bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sacramental Ordinances—Salvific
Authors: Givens Terryl L.
Published: June 2017

Mormons do not have formal categories or enumeration of sacraments, but five are essential for salvation and are thus administered for the living and the dead: baptism, conferral of Holy Ghost, priesthood ordination (male only), endowment, and sealing. Baptism is for remission of sins but also signifies adoption into the heavenly family. Earlier, Mormons performed re-baptisms to signify recommitment and baptisms for health. Conferral of the Holy Ghost is by laying on of hands. Priesthood, being an eternal order, is conferred even upon the deceased. The endowment involves washings, anointings, and a series of sacred covenants or obligations—and has precedent in ancient texts and practices. Sealing in this context refers to the binding together in eternal relation a man and woman. Mormon theology of gender as eternal and complementary founds their practice of man-woman marriage only.
Cautious Optimism
Authors: Ron James , Golden Shannon , Crow David , Pandya Archana
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses key findings of the preceding chapters and presents some directions for future research. While public opinion in the global South is far from monolithic, this research found relative favor for human rights ideas and organizations, suggesting deeper grassroots support than many critics allege or practitioners fear. However, the preceding chapters also argued that this general public good will has not been fully harnessed or transformed into action. This chapter suggests that human rights researchers should spend more time investigating the public experiences with and opinions about human rights. Scholars have devoted enormous attention to the construction, diffusion, and reception of human rights norms, but have largely focused on states, legal systems, organizations, and other institutions. Few have explored public attitudes toward international human rights norms and organizations; additional research is needed on the depth, limits, variability, and potential of public support for human rights.
A Dictionary of Human Resource Management
Authors: Heery Edmund , Noon Mike
Published: June 2017

Nearly 2,000 entries

This authoritative dictionary contains succinct, expert definitions that are used in the fields of Human Resource Management and Employment Relations. It covers all areas of Human Resource Management, including recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, reward, industrial relations, and the design of work and organizations. Theoretical terms and concepts are clearly explained and the main institutions, legal terms, and public policies that are relevant to Human Resource Management are all defined.

This new edition of the dictionary has been thoroughly revised and updated to take into account the latest developments in areas such as the gig economy, talent management, international Human Resource Management, critical management studies, and employee engagement. This is a vital companion for students and practitioners in the fields of Human Resource Management and Employment Relations and is an essential resource for anyone studying or working in this important area of management practice.
TSIS: an R package to infer alternative splicing isoform switches for time-series data
Authors: Guo Wenbin , Calixto Cristiane P G , Brown John W S , Zhang Runxuan
Published: June 2017

An alternative splicing isoform switch is where a pair of transcript isoforms reverse their relative expression abundances in response to external or internal stimuli. Although computational methods are available to study differential alternative splicing, few tools for detection of isoform switches exist and these are based on pairwise comparisons. Here, we provide the TSIS R package, which is the first tool for detecting significant transcript isoform switches in time-series data. The main steps of TSIS are to search for the isoform switch points in the time-series, characterize the switches and filter the results with user input parameters. All the functions are integrated into a Shiny App for ease of implementation of the analysis.

Availability and implementation

The TSIS package is available on GitHub: https://github.com/wyguo/TSIS.
Forecasting residue–residue contact prediction accuracy
Authors: Wozniak P P , Konopka B M , Xu J , Vriend G , Kotulska M
Published: June 2017

Motivation

Apart from meta-predictors, most of today's methods for residue–residue contact prediction are based entirely on Direct Coupling Analysis (DCA) of correlated mutations in multiple sequence alignments (MSAs). These methods are on average ∼40% correct for the 100 strongest predicted contacts in each protein. The end-user who works on a single protein of interest will not know if predictions are either much more or much less correct than 40%, which is especially a problem if contacts are predicted to steer experimental research on that protein.

Results

We designed a regression model that forecasts the accuracy of residue–residue contact prediction for individual proteins with an average error of 7 percentage points. Contacts were predicted with two DCA methods (gplmDCA and PSICOV). The models were built on parameters that describe the MSA, the predicted secondary structure, the predicted solvent accessibility and the contact prediction scores for the target protein. Results show that our models can be also applied to the meta-methods, which was tested on RaptorX.

Availability and implementation

All data and scripts are available from http://comprec-lin.iiar.pwr.edu.pl/dcaQ/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
HybridSim-VS: a web server for large-scale ligand-based virtual screening using hybrid similarity recognition techniques
Authors: Shang Jinling , Dai Xi , Li Yecheng , Pistolozzi Marco , Wang Ling
Published: June 2017

Molecular-similarity searches based on two-dimensional (2D) fingerprint and three-dimensional (3D) shape represent two widely used ligand-based virtual screening (VS) methods in computer-aided drug design. 2D fingerprint-based VS utilizes the binary fragment information on a known ligand, whereas 3D shape-based VS takes advantage of geometric information for predefined features from a 3D conformation. Given their different advantages, it would be desirable to hybridize 2D fingerprint and 3D shape molecular-similarity approaches in drug discovery. Here, we presented a general hybrid molecular-similarity protocol, referred to as HybridSim, obtained by combining the 2D fingerprint- and 3D shape-based similarity search methods and evaluated its performance on 595,036 actives and decoys for 40 pharmaceutically relevant targets available in the Directory of Useful Decoys Enhanced (DUD-E). Our results showed that HybridSim significantly improved the overall performance in 40 VS projects as compared with using only 2D fingerprint and 3D shape methods. Furthermore, HybridSim-VS, the first online platform using the proposed HybridSim method coupled with 17,839,945 screenable and purchasable compounds, was developed to provide large-scale and proficient VS capabilities to experts and nonexperts in the field.

Availability and implementation

HybridSim-VS web server is freely available at http://www.rcidm.org/HybridSim-VS/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Age-by-Emotion Interactions in Memory Retrieval Processes: An Event-Related Potential Study
Authors: Ford Jaclyn H , Kensinger Elizabeth A
Published: June 2017

Objectives

Although research has identified age-by-emotion interactions in memory performance and in neural recruitment during retrieval, it remains unclear which retrieval processes are affected. The temporal resolution of event-related potentials (ERPs) provides a way to examine different component processes that operate during retrieval.

Methods

In the present study, younger and older adults encoded neutral and emotional images paired with neutral titles. ERPs were assessed during a recognition memory task in which participants viewed neutral titles and indicated whether each had been presented during encoding.

Results

An age-related posterior-to-anterior shift began in a time window typically associated with recollection-related processes (500–800 ms) while an age-by-emotion interaction occurred only during a later measurement window (800–1,200 ms).

Discussion

These findings suggest an effect of age on mechanisms supporting retrieval of episodic content, prior to post-retrieval processing. The potential relations to different types of detail retrieval are discussed. Further, the later age-by-emotion interactions suggest that age influences the effect of emotion on post-retrieval processes, specifically.
Gaps and challenges of the European network of protected sites in the marine realm
Authors: Mazaris Antonios D , Almpanidou Vasiliki , Giakoumi Sylvaine , Katsanevakis Stelios
Published: June 2017

The Natura 2000 network forms the cornerstone of the biodiversity conservation strategy of the European Union and is the largest coordinated network of protected areas (PAs) in the world. Here, we demonstrated that the network fails to adequately cover the marine environment and meet the conservation target of 10% set by the Convention on Biological Diversity. The relative percentage of marine surface cover varies significantly among member states. Interestingly, the relative cover of protected seascape was significantly lower for member states with larger exclusive economic zones. Our analyses demonstrated that the vast majority (93%) of the Natura 2000 sites that cover marine waters include both a terrestrial and a marine component. As a result, the majority of the protected surfaces is adjacent to the coastline, and decreases offshore; only 20% of Natura marine PAs is at depths >200 m. The lack of systematic planning processes is further reflected by the great variability in the distances among protected sites and the limited number of shared Natura sites among member states. Moreover, <40% of the marine sites have management plans, indicating the absence of active, or limited management in most sites. This work highlights the gaps in coverage and spatial design of the European conservation network in the marine environment, and raises questions on the unevenly treatment of marine vs. terrestrial areas.
When is non-trivial estimation possible for graphons and stochastic block models?‡
Authors: McMillan Audra , Smith Adam
Published: June 2017

Block graphons (also called stochastic block models) are an important and widely studied class of models for random networks. We provide a lower bound on the accuracy of estimators for block graphons with a large number of blocks. We show that, given only the number $k$ of blocks and an upper bound $\rho$ on the values (connection probabilities) of the graphon, every estimator incurs error ${\it{\Omega}}\left(\min\left(\rho, \sqrt{\frac{\rho k^2}{n^2}}\right)\right)$ in the $\delta_2$ metric with constant probability for at least some graphons. In particular, our bound rules out any non-trivial estimation (that is, with $\delta_2$ error substantially less than $\rho$) when $k\geq n\sqrt{\rho}$. Combined with previous upper and lower bounds, our results characterize, up to logarithmic terms, the accuracy of graphon estimation in the $\delta_2$ metric. A similar lower bound to ours was obtained independently by Klopp et al.
Introduction to basic science
Authors: McKenna James T. , McCarley Robert W.
Published: June 2017

This chapter briefly reviews recent basic research advances in the understanding of the neural circuitry and physiology involved in vigilance state regulation (wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement, and rapid eye movement sleep), as well as some posited functions of sleep. Basic sleep research has exploded exponentially in the last half-century owing to advances in neuroanatomical, pharmacological, electrophysiological, molecular, and genetic techniques. Sleep disorders, of either primary etiology or concomitant to psychiatric and neurological disease, are increasingly recognized as major public health issues, which this research addresses. Furthermore, basic research illuminates the mechanisms by which sleep loss due to vocational demands produce dysfunctional physiological and cognitive sequelae. Further understanding of vigilance state regulation will aid the development of treatments of sleep-related disorders, as well as related psychiatric and neurological pathologies.
An overview of sleep medicine
Authors: Chokroverty Sudhansu , Bhat Sushanth
Published: June 2017

The importance of sleep is well recognized today, among both the academic and clinical communities. Advancements and refinement of functional neuroimaging have led to the ability to map various areas of the brain in different stages of sleep, and neurophysiological techniques have allowed researchers to study changes at the cellular level. However, there remain several unanswered fundamental questions about the nature and function of sleep. This chapter provides a brief overview of the history of sleep medicine and the latest theories about the function of sleep. Also discussed are sleep patterns across various age groups, circadian rhythms, sleep architecture, and the glymphatic system as it pertains to sleep.
Neuroanatomical, neurochemical, and neurophysiological bases of waking and sleeping
Authors: Jones Barbara E.
Published: June 2017

Neurons distributed through the reticular core of the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain and giving rise to ascending projections to the cortex or descending projections to the spinal cord promote the changes in cortical activity and behavior that underlie the sleep–wake cycle and three states of waking, NREM (slow wave) sleep, and REM (paradoxical) sleep. Forming the basic units of these systems, glutamate and GABA cell groups are heterogeneous in discharge profiles and projections, such that different subgroups can promote cortical activation (wake/REM(PS)-active) versus cortical deactivation (NREM(SWS)-active) by ascending influences or behavioral arousal with muscle tone (wake-active) versus behavioral quiescence with muscle atonia (NREM/REM(PS)-active) by descending influences. These different groups are in turn regulated by neuromodulatory systems, including cortical activation (wake/REM(PS)-active acetylcholine neurons), behavioral arousal (wake-active noradrenaline, histamine, serotonin, and orexin neurons), and behavioral quiescence (NREM/REM(PS)-active MCH neurons). By different projections, chemical neurotransmitters and discharge profiles, distinct cell groups thus act and interact to promote cyclic oscillations in cortical activity and behavior forming the sleep-wake cycle and states.
Scoring of sleep stages, breathing, and arousals
Authors: De Los Santos Marco , Hirshkowitz Max
Published: June 2017

This chapter summarizes scoring guidelines for sleep stages, breathing (airflow and respiratory effort), and arousals based on the principles enumerated by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Current established clinical standards are largely based on those published by the AASM and rules implemented by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid services in the USA. These rules include scoring of rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep stages, central nervous system (CNS) arousals, and breathing events. Other clinically relevant polysomnographic events exist (eg, limb movements, bruxism, and electrocardiographic events) but such events are beyond the scope of this chapter. The material presented in this chapter can serve as a framework to provide general information to patients and clinicians about methods of performing the tests and gathering summary data.
Scoring guidelines for sleep-related movements
Authors: Figorilli Michela , Puligheddu Monica , Ferri Raffaele
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on available and validated scoring guidelines for sleep-related movements, such as periodic limb movements, alternating legs movements, rhythmic movements, sleep bruxism, sleep myoclonus, and REM behavior disorder. Some scoring methods have recently been updated with the use of computerized and automatic techniques; others are based on old criteria derived from visual analysis of events recorded on paper. Further studies are needed to develop and validate automatic scoring methods and to assess their reliability and usefulness for both research purposes and clinical practice. Moreover, scoring methods and related cut-off values have to be validated, not only against controls, but also in specific populations, such as patients with Parkinson disease and REM behavior disorder.
Neuroimaging in normal sleep and sleep disorders
Authors: Maquet Pierre , Fanielle Julien
Published: June 2017

Functional neuroimaging techniques include methods that probe various aspects of brain function and help derive models of brain organization in health and disease. These techniques can be grouped in two categories. Some are mainly based on electromagnetic signals (electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography), recording brain activity using a large number of sensors with exquisite temporal resolution (usually of the order of a kilohertz) but allowing only indirect characterization of three-dimensional brain activity by resorting to mathematical models. The second type includes different techniques (PET scan, SPECT, MRI, optical imaging) that typically assess metabolic or hemodynamic parameters, with millimeter spatial resolution and usually from the entire brain volume. However, temporal resolution is usually low because it is primarily driven by metabolic processes that unfold in several seconds or minutes. This chapter focuses on this second type, covering the contribution of brain imaging to understanding NREM sleep and REM sleep and also sleep disorders.
Narcolepsy with cataplexy
Authors: Lammers Gert Jan
Published: June 2017

Narcolepsy with cataplexy is caused by disturbed cerebral hypocretin (also called orexin) transmission. It results in impaired physiological boundaries of wake and sleep stages and their specific components, leading to clinical symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), impaired sustained attention, disturbed nocturnal sleep, cataplexy, and hypnagogic hallucinations. This chapter discusses the consequences for daily life of the disorder, the diagnostic challenges, particularly the interpretation of the results of the multiple sleep latency test (MSLT), the presumed cause and pathophysiology, the frequent comorbidities such as obesity, and practical guidelines for optimal nonpharmacological as well as pharmacological treatment.
Obstructive sleep apnea and upper airway resistance syndrome
Authors: Embid Cristina , Montserrat Josep M.
Published: June 2017

The prevalence of sleep apnea–hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is about 2–8% in the adult population. A number of studies have shown associations with arterial hypertension, cardiovascular mortality, and traffic accidents. Given this prevalence and the increasing awareness of SAHS in the medical community as well as in the general population, the demand for consultations and diagnostic studies has increased in recent years. Access to diagnostic testing is difficult, however, with long waiting lists. Therefore, there is growing interest in diagnostic methods and approaches involving all levels of the heath system, from primary care to hospital sleep units. This chapter reviews the pathophysiology of the upper airway and how it is possible to measure its disruption in order to diagnose SAHS. It also summarizes clinical implications and overall treatment strategies.
Positive airway pressure therapy
Authors: Pevernagie Dirk
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy for sleep disordered breathing. Continuous PAP (CPAP) acts as a mechanical splint on the upper airway and is the treatment of choice for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Autotitrating CPAP may be used when the pressure demand for stabilizing the upper airway is quite variable. In other cases, fixed CPAP is sufficient. There is robust evidence that CPAP reduces the symptomatic burden and risk of cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with moderate to severe OSA. Bilevel PAP is indicated for treatment of respiratory diseases characterized by chronic alveolar hypoventilation, which typically deteriorates during sleep. Adaptive servo-ventilation is a mode of bilevel PAP used to treat Cheyne–Stokes respiration with central sleep apnea . It is crucial that caregivers help patients get used to and be compliant with PAP therapy. Education, support, and resolution of adverse effects are mandatory for therapeutic success.
Insomnias
Authors: Kyle Simon D. , Espie Colin A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter reviews contemporary understanding of insomnia disorder. Specifically, it examines insomnia prevalence and associated morbidity, clinical approaches to the evaluation of insomnia, and models of insomnia development and maintenance. Recent evolution of insomnia classification is emphasized, together with novel perspectives on the role of insomnia in conferring risk for mental and physical disease. It is concluded that the development of theoretical models that integrate both psychological and neurobiological levels of analysis will provide a fuller understanding of insomnia pathophysiology and subsequently guide treatment innovation.
Sleep and epilepsy
Authors: Nobili Lino , Proserpio Paola , Gibbs Steve , Plazzi Giuseppe
Published: June 2017

This chapter on sleep and epilepsy examines the activating and deactivating properties of NREM and REM sleep states on interictal epileptic activity and seizures. It reviews specific epileptic syndromes in which seizures manifest a tendency to present exclusively or predominantly during sleep or upon wakening. Particular attention is paid to the description of the different forms of nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy: autosomal dominant and lesional. There is also a discussion of the negative bidirectional relationship between epilepsy and sleep disorders (sleep apneas and parasomnias) and the effect of pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments. Finally, a brief review of the relationship between sleep and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy is given.
Autonomic dysfunction and sleep disorders
Authors: Calandra-Buonaura Giovanna , Cortelli Pietro
Published: June 2017

Autonomic dysfunctions are frequently associated with sleep disorders, as the autonomic nervous system and sleep are closely related from anatomical, physiological, and neurochemical points of view. The autonomic dysfunctions described in this chapter may result from a common pathogenetic mechanism that affects both the autonomic and the sleep functions, as in fatal familial insomnia, or from a prevalent expression of a primary disorder of autonomic regulation during sleep, as in congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Alternatively, the autonomic dysfunction may be mainly caused by the sleep disorder, as observed in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, or the causal mechanism resulting in the association between the autonomic dysfunction and the sleep disorder has yet to be identified with certainty, as in narcolepsy with cataplexy and in REM sleep behavior disorder. The impact of the autonomic dysfunction on health and on patients’ quality of life is also reviewed.
Neuromuscular disorders and sleep
Authors: Sajgalikova Katerina , Louis Erik K. St. , Gay Peter
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the range of sleep disturbances seen in patients with neuromuscular disorders, particularly emphasizing sleep-related breathing disorders which may be a presenting manifestation of neuromuscular disorders, and which significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality in this patient population. It provides an overview of physiological and pathological alterations in neuromuscular breathing mechanisms and control during sleep. The symptoms and forms of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) seen in specific neuromuscular disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, myopathies, and disorders of neuromuscular junction transmission are reviewed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of management strategies for neuromuscular disorder patients with SDB, which is common in such patients, requiring generalists, neurologists, and sleep physicians to work together toward prompt diagnosis and optimal treatment approaches.
Sleep after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Baumann Christian R.
Published: June 2017

It is becoming increasingly evident that traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent condition causing sleep–wake disorders (SWDs) in more than half of TBI patients. SWDs in TBI includes pleiosomnia (increased sleep need), excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia symptoms, sleep-related breathing disorders, sleep-related movement disorders, and circadian rhythm disorders. The causes of SWDs in TBI are multifactorial (eg, depression, anxiety, stress, medication-related, pain, genetic background, and possibly trauma-induced brain damage). It is important to perform objective sleep laboratory tests in appropriate cases for optimal treatment of these unfortunate post-traumatic insomnia victims.
Neurological diseases and their effects on the sleep–wake cycle
Authors: Reading Paul J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter addresses current neurobiological knowledge of how wake- and sleep-promoting systems interact to produce the daily circadian rhythm of wake and sleep and how this may be adversely affected by a variety of neurological diseases. The crucial importance of sleep quality for optimal brain function is stressed and the potential hazards of prolonged wakefulness highlighted. Insomnia relating to either sleep onset or maintenance is common and increases with normal aging. Many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease appear to enhance the effects of aging on the sleep–wake cycle, with increased fragmentation and reduced deep sleep. Focal pathology in the thalamus or sometimes the hypothalamus may produce striking insomnia, as may several autoimmune encephalitides. Hypersomnia is most often secondary to poor-quality nocturnal sleep, but may also relate to discrete hypothalamic pathology or traumatic head injury. The effects of epilepsy and its treatment on sleep can be significant and are discussed.
Role of positive pressure therapy on sleep disordered breathing and cognition in the elderly
Authors: Zimmerman Molly E. , Aloia Mark S.
Published: June 2017

Efforts aimed toward alleviating senescence have intensified as older adults occupy an increasing proportion of the population. Cognitive abilities become compromised with advancing age, with a vast heterogeneity of presentations, ranging from occasional word-finding difficulties to dementia. The role of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in moderating or mediating age-related cognitive decline is particularly relevant given its potential reversibility in response to positive airway pressure (PAP) therapies. Establishment of SDB as a significant contributor to the development of dementia and cognitive dysfunction among the elderly has immense public health relevance, underscoring the importance of its early identification and treatment. Although several studies have examined the effect of PAP on cognitive function in older adults with SDB, additional prospective randomized clinical trials are needed. This chapter reviews the literature on SDB and cognition among the elderly as well as cognitive changes in response to PAP. Considerations for future research are also discussed.
REM sleep behavior disorder
Authors: Postuma Ronald B.
Published: June 2017

A diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), a disorder characterized by “acting out” of dreams during REM sleep, has critical implications for a patient’s future. Aside from being a treatable parasomnia, usually managed with melatonin or clonazepam, RBD is the most powerful risk factor for Parkinson disease and dementia with Lewy bodies yet discovered. Over 70% of patients with idiopathic RBD will develop a neurodegenerative synucleinopathy. Moreover, the disease course is more severe in patients with RBD than those without. Numerous screens have been developed to aid detection, and clinical history can help distinguish RBD from NREM parasomnia. However, final diagnosis relies on polysomnographic documentation of REM atonia loss. Given the profound implications of idiopathic RBD, patients need careful counseling and the offer of neurological follow-up to detect and treat prodromal disease symptoms. Recognition of RBD is also a means to discover and test protective therapies against neurodegenerative disease.
Pulmonary disorders and sleep
Authors: Launois Sandrine H. , Lévy Patrick
Published: June 2017

Sleep disorders and pulmonary diseases are closely associated, a fact clearly underestimated in routine patient care, despite evidence that these disorders interact to impact on quality of life as well as on morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of chronic insomnia, sleep-related breathing disorders, and restless leg syndrome is high in patients with chronic pulmonary disorders such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, chest wall and neuromuscular disorders, and chronic respiratory failure. This association may be fortuitous and reflect the impact of a chronic condition on sleep quality, or it may be due to specific sleep-related phenomena adversely affecting an underlying pulmonary disorder. Furthermore, obstructive sleep apnea has been implicated as a risk factor for pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary embolism. This chapter outlines the implications for both pulmonary and sleep specialists, in terms of clinical management and treatment strategies.
Sleep in chronic renal insufficiency
Authors: Sakkas Giorgos K. , Giannaki Christoforos D.
Published: June 2017

Chronic kidney disease is a significant and growing medical and public health problem, responsible for a substantial burden of illness and premature mortality. Renal disease has a dramatic impact on patients’ quality of life (QoL), with sleep disorders contributing significantly and 80% of the renal population reporting symptoms of disturbed sleep, including insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome, daytime sleepiness, and fatigue. Many patients with sleep disorders remain underdiagnosed, since many of the signs and symptoms related to poor sleep are thought to be an unavoidable consequence of renal failure or inadequate dialysis. Effective management of sleep disorders could improve patients’ QoL and mortality. A growing body of evidence suggests significant advantages of nocturnal hemodialysis for control of uremia and therefore for improving sleep quality and daytime sleepiness.
Childhood sleep–wake disorders
Authors: Kotagal Suresh , Baughn Julie M.
Published: June 2017

This chapter highlights the development of normal sleep from infancy to childhood. It illustrates the ways in which this development impacts common sleep disorders such as sleep disordered breathing, insomnia, restless legs syndrome (Willis–Ekbom disease), narcolepsy, parasomnias, and circadian rhythm abnormalities. The considerations needed for diagnosis of these disorders in children are discussed, including the key features of a pediatric sleep history. The chapter also focuses on sleep in special populations, including trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), autism spectrum disorder, Angelman syndrome, Prader–Willi syndrome, and achondroplasia, and on the considerations needed for each population. This chapter is designed for the sleep physician with an interest in treating children.
Sleep and its disorders in women
Authors: Pavlova Milena
Published: June 2017

Reproductive hormones affect sleep in a major way. Particularly common for women are insomnia, nightmare disorder, and restless legs syndrome (RLS). Other sleep disorders may have a different presentation in women. For example, sleep apnea commonly presents with insomnia. Common sleep complaints during pregnancy include hypersomnia due to hormonal changes, as well as insomnia, often due to mechanical sleep disruption, particularly in the last trimester. RLS is also commonly seen in pregnancy, and typically resolves after delivery. During menopause, sleep disruption may be due to hormonal fluctuations or secondary to other menopausal complaints (such as hot flashes at night or sleep apnea). Treatment of sleep disorders in women should always consider plans for pregnancy and lactation.
Violent parasomnias and sleep forensics
Authors: Bornemann Michel A. Cramer , Pressman Mark R.
Published: June 2017

Parasomnias are complex behaviors occurring out of or during sleep. Parasomnias are increasingly presented as proof of an automatism in criminal cases involving violence. The sleep forensics expert must have an up-to-date understanding of current sleep science and research, diagnostic and clinical techniques, and the legal requirements of expert testimony and scientific evidence. Sleepwalking and related disorders typically follow sudden, partial awakenings from deep sleep. Higher-level cognition is severely limited or absent, and complex behaviors often consist of “automatic” behaviors not initiated or guided by memory or planning. Sleepwalking and related disorders are noted to occur during deep sleep and often require a genetic predisposition or priming factors. Prior cases of sleepwalking violence find that the victim of sleepwalking violence—most often a family member—seeks out the sleepwalker. The history of sleepwalking includes reports of episodes and sometimes criminal court cases of murder, assault, and rape.
Biphasic Zika Illness With Rash and Joint Pain
Authors: Edupuganti Srilatha , Natrajan Muktha S , Rouphael Nadine , Lai Lilin , Xu Yongxian , Feldhammer Matthew , Hill Charles , Patel Shital M , Johnson Sara Jo , Bower Mary , Gorchakov Rodion , Berry Rebecca , Murray Kristy O , Mulligan Mark J
Published: June 2017

During the current Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak, acute symptomatic ZIKV infection in adults appears to be a mild-to-moderate, self-limited illness. We present a case of ZIKV rash illness that improved and then relapsed without repeat exposure to ZIKV. Clinicians should be alert for relapses in patients with ZIKV infection.
Aims and Scope of This Book
Authors: Bělohlávek Radim , Dauben Joseph W. , Klir George J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter is a general introduction to the book and an overview of its content. It describes the aims and scope of the book, and explains why a historical perspective is essential for achieving the aims. It introduces informally the key concepts involved, and the particular challenge fuzzy logic poses to the principle of bivalence in classical logic. It looks at the circumstances that led to the emergence of fuzzy logic in the academic community and as well as at the agendas of two main subareas of fuzzy logic, known as fuzzy logic in the narrow sense and fuzzy logic in the broad sense. The content of each of the subsequent chapters of the book is also briefly described.
Prehistory, Emergence, and Evolution of Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Bělohlávek Radim , Dauben Joseph W. , Klir George J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter first identifies the rare instances throughout the long history of classical logic when the principle of bivalence was challenged and shows that they all have been rather inconsequential. It then briefly examines the early research on many-valued logics during the first half the twentieth century, and describes in some detail circumstances that led to the emergence of fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic in the mid-1960s. This is followed by characterizing the evolving attitudes toward fuzzy logic, especially within the academic community, and by a summary of major and well-documented debates between members of the emerging fuzzy logic community and opponents of fuzzy logic. Finally, the chapter describes how the supporting infrastructure for fuzzy logic evolved during the early and rather critical stage of development of fuzzy logic.
Fuzzy Logic in the Broad Sense
Authors: Bělohlávek Radim , Dauben Joseph W. , Klir George J.
Published: June 2017

The chapter begins by introducing the important and useful distinction between the research agendas of fuzzy logic in the narrow and the broad senses. The chapter deals with the latter agenda, whose ultimate goal is to employ intuitive fuzzy set theory for emulating commonsense human reasoning in natural language and other unique capabilities of human beings. Restricting to standard fuzzy sets, whose membership degrees are real numbers in the unit interval [0,1], the chapter describes how this broad agenda has become increasingly specific via the gradual development of standard fuzzy set theory and the associated fuzzy logic. An overview of currently recognized nonstandard fuzzy sets, which open various new directions in fuzzy logic, is presented in the last section of this chapter.
On the Very Idea of a Renaissance
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the history of two of the principal social and religious movements in colonial India: the Arya and Brahmo Samaj movements. It shows how each of these exhibits the characteristics of renaissance movements, and how each contributed to the secularization of Indian philosophical thought and to the modernization of Indian culture.
Reform Movements
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter contrasts a number of different accounts of that in which Indian national identity consists that were advanced in the colonial period. It considers criteria of identity based in geography, culture, political history, art and religion, and show how each of these contributed to the development of national consciousness.
India Imagined
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter compares a range of forms of nationalism active in the colonial period, both among Hindus and among Muslims, using Lajpat Rai’s taxonomy. The chapter addresses extremism, terrorism, moderation, and constructive nationalism, exploring the ways in which these strands of thought shaped both concrete political action and the political philosophy that animated that action and the conception of the future Indian state.
Māyā versus Līlā
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the work of two eminent neo-Vedānta philosophers in colonial India—A. C. Mukerji and K. C. Bhattacharyya. It focuses on their respective accounts of subjectivity and on the divergent ways that each draws both on classical Indian and on European ideas.
Indian Ways of Seeing
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter concludes the book by summing up the argument that the colonial period in India was a renaissance period, and that the philosophy produced during this period was both continuous with the prior Indian tradition and creative.
The Triumph of Indian Philosophy
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter concludes the book by summing up the argument that the colonial period in India was a renaissance period, and that the philosophy produced during this period was both continuous with the prior Indian tradition and creative.
Zen Buddhism and the Space of Ethics
Authors: Park Jin Y.
Published: June 2017

This essay discusses Buddhist ethics from Zen and Huayan Buddhist perspectives. It proposes that Zen Buddhist ethics underlines the importance of the ethical agent’s awareness of the fundamental gap between the reality of the world and the agent’s capacity to fully understand the total reality, and this gap inevitably creates a tension in the ethical agent’s mind. This tension is a positive guideline that demands of the ethical agent a constant and consistent self-reflection when making ethical decisions. Moral norms can offer a contour of our ethical life, but, from the Zen and Huayan perspectives, crucial to ethical reasoning is one’s capacity to be aware of multifaceted causes and conditions that generate an event and the venerability of the ethical agent’s hermeneutic capacity to fully grasp the total realty. Ethics emerges in the space of this tension when the tension is positively channeled through the moral agent’s self-cultivation.
Buddhist Ethics
Authors: Priest Graham
Published: June 2017

This essay formulates an ethics based largely on Buddhist principles. However, it does so without assuming views for which, arguably, there is no real evidence, such as rebirth. In light of this, it is argued that the good for a Buddhist ethics plausible in a contemporary Western context cannot be simply a negative one, of eliminating suffering. The positive good to be promoted is that of peace of mind. We should be concerned to eliminate all troubled mental states, given Buddhist views that the distinction between myself and another has no substance. According to this formulation, therefore, morality is self-interest, universalized by a denial of the self. Some possible objections and replies are then considered. The hardest of these is that suffering may actually be a good sometimes.
Buddhist Reductionist Action Theory
Authors: Siderits Mark
Published: June 2017

This essay develops the theory of action presupposed by Buddhist Reductionists. Their account uses the theory of two truths to reconcile the folk theory of human action with the Buddhist claim that there are no agents. The conventional truth has it that persons are substance-causes of actions, and the willings that trigger actions are exercises of a person’s powers in light of their reasons. According to the ultimate truth, there are no persons, only causal series of bundles of tropes. An action is a bodily or mental event in one such series that has the occurrence of a prior intention event as its cause. Facts about causally connected psychophysical elements explain the utility, and thus the conventional truth, of claims about persons as agents. This two-tier account of human agency makes possible a novel approach to making attributions of moral responsibility compatible with psychological determinism.
The Inherent Dignity of Empty Persons
Authors: Kelley Christopher
Published: June 2017

The 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, has expressed strong support for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. While this may seem to be consistent with his outspoken promotion of basic human values and universal responsibility, there is an unresolved metaphysical conflict between his endorsement of the UDHR and concomitant ideas like inherent dignity and inalienable rights, on the one hand, and, on the other, his espousal of the Buddhist Middle Way or “centrist” (Madhyamaka) thesis that all phenomena (i.e., persons, things, and ideas like human rights) lack “intrinsic existence” (svabhāva). This chapter explores the possibility of an unforced consensus on rights between Tibetan Buddhism and the Western human rights tradition through a novel application of Madhyamaka Buddhism that can help us make sense of the metaphysics of rights in the 21st century, as well as combat the fundamentalist mind-set that contributes to human rights violations.
Ethics without Justice
Authors: Carpenter Amber
Published: June 2017

The language of justice belongs to a discourse of free, autonomous individuals who can be properly responsible for their actions, and appropriately blamed and resented. The Buddhist critique of these latter attitudes goes beyond prudential considerations of the bad effects of anger. Getting to the roots of anger means getting to the metaphysical picture of distinct individuals that is necessary for resentment of injustice to arise. This essay argues that dependent arising moves the criterion of correctness in individuation from correspondence with reality to efficacy in eliminating suffering. This shift carries with it a shift in attributions of agency and patient, of perpetrator and victim. Such attributions are correct when so ascribing agency facilitates the elimination of suffering. “Real” responsibility, and the freedom this requires as well as the determinism that threatens it, disappear as issues, replaced with a Buddhist ethics of care (karuṇ
ā) grounded in dependent arising.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Jake H.
Published: June 2017

This introduction offers a brief overview of the academic study of Buddhist ethics. Employing an analogy drawn from the P?li Buddhist texts, the first section discusses how the study of Buddhist texts on ethics can serve as a means of reflection on our actions and on our ways of thinking, both in traditional contexts and in the modern world. The second section briefly surveys some key principles of Buddhist ethical thought and their historical context. The third section offers an overview of the volume, its parts and individual chapters, drawing out key connections between the topics discussed. The introduction concludes with a discussion of the continuing legacy of colonialism in the academic study of Buddhist ethics, arguing that engaging (also) with non-Western systems of ethical thought—in a rigorous, critical, and respectful way—is itself an ethical imperative today.
Institutionalizing Ideology
Authors: Clealand Danielle Pilar
Published: June 2017

Chapter 4 demonstrates how the unification of racial democracy and socialism creates a racial ideology in Cuba that is distinct from other Latin American countries. By supporting racial democracy at the start of the revolution and officially declaring the end of racism, the government ensured that the influence of racial democracy in Cuba is particularly strong. The initial advances that the revolution was able to make provided a formidable claim by the government that race was no longer relevant. The economic crisis that followed the fall of the Soviet Union marked the first serious challenge to racial ideology in Cuba. The chapter examines the change in rhetoric among the leadership and how ideological discourse was adjusted during this time, and outlines the various theoretical components of racial ideology. Interviews are included to show how support for the revolution is tied to racial attitudes and belief in Cuban racial democracy.
The Power of a Frame
Authors: Clealand Danielle Pilar
Published: June 2017

Chapter 6 explores the framing of racism as prejudice in Cuba both from above and below. Although it cannot be denied that there are instances of discrimination that whites still practice against nonwhites, often admissions of such treatment are, at worst, linked to individual prejudice that is uncontrollable by government or society and, at best, viewed as mere aberrations that do not represent the national attitude toward race. This view of racism as personal rather than structural represents a standard way of perceiving race that is supported by racial democracy and obscures any correlation between race and opportunity. Through interviews and survey data on the nature of experiences with discrimination, the chapter examines 1) how pervasive this way of characterizing racism in Cuba is among the citizenry, and 2) whether discrimination is indeed experienced and perceived by blacks as something between individuals or on a structural level.
Uncovering Blackness and the Underground
Authors: Clealand Danielle Pilar
Published: June 2017

Chapter 8 analyzes how components of Cuban racial ideology influence black consciousness and identity formation. The data in this chapter add to the information we have about what underground racial consciousness and dialogue looks like among blacks. The chapter argues that although racial democracy has been successful in creating a perception of equality and decreased saliency of race, black consciousness continues to exist and racial identity is quite significant to blacks in their daily lives. The experience of discrimination, the presence of racism, and perceptions of being undervalued in Cuban society heighten the saliency of race and have a direct relationship to how blacks view their own identity and their connection to other blacks. At the same time, the dominant racial ideology promoted by the state is paramount to how blacks view social and political realities and their racial implications.