bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Glucose Monitoring Methods during Steady-State Exercise in Women
Authors: Herrington Stefanie J. , Gee David L. , Dow Shireen D. , Monosky Keith A. , Davis Erika , Pritchett Kelly L.
Published: September 2012

Data from Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) systems may help improve overall daily glycemia; however, the accuracy of CGM during exercise remains questionable. The objective of this single group experimental study was to compare CGM-estimated values to venous plasma glucose (VPG) and capillary plasma glucose (CPG) during steady-state exercise. Twelve recreationally active females without diabetes (aged 21.8 ± 2.4 years), from Central Washington University completed the study. CGM is used by individuals with diabetes, however the purpose of this study was to first validate the use of this device during exercise for anyone. Data were collected between November 2009 and April 2010. Participants performed two identical 45-min steady-state cycling trials (~60% Pmax) on non-consecutive days. Glucose concentrations (CGM-estimated, VPG, and CPG values) were measured every 5 min. Two carbohydrate gel supplements along with 360 mL of water were consumed 15 min into exercise. A product-moment correlation was used to assess the relationship and a Bland-Altman analysis determined error between the three glucose measurement methods. It was found that the CGM system overestimated mean VPG (mean absolute difference 17.4 mg/dL (0.97 mmol/L)) and mean CPG (mean absolute difference 15.5 mg/dL (0.86 mmol/L)). Bland-Altman analysis displayed wide limits of agreement (95% confidence interval) of 44.3 mg/dL (2.46 mmol/L) (VPG compared with CGM) and 41.2 mg/dL (2.29 mmol/L) (CPG compared with CGM). Results from the current study support that data from CGM did not meet accuracy standards from the 15197 International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Hydrogel-Based Platforms for the Regeneration of Osteochondral Tissue and Intervertebral Disc
Authors: Guarino Vincenzo , Gloria Antonio , Raucci Maria Grazia , Ambrosio Luigi
Published: September 2012

Hydrogels currently represent a powerful solution to promote the regeneration of soft and hard tissues. Primarily, they assure efficient bio-molecular interactions with cells, also regulating their basic functions, guiding the spatially and temporally complex multi-cellular processes of tissue formation, and ultimately facilitating the restoration of structure and function of damaged or dysfunctional tissues. In order to overcome basic drawbacks of traditional synthesized hydrogels, many recent strategies have been implemented to realize multi-component hydrogels based on natural and/or synthetic materials with tailored chemistries and different degradation kinetics. Here, a critical review of main strategies has been proposed based on the use of hydrogels-based devices for the regeneration of complex tissues, i.e., osteo-chondral tissues and intervertebral disc.
Operational Automatic Remote Sensing Image Understanding Systems: Beyond Geographic Object-Based and Object-Oriented Image Analysis (GEOBIA/GEOOIA). Part 1: Introduction
Authors: Baraldi Andrea , Boschetti Luigi
Published: September 2012

According to existing literature and despite their commercial success, state-of-the-art two-stage non-iterative geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA) systems and three-stage iterative geographic object-oriented image analysis (GEOOIA) systems, where GEOOIA/GEOBIA, remain affected by a lack of productivity, general consensus and research. To outperform the degree of automation, accuracy, efficiency, robustness, scalability and timeliness of existing GEOBIA/GEOOIA systems in compliance with the Quality Assurance Framework for Earth Observation (QA4EO) guidelines, this methodological work is split into two parts. The present first paper provides a multi-disciplinary Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis of the GEOBIA/GEOOIA approaches that augments similar analyses proposed in recent years. In line with constraints stemming from human vision, this SWOT analysis promotes a shift of learning paradigm in the pre-attentive vision first stage of a remote sensing (RS) image understanding system (RS-IUS), from sub-symbolic statistical model-based (inductive) image segmentation to symbolic physical model-based (deductive) image preliminary classification. Hence, a symbolic deductive pre-attentive vision first stage accomplishes image sub-symbolic segmentation and image symbolic pre-classification simultaneously. In the second part of this work a novel hybrid (combined deductive and inductive) RS-IUS architecture featuring a symbolic deductive pre-attentive vision first stage is proposed and discussed in terms of: (a) computational theory (system design); (b) information/knowledge representation; (c) algorithm design; and (d) implementation. As proof-of-concept of symbolic physical model-based pre-attentive vision first stage, the spectral knowledge-based, operational, near real-time Satellite Image Automatic Mapper™ (SIAM™) is selected from existing literature. To the best of these authors’ knowledge, this is the first time a symbolic syntactic inference system, like SIAM™, is made available to the RS community for operational use in a RS-IUS pre-attentive vision first stage, to accomplish multi-scale image segmentation and multi-granularity image pre-classification simultaneously, automatically and in near real-time.
Environmental Attitudes and Environmental Behavior—Which Is the Horse and Which Is the Cart?
Authors: Eilam Efrat , Trop Tamar
Published: September 2012

The present article challenges the prevailing perception in the field of environmental education that acquisition of environmental behavior is an ultimate goal of the educational process, in comparison to acquisition of environmental attitudes, which is perceived as a minor goal. The article presents a compilation of results obtained from two studies that shed new light on the relationship between influences on environmental attitudes and influences on environmental behavior. The results suggest that: (a) among adults, the strategies required for influencing attitudes are different from those required for influencing behaviors; (b) the mechanisms for achieving influence among children are different from those among adults; and (c) conventional educational approaches, such as behavior modification, can influence behavior more easily than they can influence attitudes. The results provide grounds for questioning the prevailing belief that individual acquisition of responsible environmental behavior can drive changes on the global political scale. We suggest increasing the focus of environmental education on construction of attitudes.
Towards a Sustainability Education Framework: Challenges, Concepts and Strategies—The Contribution from Urban Planning Perspectives
Authors: Jabareen Yosef
Published: September 2012

Education for sustainability is becoming a critical component in achieving a sustainable life and protecting our planet and human habitats. However, a review of the sustainability literature reveals a great deal of confusion and misinterpretation regarding the concepts, themes, and goals of education for sustainability. Education for sustainability, including the themes that should be derived and taught, lacks an interdisciplinary conceptual framework. In addition, the literature of education for sustainability mostly lacks the aspects of urban and community planning and the significant contribution of the planning profession. This paper proposes a new conceptual framework, Sustainability Education Framework, which is composed of concepts that derived from different disciplines. At the heart of the conceptual framework rests the normative category and its concepts. The epistemological foundation of the conceptual framework of education for sustainability is based on the unresolved paradox between ‘sustainability’ and ‘development’.
C2-Alkylation of N-pyrimidylindole with vinylsilane via cobalt-catalyzed C–H bond activation
Authors: Ding Zhenhua , Yoshikai Naohiko
Published: September 2012

Direct C2-alkylation of an indole bearing a readily removable N-pyrimidyl group with a vinylsilane was achieved by using a cobalt catalyst generated in situ from CoBr2, bathocuproine, and cyclohexylmagnesium bromide. The reaction allows coupling between a series of N-pyrimidylindoles and vinylsilanes at a mild reaction temperature of 60 °C, affording the corresponding alkylated indoles in moderate to good yields.
Renal Outcome in Patients with Lupus Nephritis Using a Steroid-free Regimen of Monthly Intravenous Cyclophosphamide: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: FISCHER-BETZ REBECCA , CHEHAB GAMAL , SANDER OLIVER , VORDENBÄUMEN STEFAN , VOICULESCU ADINA , BRINKS RALPH , SCHNEIDER MATTHIAS
Published: September 2012

Objective.

Intravenous cyclophosphamide (IV CYC) in combination with high doses of corticosteroids is considered the “gold standard” of therapy for lupus nephritis (LN). However, the optimal dose of corticosteroids needed has not been defined. We evaluated the efficacy of a monotherapy with IV CYC in patients with a first episode of LN (duration ≤ 6 months).

Methods.

Forty patients with LN received IV CYC (12 pulses). Prednisone alone was administered and dose-adjusted to control extrarenal manifestations. Response after 24 months was defined as normalization of creatinine level, inactive urinary sediment, and proteinuria ≤ 0.2 g/day [complete response (CR)] or ≤ 0.5 g/day [partial response (PR)].

Results.

CR was achieved in 25 (62.5%) and PR in 8 (20%) patients. Mean starting dose of prednisone was 23.9 ± 23.8 mg/day. In a posthoc analysis, we separately analyzed patients initially treated with prednisone doses ≥ 20 mg/day (Group A, n = 19) or < 20 mg/day (Group B, n = 21). CR was achieved in 52.6% (Group A) versus 71.4% (Group B; p = 0.37); and PR in 26.3% versus 14.3%, respectively (p = 0.58). During longterm followup (10.4 ± 3.1 yrs), 37.8% experienced a renal flare. Thirty patients (81%) still have normal renal function. Renal outcome was irrespective of initial prednisone doses (p = 0.46, Pearson chi-square test of independence).

Conclusion.

Our rates of CR and PR and longterm outcomes were comparable with rates after treatment with a combination of IV CYC with high doses of corticosteroids. These data warrant randomized controlled trials evaluating different doses of corticosteroids in LN.
Infliximab is Associated with Improvement in Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis — A Randomized Trial
Authors: TAM LAI-SHAN , SHANG QING , LI EDMUND K. , WANG SHANG , LI RUI-JIE , LEE KA-LAI , LEUNG YING-YING , YING KING-YEE , YIM CHEUK-WAN , KUN EMILY W. , LEUNG MOON-HO , LI MARTIN , LI TENA K. , ZHU TRACY Y. , CHUI RICKY K. , TSEUNG LORRAINE , YU SHUI-LIAN , KUAN WOON-PANG , YU CHEUK-MAN
Published: September 2012

Objective.

To determine the efficacy of methotrexate (MTX) with infliximab (IFX) compared with MTX alone in the prevention of atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods.

A randomized, open-label study in which early RA patients with active disease were treated with MTX alone (n = 20) and MTX plus IFX (n = 20) for 6 months. Patients were assessed every 3 months. Patients from the MTX-alone group who failed to achieve 28-joint Disease Activity Score remission (DAS28 ≤ 2.6) at 6 months were permitted to escape to open-label IFX. Intima-media thickness (IMT), pulse wave velocity (PWV), and augmentation index (AIx) were measured at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months.

Results.

At 6 months, there was a significantly greater reduction in PWV in the MTX-alone group (0.18 ± 1.59 m/s) compared with the MTX plus IFX group (−0.78 ± 1.13 m/s; p = 0.044), accompanied by significantly greater reduction in patient’s global assessment, number of swollen joints, C-reactive protein, and DAS28 in the MTX plus IFX group compared to the MTX-alone group. The changes in IMT and AIx were similar between the 2 groups. At 12 months, there was a trend favoring early combination treatment with regard to the reduction in PWV (p = 0.06).

Conclusion.

MTX plus IFX causes a more significant reduction in PWV than MTX alone in patients with early RA after 6-month treatment, and further improvement may be achieved in patients who continued on longterm tumor necrosis factor-α blockers, suggesting that early, effective suppression of inflammation may prevent progression of atherosclerosis by improving vascular function.
Présuppositions immédiates vs Présuppositions médiates
Authors: Fasciolo Marco
Published: September 2012

Les exemples classiques de présuppositions concernent des faits contingents : qu’il y ait un roi de France, qu’une personne fume, ait des enfants, soit mariée, etc. Ces faits deviennent des présupposés discursifs et contribuent à la cohérence textuelle, par la médiation de déclencheurs linguistiques. Cependant, les présuppositions prototypiques sont en fait les distinctions ontologiques fondamentales entre humains, animaux, choses, etc. Ces distinctions fonctionnent comme présupposés de notre forme de vie toujours et immédiatement. Les présuppositions discursives sont présuppositions dans la mesure où elles manifestent les comportements des deuxièmes ; et elles sont linguistiquement intéressantes dans la mesure où ce ne sont pas des présuppositions prototypiques, mais bien relatives à des faits contingents.
Contractualisation et contrôle de la recherche : une lecture critique du programme-cadre de recherche et de développement technologique de l'Union européenne
Authors: Kustosz Isabelle
Published: September 2012

Résumé À la veille du lancement du 8 e programme-cadre de recherche et de développement technologique (PCRDT), baptisé Horizon 2020, qui couvrira la période 2014-2020, Isabelle Kustosz propose une lecture critique des PCRDT successifs. Ils ont généralisé des dispositifs gestionnaires qui ont un impact sur la façon de travailler des chercheurs impliqués dans des projets européens. Dans une relation partenariale contractualisée, une obligation de résultats orientée par la résolution de problèmes, et un rapport au temps contrôlé, les chercheurs voient leurs activités quotidiennes évoluer d’autant que le PCRDT a fini par influencer durablement les politiques nationales, voire régionales.
Une EXpérience de participation à l'élaboration d'un LabEX : quelques éléments d'analyse réflexive
Authors: Pélisse Jérôme
Published: September 2012

Résumé Jérôme Pélisse a participé à l’élaboration et la défense d’un projet Labex, puis d’Idex. Il revient sur ces expériences et en offre une analyse réflexive. Cette plongée permet de saisir en quoi consiste le travail de construction de projet et de coordination d’équipes qu’induisent les transformations récentes des modes de financements et d’administration de la recherche. Avec clairvoyance, l’auteur montre comment l’engagement dans de telles entreprises, en plus de rendre compte des luttes entre les différentes institutions de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur, est susceptible de convertir les chercheurs à l’esprit des réformes.
L'émergence de la recherche contractuelle : vers une redéfinition du travail des chercheurs ?
Authors: Renaud Chloé
Published: September 2012

Résumé Chloé Renaud a interviewé des chercheurs intégrés à des processus de valorisation technologique et entrepreneurial de leurs travaux. Elle explique comment l’implication dans des réseaux constitués de laboratoires publics, d’agences de financement et d’entreprises influe sur les manières de faire de la recherche et d’organiser le travail des chercheurs. Elle met notamment en exergue la propension des établissements publics à devenir des sous-traitants de la Recherche et Développement d’entreprises engagées dans la recherche.
Recherche publique : les temps modernes !
Authors: Guyon Marc
Published: September 2012

Résumé Les chercheurs sont actuellement confrontés à des procédures d’élaboration de leurs projets reposant sur une division du travail plus strictement prescrite et à des modes d’évaluation en partie déconnectés du travail effectif. Pour Marc Guyon, ce processus de fordisation de l’organisation de la recherche s’accompagne de la mobilisation de la subjectivité du chercheur dans un cadre s’attachant à davantage contrôler cette dernière, au besoin en favorisant l’autocontrôle par le biais d’un renforcement de la compétition. Celle-ci a pour conséquence de venir détruire la coopération, rendant les objectifs de production scientifique plus difficiles à satisfaire.
Enseignants-chercheurs, recherche et plagiat
Authors: Darde Jean-Noël
Published: September 2012

Résumé Les enseignants-chercheurs peuvent être impliqués à différents titres dans des affaires de plagiat. Sans que cela puisse être considéré comme la règle, on ne peut que constater le refus fréquent des instances universitaires d’affronter les cas de plagiat avec la transparence et la déontologie nécessaires. Or, rappelle Jean-Noël Darde, l’opacité dont bénéficient le plagiat et les plagiaires se fait toujours au détriment des plagiés. Pourtant, des solutions simples pour lutter contre ce phénomène existent, si les instances universitaires décidaient d’assumer toutes leurs responsabilités : formation à l’usage des sources et au référencement, choix de la transparence dans les procédures pour plagiat, choix de la défense du plagié plutôt que celle du plagiaire.
Jusqu'où le cinéma peut-il être critique ?
Authors: Esquerre Arnaud
Published: September 2012

Résumé Le festival de Cannes ne se réduit pas seulement à une montée des marches sur un tapis rouge, des palmarès et un marché des droits. Il contribue, en tant qu’institution, à définir ce qu’est le cinéma. Et, toujours en tant qu’institution, il laisse la critique, celle émise et attribuée aux films, se développer. Mais cette place donnée à la critique n’en est pas moins bornée, notamment par l’encadrement des interprétations des œuvres, et dès lors qu’est en jeu ce qui est considéré comme la condition minimale de fabrication du cinéma : la captation de valeur par le droit de la propriété intellectuelle.
Les Eglises en Allemagne : des colosses aux pieds d'argile
Authors: de Galembert Claire
Published: September 2012

Resumé Les Eglises allemandes ont obtenu un statut favorable en reconnaissance de leur contribution à la vie sociale depuis la dernière guerre. Mais la réunification, en même temps que le raidissement de Rome face à l’évolution des pratiques des catholiques, peuvent remettre en question cette situation.
Les Américains et leurs migrants
Authors: Anderson George
Published: September 2012

Resumé Il a fallu de la ténacité à une poignée d’acteurs et d’intellectuels pour faire accepter l’idée de la Cité nationale de l’histoire de l’immigration. Aux Etats-Unis, le peuple est l’héritier de migrants, l’histoire les a intégrés, rejettera-t-elle ceux d’aujourd’hui ?
L'hôpital et le contrat
Authors: Nautré Benoît
Published: September 2012

Resumé Quand la politique de santé publique prend le virage d’une contractualisation généralisée.
A Literature Review of Mentoring for RN-to-FNP Transition
Authors: Poronsky Cathlin Buckingham
Published: September 2012

Making the transition from RN to family nurse practitioner (FNP) can be challenging and stressful. The transition may begin during graduate school. As FNP students struggle to balance the multitude of academic, personal, and professional demands, they may also struggle with how to make the transition in role and practice. Nurse faculty may aid FNP students by mentoring them. However, information is limited regarding successful mentoring programs and faculty mentoring of FNP students. A literature review of mentoring was conducted, and findings are presented and discussed in this article, including recommendations for additional research. This information may assist faculty, students, and academic institutions seeking to better facilitate the RN-to-FNP transition during graduate school.
Transepithelial Phototherapeutic Keratectomy for Recurrent Corneal Erosions in a Patient With Previous Corneal Collagen Cross-linking
Authors: Kymionis George D. , Grentzelos Michael A. , Mikropoulos Dimitrios G. , Rallis Konstantinos I.
Published: September 2012

PURPOSE:

To report the significant visual and topographic improvement of a patient who had corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) performed and was subsequently treated with transepithelial phototherapeutic keratectomy (t-PTK) for recurrent corneal erosions.

METHODS:

A 36-year-old woman presented with recurrent corneal erosions in the right eye due to foreign body corneal trauma 1 month prior to presentation. The patient had undergone CXL treatment for keratoconus on the same eye 1 year prior to presentation. After failed conservative treatment consisting of epithelial debridement and lubrication with artificial tears, the patient underwent t-PTK.

RESULTS:

Four months after t-PTK, corneal erosions did not recur and the patient remained asymptomatic. Slit-lamp examination revealed a clear cornea. The patient showed significant visual and topographic improvement after t-PTK.

CONCLUSIONS:

Transepithelial PTK for recurrent corneal erosions in a postoperative CXL patient successfully treated the corneal pathology, and visual and topographic improvement were observed.
Lip dubbing on YouTube: Participatory culture and cultural globalization
Authors: Lashley Mark C.
Published: September 2012

In the phenomenon of lip dubbing online, music fans throughout the world mime along with their favorite (usually Western) pop songs, and distribute videos of the performances to web video sites like YouTube. Two popular examples of the form are examined: China's Back Dorm Boys, and Moymoy Palaboy, from the Philippines. The dozens of videos produced by each group speak to issues of cultural imperialism and globalization, as well as broader concerns about participatory culture within the YouTube space.
How a "Professionals" slash writer disrupts readers' expectations
Authors: Wheeler Sharon
Published: September 2012

Professionals fandom is a fertile ground for alternate universe (AU) stories. At face value, Rhiannon's The Larton Chronicles is a pleasant, cozy AU that bears only a token resemblance to the show that inspired it. On closer examination, though, it disrupts a number of the themes that thread through The Professionals, including those of sexuality, race, and class.
Ciberactivismo: conceptualización, hipótesis y medida
Authors: Fernández Prados Juan Sebastián
Published: September 2012

La emergencia del ciberactivismo como una traslación de la acción política no convencional en el contexto de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación plantea al menos tres cuestiones. La definición, delimitación y clasificación del mismo concepto. El segundo aspecto que suscita el ciberactivismo es de carácter teórico al plantear las siguientes perspectivas antitéticas: ¿Provoca o no la aparición de las TIC en la esfera política un aumento de la cultura cívica? Pregunta que lleva a Pippa Norris a distinguir entre las teorías de la movilización y las teorías del refuerzo. Finalmente, surge la necesidad de diseñar instrumentos y estudios que procuran en parte una evaluación y medida del fenómeno del ciberactivismo tal y como lo lleva a cabo el estudio bianual The Internet in Britain o los trabajos de la Universidad del Sur de California a través del Center for the Digital Future. Tras esta revisión, desarrollaremos propuestas conceptuales y metodológicas para medir dicho fenómeno.
La contribución de las TIC a la mejora de la transparencia administrativa
Authors: Cerrillo-i-Martínez Agustí
Published: September 2012

Las TIC están implicando un cambio significativo en los mecanismos a través de los que se canaliza la transparencia administrativa. Las TIC permiten a los ciudadanos participar activamente difundiendo información generada a partir de datos en formatos abiertos y procesables automáticamente, interactuar entre ellos y con las administraciones públicas así como personalizar la información del sector público. Además, las TIC incrementan las finalidades de la transparencia al convertirse en un mecanismo que permite una mayor participación de los ciudadanos en las administraciones públicas y un mayor desarrollo económico y social. Sin embargo, para que estos efectos sean reales y para mejorar efectivamente la transparencia de las administraciones públicas es necesario regular el impacto de las TIC en los diferentes mecanismos e impulsar un cambio de la cultura administrativa. Así pues, el propio concepto de transparencia puede verse afectado por las TIC.
El impacto de Internet en la participación política: Revisando el papel del interés político
Authors: Borge Rosa , Cardenal Ana Sofía , Malpica Claudia
Published: September 2012

El objetivo de este artículo es investigar la relación entre el uso de Internet, la motivación y la participación política. En concreto nos interesa descubrir si el uso de Internet cambia la importancia que se da a la motivación política en las explicaciones clásicas de la participación. Para examinar esta cuestión, se ha empleado la encuesta 2736 del Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (CIS) que versa sobre participación política y usos de Internet. Los análisis muestran que el uso de Internet tiene un efecto positivo sobre la participación, independientemente del interés por la política, y que los usuarios de Internet que son habilidosos con este medio no necesitan estar motivados o interesados en la política para participar al menos en una actividad política por Internet.
Entre la transformación y la continuidad. Los usos de Internet en el movimiento de justicia global en España
Authors: Jiménez Sánchez Manuel , Calle Collado Ángel
Published: September 2012

En este trabajo analizamos las estrategias de comunicación virtual empleadas por el movimiento de justicia global en España, desde aquéllas que tienen como objetivo la sensibilización política o aumentar la visibilidad y/o la transparencia de la organización hasta las que están orientadas a favorecer la comunicación interactiva entre miembros y/o en el público en general, pasando por las que persiguen la participación en movilizaciones. Nuestra descripción se fundamenta en un análisis de las características indicativas de estos diversos usos comunicativos que podemos encontrar en las páginas webs de una muestra de 37 organizaciones. La interpretación de los resultados de este análisis permiten valorar en qué medida las prácticas comunicativas asociadas al uso de las páginas webs, más allá de su potencial reducción en los costes de comunicación, aparecen asociadas a transformaciones en la naturaleza de su actividad organizativa y de presión política de este movimiento.
Acción colectiva y movimientos sociales en las redes digitales. Aspectos históricos y metodológicos
Authors: Sádaba Igor
Published: September 2012

El desplazamiento de cierta parte de los episodios de acción colectiva al terreno comunicativo y, más en concreto, al espacio generado por las nuevas tecnologías y los medios digitales ha supuesto un fenómeno sociológicamente complejo y variado, que cuestiona algunos de los viejos axiomas que arrastraba la sociología de los movimientos sociales. Además, las tipologías de interacción o imbricación entre dichos movimientos y las redes comunicativas tecnológicas dependen de múltiples factores, lo que nos permitirá en este trabajo realizar una cierta periodización histórica y una clasificación analítica de las mismas. Asimismo, este hecho notorio de emergencia de nuevas formas de acción colectiva y de participación política no convencional implica la utilización de metodologías y técnicas de estudio que se apartan en algunos aspectos de las tradicionales. En esta presentación se pretenden mostrar algunas de las herramientas metodológicas de esta “virtualización de la acción política” tales como los estudios de audiencias digitales o la etnografía virtual, métodos de producción de información sociológica válida para el análisis de ciertos casos de acción colectiva contemporánea. Una de las peculiaridades de los movimientos sociales o de la acción política enmarcados en los “nuevos medios digitales” supone también el replanteamiento de las formas efectivas de acceso metodológico a los mismos, dado su carácter esporádico y fugaz.
Participación política digital y brecha digital política en España. Un estudio de las desigualdades digitales
Authors: Robles José Manuel , Molina Óscar , De Marco Stefano
Published: September 2012

En el estudio de la participación política las variables relacionadas con las actitudes y las creencias hacia la política y las variables sociodemográficas son un lugar común. Nosotros tomamos estas dos tradiciones para estudiar la participación política digital. Sin embargo, no lo hacemos, como suele ser costumbre en los estudios políticos, para explicar el activismo, sino para explicar un tipo concreto de desigualdad en la sociedad de la información y el conocimiento; la brecha digital política. Dado que la participación política digital se realiza a través de un medio que no es universalmente utilizado, Internet, es importante saber qué ciudadanos están en disposición de optar a las ventajas que supone la utilización política de este medio. Existen estudios que analizan la forma en que se presenta la brecha digital política respecto a variables sociodemográficas y actitudinales. Sin embargo, aquí tratamos de presentar un modelo que nos ayude a comprender cómo se relacionan estos dos grupos de variables en relación a la participación política digital. Se trata de ofrecer una perspectiva más completa sobre las fuentes de las desigualdades digitales políticas.
The Importance of the Erk Pathway in the Development of Linker for Activation of T Cells-Mediated Autoimmunity
Authors: Fuller Deirdre M. , Zhu Minghua , Koonpaew Surapong , Nelson Mariana I. , Zhang Weiguo
Published: September 2012

The ability of the transmembrane adaptor protein linker for activation of T cells (LAT) to regulate T cell development, activation, survival, and homeostasis depends upon phosphorylation of its multiple tyrosine residues. The mutation of tyrosine 136 on LAT abrogates its interaction with phospholipase C-γ1, causing severe ramifications on TCR-mediated signaling. Mice harboring this mutation, LATY136F mice, have significantly impaired thymocyte development; however, they rapidly develop a fatal lymphoproliferative disease marked by the uncontrolled expansion of Th2-skewed CD4+ T cells, high levels of IgE and IgG1, and autoantibody production. In this study, we assessed the contribution of multiple signaling pathways in LATY136F disease development. The deletion of the critical signaling proteins Gads and RasGRP1 caused a further block in thymocyte development, but, over time, could not prevent CD4+ T cell hyperproliferation. Also, restoring signaling through the NF-κB and NFAT pathways was unable to halt the development of disease. However, expression of a constitutively active Raf transgene enhanced lymphoproliferation, indicating a role for the Ras–MAPK pathway in LAT-mediated disease.
Ethnography and Data Re-Use: Issues of Context and Hypertext
Authors: Dicks Bella , Mason Bruce , Williams Matt , Coffey Amanda
Published: September 2012

This paper seeks to open up debate around context and the re-analysis of stored qualitative data. How to ensure that subsequent users of deposited datasets can appreciate and be guided by the context of the original study? The paper introduces the idea of hypertext as one way of facilitating this. We discuss how ‘context’ might be thought through in particular relation to ethnography, where it is frequently difficult to distinguish between data and context, and highlight some of the inherent problems in the notion of archiving ethnographic context. In a discussion focusing in on multimedia, we draw attention to the different kinds of contextual information that are necessary to interpret data in different media forms. The paper's starting position is that originators of data and re-users have in front of then a qualitatively different kind of knowledge-base, due to the fact that data and data-records are not the same thing. This doesn't rule out re-use but does imply that quite full and careful kinds of documentation are necessary to try and make it sufficiently rigorous, a demand which also, however, has to be balanced against the dangers of information overload. These challenges lead us to question whether the traditional archiving model is the most suitable way of communicating context to re-users; we present some of our insights from work on hypertext to explore the potential of the hyperlink as a key contextualising tool.
Making the Long View: Perspectives on Context from a Qualitative Longitudinal (QL) Study
Authors: Henderson S. , Holland J. , Thomson R.
Published: September 2012

Questions of context and reflexivity have been central to recent debates about the archiving and re-use of qualitative data but these questions have been understood in different ways. In this paper, we suggest that our experiences of attempting to analyse, interpret, write-up and, more recently, archive the (prospective and retrospective) biographical data we have collected over the decade 1996–2006, can shed useful light on these questions. First, we consider the lack of analytical closure involved in QL research, the habit of constant re-contextualisation and the complex understandings of time we formed as a consequence, arguing that, whilst qualitative data may be historically embedded and subjective, it can never be understood as being ‘out of time’ or ‘beyond the reach’ of the same or other researchers. In the QL context, the researcher becomes a subject of the research and, as such, a form of researcher's reflexivity is required that recognises movement and contingency in all aspects of analysis, interpretation and representation. Then we outline how the understanding of time that emerged over the period of our research: - biographical, historical and research time – provided us with a useful conceptual framework for re-contextualising our study in the form of an archive.
Crossing Levels: The Potential for Numerical Taxonomy and Fuzzy Set Approaches to Study Multi-Level Longitudinal Change
Authors: Uprichard Emma
Published: September 2012

This article demonstrates how we might explore trajectories of complex systems through time when we are dealing with multiple levels of systems with intersecting causal propensities. Using ‘social exclusion’ as an illustrative example, the objective is to develop a methodological approach, using available secondary data sources, that transcends the linear and uni-directional faults of conventional multi-level modelling. This alternative approach consists of a sequential combination of cluster analysis, tallying, documentary analysis and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). The authors argue that this alternative methodology allows for both a descriptive and causal explanation of change and continuity within and between multiple levels of observation, whilst also stressing the importance of context and the possibility of all configurations of change and continuity within and between the different levels to be considered.
A Comparative Analysis of Farmers' Suicides in Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Chindarkar Namrata
Published: September 2012

The agrarian distress in the Indian countryside has become a subject of major policy concern in view of the recent spate of suicides by farmers in a number of states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab. Most literature surrounding the analysis of farmers' suicides has been restricted to the immediate causes. However, to dismiss the agrarian crisis as being a result of purely economic factors would oversimplify the complex scenario. “Suicide is an individual phenomenon the causes of which are essentially social in nature” Durkheim (1952:13). There are many factors at the micro level such as the class and caste system, and gender relations in a rural set-up.

The aim of this paper is thus twofold. First, it reviews the literature on farmers' suicides in Andhra Pradesh. I offer a socialized and a more holistic approach to involve the farmer as the ‘self‘ to explore the socio-cultural factors. This is illustrated using a transdisciplinary Mandala analysis tool. And second, the paper brings in a critical realist approach to understanding farmers' suicides by considering how “comparative case-oriented analysis” would view the suicide cases. A switch from economics for the men's suicides to psychology for the women's suicides is observed in the empirical data collected in one in-depth qualitative research project about the suicides. It should be noted that this empirical data was sourced from the National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD), Hyderabad, India, and no direct field study was conducted. The aim therefore is to use an interdisciplinary analytical framework which would encompass the macro and micro factors in understanding social phenomena and enable in doing a more nuanced analysis of the NIRD data from a livelihoods and gendered perspective.

Using a mixed-methods approach I categorize the cases into a typology on the basis of gender, caste, cause of suicide, age and the mode used for committing suicide. This provides a greater understanding of the causes behind the suicides. A critical realist exploration of men's and women's suicides, and the ‘reasons' for them as well as their real causes thus helps in bringing out the direct (economic, political and ecological) as well as the proximate (socio-cultural) causes behind the farmers' suicides.
Measuring Subjective Well-being from a Realist Viewpoint
Authors: Neff Daniel F. , Olsen Wendy K.
Published: September 2012

Subjective well-being (SWB) refers to a person's declared well-being and is based on a person's answer to either a single question or a group of questions about his or her subjectively perceived satisfaction or happiness. SWB is believed to be an outcome measure by which to judge successful living. The current literature on SWB consists predominately of studies of the quantitative tradition. These studies are mainly explicitly or implicitly utilitarian. This paper criticises the mainstream utilitarian SWB concept on theoretical and moral grounds. On moral grounds utilitarianism is rejected. On theoretical grounds it is especially argued that the subjective-objective divide regarding the experience behind SWB indicators is blurred. Based on this critique a critical realist approach to SWB is developed. Insights from secondary data for South Africa (SALDRU) are used to illustrate this critical realist approach. The paper concludes with a summary of how such an approach departs from that of utilitarians.
‘Whatever You Say, Say Nothing’: The Issue of ‘Macro-Context’ in the Construction of a Catalogue and Archive of Qualitative Material on the Northern Ireland Conflict
Authors: McLoughlin Peter , Miller Robert
Published: September 2012

This article looks at the issue of context in relation to the construction of a catalogue and archive of qualitative material relating to the Northern Ireland conflict. Specifically if looks at “macro-context”, that is the broad socio-political environment in which qualitative data is gathered. In the case of Northern Ireland, macro-context mainly concerns the conflict and the deeply divided society which it has left behind. The article explores the problems we had in “capturing” this context in order to provide for informed secondary analysis of the datasets logged in our catalogue. It looks at solutions arrived at, and also the limits to which we could capture the context of the materials we catalogued, before suggesting how our experience might provide some guidance to others seeking to facilitate secondary use of qualitative data.
Secondary Analysis of Dennis Marsden Mothers Alone
Authors: Evans Tanya , Thane Pat
Published: September 2012

A secondary analysis has been made of 116 interviews with unmarried mothers carried out by Dennis Marsden in the mid-1960s. These are now held at ESDS Qualidata, University of Essex. They are being used in a wider study of unmarried motherhood in Britain since 1918. There are significant differences in research practices then and now: the interviewer did not obtain the interviewees consent to use the interviews in his research; the interviews were not recorded and transcribed verbatim, but reconstructed from notes and memory after the interview; the reconstructed interviews contain personal comments by the interviewer about the interviewees which would not now be acceptable; the interviewer was much less aware of the importance of class and gender dynamics in an interview situation than would now be the case. Hence the interviews are revealing about the history of social research as well as about the history of unmarried motherhood. These methodological changes mean that, like all sources. The interviews have to read be critically and with caution. Nonetheless they are revealing about the experience of unmarried motherhood in the mid-twentieth century.
Community Experiences of the 2001 Foot and Mouth Disease Epidemic in North Cumbria: An Archiving Story
Authors: Bailey Cathy , Baxter Josephine , Mort Maggie , Convery Ian
Published: September 2012

This paper recounts our experiences of archiving a large, sensitive, mixed method data set which produced both textual and audio material. In 2001 we began a 30 month, Department of Health funded research project into the health and social consequences of the 2001 Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) epidemic in North Cumbria. The project generated a large dataset, over 3,000 weekly diaries and 70 recorded interviews. We offer our rationale for archiving this dataset. We describe how we set about seeking respondent consent for archiving. Finally we discuss our archiving process in relation to two overlapping issues that have well debated implications for the broader acceptance and take up of qualitative data sharing and re-use; that of anonymity and defining and capturing data context.
Temporal biomass dynamics of an Arctic plankton bloom in response to increasing levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide
Authors: Schulz K. G. , Bellerby R. G. J. , Brussaard C. P. D. , Büdenbender J. , Czerny J. , Engel A. , Fischer M. , Koch-Klavsen S. , Krug S. A. , Lischka S. , Ludwig A. , Meyerhöfer M. , Nondal G. , Silyakova A. , Stuhr A. , Riebesell U.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Ocean acidification and carbonation, driven by anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), have been shown to affect a variety of marine organisms and are likely to change ecosystem functioning. High latitudes, especially the Arctic, will be the first to encounter profound changes in carbonate chemistry speciation at a large scale, namely the under-saturation of surface waters with respect to aragonite, a calcium carbonate polymorph produced by several organisms in this region. During a CO2 perturbation study in 2010, in the framework of the EU-funded project EPOCA, the temporal dynamics of a plankton bloom was followed in nine mesocosms, manipulated for CO2 levels ranging initially from about 185 to 1420 μatm. Dissolved inorganic nutrients were added halfway through the experiment. Autotrophic biomass, as identified by chlorophyll a standing stocks (Chl a), peaked three times in all mesocosms. However, while absolute Chl a concentrations were similar in all mesocosms during the first phase of the experiment, higher autotrophic biomass was measured at high in comparison to low CO2 during the second phase, right after dissolved inorganic nutrient addition. This trend then reversed in the third phase. There were several statistically significant CO2 effects on a variety of parameters measured in certain phases, such as nutrient utilization, standing stocks of particulate organic matter, and phytoplankton species composition. Interestingly, CO2 effects developed slowly but steadily, becoming more and more statistically significant with time. The observed CO2 related shifts in nutrient flow into different phytoplankton groups (mainly diatoms, dinoflagellates, prasinophytes and haptophytes) could have consequences for future organic matter flow to higher trophic levels and export production, with consequences for ecosystem productivity and atmospheric CO2.
REAL-TIME MONITORING SYSTEM USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE INTEGRATED WITH SENSOR OBSERVATION SERVICE
Authors: Witayangkurn A. , Nagai M. , Honda K. , Dailey M. , Shibasaki R.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an emerging technology being adapted for a wide range of applications. Real-time monitoring is essential to enhance the effectiveness of UAV applications. Sensor networks are networks constructed from various sensor nodes. International standard such as OGC's SOS (Sensor Observation Service) makes it possible to share sensor data with other systems as well as to provide accessibility to globally distributed users. In this paper, we propose a system combining UAV technology and sensor network technology to use an UAV as a mobile node of sensor network so that the sensor data from UAV is published and shared real-time. A UAV can extend the observation range of a sensor network to remote areas where it is usually difficult to access such as disaster area. We constructed a UAV system using remote-controlled helicopter and various sensors such as GPS, gyrocompass, laser range finder, Digital camera and Thermometer. Furthermore, we extended the Sensor Observation Service (SOS) and Sensor Service Grid (SSG) to support mobile sensor nodes. Then, we conducted experiments of flying the helicopter over an area of the interest. During the flight, the system measured environmental data using its sensors and captured images of the ground. The data was sent to a SOS node as the ground station via Wi-Fi which was published using SSG to give real- time access to globally distributed users.
HIGH-PRECISION POSITIONING AND REAL-TIME DATA PROCESSING OF UAV-SYSTEMS
Authors: Rieke M. , Foerster T. , Geipel J. , Prinz T.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Available micro-sized Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the civilian domain currently make use of common GPS receivers and do not address scenarios where high-precision positioning of the UAV is an inevitable requirement. However, for use cases such as creating orthophotos using direct georeferencing, an improved positioning needs to be developed. This article analyses the requirements for integrating Real Time Kinematic positioning into micro-sized UAVs. Additionally, it describes the data processing and synchronisation of the high-precision position data for a workflow of orthorectification of aerial imagery. Preliminary results are described for the use case of precision farming. The described approach for positioning has the potential to achieve a positional accuracy of 1–3 cm, which can be considered as adequate for direct georeferencing of aerial imagery.