bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Association of Trait Mindfulness and Self-compassion with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Symptoms: Results from a Large Survey with Treatment-Seeking Adults
Authors: Leeuwerik Tamara , Cavanagh Kate , Strauss Clara
Published: November 2019

Little is known about the role of mindfulness and self-compassion in obsessive-compulsive disorder. This cross-sectional study examined associations of mindfulness and self-compassion with obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms and with the obsessive beliefs and low distress tolerance thought to maintain them. Samples of treatment-seeking adults (N = 1871) and non-treatment-seeking adults (N = 540) completed mindfulness, self-compassion, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, depression, obsessive beliefs and distress tolerance questionnaires. Participants with clinically significant obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms reported lower trait mindfulness and self-compassion compared to participants with clinically significant anxiety/depression and to non-clinical controls. Among the clinical sample, there were medium-large associations between mindfulness and self-compassion and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms, obsessive beliefs and distress tolerance. Mindfulness and self-compassion were unique predictors of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms, controlling for depression severity. Once effects of obsessive beliefs and distress tolerance were controlled, a small effect remained for mindfulness (facets) on obsessing symptoms and for self-compassion on washing and checking symptoms. Directions for future research and clinical implications are considered in conclusion.
The buzz before business: a design science study of a sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystem
Authors: O’Shea Gregory , Farny Steffen , Hakala Henri
Published: November 2019

This paper examines how entrepreneurial opportunities co-evolve within a sustainable entrepreneurship ecosystem (SEE). Most of the literature on entrepreneurial ecosystems falls short on integrating the entrepreneurial process in empirical research. To analyze data collected from pre-start-up teams within a nascent SEE on high-tech cellulose-based materials over 3 years, we apply a design science approach that helps understand actors’ collaborative sensemaking in designing and structuring ecosystem features and relationships. Our findings show that the SEE can be seen as a design artifact which evolves by ecosystem actors collectively engaging in new venture ideation and developing opportunity confidence. Furthermore, the paper presents a novel SEE framework, which elaborates on phases and enablers of the opportunity co-evolution process within an emerging ecosystem. We contribute to the literature on sustainable as well as general entrepreneurial ecosystems and offer a new theoretical foundation for a process view on ecosystems.
Icephobic Behaviour and Thermal Stability of Flame-Sprayed Polyethylene Coating: The Effect of Process Parameters
Authors: Donadei Valentina , Koivuluoto Heli , Sarlin Essi , Vuoristo Petri
Published: November 2019

The present work investigates the effect of different process parameters on the production of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) coatings by flame spray technology. Previously, flame spraying of polymers has been successfully performed to obtain durable icephobic coatings, providing an interesting solution for applications facing icing problems, e.g. in marine, aviation, energy, and transportation industry. However, the fine tailoring of the process parameters represents a necessary strategy for optimising the coating production due to the unique thermal properties of each polymer. For this purpose, we vary the heat input of the process during flame spraying of the coating, by changing the transverse speed and the spraying distance. The results show that the variation in the process parameters strongly influenced the quality of the polymer coating, including its areal roughness, thickness, chemical composition, thermal stability, and degree of crystallinity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these properties significantly affect the icephobic behaviour of the surface within the spray window of the chosen parameters. In conclusion, the relationship between the thermal degradation of the polymer and the icephobicity of the surface was defined. This highlights the importance of process parameter optimisation in order to achieve the desired icephobic performance of the LPDE coatings.
Exosomes derived from cancer stem cells of gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells enhance drug resistance by delivering miR-210
Authors: Yang Zhiyong , Zhao Ning , Cui Jing , Wu Heshui , Xiong Jiongxin , Peng Tao
Published: November 2019

Purpose

Gemcitabine (GEM)-based chemotherapy is the first-line treatment for locally advanced pancreatic cancer. GEM resistance, however, remains a significant clinical challenge. Here, we investigated whether exosomes derived from GEM-resistant pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) mediate cell-cell communication between cells that are sensitive or resistant to GEM and, by doing so, regulate drug resistance.

Methods

GEM-sensitive BxPC-3-derived BxS and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells were cultured with exosomes extracted from CSCs isolated from GEM-resistant BxPC-3-derived BxR cells (BxR-CSC). The effect of exosomes on drug resistance, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and miRNA expression was evaluated in BxS and PANC-1 cells. Relevant miRNAs associated with GEM resistance were identified and the role of miR-210 in conferring drug resistance was examined in vitro and in vivo.

Results

BxR-CSC-derived exosomes induced GEM resistance, inhibited GEM-induced cell cycle arrest, antagonized GEM-induced apoptosis, and promoted tube formation and cell migration in BxS and PANC-1 cells. Elevated miR-210 expression levels were detected in BxR-CSCs and BxR-CSC-derived exosomes compared to those in BxS-CSCs and BxS-CSC-derived exosomes. In addition, increased expression levels of miR-210 were observed in BxS and PANC-1 cells cultured with BxR-CSC-derived exosomes upon exposure to GEM in a dose-dependent manner. Also, a series of biological changes was observed in BxS cells after transfection with miR-210 mimics, including activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and these changes were similar to those triggered by BxR-CSC-derived exosomes.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that exosomes derived from GEM-resistant pancreatic cancer stem cells mediate the horizontal transfer of drug-resistant traits to GEM-sensitive pancreatic cancer cells by delivering miR-210.
Performance Evaluation and Social Optimization of an Energy-Saving Virtual Machine Allocation Scheme Within a Cloud Environment
Authors: Wang Xiushuang , Zhu Jing , Jin Shunfu , Yue Wuyi , Takahashi Yutaka
Published: November 2019

Achieving greener cloud computing is non-negligible for the open-source cloud platform. In this paper, we propose a novel virtual machine allocation scheme with a sleep-delay and establish a corresponding mathematical model. Taking into account the number of tasks and the state of the physical machine, we construct a two-dimensional Markov chain and derive the average latency of tasks and the energy-saving degree of the system in the steady state. Moreover, we provide numerical experiments to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Furthermore, we study the Nash equilibrium behavior and the socially optimal behavior of tasks and carry out an improved adaptive genetic algorithm to obtain the socially optimal arrival rate of tasks. Finally, we present a pricing policy for tasks to maximize the social profit when managing the network resource within the cloud environment.
A repository of real-world datasets for data-driven evolutionary multiobjective optimization
Authors: He Cheng , Tian Ye , Wang Handing , Jin Yaochu
Published: November 2019

Many real-world optimization applications have more than one objective, which are modeled as multiobjective optimization problems. Generally, those complex objective functions are approximated by expensive simulations rather than cheap analytic functions, which have been formulated as data-driven multiobjective optimization problems. The high computational costs of those problems pose great challenges to existing evolutionary multiobjective optimization algorithms. Unfortunately, there have not been any benchmark problems reflecting those challenges yet. Therefore, we carefully select seven benchmark multiobjective optimization problems from real-world applications, aiming to promote the research on data-driven evolutionary multiobjective optimization by suggesting a set of benchmark problems extracted from various real-world optimization applications.
Cell Nanomechanics Based on Dielectric Elastomer Actuator Device
Authors: Li Zhichao , Gao Chao , Fan Sisi , Zou Jiang , Gu Guoying , Dong Mingdong , Song Jie
Published: November 2019

As a frontier of biology, mechanobiology plays an important role in tissue and biomedical engineering. It is a common sense that mechanical cues under extracellular microenvironment affect a lot in regulating the behaviors of cells such as proliferation and gene expression, etc. In such an interdisciplinary field, engineering methods like the pneumatic and motor-driven devices have been employed for years. Nevertheless, such techniques usually rely on complex structures, which cost much but not so easy to control. Dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) are well known as a kind of soft actuation technology, and their research prospect in biomechanical field is gradually concerned due to their properties just like large deformation (> 100%) and fast response (< 1 ms). In addition, DEAs are usually optically transparent and can be fabricated into small volume, which make them easy to cooperate with regular microscope to realize real-time dynamic imaging of cells. This paper first reviews the basic components, principle, and evaluation of DEAs and then overview some corresponding applications of DEAs for cellular mechanobiology research. We also provide a comparison between DEA-based bioreactors and current custom-built devices and share some opinions about their potential applications in the future according to widely reported results via other methods.
Radiocarbon Evidence for Fourteenth-Century Dorset Occupation in the Eastern North American Arctic
Authors: Friesen T. Max
Published: November 2019

One of the most persistent debates in the archaeology of the North American Arctic relates to thirteenth-century AD population distributions and movements. Around this time, the final culture of the long-lived Paleo-Inuit tradition, known as Late Dorset, was replaced by Thule Inuit, who migrated from Alaska to the Eastern Arctic. Due to the almost complete lack of evidence for direct interaction between Dorset and Thule, there are currently two contrasting models for this transitional period. The first proposes a temporal hiatus between Late Dorset and Thule during which the Eastern Arctic was unoccupied. The second proposes that Late Dorset persisted to at least the late thirteenth century and still occupied some regions of the Eastern Arctic when Thule arrived. Resolution of this question depends largely on radiocarbon dates, particularly for the poorly understood Late Dorset period. This article presents 56 new AMS radiocarbon dates from three Late Dorset sites in the Iqaluktuuq region of southeastern Victoria Island in the Central Arctic. They resolve a significant part of the debate by confirming that Dorset settlement continued in this region later than AD 1300, thus overlapping with Thule settlement in adjacent regions for decades, and perhaps as much as a century.
A Review of the Forest Service's National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) Program
Authors: English Donald B.K. , White Eric M. , Bowker J.M. , Winter Susan A.
Published: November 2019

The National Visitor Use Monitoring (NVUM) program data underlies estimates of the volume of recreation use of the National Forest System. The data also enable estimation of both the local economic contributions and nonmarket benefits of that visitation. Applications include evaluating the effects of natural disasters, site characteristics, and climate change, as well as expenditure and benefit transfers. This article describes the history and science background of the NVUM program, outlines the methods used in estimating market and nonmarket economic outcomes, and lists some examples of results found in the literature.
Evangelicals at the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Authors: Urueña Rene
Published: November 2019

Christian Evangelicals are a growing political force in Latin America. Most recently, they have engaged the Inter-American Court of Human Rights to challenge basic LGBTI achievements, such as same-sex marriage and other demands for equal rights. Several commentators thus speak of an imminent showdown between human rights protections and Christian Evangelism in the region, which would mirror similar conflicts elsewhere in the world. This essay challenges this narrative and warns against a top-down “secular fundamentalism,” which may alienate a significant part of the region's population and create deep resentment against the Court. As it turns forty, the Court faces a “spiritual” crisis: conservative religious movements have become one of its key interlocutors, with demands and expectations that compete with (but could also complement) those of other regional social movements. Difficult as it may be, the Court needs to be bold in creating argumentative spaces that allow for the Evangelical experience to exist in the public sphere in Latin America, in a context of respect for human rights in general, and for LGBTI rights in particular.
Negotiating Legal Reform through Reception of Law: The Missing Role of Mixed Legal Transplants
Authors: TRAN Kien , PHAM Nam Ho , NGUYEN Quynh-Anh Lu
Published: November 2019

Our research proposes ‘mixed legal transplant’ as a new concept in theories of legal transplantation. While the concept of legal transplantation is real, the phenomenon is much more complicated than what is often depicted and discussed by the academic community. In modern times, legal transplantation is often an informed reception by independent sovereign nations or people of two or more sets of rules from different jurisdictions, rather than a simplistic and passive reception of rules from one country to another. Using Vietnam as a case study, this article analyzes the deliberate consideration of two different models of precedent in the civil and common law traditions by Vietnamese lawmakers, and their choice of a mixed legal transplant in the hope that it would be best suited to the needs of a socialist country in transition. Its methods and results, however, are still in doubt and have been criticized as possibly creating uncertainty due to their structural incoherence. This article therefore concludes by proposing recommendations based on legal tradition to correct the misuse of the mixed legal transplant in Vietnam, and we hope that these recommendations can serve as a model for other countries.
Climate Change as a Business and Human Rights Issue: A Proposal for a Moral Typology
Authors: TOFT Kristian Høyer
Published: November 2019

To explore the emerging and contested issue of business and human rights in the area of climate change, this article provides a critical discussion from the viewpoint of moral philosophy. A novel typology of businesses’ human rights duties (‘duty’ is considered synonymous with ‘responsibility’ here) is proposed. It claims that duties are both forward- and backward-looking. Cases of human rights litigation seeking remedy for climate-related harms are backward-looking, and duties should be determined on the basis of proportion of historical emissions, culpable knowledge and counter-acts to abate climate harms. Businesses’ forward-looking duties, however, depend on their power, privilege, interest and collective abilities. The typology is then assessed against the background of recent legal principles and instruments. It is concluded that moral duties of business reach beyond mere respect for human rights and national jurisdictions in the context of climate change.
Statistical inference for multilayer networks in political science
Authors: Chen Ted Hsuan Yun
Published: November 2019

Interactions between units in political systems often occur across multiple relational contexts. These relational systems feature interdependencies that result in inferential shortcomings and poorly-fitting models when ignored. General advancements in inferential network analysis have improved our ability to understand relational systems featuring interdependence, but developments specific to working with interdependence that cross relational contexts remain sparse. In this paper, I introduce a multilayer network approach to modeling systems comprising multiple relations using the exponential random graph model. In two substantive applications, the first a policy communication network and the second a global conflict network, I demonstrate that the multilayer approach affords inferential leverage and produces models that better fit observed data.
CICERO AGAINST CASSIUS ON PLEASURE AND VIRTUE: A COMPLICATED PASSAGE FROMDE FINIBVS(1.25)
Authors: Roskam Geert
Published: November 2019

In the first two books ofDe finibus(=Fin.), Cicero deals with the Epicurean view of the final goal of life. This philosophical discussion, which is preceded by a rhetorical proem that stands on itself, is framed as a dialogue between Torquatus, who defends the Epicurean position, Cicero, who attacks it, and Triarius, who confines himself to a few critical interventions. If philosophy starts in wonder, according to the celebrated passage from Plato'sTheaetetus(155d), the company meets this criterion admirably well, for the actual discussion starts with Torquatus’ surprise about Cicero's aversion to the Epicurean view (Fin.1.13). He even suggests that this aversion has nothing to do with a fundamental disapproval of Epicurus’ doctrines but that it should rather be sought in stylistic concerns.
Dangerous Contenders: Election Monitors, Islamic Opposition Parties, and Terrorism
Authors: Kavakli Kerim Can , Kuhn Patrick M.
Published: November 2019

How do international observers decide whether to criticize or condone electoral fraud in a country? We argue that this decision depends on the identity of the victims of electoral fraud. A monitoring organization is more likely to overlook fraud committed against groups that are deemed dangerous by its sponsor. Based on this insight, we hypothesize that in the post-Cold War era election monitors are more tolerant of fraud against Islamic challengers, especially when Islamic movements are perceived as a threat to political stability. In support of our hypothesis, we find that outside monitors are more likely to endorse an election in countries with an Islamic opposition party and an ongoing Islamist terrorist campaign. Furthermore, we find that the effect is driven by Western monitoring organizations and becomes stronger after the September 11 attacks. Our findings provide a simple yet powerful insight: the calculus of outside observers depends not only on who they wish to see in power, but also who they want to keep from power.
Linkage in stunting status of siblings: a new perspective on childhood undernutrition in India
Authors: Banerjee Kajori , Dwivedi Laxmi Kant
Published: November 2019

Almost 30% of the world’s stunted children reside in India. This study examined sibling linkage in childhood stunting by assessing the extent of clustering of stunted children born to the same mother. Data were taken from 225,002 children under the age of five from the Indian National Family and Health Survey (NFHS)-4 conducted in 2015–16. States with high fertility and lower socioeconomic development displayed higher clustering of childhood stunting among siblings. Simulating removal of this clustered burden showed an almost 10 percentage point reduction in stunting in India. Multinomial regression analysis highlighted that the propensity to have multiple stunted births was higher among less-educated women, scheduled caste/tribes and poor households. The multilevel model results indicated that the odds of stunting for the index child increased by 1.93 if the older sibling was stunted. The odds of the index child being stunted if the previous child was stunted were high, irrespective of the differences in state-level public health performances and political commitments. Although socioeconomic correlates play a crucial role in determining child stunting status, they also act as proxies for poor-quality intra-generational health. Clustering of stunting among siblings is an indicator of both genetic and environmental association with the height-for-age (HAZ) of children. Mothers with repeated stunted births should be prioritized and monitored over a substantial part of their lives. Inclusion of multiple child beneficiaries in nutrition policies and revisiting the ‘one size fits all’ concept at the micro level, owing to the substantial village/ward-level variation, might be an effective policy measure.
Molecular identity of the non-indigenous Cassiopea sp. from Palermo Harbour (central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Maggio Teresa , Allegra Alessandro , Bosch-Belmar Mar , Cillari Tiziana , Cuttitta Angela , Falautano Manuela , Milisenda Giacomo , Nicosia Aldo , Perzia Patrizia , Sinopoli Mauro , Castriota Luca
Published: November 2019

The upside-down jellyfish Cassiopea is a benthic scyphozoan, considered a non-indigenous invasive species in the Mediterranean, forming large blooms in eutrophic areas. Taxonomy of the genus Cassiopea is extremely difficult because morphological/meristic characters used are variable within the same species, overlapping among different species, and cryptic species have been identified by molecular markers; nine Cassiopea species are recognized on the basis of molecular study. Mediterranean records of Cassiopea have been ascribed to andromeda species on the basis of a hypothesized invasion pathway from the Suez Canal. In the current study, an analysis of the main morphological characters of the sampled Cassiopea jellyfish from Palermo (Tyrrhenian Sea) was carried out and subsequently, molecular analyses were performed by using COI barcode in order to identify the species. Molecular data were compared with published information in GenBank. Morphological characters were highly variable, but molecular analyses confirmed that Mediterranean Cassiopea specimens belong to andromeda species. Moreover, high values of sequence divergence were found between Mediterranean Cassiopea and the other C. andromeda from the Red Sea, Hawaii and Florida. These results lead to a discussion of possible explanations linked to life history features of the species. Two different explanations are proposed; the first is that Mediterranean C. andromeda, finding a suitable ecological niche good for colonization and proliferation, could have been isolated in Palermo Harbour. The second considers the possibility of multiple introduction events by human transport as demonstrated for other non-indigenous jellyfish; in this case Cassiopea genetic differences increased in the invaded area.
Regulation of cell adhesion: a collaborative effort of integrins, their ligands, cytoplasmic actors, and phosphorylation
Authors: Gahmberg Carl G. , Grönholm Mikaela , Madhavan Sudarrshan , Jahan Farhana , Mikkola Esa , Viazmina Larisa , Koivunen Erkki
Published: November 2019

Integrins are large heterodimeric type 1 membrane proteins expressed in all nucleated mammalian cells. Eighteenα-chains and eightβ-chains can combine to form 24 different integrins. They are cell adhesion proteins, which bind to a large variety of cellular and extracellular ligands. Integrins are required for cell migration, hemostasis, translocation of cells out from the blood stream and further movement into tissues, but also for the immune response and tissue morphogenesis. Importantly, integrins are not usually active as such, but need activation to become adhesive. Integrins are activated by outside-in activation through integrin ligand binding, or by inside-out activation through intracellular signaling. An important question is how integrin activity is regulated, and this topic has recently drawn much attention. Changes in integrin affinity for ligand binding are due to allosteric structural alterations, but equally important are avidity changes due to integrin clustering in the plane of the plasma membrane. Recent studies have partially solved how integrin cell surface structures change during activation. The integrin cytoplasmic domains are relatively short, but by interacting with a variety of cytoplasmic proteins in a regulated manner, the integrins acquire a number of properties important not only for cell adhesion and movement, but also for cellular signaling. Recent work has shown that specific integrin phosphorylations play pivotal roles in the regulation of integrin activity. Our purpose in this review is to integrate the present knowledge to enable an understanding of how cell adhesion is dynamically regulated.
The Politics of Order in Informal Markets: Evidence from Lagos
Authors: Grossman Shelby
Published: November 2019

Property rights are important for economic exchange, but in many parts of the world, they are not publicly guaranteed. Private market associations can fill this gap by providing an institutional structure to enforce agreements, but with this power comes the ability to extort from group members. Under what circumstances do private associations provide a stable environment for economic activity? The author uses survey data collected from 1,179 randomly sampled traders across 199 markets in Lagos, Nigeria, and finds that markets maintain institutions to support trade not in the absence of government, but rather in response to active government interference. The author argues that associations develop protrade policies when threatened by politicians they perceive to be predatory and when the organizations can respond with threats of their own. The latter is easier when traders are not competing with one another. To maintain this balance of power, an association will not extort; it needs trader support to maintain the credibility of its threats to mobilize against predatory politicians.
MEDLL On-Strobe Correlator: A Combined Anti-multipath Technique for GNSS Signal Tracking
Authors: Wang Yiwei , Huang Zhigang
Published: November 2019

To reduce the operational complexity of the multipath estimating delay lock loop (MEDLL) and improve its anti-multipath performance for strobe correlators, a combination anti-multipath scheme, namely, the MEDLL on-strobe correlation technique, is proposed for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signal processing. Short-delay multipath rays are separated from the strobe correlation function by the MEDLL mechanism; the dot product between the estimation residue and the standard correlation function or the BOC-PRN correlation function is then computed to eliminate the potential tracking ambiguity. Finally, this non-coherent combination result is sent to the loop filter to obtain anti-multipath code tracking. The proposed method is analysed via simulator data with a software receiver under different front-end bandwidth conditions. The results corroborate the better multipath mitigation capability and lower computational burden, although it is still difficult to eliminate all multipath interference, especially when the front-end bandwidth is insufficient.
Texting the future in Belgium and Québec: Present matters
Authors: Tremblay Mireille , Blondeau Hélène , Labeau Emmanuelle
Published: November 2019

This study investigates the variation in the expression of Future Temporal Reference in text messages in Belgian and Québécois French. Three variants are considered: the Futurate Present, the Synthetic Future and the Analytic Future. The results of multivariate analyses show that the use of the Futurate Present does not appear to be subject to dialectal variation: both communities use this variant at similar rates, and the use of the variant is constrained by the same linguistic factors. The two dialects show differences in their choice of the Synthetic vs the Analytic Future. Unlike Québécois French, Belgian French strongly favours the Synthetic Future. The two dialects also differ with respect to the linguistic constraints in effect. Our analysis shows the need to explore the relationship between variants, and to distinguish between Covert T (realized as Present tense) and Overt T (either Synthetic or Analytic Future). Our results point toward the hybrid nature of text messages: while our results show patterns of use in line with oral/conversational corpora as reflected by the dialectal variation observed, text messages are not exempt from the influence of written French, as shown by the use of Synthetic Future forms in affirmative sentences in the Québec corpus.
Introduction: historical perspectives on pedestrians and the city
Authors: Pooley Colin , Emanuel Martin , Männistö-Funk Tiina , Norton Peter
Published: November 2019

Walking is a neglected topic in the history of transport and mobility in cities. The four articles in this special section demonstrate the importance of travel on foot in nineteenth- and twentieth-century cities in four different countries, and reveal the ways in which pedestrian mobility has persisted despite the development of a car-dominated society. Together they provide important new evidence on a neglected topic and hopefully pave the way for further research on this theme.
The Chinese National Twin Registry: A Unique Data Source for Systems Epidemiology of Complex Disease
Authors: Huang Tao , Gao Wenjing , Lv Jun , Yu Canqing , Wu Tao , Wang Shengfeng , Liao Chunxiao , Meng Lu , Wang Dongmeng , Wang Zhaonian , Pang Zengchang , Yu Min , Wang Hua , Wu Xianping , Dong Zhong , Wu Fan , Jiang Guohong , Wang Xiaojie , Liu Yu , Deng Jian , Lu Lin , Cao Weihua , Li Liming
Published: November 2019

The Chinese National Twin Registry (CNTR), initiated in 2001, has now become the largest twin registry in Asia. From 2015 to 2018, the CNTR continued to receive Chinese government funding and had recruited 61,566 twin-pairs by 2019 to study twins discordant for specific exposures such as environmental factors, and twins discordant for disease outcomes or measures of morbidity. Omic data, including genetics, genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics, and gut microbiome will be tested. The integration of omics and digital technologies in public health will advance our understanding of precision public health. This review introduces the updates of the CNTR, including study design, sample size, biobank, zygosity assessment, advances in research and future systems epidemiologic research.
The Application of the SVD Method to Reduce Coupled Model Biases in Seasonal Predictions of Rainfall
Authors: Lin Renping , Zhu Jiang , Zheng Fei
Published: November 2019

The large systematic biases in coupled models impact seasonal prediction results. With a motivation to reduce the influence of coupled‐model biases on seasonal predictions, the singular value decomposition method was applied in our study to improve the ability to predict flood season precipitation. Based on the coupled climate model, CAS‐ESM‐C, we conducted ensemble seasonal prediction experiments from 1982 to 2018, with initial conditions provided by the assimilation system. The prediction system was integrated from March to August of each year with a focus on the June to August precipitation in China. The results showed that the prediction skills for anomalous summer precipitation were very low without bias corrections. However, the system effectively predicted the interannual variabilities in large‐scale atmospheric circulation systems that were associated with anomalous summer precipitation. We used the singular value decomposition method to reduce pattern‐dependent precipitation errors by replacing prediction patterns with observation patterns, and the predictive skill for precipitation dramatically improved. The results demonstrated that this correction method is a viable tool to reduce systematic biases in coupled model predictions.
Local and Nonlocal Land Surface Influence in European Heatwave Initial Condition Ensembles
Authors: Merrifield A. L. , Simpson I. R. , McKinnon K. A. , Sippel S. , Xie S.‐P. , Deser C.
Published: November 2019

Dry land surface conditions have been shown to amplify extreme heat events in Europe, but the extent to which this influence involves modification of the overlying atmospheric circulation has yet to be fully established. Here, this issue is addressed using two Community Earth System Model ensembles, with the same heatwave‐inducing atmospheric circulation pattern imposed over different land surface states. These two ensembles differ in the vertical level above which the circulation is constrained (surface vs. upper troposphere). Soil moisture anomalies are found to play an important role in dictating heatwave intensity among ensemble members. The heatwave is approximately 0.1°C hotter per standard deviation soil moisture reduction when the troposphere is free to respond to surface conditions than when it is constrained, implying that a portion of the land surface influence involves feedbacks through the atmospheric circulation. The additional atmospheric response also allows for nonlocal heatwave amplification in subsequent months.
Energy Conversion and Dissipation at Dipolarization Fronts: A Statistical Overview
Authors: Zhong Z. H. , Deng X. H. , Zhou M. , Ma W. Q. , Tang R. X. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Giles B. L. , Russell C. T. , Burch J. L.
Published: November 2019

Dipolarization fronts (DFs) are important for energy conversion, particle acceleration, and flux transport in the magnetotail. The partition of energy conversion between ions and electrons and the energy dissipation at DFs are not well understood. In this paper, we present a statistical study of energy conversion and dissipation of 122 DFs observed by Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in the magnetotail. Statistically, electromagnetic energy transfers to plasma at DF. The released energy is mainly transferred to ions rather than electrons. On average, ions gain energy across the whole DF, while electrons gain energy at the leading part but lose energy at the trailing part of DFs. Joule dissipation J · (E+ve × B) can be either positive or negative at DFs, and its average value is very small. The kinetic energy dissipation parameter Pi − D does not exhibit clear signatures at the DFs; hence, it is not suitable for quantifying the energy dissipation at DF.
Anthropogenic Air Pollution Delays Marine Stratocumulus Breakup to Open Cells
Authors: Goren Tom , Kazil Jan , Hoffmann Fabian , Yamaguchi Takanobu , Feingold Graham
Published: November 2019

Marine stratocumulus cloud (Sc) decks with high cloud fraction typically breakup when sufficient drizzle forms. Cloud breakup leads to a lower cloud radiative effect due to the lower cloud amount. Here we use realistic Lagrangian large eddy simulations along a 3‐day trajectory, evaluated with satellite observations, to investigate the timing of Sc breakup in response to aerosol conditions. We show that the timing of the breakup is strongly modulated by the diurnal cycle and large‐scale meteorology but varies systematically with the initial aerosol concentration: the more polluted the clouds, the later the breakup. This indicates that the cloud radiative effect via cloud cover adjustments is not saturated, in contrast to the effect of aerosol on cloud albedo at fixed cloudiness, which weakens with increasing aerosol levels. The results also show that the cloud radiative impact of anthropogenic aerosol is strongest far from its origin over land.
Brief Portrait of the Scientist as a Young Man: Researches on Dungey's “Open” Magnetosphere From the 1960s to the 1980s
Authors: Cowley Stanley W.H.
Published: November 2019

The author's early research career and scientific output is outlined, spanning the interval from the late 1960s to the late 1980s when he transitioned from Jim Dungey's PhD student at Imperial College, London, to full professor. The work, principally concerned with elucidating theoretical aspects of Dungey's “open” model magnetosphere, is set within the context of burgeoning observations from both ground and space, resulting in greatly improved knowledge and growing international acceptance. Scientific encounters with some of the major players in the field during that time are recounted, now recollected in tranquility.
Preface to the Special Collection: Recollections in Space Physics
Authors: Kepko L. , Liemohn M.
Published: November 2019

Key Point

Preface to the 100th anniversary edition of “Recollections in Space Physics” manuscripts
Amplitude Source Location Method With Depth‐Dependent Scattering and Attenuation Structures: Application at Nevado del Ruiz Volcano, Colombia
Authors: Kumagai Hiroyuki , Londoño John Makario , Maeda Yuta , Acevedo Rivas Alvaro Esteban
Published: November 2019

The amplitude source location (ASL) method, which uses high‐frequency amplitudes based on the assumption of isotropic radiation of S waves, was tested with envelope waveforms simulated from depth‐dependent scattering and attenuation structures at Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia. Our test results indicate that estimated ASLs are more accurate when a two‐layer attenuation model is used than when a homogenous attenuation model is used, as has commonly been done in previous studies. We applied the ASL method with a two‐layer attenuation model to the high‐frequency (5‐10 Hz) band of volcanotectonic (VT) earthquakes, long‐period (LP) and very long period (VLP) events, and tremor recorded in 2016 at Nevado del Ruiz. Results indicate that the differences between ASLs and VT earthquake hypocenters (determined using onset arrival times) were smaller for a two‐layer model compared to a homogeneous model. Our determined ASLs for LP and VLP events and tremor were distributed along a NW‐dipping plane beneath the summit crater, near and above a region with high P to S wave velocity ratios that has been interpreted as shallow magma storage. This plane may represent weak zones along the Palestina fault system. Our results suggest that LP and VLP events and tremor occur during magma ascent along the fault system. This study demonstrates that the ASL method with a depth‐dependent attenuation model is useful to improve the accuracy of estimated source locations for volcanoseismic signals.
Cyclostrophic Corrections of AVISO/DUACS Surface Velocities and Its Application to Mesoscale Eddies in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Ioannou Artemis , Stegner Alexandre , Tuel Alexandre , LeVu Briac , Dumas Franck , Speich Sabrina
Published: November 2019

Mesoscale eddies, having a characteristic radius equal or larger than the local deformation radius, are generally considered to be geostrophic. Even if this is true for most of them, there are few cases where the ageostrophic velocity components induced by the local curvature of the streamlines are not negligible. In order to account for this ageostrophic part, we investigate the performance of an optimized iterative method which computes the cyclostrophic corrections starting from the geostrophic surface velocity of the AVISO (Archiving, Validation and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data)/DUACS (Data Unification and Altimeter Combination System). We optimized the convergence of the iterative method using an intermediate cubic interpolation. The performance and the accuracy of the optimized iterative method is first evaluated on idealized eddies for which we can obtain their exact cyclogeostrophic solution. Mesoscale eddies of various shapes, intensities and different ellipticity are investigated. The iterative method is then applied to 15 years (2000–2015) of AVISO/DUACS geostrophic velocity fields, gridded at 1/8o for the Mediterranean Sea. We found that these ageostrophic corrections are needed for most of the mesoscale anticyclones that have a geostrophic vortex Rossby number larger than Ro>0.1. Both the Alboran and the Ierapetra eddies are frequently affected by the cyclostrophic corrections that may exceed 50 cm s−1. Lastly, the corrected velocity fields are compared with available in situ observations of velocity measurements (vessel‐mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers) performed within the Ierapetra eddy confirming the benefit of the proposed method.
Heat Distribution in the Southeast Pacific Is Only Weakly Sensitive to High‐Latitude Heat Flux and Wind Stress
Authors: Jones Daniel C. , Boland Emma , Meijers Andrew J.S. , Forget Gael , Josey Simon A. , Sallee Jean‐Baptiste , Shuckburgh Emily
Published: November 2019

The Southern Ocean features regionally varying ventilation pathways that transport heat and carbon from the surface ocean to the interior thermocline on timescales of decades to centuries, but the factors that control the distribution of heat along these pathways are not well understood. In this study, we use a global ocean state estimate (ECCOv4) to (1) define the recently ventilated interior Pacific (RVP) using numerical passive tracer experiments over a 10‐year period and (2) use an adjoint approach to calculate the sensitivities of the RVP heat content (RVPh) to changes in net heat flux and wind stress. We find that RVPh is most sensitive to local heat flux and wind stress anomalies north of the sea surface height contours that delineate the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, with especially high sensitivities over the South Pacific Gyre. Surprisingly, RVPh is not especially sensitive to changes at higher latitudes. We perform a set of step response experiments over the South Pacific Gyre, the subduction region, and the high‐latitude Southern Ocean. In consistency with the adjoint sensitivity fields, RVPh is most sensitive to wind stress curl over the subtropical gyre, which alter isopycnal heave, and it is only weakly sensitive to changes at higher latitudes. Our results suggest that despite the localized nature of mode water subduction hot spots, changes in basin‐scale pressure gradients are an important controlling factor on RVPh. Because basin‐scale wind stress is expected to change in the coming decades to centuries, our results may have implications for climate, via the atmosphere/ocean partitioning of heat.
Measurements of Magnetic Pulse Bursts During Initial Continuous Current of Negative Rocket‐Triggered Lightning
Authors: Fan Yanfeng , Lu Gaopeng , Li Xiao , Zheng Tianxue , Zhang Hongbo , Jiang Rubin , Liu Mingyuan , Qie Xiushu , Zhang Yijun , Zhang Yang , Lyu Weitao , Zheng Dong
Published: November 2019

During the SHandong Triggering Lightning Experiment (SHATLE) in summer of 2014 and 2015 and the Guangdong Comprehensive Observation Experiment on Lightning Discharge (GCOELD) campaign in 2018, we have conducted the observations of the magnetic pulse bursts (MPBs) during the initial continuous current in negative rocket‐triggered lightning. The MPBs are commonly recorded at the main site of SHATLE (970 m from the rocket launch site), but the synchronous magnetic field (B‐field) measurements at the close site of SHATLE (78 m from the rocket launch site) show the slow variations with small MPBs superposing on them. Note that both the charge transfer and the relative brightness increase notably during the appearance of the MPBs. After shifting up the operation frequency of the magnetic sensor, the MPBs can be observed at close distance (80 m from the rocket launch site) obviously in GCOELD. Observations show that the radiation sources of MPBs originate from the breakdown in the vicinity of the leader tip, but the sources of the initial magnetic pulses (IMPs) measured at the very initial stage of triggered lightning are from the radiation of the whole steel wire. The continuous current measured at the channel base during the MPBs cannot reflect the characteristics of breakdown current, because the current is attenuated and dispersed when propagating along the high‐impedance leader channel. The average peak current associated with the MPBs is estimated to be on the order of kiloamperes.
Bedload Sediment Transport Regimes of Semi‐alluvial Rivers Conditioned by Urbanization and Stormwater Management
Authors: Papangelakis E. , MacVicar B. , Ashmore P.
Published: November 2019

Watershed urbanization and stormwater management (SWM) alter the hydrologic processes of rivers. Although differences have been documented in channel morphology and sediment yield pre‐ and posturbanization, little is known about how the modified hydrology affects grain‐scale bedload transport dynamics. This study aims to characterize the bedload sediment transport regime of three rivers with different hydrologic settings: rural, urban with no SWM, and urban with peak‐shaving SWM. The rivers are “semi‐alluvial,” characterized by an alluvial layer over a cohesive till. Bedload transport was monitored using tracer stones over 3 years. Hydrograph characteristics of the streams fit with what is expected in urban and SWM systems, and the rural stream has an episodic transport regime typical of gravel‐bed rivers. Entrainment thresholds are not detectably impacted by the semi‐alluvial bed cover, but travel lengths of grains relative to their size are longer than in alluvial gravel‐bed streams. Downstream displacement rates of particles up to the D90 are accelerated in the urban river due to more frequent mobilization rather than increased event‐based travel lengths and may explain channel enlargement. SWM decreases the mobility and travel lengths of particles below those in the rural system, which is combined with channel narrowing, and the loss of bed forms suggests a shift toward a competence‐limited transport regime. This new regime is a result of reduced shear stresses that are insufficient to transport coarse material. This study presents empirical evidence of the effects of watershed urbanization and SWM on bedload transport and provides recommendations for process‐based river management strategies.