bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of tetrathionate on the anodic process of gold thiosulfate leaching
Authors: Nie Yanhe , Yang Lei , Wang Qiang , Zi Futing , Shi Changliang , Yu Hong
Published: December 2019

The mechanism that tetrathionates retarded gold dissolution during the anodic process of gold thiosulfate leaching was studied with the help of electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. The results show that the reduction in gold dissolution did not originate from the increase of a passive layer on the surface. When the gold electrode was controlled at 0.25 V, the topography of the gold surface and element composition in the tetrathionate‐supplemented solution is not easily distinguishable from that in the thiosulfate solution. The addition of tetrathionate in the thiosulfate solution reduces gold dissolution. This phenomenon is caused by the decrease in thiosulfate concentration at the gold interface. And the gold interface composition was also changed due to the presence of tetrathionate.
Effect of Exposure to a Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field on Body Temperature in Anesthetized and Non‐Anesthetized Rats
Authors: Kim Hye Sun , Lee Yu Hee , Choi Hyung‐Do , Lee Ae‐Kyoung , Jeon Sang Bong , Pack Jeong‐Ki , Kim Nam , Ahn Young Hwan
Published: December 2019

Exposure to a radiofrequency (RF) signal at a specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4 W/kg can increase the body temperature by more than 1 °C. In this study, we investigated the effect of anesthesia on the body temperature of rats after exposure to an RF electromagnetic field at 4 W/kg SAR. We also evaluated the influence of body mass on rats’ body temperature. Rats weighing 225 and 339 g were divided into sham‐ and RF‐exposure groups. Each of the resulting four groups was subdivided into anesthetized and non‐anesthetized groups. The free‐moving rats in the four RF‐exposure groups were subjected to a 915 MHz RF identification signal at 4 W/kg whole‐body SAR for 8 h. The rectal temperature was measured at 1‐h intervals during RF exposure using a small‐animal temperature probe. The body temperatures of non‐anesthetized, mobile 225 and 339 g rats were not significantly affected by exposure to an RF signal. However, the body temperatures of anesthetized 225 and 339 g rats increased by 1.9 °C and 3.3 °C from baseline at 5 and 6 h of RF exposure, respectively. Three of the five 339 g anesthetized and exposed rats died after 6 h of RF exposure. Thus, anesthesia and body mass influenced RF exposure‐induced changes in the body temperature of rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:104–112. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Classifying the sense of community trajectories among South Korea adolescents
Authors: Yoo Changmin
Published: December 2019

We examined the longitudinal patterns of the sense of community among the middle and the late adolescents. For this purpose, we used the latent class growth analysis to explore the trajectories of the sense of community, and multinomial logistic regression was conducted to identify the significant predictors. The data for this study were taken from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey from 2010 to 2016. The major findings are as follows. First, three latent classes were identified: low‐, middle‐, and high‐level increasing group. Gender, mobile phone addiction, parental affection, household income, peer and teacher relationship, and school activities were significantly associated with the latent classes. On the basis of the results, implications with suggestions for future research were discussed.
Coevolution of the Activity and Thermostability of an ϵ‐Keto Ester Reductase for Better Synthesis of an (R)‐α‐Lipoic Acid Precursor
Authors: Xu Yao , Chen Qi , Zhang Zhi‐Jun , Xu Jian‐He , Zheng Gao‐Wei
Published: December 2019

In this work, we have identified a significantly improved variant (S131Y/Q252I) of the natural ϵ‐keto ester reductase CpAR2 from Candida parapsilosis for efficiently manufacturing (R)‐8‐chloro‐6‐hydroxyoctanoic acid [(R)‐ECHO] through co‐evolution of activity and thermostability. The activity of the variant CpAR2S131Y/Q252I towards the ϵ‐keto ester ethyl 8‐chloro‐6‐oxooctanoate was improved to 214 U mg−1—from 120 U mg−1 in the case of the wild‐type enzyme (CpAR2WT)—and the half‐deactivating temperature (T50, for 15 min incubation) was simultaneously increased by 2.3 °C in relation to that of CpAR2WT. Consequently, only 2 g L−1 of lyophilized E. coli cells harboring CpAR2S131Y/Q252I and a glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) were required in order to achieve productivity similar to that obtained in our previous work, under optimized reaction conditions (530 g L−1 d−1). This result demonstrated a more economical and efficient process for the production of the key (R)‐α‐lipoic acid intermediate ethyl 8‐chloro‐6‐oxooctanoate.
Polyvinyl Alcohol/Alginate/Zeolite Nanohybrid for Removal of Metals
Authors: Tabatabaeefar Amin , Keshtkar Ali Reza , Talebi Marzieh , Abolghasemi Hossain
Published: December 2019

A novel polyvinyl alcohol/alginate/zeolite nanohybrid adsorbent for the adsorption of Ni(II) and Co(II) metal ions was prepared by the casting method. The prepared adsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy as well as Barrett‐Joyner‐Halenda and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller analyses. The optimum adsorption conditions in terms of content of zeolite nanoparticles, adsorbent dosage, and initial pH were determined. The kinetic data for both ions were well described by the double‐exponential kinetic model. The obtained Langmuir maximum adsorption capacities of Ni(II) and Co(II) metal ions were 81.51 and 79.58 mg g−1, respectively. The adsorption/desorption experiments showed a good performance after 5 cycles of adsorption.
Evaluating Electron‐Transfer Reactivity of Complexes of Actinides in +2 and +3 Oxidation States by using EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Moehring Samuel A. , Evans William J.
Published: December 2019

The possibility that the relative reactivity of complexes of actinide metals in the +2 and +3 oxidation states could be investigated by examining reactions between AnIII and AnII species of Th and U with rare‐earth metal reagents that provide EPR confirmation of electron transfer reactivity has been explored. Neither Cp’’3ThIII nor Cp’’3UIII will reduce Cp’’3LaIII or Cp’3YIII (Cp’=C5H4SiMe3, Cp’’=C5H3(SiMe3)2). However, both [K(2.2.2‐cryptand)][Cp’’3ThII] and [K(2.2.2‐cryptand)][Cp’’3UII] reduce Cp’’3LaIII and Cp’3YIII to form [Cp’’3LaII]1− and [Cp’3YII]1−, respectively, which were identified by EPR spectroscopy. The reverse reactions also occur which indicates that the reduction potentials are similar. [Cp’’3LaII]1− reduces Cp’3YIII and the reverse YII/LaIII combination also occurs. In both cases, the reactions generate EPR spectra indicative of multiple species in the mixtures of LaII and YII, which is consistent with ligand exchange and demonstrates that numerous heteroleptic complexes of these LnII ions exist.
Palliative cardiovascular care: The right patient at the right time
Authors: Sullivan Mark F. , Kirkpatrick James N.
Published: December 2019

In the increasingly complex world of modern medicine, relationship‐centered, team‐based care is important in geriatric cardiology. Palliative cardiovascular care plays a central role in defining the scope and timing of medical therapies and in coordinating symptom‐targeted care in line with patient wishes, values, and preferences. Palliative care addresses advance care planning, symptom relief and caregiver/family support and seeks to ameliorate all forms of suffering, including physical, psychological, and spiritual. Although palliative care grew out of the hospice movement and has traditionally been associated with care at the end of life, the current model acknowledges that palliative care can be delivered concurrent with invasive, life‐prolonging interventions. As the population ages, patients with serious cardiovascular disease increasingly suffer from noncardiac, multimorbid conditions and become eligible for interventions that palliate symptoms but also prolong life. Management of implanted cardiac support devices at the end of life, whether rhythm management devices or mechanical circulatory support devices, can involve a host of complexities in decisions to deactivate, timing of deactivation and even the mechanics of deactivation. Studies on palliative care interventions have demonstrated clear improvements in quality of life and are more mixed on life prolongation and cost savings. There is and will remain a dearth of clinicians with specialist palliative care training. Therefore, cardiovascular clinicians have a role to play in provision of practical, “primary” palliative care.
Peroxymonosulfate Improves the Activity and Stability of Manganese Oxide for Oxidation of Arsenite to Arsenate
Authors: Liu Yong , Zhang Fen , Hou Jingtao , Hartley William
Published: December 2019

Manganese oxide has been widely investigated for oxidation of arsenite (As(III)) to arsenate (As(V)) due to its high redox potential; however, it becomes extremely unstable after reuse. Here, As(III) oxidation activity and stability of manganese oxide in the presence of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is investigated. Batch experimental results reveal that manganese oxide/PMS exhibits high catalytic activity for As(III) oxidation compared to manganese oxide or PMS alone. Addition of PMS to manganese oxide not only reveals long‐term stability for As(III) oxidation, but also shows high As(III) oxidation activity in the presence of coexisting ions such as As(V) and phosphate. Quenching tests reveal that As(III) oxidation in the manganese oxide/PMS system is attributed to activation of PMS by manganese oxide at different oxidation states (Mn(III) and Mn(IV)), and the generation of sulfate radicals that are responsible for As(III) oxidation.
A guide to behavioural experiments in bipolar disorder
Authors: Palmier‐Claus Jasper , Wright Kim , Mansell Warren , Bowe Samantha , Lobban Fiona , Tyler Elizabeth , Lodge Christopher , Jones Steve
Published: December 2019

Behavioural experiments are an important component of cognitive–behavioural therapy. However, there exists little up‐to‐date guidance on how to conduct these in people with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. This paper provides recommendations on how to conduct behavioural experiments in this population. The aim is to upskill and empower clinicians to conduct behavioural experiments. The paper combines the expertise of senior clinicians working in the United Kingdom. The article starts by providing general advice on conducting behavioural experiments in people with bipolar disorder. It then offers specific examples of behavioural experiments targeting cognitions around the uncontrollability and danger of affective states, and related behavioural strategies, which have been implicated in the maintenance of bipolar mood swings. The article finishes by providing examples of behavioural experiments for non‐mood related difficulties that commonly occur with bipolar experiences including perfectionistic thinking, need for approval, and intrusive memories. Behavioural experiments offer a useful therapeutic technique for instigating cognitive and behavioural change in bipolar disorder. Conducted sensitively and collaboratively, in line with people's recovery‐focused goals, behavioural experiments can be used to overcome mood‐ and non‐mood related difficulties.
Multitier heterogeneous network using stochastic geometry and factorial moment approaches
Authors: Fadoul Moubachir Madani
Published: December 2019

The rapid growth of small cells is driving cellular network toward randomness and heterogeneity. Usually, cellular networks are modeled by placing each tier (eg, macro, pico, and relay nodes) deterministically on a grid. In such a heterogeneous cellular network, the rational approach to characterize the base stations (BSs), user, and relay locations is by using random spatial models. When calculating the metric performances such as coverage probability, these networks are idealized without consideration of interference. Therefore, interference modeling remains the key issue for the deployment of small cells. This paper developed a single and multitier cellular network model that captures the downlink heterogeneous cellular network with variable parameters such as the target signal‐to‐interference ratio (SIR), transmitted power, and deployment density. In particular, we model
‐tier transmission and compare it with a single‐tier and traditional grid model to obtain tractable coverage probability using stochastic geometry and factorial moment. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness and analytical tractability to study the heterogeneous performance.
Rock damage evolution model of pulsating fracturing based on energy evolution theory
Authors: Li Yuwei , Zhao Yudong , Tang Jizhou , Zhang Liyuan , Zhou Yuyang , Zhu Xiuyu , Jia Dan , Chen Mian
Published: December 2019

Pulsating fracturing, as a new technology for unconventional oil and gas exploration, enables to enhance stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) effectively, which further helps to improve well performance. It is of great importance for the evaluation of fracturing performance and optimization of fracturing parameters by accurately calculating variables from formation impairment during pulsating fracturing treatment. Based on the principle of conservation of energy, a novel theoretical model describing the evolution of rock damage was proposed by analyzing energy evolutionary characteristics from the hysteresis loop of rock stress‐strain curve while the treatment. This model was in a good agreement with experimental data. In this paper, our study indicates that the rock damage is caused by the accumulation of damage in each cyclic loading and unloading process during pulsating fracturing. Moreover, the cumulative rock damage would increase with the increment of the number of cyclic loading and unloading. Conversely, the rock strength is negatively correlated with cyclic number. The cumulative damage variable approximates to one as the rock breaks. Additionally, the frequency and the stress level of pulsating fracturing have an obvious impact on the evolution of rock damage. The optimization of these parameters can help to accelerate the rock damage and reduce the corresponding rock strength. The speed of rock damage can be accelerated with the enhancement of the stress level at the later period of the step loading, which facilitates the increment of cumulative damage variable. Our new model provides a guideline for predicting the initial rock damage during pulsating treatment.
Morphological signatures of deglaciation and postglacial sedimentary processes in a deep fjord‐lake (Grand Lake, Labrador)
Authors: Trottier Annie‐Pier , Lajeunesse Patrick , Gagnon‐Poiré Antoine , Francus Pierre
Published: December 2019

High‐resolution multibeam bathymetric data and acoustic sub‐bottom profiles were recently collected in Grand Lake (Labrador), one of the deepest lake basins in eastern North America, to reconstruct: (1) the retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) west of Lake Melville and (2) the history of sedimentation since deglaciation in this 54 km‐long, 3 km‐wide fjord‐lake. Our results provide a morphostratigraphical framework that brings new insights to the style and pattern of retreat of the LIS in the region, as well as deglacial and postglacial sedimentary dynamics. Terrestrial glacial lineations observed on a digital elevation model (DEM) provide evidence of a previously undocumented ice stream in the Grand Lake area. This newly mapped ice stream suggests that the calving bay formed in Lake Melville triggered a reorganization of the regional drainage pattern of the LIS. The sedimentary infill of Grand Lake consists of a sequence of deglacial to postglacial sediments that contain deposits related to a series of mass movements. The 8.2 cal ka BP cold event is recorded in Grand Lake by a series of closely spaced moraines deposited at the outlet of the fjord‐lake to form a morainic complex similar to the Cockburn morainic complex on Baffin Island. During deglaciation, a dense dendritic network of proglacial gullies incised into the steep sidewalls of the lake. Since deglaciation, paraglacial and postglacial sedimentation has led to the deposition of large prograding deltas at the fjord head, where density currents remain active today and have formed a series of sediment waves on the frontal slopes and a prodeltaic environment. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of packed bed solar air heaters—A thermo‐hydraulic approach
Authors: Kumar Ashwini , Rajak Dipen K. , Kumar Ravinder
Published: December 2019

The present work deals with the thermo‐hydraulic optimization of solar heater with packed bed duct. Heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of solar air heater have been analyzed to obtain optimal performance. The use of porous material in packed bed duct of solar air heater shows as an efficient method to enhance the thermal efficiency of solar air heaters. However, the use of packed bed results in higher friction factor requiring more pumping power, due to which, there is a need of optimization of the system to obtain maximum benefit from the packed bed. The present investigation has been emphasized on heat transfer and friction characteristics of solar air heater, provided with packed bed duct. Under thermo‐hydraulic consideration, relationship between system and operating parameters resulting in optimum performance has been developed, that can be utilized for the design of such thermo‐hydraulic optimized system. It is concluded that the enhancement factor slightly decreases with the increase in values of temperature rise parameter for every set of bed depth to packing element size ratios. For every set of bed depth to packing element size ratios, the maximum values of enhancement factors attains at (X1 = 0.009, X3 = 0.6), gives the optimal condition.
Bridging Divides and Creating Opportunities in International Evaluation Consulting
Authors: Junge Nils , Negroustoueva Svetlana
Published: December 2019

Demand for evaluators in the international development evaluation field is high and opportunities for rewarding work abound. Yet, as part of their activities, evaluation consultants working internationally must constantly grapple with divides of geography, language, culture, gender, privilege, and power. This chapter presents the international consultant profile and context on evaluation in international development. The authors discuss common competencies used and required by international evaluation consultants. A discussion covers the different boundaries, or divides, that consultants must navigate, and how overcoming them is a way of building bridges and trust, increasing the effectiveness of evaluations in international settings, and enhancing evaluators’ practice, both professionally and personally. The authors present multiple examples of sociocultural and politically sensitive circumstances to illustrate divides previously encountered. They draw on 30 years of experience in international development and evaluation in over fifty countries across six continents.
Die Verwendung von bioabbaubaren Polyestern in saisonalen Geotextilien
Authors: Prambauer Martina , Burgstaller Christoph , Eicher Manuel , Hofmann Helene
Published: December 2019

Saisonale Geotextilien werden in speziellen Anwendungsfällen eingesetzt, bei denen ein Abbau des Materials nach einer gewissen Zeit erwünscht ist. Hierbei handelt es sich meist um Begrünungshilfen und temporären Erosionsschutz. In dieser Arbeit wurden bioabbaubare Polyester verwendet, die als Ersatzmaterialien für konventionelle Kunststoffe in Geotextilien in Betracht gezogen werden können. Es wurden Fasern aus vier verschiedenen Biokunststoffen hergestellt und die mechanischen Eigenschaften mit PP‐Fasern verglichen. Die Kurzzeitstabilität wurde über einen Schnellbewitterungstest untersucht, wobei Blendfasern, bestehend aus zwei verschiedenen Biokunststoffen, besonders vielversprechend abschnitten. Im Anschluss wurden die erzeugten Fasern zu Vliesen gepresst, um versuchsweise Geotextilien herzustellen.
Introducing the Bank of Canada staff economic projections database
Authors: Champagne Julien , Poulin‐Bellisle Guillaume , Sekkel Rodrigo
Published: December 2019

We present a new, publicly available database of real‐time data and forecasts from the Bank of Canada's staff economic projections, which will be updated on an annual basis. We describe the data construct, its variables, coverage, and frequency. We then provide a forecast evaluation for gross domestic product (GDP) growth, consumer price index (CPI) inflation and the policy rate since 1982: We compare the staff's forecasts with those from commonly used time series models estimated with the real‐time data, and with forecasts from other professional forecasters, and provide standard bias tests. Finally, we study changes in predictability of the Canadian economy following the announcement of the inflation‐targeting regime in 1991. Our data set is unprecedented outside the USA, and our evidence is particularly interesting, as it covers over 30 years of staff forecasts, two severe recessions, and different monetary policy regimes.
Presence of voids after warm vertical compaction and single‐cone obturation in band‐shaped isthmuses using micro‐computed tomography: A phantom study
Authors: Keleş Ali , Keskin Cangül
Published: December 2019

The present micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) study compared the presence of voids in the band‐shaped isthmuses obturated by warm vertical compaction (WVC) and single‐cone (SC) techniques. Twenty mesial roots from mandibular first molar teeth showing a band‐shaped isthmus were selected and assigned into two groups based on their preoperative anatomical dimensions (n = 10), according to the filling technique: WVC or SC. Post‐filling micro‐CT scanning was performed. The percentage volume of root canal filling materials and voids were calculated and data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U test with a significance level of 5 and 95% confidence interval. Mean percentage volumes of filling materials and voids were 86.88 ± 8.53 and 13.11 ± 8.53 for the WVC group, 84.39 ± 8.30 and 15.60 ± 8.30 for the SC group, respectively, with no significant difference between them (p > .05). Neither WVC nor SC produced void‐free root canal fillings in the band‐shaped isthmuses and both techniques resulted in a similar quality of root canal filling.
TNNT1, negatively regulated by miR‐873, promotes the progression of colorectal cancer
Authors: Chen Yu , Wang Jinsong , Wang Donghua , Kang Ting , Du Jinghu , Yan Zeqiang , Chen Manyu
Published: December 2019

Background

Troponin T1 (TNNT1) is a subunit of troponin that has been linked to neuromuscular disorder. Recently, it was reported that TNNT1 facilitates the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Interestingly, Cancer Genome Atlas data indicate that its overexpression is associated with an unfavorable prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The present study aimed to explore the expression, function and mechanism of dysregulation of TNNT1 in CRC.

Methods

Immunohistochemical staining and a real‐time polymerase chain reaction were used to compare the expression level of TNNT1 in CRC tissues and adjacent tissues. Western blotting was used to detect the expression of TNNT1 in cell lines. Kaplan–Meier analysis and a chi‐squared test were applied to evaluate the potential of TNNT1 to function as a cancer biomarker. RNA interference was used to inhibit TNNT1 expression in CRC cells, followed by detection of cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion. A luciferase reporter gene assay was used to determine the regulatory relationship between miR‐873 and TNNT1.

Results

In the present study, we found that TNNT1 was significantly up‐regulated in CRC samples and cell lines. The up‐regulation of TNNT1 was also associated with several clinicopathologic features, and its high expression was correlated with an unfavorable prognosis of the patients. Knockdown of TNNT1 markedly arrested proliferation, migration and invasion, whereas it also promoted apoptosis. TNNT1 was identified as a target gene of miR‐873, and there was a negative correlation among CRC samples.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we have demonstrated that TNNT1, regulated by miR‐873, is an oncogene of CRC associated with patient prognosis.
Rapid and Simple Identification and Quantification of Components in Detergent Formulations by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Hansen Svend Høime , Damhus Ture , Brask Jesper
Published: December 2019

A rapid, inexpensive, and simple high‐resolution NMR spectroscopic method is outlined for determining the content of surfactants and other low‐molecular‐weight organic compounds in detergent formulations. With simple sample preparation, quantitative results can be obtained from an internal standard and/or the method can be used as a fingerprint analysis of the surfactant composition. The NMR sample is prepared by suspending the detergent sample in deuterated acetic acid and thus dissolving surfactants and other organic compounds. Any content of carbonate will be liberated as CO2, whereas other inorganic materials are removed by centrifugation. From one‐dimensional1H and two‐dimensional HSQC NMR spectra, the surfactant components and low‐molecular‐weight organic compounds can be identified from reference spectra. Intensities of signature signals in the one‐dimensional1H NMR spectrum are used for quantification by comparing with an internal standard. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how31P NMR can be used to identify and quantify phosphonate‐type chelators.
Reversible surface modification of polydimethylsiloxane film for stretchable display
Authors: Kim Sang Il , Yoon Ho Won , Yoon Jeong Sik , Yun Ju Ho , Kim Hyeong Wook , Yun Chang Jin
Published: December 2019

A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film is the most widely used elastomeric substrate for stretchable electronic devices. However, it is difficult to directly deposit a metal layer on the PDMS film because many defects such as cracks and wrinkles in the metal layer form too easily. This problem can be addressed by modifying the film surface rigidly through some surface oxidation processes. However, this rigid surface should be removed after the fabrication process is completed because the surface may induce lots of cracks on the PDMS film when the fabricated stretchable electronic device is used in a stretching state. In this study, a wet etching process using a buffered HF (BHF) solution is used to effectively remove the rigid surfaceformed on the PDMS film and to dramatically reduce the crack lines formed after the PDMS film stretching. Hence, areversible process for controlling the mechanical properties of the PDMS film surface was established. According tosome analysis results, the rigid surface formed by UV ozone exposure on the PDMS film was found to have apolysiloxane network structure including more silicon atoms bound to three oxygens, and the surface etched by BHFsolution was found to be recovered to the similar structure with that of the PDMS film.
A complex network analysis of inbound tourism in Sicily
Authors: Provenzano Davide , Baggio Rodolfo
Published: December 2019

In this article, the complex dynamics of inbound tourism in Sicily is analyzed for the period 1998–2017. The horizontal visibility graph algorithm is used to transform the overnight stays' time series into a network whose topology is investigated by standard network analysis. Discontinuities in the domestic and international tourism demand were identified in order to detect signals of change and the timing of the directional change in tourism growth. The network degree distribution confirms the complex structure of the destination and reveals the random and thus more unpredictable nature of the international tourism demand in Sicily, compared with a more stable domestic segment. Some policy implications are drawn.
Improving innovation efficiency of emerging economies: The role of manufacturing
Authors: Wang Shi‐Xiao , Lu Wen‐Min , Hung Shiu‐Wan
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the role of manufacturing in improving innovation efficiency of emerging economies. Emerging economies are developing innovations to promote their industries toward high‐technology sectors to facilitate global competitiveness. Nevertheless, the role of manufacturing is often neglected, which can result in low efficiency in the innovation process. This study constructed a three‐stage innovation model that consists of human capital cultivation, manufacturing development, and innovation production to stress and verify the importance of manufacturing. The experimental results suggest that manufacturing development was a key factor affecting innovation efficiency. A performance improvement strategy map was provided to improve each country's innovation efficiency.
The 13C chemical shift and the anisotropy effect of the carbene electron‐deficient centre: Simple means to characterize the electron distribution of carbenes
Authors: Kleinpeter Erich , Koch Andreas
Published: December 2019

Both the 13C chemical shift and the calculated anisotropy effect (spatial magnetic properties) of the electron‐deficient centre of stable, crystalline, and structurally characterized carbenes have been employed to unequivocally characterize potential resonance contributors to the present mesomerism (carbene, ylide, betaine, and zwitter ion) and to determine quantitatively the electron deficiency of the corresponding carbene carbon atom. Prior to that, both structures and 13C chemical shifts were calculated and compared with the experimental δ(13C)/ppm values and geometry parameters (as a quality criterion for obtained structures).
Regioselective preparation and NMR spectroscopy study of 2‐chloro‐4‐ethoxy‐quinoline for the synthesis of 2‐((3‐aminopropyl)amino)quinolin‐4(1H)‐one
Authors: Vasconcelos Vontobel Pedro Henrique , dos Santos Fuscaldo Rodrigo , dos Santos Francisco Paulo , Sobieski da Costa Jessie
Published: December 2019

Herein, we describe the C4‐ethoxylation of 2,4‐dichloroquinoline to prepare 2‐chloro‐4‐ethoxy‐quinoline (3), which is a prominent intermediate used for the synthesis of 2‐substituted quinolones. To achieve this goal, we studied different conditions for the reaction between 2,4‐dichloroquinoline and sodium ethoxide. We discovered that the use of 18‐crown‐6 ether as an additive and dimethylformamide as the reaction solvent allowed us to obtain the desired product 3 in very good yield and selectivity. In addition, a definitive distinction between the C2 and C4 ethoxylation products was achieved using 1H─15N heteronuclear multiple bond correlation. Compound 3 is an intermediate used for the synthesis of 2‐((3‐aminopropyl)amino)quinolin‐4(1H)‐one, which displays peculiar behavior during 1H nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, such as the broadening of the H8 singlet and unexpected deuteration at the C8‐position. Effort has been dedicated to understand these findings.
Distributed RHC stabilization for discrete‐time large‐scale systems with imposed constraints
Authors: Wang Yating , Liu Xiaohua , Gao Rong , Xu Juanjuan
Published: December 2019

This paper is concerned with finite horizon distributed stabilization of linear discrete‐time large‐scale systems with imposed constraints. Firstly, by constructing the performance index with two terminal weighted matrices, the necessary and sufficient conditions for stabilizing the system are derived. It is shown that distributed receding horizon control (RHC) can stabilize the discrete time large system with constraints if and only if two novel Lyapunov inequalities on the terminal weighting matrix are satisfied. Secondly, the finite horizon optimal control problem is solved by using the maximum principle (necessary condition), and the Riccati equation satisfying the corresponding distributed control system is derived. Based on the Riccati equation, the explicit optimal distributed RHC controller is obtained. Finally, simulation examples are used to verify the feasibility of distributed RHC to stabilize the system.
Dosimetric study of the medical Agility grating system in radiotherapy of orbital lymphoma
Authors: Huifeng Shi , Wenyong Tu , Haisheng Hu , Wenhui Fan , Fan Bi
Published: December 2019

Objective

The spatial location of the orbital lymphoma target area is special; improving the quality of the orbital lymphoma plan and protecting the eye are important focus areas for doctors and physicists. This study aimed to investigate the dosimetric characteristics of the Agility grating system in orbital lymphoma.

Methods

A total of 10 patients with orbital lymphoma who underwent radiotherapy at the Ninth People's Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, from 1 May 2016 to 30 May 2018 were selected. The Monaco treatment planning system was used for calculation, and the MLCi2 and Agility grating data were selected, respectively. Dynamic intensity adjustment was carried out. In the calculation, the limit of other tissues is fixed, and only the limit of the patient's affected side crystal is changed. The limit range is changed from 4 to 20 Gy. The function is Serial, and each change is 2 Gy. The whole eye, the crystal, the optic nerve, and the target area's conformal index, homogeneity index, and planned hop count were calculated, respectively.

Results

With increased limitation of the affected side crystal, Agility was more advantageous in the parameters of conformal index, homogeneity index, the affected side of the optic nerve, the average amounts of the affected eye and side of the eye, and the planned number of hops. The conformal index difference rate was 27.12%. After dropping to 5.11%, the difference rate of the homogeneity index decreased from 11.52% to 1.57%, and the downward trend gradually slowed down (P < 0.01). There were statistically significant differences: the difference rate of the affected side optic nerve decreased from 11.99% to 1.53% (P < 0.01); the mean difference rate of the affected side crystals decreased from 20.59% to 3.55% (P < 0.01); and the mean value of the affected side eye was <10 Gy when the crystal limit was <10 Gy. The difference in learning was >10 Gy, and there was no statistical difference. The calculation results of the contralateral crystal, MLCi2, are more advantageous (P < 0.01), indicating there is a statistically significant difference.

Conclusion

The results of Agility gratings are more dosimetric than MLCi2 gratings in the treatment of orbital lymphoma. Agility grating should be used for radiotherapy of orbital lymphoma.
Drug‐related deaths: practical responses to a growing problem
Authors: Parsons Graham
Published: December 2019

This review discusses the reasons behind the ever‐growing number of drug‐related deaths (DRDs) due to misuse in the UK, the principal types of drug involved, and practical ways in which prescribers can support patients to help reduce the risks.
Management of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: December 2019

This article provides a summary of the main changes in the recent updates to the NICE guidelines on inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis).
Risankizumab for the treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: December 2019

Risankizumab (Skyrizi) is an anti‐IL‐23 monoclonal antibody therapy for the treatment of plaque psoriasis in adults. This article discusses its clinical trial efficacy, adverse effects and place in therapy.
Scutellarin, a modulator of mTOR, attenuates hepatic insulin resistance by regulating hepatocyte lipid metabolism via SREBP‐1c suppression
Authors: Luan Huiling , Huo Zhaojiong , Zhao Zifeng , Zhang Shoukang , Huang Yihai , Shen Yanhui , Wang Pu , Xi Junxiao , Liang Jingyu , Wu Feihua
Published: December 2019

High levels of consumption of saturated lipids have been largely associated with the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases. In particular, saturated fatty acids such as palmitic acid (PA) have been implicated in the development of insulin resistance (IR). Scutellarin (Scu) is one of the effective traditional Chinese medicines considered beneficial for liver diseases and diabetes. In this study, we investigated the effect of Scu on IR and lipid metabolism disorders in vitro and in high fat diet (HFD)‐fed mice. In vitro, we found that Scu decreased insulin‐dependent lipid accumulation and the mRNA expression of CD36, Fasn, and ACC in PA‐treated HepG2 cells. Additionally, Scu upregulated Akt phosphorylation and improved the insulin signalling pathway. Moreover, Scu downregulated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation and the n‐SREBP‐1c protein level and also reduced lipid accumulation via the mTOR‐dependent pathway, as confirmed by the molecular docking of Scu to mTOR. In HFD‐fed C57BL/6 mice, Scu improved oral glucose tolerance, pyruvate tolerance and the IR index and also increased the Akt phosphorylation level. Moreover, Scu reduced hepatocyte steatosis, decreased lipid accumulation and triglyceride levels, inhibited mTOR phosphorylation, and decreased the SREBP‐1c level in the liver. Taken together, these findings suggest that Scu ameliorates hepatic IR by regulating hepatocyte lipid metabolism via the mTOR‐dependent pathway through SREBP‐1c suppression.
Green Decarboxylative Aminoalkylation of Coumarin‐3‐Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Soltani Siavash Salek , Golshani Mostafa , Moghimi Setareh , Farnia S. Morteza F. , Ketabforoosh Shima H. M. E. , Akbarzadeh Tahmineh , Foroumadi Alireza
Published: December 2019

A new metal‐free decarboxylative coupling reaction between coumarin‐3‐carboxylic acid derivatives, formaldehyde, and amines is developed. The use of water as the solvent without using any catalyst or additive, excellent functional group tolerance, and good yields are the beneficial features of this synthetic pathway. The cholinesterase inhibitory activity of some selected target compounds is also evaluated.
Two Synthesis Methods for Fe(III)@MOF‐5‐derived Porous Carbon Composites for Enhanced Phenol Hydroxylation
Authors: Xiang Bai‐lin , Fu Lin , Li Yongfei , Liu Yuejin
Published: December 2019

MOF‐5‐derived porous carbon (MDPC) materials, MDPC‐600 and MDPC‐1000, were prepared by pyrolysis at 600 °C in nitrogen atmosphere prior to acid treatment and at 1000 °C in nitrogen atmosphere, respectively. The samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X–MaxN energy spectrum, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The test results of MDPC‐1000 and MDPC‐600 show that both are microporous amorphous carbon with the 2.7 nm diameter pore size, indicating that the micropore of MOF‐5 is well preserved during pyrolysis. MDPC‐1000 and MDPC‐600 have specific surface areas of 1570.9 m2/g and 1029.5 m2/g, respectively. MDPC‐1000 and MDPC‐600 were loaded with Fe ions to prepare Fe(III)/MDPC composite materials, which were used as catalysts for phenol hydroxylation. The results show that Fe(III)/MDPC‐1000 has higher catalytic effect than Fe(III)/MDPC‐600. During one hour phenol hydroxylation at 80 °C with 3 wt.% Fe concentration and a mass ratio of catalyst to phenol of 0.053, Fe(III)/MDPC‐1000 provides maximum phenol conversion, dihydroxybenzene yield, and dihydroxybenzene selectivity of 61.4%, 54.3%, and 88.4%, respectively.
Theoretical Studies on Energetic Nitrogen‐Rich Heterocyclic Substituted Derivatives of Pyrazino [2, 3‐e] [1, 2, 3, 4] Tetrazine‐1, 3‐di‐N‐oxide
Authors: Ullah Khan Raza , Zhu Weihua
Published: December 2019

We used an effective approach to design a series of new energetic compounds by incorporating nitrogenous heterocyclic substituents (furazan, imidazole, triazole, oxazine, pyrazine, triazine, and tetrazine) together with two N‐oxide into pyrazino [2, 3‐e] [1, 2, 3, 4] tetrazine molecule. Their heat of formations (HOFs) were calculated by employing DFT−B3LYP method with 6–311G** basis set. The findings reveal that the substitution of the ‐N3 and N3‐substituted tetrazine groups causes a sufficiently large increase in the HOFs. The energy gap decreases for all the derivatives. The calculated values of detonation pressure and detonation velocity show that the substitution of the NF2‐, N(NO2)2‐, and ONO2‐substituted heterocycles is very helpful to enhance the detonation properties. The calculated bond dissociation energy values for few weakest bonds reflect that the nitrogen‐nitrogen (N2‐N3) bond in the pyrazino [2, 3‐e] [1, 2, 3, 4] tetrazine molecule is a weakest bond and ring cleavage may happen during thermal decomposition except for nitroxy (‐ONO2) substituted derivatives, where O‐NO2 bond may rupture rather than ring cleavage. By considering detonation properties, thermal stabilities, and other properties, 9 of our designed compounds may be consider as potential candidates of high energy density compounds because of their ambitious detonation performance and suitable thermal stability.
Glucose Isomerizes to Fructose Catalyzed by the Eco‐Friendly and Biodegradable Ionic Liquids
Authors: Li Xuan , Zhang Xiong , Li Haowei , Long Jinxing
Published: December 2019

In this study, a new and cost‐effective strategy is proposed for the selective isomerization of glucose to fructose in the aqueous solutions involving eco‐friendly and biodegradable ionic liquids, which consist of a choline cation and natural amino acid anions. The results show that these ionic liquid aqueous solutions demonstrate impressive performances on the glucose isomerization. At the reaction conditions of 70 °C for 30 min and 1.0 MPa N2, a 37.6% fructose yield is obtained with a 77.2% selectivity in the presence of choline proline. It is noteworthy that both of these fructose yield and selectivity are higher than those of many current base‐catalyzed techniques. This high performance should be ascribed to the intensive enhancement of choline cation on the catalytic active centre of proline anion which consequentially facilitates the isomerization of glucose. Furthermore, this robust catalyst of [Ch]Pro is recyclable, where a satisfied catalytic activity is shown even after five consecutive runs, indicating its great potential in both biomass valorization and food industry.
Cover Image, Volume 12, Issue 1
Authors: Mohsen Mona O. , Speiser Daniel E. , Knuth Alexander , Bachmann Martin F.
Published: December 2019

The cover image is based on the Advanced Review Virus‐like particles for vaccination against cancer, by Mona O. Mohsen, Daniel E. Speiser, Alexander Knuth, Martin F. Bachmann. https://doi.org/10.1002/wnan.1579.

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A novel Hexa data encoding method for 2D image crypto-compression
Authors: Siddeq Mohammed M. , Rodrigues Marcos A.
Published: December 2019

We proposed a novel method for 2D image compression-encryption whose quality is demonstrated through accurate 2D image reconstruction at higher compression ratios. The method is based on the DWT-Discrete Wavelet Transform where high frequency sub-bands are connected with a novel Hexadata crypto-compression algorithm at compression stage and a new fast matching search algorithm at decoding stage. The novel crypto-compression method consists of four main steps: 1) A five-level DWT is applied to an image to zoom out the low frequency sub-band and increase the number of high frequency sub-bands to facilitate the compression process; 2) The Hexa data compression algorithm is applied to each high frequency sub-band independently by using five different keys to reduce each sub-band to1/6of its original size; 3) Build a look up table of probability data to enable decoding of the original high frequency sub-bands, and 4) Apply arithmetic coding to the outputs of steps (2) and (3). At decompression stage a fast matching search algorithm is used to reconstruct all high frequency sub-bands. We have tested the technique on 2D images including streaming from videos (YouTube). Results show that the proposed crypto-compression method yields high compression ratios up to 99% with high perceptual quality images.
Hypophosphatasie – eine klinisch und genetisch variable Erkrankung
Authors: Jandl Nico Maximilian , Volk Alexander , Barvencik Florian
Published: December 2019

Die Hypophosphatasie (HPP) ist eine erbliche metabolische Multisystemerkrankung, deren klinische Hauptcharakteristika Mineralisierungsstörungen von Knochen und Zähnen sowie Muskel- und Gelenkschmerzen sind. Die klinische Symptomatik ist vom Erkrankungsalter abhängig und gestaltet sich sowohl interindividuell als auch intrafamiliär sehr variabel. Es werden sechs Unterformen der HPP abgegrenzt, wobei die Übergänge fließend sind. Sie reichen von der schweren perinatalen Form, die früher aufgrund fehlender Skelettmineralisierung meist tödlich war, bis hin zur adulten Form mit typischen Symptomen wie Frakturheilungsstörungen oder Stressfrakturen. Unspezifische Symptome wie Muskelschmerzen und -schwäche, Migräne oder Depressionen können ebenfalls Teil der HPP sein. Während schwere Formen mit einer Prävalenz zwischen 1/100.000 und 1/300.000 selten sind, kommen milde Formen der HPP deutlich häufiger vor. Perinatale und frühkindliche Formen sind meist autosomal-rezessiv vererbt, hingegen werden später auftretende Formen autosomal-rezessiv oder -dominant vererbt. Ursache der HPP ist eine reduzierte oder fehlende Aktivität der gewebeunspezifischen alkalischen Phosphatase (AP), welche durch das ALPL-Gen kodiert wird. Laborchemisch lassen sich im Serum eine alters- und geschlechtsspezifisch erniedrigte AP-Aktivität und eine konsekutive Erhöhung der AP-Substrate, z. B. des Pyridoxal-5-Phosphats (PLP), feststellen. Seit der Erstbeschreibung der Erkrankung 1948 haben sich die Diagnostik und Therapie der HPP dramatisch verbessert. Vor 4 Jahren ist eine Enzymersatztherapie mit Asfotase alfa (Strensiq®) für schwer betroffene HPP-Patienten mit Beginn der Erkrankung vor dem 18. Lebensjahr zugelassen worden. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über das breite klinische Spektrum der HPP, pathophysiologische Hintergründe, die laborchemische und molekulargenetische Diagnostik sowie gegenwärtige Therapieoptionen und deren Behandlungsindikationen.
Empedocles the Sorcerer and his Hexametrical Pharmaka
Authors: Faraone Christopher
Published: December 2019

In one of his fragments, Empedocles addresses his protégé Pausanias, predicting or promising that he will learn pharmaka, a word that is usually understood to mean herbal ‘drugs' or ‘remedies’ for disease, an interpretation that in turn seems to have been encouraged by a modern understanding that Empedocles was an empirically minded medical doctor. An alternate interpretation is suggested, however, by the recently published Getty Hexameters which use the word pharmaka several times to refer to hexametrical incantations that will protect a group of houses or a city from danger. These hexameters, moreover, are inscribed on a lead tablet of late-classical date that most probably came from the Sicilian city of Selinus, a date and a provenance that put its composition in close proximity to Empedocles himself.
Violence on Many Sides: Framing Effects on Protest and Support for Repression
Authors: Edwards Pearce , Arnon Daniel
Published: December 2019

The success of protests depends on whether they favorably affect public opinion: nonviolent resistance can win public support for a movement, but regimes counter by framing protest as violent and instigated by outsiders. The authors argue that public perceptions of whether a protest is violent shift based on the framing of the types of action and the identities of participants in those actions. The article distinguishes between three dimensions: (1) threat of harm, (2) bearing of arms and (3) identity of protesters. Using survey experiments in Israel and the United States, the study finds support for framing effects. Threat of harm has the largest positive effect on perceptions of violence and support for repression. Surprisingly, social out-groups are not perceived as more violent, but respondents favor repressing them anyway. Support for repressing a nonthreatening out-group is at least as large as support for repressing a threatening in-group. The findings link contentious action and public opinion, and demonstrate the susceptibility of this link to framing.