bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Documentation and three‐dimensional modelling of human soleus muscle architecture
Authors: Agur Anne M. , Ng‐Thow‐Hing Victor , Ball Kevin A. , Fiume Eugene , McKee Nancy Hunt
Published: June 2003

The purpose of this study was to visualize and document the architecture of the human soleus muscle throughout its entire volume. The architecture was visualized by creating a three‐dimensional (3D) manipulatable computer model of an entire cadaveric soleus, in situ, using B‐spline solid to display muscle fiber bundles that had been serially dissected, pinned, and digitized. A database of fiber bundle length and angle of pennation throughout the marginal, posterior, and anterior soleus was compiled. The computer model allowed documentation of the architectural parameters in 3D space, with the angle of pennation being measured relative to the tangent plane of the point of attachment of a fiber bundle. Before this study, the only architectural parameters that have been recorded have been 2D. Three‐dimensional reconstruction is an exciting innovation because it makes feasible the creation of an architectural database and allows visualization of each fiber bundle in situ from any perspective. It was concluded that the architecture is non‐uniform throughout the volume of soleus. Detailed architectural studies may lead to the development of muscle models that can more accurately predict interaction between muscle parts, force generation, and the effect of pathologic states on muscle function. Clin. Anat. 16:285–293, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Left musculus sternalis
Authors: Arráez‐Aybar L.A. , Sobrado‐Perez J. , Merida‐Velasco J.R.
Published: June 2003

During routine dissection in the Morphological Sciences Department II of the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, the presence of a sternalis muscle was observed in the left hemithorax of a 70‐year‐old male cadaver. We report on its position, relationships, and innervation, as well as its clinical relevance, indicating some guidelines for its physical examination. We also present a brief overview of the existing literature regarding the nomenclature, historical reports, and incidence of this muscle. Clin. Anat. 16:350–354, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pivotal role of the sub‐supracardinal anastomosis in the development and course of the left renal vein
Authors: Macchi V. , Parenti A. , De Caro R.
Published: June 2003

A retroaortic left renal vein is encountered frequently in the dissecting room and in radiological investigations. A number of recent reports of this variation led us to review the development of the renal veins and the inferior vena cava to understand its etiology. For further insight, we also examined our collection of serial sections of cat embryos. In human embryos of about 15 mm the “renal collar,” a venous ring around the aorta, is formed by anastomoses between subcardinal and supracardinal veins. The ventral part of the “renal collar” is formed from the intersubcardinal anastomosis, the dorsal part from the intersupracardinal anastomosis and the lateral parts from the sub‐supracardinal anastomoses. The primitive renal veins drain venous blood from the metanephros into the sub‐supracardinal anastomoses. A retroaortic left renal vein would form if the dorsal part of the sub‐supracardinal anastomosis and the intersupracardinal anastomosis persist whereas the ventral part of the sub‐supracardinal anastomosis and the intersubcardinal anastomosis regress. Clin. Anat. 16:358–361, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective Rearrangements of Quadruply Hydrogen‐Bonded Dimer Driven by Donor–Acceptor Interaction
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Zhong , Li Xiao‐Qiang , Shao Xue‐Bin , Zhao Xin , Deng Peng , Jiang Xi‐Kui , Li Zhan‐Ting , Chen Ying‐Qi
Published: June 2003

A general method has been developed to control the selective rearrangement of Meijer's AADD quadruply hydrogen‐bonded homodimers by introducing an additional donor–acceptor interaction. Therefore, one donor‐assembling monomer, 1, in which the electron‐rich bis(p‐phenylene)‐34‐crown‐10 moiety is connected to the hydrogen‐bonding moiety, and two acceptor‐assembling monomers, 2 and 3, in which the electron‐deficient pyromellitic diimide or naphthalene diimide group is incorporated, respectively, are synthesized and characterized. 1H NMR and 2D‐NOESY studies show that all these compounds exist as stable homodimers in chloroform. Mixing 1 equiv of 1 with 1 equiv of 2 in chloroform leads to the formation of heterodimers 1⋅2 in ≈60 % yield, as a result of the electrostatic interaction between the bis(p‐phenylene)‐34‐crown‐10 moiety of 1 and the pyromellitic diimide group of 2. Selective formation of heterodimer 1⋅3 (>97 %) was achieved by mixing 1 equiv of 1 with 1 equiv of 3 in chloroform which resulted in a strengthened electrostatic interaction between the bis(p‐phenylene)‐[34]crown‐10 moiety of 1 and the naphthalene diimide group of 3. The structures of heterodimers 1⋅2 and 1⋅3, which have been characterized by 1H NMR and UV/Vis experiments, reveal a remarkable promoting effect between the donor–acceptor interaction and intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding. 1H NMR studies also reveal that heterodimers 1⋅2 and 1⋅3 can be fully and partially dissociated by addition of heterocycle 29, leading to the formation of new more robust heterodimers 1⋅29 and 2⋅29, or 3⋅29,respectively, and partially regenerated by subsequent addition of heterocyclic compound 30 through the formation of a new heterodimer 29⋅30. Heterodimers 1⋅2 and 1⋅3 represent a novel class of pseudo[2]rotaxanes constructed by two different noncovalent interactions.
Theoretical Studies on the Metathesis Processes, [Tp(PH3)MR(η2‐HCH3)] → [Tp(PH3)M(CH3)(η2‐HR)] (M=Fe, Ru, and Os; R=H and CH3)
Authors: Lam Wai Han , Jia Guochen , Lin Zhenyang , Lau Chak Po , Eisenstein Odile
Published: June 2003

Theoretical calculations on the metathesis process, [Tp(PH3)MR(η2‐HCH3)] → [Tp(PH3)M(CH3)(η2‐HR)] (M=Fe, Ru, and Os; R=H and CH3), have been systematically carried out to study their detailed reaction mechanisms. Other than the one‐step mechanism via a four‐center transition state and the two‐step mechanism through an oxidative addition/reductive elimination pathway, a new one‐step mechanism, with a transition state formed under oxidative addition, has been found. Based on the intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations, we found that the trajectories of the transferring hydrogen atom in the metathesis processes studied are similar to each other regardless of the nature of reaction mechanisms.
Synthesis of Directly Linked Zinc(II) Porphyrin–Imide Dyads and Energy Gap Dependence of Intramolecular Electron Transfer Reactions
Authors: Yoshida Naoya , Ishizuka Tomoya , Yofu Katsuyuki , Murakami Masataka , Miyasaka Hiroshi , Okada Tadashi , Nagata Yasushi , Itaya Akira , Cho Hyun Sun , Kim Dongho , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: June 2003

A series of zinc(II) porphyrin–imide dyads (ZP‐Im), in which an electron donating ZP moiety is directly connected to an electron accepting imide moiety in the meso position, have been prepared for the examination of energy gap dependence of intramolecular electron transfer reactions with large electronic coupling. The nearly perpendicular conformation of the imide moiety towards the porphyrin plane has been revealed by Xray crystal structures. The energy gap for charge separation, 1ZP*–Im→ZP+–Im−, is varied by changing the electron accepting imide moiety to cover a range of about 0.8 eV in DMF. Definitive evidence for electron transfer has been obtained in three solvents (toluene, THF, and DMF) through picosecond–femtosecond transient absorption studies, which have allowed us to determine the rates of photoinduced charge separation, 1ZP*–Im→ZP+–Im−, and subsequent thermal charge recombination ZP+–Im−→ZP–Im. The free‐energy gap dependence (energy gap law) has been probed from the normal to the nearly top region for the charge separation rate alone, and only the inverted region for the charge recombination rate. Although both of the energy gap dependencies can be approximately reproduced by means of the simplified semiclassical equation, when we take into consideration the effect of the high frequency vibrations replaced by one mode of averaged frequency, many features, including the effects of solvent polarity and the electron tunneling matrix element on the energy gap law, differ considerably from those of the previously studied porphyrin–quinone systems, which have weaker interchromophore electronic interactions.
3[(d, dxy)(pz)] Excited States of Binuclear Copper(I) Phosphine Complexes: Effect of Copper–Ligand and Copper–Copper Interactions on Excited State Properties and Photocatalytic Reductions of the 4,4′‐Dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridinium Ion in Alcohols.
Authors: Mao Zhong , Chao Hsiu‐Yi , Hui Zheng , Che Chi‐Ming , Fu Wen‐Fu , Cheung Kung‐Kai , Zhu Nianyong
Published: June 2003

A comprehensive study of the structural and spectroscopic properties of two‐, three‐, and four‐coordinate copper(i) complexes with aliphatic phosphine ligands is presented. All complexes described in this work are characterized by Xray crystallography. The intramolecular Cu⋅⋅⋅Cu separations in [Cu2(dcpm)2]X2, [Cu2(dcpm)2(CH3CN)2]X2, and [Cu2(dmpm)3](ClO4)2 (dcpm=bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)methane; dmpm=bis(dimethylphosphino)methane; X=ClO4− and PF6−) are in the range 2.639(2)–3.021(2) Å. The anion⋅⋅⋅CuI interaction is weak, as evidenced by the nearest O⋅⋅⋅Cu separation of 2.558(6) Å in [Cu2(dcpm)2](ClO4)2 and the closest Cu⋅⋅⋅F separation of 2.79(1) Å in [Cu2(dcpm)2](PF6)2. The absorption bands of [Cu2(dcpm)2]X2 and [Cu2(dcpm)2(CH3CN)2]X2 (X=ClO4− and PF6−) at λmax 307–311 nm in CH2Cl2 are assigned as 1[3dσ* → 4pσ] transitions; this has been confirmed by resonance Raman spectroscopy. The triplet emissions in the visible region from these complexes exhibit long lifetimes and are sensitive to the environment. The lowest emissive excited state is tentatively ascribed as 3[(d, dxy)(pz)] in nature. For [Cu2(dcpm)2]2+ salts in CH3CN, the emissive species is postulated to be [Cu2(dcpm)2(CH3CN)n]2+ (n≥3). Efficient photocatalytic reduction of MV2+ (4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridinium) to MV+ in alcoholic solutions by using [Cu2(dcpm)2](PF6)2 or [Cu2(dppm)2(CH3CN)4](ClO4)2 (dppm=bis(diphenylphosphino)methane) as a catalyst has been observed. The addition of CH3CN or use of [Cu2(dmpm)3](ClO4)2 as a catalyst did not allow photocatalytic reduction processes to occur.
Dynamic Covalent Approach to [2]‐ and [3]Rotaxanes by Utilizing a Reversible Thiol–Disulfide Interchange Reaction
Authors: Furusho Yoshio , Oku Tomoya , Hasegawa Toshihide , Tsuboi Akiyoshi , Kihara Nobuhiro , Takata Toshikazu
Published: June 2003

A dynamic covalent approach to disulfide‐containing [2]‐ and [3]rotaxanes is described. Symmetrical dumbbell‐shaped compounds with two secondary ammonium centers and a central located disulfide bond were synthesized as components of rotaxanes. The rotaxanes were synthesized from the dumbbell‐shaped compounds and dibenzo‐[24]crown‐8 (DB24C8) with catalysis by benzenethiol. The yields of isolated rotaxanes reached about 90 % under optimized conditions. A kinetic study on the reaction forming [2]rotaxane 2 a and [3]rotaxane 3 a suggested a plausible reaction mechanism comprising several steps, including 1) initiation, 2) [2]rotaxane formation, and 3) [3]rotaxane formation. The whole reaction was found to be reversible in the presence of thiols, and thermodynamic control over product distribution was thus possible by varying the temperature, solvent, initial ratio of substrates, and concentration. The steric bulk of the end‐capping groups had almost no influence on rotaxane yields, but the structure of the thiol was crucial for reaction rates. Amines and phosphines were also effective as catalysts. The structural characterization of the rotaxanes included an Xray crystallographic study on [3]rotaxane 3 a.
Photochemical and Thermal Isomerization Processes of a Chiral Auxiliary Based Donor–Acceptor Substituted Chiroptical Molecular Switch: Convergent Synthesis, Improved Resolution and Switching Properties
Authors: van Delden Richard A. , Hurenkamp Johannes H. , Feringa Ben L.
Published: June 2003

A new type of chiroptical molecular switch is presented where irradiation employing different wavelengths of light induces a reversible helix inversion of a sterically overcrowded alkene bearing a second chiral entity in the form of a stereogenic center present in a pyrrolidine unit. The additional stereogenic center in the chiral auxiliary group has a distinct influence on the switching selectivity of this system and greatly facilitates the resolution of the different diastereoisomers, which is a considerable improvement compared with previously reported systems. In addition, the pyrrolidine stereogenic center causes small energetic differences between the various states of the switch system resulting in a small but significant directional preference in the helix inversion steps.
Arylazide Cycloaddition to Methyl Propiolate: DFT‐Based Quantitative Prediction of Regioselectivity
Authors: Molteni Giorgio , Ponti Alessandro
Published: June 2003

Several 1(4‐substituted)phenyl‐4‐ or 5methoxycarbonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles have been synthesized by 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of the corresponding arylazides to methyl propiolate in carbon tetrachloride. The regioselectivity of these reactions cannot be rationalized on the basis of the electronic demands of the reactants or frontier molecular‐orbital theory. Therefore, we applied to this problem a quantitative formulation of the HSAB principle to this problem developed within density functional theory. Global and local reactivity indices were computed at B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) level both in vacuo and in carbon tetrachloride (by the COSMO approach). The direction of charge transfer upon reactive encounter has been determined and the computed regioselectivity has been shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results. The relationship between computed and experimental data and how it is affected by the solvent have been discussed.
Synthesis and Nonlinear Optical Properties of Fluorine‐Containing Naphthalocyanines
Authors: Yang Guo Ying , Hanack Michael , Lee Yiew Wang , Chen Yu , Lee May Ka Yuen , Dini Danilo
Published: June 2003

The fluorine‐containing metal naphthalocyanines [F16NcGaCl] (7) and [(F16NcGa)2O] (8), which represent the first examples of peripherally fluorine substituted naphthalocyanines, were synthesized, and the nonlinear optical transmission was studied. Peripheral substitution by fluorine atoms enhances the solubility and photostability of the naphthalocyanines. In particular, for the axially μ‐oxo‐bridged naphthalocyanine dimer 8, practically no aggregation was observed in organic solvents and it has proved to be an efficient optical limiter when irradiated with laser light pulses at the wavelength of 532 nm, with pulse duration of 5 ns and repetition rate of 20 Hz.
The Synthesis of Carboracycles Derived from B,B′‐Bis(aryl) Derivatives of Icosahedral ortho‐Carborane
Authors: Bayer Michael J. , Herzog Axel , Diaz Martin , Harakas George A. , Lee Hans , Knobler Carolyn B. , Hawthorne M. Frederick
Published: June 2003

Reactions of both closo‐9,12‐I2‐1,2‐C2B10H10 and closo‐9,10‐I2‐1,7‐C2B10H10 with an excess of aryl magnesium bromide in the presence of [PdCl2(PPh3)2] afford the corresponding closo‐9,12‐(4‐R‐C6H4)2‐1,2‐C2B10H10 [R=H (1), Me (2), OMe (3), SMe (4), N(CH3)2 (5), Cl (6)] and closo‐9,10‐(4‐R′‐C6H4)2‐1,7‐C2B10H10 [R′=Me (7), OMe (8), N(CH3)2 (9), Cl (10), and ‐C[(OCH2)2]CH3 (11)] compounds in high yields. The anisole derivatives 3 and 8 were deprotected to yield the corresponding bis‐phenols 12 and 13, respectively. Structural analyses of compounds 1, 3, 6, and 12 are reported. Re‐etherification of compound 12 by using γ‐bromotriethyleneglycol methyl ether provided 14 (R=(CH2CH2O)3CH3). Oxidation of 4 with ceric(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) generated the bis‐sulfoxide 15 (R=S(O)Me). Deprotection of compound 11 led to the corresponding acetyl derivative 18 (R′=C(O)Me). Bis‐anisole 3 was tethered with 1,3‐dibromopropane, 1,6‐dibromohexane, 1,8‐dibromooctane, 4,4′‐bis(iodomethyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl, and α,α′‐dibromo‐2,6‐lutidine to afford the dimers 20 b, 21 b, 22 b, 23 b, and 24 b, respectively. The tetrameric carboracycles 27 a and 30 a, as well as the dimeric 29 c were obtained through repetitive coupling of the dimeric compounds 20 b, 24 b, and 22 b with 1,3‐dibromopropane, α,α′‐dibromo‐2,6‐lutidine, and 1,8‐dibromooctane, respectively. The tetrameric carboracycle 28 a was obtained upon consecutive reactions of 1 with 1,4‐dibromobutane. Hexameric carboracycle 28 b was identified as a byproduct. Exhaustive ether cleavage of 27 a generated octaphenol 31 a. Re‐etherification of 31 a with trimethylenesultone provided the octasulfonate 32 a, the first example of a water‐soluble carboracycle. Linkage of dimer 23 b with α,α′‐dibromolutidine yielded the cyclic tetrameric tetrapyridyl derivative 30 a in low yield. The structures of the carboracycles 27 a, 28 a, 28 b, and 30 a have been confirmed by Xray crystallography. In addition, the compounds 28 a,b are the first reported carboracycles that interact with solvent molecules in a host–guest fashion.
Upon the Intriguing Stereoselective Formation of Organobismuth(V) Complexes
Authors: Barucki Hubert , Coles Simon J. , Costello James F. , Hursthouse Michael B.
Published: June 2003

The preparation of triphenylbismuth(V) 3 a–k and antimony(V) 4 e–k bis‐carboxy ester complexes is described. A range of studies in solution suggest that the diastereoselective formation of (RR,SS)‐3 a–j is governed by the thermodynamic stability of rapidly interconverting epimeric species. Diastereoselectivity is absent in the case of the corresponding Sb complexes, leading to the conclusion that a combination of both ligand–ligand (steric) and metal–ligand (hyperconjugative) interactions govern stereoselectivity. The formation of homochiral complexes (RR,SS)‐3 a–j is rationalised using a simple model, invoking for the first time a palindromic BiPh3 propeller moiety, which correlates the chirality of the trans axial carboxy‐ester ligands. The Xray crystal structures of both hetero‐ and homochiral diastereoisomeric antimony complexes (4 h and 4 i, respectively) are presented in support of this model.
Partikeltechnologie: Gestaltung partikulärer Produkte und disperser Systeme
Authors: Teipel U.
Published: June 2003

No abstracts.
Herstellung von flüssigkeitsgetränkten Partikeln mit der CPF‐Technologie
Authors: Grüner S. , Otto F. , Weinreich B.
Published: June 2003

No abstracts.
Methoden zur Charakterisierung des Staubungsverhaltens von Pulvern
Authors: Hamelmann F. , Schmidt E.
Published: June 2003

No abstracts.
Elektrostatisch unterstütztes Mischen feinkörniger Partikel
Authors: Wirth K.‐E. , Linsenbühler M.
Published: June 2003

No abstracts.
Ultraschall zur Bestimmung der Kristallwachstumskinetik
Authors: Glade H. , Ilyaskarov A.M. , Ulrich J.
Published: June 2003

No abstracts.
Filtration von CMP‐Slurries als Voraussetzung für Qualitätssicherung und Entsorgungssicherheit
Authors: Berndt R. , Dalitz L.
Published: June 2003

No abstracts.
Sinkgeschwindigkeit kugelförmiger Teilchen in Suspension bei laminarer bzw. turbulenter Umströmung – Exakte Lösung der Bewegungsgleichung
Authors: Hoffmann B. , Husemann K.
Published: June 2003

No abstracts.
Differential distribution of calbindin D28k and parvalbumin among functionally distinctive sets of structures in the macaque brainstem
Authors: Parvizi Josef , Damasio Antonio R.
Published: June 2003

In a study of brainstem in the cynomolgus monkey, we found that the distribution of calbindin D28K (CB) and parvalbumin (PV) is nonoverlapping among functionally distinct sets of brainstem structures. Nuclei involved in representation and regulation of the organism's internal state contain CB, whereas those involved in the representation of the external environment and the representation or execution of externally directed actions contain only PV. Moreover, our findings indicate that different nuclei known as components of the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) contain either CB or PV or both, suggesting that this system in primates operates with both CB and PV. In line with previously reported findings, we also found that unmyelinated pathways contain only CB, whereas myelinated pathways contain PV. Distribution of CB and PV in the macaque brainstem follows a pattern comparable to, but in some instances significantly different than, the pattern previously reported in the rat. We argue that the nonoverlapping distribution of CB and PV among different structures of the brainstem might reflect underlying differences in the physiological, anatomic, and perhaps phylogenetic properties of these structures. Considering our recent findings of selective vulnerability of brainstem structures to Alzheimer's disease, the present data suggest that the majority of macaque brainstem nuclei that contain CB are vulnerable to neurofibrillary tangles in humans. By contrast, only few nuclei that contain PV exhibit pathologic changes. Some of these nuclei are affected with a high number of neuritic plaques without ever developing neurofibrillary tangles. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:153–167, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parasol cells of the hemiellipsoid body in the crayfish Procambarus clarkii: Dendritic branching patterns and functional implications
Authors: McKinzie Mary Elizabeth , Benton Jeanne L. , Beltz Barbara S. , Mellon DeForest
Published: June 2003

Multimodal, higher‐order sensory integration in decapod crustaceans occurs in local interneurons (parasol cells) within a structure in the lateral protocerebrum, the hemiellipsoid body, which is located dorsal to the terminal medulla. The hemiellipsoid body is targeted by projection neuron inputs by means of the olfactory globular tract from bilateral deutocerebral neuropils, the accessory lobes, which receive secondary visual, mechanosensory, and olfactory inputs. Parasol cell dendrites arborize extensively within the two neuropils of the hemiellipsoid body and possibly have some neurites within another neuropil at its base. The two neuropils of the hemiellipsoid body, neuropils I and II, are known to receive asymmetrical inputs from the contralateral and ipsilateral accessory lobes, and our current study addresses the question of the distribution of parasol cells within these two neuropils. Three anatomic methods were used to analyze this distribution: intracellular filling of cells with neurobiotin and visualization of the cells by using either a fluorescent or a peroxidase avidin conjugate, or placement of a fluorescent lipophilic tracer within a lobe of the hemiellipsoid body. All of these methods demonstrated that single parasol cells exclusively arborize within one of the two lobes of the hemiellipsoid body, but not in both lobes. Electrophysiological recordings from pairs of parasol cells with dendrites in the same or different lobes confirm a functional separation between neuropils I and II. Comparisons are made between insect and crustacean systems, emphasizing the inputs to the hemiellipsoid body and the mushroom body and similarities between extrinsic cells in insects and parasol cells in decapod crustaceans. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:168–179, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the immunoglobulin superfamily neuroplastin adhesion molecules in adult and developing mouse cerebellum and their localisation to parasagittal stripes
Authors: Marzban Hassan , Khanzada Umme , Shabir Saima , Hawkes Richard , Langnaese Kristina , Smalla Karl‐Heinz , Bockers Tobias M. , Gundelfinger Eckart D. , Gordon‐Weeks Phillip R. , Beesley Philip W.
Published: June 2003

Neuroplastin (np) 55 and 65 are immunoglobulin superfamily members that arise by alternative splicing of the same gene and have been implicated in long‐term activity‐dependent synaptic plasticity. Both biochemical and immunocytochemical data suggest that np55 is the predominant isoform (>95% of total neuroplastin) in cerebellum. Neuroplastin immunoreactivity is concentrated in the molecular layer and synaptic glomeruli in the granule cell layer. Expression in the molecular layer appears to be postsynaptic. First, neuroplastin is associated with Purkinje cell dendrites in two mouse granuloprival cerebellar mutants, disabled and cerebellar deficient folia. Second, in an acid sphingomyelinase knockout mouse with widespread protein trafficking defects, neuroplastin accumulates in the Purkinje cell somata. Finally, primary cerebellar cultures show neuroplastin expression in Purkinje cell dendrites and somata lacking normal histotypic organization and synaptic connections, and high‐magnification views indicate a preferential association with dendritic spines. In the molecular layer, differences in neuroplastin expression levels present as a parasagittal array of stripes that alternates with that revealed by the expression of another compartmentation antigen, zebrin II/aldolase c. Neuroplastin immunoreactivity is first detected weakly at postnatal day 3 (P3) in the anterior lobe vermis. By P5, parasagittal stripes are already apparent in the immature molecular layer. At this stage, punctate deposits are also localised at the perimeter of the Purkinje cell perikarya; these are no longer detected by P15. The data suggest a role for neuroplastins in the development and maintenance of normal synaptic connections in the cerebellum. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:286–301, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fiber connections of the torus longitudinalis and optic tectum in holocentrid teleosts
Authors: Xue Hao‐Gang , Yamamoto Naoyuki , Yang Chun‐Ying , Kerem Gulnisa , Yoshimoto Masami , Imura Kosuke , Ito Hironobu
Published: June 2003

Fiber connections of the torus longitudinalis (TL) and target(s) of toral recipient tectal neurons (pyramidal cells) in the optic tectum were examined by tract‐tracing methods in holocentrids. Injections into the stratum marginale (SM) labeled neurons in the stratum opticum and stratum fibrosum et griseum superficiale (SFGS). They had superficial spiny dendrites, with a fan‐shaped branching pattern in SM and a thick basal dendrite that gave rise to bushy horizontal branches at the boundary between the SFGS and the stratum griseum centrale (SGC), where an axon and a thin dendrite arose. The axon terminated in a middle cellular layer of the SGC, and the thin dendrite ramified slightly deeper to this cellular layer. The SM injections also labeled cells in the ipsilateral TL. Injections into either the lateral or the medial part of TL labeled terminals in the ipsilateral SM and neurons in the bilateral nucleus paracommissuralis (NPC) and nucleus subvalvularis and ipsilateral nucleus subeminentialis. Only medial TL injections labeled cells in the ipsilateral SGC. These neurons had a basal dendrite that branched in the middle cellular layer of SGC, suggesting that they receive inputs from the pyramidal cells and project back to the TL to form a closed circuit. Only lateral TL injections labeled terminals in the corpus cerebelli. A visual telencephalic portion projects to the NPC and sublayers of SGC, where dendrites of the pyramidal cells and SGC neurons ramify. The present results therefore suggest that the TL and SM are components of an intricate circuitry that exerts telencephalic descending visual influence on the optic tectum and corpus cerebelli. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:194–212, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental enrichment: Effects on stereotyped behavior and dendritic morphology
Authors: Turner Cortney A. , Lewis Mark H. , King Michael A.
Published: June 2003

We evaluated whether environmental enrichment‐related effects on the development of stereotyped behavior in deer mice were associated with alterations in dendritic morphology. Deer mice were reared under enriched or standard housing conditions and then tested in automated photocell detectors and classified as stereotypic or nonstereotypic. Dendritic morphology was assessed in layer V pyramidal neurons of the motor cortex, medium spiny neurons of the dorsolateral striatum, and granule cells of the dentate gyrus using Golgi‐Cox histochemistry. Enriched nonstereotypic mice exhibited significantly higher dendritic spine densities in the motor cortex and the striatum than enriched stereotypic or standard‐cage mice. Significant increases in dendritic arborization following environmental enrichment also were observed. These results suggest that the enrichment‐related prevention of stereotyped behavior is associated with increased dendritic spine density. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 43: 20–27, 2003.
Influence of conjugated linoleic acids on body composition and selected serum and endocrine parameters in resistance‐trained athletes
Authors: von Loeffelholz Christian , Kratzsch Jürgen , Jahreis Gerhard
Published: June 2003

Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are believed to influence body composition, blood lipids and certain endocrine parameters in animals and humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a six months dietary supplementation of 7 g CLA‐oil (containing 54% CLA) daily in two groups of male and female resistance‐trained athletes who were at a different training stage. The volunteers were matched according to their previous training: 7 beginners (3♀/4♂) and 7 advanced athletes (2♀/5♂). During the intervention period they performed a standardized training routine three times per week. Blood samples were taken and body mass index, body composition (bioelectrical impedance assessment) and nutrient intake (7‐day food record) were recorded at baseline as well as during and following dietary supplementation

Results: Serum lipid concentrations, serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor and IGF‐I levels or body composition were similar in the two categories of athletes after CLA supplementation. However, despite a higher energy intake, a significant reduction of body fat (P <0.05) was observed and both groups tended to increase their body cell mass (not significant). Total body water increased in the novice athletes (P <0.05). Furthermore, total cholesterol (P = 0.049) increased over baseline levels in the novice athletes. These levels remained within the physiological range. In all athletes there was a significant correlation between percentage body fat and leptin (baseline: r2 = 0.46, P = 0.01, CLA: r2 = 0.49, P = 0.011), as well as between fat mass and serum leptin levels (baseline: r2 = 0.35, P = 0.033, CLA: r2 = 0.60, P = 0.002).

Conclusions: Over a period of six months no differences were observed in the effects of a commercial CLA‐triacylglyceride (54% CLA, 7g/d) on selected endocrine parameters, blood lipids, food intake and body composition between advanced and novice resistance‐trained athletes who take part in a regular training program.
Effect of simple olive biophenols and analogues on the thermotropic behavior of biological model membranes
Authors: Castelli Francesco , Carusoa Sebastiana , Uccella Nicola
Published: June 2003

Some foods, in particular fruits and vegetables, are known to have protective effects against cardiovascular disease and cancer. This is believed to be due to the presence of antioxidant substances such as hydroxyaromatic compounds present in these foods. We investigated the effect exerted by protochatechuic and benzoic acid, simple biophenols (BPs) present in olive oils, and their substitute analogues, veratric and xylylic acids, on the thermotropic behavior of model membranes (dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine multilamellar vesicles) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

DSC analysis was carried out at two different pHs (4.0 and 7.4). The acids, when dispersed in liposomes during their preparation, were found to modify the gel to liquidcrystal phase transition of the lipid vesicles at pH 4, causing a temperature shift towards lower values and a variation in enthalpy changes. The magnitude of the temperature shift and enthalpy change was a function of the concentration of BP in the lipid dispersions and their lipophilic character. The examined compounds were unable to appreciably modify the thermotropic behavior of the liposomes at pH 7.4 suggesting that the interactions and their absorption are highly influenced by the lipophilic character induced by structural factors and by the polarity of the acidic group.
Fluorescence screening of antioxidant capacity in pumpkin seed oils and other natural oils
Authors: Fruhwirth Gilbert Otto , Wenzl Thomas , El‐Toukhy Rosemarie , Wagner Franz Siegfried , Hermetter Albin
Published: June 2003

Plant oils provide a rich source of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and mostly lipophilic antioxidants. PUFAs are both in their free form and as components of glycerolipids preferred targets of free radical‐induced oxidation, leading to the formation of highly atherogenic compounds. Thus, stabilization of polyunsaturated lipids by radical scavengers in the oils is important in order to avoid pathophysiological side effects of these essential components of our diet. To determine lipid oxidizability and its inhibition by endogenous antioxidants, we developed a simple fluorescence technique. It is based on solubilisation of the oils in aqueous buffer, labeling of the resulting emulsions with a suitable reporter fluorophore, which reflects lipid oxidation, and continuous monitoring of the decomposition process. Using this method, we found that oxidizability of the oils depended only to a limited extent on the content of lipophilic antioxidants. In addition, a smaller fraction of polar (phenolic) compounds showed comparable protective effects, especially in pumpkin seed oil, which is a non‐refined product therefore containing antioxidative components that are removed from most other edible oils during processing. Therefore, the contribution of these “minor” compounds has to be taken into account when potential biological effects of plant oils are evaluated.
Production of alkenyl succinic anhydrides from low‐erucic and low‐linolenic rapeseed oil methyl esters
Authors: Quesada Joaquín
Published: June 2003

Fatty acid methyl esters from low‐erucic and low‐linolenic rapeseed oil were used to produce alkenyl succinic anhydrides. A second‐order Doehlert uniform network design was used to investigate the influence of the reaction temperature and the molar ratio between the maleic anhydride and the main unsaturated rapeseed oil methyl esters on the yield of alkenyl succinic anhydride from methyl oleate. Further subjects of investigation were the conversion of methyl oleate, the formation of side reaction products, the Gardner color of the product and its viscosity, and finally the content of maleic anhydride remaining in the medium after the reaction. Alkenyl succinic anhydride from methyl oleate was isolated by column chromatography and analyzed by IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR and MS. The optimal reaction conditions for obtaining the maximum yield of alkenyl succinic anhydride from methyl oleate in the experimental domain (80%) were 210‐220 °C and a maleic anhydride/rapeseed oil methyl ester molar ratio of 1.5. However, the products synthesized in these conditions showed a high degree of viscosity (0.45 kg m−1 s−1), a very dark color (18 Gardner color) and a high content of undesirable side products (6%), which could hinder their industrial use. A molar ratio of less than 1.5 led to a clearer and less viscous product, although with a lower alkenyl succinic anhydride content.
Reduced order state‐space models from the pulse responses of a linearized CFD scheme
Authors: Gaitonde Ann L. , Jones D. P.
Published: June 2003

This paper describes a method for obtaining a time continuous reduced order model (ROM) from a system of time continuous linear differential equations. These equations are first put into a time discrete form using a finite difference approximation. The unit sample responses of the discrete system are calculated for each system input and these provide the Markov parameters of the system. An eigenvalue realization algorithm (ERA) is used to construct a discrete ROM. This ROM is then used to obtain a continuous ROM of the original continuous system. The focus of this paper is on the application of this method to the calculation of unsteady flows using the linearized Euler equations on moving meshes for aerofoils undergoing heave or linearized pitch motions. Applying a standard cell‐centre spatial discretization and taking account of mesh movement a continuous system of differential equations is obtained which are continuous in time. These are put into discrete time form using an implicit finite difference approximation. Results are presented demonstrating the efficiency of the system reduction method for this system. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐scale domain decomposition method for computing the flow through a porous layer limited by a perforated plate
Authors: Dufrêche J. , Prat M. , Schmitz P.
Published: June 2003

A two‐scale domain decomposition method is developed in order to study situations where the macroscopic description of a given transport process in porous media does not represent a sufficiently good approximation near singularities (holes, wells, etc.). The method is based on a decomposition domain technique with overlapping. The governing equations at the scale of the microstructure are solved in the vicinity of the singularities whereas the volume averaged transport equations are solved at some distance of the singularities. The transfer of information from one domain to the other is performed using results of the method of volume averaging. The method is illustrated through the computation of the overall permeability of a porous layer limited by a perforated plate. As shown in the example treated, the method allows one to estimate the useful size of the microscopic region near the singularities. As illustrated in the paper, the method can lead to a considerable gain in memory requirement compared to a full direct simulation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermogravimetry/Mass Spectrometry Investigations on the Formation of Oxygen Reduction Catalysts for PEM Fuel Cells on the Basis of Heat‐Treated Iron Phenanthroline Complexes
Authors: Bron M. , Fiechter S. , Bogdanoff P. , Tributsch H.
Published: June 2003

Oxygen reduction catalysts for PEM fuel cells on the basis of carbon supported, heat‐treated iron phenanthroline complexes have been investigated with rotating disc‐electrode (RDE) measurements and with thermogravimetry/mass spectrometry (TG/MS). It has been found, that the slope of the Koutecky–Levich plot from RDE measurements changes with electrode potential and with catalyst loading of the electrode. The results can be understood in terms of a two times 2‐electron reduction of oxygen at the iron‐based catalysts. TG/MS indicate, that during the heat‐treatment step the phenathroline molecule of the catalyst precursor is completely embedded into the carbon. The results are discussed in terms of the structure of the active centre of these catalysts.
Electrooxidation of Carbon Monoxide at Ruthenium–Modified Platinum Nano‐particles: Evidence for CO Surface Mobility
Authors: Maillard F. , Gloaguen F. , Hahn F. , Léger J.‐M.
Published: June 2003

Ru‐modified Pt nanoparticle surfaces were prepared using Ru electrochemical or spontaneous deposition on commercial‐grade carbon‐supported Pt nanoparticles (Pt‐Vulcan XC72, E‐TEK). Evidence for CO mobility was provided by cyclic voltammetry and FTIR reflectance spectroscopy experiments in weakly specifically adsorbing electrolyte such as 0.1 M HClO4. Since the diffusion of CO is slow, a “two peak” voltammetric behavior was observed for 0 < θRu < 10%. A further increase in Ru coverage leads to the observation of only one CO oxidation peak at a potential ca. 150 mV less positive. FTIR reflectance spectra recorded on Ru‐modified Pt nanoparticles show a band located around 2000–2020 cm–1, which is attributed to adsorbed CO on Ru sites. Exchange between CO species adsorbed on Ru and Pt sites was also observed along with a complete oxidation of a pre‐adsorbed CO monolayer at a potential relevant for DMFC applications. These results confirm that the formation of a PtRu alloy is not a pre‐requisite for obtaining CO‐tolerant electrocatalysts.
Characterization of Fe–Cr Alloys for Reduced Operation Temperature SOFCs
Authors: Horita T. , Xiong Y. , Yamaji K. , Sakai N. , Yokokawa H.
Published: June 2003

Chemical stability of ferritic (Fe–Cr) alloy interconnect material was examined under anode gas atmospheres for use in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In H2–H2O and CH4–H2O atmospheres, oxide scale layers were formed on the alloy surface. The surface morphology of the alloy was varied with forming oxide scales at 1073 K for an extended annealing time. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) was applied to analyze the distribution of major and minor elements as a function of depth. From surface to inner alloy, the following distribution was identified: Mn, Fe rich → Cr rich → Si rich → alloy bulk and Al2O3 inner oxides. The parabolic growth rate constants of oxide scales (kp) were calculated for each atmosphere as follows: 3.76 × 10–6 μm2s–1 for H2–H2O and 5.23  × 10–6 μm2s–1 for CH4–H2O. The growth rate constants were similar between these two atmospheres.
New Cathode Materials for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
Authors: Wijayasinghe A. , Lagergren C. , Bergman B.
Published: June 2003

Development of alternative cathode materials, has been a main strategy for solving the cathode dissolution problem of the Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC). Ternary compositions of LiFeO2, LiCoO2 and NiO are expected to combine some desirable properties of each component. Preliminary studies on LiFeO2‐LiCoO2‐NiO ternary compositions have shown promising characteristics for the MCFC cathode application. The aim of the present work was to develop these materials further by exploring the ternary system. It was carried out by investigating electronic conductivity and microstructure of the ternary materials and evaluating their electrochemical performance in a laboratory‐scale fuel cell. Ternary materials of two sub‐systems were investigated and the study reveals the ability of improving electrical conductivity of these ternary compositions by controlling the LiCoO2 content. The appropriate dual pore structure for a proper cathode operation could also be achieved on sintered cathodes by introducing plastic poreformers in the cathode preparation process. Electrochemical performance study of selected cathodes in the laboratory fuel cell showed promising results. The cathode prepared with 20 mole% LiCoO2 in the ternary sub‐system with LiFeO2:NiO = 25:75, resulted in an iR‐corrected polarization of 62 mV and an iR‐drop of 46 mV at a current density of 160 mAcm–2 at 650 °C.
Analysis of colorectal tumor progression by microdissection and comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Alcock Helen E. , Stephenson Timothy J. , Royds Janice A. , Hammond David W.
Published: June 2003

This investigation aimed to identify patterns of copy number change in colorectal tumor progression from adenoma to liver metastasis. Fifty‐three microdissected sub‐regions from 17 cases of colorectal cancer were assigned to one of six histopathologically defined categories: coexisting adenoma, tumor above the muscularis layer, tumor within the muscularis layer, tumor extending through the bowel wall to serosal fat, lymph node metastasis, and liver metastasis. Microdissected samples were treated by a microwave processing step and then used as templates for universal PCR amplification. PCR products were fluorophore labeled and subjected to comparative genomic hybridization. Copy number changes were found in all samples, and every chromosome arm (excluding acrocentric short arms) was affected. More losses than gains were detected, but there were no significant differences between the numbers of changes seen in each category. Each individual sample revealed unique changes, additional to those shared within each case. The most frequently observed gains were of X and 12q. The most common losses were of 8p, 16p, 9p, 15q, 18q, and 10q. Nominally significant associations were observed between metastatic tumor and loss of 12q24.1 or 10p13–14, non‐metastatic tumor and loss of 8q24.1, tumor extending to serosal fat and loss of 6q24–25 or gain of 4q11–13, tumor extending to serosal fat and metastatic lesions and loss of 4q32–34 or 22q11–12, and adenoma and loss of 15q24. Loss of 4q32–34 remained highly significant after correction for multiple testing. Adenoma was the only category not to show loss of 17p. These data reveal a genetically heterogeneous picture of tumor progression, with a small number of changes associated with advanced disease. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A recurrent chromosome translocation breakpoint in breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines targets the neuregulin/NRG1 gene
Authors: Adélaïde José , Huang Huai‐En , Murati Anne , Alsop Amber E. , Orsetti Béatrice , Mozziconacci Marie‐Joëlle , Popovici Cornel , Ginestier Christophe , Letessier Anne , Basset Céline , Courtay‐Cahen Céline , Jacquemier Jocelyne , Theillet Charles , Birnbaum Daniel , Edwards Paul A.W. , Chaffanet Max
Published: June 2003

The 8p11–21 region is a frequent target of alterations in breast cancer and other carcinomas. We surveyed 34 breast tumor cell lines and 9 pancreatic cancer cell lines for alterations of this region by use of multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M‐FISH) and BAC‐specific FISH. We describe a recurrent chromosome translocation breakpoint that targets the NRG1 gene on 8p12. NRG1 encodes growth factors of the neuregulin/heregulin‐1 family that are ligands for tyrosine kinase receptors of the ERBB family. Breakpoints within the NRG1 gene were found in four of the breast tumor cell lines: ZR‐75‐1, in a dic(8;11); HCC1937, in a t(8;10)(p12;p12.1); SUM‐52, in an hsr(8)(p12); UACC‐812, in a t(3;8); and in two of the pancreatic cancer cell lines: PaTu I, in a der(8)t(4;8); and SUIT‐2, in a del(8)(p). Mapping by two‐color FISH showed that the breaks were scattered over 1.1 Mb within the NRG1 gene. It is already known that the MDA‐MB‐175 breast tumor cell line has a dic(8;11), with a breakpoint in NRG1 that fuses NRG1 to the DOC4 gene on 11q13. Thus, we have found a total of seven breakpoints, in two types of cancer cell lines, that target the NRG1 gene. This suggests that the NRG1 locus is a recurring target of translocations in carcinomas. PCR analysis of reverse‐transcribed cell line RNAs revealed an extensive complexity of the NRG1 transcripts but failed to detect a consistent pattern of mRNA isoforms in the cell lines with NRG1 breakpoint. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
11q13 Alterations in two cases of hibernoma: Large heterozygous deletions and rearrangement breakpoints near GARP in 11q13.5
Authors: Maire Georges , Forus Anne , Foa Cyril , Bjerkehagen Bodil , Mainguené Claire , Kresse Stine H. , Myklebost Ola , Pedeutour Florence
Published: June 2003

Hibernomas are rare, benign tumors with a histological appearance resembling that of brown adipose tissue. The diagnosis of hibernomas may be difficult because some of them contain only a small number of the characteristic multivacuolated fat cells and can be mistakenly classified as well‐differentiated liposarcomas. Cytogenetic information has been reported for 10 cases, showing that these tumors are characterized by structural rearrangements involving 11q13. Previous fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) studies revealed consistent and sometimes cryptic losses of the MEN1 region in 11q13.1. Here, we describe the molecular cytogenetic analysis of two new hibernoma cases. Both tumors showed complex rearrangements, simultaneously including translocations, inversions, and deletions affecting the pair of chromosomes 11. The translocation partners were chromosome 5 in one case and chromosomes 16 and 22 in the other case. The 11q13 region was concomitantly rearranged on both chromosomes 11. FISH studies revealed large heterozygous deletions within the 11q13 band, from 11q13.1 to 11q13.5. Genes such as PYGM, MEN1, CCND1, FGF3, ARIX, and GARP were deleted, showing that the size of the 11q13 altered region was larger than previously reported. Furthermore, both tumors had breakpoints in 11q13.5, one of them in the immediate proximity of the GARP gene. Our results suggest that rearrangements of GARP or a neighboring gene may be important for the pathogenesis of hibernomas. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.