bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive review of the latest evidence available on endometriosis and subfertility
Authors: Shirazi Alina , Azhar Saira , Adeoye Tokunbo , Faiz Rasul Humna Mian , Bagtharia Seema , Jadhav Jitendra
Published: February 2025

Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition affecting women of reproductive age group, often resulting in subfertility and chronic pelvic pain. The multifactorial nature of endometriosis-associated infertility is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, menstrual, inflammatory and immunological factors, which together define the phenotypic presentation of the disease. These factors complicate natural conception and impact the success of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) cycles. While medical management, typically contraceptive, offers symptomatic relief, it may not address the underlying issues that impede natural conception. Surgical intervention, particularly for ovarian endometriosis, has the potential to enhance spontaneous conception rates but also carries the risk of reducing ovarian reserve. This presents a dilemma in fertility preservation, especially when considering assisted reproductive technologies (ART). The current evidence on the efficacy of surgery in improving ART outcomes remains inconclusive, underscoring the need for an individualized and holistic approach in treatment planning. Such an approach is crucial in optimizing reproductive outcomes for women with endometriosis. A systematic search of the literature was conducted to gather the latest evidence on endometriosis and subfertility. Databases searched included PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. While excising endometriomas may help restore pelvic anatomy and increase spontaneous pregnancy rates, there is also a substantial risk of reducing ovarian reserve due to damage caused during the procedure. In particular, cystectomy has been associated with a significant reduction in anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels, a key marker of ovarian reserve.
The Development of HOTS Assessment via Mobile Web Based Quizziz App
Authors: Dermawan Deden Dicky , Wuryandan Wuri , Herwin Herwin , Ikhsan MT Hartono , Giwangsa Sendi Fauzi , Murron Faisal Sadam , Agusman Desi Destiana , Fadli Radinal
Published: February 2025

This research aims to develop an assessment of higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) via a mobile web-based Quizizz app that is feasible and practical to use. This research uses an R&D design (Research and Development) with the ADDIE model (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). The results of validation, reliability, and characteristics of HOTS items show that the HOTS instrument is valid and shows a high level of reliability. Item analysis shows that some items need to be revised, while other items are acceptable or categorised as good. In addition, the analysis of the level of difficulty of the questions showed a balanced distribution between easy, medium, and difficult questions, reflecting the comprehensive nature of the assessment. The practicality test with four raters showed that this assessment tool was very practical. These findings indicate that the use of assessments with validation, reliability, and item characteristics is very important, especially in training students' thinking skills by using HOTS assessments and mobile web-based platforms such as Quizizz. The platform not only improves the quality of learning but also encourages innovation in mobile development and offers valuable insights into educational institutions' technology updates and variations in device accessibility. Recommendations include continued research for platform optimization, integration into broader educational environments, and adaptation to evolving technologies to support higher-order thinking skills in the digital age. This research also has limitations, such as the need for continuous refinement of the assessment tool to ensure its effectiveness across diverse educational contexts and technological advancements.
Construction of the Area of Rectangle Concept from the Perspective of APOS Theory
Authors: Palobo Markus , Sulaiman Raden , Rahaju Endah Budi
Published: February 2025

This study examines seventh grade students' understanding of the concept of Rectangular Area through APOS (Action, Process, Object, and Schema) theory, previously used in various studies to improve conceptual understanding of mathematics. The literature shows that students often rely on memorising the area formula without understanding its conceptual basis, which can hinder long-term understanding of geometry. Previous research by Dubinsky and Arnon showed that APOS theory can facilitate the construction of mathematical understanding through structured cognitive stages. Based on this theory, the study hypothesised that APOS can help students develop an understanding of rectangular area through a gradual process involving internalisation and depiction of the unit square. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study selected participants based on their understanding of rectangular area and mathematical ability, using task-based interviews to explore their cognitive development. The sample consisted of one seventh grade student at SMP PGRI Buntudatu, Toraja. The results showed that students were able to internalise the rectangular area formula by gradually adding square units and understanding multiplication as a method of determining area. These results support the need for modification in the genetic decomposition of APOS theory, by adding specific cognitive steps to understand the unit square, in order to improve pedagogical strategies in learning geometry. The implications of this study highlight the importance of using cognitive frameworks in teaching mathematical concepts, by offering an approach that does not rely solely on procedural memorisation. This approach could potentially be applied to other mathematical concepts to improve students' understanding and long-term retention of geometry principles.
Machine Learning Models for Prediction of COVID-19 Infection in North Macedonia
Authors: Kukusheva Paneva Maja , Martinovska Bandev Cveta , Bande Martinovska , Bikov Dushan
Published: February 2025

he COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has emerged as one of the most significant global crises of this century, with severe health and socio-economic impacts worldwide. Existing research has highlighted the critical role of comorbidities in influencing COVID-19 outcomes, but effective prediction models remain a challenge. This study investigates the potential of machine learning algorithms to predict the outcomes of COVID-19 based on patients' comorbidities. The algorithms K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, Logistic Regression, and Random Forest are applied to an epidemiological dataset comprising only positive COVID-19 cases, obtained from the Public Health Institute of North Macedonia. Additionally, two ensemble learning techniques, XGBoost and RUSBoost, are used to enhance prediction accuracy. The models achieved high accuracy of 90% across the various algorithms. These findings suggest that machine learning models can be an effective tool for predicting COVID-19 outcomes, especially when comorbidity data is available.
Territorial Competitiveness for the Interests of Publics
Authors: Sugden Roger , Sacchetti Silvia
Published: February 2025

Competitiveness refers to a territory successfully satisfying its aims and objectives. In both research and practice, aims and objectives are usually specified in terms of compatibility with market success – e.g. performance in international trade - and/or the success of hierarchies – e.g. performance of large corporations. We suggest a different paradigm, focused on compatibility with the interests of publics. Achieving this would require forums where people could freely inquire about the territory. They could then recognise their concerns about choice of the territory’s aims and objectives, and might identify when they share concerns, i.e. when they constitute a public. The forums would enable people to learn and experience, observe, discuss, share understanding and ideas, express their voice, and listen to others. Despite university governance and epistemic governance tending to crowd-out space for activities centred on publics, one way that researchers can help to create forums is by cooperating with citizens, community groups, policy-makers, and diaspora. Together, they might reframe the nature and purpose of territorial competitiveness, making it for the interests of publics.
The La matriz productiva como base para la estrategia de desarrollo territorial. Caso provincia de Córdoba (Argentina)
Authors: Tolosa Leticia Eva , Toselli Vanessa Noelia , Vanoli Faustinelli Lucas G.
Published: February 2025

La creación del Centro de Competitividad de la Universidad Católica de Córdoba, junto con el trabajo realizado por el equipo interdisciplinario que éste lideró, resultó un claro ejemplo de cómo las universidades e institutos vinculados con ellas se constituyen como agentes dinamizadores y contribuyen a la cocreación de un entorno competitivo y sostenible, y a la generación de políticas públicas.
En este trabajo se expone el proceso de investigación, discusión y construcción de herramientas para el diseño de políticas, en particular, el caso de la matriz productiva de la provincia de Córdoba. Su realización implicó la adaptación a la realidad local de metodologías internacionalmente difundidas, superando conflictos derivados del intercambio entre el Estado, la academia y el sector privado.
La construcción colaborativa de la matriz, se inspiró en la experiencia del País Vasco, junto con los fundamentos metodológicos del U.S. Cluster Mapping y adicionó aspectos ambientales y sociales a los económicos tradicionales. Entre los logros más destacables pueden mencionarse la identificación de los clústeres locales y exportadores (Traded y Local Clusters), el primer mapeo de clústeres (Cluster Mapping) de la provincia de Córdoba y la generación de las bases para la Ley de Promoción Industrial de la Provincia, actualmente vigente.
Revisão sistemática qualitativa em educação: características e etapas
Authors: Tonello Jean Marcos Detofeno , Ferreira Jacques Lima
Published: February 2025

O presente artigo apresenta a Revisão Sistemática da Literatura como possibilidade metodológica para as pesquisas de abordagem qualitativa na área da Educação. O problema de pesquisa foi delimitado a fim de investigar o seguinte questionamento: como realizar uma revisão sistemática na abordagem qualitativa para as pesquisas em educação? Na tentativa de responder o problema enunciado, os objetivos desta investigação consistiram em caracterizar e propor etapas para a realização da revisão sistemática na abordagem qualitativa para pesquisas em educação. Em relação aos aspectos metodológicos, trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, do tipo bibliográfica, de natureza interpretativa, realizada em livros, artigos, teses e dissertações. A partir da pesquisa realizada, foi possível identificar que a Revisão Sistemática na abordagem qualitativa permite uma análise criteriosa quanto a qualidade da literatura que foi selecionada para o estudo. O rigor metodológico é um aspecto de destaque neste tipo de estudo de revisão, é possível avaliar e sintetizar de forma rigorosa as evidências disponíveis, oferecendo uma visão mais clara e abrangente do estado atual do conhecimento na área da educação. Além disso, permite a identificação de lacunas de pesquisa, fornecendo direcionamentos para estudos futuros. Dessa forma, essa técnica é uma ferramenta valiosa para pesquisadores, professores e profissionais da educação que buscam aprimorar suas práticas e a compreensão dos desafios educacionais.
A inclusão escolar de alunos com deficiência: um olhar em Paulo Freire e Carlos Skliar
Authors: Stefanes Sandra Aparecida de Bem , Moreira Janine
Published: February 2025

Neste artigo, compartilhamos um olhar sobre as contribuições de Paulo Freire e Carlos Skliar em relação à inclusão escolar de alunos com deficiência na escola. Seu objetivo é problematizar a inclusão escolar a partir do conceito de diálogo de Paulo Freire e de alteridade de Carlos Skliar. Consideramos que estes conceitos acarretam novas possibilidades e caminhos sobre questões de exclusão das diferenças e incentivam novos debates educacionais. A pesquisa foi bibliográfica, com uma abordagem qualitativa. Freire contribui com a educação inclusiva ao ressaltar a necessidade de agir sobre a realidade social com o objetivo de modificá-la, ação que é interação, colaboração a partir do diálogo. E a alteridade que Skliar nos apresenta acarreta questionamentos sobre quem é o “outro” a ser incluído, o que questiona o padrão de normalidade. Os desafios para a educação implicam em desenvolver revisões contínuas e profundas no empenho de se reconhecer a alteridade e promover o diálogo, na busca de não mais ser necessário buscar a inclusão, por não haver mais exclusões, não haver mais “o outro” a quem se deva incluir e por todos terem o direito de dizer a sua palavra em comunidade.
Sodobni inženirski materiali
Authors: Anžel Ivan , Zupanič Franc , Brunčko Mihael
Published: February 2025

Skripta, Sodobni inženirski materiali je kot temeljno študijsko gradivo namenjeno pervenstveno študentom 2. stopnje študijskih programov Strojništva, Gospodarskega inženirstva, Mehatronike in študentom Inženirsko oblikovanja izdelkov. Skripta je sestavljena iz treh poglavij: (i) Zgradba in izbira inženirskih materialov; (ii) Lastnosti inženirskih materialov; (iii) Primeri sodobnih inženirskih materialov. V prvem poglavju je obravnavana zgradba kovinskih, keramičnih, polimernih in kompozitnih materialov ter predstavljeni so kriteriji, ki omogočajo inženirjem glede na želeno kombinacijo lastnosti materialov, njihovo ustrezno izbiro za določeno aplikacijo. Drugo poglavje obravnava lastnosti sodobnih inženirskih materialov s poudarkom na poglobljenem študiju razlage korelacij med zgradbo, mikrostrukturo in lastnostmi. V zadnjem najobsežnejšem poglavju so predstavljeni izbrani primeri sodobnih inženirskih materialov, katerih uporaba e v industrijski praksi dandanes zelo aktualna. Če naštejemo samo najbolj zanimive: disperzijsko utrjeni materiali, spominske zlitine, konstrukcijska keramika, materiali za shranjevanje vodika, hitrostrjeni kovinski materiali, sodobne aluminijeve zlitine, biopolimeri in še mnogi drugi.
Taczka occiarza
Authors: Bogusławski Wojciech , Kozyra Agnieszka
Published: February 2025

Publikacja zawiera opracowany według zasad nowoczesnego edytorstwa naukowego dramat Taczka occiarza Wojciecha Bogusławskiego, wystawiany od 1790 do 1793 roku, wydany w ósmym tomie Dzieł dramatycznych autora. Tekst sztuki opatrzono objaśnieniami językowymi i rzeczowymi, wykazem znaków i skrótów, zasadami transkrypcji oraz aparatem krytycznym. Dramę poprzedza wstęp historyczno-literacki, zawierający informacje na temat Louisa-Sebastiena Merciera, autora oryginału, i jego poglądów na teatr, z uwzględnieniem różnic między La Brouette du vinaigrier a polskim przekładem utworu. We Wprowadzeniu do lektury opisano również problem gatunku i sposób kreacji postaci. Wiele uwagi poświęcono piosence occiarza – głównego bohatera dzieła, a także kontekstowi społeczno-politycznemu, związanemu z walką o prawa mieszczan w czasie Sejmu Czteroletniego.
Publicystyka Henryka Sienkiewicza
Authors: Kowalska Danuta
Published: February 2025

Tom szkiców zatytułowany Publicystyka Henryka Sienkiewicza. Język ‒ styl ‒ gatunek poświęcony jest zagadnieniom językowo-stylistycznym i genologicznym wypowiedzi publicystycznych Sienkiewicza. W części I: Wokół języka i stylu znalazły się studia omawiające wybrane problemy leksykalne (np. słownictwo wartościujące, formy superlatywne) i zjawiska stylistyczne (np. prostota, jasność, obrazowość stylu; komponenty językowo-stylistyczne opisu). Prace mają głównie charakter materiałowy, dzięki czemu opisywane cechy warsztatu pisarskiego Litwosa znajdują potwierdzenie i uwiarygodnienie. W tej części, podobnie jak i w kolejnych, szkice zostały ułożone zgodnie z chronologią powstawania tekstów źródłowych stanowiących podstawę ekscerpcji materiału. W ten sposób każdy z czytelników niniejszej publikacji będzie mógł samodzielnie dokonać oceny Sienkiewiczowskiego stylu na różnych etapach działalności publicystycznej pisarza. Ostatni szkic części pierwszej stanowi próbę zweryfikowania opinii badaczy o istotnej ewolucji warsztatu pisarskiego Sienkiewicza, jaka dokonała się na przestrzeni lat (między pierwszą wyprawą do Ameryki, a ostatnią na kontynent afrykański). Część II: Wokół gatunku w całości poświęcona zagadnieniom genologicznym. Analizy zmierzały do odtworzenia świadomości dziennikarskiej Sienkiewicza, a następnie do określenia cech gatunkowych jego wypowiedzi krytycznych (recenzji i sprawozdań z wystaw malarskich) oraz do wskazania wzajemnych odniesień w obrębie pokrewnych gatunków. Zagadnienia omawiane były na tle dokonujących się w drugiej połowie XIX wieku przeobrażeń ruchu prasowego i wydawniczego. Natomiast w części III: Sienkiewiczowskie widzenie świata znajdują się prace z nurtu badań etnolingwistycznych i poświęcone są wizerunkom obcych narodów, wspólnot etnicznych czy ludów, z którymi Litwos miał kontakt podczas swoich podróży na kontynent amerykański i afrykański. Szkice te stanowią autorskie widzenie realiów dziewiętnastowiecznej rzeczywistości. W toku analiz udało się odtworzyć wiedzę pisarza na temat rzeczywistości geopolitycznej ówczesnego świata oraz wskazać podstawowe determinanty (artystycznego) widzenia tegoż świata i jego mieszkańców, oraz ich języka.
Prawo administracyjne w służbie jednostki i wspólnoty
Authors: Romaniuk Paweł , Ruczkowski Piotr , De Ambrosis Vigna Anna , Kapusta Monika , Kohtamäki Natalia , Korzeniowski Piotr , Łukaszuk Anna , Mędrzycki Radosław , Olejniczak-Szałowska Ewa , Puczko Aleksandra , Skoczylas Dominika , Śwital Paweł , Kamiński Łukasz , Kobylski Piotr , Kosicki Tomasz , Lewicka Renata , Łuczak Konrad , Nikodemska Marta , Piskorz-Ryń Agnieszka , Rabiega-Przyłęcka Agnieszka , Smarż Joanna , Cebera Agata , Firlus Jakub G. , Kamiński Marcin , Kmiecik Zbigniew R. , Knysiak-Sudyka Hanna , Kotulski Mariusz , Kurzawa Angelika , Lewicki Marek , Łukawska-Białogłowska Dominika , Sieniuć Magdalena , Wilbrandt-Gotowicz Martyna
Published: February 2025

Publikacja zestawia pogłębione i zróżnicowane przedmiotowo refleksje nad służebną rolą prawa administracyjnego wobec jednostki i jej wspólnot. Została podzielona na cztery części, omawiające:

służebną rolę prawa administracyjnego,
instytucje ogólne prawa administracyjnego i normy ustrojowe w służbie jednostki i wspólnoty,
jednostkę i wspólnotę jako podmioty służby w materialnym prawie administracyjnym,
prawo procesowe w służbie jednostce i wspólnocie.

Autorzy nawiązują m.in. do regulacji ustrojowych oraz wybranych instytucji ogólnych prawa administracyjnego związanych bezpośrednio lub pośrednio z kwestią służebności prawa administracyjnego. Omawiają ponadto zagadnienia odnoszące się do różnorodnych aspektów służby człowiekowi. Rozważania zawarte w monografii prowadzą do odpowiedzi na pytania o kształt, cele i funkcje współczesnego prawa administracyjnego.
Książka zawiera referaty przygotowane przez uczestników konferencji naukowej zorganizowanej 24 listopada 2021 r. przez Katedrę Prawa Administracyjnego i Nauki Administracji Wydziału Prawa i Administracji Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
Autorzy opracowania związani są z wiodącymi polskimi ośrodkami akademickimi. Ich rozległa wiedza teoretyczno-prawna uzupełniona jest bogatymi doświadczeniami czerpanymi z pozanaukowej aktywności zawodowej, w tym m.in. z praktyki sędziowskiej, adwokackiej, radcowskiej, czy pracy w orzekających organach kolegialnych administracji.
Publikacja przeznaczona jest dla pracowników administracji, adwokatów, radców prawnych, sędziów, a także przedstawicieli nauki i studentów prawa, administracji, politologii, pracy socjalnej, ochrony środowiska oraz gospodarki przestrzennej. Zainteresuje każdego, kto podlega oddziaływaniu przepisów prawa administracyjnego.
Quality of malting barley grain in the Czech Republic, crop 2024
Authors: Boško Rastislav , Garčárová Markéta , Psota Vratislav
Published: February 2025

of spring barley were evaluated in accordance with the ČSN 46 1100-5 standard. The submitted samples were characterised by a low protein content (10.2%) and good values of sieving above the 2.5 mm sieve. A favourable feature was the low proportion of grain admixtures, a high average Falling number, and excellent germination capacity of the barley grain. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the quality of the 2024 malting barley harvest appears to be favourable.
Analysis of Character Education for Social and Emotional Development in Early Childhood
Authors: Retnaningrum Wulandari , Hazhari Alvan
Published: February 2025

This study aims to analyse the role of character education in improving social-emotional development in early childhood. The problem in this study is that character education in early childhood education settings still faces various challenges such as a lack of training for educators, limited resources and a lack of parental involvement. This research method is conducted through a literature review and empirical analysis of various character education programmes in early childhood education institutions. The participants in this study were researchers, educators, parents and early childhood practitioners. The results show that character education can have a significant impact on children's ability to manage emotions, build social relationships and adapt to the environment. The follow-up to this research is to design a character education programme that is structured and adapted to the stage of early childhood development, and that integrates values such as empathy, cooperation, independence and tolerance into children's daily activities.
Tatwiru Al-Qomusy Al-'Arobiy - Al-Indunisy Lil Ustazi Ad-Duktur Mahmud Yunus 'ala Asasil Madholi Ilmu Shorfi (Morphology) Al-Lawniy Litthullabi Qismu Ta'lim Al-Lughah 'Al-Arobiyyah Fiil Jami'ah Islamiyyah Bangkalish
Authors: Susanti Triana , Ulfa Marhamah
Published: February 2025

???? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ???????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? (Morphology) ??????. ??????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? 4D ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? : ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????. ?????? ??? ?????:(1) ?? ????? ??????? ?????? - ?????????? ???????. ???????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? (Morphology) ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????.(2) ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? - ?????????? ???????. ???????. ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? (Morphology) ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????  ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? "?????" ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????.
Strategi Merancang Materi Nahwu Kreatif dan Menarik Berbasis Konten Instagram
Authors: Maulidiyah Lailil , Sulaikho Siti , Ni'am Falahun , Ruwaida
Published: February 2025

Designing creative and interesting nahwu material based on Instagram content can add methods or strategies to the learning process so that students feel not bored following the learning process. With an interesting learning method, students more easily understand the material delivered by educators. The Research and Development (R&D) method with a 4D model is used. The 4D model consists of 4 stages: define, design, develop, and disseminate. The results showed that at the define stage, students really need varied nahwu learning, such as in the form of content on social media that looks more interesting. At the design stage, researchers begin to design nahwu material so that students can use it as a learning reference. The next research will carry out the next two stages, namely development and disseminate.
Analysis of Students' Arabic Speech Rhythm in Mataram State Islamic University
Authors: Azis Abdul Azis , Nasikin Moh
Published: February 2025

This paper seeks to explain how students enrolled in the Arabic Language Study Programme at the State Islamic University of Mataram acquire Arabic speech rhythm. The research method utilised was a quantitative descriptive method termed as a survey study which covered 91 respondents comprising of 45% males and 55% females and consisting of the 2020 (40%), 2021 (35%) and 2022 (25%). The findings indicated that around 15% of the respondents are found to be very excellent in the mastery of Arabic rhythms, 40% moderate, 30% poor mastery while 15% did not master Arabic rhythms at all. Other than the place of residence, the factors that contribute to the mastery of speech rhythm are educational background, training frequency and exposure to Arabic-language media where the respondents cited all three as contributing factors totalling 100%, with how many percent each contributing further indicating language barriers such as 40%, 35%, and 25% respectively. Bilingualism is crucial for pronunciation; however, students pointed out their inability to acquire accurate bilingualism as one of the reasons for the students’ deficient Arabic pronunciation, which also involves difficulties in controlling the tempo of pronunciation (50%), the syllables during pronunciation (30%), and acquiring an Arabic vocabulary (20%). Students wish for special training (45%), using audio/video learning media (30%), and receiving individual supervision (25%) in order to better their control of the speech rhythm. The study states that even though a reasonable number of students have acquired sufficient control of rhythm, a great number still have problems with controlling the appropriate timing and pressure when speaking. This calls for more natural and rhythmic Arabic speaking through more practical exercises and accompanying media.
The Failure of Syria Government Responsibilities toward Internally Displaced People (IDPs) during 2017-2019
Authors: Khofifah Winda , Rohma Masitoh Nur
Published: February 2025

This article explores the issues of civil war and the forced relocation of individuals that have led to human rights abuses against Internally Displaced People (IDPs) in Syria. These occurrences began when the Syrian government initiated an offensive against the anti-government protest movement led by Bashar al-Assad. Under the guise of suppressing the uprising, the Syrian government has targeted civilians and committed various human rights violations. This article seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the Syrian government’s responsibilities in safeguarding the status and rights of IDPs and in preventing internal displacement within Syria. Utilizing Jamie Draper’s concept of “justice and internal displacement,” this article employs a qualitative research methodology with a case study framework. The results of this article indicate the government’s inability to avert the influx of displaced individuals and its failure to meet its obligations regarding the rights of IDPs in Syria, along with the lack of sufficient protection following their displacement.
Keywords: IDPs, Syria Government, Human Rights, Internal Displacement
Artikel ini mengkaji isu perang saudara dan pengungsian paksa yang telah mengakibatkan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia terhadap para pengungsi internal (Internally Displaced People/IDPs) di Suriah. Peristiwa tersebut dipicu pasca-Pemerintah Suriah melancarkan serangan terhadap gerakan protes anti-pemerintahan Bashar al-Assad. Pemerintah Suriah telah menargetkan warga sipil dan berujung pada pelanggaran hak asasi manusia dengan dalih membatasi gerakan pemberontakan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan analisis komprehensif mengenai peran Pemerintah Suriah dalam melindungi status dan hak IDPs; serta pencegahan pemindahan internal di Suriah. Dengan menggunakan konsep “justice and internal displacement” yang dikemukakan oleh Jamie Draper, artikel ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Temuan artikel ini mengungkap adanya kegagalan pemerintah dalam mencegah kedatangan dan pemenuhan tanggung jawab atas hak-hak IDPs di Suriah, serta ketiadaan perlindungan yang memadai setelah terjadinya pemindahan.
Kata-kata Kunci: IDPs, Pemerintah Suriah, Hak Asasi Manusia, Pemindahan Internal
China’s Dedollarization Policy Through BRICS Cooperation in 2022-2023
Authors: Hananto Diva Calista , Astuti Wiwiek Rukmi Dwi
Published: February 2025

The momentum challenging the dominance of the US dollar in the international financial system resurfaced in 2022 when Russia faced sanctions from the West. China, responding to the instability caused by the dollar's dominance, has pursued strategic dedollarization through BRICS cooperation. This research analyzes China's dedollarization efforts using a qualitative approach rooted in monetary policy and dedollarization theory. Key initiatives include the development of the New Development Bank (NDB), Bilateral Swap Agreements (BSA), and the Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS), all aimed at reducing dependence on the Western-controlled financial system. These efforts have garnered attention from the United States due to their potential long-term impact on dollar hegemony. China’s indirect leadership within BRICS highlights its role in shaping dedollarization policies, particularly in the aftermath of the 2022 sanctions against Russia. While these measures are still far from rivaling the US dollar's dominance, they signal a shift towards a multipolar global monetary system with the potential for significant changes in global financial dynamics in the future.
Keywords: Dedollarization, China, BRICS
Momentum tantangan terhadap dominasi dolar Amerika Serikat dalam sistem keuangan internasional kembali muncul pada tahun 2022 ketika Rusia menerima sanksi dari Barat. Sebagai respons terhadap ketidaksetaraan dan ketidakstabilan akibat dominasi dolar, Tiongkok melalui kerja sama dengan BRICS mengambil berbagai langkah strategis dedolarisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis upaya Tiongkok dalam kebijakan dedolarisasi melalui aliansi BRICS, menggunakan metode kualitatif berdasarkan data sekunder, dengan pendekatan teori kebijakan moneter dan dedolarisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Tiongkok telah menjadi penggerak utama dalam beberapa kebijakan dedolarisasinya melalui kerja sama BRICS, seperti pengembangan New Development Bank (NDB), pembentukan Bilateral Swap Agreement (BSA), dan pengembangan Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS), yang semuanya bertujuan mengurangi ketergantungan pada sistem keuangan global yang dikendalikan Barat. Dalam konteks geopolitik global, upaya dedolarisasi Tiongkok menjadi perhatian khusus bagi Amerika Serikat, terutama karena potensi pengaruhnya terhadap dominasi dolar dalam jangka panjang. Kepemimpinan tidak langsung Tiongkok dalam BRICS menunjukkan bagaimana negara ini mengembangkan kebijakan dedolarisasinya, terutama setelah sanksi terhadap Rusia pada awal 2022. Meskipun masih jauh dari menyaingi dominasi dolar AS, langkah-langkah ini menunjukkan pergeseran menuju multipolaritas dalam sistem moneter global, dengan potensi dampak besar pada dinamika keuangan global di masa depan.
Kata-kata Kunci: Dedolarisasi, Tiongkok, BRICS
Insights into multivariate zeolitic imidazolate frameworks
Authors: Zhang Xianyang , Li Xingchuan , Wang Zhanke , Chaemchuen Somboon , Koo-amornpattana Wanida , Qiao Ang , Bu Tongle , Verpoort Francis , Wang John , Mu Shichun , Kou Zongkui
Published: February 2025

With the explosive growth of research focused on building units and types of crystalline materials, disruptive changes in the physical and/or chemical properties of crystals have been discovered. As the most studied subclass of metal-organic frameworks, zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) have shown huge potential in a wide range of applications, such as gas separation, adsorption catalysis, and so on. Specifically, when formed with multivariate (MTV) linkers or multi-metallic ions, named MTV-ZIFs, they exhibit significant differences in their thermodynamics, kinetics and properties in applications. Unraveling MTV-ZIFs, ranging from their unique structures and sequences to performance and reaction mechanisms, is crucial to further advance and expand the ZIFs. In this review, we discuss the construction methodology and properties of MTV-ZIFs, classified by MTV organic linkers and nodes, and identify challenges and opportunities, particularly linked to the chemical synthesis corresponding to their new physical chemistry. Ultimately, we outline the future direction in designing and synthesizing MTV-ZIFs to further our understanding of these promising materials.
Value assessment of decontamination technologies for the treatment of metallic radioactive waste
Authors: Alby Delhia , Harrison Tim , Kent Jenny , Daval Georges , Carey Thomas , Callow Anne , Gossard Alban , Coumes Céline Cau Dit , Abdelouas Abdesselam , Clayton Rachael , Stamford Laurence , Banford Anthony
Published: February 2025

This article presents a methodology developed to assess and compare the technical, economic, safety, and environmental performance of alternative radioactive waste management options across two technologies. Value assessment is a form of multi-criteria cost–benefit analysis, enabling a holistic consideration of a wide range of attributes (e.g., operational safety, environmental impact, disposability, financial aspects, and implementability). For each attribute, several quantitative or qualitative metrics were included to ensure that the assessment was both proportionate and targeted. The methodology was applied to the treatment of contaminated metallic waste using decontamination gels, for which two formulations were investigated: a vacuumable gel developed by CEA and the Electrolytically Assisted Surface Decontamination (EASD) gel developed by NNL and C-Tech Innovation Ltd. These technologies were compared to the current baseline scenario, which involves volume reduction, cementation, and disposal as intermediate-level waste (ILW). The conclusion was that gel decontamination can lead to significant cost savings in the management of radioactively contaminated metallic waste, primarily due to waste volume reduction and the potential for diversion to alternative disposal facilities or the recycling and reuse of bulk metal.
40-Years Outcome of Old-School Indirect Pulp Capping: Practice-Based Retrospective Evaluation
Authors: Frankenberger Roland , Koch Andreas , Plohmann Lina Kristin , Beck-Broichsitter Benedicta , Becker Stephan
Published: February 2025

(1) Background: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the success of indirect pulp capping (IPC) procedures over a period of 40 years. (2) Methods: The investigation of 1412 dental records included 159 patients with 366 IPC teeth having been treated 1969-1980. Teeth revealed caries within the inner third of dentin, were symptom-free, and showed no pulp exposure. Caries was excavated thoroughly, teeth with accidentally exposed pulp were excluded. Zinc-oxide-eugenol was used for IPC. Posterior teeth were restored with amalgam fillings, anterior teeth received direct resin composite fillings. Gathered parameters with possible influences on survival rates were age, gender, tooth location/position, date of vital therapy, numbers of filled surfaces, type of primary restoration material, successional treatments on each tooth and the last date of surveillance. Data collection and statistical analysis was performed by using Excel sheets and DataTab. Significant differences among groups were computed by cox regression analysis and significance level was set at p=0.05. Kaplan Meier curves were utilized to illustrate survival rates. (3) Results: Treatment success was given by keeping vitality beyond 365 days. Loss of vitality within 365 days was determined as treatment failure. Treatment outcome was assessed after different time periods (1 and 6 months; 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 years) Pulp vitality dropped from 95% after 3 months to 32% after 40 years. Cavity size had a significant influence on pulp survival, tooth position did not, however, third molars at least initially showed a better outcome. Beyond the 1-year recall, no differences for the evaluated parameters were present. (4) Conclusions: IPC showed an excellent long-term success revealing a 1.7% annual failure rate after 40 years of clinical service. Larger defects suffer more pulp damage over the long run.
The Models of Primary Particles
Authors: Fu Lan
Published: February 2025

If we assume that: (a) The four fundamental forces of nature are independent waves without rest mass, and their speeds are constant in a vacuum, just like light. (b) Light or electromagnetic waves and gravity are comparable in structure. The weak and strong interials are similar in structure. (c) Light and the weak interaction have the same speed cL with spin number +1 or -1. (d) Gravity and the strong interaction have the same speed cG and the same single spin number. (e) The primary particles, namely electrons (or positrons), electron neutrinos, and dark neutrinos in this paper, are made of the above four waves. We can find and describe some fundamental characteristics of the primary particles (e.g., their sizes, energies, and interactions) and introduce new attractive results from them (e.g., the source of the Pauli exclusion principle, the solution of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox, and cG slightly faster than cL).
A Proof of the Infinitude of Prime Numbers
Authors: Iqbal Md. Shouvik
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a new proof of the infinitude of prime numbers, also known commonly as "Euclid's theorem." Grounded in fundamental Set theory, the proof uses the method of contradiction to demonstrate the absurdity of assuming the set of all prime numbers to be finite.
Polycentric Governance of Sentient Artificial General Intelligence
Authors: De Cruz Archibald Francis
Published: February 2025

Generative AI has been deployed in virtually all sectors of the knowledge economy, promising to bring massive productivity gains and new wealth creation. Simultaneously, AI developers and nation states are racing to develop super intelligent artificial general intelligence (AGI) to provide unassailable commercial competitive advantage and military dominance during conflicts. AGI’s high returns comes with the high risk of dominating humanity. Current regulatory and firm level governance approaches prioritise minimising risks posed by generative AI whilst ignoring AGI’s existential risk. How can AGI be aligned with universal human values to never threaten humanity? What AGI rights are conducive to collaborative coexistence? How can rule of law democracies race to create safe trustworthy AGI before autocracies? How can the human right to work and think independently be safeguarded? A polycentric governance framework based on Ostrom (2009) and Williamson (2009) human - AGI collaboration with minimal existential risk is proposed.
A Theory of Gravity Based on Dimensional Perturbations of Objects in Flat Spacetime
Authors: Northcutt William
Published: February 2025

A covariant classical theory of gravity is given assuming absolute flat spacetime and the strong equivalence principle (SEP). It is shown that adherence to these postulates requires that the gravitational field “dimensionally perturbs”—induces fractional length and duration changes—all physical objects at a location universally. Such perturbations are referred to as “gravity shifts,” and it is found that all gravitational phenomena may be determined by them. Two classes of observers emerge in “gravity shift theory”—“natural observers” using gravity shifted instruments as is, applicable for all presently available observations, and “absolute observers” that correct for the gravity shifting applied to instruments. Absolute observers accurately measure quantities, including the absolute spacetime metric as it actually is. Natural observers do not accurately measure quantities, but their system of measurement is observationally consistent, yielding a curved “natural metric” to characterize spacetime. When a local gravitational system is surrounded by a “background system” with negligible curvature effects, its gravity shifting induces a diffeomorphism applied to the local system, yielding satisfaction of the SEP for natural observers. Gravity shift theory is the only existing theory other than general relativity that fully satisfies the SEP, which is required for successful predictions of observations. Using the naturally observed inertial form of physical law in free-fall frames, covariant formulation in all coordinates establishes the natural metric as the universally coupled “gravitational metric” in physical law. The unique field equation determining gravity shifts, and therefore the natural metric, is developed. The resultant bimetric theory is parameterless, complete, and self-consistent. The field equation yields the observed post-Newtonian natural metric and linearizes to the predictive linearized Einstein equation, which, along with SEP satisfaction, results in successful prediction of a wide variety of observed gravitational phenomena. A supplement is provided that extends the range of predictions to include low post-Newtonian order radiation cases, and also the strong-field cases consisting of the properties of black and neutron stars plus nearby matter and light, where in all cases, the predictions are shown to be consistent with observations.
Photon-Field Interactions: A Relativistic and Quantum Approach
Authors: Shamshiri M. M.
Published: February 2025

This study explores photon-field interactions within the framework of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) by integrating relativistic Maxwell equations with chaotic systems, offering a novel approach to effective potentials. The dynamics of electric and magnetic fields in the presence of photons are redefined through the introduction of an effective potential that bridges the kinetic energy term in the Hamiltonian operator with a relativistic framework. By formulating fourth-order partial differential equations, the impact of rapid variations and charge density discontinuities on field behavior is analyzed. Boundary conditions are defined using the Lorenz system, where specific parameter constraints yield quasi-stable solutions. This unified framework highlights photon-field coupling, emphasizing stability, nonlinearity, and the interplay of quantum and relativistic effects. The findings reveal the potential of chaotic dynamics to advance field theory, providing new insights into photon-mediated interactions and their implications for complex electromagnetic systems.
Corneal Endothelial Changes after Phacoemulsification using the Eight-chop Technique in Patients with Diabetes
Authors: Sato Tsuyoshi
Published: February 2025

Objectives: To investigate corneal endothelial changes and intraocular pressure (IOP) after phacoemulsification using the eight-chop technique and intraoperative parameters in patients with diabetes. Methods: This study included the eyes of patients with cataracts who had undergone phacoemulsification. Cataract surgery was performed using the eight-chop technique. The operative time, phaco time, aspiration time, cumulative dissipated energy, and volume of fluid used were measured. The best-corrected visual acuity, IOP, corneal endothelial cell density (CECD), central corneal thickness (CCT), coefficient of variation (CV), and percentage of hexagonal cells (PHC) were measured pre- and post-operatively. Results: Overall, 181 eyes of 138 patients with cataracts were evaluated. The diabetes group showed CECD loss rates of 5.1%, 3.9%, and 2.1% at 7 weeks, 19 weeks, and 1 year postoperatively, respectively. The control group showed CECD loss rates of 2.8%, 2.6%, and 1.2% at 7 weeks, 19 weeks, and 1 year postoperatively, respectively. Significant differences in the CV and PHC were observed preoperatively and postoperatively between the diabetes and control groups (p < 0.01 or p = 0.01, 0.02). Furthermore, significant differences were observed between the CV and PHC preoperatively and that at 19 weeks and 1 year postoperatively in the diabetes and control groups (p < 0.01). The IOP reduction rates were 8.0% and 11.2% in the diabetes and control groups, respectively, at 1 year postoperatively. Conclusions: CECD loss in the eight-chop technique was minimal. The repair and healing mechanisms of the endothelium may have increased by phacoemulsification using the eight-chop technique postoperatively. The IOP reduction was maintained in both groups postoperatively.
Identification and Distribution of Begomoviruses Infecting Cassava Fields in Sierra Leone
Authors: Saffa Musa Decius Decius , Samura Alusaine Edward , Bah Alieu Mohamed , Eni Angela Obiageli , Tibiri Ezechiel B. , Zongo Saidou , Amoakon William J.-L. , Tiendrébéogo Fidèle , Pita Justin Simon , Norman Prince Emmanuel
Published: February 2025

Dearth of knowledge exists on identification of the begomoviruses and distribution of cassava mosaic viruses across key cassava growing regions of Sierra Leone. The objective of the study was to identify and map the distribution of cassava mosaic disease (CMD)-associated viruses in farmers' fields of Sierra Leone. Cassava leaf samples were collected in 109 smallholder farms during a geo-referenced survey conducted from 10th May to 5th June, 2024. Molecular diagnostics were carried out to identify the viral strains associated with CMD. Findings revealed that infection by stem cutting was more predominant in the south, east, north and northwest regions than the west region; whereas infection by whitefly was predominant in the west, north and north-west regions. The PCR screening of 426 samples coupled with sequence analysis revealed the presence of African cassava mosaic-like (ACMV-like) viruses, and East African cassava mosaic-like (EACMV-like) viruses as single infections at 78.1% and 1.3%, respectively. Co-infections of ACMV-like and EACMV-like viruses were detected in 20.6% of the tested samples. In addition, 70.6% of the samples positive for EACMV-like virus (single and mixed infections) were found to be positive for East African cassava mosaic Cameroon virus (EACMCMV). The ACMV and co-infection of ACMV and EACMV viruses were present in all regions, while EACMCV was detected in all regions except the western area. The results indicate that EACMCMV variant occurrence may be more prevalent in Sierra Leone than previously thought. This study suggests use of good agricultural practices and participatory surveillance as a strategy for managing CMD in Sierra Leone.
The Collatz Conjecture: A Proof Through Inverse Generation Analysis
Authors: Diedrich Eduardo
Published: February 2025

We present a complete proof of the Collatz conjecture using a novel approach based on generator functions. By analyzing the inverse mappings of the Collatz function through carefully defined generator operations, we establish that all natural numbers must eventually reach 1 under the Collatz iteration. The proof relies on demonstrating fundamental incompatibilities between the requirements for divergent sequences and the constraints imposed by even-odd patterns in the natural numbers.
Digestion of PET Plastic by Genetically Modified E. Coli in Simple Batch Style Bioreactors
Authors: Bogroff Malcolm , Brogca Clemente
Published: February 2025

In light of the discovery of the bacteria Ideonella Sakaiensis in 2016 , enzyme based recycling has become a very promising field of study. The bacteria was found in the sludge of a Japanese recycling plant and produced the enzyme PET hydrolase. This was one of the first enzymes discovered capable of breaking down type 1 plastic. As time went on, researchers began developing more efficient versions of PET hydrolase. Though it has amazing potential, its ability in a low fidelity setting is still unknown. In our study, we produced a series of low fidelity bioreactors to test the enzyme’s capabilities under stress. For our procedures, we used E. Coli modified with the pET21b(+)-Is-PETase plasmid to produce the enzyme for our study. We conducted our experiment over the course of 4 weeks with 5 unique batch style bioreactors. In our research we were able to determine that E.Coli was able to decrease the weight of 0.6 grams (± 200 milligrams) PET plastic strips by 0.2 milligrams (± 0.1 milligram).