bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of High-Fidelity Patient Simulation in an Undergraduate Pharmacology Course
Authors: Thompson Teri L. , Bonnel Wanda B.
Published: March 2009

High-fidelity patient simulations provide unique learning opportunities in undergraduate pharmacology. Every year, adverse drug events in the clinical setting affect thousands of patients. Pharmacology content is often taught independently without a clinical application component. Students have difficulty making the connections between learned content and clinical application; high-fidelity patient simulations provide students with the opportunity to make these connections in a safe environment. Implementing a pharmacological simulation with novice nursing students provides an applied learning experience that promotes knowledge retention, improves clinical judgment, and can produce safe practitioners in the clinical setting. This article discusses high-fidelity patient simulations and provides a pharmacology-based case scenario.
Is Nursing Ready for WebQuests?
Authors: Lahaie Ulysses David
Published: March 2009

Based on an inquiry-oriented framework, WebQuests facilitate the construction of effective learning activities. Developed by Bernie Dodge and Tom March in 1995 at the San Diego State University, WebQuests have gained worldwide popularity among educators in the kindergarten through grade 12 educational sector. However, their application at the college and university levels is not well documented. WebQuests enhance and promote higher order-thinking skills, are consistent with Bloom's Taxonomy, and reflect a learner-centered instructional methodology (constructivism). They are based on solid theoretical foundations and promote critical thinking, inquiry, and problem solving. There is a role for WebQuests in nursing education. A WebQuest example is described in this article.
A Survey of Physical Examination Skills Taught in Undergraduate Nursing Programs: Are We Teaching Too Much?
Authors: Giddens Jean Foret , Eddy Linda
Published: March 2009

Because content saturation is a growing concern, as reflected in the nursing literature, the content taught in undergraduate nursing curricula should be critically examined. The purpose of this descriptive cross-sectional research was to determine and analyze the physical assessment content currently taught in undergraduate nursing programs. A total of 198 individuals teaching in undergraduate nursing programs completed a Web-based survey. Of the 122 skills included on the survey, 81% were reportedly being taught in most of the nursing programs. Total scores for 18 systems-based assessment categories were significantly different among associate and baccalaureate nursing programs in all but three categories: assessment of integument, breast, and female genitals. Previous research has shown that nurses use less than 25% of these same skills regularly in clinical practice, regardless of their educational preparation. Findings from this research raise questions about the breadth to which physical examination content should be taught in undergraduate nursing education.
Using a Conceptual Approach with a Concept Map of Psychosis as an Exemplar to Promote Critical Thinking
Authors: Vacek Jenny E.
Published: March 2009

Teaching students to think critically is an important component of nursing education. A literature review suggests that a conceptual approach and a concept map may help facilitate critical thinking in the nursing student. Currently, there are patients in various health care settings who manifest psychosis and need treatment for the disorder. This article proposes using both a concept map and a conceptual approach to teach the concept of psychosis instead of focusing on content. If students understand the general concept of psychosis, they can identify and implement nursing actions for patients with psychosis regardless of the etiology or health care setting.
Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D): Part 2: Study Outcomes
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: March 2009

This article reviews the main outcome findings from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study. The study compared the efficacy and tolerability of a range of antidepressant therapies through four sequential levels of treatment with the goal of achieving remission. Remission rates based on the primary outcome measure (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression) were 28% (Level 1 citalopram), 17% to 30% (Level 2 treatments), 12% to 25% (Level 3 treatments), and 7% to 14% (Level 4 treatments). For patients not responding adequately to an initial trial of citalopram, subsequent treatment strategies may be effective. When more treatment steps are required, however, lower acute remission rates, greater degrees of treatment intolerance, and higher relapse rates during follow up are seen. There were few differences among treatments within each level related to efficacy or tolerability, although patients had clear preferences for or against certain treatments.
Healing Scents: An Overview of Clinical Aromatherapy for Emotional Distress
Authors: Butje Andrea , Repede Elizabeth , Shattell Mona M.
Published: March 2009

Individuals in emotional distress are often treated with psychotherapeutic agents, but other treatment options exist. One safe and effective adjunct for the prevention and treatment of emotional distress is aromatherapy. This article describes the physiological effects of scent, reviews the research on aromatherapy, presents practical information on the use of clinical aromatherapy for emotional distress, and suggests resources for additional training and education.
Risks and Benefits of Antipsychotic Drugs in Elderly Patients with Dementia
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: March 2009

Memory impairment and other cognitive disturbances characterize dementia, but other noncognitive behavioral and psychiatric symptoms are very common. The most important behavioral and psychiatric symptoms associated with dementia (BPSAD) are agitation, aggression, and psychosis, and they have serious consequences for patients and caregivers. No medication has been approved for the treatment of BPSAD, but antipsychotic drugs are the best studied and most commonly used. However, in addition to these drugs' expected side effects, cerebrovascular adverse events and death are two serious adverse effects associated with their use in dementia patients. This article highlights the studies examining the risks and benefits of antipsychotic drugs for BPSAD. Weighing small but significant risks compared with possible benefits is a complex treatment decision.
Psychosis in Late Life: Emerging Issues
Authors: Reeves Roy R. , Brister James C.
Published: March 2009

Psychotic symptoms in older individuals may be more common than was previously thought. Most kinds of psychosis that occur in younger people can be seen in older patients. However, there are important clinical differences between early-onset and late-onset psychosis. Conditions in which psychotic symptoms may occur in older adults include chronic illnesses such as dementia, schizophrenia, and delusional disorder, and acute transient disorders such as delirium and substance-induced psychosis. In this article, we focus on psychosis in chronic disorders in older individuals and discuss presentation and treatment of psychosis in patients with early-onset schizophrenia who have lived into old age, late-onset schizophrenia, very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis, delusional disorder, and Alzheimer's disease and other dementias.
Late-Onset Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Snyder Marsha
Published: March 2009

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a complex psychological response to a perceived life-threatening trauma that includes re-experiencing the trauma, avoidance, intrusive thoughts, hyperarousal, and dissociation. Exposure to trauma in early adulthood increases the potential for further psychological threats throughout life. In older adult populations, PTSD is an underrecognized and undertreated disorder that can result in psychosocial disability, substance use, and other negative health outcomes. This article examines the range of symptoms related to PTSD in older adults and expands on health care provider sensitivity to the interrelationship of mental and physical health when addressing the needs of older adults with this disorder.
Promoting Dual Diagnosis Awareness in Everyday Clinical Practice
Authors: Cleary Michelle , Walter Garry , Hunt Glenn E. , Clancy Richard , Horsfall Jan
Published: March 2009

Working with and treating individuals with co-occurring substance misuse presents unique challenges for mental health nurses. Substance misuse is common in mental health settings, and its clinical challenges with system barriers impede positive treatment outcomes. To work effectively in everyday clinical practice with dual diagnosis clients, nurses need to consider potential guiding principles. These principles pertain to treatment aims, engagement, assessment, symptoms, care plans, cycle of change, motivational interviewing, traps to avoid, active treatment, relapse prevention, agency collaboration, and treatment diversity. Clinical tools are easily accessible resources that can provide a framework for contemporary practice in a range of settings. Such resources are helpful in practice and as a foundation for orientation, education, self-reflection, and peer review. Setting expectations for everyday practice and ensuring that clients with a dual diagnosis receive the best care possible are important goals for the nursing profession.
A Model of CAM Use by Women with Female-Specific Cancers
Authors: Eschiti Valerie S.
Published: March 2009

In this cross-sectional, retrospective, explanatory secondary analysis of the 2002 National Health Interview Survey, complementary and alternative modality (CAM) use by women with female-specific cancers is described. The effect of personal factors on the odds of CAM use was measured using the researcher's model, based on Pender's Health Promotion Model, as a framework. Women age 40 and older, with high levels of education, presence of pain, and presence of depression/anxiety were more likely to use CAM. Because women with female-specific cancers who report depression/anxiety are more likely to use CAM, they need to be targeted by mental health nurses for education regarding safe CAM use.
Understanding the Clinical Profile of a Drug on the Basis of Its Pharmacology: Mirtazapine as an Example
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: March 2009

Direct comparisons of different drugs used for the same indication can reveal important differences in efficacy or tolerability. Such clinical differences can often be explained or predicted on the basis of the particular pharmacological properties of each drug. To demonstrate the clinical importance of understanding the distinct pharmacology of a drug, this article describes the pharmacology and clinical profile of mirtazapine (Remeron
®
). Mirtazapine is a pharmacologically unique agent among antidepressant drugs. Clinical studies have demonstrated similar overall efficacy for mirtazapine compared with the serotonin reuptake inhibitors and with venlafaxine (Effexor
®
), but a more rapid onset of antidepressant effect and a substantially different side effect profile. Knowledge about drug pharmacology leads to better understanding of the differences in the efficacy and tolerability of various drugs. This knowledge also provides a rationale for choosing one drug over another for a particular patient or switching or combining drugs for treating nonresponders or alleviating side effects.
Equine-Facilitated Psychotherapy with Adult Female Survivors of Abuse
Authors: Meinersmann Krista M. , Bradberry Judy , Roberts Florence Bright
Published: March 2009

This qualitative study examined the stories of 5 women who experienced abuse and participated in equine-facilitated psychotherapy (EFP) as part of their recovery. Anecdotal accounts support the effectiveness of EFP with women who have experienced abuse, but there is a lack of supporting research. This study was designed to examine the effectiveness of EFP in the treatment of women who have experienced abuse. Selection criteria included age, experience of abuse, participation in EFP, and ability to understand English. Data analysis identified four patterns in the participants' stories: I Can Have Power; Doing It Hands On, Horses as Co-Therapists, and Turned My Life Around. Overall, the participants' stories show that EFP can be an effective intervention for women who have experienced abuse.
Addressing Environmental Health Implications of Mold Exposure after Major Flooding
Authors: Metts Tricia A.
Published: March 2009

Extensive water damage resulting from major flooding is often associated with mold growth if materials are not quickly and thoroughly dried. Exposure to fungal contamination can lead to several infectious and noninfectious health effects impacting the respiratory system, skin, and eyes. Adverse health effects can be categorized as infections, allergic or hypersensitivity reactions, or toxic–irritant reactions. Workers and building occupants can minimize their exposure to mold by avoiding areas with excessive mold growth, using personal protective equipment, and implementing environmental controls. Occupational health professionals should encourage workers to seek health care if they experience any symptoms that may be linked to mold exposure.
Health Effects following 9/11
Authors: Pak Victoria M. , O'Hara MaryEllen , McCauley Linda A.
Published: March 2009

The attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001 resulted in hazardous environmental exposures of enormous magnitude, bringing about persistent respiratory and psychological problems among survivors. Approximately 40,000 men and women worked at Ground Zero, the former site of the World Trade Center in New York City, and at the Staten Island landfill, the main wreckage depository, in the days, weeks, and months following 9/11. First responders such as firefighters and police, construction workers, and utility and public sector workers were involved. These individuals were at high risk for injury, respiratory complications, and psychological distress from the traumatic event. This article highlights the controversy surrounding 9/11 research and reports, identifies populations at high risk for exposure, and examines the health effects. Occupational health nurses should not only be empowered to provide the best care for workers affiliated with 9/11, but also contribute to research to protect worker health in future disaster responses.
Domestic Violence Screening and Treatment in the Workplace
Authors: Felblinger Dianne M. , Gates Donna
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to survey occupational health nurses about their perceived ability to screen for and treat domestic violence in the workplace. Occupational health nurses providing direct care or case management anonymously responded to the mailed Occupational Health Nurses' Survey on Screening for Domestic Violence in the Workplace. Findings indicate that occupational health nurses consider domestic violence screening and treatment to be components of their nursing role, but do not believe they have adequate training to competently care for workers who have experienced domestic violence. The occupational health nurses also did not believe policies existed in their workplace to assist them in treating these workers. Findings from this study can be used as the foundation for domestic violence education, policy development, and intervention research.
Workplace Health Promotion—Strategies for Low-Income Hispanic Immigrant Women
Authors: Zarate-Abbott Perla , Etnyre Annette , Gilliland Irene , Mahon Marveen , Allwein David , Cook Jennifer , Mikan Vanessa , Rauschhuber Maureen , Sethness Renee , Muñoz Laura , Lowry Jolynn , Jones Mary Elaine
Published: March 2009

Addressing health disparities for vulnerable populations in the United States is a national goal. Immigrant Hispanic women, at increased risk for heart disease, face obstacles in receiving adequate health care. Health promotion, especially for Hispanic women, is hindered by language, access to care, lack of insurance, and cultural factors. Innovative health education approaches are needed to reach this population. This article describes the development and evaluation of a culturally sensitive cardiac health education program based on findings from a study of 21 older immigrant Hispanic women employed as housekeepers at a small university in south Texas. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures had decreased 17 months after the intervention.
Integrated Absence Management and the Family and Medical Leave Act
Authors: Morris Judy A.
Published: March 2009

Intermittent unscheduled absenteeism often challenges employers to meet the needs of their employees, control direct absenteeism costs, and maintain the staff needed to serve customers. Occupational health nurses have opportunities to play an important role in addressing this challenge. Measurable financial impacts have been demonstrated from integrating the management of intermittent FMLA leave with an employer's existing absence management program.
Application of the Occupational Health Services Model in Thai Primary Care Units
Authors: Wittayapun Yuwadee , Lagampan Sunee , Kalampakorn Surintorn , Rogers Bonnie , Vorapongsathorn Thavatchai
Published: March 2009

This study explored the elements of the occupational health services model in Thai primary care units. Seven focus groups with nurses and public health professionals working in primary care units, employees, employers, and occupational health service-related authorities were conducted. Content analysis of the focus groups revealed 15 practical elements in five domains: system inputs, throughputs, services, outputs, and feedback. Examples of existing elements in the five domains were occupational health staff competencies (inputs), collaborative network building (throughputs), on-site occupational health services (services), number of activities performed as on-site occupational health services (outputs), and evaluation (feedback) of occupational health services delivery. The findings have implications for further development of the occupational health services model in Thai primary care units, such as training the staff of primary care units to become competent in delivering effective occupational health services.
Structuring Successful Interventions in Employee Health Programs
Authors: Johnson Lucy , Denham Sharon A.
Published: March 2009

This literature review explored common characteristics of successful health promotion interventions that have produced positive outcomes for the diverse populations studied. Health education interventions delivered in structured environments with quarterly monitoring produced the most positive outcomes. Interventions delivered to employees in a “team” format were as successful as interventions delivered one on one. Single disease- or health behavior-focused interventions were more successful than multifocused interventions. Review findings indicate that academic or consultant researchers may lend expertise to research methods and informed consent as employers create health promotion programs they wish to evaluate. Employers may find benefits in conducting health-related studies developed through partnerships or collaborations with academic researchers.
Psychometric Properties of a Modified Version of a Worksite Harassment Tool—Preliminary Findings
Authors: Al-Modallal Hanan , Hall Lynne , Anderson Debra
Published: March 2009

This study examined the psychometric properties of a modified version of a worksite harassment tool. Data were collected from 180 long-haul female drivers. Cronbach's alpha was used to assess internal consistency. Principal components analysis was used to investigate the tool's dimensionality, and correlation analysis was used to investigate construct validity. Cronbach's alpha for the tool was 0.88. Principal components analysis indicated the presence of two factors. Two items were eliminated due to low factor loadings. Cronbach's alpha for the short version (7 items) was 0.86. Higher abuse scores were associated with poorer health and greater levels of stress. The greater the level of abuse, the poorer the woman's ability to sleep. The 7-item version of the worksite harassment tool is valid and reliable, easy to understand, and written at a 7th grade reading level.
Mindfulness Meditation for Veterans—Implications for Occupational Health Providers
Authors: Cuellar Norma G.
Published: March 2009

Mindfulness meditation (MfM) is a mind-body therapy identified by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Initially taught in a formal classroom setting, MfM is a sustainable intervention with minimal costs that can be used over time. For veterans, after mastery, this technique shows promise in improving health outcomes and quality of life. This article describes MfM, discusses the conceptual framework and evidence-based research for MfM, and identifies the implications of MfM use by health care providers who are caring for war veterans.
When No One Has Time
Authors: Morrison Janet , Lindberg Per
Published: March 2009

Technological change is a constant in today's workplace, especially the modern health care workplace. The introduction of electronic health records changes workloads, job demands, interactions with other health care professionals, and work roles—all elements that have previously been noted to increase work stress and impact health. Despite the significant changes that accompany computerization, it is seldom studied as a source of stress. Also, the health effects of computerization within health care have not been extensively studied. This article summarizes the potential environmental impact of computerization on workers, with special reference to health care workers, and suggests ways occupational health nurses can monitor the health consequences of new technology and intervene in case of adverse health impact. In many health care organizations, high work pressure and staff shortages make it impractical, and perhaps impossible, to use standard in-depth research methods to investigate this issue. Therefore, several less obtrusive methods that can be triangulated are suggested as an alternative.
How Can Cases with Mental Health Overlay Be Effectively Managed?
Authors: Coupland Michael
Published: March 2009

The panel approach provides a forum for sharing ideas, viewpoints, and perspectives. Panel members come with expertise from a variety of case management arenas and have agreed to share their opinions and perspectives in response to specific questions or scenarios. Opinions and perspectives are those of the panel members, and do not necessarily represent the views of AAOHN, the Editor, or the Publisher. We encourage readers to submit their questions or scenarios for the panel. This month's panel members are Michael Coupland and Mark Schroeder.
Knowledge, Perceptions, and Attitudes of Managers, Coworkers, and Employed Breastfeeding Mothers
Authors: Stewart-Glenn Jennifer
Published: March 2009

Employer attitudes and practices toward breastfeeding mothers are discouraging overall. Mothers who believe that breastfeeding while employed cannot be done without a considerable amount of additional work and stress may not even consider breastfeeding. Although it is known that lower income women tend not to breastfeed while employed, the relationship between type of employment and sustaining breastfeeding has not been clearly explained. Many women identify employment as a barrier to breastfeeding. Some elements of a workplace environment supportive of breastfeeding have been identified, including private space with a locking door (other than a bathroom stall), time to express milk at work, and adequate refrigeration. In relation to employers, monetary reasons (i.e., decreased productivity) are most frequently cited for not supporting breastfeeding. Only a small percentage of the research on employed breastfeeding mothers has focused on the workplace. Further research is needed to determine how breastfeeding can be beneficial to the mother, the infant, and the employer.
Data Security in Occupational Health
Authors: Damrongsak Mantana , Brown Kathleen C.
Published: March 2009

Occupational health nurses are increasingly using computer systems in the delivery of efficient, high-quality occupational health services. However, potential breaches in data security are posing more risks to these data systems. The purpose of this article is to address concerns related to data security in occupational health nursing. Occupational health nurses must protect the personal health information of employees by proactively developing methods to ensure data security.
Health Care and Politics
Authors: Paranzino Grace , Lukes Eileen
Published: March 2009

The presidential candidates for the 2008 election have outlined health care proposals that will ultimately impact the health status of Americans. Highlights focus on access to health care coverage, cost containment, improvement of the quality of care, and financing. This article provides a glimpse into the inherent challenges faced and the impact that nurses can make by casting their vote in this election as consumers and providers of health care.
Ecological Model of Disaster Management
Authors: Beaton Randal , Bridges Elizabeth , Salazar Mary K. , Oberle Mark W. , Stergachis Andy , Thompson Jack , Butterfield Patricia
Published: March 2009

The ecological model of disaster management provides a framework to guide occupational health nurses who are developing disaster management programs. This ecological model assumes that disaster planning, preparedness, response, and recovery occur at various levels of the organization. These nested, increasingly complex organizational levels include individual and family, workplace, community, state, tribal, federal, and global levels. The ecological model hypothesizes that these levels interact and these dynamic interactions determine disaster planning, preparedness, response, and recovery outcomes. In addition to the features of the hazard or disaster, it is also assumed that parallel disaster planning, preparedness, and response elements, logistical challenges, and flexibility, sustainability, and rehabilitation elements occur at each level of the ecological model. Finally, the model assumes that evaluation of response and recovery efforts should inform future planning and preparedness efforts.
When a Coworker Completes Suicide
Authors: Lynn Cynthia W.
Published: March 2009

The suicide death of a coworker is considered a psychiatric emergency for nurse managers and coworkers left to process the feelings associated with this type of grief. The occupational health nurse can assist nurse managers and coworkers in the grieving process. It is critical for the occupational health nurse to understand the psychological, social, and emotional implications for coworkers (suicide survivors) left to grieve the loss. Appropriate support and guidance immediately following the suicide death of a coworker will assist individuals through the normal grieving process and avoid suppressed emotions that may lead to personal and departmental dysfunction.
Strategies and Tools to Reduce Workplace Violence
Authors: Gallant-Roman Mary A.
Published: March 2009

The U.S. health care system is in the beginning of a crisis that can barely be comprehended. If projections are accurate, the demand for nurses will increase 40% and a 400,000-hour full-time equivalent registered nurse shortfall will occur by 2020. Not only are nurses leaving the field, but fewer candidates are entering. The reasons are unclear, but research has shown that nursing is a dangerous occupation—four times more dangerous than most other occupations. Protection from an unsafe workplace is guaranteed under Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations, and many national and international groups call for zero tolerance of workplace violence. Health care worksites must develop specific plans to minimize and prevent workplace violence. Additional research is necessary to determine which methods are most effective. This article examines the necessary components of a workplace violence prevention program.
Working through a Migraine
Authors: Weiss Marjorie D. , Bernards Penny , Price Steven J.
Published: March 2009

The financial and personal impact of migraines in the workplace is substantial. Effective management of workplace migraines includes screening, prevention, and effective treatment. Worksite screeners are available to detect the burden of undiagnosed migraine in the workplace. Decreasing the personal and financial impact of migraines in the workplace requires a variety of strategies predicated on collaborative efforts among workers, occupational health nurses, other providers, and management.
Sharp Object Injuries among Health Care Workers in a Chinese Province
Authors: Chen Liang , Zhang Min , Yan YanSheng , Miao JianYing , Lin He , Zhang YanQing , Wang HuangQiang , Du XieYi , Li Tao
Published: March 2009

Health care workers in nine hospitals in Fujian were surveyed between December 2005 and February 2006 regarding the occurrence of sharp object injuries (SOIs). Survey results indicated that 71.3% of the health care workers had sustained SOIs during the past year. The rates of SOIs among surgeons, nurses, anesthesiologists, and clinical laboratory workers were 68.7%, 76.9%, 88.1%, and 40.2%, respectively. Approximately 50% of the SOIs occurred while devices were being used. Disposable syringes caused most of the injuries. A lack of protective and safe devices, heavy workloads, and carelessness contributed to SOIs. SOIs can be reduced among health care workers by decreasing unnecessary manipulation, using safety devices, disposing of used objects properly, and reasonably allocating workloads.
Safety Certification—A Path to Job Security and Personal Growth
Authors: Budde Sarah R.
Published: March 2009

In 2005, the American Board for Occupational Health Nurses, Inc. introduced a new credential in safety management for certified occupational health nurses. To date, 11 nurses have attained this credential and several of those have advanced to the Certified Safety Professional designation. This article discusses the certification process and its benefits. It also discusses problems in the application process observed by the administrators, and offers suggestions to prepare for the examination. Nurses who have attained the Safety Manager credential were surveyed for advice to those considering certification.
Imaging Through Gas Using 4-Component, 3D Seismic Data: A Case Study From The Lomond Field
Authors: Probert T. , Robinson J.P. , Ronen S. , Hoare R. , Pope D. , Kommedal J. , Crook H. , Law A.
Published: March 2009

Imaging sub gas has been shown to be a robust application of 4-componentseabed seismic. We review the acquisition and processing of an orthogonal(source lines perpendicular to receiver lines) 4-component 3D survey over the Lomond Field in the North Sea. The geophysical objectives were to improve theimaging of faults and the crest of the structure under the gas cloud, where theconventional seismic is distorted.

Conventional streamers record only the pressure waves and suffer from verylow signal/noise ratio and pull-down under the gas cloud. It is recognized thatconverted shear waves are largely unaffected by fluids and the success ofearlier 2D lines e.g. Tommeliten (Berg et al.1) provided some of the motivationfor acquiring the 3D Lomond survey.

A multi-component cable system was laid on the seabed to record bothpressure and converted wave data in a cross spread geometry. In total, fivepairs of cables were laid giving a seabed footprint of 36 sq.km. The cablesystem uses array's of hydrophones with 3 orthogonal velocity sensors.

In processing, the hydrophone and vertical velocity sensor are summed togive an improved result. The horizontal velocity components are rotated intoradial and transverse components and the radial data is processed as aconverted shear wave. Multi-component methods have been developed, including NMO, DMO and binning, to improve converted wave processing. The orthogonalgeometry records ray-paths from all azimuths presenting some challenges toprocessing.

Processed results will contrast the final migrated pressure wave andconverted wave images. The first shows good imaging of the steep flanksegments, distortion under the gas-invaded zone and poor event continuity inthe crestal feature. The second shows similar structure and good continuityunder the gas.

Introduction to the Lomond 4C Project

The use of 4-component seismic to solve the problem of imaging beneath gaszones has been shown to be a robust application. However orthogonally acquireddata presents some new challenges to processing.

Conventional seismic records pressure waves (or Primary waves), the seabedsystem can also record transverse shear waves (or Secondary waves), these arecommonly called P-waves and PS-waves.
Norwegian Deepwater Program: Analysis of Vortex-Induced Vibrations of Marine Risers Based on Full-Scale Measurements
Authors: Kaasen Karl E. , Lie Halvor , Solaas Froydis , Vandiver J. Kim
Published: March 2009

As a part of the Norwegian Deepwater Program (NDP) three drilling risershave been instrumented with accelerometers and rotation-rate meters formeasurement of vortex-induced vibrations (VIV). In addition, current wasmeasured at number of depths. The paper describes how the riser displacementswere derived from the measurements and compared with the current. A major taskhas been to rid the acceleration measurements of the influence of gravity dueto the riser's rotations out of the vertical and include the measurements ofangular motion in a consistent way. This has been done using modaldecomposition and a least-squares method to estimate the modal weights. Themain purpose of the work was to provide data for calibration of computerprograms for prediction of VIV. Examples of results are given.

Introduction

To design marine risers for use in deep waters it is important to be able topredict the character and amount of vortex-induced vibration the riser mayhave. In general VIV will be important with respect to fatigue as well as dragforces on the riser.

The VIV response of a marine riser is a complicated process involving boththe hydrodynamical and the structural properties of the riser. Model testinghas given valuable insight in VIV. Different types of experimenting have beendone, e.g. forced motion with rigid cylinders in a uniform flow (Ref. 1), spring-supported rigid cylinders in uniform flow (Ref 2) and scaled risermodels in uniform and sheared flows (Ref. 3). Ref. 4 gives a comprehensiveintroduction to the phenomenon of VIV in general, while Ref. 5 is an account ofthe state of art when it comes to VIV of marine risers.

Still, full-scale data are needed to verify VIV models at realistic Reynoldsnumbers and in realistic currents that vary with depth. The task of obtainingdata by instrumentation and processing of the measurements is not trivial and, if done incorrectly, may lead to results of questionable value.
A Case of SI Attenuation in 4D Seismic Data Recorded With a Permanently Installed Array
Authors: Kommedal Jan H. , Semb Per Helge , Manning Ted
Published: March 2009

For seismic reservoir monitoring, interference noise from other seismic operations can cause either delays in data acquisition due to timesharing, or additional efforts to attenuate the seismic interference (SI) during processing. Here we present a method which takes advantage of the different shot interval and flexible recording length of the monitoring system, allowing efficient attenuation of the SI by adaptive subtraction. The method is successfully applied to multi-component 4D data.

Introduction

In 2003 a multi component geophone array was installed at the Valhall Field in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, to allow acquisition of time lapse seismic for reservoir monitoring. Since then seven surveys have been acquired over the array as part of the Valhall Life of Field Seismic (LoFS) project.

To get optimum data quality it is important to minimize the effect of non-repeatable noise, such as rig activity or noise from other vessels working in the field, or from SI. To reduce the amount of SI in the data will in many cases mean delaying the acquisiton by having to set up a time sharing agreement with a competing seismic operation. And if the data has to be collected within a given time window, time sharing may not be an option.

Experience from Valhall LoFS has shown that SI often presents a particular challenge due to the strength and duration of the interfering signal, and the method that we present here was triggered by an instance where we had a seismic streamer vessel operating only 20-40km west of Valhall while we were acquiring LoFS data. This situation was of course equally problematic for the streamer operation, and for the streamer operator, the SI from the LoFS shooting had to be handled during data processing. Manning et al. (2006) present an account of this and a list of different approaches that can be applied.

Here we will explain the method that was used for LoFS to mitigate the problem of excessive SI. (Table 1 - Amount of shot lines with SI for each LoFS survey.) Each full LoFS survey has about 50 000 shot points and covers an area of about 125 sq. km. The array itself covers 45 sq.km, for more details see Kommedal et al.(2004). As can be seen from table 1, which shows the amount of SI for each survey, only survey 4 was acquired without SI, but this could only be done at the cost of 10% added survey days due to time sharing. The strength of the SI varies, but it is typically about 30-40 microbar, the same range as vessel noise and noise from the rig. However, while the rig and vessel noise are most noticeable within a couple of hundred meters from their source, the SI is recorded on all receiver stations as it propagates across the survey area. In this part of the North Sea the water depth is relatively constant at about 70-80m, and so the water layer acts as a wave-guide, and the SI signal is a dispersive, ringing signal with strength depending on the distance to the source.
Bayesian Belief Networks
Authors: Neufeld Eric , Horsch Michael
Published: March 2009

Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) originated in the 1980s during the course of a debate within the artificial intelligence community about the foundations of uncertain inference. BBNs efficiently store joint probability distributions by exploiting independence relations among variables. The same independencies make inference algorithms more efficient. As well, if the data are rich enough, it is possible to infer the structure of a BBN from raw data, which make BBNs useful for machine learning as well. The structure of BBNs has been given deep causal semantics, which makes BBNs useful for predicting the consequences of interventions.
Introduction to Game Theory
Authors: Tuyls Karl , Nowe Ann
Published: March 2009

This article introduces the basics of Game Theory (GT) and Evolutionary Game Theory (EGT) from a computer science perspective. The fundamental concepts, the classical approach and the evolutionary approach are introduced and illustrated with some well‐chosen examples.
Nuclear Reactor Instrumentation and Control Systems
Authors: Smidts Carol , Arndt Stephen
Published: March 2009

Three generations of nuclear reactor instrumentation and control systems have been installed consecutively in nuclear power plants. The first used analog technology for instrumentation and relay‐based equipment for control, the second used discrete or integrated solid‐state equipment for both functions, and the current generation uses digital equipment for both. Each generation of systems carries out the same basic functionalities, for example, the monitoring, control, and protection of critical plant parameters and equipment to ensure the safe and reliable functioning of the plant. The progressive shift toward digital systems has been driven by several factors, such as the aging of analog systems and their consequent degradation, the move of industry toward computerized systems, the lack of replacement parts, the added flexibility and enhanced features of digital systems such as self‐test and diagnostics, the ability to store and handle larger sets of data and thus obtain a better understanding of the plant status, and the fact that digital systems are free of drift and do not require recalibration and readjustment of the set points.

The progressive shift to digital systems has led the nuclear community to a vibrant debate that centers on the development of an understanding of the side effects of such change. At the center of this debate is the need to understand the impact of introducing software as a major component of these systems. This article provides a brief description of nuclear reactor instrumentation and control systems, characterizes the software used, and discusses the issues raised.
Kernel‐Based Topographic Maps: Theory and Applications
Authors: Van Hulle Marc M.
Published: March 2009

The self‐organizing map (SOM) algorithm, originally introduced by Teuvo Kohonen, has seen an incredible range of applications, especially because of its unique abilities to cluster and visualize high‐dimensional data. The data are projected onto a topographic map, a discrete lattice that locally approximates the data manifold. Several adaptations to the original concept have been introduced, but one that uses kernels to represent the local density of the manifold has received much attention. In this way, one expects that clusters in the data can be better visualized in the topographic map. For these kernel‐based topographic maps, kernel topographic maps, or probabilistic topographic maps, several learning principles have been proposed, mostly for Gaussian kernels. We review these learning algorithms, distinguish between homoscedastic and heteroscedastic Gaussian kernels with a focus on fixed point rules, and show some successful applications.
Specification Formalisms and Models
Authors: Wang Farn
Published: March 2009

Many specification models are available in the industry, which range from natural languages, to pseudo code, to loose mathematical notations, and to formalisms with rigorous semantics. In this article, we first discuss the general challenges in writing proper specifications. We then discuss issues in choosing appropriate specification models for a system. Then, we briefly review several specification models, which include state machines, Petri nets, process algebras, temporal logics, guarded command languages, pseudo code, comments and assertions, VDM, Z, AMN, and message sequence charts. For each model, we also point to some available tools.
Spellchecker
Authors: Dembitz Šandor , Gledec Gordan , Randić Mirko
Published: March 2009

Spellchecking is a basic natural language‐processing capability that can be applied to a text. This article introduces the basic concepts of the field, presents a short history of early spellchecking, and elaborates the main research areas in the domain of proofing tool development. The proliferation of spellchecking into languages other than English is also described, as well as contemporary approaches to the implementation of spellchecking capabilities. The conclusion focuses on possible directions for development in the future.
Large‐Scale Group Collaboration Systems
Authors: Opyrchal Lukasz , Prakash Atul
Published: March 2009

This article focuses on current and emerging distributed platforms that support large‐scale collaboration. These platforms include centralized web‐based systems as well as distributed peer‐to‐peer applications. We describe different technologies used to build large‐scale systems, the trade‐offs each technology makes, and some existing systems.

The rest of this article is organized as follows: The section “Types of Architectures” describes different types of distributed systems and how each can be used to build large scale collaborative environments. “Overview of Existing Systems” describes several existing systems with collaborative features. Finally, the conclusion summarizes the article and presents a look at possible future of collaborative systems.
Geometric Modeling in Computer Vision: An Introduction to Projective Geometry
Authors: Elias Rimon
Published: March 2009

This article surveys many fundamental aspects of projective geometry that have been used extensively in computer vision literature. Geometrical relationships are investigated when one, two, or more cameras are observing the scene. Camera parameters in terms of locations and orientations with respect to three dimensional (3D) space and with respect to other cameras create relationships that can be expressed mathematically. Expressing these relationships is the main focus of this article.
Theory and Algorithms of Perceptual Grouping
Authors: Salgian Andrea
Published: March 2009

Perceptual grouping is the basic capability of the human brain to derive relevant structure without any prior content knowledge. This phenomenon has been described in the human visual system by Gestalt psychologists, and later, it was recognized by the computer vision community as a method for reducing the computational complexity of visual recognition. The article starts by introducing the laws of Gestalt, and it continues by describing how they are used to obtain perceptual grouping in computer vision. Different algorithms are presented for achieving perceptual grouping in two and three dimensions, at the signal, primitive, structural, and assembly levels. Spatiotemporal grouping is also discussed. The most successful computation techniques are described. Finally, a few methods for performance evaluation are also presented.
Algorithmic Music
Authors: Cope David
Published: March 2009

Music algorithms are used in many ways, such as composition, analysis, performance, notation, and so on, wherever benefits result from applying a series of explicit instructions. Of these possibilities, the use of the term algorithmic music usually applies to algorithms used for composing and analyzing music. Composing algorithms have existed for centuries without the aid of computers. With the advent of computers, however, speed and accuracy have allowed composers the ability to accomplish feats they could only dream of in previous times. Algorithmic music analysis indicates many properties of music that intuitive analysis cannot reveal. As with algorithmic music composition, the advent of computers has driven music analysts to restudy music of all periods, a study that is still undergoing intense new scrutiny. Thus, algorithmic music composition and analysis share important distinctions that this article will define and address.
Computer‐Aided Instruction
Authors: Mann Bruce L.
Published: March 2009

This article will compare eight different guidelines for designing computer‐aided instruction (CAI); each one is based on a different understanding of how humans learn from multimedia. Once a design guideline is adopted, the preferred learning definition becomes apparent. Similarly, once designers agree on what the multimedia learning should be, a corresponding guideline can be applied.