bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using psychotherapy effectively: choosing an appropriate treatment
Authors: Tillett Richard
Published: September 2007

Making effective use of psychotherapy can be difficult for patients and their doctors, for a number of reasons. First, the term ‘psychotherapy’ itself is unsatisfactory, used by some people to indicate a particular type of psychotherapy (usually psychodynamic), and by others to embrace all forms of psychological treatment. When we use the term ‘medication’ we usually add a qualifying adjective (e.g. antidepressant or antipsychotic medication) and it is helpful to do so in psychotherapy (e.g. dynamic therapy, cognitive therapy, etc.).
Pharmacotherapy in the treatment of drug dependence: options to strengthen effectiveness
Authors: Welch Sarah , Strang John
Published: September 2007

Treatment of people with drug problems requires a consideration of those inviduals in their personal and social context, while being mindful of the complex interaction of genetic and developmental influences. Approaches to treatment should reflect this often complex aetiology and phenomenology, and the totality of treatment will typically include social, psychological, educational and pharmacological therapies. Treatment should result in a health benefit; consequently the goals of treatment should be tailored to the health care needs of the individual. Thus, with many patients, treatment will include abstinence as an explicit objective, whereas with other patients, intermediate goals, such as reduction of harmful injecting, may be more realistic and achievable.
Physical health of patients in continuing care
Authors: Santhouse Alistair , Holloway Frank
Published: September 2007

As psychiatrists, we are responsible for large numbers of patients who require follow-up over years, and often lifelong. Usually these patients suffer from chronic psychotic illnesses, and their psychiatrist may be their main point of contact with the medical profession. As a group they face a whole range of problems – not only from the psychiatric condition itself, with its associated stigma and psychosocial stresses, but also from unemployment, poverty, poor housing and worse physical health.

This review will look at the evidence that patients in continuing care have increased morbidity and mortality. The types of illness excess will be examined and explanations suggested as to why such an increase exists. Finally, we present practical steps that might usefully be taken to reduce physical illness and premature death in this vulnerable group.
Reduction of Health Status 7 Years After Addition of Chemotherapy to Craniospinal Irradiation for Medulloblastoma: A Follow-Up Study in PNET 3 Trial Survivors—on Behalf of the CCLG (formerly UKCCSG)
Authors: Bull Kim S. , Spoudeas Helen A. , Yadegarfar Ghasem , Kennedy Colin R.
Published: September 2007

Purpose

To compare quality of survival after craniospinal irradiation (CSI) alone with survival after CSI plus chemotherapy (CT) for medulloblastoma.

Patients and Methods

Follow-up study of surviving UK patients with medulloblastoma diagnosed between 1992 and 2000 treated according to one or other treatment arm of the PNET 3 controlled trial.

Results

Seventy three percent of all 147 eligible patients ages 6.6 to 24.3 years were assessed at a mean of 7.2 years after diagnosis. Health status was significantly poorer in the group treated in the CSI plus CT arm of the trial than in the CSI alone arm, and there were also trends to poorer outcomes for behavior and quality of life scores. The CSI plus CT group were also significantly more restricted physically and needed more therapeutic and educational support. Body mass index, stature, and other endocrine outcomes were similar in the two treatment arms, except for the trend in increased frequency of medical induction of puberty in the CSI plus CT group.

Conclusion

The addition of CT to CSI for medulloblastoma was associated with a significant decrease in health status. The effect of the addition of other CT regimens to CSI on quality of survival should be evaluated.
End Points for Colon Cancer Adjuvant Trials: Observations and Recommendations Based on Individual Patient Data From 20,898 Patients Enrolled Onto 18 Randomized Trials From the ACCENT Group
Authors: Sargent Daniel J. , Patiyil Smitha , Yothers Greg , Haller Daniel G. , Gray Richard , Benedetti Jacqueline , Buyse Marc , Labianca Roberto , Seitz Jean Francois , O'Callaghan Christopher J. , Francini Guido , Grothey Axel , O'Connell Michael , Catalano Paul J. , Kerr David , Green Erin , Wieand Harry S. , Goldberg Richard M. , de Gramont Aimery
Published: September 2007

Purpose

The traditional end point for colon adjuvant clinical trials is overall survival (OS). We previously validated disease-free survival (DFS) after 3-year follow-up as an excellent predictor of 5-year OS results. Here we explore shorter term DFS and OS end points, as well as stage dependency.

Methods

Individual patient data from 18 phase III trials including 43 arms and 20,898 patients were pooled. Association measures included correlation of event rates within arms, correlation of hazard ratios (HRs) between arms, trial level significance comparisons (via log-rank testing), and a formal surrogacy model.

Results

DFS at earlier times was less accurate in predicting OS than 3-year DFS, but 2-year DFS remained a strong predictor. DFS with 1-year minimum follow-up demonstrated perfect negative predicted value; all trials negative at 1 year for DFS were negative for 5-year OS. OS with 3-year minimum follow-up was also an excellent predictor for 5-year OS; OS at earlier time points provided inaccurate prediction. The association between 3-year DFS and 5-year OS was greater for stage III patients; correlation of HR within trials was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.85 to 0.95) for stage III patients and 0.70 (95% CI, 0.44 to 0.80) for stage II patients.

Conclusion

DFS outcomes after 2- or 3-year median follow-up are excellent predictors of 5-year OS. DFS outcomes are appropriate for trials in which the majority of patients are stage III. DFS after 2- or 3-year median follow-up should be considered as the primary end point in future colon adjuvant trials.
Specific Clinical and Biological Features Characterize Inflammatory Bowel Disease–Associated Colorectal Cancers Showing Microsatellite Instability
Authors: Svrcek Magali , El-Bchiri Jamila , Chalastanis Alexandra , Capel Emilie , Dumont Sylvie , Buhard Olivier , Oliveira Carla , Seruca Raquel , Bossard Céline , Mosnier Jean-François , Berger Françoise , Leteurtre Emmanuelle , Lavergne-Slove Anne , Chenard Marie-Pierre , Hamelin Richard , Cosnes Jacques , Beaugerie Laurent , Tiret Emmanuel , Duval Alex , Fléjou Jean-François
Published: September 2007

Purpose

Microsatellite instability (MSI) due to mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency has been reported to occur at variable frequencies in inflammatory bowel disease–associated intestinal neoplasias (IBD-Ns). We investigated a large series of IBD-N for associations between MSI and several biologic and clinical parameters related to tumors, patients, and their treatment.

Patients and Methods

A total of 277 IBD-Ns in 205 patients were screened for MSI. Biologic and clinical variables of patients with high levels of DNA microsatellite instability high (MSI-H) were collected and compared with those associated with 33 MSI-H non-IBD colorectal cancers (CRCs).

Results

A total of 27 IBD-Ns from 17 patients were found to be MSI-H. Compared with sporadic MSI-H CRCs, patients presented with a younger age at diagnosis, and there was no female predominance and no right-sided predominance. Unlike sporadic MSI-H CRCs, MSI-H IBD-Ns presented with heterogeneous mismatch repair defects involving MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2, and a low frequency of MLH1 promoter methylation. They exhibited frequent BRAF mutations and frameshift mutations in genes containing coding repeat sequences.

Conclusion

The mechanisms underlying MMR deficiency in MSI-H IBD-Ns are different from those in sporadic MSI-H tumors and seem to be more related to those observed in hereditary MSI-H tumors. However, BRAF mutations were observed in MSI-H IBD-Ns, similar to sporadic MSI-H tumors, but unlike hereditary MSI-H tumors. Finally, the mutational events in target genes for instability are the same in MSI-H IBD-N tumors as in non-IBD sporadic and hereditary colorectal MSI-H cancers, indicating a colon-related repertoire of target gene alterations.
Centrosomal CAP350 protein stabilises microtubules associated with the Golgi complex
Authors: Hoppeler-Lebel Aurélie , Celati Claude , Bellett Gemma , Mogensen Mette M. , Klein-Hitpass Ludger , Bornens Michel , Tassin Anne-Marie
Published: September 2007

A comprehensive model of how the centrosome organises the microtubule network in animal cells has not yet been elucidated. Here we show that the centrosomal large CAP-Gly protein CAP350 is not only present at the centrosome, but is also present as numerous dots in the pericentrosomal area. Using in vitro and in vivo expression of partial constructs, we demonstrated that CAP350 binds microtubules through an N-terminal basic region rather than through its CAP-Gly domain. CAP-Gly-containing domains of CAP350 are targeted not only to the centrosome but also to a Golgi-like network. Interestingly, full-length GFP-tagged CAP350 bound preferentially to microtubules in the pericentrosomal area. These results indicate that the large CAP350 protein has a dual binding ability. Overexpression of CAP350 promoted an increase in the stability of the whole microtubule network, as judged by a significant decrease in the number of EB1 comets and by an enhanced microtubule resistance to Nocodazole treatment. In support of this, CAP350 depletion decreased microtubule stability. Moreover, both depletion and overexpression of CAP350 induced specific fragmentation of the Golgi complex while maintaining a juxtanuclear localisation. We propose that CAP350 specifically stabilises Golgi-associated microtubules and in this way participates in the maintenance of a continuous pericentrosomal Golgi ribbon.
What Was “Shostakovich,” and What Came Next?
Authors: SCHMELZ PETER J.
Published: September 2007

The title of this article is borrowed from anthropologist Katherine Verdery's 1996 study What Was Socialism, and What Comes Next? In her book Verdery surveyed the recent changes in Eastern Europe, and specifically Romania, from her vantage point in the uncertain period following the momentous events from 1989 to 1991 in the former Soviet bloc. Similarly, this article explores how Shostakovich, widely perceived in 1975 as the musical representative of socialism, influenced what came after him. It details how Soviet composers from the younger generations, including Edison Denisov, Mieczysław Weinberg, Boris Tishchenko, Alfred Schnittke, and Valentin Sil'vestrov, dealt with Shostakovich's legacy in their compositions written in his memory, including Denisov's DSCH, Weinberg's Symphony no.12, Tishchenko's Symphony no. 5, Schnittke's Prelude In Memoriam Dmitri Shostakovich and Third String Quartet, and Sil'vestrov's Postludium DSCH.

In their memorial works, as they wrestled with the legacy of Shostakovich and his overwhelming influence, these composers also grappled with the shifting nature of the Soviet state, changing musical styles both foreign and domestic, and fundamental issues of aesthetic representation and identity associated with the move from modernism to postmodernism then affecting all composers in the Western art music tradition. The 1970s came at the heels of a decade of remarkable change in Soviet music and society, but at the time of Shostakovich's death, change in Soviet life began to seem increasingly unlikely. Despite recent interpretations by scholars such as anthropologist Alexei Yurchak that emphasize the fundamental immutability of the 1970s, however, these memorial compositions show that audible and significant developments were indeed occurring in the musical styles of the 1970s and early 1980s. Examining Shostakovich's legacy therefore also reveals the larger changes of the Soviet 1970s and early 1980s, both musical and otherwise.
The Berlin Chansonnier and French Song in Florence, 1450–1490: A New Dating and Its Implications
Authors: GALLAGHER SEAN
Published: September 2007

Owing to the loss of most 15th-century music manuscripts from France and Burgundy, chansonniers of Italian origin are of special significance for our knowledge of the French song repertory and its dissemination during the second half of the century. Florence appears to have been a particularly important center of collecting, judging from a group of nine chansonniers copied there between the 1440s and the early 1490s. In recent decades the Berlin Chansonnier (Berlin, Staatliche Museen der Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Kupferstichkabinett, MS 78.C.28) has held a special place among these Florentine sources, partly because it is the only one from before the 1490s for which there is external evidence that seemed to provide a precise dating, and partly because that evidence indicated that it was our only surviving Florentine music manuscript from the 1460s. More than 30 years ago Peter Reidemeister identified the two Florentine families whose impaled arms decorate the first chanson in the collection. These arms led him to propose that the manuscript was made in connection with a wedding involving these two families, which he claimed took place in 1465 or 1466, a dating that has been accepted as a terminus ad quem in subsequent scholarship. The manuscript thus appeared to pre-date by 15 or more years the next earliest sources in the Florentine group, and the significant repertorial differences between the Berlin manuscript and those of the early 1480s seemed to reflect this time gap.

Documents in the Archivio di Stato in Florence change this picture considerably. New evidence calls for a series of crucial adjustments to the theories proposed by Reidermeister that together force a reassessment of the dating of the Berlin Chansonnier. This reassessment affects in turn its relation to several other manuscripts, both from Florence and elsewhere in Italy, and provides new insight into the repertory of songs (in particular those of Busnoys) that was circulating in Florence between the 1460s and the early 1480s.
Status analysis and strategic framework for sanitation management in Asia and Africa
Authors: Kim Y.K. , Seo I.S. , Jung N.C. , Kim J.Y. , Byun J.H.
Published: September 2007

Following rapid population increase and industrial development, the ever increasing environmental pollution and the associated sanitation-related problem are no longer regional or local but have become an issue requiring global-dimensional concern and the provision of problem-solving alternatives. Especially, since most problems result from inappropriate sewerage and the lack of sewage treatment system are in a serious state occurring in economically underdeveloped regions, and as such, their significance is enormous. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has been making efforts to establish the technology selection methodology applicable in developing countries, through the accurate status, investigation and analysis of the wastewater management state in Asian and African regions, and the sanitation management guideline utilisable by political leaders or decision-makers. As part of this effort, the Korea Institute of Water Environment (KIWE), together with the UNEP, selected China and Vietnam (in Asia) and Kenya and Ethiopia (in Africa) as subject countries to investigate and perform on-site sanitation management investigations and analysis in this research. Results obtained from the on-site investigation were analysed, and in order to be helpful in establishing a strategy for sanitation management in underdeveloped countries, the strategic framework (SF) has been made based on characterised results.
Innovative sewerage solutions for small rural towns
Authors: Diaper C. , Sharma A.
Published: September 2007

The development and implementation of alternative wastewater servicing approaches in rural communities in Australia appears more feasible than in larger urban developments as many rural centres rely on septic tanks and surface discharge of greywater. This method of disposal creates many environmental, social and economic issues and is seen to limit potential for growth in many towns. This paper describes a generic methodology for the selection of innovative sewerage options for six regional towns in Victoria, Australia. The method includes consultation with stakeholders, multi-criteria assessment and concept design of the most favourable option. Despite the broad range of initial wastewater servicing options presented which included cluster-scale systems, upgrade of existing systems, greywater reuse and alternative collection, the outcome for five of the six towns was a modified centralised collection system as the preferred option. Lack of robust and reliable data on the human health risks and environmental impacts of alternative systems were identified as the primary data gaps in the sustainability assessment. In addition, biases in the assessment method due to stakeholder perceptions were found to be an additional issue.
A tool to evaluate the fertiliser value and the environmental impact of substrates from wastewater treatment
Authors: Hammer M. , Clemens J.
Published: September 2007

Fertilisers may contain pollutants that are applied to the field together with the nutrients. Comparing fertilisers is difficult because of their different concentrations of nutrients and pollutants. In this study an already existing model was taken. It was further developed to compare nutrient fluxes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, humus) and pollutants (heavy metals and pharmaceuticals) of pig and cattle slurry as well as human urine. The data used is taken from literature and, in the case of pharmaceuticals in urine, daily excretion rates were calculated. An amount of 19 m3 ha−1 a−1 undiluted urine can be applied, limiting factor is sulphur. Without taking over-fertilisation into account, an addition of mineral fertiliser is required to any organic fertiliser application. In general, heavy metal, antibiotic, and hormone fluxes are higher by using animal manure then urine as fertiliser. However, additional loads of other pharmaceuticals consumed by humans have to be considered. Overall, the model is a suitable tool worthwhile to be extended in aspects of hygiene, environmental impacts as for example, degradation processes as well as ecotoxicology.
Pilot experiments with electrodialysis and ozonation for the production of a fertiliser from urine
Authors: Pronk W. , Zuleeg S. , Lienert J. , Escher B. , Koller M. , Berner A. , Koch G. , Boller M.
Published: September 2007

Pilot tests were performed with a process combination of electrodialysis and ozonation for the removal of micropollutants and the concentration of nutrients in urine. In continuous and batch experiments, maximum concentration factors up to 3.5 and 4.1 were obtained, respectively. The desalination capacity did not decrease significantly during continuous operation periods of several weeks. Membrane cleaning after 195 days resulted in approximately 35% increase in desalination rate. The Yeast Estrogen Screen (YES), a bioassay that selectively detects oestrogenic compounds, confirmed that about 90% of the oestrogenic activity was removed by electrodialysis. HPLC analysis showed that ibuprofen was removed to a high extent, while other micropollutants were below the detection limit. In view of the fact that ibuprofen is among the most rapidly transported micropollutants in electrodialysis processes, this result indicates that electrodialysis provides an effective barrier for micropollutants. Standardised plant growth tests were performed in the field with the salt solution resulting from the treatment by electrodialysis and subsequent ozonation. The results show that the plant height is comparable to synthetic fertilisers, but the crop yield is slightly lower. The latter is probably caused by volatilisation losses during field application, which can be prevented by improved application technologies.
Nutrient cycles and resource management: implications for the choice of wastewater treatment technology
Authors: Larsen T.A. , Maurer M. , Udert K.M. , Lienert J.
Published: September 2007

We look at the most important issues of the global nitrogen and phosphorus cycle and conclude that the nutrients from human metabolism are of no importance for the global nitrogen cycle and of minor importance for the global phosphorus cycle. However, for water pollution control, N and P from the human metabolism are of extreme importance. Nitrogen is mainly an issue for coastal waters, whereas P is an issue for freshwater and coastal areas alike. It is by now generally recognised that coastal ecosystems are exceedingly important for human well-being and at the same time highly endangered. The recycling issue is of high importance in areas where nutrient application is low due to economic constraints. NoMix technology (urine source separation) holds a large promise to become an efficient mainstream technology. The largest short-term potential is found in densely populated areas in coastal areas without existing infrastructure and in areas with nutrient deficiency, especially in urban areas with a large nutrient potential. We believe, however, that these technologies will, with time, also become competitive in Europe.
Parallel object monitors
Authors: Caromel Denis , Mateu Luis , Pothier Guillaume , Tanter Éric
Published: September 2007

Coordination of parallel activities on a shared memory machine is a crucial issue for modern software, even more with the advent of multi‐core processors. Unfortunately, traditional concurrency abstractions force programmers to tangle the application logic with the synchronization concern, thereby compromising understandability and reuse, and fall short when fine‐grained and expressive strategies are needed. This paper presents a new concurrency abstraction called POM,parallel object monitor, supporting expressive means for coordination of parallel activities over one or more objects, while allowing a clean separation of the coordination concern from application code. Expressive and reusable strategies for concurrency control can be designed, thanks to a full access to the queue of pending requests, parallel execution of dispatched requests together with after‐actions, and complete control over reentrancy. A small domain‐specific aspect language is provided to adequately configure pre‐packaged, off‐the‐shelf synchronizations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trans fatty acids: Definition and occurrence in foods
Authors: Ledoux Martial , Juanéda Pierre , Sébédio Jean‐Louis
Published: September 2007

Most of fatty acid double bonds are in cis configuration, but some processes may isomerise double bonds from cis to trans configuration and from their naturally occurring positions in the carbon chain. Since some fatty acids with trans double bond(s) are suspected to have adverse effects, several countries have regulated the inclusion of trans fatty acid (TFA) content labelling. The French governmental authorities requested AFSSA to propose recommendations regarding food labelling. This first article summarises the discussion on a regulatory TFA definition and reviews the occurrence and origins of TFA in foods. From a chemical point of view, a TFA is any kind of fatty acid that has one or more double bond(s) in trans configuration, but restricted TFA definitions have been proposed for food labelling purposes. These definitions exclude fatty acids with conjugated double bonds on different criteria which are commented on in this paper. Taking into account the goal of TFA labelling and the potential harmful properties of some trans conjugated fatty acids, the working group proposes the chemical definition for TFA labelling purposes. The main TFA natural origin is ruminal biohydrogenation, and therefore TFA are present in dairy products and ruminant meat. TFA are also found in domestically or industrially processed foods due to hydrogenation or heat treatment effects on oils and fats. Although the TFA molecules produced by both natural and industrial processes are often quite similar, TFA distribution profiles and levels are very different from one case to another.
Microliter Volume Determination of Cosmetic Mercury with a Partially Crosslinked Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) Modified Screen‐Printed Three‐Electrode Portable Assembly
Authors: Zen Jyh‐Myng , Senthil Kumar Annamalai , Lee Sing‐Chuan , Shih Ying
Published: September 2007

We successfully demonstrated microliter (μL) volume determination of Mercury (Hg) using an in‐built screen‐printed three electrodes containing partially crosslinked poly(4‐vinlylpyridine) (designated as pcPVP) modified carbon‐working, carbon‐counter, and Ag+‐quasireference electrodes (SPE/pcPVP) in a pH 4 acetate buffer solution with 2 M KCl by using the square wave anodic stripping voltammetric (SWASV) technique. Instrumental and solution phase conditions were systematically optimized. Experiments were carried out by simply placing a 500 μL‐droplet of Hg containing real sample mixed with the base electrolyte on the SPE/pcPVP surface. The SPE/Ag+ quasi‐reference system shifted the Hg‐SWASV detection potential ca. 250 mV positive, but the quantitative current values were appreciably similar to that of a standard Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Under optimal condition, the calibration graph is linear in the window of 100–1000 ppb of the Hg droplet system with a detection limit of 69.5 ppb (S/N=3). Finally real sample assays were demonstrated for prohibited cosmetic Hg containing skin‐lightening agents in parallel with ICP‐OES measurements.
Exploring Alkylated Ferrocene Sulfonates as Electrocatalysts for Sulfide Detection
Authors: Banks Craig E. , Yashina Alexandra S. , Tustin Gary J. , Lafitte Valerie G. H. , Jones Timothy G. J. , Lawrence Nathan S.
Published: September 2007

Alkylated ferrocene sulfonate compounds, 1,1′‐dimethyl ferrocene sulfonate, t‐butyl ferrocene sulfonate, ethyl ferrocene sulfonate, and n‐butyl ferrocene sulfonate are explored for the electrocatalytic detection of sulfide at a boron‐doped diamond electrode. Voltammetric interrogation of the ferrocene sulfonate compounds is investigated to determine oxidizing potentials, diffusion coefficients and responses towards sulfide. In the latter case, measurement of the electrocatalytic rate constants by means of chronoamperometry indicates a high electrocatalytic activity (ca. 103 M−1 s−1) towards sulfide.
Novel coupling Rosenbrock‐based algorithms for real‐time dynamic substructure testing
Authors: Bursi O. S. , Gonzalez‐Buelga A. , Vulcan L. , Neild S. A. , Wagg D. J.
Published: September 2007

Real‐time testing with dynamic substructuring is a novel experimental technique capable of assessing the behaviour of structures subjected to dynamic loadings including earthquakes. The technique involves recreating the dynamics of the entire structure by combining an experimental test piece consisting of part of the structure with a numerical model simulating the remainder of the structure. These substructures interact in real time to emulate the behaviour of the entire structure. Time integration is the most versatile method for analysing the general case of linear and non‐linear semi‐discretized equations of motion. In this paper we propose for substructure testing, L‐stable real‐time (LSRT) compatible integrators with two and three stages derived from the Rosenbrock methods. These algorithms are unconditionally stable for uncoupled problems and entail a moderate computational cost for real‐time performance. They can also effectively deal with stiff problems, i.e. complex emulated structures for which solutions can change on a time scale that is very short compared with the interval of time integration, but where the solution of interest changes on a much longer time scale. Stability conditions of the coupled substructures are analysed by means of the zero‐stability approach, and the accuracy of the novel algorithms in the coupled case is assessed in both the unforced and forced conditions. LSRT algorithms are shown to be more competitive than popular Runge–Kutta methods in terms of stability, accuracy and ease of implementation. Numerical simulations and real‐time substructure tests are used to demonstrate the favourable properties of the proposed algorithms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Very high spatial resolution imagery for channel bathymetry and topography from an unmanned mapping controlled platform
Authors: Lejot J. , Delacourt C. , Piégay H. , Fournier T. , Trémélo M‐L. , Allemand P.
Published: September 2007

The increasing availability of aerial photography and satellite imagery offers new possibilities for characterizing river morphology. The precision of new very high resolution (VHR) images allows smaller scale objects within river corridors to be studied. High survey frequencies provide increased opportunities for the monitoring of river restoration.

Following this evolution in platform technology, a small radio‐controlled motorized vehicle flying at low altitude was used to study both channel water depth and gravel bar geometry. The VHR imagery provided by this equipment allowed both channel bathymetry and a high accuracy photogrammetric digital elevation model (DEM) to be realized. Using case studies from the Ain and the Drôme Rivers in France, the accuracy of the results is presented and the various challenges associated with the new platform are discussed. One significant issue is that due to the low elevation of the survey the coverage of a target area is usually based on several photographs, which leads to variations in illumination conditions that stem from atmospheric changes. The images were processed to minimize this source of error but a number of issues have yet to be resolved.

Bathymetric models with R2 values between 0·59 and 0·90 were created in spite of the lack of channel bed homogeneity at the various sites. The gravel bar was also effectively mapped, and the photogrammetrically predicted DEM provided a 5–10 cm pixel resolution with a vertical precision between 2 and 40 cm according to the position within the image. This paper shows that, despite unstable image acquisition, unmanned radio‐controlled platforms provide significant advantages for the study of river processes, offering a flexible very high resolution data source for both channel bathymetry and gravel bar topography. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recognising depression in residential facilities: an Australian challenge
Authors: Snowdon John , Fleming Richard
Published: September 2007

Background

Depression in aged care facilities (ACFs) is reportedly under‐recognised and under‐treated. Observer‐rated and self‐rated depression rating scales can help identify cases of depression, and could be used to estimate the prevalence of depression in ACFs.

Method

Direct care staff in 168 ACFs used a survey form and administered the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) and (in those able to be tested) the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS‐15) to every fourth resident. In seven facilities the same subjects were clinically assessed and (where appropriate) diagnosed by a psychiatrist.

Results

Survey forms and CSDD ratings were completed by staff concerning 91.6% of the one‐in‐four selected subjects. Their mean age was 82.1 years. CSDD scores of 8 or more, indicating depression, were recorded for 34.7% of the ACF residents, comprising 40.5% of the 1,084 high care (nursing home level) residents, and 25.4% of the 674 low care residents. Of 1,250 residents tested with the GDS‐15, 41.1% scored 6 or more, indicating depression. The correlation between GDS‐15 and CSDD scores was 0.6. Use of the survey tool allowed staff to identify which factors were most strongly associated with depression, the strongest being grief over loss of abilities and opportunities to participate in valued activities.

Conclusions

The CSDD (and the GDS‐15 in those without severe cognitive impairment) proved useful in identifying residents who were depressed. Survey questions helped draw attention to factors of importance in development or persistence of these depressions, and hence to strategies for intervention. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The reduced local lymph node assay: the impact of group size
Authors: Ryan Cindy A. , Chaney Joel G. , Kern Petra S. , Patlewicz Grace Y. , Basketter David A. , Betts Catherine J. , Dearman Rebecca J. , Kimber Ian , Gerberick G. Frank
Published: September 2007

The local lymph node assay (LLNA) is a skin sensitization test that provides animal welfare benefits. To reduce animal usage further, a modified version (rLLNA) was proposed. Conducting the rLLNA as a screening test with a single high dose group and vehicle control differentiated accurately between skin sensitizers and non‐sensitizers. This study examined whether a reduction in animal number/group is feasible. Historical data were utilized to examine the impact of conducting the rLLNA with two mice/group. To assess the effect on the stimulation index (SI) 41 datasets with individual animal data derived using five mice/group were analysed. SIs were calculated on all possible combinations of two control and two high dose group disintegrations per minute (dpm) values. For 25 of 33 sensitizer datasets, > 96% of possible dpm combinations resulted in a calculated SI > 3. The lowest percentages of positive SIs were observed with weak allergens when, in the standard LLNA, the mean SIs would have been nearer to the threshold value of 3. The results indicate that moderate, strong and extreme allergens are more likely than weak allergens to be identified as sensitizers when group sizes of two mice are used within the rLLNA. It is concluded that a rLLNA with two mice/group would display decreased sensitivity and is inappropriate for use in hazard identification. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Highly Transparent and Thermally Stable Films of α‐Cyclodextrin/Polymer Inclusion Complexes
Authors: Mori Takafumi , Dong Tungalag , Yazawa Kouji , Inoue Yoshio
Published: September 2007

Films of an α‐cyclodextrin/poly(ε‐caprolactone) inclusion complex have been successfully prepared and show high transparency and heat resistance in comparison to the pure polymer film. The physical properties, such as transparency, mechanical properties, and thermal stability, of the α‐CD‐PCL‐IC films are found to depend on the α‐cyclodextrin‐to‐polymer stoichiometry.

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Conformational analysis of a helically distorted gold(I) macrocycle derived from xantphos: evidence for the aurophilic Au… Au interaction from NMR
Authors: Tárkányi Gábor , Király Péter , Pálinkás Gábor , Deák Andrea
Published: September 2007

Variable‐temperature solution 1H‐ and 31P‐NMR experiments are reported for [Au2(xantphos)2](NO3)2 gold(I) complex incorporating a 16‐membered Au2P4C8O2 macrocycle derived from the 9,9‐dimethyl‐4,5‐bis(diphenylphosphino)xanthene (xantphos) ligand. These NMR studies provide detailed structural information about its solution structure in comparison to the solid‐state structure available from single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Two‐dimensional 1H‐NOESY spectroscopy at low temperatures allowed the full assignment of proton resonances, which are severely exchange‐broadened at room temperature. The 1H1H spatial connectivities of the large number of non‐equivalent protons unravel the complete stereochemistry of the gold(I) macrocycle in its symmetrically twisted conformation. Chemical exchange between particular proton pairs has allowed understanding the molecular dynamics and ruled out formation of coordination oligomers. Spectral analysis of the unique phosphorous AA′BB′ spin system has revealed three‐bond 31P31P scalar couplings mediated through the Au… Au bond, and has confirmed the existence of the aurophilic contact in low‐temperature solutions. The solution 13C and 31P spectra are compared to the solid state 31P‐MAS and 13CCP/MAS spectra, where signal doubling effects due to the crystal packing have been discovered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasonic hydrogenation of soybean oil
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Koritala S. , Frankel E. N.
Published: September 2007

The rate of hydrogenation of soybean oil with either copper chromite or nickel catalysts increased more than a hundredfold with the aid of ultrasonication. In a continuous reaction system, the selectivity with copper catalyst for linolenate reduction was somewhat lower when ultrasonic energy was applied than when not applied. With ultrasonic energy, 87% hydrogenation of linolenate in soybean oil was obtained in 9 sec at 115 psig H2 with 1% copper chromite at 181 C and 77% linolenate hydrogenation with 0.025% nickel. Without ultrasonic energy, only 59% linolenate hydrogenation was obtained in 240 sec with copper chromite at 198 C and 500 psig H2 and 68% linolenate hydrogenation in 480 sec with nickel at 200 C and 115 psig H2. This innovation may offer an important advantage in increasing the activity of commercial catalysts, particularly copper chromite, for fats and oil hydrogenation.
An emulsion method for the sensory evaluation of edible oils
Authors: Rebecca Stone , Earl G. Hammond
Published: September 2007

The flavor intensity of soybean oils was evaluated in emulsions stabilized with gum acacia. A 10‐point scale was used with a blank to establish the bland end of the scale and a standard diacetyl solution to establish a point near midscale. Tasting oils in emulsion gave significantly different scores than tasting oil directly. Evaluation in emulsion decreased panel error for poor quality oils but not for very bland oils. At least six samples could be tasted in emulsion without casusing panel fatigue or reducing accuracy. The concentration of oil in the emulsion could be adjusted to increase sensitivity to weak flavors or improve the evaluation of intensely flavored oils. Soybean oils containing various amounts of linolenic acid were evaluated by the emulsion method, and those with lesser amounts of linolenic acid were shown to be more stable. A gas Chromatographic total volatile method was shown to correlate fairly well with sensory evaluation of oils tasted in emulsions under conditions where both flavors scores and total volatiles changed significantly with time.
Study of the neutral lipids of sunflower meal and isolates
Authors: Millan F. , Vioque E. , Maza M. P.
Published: September 2007

Two types of sunflower protein isolates have been obtained from prepress and solvent extracted sunflower meal. The first was obtained by precipitation (at the isoelectric point) of the alkaline extract of the meal, and washing the curd with water. In the second, the alkaline extraction was carried out in the presence of sodium sulfite, and the curd was washed with water, ethanol and acetone. Both isolates were air‐dried and then dried under vacuum at 50 C. From the total lipids, obtained with 86% ethanol, the neutral lipids were separated using a column of Florisil. The lipids studied were those of the two isolates mentioned above as well as those of the original meal. The following types of compounds were separated, identified and quantified: hydrocarbons, waxes, methyl esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, diglycerides, free sterols, and hydroxy fatty acids.
A reduced adsorption isotherm for surfactant mixtures
Authors: Scamehorn John F. , Schechter Robert S. , Wade William H.
Published: September 2007

The adsorption of surfactants of similar structure on mineral oxide surfaces can be described by a single adsorption isotherm when plotted against reduced concentration. The total adsorption of mixtures of these surfactants and the adsorption of each individual surfactant in the mixture can be estimated from this reduced adsorption isotherm. No mixture data are required for this calculation. The method of calculating the reduced concentration for pure surfactants and surfactant mixtures is discussed. Adsorption data of three isomerically pure alkylbenzene sulfonates and binary mixtures of these surfactants on alumina and kaolinite is used to illustrate this correlation.
Whitener selection for today's detergents
Authors: Findley William R.
Published: September 2007

The ultimate choice of a whitener or whitener system for a specific formulation often represents a compromise between the optimum technical performance desired and economic considerations. This overview provides an introduction to fluorescent whitening agents to those new to the field of laundry product formulations and, perhaps, serves as a refresher course for the more experienced formulator. In actual practice, the selection of an optimum whitener system is based on extensive laboratory trials and evaluations.
Labeling laws as they pertain to the detergent industry
Authors: Leenerts Lester O.
Published: September 2007

Government regulations have proliferated in the past 25 years. Many directly affecting the detergent industry are reviewed and discussed. These include the 1966 Fair Packaging and Labeling Act, the 1972 Consumer Product Safety Act, the Hazardous Substances Act, and the Poison Prevention Packaging Act.
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease
Authors: Dharnidharka Vikas R. , Araya Carlos E.
Published: September 2007

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) emerged in the mid-1990s as a major graft- and life-threatening complication of pediatric kidney transplantation. This condition, usually involving uncontrolled B lymphocyte proliferation, straddles the border between infection and malignancy, since Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is intimately associated with the pathogenesis. PTLD is seen more in younger children (more likely to be EBV seronegative), Caucasian race, and in association with the more potent immunosuppression drugs. The clinical presentation typically involves multiple enlarged lymph nodes but varies based on localization of the lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis is based primarily on histopathological features. Treatment strategies include reduction of immunosuppression, use of anti-B cell antibodies, infusion of EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and chemotherapy. Many different strategies have been tried to prevent PTLD, ranging from serial EBV viral load monitoring and pre-emptive immunosuppression reduction to anti-viral prophylaxis. None of the major treatment or prevention strategies has been subject to randomized clinical trials, so their relative efficacy is still unknown. PTLD remains a risk factor for graft loss, though re-transplants have not, to date, been associated with repeat PTLD.
The Paradox of Compliance: Infringements and Delays in Transposing European Union Directives
Authors: THOMSON ROBERT , TORENVLIED RENÉ , ARREGUI JAVIER
Published: September 2007

What impact does the negotiation stage prior to the adoption of international agreements have on the subsequent implementation stage? We address this question by examining the linkages between decision making on European Union directives and any subsequent infringements and delays in national transposition. We formulate a preference-based explanation of failures to comply, which focuses on states' incentives to deviate and the amount of discretion granted to states. This is compared with state-based explanations that focus on country-specific characteristics. Infringements are more likely when states disagree with the content of directives and the directives provide them with little discretion. Granting discretion to member states, however, tends to lead to longer delays in transposition. We find no evidence of country-specific effects.
Bibliometric Study in the Heartland: Comparative and Electronic Citation Practices of the Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio Supreme Courts (1994–2004)
Authors: Cosanici Dragomir
Published: September 2007

This study by Dragomir Cosanici provides a bibliometric, comparative study of the citation practices of the state supreme courts in the common law jurisdictions of Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan and Ohio, USA during a recent ten-year span (1994–2004). It focuses on the type of legal materials most frequently cited as authority, examining the importance of both primary and secondary sources. It specifically analyses the growing usage of electronic citations by the four supreme courts.
P wave velocities, anisotropy and hysteresis in ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks as a function of confining pressure
Authors: Ji Shaocheng , Wang Qian , Marcotte Denis , Salisbury Matthew H. , Xu Zhiqin
Published: September 2007

The Chinese Continental Drilling Project (CCSD) has drilled to a depth of 5100 m at Maobei (N34.40, E118.67), Donghai County, Jiangsu Province in the eastern segment of the Dabie‐Sulu ultrahigh pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane. The borehole, which penetrated through all of the high velocity layers and seismic reflectors observed within the uppermost crust on seismic refraction and reflection profiles, reveals the main lithologies to be coesite‐bearing felsic gneisses, metabasic rocks (i.e., amphibolite, retrogressed, and non‐retrogressed eclogites) and ultramafic rocks (i.e., garnet peridotite and serpentinite). P wave velocities, anisotropy, and hysteresis of 31 typical CCSD core samples and 35 representative surface samples collected from the Sulu UHP belt were measured at hydrostatic confining pressures up to 800 MPa. The velocity‐pressure curves can be well described by a four‐parameter exponential equation derived from theory: V(P) = V0 + DP − B0 exp(−kP), where V0 is the projected velocity at zero pressure if pores/cracks were absent; D is the intrinsic pressure derivative of velocity in the linear elastic regime; B0 is the initial velocity drop caused by the presence of pores/cracks at zero pressure; and k is the decay constant of the velocity drop in the nonlinear poro‐elastic regime. The seismic hysteresis is caused by irreversible changes in grain contact, increases in microcrack aspect ratios and reduction of void space during the pressurization‐depressurization cycle. The statistical properties of P wave velocities in the UHP rocks provide an important set of basic information for the interpretation of field seismic data from the root zones of continental convergent orogenic belts and modern and ancient subduction zones.
Modeling of surf zone processes on a natural beach using Reynolds‐Averaged Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Torres‐Freyermuth Alec , Losada Inigo J. , Lara Javier L.
Published: September 2007

The use of an advanced volume of fluid (VOF)‐type model (COBRAS‐UC), based on the Reynolds‐Averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) equations, is proposed in this work with the aim of improving the current state of understanding of surf zone processes on natural beaches. Previous studies have suggested that it is important to consider contributions from terms traditionally neglected when assuming a uniform velocity and pressure distribution and a simple turbulence parameterization in surf zone hydrodynamics. In contrast with the Boussinesq and Nonlinear Shallow Water (NSW) equations models, in the RANS models none of the above‐mentioned limiting assumptions is required, since no wave theory is imposed and the initiation of wave breaking is predicted by using an advanced turbulence model. Although the model has been widely validated in the laboratory, there is no previous study, to the best of the authors' knowledge, which addresses the applicability of this model to random waves on natural beaches. Free‐surface elevation and wave‐induced velocity observations, from the SwashX field experiment, are used to validate this model. The model is able to satisfactorily predict the wave evolution and flow characteristics across the surf zone. The model provides a means to obtain high spatial and time resolution information of magnitudes which are difficult or impossible to measure in the field and therefore may contribute to improve our understanding on the physics of surf zone hydrodynamics. Moreover, it is also an excellent tool to obtain useful information of magnitudes involved in different kinds of modeling that require parameterization.