bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prospective, randomized, blinded, and placebo-controlled study of Cerebrolysin dose-response effects on long-term functional outcomes in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury
Authors: Zhang Yanlu , Chopp Michael , Gang Zhang Zheng , Zhang Yi , Zhang Li , Lu Mei , Zhang Talan , Winter Stefan , Brandstätter Hemma , Mahmood Asim , Xiong Ye
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVE

Cerebrolysin is a neuropeptide preparation that mimics the properties of neurotrophic factors and has had beneficial effects in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). To further evaluate treatment schemes, the authors assessed the dose-response of Cerebrolysin on functional improvement in a rat model of mild TBI (mTBI).

METHODS

This dose-response study was a prospective, randomized, blinded, and placebo-controlled preclinical experiment. Male Wistar adult rats, subjected to mTBI induced by a closed head impact, were treated randomly with 0 (saline as placebo), 0.8, 2.5, or 7.5 ml/kg of Cerebrolysin 4 hours after mTBI and daily for a total of 10 consecutive days. A battery of cognitive and sensorimotor functional tests was performed over 90 days.

RESULTS

The primary outcome was functional improvement over the 90 days; animal weight and death were the secondary and safety outcomes, respectively. A significant (p < 0.001) dose effect of Cerebrolysin on cognitive recovery 3 months after injury was found. Cerebrolysin at a dose of ≥ 0.8 ml/kg significantly (p < 0.001) improved cognitive outcome. The higher dose (7.5 ml/kg) resulted in significantly better cognitive recovery than the lowest doses (0.8 ml/kg) but not relative to the 2.5-ml/kg dose. Cerebrolysin at a dose of 2.5 or 7.5 ml/kg also caused different onset times of significant improvement in sensorimotor function. No differences in body weight or mortality rate among the groups were found.

CONCLUSIONS

This preclinical randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded study with a clinically relevant treatment scheme revealed that Cerebrolysin at doses of 0.8–7.5 ml/kg, administered 4 hours after mTBI and then once daily for a total of 10 consecutive days, improved functional outcomes 3 months after injury. A dose of 2.5 ml/kg is likely an optimal dose for the treatment of experimental mTBI.
Predictive value of positive high-sensitivity troponin T in intubated traumatic brain injury patients
Authors: El-Menyar Ayman , Asim Mohammad , Latifi Rifat , Bangdiwala Shrikant I. , Al-Thani Hassan
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVE

The clinical relevance of high-sensitivity troponin T (HsTnT) in trauma patients is not well explored. In this study, the authors aimed to study the predictive value of serum HsTnT in intubated patients who had sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI).

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted for all intubated TBI patients between 2010 and 2014 at a national level 1 trauma center. Data were analyzed and compared based on the HsTnT status on admission (group 1, negative results; and group 2, positive results). Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine sensitivity, specificity, and cutoff level of HsTnT to predict mortality. Time to earlier discharge from hospital or death was modeled using Cox proportional hazard models to describe the relationship between HsTnT and in-hospital mortality.

RESULTS

Of the 826 intubated TBI patients, 490 underwent HsTnT testing; 65.7% had positive HsTnT results. Patients in group 2 had a higher Injury Severity Score (p = 0.001) and head Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score (p = 0.004) than those in group 1. In addition, group 2 patients were more likely to have lower Glasgow Coma Scale scores (p = 0.001) and more likely to experience intraventricular hemorrhage, brain edema, pneumonia, and sepsis (p = 0.001). HsTnT values positively correlated with head AIS score (r = 0.19, p = 0.001) and varied by the type of lesion and time to death. Ventilator days and length of hospital stay were more prolonged in group 2 patients (p = 0.001). Area under the curve (AUC) analysis showed that HsTnT ≥ 26.5 ng/L predicted all-cause mortality (AUC 0.75, 95% CI 0.699–0.801) with 80% sensitivity. Positive HsTnT was an independent predictor of mortality in multivariate models (adjusted OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.308–7.351) even after excluding chest injury (adjusted OR 4.18, 95% CI 1.320–13.231).

CONCLUSIONS

Positive HsTnT results are associated with poor outcomes in intubated patients with TBI. In this subset of patients, measuring serum HsTnT on admission is a useful tool for early risk stratification and expedited care; however, further prospective studies are warranted.
Adapting to Learn and Learning to Adapt: Practical Insights from International Development Projects
Authors: Brinkerhoff Derick W. , Frazer Sarah , McGregor Lisa
Published: January 2018

Adaptive programming and management principles focused on learning, experimentation, and evidence-based decision making are gaining traction with donor agencies and implementing partners in international development. Adaptation calls for using learning to inform adjustments during project implementation. This requires information gathering methods that promote reflection, learning, and adaption, beyond reporting on pre-specified data. A focus on adaptation changes traditional thinking about program cycle. It both erases the boundaries between design, implementation, and evaluation and reframes thinking to consider the complexity of development problems and nonlinear change pathways.Supportive management structures and processes are crucial for fostering adaptive management. Implementers and donors are experimenting with how procurement, contracting, work planning, and reporting can be modified to foster adaptive programming. Well-designed monitoring, evaluation, and learning systems can go beyond meeting accountability and reporting requirements to produce data and learning for evidence-based decision making and adaptive management. It is important to continue experimenting and learning to integrate adaptive programming and management into the operational policies and practices of donor agencies, country partners, and implementers. We need to devote ongoing effort to build the evidence base for the contributions of adaptive management to achieving international development results.
What are “X-shaped” Radio Sources Telling Us? I. Very Large Array Imaging of a Large Sample of Candidate XRGs
Authors: Roberts David H. , Saripalli Lakshmi , Wang Kevin X. , Rao Mayuri Sathyanarayana , Subrahmanyan Ravi , KleinStern Carly C. , Morii-Sciolla Christopher Y. , Simpson Liana
Published: January 2018

We present archival and Jansky Very Large Array multi-frequency multi-array radio continuum imaging of a unique sample of 100 radio sources that have been selected to be candidate “X-shaped” radio galaxies (XRGs). The archival data were calibrated in AIPS and imaged using DIFMAP, while the new Very Large Array data were calibrated and imaged in CASA. No attempt was made to re-image the archival data in CASA. Altogether we present images of 95 of the 100 sources. These observations give us the opportunity to study radio sources with synchrotron plasma that is significantly offset from the main radio axis and therefore to open a window into investigations of physical mechanisms responsible for depositing the plasma in off-axis regions. Here, we present the technical details of the observations and all of the total intensity images, while in subsequent papers we use them to examine critically various models for the formation of XRGs. Spectral index and linear polarization information is also presented and analyzed in further papers in this series.
Origin of the High-energy Neutrino Flux at IceCube
Authors: Carceller J. M. , Illana J. I. , Masip M. , Meloni D.
Published: January 2018

We discuss the spectrum of the different components in the astrophysical neutrino flux reaching the Earth, and the possible contribution of each component to the high-energy IceCube data. We show that the diffuse flux from cosmic ray (CR) interactions with gas in our galaxy implies just two events among the 54-event sample. We argue that the neutrino flux from CR interactions in the intergalactic (intracluster) space depends critically on the transport parameter δ describing the energy dependence in the diffusion coefficient of galactic CRs. Our analysis motivates a

neutrino spectrum with a drop at PeV energies that fits the data well, including the non-observation of the Glashow resonance at 6.3 PeV. We also show that a CR flux described by an unbroken power law may produce a neutrino flux with interesting spectral features (bumps and breaks) related to changes in the CR composition.
An Automated Algorithm for Identifying and Tracking Transverse Waves in Solar Images
Authors: Weberg Micah J. , Morton Richard J. , McLaughlin James A.
Published: January 2018

Recent instrumentation has demonstrated that the solar atmosphere supports omnipresent transverse waves, which could play a key role in energizing the solar corona. Large-scale studies are required in order to build up an understanding of the general properties of these transverse waves. To help facilitate this, we present an automated algorithm for identifying and tracking features in solar images and extracting the wave properties of any observed transverse oscillations. We test and calibrate our algorithm using a set of synthetic data, which includes noise and rotational effects. The results indicate an accuracy of 1%–2% for displacement amplitudes and 4%–10% for wave periods and velocity amplitudes. We also apply the algorithm to data from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory and find good agreement with previous studies. Of note, we find that 35%–41% of the observed plumes exhibit multiple wave signatures, which indicates either the superposition of waves or multiple independent wave packets observed at different times within a single structure. The automated methods described in this paper represent a significant improvement on the speed and quality of direct measurements of transverse waves within the solar atmosphere. This algorithm unlocks a wide range of statistical studies that were previously impractical.
The Influence of Metallicity on Stellar Differential Rotation and Magnetic Activity
Authors: Karoff Christoffer , Metcalfe Travis S. , Santos Ângela R. G. , Montet Benjamin T. , Isaacson Howard , Witzke Veronika , Shapiro Alexander I. , Mathur Savita , Davies Guy R. , Lund Mikkel N. , Garcia Rafael A. , Brun Allan S. , Salabert David , Avelino Pedro P. , Saders Jennifer van , Egeland Ricky , Cunha Margarida S. , Campante Tiago L. , Chaplin William J. , Krivova Natalie , Solanki Sami K. , Stritzinger Maximilian , Knudsen Mads F.
Published: January 2018

Observations of Sun-like stars over the past half-century have improved our understanding of how magnetic dynamos, like that responsible for the 11 yr solar cycle, change with rotation, mass, and age. Here we show for the first time how metallicity can affect a stellar dynamo. Using the most complete set of observations of a stellar cycle ever obtained for a Sun-like star, we show how the solar analog HD 173701 exhibits solar-like differential rotation and a 7.4 yr activity cycle. While the duration of the cycle is comparable to that generated by the solar dynamo, the amplitude of the brightness variability is substantially stronger. The only significant difference between HD 173701 and the Sun is its metallicity, which is twice the solar value. Therefore, this provides a unique opportunity to study the effect of the higher metallicity on the dynamo acting in this star and to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the physical mechanisms responsible for the observed photometric variability. The observations can be explained by the higher metallicity of the star, which is predicted to foster a deeper outer convection zone and a higher facular contrast, resulting in stronger variability.
Evidence for Eccentric, Precessing Gaseous Debris in the Circumstellar Absorption toward WD 1145 + 017
Authors: Cauley P. Wilson , Farihi Jay , Redfield Seth , Bachman Stephanie , Parsons Steven G. , Gänsicke Boris T.
Published: January 2018

We present time-series spectra revealing changes in the circumstellar line profiles for the white dwarf WD 1145 + 017. Over the course of 2.2 years, the spectra show complete velocity reversals in the circumstellar absorption, moving from strongly redshifted in 2015 April to strongly blueshifted in 2017 June. The depth of the absorption also varies, increasing by a factor of two over the same period. The dramatic changes in the line profiles are consistent with eccentric circumstellar gas rings undergoing general relativistic precession. As the argument of periapsis of the rings changes relative to the line of sight, the transiting gas shifts from receding in 2016 to approaching in 2017. Based on the precession timescales in the favored model, we make predictions for the line profiles over the next few years. Spectroscopic monitoring of WD 1145 + 017 will test these projections and aid in developing more accurate white dwarf accretion disk models.
Sofosbuvir-Ledipasvir with or without Ribavirin for Chronic Hepatitis C Genotype-1 and 6: Real-World Experience in Vietnam
Authors: Thuy Pham Thi Thu , Bunchorntavakul Chalermrat , Dat Ho Tan , Palecki Julia , Reddy K Rajender
Published: January 2018

Background

Therapy with sofosbuvir–ledipasvir (SOF–LDV) has been very effective in chronic HCV genotype-1 in clinical trials and several real-world cohorts. However, the safety and efficacy data of SOF–LDV for HCV genotype-6 is quite limited.

Methods

This open-label, clinical experience evaluated the safety and efficacy of SOF–LDV with or without ribavirin (RBV) for 12–24 weeks in patients with HCV genotype-1 ( n=356) and genotype-6 ( n=175) in Vietnam between September 2015 and May 2017.

Results

Among 539 patients evaluated for therapy, 531 patients completed treatment with either SOF–LDV for 12 weeks ( n=284); SOF–LDV + RBV for 12 weeks ( n=109); SOF–LDV for 24 weeks ( n=36); or SOF–LDV + RBV for 24 weeks ( n=102). 45% were male with a mean age of 56.3 (range 20–87) years. The mean HCV RNA was 4,370,000 IU/ml and 72.7% had high viral load of >800,000 IU/ml. 17.3% failed prior interferon-based therapy and 52.5% had advanced fibrosis (F3–4) as noted by transient elastography. The overall sustained virological response (SVR12) rate was 99.6% (529/531). Virological relapses occurred in two patients with genotype-1 in the SOF–LDV for 12 weeks and SOF–LDV + RBV for 24 weeks treatment groups. There was no significant difference in demographic data and treatment outcomes between patients with genotype-1 versus 6. Adverse events were mild with all SOF–LDV regimens, but appeared to be more common with 24-week treatment groups.

Conclusions

SOF–LDV with or without RBV was highly effective and safe in Vietnamese patients with HCV genotype-1 and 6.
Hemorrhagic Ischemic Retinal Vasculitis and Alopecia Areata as a Manifestation of HLA-B27
Authors: Sharma Ravi , Randhawa Sandeep
Published: January 2018

A 12-year-old Indian boy presented with acute and severe vision loss in his right eye. He was being treated for scalp alopecia areata and rashes behind the ears and above the brow. The eye examination revealed unilateral hemorrhagic retinal vasculitis. The lab work was normal except for a positive HLA-B27 result. The patient was treated with intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin; Genentech, South San Francisco, CA) and systemic immunosuppression. The retinal vasculitis improved with treatment, but visual acuity only mildly improved. The alopecia areata also improved with systemic immunosuppression.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina
. 2018;49:60–63.]
(Folk) Belief through the History of Folklore Studies: Conceptualisation and Terminology
Authors: Mencej Mirjam
Published: January 2018

Članek obravnava terminologijo in različne konceptualizacije verovanja, kakor se kažejo v zgodovini evropske in ameriške folkloristike. Predstavlja pregled konceptualizacij verovanja: od verovanja kot posamične entitete (motiva) in obenem posebnega folklornega žanra; verovanja kot kognitivne realnosti, ki se izraža v različnih žanrih folklore; do verovanja kot procesa, dejanja. Na koncu obravnava še terminologijo v sodobni slovenski folkloristiki.
***
The paper discusses the terminology and the conceptualisations of belief in the history of European and American folkloristics. It examines the conceptualisation of beliefs as entities and folklore genre; as a cognitive reality, underlying various folklore genres; and a process, an act of believing. Finally, it reviews terminology in contemporary Slovenian folklore studies on belief and proposes the terminology in the Slovenian language.
Against Creativity: Loosely Structured Thoughts on a Loosely Defined Topic
Authors: Bajič Blaž
Published: January 2018

This article addresses the notion of creativity by following its use in a discourse common to a heterogeneous group of social agents. It is argued that creativity, with an associated notional framework, shapes a depoliticized way of imagining communities, places, and society. It is claimed that such an approach prevents us from properly grasping the form of social processes under scrutiny and must be rejected.
***
Prispevek obravnava pojem ustvarjalnosti, tako da sledi njegovi rabi v diskurzu, ki je skupen heterogeni skupini družbenih akterjev. Skupaj s povezanim pojmovnim ozadjem ustvarjalnost oblikuje depolitiziran način predstavljanja skupnosti, krajev in družbe. Teza prispevka je, da takšen pristop onemogoča, da bi ustrezno zajeli oblike družbenih procesov, ki jih preučujemo, in ga je zato treba zavrniti.
Comparison of standardized uptake value ratio calculations in amyloid positron emission tomography brain imaging
Authors: Knesaurek Karin , Warnock Geoffrey , Kostakoglu Lale , Burger Cyrill ,   for Alzheimer′s Disease
Published: January 2018

Amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with florbetapir 18F (18F-AV-45) allows in vivo assessment of cerebral amyloid load and can be used in the evaluation of progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias associated with b-amyloid. However, cortical amyloid deposition can occur in healthy cases, as well as in patients with AD and quantification of cortical amyloid burden can improve the 18F-AV-45 PET imaging evaluations. The quantification is mostly performed by cortical-to-cerebellum standardized uptake value ratio (SUVr). The aim of our study was to compare two methods for SUVr calculations in amyloid florbetapir 18F PET brain imaging. In amyloid florbetapir 18F PET brain imaging study, we imaged 42 cases with the mean age of 72.6 ± 9.9 (mean ± standard deviation). They were imaged on different PET/computed tomography systems with 369.0 ± 34.2 kBq of 18F florbetapir. Data were reconstructed using the vendor's reconstruction software. Corresponding magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data were retrieved, and matched PET and MRI data were transferred to a common platform. Two methods were used for the calculation of the ratio of cortical-to-cerebellar signal (SUVr). One method was based on the MIM Software Inc., Version 6.4 software and only uses PET data. The second approach used the PMOD Neuro tool (version 3.5). This approach utilizes PET and corresponding MRI data (preferably T1-weighted) for better brain segmentation. For all the 42 cases, the average SUVr values for MIM and PMOD applications were 1.24 ± 0.26 and 1.22 ± 0.25, respectively, with a mean difference of 0.02 ± 0.15. The repeatability coefficient was 0.15 (12.3% of the mean). The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was very high, r = 0.96. For amyloid-negative cases, the average SUVr values were lower than all group SUVr average values, 0.96 ± 0.07 and 1.00 ± 0.09, for MIM and PMOD applications, respectively. A mean difference was 0.04 ± 0.12, the repeatability coefficient was 0.12 (12.9% of the mean) and the Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was modest, r = 0.55. For amyloid-positive patients, the average SUVr values were higher than the same all grouP values, 1.34 ± 0.16 and 1.35 ± 0.20, respectively, with a mean difference of 0.01 ± 0.16. The repeatability coefficient was 0.16 (11.9% of the mean). The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was high, r = 0.93. Our results indicated that the SUVr values derived using MIM and PMOD Neuro are effectively interchangeable and well correlated. However, PET template-based quantification (MIM approach) is clinically friendlier and easier to use. MRI template-based quantification (PMOD Neuro) better delineates different regions of the brain, can be used with any tracer, and therefore is more suitable for research.
Alveolar soft part sarcoma presenting as hypervascular adrenal metastasis
Authors: Goroshi Manjunath , Lila Anurag , Bandgar Tushar , Shah Nalini
Published: January 2018

Hypervascular adrenal masses include pheochromocytoma, metastases caused by clear renal cell carcinoma/hepatocellular carcinoma. Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) causing hypervascular metastases is not described in the literature. Here, we describe the first case of ASPS presenting as hypervascular metastasis. Our case was a 23-year-old male incidentally detected right adrenal mass during the evaluation of pain in the abdomen. On computed tomography (CT), adrenal mass showed bright enhancement in early arterial phase (unenhanced Hounsfield unit [HU]-45.3; arterial phase HU-158.2). 18- flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/CT showed multiple lesions and was confirmed histologically to be due to ASPS.
Qualidade morfológica de mudas de Prunus sellowii submetidas a diferentes substratos
Authors: Dutra Adriana Falcão , Araujo Maristela Machado , Zimmermann Anna Paula Lora , Rorato Daniele Guarienti , Carpenedo Suelen Aimi
Published: January 2018

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar diferentes proporções de casca de arroz carbonizada em substrato comercial, no crescimento de mudas de Prunus sellowii em viveiro. Os tratamentos foram compostos de: T1-100% substrato comercial (SC); T2-90% SC e 10% casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC); T3-80% SC e 20% CAC; T4-70% SC e 30% CAC; T5-60% SC e 40% CAC; T6-50% SC e 50% CAC, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Recomenda-se a adição de 10 a 30% de CAC, sem prejuízos ao crescimento dessa espécie em viveiro
Biomassa e sazonalidade das raízes finas em savanas da Amazônia Oriental
Authors: Braga Elayne Oliveira , Rocha Antônio Elielson Sousa , Costa Neto Salustiano Vilar , Lima Tâmara Thaiz Santana , Costa Luiz Gonzaga Silva , Miranda Izildinha De Souza
Published: January 2018

Este trabalho objetivou comparar a biomassa de raízes finas em diferentes fisionomias e avaliar a influência da sazonalidade sobre a massa de raízes finas em savanas amazônicas localizadas no Amapá e Pará. Amostras de solos foram coletadas em cinco profundidades, de 10 em 10 cm, em três pontos no Cerrado sensu stricto, quatro no Campo Cerrado e dois no Campo Limpo, com 4 repetições em cada posição. A influência da sazonalidade foi verificada apenas no Campo Cerrado, em abril (pico das chuvas), julho (final das chuvas) e outubro (pico da seca) de 2010 e em janeiro de 2011 (inicio das chuvas). As fisionomias foram diferenciadas pela massa de raízes, quando analisadas nas diferentes classes diamétricas de raízes e nas diferentes profundidades. A maior massa de raízes finas ocorreu no pico da estação seca. Esses resultados sugerem estratégias diferentes das fisionomias na alocação das raízes mais finas em diferentes profundidas do solo e na dinâmica das raízes para aumentar o potencial de absorção durante a seca.
Crescimento e nodulação de Enterolobium contortisiliquum cultivado em solos de diferentes sistemas de uso no Sudoeste do Piauí
Authors: Jesus Antonieta Alexandrina de , Costa Elaine Martins da , Nóbrega Rafaela Simão Abrahão , Diógenes Larissa Castro , Nóbrega Júlio Cesar Azevedo
Published: January 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes sistemas de uso dos solos do Sudoeste do Piauí no crescimento e nodulação natural de mudas de tamboril [Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell) Morong]. O experimento foi conduzido em viveiro da Universidade Federal do Piauí, em Bom Jesus, PI. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com dez repetições. Os tratamentos foram: quatro sistemas de uso do solo (duas áreas de mata nativa, uma área de pastagem e outra de agricultura). Aos 85 dias as mudas foram coletadas e avaliaram-se a altura (H), o diâmetro do colo (DC), o número (NN) e a matéria fresca de nódulos (MFN), as matérias secas da parte aérea (MSPA), das raízes (MSR) e total (MST), a relação entre matéria seca da parte aérea sobre a das raízes (MSPA/MSR), o índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD) e o acúmulo de nitrogênio na parte aérea (ANPA). Ocorreu nodulação em todos os sistemas de uso dos solos. As mudas cultivadas em solos de áreas agrícolas e de pastagem apresentaram maior destaque quanto à nodulação, H, DC, MSPA e ANPA, do que as áreas de mata nativa.
Detectability of the impacts of ozone-depleting substances and greenhouse gases upon stratospheric ozone accounting for nonlinearities in historical forcings
Authors: Bandoro Justin , Solomon Susan , Santer Benjamin D. , Kinnison Douglas E. , Mills Michael J.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. We perform a formal attribution study of upper- and lower-stratospheric ozone
changes using observations together with simulations from the Whole
Atmosphere Community Climate Model. Historical model simulations were used to
estimate the zonal-mean response patterns (“fingerprints”) to combined
forcing by ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) and well-mixed greenhouse gases
(GHGs), as well as to the individual forcing by each factor. Trends in the
similarity between the searched-for fingerprints and homogenized observations
of stratospheric ozone were compared to trends in pattern similarity between
the fingerprints and the internally and naturally generated variability
inferred from long control runs. This yields estimated signal-to-noise
(S∕N) ratios for each of the three fingerprints (ODS, GHG, and
ODS + GHG). In both the upper stratosphere (defined in this paper as 1 to
10 hPa) and lower stratosphere (40 to 100 hPa), the spatial
fingerprints of the ODS + GHG and ODS-only patterns were consistently
detectable not only during the era of maximum ozone depletion but also
throughout the observational record (1984–2016). We also develop
a fingerprint attribution method to account for forcings whose time
evolutions are markedly nonlinear over the observational record. When the
nonlinearity of the time evolution of the ODS and ODS + GHG signals is
accounted for, we find that the S∕N ratios obtained with the stratospheric
ODS and ODS + GHG fingerprints are enhanced relative to standard linear
trend analysis. Use of the nonlinear signal detection method also reduces the
detection time – the estimate of the date at which ODS and GHG impacts on
ozone can be formally identified. Furthermore, by explicitly considering
nonlinear signal evolution, the complete observational record can be used in
the S∕N analysis, without applying piecewise linear regression and
introducing arbitrary break points. The GHG-driven fingerprint of ozone
changes was not statistically identifiable in either the upper- or
lower-stratospheric SWOOSH data, irrespective of the signal detection method
used. In the WACCM simulations of future climate change, the GHG signal is
statistically identifiable between 2020 and 2030. Our findings demonstrate
the importance of continued stratospheric ozone monitoring to improve
estimates of the contributions of ODS and GHG forcing to global changes in
stratospheric ozone.
Future snowfall in the Alps: projections based on the EURO-CORDEX regional climate models
Authors: Frei Prisco , Kotlarski Sven , Liniger Mark A. , Schär Christoph
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Twenty-first century snowfall changes over the European Alps are assessed based on high-resolution regional climate model (RCM) data made available through the EURO-CORDEX initiative. Fourteen different combinations of global and regional climate models with a target resolution of 12 km and two different emission scenarios are considered. As raw snowfall amounts are not provided by all RCMs, a newly developed method to separate snowfall from total precipitation based on near-surface temperature conditions and accounting for subgrid-scale topographic variability is employed. The evaluation of the simulated snowfall amounts against an observation-based reference indicates the ability of RCMs to capture the main characteristics of the snowfall seasonal cycle and its elevation dependency but also reveals considerable positive biases especially at high elevations. These biases can partly be removed by the application of a dedicated RCM bias adjustment that separately considers temperature and precipitation biases.Snowfall projections reveal a robust signal of decreasing snowfall amounts over most parts of the Alps for both emission scenarios. Domain and multi-model mean decreases in mean September–May snowfall by the end of the century amount to −25 and −45 % for representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Snowfall in low-lying areas in the Alpine forelands could be reduced by more than −80 %. These decreases are driven by the projected warming and are strongly connected to an important decrease in snowfall frequency and snowfall fraction and are also apparent for heavy snowfall events. In contrast, high-elevation regions could experience slight snowfall increases in midwinter for both emission scenarios despite the general decrease in the snowfall fraction. These increases in mean and heavy snowfall can be explained by a general increase in winter precipitation and by the fact that, with increasing temperatures, climatologically cold areas are shifted into a temperature interval which favours higher snowfall intensities. In general, percentage changes in snowfall indices are robust with respect to the RCM postprocessing strategy employed: similar results are obtained for raw, separated, and separated–bias-adjusted snowfall amounts. Absolute changes, however, can differ among these three methods.
El peso del Archivo: Notables daños de no guardar a los indios sus fueros (1571) del Licenciado Polo de Ondegardo
Authors: Aguierrez Oscar Martin
Published: January 2018

La noción de Archivo se torna central para conjeturar cómo se instaura una lógica colonial que marca y pauta los modos de apropiarse de América. El Archivo es el comienzo y el mandato (Derrida, 1997), es decir, vertebra, ordena e instituye aquello que los dioses y los hombres mandan. Impone una dinámica en la que, desde el poder, se entraman y entretejen textos que delimitan comunidades de lectores y excluyen otras. Notables daños de no guardar a los indios sus fueros (1571) del Licenciado Polo de Ondegardo, se piensa aquí atrapado en las redes del Archivo. Su manuscrito aporta a la consolidación de las políticas imperiales pautadas por Felipe II y delimita un adentro y un afuera. La naturaleza y el espacio geográfico americanos, el sistema de organización política y económica del incario, el pasado, el mito ingresan al Archivo de la mano de la escritura. Una vez allí, ella los torna objetos manipulables y los hace circular protegido por el velo del secreto. Mientras tanto, en el afuera, los cuerpos sufren la violencia de un proyecto político pacificador que culmina con el asesinato de Tupac Amaru I en la plaza pública de Lima.
El cine de Óscar Campo: memoria de la violencia en Colombia desde la estética del disenso
Authors: Kuéllar Diana
Published: January 2018

El siguiente artículo habla sobre la existencia de un otro cine documental colombiano que trabaja desde la estética del disenso (Rancière, 2005) y propone al arte como espacio político, entiéndase el concepto de político como la intersección entre el poder y la resistencia donde se genera el debate. Son películas que buscan crear una desarticulación en el orden consensual de la narración histórica que predomina en Colombia y se caracterizan porque se desarrollan en la marginalidad y plantean la creación desde la compresión de los acuerdos consensuados para tener argumentos de discusión.Colombia desde mediados del siglo pasado está sumida en la violencia procedente de diferentes frentes, los medios de comunicación se han encargado de difundir y respaldar públicamente los acuerdos de poder. En ese entorno esta investigación busca responder ¿Cómo se logra dislocar el consenso público y construir una memoria disidente que sobreviva a la saturación de discursos que circula en torno a la violencia en Colombia? Se analizará el trabajo del director colombiano Oscar Campo como representativo de esta propuesta. Su obra compone una gama de narrativas que, aunque son diferentes entre si, mantienen cierta cohesión y progresión en un relato que logra crear criterios estético-políticos no convencionales de la violencia colombiana de los últimos 70 años.
Narrando la Dictadura a la Infancia. Imágenes que trafican significados
Authors: García-González Macarena
Published: January 2018

Los medios para la infancia presentan un campo privilegiado para explorar la reproducción de consensos e imaginarios sociales. En este artículo, nos aproximamos a cuatro obras recomendadas por la crítica especializada: los libro-álbumes La composición, Camino a casa y Un diamante en el fondo de la tierra y el cortometraje “Bear Story”. Estos cuatro textos utilizan un interjuego de lo verbal y lo visual para hacer referencias a la violencia política en Latinoamérica. Asistidos por teorías sobre semiótica visual  —y por la categoría de modalidad de la imagen introducida por Gunther Kress y Theo van Leeuwen— analizamos cómo estos textos narran la dictadura reproduciendo así los límites de una memoria colectiva sobre el pasado que elude la (memoria) de la violencia. El análisis ideológico de estos textos es complementado con algunas reflexiones elaboradas sobre respuestas lectoras de profesores de educación básica así como de niños y niñas obtenidas en talleres de lectura realizados en Santiago de Chile.
El fracaso del diálogo migratorio transatlántico en Vientos de agua
Authors: Arellano-Torres Ignacio Dionisio
Published: January 2018

Este artículo analiza las connotaciones afectivas del diálogo transatlántico que propone la serie hispano-argentina Vientos de agua en su proyecto de instaurar una comunidad de significado común para todos los sujetos víctimas de estructuras de dominación, ya sean políticas o económicas. A través de las historias paralelas de Argentina y España, se establece una conexión entre el poder disruptivo del fascismo español a principios del siglo XX con el del capitalismo en Argentina a principios del siglo XXI, proponiendo la deconstrucción de una serie de estructuras binarias herederas del discurso colonial al establecerse las categorías universales de víctima e inmigrante. Consideramos este proyecto fallido dado el tratamiento de ciertos personajes que en última instancia quedan excluidos del circuito afectivo. Concluimos que estas estrategias se resuelven en la preponderancia del espacio peninsular, así como en la exclusión del elemento indígena y africano de la supuesta nueva comunidad de significado, resultando en el fracaso del dialogo migratorio transatlántico.
El mito del caníbal, mímesis y crítica social en Como era gostoso o meu francês (1971)
Authors: Ponce Cordero Roberto
Published: January 2018

Dirigida por el paulista Nelson Pereira dos Santos y estrenada en 1971, Como era gostoso o meu francés es una película brasileña que adapta viejas crónicas de exploradores europeos en cautiverio durante la conquista del Brasil, en el siglo XVI, y aborda temas como el canibalismo, la atracción de la vida “salvaje” para el sujeto “civilizado”, y el carácter performativo de los rituales sacrificiales, entre otros temas. En este artículo, se parte de las diferencias existentes entre las fuentes históricas o proto-históricas que inspiran este filme. Como resultado, se postula que es precisamente en esas diferencias y en la elección consciente de aspectos en los que el texto fílmico difiera del texto “original” que Pereira dos Santos demuestra su voluntad de crear una obra que, lejos de limitarse a ilustrar un pasado ficticio (el del canibalismo en las Américas no conquistadas), más bien constituya una sátira política dirigida al Brasil de la última dictadura, así como un comentario sobre la diferencia colonial y sobre las estrategias del colonizado de burlarse del colonizador por medio de la performance de sus miedos más íntimos con respecto al Otro.
Tierra en movimiento (2014) de Tiziana Panizza. Materialidad, memoria y supervivencia
Authors: De los Ríos Valeria
Published: January 2018

El documental Tierra en movimiento (2014) es un ensayo audiovisual realizado en colaboración con el poeta chileno Germán Carrasco. En él el contrapunto de los sonidos, textos y narraciones over (en otras palabras, su condición intermedial), permite establecer una reflexión poética sobre la experiencia material y concreta de vivir en un territorio devastado por un sismo. Los restos de aquello que sobrevivió se recompone para hablar de la memoria y del presente, oponiéndose  al mismo tiempo a la monumentalidad del recuerdo y a la razón neoliberal.
Socio-economic Factors that Determine Employment in Tanzania: Spatial Analysis
Authors: Myovella Godwin Aloyce
Published: January 2018

This paper investigates the socio-economic determinants of Employment in Tanzanian regions. It used the cross-sectional data of 2014 on several variables as this was found to be the most recent dataset in the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics. Despite the impressive growth rates of 7 percent observed in Tanzania poverty hasn’t been reduced as expected, and employment has been static. The paper applies spatial techniques including spatial lag (SAR), spatial error (SEM) and spatial Durbin models to discover the spatial patterns of employment. SAR model was selected as all the variables, GDP per capita, the number of schools, and health services measured by a number of dispensaries were significant. Also, the direct and indirect effects were conducted and GDP per capita were significant and conforms to the theory. The study concludes that there was some regional dependency on some variables hence spatial approach is appropriate as it avoids biased, inefficient and inconsistent results.
Individual Differences in Strategy Use for L2 Lexical Inferencing: The Case of Learning Styles
Authors: Shen Ming-yueh
Published: January 2018

This study aimed to examine the effect of the second language (L2) learners’ perceptual learning style preferences on their strategy use for lexical inferencing and the treatment effect from an explicit instructional program. Joy Reid’s (1995) Perceptual Learning Style Preferences (PLSP) Inventory, a lexical inferencing test, and a vocabulary strategy questionnaire were administered to 145 university students during a 15-week reading course. The results of a simple regression analysis showed that the tactilc students tended to use more lexical inferencing strategies than the others with different learning styles; and that the visual learners tended to use strategies less frequently, compared to the other counterparts. Further analysis of simple regression indicated that the individual learners benefited most from the treatment effect, followed by the visual learners. The findings can be of significance for teachers and the L2 learners to concern individual differences in L2 inferential strategy use.
Impact of School Feeding Programme on Access to Basic Education: The Case of South Tongu District of the Volta Region, Ghana
Authors: Milledzi Eugene Yaw , Keney Gabriel , Amponsah Mark Owusu
Published: January 2018

The study examined the impact of the school feeding programme on access to basic education in the South Tongu district in the Volta Region, Ghana. A convergent parallel mixed method research design was employed to conduct the study. Stratified random sampling and purposive sampling procedures were used to select 213 respondents for the study. Questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussion were used to collect the data for the study. Data gathered through questionnaires was analysed using descriptive statistics such as percentages and frequencies while interview data analysis was done using the thematic approach. The results of the study showed that the school feeding programme has a significant impact on increased enrolment, attendance and retention of pupils in the South Tongu district. However, the implementation of the programme has put pressure on teaching and learning materials as well as increased teacher-pupil ratio. The study recommended that plans and measures should be put in place by the government, implementation ministries and agencies on how to increase existing human, physical and financial resources for the school feeding programme to be sustained.
The Teacher’S Role in the Formation of the Attitude and Performance of Students in the Subject of Geography
Authors: Likouri Anna-Aikaterini , Klonari Aikaterini
Published: January 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of teachers and students towards the subject of geography, and whether it affects the students’ performance. The sample comprised 600 6th-grade primary school students from various areas of Greece, and their 33 teachers. The following findings were made: a) the largest part of the teachers and students shows a medium or poor attitude towards the subject of geography; b) teachers’ reeducation did not seem to improve either the attitude of teachers or the attitude and performance of their students; c) prior working experience of teachers did not appear to affect attitude, but it does affect performance of their students in geography; d) the teaching method (traditional or with the use of technologies) did not appear to differentiate the students’ attitude towards geography.
Isolation and Structure Elucidation of a New Diterpene Glycoside from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni
Authors: Chaturvedula Venkata Sai Prakash , Meneni Srinivasa Rao
Published: January 2018

A new minor diterpene glycoside has been isolated from a commercial extract of the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana and its structure was identified as 13-[(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy] ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid-[2-O-(2-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl] ester (1) based on extensive NMR (1D and 2D) and mass spectroscopic data, and hydrolysis studies.
Organic Farming Suffices to Feed a Country: a Large-Scale Linear Programming Model to Develop an Organic Agriculture Plan for Turkey
Authors: Aslan Bulut , Demir A. Yonca
Published: January 2018

A frequently voiced critique is that due to lower yields on organically managed farmlands, one cannot feed a country using organic agriculture. In this paper, we aim to mathematically disprove this claim by developing a linear programming model and produce a detailed agriculture plan for Turkey sufficient to feed her population with a 2400 kcal daily menu on average, solely comprising of organic foods. The model uses information about population sizes and food needs of 81 cities in Turkey, and yields of 120 food, feed, forage crops, and four animal products. Intensive and extensive livestock production methods as well as food transportation between cities has been incorporated into the model. The resulting problem with 950 thousand variables and 40 thousand constraints can be solved with an optimization package in under a minute. Results, prescribing how many acres of each crop should be grown in each city, indicate that to feed the country fully on organic produce, 63% of the arable land suffices, yielding 8.9 million hectares of unused land where further organic foods could be grown for export or aid. We also run the model under different scenarios: fully vegetarian diet, omnivore model, different transportation structures, drought conditions and a limit on fruit trees. With this work, we have shown that it is possible to feed the whole population of Turkey with an agricultural practice that is not harmful to human health, soil, water and air; respects biological cycles and reduces food miles and fossil fuel consumption, thus contributing to sustainability and fighting climate change. We tested preliminary scenarios to understand the robustness of organic agriculture in the face of extreme weather events. The proposed model can also be applied to other countries when appropriate data are used.
What does a library accessibility specialist do? How a new role advances accessibility through education and advocacy
Authors: Rosen Stephanie
Published: January 2018

Across North America, academic librarians are quietly converting print materials into accessible files, testing databases for usability, and applying principles of universal design to services, spaces, and instruction. Most of us do this work under unassuming job titles like director of access services or humanities librarian. But a few of us occupy new positions explicitly devoted to library accessibility.
In the News
Authors: Free David
Published: January 2018

Welcome to the January 2018 issue of C&RL News. Nearly every field or industry has experienced disruption over the past several years, and librarianship is no exception. Susan M. Ryan and W. Tandy Grubbs discuss the concept of “Library self-disruption” through the lens of their collaboration bringing 3-D printing to the Stetson University Library and Chemistry Department.
People in the News
Authors: Galloway Ann-Christe
Published: January 2018

Rachael PoseyJasmine ClarkUrooj NizamiStefanie RamsayHolly TomrenAlex Wermer-ColanCarol Hunter
Prevalence and Predictors of Arrhythmia in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Almeneessier Aljohara Saud , Alasousi Nader , Sharif Munir M , Pandi-Perumal Seithikurippu R , Hersi Ahmad Salah , BaHammam Ahmed Salem
Published: January 2018

Objectives To assess the prevalence and types of arrhythmias in Saudi OSA patients and to identify predictors of arrhythmia in this group of patients.

METHODS This case-control study included all patients who underwent level I attended overnight polysomnography between 2009 and 2012. Electrocardiographic data collected during sleep studies of patients with and without OSA were manually reviewed.

Results The study comprised 498 patients (394 OSA patients and 104 non-OSA patients (controls). The prevalence of arrhythmia in OSA patients was higher than that in the controls (26.9% vs. 11.5%; p=0.001). Comparing OSA patients and controls showed: premature atrial contraction (10.2%vs.2.9%;p=0.019), premature ventricular contraction (PVC) (19.3%vs.9.6%;p=0.02), non-isolated PVC (bi/tri/qua) 10.8%vs.2.3%;p=0.04) and atrial fibrillation (1.6%vs.0%;p=0.001). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that, patients with OSA had twice the odds of having any cardiac arrhythmia (OR 1.91; CI 95% 1.27-3.11; p <0.05).

Conclusions Patients with OSA had a higher prevalence of arrhythmia compared to controls, and OSA is a predictor of arrhythmia during sleep.