bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel method for the quantification of anlotinib in human plasma using two‐dimensional liquid chromatography
Authors: Li Zhijun , Chen Haisheng , Shi Jing , Wang Feng , Liu Yuguo
Published: July 2021

A simple, efficient, and stable detection method of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography (2D‐LC) was established and validated to determine anlotinib in the human plasma. The 2D‐LC system comprises a first‐dimensional column (LC1), an intermediate transfer column, and a second‐dimensional column (LC2). With simple protein precipitation treatment, the samples were processed directly for detection. The analysis cycle time was completed within 9.50 min. For the anlotinib concentrations, the calibration curve was linear over the 5.00–320.00 ng/mL range. The intra‐day and inter‐day precision ranges were 0.77–6.22% and 1.92–4.26%, respectively, for anlotinib concentrations. The recoveries were in the range of 97.85–102.50%. A total of 135 plasma samples from 94 patients were analyzed by our method. The plasma concentrations of patients were in the range of 5.17–106.38 ng/mL, in which the female had a higher plasma concentration (6.44–106.38 ng/mL). The simultaneous application of dexamethasone can increase the anlotinib concentration in the plasma. In our clinical application, we found that the factors that affect the plasma concentration include the time and dose of the medication, gender, and drug interactions. The method appears to be sensitive, precise, selective, and suitable for determining the concentration of anlotinib in the plasma sample.
Genetic variation of rs12918566 affects GRIN2A expression and is associated with spontaneous movement response during sevoflurane anesthesia induction
Authors: Chen Ming‐Hua , Fang Chao , Wu Na‐Yiyuan , Xia Yu‐Hao , Zeng You‐Jie , Ouyang Wen
Published: July 2021

N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the nervous system and are preferentially inhibited by general anesthetics such as sevoflurane. Spontaneous movement is a common complication during sevoflurane anesthesia induction and seriously affects operations. In this study, we investigated the relationship between NMDA polymorphisms and spontaneous movement during sevoflurane induction. This prospective clinical study enrolled 393 patients undergoing sevoflurane anesthesia as part of their surgical routine. In the GRIN1, GRIN2A, and GRIN2B genes, 13 polymorphisms that form a heteromeric complex as part of the NMDA receptor were selected using Haploview and genotyped using matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry MassARRAY. Both RNAfold and Genotype‐Tissue Expression portals were used to identify gene expression profiles. Our data showed that 35.8% of subjects exhibited spontaneous movement. The GRIN2A rs12918566 polymorphism was associated with spontaneous movement during sevoflurane induction. A logistic regression analysis of additive, dominant, and recessive models indicated a significant association (odds ratio [OR] (95% confidence limit [CI]): 0.58 (0.42–0.80), p = .00086; OR (95% CI): 0.51 (0.31–0.84), p = .0075, and OR (95% CI): 0.47 (0.27–0.81), p = .0060, respectively). After false discovery rate (FDR) correction, the additive model was still significant with a PFDR =0.010. Bioinformatics demonstrated that the rs12918566 genomic variation affected GRIN2A expression in brain tissue. We also revealed that GRIN2A rs12918566 was significantly associated with spontaneous movement during sevoflurane induction. We believe the NMDA receptor plays an important role in regulating the anesthetic effects of sevoflurane.
A case of 15q11‐q13 duplication syndrome and literature review
Authors: Fu Zhuo , Jia Yue‐Xin , Fu Jun‐Xian , Li Tian‐Xia , Zhao Jing‐Jing , Wang Ting , Qiao Zhi‐Dong , Liu Xiao‐Yang , Tang Rong , Lv Ting , Yang Guang‐Lu
Published: July 2021

Background

The chromosomal 15q11‐q13 regions are structurally complex, and their abnormalities are associated with various neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), epilepsy, Angelman syndrome, and Prader–Willi syndrome.

Case description

A 6‐year‐old child was admitted to the hospital as a result of an “epileptic status” showing ASD, intractable epilepsy, and total developmental retardation. Chromosome gene detection showed repetitive variation in the 15q11‐q13 regions, and the video electroencephalogram was abnormal. Although children are currently given antiepileptic treatment and rehabilitation training, intermittent seizures can still occur.

Conclusion

The clinical phenotypes of 15q11‐q13 repetitive syndrome are complex, and vary in severity. Children with intractable epilepsy, ASD, and language and motor retardation should be considered to have this syndrome, which requires confirmation by multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification and gene detection. These approaches can enable early rehabilitation treatment and improve the patients’ quality of life.
Assessment of the outer retina and choroid in white matter lesions participants using swept‐source optical coherence tomography
Authors: Kwapong William Robert , Gao Yuzhu , Yan Yuying , Zhang Yifan , Zhang Ming , Wu Bo
Published: July 2021

Purpose

To assess the three‐dimensional outer retina thickness and choroid in eyes with white matter lesions (WMLs) using swept‐source optical coherence tomography (SS‐OCT).

Methods

Participants without dementia and stroke with cerebral WMLs were enrolled in our study. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) were used to image and evaluate the outer retinal layer, choroidal structure, and perfusion of the choriocapillaris, microvessels of the choroid, respectively. Measurement of the outer retinal thickness, choroidal thickness and perfusion of the choriocapillaris was done by the SS‐OCT tool.

Results

Thirty‐one eyes from 16 WMLs and 40 eyes from 20 healthy controls were included in the data analyses. Outer retinal thickness was significantly reduced (P< .001) in WMLs participants when compared to healthy controls. Choroidal thickness was also significantly reduced (P< .001) in WMLs participants when compared to healthy controls. Choriocapillaris perfusion was significantly reduced (P= .002) in WMLs when compared to healthy controls. A significant correlation (Rho = .392,P= .032) was seen between the outer retinal thickness and choriocapillaris perfusion in WMLs participants.

Conclusions

Assessing retinal thickness and choroidal changes with the SS‐OCTA as a proxy for WML could prove to be a potentially valuable tool for early detection of cognitive decline and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or intracranial aneurysm? A case report
Authors: Shi Yifan , Tang Yezhou , Wu Zhiguo , Chen Jun , Huang Jia , Fang Yiru
Published: July 2021

Background

Mental disorders are a common finding among patients with unruptured intracranial aneurysms.

Case

The current case concerns a young man with an anterior communicating artery aneurysm who was misdiagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder due to his significant psychosis and mood episodes. Having undergone surgery on the unruptured intracranial aneurysm, the patient's psychiatric symptoms disappeared, and he maintained a stable mood during the 3‐year postoperative period.

Discussion

The case is indicative of the need to consider the possibility of organic brain lesions in patients with first episodes of psychiatric presentations.
Altered behavioral and electrophysiological responses to social fairness in manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Ryu Vin , Ha Ra Yeon , Cho Hyun‐Sang
Published: July 2021

Background

Individuals with bipolar disorder show mood instability, including heightened anger and impulsivity. The Ultimatum Game (UG) is a tool used to evaluate emotional and social decision‐making strategies. We investigated behavioral and electrophysiological responses to subjectively fair or unfair offers in the UG in patients with bipolar I disorder.

Methods

Twenty‐four manic patients, 20 euthymic patients, and 30 healthy controls participated in this study. We analyzed their behaviors and collected electroencephalography data with which to analyze feedback‐related negativity (FRN) as they played in the UG as responders.

Results

Manic patients exhibited significantly higher rejection rates for unfair offers than euthymic patients and healthy controls. Healthy individuals exhibited a greater (i.e., more negative) FRN amplitude in response to unfair offers than to fair offers, whereas euthymic patients exhibited a greater FRN amplitude in response to fair offers compared with unfair offers. Manic patients exhibited no difference in FRN amplitudes between fair and unfair offers.

Conclusions

The current data suggest that different behavioral responses and FRN amplitude patterns can be associated with characteristic manifestations of mood instability in manic bipolar patients. In addition, electrophysiological alterations in response to unfair offers may be a trait abnormality independent of mood state.
Young pregnant clients in college or university counselling centres: Environmental and symptom experiences
Authors: Markin Rayna D. , McCarthy Kevin S. , Hayes Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2021

This archival study sought to examine the sociocultural contextual factors and symptom experiences with which young pregnant clients typically present to university and college counselling centres (UCCCs). Participants were 154 pregnant clients (aged 18–24), and 154 matched case–control women seeking counselling at their UCCC. Data were archived between 2013 and 2015 through the Center for Collegiate Mental Health. Pregnant clients were more likely to be relatively older, economically disadvantaged and first‐generation college students from a racial/ethnic minority group, as compared to the general population of women at UCCCs. Pregnant clients reported more depression and less social anxiety, but not more distress overall, than did matched controls. Contrary to this, counsellors judged pregnant clients to have a higher frequency of problems than control clients. Risky behaviours, social support and trauma correlated with distress similarly for pregnant clients and their matched controls, except for peer support, which emerged as a potentially unique protective factor for pregnant women against academic distress, and interpersonal abuse, which emerged as a potentially unique risk factor for substance abuse distress for pregnant women. These findings suggest that: (a) counsellors and clients differ in their perception of presenting problems and level of distress when pregnancy is a concern, (b) it is important for counsellors to understand the sociocultural context in which pregnant clients’ problems or distress occur, and (c) social support and interpersonal abuse seem to be unique protective/risk factors for young pregnant college students.
Enzymatic Assays to Explore Viral mRNA Capping Machinery
Authors: Kasprzyk Renata , Jemielity Jacek
Published: July 2021

In eukaryotes, mRNA is modified by the addition of the 7‐methylguanosine (m7G) 5′ cap to protect mRNA from premature degradation, thereby enhancing translation and enabling differentiation between self (endogenous) and non‐self RNAs (e. g., viral ones). Viruses often develop their own mRNA capping pathways to augment the expression of their proteins and escape host innate immune response. Insights into this capping system may provide new ideas for therapeutic interventions and facilitate drug discovery, e. g., against viruses that cause pandemic outbreaks, such as beta‐coronaviruses SARS‐CoV (2002), MARS‐CoV (2012), and the most recent SARS‐CoV‐2. Thus, proper methods for the screening of large compound libraries are required to identify lead structures that could serve as a basis for rational antiviral drug design. This review summarizes the methods that allow the monitoring of the activity and inhibition of enzymes involved in mRNA capping.
Extracellular vesicles: Regenerative medicine prospect in hematological malignancies
Authors: Masoumipour Maedeh , Abbaspanah Bahareh , Mousavi Seyed Hadi
Published: July 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) either as endocytic or plasma membrane‐emerged vesicles play pivotal role in cell‐to‐cell communication. Due to the bioactive molecules transformation, lymphoma cell‐derived vesicles can alter a recipient cell's function and contribute to signal transduction and drug resistance. These vesicles by acting not only in tumor cells but also in tumor‐associated cells have important roles in tumor growth and invasion. On the other hand, the total protein level of circulating exosomes reveals the disease stage, tumor burden, response to therapy, and survival. In residual disease, leukemic blasts are undetectable in the bone marrow by conventional methods but exosomal proteins are elevated significantly. In this manner, new methods for measuring exosomes and exosomal components are required. In this review, we try to reveal the concealed role of EVs in hematological malignancies besides therapeutic potentials.
Progress and perspective of the cathode/electrolyte interface construction in all‐solid‐state lithium batteries
Authors: Su Shiming , Ma Jiabin , Zhao Liang , Lin Kui , Li Qidong , Lv Shasha , Kang Feiyu , He Yan‐Bing
Published: July 2021

Security risks of flammability and explosion represent major problems with the use of conventional lithium rechargeable batteries using a liquid electrolyte. The application of solid‐state electrolytes could effectively help to avoid these safety concerns. However, integrating the solid‐state electrolytes into the all‐solid‐state lithium batteries is still a huge challenge mainly due to the high interfacial resistance present in the entire battery, especially at the interface between the cathode and the solid‐state electrolyte pellet and the interfaces inside the cathode. Herein, recent progress made from investigations of cathode/solid‐state electrolyte interfacial behaviors including the contact problem, the interlayer diffusion issue, the space‐charge layer effect, and electrochemical compatibility is presented according to the classification of oxide‐, sulfide‐, and polymer‐based solid‐state electrolytes. We also propose strategies for the construction of ideal next‐generation cathode/solid‐state electrolyte interfaces with high room‐temperature ionic conductivity, stable interfacial contact during long cycling, free formation of the space‐charge region, and good compatibility with high‐voltage cathodes.
Canopy Catalysts for Alkyne Metathesis: Investigations into a Bimolecular Decomposition Pathway and the Stability of the Podand Cap
Authors: Hillenbrand Julius , Korber J. Nepomuk , Leutzsch Markus , Nöthling Nils , Fürstner Alois
Published: July 2021

Molybdenum alkylidyne complexes with a trisilanolate podand ligand framework (“canopy catalysts”) are the arguably most selective catalysts for alkyne metathesis known to date. Among them, complex 1 a endowed with a fence of lateral methyl substituents on the silicon linkers is the most reactive, although fairly high loadings are required in certain applications. It is now shown that this catalyst decomposes readily via a bimolecular pathway that engages the Mo≡CR entities in a stoichiometric triple‐bond metathesis event to furnish RC≡CR and the corresponding dinuclear complex, 8, with a Mo≡Mo core. In addition to the regular analytical techniques, 95Mo NMR was used to confirm this unusual outcome. This rapid degradation mechanism is largely avoided by increasing the size of the peripheral substituents on silicon, without unduly compromising the activity of the resulting complexes. When chemically challenged, however, canopy catalysts can open the apparently somewhat strained tripodal ligand cages; this reorganization leads to the formation of cyclo‐tetrameric arrays composed of four metal alkylidyne units linked together via one silanol arm of the ligand backbone. The analogous tungsten alkylidyne complex 6, endowed with a tripodal tris‐alkoxide (rather than siloxide) ligand framework, is even more susceptible to such a controlled and reversible cyclo‐oligomerization. The structures of the resulting giant macrocyclic ensembles were established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Achieving High Efficiency at High Luminance in Fluorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes through Triplet–Triplet Fusion Based on Phenanthroimidazole‐Benzothiadiazole Derivatives
Authors: Tang Xiangyang , Liu Hui , Xu Lei , Xu Xuehui , He Xin , Liu Futong , Chen Jianwu , Peng Qiming
Published: July 2021

Achieving high efficiency at high luminance is one of the most important prerequisites towards practical application of any kind of light‐emitting diode (LED). Herein, we report highly emissive organic fluorescent molecules based on phenanthroimidazole‐benzothiadiazole derivatives capable of maintaining high external quantum efficiency (EQE) at high luminance enabled by triplet–triplet fusion (TTF) in doped organic LEDs. The PIBzP‐, PIBzPCN‐, and PIBzTPA‐based devices showed EQEs of 8.27, 9.15, and 8.64 %, respectively, at luminance of higher than 1000 cd m−2, with little efficiency roll‐off.
Partikeltechnologie
Authors: Teipel Ulrich
Published: July 2021

No abstract.
The efficacy and safety of left atrial low‐voltage area guided ablation for recurrence prevention compared to pulmonary vein isolation alone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation trial: Design and rationale
Authors: Sunaga Akihiro , Masuda Masaharu , Inoue Koichi , Tanaka Nobuaki , Watanabe Tetsuya , Furukawa Yoshio , Egami Yasuyuki , Hirata Akio , Makino Nobuhiko , Minamiguchi Hitoshi , Oka Takafumi , Minamisaka Tomoko , Takeda Toshihiro , Yamada Tomomi , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Kida Hirota , Oeun Bolrathanak , Sato Taiki , Sotomi Yohei , Dohi Tomoharu , Okada Katsuki , Suna Shinichiro , Mizuno Hiroya , Nakatani Daisaku , Hikoso Shungo , Sakata Yasushi ,   OCVC‐SUPPRESS‐AF investigators
Published: July 2021

Recurrence rates of atrial fibrillation (AF) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) are higher in patients with a left atrial low‐voltage area (LVA) than those without. However, the efficacy of LVA guided ablation is still unknown. The purpose of this study—the Efficacy and Safety of Left Atrial Low‐voltage Area Guided Ablation for Recurrence Prevention Compared to Pulmonary Vein Isolation Alone in Patients with Persistent Atrial Fibrillation trial (SUPPRESS‐AF trial)—is to elucidate whether LVA guided ablation in addition to PVI is superior to PVI alone in patients with persistent AF. The Osaka Cardiovascular Conference will conduct a multicenter, randomized, open‐label trial aiming to examine whether LVA guided ablation in addition to PVI is superior to PVI alone in patients with persistent AF and LVAs. The primary outcome is the recurrence of AF documented by scheduled or symptom‐driven electrocardiography (ECG) during the 1 year follow‐up period after the index ablation. The key secondary endpoints include all‐cause death, symptomatic stroke, bleeding events, and other complications related to the procedure. A total of 340 patients with an LVA will be enrolled and followed up to 1 year. The SUPPRESS‐AF trial is a randomized controlled trial designed to assess whether LVA guided ablation in addition to PVI is superior to PVI alone for patients with persistent AF and LVAs detected while undergoing their first catheter ablation.
Utilization of Sugar Factory Pressmud Waste for Upgrading the Efficiency of Waste Stabilization Ponds
Authors: Vagheei Ramazan
Published: July 2021

Waste stabilization ponds (WSP) are simple, highly efficient, low‐cost, low‐maintenance, and robust systems for wastewater treatment (WWT) and reuse and are widely used in developed and developing countries. Accordingly, this study investigated the use of pressmud waste, which is produced in large quantities in sugar factories and is accumulated as a useless material in open fields around the factories, to improve the efficiency of WSPs. The addition of this waste (at a concentration of 1000 mg L−1) to the influent raw wastewater led to an increase in the efficiency of 10–30% of the anaerobic pond in removing organic loading as biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in addition to a 10–15% increase in the total suspended solids (TSS) removal. In a conventional series of anaerobic and facultative ponds (FPs), adding the concentration of pressmud resulted in an increase of ≈10–20% in the removal efficiency of FPs regarding BOD5 and COD and a 10–20% increase in the TSS removal. The results demonstrated that pressmud can be extensively applied in WWT processes, especially in anaerobic treatment reactors.
Topical inflammasome inhibition with disulfiram prevents irritant contact dermatitis
Authors: Bonnekoh Hanna , Vera Carolina , Abad‐Perez Angela , Radetzki Silke , Neuenschwander Martin , Specker Edgar , Mahnke Niklas Amadeus , Frischbutter Stefan , Latz Eicke , Nazaré Marc , Kries Jens v. , Maurer Marcus , Scheffel Jörg , Krause Karoline
Published: July 2021

Background

The pathogenesis of contact dermatitis, a common inflammatory skin disease with limited treatment options, is held to be driven by inflammasome activation induced by allergens and irritants. We here aim to identify inflammasome‐targeting treatment strategies for irritant contact dermatitis.

Methods

A high content screen with 41,184 small molecules was performed using fluorescent Apoptosis associated speck‐like protein containing a CARD (ASC) speck formation as a readout for inflammasome activation. Hit compounds were validated for inhibition of interleukin (IL)‐1β secretion. Of these, the approved thiuramdisulfide derivative disulfiram was selected and tested in a patch test model of irritant contact dermatitis in 25 healthy volunteers. Topical application of disulfiram, mometasone or vehicle was followed by application of sodiumdodecylsulfate (SDS) for 24 h each. Eczema induction was quantified by mexameter and laser speckle imaging. Corneocyte sampling of lesional skin was performed to assess inflammasome‐mediated cytokines IL‐1β and IL‐18.

Results

Disulfiram induced a dose‐dependent inhibition of ASC speck formation and IL‐1β release in cellular assays in vitro. In vivo, treatment with disulfiram, but not with vehicle and less mometasone, inhibited SDS‐induced eczema. This was demonstrated by significantly lower erythema and total perfusion values assessed by mexameter and laser speckle imaging for disulfiram compared to vehicle (p < 0.001) and/or mometasone (p < 0.001). Also, corneocyte IL‐18 levels were significantly reduced after application of disulfiram compared to vehicle (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

We show that disulfiram is a dose‐dependent inhibitor of inflammasome pathway activation in vitro and inhibitor of SDS‐induced eczema in vivo. Topical application of disulfiram represents a potential treatment option for irritant contact dermatitis.
Volume standards and outcomes measurement—Complementary strategies to improve surgical quality
Authors: Bonner Sidra N. , Dimick Justin B.
Published: July 2021

This editorial argues that minimum volume standards are a necessary qualifying criterion for complex oncologic surgical delivery and, once met, should be combined with other methods for measuring and improving surgical performance improvement. These 2 practices are not mutually exclusive.
Variation in outcomes across surgeons meeting the Leapfrog volume standard for complex oncologic surgery
Authors: Aquina Christopher T. , Becerra Adan Z. , Fleming Fergal J. , Cloyd Jordan M. , Tsung Allan , Pawlik Timothy M. , Ejaz Aslam
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

A large body of evidence supports regionalization of complex oncologic surgery to high‐volume surgeons at high‐volume hospitals. However, whether there is heterogeneity of outcomes among high‐volume surgeons at high‐volume hospitals remains unknown.

METHODS

Patients who underwent esophagectomy, lung resection, pancreatectomy, or proctectomy for primary cancer were identified within the Medicare 100% Standard Analytic File (2013‐2017). Mixed‐effects analyses assessed the association between Leapfrog annual volume standards for surgeons (esophagectomy ≥7, lung resection ≥15, pancreatectomy ≥10, proctectomy ≥6) and hospitals (esophagectomy ≥20, lung resection ≥40, pancreatectomy ≥20, proctectomy ≥16) relative to postoperative complications and 90‐day mortality. Additional analyses using New York's all‐payer Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System (2004‐2015) were performed.

RESULTS

Among 112,154 Medicare beneficiaries, high‐volume surgeons at high‐volume hospitals were associated with lower adjusted odds of complications (esophagectomy: odds ratio [OR], 0.73 [95% CI, 0.61‐0.86]; lung resection: OR, 0.88 [95% CI, 0.82‐0.94]; pancreatectomy: OR, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.66‐0.80]; proctectomy: OR, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.85‐0.99]) and 90‐day mortality (esophagectomy: OR, 0.60 [95% CI, 0.44‐0.76]; lung resection: OR, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.73‐0.93]; pancreatectomy: OR, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.56‐0.76]; proctectomy: OR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.65‐0.85]). For the average patient at the average high‐volume hospital, there was a 2‐fold difference in the adjusted complication rate between the best‐performing and worst‐performing high‐volume surgeon for all operations (esophagectomy, 28%‐55%; lung resection, 7%‐21%; pancreatectomy, 16%‐35%; proctectomy, 16%‐28%). Wide variation was also present in adjusted 90‐day mortality for esophagectomy (3.5%‐9.3%). Results from New York's all‐payer database were similar.

CONCLUSIONS

Even among high‐volume surgeons meeting the Leapfrog volume standards, wide variation in postoperative outcomes exists. These findings suggest that volume alone should not be used as a quality indicator, and quality metrics should be continuously evaluated across all surgeons and hospital systems.

LAY SUMMARY

Previous studies have demonstrated a surgical volume‐outcome relationship for high‐risk operations—that is high‐volume surgeons and hospitals that perform a specific surgical procedure more frequently have better outcomes for that operation.

Although most high‐volume surgeons had better outcomes, this study demonstrated that some high‐volume surgeons did not have better outcomes.

Therefore, volume is an important factor but should not be the only factor considered when assessing the quality of a surgeon and a hospital for cancer surgery.
Primary splenic histiocytic sarcoma associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A case report and review of literature of next‐generation sequencing involving FLT3, NOTCH2, and KMT2A mutations
Authors: Montalvo Nelson , Lara‐Endara Jorge , Redrobán Ligia , Leiva María , Armijos Christian , Russo Leonardo
Published: July 2021

Background

Histiocytic sarcoma is a very rare monocyte/macrophage‐derived hematopoietic system tumor with a poor prognosis whose diagnosis is pathologically challenging due to its extreme rarity and histological overlap with various mimicking entities in which histiocytes also predominate.

Case

We report the case of a 33‐year‐old male patient with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, purpuric syndrome, and significant splenomegaly. The patient underwent splenectomy; subsequent macroscopic examination revealed a spleen weighing 2065 grams with hyperemic red pulp and multiple infarcts at the periphery. The histological and immunohistochemical study established a diagnosis of primary splenic histiocytic sarcoma with frequent hemophagocytosis. Next‐generation sequencing demonstrated mutations in FLT3, NOTCH2, and KMT2A, microsatellite stability, and a tumor mutational burden of 2 mut/Mb. The patient's condition deteriorated clinically from the appearance of the first symptoms and he died 6 months later from multi‐organ failure.

Conclusion

Primary splenic histiocytic sarcoma is one of the rarest tumors of the hematopoietic system. We report the first case with mutations in FLT3, NOTCH2, and KMT2A, and associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.
Helical Structures of Nylon‐Like Oligomers Consisting of 1,2‐Diamine and 1,2‐Dicarboxylic Acid Building Blocks Containing a Five‐Membered Ring Constraint
Authors: Choi Sunglim , Guzei Ilia A. , Kim Younghun , Kang Philjae , Choi Soo Hyuk
Published: July 2021

A series of nylon‐like oligomers was synthesized, which consisted of alternating cyclic 1,2‐diamine and 1,2‐dicarboxylic acid building blocks with a five‐membered ring constraint. The nylon 2 4 oligomers are symmetric and display helical structures similar to the β‐peptide 12‐helix with intramolecular 12‐membered ring hydrogen bonds. The cyclopentane moiety allows each building block to promote 12‐helical folding. In addition, a tartaric acid derivative with the acetonide moiety increases the solubility of oligomers in common organic solvents and promotes helical folding.
Performance evaluation on the node mobility with respect to human driver behavior prediction in vehicular ad hoc network using adaptive deer hunting Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
Authors: Swamynathan Cloudin , Palanichamy Mohan Kumar , Jerald Arokia Renjit
Published: July 2021

In vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) broadcasting is considered as the critical area of research. The vehicles are connecting in an ad hoc manner to create a network of a wider range. In an intelligent transport system (ITS), with vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication in the VANET is used to support the network backbone and which the accident prevention technique has been deployed for ensuring the road safety. The major reason for the road accident is the abnormal driving behavior of human drivers. The movement pattern of the vehicle is the main factor of the network topology so that the impact of human driving pattern influences the performance and behavior of the network. Driving behavior can be classified as reckless, normal, drunken, and fatigue driving. During driving, the behavior of human drivers was predicted in this paper, thereby providing the performance analysis on the mobility of the network. For the improvement of a driver behavior, the hybridized mega‐trend diffusion (MTD) with optimized deep belief network–sunflower optimization (DBN‐SFO) is used. Here, the network performance of the adaptive deer hunting Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (ADHOLSR) is analyzed in NS2 simulation platform.
Potential of nafimidone derivatives against co‐morbidities of epilepsy: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico investigations
Authors: Sari Suat , Barut Burak , Marcinkowska Monika , Sabuncuoğlu Suna , Avci Ahmet , Koçak Aslan Ebru , Özel Arzu , Siwek Agata
Published: July 2021

Nafimidone is known for its clinical antiepileptic effects and alcohol derivatives of nafimidone were reported be potent anticonvulsants. These compounds are structurally similar to miconazole, which is known to inhibit cholinesterases, protect neurons, and ameliorate cognitive decline. Herein, we aimed to reveal the potential of three nafimidone alcohol esters (5 g, 5i, and 5 k), which were previously reported for their anticonvulsant effects, against co‐morbidities of epilepsy such as inflammatory and neuropathic pain, cognitive and behavioral deficits, and neuron death, and understand their roles in related pathways such as γ‐butyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor and cholinesterases using in vitro, in vivo and in silico methods. 3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was used for cytotoxicity evaluation, hippocampal slice culture assay for neuroprotection, formalin test for acute and inflammatory pain, sciatic ligation for neuropathic pain, Morris water maze and open field locomotor tasks for cognitive and behavioral deficits, radioligand binding for GABAA receptor affinity, spectrophotometric methods for cholinesterase inhibition in vitro, and molecular docking in silico. The compounds were non‐toxic to fibroblast cells. 5 k was neuroprotective against kainic acid‐induced neuron death. 5i reduced pain response of mice in both the acute and the inflammatory phases. 5i improved survival upon status epilepticus. The compounds showed no affinity to GABAA receptor but inhibited acetylcholinesterase, 5 k also inhibited butyrylcholinesterase. The compounds were predicted to interact mainly with the peripheric anionic site of cholinesterase enzymes. The title compounds showed neuroprotective, analgesic, and cholinesterase inhibitory effects, thus they bear promise against certain co‐morbidities of epilepsy with neurological insults.
Linking ecology, morphology, and metabolism: Niche differentiation in sympatric populations of closely related species of the genusLittorina(Neritrema)
Authors: Maltseva Arina L. , Varfolomeeva Marina A. , Ayanka Roman V. , Gafarova Elizaveta R. , Repkin Egor A. , Pavlova Polina A. , Shavarda Alexei L. , Mikhailova Natalia A. , Granovitch Andrei I.
Published: July 2021

Divergence of ecological niches in phylogenetically closely related species indicates the importance of ecology in speciation, especially for sympatric species are considered. Such ecological diversification provides an advantage of alleviating interspecies competition and promotes more efficient exploitation of environmental resources, thus being a basis for ecological speciation. We analyzed a group of closely related species from the subgenusNeritrema(genusLittorina, Caenogastropoda) from the gravel‐bouldery shores. In two distant sites at the Barents and Norwegian Sea, we examined the patterns of snail distribution during low tide (quantitative sampling stratified by intertidal level, presence of macrophytes, macrophyte species, and position on them), shell shape and its variability (geometric morphometrics), and metabolic characteristics (metabolomic profiling). The studied species diversified microbiotopes, which imply an important role of ecological specification in the recent evolution of this group. The only exception to this trend was the species pairL. arcana/L. saxatilis, which is specifically discussed. The ecological divergence was accompanied by differences in shell shape and metabolomic characteristics. Significant differences were found betweenL. obtusataversusL. fabalisandL. saxatilis/L. arcanaversusL. compressaboth in shell morphology and in metabolomes.L. saxatilisdemonstrated a clear variability depending on intertidal level which corresponds to a shift in conditions within the occupied microhabitat. Interestingly, the differences betweenL. arcana(inhabiting the upper intertidal level) andL. compressa(inhabiting the lower one) were analogous to those between the upper and lower fractions ofL. saxatilis. No significant level‐dependent changes were found between the upper and lower fractions ofL. obtusata, most probably due to habitat amelioration by fucoid macroalgae. All these results are discussed in the contexts of the role of ecology in speciation, ecological niche dynamics and conservatism, and evolutionary history of theNeritremaspecies.
Northward geographic diversification of a kleptoparasitic spider Argyrodes lanyuensis (Araneae, Theridiidae) from the Philippine Archipelago to Orchid Island
Authors: Responte Mae , Chiu Yi‐Fan , Peng Po , Brown Rafe M. , Dai Chia‐Yen , Su Yong‐Chao
Published: July 2021

Oceanic islands are unique geographic systems that promote local adaptations and allopatric speciation in many of their highly endemic taxa. This is a common case in the Philippine Archipelago, where numerous unrelated taxa on islands have been inferred to have diversified in isolation. However, few cases have been reported in invertebrates especially among parasitic organisms. Here, we tested for biogeographical structure in novel populations of the “generalist" kleptoparasitic spider, Argyrodes lanyuensis Yoshida, Tso & Severinghaus, 1998 in the Philippines. Results showed that, in addition to Orchid/Lanyu Island, this species has a wide geographic distribution in the Philippine Archipelago. The estimated divergence time of this lineage using the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (mt‐CO1) suggests that this species diverged ca 3.12 MYA, during the Pliocene. Two reciprocal monophyletic clades were elucidated in A. lanyuensis, but with limited differentiation across Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex (PAIC) boundaries and modern‐day islands. However, in our analyses of morphological variation, we identified two phenotypically differentiated units in males (Orchid Island, Taiwan + Luzon, Philippine PAIC populations vs. Palawan + West Visayan + Mindanao PAIC populations). We infer that this species diverged in the southern portion of the Philippine Archipelago and only recently colonized Orchid Island. Our study provides new information on the extensive distribution of A. lanyuensis outside Orchid Island, Taiwan, but we documented a very limited geographically associated genetic variation. Our study points to behavioral phenomena such as foraging behavior as essential contributor to the evolutionary process of species diversification, in contrast to the traditionally invoked geographic drivers of divergence.
Microgeographic evolution of metabolic physiology in a salamander metapopulation
Authors: Giery Sean T. , Drake Dana L. , Urban Mark C.
Published: July 2021

The Metabolic Theory of Ecology explains ecological variation spanning taxonomic organization, space, and time based on universal physiological relationships. The theory depends on two core parameters: the normalization constant, a mass‐independent measure of metabolic rate expected to be invariant among similar species, and the scaling coefficient, a measure of metabolic change with body mass commonly assumed to follow the universal 3/4 scaling law. However, emerging evidence for adaptive microevolution of metabolic rates led us to hypothesize that metabolic rate might exhibit evolved variation among populations on microgeographic scales. To evaluate our hypothesis, we explored evidence for evolved variation in the scaling coefficient and normalization constant within a spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) metapopulation in Connecticut, USA. We measured standard metabolic rate in common‐garden raised spotted salamanders from 22 different populations and tested for the effects of six ecological variables suspected in advance to select for divergent physiology. We found that metabolic rate rose with body mass with a log‐log slope of 0.97 that was statistically different from the expected 3/4 scaling law. Although we found no evidence for interpopulation variation in the scaling coefficient, we found evidence for interpopulation variation in the normalization constants among populations. Metabolic variation was best explained by differences in population density among ponds. Our results provide mixed support for Metabolic Theory of Ecology assumptions about parameter invariance and illustrate how fundamental physiological processes such as metabolic rate can evolve across microgeographic spatial scales.
Tripartite legume–rhizobia–mycorrhizae relationship is influenced by light and soil nitrogen in Neotropical canopy gaps
Authors: Ficano Nikayla , Porder Stephen , McCulloch Lindsay A.
Published: July 2021

Plants and their soil microbial symbionts influence ecosystem productivity and nutrient cycling, but the controls on these symbioses remain poorly understood. This is particularly true for plants in the Fabaceae family (hereafter legumes), which can associate with both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and nitrogen (N) ‐fixing bacteria. Here we report results of the first manipulated field experiment to explore the abiotic and biotic controls of this tripartite symbiosis in Neotropical canopy gaps (hereafter gaps). We grew three species of Neotropical N‐fixing legume seedlings under different light (gap–full light, gap–shadecloth, and understory) and soil nitrogen (20 g N·m−2·yr−1 vs. 0 g N·m−2·yr−1) conditions across a lowland tropical forest at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. We harvested the seedlings after 4 months of growth in the field and measured percent AMF root colonization (%AMF), nodule and seeding biomass, and seedling aboveground:belowground biomass ratios. Our expectation was that seedlings in gaps would grow larger and, as a result of higher light, invest more carbon in both AMF and N‐fixing bacteria. Indeed, seedlings in gaps had higher total biomass, nodule biomass (a proxy for N‐fixing bacteria investment) and rates of AMF root colonization, and the three were significantly positively correlated. However, we only found a significant positive effect of light availability on %AMF when seedlings were fertilized with N. Furthermore, when we statistically controlled for treatment, species, and site effects, we found %AMF and seedling biomass had a negative relationship. This was likely driven by the fact that seedlings invested relatively less in AMF as they increased in biomass (lower %AMF per gram of seedling). Taken together, these results challenge the long‐held assumption that high light conditions universally increase carbon investment in AMF and demonstrate that this tripartite symbiosis is influenced by soil nutrient and light conditions.
Donor‐Reactivity‐Controlled Sialylation Reactions
Authors: Asressu Kesatebrhan Haile , Chang Chun‐Wei , Lam Sarah , Wang Cheng‐Chung
Published: July 2021

Although tremendous efforts have been made for the efficient preparation of sialosides, controlling the stereochemical outcome of sialylation reaction still remains one of the most challenging tasks due to the unique chemical structure of sialic acid. We developed a new strategy to statistically analyze the stereoselectivity of sialylation reactions on six types of p‐tolyl thiosialosides in NIS/TfOH system using Relative Reactivity Value (RRV) as the indicator. Analysis of the reaction mechanism showed the formation of the relatively stable glycosyl bromide and glycosyl chloride intermediates from halide‐ and triflate‐containing promotors in the absence of an acceptor. We found that the α/β‐stereoselectivity, yields, and intermediate changes were associated with their donor reactivity. These findings enable to tailor the most suitable building blocks for stereo‐controlled sialylation reactions.
One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Diazo‐γ,δ‐unsaturated Esters as Versatile Building Blocks for Functionalized Dienes, Cyclopentenes, and 5,7‐Fused Bicycles
Authors: Russo Theo V. C. , Sá Marcus M.
Published: July 2021

The synthesis of novel allylic α‐diazo carbonyl compounds was achieved through a one‐pot strategy involving base‐catalyzed allylation of 1,3‐dicarbonyls with readily available allylic bromides followed by the deacylative diazo transfer reaction. Besides the broad substrate scope related to this method, other relevant features include the use of simple and inexpensive reagents, non‐toxic solvents and mild reaction conditions. The synthetic utility of these α‐diazo‐γ,δ‐unsaturated esters was further demonstrated through rhodium‐catalyzed transformations, where the type of product formed is dependent on both the substrate and catalyst employed. Thus, treating α‐diazo‐γ,δ‐unsaturated esters with catalytic Rh2(pfb)4 in acetonitrile under reflux resulted in a diastereoselective β‐hydride migration to give 2Z,4E‐dienes in good yields. On the other hand, the combination of Rh2(OAc)4 as the catalyst in toluene under reflux for 10 min led the aryl‐substituted diazo compounds to a regioselective intramolecular Buchner reaction to furnish 5,7‐fused bicyclic tetraenes in high yields, while the alkyl‐substituted analogues undergo intramolecular C–H insertion to give functionalized cyclopentenes of anti‐configuration.
Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene Ornamented with Palladium Nanoparticles for Electrochemical CO Oxidation
Authors: Salah Belal , Eid Kamel , Abdelgwad Ahmed M. , Ibrahim Yasmeen , Abdullah Aboubakr M. , Hassan Mohammad K. , Ozoemena Kenneth I.
Published: July 2021

Titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene possesses various unique physicochemical and catalytic properties. However, the electrochemical CO oxidation performance is not yet addressed experimentally. Herein, Ti3C2Tx (TX=OH, O, and F) ordered and exfoliated two‐dimensional nanosheets ornamented with semi‐spherical palladium nanoparticles (2.5 Wt. %) with an average diameter of (10±1 nm) (denoted as Pd/Ti3C2Tx) is rationally designed for the electrochemical CO oxidation. The fabrication process is based on the selective chemical etching of Ti3AlC2 and delamination under sonication to form Ti3C2Tx nanosheets that are used as a substrate and reducing agent for supporting in situ growth of Pd nanoparticles via impregnation with Pd salt. Interestingly, Pd‐free Ti3C2Tx displayed inferior CO oxidation activity, while Pd/Ti3C2Tx enhanced the CO oxidation activity substantially. This is attributed to the combination of outstanding physicochemical properties of Ti3C2Tx and the catalytic merits of Pd nanoparticles.
Design of an acidic sulfonated mesoporous carbon catalyst for the synthesis of butyl levulinate from levulinic acid
Authors: Bakhtiari Behrokh , Najafi Chermahini Alireza , Babaei Zahra
Published: July 2021

In this work, the ordered mesoporous carbon CMK‐8 which has some advantages, including large specific pore volume, high surface area, and also its tunable pore size, was synthesized, then functionalized with various sulfonic acid groups and utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst in the esterification reaction of levulinic acid (LA) into n‐butyl levulinate (BL). The prepared catalysts were characterized using Fourier transformed‐infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption–desorption, small‐angle X‐ray diffraction analysis, elemental analysis, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, thermal gravimetric analysis, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and elemental mapping. The important parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst amount, and LA to n‐BuOH molar ratio were investigated by Taguchi experimental design. Maximum BL yield (75.1%) and LA conversion (95%) were obtained with CMK‐8‐SO3H catalyst under optimum reaction conditions: reaction temperature 130°C, reaction time 10 h, catalyst dosage 0.015 g, and LA to n‐BuOH molar ratio 1:10. Among the entire parameters, LA to n‐BuOH molar ratio followed by the reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time have the most influence on BL yield. Finally, the regeneration and reusability of the CMK‐8‐SO3H catalyst were studied, and the recovered catalyst showed high stability and activity after four runs.
ω3PUFAs improve hepatic steatosis in postnatal overfed rats and HepG2 cells by inhibiting acetyl‐CoA carboxylase
Authors: Zhou Nan , Du Susu , Dai Yanyan , Yang Fan , Li Xiaonan
Published: July 2021

Postnatal overfeeding can lead to persistent increases in hepatic lipid synthesis and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in adulthood. The ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3PUFAs) exhibit beneficial effects on NAFLD. Here, we employed a rat model and an in vitro HepG2 cell model to investigate whether fish oil (FO) affects hepatic lipid synthesis due to postnatal overfeeding. Male Sprague‐Dawley were divided into litter sizes of three (small litters, SLs) or 10 (normal litters, NLs) on postnatal day 3 and were fed standard chow or FO diet beginning on postnatal week 3 to generate NL, SL, NL‐FO, and SL‐FO groups. The results indicated that the FO diet reduced the postnatal overfeeding‐induced body weight gain and NAFLD characteristics (such as serum and liver triglyceride (TG) and hepatic steatosis). In addition, FO restored the expression of hepatic lipid metabolism‐related genes (including SCD1, FASN, CPT1, LPL, ACC, and SREBP‐1c) in SL‐FO rats. Specifically, the activity and expression pattern of ACC were consistent with SREBP‐1c. Furthermore, HepG2 cells were treated with oleic acid (OA), followed by eicosapentenoic acid (EPA), with or without SREBP‐1c siRNA. The cellular lipid droplets, TG content, and the expression of ACC (by 75%) and SREBP‐1c (by 45%) were increased by OA stimulation (p < .05), which was inhibited by EPA treatment. However, the effect of EPA treatment was abolished when SREBP‐1c was silenced. In conclusion, ω3PUFAs‐rich diet may be an effective way to reverse the developmental programming of hepatic lipid synthesis, at least partially, by inhibiting ACC through modulating SREBP‐1c.