bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interventions to Enhance Medication Safety in Residential Aged‐care Settings: An Umbrella Review
Authors: Alruthea Shadi , Bowman Paula , Tariq Amina , Hinchcliff Reece
Published: October 2021

Aim

To conduct a systematic synthesis of existing evidence reviews on interventions to enhance medication safety in residential aged‐care settings (RACS) to establish and compare their effectiveness.

Method

This umbrella review included examination of meta‐analyses, scoping and systematic reviews. Four electronic databases were examined for eligible reviews. Two authors critically appraised those meeting the inclusion criteria using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Instrument.

Results

Fifteen reviews covering 171 unique, primary studies were included. Of the variety of interventions identified in the literature, five main categories of interventions were commonly reported to be effective in promoting medication safety in RACS (medication review, staff education, multidisciplinary team meetings, computerised clinical decision support systems and miscellaneous). Most reviews showed mixed evidence to support intervention effectiveness due to the significant heterogeneity between studies in their sites, sample sizes and intervention periods. In all intervention categories, pharmacists' collaboration was most beneficial, showing definitive evidence for improving medication safety and quality of prescribing in RACS. Eight reviews recommended multicomponent interventions, particularly medication reviews and staff education, but specific details were infrequently provided. Only five reviews presented insights into implementation facilitators and barriers, while the sustainability of interventions was only discussed in one review.

Conclusion

There is strong evidence to support the four main categories of interventions identified. However, limited details are available regarding the most appropriate design and implementation of multicomponent interventions and the sustainability of all interventions, thus solid recommendations cannot be made. Future research in this field should focus on producing theoretically informed, methodologically robust, original research, particularly regarding the design, implementation and sustainability of multicomponent interventions, which appears the most promising approach.
Strategic profit‐sharing in a unionized differentiated goods oligopoly
Authors: Petrakis Emmanuel , Skartados Panagiotis
Published: October 2021

We study the incentives of firms and unions to bargain over a profit‐sharing scheme in a unionized differentiated goods Cournot oligopoly. Under both firm‐specific unions and a sector‐wide union, universal profit‐sharing arises in equilibrium as long as the bargaining power of the union(s) is not too high. Universal profit‐sharing is more prevalent under coordinated than under decentralized bargaining. Under decentralized bargaining, a hybrid regime may arise in equilibrium in which ex ante symmetric firms use different remuneration schemes and become ex post asymmetric in the market. Our welfare analysis suggests that policy‐makers should institutionalize decentralized bargaining and encourage profit‐sharing schemes.
Canadian Journal of Economics: A historic overview
Authors: Metaxoglou Konstantinos
Published: October 2021

The paper provides a 50‐year overview of the Canadian Journal of Economics, Canada's leading economics journal. I first discuss the evolution of the journal's editorial structure and publication process. I then construct a database of all the articles published from 1968 to 2017 and perform bibliometric analyses. I find a significant increase in the articles’ length as well as an increase in article features that is consistent with a rise in empirical analysis. I also analyze the articles’ topical coverage and trends in their discussion of approaches, methodologies, topics and techniques (AMTTs). International economics accounts for the largest share of the articles. There is also a large increase in the share of articles discussing applied micro AMTTs after the mid‐1990s. Consistent with previous findings, there is a drop in the share of articles with Canadian content. Furthermore, I document an upward trend in co‐authorship that has also been documented in other economics journals. Finally, I analyze Google Scholar citations and show that the most cited articles were published between the early 1990s and the late 2000s.
Prevalence and clinical characterization of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Korean patients with epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Paik E Sun , Heo Eun Jin , Choi Chel Hun , Kim Jae‐Hoon , Kim Jae‐Weon , Kim Yong‐Man , Park Sang‐Yoon , Lee Jeong‐Won , Kim Jong‐Won , Kim Byoung‐Gie
Published: October 2021

This study was performed to investigate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and treatment response according to BRCA1 and BRCA2 (BRCA) mutations in Korean patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Two‐hundred and ninety‐eight Korean women diagnosed with high‐grade serous and/or endometrioid EOC from 2010 to 2015 were tested for germline and 86 specimens for somatic BRCA mutations, regardless of the family history. Clinical characteristics including survival outcomes were compared in patients with and without BRCA mutations (NCT02963688). A total of 43 different germline BRCA mutations were identified in 78 patients among 298 patients (26.2%). Somatic BRCA mutations were identified in 11 (12.8%) patients among patients without germline BRCA mutations. Haplotype analysis demonstrated no founder mutations in our Korean patient cohort. Insignificant differences in age at diagnosis, primary site, and residual disease after surgery were observed between patients with and without BRCA mutations. In multivariate analysis for overall survival (OS), the presence of BRCA mutation was significantly associated with OS (P = .049) in addition to platinum sensitivity (P < .001), indicating it is an independent prognostic factor for survival regardless of platinum sensitivity to first‐line chemotherapy. In addition, a higher response rate to subsequent chemotherapy after recurrence was observed in EOC patients with BRCA mutations resulting in better OS. In the current study, the prevalence of BRCA mutations in Korean patients with EOC was higher than previously reported in other ethnic groups. We demonstrated characteristics and treatment response in Korean EOC patients with BRCA mutations. These findings may provide valuable information to be considered in future clinical trials including Asian patients.
Gender and the first‐time provision of injection initiation assistance among people who inject drugs across two distinct North American contexts: Tijuana, Mexico and Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Meyers‐Pantele Stephanie A. , Jain Sonia , Sun Xiaoying , Marks Charles , DeBeck Kora , Hayashi Kanna , Strathdee Steffanie A. , Werb Dan
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Injection drug use initiation is commonly facilitated by other people who inject drugs (PWID). We investigated how the gender of PWID influences their risk of providing initiation assistance to others across two distinct geo‐cultural settings.

Methods

Data were drawn from two prospective cohorts in Tijuana, Mexico and Vancouver, Canada which conducted semi‐annual interviews within the PReventing Injecting by Modifying Existing Responses (PRIMER) study. Participants consisted of PWID who had reported never providing injection initiation assistance at baseline. We then conducted site‐specific discrete‐time survival analyses assessing the relationship between gender and other relevant covariates (e.g. age and past 6‐month sex work) on the risk of the first reported instance of providing initiation assistance.

Results

Of 1988 PWID (Tijuana: n = 596; Vancouver: n = 1392), 256 (43%) and 511 (36.7%) participants were women, and 42 (1.7%) and 78 (1.6%) reported recent injection initiation assistance across a median of three and two follow‐up visits, respectively. Women had a lower risk of providing injection initiation assistance for the first time in Tijuana (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.27–0.99), but not in Vancouver. Gendered pathways, like sex work, were associated with providing initiation assistance for the first time in Vancouver (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.97, 95% confidence interval 1.08–3.61).

Discussion and Conclusions

Women in Tijuana, but not Vancouver, were less likely to provide first‐time initiation assistance among PWID. These results can inform gender‐ and site‐specific prevention efforts aimed at reducing transitions into drug injecting across geographic contexts.
The impact of US tariffs against China on US imports: Evidence for trade diversion?
Authors: Cigna Simone , Meinen Philipp , Schulte Patrick , Steinhoff Nils
Published: October 2021

We provide evidence on the existence of short‐run trade diversion effects towards third countries as a consequence of tariff shocks. We exploit sudden policy changes in the context of the trade dispute between the United States and China in 2018. Based on a data set covering monthly product‐level information on US imports from 30 countries for the period 2016 until May 2019, we employ a difference‐in‐differences estimation framework. Doing so, we can show a strong negative direct effect of US tariffs on US imports from China, but do not find evidence for significant short‐run trade diversion effects towards third countries.
Temperature acclimation of leaf respiration differs between marsh and mangrove vegetation in a coastal wetland ecotone
Authors: Sturchio Matthew A. , Chieppa Jeff , Chapman Samantha K. , Canas Gabriela , Aspinwall Michael J.
Published: October 2021

Temperature acclimation of leaf respiration (R) is an important determinant of ecosystem responses to temperature and the magnitude of temperature‐CO2 feedbacks as climate warms. Yet, the extent to which temperature acclimation of R exhibits a common pattern across different growth conditions, ecosystems, and plant functional types remains unclear. Here, we measured the short‐term temperature response of R at six time points over a 10‐month period in two coastal wetland species (Avicennia germinans [C3 mangrove] and Spartina alterniflora [C4 marsh grass]) growing under ambient and experimentally warmed temperatures at two sites in a marsh–mangrove ecotone. Leaf nitrogen (N) was determined on a subsample of leaves to explore potential coupling of R and N. We hypothesized that both species would reduce R at 25°C (R25) and the short‐term temperature sensitivity of R (Q10) as air temperature (Tair) increased across seasons, but the decline would be stronger in Avicennia than in Spartina. For each species, we hypothesized that seasonal temperature acclimation of R would be equivalent in plants grown under ambient and warmed temperatures, demonstrating convergent acclimation. Surprisingly, Avicennia generally increased R25 with increasing growth temperature, although the Q10 declined as seasonal temperatures increased and did so consistently across sites and treatments. Weak temperature acclimation resulted in reduced homeostasis of R in Avicennia. Spartina reduced R25 and the Q10 as seasonal temperatures increased. In Spartina, seasonal temperature acclimation was largely consistent across sites and treatments resulting in greater respiratory homeostasis. We conclude that co‐occurring coastal wetland species may show contrasting patterns of respiratory temperature acclimation. Nonetheless, leaf N scaled positively with R25 in both species, highlighting the importance of leaf N in predicting respiratory capacity across a range of growth temperatures. The patterns of respiratory temperature acclimation shown here may improve the predictions of temperature controls of CO2 fluxes in coastal wetlands.
Measuring the implementation effects of rural revitalization in China’s Jiangsu Province: Under the analytical framework of “deconstruction, assessment and brainstorming”
Authors: Wang Yi , Zhu Yingming , Yu Maojun
Published: October 2021

With rural decline becoming a global issue, the implementation of rural revitalization strategy has been turning into general starting points for many countries, especially in contemporary China. In this paper, we proposed a systematic analysis framework and a new evaluation index system for the implementation effectiveness of rural revitalization at the county scale. In addition, empirical research was conducted based on Jiangsu Province. The results indicated that the average value of the comprehensive index of implementation effects of rural revitalization in Jiangsu was 1.8198, and nearly 60% counties in the province were below this average. Also, the obvious disequilibrium and spatial differentiation laws were observed which presenting a stepwise advance from south to north, with the inland superior to the coastal. The five‐dimensional coordination status of rural revitalization in Jiangsu was relatively high, with the majority of counties reached at barely balanced state. A total of 21 counties were identified as problematic regions in Jiangsu through comprehensive overlay analysis. They were mainly located in northern Jiangsu, and could be divided into seven specific types. The proposed evaluation framework and indicator system might make up for the lack of effective reference systems and scientific quantitative indicators in the current county‐scale rural revitalization strategy practices. Moreover, the idea of identifying problem areas and the classification mode of rural revitalization goal levels proposed in this paper are also of great reference for other regions.
Salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma: histological variants, grading systems, CRTC1/3‐MAML2 fusions, and clinicopathological features
Authors: Nakano Satsuki , Okumura Yoshihide , Murase Takayuki , Nagao Toshitaka , Kusafuka Kimihide , Urano Makoto , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Kano Satoshi , Tsukahara Kiyoaki , Okami Kenji , Kawakita Daisuke , Nagao Toru , Hanai Nobuhiro , Iwai Hiroshi , Kawata Ryo , Tada Yuichiro , Nibu Ken‐Ichi , Inagaki Hiroshi
Published: October 2021

Aims

To investigate the histological diversity of salivary mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), its clinicopathological features, and its associations with CRTC1/3‐MAML2 fusions.

Methods and results

Salivary MEC cases (n = 177) were examined for CRTC1/3‐MAML2 fusions, histological variants were classified, and tumours were graded according to four different grading systems. Adverse histological features considered to be unusual in MEC were also investigated. Of the 177 MEC cases, 110 were positive for CRTC1/3‐MAML2 fusions. The classical variant was the most frequent in the fusion‐positive case group, the fusion‐negative case group, and the total case group. The clear/oncocytic variant was the second most frequent in the fusion‐positive and total case groups. Oncocytic, Warthin‐like and spindle variants were seen in the fusion‐positive case group only. Clear cell, sclerosing, mucinous and central variants were seen in both the fusion‐positive case group and the fusion‐negative case group. No case was classified as a ciliated variant, as a mucoacinar variant, or as a high‐grade transformation. As compared with the classical variant, non‐classical variants were characterised by frequent CRTC1/3‐MAML2 fusions and a low clinical stage in all cases. Of the four histological features considered to be unusual in MEC, marked nuclear atypia, frequent mitoses (>10/10 high‐power fields) and extensive necrosis were found independently of the fusion status, and were present in 3–5% of all cases. However, none of the cases showed overt keratinisation. On comparison, the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and modified Healey grading systems downgraded tumours, the Brandwein system upgraded tumours, and the Memorial Sloan Kettering system provided a moderate means of assessment.

Conclusion

Recognition of the histological diversity of MEC, its clinicopathological features and its associations with CRTC1/3‐MAML2 fusions is helpful for an accurate diagnosis of this carcinoma.
The impact of COVID‐19 pandemic‐related stress experienced by Australian nurses
Authors: Aggar Christina , Samios Christina , Penman Olivia , Whiteing Nicola , Massey Deb , Rafferty Rae , Bowen Karen , Stephens Alexandre
Published: October 2021

Globally, the impact of COVID‐19 on healthcare workers' mental health has been a major focus of recent research. However, Australian research involving nurses, particularly across the acute care sector, is limited. This cross‐sectional research aimed to explore the impact of pandemic‐related stress on psychological adjustment outcomes and potential protective factors for nurses (n = 767) working in the Australian acute care sector during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Nurses completed an online questionnaire with psychometrically validated measures of pandemic‐related stress, psychological adjustment outcomes (depression, anxiety, and subjective well‐being), and protective factors (posttraumatic growth and self‐compassion). Descriptive analyses revealed that pandemic‐related stress was reported by 17.7% of the participants. Psychological adjustment outcome scores above normal for depression (27.5%) and anxiety (22.0%) were found, and 36.4% of the participants reported poor subjective well‐being. Regression analyses suggest that pandemic‐related stress predicted greater depression (B = 0.32, SE = 0.02, 95% confidence interval [0.28, 0.35]) and anxiety (B = 0.26, SE = 0.01, 95% confidence interval [0.24, 0.29]) and less subjective well‐being (B = −0.14, SE = 0.01, 95% confidence interval [−0.16, −0.12]). Self‐compassion weakened the relationship between pandemic‐related stress and greater depression, however, exacerbated the relationship between pandemic‐related stress and less subjective well‐being. Posttraumatic growth reduced the negative relationship between pandemic‐related stress and psychological adjustment outcomes. These findings will inform strategies to facilitate psychological resources that support nurses' psychological adjustment, enabling better pandemic preparedness at both an individual and organizational level.
Mental health nurses’ disaster nursing competencies: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Jang Sun Joo , Kim Heejeong , Lee Haeyoung
Published: October 2021

The unprecedented and prolonged coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has escalated the gravity of disasters in the field of mental health. Nurses are health care providers who play a pivotal role in all phases of disaster management and psychiatric nurses are required to be prepared and equipped with competencies to respond to such disasters. This cross‐sectional study aimed to investigate the effects of mental health nurses’ professional quality of life on disaster nursing competencies. This study adhered to the STROBE checklist for observational research. Data were collected from 196 mental health nurses working in various settings, including hospitals and communities in South Korea. Compassion satisfaction and compassion fatigue were measured using the Korean version of the Professional Quality of Life Scale. Disaster nursing competencies were measured using the Disaster Nursing Preparedness‐Response Competencies Scale. Multiple regression analysis showed that compassion satisfaction (β = 0.36, P < 0.001) was the most potent predictor of disaster nursing competencies of mental health nurses, followed by participation in disaster nursing (β = 0.15, P = 0.023) and disaster nursing‐related education (β = 0.15, P = 0.026); these factors explained 30.1% of the variance. Education programmes ensuring that mental health nurses are adequately prepared for disaster management should include theoretical content as well as simulation training using virtual situations that resemble actual disasters. Further, supportive leadership and work environments that encourage cohesive teamwork are needed to increase compassion satisfaction of nurses.
Chemotherapy as a risk factor for caries and gingivitis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Shayani Anis , Aravena Pedro Christian , Rodríguez‐Salinas Carolina , Escobar‐Silva Pamela , Diocares‐Monsálvez Yandolín , Angulo‐Gutiérrez Carolina , Rivera César
Published: October 2021

Background

Dental and oral anomalies are among the most common long‐term side effects of childhood cancer therapy.

Aim

To evaluate chemotherapy as a risk factor for caries lesions and gingivitis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with the ALL IC‐BFM 2009 chemotherapy protocol.

Design

A retrospective cohort study was designed. Clinical records of 23 paediatric patients with ALL exposed to chemotherapy in the Regional Hospital in Valdivia, Chile, and 46 unexposed patients assessed every 3 months for 24 months were analyzed. The data on gender, age, index of the number of decayed, missing, or filled teeth, and the presence of gingivitis were recorded (Mann–Whitney U test and logistic regression analysis, p ≤ .05).

Results

A significantly greater frequency of gingivitis (69.57%; p < .002) and a mean of new caries lesions were observed in children treated with chemotherapy than in the unexposed children (p < .01). The chemotherapy protocol presented a relative risk of 2.15 (95% CI = 1.22 ‐ 2.66; p = .01) for new caries lesions and 2.29 (95% CI = 1.76 ‐ 3.82; p = .002) for gingivitis.

Conclusion

The ALL IC‐BFM 2009 chemotherapy protocol in patients with ALL is a risk factor for new caries lesions and gingivitis.
Exploring the sorption and thermodynamic proprieties of white truffle (Terfezia boudieri)
Authors: Tagnamas Zakaria , Bahammou Younes , Moussaoui Haytem , Kouhila Mounir , Lamsyehe Hamza , Idlimam Ali , Lamharrar Abdelkader
Published: October 2021

In this work the sorption behavior of Terfezia boudieri truffle was studied and evaluated using the static gravimetric method. This approach permits the measurement of the sorption isotherms at three given temperatures 30, 40, and 50°C. Where in the first step experimental sorption data was collected, and then was used in order to identify the thermodynamic properties of truffle. Several results were found by conducting this study. First, the optimal water activity (aw) for conserving T. boudieri truffles was determined and found to be in range of the values 0.24 and 0.31 as a function of temperature. Additionally, net isosteric heat and entropy of sorption, which are two parameters studied during this study, were found to be decreasing when the water content increased; where the existence of the compensation theory of enthalpy–entropy for Terfezia boudieri was confirmed. Second, net isosteric heat and entropy of sorption, which are two parameters studied during this study, were found to be decreasing when the water content increased; where the existence of the compensation theory of enthalpy–entropy for Terfezia boudieri was confirmed. Finally, the isokinetic temperatures were 338.69 and 324.35 K for desorption and adsorption, respectively. As well as the free Gibbs energy was found to be positive for sorption which indicates that the sorption process as a non‐spontaneous one. Moreover, the spreading pressure varied in a range of 0.03–0.25 J/m2, while the aw increased. This study is a contribution to the drying, packaging, and conservation of white truffle.

Practical applications

White truffle has been widely used in many food products related applications, and pharmaceutic industry. White truffle is only available in certain seasons; consequently its storage process for long periods is a necessity in order to ensure the supply chain over the year. Furthermore, this particular food product needs a very specific storage conditions which may affect its quality and shelf‐life. This work aimed to determine and evaluate the water sorption properties in an adequate range of temperature and relative humidity. The mathematical models and the thermodynamic analysis conducted throughout this study, in addition to the reported data are useful to find the optimal and adequate storage conditions to preserve the quality and prolong the white truffle shelf‐life.
Incidence and treatment of splanchnic vein thrombosis in patients with acute pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Anis Fady S. , Adiamah Alfred , Lobo Dileep N. , Sanyal Sudip
Published: October 2021

Background and Aim

This meta‐analysis aimed to estimate the incidence of splanchnic vein thrombosis (SVT) in patients with acute pancreatitis and assess the effects of therapeutic anticoagulation.

Methods

Systematic searches of the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases were undertaken to identify studies reporting the incidence and outcomes associated with SVT in patients with acute pancreatitis. The pooled incidence, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effects model. PROSPERO database registration no. CRD 42021230912.

Results

Only 18 of the 238 studies identified met the inclusion criteria. Of the 943 patients who had SVT, 264 (28.0%) received anticoagulation. The pooled incidence of SVT at first presentation of acute pancreatitis was 15% (95% CI 5 to 26%), but was 17% (95% CI 14 to 20%) in all studies. Recanalization was more likely to occur in the anticoagulation‐treated than in the untreated group (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.31 to 0.83, P = 0.007). There were no differences in hemorrhagic complications (OR 2.27, 95% CI 0.81 to 6.37, P = 0.12) or overall mortality (OR 2.37, 95% CI 0.86 to 6.52, P = 0.10) in relation to the use of anticoagulation. The overall incidence of portal hypertension in patients was 60% (95% CI 55 to 65%). However, it was not possible to determine the incidence in each group.

Conclusions

The incidence of SVT in patients with acute pancreatitis is significant. Treatment with anticoagulants improved the odds of recanalization but did not increase the risk of hemorrhagic complications or overall mortality.
Leptomeningeal collateral flow in patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion assessed by transcranial Doppler
Authors: Wang Na , Chen Zhimin , Zhang Shuai , Liu Zhongshuang , Xie Peng , Li Jie , Wang Jingyan , Chen Lixia , Wang Lihua
Published: October 2021

Background and Purpose

To explore the application value and clinical significance of transcranial Doppler(TCD)in assessing leptomeningeal collateral flow (LMF) status in patients with unilateral middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion.

Methods

Medical records of patients with unilateral MCA occlusion confirmed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were analyzed retrospectively. The patients were divided into three groups according to LMF status, and the laboratory and imaging results were collected. Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) of MCA, anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) on the affected side (ipsilateral, i) and the healthy side (contralateral, c) were measured and recorded by TCD. The results of CBFV changes detected by TCD were compared with those of DSA, and the correlation between CBFV changes and LMF status was analyzed.

Results

Eighty‐four patients with unilateral MCA occlusion were included. CBFViACA and CBFViPCA were significantly faster than CBFVcACA and CBFVcPCA in patients with good LMF status (p<.05). There was a significant positive correlation between CBFViACA and LMF status (r = 0.697, p<.001). There was statistical significance in receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of CBFViACA and CBFViPCA (p<.05). The area under the curve of CBFViACA and CBFViPCA, respectively, was 0.879 and 0.678, and the best cutoff value was 82 and 60.5 cm/s.

Conclusions

TCD can assess LMF status by detecting the changes of flow velocity of intracranial vessels. CBFV of ACA and PCA in patients with MCA occlusion is significantly correlated with LMF status by DSA. Assessing LMF status, CBFViACA, CBFViACA/CBFVcACA, and CBFViACA/CBFViMCA has the great diagnostic value, which is of great significance in guiding MCA occlusion patients to choose individualized treatment.
Psychometric properties of the 7‐item version of the Concise Health Risk Tracking Self‐Report Scale for rural adults enrolled in an Internet‐delivered self‐help program for depression
Authors: Weissman Ruth Striegel , Scott Brandon G. , Schure Mark B. , McCrory Bernadette , Greist John , Kuntz Matthew , Wilcox Holly C.
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Monitoring suicide risk in clinical practice requires valid and reliable assessment instruments. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the 7‐item version of the Concise Health Risk Tracking Self‐Report, CHRT‐SR7 in a primarily rural population.

Methods

The sample comprised 788 participants (81.7% female) of an effectiveness trial of an internet‐based self‐help intervention for depression. Participants completed self‐report questionnaires, including the CHRT‐SR7, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7, Work and Social Adjustment Scale, Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale‐10, and Barriers to Seeking Mental Health Care. Four‐week test‐retest reliability was calculated for a subsample of 147 participants randomized to a waitlist control group.

Findings

The CHRT‐SR7 internal consistency was α = 0.80 (total sample), α = 0.80 (women), and α = 0.83 (men). The 4‐week test‐retest reliability was strong for women (r = 0.78) and moderate for men (r = 0.66). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original 3‐factor solution: Hopelessness (2 items), Perceived Lack of Social Support (2 items), and Current Suicidal Thoughts and Plans (3 items), which was invariant across gender and rural status. Convergent and divergent validity was supported as reflected in significant correlations of the CHRT‐SR7 and its subscales with measures of depression, anxiety, adjustment, and resilience. Limitations include the limited demographic diversity (mostly non‐Hispanic White women) and reliance on self‐report data.

Conclusions

Our findings complement those reported in prior studies of patients with severe depression and support the use of the CHRT‐SR7 for measuring suicide risk in rural adults; future studies should further test the instrument's psychometric properties in racial or ethnic minority rural residents.
Delineating the field of medical education: Bibliometric research approach(es)
Authors: Maggio Lauren A. , Ninkov Anton , Frank Jason R. , Costello Joseph A. , Artino Anthony R.
Published: October 2021

Background

The field of medical education remains poorly delineated such that there is no broad consensus of articles or journals that comprise ‘the field’. This lack of consensus indicates a missed opportunity for researchers to generate insights about the field that could facilitate conducting bibliometric studies and other research designs (e.g., systematic reviews) and also enable individuals to identify themselves as ‘medical education researchers’. Other fields have utilised bibliometric field delineation, which is the assigning of articles or journals to a certain field in an effort to define that field.

Process

In this Research Approach, three bibliometric field delineation approaches—information retrieval, core journals, and journal co‐citation—are introduced. For each approach, the authors describe attempts to apply it in medical education and identify related strengths and weaknesses. Based on co‐citation, the authors propose the Medical Education Journal List 24 (MEJ‐24), as a starting point for delineating medical education and invite the community to collaborate on improving and potentially expanding this list.

Pearls

As a research approach, field delineation is complicated, and there is no clear best way to delineate the field of medical education. However, recent advances in information science provide potentially fruitful approaches to deal with the field's complexity. When considering these approaches, researchers should consider collaborating with bibliometricians. Bibliometric approaches rely on available metadata for articles and journals, which necessitates that researchers examine the metadata prior to analysis to understand its strengths and weaknesses, and to assess how this might affect data interpretation. While using bibliometric approaches for field delineation is valuable, it is important to remember that these techniques are only as good as the research team's interpretation of the data, which suggests that an expanded approach is needed to better delineate medical education, an approach that includes active discussion within the medical education community.
How thirst compels: An aggregation model of sensory motivation
Authors: Fulkerson Matthew
Published: October 2021

Many sensory states motivate. I offer an account of how such states compel intentional action. I focus on thirst as it is relatively simple in physiological and behavioral terms, it carries little theoretical baggage, and the motivational story for thirst seems likely to generalize. I argue that thirst motivates using a variety of flexible strategies, and that no single explanatory mechanism fully captures its motivational force. The resulting view, the aggregation model of sensory motivation, offers the most plausible account of how sensory states motivate.
Landscapes shaped from the top down: predicting cascading predator effects on spatial biogeochemistry
Authors: Monk Julia D. , Schmitz Oswald J.
Published: October 2021

Spatial heterogeneity in ecological systems can result from animal‐driven top–down processes, but despite some theoretical attention, the emergence of spatial heterogeneity from feedbacks caused by animals is not well understood empirically. Interactions between predators and prey influence animal movement and associated nutrient transport and release, generating spatial heterogeneity that cascades throughout ecological systems. Here, we synthesize the existing literature to evaluate the mechanisms by which terrestrial predators can generate spatial heterogeneity in biogeochemical processes through consumptive and non‐consumptive effects. Overall, we propose that predators increase heterogeneity in ecosystems whenever predation is intense and spatially variable, whereas predator–prey interactions homogenize ecosystems whenever predation is weak or diffuse in space. This leads to several testable hypotheses: 1) that predation and carcass deposition at high‐predation risk sites stimulate positive feedbacks between predation risk and nutrient availability; 2) that prey generate nutrient hotspots when they concentrate activity in safe habitats, but instead generate nutrient subsidies when they migrate daily between safe and risky habitats; 3) that herbivore body size mediates risk effects, such that megaherbivores are more likely to homogenize ecosystems and predator loss in general will tend to homogenize ecosystems. Testing these hypotheses will advance our understanding of whether predators amplify landscape heterogeneity in ecological systems.
The dangers of irreversibility in an age of increased uncertainty: revisiting plasticity in invertebrates
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A. , Bridle Jon
Published: October 2021

Plasticity in traits in response to environmental conditions can increase fitness, expanding the range of environments within which a genotype can generate viable and productive phenotypes, and therefore when and where populations can persist and diversify in ecological space. Adaptive forms of plasticity in invertebrates are diverse, ranging from polyphenism and diapause to behavioural thermoregulation and optimal foraging. Local patterns of environmental variation and developmental constraints will dictate which of these forms evolves. Here we review the core idea that the use of narrow developmental windows by invertebrates to attain specific types of phenotypic changes reduces their reversibility, while increasing their magnitude. These tradeoffs dictate the costs and effectiveness of plasticity in buffering environmental variation. In particular, plastic responses to narrow developmental or environmental windows increase fitness costs when predicted environmental challenges do not materialise, or when the environment changes in unpredictable ways. We then explore the converse idea that increasing trait reversibility depends on extending the period for which genotypes are sensitive to the environment, but also narrows the range of plastic phenotypes that can be generated. Considering these findings together, we would expect that the costs, benefits and constraints of reversible versus irreversible plasticity affect the rate and magnitude of adaptive responses to rapidly changing and novel environments. However, such predictions have rarely been tested or included in theoretical models. Identifying this knowledge gap leads us to propose new research directions to provide a deeper understanding of the evolution of plasticity in invertebrates and other organisms. We illustrate these possible directions through examples ofDrosophilaadapting to thermal stress.
Diversity mediates the responses of invertebrate density to duration and frequency of rivers' annual drying regime
Authors: Arias‐Real Rebeca , Gutiérrez‐Cánovas Cayetano , Menéndez Margarita , Granados Verónica , Muñoz Isabel
Published: October 2021

Predicting the impacts of global change on highly dynamic ecosystems requires a better understanding of how communities respond to disturbance duration, frequency and timing. Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams are dynamic ecosystems that are recognized as the most common fluvial ecosystem globally. The complexity of the drying process can give rise to different annual and antecedent hydrological conditions, but their effect on aquatic communities remains unclear. Here, using aquatic invertebrates from 33 streams across a flow‐intermittence gradient, we assessed how annual (drying duration and frequency) and recent drying characteristics (duration of the last dry period and flowing duration since the last rewetting) affect the density and diversity metrics of communities and trophic groups while controlling for other key abiotic factors (dissolved oxygen and altitude). We characterized invertebrate communities using taxonomy and functional traits to capture biological features that increase vulnerability to drying. In addition, using structural equation modelling (SEM), we evaluated pathways by which drying characteristics directly impact invertebrate density and whether diversity indirectly mediates such relationships. We show that drying frequency drove reductions in diversity at the community level and within trophic groups, whereas both the drying duration and frequency had a negative influence on density metrics. Reductions in taxonomic richness were linked to increased annual drying duration, whereas functional diversity declined in response to annual drying frequency. Filterer, predator and shredder trophic groups exhibited the strongest negative responses to drying. Recent drying characteristics had a minor effect on density and diversity metrics. Our SEM results demonstrated that diversity mediates the negative impacts of annual drying duration and frequency on invertebrate density through reductions in their taxonomic richness and functional diversity. Our results underscore the importance of considering multiple drying characteristics together with the interdependence of density and diversity to better anticipate drying responses in freshwater ecosystems.
Neoliberalizing Racial Justice: Caste, Race, and Diaspora Hindutva Democrats
Authors: Shambuka
Published: October 2021

Tracing the shifting historical and contemporary discourses of self‐representation among upper caste American Hindu immigrants, this paper reflects upon the rise of diaspora “Hindutva Democrats” in the post‐2020 American political landscape. What makes “Hindutva Democrats” a peculiar political embodiment is their manipulative use of the language of social justice for addressing racism in America while downplaying, if not outright refusing to acknowledge, glaring human rights abuses against minorities (for issues such as casteism and Islamophobia) in India and in the Indian diaspora. Together, these confounding and inconsistent political stances illuminate the problem of the neoliberalization of calls for racial justice, amplified by narratives of American exceptionalism and its favorable capitalist ties to India in the contemporary political landscape. This analysis of the Hindutva Democratic movement illuminates the ways in which performances of race, caste, and racialization are embedded in historical, institutional, and gendered ideological projects across borders. These performances create insidious impediments toward the achievement of the global human rights which are foundational to sustainable peace.
International scholarship for social change? Re‐contextualizing Global Korea Scholarship alumni’s perceptions of justice and diversity in South Korea
Authors: Hong Moon Suk , Jeon Minjeong , Ayhan Kadir Jun
Published: October 2021

This study examines South Korea’s international scholarship program based on responses to the Global Korea Scholarship (GKS) alumni survey to find how the participants perceive the host country’s dimensions of justice and diversity. We employ the concept of justice in terms of redistribution, recognition, and representation. Analysis of GKS alumni perceptions of Korean society revealed that international mobility programs may provide positive and negative experiences for the participants depending on their positionality in terms of gender, ethnicity, and Korean language proficiency. Some had the exclusive opportunity to access global knowledge, skills, and networks. Others were exposed to unexpected misrepresentation and misframing while living and learning in the new society. We suggest the need for multidimensional policy discussions to consider both positive and negative outcomes of international scholarship programs and their potential to play a transformative role in global higher education.

Related Articles in this Special Issue

Ayhan, Kadir Jun, and Nancy Snow. 2021. “Introduction to the Special Issue—Global Korea Scholarship: Empirical Evaluation of a non‐Western Scholarship Program from a Public Diplomacy Perspective.” Politics & Policy 49(6): 1282–1291. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12440.

Jon, Jae‐Eun, and Kadir Jun Ayhan. 2021. “Satisfied or Dissatisfied: The Determinants of Global Korea Scholarship Recipients’ Satisfaction with Life in Korea.” Politics & Policy 49(6): 1391–1414. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12437.

Perez, Loarre Andreu, Myoung‐Gi Chon, Kelly Vibber, and Jeong‐Nam Kim. 2021. “Classifying Foreign Publics: Examining the Relationships Behavioral Experience, Symbolic Environment, and Communication Behaviors among Key Foreign Publics.” Politics & Policy 49(6): 1308–1322. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12439
Multistage Attack–Defense Graph Game Analysis for Protection Resources Allocation Optimization Against Cyber Attacks Considering Rationality Evolution
Authors: Shao Chengwu , Li Yan‐Fu
Published: October 2021

Cyber vulnerabilities become ever more critical in modern industrial systems since the attacker can utilize the vulnerabilities to degrade their performance or even cause disasters. In 2015, a series of sequential and well‐organized cyber attacks intruded into the Ukrainian power grid, compromised access to the control system, and interrupted the power supply system, finally causing a widespread power outage. To assist the defender, e.g., power grid operator, to allocate protection resources against cyber attacks, existing studies have devoted considerable efforts to risk and reliability analysis and interaction analysis using game theory. The defender's protection strategy includes preevent defense strategy and postevent repair strategy. The strategy spaces of both players were static in previous studies. However, facing Ukrainian‐style cyber attacks, the strategy spaces could variate during the attacker–defender confrontation. In other words, the vulnerability compromised by the attacker in one stage could expose the subsequential vulnerabilities, leading to the change of strategy spaces. In this work, a multistage attack–defense graph game model is proposed to assist the defender in allocating protection resources optimally against sequential cyber attacks during multiple stages. In addition, we consider the existence of the rationality evolution of the attacker, which mainly results from asymmetric information, capacity limitation, and progressive learning during the confrontation. Compared to previous studies based on static strategy spaces and static rationalities, our model is more practical and effective in dealing with Ukrainian‐style cyber attacks. The simulation results show the superiority of our approach, and some notable observations and practical suggestions are summarized for the defender.
Procedural (in)justice, emotions, and compliance
Authors: Demarest Megan T.
Published: October 2021

The procedural justice model has become widely recognized as a key crime prevention and reduction strategy, spurring its adoption across police agencies throughout the United States in an effort to address mounting concerns regarding police use of force. Recent critiques, however, have called attention to the need for greater examination of potential contributing factors that are underdeveloped in investigations of the procedural justice model, including the role of emotions. This article takes stock of interdisciplinary advancements to critically examine scholarly investigations exploring associations between procedural (in)justice, emotions, and compliance behaviors within the context of police‐citizen interactions. In doing so, continued gaps are identified. Lastly, this article concludes by identifying future pathways and recommendations for the scholarly advancement of our understanding of emotions and their continued relevance to the procedural justice model.
Identification of the new HLA‐C*03 variant, HLA‐C*03:563, by next generation sequencing
Authors: Shagimardanova Elena , Ananeva Anastasiia , Andryushkina Anna
Published: October 2021

One nucleotide change in codon –14 of HLA‐C*03:03:01:01 results in a novel allele, HLA‐C*03:563.
Triacylglycerol biosynthesis in shaded seeds of tung tree (Vernicia fordii) is regulated in part by Homeodomain Leucine Zipper 21
Authors: Zhang Lingling , Wu Pan , Li Wenying , Feng Tao , Shockey Jay , Chen Liang , Zhang Lin , Lü Shiyou
Published: October 2021

Light quantity and quality affect many aspects of plant growth and development. However, few reports have addressed the molecular connections between seed oil accumulation and light conditions, especially dense shade. Shade‐avoiding plants can redirect plant resources into extension growth at the expense of leaf and root expansion in an attempt to reach areas containing richer light. Here, we report that tung tree seed oil accumulation is suppressed by dense shade during the rapid oil accumulation phase. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that oil accumulation suppression due to dense shade was attributed to reduced expression of fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis‐related genes. Through weighted gene co‐expression network analysis, we identified 32 core transcription factors (TFs) specifically upregulated in densely shaded seeds during the rapid oil accumulation period. Among these, VfHB21, a class I homeodomain leucine zipper TF, was shown to suppress expression of FAD2 and FADX, two key genes related to α‐eleostearic acid, by directly binding to HD‐ZIP I/II motifs in their respective promoter regions. VfHB21 also binds to similar motifs in the promoters of VfWRI1 and VfDGAT2, two additional key seed lipid regulatory/biosynthetic genes. Functional conservation of HB21 during plant evolution was demonstrated by the fact that AtWRI1, AtSAD1, and AtFAD2 were downregulated in VfHB21‐overexpressor lines of transgenic Arabidopsis, with concomitant seed oil reduction, and the fact that AtHB21 expression also was induced by shade. This study reveals some of the regulatory mechanisms that specifically control tung tree seed oil biosynthesis and more broadly regulate plant storage carbon partitioning in response to dense shade conditions.