bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Escuelas públicas de financiamiento privado. El proyecto posrevolucionario de Escuelas Primarias Artículo 123 en San Luis Potosí, 1917-1978
Authors: Medina Esquivel René
Published: November 2020

El Artículo 123 de la Constitución mexicana de 1917 estableció las circunstancias en que los patrones estaban obligados a financiar escuelas primarias para los hijos de sus trabajadores. Pero el cumplimiento de este precepto recorrió un accidentado camino para llevarse a la práctica. El caso de San Luis Potosí nos muestra cómo estos planteles tuvieron una destacada contribución al proceso de apropiación sociocultural de la escuela primaria, pero ilustra también los límites del Estado mexicano posrevolucionario en la tarea de obligar a los patrones a colaborar en su proyecto educativo.
De Memorias del subdesarrollo a Memorias del desarrollo: Kafka en la literatura cubana del desencanto
Authors: Aparicio Yannelys
Published: November 2020

Las novelas de Edmundo Desnoes Memorias del subdesarrollo (1965) y Memorias del desarrollo (2007) describen el mundo de un burgués que no se adapta ni al proceso revolucionario de Cuba en los años sesenta ni al desarrollo de los Estados Unidos en el fin del siglo XX y comienzos del XXI. Totalmente desubicado, el personaje bebe de las fuentes del existencialismo de mitad de siglo XX y tiene muchas similitudes con ciertos personajes animalizados de Kafka, que van perdiendo poco a poco la capacidad de razonar y se convierten en insectos inútiles.
L’autoformation, nouveau paradigme de développement de carrière dans le contexte numérique ? Regards sur le milieu musical montréalais
Authors: Martet Sylvain , LUSSIER Martin , BÉLANGER Anouk
Published: November 2020

Cet article propose de porter un regard sur les modes de formation des travailleurs.euses du milieu musical montréalais dans l’environnement numérique. Face aux changements que celui-ci entraîne pour les métiers de la musique, les professionnels.les ont tendance à se tourner davantage vers l’autoformation plutôt que vers les offres institutionnelles pourtant bien présentes au Québec. En plus de formations ponctuelles tout au long de la carrière, les musiciens.nes et les travailleurs.euses de l’industrie musicale favorisent le développement de savoirs par l’expérience, le recours aux communautés de pratiques et la mobilisation de ressources en ligne.
Revendiquer le salariat ou comment court-circuiter le cycle d’accumulation du capital des médias socionumériques
Authors: LAMOUREUX Samuel
Published: November 2020

Cet article propose d’adopter une ancienne revendication pour enrayer un nouveau problème. Face à l’exploitation du travail des usagers des médias sociaux numériques, nous proposons que le meilleur moyen de contrer le cycle d’accumulation du capital des grandes corporations numériques est de revendiquer le salariat. Cette redistribution, qui pourrait prendre la forme d’un revenu contributif, viendrait directement ébranler les fondations du capitalisme financier.
Pulse Coding Controlled Switching Converter with Notch Generation and its Conversion Voltage Ratio Analysis
Authors: Sun Yi Fei , Kobori Yasunori , Kuwana Anna , Kobayashi Haruo
Published: November 2020

This paper proposes an EMI spread spectrum technology with automatically setting the notch frequency using the pulse coding controlled method of the DC-DC switching converter. In the automatic notch generation method, by usage of the input frequency Fin, the clock frequency Fckand the coding pulses PH, PL are generated automatically using the equation (see formula in the paper). Here the conversion voltage ratio is given by (see formula in the paper) . If shifts, the balance of the inductor current is shifted and then the output voltage ripple is influenced. Moreover, as the power supply IC, it is necessary to automatically detect or set the conditions for Vin and Vout, and hence we also provide discussion about the conversion voltage ratio Do in many situations.
Consideration on Input Signal for ADC Histogram Test in Short Time
Authors: Zhao Yujie , Kuwana Anna , Du Yuan Yang , Ozawa Yuki , Sasaki Yuto , Kobayashi Haruo , Nakatani Takayuki , Hatayama Kazumi , Sato Keno , Ishida Takashi , Okamoto Toshiyuki , Ichikawa Tamotsu
Published: November 2020

This paper describes two algorithms for generating test signals to efficiently test the linearity of ADCs. Linearity is an important testing item for ADCs, and it takes a long time (hence is costly) to test especially low-sampling-rate, high-resolution ADCs. We have proposed to generate a test signal consisting of multiple-sine waves, to precisely test the linearity for specific important codes (such as around the center of the output codes), using an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) and an analog filter in our previous studies. Here, we formulate them for general use. Their verification is performed on a single sine wave, and good results are obtained to show the validity of the derivation algorithm.
Competency level assessment of healthcare practitioners in managing diabetes and diabetic eye disease in the district health system of Limpopo province, South Africa
Authors: Abdool Zaheera , Naidoo Kovin , Visser Linda
Published: November 2020

Background: There are many gaps in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic eye disease in the district health system (DHS) of South Africa (SA). National guidelines recommend annual eye examinations for patients with DM.Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe the self-reported skill levels of healthcare practitioners (HCPs) to conduct eye examination procedures required for a proposed diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening model.Setting: The study was conducted in public health institutions of Waterberg district and Mankweng Hospital complex (Capricorn district) in Limpopo province, SA.Methods: A cross-sectional design using purposive sampling was conducted, and questionnaires were distributed to a total of 74 HCPs. The questionnaires distributed included questions relating to the competency levels of primary healthcare nurses (PHC nurses), optometrists, ophthalmic nurses and medical officers (MOs) regarding examination procedures in the management of patients with DM and whether they agreed with the developed DR screening model.Results: All the PHC nurses had knowledge about all the examination procedures required in the proposed DR screening model, whilst 94.1% of MOs exhibited knowledge regarding the procedures required from them. Optometrists lacked knowledge of grading DR, and ophthalmic nurses were least knowledgeable about conducting internal and external eye examinations and in detecting and grading DR.Conclusion: The proposed DR screening model did not need modification. The involvement of dieticians and more ophthalmic nurses could be beneficial to the DR screening model.
Identifying transport policy gaps in student travel demand management in South Africa
Authors: Mokwena Ofentse H. , Zuidgeest Mark
Published: November 2020

Background: Travel demand in higher education precincts is derived from the affordability of university education, the availability of student accommodation on- or off-campus and the manner in which university mobility is managed.Objectives: This article described the transport policy environment for student travel behaviour through the process of integrated policy analysis (PIPA) with the primary aim of outlining the major directions of student mobility management from peer-reviewed literature.Method: Gaps in the South African transport policy environment were identified for university student mobility as a result of the official policy position neglecting the segment and 7 of 26 public universities acting upon these markets without enabling legislation.Results: It was found that measures associated with managing travel demand demarcate mobility management practices. Through the literature, the article found that (1) the policy environment lags behind university interventions, which resonate with international evidence; (2) international evidence reveals that multiple directions for managing travel demand for university precincts; and (3) there is a need to reform the mobility and access policies for university precincts in South Africa (SA).Conclusion: In essence, the literature review presented heterogenous contexts and techniques to specify mobility and access problems and redress them. This enhanced the quality of policy design, evaluation and implementation particularly for integrated transport planning in SA. The primary limit of this study was that it is a policy review, relying heavily on secondary data to set the scene for future research.
Southern African guidelines on the safe, easy and effective use of pre-exposure prophylaxis: 2020
Authors: Bekker Linda-Gail , Brown Benjamin , Joseph-Davey Dvora , Gill Kathrine , Moorhouse Michelle , Delany-Moretlwe Sinead , Myer Landon , Orrell Catherine , Rebe Kevin , Venter W.D. Francois , Wallis Carole L.
Published: November 2020

No abstract  available.
Methylated CpG dinucleotides in the 5-α reductase 2 gene may explain finasteride resistance in benign prostatic enlargement patients
Authors: Lin Zhe-Min , Fan Dong-Dong , Jin Song , Liu Zhan-Liang , Niu Yi-Nong
Published: November 2020

The inhibition of 5-α reductase type 2 (SRD5A2) by finasteride is commonly used for the management of urinary obstruction resulting from benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). Certain BPE patients showing no SRD5A2 protein expression are resistant to finasteride therapy. Our previous work showed that methylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands in the SRD5A2 gene might account for the absence or reduction of SRD5A2 protein expression. Here, we found that the expression of the SRD5A2 protein was variable and that weak expression of the SRD5A2 protein (scored 0–100) occurred in 10.0% (4/40) of benign adult prostates. We showed that the expression of SRD5A2 was negatively correlated with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression. In vitro SRD5A2-negative BPH-1 cells were resistant to finasteride treatment, and SRD5A2 was re-expressed in BPH-1 cells when SRD5A2 was demethylated by 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) or N-phthalyl-L-tryptophan (RG108). Furthermore, we determined the exact methylation ratios of CpG dinucleotides in a CpG island of SRD5A2 through MassArray quantitative methylation analysis. Ten methylated CpG dinucleotides, including four CpG dinucleotides in the promoter and six CpG dinucleotides in the first exon, were found in a CpG island located from −400 bp to +600 bp in SRD5A2, which might lead to the silencing of SRD5A2 and the absence or reduction of SRD5A2 protein expression. Finasteride cannot exert a therapeutic effect on patients lacking SRD5A2, which may partially account for the resistance to finasteride observed in certain BPE patients.
NEW FINISH DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT
Authors:   USCAR
Published: November 2020

This standard lists variables that shall be investigated and reported as an initial investigation into new or revised surface finishes intended for use on fasteners. This standard provides instruction for producing a final report that will be used to determine if further investigation of a surface finish is justified. Further investigation may include tests and evaluations specific to an individual OEM prior to introduction/approval of the surface finish. The final report shall include the results, observations, and conclusions for all of the variables. The final report may be made up of several individual reports covering each variable. In all cases the laboratory performing the test, the test date and the report approver shall be included in the final report.
TEST PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING BOLT-LOAD RETENTION OF MAGNESIUM ALLOYS
Authors:   USCAR
Published: November 2020

A bolt-load retention (BLR) test is a practical test to determine the bolt load of a fastener joint with time and at given temperatures. There are three types of BLR tests described in this standard, namely general-purpose test, design-purpose test, and screening material test. A general-purpose BLR test may be used for screening materials, while a design-purpose BLR test is usually used to verify the BLR behavior of a specific joint. The screening material test is an example of the general-purpose test for typical automotive applications.
LEAD-FREE SOLDER VALIDATION TEST PLAN
Authors:   USCAR
Published: November 2020

This guideline is applicable to existing lead solder production products that will change to lead-free solder processes to meet the ELV Directive 2000/53/EC Annex II, exemption 8B requirements. This guideline is applicable to similar products used by multiple OEM's that have the same manufacturing processes / equipment. The intent is to streamline the supplier’s environmental testing via common qualification to reduce timing, quantities, and costs.
An Interactive Adaptable Learning Interfacefor E-Learning Sessions
Authors: Odarushchenko Elena , Butenko Valentina , Smolyar Viktor , Kharchenko Vyacheslav
Published: November 2020

Introduction of augmented reality into the E-learning systems brings a new era in personal remote education. While E-learning brings a lot of benefits for both instructor and student it also has various difficulties, such as absence of vital personal interaction that can influence on student motivation and inspiration. To decrease this gap we have started the development of an Interactive Adaptable Learning Interface (IALI) that with the help of speech synthesizers, emotions and voice recognition systems tries to adapt the ongoing E-learning session to the student behavior, simulating the way instructor adapt the lesson to the student reactions. As the IALI is initially planned for Ukrainian language students, we have made a deep analysis of nowadays applicable solutions for Ukrainian speech synthesis and recognition. In this paper we present the conducted analysis and application of the most widely applied speech synthesizers, voice and emotions recognition systems that were used to develop first version of IALI.
Extended Reality technologies for industrial innovation
Authors: Bruzzone Agostino G. , Sinelshchikov Kirill , Massei Marina , Fabbrini Giuliano
Published: November 2020

This paper presents an overview on immersive technologies in relation to their potential for industrial innovation. In particular, Extended Reality (XR) is proposed by describing the most common solutions and innovative methods to overcome inherent problems of these technologies. Virtual & Augmented Reality (VR & AR ) are presented respect their potential for uses such as innovative human-machine interfaces, remote maintenance, remote commissioning, 3D rendering, virtual factory, virtual assembly and training. The paper analyze the strong contribution that Immersive Technologies are bringing in multiple sectors including Industries and the future trends aiming to further increase usability of these technologies such as it is happening in overcoming spatial constraints.
¿A quién dejamos atrás? Explorando los obstáculos de la progresión penitenciaria
Authors: Pedrosa Albert
Published: November 2020

La literatura criminológica ha mostrado como una salida progresiva de prisión es uno de los mejores mecanismos para lograr la reinserción. Sin embargo, los datos en el contexto español muestran que un alto porcentaje de personas terminan su condena directamente desde el segundo grado. Este trabajo propone, respecto la literatura anterior, que además de la práctica penitenciaria existen dos elementos que pueden ayudarnos a entender los obstáculos para la progresión: la experiencia del encarcelamiento y la desventaja previa. Los datos utilizados provienen del proyecto “Encarcelamiento y Reincidencia”, llevado a cabo por un equipo de investigación de la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, a partir de cuestionarios a un total de 538 personas en la fase final de su condena en prisiones de Cataluña. Los resultados indican que la exposición a tensión en la condena, la falta de apoyo familiar e institucional y la desventaja previa son factores que obstaculizan la progresión.
Do or do not, there is no "try": An exploratory quasi-experimental study of intuitions of justice applied to attempt and completion of the crime of homicide
Authors: Gómez-Bellvís Ana Belén , Miró Fernando
Published: November 2020

An emerging debate in criminal law concerns whether the penal system should integrate the community’s intuitions of justice. Using a sample of 659 participants, this study aims to analyse different intuitions of justice related to different stages of attempts and completion of homicide as well as to evaluate whether legal training modifies these intuitions. The results suggest that participants grade differently both criminal liability and formal sanction associated with different scenarios and that specialized legal knowledge has no relevance to the intuitive distribution of these variables. We conclude by analysing some of the implications of these results for the development of criminal legislative policy.
Sumisión química versus vulnerabilidad química: análisis criminológico de los delitos sexuales facilitados mediante el uso de sustancias psicoactivas a partir de una muestra de sentencias
Authors: Panyella-Carbó Maria Neus , Agustina José R. , Martin-Fumadó Carles
Published: November 2020

El presente artículo analiza la fenomenología delictiva de los delitos de abuso sexual cometidos mediante el uso de sustancias psicoactivas. Se llevó a cabo un análisis descriptivo de una muestra de sentencias, como resultado de procedimientos penales seguidos en España entre 1999 y 2016, examinándose distintas variables disponibles sobre el hecho delictivo, la víctima y el agresor. De la muestra analizada se observa que en la mayoría de casos (76%) el agresor se aprovechó de una situación de “vulnerabilidad química”, siendo la propia víctima la que había consumido voluntariamente sustancias psicoactivas. Solo en el 24% de casos pudo acreditarse una verdadera “sumisión química” a través de la administración encubierta de sustancias por terceros que causó a la víctima una situación incapacitante. A partir del análisis de los factores más comunes encontrados, y de la revisión de estudios previos, se proponen algunas medidas para mejorar la prevención y detección de esta modalidad delictiva.
La iglesia parroquial de Gilena en el tránsito del siglo XIX al XX (1874-1928)
Authors: Jordán Fernández Jorge Alberto
Published: November 2020

En este artículo se analizan las transformaciones producidas en el patrimonio artístico de la iglesia parroquial de la Purísima Concepción de Gilena entre los años 1874 y 1928 según los datos contenidos en varios inventarios de dicha iglesia realizados en ese tiempo.
PENINDAKAN HUKUM TERHADAP PELANGGAN DAN PEKERJA SEKS KOMERSIAL
Authors: Harefa Selvidiyanti , Suriani Suriani , Ismail Ismail
Published: November 2020

Prostitution is a fundamental structural problem that occurs in society because it is still understood as a moral problem. Provisions related to prostitution are regulated in the Criminal Code (KUHP), namely Article 296 and Article 506. It can be seen that criminal law only categorizes prostitution as a criminal act against its intermediaries (Pimp or Pimp). Whereas in cracking down on Customers and Commercial Sex Workers not in the Criminal Code specifically regulate it, a legal vacuum occurs. In this paper using a normative research method with the problem approach is the statutory approach. The problem raised in this paper is how the categories of perpetrators in commercial sex activities and how legal action in dealing with customers and commercial sex workers. Based on this, it can be concluded that the regulations governing law enforcement against customers and commercial sex workers are regulated based on the respective regional regulations in each region.
Responsibilities of the Board of Directors in the Bankruptcy of the Limited Liability Company
Authors: Wiharjokusumo Padriadi , Saragih Novita Romauli
Published: November 2020

Article 97 paragraph (1) of the Company Law requires each member of the Board of Directors to be required in good faith and full responsibility to undertake the supervision of the company for the interests and business of the company. This implies the Board of Directors is liablefor each management and representation of the company in the company’s framework in pursuing its purposes and objectives.This  researchexaminesthe responsibilities of the board of Directors in the bankruptcy of the Limited Liability Company based on Law No. 40 of 2007. This research was conducted through a normative juridical approach.The  data  source  of  this  research  was  gained from the library study. Then  it  was  analyzed  using the qualitative  analysis  which depicts and dissects the significant information.The conclusion  of  this  research is  thatthe responsibilities of the Board of Directors in Bankruptcy Limited Liability Company based on Law No. 40 of 2007 comprises 2 (two) aspects, in particular; civil liability and criminal liability.
O que pensam licenciandos(as) em matemática sobre sua formação para lidar com a diversidade sexual e de gênero em sala de aula?
Authors: Batista Guse Hygor , Silveira Waise Tadeu , Esquincalha Agnaldo da Conceição
Published: November 2020

Educar para a diversidade é uma das atribuições de qualquer professor(a), não importa a disciplina nem o nível educacional. Partindo dessa premissa, este artigo discute o papel do(a) professor(a) (de matemática) no debate sobre a diversidade de gênero e sexual em sala de aula, procurando desfazer a ideia de que essa discussão tem viés ideológico, como movimentos conservadores afirmam. Questiona a ausência desse tema nos currículos dos cursos de licenciatura, fundamentando-se em pesquisas sobre educação para diversidade e em documentos oficiais brasileiros sobre a formação docente. Além disso, apresenta e discute os dados de uma pesquisa realizada virtualmente com 710 licenciandos(as) em matemática das instituições públicas do estado do Rio de Janeiro sobre sua percepção a respeito da importância de se discutir sobre diversidade de gênero e sexual nas aulas de matemática da educação básica e da licenciatura. Alguns respondentes entendem que a matemática é neutra e indiferente a quem a produz e em que realidade está inserido(a), de modo que seu ensino não deve discutir questões sociais que atravessam as vidas de professores(as) e alunos(as). No entanto, a maior parte dos(as) licenciandos(as) defende a importância de formação específica para diversidade, apresentando, com dificuldades, algumas possibilidades para discussão do tema em aulas de matemática.
La innovación en los modelos de estructura organizacional a través del tiempo
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Villa Santana Lorena , Hernández Huerta Hayde Atximba ,   Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hernández Calzada Martín Aubert ,   Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo
Published: November 2020

El presente documento tiene por objetivo, desarrollar un análisis transversal de la innovación en los modelos de la estructura organizacional y los factores que la provocan, los cuales fueron concentrados en una matriz cronológica desde sus inicios hasta la actualidad. De tal forma se realizó una investigación descriptiva-documental a partir de la revisión de la literatura e importantes aportes en las nuevas formas organizacionales, evolución, innovaciones que presentan y los factores que los han detonado. Recopilando sus elementos de innovación, para lograr hacer un análisis comparativo que ayude a facilitar su consulta. En este sentido se ha llegado a la conclusión que el desarrollo de modelos organizacionales ha respondido a los cambios que ha sufrido el entorno influenciados por la llegada de las tecnologías y su impacto en el comportamiento de la interacción social y la innovación en estos modelos se ha visto retardada en comparación con los grandes avances tecnológicos, se considera que podrían tener mayor injerencia en la optimización de tiempos sobre todo en trabajos administrativos reduciendo los gastos y contribuyendo a la satisfacción del trabajador al darle mayor flexibilidad. Los modelos orgánicos ya están planteados, se sabe de su existencia y algunas empresas exitosas los han implementado, sin embargo, hace falta que los directivos se atrevan a dar un salto a la reingeniería de sus estructuras y probar nuevos sistemas.
Plan de reingeniería de procesos para Lograr una tasa óptima de cesáreas en El hospital general de Pachuca, Hidalgo, México
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Hernández Huerta Hayde Atximba , Cerón Islas Arlen ,   Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Mendoza Moheno Jessica ,   Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo
Published: November 2020

En la presente investigación se utilizan teorías de estructura organizacional, gestión del cambio y reingeniería de procesos, durante el periodo enero 2017- diciembre 2019. Con el objetivo general de proponer un plan estratégico a través de la identificación de los procesos administrativos del Hospital General de Pachuca (ubicado en el estado de Hidalgo, México) que son susceptibles a reingeniería con el fin de alcanzar una Tasa Óptima de Cesáreas (TOC), de acuerdo con las normas oficiales. Por lo cual, se implementó una metodología cuanti-cualitativa, de corte transversal, que contiene cuatro fases: 1) Análisis situacional. 2) Análisis de la información: realizar un muestreo aleatorio simple de los expedientes clínicos del año 2017 correspondientes a cesáreas, para determinar la TOC e identificar si existe un porcentaje evitable. 3) Planteamiento de las estrategias de solución. 4) Gestionar la exposición de la propuesta para su consideración. Hasta el momento se desarrollaron las fases uno y dos, dando como resultado que existe un porcentaje reducible del 12% y está relacionado con el carácter resolutivo de la organización, el desabasto de recursos y saturación del personal por sobreocupación, falta de sustento del diagnóstico relativo al llenado incorrecto del expediente clínico y la doble verificación. Por lo que se concluye que existen deficiencias en la eficiencia de la aplicación de estrategias de control que permitan evaluar constantemente el cumplimiento normativo, por lo que un sistema de auditoria es una opción factible.
An overview of self-medication: a major cause of antibiotic resistance and a threat to global public health
Authors: Mubasher Rehman  , Shehzad Ahmed  , Umair Ahmed  , Kosar Tamanna  , Muhammad Shehryar Sabir  , Zeeshan Niaz  , Admin
Published: November 2020

Self-medication is the use of medicines by people on their own experience without consulting a doctor. People use medicines for pain management or to cure a disease and sometime this may be unnecessary. There are a lot of public and professional health concerns about miss usage of medicines and globally physicians agree upon this rising issue that leads to antibiotic resistance. In developing countries medicines without prescription are easily available which results in many adverse outcomes especially bacterial resistance. Insufficient health care services and socioeconomic factors result in increased proportion of self-medication as compared to drugs prescribed by physicians. This review article is focused on indicating prevalence rate of self-medication in different developed and under developed countries, major risk factors and control of self-medication due to which antibiotic resistance rate can be minimized.
Comparison of 3% saline and 0.9% normal saline nebulization as diluent in children with bronchiolitis
Authors: Shobha Sapkota  , Ammara Kaleem  , Suffura Huma  , Muhammad Aleem Ud-Din  , Shabbir Ahmad  , Sobia Shah Alam  , Admin
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objective: To compare the outcome in terms of mean time to disappearance of cough, wheezing, crackles and length of hospital stay in patients treated with sodium chloride 3% with sodium chloride 0.9% as nebulisation diluent in children for suffering from bronchiolitis.

Methods: The prospective study was conducted at the Department of Paediatric Medicine Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, from November 2014 to April 2015, and comprised children aged between 6 weeks and 24 months having bronchiolitis. Group A received 3% sodium chloride and Group B received 0.9% of the same solution. Duration of cough, wheezing, crackles and duration of stay at hospital were compared between the groups. Data was analysed using SPSS 17.

Results: Of the 100 patients, there were 50(50%) in Group A with a mean age of 7.17±4.46, and as many in Group B with a mean age of 6.6±3.74. Overall, there were 55(55%) boys and 45(45%) girls. Mean cough and wheezing remission time as well as length of hospital stay was significantly different between the groups (p<0.05).

Conclusion: In children having bronchiolitis, 3% saline as nebuliser solution was found to be more effective than 0.9% saline solution.

Key Words: 3% saline solution, Bronchiolitis, Wheezing, Crepitations, Hospital stay.
Snapshot – changing melanocyte identity in melanoma developing route
Authors:   Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania, Neagu Monica , Constantin Carolina ,   Victor Babeș National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania, Engin Ayse Basak ,   Faculty of Pharmacy Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey, Popescu Iulia ,   Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
Published: November 2020

The largest organ with immune function, the skin, has complex structure and various physiological functions. Cells comprising this complex structure sustain various processes and have proteomic/transcriptomic/genomic patterns that would subside to developing a specific function in a specific moment of time and in a defined space. Within the complex skin structure melanocyte is one of the cell types that is involved in skin’s main functions. In the process of normal melanocyte transformation into a neoplastic cell there are several stages that are favored by a protumor inflammatory milieu. A tumorigenesis-friendly environment would increase cell’s genetic instability that will further lead to tumorigenesis and additionally to metastasis. In the environment, immune cells and immune-related molecules seminally contribute to the inflammatory landscape. Melanomagenesis is not a straight forward process. In order to take place, various factors need to collide, environmental, genetic, and immune factors must conjoint. Melanomas are heterogeneous and the transformed melanocyte has various genetic alterations, these mutations being specific to the site, to the degree of UV exposure, and/or specific for the genetic make-up of the host’s organism. This variability suggests that melanoma has more than one causal pathway. Within our paper we will snapshot the cellular identity of normal melanocyte, through benign transformed melanocyte up to a full blown tumorigenesis. Factors that are triggering these transformations(s) will be briefly highlighted.
REDISCOVERY OF MODIGLIANI’S NOSE-HORNED LIZARD, Harpesaurus modiglianii VINCIGUERRA, 1933 (REPTILIA : AGAMIDAE) AFTER 129 YEARS WITHOUT ANY OBSERVATION
Authors: Putra Chairunas A. , Amarasinghe A.A. Thasun ,   Research Center for Climate Change, Multidisciplinary Lab, FMIPA Building, 7th Floor, Kampus UI, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia, Hikmatullah Desy , Scali Stefano , Brinkman JanJaap , Manthey Ulrich , Ineich Ivan
Published: November 2020

The Modigliani’s nose-horned lizard, Harpesaurus modiglianii Vinciguerra, 1933, is one of the rarest lizards in the world, known only from its single type specimen collected in 1891, from North Sumatra, Indonesia. During explorations of the forests surrounding Lake Toba and its caldera, we discovered a population of H. modiglianii at an elevation of 1,675 m a.s.l., and provide the first data on its habitat. We here re-describe the species based on an examination of its type and new material, and provide an English translation of the complete original description which was originally written in Italian.
ON TWO POORLY KNOWN, INSULAR SKINKS, Eutropis tytleri (THEOBALD, 1868) AND E. andamanensis (SMITH, 1935) (REPTILIA: SCINCIDAE), ENDEMIC TO THE ANDAMAN ISLANDS, INDIA
Authors: Chandramouli S.R. , Amarasinghe A.A. Thasun ,   Research Center for Climate Change, Multidisciplinary Lab, FMIPA Building, 7th Floor, Kampus UI, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
Published: November 2020

We examined the holotype of Eutropis tytleri and one of the syntypes of E. andamanensis collected from the Andaman Islands, currently deposited at the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI). Information on taxonomy, morphology, distribution, behaviour and natural history of these two poorly-known, insular endemic skinks are presented here based on individuals recorded and examined in-situ, in the field as well as preserved material. Their types are illustrated and redescribed. A distribution map is presented based on records from the present study; threats and conservation status are discussed.
TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF Liopeltis calamaria (GÜNTHER, 1858) (REPTILIA : COLUBRIDAE), INCLUDING REDESCRIPTION OF THE SYNTYPES
Authors:   Research Center for Climate Change, Multidisciplinary Lab, FMIPA Building, 7th Floor, Kampus UI, University of Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia, Amarasinghe A.A. Thasun , Karunarathna Suranjan , Campbell Patrick D. , Ganesh S.R. , Vogel Gernot
Published: November 2020

Liopeltis calamaria, a rare non-venomous colubrid snake of South Asia, is redescribed. Its syntypes and all the available type specimens of its recognized synonyms are examined, including information about the respective populations found across India and Sri Lanka. Our literature compilation and mapping analyses reveal three distinct populations – (I) Sri Lankan (probably also present in some parts of South India as well), (II) Peninsular Indian, and (III) Himalayan / Nepalese, separated by the Palk Strait and the Indo-Gangetic plains respectively.
The Effectiveness of Varied Forms of Education in Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Veganism
Authors: Seiffer Ava , Large Maura
Published: November 2020

In today’s society, the number of people who are socially conscious is rising as information becomes increasingly available. Veganism is one expression of social consciousness and while a diet that abstains from animal products dates back to the days of Native Americans, a poll conducted by Gallup found that only three percent of the United States population is vegan (McCarthy).

Many studies previously conducted have synthesized the reasons why people choose to be vegan, but none of them have touched on how to best shift attitudes and behaviors of non-practitioners. According to a Vomad study, 68% of vegans were abstaining from consuming animals due to the ill-treatment of animals by society. This means that a large population of practitioners adopted veganism through becoming educated about the treatment of animals.

The origins of veganism are rooted in Native Americans’ notions of duality with nature. Modern philosophical theories regarding the treatment of animals which are intended to educate society includes Ecological Animalism, focused on dualism between humans and nature, and Ontological Veganism, focused on the equality of all living beings and the morality of inflicting pain on others. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), a pro-vegan organization, has chosen to educate through polarizing marketing and social media campaigns.

This poses my research question: How effective is education on the philosophies of veganism in influencing non-vegans’ attitudes and behaviors as compared to education through polarizing marketing and social media campaigns?
Plants are More Effective in Absorbing Volatile Organic Compounds from the Atmosphere than Air Purifiers
Authors: Sokhal Aryaman , Narayan Uttamesh
Published: November 2020

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) have proved hazardous towards human health, especially Benzene and Formaldehyde. The research focussed on comparing the effectiveness of plants and air purifiers in absorbing VOCs from the atmosphere. The latter solution contains HEPA filters and activated carbon filters, both of which are known to absorb VOCs. Two variables were tested, which included the level of Formaldehyde (HCHO) and the level of Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC). The test was carried out by spraying equal amounts of deodorant in each room, one with the plant and one with the air purifier, to increase the amount of VOCs in the rooms in order to check how much was absorbed by the two levels of solutions. A pollution monitor was used to measure the VOC concentrations. After carrying out statistical analysis (paired sample t-tests) at the 95% confidence level on a software called JASP, it was shown that the plant used, Sansevieria Trifasciata, absorbed VOCs, especially Formaldehyde, more effectively than the air purifier.
Filial Piety in a Modern Age
Authors: Entwistle Kayla , Mabie Douglas , Bond David
Published: November 2020

With an increasing number of Alzheimer’s disease patients in Singapore, complications related to the degenerative disease have become highly relevant. Standing out among these complications are inflated caregiver burden resulting from the cultural expectations associated with filial piety. Filial piety, a value ingrained in Chinese culture, requires adult-children to display love, obedience, and respect towards their parents as well as provide physical care when required (Bedford, 2019). Expectations associated with filial piety, however, have been associated with severe caregiver burdens that persist even after patient institutionalisation (Whitlatch, 2001). Expectations to provide care presents numerous challenges for adult-children of patients: economic instability, psychological exhaustion, and social isolation (Lai, 2009; Langda, 2011; Win, 2017). These implications associated with caregiving are heightened when the patient being cared for is diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, as the disease has a unique cognitive-degeneration component that inhibits an individual from conducting independent actions after a certain point (Pratt, 1985). This article aims to shed light on the relationship between the level of involvement and the severity of caregiver burden among familial caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients in an effort to identify how to better support familial caregivers of Alzheimer’s patients. Through the use of a quantitative correlational analysis, a relationship between the two data points of involvement level and burden level was established. This research serves to identify a potential problem, not propose methods of reconciliation. While the data collection process for this study was inhibited by the COVID-19 pandemic, theoretical data is provided in an effort to develop new understandings and draw hypothetical conclusions.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s, Filial Piety, Familial Caregiver, Institutionalisation, Caregiving Burden, Correlation, Adult-Child Caregiver
Economic Forces and their Effect on Civic Participation Throughout United States History
Authors: Gupta Anant , Coe James
Published: November 2020

Throughout U.S. history, Economic events and legislation have led to civic activism in the form of protesting and political disruption and have had long term social effects that are seen in the present. 
       The economic history of the United States has been one of unprecedented success and unparalleled growth. At the founding of our country, Alexander Hamilton envisioned a financial structure that would prioritize the well-being of the populace and ensure the stability of the United States economy. However, he could have never envisioned the effect that economic events and fiscal legislation would have on the common people in terms of civic activism. The economy is so interwoven into the fabric of society that any change in it has the potential to create a social revolution, and it has. The nature of economics and its pervasiveness throughout society makes it a potent catalyzer for change. 
      In this paper, two major events were explored. First, the causes of The Panic of 1873, the United States' transition to the Gold Standard, and their implications.  Additionally, The social effect which manifested itself through the Free Silver Movement and William Jennings Bryan is dissected. Second, the 2008 Financial Crisis is explained, including the systematic failures that allowed it to occur, and the creation of the Occupy Wall Street Movement.
     Lastly, an intriguing take on 21st-century civic activism is explored, with Social media and digital presence illustrated as champions for modern social cum political change
Meditation for Increased Mindfulness and Memory: An Analysis on the Impact of Meditation on Mindfulness and Working Memory Capacity in High School Students
Authors: Fleischmann Rebeccah , Posner Michael
Published: November 2020

70% of high school students see anxiety and depression as a “major problem” among their peers (Pew Research Center). Meditation decreases anxiety and stress according to Harvard researchers. Stress and memory are very much connected as a recent study concluded that non-stressed people remember more items on average than stressed people. Although several studies have been done on the impacts of meditation, there has been no research done specifically on the impact of meditation on high school students’ working memory. This study utilized a pre-post survey design and a running control group to determine whether mindfulness and working memory capacity increased as a result of a week of daily meditation. Students were randomly assigned to the mindfulness meditation group or to the running control group. Both groups took The Human Benchmark memory test and the Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (a Likert scale) before and after a week of meditation or running. The results proved to be significant, showing that mindfulness increased on average by .8 points, while the control only increased by .03 points on average. In addition, memory test scores increased by 40.3% for the meditation group compared to 8.3% for the control group.
A Case Study on the Factors of Biometric Counterterrorism Policies as a Result of September 11, 2001
Authors: Liu Sharon , Hodgson Robert
Published: November 2020

Biometrics has emerged as a rapidly moving technology that has been continuously evolving and improving. It has even been incorporated as a form of counterterrorism, preventing incidents of terrorism as well as providing safety measures. While various researchers have analyzed the effectiveness of biometric counterterrorism measures, the factors behind the reasonings of those decision making process of implementation have been untouched. This paper looks to analyze the factors through a case study on the events of September 11, 2001, using a qualitative thematic analysis to identify the factors. It is important to note that rather than analyzing secondhand sources, this study will analyze first hand sources throughout the study. Through this study, it can be concluded that there are five main factors behind implementation of biometric counterterrorism policies: ensuring safety if a terrorist incident were to happen, increasing security to prevent the incident from occurring, public sentiment, potential to become in the future, and current effectivity.
Impact of ‘Self-Portrait’ Creation and Discussion Workshop on Body Image of Indian Female Teenagers
Authors: Mittal Muskaan , Choo Kah Ying
Published: November 2020

It is widely believed that body image issues affect the emotional and psychological well-being of adolescents to a great extent. In the face of deeply entrenched normative beauty standards, teenagers’ struggles with body image issues can be extremely damaging. This study assessed the impact of an interactive online workshop involving the creation and sharing of ‘self-portraits’ on the body image of urban Indian female teenagers, aged 13 to 16. Data were gathered in the form of photographs of the participants’ artworks, their comments about each other’s artworks, as well as responses to a short open-ended questionnaire. This study revealed that the workshop was helpful in encouraging the participants to acknowledge their sense of isolation in dealing with body image issues. Furthermore, they greatly benefitted from a platform that gave them the opportunity to express their feelings and understand that they were not alone in their struggles. This empowered them to move towards self-acceptance and a desire to redefine unrealistic beauty standards. Ultimately, this study validated the value of the workshop in helping teenagers deal with their body image issues through creative means. In the future, regular sessions should be held to address teenagers’ body image issues through creative means and provide them with support in facing the pressures of prevalent beauty standards. As parents could inadvertently be contributing to their children’s body image issues, this study also proposed efforts to educate parents on the promotion of body positivity in their children.
I Want It, Too: A Correlational Study on the Link Between Youth Celebrity Idolization and Materialism
Authors: Zhang Alanna , Kennedy Jamie
Published: November 2020

Online social media usage among youth has been on the rise, and concerns about its impact have accompanied it (O'Keeffe & Clarke-Pearson, 2011; Rideout, 2018). Upon reviewing the existing literature, it appears that a multitude of studies detail the negative internal and interpersonal effects of materialism, and others assert that advertising viewing is positively correlated with materialism. However, few studies directly focus on advertisements with celebrity product endorsement in particular. This study attempted to bridge these various gaps through the following research question: In 2020, how does the viewing of Instagram celebrity product endorsement correspond with levels of materialism (with a focus on its relationship to well-being and generosity) in middle schoolers in Southern California? Quantitative data from a cross-sectional survey led to the conclusion that the level of celebrity idolization was the most conclusive factor in determining the middle schooler’s final level of materialism. And the more time spent on Instagram–and likely, the more exposure to this type of advertising–the more materialistic and less generous students were. Thus, students feeling particularly detached from their values may consider scrutinizing their list of followed celebrities on social media. The discouragement of celebrity idolization is expected to decrease materialism.
An Overview of the Evolution of Modern Macroeconomic Theories
Authors: Liang Zijian , Silber Michael
Published: November 2020

This paper examines the evolution of macroeconomic theories from the 18th century to present. The manuscript starts off on giving a short analysis on the Great Depression and how it sparked numerous changes in macroeconomic policies. Then, the Classical Economic Theory is introduced and its shortcomings are examined through the Panic of 1873. Next, the paper's focus will shift to a deeper analysis on the causes, impacts, and the recovery of the Great Depression and the effects it had on the United States economy. Keynesianism and the benefits of fiscal policy are introduced and reasons for the rejection of the Classical Economic theory are explained. William Phillips' Phillips Curve is then introduced and connections between Phillips' theory and Keynes' theory are made. Lastly, the paper will examine the effects of monetary policy in the 1970s and the recent Great Recession of 2008. Most importantly, the reasons modern economists like Friedman oppose fiscal policy and Keynesianism are interpreted. From the works of these economists, the central argument of the paper advocates for the fact that we can no longer rely on the Classical Economic theory during times of economic crisis. The modern economy should be observing both Keynesianism and Monetarism; we should be pursuing expansionary fiscal policy during times of downturns and contractionary monetary policy during times of economic boom.