bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Categorizing words using ‘frequent frames’: what cross‐linguistic analyses reveal about distributional acquisition strategies
Authors: Chemla Emmanuel , Mintz Toben H. , Bernal Savita , Christophe Anne
Published: March 2009

Mintz (2003

) described a distributional environment called a frame, defined as the co‐occurrence of two context words with one intervening target word. Analyses of English child‐directed speech showed that words that fell within any frequently occurring frame consistently belonged to the same grammatical category (e.g. noun, verb, adjective, etc.). In this paper, we first generalize this result to French, a language in which the function word system allows patterns that are potentially detrimental to a frame‐based analysis procedure. Second, we show that the discontinuity of the chosen environments (i.e. the fact that target words are framed by the context words) is crucial for the mechanism to be efficient. This property might be relevant for any computational approach to grammatical categorization. Finally, we investigate a recursive application of the procedure and observe that the categorization is paradoxically worse when context elements are categories rather than actual lexical items. Item‐specificity is thus also a core computational principle for this type of algorithm. Our analysis, along with results from behavioural studies (Gómez, 2002; Gómez and Maye, 2005; Mintz, 2006), provides strong support for frames as a basis for the acquisition of grammatical categories by infants. Discontinuity and item‐specificity appear to be crucial features.
Language attitudes in interaction1
Authors: Liebscher Grit , Dailey‐O'Cain Jennifer
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the observation of language attitudes in interaction and argues that these approaches provide invaluable insights for the study of language attitudes. In the first half of the paper, the three different kinds of discourse‐based methods of analysis that scholars have used to analyse language attitudes (content‐based approaches, turn‐internal semantic and pragmatic approaches, and interactional approaches) are discussed. In the second half, then, the third of these approaches is used to illustrate such an analysis with four stretches of conversation in different contexts. In the end, the argument is put forward that discourse‐based approaches in general and interactional approaches in particular should be viewed as at least as fundamental to language attitude research as more commonly used quantitative methods of analysis, since the former can provide the researcher with insights that the latter do not.
Qualification of a precise and easy‐to‐handle sweat casting imprint method for the prediction and quantification of anti‐perspirant efficacy
Authors: Keyhani R. , Scheede S. , Thielecke I. , Wenck H. , Schmucker R. , Schreiner V. , Ennen J. , Herpens A.
Published: March 2009

Synopsis

A time‐ and cost‐effective sweat casting method using the forearm as test site to assess the efficacy of several anti‐perspirant formulations with a low number of test subjects has been evaluated and qualified. The imprint sweat casting method is based on a 2‐component silcone‐imprint technique to measure the efficacy of more than eight products in parallel with the same test subject. In studies using aluminum chlorohydrate (ACH) formulations as test anti‐perspirants, a clear‐cut correlation could be demonstrated between sweat gland activities measured by the imprint method and gravimetric measurement of sweat gland activities. Concentration‐dependent inhibition of sweat gland activity could be observed with the imprint technique up to an ACH concentration of 15%, and all formulations containing 2% ACH or above resulted in statistically significant reduction of sweat gland activity (P < 0.001) when compared with untreated control areas. Furthermore, the SDs of individual studies using the imprint technique were in a range of ±20% of sweat gland activity, which can be regarded rather low for in vivo measurements of a complex process like sweat secretion. A group‐wise comparison between the measurements of anti‐perspirant activity as determined by the imprint protocol and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Guideline compliant gravimetric hot‐room protocol revealed that the test results for anti‐perspirant activity obtained with the imprint protocol are similar to those obtained with the hot‐room protocol. Moreover, the data generated with the imprint protocol have a high predictive value for the outcome of a later guideline‐compliant hot‐room test. As the imprint casting method tends to be a little more sensitive for formulations with low anti‐perspirant activity, and seems to be associated with less interassay variability than the standard gravimetric hot‐room test, the imprint casting method may select products which later fail to pass the standard gravimetric hot‐room test. Meanwhile the imprint sweat casting has proven to be a robust method useful to support efficacy‐oriented product development. Therefore, in later stages of utilization it might even evolve into an efficient claim substantiation tool.
Protection of midbrain dopaminergic neurons by the end‐product of purine metabolism uric acid: potentiation by low‐level depolarization
Authors: Guerreiro Serge , Ponceau Aurélie , Toulorge Damien , Martin Elodie , Alvarez‐Fischer Daniel , Hirsch Etienne C. , Michel Patrick P.
Published: March 2009

High plasma levels of the end product of purine metabolism uric acid (UA) predict a reduced risk of developing Parkinson’s disease suggesting that UA may operate as a protective factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Consistent with this view, UA exerted partial but long‐term protection in a culture model in which these neurons die spontaneously. The rescued neurons were functional as they accumulated dopamine, efficiently. The use of the fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine‐123 revealed that UA operated by an antioxidant mechanism. The iron chelating agent desferrioxamine, the H2O2 scavenger enzyme catalase and the inhibitor of lipid peroxidation Trolox mimicked the effects of UA, suggesting that UA neutralized reactive oxygen species produced via a Fenton‐type chemical reaction. UA was, however, not significantly accumulated into neurons, which indicates that the antioxidant effect occurred probably extracellularly. Structure – activity relationships among purine derivatives revealed that the antioxidant properties of UA resulted from the presence of a 8‐one substituent in its chemical structure. Of interest, the stimulation of L‐type Ca2+ channels by high K+‐induced depolarization and the ensuing activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 strongly improved the neuroprotective effect of UA whereas the depolarizing signal alone had no effect. In summary, our data indicate that UA may interfere directly with the disease’s pathomechanism.
Abnormal production of macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α by microglial cell lines derived from neonatal brains of Sandhoff disease model mice
Authors: Kawashita Eri , Tsuji Daisuke , Kawashima Nagako , Nakayama Ken‐ichi , Matsuno Hiroyuki , Itoh Kohji
Published: March 2009

Sandhoff disease (SD) is a lysosomal β‐hexosaminidase deficiency involving excessive accumulation of undegraded substrates, including terminal N‐acetylglucosamine‐oligosaccharides and GM2 ganglioside, and progressive neurodegeneration. Our previous study demonstrated remarkable induction of macrophage inflammatory factor‐1α (MIP‐1α) in microglia in the brains of SD model mice as a putative pathogenic factor for SD via microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation. In this study, we established microglial cell lines (WT‐ and SD‐Mg) from wild‐type and SD mice, and first demonstrated the enhanced production of MIP‐1α in SD‐Mg. Inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) and Akt reduced the production of MIP‐1α by SD‐Mg. Elevated activation of Akt and partial translocation of PKC isozymes (α, βI, βII, and δ) from the cytoplasm to the membrane in SD‐Mg were also revealed by means of immunoblotting. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that intracellular extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, and phospholipase C (PLC), but not phosphoinositide 3‐kinase, should contribute to the induction of MIP‐1α in SD‐Mg, and that PLC could independently regulate the activation of both PKC and Akt. We proposed here that the deregulated activation of PLC should cause the enhanced MIP‐1α production via plural signaling pathways mediated by PKC and Akt, followed by extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, in SD‐Mg.
The novel NMDA receptor antagonist, 2‐hydroxy‐5‐(2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐4‐trifluoromethyl‐benzylamino)‐benzoic acid, is a gating modifier in cultured mouse cortical neurons
Authors: Noh Jihyun , Lee Eun‐sung , Chung Jun‐mo
Published: March 2009

Neu2000 [NEU, 2‐hydroxy‐5‐(2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐4‐trifluoromethyl‐benzylamino)‐benzoic acid], a derivative of sulfasalazine, attenuates NMDA‐induced neuronal toxicity. Here we investigated the effects of NEU on the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) using whole‐cell patch clamp technique to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying its neuroprotective role. NEU reversibly suppressed NMDA responses in an uncompetitive manner with fast binding kinetics. Its inhibition of NMDAR activity depended on both the concentration and the use of agonist but not on the membrane potential. NEU accelerated NMDA desensitization without affecting the binding affinity of NMDAR for its agonists and stabilized the closed state of NMDAR. Therefore, NEU should effectively alleviate disorders that are a result of glutamate excitoxicity with fewer side effects because it is a low‐affinity gating modifier that antagonizes NMDAR in an uncompetitive manner. Moreover, in the presence of ifenprodil (an NR2B antagonist) but not NVP‐AAM077 [(R)‐[(S)‐1‐(4‐bromo‐phenyl)‐ethylamino]‐(2,3‐dioxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐quinoxalin‐5‐yl)‐methyl]‐phosphonic acid, an NR2A antagonist], the extent of NEU block was decreased, suggesting that NEU is an NR2B‐specific antagonist.
Mechanical behaviour of PVC/CaCO3Particulate Composites – Influence of Temperature
Authors: Costa J. D. M. , Capela C. , Ferreira J. A. M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract: This paper is concerned with the study of temperature influence on Young’s modulus, ultimate strength and fracture toughness properties of PVC/CaCO3particulate composites with different volume fractions. The tests were performed in three‐ and four‐point bending. The resonant technique was also used to analyse the influence of both volume fraction and temperature on Young’s modulus. Significant decrease of ultimate strength, fracture toughness and Young’s modulus was observed with the increase of the temperature. Ultimate strength decreases with the increase of particle volume fraction at room temperature. For the other temperatures, this decreasing trend is less clear. PVC/CaCO3flexural Young’s modulus calculated for a much lower loading segment increases with volume fraction. The same trend was obtained using the resonant technique. However, as the loading segment used to calculate the Young’s modulus was increased a significant decrease of Young’s modulus was obtained as a result of a progressive debonding at the particle‐matrix interface. A 2D simplified FE simulation also confirms such trend. The dependence of Young’s modulus relatively to the loading segment increases as the volume fraction is increased, leading to composite Young’s modulus below matrix value for higher volume fractions and higher loading segments. Fracture toughness decreases with volume fraction.
Neuropsychological assessment of hepatic encephalopathy: ISHEN practice guidelines
Authors: Randolph Christopher , Hilsabeck Robin , Kato Ainobu , Kharbanda Parampreet , Li Yu‐Yuan , Mapelli Daniela , Ravdin Lisa D. , Romero‐Gomez Manuel , Stracciari Andrea , Weissenborn Karin
Published: March 2009

Low‐grade or minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is characterised by relatively mild neurocognitive impairments, and occurs in a substantial percentage of patients with liver disease. The presence of MHE is associated with a significant compromise of quality of life, is predictive of the onset of overt hepatic encephalopathy and is associated with a poorer prognosis for outcome. Early identification and treatment of MHE can improve quality of life and may prevent the onset of overt encephalopathy, but to date, there has been little agreement regarding the optimum method for detecting MHE. The International Society on Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism convened a group of experts for the purpose of reviewing available data and making recommendations for a standardised approach for neuropsychological assessment of patients with liver disease who are at risk of MHE. Specific recommendations are presented, along with a proposed methodology for further refining these assessment procedures through prospective research.
Robot‐assisted surgery in gynaecology
Authors: OEHLER Martin K.
Published: March 2009

Robotic surgery is the latest development in minimal invasive surgery. It provides superior visualisation and dexterity and therefore allows the surgeon to perform complex tasks that would exceed his/her abilities with conventional laparoscopy and would be associated with an increased morbidity if performed by laparotomy. Current evidence demonstrates the feasibility and safety of this technology in gynaecology. The costs of robotic surgery remain one of the main sources of controversy but are expected to come down with further developments of the technology. If evidence‐based long‐term outcome evaluations show the superiority of robotic surgery in comparison to conventional laparoscopic and open surgery, this technology will have a major impact on gynaecological surgery.
Maternal periodontal disease and perinatal mortality
Authors: SHUB Alexis , WONG Clement , JENNINGS Belinda , SWAIN Jonathan R. , NEWNHAM John P.
Published: March 2009

Background: Periodontal disease has been associated with increased perinatal mortality.

Aims: To examine the association between maternal periodontal disease and perinatal mortality.

Methods: We performed a retrospective and prospective matched case–control study of women with unexplained perinatal mortality at more than 20 weeks gestational age. Women were matched for socioeconomic status, smoking status and time since delivery. All women underwent a detailed periodontal examination and completed a questionnaire describing oral health symptoms. No intervention took place.

Results: Fifty‐three women who had experienced a perinatal death and 111 controls completed the study. Thirty‐two women were recruited retrospectively and 21 women were recruited prospectively. Twenty‐three (43.4%) women who had experienced a perinatal death and 27 (24.3%) controls had periodontal disease. There were no differences in oral health behaviours or symptoms between cases and controls. Perinatal death was associated with periodontal disease (odds ratio (OR) 2.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05, 5.47). Periodontal disease was more strongly associated with perinatal mortality due to extreme prematurity (OR 3.60, 95% CI 1.20, 12.04). Multivariate analysis showed this relationship to be consistent after inclusion of higher parity, country of birth, advanced maternal age and maternal obesity in the model (OR 4.56, 95% CI 1.25, 21.27).

Conclusions: Maternal periodontal disease may contribute to perinatal mortality, especially that caused by extreme prematurity.
Prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and relation to glycemic control therapies at baseline in the BARI 2D cohort
Authors: Pop‐Busui Rodica , Lu Jiang , Lopes Neuza , Jones Teresa L. Z.
Published: March 2009

Abstract  We evaluated the associations between glycemic therapies and prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) at baseline among participants in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) trial on medical and revascularization therapies for coronary artery disease (CAD) and on insulin‐sensitizing vs. insulin‐providing treatments for diabetes. A total of 2,368 patients with type 2 diabetes and CAD was evaluated. DPN was defined as clinical examination score >2 using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). DPN odds ratios across different groups of glycemic therapy were evaluated by multiple logistic regression adjusted for multiple covariates including age, sex, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and diabetes duration. Fifty‐one percent of BARI 2D subjects with valid baseline characteristics and MNSI scores had DPN. After adjusting for all variables, use of insulin was significantly associated with DPN (OR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.15–2.13). Patients on sulfonylurea (SU) or combination of SU/metformin (Met)/thiazolidinediones (TZD) had marginally higher rates of DPN than the Met/TZD group. This cross‐sectional study in a cohort of patients with type 2 diabetes and CAD showed association of insulin use with higher DPN prevalence, independent of disease duration, glycemic control, and other characteristics. The causality between a glycemic control strategy and DPN cannot be evaluated in this cross‐sectional study, but continued assessment of DPN and randomized therapies in BARI 2D trial may provide further explanations on the development of DPN.
Excitability properties of motor axons in the maturing mouse
Authors: Boërio Delphine , Greensmith Linda , Bostock Hugh
Published: March 2009

Abstract  Non‐invasive excitability tests have been developed to appraise axonal membrane properties in peripheral nerves and are contributing to our understanding of neuropathies and neuronopathies. These techniques have been adapted to in vivo and in vitro rat models, but little data are available on mice, although mice provide more transgenic models of neurological disorders. This study was therefore undertaken to assess the suitability of mice to model human nerve excitability measurements and to document changes during maturation. Female mice, aged 4–19 weeks, were recorded under isoflurane anesthesia. Electrical stimuli were applied via surface electrodes to the caudal motor nerve and compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) recorded from the tail with needle electrodes. Then, the sciatic nerve was stimulated above the ankle and CMAPs recorded from plantar muscles. The method was only minimally invasive, enabling the same animal to be tested up to eight times at weekly intervals. As in human studies, the multiple excitability program recorded stimulus‐response, strength‐duration, and current‐threshold relationships; threshold electrotonus; and recovery cycle. The response waveforms were qualitatively similar to those from human axons. This resemblance was closer for the caudal nerve, which also showed more marked changes with age. Early hyperpolarizing electrotonus fell sharply from weeks 4 to 13 (p < 0.0001), while a progressive increase in superexcitability occurred throughout the period studied (p < 0.001). We conclude that multiple measures of nerve excitability can be performed reliably in mice in vivo, preferentially on the tail, and are suitable for longitudinal studies, but age matching is critical for younger animals.
THE SKMR‐I RESEARCH HYDROSKIMMER PROGRAM
Authors: STARK R. E. , GAUTHEY J. R.
Published: March 2009

The SKMR‐1 represents a significant achievement in the development of new types of military vehicles (Figure 15). Planning is already underway to determine the next step in the evolution of this type craft. The successful performance of SKMR‐1 in its R & D phases and its demonstration of operational roles will have a great influence on the future application of these vehicles.
“GET WET, YOUNG MAN, GET WET!”
Authors: STEPHAN CHARLES R. , GROVES DON
Published: March 2009

“…Water is as beautiful, but much more precious than diamonds because it is a delicate support of life. It is now proven that no civilizations are born from the sea, and the presence of the sea has deeply influenced the way of life and thinking, later the arts of all primitive collectivities. Yet, the history of the relationship between men and the sea is rather that of a divorce …”
AN ADVANCED AUTOMATIC PILOT AND ELECTRIC STEERING SYSTEM FOR MILITARY SHIPS
Authors: WYKE PETER R.
Published: March 2009

The new transistorized Royal Naval automatic pilot is described and its integration as part of a steering system for ships is shown. The system has many refinements designed to eliminate the need for a multiplicity of manual controls previously required to optimize the system against changes in weather and sea conditions. This is a highly desirable feature in a warship which spends a high proportion of its life in maneuvering.

Hand control of steering is by means of an aircraft type steering bar fitted both on the Bridge and in the Control Room. Provision is made to enable small changes of course to be made, and maintained by the autopilot, from hand held controls. This feature is incorporated to facilitate replenishment at sea operations.

Attention is paid to the formulation of the logic control of automatic weather helm integration to provide the optimum computation of this quantity during course changes.

A certain amount of duplication of function and of circuitry has been made to meet the military requirements that arise from possible battle damage in the various parts of the ship. All wires carrying signals have been provided with an independent line integrity circuit.

A significant departure from previous autopilot practice is that of feeding an analogue rudder demand signal to the steering compartment instead of the normal switching demand signal. The whole system is engineered to fit into the versatile console system adopted by the Royal Navy.
PLANNED OCEAN LOGISTIC SYSTEM (POLS)
Authors: CULVER JOHN A.
Published: March 2009

The Problem of overseas military logistical support, concident with the enhancement of U. S. maritime capability, is examined and a solution is proposed. The Planned Ocean Logistic System (POLS) would utilize a standardized ship design. This design would consist of three sections, or pods, for each ship. A standard aft section would contain the bridge and engine spaces, and two interchangeable forward sections would incorporate military and merchant designs. Cost of such a ship would be split between the Department of Defense and commercial ship owners. This paper presents financial benefits, enhanced sea power and realistic utilization of the military reserve personnel as significant supporting arguments for the proposed plan.

If the United States has any idea of being a strong maritime power, we had better get with it. If we have any ideas about supplying needed supplies to our friends over water in the future, we had better get with it. If we intend to strengthen our sea power posture, we had better start by combining and pulling together our Merchant Marine and Navy capabilities and start a long overdue partnership. If each sea service intends to have a premium ship with exactly what they want in it, such advocates had better step aside. If the Department of Defense (DOD) intends to rely on World War II tonnage for logistic support, DOD had better forget about logistic support. If our government intends to provide any logistics by sea, they had better come up with the money and go into partnership with Merchant Marine sailor men. One proposed partnership, designed to provide the overseas logistical capacity and related sea power, is the Planned Ocean Logistics System (POLS).
BRAKING AND REVERSING SHIP DYNAMICS
Authors: RUBIS C. JOSEPH
Published: March 2009

THIS PAPER PRESENTS the results of a ship braking and reversing dynamics study for a COGAG, single screw, ship with a fixed pitch propeller, a reversing reduction gear, and a water brake for dynamic braking of the propeller. A digital computer simulation was used to calculate the major ship and propulsion plant parameters for various propulsion maneuvers including coast down, braking, and reversing.

A computer technique for solving the ship propulsion dynamics equations is described, the equations for clutching and braking are derived, and the results of braking and reversing maneuvers for speeds greater than 30 knots are shown in detail for a hypothetical study ship.
WEIGHT ENGINEERING—AN ANCIENT ART, A MODERN SCIENCE
Authors: WEILER DANIEL J. , STRAUBINGER ERWIN K.
Published: March 2009

The discipline of weight engineering is traced through the history of man's development of water transportation. The awareness by early shipwrights of weight problems is presented by citing significant advances in the state of the art of shipbuilding. As counterpoint, the evolution of weight engineering is discussed from its beginnings as a subconscious consideration in early history through development of weight reporting as an engineering tool and ending as a relatively rigorous discipline involving the control of weight through the ability to make accurate and long range predictions of complex ships. Weight control is also identified with the role of the project manager of today by citing how it can be used as a management tool. The paper concludes that weight engineers are a dynamic part of the total engineering and management force collected in the shipbuilding effort. As such, they will be required to find new and better ways to maintain an effective program as traditional concepts of ship design and construction yield to new methods.
Rateau'S Impact on Modern Engineering—I
Authors: POTTER JAMES H.
Published: March 2009

Most people associate Rateau with the pressure‐staged steam turbine, and this method of expansion is widely identified as “Rateau staging.'' While this was a significant achievement, it was only one of a vast number of contributions which he made across the whole spectrum of fluid mechanics. In this paper consideration will be focused on Rateau's work on the steam turbine and on steam auxiliaries. A subsequent paper will deal with his contributions to aviation.
MARINE MANGANESE NODULES STUDIED USING NUCLEAR REACTOR
Authors: WIGGINS PETER F. , DUFFY DICK , KADY AHMED EL
Published: March 2009

As ore deposits of important elements become depleated on land masses, man will look to the ocean floor for metals of economic interest. Manganese nodules, which can be pumped from the ocean floor, contain valuable elements. The prompt photon emission which follow neutron capture can be used for location and analysis of these elements. A 10 KW pool‐type research reactor thermal column supplied the neutrons for this application of nuclear spectroscopy.
FERROCEMENT FOR BOATS AND CRAFT
Authors: BRAUER FRANK E.
Published: March 2009

Ferrocement is a composite material consisting of wire mesh or expanded metal, with or without reinforcing rods, in a matrix of cement mortar. This material has gained popularity as a boatbuilding material throughout the world because of its low cost, low maintenance, fire resistance, immunity to worm attack, ease of repair, and ease of fabrication. Because of ferrocement's low strength to weight ratio, however, application has been limited to low performance displacement craft over 30‐feet.

The Materials Department has been able to increase the strength‐to‐weight ratio of ferrocement by a factor of 2 compared to the best commercial ferrocement. This improvement has lead to the construction of a high‐speed planing hull boat made of this laboratory developed ferrocement composition. The boat has performed well in testing and has revealed a much greater range of applications for ferrocement in the U. S. Navy.

Parametric studies of ferrocement as a materials system reveal that even more significant increases in engineering properties can be anticipated with further research and development work. This would provide the Navy with an alternate material with high performance capability whose cost and quick‐response characteristics are superior to other competitive materials. This technology can also be easily exported to friendly Foreign Navies giving them the ability to develop their own military assets.
TRENDS IN ILS: THE ROLE OF ILS IN SHIP SYSTEM DESIGN
Authors: LIGHT STEPHEN P. , DARBY ROBERT M.
Published: March 2009

The new “design to price” approach to ship acquisition programs levies manning, cost, and displacement constraints on the ship design. It has had a significant impact on both designing a ship and planning its integrated logistic support (ILS). Heretofore, the investment of dollars in design to improve maintenance and logistic support could be justified by its effect on a ship's life cycle cost. In new ship acquisition programs, however, any investment, either to reduce maintenance or increase performance capability must be under the ceiling placed over acquisition costs. Compounding the problem for ILS is the trend toward a reduced allowance of shipboard personnel in the new acquisition programs. It means that there are fewer crew members available for either operational or maintenance functions.

These cost and manning constraints pose a problem in logistic support planning, and has prompted consideration of logistic support early in design. ILS must become involved early if it is (1) to affect the design process to the end that a ship lends itself well to the new trend in maintenance, (2) to provide other support that will increase a ship's period of operational readiness, and (3) to accomplish both (1) and (2) without pushing through the ceiling on acquisition costs.

New maintenance concepts being proposed deviate from the conventional. They provide for minimum shipboard maintenance by deferring scheduled maintenance to Fleet and Shore Maintenance Activities. The trend in ILS is the shift of the maintenance burden from the organizational level (ship) to the intermediate (tender) and depot (shipyard) level of maintenance.

This paper examines this new trend in ILS, particularly its impact on the design of a major ship, the Patrol Frigate. It also contemplates the effect of the trend on future Fleet and Shore Activities.
Modern Testing and Production Techniques for Large Cylinder Gears
Authors: UFERT OTTO
Published: March 2009

In recent years it has been possible to increase the precision of large gear wheels appreciably. This has been attained, e.g., by the development of modern testing methods for the gear teeth and for the kinematic accuracy of the gear‐hobbing machines. In this connection, special recognition should be given to feed error measurement in hobbing machines by means of a laser interferometer. A further prerequisite for the production of precise large gear wheels is the airconditioning of the production areas.

Cutting of large gears must also be economically justifiable; thus a two‐stage production is often desirable: the teeth gaps are pre‐machined with side‐milling cutters having cutting alloy tips, and are finished by hobbing.
THE ENERGY CRISIS AND NAVAL SHIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: GAUTHEY J. RICHARD , DeTOLLA JOSEPH P.
Published: March 2009

Energy used by U.S. Navy ships is viewed in the context of the national situation. Shipboard usage and the controlling variables are summarized. Research and development being planned by the Navy is described. Efforts relate to conservation of energy as well as consideration of new fuels including hydrogen and liquid hydro‐carbon fuels derived from coal, oil shale, and tar sands. A brief account is given of work sponsored by the Department of Interior to produce hydrocarbon fuels, and initial Navy efforts to characterize and evaluate one such fuel is reported. This fuel has been burned at sea in the USS Johnston (DD 821).

Development of conservation measures encompasses the utilization of waste heat from gas turbine and diesel engine exhausts and diesel water jackets; more efficient machinery; and reduction of energy requirements. Specific developments discussed include a design methodology to optimize waste heat utilization and higher efficiency gas turbine systems.
THE IMPACT OF SUBSYSTEMS ON NAVAL SHIP DESIGN
Authors: GRAHAM CLARK
Published: March 2009

Ship subsystems and components most be designed in a system environment if the Navy is to produce balanced and efficient naval ship designs. At present this is not being done primarily because subsystem designers are not completely aware how their designs impact the overall ship systems design. In addition, ship designers have not provided them with the analytical tools to carry out the calculations required to determine the “true cost” of subsystems. Marginal Cost Factors represent such a tool. The Navy in the past has not insisted on the design of “low ship‐impact” subsystems and components. This is one reason why the Navy cant afford to buy the ships it needs today.
Development of Initial Program Cost Estimates—A Work Breakdown Structure Approach
Authors: GROSSON JOSEPH F. , RAKOW WILLIAM O.
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the determination of initial program cost estimates through use of a generalized but detailed generic work breakdown structure (WBS).

The WBS serves as a check‐off list to insure that no cost elements have been omitted and that the total program spectrum, from inception through deployment, has been rationally considered.

Techniques are discussed for translating between WBS estimates and contracting plans.

Further, several methods are presented for development of certain specific costs which are low‐level WBS elements.
THE MARINE GAS TURBINE RELIABILITY DATA PROGRAM
Authors: CONWAY DANIEL H.
Published: March 2009

A realistic approach to the problem of measuring the reliability of a long‐life mechanical system is addressed by describing the procedures used and the results achieved in the Gas Turbine Reliability Program at the Naval Ship Engineering Center, Philadelphia Division. Failure criteria and classification, data collection and computer processing, and the statistical analysis of data are presented. The problems, benefits, and some of the common misconceptions regarding reliability and availability testing of developmental equipment and the use of early test data for Reliability, Maintainability and Availability (RMA) assessments are considered.
INTEGRATED REFRACTION EFFECTS PREDICTION SYSTEM (IREPS)
Authors: HITNEY HERBERT V. , RICHTER JUERGEN H.
Published: March 2009

Microwave radio propagation in a marine environment frequently exhibits unexpected behavior. These propagation anomalies are usually caused by non‐standard distributions in vertical refractivity. Even though the potentially serious effect of propagation anomalies on tactical warfare is generally acknowledged, very little is presently being done in the operational Fleet to solve the problem. One of the reasons responsible for the lack of effort in this area is that the acquisition, conversion, and interpretation of refractivity data usually involves cumbersome computations and some background in atmospheric physics. This problem can be overcome by the proper use of automatic data processing techniques. Following similar efforts in underwater acoustic propagation, an “Integrated Refractive Effects Prediction System” (IREPS) is being developed at the Naval Electronics Laboratory Center (NELC). The purpose of IREPS is to provide an “onboard” capability to assess the effect of atmospheric refractive anomalies on sensor performance. The effort involves the development of models which express the effects of refractive anomalies in terms of equipment performance, the verification of these models, the software development of the models for shipboard implementation, and the inclusion of meteorological statistical data to estimate the probability of encountering refractive anomalies as a function of geographic area and season. A preliminary shipboard demonstration is planned for spring 1976. The hardware used for this demonstration consists of a mini‐computer with an interactive graphic display terminal on which the operator is queried by the program for required inputs and on which results are presented in easy‐to‐understand graphic displays.
A.S.N.E. DAY 1976 TECHNICAL PAPER: COMMENT AND DISCUSSION‐SESSION NO. 7, PAPER #2
Authors: LEOPOLD REUVEN , OTTH E.J.
Published: March 2009

The “Design to Cost”concept is investigated from a practical viewpoint by analyzing the impact this design philosophy has had on recent Navy ships. The Guided Missile Frigate design is used as a case study to determine the differences between naval ships “Designed to Cost” and those conventionally designed. The case study includes an investigation of naval architectural features, performance, cost, and an analysis of the design “trade‐off” decisions.

The analysis of the FFG‐7 “Design to Cost” pointed out a number of significant differences compared to conventional ship design. A substantial weight and cost savings was realized due to the highly constrained design environment. It is estimated that the FFG‐7 would have displaced about 1500 tons (40 percent) more if it had not been for the “Design to Cost” procedure. This savings was achieved primarily as a result of a reduction in performance requirements.

The future oP“Design to Cost” as a viable design philosophy for naval ships is discussed. It is concluded that the Navy must follow this concept in order to hold down the cost of combatant ships but that a decrease in overall ship performance must be expected.
SHIPS OF THE U. S. MERCHANT MARINE
Authors: KISS RONALD K. , COFFMAN EUGENE L.
Published: March 2009

This paper provides a survey of the United States Merchant Marine. It describes the overall content of the American Flag Fleet, discusses the importance and the impact of the Construction Differential Subsidy Program on shipbuilding and assesses ship construction standards such as fire protection, subdivision and automation. Detailed descriptions of typical ships with high utility in national defense roles are provided. Finally, the paper discusses ongoing research and provides some insight into future ships of the U.S. Merchant Marine.
THE WARTIME REQUIREMENT FOR MERCHANT SHIPPING
Authors: STRYKER RUSSELL F.
Published: March 2009

This paper reviews future war requirements for Merchant Ships in terms of the composition of the cargo to be moved and the ability of modern Merchant Ships to move it, the availability of suitable port facilities, and concepts of modern convoy operations. A major NATO—Warsaw Pact War would impose the greatest demand on shipping. U.S. reinforcement strategy demands very rapid reaction of sealift forces which would carry over ninety percent of all military support tonnage. Modem ship types can be expected to serve effectively in such a situation, but convoy delays would limit the effective use of high—productivity ship types.
MERCHANT SHIP UNLOADING IN CONTINGENCY LOGISTICS
Authors: ESSOGLOU MILON E.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the problem and solutions to the unloading of modern merchant ships in a contingency environment such as support of amphibious operations. These ships are primarily non—self—sustaining Containerships with some Bargeships and a small but growing number of Roll—on/ Roll—off (RO/RO) ships. Such ships are highly port facility dependent and would present problems in a contingency environment lacking intact port facilities. The conceptual approaches, development and conclusions are presented. It appears that the advantages of logistics efficiency made possible by these intermodal ships outweigh the problems of providing deployable unloading systems where there are no port facilities.
MERCHANT MARINE/NA VY COMMUNICA TIONS
Authors: McCOY JAMES C.
Published: March 2009

A growing gap exists between U.S. Navy communications and Merchant Marine communications. As naval communications becomes more sophisticated, the capability of communications between U.S. Navy ships and U.S. Merchant Ships becomes reduced. Two systems have been developed to improve Merchant Ship communications. an imporved High Frequency System using digital selective calling and a Satellite Communication System. Brief technical descriptions of these systems are given to acquaint the “non—communicator” with these communications improvements.
SOME ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND SAFETY DESIGN FOR THE OPERA TIONAL NEEDS OF NUCLEAR PROPELLED SHIPS
Authors: ALESSO HARRY P.
Published: March 2009

The paper briefly discusses some of the safety design aspects of nuclear propelled ships. Design considerations, including unclear physics and engineering, reactor protection, and radioactive hazards are reviewed, a simple explanation of how the reactor operates in a power transient is discussed, and the environment, political, and military considerations impacting on ship safety are presented. The paper concludes that in the final analysis the interrelationship between ship safety and reactor safety is the direct result of human decision, that of the Commanding Officer or of the operating personnel.
WHAT EVERY SUBSYSTEM ENGINEER SHOULD KNOW ABOUT SHIP DESIGN–BUT DOES NOT ASK
Authors: GRAHAM CLARK
Published: March 2009

Components of a naval ship should be designed and developed in a ship system environment. However, due to the requirement for developing subsystem components well before an actual ship design project is begun, because of the sheer size and complexity of the Navy's technical community, and due to certain budgetary and political pressures, components of ship subsystems are often designed in isolation from the design of the overall ship.

Design tools are currently available to enable the Ship Design Community to work with ship subsystem engineers in establishing realistic physical constraints and for determining the impact of design alternatives. The paper describes how these design tools should be used to ensure components are designed in a systems environment.

The principal conclusion of the article is that the Navy should establish a recognized policy that all ship component development be carried out with the objective of optimizing the ship system. One means of implementing such a policy is to form a team of ship designers that would provide the information which every ship subsystem engineer should know about ship design but does not ask.
DESIGN AND SERVICE OF A MARINE WASTE HEAT BOILER
Authors: BREAUX D. K. , DAVIES K.
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the design and operation of a compact Waste Heat Boiler developed as part of the main generator package for the DDH 280 Class Royal Canadian Nary (RCN) Destroyer. The Waste Heat Boiler operates in a controlled system that converts exhaust heat from the generating sets into steam that is used for hotel services onboard the vessel. Daring the generally successful sea trials of the DDH—280, Waste Heat Boiler in—service problems developed over one year of operation in varying climatic conditions while being subjected to different input operating parameters. These problems included gas and liquid leaks, high—spot temperatures, boiler plugging, and inadequate cleaning techniques. Redesign activities were initiated to substantially Improve system reliability and effectiveness.
WEIGHT DISTRIBUTION CA TEG ORIZATION FOR MILITARY VEHICLES
Authors: TEITLER SIDNEY , PROODIAN ROBERT E.
Published: March 2009

The paper presents a compact method for displaying vehicle weight distributions and utilizes this in a discussion of design “trade—offs” for military vehicles.
THE SHINPADS SERIAL DATA BUS
Authors: KUHNS RICHARD C.
Published: March 2009

The Shipboard Integrated Processing And Display System (SHINPADS) Serial Data Bus is a high speed digital interconnect system designed to provide a real time data bus communication facility for Naval Electronic Systems. The Serial Data Bus (SDB) can be used to interconnect devices currently using Military Standard MIL‐STD‐1397 Input/Output Interfaces and it has been designed to suit the needs of Naval Combat Systems.

The SHINPADS Serial Data Bus was specified with an eye to the future. A large growth margin was designed into the system, while minimizing costs, by properly distributing functions between software, firmware, and hardware. The Serial Data Bus protocol enables future evolution to Fiber Optic Transmission without impacting system software. The Serial Data Bus provides the potential for accomplishing many of the features attributed to Distributed Processing Systems. However, the accomplishment of Distributed Processing improvements can only occur through proper and enlightened system design.
DEVELOPMENT OF A SHIPBOARD MULTIFUNCTIONAL WASTE INCINERATOR
Authors: WYATT SAMUEL , CROWSON FRED
Published: March 2009

One of the problems facing the shipping industry is the disposal of shipboard generated waste. The problem is especially acute in coastal areas and in the Mediterranean Sea where the overboard discharge of solid and oily waste is prohibited. One of the Navy's solutions to this problem is the development of a shipboard multifunctional waste incinerator. This incinerator is designed to process on a daily basis shipboard generated trash, food waste, sewage sludge from a sewage treatment system, and oily waste from the effluent side of an oil‐water separator. This paper discusses decisions made during the laboratory evaluation as well as solutions to these problems for the multifunctional waste incinerator.
DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH‐PRESSURE HYDRAULICS FOR U.S. NAVY SUBMARINES
Authors: ROWTON DONALD V.
Published: March 2009

This paper traces the hydraulic systems development design considerations for the first post‐World War II U.S. Submarine, USS TANG (SS‐563). Higher pressures and new construction and control techniques, many adopted from then current aircraft practices, were adapted to the Submarine. The basic development testing programs, resulting design philosophy, and contracting methods which led to the first installation are recounted. Shipyard impact, training programs, and problem‐solving methods are detailed. The “at‐sea” results, from near disaster to final success, led to the eventual application of high‐pressure hydraulics in subsequent ships. This paper is essentially a historic narrative of a pioneering engineering undertaking which, however difficult it then seemed, contributed to a significant advance in submarine control capability.
TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN AIRCRAFT CARRIER DESIGN
Authors: REIN ROBERT J. , RYAN J. CHRISTOPHER
Published: March 2009

Since the signing of the Contract Design Plane for the CVN 68 (the U.S. Navy's latest Class of Aircraft Carriers) In 1963, considerable technological advances have been made in Naval Ship Design. This paper provides specific examples of how new technology has affected traditional Carrier design practices and techniques, and also indicates areas where future advanced technology will be needed. It is divided into four sections: 1) Computer Design Application; 2) Total Ship Energy Conservation Analysis; 3) Advances in Structural Design; and 4) Impact of V/STOL Aircraft.

The increased use of the computer to define ship characteristics in the initial stage of ship design is discussed, followed by a report on efforts to include energy conservation as an integral part of the design process. The energy conservation approach uses traditional analytical techniques to develop innovative design configurations that will achieve energy savings. Of the many advances in Carrier structural design, two specific examples are given: 1) Elimination of the infamous “knee‐knockers” (high sills in passageway openings) common to Gallery Deck structure, and 2) Successful attempts at reducing the thickness of aircraft elevator platforms. The paper concludes by pointing out some possible challenges facing the ship designer and some of the technology already created by the expected introduction of advanced design Vertical/Short Takeoff and Landing (V/STOL) aircraft.