bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opportunity to use inert gas flow for control of qualitative characteristics of the grown silicon single crystals
Authors: Kritskaya T. V. , Zhuravlev V. N. , Berdnikov V. S.
Published: September 2020

The process of growing silicon single crystals by the Czochralski method has been improved, which involves the use of two argon streams. 1st, the main flow, 15—20 nl/min, is directed from top to bottom along the growing single crystal. It captures the reaction products of the melt with a quartz crucible (mainly SiO), removes them from the chamber through a nozzle in the lower part of the chamber and provide dislocation-free single crystals from large loads. Similar processes are known and widely used in world practice since the 1970s. 2nd, additional flow, 1.5—2 nl/min, is directed at an angle of 45° to the surface of the melt in the form of jets from nozzles arranged in a ring. This flow initiates the formation of a region of turbulent melt flow, which isolates the crystallization front from convective flows enriched with oxygen, and also enhances the evaporation of carbon from the melt. It is confirmed that the oxygen evaporated from the melt (in the form of SiO) is a «transport» for non-volatile carbon. Carrying out industrial processes showed that the carbon content in the grown single crystals can be significantly reduced, up to values smaller than in the feedstock. In single crystals grown using two argon streams, an increased macro- and micro-uniformity of the oxygen distribution, a significantly larger crystal length with a given, constant oxygen concentration, were also recorded. Achieving a carbon concentration of 5 to 10 times less than in the feedstock is possible with small amounts of argon for melting (15—20 nl/min compared to 50—80 nl/min used in conventional processes. The use of an additional argon flow, which has an outflow intensity 10 times lower than that of the main flow, does not distort the nature of the flow around the single crystal surface (“axial”), does not disrupt the growth of a dislocation-free single crystal, does not increase the density of microdefects, which indicates the absence of changes in temperature gradients and thermal shock leading to thermal stresses in a single crystal.
A new generation of nanocomposite materials based on carbon and titanium for use in supercapacitor energy storage devices
Authors: Sleptsov V. V. , Kozitov L. V. , Diteleva A. O. , Kukushkin D. Yu. , Nagaev A. A.
Published: September 2020

In this paper, promising nanocomposite materials based on carbon and titanium are considered. It is shown that the use of a highly porous matrix is of particular interest. Materials based on such matrices have minimal weight and high strength characteristics. The paper also describes composites based on porous carbon fibers with metal oxides. The directions for producing composites can be divided into three types: matrix method, coating of finished nanoparticles with an inert shell, and the formation of nanoparticles and matrices in one process. The coating of nanoparticles with an inert shell prevents their oxidation and preserves the necessary magnetic properties. When using methods such as IR pyrolysis, arc evaporation forms third-party metal-carbon phases that pollute the resulting material. To avoid this, reducing agents are used, for example, hydrogen when coking nanoparticles in a methane plasma current restores metal particles from its Sol-gel and prevents them from reacting with carbon. But with this method, it is difficult to control the particle size. Using a ready-made matrix allows you to control the size of nanoparticles. However, this method uses high temperatures, and sometimes hydrogen, which complicates the production process. The main problem in the field of nanocomposites is the search for more technological, simple, cheap and environmentally friendly methods for obtaining nanocomposites with high performance characteristics. The developed technology for forming the pore space of the initial carbon matrix does not have the above disadvantages. This technology has a simple, cheap, environmentally friendly design. high temperatures are not used in the process of producing nanocomposites and third-party metal-carbon phases are not formed. The resulting nanocomposite materials were used as electrodes for ultra-high-volume capacitor structures. When studying the capacitance and electrical characteristics of samples, it was found that the formation of metal on a porous carbon matrix can significantly reduce the internal resistance of the cell and increase the specific energy consumption.
Heat capacity and thermodynamic functions of aluminum conductive alloy E-AlMgSi (Aldrey) doped with gallium
Authors: Ganiev I. N. , Aliev F. A. , Odinazoda H. O. , Safarov A. M. , Jayloev J. H.
Published: September 2020

Aluminum — a metal whose scope of application is constantly expanding. At present, aluminum and its alloys in a number of areas successfully displace traditionally used metals and alloys. The widespread use of aluminum and its alloys is due to its properties, among which, first of all, low density, satisfactory corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity, ability to apply protective and decorative coatings should be mentioned. All this, combined with the large reserves of aluminum in the earth’s crust, makes the production and consumption of aluminum very promising. One of the promising areas for the use of aluminum is the electrical industry. Conductive aluminum alloys type E-AlMgSi (Aldrey) are representatives of this group of alloys.One of the promising areas for the use of aluminum is the electrical industry. Conducting aluminum alloys of the E-AlMgSi type (Aldrey) are representatives of this group of alloys. The paper presents the results of a study of the temperature dependence of heat capacity, heat transfer coefficient, and thermodynamic functions of an aluminum alloy E-AlMgSi (Aldrey) with gallium. Research conducted in the “cooling” mode. It is shown that the temperature capacity and thermodynamic functions of the E-AlMgSi alloy (Aldrey) with gallium increase, while the Gibbs energy decreases. Gallium additives up to 1 wt.% Reduce the heat capacity, enthalpy, and entropy of the initial alloy and increase the Gibbs energy.
“Warm liquid” detector for measuring dose profiles from ionizing radiation
Authors: Siksin V. V.
Published: September 2020

The use of “warm liquid” tetramethylsilane (TMS) in ionization chambers for measuring dose profiles in water phantoms to prepare the accelerator for a proton therapy session is relevant. One of the promising areas of radiation therapy is proton therapy. To increase the conformality of proton therapy, it is important to know exactly the dose distributions from the energy release of the proton beam in the water phantom before conducting a proton therapy session. A television-type detector (TTD), which measures the profiles of the Bragg peak by the depth of the beam in the water phantom, helps to increase the accuracy of the dose distribution knowledge. To accurately determine the profile of the Bragg peak by the beam width in the water phantom, an additional method is proposed that will allow TTD to quickly determine the profile by the width of the Bragg peak in on-line mode. This prefix to the TTD will improve the quality of summing up the therapeutic beam-thanks to accurate knowledge of the profile by width, and therefore the formed high-dose distribution field will correspond to the irradiated volume in the patient and will increase the conformality of irradiation. The additional prefix to the TTD is designed on an organosilicon “warm liquid” and represents a high-precision ionization chamber with coordinate sensitivity along the width of the water phantom. The fully developed technology for obtaining “warm liquid” TMS allows creating both microdosimeters for proton therapy and detectors for measuring “dose profiles” in water phantoms during accelerator calibration. The considered prefix to the TTD detector - the calibrator meter of the dose field (KIDP) - can also be used independently of the TTD and with great accuracy measure the dose profiles of the Bragg peak in the water phantom, both in depth and width. KIDP can also be used to measure the outputs of secondary “instantaneous” neutrons and gamma quanta emitted from the water phantom orthogonally to the direction of the proton beam.
(Ре)конструирование смыслов политической акции в социальной сети «ВКонтакте»: кейс Ивана Голунова
Authors: Щекотуров Александр Вячеславович , Кришталь Михаил Игоревич
Published: September 2020

Цитирование: Щекотуров А.В., Кришталь М.И. (2020) (Ре)конструирование смыслов политической акции в социальной сети «ВКонтакте»: кейс Ивана Голунова // Мир России. Т. 29. № 4. С. 150–170. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2020-29-4-150-170

В статье рассматриваются специфика и механизмы (ре)конструирования смыслов политической акции в социальной сети «ВКонтакте». В качестве кейса была рассмотрена акция, возникшая по случаю задержания журналиста Ивана Голунова. Методологической основой исследования послужила теория фрейм-анализа. Опираясь на нее, авторы выявили случаи рефрейминга и транспонирования смыслов политической акции. Основным исследовательским методом выступил контент-анализ, реализованный с помощью программного обеспечения Atlas.ti. Все отобранные посты были закодированы в соответствии с отношением к задержанию журналиста, стадией развития акции, субъектом фрейминга и используемыми в публикации хештегами. При кодировке хештегов использовалась оригинальная типология, созданная на основе целей, которые они призваны достичь. Установлено, что хештеги способствуют информационному наслоению и транспонированию, переключают первоначальный смысл публикации на новые контексты, что могут впоследствии аккумулировать протестные настроения. В рамках проведенного анализа сформулировано два ключевых вывода. Во-первых, с трансформацией стадий конфликта произошла смена восприятия образа главного фигуранта акции. Если на стадии конфликта И. Голунов рассматривался как ключевой участник события, то с момента разрешения конфликта начинается использование его образа в качестве символа для совокупного недовольства некоторыми институтами политической системы страны. Во-вторых, была обнаружена специфика в типах системы фреймов, конструируемых сообществами и личными аккаунтами в социальной сети «ВКонтакте». Публикации в  сообществах характеризуются преимущественно нейтральным содержанием и использованием различных типов хештегов. Публикации в личных аккаунтах отличаются выражением поддержки И. Голунову и использованием хештегов, демонстрирующих солидарность с ним. В итоге были сформулированы новые функции хештегов – закрепление фрейма (характерно для личных аккаунтов) и PR (свойственно сообществам).
Аудитория современного искусства в крупных городах России: ядро, периферия и перспектива
Authors: Петрова Лариса Евгеньевна , Бурлуцкая Мария Георгиевна
Published: September 2020

Цитирование: Петрова Л.Е., Бурлуцкая М.Г. (2020) Аудитория современного искусства в крупных городах России: ядро, периферия и перспектива // Мир России. Т. 29. № 4. С. 171–203. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2020-29-4-171-203

В 2017–2018 гг. впервые было проведено социологическое исследование аудитории современного визуального институциализированного искусства в крупных нестоличных городах России (микс-дизайн с использованием разных типов интервью, этнографического описания площадок, анализа аккаунтов в соцсетях). В статье представлена часть результатов исследования, а именно сегментация аудитории площадок современного искусства и сравнительный анализ сегментов. Сегменты выделены на основе поведенческих критериев: ядро (ежемесячное регулярное посещение) составляет 25% аудитории, периферия зрителей (посещение несколько раз в год) – 54%, а перспектива (эпизодические контакты с площадками современного искусства – реже одного раза в год – или первый визит) – 21%. Помимо социально-демографических критериев (аудитория молодая, сверхобразованная, по преимуществу женская), значимыми оказались характеристики стиля жизни: посетители  – профессионалы или «околопрофессионалы» со свободным графиком работы и автономным стилем управления занятостью, чей доход позволяет платить за атмосферный и разнообразный досуг. Большое значение имеет насмотренность – опыт художественного образования в детстве, хобби, посещение музеев и галерей во время поездок. Стиль жизни аудитории современного искусства – это темп, впечатления, активность, рост, развитие, перспектива. Мотивы посещения связаны с лояльностью к площадке современного искусства, основаны на интересном содержании и резонансе события, но предполагают и активное общение. Желание узнать что-то новое, необычное, расширить свой кругозор, удовлетворить интерес и любопытство, вдохновиться, получить яркие впечатления и эмоции, оказаться рядом с интересными людьми – это главное в принятии решения о визите в музей или галерею современного искусства. Большая группа россиян – типичные посетители площадки современного искусства  – [пост]современные жители большого города с гибкой и саморегулирующейся занятостью, размытыми границами между работой и отдыхом, сознанием ценности автономности и самостоятельности, т. е. это современный человек, располагающий при этом высоким социальным и культурным капиталом, но до недавнего времени не различимый в указанном контексте культурного потребления. В статье даны портретные зарисовки сегментов, делается акцент на возможности использования социологических данных для менеджмента институций современного искусства, представлена подробная картина мотивации зрителей.
Стратификация по нефинансовому богатству российских домохозяйств: высота, профиль, детерминанты
Authors: Богомолова Татьяна Юрьевна , Черкашина Татьяна Юрьевна
Published: September 2020

Цитирование: Богомолова Т.Ю., Черкашина Т.Ю. (2020) Стратификация по нефинансовому богатству российских домохозяйств: высота, профиль, детерминанты // Мир России. Т. 29. № 4. С. 6–33. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2020-29-4-6-33

Богатство (wealth) наряду с доходами и расходами является измерением экономического статуса индивида или домохозяйства. Понимание социальной стратификации, ее особенностей и тенденций, механизмов накопления и межпоколенной передачи собственности без изучения неравенства по богатству будет неполным. Если в экономически развитых странах данные позволяют изучать масштабы неравенства по богатству на основе денежных (количественных) оценок, то открытые данные об активах российских домохозяйств делают возможной лишь структурную оценку стратификации по богатству. Из составляющих богатства – финансовых и нефинансовых активов – объектом исследования являются находящиеся в собственности членов домохозяйства материальные (нефинансовые) активы. В статье на данных Комплексного наблюдения условий жизни населения представлены дифференциация российских домохозяйств по обладанию нефинансовыми активами; выделены слои, образующие стратификацию домохозяйств по нефинансовому богатству; выявлены социально-демографические детерминанты, определяющие шансы домохозяйств оказаться в слоях, относительно обеспеченных нефинансовым богатством. Ограничением данных можно считать неполную представленность верха и низа стратификации, что характерно для массовых обследований. С использованием процедур факторного и кластерного анализа выделены семь слоев, отличающихся по наличию, количеству и составу нефинансовых активов. Установлено, что профиль имущественной иерархии российских домохозяйств смещен в сторону низкой обеспеченности нефинансовыми активами: самый большой по численности (47%) – малообеспеченный слой, портфель активов которого включает только жилье, в трети случаев дополненное автомобилем; портфель следующего слоя (19%) с выраженным сельским профилем включает, помимо жилья, земельный участок и в трети случаев автомобиль. Вместе с домохозяйствами без нефинансовых активов эти слои составляют 70% совокупности. Четыре верхних имущественных слоя имеют три и более нефинансовых актива, они отличаются комбинацией активов в портфеле. Влияния социально-демографических и экономических детерминант на шансы оказаться в верхних слоях стратификации по нефинансовому богатству проявляются по тем же образцам, которые установлены зарубежными исследованиями богатства на основе стоимостных показателей: они выше для домохозяйств с устойчивым брачным ядром, при относительно высоком текущем доходе, в старшем возрасте (50–70 лет) при более низких шансах для молодых и самых пожилых. В целом более значимыми детерминантами оказываются, скорее, условия сохранения накопленной собственности, чем условия ее формирования.
The Western Middle Classes under Stress: Welfare State Retrenchments, Globalization, and Declining Returns to Education
Authors: Шовель Луи
Published: September 2020

Citation: Chauvel L. (2020) The Western Middle Classes under Stress: Welfare State Retrenchments, Globalization, and Declining Returns to Education. Mir Rossii, vol. 29, no 4,pp. 85–111. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2020-29-4-85-111

Following the work of Pierre Bourdieu and Gustav Schmoller before him, the multipolarity of the middle classes between higher and lower, and between cultural and economic capitalsis well acknowledged. This old vision is useful to understand the “middle classes adrift” of the last 20 years in France and Continental Europe. The expansion of the “new wage earner middle class” of the 1960s to 1990s is now an old dream of the welfare state expansion of Western societies, and the European social structure now faces a trend of  repatrimonialization”, meaning a U-turn towards a decline in the value of mid-qualified work and an expansion of the return to the inheritance of family assets. This paper addresses three main points. First, a new description of repatrimonialization is useful in the specific European context of middle-class societies. We need a redefinition of the system of middle classes (plural) in the context of the construction and decline of strong welfare states. Second, there are three ruptures in the social trends of the ‘wage earner society’ of the 1960s to 1990s. In this period, economic growth, social homogenization and social protection were major contextual elements of the expansion of ‘the new middle class,’ based on educationalmeritocracy, the valorization of credentialed skills, and the expansion of the average wage compared to housing and capital assets (‘depatrimonialization’). After the 1990s, the rupture and reversal of these trends, with ‘stagnation’, ‘new inequalities’ and ‘social uncertainty’ as new trends, generated a backlash in the “middle class society”. Third, I analyze the demographic and social consequences of these new trends in terms of the shrinking of the middle classes in a context where the inheritance of assets and resources changed the previous equilibrium. Finally, I highlight the importance of addressing the problem of social stability when large strata of the middle class have less interest in the maintenance of the social order.
KİTLE İLETİŞİMDE GÜNDEM BELİRLEME KURAMI: ANKARA HACI BAYRAM VELİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ VE AN NAJAH NATİONAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ
Authors: HAZAR Çetin Murat , SBOUH Suha
Published: September 2020

Bu çalışma kitle iletişim araçlarının önemli etkilerinden birisi olduğu varsayılan Gündem Belirleme Kuramının test edilmesi üzerine tasarımlanmıştır. Kitle iletişimin üzerinde en çok araştırma yaptığı kuramlarından birisi olan Gündem belirleme, kitle iletişim araçlarının, etkilerine maruz kalan kişilerin konuları nasıl değerlendirmeleri gerektiği konusunda değil, hangi konu hakkında düşünmeleri şeklinde etkili olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Dolayısıyla insanlar kitle iletişim araçlarında gördükleri konuları kendi aralarında tartışmaktadır. Ancak her biri kendi kültürü, geleneği, görüşü, geçmişi, kişisel özelliklerine göre farklı farklı konuyu tartışmaktadır. Kurama göre, kitle iletişim araçları nasıl düşünüleceği konusunda değil, ne hakkında düşünüleceği durumunda etkilidir. Araştırma, Türkiye Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi ve Filistin An Najah National Üniversitesi öğrencilerinden 740 öğrenciyle yüz yüze yapılan anket üzerine kurulmuştur. Elde edilen kamu gündemi verileriyle öğrencilerin algıladıkları medya gündemi verileri listelenerek medyanın gündem belirleme etkisi ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, cinsiyet, sınıf, üniversite bağımsız değişkenleriyle birlikte, öğrencilerin kendi gündemlerine ilişkin soru (son zamanlarda deneklerin en çok üzerinde durduğu konu) ve medya gündemine dair soru (son zamanlarda kitle iletişim araçlarının en çok üzerinde durduğu konu) ile ilgili görüşleri değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucuna göre; cinsiyet, üniversite ve sınıf kategorileri açısından medya gündeminin kamu gündemini karşılaştırıldığında aralarındaki benzerlik oranlarının düşük olduğu görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla Kitle iletişimin Gündem Belirleme Kuramı Türkiye hacı bayram veli üniversitesi ve Filistin An Najah National Üniversitesi öğrencileri örnekleminde yeteri kadar etkili olamamıştır
Multiplexed assay for detection of cell culture EV surface membrane proteins v1
Authors: A Welsh Joshua , Killingsworth Bryce , Kepley Julia , Traynor Tim , Barfield Alexis , Jones Jennifer
Published: September 2020

Protocol for using Miltenyi Biotec's human MACSplex Exosome Kit to assay one cell-line derived EV sample with up to 3 additional detection antibodies, at two EV count titration points (1E9 and 1E8 per LM10, NanoSight, NTA.). The optimisation of this protocol was done using bead kits released between 2017-2020.
Ultrafiltration and purification of conditioned media (Pall Jumbsosep and Izon qEV-10) v1
Authors: A Welsh Joshua , Kepley Julia , Killingsworth Bryce , Traynor Tim , Jones Jennifer
Published: September 2020

Protocol for ultrafiltration of cell culture conditioned media using Pall Jumbosep products and purification of EVs from conditioned media concentrate using Izon qEV-10 size exclusions columns.
Bulk EV staining with CFDA-SE (with NAP-5 purification) v1
Authors: Morales Kastresana Aizea , Killingsworth Bryce , Jones Jennifer
Published: September 2020

A protocol for bulk CFSE staining of EVs.
MPAPASS - Gating flow cytometry multiplex data v1
Authors: A Welsh Joshua , M Cook Sean , Jones Jennifer
Published: September 2020

This is collection contains the protocols required for each step in the mpapass software pipeline for performing stitched multiplex analysis. This is one of a number of protocols in the pipeline for using the mpapass software package and is applicable to the latest release of the software.
Effects of Adding Subtitles to Video via Apps on Developing EFL Students’ Listening Comprehension
Authors: Alabsi Thuraya
Published: September 2020

It is unclear if using videos and education apps in learning adds additional value to students’ listening comprehension. This study assesses the impact of adding text to videos on English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ listening comprehension. The participants were 76 prep college EFL students from Taibah University, divided into two groups. The semi-experimental measure was employed to compare the experimental group and the control group. The experimental group watched an English learning video and then wrote text subtitles relating to the video using apps, and later took a listening test to evaluate their ability in acquiring information through the videos. The control group watched videos during live lectures but did not add subtitles on the content they viewed. A paired samples t-test was used to assess the extent of listening comprehension achievement and posttest results were compared. Results revealed statistically significant increases in posttest listening comprehension scores. The result indicated superior performance and a significant positive impact through teaching/learning via video watching and adding text apps.
Parents’ Perceptions and Management of Children’s Learning of Chinese as a Heritage Language: A Case Study of Cross-cultural Families in Australia
Authors: Liao Wanyu , Huang Hui
Published: September 2020

Parents play an important role in children’s learning of their heritage language (HL) in immigrant countries. Fostering HL learning is a hard task for parents, particularly in immigrant families, and this difficulty is exacerbated in cross-cultural families. The existing studies have not fully addressed the importance of consistent parental perceptions and language management in children’s HL learning. This gap is particularly clear in the research concerning learning Chinese as an HL among cross-cultural families’ children living in English-speaking immigrant countries such as Australia. The present qualitative study used semi-structured interviews to fill this gap by examining the perceptions and language management strategies of three cross-cultural families in Australia whose children are learning Chinese as one parent’s HL. The results suggest that, in English countries, Chinese-background and non-Chinese-background parents in cross-cultural families have quite different opinions about their children learning Chinese, which are reflected in their dissimilar language management strategies. The results highlight the importance and challenges of developing a stable family language policy in cross-cultural families in order to maintain their children’s HL learning.
The Cultivation of Chinese Learners’ English Writing Competency through Learning-oriented Assessment
Authors: Yang Xin
Published: September 2020

This study is to empirically investigate the effect of the learning-oriented assessment on Chinese learners’ development of English writing competency. This experiment was implemented in the writing classroom among 74 English majors from a local Chinese university within one term, and the findings from the analysis of 68 pairs of qualified essays indicate a significant difference between the scores in the pretest and the posttest. Based on the fact that the participants displayed a better performance on the lexical and syntactic level in the posttest, it can be inferred that the participants have shown a tendency of being better at exerting their linguistic ability together with their topic knowledge, cognitive and metacognitive strategies to achieve the communicative goal through the learning-oriented assessment model.
Retrospect and Prospect of the Research on Finiteness
Authors: Zhang Yubo , Dong Baohua
Published: September 2020

Finiteness has long been a controversial category. In particular, on its cross-language definition criteria, the academia has not reached a consensus so far. An examination of the trend of the research on finiteness can provide reference for its further study. The paper makes a systematic investigation into the research on finiteness, and finds that the research of finiteness has a tendency from phenotype to cryptotype, from verb to clause, from syntax to function, from monolingual perspective to typological one. From this trend, it can be inferred that the definition criteria of finiteness can be made more explicit if these features are integrated into its future study.
Facilitating Students Overcome Their Limitations through Doing Their Own Action Research
Authors: Dorji Jigme
Published: September 2020

An action research titled Facilitating Students Overcome their Limitations through Doing their Own Action Research was conducted with the volunteering students (n=3) to authenticate if students doing action research on their own could solve their issues of learning. In addition to assessment records pre and post-intervention, interview and journals were used as data collection tools. Mixed method was used to analyse data. Assessment records were presented in figures and tables. Data collected from interview and journals were analysed thematically to ascertain with students’ scores post-intervention. Students acknowledge the importance of action research and they intend to conduct their own action research in the future.
The COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges Faced and Lessons Learned Regarding Distance Learning in Lebanese Higher Education Institutions
Authors: Mouchantaf Maha
Published: September 2020

In the past few months, due to the Covid-19 (Coronavirus) outbreak, most educational establishments in Lebanon, including schools and higher education institutions, made the transition to distance learning. This research sought to explore the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and the challenges that it currently poses to higher education. More specifically, it aimed to evaluate the views of language teachers with regards to online teaching to better understand both its advantages and disadvantages in comparison to face-to-face education. The study also offered insight on the educator’s feedback and their presented solutions that will lead to a better experience with online learning. A quantitative cross-sectional online survey was implemented for the purpose of this study.
A Study on the Translation of Cultural–loaded Words in the Publicity Film of Pingyao County from the Perspective of the Skopos Theory
Authors: Xia Mengzhu
Published: September 2020

City publicity film aims at appreciating the landscape from a general view and certain scenic spot，planned and organized by the local government or tourism authority. It is consisted of diverse factors from history, culture, geographic features to custom. In terms of people-to-people exchange, it has become the paramount window for foreign tourists to learn more about China, especially Chinese cities with distinctive local cultures. In the process, culture-loaded words play a significant role in scaling up cross-cultural exchange and helping readers to enjoy Chinese culture readily. Therefore, the translation of cultural-loaded words should be valued to a large extent. Regarded publicity film of PingYao County in Shanxi as subject, this paper aimed at identifying words and dialogues with cultural characteristics, and studying the translation of culture-loaded terms from the perspective of the skopos theory. It can conclude that some translation strategies are adopted in the translation of publicity film of PingYao County such as omission, compensation, domestication, foreignization, literal translation, liberal translation and so on.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Campaign Speech of a Ghanaian Opposition Leader
Authors: Addy Joshua , Ofori Emmanuel Amo
Published: September 2020

Referring to politicians’ use of language to promote their ideologies before, during and after elections, campaign speeches represent a key genre in political discourse. In this study, we examine the campaign speech of a Ghanaian opposition leader, Nana Akufo-Addo, at the manifesto launch of his party. We analyze his use of language to create identity and solidarity with the electorate, with the aim of persuading them to accept and support his ideas and ultimately vote for him. Drawing on Fairclough’s three-dimensional model of critical discourse analysis (CDA), the study revealed that Nana Addo utilised the pronouns I, you, our and we and repetition to create a positive bond, identify and show solidarity with the electorate. Also, these strategies were aimed at persuading voters to endorse him as the most credible candidate for the position of president. This study contributes to CDA research on the nexus between language, politics and society.
Dual Implementation of the Dual Nature and Dialogue in Extensive Reading —A New Perspective of Reading A Unicorn in the Garden
Authors: Pan Li , Chen Ping
Published: September 2020

This paper attempts to show a new perspective to read James Thurber’s famous short story—A Unicorn in the Garden in the extensive reading class by the way of analyzing the dual dialogues in it based on Halliday’s explanation to his interpersonal function, thus studies the dual implementation of its dual nature: first, to realize the conversation between the heroin and hero through the analysis of their unconventional dialogues; and then realize the actual conversation between the writer and the readers. In this way, students’ interest in extensive reading can be motivated to some degree; furthermore, it can provide students with a new and relatively easy way to combine the learning of basic subjects with more professional ones; finally, students can be aware of the multi-disciplinary demand for the purpose of training excellent English majors with all-around education and providing them with the chance to improve and challenge themselves in extensive reading classroom.
A Study on the Translation of Financial English Terms in The Wolf of Wall Street from the Perspective of the Skopos Theory
Authors: Sun Li
Published: September 2020

The study of the language of financial terms has not come to the attention of the linguistics for many years. But the rapid development of globalization makes it gradually more significant. This kind of professional terminology is used very frequently, and it can even be called vulgar words to a certain extent. However, people often do not even know much about the meaning of these commonly used words. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to conduct special research on financial related terms. (Zhang Heyou & Song Huiman, 2019). This paper will give depth summary and analysis of linguistic features and translation strategies of financial English terms in The Wolf of Wall Street from the perspective of the Skopos Theory. By analyzing the definition and features of financial English terms as well as its translation strategies, the problems existing in the translation of financial English terms will be investigated so that the Skopos Theory can be put into practice, putting forward the relevant elements and principles as to the term-translation, which confers the theoretical meaning and actual value to the financial English terms. This paper will make the research on the terms of The Wolf of Wall Street, which is the innovation of the paper, strengthening the interest of the study.
Persian Clitics in Virtual Networks
Authors: Shafiei Samira , Kazemi Foroogh
Published: September 2020

Today, almost everyone is a virtual network user. Currently, almost everything is done through the internet and social networks occupy a large part of this space. Meanwhile, the telegram network is an environment that allows people to do advertising, training, etc. at the highest speed. The study of clitics is an issue that has always been of interest to linguists. This article examines the Persian clitics in the telegram virtual network. The theoretical framework for conducting the research is Zwicky′s classification (1977), and the data were collected by library method and analyzed by analytical method. The results of the research show that three types of simple, special and dependent clitics can be found in the studied corpus. These clitics, which prevent affixation, are used as an enclitic in Persian language. The findings include four types of simple clitics, two types of special clitics, and four types of dependent clitics, that each one has a different frequency. The results also indicate that the highest usage of the clitics is related to the dependent clitics and the lowest amount is related to the simple clitics in the whole corpus.
On How to Cultivate English Interest in Primary School
Authors: Yang Xiaoling
Published: September 2020

At present, the following problems generally exist in primary school teaching: the obsolescence teaching mode; the depressing classroom atmosphere; the little oral practice and the disappearing interest of English. In addition to these problems, teaching methods, pupils’ life environment, pressure from parents and many other elements resulting in many pupils’ learning interest are decreasing in the beginning and bring about a phenomenon that many pupils in some degree are weary of learning. It makes our teaching work difficult, what is more, it will influence pupils’ English learning at different step of junior, senior and college. So it is very important that cultivating pupil’s learning interest at the stage of primary school. The focus of this paper is to use various teaching methods to stimulate and cultivate their interest in learning English according to pupil’s psychological characteristics and development needs.
Analysis of Fossilization Process of the Second Language Vocabulary from the Perspective of Memetics
Authors: Gao Huan
Published: September 2020

Vocabulary acquisition is important in the second language acquisition research. Research shows that the fossilization of the second language exists generally. From the perspective of Memetics and according to the reason and process from different stages of the second language acquisition, this study helps learners to know vocabulary petrochemical causes and process more clearly, which can achieve better preventive action and improve learners’ learning efficiency.
Cultural Differences in Mulan between Chinese Version and Disney Version
Authors: Wang Lei , Han Bing , Xu Guofei
Published: September 2020

This article puts Chinese Mulan and Disney Mulan's plots as the starting point, analyzes of the adaptation of the plots to show the different cultural significance given by different nationalities. The purpose of this paper is to research the cultural differences reflected in the films made by Hua Mulan in different countries. In this era of globalization, and in the face of different cultures, only by taking its essence and its dross will produce masterpieces that attract worldwide attention. There are indeed many cultural differences between the Chinese film Mulan and the American film Mulan. After analyzing the reasons for the differences, this study summarizes the enlightenment of these differences to cross-cultural research and shows some views.
On the question of the use of ferratin in metrorrhagi
Authors: Lapkov M.
Published: September 2020

In obstetric and gynecological practice, very often it is necessary to deal with both bleeding and its consequence - anemia. True, in acute cases, with the submission of timely benefits, bleeding does not leave deep marks - the female body quickly copes with the task of replenishing even significant blood losses.
To the technique of scraping the uterine cavity
Authors: Mironov M. M.
Published: September 2020

In this note, I meant to point out some modifications that have gradually entered the technique of curettage of the uterine cavity over the past time and which, as observations have shown, have some advantages over commonly practiced techniques and therefore deserve everyone's attention.
R. Olshausen. Spontane Geburt. Prophylaktische Wendung. Symphyseotomie. Ihr gegenseitiges Verhalten zu einander. (Centralbl. F. Gynäk., 1894, no. 36). Arbitrary childbirth. - Preventive turn. - Cutting the bosom. - Their mutual relationship to each other
Authors: Kakushkin N.
Published: September 2020

The author disagrees with Leopold, who limited the indications for caesar section in favor of symphysiotomy. In his opinion, caesar section is a simple, typical operation, safe in the hands of an obstetrician who has fully mastered the laws of asepsis; symphysiotomy is not entirely safe.
Friedrich Schwarz. Sytphyseotomie bei allgemein verengtem Becken mit 7,0 cm. Conj. vera. (Centralbl. F. Gynäk., 1894, no. 36). Dissection of the bosom with a generally narrowed pelvis with a true conjugate in 7 ctm
Authors: Kakushkin N.
Published: September 2020

I para, 27 years old; growth 142; pelvis size: cr. 25; sp. 23; from. diagon. 9.0; Baudeloque's size 15; conjug. vera 7. Body edema; protein in the urine. The waters are gone; presented with head, deep, transverse. Body temperature 38 .
Hans v. Woerz. Die Enderfolge der Symphyseotomie. (Centralbl. Für Gynäkol., 1894, no. 36). Outcomes of symphysiotomy
Authors: Kakushkin N.
Published: September 2020

Of the 10 cases of symphysiotomy that were under the supervision of the author, he was able to observe the outcomes of this operation in 9, and in 7 cases these observations lasted more than a year after the operation.
A. Goldberg. Ein Fall von Haematoma vulvae et vaginae post partum. (Centralbl. F. Gynäk., 1894, no. 30). A case of hematoma of the external genitals and vagina after childbirth
Authors: Kakushkin N.
Published: September 2020

In a primiparous 20 years old, a tumor, the size of a child's head, was found 1 hour after childbirth, which lasted 3 days (ended arbitrarily).
H. Gaertig. Ueber Erythem im Wochenbett. (Centralbl. F. Gynäk., 1894, no. 30). About erythema in the postpartum period
Authors: Kakushkin N.
Published: September 2020

Patient 26 years old. I have never suffered from skin diseases. The first pregnancy was uneventful. The birth is correct. After delivery, delayed placenta and severe uterine bleeding.
A. Buechler. R. Kaltenbach's Ergebnisse der vaginalen Totalexstirpation mit Peritonealnaht. (Zeitschr. För Geburtsh., Bd. XXX, Hft. 2). Results achieved by Kaltenbach in vaginal complete excision of the uterus with suture of the peritoneum
Authors: Ginzburg M.
Published: September 2020

In July 1889, Kaltenbakh published 60 such operations, performed by him for malignant neoplasms, and 2 times he operated on for complete prolapses that were difficult to recover with other benefits.
Prof. Howard A. Kell'y (Baltimore). Electric illumination of the Field in Abdominal Surgery. (The American Journal of Obstetrics and diseases of Women and children. September, 1894, p. 348). Electric lighting of the operating field for laparotomy
Authors: Ginzburg M.
Published: September 2020

Those who perform laparotomy experience the inconvenience of insufficient illumination of the operating field, not only with artificial light, but also with daylight.
I. Finzi. А case of osteoma of the pelvis, causing dystocia. (Lancet., 1894, Juli 14, No. 3698, p. 77). Bone swelling in the pelvis as a cause of abnormal labor.
Authors: Ginzburg M.
Published: September 2020

Dr. F. was invited to 28-year-old first women on 16 / VI 94 g. During examination through the vagina, F. felt a wide, smooth spherical tumor of bone hardness protruding into the right anterior part of the pelvic cavity, giving the impression of a presenting head.
Prof. Howard A. Kelly. Resuscitation, from impeding death due to conceoled haemorrhage, by the infusion of a liter of normal soit solution centrally into the radial artery. (American Journal of Obstetrics and diseases of women and children, August, 1894, p. 184). Death threatening the parturient woman due to latent bleeding. Revitalize by infusing 1 liter of normal saline solution into the radial artery towards the heart.
Authors: Ginzburg M.
Published: September 2020

During the last ten months prof. Kelly saved the lives of six patients by injecting normal saline solution into the vessels, mainly the radial artery.
Dr. Horrocks. Intravenous injection of saline solution in cases of severe Homerrhage., (Lancet, 23 December, 1893, p. 1569). Saline infusion into the veins for severe bleeding
Authors: Ginzburg M.
Published: September 2020

Dr. N. saved the lives of five patients who, due to severe bleeding, were threatened with rapid death.
Robert Harris (Philadelphia). The Mortality under the Cesareon operation in great Britain during the lest eigth jears; and the encouragement offered for the induction of symphysio tomy as a substitute for craniotomy. (Lancet, 19 and 26 May 1894, p. 1272 1319). Caesar section deaths in Great Britain in the last 8 years; encouraged to replace the operation of perforation of the skull with a symphysiotomy.
Authors: Ginzburg M.
Published: September 2020

Dr. H. distinguishes the results of the Caesar section before 1886, when the antiseptic was, in his opinion, insufficiently strict, from the subsequent period, during which the antiseptic was carried out universally and more strictly.
Dr. Densbow Lewis. An Interview with Porro. (The American Journal of Obstetrics etc., 1894, Septembre, p. 354)
Authors: Ginzburg M.
Published: September 2020

The table of contents of the article is an American innovation. Instead of the usual long-term review of foreign clinics by Russian doctors, L. visited prof. Porro and his conversation with him makes the subject of an interesting report in a medical journal. I will briefly convey the essence of this message.
Dr. Vargos. Simultaneous intra-uterine and extra-uterine fetation. (Lancet, 18 March., 94). Simultaneous intra and ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Ginzburg M.
Published: September 2020

Dr. V. describes a rare case of twin pregnancy, which gave rise to contradictory diagnoses and ended in death. A cigar factory worker, mother of 3 children, complained of pain, heaviness and abnormal sensations in the right lower abdomen. The factory doctor mistook this for salpingitis.
Dr. Charles N. Smith (in Toledo, Ohio). Total extirpation of the uterus for myofibroma complicated by pregnancy. American Journal of obstetrics and deseases of women and children. (September, 1894, p. 365., New-Iork). Removal of the entire uterus due to myofibroma complicated by pregnancy.
Authors: Ginzburg M.
Published: September 2020

Patient 27 years old. Her 1st pregnancy ended safely 31/2 years ago, the 2nd - with a miscarriage at the 6th month, in February 1893.Since then she has been complaining of pain in the abdomen and feels in it some kind of body moving from one side to another. The last regulations were at the end of December 1893.
Dr. Goelet. Ligation of the base of the broadligaments per vaginam, including the uterine arteries, for fibroids of the uterus. (American Medico-Surgical Bulletin, Iune 1894, - by reference to the American Journal of Obstetrics, Iuli, 1894, p. 158). Ligation of the wide ligaments and uterine arteries from the side of the vagina to heal the fibroid of the uterus.
Authors: Ginzburg M.
Published: September 2020

Goelet performs the aforementioned dressing in order to reduce bleeding and the growth of fibroid tumors of the uterus and believes that this easy operation can replace the more risky one - removal of the entire uterus, or that the first, serving as a preparatory phase for the 2nd, may make the latter unnecessary.
Report on the activities of the Warsaw VI City Maternity Hospital since its opening (from November 1, 1887 to January 1, 1894)
Authors: Klausinskaya Yulia
Published: September 2020

It has long been recognized, well-known fact of insufficiency of maternity institutions large and small in the mountains. Warsaw is still a sad phenomenon, and nothing has been done to eliminate it. Hundreds of unfortunate poor women in childbirth annually knock the doorsteps of maternity establishments, asking for asylum, which is necessary in their condition, requiring fast, urgent help. Many receive appropriate help, are accepted and cared for in these institutions, but even more leave with refusal and wander in agony, at any time of the day or night, in horror that their birth will be overtaken on the road. That such cases are not rare, everyone knows. What is being done with those hundreds of victims of the inadequacy of our maternity facilities, we do not know - we only know the fact of a large% of illnesses and deaths from childbirth fever in women who are resolved outside maternity facilities.
About the presence of microbes in the normal urethra of a woman
Authors: Strogonov V.
Published: September 2020

On the basis of a literature review, the author comes to the conclusion that the question of the maintenance of bacteria in the normal urethrae of a woman has not yet been resolved.
About the conduct of normal childbirth only with external examination
Authors: Strogonov V.
Published: September 2020

The author points to the inaccurate transmission of the content of his article by Krnig (No. 10 of this magazine) and Ries (No. 17 there), why the article is not of interest for abstracting.
About the constant expansion of the external uterine pharynx by means of a ligature
Authors: Strogonov V.
Published: September 2020

B. believes that the conical excision recommended by Schroeder et al., With a narrowing of the external pharynx, is quite advisable with a hypertrophic neck, but with a normal, and especially with a thin and short vaginal part, neither excision nor amputation should be used.
A case of an induced abortion caused by the patient herself
Authors: Strogonov V.
Published: September 2020

25 / x 1885 G. was invited to a 37-year-old patient who had already given birth to 4 mature children and had already 3 miscarriages caused by artificial means.
On the danger of intrauterine injection of glycerin for the induction of artificial premature birth
Authors: Strogonov V.
Published: September 2020

R. reports two cases of the use of glycerin injections, proving, in his opinion, the great danger of this method.