bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid of monolithic and staggered solution techniques for the computational analysis of fracture, assessed on fibrous network mechanics
Authors: Tojaga Vedad , Kulachenko Artem , Östlund Sören , Gasser T. Christian
Published: July 2022

The computational analysis of fiber network fracture is an emerging field with application to paper, rubber-like materials, hydrogels, soft biological tissue, and composites. Fiber networks are often described as probabilistic structures of interacting one-dimensional elements, such as truss-bars and beams. Failure may then be modeled as strong discontinuities in the displacement field that are directly embedded within the structural finite elements. As for other strain-softening materials, the tangent stiffness matrix can be non-positive definite, which diminishes the robustness of the solution of the coupled (monolithic) two-field problem. Its uncoupling, and thus the use of a staggered solution method where the field variables are solved alternatingly, avoids such difficulties and results in a stable, but sub-optimally converging solution method. In the present work, we evaluate the staggered against the monolithic solution approach and assess their computational performance in the analysis of fiber network failure. We then propose a hybrid solution technique that optimizes the performance and robustness of the computational analysis. It represents a matrix regularization technique that retains a positive definite element stiffness matrix while approaching the tangent stiffness matrix of the monolithic problem. Given the problems investigated in this work, the hybrid solution approach is up to 30 times faster than the staggered approach, where its superiority is most pronounced at large loading increments. The approach is general and may also accelerate the computational analysis of other failure problems.
Tiefenorientierte Pumpversuche zur Bestimmung der hydraulischen Anisotropie in einem geschichteten Grundwasserleiter
Authors: Maier Ruth , Leven Carsten , Strasser Daniel , Odenwald Bernhard , Cirpka Olaf A.
Published: July 2022

Die horizontale Schichtung von Sedimentkörpern bewirkt, dass die effektive hydraulische Durchlässigkeit eines sedimentären Grundwasserleiters in horizontaler Richtung größer ist als in der vertikalen, was sich unter anderem auf die Ausbreitung des Absenktrichters bei Grundwasserentnahmen auswirkt. Um die großräumige hydraulische Anisotropie zu bestimmen, führten Maier et al. (2022a) an einem Testfeld am Oberrhein tiefenorientierte Pumpversuche mit einem Förderbrunnen mit drei Filterstrecken durch. Die Grundwasserentnahmen erfolgten nacheinander jeweils aus einer Tiefe. Die Absenkungen aller Versuche wurden in verschiedenen Abständen zum Förderbrunnen und verschiedenen Tiefen gemessen und gemeinsam mit einem Computermodell ausgewertet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen wir, dass die Interpretation von Absenkkurven bei Entnahme aus nur einer Tiefe zu Durchlässigkeitsbeiwerten führt, die vornehmlich die Bedingungen in der Entnahmetiefe widerspiegeln. Für die Bestimmung vertikaler Unterschiede der hydraulischen Durchlässigkeit und der hydraulischen Anisotropie ist es notwendig, Versuche mit mehreren Entnahmetiefen zu kombinieren. Der Arbeitsaufwand im Feld kann jedoch durch eine optimierte Beobachtungsstrategie reduziert werden.
Iron and iron-related proteins in COVID-19
Authors: Suriawinata Erin , Mehta Kosha J.
Published: July 2022

COVID-19 can cause detrimental effects on health. Vaccines have helped in reducing disease severity and transmission but their long-term effects on health and effectiveness against future viral variants remain unknown. COVID-19 pathogenesis involves alteration in iron homeostasis. Thus, a contextual understanding of iron-related parameters would be very valuable for disease prognosis and therapeutics.

Accordingly, we reviewed the status of iron and iron-related proteins in COVID-19. Iron-associated alterations in COVID-19 reported hitherto include anemia of inflammation, low levels of serum iron (hypoferremia), transferrin and transferrin saturation, and high levels of serum ferritin (hyperferritinemia), hepcidin, lipocalin-2, catalytic iron, and soluble transferrin receptor (in ICU patients). Hemoglobin levels can be low or normal, and compromised hemoglobin function has been proposed. Membrane-bound transferrin receptor may facilitate viral entry, so it acts as a potential target for antiviral therapy. Lactoferrin can provide natural defense by preventing viral entry and/or inhibiting viral replication. Serum iron and ferritin levels can predict COVID-19-related hospitalization, severity, and mortality. Serum hepcidin and ferritin/transferrin ratio can predict COVID-19 severity. Here, serum levels of these iron-related parameters are provided, caveats of iron chelation for therapy are discussed and the interplay of these iron-related parameters in COVID-19 is explained.

This synopsis is crucial as it clearly presents the iron picture of COVID-19. The information may assist in disease prognosis and/or in formulating iron-related adjunctive strategies that can help reduce infection/inflammation and better manage COVID-19 caused by future variants. Indeed, the current picture will augment as more is revealed about these iron-related parameters in COVID-19.
Cognitive enrichment in a social setting: assessing the use of a novel food maze in sanctuary-housed chimpanzees
Authors: Padrell Maria , Amici Federica , Córdoba Maria Pau , Llorente Miquel
Published: July 2022

Foraging devices are effective enrichment tools for non-human primates, as they provide both cognitive and manipulative stimulation that may enhance these animals’ welfare. We assessed the behavioral effects of a novel tool-based enrichment on 14 chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) housed at Fundació Mona (Girona, Spain). The device consisted of a vertical maze filled with food rewards, which chimpanzees could extract by using tools. We conducted behavioral observations in two conditions over an approximately 2.5-month period: when the food maze was loaded (12 enrichment days), and when it was empty (12 baseline days). Data were collected using 2-min scan sampling and untimed-event focal sampling during two daily sessions of 80 min each. We expected that the chimpanzees’ interest in the enrichment would decrease over time, but that its use would be linked to an increase in the occurrence of species-typical behaviors, a reduction in negative indicators of welfare, and changes in social behaviors. We found that participation widely varied among subjects, being higher in females and decreasing through time. Furthermore, participation was linked to an increase in tool use and a decrease in inactivity, but also to an increase in aggression-related behaviors. In contrast, participation had no effect on the occurrence of abnormal behaviors, social proximity or affiliation-related behaviors. Finally, we detected an increase in self-directed behaviors only when subjects actively interacted with the device. We conclude that, in future studies, these types of devices should be evaluated for longer periods of time and more attention should be paid to individuals’ preferences and abilities.
Recent advances in bacterial cellulose: a low-cost effective production media, optimization strategies and applications
Authors: El-Gendi Hamada , Taha Tarek H. , Ray Julie Basu , Saleh Ahmed K.
Published: July 2022

Bacterial cellulose (BC), a promising polysaccharide of microbial origin, is usually produced through synthetic (chemically defined) or natural media comprising of various environmental wastes (with exact composition unknown), through low-cost and readily available means. Various agricultural, industrial, and food processing wastes have been explored for sustainable BC production. Both conventional (using one variable at a time) and statistical approaches have been used for BC optimization, either during the static fermentation to obtain BC membranes (pellicle) or agitated fermentation that yields suspended fibers (pellets). Multiple studies have addressed BC production, however, the strategies applied in utilizing various wastes for BC production have not been fully covered. The present study reviews the nutritional requirements for maximal BC production including different optimization strategies for the cultivation conditions. Furthermore, commonly-used applications of BC, in various fields, including recent developments, and our current understanding have also been summarized.
Moduli space of non-negative sectional or positive Ricci curvature metrics on sphere bundles over spheres and their quotients
Authors: Wermelinger Jonathan
Published: July 2022

We show that the moduli space of positive Ricci curvature metrics on all the total spaces of $$S^7$$

S
7

-bundles over $$S^8$$

S
8

which are rational homology spheres has infinitely many path components. Furthermore, we carry out the diffeomorphism classification of quotients of Milnor spheres by a certain involution and show that the moduli space of metrics of non-negative sectional curvature on them has infinitely many path components. Finally, a diffeomorphism finiteness result is obtained on quotients of Shimada spheres by the same type of involution and we show that for the types that can be expressed by an infinite family of manifolds, the moduli space of positive Ricci curvature metrics has infinitely many path components.
Characterization of a cotton-wool like composite bone graft material
Authors: Rohr Nadja , Brunner Claudia , Bellon Benjamin , Fischer Jens , de Wild Michael
Published: July 2022

Bone graft materials are applied in patients to augment bone defects and enable the insertion of an implant in its ideal position. However, the currently available augmentation materials do not meet the requirements of being completely resorbed and replaced by new bone within 3 to 6 months. A novel electrospun cotton-wool like material (Bonewool®, Zurich Biomaterials LLC, Zurich, Switzerland) consisting of biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) fibers with incorporated amorphous ß-tricalcium phosphate (ß-TCP) nanoparticles has been compared to a frequently used bovine derived hydroxyapatite (Bio-Oss®, Geistlich Pharma, Wolhusen, Switzerland) in vitro. The material composition was determined and the degradation behavior (calcium release and pH in different solutions) as well as bioactivity has been measured. Degradation behavior of PLGA/ß-TCP was generally more progressive than for Bio-Oss®, indicating that this material is potentially completely resorbable.
Polybenzoxazine/carbon nanotube nanocomposites as a polymeric sensing material for volatile organic compounds
Authors: Elmesallamy Salwa M. , Fekry Mohmed , Hussein Labiba I. , Abdelwahab Mohamed A. , Bakry Ahmed
Published: July 2022

The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have hazardous effects on humans and the environment, and hence they should be detected and reduced. In this study, polybenzoxazine (PBZ) and amine-functionalized multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites were synthesized as a sensor for VOCs. MWCNT were functionalized with two types of diamines, namely, 1,6-hexanediamine (HDA) and phenylenediamine (PDA). HDA or PDA treated MWCNTs were loaded into the benzoxazine matrix with different weight percentages (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1%). FTIR analysis confirmed the chemical attachment of the two types of diamines on MWCNT. XRD diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the nanofillers morphology and clarify the differences between pristine and amine-functionalized MWCNT. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study the composites’ thermal stability and degradation behavior. It was found that, in contrast to neat PBZ, the major degradation temperature of PBZ/0.5%MWCNT-PDA nanocomposites were enhanced by 10%. The electrical conductivity of PBZ was 6.32 × 10–9, which was enhanced to 6.11 × 10–7in the composites with 1% MWCNT-PDA. This material was tested as a VOCs sensor for methanol, acetone, and toluene and showed that PBZ/1% MWCNT-PDA composite responded to all the vapors.
A Model Peptide Reveals Insights into the Interaction of Human Hemopexin with Heme
Authors: Hopp Marie-T. , Paul George Ajay A. , Ramoji Anuradha , Pepanian Anna , Detzel Milena S. , Neugebauer Ute , Imhof Diana
Published: July 2022

Under hemolytic conditions, toxic heme is scavenged by hemopexin. Recently, the heme-binding properties of hemopexin have been reassessed, which revealed a KD of ~ 0.32 nM as well as a stoichiometry of one to two heme molecules binding to hemopexin. A 66mer hemopexin-derived peptide that spans over three heme-binding motifs was used to verify the earlier suggested heme-recruiting mechanism. Herein, we employed spectroscopic and computational methods to substantiate the hypothesis of more than one heme molecule binding to hemopexin and to analyze the heme-binding mode. Both, hemopexin and the 66mer peptide, were found to bind heme in mixed penta- and hexacoordinated states, which strongly indicates that heme binding follows distinct criteria and increases rigidity of the peptide-heme complex. Additional in silico molecular dynamics simulations support these experimental findings and, thus, contribute to our understanding of the molecular basis of the heme-hemopexin interaction. This analysis provides further details for consideration of hemopexin in biomedical applications.
Health Limitations, Regional Care Infrastructure and Wellbeing in Later Life: A Multilevel Analysis of 96 European Regions
Authors: Schmitz Alina , Brandt Martina
Published: July 2022

Background

In light of rapid population ageing across Europe, maintaining a high level of wellbeing in old age is a priority for social policy. Research on macro-level influences on wellbeing in the older population is rare, especially regarding heterogeneous effects within different groups, such as persons with and without health limitations.

Objective

The purpose of this study is to shed light on the following questions: Is the regional availability of care infrastructure crucial for the wellbeing in later life? If so, does the relevance of care infrastructure differ depending on an individual’s health status?

Methods

Data were drawn from wave 6 of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) matched with data on the number of long-term care (LTC) beds on the regional level. We estimated multilevel regression models, including a cross-level interaction between individual health needs and regional LTC beds.

Results

Our analyses show that the number of LTC beds is related to the wellbeing, as measured by overall life satisfaction, in the population aged 50 + years. The association is more pronounced for individuals with health limitations who might be in need of such infrastructure.

Conclusions

Communities and local governments should ensure the necessary infrastructure for older individuals in need of care and help across different regions. The availability of formal care services may be perceived a “safety net” and thus improve wellbeing, but future studies need to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
Effectiveness and Tolerability of a Two-Week Hypocaloric Protein-Rich Diet Prior to Obesity Surgery with Two Different Diet Interventions: a Prospective Randomized Trial
Authors: Lange Undine Gabriele , Moulla Yusef , Schütz Tatjana , Blüher Matthias , Peter Veronika , Shang Edward , Dietrich Arne
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Preoperative very low-calorie diets (VLCDs) have been shown to reduce liver volume and improve bariatric surgery safety. Here, we compare two VLCD that differ in macronutrient composition.

Material/Methods

Ninety patients awaiting obesity surgery were included in a prospective, open-label, randomized mono-centre trial comparing the effects of 2-week preoperative VLCDs: BCM Diät™ (diet 1) versus Optifast™ (diet 2).

Results

Data from 33 patients in diet 1 and 36 in diet 2 could be analysed. There was no significant difference between the two diet intervention arms on outcome parameters. Overall, both VLCD strategies led to a mean weight reduction of 5.24 [4.72–5.76] kg (p < 0.001), mean excess weight loss was 8.2 [7.4–9.1] % (p < 0.001). BMI reduction was 1.81 [1.63–1.99] kg/m2 (p < 0.001). Over all patients, the liver volume was reduced by 397 [329–466] ml (p < 0.001), which corresponds to 14.6 [12.4; 16.8] %. Liver fat content was significantly reduced by 18.35 [8.98–27.71] %. Reduction of body weight correlates with liver volume loss.

In addition, hip/waist circumferences, body fat and fat-free mass decreased significantly. We found an increase of ALAT/ASAT and a significant decrease of triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and HbA1c. Parameters of inflammatory were significantly reduced upon VLCD.

Conclusion

Independently of the macronutrient composition, VLCD leads to a significant decrease of body weight, reduction of liver volume and improved parameters of inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism. Preoperative diets are widely used in conditioning; however, VLCD should be considered as option for patients with obesity undergoing other abdominal surgeries.

Graphical abstract
Epigenetic restoration and activation of ERβ: an inspiring approach for treatment of triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Salahuddin Ahmad , Ghanem Heba , Omran Gamal A. , Helmy Maged Wasfy
Published: July 2022

Background

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most aggressive subtypes of breast cancer. TNBC lacks targeted therapy receptors, rendering endocrine and HER2-targeted therapies ineffective. TNBC is typically treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy followed by surgery. Targeting epigenetic modifications could potentially be a new effective TNBC target therapy. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of epigenetic drugs, decitabine as DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTI) and vorinostat as histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACI), and the ERβ agonist DPN on ERα and ERβ re-expressions in the MDA-MB-231 cells as a model of TNBC.

Methods

Using MTT assay, the IC50 of decitabine, vorinostat, and DPN on MDA-MB-231 cells were determined. The effects of all drugs alone or in combinations on MDA-MB-231 cells were evaluated. qRT-PCR was used to determine ERα & ERβ gene expression. Caspase-3 activity and the protein expression levels of VEGF, Cyclin D1, and IGF-1 were assessed.

Results

Both ERα and ERβ mRNA were re-expressed in different high levels in all treated groups, especially in the triple therapy group compared with control. Significantly, the triple drugs therapy showed the lowest levels of VEGF, Cyclin D1, and IGF-1 and the highest level of Caspase-3 activity, indicating a possible antitumor effect of ERβ activation through decreasing proliferation and angiogenesis and increasing apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells.

Conclusions

The antiproliferative effect of ERβ could be retained when co-expressed with Erα using a powerful epigenetic combination of Decitabine and vorinostat with DPN.
Visions of Artificial Intelligence and Robots in Science Fiction: a computational analysis
Authors: Osawa Hirotaka , Miyamoto Dohjin , Hase Satoshi , Saijo Reina , Fukuchi Kentaro , Miyake Yoichiro
Published: July 2022

Driven by the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and anthropomorphic robotic systems, the various possibilities and risks of such technologies have become a topic of urgent discussion. Although science fiction (SF) works are often cited as references for visions of future developments, this framework of discourse may not be appropriate for serious discussions owing to technical inaccuracies resulting from its reliance on entertainment media. However, these science fiction works could help researchers understand how people might react to new AI and robotic systems. Hence, classifying depictions of artificial intelligence in science fiction may be expected to help researchers to communicate more clearly by identifying science fiction elements to which their works may be similar or dissimilar. In this study, we analyzed depictions of artificial intelligence in SF together with expert critics and writers. First, 115 AI systems described in SF were selected based on three criteria, including diversity of intelligence, social aspects, and extension of human intelligence. Nine elements representing their characteristics were analyzed using clustering and principal component analysis. The results suggest the prevalence of four distinctive categories, including human-like characters, intelligent machines, helpers such as vehicles and equipment, and infrastructure, which may be mapped to a two-dimensional space with axes representing intelligence and humanity. This research contributes to the public relations of AI and robotic technologies by analyzing shared imaginative visions of AI in society based on SF works.
Could Repeated Cardio-Renal Injury Trigger Late Cardiovascular Sequelae in Extreme Endurance Athletes?
Authors: Burtscher Johannes , Vanderriele Paul-Emmanuel , Legrand Matthieu , Predel Hans-Georg , Niebauer Josef , O’Keefe James H. , Millet Grégoire P. , Burtscher Martin
Published: July 2022

Regular exercise confers multifaceted and well-established health benefits. Yet, transient and asymptomatic increases in markers of cardio-renal injury are commonly observed in ultra-endurance athletes during and after competition. This has raised concerns that chronic recurring insults could cause long-term cardiac and/or renal damage. Indeed, extreme endurance exercise (EEE) over decades has sometimes been linked with untoward cardiac effects, but a causal relation with acute injury markers has not yet been established. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on markers of cardiac and/or renal injury in EEE athletes, outline the possible interplay between cardiac and kidney damage, and explore the roles of various factors in the development of potential exercise-related cardiac damage, including underlying diseases, medication, sex, training, competition, regeneration, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In conclusion, despite the undisputed health benefits of regular exercise, we speculate, based on the intimate link between heart and kidney diseases, that in rare cases excessive endurance sport may induce adverse cardio-renal interactions that under specific, hitherto undefined conditions could result in persistent cardiac damage. We highlight future research priorities and provide decision support for athletes and clinical consultants who are seeking safe strategies for participation in EEE training and competition.
Trends in the publication of experimental economics articles
Authors: Reuben Ernesto , Li Sherry Xin , Suetens Sigrid , Svorenčík Andrej , Turocy Theodore , Kotsidis Vasileios
Published: July 2022

We report data on the experimental articles published from 2000 to 2021 in seven leading general-interest economics journals. We also look at time trends in the characteristics of the published experimental articles, including citations and the nationality of the authors. We find an overall increasing trend in the publication of non-lab experiments in all journals. By contrast, the share of lab experiments has more than halved in the AER and remained low in other Top five journals. The diverging trends for non-lab and lab experiments are not universal as the shares of both have increased in two other high-ranking economics journals (JEEA and EJ). We also observe some heterogeneities in publication, citations, rankings, and locations of authors' affiliations across journals and types of experiments.
Epidemics and policy: the dismal trade-offs
Authors: Russo Francesco Flaviano
Published: July 2022

I propose a stochastic SIR-Macro model to study the effects of alternative mitigation policies to cope with an epidemic. Lockdowns that force firms to close and that discontinue social activities slow down the progression of the epidemic at the cost of reducing GDP and increasing debt and, on average, decrease mortality. Testing-Tracing-Quarantine policies decrease mortality at a lower cost, but they are effective only if thorough. I find that lockdowns work best in case of a bigger average family size, of a diffused labor market participation and of a bigger average firm size.
Prevalence and associated factors of alcohol intake in the first trimester of pregnancy in Dabat district, northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Gelagay Abebaw Addis , Worku Abebaw Gebeyehu , Bashah Debrework Tesgera , Tebeje Nigusie Birhan , HailuGebrie Mignote , Yeshita Hedija Yenus , Cherkose Endeshaw Adimasu , Lakew Ayenew Molla , Dachew Berihun Assefa , Tariku Amare , Ayana Birhanu Abera , Bikes Gashaw Andargie , Belew Aysheshim Kassahun
Published: July 2022

Background

Now a day, the consumption of alcohol among pregnant women is increasing from time to time, and it has become one of the increasingly serious public health and socio-economic problems. In addition, cause miscarriages, stillbirths, and a range of physical, behavioural, and intellectual disabilities for the baby that can last a lifetime. There is also limited evidence. Therefore, the objective of this study was to prevalence and associated factors of alcohol intake in the first trimester of pregnancy in Dabat district, northwest Ethiopia.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted to determine the magnitude of alcohol intake within the first three months of pregnancy at the Dabat Demographic and Health Survey Site. A census of pregnant women in Dabat demographic and health survey sites was employed. A total of 579 pregnant women were found and participated in this study. The Data were entered and analyzed using EPI INFO and STATA version 14, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors related to alcohol intake during the first trimester of pregnancy. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval was used to show the strength of the association, and P value < 0.05 was used to confirm the significance of the association.

Results

The prevalence of alcohol intake in the first trimester of pregnancy was 58% (95%CI (54.1, 61.8)). Rural residence (AOR = 6.83, 95% CI, 2.55, 18.32), being married (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.14, 4), being a housewife occupation (AOR = 2.24, 95% CI, 1.54, 3.26) and having a history of stillbirth ((AOR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.2, 4.14) were significantly associated with alcohol intake in the first trimester.

Conclusions

The prevalence of alcohol consumption in the first trimester of pregnancy was high in the study area. Pregnant women’s’ sociodemogrphic characteristics and history of stillbirth are associated with alcohol consumption. Therefore, increasing maternal awareness of the negative effects of alcohol consumption among mothers living in rural areas is important to modify higher rates of alcohol intake in the first trimester. Mothers with a history of stillbirth should pay attention.
Utilization of seed from Cucurbita maxima, a pumpkin variety of Bangladesh, converting into refined oil and oilcake
Authors: Lisa Sharmin Akter , Kabir Md. Alamgir , Khan Selina
Published: July 2022

Pumpkin seed oil, also called as pepita oil can be a substitute of conventional edible oil now a days. A method has been developed to use this under-utilized pumpkin seed which is a common vegetable in Bangladesh. This study suggests finding a new alternate of edible oil as well as proper utilization of nutritionally rich pumpkin seed rather than wasting into the environment. Pumpkin seed oil was extracted from dried pumpkin seed by expeller and it was purified by the refining steps-degumming, neutralization, deodorization and bleaching. The crude and refined oil were characterized. Acid value was decreased from 2.36 to 0.34 mg/ g as KOH (Potassium Hydroxide); color was lightened from Yellowness (Y) = 20, Redness (R) = 20 to Yellowness (Y) = 6, Redness (R) = 3; moisture was decreased from 0.26 to 0.05%; insoluble impurities was changed from 0.32 to 0.05% and unsaponifiable matters has been lowered from 2.17% to 0.92%by refining where no fundamental changes occurred in iodine value, saponification value, peroxide value, refractive index and specific gravity after refining. The characteristic parameters were within the limits mentioned for edible oil in codex. Fatty acid composition remained same, although total tocopherol decreased from 361.9 mg/kg to 300.69 mg/kg. The observed pumpkin seed oil was rich in linoleic and oleic acid- 36.43 and 36.89%. The nutritional benefits of oilcake found after oil extraction were determined also. Protein and fat was 54.78% and 4.16% respectively as well, iron, calcium, magnesium and manganese was found 30.29, 21.45, 2.27 and 0.30 mg/ 100 g respectively in oilcake.
Quantitative flow diagnostics of shock trains by rainbow schlieren deflectometry
Authors: Takeshita T. , Fukunaga R. , Nakao S. , Miyazato Y. , Miki K.
Published: July 2022

A new measurement technique to reconstruct the density field of the shock-wave/boundary-layer interaction (SWBLI) in a confined duct is proposed. With this technique, it is possible to quantitatively capture in detail the structures of the density field both in the regions of the shock-systems in the central core and boundary-layer flows near the duct wall concurrently. The novel feature of the proposed technique is to make use of the schlieren images with the rainbow filters of the vertical and horizontal cutoff settings and then to reconstruct the two-dimensional density field integrated over the line-of-sight direction using the corresponding filter calibration curves. The proposed technique is applied for the first time to a shock train in a constant-area straight duct under the upstream condition of the shock train: the freestream Mach number is 1.42, the incoming boundary layer thickness normalised by the duct half height is 0.175, and the corresponding unit Reynolds number
$Re/m$
is
$2.99 \times 10^7$
m-1. The calculated isopycnic field depicts the streamwise and transverse density variations inside the shock train, the mixing region after the shock train, and the boundary-layer of the interaction region. This technique is shown to be capable of identifying the locations of shocks in a shock train more precisely than a conventional approach measuring the static pressure distribution along the duct wall. In addition, various quantitative visual representations such as a shadowgraphy and a bright-field schlieren can be extracted from the density field acquired by the present approach, and the spatial evolution of the shape and strength of each shock constituting the shock train as well as the boundary layer flow properties can be quantitatively clarified.
Measuring Virtuous Responses to Peer Disagreement: The Intellectual Humility and Actively Open-Minded Thinking of Conciliationists
Authors: BEEBE JAMES R. , MATHESON JONATHAN
Published: July 2022

Some philosophers working on the epistemology of disagreement claim that conciliationist responses to peer disagreement embody a kind of intellectual humility. Others contend that standing firm or ‘sticking to one's guns’ in the face of peer disagreement may stem from an admirable kind of courage or internal fortitude. In this paper, we report the results of two empirical studies that examine the relationship between conciliationist and steadfast responses to peer disagreement, on the one hand, and virtues such as intellectual humility, courage, grit, and actively open-minded thinking, on the other. We observed positive correlations between measures of conciliationism, intellectual humility, and actively open-minded thinking but failed to find any reliable association between steadfastness, courage, and grit. Our studies reveal that there are at least two important intellectual virtues associated with conciliationist responses to peer disagreement (viz., intellectual humility and actively open-minded thinking) and two vices associated with steadfast responses (intellectual arrogance and myside bias). These findings shed new light on the overall epistemic goodness of the conciliationist perspective.
Clinical and occupational risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in healthcare personnel
Authors: Kwon Jennie H. , Budge Philip J. , O’Neil Caroline A. , Peacock Kate , Aagaard Eva M. , Fraser Victoria J. , Olsen Margaret A. , Babcock Hilary ,   for the CDC Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: July 2022

Objective:

To identify characteristics associated with positive severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests in healthcare personnel.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

A multihospital healthcare system.

Participants:

Employees who reported SARS-CoV-2 exposures and/or symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) between March 30, 2020, and September 20, 2020, and were subsequently referred for SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing.

Methods:

Data from exposure and/or symptom reports were linked to the corresponding SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result. Employee demographic characteristics, occupational characteristics, SARS-CoV-2 exposure history, and symptoms were evaluated as potential risk factors for having a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test.

Results:

Among 6,289 employees who received SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing, 873 (14%) had a positive test. Independent risk factors for a positive PCR included: working in a patient care area (relative risk [RR], 1.82; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.37–2.40), having a known SARS-CoV-2 exposure (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.04–1.37), reporting a community versus an occupational exposure (RR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.49–2.34), and having an infected household contact (RR, 2.47; 95% CI, 2.11–2.89). Nearly all HCP (99%) reported symptoms. Symptoms associated with a positive PCR in a multivariable analysis included loss of sense of smell (RR, 2.60; 95% CI, 2.09–3.24) or taste (RR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.40–2.20), cough (RR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.40–2.20), fever, and muscle aches.

Conclusions:

In this cohort of >6,000 healthcare system and academic medical center employees early in the pandemic, community exposures, and particularly household exposures, were associated with greater risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection than occupational exposures. This work highlights the importance of COVID-19 prevention in the community and in healthcare settings to prevent COVID-19.
Where are the zeroes of a random p-adic polynomial?
Authors: Caruso Xavier
Published: July 2022

We study the distribution of the roots of a random p-adic polynomial in an algebraic closure of

${\mathbb Q}_p$

. We prove that the mean number of roots generating a fixed finite extension K of

${\mathbb Q}_p$

depends mostly on the discriminant of K, an extension containing fewer roots when it becomes more ramified. We prove further that for any positive integer r, a random p-adic polynomial of sufficiently large degree has about r roots on average in extensions of degree at most r.

Beyond the mean, we also study higher moments and correlations between the number of roots in two given subsets of

${\mathbb Q}_p$

(or, more generally, of a finite extension of

${\mathbb Q}_p$

). In this perspective, we notably establish results highlighting that the roots tend to repel each other and quantify this phenomenon.
Fluid deformation in isotropic Darcy flow
Authors: Lester Daniel R. , Dentz Marco , Bandopadhyay Aditya , Le Borgne Tanguy
Published: July 2022

The deformation of fluid elements governs many processes in porous media, including the transport, dispersion and mixing of solutes, chemical reactions and colloidal particles. Recently, it has been shown that even in strongly heterogeneous porous media, steady three-dimensional (3-D) Darcy flow with isotropic hydraulic conductivity admits only constrained kinematics. This is due to its inherently helicity-free nature, as the velocity is everywhere orthogonal to the vorticity. This property precludes braided streamlines and instead admits a pair of coherent 3-D streamfunctions, and the streamlines cannot wander freely throughout the flow domain. In this study, we consider the impact of these kinematic constraints upon fluid deformation at the Darcy scale. We show that the helicity-free condition corresponds to an orthogonal 3-D streamline coordinate system, which we use to derive anab initiocontinuous time random walk framework for fluid deformation. We find that the helicity-free condition combined with the intermittent nature of shear events leads to fluid deformation that is limited to algebraic growth, with stretching ranging from sublinear to superlinear behaviour. Fluid deformation in 3-D isotropic Darcy flow is remarkably similar to that of two-dimensional (2-D) Darcy flow, and the structure of 3-D Darcy flow is fundamentally the same as two superposed 2-D Darcy flows. These results have implications for understanding flow and transport in heterogeneous porous media, and provide a basis for quantification of mixing and dispersion in isotropic 3-D Darcy flow.
PA RELATIVE TO AN ENUMERATION ORACLE
Authors: GOH JUN LE , KALIMULLIN ISKANDER SH. , MILLER JOSEPH S. , SOSKOVA MARIYA I.
Published: July 2022

Recall that B is PA relative to A if B computes a member of every nonempty
$\Pi ^0_1(A)$
class. This two-place relation is invariant under Turing equivalence and so can be thought of as a binary relation on Turing degrees. Miller and Soskova [23] introduced the notion of a
$\Pi ^0_1$
class relative to an enumeration oracle A, which they called a
$\Pi ^0_1{\left \langle {A}\right \rangle }$
class. We study the induced extension of the relation B is PA relative to A to enumeration oracles and hence enumeration degrees. We isolate several classes of enumeration degrees based on their behavior with respect to this relation: the PA bounded degrees, the degrees that have a universal class, the low for PA degrees, and the
${\left \langle {\text {self}\kern1pt}\right \rangle }$
-PA degrees. We study the relationship between these classes and other known classes of enumeration degrees. We also investigate a group of classes of enumeration degrees that were introduced by Kalimullin and Puzarenko [14] based on properties that are commonly studied in descriptive set theory. As part of this investigation, we give characterizations of three of their classes in terms of a special sub-collection of relativized
$\Pi ^0_1$
classes—the separating classes. These three can then be seen to be direct analogues of three of our classes. We completely determine the relative position of all classes in question.
“The Right Kind of Crazy”: How Patrol Officers Police the Boundaries of Mental Illness through Hybridized Strategies
Authors: Pifer Natalie A.
Published: July 2022

How to better police mental illness is an evergreen component of criminal justice reform agendas. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) has, like many departments, adopted specialized strategies designed to improve these encounters by tasking officers with both care and control responsibilities. These hybridized policing strategies are illustrative of a larger trend of managing social marginality through institutions that increasingly destabilize the penal/welfare state binary. This article draws from fieldwork with the LAPD to analyze how patrol officers construct the category of “mental illness” and deploy hybridized strategies. The analysis focuses on the inflection points that shape how a subject is categorized and the call’s disposal to understand how policing from the “murky middle” of state governance unfolds on the ground. Findings show how officers strategically invoke the pressure of time and the power of place to construct this category and deploy specialized resources when resolving trouble case, or “5149 and a half,” calls. Here, hybridized strategies function to manage social marginality through a governance of problem solving that appears uninterested in doing either care or control. The article concludes by reflecting on the project of hybridizing care and control to police mental illness specifically and social marginality more broadly.
Beyond the Borders of the Fallen Empire: André Mandelstam’s Project for Non-Territorial Autonomy
Authors: Khripachenko Tatiana
Published: July 2022

This article seeks to analyze the project for the international convention on the protection of minority rights, which was proposed by André Mandelstam at the Institut de Droit International (IDI) in 1928. In this project, the author used the concept of non-territorial autonomy borrowed from the works of the Austro-Marxists Otto Bauer and Karl Renner. A Russian international lawyer in emigration, André Mandelstam had initially been involved in the implementation of elements of non-territorial autonomy to protect the Christian population of the Ottoman empire. Mandelstam’s proposed convention assumed that personal autonomy, reduced to the protection of minorities from cultural and linguistic assimilation, would be a compromise between protecting minorities and preventing them from undermining the unity of the state. However, the demand for international protection of minorities was not accompanied by any enforcement mechanism. The project underwent serious revisions as it was discussed by a group of international lawyers. In its final version, the text retained only those of the original articles, which referred to individual human rights. Thus, Mandelstam’s attempt to make his convention acceptable for all participating states resulted in omission of the very concept of personal autonomy in the final version of the proposed document.
Heritability and genetic gain of digestible organic matter intake of barley straw genotypes by sheep, using repeatable in situ- and laboratory-based indicator traits
Authors: Goodchild A. V. , Grando S. , Thomson E. F. , Haylani M. , Ceccarelli S.
Published: July 2022

The voluntary digestible organic matter intake (DOMI) of mature barley crops (Hordeum spp.) for sheep depends largely on straw quality. Direct measurement of DOMI is laborious; consequently, the research reported here evaluated indicator traits for improving barley straw DOMI by crop breeding. It hypothesized that some indicator traits for straw quality are heritable, facilitate genetic gain in DOMI, and reveal straw properties that constrain genetic gain. In 4 years, 32 genotypes of barley were grown at ICARDA, northern Syria, with no fertilizer in one year and supplementary irrigation in another. Indicator traits for predicting DOMI included in situ straw dry matter losses (DML) at nine incubation times (0–120 h), four parameters of the DML curve, seven laboratory tests, grain yield and straw yield. Heritability (h2) was highest for traits associated with indigestible cell wall constituents, including potential DML (h2 = 0.61), DML at 48–120 h of incubation (h2 = 0.48–0.58), and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (h2 = 0.41). Heritability was lower for DOMI itself (h2 = 0.24), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) (h2 = 0.20), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (h2 = 0.17), and was lowest for DML at 6–18 h (h2 = 0.08–0.09) and the in situ parameters Lag and relative loss rate of slowly degradable DM (h2 ≤ 0.03). Correlations between indicator traits and DOMI tended to increase with heritability. Grain and straw yields were not correlated with DOMI; of these, only grain yield was heritable. In conclusion, genetic gain in barley straw nutritive value can be achieved by crop breeding under diverse growing conditions, using indicator traits associated with indigestible cell wall constituents.
Agile collision avoidance for unmanned surface vehicles based on collision shielded model prediction control algorithm
Authors: Tao Yihan , Du Jialu
Published: July 2022

Collision avoidance (COLAV) is a prerequisite for the navigation safety of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). Since USVs have to avoid obstacles clearly and timely, i.e. the COLAV should be agile, the COLAV algorithm should have low computation complexity and make efficient COLAV decisions. However, balancing between the computation complexity and the COLAV decision optimality is still intractable at present. This paper innovatively proposes a COLAV algorithm for USVs by combining the velocity obstacle method with the predictive model method, named the collision shielded model predictive control (CS-MPC) algorithm, such that the agility of USVs COLAV is improved. The runtime of the proposed COLAV algorithm is shortened by shielding the dangerous parts of the search space of the COLAV decisions, and the COLAV decision is efficient with the aid of the accurately predicted motion trajectory by the motion mathematical model of USVs. As such, the USV can safely navigate in complex water areas where multiple vessels and obstacles exist. A series of simulations on a yacht in different kinds of encounter situations were carried out to verify the effectiveness and the agility of the proposed CS-MPC COLAV algorithm.
Epidemiology of repeat influenza infection in Queensland, Australia, 2005–2017
Authors: Price Olivia , Birrell Frances A. , Mifsud Edin J. , Sullivan Sheena G.
Published: July 2022

Natural infection with the influenza virus is believed to generate cross-protective immunity across both types and subtypes. However, less is known about the persistence of this immunity and thus the susceptibility of individuals to repeat infection. We used 13 years (2005–2017) of surveillance data from Queensland, Australia, to describe the incidence and distribution of repeat influenza infections. Consecutive infections that occurred within 14 days of prior infection were considered a mixed infection; those that occurred more than 14 days later were considered separate (repeat) infections. Kaplan-Meier plots were used to investigate the probability of reinfection over time and the Prentice, Williams and Peterson extension of the Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the association of age and gender with reinfection. Among the 188 392 notifications received during 2005–2017, 6165 were consecutively notified for the same individual (3.3% of notifications), and 2958 were mixed infections (1.6%). Overall, the probability of reinfection was low: the cumulative incidence was <1% after one year, 4.6% after five years, and 9.6% after ten years. The majority of consecutive infections were the result of two type A infections (43%) and were most common among females (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–1.21), children aged less than 5 years (relative to adults aged 18–64 years aHR: 1.58, 95% CI 1.47–1.70) and older adults aged at least 65 years (aHR: 1.35; 95% CI 1.24–1.47). Our study suggests consecutive infections are possible but rare. These findings have implications for our understanding of population immunity to influenza.
A scoping review of factors potentially linked with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from turkeys (iAM.AMR Project)
Authors: Phillips Charly , Chapman Brennan , Agunos Agnes , Carson Carolee A. , Parmley E. Jane , Reid-Smith Richard J. , Smith Ben A. , Murphy Colleen P.
Published: July 2022

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a complex problem that is a threat to global public health. Consumption of turkey meat may be an important source of foodborne exposure to resistant bacteria; recent outbreaks of multi-drug-resistant Salmonella Reading in Canada and the USA have implicated raw turkey products. To better understand the epidemiology of AMR in farmed turkey production, a scoping review was conducted. The objectives were to identify (1) modifiable factors potentially associated with antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter, Enterococcus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica along the farm-to-fork pathway in turkeys, and (2) data gaps with respect to factors potentially associated with AMR and Canadian commercial turkey production. A comprehensive search of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted in 2019 and updated in 2021. Thirteen references were included, reporting 36 factors. Antimicrobial use factors and their potential associations with AMR were most frequently reported (n = 15 factors; 42%), followed by biosecurity (n = 11; 31%) and management practices (n = 10; 28%). This review revealed important data gaps; no factors pertaining to S. enterica or to stages other than the farm (e.g. abattoir, retail) were identified, and only one Canadian reference was identified. These findings will inform priorities for future research and surveillance regarding turkeys and AMR.