bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traffic and nucleation events as main sources of ultrafine particles in high-insolation developed world cities
Authors: Brines M. , Dall'Osto M. , Beddows D. C. S. , Harrison R. M. , Gómez-Moreno F. , Núñez L. , Artíñano B. , Costabile F. , Gobbi G. P. , Salimi F. , Morawska L. , Sioutas C. , Querol X.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Road traffic emissions are often considered the main source of ultrafine particles (UFP, diameter smaller than 100 nm) in urban environments. However, recent studies worldwide have shown that – in high-insolation urban regions at least – new particle formation events can also contribute to UFP. In order to quantify such events we systematically studied three cities located in predominantly sunny environments: Barcelona (Spain), Madrid (Spain) and Brisbane (Australia). Three long-term data sets (1–2 years) of fine and ultrafine particle number size distributions (measured by SMPS, Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer) were analysed. Compared to total particle number concentrations, aerosol size distributions offer far more information on the type, origin and atmospheric evolution of the particles. By applying k-means clustering analysis, we categorized the collected aerosol size distributions into three main categories: "Traffic" (prevailing 44–63% of the time), "Nucleation" (14–19%) and "Background pollution and Specific cases" (7–22%). Measurements from Rome (Italy) and Los Angeles (USA) were also included to complement the study. The daily variation of the average UFP concentrations for a typical nucleation day at each site revealed a similar pattern for all cities, with three distinct particle bursts. A morning and an evening spike reflected traffic rush hours, whereas a third one at midday showed nucleation events. The photochemically nucleated particles' burst lasted 1–4 h, reaching sizes of 30–40 nm. On average, the occurrence of particle size spectra dominated by nucleation events was 16% of the time, showing the importance of this process as a source of UFP in urban environments exposed to high solar radiation. Nucleation events lasting for 2 h or more occurred on 55% of the days, this extending to > 4 h in 28% of the days, demonstrating that atmospheric conditions in urban environments are not favourable to the growth of photochemically nucleated particles. In summary, although traffic remains the main source of UFP in urban areas, in developed countries with high insolation urban nucleation events are also a main source of UFP. If traffic-related particle concentrations are reduced in the future, nucleation events will likely increase in urban areas, due to the reduced urban condensation sinks.
A comparison of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields and composition from ozonolysis of monoterpenes at varying concentrations of NO2
Authors: Draper D. C. , Farmer D. K. , Desyaterik Y. , Fry J. L.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The effect of NO2 on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from ozonolysis of α-pinene, β-pinene, Δ3-carene, and limonene was investigated using a dark flow-through reaction chamber. SOA mass yields were calculated for each monoterpene from ozonolysis with varying NO2 concentrations. Kinetics modeling of the first generation gas-phase chemistry suggests that differences in observed aerosol yields for different NO2 concentrations are consistent with NO3 formation and subsequent competition between O3 and NO3 to oxidize each monoterpene. α-pinene was the only monoterpene studied that showed a systematic decrease in both aerosol number concentration and mass concentration with increasing [NO2]. β-pinene and Δ3-carene produced fewer particles at higher [NO2], but both retained moderate mass yields. Limonene exhibited both higher number concentrations and greater mass concentrations at higher [NO2]. SOA from each experiment was collected and analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MS, enabling comparisons between product distributions for each system. In general, the systems influenced by NO3 oxidation contained more high molecular weight products (MW >400 amu), suggesting the importance of oligomerization mechanisms in NO3-initiated SOA formation. α-pinene, which showed anomalously low aerosol mass yields in the presence of NO2, showed no increase in these oligomer peaks, suggesting that lack of oligomer formation is a likely cause of α-pinene's near 0% yields with NO3. Through direct comparisons of mixed-oxidant systems, this work suggests that NO3 is likely to dominate nighttime oxidation pathways in most regions with both biogenic and anthropogenic influences. Therefore, accurately constraining SOA yields from NO3 oxidation, which vary substantially with the VOC precursor, is essential in predicting nighttime aerosol production.
Comparison of UV–VIS and FDOM sensors for in situ monitoring of stream DOC concentrations
Authors: Lee E.-J. , Yoo G.-Y. , Jeong Y. , Kim K.-U. , Park J.-H. , Oh N.-H.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Optical measurements using ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectrophotometric sensors and fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) sensors have recently been used as proxies of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in streams and rivers at a high temporal resolution. Despite the merits of the sensors, temperature changes and particulate matter in water can interfere with the sensor readings, over- or underestimating DOC concentrations. However, little efforts have been made to compare responses of the two types of the sensors to critical interferences such as temperature and turbidity. The performance of a UV–VIS sensor and an FDOM sensor was compared in both laboratory experiments and in situ monitoring in a forest stream in Korea during three storm events. Although the UV–VIS sensor did not require temperature correction in laboratory experiments using the forest stream water, the deviations of its values from the DOC concentrations measured with a TOC analyzer increased linearly as turbidity increased. In contrast, the FDOM sensor outputs decreased significantly as temperature or turbidity increased, requiring temperature and turbidity correction for in situ monitoring of DOC concentrations. The results suggest that temperature correction is relatively straightforward but turbidity correction may not be simple because the attenuation of light by particles can significantly reduce the sensitivity of the sensors in highly turbid waters. Shifts in composition of fluorophores also need to be carefully tracked using periodically collected samples since light absorbance and fluorescence can vary as the concentrations of dominant fluorophores change.
Greenhouse gas balance of cropland conversion to bioenergy poplar short rotation coppice
Authors: Sabbatini S. , Arriga N. , Bertolini T. , Castaldi S. , Chiti T. , Consalvo C. , Njakou Djomo S. , Gioli B. , Matteucci G. , Papale D.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. The production of bioenergy in Europe is one of the strategies conceived to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The suitability of the land use change from a cropland (REF site) to a short rotation coppice plantation of hybrid poplar (SRC site) was investigated by comparing the GHG budgets of these two systems over 24 months in Viterbo, Italy. Eddy covariance measurements were carried out to quantify the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (FCO2), whereas chambers were used to measure N2O and CH4 emissions from soil. Soil organic carbon (SOC) of an older poplar plantation was used to estimate via a regression the SOC loss due to SRC establishment. Emissions from tractors and from production and transport of agricultural inputs (FMAN) were modelled and GHG emission offset due to fossil fuel substitution was credited to the SRC site considering the C intensity of natural gas. Emissions due to the use of the biomass (FEXP) were also considered. The suitability was finally assessed comparing the GHG budgets of the two sites. FCO2 was the higher flux in the SRC site (−3512 ± 224 g CO2 eq m−2 in two years), while in the REF site it was −1838 ± 107 g CO2 m−2 in two years. FEXP was equal to 1858 ± 240 g CO2 m−2 in 24 months in the REF site, thus basically compensating FCO2, while it was 1118 ± 521 g CO2 eq m−2 in 24 months in the SRC site. This latter could offset −379.7 ± 175.1 g CO2 eq m−2 from fossil fuel displacement. Soil CH4 and N2O fluxes were negligible. FMAN weighed 2 and 4% in the GHG budgets of SRC and REF sites respectively, while the SOC loss weighed 455 ± 524 g CO2 m−2 in two years. Overall, the REF site was close to neutrality in a GHG perspective (156 ± 264 g CO2 eq m−2), while the SRC site was a net sink of −2202 ± 792 g CO2 eq m−2. In conclusion the experiment led to a positive evaluation of the conversion of cropland to bioenergy SRC from a GHG viewpoint.
Short-term velocity variations of three rock glaciers and their relationship with meteorological conditions
Authors: Wirz V. , Gruber S. , Purves R. S. , Beutel J. , Gärtner-Roer I. , Gubler S. , Vieli A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. In recent years, strong variations in the speed of rock glaciers have been detected, raising questions about their stability in a changed climate. In this study, we present continuous time series over three years of surface velocities of six GPS stations located on three rock glaciers in Switzerland. Intra-annual velocity variations are analyzed in relation to local meteorological factors, such as precipitation, snow(melt), as well as air and ground surface temperatures. A main focus of this study lies on the abrupt velocity peaks, which have been detected at two steep and fast moving rock glacier tongues. The continuous measurements with high temporal resolution revealed that all rock glaciers experience clear intra-annual variations in movement where the timing and the amplitude is rather similar between individual years. The seasonal decrease in velocity was typically smooth, starting one to three months after the seasonal decrease in temperatures, and was stronger in years with colder temperatures in mid winter. The seasonal acceleration always started during the zero curtain period, often was abrupt and rapid compared to the winter deceleration, and at two stations it was interrupted by short velocity peaks, occurring immediately after high water input from snowmelt or heavy precipitation. The findings of this study suggest that both, the seasonal acceleration and the short velocity peaks are strongly influenced by water infiltration, causing thermal advection and increase in pore water pressure, and that likely no velocity peak was solely caused by high temperatures. In contrast, the amount of deceleration in winter seems to be mainly controlled by winter temperatures.
Creating long term gridded fields of reference evapotranspiration in Alpine terrain based on a re-calibrated Hargreaves method
Authors: Haslinger K. , Bartsch A.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. A new approach for the construction of high resolution gridded fields of reference evapotranspiration for the Austrian domain on a daily time step is presented. Forcing fields of gridded data of minimum and maximum temperatures are used to estimate reference evapotranspiration based on the formulation of Hargreaves. The calibration constant in the Hargreaves equation is recalibrated to the Penman–Monteith equation, which is recommended by the FAO, in a monthly and station-wise assessment. This ensures on one hand eliminated biases of the Hargreaves approach compared to the formulation of Penman–Monteith and on the other hand also reduced root mean square errors and relative errors on a daily time scale. The resulting new calibration parameters are interpolated in time to a daily temporal resolution for a standard year of 365 days. The overall novelty of the approach is the conduction of surface elevation as a predictor to estimate the re-calibrated Hargreaves parameter in space. A third order spline is fitted to the re-calibrated parameters against elevation at every station and yields the statistical model for assessing these new parameters in space by using the underlying digital elevation model of the temperature fields. Having newly calibrated parameters for every day of year and every grid point, the Hargreaves method is applied to the temperature fields, yielding reference evapotranspiration for the entire grid and time period from 1961–2013. With this approach it is possible to generate high resolution reference evapotranspiration fields starting when only temperature observations are available but re-calibrated to meet the requirements of the recommendations defined by the FAO.
Responses of vertical soil moisture to rainfall pulses and land uses in a typical loess hilly area, China
Authors: Yu Y. , Wei W. , Chen L. D. , Jia F. Y. , Yang L. , Zhang H. D. , Feng T. J.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Soil moisture plays a key role in vegetation restoration and ecosystem stability in arid and semiarid regions. The response of soil moisture to rainfall pulses is an important hydrological process, which is strongly influenced by land use during the implementation of vegetation restoration. In this study, vertical soil moisture variations of woodland (Pinus tabulaeformis), native grassland (Stipa bungeana), shrubland (Hippophea rhamnoides), cropland (Triticum aestivum) and artificial grassland (Onobrychis viciaefolia) in five soil profiles were monitored in a typical loess hilly area during the 2010 growing season. The results demonstrated that rainfall pulses directly affected soil moisture variation. A multi-peak pattern of soil moisture appeared during the growing season, notably in the surface soil layer. Meanwhile, the response of each vegetation type to rainfall was inconsistent, and a time-lag effect before reaching the peak value was detected, following each heavy rainfall event. The response duration of soil moisture, however, varied markedly with the size of rainfall events. Furthermore, higher soil water content was detected in grassland and shrubland. Woodland was characterized by relatively lower soil moisture values throughout the investigation period. Our research suggests that vegetation restoration efforts should give priority to grassland and shrubland at the research site. We suggest that more studies should be focused on the characteristics of community structure and spatial vegetation distribution on soil moisture dynamics, particularly within the grass and shrub ecosystems.
On the spectrum of one dimensional p-Laplacian for an eigenvalue problem with Neumann boundary conditions
Authors: Dakkak Ahmed , El Habib Siham , Tsouli Najib
Published: May 2015

This work deals with an indefinite weight one dimensional eigenvalue problem of the p-Laplacian operator subject to Neumann boundary conditions. We are interested in some properties of the spectrum like simplicity, monotonicity and strict monotonicity with respect to the weight. We also aim the study of zeros points of eigenfunctions.
I_g - Submaximal spaces
Authors: Bhavani K. , Sivaraj D.
Published: May 2015

In this paper we define I_g-submaximal spaces and study its charecterizations and properties.
Fractional differintegral operators of the generalized Mittag-Leffler function
Authors: Gupta Anjali , Parihar C. L.
Published: May 2015

The Riemann-Liouville and Erdélyi-Kober operators of fractional integrals and derivatives,those were generalized by Saigo, are invoked to the generalized Mittag-Lefflerfunction. Some apparent particular cases are mentioned
Infinitely many solutions for a nonlinear Navier boundary systems involving $(p(x),q(x))$-biharmonic
Authors: Allaoui Mostafa , El Amrouss Abdel Rachid , Ourraoui Anass
Published: May 2015

In this article, we study the following $(p(x),q(x))$-biharmonic type system \begin{gather*} \Delta(|\Delta u|^{p(x)-2}\Delta u)=\lambda F_u(x,u,v)\quad\text{in }\Omega,\\ \Delta(|\Delta v|^{q(x)-2}\Delta v)=\lambda F_v(x,u,v)\quad\text{in }\Omega,\\ u=v=\Delta u=\Delta v=0\quad  \text{on }\partial\Omega. \end{gather*} We prove the existence of infinitely many solutions of the problem byapplying a general variational principle due to B. Ricceri and the theory of the variable exponent Sobolev spaces.
Some remarks on statistical summability of order $\tilde{\alpha}$ defined by generalized De la Vall\'{e}e-Pousin Mean
Authors: Meenakshi Chawla , Kumar Vijay , Saroa M. S.
Published: May 2015

In this work we define $(\lambda, \mu)-$statistical summability and $(V, \lambda, \mu)-$\\summability of order $\tilde{\alpha}$ for double sequences and obtain some relations between these summability methods. We demonstrate examples which shows our method of summability is more general for double sequences.
Numerical solution of Burger's equation based on cubic B-splines quasi-interpolants and matrix arguments
Authors: Chakrone Omar , Diyer Okacha , Sbibih Driss
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we give an efficient method for solvingBurger's equation. The numerical scheme equation is based on cubicB-spline quasi-interpolants and some techniques of matrix arguments. We find an iterative expression which is easy to implement and we give also the erroriterative scheme. Then we compare the obtained approximate solutionwith that given by the methods introduced in \cite{C1} and\cite{D1}.
$\mathcal{I}$ and $\mathcal{I}^{\ast}$ convergence of multiple sequences of fuzzy numbers
Authors: Kumar Pankaj , Kumar Vijay , Bhatia S. S.
Published: May 2015

Recently, the concept of statistical convergence for multiple sequences of fuzzy numbers has been studied by Kumar et al. This motivate us to extend the idea of $\mathcal{I}$-convergence to sequences of fuzzy numbers of multiplicity greater than two.
On timelike parallel pi-Equidistant ruled surfaces with a timelike base curve in the Minkowski 3-space R3 1
Authors: Masal Melek , Kuruoğlu Nuri
Published: May 2015

In this paper, timelike parallel pi-equidistant ruled surfaces with atimelike base curve are dened and the shape operators, shape tensor, the qth fundamental forms and the characteristic polynomials of the shape tensors of thesesurfaces are obtained. Then, some relations between them are found. Finally, anexample for the timelike parallel p2 equidistant ruled surfaces by a timelike basecurve in the Minkowski 3-space R31 is given.
Existence and multiplicity of solutions for a $p(x)$-Kirchhoff type problems
Authors: Hssini El Miloud , Massar Mohammed , Tsouli Najib
Published: May 2015

This paper is concerned with the existence and multiplicity of solutions for a class of $p(x)$-Kirchhoff type equations with Neumann boundary condition. Our technical approach is based on variational methods.
A new characterization of $A_{p}$ with $p $ and $p-2$ are twin primes
Authors: Salehi Amiri Seyed Sadegh , Khalili Asboei Alireza
Published: May 2015

Let $G$ be a finite group and $\pi_{e}(G)$ be the set of elements order of $G$. Let $k \in \pi_{e}(G)$ and $m_{k}$ be the number of elements of order $k$ in $G$. Set nse($G$):=$\{ m_{k} | k \in \pi_{e}(G)\}$. Assume $p$ and $p-2$ are twin primes. We prove that if $G$ is a group such that nse($G$)=nse($A_{p}$) and $p\in \pi (G)$, then $G \cong A_{p}$. As a consequence of our results we prove that $A_{p}$ is uniquely determined by its nse and order.
Fiscal Squeeze in Germany:
Authors: Lodge Martin , Wegrich Kai
Published: May 2015

Decisive fiscal squeeze might surprise observers of the German political system, insofar as party political dynamics, welfare state complexity, and intergovernmental financial arrangements are commonly said to inhibit decisive reforms. This chapter traces the fiscal squeeze carried out in post-unification Germany in the 1990s and 2000s and highlights how the politics of fiscal squeeze had damaging political consequences for the Social Democratic Party. Squeeze at the federal government level was largely about ‘natural wastage’ in staff numbers and targeted cutbacks. The welfare state witnessed considerable reform as a result of cumulating pressures resulting from unification, triggering significant political consequences. Finally, squeezing at the level of the intergovernmental fiscal transfers reflected attempts to contain fiscal pressures on local governments, and wider pressures within the system of German federalism, leading to the creation of a constitutional ‘debt brake’ on public budgets.
Fiscal Squeeze in Sweden, 1990–1997:
Authors: Lindbom Anders
Published: May 2015

This chapter describes how the Swedish fiscal squeeze of the 1990s was implemented and the effects it had. The economic effects of the fiscal squeeze were largely positive, in that the Swedish economy made a remarkable recovery. Moreover, the squeeze was achieved without changing the basic characteristics of the famous ‘Swedish model’ welfare state. However, unemployment did not return to the very low levels Sweden used to have before the 1990s. This partly explains increasing relative poverty. Short-run political effects of the fiscal squeeze were noticeable in 1998. After a temporary recovery in 2002, the relatively high unemployment hurt the incumbent party in the election of 2006 when the Social Democrats experienced historically bad electoral consequences. The fiscal squeeze cost the party a trump card: its status as the guardian of the Swedish welfare state is no longer unchallenged.
Ethnic Penalties and Premia at the End of Lower Secondary Education
Authors: Heath Anthony , Rothon Catherine
Published: May 2015

This chapter investigates the grades and test scores of second-generation minorities at the end of compulsory schooling (around age fifteen). We document the differences in overall achievement both between minorities and between countries, showing that Chinese and some other Asian groups out-perform the majority group while Turkish, North African, Caribbean, Sub-Saharan African groups and many European minorities all perform less well. Whilst the disadvantage of many European minorities can largely be explained by their disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds, socioeconomic background does not explain the disadvantages experienced by minorities with Turkish and North African backgrounds, meaning that these groups experience significant ‘ethnic penalties’ even after controlling for their parent's socioeconomic circumstances. Conversely, the Chinese experience substantial ‘ethnic premia’. We then investigate explanations for these ethnic premia and penalties, concluding by considering the extent to which different countries offer more or less favourable environments for the educational success of the children of immigrants.
Gender and Ethnic Inequalities across the Educational Career
Authors: Fleischmann Fenella
Published: May 2015

This chapter examines whether the second generation has assimilated to Western patterns of female advantage in education. In contrast to most industrialised societies, which have witnessed a change towards female advantage in education in recent decades, gender gaps in education in ethnic minorities’ origin countries vary greatly, with persistent female disadvantage in world regions where many of the minorities under study originate. Interactions between female gender and ethnic background are examined for the five educational outcomes analysed in the previous chapters, thus covering the entire educational career. The results show that gender gaps among the second generation are on the whole as large and in the same direction as among the majority population. Thus the female disadvantage found in the parental generation disappears in the children's generation and is replaced by the same pattern of female advantage that is found among majority groups in Western countries.
Framing Farming
Authors: Bogaard Amy
Published: May 2015

This chapter considers how the integration of different methodological approaches to crop growing conditions—stable isotope analysis of crop remains and ecological analysis of associated weeds—can refine social interpretations of Neolithic farming practice. Plant isotope values also constrain palaeodietary interpretation of humans and animals. Case studies from south-east, central and north-west Europe contribute to an assessment of diversity in the Neolithic. Often characterised as small-scale and labour-intensive, significant variation in early farming regimes existed even across the arable landscapes of individual settlements. Different communities developed distinct solutions to the problem of limited labour, manure and crop diversity. The absolute dietary importance of crops in early farming diets can only be assessed by taking actual stable isotope values of associated crop remains into account; initial results suggest that crop values were affected to varying extents by manuring, leading to the role of crops systematically under-estimated in standard palaeodietary interpretation.
Doing Science in the Mesolithic, Neolithic and Copper Age
Authors: Chapman John
Published: May 2015

This chapter explores the ways in which categories of class and order have been built up into science in later prehistoric south-east Europe. Five themes related to scientific principles are explored: harmonious proportions and the geometry of buildings; an aesthetic of geometric order for the design of objects; numerology; calendrical observations; and the geometry of plaited patterns and woven structures. It is undesirable to separate the ritual from the domestic, the scientific from the technological or the pragmatic from the symbolic in the interpretation of the material culture under discussion. The author proposes that, under certain social conditions, there arose opportunities for more complex cognitive formulations than in the everyday formulation and use of the four main principles of object design—symmetry, precision, compartmentalisation and standardisation—found over a wide area of central and south-east Europe and covering four millennia.
Paradoxes of Engagement with Irish Language Community Management, Practice, and Ideology
Authors: hIfearnáin Tadhg Ó
Published: May 2015

Since gaining independence in 1922, the Irish Government’s pro-Irish language policy has gone through several stages of development, moving from openly coercive maintenance strategies in designated areas (Gaeltacht) and obligatory Irish-medium schooling throughout the country, to a contemporary stance where the state sees Irish speakers as customers who require services. Policy for the majority Anglophone population is now based on a heritage role for Irish. Despite the evolution of state and community policies, some early ideological stances have remained at the core of decision-making. In the first decade of the twenty-first century the state has further reassessed its positions. The power of ideologically driven state language policy has inevitably produced mismatches which may paradoxically have further endangered the future of Irish as a community language. This chapter focuses on the stance of the monolingual English-speaking minority and inactive Irish speakers in Gaeltacht regions.
Reflections on the Promotion of an Endangered Language:
Authors: Rasom Olimpia
Published: May 2015

This chapter investigates the linguistic beliefs and ideologies of Ladin women in the Dolomites in Italy. The reasons that lead women to speak their heritage language in a progressively globalized Europe were investigated, to identify the role of ideologies about language and culture in shaping personal views. Focus groups of no more than seven women per group allowed the creation of a constructive setting where each woman could express her own ideas, which progressively evolved as other women’s opinions were heard. Life history interviews were used to investigate the ideologies of women aged 70 and over. Results suggest that reflection may lead to greater awareness of what it means to speak the ‘mother tongue’ and the consequent implications for an endangered minority language. Reflecting together makes women aware of their own skills and fosters willingness to promote their language and culture.
Language Beliefs and the Management of Endangered Languages
Authors: Spolsky Bernard
Published: May 2015

Language beliefs and ideologies constitute a central component of a theory of language policy. The other interrelated but independent components are the language practices of the community being studied and language management. This chapter explores the relationship between beliefs and management, especially with reference to efforts to manage (preserve or restore) language varieties that are felt to be under threat. It also summarizes the evidence presented in the other chapters in this volume.
« J’aime jardiner et rapporter quelque chose à la maison. » Le jardin botanique comme espace éducatif non formel et outil de développement des jeunes
Authors: Rahm Jrène , Martel-Reny Marie-Paule , Simard Violène
Published: May 2015

Bien que l’on entende souvent parler de la valeur éducative du jardinage, on pourrait se demander pourquoi un groupe d’adolescents en milieu urbain s’engagent, été après été, à s’occuper d’un petit jardin admiré par le public du Jardin botanique où les jardinets sont situés. Notre étude de cas porte sur le programme Jardins-jeunes, du Jardin botanique de Montréal, qui s’est tenu à l’été 2005. Pendant huit semaines, nous avons suivi les activités des jeunes de 12 à 15 ans, qui participaient à ce programme. Les résultats mettent en évidence l’importance que ces jeunes accordent au jardinage, qui les rapproche de la nature et entraîne un développement identitaire ancré dans le respect de la terre et de soi-même, en même temps que la construction d’un équilibre entre le corps et l’esprit. Pour les adolescents, être à l’extérieur et « s’occuper » pendant l’été s’avère tout aussi valorisant que de se faire des nouveaux amis avec qui discuter de sujets qui les préoccupent. De plus, ce programme donne aux visiteurs une image positive des jeunes. Les jardins botaniques devraient donc être vus à la fois comme des espaces d’éducation non formelle et comme des sanctuaires de développement des jeunes.
Analyser la reconnaissance du point de vue autochtone dans une exposition muséale
Authors: Soulier Virginie
Published: May 2015

La recherche porte sur les pratiques collaboratives entre les peuples autochtones et les professionnels des musées canadiens. Plus spécifiquement, elle concerne l’interprétation du point de vue autochtone dans les expositions. Comment des visiteurs autochtones et allochtones s’approprient-ils le point de vue autochtone inscrit dans le dispositif expositionnel et le patrimoine autochtone en contexte de décolonisation? Le média exposition qui combine plusieurs points de vue d’origine à la fois muséale et autochtone est qualifié de polyphonique dans notre travail. L’article décrit la démarche mise en place pour analyser la réception d’une exposition muséale qui met en valeur les voix des communautés autochtones, en juxtaposition avec celles de l’artiste Edward Curtis et d’un conservateur de musée. L’enquête est réalisée sous forme d’activité pédagogique. Les observations et les entretiens menés dans le cadre de l’activité permettent de mettre au jour les logiques de reconnaissance à l’oeuvre entre les visiteurs et le média exposition.
Mutations en muséologie et programmes de formation à l’Université du Québec en Outaouais
Authors: Guzin Lukic Nada
Published: May 2015

La recherche en muséologie et la mutation des pratiques muséales continuent à nourrir et à modifier les formations en ce domaine, notamment au Québec. La prolifération des institutions muséales, depuis le boom des années 1980, le développement de la muséologie et, en parallèle, l’évolution des professions des musées ont pour résultat d’accroître leur offre. La plupart des formations en muséologie sont proposées aux cycles supérieurs. En revanche, les études de 1er cycle universitaire, tant au Québec qu’au Canada, ont tardé à faire leur apparition. Seule l’Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO) offre un programme en muséologie au 1er cycle. Les études préalables à l’ouverture du programme ont montré que plusieurs postes demandent des compétences en muséologie, mais sans exiger nécessairement des études de maîtrise ou de doctorat. De plus, le fait d’enseigner les bases de la muséologie au 1er cycle permet l’approfondissement des connaissances aux cycles supérieurs. Cette approche se veut cohérente avec la mise sur pied du programme de maîtrise en muséologie et pratiques des arts, dont la concentration en muséologie dispose d’un profil avec mémoire. Enfin, les formations offertes en muséologie à l’UQO soulèvent plusieurs questions sur l’enseignement de la muséologie, son contenu, ses approches, ses méthodologies et son aboutissement.
Fête urbaine et poésie en voix
Authors: Brissette Pascal
Published: May 2015

Qu’est-ce que la poésie en voix ? Qu’est-ce qui était attendu d’un poète déclamant
un poème à la fin du xixe siècle et quelle était
la portée sociale et culturelle de cette pratique au Québec ? Qu’est-ce qui a changé entre
1899, année où Nelligan déclama sa « Romance du vin » devant l’élite montréalaise assemblée
au château Ramezay, et 1970, année où se tint la Nuit poétique de fameuse mémoire au théâtre
du Gèsu ? En réfléchissant à la genèse et aux conditions de production de deux séries
d’événements notoires dans l’histoire de la poésie en voix au Québec (les Soirées de l’École
littéraire de Montréal et les Nuits de la poésie), le présent article voudrait fournir
quelques éléments de réponse à ces questions.
La poésie sur les ondes radiophoniques
Authors: Cambron Micheline
Published: May 2015

Dans l’économie des genres des années 1930, le roman occupe une place importante, légitimée, entre autres, par la parution de Maria Chapdelaine. Pourtant les poètes continuent à être des personnages reconnus, présents dans les périodiques et dans les institutions culturelles. L’auteure fait l’hypothèse que c’est la radio qui manifeste le mieux l’importance des poètes dans l’espace public, elle qui fait entendre à un public élargi leur poésie et même parfois leur voix. Elle se penche principalement sur les émissions de poésie animées par Robert Choquette et sur L’heure provinciale afin de mieux comprendre le statut de la poésie et des poètes dans la société québécoise des années 1930, et le rôle de l’oralisation de la poésie à la radio dans sa diffusion et sa légitimation.
Nostalgie et utopie dans l’oeuvre de Lise Tremblay
Authors: Chassaing Irène
Published: May 2015

Thème récurrent de la littérature québécoise, la nostalgie reste généralement associée à un certain conservatisme. Dans le contexte contemporain de la « surmodernité » (Marc Augé), ce sentiment prend cependant une valeur nouvelle, dont témoigne bien l’oeuvre de Lise Tremblay. Une étude détaillée des romans La pêche blanche et La danse juive ainsi que du recueil de nouvelles La héronnière montre que la nostalgie ne représente pas nécessairement une « tristesse sans objet » (Susan Stewart), un élan stérile portant l’individu vers un passé à la fois idéalisé et inaccessible. Dans l’univers de Lise Tremblay, la nostalgie se définit plutôt comme l’aspiration à un présent transformé, l’élan vers un idéal que porterait l’ensemble de la communauté : elle ouvre les portes de l’utopie.
Post-Treaty Politics
Authors: Jinnah Sikina
Published: May 2015

An argument that secretariats—the administrative arms of international treaties—are political actors in their own right.

Secretariats—the administrative arms of international treaties—-would seem simply to do the bidding of member states. And yet, Sikina Jinnah argues in Post-Treaty Politics, secretariats can play an important role in world politics. On paper, secretariats collect information, communicate with state actors, and coordinate diplomatic activity. In practice, they do much more. As Jinnah shows, they can influence the allocation of resources, structures of interstate cooperation, and the power relationships between states.

Jinnah examines secretariat influence through the lens of overlap management in environmental governance—how secretariats help to manage the dense interplay of issues, rules, and norms between international treaty regimes. Through four case studies, she shows that secretariats can draw on their unique networks and expertise to handle the challenges of overlap management, emerging as political actors in their own right.

After presenting a theory and analytical framework for analyzing secretariat influence, Jinnah examines secretariat influence on overlap management within the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), two cases of overlap management in the World Trade Organization, as well as a case in which the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) secretariat failed to influence political outcomes despite its efforts to manage overlap. Jinnah argues that, even when modest, secretariat influence matters because it can establish a path-dependent dynamic that continues to guide state behavior even after secretariat influence has waned.
Beyond the Big Ditch
Authors: Carse Ashley
Published: May 2015

A historical and ethnographic study of the conflict between global transportation and rural development as the two intersect at the Panama Canal.

In this innovative book, Ashley Carse traces the water that flows into and out from the Panama Canal to explain how global shipping is entangled with Panama's cultural and physical landscapes. By following container ships as they travel downstream along maritime routes and tracing rivers upstream across the populated watershed that feeds the canal, he explores the politics of environmental management around a waterway that links faraway ports and markets to nearby farms, forests, cities, and rural communities.

Carse draws on a wide range of ethnographic and archival material to show the social and ecological implications of transportation across Panama. The Canal moves ships over an aquatic staircase of locks that demand an enormous amount of fresh water from the surrounding region. Each passing ship drains 52 million gallons out to sea—a volume comparable to the daily water use of half a million Panamanians.

Infrastructures like the Panama Canal, Carse argues, do not simply conquer nature; they rework ecologies in ways that serve specific political and economic priorities. Interweaving histories that range from the depopulation of the U.S. Canal Zone a century ago to road construction conflicts and water hyacinth invasions in canal waters, the book illuminates the human and nonhuman actors that have come together at the margins of the famous trade route. 2014 marks the 100th anniversary of the Panama Canal. Beyond the Big Ditch calls us to consider how infrastructures are materially embedded in place, producing environments with winners and losers.
Female mice ultrasonically interact with males during courtship displays
Authors: Neunuebel Joshua P , Taylor Adam L , Arthur Ben J , Egnor SE Roian
Published: May 2015

During courtship males attract females with elaborate behaviors. In mice, these displays include ultrasonic vocalizations. Ultrasonic courtship vocalizations were previously attributed to the courting male, despite evidence that both sexes produce virtually indistinguishable vocalizations. Because of this similarity, and the difficulty of assigning vocalizations to individuals, the vocal contribution of each individual during courtship is unknown. To address this question, we developed a microphone array system to localize vocalizations from socially interacting, individual adult mice. With this system, we show that female mice vocally interact with males during courtship. Males and females jointly increased their vocalization rates during chases. Furthermore, a female's participation in these vocal interactions may function as a signal that indicates a state of increased receptivity. Our results reveal a novel form of vocal communication during mouse courtship, and lay the groundwork for a mechanistic dissection of communication during social behavior.
Late Miocene to Recent formation of the Aure‐Moresby fold‐thrust belt and foreland basin as a consequence of Woodlark microplate rotation, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Ott Bryan , Mann Paul
Published: May 2015

The Aure‐Moresby fold‐thrust belt and Aure‐Moresby foreland basin are located in the eastern Gulf of Papua (GOP), Papua New Guinea (PNG), and formed during late Miocene‐Recent as the result of large‐scale, counterclockwise rotation of the 355,000 km2 Woodlark microplate. To document the structure, stratigraphy, and age of convergent deformation along the poorly studied, western edge of the rotating Woodlark microplate, we integrate results of 2,538 km of previously unpublished 2‐D seismic reflection data with onshore geologic and GPS studies from previous workers. The late Miocene Aure‐Moresby fold‐thrust belt is a 400 km long, northwest‐trending fold‐belt exposed onshore in Papua New Guinea that plunges to the southeast, where continuous folds and northeast‐dipping thrusts can be imaged in the subsurface for more than 250 km. The arcuate trend of the Aure‐Moresby fold‐thrust belt along the southwestern coast and offshore areas of the Papuan peninsula parallels the shape of the adjacent, offshore Aure‐Moresby foreland basin and the strike of the transpressional segment of the left‐lateral Owen‐Stanley fault zone (OSFZ) passing along the center of the Papuan peninsula. As the OSFZ becomes more transtensional east of 148°E, folds of the Aure‐Moresby fold‐thrust belt along southern coast of the peninsula become less prominent, and the adjacent Aure‐Moresby foreland basin transitions into an undeformed Cenozoic passive margin setting. These observations of convergent an left‐lateral deformation along the Aure‐Moresby fold‐thrust belt are consistent with: (1) counterclockwise rotation of the Woodlark microplate known from regional GPS studies; (2) coeval opening of the Woodlark basin along its southern edge in the late Miocene; and (3) rapid subduction at the New Britain trench along its northern edge. The kinematics of the rotating Woodlark microplate are driven by slab pull forces acting on the actively subducting northern edge of the microplate.
Impact of self‐attraction and loading on Earth rotation
Authors: Quinn Katherine J. , Ponte Rui M. , Tamisiea Mark E.
Published: May 2015

The impact of self‐attraction and loading (SAL) on Earth rotation has not been previously considered except at annual timescales. We estimate Earth rotation excitations using models of atmospheric, oceanic, and land hydrology surface mass variations and investigate the importance of including SAL over monthly to interannual timescales. We assess SAL effects in comparison with simple mass balance effects where net mass exchanged with the atmosphere and land is distributed uniformly over the global ocean. For oceanic polar motion excitations, SAL impacts are important even though mass balance impact is minor except at the annual period. This is true of global (atmosphere + land + ocean) polar motion excitations as well, although the SAL impacts are smaller. When estimating length‐of‐day excitations, mass balance effects have a dominant impact, particularly for oceanic excitation. Although SAL can have a significant impact on estimated Earth rotation excitations, its consideration generally did not improve comparisons with geodetic observations. This result may change in the future as surface mass models and Earth rotation observations improve.
Mineral dust impact on snow radiative properties in the European Alps combining ground, UAV, and satellite observations
Authors: Di Mauro B. , Fava F. , Ferrero L. , Garzonio R. , Baccolo G. , Delmonte B. , Colombo R.
Published: May 2015

In this paper, we evaluate the impact of mineral dust (MD) on snow radiative properties in the European Alps at ground, aerial, and satellite scale. A field survey was conducted to acquire snow spectral reflectance measurements with an Analytical Spectral Device (ASD) Field Spec Pro spectroradiometer. Surface snow samples were analyzed to determine the concentration and size distribution of MD in each sample. An overflight of a four‐rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with an RGB digital camera sensor was carried out during the field operations. Finally, Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) data covering the central European Alps were analyzed. Observed reflectance evidenced that MD strongly reduced the spectral reflectance of snow, in particular, from 350 to 600 nm. Reflectance was compared with that simulated by parameterizing the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation radiative transfer model. We defined a novel spectral index, the Snow Darkening Index (SDI), that combines different wavelengths showing nonlinear correlation with measured MD concentrations (R2 = 0.87, root‐mean‐square error = 0.037). We also estimated a positive instantaneous radiative forcing that reaches values up to 153 W/m2 for the most concentrated sampling area. SDI maps at local scale were produced using the UAV data, while regional SDI maps were generated with OLI data. These maps show the spatial distribution of MD in snow after a natural deposition from the Saharan desert. Such postdepositional experimental data are fundamental for validating radiative transfer models and global climate models that simulate the impact of MD on snow radiative properties.
Imaging and Tailoring the Chirality of Domain Walls in Magnetic Films
Authors: Chen Gong , Schmid Andreas K.
Published: May 2015

Electric‐current‐induced magnetization switching is a keystone concept in the development of spintronics devices. In the last few years this field has experienced a significant boost with the discovery of ultrafast domain wall motions and very low threshold currents in structures designed to stabilize chiral spin textures. Imaging domain‐wall spin textures in situ, while fabricating magnetic multilayer structures, is a powerful way to investigate the forces stabilizing this type of chirality, and informs strategies to engineer structures with controlled spin textures. Here, recent results applying spin‐polarized low‐energy electron microscopy to image chiral domain walls in magnetic multilayer films are summarized. Providing a way to measure the strength of the asymmetric exchange interaction that causes the chirality, this approach can be used to tailor the texture and handedness of magnetic domain walls by interface engineering. These results advance understanding of the underlying physics and offer new insights toward the design of spintronic devices.
Bone marrow necrosis in acute leukemia: Clinical characteristic and outcome
Authors: Badar Talha , Shetty Aditya , Bueso‐Ramos Carlos , Cortes Jorge , Konopleva Marina , Borthakur Gautam , Pierce Sherry , Huang Xuelin , Chen Hsiang‐Chun , Kadia Tapan , Daver Naval , Dinardo Courtney , O'Brien Susan , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Kantarjian Hagop , Ravandi Farhad
Published: May 2015

Bone marrow necrosis (BMN) is characterized by infarction of the medullary stroma, leading to marrow necrosis with preserved cortical bone. In reported small series, BMN in hematological malignancies is associated with poor prognosis. We sought to find the impact of BMN on clinical outcome in a relatively larger cohort of patients with acute leukemias. Overall we evaluated 1,691 patients; 1,051 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and 640 with acute lymphocytic leukemia referred to our institution between 2002 and 2013. Patients with AML and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were evaluated separately to determine the incidence of BMN, associated clinical features and its prognostic significance. At initial diagnosis, BMN was observed in 25 (2.4%) patients with AML and 20 (3.2%) patients with ALL. In AML, BMN was significantly associated with French–American–British AML M5 morphology (32% vs. 10%,P = 0.002). The complete remission (CR) rate in AML with and without BMN was 32% and 59% respectively (P = 0.008). Likewise, CR rate in ALL with BMN was also inferior, 70% vs. 92% (P = 0.005). The median overall survival (OS) in AML with BMN was significantly poorer, 3.7 months compared to 14 months without BMN (P = 0.003). Similarly, the median OS in ALL with and without BMN was 61.7 and 72 months respectively (P = 0.33). BMN is not a rare entity in AML and ALL, but is infrequent. BMN in AML and in ALL is suggestive of inferior response and poor prognosis. Am. J. Hematol. 90:769–773, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.