bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impaired clearance of accumulated lysosomal glycogen in advanced Pompe disease despite high‐level vector‐mediated transgene expression
Authors: Sun Baodong , Zhang Haoyue , Bird Andrew , Li Songtao , Young Sarah P. , Koeberl Dwight D.
Published: July 2009

Background

Infantile‐onset glycogen storage disease type II (GSD‐II; Pompe disease; MIM 232300) causes death early in childhood from cardiorespiratory failure in the absence of effective treatment, whereas late‐onset Pompe disease causes a progressive skeletal myopathy. The limitations of enzyme replacement therapy could potentially be addressed with adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vector‐mediated gene therapy.

Methods

AAV vectors containing tissue‐specific regulatory cassettes, either liver‐specific or muscle‐specific, were administered to 12‐ and 17‐month‐old Pompe disease mice to evaluate the efficacy of gene therapy in advanced Pompe disease. Biochemical correction was evaluated through acid α‐glucosidase (GAA) activity and glycogen content analyses of the heart and skeletal muscle. Western blotting, urinary biomarker, and Rotarod performance were evaluated after vector administration.

Results

The AAV vector containing the liver‐specific regulatory cassette secreted high‐level human GAA into the blood and corrected glycogen storage in the heart and diaphragm. The biochemical correction of the heart and diaphragm was associated with efficacy, as reflected by increased Rotarod performance; however, the clearance of glycogen from skeletal muscles was relatively impaired compared to in younger Pompe disease mice. An alternative vector containing a muscle‐specific regulatory cassette transduced skeletal muscle with high efficiency, but also failed to achieve complete clearance of accumulated glycogen. Decreased transduction of the heart and liver in older mice, especially in females, was implicated as a cause for reduced efficacy in advanced Pompe disease.

Conclusions

The impaired efficacy of AAV vector‐mediated gene therapy in old Pompe disease mice emphasizes the need for early treatment to achieve full efficacy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anisakis simplex allergens remain active after conventional or microwave heating and pepsin treatments of chilled and frozen L3 larvae
Authors: Vidaček Sanja , de las Heras Cristina , Solas Maria Teresa , Mendizábal Angel , Rodriguez‐Mahillo Ana I , González‐Muñoz Miguel , Tejada Margarita
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Some Anisakis simplex allergens, Ani s 4 among them, are reported to be resistant to freezing, heat and pepsin. However, the effect of conventional and microwave heating on live and frozen larvae, common conditions for fish preparation, and consecutive pepsin treatment have not been studied previously. In this study, live and frozen/thawed A. simplex larvae were subjected to conventional or microwave heating during time–temperature sufficient to kill live larvae, and digested with pepsin in the strong conditions used in fish inspection. The antigenicity of A. simplex in the larvae extracts and in the incubation media filtrates after all treatments was studied.

RESULTS: The immunoblotting assay showed the presence of Ani s 4 in all the larvae extracts and all the incubation media filtrates. A. simplex crude antigens were detected in all conditions; nevertheless, differences were observed among treatments, with lower values detected in the filtrates obtained after the strong acidic pepsin treatment.

CONCLUSION: The results indicate that ingestion of A. simplex larvae can cause allergy in consumers already sensitised to this allergen, even if the parasitised fish is consumed well‐cooked and after freezing in the recommended conditions selected for killing the larvae to avoid human anisakiasis. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Hybrid Organic/Inorganic UV‐Cured Acrylic Films with Hydrophobic Surface Properties
Authors: Sangermano Marco , Bongiovanni Roberta , Longhin Marco , Rizza Giancarlo , Kausch Charles M. , Kim Yongsin , Thomas Richard R.
Published: July 2009

Hybrid organic/inorganic acrylic nanostructured films were prepared by a UV/thermal dual‐curing process. The role of a fluorinated hydroxyl acrylate monomer (AF) as coupling agent was investigated. Increased Tg values and modulus of the dual‐cured films were achieved by increasing the TEOS inorganic precursor. The coupling agent deeply modified the surface properties of the cured films: the formation of hybrid films characterized by high hydrophobicity together with an increase on surface hardness was achieved. TEM analysis clearly evidenced the reducing of the nanosize dimensions of the inorganic silica domains by increasing the coupling agent content in the photocurable formulation.

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Verarbeitung hochfester Aluminiumlegierungen durch umformende Verfahren
Authors: Neugebauer R. , Lachmann L. , Grübler R.
Published: July 2009

Basierend auf experimentell ermittelten Werkstoffkennwerten wird ein Vergleich des Umformverhaltens der beiden Aluminiumlegierungen im Anlieferungszustand (EN AW‐7075 T651) sowie im modifizierten Zustand (EN AW‐7075 ECAP) bei der Verarbeitung mit herkömmlichen Umformverfahren (Walzen, Fließpressen) angestellt. Zudem werden die Verfahrensgrenzen des Umformgrades durch Variation der Werkzeuggeometrien experimentell lokalisiert. Dabei ist ebenfalls Untersuchungsgegenstand, den Einfluss des Verfahrens auf das Umformvermögen zu ermitteln. Davon ausgehend werden Werkzeugkonzepte entwickelt, die eine Umformung des hochfesten Aluminiums unter Erzeugung von hydrostatischen Druckzuständen in der Umformzone ermöglichen. Sowohl die Simulation als auch die Versuche zeigten Materialversagen der ultrafeinkörnigen Werkstoffe beim Fließpressen. Das Walzen als inkrementelles Umformverfahren ermöglichte hingegen eine schadensfreie Herstellung der Werkstücke.
VEGF expression as a prognostic marker in osteosarcoma
Authors: Bajpai Jyoti , Sharma Meharchand , Sreenivas Vishnubhatla , Kumar Rakesh , Gamnagatti Shivanand , Khan Shah Alam , Rastogi Shishir , Malhotra Arun , Bakhshi Sameer
Published: July 2009

Background

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway is the key regulator of angiogenesis. In osteosarcoma baseline VEGF is of proven prognostic value but prognostic potential of post‐NACT VEGF expression is largely unexplored.

Procedure

Treatment naive patients with osteosarcoma were subjected to initial staging workup followed by three cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and surgery; resected tumors were assessed for histological necrosis by Huvos grading. Initial biopsy and resected tumor specimens post‐NACT were examined for VEGF expression by immunohistochemistry. Positive VEGF expression was considered when intensive positive staining was observed in >10% of the tumor cells. VEGF expression at baseline was compared with grade of tumor; pre‐NACT and post‐NACT VEGF expression were compared with histological necrosis. Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated to assess best threshold and predictability.

Results

A total of 31 patients were recruited with median age of 17 years (range 5–66 years); male/female ratio was 25:6; 23 patients (74%) were non‐metastatic. At baseline, there was 90% concordance between positive VEGF expression and higher histological grade (28/31); baseline VEGF expression did not correlate well with stage and histological necrosis. Twenty‐one (67%) were poor and 10 (33%) were good histologic responders; post‐NACT VEGF expression as well as VEGF change following NACT significantly correlated with histological necrosis.

Conclusion

Positive VEGF expression in surviving tumor cells post‐NACT in resected tumors appears to be an important negative prognostic factor in osteosarcoma which may help future therapies to be identified according to the angiogenic potential of the disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:1035–1039. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug events by Korean regional pharmacovigilance centers
Authors: Shin Yoo Seob , Lee Yong‐Won , Choi Young Hwa , Park Byungjoo , Jee Young Koo , Choi Sung‐Kyu , Kim Eung‐Gyu , Park Jung‐Won , Hong Chein‐Soo
Published: July 2009

Purpose

Patterns of prescriptions are markedly influenced by regional disease entities, medical education, culture, economic status, and available pharmaceutical companies. Features of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) may vary in different countries. In this study, we analyzed the causative drugs and clinical manifestations of spontaneously reported ADRs in Korea.

Methods

Six Korean Regional Pharmacovigilance Centers collected 1418 cases of spontaneously reported adverse drug events (ADEs) by doctors, pharmacists, and nurses, and the clinical features and causative drugs were evaluated. The data were collected from general hospitals (76.5%), primary clinics, and pharmacies (23.5%).

Results

Based upon the World Health Organization (WHO)‐Uppsala Monitoring Center criteria (certain—13.7%, probable—46.1%, possible—32.1%), 91.9% of the collected events were suspected to be ADRs and 15.8% of patients experienced serious ADRs. The most prevalent causative drugs were antibiotics (31.6%), followed by contrast dyes (14.0%), non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (11.1%), anti‐psychotics (5.4%), anti‐convulsants (5.2%), cardiovascular agents (4.8%), anti‐neoplastics (4.6%), and opiates and non‐opiate pain killers (3.5%). Among the antibiotics, cephalosporins (8.1%) were the most common, followed by anti‐tuberculosis agents (5.7%), quinolones (4.0%), vancomycin (3.1%), and penicillin (2.8%). The most common side effect was skin manifestations, which were seen in 42% of the patients, followed by neurologic manifestations (14%), gastrointestinal involvements (12.9%), generalized reactions (9.4%), and respiratory involvements (4.5%).

Conclusion

Antibiotics, contrast dyes, and NSAIDs were the most common causative drugs for ADRs, which reflects the prescription pattern and the prevalence of diseases in Korea. These data may be useful in establishing a Korean pharmacovigilance system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Obesity rates in special populations of children and potential interventions
Authors: Holcomb Matthew J. , Pufpaff Lisa A. , McIntosh David E.
Published: July 2009

Childhood obesity has become a problem of epidemic proportions in the United States, but much of the research has focused on prevention and intervention programs, which target the general population of school children. Overlooked in the literature are children with special needs (including autism, genetic disorders, Down syndrome, and Prader‐Willi syndrome), who on average have higher rates of obesity than do their typically functioning peers. Specifically, some clinical populations of children have genetic predispositions that make intervention more difficult to accomplish. General intervention considerations are discussed and applied to these groups of children. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A probability model of system downtime with implications for optimal warranty design
Authors: Flood Ben , Houlding Brett , Wilson Simon P. , Vilkomir Sergiy
Published: July 2009

Traditional approaches toward modeling the availability of a system often do not formally take into account uncertainty over the parameter values of the model. Such models are then frequently criticized because the observed reliability of a system does not match that predicted by the model. This paper extends a recently published segregated failures model so that, rather than providing a single figure for the availability of a system, uncertainty over model parameter values is incorporated and a predictive probability distribution is given. This predictive distribution is generated in a practical way by displaying the uncertainties and dependencies of the parameters of the model through a Bayesian network (BN). Permitting uncertainty in the reliability model then allows the user to determine whether the predicted reliability was incorrect due to inherent variability in the system under study, or due to the use of an inappropriate model. Furthermore, it is demonstrated how the predictive distribution can be used when reliability predictions are employed within a formal decision‐theoretic framework. Use of the model is illustrated with the example of a high‐availability computer system with multiple recovery procedures. An BN is produced to display the relations between parameters of the model in this case and to generate a predictive probability distribution of the system's availability. This predictive distribution is then used to make two decisions under uncertainty concerning the offered warranty policies on the system: a qualitative decision and an optimization over a continuous decision space. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Networked estimation under contention‐based medium access
Authors: Rabi Maben , Stabellini Luca , Proutiere Alexandre , Johansson Mikael
Published: July 2009

This paper studies networked estimation over a communication channel shared by a contention‐based medium access protocol. A collection ofNidentical and physically decoupled scalar systems are sampled without sensor noise and transmitted over a common channel, using a contention‐based medium access mechanism. We first carry out a calculation of the average distortion in estimation with irregular samples. Given the rate of packet generation at sensors, we characterize the traffic characteristics of the some contention‐based MAC schemes. This lets us derive the statistics of inter‐arrival times which in turn allows us to compute the packet loss rates and also the statistics of delay within a sample period. Using these results, we track the estimation performance as the sample generation rate and the number of contending nodes are varied. We provide a heuristic rule‐of‐thumb for choosing the sampling interval which minimizes the average distortion. By combining the network traffic characterization with that of the estimation performance, we show this rule performs pretty well. Carrying along the same lines, we are able to compute the scaling limits of estimation performance with respect to the number of contending nodes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating incubation period distributions with coarse data
Authors: Reich Nicholas G. , Lessler Justin , Cummings Derek A. T. , Brookmeyer Ron
Published: July 2009

The incubation period, the time between infection and disease onset, is important in the surveillance and control of infectious diseases but is often coarsely observed. Coarse data arises because the time of infection, the time of disease onset or both are not known precisely. Accurate estimates of an incubation period distribution are useful in real‐time outbreak investigations and in modeling public health interventions. We compare two methods of estimating such distributions. The first method represents the data as doubly interval‐censored. The second introduces a data reduction technique that makes the computation more tractable. In a simulation study, the methods perform similarly when estimating the median, but the first method yields more reliable estimates of the distributional tails. We conduct a sensitivity analysis of the two methods to violations of model assumption and we apply these methods to historical incubation period data on influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus. The analysis of reduced data is less computationally intensive and performs well for estimating the median under a wide range of conditions. However for estimation of the tails of the distribution, the doubly interval‐censored analysis is the recommended procedure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some statistics in bioinformatics: The fifth Armitage Lecture
Authors: Solomon Patricia J.
Published: July 2009

The spirit and content of the 2007 Armitage Lecture are presented in this paper. To begin, two areas of Peter Armitage's early work are distinguished: his pioneering research on sequential methods intended for use in medical trials and the comparison of survival curves. Their influence on much later work is highlighted, and motivate the proposal of several statistical ‘truths’ that are presented in the paper. The illustration of these truths demonstrates biology's new morphology and its dominance over statistics in this century. An overview of a recent proteomics ovarian cancer study is given as a warning of what can happen when bioinformatics meets epidemiology badly, in particular, when the study design is poor. A statistical bioinformatics success story is outlined, in which gene profiling is helping to identify novel genes and networks involved in mouse embryonic stem cell development. Some concluding thoughts are given. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What works for whom? Gender differences in intake characteristics and treatment outcomes following Multisystemic Therapy
Authors: Ogden Terje , Amlund Hagen Kristine
Published: July 2009

Aims of the study

We investigated whether girls and boys had similar referral symptoms and background characteristics at intake to Multisystemic Therapy (MST) and whether adolescent girls with serious behavior problems benefited as much from MST treatment as did boys. We also examined gender differences in rate of co‐morbidity at intake and whether the families of boys and girls referred to MST differed in their evaluation of the treatment received.

Method

Participants were 117 Norwegian adolescent girls (35%) and boys (65%), ranging in age from 12 to 17 (M = 14.58), referred to MST treatment in the first and second year of the program operation.

Results

Gender differences appeared for some referral reasons, intake characteristics and treatment changes, but the similarities between girls and boys far outnumbered their differences.

Conclusions

Although girls may present a somewhat different problem profile than do boys and their risk factors for developing conduct problems may be somewhat different, MST seemed flexible and robust enough to be effective for most adolescents in the present sample, regardless of gender.
The distribution of Tsetse-flies in the Province of Mozambique, East Africa
Authors: Howard C. W.
Published: July 2009

The presence of trypanosomiasis in cattle in the Province of Mozambique has made the question of tsetse-flies one of considerable interest and importance. During the past two-and-a-half years the writer has lost no opportunity of gathering information as to the whereabouts of tsetse-belts. It has been very difficult, because of the inaccessibility of most parts of the Province. The northern districts of Nyasa and Mozambique, for example, are practically impenetrable except for a few miles along the coast; no roads exist, and the natives, while not actively hostile, do not favour the intrusion of the white man. The northern part of the Zambesia district and the Tete district are likewise seldom visited by white men. It was not possible to organise a system of collecting reports of fly-belts from officials because of the small number of officials in these out-of-the-way regions. The writer has, however, been enabled to visit practically all accessible parts of the Province, and by questioning officials and natives and those who have been through the more inaccessible regions, has gathered considerable data. Specimens of fly have been secured from many of the places recorded. Although the few notes given are by no means complete, it seems best, however, to place them on record now.
The Relation between Game and Tsetse-flies
Authors: Hamilton J. Stevenson
Published: July 2009

The theory that the larger wild mammals, commonly called “big game,” are solely and entirely responsible for the presence of tsetse-flies, has become so firmly fixed in the mind of the average “man in the street” in South Africa, that no amount of contrary argument or even proof, were such forthcoming, could ever have much effect in altering his opinion. The newcomer quickly assimilates the same idea, and after a time begins to voice it as assertively as his mentor. It is thus most difficult to obtain really reliable data. An investigator, beginning an enquiry with an open mind, finds himself flooded with such a mass of apparently well substantiated statements, provided by experienced and obviously sincere persons, that he can with difficulty keep his mind free from a certain amount of bias. Starting from the assumption that the presence of fly depends upon that of game, arguments against the continued existence of the latter quickly multiply in the public mind. I was talking to a friend the other day, and he mentioned that he had been replying to some questions upon this very subject. He was no partisan of the anti-game movement, but regretfully expressed his conviction that in order to get rid of tsetse-fly it would be necessary to abolish the larger animals. I ventured, to ask for some clear instance of this interdependence. He was unable to quote any first-hand evidence which might not have been explained away, and his main contention, in short, was, “Of course the fly is dependent upon the game, everyone with any experience knows that; ask any old hunter or native.” This, I think, about sums up the ideas of the majority of people, and, if further argument is deemed necessary, the assumed general disappearance of the fly after rinderpest is pointed to as affording conclusive proof. The presumption is, of course, that the fly, deprived of its means of subsistence, died of starvation. An acquaintance with some of the districts visited by the epidemic would however by no means indicate that this was the real cause of the phenomenon, where it occurred. A study of the effect of rinderpest upon the relations between fly and game, might indeed, were it possible always to obtain accurate data, shed some new and interesting light upon the whole subject.
Description of haunts of Glossina tachinoides in Bornu Province, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Moiser B.
Published: July 2009

During conversation with the Resident of Bornu Province, Northern Nigeria, I learned that a former Medical Officer of the district had discovered, some six or seven years ago, a tsetse-fly belt near Mulgue, about 40 miles south of Maifoni, Bornu, and I therefore decided to investigate the locality in July, 1910.
Anoplura and Mallophaga from African Hosts
Authors: Kellogg V. L. , Paine J. H.
Published: July 2009

The descriptions of new, and determinations of old, species of Anoplura and Mallophaga presented in this paper are based on a small collection of these ecto-parasitic insects taken from mammals and birds of the Egyptian Sudan and other North and West African localities. The collection was made by variouscollectors, as indicated for each species, and was submitted to us by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, Scientific Secretary of the Entomological Research Committee (Tropical Africa) of the British Colonial Office.
Three new African species of the genus Chrysops (Family Tabanidæ)
Authors: Austen Ernest E.
Published: July 2009

The following paper is the result of the study of material recently received by the Entomological Research Committee, by which the types of two of the species described below have been presented to the British Museum (Natural History): the type of Chrysops centurionis has been handed over to the National Collection by its discoverer, Captain A. D. Fraser, R.A.M.C.
New African Hippoboscidæ
Authors: Austen Ernest E.
Published: July 2009

The types of the two species and of the variety described below are in the British Museum (Natural History).
Entomological Research in British West Africa. I. Gambia
Authors: Simpson Jas. J.
Published: July 2009

In this short report it is proposed to deal exclusively with the blood-sucking insects and other Arthropods which are, or may be, implicated in the transmission of disease in man and animals. In this connection, however, certain aspects, geographical and geological, are necessarily involved, but these will be introduced only when considered to be directly relevant to the main issue.
A New West African Springtail
Authors: Carpenter George H.
Published: July 2009

Among various insects collected on behalf of the Entomological Research Committee by Dr. R. W. Gray in Southern Nigeria, a large number of minute Collembola, all belonging to the same species, and taken at Benin City on June 9th, 1910, have been sent to me for identification. So little is known of Tropical African Collembola, that no surprise could be felt when the insect proved to belong to an undescribed species. Dr. Gray gives no information as to the kind of locality in which this springtail was found, or whether it was in any way injurious. In Europe, however, in recent years, students of economic zoology have come, more and more, to recognise that many species of Collembola feed on living plant tissues1 as well as on the decaying vegetable and animal refuse which forms the usual food of their order. It seems fitting therefore that an account of the insect should be published in this Bulletin, if only to call the attention of entomologists working in Tropical Africa to the scientific interest, and probable economic importance of springtails.
Notes on Tsetse – Flies and on Prophylactic Measures Against Sleeping Sickness in the Western Province of Ashanti
Authors: Fell T. E.
Published: July 2009

Glossina fusca and G. palpalis are prevalent throughout the Western Province of Ashanti, the latter being much the most common species. They both occur in dense jungle, but the type of bush most favourable for them appears to be the scrub and smaller forest which occurs in the dividing line of country between the dense jungle and typical “orchard” grass bush. Scrub of a height of three or four feet upwards appears to be sufficient to harbour these insects.
On a New Species of Mite (Tarsonemus) Injurious to Sugar-Canes in Barbados
Authors: Hirst Stanley
Published: July 2009

Mr. A. D. Michael has already recorded* the presence of mites of the genus Tarsonemus upon diseased sugar-cane from Barbados. He states that two species belonging to this genus were present in the material sent to him, and that the larger of the two species was certainly identical with one which Mr. Bancroft found doing serious damage to sugar-cane in Queensland. Mr. Michael proposed the name Tarsonemus bancrofti for this larger species. So far as I am aware, no description of this nominal species has been published and I am obliged to rely on Mr. Bancroft's published sketches† for information concerning it. Unfortunately his drawings are not executed in sufficient detail and I am not certain that his mite is the same species as the one which is dealt with in the present note; but as the figures of the Queensland mite differ appreciably from the Barbados specimens, it seems advisable to describe the latter under another name (T. spinipes). The species of the genus Tarsonemus often resemble one another very closely in structure, and they cannot be recognised with certainty unless a fully detailed account of their principal characters, accompanied by careful drawings, is given. Dr. Bancroft gives drawings of both sexes of his mite. He does not figure any spines on the third leg of the male, but he shows a lobeshaped expansion, similar to that of T. spinipes, on the inner side of the short fourth leg. The hairs of the body are not depicted. According to his drawings, the body of the female resembles that of T. spinipes in being very long and narrow, but is apparently much narrower at the anterior end. He represents the two terminal setae of the fourth leg of the female as being both very long and slender, the outer one being seemingly almost as long as the inner. The size of T. bancrofti is not stated, nor is the scale of enlargement of the figures given.
The Bearing of Physiology on Economic Entomology
Authors: dewitz J.
Published: July 2009

The progress of applied Entomology is mainly visible in the discovery of practical means for the destruction of insects injurious to cultivated plants, and in the minute determination of the various stages of the growth and development of such insects. More recently the parasites of insect pests, both of vegetable and animal origin, have also largely attracted attention. But physiological research, so far as injurious insects are concerned, has almost entirely been overlooked and neglected; although this line of enquiry affords obvious opportunities for arriving at tbe very essence of the whole matter, and should indeed be made one of the main starting points in the study of insect pests.
On the Changes which Occur in Certain Characters of Anopheles Larvae in the Course of their Growth
Authors: Stanton A. T.
Published: July 2009

It is generally admitted that the ability to determine the species ofAnophelesby an examination of their larvae would place a valuable weapon in the hands of the practical sanitarian in tropical countries. In the investigation of an area for the determination of theAnophelespresent, it frequently happens that, on account of their habit of concealment by day, adult mosquitos are difficult to find, whereas their breeding places may be located readily. If the larvae are transported to a distance they commonly do not develop further, and so, failing the specific identification of the larvae themselves, valuable information is lost. It is therefore very desirable to know whether, and to what extent, any of the characteristics of such larvae may safely be employed in determining their species.
New African Tabanidae.—Part III
Authors: Austen Ernest E.
Published: July 2009

The types of the eight new species described in the present instalment are in the British Museum (Natural History). The following list shows at a glance the countries in which these additions to our knowledge of the blood-sucking flies of Africa have been obtained.
A Mosquito with larval Habits like Taeniorhynchus
Authors: Bonne-Wepster J.
Published: July 2009

Mosquito larvae and pupae which get their oxygen from aquatic plants have been seldom met with so far; all belong to the genus Taeniorhynchus. Examining Pistia for the latter I found a few times a larva attached to the roots of the plants by means of its modified air-tube. The adults which were bred from these larvae proved to be Ficalbia (Mimomyia) hybrida, Leicester*. The adult has been known for some time, but the larva is new.
A Controller for a Light Source
Authors: Bailey S. W. , McCabe J. B.
Published: July 2009

An instrument is described that will brighten and dim a light source and control its “on” and “off” timing.

The periods of brightening and dimming and the period of full illumination are both adjustable.

The instrument is being used successfully for studying the effects of changing light intensity and photoperiod on the activity and development of insects.
Olfactory Stimulation of Tsetse Flies and Blowflies
Authors: Hughes J. C.
Published: July 2009

An apparatus for exposing insects to known concentrations of vapours from odorous liquids is described; it was used in a laboratory in England to test adult tsetse flies, Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) and G. morsitans Westw., obtained from Africa as pupae, and the blowfly, Phormia terraenovae R.-D. There is a definite pattern of behaviour of the flies in olfactory stimulants, in the final phase of which they are excited to fly. The number of seconds for which a fly is in flight gives a measure of its activation by the vapour. The method gives results comparable with those obtained with a standard choice-chamber technique and has considerable practical advantages for work with tsetse flies. The effects of concentrations of vapour, period of exposure, condition of the flies and external conditions on the response of tsetse flies to vapours were studied.

The response of G. morsitans and P. terraenovae to a selection of aliphatic acids, alcohols, esters and amines was determined, using a standardised procedure. There is a marked similarity between the two species in the concentrations of vapours required to activate them. The standard molar concentration, defined as the concentration of vapour required to raise the activity of the flies to a standard level of ten times that in pure air, was calculated for each compound tested from the regression of activity on concentration. Threshold concentrations (the highest concentrations that failed to raise fly-activity) were also calculated from the regression equations.
The Resting Sites of Glossina swynnertoni Aust. in the Wet Season
Authors: Isherwood F.
Published: July 2009

The biased nature of the catches of Glossina swynnertoni Aust. made on fly-rounds at Shinyanga, Tanganyika Territory, which show an unduly low proportion of females, nearly all of which are hungry, and lack of knowledge of the fly's habits when inactive, has led to a search for resting flies.

Previous recorded observations on resting tsetse flies are briefly reviewed. These show that the resting sites chosen differ according to species and even within a species. Differences of the second kind probably reflect seasonal changes.
Preliminary Investigations on the Biology and Ecology of the Parasites and Predators ofBrevicoryne brassicae(L.)
Authors: George K. S.
Published: July 2009

During 1953 and 1954, experimental plots were set up on two sites in eastern England and regular fortnightly samples were taken in an attempt to evaluate the degree of control of the Cabbage Aphid,Brevicoryne brassicae(L.), exerted by its parasites and predators.

The plot at each site consisted of a block of 5 rows of 40 plants and each main sample consisted of a sample of three leaves (one upper, one middle and one lower leaf) from 25 per cent. of the plants. Two such samples (A & B) were taken at each visit and were so arranged that the plants were sampled in strict rotation. The leaves were taken back to the laboratory and sample A was used to assess the number of Aphids, the other for an assessment of parasitism. The Aphids were removed from sample A and put into 95 per cent. alcohol and counted. The mummies were removed from sample B and put into labelled tubes. The leaves from sample B were then kept in insect-proof containers and examined daily for the next fortnight. All mummies which formed were removed and sorted. The insects which emerged from the mummies were killed, sexed and recorded. Predators taken from this sample were identified and recorded and used for further experiments. The validity of counting Aphids from one sample and parasites and predators from another was investigated by a series of “check-samples” taken from arbitrary plots in the fields. A shorter method for assessing parasitism was tried, using a sub-sample of the main sample, and an explanation is given for the disparity between the two sets of results.
A new species ofCataenococcusFerris (Hom., Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) on banana in Costa Rica
Authors: Williams D. J.
Published: July 2009

A new species ofCataenococcusFerris,C. larai, is described from material obtained from banana fruits in Costa Rica. A key is provided to the five known N. American species ofCataenococcus.
A new species of Dioryctria Zeller (Lep., Pyralidae) on Pinus kesiya in Assam, N.E. India
Authors: Bradley J. D.
Published: July 2009

A species of Dioryctria reared from Pinus kesiya (= khasya) at Shillong, Assam, where it is found in association with D. abietella (Schiff.) and D. sylvestrella (Ratz.), is described as new and is named D. castanea sp.n. The distinctive purplish or reddish chestnut brown coloration of the forewings is considered to distinguish this species from others in the genus. Illustrations are given of the adult and of the male and female genitalia.
Funnel ants (Aphaenogaster spp., Formicidae) as pasture pests in North Queensland. II. Control
Authors: Saunders G. W.
Published: July 2009

Two trials were undertaken in North Queensland dairy pastures to test cultural and chemical control of the funnel ant Aphaenogaster pythia Forel. Funnel antinfested pasture was ploughed, cultivated and replanted with several grass species and the legume Glycine javanica. Grazing with dairy cattle was controlled to maintain a dense sward. In untreated pasture where grazing was continuous, funnel ant mound building remained consistently high over the three-year period, but where grazing was regulated mound building was significantly reduced after three months and was negligible after three years. There was a significant inverse relationship between sward density and A. pythia mound numbers.
Light-trap catches of Culicoides spp. (Dipt., Ceratopogonidae) from southern England
Authors: Service M. W.
Published: July 2009

During 1966 a Rothamsted and a New Jersey light-trap were operated at two coastal sites in Dorset, southern England. They collected fifteen species of Culicoides but did not give an accurate estimate of the relative importance of the anthropophilic species in the areas as shown by human-bait catches. Although unfed females predominated, gravid individuals formed a substantial part of the catch. Few males were caught. The seasonal incidence of the commoner species at the two sites were compared. Fecundity, as estimated by dissection, was higher than previously recorded for Ceratopogonidae, reaching a mean of 153/female in C. maritimus Kieff. A few females of several species had well developed fat reserves indicating the possibility of autogeny, hibernation or a migratory phase.
The effect of light on the oviposition rhythm of the tea red spider mite Oligonychus coffeae (Nietn.)
Authors: Banerjee Barundeb , Das Subhas Chandra
Published: July 2009

The daily oviposition rhythm of the tea red spider mite, Oligonychus coffeae (Nietn.) under laboratory and field conditions is described. In the laboratory, the oviposition rate was steady under constant light or darkness, but under alternating light and darkness (LD 12:12 and 8:16) showed peaks soon after the change from light to darkness and vice versa. Under field conditions, oviposition peaks occurred at dawn and at dusk when there is a rapid change in light intensity.
A comparison of the range of attraction of animal baits and of carbon dioxide for some West African mosquitoes
Authors: Gillies M. T. , Wilkes T. J.
Published: July 2009

Experiments were carried out on the flight pattern of unfed female mosquitoes in an area of the Gambia adjacent to mangrove swamps. The mosquitoes were trapped in flight by the use of ramp-traps as they approached natural or simulated baits. The traps were arranged in series in four avenues of cleared bush, radiating out at right angles to each other. The baits were installed either at the centre of the cross formed by the avenue or at the outer end of one avenue. Trapping was carried out at six ranges simultaneously, extending from 5–80 yd (4·5–73 m) distance from the bait. The baits were either two small calves or carbon dioxide emitted from a cylinder at a rate equivalent to the expiration rate of the animals. A series of catches with no bait was also made.
Notes on the biologies of three parasites of the eggs of Entypotrachelus meyeri Kolbe and E. micans Hust. (Col., Curculionidae) laid on tea and Cinchona
Authors: Benjamin Daniel M. , Demba Willingston M.
Published: July 2009

Three egg parasites, Sozites kerichoensis Kerrich (Ichneumonidae), Oligositoides semicinctium De Santis (Trichogrammatidae), and Platystasius benjamini Nixon (Scelionidae) were reared from egg-masses of two closely related Entypotrachelus species indigenous in the tropical rain forest of Kenya. E. meyeri Kolbe occurs west of the Rift Valley, and E. micans Hust. occurs in the foot-hills south and west of Mt. Kenya, east of the Rift Valley. When the forests are cleared, both species transfer from forest trees, weeds and shrubs to newly planted tea and Cinchona spp. where the larvae feed on the roots and the adults feed and oviposit on the leaves.
A revision of the genusGeococcus(Homoptera, Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Williams D. J.
Published: July 2009

Descriptions are given of six hypogeic mealybugs forming the genusGeococcus. A key to species and illustrations of five species are included.G. johorensisis described as new from Malaya where it is reported as damaging oil palms. Another new species,G. lawrencei, is described from the Solomon Islands. The history ofG. coffeaeGreen is discussed together with its present distribution.
Observations on the peri-domestic breeding behaviour and resting sites of Glossina tachinoides Westw. near Nsukka, East Central State, Nigeria
Authors: Baldry D. A. T.
Published: July 2009

In 1964–65, breeding sites of the tsetse fly G. tachinoides Westw. near Nsukka in south-eastern Nigeria were found in peri-domestic situations (particularly beneath stacked coco-yam tubers and at the base of fences of pig enclosures) and in adjacent farmland (particularly beneath banana and coco-yam plants, under Lantana camara, at the base of farmland fences and around derelict farm buildings). Between them, these sites provide moisture conditions suitable for year-round breeding of G. tachinoides and are not exposed to unsuitably high temperatures (>90°F) for long periods. The night-time resting sites of G. tachinoides in three villages five miles east of Nsukka were sought between May and November 1966 using ordinary torchlight. The most popular resting-sites were dried fronds of oil and coconut palms used for fencing pig enclosures, but a few flies also rested on man-made objects in the villages and on vegetation nearby. Most flies were resting less than two feet above ground level. Day-time observations confirmed the night-time findings. G. tachinoides could probably be controlled, if not eradicated, in the Nsukka area by two applications, a fortnight apart, of DDT emulsion concentrate to pig enclosure fences and pig styes up to a height of 2–3 ft during March–May when the fly population is most concentrated around confined pigs.
The flight activity and settling behaviour ofGlossina morsitansWestw. (Dipt., Muscidae) in laboratory experiments
Authors: Barrass Robert
Published: July 2009

Female tsetse flies (Glossina morsitansWestw.) were more active in an experimental chamber in the laboratory: (a) at high than at low temperatures, (b) in high than in low humidities, and except at high temperatures, (c) when hungry than when replete. Flies were also more active in the chamber when a small area of black surface (1·6%) was present than when a larger black surface (12·8% or 50%) was available. Both black and white surfaces were provided in all experiments, and over the temperature range 25–40°C flies settled on black more frequently than would be expected by chance. This preference for a black resting surface was most marked when the flies were most active: (a) above 35°C in all experiments, (b) at high humidities with teneral flies, and (c) when the flies had not fed. Flies settling on black usually rested longer than those settling on a white surface.
A new Anopheles (Dipt., Culicidae) from Nigeria and a note on A. pretoriensis (Theobald)
Authors: Service M. W.
Published: July 2009

A new Anopheles species of the subgenus Cellia Theobald is described from a female caught at ultraviolet light in northern Nigeria, and named A. deemingi. A description is also given of an atypical female adult of A. pretoriensis (Theobald).
Effects of mineral oil on Myzus persicae (Sulz.) and its transmission of beet yellows virus
Authors: Russell G. E.
Published: July 2009

Experiments in the glasshouse have confirmed that spraying virus-source leaves or test plants with mineral oil (liquid paraffin) inhibits transmission of beet yellows virus (BYV) to sugar-beet by Myzus persicae (Sulz.). Spraying M. persicae with oil after feeding on BYV-infected leaves and before transfer to virus-free beet seedlings also inhibited their transmission of BYV. The appearance of systemic symptoms of BYV was not delayed by treatment of the test plants or the aphids with oil. The effects of oil on virus transmission were reflected in adverse effects of oil on the settling behaviour and larviposition of the vector on test plants. It is suggested that coating the stylets with oil inhibits the feeding of aphids in the phloem thereby decreasing the efficiency of BYV transmission. The effects of oil on aphid settling and larviposition suggest that spraying crops with oil may not only reduce the incidence of aphid-transmitted viruses in them but may also diminish the population of potential vectors present in them.
The larvae of Scolytus scolytus (F.), S. multistriatus (Marsham) and Pteleobius vittatus (F.) (Col., Scolytidae): descriptions and systematic notes
Authors: Beaver R. A.
Published: July 2009

The larvae of three species of bark beetle, Scolytus scolytus (F.), S. multistriatus (Marsham) and Pteleobius vittatus(F.) are described and figured. The larva of S. scolytus resembles most closely that of S. triarmatus (Eggers) but the species appear to be distinct. The larva of S. multistriatus is clearly separated from all other Scolytus larvae so far described. The larva of P. vittatus is most closely related to those of the genera Hylesinus and Leperisinus. The characters of the larvae largely support classifications based on adult morphology and anatomy.
Host preference of Mansonia (Coquillettidia) spp. in Uganda, with special reference to M. metallica (Theo.) (Dipt., Culicidae)
Authors: Mukwaya L. G.
Published: July 2009

A comparison of the mosquito fauna in a forest near Zika forest, Uganda, in July-August 1971, showed that Mansonia (Coquillettidia) fuscopennata (Theo.), Culex (C.) annulioris Theo. and M. (Mansonioides) africana (Theo.) made up 84% of the catch taken at 24-h human baits in a horizontal transect, whereas M. (C.) metallica (Theo.) made up 90% of those taken at rest. Precipitin tests showed that 98% of M. metallica and most individuals of the other Coquillettidia spp. had taken avian blood, but that two out of seven individuals of M. fuscopennata had taken primate blood. In olfactometer studies M. metallica did not respond to the human hand or a chicken. It is concluded that none of the Coquillettidia spp. caught resting, except M. fuscopennata, has any preference for man.
Observations on the function of the choriothete and on egg hatching in Glossina spp. (Dipt., Glossinidae)
Authors: Roberts Michael J.
Published: July 2009

The choriothete in Glossina austeni Newst. and G. morsitans Westw. was studied from serial sections of females, from dissected material and whole mounts of eggs and larvae. The choriothete cells are secretory and, while an embryo or first-instar larva is attached to it, are not stretched. The external muscles dilate the uterus or support the uterus and embryo. There is no sign of major folding or muscular tension during dechorionation of the egg. It is concluded, in contrast to recent work, that the choriothete is an organ for the support of developing embryos. Hatching of the first-instar larvae is probably achieved by means of a labral egg tooth.
A remarkable Malformation in the Male Hypopygium of Aëdes (Stegomyia) albopictus, Skuse
Authors: Wepster J. Bonne
Published: July 2009

The male of which the peculiar hypopygium is shown in fig. 1 was bred from a lot of eggs received in March 1931 from Prof. Snijders (at that time in Medan, Deli, East Coast of Sumatra). Other males which had hatched from the same eggs were examined, but they had a normal hypopygium.
Observations on Glossina fuscipleuris and other Tsetses in the Oyani Valley, Kenya Colony
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: July 2009

The Oyani Valley is in the South Kavirondo native reserve of Kenya Colony. The river from which the valley takes its name rises in the Kilgorris groups of hills in and near the south-west corner of the Masai Reserve. The Oyani enters South Kavirondo at a point about 1°0' South by 30°35' East; it flows in a general north-westerly direction through the Kanyamkago location and joins the Kuja River about eighteen miles above the junction of the Kuja and the Gori Rivers.
The Effect upon Glossina of changing the Climate in the true Habitat by partial Clearing of Vegetation
Authors: Nash T. A. M.
Published: July 2009

1. The removal of the thicket windbreak from around a residual forest island considerably alters its climate and intensifies the rigours of the dry season. The evaporation rate becomes much higher; appreciable increases are caused in the atmospheric diurnal temperature, but are more pronounced in the soil temperature. The island becomes slightly colder at night.