bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vulnérabilités prénatales, enjeux éthiques de la prévention : enquête de pratiques
Authors: Einaudi Marie-Ange , Bernard Olivier , Tardieu Sophie
Published: September 2019

Objectif  : Certaines situations prénatales peuvent être qualifiées de « préoccupantes » sur le plan médico-psychosocial, avec un risque de danger pour l’enfant à naître. Elles soulèvent différentes problématiques, entre prévention et protection, légal et légitime. Les objectifs de cette étude étaient d’évaluer la perception des professionnels vis-à-vis des situations prénatales les plus préoccupantes, de réaliser un état des lieux des pratiques concernant leur prise en charge et d’identifier des leviers d’amélioration. Méthode  : La recherche s’appuyait sur une méthodologie mixte quali-quantitative. Des entretiens semi-dirigés ont été me nés auprès de professionnels régionaux sensibilisés à ces problématiques, permettant l’élaboration d’un questionnaire validé selon une méthodologie de type Delphi. Une enquête régionale a ensuite été réalisée sur la base de ce questionnaire, auprès des maternités, des services de protection maternelle et infantile et des cellules de recueil des informations préoccupantes des conseils départementaux. Résultats  : Le taux de participation était de 69 %. L’enquête révélait une volonté de partenariat dans le cadre d’un dispositif régional en faveur de la périnatalité, une sensibilisation aux enjeux éthiques (partage d’information, conflits de valeurs, éthique du soin, vulnérabilité…), et une méconnaissance du cadre réglementaire (juridique, déontologique). Différentes pistes d’amélioration ont été proposées. Conclusions  : Cette étude participe à la fois aux missions d’observatoire des pratiques des Espaces régionaux de réflexion éthique, ainsi qu’aux politiques publiques de prévention périnatale.
Surdité néonatale : mesure exploratoire par le PMSI de la couverture du dépistage en Île-de-France
Authors: Pluvinage Baptiste , Desplanques Laurence , Quily Gaëlle , Hallak Marc , Serfaty Annie
Published: September 2019

Objectif  : Estimer la couverture du dépistage de la surdité permanente bilatérale néonatale (SPBN) chez les nouveau-nés, en Île-de-France, entre 2012 et 2017, à l’aide du Programme de médicalisation des systèmes d’information (PMSI). Méthode  : La population d’étude est composée des résumés de sortie anonymes (séjours hospitaliers) des nouveau-nés (0 à 28 jours de vie) d’Île-de-France entre 2012 et 2017, extraits des données du PMSI par le système décisionnel Diamant. Le taux annuel de couverture du dépistage est estimé par le rapport entre le nombre de séjours avec le code Z13.51 « Examen spécial de dépistage des affections des oreilles » et au cours desquels un des deux actes de dépistage de la SPBN a été réalisé, d’une part, et le nombre de naissances vivantes enregistrées dans les établissements de santé franciliens, d’autre part. Résultats  : En 2017, 133 152 résumés de sortie anonymes de nouveau-nés ayant le code Z13.51 sont comptabilisés en région francilienne sur 178 011 naissances vivantes, soit environ 75 % des nouveau-nés. Les séjours avec présence d’un acte CDQP009 ou CDQP017 représentent une proportion de 16,3 %. Le taux annuel de couverture du dépistage estimé avec les données du PMSI (89,8 %, en prenant en compte les différentes pratiques de codage) est inférieur à celui calculé avec les données de la fédération parisienne pour le dépistage et la prévention des handicaps de l’enfant (FPDPHE) (95,5 %) et celui des objectifs nationaux/régionaux fixés par le programme de dépistage. Conclusion  : La démarche et les résultats observés permettraient d’estimer un taux annuel de couverture du dépistage de la SPBN à l’aide des données issues du PMSI, si le Plan national et les pratiques de codage PMSI étaient respectés. L’harmonisation des pratiques de codage ainsi qu’une assurance qualité des données du PMSI sont indispensables pour la construction d’un indicateur de recours au dépistage basé sur les données recueillies en routine (PMSI, SNDS) et pour contribuer au suivi de la mise en œuvre du programme de dépistage.
Research of the Causes of the Defect "Sliver" on the Inner Surface of the Steel Pipe Strength Category Х70
Authors: Kovalev Pavel Valer'evich , Ryaboshuk Sergey Vladimirovich , Zhitenev Andrey Igorevich , Kulikov Vitaliy
Published: September 2019

A metallurgical examination of surface defects of pipes made of steel of strength category X70 was carried out. The characteristic microstructural features of defects were determined. The causes of the formation of surface defects of the pipe were established. Comparison of the actual and calculated compositions of the detected satellite inclusions was conducted.
Influence of Contact Friction on the Kinematics of Metal Flow during Equal Channel Angular Pressing
Authors: Parshikov R.A. , Zolotov Alexandr Maksimovich
Published: September 2019

Equal channel angular pressing (ECA-pressing) is an effective process to produce materials with increased mechanical properties and no change of billet size. In the present paper the experimental and finite element analysis results of ECA-pressing investigation were obtained. The influence of contact friction condition on flow nature and stressedly-deformed state of metal during ECA-pressing was studied.
Vibroacoustic Study of Abrasive Wear of Multilayered Sliding Bearings
Authors: Tikalov Andrey Vladimirovich , Yefremov Leonid Vladimirovich
Published: September 2019

The article substantiates consistent patterns of wear at the example of microcutting materials in sliding bearings in dependence to grain sizes of abrasive cloths and hardness of bearing layers received with the use of vibroacoustic diagnostics and the method of artificial bases (MAB) in testing on the SMC-2 frictional machine. These patterns can be helpful for the assessment of quality and selection of materials for products [1,2], selection of the friction model [3], and selection of abrasive cloths for the diagnostics of the latter and assessment of the running-in period for the top coating.
Finite Element Simulation of Temperature Field during Friction Surfacing of Al-5Mg Consumable Rod
Authors: Isupov Fedor Y. , Panchenko Oleg , Zhabrev Leonid , Mushnikov Igor , Rylkov Evgenii , Popovich Anatoly Anatolyevich
Published: September 2019

A finite element model was developed to determine the temperature distribution in the preheating phase of the friction surfacing (FS) process. In the present study consumable rod was used as a tool. As a model of the heat source, a model applicable to the traditional friction stir welding (FSW) was used. The developed model has been validated by a full-scale experiment. Temperature fields were obtained for different modes of the FS process, where the variable parameters were the axial force and the speed of rotation of the consumable rod. The difference between calculated and experimental data is less than 10%. Influence of the axial force magnitude on the consumable rod and the rod rotation speed on the temperature field generated by friction and plastic deformation of the consumable rod was established.
Study of Crystallization Kinetics of Amorphous Zirconia in Fe2O3 Matrix by Kissinger Method
Authors: Bobrynina Elizaveta , Starykh Roman , Ginzburg Svetlana , Morozova Iuliia
Published: September 2019

The composite materials Fe2O3-ZrO2 with different content of zirconium oxide have been obtained by thermochemical synthesis. The process of crystallization of zirconium dioxide and the effect of the amount of zirconium dioxide on the phase transformation have been studied by DTA and microscopy. The activation energy of the crystallization process was calculated by the Kissinger method to be in average 170 KJ/mol. It is shown that an increase of the ZrO2 content leads to an increase of temperature of crystallization.
Concepto de agencia en los estudios de infancia. Una revisión teórica
Authors: Pavez-Soto Iskra , Sepúlveda Kattan Natalia
Published: September 2019

El objetivo de este artículo es realizar una revisión teórica del concepto de agencia dentro del campo de las ciencias sociales y la sociología, en general y en los estudios de infancia, en particular. Para ello, se exploran los fundamentos teóricos propuestos por Anthony Giddens, los cuales han sido ampliamente utilizados en este campo, pero también se observan los planteamientos de Pierre Bourdieu y Amartya Sen. Luego, se expone cómo ha sido comprendida la agencia en la sociología de la infancia, a través de los aportes de Berry Mayall y Leena Alanen. Por último, se analiza cómo se podría aplicar el concepto de agencia de las niñas y los niños en diversos procesos sociales en los cuales se ven involucrados, como la socialización, el plano moral y la participación social. Se concluye que el concepto de agencia aún está en fase de consolidarse a nivel teórico dentro de las ciencias sociales y los estudios de infancia, no obstante, el concepto resulta útil y pertinente para definir y comprender la acción social que desarrollan las niñas y los niños en el mundo actual.
O protagonismo infantil no interior de movimentos sociais contemporâneos no Brasil
Authors: Gouveia Maria Cristina Soares , Carvalho Levindo Diniz , De Freitas Fábio Accardo , Bizzotto Luciana Maciel
Published: September 2019

Neste texto nos propomos a discutir o protagonismo infantil a partir da análise da inserção de crianças em dois movimentos sociais brasileiros: o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) e o movimento das ocupações urbanas no contexto das grandes cidades brasileiras. Para tal, iremos abordar as condições de participação e/ou protagonismo das crianças no interior desses movimentos, os quais têm como sujeitos as famílias, na luta por terra, trabalho e moradia. Inicialmente, iremos situar o conceito de protagonismo, dialogando com os estudos sobre direitos da criança e da sociologia da infância. Posteriormente, iremos analisar em cada movimento as condições do exercício do protagonismo infantil. No caso do MST, nossa análise será centrada no estudo da produção cultural da/para a criança e nas diferentes dinâmicas de sua participação no processos de preparação e realização dos encontros das crianças Sem Terrinha. No caso das ocupações urbanas, iremos contemplar em que medida a dimensão de cidadania na infância pode instaurar um protagonismo da infância na pauta de reivindicações do movimento e na própria dinâmica de luta. Desse modo, pretendemos avaliar as condições e os limites do protagonismo infantil no interior desses movimentos sociais contemporâneos, bem como os desafios epistemológicos na apreensão dos conceitos de protagonismo e participação à luz de ambos os movimentos.
A participação da criança na justiça: mito ou realidade?
Authors: Melo Maria De Fátima , Sani Ana Isabel
Published: September 2019

O contacto da criança com o sistema de justiça ocorre por diversos motivos, nem sempre percebidos por esta ou discutidos com ela. Iniciaremos este artigo por debater alguns argumentos teóricos e apresentar algumas evidências empíricas relacionadas com a participação da criança na justiça. Posteriormente, apresentaremos um estudo exploratório que procurou compreender as representações das crianças e jovens quanto à sua participação neste sistema. Para a realização do estudo foi constituída uma amostra intencional de 23 crianças e jovens com medida acolhimento residencial, com idades compreendidas entre os 10 e os 18 anos. Recorreu-se à técnica de entrevista para a recolha de dados, tendo sido desenvolvido para o efeito um guião semiestruturado e semidiretivo, previamente testado. As entrevistas foram gravadas e, posteriormente, transcritas para se proceder à análise qualitativa dos discursos. Os resultados revelaram que as crianças e jovens consideram que as suas opiniões devem ser valorizadas junto dos adultos. A maioria deles afirma ainda que a audição das crianças e jovens deve ser sempre promovida, antes de serem tomadas quaisquer decisões por parte dos magistrados. Este estudo perspetiva a criança como protagonista das suas histórias, que no caso envolveu o acolhimento residencial das mesmas e sublinha a importância da promoção de uma justiça mais voltada para a participação efetiva da criança na decisão judiciária.
Sistemas de producción de tomates (Solanum lycopersicum M.) en Nicaragua: una caracterización en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya, Nicaragua
Authors: Castillo Martínez Lizbeth , Morán Centeno Juan Carlos , Varela Ochoa Gregorio
Published: September 2019

Nicaragua es un país con condiciones climáticas apta para la agricultura, que permiten el establecimiento de diversas hortalizas de importancia en la seguridad alimentaria. El presente estudio se realizó en el municipio de Tisma, departamento de Masaya, en el año 2016, con el propósito de caracterizar los sistemas de producción del cultivo del Tomate (Solanum lycopersicum M.) a través de la generación de información. Se aplicó una encuesta socioeconómica en donde se incorporó el manejo agronómico y fitosanitario del cultivo y postcosecha de la producción. Basado en la información obtenida, se procedió a muestrear, procesar y analizar el registro de 25 Unidades de Producción (UP), las variables se sometieron a aná- lisis univariados. Los resultados mostraron que en la mayoría de las UP predomina el sexo masculino, con edades promedios inferiores a los 40 años. Los productores son propietarios de sus UP, el nivel educativo determinó que 42.86% de los varones y 36.84% de las mujeres no lograron concluir la educación primaria. El 100% de los productores emplean semilla certificada de tomate, el manejo fitosanitario del cultivo se realizó empleando compuestos convencionales (Agroquímicos), recurriendo a la compra de productos selectivos, ya que el 96% reconocen las principales plagas y enfermedades que afectan este rubro, siendo la mosca blanca (Bemisia tabaci) la principal problemática, en la etapa de crecimiento del cultivo. En el manejo postcosecha un pequeño porcentaje desinfecta cajillas y medios de transporte, esto debido a que la producción tiene como destino el mercado local y es comercializado como hortaliza fresca.
Salicylic Acid Concentrations and Its Effects on the Physiological Quality of Soybean Seeds
Authors: Dalcin Joner S. , Nunes Ubirajara R. , Roso Rodrigo , Müller Caren A. , Backes Fernanda A. A. L. , Backes Rogério L. , Mattioni Nilson M. , Filho Alberto Cargnelutti , Santos Cassiano V. dos , Mendonça Mariana B. F. de , Bastiani Géssica G. de , Barbieri Geovana F. , Stefanello Raquel
Published: September 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of commercial soybean seeds submitted to different concentrations of salicylic acid (SA), directly on germination paper and gerboxes for 24 hours. Seeds of cultivars NA 5909 RG and Tec Irga 6070 RR were soaked in salicylic acid solutions with concentrations of zero, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 μM. Seed imbibition occurred in two ways: (1) germination paper moistened with salicylic acid solutions; (2) imbibition of the seeds in salicylic acid solutions in gerbox boxes for 24 hours and subsequent sowing on germinated paper moistened with distilled water. On the fifth day after sowing, the number of normal seedlings (first count), length, fresh and dry mass of root and shoot were determined. It was concluded that the concentrations of SA between 250 and 750 μM can be used in soybean seeds, however, above 1000 μM may impair the parameters of physiological quality. The gerbox method for 24 hours provided the best results without the drastic reduction of the parameters in the lowest concentrations of SA.
Mapping and Analysis Factors of Affecting Productivity Tropical Rain Forests in East Kalimantan
Authors: Sifriyani Sifriyani , Ruslan Ruslan , F. H Susanty,
Published: September 2019

Up to 2019, tropical rainforests in East Kalimantan has been experiencing very rapid degradation and continues to shrink. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate mapping and analysis of factors affecting the productivity of tropical rain forests in East Kalimantan. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that cause shrinkage of tropical rainforests in East Kalimantan based on spatial statistical perspectives. The data used were secondary data from the Indonesian Ministry of Forestry and the Central Bureau of Statistics. The data consisted of 10 districts/cities from East Kalimantan Province. Those data were influenced by spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. Nonparametric Geospatial Regression (NGR) is one of the spatial statistical methods used to overcome spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity. The results of the study obtained was a Nonparametric Geospatial Regression modeling using the Gaussian Kernel geographical weighting function with a minimum CV value of 1.48. The model had R2 values for each district/city ranging from 74.39% - 88.65%.  The goodness of fit of the NGR model was shown by the value of R2 = 0.8865, which stated that the variables that significantly affect the preservation of tropical rainforest by 88.65%  were the area of protected forests, nature reserves and nature preservation, production forests, area of each district/city, economic growth rate and regional development index.
Reflections on Brown vs. Board of Education and School Integration Today
Authors: Blum Lawrence ,   The Harvard Review of Philosophy
Published: September 2019

The Brown vs. Board of Education decision of 1954 mandated school integration. The decision also to recognize that inequalities outside the schools, of both a class- and race-based nature, prevent equality in education. Today, the most prominent argument for integration is that disadvantaged students benefit from the financial, social, and cultural “capital” of middle class families when the children attend the same schools. This argument fails to recognize that disadvantaged students contribute to advantaged students’ educational growth, and sends demeaning messages to the disadvantaged students and messages of unwarranted superiority to the advantaged. Parents, teachers, and schools can adopt a justice perspective that avoids these deleterious aspects of the capital argument, and helps create a community of equals inside the integrated school. Struggles for educational justice must remain closely linked with struggles of both a class- and race-based nature for other forms of justice in the wider society.
UOC scholarly journals
Authors: Boixadera-Ibern Maria , Riera-Quintero Clara
Published: September 2019

Inspired by the DORA Declaration's recommendations regarding the transparency and contextualization of research output's impact data, we have created a poster displaying the complete set of data and indicators for all academic journals published, coedited or sponsored by the UOC. This visual representation is also intended as a way of presenting evidence of scholarly journals' capacity to create and build an international knowledge network. In the process, this helps to publicise and position the prestige of universities and their academic staff and quality values within the framework of scholarly communication.
The figures are grouped into four categories:

The first data group provides a description of the academic staff network involved in the journals' publication (authors, reviewers and members of the editorial boards). The figures show the number of people for each type of academic post and staff distribution by gender and by country.
The second group is a geomap that combines data from two different dimensions: number of site visits per country and number of academic staff members per country.
The third group of data shows the academic impact figures. They are basically the total number of citations reported in Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar, and the main indexing achievements.
The fourth group provides information on the journals' general engagement capacity based on data gathered from social media networks and web traffic.

In summary, the aim of this type of information graphic is to demonstrate scholarly journals' capacity to boost prestige, knowledge and research dissemination within a quality-controlled framework.
Improvement of E-learning Based via Learning Management Systems (LMS) Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Noama Khaled . M. G , Khalid Ahmed , Muharram Arafat A. , Ahmed Ibrahim A.
Published: September 2019

E-Learning nowadays is one of the learning system which uses the latest technologies in the field of innovative learning, it has been an extension of traditional education. The effectiveness of E-Learning lies in achievement of education and improving the student's performance and its reflection on the demands of students by discovering the weaknesses and strengths of the factors affecting distance learning. In this research we have used the multilayered neural networks (feedforward neural network) with an input of five neurons which represent the five criteria (virtual class presence, Discussion during semester, Solving Quiz, Mid-term examination, Assignment), hidden layer has two neurons and the output layers have one neuron. to estimate the performance of the students attending an E-Learning course, feedforward neural network was  applied to real data )400 student records (80%) are used for training data and the remaining 100 records (20%) are used as test data, performance = 0.0699), to  predict the performance of  the students   that reflect their real grades.
Infection: Immunological Barriers
Authors: Cipelli Marcella , Ignacio Aline , Saraiva Camara Niels Olsen
Published: September 2019

Microorganisms can infect a host through various portals of entry. The host attempts to counter microbial infection and dissemination using many physical, chemical and immunological strategical barriers. Among them, epithelial cell layer comprises the outer barrier defence of the body being in constant contact with microorganisms and full‐time communication with adjacent immune cells. In this matter, host immune system needs to develop the ability to distinguish members of the microbiota from pathogens in order to provide protection against harmful invaders without inciting unnecessary immune responses. In this article we will discuss the mechanisms by which innate and adaptive immune system can sense the external environment and through the crosstalk with epithelial cells can coordinate effective immune response in skin and mucosal surfaces.

Key Concepts

The skin and the mucosal surfaces comprise the major portals of entrance for microbes' colonisation and infection.

From birth, the skin and mucosal surfaces are naturally populated by microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) called microbiota, which helps to educate the host immune system to distinguish infectious agents from harmless particles.

The immune system encompasses nonspecific immune responses nominated innate immunity and highly‐specialised deference mechanisms called adaptive immunity.

Lamina propria consists the connective tissue immediately adjacent to epithelial cell layer rich of cells including fibroblasts, innate and adaptive immune cells.

Along with the epithelium and the basement membrane, lamina propria constitutes the mucosa which is present in the several tubes of the body such as respiratory, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tract.

The epithelial cell layer acts as a physical barrier and releases chemical substances that play a key role in innate immune responses.

Mucosal surfaces harbour a great number of T cells which due to the presence of T‐cell receptor (TCR) can recognise specific microorganisms and coordinate a specific response against the invader.

Cytokines and chemokines are chemical substances that signal between cells to communicate and activate cells and perform the immune responses.
Molecular Genetics of Salivary Gland Cancer
Authors: Mallen‐St. Clair Jon , Ha Patrick
Published: September 2019

Malignant salivary gland tumours are rare cancers of the head and neck with varied histopathology and clinical behaviour. The most common forms of salivary gland malignancies include mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC), adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC), acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) and a number of more uncommon entities. Novel sequencing techniques and chromosomal analyses have led to an increased understanding of the genetics of these tumours. A characteristic molecular profile of many of these tumours is emerging and involves balanced chromosomal translocations that result in the expression of unique fusion proteins, as well as genomic variants in a limited subset of genes. Early clinical trials targeting these genetic aberrations have demonstrated promising results. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of this heterogeneous group of tumours will be essential to design effective targeted therapies for salivary gland malignancies.

Key Concepts

Malignant salivary gland tumours are rare tumours with varied clinical behaviour and histopathology.

Advances in genetic sequencings have enabled improved insight into the genetics of salivary gland tumours.

The majority of salivary gland malignancies result from well‐defined chromosomal translocations.

The chromosomal translocations found in salivary gland malignancies result in the expression of fusion genes that are important in the aetiology of these tumours.

Salivary gland tumours result from the deregulation of a limited number of pathways and genes – which may enable the development of targeted therapeutics for these rare tumours.
Adaptive Genetic Differentiation of Invasive Species; Slender False Brome as a Model
Authors: Cruzan Mitchell B
Published: September 2019

It has been difficult to identify unifying characteristics that would allow prediction of invasiveness, but the most aggressively invasive species often have relatively high genetic diversity in their introduced range, suggesting they were established by multiple introductions. The invasive slender false brome (
Brachypodium sylvaticum
) provides a well‐studied example to understand how multiple introductions leads to invasiveness. Genetic admixture among divergent varieties of this species from the native range provided high levels of diversity and facilitated adaptive evolution for increased drought tolerance. Range expansion produced less vigorous inbred populations, but gene flow appears to alleviate inbreeding depression through the introduction of genetic variation followed by selection for purging of genetic load. Human‐mediated dispersal has facilitated the spread of false brome by concentrating seed deposition in areas that have been disturbed. The success of invasive species may provide us with models for the management of native species declining due to climate change.

Key Concepts

It has been difficult to identify any unifying characteristics of introduced species that would help predict their potential to become invasive.

One commonality for many of the most aggressively invasive species is high genetic diversity in their invaded range, which suggests that they were first established by multiple introductions.

The
Brachypodium sylvaticum
(slender false brome) invasion provides a well‐studied example of how multiple introductions can promote adaptation and invasiveness.

Cultivation of divergent lineages of
B. sylvaticum
by range managers in the same location promoted admixture and the generation of hybrid invasive lineages.

Comparison of phenotypic and genetic marker variation between the introduced and native ranges provides evidence of adaptive divergence for traits associated with drought tolerance.

The spread of
B. sylvaticum
was facilitated by its association with human activity producing long‐distance seed movement and directed dispersal resulting in high propagule pressure.

Inbreeding depression in newly colonised populations at the expanding range edge may be overcome by purging of genetic load due to gene flow among populations followed by selection.

The rapid adaptation facilitated by admixture in invasive species may provide a model for management strategies for native species under pressure from climate change.
Changes in Brain Acetylcholinesterase and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in African Catfish Exposed to Carbendazim
Authors: Ezeoyili Ifeanyi Christian , Mgbenka Bernard O. , Atama Chinedu Ifeanyi , Ngwu Godwin I. , Madu Josephine Chinenye , Nwani Christopher Didigwu
Published: September 2019

Carbendazim (CBZ) is a widely used, systemic, broad-spectrum benzimidazole fungicide. It is used worldwide against fungal diseases on a wide range of agricultural products and in domestic gardens. The activities of brain oxidative stress biomarkers and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in juvenile African Catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to CBZ were investigated. Juveniles were exposed to sublethal concentrations of 0.22, 0.43, and 0.64 mg/L CBZ, which corresponded to 5, 10, and 15% of the 96-h LC50 (the concentration that was lethal to 50% of the test organisms over the first 96 h) of CBZ fungicide for 21 d. Individuals were allowed an extra 7-d recovery period. The brain tissues were sampled and analyzed on days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 (including the 7-d recovery period). The results indicated significant concentration-dependent inhibition of the brain AChE activities in all exposed groups. The lipid peroxidation was significantly elevated while the antioxidant enzymes and protein values were significantly inhibited by CBZ exposure. However, the values of catalase on days 7, 14, and 21 were significantly higher than day 1 values. Overall, CBZ altered brain oxidative stress parameters and led to the inhibition of AChE. This fungicide should be used with utmost caution to protect and safeguard fish, ensuring that fish production and survival in the environment remain unaffected.
Prediction of Shrinkage Microporosity in Gravity‐Cast and Low‐Pressure Sand‐Cast Mg–6Gd–3Y–0.5Zr Magnesium Alloys
Authors: Zhou Bo , Wu Di , Chen Rongshi , Han En-Hou
Published: September 2019

The Niyama criterion and the dimensionless Niyama criterion are used to predict shrinkage microporosity in Mg–6Gd–3Y–0.5Zr magnesium plates processed by gravity casting and low‐pressure sand casting. Instead of the Niyama evaluation condition recommended by commercial ProCAST software and precious studies, the most appropriate Niyama evaluation condition is suggested as fraction solid of 0.7 for the investigated alloys. With consideration of the actual distribution of shrinkage microporosity and the definition of unsound samples (shrinkage microporosity volume fraction is higher than 1% based on the tensile test), the corresponding threshold Niyama values are qualitatively determined as 0.44 and 0.3 °C0.5 s0.5 mm−1 for gravity‐cast and low‐pressure sand‐cast plates, respectively. It indicates that exerting pressure contributes to the decrease in the threshold Niyama value. In addition, exerting pressure can reduce the amount of shrinkage microporosity. For the dimensionless Niyama criterion, it is capable to quantitatively predict the shrinkage microporosity volume fraction in low microporosity‐containing regions, but not in high microporosity‐containing regions.
Synergy of Dopants and Defects in Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Exceptionally Modulated Band Structures for Efficient Photocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Zhao Daming , Dong Chung‐Li , Wang Bin , Chen Chao , Huang Yu‐Cheng , Diao Zhidan , Li Shuzhou , Guo Liejin , Shen Shaohua
Published: September 2019

Electronic structure greatly determines the band structures and the charge carrier transport properties of semiconducting photocatalysts and consequently their photocatalytic activities. Here, by simply calcining the mixture of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) and sodium borohydride in an inert atmosphere, boron dopants and nitrogen defects are simultaneously introduced into g‐C3N4. The resultant boron‐doped and nitrogen‐deficient g‐C3N4 exhibits excellent activity for photocatalytic oxygen evolution, with highest oxygen evolution rate reaching 561.2 µmol h−1 g−1, much higher than previously reported g‐C3N4. It is well evidenced that with conduction and valence band positions substantially and continuously tuned by the simultaneous introduction of boron dopants and nitrogen defects into g‐C3N4, the band structures are exceptionally modulated for both effective optical absorption in visible light and much increased driving force for water oxidation. Moreover, the engineered electronic structure creates abundant unsaturated sites and induces strong interlayer C–N interaction, leading to efficient electron excitation and accelerated charge transport. In the present work, a facile approach is successfully demonstrated to engineer the electronic structures and the band structures of g‐C3N4 with simultaneous introduction of dopants and defects for high‐performance photocatalytic oxygen evolution, which can provide informative principles for the design of efficient photocatalysis systems for solar energy conversion.
Programming Multistage Shape Memory and Variable Recovery Force with 4D Printing Parameters
Authors: Wang Jingchun , Wang Zhenguo , Song Zhengyi , Ren Luquan , Liu Qingping , Ren Lei
Published: September 2019

Multistage shape changing is essential for soft robots and actuators, which is difficult to achieve via current 4D printing methods. While 4D printing smart materials and structures are widely investigated, the effect of 3D printing parameters on 4D behaviors, on the other hand, is not adequately explored thus far. Here, it is proposed to program multistage shape memory and variable recovery force by designing 4D printing parameters. Specifically, the effects of nozzle temperature, layer thickness, geometric thickness, and filling angle on shape memory properties of polylactic acid are investigated. It is found that the nozzle temperature apparently affects shape recovery time, and the filling angle apparently affects shape recovery force. Further, the geometric thickness of specimens simultaneously affects recovery time and force. Based on the relationship between shape memory properties and process parameters, the programming of shape recovery speed and recovery force is achieved successfully. As a proof‐of‐concept, an order of the shape recovery of artificial fingers and a lifting box that can use shape recovery force to lift different weights are demonstrated. This strategy fully takes the advantages of 4D printing technology and enriches the approach to the control of 4D printing actuators and soft robots.
Electrospun Polyaniline Nanofiber Networks toward High‐Performance Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Lu Chao , Chen Xi
Published: September 2019

Flexible supercapacitors with merits of lightweight, flexibility, and large power density are promising energy storage candidates for portable and wearable electronic devices. Flexibility of electrode materials is critical to their performance, which can be optimized by the screening of soft materials and an effective morphology control strategy. Here, polyaniline (polyacrylonitrile (PANI)) nanofiber networks through a simple electrospinning method are reported, with superior mechanical and electrochemical properties for flexible supercapacitors. The 1D structure of nanofiber networks not only provides robust mechanical properties but also facilitates charge transport during charge–discharge dynamics. The PANI nanofiber electrode shows a tensile modulus of 89.8 MPa and break elongation of 5.89%, which exceed those of its bulk counterpart. The PANI nanofiber‐based supercapacitor exhibits a high specific capacitance of 134 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 and good rate capability under current densities ranging from 1 to 10 A g−1. It shows an excellent working stability with a capacitance retention of 85.6% even after 20 000 cycles. Moreover, the device delivers stable capacity under various flexible conditions, including bending, twisting, and elongation. It is noteworthy that the performance of the device changes negligibly after 500 bending cycles under a bending angle of 180°, displaying great potential for practical applications in flexible electronics.
Noninvasive cardiac psychophysiology as a tool for translational science with marmosets
Authors: Murphy Ashley M. , Ross Corinna N. , Bliss‐Moreau Eliza
Published: September 2019

The importance of marmosets for comparative and translational science has grown in recent years because of their relatively rapid development, birth cohorts of twins, family social structure, and genetic tractability. Despite this, they remain understudied in investigations of affective processes. In this methodological note, we establish the validity of using noninvasive commercially available equipment to record cardiac physiology and compute indices of autonomic nervous system activity—a major component of affective processes. Specifically, we recorded electrocardiogram and impedance cardiogram, from which we derived heart rate, respiration rate, measures of high‐frequency heart rate variability (indices of parasympathetic autonomic nervous system activity), and ventricular contractility (an index of sympathetic autonomic nervous system activity). Our methods produced physiologically plausible data, and further, animals with increased heart rates during testing were also more reactive to isolation from their social partner and presentation of novel objects, though no relationship was observed between reactivity and specific indices of parasympathetic or sympathetic nervous system activity.
Cosmic Structure Formation with Kinetic Field Theory
Authors: Bartelmann Matthias , Kozlikin Elena , Lilow Robert , Littek Carsten , Fabis Felix , Kostyuk Ivan , Viermann Celia , Heisenberg Lavinia , Konrad Sara , Geiss Daniel
Published: September 2019

Kinetic field theory (KFT) is a statistical field theory for an ensemble of classical point particles in or out of equilibrium. Its application to cosmological structure formation is reviewed. Beginning with the construction of a generating functional, it is described in detail how the theory needs to be adapted to an expanding spatial background and the homogeneous and isotropic, correlated initial conditions for cosmic structures. Based on the generating functional, three approaches are developed to nonlinear cosmic structures, which rest either on expanding an interaction operator, averaging the interaction term, or resumming perturbation terms. An analytic, parameter‐free equation for the nonlinear cosmic power spectrum is presented. It is explained how density profiles of bound structures and velocity power spectra can be derived from the theory. It is clarified how KFT relates to the BBGKY hierarchy. Kinetic field theory is then applied to fluids, reformulating KFT in terms of macroscopic quantities. The resulting resummation scheme is used to describe mixtures of gas and dark matter. Finally, it is discussed how KFT can be combined with modified theories of gravity. As an example for a noncosmological application, results are shown on the spatial correlation function of cold Rydberg atoms derived from KFT.
Volatile Organic Compound Based Probe for Induced Volatolomics of Cancers
Authors: Lange Justin , Eddhif Balkis , Tarighi Mehrad , Garandeau Théa , Péraudeau Elodie , Clarhaut Jonathan , Renoux Brigitte , Papot Sébastien , Poinot Pauline
Published: September 2019

The development of efficient protocols for cancer diagnosis remains highly challenging. An emerging approach relies on the detection in exhaled breath of volatile organic compounds (VOC) produced by tumours. In this context, described here is a novel strategy in which a VOC‐based probe is converted selectively in malignant tissues, by a tumour‐associated enzyme, for releasing the corresponding VOC. The latter is then detected in the exhaled breath as a tumour marker for cancer diagnosis. This approach allows the detection of several different tumours in mice, the monitoring of tumour growth and tumour response to chemotherapy. Thus, the concept of “induced volatolomics” provides a new way to explore biological processes using VOC‐based probes that could be adapted to many biomedical applications.
A Photoaffinity Displacement Assay and Probes to Study the Cyclin‐Dependent Kinase Family
Authors: Grant Emma K. , Fallon David J. , Eberl H. Christian , Fantom Ken G. M. , Zappacosta Francesca , Messenger Cassie , Tomkinson Nicholas C. O. , Bush Jacob T.
Published: September 2019

The CDK family plays a crucial role in the control of the cell cycle. Dysregulation and mutation of the CDKs has been implicated in cancer and the CDKs have been investigated extensively as potential therapeutic targets. Selective inhibition of specific isoforms of the CDKs is crucial to achieve therapeutic effect while minimising toxicity. We present a group of photoaffinity probes designed to bind to the family of CDKs. The site of crosslinking of the optimised probe, as well as its ability to enrich members of the CDK family from cell lysates, was investigated. In a proof of concept study, we subsequently developed a photoaffinity probe‐based competition assay to profile CDK inhibitors. We anticipate that this approach will be widely applicable to the study of small molecule binding to protein families of interest.
Biomimetic Synthesis of Meroterpenoids by Dearomatization‐Driven Polycyclization
Authors: Powers Zachary , Scharf Adam , Cheng Andrea , Yang Feng , Himmelbauer Martin , Mitsuhashi Takaaki , Barra Lena , Taniguchi Yoshimasa , Kikuchi Takashi , Fujita Makoto , Abe Ikuro , Porco John A.
Published: September 2019

A biomimetic route to farnesyl pyrophosphate and dimethyl orsellinic acid (DMOA)‐derived meroterpenoid scaffolds has yet to be reported despite great interest from the chemistry and biomedical research communities. A concise synthetic route with the potential to access DMOA‐derived meroterpenoids is highly desirable to create a library of related compounds. Herein, we report novel dearomatization methodology followed by polyene cyclization to access DMOA‐derived meroterpenoid frameworks in six steps from commercially available starting materials. Furthermore, several farnesyl alkene substrates were used to generate structurally novel, DMOA‐derived meroterpenoid derivatives. DFT calculations combined with experimentation provided a rationale for the observed thermodynamic distribution of polycyclization products.
Molecular Pivot‐Hinge Installation to Evolve Topology in Rare‐Earth Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Feng Liang , Wang Yutong , Zhang Kai , Wang Kun‐Yu , Fan Weidong , Wang Xiaokang , Powell Joshua A. , Guo Bingbing , Dai Fangna , Zhang Liangliang , Wang Rongming , Sun Daofeng , Zhou Hong‐Cai
Published: September 2019

Linker desymmetrization has been witnessed as a powerful design strategy for the discovery of highly connected metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with unprecedented topologies. Herein, we introduce molecular pivot‐hinge installation as a linker desymmetrization strategy to evolve the topology of highly connected rare‐earth (RE) MOFs, where a pivot group is placed in the center of a linker similar to a hinge. By tuning the composition of pivot groups and steric hindrances of the substituents on various linker rotamers, MOFs with various topologies can be obtained. The combination of L‐SO2 with C2v symmetry and 12‐connected RE9 clusters leads to the formation of a fascinating (4,12)‐c dfs new topology. Interestingly, when replacing L‐SO2 with a tetrahedra linker L‐O, the stacking behaviors of RE‐organic layers switch from an eclipsed mode to a staggered stacking mode, leading to the discovery of an intriguing hjz topology. Additionally, the combination of the RE cluster and a linker [(L‐(CH3)6)] with more bulky groups gives rise to a flu topology with a new 8‐c inorganic cluster. The diversity of these RE‐MOFs was further enhanced through post‐synthetic installation of linkers with various functional groups. Functionalization of each linker with acidic and basic units in the mesoporous RE‐based PCN‐905‐SO2 allows for efficient cascade catalytic transformation within the functionalized channels.
Establishment of Guidelines for the Control of Glycosylation Reactions and Intermediates by Quantitative Assessment of Reactivity
Authors: Chang Chun‐Wei , Wu Chia‐Hui , Lin Mei‐Huei , Liao Pin‐Hsuan , Chang Chun‐Chi , Chuang Hsiao‐Han , Lin Su‐Ching , Lam Sarah , Verma Ved Prakash , Hsu Chao‐Ping , Wang Cheng‐Chung
Published: September 2019

Stereocontrolled chemical glycosylation remains a major challenge despite vast efforts reported over many decades and so far still mainly relies on trial and error. Now it is shown that the relative reactivity value (RRV) of thioglycosides is an indicator for revealing stereoselectivities according to four types of acceptors. Mechanistic studies show that the reaction is dominated by two distinct intermediates: glycosyl triflates and glycosyl halides from N‐halosuccinimide (NXS)/TfOH. The formation of glycosyl halide is highly correlated with the production of α‐glycoside. These findings enable glycosylation reactions to be foreseen by using RRVs as an α/β‐selectivity indicator and guidelines and rules to be developed for stereocontrolled glycosylation.
Facile Exfoliation of Single‐Crystalline Copper Alkylphosphates to Single‐Layer Nanosheets and Enhanced Supercapacitance
Authors: Bhat Gulzar A. , Haldar Sattwick , Verma Sonam , Chakraborty Debanjan , Vaidhyanathan Ramanathan , Murugavel Ramaswamy
Published: September 2019

Manipulation of low‐dimensional solids through soft chemical routes is an elegant way to realize newer materials. A new family of single‐crystalline transition‐metal layered organophosphates, with about 185 000 metal phosphate layers in a single crystal, can be exfoliated to a single‐layer nanosheet by a facile and rapid solvent assisted method. This exfoliation aids the formation of high‐surface‐area pyrophosphates with enhanced supercapacitance.
Development and characterization of SSR markers for Sanguinaria canadensis based on genome skimming
Authors: Liao Renyu , Luo Yuxin , Yisilam Gulbar , Lu Ruisen , Wang Yuguo , Li Pan
Published: September 2019

Premise

Polymorphic nuclear simple sequence repeat (nSSR) markers were developed for Sanguinaria canadensis (Papaveraceae), a spring ephemeral native to eastern North America.

Methods and Results

Based on the genome skimming data of S. canadensis, a total of 240 nSSR primer pairs were designed for 80 loci from the assembled nuclear contigs. Of these primer pairs, 19 were selected for initial validation in four populations (80 individuals). All 19 loci produced heterologous amplification. The numbers of alleles per locus ranged from one to 21; the levels of observed and expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.000 to 1.000 and from 0.000 to 0.847, respectively. Transferability of the loci was tested in the related species Eomecon chionantha.

Conclusions

The developed nSSR markers revealed polymorphism in the four studied populations and may contribute to investigations of the genetic diversity of S. canadensis and E. chionantha.