bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volunteers in Public Service Production: Modeling the Contributions of Volunteers to Organizational Performance
Authors: Kang Seong C
Published: July 2023

Volunteer use as an alternative service delivery arrangement entails public organizations directly incorporating volunteers in service production through a quasi-employment relationship. However, research evaluating the contributions of volunteer labor to organizational performance are relatively few. This article fills this gap by drawing from two theoretical insights. First, this study tests a linear model based on the traditional human resource management approach of interchangeability in which volunteers constitute a one-on-one substitute for paid employees. Second, this study draws insight from critical mass theory to explore a nonlinear model based on the assumption that the productivity of one volunteer may not be equal to that of one paid employee due to the systematic limitations of volunteer labor. Analyzing a five wave panel dataset of 484 local law enforcement agencies in the United States that utilize sworn volunteers with general arrest powers, the findings indicate that an increase in the number of sworn volunteers has a linear negative effect on clearing violent crimes in sheriffs offices. However, the results also indicate evidence of curvilinear effects on clearing violent crimes in police departments. This article suggests the need to account for the systematic limitations of volunteer labor when measuring performance and to explore multiple indicators. This study contributes to theory building and testing by enabling a two-way understanding of the relationship between volunteer involvement and organizational performance in the public sector.
Introduction
Authors: Hallas Roger
Published: July 2023

The introduction elucidates the broader question of intermediality between photography and film before focusing on the representation of photography within film. A comparative analysis of fictional narrative and documentary film illuminates the propensity of the latter for the intermedial incorporation of photography, permitting the media of photography and documentary film to each be “seen otherwise.” In particular, the spatio-temporal capacities of documentary film enable it to provide new or enhanced perspectives on the significance of photographic materiality and the event of photography. The introduction concludes with a summary of the book’s organization around documentary film’s engagement with the photographic image, the photograph as object, the photographer, the photo archive, and portraiture as photographic genre.
Introduction to the Volume
Authors: Hunter Angela , Wilkin Rebecca
Published: July 2023

The introduction characterizes Louise Dupin’s Work on Women as the most substantial feminist treatise of the French Enlightenment. It explains the impetus offered by Dupin’s mentor, the Abbé de Saint-Pierre; the inspiration provided by the seventeenth-century feminist Poulain de la Barre; and the duties performed by her secretary, Jean-Jacques Rousseau. The story of the elaboration, dispersal, and reconstruction of the manuscripts is told against the backdrop of the sexist bias in history that Dupin herself analyzes. Images of manuscript folios demonstrate her methods of scholarship and composition as well as Rousseau’s main tasks: excerpting relevant passages from sources, taking dictation, and copying out clean drafts. Beyond the textual collaboration of Dupin and her secretary, the introduction establishes the social and intellectual context that informed the creation of the Work on Women—and her choice to suppress it. Sources of family wealth, including investments in the slave trade, are compared to her pronouncements against slavery and related to the contradictions of contemporary white feminism. Montesquieu’s enmity for Louise Dupin and her husband Claude Dupin—aroused by their co-authored critique of his Spirit of the Laws—is presented as a possible reason for the non-completion, non-circulation, and non-publication of any part of the Work on Women during her lifetime, which lasted through the French Revolution.
Education and Mores
Authors: Hunter Angela , Wilkin Rebecca
Published: July 2023

Part IV argues that societal customs cause social and intellectual differences between men and women that are claimed to be natural. It traces the history of education in France from the Middle Ages to the early modern period, revealing the sexist assumptions that guide gender-specific education (e.g., in Fontenelle) and lamenting women’s lack of access to meaningful education. It exposes the injustices that result from the unequal upbringings of boys and girls: women’s exclusion from political, social, and familial power; harmful social interactions, miscommunication, and distrust between men and women; and impoverished marital relations wrought by hierarchy between husbands and wives. It critiques the moralist tradition for sexist bias for singling out moral flaws particular to women, and protests the representation of women passively suffering for the sake of love in eighteenth-century theater.
Waiting on Empire
Authors: Datta Arunima
Published: July 2023

Waiting on Empire: A History of Indian Travelling Ayahs in Britain is a tale of endless negotiations of migrant colonized subjects with powers that inevitably kept them waiting. The expansion of the British Empire facilitated movement across the globe for both the colonizers and the colonized. Waiting focuses on a largely forgotten group: South Asian travelling ayahs (servants and nannies), who travelled between India and Britain, but usually due to the irresponsibility of their employers often found themselves destitute in Britain as they struggled to find their way home to South Asia. Using individual case studies uncovered from a diverse range of archives to highlight the agency and activism of the travelling ayahs as they struggled to assert their rights, this book explores the ways in which travelling ayahs negotiated survival and employment opportunities in precarious conditions, capitalized upon social sympathy amongst sections of the British population, and confronted or collaborated with various British institutions and individuals to demand justice and humane treatment. This work seeks to draw attention to the complexities and nuanced aspects of the experience of waiting and its importance in the lives of those involved in transnational labour flows. This study shows that waiting has not been necessarily characterized only by passivity, inaction, paralysis, or lack of agency; rather, it has also been a zone of active negotiation, a zone of becoming, and a zone of constant action for those who wait and those who engage with them.
Decadent Conservatism
Authors: Murray Alex
Published: July 2023

British Decadent literature was a radical attack on conventional morality and middle-class taste, its insistence on the autonomy of the art and its exploration of sexuality, dissipation, and depravity at odds with the literary and social establishment. Yet this countercultural narrative has obscured the often reactionary, elitist, and nostalgic tendencies of Decadent writers and artists of the fin de siècle. This book offers the first in-depth examination of the intersection of Decadence and conservatism, arguing that underpinning both was the desire to find alternatives to liberal modernity. Both Decadents and conservatism turned to the past to uncover values and models of social organization that could offer stability in a chaotic world. From well-known figures such as Oscar Wilde and W. B. Yeats to the forgotten editors of short-lived periodicals, important female aesthetes such as Michael Field, and politicians such as Arthur Balfour, the book challenges conventional understandings of the relationship between aesthetics, politics, and the past in late Victorian Britain. Through a series of thematic chapters exploring the alternative communities created by little magazines, the politics of individualism, investments in monarchy and religion, folk Decadence, and jingoistic and nationalist responses to the Second Anglo-Boer War, this study offers a new and much messier picture of fin-de-siècle literary politics. It will be of interest to those working on Victorian literature and modernism, as well as the social, political and cultural history of the period 1880–1920.
Introduction
Authors: Murray Alex
Published: July 2023

This chapter places the book in broader debates about the politics of Decadence and modernism, arguing that the conservative tenor of much Decadent writing has been relatively neglected as critics focus more on the writers’ sexual politics and their appeal to novel experiences. It sketches out an alternative framework, making the claim that Decadence is also characterized by the appeal of tradition and inherited experience as an alternative to liberal narratives of progress. As it makes clear, these conservative responses do not map easily onto a left–right political continuum and run the gamut from reactionary politics to socialism. It then offers a concise exploration of conservatism as a philosophical and political tendency and places the writers examined in the book in the broader British conservative tradition inaugurated by Edmund Burke. It offers Lionel Johnson and Michael Field as exemplary Decadent conservatives.
A Frequent Visitor
Authors: Patten Robert L.
Published: July 2023

Dickens published a number of essays about the Morgue in his weekly perioidcals, Household Words and All the Year Round, between 1850 and 1867. These are analyzed in detail, for what he saw in corpses, what he viewed others seeing, and how visitors of all ages reacted to the sights. He had a strange attraction to repulsive images, associated corpses with ghosts, and mused about how a cadaver prompts stories it cannot speak. His thoughts are braided into the tapestry of his other writings, as he explores ways bodies may be reanimated, identities lost, and lives threatened by the dead. The capacity of the dead to intervene in human lives, even Dickens's, is particularly troubling.
Ringing Out Change
Authors: Patten Robert L.
Published: July 2023

Dickens had associated bells with New Year’s before; in this story they not only ring out the old and ring in the new, but they are misinterpreted by the protagonist, Trotty Veck, as messaging the same thing as the daily news. The Chimes is based on a real event, the trial for murder of a starving unwed mother who slips and falls into the Thames, killing her baby but surviving. The ruling class puts down laborers and suicides; Veck rescues them. As rebel, his odd trotting gait and appetites enshrine the lower-class carnivalesque of Mikhail Bakhtin. Physically able to make life’s journeys, he accepts the crushing verdict of superiors that the poor are unworthy. Like Scrooge, Trotty’s education is effected by spirits—of the bells, who immerse him in a future without hope or life. Once again past, present, and future combine to convert true hearts. Illustrations teach the same lesson.
Battling for his Life
Authors: Patten Robert L.
Published: July 2023

Dickens struggled to write a story about people deceiving themselves and others for good motives. Modeled on eighteenth-century morality tales, these characters have fixed notions: battles prove life is a farce, or a farce with enough battles to keep lawyers busy, or too confusing to sort out, or heroic on an everyday scale. A fruitful orchard growing upon old battlefield deaths instances natural recovery. In the ending, designed for staging as the exposure of farce and the truth of sacrifice and love, simple engraved mottos prevail: “forget and forgive,” and “do as you would be done by.” A traditional Christmas dance, present in previous books, is this time interrupted by terrible news that prostrates two people. It takes six years to right things. Dickens deploys assertions of farce to construct an anti-farce; but the dissemblings resist full explanation and accurate illustration. Death is the fact upon which human actions must be based.
A Life Course Approach to Women’s Health
Authors: Mishra Gita D. , Kuh Diana , Hardy Rebecca
Published: July 2023

This opening chapter sets out the central aim of this book to update and reviews the scientific evidence and methodological developments in life course epidemiology as applied to women’s health. It introduces life course epidemiology, which is the study of the contribution of biological and social factors acting independently, interactively, and cumulatively during gestation, childhood, adolescence, and adult life on health outcomes in later life. The chapter then provides an outline of the contents, taking the opportunity to highlight different aspects of the life course approach covered in each chapter. It concludes with a discussion of the recent developments in the adoption of a life course approach in national women’s health strategies.
A Life Course Approach to Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Masoli Jane A.H. , Hardy Rebecca
Published: July 2023

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains an important health problem in women because of the high incidence and associated morbidity and mortality. In this chapter, we identify multiple exposures from across the life course which may increase risk of CVD in women. The classic CVD risk factors remain key causes and are similarly associated with CVD in women as in men, although the association of blood pressure may be stronger in women. We review the evidence relating female reproductive characteristics to CVD, highlighting adverse pregnancy outcomes and early menopause as risk factors. The chapter also contains discussion of life course socioeconomic position, fetal and childhood growth and nutrition, and adverse childhood experiences as risk factors with consideration of the sex differences in associations. Wider socioeconomic inequalities in CVD are identified in women compared with men.
Cognition Function and Dementia
Authors: Sundermann Erin E. , Banks Sarah J. , Menendez Carlos Araujo
Published: July 2023

This chapter summarises current evidence of sex/gender differences in the rates, risk factors, pathology, and clinical manifestation of dementia and how life-long sex differences in cognition, brain function, and reproductive ageing may contribute to these differences. We focus on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), as it is the most common dementia subtype with the most research investigating sex/gender differences. The sex/gender differences in AD are critical and perplexing. Whereas women show higher rates of AD, greater AD pathology burden, and a steeper decline before AD dementia diagnosis, they also show a more favourable clinical profile in prodromal AD. These sex differences are not understood but have significant implications for our ability to diagnose, track, and intervene in disease progression. We discuss potential contributing factors to these differences, including the life-long female advantage in verbal memory and brain glucose metabolism in conjunction with greater AD pathology burden in women versus men in early disease stages. Given that reproductive hormones are a central determinant of sex differences in brain structure and function, we hypothesise that factors which influence lifetime gonadal hormone exposure are also critical to understanding sex differences in AD. Whereas both men and women undergo reproductive ageing, this process is more complex in women, who experience such hormone-altering events as pregnancy and menopause and exogenous hormone use (e.g. hormone therapy, contraceptives) that have been linked to dementia risk. In addition to biological factors, we discuss the contributions of gender-based sociocultural factors to sex differences in AD, particularly with risk and protective factors.
Endocrine Pathways Across the Life Course
Authors: Bianchini Marta , Chiefari Alfonsina , Lauretta Rosa , Mormando Marilda , Puliani Giulia , Appetecchia Marialuisa
Published: July 2023

Hormones are involved in virtually all physiological systems, including growth, sexual maturation and fertility, metabolism, and circadian rhythms, with a crucial role in the maintenance of women’s health. This chapter provides an overview of the female physiology of the main endocrine axes (gonadal, adrenal, thyroid, and metabolic) and their central regulation. In fact, hormones secretion is finely regulated by hypothalamus–pituitary axis, which is capable of analysing and integrating information from peripherical organs and external environment. The changes in the physiology of each hypothalamus-pituitary axis are analyzed across the woman’s life, from gestation to senescence, with a special focus on pregnancy and on the influence of lifestyle in hormonal status.
Women’s Social Relationships and Links with Health and Well-being over the Life Course
Authors: McMunn Anne
Published: July 2023

It is generally accepted that, with the notable exception of marriage, social relationships are more important for women than for men. There is now an extensive body of evidence showing that a variety of aspects of social relationships are crucial for well-being and happiness, and a lack of social integration is strongly linked with poor health and earlier mortality. Based on the notion that social relationships are particularly central to women’s identities, women are thought to be more ‘reactive’ than men to the quality of their relationships. However, evidence reviewed in this chapter suggests that this may be true psychologically, but not in terms of CVD, mortality, or cognitive outcomes, nor in terms of biological stress responses which may link social stressors such as isolation with health outcomes. Given weakening of traditional gender norms and socialisation processes, we might expect gendered patterns in social relations and their impact on health to be in flux. Recent evidence does continue to show that women provide and receive more support from a wider and more diverse social network than men do, but there is more evidence to support change in the gendered nature of partnership. Evidence supporting the greater health benefits of partnership for men appears to be diminishing in more recent cohorts in Western contexts, suggesting that partnership is one site in which we are beginning to see the result of changing gender relations.
Andrew Lang
Authors: Sloan John
Published: July 2023

This is the first full biography of Andrew Lang, a major late-Victorian writer and thinker, one who challenged the increasing specialism that accompanied the advance of modernity and science in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. Drawing extensively on unpublished correspondence and new sources of information and research, the book sheds new light on his double existence as a scholar and journalist, on the influences of his Scottish upbringing and education on his generalist approach to knowledge and learning, and on the wider intellectual impact of his cross-disciplinary writings in the fields of literature, social anthropology, mythology and folklore, Homeric studies, history, and the origins of religion.
Sensationalism and the Jew in Antebellum American Literature
Authors: Anthony David
Published: July 2023

This book examines the charged but mostly overlooked presence of the “sensational Jew” in antebellum literature. This stereotyped character appears primarily in the pulpy sensation fiction of popular writers like George Lippard, Ned Buntline (real name E. Z. C. Judson), Emerson Bennett, and others. But this figure also plays an important role in the sometimes “sensational” work of canonical writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Walt Whitman. Whatever the medium, this character, always overdetermined, does consistent cultural work. This book contends that, as the figure who embodies money and capitalism in the antebellum imagination, the sensational Jew is the character who most fully represents a felt anxiety about the increasingly unstable nature of a range of social categories in the antebellum US and the sense of loss and self-hatred so often lurking in the background of modern Gentile identity. Each chapter examines a different form of sensationalism (urban gothic; sentimental city mysteries; anti-Tom plantation narratives; etc.) and a different set of anxieties (threats to class status; collapsing regional identity; the uncertain status of Whiteness and other racial categories; etc.). Throughout, the sensational Jew acts both as a figure of “proteophobia” (fear of disorder and ambivalence), and as the figure who embodies in uncanny form a more fulfilling and socially coherent form of identity that predates the modern liberal selfhood of the post-Enlightenment world. The sensational Jew is therefore a revealing figure in antebellum culture. However, this figure is also an important antecedent to contemporary antisemitism in the US.
Encomium (贊)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains the only extant encomium by Yunjidang, which offers a poem praising Anja’s love of learning, a favorite theme of neo-Confucians in general and of Yunjidang in particular.
Epitaphs (墓誌銘)
Authors: Ivanhoe Philip J. , Wang Hwa Yeong
Published: July 2023

This section contains three funeral epitaphs that Jeongildang wrote on behalf of her husband. The second is particularly poignant as it commemorates the death of their ninth child.
Our Online Emotional Selves
Authors: Nabi Robin L. , Myrick Jessica Gall
Published: July 2023

The 21st century has seen rapid and profound technological innovations that have fundamentally changed the global media environment, which, in turn, has deeply impacted important aspects of people’s daily experiences, emotional experiences in particular. Given the centrality of emotions to human action and interaction, as well as to psychological well-being, this volume explores the effects of newer media technology experiences on our lives through the lens of emotion science. Organized around four major themes—evoking and measuring emotional response, psychological well-being, social relationships, and information engagement—this work highlights the powerful role that emotions play when people enter online spaces.
Online Inspiration
Authors: Oliver Mary Beth , Raney Arthur A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the experience of inspiration in online contexts. The chapter begins by examining the notion of inspiration itself, explaining that although this term may be used in a variety of contexts, here the use focuses on self-transcendent affect, including states such as elevation and awe. Subsequently, the chapter provides an overview of the types of online content that frequently heighten users’ feelings of inspiration, as well as the traits associated with greater exposure to self-transcendent content. The chapter then turns to an overview of scholarship that has examined the variety of prosocial outcomes associated with the experience of inspiration, including heightened altruism and stereotype reduction. Finally, a consideration of the implications of specific affordances of online technologies is presented, as well as the challenges of harnessing online inspiration for social good.
Online Hate
Authors: Walther Joseph B.
Published: July 2023

Social media facilitate hate messages based on race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, nationality, and political ideology. Previous research about online hate focuses on individual differences or group identification as its basis. This chapter presents a novel prosocial explanation: Social media encourage the performance of hate online primarily for perpetrators to get attention and reinforcement from like-minded haters and only secondarily (if at all) to harass its apparent targets. It proposes that online hate is socially coordinated and performative. The comments and symbols social media afford may not only promote further hate messaging but also, when shared by viewers, reinforce and magnify posters’ prejudicial emotions and attitudes. This chapter reviews several extant theoretical constructs that identify the social basis of hate and denigration and adapts these notions to social media environments.
Online Emotional Social Support and Coping with Stress and Crises
Authors: Myrick Jessica Gall , Pavelko Rachelle L. , Cohen Olivia
Published: July 2023

People rely on their personal networks for an abundance of resources, including emotional, social, and physical support. Digital media provide many tools for seeking and using these networks and their social benefits. Social networks are particularly useful to help enhance individual coping capabilities, and the emergence of digital media and technologies has broadened access to meaningful social support during stressful situations by creating both informal and formal spaces for interaction. This chapter first presents a conceptual overview of stress, coping, and social support before addressing the role of digital media in these processes. Additionally, several exemplar crises (e.g., natural disasters) are highlighted that reveal the utility, versatility, and challenges with online social support. Lastly, this chapter presents the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study for examining the intersection of digital media, social support, and emotion-focused coping during a time when online interactions were a vital source of connection.
Mummifying Incas
Authors: Heaney Christopher
Published: July 2023

This chapter shows how seventeenth- and eighteenth-century grave-openers in the viceroyalty of Peru turned Inca and Andean ancestors into objects of global scientific study, despite failed attempts to transfer them to Europe. Inspired by the Inca chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega Inca, the Jesuit José de Acosta, and other Andean texts, foreign scholars recast the “embalmed” Inca yllapas as “mummies” like those of ancient Egypt. Everyday Andean grave-openers, however, interpreted preserved pre-Hispanic remains as “beautiful grandparents” or even Incas who had committed suicide to protest Spanish rule. Finally, Spanish and Spanish-American scholars submitted “ancient Peruvian” bodies and tombs to more “scientific” explanations, using them to defend Spanish colonialism, estimate the heights and depth of Indigenous American civilization and for the first time, measure their racialized skulls. By 1800, elites claimed to have redeemed “Inca mummies” and “ancient Peruvian” tombs as symbols of Peruvian science and sovereignty.
The Three Burials of Julio César Tello
Authors: Heaney Christopher
Published: July 2023

When the Peruvian archaeologist Julio César Tello (1880–1947) died of cancer, his body and legacy as an Indigenous intellectual entered an afterlife as complex as that of the Paracas mummy bundles he studied. This chapter shows how the Peruvian state, his students, and American colleagues buried him three times over. The first two times were literal. Despite years of financial neglect, the Peruvian state interred the “good Indian” in the country’s pantheon for statesmen and elites. A year later, however, his students fulfilled his desire to be interred in his final museum’s patio, beneath an Andean monolith yards away from the disturbed mummies that, according to his Huarochirí countrymen, may have killed him. His third, metaphorical burial was by American anthropology in the Smithsonian’s Hall of Physical of Anthropology in 1965, which appropriated his findings regarding Paracas’s Andean trepanners and repainted them as Incas at Machu Picchu.
Westward the Course of Empire
Authors: Snow Jennifer C.
Published: July 2023

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, the U.S. expansion into the Caribbean and Pacific took Episcopalian mission along with political domination. This chapter explores the dynamics of mission in “foreign” lands that were also part of the territorial United States, with particular attention to Hawai’i and the Philippines. Episcopalian missionary practice in this context was more similar to foreign missionaries, who as small minorities within another culture’s totality tended to develop skills of translation and attitudes of respect for local ways and other cultures, languages, and religions. These practices that began to move away from total assimilationism in mission were part of a growing world Christian shift to a more morally questioning, nuanced, and self-reflective attitude toward racial, cultural, and religious difference among missionary practitioners and theorists.
Sexuality and Schism
Authors: Snow Jennifer C.
Published: July 2023

The late twentieth- and early twenty-first-century controversy over sexuality in global Anglicanism has its roots in the long history of colonialism and mission that shaped Christian disciplines of sexuality in certain ways in the Global South, and differently in the Global North. The understanding of many Episcopalians of the controversy was completely distinct from that of those on the other side. For those on both sides, what was at stake was the purpose and mission of the church. This chapter traces the development of gay and lesbian people as a “mission field” in the church and the ways in which support for their inclusion was understood as connected to the missio dei understanding of the church’s purpose, as well as the ways in which this issue was internationalized and polarized as part of an opposing missional interpretation.
Present at the Creation, 1863–1877
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores African Americans’ struggles to achieve freedom during 1863–1877. It starts with Black people signing up with Abraham Galloway to destroy the system of plantation slavery. Slavery was considered to be the foundation for politics and society for nearly 250 years, especially when slavery was a big business that shaped the economy and life of the South and North. Moreover, owning a slave was a privilege of wealth. The chapter cites how the slave uprising that turned the image of docile slaves becoming bloodthirsty beasts reinforced the notion of white supremacy. It elaborates on the conflict between the Republican Congress and President Andrew Johnson that revolved around the Radical Reconstruction.
Postwar Protest
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

This chapter cites the beginning of the modern civil rights movement after the conclusion of World War II. It highlights the determination of Black people to be heard and to create a more equal society in politics, education, the economy, and the court. However, repeated instances of white resistance continued, as racist violence occurred almost everywhere. The chapter examines President Harry Truman’s more traditional and ambivalent stance of combining rhetorical support for racial justice with almost no substantive follow-through. It elaborates on the Montgomery boycott that lasted for 381 days and Martin Luther King Jr.’s introduction as a leader of the civil rights movement. The Ku Klux Klan drove through Montgomery and attempted to splinter and intimidate the community, but Black residents of Montgomery only jeered and laughed at the Klan members.
Class Formation, Slavery, and Militarization
Authors: Johnston Melissa
Published: July 2023

Chapter 2 opens three pairs of twinned chapters. This chapter provides discussion of historical class formation in Timor-Leste from the establishment of Portuguese mercantilism in the 1700s until the 1990s, describing how members of the emergent liurai-dato class came to associate themselves with, and benefit from, militaristic ideas. Martial development was predicated on a form of militarized masculinity and gendered class oppression, of which slavery and conflict-related sexual and gender-based violence were key parts. Chapter 2 provides an important and original contribution to the literature on gendered slavery, as well as sexual and gender-based violence in conflict. Moving to the present, the chapter shows how the dominance of the liurai-dato class underpins and conditions state power in Timor-Leste. The liurai-dato is demarcated by and formed through kinship. In the contemporary period, its most successful members have been able to leverage high-born status into well-paid political leadership roles or government or private-sector jobs in the capital, Dili.
The Homeric Centos
Authors: Lefteratou Anna
Published: July 2023

The Homeric Centos, a poem that is Homeric in style and biblical in theme, is a dramatic illustration of the creative cultural and religious dialogue between Classical Antiquity and Christianity taking place in the Roman Empire during the fifth century ce. The text is attributed to Eudocia, the empress and poet who died exiled in the Holy Land ca. 460. With lines drawn verbatim from Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, the poet begins with the Creation and Fall and ends with Jesus’ Resurrection and Ascension. In this blend of Homeric style andw Christian theme, there are also echoes of Classical and Classicizing literature, stretching from Homer and drama to imperial literature; equally prominent are echoes of earlier Christian verse models and theological works. This analysis focuses on the poem’s double inspiration from both classical and Christian traditions; emphasizes the prominent role of women; explores its relationship with the cultural milieu of the fifth century ce; and offers in-depth analysis of the scenes of Creation and Fall and Jesus’ Passion, Resurrection, and Ascension. This book exposes the work’s debt to centuries of Homeric reception and interpretation as well as Christian exegesis, and places it at the crossroads between Christian and pagan literary traditions.
Reweaving Eudocia’s Web
Authors: Lefteratou Anna
Published: July 2023

The concluding chapter “reweaves” all the Biblical and Homeric separate threads analyzed throughout the book back together into the poetic textile with which this analysis began, adding some reflections on the poem’s Sitz im Leben, the biases modern scholars faced by engaging with these works, and the challenges of future research. Far from being classroom poetry the I HC is an original classicizing poem representative of late antique reception of Homeric epics, which is different to the authority Virgil held in the Latin speaking West. Similarly, The biblical material does not aim to replace or harmonize the Bible but is a creative revision of both canonical and apocryphal texts and acquainted with the fifth-century theological debates without however taking a strong stance. The I HC do not argue that Homer preached the Gospel but reworked and interpreted the Gospel through the Homeric lens. Ultimately the I HC is a Biblical Homeric Cento, composed by Eudocia.
Religiosity and ideology in Western Europe and the United States
Authors: Navarrete Rosa M. , Cordero Guillermo , Balaguer Jaime
Published: July 2023

This chapter analyses the extent to which religiosity is correlated to ideology, how this correlation has changed over time, and what factors explain the variations of this relationship in two different contexts: Western Europe (left–right ideology) and the United States (liberal–conservative ideology). In the case of Europe, we demonstrate how in those countries where party or religious elites activate religious issues and are able to place them in the public sphere, religiosity becomes a most efficient predictor of ideology. For the United States, we examine the association between individual religiosity and ideological self-placement, providing evidence on how individual religiosity operates as a strong predictor of ideology, a relationship consistent over time which does not show signs of decline.
Italy
Authors: Biolcati Ferruccio , Segatti Paolo , Vezzoni Cristiano
Published: July 2023

This chapter documents three lines of historical development of the Church/State compound divide. First, it analyses the over-time unchurching of the Italians that shrunk the pool of DC voters. Secondly, it shows how this process affected dramatically the vote for DC. Finally, it indicates the extent to which the remaining core Catholics were still highly likely to vote for DC until its disappearance during the party system reshuffle in the early 1990s. The Italian case clearly shows that disruption of a cleavage is more likely to occur when the political supply changes than when the voters’ outlooks do. More recently, however, and contrariwise to the elections that took place between the late 1940s and the early 1990s, Catholics never concentrated their vote in one or other of the two coalitions which emerged as the main political actors, notwithstanding the intense conflict on moral issues which characterized some electoral campaigns.
Switzerland
Authors: Lachat Romain
Published: July 2023

The religious cleavage has traditionally played a central role in structuring Swiss politics. Together with the class divide, it has long been one of the main lines of divisions characterizing electoral competition. Yet secularization and a process of partisan dealignment have strongly reduced the electoral relevance of that divide. This chapter analyses this transformation, by focusing on the impact of religion and religiosity on citizens’ electoral choices, in the period from 1971 to 2019. It shows how that divide, which was the strongest one in the early 1970s, was weakened by several processes: the decline of religiosity, in particular the number of devout Catholics, a blurring of the ideological differences between religious groups, as well as a decrease in the impact of religiosity on partisan preferences.
Conclusions
Authors: Segatti Paolo , Calvo Kerman , Montero José Ramón
Published: July 2023

This chapter sets out the main arguments raised throughout the volume, reflecting on the achievements but also imagining the main elements of a future research agenda on religion and politics. The chapter reviews the main findings of the different chapters by showing that religion and religiosity still weigh on vote choice in secularized societies of Western Europe and in the United States. It also highlights the changes from the historical patterns of association of religion with electoral politics to religious voting, by summarizing the evidence of the single country and comparative chapters. It summarizes what the main mechanisms of a religious voting are, allowing for the distinction between the party-based and the election-based modes of religious voting. While the first works through party identification and ideological distance with a party, the second operates through polarization on moral issues by parties, often reflecting processes of politicization of moral and religious issues activated in the public sphere by different political actors, ecclesiastical elites, religious leaders, and religious or secular movements.
Documentation of Australian languages
Authors: Thieberger Nicholas
Published: July 2023

Primary records of Australian Indigenous languages can provide both a kind of information and an immediacy of connection with the speakers that are not so apparent in derived analytical works. Locating primary records is often a difficult task, but digitizing can make records more accessible. Language documentation emphasises the creation of primary records together with language descriptions, and so there should be more detailed records based on linguistic research in the past generation, but that is not necessarily the case. This points to the need for greater uptake of new methods in linguistic fieldwork that will result in well-structured and well-described primary documentation of Australian languages.
Australian languages and syntactic theory
Authors: Nordlinger Rachel
Published: July 2023

Research on Australian languages has made a significant impact on the development of linguistic theory over the last fifty to sixty years. This chapter provides a brief overview of the key areas in which Australian languages have featured in theoretical discussions of (morpho)syntax and syntactic theory, focussing particularly on phrase structure and nonconfigurationality, ergativity, case stacking, polysynthesis, and subordination. Other areas in which Australian language data has featured in the theoretical syntactic literature include noun incorporation, polysynthesis, complex predicates, and templatic morphology; these are also briefly surveyed. The chapter focusses on the empirical issues relating to some Australian languages and points the reader to some of the relevant literature discussing the implications for different syntactic theories.
Philological methods for Australian languages
Authors: Giacon John , Koch Harold
Published: July 2023

For many Australian languages, the available material exists primarily in historical (written and audio) sources. For language description, comparison, and revitalization, the information in these sources needs to be interpreted. We describe ‘philological methods’, the processes required for this interpretation—which are different from the methods that can be used with languages that are currently spoken. Written sources may be restricted in their scope (e.g. mere word lists), be recorded with ambiguous spelling, either lack a grammatical analysis or use one based on inadequate models, and texts may be highly simplified and have only an approximate translation. The first task is to establish the correct phonological form of words (reconstitution or reconstruction). We discuss the possible sources of errors, provide practical steps in philological analysis—in the domains of phonology, grammar, texts—and make suggestions regarding the prospects for using the results of this philological processing for purposes of language revival.
Morphophonology
Authors: Round Erich R.
Published: July 2023

The phonologies of the world’s languages vary in their static properties, such as segment inventories and phonotactics, but also in their dynamic, morphophonological alternations. The dynamic phonology of Australian languages has been significantly understudied. Here we draw on a dataset of morphophonological alternations in 118 languages. Two topics are chosen for their particular interest with respect to Australian languages: lenition and assimilation. The coverage here represents the most in-depth survey of both phenomena in Australian languages at the time of writing. For reasons of space, we cover the most common and widespread kinds of lenition processes in Australian languages: alternations in syllable onset position between stops and more sonorous oral segments or zero, in which the alternations are phonologically conditioned by the sonority of the segment on the left; and local assimilation between adjacent consonants, and between vowels in adjacent syllables.
Sound change
Authors: Alpher Barry
Published: July 2023

Including brief notes on the theory and nature of sound-change and with attention to evidence of phonologization, this chapter surveys sound-changes attested in the history of indigenous languages of the Australian continent, restricting coverage to languages which are classed tentatively as belonging to the (pan)Australian phylogenetic group. The aim is to present as wide a geographical coverage as feasible. General categories are consonant manners of articulation (development and split), lenition, and conflation; vowel inventories; vowel assimilation across consonants; dropping of initial consonants; consonant cluster alterations; treatment of unstressed vowels, mergers between laminal and apical consonants; consonant fortition not creating new manner series; and creation of individual sounds not previously in the inventory. Entries on particular languages are cross-referenced, where relevant, with regard to outcomes of the changes.
Ergativity
Authors: Dunn Vivien , Meakins Felicity
Published: July 2023

The vast majority of Australian languages are morphologically ergative, with the nominal in the A role marked with an ergative suffix and the S and O unmarked. Nonetheless, almost all morphologically-ergative Australian languages are syntactically-accusative, i.e. S and O are treated the same way by syntactic processes such as coordination and subordination. A very few Australian languages are also syntactically ergative, which is rare cross-linguistically. Although most Australian languages are considered morphologically ergative, many of these languages do not exhibit ergative case-marking across all nominal types. There is often a ‘split’ in the case-marking system of these languages, with ergative-absolutive marking patterns on some classes of nominals, and nominative-accusative marking patterns on others. Finally in some Australian languages, the ergative marker may be either present or absent from an A argument without affecting the grammatical role of the nominal in the clause, i.e. the nominal is still A regardless of whether it is marked by an ergative marker or not. This phenomenon is referred to as ‘optional ergativity’ and has been estimated to occur in at least 10% of Australian languages.
Conjugation classes
Authors: Koch Harold
Published: July 2023

It is typical of Australian languages that not all verbs follow an identical pattern of inflection for tense, mood, and aspect values. Verbs in a language rather belong to a number of separate inflectional classes, called conjugations. Conjugational systems are here described for a representative sample of Pama-Nyungan languages. These are organized according to languages with (three to eight) robust conjugations, just two conjugations, or none but containing possible verbs with irregular inflection or showing traces of earlier conjugational differences. Languages rarely show more than three dominant paradigms, and typically contain minor classes or irregular inflectional patterns characteristic of a set of widespread cognate historically monosyllabic verb roots—whose inflectional paradigms are consequently capable of a certain degree of historical reconstruction.
Valency change and causation
Authors: Spronck Stef
Published: July 2023

Valency and valency change are central topics in syntactic typology. Based on a genus-based sample of 41 languages, this chapter surveys strategies for signalling valency change across Australian languages, specifically, in causation and applicatives. The chapter starts with a discussion of the broad typological concepts involved and presents a definition of the categories of internal and external causation and applicatives. After introducing the sampling method, it then presents the affixes and multi-word constructions marking causation and applicatives as well as their (geographical) distribution. The chapter concludes that while some languages in the sample treat causatives and applicatives as a dedicated morphosyntactic class, both applicatives and causatives are mixed phenomena in Australian languages. This observation is explained by the suggestion that lexical, functional, syntactic and pragmatic factors play a role in the classification of (pro)nominal clause participants, and that for understanding valency in the respective languages these factors are variably relevant.
Word order
Authors: Andrews-Hoke Magda , Brody Parker
Published: July 2023

In many languages, word order plays a role parallel to morphological features, such as case marking and verbal agreement, in that it encodes basic relationships between syntactic elements, e.g., a verb and its core argument(s), or a head noun and its dependent(s). This chapter presents a summary of basic word order and related phenomena in the context of the Indigenous languages of Australia. Australian languages have been noted for their variability with respect to the ordering of words and/or constituents, though most show statistical preference for a single order, most commonly SOV or SVO. The chapter presents a summary of sentence- or utterance-level word and constituent order in both Pama-Nyungan and non-Pama-Nyungan languages. This is followed by an overview of word order phenomena in noun phrases.