bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SISTEM PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN TENDER PROYEK MENGGUNAKAN METODE BENEFIT COST RATIO
Authors: Rukmana Siti Hardiyanti
Published: January 2017

The procurement process became one of the important aspects for PT. PLN (Persero) to operate the company. One way to meet these needs is through the project tender. The tender process aims to get high-grade materials with the lowest prices that meet the criteria of efficiency PT. PLN (Persero). In order to simplify the bidding process required a decision support system. The method used in this system is Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR). Input in this application are the documents and the tender offer price from bidders with complete tender documents that have been validated by prospective bidders and then selected by the tender committee to make an assessment and validation winner. The output of this process is the winner of the tender project based on calculations Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR). Therefore, the method Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) can be used as a decision support system to determine the winner of the project tender.
PERBANDINGAN FOTOKATALIS TiO2/KITOSAN DAN TiO2/BENTONIT SERTA APLIKASINYA SEBAGAI PENJERNIH AIR EMBUNG UNNES
Authors: Wibowo Emas Agus Prastyo
Published: January 2017

Air embung kini kondisinya memprihatinkan karena terlihat lebih keruh dan juga kotor karena tercemar oleh limbah sehingga tidak bisa dimanfaatkan sebagaimana fungsinya dulu yakni sebagai tempat penampungan air hujan yang dimanfaatkan oleh warga unnes dan sekitarnya serta untuk rekreasi.Tujuan dari penelitian ini yakni untuk memberikan solusi sebagai upaya pengembalian fungsi air embung dengan alat penjernih berbasis fotokatalis TiO2/kitosan, TiO2/bentonit yang apabila terkena sinar tampak akan menghasilkan senyawa OH radikal yang berfungsi sebagai pendegradasi polutan organik dan senyawa superoksida. Selain fotokatalis, penelitian ini juga melakukan adsorpsi zeolit. Berdasarkan hasil SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) di atas dapat disimpulkan bahwa: Pada perbesaran SEM 100x, 250x, 500x dan 1000x terlihat bahwa material terlapis belum bagus dan masih menggumpal dan belum merata.Â  Hasil pembentukan dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Terbentuknya komposit TiO2-bentonit belum mengalami perubahan masih sama pada bilangan gelombang. Berdasarkan hasil BOD dan COD didapatkan bahwa dengan adanya teknologi fotokatalis TiO2/kitosan dan TiO2/bentonit dapat mendegradasi polutan organik di dalam air dan dapat menurunkan angka BOD dan COD pada air embung UNNES.Â
IMPLEMENTASI WEB SERVICE PADA SISTEM PENGINDEKSAN DAN PENCARIAN DOKUMEN TUGAS AKHIR, SKRIPSI, DAN PRAKTIK KERJA LAPANGAN
Authors: Paramartha A.A. Gede Yudhi , Suryaningsih Gusti Ketut , Aryanto Kadek Yota Ernanda
Published: January 2017

Implementasi Web service Â pada sistem pengindeksan dan pencarian dokumen merupakan sistem yang dikembangkan dengan tujuan untuk menyempurnakan kekurangan yang ada pada sistem pengindeksan dan pencarian dokumen yang telah dikembangkan sebelumnya. Adapun kekurangan yang dimaksud meliputi sistem pengindeksan dan pencarian dokumen tersebut bersifat standalone dimana data yang digunakan masih disediakan dan dikelola pada sistem itu sendiri, hal tersebut tentu membutuhkan waktu yang lama bagi pengembang dalam hal manajemen datanya. Selain itu dalam proses pengindeksan, hasil index yang telah dibuat belum bisa diperbaharui atau dilakukan update index apabila terjadi perubahan maupun penambahan dokumen. Berdasarkan hal tersebut dikembangkan sistem pengindeksan dan pencarian dokumen dengan memanfaatkan layanan Â penyedia data yang disediakan oleh Web service Â pada sistem yang berbeda sebagai sumber data yang digunakan dalam proses pengindeksan dan pencarian dokumen, dimana pada proses pengindeksan, hasil index yang telah dibuat dapat dilakukan proses update yang meliputi proses tambah dan hapus dokumen pada file index. Selain tujuan tersebut diatas, pada sistem ini juga diimplementasikan teknologi Web service Â sebagai penyedia layanan Â yang dapat digunakan oleh pengembang maupun sistem yang berbeda. Layanan Â yang disediakan berupa layanan Â pencarian dokumen tugas akhir, skripsi dan praktik kerja lapangan. dengan parameter sebagai keyword pencarian. Keluaran dari layanan Â pencarian dokumen berupa dokumen yang sudah diberikan skor serta diurutkan berdasarkan relevansi dokumen dengan parameter inputan.
KAJIAN SIFAT FUNGSIONAL DAN AMILOGRAFI PATI UBI JALAR (Ipomoea batatas L.) DENGAN PERLAKUAN SUHU DAN LAMA WAKTU HEAT MOISTURE TREATMENT SEBAGAI BAHAN SEDIAAN PANGAN DARURAT
Authors: Sunyoto Marleen
Published: January 2017

Pemuliaan Tanaman Ubi Jalar yang dilakukan di Lahan Percobaan Universitas Padjadjaran telah menghasilkan klon-klon baru ubi jalar unggulan, salah satunya yaitu Awachy 5. Awachy 5 mengandung pati yang cukup tinggi, yaitu 25,46% sehingga dapat diolah lebih lanjut menjadi tepung pati sebagai bahan baku Emergency Food. Namun pati alami belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal karena sifat fungsional dan sifat amilografi pati yang kurang baik, sehingga diperlukan perlakuan lebih lanjut untuk memperbaiki sifat tersebut. Perlakuan modifikasi fisik dengan Heat Moisture Treatment (HMT) dapat memperbaiki sifat fungsional dan amilografi pati. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk memperoleh suhu dan lama waktu modifikasi HMT yang menghasilkan pati ubi jalar dengan sifat fungsional dan amilografi yang berbeda. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode percobaan dengan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri dari 5 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan, yaitu tanpa pemanasan (kontrol), pemanasan HMT pada suhu 80oC 4 jam;Â  80oC 8 jam; 110oC 4 jam; dan 110oC 8 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pati ubi jalar dengan pemanasan HMT pada suhu 110oC selama 8 jam merupakan perlakuan terpilih dengan swelling volume 4,205 ml/g, solubility 2,117%, freeze thaw stability 48,655%, kekuatan gel 4,684 gf, derajat putih 76,717%, suhu awal gelatinisasi 83,388oC, viskositas puncak 5063,833 cP, viskositas breakdown 486,500 cP, dan viskositas setback 3596,833 cP.Kata kunci : Awachy 5, modifikasi HMT, pati, sifat fungsional, amilografi
Tunneling features in semiconductor nanostructures
Authors: Arseev P I , Mantsevich V N , Maslova N S , Panov V I
Published: January 2017

The most telling scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) data available on the influence of nonequilibrium tunneling effects and electronic spectra reconstruction are reviewed and theoretically explained by self-consistently accounting for nonequilibrium electron distribution and the change (due to the tunneling current) in the electron density of states near the tunneling junction. The paper discusses the basic ideas of the self-consistent tunneling theory, which forms the basis for experimental research and which allows many effects observed in STM/STS experiments to be explained and new phenomena to be predicted.
Le genre Leistus (Froehlig) (Coleoptera - Carabidae). I. Le groupe de Leistus angusticollis (Dejean)
Authors: Perrault Georges G.
Published: January 2017

Résumé. — On étudie les Leistus orophiles appartenant au groupe de L. angusticollis Dejean, du nord de la Péninsule ibérique. Pour chaque espèce on précise les caractéristiques et la distribution. On sépare ainsi 6 espèces : L. angusticollis Dejean, L. acutangulus n. sp., L. oopterus Chaudoir, L. barnevillei Chaudoir, L. angulatus La Brûlerie, L. constrictus Schauffuss. On établit la synonymie de L. aculeatus Jeanne et de L. angusticollis Dejean.
Quelques données sur les convergences chromatiques chez les Chrysopinae (Neuroptera, Planipennia, Chrysopidae) en relation avec la nature de leurs sécrétions prothoraciques
Authors: Séméria Yves
Published: January 2017

Des observations sur le terrain ont montré des ressemblances marquées entre différentes espèces de la sous-famille des Chrysopinae. Du fait que certaines d'entre elles produisent une odeur nauséabonde et que d'autres forment des groupes denses et homogènes, l'auteur s'est attaché à rechercher dans quelle mesure il pouvait s'agir là, d'un phénomène mimétique. Les principaux types de mimétisme sont envisagés et discutés : müllerien, batésien, arithmétique.
Les enjeux de l’après : vulnérabilité et résilience à l’épreuve des politiques de la catastrophe au 20e siècle
Authors: Parrinello Giacomo
Published: January 2017

L’avènement d’une catastrophe expose la vulnérabilité et la résilience d’une communauté. Pour la même raison, la catastrophe représente une fenêtre d’opportunité pour modifier ces conditions. Mais est-ce vraiment le cas? Est-ce que les catastrophes sont suivies par un changement des conditions de vulnérabilité qui l’ont générée ou des facteurs de résilience qui en ont mitigé les effets? À quelles conditions et comment? Cet article cherche à répondre à ces questions à travers l’étude historique des transformations en aval des catastrophes. Nous concentrerons l’analyse sur les désastres séismiques, qui constituent le terrain d’expertise principal de l’auteur, mais avec l’ambition de proposer des éléments de réflexion qui puissent s’adapter à d’autres typologies de catastrophes naturelles. Sur la base d’une comparaison entre le tremblement de terre de Messine de 1908 et celui de la vallée du Belice (Italie) de 1968, mais aussi en référence à d’autres cas, cet article dégagera certains facteurs clés pour comprendre les modifications que les politiques des catastrophes peuvent apporter sur les éléments qui rendent possible la catastrophe ainsi que sur les facteurs qui permettent – une fois la catastrophe survenue – de s’en remettre. L’article se concentre notamment sur trois aspects: le lien entre interprétations du désastre et politiques de protection; les conséquences à long terme des choix de l’urgence; les dispositifs de mémoire institutionnelle. À travers ces trois étapes, l’article démontre comment la modification ou non des conditions de vulnérabilité et résilience est liée aux tensions et conflits entre plusieurs acteurs et intentionnalités qui ne sont pas forcément liés aux politiques de protection et produisent, sur le temps long, des conséquences imprévues.
La construction des grands ensembles en France : émergence de nouvelles vulnérabilités environnementales
Authors: Legoullon Gwenaëlle
Published: January 2017

La société française a connu pendant les années 1945-1980 une transition brutale vers un nouveau modèle économique et social. Les villes ont été le réceptacle et le support de ces transformations. Les grands ensembles furent le miroir grossissant des fragilités structurelles engendrées par cette mutation. De ce fait ils constituent un lieu d’observation privilégié de l’apparition et du traitement des vulnérabilités sociales et environnementales liées aux transformations urbaines qui ont lieu depuis 1945. Différents secteurs de la population ont été profondément fragilisés par ce considérable effort de construction : ouvriers du bâtiment soumis à un nouvel environnement du travail du fait de l’industrialisation des chantiers, habitants confrontés aux déficiences des nouveaux logements et aux spécificités de la vie dans ces nouveaux quartiers, riverains bouleversés par la modification radicale de leur environnement... Nous traitons ici plus particulièrement des habitants des grands ensembles, en montrant comment des politiques de construction ont placé ces populations dans une situation de vulnérabilité sanitaire face à un environnement nouveau et, à certains égards, pathogène. L’origine de ce processus se trouve dans l’élaboration expérimentale de nouveaux procédés de construction après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les risques importants qu’ils présentent sont précocement identifiés et ont tôt fait l’objet de tentatives de remédiation. Néanmoins ils furent largement reconduits et massifiés à travers la construction des grands ensembles dans les années 1950 et 1960. Les dispositifs mis en place pour lutter contre ce qui fut d’emblée considéré comme des défauts structurels paraissent souvent tardifs, partiels et sous-dimensionnés.
La vulnérabilité de la forêt provençale face aux incendies : naissance d’une notion (fin XIXe siècle)
Authors: Chalvet Martine
Published: January 2017

Au XIXe siècle, la notion de vulnérabilité environnementale n’est pas encore définie. Pourtant, l’idée de vulnérabilité des forêts face aux incendies en Provence commence à apparaître. L’article cherche à comprendre pourquoi et comment, les incendies sont perçus comme « un fléau » dans le nouveau contexte économique et technique de l’exploitation des lièges et de la gemme. Dans les années 1860, cette nouvelle perception des incendies entraîne la mise en place de groupes de pression efficaces. Les notables provençaux, comme Charles de Ribbe, et l’administration des Eaux et Forêts, dirigée par Henri Faré, se battent pour obtenir l’élaboration d’une politique publique et la reconnaissance d’une spécificité régionale des Maures et de l’Esterel, désormais appelés « la région du feu ». Dans le contexte scientifique et libéral de la fin du XIXe siècle, que recouvre véritablement cette nouvelle idée de vulnérabilité ? Quels acteurs construisent ce nouveau discours ? Quelles politiques et quelles législations sont proposées ? Et avec quel succès ?
La vulnérabilité d’un territoire, un héritage complexe à révéler : démonstration à travers l’étude géohistorique du risque d’inondation en Val d’Orléans (France)
Authors: Dournel Sylvain
Published: January 2017

Le présent article se focalise sur l’optimisation des politiques de prévention du risque d’inondation en Val d’Orléans. Sur cette plaine comme sur l’ensemble du Val de Loire, la conscience du risque d’inondation n’est pas acquise pour une majorité d’habitants ni même pour certains acteurs locaux. Pourtant, un imposant dispositif de défense contre les crues du fleuve, appelé levées, édifié dès le XVIe siècle, témoigne de la récurrence initiale des épisodes de hautes eaux. Ces digues ont eu aussi pour effet de freiner les communications entre le fleuve et le val, de confiner le lit mineur et d’en complexifier les accès. Cette situation est problématique, car les crues majeures, bien que rares et irrégulières, ont souvent démontré l’inefficacité des levées. Toutefois, les périodes d’accalmie hydraulique ont donné à l’homme le sentiment illusoire de maîtriser le risque. La dernière accalmie, effective depuis 1907, a fait place à une urbanisation soutenue de l’ouest du Val d’Orléans, exposant désormais 48 000 personnes aux crues majeures. Dans cette conjoncture, la vulnérabilité est traitée comme un héritage qu’il s’agit non seulement de révéler face à la complexité de la situation présente, mais encore d’affirmer dans le but de réactiver une mémoire voire une culture locale du risque d’inondation. Ce travail, accordant une place importante au temps long, recourt à la géographie historique et à la géohistoire pour cerner le mécanisme et la construction de la vulnérabilité du Val d’Orléans aux crues de Loire.
La mise en œuvre de la politique Trame verte et bleue en zone rurale aux échelles infrarégionales L’exemple de la basse vallée du Salat (Midi-Pyrénées, France)
Authors: Canard Mathilde , Antoine  Jean-Marc , Guillerme Sylvie
Published: January 2017

La politique Trame verte et bleue, instituée en 2007 en France par le Grenelle de l’environnement, a pour objectif la préservation de la biodiversité par le maintien des continuités écologiques, et ce au-delà des zones protégées, dans les espaces de « biodiversité ordinaire ». La Trame verte et bleue doit être déployée aux différents niveaux territoriaux selon le principe de subsidiarité. Cet article s’intéresse à la mise en œuvre de cette politique en zone rurale et aux échelles infrarégionales. À travers le cas d’étude de la basse vallée du Salat (Occitanie, France), nous interrogeons l’appropriation de la Trame verte et bleue par les différentes catégories d’acteurs, de l’échelle des territoires de projets jusqu’au niveau local, par l’analyse des discours d’acteurs (structures professionnelles, élus locaux, agriculteurs, particuliers, associations locales). Dans un premier temps, cet article montre que les structures territoriales abordent la Trame verte et bleue par le prisme d’enjeux qui ne sont pas nécessairement centrés sur la préservation de la biodiversité, amenant à des stratégies adaptées sur les territoires. À l’échelle locale, on constate que la Trame verte et bleue est mal connue, et souvent mal comprise par les acteurs. Nous mettons également en lumière les différents leviers que mobilisent les structures territoriales en charge de la Trame verte et bleue pour agir localement, sur les espaces publics et privés. Finalement, il apparaît que l’entrée paysagère choisie par certains opérateurs pour mettre en œuvre la TVB permet de mobiliser les acteurs locaux et d’infléchir leurs pratiques.
Géohistoire du territoire forestier de l’Avesnois : observer le présent, connaître le passé pour anticiper le futur (France)
Authors: Delcourte-Debarre Marie
Published: January 2017

La démarche de recherche appliquée choisie pour ce travail, centrée sur les politiques de reboisement, nécessite le recours à des outils particuliers, afin de rendre lisibles les données anciennes utilisées. La méthode SyMoGIH (Système modulaire de gestion de l’information historique) permet une analyse à différentes échelles (territoire, écopaysage, lieu), tout en intégrant les disparités spatiales et temporelles qui composent chaque élément géographique de l’Avesnois. Par cette méthode, le discours historique est spatialisé tout en étant borné temporellement. Elle permet d’aboutir à une analyse géohistorique du territoire choisi.
Espèces végétales exotiques et vulnérabilité environnementale : un débat ancien ? Le cas de la Belgique (fin XVIIIe siècle-années 1950)
Authors: De Bruyn Odile
Published: January 2017

La perte de biodiversité végétale est assurément un facteur de vulnérabilité environnementale. Parmi les éléments très divers pouvant être à l’origine de ce phénomène (pollution, changement climatique, aménagement du territoire, guerre…), il en est un dont l’impact paraît moins évident de prime abord, dans la mesure où il est lui-même d’ordre végétal : il s’agit de la plantation d’espèces exotiques dans les parcs, les jardins et les milieux forestiers. Ces quarante dernières années furent marquées par un important questionnement sur la dangerosité que pouvaient constituer ces plantes (qu’elles soient invasives ou non) pour l’environnement. Mais qu’en était-il avant l’apparition toute récente des notions de biodiversité et de vulnérabilité environnementale ? Le présent article tente de répondre à cette question et de faire l’histoire des débats suscités en Belgique par l’introduction des espèces végétales exotiques, ce depuis la fin du XVIIIe siècle jusqu’à l’après-guerre. Nous examinerons les principaux acteurs des différentes opinions avancées et nous nous interrogerons sur leur catégorie professionnelle et leur milieu d’appartenance. Nous chercherons également à savoir si l’éventualité d’une fragilisation de l’environnement par les végétaux non indigènes était au centre de leurs préoccupations ou non.
The Molecular Basis for the Lack of Inflammatory Responses in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Their Differentiated Cells
Authors: D’Angelo William , Gurung Chandan , Acharya Dhiraj , Chen Bohan , Ortolano Natalya , Gama Vivian , Bai Fengwei , Guo Yan-Lin
Published: January 2017

We reported previously that mouse embryonic stem cells do not have a functional IFN-based antiviral mechanism. The current study extends our investigation to the inflammatory response in mouse embryonic stem cells and mouse embryonic stem cell–differentiated cells. We demonstrate that LPS, TNF-α, and viral infection, all of which induce robust inflammatory responses in naturally differentiated cells, failed to activate NF-κB, the key transcription factor that mediates inflammatory responses, and were unable to induce the expression of inflammatory genes in mouse embryonic stem cells. Similar results were obtained in human embryonic stem cells. In addition to the inactive state of NF-κB, the deficiency in the inflammatory response in mouse embryonic stem cells is also attributed to the lack of functional receptors for LPS and TNF-α. In vitro differentiation can trigger the development of the inflammatory response mechanism, as indicated by the transition of NF-κB from its inactive to active state. However, a limited response to TNF-α and viral infection, but not to LPS, was observed in mouse embryonic stem cell–differentiated fibroblasts. We conclude that the inflammatory response mechanism is not active in mouse embryonic stem cells, and in vitro differentiation promotes only partial development of this mechanism. Together with our previous studies, the findings described in this article demonstrate that embryonic stem cells are fundamentally different from differentiated somatic cells in their innate immunity, which may have important implications in developmental biology, immunology, and embryonic stem cell–based regenerative medicine.
Induction of IL21 in Peripheral T Follicular Helper Cells Is an Indicator of Influenza Vaccine Response in a Previously Vaccinated HIV-Infected Pediatric Cohort
Authors: de Armas Lesley R. , Cotugno Nicola , Pallikkuth Suresh , Pan Li , Rinaldi Stefano , Sanchez M. Celeste , Gonzalez Louis , Cagigi Alberto , Rossi Paolo , Palma Paolo , Pahwa Savita
Published: January 2017

HIV-infected patients of all ages frequently underperform in response to seasonal influenza vaccination, despite virologic control of HIV. The molecular mechanisms governing this impairment, as well as predictive biomarkers for responsiveness, remain unknown. This study was performed in samples obtained prevaccination (T0) from HIV-infected children who received the 2012–2013 seasonal influenza vaccine. Response status was determined based on established criterion for hemagglutination inhibition titer; participants with a hemagglutination titer ≥1:40 plus a ≥4-fold increase over T0 at 3 wk postvaccination were designated as responders. All children had a history of prior influenza vaccinations. At T0, the frequencies of CD4 T cell subsets, including peripheral T follicular helper (pTfh) cells, which provide help to B cells for developing into Ab-secreting cells, were similar between responders and nonresponders. However, in response to in vitro stimulation with influenza A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) Ag, differential gene expression related to pTfh cell function was observed by Fluidigm high-density RT-PCR between responders and nonresponders. In responders, H1N1 stimulation at T0 also resulted in CXCR5 induction (mRNA and protein) in CD4 T cells and IL21 gene induction in pTfh cells that were strongly associated with H1N1-specific B cell responses postvaccination. In contrast, CD4 T cells of nonresponders exhibited increased expression of IL2 and STAT5 genes, which are known to antagonize peripheral Tfh cell function. These results suggest that the quality of pTfh cells at the time of immunization is important for influenza vaccine responses and provide a rationale for targeted, ex vivo Ag-driven molecular profiling of purified immune cells to detect predictive biomarkers of the vaccine response.
Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Immune Complex Priming of the Nlrp3 Inflammasome Involves TLR and FcγR Cooperation and Is Dependent on CARD9
Authors: Rhoads Jillian P. , Lukens John R. , Wilhelm Ashley J. , Moore Jared L. , Mendez-Fernandez Yanice , Kanneganti Thirumala-Devi , Major Amy S.
Published: January 2017

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is known to activate inflammatory responses in a variety of cells, especially macrophages and dendritic cells. Interestingly, much of the oxLDL in circulation is complexed to Abs, and these resulting immune complexes (ICs) are a prominent feature of chronic inflammatory disease, such as atherosclerosis, type-2 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis. Levels of oxLDL ICs often correlate with disease severity, and studies demonstrated that oxLDL ICs elicit potent inflammatory responses in macrophages. In this article, we show that bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) incubated with oxLDL ICs for 24 h secrete significantly more IL-1β compared with BMDCs treated with free oxLDL, whereas there was no difference in levels of TNF-α or IL-6. Treatment of BMDCs with oxLDL ICs increased expression of inflammasome-related genes Il1a, Il1b, and Nlrp3, and pretreatment with a caspase 1 inhibitor decreased IL-1β secretion in response to oxLDL ICs. This inflammasome priming was due to oxLDL IC signaling via multiple receptors, because inhibition of CD36, TLR4, and FcγR significantly decreased IL-1β secretion in response to oxLDL ICs. Signaling through these receptors converged on the adaptor protein CARD9, a component of the CARD9–Bcl10–MALT1 signalosome complex involved in NF-κB translocation. Finally, oxLDL IC–mediated IL-1β production resulted in increased Th17 polarization and cytokine secretion. Collectively, these data demonstrate that oxLDL ICs induce inflammasome activation through a separate and more robust mechanism than oxLDL alone and that these ICs may be immunomodulatory in chronic disease and not just biomarkers of severity.
Synthetic Retinoid AM80 Ameliorates Lung and Arthritic Autoimmune Responses by Inhibiting T Follicular Helper and Th17 Cell Responses
Authors: Naskar Debdut , Teng Fei , Felix Krysta M. , Bradley C. Pierce , Wu Hsin-Jung Joyce
Published: January 2017

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that affects the joints and other organs. Pulmonary complications contribute significantly to rheumatoid arthritis mortality. Retinoic acid and its synthetic compound AM80 play roles in immunoregulation but their effect on mucosal autoimmunity remains largely unknown. T follicular helper (Tfh) and Th17 cells are known to promote inflammation and autoantibody production. Using the K/BxN autoimmune arthritis model, we elucidate a novel mechanism whereby oral AM80 administration suppressed lung mucosa–associated Tfh and autoantibody responses by increasing the gut-homing α4β7 integrin expression on Tfh cells. This diverted Tfh cells from systemic (non-gut) inflamed sites such as the lung into the gut-associated lymphoid tissues, Peyer’s patches, and thus reduced the systemic autoantibodies. AM80 also inhibited the lung Th17 response. AM80’s effect in the lungs was readily applied to the joints as AM80 also inhibited Tfh and Th17 responses in the spleen, the major autoantibody producing site known to correlate with K/BxN arthritis severity. Finally, we used anti-β7 treatment as an alternative approach, demonstrating that manipulating T cell migration between the gut and systemic sites alters the systemic disease outcome. The β7 blockade prevented both Tfh and Th17 cells from entering the non-immunopathogenic site, the gut, and retained these T effector cells in the systemic sites, leading to augmented arthritis. These data suggest a dual beneficial effect of AM80, targeting both Tfh and Th17 cells, and warrant strict safety monitoring of gut-homing perturbing agents used in treating intestinal inflammation.
Tourist seasonality in Catalonia
Authors: Turrión-Prats Judith , Duro Juan Antonio
Published: January 2017

Tourist seasonality is one of the main imbalances in the mass destinations. This article seeks to provide more information on seasonality through an analysis of the situation in Catalonia, the most important Spanish region with respect to international tourism. This work focuses on a specific inspection of the main empirical factors. To achieve this, the traditional model of tourism demand has been used primarily as a reference, before an empirical application of a dynamic panel data model of markets for the 2000–2014 period (specifically using the Generalised Method of Moments). Results reveal the significance of the inertial factor and the relevance of income and price factors as well as observable behavioural differentials for some of the main source markets. We believe that the results obtained may be interesting with respect to tourism policies.
Cruise passengers’ expenditures
Authors: Marksel Maršenka , Tominc Polona , Božičnik Stane
Published: January 2017

Cruise passengers’ expenditures in the city ports are an important economic incentive for local tourism and related industry sectors. A complex evaluation of the volume and structure of cruise passengers’ expenditures contributes to further development of the tourism and travel-related services, generates an increase of cruise passengers’ expenditures and enriches the cruise tourist industry as a whole. This theoretically and practically studied topic is of crucial importance for the further adequate development of the cruise port tourist services supply, which serves to the overall satisfaction of the cruise passengers. This article focuses on cruise passengers’ expenditures in the Port of Koper. The results highlight that gender, nationality, experience regarding the transport services and motives for disembark have statistically significant effect on cruise passenger expenditures.
Many happy returns? The Pro-Bowl, mega-events, and tourism in Hawaii
Authors: Baumann Robert W. , Matheson Victor A.
Published: January 2017

We use daily airplane arrival data from 2004 to 2015 from Hawaii’s Department of Business, Economic Development, and Tourism to determine the net change in arrivals around a variety of sporting events. We find that only one event generates a positive and significant net impact on airplane arrivals: the Honolulu Marathon, which generates roughly 9800 additional arrivals. No other sporting events result in a measurable increase in arrivals including, notably, the National Football League’s Pro Bowl, which receives the largest subsidy from the state’s tourism authority.
Religiously motivated travel and rural tourism in Vhembe District of South Africa
Authors: Dafuleya Gift , Gyekye Agyapong B. , Oseifuah Emmanuel K. , Nethengwe Tondani , Sumbana Fhatuwani
Published: January 2017

The study investigates the socioeconomic impact of the United African Apostolic Church gathering on the rural tourism industry and on surrounding rural communities in Vhembe District Municipality of South Africa. Questionnaires were used to collect data on pilgrims (visitors), businesses and residents during and immediately after the event. A significant finding is that the average spending per pilgrim by pilgrims from the rest of South Africa is larger than their Limpopo and foreign pilgrim counterparts. Out of every R100 of pilgrims spending only R2.16 remains in the local economy. The study also reveals consensus among residents that the annual pilgrimage gathering promotes morality, improved socialization as well as a sense of feeling good and proud of their community.
Comparison of Two Harvesting Methods for the Continuous Production of Indigo Plant (Polygonum Tinctorium) Leaves in a Closed-Cultivation System
Authors: Sakamoto Masaru , Kim Dong-An , Imoto Keiko , Kitai Yusuke , Suzuki Takahiro
Published: January 2017

Although the blue dye indigo has been chemically synthesized for over a century, there is an increasing interest in the indigo plant (Polygonum tinctorium) as a source of natural dyes and medicines. To maintain a stable supply of P. tinctorium throughout the year, we examined the effect of two harvesting methods on the leaf yield of this plant under a closed-cultivation system. With method 8c-M, all shoot branches >8 cm of the stem bottom were harvested and under method 2b-M, all branches, but two, were harvested at the stem bottom. Both methods enabled sustainable leaf yields from the same plants over 1 year. The total weight of shoot branches harvested by 8c-M was 1.86–3.11 times higher that of shoot branches harvested by 2b-M. Harvesting by 8c-M resulted in shoot branch weights lower than those from plants harvested with the 2b-M. Leaf/shoot ratio was increased in plants harvested by 8c-M. The content of indican, the precursor of indigo, in leaves was not significantly different between the two harvesting methods. Our data may provide a new continuous cultivation method of leaf crops all over years in controlled-cultivation systems.
Development and Validation of an HPLC Method for Determination of Thiamethoxam and Its Metabolites in Cotton Leaves and Soil
Authors: Jyot Gagan , Singh Balwinder
Published: January 2017

An easy and simple analytical method was standardized and validated for the estimation of residues of thiamethoxam and its metabolites in cotton. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile, water, and methanol; diluted with brine solution;partitioned into dichloromethane and ethyl acetate; dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate; and cleaned up by glass column chromatography. Final clear extracts were concentrated under vacuum and reconstituted into HPLC grade acetonitrile, and residues were estimated using an HPLC instrument equipped with a C18 column and photodiode array detector system. Acetonitrile–1% formic acid in HPLC grade water (30 + 70) was used as mobile phase at 0.2 mL/min. Consistent recoveries ranging from 82 to 97% for thiamethoxam and its metabolites were observed when samples were spiked at 0.05–1.0 mg/kg levels. The LOQ of the method was determined to be 0.05mg/kg. The analytical method was validated in terms of the selectivity, linearity, precision, and accuracy of the detection system.
Intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis after macrophage cell death leads to serial killing of host cells
Authors: Mahamed Deeqa , Boulle Mikael , Ganga Yashica , Mc Arthur Chanelle , Skroch Steven , Oom Lance , Catinas Oana , Pillay Kelly , Naicker Myshnee , Rampersad Sanisha , Mathonsi Colisile , Hunter Jessica , Wong Emily B , Suleman Moosa , Sreejit Gopalkrishna , Pym Alexander S , Lustig Gila , Sigal Alex
Published: January 2017

A hallmark of pulmonary tuberculosis is the formation of macrophage-rich granulomas. These may restrict Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth, or progress to central necrosis and cavitation, facilitating pathogen growth. To determine factors leading to Mtb proliferation and host cell death, we used live cell imaging to track Mtb infection outcomes in individual primary human macrophages. Internalization of Mtb aggregates caused macrophage death, and phagocytosis of large aggregates was more cytotoxic than multiple small aggregates containing similar numbers of bacilli. Macrophage death did not result in clearance of Mtb. Rather, it led to accelerated intracellular Mtb growth regardless of prior activation or macrophage type. In contrast, bacillary replication was controlled in live phagocytes. Mtb grew as a clump in dead cells, and macrophages which internalized dead infected cells were very likely to die themselves, leading to a cell death cascade. This demonstrates how pathogen virulence can be achieved through numbers and aggregation states.
Node of Ranvier length as a potential regulator of myelinated axon conduction speed
Authors: Arancibia-Cárcamo I Lorena , Ford Marc C , Cossell Lee , Ishida Kinji , Tohyama Koujiro , Attwell David
Published: January 2017

Myelination speeds conduction of the nerve impulse, enhancing cognitive power. Changes of white matter structure contribute to learning, and are often assumed to reflect an altered number of myelin wraps. We now show that, in rat optic nerve and cerebral cortical axons, the node of Ranvier length varies over a 4.4-fold and 8.7-fold range respectively and that variation of the node length is much less along axons than between axons. Modelling predicts that these node length differences will alter conduction speed by ~20%, similar to the changes produced by altering the number of myelin wraps or the internode length. For a given change of conduction speed, the membrane area change needed at the node is >270-fold less than that needed in the myelin sheath. Thus, axon-specific adjustment of node of Ranvier length is potentially an energy-efficient and rapid mechanism for tuning the arrival time of information in the CNS.
Investigating the nucleic acid interactions of histone‐derived antimicrobial peptides
Authors: Sim Sukin , Wang Penny , Beyer Brittany N. , Cutrona Kara J. , Radhakrishnan Mala L. , Elmore Donald E.
Published: January 2017

While many antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) disrupt bacterial membranes, some translocate into bacteria and interfere with intracellular processes. Buforin II and DesHDAP1 are thought to kill bacteria by interacting with nucleic acids. Here, molecular modeling and experimental measurements are used to show that neither nucleic acid binding peptide selectively binds DNA sequences. Simulations and experiments also show that changing lysines to arginines enhances DNA binding, suggesting that including additional guanidinium groups is a potential strategy to engineer more potent AMPs. Moreover, the lack of binding specificity may make it more difficult for bacteria to evolve resistance to these and other similar AMPs.
Low‐frequency nonlinearity and regime behavior in the Northern Hemisphere extratropical atmosphere
Authors: Hannachi Abdel. , Straus David M. , Franzke Christian L. E. , Corti Susanna , Woollings Tim
Published: January 2017

The extratropical atmosphere is characterized by robust circulations which have time scales longer than that associated with developing baroclinic systems but shorter than a season. Such low‐frequency variability is governed to a large extent by nonlinear dynamics and, hence, is chaotic. A useful aspect of this low‐frequency circulation is that it can often be described by just a few quasi‐stationary regime states, broadly defined as recurrent or persistent large‐scale structures, that exert a significant impact on the probability of experiencing extreme surface weather conditions. We review a variety of techniques for identifying circulation regimes from reanalysis and numerical model output. While various techniques often yield similar regime circulation patterns, they offer different perspectives on the regimes. The regimes themselves are manifest in planetary scale patterns. They affect the structure of synoptic scale patterns. Extratropical flow regimes have been identified in simplified atmospheric models and comprehensive coupled climate models and in reanalysis data sets. It is an ongoing challenge to accurately model these regime states, and high horizontal resolutions are often needed to accurately reproduce them. The regime paradigm helps to understand the response to external forcing on a variety of time scales, has been helpful in categorizing a large number of weather types and their effect on local conditions, and is useful in downscaling. Despite their usefulness, there is a debate on the “nonequivocal” and systematic existence of these nonlinear circulation regimes. We review our current understanding of the nonlinear and regime paradigms and suggest future research.
The GMT/MATLAB Toolbox
Authors: Wessel Paul , Luis Joaquim F.
Published: January 2017

The GMT/MATLAB toolbox is a basic interface between MATLAB® (or Octave) and GMT, the Generic Mapping Tools, which allows MATLAB users full access to all GMT modules. Data may be passed between the two programs using intermediate MATLAB structures that organize the metadata needed; these are produced when GMT modules are run. In addition, standard MATLAB matrix data can be used directly as input to GMT modules. The toolbox improves interoperability between two widely used tools in the geosciences and extends the capability of both tools: GMT gains access to the powerful computational capabilities of MATLAB while the latter gains the ability to access specialized gridding algorithms and can produce publication‐quality PostScript‐based illustrations. The toolbox is available on all platforms and may be downloaded from the GMT website.
Cloud response and feedback processes in stratiform mixed‐phase clouds perturbed by ship exhaust
Authors: Possner Anna , Ekman Annica M. L. , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: January 2017

Stratiform mixed‐phase clouds (MPCs), which contain both supercooled liquid and ice, play a key role in the energy balance of the Arctic and are a major contributor to surface precipitation. As Arctic shipping is projected to increase with climate change, these clouds may frequently be exposed to local aerosol perturbations of up to 15,000 cm−3. Yet little consensus exists within the community regarding the key feedback mechanisms induced in MPCs perturbed by ship exhaust, or aerosol in general. Here we show that many known processes identified in the warm‐phase stratocumulus regime can be extrapolated to the MPC regime. However, their effect may be compensated, or even undermined, by the following two most relevant processes unique to the MPC regime: (i) increased cloud glaciation via immersion freezing due to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) induced cloud top radiative cooling and (ii) the continued cycling of ice nucleating particles (INPs) through the cloud and subcloud layer.
Energetic Particle Data From the Global Positioning System Constellation
Authors: Morley S. K. , Sullivan J. P. , Carver M. R. , Kippen R. M. , Friedel R. H. W. , Reeves G. D. , Henderson M. G.
Published: January 2017

Since 2000, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Combined X‐ray and Dosimeter (CXD) and Burst Detector Dosimeter for Block II‐R (BDD‐IIR) instruments have been fielded on Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. Today, 21 of the 31 operational GPS satellites are equipped with a CXD detector and a further 2 carry a BDD‐IIR. Each of these instruments measures a wide range of energetic electrons and protons. These data have now been publicly released under the terms of the Executive Order for Coordinating Efforts to Prepare the Nation for Space Weather Events. The specific goal of releasing space weather data from the GPS satellites is to enable broad scientific community engagement in enhancing space weather model validation and improvements in space weather forecasting and situational awareness. The time period covered by this data release is approximately 16 years, which corresponds to more than 167 satellite years of data. The large number of GPS satellites, distributed over six orbital planes, will provide important context for ongoing and historical science missions, as well as enabling new types of research not previously possible.
In situ Observation of the Initial Stage of γ Lamella Formation in Ti48Al2Cr2Nb Alloy
Authors: Li Xiaolei , Li Jinshan , Kou Hongchao , Song Lin
Published: January 2017

In situ observation is carried out in Ti48Al2Cr2Nb (at%) alloy to obtain a comprehensive understanding on the growth mechanisms of γ lamellae. The results reveal that the grain‐boundary nucleated γ embryos occur first and grow into the adjacent α grains. Both the γ lamellae nucleated at the grain boundary and within α grain prefer to grow in pair by nucleation of the new γ lamella adjacent to the precedent γ lamella or branching of the growth tip. The widening of γ lamellae is controlled by the migration of α/γ interface, and the distance between growth pairs directly influences the lamellar width. The EBSD results exhibit that the two γ lamellae in growth pairs have a true‐twin or pseudo‐twin relationship. The underlying growth mechanism of γ lamellae is discussed.
Practical Access to Difluoromethyl Ketones via Straightforward Decarboxylative Difluorination of β‐Ketoacids
Authors: Li Yin‐Long , Li Jian , Deng Jun
Published: January 2017

A facile synthetic approach to a series of difluoromethyl ketones from β‐ketoacids has been described. This transformation is achieved through the straightforward decarboxylative difluorination of β‐ketoacids in the absence of any catalyst. Furthermore, the resulted difluoromethyl ketones can be easily converted into corresponding difluoromethylated building blocks for pharmaceuticals and materials.

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Modulating morphology and textural properties of ZrO2 for supported Ni catalysts toward dry reforming of methane
Authors: Li Weizuo , Zhao Zhongkui , Wang Guiru
Published: January 2017

This work presents a facile and efficient approach to modulate morphology and textural properties of ZrO2 through ammonium fluoride‐urea assisted hydrothermal (FUAH) method with diverse parameters including molar ratio of NH4F to zirconium (nf/z), molar ratio of urea to zirconium (nu/z), hydrothermal temperature (Thydroth), and hydrothermal time (thydroth), which serve as support for supported Ni catalysts toward dry reforming of methane (DRM) to produce synthesis gas. The plausible mechanism for forming ZrO2 supports with different morphologies under diverse hydrothermal conditions was proposed. Various characterization techniques were employed to investigate the effect of preparation parameters on the morphology and textural properties of the as‐synthesized ZrO2 supports, as well as to reveal the structure‐performance relationship of the Ni/ZrO2 catalysts prepared by L‐arginine assisted incipient wetness impregnation method toward DRM reaction. The developed supported Ni catalyst on hierarchically structured ZrO2 with pinecone shape prepared by FUAH method (Ni/ZrO2‐FUAH) demonstrates higher activity and stability for DRM than that on ZrO2 prepared by traditional hydrothermal method (Ni/ZrO2‐H). The higher activity of Ni/ZrO2‐FUAH than Ni/ZrO2‐H can be ascribed to the higher Ni dispersion, smaller Ni crystalline size, and enhanced reducibility of NiO, significantly affected by morphology of support, as well as the higher coke‐resistance catalytic stability can be ascribed to smaller Ni particle size and stronger Ni‐support interaction, strongly dependent on morphology and textural properties of ZrO2 supports that affected by FUAH process parameters. The outstanding catalytic performance of the developed Ni/ZrO2‐FUAH catalyst allows it to be a promising candidate for synthesis gas production through DRM reaction. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2900–2915, 2017
Increased stability in self‐healing polymer networks based on reversible Michael addition reactions
Authors: Kuhl Natascha , Geitner Robert , Vitz Jürgen , Bode Stefan , Schmitt Michael , Popp Jürgen , Schubert Ulrich S. , Hager Martin D.
Published: January 2017

A reversible thiol‐ene click reaction is utilized to design novel self‐healing polymers. These materials are based on a new methacrylate monomer featuring a benzylcyanoacetamide derivative, which is copolymerized with butyl methacrylate. Afterwards, the crosslinking is performed by the addition of a dithiol and a tetrathiol, respectively. Self‐healing behavior is obtained by heating the crosslinked polymers to 100 °C (150 °C) for several hours and is monitored by scratch healing experiments utilizing an optical microscope. The thermal properties are studied in detail by differential scanning calorimetry as well as thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, depth‐sensing indentation measurements are performed to determine the mechanical properties. The healing process is based on the reversible cleavage/closing of the bonds (i.e., thiol‐ene reaction), which could be demonstrated by Raman spectroscopy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44805.