bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problem ochrony gatunku popielicy (Glis glis L.) w Polsce
Authors: Terlecka Magdalena Klaudia
Published: September 2020

Coming conclusions from this study are inducing to formulating the statement, that leading to the next controlled and thought reintroductions programs and protections of the Glis glis kind in Poland is necessary. Also conducting accurate examinations and the monitoring of the population of the edible dormouse should be a big challenge. It is also necessary raising qualifications of the employees of National Forests responsible for the protection of kinds and conducting the environmental education of the society which will be aimed at demonstrating, easily it is possible to protect the edible dormouse and how it is important for her more further existing in Polish forests. Without the practical protection of natural settlements of the edible dormouse regulations legislative, guaranteeing her the protection (Bern Convention, entry to the IUCN list, Polish acts and regulations) aren’t playing a significant role. The edible dormouse is happening to make its way oneself with a very powerful enemy, with which unfortunately he isn’t having a chance to the win – with a man. The man is just transforming the environment of Glis glis species depriving him of settlements, foods, hunting it, but simultaneously the man is passing attempts of the protection and programs of the reintroduction. We can happen or the vanquisher or the savior of the edible dormouse species. The choice depends only on us.
„Ekologizm” jako nowy nurt polityczny. Implikacje filozoficzno-etyczne
Authors: Ciszek Mariusz
Published: September 2020

The author tries to make an attempt to define the term „ecologism” because of its equivocality. For some authors, it is an idea, which has to be included in life to protect people and the world before extermination, whereas for others it is a contemporary variety of an ideology which could be quite dangerous for a man. The author defines it as treating ecologism as a new political stream near to conservatism, liberalism, and socialism. Taking into consideration the philosophical and ethical categories using in the environmental philosophy the author explains that ecologism should be connected with the anthropocentric model for environmental ethics, then it will not be dangerous for a man. This ethical stream can also be...with the paradigm of balanced development.
Etyczne zobowiązania człowieka wobec świata zwierząt. Wizja Roberta Spaemanna
Authors: Kożuchowski Józef
Published: September 2020

The article presents the concept of moral obligations that man has towards animals proposed by Robert Spaemann. Spaemann give reasons for perceiving animal as an object of the law. His analyses present possibilities of solving basic moral questions like for example experiments on animals, animal husbandry, animal slaughter, hunting, interfering into animal nature, and our responsibility for them. Spaemann presents very original argumentation for taking care and responsibility for animals, deriving it from human dignity.
Zasada zrównoważonego rozwoju w turystyce
Authors: Dzwonkowska Dominika
Published: September 2020

Tourism has become one of the most popular leisure activities and the number of tourists has increased remarkably in recent years. UNWTO forecasts further development of this sector, predicting that the number of international arrivals will reach nearly 1.6 billion by the year 2020. Growth in the number of tourists poses a serious threat to the environment. The way to solve this problem is by introducing a more sustainable approach to this sector. The concept of sustainability was recently introduced into tourism and we can already notice many good practices. The article focuses on presenting the concept of sustainable tourism, its key objectives, and main characteristics, cases of its application, challenges connected with a more sustainable approach to tourism. Sustainable tourism is presented as the solution for environmental and social problems caused by intensified tourist activity.
Możliwości wykorzystania odpadów jako surowców energetycznych w Polsce
Authors: Biernat Krzysztof , Dziołak Paulina Luiza , Samson-Bręk Izabela
Published: September 2020

Status of municipal waste management in Poland requires decisive action in this regard. At present only a small percentage of wastes are utilized. In this state of affairs affects the low environmental awareness, lack of waste management plans in the municipalities, as well as the lack of installations for waste recovery and disposal. This article presents the most important legislation both at the European and national level on waste management. Discusses the prospects for the energy use of waste particularly with firing and co-firing waste technology with heat recovery at the same time.
Rolnictwo ekologiczne a właściwości gleby i jej różnorodność biologiczna
Authors: Augustyniuk-Kram Anna
Published: September 2020

This review deals with the influence of organic farming, as well as with the effects the conversion of conventional to ecological farming systems have had on the quality of soil and biodiversity. Organic farming is defined as a system in which crop and animal production must be balanced, and all means of production needed for plant and animal breeding are produced within the farm. Organic farming prohibits the use of pesticides and artificial fertilizers, therefore is widely perceived as being more environmentally friendly than conventional farming. Organic farming is also identified with the production of high-quality food, with the improvement of animal welfare, as well as associated with rural development. This type of farming aims to sustain the quality and fertility of the soil and to maintain key ecological soil functions. The presented overview shows that organic farming leads to higher soil quality and more biological activity in soil than conventional farming. A growing number of studies also show that organic farming can have a positive effect on ecosystems by increasing biological diversity and by a diversification of the agricultural landscape. This is to prevent the loss of the natural habitat of many wild plant and animal species.
Organy i instytucje ochrony środowiska w świetle orzecznictwa administracyjnego
Authors: Jabłoński Maciej
Published: September 2020

Orzecznictwo sądów administracyjnych stanowi praktyczne odzwierciedlenie stanowienia prawa z zakresu prawa ochrony środowiska oraz jego stanowienia przez administrację publiczną. Zagadnienia, które nie zostały podjęte i zrealizowane przez organy legislacyjne, zostały w dalszej kolejności uściślone i skonkretyzowane przez orzecznictwo administracyjne. Właściwym wydaje się być możliwość skorelowania działań legislacyjnych i orzecznictwa administracyjnego tak, aby dawały wspólne wytyczne do stosowania prawa przez podmioty i instytucje z zakresu ochrony środowiska.
Recepcja i rozwój idei eugenicznej na ziemiach polskich w XIX i XX wieku
Authors: Słoniowska Anna
Published: September 2020

Nowadays people confine eugenics to one period (The Second World War), and one place (Nazi Germany). But the truth is that eugenics existed in almost every country, including Poland. In the 19th century, Francis Galton divided the practice of eugenics into positive and negative categories. In Poland, the first of the two had greater popularity, but the negative category had its supporters too. From the beginning, Polish eugenics was associated with the political and social situations in the country. After 123 years of annexation and after The First World War, Poland was threatened by a demographic disaster. The eugenicists tried to solve those problems. Doctor Leon Wernic arose to be the leader of the eugenicists. He was the initiator of many reforms in the +eld of medicine, education, and law. =e eugenicists have established marriage counseling and even insisted upon conscious maternity. However as racist slogans become more frequent in the lead-up to the Second World War, most Polish Eugenicists were opposed to sterilization, castration, and the elimination of people.
Recent Advances in Organocatalytic Ring-opening Polymerization
Authors: Ji Mingjun , Wu Mengqi , Han Jiayu , Zhang Fanjun , Peng Hongwei , Guo Lihua
Published: September 2020

As compared with widely used polyolefin materials, aliphatic polyesters have
been primarily used in electronics, packaging, and biomedicine owing to its unique biocompatibility
and degradability. At present, ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactone is the
main method to synthesize polyesters. Two types of catalysts, including metal-based catalysts
and organocatalysts, were most researched today. However, metal-based catalysts lead
to polymer materials with metal residues, which limits its properties and applications. As a
result, organocatalysts have received great attention. In this review, the progress of organocatalytic
ring-opening polymerization in the past decades was systematically summarized.
The potential challenges and development directions in this field are also discussed.
Exploring the Role of Gene Therapy for Neurological Disorders
Authors: Puranik Nidhi , Yadav Dhananjay , Chauhan Pallavi Singh , Kwak Minseok , Jin Jun-O
Published: September 2020

Gene therapy is one of the frontier fields of medical breakthroughs that poses as an effective
solution to previously incurable diseases. The delivery of the corrective genetic material or a
therapeutic gene into the cell restores the missing gene function and cures a plethora of diseases, incurable
by the conventional medical approaches. This discovery holds the potential to treat many
neurodegenerative disorders such as muscular atrophy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease (PD)
and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), among others. Gene therapy proves as a humane, cost-effective alternative
to the exhaustive often arduous and timely impossible process of finding matched donors
and extensive surgery. It also overcomes the shortcoming of conventional methods to cross the
blood-brain barrier. However, the use of gene therapy is only possible after procuring the in-depth
knowledge of the immuno-pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of the disease. The process of
gene therapy can be broadly categorized into three main steps: elucidating the target gene, culling
the appropriate vector, and determining the best mode of transfer; each step mandating pervasive research.
This review aims to dissertate and summarize the role, various vectors and methods of delivery
employed in gene therapy with special emphasis on therapy directed at the central nervous
system (CNS) associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
Text Encryption Based on Huffman Coding and ElGamal Cryptosystem
Authors: Singh Khoirom Motilal , Singh Laiphrakpam Dolendro , Tuithung Themrichon
Published: September 2020

Background:

Data that are in the form of text, audio, image, and video are used everywhere
in our modern scientific world. These data are stored in physical storage, cloud storage and
other storage devices. Some of these data are very sensitive and require efficient security while
storing as well as in transmitting from the sender to the receiver.

Objective:

With the increase in data transfer operation, enough space is also required to store these
data. Many researchers have been working to develop different encryption schemes, yet there exist
many limitations in their works. There is always a need for encryption schemes with smaller cipher
data, faster execution time and low computation cost.

Methods:

A text encryption based on Huffman coding and ElGamal cryptosystem is proposed. Initially,
the text data is converted into its corresponding binary bits using Huffman coding. Next, the
binary bits are grouped and again converted into large integer values which will be used as the input
for the ElGamal cryptosystem.

Results:

Encryption and Decryption are successfully performed where the data size is reduced using
Huffman coding and advance security with the smaller key size is provided by the ElGamal
cryptosystem.

Conclusion:

Simulation results and performance analysis specify that our encryption algorithm is
better than the existing algorithms under consideration.
HIV-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors among Grade 10 Girls and Boys in Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal: Cross-Sectional Results
Authors: Speizer Ilene S. , Xiong Khou , Mandal Mahua , Makina-Zimalirana Ndinda , Hattori Aiko , Durno Darryn
Published: September 2020

Background:

Young people in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga South Africa are at high risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Therefore, awareness programs are needed to reach these young people and change their knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.

Objective:

The objective of this study is to use cross-sectional data from grade 10 female and male learners in randomly assigned intervention and control schools to examine their knowledge, attitudes, and sexual behaviors.

Methods:

Participants, who were in grade 10 in the 2018 school year and attending schools, were randomly assigned to the intervention and control arms for implementation of the Department of Basic Education’s adapted life orientation curriculum that included scripted lesson plans. The study took place in two high HIV prevalence provinces in South Africa. Participants completed self-administered tablet-based surveys and female participants provided a dried blood spot for HIV testing.

Results:

Results demonstrate that two-fifths to one-half of male learners reported being sexually experienced and a quarter (KwaZulu-Natal) to a third (Mpumalanga) of the female learners reported the same. A greater percentage of learners in Mpumalanga reported consistent condom use than learners in KwaZulu-Natal. HIV prevalence among female grade 10 learners in both provinces was about 6-7%. No notable differences were observed between intervention and control school learners on the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior outcomes.

Conclusion:

The findings demonstrate the importance of developing HIV prevention programs for young people in high HIV prevalence provinces since these young people remain at high risk for HIV and other negative outcomes.

Trial Registration:

This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov. The trial registration number is: NCT04205721. The trial was retrospectively registered on December 18, 2019.
A REVIEW ON PHARMACEUTICAL MINI TABLETS: NEW MODALITY TO ORAL DRUG DELIVERY
Authors: S NAVEEN TAJ
Published: September 2020

The purpose of any selected drug delivery system (DDS) is to deliver drug to target site and to get the desired drug concentration for effective therapy. The main purpose of designing controlled or sustained DDS is to decrease the frequency of dosing and maximizing its efficiency by confining the area of action of the drug to a selected region. It is well-identified that solid oral dosage form, particularly tablets, is the most satisfactory form of delivering medication. In addition, some new variations are emerging such as mini tabs which offer more formulation flexibility. Oral controlled release DDS are classified into two categories like single unit dosage forms which include tablets, capsules, and multiple-unit dosage forms include pellets, granules, or mini tablets. Mini tablets are a new development in solid dosage forms and more beneficial and great substitute for granules and pellets. Mini tablets defined as tablets which are having diameter <3 mm and promising patient friendly drug delivery system and more acceptable in small children’s and old age people as they are easy to swallow and offer therapeutic benefits such as manufactured relatively easy, dose and formulation flexibility, combination release pattern, coating, and less solvent requirement. Dose dumping and local irritation can be avoided using mini tablets. This review highlights the various advantages of mini tablets, manufacturing processes, formulation possibilities, and their challenges.
HEPATOPROTECTIVE, ANTIDIABETIC, AND ANTIPYRETIC ACTIVITY STUDIES OF SIDDHA FORMULATION – NILAVEMBU KUDINEER
Authors: N KASIRAJAN , B MAHESHWARI , G SUBASHCHANDRAN , KS MAANICKHA CHELVI
Published: September 2020

Objective: Traditional medicines like Siddha System of Medicine are one of the most primitive medical system. It plays a major role in treating ailments of humankind. Nowadays, this system flourished throughout India using Nilavembu kudineer (NVK) as a drug to treat in various outbreaks such as dengue, Chikungunya, and other related virus infections. As per literature, NVK indicated many types of fever and various diseases. This study emphasizes on antipyretic, antidiabetic, and hepato protective activities of NVK by In vitro study methods.

Methods: Hepatoprotective effect of NVK on Carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in the rat in five groups, antipyretic activity tested by subcutaneous injection of 10 ml/kg of 15% w/v yeast suspended in 0.5% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose solution for elevation of body temperature of rats in 6 groups. Antidiabetic activity done by administration of streptozotocin dissolved in citrate buffer (pH 4.5) and nicotinamide, intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin, 15 min after the i.p administration of 120 mg/kg of nicotinamide in non-insulin-dependent diabetes, in six groups.

Results: The hepatoprotective effect having the significance of one way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s (n=6); nsp>0.05, *p<0.05, **p<0.01, and ***p<0.001, calculated by comparing treated groups tumor with the control group. Antidiabetic activity having the significance of Dunnett’s ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, and *p<0.05 calculated by comparing the treated group with the control group and antipyretic activity results in Dunnett’s *p<0.05 calculated by comparing the treated group with the control group were considered to be significant.

Conclusion: The study shows that NVK having the potency of hepatoprotective and capability of diabetes in vitro studies. This study also revealed the potency of antipyretic activity against yeast.
ABHRAK BHASMA AND SiO2 INFLUENCED FREE RADICAL STATUS IN LIVER AND KIDNEY OF CCl4-INDUCED ACUTELY INTOXICATED MALE ALBINO RAT
Authors: B TELI PARASHURAM , A KANASE ARUNA
Published: September 2020

Objective: The objective of the study was to study the mechanism of action of abhrak bhasma-mediated liver and kidney protection in CCl4-induced acute hepatotoxicity-induced male albino rats. Action of abhrak bhasma is compared with the action of SiO2 in similar experimental conditions to differentiate the role of silicon.

Methods: Male albino rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used for experiments. The acute hepatotoxicity was induced by daily dose of CCl4 (3.0 ml/kg body wt for 7 days consecutive). Concurrent treatment of abhrak bhasma in graded doses (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg) was given for 7 days (PO). SiO2 (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg) in graded doses was also given in independent groups of rats as silica control. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liver and kidney was studied by malondialdehyde (MDA) estimations as parameter of toxicity and also to study protection.

Results: CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity (MDA levels) is partially managed by low doses of SiO2 but not by high doses. Abhrak bhasma hepatoprotective activities were dose dependent. A 40 mg dose maintained normal levels of LPO. Abhrak bhasma also protected associated renal toxicity.

Conclusion: Abhrak bhasma protected CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity and also associated renal toxicity. Silicon from both SiO2 and abhrak bhasma is hepatoprotective in 10 ml doses (10 and 20 mg) but silicon processed in abhrak bhasma by traditional Ayurvedic processes increased its potency and hepatoprotection and added the potency of renal protection.
CLINICAL TRIALS: PERSPECTIVES OF MEDICAL COMMUNITY
Authors: SANKAR KN HARI , PALAPPALLIL DHANYA SASIDHARAN , PANATTIL PRABITHA
Published: September 2020

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the knowledge, attitude, and perception about clinical trials (CTs) among medical community of a tertiary care institution.

Methodology: This was a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Pharmacology, Government Medical College in Central Kerala for a period of 1 year. In a sample population of 690 comprising medical undergraduates (3rd phase), residents, and doctors in Medical Education Service (MES), 309 questionnaires were distributed randomly assuming 80% response to achieve the sample size of 247. Knowledge, attitude, and perceptions were quantified with a cumulative score with a scoring scheme of +1 for a correct response/positive attitude/positive perception and 0 for an incorrect response/no response/negative attitude/negative perception. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16, the knowledge, attitude, and perception were expressed as mean score as well as proportion.

Results: The response rate was 95.79%. Of the 296 completed responses, 158 (53.4%) were from medical undergraduates, 62 (20.9%) from residents, and 76 (25.7%) from doctors in MES. The mean knowledge was 14.8±3.79 (maximum score 25). The mean attitudinal score was 7.07±1.82 (maximum score 10). The mean score of the participants on perception (maximum score=10) about CTs conducted in India was 4.11±2.02 which denoted a negative perception.

Conclusion: The participants had good knowledge and positive attitude about CTs, however, all the three groups of participants had negative perception about CTs currently conducted in India.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE REGARDING HYPOTHYROIDISM AMONG INFERTILE WOMEN WITH HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: PRASANNA G VIMALA DEVA , SM SHARUMATHI , SUNDARAM R SHANMUGA
Published: September 2020

Objective: The study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of hypothyroidism among infertile women with hypothyroidism.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed in an outpatient environment of infertility centers. We used a validated questionnaire to assess hypothyroidism KAP. Using frequency counts (n) and percentages (%), discrete data were summarized. The Chi-square/Fisher test was used between groups to compare.

Results: The mean age of participants was found to be 32±5.77 years. It was found that 72% of the subjects had poor knowledge, 44% were extremely concerned, and 81% were practicing with a moderate level of precaution. Among the consequences of hypothyroidism, 68% of the study subjects most properly-recognized menstrual disturbance, followed by 66%, 51%, and 48% of study subject properly-recognized weight gain, fatigue, and muscle aches/pain as a clinical manifestation of hypothyroidism. Most patients (98%) adhered to their medications. Nearly half of the study patients (45%) did not avoid cabbage, cauliflower, or soya.

Conclusion: Our study highlighted the significance of investing appropriate time to provide patients with a comprehensive education to bridge the gaps in patient care. The findings also indicated that it be better for the understanding of the patients if health-care providers could provide patients with data sheets explaining the disease or having some pictorial/pamphlets about the disease’s reality and myths.
MODULATORY EFFECT OF POLYMER TYPE AND CONCENTRATION ON DRUG RELEASE FROM SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX TABLETS OF RANOLAZINE: A COMPARATIVE RELEASE KINETIC STUDY
Authors: M AGIBA AHMED , HAKEEM WAGEEH ABDEL , G ZAYED ASHRAF
Published: September 2020

Objective: Ranolazine (RZ), antianginal drug indicated for the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, was formulated into sustained-release matrix tablets and optimized to improve patient compliance and achieve controlled release over a certain period.

Methods: Different formulations were prepared by wet- and melt-granulation techniques. Excipients at different ratios as Eudragit® L100-55, Methocel™ E5, Avicel® PH-101, and carnauba wax powder were used to develop a ternary polymeric matrix system for the controlled delivery of RZ. The prepared formulations were subjected to granulometric and characteristic studies. Comparative dissolution and release kinetic studies of the selected formulation and the reference product, Ranexa® extended-release film-coated tablets, Gilead Sciences, Inc., USA, were further carried out to ensure product similarity.

Results: The optimum pH-dependent to pH-independent polymers ratio was 1:1.3 (w/w). Extragranular carnauba wax in a concentration of 32.50 mg/tablet (2.50 gm% w/w) was the key excipient in controlling drug release kinetics by forming waxy matrix granules which prevent rapid dissolution. Modulation of the microenvironmental pH using a potent alkalinizing agent was very effective for controlling drug release patterns in different dissolution media from pH 1.2–6.8.

Conclusion: The release of RZ from the matrix tablets was controlled for a period of 24 h, and thereby expected to provide patient compliance with minimal side effects.
CORRELATION OF IRON AND MYELOPEROXIDASE LEVELS IN ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
Authors: MUPPALA THEJASWINI , RAJESH DASARAJU , PATIL PRIYA , V RAO ASHALATHA
Published: September 2020

Objective: The objective of the study was to estimate, compare, and correlate serum iron and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels in acute ischemic heart disease (IHD) cases.

Methods: Subjects for the study were divided into two groups of 35 acute IHD cases and 35 age and sex matched controls. Serum iron and MPO levels were assayed, and results compared.

Statistical analysis: The comparison between two groups was done using the Student’s t-test. Correlation between iron and MPO was established using Pearson’s correlation test.

Results: High serum MPO levels and low iron levels were observed in acute IHD cases in comparison to controls. There was no significant correlation between serum iron and MPO in acute IHD cases.

Conclusion: High iron levels have a beneficial role, whereas high MPO levels have an inflammatory role in the development of IHD. Determination of serum iron and MPO levels in high-risk subjects may help in taking proper measures to prevent acute IHD.
EVALUATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF THE PARANASAL SINUS IN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING MODALITIES
Authors: OJHA SANTOSH , DEBNATH MANNA , NIRAULA ANUPAM , KHAN TAHIRI SHAHNAWAZ ALI
Published: September 2020

Objectives: The objective of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of pathological conditions and anatomical variations occurring within paranasal sinus among the patients undergoing computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan in Gurugram district.

Methods: A prospective study was conducted among 20 patients in each modality, the patient undergoing the CT of paranasal sinus and patients undergoing routine MRI brain study. The clinical findings from CT and MRI were taken as primary data and later on compiled together under different variables to assess the occurrence of paranasal sinus disease and anatomical variations within.

Results: The present study revealed that the most common pathology was mucosal thickening followed by polyp and the occurrence of air-fluid level; maxillary sinus being commonly affected. In patients undergoing CT, the most common anatomical variation was deviated nasal septum, that is, 16 out of 20 patients followed by the bone spur formation. In the patients undergoing routine MRI brain, most of the patient had mucosal thickening <5 mm. In the lining of maxillary sinus, moderate hyperintensity was reported.

Conclusion: Based on the study, it is concluded that mucosal thickening is most commonly evident pathology with maximum occurrence seen in the maxillary sinus. The co-occurrence of more than 1 anatomical variation and involvement of multiple paranasal sinuses were seen positive. MRI was found more sensitive in assessing the early changes in sinus mucosal abnormalities.
INVESTIGATION OF THYROIDS DYSFUNCTION AMONG INFERTILE WOMEN IN NASIRIYAH CITY
Authors: AMER MUAYAD HUSSEIN , THUWAIN MAHDI M. , AL-SNAFI ALI E.
Published: September 2020

Objective: Epidemiological studies revealed that 10-15 % of couples in the world experience infertility. Thyroid dysfunction (hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism) possessed adverse effect on reproductive health and resulted in, interference with ovulation, reduced rates of conception, increased early pregnancy loss, and adverse effects on pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. The current study aims to explore the thyroid dysfunction among infertile women in Nasiriyah city-Iraq.

Methods: The study was conducted on 60 infertile women (age group 17–45 y) who visited infertility departments in Al-Hussein hospital, Al-Haboubi hospital and Bent AL Huda hospital, in Nasiriyah city, from October 2019 to March 2020. Thirty normal females (age matched) were taken as controls. TSH, T3, T4, LH, FSH, prolactin, progesterone and estradiol levels were determine by using VIDAS® Assay.

Results: The prevalence of hyperthyroidism among infertile women was 13.33% and hypothyroidism was 10.00%. Both hyper and hypothyroidism induced adverse changes in the serum levels of LH, FSH, prolactin and gonadal hormones.

Conclusion: Thyroid dysfunction was associated with a risk of not getting pregnancy. Women were advised to achieve euthyroidism before planning a pregnancy.
FORMULATION OF AN ANTI-BACTERIAL CREAM FROM PLANTOXALIS CORNICULATA ANDITS EVALUATION
Authors: JOHNSON BATHSA LIZA , ARAKAREDDY BHANUPRAKASH , SAM KEZIA K.
Published: September 2020

Objective: Even in areas where modern medicine is available, the interest on herbal medicines and their utilization have been increasing rapidly in recent years. Plant-derived substances and herbal medicines have recently attracted the great interest towards their versatile application as medical plants are the rich source of bioactive compounds used in traditional and modern medicine. The present work is to formulate and evaluate the antibacterial cream of oxalis corniculata extract.

Methods: The ethanolic extracts were prepared by using the maceration method.

Results: The agrochemical potential of methanolic extract, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate,and n-butanol soluble sfractions showed excellent activites against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi, and Bacillus subtilis. Similarly the crude n-hexane and chloroform fractions were also found to have significant activity against fungal strains including Fusarium solani, Aspergillus flexneri, and Aspergillus flavus.

Conclusion: Oxalis corniculata is a common medicinal plant widely used against numerous infectious diseases. The two isolated compounds 5-hydroxy-6,7,8,4’-tetra methoxy flavone and 5,7,4’-trihydroxy-6,8-dimethoxyflavone were evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities. The results showed that latter compound was more active than that of the former.
EFFECT OF BOILING AND MICROWAVE ASSISTED PROCESSING ON THE ANTIMICROBIAL EFFICACY OF VITAMIN–C IN EMBLICA OFFICINALIS
Authors: SUTRADHAR PAYEL , GHOSH SHALINI , ROY BINITA KUMARI
Published: September 2020

Objective: The present work aimed to expand the awareness of restoring vitamin-C in its active form on different heat exposures. The effect of microwave-assisted processing and boiling of the aqueous crude extract of citrus fruit Emblica officinalis (amla) has been correlated with its antimicrobial efficacy against E. coli.

Methods: The aqueous crude extract of dried amla pulp exposed to microwave radiation(600W,5 min) and boiling (5 min) were titrimetrically estimated for vitamin-C content by DCPIP-(2,6, Dinitrophenol indophenol) method and compared the same with the untreated sample. These three samples were studied for their effect on the growth pattern of E. coli turbidimetrically. The antimicrobial susceptibility test by agar cup well diffusion method was further followed to measure the zone of inhibitions (ZOI) for these three test extracts against E. coli.

Results: The total estimated vitamin-C content was 26.76 mg/100g, 25.35 mg/100g and 21.12 mg/100g in the untreated extract (UTE), microwaved extract (MWE) and boiled extract (BE) respectively. At a higher concentration (0.8 mg/ml), the UTE showed a greater ZOI of 20 mm and a comparable ZOI of 18 mm for the MWE against E. coli. In addition, a reduced ZOI of 10 mm was recorded in case of the BE. At a lowest concentration (0.05 mg/ml), the UTE inhibited the growth with a least ZOI of 7 mm, whereas no inhibition zones were detected for MWE and BE at this concentration.

Conclusion: The present investigation demonstrated the effect of boiling and microwave-assisted processing on the content of bioactive vitamin-C and its antimicrobial activity. The DCPIP method calculated a more vitamin-C retention in the MWE than the BE. As the boiling method destroyed the vitamin more rapidly, a higher growth rate of E. coli was measured in the presence of BE than the UTE and MWE. In addition, the antimicrobial assay also showed a least inhibitory effect against E. coli in the presence of the BE. A moderate inhibitory effect for MWE was also detected. Thus the present investigation proved that the boiling process destroys vitamin-C present in a food sample to a higher extent than the microwave-assisted processing.
ЭОП или телевизионная матрица: аспекты эффективности применения
Authors: Медведев А.В. , Гринкевич А.В. , Князева С.Н.
Published: September 2020

В статье рассмотрены аспекты двух конструкционных решений для многоспектральных приборов. Решения даны в виде комбинации взаимодополняющих друг друга каналов: тепловизионного канала с каналом на телевизионном сенсоре и тепловизионного канала с каналом, построенным на электронно-­оптическом преобразователе. Приведены методы повышения эффективности каждой комбинации согласованных наблюдательных систем с расширенными границами применяемости в различных условиях внешних воздействий.
XXVI международный cимпозиум «Оптика атмосферы и океана. Физика атмосферы»
Authors: Харченко О.В.
Published: September 2020

XXVI Международный симпозиум «Оптика атмосферы и океана. Физика атмосферы» состоялся в городе Москве с 6 по 10 июля 2020 года. В настоящее время симпозиум является одним из самых представительных и регулярных научных мероприятий по данной тематике, проводимых в России. Растет интерес к симпозиуму в научных кругах стран ближнего и дальнего зарубежья, прежде всего среди представителей научных коллективов Франции, США, Германии, Китая, Японии, Великобритании, Швейцарии. На симпозиуме «Оптика атмосферы и океана. Физика атмосферы» представляется большое число научных докладов высокого уровня по актуальным приоритетным направлениям Стратегии научно-­технологического развития Российской Федерации, утвержденной Указом Президента РФ от 1 декабря 2016 г. № 642. Проведение такого рода мероприятия обеспечивает весомое представительство в мировом научном сообществе ведущих ученых российских научных школ, которые являются лидирующими в стране и широко известными в мире.
Improving Access to Justice: Do Contingency Fees Really Work?
Authors: Hutchinson Allan C.
Published: September 2020

While not touted as a universal panacea for access problems, contingency fees have received general praise as an important and justice-improving initiative.  By back-loading the payment of legal fees, the assumption is that the interests of clients and litigants will be better served.  I challenge that received wisdom.  While the rise of contingency fee agreements between lawyers and clients has increased the number of people who can afford lawyers and make successful claims, the more challenging issue is whether that increase is being achieved at too high a price to clients and litigants – while more people are able to bring a case, which they could not otherwise have done, they will be receiving far less than they might actually be entitled to.  In short, do contingency fees work as much or more to the advantage of lawyers than clients?  I suggest not.
The Prospects for Customary Law in Transitional Justice: The Case of Fiji
Authors: Quinn Joanna R
Published: September 2020

The use of customary law shows real promise in addressing the challenges that arise when confronting the legacies of past human rights abuses and atrocities.  Unlike typical transitional justice mechanisms like trials, truth commissions, and reparations programs, customary practices are community-based and well-known to the people who use them.  Indeed, customary practices could be used in transitional societies in place of “foreign” practices to bring about the same objectives.  This paper considers the role that customary law plays in Fiji.  It further assesses the prospects for the use of customary, traditional law in situations where transitional justice is called for.
O Uso de Ferramentas para o Ensino de Computação: um foco no ensino de programação
Authors: Rodrigues de Lima Rodrigo , Miranda Neto Milton
Published: September 2020

Ante a eminência de um mundo digital, o presente artigo apresenta como objetivo apontar quais são as ferramentas mais utilizadas atualmente para o ensino introdutório de programação, considerando pra isto as ferramentas reutilizáveis. Para o alcance deste objetivo foi empregada a metodologia de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, que consistem na utilização de artigos jornalísticos e acadêmicos. O que se percebe é que a maioria das ferramentas utilizadas na atualidade são aquelas que de fácil interação para o usuário, sendo todas adequadas a usuários leigos no assunto. É importante enfatizar que tanto as ferramentas mencionadas, como os temas abordados neste artigo são passíveis de um estudo mais aprofundado, isto, a fim de se agregar maior conhecimento aos interessados no assunto.
Penerapan prinsip Citizen’s Charter untuk meningkatkan kualitas layanan publik
Authors: Misnawati  , Ikhsan  , Ilhamsyah Fadhil
Published: September 2020

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penerapan prinsip Citizen’s charter di Dinas Pendudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil (Disdukcapil), Kabupaten Nagan Raya. Disdukcapil merupakan garda terdepan dalam pemberian layanan kepada masyarakat secara langsung hampir semua masyarakat harus berhubungan dan mendapatkan layanan dari Disdukcapil, oleh karena itu, Disdukcapil menjadi barometer utama jika ingin melihat pelayanan disuatu Kabupaten/kota.. Metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif dipilih untuk menganilisis penerpan prinsip citizen’s charter. Naramsumber dipilih dengan teknik purposive sampling dengan harapan data yang didapat sesuai kebutuhan peneliti. Data yang didapat baik dari data primer dan data skunder kemudian dianalisis oleh peneliti berdasar konsep prinsip citizen’s chater. Temuan dalam penelitian ini, penerepan prinsip citizen charter sudah dilaksanan akan tetapi belum menyentuh level subtansi dari prinsip tersebut sehingga menyebabkan pelayanan yang diberikan belum maksimal.
Ética y actitud hacia los valores que promueve la universidad
Authors: Inostroza-Araya Liza , Santander-Ramírez Valentín , Severino-González Pedro
Published: September 2020

Introducción. En el nivel ejecutivo de las empresas laboran los profesionales de negocios formados en la universidad. La formación universitaria es relevante en valores y conductas éticas esperadas de sus egresados. Las decisiones de los profesionales pueden llevar a una empresa a actuar al margen la ética. Objetivo. El estudio busca conocer, primeramente, la concepción ética de los docentes universitarios, seguido busca conocer la actitud que los docentes asumen hacia los valores que promueve la universidad. Materiales y métodos. Se aplicó a 36 docentes universitarios una encuesta denominada Medida de las actitudes y opiniones del profesorado universitario hacia la Ética Profesional Docente y su papel como transmisor de valores, de García, Ferrández, Sales y Moliner (2006). Resultados. En el estudio se halló que la ética profesional docente es percibida como normas de comportamiento correcto, que implican asumir valores y modelos de conducta. Conclusión. Los docentes universitarios asumen que deben enseñar valores a sus estudiantes, sin tratar de influenciarlos. Para ello, es necesaria una preparación específica que asegure la transmisión de valores.
Análisis de la percepción del estudiante universitario sobre el contexto sociotecnológico a través de la innovación didáctica
Authors: López-Meneses Eloy , Vázquez-Cano Esteban , Corchuelo-Fernández Celia , Cejudo-Cortes Carmen María
Published: September 2020

Introducción. En el presente artículo se presenta un estudio diacrónico en el que se analizan 405 concepciones de estudiantes universitarios sobre la Sociedad de la Información implementadas a través de un software social (Word Clouds). Objetivo. El objetivo principal consiste en analizar la funcionalidad didáctica de herramientas de creación y difusión de contenido digital para el desarrollo de contenidos de asignaturas universitarias. Materiales y métodos. La muestra participante está compuesta por estudiantes de dos titulaciones: Doble Grado en Trabajo Social y Educación Social correspondientes a los cursos académicos 2010/11 a 2016/17 y Grado de Educación Social (2013/2017) de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla (España). A través de una metodología descriptiva y cualitativa se realiza la codificación y análisis de frecuencias temáticas de las nubes de palabras creadas por los estudiantes correspondiente al curso académico 2011-12 del doble Grado de Trabajo Social y Educación Social (T.S/E.S) y se comparan con los restantes cursos académicos. Resultados. Los resultados muestran que los términos más representativos para los estudiantes son: Globalización (61,86%), Comunicación (43,85%), Tecnología (43,85%), Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) (41,73%), Información (38,98%), e Internet- Red de redes (25,21%). Por último, cabe resaltar que dieciséis nuevos términos aparecen, dependiendo del año académico, siendo los más mencionados: Desigualdad (19,91%), Crisis (13,13%) y Consumo (8,47%). Conclusión. Esta experiencia universitaria permite mostrar que la utilización educativa de creación de nubes de palabras digitales puede ser un recurso didáctico muy interesante como vehículo para el sedimento reflexivo y repositorio de experiencias de aprendizaje del alumnado universitario.
Una opinión sobre el discurso político
Authors: Montoya-Carvajal Juan Fernando
Published: September 2020

La causa de una manifestación racional generalmente tiene naturaleza humana y la trascendencia de su efecto sólo puede hacer partícipes a quienes le den una interpretación de voluntad, permeando los esquemas subjetivos que constituyen los diferentes pensamientos e ideologías. El discurso surge desde una necesidad de transportar un mensaje, el cual en su estructura lo constituyen formas lógicas y estilos lingüísticos, con el fin de afectar voluntades.
Association between birthweight and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in children, a systematic review
Authors: Aduse-Poku Livingstone , Akyirem Samuel
Published: September 2020

BackgroundBirthweight is normally determined by a range of genetic traits and exposures occurring within the intra-uterine environment. Some epidemiological studies have reported high birthweight as a risk factor of Acute lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Other studies have however not demonstrated this relationship.ObjectivesThe objective of this review is to assess the association between birthweight and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in children. Search methods We searched observational studies from Cochrane, MEDLINE, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, BIOSIS, the allied and Complementary Medicine Database and National Research Register, ClinicalTrial.gov, WHO International Trials Registry Platform. Selection criteriaWe included case control and cohort studies assessing the association between birthweight and ALL in children. All particpants below the age of 18 years (children) with ALL were included in the analysis. The independent variable in this review was birthweight. Birthweight was categorised into two (2). Birthweight >4kg (experimental arm) and ≤ (control arm).Data collection and analysisTwo reviewers independently assessed identified studies through two stages of screening. First, titles and abstracts of all references identified through searches were screened and irrelevant studies were excluded. Also, full texts of potentially eligible studies were further assessed according to previously defined inclusion criteria. Studies that did not meet inclusion criteria were excluded and reasons for their exclusion were stated. All studies that met the inclusion criteria were included. Areas of disagreement were resolved by a third-party review. Two review authors double checked the studies independently.Main resultsOut of the 348 studies screened, 16 of them met the inclusion criteria. A total of 3650728 participant provided data for analysis in this review. These studies were published between 1987 and 2018. The age span of studies was similar across studies (roughly (0-18 years). The vast majority of ALL was diagnosed before 15 years. 14 of the included studies were case control studies and 2 of them were cohort studies. Figure 1 presents odd ratio estimates for effect of birthweight on ALL (≤ 4000g vs. > 4000g). There was a statistically significant positive relationship between high birthweight (birthweight > 4000g) and risk of ALL (16 studies, OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.77, 0.85). Authors' conclusionsOur study revealed a significant positive relationship between high birthweight and ALL. Several studies have demonstrated an association between factors such as: high pre-pregnancy weight and height; gestational age greater than 42 weeks; parity greater than and high birthweight. Therefore, public health programs and interventions aimed at reducing the incidence of these maternal factors can reduce the risk of high birthweight and lower the incidence of ALL.
Co-expression of Leptin and Leptin Receptor in Adenocarcinoma of the Colon in Malay Population
Authors: Al-Shibli Saad M. , Harun Norra , Alkubaisi Muna Kh.
Published: September 2020

Objectives: To assess the role of leptin in human colonic adenocarcinoma and to establish its expression in Malay population patients by using immunohistochemistry study. Methodology: Immunohistochemical study (IHC) using antibodies against leptin and its receptor was applied to assess the expression of leptin and its receptor in 38 samples of adenocarcinoma of the colon among Malay population and compare this expression with that of the adjacent normal colon tissue. Results: All the 38 colon adenocarcinoma samples stained strongly (100%) for leptin and 36 out of 38 also stained strongly for leptin receptor (95%). The other 2 (5%) stained weak (1+). However, the whole specimens of the normal adjacent colon tissue stained weakly (1+) for both leptin and leptin receptor. The expression of both hormones in cancer and normal tissue is significantly different (p<0.01). There was significant co-expression of both hormones in colonic cancerous tissue. Conclusions: Leptin/leptin receptor system may have a tumorigenic effect on the colon tissue, most likely by an autocrine process. Inhibition of leptin/leptin receptor system might be helpful in the prevention and management of colon cancer.
Pseudopapillary and Solid Tumor of Pancreas (PPSTP): Report of Seven Cases
Authors: Berkane Salah
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Described for the first time by Frantz in 1959 [1], pseudopapillary solid tumors of the pancreas (PPSTP) and have been defined since 1996 by the WHO as solids and papillaries [2]. They are particular by their clear predominance occurring in young women (30 years on average) and their good long-term prognosis [3]. Their positive diagnosis is often based on modern morphological examinations such as computed tomography and MRI. Surgery occupies a prominent place in their therapeutic management and all importance must be given to their diagnosis or at least their strong presumption in order to make curative surgical resection. We report seven cases all involve women, with an average age of 26.4 years (15-59 years). Radical surgery was performed in all cases with simple consequences in 5 patients and complicated in 2 others, including a pancreatic fistula and a pulmonary embolism. The histological study confirmed the diagnosis in all cases and the latter was supplemented by immunohistochemistry. In the long term, the seven patients are alive without recurrence at 100, 88, 78, 78, 74, 48 and 24 months. Conclusion: this form of pancreatic tumors has a good prognostic if well treated. The surgery is the best treatment. Clinician, radiologist, histologist and surgeon must know this disease.