bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Combined Phacoemulsification and Viscogoniosynechialysis versus Trabeculectomy in Patients with Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma and Coexisting Cataract
Authors: Tang Yating , Qian Shaohong , Wang Jiajian , Yao Jing , Xu Jianjiang , Cheng Lina , Zhou Chuandi
Published: June 2012

Aims: To compare the effectiveness of combined phacoemulsification and viscogoniosynechialysis versus trabeculectomy alone in primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) with a coexisting cataract. Methods: Thirty-nine Chinese patients (39 eyes) were retrospectively analyzed: 19 patients underwent combined phacoemulsification and viscogoniosynechialysis (group 1), and 20 underwent trabeculectomy (group 2). In both groups, the intraocular pressure (IOP), the number of antiglaucoma medications, the best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), the central anterior chamber depth (ACD), the synechial/apposition angle closure (SAC), and the success rates were assessed. Results: The median follow-up periods were similar for both groups (10 months). At the last follow-up, the mean IOP was 14.09 ± 6.89 mm Hg and the mean number of antiglaucoma medications was 0.36 ± 0.59 in group 1; in group 2, the mean IOP was 16.48 ± 4.74 mm Hg (p = 0.066) and the mean number of antiglaucoma medications was 1.05 ± 0.99 (p = 0.025). In terms of the mean central ACD and the mean SAC, there were significant differences between the groups (p = 0.0000, respectively). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the cumulative probability of success in group 1 was higher than that in group 2 (p = 0.0051). Conclusion: Compared to trabeculectomy, combined phacoemulsification and viscogoniosynechialysis resulted in a lower requirement for glaucomatous medications, a greater improvement in BCVA, and a higher cumulative probability that treatment would be successful among patients with PACG and coexisting cataracts.
Comparison of Intravitreal Bevacizumab Upload Followed by a Dexamethasone Implant versus Dexamethasone Implant Monotherapy for Retinal Vein Occlusion with Macular Edema
Authors: Mayer Wolfgang J. , Remy Matthias , Wolf Armin , Kook Daniel , Kampik Anselm , Ulbig Michael , Reznicek Lukas , Haritoglou Christos
Published: June 2012

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety of three intravitreal bevacizumab upload injections followed by a dexamethasone implant versus dexamethasone implant monotherapy in eyes with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. Methods: Sixty-four eyes of 64 patients were included in this prospective, consecutive, nonrandomized case series: group 1 consisted of 38 patients (22 with central retinal vein occlusion, CRVO, 16 with branch retinal vein occlusion, BRVO) treated using a dexamethasone implant (Ozurdex) alone; group 2 consisted of 26 patients (14 CRVO, 12 BRVO) treated with three consecutive intravitreal bevacizumab injections at monthly intervals followed by a dexamethasone implant. In case of recurrence, both cohorts received further dexamethasone implants. Preoperatively and monthly best corrected visual acuity (BCVA, ETDRS), central retinal thickness (Spectralis-OCT), intraocular pressure, and wide-angle fundus photodocumentation (Optomap) were performed. The primary clinical endpoint was BCVA at 6 months after initiation of therapy. Secondary endpoints were central retinal thickness and safety of the therapy applied. Results: In group 1, an increase in BCVA of 2.5 (±1.6) letters in the CRVO and of 13.0 (±3.2) letters in BRVO patients was seen after 6 months, in group 2 of 5.9 (±0.4) letters (CRVO) and 3.8 (±2.4) letters (BRVO), which was not statistically significant. When comparing the two treatment groups with respect to the type of vein occlusion, there was a significant advantage for BRVO patients for the dexamethasone implant monotherapy (BRVO patients in group 1, p = 0.005). Central retinal thickness showed a significant reduction after 6 months only in patients of group 1, both for CRVO (p = 0.01) and BRVO (p = 0.003). First recurrence after the first dexamethasone implant injection occurred after 3.8 months (mean) in CRVO and 3.5 months in BRVO patients (group 1), versus 3.2 and 3.7 months, respectively, in group 2. In group 1, 63.6% with CRVO and 50% with BRVO showed an increased intraocular pressure after treatment; in group 2, 57.1% with CRVO and 50.0% with BRVO, respectively. Conclusion: In CRVO, there was no difference between the two treatment strategies investigated. However, in BRVO, dexamethasone implant monotherapy was associated with better functional outcome.
Comparative Marker Analysis after Isolation and Culture of Testicular Cells from the Immature Marmoset
Authors: Albert Silvia , Wistuba Joachim , Eildermann Katja , Ehmcke Jens , Schlatt Stefan , Gromoll Joerg , Kossack Nina
Published: June 2012

The marmoset monkey is a valuable model in reproductive medicine. While previous studies have evaluated germ cell dynamics in the postnatal marmoset, the features of testicular somatic cells remain largely unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish marmoset-specific markers for Sertoli and peritubular cells (PTCs) and to compare protocols for the enrichment and culture of testicular cell types. Immunohistochemistry of Sertoli and PTC-specific markers – anti-müllerian hormone (AMH), vimentin (VIM), α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) – was performed and corresponding RNA expression profiles were established by quantitative PCR analysis (SOX9,AMH, FSHR,VIM, and SMA). For these analyses, testicular tissue from newborn (n = 4), 8-week-old (n = 4) and adult (n = 3) marmoset monkeys was used. Protocols for the enrichment and culture of testicular cell fractions from the 8-week-old marmoset monkeys (n = 3) were evaluated and cells were analyzed using germ cell- and somatic cell-specific markers. The expression of AMH, VIM and SMA reflects the proportion and differentiation status of Sertoli and PTCs at the RNA and the protein levels. While applied protocols did not support the propagation of germ cells in vitro, our analyses revealed that PTCs maintain their proliferative potential and constitute the dominant cell type after short- and long-term culture. Expression of functionally meaningful testicular somatic markers is similar in the human and the marmoset monkey, indicating that this primate can indeed be used as model for human testicular development. The PTC culture system established in this study will facilitate the identification of factors influencing male sex differentiation and spermatogenesis.
Nephroprotective Effect of Echinodorus macrophyllus Micheli on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats
Authors: Portella Viviane Gomes , Cosenza Gustavo Pereira , Diniz Lúcio Ricardo Leite , Pacheco Lílian Fernanda , Cassali Giovanni Dantas , Caliari Marcelo Vidigal , Brandão Maria das Graças Lins , Vieira Maria Aparecida Ribeiro
Published: June 2012

Background/Aims: Leaves of Echinodorus macrophyllus (EM), from the Alismataceae family, have been used in Brazilian folk medicine for their anti-inflammatory and diuretic properties. In this work, the diuretic and nephroprotective activities of crude extracts of EM were evaluated. Methods: Normal Wistar rats were given 0.9% NaCl containing either EM (10–300 mg/kg), furosemide (13 mg/kg) or arginine vasopressin (0.2 mg/kg). Thereafter, the rats were individually housed in metabolic cages, and urine volume was measured every 30 min for a total of 3 h. Acute kidney injury was induced by gentamicin (GM, 80 mg·kg–1·day–1, b.i.d., 5 days). Along with GM, 0.9% NaCl (control) or EM (30 mg/kg) was given to the rats by gavage. Results: EM produced a dose-dependent reduction in urine elimination. EM was effective in reversing all GM-induced alterations such as polyuria and glomerular filtration rate reduction. The GM-induced morphological alterations were not observed when EM was given concomitantly with GM. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that EM possesses nephroprotective effect which indicates that EM may have therapeutic applications in GM-induced acute kidney injury.
Evidence of Improved Small Airways Function after Azithromycin Treatment in Diffuse Panbronchiolitis
Authors: Hanon Shane , Verbanck Sylvia , Schuermans Daniel , Vanden Berghe Bram , Vanderhelst Eef , Vincken Walter
Published: June 2012

A 67-year-old never-smoker was diagnosed with diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) and was started on 250 mg azithromycin twice weekly. Over a 16-month observation period, lung function was assessed monthly, including a dedicated small airways test, the multiple breath nitrogen washout (MBW) with indices Scond and Sacin of ventilation heterogeneity at the level of the conductive and acinar air spaces, respectively. Baseline measurements indicated moderate airway obstruction, air trapping and considerable dysfunction of the small airways around the acinar entrance. Treatment resulted in excellent symptomatic improvement paralleled by marked improvements in FEV1, FVC, RV/TLC, Scond and Sacin; by contrast, there were no consistent changes in FEF75 or TLCO. While improvements were such that Scond fell within normal limits after 5 months, Sacin remained abnormal even after 16 months of treatment. This suggests a distinct acinar structural abnormality in DPB that cannot be reversed by azithromycin.
Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy: Clinical and Histologic Prognostic Features and Treatment Patterns over Time at a Tertiary Referral Center
Authors: Sprangers Ben , Bomback Andrew S. , Cohen Scott D. , Radhakrishnan Jai , Valeri Anthony , Markowitz Glen S. , D’Agati Vivette , Appel Gerald B.
Published: June 2012

Background: Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (i-MN) is a leading cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults and results in end-stage renal disease in approximately one third of patients. There are few large, long-term US studies evaluating clinical and histologic prognostic factors in i-MN. Methods: We describe 132 patients with biopsy-proven i-MN who were followed for a mean period of 68 months at our tertiary referral center from 1977 to 2009, and we analyzed clinical and histologic features that predicted renal outcomes. Results: The presence of hypertension and treating physician’s decision to institute immunosuppression were negative predictors of attaining complete or partial remission. Among clinical variables, impaired renal function (eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2) at time of presentation was the only variable at presentation associated with an increased risk of reaching end-stage renal disease. The use of statins and RAAS blockers were protective. The choice of corticosteroids as the initial immunosuppressive agent by referring physicians decreased over time but even in the most recent era (2000–2008) was significant (33%). Conclusion: Renal function at presentation and non-white race were the main predictors of a worse renal outcome. Corticosteroid therapy is still being adopted as first-line therapy in a significant number of patients in this era. The development of guidelines may help clarify the treatment strategies of i-MN.
Clustering of Metabolic Syndrome Traits Is Associated With Maladaptive Carotid Remodeling and Stiffening
Authors: Ferreira Isabel , Beijers Hanneke J. , Schouten Fleur , Smulders Yvo M. , Twisk Jos W. , Stehouwer Coen D.
Published: June 2012

Maladaptive arterial remodeling may constitute a mechanism underlying the risk of stroke in individuals with the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but evidence supporting this contention derives from cross-sectional studies only. We, therefore, investigated, in apparently healthy adults, whether changes in MetS status between the ages of 36 and 42 years (never [n=207, reference group], incident [n=31], recovery [n=23], and persistent [n=32]) were associated with changes in carotid interadventitial diameter, lumen diameter, intima-media thickness, circumferential wall tension and stress, and Young's elastic modulus. All data analyses were adjusted for sex, height, and (changes in) age, lifestyle variables, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and use of antihypertensive medication. At baseline and as compared with the reference group, individuals with persistent MetS had significantly higher interadventitial diameter, circumferential wall tension, circumferential wall stress, and Young's elastic modulus but not intima-media thickness. In the course of follow-up, these individuals (versus reference group) displayed significantly steeper increases in intima-media thickness (0.011 versus 0.005 mm/y), which were accompanied by significantly steeper increases in interadventitial diameter (0.077 versus 0.032 mm/y) and lumen diameter (0.055 versus 0.023 mm/y) but not circumferential wall stress, which decreased (−0.34 versus 0.12 kPa/y). These findings suggest that increases in intima-media thickness in young adults with the MetS may primarily reflect an adaptive mechanism that attempts to restore local hemodynamic conditions to an equilibrium rather than atherosclerosis, per se. However, carotid adaptations did not restore circumferential wall stress to levels comparable with those of the reference group, and, therefore, outward remodeling was maladaptive. Importantly, individuals who recovered from the MetS restored carotid properties to levels comparable to the reference group, emphasizing the potential for reversibility.
The Rise and Fall of Memory in a Model of Synaptic Integration
Authors: Elliott Terry , Lagogiannis Konstantinos
Published: June 2012

Plasticity-inducing stimuli must typically be presented many times before synaptic plasticity is expressed, perhaps because induction signals gradually accumulate before overt strength changes occur. We consider memory dynamics in a mathematical model with synapses that integrate plasticity induction signals before expressing plasticity. We find that the memory trace initially rises before reaching a maximum and then falling. The memory signal dissociates into separate oblivescence and reminiscence components, with reminiscence initially dominating recall. In radical contrast, related but nonintegrative models exhibit only a highly problematic oblivescence. Synaptic integration mechanisms possess natural timescales, depending on the statistics of the induction signals. Together with neuromodulation, these timescales may therefore also begin to provide a natural account of the well-known spacing effect in the transition to late-phase plasticity. Finally, we propose experiments that could distinguish between integrative and nonintegrative synapses. Such experiments should further elucidate the synaptic signal processing mechanisms postulated by our model.
Simulated Relationships between Sea Surface Temperatures and Tropical Convection in Climate Models and Their Implications for Tropical Cyclone Activity
Authors: Evans Jenni L. , Waters Jeffrey J.
Published: June 2012

The impact of enhanced atmospheric CO2 concentrations on tropical convection and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the global tropics is assessed using five fully coupled atmospheric–oceanic general circulation models (AOGCMs). Relationships between SST and either outgoing longwave radiation or convective precipitation rates are evaluated for three climate states: present day, a doubled-CO2 scenario, and a quadrupled-CO2 scenario. All AOGCMs capture a relationship between present-day outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and SST and between convective precipitation rate (PRC) and SST: deep tropical convection (DTC)—signified by rapidly decreasing OLR and rapidly increasing PRC rates—occurs above an SST threshold of around 25°C. Consistent across all AOGCMs, as concentrations increase to 2 × CO2 and 4 × CO2, the threshold SSTs for DTC to occur shift to 25.5°–28°C and 26.5°–30°C, respectively. Annual PRC rates in the 20°N–20°S region increase for two AOGCMs [Meteorological Research Institute Coupled General Circulation Model, version 2.3.2 (MRI CGCM2.3.2) and ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM)] with increasing CO2, but PRC in the other three AOGCMs [Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Climate Model versions 2.0 and 2.1 (GFDL CM2.0 and CM2.1) and National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Parallel Climate Model (PCM)] exhibits almost no change. Within this tropical zone, increased CO2 concentrations yield up to a 6.1% increase in the number of locations with monthly averaged PRC exceeding two established DTC thresholds (12 and 14 mm day−1). These results indicate that, although the SST threshold for DTC is projected to shift with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, there will not be an expansion of regions experiencing DTC. One implication of these findings is that there will be little change in regions experiencing tropical cyclogenesis in future climate states.
Cloud Properties over the North Slope of Alaska: Identifying the Prevailing Meteorological Regimes
Authors: Mülmenstädt Johannes , Lubin Dan , Russell Lynn M. , Vogelmann Andrew M.
Published: June 2012

Long time series of Arctic atmospheric measurements are assembled into meteorological categories that can serve as test cases for climate model evaluation. The meteorological categories are established by applying an objective k-means clustering algorithm to 11 years of standard surface-meteorological observations collected from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2010 at the North Slope of Alaska (NSA) site of the U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM). Four meteorological categories emerge. These meteorological categories constitute the first classification by meteorological regime of a long time series of Arctic meteorological conditions. The synoptic-scale patterns associated with each category, which include well-known synoptic features such as the Aleutian low and Beaufort Sea high, are used to explain the conditions at the NSA site. Cloud properties, which are not used as inputs to the k-means clustering, are found to differ significantly between the regimes and are also well explained by the synoptic-scale influences in each regime. Since the data available at the ARM NSA site include a wealth of cloud observations, this classification is well suited for model–observation comparison studies. Each category comprises an ensemble of test cases covering a representative range in variables describing atmospheric structure, moisture content, and cloud properties. This classification is offered as a complement to standard case-study evaluation of climate model parameterizations, in which models are compared against limited realizations of the Earth–atmosphere system (e.g., from detailed aircraft measurements).
Surface Energy Balance Framework for Arctic Amplification of Climate Change
Authors: Lesins Glen , Duck Thomas J. , Drummond James R.
Published: June 2012

Using 22 Canadian radiosonde stations from 1971 to 2010, the annually averaged surface air temperature trend amplification ranged from 1.4 to 5.2 relative to the global average warming of 0.17°C decade−1. The amplification factors exhibit a strong latitudinal dependence varying from 2.6 to 5.2 as the latitude increases from 50° to 80°N. The warming trend has a strong seasonal dependence with the greatest warming taking place from September to April. The monthly variations in the warming trend are shown to be related to the surface-based temperature inversion strength and the mean monthly surface air temperatures.

The surface energy balance (SEB) equation is used to relate the response of the surface temperature to changes in the surface energy fluxes. Based on the SEB analysis, there are four contributing factors to Arctic amplification: 1) a larger change in net downward radiation at the Arctic surface compared to the global average; 2) a larger snow and soil conductive heat flux change than the global average; 3) weaker sensible and latent heat flux responses that result in a larger surface temperature response in the Arctic; and 4) a colder skin temperature compared to the global average, which forces a larger surface warming to achieve the same increase in upward longwave radiation. The observed relationships between the Canadian station warming trends and both the surface-based inversion strength and the surface air temperature are shown to be consistent with the SEB analysis. Measurements of conductive flux were not available at these stations.
Objectively Determined Fair-Weather CBL Depths in the ARW-WRF Model and Their Comparison to CASES-97 Observations
Authors: LeMone Margaret A. , Tewari Mukul , Chen Fei , Dudhia Jimy
Published: June 2012

High-resolution 24-h runs of the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model are used to test eight objective methods for estimating convective boundary layer (CBL) depth h, using four planetary boundary layer schemes: Yonsei University (YSU), Mellor–Yamada–Janjic (MYJ), Bougeault–LaCarrere (BouLac), and quasi-normal scale elimination (QNSE). The methods use thresholds of virtual potential temperature Θυ, turbulence kinetic energy (TKE), Θυ,z, or Richardson number. Those that identify h consistent with values found subjectively from modeled Θυ profiles are used for comparisons to fair-weather observations from the 1997 Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study (CASES-97).

The best method defines h as the lowest level at which Θυ,z = 2 K km−1, working for all four schemes, with little sensitivity to horizontal grid spacing. For BouLac, MYJ, and QNSE, TKE thresholds did poorly for runs with 1- and 3-km grid spacing, producing irregular h growth not consistent with Θυ-profile evolution. This resulted from the vertical velocity W associated with resolved CBL eddies: for W > 0, TKE profiles were deeper and Θυ profiles more unstable than for W < 0. For the 1-km runs, 25-point spatial averaging was needed for reliable TKE-based h estimates, but thresholds greater than free-atmosphere values were sensitive to horizontal grid spacing. Matching Θυ(h) to Θυ(0.05h) or Θυ at the first model level were often successful, but the absence of eddies for 9-km grids led to more unstable Θυ profiles and often deeper h.

Values of h for BouLac, MYJ, and QNSE, are mostly smaller than observed, with YSU values close to slightly high, consistent with earlier results.
An Investigation of Process Variables in Feminist Group Clinical Supervision
Authors: Burnes Theodore R. , Wood Janet M. , Inman Jeremy L. , Welikson Gregory A.
Published: June 2012

Using a qualitative research design, this study investigated how three supervision groups, each led by a counseling supervisor with a feminist theoretical orientation, understood process variables of feminist group supervision. Participants each completed one semi-structured individual interview and engaged in one of three respective focus groups to talk about their experiences in group supervision. Data from these interviews were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory; standards of trustworthiness were accounted for using multiple tools. A supervision model emerged from the data, representing various clusters of process variables that affected how the participants understood the process and outcome of their supervision experiences. Implications of the model on theory, research, practice, and advocacy are discussed.
Microstructure variations of polylactide fibres with texturing conditions
Authors: Cayuela Diana , Montero Lucila , Díaz Judith , Algaba Inés , Manich Albert M
Published: June 2012

The characterization of the microstructure of synthetic fibres is necessary to identify changes in properties produced by differences in the production variables. To this end, two physico-chemical tests (iodine sorption and differential solubility), which are easy and rapid to implement were employed to study the differences in the microstructure of polylactide false-twist textured multifilaments. The results enabled us to identify variations in microstructure induced by texturing conditions and were related to processing variables. These tests were compared with more expensive and complicated techniques to quantify crystallinity and orientation of filaments. Both tests enabled us to identify microstructure variations between substrates.
Thermal and mechanical properties of composite nanofiber webs and films containing cellulose nanowhiskers
Authors: Ucar Nuray , Ayaz Onur , Bahar Elif , Wang Youjiang , Oksuz Mustafa , Onen Aysen , Ucar Mehmet , Demir Ali
Published: June 2012

In this study, nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) were prepared by employing three different fabrication methods. These methods include electrospinning of nanofiber webs using a single-component nozzle, electrospinning of nanofiber webs using a coaxial bi-component nozzle, and film casting followed by compression molding. Maleic anhydride grafted elastomeric polymer was used as the polymer matrix. Nanocomposite samples obtained from these three different systems were characterized in terms of morphology, and mechanical and thermal properties. The processing–structure–property relationships of the nanocomposites are discussed in this paper.
Effect of calcium stearates and zinc stearates on polyene formation of poly(vinyl chloride) under degradation
Authors: Wang Ming , Li Haixia , Tang Xing , Huang Xingliang
Published: June 2012

The effect of calcium stearates (CaSt2) and zinc stearates (ZnSt2) on polyene formation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was investigated by gel content, ultraviolet (UV)–visible, Fourier transform infrared and static stability analyses. The linear polyene sequences are preferred to form in pure PVC and the PVC/CaSt2 mixture during degradation, and while crosslinking polyene is found in the PVC/ZnSt2 and PVC/ZnSt2/CaSt2 mixtures. The gel content increases with first high slope of 39.80 and second low slope of 7.37 in the PVC/ZnSt2 mixture. The crosslinking degree reaches 41.62%, when adding 3 phr ZnSt2. For the PVC/ZnSt2/CaSt2 mixture, the crosslinking reaction is delayed by CaSt2 because of their synergistic effect.
The rapid disintegration of projections: The West Antarctic Ice Sheet and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Authors: O’Reilly Jessica , Oreskes Naomi , Oppenheimer Michael
Published: June 2012

How and why did the scientific consensus about sea level rise due to the disintegration of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), expressed in the third Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment, disintegrate on the road to the fourth? Using ethnographic interviews and analysis of IPCC documents, we trace the abrupt disintegration of the WAIS consensus. First, we provide a brief historical overview of scientific assessments of the WAIS. Second, we provide a detailed case study of the decision not to provide a WAIS prediction in the Fourth Assessment Report. Third, we discuss the implications of this outcome for the general issue of scientists and policymakers working in assessment organizations to make projections. IPCC authors were less certain about potential WAIS futures than in previous assessment reports in part because of new information, but also because of the outcome of cultural processes within the IPCC, including how people were selected for and worked together within their writing groups. It became too difficult for IPCC assessors to project the range of possible futures for WAIS due to shifts in scientific knowledge as well as in the institutions that facilitated the interpretations of this knowledge.
State Long-Term Care Ombudsmen’s Perceptions of Their Program’s Disaster Preparedness Roles and Readiness
Authors: Nelson H. Wayne , Agley Daniel , Netting F. Ellen , Borders Kevin W. , Huber Ruth
Published: June 2012

A telephone survey of 43 state long-term care ombudsmen (LTCO) assessed their familiarity with relevant long-term care disaster resources, their provision of disaster aids and training to staff, and their perceived preparedness to lead their programs during public crises. Thirty-four directors (78%) reported being fairly well to fully prepared to support their local programs during public emergencies. However, ANOVAs showed that the 27 disaster experienced ombudsmen felt no better prepared to help their local paid and volunteer staff deal with public emergencies than disaster inexperienced ombudsmen. Those directly involved with emergency planners felt better prepared to help their substate staff to know where to start helping residents during a public crisis than ombudsmen who had no involvement with disaster planners. Familiarity with the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Emergency Planning Checklist for LTC Ombudsmen (2007) was strongly associated with the ombudsmen’s familiarity with emergency resources and regulations.
Nonsurgical Care of Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplant Recipients
Authors: Hopfner Reinhard , Tran Thy Thai , Island Eddie R. , McLaughlin Gwenn E.
Published: June 2012

Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation has evolved from an experimental procedure to the treatment of choice for patients with irreversible intestinal failure and serious complications related to long-term parenteral nutrition. Increased numbers of transplant recipients and improved survival rates have led to an increased prevalence of this patient population in intensive care units. Management of intestinal and multivisceral transplant recipients is uniquely challenging because of complications arising from the high incidence of transplant rejection and its treatment. Long-term comorbidities, such as diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney failure, and neurological sequelae, also develop in this patient population as survival improves. This article is intended for intensivists who provide care to critically ill recipients of intestinal and multivisceral transplants. As perioperative care of intestinal/multivisceral transplant recipients has been described elsewhere, this review focuses on common nonsurgical complications with which one should be familiar in order to provide optimal care. The article is both a review of the current literature on multivisceral and isolated intestinal transplantation as well as a reflection of our own experience at the University of Miami.
Prophylactic 0.9% saline hydration inhibited high-dose gadodiamide-induced nephropathy in rats
Authors: Chien C-C , Sheu M-J , Chu C-C , Sun Y-M , Kan W-C , Wang H-Y , Hwang J-C , Wang J-J
Published: June 2012

High doses of gadolinium-based contrast media are reported to induce deterioration of renal function. We assessed whether prophylactic 0.9% saline hydration inhibits high-dose gadodiamide-induced renal damage in rats. Twelve Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups, which are given gadodiamide (5 mmol/kg) with (hydration group) or without (control group) 0.9% saline hydration. The saline (4 mL/kg) was infused as a bolus into the peritoneum every 4 h, starting 12 h before and continuing for 12 h after the gadodiamide injection. Urine was collected to calculate creatinine clearance (Ccr) 24 h before and 48 h after the gadodiamide injection. The kidneys were harvested and stained for pathologic analysis. High-dose gadodiamide induced acute kidney injury as shown by decreased Ccr and renal histology with tubular cell injuries 48 h postinjection in both the groups. However, the extent of Ccr reduction was significantly ( p = 0.02) less in the hydrated rats (−15% in the hydration group vs. −39% in the control group). Renal tubular cell injuries characterized by vacuolization, loss of brush borders, sloughing of tubular cells into the lumen, and flattening of the tubular epithelium were less frequently seen in the hydration group; only vacuolization ( p = 0.01) and epithelial sloughing ( p = 0.02) of the proximal tubules differed significantly between the two groups. We conclude that prophylactic 0.9% saline hydration significantly inhibited high-dose gadodiamide-induced nephropathy.
Association of catalase gene polymorphisms with catalase activity and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in the Suez Canal area, Egypt
Authors: Ghaly MS , Ghattas MH , Labib SM
Published: June 2012

The present study evaluated the relationship of genetic variants in both promoter (−262 C/T) and in exonic (389 C/T) regions of the catalase (CAT) gene to CAT activity and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Suez Canal-area patients. CAT gene polymorphisms were assessed by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). CAT activity was measured by using a spectrophotometer. We compared the frequencies of CAT 389 C/T and −262 C/T polymorphic variants between SLE patients ( n = 103) and healthy controls ( n = 103). CAT 389 C/T is associated with SLE susceptibility, with the T allele being significantly more frequent among SLE patients than healthy controls. There was no association, however, between CAT activity and genotypes of 389 C/T. We did not observe significant differences in the prevalence of CAT −262 C/T polymorphic variants in SLE patients and controls, however, we found that patients with the CAT −262 CT and TT genotypes had low CAT activity, and these genotypes showed a significant association with thrombocytopaenia, leukopaenia and the presence of anti-snRNP in SLE patients. In conclusion, the present study supports the notion of in vivo oxidative stress in SLE as indicated by the decrease in CAT activity. The allelic variations in the CAT gene −262 are more likely to affect the expression or the function of the enzyme. Since CAT may be pathogenetically linked to SLE, and owing to its free-radical origin, it appears reasonable to target lipid peroxidation by dietary and/or pharmacological antioxidants.
The Association Between Short Sleep Duration and Body Mass Index Among South Korean Children and Adolescents
Authors: Park Sunhee
Published: June 2012

This study aims to examine the relationship between sleep duration and body mass index (BMI) in two South Korean samples: children and adolescents. Nationally representative secondary data (i.e., the Korean Survey on the Obesity of Youth and Children) collected in 2009 were analyzed ( N = 2,499 for children and N = 7,431 for adolescents). Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were implemented to examine BMI levels depending on sleep duration. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to explore the existence of a strong association between sleep duration and BMI z score after controlling for other factors. In both samples, sleep length had a reverse linear relationship with BMI z score, and shorter sleep duration was significantly associated with an increase in BMI z score. School nurses should take note of the strong association between sleep duration and BMI for more effective weight control in children and adolescence.
Benign Looking Giant Cell Component in Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma
Authors: Huang Jin , Jiang Zhiming , Yang Qingcheng , Zhang Huizhen
Published: June 2012

Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas (DDCS) account for approximately 10% of all chondrosarcoma cases and its 5-year survival is only 10%. The dedifferentiated components of DDCS could be osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and fibrosarcoma. In this article, the authors report a rare case of DDCS in a 19-year-old female, in which the dedifferentiated component showed a close histological resemblance to a giant cell tumor of bone. Radiological diagnosis revealed an expansive osteolytic lesion in the epiphysis of right proximal humerus, which also extended to the diaphysis with irregular calcification and focal cortical breakthrough. The biopsy tissue contained the features of a giant cell tumor of bone and well-differentiated cartilage. Pathological examination revealed a biphasic tumor comprising of low-grade chondrosarcoma and nonchondroid giant cell–rich lesion similar to conventional giant cell tumor of bone, and there is an abrupt transition between the 2 components.
Periventricular venous density in multiple sclerosis is inversely associated with T2 lesion count: a 7 Tesla MRI study
Authors: Sinnecker Tim , Bozin Ivan , Dörr Jan , Pfueller Caspar F , Harms Lutz , Niendorf Thoralf , Brandt Alexander U , Paul Friedemann , Wuerfel Jens
Published: June 2012

Background:

Damage to venules in multiple sclerosis was first described decades ago. Today, ultrahigh magnetic field strength T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques depict very small cerebral veins in vivo with great anatomical detail.

Objective:

We aimed to investigate alterations of periventricular small blood vessel appearance in relation to T2 lesion count and distribution in multiple sclerosis and clinically isolated syndrome in comparison with healthy control subjects at 7 Tesla MRI.

Methods:

We investigated 38 patients (including 16 with early multiple sclerosis and seven with clinically isolated syndrome) and 22 matched healthy controls at 7 Tesla. The protocol included T2*-weighted Fast Low Angle Shot, and T2-weighted Turbo Inversion Recovery Magnitude sequences. We quantified periventricular venous density by a novel region-of-interest-based algorithm, expressing the ratio of ‘veins per region-of-interest’ as well as of ‘periventricular vascular area’.

Results:

Our study revealed significantly decreased venous density in multiple sclerosis patients compared with healthy controls. Venous alterations were already detectable in clinically isolated syndrome and early multiple sclerosis, although to a smaller extent. Venous density correlated inversely with periventricular and whole-brain T2 lesion count. Furthermore, we found no indication for cerebral venous congestion in multiple sclerosis.

Conclusion:

High spatially resolving anatomical T2*-weighted MRI revealed vascular alterations in early stages of multiple sclerosis, presumably as a part of widespread haemodynamic and metabolic alterations.
Early markers of autism spectrum disorders in infants and toddlers prospectively identified in the Social Attention and Communication Study
Authors: Barbaro Josephine , Dissanayake Cheryl
Published: June 2012

The Social Attention and Communication Study involved the successful implementation of developmental surveillance of the early markers of autism spectrum disorders in a community-based setting. The objective in the current study was to determine the most discriminating and predictive markers of autism spectrum disorders used in the Social Attention and Communication Study at 12, 18 and 24 months of age, so that these could be used to identify children with autism spectrum disorders with greater accuracy. The percentage of ‘yes/no’ responses for each behavioural marker was compared between children with autistic disorder ( n = 39), autism spectrum disorder ( n = 50) and developmental and/or language delay ( n = 20) from 12 to 24 months, with a logistic regression also conducted at 24 months. Across all ages, the recurring key markers of both autistic disorder and autism spectrum disorder were deficits in eye contact and pointing, and from 18 months, deficits in showing became an important marker. In combination, these behaviours, along with pretend play, were found to be the best group of predictors for a best estimate diagnostic classification of autistic disorder/autism spectrum disorder at 24 months. It is argued that the identified markers should be monitored repeatedly during the second year of life by community health-care professionals.
The forum on markets and marketing (FMM)
Authors: Lusch Robert Frank , Vargo Stephen Louis
Published: June 2012

This essay reviews the purpose and history of the Service-dominant logic linked, biennial Forum on Markets and Marketing (FMM) and the community of scholars it is catalyzing. Five essays developed by the participants around the organizational themes of FMM 2010 – (1) resource integration; (2) value, values, symbols and outcomes; (3) systems, complexity and engineering; (4) markets and practices; (5) effectuation theory – are reviewed. It is suggested these themes can be better understood by the adoption of a generic, actor-to-actor (A2A) model of resource integrators engaged in mutual service provision.
Medication Reminder Device for the Elderly Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Kamimura Tomoko , Ishiwata Rina , Inoue Takenobu
Published: June 2012

Reminder devices reportedly improve medication adherence in the elderly patients with mild dementia; however, the efficacy of such devices remains unexplored. Therefore, a 3-month before and after study with convenience sampling was conducted to determine the efficacy of a medication reminder device used by 18 participants (aged 81.2 ± 6.2 years) with Clinical Dementia Rating scores of 0.5 or 1. At the onset of device use, examiners visited the users’ homes to ensure that they and their caregivers understood how to use the device. Caregivers monitored its use during the first week. Values of the self-administration medication rate during 1 week for 13 (72.2%) users showed improvement at 3 months. This result revealed that reminder devices can improve medication adherence in the elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. Further study is needed to assess the magnitude of this improvement and to enhance its support for users with mild cognitive impairment.
Endovascular Treatment of an Iatrogenic Large Vessel Arteriovenous Fistula Presenting as High Output Heart Failure
Authors: Kim Ji-Hoon , Ko Gi-Young , Kwon Tae-Won , Nam Gi-Byoung , Cho Yong-Pil
Published: June 2012

Formation of an iatrogenic chronic large vessel arteriovenous (AV) fistula is an uncommon, early or late complication of spine surgery and associated with serious consequences. Its diagnosis is often delayed for months or years after the occurrence and rarely only after the patient develops heart failure secondary to a mature AV fistula. We present the case of a 43-year-old man with high-output heart failure due to an iatrogenic large vessel AV fistula after lumbar disc surgery successfully treated with the endovascular technique.
Arthrography in thumb polydactyly with bifurcation at the interphalangeal or metacarpophalangeal joints provides practical information at surgery
Authors: Iba K. , Wada T. , Kanaya K. , Oki G. , Yamashita T.
Published: June 2012

We carried out arthrography in 19 thumbs of 18 patients in whom duplication was observed at the interphalangeal (Wassel type II) or metacarpophalangeal (Wassel type IV) joints on radiographs. The average age at surgery was 12.3 months and average duration of post-surgical follow-up was 21.3 months. Based on the arthrographic findings, the types of cartilaginous connections were subdivided into five groups. In group 1, there was a cartilaginous connection at the base of duplicated phalanges. In group 2, there was a cartilaginous connection of the radial digit between the distal and proximal phalanges, or between the proximal phalanx and metacarpal. In group 3, the phalanges separated at a common joint without any cartilaginous connection. In group 4, the radial digit demonstrated fibrous attachment to the capsule without any joint formation. In group 5, each joint was completely separated without any cartilaginous connection. These arthrographic findings could not be detected on radiographs. Different surgical procedures were carried out according to the form of cartilaginous connection.
Ultrasound changes in the extensor pollicis longus and flexor pollicis longus tendons following open reduction and internal fixation of displaced intra-articular fractures of the distal radius
Authors: Owers K. L. , Grieve P. P. , Mee S. , Chew N. S. , Ansede G. , Lee J.
Published: June 2012

A previous ultrasound study showed inflammation around the extensor pollicis longus tendon and surrounding structures at 6 weeks after manipulation, with or without pin fixation, and immobilization for distal radius fracture. Ultrasound examination after plating of distal radius fracture followed by early active mobilization of the wrist showed a short-lived inflammatory response, evident at 2 weeks but not at 6 weeks, around the extensor pollicis longus tendon (26 wrists examined) and flexor pollicis longus tendon (18 wrists examined). Early active mobilization of the wrist appears to limit the duration of inflammation around these tendons.
Identification of human germinal center light and dark zone cells and their relationship to human B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Victora Gabriel D. , Dominguez-Sola David , Holmes Antony B. , Deroubaix Stephanie , Dalla-Favera Riccardo , Nussenzweig Michel C.
Published: June 2012

Germinal centers (GCs) are sites of B-cell clonal expansion, hypermutation, and selection. GCs are polarized into dark (DZ) and light zones (LZ), a distinction that is of key importance to GC selection. However, the difference between the B cells in each of these zones in humans remains unclear. We show that, as in mice, CXCR4 and CD83 can be used to distinguish human LZ and DZ cells. Using these markers, we show that LZ and DZ cells in mice and humans differ only in the expression of characteristic “activation” and “proliferation” programs, suggesting that these populations represent alternating states of a single-cell type rather than distinct differentiation stages. In addition, LZ/DZ transcriptional profiling shows that, with the exception of “molecular” Burkitt lymphomas, nearly all human B-cell malignancies closely resemble LZ cells, which has important implications for our understanding of the molecular programs of lymphomagenesis.
Evolutionary genomics of mycovirus-related dsRNA viruses reveals cross-family horizontal gene transfer and evolution of diverse viral lineages
Authors: Liu Huiquan , Fu Yanping , Xie Jiatao , Cheng Jiasen , Ghabrial Said A , Li Guoqing , Peng Youliang , Yi Xianhong , Jiang Daohong
Published: June 2012

Background

Double-stranded (ds) RNA fungal viruses are typically isometric single-shelled particles that are classified into three families, Totiviridae, Partitiviridae and Chrysoviridae, the members of which possess monopartite, bipartite and quadripartite genomes, respectively. Recent findings revealed that mycovirus-related dsRNA viruses are more diverse than previously recognized. Although an increasing number of viral complete genomic sequences have become available, the evolution of these diverse dsRNA viruses remains to be clarified. This is particularly so since there is little evidence for horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among dsRNA viruses.

Results

In this study, we report the molecular properties of two novel dsRNA mycoviruses that were isolated from a field strain of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sunf-M: one is a large monopartite virus representing a distinct evolutionary lineage of dsRNA viruses; the other is a new member of the family Partitiviridae. Comprehensive phylogenetic analysis and genome comparison revealed that there are at least ten monopartite, three bipartite, one tripartite and three quadripartite lineages in the known dsRNA mycoviruses and that the multipartite lineages have possibly evolved from different monopartite dsRNA viruses. Moreover, we found that homologs of the S7 Domain, characteristic of members of the genus phytoreovirus in family Reoviridae are widely distributed in diverse dsRNA viral lineages, including chrysoviruses, endornaviruses and some unclassified dsRNA mycoviruses. We further provided evidence that multiple HGT events may have occurred among these dsRNA viruses from different families.

Conclusions

Our study provides an insight into the phylogeny and evolution of mycovirus-related dsRNA viruses and reveals that the occurrence of HGT between different virus species and the development of multipartite genomes during evolution are important macroevolutionary mechanisms in dsRNA viruses.