bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Teetotaler and His Martini
Authors: Predelli Stefano
Published: March 2003

I present a Russellian analysis of Donnellan’s classic examples involving empty definite descriptions, such as a use of ‘the man with the Martini’ in a scenario in which the intended target is a teetotaler with water in his glass. Unlike the traditional Kripke‐style responses to Donnellan, my analysis grants semantic significance to the intuition that, in appropriate circumstances, such a use picks out the teetotaler. I then argue that the apparatus developed in my discussion of Donnellan’s examples may be successfully applied to the semantic treatment of improper definite descriptions, such as ‘the table’ in Strawson’s ‘the table is covered with books.’
Cognitive Foundations of Arithmetic: Evolution and Ontogenisis
Authors: Carey Susan
Published: March 2003

Dehaene (this volume) articulates a naturalistic approach to the cognitive foundations of mathematics. Further, he argues that the ‘number line’ (analog magnitude) system of representation is the evolutionary and ontogenetic foundation of numerical concepts. Here I endorse Dehaene’s naturalistic stance and also his characterization of analog magnitude number representations. Although analog magnitude representations are part of the evolutionary foundations of numerical concepts, I argue that they are unlikely to be part of the ontogenetic foundations of the capacity to represent natural number. Rather, the developmental source of explicit integer list representations of number are more likely to be systems such as the object–file representations that articulate mid–level object based attention, systems that build parallel representations of small sets of individuals.
Law, Charity and Taboo or Kant's Reversal of St. Paul's Spirit‐Letter Opposition and its Theological Implications
Authors: Mack Michael
Published: March 2003

This article gives the first account of Kant's reversal of St. Paul's Spirit‐Letter opposition. By means of such reversal Kant defines both charity and law as obtaining a complete autonomy from ‘profane’ life. In Kant's interpretative framework Judaism and Jews represent the ‘profane’, whereas Christ symbolizes the complete transcendence of the empirical. I shall discuss how different Jewish writer – Walter Benjamin, Georg Simmel and Franz Baermann Steiner – respond to such a body‐spirit dichotomy in which ‘the Jew’ functions as the representation of that which is devalued as the material, the bodily.
Not Three People: The Fundamental Themes of Gregory of Nyssa’s Trinitarian Theology as Seen in To Ablabius: On Not Three Gods
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: March 2003

Gregory of Nyssa’s small text On Not Three Gods has often been treated as a key statement of his supposedly “pluralistic” and/or “social” Trinitarianism. I argue, first, that Gregory’s intention here is to shift discussion away from a focus on the possible analogies between the divine life and three seemingly distinct human beings, toward themes more fundamental in his theology. Second, I offer a reading of On Not Three Gods to show how Gregory’s Trinitarian theology—as all pro–Nicene theologies—revolves around a strong commitment to the unity of the divine power and activity and an equally strong insistence that all statements about the divine life and persons are governed by an account of the divine incomprehensibility.
E‐mail as a Weapon in an Industrial Dispute
Authors: Pliskin Nava , Romm Celia T. , Marhey Raymond
Published: March 2003

The case study on which this article is based describes a two‐and‐a‐half month long strike of Israeli academic staff members. During the strike, e‐mail was used as the major means of communication between the strikers. Analysis of the e‐mail messages demonstrates that e‐mail served as a secret weapon, enabling the strikers to succeed in what was presumed to be a hopeless battle.
The limits of knowledge management
Authors: McKinlay Alan
Published: March 2003

This paper traces the impact of three knowledge management (KM) projects inside a global pharmaceuticals firm. The first was a conventional debriefing exercise; the second a major investment in an electronic repository, ‘Warehouse’; and the third, ‘Café’, an attempt to use web technology to construct new ‘communities of practice’. Discussions of KM have been dominated by prescriptive and managerialist approaches that ignore organisational politics and the impact of KM on the labour process. We place these issues at the centre of our account of KM. The critical weaknesses of the KM projects were: first, their reliance on the active involvement of labour. Passive resistance was sufficient to limit the impact of KM in practice. Second, the technical development of KM systems was not matched by the formation of consistent, centralised measures of social processes. Both factors severely limited the development of KM as a durable power/knowledge regime.
Before demand‐side management is discarded, let’s see what pieces should be kept
Authors: Gellings Clark W.
Published: March 2003

Over the last 15 years, demand‐side management (DSM) in developed countries has been transformed from a start‐up activity to a full‐blown industry, and then down‐sized to a modest activity. While DSM remains a part of some utilities' strategies to meet current and future customer needs, its image in developed countries has been tarnished and its future is in doubt.

More than ever now, retail energy customers are demanding from the marketplace a broad range of energy products and services that satisfy their most important needs.

The electric utility industry has evolved into an energy and energy services industry. Its strategies, of retaining customers, enhancing revenue and controlling costs through various programmes and initiatives, while meeting customer needs, do not necessarily include DSM; but, nor is DSM in conflict with them. It is now, therefore, time to move on from DSM in the developed world.

However, in developing countries, where the growth in electric energy production and delivery systems has not kept pace with population, DSM remains a viable option.
Exchange Rates, Non‐Traded Goods and the Terms Of Trade: An Empirical Application for New Zealand
Authors: Hansen Eric , Hutchison Michael M.
Published: March 2003

This article formulates and tests for New Zealand a model of exchange rate determination focusing on non‐tradeable goods and terms‐of‐trade shifts. We emphasize the equilibrium properties of this framework and, in this context, estimate an error correction model where adjustment in response to deviation from equilibrium is an important determinant of short‐run exchange rate movements.

We estimate the model using a new data series on the supply of non‐tradeable goods. The model has desirable empirical characteristics, including a plausible error correction equation, strong support for cointegration and rapid convergence to the long‐run equilibrium. Moreover, a variety of diagnostic statistics, including parameter stability tests andout‐of‐sample forecasting performance, indicate the equation is a parsimonious representation of the data. These results provide considerable support for the emphasis on ‘real’ determinants of nominal exchange rates, in this case fluctuations in non‐traded goods supply and terms‐of‐trade.
The Limiting Distribution of Post‐sample Stability Tests for GMM Estimation when the Potential Break Date is Unknown
Authors: Wright Jonathan H.
Published: March 2003

Recent papers have proposed a split‐sample prediction method to test for structural stability in GMM estimation when the potential break date is treated as known. In this note we derive the limiting distribution of the supremum of this test over all possible break dates, thus allowing for endogenous determination of the potential break date.
UK Intra‐industry Trade with the EU North and South
Authors: Greenaway David , Milner Chris , Elliott Robert J. R.
Published: March 2003

This paper tests the traditional country and industry hypotheses of intra‐industry trade (IIT) in vertically and horizontally differentiated products in the context of the UK’s bilateral trade with EU countries. It distinguishes empirically between IIT in vertically and horizontally differential goods, between trade with EU ‘North’ and ‘South’ and between the effects of using GDP proxies and direct measures of national factor endowment differences. The paper shows that the robustness of the results of earlier multi‐country studies are open to challenge, that the separation of IIT into vertical and horizontal IIT offers an important innovation to the empirical work in this area and that further development of large numbers models of IIT in quality differentiated goods is required.
Causality Tests for Cross‐Country Panels: a New Look at FDI and Economic Growth in Developing Countries
Authors: Nair‐Reichert Usha , Weinhold Diana
Published: March 2003

The remarkable increase in FDI flows to developing countries over the last decade has focused attention on whether this source of financing enhances overall economic growth. We use a mixed fixed and random (MFR) panel data estimation method to allow for cross country heterogeneity in the causal relationship between FDI and growth and contrast our findings with those from traditional approaches. We find that the relationship between investment, both foreign and domestic, and economic growth in developing countries is highly heterogeneous and that estimation methods which assume homogeneity across countries can yield misleading results. Our results suggest there is some evidence that the efficacy of FDI in raising future growth rates, although heterogeneous across countries, is higher in more open economies.
Break Point Estimation and Spurious Rejections With Endogenous Unit Root Tests
Authors: Lee Junsoo , Strazicich Mark C.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the accuracy of break point estimation using the endogenous break unit root tests of Zivot and Andrews (1992) and Perron (1997). We find that these tests tend to identify the break point incorrectly at one‐period behind (TB‐1) the true break point (TB), where bias in estimating the persistence parameter and spurious rejections are the greatest. In addition, this outcome occurs under the null and alternative hypotheses, and more so as the magnitude of the break increases. Consequences of utilizing these endogenous break tests are similar to (incorrectly) omitting the break term Bt in Perron's (1989) exogenous test.
Innovational Outlier Unit Root Tests With an Endogenously Determined Break in Level
Authors: Harvey David I. , Leybourne Stephen J. , Newbold Paul
Published: March 2003

We show that a standard unit root test that permits an endogenously determined break in level can generate spurious rejections in practically interesting sample sizes when a large break occurs under the null hypothesis. This problem, which occurs for breaks of the innovational outlier type, can be corrected through a simple modification of the test procedure.
A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test
Authors: Maddala G. S. , Wu Shaowen
Published: March 2003

The panel data unit root test suggested by Levin and Lin (LL) has been widely used in several applications, notably in papers on tests of the purchasing power parity hypothesis. This test is based on a very restrictive hypothesis which is rarely ever of interest in practice. The Im–Pesaran–Shin (IPS) test relaxes the restrictive assumption of the LL test. This paper argues that although the IPS test has been offered as a generalization of the LL test, it is best viewed as a test for summarizing the evidence from a number of independent tests of the sample hypothesis. This problem has a long statistical history going back to R. A. Fisher. This paper suggests the Fisher test as a panel data unit root test, compares it with the LL and IPS tests, and the Bonferroni bounds test which is valid for correlated tests. Overall, the evidence points to the Fisher test with bootstrap‐based critical values as the preferred choice. We also suggest the use of the Fisher test for testing stationarity as the null and also in testing for cointegration in panel data.
Inter‐Industry Wage Differentials in Great Britain
Authors: Benito Andrew
Published: March 2003

The paper considers the determination of earnings of private sector employees in Great Britain, focusing upon the importance of industry affiliation in this process. Whilst cross‐sectional estimates, using waves 1 to 4 of the British Household Panel Survey, suggest industry status is of considerable importance, much of this variation is removed by estimating earnings equations by fixed effects methods. Estimated differentials are not inversely related to the steepness of age‐earnings pro(r)les in an industry, do not appear to vary over time and are positively related to industry profitability.
The Introduction of Wheel‐made Pottery in the Iberian Peninsula: Mycenaeans or Pre‐orientalizing Contacts?
Authors: Almagro‐Gorbea Martín , Fontes Fernando
Published: March 2003

This paper describes wheel‐made wares of the Late Bronze Age found in the Iberian Peninsula, including Mycenaean imports, and considers their origins and possible meaning for the introduction of the technology of wheel‐turning. Such an innovation is documented in metal vessels and in jewellery of ‘Villena‐Estremoz’ before the phase of Phoenician colonization in the eighth century BC.
The Mineralogy of Bronze Age Copper Ores from the British Isles: Implications for the Composition of Early Metalwork
Authors: Ixer R.A. , Budd P.
Published: March 2003

Numerous analytical studies during the latter half of this century have contributed to the compilation of a large compositional database of Early to Middle Bronze Age copper‐based artefacts revealing distinctive impurity patterns which appear to change over time. However, attempts to relate these data to copper ore sources proved problematic in the absence of firm evidence for the location of prehistoric copper mines. Over the last fifteen years this situation has changed dramatically with the discovery of numerous Early and Middle Bronze Age copper mines in England and Wales. This study is the first attempt at a comprehensive mineralogical survey of the principal mines investigated to date in order to define the likely composition of the copper ores as mined in antiquity for comparison with the artefact database. The study suggests that the majority of these mines can only have produced essentially pure copper. Only one mine, Ross Island, is likely to have produced copper with a significant level of impurities. The relative purity of the known ore sources is contrasted with significant levels of various metallic impurities among the analysed artefacts, leading to the conclusion that metal circulation and mixing may have been more extensive than previously thought even during the earliest part of the Bronze Age.
Military Identities in Late Roman Britain
Authors: Gardner Andrew
Published: March 2003

Changes in the material culture of the late Roman army in Britain mean that it is often difficult to identify archaeologically. Some of these changes have in the past been taken as symptoms of decline, without attempt at further explanation. This paper aims to explore these changes and their deeper significance, within a theoretical framework which stresses the importance of the use of material culture in the expression of identities. Building from a detailed case study of fourth century occupation at Caerleon, it will be suggested that categorising material as ‘civilian’ or ‘military’ obscures complex patterns of both uniformity and variation between different kinds of site. These have implications not only for our understanding of the army in fourth and fifth century Britain, but also for society in general at this time, as it is within this wider context that the army should be seen.
External Economies of Scale and Optimal Plant Location
Authors: Mai Chao‐Cheng , Hwang Hong
Published: March 2003

This paper departs from earlier work on location theory by introducing external economies of scale into the Weber–Moses location model. It is shown that under Cournot–Nash competition, when external economies prevail, constant returns to scale at the firm level is not a sufficient condition for ensuring the invariance of the firm's optimal location with respect to a change in market demand, regardless of whether or not free entry is allowed. Moreover, when free entry is allowed and the production function exhibits decreasing returns to scale, but with very strong external economies, the optimal location moves towards or away from the market as demand increases according to whether the demand function is convex or concave. These results are different significantly from the conventional wisdom.
The Growth‐maximizing Tax Rate
Authors: Scully* Gerald W.
Published: March 2003

This note is a reply to Professor Kennedy’s criticism of the specification of my model on taxation and economic growth and my testing of the degree of homogeneity of the growth‐generating function in an earlier paper in this journal. I find that the model relating the pattern in the growth rate to the pattern in the division of the share of output is not affected by incorporating factor inputs into the model, that the function is homogeneous of degree one, and that the growth‐maximizing tax rate of about 20 percent of GDP stands, as in the original paper.
Efficiency and Productivity Change of Non‐Life Insurance Companies in Japan
Authors: Fukuyama Hirofumi , Weber William L.
Published: March 2003

In a book published in 1994, Production Frontiers, Färe and colleagues developed an output‐based DEA (data envelopment analysis) technique to compute productivity change. The technique constructs the Malmquist index using Farrell measures of efficiency. The Farrell efficiency measures are derived from linear programming problems which allow slack in output constraints. The possible existence of output slack is less than desirable in the computation of efficiency. Therefore, the present paper constructs also the Russell and Zieschang measures of efficiency, which disallow output slack and compares them with the Farrell measures. The analysis uses data on Japanese non‐life insurance firms during the period 1983–94.
Economic Growth and International Trade: The Case of Hong Kong
Authors: Chou Win Lin , Wong Kar‐yiu
Published: March 2003

This paper estimates the major factors of growth of Hong Kong using a fairly new approach, which allows the direct inclusion of the factors of growth in the growth equation to be estimated. The growth factors that are found to be important for Hong Kong are physical capital accumulation, (negative) growth of unskilled workers, education, technology spillover (from foreign countries) through retained import of capital goods and inward direct investment, and learning‐by‐doing through import and domestic manufacturing production. The results strongly suggest that other than primary factor accumulation, education, trade, and foreign direct investment have contributed a lot to the growth of the economy.
On the Differential Impact of the Asian Crisis on the World Economy: A General Equilibrium Perspective
Authors: Diao Xinshen , Li Wenli , Yeldan Erinc
Published: March 2003

Abstract  Three years and more have passed since the outbreak of the Asian Financial crisis in 1997. We observe that the world economy was far from a ‘global slump,‘ yet the burden of adjustment had been uneven across countries. The crisis had a negative effect on the other developing countries, while the impact on industrial economies had been small, and even positive at the onset of the crisis. In this paper, we attempt to shed light on this differential impact of the crisis, and illustrate the uneven mechanics of adjustment in a world with commodity trade and capital flows. The analysis is conducted in an intertemporal general equilibrium model with multi‐region and multi‐commodity specification.
The Plausibility of Teleological Content Ascriptions: A Reply to Pietroski
Authors: Rountree James
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Paul Pietroski argues that evolutionary/teleological theories of content offer implausible content ascriptions in certain cases, and that this provides grounds for rejecting this class of theories. He uses a fictional example to illustrate. A close look at the example shows it fails to provoke the intuitions Pietroski is relying on ‐ these require relatively sophisticated representers while his representers are simple, comparable to known actual organisms for which the required intuitions do not arise. Could Pietroski make his point with an amended example? I argue that the scenario required would be both evolutionarily unlikely, and such as to make intuitions unreliable.
Alternative Frankfurt‐Style Counterexamples to the Principle of Alternative Possibilities
Authors: Goetz Stewart
Published: March 2003

In this paper, I assume that if we have libertarian freedom, it is located in the power to choose and its exercise. Given this assumption, I then further assume a version of the Principle of Alternative Possibilities (PAP) which states that an agent is morally responsible for his choice only if he could have chosen otherwise. With these assumptions in place, I examine three recent attempts to construct Frankfurt‐style counterexamples (FSCs) to PAP. I argue that all fail to undermine the intuitive plausibility of PAP.
Why We Do Not See What We Feel
Authors: Hight Marc A.
Published: March 2003

Of all of Berkeley’s claims about perception, perhaps the most unusual is his assertion that we do not see the numerically same objects we feel. Ideas are radically heterogeneous. The question I seek to answer is why Berkeley thought this thesis true. Traditional accounts hold that Berkeley was forced into accepting heterogeneity by his views concerning either distance or abstraction, but careful analysis reveals these to be mistaken. I conclude that how Berkeley thought of the ontic status of ideas finishes the incomplete picture provided by traditional accounts, and supplies us with a better under‐standing of his views on perceptual heterogeneity.
What is the Manifestation Argument?
Authors: Miller Alexander
Published: March 2003

I consider the well known “manifestation challenge” to semantic realism propounded by Michael Dummett, and further developed by Crispin Wright and Bob Hale. I distinguish between strong and weak versions of the challenge, and show that anti–realists effectively concede that realism can meet the strong version. I then argue that the weak version is unmotivated. Building on work by John McDowell and Peter Strawson, and responding to criticisms from Wright, I argue further that the semantic realist can meet even the weak version. It emerges, inter alia, that there are some serious ambiguities in the standard anti–realist characterisations of semantic realism.
Fine‐Tuning, Multiple Universes, and the “This Universe” Objection
Authors: Manson Neil A. , Thrush Michael J.
Published: March 2003

Abstract: When it is suggested that the fine‐tuning of the universe for life provides evidence for a cosmic designer, the multiple‐universe hypothesis is often presented as an alternative. Some philosophers object that the multiple‐universe hypothesis fails to explain why this universe is fine‐tuned for life. We suggest the “This Universe” objection is no better than the “This Planet” objection. We also fault proponents of the “This Universe” objection for presupposing that we could not have existed in any other universe and that the values of the free parameters of the Universe could have been different. Lastly, we reflect on why fine‐tuning for life needs explaining
The Introduction of Personal and Social Education in Secondary Schools in Hong Kong
Authors: Chi‐Kim Cheung
Published: March 2003

In Hong Kong the secondary school curriculum has long been criticized for its heavy emphasis on academic performance and examination‐oriented approaches to subject learning. As a consequence, pupils in Hong Kong only possess knowledge and skills that could carry them through examinations. They lack qualities and dispositions as well as related skills and understandings which will help them to make sense of this complicated society. It is noted that time has come for a reflection of the secondary curriculum and this article argues for the introduction of Personal and Social Education in secondary schools in Hong Kong which can bring relevance, breath, and balance to the curriculum from three aspects – aims of education, change in society, and nature of work.
A Study of Bullying in Further Education
Authors: McDougall Lynne
Published: March 2003

Until recently, bullying has tended to be associated with primary and secondary school, but, increasingly, it is being recognized as a phenomenon that exists at all stages and in all aspects of life. This paper is concerned with a level and type of institution with which the idea of bullying might not have been associated. It describes how a recent study into bullying within the 16‐ to 18‐year‐old population in a college of further education instigated change within its infrastructure. By promoting an awareness of bullying, it resulted in the implementation of an active Harassment/Anti‐bullying Policy.
Promoting Emotional Literacy: Emotional Literacy Improves and Increases Your Life Chances
Authors: Sharp Peter
Published: March 2003

Peter Sharp, an Educational Psychologist, explains how Daniel Goleman’s best selling book focused his interest on the idea of emotional literacy; how he found that interest was shared by Southampton’s Education Services Chief Inspector and that, as a result of this, emotional literacy became one of the Authority’s priorities. The wide range of initiatives currently taking place in Southampton are described as the broad way in which the concerns of emotional literacy are interpreted. The Southampton approach has already created interest among other LEAs and there are plans to produce supportive materials. The paper concludes by suggesting the way in which schools might start work in this area.
The Dance of Dialogue: Thinking and Feeling in Education
Authors: Park James
Published: March 2003

James Park, the director of Antidote, criticizes those who believe that the most important task of education is to develop cognitive abilities, without any particular regard for emotional development. He argues that such an approach leaves individuals ill equipped to engage with the challenges that life throws in their path. He feels that, in spite of the recognition in the new National Curriculum Guidance of the significance of emotional processes on learning, government policy as a whole does not always appear to acknowledge this. In his view, ‘feeling and thinking, are engaged in a continuous dance. Individuals who can gracefully glide between the two modes bring energy to the task of learning and thinking’. He goes on to outline the key competencies that individuals require to achieve this, and suggests that these are most effectively achieved through dialogue ‘talking together in ways that allow individuals to understand the thoughts, feelings and values of each other’. The paper concludes with an explanation of the work and aims of Antidote.
Forestalling War in Kosovo: Opportunities Missed
Authors: Satterwhite James
Published: March 2003

From the end of the 1980s until the late 1990s the main form of response on the part of the Kosovar Albanians to the Serbian repression initiated by Miloševíc was a campaign of nonviolent resistance.

This campaign ultimately gave way to a more violent form of resistance when the Albanians became disillusioned by its lack of success, which in turn provoked a more violent Serbian response. This article assesses whether concrete initiatives by international organizations in the period from 1989 to 1999 could have helped support the nonviolent resistance to Serb repression and concludes that there were many ways in which more international support for this strategy could have helped avert the war in 1999 by strengthening nonviolent options.
Whistleblowers, the Public Interest, and the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998
Authors: Gobert James , Punch Maurice
Published: March 2003

Corporate crime and organisational deviance raise complex legal issues. An initial problem lies simply in identifying when such wrongdoing has occurred. Here, whistleblowers can perform a valuable service. However, publicized cases suggest that they often pay dearly for their candour, encountering unfair sanctions at work. In Britain, the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 seeks to protect “good‐faith” whistleblowers from employer reprisals. In the wake of this legislation, the authors examine whistleblowing from a socio‐legal perspective, asking what motivates whistleblowers, how do institutions respond to them, can legislation adequately protect them, and what effects will PIDA have on whistleblowing, employment practices, the culture of the workplace and, ultimately, society.
Burying Bell: Managing the Judicialisation of Social Security Tribunals
Authors: Wikely Nick
Published: March 2003

The Social Security Act 1998 introduced fundamental changes to the tribunal system for hearing appeal claims in respect of benefits. This article examines the reasons for these changes to the largest tribunal system in the United Kingdom, and their implications for claimants. It emphasises the increasing legalism and approximation to ordinary courts of these tribunals. In particular, the article considers the implications of the reduction of lay membership of tribunals and the threats posed to the traditional inquisitorial approach.
On The Truth of Beauty: Nietzsche, Heidegger, Keats
Authors: Sikka Sonia
Published: March 2003

This article is concerned with the validity of what I term the “metaphysico‐religious” interpretation of beauty. This term is intended to cover descriptions and interpretations of beauty which suggest that it indicates: 1) a connectedness of man with nature, of natural things with one another, and/or of man with man in and through some encompassing ground or unity; and, 2) the existence of another and better world, a transcendent reality in which the negative elements of factual existence are somehow cancelled or redeemed. With this interpretation of beauty, and the experiences that lie behind it, at issue, the article considers a number of positions on the relation between beauty and reality. First, it takes up Nietzsche's view of this relation, and the assessment of the metaphysico‐religious interpretation entailed by that view. It then examines Heidegger's reflections on the same topic, including his reading of Nietzsche on art. Formulated in confrontation with Nietzsche, these reflections offer a valuable counterpoint to Nietzsche's position. Finally, it brings Nietzsche's position into confrontation with that of Keats, as one representative of the Romantic tradition, within which the metaphysico‐religious interpretation of beauty is posed and problematized in an interesting way.
Two Models of the Trinity?
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: March 2003

Contrary to a common assumption, I argue that there is full agreement between East and West on the issue of the relation between the divine essence and the divine persons. I defend this claim by using the understanding of universals found in D. M. Armstrong to cast light on the theories. Taking Gregory of Nyssa and John of Damascus as representatives of the Eastern tradition, I show that this tradition sees the divine essence as a numerically singular object that is wholly present in each divine person. The Eastern tradition explicitly sees this object as a universal. The Western tradition – exemplified in Augustine and Aquinas – likewise sees the divine essence as a numerically singular object that is wholly present in each divine person. But this tradition customarily denies that such an object could be a universal, on the merely philosophical grounds that universals are divided amongst the particulars that share them, and thus cannot be numerically one. Having shown the fundamental consonance of the two traditions, I argue by way of conclusion that differences between social and non–social theories of the Trinity depend entirely on the nature and extent of the features that are supposed to distinguish the persons from each other.
Oliver Cromwell and a 1647 Case in Chancery
Authors: Farr David
Published: March 2003

The article considers aspects of Cromwell's finances, his relationship with John Thurloe and the marriage negotiations concerning his son Richard, all in the period 1646‐8. This is based on a previously unnoticed document from chancery proceedings in the Public Record Office. The article argues that Thurloe had a professional relationship with Cromwell earlier than previously thought. It sheds light on the marriage negotiations of Richard Cromwell and Dorothy Maijor and in particular on the transitional phase in Cromwell's finances.
Native American Ethnicity: a View from the British Museum1
Authors: King J. C. H.
Published: March 2003

Identity in Native North America is defined by legal, racial, linguistic and ethnic traits. This article looks at the nomenclature of both Indian, Eskimo and Native, and then places them in a historical context, in Canada and the United States. It is argued that ideas about Native Americans derive from medieval concepts, and that these ideas both constrain Native identity and ensure the survival of American Indians despite accelerating loss of language.
Small places with large consequences: the importance of small towns in England, 1000–1540
Authors: Dyer Christopher
Published: March 2003

English small towns before industrialization deserve our attention because they provided homes and livings for large numbers of people–a tenth of the population by 1300. Small towns, even those with only a few hundred inhabitants, can be distinguished from various ‘town like’ settlements such as industrial and open villages. They can be regarded as fully urban, and shared many characteristics with larger towns. They played an important role in the commercial hierarchy, and brought trade to the ordinary producers and consumers of the countryside. Small towns influenced the economy and society of their neighbourhood, not least by providing a channel for migration and social advancement. As centres of entertainment and culture they diverted and even civilized those who lived in and around them. Small towns were important for those who lived at the time, but they are also significant for modern perceptions of the past. Historians, through studying them, are encouraged to revise their views of government, economic change and regional differences.
The Church Settlement of Oliver Cromwell
Authors: Collins Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2003

In the first months of his Protectorate, Oliver Cromwell’s council created two administrative bodies of ‘Triers’ and ‘Ejectors’ to govern England’s clergy. This church settlement lasted for the remainder of the Interregnum and aroused heated controversy. The Protector repeatedly recognized it as the most important administrative achievement of his regime. Nevertheless, the settlement of 1654 has been largely neglected (or misinterpreted) by historians. This article narrates the history of the Cromwellian church settlement and examines how it operated. It establishes that the effort to secure the settlement ranked as a central political issue of the Interregnum, and it details Cromwell’s close personal involvement in that effort. Finally, this article places the Cromwellian church settlement within the broader religious history of the English Revolution.
Memory, Imagination and War
Authors: Farrell Theo
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Jay Winter and Emmanuel Sivan, (eds.) War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century

Manfred F. Boemeke, Roger Chickering and Stig Foster, (eds.) Anticipating Total War: The German and American Experiences, 1871‐1914

Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914: Militarism, Myth and Mobilization in Germany

Vejas Gabriel Liulevicius, War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity and German Occupation in World War I

Aaron L. Friedberg, In the Shadow of the Garrison State: America's Anti‐Statism and Its Cold War Grand Strategy

Peter Trubowitz, Emily O. Goldman and Edward Rhodes, (eds.) The Politics of Strategic Adjustment: Ideas, Institutions, and Interests

Mark Johnston, Fighting the Enemy: Australian Soldiers and their Adversaries in World War II
What the Next Government Should do About Crime
Authors: Downes David
Published: March 2003

Criminology is well enough stocked with theory and evidence to offer governments important leads on how to address problems of crime and criminal careers more effectively. Three basic assumptions can be made: that informal social controls are more influential in regulating conduct than formal measures; that social, economic and cultural sources of crime are more potent than either genetic or criminal justice variables; and that, following Beccaria, certainty of punishment is more effective than severity. These assumptions, combined with five basic data on the prevalence of crime, are the context for recommending eight sets of priorities for governmental action.
Discrimination Against Ex‐Offenders
Authors: Maxwell Patricia , Mallon Dympna
Published: March 2003

It is now over 20 years since legislation promoting the rehabilitation of offenders was introduced in Great Britain. Although the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 was hailed as a landmark for civil liberties, and should have been a great asset to ex‐offenders who wished to rehabilitate themselves, its effectiveness has been extremely limited in practice. This article seeks to review that legislation within the context of recent government proposals on the setting up of a Criminal Records Agency; and the introduction of a system of pre‐employment checks; to highlight the weaknesses inherent in the legislation; and to suggest an alternative approach to the problem of discrimination against ex‐offenders, an approach which locates the issue within the framework of human rights.
The Terrorist Finance Unit and the Joint Action Group on Organised Crime: New Organisational Models and Investigative Strategies to Counter ‘Organised Crime’ in the UK
Authors: Norman Paul
Published: March 2003

In developing an effective police response to ‘organised crime’ many practitioners look to the experience of Northern Ireland and interagency models of co‐operation. Recent action against organised offending in the province have been politically‐driven, reliant on both emergency legislation and the support of a Terrorist Finance Unit which was integrated within the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) in 1996. Reviews of emergency legislation have sustained the profile of paramilitary funding, whilst the Northern Ireland Office has focused upon fears that ex‐paramilitaries would become ‘organised mafia‐type’offenders. In exploring a number of developing models of interagency co‐operation in the UK, this article will focus on the creation of two interagency bodies: the Terrorist Finance Unit in Northern Ireland, and the Joint Action Group on Organised Crime of the Metropolitan Police. The aim is to show that an organisational response and a policing strategy within Northern Ireland directed against ‘terrorist funding’ is now the integrated criminal police response to all forms of crime in Northern Ireland. With the creation of the National Crime Squad and a statutory National Criminal Intelligence Service in April 1998, the prospect of these developments to be extended throughout the UK are all the more apparent. Despite the additional political momentum to enhance European‐wide action against ‘international organised crime’ it is cautioned that recent UK interagency initiatives lack transparency, and pose major challenges to existing structures of accountability.
The Detective, the Snout, and the Audit Commission: The Real Costs in Using Informants
Authors: Dunnighan Colin , Norris Clive
Published: March 2003

In the context of the rise of proactive and intelligence led policing strategies this article examines claims as to the cost effectiveness of the police use of informers. In particular it questions the Audit Commission's limited view of effectiveness based solely on reward money paid out and seeks to account for the full costs of running informers. These, it is argued, should include all operational and organisational costs associated with recruitment and managing informers. Moreover, as the reality of using informers raises profound ethical problems there is a danger that an increase in their use could further undermine police legitimacy.
Breaking the Crime/Drugs Cycle: The Birth of a New Approach?
Authors: Barton Adrian
Published: March 2003

This article outlines the findings of an evaluation of the Fast‐Track programme currently operating in Plymouth and Torbay. Fast‐Track is a coerced treatment scheme for offenders who are committing property crimes to fund a drug habit. Treatment for offenders revolves around a multi‐agency initiative between criminal justice agencies and the medical profession, which is aimed at breaking the link between crime and drug abuse. The research findings themselves present a picture of a successful programme that enjoys support from all those involved, including the client group. As well as looking at the research findings, the article offers some thoughts on the implications.
Voluntary After‐Care and the Probation Service: A Case of Diminishing Responsibility
Authors: Maguire Mike , Raynor Peter , Vanstone Maurice , Kynch Jocelyn
Published: March 2003

In a Home Office funded study of the voluntary after‐care of short‐term prisoners, the authors found that this area of probation service activity had decreased markedly in volume and perceived priority. This article explores the history of voluntary after‐care; the reasons for its decline; the haracteristics and needs of potential users of this kind of service, and the manner in which it is still provided by some probation areas. Many short‐term prisoners are recidivist offenders facing major social and personal difficulties, and it is argued that there are good reasons for making some provision for this group.
Prisoners with Psychosis in England and Wales: A One‐Year National Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Melzer David , Tom Brian D.M. , Brugha Traolach , Fryers Tom , Grounds Adrian , Johnson Tony , Meltzer Howard , Singleton Nicola
Published: March 2003

It is well established that significant numbers of prisoners have psychosis, yet little is known of what happens to them over time. One hundred and forty prisoners with probable psychosis from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity in Prisons were re‐interviewed at one‐year follow‐up. During the follow‐up year 10% (95% CI 2‐17) were admitted to hospitals, detox or medium secure units. At follow‐up, 65% (95% CI 52‐77) had ‘caseness’ levels of current psychiatric illness, but less than a quarter had appointments with psychiatric professionals: for violent or sexual offenders, only 41% had such appointments. Three per cent of those released were in supported accommodation at follow‐up.
Corporate Governance Structure and Employment Adjustment in Japan: An Empirical Analysis Using Corporate Finance Data
Authors: Abe Masahiro
Published: March 2003

I investigate the influence of corporate governance structures on employment adjustment in Japanese firms, using financial data for firms listed on the Japanese stock market. The results indicate that corporate governance structures affect the rate of employment adjustment. The presence of large stockholders and the degree of stock cross–holding lengthens the period the firm remains in debt and slows down the speed of employment adjustment.
Efficient Tests for a Unit Root When the Initial Observation is Drawn From Its Unconditional Distribution
Authors: Elliott Graham
Published: March 2003

Researchers desire powerful tests for unit roots. This paper derives the family of asymptotically most powerful tests for unit roots when the initial condition is drawn from its unconditional distribution under the alternative. This enables both the examination of previously proposed statistics and the construction of powerful tests against this alternative model.
Money and Price Dispersion
Authors: Camera Gabriele , Corbae Dean
Published: March 2003

We relax restrictions on the storage technology in a prototypical monetary search model to study price dispersion. In this case, buyers and sellers enter matches with potentially different willingness to trade. Across the distribution of possible bilateral matches, prices generally will differ even though agents have identical preferences and technologies. We provide existence conditions for a particularly simple equilibrium pattern of exchange. We prove that in the limiting case where search frictions are eliminated, equilibrium prices are uniform. We also show that a higher initial money stock can raise the average price level and increase price dispersion.
The Optimal Speed of Transition: A General Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Castanheira Micael , Roland Gérard
Published: March 2003

We present a benchmark model for the optimal speed of transition from a state‐owned to a private market economy, based on the consumption‐savings decision in a closed economy. We abstract from frictions to focus on the macroeconomic conditions for accumulation of private capital and closure or restructuring of state‐owned enterprises. It is shown that hard budget constraints compensate for too slow speed of enterprise closure but that an excess speed of closure may slow down transition because of output contraction effects. This will especially be the case if such a deviation occurs at early stages of transition.
Multidimensional Bargaining Under Asymmetric Information
Authors: Sen Arijit
Published: March 2003

A buyer with private information regarding marginal valuation bargains with a seller to determine price and quantity of trade. Depending on parameter values, a high‐valuation buyer wants either to reveal information to create value or to conceal it to capture value. In the first case, equilibrium trades are efficient. In the second case, the low‐valuation buyer purchases less than her efficient quantity, and there can be a one‐period delay in trade. The quantity distortion is the only inefficiency that persists when time between offers approaches zero. There exist equilibria that are independent of the seller's prior beliefs.
Credit Markets With Differences in Abilities: Education, Distribution, and Growth
Authors: De Gregorio José , Kim Se‐Jik
Published: March 2003

This article presents an endogenous growth model in which credit markets affect time allocation of individuals with different educational abilities. Credit markets allow the more able to specialize in studying and the less able to specialize in working. This specialization can increase growth and welfare. This article also shows that in economies with high (low) levels of education abilities, the opening of credit markets induces a more disperse (equal) income distribution. The role of intergenerational transfers in overcoming the absence of credit markets is also discussed, as well as other forms of credit markets imperfections.
On the Design of Optimal Insurance Policies Under Manipulation of Audit Cost
Authors: Picard Pierre
Published: March 2003

This article characterizes optimal insurance policies under deterministic auditing in a situation where the policyholders can misrepresent their losses. Under exogenous audit cost, a straight deductible is optimal when the policyholders can inflate their claims by intentionally increasing the damages. If policyholders can manipulate the audit cost and the insurer is unable to observe the cost incurred by his or her auditor, then the auditor should receive contingent fees. When the auditor is risk‐averse, the optimal insurance policy involves some degree of coinsurance. An upper limit on coverage is optimal when the auditor is infinitely risk‐averse.