bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV): Identification of Subtypes 3b and 3m in Wild Boar Population in Liguria Region, Italy
Authors: Battistini Roberta , Serracca Laura , Razzuoli Elisabetta , Listorti Valeria , Guardone Lisa , Dellepiane Monica , Pussini Nicola , Brunelli Francesco , Peletto Simone , Beltramo Chiara , Ercolini Carlo , Masotti Chiara
Published: October 2022

The wild boar is an important natural reservoir for the zoonotic transmission of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) around the world. In particular, HEV genotypes 3 and 4 are an emerging problem in industrialized countries, as the number of wild boars has increased, and their territory is ever closer to farms and populated areas. This study describes the HEV prevalence and geographic circulation among wild boar populations in the Ligurian region (Italy) during the period 2019–2022. Liver samples from 849 wild boars were analyzed for HEV RNA using real-time RT-PCR; positive samples were then subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. Overall, 6.7% of the wild boars were positive for HEV RNA; however, in the last two years, the percentage of positive animals almost doubled. Phylogenetic analysis showed that wild boar HEV sequences belonged to genotype 3 and clustered within subtypes 3a and 3c, and, for the first time in Italy, subtypes 3b and 3m were identified. Interestingly, 13 sequences could not be assigned to a recognized subtype. Furthermore, the results showed different circulations of identified subtypes across the territory. These findings increase the knowledge of HEV-3 heterogeneity in Italy and describe the role of wild boars in maintaining an active viral circulation in the environment.
Preclinical Evaluation of the Multiple Tyrosine Kinases Inhibitor Anlotinib in Leukemia Stem Cells
Authors: Jiang Yuelong , Liu Long , Jiang Yirong , Li Zhifeng , Feng Liying , Zhuang Xinguo , Lin Zhijuan , Chen Qiuling , Chen Guoshu , He Jixiang , Li Guowei , Zha Jie , Xu Bing
Published: October 2022

Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) constitute the critical barrier to the cure of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) due to their chemoresistance and immune evasion property. Herein, the role of anlotinib, a multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in killing LSCs and regulating chemoresistance and immune evasion was explored. Anlotinib treatment induced apoptosis of LSC-like cells as well as primary AML LSCs, while sparing the normal mononuclear cells in vitro. Moreover, anlotinib could impair the regeneration capacity of LSCs in the patient-derived leukemia xenograft mouse model. Mechanistically, anlotinib inhibited phosphorylation of c-kit, JAK2/STAT3, and STAT5, and downregulated STAT3 and STAT5 expression. In addition, anlotinib downregulated the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, and upregulated Bax, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of LSCs to idarubicin in vitro. Intriguingly, anlotinib could also partially rescue the interferon-g production of T cells cocultured with LSCs by downregulating PD-L1 expression. In conclusion, anlotinib showed anti-LSC activity and the potential to enhance the sensitivity to idarubicin and inhibit the immunosuppressive feature of LSCs via JAK2/STAT signaling pathway downregulation in the preclinical study. Our results provided a rational basis for combinatory strategies involving anlotinib and chemotherapy or immunotherapy.
Comparative Studies of Palmatine with Metformin and Glimepiride on the Modulation of Insulin Dependent Signaling Pathway In Vitro, In Vivo & Ex Vivo
Authors: Nwabueze Okechukwu Patrick , Sharma Mridula , Balachandran Abbirami , Gaurav Anand , Abdul Rani Anis Najwa , Małgorzata Jeleń , Beata Morak-Młodawska , Lavilla Charlie A. , Billacura Merell P.
Published: October 2022

(1) Insulin resistance, a symptom of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is caused by the inactivation of the insulin signaling pathway, which includes IRS-PI3K-IRS-1-PKC-AKT2 and GLUT4. Metformin (biguanide) and glimepiride (sulfonylurea) are both drugs that are derivatives of urea, and they are widely used as first-line drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Palmatine has been previously reported to possess antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. (2) The current study compared palmatine to metformin and glimepiride in a type 2 diabetes model for ADME and insulin resistance via the PI3K/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathway: in vitro, in vivo, ex vivo, and in silico molecular docking. (3) Methods: Differentiated L6 skeletal muscle cells and soleus muscle tissue were incubated in standard tissue culture media supplemented with high insulin and high glucose as a cellular model of insulin resistance, whilst streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Sprague Dawley rats were used as the diabetic model. The cells/tissue/animals were treated with palmatine, while glimepiride and metformin were used as standard drugs. The differential gene expression of PI3K, IRS-1, PKC-α, AKT2, and GLUT4 was evaluated using qPCR. (4) Results: The results revealed that the genes IRS-PI3K-IRS-1-PKC-AKT2 were significantly down-regulated, whilst PKC-α was upregulated significantly in both insulin-resistant cells and tissue animals. Interestingly, palmatine-treated cells/tissue/animals were able to reverse these effects. (5) Conclusions: Palmatine appears to have rejuvenated the impaired insulin signaling pathway through upregulation of the gene expression of IRS-1, PI3K, AKT2, and GLUT4 and downregulation of PKC-expression, according to in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo studies.
High Efficacy and Drug Synergy of HDAC6-Selective Inhibitor NN-429 in Natural Killer (NK)/T-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Garcha Harsimran Kaur , Nawar Nabanita , Sorger Helena , Erdogan Fettah , Aung Myint Myat Khine , Sedighi Abootaleb , Manaswiyoungkul Pimyupa , Seo Hyuk-Soo , Schönefeldt Susann , Pölöske Daniel , Dhe-Paganon Sirano , Neubauer Heidi A. , Mustjoki Satu M. , Herling Marco , de Araujo Elvin D. , Moriggl Richard , Gunning Patrick T.
Published: October 2022

NK/T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL) and γδ T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (γδ T-NHL) are highly aggressive lymphomas that lack rationally designed therapies and rely on repurposed chemotherapeutics from other hematological cancers. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been targeted in a range of malignancies, including T-cell lymphomas. This study represents exploratory findings of HDAC6 inhibition in NKTCL and γδ T-NHL through a second-generation inhibitor NN-429. With nanomolar in vitro HDAC6 potency and high in vitro and in cellulo selectivity for HDAC6, NN-429 also exhibited long residence time and improved pharmacokinetic properties in contrast to older generation inhibitors. Following unique selective cytotoxicity towards γδ T-NHL and NKTCL, NN-429 demonstrated a synergistic relationship with the clinical agent etoposide and potential synergies with doxorubicin, cytarabine, and SNS-032 in these disease models, opening an avenue for combination treatment strategies.
Potential Targeted Therapies in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Sisman Yagmur , Vestergaard Lau Kræsing , de Oliveira Douglas Nogueira Perez , Poulsen Tim Svenstrup , Schnack Tine Henrichsen , Høgdall Claus , Høgdall Estrid
Published: October 2022

Background: We aimed to identify somatic pathogenic and likely pathogenic mutations using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The mutational findings were held against clinically well-described data to identify potential targeted therapies in Danish patients diagnosed with high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC). Methods: We characterized the mutational profile of 128 HGSC patients. Clinical data were obtained from the Danish Gynecological Database and tissue samples were collected through the Danish CancerBiobank. DNA was analyzed using NGS. Results: 47 (37%) patients were platinum-sensitive, 32 (25%) partially platinum-sensitive, 35 (27%) platinum-resistant, and three (2%) platinum-refractory, while 11 (9%) patients did not receive chemotherapy. Overall, 27 (21%) had known druggable targets. Twelve (26%) platinum-sensitive patients had druggable targets for PARP inhibitors: one for tyrosine kinase inhibitors and one for immunotherapy treatment. Eight (25%) partially platinum-sensitive patients had druggable targets: seven were eligible for PARP inhibitors and one was potentially eligible for alpesilib and hormone therapy. Seven (20%) platinum-resistant patients had druggable targets: six (86%) were potentially eligible for PARP inhibitors, one for immunotherapy, and one for erdafitinib. Conclusions: PARP inhibitors are the most frequent potential targeted therapy in HGSC. However, other targeted therapies remain relevant for investigation according to our mutational findings.
Wound-Healing Effects of Curcumin and Its Nanoformulations: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Kumari Amrita , Raina Neha , Wahi Abhishek , Goh Khang Wen , Sharma Pratibha , Nagpal Riya , Jain Atul , Ming Long Chiau , Gupta Madhu
Published: October 2022

Wound healing is an intricate process of tissue repair or remodeling that occurs in response to injury. Plants and plant-derived bioactive constituents are well explored in the treatment of various types of wounds. Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic substance that has been used since ancient times in Ayurveda for its healing properties, as it reduces inflammation and acts on several healing stages. Several research studies for curcumin delivery at the wound site reported the effectiveness of curcumin in eradicating reactive oxygen species and its ability to enhance the deposition of collagen, granulation tissue formation, and finally, expedite wound contraction. Curcumin has been widely investigated for its wound healing potential but its lower solubility and rapid metabolism, in addition to its shorter plasma half-life, have limited its applications in wound healing. As nanotechnology has proven to be an effective technique to accelerate wound healing by stimulating appropriate mobility through various healing phases, curcumin-loaded nanocarriers are used for targeted delivery at the wound sites. This review highlights the potential of curcumin and its nanoformulations, such as liposomes, nanoparticles, and nano-emulsions, etc. in wound healing. This paper emphasizes the numerous biomedical applications of curcumin which collectively prepare a base for its antibiofilm and wound-healing action.
An Immunconjugate Vaccine Alters Distribution and Reduces the Antinociceptive, Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Fentanyl in Male and Female Rats
Authors: Haile Colin N. , Baker Miah D. , Sanchez Sergio A. , Lopez Arteaga Carlos A. , Duddupudi Anantha L. , Cuny Gregory D. , Norton Elizabeth B. , Kosten Thomas R. , Kosten Therese A.
Published: October 2022

Fentanyl (FEN) is a potent synthetic opioid associated with increasing incidence of opioid use disorder (OUD) and fatal opioid overdose. Vaccine immunotherapy for FEN-associated disorders may be a viable therapeutic strategy. Here, we expand and confirm our previous study in mice showing immunological and antinociception efficacy of our FEN vaccine administered with the adjuvant dmLT. In this study, immunized male and female rats produced significant levels of anti-FEN antibodies that were highly effective at neutralizing FEN–induced antinociception in the tail flick assay and hot plate assays. The vaccine also decreased FEN brain levels following drug administration. Immunization blocked FEN-induced, but not morphine-induced, rate-disrupting effects on schedule-controlled responding. Vaccination prevented decreases on physiological measures (oxygen saturation, heart rate) and reduction in overall activity following FEN administration in male rats. The impact of FEN on these measures was greater in unvaccinated male rats compared to unvaccinated female rats. Cross-reactivity assays showed anti-FEN antibodies bound to FEN and sufentanil but not to morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, or oxycodone. These data support further clinical development of this vaccine to address OUD in humans.
From Serendipity to Rational Identification of the 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one Core as a New Chemotype of AKT1 Inhibitors for Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Astolfi Andrea , Milano Francesca , Palazzotti Deborah , Brea Jose , Pismataro Maria Chiara , Morlando Mariangela , Tabarrini Oriana , Loza Maria Isabel , Massari Serena , Martelli Maria Paola , Barreca Maria Letizia
Published: October 2022

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematopoietic malignancy whose prognosis is globally poor. In more than 60% of AML patients, the PI3K/AKTs/mTOR signaling pathway is aberrantly activated because of oncogenic driver alterations and further enhanced by chemotherapy as a mechanism of drug resistance. Against this backdrop, very recently we have started a multidisciplinary research project focused on AKT1 as a pharmacological target to identify novel anti-AML agents. Indeed, the serendipitous finding of the in-house compound T187 as an AKT1 inhibitor has paved the way to the rational identification of new active small molecules, among which T126 has emerged as the most interesting compound with IC50 = 1.99 ± 0.11 μM, ligand efficiency of 0.35, and a clear effect at low micromolar concentrations on growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in AML cells. The collected results together with preliminary SAR data strongly indicate that the 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one derivative T126 is worthy of future biological experiments and medicinal chemistry efforts aimed at developing a novel chemical class of AKT1 inhibitors as anti-AML agents.
Analysis and Suppression of the Cross-Axis Coupling Effect for Dual-Beam SERF Atomic Magnetometer
Authors: Lu Fei , Wang Shuying , Xu Nuozhou , Li Bo , Lu Jixi , Han Bangcheng
Published: October 2022

Spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometers operated under a near-zero magnetic field are used for vector magnetic field measurements with high sensitivity. Previously, the cross-axis coupling error evoked by a nonzero background magnetic field has been verified to be adverse in modulated single-beam magnetometers. Here, in a dual-beam unmodulated SERF magnetometer, we propose a somewhat different solution model for the cross-axis coupling effect where the field of interest couples with the interference field. Considering two cases where the transverse or longitudinal background field exists, the cross-axis coupling effect dependence on multiple factors is investigated here based on the dynamic response under a background magnetic field within ±5 nT. The theoretical and experimental investigation suggests that it has an adverse impact on the output response amplitude and phase and tilts the sensitive axis by several degrees, causing a measurement error on the dual-beam magnetometer. To suppress this effect, the background magnetic field is compensated through the PI closed-loop control. The coupling effect is effectively suppressed by 1.5 times at the 10–40 Hz low-frequency band and the sensitivity reaches 2.4 fT/Hz1/2.
Photonic Integrated Frequency Shifter Based on Double Side Band Modulation: Performance Analysis
Authors: Betancur-Pérez Andrés , de Dios Cristina , Acedo Pablo
Published: October 2022

In this research, we present an analysis of a photonic integrated frequency shifter as a stage for a THz dual comb generator. We studied the performance of the PIC by simulating it with standard building blocks, and aimed toward an improvement of the output signal quality. We revised two approaches of the PIC by simulating two modes of generating a double side band modulation suppressed carrier (DSB-SC) with a Mach Zehnder modulator structure (MZM). One approach was using a single Electro-Optic Phase Modulator (EOPM) on an MZM structure (SE-MZM), and the other one was using Double EOPM (DE-MZM). We found a cleaner spectrum with the DE-MZM, since this structure is usually applied to reduce the chirp effect in optical communication systems. We obtained 23 dB of side mode suppression ratio SMSR with one filter, and 44 dB of SMSR with a two-stage filter. In the case of DE-MZM, we obtained a clean tone on intermediate frequency (IF) free of spurious sidebands and comb in IF frequency with 10 dB more power compared to SE-MZM.
An Effective Method for Enhancing Heterodyne Efficiency by Comparing the Effect of Degree of Polarization on an Uplink Path and a Downlink Path
Authors: Tan Zhenkun , Wang Jiao , Kong Yingxiu , Lei Sichen , Wu Pengfei
Published: October 2022

By analyzing the effect of the degree of polarization (DoP) of the partially coherent Gaussian Schell-model (GSM) beam on a heterodyne system of an uplink path and a downlink path, we developed an innovative and noteworthy theory according to which σsy (signal beam waist radius in the y direction component) and δSyy (coherence length of the signal beam in the yy direction component) had a more significant impact on heterodyne efficiency and DoP than the turbulence term on uplink and downlink paths. Namely, the DoP and heterodyne efficiency of an uplink path are higher than that of a downlink path when σsy > 0.02 m or δSyy ≥ 0.03 m. This innovative rule provides an efficient way for increasing the heterodyne efficiency of a signal beam propagating along an uplink or a downlink path channel in satellite-ground communication links in free-space optical heterodyne detection communication.
Does the Spatial Pattern of Plants and Green Space Affect Air Pollutant Concentrations? Evidence from 37 Garden Cities in China
Authors: Wang Chengkang , Guo Mengyue , Jin Jun , Yang Yifan , Ren Yujie , Wang Yang , Cao Jiajie
Published: October 2022

Relevant studies have demonstrated that urban green spaces composed of various types of plants are able to alleviate the morbidity and mortality of respiratory diseases, by reducing air pollution levels. In order to explore the relationship between the spatial pattern of urban green spaces and air pollutant concentrations, this study takes 37 garden cities with subtropical monsoon climate in China as the research object and selects the urban air quality monitoring data and land use type data in 2019 to analyze the relationship between the spatial pattern and the air pollutant concentration through the landscape metrics model and spatial regression model. Moreover, the threshold effect of the impact of green space on air pollutant concentrations is estimated, as well. The results showed that the spatial pattern of urban green space was significantly correlated with the concentrations of PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic diameters of 2.5 mmor less), NO2 (Nitrogen Dioxide), and SO2 (Sulfur dioxide) pollutants in the air, while the concentrations of PM10 (PM with aerodynamic diameters of 10 mmor less) pollutants were not significantly affected by the green space pattern. Among them, the patch shape index (LSI), patch density (PD) and patch proportion in landscape area (PLAND) of forest land can affect the concentration of PM2.5, NO2, and SO2, respectively. The PLAND, PD, and LSI of grassland and farmland can also have an additional impact on the concentration of SO2 pollutants. The study also found that there was a significant threshold effect within the impact mechanism of urban green space landscape pattern indicators (LSI, PD, PLAND) on the concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 air pollutants. The results of this study not only clarified the impact mechanism of the spatial pattern of urban green space on air pollutant concentrations but also provided quantitative reference and scientific basis for the optimization and updating of urban green space to promote public health.
Adoption of Sustainable Agriculture Practices through Participatory Research: A Case Study on Galapagos Islands Farmers Using Water-Saving Technologies
Authors: Jaramillo Díaz Patricia , Calle-Loor Anna , Gualoto Ekaterina , Bolaños Carlos , Cevallos David
Published: October 2022

Agriculture in the populated islands of the Galapagos Archipelago, a protected area due to its unique biodiversity, has been detrimental to its conservation but highly required to meet food necessities. A potential solution to make agricultural farming more sustainable is adopting water-saving technologies (WSTs). Therefore, this study aimed to test the effectiveness of using WSTs such as Groasis Waterboxx® in three of the most valuable crops in the islands through participatory research with the involvement of a group of farmers from the Floreana and Santa Cruz islands and explore a possible transition to more sustainable agricultural practices. Capsicum annuum, Cucumis sativus and Solanum lycopersicum were cultivated using Groasis Waterboxx® and compared to conventional irrigation practices (drip-irrigated controls) to assess the variability of productivity, the number of fruits and individual fruit weight (IFW). In addition, differences in plant traits were analyzed by crop, and island. Results suggested that WSTs such as Groasis Waterboxx® may provide on-farm benefits regarding the yields of the studied traits. From this study, it is difficult to determine whether participation in such a research study will permanently change irrigation practices. However, the participant’s responses to the study suggest an increase in their understanding of the use and benefits of WST.
The Changes of Microbial Communities and Key Metabolites after Early Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Invasion of Pinus massoniana
Authors: An Yibo , Li Yongxia , Ma Ling , Li Dongzhen , Zhang Wei , Feng Yuqian , Liu Zhenkai , Wang Xuan , Wen Xiaojian , Zhang Xingyao
Published: October 2022

Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a worldwide pest of pine trees, spreading at an alarming rate and with great ecological adaptability. In the process of causing disease, the nematode causes metabolic disorders and changes in the endophytic microbial community of the pine tree. However, the changes at the pine nidus during early nematode invasion have not been well studied, especially the differential metabolites, in Pinus massoniana, the main host of B. xylophilus in China. In this study, we analyzed the endophytic bacterial and fungal communities associated with healthy and B. xylophilus-caused wilted pine trees. The results show that 1333 bacterial OTUs and 502 fungal OTUs were annotated from P. massoniana stem samples. The abundance of bacterial communities in pine trees varies more following infection by B. xylophilus, but the abundance changes of fungal communities are less visible. There were significant differences in endophytic microbial diversity between wilted and healthy P. massoniana. In wilted pine trees, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidia were differential indicators of bacterial communities, whereas, in healthy pine trees, Rhizobiales in the Proteobacteria phylum were the major markers of bacterial communities. Meanwhile, the differential markers of fungal communities in healthy pines are Malasseziales, Tremellales, Sordariales, and Fusarium, whereas Pleosporaceae is the key marker of fungal communities in wilted pines. Our study examines the effect of changes in the endophytic microbial community on the health of pine trees that may be caused by B. xylophilus infection. In parallel, a non-targeted metabolomic study based on liquid mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology was conducted on pine trees inoculated with pine nematodes and healthy pine trees with a view to identifying key compounds affecting early pine lesions. Ultimately, 307 distinctly different metabolites were identified. Among them, the riboflavin metabolic pathway in pine trees may play a key role in the early pathogenesis of pine wood nematode disease.
Identification and Expression Analysis of the Solanum tuberosum StATG8 Family Associated with the WRKY Transcription Factor
Authors: Song Injeong , Hong Suji , Huh Sung Un
Published: October 2022

Autophagy is an evolutionarily well-conserved cellular catabolic pathway in eukaryotic cells and plays an important role in cellular processes. Autophagy is regulated by autophagy-associated (ATG) proteins. Among these ATG proteins, the ubiquitin-like protein ATG8/LC3 is essential for autophagosome formation and function. In this study, the potato StATG8 family showed clade I and clade II with significantly different sequences. Expression of the StATG8 family was also increased in senescence. Interestingly, the expression of the StATG8 and other core StATG genes decreased in potato tubers as the tubers matured. The StATG8 family also responded to a variety of stresses such as heat, wounding, salicylic acid, and salt stress. We also found that some Arabidopsis WRKY transcription factors interacted with the StATG8 protein in planta. Based on group II-a WRKY, StATG8-WRKY interaction is independent of the ATG8 interacting motif (AIM) or LC3 interacting region (LIR) motif. This study showed that the StATG8 family had diverse functions in tuber maturation and multiple stress responses in potatoes. Additionally, StATG8 may have an unrelated autophagy function in the nucleus with the WRKY transcription factor.
A Tunable and Wearable Dual-Band Metamaterial Absorber Based on Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Substrate for Sensing Applications
Authors: Alsulami Qana A. , Wageh S. , Al-Ghamdi Ahmed A. , Bilal Rana Muhammad Hasan , Saeed Muhammad Ahsan
Published: October 2022

Advanced wireless communication technology claims miniaturized, reconfigurable, highly efficient, and flexible meta-devices for various applications, including conformal implementation, flexible antennas, wearable sensors, etc. Therefore, bearing these challenges in mind, a dual-band flexible metamaterial absorber (MMA) with frequency-reconfigurable characteristics is developed in this research. The geometry of the proposed MMA comprises a square patch surrounded by a square ring, which is mounted over a copper-backed flexible dielectric substrate. The top surface of the MMA is made of silver nanoparticle ink and a middle polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate backed by a copper groundsheet. The proposed MMA shows an absorption rate of above 99% at 24 and 35 GHz. In addition, the absorption features are also studied for different oblique incident angles, and it is found that the proposed MMA remains stable for θ = 10–50°. The frequency tunability characteristics are achieved by stimulating the capacitance of the varactor diode, which connects the inner patch with the outer ring. To justify the robustness and conformability of the presented MMA, the absorption features are also studied by bending the MMA over different radii of an arbitrary cylinder. Moreover, a multiple-reflection interference model is developed to justify the simulated and calculated absorption of the proposed MMA. It is found that the simulated and calculated results are in close agreement with each other. This kind of MMA could be useful for dual-band sensing and filtering operations.
Design of a New 3D Gelatin—Alginate Scaffold Loaded with Cannabis sativa Oil
Authors: Antezana Pablo Edmundo , Municoy Sofía , Orive Gorka , Desimone Martín Federico
Published: October 2022

There is an increasing medical need for the development of new materials that could replace damaged organs, improve healing of critical wounds or provide the environment required for the formation of a new healthy tissue. The three-dimensional (3D) printing approach has emerged to overcome several of the major deficiencies of tissue engineering. The use of Cannabis sativa as a therapy for some diseases has spread throughout the world thanks to its benefits for patients. In this work, we developed a bioink made with gelatin and alginate that was able to be printed using an extrusion 3D bioprinter. The scaffolds obtained were lyophilized, characterized and the swelling was assessed. In addition, the scaffolds were loaded with Cannabis sativa oil extract. The presence of the extract provided antimicrobial and antioxidant activity to the 3D scaffolds. Altogether, our results suggest that the new biocompatible material printed with 3D technology and with the addition of Cannabis sativa oil could become an attractive alternative to common treatments of soft-tissue infections and wound repair.
Study of Dyeing Process of Hemp/Cotton Fabrics by Using Natural Dyes Obtained from Rubia tinctorum L. and Calendula officialis
Authors: Mijas Gabriela , Josa Mariona , Cayuela Diana , Riba-Moliner Marta
Published: October 2022

The objective of this work was to assess the possibility of dyeing a substrate composed of non-textile industrial hemp using natural dyes from common madder (Rubia Tinctorum L.) and calendula (Calendula Officialis) and tannin and alum as mordants. The substrate used for the dyeing had a 25/75 hemp/cotton composition. The hemp raw material is an agricultural by-product that was subjected to mechanical and chemical treatments in order to cottonize the fibers, blend them with cotton, and thus obtain first 40-tex open-end yarns and then a knitted fabric. The latter was subjected to different dyeing conditions by varying the dye, mordant, and method for its application, type of water, and rinsing after dyeing. Measurements of the difference (ΔE) and intensity (K/S) of color and fastness to washing and rubbing were carried out. The results showed that dyeing of a non-textile residual hemp substrate is possible, and that calendula is a good option for dyeing it with tap water, tannin-alum set in a meta-mordanting process, and rinsing after 24 h. In this way, a contribution has been made to the circular economy of the textile industry through the use of more sustainable sources and products.
The Use of Acrylate Polymers in Dentistry
Authors: Kostić Milena , Igić Marko , Gligorijević Nikola , Nikolić Vesna , Stošić Nenad , Nikolić Ljubiša
Published: October 2022

The manuscript aimed to review the types of acrylate polymers used in dentistry, as well as their chemical, physical, mechanical, and biological properties. Regarding their consistency and purpose, dental acrylate polymers are divided into hard (brittle), which includes acrylates for the production of plate denture bases, obturator prostheses, epitheses and maxillofacial prostheses, their repairs and lining, and soft (flexible), which are used for lining denture bases in special indications. Concerning the composition and method of polymerization initiation, polymers for the production of denture bases are divided into four types: heat-, cold-, light-, and microwave-polymerized. CAD/CAM acrylate dentures are made from factory blocks of dental acrylates and show optimal mechanical and physical properties, undoubtedly better monomer polymerization and thus biocompatibility, and stability of the shape and colour of the base and dentures. Regardless of the number of advantages that these polymers have to offer, they also exhibit certain disadvantages. Technological development enables the enhancement of all acrylate properties to respond better to the demands of the profession. Special attention should be paid to improving the biological characteristics of acrylate polymers, due to reported adverse reactions of patients and dental staff to potentially toxic substances released during their preparation and use.
A Bird’s-Eye View on Polymer-Based Hydrogen Carriers for Mobile Applications
Authors: Sharifian Mohammadhossein , Kern Wolfgang , Riess Gisbert
Published: October 2022

Globally, reducing CO2 emissions is an urgent priority. The hydrogen economy is a system that offers long-term solutions for a secure energy future and the CO2 crisis. From hydrogen production to consumption, storing systems are the foundation of a viable hydrogen economy. Each step has been the topic of intense research for decades; however, the development of a viable, safe, and efficient strategy for the storage of hydrogen remains the most challenging one. Storing hydrogen in polymer-based carriers can realize a more compact and much safer approach that does not require high pressure and cryogenic temperature, with the potential to reach the targets determined by the United States Department of Energy. This review highlights an outline of the major polymeric material groups that are capable of storing and releasing hydrogen reversibly. According to the hydrogen storage results, there is no optimal hydrogen storage system for all stationary and automotive applications so far. Additionally, a comparison is made between different polymeric carriers and relevant solid-state hydrogen carriers to better understand the amount of hydrogen that can be stored and released realistically.
Tumor-Targeting Polymer–Drug Conjugate for Liver Cancer Treatment In Vitro
Authors: Xu Jiankun , Lin Shanmeng , Hu Hao , Xing Qi , Geng Jin
Published: October 2022

Bufalin (buf) has poor solubility in aqueous solution, poor tumor targeting, and many non-specific toxic and side effects. The advantages of high-molecular-weight polymer conjugates are that they can improve the water solubility of buf, prolong plasma half-life, and reduce non-specific toxicity. A novel water-soluble polymer–drug conjugate with buf and fluorescein pendants was prepared by the combination of reversible addition-fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization and click chemistry. Its anticancer performance and cellular uptake behavior against liver cancer were investigated in vitro. The polymer–buf conjugates exhibit controlled release and tumor-targeting capabilities, showing promise for clinical applications.
Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers’ Structure and Incorporation Route in Waterborne Polyurethane–Urea Based Nanocomposite Inks
Authors: Larraza Izaskun , Vadillo Julen , Calvo-Correas Tamara , Tejado Alvaro , Martin Loli , Arbelaiz Aitor , Eceiza Arantxa
Published: October 2022

In order to continue the development of inks valid for cold extrusion 3D printing, waterborne, polyurethane–urea (WBPUU) based inks with cellulose nanofibers (CNF), as a rheological modulator, were prepared by two incorporation methods, ex situ and in situ, in which the CNF were added after and during the synthesis process, respectively. Moreover, in order to improve the affinity of the reinforcement with the matrix, modified CNF was also employed. In the ex situ preparation, interactions between CNFs and water prevail over interactions between CNFs and WBPUU nanoparticles, resulting in strong gel-like structures. On the other hand, in situ addition allows the proximity of WBPUU particles and CNF, favoring interactions between both components and allowing the formation of chemical bonds. The fewer amount of CNF/water interactions present in the in situ formulations translates into weaker gel-like structures, with poorer rheological behavior for inks for 3D printing. Stronger gel-like behavior translated into 3D-printed parts with higher precision. However, the direct interactions present between the cellulose and the polyurethane–urea molecules in the in situ preparations, and more so in materials reinforced with carboxylated CNF, result in stronger mechanical properties of the final 3D parts.
Impact of Crystallization on the Development of Statistical Self-Bonding Strength at Initially Amorphous Polymer–Polymer Interfaces
Authors: Boiko Yuri M.
Published: October 2022

To investigate the mechanisms of the adhesion (self-bonding) strength (σ) development during the early stages of self-healing of polymer–polymer interfaces and fracture thereof, it is useful to operate not only with the average σ value but with the σ distribution as well. The latter has been shown to obey Weibull’s statistics for such interfaces. However, whether it can also follow the most widely used normal (Gaussian) distribution is currently unclear. Moreover, a more complicated self-healing case, when the σ development at an initially amorphous interface is accompanied by its crystallization, has not been investigated yet in this respect. In order to address these two important issues, 10 pairs of amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) samples were kept in contact for various periods of time from 5 min to 15 h at a temperature (T) of 94 °C (preserving the amorphous state) or T = 150 °C (giving rise to cold crystallization), or both Ts. Thereafter, the as-formed amorphous and semi-crystalline PET–PET auto-adhesive joints were shear fractured in tension at ambient temperature. For the first time, the statistical distributions of a number of the measured σ data sets were analyzed and discussed using both Weibull’s and the Gaussian model, including several normality tests.
Composition and Structure of Aspen (Pópulus trémula) Hemicelluloses Obtained by Oxidative Delignification
Authors: Borovkova Valentina S. , Malyar Yuriy N. , Sudakova Irina G. , Chudina Anna I. , Zimonin Dmitriy V. , Skripnikov Andrey M. , Miroshnikova Angelina V. , Ionin Vladislav A. , Kazachenko Alexander S. , Sychev Valentin V. , Ponomarev Ilya S. , Issaoui Noureddine
Published: October 2022

In this study, hemicelluloses of aspen wood (Pópulus trémula) were obtained by oxidative delignification in an acetic acid-water-hydrogen peroxide medium at temperatures of 70–100 °C and a process time of 1–4 h. The maximum polysaccharide yield of up to 9.68 wt% was reported. The composition and structure of the hemicelluloses were studied using a complex of physicochemical methods: gas and gel permeation chromatography, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose monomer units were identified in the hemicelluloses by gas chromatography. The weight average molecular weight Mw of the products determined by gel permeation chromatography was found to range within 8932–33,142 g/mol. The reported Fourier-transform spectra of the hemicelluloses contain all the bands characteristic of heteropolysaccharides; a weak lignin absorption signal in the spectra at 1500–1510 cm−1 is attributed to a minor content of phenolic fragments in the structure of the obtained hemicelluloses. The use of thermogravimetric analysis established that the hemicelluloses isolated from aspen wood are resistant against heating to temperatures of up to 90–100 °C and, upon further heating up to 400 °C, start destructing at an increasing rate. The antioxidant activity of the hemicelluloses was examined using the compounds that mimic free radicals (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and hydroxyl radicals (salicylic acid). It was found that the activity of all polysaccharides in neutralizing DPPH and hydroxyl radicals is lower than the absorption capacity of vitamin C at all the tested concentrations (0.5, 2, and 5 mg/mL) and attains 81.7 and 82.9%, respectively.
Thermal Degradation and Product Analysis of 3-iodo-2-propyl-butylcarbamate as a Wood Preservative
Authors: Han Liping , Jiang Mingliang , Zhang Jingpeng , Shao Chuang , Zhang Qingshuo
Published: October 2022

The thermal degradation kinetics and degradation products of IPBC during the heating process are investigated herein. Experiments were conducted at isothermal conditions from 60 °C to 150 °C. The remaining IPBC content was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at specific time intervals for each test, and the kinetic model of IPBC thermal degradation was established. The thermal degradation products of IPBC were studied by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC−MS/MS). The results showed that thermal degradation of IPBC occurred at 70 °C, and the degradation rate increased significantly from 70 °C to 150 °C. The thermal degradation kinetics of IPBC conformed to the first-order reaction and k=3.47×1012e−111125/RT from 60 °C to 150 °C. Seven degradation products such as prop-2-yn-1-yl ethylcarbamate and methyl N-butylcarbamate were identified and the degradation reaction pathway and the mechanism of IPBC were proposed, which involved deiodination, demethylation, deethynylation, deethylation, and hydroxylation processes.
Size Control and Enhanced Stability of Silver Nanoparticles by Cyclic Poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Wang Yubo , Quinsaat Jose Enrico Quijano , Li Feng , Isono Takuya , Tajima Kenji , Satoh Toshifumi , Sato Shin-ichiro , Yamamoto Takuya
Published: October 2022

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in a wide range of applications, and the size control and stability of the nanoparticles are crucial aspects in their applications. In the present study, cyclized poly(ethylene glycol) (c-PEG) with various molecular weights, along with linear PEG with hydroxy chain ends (HO–PEG–OH) and methoxy chain ends (MeO–PEG–OMe) were applied for the Tollens’ synthesis of AgNPs. The particle size was significantly affected by the topology and end groups of PEG. For example, the size determined by TEM was 40 ± 7 nm for HO–PEG5k–OH, 21 ± 4 nm for c-PEG5k, and 48 ± 9 nm for MeO–PEG5k–OMe when the molar ratio of PEG to AgNO3 (ω) was 44. The stability of AgNPs was also drastically improved by cyclization; the relative UV–Vis absorption intensity (A/A0 × 100%) at λmax to determine the proportion of persisting AgNPs in an aqueous NaCl solution (37.5 mM) was 58% for HO–PEG5k–OH, 80% for c-PEG5k, and 40% for MeO–PEG5k–OMe, despite the fact that AgNPs with c-PEG5k were much smaller than those with HO–PEG5k–OH and MeO–PEG5k–OMe.
Exact Enumeration Approach to Estimate the Theta Temperature of Interacting Self-Avoiding Walks on the Simple Cubic Lattice
Authors: Huang Sing-Shuo , Hsieh Yu-Hsin , Chen Chi-Ning
Published: October 2022

We compute the exact root-mean-square end-to-end distance of the interacting self-avoiding walk (ISAW) up to 27 steps on the simple cubic lattice. These data are used to construct a fixed point equation to estimate the theta temperature of the collapse transition of the ISAW. With the Bulirsch–Stoer extrapolation method, we obtain accurate results that can be compared with large-scale long-chain simulations. The free parameter ω in extrapolation is precisely determined using a parity property of the ISAW. The systematic improvement of this approach is feasible by adopting the combination of exact enumeration and multicanonical simulations.
CO2 Plasticization Resistance Membrane for Natural Gas Sweetening Process: Defining Optimum Operating Conditions for Stable Operation
Authors: Kadirkhan Farahdila , Sean Goh Pei , Ismail Ahmad Fauzi , Wan Mustapa Wan Nurul Ffazida , Halim Mohd Hanif Mohamad , Kian Soh Wei , Yean Yeo Siew
Published: October 2022

Membranes with a stable performance during the natural gas sweetening process application are highly demanded. This subject has been immensely explored due to several challenges faced by conventionally used polymeric membranes, especially the high tendency of plasticization and physical aging. In this study, polysulfone (PSf) hollow-fiber membrane was formulated and tested for its application in natural gas sweetening based on several compositions of CO2/CH4 mixed gas. The effects of operating conditions such as pressure, temperature and CO2 feed composition on separation performance were analyzed. The findings showed that the formulated membrane exhibited decreasing CO2 permeation trend with the increase in pressure. Conversely, the increase in operating temperature boosted the CO2 permeation. High productivity can be attained at higher operating temperatures with a reduction in product purity. Interestingly, since PSf has higher plasticization pressure, it was not affected by the change in CO2 percentage up to 70% CO2. The experimental study showed that the membrane material formulated in this study can be potentially evaluated at the field stage. Longer testing duration is needed with the real feed gas, appropriate pre-treatment based on the material limitations, and optimum operating conditions at the site to further confirm the membrane’s long-term lifetime, resistance, and stability.
Theophylline-Loaded Pectin/Chitosan Hydrochloride Submicron Particles Prepared by Spray Drying with a Continuous Feeding Ultrasonic Atomizer
Authors: Cheng Kuo-Chung , Hu Chia-Chien , Li Chih-Ying , Li Shih-Chi , Cai Zhi-Wei , Wei Yang , Don Trong-Ming
Published: October 2022

Pectin/chitosan hydrochloride (CHC) particles containing theophylline were prepared by a spray-drying apparatus coupled with a continuous feeding ultrasonic atomizer and a heating column. The formation of the submicron particles was investigated at various compositions of pectin solutions added with a chitosan hydrochloride or calcium chloride solution as a crosslinking agent. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images showed the pectin/chitosan hydrochloride particles had spherical and smooth surfaces. Depending on the feeding concentrations, the produced particles had diameters in the range of 300 to 800 nm with a narrow size distribution. Furthermore, the theophylline (TH)-loaded pectin/CHC particles were also prepared by the same apparatus. The TH release from the submicron particles in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 °C was monitored in real-time by a UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The Ritger–Peppas model could well describe the TH release profiles. All the diffusional exponents (n) of the release systems were greater than 0.7; thus, the transport mechanism was not a simple Fickian diffusion. Particularly, the n value was 1.14 for the TH-loaded particles at a pectin/CHC weight ratio of 5/2, which was very close to the zero-order drug delivery (n = 1). Therefore, the constant drug-release rate could be achieved by using the spray-dried pectin/CHC particles as the drug carrier.
The Effect of Polysaccharides on Preventing Proteins and Cholesterol from Being Adsorbed on the Surface of Orthokeratology Lenses
Authors: Wu Ting-Yao , Yeh Lung-Kun , Su Chen-Ying , Huang Pin-Hsuan , Lai Chi-Chun , Fang Hsu-Wei
Published: October 2022

The adsorption of tear film compositions such as proteins and lipids on the orthokeratology lenses often lead to infection or corneal damage. In order to investigate whether polysaccharides could prevent tear compositions from being adsorbed on the lens, alginic acid and lambda-carrageenan were added into artificial tear solution. By measuring daily adsorption of cholesterol, lysozyme, and albumin, our results showed that polysaccharides could weakly prevent cholesterol adsorption. In addition, polysaccharides could also reduce albumin deposition over time. Although the effect of polysaccharides on lysozyme adsorption was distinct depending on the concentrations of polysaccharides, the overall results demonstrated that polysaccharides could decrease protein deposition over time. Our results provided an in vitro evidence that polysaccharides may be applied as coating materials on the lens or as the composition of artificial tear solutions or eyedrops, in order to prevent adsorption of tear film compositions that may lead to a reduced incidence of infection or corneal damage for orthokeratology lens wearers.
Chitosan-Coated Bacterial Cellulose (BC)/Hydrolyzed Collagen Films and Their Ascorbic Acid Loading/Releasing Performance: A Utilization of BC Waste from Kombucha Tea Fermentation
Authors: Yakaew Pantitra , Phetchara Thapani , Kampeerapappun Piyaporn , Srikulkit Kawee
Published: October 2022

SCOBY bacterial cellulose (BC) is a biological macromolecule (considered as a by-product) that grows at the liquid–air interface during kombucha tea fermentation. In this study, BC:HC (hydrolyzed collagen) blend films coated with 1 wt% chitosan (CS) were loaded with ascorbic acid to study loading/releasing performance. At first, the mechanical properties of the blend films were found to be dependent on HC ratio. After chitosan coating, the coated films were stronger due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction and the miscibility of two matrixes at the interface. The antibacterial activity test according to the AATCC Test Method revealed that chitosan-coated BC/HC films exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against S.aureus growth from the underneath and the above film when compared to BC and BC:HC films. Moreover, chitosan was attractive to ascorbic acid during drug loading. Consequently, its releasing performance was very poor. For BC:HC blend films, ascorbic acid loading/releasing performance was balanced by water swellability, which was controlled using blending formulation and coating. Another advantage of BC films and BC:HC blend films was that they were able to maintain active ascorbic acid for a long period of time, probably due to the presence of plenty of BC hemiacetal reducing ends (protective group).