bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Lias Outliers at Knowle and Wootton Warwen in South Warwickshire, and on the Presence of the Lias or Rhætic Bone-bed at Copt Heath, its furthest Northern Extension hitherto recognized in that County
Authors: Brodie P. B.
Published: October 2009

T
he
Liassic outlier at Copt Heath, near Knowle, eleven miles south-east of Birmingham, has been referred to in the ‘Geological Transactions’ by my lamented friend, the late Hugh E. Strickland, and it was first noticed by my friend Dr. Lloyd; but it does not appear that any particular account has been given either of the one near Knowle or of the others in the neighbourhood of Wootton Warwen, which are, however, of sufficient interest to deserve a more detailed report. The outlier at Knowle is of limited extent, being about a mile and a half in length and half a mile broad. It occurs in the midst of the Red Marl, by which it is surrounded on all sides. A few bands of limestone are seen cropping out on the side of the canal; but the main mass is quarried by a shaft, so that the order of succession is not very easy to be traced; and as the works did not pay, they have been again closed, though a quantity of stone was raised in 1857. Judging from the blocks of stone and shale still remaining, they seem to represent the Saurian beds; and the presence of beautifully preserved specimens of
Ammonites planorbis
confirms this. Some of the masses of limestone are of large size, and contain remains of Saurians, scales of Fish,
Ostrea, Modiola, Cardium
, and a few other shells; the black laminated shales yield, besides the
A. planorbis
, a small
Pecten
and plates of a
Cidaris
. It
On the Order of Succession in the Drift-beds of the Island of Arran
Authors: Bryce James
Published: October 2009

T
he
island of Arran has long been celebrated for the number of rock-formations, sedimentary and plutonic, which it contains, and for the varied relations in which they are displayed. A new interest has lately been imparted to it by the discovery of fossils in its superficial beds. Deep accumulations of clay, gravel, and sand had long been known to exist in its southern glens; but no one had examined them, either in the hope of finding fossils or with the view of working out an order of succession among the beds.

The fossils are shells chiefly of Arctic species; and the fortunate discoverer was the Rev. R. B. Watson, of Edinburgh. An account of the discovery was laid-by him before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, on the 4th of January, 1864, and published in brief abstract in the ‘Proceedings’ of the Society in April of that year. The paper itself did not appear until five months later*. From this abstract, which came into my hands soon after its publication, it appeared that the entire mass of beds, often above 100 feet thick, was designated as Boulder-clay, and that the shells were not assigned to any particular place in the deposit. Now as this view was opposed to that which I held in common with most geologists of the west of Scotland, namely, that the entire mass of beds ought not to be embraced in one term “Boulder-clay,” and that the Arctic shells have a peculiar position, I was anxious to
On the Sources of the Mammalian Fossils of the Red Crag, and on the Discovery of a New Mammal in that Deposit, allied to the Walrus
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: October 2009

I. T
he
S
ources of the
M
ammalian
F
ossils of the
R
ed
C
rag
.

The very remarkable deposit extending over a small area on the east coast of England, and known as the Red Crag of Suffolk, from time to time furnishes fresh remains of a very various Mammalian fauna. Indeed, so diverse are the forms which occur in this small deposit (whose total number of Mammalian fossils does not exceed at present 20 species), that, apart from lithological or stratigraphical considerations, the conclusion is forced upon us that we have, in the Red Crag, fossils derived from several preceding deposits—in fact, we have not one fauna, but a mixture of selections from several. As an example of this, in the list of Mammalia alone, we may take the occurrence of such forms as—lst, the Ziphioid Cetaceans; 2nd, the
Mastodon, Rhinoceros, Tapirus, Fells, Hycena
, and
Sus
; and 3rd, the Hyracotherium and Coryphodon, which forms are elsewhere eminently characteristic of very distinct Plioccne, Miocene, and Eocene strata.

In speaking of the terrestrial Mammalia as probably identical with Miocene forms, it must not be supposed that I in any way overlook the excellent researches of the late Dr. Falconer; and indeed I am quite disposed to consider the Mastodon identical with the Subapennine form
M. Arvernensis
, and distinct from
M. angustidens
. But since, in his otherwise exhaustive and satisfactory treatise, Dr. Falconer does not finally decide the affinities of the Crag
Rhinoceros, Tapirus, Sus
, and
Felis
, one must still regard it as a doubtful question
On the Lower Silurian Rocks of the South-east of Cumberland and the North-east of Westmoreland
Authors: Harkness R.
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
.—The district to which this memoir has reference consists of a narrow band of country on the western side of the Pennine Chain, possessing external features which indicate a difference in mineral nature from the rocks which form those Pennine escarpments, and also from those which, in Cumberland and Westmoreland, usually lie on their western side. The area occupied by this narrow band of Lower Silurian rocks extends in length about fourteen miles in a N.N.W. and S.S.E. direction; and it has a varying breadth from a very narrow strip to about a mile and a half, the average width being about a mile. Its northern limit is in the township of Melmerby, in Cumberland, and its most southern point is in that of Hilton, in Westmoreland, this narrow band of Lower Silurian Rocks running from Melmerby through Ousby and Kirkland in Cumberland, and through Milburn, Knock, Dufton, Murton, and Hilton in Westmoreland.

The northern boundaries of this Lower Silurian area are the rocks which usually form the base of the Pennine escarpment, namely, the Upper Old Red Sandstone and the Melmerby Scar Limestone—the base of the Carboniferous formation in the north of England. The boundary on the W.S.W. side is more varied: the more southern portion, being the Great Pennine Fault, which brings the Lower Silurian Rocks and the Upper Permian Sandstones in contact, is very regular; but the more northern portion has a very irregular outline, and consists of Upper Old Red Sandstone and Lower Carboniferous Rocks
On the Discovery of Flint Implements in the Drift at Milford Hill, Salisbury
Authors: Blackmore H. P.
Published: October 2009

S
ince
the discovery of flint implements in the higher-level gravel at Fisherton, on the west of this city, an interesting account of which was given by my friend John Evans, Esq., in a valuable paper published in the August Number of the Society's Journal, a second discovery of a large number of very excellent weapons has been made in the drift-gravel of Milford Hill, a deposit of the same age as the Fisherton Beds, but situated on the opposite side of the Avon, immediately to the east of Salisbury. In the Ordnance Map the name of Milford Hill has been erroneously applied to what is known on the spot as Cricket Down, Milford Hill proper being a continuation of Mizmaze Hill.

The gravel in which these implements are found is composed of the ordinary subangular chalk-flints, a few well-rolled Tertiary pebbles, some small blocks of saccharoid sandstone, also of Tertiary origin, and a much larger percentage of fragments of Greensand chert than occurs in the gravel at Fisherton. All these materials are blended with. a variable proportion of sand and stiff clay, and are stained pretty uniformly of a dark-ferruginous colour. Many of the chalk-flints are of large size, with sharp, well-defined angles, and present scarcely any marks of violent rolline or water-wearing.

When we look at any of the sections of chalk in this neighbourhood, and remark the comparatively few and widely scattered bands of nodules, we feel that one can barely form an adequate notion of the immense
On the Fossil Contents of the Genista Cave, Gibraltar
Authors: Busk G. , Falconer Hugh
Published: October 2009

T
he
circumstances which led to our visit to Gibraltar, and the objects we have had in view, are so well known to Your Excellency that it is unnecessary on our part to do more than refer to one or two incidents in the early history of the cave.

When the interesting objects contained in the upper chambers of the “Genista” cave on Windmill Hill were brought to light by Capt. Brome, Your Excellency addressed a letter to the Secretary-at-War, giving a preliminary report on the results; that communication was forwarded from the War Office to the President of the Geological Society of London, with a request for an opinion as to the importance in the interest of science of following up the exploration, and for suggestions as to the manner in which it could be best conducted. The reply led to the sanction of the Secretary-at-War for the further exploration of the cavern by means of the labour of the military prisoners, under the able superintendence of Capt. Brome; and, to pass over minor incidents well known to Your Excellency, the objects discovered were forwarded to us in London for identification and scientific examination.

Having devoted several months to the study of the cave-collections successively transmitted to us, which were so carefully classified, by means of distinctive marks, by Capt. Brome, the Governor of the Military Prison, as to place the main facts clearly before us, we were so strongly impressed with their importance that we determined, on Your Excellency's
Notes on the Caves of Gibraltar
Authors: Warren Charles
Published: October 2009

The principal caves in Gibraltar are St. Michael's, Martin's, Glen Rocky, Genista, Asylum Tank, Poca Roca, and three on the eastern face of the rock underneath the signal-station.

The cave at Poca Roca is, in the authors opinion, a portion of the cleft in the rock which extends from the town to the village of Catalan Bay.

The strata of rock on the eastern side are usually covered over by a very recent formation, which gives a deceptive appearance to casual observers; this Lieut. Warren found to be the case while scarping at Middle Hill.

St. Michael's cave is a portion of a transverse cleft through the rock; and it is probable that at no very (historically) remote period it was open to view, as it is described by a Latin writer (Pomponius Mela) as opening up the side of the rock into an enormous cavern.

There appears to have been an idea that this cave has not been thoroughly explored since Lieut. Rich, R.A., went down it in 1840-46. Capt. Weber Smith went halfway down in 1840, the lengthy report of his exploit being now recorded in the R.E. office, with a plan which was completed by Lieut. Goodall, R.E., in 1858, who explored the whole cave. Since then the author has been down to the bottom more than twenty times, and has broken into new caves with crow-bars and jumpers, and he is confident that without the use of crow-bars no further passage can be discovered.

There
On some Tertiary Deposits in the Colony of Victoria, Australia
Authors: Woods Julian E. T.
Published: October 2009

Tertiary Deposits of Victoria
.—Some time ago (in Nov. 1859)* I had occasion to lay before the Society an account of a Tertiary formation which extends along a great portion of the south coast of Australia. That formation is characterized, as I then observed, by the peculiar white appearance of the stone, and the immense quantity of Bryozoa and Foraminifera of which it is composed. The strata are, in fact, very much like chalk-deposits. They have the same appearance when exposed in sections, and contain sheets or layers of flint, with occasionally formations like the potstones of Norwich. I have already described the extent of these beds. They are found throughout the south-eastern portion of the colony of South Australia, and they thin out, I believe, about seventy miles due east of the boundary between that colony and Victoria. Of its extent west and north less can be said. Shelly hmestones occupy the whole country in those directions for many hundred miles; but whether they are united with the limestones of Mount Gambier, or whether they belong to the formation I am about to describe, cannot as yet be decided. The object of this paper is to draw attention to another deposit, which is very widely spread in the colony of Victoria. At Hamilton, a town in that colony in about lat. 37° 45′ S., long. 142° E., there is a remarkable bed of fossils. It occurs at the junction of the Muddy and Violet Creeks, about four miles southwest of
On the Growth of Flos Ferri, or Coralloidal Arragonite
Authors: Wallace W.
Published: October 2009

I
n
giving a sketch of the physical features of the Meldon district in Westmoreland, Mr. Wallace stated that the water-shed of the Meldon range of mountains corresponds with an anticlinal axis which probably ranges at nearly equal distances from the River Tees and one of its tributaries—the Maizebeck.

The denudation of the country to the east of the Great Penine fault has evidently been regulated by the unequal elevation of the strata. The highest mountains are chiselled out of an immense mass of stratified rocks, and left standing on the ridges, or axes of highest elevation, of the beds. The denuding forces have produced the greatest effect where they have formed the valleys; or, in other words, in a general view, the greatest amount of denudation has been effected where the rocks have been the least elevated from their original horizontal position.

On each side of the Meldon hills lead-veins are found; and the formation of these veins is evidently connected with the anticlinal axis, the direction of which corresponds with that of these hills. On the north side, the principal vein of the Silver Band and Dunfell Mines dislocates the strata some 16 or 20 fathoms, the side next the axis being elevated. The veins on the contrary side probably dislocate the strata less; the amount of their throw has not, however, been exactly ascertained.

All the veins of the Silver Band Mine and the flats of the Dufton Fell Mine contain much sulphate of barytes. In some parts
Additional Observations on the Raised Beach of Sangatte with reference to the Date of the English Channel, and the Presence of Loess in the Cliff Section
Authors: Prestwich J.
Published: October 2009

I
n
my paper on the Loess and Quaternary beds of the north of France and south-east of England, I expressed an opinion that the break in the land between France and England was not the result of the last geological change†, but that the Channel existed at the period of the formation of the low-level gravels of the Somme and Thames valleys, and probably at the period of the high-level gravels. The argument was based upon the position of analogous beds at places on both sides of the Channel, upon the contour and slope of the land, and the direction of the Sangatte and Brighton raised beaches. I was not then able to give more positive evidence. I am, however, now in possession of facts which enable me to do so, and these I will briefly lay before the Society.

On my return last Easter from an excursion in Belgium with several Fellows of this Society, I took the opportunity of revisiting the Sangatte section in company with Mr. Godwin-Austen. The winter storms had cleared the beach and bared the cliff, and we found a long and very interesting section exposed. Our visit was short. It enabled me, however, to recognize some beds very loess-like in character, and to detect traces of shells in some of them. We also again noted in the underlying old sea-bed layers of a green sand, which might have been derived either from some Lower Tertiary beds or from the Greensands.

We thence proceeded round
Note on
Ovibos moschatus
, Blainville
Authors: Lartêt E.
Published: October 2009

C
uvier
has given the history of three skulls of
Ovibos moschatus
discovered in Siberia, and figured by Pallas and Ozeretskovsky‡.

In 1846 M. Giebel§ noticed the existence, in the Museum of Halle, of part of a skull found in the neighbourhood of Merseburg.

In 1852, Sir John Richardson, in the ‘Zoology of the Herald,’ gave a list and some figures of some remains of
Ovibos moschatus
brought from the Bay of Eschscholtz, with bones of Elephants, Reindeer, and other Mammals.

In 1855 Professor Owen∥ described, under the name of
Bos moschatus
, a fine fragment of skull of
Ovibos moschatus
, discovered by the Rev. Mr. Kingsley and Mr. Lubbock at Maidenhead, in Berkshire, on a bed of low level-gravel, of which Mr. Prestwich gave at the same time a description ¶, with a sketch of the bed, in which he afterwards found an Elephant's tooth.

In the third edition of the ‘Antiquity of Man’ Sir Charles Lyell further cites a skull of
Ovibos moschatus
found by Mr. Lubbock, near Bromley, Kent, in the valley of a small affluent of the Thames; and also two other skulls, male and female, discovered in the drift of the Avon, near Bath Easton, by Mr. Charles Moore*.

In the same page of the ‘Antiquity of Man’ Sir Charles Lyell further mentions a skull of
Ovibos moschatus
preserved in the Museum of Berlin, and which Mr. Quenstedt had determined in the year 1836; but I have failed, even with the indications given by Sir Charles Lyell
On some New Species of Crustacea belonging to the Order
Eurypterida
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: October 2009

H
aving
last year visited, in company with Mr. James Powrie, F.G.S., certain localities in the vicinity of Forfar, Arbroath, and Dundee, noted for the occurrence of Devonian Crustacea, I am now enabled, through the kindness of my friend, to describe some interesting remains of two new species of the genus
Stylonurus
.

This genus was proposed by Mr. David Page in his paper read before the British Association, at Glasgow, 1855, and the name was published in his ‘Advanced Text-Book of Geology’ 1856, where he also figured and named the then only known species belonging to that genus—
Stylonurus Powriei
(after its discoverer), but without giving any description.

Since that date much better materials for the illustration of this genus have been afforded by the labours of Messrs. James Powrie and Robert Slimon.

1. S
tylonurus
P
owriei
, Page.

This species occurs in the Old Red Sandstone of the Turin Hill range, near Pitscandly, in Forfarshire. The most important characters by which the genus is distinguished are the peculiar form of the carapace, the great length of the telson or terminal joint (in
S. Powriei
one-third the length of the entire animal), and the substitution of two pairs of long, slender, oar-like jaw-feet, instead of the single pair of broad, short natatory organs more usually met with in this group.

The impression and counterpart of
S. Powriei
(Page), being only on sandstone, and, in all probability, the interior side of the upper surface, do not afford such good material for description as the specimens
On the Carboniferous Rocks of the Valley of Kashmere
Authors: Godwin-Austen H.
Published: October 2009

T
his
paper was a continuation of one read before the Society last year, in which the Carboniferous, Jurassic, and Post-tertiary deposits and fossils were described by Capt. Godwin-Austen, Mr. Davidson, and Mr. Etheridge. In this communication Capt. Godwin-Austen confined himself to the Carboniferous formation, which was shown by him to have, in the Valley of Kashmere, a thickness of more than 1500 feet. The upper portion of this mass contained but few fossils, except in one particular bed near the entrance of the ravine above the village of Khoonmoo; but the lowest portion, or Zèwan bed, is made up chiefly of the remains of Brachiopoda and Bryozoa; and a higher stage, though still near the base of the formation, contains abundant remains of
Producta
. The position of a limestone containing
Goniatites
is not very clearly determined, but it is probably a member of the Zèwan series.

The sections in which the relative positions of the different beds were exhibited were described in detail, and plans and a map were given showing their geographical relation.

Mr. Davidson described the Brachiopoda forwarded with the paper, stating that they abound particularly at Barus and Khoonmoo, but are rarely in a very good state of preservation. Among them are several common and wide-spread European and American species, with a few that have not hitherto been noticed. They appear to be of Lower Carboniferous age.

In the introduction Mr. Godwin-Austen gave a synopsis of the more remarkable facts brought forward in the paper, and in a Résumé be gave lists of the fossils which had as yet been determined. These were forty-six in number, forty-two of which had specific names, and twenty-two of which are well-known forms; eight are common to the Punjaub and Kashmere, seven of them being also European species. Of the Kashmere list, full half the species are found in British Carboniferous beds; and Mr. Godwin-Austen remarked on the support given to the notion of the approximate contemporaneity of distant formations containing the same fossils by the occurrence of these European Lower Carboniferous species near the base of the Carboniferous formation of Kashmere.
On the Madreporaria of the Infralias of South Wales
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
—Towards the end of 1865, Mr. Tawney sent me a collection of fossils from the Sutton stone in South Wales, and requested me to describe the species of Madreporaria contained in it. This description appeared as an appendix to the elaborate communication “On the western limits of the Rhætic beds in South Wales, and on the position of the Sutton stone,” by E. B. Tawney, Esq., F.G.S.*

The species were but few in number, they were unlike any others from British Secondary rocks, and they presented rather a St. Cassian facies.

Little could be determined, from their study, concerning the age of the Sutton stone†; and Mr. Tawney could only give a qualified opinion upon this subject after the examination of the Mollusca. Shortly after these communications were read, Mr. Charles Moore sent me a large collection of fossils from the Sutton stone and from some other Liassic beds which, rest upon Carboniferous Limestone. During this autumn, the same indefatigable geologist went over the district described by Mr. Tawney, and on his return he forwarded me a magnificent collection of specimens from Sutton, Southerndown, Brocastle, Ewenny, Langan, Laleston, Cowbridge, and Shepton Mallet. He moreover gave me all the information he could obtain on the stratigraphical relations of the highly fossiliferous beds of those localities. It soon became evident that there was a very considerable number of new species of Madreporaria among the specimes*.

The objects of this communication are, to introduce to Palæontologists a new British coral-fauna from deposits
On some Points in the Structure of the
Xiphosura
, having reference to their relationship with the
Eurypteridæ
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: October 2009

So long since as 1849* Professor M'Coy made the proposition to unite in one tribe of the order Entomostraca the recent and fossil Limulidæ and the extinct species of
Pterygotus
and
Eurypterus
. “The tribe Pœcilopoda,” he observes, “are to be distinguished from other Entomostraca by having crustaceous, didactyle, ambulatory thoracic feet, as well as membranous, respiratory abdominal ones.” Professor M'Coy divides the Pœcilopoda into two divisions:—1. Limulidæ—
Limulus
; and 2. Eurypteridæ—
Eurypterus, Pterygotus
, and
Belinurus
. He subsequently furnished a restoration of
Pterygotus problematicus
, in illustration of his view of the anatomy of this ancient fossil remain†.

It is not surprising that Professor M'Coy should have failed to establish this order, since it was shown by Professor Huxley‡ to be founded upon an erroneous interpretation of the fossil remains; nor can it be doubted that the arrangement was based on conjecture rather than upon any minute acquaintance with the anatomy of these extinct forms of
Pterygotus
and
Eurypterus
, then only known in England by extremely fragmentary remains.

The researches, too, of Professor Huxley§ into the anatomy and affinities of the genus
Pterygotus
(in 1859) do not favour M'Coy's view of their classification under a common order or tribe with
Limulus
, although he does admit that they possess several very important points of structure in common with the latter.

“The Pœcilopoda” (i. e. Limulidæ), observes Professor Huxley§, “are, I believe, the only Crustacea which possess antennary organs like those of
Pterygotus
, and, like them, have the gnathites converted into locomotive organs, want the appendages
Geological Description of the First Cataract, Upper Egypt
Authors: Hawkshaw J. C.
Published: October 2009

A
t
the First Cataract the Nile flows over crystalline rocks consisting principally of quartz, felspar, and hornblende, combined in various, proportions, and then appearing under the forms of syenite, greenstone, hornblende, and mica-schists, or else occurring in separate masses. In the bed of the river the surface of the harder portions of these rocks is beautifully polished. The whole district is traversed by dykes of greenstone, of which the prevailing direction is E. and W.

The crystalline rocks forming the bed of the river are overlain by a sandstone, sometimes coarse and gritty, and at other times fine-grained and compact. The prevailing colour is light yellow; but in places it is dark-purple and even black, owing to the presence of iron. As yet no organic remains have been discovered in it. This sandstone rests on the uneven surface of the syenite, in slightly inclined strata dipping N.N.E. It is nowhere altered at its junction with the syenite, nor is it anywhere penetrated by dykes.

To the eastward of the First Cataract is a wide valley, commencing opposite the Island of Philæ, and joining the Nile valley again about three miles below Assouan. Through this valley the Nile may have formerly flowed, as freshwater shells and deposits of Nile-mud are found at a considerable height above the present level of the river.

To the westward of the First Cataract the crystalline rocks disappear below the sandstone, and the country is almost entirely covered with sand of a rich yellow colour, composed of fine rounded grains of quartz.
On a Cheirotherian Footprint from the Base of the Keuper Sandstone of Daresbury, Cheshire
Authors: Williamson W. C.
Published: October 2009

T
he
specimen figured in Plate III. was found in the Lower Keuper, at Daresbury Quarry, near Weston Point, Cheshire, a district which is rich in Cheirotherian footprints. The specimen was discovered by Mr. J. Webster Kirkham, one of my old pupils at Owens College, who has become an indefatigable worker amongst the footprints of the Cheshire district. It is obviously a reptilian footprint, but differs from all that I have hitherto seen in Great Britain in being distinctly that of a
scaly
animal. The form of the footprint differs from that of the Common Cheirotherium, which is found associated with it, in being more quadrate, and in the separated toe being less recurved, as well as approaching nearer to the other toes. In its general form it reminds us strongly of the footprints found by Dr. King in the Carboniferous beds of Pennsylvania. This resemblance is further shown in the fact that the specimen only displays four toes, as is the case with the anterior foot of the American specimens, though possibly the small projection on the left hand of the footprint opposite the thumb may be the base of a fifth toe, partly obliterated by another footprint of the same creature, which has been impressed upon it.

The arrangement of the scales corresponds very closely with that seen in the foot of the Alligator. Many of them run across the foot in oblique lines, as is common amongst living Crocodiles, leaving no room for doubt that they represent true
On a Section at Litcham affording Evidence of Land-Glaciation during the earlier part of the Glacial Period in England
Authors: Wood S. V.
Published: October 2009

T
he
structure of the Lower Drift, and the limited area to which it is confined, conspire to show that this country first encountered, and for a long period sustained, the glacial conditions while principally in the state of land; for not only do the limited superficial extent of the formation and its rapid attenuation in all directions, from its great development on the Cromer coast, necessitate an inference that only a small part of England was under water at the time of the deposition of the Lower Drift, but the great masses of chalk and chalky débris that were carried into the marine sediment require us to admit the presence, near at hand, of some terrestrial chalk-area from which these masses were detached; and I imagine that it does not require any illustration here to satisfy geologists of the fact, so obvious from the appearance of the Cromer Cliffs, that much of the chalk of Norfolk was, at the time these masses were imbedded, occupied by a great glacier, from whose seaward termination they were carried and dropped into the marine sediment.

In such a state of things we should naturally look for some evidences inland of the terrestrial glaciation which this structure involves.

The beds in section on the Cromer Coast, forming the Lower Drift, although of so great a thickness there, alter, as I have elsewhere shown, both in their appearance and thickness inland.

South-eastwards, in the direction of Norwich and the Yare Valley, the Lower Drift, or
On the Existence of a Third Boulder-Clay in Norfolk
Authors: Harmer F. W.
Published: October 2009

T
he
deposit which is the subject of this paper is shown in a pit near Trowse junction, a mile to the south of Norwich. It consists of a stiff whitish clay, wholly unstratified, containing much chalk débris and occasional qnartzose erratics. Its appearance is so like that of the Boulder-clay (No. 7 of figs. 2 & 3) which caps the high land on each side of the valley, that but for its position it could not be distinguished from it. It occurs at a slight elevation from the bottom of the valley, resting on the chalk, and is from 9 to 15 feet in thickness. In one part of the pit it is capped by laminated sands and clays, which since their deposition have been subjected to disturbance and denudation, as represented in the accompanying section.

In May 1866, Mr. Searles V. Wood, Jun., while examining the country for the purpose of tracing the extension of the Chillesford beds in this district, discovered a still more extensive development of what I believe to be the same deposit, about three miles further down the valley, near the Lunatic Asylum, and within a few hundred yards of the well-known Thorpe crag-pit. In this case there are no laminated beds overlying it, and the clay is of a somewhat darker colour; but in other respects it corresponds with that of the last section, resting as in that case on the chalk, and but slightly elevated above the level of the River Yare. Not
Geological Description of the First Cataract, Upper Egypt
Authors: Hawkshaw John Clarke
Published: October 2009

T
he
following remarks are written with a view to describe the geological features of the First Cataract, and to illustrate the localities of the accompanying specimens†, which, with the exception of a few from the neighbourhood of Cairo and a few from other places, were collected by the author during a month's stay on the Island of Sehayl, at the First Cataract of the Nile, near Assouan, Upper Egypt, in the spring of 1865. The accompanying map (Pl. IV.) is for the most part taken from a survey of the district made during the author's stay there, the river Nile being represented at a time when it was nearly at its lowest level.

The First Cataract commences at the southern extremity of the Island of Hesseh, and includes the portion of the river extending thence to the Island of Elephantine opposite Assouan, a distance of about six miles: throughout this district the river is generally divided into two principal branches by the Islands of Hesseh, Sehayl, Soulujie, and Elephantine. One branch, that to the eastward, flows at a higher level than the other or western branch; and the two communicate by some considerable streams and by innumerable small ones until they unite for a time at the southern end of the Island of Sehayl, where the actual rapids cease. The difference of level between the two branches at the north of the Island of Hesseh is 10 feet; and at this point an artificial cut was made by Mohammed Ali,
On some Secondary Fossils from South Africa
Authors: Tate Ralph
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction

As a large number of fossils from the Secondary rocks of South Africa remain undescribed in the Society's Museum, it seems desirable that an account of them should be submitted to the Society, as a sequel to the Monographs on Secondary Fossils from South Africa which have appeared in the Society's Transactions and Quarterly Journal.

This paper contains descriptions of the Plants of the Karoo beds, the Reptilian and Molluscan life of which has been made known by the labours of Professors Owen and Huxley, and the late Mr. Daniel Sharpe—of the vegetable remains from the phytiferous beds of Geelhoutboom, and of the fossils from the Jurassic strata of the Zwartkop and Sunday's River (the last part being a Supplement to Mr. Daniel Sharpe's “Descriptions of Fossils from the Secondary Rocks of South Africa”). The study of the organic remains of the beds enumerated has enabled me to offer, in addition, some generalizations on the affinities of each of the above-mentioned groups of Secondary strata developed in this region.

II. K
aroo
B
eds

a.
Fossil Flora of the Karoo Beds
.

1. G
lossopteris
B
rowniana
, Pl. VI. figs. 5
a
, 5
b
, 7
a
, 7
b
.

The Society is in possession of several impressions of a
Glossopteris
, in a friable sandstone, obtained by Dr. W.G. Atherstone, F.G.S., from Heald Town, near Fort Beaufort, Eastern Province, South Africa,—and many others of the same form, in a dark shale, from Bloemkop*, collected by Mr. C. J. Powell, of Graaf Reinet, and presented by Dr. R. N. Rubidge,
Further Remarks upon the Relation of the Chillesford Beds to the Fluviomarine Crag
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: October 2009

T
he
author dissents from the interpretation of two pit-sections, one on Aldringham Common, the other near Henham Park Farm, given by Mr. Searles Wood in his paper “On the Structure of the Red Crag.” Mr. Fisher admits that the former is at a higher level than the Thorpe Crag-pit, and the latter than the Wangford Crag; but he denies that the loam on Aldringham Common is Chillesford clay, and is doubtful whether even that at Henham Park Farm belongs to that deposit. Granting, however, that the loam in the latter case is really Chillesford clay, the author states that it is probably carried under the Wangford Crag by a northern dip. Thus he considers that neither of these sections contains indisputable evidence of the superposition of the Chillesford clay to the Fluviomarine Crag. He also expresses a doubt of the crag at Bulchamp being a continuation of the Wangford bed, and states that it much more resembles the Mya-bed as seen at Yarn Hill.

P.S. A subsequent examination of the neighbourhood of Norwich in April 1867, led the author to admit the identity of the
Mya
-bed with the Upper Crag of Mr. Taylor, as seen at Toft Monks and Bramerton; and consequently to abandon such of his published opinions as are inconsistent with that conclusion.
On the Geology of the Upper Part of the Valley of the Teign, Devonshire
Authors: Ormerod G. Wareing
Published: October 2009

T
he
district noticed in this paper lies to the north of Bovey Tracey. The author describes the courses of the Teign and its feeders, and the strata traversed by those streams, namely, Granite and Carboniferous Limestone. Gravels are occasionally found, which the author regards as having been deposited before the reexcavation of the valley; and he shows that these had been transported by a current from north-west to south-east. From the absence of these gravels in the gorge of the Carboniferous rocks between Hunts Tor, near Chagford, and Clifford Bridge, he considers that that valley has been opened since the time when the boulders and gravels were deposited; and he then shows that the stream from the valley of the Teign, prior to the opening of that valley, passed by Moreton Hampstead to Bovey Tracey. The paper contains notices of the minerals found in the district, and of the Granite veins in the Carboniferous rocks.
On the presence of the Purbeck Beds at Brill, in Buckinghamshire; and on the Superior Estuarine Sands there and at certain places in Oxfordshire and Wiltshire
Authors: Brodie P. B.
Published: October 2009

T
he
existence of the Purbeck beds at Brill* not having been yet accurately determined, it seems desirable to notify the fact of their occurrence there between the estuarine sands (or Hastings sands) of Professor Phillips, and the Portland stone below. In a visit I lately paid to that well-known locality for Portland fossils, I saw there several masses lying about of a close-grained, concretionary, drab-coloured limestone, very different lithologically from the Portland Oolite, which attracted my attention. The average thickness of the blocks was from six to eight inches; and on the upper surface, which was coarser and somewhat sandy, I detected
Cypris
and abundance of fish-bones and scales, including two entire fish-jaws with teeth; but I could not find any shells. The aspect of this limestone was so decidedly that of a freshwater deposit, and so similar to certain of the Purbeck strata which I have studied in Wilts and Dorset, that, without having discovered a single fossil, I should have felt satisfied that it was not of marine origin and was quite distinct from the Portland Oolite. It has a very irregular, splintery, and uneven fracture, and resembles the “cap” of the Island of Portland, to which no doubt it may be referred, and forms a reduced equivalent. It seems also to resemble the lower and harder portion of the “pendle” at one of the pits at Whitchurch, described by Dr. Fitton*, which contains bones and scales of fish.

The stone had evidently been procured from the base
On Abnormal Conditions of Secondary Deposits when connected with the Somersetshire and South Wales Coal-basins; and on the Age of the Sutton and Southerndown Series
Authors: Moore Charles
Published: October 2009

T
he
author first describes the geological constitution of the Mendip Hills, which, in his opinion, were upheaved by the intrusion of a basaltic dyke (now noticed for the first time) during the period of the Upper Trias. The Mendip chain proved an island barrier to the incursion of the deeper sea-deposits of the south, and on it lived the
Microlestes
and other terrestrial animals. Along the south side of this barrier shore-deposits were formed, the “Carboniferous Limestone” constituting the floor of the ocean at that time.

He then institutes a comparison between the Rhætic and Liassic formations within and those without the Somersetshire coal-basin. The thickness of the beds, from the Trias to the Inferior Oolite, is stated to be, outside the coal-field, 3320 feet, whilst inside it is only 169 feet. These results were obtained from an examination of numerous sections, which are described in detail by the author.

After considering the horizontal deposits beyond the Mendips, and the unconformable conditions within its coal-basin, the author discusses the abnormal conditions which are presented by deposits of the same age when they are intimately connected with the “Carboniferous Limestone.” In the Charterhouse Lead-mine a deposit of clay 12 feet in thickness, and containing Liassic shells, is stated to occur at a depth of 260 feet in the Carboniferous Limestone.

Among the organic remains, three species of terrestrial shells, referable to the genera
Helix, Vertigo
, and
Proserpina
, and a Charaseed, were discovered.

The author concludes by pointing out the peculiarities presented by the Liassic strata in Glamorganshire, with special reference to the stratigraphical position of the Sutton Stone and the Conglomerates of Brocastle &c.
On the Lower Lias of the North-east of Ireland
Authors: Tate Ralph
Published: October 2009

1.
Introduction
—From a more extended survey of the Liassic strata in the province of Ulster during the summer of 1866 than I had previously made, and from an examination of the fossils of the Lower Lias of that area, I am constrained to make some slight modifications of my views on the correlation of the members of the Lias of Ireland, as given in a paper entitled “The Liassic strata in the neighbourhood of Belfast,” published in the Quarterly Journal of this Society*.

In that paper I pointed out the occurrence of beds of Rhætic age, embracing the
Avicula-contorta
shales and the White Lias, and of beds of the age of the Lower Lias, which I had regarded as equivalent to the zone of
Ammonites Bucklandi
of the English Liassic series.

I have examined every exposure of the Lias in the north-east of Ireland, and have no reason to take exception to Sir Richard Griffith's mapping of this formation—that is, viewing the Rhætic series as a subfbrmation of the Lias. But the principal portion of the Lias belongs to the
Avicula-contorta
series, which is invariably the underlying stratum to the Lower Lias; however, on the shores of Lough Mourne and Larne Lough, and on the coast at Ballintoy and Portrush, the base of the Lower Lias is not seen. And although the shales of the
Avicula-contorta
series are usually covered by the Lower Lias, yet, on the other hand, they are the last to disappear in the thinning-out of the
On the Rhætic Beds near Gainsborough
Authors: Burton F. M.
Published: October 2009

A
t
the Meeting of the British Association at Nottingham in 1866, I announced the discovery of the Rhætic beds at Lea (a village about two miles to the south of Gainsborough), which the lowering of the gradients of the Great Northern line from Gainsborough to Lincoln had laid bare. At the time this announcement was made, the cutting at Lea was only partially worked out. Now, however, that the line is in a more complete state, I am enabled to give more accurate sectional and stratigraphical details than I could then.

The following is a section of the various beds in the order in which they occur.

The first traces of this Rhætic tract, for it can boast of only a very limited surface-area, occur a little beyond the third bridge, about a mile and a quarter from the new station at the south end of the town of Gainsborough, where the lowest the lowest bed of the series, No. 1 in the section, is seen resting unconformably, though with parallel stratification, on the blue marl of the Keuper beneath. This bed consists of a rather loose micaceous sandstone of a greenish grey colour, containing a few specimens of
Avicular contorta
, with worn bones, teeth, and coprolites, and is (where not affected by the unevenness of the underlying Triassic marl, the hollows of which it fills up) on the average about a foot in thickness. In one part, near the outcrop of this lowest bed, lying directly on the blue
The Alps and the Himalayas: a Geological Comparison
Authors: Medlicott Henry B.
Published: October 2009

C
urrent
opinions on Alpine geology are first fully discussed by the author, especially as regards the abnormal nature of the actual boundary of the Molasse with the rocks of the higher Alps, including the explanation usually given of this phenomenon, and of the contortion of the inner zone of Molasse—namely, the direct upheaval of the main mountain-mass. Mr. Medlicott then describes some of the sections exposed on the south flank of the Himalayas, and suggests a parallelism between them and those exhibited in the Alps. The clays, sands, and conglomerates of the Sivaliks are very like those of the Molasse; and in both regions the coarser deposits prevail towards the top. In the Himalayas also the younger Tertiary deposits almost invariably dip towards the mountain-range which they fringe,—the plane of contact inclining in the same direction, and thus producing actual, though not parallel, superposition of the older rocks. All the arguments which have been used to prove prodigious faulting in the case of the Alps would therefore, the author states, be quite as applicable to that of the Himalayas. But, as regards the latter range, Mr. Medlicott brings forward evidence which appears to him sufficient to prove that the present contact of the Sivalik formation with the mountains is the original one, modified only by pressure, without relative vertical displacement; and that the
sinking
of the mountain-mass is the proximate cause of the contortions of the Tertiary strata. He then endeavours to show that this explanation is equally applicable to the Alps, especially as it seems also to account for collateral phenomena which appear difficult of explanation consistently with the ordinary hypothesis; and he concludes by discussing the current theories of the formation of lake-basins, in relation to the more immediate subject of his paper.
On the Discovery of a new Pulmonate Mollusk [
Zonites
(
Conulus
)
priscus
, Cpr.)] in the Coal-formation of Nova Scotia
Authors: Dawson J. W.
Published: October 2009

T
he
little shell to which the following description refers was found last summer in the course of excavations made under my direction in the bed in Subdivision VIII. of the Joggins Section, between coals no. 37 and no. 38 of Logan's sectional list, already referred to in previous papers† as containing great numbers of shells of
Pupa vetusta
. This bed is 1217 feet below that in which
Pupa vetusta
was originally discovered in trunks of erect Sigillariæ, and about 42 feet below coal no. 37*, or nearly in the middle of the band of reddish and grey sandstones and shales intervening between coals no. 37 and no. 38. Its immediate associations are as follows, in descending order:—

In digging into the bed, I found that the shells of
Pupa
are irregularly disposed in nests, and are in some spots very abundant, especially in the argillaceous and nodular parts, while in other places, and especially in the more carbonaceous portions, none were found. In the last-mentioned parts of the bed, there are numerous obscure vegetable remains, especially leaves of
Cordaites
, leaflets of
Sphenopteris
, and
Trigonocarpa
, apparently of the same species (
T. sigillariœ
) found with Pupæ in the original repository in the erect Sigillariæ. The appearances were such as to confirm the impression, stated in a previous paper, that the land-shells were drifted along with vegetable matter by some quiet stream, and deposited on the muddy bottom of shallow water.

One object in excavating the bed was to ascertain if any other
On some Tracks of
Pteraspis
(?) in the Upper Ludlow Sandstone
Authors: Salter J. W.
Published: October 2009

T
he
Society has always received with patience communications tending to explain those surface-markings on our beds of rock which may be referred to the movements of animals. In many cases, indeed, these are the only proofs left us of the existence of certain types; while in others the remains of the animals themselves have been discovered after we had learned to guess at their nature from the impressions they had left behind them.

There is an obvious reason for the more certain preservation of the track than of the animal which made it, when such imprints have been made upon the sea-shore; for the impressions have generally been made between tide-marks, their preservation being due to the covering up of the imprinted layer by another upon the return of the tide. It is certain, then, that this portion of the stratum must, in general, be unfit for the preservation of the animal itself, even if it were not expecting too much to find it dead where we have the best proof of its having been alive and in the enjoyment of its functions. The wash of the tide, throwing up as it does dead shells, and hard parts of the crust of jointed animals, is very destructive even of these; and the majority of waifs upon the shore are decomposed and destroyed by the atmosphere soon after they are thrown beyond the reach of ordinary tides, and before there is a chance of sufficient sediment being accumulated to resist the