bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality Characteristics of V.D. Patients
Authors: WELLS B. W. P.
Published: July 2011

The Eysenck Personality Inventory was given to 151 successive patients, of both sexes, when they attended local V.D. clinics for treatment. Of these, 42 were rejected because they exceeded the L‐scale criterion and the remaining 109 formed the present subject group. The results showed distinctive differences between the scores for men and women, for the different sources of contact, and for those who defaulted and those who completed their treatment. The incidence of high L scores is felt to justify special attention in the particular circumstances. Such results as are presented appear to have high empirical validity, but, in order to establish what seem to be many more interesting data trends, far more cases would be needed. The results presented suggest that further extended series would be quite justified.
Reliability and Validity of the Bender‐Gestalt Test in a Sample of British School Children
Authors: BROADHURST ANNE , PHILLIPS C. J.
Published: July 2011

A representative sample of Birmingham school children was given the Bender‐Gestalt test at age 11 + along with cognitive and achievement tests. The Bender‐Gestalt test was scored by four independent judges using the Koppitz (1964) system and the results examined for evidence of its inter‐scorer reliability and its validity. Results indicate that the test can only be used with extreme caution.
Repression‐Sensitization and Maudsley Personality Inventory Scores: Response Sets and Stress Effects
Authors: DANA RICHARD H. , COCKING RODNEY R.
Published: July 2011

Experimental and control groups of sophomore college students were administered the revised Repression‐Sensitization Scale (R‐S) and the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) Extraversion and Introversion Scales. Stress, the threat that these scores were to be used for screening potential psychology majors, was provided for the experimental group. The Leary Interpersonal Adjective Checklist was then administered to both groups and scored for LOV, DOM and response set measures of deviation, acquiescence and social desirability. Correlational results indicated a marginally significant relation between repression and extraversion, and high correspondence between sensitization and neuroticism. Analyses of varience were done with R‐S and MPI groups' response set and IAC scores, for stress and non‐stress conditions. The results emphasized an adjustment explanation for the R‐S continuum.
Ego‐Defence Pattern, Extraversion‐Introversion, and Sex‐Role Adjustment
Authors: BECKER GILBERT
Published: July 2011

Coping behaviour (Byrne R‐S scale) was studied in 431 undergraduates as correlates of extraversion‐factor pattern (Guilford R, S and T scales) and sex‐related interaction pattern (gender and Gough Fe scale). Factorial analysis suggested two main interactions. The first interaction (sex × femininity), in conjunction with other considerations, led to the hypotheses that well‐adjusted males tend towards greater use of repression relative to isolation and that well‐adjusted females tend towards greater use of isolation relative to repression. The second interaction (R × S × T) suggested the counterbalancing hypotheses that restraint in otherwise extraversive individuals facilitates the already existing tendency towards repression relative to isolation while rhathymia inhibits it, and that rhathymia in otherwise introversive individuals facilitates the already existing tendency towards use of isolation relative to repression while restraint inhibits it.
Communication Aspects of Women's Clothes and their Relation to Fashionability
Authors: GIBBINS KEITH
Published: July 2011

It is argued that many of the suggested functions of clothing can be seen as special cases of the idea that it acts as a means of communication. Fashion changes may thus often be explainable as attempts to communicate superiority in some respects by the self‐defeating method of changing garment styles, for if they communicate successfully they will be imitated by many people and thus the message of the clothing will be changed. This will require a fashion change, again, to continue to communicate the same message. The experimental part of the paper reports an investigation in which six pictures of current outfits were judged by 50 15‐ or 16‐year‐old girls. The judgements were of two kinds: by a type of semantic differential scale, on which ideal self was also judged, and by a questionnaire asking specific questions about various attributes of the persons who would be likely to wear the outfits. The results indicated that there was high consensus as to the specific attributes seen by this group as belonging to the likely wearers of each dress which was not explicable on a general evaluative basis. It was also shown very clearly that the impression created by the liked dresses was seen as much nearer the impression of the ideal‐self than was the disliked ones and it was found that likers and dislikers differed, both in the actual ideal self image and in their judgements of the dresses, suggesting that liking is a form of ‘commitment’ which leads to the need for cognitive dissonance. A very important finding was that the first factor in the principal components analysis of the judgements of the dress was a factor which predicted ranked fashionableness in the group (r = 0.99) rather than simply liking. This finding could provide a measuring device for analysing the cognitive content of fashion for different groups and for studying the possible change of meaning of an outfit as it passes into and out of fashion.
Peer Ratings as Predictors of School Behaviour and Delinquency
Authors: GIBSON H. B. , HANSON RUTH
Published: July 2011

A peer rating instrument, which consisted of seven personal attributes, was administered to 353 boys at the age of 10 +. The data from a pilot group of 18 boys were analysed by the method of principal components, and results similar to those in the Hallworth series of studies were obtained. These results were examined in terms of Osgood's semantic theory in order to obtain an ‘orderly‐disorderly’ dimension from the scoring likely to predict delinquent behaviour.

Peer rating scores from the pilot group were considered together with those of the whole experimental population, in comparison with the ratings of the boys' primary school teachers, and ratings made by secondary school teachers a year later. There were highly significant associations between the ratings of peers and those of both primary and secondary school teachers, peer ratings predicting both ‘indiscipline’ and ‘withdrawal‐assertive’ behaviour. There were also highly significant associations between peer ratings and appearances in the juvenile court up to the boys' thirteenth birthdays, and unofficial reports of delinquent activity.
Generalized Expectancies Concerning the Locus of Control of Reinforcements and the Perception of Moral Sanctions
Authors: ADAMS‐WEBBER J. R.
Published: July 2011

The scores of 103 subjects on the James‐Phares Internal External (I‐E) Scale were compared systematically with their scores on a story completion test involving story beginnings in which the central character violates a conventional moral norm. Story endings were scored on the basis of whether the consequences of the protagonist's action were represented as externally imposed on him by other persons or forces or as directly ‘caused’ by his immoral behaviour. It was found that a tendency to view moral sanctions as directly contingent upon the immoral behaviour was related significantly to a general belief in the internal control of reinforcements.
Neuroticism and Optical Pupil Changes in Response to Auditory Stimuli
Authors: FRANCIS R. D.
Published: July 2011

Changes in optical pupil size in response to emotionally loaded stimuli are mediated by the autonomic nervous system. Eysenck has suggested a relation between autonomic lability and neuroticism. These two items were used to make the prediction that the tendency to give pupillary responses is related to neuroticism. Auditory stimuli were used. Two experiments were undertaken. The hypothesis was supported in each case.
Empathy, Warmth and Genuineness in Psychotherapy
Authors: SHAPIRO D. A.
Published: July 2011

After describing the variables of empathy, warmth and genuineness in psychotherapy, the evidence relating these conditions in the therapist to therapeutic change in the patient is reviewed. It is concluded that there is good evidence that high levels of these conditions is associated with positive therapeutic outcome in a wide variety of patients. However, evidence for the assertion that the training of therapists to offer these conditions will raise overall improvement rates, although very promising, is neither as strong nor as widely generalized as the evidence for the simple association between conditions and outcome. After reviewing some of the experimental and other research aimed at specifying the mechanisms whereby the three conditions are effective in psychotherapy, it is concluded that some interesting findings have emerged, although the evidence does not permit the adoption of any complete causal model. The research reviewed is evidence that psychotherapeutic processes can be studied in a manner satisfying to the experimental psychologist and yet also likely to be of direct practical use.
Escape and Avoidance Learning in Extremely Neurotic and Extremely Stable Subjects
Authors: ORWIN WILLIAM
Published: July 2011

Five extremely neurotic and seven extremely stable individuals, as tested by the EPI, were tested on a human analogue of the Miller‐Mowrer shuttle box. It was hypothesized, on the strength of a shared high or low level of emotionality, that these groups would resemble, in their escape and avoidance performances, the Maudsley reactive and non‐reactive strains of rats respectively. These predictions were confirmed, and observations of the subjects' behaviours during the experiment added further support to the analogy. The mechanisms underlying the neurotics' failure to avoid could not, however, be immediately referred to the rat literature. Interview data revealed marked group differences of a distinctly cognitive nature. It is suggested that, though the avoidance performance differences may be attributable to physiological mechanisms of a real or conceptual nature, this relation is nevertheless critically dependent upon differences in cognitive strategies employed by the individuals in the experimental situation.
Reminiscence and Pursuit Rotor Performance in Introverts, Extraverts and Neurotics
Authors: SHAMBERG NEIL , BAKER STANLEY , BURNS JAMES
Published: July 2011

In an investigation of Eysenck's theory, two groups of college‐age subjects were formed on the basis of extraversion and neuroticism scores obtained on the Maudsley Personality Inventory. They differed significantly in degree of measured extraversion but were comparable in mean neuroticism scores. A third group was formed from the same population which was comparable to the introverted group (above) in degree of extraversion but was significantly higher than it in mean neuroticism. Each group performed a standard pursuit rotor task in the following manner: 5 min. continuous practice; 10 min. rest; 5 min. practice. Mean reminiscence scores were obtained for each group; overall performance curves were also plotted. Results for normal introverts and extraverts agreed with predictions and with earlier studies. Comparison of reminiscence scores for normal and neurotic introverts suggested that Eysenck's assumption of a positive relation between neuroticism and reminiscence at lower and medium levels of neuroticism is essentially correct. Differences in overall performance among the three groups were explained by separating the act of responding from the act of responding accurately. It was felt that the neurotic group responded inaccurately and thus had less time on target than the introverts with whom they were compared, even though the neurotics spent more time responding than both other groups. A further experiment to test this assumption is suggested.
Smoking Motivation Factors
Authors: McKENNELL A. C.
Published: July 2011

A checklist of the main occasions for smoking was administered to representative national samples of adolescent and adult smokers and ex‐smokers. Factor analysis yielded the same seven factors for both adolescents and adults. Five factors labelled ‘nervous irritation’, ‘relaxation’, ‘smoking alone’, ‘activity accompaniment’ and ‘food substitution’ were related, in different degrees, to amount of smoking, indices of addiction, attitude to the helpfulness of smoking, and the ability to give up smoking. Two further factors covered social aspects. Social smoking, as such, first increases in adolescence and then declines during adulthood, but smoking for reasons of Social Confidence, at its highest in early adolescence, declines consistently with age. There was no consistent relation between scores on the first five factors and age/sex differences in amount of smoking. Even while still light smokers, adolescents very quickly acquire the habits of ‘nervous irritation’ smoking, which is most closely correlated with addiction. Relaxation smoking requires a more extended learning process. But addiction is highest among those who are both ‘nervous irritation’ and ‘relaxation’ smokers. This finding, among others, provides support for a model of smoking motivation, developed by Tomkins. Some implications for research on methods of breaking the smoking habit are discussed.
The Effect of Pre‐experience on Imitation of an Aggressive Film Model
Authors: KNIVETON BROMLEY H. , STEPHENSON GEOFFREY M.
Published: July 2011

An experiment is described which tests the hypothesis that the effect of a film model on young children's play behaviour is greater for a child who has had no previous experience in the situation portrayed, than for a child who has previously played there. In one experimental condition subjects were shown a film, mildly frustrated and then allowed to play in the situation portrayed in the film. In another condition, subjects were allowed to play in the same situation before seeing the film. A third group of subjects played in the experimental setting but were not shown the film. The results show that imitation is reduced when there is experience in the situation prior to presentation of the film model. When the subjects returned one week later, there was no significant difference between the three groups.
The Temporal Stability of Self‐Ratings of Neurotic Symptoms
Authors: SHEFFIELD B. F. , KELLNER R.
Published: July 2011

The intensity, frequency and duration of symptoms obtained by self‐ratings were compared in normal subjects and in neurotic patients before and after treatment. Before treatment neurotic patients rated their symptoms as more severe and more frequent than did normals. The self‐rated duration of symptoms did not differ significantly between neurotics and normals. Following one month's treatment, neurotic patients rated their symptoms as less severe than before treatment but still more severe than did normals. The changes in the self‐rated frequency depended on the type of symptoms and the type of scale used: one scale changed in the expected direction, whereas the other scale remained unchanged. Following treatment neurotic patients rated the duration of their symptoms shorter than did normals. The wording of the question and the types of response available seemed to affect the test‐retest stability of the scales.

The scales which discriminated between neurotic patients and normals, and which changed following treatment in the expected direction, were selected and administered repeatedly together with the Personal Questionnaire to neurotic patients in a longitudinal study. The changes in total scores obtained by the two methods were similar. The findings suggest that the individual scaling of cues, and the number of cues available for the self‐rating of each symptom, do not appreciably influence the total score of a distress scale consisting of a large number of symptoms.
Task Requirements in Tests of Schizophrenic Overinclusion
Authors: PRICE RICHARD H.
Published: July 2011

The concept of overinclusion is examined and found to be too broad to have great descriptive utility. Attempts to select overinclusion measures have not given sufficient attention to the performance requirements made by the tasks selected. Both recent experimental evidence and an analysis of the performance requirements of frequently used overinclusion tasks suggest that a retention failure may be an important factor in the production of overinclusive errors in schizophrenics. Implications of these findings for the concept of overinclusion and for psychological deficit research are discussed.
Changes in Stroop‐Test Responses as a Function of Mental Age
Authors: DAS J. P.
Published: July 2011

One hundred and sixty‐five retarded children from six consecutive mental age levels were compared on their responses to the Stroop Test. The retardates showed significant increments in word‐reading and colour‐naming speeds and experienced increased interference with increasing mental age. As contrasted to normals of equivalent mental age, they were slower in changing from a predominantly direct to a verbal mode as evidenced by colour‐naming speed and interference.
Comparability of the MPI and EPI on Normal Subjects
Authors: FARLEY FRANK H.
Published: July 2011

The MPI and EPI were compared on two samples of college students consisting of 50 males and 50 females. Form A of the EPI was used. It was found that the MPI and EPI extraversion measures correlated 0.69 for males and 0.74 for females, while the comparable correlations for the neuroticism dimension were 0.70 and 0.71 respectively. Other data are cited supporting a similar degree of comparability of scores between the two measures. No significant relationship was found between E and N in either of the samples or with either the MPI or EPI.
Cognitive and Affective Aspects of Children's National Attitudes
Authors: MIDDLETON MARGARET R. , TAJFEL HENRI , JOHNSON N. B.
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the study was to investigate the joint effects of the child's level of intellectual maturity and of his system of preferences on his ability to understand that people other than himself (nationals of his own and of other countries that he ‘liked’ or ‘disliked’) would behave on the basis of principles guiding his own behaviour. The development of this ability to ‘reciprocate’ was investigated using tests of a fairly concrete nature and one actual play situation. The study confirmed previous findings, that as a function of age the children's preference for their own country becomes more marked and consistent and that they are also increasingly able to adopt the point of view of others; it has also shown, however, that this capacity is affected by the order of preferences in the sense that it is achieved with greater difficulty for countries which are disliked. These combined effects of age and affectivity, together with clear‐cut differences that were found between the behaviour of children from different social backgrounds, suggest that the development of national and international attitudes can be best understood when three major variables are taken into account: level of intellectual development, breadth of relevant experience, and the socially derived system of preferences.
Autonomic Arousal in Good and Poor Premorbid Schizophrenics
Authors: FOWLES DON C. , WATT NORMAN F. , MAHER BRENDAN A. , GRINSPOON LESTER
Published: July 2011

Measurements of heart rate and palmar skin potential were obtained from good and poor premorbid schizophrenics and from normal subjects during rest and during the performance of two psychomotor tasks. Analysis of the data was concerned with level of arousal and with variability in the level of arousal with changes in the experimental situation. It was found that poor premorbid schizophrenics show moderately high, invariant levels of arousal as previously reported in the case of chronic schizophrenics. Good premorbid schizophrenics also appeared to be over‐aroused relative to normals but did not show the invariance characteristic of poor premorbid schizophrenics.
The Relationship Between Two Children's Measures of Personality
Authors: HARBISON J. J. M.
Published: July 2011

There are, at the moment, two different personality questionnaires adequately standardized on British school children, both of which purport to measure the same personality dimensions of Introversion‐Extraversion and Neuroticism‐Stability. These are the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck, 1965) and the New Junior Maudsley Inventory (Furneaux & Gibson, 1966).

Although these measures both assess two similarly named dimensions (or three, if the Lie scales are included) there has been little, if any, work which has examined the relationship between the tests. Forrest & Hoghughi (1968) have noted that the correlation between the Extraversion scales of the JEPI and the NJMI was far from satisfactory, and ‘indicated that only a minor part of the total variance is accounted for by the extraversion element of the scales’. They found, in fact, product‐moment correlations of r = +0.42 between the two E scales, and r = +0.66 for the N scales, using a sample of 87 delinquent boys.

As both tests are widely used, it was decided to examine the relationship between them at three age levels with normal children.
Articulation of the Conceptual Structure in Obsessional Neurosis
Authors: NORRIS F. MAKHLOUF , JONES H. GWYNNE , NORRIS HUGH
Published: July 2011

A new method for the analysis of the organization of constructs in the cognitive structure is developed. It is based upon the correlations between constructs. It differentiated significantly an obsessional neurotic group from a normal control group. The normal conceptual structure is ‘articulated’ comprising two or more relatively independent clusters joined by a linkage cluster. The obsessional conceptual structure is non‐articulated, being typically ‘monolithic’ or ‘segmented’.
Measurement of Conflicting Communications in Social Networks
Authors: YEOMANS NEVILLE T. , CLARK ALFRED W. , COCKETT MARGARET , GEE KERRY M.
Published: July 2011

On the basis of double‐bind theory and related formulations, a brief self‐report scale was developed to measure the amount of conflicting communications in social networks. It was given to samples of psychiatric patients, of mixed diagnoses, and to normals. It discriminated successfully between these groups, patients' networks being characterized by significantly greater perceived conflicting communications than normals' networks. The results support the hypothesis that there is an association between conflicting communications and psychopathology.
Risk‐taking and Anxiety among Successful and Unsuccessful, Traditional and Progressive Agricultural Entrepreneurs of Delhi
Authors: SINGH NARAYAN PRASAD
Published: July 2011

A study was conducted to assess empirically the relationship between anxiety and risk‐taking among progressive and traditional agricultural entrepreneurs (both successful and unsuccessful) of Delhi. In the four cells of a 2 times 2 factorial design, 80 agricultural entrepreneurs were randomly selected (20 in each cell). The tests for measuring anxiety and risk‐taking were administered to the subjects individually. The scores obtained on both tests were analysed using analysis of variance technique. The findings revealed that traditional agricultural entrepreneurs, whether successful or unsuccessful, exhibited higher anxiety scores than the progressive ones. The extreme (high or low) risk‐taking scores were found in successful and unsuccessful traditional agricultural entrepreneurs respectively. The progressive ones showed moderate risk‐taking scores. In the case of successful entrepreneurs a positive nonsignificant trend of relationship between anxiety and risk‐taking scores was obtained, but a significant inverse relationship was found in the case of unsuccessful entrepreneurs and successful‐unsuccessful combined.
Social Feedback in the Learning of a Motor Skill
Authors: FOOT HUGH C. , LEE TERENCE R.
Published: July 2011

The motivational effects of the transmission of results between members of a group performing a motor task were studied. Subjects were 15‐year‐old school children. Expt. I compared learning by (1) 18 subjects in three‐man groups, whose feedback consisted of their own and each other's results, with learning by (2) 18 similarly grouped subjects, who received only their own results. The former subjects performed significantly better, and with less variability, than the latter.

Expt. II, of similar design, varied the information received by subjects concerning whether or not their own results were displayed to the other group members. Findings pointed to the operation of two processes: (1) reinforcement through evaluation of own performance with social norms, which significantly increased the rate of learning; (2) motivation through an audience effect which increased the general level of performance. The evaluation process was shown to operate only after the first feedback of others' results, while the audience effect operated immediately.

The findings are discussed in relation to other evidence from social comparison and audience studies.
Religion and Conceptual Models of Behaviour
Authors: SHAW BLAIR W.
Published: July 2011

A sample of 170 undergraduate university students was used to study the relationships between a number of religious variables (specifically, denominational affiliation, devoutness and ‘intrinsicness’) and the ways in which people tend to perceive, think about and respond to the behaviour of others. The latter variable was measured by use of the Beliefs About Behaviour Inventory (BABI) which assesses the relative extent to which a person uses each of three ‘conceptual models’ of behaviour: theological, illness and psychological. These models were selected for measurement because of their significance historically and in contemporary debates. The results indicated that subjects who are Fundamentalist, devout of ‘indiscriminately pro‐religious’ are significantly lower in the use of a ‘psychological’ approach to conceptualizing behaviour and, conversely, subjects who are not characterized by these religious dimensions are more prone to use a psychological approach and to reject a theological conceptualization of human behaviour.
The Symptom‐Sign Inventory as a Diagnostic Differentia for Paranoid and Non‐paranoid Schizophrenics
Authors: GORDON ADRIEN V. , GREGSON R. A. M.
Published: July 2011

A transformation is suggested for certain SSI items which produces a brief, powerful, discriminating tool for differentiating between paranoid and non‐paranoid schizophrenics and normals. A factor analysis of the data of the reference group of acute male and female schizophrenics produces factors which apparently bear a closer relationship to previously reported psychotic factors than to Foulds' (1965) theoretical set‐intersection model of functional psychosis.
Personal Questionnaire Data Treated as Forming a Repertory Grid*
Authors: SLATER P.
Published: July 2011

Data obtained by giving a personal questionnaire to a patient on a series of occasions during a course of treatment for a psychiatric disorder were analysed by the standard program provided by the MRC Service for analysing repertory grids. The results identify the plane where the greatest fluctuations occurred in the patient's mental state (including 72 per cent of the total variation) and they provide co‐ordinates for mapping the course the fluctuations followed, which proves to be a remarkably complicated one. Further analyses enable changes after psychotherapy and occupational therapy to be compared. The complete procedure for collecting such data and submitting them to such analysis offers interesting possibilities for monitoring a patient's progress and comparing his responses to different forms of treatment. It widens the range of psychological phenomena that can be brought within the range of measurement.
The Effect of Speed on Comprehension in Schizophrenia
Authors: MARCHBANKS GABRIELLE , WILLIAMS MOYRA
Published: July 2011

A task involving the carrying out of spoken commands of varied length and frequency was devised and administered to schizophrenic subjects and non‐psychotic patients under four conditions of speed. Schizophrenic subjects made more errors as the speed of the commands was increased. Patient controls made more errors when natural pauses were eliminated than under the fastest speed condition. Schizophrenic subjects repeated words from the commands as the speed of delivery increased; patient controls repeated less as the speed increased.
High Blood Pressure as a Psychosomatic Disorder: A Selective Review
Authors: COCHRANE RAYMOND
Published: July 2011

A selective review of medical, psychological and sociological studies of high blood pressure is made, the criterion for inclusion being that hypertension is approached as a psychosomatic disorder. The enormous amount of literature produced to date yields general support to the idea of a link between perceived stress in the environment, a personality overreactive to stress and high blood pressure. The specific mechanisms involved have not as yet been clearly identified. The literature is reviewed in the areas of personality and hypertension, experimental elevation of blood pressure, environmental factors in hypertension and explanations of high blood pressure.
Ego‐Involvement and Herzberg's Two‐Factor Theory of Job Satisfaction: An Experimental Field Study
Authors: WALL TOBY D. , STEPHENSON GEOFFREY M. , SKIDMORE COLIN
Published: July 2011

Job applicants were interviewed using questions derived from Herzberg's (1959) interview schedule as part of their selection interview. In this highly ego‐involved situation they responded in a manner predictable from Herzberg's two‐factor theory of job attitudes. However, individually matched control subjects, asked the same questions in a less formal situation, gave reponses which failed to support Herzberg's theory. It is concluded that Herzberg's results are a product of ego‐defensive processes within individuals.
Cross‐national Comparisons of Catholic‐Protestant Creativity Differences
Authors: MARINO CHARLES
Published: July 2011

It has been argued that personality factors associated with authoritarianism‐dogmatism are antithetical to creativity. This study attempts to determine if these findings can be demonstrated in real or naturally occurring groups and if they are affected by socio‐political contexts. The groups compared are matched samples of Roman Catholic and Protestant students from the United States, Northern Ireland, Eire and Scotland. Psychological evidence of relatively high authoritarianism in Roman Catholics and sociological indications of relatively low creative production by Roman Catholics lead to the general hypothesis that Catholic students will perform less well on mental ability tests of creativity factors.

A two‐way analysis of variance design (country v. religion) is employed to test the hypotheses. The results indicate that there are large and statistically significant differences between Catholic and Protestant students in the U.S. and Northern Ireland. Catholic students in these countries evidenced less originality, ideational fluency and spontaneous flexibility than Protestants. There were generally no differences between the groups in Eire and Scotland. It is concluded that the antithesis of dogmatism‐authoritarianism to creativity can be demonstrated in naturally occurring groups and that these differences are affected by the socio‐political contexts in which the groups exist.
‘Psychoticism’ in Drug‐Users
Authors: TEASDALE JOHN D. , SEGRAVES R. TAYLOR , ZACUNE JIM
Published: July 2011

Scores on the PEN Inventory were obtained from four groups of drug‐users. They were compared with scores from a group of apprentices who had completed the Inventory non‐anonymously rather than the normative data, as the latter were obtained anonymously, and it was found that this factor significantly elevated P (‘psychoticism’) scores. All four groups were significantly higher on P than the comparison groups. This was not simply the result of endorsement of items directly related to drug‐taking, nor to the correlation of P and N scores. Item analysis showed that 11 of the 20 items significantly differentiated drug‐using and control groups, but item content was more homogeneous in the items which did not differentiate the groups. Hypotheses to account for the high P scores of drug‐users are suggested.

Three of the drug‐using groups were significantly high on neuroticism, the fourth approaching significance in that direction. Two of the drug‐using groups were significantly low on extraversion; the other two did not differ from a control population.

Significant differences were obtained on P, E and N scores between the four drug‐using groups.
Some Comments on the Nature of Delinquents' Identification with Television Heroes, Fathers and Best Friends
Authors: NOBLE GRANT
Published: July 2011

The minimum context form of repertory grid test was used to measure perceived similarities of both self and ideal‐self with father, best friends and male television heroes. The same procedures were adopted for a sample of delinquent boys as for a sample of matched non‐delinquent boys. Delinquent boys did not perceive themselves as more like, nor wished to be more like, television heroes than control boys. Delinquents perceived themselves as less like their fathers and best friends and wanted to be less like their fathers and best friends than control boys. Since delinquents identified less with their fathers and best friends than controls and yet identified as much as controls with television heroes, it is suggested that television heroes are thus more salient identification figures for delinquents than for controls. Delinquents, more than controls, thought that television heroes did not act a part, but behaved in the same way both on and off the screen. Finally, it was found that the perceived correlation between ideal‐self and real self was lower for delinquents than for controls.
The Validity of the Eysenck Personality Inventory Studied by a Technique of Peer‐rating Item by Item, and by Sociometric Comparisons
Authors: GIBSON H. B.
Published: July 2011

The validity of the scales of the Eysenck Personality Inventory was assessed by administering it to an undergraduate population (i) in the usual manner, and (ii) as though it were a rating instrument, with each student rating a classmate. The results showed significant correlations between self‐rating on the N and E scales and ratings given by another. This was not so for the L scale; students tended to ‘project’ their own level of L on to the classmate they rated. Sociometric data were also obtained, and sociometric status was found to relate significantly to E but not to N. The personality characteristics of choosers in relation to those they chose were investigated.
The Heterogeneity of Personality among Alcoholics
Authors: STEIN KENNETH B. , ROZYNKO VITALI , PUGH LAWRENCE A.
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the investigation was to discover whether multiple personality patterns could be derived from selected personality dimensions among a large sample of alcoholics. Subjects were 302 males hospitalized for a chronic drinking problem. The following six personality dimensions served as the independent variables: socialization, motoric expressiveness, ideational expressiveness, social introversion, bodily concern, and suspicion and mistrust. Utilizing the OTYPE computer program, 11 types or score patterns were derived across the six dimensions. Each of the types was found to be highly homogeneous and capable of differential predictions in relation to a host of psychological and social variables. These significant relationships then served as definitional characteristics of the types. Implications are discussed in relation to aetiology and treatment.
The Attribution of Behavioural Connotations to Shaded and White Figures by Caucasian Children
Authors: BROWN GEOFFREY , JOHNSON SUSAN P.
Published: July 2011

Children between the ages of 3 and 11 years were asked to ascribe positive and negative behavioural characteristics to pictures of white and shaded figures. Whilst the younger children, 3 and 4 years, tended to do this in a random fashion, children between the ages of 5 and 8 years showed a marked increase in the attribution of negative statements to shaded figures and positive statements to white figures. From the age of 9 years there was a diminution in this behaviour. Exposure to coloured immigrant children in the school and play‐group situations was associated with a decrease in this prejudicial behaviour.
Judgement of Direction of Gaze: An Interpretation of Discrepant Results
Authors: VINE IAN
Published: July 2011

Recent research on non‐verbal behaviour in face‐to‐face social interaction has suggested that direction of gaze may be an important variable. However, investigators have paid little direct attention to the reliability and validity problems of this measure, relying largely on results by Gibson & Pick (1963) and Cline (1967) which showed good discrimination in an artificial experimental setting. Some recent studies have thrown doubt on the assumption of high validity of observer judgements of direction of gaze. This in turn throws doubt on results of studies using direction of gaze as a variable. Analysis of reliability and validity studies suggests that the discrepant results may be reconciled. It is argued that in natural interactions it may be sufficient if observers can accurately discriminate between gazes at the face of another and gazes directed away from the face, an easier task than in several laboratory studies. Nevertheless, in view of the possible bias effects involved, caution is needed in interpreting results involving assessments of gaze directions.
Inter‐ and Intra‐modal Transfer in Children with Modality Specific and General Handicaps
Authors: O'CONNOR N. , HERMELIN B.
Published: July 2011

Blind, normal, subnormal and deaf children were taught to discriminate between touch stimuli lasting either 6 sec. or 2 sec. Appropriate motor responses to the long and the short stimulus were taught to each subject. When the basic touch task had been learned, the subjects were asked to do a transfer task. In this they also had to distinguish between stimuli of 2 sec. or 6 sec. duration. The transfer stimuli were two touch signals of a different kind from that in the learning task, air‐puffs, and sounds or lights for the blind and deaf and their control groups respectively. The results showed that the initial touch discrimination transferred only to another kind of touch stimulus, but not to light or sound. There was also no transfer to the air‐puff, except in the deaf children. Although most subjects could verbalize the solution of the learning task, they could not transfer it to other modalities. Absence of speech was no special handicap, as the deaf did at least as well as other groups.
The Performance of Elderly Subjects on Gooddy's Arrow Drawing Test
Authors: IRVING GEORGE
Published: July 2011

Gooddy & Reinhold (1964) described a simple test which they claimed may be of value in detecting early or slight disease of the brain, especially of the minor or non‐dominant hemisphere. The test consisted of asking patients to draw arrows in a number of specified directions. The present report describes results obtained from the administration of the test to a group of elderly psychiatric patients, a group of ‘normal’ elderly subjects, and a group of psychiatric patients under the age of 65 years.

The elderly psychiatric group consisted of 54 patients; 27 were diagnosed as either senile or arteriosclerotic dementias (mean age 76·0 years, S.D. 7·0) and the majority of the remainder were classified as depressions (mean age 72·2 years, S.D. 6·6). The normal group consisted of 40 subjects who had been selected at random from the lists of local general practitioners and were investigated as part of a wider social‐psychiatric investigation. Seven were, in fact, considered to be showing evidence of psychiatric abnormality (three organic, four functional). The mean age of this group was 73·9 years (S.D. 5·9). The psychiatric group under 65 years consisted of 54 approximately consecutive hospital admissions (mean age 41·0 years, S.D. 12·1); none was considered to be suffering from any form of brain damage. Patients in the elderly psychiatric group and in the normal elderly group were, in addition to the arrow test, given a short battery of psychometric tests of intellectual impairment.

The method of administration of the arrow test was altered slightly from that described by Gooddy. An arrow (→) was drawn on a sheet of paper in full view of the subject with the instructions, ‘This is an arrow pointing to this side of the paper’. The model was then removed and the subject asked to draw arrows in each of six specified directions. No comment was made on the quality of any drawing.
An Ordinate Comparison Method of Calculating Brain Damage Probability
Authors: GLAISTER BRIAN R.
Published: July 2011

In clinical practice it is frequently more useful to calculate a numerical value of brain damage probability prior to, or as an alternative to, classification. A method of calculating brain damage probability is described which is a comparison of the proportions in the braindamaged and non‐brain‐damaged groups which obtain the given score. The method compounds national norms and a local base rate. It could be described as an ordinate comparison method. The validity of a calculated brain damage probability depends, inter alia, on the score, the base rate, the method of calculating the probability, the reliability of the base rate and the reliability of the national norms. An efficiency function which is a function of the score, the base rate and the method of calculating the probability, is calculated: methods of estimating the reliability of the base rate and of the national norms are given. The efficiency of brain damage probability calculated by this ordinate comparison method compares favourably with other methods.
Cognitive Interference in Spastic‐Hemiplegic Children on the Stroop Word‐Color Test
Authors: LEISMAN GERALD
Published: July 2011

A research project has been conducted to determine the relationship between efficiency on the Stroop Word‐Color Test (decreased cognitive interference) and age in spastic‐hemiplegic children. Subjects were presented with three sets of cards: (a) consisted of 100 words naming colours, (b) consisted of 100 rectangular patches of colour which the child had to name as quickly as possible, and (c) consisted of 100 random words naming colours which were printed in an ink of a colour different from the colour named by the word. Cards (c) were the measures of the degree of interference. It was found that in spastic‐hemiplegic children, unlike normals, the interference effect did not decrease with increasing age. It remained relatively constant.
Personality Orientations and Performance in Soccer Teams
Authors: COOPER ROBERT , PAYNE ROY
Published: July 2011

The Orientation Inventory, which measures the self‐, interaction‐ and task‐orientations of personality, was administered to staff and players of 17 soccer teams in the senior division of the English Football League. Leaders' (managers, coaches/trainers, captains) orientations were examined in relation to team success; coaches' and trainers' task‐orientation scores were significantly and positively related to team success, as predicted. Significant differences were found between teams on the self‐ and interaction‐orientations, but these were not related to team success. The more successful teams were found to have significantly more players who were high on self‐orientation and low on both interaction‐ and task‐orientation. Subjects were further placed in three groups according to their team functions: Staff, Defence and Attack. Attacking players were significantly more self‐orientated than both Staff and Defence. Staff were significantly higher on task‐orientation than both Defence and Attack. Players in certain team positions were also found to have lower variability of scores on certain orientations.
Relations between Emotional and Social Behaviour: A Questionnaire Study of Individual Differences
Authors: BRAND CHRISTOPHER R.
Published: July 2011

In view of recent ethological and social psychological studies, it was hypothesized that relations between emotional and social behaviour might be found in the area of individual differences. Young men seen at an out‐patient casualty unit of a general hospital were invited to complete a questionnaire; the response rate was 74 per cent, yielding an n of 99. Subjects proved to be drawn from all social classes, and 25 of them were not attending the unit as patients. Manual workers appeared more ‘aggressive’ (P < 0·001) than non‐manual workers. As hypothesized, relations were found between scales of Fearfulness and Dependence (r = 0·4r; P < 0·001) and scales of Aggressiveness and Social Extraversion (r = 0·35; P < 0·001). Two rotational solutions to a factorial analysis are compared. It appears that the solution involving factors resembling Extraversion and Neuroticism is not satisfactory, and that the personalities of young men might be described by three orthogonal dimensions of Aggression, Inadequacy and Defensiveness.
A Study of Anxiety Assessment in Aircrew
Authors: AITKEN R. C. B.
Published: July 2011

A sample of 90 healthy aircrew reported in a quantitative way their views on ‘apprehension’, ‘tenseness’ and ‘duration seated till discomfort’ for a variety of defined situations. The highest scores for apprehension and tenseness were obtained for flying with severe disorientation, even higher than for a major emergency. Tenseness scores increased the more demanding the flying task without any increase in apprehension scores. The mean scores for ‘duration seated till discomfort’ were consistent with the durations usually experienced in these situations. Twenty‐one per cent of respondents from a squadron with a high accident rate were identified individually as abnormal.

A sample of 17 phobic pilots were asked the same questions. For apprehension and tenseness scores the only significant differences were when landing an aircraft or when in a minor emergency; these mean scores were lower, and hence in a paradoxical direction. The mean scores for all items of ‘duration seated till discomfort’ were highly significantly less, particularly for boring situations. From this index, possibly of agitation, 59 per cent of the phobic pilots were discriminated individually as abnormal. It is recommended that an index of agitation, such as ‘duration seated till discomfort’, be incorporated in psychometric tests of manifest anxiety.
Visual Interaction in a Group of Schizophrenic and Depressive Patients
Authors: RUTTER D. R. , STEPHENSON G. M.
Published: July 2011

A group of 20 schizophrenics and 20 depressives, newly admitted to hospital, were given a standardized, three‐part interview. A continuous record of their visual interaction with the interviewer was recorded on video‐tape by means of zoom lens photography. Patients, both schizophrenic and depressive, spent a considerably smaller proportion of the time in Looking at the interviewer than did their matched, psychiatrically normal controls. The decrement in Looking occurred consistently, whether patients were speaking, listening or being silent. The finding could be accounted for neither in terms of some change in behaviour as the interview progressed, nor in terms of the distribution of interview time across speech, listening and silence. There were no differences between the schizophrenic and depressive groups in any of the Looking and speech measures, except one: schizophrenics Looked in rather shorter glances than did depressives. The overall appearance of visual interaction was one of close similarity between patients and controls, except in the single respect of reduced Looking. Possible interpretations of the results are considered, and future investigations are proposed.