bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical View of Safety in Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence and Future Perspectives
Authors: Manatakis Dimitrios K. , Antonopoulou Maria‐Ioanna , Tasis Nikolaos , Agalianos Christos , Tsouknidas Ioannis , Korkolis Dimitrios P. , Dervenis Christos
Published: December 2022

Background

The Critical View of Safety (CVS) has been increasingly recognised as the standard method for identification of the cystic structures, to prevent vasculobiliary injuries during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, however, its adoption has been anything but universal. A significant proportion of surgeons has a poor understanding of the three requirements. To bridge this gap between theory and practice, we aimed to summarise the available evidence on CVS, emphasising on current debates and future perspectives.

Method

We systematically reviewed the literature (1995–2021), to identify studies reporting on the CVS. Eligible articles were classified according to methodology and key idea. A quantitative analysis was performed to evaluate effectiveness of the CVS in preventing bile duct injury (BDI).

Results

150 relevant articles were identified, focusing on six main points, (1) safety and effectiveness, (2) intraoperative documentation, (3) complementary imaging techniques, (4) bail‐out alternatives, (5) adoption among surgeons, and (6) education and training. The quantitative analysis included 11 studies, with 10,938 cases. Overall, the CVS was achieved in 92.5%. Conversion rate was 4.8%. CVS‐related BDI was 0.09% (0.05% technical errors and 0.04% misidentification errors).

Conclusion

Routine application of the CVS reduces BDI, but does not eliminate them altogether. Besides operative notes, the CVS should be documented by an imaging modality of sufficient quality. When the CVS cannot be safely established, the threshold for bail‐out alternatives or complementary imaging should be low. Adoption by the surgical community worldwide shows great variability and focus should be placed on training through structured educational modules.
Jan Mayen—a new spawning and fishing area for Atlantic cod Gadus morhua
Authors: Bogstad Bjarte
Published: December 2022

In 2018, commercially exploitable concentrations of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua were found on the shelf around the Arctic island Jan Mayen (7 1°N, 8–9 °W) and in 2019–2021 an exploratory cod fishery with longline was carried out in the area. The total catch in the period 2018–2021 was 1737 tonnes. The first records of cod fishery in the Jan Mayen area are from the early 1930s but catches before 2018 were minimal. In 2019–2020 cod spawning was documented in this area for the first time. Catches in 2019 and 2020 were dominated by cod between 70 and 100 cm, while in 2021 the main part of the catches was cod between 60 and 100 cm. Catch rates were highest in autumn. We summarize the history of cod observations and the experience from the recent exploratory fishery in this shelf area where there has been no regular monitoring of demersal fish abundance. Further, we consider possible links with cod stocks in other Arctic and sub-Arctic areas and discuss the occurrence of cod in the Jan Mayen area in relation to the biology and recent development of other cod stocks.
Efficacy and safety of oral and sublingual versus vaginal misoprostol for induction of labour: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Pergialiotis Vasilios , Panagiotopoulos Michail , Constantinou Therapon , Vogiatzi Vokotopoulou Lito , Koumenis Andreas , Stavros Sofoklis , Voskos Andreas , Daskalakis George
Published: December 2022

Objective

Misoprostol is a synthetic PGE1analogue that is used for induction of labour. Current guidelines support the use of doses that do not exceed 25 mcg in order to limit maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes. The present meta-analysis investigates the efficacy and safety of oral compared to vaginally inserted misoprostol in terms of induction of labor and adverse peripartum outcomes.

Methods

We searched Medline, Scopus, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials CENTRAL, Google Scholar, and Clinicaltrials.gov databases from inception till April 2022. Randomized controlled trials that assessed the efficacy of oral misoprostol (per os or sublingual) compared to vaginally inserted misoprostol. Effect sizes were calculated in R. Sensitivity analysis was performed to evaluate the possibility of small study effects, p-hacking. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis according to the dose of misoprostol was also investigated. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by two independent reviewers using the risk of bias 2 tool. Quality of evidence for primary outcomes was evaluated under the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, ranging from very low to high.

Results

Overall, 57 studies were included that involved 10,975 parturient. Their risk of bias ranged between low-moderate. There were no differences among the routes of intake in terms of successful vaginal delivery within 24 h (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.80) and cesarean section rates (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.82, 1.04). Sublingual misoprostol was superior compared to vaginal misoprostol in reducing the interval from induction to delivery (MD – 1.11 h, 95% CI – 2.06, – 0.17). On the other hand, per os misoprostol was inferior compared to vaginal misoprostol in terms of this outcome (MD 3.45 h, 95% CI 1.85, 5.06). Maternal and neonatal morbidity was not affected by the route or dose of misoprostol.

Conclusion

The findings of our study suggest that oral misoprostol intake is equally safe to vaginal misoprostol in terms of inducing labor at term. Sublingual intake seems to outperform the per os and vaginal routes without increasing the accompanying morbidity. Increasing the dose of misoprostol does not seem to increase its efficacy.

Clinical trial registration

Open Science Framework (https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/V9JHF).
White matter hyperintensities are an independent predictor of cognitive decline 3 years following first-ever stroke—results from the PROSCIS-B study
Authors: Ali Huma Fatima , Fast Lea , Khalil Ahmed , Siebert Eberhard , Liman Thomas , Endres Matthias , Villringer Kersten , Kufner Anna
Published: December 2022

Background

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) are the result of cerebral small vessel disease and may increase the risk of cognitive impairment (CI), recurrent stroke, and depression. We aimed to explore the association between selected cerebrovascular risk factors (CVRF) and WMH load as well as the effect of increased WMH burden on recurrent vascular events, CI, and depression in first-ever ischemic stroke patients.

Methods

431 from the PROSpective Cohort with Incident Stroke (PROSCIS) were included; Age-Related White Matter Changes (ARWMC) score was used to assess WMH burden on FLAIR. The presence of CVRF (defined via blood pressure, body-mass-index, and serological markers of kidney dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipoproteinemia) was categorized into normal, borderline, and pathological profiles based on commonly used clinical definitions. The primary outcomes included recurrent vascular events (combined endpoint of recurrent stroke, myocardial infarction and/or death), CI 3 years post-stroke, and depression 1-year post-stroke.

Results

There was no clear association between CVRF profiles and WMH burden. High WMH lesion load (ARWMC score ≥ 10) was found to be associated with CI (adjusted OR 1.05 [95% CI 1.00–1.11]; p < 0.02) in a mixed-model analysis. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis showed a visible increase in the risk of recurrent vascular events following stroke; however, after adjustment, the risk was non-significant (HR 1.5 [95% CI 0.76–3]; p = 0.18). WMH burden was not associated with depression 1-year post stroke (adjusted OR 0.72 [95% CI 0.31–1.64]; p = 0.44).

Conclusion

Higher WMH burden was associated with a significant decline in cognition 3 years post-stroke in this cohort of first-ever stroke patients.
Predictors and reasons for epilepsy patients to decline surgery: a prospective study
Authors: Steinbrenner Mirja , Tito Tabea , Dehnicke Christoph , Holtkamp Martin
Published: December 2022

Background

In patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy, resective surgery is the most successful treatment option to achieve seizure freedom. However, a surprisingly high rate of patients declines their physicians’ recommendation to undergo removal of the seizure focus or—if necessary—further video-EEG monitoring (VEM).

Methods

In this prospective study, consecutive patients in presurgical assessment with at least one scalp VEM between 2016 and 2018 were included. We assessed both epilepsy-related and psychosocial variables as well as decision-making of physicians and patients, including reasons for decline in the latter.

Results

Out of 116 patients with a total of 165 VEM, 20 patients were eventually found to be ineligible for resection, 51 declined, and 45 agreed on recommendations for resection or further VEM diagnostics. Patients most frequently declined due to general fear of brain surgery (n = 30, 59%) and currently lower seizure frequency (n = 11, 22%). An independent predictor of patients’ decline was less epilepsy-related fear (OR 0.43;p = 0.02) assessed in a standardised questionnaire.

Conclusion

Half of the patients potentially eligible for resective surgery decline the operation or further VEM procedures. Patients who decline are more fearful of brain surgery than of ongoing disabling seizures. More insight is needed to improve counselling of patients.
The value of modified Ross score in the evaluation of children with severe lower respiratory tract infection admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit
Authors: Hassan Enas Saad , Ahmad Salah-Eldin Amry , Mohamad Ismail Lotfy , Ahmad Faisal-Alkhateeb
Published: December 2022

Heart failure (HF) represents an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children. It is mostly caused by congenital heart disease (CHD) and cardiomyopathy. The Ross HF classification was developed to assess severity in infants and has subsequently been modified to apply to all pediatric ages. The modified Ross classification for children provides a numeric score comparable with the New York Heart Association (NYHA) HF classification for adults. The aim of this work is to investigate the role of modified Ross score in the evaluation of children with severe lower respiratory tract infection admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). One hundred and sixty-four children with severe LRTI admitted to the PICU were enrolled in this prospective cohort study, which was carried out at Assiut University Children Hospital, from the start of July 2021 up to the end of December 2021. Sixty patients (36.6%) of studied cases with severe LRTI admitted to PICU had HF. Out of these, 37 (61.7%) had mild HF; 17 (28.3%) had moderate HF, while six cases (10%) had severe HF according to the modified Ross score. The value of modified Ross score was significantly higher in children with heart failure with sensitivity and specificity 100% with cutoff value of 2. Admission to NICU, history of previous ventilation, and prematurity were higher in patients who developed HF. Patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) and those with raised neutrophil lymphocyte ratio were significantly higher in the group of patients with moderate and severe degree of HF.

  Conclusion: Modified Ross score is a simple clinical score which may help in assessing and predicting children with severe LRTI.

What is Known:• Hear failure is common complication to lower respiratory tract infection.• Modified Ross score was used to predict and classify heart failure in adult with lower respiratory infection.

What is New:• Modified Ross score found to be of value in prediction of heart failure in children with lower respiratory tract infection.
Interactive webtool for analyzing drug sensitivity and resistance associated with genetic signatures of cancer cell lines
Authors: Boeschen Myriam , Le Duc Diana , Stiller Mathias , von Laffert Maximilian , Schöneberg Torsten , Horn Susanne
Published: December 2022

Purpose

A wide therapeutic repertoire has become available to oncologists including radio- and chemotherapy, small molecules and monoclonal antibodies. However, drug efficacy can be limited by genetic heterogeneity. Here, we designed a webtool that facilitates the data analysis of the in vitro drug sensitivity data on 265 approved compounds from the GDSC database in association with a plethora of genetic changes documented for 1001 cell lines in the CCLE data.

Methods

The webtool computes odds ratios of drug resistance for a queried set of genetic alterations. It provides results on the efficacy of single compounds or groups of compounds assigned to cellular signaling pathways. Webtool availability: https://tools.hornlab.org/GDSC/.

Results

We first replicated established associations of genetic driver mutations in BRAF, RAS genes and EGFR with drug response. We then tested the ‘BRCAness’ hypothesis and did not find increased sensitivity to the assayed PARP inhibitors. Analyzing specific PIK3CA mutations related to cancer and mendelian overgrowth, we found support for the described sensitivity of H1047 mutants to GSK690693 targeting the AKT pathway. Testing a co-mutated gene pair, GATA3 activation abolished PTEN-related sensitivity to PI3K/mTOR inhibition. Finally, the pharmacogenomic modifier ABCB1 was associated with olaparib resistance.

Conclusions

This tool could identify potential drug candidates in the presence of custom sets of genetic changes and moreover, improve the understanding of signaling pathways. The underlying computer code can be adapted to larger drug response datasets to help structure and accommodate the increasingly large biomedical knowledge base.
Pre-eruptive Conditions of the 3 March 2015 Lava Fountain of Villarrica Volcano (Southern Andes)
Authors: Romero Jorge E. , Morgado Eduardo , Pisello Alessandro , Boschetty Felix , Petrelli Maurizio , Cáceres Francisco , Alam Mohammad Ayaz , Polacci Margherita , Palma José L. , Arzilli Fabio , Vera Franco , Gutiérrez Romina , Morgavi Daniele
Published: December 2022

Villarrica or Rukapillan (35.9°S; 2,847 m a.s.l.) is one of the most active volcanoes in South America and is the highest-risk volcano in Chile. It has an open conduit with a persistent lava lake. On the 3 March 2015, Strombolian activity rapidly progressed into a 1.5-km-high lava fountain, erupting at least ∼ 2.4 × 106 m3 of tephra. Soon after, the activity returned to mild Strombolian “background” explosions, which lasted until early 2017. Understanding the pre-eruptive conditions of such paroxysmal events is fundamental for volcanic hazard assessment. We present major and trace element geochemistry for glass and crystalline phases of basaltic andesite paroxysm pyroclasts (52–56 wt.% SiO2), and for the subsequent Strombolian “background” activity through February 2017 (54–56 wt.% SiO2). The lava fountain source magma was initially stored in a deeper and hotter region (9.4–16.3 km; ca. 1140 °C) and was then resident in a shallow (≤ 0.8 km) storage zone pre-eruption. During storage, crystallising phases comprised plagioclase (An66–86), olivine (Fo75–78) and augite (En46–47). Equilibrium crystallisation occurred during upper-crustal magmatic ascent. During storage in the shallower region, magma reached H2O saturation, promoting volatile exsolution and over-pressurization, which triggered the eruption. In contrast, subsequent “background” explosions involving basaltic-andesite were sourced from a depth of ≤ 5.3 km (ca. 1110 °C). Pre-eruptive conditions for the 2015 lava fountain contrast with historical twentieth-century eruptions at Villarrica, which were likely driven by magma that underwent a longer period of mixing to feed both effusive and explosive activity. The rapid transition to lava-fountaining activity in 2015 represents a challenging condition in terms of volcano monitoring and eruption forecasting. However, our petrological study of the pyroclastic materials that erupted in 2015 offers significant insights into eruptive processes involving this type of eruption. This aids in deciphering the mechanisms behind sudden eruptions at open conduit systems.
Survival and stability of strategic mini-implants with immediate or delayed loading under removable partial dentures: a 3-year randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Mundt Torsten , Heinemann Friedhelm , Müller Janine , Schwahn Christian , Al Jaghsi Ahmad
Published: December 2022

Objectives

Stability values of mini-implants (MIs) are ambiguous. Survival data for MIs as supplementary abutments in reduced dentitions are not available. The aim of this explorative research was to estimate the 3-year stability and survival of strategic MIs after immediate and delayed loading by existing removable partial dentures (RPDs).

Material and methods

In a university and three dental practices, patients with unfavorable tooth distributions received supplementary MIs with diameters of 1.8, 2.1, and 2.4 mm. The participants were randomly allocated to group A (if the insertion torque ≥ 35 Ncm: immediate loading by housings; otherwise, immediate loading by RPD soft relining was performed) or delayed loading group B. Periotest values (PTVs) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) values were longitudinally compared using mixed models.

Results

A total of 112 maxillary and 120 mandibular MIs were placed under 79 RPDs (31 maxillae). The 1st and 3rd quartile of the PTVs ranged between 1.7 and 7.8, and the RFA values ranged between 30 and 46 with nonrelevant group differences. The 3-year survival rates were 92% in group A versus 95% in group B and 99% in the mandible (one failure) versus 87% in the maxilla (eleven failures among four participants).

Conclusions

Within the limitations of explorative analyses, there were no relevant differences between immediate and delayed loading regarding survival or stability of strategic MIs.

Clinical relevance

The stability values for MIs are lower than for conventional implants. The MI failure rate in the maxilla is higher than in the mandible with cluster failure participants.

Clinical trial registration

German Clinical Trials Register (Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien, DRKS-ID: DRKS00007589, www.germanctr.de), January 15, 2015.
Towards a Benchmark for Shared Databases [Vision Paper]
Authors: El-Hindi Muhammad , Arora Ashwin , Karrer Simon , Binnig Carsten
Published: December 2022

Traditionally, data has been held in silos and was rarely shared with other organizations. However, recently data sharing across organizations is becoming more and more important as evidenced by governmental and industrial initiatives such as the EU data strategy. As a result, both academia and industry have been proposing new systems for shared databases, that allow multiple organizations to collaboratively insert and manage data in a common database. Yet, each new system seems to come with its own architectural choices and custom guarantees that make it hard for users to navigate the plethora of shared database systems. While standard benchmarks like the TPC‑C database benchmark have been a well-established tool to compare and analyze traditional database systems, they seem to be unsuited to evaluate shared database systems. This is because these systems are built with fundamentally different assumptions in mind, such as a different threat/trust model since multiple (untrusted) parties access and modify the same data. In this paper, we present a vision and initial ideas for a new benchmark to evaluate shared databases and capture their unique characteristics.
Correlating the Interfacial Polar-Phase Structure to the Local Chemistry in Ferroelectric Polymer Nanocomposites by Combined Scanning Probe Microscopy
Authors: Liang Jiajie , Wang Shaojie , Luo Zhen , Fu Jing , Hu Jun , He Jinliang , Li Qi
Published: December 2022

Ferroelectric polymer nanocomposites possess exceptional electric properties with respect to the two otherwise uniform phases, which is commonly attributed to the critical role of the matrix–particle interfacial region. However, the structure–property correlation of the interface remains unestablished, and thus, the design of ferroelectric polymer nanocomposite has largely relied on the trial-and-error method. Here, a strategy that combines multi-mode scanning probe microscopy-based electrical characterization and nano-infrared spectroscopy is developed to unveil the local structure–property correlation of the interface in ferroelectric polymer nanocomposites. The results show that the type of surface modifiers decorated on the nanoparticles can significantly influence the local polar-phase content and the piezoelectric effect of the polymer matrix surrounding the nanoparticles. The strongly coupled polar-phase content and piezoelectric effect measured directly in the interfacial region as well as the computed bonding energy suggest that the property enhancement originates from the formation of hydrogen bond between the surface modifiers and the ferroelectric polymer. It is also directly detected that the local domain size of the ferroelectric polymer can impact the energy level and distribution of charge traps in the interfacial region and eventually influence the local dielectric strength.
Modelling land suitability to evaluate the potential for irrigated agriculture in the Nile region in Sudan
Authors: Kau Anna-Sonia , Gramlich Richard , Sewilam Hani
Published: December 2022

The Nile River serves as a central source of water for around 487 million people. Agriculture in the riparian states largely depends on the Nile's water supply due to irrigation. In this study, the potential for irrigated agriculture in Sudan is evaluated to estimate the future increase in water pressure in the region. In geographic information system (GIS) software a model for land suitability analysis (LSA) is developed. Datasets of parameters such as precipitation, temperature, slope, landcover, and selected soil properties represent the prevailing conditions. The resulting maps of the LSA show suitable and not suitable areas for irrigated agriculture. To determine the yearly water demand for irrigated agriculture the suitable areas are offset by the irrigation water demand for mixed cultivation of Faba beans, sorghum, and sugarcane calculated with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States (FAO) software AquaCrop. It shows that there is great potential for irrigated agriculture, especially in the southeast, where large irrigation schemes already exist. In northern Sudan, not suitable areas accumulate. The calculated irrigation water demand is 33.5 BCM/year, which is 19.5 BCM/year additionally compared to 2017. The estimated irrigation amount shows the importance of collaboration between the countries in the Nile basin to increase the water resources available for irrigation to avoid conflict over resources. The uncontrolled extension of irrigated agriculture in Sudan will increase the pressure on the already scarce water resources in Egypt.
The Curious Case of Baby Formula in the United States in 2022: Cries for Urgent Action Months after Silence in the Midst of Alarm Bells
Authors: Jung Jinho , Widmar Nicole Olynk , Ellison Brenna
Published: December 2022

The shortages of baby formula in the US resulting from the voluntary recall of contaminated products and shutdown of manufacturing facility in February led to increases in the national out-of-stock rate of the baby formula from 18 to 70% over the summer of 2022. This study utilizes social media listening and data analysis to examine how online media reactions to the physical shortage changed over time and how the reaction to the shortage differed from to the initial recall announcements. Improved understanding of reactions to emergent issues in foods through this lens may improve communication efficiency to mitigate potential consequences.
Control algorithm for a 6 kW hall thruster
Authors: Matsunaga Yoshiki , Watanabe Hiroki , Cho Shinatora , Funaki Ikkoh , Kusawake Hiroaki , Kajiwara Kazuhiro , Kurokawa Fujio , Takahashi Toru
Published: December 2022

This paper presents a control algorithm for ensuring the stable operation of a 6 kW Hall thruster. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is developing a “wide-range” power processing unit (PPU) to power a 6 kW Hall thruster system, a candidate for all-electric satellites. The PPU provides discharge oscillation, power, and discharge current control. The increments in the control loop are fixed, so the PPU digital controller does not need to calculate them, and the algorithm’s computational complexity is minimal. Results of integration tests on the 6 kW Hall thruster and the PPU breadboard model showed that the three control functions run correctly. The total controlled PPU power was adjusted in the range of 3.45–3.55 kW under constant power control with a target of 3.5 kW. Oscillations of ± 0.05 kW around the target power are acceptable. 70% of the peaks in the discharge current acquired for 100 ms exceeded the limit of 1.5A. Discharge oscillation control varied the coil magnetic field and reduced them to 0%. The PPU successfully controlled the coil current, reducing the discharge current from 13.7 A to 13 A. The propulsion efficiency increased from 59% to 60.5%.
Beowulf and the North before the Vikings
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: December 2022

Ever since Tolkien's famous lecture in 1936, it has been generally accepted that the poem Beowulf is a fantasy, and of no use as a witness to real history. This book challenges that view, and argues that the poem provides a plausible, detailed, and consistent vision of pre-Viking history which is most unlikely to have been the poet's invention, and which has moreover received strong corroboration from archaeology in recent years. Using the poem as a starting point, historical, archaeological, and legendary sources are combined to form a picture of events in the North in the fifth and sixth centuries: at once a Dark and a Heroic Age, and the time of the formation of nations. Among other things, this helps answer two long-unasked questions: why did the Vikings come as such a shock? And what caused the previous 250 years of security from raiders from the sea?
A case–control study evaluating the unnecessary use of intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics in presumed sepsis and septic-shock patients in the emergency department
Authors: Bae Esther Y. , Smith Tiffeny T. , Monogue Marguerite L.
Published: December 2022

Objectives:

Recognition of sepsis frequently occurs in emergency departments. To evaluate the appropriateness of empiric antibiotic use in the setting of suspected sepsis in emergency department, the percentages of bacterial infection and antibiotic-related adverse drug effects were quantified in an emergency department at an academic medical center.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed electronic medical records of adults who presented to the emergency department between January 2018 and June 2018 with suspected sepsis (defined as having ≥2 systemic inflammatory response syndrome [SIRS] criteria) and received ≥1 dose of intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic.

Results:

In total, 218 patients were included in the final analysis. Moreover, 19.3% of these patients had confirmed bacterial infections; 44.5% had suspected bacterial infections; and 35.9% did not have bacterial infection. Elevated SIRS score (ie, ≥2) and Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score (ie, ≥2) were not associated with the presence of bacterial infections. We identified 90-day Clostridioides difficile infections in 7 patients and drug-resistant organism infections in 6 patients, regardless of the presence of bacterial infections.

Conclusions:

A high number of patients received intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics in the emergency department without confirmed or suspected bacterial infections that were supported by microbiologic cultures, radiographic imaging, or other symptoms of infections. Most patients who were initially admitted to the emergency department with suspected sepsis were discharged home after receiving 1 dose of intravenous antibiotic. Patients who were initially screened using SIRS score and who received broad-spectrum antibiotics in the emergency department were without confirmed or suspected bacterial infection.
“Marriage is No Protection for Crime”: Coverture, Sex, and Marital Rape in Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Cody Lisa Forman
Published: December 2022

If coverture justified patriarchal control and legally erased many aspects of wives’ separate existence, did this mean that husbands in eighteenth-century England also enjoyed absolute authority over their wives’ sexual bodies? This article examines how contemporaries described the sexual boundaries between spouses and what wives could do when they had been violated by their husbands. Wives had few legal protections and limited social and economic resources to escape unwanted marital sex, but the small number who could afford the high costs turned to the ecclesiastical courts to legally separate from their husbands. The five case studies from the ecclesiastical courts explored here are exceptional, first, because sexual problems were at their core, and second, because unusual collateral evidence survives describing attorneys’ and judges’ opinions about spouses’ bodily rights within marriage. Whether they were seeking relief from reproductive toil, venereal infection, threat of sexual violence, or trauma from marital rape, these wives wanted to escape their husbands—but they faced hurdles. Because English ecclesiastical law did not explicitly identify sexual discord as justifying marital separation, the women's attorneys had to demonstrate that unwanted sexual relations were acts of cruelty. By invoking bodily safety, decorum and propriety, and sensibility and sympathy, advocates argued against husbands’ absolute conjugal authority. The author considers how broader transformations in beliefs about gender and sexuality may have resulted in giving wives slightly more room for protection by the second half of the eighteenth century, particularly when they faced the threat of marital rape or venereal infection.
Experimental study of submerged liquid metal jet in a rectangular duct in a transverse magnetic field
Authors: Belyaev Ivan A. , Mironov Ivan S. , Luchinkin Nikita A. , Listratov Yaroslav I. , Kolesnikov Yuri B. , Kransov Dmitry , Zikanov Oleg , Molokov Sergei
Published: December 2022

A liquid metal flow in the form of a submerged round jet entering a square duct in the presence of a transverse magnetic field is studied experimentally. A range of high Reynolds and Hartmann numbers is considered. Flow velocity is measured using electric potential difference probes. A detailed study of the flow in the duct's cross-section about seven jet's diameters downstream of the inlet reveals the dynamics, which is unsteady and dominated by high-amplitude fluctuations resulting from the instability of the jet. The flow structure and fluctuation properties are largely determined by the value of the Stuart number

${{N}}$

. At moderate

${{N}}$

, the mean velocity profile retains a central jet with three-dimensional perturbations increasingly suppressed by the magnetic field as

${{N}}$

grows. At higher values of

${{N}}$

, the flow becomes quasi-two-dimensional and acquires the form of an asymmetric macrovortex, with high-amplitude velocity fluctuations reemerging.
Direct and adjoint problems for sound propagation in non-uniform flows with lined and vibrating surfaces
Authors: Le Bras Sophie , Gabard Gwénaël , Bériot Hadrien
Published: December 2022

This paper presents a systematic analysis of direct and adjoint problems for sound propagation with flow. Two scalar propagation operators are considered: the linearised potential equation from Goldstein, and Pierce's equation based on a high-frequency approximation. For both models, the analysis involves compressible base flows, volume sources and surfaces that can be vibrating and/or acoustically lined (using the Myers impedance condition), as well as far-field radiation boundaries. For both models, the direct problems are fully described and adjoint problems are formulated to define tailored Green's functions. These Green's functions are devised to provide an explicit link between the direct problem solutions and the source terms. These adjoint problems and tailored Green's functions are particularly useful and efficient for source localisation problems, or when stochastic distributed sources are involved. The present analysis yields a number of new results, including the adjoint Myers condition for the linearised potential equation, as well as the formulation of the direct and adjoint Myers condition for Pierce's equation. It is also shown how the adjoint problems can be recast in forms that are readily solved using existing simulation tools for the direct problems. Results presented in this paper are obtained using a high-order finite element method. Several test cases serve as validation for the approach using tailored Green's functions. They also illustrate the relative benefits of the two propagation operators.
Procesos de institucionalización de la investigación indígena: Un abordaje comparado
Authors: Levalle Sebastián
Published: December 2022

En este trabajo estudio la institucionalización de la investigación indígena, considerando los conflictos políticos, epistemológicos y ontológicos que intervienen en su desarrollo. Analizo y comparo cuatro instituciones afiliadas al Consejo Regional Indígena del Cauca (CRIC) de Colombia, una de las organizaciones indígenas que más ha avanzado en este proceso en Latinoamérica. Basándome en conversaciones con los y las intelectuales orgánicas del CRIC —investigadores/as indígenas y colaboradores/as— y en documentos institucionales, argumento que las diversas formas de concebir y practicar la investigación dan cuenta de un proceso de ontologización que implica un cambio radical respecto del sentido, los sujetos y las relaciones involucradas en su desarrollo. Planteo que dicho proceso obliga a redefinir la noción moderna de investigar, pero indago, al mismo tiempo, en las tensiones que esta tendencia presenta al interior del CRIC.
Ethnophotography, Nation Branding, and National Competition in Transylvania: Emil Sigerus’ Durch Siebenbürgen
Authors: Davis Sacha E.
Published: December 2022

Scholars have treated images from the golden age of Transylvanian photography, recently elevated to prominence through the digitization of archives, as “authentic” portrayals of peasant culture. However, Hungarian, Romanian, and Saxon nationalists in Transylvania utilized photographs to brand place and nation in the global market, as well as to make claims to territory and assert competing national hierarchies. I examine here Saxon historian, folklorist and travel writer Emil Sigerus’ Durch Siebenbürgen: eine Touristenfahrt in 58 Bildern (Through Transylvania: a Tourist Trip in 58 Pictures), published repeatedly between 1905 and 1929. Sigerus’ photographic survey of Transylvania’s natural landscape, built environment and diverse populations branded Transylvania in general and Transylvanian Saxons in particular as a tourist destination unspoiled by the passage of time. Sigerus also projected an ethnically stratified social hierarchy on Transylvania’s heterogeneous population, with Saxons at the apex; asserted Saxon ownership of urban centers, thereby reinforcing Saxon claims to a “civilizing mission” in Transylvania; and laid claim to territory, simultaneously redirecting tourism from other parts of Transylvania to Saxon nationalists’ benefit. By careful curation, then, Sigerus projected a strong nationalist message often overlooked in the analysis of individual images as “objective” sources of evidence.
Legislator Dissent Does Not Affect Electoral Outcomes
Authors: Cowley Philip , Umit Resul
Published: December 2022

Are there electoral consequences or benefits for legislators who deviate from the party line? We answer this question with data from individual-level vote choice and constituency-level electoral results in the UK for the last two decades. Exploring the variations in voting patterns over time with a panel-regression approach, we find results that are most compatible with the null hypothesis, that is, that dissent by legislators is neither rewarded nor punished in elections. These results call into question the degree to which voters know and/or care about legislative dissent in parliament.
Numbers and Images: Representations of Immigration and Public Attitudes about Immigration in Canada
Authors: Paquet Mireille , Lawlor Andrea
Published: December 2022

Perceptions of numbers (numerical estimations of migrant flows) and mental images (beliefs about characteristics and motives of immigrants) have been shown to be important predictors of cross-national immigration attitudes. However, this finding has seldom been verified in Canada. As a result, we know little about how Canadians estimate the amount and type of migrants coming into the country, what drives the generation of these numbers and images, and what the consequences of numerical estimations and mental images of immigration are for public attitudes toward immigration. Using nationally representative cross-sectional survey data from 2019, this article reports that Canadians generally overestimate the number of refugees and asylum-seekers coming into the country but are comparatively less prone to overestimating the overall number of immigrants. Canadians also rely on mental images about the reasons for immigrating to Canada that diverge from the realities of Canada's immigration program. We document how reliance on these numbers and images is driven by the type of media consumed, feelings of threat, and individual-level characteristics of Canadians. In doing so, this article demonstrates that mental images strongly influence Canadians’ attitudes toward immigration; numerical estimates also matter, but less so. Furthermore, perceptions of the number of migrants arriving affect latent preferences toward immigration—such as ethnocentrism, perceptions of “threat,” and border insecurity—while mental images shape both preferences for lowering immigration intake and latent preferences.
Rational growth in torus bundle groups of odd trace
Authors: Choi Seongjun , Ho Meng-Che “Turbo” , Pengitore Mark
Published: December 2022

A group is said to have rational growth with respect to a generating set if the growth series is a rational function. It was shown by Parry that certain torus bundle groups of even trace exhibits rational growth. We generalize this result to a class of torus bundle groups with odd trace.
The discursive chronotopes of waste: Temporal laminations and linguistic hauntings
Authors: Thurlow Crispin , Pellanda Alessandro , Wohlgemuth Laura
Published: December 2022

This article presents two case-study examples of the discursive chronotopes by which domestic waste is organized as a linguistic, spatial, and temporal configuration. Marked by their liminality and temporal laminations, curbside garbage collection and secondhand/thrift shops are major sociomaterial practices in Switzerland. The three discursive chronotopes we address in these contexts are those concerned with regulation, repression, and (re)valuation. By focusing on the temporalities of waste, we complicate how linguistic landscape research typically conceives of, and approaches, both space and language. The language of waste is not always visible or even expressed. Indeed, waste is often deliberately rendered invisible—under the cover of darkness, behind closed doors, sent elsewhere—and thereby functions as an act of discursive suppression. For these reasons, we endorse a hauntological approach to linguistic landscapes. (Waste, linguistic landscape, discursive chronotope, temporal lamination, hauntology)*
Orthographic effects on L2 production and L2 proficiency in ESL learners with non-alphabetic and orthographically opaque L1
Authors: Deng Wenxiyuan , Chan Kit Ying , Au Yeung Ka Man
Published: December 2022

This study examined the role of first language (L1) transparency in intra-orthographic effects on second language (L2) pronunciation by studying L2 learners with a non-alphabetic and orthographically opaque L1 and an alphabetic L2. Relations between orthographic effects, phonological awareness, and L2 proficiency were examined. Fifty-four Cantonese-speaking English as a second language (ESL) learners participated in Experiment 1 with orthographic effect tasks (homophone and silent-letter read-aloud) and phonological awareness tasks. Thirty Cantonese-speaking and 30 Mandarin-speaking ESL learners participated in Experiment 2 with orthographic effect tasks and an L2 proficiency task. The L2 pronunciation of Cantonese and Mandarin participants was subjected to intra-orthographic effects. Phonological awareness and L2 proficiency were associated with less orthographic effects on L2 pronunciation in Cantonese participants. Mandarin participants did not subject to more orthographic effects than Cantonese participants when controlling L2 proficiency, implying that shared alphabetic scripts between Pinyin and English did not interfere with L2 production. Overall, transferring the L1 reading strategy that relies on orthography to decode phonology to L2 reading seemed not to be the key mechanism behind intra-orthographic effects. L2 graphemes were likely to be decoded with incorrect L2 grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences, resulting in intra-orthographic effects.
Settler Worldmaking: Reconfiguring the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, 1953–62
Authors: Marmon Brooks
Published: December 2022

As soon as the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was formed in 1953, disgruntled white settler politicians in the new polity pushed for the reconfiguration of its borders. Driven by decolonisation struggles across Africa and a surge of anti-colonial nationalism in Nyasaland in particular, these debates were particularly vibrant among the political establishment in Southern Rhodesia, the Federation's dominant constituent. The question of Southern Rhodesia's relationship to the Federation became divisive in right-wing circles as African decolonisation unfolded. However, as the pattern of imperial retreat solidified, the right wing abandoned interest in a reconstructed Federation and unified around a “Southern Rhodesia First” mantra. The “centrist” ruling party, entangled by the Federation's extant scaffolding, was forced to eventually embrace a partition plan which closely resembled the ideas traditionally espoused by the opposition. The process of this ideological realignment had important ramifications for Southern Rhodesian politics. In particular, it facilitated the reunification of the right wing and the embrace of unilateralism that manifested most dramatically in Southern Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965.
Colonial Education Goes International: A Micro-History of Knowledge Production and Circulation in an Age of Imperial Crisis
Authors: Matasci Damiano
Published: December 2022

By focusing on the individual trajectory of Albert Charton (1893–1980), a French educationalist and civil servant who was active in West Africa and Indochina during the 1930s and 1940s, this article offers an original approach to the analysis of knowledge production and circulation in relation to the colonial world. More specifically, the study of Charton's involvement in several imperial, international, and interimperial bodies allows for a new understanding of the evolution of discussions concerning the content and aims of colonial education, including its growing importance within development paradigms. Such a micro-historical perspective also reveals the mechanisms and sometimes contrasting (political) rationales of the process of internationalisation of educational knowledge, thus providing new insights into the interconnections between imperialism and internationalism.
Reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy in Palliative Care Scale among nurses
Authors: Heo Seongkum , Kim Miyeong , You HyunMi , Hong Sun Woo , An Minjeong , Yang Jisun , Kim Hee Jung , Shim JaeLan , Chon SaeHyun , Kim JinShil
Published: December 2022

Objectives

To provide appropriate palliative care, nurses should have appropriate level of self-efficacy in palliative care, but the levels among nurses were low. To improve the levels effectively, self-efficacy in palliative care should be assessed using reliable and valid instruments. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of the Self-Efficacy in Palliative Care Scale in Korean nurses.

Methods

In this cross-sectional, observational study, 272 nurses (mean age: 30 years) were enrolled from 6 university-affiliated medical centers or community hospitals in South Korea. Data on self-efficacy and demographic characteristics were collected. Validity was assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (SPSS and Mplus). Reliability and homogeneity were assessed by Cronbach’s alpha and item analyses (SPSS), respectively.

Results

The exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the 4-factor structure (communication, assessment and symptom management, psychosocial and spiritual management of patient and family, and multiprofessional teamworking) with factor loadings >.60 and with good model fit: root mean square error of approximation =.07, Tucker–Lewis index =.94, comparative fit index =.95, and standardized root mean square residual =.04. Cronbach’s alphas for the total scale and each of the subscales ranged from .883 to .965. The corrected item–total correlation coefficients of all items ranged from .61 to .90.

Significance of results

The findings of this study supported the reliability and validity of this instrument among Korean nurses. This instrument can be used to assess nurses’ self-efficacy in palliative care and to test intervention effects on it.
Comparison of the Effects of Different Viscoelastic and Temperature Models on the Theoretical Tidal Response of the Moon
Authors: Xiao Chi , Wu Yunlong , Yan Jianguo , Harada Yuji , Zhang Yi , Li Fei
Published: December 2022

The existence of an attenuating layer that is partially molten at the bottom of the lunar mantle has long been debated, mainly because different viscoelastic models yield varying interpretations. Through a combination of different viscoelastic and temperature models, we study the theoretical tidal response of the Moon. As viscoelastic models, we consider the Maxwell, Burgers, Andrade, and Sundberg‐Cooper model, where the Burgers and Andrade models each comprise two different scenarios. Determining which viscoelastic model is most suitable for the Moon is difficult since more than one combination of viscoelastic and temperature models satisfies the observed period dependence of the lunar tidal quality factor Q. Further inversion reveals that most viscoelastic models potentially satisfy the monthly observations of the Moon; however, only the Maxwell and Andrade models satisfy the period‐dependent Q while remaining consistent with the observed tidal Love numbers k2 and h2. We ultimately suggest that the Andrade model with β = μα−1η−α, where α and β are the empirical parameters, μ is unrelaxed shear modulus, and η is viscosity, is more suitable for the Moon because the Maxwell model underestimates the mantle viscosity and the viscous dissipation at short periods. Based on our model assumptions and the currently available observations, a partially molten layer with a grain size on the order of 10–100 µm, in which the temperature changes drastically may exist at the bottom of the lunar mantle.