Asymmetry in surface temperature between the east and west sides of the Dead Sea under uniform solar radiation
Authors: Kishcha Pavel , Starobinets Boris , Pinker Rachel , Kunin Pavel , Alpert Pinhas 
Published: March 2020

&lt;p&gt;The Dead Sea is a terminal hypersaline lake with a depth of ~300 m, at a unique location approximately 430 m below sea level. Because of very high salinity of ~300 g/kg of Dead Sea water, the non-linear absorption of solar radiation is of an order of magnitude greater than that in fresh-water lakes. Consequently, by contrast to surface water temperature in fresh-water lakes, Dead Sea surface temperature is influenced by wind speed and water mixing. In the absence of vertical water mixing under weak winds, solar radiation in the summer months leads to significant warming of Dead Sea surface water. Under such conditions, daytime sea surface temperature (SST) could reach land surface temperature (LST) over land areas adjacent to the lake. This could lead to an essential reduction of surface heat flow from land to sea and, consequently, significant surface heating of land areas adjacent to the lake.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pronounced asymmetry has been obtained in daytime surface temperature between the east and west sides of the Dead Sea. This asymmetry was observed in the summer months, under uniform solar radiation. Our findings are based on MODIS data (2002&amp;#8211;2016) on board the Terra and Aqua satellites. MODIS data showed that, on average for the 15-year study period, daytime SST over the eastern part of the lake exceeded that over the western part by 5 &amp;#176;C. This SST asymmetry (observed in the absence of surface heat flow from land to sea at the eastern side) was accompanied by the asymmetry in LST over areas adjacent to the Dead Sea. Specifically, LST over areas adjacent to the east side exceeded that over areas adjacent to the west side by 10 &amp;#176;C. Such LST difference is the characteristic feature of the hypersaline Dead Sea. In addition to MODIS records (on board the two orbital satellites - Terra and Aqua), Meteosat Second Generation records (on board the geostationary satellites) proved the presence of daytime SST/LST asymmetry.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Regional atmospheric warming led to a decrease in the SST asymmetry during the study period. Temperature difference between daytime SST over the east part and that over the west of the Dead Sea steadily decreased at the rate of 0.32 &amp;#176;C decade&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, based on MODIS/Terra data, and 0.54 &amp;#176;C decade&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;, based on MODIS/Aqua data.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We found that the Weather Forecast and Research (WRF) model distribution of skin temperature over land and sea does not correspond to satellite observations. At midday, over the sea, WRF was incapable of reproducing the observed SST asymmetry. Over land areas adjacent to both the west and east sides of the lake, WRF incorrectly showed that modeled skin temperature increases with its approach to the coastline. The application to modeling of the observed SST/LST asymmetry in existing regional models will improve simulations of atmospheric dynamics over the Dead Sea.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Reference:&lt;/strong&gt; &amp;#160;Kishcha P., Starobinets B., Pinker R., Kunin P., Alpert P. (2020). Spatial non-uniformity of surface temperature of the Dead Sea and adjacent land areas. &lt;em&gt;Remote Sensing,&lt;/em&gt; Special Issue: Lake Remote Sensing, 12(1), 107; doi:10.3390/rs12010107.&lt;/p&gt;