bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concurrence et financement par appel à la générosité publique dans le secteur social et médico-social
Authors: Buguet-Degletagne Béatrice
Published: January 2021

Le nombre élevé et croissant d’organismes qui font appel à la générosité publique ainsi que la diversification des modes de collecte créent une situation de plus en plus concurrentielle. Cette concurrence s’exerce dans un contexte qui ne permet pas réellement aux donateurs d’exercer leurs choix en connaissance de cause. Notamment, l’obligation de publier les comptes, et en particulier un compte retraçant spécifiquement l’emploi des ressources collectées, est respectée par moins de la moitié des organismes. Les modalités obligatoires de publication rendent de plus les comptes publiés, lorsqu’ils le sont, peu visibles pour les donateurs. Dans le secteur social et médico-social plus que dans certains autres, la concurrence s’inscrit dans le contexte d’une imbrication entre l’appel à la générosité publique et l’action publique. Les organismes interviennent souvent dans des champs couverts en principe par les politiques publiques, sans que les champs d’action respectifs soient clairement délimités. Le financement conjugué de nombre d’organismes par la générosité publique et en tant qu’opérateurs de politiques publiques rend d’autant plus nécessaire une transparence effective.
Les associations du secteur social et médico-social à la croisée des chemins : choisir de dépasser les concurrences en faisant réseau
Authors: Penon Amaëlle
Published: January 2021

La mise en concurrence des acteurs privés non lucratifs du secteur social et médico-social est induite à la fois par le cadre juridique dans lequel ils évoluent et par les pratiques des pouvoirs publics. Leurs réactions peuvent-être diamétralement opposées : ils acceptent pour préserver leur activité sur un territoire donné et au détriment d’autres acteurs ; ou ils font corps et contre-pouvoir. Les unions et fédérations ont un rôle particulier à jouer. Elles-mêmes vivent, avec un effet de concentration et peut-être aussi d’accélération, les mutations des secteurs qu’elles représentent. Pourtant, la mise en réseau est essentielle pour développer une culture de la coopération et porter une parole collective. Car ce qui se joue derrière la logique libérale de la compétition, c’est une délégitimation des associations et de leurs organisations représentatives à co-construire les politiques publiques. Or nier les corps intermédiaires que sont à la fois les associations et les unions et fédérations qui les représentent, c’est réduire les organismes gestionnaires à des prestataires exécutants de la puissance publique.
Les distorsions de concurrence entre les intervenants et la qualité des prestations aux personnes en situation de fragilité : un défi à relever ?
Authors: Poujol Jean-Marie
Published: January 2021

Dans notre secteur social et médico-social, la concurrence s’est progressivement installée depuis une quinzaine d’années. Notre secteur s’organise de plus en plus pour faire face aux différents défis auxquels il est confronté tout en restant fidèle à ses valeurs. L’ambition d’une convention collective unique étendue peut être une des réponses au dumping social qui guette nos organisations. La concurrence doit être analysée en fonction des besoins des personnes en situation de fragilités, des politiques publiques, des nouveaux entrants sur le marché du social et des offres de services de substitution. Une saine concurrence encadrée, respectueuse d’une éthique dans l’économie sociale et solidaire, peut être une chance si elle n’exclut pas les coopérations nécessaires.
An inverse problem for the pseudo-parabolic equation with p-Laplacian
Authors: Antontsev Stanislav Nikolaevich , Aitzhanov Serik Ersultanovich , Ashurova Guzel Rashitkhuzhakyzy
Published: January 2021

In this article, we study the inverse problem of determining the right side of the pseudo-parabolic equation with a p-Laplacian and nonlocal integral overdetermination condition. The existence of solutions in a local and global time to the inverse problem is proved by using the Galerkin method. Sufficient conditions for blow-up (explosion) of the local solutions in a finite time are derived. The asymptotic behavior of solutions to the inverse problem is studied for large values of time. Sufficient conditions are obtained for the solution to disappear (vanish to identical zero) in a finite time. The limits conditions that which ensure the appropriate behavior of solutions are considered.
Kvaliteta usluga za beskućnike: prikaz trenutnog stanja i izazova u Hrvatskoj
Authors: Šikić-Mićanović Lynette , Sakić Suzana , Stelko Stephanie
Published: January 2021

THE QUALITY OF HOMELESSNESS SERVICES: AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SITUATION AND CHALLENGES IN CROATIA Although homelessness is a multifaceted phenomenon that has aroused interest in the Croatian scientific community over the last decade, the quality of homelessness services has not been explored so far. Based on a qualitative research that included key participants in the homelessness sector, this theme is problematized through various aspects of service quality. Following an introduction and a description of the method used, this paper describes the legal regulation of quality of services for homeless people, as well as the problems that homelessness services providers encounter in practice in relation to legal documents. More specifically, this paper analyses: the availability of services for homeless people, financing models, quality of accommodation facilities, quality of social services and quality control. All these aspects of service quality are supplemented by a number of first-hand practical experiences as well as some examples of good practice. Key words: homeless people, social services, (night) shelters, regulation, service quality.
Penser le numérique : orientations pédagogiques et préoccupations de recherche en didactique des langues
Authors: Soubrié Thierry
Published: January 2021

Les recherches dans le domaine des langues et du numérique existent depuis une cinquantaine d'années. Que peut-on en dire ? La question est d'autant plus intéressante et pertinente à poser qu'il est de coutume de signaler la non-cumulativité des recherches dans le domaine des technologies éducatives. Pour y répondre, nous avons choisi, dans un premier temps, de nous éloigner de la problématique du numérique en éducation pour nous intéresser à la manière dont des auteurs du domaine, à travers une sélection d'articles et d'ouvrages, pensent le numérique. Nous nous appuyons pour cela sur un cadre théorique qui comprend trois niveaux de questionnement : (1) le numérique et ses caractéristiques, (2) le couplage humain/non humain, (3) la dimension critique. Dans un second temps, nous proposons une réflexion sur la manière dont les suggestions voire les préconisations pédagogiques et les préoccupations de recherche faites par les auteurs s'articulent avec les points de vue qu'ils portent sur le numérique. Les principaux résultats de cette recherche spéculative sont ensuite discutés et présentés dans un tableau synthétique.
Spinoza et le Dieu qui peut tout
Authors: Ndoba Alain Gervais
Published: January 2021

Spinoza, comme la tradition judéo-chrétienne, affirme la toute-puissance divine, mais dans une perspective profondément différente. En effet, la conception traditionnelle selon laquelle « Dieu peut tout » suppose que Dieu possède le pouvoir de manipuler la nature et les circonstances à sa guise. Cette idée justifie l’institution d’un culte par les hommes afin d’implorer la miséricorde de Dieu en leur faveur. Or cette interprétation du pouvoir de Dieu ne diffère en rien de celle des hommes de pouvoir, qui peuvent modifier la situation d’un homme selon leur bon plaisir. Spinoza critique cette interprétation qui attribue à Dieu un comportement humain. Il part de l’idée d’infini, au sens de ce qui ne peut être entravé par autre chose, pour montrer qu’il n’y a rien en dehors de Dieu capable de le limiter. Spinoza pose l’infinité de Dieu comme gage de sa liberté. À l’idée d’infini s’ajoute la compréhension de la nature de Dieu qui conditionne celle de sa puissance. Cette puissance, loin de prendre la forme d’une action arbitraire, suit les lois qui lui sont d’emblée fixées par la nature dont elle constitue l’expression nécessaire, à la fois complète et parfaite.
Leveling the Educational Playing Field
Authors: Stevenson Carolyn N.
Published: January 2021

Many adult learners are looking for an opportunity to finish what they have started and complete a college degree or advance into graduate studies. While the high cost of a college degree is a barrier, there are ways to level the educational playing field through OERs and alternative credit sources. For example, open educational resources (OERs) offer an opportunity to help promote educational equity through free resources. Often, many learners struggle with the high cost of textbooks and other course material needed to be successful in a course. Due to financial constraints, learners are not able to purchase required course materials putting them an academic disadvantage. OERs provide an opportunity to promote student success through free resources. Additionally, OERs are an excellent way to provide supplemental materials for learners needing additional academic assistance. This section provides additional information on open educational Resources (OERS), open degree plans, competency-based education, and prior learning assessment.
Dynamic Voltage Stability of Distribution Systems in the Presence of High Penetration of Photovoltaic Plants Using PSS/E Software
Authors: Sadek Sahar M. , Hassan Amal A. , Fahmy Faten H. , El-Deib Amgad A. , Yousef Hosam K.M.
Published: January 2021

The intermittent nature of photovoltaic (PV) generation causes the voltage to fluctuate and may lead to instability, especially, in case of high penetration. In this paper, a methodology is proposed to control the reactive power generation of PV-inverters. The objective is to mitigate the voltage fluctuations at the point of common coupling (PCC) resulted from increasing or decreasing the active power output of PV plants which is dependent on solar radiation level. The generic PV-inverter models developed and recommended by the Renewable Energy Modeling Task Force (REMTF) of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) is used to analyze the effect of high PV penetration on the dynamic voltage stability of distribution networks. Then, the tested distribution network with the embedded PV plants is modeled and simulated using PSS/E software. Levels of control that are built-in PV-inverters are tested in the case of normal operation and during disturbances. Comparison results show that the most suitable control methodology in case of disturbances and after fault clearance is the local voltage control. While the plant voltage control with coordinated V/Q control is the most preferable control methodology during normal operation.
Production Scheduling in a Flexible Hybrid Flow Shop in the Food Industry Based on the Theory of Constraints
Authors: Mendoza-Mendoza Adel , Ospino-Castro Wilfrido , Romero-Martínez Daniela
Published: January 2021

This paper proposes a mathematical model for production scheduling, whose objective is to maximize the profits or Throughput of a company in the food sector through a Flexible Hybrid Flow, based on the theory of constraints. Considering the company's production configuration, which is a two-stage hybrid flow line, a mixed integer linear model programming (MILP) was formulated and programmed to adequately represent the real situation. The mathematical model developed in this study that is an easy and effective tool that helps to control the production process, by optimizing the quantities of each product to be produced, as well as establishing the sequence in which they must be carried out, which becomes an advantage against its competitors and also obtain a timely response to the needs of demand and compliance with the commitments made to its customers. The results obtained with the MILP, with reasonable computational times, allow for maximizing profits, considering the constraints of the problem.
Numerical Modeling of Horizontally Layered Geosynthetic Reinforced Encased Stone Columns Supporting Embankment on Sabkha Soil
Authors: Debbabi Imad Eddine , Remadna Mohamed Saddek , Rashid Ahmad Safuan A
Published: January 2021

The present research work is concerned with the construction of road embankments on a Sabkha soil in Algeria. This soil is not only soft and very humid during the flooding seasons but also has frequent small areas of very soft soil which are called locally weak zones (LWZ) in the context of this study. LWZ are characterized by low strength and high compressibility. Two-dimensional axisymmetric analyses were carried out using PLAXIS 2D 2017. The study demonstrated that ordinary stone columns (OSC) are ineffective given the nature of these soils due to the excessive bulging caused by the lack of lateral pressure. On the other hand, the reinforced stone columns with external and internal reinforcements called as vertical encasement and horizontal strips (VESC+HRSC) are one of the best improvement methods of locally weak zones (LWZ), especially to increase the stability of embankment on the highway, namely, a much reduced bulging and a reasonable settlement, so that it is possible to build safe and very high embankments (indeed, numerical results showed for a (VESC+HRSC) combination, a vertical settlement of 0.74 m and a lateral deformation of 20.02 mm vs. 1.56 m and 221.16 mm for an OSC). Besides, an extensive parametric study was conducted to investigate the effect of the spacing of the horizontal reinforcing strips and of the column reinforced length. The influence of stone column diameter, depth of locally weak zone, and the effective stiffness of the geosynthetic, on the performance of the (RSC) - embankment composite were also investigated. The computational results are presented in the form of tables and graphs, and compared with previous published results available in the literature.
Optimization Principle and Application of Excavation Method for Large Section Metro Station
Authors: Wu Bo , Huang Wei , Wu Yu Fang
Published: January 2021

Developing countries are still in the stage of infrastructure construction. For the reasons of design and economy, it is inevitable to encounter large section tunnel when building subway and expressway in urban construction. Taking the tunnel project of Central Park East Station of Chongqing Metro Line 10 as the case background, the cross-section optimization and process optimization of each section in the construction of extra-large cross-section tunnel are studied. Based on the principle of analogy analysis, the optimization model of the super-large section tunnel is constructed from five aspects: horizontal stratification optimization, horizontal block optimization, plane partition optimization, longitudinal section optimization and three-dimensional block optimization. Finally, a better excavation scheme than the original design is obtained by using the plane optimization model. Therefore, it can be used as a reference for similar projects to optimize tunnel construction methods.
Fusion of High-Resolution SAR and Optical Imageries Based on a Wavelet Transform and IHS Integrated Algorithm
Authors: Yehia Abdelrahman , Safy Mohamed , Amein Ahmed S.
Published: January 2021

Multi-sensor remote sensing data can significantly improve the interpretation and usage of large volume data sources. A combination of satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data and optical sensors enables the use of complementary features of the same image. In this paper, SAR data is injected into optical image using a combining fusion method based on the integration of wavelet Transform and IHS (Intensity, Hue, and Saturation) transform. Not only to preserve the spectral information of the original (MS) image, but also to maintain the spatial content of the high-resolution SAR image. Two data sets are used to evaluate the proposed fusion algorithm: one of them is Pleiades, Turkey and the other one is Boulder, Colorado, USA. The different fused outputs are compared using different image quality indices. Visual and statistical assessment of the fused outputs displays that the proposed approach has an effective translation from SAR to the optical image. Hence, enhances the SAR image interpretability.
Optimization of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using Alpha Tuning Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) Technique
Authors: Makadia Jiten , Sankhavara C.D.
Published: January 2021

Swarm Intelligence algorithms like PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization), ACO (Ant Colony Optimization), ABC (Artificial Bee Colony), Glow-worm swarm Optimization, etc. have been utilized by researchers for solving optimization problems. This work presents the application of a novel modified EHO (Elephant Herding Optimization) for cost optimization of shell and tube heat exchanger. A comparison of the results obtained by EHO in two benchmark problems shows that it is superior to those obtained with genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization. The overall cost reduction is 13.3 % and 9.68% for both the benchmark problem compared to PSO. Results indicate that EHO can be effectively utilized for solving real-life optimization problems.
Hybrid Bonding of Via-middle TSV Wafer Fabricated using Direct Si/Cu Grinding, Residual Metal Removal, CVD, and CMP
Authors: Watanabe Naoya , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Mitsui Takahiko , Yamamoto Eiichi
Published: January 2021

We performed hybrid bonding of a via-middle through-silicon via (TSV) wafer that was fabricated using direct Si/Cu grinding, residual metal removal, chemical vapor deposition of a rear-side insulator, and chemical mechanical polishing. The rear side of the via-middle TSV wafer (wafer diameter: 197 mm, wafer thickness: 22 μm, TSV diameter: 5.5 μm, and total thickness variation: <2 μm), which was mounted on a support glass, was bonded to a Cu electrode wafer (wafer diameter: 200 mm, wafer thickness: 625 μm, and Cu electrode diameter: 6 μm). The bonding was performed at room temperature via a surface-activated bonding using a Si ultrathin film. After hybrid bonding, the support glass was debonded, and vacuum annealing was performed. Cross-sectional observations and electrical measurements of the bonded samples were also performed. Both the SiO2–SiO2 interface and the TSV-Cu electrode interface were bonded by the Si ultrathin film. The measured resistance of the TSV-Cu electrode pair was low (approximately 0.12 Ω), and the leakage current between the TSV-Cu electrode pairs was low (1 pA at 5 V).
Electroless Plating with UV Modification for Thermosetting Dielectric and Decay Suppression of High Frequency Transmission Property
Authors: Toba Masaya , Mitsukura Kazuyuki , Yamaguchi Masaki
Published: January 2021

Semiconductor packages for high performance devices with printed circuit boards having multi wiring layers such as FC-BGA have been attracting the attention in order to realize ultra-reliable and low latency communications in 5G networking. Cu wirings for the package are usually fabricated by semi-additive process (SAP) with desmear process and/or modified semi-additive process (MSAP) by using Cu film with large surface roughness. Though a desmear process and Cu film can obtain enough adhesion between dielectric and Cu seed layer by anchoring effect to secure reliabilities, the interface between dielectric and Cu seed layer should be smooth to achieve low attenuation of electric signals at high frequencies. Here, instead of that processes, we applied an UV modification for the surface of our developed thermosetting dielectric in order to realize a smooth and high adhesive seed layer against the dielectric. We obtained 0.5 kN/m of peel strength between dielectric and Cu seed layer in spite of surface roughness (Ra) of dielectric was 265 nm by nano-level anchoring effect at UV modified layer. Due to the smooth interface by UV modification, the normalized S21 value of microstrip line was about 29 % improved compared to that assembled through Cu film with Ra of 2400 nm at 50 GHz.
Factors associated with loss to follow-up among people with tuberculosis in the country of Georgia: a cohort study
Authors: Adamashvili Natalia , Akopyan Kristina , Tukvadze Nestani , Dumchev Kostyantyn , Sereda Yuliia , Khonelidze Irma , Kuchukhidze Giorgi
Published: January 2021

Despite having universal access to tuberculosis (TB) treatment, loss to follow-up (LFU) rates remain high in Georgia, 6% among drug-susceptible TB (DS-TB) patients (2017 cohort) and 19% among drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) patients diagnosed in 2016. A cohort study was conducted to analyze secondary data from the Georgian National Tuberculosis Surveillance Database. Study population included adult (≥18 y.o.) patients with bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB who were enrolled in Georgian National TB program during 2015-2017. The outcome of interest was loss to follow-up, defined as treatment interruption for more than 2 consecutive months. Patients were stratified by treatment profile (first-line drugs or second-line drugs) and survival analysis was performed within the stratified groups.  A total of 7860 treatment episodes were identified during 2015-2017 which corresponded to 6696 bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB treatment episodes of whom 795 (12%) were LFU. After adjustment, final multivariate analysis showed that male sex (aHR 1.5, 95%CI 1.2-2.0), being diagnosed in Tbilisi (aHR 1.3, 95%CI 1.1-1.6), unemployment at the time of diagnosis (aHR 1.7, 95%Ci 1.2-2.3) and previous history of TB treatment were independent risk factors for  LFU (aHR 2.3, 95%CI 1.9-2.8) among patients on first-line drugs. Among patients on second-line drugs being male (aHR 2.0, 95%CI 1.2-3.2), past TB treatment with second-line drugs (aHR 2.2, 95%CI 1.5-3.2) were significantly associated with LFU. LFU rate was high among patients on first-line drugs and second line drugs (10% and 22% respectively). Patients with past TB treatment history should further research to identify factors that lead to treatment interruption in this group. Other factors associated with LFU (being internally displaced person (IDP), being unemployed, and having imprisonment history) were in some level indication of a poor social-economic status, and strengthening approaches for TB care based on patients’ need could be considered in light of this finding.
The role of rotational thromboelastometry during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review
Authors: Görlinger Klaus , Almutawah Hawra , Almutawaa Fatimah , Alwabari Maryam , Alsultan Zahra , Almajed Jumanah , Alwabari Mahmoud , Alsultan Maryam , Shahwar Duri , Yassen Khaled Ahmed
Published: January 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is currently recognized as a global health crisis. This viral infection is frequently associated with hypercoagulability, with a high incidence of thromboembolic complications that can be fatal. In many situations, the standard coagulation tests (SCT) fail to detect this state of hypercoagulability in patients with COVID-19 since clotting times are either not or only mildly affected. The role of viscoelastic tests such as rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) during this pandemic is explored in this review. COVID-19-associated coagulopathy, as measured using the rotational thromboelastometry parameters, can vary from hypercoagulability due to increased fibrin polymerization and decreased fibrinolysis to bleeding from hypocoagulability. The use of a multimodal diagnostic and monitoring approach, including both rotational thromboelastometry and SCT, such as plasma fibrinogen and D-dimer concentrations, is recommended. Rotational thromboelastometry provides comprehensive information about the full coagulation status of each patient and detects individual variations. Since COVID-19-associated coagulopathy is a very dynamic process, the phenotype can change during the course of infection and in response to anticoagulation therapy. Data from published literature provide evidence that the combination of rotational thromboelastometry and SCT analysis is helpful in detecting hemostasis issues, guiding anticoagulant therapy, and improving outcomes in COVID-19 patients. However, more research is needed to develop evidence-based guidelines and protocols.
E-cigarettes
Authors: Hussain Shahzad , Shahid Zainab , Foroozesh Mahtab B. , Sofi Umar F.
Published: January 2021

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were originally developed in 2003 as healthier alternatives to conventional tobacco cigarettes. Their popularity has since significantly increased and both users and nonusers are exposed to their aerosol and product constituents. Although some evidence suggests that e-cigarette use may facilitate smoking cessation, definitive data are lacking and e-cigarettes are not approved by the Food and Drug Administration as a cessation aid. While e-cigarette aerosol contains fewer toxins than conventional cigarette smoke, studies evaluating whether e-cigarettes are less harmful are inconclusive. The health impact of e-cigarettes for both users and nonusers cannot be determined with currently available data, and there are both environmental concerns and issues regarding nonuser exposure. Most of the currently available data related to the health effects of e-cigarettes do not evaluate their effects on the general population and evidence regarding the systemic health effects of e-cigarettes is limited. In addition, there has been a recent rise in vaping-related lung injuries. Therefore, the detrimental effects of e-cigarette use should be further investigated, and every effort should be made to increase public awareness of the harmful effects of e-cigarettes.
Diagnostic yield of electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy
Authors: Cherian Sujith V. , Kaur Saranjit , Karanth Siddharth , Xian Jonathan Z , Estrada-Y-Martin Rosa M
Published: January 2021

INTRODUCTION:

Electromagnetic navigational bronchoscopy (ENB) is an excellent tool to diagnose peripheral pulmonary nodules, especially in the setting of emphysema and pulmonary fibrosis. However, most of these procedures are done by interventional pulmonologists and academic tertiary centers under general anesthesia. Studies evaluating the diagnostic utility of this tool in safety-net community hospitals by pulmonologists not formally trained in this technology are lacking. The objective was to evaluate the diagnostic yield of ENB done in such a setting and its associated complications.

METHODS:

Retrospective chart review of consecutive ENB procedures over 5 years from 2014, since its inception in our institution-a safety-net community based hospital was performed. Multiple variables were analyzed to assess their impact on diagnostic yields.

RESULTS:

After exclusion criteria were applied, 72 patients with 76 procedures were eventually included within our study, with an overall 1-year diagnostic yield of 80.2%. Sensitivity for malignancy was 73% and negative predictive value of 65%. Primary lung cancer was the most common diagnosis obtained, followed by tuberculosis (TB). The overall complication rates were low, with only 1 patient (1.3%) requiring hospitalization due to pneumothorax needing tube thoracostomy. No deaths or respiratory failures were noted within the cohort. The only significant variable affecting diagnostic yield was forced expiratory volume in 1 s. The presence of emphysema did not affect diagnostic yield.

CONCLUSIONS:

ENB is safe and feasible with a high diagnostic success rate even when performed by pulmonologists not formally trained in interventional pulmonology in low resource settings under moderate sedation.
Comparison of Radiographic Singh Index with Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Scan in Diagnosing Osteoporosis
Authors: Mir Furqan Rasul , Nazir Imran , Naseed Mohammad
Published: January 2021

Objective:

The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of radiographic Singh index (SI) with respect to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan in diagnosing osteoporosis.

Materials and Methods:

We conducted a cross-sectional study on 100 postmenopausal women in the Department of Radiodiagnosis, SKIMS, Soura, Srinagar, from June 2019 to December 2019. We obtained right or left standard anteroposterior hip radiograph in each patient and compared its SI grade to the densitometry results obtained from the DEXA study of the corresponding hip.

Results:

Out of the selected patients, 7% had DEXA bone mineral density (BMD) values in normal range (T-score ≤1), 81% in osteopenic range (T-score >1.00–<2.5), and 12% in osteoporotic range (T-score ≥2.5). There was no statistically significant correlation (r = −0.108, P = 0.286) between SI grade and WHO BMD category (normal, osteopenia, or osteoporosis). There was no statistically significant correlation (r = 0.191, P = 0.057) between the SI grade and the mean absolute DEXA BMD value. There was also no statistically significant correlation (r = −0.195, P = 0.052) between SI grade and mean DEXA T-score.

Conclusion:

Our study found a poor correlation between radiographic SI and DEXA densitometry results. We concluded that the SI cannot be used as a substitute for DEXA study in diagnosing osteoporosis.
SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Swabbed Samples from Latrines and Flushing Toilets: A Case–Control Study in a Rural Latin American Setting
Authors: Del Brutto Oscar H. , Costa Aldo F. , Mera Robertino M. , Andrade-Molina Derly , Recalde Bettsy Y. , García Héctor H. , Fernández-Cadena Juan C.
Published: January 2021

Information about factors potentially favoring the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in rural settings is limited. Following a case–control study design in a rural Ecuadorian village that was severely struck by the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 RNA were detected by real-time PCR in swabs obtained from inner and upper walls in 24/48 randomly selected latrines from case-houses and in 12/48 flushing toilets from paired control-houses (P = 0.014; McNemar’s test). This association persisted in a conditional logistic regression model adjusted for relevant covariates (OR: 4.82; 95% CI: 1.38–16.8; P = 0.014). In addition, SARS-CoV-2–seropositive subjects were more often identified among those living in houses with a latrine (P = 0.002). Latrines have almost five times the odds of containing SARS-CoV-2 RNA than their paired flushing toilets. Latrines are reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, and it cannot be ruled out that latrines could contribute to viral transmission in rural settings. Frequent disinfection of latrines should be recommended to reduce the likelihood of fecal contamination.
The mysterious case of the successful appeal and the missing costs award: Competition and Markets Authority v. Flynn Pharma Limited
Authors:   Partner, Bristows LLP, London, Lawrance Sophie , Brookes Aimee ,   Associate, Bristows LLP, London
Published: January 2021

In May 2020 the Court of Appeal gave judgment in Competition and Markets Authority v. Flynn Pharma and Pfizer, which adjusted the starting point for costs awards following successful appeals of Competition and Markets Authority decisions. Following this judgment, such awards by the Competition Appeal Tribunal must start from the position that no order as to costs should be made against the CMA, rather than the standard approach of ‘costs follow the event’ that had been the CAT's established practice. This article examines the rationale for the CAT's past practice, the basis for the Court of Appeal's judgment altering that approach, and considers the potential implications the judgment may have.
Can climate activism deliver transformative change? Extinction Rebellion, business and people power
Authors:   School of Regulation and Global Governance (RegNet) The Australian National University, Gunningham Neil
Published: January 2021

This article examines whether large-scale grassroots activism might be a necessary condition for achieving transformational climate change action, and examines whether Extinction Rebellion (XR), which has had a remarkable impact in a very short time, might – unlike its predecessors – be capable of precipitating such change. Reviewing the evidence, the article suggests that such activism, even if necessary, is unlikely to be sufficient to bring about rapid and radical climate action. It might, however, prove to be an important change agent, through its contribution to a broader coalition of business and civil society actors or through harnessing ‘webs of influence’. How such a coalition might evolve, or web influence play out, is also explored.
Exploring legitimization strategies for contested uses of citizen-generated data for policy
Authors:   The Tilburg Institute for Law, Technology, and Society – Tilburg University (The Netherlands), Suman Anna Berti , Schade Sven ,   European Commission, Joint Research Centre (Italy), Abe Yasuhito ,   Komazawa University (Japan)
Published: January 2021

In this article, we investigate how citizens use data they gather as a rhetorical resource for demanding environmental policy interventions and advancing environmental justice claims. While producing citizen-generated data (CGD) can be regarded as a form of ‘social protest’, citizens and interested institutional actors still have to ‘justify’ the role of lay people in producing data on environmental issues. Such actors adopt a variety of arguments to persuade public authorities to recognize CGD as a legitimate resource for policy making and regulation. So far, scant attention has been devoted to inspecting the different legitimization strategies adopted to push for institutional use of CGD. In order to fill this knowledge gap, we examine which distinctive strategies are adopted by interested actors: existing legitimization arguments are clustered, and strategies are outlined, based on a literature review and exemplary cases. We explore the conceivable effects of these strategies on targeted policy uses. Two threads emerge from the research, entailing two complementary arguments: namely that listening to CGD is a governmental obligation and that including CGD is ultimately beneficial for making environmental decisions. We conclude that the most used strategies include showing the scientific strength and contributory potential of CGD, whereas environmental rights and democracy-based strategies are still rare. We discuss why we consider this result to be problematic and outline a future research agenda.
Between the commodity and the gift: the Coastal GasLink pipeline and the contested temporalities of Canadian and Witsuwit'en law
Authors:   Department of Geography, Florida State University, McCreary Tyler
Published: January 2021

This article examines the conflicting subjectivities and space-times of Indigenous and colonial law that underpin the recent shutdown of the Canadian economy as people barricaded railways and ports in solidarity with the Witsuwit'en hereditary chiefs’ blockade against the Coastal GasLink pipeline across their territory. The article argues that this conflict between Canadian and Witsuwit'en law reflects fundamental tensions between their respective foundations in relations of the commodity and the gift. Within settler capitalist society, the value of a commodity is constructed relationally through a political economy of exchange that aims to speed transactions to maximize profits. With an ongoing drive for time-space compression, there is continual pressure in settler capitalism to develop new infrastructure that can speed the circulation of commodities. In Witsuwit'en society, the gift presents a contrasting logic of place-time extension. Rather than focusing on closing transactions to increase profits, gift giving stretches reciprocal obligations into the past and future. Contrasting these distinct conceptions of the relationship between value and time, the article argues that the Witsuwit'en struggle with Coastal GasLink should be understood as conflict between colonial temporal enclosures and a radical promise to open futures different to those engendered by the colonial present.
Green parties and environmental activism
Authors:   MP, House of Commons, Green Party of Canada, Manly Paul , Bartley Jonathan ,   MP, New Zealand Parliament, Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, Swarbrick Chlöe ,   Co-leader, Green Party of England and Wales and councillor on Lambeth Council, London
Published: January 2021

For this edition on environmental activism and the law, we examined how contemporary green political parties construe their role and relevance when many environmentalists including the Extinction Rebellion (XR) movement are bypassing parliamentary processes by taking to the streets as well as by proposing alternate forms of political engagement such as convening national citizens’ assemblies. This report features interviews conducted in early 2020 with Paul Manly (MP, House of Commons, Green Party of Canada); Chlöe Swarbrick (MP, New Zealand Parliament, Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand); and Jonathan Bartley (Co-leader of the Green Party of England and Wales, and councillor on Lambeth Council, London). Each interviewee responded to the same questions, which are detailed below. The interviews were conducted by Emma Thomas, XR Vancouver (interviewed Paul Manly); Trevor Daya-Winterbottom, FRGS, Associate Professor in Law, University of Waikato, and Deputy Chair of the IUCN Academy of Environmental Law (interviewed Chlöe Swarbrick); and Benjamin J Richardson, Professor of Environmental Law, University of Tasmania (interviewed Jonathan Bartley).
The remarkable development and significance of constitutional protection for intellectual property rights in post-Arab Spring constitutions
Authors:   Lecturer, Newcastle University, Jones Bronwen
Published: January 2021

Prior to the Arab Spring uprisings in 2011, no constitutional protection for intellectual property (IP) existed in the many earlier constitutions of Egypt or Tunisia. It is remarkable and surprising therefore that, in 2014, IP clauses appeared in the post-revolutionary constitutions of both countries. This raises the key question: why add to the existing regulation of IP in this way. Is constitutional protection just another example of the inexorable strengthening of IP rights (IPRs) or could it be a means of constraining them, where necessary, to protect other rights? This article argues that including IP in a constitution may, rather than merely strengthening IP owners' rights, open IPRs up to competition against more fundamental constitutionally protected human rights and, for example, support the prioritization of the right to health. This could be a valid explanation for and potential use of the inclusion of IP in the Egyptian and Tunisian Constitutions.
Zasady przeprowadzania strategii wyszukiwania na potrzeby raportów HTA
Authors: Pirek Konrad , Garbaty Tomasz , Owczarek Marta
Published: January 2021

Literature search strategy for Health Technology Assessment Reports Preparation of HTA reports requires access to the latest and most reliable knowledge in the field of health care. Systematic reviews are the basic tools used to obtain it. In order to find the literature necessary for a systematic review, search strategies are performed in databases. With their help it is possible to thoroughly and reliably search the resources of individual databases and find the required information. Properly executed search strategies also reduce the risk of missing valuable publications. During the preparation of the search strategy, one should use the tools and additional functions implemented in individual databases, thanks to which it is possible to strictly control the process and adapt it to your own needs. Performing a search strategy is a basic skill for anyone who prepares HTA reports.
The Old Privileges and the New Spirit of Law: Jewish Residential Areas in the Duchy of Warsaw
Authors: Oniszczuk Aleksandra
Published: January 2021

Among the most important aspects of government policy aimed at Jews in the nineteenth-century Polish lands was the issue of where Jews could reside. Medieval in its roots, the conviction that some form of separation was needed was vested in contemporary arguments. Pertinent in this context was the stance taken by the authorities of the Duchy of Warsaw. The article discusses the question whether old city privileges imposing restrictions on Jews were in force at that time. The author claims—contrary to previous historiography—that this question cannot be reduced to a simple “yes”or “no”answer. Referring to the concepts of sociology of law, the double dimension of law (law in books and law in action) can be identified. The issue may serve as an interesting example of legal pluralism and the power of law-convictions. Based on ministerial and local correspondence, the analysis leads to two major conclusions. First, while in theory old city privileges were no longer in force— and this was clearly stated by ministers—the latter decided to refrain from announcing this to the public. Moreover, they agreed to develop an unofficial policy of resolving some cases “as if the old privileges were still binding.”Second, the officially introduced concept of district (rewir) was designed to replace the old privileges, as it offered a variety of new justifications. These were linked to the modernization policy, with claims regarding the integration of acculturated individuals, order, sanitation, and safety.
A Study on the Applicability of HSPF Paddy-RCH for Calculating the Reduction of Agricultural Non-point Pollutants
Authors: Jung Shin Hye , Rhee Han-Pil , Hwang Ha Sun , Yoon Chun Gyeong
Published: January 2021

Objectives:Non-point source pollution (NPS) reduction has been considered as the first priority in South Korea to achieve acceptable water quality. Among many NPS pollutions, agricultural NPS is one of the major NPS contributor due to its vast area. However, agricultural NPS characterization has not been successful because agricultural NPS has inconsistent water and mass balances, thus has lacking NPS reduction measures. This study assesses applicability of HSPF Paddy-RCH method to estimate agricultural NPS loads in paddy rice field.Methods:HSPF Paddy-RCH method was developed to simulate water and mass balance in paddy rice field(s). Applicability of the developed method was tested in Gyeseongcheon watershed in Nakdong River basin, South Korea. The study area was selected because there is no other major pollutant source except the paddy fields, but has simple drainage system. HSPF Paddy-RCH method was calibrated in control paddy field with conventional fertilizing condition and applied to two small scale paddy fields (89% and 76% fertilizing condition). The calibrated HSPF Paddy-RCH method was then tested in small watershed (subbasin) including small paddy fields applied earlier for applicability study of watershed scale.Results and Discussion:Calibrated HSPF Paddy-RCH method well represented observed flow rates (R2=0.825) and water-quality (BOD, T-N, T-P, relative differences [%diff]<7.52%). Water-quality parameters for the control paddy field showed slower decaying rate than river and stream. The calibrated HSPF Paddy-RCH well represented water and mass balance for the small scale paddy fields with varying fertilizing condition (R2>0.689 for flow rate, %diff<12.20% for water quality), as well as for the small scale watershed with large scale paddy fields (R2>0.693 for flow rate, %diff<19.29% for water quality) could promise.Conclusions:This applicability study results would suggest that HSPF Paddy-RCH method is a feasible tool to quantify agricultural NPS pollution and to develop reduction measured for paddy rice field.
Reviewer Appreciation Editorial
Authors: Jeong Seung-Woo
Published: January 2021

In 2020, a total of 66 papers were published in JKSEE. A total of 126 dedicated reviewers carefully reviewed the papers of this journal. Their constructive reviews assisted both the authors to improve the works and the editors to produce timely high-quality articles. Many reviewers answered the review request multiple times. Once a year I would like to thank these anonymous reviewers for their willingness and readiness.
The Korean Society of Environmental Engineers (KSEE) has established “Reviewer Award” since 2018 and awards the best reviewer every year. The Reviewer Award of 2020 is given to Dr. Jaewook Myung (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, KAIST). I sincerely appreciate the reviewers listed below for their time and contribution.
PROCEDIMIENTO DE OFERTA DE COMIDA SANA EN EL RESTAURANTE BUFFET DEL HOTEL CLUB AMIGO CARACOL
Authors: Betancourt-Avila Damaris , Porro-Cruzate Rangel , Fuentes-Lorente Mabel de los Ángeles , Morales-Mesa Darys
Published: January 2021

El destino playa Santa Lucia no ha contado con una oferta de comida sana que los clientes que visitan muchas veces la solicitan y el restaurante buffet Puerto Príncipe del Hotel Club Amigo Caracol no la posee dentro de su oferta alimentaria. El objetivo del trabajo es: Elaborar un procedimiento de oferta de comida sana en el restaurante buffet Puerto Príncipe del Hotel Club Amigo Caracol. La metodología para llevar a cabo la investigación se utilizaron métodos teóricos como análisis-síntesis, inducción- deductivo, y métodos empíricos (observación, análisis documental, encuestas y entrevistas). La población objeto de estudio fue de 385 clientes, una muestra de 146 para un 39%. Los datos se recopilaron mediante el programa Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel 2016 y los resultados obtenidos se procesó generando las figuras y tablas. Se obtuvo como resultados el procedimiento, el que está en correspondencia con las directrices trazadas por la organización en la actualidad. Muestra el proceso de oferta para de un ciclo de menú de comida sana propuesto para una semana. Se concluye que existe una contradicción entre los clientes encuestados respectos a que prefieren comidas vegetarianas, saludables, comer comida con abundante vegetales y frutas, con vinos, con grasas y a su vez no le gusta comer comida nutricionalmente balanceadas. El ciclo de menú confeccionado garantiza la aplicación del procedimiento para la oferta de comida sana y sus fichas técnicas sustentan el menú presentado, la elaboración y presentación de los platos para el servicio.

Palabras claves: alimentación sana, alimentación saludable, menú, buffet.
PROPUESTA DE MEJORAS EN LA OFERTA DEL RESTAURANTE “CAMPANA DE TOLEDO”
Authors: Hernández-Sariego Taimy , Pérez-May Thalia , Abreu-Guirado Orlando , García-González Mercedes
Published: January 2021

En la actualidad, debido a la creciente epidemia de enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles, la preocupación por una alimentación saludable es cada vez mayor. En este contexto la restauración juega un papel importante por las características de las ofertas alimentarias y la información nutricional que puede brindar al cliente acorde a las exigencias actuales en este sector empresarial. En correspondencia con lo anteriormente planteado el presente trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer un grupo de acciones para mejorar desde el punto de vista nutricional la oferta del restaurante Campana de Toledo. Se realizó una evaluación nutricional de la oferta actual del restaurante a partir de las fichas técnicas corregidas y con la utilización del software CERES 1.2. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se valoraron posibles modificaciones a realizar en aras de ofertar productos más saludables y se propuso un grupo de informaciones nutricionales para brindarles al personal de la entidad y a los clientes. La oferta del restaurante se caracteriza de manera general por contener un exceso de calorías, elevado contenido de colesterol y grasa, adecuado aporte de vitaminas y minerales e insuficiente de fibra dietética y entre adecuado y excesivo contenido de proteínas y carbohidratos, dependiendo este último nutriente de las combinaciones que haga el cliente. Las nuevas propuestas permiten al cliente balancear mejor el consumo de nutrientes al contener menor cantidad de energía, grasa, colesterol y carbohidratos. Los mensajes que se proponen ayudarán al cliente a seleccionar productos más saludables.

Palabras claves: menú; evaluación nutricional; información nutricional.