bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Aminium Salt and Photoinduced Electron Transfer Initiated Diels‐Alder Cycloaddition of Electron‐rich Allenes: Evidence for a Stepwise Mechanism and the Importance of Steric and Electronic Effects for the Reactivity of Distonic Radical Cation Intermediates
Authors: Schmittel Michael , Wöhrle Clemens , Bohn Ingo
Published: September 2007

Several novel electron‐rich aryl‐allenes have been synthesized, characterized, and used as dienophiles in the radical‐cation‐catalyzed cycloaddition with 1,2,3,4,5‐pentamethylcyclopentadiene, which affords, in most cases, the Diels‐Alder products in 5 min at 0°C with a high peri‐, chemo‐, facial, and stereoselectivity. In line with oxidation‐potential considerations it is concluded that the electron‐transfer‐induced reaction proceeds along a [3 + 2] pathway by cycloaddition of the diene radical cation to a neutral allene with a rather short chain length. The low cycloaddition yields from some of the allenes are interpreted as evidence for a stepwise mechanism involving distonic radical cations as key intermediates. We discuss the tendency of the distonic radical cations to undergo ring closure to the Diels‐Alder‐product radical cations in terms of enthalpy considerations, which, we suggest, offer a novel criterion for the design of stepwise radical cation reactions.
Anion–Cation Redox Competition and the Formation of New Compounds in Highly Covalent Systems
Authors: Rouxel Jean
Published: September 2007

The increase in energy of the sp anionic band on going from oxides to the less electronegative sulfides, selenides, or tellurides (with a similar trend in neighboring columns) facilitates anion–cation redox interactions involving the d levels of transition metal cations and the sp levels of anionic species. The interactions can induce phase transitions or gradual change within a given structural model. When a cation is reduced by electron transfer to its d levels from the sp band, holes appear at the top of the latter. Interesting soft chemistry can be carried out based on redox processes that neutralize the holes with electrons. This approach also allows particular structural types to be stabilized. Three structural domains can be recognized amongst the transition elements: 1) on the left‐hand side of the periodic table layered structures are observed involving M4+ and (chalcogen)2‐ ions; 2) formation of sets of metal‐metal bonds is then observed, the geometry of which depends on both the initial electron population and the electron transfer to the metal; 3) on the right‐hand side the metals in their highest oxidation state are no longer active, and the holes at the top of the sp band are taken up by a catenation of the anions, which can lead to full polymerization of the anionic sublattice.
Synthesis of Enantiopure Homoallylic Alcohols and Ethers by Diastereoselective Allylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Schiemann Kai , Wegner Christoph , Wulff Christian
Published: September 2007

Enantiopure homoallylic alcohols 5, which are important building blocks in organic synthesis, are obtained with an ee of greater than 99% and a yield of 75–95% by cleavage of the secondary homoallylic ethers 4 using sodium in liquid ammonia. The ethers 4 are formed with excellent diastereoselectivity and in 52–89% yield by treatment of the aldehydes 1 with the trimethylsilyl ether of N‐trifluoroacetylnorpseudoephedrine (2) in the presence of a catalytic amount of TMS triflate or TMS borontriflate, followed by addition of allylsilane 3. Nearly all achiral aliphatic aldehydes employed gave a diastereoselectivity of over 99:1. With the chiral aldehydes 24, the difference between matched and mismatched pairs was low; this reveals that there is strong reagent control.
A Systematic Review of Gender Differences in Mortality after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery and Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Authors: Kim Catherine , Redberg Rita F. , Pavlic Tiana , Eagle Kim A.
Published: September 2007

Gender differences exist in outcomes, particularly early mortality, for percutaneous interventions (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Better understanding of this issue may target areas for improvement for all patients undergoing revascularization. Therefore, we summarized the evidence on gender differences in PCI and CABG outcomes, particularly early mortality, and mediators of this difference. Using the key terms “women” or “gender,” “revascularization,” “coronary artery bypass,” “angioplasty,” “stent,” and “coronary intervention,” we searched MEDLINE from 1985 to 2005 for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and registries reporting outcomes by gender. Bibliographies and the Web sites of cardiology conferences were also reviewed. The literature was examined to identify gender differences in outcomes and mediators of these differences. We identified 23 studies reporting outcomes by gender for CABG and 48 studies reporting outcomes by gender for PCI. The majority of studies noted greater in‐hospital mortality in women than in men, with mortality differences resolving with longer follow‐up. Early mortality differences were reduced but not consistently eliminated after adjustment for comorbidities, procedural characteristics, and body habitus. Power to detect gender differences after multivariate adjustment was limited by declining mortality rates and small sample size. Gender was an independent risk factor for complications after both CABG and PCI. Women experience greater complications and early mortality after revascularization. Future exploration is needed of gender differences in quality of care and benefit from combinations of stenting and antiplatelet, and anticoagulant medications in order to optimize treatment. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An integrated parameter identification method combined with sensor placement design
Authors: Li Yiqian , Xiang Zhihai , Zhou Masheng , Cen Zhangzhi
Published: September 2007

Material parameter identification based on in situ measurements plays a very important role in engineering. Since noises are inevitable in measurements and the parameter identification is inherently ill posed, it is necessary to consider some methods to stabilize the identification procedure. One choice is properly designing the sensor placement, which has attracted much attention over the past 30 years. Most existing sensor placement design methods are based on certain sensitivity analysis, which commonly requires evaluating Jacobian matrix for given parameters. However, the ‘true’ values of parameters are unknown at that moment, because sensor placement design is carried out before the parameter identification. Consequently, roughly estimated ‘true’ parameters have to be used and less optimal sensor placement could be obtained. To solve this problem, this paper presents an integrated method in which the parameter identification and sensor placement design are carried out alternatively. The validity of the proposed method is illustrated by two simple academic examples. Then it is implemented to detect damages in a real highway bridge. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucose homeostasis predicts weight gain: prospective and clinical evidence
Authors: Boulé Normand G. , Chaput Jean‐Philippe , Doucet Eric , Richard Denis , Després Jean‐Pierre , Bouchard Claude , Tremblay Angelo
Published: September 2007

Background

The potential long‐term impact of low glycaemia on body fat accumulation has not been verified. Therefore, we examined the effects of low glucose concentrations on long‐term energy balance and weight gain in humans.

Methods

Two sets of analyses were realized in order to verify this objective. First, Study 1 consisted of 259 participants between 20 and 65 years of age selected from Phase 2 of the Quebec Family Study (QFS). The association between glucose concentrations at the end of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and changes in body mass was analysed prospectively (mean follow‐up of 6 years). In addition, Study 2 consisted of 44 obese participants (20 men and 24 women) randomly assigned to a 15‐week weight loss program in either a drug therapy group (fenfluramine) or a placebo group coupled with energy intake restriction. The focus of this study was the relationship between glycaemic control at the end of the treatment and post‐treatment weight regain.

Results

In Study 1, the glucose concentrations at 120 min of the OGTT were negatively correlated with weight gain over 6 years (r = − 0.42, p < 0.01). In Study 2, the weight loss program induced a mean reduction in body weight of 10 kg in the fenfluramine and placebo groups. In participants who returned for a follow‐up visit (mean = 81 weeks after the intervention), the glucose area below fasting values (GABF) at the end of the OGTT increased with weight loss (p < 0.01) and was correlated with weight regain (r = 0.74, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Lower glucose concentrations at the end of an OGTT are correlated with weight gain over time. Large amounts of weight loss are associated with low glycaemia at the end of an OGTT. These low glucose concentrations are strong predictors of the amount of weight regained after weight loss. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The improvement effect ofL‐Lys as a chemical chaperone on STZ‐induced diabetic rats, protein structure and function
Authors: Jafarnejad A. , Bathaie S. Z. , Nakhjavani M. , Hassan M. Z. , Banasadegh S.
Published: September 2007

Background

L‐Lysine (L‐Lys) has been known as an inhibitor of protein glycation; however, its long‐term use for diabetes treatment considering different aspects of diabetic complication is not seen in the literature. In addition, the effect ofL‐Lys, as a chemical chaperone, was considered on protein folding and activity.

Methods

The streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats were used as a model of diabetes. Normal and diabetic rats were studied for 5 months with and without 0.1% ofL‐Lys in drinking water. Serum glucose, advanced glycation end product (AGEs), haemoglobin A1C(HbA1c), triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL‐cholesterol, antioxidant activity, advanced oxidation protein products, fasting insulin level and body weight were determined at 4‐week intervals. Heat shock protein (HSP)70, Lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) and paraoxonase activity were determined 1 week after diabetes induction (time 0), and after 3 and 5 months. The structure of glycated and normal serum albumin (Alb) in the presence and absence ofL‐Lys was also investigated in anin vitrostudy using spectrofluorometry and circular dichroism (CD).

Results

We found thatL‐Lysine therapy prevented diabetic‐ induced increases in Glc, AGE, HbA1c, triglyceride, total‐ and LDL‐ cholesterol, and it caused an increase in the decreased antioxidant capacity, HDL‐c, HDL functionality and HSP70.L‐Lys had no effect on serum insulin level. The conformation of Alb changed due to glycation andL‐Lys retained it similar to the native.

Conclusions

L‐Lys, not only as an inhibitor of glycation but also as a chemical chaperone and a protein chaperone inducer, causes effective changes in many parameters of the model animals. However, it is not enough to achieve complete improvement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involvement of Wnt4 signaling during myogenic proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle
Authors: Takata Haruyuki , Terada Kumiko , Oka Hiroaki , Sunada Yoshihide , Moriguchi Takahiko , Nohno Tsutomu
Published: September 2007

The direct effects of Wnt4 on myogenic proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle precursors are examined. Wnt4 cDNA was misexpressed in the presumptive limb fields on the right side of stage 16 chick embryos. Muscle development was evaluated at stage 37 with hematoxylin–eosin staining and immunohistochemical staining for fast and slow types of the myosin heavy chain (MyHC). Overexpression of Wnt4 resulted in up‐regulation of Pax7 and MyoD1 expression. The muscle mass showed a significant increase compared with that of the control limb. The area for fast MyHC‐expressing cells showed a significant increase, whereas a slight decrease was observed for slow MyHC‐expressing cells. Wnt4 acted as a stimulator during myogenic proliferation and differentiation, especially, for fast‐type muscle in C2C12 cells. The present results are identical to those of myostatin knockout, suggesting that Wnt4 is acting against myostatin as an antagonizing signal for myostatin. Developmental Dynamics 236:2800–2807, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Future‐oriented emotions: conceptualization and behavioral effects
Authors: Baumgartner Hans , Pieters Rik , Bagozzi Richard P.
Published: September 2007

We distinguish between two kinds of future‐oriented emotions (anticipatory and anticipated) and investigate their behavioral effects. Anticipatory emotions are currently experienced due to the prospect of a future event (e.g., hope or fear). Anticipated emotions, on the other hand, are expected to be experienced in the future if certain events do or do not occur (e.g., anticipated joy or regret). We discuss the theoretical differences between the two types of future‐oriented emotions and examine their role in motivating goal‐directed behavior. The results of a longitudinal study (n = 472) and a separate control group analysis (n = 340) provide consistent support for the convergent and discriminant validity of positive/negative anticipatory and anticipated emotions and their independent influence on goal‐directed behavior. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental characterization, modeling and identification of the NEES‐UCSD shake table mechanical system
Authors: Ozcelik O. , Luco J. E. , Conte J. P. , Trombetti T. L. , Restrepo J. I.
Published: September 2007

This paper proposes a simple conceptual mathematical model for the mechanical components of the NEES‐UCSD large high‐performance outdoor shaking table and focuses on the identification of the parameters of the model by using an extensive set of experimental data. An identification approach based on the measured hysteresis response is used to determine the fundamental model parameters including the effective horizontal mass, effective horizontal stiffness of the table, and the coefficients of the classical Coulomb friction and viscous damping elements representing the various dissipative forces in the system. The effectiveness of the proposed conceptual model is verified through a comparison of analytical predictions with experimental results for various tests conducted on the system. The resulting mathematical model will be used in future studies to model the mechanical components of the shake table in a comprehensive physics‐based model of the entire mechanical, hydraulic, and electronic system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and theoretical study on two types of shape memory alloy devices
Authors: Li Hui , Mao Chen‐Xi , Ou Jin‐Ping
Published: September 2007

This study proposes two types of shape memory alloy (SMA)‐based devices, the tension‐SMA device (TSD) and the scissor‐SMA device (SSD), for the increase of stiffness. Both devices employ superelastic NiTi wires with a diameter of 1.2 mm. Performance tests to study pseudoelastic behavior of NiTi wires find that NiTi wire's pseudoelastic property is insensitive to loading frequency within the meaningful frequency range of most structures in civil engineering. The detailed design of TSD and SSD using NiTi wire is then presented accordingly. Shaking table tests of a scaled 5‐story steel frame incorporated with TSDs and SSDs, respectively, in the first story are carried out. The experimental results indicate that both SMA devices can effectively reduce building seismic response. SSDs achieve greater response reduction than TSDs due to their displacement magnification configuration. The seismic response of the building model with and without SMA devices is numerically simulated and the simulation results demonstrate that they are in good agreement with the experimental results. Finally, it is identified that by using the wavelet transform method the structures incorporated with SMA devices exhibit nonlinear behavior and the time‐dependent characteristics of natural frequency during earthquake excitation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An essentially non‐oscillatory Crank–Nicolson procedure for incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Cho Chung‐Ki , Kim Seongjai
Published: September 2007

This article introduces an essentially non‐oscillatory Crank–Nicolson (ENO‐CN) scheme for the numerical solution of unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes (NS) equations. ENO‐CN utilizes the second‐order upwind ENO scheme for the approximation of the convection term in the explicit step, while everything else is discretized by the central finite volume method. It has been numerically verified for NS equations in 2D that the resulting algorithm is non‐oscillatory for a large range of Reynolds numbers and less dissipative than the conventional upwind methods and deferred correction methods. The new approach can be extended for 3D problems straightforwardly. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution to Euler equations by high‐resolution upwind compact scheme based on flux splitting
Authors: Jun Hu , Guo Shaogang , Yao Zhenqiang
Published: September 2007

A high‐resolution upwind compact method based on flux splitting is developed for solving the compressive Euler equations. The convective flux terms are discretized by using the modified advection upstream splitting method (AUSM). The developed scheme is used to compute the one‐dimensional Burgers equation and four different example problems of supersonic compressible flows, respectively. The results show that the high‐resolution upwind compact scheme based on modified AUSM+ flux splitting can capture shock wave and other discontinuities, obtain higher resolution and restrain numerical oscillation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of High Performance Pt/CNT Catalysts Stabilized by Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid Disodium Salt
Authors: Liu J.‐M. , Meng H. , Li J.‐l. , Liao S.‐j. , Bu J.‐H.
Published: September 2007

A novel method with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA‐2Na) as a stabilizing agent was developed to prepare highly dispersed Pt nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to use as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell catalysts. These nanocatalysts were obtained by altering the molar ratio of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt to chloroplatinic acid (EDTA‐2Na/Pt) from 1:2, 1:1, 2:1 to 3:1. The well‐dispersed Pt nanoparticles of around 1.5 nm in size on CNTs were obtained when the EDTA‐2Na/Pt ratio was maintained at 1:1. And the Pt/CNT catalyst exhibited large electrochemical active surface areas, very high electrocatalytic activity and excellent stability in the oxidation of methanol at room temperature. The Pt/XC‐72R catalyst with narrow size distribution was also prepared by this method for comparison purposes. Comparison of the catalytic properties of these catalysts revealed that the activity of the Pt/CNT catalyst was a factor of ∼3 times higher than that of the Johnson Matthey catalyst and ∼2 times higher than that of our Pt/XC‐72R catalyst, which can be assigned to the high level of dispersion of Pt nanoparticles and the particular properties of the CNT supports.
Metalloproteinase-9 deficiency protects against hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Hamada Takashi , Fondevila Constantino , Busuttil Ronald W. , Coito Ana J.
Published: September 2007

Leukocyte transmigration across endothelial and extracellular matrix protein barriers is dependent on adhesion and focal matrix degradation events. In the present study we investigated the role of metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9/gelatinase B) in liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury using MMP-9-deficient (MMP-9−/−) animals and mice treated with a specific anti-MMP-9 neutralizing antibody or with a broad gelatinase inhibitor for both MMP-9 and metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2/gelatinase A). Compared to wild-type mice, MMP-9−/− mice and mice treated with an anti-MMP-9 antibody showed significantly reduced liver damage. In contrast, mice treated with a broad gelatinase inhibitor showed rather inferior protection against I/R injury and were characterized by persistent ongoing liver inflammation, suggesting that MMP-2 and MMP-9 may have distinct roles in this type of injury. MMP-9 was mostly detected in Ly-6G and macrophage antigen–1 leukocytes adherent to the vessel walls and infiltrating the damaged livers of wild-type mice after liver I/R injury. Leukocyte traffic and cytokine expression were markedly impaired in livers of MMP-9−/− animals and in livers of mice treated with anti-MMP-9 antibody after I/R injury; however, initiation of the endothelial adhesion cascades was similar in both MMP-9−/− and control livers. We also showed that MMP-9-specific inhibition disrupted neutrophil migration across fibronectin in transwell filters and depressed myeloperoxidase (MPO) activation in vitro.

Conclusion:

These results support critical functions for MMP-9 in leukocyte recruitment and activation leading to liver damage. Moreover, they provide the rationale for identifying inhibitors to specifically target MMP-9 in vivo as a potential therapeutic approach in liver I/R injury. (Hepatology 2007.)
Social isolation increases number of newly proliferated cells in hippocampus in female flinders sensitive line rats
Authors: Bjørnebekk Astrid , Mathé Aleksander A. , Gruber Susanne H.M. , Brené Stefan
Published: September 2007

Genetic background influences the responsiveness to stress and plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of depression. In an animal model of depression, Flinders Sensitive Line rats, and Sprague Dawley controls we analyzed if 7 weeks of social isolation of adult animals affect the number of newly proliferated cells in the dentate gyrus or mRNAs of Neuropeptide Y (NPY), the NPY‐Y1 receptor, nociceptin, BDNF, and the serotonin 5HT1A and 5HT2A receptors, which are molecules involved in hippocampal plasticity. Since depressive illness more frequently affects women than men, and females seem to respond differently to stressful experiences than males, female rats were used in this study. Bromodeoxyuridine, which is a thymidin analogue that is incorporated into the DNA of newly formed cells, was administered during 9 days to even out the effects of hormonal fluctuations. Social isolation increased the number of newly proliferated Bromodeoxyuridine‐immunoreactive cells in the Flinders Sensitive Line rats, whereas it had no impact on the number of cells in the Sprague Dawley strain. Group housed Sprague Dawley rats had a higher expression of BDNF, NPY, and the serotonin 5HT2A receptor mRNA than “depressed” Flinders Sensitive Line. Social isolation downregulated these molecules in Sprague Dawley but not in Flinders Sensitive Line rats thereby eliminating the differences between the two strains. We demonstrate strain and gender specific responses to stress induced regulation of factors important for hippocampal plasticity. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ca2+‐dependent K+currents and spike‐frequency adaptation in medial entorhinal cortex layer II stellate cells
Authors: Khawaja Farhan A. , Alonso Angel A. , Bourque Charles W.
Published: September 2007

The entorhinal cortex (EC), located in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) of the brain, plays an important functional role in the MTL memory circuit. Medial EC (MEC) Layer II stellate cells (SCs) serve as one of the most prominent target cell types within the EC for inputs arising from higher cortical areas, and these same cells provide most of the output from the EC to the hippocampal region. We used the whole‐cell patch clamp technique in a rat in vitro slice preparation to test whether SCs express afterhyperpolarization (AHP) currents and if these currents can be modulated. Our results revealed that SCs contain medium (mIK(Ca)) and slow (sIAHP) Ca2+‐dependent K+currents. Furthermore, we determined that an apamin‐sensitive current does not underlie the mAHP in SCs. Our studies also showed that a cAMP‐dependent modulation process significantly reduces mIK(Ca), sIAHP, and spike‐frequency adaptation in MEC Layer II SCs. Modulation of the firing pattern of SCs resulting from this effect may play an important role in the encoding of information related to memory processes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The introduction of 7‐day platelets: A university hospital experience
Authors: Hay Shauna N. , Immel Caroline C. , McClannan Laura S. , Brecher Mark E.
Published: September 2007

Introduction: Recently, the FDA approved the Post Approval Surveillance Study of Platelet Outcomes, Release Tested protocol which allows participating institutions to utilize 7 day platelets following guidelines. As one of the first hospitals to implement a 7‐day protocol, we reviewed our hospital experience with 7‐day Gambro apheresis platelets to determine the impact on inventory. Methods: A review of apheresis platelet transfusions and outdate records was performed. Data were collected prospectively from March to August 2006. This data were compared with a retrospective review for the same time period in 2005. Results: For the 1,503 platelets transfused from March–August 2005, the mean day of issue was 3.44 (SD = 1.060). During the same time period of 2006, 1,688 platelets were transfused with a mean day of issue of 4.02 (SD = 1.083). This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). The outdate rate dropped from 2.9% (44/1,547) to 1.3% (22/1,710, P < 0.001). During the study period, ∼59.7% of the platelets were 7‐day platelets. Discussion: Over the 6‐month period, we noted a decrease in outdates from 2.9% to 1.3%. There was a shift toward older platelets (from a mean of day 3.4 to day 4). During the study period, 139 platelets were transfused on days 6 or 7 of storage. Overall, the implementation of 7‐day platelets in a university hospital setting was easily accomplished and has resulted in benefits to our institution by decreasing our outdate rate and to our patients by providing an additional 139 days 6 and 7 apheresis platelets with a potential cost savings of $78,952 (over the 6‐month study). J. Clin. Apheresis, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A randomized comparison of peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitor cell level of 5/mm3 versus 50/mm3 as a surrogate marker to initiate efficient autologous blood stem cell collection
Authors: Kim Min Kyoung , Kim Shin , Jang Geundoo , Lee Sung Sook , Sym Sun Jin , Lee Dae Ho , Kim Sang We , Jang Seongsoo , Park Chan Jeong , Chi Hyun Sook , Huh Jooryung , Suh Cheolwon
Published: September 2007

We previously showed that at least 5/mm3 hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) could be used as a marker for initiating autologous blood stem cell collection (ABSCC). However, the timing of efficient ABSCC following mobilization is still to be determined. We conducted a prospective, randomized comparison of 5/mm3 versus50/mm3 peripheral blood (PB) HPCs as a surrogate marker to initiate efficient ABSCC. Forty‐five consecutive patients, 26 with multiple myeloma (MM) and 19 with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), were enrolled between October 2004 and October 2006. Chemotherapy was cyclophosphamide 4 g/m2 for MM and ESHAP (etoposide, methylprednisolone, high‐dose cytarabine, and cisplatin), with or without Rituximab, for NHL. Circulating HPCs were monitored daily with the Sysmex SE9000 automated hematology analyzer, and harvested CD34+ cells were counted by flow cytometry. ABSCC was initiated when HPC levels reached at least 5/mm3 (HPC5 group) or 50/mm3 (HPC50 group). The median number of harvested CD34+ cells was 15.0 × 106/kg and 21.0 × 106/kg in the HPC5 and HPC50 groups, respectively (P = 0.23). Optimal collection (>5 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg) in a single session (day 1) was attained in 15 HPC5 patients (63%) and in 14 HPC50 patients (67%), and targeted collection of 5 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg was achieved in 100 and 95% of HPC5 and HPC50 patients, respectively (P = 0.47), with a median number of 1 apheresis in both groups (P = 0.58). There were no between group differences in optimal collection rate on day 1, median number of aphereses to achieve optimal collection, and overall optimal collection rate. HPC ≥ 5/mm3 and ≥50/mm3 are both reliable indices for the timing of ABSCC. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles for CSN5 in control of p53/MDM2 activities
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Chun , Chen Jian , Su Chun‐Hui , Yang Heng‐Yin , Lee Mong‐Hong
Published: September 2007

The 5th subunit of COP9 signalosome (CSN5, also known as Jab1 or COPS5) is implicated in regulating p53 activity and is overexpressed in various tumors. However, the precise roles of CSN5 in p53 network and tumorigenesis are not well characterized. Here we show that CSN5 is a critical regulator of both p53 and MDM2. We show that curcumin, an important inhibitor of CSN‐associated kinases, can downregulate not only CSN5 but also MDM2, which results in p53 stabilization. Importantly, CSN5 interacts with p53. CSN5 expression leads to p53 degradation, facilitating MDM2‐mediated p53 ubiquitination, and promoting p53 nuclear export. Additionally, CSN5 expression results in stabilization of MDM2 through reducing MDM2 self‐ubiquitination and decelerating turnover rate of MDM2. Significantly, we further show that CSN5 antagonizes the transcriptional activity of p53. These results demonstrate that CSN5 is a pivotal regulator for both p53 and MDM2. Our studies may pave the way for targeting CSN5 for anti‐cancer drug development. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 1219–1230, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resveratrol induces catalytic bioscavenger paraoxonase 1 expression and protects against chemical warfare nerve agent toxicity in human cell lines
Authors: Curtin Bryan F. , Seetharam Karthik I. , Dhoieam Pilin , Gordon Richard K. , Doctor Bhupendra P. , Nambiar Madhusoodana P.
Published: September 2007

Current advances in enzyme bioscavenger prophylactic therapy against chemical warfare nerve agent (CWNA) exposure are moving towards the identification of catalytic bioscavengers that can degrade large doses of organophosphate (OP) nerve agents without self destruction. This is a preferred method compared to therapy with the purified stoichiometric bioscavenger, butyrylcholinesterase, which binds OPs 1:1 and would thus require larger doses for treatment. Paraoxonase‐1 (PON‐1) is one such catalytic bioscavenger that has been shown to hydrolyze OP insecticides and contribute to detoxification in animals and humans. Here we investigated the effects of a common red wine ingredient, Resveratrol (RSV), to induce the expression of PON‐1 in the human hepatic cell line HC04 and evaluated the protection against CWNA simulants. Dose‐response curves showed that a concentration of 20 µM RSV was optimal in inducing PON‐1 expression in HC04 cells. RSV at 20 µM increased the extracellular PON‐1 activity approximately 150% without significantly affecting the cells. Higher doses of RSV were cytotoxic to the cells. Resveratrol also induced PON‐1 in the human lung cell line A549. RSV pre‐treatment significantly (P = 0.05) protected the hepatic cells against exposure to 2× LD50 of soman and sarin simulants. However, lung cells were protected against soman simulant exposure but not against sarin simulant exposure following RSV treatment. In conclusion, these studies indicate that dietary inducers, such as RSV, can up‐regulate PON‐1, a catalytic bioscavenger, which can then hydrolyze and protect against CWNA‐induced toxicity, providing a prospective new method to protect against CWNA exposure. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 1524–1535, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen prevents cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages induced by the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir
Authors: Wilson Melinda E. , Sengoku Tomoko , Allred Kimberly F.
Published: September 2007

Individuals with HIV can now live long lives with drug therapy that often includes protease inhibitors such as ritonavir. Many patients, however, develop negative long‐term side effects such as premature atherosclerosis. We have previously demonstrated that ritonavir treatment increases atherosclerotic lesion formation in male mice to a greater extent than in female mice. Furthermore, peripheral blood monocytes isolated from ritonavir‐treated females had less cholesteryl ester accumulation. In the present study, we have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which female hormones influence cholesterol metabolism in macrophages in response to the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir. We have utilized the human monocyte cell line, THP‐1 as a model to address this question. Briefly, cells were differentiated for 72 h with 100 nM PMA to obtain a macrophage‐like phenotype in the presence or absence of 1 nM 17β‐estradiol (E2), 100 nM progesterone or vehicle (0.01% ethanol). Cells were then treated with 30 ng/ml ritonavir or vehicle in the presence of aggregated LDL for 24 h. Cell extracts were harvested, and lipid or total RNA was isolated. E2 decreased the accumulation of cholesteryl esters in macrophages following ritonavir treatment. Ritonavir increased the expression of the scavenger receptor, CD36 mRNA, responsible for the uptake of LDL. Additionally, ritonavir treatment selectively increased the relative levels of PPARγ mRNA, a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of CD36 mRNA expression. Treatment with E2, however, failed to prevent these increases at the mRNA level. E2 did, however, significantly suppress CD36 protein levels as measured by fluorescent immunocytochemistry. This data suggests that E2 modifies the expression of CD36 at the level of protein expression in monocyte‐derived macrophages resulting in reduced cholesteryl ester accumulation following ritonavir treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 1598–1606, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone morphogenetic protein 6 inhibit stress‐induced breast cancer cells apoptosis via both smad and P38 pathways
Authors: Du Jun , Yang Shuang , Wang Zhaoqi , Zhai Chunli , Yuan Wei , Lei Rongyue , Zhang Jie , Zhu Tianhui
Published: September 2007

Breast carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumors and has become a more common cancer in women. BMP6 was abnormally expressed in breast cancer specimens and cell lines. However, the contribution of BMP6 in promoting breast cancer progression remains unknown. The purpose of our study was to establish whether expression of BMP6 in breast cancer cells affect their proliferation or apoptosis and the mechanism. We found that BMP6 inhibited proliferation of MDA‐MB‐231 cells and blocked cell cycle at G0/G1 stage. BMP6 also inhibited serum deprivation induced apoptosis in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. At the 4 days of serum starvation, BMP6 reduced the percentage of caspase‐3 positive cells from 49% to 21%, BMP6 also reduced sub‐G1 peak induced by serum starvation. In contrast, BMP6 significantly enhanced survivin expression both at mRNA and protein levels. Dominant negative‐survivin and Antisense‐survivin impaired BMP6 induced antiapoptotic effect. BMP6 enhanced survivin expression at the transcription level in a Smad‐dependent manner. BMP6 also played its antiapoptotic effect through activation p38 MAPK signal pathway, independent of smad/survivin pathway. These results suggested that BMP6 induced cell cycle arrest in estrogen‐insensitive breast cancer cells. BMP6 inhibits stress‐induced apoptosis via both Smad and p38 signal pathways. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 1584–1597, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular pathogenesis and therapeutic targets in epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Chien Jeremy R. , Aletti Giovanni , Bell Debra A. , Keeney Gary L. , Shridhar Viji , Hartmann Lynn C.
Published: September 2007

Ovarian cancer, the most aggressive gynecologic cancer, is the foremost cause of death from gynecologic malignancies in the developed world. Two primary reasons explain its aggressive behavior: most patients present with advanced disease at diagnosis, and die of recurrences from disease that has become resistant to conventional chemotherapies. In this paper on epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), we will review molecular alterations associated with the few precursor lesions identified to date, followed by the more commonly recognized processes of de novo carcinogenesis, metastasis, and the development of chemoresistance. We will propose a unifying model of ovarian epithelial tumorigenesis that takes into account various hypotheses. We will also review novel approaches to overcome the major problem of chemoresistance in ovarian cancer. Finally, we will discuss advances and new challenges in the development of mouse model systems to investigate EOC precursor lesions, progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 1117–1129, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syndecan‐4 contributes to endothelial tubulogenesis through interactions with two motifs inside the pro‐angiogenic N‐terminal domain of thrombospondin‐1
Authors: Nunes Sara Santana , Outeiro‐Bernstein Marianna A. Ferrari do , Juliano Luiz , Vardiero Francisco , Nader Helena B. , Woods Anne , Legrand Chantal , Morandi Verônica
Published: September 2007

Thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1) is an extracellular matrix protein that modulates focal adhesion in mammalian cells and exhibits dual roles in angiogenesis. In a previous work, we showed that a recombinant 18 kDa protein encompassing the N‐terminal residues 1‐174 of human TSP‐1 (TSP18) induced tubulogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and protected them from apoptosis. Our results indicated that these effects were possibly mediated by syndecan‐4 proteoglycan, since binding of TSP18 to endothelial extracts was inhibited by anti‐syndecan‐4 antibody. Syndecan‐4 is a heparan‐sulfate proteoglycan that regulates cell–matrix interactions and is the only member of its family present in focal adhesions. In this report, we demonstrate that a monoclonal antibody against syndecan‐4 blocks TSP18‐induced tubulogenesis. Furthermore, through 2D adhesion and 3D angiogenic assays, we demonstrate that two sequences, TSP Hep I and II, retain the major pro‐angiogenic activity of TSP18. These TSP‐1 motifs also compete with the fibronectin Hep II domain for binding to syndecan‐4 on endothelial cell surface, indicating that they may exert their effects by interfering with the recognition of fibronectin by syndecan‐4. Additionally, TSP18 and its derived peptides activate the PKC‐dependent Akt‐PKB signaling pathway. Blockage of PKC activation prevented HUVEC spreading when seeded on TSP18 fragment, and on TSP Hep I and TSP Hep II peptides, but not on gelatin‐coated substrates. Our results identify syndecan‐4 as a novel receptor for the N‐terminus of TSP‐1 and suggest that TSP‐1 N‐terminal pro‐angiogenic activity is linked to its capacity of interfering with syndecan‐4 functions in the course of cell adhesion. J. Cell. Physiol. 214: 828–837, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labelled etorphine and dihydroetorphine
Authors: Chen Yi‐Jing , Chen Chinpiao
Published: September 2007

The synthesis of deuterium‐labelled [2H6]‐etorphine and [2H6]‐dihydroetorphine from codeine is described. The isotopically labelled compounds are used as internal standards in gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) assays. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
30 Years with ortho‐directed hydrogen isotope exchange labelling
Authors: Lockley W. J. S.
Published: September 2007

Over a 30‐year period, a range of directed exchange methods have been developed to label target molecules with isotopic hydrogen. Among these methods, those involving ortho‐direction have proved particularly useful for labelling a wide selection of drugs, drug candidates, agrochemicals, biochemicals, natural products and other significant agents with both tritium and deuterium. The approach has involved the identification of new catalysts for ortho‐directed exchange including RhCl3 · 3H2O for the one‐step labelling of carboxylic acids, amides, anilides, etc., with deuterium at high abundance, and with tritium at low and high specific activities from an isotopic water donor; CODIr(CH3 · CO · CH2 · CO · CH3), a similar and often more active catalyst with a somewhat different spectrum of directing substituents; CODIr(CF3 · CO · CH2 · CO · CF3), a catalyst for the labelling of benzylamines, anilines and heterocyclics utilizing isotopic hydrogen gas as the donor, and which is active even in dipolar aprotic solvents; and latterly, solid‐phase iridium(1)‐based catalysts, with activities similar to the Heys and Crabtree catalysts, which have significant advantages over their homogenous counterparts in tritium‐labelling via the ortho‐direction approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of isotopes in the study of reactions of acyl, phosphoryl, and sulfuryl esters
Authors: Hoff Richard H. , Hengge Alvan C.
Published: September 2007

Acyl, phosphoryl, and sulfuryl transfer reactions involving esters and amides are ubiquitous in the biochemical world, and these reactions are found throughout the biochemical pathways involving proteins, nucleic acids, and other compounds essential for life. Such compounds are also common in commercial chemical processes. The use of isotopes has contributed greatly to our understanding of the chemistry of these compounds. There is an enormous body of literature on the use of isotopes in such studies, and this review does not do justice to this great body of knowledge. We cover a selection of reactions for which multiple experimental applications using isotopes have been used in the advancement of mechanistic studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and biological evaluation of99mTcN‐4‐(cyclohexylpiperazin‐1‐yl)‐dithioformate as a potential sigma receptor imaging agent
Authors: Lu Jie , Kong Dejing , Jia Hongmei , Deuther‐Conrad Winnie , Brust Peter , Wang Xuebin
Published: September 2007

The goal of this study is to develop a novel99mTc‐labeled σ receptor imaging agent. Potassium 4‐(cyclohexylpiperazin‐1‐yl)‐dithioformate,2, and the corresponding rhenium complex,ReN‐2, were synthesized and characterized.ReN‐2possessed moderate affinity toward σ1(Ki= 1.94 ± 0.60 µmol/L) and σ2(Ki= 2.83 ± 1.39 µmol/L) receptors. The radiolabeled complex99mTcN‐2was prepared in high yield (> 95%) through the [99mTcN]precursor and characterized by HPLC.99mTcN‐2was found to be a lipophilic and neutral complex with good stability. The biodistribution in tumor‐bearing mice showed that99mTcN‐2had good tumor uptake (2.12 ± 0.01 %ID/g at 2 h p.i.) and moderate brain uptake (0.27 ± 0.05 %ID/g at 2 h p.i.). After blocking with haloperidol, the uptakes by tumor and brain were lower than control. The results indicated that the complex has specific binding to the σ receptorsin vivo. Further structural modifications of this complex are needed to obtain99mTc‐based σ receptor imaging agents with high affinity and subtype selectivity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of (E)‐2,3′,4,5′‐tetramethoxy[2‐11C]stilbene
Authors: Schweiger Lutz , Craib Stuart , Welch Andrew , Smith Tim A. D.
Published: September 2007

In this paper, we describe the radiosynthesis of the compound (E)‐2,3′,4,5′‐tetramethoxy[2‐11C]stilbene, a potential, universal tumour positron emission tomography imaging agent. The production of (E)‐2,3′,4,5′‐tetramethoxy[2‐11C]stilbene was carried out via 11C‐methylation of (E)‐2‐(hydroxy)‐3′,4,5′‐trimethoxystilbene by using [11C]methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate ([11C]methyl triflate). (E)‐2,3′,4,5′‐tetramethoxy[2‐11C]stilbene was obtained with a radiochemical purity greater than 95% in a 20 ± 2% decay‐corrected radiochemical yield, based upon [11C]carbon dioxide. Synthesis, purification and formulation were completed on an average of 30 min following the end of bombardment (EOB). The specific radioactivity obtained was 1.9 ± 0.6 GBq/µmol at EOB. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of deuterated naproxens
Authors: Gannett Peter M. , Miller Laura , Daft Jonathan , Locuson Charles , Tracy Timothy S.
Published: September 2007

A general scheme for the synthesis of (S)‐6‐methoxy‐2‐propanoic acid (naproxen) deuterated on the naphthyl ring, methoxy group, or both, is described. The resulting labeled naproxen derivatives are useful probes for examining atypical kinetics displayed by cytochrome P450 2C9. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐region ADI DD‐FDTD algorithm for the analysis of three‐dimensional sparse multi‐objects scattering problem
Authors: Xu Feng , Wu Ke
Published: September 2007

In this paper, a multi‐region domain decomposition finite‐difference time‐domain (DD‐FDTD) algorithm is proposed and developed for the analysis of multiple‐objects electromagnetic (EM) problems. A significant number of mesh nodes between objects are removed since only local meshes are generated for each object. All the separated sub‐domains are interconnected by the use of a 3‐D time‐domain Green's function. The coupling between objects can be regarded as the equivalent spherical wave irradiations. Incident signals of the equivalent spherical waves are expressed as a spherical wave input field array according to the Huygens principle. The near‐field to far‐field transformation is introduced to obtain the equivalent spherical wave. Moreover, the alternating direction implicit FDTD (ADI‐FDTD) scheme is applied to overcome the limit of the stability condition and increase the speed of the simulation. The new algorithm has been demonstrated and applied to solve typical 3‐D multi‐objects EM scattering problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of rodents in transmission ofSalmonellaandCampylobacter
Authors: Meerburg Bastiaan G , Kijlstra Aize
Published: September 2007

SalmonellaandCampylobacterare generally regarded as the most important food‐borne pathogens in the world. Reduction or elimination of these pathogens in the first part of the food chain (on the farm) is important to prevent disease among consumers of animal products. In organic farming, elimination becomes more difficult, as food animals are allowed outdoors and have easy access to potential sources of hazardous pathogens. Whilst rodents are often associated by organic farmers with infrastructural damage and eating or spoiling of stored feed and products, their zoonotic risks are frequently underestimated. They can amplify the number of pathogens in the environment and transfer them to food animals. Thus organic farmers should be aware of the need for rodent control from a food safety perspective. Preferably, rodent control should form an integral part of a total package of hygiene measures to prevent transfer of food‐borne pathogens. These should also include e.g. control of wild birds and flies and obligatory disinfection of boots/clothes and equipment for farm workers and visitors. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Relating consumer preferences to sensory and physicochemical properties of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Mkanda Alice V , Minnaar Amanda , de Kock Henriëtte L
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND: Dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) have a range of varieties, colours and sizes. Differences in physicochemical and sensory properties influence consumer choices for beans. This study related consumer preferences to sensory and physico‐chemical properties of selected bean varieties—Jenny, Kranskop, PAN 148, AC Calmont, PAN 150 and Mkuzi—grown in Mpumalanga (MP) and Free State (FS) in South Africa.

RESULTS: Significant (P < 0.05) variety, location as well as location × variety interaction effects were found for both physico‐chemical and sensory properties of beans. Jenny‐FS, Mkuzi and PAN 148‐MP beans had relatively long cooking times (>60 min). Some beans (e.g. PAN 150 and Mkuzi beans) were described as bitter, soapy and metallic with a raw‐bean flavour whereas more preferred beans (e.g. Jenny‐MP, Kranskop‐MP) were sweet, soft and with a cooked‐bean flavour.

CONCLUSION Apart from small seed size, sensory characteristics such as bitter taste, soapy and metallic mouthfeel and hard texture contributed to consumers' dislike of certain bean varieties. The sweet taste, cooked‐bean flavours, soft and mushy textures of the most accepted varieties seemed to be related to beans with good hydration capacities that facilitated softening during cooking. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry