bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TGSA‐Flex: Extending the capabilities of the Topo‐Geometrical superposition algorithm to handle flexible molecules
Authors: Gironés Xavier , Carbó–Dorca Ramon
Published: November 2003

In this work, an extension of the already studied Topo‐Geometrical Superposition Approach (TGSA) is presented. TGSA, a general‐purpose, fast, automatic, and user‐intuitive three‐dimensional molecular alignment procedure, was originally designed to superpose rigid molecules simply based on atomic numbers, molecular coordinates, and connectivity. The algorithm is further developed to enable handling rotations around single bonds; in this way, common structural features, which were not properly aligned due to conformational causes, can be brought together, thus improving the molecular similarity picture of the final alignment. The present procedure, implemented in Fortran 90 and named TGSA‐Flex, is deeply detailed and tested over four molecular sets: amino acids, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) derivatives, HIV‐1 protease inhibitors, and 1‐[2‐hydroxyethoxy)methyl]‐6‐(phenylthio)thymine (HEPT) derivatives. TGSA‐Flex performance is evaluated by means of computational time, number of superposed atoms (also comparing it with respect to the rigid approach), and index of fit between the compared structures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 153–159, 2004
Theoretical study on the excited states of psoralen compounds bonded to a thymine residue
Authors: Nakata A. , Baba T. , Takahashi H. , Nakai H.
Published: November 2003

Time‐dependent density functional theory calculations have been performed for the excited states of psoralen, 5‐methoxypsoralen, and 8‐methoxypsoralen in systems and furan and pyrone monoadducts bonded to a thymine residue. The theoretical assignments to ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectra of isolated systems have been performed. The present calculations have clarified that the excitation energies of the first singlet excited (S1) state of monoadducts are blue‐shifted compared with the isolated systems. It is shown that, in particular, the S1excitation energy of the pyrone monoadduct is significantly blue‐shifted and, therefore, the pyrone monoadduct is not excited by UV‐A light (300–400 nm), which is used in the photochemotherapy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 25: 179–188, 2004
Microscopically‐viewed structural changes in solvent‐induced phase transitions of synthetic polymers
Authors: Tashiro Kohji , Yoshioka Akiko , Hashida Tomoko
Published: November 2003

Structural changes occurring in the solvent‐induced phase transition have been investigated by carrying out the time‐resolved measurements of X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectra and Raman spectra. First example is about the solvent‐induced crystallization of syndiotactic polystyrene glass. By comparing the time evolution of the various infrared and Raman bands and the X‐ray reflections, the process of nucleation, growth, and aggregation of regular helical sequences in the crystalline lattice could be traced concretely. It was also found experimentally that the amorphous chain segments started an active motion immediately after absorbing solvent molecules and became a trigger to induce the local regularization of random coils into regular helical segments. The second example is the reversible solid‐state phase transition of poly(ethylene imine) between the anhydrate of doubly‐stranded helices and the hydrates of planar zigzag chains. By carrying out the time‐resolved infrared spectral measurements in water vapor atmosphere (H2O or D2O), the characteristic bands could be identified for these crystalline phases and the structural transformation in the hydration process could be clarified in detail.
Depth profiling of polymer films by confocal Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Spells Stephen J. , Reinecke Helmut , Sacristán Javier , Yarwood Jack , Mijangos Carmen
Published: November 2003

Confocal Raman microspectroscopy has many potential applications in the study of polymer‐solvent interactions, including the determination of solvent and polymer‐solvent complex depth profiles. This contribution focuses on preventing the formation of polymer‐solvent complexes, using surface chemical modification of PVC films. While the surface‐specific nature of the film modification is easily demonstrated,[1] confocal Raman measurements clearly show the effects of film refractive index: the modifier depth profile shows a lack of symmetry and the film thickness is underestimated. A spectral normalisation method is described, and this is shown to result in a modifier depth profile which is in good agreement with data obtained by Raman microspectroscopy following physical cross‐sectioning of a sample. Alternative techniques for Raman depth profiling are also discussed.
Evaluation of the fractionated crystallization of isotactic polypropylene and high density polyethylenes in their blends with Cycloolefin copolymers
Authors: Pimbert Sylvie
Published: November 2003

Crystallization of semi‐crystalline polyolefins (i‐polypropylenes and HD‐polyethylenes) in their blends with amorphous cycloolefin copolymers (COC) were studied. The thermal behaviour of the blends was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) whereas blend morphologies were investigated by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM). In iPP/COC blends, a phenomenon of fractionated crystallization is evidenced when i‐PP is finely dispersed in the COC matrix. Such a behavior is generally observed when the number of droplets is much larger than the number of heterogeneities originally present in the bulk polymer. In HDPE/COC blends, complex morphologies are observed which do not fit good correlation with DSC results. The nucleation and crystallization modes seem to be largely influenced by the characteristics of the micro‐dispersed phase, largely dependent on the PE molecular weights and polydispersity indices.
Dynamic crack propagation with cohesive elements: a methodology to address mesh dependency
Authors: Zhou F. , Molinari J. F.
Published: November 2003

In this paper, two brittle fracture problems are numerically simulated: the failure of a ceramic ring under centrifugal loading and crack branching in a PMMA strip. A three‐dimensional finite element package in which cohesive elements are dynamically inserted has been developed. The cohesive elements' strength is chosen to follow a modified weakest link Weibull distribution. The probability of introducing a weak cohesive element is set to increase with the cohesive element size. This reflects the physically based effect according to which larger elements are more likely to contain defects. The calculations illustrate how the area dependence of the Weibull model can be used to effectively address mesh dependency. On the other hand, regular Weibull distributions have failed to reduce mesh dependency for the examples shown in this paper.

The ceramic ring calculations revealed that two distinct phenomena appear depending on the magnitude of the Weibull modulus. For low Weibull modulus, the fragmentation of the ring is dominated by heterogeneities. Whereas many cracks were generated, few of them could propagate to the outer surface. Monte Carlo simulations revealed that for highly heterogeneous rings, the number of small fragments was large and that few large fragments were generated.

For high Weibull modulus, signifying that the ring is close to being homogeneous, the fragmentation process was very different. Monte Carlo simulations highlighted that a larger number of large fragments are generated due to crack branching. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enrichment of enhanced assumed strain approximations for representing strong discontinuities: addressing volumetric incompressibility and the discontinuous patch test
Authors: Dolbow J. E. , Devan A.
Published: November 2003

We present a geometrically non‐linear assumed strain method that allows for the presence of arbitrary, intra‐finite element discontinuities in the deformation map. Special attention is placed on the coarse‐mesh accuracy of these methods and their ability to avoid mesh locking in the incompressible limit. Given an underlying mesh and an arbitrary failure surface, we first construct an enriched approximation for the deformation map with the non‐linear analogue of the extended finite element method (X‐FEM). With regard to the richer space of functions spanned by the gradient of the enriched approximation, we then adopt a broader interpretation of variational consistency for the construction of the enhanced strain. In particular, in those elements intersected by the failure surface, we construct enhanced strain approximations which are orthogonal to piecewise‐constant stress fields. Contrast is drawn with existing strong discontinuity approaches where the enhanced strain variations in localized elements were constructed to be orthogonal to constant nominal stress fields. Importantly, the present formulation gives rise to a symmetric tangent stiffness matrix, even in localized elements. The present modification also allows for the satisfaction of a discontinuous patch test, wherein two different constant stress fields (on each side of the failure surface) lie in the solution space. We demonstrate how the proposed modifications eliminate spurious stress oscillations along the failure surface, particularly for nearly incompressible material response. Additional numerical examples are provided to illustrate the efficacy of the modified method for problems in hyperelastic fracture mechanics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Octasection‐based refinement of finite element approximations of tetrahedral meshes that guarantees shape quality
Authors: Endres Lance , Krysl Petr
Published: November 2003

Adaptive refinement of finite element approximations on tetrahedral meshes is generally considered to be a non‐trivial task. (We wish to stress that this paper deals with mesh refinement as opposed to remeshing.) The splitting of individual finite elements needs to be done with much care to prevent sig‐ nificant deterioration of the shape quality of the elements of the refined meshes. Considerable complexity thus results, which makes it difficult to design (and even more importantly, to later maintain) adaptive tetrahedra‐based simulation codes. An adaptive refinement methodology, dubbed CHARMS (conforming hierarchical adaptive refinement methods), had recently been proposed by Krysl, Grinspun, and Schröder. The methodology streamlines and simplifies mesh refinement, since conforming (compatible) meshes always result by construction. The present work capitalizes on these conceptual developments to build a mesh refinement technique for tetrahedra. Shape quality is guaranteed for an arbitrary number of refinement levels due to our use of element octasection based on the Kuhn triangulation of the cube. Algorithms and design issues related to the inclusion of the present technique in a CHARMS‐based object oriented software framework (http://hogwarts.ucsd.edu/∼pkrysl/CHARMS) are described. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of high‐rise braced frames with outriggers
Authors: Hoenderkamp J. C. D. , Bakker M. C. M.
Published: November 2003

A graphical method of analysis for the preliminary design of tall building structures comprising braced frames with outrigger trusses subjected to horizontal loading is presented. For this method of analysis it is necessary to determine five stifnesses for the uniform structure: bending and racking shear stiffnesses of the braced frame and outriggers in addition to a stiffness parameter representing the axial lengthening and shortening of the exterior columns. The analysis allows a simple procedure for obtaining the optimum location of the outrigger up the height of the structure and a rapid assessment of the impact of the outrigger on the behaviour of the high‐rise structure. It is concluded that all five stiffnesses should be included in the preliminary analysis of a proposed tall building structure as the reductions in horizontal deflections and bending moments of the braced frame are influenced by all stiffness parameters. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vertical distribution of pre-settled sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) in the North Sea in relation to size and environmental variables
Authors: Jensen Henrik , Wright Peter J , Munk Peter
Published: November 2003

Vertical distribution patterns of larval and juvenile sandeels were investigated at four locations in the North Sea. Sandeels between 6 and 65 mm were found to depths of 80 m, with vertical distributions dependent on both length and environmental factors. At one location with a stratified water column, the highest densities were found during the day in midwater where food concentration was also highest. In areas without marked vertical hydrographic gradients, larvae were relatively more abundant in surface waters during the day. At all locations, larvae of all sizes were generally more homogeneously distributed in the water column during night than during day. The extent of vertical migration, as measured by the standard deviation of the mean depth, increased generally with length. Gear avoidance was evident for larvae ≥20 mm. Catch efficiency generally depended on both length class and surface light intensity. A simulated drift pattern of larvae, based on ADCP current measurements from two locations, predicts that the horizontal drift trajectory would only be affected slightly by the vertical positioning of the larvae in the water column during the time of sampling. The implication of vertical migrations for dispersal of larvae away from the spawning grounds is discussed.
Social Distribution of Social Support: The Mediating Role of Life Events
Authors: Mickelson Kristin D. , Kubzansky Laura D.
Published: November 2003

Although the relation of socioeconomic status (SES) to social support has been discussed for some time, researchers have rarely systematically examined the social patterning of this resource. In addition, potential explanatory mechanisms have not been investigated. This study examined both the social distribution of social support and the role of life events in the association between SES and social support in a nationally representative probability sample of adults from the National Cormorbidity Survey. Higher education and income were related to more emotional support and fewer negative interactions. Individuals with higher incomes were also less likely to report acute and chronic life events. Finally, acute (but not chronic) life events mediated the relation between SES and social support (both emotional support and negative interactions). These results suggest the inability of lower SES individuals to mobilize social support in times of need may be explained by their more frequent experience of acute life events.
Risk of Suicide Ideation Associated with Problem-Solving Ability and Attitudes Toward Suicidal Behavior in University Students
Authors: McAuliffe Carmel , Corcoran Paul , Keeley Helen S. , Perry Ivan J.
Published: November 2003

Summary: The present paper investigates the risk of lifetime suicide ideation associated with problem-solving ability and attitudes toward suicidal behavior in a sample of 328 university students (41% male, 59% female). The response rate was 77% based on the total number of students registered for the relevant courses. A series of questions assessed lifetime suicide ideation, while problem solving and attitudes toward suicide were measured using the Self-Rating Problem Solving scale and four subscales of the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire, respectively ( McLeavey, 1986 ; Domino et al., 1989 ). Almost one-third of the students surveyed had lifetime suicide ideation. Both genders were similar in terms of their suicide ideation history, problem solving, and attitudes toward suicidal behavior with the exception that male students were more in agreement with the attitude that nonfatal suicidal behavior lacks real intent. Compared with 2% of nonideators and ideators, one in four planners reported that they would more than likely attempt suicide at some point in their life. Greater agreement with the attitude that suicidal behavior is normal was associated with significantly increased risk of being an ideator, as was poor problem solving and less agreement with the attitude that suicidal behavior is associated with mental illness.
A process‐based model for quantifying the impact of climate change on permafrost thermal regimes
Authors: Zhang Yu , Chen Wenjun , Cihlar Josef
Published: November 2003

Air temperature at northern high latitudes has increased at a higher rate than the global mean, and most general circulation models project that this pattern will continue. Climate warming can increase summer thaw depth and induce permafrost degradation, which may alter the dynamics and functions of northern ecosystems and the lifestyles of northern residents. To address these issues, we developed a process‐based model to simulate permafrost thermal regimes by combining the strength of existing permafrost models and land surface process models. Soil temperature and active layer thickness were simulated by solving the heat conduction equation, with the upper boundary conditions being determined using the surface energy balance and the lower boundary conditions being defined as the geothermal flux. The model integrated the effects of climate, vegetation, ground features, and hydrological conditions on the basis of energy and water transfer in the soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere system. The model was validated against the measurements at four sites in Canada. The simulation results agreed with the measurements of energy fluxes, snow depth, soil temperature, and thaw depth. These results indicate that this physically based model captured the effects of climate, vegetation, and ground conditions on soil temperature and freezing/thawing dynamics, and the model is suitable to investigate the impacts of transient climate change on soil thermal regimes and permafrost degradation and their consequent effects on ecosystem dynamics.
A study of the direct and indirect effects of aerosols using global satellite data sets of aerosol and cloud parameters
Authors: Sekiguchi Miho , Nakajima Teruyuki , Suzuki Kentaroh , Kawamoto Kazuaki , Higurashi Akiko , Rosenfeld Daniel , Sano Itaru , Mukai Sonoyo
Published: November 2003

The present study investigated the correlations between aerosol and cloud parameters derived from satellite remote sensing for evaluating the radiative forcing of the aerosol indirect effect. The global statistics showed that the effective particle radius and the optical thickness of low clouds correlate well with the column number concentration of the aerosol particles, indicating an aerosol indirect effect. A correlation of the cloud fraction with the aerosol number was also seen, whereas we could not find a significant correlation of the cloud‐top temperature with the column aerosol number. Furthermore, the regional statistics presented that positive correlations between the cloud optical thickness and cloud fraction with the aerosol column number concentration exist in most regions consistent with the global mean statistics. However, the effective cloud particle radius showed a tendency similar to the global correlation only around the seashore regions. Using these correlations and assuming that the aerosol column number concentration has increased by 30% from the preindustrial era, the total radiative forcing of the aerosol indirect effect was evaluated to be about −0.6 to −1.2 W m−2. The radiative forcing of the aerosol direct effect from the satellite‐retrieved parameters was also evaluated as −0.4 W m−2 over the ocean. The cloud‐top temperature was found to be insensitive to the change in the aerosol number, although there was a distinct negative correlation between the aerosol number and cloud temperature at which the cloud particle grows to a radius of 14 μm. This particular dependency of the cloud temperature suggests that aerosols acts on clouds so as to change cloud particle size near the cloud top, optical thickness, and fraction but to keep their cloud‐top temperature without causing a significant longwave radiative forcing.
An approach to understanding hydrologic connectivity on the hillslope and the implications for nutrient transport
Authors: Stieglitz Marc , Shaman Jeff , McNamara James , Engel Victor , Shanley Jamie , Kling George W.
Published: November 2003

Hydrologic processes control much of the export of organic matter and nutrients from the land surface. It is the variability of these hydrologic processes that produces variable patterns of nutrient transport in both space and time. In this paper, we explore how hydrologic “connectivity” potentially affects nutrient transport. Hydrologic connectivity is defined as the condition by which disparate regions on the hillslope are linked via subsurface water flow. We present simulations that suggest that for much of the year, water draining through a catchment is spatially isolated. Only rarely, during storm and snowmelt events when antecedent soil moisture is high, do our simulations suggest that mid‐slope saturation (or near saturation) occurs and that a catchment connects from ridge to valley. Observations during snowmelt at a small headwater catchment in Idaho are consistent with these model simulations. During early season discharge episodes, in which the mid‐slope soil column is not saturated, the electrical conductivity in the stream remains low, reflecting a restricted, local (lower slope) source of stream water and the continued isolation of upper and mid‐slope soil water and nutrients from the stream system. Increased streamflow and higher stream water electrical conductivity, presumably reflecting the release of water from the upper reaches of the catchment, are simultaneously observed when the mid‐slope becomes sufficiently wet. This study provides preliminary evidence that the seasonal timing of hydrologic connectivity may affect a range of ecological processes, including downslope nutrient transport, C/N cycling, and biological productivity along the toposequence. A better elucidation of hydrologic connectivity will be necessary for understanding local processes as well as material export from land to water at regional and global scales.
Measuring ocean wave period with satellite altimeters: A simple empirical model
Authors: Gommenginger C. P. , Srokosz M. A. , Challenor P. G. , Cotton P. D.
Published: November 2003

A simple empirical model is proposed to retrieve wave period from Ku‐band radar altimeter backscatter and significant wave height. The model formulation is heuristic, and fitted using a large dataset of collocated Topex altimeter and buoys measurements. Empirical models are proposed for the zero up‐crossing, the mean and the peak wave period, and compared with models by Davies et al. [1997] and Hwang et al. [1998]. Their performance is assessed using an independent validation dataset, and gives a retrieval error of 0.8s. Regional analysis indicates that the wave period models perform better in wind seas than in swell‐dominated conditions.
Self‐potential variations associated with ultra‐long‐period seismic signals at Merapi volcano
Authors: Byrdina S. , Friedel S. , Wassermann J. , Zlotnicki J.
Published: November 2003

We report about Self‐Potential (SP) anomalies registered 150 m from the active lava dome of Merapi Volcano, which are associated with Ultra‐Long‐Period (ULP) seismic signals (periods >100 s). During a 5‐month period of simultaneous SP and seismological measurements, 50 ULP events were detected seismologically. If SP time series corresponding to ULP events are aligned to the onset times of ULP‐events and stacked, the resulting traces show anomalous SP with an amplitude of 5–20 mV/km and 40–60 min duration. In contrast, the anomalous signals were not present in ground temperature data nor in SP data recorded ≈1 km from the summit. SP anomalies associated with ULP‐seismicity might be caused by electro‐kinetic effect of fluid flow in subsurface. This result is consistent with the ULP‐generation model based on seismological observations and adds new information towards the understanding of ULP‐seismicity.
Heating of directly transmitted ions at low Mach number perpendicular shocks: New insights from a statistical physics formulation
Authors: Ellacott S. W. , Wilkinson W. P.
Published: November 2003

The heating of directly transmitted ions at low Mach number, quasi‐perpendicular collisionless shocks is rapid, greater than adiabatic, and exhibits a distinct T⟂ > T∥ anisotropy. In this paper we present a theoretical study of the evolution of the ion velocity distribution across a stationary one‐dimensional perpendicular model shock profile. A Lagrangian/Hamiltonian formulation of the ion equations of motion is introduced. We argue that the classical statistical physics solution of Liouville's equation in terms of the energy (Hamiltonian) is not applicable to the case of a laminar perpendicular shock. Assuming a Maxwellian incident ion velocity distribution, it is possible to obtain the analytical form for the distribution through the shock in terms of functions of upstream parameters that are independent of the incident temperature. Unlike the classical Hamiltonian solution, we show that contours of equal phase space probability do not correspond to contours of equal energy. It is this property of the velocity distribution that makes anisotropic heating possible. We recover the observed results that the distribution is stretched across the magnetic field direction as it passes through the shock and that it rotates as a whole around the field in the downstream region. We are able to show that in the low‐temperature limit, the shape of the distribution remains Gaussian but that this is not the case for higher temperatures. For this Gaussian approximation, lower and upper bounds for the variance of the downstream velocity and therefore the heating are obtained. An efficient method for the numerical computation of the distribution through the shock is proposed and evaluated for typical shock parameter combinations. The downstream behaviour of the distribution is also elucidated.
Guided waves propagating in subducted oceanic crust
Authors: Martin S. , Rietbrock A. , Haberland C. , Asch G.
Published: November 2003

We use guided waves traveling updip along the surface of the Nazca slab to image subducted oceanic crust at the Chile‐Peru subduction zone. Observed P onsets of intermediate depth events near 21°S in northern Chile reveal waveguide behavior: with growing focal depth, low‐frequency energy (<2 Hz) becomes more and more dominant, and higher frequencies arrive delayed, sometimes resembling two distinct phases. To explain the observations, we employ two‐dimensional finite difference (FD) simulations of complete P‐SV wave propagation along an updip profile of the subduction zone. The FD calculations shed some light on several basic issues regarding crustal waveguides. The development of guided waves dependent on event focal depth is simulated. Further, we show that the observed guided wave energy must decouple from the waveguide near 100 km depth to reach the deployed stations and that the decoupling process is related to variations in subduction angle. Simulations also yield constraints on source locations relative to the low‐velocity structure. Finally, the frequency content of P onsets is used to constrain the thickness of the waveguide. The results indicate that a structure of <4.5 km average width and 7% low‐velocity remains seismically slow compared to the surrounding mantle down to a depth of at least 160 km. The layer is interpreted as the unaltered lower part of the subducted oceanic crust, suggesting that complete eclogite transformation in the Chile‐Peru subduction zone is unlikely to take place until beyond the volcanic front.
Constraints on localized core‐mantle boundary structure from multichannel, broadband SKS coda analysis
Authors: Rondenay Stéphane , Fischer Karen M.
Published: November 2003

In recent years, a wide range of geophysical results have offered evidence that Earth's lowermost mantle is characterized by strong lateral variations in material properties. Among the structures of particular interest are intermittent ultralow‐velocity zones (ULVZs), located directly above the core‐mantle boundary (CMB), which were originally inferred from the distortion of teleseismic SPdKS phases. ULVZs have been modeled as layers with sharp boundaries and seismic velocity reductions ≥10% and interpreted as regions of partial melt. In this study, we further constrain local ULVZ structure beneath North America by signal processing and waveform modeling of the SKS coda recorded at broadband seismic arrays. Secondary phases in the SKS coda are effectively isolated by eigenimage processing. Residual (i.e., SKS‐less) data sections from various western Pacific events display clear SPdKS arrivals, followed by a secondary phase whose timing and slowness are consistent with CMB origins. One‐dimensional modeling of these phases by reflectivity and generalized ray synthetics favors an asymmetric model, with ULVZ present at only one of the CMB intercepts. The preferred ULVZ is characterized by reductions in P and S velocities of 18% and 50%, respectively, and a diffuse upper boundary. These characteristics are consistent with local production and gravitational sinking of dense (e.g., iron rich) partial melt above the CMB. We postulate that a gradational ULVZ beneath North America may mark a lateral transition domain between regions of mantle upwelling, where more uniform ULVZs exist, and regions of downwelling, where ULVZs are either nonexistent or imperceptibly thin.
Observations of nearshore wave dissipation over muddy sea beds
Authors: Sheremet A. , Stone G. W.
Published: November 2003

Wave propagation on the Louisiana inner shelf is studied using concurrent measurements at two shallow water ocean observatory sites, in sedimentary environments dominated by mud at one site, and sand at the other. Contrary to the widely accepted hypothesis that mud‐induced wave dissipation is important only for long waves, observations show significant damping of high‐frequency, short waves, which interact weakly with the bottom. The mechanism of short wave dissipation is not understood. Numerical simulations show that other dissipative processes such as refraction, or depth‐limited breaking, do not account for the magnitude of the observed effects. Independent observations of strong sediment re‐working during storms suggest that these effects are related to sediment resuspension processes.
Different tidal torques on a planet with a dense atmosphere and consequences to the spin dynamics
Authors: Correia Alexandre C. M. , Laskar Jacques
Published: November 2003

Planets with a dense atmosphere present not only traditional gravitational and thermal tides, but also combined effects resulting from these two: gravitational torque upon pressure bulge, pressure torque upon tidal bulge, and pressure torque upon pressure bulge. Here we give a complete description of these effects and evaluate their relative contributions to the secular evolution of the planet's spin. In particular, we discuss the importance of determining the exact transfer mechanism of angular momentum from the atmosphere to the surface. It is shown that alternative atmospheric tides may play an important role if this transfer rate is not very effective, although this does not seem to be the present case on Earth or Venus.
Neotectonic deformation linking the east Anatolian and Karataş‐Osmaniye intracontinental transform fault zones in the Gulf of İskenderun, southern Turkey, deduced from paleomagnetic study of the Ceyhan‐Osmaniye volcanics
Authors: Gürsoy H. , Tatar O. , Piper J. D. A. , Heimann A. , Mesci L.
Published: November 2003

Left‐lateral strike slip along the Dead Sea Fault Zone (DSFZ) between the African and Arabian plates is partitioned into a complex set of motions at its northern extension where Arabia impinges into the Anatolian collage. As a result, the nature of the contemporary link between the east Anatolian and Dead Sea transforms is unclear. To quantify strike slip motion expressed as tectonic rotations along the inferred southwest continuation of the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), we have investigated the paleomagnetism of young (<1 Ma) volcanics in the Adana Basin‐Gulf of İskenderun region comprising the Ceyhan‐Osmaniye volcanic suite. This volcanism is sited close to the intersection between the sinistral Karataş‐Osmaniye Fault Zone (KOFZ) and the Neotethyian Suture. Nine sites from a basaltic lava field in the vicinity of Osmaniye are entirely of normal polarity and, in the context of their very young morphologies, are assigned to the Brunhes Chron; declinations are mostly clockwise from the present field. This age assignment identifies rapid Recent (<780 ka) uplift at the head of the Gulf of İskenderun and is linked to a diversion of the Ceyhan river drainage and ongoing regional tilting. Eight sites yield a mean declination of 11.3 ± 10°, implying clockwise block rotation on Riedel‐type fractures on the northwest side of the KOFZ. Seven lavas sites from a volcanic succession near Botaş at the southwestern extension of the volcanic lineament are of reversed polarity and rotated counterclockwise by 43 ± 7° with respect to the present field. Polarity, K‐Ar, and morphological evidence indicate an assignment toward the latter part of the Matuyama Chron and identify rapid Neogene block rotation of a flake within the KOFZ. An inferred maximum slip rate of 0.6 cm/year on this fault zone is comparable with lower estimates of slip on the EAFZ and suggests that most strike slip on the DSFZ is now being partitioned to the west of the Gulf of İskenderun on a developing strike slip zone linking with the Cyprus Arc.
The therapist's responsibility: a systemic approach to mobilizing family creativity
Authors: Jenkins Hugh , Donnelly Michael
Published: November 2003

Three techniques, sculpting, geneograms, and family drawing are considered within a systemic approach to therapy. Frequently, emphasis is laid on either the activity of the therapist or the behaviour of the family in treatment. We focus on ways in which the therapist draws on the clients' creativity, relying for this on a correct assessment of their ‘language’ or ‘idiom’. Certain assumptions are proposed, and case illustrations are used in their support. Our approach is that any material, or apparently no material, produced when using these techniques represents essential information which can be turned to therapeutic advantage by means of positive reframing. Although a framework within which to practise is viewed as essential, a ‘game‐plan’ will almost certainly result in sterility and impasses in therapy. Therapist flexibility, it is proposed, is a prerequisite for creativity. We prefer to label resistance to treatment as failure by the therapist to recognize the clients' needs.
A life‐cycle framework in the treatment of underorganized* families
Authors: Jenkins Hugh
Published: November 2003

The view presented in this paper is that frameworks are needed to help understand the nature of the organization and problems of severely underorganized families. Some basic propositions are suggested as a ‘rule of thumb’ diagnostic tool. Requirements for healthy development are outlined, against which the family context of many underorganized families is illustrated. It is proposed that the life‐cycle framework of such families is essentially ‘two generational’. This has implications for those offering help in these situations, and suggestions are made about appropriate treatment approaches.
The Towers of Silence: creative and destructive issues for therapeutic teams dealing with sexual abuse
Authors: Dale Peter , Waters Jim , Davies Murray , Roberts Wilf , Morrison Tony
Published: November 2003

Intra‐familial sexual abuse of children is a peculiarly potent area for subsequent inter‐agency responses and interventions to become inappropriate, irrational, and damaging. A major component of the damaging responses by the inter‐agency system is the mirroring processes which occur between that system and the family.

A case example is presented in some detail to illustrate the ways in which such mirroring processes also effect therapeutic teams dealing with such families. Some therapeutic techniques from an experiential base are described. It is argued that productive therapeutic work can only occur if the mirroring processes within the inter‐agency system, and the therapeutic team system, are considered systemically.
The child as go‐between: consulting with parents and teachers
Authors: Taylor Denise
Published: November 2003

In becoming a pupil a child also takes on the role of go‐between and must negotiate daily the transitions from home to school. This puts the child in a triangular position in relation to his parents and teachers who often stand in a highly ambivalent relationship to each other, making it difficult for the child to keep a balance between the two systems. Coping mechanisms described include dissociating one system fromanother or skewing the triangle so that the child is cast in the role of victim either because the school or home is seen as unsatisfactory. The presence of ‘themes’ or issues around deprivation and authority, or the more familiar ‘care’ and ‘control’, aggravate the difficulties of the go‐between. ‘Good’ parents are likely to produce ‘good’ pupils and successful go‐betweens.
The imperfect attainment of intimacy: a key concept in marital therapy
Authors: Birtchnell John
Published: November 2003

The intense though transient intimacy of romantic love is contrasted with the more durable and sustained intimacy of conjugal love. The latter, it is argued, requires that the partners have each attained an adequate degree of separateness and at the same time are able to allow themselves to become physically and emotionally close. Relationships which are not intimate are characterized by excessive degrees of dependence, directiveness or detachment. The equilibrium in a non‐intimate relationship is maintained by fears in the respective partners about the other becoming too separate, too close, too influential, too assertive, too capable etc. Therapy involves persuading each to try cautiously giving ground in one direction whilst the other is giving ground in a complementary direction. Intimacy will follow if neither is too controlling from above nor too clinging from below and both partners are able to relate on an equal adult to adult basis.
Perceptions of the therapist in family therapy
Authors: Bennun I.
Published: November 2003

Thirty‐five families completed ratings describing their perceptions of their therapists. These ratings were then correlated with measures of outcome to assess whether there was a relationship between experiences of the therapist and treatment outcome. Further, the study addresses whether some family members' perceptions are more influential in affecting the course of treatment. The results showed that family members' perception of the therapist does have an impact on treatment outcome, but not all members affect the outcome equally. Further results and their implications are discussed.
Antenatal screening for sexually transmitted infections in remote Australia
Authors: Mak Donna B. , Murray John C. , Bulsara Max K.
Published: November 2003

Background:  Antenatal screening for, and prompt management of, sexually transmitted infections (STI) can prevent adverse maternal, fetal and perinatal outcomes. This is particularly important in areas of high STI endemicity.

Aims:  To assess adherence with antenatal STI screening guidelines in a large remote region, and whether completeness of antenatal syphilis screening improved after the onset of a regional syphilis outbreak in April 2001.

Methods:  Data from the regional antenatal syphilis screening database from 1997 to 2002 were analysed to identify time trends in the completeness of antenatal syphilis screening. Adherence to antenatal screening guidelines was assessed by examining pathology request forms of women undergoing antenatal syphilis screening to determine whether screening for gonorrhoea, chlamydia, hepatitis B and HIV had also been carried out. Logistic regression was used to analyse associations between adherence to the guidelines and patient's age and race, and health service characteristics.

Results:  Adherence to syphilis screening guidelines improved from 44.6% in 1997 to 68.9% in 2001 and 81.4% in 2002. After controlling for the time interval between the first antenatal syphilis test and date of delivery, being younger and Aboriginal, and delivering after the syphilis outbreak had been identified were positively associated with adherence to syphilis screening guidelines. Proportions of antenates screened for gonorrhoea/chlamydia, hepatitis B and HIV at booking and for gonorrhoea/chlamydia in the third trimester were 69%, 91%, 68% and 77%, respectively. Aboriginal women were more likely to have been screened for gonorrhoea and chlamydia. Women seen by a doctor were more likely to have undergone HIV screening than those who saw a nurse.

Conclusions:  Significant improvement in adherence to antenatal syphilis screening guidelines occurred after identification of a syphilis outbreak. This achievement is reason for optimism regarding the potential to achieve more complete antenatal screening of other STI.
A life‐course approach to assess the relationship between social and psychological circumstances and gingival status in adolescents
Authors: Nicolau Belinda , Marcenes Wagner , Hardy Rebecca , Sheiham Aubrey
Published: November 2003

Background:Several models have been proposed to explain the causes of periodontal diseases. None have adopted the life‐course approach.

Objective:To investigate the relationship between social, psychosocial and biological conditions experienced in early life and through the life course and gingival bleeding on probing.

Methods:A two‐phase study was carried out in Brazil. In Phase I, 652 13‐year‐olds were clinically examined and interviewed. In Phase II, 311 families were randomly selected for an interview to collect information on the teenager's state at birth and selected impacts in their early years of life. Clinical examination included assessment of dental caries, periodontal and dental trauma status. The data analysis used logistic regression and the models were determined using stepwise procedure.

Findings:Adolescents who were born in a non‐brick house, who were living in an overcrowded house at 13 years of age, those whose mother had less than 8 years of education, who were at a lower school grade for their age, those who reported high levels of paternal punishment and those who were from reconstituted families were significantly more likely to experience high levels of bleeding gums after probing.

Conclusion:Early life and life‐course experiences were important determinants of the level of gingival bleeding after probing in adolescents.
Salivary Gland Basal Cell Adenocarcinoma: A Report of Cases in a Cat and Two Dogs
Authors: Sozmen M. , Brown P. J. , Eveson J. W.
Published: November 2003

Basal cell adenocarcinoma of the salivary gland is described in a cat and two dogs; tumour tissue was characterized by cords and islands of epithelial cells with a distinct basal layer. The tumours were stained by various immunohistochemical methods. In addition to positive staining with cytokeratin 14 and pancytokeratin (CKs 5, 6, 8, 17 and 19), there was also staining with Jack bean agglutinin A (ConA) and soya bean agglutinin (SBA); this occurs in many other types of salivary gland tumours and is a feature of normal salivary gland acinar cells. In one dog there was also staining with SBA. This is the first report of this tumour in domestic animals; the immunohistochemical characteristics did not distinguish it from other salivary gland tumours.
Ca2+ ATPase in Dutch Warmblood Foals Compared with Na+, K+ ATPase: Intermuscular Differences and the Effect of Exercise
Authors: Suwannachot P. , Verkleij C. B. , van Weeren P. R. , Everts M. E.
Published: November 2003

We studied the effects of exercise without or with a subsequent period on pasture on Ca2+ ATPase concentration in foal skeletal muscle, and compared the results with those previously reported on Na+, K+ ATPase. Ca2+ ATPase was measured in homogenates as Ca2+‐dependent steady‐state phosphorylation from [γ‐32P]ATP. From day 7 after birth, 24 foals were divided into three groups: (i) staying in a box stall (Box); (ii) staying in a box stall with an exercise programme of an increasing number of sprints per day (Exercise); and (iii) staying on pasture (Pasture). Half of the foals (12 with four in each treatment group) were killed after 5 months. The remaining foals stayed on pasture until 11 months. In the 5‐month Pasture group, Ca2+ ATPase concentration was 29.4 ± 4.3 nmol/g wet weight (wt) (n = 4) in gluteus medius muscle, 25.2 ± 3.3 nmol/g wet wt (n = 4) in semitendinosus muscle (both mixed fibre type), and 4.1 ± 1.7 nmol/g wet wt (n = 3) in the slow masseter muscle. These values were not altered by exercise or by box rest. This was in contrast to the Na+, K+ ATPase concentration which was not different between the three muscles, but showed a 20% rise in gluteus medius and semitendinosus muscle after exercise. In the period from 5 to 11 months on pasture, there was no change in Ca2+ ATPase in any group. In conclusion, the Ca2+ ATPase concentration in foal muscle is around 6‐fold higher in mixed fibres than in slow fibres. Furthermore, the enzyme is not up‐ or down‐regulated by sprint exercise or subsequent rest.
Health‐related quality of life assessment in adult haemophilia patients: a systematic review and evaluation of instruments
Authors: Szende A. , Schramm W. , Flood E. , Larson P. , Gorina E. , Rentz A. M. , Snyder L.
Published: November 2003

Summary.  The objective of this study was to review and evaluate the performance of health‐related quality of life (HRQL) and other health status measures used in studies of adult haemophilia and provide recommendations for future research. A systematic literature review was performed to identify HRQL and health status measures used in haemophilia. Literature was identified using medical databases, Internet and manual searches. The search was restricted to articles published in English since 1986. Ninety‐six abstracts were located; 19 relevant articles were selected for detailed review. Three main types of HRQL measures were identified: generic psychometric‐based HRQL (SF‐36 and SF‐12), utility‐based HRQL [EQ‐5D and Health Utilities Index (HUI)], and musculoskeletal‐specific HRQL (Arthritis Impact Measurement Scale 2, AIMS 2) instruments. No patient‐rated haemophilia‐specific HRQL instrument was found. The SF‐36, the EQ‐5D, and the HUI were able to discriminate haemophilia patient subgroups with respect to disease severity and HIV comorbidity status. Sixteen additional scales were identified that were used to measure the different aspects of physical, psychological, and social functioning of patients. There were no clinical studies of haemophilia carried out that employed HRQL instruments, thus responsiveness of these instruments could not be evaluated. The variety of instruments used in haemophilia studies highlights the need for a tool that can capture the full impact of haemophilia and its treatment on patients’ HRQL. Developing such a tool poses the unique challenge of accounting for common comorbidities, such as HIV and chronic hepatitis that may have a greater HRQL impact than the underlying disease.