bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular risk scoring and magnetic resonance imaging detected subclinical cerebrovascular disease
Authors: Anand Sonia S , Tu Jack V , Desai Dipika , Awadalla Phillip , Robson Paula , Jacquemont Sébastien , Dummer Trevor , Le Nhu , Parker Louise , Poirier Paul , Teo Koon , Lear Scott A , Yusuf Salim , Tardif Jean-Claude , Marcotte Francois , Busseuil David , Després Jean-Pierre , Black Sandra E , Kirpalani Anish , Parraga Grace , Noseworthy Michael D , Dick Alexander , Leipsic Jonathan , Kelton David , Vena Jennifer , Thomas Melissa , Schulze Karleen M , Larose Eric , Moody Alan R , Smith Eric E , Friedrich Matthias G
Published: August 2019

Aims 

Cardiovascular risk factors are used for risk stratification in primary prevention. We sought to determine if simple cardiac risk scores are associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected subclinical cerebrovascular disease including carotid wall volume (CWV), carotid intraplaque haemorrhage (IPH), and silent brain infarction (SBI).

Methods and results

A total of 7594 adults with no history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) underwent risk factor assessment and a non-contrast enhanced MRI of the carotid arteries and brain using a standardized protocol in a population-based cohort recruited between 2014 and 2018. The non-lab-based INTERHEART risk score (IHRS) was calculated in all participants; the Framingham Risk Score was calculated in a subset who provided blood samples (n = 3889). The association between these risk scores and MRI measures of CWV, carotid IPH, and SBI was determined. The mean age of the cohort was 58 (8.9) years, 55% were women. Each 5-point increase (∼1 SD) in the IHRS was associated with a 9 mm3 increase in CWV, adjusted for sex (P < 0.0001), a 23% increase in IPH [95% confidence interval (CI) 9–38%], and a 32% (95% CI 20–45%) increase in SBI. These associations were consistent for lacunar and non-lacunar brain infarction. The Framingham Risk Score was also significantly associated with CWV, IPH, and SBI. CWV was additive and independent to the risk scores in its association with IPH and SBI.

Conclusion 

Simple cardiovascular risk scores are significantly associated with the presence of MRI-detected subclinical cerebrovascular disease, including CWV, IPH, and SBI in an adult population without known clinical CVD.
Causal association between periodontitis and hypertension: evidence from Mendelian randomization and a randomized controlled trial of non-surgical periodontal therapy
Authors: Czesnikiewicz-Guzik Marta , Osmenda Grzegorz , Siedlinski Mateusz , Nosalski Richard , Pelka Piotr , Nowakowski Daniel , Wilk Grzegorz , Mikolajczyk Tomasz P , Schramm-Luc Agata , Furtak Aneta , Matusik Pawel , Koziol Joanna , Drozdz Miroslaw , Munoz-Aguilera Eva , Tomaszewski Maciej , Evangelou Evangelos , Caulfield Mark , Grodzicki Tomasz , D'Aiuto Francesco , Guzik Tomasz J
Published: August 2019

Aims

Inflammation is an important driver of hypertension. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease, which could provide a mechanism for pro-hypertensive immune activation, but evidence of a causal relationship in humans is scarce. We aimed to investigate the nature of the association between periodontitis and hypertension.

Methods and results

We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis in the ∼750 000 UK-Biobank/International Consortium of Blood Pressure-Genome-Wide Association Studies participants using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SIGLEC5, DEFA1A3, MTND1P5, and LOC107984137 loci GWAS-linked to periodontitis, to ascertain their effect on blood pressure (BP) estimates. This demonstrated a significant relationship between periodontitis-linked SNPs and BP phenotypes. We then performed a randomized intervention trial on the effects of treatment of periodontitis on BP. One hundred and one hypertensive patients with moderate/severe periodontitis were randomized to intensive periodontal treatment (IPT; sub- and supragingival scaling/chlorhexidine; n = 50) or control periodontal treatment (CPT; supragingival scaling; n = 51) with mean ambulatory 24-h (ABPM) systolic BP (SBP) as primary outcome. Intensive periodontal treatment improved periodontal status at 2 months, compared to CPT. This was accompanied by a substantial reduction in mean SBP in IPT compared to the CPT (mean difference of −11.1 mmHg; 95% CI 6.5–15.8; P < 0.001). Systolic BP reduction was correlated to periodontal status improvement. Diastolic BP and endothelial function (flow-mediated dilatation) were also improved by IPT. These cardiovascular changes were accompanied by reductions in circulating IFN-γ and IL-6 as well as activated (CD38+) and immunosenescent (CD57+CD28null) CD8+T cells, previously implicated in hypertension.

Conclusion

A causal relationship between periodontitis and BP was observed providing proof of concept for development of clinical trial in a large cohort of hypertensive patients. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02131922.
Differences in US antibiotic prescription use by facility and patient characteristics: evidence from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey
Authors: Depew Rebekka E , Gonzales Gilbert
Published: August 2019

Background

Antibiotic resistance is increasing, largely due to the overuse of antibiotics. Patient demographic characteristics can influence rates of antibiotic prescription, but less research has assessed the role of facility-level characteristics.

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence of antibiotic prescriptions for viral-like illness, as well as patient and provider factors that influence antibiotic prescription practices.

Methods

We conducted an observational cohort study using data from the 2012 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. We compared the prevalence of antibiotic prescription for all aetiologies and for viral-like illnesses between community health centres, non-community health centre clinics and emergency departments. Then, we used logistic regression models to compare the odds of antibiotic prescription use by facility and patient characteristics.

Results

Data came from 630 community health centre visits, 857 non-community health centre outpatient clinic visits and 627 emergency department visits. Compared to patients visiting non-community health centre clinics, patients visiting community health centres and emergency departments for any aetiology were more likely to receive antibiotic prescriptions. Patients with viral-like illnesses were less likely to receive antibiotics at community health centres and exhibited similar odds of receiving antibiotics at emergency departments. Certain patient demographics (age, race/ethnicity and payment source) were associated with variation in overall antibiotic prescription, but these factors were mostly unassociated with antibiotic prescription for viral-like illnesses.

Conclusions

The care setting that patients visit may influence their odds of receiving antibiotics. Initiatives addressing overuse of antibiotics should be mindful of facility- and patient-based characteristics when designing interventions.
Air pollution: the emergence of a major global health risk factor
Authors: Boogaard Hanna , Walker Katherine , Cohen Aaron J
Published: August 2019

Air pollution is now recognized by governments, international institutions and civil society as a major global public health risk factor. This is the result of the remarkable growth of scientific knowledge enabled by advances in epidemiology and exposure assessment. There is now a broad scientific consensus that exposure to air pollution increases mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular and respiratory disease and lung cancer and shortens life expectancy. Although air pollution has markedly declined in high-income countries, it was still responsible for some 4.9 million deaths in 2017, largely in low- and middle-income countries, where air pollution has increased over the past 25 y. As governments act to reduce air pollution there is a continuing need for research to strengthen the evidence on disease risk at very low and very high levels of air pollution, identify the air pollution sources most responsible for disease burden and assess the public health effectiveness of actions taken to improve air quality.
Meet the BBC Micro:Bit
Authors: Cooper Martin
Published: August 2019

Gareth Stockdale, CEO of the micro:bit Educational Foundation, tells Martin Cooper MBCS about the tiny computer’s origins, its ambitions and the DNA it shares with the famous Acorn BBC machines
Why is Baking Privacy into Software Design Hard?
Authors: Omoronyia Inah
Published: August 2019

Dr Inah Omoronyia, Lecturer in Software Engineering and Information Security at the University of Glasgow, takes a dystopic view of the five burdens placed on software designers in the hope of provoking amenable and sustainable solutions.
Evaluation of Palpable Breast Abnormalities
Authors: Dodelzon Katerina , Katzen Janine T
Published: August 2019

A palpable breast abnormality is one of the most common presenting clinical breast complaints. Although the majority of palpable abnormalities are benign, they are among the most common presenting symptoms of breast cancer, and those breast cancers detected symptomatically tend to have poorer prognosis than their screen-detected counterparts. Clinical breast examination is a vital part of the workup of palpable abnormalities. However, as physical exam features of most masses are not reliable for categorization of malignancy, imaging evaluation is necessary. Choice of imaging modality, which includes diagnostic mammography and breast ultrasound, is dependent upon patient age. Ultrasound is the primary imaging modality for evaluation of palpable masses in women younger than 30 years of age because of its high negative predictive value and sensitivity and lack of ionizing radiation. For women aged 30–39 years, ultrasound or mammography can be performed as the initial imaging evaluation, with ultrasound maintaining a high sensitivity in women younger than 40 years old. Mammography, often followed by ultrasound, is the recommended imaging evaluation sequence for women aged 40 and older. Utilization of advanced imaging modalities for evaluation of the palpable area of concern is not supported by evidence.
Trans-generational effects in the clonal invader Alternanthera philoxeroides
Authors: Portela Rubén , Dong Bi-Cheng , Yu Fei-Hai , Barreiro Rodolfo , Roiloa Sergio R , Silva Matos Dalva M
Published: August 2019

Aims

Recent studies have revealed heritable phenotypic plasticity through vegetative generations. In this sense, changes in gene regulation induced by the environment, such as DNA methylation (i.e. epigenetic changes), can result in reversible plastic responses being transferred to the offspring generations. This trans-generational plasticity is expected to be especially relevant in clonal plants, since reduction of sexual reproduction can decrease the potential for adaptation through genetic variation. Many of the most aggressive plant invaders are clonal, and clonality has been suggested as key to explain plant invasiveness. Here we aim to determine whether trans-generational effects occur in the clonal invader Alternanthera philoxeroides, and whether such effects differ between populations from native and non-native ranges.

Methods

In a common garden experiment, parent plants of A. philoxeroides from populations collected in Brazil (native range) and Iberian Peninsula (non-native range) were grown in high and low soil nutrient conditions, and offspring plants were transplanted to control conditions with high nutrients. To test the potential role of DNA methylation on trans-generational plasticity, half of the parent plants were treated with the demethylating agent, 5-azacytidine.

Important Findings

Trans-generational effects were observed both in populations from the native and the non-native ranges. Interestingly, trans-generational effects occurred on growth variables (number of ramets, stem mass, root mass and total mass) in the population from the native range, but on biomass partitioning in the population from the non-native range. Trans-generational effects of the population from the native range may be explained by a ‘silver-spoon’ effect, whereas those of the population from the non-native range could be explained by epigenetic transmission due to DNA methylation. Our study highlights the importance of trans-generational effects on the growth of a clonal plant, which could help to understand the mechanisms underlying expansion success of many clonal plants.
Hepatitis C Virus Screening Among Adolescents Attending a Drug Rehabilitation Center
Authors: Fernandes Neil Dominic , Banik Swagata , Abughali Nazha , Sthapit Bonisha , Abdullah Neelab , Fragassi Philip
Published: August 2019

Background

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has a strong association with intravenous drug use (IVDU). IVDU is a growing public health concern, even in the adolescent population. To our knowledge, there are no published HCV screening studies targeting high-risk adolescents who attend drug rehabilitation centers.

This study was designed to determine the seroprevalence of HCV infection utilizing point-of-care (POC) testing at an adolescent drug rehabilitation center and gain a preliminary understanding of the acceptance rate for HCV screening in this high-risk population.

Methods

This single-center, observational study was conducted at a major drug rehabilitation center in northeast Ohio from July 2016 to June 2017. The consented adolescents who presented at the center were recruited to participate in HCV screening. The participants were administered a survey to assess their demographics and risk behavior profile followed by HCV testing utilizing a POC test.

Results

During the study period, 150 adolescents were admitted to the drug rehabilitation center, of whom 100 were approached and 85 agreed to participate. Forty percent of the participants (34/85) were females, and 78% (66/85) were white. HCV prevalence among participants was 5% (4/85), all of whom were females. History of heroin use was reported by 15% (13/85) and it was associated with HCV seropositivity; 100% (4/4) of all HCV-positive individuals reported the use of heroin vs only 11% (9/81) of HCV-negative individuals (P = .0004).

Conclusions

Our study showed a high prevalence of HCV among adolescents attending a drug rehabilitation center with high acceptance of POC HCV testing.
Mischievous gastric band port: a rare and delayed presentation
Authors: Gosavi Rathin , Balalis George , Packiyanathan Andrew
Published: August 2019

Bowel perforation is a rare and unusual complication of laparoscopic adjustable gastric band (LAGB) insertion, which if left undiagnosed can have potentially fatal consequences. We present the first case ever published of a delayed presentation of small-bowel perforation secondary to a laparoscopic port insertion. A young woman presented to Emergency Department with intermittent vague abdominal pain for 5 months, on the background of having a LAGB inserted 4 years prior. She was subsequently found to have a small-bowel perforation with mesenteric adhesions to a laparoscopic port site. The patient underwent a successful small-bowel resection with primary anastomosis and made an uneventful recovery.
The source of inorganic nitrogen has distinct effects on cell wall composition in Brachypodium distachyon
Authors: Głazowska Sylwia , Baldwin Laetitia , Mravec Jozef , Bukh Christian , Fangel Jonathan U , Willats William Gt , Schjoerring Jan K
Published: August 2019

Different sources of inorganic nitrogen exert compositional changes on type II cell walls of the grass and crop model Brachypodium distachyon in an organ- and development-specific manner.
Talaromyces atroroseus in HIV and non-HIV patient: A first report from Indonesia
Authors: Surja Sem Samuel , Adawiyah Robiatul , Houbraken Jos , Rozaliyani Anna , Sjam Ridhawati , Yunihastuti Evy , Wahyuningsih Retno
Published: August 2019

We performed morphology, molecular study and antifungal susceptibility test on 10 Talaromyces sp. isolates: eight clinical isolates (human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and non-HIV-patient) and two isolates from rats. All strains produced red soluble pigment and microscopically showed Penicillium-like structure in room temperature and yeast-like structure in 37°C. Based on molecular analysis, nine isolates were identified as Talaromyces atroroseus (including the isolates from rats) and one as T. marneffei. Our susceptibility result of T. marneffei supports the use of amphotericin B, itraconazole for talaromycosis marneffei management. Talaromyces atroroseus showed variable MIC to echinocandin, azole derivatives, 5-flucytosine and amphotericin B.
The propagation of choked jet outflows in power-law external media
Authors: Irwin Christopher M , Nakar Ehud , Piran Tsvi
Published: August 2019

Observations of both gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) point to the idea that some relativistic jets are suffocated by their environment before we observe them. In these ‘choked’ jets, all the jet’s kinetic energy is transferred into a hot and narrow cocoon of near-uniform pressure. We consider the evolution of an elongated, axisymmetric cocoon formed by a choked jet as it expands into a cold power-law ambient medium ρ ∝ R−α, in the case where the shock is decelerating (α < 3). The evolution proceeds in three stages, with two breaks in behaviour: the first occurs once the outflow has doubled its initial width, and the second once it has doubled its initial height. Using the Kompaneets approximation, we derive analytical formulae for the shape of the cocoon shock, and obtain approximate expressions for the height and width of the outflow versus time in each of the three dynamical regimes. The asymptotic behaviour is different for shallow ($\alpha \leq 2$) and steep (2 < α < 3) density profiles. Comparing the analytical model to numerical simulations, we find agreement to within ∼15 per cent out to 45 deg from the axis, but discrepancies of a factor of 2–3 near the equator. The shape of the cocoon shock can be measured directly in AGNs, and is also expected to affect the early light from failed GRB jets. Observational constraints on the shock geometry provide a useful diagnostic of the jet properties, even long after jet activity ceases.
The dichotomy of dark matter fraction and total mass density slope of galaxies over five dex in mass
Authors: Tortora C , Posti L , Koopmans L V E , Napolitano N R
Published: August 2019

We analyse the mass density distribution in the centres of galaxies across five orders of magnitude in mass range. Using high-quality spiral galaxy rotation curves and infrared photometry from SPARC, we conduct a systematic study of their central dark matter (DM) fraction (fDM) and their mass density slope (α), within their effective radius. We show that lower mass spiral galaxies are more DM dominated and have more shallow mass density slopes when compared with more massive galaxies, which have density profiles closer to isothermal. Low-mass (${M_{*}}\lesssim 10^{10}\, {\mathrm{M}_\odot}$) gas-rich spirals span a wide range of fDM values, but systematically lower than in gas-poor systems of similar mass. With increasing galaxy mass, the values of fDM decrease and the density profiles steepen. In the most massive late-type gas-poor galaxies, a possible flattening of these trends is observed. When comparing these results to massive (${M_{*}}\gtrsim 10^{10}\, {\mathrm{M}_\odot}$) elliptical galaxies from SPIDER and to dwarf ellipticals (dEs) from SMACKED, these trends result to be inverted. Hence, the values of both fDM and α, as a function of M*, exhibit a U-shape trend. At a fixed stellar mass, the mass density profiles in dEs are steeper than in spirals. These trends can be understood by stellar feedback from a more prolonged star formation period in spirals, causing a transformation of the initial steep density cusp to a more shallow profile via differential feedback efficiency by supernovae, and by galaxy mergers or AGN feedback in higher mass galaxies.
Novel ribozymes: discovery, catalytic mechanisms, and the quest to understand biological function
Authors: Weinberg Christina E , Weinberg Zasha , Hammann Christian
Published: August 2019

Small endonucleolytic ribozymes promote the self-cleavage of their own phosphodiester backbone at a specific linkage. The structures of and the reactions catalysed by members of individual families have been studied in great detail in the past decades. In recent years, bioinformatics studies have uncovered a considerable number of new examples of known catalytic RNA motifs. Importantly, entirely novel ribozyme classes were also discovered, for most of which both structural and biochemical information became rapidly available. However, for the majority of the new ribozymes, which are found in the genomes of a variety of species, a biological function remains elusive. Here, we concentrate on the different approaches to find catalytic RNA motifs in sequence databases. We summarize the emerging principles of RNA catalysis as observed for small endonucleolytic ribozymes. Finally, we address the biological functions of those ribozymes, where relevant information is available and common themes on their cellular activities are emerging. We conclude by speculating on the possibility that the identification and characterization of proteins that we hypothesize to be endogenously associated with catalytic RNA might help in answering the ever-present question of the biological function of the growing number of genomically encoded, small endonucleolytic ribozymes.
Ribosome pausing, a dangerous necessity for co-translational events
Authors: Collart Martine A , Weiss Benjamin
Published: August 2019

In recent years translation elongation has emerged as an important contributor to the regulation of gene expression. There are multiple quality control checkpoints along the way of producing mature proteins and targeting them to the right cellular compartment, or associating them correctly with their partners. Ribosomes pause to allow co-translational protein folding, protein targeting or protein interactions, and the pausing is dictated by a combination of the mRNA sequence and structure, the tRNA availability and the nascent peptide. However, ribosome pausing can also lead to ribosome collisions and co-translational degradation of both mRNA and nascent chain. Understanding how the translating ribosome tunes the different maturation steps that nascent proteins must undergo, what the timing of these maturation events is, and how degradation can be avoided when pausing is needed, is now possible by the emergence of methods to follow ribosome dynamics in vivo. This review summarizes some of the recent studies that have advanced our knowledge about co-translational events using the power of ribosome profiling, and some of the questions that have emerged from these studies.
The Fear of Teachers’ Religious Identity
Authors: Glanzer Perry L. , Alleman Nathan F. , Marsden George
Published: August 2019

This chapter outlines the origins of the tension purported to exist between being a teacher and a Christian. More explicitly, it explores how the tension between religiously identity-informed teaching and identity-informed teaching emerged. Beginning with the early European context and concluding with the current American postmodernist landscape, it argues that the idea that teachers should somehow not integrate their religious identity into their teaching is a recent development. The contemporary counterargument for reintegrating one’s religious identity into one’s teaching draws upon older ideals but also differs from these ideals in important ways. The chapter concludes by describing the similarities and differences between the older and newer arguments for integrating one’s religious identity with one’s teaching.
Thinking and Acting Christianly in the Classroom
Authors: Glanzer Perry L. , Alleman Nathan F. , Marsden George
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines what Christian identity means for actual classroom practice with regard to pedagogy, ethics, and modeling. The survey respondents’ approaches fell into the categories of spiritual addition and Christian transformation described in the previous chapter. The spiritual addition professors mentioned that they added a particular spiritual practice such as devotional Bible reading or prayer, or shared the personal story of their own Christian conversion to their classes. In contrast, Christian transformation educators demonstrated three unique pedagogical approaches related to: (1) their meaning and purpose, (2) their content, and (3) their method of interpretation. Fundamentally, the chapter argues that Christian teachers must view their task as more than helping advance a profession, providing students with academic capacities, or creating citizens. They must understand themselves and their students as God’s image bearers, helping them to experience human flourishing both inside and outside of the classroom.
Is There Really Baptist, Catholic, or Quaker Teaching?
Authors: Glanzer Perry L. , Alleman Nathan F. , Marsden George
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the explicit role one’s particular identities and their associated denominational traditions play in the practice of teaching. The analysis found four types of claims professors made when describing the influence of a particular Christian tradition on aspects of their teaching: (1) common theological beliefs; (2) common ethical teachings; (3) theological beliefs shared by groups of Christian traditions; and (4) distinct denominational emphases, which included differences of opinion on God’s role in the metanarrative, sources of wisdom, and the ultimate ends of teaching. Overall, although professors identified a range of tradition-related distinctives, some comments proved less specific to particular denominational traditions and more applicable to the general Christian tradition. It is important to understand these distinctions because teachers are usually not simply “Christian”; they also identify with particular Christian traditions, which affect their pedagogy, classroom practices, and interactions with students.
The South and the Transformation of U.S. Politics
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: August 2019

Analyzing and explaining the transformation of U.S. politics since the explosive events of 1968 requires particular attention to the South—the states of the former Confederacy. Indeed, a strong case can be made that the South has had the greatest impact on the transformation of U.S politics and government. Since 1968 we have seen the demise of the “sold (Democratic) South” and the rise of the Republican-dominated South, the rise of the largely southern white evangelical religious right movement, and vast demographic changes that have altered the political landscape of the region and national politics. Overriding all of these changes is the major constant of southern politics—race. Demographic trends portend new major shifts in the politics of the South that will have profound impacts on US government and politics. The chapters in this book explain how the South has fundamentally changed in the past half century and how that has dramatically altered US national politics.
The Changing Demographics of the South and Its Impact on National Politics
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: August 2019

The South has grown more in the past fifty years than any other region, leading to major changes in its economy and the racial/ethnic, gender, generational, socioeconomic, and political composition of its electorate. In the fifty years since the civil rights movement and Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination, the South’s politics have become more polarized, with sharp differences by race, place of birth, age, education, income, and gender. Most of the changes occurred during a period of realignment, during which Republicans expanded their regional dominance. But continued in-migration, accompanied by economic diversification and racial/ethnic and generational shifts, is beginning to push the political pendulum in the opposite direction. This “redirection” is most noticeable in the region’s high growth states, particularly in their fast-growing metropolitan areas characterized by larger concentrations of young, minority (and more Democratic-leaning) voters. Overall, this chapter lends credibility to the “demographics is destiny” thesis.
The Changing Politics of Race in the South and Its Impact on National Politics
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , MacManus Susan A. , Mayer Jeremy D. , Rozell Mark J.
Published: August 2019

The long era of racial segregation and black voter suppression coincided with the old “Solid South” of Democratic dominance of the region. Among African Americans who could vote, they were loyal to the GOP, the party of Lincoln. The Voting Rights Act (VRA) and the civil rights movement more generally moved Southern blacks to the Democratic Party. The emergence of African American voters’ rights and their realigning to the Democratic Party have had the most profound impact on the politics of the region of the past half century. Today, Southern African Americans vote at about the same rate as whites and in some recent presidential elections have exceeded white participation. As whites realigned to the GOP, African Americans became a key component of the Democratic Party dominance of the South, with substantial influence on legislative priorities.
Books Buried in the Earth
Authors: Sayre Jillian
Published: August 2019

This essay reads The Book of Mormon as productive of a structure of mourning, spoken through and effected by the historical romance. It considers not only how individuals come together in religious and national groups, but also the important role that textual artifacts play in those social identifications. The essay identifies shared concerns in structure, topic, and trope between this religious text and the exceedingly popular historical romance that circulated at the same time. The Book of Mormon imbues the American landscape with an antique grandeur, calling upon the contemporary reader to mourn for the communities it describes. But even as the reader volunteers identification by mourning, he or she already has been spoken into the text by the prophets. The romantic structure of prophecy in The Book of Mormon, this essay argues, foretells the reader, thus making of the postrevolutionary subject a historical inevitability emanating from the land itself.
Kinship, The Book of Mormon, and Modern Revelation
Authors: Bentley Nancy
Published: August 2019

What relations do modern Americans have to dead ancestors? In the first half of the nineteenth century, this question preoccupied authors of many stripes, from ethnologist Lewis Henry Morgan, to Iroquois prophet Handsome Lake. Both from rural New York, Morgan and Handsome Lake each grappled with the effects of white settlers’ occupation of indigenous homelands by turning to questions of kinship. When The Book of Mormon was published in 1830, it too turned to the deep history of human kinship forms to define how red and white Americans were bound together by vexed ties of violence and habitation of the same land. This ancient Amerindian history told a story of how personal agency and private families could transform “backward” tribes into free people. It reconnected secular doctrines of free agency with Christian theology, disclosing the theological origins of secular thought about kinship. But while this “American Bible” shared key assumptions with Morgan’s secular kinship theory, its status as modern revelation left the Mormon faithful vulnerable to being dismissed and displaced.
Preserving Islamic Tradition
Authors: Spannaus Nathan
Published: August 2019

Abu Nasr Qursawi (1776–1812) was a major figure in the history of the Muslim communities of the Russian Empire. An important religious scholar, he wrote works calling for the reform of the Islamic scholarly tradition that shaped the religious discourse of these communities into the 20th century. Qursawi focused on the construction of Islamic scholarship in the postclassical period (14th–19th centuries), criticizing scholars’ overreliance on taqlid, which had led them to hold incorrect theological views and prevented them from engaging with scripture in legal interpretation (through ijtihad). He argued that all scholarly positions must be verified (tahqiq) to ensure their correctness, and ijtihad was an obligation upon all Muslims to determine their own actions. Though critical, his reformism was grounded within the existing scholarly tradition, and its content was not subject to European influence. Nevertheless, it can be seen as a response to the incorporation of Islamic institutions into the bureaucracy of the Russian imperial state in the late 18th century, which remade the exercise of Islamic law and religious authority in the empire. This book analyzes his reformism in reference to its antecedents and sources and in light of these historical shifts. It also addresses the issue of modernity, arguing that although his reformism is grounded in the postclassical tradition, it is also an early example of Islamic modernism. It is, however, distinct from Jadidism, the 20th-century reform movement, despite frequent claims to contrary, as Jadidism instead grew out of transformations in the Volga-Ural religious environment postdating Qursawi.
Paying for the Past
Authors: Roberts Julian V. , Frase Richard S.
Published: August 2019

Virtually all modern sentencing systems consider the offender’s prior record to be an important determinant of the form and severity of punishment, often carrying more weight than the crime being sentenced. Repeat offenders “pay for their past,” even though they have already been punished for their prior crimes. And the majority of sentenced offenders have at least one prior conviction. This topic thus lies at the heart of the sentencing process; every well-designed sentencing scheme needs to have a carefully conceived approach to the use of prior convictions. But the vast literature on sentencing policy, law, and practice has generally overlooked this issue. Moreover, the apparent justifications for prior record enhancement—the repeat offender’s assumed greater culpability and risk of re-offending—are uncertain, and have rarely been subjected to critical appraisal. Nor has sufficient attention been paid to the substantial negative consequences of such enhancements, which: increase the size and expense of prison populations; impose penalties disproportionate to offense severity; fill prisons with nonviolent and aging, lower-risk offenders; increase racial disproportionality in prison populations; and undermine offenders’ efforts to reintegrate into society. This book focuses on prior record enhancements under sentencing guidelines systems in the United States because sentencing rules operate more transparently in those systems. But the policy implications are much broader. Similar enhancements are informally applied, with substantial impacts, when judges sentence without guidelines. And most jurisdictions have statutes (three-strikes and career-offender laws; higher penalties for second and subsequent violations) that impose much more severe penalties on repeat offenders.
The Life of Guy
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

This book is about the name “Guy” and its slow, mostly unnoticed development over four centuries since it began on November 5, 1605, with the suddenly famous Guy Fawkes, who was arrested just in time just before he could light the fuse on 36 barrels of gunpowder to blow up the House of Lords. During those four centuries, “Guy” became “guy,” the name for an effigy of Guy Fawkes burned at bonfires every November 5 since. The effigy was called a “guy,” so that more than one effigy would be “guys,” Then, slowly, “guy” extended its signification into a name for a ragged, lower-class male, then any strangely dressed male, then a neutral everyday word for just any male, a “guy.” To top it off, the 20th century extended the plural “guys” or “you guys” to include all human beings, even women speaking to groups of women. None of these developments were made deliberately; the word just quietly slipped by, except for opposition from some Southerners and feminists who objected to it on the grounds that it wasn’t “y’all” and it wasn’t gender neutral. It has become all the more entrenched because now it’s the standard second-person plural pronoun for most of us who speak English.
Reformation
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

Henry VIII, king of England from 1509 to 1547, ought to be held responsible for the “guy” and “guys” we say nowadays. Guy Fawkes’s terrorist attack in 1605 would not even have been imaginable in the peaceable religious climate of England before 1533. Until then, Henry had been an informed, devout Catholic. But in the 1530s, wanting a male heir that his first wife Catherine couldn’t provide, he asked the pope for an annulment of that marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn and have a legitimate male heir with her. When the pope wouldn’t oblige, Henry disavowed allegiance to the pope and declared himself supreme head of the church in England. Until then, everyone in England had been Catholic; now officially nobody could. That caused bitter conflicts. After Henry’s death in 1547 the church became strongly Protestant under King Edward VI, then strongly Catholic under Mary, and more moderate, though still staunchly anti-papal, under Elizabeth. For good measure, the English church was under attack on the other flank by the extreme Protestant Puritans. None of the Protestant versions satisfied Catholics, who tried plot after plot to unseat the queen and restore Catholicism. That was the explosive fuel that ignited the Gunpowder Treason Plot of 1605.
Ladies and Gentlemen
Authors: Metcalf Allan
Published: August 2019

In the 20th century, “guys” continued its expansion, becoming less particular as it grew more general. This chapter illustrates this development with many examples. At first there are a few outliers with an extended meaning, then more, until the extended is included without calling attention to it. “Guy” and “guys” first extended their meaning to encompass every male, infant to geezer. In the process they discarded their negative restrictions to low class or badly dressed, so “guy” was now, often enough, just a neutral designation for a male. And “guys” stretched even further, to include women. At first, as in Edna Ferber’s 1911 novel Dawn O’Hara, The Girl Who Laughed, it’s a mixed group, in this case one woman in an audience of five journalists being addressed by another one, a male. But if “guys” can include one woman, why not all? That’s the case in Rachel Crothers’s 1911 play, “He and She,” that has “guys” entirely female, in the phrase “wise guys.” By mid-century, in most of the United States, “guys” was the normal scarcely noted second-person plural pronoun. It has spread around the world also. Even speakers in Guy Fawkes’s home town of York, England, now use “you guys,” where it was unheard as recently as two decades ago.
Introduction
Authors: Vieira Kate
Published: August 2019

The introduction lays out the premise of the book: to describe how families who are separated across borders write—and learn new ways of writing—in pursuit of both love and money. It introduces the concept of writing remittances—the communication hardware, software, writing practices, and literacy knowledge that migrant family members circulate across borders to keep in touch. It then poses the question the book will answer: What are migrant and nonmigrant family learning about literacy through these cross-border exchanges? Ulitmately, the introduction makes the case that understanding literacy as a human and economic activity can best uncover how people use writing to sustain their families through times of hardship and change.
Conclusion
Authors: Vieira Kate
Published: August 2019

The conclusion emphasizes that when one takes migrants’ desires, histories, family, and community relationships into account, migration can be seen not as a detriment to literacy education, but instead as an instigator of it. Specifically, as literacy travelled transnationally among family members, it appeared to amass ideological, emotional, and financial values—values that amplified eachother in material sites and practices of written communication. Harnessing the informal transnational literacy learning that results from migration has potential for making literacy pedagogy relevant for students’ familial and economic realities. Outlining implications for researchers and educators, the conclusion details how writing for love and money can matter not only for transnational families but also for students with more apparently nationally bounded lives.
Living the Big Values
Authors: Olberding Amy
Published: August 2019

This chapter addresses the processes at work in Confucian cultivation of manners, especially as this bears on our willingness to be polite to some people while reluctant to be polite to others. It focuses on Confucian attention to external behavior as a resource for shaping internal dispositions and attitudes. It likewise attends to the social dynamics of practicing manners, the ways in which civil behaviors can encourage answering like behaviors from others, steering social environments toward greater sociality. The chapter additionally addresses how stereotyping judgments of others can depress efforts to be civil and considers manners as a resource for inculcating greater humility in our evaluations of others and as a behavioral standard that can reduce the effects of stereotyping judgments on others. The Confucian account is coupled throughout with material drawn from contemporary social psychological studies.
Managing the Face
Authors: Olberding Amy
Published: August 2019

This chapter considers the ways that the style of an action can matter to its meaning. In performing civil gestures and speech, matters such as tone of voice, facial expression, and demeanor influence what we communicate to others. Performing a “polite” action with the wrong bodily expression or tone can undercut or even wholly cancel its politeness. This chapter examines the many ways the style of an action can work on our understanding of the action, suggesting that being civil requires a bodily management we often overlook. The chapter also considers how emphasizing the body’s role in communication can invoke historically problematic associations with disgust and with class- and status-bound assumptions about what causes disgust. The chapter seeks to articulate a way of considering bodily management that evades falling prey to reasoning that encourages pernicious forms of disgust.
Righteous Incivility Revisited
Authors: Olberding Amy
Published: August 2019

Confucians are almost totally silent about what, if anything, might justify incivility and rudeness. This chapter revisits the issue of righteous incivility, incivility motivated by moral concerns, and considers Confucian resources for addressing when, whether, and how civility norms can be broken. It emphasizes the role of good situational judgment in matters of dissent and advocates for a broader understanding of civility’s possibilities. Civility, as the Confucians practiced it, can be fierce and imaginatively used in dissent. The chapter also considers what a psychology of disagreement rooted in a commitment to civility would look like, articulating an alternative picture to our more commonplace descriptions of righteous incivility.
Resource and Environmental Management
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: August 2019

Change. Complexity. Uncertainty, Conflict, Ambiguity. Intractability. Wicked problems. Ethics, Integrity. All these terms capture much of what resource and environmental managers must address in determining the most appropriate course of action relative to social-ecological systems. Often, no obviously correct strategy or response is identifiable. Instead, options exist, each with strengths and weaknesses. Ultimately a decision must be taken, reflecting scientific and experiential understanding as well as values and priorities of societies and stakeholders. The intent in this book is to raise awareness about the need to recognize such attributes of resource and environmental management, and to provide concepts, approaches, and methods to help in developing solutions. At the outset, the importance of developing a vision is highlighted. In defining the scope of problems and opportunities, it is argued that a holistic or ecosystem approach should be interpreted as an integrated rather than a comprehensive approach, with the focus on a small set of variables and relationships having significant impact on the functioning of an ecosystem, and amenable to being managed. An adaptive management approach is also strongly encouraged, to learn from experience. Part of learning will arise through stakeholder engagement. Disputes may emerge, and need to be resolved. Finally, implementation of policies and plans can encounter many obstacles, emphasizing the need to become aware of and overcome them, and then monitor and assess outputs and outcomes, in order to adapt to changing circumstances.
Early-Onset Schizophrenia
Authors: Early Theresa
Published: August 2019

Early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) is a serious psychotic disorder that affects children as young as 12 years of age. Although EOS is typically diagnosed in the specialty mental health sector, increasing the mental health literacy of school personnel is a Tier 1 intervention that can help identify youth at high risk. Tier 2 intervention could include group psychoeducation for youth at high risk and their families. Mental health treatment of EOS occurs in acute, stabilization, and maintenance phases. Youth who are experiencing EOS likely will need accommodations in school. School mental health personnel should educate teachers about accommodations and help them prepare to identify and avoid distressing stimuli, allow alternative schoolwork and activities to avoid provoking delusions, and provide safety for de-escalation. Collaboration with parents and community providers also is critical for students with EOS. A case example illustrates multitiered supports for an adolescent from diagnosis to returning to core classes.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Raines James C.
Published: August 2019

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders can be debilitating to children and adolescents. Childhood onset of OCD occurs in about 1–3% of all children. When childhood OCD symptoms are particularly sudden and/or suddenly more severe, clinicians should investigate if it is precipitated by infectious or immune problems. The most common comorbid diagnoses are anxiety disorders, followed by oppositional defiant disorder. The Child Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS) is the gold standard clinician-completed assessment. Intervention can be titrated using a multitiered system of supports framework. Collaborating with teachers, parents, and community providers is essential for these students. A case study is provided to illustrate chapter recommendations.
Eating Disorders
Authors: Pomeroy Elizabeth C. , Tate Smith Alice
Published: August 2019

Eating disorders among school-age children have become an increasingly serious mental health concern over the past decade. Children and adolescents from 5 to 18 years old are being diagnosed with eating disorders, and the latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) has expanded the eating disorders section to allow for more precise diagnoses of these disorders. Children and adolescents with eating disorders can suffer from anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders underlying the eating disorder. Youth often hide their eating disorder from adults, making it difficult for school professionals to assist them. This chapter includes evidence-based information on the assessment and diagnosis of and interventions for school-age children with eating disorders.