge, being nulliparous), psycho-social (e.g. appearance, body size perception as overweight/obese) and socio-cultural factors (e.g. peer pressure, media).

Conclusions:

Preference for overweight (not obese) body sizes among some African females means that interventions need to account for the array of factors that maintain these preferences. The widespread preference for normal weight is positive in public health terms, but the valorisation of underweight in adolescent girls/young women may lead to an increase in body dissatisfaction. Emphasis needs to be placed on education to prevent all forms of malnutrition.
Designs for Politics in Intellectual History
Authors: Rhee Pollyanna
Published: February 2021

While working on a report on federal office space in 1962, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, then a young assistant secretary at the Department of Labor, began writing what would become the Guiding Principles for Federal Architecture and shaped the direction of the federal government's architecture for decades. The principles outlined two requirements for a federal building: “First, it must provide efficient and economical facilities for the use of Government agencies. Second, it must provide visual testimony to the dignity, enterprise, vigor, and stability of the American Government.” Achieving those requirements demanded a willingness to follow architects’ ideas, an avoidance of “an official style,” and—if needed—paying “some additional cost to avoid excessive uniformity in design of Federal buildings.” Citing Pericles, Moynihan argued that this pursuit would provide clear visual evidence the American government “do[es] not imitate—for we are a model to others.” Over the years these principles and the subsequent Design Excellence program under the General Services Administration commissioned designs by an eclectic range of architects for federal building projects.
One step forward or one step back? Autonomy, agency and surrogates in the Indian Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2019
Authors: Gola Swati
Published: February 2021

The Indian government has recently introduced legislation to regulate ‘altruistic’ surrogacy while banning ‘commercial’ surrogacy amidst the criticism that India has become the ‘baby factory’. In the past decade, academic discourse has raised socioethical and legal issues that surfaced in the unrestricted transnational commercial-surrogacy industry. Most of the literature and ethnographic studies centred on the issues of informed consent, autonomy, decision-making and exploitation. With the proposed legislation, the Indian government has shown its will to regulate surrogacy, including the medical intermediaries as well as the contract between the intending parents and the surrogate mother-to-be. The present paper addresses the legal and socioethical context in which India introduced the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill 2019. It examines the extent to which the proposed law responds to the legal challenges and socioethical concerns that surfaced in the course of unregulated transnational commercial-surrogacy arrangements in India. It argues that, even though the proposed legislation addresses and responds to some of the legal and ethical concerns such as informed consent and legal parentage, it stops short of ensuring the welfare and well-being of the surrogate. Second, the legal certainty of parentage and the child's rights comes at the cost of the physical and psychological well-being of the surrogate. Finally, it argues that, by presupposing the surrogate as an autonomous agent and yet imposing the requirement of marriage, the Bill overlooks the sociocultural realities of patriarchal hierarchies entrenched in Indian society – that, in its conception of ‘family’, the focus on the ‘traditional’ family not only presents a narrow view of the heteronormative family and perpetuates the patriarchal notions of gender roles, but also fails to take into consideration maternal pluralism in surrogacy arrangements, undermines the modern family and, above all, discriminates against the single person's and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) communities’ right to found a family. Since many countries that served as centres for international commercial-surrogacy arrangement (such as Cambodia, Thailand and Nepal) have recently started to take steps to prohibit or limit transnational surrogacy arrangements, the analysis of Indian law in the present paper will provide a useful context within which these countries can effectively regulate surrogacy while safeguarding the surrogate's rights and interests.
Inflammatory diets are associated with lower total iron binding capacity in sera of young adults
Authors: Doherty Jeanne L. , Larvie Doreen Y. , Shivappa Nitin , Hebert James R. , Armah Seth M.
Published: February 2021

Abstract. Chronic, systemic inflammation, which is associated with obesity and numerous other diseases, impairs iron status by increasing hepcidin concentration. Inflammation also decreases the concentration of transferrin, the main iron transport protein and a negative acute phase protein, which is indirectly assessed by measuring total iron binding capacity (TIBC). However, the contribution of diet-induced inflammation has not been studied. Data from two studies, namely Diet and Inflammation and Selenium and Inflammation Studies (total n=98) were used to assess the associations among Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) scores derived from three-day dietary records, body mass index (BMI=weight[kg]/height[m]2), inflammatory and hematological markers among young adults with normal-weight, overweight or obesity. Subjects’ diets were also categorized as less inflammatory diets (LID) and inflammatory diets (ID) using cluster analysis. Independent t-test and regression analyses were used to assess associations in the data. Intakes of iron, proteins, fat, fiber, and calories were higher in the LID group compared to the ID group (p<0.05). Demographic characteristics and concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) and iron status biomarkers did not differ significantly between the two groups (p>0.05). Higher DII score was associated with increasing CRP (β+SE=0.23+0.07, p=0.002) and lower TIBC (β+SE=−8.46+3.44, p=0.02), independent of BMI category. The LID diet was associated with higher TIBC (β+SE=29.87+10.75, p=0.007) compared to the ID diet. In conclusion, inflammatory diets may impair iron status by reducing the iron binding capacity of transferrin.
Subjektives Leistungserleben von Studierenden bei Alkoholsucht der Eltern
Authors: Aulmann Nina , Forstmeier Simon
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung unserer Studie war es, erwachsene Kinder aus suchtbelasteten Familien (Alkohol) im universitären Setting im Hinblick auf deren Leistungsverhalten zu untersuchen. Die Fragestellung war, ob es bei Studierenden Hinweise auf zwei unterschiedliche Leistungsverläufe gibt. Diese Fragestellung basiert auf den Ergebnissen einer qualitativen Studie mit fünf semistrukturierten Interviews von Schülerinnen mit einem oder zwei alkoholkranken Elternteilen. Methodik: 132 Studierende zwischen 18 und 25 Jahren beantworteten im Rahmen einer Querschnittserhebung Fragen zum Leistungsverhalten, zur Selbstregulation, zum Selbstwert und zum eigenem Alkoholkonsum, die mittels deskriptiver statistischer Methodik, Clusteranalyse, Korrelationen und Regressionsanalysen ausgewertet wurden. Ergebnisse: Es konnten zwei Cluster dargestellt werden, die sich hinsichtlich verschiedener Variablen signifikant unterschieden: zum einen die leistungsstarke Gruppe mit guter Bindung zu mindestens einem Elternteil, zum anderen die leistungsdekompensatorische Gruppe mit einer höheren emotionalen Abhängigkeit zum Vater. Schlussfolgerungen: Kinder alkoholkranker Eltern können hinsichtlich ihrer Lern- und Leistungsmotivation entweder kompetenz- oder vermeidungsorientiert beschrieben werden. Mögliche Schlussfolgerungen für Therapie und Beratung werden diskutiert.
PTSD Symptoms, Daily Subjective Age, and Psychological Distress in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Hoffman Yaakov , Shrira Amit , Bodner Ehud
Published: February 2021

Abstract. This study had three goals: (1) to address daily links between subjective age and the three psychological distress facets (depression/anxiety/somatization); (2) to examine whether such links would be stronger under higher posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) levels; (3) to assess which PTSD cluster is most relevant. The sample (168 community-dwelling-older-adults, mean age = 73.48, 46% female) completed an online, web-based questionnaire across 14 consecutive days. Results show that on the days participants felt older, they reported higher psychological distress, which was further exacerbated by higher PTSD levels. The PTSD cluster of intrusive thoughts was most relevant. The discussion addresses the “double-burden” view, two theories of subjective age (resource/stress vs. ageism), and finally interventions for daily psychological distress reduction amongst older adults.
Stress Inversion in a Gelatin Box: Testing Eruptive Vent Location Forecasts With Analog Models
Authors: Mantiloni L. , Davis T. , Gaete Rojas A. B. , Rivalta E.
Published: February 2021

Assessing volcanic hazard in regions of distributed volcanism is challenging because of the uncertain location of future vents. A statistical‐mechanical strategy to forecast such locations was recently proposed: here, we further develop and test it with analog models. We stress a gelatin block laterally and with surface excavations, and observe air‐filled crack trajectories. We use the observed surface arrivals to sample the distributions of parameters describing the stress state of the gelatin block, combining deterministic crack trajectory simulations with a Monte Carlo approach. While the individual stress parameters remain unconstrained, we effectively retrieve their ratio and successfully forecast the arrival points of subsequent cracks.
Cloud Patterns in the Trades Have Four Interpretable Dimensions
Authors: Janssens Martin , Vilà‐Guerau de Arellano Jordi , Scheffer Marten , Antonissen Coco , Siebesma A. Pier , Glassmeier Franziska
Published: February 2021

Shallow cloud fields over the subtropical ocean exhibit many spatial patterns. The frequency of occurrence of these patterns can change under global warming. Hence, they may influence subtropical marine clouds’ climate feedback. While numerous metrics have been proposed to quantify cloud patterns, a systematic, widely accepted description is still missing. Therefore, this study suggests one. We compute 21 metrics for 5,000 satellite scenes of shallow clouds over the subtropical Atlantic Ocean and translate the resulting data set to its principal components (PCs). This yields a unimodal, continuous distribution without distinct classes, whose first four PCs explain 82% of all 21 metrics’ variance. The PCs correspond to four interpretable dimensions: Characteristic length, void size, directional alignment, and horizontal cloud top height variance. These dimensions span a space in which an effective pattern description can be given, which may be used to better understand the patterns’ underlying physics and feedback on climate.
Exceptionally Persistent Madden‐Julian Oscillation Activity Contributes to the Extreme 2020 East Asian Summer Monsoon Rainfall
Authors: Zhang Wenjun , Huang Zongci , Jiang Feng , Stuecker Malte F. , Chen Guosen , Jin Fei‐Fei
Published: February 2021

During June–July 2020, the record‐breaking flooding in the recent four decades struck the plum rain belt over China, Japan, and Korea. Concurrent with this persistent heavy rainfall, pronounced Indian Ocean basin warming (IOBW) was observed, following the previous El Niño event in the transition to La Niña‐like mean state this summer. This tropical Indo‐Pacific large‐scale thermal condition provided favorable conditions for rainfall surpluses over the plum rain belt via the western North Pacific anticyclone. Superimposed on the tropical Indo‐Pacific large‐scale thermal condition, an extraordinary long‐lasting and quasistationary Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) active phase persisted in the Indian Ocean throughout June–July 2020, lasting for 59 days. The MJO‐associated teleconnection was mainly responsible for the extreme rainfall over the plum rain belt, which was facilitated by the conducive large‐scale Indo‐Pacific oceanic‐atmospheric condition.
Impact of Stem Size on Turbulence and Sediment Resuspension Under Unidirectional Flow
Authors: Liu Chao , Shan Yuqi , Nepf Heidi
Published: February 2021

Laboratory experiments examined the impact of model vegetation on turbulence and resuspension. The turbulent kinetic energy increased with increasing velocity and increasing solid volume fraction, but did not depend on stem diameter. The vegetation‐generated turbulence dominated the total turbulence inside canopies. For the same sediment size, the critical turbulent kinetic energy at which resuspension was initiated was the same for both vegetated and bare beds, which resulted in a critical velocity that decreased with increasing solid volume fraction. Both the critical turbulence and critical velocity for resuspension had no dependence on stem diameter. However, for denser canopies and/or a canopy of smaller stem size, a greater energy slope is required to initiate resuspension. This study provides a way to predict the onset of resuspension in regions with vegetation, an important threshold for sediment transport and landscape evolution.
Reflecting Back and Looking Forward at JGR: Biogeosciences
Authors: Xenopoulos Marguerite , Goni Miguel
Published: February 2021

The outgoing and incoming editors in chief of JGR: Biogeosciences reflect on recent years of growth and expansion in the journal while they ponder and plan for the challenges ahead.
How Geodynamo Models Churn the Outer Core
Authors: Tripathy-Lang Alka
Published: February 2021

New simulations of Earth’s outer core have reproduced magnetic fields that—for the first time—match paleomagnetic data collected from rocks.
Associations between relative body fat and areal body surface roughness characteristics in 3D photonic body scans—a proof of feasibility
Authors: Ritter Severin , Staub Kaspar , Eppenberger Patrick
Published: February 2021

Introduction

A reliable and accurate estimate of the percentage and distribution of adipose tissue in the human body is essential for evaluating the risk of developing chronic and noncommunicable diseases. A precise and differentiated method, which at the same time is fast, noninvasive, and straightforward to perform, would, therefore, be desirable. We sought a new approach to this research area by linking a person’s relative body fat with their body surface’s areal roughness characteristics.

Materials and methods

For this feasibility study, we compared areal surface roughness characteristics, assessed from 3D photonic full-body scans of 76 Swiss young men, and compared the results with body impedance-based estimates of relative body fat. We developed an innovative method for characterizing the areal surface roughness distribution of a person’s entire body, in a similar approach as it is currently used in geoscience or material science applications. We then performed a statistical analysis using different linear and stepwise regression models.

Results

In a stepwise regression analysis of areal surface roughness frequency tables, a combination of standard deviation, interquartile range, and mode showed the best association with relative body fat (R2 = 0.55,p < 0.0001). The best results were achieved by calculating the arithmetic mean height, capable of explaining up to three-quarters of the variance in relative body fat (R2 = 0.74,p < 0.001).

Discussion and conclusion

This study shows that areal surface roughness characteristics assessed from 3D photonic whole-body scans associate well with relative body fat, therefore representing a viable new approach to improve current 3D scanner-based methods for determining body composition and obesity-associated health risks. Further investigations may validate our method with other data or provide a more detailed understanding of the relation between the body’s areal surface characteristics and adipose tissue distribution by including larger and more diverse populations or focusing on particular body segments.
Intensive blood pressure treatment in coronary artery disease: implications from the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial (SPRINT)
Authors: Zang Jiabin , Liang Jianwen , Zhuang Xiaodong , Zhang Shaozhao , Liao Xinxue , Wu Guifu
Published: February 2021

To investigate the optimal blood pressure (BP) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), we conducted subgroup analysis using SPRINT data. The study sample included 1206 participants with CAD (of whom 692 underwent coronary revascularization) and 8127 participants without CAD. Participants were randomized into two groups (systolic BP target of 140 mm Hg vs. 120 mm Hg). The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular events. After a median follow-up of 3.9 years, the hazard ratios (HRs) for the primary outcome were 0.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53–0.79) and 1.05 (95% CI 0.76–1.46) among those in the non-CAD and CAD subgroups, respectively (P value for interaction 0.02). Intensive BP treatment was a protective factor for all-cause death (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.37–0.96) in the CAD subgroup, compared with standard BP treatment. The HRs (95% CI) for stroke were 3.57 (1.17–10.85) and 1.03 (0.29–3.62) among those in the coronary revascularization and non-revascularization subgroups, respectively (P value for interaction 0.13). For safety events, intensive BP treatment increased the risk of hypotension (HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.06–3.79) and electrolyte abnormalities (HR 2.38, 95% CI 1.25–4.56) in the CAD subgroup, while the risk of serious adverse events did not increase (HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.88–1.20). These results suggest that positive benefits from intensive BP treatment might be attenuated in patients with CAD who are under better secondary prevention. The risk of stroke might increase at the systolic BP target of 120 mm Hg in case of coronary revascularization, although the confidence interval was wide.
Intravenous immunoglobulin G in the treatment of ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn during the early neonatal period at a tertiary academic hospital: a retrospective study
Authors: Pan Jiarong , Zhan Canyang , Yuan Tianming , Chen Xiangxiang , Ni Yanyan , Shen Ying , Chen Weiwei , Wu Tai , Yu Huimin
Published: February 2021

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG) in infants with ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).

Methods

Infants with moderate-to-severe ABO HDN during early neonatal period (<7 days) at our hospital in 2017 were included in this retrospective study. Patients treated with IVIG and phototherapy were classified as the IVIG group, and those who only received phototherapy were classified as the phototherapy only group.

Results

Forty-six patients were classified into the IVIG group and 68 other patients were classified into the phototherapy only group. There was no significant difference in duration of phototherapy, hospitalization periods, needs for exchange transfusion, transfusions, and incidence of bilirubin-induced neurological sequelae between these two groups (P = 0.20, 0.27, 0.65, 0.47, 0.78, respectively).

Conclusion

It seems unnecessary to expose neonates to IVIG in moderate-to-severe ABO HDN when the available data show no appreciable benefits.
Update on GPCR-based targets for the development of novel antidepressants
Authors: Mantas Ioannis , Saarinen Marcus , Xu Zhi-Qing David , Svenningsson Per
Published: February 2021

Traditional antidepressants largely interfere with monoaminergic transport or degradation systems, taking several weeks to have their therapeutic actions. Moreover, a large proportion of depressed patients are resistant to these therapies. Several atypical antidepressants have been developed which interact with G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) instead, as direct targeting of receptors may achieve more efficacious and faster antidepressant actions. The focus of this review is to provide an update on how distinct GPCRs mediate antidepressant actions and discuss recent insights into how GPCRs regulate the pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). We also discuss the therapeutic potential of novel GPCR targets, which are appealing due to their ligand selectivity, expression pattern, or pharmacological profiles. Finally, we highlight recent advances in understanding GPCR pharmacology and structure, and how they may provide new avenues for drug development.
Chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress reduces effort-related motivated behaviors in male and female mice
Authors: Dieterich Andrew , Liu Tonia , Samuels Benjamin Adam
Published: February 2021

Reward and motivation deficits are prominent symptoms in many mood disorders, including depression. Similar reward and effort-related choice behavioral tasks can be used to study aspects of motivation in both rodents and humans. Chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders in humans and maladaptive reward and motivation behaviors in male rodents. However, while depression is more prevalent in women, there is relatively little known about whether chronic stress elicits maladaptive behaviors in female rodents in effort-related motivated tasks and whether there are any behavioral sex differences. Chronic nondiscriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS) is a variation of chronic social defeat stress that is effective in both male and female mice. We hypothesized that CNSDS would reduce effort-related motivated and reward behaviors, including reducing sensitivity to a devalued outcome, reducing breakpoint in progressive ratio, and shifting effort-related choice behavior. Separate cohorts of adult male and female C57BL/6 J mice were divided into Control or CNSDS groups, exposed to the 10-day CNSDS paradigm, and then trained and tested in instrumental reward or effort-related behaviors. CNSDS reduced motivation to lever press in progressive ratio and shifted effort-related choice behavior from a high reward to a more easily attainable low reward in both sexes. CNSDS caused more nuanced impairments in outcome devaluation. Taken together, CNSDS induces maladaptive shifts in effort-related choice and reduces motivated lever pressing in both sexes.
Correction to: Chronic unpredictable mild stress produces depressive-like behavior, hypercortisolemia, and metabolic dysfunction in adolescent cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Teng Teng , Shively Carol A. , Li Xuemei , Jiang Xiaofeng , Neigh Gretchen N. , Yin Bangmin , Zhang Yuqing , Fan Li , Xiang Yajie , Wang Mingyang , Liu Xueer , Qin Mengchang , Zhou Xinyu , Xie Peng
Published: February 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01251-8
Targeting transcription of MCL-1 sensitizes HER2-amplified breast cancers to HER2 inhibitors
Authors: Floros Konstantinos V. , Jacob Sheeba , Kurupi Richard , Fairchild Carter K. , Hu Bin , Puchalapalli Madhavi , E. Koblinski Jennifer , Dozmorov Mikhail G. , Boikos Sosipatros A. , Scaltriti Maurizio , Faber Anthony C.
Published: February 2021

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 gene (HER2) is focally amplified in approximately 20% of breast cancers. HER2 inhibitors alone are not effective, and sensitizing agents will be necessary to move away from a reliance on heavily toxic chemotherapeutics. We recently demonstrated that the efficacy of HER2 inhibitors is mitigated by uniformly low levels of the myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1) endogenous inhibitor, NOXA. Emerging clinical data have demonstrated that clinically advanced cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors are effective MCL-1 inhibitors in patients, and, importantly, well tolerated. We, therefore, tested whether the CDK inhibitor, dinaciclib, could block MCL-1 in preclinical HER2-amplified breast cancer models and therefore sensitize these cancers to dual HER2/EGFR inhibitors neratinib and lapatinib, as well as to the novel selective HER2 inhibitor tucatinib. Indeed, we found dinaciclib suppresses MCL-1 RNA and is highly effective at sensitizing HER2 inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo. This combination was tolerable in vivo. Mechanistically, liberating the effector BCL-2 protein, BAK, from MCL-1 results in robust apoptosis. Thus, clinically advanced CDK inhibitors may effectively combine with HER2 inhibitors and present a chemotherapy-free therapeutic strategy in HER2-amplified breast cancer, which can be tested immediately in the clinic.
Malnutrition screening on hospital admission: impact of overweight and obesity on comparative performance of MUST and PG-SGA SF
Authors: van Vliet Iris M. Y. , Gomes-Neto Antonio W. , de Jong Margriet F. C. , Bakker Stephan J. L. , Jager-Wittenaar Harriët , Navis Gerjan J.
Published: February 2021

Background/objectives

Traditional malnutrition screening instruments, including the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), strongly rely on low body mass index (BMI) and weight loss. In overweight/obese patients, this may result in underdetection of malnutrition risk. Alternative instruments, like the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment Short Form (PG-SGA SF), include characteristics and risk factors irrespective of BMI. Therefore, we aimed to compare performance of MUST and PG-SGA SF in malnutrition risk evaluation in overweight/obese hospitalized patients.

Subjects/methods

We assessed malnutrition risk using MUST (≥1 = increased risk) and PG-SGA SF (≥4 = increased risk) in adult patients at hospital admission in a university hospital. We compared results for patients with BMI < 25 kg/m2vs. BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2.

Results

Of 430 patients analyzed (58 ± 16 years, 53% male, BMI 26.9 ± 5.5 kg/m2), 35% were overweight and 25% obese. Malnutrition risk was present in 16% according to MUST and 42% according to PG-SGA SF. In patients with BMI < 25 kg/m2, MUST identified 31% as at risk vs. 52% by PG-SGA SF. In patients with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, MUST identified 5% as at risk vs. 36% by PG-SGA SF. Agreement between MUST and PG-SGA SF was low (к = 0.143). Of the overweight/obese patients at risk according to PG-SGA SF, 83/92 (90%) were categorized as low risk by MUST.

Conclusions

More than one-third of overweight/obese patients is at risk for malnutrition at hospital admission according to PG-SGA SF. Most of them are not identified by MUST. Awareness of BMI-dependency of malnutrition screening instruments and potential underestimation of malnutrition risk in overweight/obese patients by using these instruments is warranted.
Economic evaluation of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio for the short-term prediction of preeclampsia in a Japanese cohort of the PROGNOSIS Asia study
Authors: Ohkuchi Akihide , Masuyama Hisashi , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Kikuchi Takashi , Taguchi Naoko , Wolf Cyrill , Saito Shigeru
Published: February 2021

The PRediction of short-term Outcomes in preGNant wOmen with Suspected preeclampsIa Study (PROGNOSIS) Asia validated the use of the soluble fms-like tyrosine 1/placental growth factor (sFlt-1/PlGF) ratio cutoff value of ≤38 to rule out the occurrence of preeclampsia in the short term in Asian women. We assessed the economic impact of the introduction of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio test for predicting preeclampsia in Japan using data from the Japanese cohort of PROGNOSIS Asia. The cost analysis was developed with estimates in either a no-test scenario, with clinical decisions based on standard diagnostic procedures alone, or a test scenario, in which the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio test was used in addition to standard diagnostic procedures. For both scenarios, rates of hospitalization and other test characteristics were obtained from the results for the Japanese cohort in PROGNOSIS Asia. The total cost per patient was the main outcome of this cost analysis model. Introduction of the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio test using a cutoff value of 38 resulted in a reduced hospitalization rate compared with the rate in the no-test scenario (14.4% versus 8.7%). The reduction in the rate of hospitalizations led to an estimated 16 373 JPY reduction in healthcare costs per patient. The sFlt-1/PlGF ratio test is likely to reduce the unnecessary hospitalization of women at low risk of developing preeclampsia in the short term while also identifying high-risk individuals requiring appropriate management. Reducing unnecessary hospitalizations would result in significant cost savings in the Japanese healthcare system.
Structural and biophysical correlation of anti-NANP antibodies with in vivo protection against P. falciparum
Authors: Pholcharee Tossapol , Oyen David , Flores-Garcia Yevel , Gonzalez-Paez Gonzalo , Han Zhen , Williams Katherine L. , Volkmuth Wayne , Emerling Daniel , Locke Emily , Richter King C. , Zavala Fidel , Wilson Ian A.
Published: February 2021

The most advanced P. falciparum circumsporozoite protein-based malaria vaccine, RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S), confers partial protection but with antibody titers that wane relatively rapidly, highlighting the need to elicit more potent and durable antibody responses. Here, we elucidate crystal structures, binding affinities and kinetics, and in vivo protection of eight anti-NANP antibodies derived from an RTS,S phase 2a trial and encoded by three different heavy-chain germline genes. The structures reinforce the importance of homotypic Fab-Fab interactions in protective antibodies and the overwhelmingly dominant preference for a germline-encoded aromatic residue for recognition of the NANP motif. In this study, antibody apparent affinity correlates best with protection in an in vivo mouse model, with the more potent antibodies also recognizing epitopes with repeating secondary structural motifs of type I β- and Asn pseudo 310 turns; such insights can be incorporated into design of more effective immunogens and antibodies for passive immunization.
Exceptionally preserved early Cambrian bilaterian developmental stages from Mongolia
Authors: Steiner Michael , Yang Ben , Hohl Simon , Li Da , Donoghue Philip
Published: February 2021

Fossilized invertebrate embryonic and later developmental stages are rare and restricted largely to the Ediacaran-Cambrian, providing direct insight into development during the emergence of animal bodyplans. Here we report a new assemblage of eggs, embryos and bilaterian post-embryonic developmental stages from the early Cambrian Salanygol Formation of Dzhabkan Microcontinent of Mongolia. The post-embryonic developmental stages of the bilaterian are preserved with cellular fidelity, possessing a series of bilaterally arranged ridges that compare to co-occurring camenellan sclerites in which the initial growth stages retain the cellular morphology of modified juveniles. In this work we identify these fossils as early post-embryonic developmental stages of camenellans, an early clade of stem-brachiopods, known previously only from isolated sclerites. This interpretation corroborates previous reconstructions of camenellan scleritomes with sclerites arranged in medial and peripheral concentric zones. It further supports the conjecture that molluscs and brachiopods are descended from an ancestral vermiform and slug-like bodyplan.
Travelling spindles create necessary conditions for spike-timing-dependent plasticity in humans
Authors: Dickey Charles W. , Sargsyan Anna , Madsen Joseph R. , Eskandar Emad N. , Cash Sydney S. , Halgren Eric
Published: February 2021

Sleep spindles facilitate memory consolidation in the cortex during mammalian non-rapid eye movement sleep. In rodents, phase-locked firing during spindles may facilitate spike-timing-dependent plasticity by grouping pre-then-post-synaptic cell firing within ~25 ms. Currently, microphysiological evidence in humans for conditions conducive for spike-timing-dependent plasticity during spindles is absent. Here, we analyze field potentials and unit firing from middle/upper layers during spindles from 10 × 10 microelectrode arrays at 400 μm pitch in humans. We report strong tonic and phase-locked increases in firing and co-firing within 25 ms during spindles, especially those co-occurring with down-to-upstate transitions. Co-firing, spindle co-occurrence, and spindle coherence are greatest within ~2 mm, and high co-firing of units on different contacts depends on high spindle coherence between those contacts. Spindles propagate at ~0.28 m/s in distinct patterns, with correlated cell co-firing sequences. Spindles hence organize spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal co-firing in ways that may provide pre-conditions for plasticity during non-rapid eye movement sleep.
Projecting heat-related excess mortality under climate change scenarios in China
Authors: Yang Jun , Zhou Maigeng , Ren Zhoupeng , Li Mengmeng , Wang Boguang , Liu De Li , Ou Chun-Quan , Yin Peng , Sun Jimin , Tong Shilu , Wang Hao , Zhang Chunlin , Wang Jinfeng , Guo Yuming , Liu Qiyong
Published: February 2021

Recent studies have reported a variety of health consequences of climate change. However, the vulnerability of individuals and cities to climate change remains to be evaluated. We project the excess cause-, age-, region-, and education-specific mortality attributable to future high temperatures in 161 Chinese districts/counties using 28 global climate models (GCMs) under two representative concentration pathways (RCPs). To assess the influence of population ageing on the projection of future heat-related mortality, we further project the age-specific effect estimates under five shared socioeconomic pathways (SSPs). Heat-related excess mortality is projected to increase from 1.9% (95% eCI: 0.2–3.3%) in the 2010s to 2.4% (0.4–4.1%) in the 2030 s and 5.5% (0.5–9.9%) in the 2090 s under RCP8.5, with corresponding relative changes of 0.5% (0.0–1.2%) and 3.6% (−0.5–7.5%). The projected slopes are steeper in southern, eastern, central and northern China. People with cardiorespiratory diseases, females, the elderly and those with low educational attainment could be more affected. Population ageing amplifies future heat-related excess deaths 2.3- to 5.8-fold under different SSPs, particularly for the northeast region. Our findings can help guide public health responses to ameliorate the risk of climate change.
The Goto-Kakizaki rat is a spontaneous prototypical rodent model of polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Bourgneuf Camille , Bailbé Danielle , Lamazière Antonin , Dupont Charlotte , Moldes Marthe , Farabos Dominique , Roblot Natacha , Gauthier Camille , Mathieu d’Argent Emmanuelle , Cohen-Tannoudji Joelle , Monniaux Danielle , Fève Bruno , Movassat Jamileh , di Clemente Nathalie , Racine Chrystèle
Published: February 2021

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by an oligo-anovulation, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovarian morphology combined with major metabolic disturbances. However, despite the high prevalence and the human and economic consequences of this syndrome, its etiology remains unknown. In this study, we show that female Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a type 2 diabetes mellitus model, encapsulate naturally all the reproductive and metabolic hallmarks of lean women with PCOS at puberty and in adulthood. The analysis of their gestation and of their fetuses demonstrates that this PCOS-like phenotype is developmentally programmed. GK rats also develop features of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Lastly, a comparison between GK rats and a cohort of women with PCOS reveals a similar reproductive signature. Thus, this spontaneous rodent model of PCOS represents an original tool for the identification of the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis and for the development of novel strategies for its treatment.
Morphological bases of phytoplankton energy management and physiological responses unveiled by 3D subcellular imaging
Authors: Uwizeye Clarisse , Decelle Johan , Jouneau Pierre-Henri , Flori Serena , Gallet Benoit , Keck Jean-Baptiste , Bo Davide Dal , Moriscot Christine , Seydoux Claire , Chevalier Fabien , Schieber Nicole L. , Templin Rachel , Allorent Guillaume , Courtois Florence , Curien Gilles , Schwab Yannick , Schoehn Guy , Zeeman Samuel C. , Falconet Denis , Finazzi Giovanni
Published: February 2021

Eukaryotic phytoplankton have a small global biomass but play major roles in primary production and climate. Despite improved understanding of phytoplankton diversity and evolution, we largely ignore the cellular bases of their environmental plasticity. By comparative 3D morphometric analysis across seven distant phytoplankton taxa, we observe constant volume occupancy by the main organelles and preserved volumetric ratios between plastids and mitochondria. We hypothesise that phytoplankton subcellular topology is modulated by energy-management constraints. Consistent with this, shifting the diatom Phaeodactylum from low to high light enhances photosynthesis and respiration, increases cell-volume occupancy by mitochondria and the plastid CO2-fixing pyrenoid, and boosts plastid-mitochondria contacts. Changes in organelle architectures and interactions also accompany Nannochloropsis acclimation to different trophic lifestyles, along with respiratory and photosynthetic responses. By revealing evolutionarily-conserved topologies of energy-managing organelles, and their role in phytoplankton acclimation, this work deciphers phytoplankton responses at subcellular scales.
Learning dominant physical processes with data-driven balance models
Authors: Callaham Jared L. , Koch James V. , Brunton Bingni W. , Kutz J. Nathan , Brunton Steven L.
Published: February 2021

Throughout the history of science, physics-based modeling has relied on judiciously approximating observed dynamics as a balance between a few dominant processes. However, this traditional approach is mathematically cumbersome and only applies in asymptotic regimes where there is a strict separation of scales in the physics. Here, we automate and generalize this approach to non-asymptotic regimes by introducing the idea of an equation space, in which different local balances appear as distinct subspace clusters. Unsupervised learning can then automatically identify regions where groups of terms may be neglected. We show that our data-driven balance models successfully delineate dominant balance physics in a much richer class of systems. In particular, this approach uncovers key mechanistic models in turbulence, combustion, nonlinear optics, geophysical fluids, and neuroscience.
ZMYND11-MBTD1 induces leukemogenesis through hijacking NuA4/TIP60 acetyltransferase complex and a PWWP-mediated chromatin association mechanism
Authors: Li Jie , Galbo Phillip M. , Gong Weida , Storey Aaron J. , Tsai Yi-Hsuan , Yu Xufen , Ahn Jeong Hyun , Guo Yiran , Mackintosh Samuel G. , Edmondson Ricky D. , Byrum Stephanie D. , Farrar Jason E. , He Shenghui , Cai Ling , Jin Jian , Tackett Alan J. , Zheng Deyou , Wang Gang Greg
Published: February 2021

Recurring chromosomal translocation t(10;17)(p15;q21) present in a subset of human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients creates an aberrant fusion gene termed ZMYND11-MBTD1 (ZM); however, its function remains undetermined. Here, we show that ZM confers primary murine hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells indefinite self-renewal capability ex vivo and causes AML in vivo. Genomics profilings reveal that ZM directly binds to and maintains high expression of pro-leukemic genes including Hoxa, Meis1, Myb, Myc and Sox4. Mechanistically, ZM recruits the NuA4/Tip60 histone acetyltransferase complex to cis-regulatory elements, sustaining an active chromatin state enriched in histone acetylation and devoid of repressive histone marks. Systematic mutagenesis of ZM demonstrates essential requirements of Tip60 interaction and an H3K36me3-binding PWWP (Pro-Trp-Trp-Pro) domain for oncogenesis. Inhibitor of histone acetylation-‘reading’ bromodomain proteins, which act downstream of ZM, is efficacious in treating ZM-induced AML. Collectively, this study demonstrates AML-causing effects of ZM, examines its gene-regulatory roles, and reports an attractive mechanism-guided therapeutic strategy.
Neoadjuvant anti-OX40 (MEDI6469) therapy in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma activates and expands antigen-specific tumor-infiltrating T cells
Authors: Duhen Rebekka , Ballesteros-Merino Carmen , Frye Alexandra K. , Tran Eric , Rajamanickam Venkatesh , Chang Shu-Ching , Koguchi Yoshinobu , Bifulco Carlo B. , Bernard Brady , Leidner Rom S. , Curti Brendan D. , Fox Bernard A. , Urba Walter J. , Bell R. Bryan , Weinberg Andrew D.
Published: February 2021

Despite the success of checkpoint blockade in some cancer patients, there is an unmet need to improve outcomes. Targeting alternative pathways, such as costimulatory molecules (e.g. OX40, GITR, and 4-1BB), can enhance T cell immunity in tumor-bearing hosts. Here we describe the results from a phase Ib clinical trial (NCT02274155) in which 17 patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) received a murine anti-human OX40 agonist antibody (MEDI6469) prior to definitive surgical resection. The primary endpoint was to determine safety and feasibility of the anti-OX40 neoadjuvant treatment. The secondary objective was to assess the effect of anti-OX40 on lymphocyte subsets in the tumor and blood. Neoadjuvant anti-OX40 was well tolerated and did not delay surgery, thus meeting the primary endpoint. Peripheral blood phenotyping data show increases in CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation two weeks after anti-OX40 administration. Comparison of tumor biopsies before and after treatment reveals an increase of activated, conventional CD4+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in most patients and higher clonality by TCRβ sequencing. Analyses of CD8+ TIL show increases in tumor-antigen reactive, proliferating CD103+ CD39+ cells in 25% of patients with evaluable tumor tissue (N = 4/16), all of whom remain disease-free. These data provide evidence that anti-OX40 prior to surgery is safe and can increase activation and proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in blood and tumor. Our work suggests that increases in the tumor-reactive CD103+ CD39+ CD8+ TIL could serve as a potential biomarker of anti-OX40 clinical activity.
Author Correction: A metal-free photocatalyst for highly efficient hydrogen peroxide photoproduction in real seawater
Authors: Wu Qingyao , Cao Jingjing , Wang Xiao , Liu Yan , Zhao Yajie , Wang Hui , Liu Yang , Huang Hui , Liao Fan , Shao Mingwang , Kang Zhenghui
Published: February 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21490-z
Author Correction: Adaptation of Plasmodium falciparum to humans involved the loss of an ape-specific erythrocyte invasion ligand
Authors: Proto William R. , Siegel Sasha V. , Dankwa Selasi , Liu Weimin , Kemp Alison , Marsden Sarah , Zenonos Zenon A. , Unwin Steve , Sharp Paul M. , Wright Gavin J. , Hahn Beatrice H. , Duraisingh Manoj T. , Rayner Julian C.
Published: February 2021

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21491-y
Causal modulation of right hemisphere fronto-parietal phase synchrony with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation during a conscious visual detection task
Authors: Stengel Chloé , Vernet Marine , Amengual Julià L. , Valero-Cabré Antoni
Published: February 2021

Correlational evidence in non-human primates has reported increases of fronto-parietal high-beta (22–30 Hz) synchrony during the top-down allocation of visuo-spatial attention. But may inter-regional synchronization at this specific frequency band provide a causal mechanism by which top-down attentional processes facilitate conscious visual perception? To address this question, we analyzed electroencephalographic (EEG) signals from a group of healthy participants who performed a conscious visual detection task while we delivered brief (4 pulses) rhythmic (30 Hz) or random bursts of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to the right Frontal Eye Field (FEF) prior to the onset of a lateralized target. We report increases of inter-regional synchronization in the high-beta band (25–35 Hz) between the electrode closest to the stimulated region (the right FEF) and right parietal EEG leads, and increases of local inter-trial coherence within the same frequency band over bilateral parietal EEG contacts, both driven by rhythmic but not random TMS patterns. Such increases were accompained by improvements of conscious visual sensitivity for left visual targets in the rhythmic but not the random TMS condition. These outcomes suggest that high-beta inter-regional synchrony can be modulated non-invasively and that high-beta oscillatory activity across the right dorsal fronto-parietal network may contribute to the facilitation of conscious visual perception. Our work supports future applications of non-invasive brain stimulation to restore impaired visually-guided behaviors by operating on top-down attentional modulatory mechanisms.