bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leptin Level and Skipping Breakfast: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III)
Authors: Asao Keiko , Marekani Amandine , VanCleave Jessica , Rothberg Amy
Published: February 2016

Skipping breakfast is a common dietary habit considered to be unhealthy. However, the mechanisms underlying skipping breakfast have not been fully explored. Leptin is a hormone that regulates food intake and energy storage and secretes in a diurnal rhythm with lowest levels in the morning. We examined the association between the serum leptin level and skipping breakfast in 5714 adults in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, 1988–1994. We defined breakfast as any food or beverage consumed between 5:00 a.m. and 10:00 a.m. using a single 24-h recall. Skipped breakfast was seen in 13.1%. In the logistic regression models with and without adjusting for adiposity and sex, leptin levels were not associated with skipping breakfast. After adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and time of venipuncture, the association remained insignificant. After further adjusting for potential confounders: physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking and diabetes and after further adjusting for: dietary factors, insulin and glucose levels, there was a 9% and 11%–12%, respectively, statistically significantly higher likelihood of skipping breakfast if the leptin level was more than 50% greater. Further investigation into the biological reasons for skipping breakfast may be useful for promoting healthy lifestyles.
Targeting Cell Survival Proteins for Cancer Cell Death
Authors: Pandey Manoj , Prasad Sahdeo , Tyagi Amit , Deb Lokesh , Huang Jiamin , Karelia Deepkamal , Amin Shantu , Aggarwal Bharat
Published: February 2016

Escaping from cell death is one of the adaptations that enable cancer cells to stave off anticancer therapies. The key players in avoiding apoptosis are collectively known as survival proteins. Survival proteins comprise the Bcl-2, inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), and heat shock protein (HSP) families. The aberrant expression of these proteins is associated with a range of biological activities that promote cancer cell survival, proliferation, and resistance to therapy. Several therapeutic strategies that target survival proteins are based on mimicking BH3 domains or the IAP-binding motif or competing with ATP for the Hsp90 ATP-binding pocket. Alternative strategies, including use of nutraceuticals, transcriptional repression, and antisense oligonucleotides, provide options to target survival proteins. This review focuses on the role of survival proteins in chemoresistance and current therapeutic strategies in preclinical or clinical trials that target survival protein signaling pathways. Recent approaches to target survival proteins-including nutraceuticals, small-molecule inhibitors, peptides, and Bcl-2-specific mimetic are explored. Therapeutic inventions targeting survival proteins are promising strategies to inhibit cancer cell survival and chemoresistance. However, complete eradication of resistance is a distant dream. For a successful clinical outcome, pretreatment with novel survival protein inhibitors alone or in combination with conventional therapies holds great promise.
Testing the Contribution of Stress Factors to Improve Wheat and Maize Yield Estimations Derived from Remotely-Sensed Dry Matter Productivity
Authors: Durgun Yetkin , Gobin Anne , Gilliams Sven , Duveiller Grégory , Tychon Bernard
Published: February 2016

According to Monteith’s theory, crop biomass is linearly correlated with the amount of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and a constant radiation use efficiency (RUE) down-regulated by stress factors such as CO2 fertilisation, temperature and water stress. The objective was to investigate the relative importance of these stress factors in relation to regional biomass production and yield. The production efficiency model Copernicus Global Land Service-Dry Matter Productivity (CGLS-DMP), which follows Monteith’s theory, was modified and evaluated for common wheat and silage maize in France, Belgium and Morocco using SPOT VEGETATION for the period 1999–2012. For each study site the stress factor that has the highest correlation with crop yield was retained. The correlation between crop yield data and cumulative modified DMP, CGLS-DMP, fAPAR, and NDVI values were analysed for different crop growth stages. A leave-one-year-out cross validation was used to test the robustness of the model. On average, R2 values increased from 0.49 for CGLS-DMP to 0.68 for modified DMP, RMSE (t/ha) decreased from 0.84–0.61, RRMSE (%) reduced from 13.1–8.9, MBE (t/ha) decreased from 0.05–0.03 and the index of model performance (E1) increased from 0.08–0.28 for the selected sites and crops. The best results were obtained by including combinations of the most appropriate stress factors for each selected region and cumulating the modified DMP during part of the growing season that includes the reproductive stage. Though no single solution to the improvement of a global product could be demonstrated, our findings encourage an extension of the methodology to other regions of the world.
Automated Detection of Forest Gaps in Spruce Dominated Stands Using Canopy Height Models Derived from Stereo Aerial Imagery
Authors: Zielewska-Büttner Katarzyna , Adler Petra , Ehmann Michaela , Braunisch Veronika
Published: February 2016

Forest gaps are important structural elements in forest ecology to which various conservation-relevant, photophilic species are associated. To automatically map forest gaps and detect their changes over time, we developed a method based on Digital Surface Models (DSM) derived from stereoscopic aerial imagery and a LiDAR-based Digital Elevation Model (LiDAR DEM). Gaps were detected and delineated in relation to height and cover of the surrounding forest comparing data from two public flight campaigns (2009 and 2012) in a 1023-ha model region in the Northern Black Forest, Southwest Germany. The method was evaluated using an independent validation dataset obtained by visual stereo-interpretation. Gaps were automatically detected with an overall accuracy of 0.90 (2009) and 0.82 (2012). However, a very high users’ accuracy of more than 0.95 (both years) was counterbalanced by a producer’s accuracy of 0.84 (2009) and 0.73 (2012) as some gaps were not automatically detected. Accuracy was mainly dependent on the shadow occurrence and height of the surrounding forest with user’s accuracies dropping to 0.70 (2009) and 0.52 (2012) in high stands (>8 m tree height). As one important step in the workflow, the class of open forest, an important feature for many forest species, was delineated with a very good overall accuracy of 0.92 (both years) with uncertainties occurring mostly in areas with intermediate canopy cover. Presence of complete or partial shadow and geometric limitations of stereo image matching were identified as the main sources of errors in the method performance, suggesting that images with a higher overlap and resolution and ameliorated image-matching algorithms provide the greatest potential for improvement.
CERES Top-of-Atmosphere Earth Radiation Budget Climate Data Record: Accounting for in-Orbit Changes in Instrument Calibration
Authors: Loeb Norman , Manalo-Smith Natividad , Su Wenying , Shankar Mohan , Thomas Susan
Published: February 2016

The Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) project provides observations of Earth’s radiation budget using measurements from CERES instruments onboard the Terra, Aqua and Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) satellites. As the objective is to create a long-term climate data record, it is necessary to periodically reprocess the data in order to incorporate the latest calibration changes and algorithm improvements. Here, we focus on the improvements and validation of CERES Terra and Aqua radiances in Edition 4, which are used to generate higher-level climate data products. Onboard sources indicate that the total (TOT) channel response to longwave (LW) radiation has increased relative to the start of the missions by 0.4% to 1%. In the shortwave (SW), the sensor response change ranges from −0.4% to 0.6%. To account for in-orbit changes in SW spectral response function (SRF), direct nadir radiance comparisons between instrument pairs on the same satellite are made and an improved wavelength dependent degradation model is used to adjust the SRF of the instrument operating in a rotating azimuth plane scan mode. After applying SRF corrections independently to CERES Terra and Aqua, monthly variations amongst these instruments are highly correlated and the standard deviation in the difference of monthly anomalies is 0.2 Wm−2 for ocean and 0.3 Wm−2 for land/desert. Additionally, trends in CERES Terra and Aqua monthly anomalies are consistent to 0.21 Wm−2 per decade for ocean and 0.31 Wm−2 per decade for land/desert. In the LW, adjustments to the TOT channel SRF are made to ensure that removal of the contribution from the SW portion of the TOT channel with SW channel radiance measurements during daytime is consistent throughout the mission. Accordingly, anomalies in day–night LW difference in Edition 4 are more consistent compared to Edition 3, particularly for the Aqua land/desert case.
Defining Business decline, failure and turnaround: A content analysis
Authors: Pretorius Marius
Published: February 2016

In the past, researchers have often defined failure to suit their data. This has led to a lack of comparability in research outputs. The overriding objective of this paper is to propose a universal definition for the failure phenomenon. Clear definitions are a prerequisite for exploring major constructs, their relationship to failure and the context and processes involved. The study reports on the core definitions of the failure phenomenon and identifies core criteria for distinguishing between them. It places decline, failure and turnaround in perspective and highlights level of distress and turnaround as key moderating elements. It distinguishes the failure phenomenon from controversial synonyms such as closure, accidental bankruptcy and closure for alternative motives.

Key words and phrases: business decline, failure, turnaround, level of distress
Las nuevas tecnologías, una herramienta al servicio de la presentación del Patrimonio. El caso del Parque Arqueológico Minas de Gavà (Barcelona)
Authors: Borrell Giró Mònica
Published: February 2016

The Gava Mines Archaeological Park (Gavà, Spain) is an interpretative centre created in order to achieve a global project in the Prehistoric Mines site, the oldest mines made in galleries in Europe. The construction of the building and the exhibition were a challenge and an opportunity to think about how to act and communicate such an outstanding archaeological site. In this paper we present this experience, the resources used and the technological applications in management and communication.
La Anastilosis Virtual como herramienta didáctica en la enseñanza de la Historia. Ejemplos y propuestas de trabajo
Authors: Borge Cordovilla Francisco José
Published: February 2016

Examining the potential of techniques for 3D virtual reality applied to the restitution of historical and architectural environments, as a strategic tool for the history teaching, justified in two areas that directly affect the responsiveness of the pupil, stimulating favorably toward learning of this: the attraction of the visual techniques and the active interaction. We use two of our work in parallel but different concept, as the computer for which they were designed.
Digital documentation and visualization of archaeological excavations and finds using 3D scanning technology
Authors: Moser Michael , Hye Simon , Goldenberg Gert , Hanke Klaus , Kovács Kristóf
Published: February 2016

In 2007 the special research program HiMAT - History of Mining Activities in Tyrol and adjacent areas, focussing on environment and human societies, was established at the University of Innsbruck as an interdisciplinary and international research project, sponsored by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF). During late medieval and early modern times, the mining area of Schwaz in Tyrol became famous in Europe, due to the large scale exploitation of copper and silver bearing fahlores, going along with the development of high technologies in the field of mining and metallurgy. In that period, Schwaz was even called “the mother of all mines”.

In the area of Schwaz/Brixlegg the main focus of our research project is on early traces of copper mining and metallurgy dating back to the late Bronze Age. Such traces are still preserved, especially in boundary areas of the main ore deposits. On the basis of previous surveys a little valley called “Maukental” was chosen for archaeological investigations, because within this small area the entire copper production process of the late Bronze Age can be studied in detail. During the past two years, the Institute of Archaeology and Surveying and the Geoinformation Unit of the University of Innsbruck worked together in this area. One object of interest was a late Bronze Age ore dressing site situated in a former peat-bog. In this place the advantageous environment preserved fragile wooden structures and artefacts which could be digitally documented in the condition of retrieval.
Direito global em pedaços: fragmentação, regimes e pluralismo
Authors: Nasser Salem Hikmat
Published: February 2016

A ideia de que a vida passa por um processo de diferenciação funcional, e de que, como consequência, o direito torna-se crescentemente especializado – e talvez se transforme em sua própria natureza – é agora generalizada. Os conjuntos especializados de normas e regulamentos são muitas vezes chamados de regimes, e na esfera internacional, regimes internacionais ou transnacionais. Este artigo lida, primeiro, com três fortes representações de regimes internacionais e discute alguns de seus problemas. Sustenta que, a fim de fazer bom uso da noção de regimes, é necessário ter em mente a diferença entre o jurídico e o não jurídico no contexto amplo de governança. Assim, toma-se primeiramente a noção de regimes como fragmentos de uma ordem jurídica unificada e coerente de Direito Internacional Público e, em seguida, como um ponto de encontro de regulação, de produtos regulatórios, emergentes de ordens jurídicas diversas e também de fontes não jurídicas. Dentro do Direito Internacional Público, regimes são vistos como relacionados ao que se chama de dupla fragmentação de ordem jurídica. Como conjuntos de instrumentos regulatórios dentro de uma regulação global mais ampla, regimes são colocados em relação a dois tipos de pluralismo legal ou regulatório. Ao final faz uma discussão dos problemas de rule of law impostos ao direito internacional pela sua fragmentação e aos problemas equivalentes em relação à regulação global.
Gas–particle partitioning and hydrolysis of organic nitrates formed from the oxidation of α-pinene in environmental chamber experiments
Authors: Bean Jeffrey K. , Hildebrandt Ruiz Lea
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Gas–particle partitioning and hydrolysis of organic nitrates (ON) influences their role as sinks and sources of NOx and their effects on the formation of tropospheric ozone and organic aerosol (OA). In this work, organic nitrates were formed from the photo-oxidation of α-pinene in environmental chamber experiments under different conditions. Particle-phase ON hydrolysis rates, consistent with observed ON decay, exhibited a nonlinear dependence on relative humidity (RH): an ON decay rate of 2 day−1 was observed when the RH ranged between 20 and 60 %, and no significant ON decay was observed at RH lower than 20 %. In experiments when the highest observed RH exceeded the deliquescence RH of the ammonium sulfate seed aerosol, the particle-phase ON decay rate was as high as 7 day−1 and more variable. The ON gas–particle partitioning was dependent on total OA concentration and temperature, consistent with absorptive partitioning theory. In a volatility basis set, the ON partitioning was consistent with mass fractions of [0 0.11 0.03 0.86] at saturation mass concentrations (C*) of [1 10 100 1000] µg m−3.
Study of Impact of 3D Printing Technology and Development on Creative Industry
Authors: Feixiang Zhang , Liyong Zong , Xia Kuang
Published: February 2016

This paper simply makes an introduction to 3D printing technology. Application Value of 3D Printing Technology in Creative Industry and Its Industrial Significance are discussed. Besides, the paper analyses the changes of creative industry because of 3D printing technology development, and finally some relevant policies are suggested.
Stakeholder-Driven Strategic Renewal
Authors: Hess Megan F. , Hess Andrew M.
Published: February 2016

In an ever-changing global marketplace, organizations must adapt and renew to survive. To achieve such strategic renewal, however, organizations must overcome the inertial forces of existing competencies to evolve and develop new ones. Drawing on relational and behavioral theory, we describe how three aspects of stakeholder relationship management-employee alertness, openness to change, and knowledge exchange-both facilitate the exploration activities necessary for strategic renewal and avert the behavioral tendency toward strategic inertia. Our analysis of stakeholder-driven strategic renewal not only extends and elaborates the concept of stakeholder relationship management by making explicit its connections to strategic renewal, but it also highlights the importance of the proper fit between employee roles and dispositions in shaping the effectiveness of the managing for stakeholders approach.
One AWWA Operator Scholarship
Authors: LaFrance David B.
Published: February 2016

Slightly over a year ago, AWWA created a philanthropic program called The Water Equation, which is based on the idea that Knowledge + Sharing = Transformation. One of AWWA's strategies for solving this equation is to focus on the knowledge variable in the equation and grow AWWA's existing scholarship portfolio into the world's largest scholarship portfolio for water. Step one in growing AWWA's scholarship program is to help solve the funding challenges of water operator education. To do this, we have created the One AWWA Operator Scholarship.
Computer Support for Cooperative Design
Authors: Bødker Susanne , Ehn Pelle , Knudsen Jørgen Lindskov , Kyng Morten , Madsen Kim Halskov
Published: February 2016

Computer support for design as cooperative work is the subject of our discussion in the context of our research program on Computer Support in Cooperative Design and Communication. We outline our theoretical perspective on design as cooperative work, and we exemplify our approach with reflections from a project on computer support for envisionment in design --- the APLEX and its use. We see envisionment facilities as support for both experiments with and communication about the future use situation. As a background we sketch the historical roots of our program --- the Scandinavian collective resource approach to design and use of computer artifacts, and make some critical reflections on the rationality of computer support for cooperative work.
Virtual Classes - a powerful mechanism in object-oriented programming
Authors: Madsen Ole Lehrmann , Møller-Pedersen Birger
Published: February 2016

The notations of class, subclass and virtual procedure are fairly well understood and recognized as some of the key concepts in object-oriented programming. The possibility of modifying a virtual procedure in a subclass is a powerful technique for specializing the general properties of the superclass.
In most object-oriented languages, the attributes of an object may be references to objects and (virtual) procedures. In Simula and BETA it is also possible to have class attributes. The power of class attributes has not yet been widely recognized. In BETA a class may also have virtual class attributes. This makes it possible to defer part of the specification of a class attribute to a subclass. In this sense virtual classes are analogous to virtual procedures. Virtual classes are mainly interesting within strongly typed languages where they provide a mechanism for defining general parameterized classes such as set, vector and list. In this sense they provide an alternative to generics. Although the notion of virtual class originates from BETA, it is presented as a general language mechanism.
Three Discussions on Object-Oriented Typing
Authors: Palsberg Jens , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

This paper summarizes three discussions conducted at the ECOOP'91 W5 Workshop on ''Types, Inheritance, and Assignments'' Tuesday July 16, 1991 in Geneva, Switzerland, organized by the authors.

 

The three discussions were entitled ''Classes versus Types'', ''Static versus Dynamic Typing'', and ''Type Inference''. All these topics were assumed to be volatile and controversial; indeed, a broad range of diverging opinions were represented. However, much superficial disagreement seemed to be rooted in confusions about terminology. When such issues were resolved, there appeared a consensus about basic definitions and the - often incompatible - choices that one is at liberty to make. This clarification, which we hope to have described below, was the most important achievement of the workshop.
Tight Bounds on the Round Complexity of Distributed 1-Solvable Tasks
Authors: Biran Ofer , Moran Shlomo , Zaks Shmuel
Published: February 2016

A distributed task T is 1-solvable if there exists a protocol that solves it in the presence of (at most) one crash failure. A precise characterization of the 1-solvable tasks was given by the authors in 1990.

In this paper we determine the number of rounds of communication that are required, in the worst case, by a protocol which 1-solves a given 1-solvable task T for n processors. We define the radius R(T) of T, and show that if R(T) is finite, then this number is Theta (log_n R(T)) ; more precisely, we give a lower bound of log_(n-1) R(T), and an upper bound of 2+|log_(n-1)R(T)| . The upper bound implies, for example, that each of the following tasks: renaming, order preserving renaming and binary monotone consensus can be solved in the presence of one fault in 3 rounds of communications. All previous protocols that 1-solved these tasks required Omega(n) rounds. The result is also generalized to tasks whose radii are not bounded, e.g., the approximate consensus and its variants.
Circuit Depth Relative to a Random Oracle
Authors: Miltersen Peter Bro
Published: February 2016

The study of separation of complexity classes with respect to random oracles was initiated by Bennett and Gill and continued by many other authors.

 

Wilson defined relativized circuit depth and constructed various oracles A for which

 

 

 P^A ¬ NC^A

 NC^A_k ¬ NC^A_k+varepsilon,

 AC^A_k ¬ AC^A_k+varepsilon,

 AC^A_k ¬ subset= AC^A_k+1-varepsilon,
 and
NC^A_k not subset= AC^A_ k-varepsilon,

for all positive rational k and varepsilon, thus separating those classes for which no trivial argument shows inclusion. In this note we show that as a consequence of a single lemma, these separations (or improvements of them) hold with respect to a random oracle A.
Analysis of Numerical Solution of the Stefan Problem
Authors: Østerby Ole
Published: February 2016

A Stefan problem is a problem involving a parabolic differential equation with a moving boundary. We study one particular one-dimensional, one phase Stefan problem and two numerical methods for solving it. The first method which has been published by J. Douglas and T. M. Gallie is a finite difference method with variable step size in the t-direction. We supply a convergence proof for the iteration which, at each time step, is needed to determine the size of the step. We also derive certain estimates which we use subsequently to obtain bounds for the solution functions of the original problem. We also discuss stability of the method showing partial results but without being able to prove stability.

We prove that the boundary curve of the particular Stefan Problem in question is monotone increasing with a derivative that tends to zero as t tends to infinity. Furthermore, we show that the temperature at the t-axis, u(0,t), goes asymptoticly like 2.sqrt(t/ ¼).
An Investigation into Different Semantic Approaches
Authors: Jensen Kurt
Published: February 2016

This paper relates several different semantic description-methods. It uses a common example-language, called SNAIL, which includes assignment, conditional command, guarded commands, WHlLE-command, INPUT/OUTPUT-commands and block-oriented declaration. First two models and two theories (taken from Hoare and Lauer) are used on SNAIL. The two models are proved equivalent and it is moreover proved that the two theories (under specified interpretations) are satisfied by the models. Secondly it is shown that these 4 semantic approaches in a very straightforward manner can be reformulated using denotational semantics as developed in Oxford by Scott and Strachey. A weakest predicate-transformer theory due to Dijkstra is introduced together with command-continuations and it is shown that there is a very strong equivalence between Dijkstra's theory and denotational continuation- semantics. Finally a machine language, called ASSLA, is defined. A compilation from SNAIL to ASSLA is given and proved correct. Then Dijkstra's theory is interpreted using SNAIL and the given compilation.
Optimizing the Evaluation of Calculus Expressions in a Relational Database System
Authors: Clausen Svend-Erik
Published: February 2016

There is an interesting search strategy (due to James B. Rothnie) for efficient implementation of a limited kind of selection criterion for a relational database. This strategy is here generalized to arbitrary relational calculus expressions, and an analysis of the resulting improvement of performance is given. The strategy is used in a relational database system TGR and an overview of the architecture of this system is presented. TGR uses microprogrammed database primitives for searching the database. This approach is very similar to the use of a database processor although it also allows flexible change of processor design. The behaviour of TGR in evaluating typical queries is analyzed and the results are used for pointing out the bottlenecks in a relational database system with a particular type of structure. As a conclusion the construction of a database processor with the database primitives from TGR as instruction set is recommended. This would be a step towards getting acceptable performance in a relational database system.
A General Algorithm for Solving a Set of Recursive Equations: Exemplified by LR-theory
Authors: Kristensen Bent Bruun , Madsen Ole Lehrmann
Published: February 2016

A general algorithm for computing the solutions to a set of recursive equations of a general form is given. The form of the recursive equations is closely related to results on LR-theory. The algorithm appears as intuitively understandable in an abstract form. The correctness of the algorithm is proved. An analysis of the complexity shows that the algorithm compares well to existing algorithms. Examples of application of the general algorithm to elements of LR-theory, such as LALR(1)-lookahead computation and LR(1)-testing, are included.
Compiler Generation from Denotational Semantics
Authors: Jones Neil D.
Published: February 2016

A methodology is described for generating provably correct compilers from denotational definitions of programming languages. An application is given to produce compilers into STM code (an STM or state transition machine is a flow-chart-like program, low-level enough to be translated into efficient code on conventional computers). First, a compiler phi: LAMC -> STM from a lambda calculus dialect is defined. Any denotational definition DD of language L defines a map DD': L -> LAMC, so DD'_circle phi compiles L into STM code. Correctness follows from the correctness of phi.

The algebraic framework of Morris, ADJ, etc. is used. The set of STMs is given an algebraic structure so any DD'_circ phi may be specified by giving a derived operator on STM for each syntax rule of L.

This approach yields quite redundant object programs, so the paper ends by describing two flow analytic optimization methods. The first analyzes an already-produced STM to obtain information about its runtime behaviour which is used to optimize the STM. The second analyzes the generated compiling scheme to determine runtime properties of object programs in general which a compiler can use to produce less redundant STMs.
Attribute-Influenced LR Parsing
Authors: Jones Neil D. , Madsen Michael
Published: February 2016

Methods are described which make it possible, when given an arbitrary attribute grammar (or AG),

 to analyze the AG to determine which of its attributes may be computed during LR parsing;

 to augment the parser with instructions and data structures to compute many attributes during parsing;

 to use attribute values to assist the parsing process (e.g. to use symbol table information to decide whether P(X) is an array element or a function call).
Characterization of metabolites in rats after intravenous administration of salvianolic acid for injection by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Miao Jingzhuo , Sun Wanyang , Huang Jingyi , Liu Xiaolin , Li Shuming , Han Xiaoping , Tong Ling , Sun Guoxiang
Published: February 2016

It is an essential requirement to clarify the metabolites of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) injections, which contain numerous ingredients, to assess their safe and effective use in clinic. Salvianolic acid for injection (SAFI), made from hydrophilic phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, has been widely used for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, but information on its metabolites in vivo is still lacking. In the present study, we aimed to holistically characterize the metabolites of the main active ingredients in rat plasma, bile, urine and feces following intravenous administration of SAFI. An ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS) method was developed. Combining information on retention behaviors, multistage mass spectra and literature data, a total of eight prototypes and 52 metabolites were tentatively characterized. Metabolites originated from rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B comprised the majority of identified compounds. Meanwhile, four metabolites derived from salvianolic acid D and five from salvianolic acid B are reported for the first time. This study revealed that methylation, sulfation and glucuronidation were the major metabolic pathways of phenolic acids in SAFI in vivo. Furthermore, the developed UPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS method could also benefit the metabolic investigation of extracts and preparations in TCM with hydrophilic ingredients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Coupling of Alkynes with α‐Bromo Carbonyl Compounds: An Efficient Approach towards β,γ‐Alkynoates and Allenoates
Authors: Liu Wenbo , Chen Zhengwang , Li Lu , Wang Haining , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: February 2016

A direct transition‐metal‐free coupling between alkynes and α‐bromo carbonyl compounds has been developed with ultraviolet (UV) light in aqueous media. This method represents a facile approach to synthetically useful β,γ‐alkynyl esters and amides stereoselectively from two readily available starting materials. As an example of the synthetic application of the products, the alkynyl esters were readily converted into allenoates.
ChemInform Abstract: LOESUNGSMITTELEINFLUSS AUF DIE KERNRESONANZSPEKTREN DER METHYLDERIVATE VON SILICIUM, GERMANIUM, ZINN, BLEI UND QUECKSILBER
Authors: PETROSJAN V. S. , VOJAKIN A. S. , REUTOV O. A.
Published: February 2016

Die Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit der chemischen Verschiebung der Signale der Methylprotonen der Tetramethylverbindungen (I) und von Dimethyl‐Hg (II) korreliert nicht mit dem Solvatationsvermögen der Lösungsmittel.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMIE DER SELENDIOXID‐OX. VON CYCLOHEXENYLSYST.
Authors: TRACHTENBERG E. N. , CARVER J. R.
Published: February 2016

Die Oxidation zahlreicher alkylierter Cyclohexene, deren Herstellung z.Tl. verbessert wird, durch Selendioxid wird systematisch untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: OXALSAEUREAMIDE UND ‐HYDRAZIDE 18. MITT. KONDENSATION VON ARENSULFAMIDEN MIT ARYLAMINOAETHYLOXAMIDSAEUREESTERN
Authors: PETJUNIN P. A. , CERNYCH V. P. , BANNYJ I. P.
Published: February 2016

Die Kondensation der Oxamidester (I) (in 70‐81%iger Ausbeute dargestellt aus N‐Aryl‐äthylendiaminen und Diäthyloxalat) mit den Sulfamid‐Salzen (II) in siedendem Methanol liefert die Oxalsäurediamide (IIIa) (Ausbeute 72‐97%), deren Acylierung mit den entsprechenden Säurechloriden bzw. ‐anhydriden die N‐Acylderivate (IIIb) 60‐96%).
ChemInform Abstract: ADDITION VON GRIGNARDREAGENTIEN AN PYRIDAZINE 10. MITT. 3‐CHLOR‐6‐DIMETHYLAMINO‐PYRIDAZIN
Authors: CROSSLAND INGOLF , KOFOD HANS
Published: February 2016

Die Reaktion des Pyridazins (III) mit den Bromiden (II) liefert nach Protonierung die am C‐5 substituierten Pyridazine (Ia) (18% Ausbeute) bzw. (Ib) (52%), die nach Bromierung über die Bromide (VI) und nachfolgende hydrierende Dehalogenierung die Pyridazine (VII) ergeben.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUESTER ALKANSULFONAT‐PROZESS
Authors: NORTON C. J. , DRAYER D. E.
Published: February 2016

Natriumhydrogensulfit wird an Olefine in wäßrigem Isopropanol im pH‐Bereich 5 ‐ 7 angelagert.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐ACETYLMERCAPTO‐ACROLEIN
Authors: BEYER L. , SCHOENE G.
Published: February 2016

Propargylaldehyd (I) reagiert mit Thioessigsäure (II) glatt zum Addukt (III), das mit Hydrazin das Azin (IV), mit Phenylhydrazinen (V) die Hydrazone (VI) gibt.
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. OPTISCH AKTIVER UNSYMMETRISCHER KETONE AUS EINEM (+)‐SAEUREHALOGENID
Authors: DESAI A. P. , VASI I. G. , THAKER K. A.
Published: February 2016

Aus (+)‐2‐Methyl‐butan‐1‐ol (I) wurden durch Oxidation die optisch aktive Säure (II) und daraus (+)‐1‐Methylbutyrylchlorid (III) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: OX. VON PHENOLEN MIT BLEIDIOXID
Authors: DE JONGE C. R. H. I. , VAN DORT H. M. , VOLLBRACHT L.
Published: February 2016

Die Oxidation der Phenole (I) mit Bleidioxid wurde untersucht und die jeweils erhaltenen Anteile an p‐Benzochinon (II) und Diphenochinon (III) bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMIE DER SULFENYLCHLORIDE, KONDENSATION MIT 1,3,2‐DIOXAPHOSPHOLENEN ZU ALPHA‐CHLOR‐BETA‐KETOSULFIDEN
Authors: HARPP D. N. , MATHIAPARANAM P.
Published: February 2016

Das substituierte 1,3,2‐Dioxaphospholen (III), hergestellt aus Benzil (I) und Trimethylphosphit (II) unter trockenem Stickstoff, wird mit den Sulfenylchloriden (IV) in exothermer Reaktion zu α‐Chlor‐β‐ketosulfiden (V) umgesetzt (60‐93%).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOADDITION VON ACETYLENDICARBONSAEUREDIMETHYLESTER AN CYCLISCHE AETHER
Authors: SINGH P.
Published: February 2016

Acetylendicarbonsäuredimethylester (II) und überschüssiges Tetrahydrofuran (I) wurden 20 Stdn. lang unter einer Stickstoffatmosphäre mit einer 250‐W‐Hanovia Lampe belichtet, wobei die Verbindung (III) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON TEREPHTHALSAEURE MIT FORMALDEHYD IN SCHWEFELTRIOXID
Authors: FORNEY L. S.
Published: February 2016

Terephthalsäure (I) wird mit Formaldehyd (II) in flüssigem Schwefeltrioxid unter breiter Variation der Bedingungen zum 5‐Carboxy‐phthalid (III) kondensiert; mit überschüssigem (II) können unter milden Bedingungen geringere Anteile an (IVa) in Form des Esters (IVb) isoliert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: METABOLIT AUS EINER UNIDENTIFIZIERTEN ASPERGILLUS‐SPEZIES
Authors: ROSENBROOK W. , CARNEY R. E.
Published: February 2016

Aus einer nicht‐identifizierten, Penicillinsäure produzierenden Spezies wurde das fungicide Lacton (I) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLEN MIT EINGEBAUTEM HYDROXYGUANIDIN
Authors: BELZECKI C. , TROJNAR J.
Published: February 2016

Aus den Isothioharnstoffäthern (I) erhält man mitHydroxylamin die Substitutionsprodukte (II).
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIELLE FOLSAEURE‐ANTAGONISTEN 4. MITT. SYNTH.‐WEGE ZU ANALOGEN VON AMINOPTERIN UND METHOTREXAT 4. MITT. HERST. VON P‐(((2,4‐DIAMINO‐6‐PTERIDINYL)‐METHYL)‐AMINO)‐BENZOESAEUREN
Authors: ELLIOTT R. D. , TEMPLE C. , MONTGOMERY J. A.
Published: February 2016

Das aus Phthalimidkalium (Ia) hergestellte Epoxid (Ib) liefert über das Bromhydrin (II) das Keton (III), aus dem mit den entsprechenden Aminobenzoesäurederivaten die Kondensate (IVa), (IVb) zugänglich sind.
ChemInform Abstract: OTTO‐RK. DES STRYCHNINS
Authors: REHSE K.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Oxidation von Strychnin (I) mit Chromoxid in Schwefelsäure erhält man das komplexe Salz (II), welches mit Schwefeldioxid in Schwefelsäure zum 2,2′‐Bi‐Strychnin (III) reduziert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: ARSENORGANOVERBINDUNGEN 15. MITT. ARSINOFUNKTIONELLE GRIGNARDVERBINDUNGEN, R2AS‐(CH2)N‐MGCL
Authors: TZSCHACH ALFRED , NINDEL HORST , KOENIG CHRISTA
Published: February 2016

Die aus den entsprechenden Chloriden mit Mg erhältlichen Titelverbindungen (II) reagieren mit Kohlendioxid zu den Carbonsäuren (I) (58‐80% Ausbeute) und mit Tributylzinnchlorid (III) zu den Stannylalkylarsinen (IV) (50‐72%).
ChemInform Abstract: EXTRAKTION VON TETRATHENOYLTRIFLUORACETON‐KOMPLEXEN VON SELTENERDMETALLEN MIT ORGANISCHEN BASEN
Authors: KONONENKO L. I. , VITKUN R. A.
Published: February 2016

Die Extraktion von Tetrathenoyltrifluoracetonkomplexen der Seltenerdmetalle mit 2‐Aminopyridin vom Typ ML4°C BH durch Benzol wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: UNTERSUCHUNG DER KOMPLEXBLDG. VON TITAN(IV) MIT AEPFELSAEURE DURCH PHOTOMETRIE UND IONENAUSTAUSCH
Authors: ZOLNIN A. V.
Published: February 2016

Durch photometrische Untersuchungen des Systems Ti(IV)‐Brenzcatechin‐ Äpfelsäure in wäßriger Lösung wird die Bildung des Komplexes (I) bei pH 4 nachgewiesen und seine Stabilitätskonstante bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: ZIRKONIUM‐ BZW. HAFNIUMANTHRANILATE
Authors: SMIRNOV V. A. , PROZOROVSKAJA Z. N. , KOMISSAROVA L. N.
Published: February 2016

Aus Zr‐ bzw. Hf‐acetylacetonat und Anthranilsäure werden in Phthalsäurediäthylester oder Xylol bei 80‐100° und 1‐20 Torr die Komplexe (Ia) in Ausbeuten von 60‐90% dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: METALL‐KOMPLEXE VON N,N′‐DIMETHYLAETHYLENDIAMIN 2. MITT. ELEMENTARZELLE UND EIGENSCHAFTEN VON BIS‐(N,N′‐DIMETHYLAETHYLENDIAMIN)‐CU(II)‐SULFAT‐TETRAHYDRAT
Authors: KORVENRANTA JORMA
Published: February 2016

Der Komplex (II) wird durch Umsetzung von Cu‐sulfat‐pentahydrat mit dem Diamin (I) in wäßriger Lösung dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: NIEDERFREQUENTE SCHWINGUNGEN VON RHODIUMFORMIAT UND ‐ACETAT
Authors: CHARITONOV JU. JA. , MAZO G. JA. , KNJAZEVA N. A.
Published: February 2016

Die IR‐ und Raman‐Spektren von Di‐Rh‐tetraformiat‐dihydrat und ihren Deuteroanalogen in Bereich 60‐600 cm‐1 werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SCHWINGUNGSSPEKTREN VON CARBONSAEUREN DURCH NEUTRONEN‐SPEKTROSKOPIE
Authors: COLLINS M. F. , HAYWOOD B. C.
Published: February 2016

Für die Carbonsäuren (I) und (II) und Malein‐ und Weinsäure im festen Zustand werden die Neutronen‐Energieverlust‐Spektren im Bereich 400 bis 1400 cm‐1 untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: PROTONENMAGNETISCHER RESONANZ VON PLANAR‐KONDENSIERTEN BENZOIDEN KOHLENWASSERSTOFFEN 1. MITT. ANALYSE DER SPEKTREN 2. MITT. KRITISCHE BEWERTUNG DER MCWEENY‐RING‐STROM‐THEORIE 3. MITT. MCWEENY‐BERECHNUNGEN HEXACYCLISCHER MOLEKUELE
Authors: HAIGH C. W. , MALLION R. B. , ARMOUR E. A. G.
Published: February 2016

Der Vergleich von experimentellen und nach der McWeeny‐Ringstromtheorie berechneten chemischen Verschiebungen von 85 Protonen in 16 planaren unsubstituierten kondensierten aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen führt nur dann zu vernünftigen Ergebnissen, wenn die experimentellen chemischen‐ Verschiebungen aus Iterativberechnungen 2. Grades bei (oder bei fast) unendlicher Verdünnung in einem gewöhnlichen isotropen Lösungsmittel erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: LOKALISIERUNG DER DOPPELBINDUNGEN IN ALKYLPYRENEN
Authors: CLAR E. , MCANDREW B. A. , SANIGOEK UE.
Published: February 2016

Die Alkylpyrene (I)‐(VIII) werden nach herkömmlichen Methoden dargestellt und NMR‐spektroskopisch (Abbildungen) untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ART DES CARBONIUM‐IONS 3. MITT. PROTOADAMANTYL‐KATION AUF DEM PI‐WEG
Authors: SPURLOCK LANGLEY A. , CLARK KIRTLAND P.
Published: February 2016

Die aus dem Tosylat (I) durch Malonester‐Kettenverlängerung erhaltene Säure (IIa) liefert bei der Li‐Al‐hydrid‐Reduktion den Alkohol (IIb), dessen Li‐Verbindung mit p‐Brom‐benzolsulfonylchlorid in den Ester (IIc) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. DES 6‐METHYL‐6‐PHENYL‐CYCLOHEXADIENYL‐ANIONS, ROLLE DES GEGENIONS
Authors: STALEY STUART W. , ERDMAN JOHN P.
Published: February 2016

Bei der Zugabe von K‐amid zu dem Cyclohexadien (I) entsteht das Titelanion (II), das bei längerer Einwirkung von einem Überschuß von K‐amid einer Reihe von kompetitiven inter‐ und intramolekularen Reaktionen unterliegt.
ChemInform Abstract: GESCHWINDIGKEITSVERMINDERUNG DER VERDRAENGUNGSRK. AM PHOSPHOR DURCH DIE WINKELSPANNUNG IN EINEM VIERGLIEDRIGEN RING, METHODE ZUR UNTERSCHEIDUNG DER MECHANISMEN
Authors: HAAKE PAUL , COOK ROBERT D. , KOIZUMI TORU , OSSIP PAUL S. , SCHWARZ W. , TYSSEE DONALD A.
Published: February 2016

Die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der säurekatalysierten Hydrolyse in Dioxan/ Wasser der Phosphinsäureamide (Ia) und (IIa) und der Solvolyse der Phosphinsäurechloride (Ib) und (IIb) in Trifluoressigsäure bzw. wäßrigem Aceton werden bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON PHENYLACETYLEN‐NATRIUM MIT BENZHYDROXAMSAEURECHLORID
Authors: BETTINETTI GIAN FRANCO , FRASCHINI CLAUDIO
Published: February 2016

Zur Prüfung der Frage, ob die Bildung des Isoxazols (III) aus dem Acyl‐ Chlorid (I) und dem Acetylid (II) über das Nitriloxid (IV) oder über das Oxim (V) verläuft, wird die Reaktion in Gegenwart von Norbornen (VI) durchgeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: ABSORPTIONSSPEKTRUM UND ZERFALLSGESCHWINDIGKEIT DES ASCORBINSAEURERADIKALS
Authors: BIELSKI B. H. J. , ALLEN A. O.
Published: February 2016

Das optische Absorptionsspektrum (320‐42O nm) des durch Pulsradiolyse von Ascorbinsäure in wäßriger Lösung in Gegenwart von Distickstoffoxid erzeugten Radikals wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMM. HYDRIERUNG UNTER VERW. MODIFIZIERTER IONENAUSTAUSCHER‐PALLADIUM‐KATALYSATOREN
Authors: HARADA KAORU , YOSHIDA TAKAO
Published: February 2016

An mit L‐Alanin bzw. L‐Phenylalanin modifizierten Ionenaustauscher‐Pd‐ Katalysatoren werden die Säuren (I) und (III) in Alkohol bei Raumtemperaturder Hydrierung unterworfen.
ChemInform Abstract: EINFUEHRUNG VON FLUOR IN DEN AROMATISCHEN KERN
Authors: KNUNJANC I. L. , ROZVKOV I. N. , BUCHTIAROV A. V. , GOL'DIN M. M. , KUDRJAVCEV R. V.
Published: February 2016

Durch Elektrolyse von Naphthalin in einer Lösung von Triäthylammonium‐ fluorid in Acetonitril an einer stationären Platin‐Elektrode bei einer Spannung von 1,9 Ventsteht neben anderen Fluorierungsprodukten zu 4 ‐ 5% α‐Fluornaphthalin.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOMERISIERUNG VON EPOXIDEN ZU KETONEN DURCH PENTACYANOKOBALT‐KOMPLEXE
Authors: KIM J. Y. , KWAN T.
Published: February 2016

Die wäßrige Lösung des Pentacyanokobaltkomplex‐Katalysators wurde mit Wasserstoff gesättigt und bei 30°C und 1 at H2 mit einem der Epoxide (Ia), (Ib), (V), (VIII) oder (IX) versetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCYCLISIERUNG VON CARBOSTYRIL AN OLEFINE, STEREOCHEMIE DER ADDUKTE
Authors: EVANEGA G. R. , FABINY D. L.
Published: February 2016

Carbostyril (I) liefert mit den Olefinen (II) die Addukte (III) neben dem Dimeren (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: RADIKALISCHE ADDITIONEN AN OLEFINDERIVATE 4. MITT. NEUARTIGE DARST. VON ALPHA,BETA‐UNGESAETTIGTEN DICARBONSAEUREN
Authors: DOLEZAL S.
Published: February 2016

Mit konz. Schwefelsäure werden aus den Estern (I) die entsprechenden Dicarbonsäuren (II) (Ausbeuten 60‐75%) dargestellt, die in äthanolischer KOH beim Erhitzen die ungesättigten Säuren (III) liefern.
ChemInform Abstract: CHARAKTERISIERUNG VON GRADKETTIGEN FETTSAEUREMETHYLESTERN DURCH NMR
Authors: GERBAZ GIAMPAOLO , LAI ADOLFO
Published: February 2016

Die NMR‐Spektren (100 MHz) der gesättigten Ester (I) und der ungesättigten Ester wie (II) und (III) wurden aufgenommen (Abb., Tabellen) und vollständig zugeordnet.
ChemInform Abstract: EIGENSCHAFTEN DER VINYL‐SULFONSAEURE UND GAMMA,GAMMA‐DICHLORALLYL‐SULFONSAEURE
Authors: PETROVA R. G. , KANDROR I. I. , FREJDLINA R. CH.
Published: February 2016

Durch Kochen einer wasserhaltigen alkoholischen Lösung von l,l ,3‐Trichlorl‐propen (I) mit Natriumsulfit in Gegenwart von Natriumjodid erhält man das Natrium‐qqy‐dichlorallyl‐sulfonat (II) (Ausbeute 70%).
ChemInform Abstract: ENAMIN‐CHEMIE 8. MITT. RK. VON ACRYLOYLCHLORID MIT DIENAMINEN
Authors: FIRRELL N. F. , HICKMOTT P. W. , HOPKINS B. J.
Published: February 2016

Die Reaktion der Enamine (I) mit Acryloylchlorid (II) führt zu den bicyclischen Diketonen (III) (12% Ausbeute); die‐ analoge Reaktion mit dem Enamin (I) (R1 = Isopropyl) liefert das Dion (IV) (20%) mit exocyclischer Doppelbindung.
ChemInform Abstract: TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALINDERIVATE 4. MITT. 1‐DI‐(2′‐CHLORAETHYL)‐AMINO‐5‐ALKOXY‐1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDRO‐NAPHTHALINE, HYDROLYSE DER 5‐SUBSTITUIERTEN 1‐DI‐(2′‐CHLORAETHYL)‐AMINO‐1,2,3,4‐TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALINE
Authors: PANAITESCU TH. , AMBRUS I.
Published: February 2016

Ausgehend vom 1‐Di‐(2′‐hydroxyäthyl)‐amino‐5‐hydro xy‐1 ,2,3 ,4‐tetrahydronaphthalin (I) wurden auf dem angegebenen Weg über (II) die N‐Lost‐ Derivate (III) dargestellt und ihre Hydrolyse in wäßrigem Aceton durch Messung der freiwerdenden Chlorid‐ und Wasserstoffionen verfolgt, um ihre chemische Reaktivität zu charakterisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOBUTADIEN‐EPOXID
Authors: TODA F. , AKAGI K.
Published: February 2016

Reaktion der Halogencyclobutene (I) mit den Alkoxiden (II) und den entsprechenden Alkoholen in Tetrahydrofuran führt über die Zwischenstufe (III) zu den Cyclobutadienepoxiden (IV), die in wäßriger Säure in die Cyclobutendione‐(l,2) (V) übergehen.
ChemInform Abstract: DREIGLIEDRIGE RINGE 8. MITT. PERFLUORCYCLOBUTENYL‐AETHYLENIMINE
Authors: SAMOJLOVA Z. E. , KOSTJANOVSKIJ R. G.
Published: February 2016

Perfluor‐cyclobutan (II) reagiert in Äther mit Äthylenimin (Ia) oder 2,2‐Dimethyl‐äthylenimin (Ib) zum l‐Äthylenimino‐ bzw. 1‐(2,2‐Dimethyl‐äthylenimino)‐perfluor‐1‐cyclobuten (III) (Ausbeute (IIIa): 52%, (IIIb): 70%).
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOLYSE VON INNEREN SALZEN DES 1‐(3‐ALKYL(ARYL)‐2‐THIOUREIDO)‐PYRIDINIUMHYDROXIDS
Authors: POTTS K. T. , DUGAS R.
Published: February 2016

Photolyse (Ä = 350 nm) der inneren Salze (I) ergibt Pyridin (IIa) und Schwefel (III) bzw. Methylpyridin (IIb), Schwefel (III) und Phenylcyanamid (IVb).
ChemInform Abstract: TERT. AMINOXIDE 38. MITT. UMSETZUNG VON CHINOLIN‐1‐OXID MIT N‐ACYLMETHYL‐PYRIDINIUMSALZEN IN GEGENWART VON ACYLIERUNGSMITTELN
Authors: YAMAZAKI M. , NODA K. , HAMANA M.
Published: February 2016

Chinolin‐1‐oxid (I) reagiert in Gegenwart von Acetanhydrid mit aktiven Methylenverbindungen.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐ALKYL‐2(1H)‐PYRIDON‐DERIVATE 11. MITT. UMSETZUNG VON 1‐METHYL‐2(1H)‐PYRIDON‐DERIVATEN MIT FORMALDEHYD UND CHLORWASSERSTOFF
Authors: TOMISAWA H. , KOBAYASHI Y. , HONGO H. , FUJITA R.
Published: February 2016

Das Gemisch aus 1‐Methyl‐2(1H)‐pyridon (I), Paraformaldehyd (II) und konz. Salzsäure wird nach Erhitzen mit Natriumacetat und Acetanhydrid versetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. VON PYRAZOLO(2,3‐A)CHINOLINE ‐ STRUKTURAUFKLAERUNG UND RK., UNERWARTETER KATALYTISCHER EINFLUSS VON PHENYLHYDRAZIN
Authors: PEDERSEN CHRISTIAN L. , BUCHARDT OLE
Published: February 2016

Die Reaktion der Triarylpyryliumsalze (I) mit überschüssigem Phenylhydrazin (II) führt zu den sonst schwierig zusynthetisierenden Titelverbindungen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: LACTAME 16. MITT. SYNTH. VON OCTAHYDROPYRIDO(2,3‐E)‐(1,4)‐DIAZEPINEN UND PYRIDO(2,3‐B)‐(1,5)‐BENZODIAZEPINEN AUS O‐ALKYLDERIVATEN DER 3‐CARBAETHOXYLACTAME
Authors: PYATIN B. M. , GLUSHKOV R. G.
Published: February 2016

Die Lactimester (II) bzw. (V) reagieren mit Äthylendiamin zu 5‐Oxo‐lH,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,1 l‐octahydropyrido(2,3‐e)‐(1,4)‐diazepin (I) bzw. dem 11‐Äthylderivat (IV), mit o‐Phenylendiamin bildet sich aus (II) das Diazepin (III).