bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Novel Statistical Model for Assessing the Synergy of Combined-Agent Cancer Chemoprevention
Authors: Fujimoto Junya , Kong Maiying , Lee J. Jack , Hong Waun Ki , Lotan Reuben
Published: July 2010

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death, developing over prolonged periods through genetic and epigenetic changes induced and exacerbated by tobacco exposure. Many epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone methylation and acetylation, are reversible. The use of agents that can modulate these aberrations are a potentially effective approach to cancer chemoprevention. Combined epigenetic-targeting agents have gained interest for their potential to increase efficacy and lower toxicity. The present study applied recently developed statistical methods to validate the combined effects of the demethylating agent 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR, or AZA, or decitabine) and the histone deacetylase inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA or vorinostat). This validation compared AZA alone with SAHA alone and with their combinations (at later or earlier time points and in varying doses) for inhibiting the growth of cell lines of an in vitro lung carcinogenesis system. This system comprises isogenic premalignant and malignant cells that are immortalized (earlier premalignant), transformed (later premalignant), and tumorigenic human bronchial epithelial cells [immortalized BEAS-2B and its derivatives 1799 (immortalized), 1198 (transformed), and 1170-I (tumorigenic)]. AZA alone and SAHA alone produced a limited (<50%) inhibition of cell growth, whereas combined AZA and SAHA inhibited cell growth more than either agent alone, reaching 90% inhibition under some conditions. Results of drug interaction analyses in the Emax model and semiparametric model supported the conclusion that drug combinations exert synergistic effects (i.e., beyond additivity in the Loewe model). The present results show the applicability of our novel statistical methodology for quantitatively assessing drug synergy across a wide range of doses of agents with complex dose-response profiles, a methodology with great potential for advancing the development of chemopreventive combinations. Cancer Prev Res; 3(8); 917–28. ©2010 AACR.
Conference Report: Eighth Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research
Authors: Brewster Abenaa M. , Patterson Sherri L. , Forman Michele R. , Hughes-Halbert Chanita , Limburg Paul J. , Ondrey Frank G. , Paskett Electra D. , Wetter David W. , Hawk Ernest T.
Published: July 2010

The Eighth Annual Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research meeting was held in Houston, Texas, in November 2009. This report highlights significant presentations that advance the fields of chemoprevention, clinical trial recruitment and retention, cancer screening including optical imaging, energy balance, and nutritional epidemiology, and health communications and decision making. In findings from the randomized Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events trial, dutasteride reduced the risk of biopsy-detectable prostate cancer in high-risk men by 23% compared with placebo. Important clues about the dosing and window of susceptibility for supplementation with choline, vitamin D, and folate were revealed from epigenetic research that has implications for future nutritional epidemiology research. Noninvasive optical imaging techniques using endoscopic ultrasound and autofluorescence for the early detection of cancers in the lung, pancreas, and oral cavity are being studied. The report also addresses the challenges of promoting cancer prevention. Understanding how individuals process risk information and make sustained behavior changes and the effect of socioeconomic status on health disparities were identified as critical areas of research. This multidisciplinary research meeting of basic, clinical, and behavioral scientists and epidemiologists continues to play a major role in identifying the research priority areas of cancer prevention, elucidating new mechanisms of carcinogenesis for targeted chemoprevention therapies and delivering a comprehensive strategy for engaging individuals in the unifying goal to reduce cancer incidence. Cancer Prev Res; 3(8); 1044–8. ©2010 AACR.
Fiscal Multipliers to Assess Consolidation Plans
Authors: Holland Dawn , Barrell Ray , Fic Tatiana , Hurst Ian , Liadze Iana , Orazgani Ali , Whitworth Rachel
Published: July 2010

Global output has been rising at an annualised rate of 4¼–5½ per cent per quarter since the rebound in the second quarter of 2009. We estimate that global GDP increased at an annualised rate of 4.8 per cent in the first quarter of 2010, and forecast world growth of 5 per cent in 2010 as a whole. Asia continues to drive the global recovery, with exceptionally strong growth in China, India, Taiwan and Korea in the first quarter of the year. Japan and Hong Kong also recorded strong growth, partially closing the output gaps in these economies. In the Americas, Canada and especially Brazil expanded rapidly, with more moderate growth in the US. Europe, on the other hand, continues to lag behind Asia and the Americas, with output in the EU as a whole rising at an annualised rate of just 1 per cent in the first quarter of 2010. Within Europe, output rose more rapidly than anticipated in Ireland, Portugal, Sweden, and to a lesser extent in Italy. But only in Sweden did this reflect a recovery in domestic demand, as the recovery in most of Europe has so far relied on external demand.
Usefulness of an accelerated transoesophageal stress echocardiography in the preoperative evaluation of high risk severely obese subjects awaiting bariatric surgery
Authors: Legault Sylvie , Sénéchal Mario , Bergeron Sébastien , Arsenault Marie , Tessier Michel , Guimond Jean , Poirier Paul
Published: July 2010

Background

Severe obesity is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). Bariatric surgery is an effective procedure for long term weight management as well as reduction of comorbidities. Preoperative evaluation of cardiac operative risk may often be necessary but unfortunately standard imaging techniques are often suboptimal in these subjects. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility, safety and utility of transesophageal dobutamine stress echocardiography (TE-DSE) using an adapted accelerated dobutamine infusion protocol in severely obese subjects with comorbidities being evaluated for bariatric surgery for assessing the presence of myocardial ischemia.

Methods

Subjects with severe obesity [body mass index (BMI) >40 kg/m2] with known or suspected CAD and being evaluated for bariatric surgery were recruited.

Results

Twenty subjects (9M/11F), aged 50 ± 8 years (mean ± SD), weighing 141 ± 21 kg and with a BMI of 50 ± 5 kg/m2 were enrolled in the study and underwent a TE-DSE. The accelerated dobutamine infusion protocol used was well tolerated. Eighteen (90%) subjects reached their target heart rate with a mean intubation time of 13 ± 4 minutes. Mean dobutamine dose was 31.5 ± 9.9 ug/kg/min while mean atropine dose was 0.5 ± 0.3 mg. TE-DSE was well tolerated by all subjects without complications including no significant arrhythmia, hypotension or reduction in blood arterial saturation. Two subjects had abnormal TE-DSE suggestive of myocardial ischemia. All patients underwent bariatric surgery with no documented cardiovascular complications.

Conclusions

TE-DSE using an accelerated infusion protocol is a safe and well tolerated imaging technique for the evaluation of suspected myocardial ischemia and cardiac operative risk in severely obese patients awaiting bariatric surgery. Moreover, the absence of myocardial ischemia on TE-DSE correlates well with a low operative risk of cardiac event.
Evidence for Endotoxin Contamination in Plastic Na+-Heparin Blood Collection Tube Lots
Authors: Newhall Kathryn J , Diemer Geoffrey S , Leshinsky Natalia , Kerkof Keith , Chute Hilary T , Russell Chris B , Rees William , Welcher Andrew A , Patterson Scott D , Means Gary D
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND

Biomarker assays are often conducted on whole blood samples in the course of drug development studies. Because bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (endotoxin) contamination is known to cause spontaneous cytokine production by monocytes, contamination of blood collection tubes may interfere with biomarker assay results.

METHODS

Whole blood from healthy donors was collected into plastic or glass sodium (Na+)-heparin Vacutainer™ blood collection tubes and heparinized syringes. Samples were analyzed for phosphoprotein response, cytokine production, and RNA expression. Tubes were tested for endotoxin contamination by use of the limulus amoebocyte lysate assay.

RESULTS

Results of phospho-flow cytometry, branched DNA (bDNA), and ELISA assays indicated that a specific lot (#5339582) of plastic Na+-heparin Vacutainer tubes was highly contaminated with an endotoxinlike substance, and contamination was confirmed by the limulus amoebocyte lysate assay. Analysis of multiple-analyte panels revealed that analytes whose changed expression was predictive of LPS stimulation were increased when whole blood was incubated in contaminated tubes for 6 or 18 h. Two additional lots of plastic tubes tested had detectable amounts of endotoxin sufficient to strongly alter phospho-flow cytometry analyses, as determined by the fold change in phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in response to tumor necrosis factor α and LPS. In contrast, 3 lots of glass tubes had substantially lower levels of spontaneous blood activation.

CONCLUSIONS

Endotoxin contamination associated with tubes from 3 lots of a particular type of plastic Na+-heparin Vacutainer tube dramatically affected biomarker assay measurements. Prescreening these tubes is suggested before their use in clinical sample analysis.
Características agronômicas de genótipos de feijoeiro cultivados nas épocas da seca e das águas
Authors: Farinelli Rogério , Lemos Leandro Borges
Published: July 2010

O feijão é um dos alimentos produzidos em maior quantidade em todo o território nacional, sendo intensa a busca por cultivares produtivas e adaptadas ao local de cultivo. Assim, desenvolveu-se um trabalho, em Botucatu (SP), com o objetivo de avaliar as características agronômicas de genótipos de feijoeiro, visando obter informações sobre aqueles com melhor desempenho produtivo. O experimento foi desenvolvido em três safras, correspondendo à época da seca de 2005, das águas de 2005 e da seca de 2006. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com 24 tratamentos, representados pelos genótipos de feijoeiro (grupo comercial carioca e preto), com quatro repetições. Em todos os genótipos de feijoeiro o desenvolvimento agronômico foi satisfatório, destacando-se os genótipos Gen 96A28-P7-1-1-1-1, Pérola, OP-S-16, OP-NS-331, Gen 96A28-P4-1-1-1-1 e CNFC 8065 quanto ao número de vagens por planta, à massa de cem grãos, renda e consequentemente maior produtividade de grãos.
Problemas y retos de la investigacion en el siglo XXI (El caso de la RIEMS y la conformación de la antropoética)
Authors: Hernández Víctor Manuel Alvarado , Betancourt Martin Manjarrez
Published: July 2010

La investigación en el siglo XXI enfrenta un sin número de retos y problemas, en esta centuria en que vivimos, el reto no sólo de la investigación si no de la educación, es que debe conciliarse la materia y el espíritu, la naturaleza y la cultura, la ciencia y las humanidades, propiciando un reencuentro entre la tecnología y el humanismo, integrando la memoria y el proyecto. Por ello creemos que el nuevo paradigma de la investigación y educación es la conformación de la antropoética. En este documento abordamos la problemática que representa la Reforma Integral de la Educación Media Superior (RIEMS), no sólo para la investigación, sino también para el proceso de conformación de la antropoética. Para ello se abordan sus términos conceptuales, como antropoética, competencias transversales y las nociones de conformación, complejidad. Hemos seleccionado el escenario de la educación media superior, específicamente el bachillerato, porque es en este nivel de la educación, donde se generan diversas modalidades educativas que derivan en prácticas neoliberalistas de capacitación e instrucción, tal es el caso de la RIEMS, lo que inhibe el proceso de formación humana y por ende su posibilidad de formación antropoética. Esta ultima como una opción clave para la educación de las futuras generaciones.
The Use of Desiccant Sprays in Harvesting Birdsfoot Trefoil For Seed1
Authors: Wiggans S. C. , Metcalfe D. S. , Thompson H. E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Data indicate that several desiccants can be used successfully in the harvest of birdsfoot trefoil seed. Of the desiccants used, DNBP, PCP, and endothal appeared to be the most effective. The chemicals tested did not affect seed viability or stand recovery. The use of desiccants increased the speed and ease of direct combining. Seed moisture content in desiccated plants was reduced from that in the check plants. The natural variability of climatic conditions, especially temperature and relative humidity, may affect seed pod dehiscence, regardless of harvest method.
Components of Yield in Oats: A Geometrical Interpretation1
Authors: Grafius J. E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Number of panicles per unit area (X), average number of kernels per panicle (Y), and average kernel weight (Z) are interpreted as the edges of a rectangular parallelepiped with the yield (W) as volume. Five theorems are developed and proved, and used as a basis for defining a universal variety.
Tillering Studies in Oats. I: Tillering Characteristics of Oat Varieties1
Authors: Frey K. J. , Wiggans S. C.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Several spring oat varieties were found to have a high tillering capacity, while most winter varieties produced many tillers. The relative tillering capacities of the various spring varieties were similar for different planting rates and growing seasons.
Air Pollution With Relation to Agronomic Crops: I. General Status of Research on the Effects of Air Pollution on Plants
Authors: Thomas Moyer D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

This paper summarizes those aspects of air pollution that are of major interest to agriculture. Reference is made particularly to sulfur dioxide, fluorine compounds, and smog. Substances of minor interest are not considered, since they have been discussed elsewhere (30, 31, 38).
The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Frequency of Cutting on the Yield and Composition of Three Tropical Grasses1
Authors: Vicente‐Chandler Jose , Silva Servando , Figarella Jacinto
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Napiergrass, guineagrass, and paragrass responded strongly to annual applications of up to 800 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Protein content and protein yields increased up to the highest N level tested. Yields increased but quality of the forage decreased with length of harvest interval. Between 30,000 and 45,000 pounds of dry matter averaging about 9.5% protein were produced annually per acre.
Response of Pensacola Bahiagrass to Nitrogen Fertilization1
Authors: Beaty E. R. , McCreery R. A. , Powell John D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Nitrogen fertilization increased the production of Pensacola bahiagrass but did not influence the seasonally of production. Over a 3‐year period total production averaged 12% in April and May, 64% in June and July, and 24% in August and September. Phosphorus content of the forage was very high (0.36%) and averaged 41% higher than the calcium content.
Response of Soybeans to Dates of Planting in the Imperial Valley of California1
Authors: Abel George H.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

With successive delays in planting, the time from planting to flowering was reduced more for later varieties than for earlier varieties. In contrast, the time from flowering to maturity was reduced more for earlier than for later varieties. Maturity was delayed relatively little by each successive delay in planting. Date of planting affected the seed yield of intermediate and late varieties considerably more than that of the very early and very late varieties.
Effects of Soil Compaction on Subsoil Root Penetration and Physical Properties of Three Soils in Louisiana1
Authors: Meredith H. L. , Patrick W. H.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Artificial soil compaction resulted in increased bulk density and decreased noncapillary porosity and water permeability. Root penetration into artificially packed cylinders of soil decreased as soil compaction was increased.
Boll Shedding and Growth of the Cotton Plant in Relation to Irrigation Frequency1
Authors: Stockton J. R. , Doneen L. D. , Walhood V. T.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

On a sandy loam soil the flowering and vegetative growth were increased by frequent irrigation. Shedding was also increased but over a considerable range in irrigation frequency total boll set was unaffected.
Intercrops in Corn and Soybean Cropping Systems1
Authors: Triplett G. B.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Neither grass nor legume intercrops improved corn or soybean yields where adequate nitrogen was supplied and where erosion was not a problem. Corn yields in continuous culture were maintained at a high level over a 6‐year period if adequate nitrogen was provided. Soybean yields were maintained whether or not nitrogen was applied. Legume intercrops supplied nitrogen to continuous corn not fertilized with nitrogen, but not enough to produce yields comparable to corn after a year of a legume meadow.
Effect of City Sewage Effluent on the Yield and Quality of Grain from Barley, Oats, and Wheat1
Authors: Day A. D. , Tucker T. C. , Vavich M. G.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Grain yields of 3,032, 2,346, and 2,201 pounds per acre were obtained from barley, oats, and wheat, respectively. Small grains utilized the nitrogen in sewage effluent as efficiently as they used the nitrogen in commercial fertilizer to produce high protein grain. Sewage effluent had no effect on the D. L. N. and bushel weight of barley, oats, and wheat.
Movement of Nutrients in Coastal Bermudagrass1
Authors: Giddens Joel , Perkins H. F. , Walker L. C.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Little movement of N, P, K and Ca occurred in Coastal bermudagrass runners beyond where roots were formed. Broadcasting of lime and fertilizer should be more efficient than row application.
Water Stability of Aggregates of Two Soils as Influenced by Incorporation of Alfalfa1
Authors: Miller D. E. , Kemper W. D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Water stability of the 1‐ to 2‐mm. aggregates of a coarse‐textured and a fine‐textured soil was increased by incorporation of alfalfa. The increase was greatest in those samples which were not stored for long periods before analysis. Most of the increase in water stability was obtained within a few weeks after the alfalfa was incorporated.
A Relationship Between the Yield Response of Soybeans to Molybdenum Applications and the Molybdenum Content of the Seed Produced1
Authors: Lavy T. L. , Barber S. A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Molybdenum seed treatment on soybeans gave yield responses ranging from 0.7 to 7.6 bushels per acre. Molybdenum response was related to soil pH on the Chalmers‐Odell soils. Yield increases occurred where the soybean seeds produced on the untreated plots contained 1.6 or less ppm molybdenum.
Comparison of Nitrate Production and Other Procedures in Determining Nitrogen Availability in Southeastern Coastal Plain Soils1
Authors: Gallagher P. A. , Bartholomew W. V.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Chemical methods were more closely correlated with greenhouse cropping evaluations of N availability than were the regular or modified biological incubation procedures.
Effects of Nitrogen on the Yield and Certain Properties of Cotton1
Authors: Perkins H. F. , Douglas A. G.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Yield, bolls per pound, and plant height conformed to similar quadratic response curves. All of these characters showed a tendency to increase with higher nitrogen rates up to 150 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Lint percent decreased with higher nitrogen rates in a linear response. Earliness, strength of fiber, and fineness of fiber were not affected by nitrogen treatments. Upper half mean length of fiber increased with the first increment, but remained constant with additional increments of nitrogen.
Interaction of Plant Population Factors and Level of Production on the Yield and Grade of Peanuts1
Authors: Cox F. R. , Reid P. H.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Increasing the plant population of NC‐2 peanuts by decreasing the row width generally increased the yield and improved the grade of the crop. The degree of this yield increase was found to be associated with the overall level of production. The percentage yield increase resulting from decreasing the row width was inversely proportional to the yield achieved in 36‐inch rows. Row width effects on yield became negligible when the level of production reached 3600 pounds per acre.
Yield of Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis) as a Function of Its Percentage of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium1
Authors: Walker William M. , Pesek John
Published: July 2010

Kentucky bluegrass clippings were obtained from experimental plots containing a control plus treatments conforming to a 5 × 5 × 5 central composite design with N, P, and K fertilizer variables over a period of 2 years. A sample of each clipping from each plot each year was saved for chemical analysis. The samples were then ground, mixed, subsampled, and analyzed for their percentage of N, P, and K.

A regression analysis was computed, and a prediction equation with bluegrass yield as a quadratic function of its average percent N, percent P, and percent K was determined. The resulting prediction equation had an R2 of 0.7419 and was used to estimate “critical percentages” for N, P, and K in Kentucky bluegrass. The technique developed would be expected to be applicable to other crop and soil conditions.
Development of a Yield Response Prediction and Manganese Soil Test Interpretation for Soybeans1
Authors: Cox F. R.
Published: July 2010

Field studies were conducted to evaluate certain soil factors associated with the response of soybeans to Mn fertilization. Yield responses were observed when plants on untreated plots contained less than 20 ppm Mn in the uppermost fully developed leaf or in the mature seed. The degree of the response could be predicted from the soil pH and the level of dilute‐acid‐extractable Mn in the soil. A soil test interpretation was developed which is applicable over a range of soil pH (5.2‐7.1) and extractable soil Mn (0‐10 ppm) conditions. At a high soil pH the level of extractable Mn necessary for normal growth is greater than at a low soil pH. It was also found that several foliar applications of Mn were more effective than a single one and that MnSO4 used in this manner was slightly more effective in increasing the Mn content of the tissue than was MnO. Greater uptake was noted from MnSO4 applied on coarse textured soils than on fine textured soils. There did not appear to be an association between soil organic matter and manganese uptake.
Silage Yield of Exotic Corn1
Authors: Thompson D. L.
Published: July 2010

Tall‐growing, late‐maturing tropical types of corn (Zea mays L.), commonly called exotics, were compared with local hybrids for silage production. Exotics yielded 13 to 41% more dry matter, 4 to 28% more estimated total digestible nutrients, less crude protein but more fiber. Exotics would be most useful for management regimes demanding maximum silage production but tolerating less than optimum quality.
Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Rice at Different Growth Stages and Nitrogen Levels1
Authors: Sims J. L. , Place G. A.
Published: July 2010

Dry matter synthesis and uptake of N, P, and K by field sown rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing in Crowley silt loam soil was measured at weekly intervals throughout the growing season. K as KCl and N as anhydrous ammonia were applied preplant at rates of 56 of K and O, 123 and 157 kg/ha of N. ‘Vegold,’ ‘Nato,’ and ‘Blue‐bonnet 50’ varieties (cultivars), classed as very‐short‐season, short‐season, and midseason in maturity, were used.

Approximately half of the total uptake of N and K and two‐thirds of the P uptake occurred after dates previously established as optimum for midseason topdress N applications, e.g., 50, 67, and 79 days after seedling emergence for Vegold, Nato, and Bluebonnet 50, respectively. About two‐thirds of the dry matter production also occurred after these dates. Consequently, the requirements for nutrient elements by the rice plant are great during the reproductive stages of growth. These data partially explain why topdress N applications at midseason (jointing stage) are more efficient than topdress applications near seeding for increasing grain yields.

Uptake of N, P, and K at dates of maximum nutrient accumulation (near soft dough stage) reveal a greater uptake by Nato than Vegold or Bluebonnet 50. As an average of all varieties at N levels producing maximum grain yields, 232, 48, and 171 kg/ha, respectively, of N, P, and K were taken up. At N levels producing maximare yields, about 25 kg of additional grain were produced for each kg of N applied.

Losses of N and K from the plant occurred during a growth stage between the tillering and jointing stages for each variety. Additionally, N and K content at maturity was much lower than 1 to 4 weeks prior to maturity (soft dough stage). These facts should be considered when selecting sampling dates for measuring nutrient uptake or when uptake data are used as bases for fertilizer rate recommendations.
Sugar Production From Sweet Sorghum as Affected by Planting Date, After‐Ripe Harvesting, and Storage1
Authors: Broadhead Dempsey M.
Published: July 2010

‘Rio’ sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) was available for sugar processing at Meridian, Miss., from the latter part of August until freezing temperature occurred, usually in November. Stalks were harvested at weekly intervals after the seeds were ripe from plantings made on April 15, May 15, and June 15. Yield of stalks and sugar were similar for the April 15 and May 15 plantings, but the yields of stalks and sugar were significantly lower for the June 15 planting. Harvesting after the seeds were ripe had no affect on yield of stalks, extraction, or purity. Brix and sucrose decreased significantly when harvested 3 and 4 weeks after ripe, respectively. Stored stalks from each planting and harvesting period showed no significant sucrose inversion after 24 hr and no serious inversion after 48 hr in outdoor storage.
Nutritional Characteristics of Forage Sorghum and Sudangrass after Frost1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Barnes R. F. , Wedin W. F. , Rhykerd C. L. , Noller C. H.
Published: July 2010

Water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) levels and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) were evaluated in relation to changes in crude fiber levels of the forage.

Mature forage sorghum (157 days of age), sampled three times after frost, averaged 25.3% WSC, 20% crude fiber, and 52.9% IVDMD. Sudangrass harvested under the same conditions averaged 3.1% WSC, 39.6% crude fiber, and 36.9% IVDMD. Third regrowth forage sorghum (56 days of age) analyzed 5.5% WSC, 23.8% crude fiber, and 57.1% IVDMD. The respective values of sudangrass of the same age were 3.4, 25.5, and 50.6%.

The data obtained suggest that the nutritive value of some sorghums, as measured by IVDMD, does not decrease appreciably with increased maturity. The increase in percentage WCS observed in mature forage sorghum compared to less mature tissue was attributed to an increased stem diameter and an active pith parenchyma.
Soybean Plant Response to Temporary Field Windbreaks1
Authors: Radke J. K. , Burrows W. C.
Published: July 2010

Small temporary windbreaks consisting of corn rows or snowfence were spaced at various intervals in soybean fields in western Minnesota. Data from 11 location‐years showed that soybeans sheltered by temporary corn windbreaks grew taller, produced more dry weight, had a larger leaf area index, and produced higher grain yields. Soybean rows adjacent to corn windbreaks did not do as well as the rest of the windbreak‐sheltered soybeans because of shading effects and root competition from the corn. There was no statistical difference in wateruse; however, water‐use efficiency was increased due to higher soybean yields. Results obtained with snow‐fence windbreaks were similar, but to a lesser extent than those obtained with corn windbreaks.

Windbreaks oriented in an east‐west direction were more effective than windbreaks oriented in a northsouth direction since the prevailing summer winds in western Minnesota are south to southeasterly. Windbreak spacings between 6 H and 15 H (H = height of windbreak) were effective, and it is possible that windbreaks spacings greater than 15 H would be effective.
Influence of Temperature, Light Intensity, and Aeration on Growth and Root Porosity of Wheat, Triticum aestivum1
Authors: Varade S. B. , Stolzy L. H. , Letey J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Influence of three energy levels and two oxygen concentrations on the growth and root porosity of. ‘Sonora 64’ and ‘Naineri’ wheats was studied in an environmental control chamber. Energy levels included three temperatures and three light intensities.

The dry weights of shoot and root, volume of roots, and number of tillers were adversely affected by low oxygen supply and low energy input. Increased root porosity under low O2 supply suggests that gas space development in wheat is closely related to anaerosis. An increase in gas space development occurred under conditions of higher rates of growth. When temperatures were high, low oxygen supply was more detrimental to shoot and root growth.

Optimum temperature was 25 C for both varieties, although Naineri variety was more responsive to temperature and light intensity. Amounts of water consumed was higher when high temperature and light intensity prevailed. Water use was higher under low oxygen supply than under well‐aerated plants. Water use also appears to be related to gas space in roots.
Effects of Plant Population on Castorbean Yield1
Authors: Kittock D. L. , Williams J. H.
Published: July 2010

Plant population effects on yield and growth of irrigated and non‐irrigated castorbeans (Ricinus communis L.) was tested for 3 years. The optimum plant population of irrigated dwarf‐internode castorbeans was about 58,000 plants per ha. Row spacings from 0.5 m to 1.0 m did not significantly affect yields, if plant population was held constant. The optimum plant population for nonirrigated castorbeans was near or higher than the highest population in our tests. It was clearly higher than the current recommendation of 20,000 plants per ha. Linear regression of yield on plant population was significantly different among cultivars and among tests for the nonirrigated castorbeans. Cultivars with bushy growth and small racemes had greater yield depression from low populations than did more erect cultivars with large racemes. Plant population effect on yield was reduced as the yield level of the nonirrigated tests decreased.

Low plant population in nonirrigated tests increased plant height, hypocotyl diameter, length of primary raceme, number of racemes per sequential set, and yield of all sets of racemes. Low population reduced height of the primary raceme from the soil. Population had no effect on nodes to the primary raceme. Oil content of the seed or test weight were not affected by plant population of nonirrigated castorbeans.
Rooting System of Soybeans. II. Physiological Effectiveness as Nutrient Absorption Surfaces1
Authors: Raper C. D. , Barber S. A.
Published: July 2010

‘Aoda’ and ‘Harosoy 63’ soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], representing extremes in gross root morphology, were used in field and growth chamber experiments to study the influence of physiological characteristics of soybean roots on the absorption of nutrients. The efficiency of K uptake per unit root surface was found to be dependent on the variety and the solution concentration of K. The rate of K uptake per unit root surface, or K absorption potential, for Aoda roots was almost double that of Harosoy 63 roots at high levels of K but was nearly equal at low levels. The effect of K concentration on absorption potentials in nutrient solution was independent of concurrent variation of other nutrientions or total growth rate of the plants.
Forms of Nitrogen and Nitrogen Availability in Fescuegrass Sod1
Authors: Giddens Joel , Hauck R. D. , Adams W. E. , Dawson R. N.
Published: July 2010

Organic N fractions and 15N uptake by sudax (Sorghum vulgare), a sudan × sorghum hybrid, were determined in soils that had been in fescuegrass (Festuca arundinaceae) 0 through 5 years and in soils that had been taken out of fescuegrass 0 through 5 years.

Percentages of N in the distillable acid‐soluble, nondistillable acid‐soluble (amino acid N), and nonacidsoluble fractions did not change appreciably. Total N increased with age of sod and decreased with length of time sod had been plowed into the soil. Soil N content had no significant effect on the uptake of 15N‐labeled NH4Cl applied at a single N rate. The nitrogen percentage taken up by sudax from the soil, however, increased as the soil nitrogen increased.
Effect of N Fertilizer on Yield, Crude Protein Content, and in vitro Dry‐Matter Disappearance in Phalaris arundinacea L.1
Authors: Niehaus Merle H.
Published: July 2010

‘Ioreed,’ ‘Frontier,’ and ‘Common,’ three cultivars of reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L., each grown at four rates of N, were evaluated for dry‐matter yield, percentage of crude protein, and in vitro dry‐matter disappearance (IVDMD). Nitrogen was applied at 75, 150, 300, and 600 kg/ha/yr. There was a large increase in dry‐matter yield and percentage of crude protein in response to increased N fertilizer, but IVDMD was not affected by N rate. Differences between cultivars were small for all traits. Interactions between N rates and cultivars involving dry‐matter yield existed but did not change the ranking of cultivars.
Inoculum Rate and Pelleting of Arrowleaf Clover Seed1
Authors: Wade R. H. , Hoveland C. S. , Hiltbold A. E.
Published: July 2010

Poor nodulation and low winter forage production often result when arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi) is seeded for the first time. Indigenous rhizobia in the soil may be more competitive than the normally limited number of seed‐applied rhizobia. Field and growth chamber experiments were carried out to determine the effects of inoculum rate and seed pelleting on nodulation and yield of arrowleaf clover in soils with intact microbial populations and where modified by soil fumigation.

Doubling the inoculum rate, CaCO3 pelleting, or soil fumigation increased annual dry forage yields 1,200 to 2,000 kg/ha over that of the normal rate of inoculum. These treatments improved both nodulation and seedling growth. Winter forage yields were increased 200% by pelleting inoculated seeds with CaCO3. Seed pelleting was beneficial in nonfumigated soil, but not in fumigated soil, suggesting that pelleting made conditions more favorable for seed‐borne rhizobia to compete with native soil microorganisms. The presently recommended rate and method of application of inoculum are not satisfactory for rapid nodulation and maximum winter forage production of arrowleaf clover. Increasing the inoculum rate or pelleting the inoculated seeds should result in rapid nodulation and furnish more whiter forage.
Productivity and Forage Quality of Yuchi Arrowleaf Clover1
Authors: Hoveland C. S. , McCormick R. F. , Anthony W. B.
Published: July 2010

Poor recovery growth after cutting in spring has been a problem with ‘Yuchi’ arrowleaf clover (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi). This research was conducted to study the effect of cutting management on persistence, forage yield, and quality of this winter annual clover.

In field studies at two locations for 2 years, late spring clover recovery and forage production were dependent on cutting dates and height of plants when cut. Cutting at hay stage in late April or May eliminated stands and aftermath growth while cutting biweekly maintained stands although yields were reduced. Root carbohydrate levels declined during spring but were not related to cutting; treatment. A low number of buds at the base of the clover plants resulted in poor regrowth of forage. After early April, clover allowed to grow 60 to 90 cm tall before cutting had few buds at base of the plants. Maximum forage yields (7,300 kg/ha) were obtained by biweekly cutting until early April followed by a cutting of hay in late May.

Digestible dry matter of forage was high, ranging from 80% in late winter to about 70% at early bloom stage in late May. Tannin content of forage ranged from 3 to 6% with leaves containing 2.5 times the tannin content of stems. This may account for the low incidence of bloat in cattle grazing this clover. Lysine content of the forage averaged 8.5% of the protein.
Effect of Planting Date on Water‐Use and Its Efficiency in Dryland Grain Sorghum1
Authors: Blum A.
Published: July 2010

It has been postulated that water regime was the major operative factor responsible for different yield response of dryland grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] to different planting dates. Our research was done in order to appraise this postulation.

For four consecutive years, four grain sorghum hybrids were planted on two planting dates (March 20–24 and April 12–16) in Israel under conditions of limited water supply as determined by the amount of stored soil moisture prior to planting. Vegetative development, grain yield, and soil water extraction profiles were determined.

Early planting, as compared with late planting, increased grain yield through increased tillering and greater weight per grain. During the period from emergence to 51 days, early planted sorghum used about half as much water as late‐planted sorghum. Early planted sorghum was less water stressed, as evidenced by lower leaf diffusive resistance prior to heading and smaller reduction in LAI (leaf desiccation) after heading, as compared with late‐planted sorghum. Lower water use in early planted sorghum, during the period prior to heading, was ascribed to lower potential evapotranspiration, smaller LAI, and possibly slower root development, as compared with the respective period in late‐planted sorghum. Total amount of water used at maturity did not differ between planting dates, apparently due to the longer period of growth and the larger amount of stover dry matter per plant in early planted sorghum, which served to offset the decreased water use during the earlier phase of growth.

No appreciable differences were found between hybrids tested in terms of adaption to early planting or water use.
Varietal Stability in Smooth Bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) as Affected by Regional Seed Production1
Authors: Knowles R. P. , Christie B. R.
Published: July 2010

Certified seed lots of ‘Lincoln,’ ‘Saratoga,’ and ‘Fischer’ bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) produced in Western Canada were compared with original Breeder or Foundation seed from Nebraska, New York, and Iowa, respectively. Seed lots were used for production trials at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (latitude 52°) and Guelph, Ontario (latitude 43°). The object was to find if southern‐bred varieties were modified through seed multiplication in a northern area.

At Saskatoon there was no change (P = .05) in forage yields, height of growth, or seed volume weight for any variety. Significant differences in seed yields of lots of Lincoln and Saratoga were recorded. No pattern related to area of seed production was evident in Lincoln, but in Saratoga two of the four Certified lots yielded significantly less seed than Breeder and Foundation lots. At Guelph no significant change in forage yields was noted for Lincoln or Fischer. Two of four certified lots of Saratoga were significantly lower in forage yields than the Foundation lot but not below the Breeder lot. In vitro digestibility analyses of hay showed differences among varieties but good conformity for all samples within varieties. It was concluded that southern varieties of bromegrass could be multiplied in northern areas without serious alteration of forage potential providing there is limited generation increases.

‘Carlton,’ a northern cultivar, showed no significant change in forage or seed yields as a result of two generations of seed production in various districts within Western Canada.
Leaf Area Index and Radiation as Related to Corn Yield1
Authors: Scarsbrook C. E. , Doss B. D.
Published: July 2010

Two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids were grown in 1969 and 1970 under irrigation at populations of 20,000, 40,000, and 80,000 plants/ha and at 51 and 102 cm row widths.

The purpose of the research was to determine the relationship of radiation and partial leaf area indices (LAI's) to corn yields. Radiation in the 350 to 450 nm range was measured at 0, 60, 120, and 180 cm above ground during four 3‐day radiation periods. LAI measurements were made once each year during the grain filling stage of growth. The coefficient of determination (R2 = .64) between grain yield and LAI of the 120‐ to 180‐cm segment was the highest of any 60 cm segment and was equal to the coefficient of determination between grain and the total LAI. The coefficient (R2 = .64) between stover yield and the 120 to 180 cm LAI was higher than that between stover yield and the total LAI (R2 = .56).

There was a satisfactory fit of the data to a linear regression of grain yield on radiation measured either at 0 or 60 cm above ground. From 61 to 74% of the variation in grain yield was predicted by radiation measured at 0 or 60 cm heights.
Cell Wall Properties of Cotton Roots as Influenced by Calcium and Salinity1
Authors: Gerard C. J. , Hinojosa E.
Published: July 2010

Research was conducted to determine the influences of salinity and Ca uptake on cell wall properties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) roots. It was postulated that examination of cell wall properties might give insight on the role of Ca in moderating the influences of salinity and toxic ions on cellular stability and plant growth. Age and Ca are essential to the development of thick cell walls in the stele. Thick cell wails exhibit high birefringence under polarized light. Salinity reduced Ca uptake and concentration of cotton roots. Xylem and phloem cell walls of cotton roots grown in solutions with sufficient Ca and low salinity thickened and in about 70 hours, exhibited high birefringence. Young cell walls in the pericycle or laterals did not exhibit birefringence. Even at adequate level of Ca, salinity retarded the development of thick cell walls and high birefringence in the stele to about 140 hours. The time required to develop thick cell walls may determine cellular stability or breakdown. The birefringent properties of certain plant parts seem to offer opportunities to study cellular disorders in plants due to the stress conditions of Ca deficiency or salinity.
Effect of Nitrogen Source, Rate, and Timing on Growth and Carbohydrates of Merion Bluegrass1
Authors: Watschke T. L. , Waddington D. V.
Published: July 2010

Nitrogen fertility stimulates turfgrass growth and, therefore, reduces carbohydrates. Turfgrass response to stresses (heat, drought, and disease) is improved when carbohydrates are highest. This study was conducted to determine the effect of different nitrogen sources, rates, and time of application on the growth and soluble carbohydrate content of ‘Merion’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.).

During 1971 and 1972 Merion was fertilized with urea, Uramite (ureaformaldehyde), Milorganite (activated sewage sludge), IBDU (isobutylidine diurea), and Urex (extruded urea‐paraffin matrix) at different rates and application dates. Growth was measured weekly and total nonstructural carbohydrate content every 2 weeks. Growth stimulation from slow release sources reduced carbohydrates when temperatures were high; improved growth uniformity resulted from split applications of these materials. Urex stimulates early growth more than other slow release sources, resulting in a severe depletion of carbohydrates prior to warm weather. Multiple applications of Urea and Milorganite gave more uniform growth throughout. the season with less fluctuation of carbohydrates than other sources. Nitrogen fertility, moisture, and temperature, collectively, interacted with the metabolism of Merion, their effects being readily reflected in the total nonstructural carbohydrate content. Periodic cool spells during the season offset reductions in carbohydrates caused by nitrogen fertilization, regardless of the fertilizer source. However, prolonged warm spells occur along the southern boundary of cool‐season turfgrass adaptation, and we conclude these temperature stresses could have severe effects, particularly if the stresses coincide with nitrogen induced carbohydrate depletion.
Nitrogen Fixation by Soybeans as Influenced by Inoculum Placement: Greenhouse Studies1
Authors: Wilson D. O.
Published: July 2010

Maximum summer surface soil temperatures in many areas greatly exceed the optimum temperature for symbiotic N fixation by legumes. Formation of nodules on roots deep in the soil may enhance N fixation because of reduced extremes in soil temperature and moisture. The purpose of the study was to determine whether nodule position could be controlled by inoculum placement and the effect of surface soil moisture on N fixation by such nodules.

Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were grown in a greenhouse at Experiment, Georgia, in plastic pots containing preplaced rhizobial inoculum and 1.5 mg molybdenum at 15, 100, and 200 mm below the soil surface. High (90% field capacity) and low (air‐dry) surface soil moisture treatments were also included. Two experiments were conducted, one at moderate and the other at relatively high greenhouse temperatures (27 to 30 C and 37 to 41 C daily maxima, respectively). In all treatments, inoculation depth strongly influenced the pattern of nodule development with most of the nodular tissue forming on roots at or near the depth of inoculation. At moderate greenhouse temperatures, neither inoculation depth nor surface soil moisture affected the amount of N fixed. At relatively high greenhouse temperatures, plants in the low surface soil moisture treatments fixed less than 25% of the N fixed by those in the high surface soil moisture treatments at the 15 mm inoculation depth. A decrease in N fixation at the deeper inoculation depths was also observed at the higher greenhouse temperatures.