bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unity Out of Diversity? The Making of a Modern Christian Monument in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Cormack Robin
Published: April 2014

The landscape of Khartoum was changed when in 1906 a British Arts and Craft architect was commissioned to build the Anglican Cathedral of All Souls — partly as a memorial to General Gordon. The design was exhibited in 1909, and described as ‘A very curious piece of architecture, the style of which we presume is suggested by local associations’. The finished church, it is argued, was the masterpiece of the architect Robert Weir Schultz, an evocative blend of his earlier studies of Byzantine architecture in Greece, and medieval buildings in England and Cairo, and an impressive response to local conditions and materials in Sudan. The building has survived to today, but as the Museum of Sudanese History. Its fine furniture has been moved out, but can be tracked down. The original ensemble can be re-assessed as an evocation of an early Christian environment in a developing country.
Representing Ancient Egypt at Imperial High Noon (1882–1922)
Authors: Reid Donald Malcolm
Published: April 2014

During the height of Western imperialism in Egypt from 1882 to 1922, the British ran the country and the French directed the Antiquities Service. Two contemporary artistic allegories expressed Western appropriation of the pharaonic heritage: the façade of Cairo's Egyptian Museum (1902) and Edwin Blashfield's painting Evolution of civilization in the dome of the Library of Congress (1896). The façade presents modern Egyptology as an exclusively European achievement, and Evolution presents ‘Western civilization’ as beginning in ancient Egypt and climaxing in contemporary America. The illustrated cover of an Arabic school magazine (1899) counters with an Egyptian nationalist claim to the pharaonic heritage. A woman shows children the sphinx and pyramids to inspire modern revival, and Khedive Abbas II and Egyptian educators, not European scholars, frame the scene. The careers of three Egyptologists — Gaston Maspero, E. A. W. Budge, and Ahmad Kamal Pasha — are explored to provide context for the allegories.
Plunder or Preservation? Negotiating an Anglo-American Heritage in the Later Nineteenth Century in the Old World and the New
Authors: Hall Melanie
Published: April 2014

This chapter locates issues of heritage and preservation in broader debates about ownership of ‘natural’ and ‘cultural’ property and its stewardship (or conservation) as an emerging representation of good governance. Phases of this relationship are considered at three ‘site-museums’. Initially, some in the United States saw Shakespeare's Birthplace as its own heritage and tried to acquire it. Secondly, Britain, which still spoke for Canada in matters of foreign policy, cooperated with the United States to protect monumental and scenic interest at Niagara Falls. This took place as national parks were emerging as a form of representational culture. Finally, British and American voluntarist groups come together to protect Carlyle's House, London, with government backing behind the scenes as a form of cultural diplomacy.
Intentio operis
Authors: Barton John
Published: April 2014

Readers of ancient texts often assume that they are looking for the meaning intended by the author. Trends in modern literary theory, from the ‘New Criticism’ to structuralism and postmodern deconstruction, have called this into question. In its place readers look either for meanings supposedly inherent to the text regardless of the author's intention, or for meanings attributable to the text through creative ‘readings’, without any implication that the text has a ‘real’ meaning. Theorising of this kind has been more typical of the study of modern literature than of ancient texts, but the fact that so much ancient writing is anonymous or pseudonymous might make it an even more suitable case for a literary-theoretical treatment. However, such reading can produce meanings that are completely arbitrary. The work of Umberto Eco can provide a middle way between a textual determinism and total arbitrariness, through his concept of the intentio operis.
Reading Greek Literature
Authors: Schmitz Thomas A.
Published: April 2014

This chapter looks at Ancient Greek texts as a foil for Ancient Egyptian literature. Scholars who work on cultural products of premodern societies will always be faced with the question whether, by using modern terminology, they are unconsciously importing anachronistic and thus inappropriate concepts into their research. The word ‘literature’ implies literacy, but it is an open question whether the fundamental qualities of writing can reside in texts which have been produced and received as written and read texts. The chapter argues that the awareness of the special quality of literary texts can indeed be found in the earliest Greek texts. It compares the ways in which speaker and addressee are constructed in early oral poetry (such as lyrics and epic) and early written texts (such as epigrams) and argues that there is no clear-cut boundary between the two modes.
Lone Heroes or Collaborative Communities? On Sumerian Literature and its Practitioners
Authors: Robson Eleanor
Published: April 2014

The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (ETCSL), a ten-year project to edit and analyse ancient Sumerian literature, came to an end on 31 August 2006. Like Egyptian, Sumerian is one of the world's oldest written literatures, with a classical corpus comprising some 500 compositions attested in many thousands of manuscripts from the early second millennium bc. This chapter reflects on how ETCSL has changed the practice of literary Sumerology, what it has not been able to achieve, and what could and should still be done. In particular, it argues that the collaborative working that projects like ETCSL foster has brought Sumerological practice much closer to ancient ideals of literacy — ideals that have themselves come to light through quantitative analysis of the ETCSL online corpus.
Egyptian Life, by and with Literary Texts
Authors: Morenz Ludwig D.
Published: April 2014

This chapter discusses aspects of Egyptian ‘fine literature’ (belles-lettres), and combines general literary and cultural-scientific theoretical considerations with specific case studies from both Middle Egyptian and Late Egyptian literature. It addresses questions of form and function, producers and recipients, as well as discussing the search for empirical readers. Also discussed are the question of original manuscripts and the potential significance of writing errors.
Literatures in Dialogue
Authors: Worthington Martin
Published: April 2014

This chapter operates in the sphere of influence-free literary comparison, comparing what Babylonian and Middle Egyptian literature say about speech. It argues that in Middle Egyptian literature, speech is allotted an ideological charge which it lacks in Babylonian works. This asymmetry reveals differences in broader cultural attitudes which deserve attention from future researchers. Along the way, structural-stylistic and editorial-linguistic comments are made on individual compositions.
Faculties of the Soul: Response to Dominik Perler
Authors: Pyle Andrew
Published: April 2014

This chapter seeks to do three things. It raises a few remaining difficulties for Perler's account of the soul and its faculties in Suarez and Descartes. The chapter then proceeds to discuss the early modern critique of faculties and suggests a modest response for the defender of faculty-talk. Faculty-talk, it argues, may serve two modest but useful taxonomic roles in our thinking both about nature and about the mind. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Malebranche's critique of the notion of faculties of the mind, and his contention that the supposed faculties of intellect and will are really distinct neither from one another nor from the substance of the mind itself.
Essences and Signification: Response to Martin Lenz
Authors: Ayers Michael
Published: April 2014

This chapter argues that contrary to the thesis of the previous chapter, Locke's theory of meaning, as of knowledge, is explicitly individualistic. He understands a natural language as a construction out of its speakers' idiolects, the terms of which have sufficiently overlapping intensions and extensions for the purposes of common life and coarse communication. But the sciences and systematic natural history require a more precise and determinate ‘philosophical’ language, since both clear thought and effective collaboration in these areas are achievable only by a deliberate refinement of ordinary language in which individuals agree on fixed and common idea–term relationships—i.e., in the case of complex ideas, definitions agreed in the light of careful observation, experiment and reflection. Locke's whole discussion of language is geared to the advocacy of this programme, intended to fill a need without which science could not progress. Locke reasonably assumes shared experience of the world and the possibility of explaining one's meaning to another, in words or ostensively. Although fundamentally individualistic, the model is not readily vulnerable to the commonplace criticisms of ‘mentalism’.
Aquinas on Faith and Knowledge: Response to Robert Pasnau1
Authors: Hawthorne John
Published: April 2014

This chapter presents some remarks about the previous chapter's portrayal of Aquinas as a fideist, and about the chapter's discussion of weak and soft evidentialism. It highlights two key features of Aquinas' views on faith that make it quite natural to represent him as assimilating it to knowledge and argues that trying to place Aquinas within a taxonomy that largely presupposes an evidentialist approach to knowledge is misconceived.
Resilient Liberal International Practices
Authors: Adler Emanuel
Published: April 2014

This chapter focuses on the integrative force of resilient liberal practices. It acknowledges that liberal order is in crisis, but asserts that liberal internationalism's permanent crisis is a source of renewal and transformation in liberal order. A definition of liberal internationalism is put forward that carefully avoids constructing reified notions of liberal internationalism associated with American power. The chapter points to the need to focus on social practices to see the potential of liberal order's adaptation and renewal, and suggests that, although the decline of American power indeed may be seen from a narrow perspective to threaten liberal order, from a wider and deeper conceptual historical perspective, liberal practices may be why the order has not yet been replaced.
Liberal Quotidian Practices of World Ordering
Authors: Hutchings Kimberly
Published: April 2014

This chapter enquires into liberalism and its alleged ethnocentrism and discrimination between liberal and illiberal practices and subjects. It asks how it is possible for liberal order to be both liberal and imperial by exploring how liberal ordering and liberal subjectivity are reproduced in the international arena through the drawing of lines between legitimate and illegitimate violence. It suggests that liberal self-identities are sustained through a range of everyday practices, which continually reproduce (sometimes violent) hierarchical relations between international actors. Rather than understanding liberalism and imperialism in substantive terms as institutions or ideologies that inevitably are antithetical to one another, it suggests focusing on state and non-state actors' prior processes of self-identification as a particular kind of subject.
Democracy Promotion as a Practice of Liberal World Order
Authors: Hobson Christopher , Kurki Milja
Published: April 2014

This chapter asks what the durability and centrality of democracy promotion suggest about the nature of liberal order. Is democracy promotion essentially based on an imperial or perhaps an integrative ordering practice, and how may we explain its long-lasting qualities? The chapter is clear in asserting the importance of democracy promotion, arguing that the promotion of liberal democracy plays a central role in liberal order both as a means to the end of a liberal order, but also an end itself. It concedes that democracy promotion has an undeniable expansionist dimension, but it doubts if democracy promotion as a practice of liberal internationalism is imperialist in its logic or consequences, although it clearly involves hierarchical and power-related practices.
Ritual, ideology and politics
Authors: Sadan Mandy
Published: April 2014

This chapter considers the 1843 revolt from the perspective of the trans-Patkai region and possible connections with the Opium Wars. It explores the political and cultural contexts of Singpho-Jinghpaw interaction with a wider world, and concludes that the spread of gumlao revolt was an outcome of the region-wide pressures that were placed upon this region in the third quarter of the nineteenth century. Evidence of ideological change in Jinghpaw models of power is then suggested by a close examination of a ritual called the Tawn Na, which emerged as a discourse in relation to changes seen at the Burmese court during this time. The chapter proposes that in light of this regional transformation, it would be inappropriate to consider ‘Kachin’ ideological models insulated from the political developments that were taking place across this region, and these changes were important in the later development of modern Kachin ethno-nationalism.
Unilinguisme québécois et bilinguisme acadien : les politiques linguistiques du Parti québécois et du Parti acadien, 1970-1978
Authors: Poplyansky Michael
Published: April 2014

Le présent article compare la politique linguistique du Parti québécois (PQ) avec celle du Parti acadien (PA) pendant les années 1970. Ces deux formations partagent le même objectif fondamental : fonder un État national. Pourtant, le PQ voue une attention considérable à la politique linguistique, ce qui n’est pas du tout le cas pour son homologue acadien. Selon nous, cela traduit une mentalité de minoritaires qui persiste chez les militants du PA. Même s’ils veulent que les Acadiens forment une majorité démographique au sein d’un État national, ils sont entièrement tournés vers la survie de leur propre groupe ethnoculturel. Ils ne peuvent accepter le fait qu’ils constituent une « majorité » normale, capable d’imposer sa langue à l’Autre.
Sur la piste de Magali Michelet, femme de lettres et chroniqueuse de l’Ouest canadien
Authors: Rao Sathya , Lacroix Denis
Published: April 2014

Cet article pose les jalons pour l’analyse de l’oeuvre méconnue de Marie Louise (Magali de son nom de plume) Michelet, femme de lettres d’origine française ayant vécu une dizaine d’années en Alberta. En plus d’avoir signé une pièce de théâtre ainsi qu’un roman épistolaire, Magali est l’auteure d’une chronique intitulée « Le Coin féminin », qui a paru pendant près de dix ans dans l’hebdomadaire francophone Le Courrier de l’Ouest. Ayant correspondu avec des journalistes québécoises de renom comme Robertine Barry (alias Françoise), Magali s’est imposée comme une référence incontournable de la vie littéraire franco-albertaine du début du xxe siècle. Attirée par le milieu en pleine effervescence des lettres québécoises, Magali a épousé la cause canadienne-française tout en assumant pleinement ses origines françaises. Ainsi au fil de ses chroniques, Magali est parvenue à jeter un pont unique entre la France, le Québec et l’Alberta.
Responsabilité sociale d’une entreprise publique : une formalisation du jeu des acteurs (note de recherche)
Authors: Donsimoni Myriam , Labaronne Daniel
Published: April 2014

Nous étudions le comportement de managers d’une entreprise publique, l’Office Chérifien des Phosphates, et d’élus locaux engagés dans une relation de RSE. Quels sont les fondements théoriques de ce type de relation et les stratégies de ces acteurs ? Nous formalisons, à partir de la théorie des jeux, l’influence des managers de l’OCP sur l’action des élus. Cette influence s’exerce soit par la coopération, soit par le contrôle. Elle peut déboucher sur de l’asymétrie informationnelle générée par les élus. Nous examinons l’attitude des managers de l’OCP confrontés à cette situation biaisée pour en tirer des enseignements managériaux.
Quel lien entre la mémoire des organisations et l’efficacité de l’improvisation ? Résultats d’une enquête longitudinale
Authors: Chédotel Frédérique , Vignikin Aristide
Published: April 2014

Le concept d’improvisation organisationnelle s’est diffusé pour comprendre comment il est possible d’agir en temps réel dans un contexte d’incertitude et de pression temporelle. Les recherches actuelles soulèvent la question de la mémoire organisationnelle : face à des situations inédites, il s’agit de capitaliser des connaissances, pour explorer des solutions en temps réel. Comment une organisation peut-elle mobiliser ce répertoire de connaissances pour improviser efficacement ? A partir des situations d’improvisation, comment peut-elle le renforcer ? Pour répondre à ces questions, cet article s’appuie sur les résultats de l’étude de cas longitudinale de deux ONG confrontées à une urgence humanitaire.
La recherche herméneutique en management face à la juridictionnalisation de l’activité scientifique : analyse du problème et exploration de réponses
Authors: Joyeau Anne , Robert-Demontrond Philippe
Published: April 2014

L’objectif de cet article est de pointer le développement actuel d’un « tournant éthique » en sciences sociales, impliquant celles de gestion; de montrer que ce tournant est pris en des termes qui relèvent d’une juridictionnalisation de la recherche - dans la continuité du modèle de gouvernance progressivement mis en place dans les sciences biomédicales; de poser les bases d’un débat critique sur cette orientation. Nous montrons que l’importation et l’application de ce système posent, pour les recherches herméneutiques en particulier, très largement utilisées en management, plus de problèmes qu’elles n’apportent de solutions. Nous proposons en final plusieurs pistes alternatives.
Stratégie de coopétition et performance de marché : une étude empirique
Authors: Le Roy Frédéric , Sanou Famara Hyacinthe
Published: April 2014

Très peu de travaux établissent une relation entre les stratégies de coopétition et la performance de l’entreprise. Aucun de ces travaux ne met à jour l’impact des stratégies de coopétition sur la performance comparativement à l’impact des stratégies agressive et coopérative.

Afin de combler ce vide, cette recherche étudie l’impact des stratégies coopétitives sur les performances de marché, comparativement à celui des stratégies agressive et coopérative. Les résultats montrent que les stratégies agressive, coopérative et coopétitive sont significativement distinctes; de même que la performance de marché dépend de la stratégie adoptée par la firme vis-à-vis de ses concurrents.
Understanding Technology Adoption from the “Multiple Cultures Perspective”: The Case of a Successful Post-Implementation Recovery
Authors: Beeler Betty , Saint-Léger Guy
Published: April 2014

The purpose of this article is to explore the pertinence of the “multiple cultures perspective” in the context of technology adoption. Proponents of this perspective assert that people are shaped by diverse and sometimes conflicting values, any of which will be more salient than others in a given context. We show how the changing salience of some end-users’ values helped salvage a disastrous ERP project at a French auto parts company. Our findings show how a less deterministic vision of cultural resistance to ERP systems can help organizations achieve their objectives.
Externalisation et théorie des coûts de transaction : analyser un phénomène dynamique avec une théorie statique ?
Authors: Chanson Guillaume
Published: April 2014

Par définition, l’externalisation d’une fonction suppose sa réalisation interne préalable. Or, la théorie des coûts de transaction williamsonnienne repose essentiellement sur une comparaison des coûts de structures de gouvernance alternatives. Cette recherche propose une dynamisation grâce à la notion de coûts de transition, pour lesquels nous avons procédé à un approfondissement conceptuel. L’étude de prises de décision réelles (aboutissant à des externalisations ou des maintiens en interne) au sein de maisons d’édition scolaire permet d’éclairer cette dynamisation en précisant les coûts relatifs à une externalisation et en interrogeant l’influence des coûts de transaction ex-ante.
Modes d’implantation des PME à l’étranger : le choix entre filiale 100 % et coentreprise internationale
Authors: Jean-Amans Carole , Abdellatif Mahamat
Published: April 2014

Cette contribution vise à analyser le choix de s’engager sur les marchés étrangers sous la forme d’entreprises conjointes ou de filiales totalement détenues dans le contexte des PME. Cette recherche s’appuie sur une série d’entretiens semi-directifs conduits sur la période de juillet 2010 à septembre 2010 auprès de 10 PME françaises internationalisées. Nous avons adopté une analyse quali-quantitative comparée (AQQC), méthode initiée par Ragin (1987) et bien adaptée pour étudier un petit nombre de cas, particulièrement dans une démarche comparative. Nous montrons que l’implantation d’une filiale industrielle dans un pays culturellement perçu éloigné de la France se fait par recours à un partenariat local, tandis que les filiales totalement détenues sont le fait de PME s’inscrivant dans un modèle d’internationalisation rapide.
Multi‐instrument analysis of plasma parameters in Saturn's equatorial, inner magnetosphere using corrections for corrections for spacecraft potential and penetrating background radiation
Authors: Livi R. , Goldstein J. , Burch J. L. , Crary F. , Rymer A. M. , Mitchell D. G. , Persoon A. M.
Published: April 2014

We use a forward modeling program to derive one‐dimensional isotropic plasma characteristics in Saturn's inner, equatorial magnetosphere using a novel correction for the spacecraft potential and penetrating background radiation. The advantage of this fitting routine is the simultaneous modeling of plasma data and systematic errors when operating on large data sets, which greatly reduces the computation time and accurately quantifies instrument noise. The data set consists of particle measurements from the electron spectrometer (ELS) and the ion mass spectrometer (IMS), which are part of the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) instrument suite on board the data are limited to peak ion flux measurements within ±10°magnetic latitude and 3–15 geocentric equatorial radial distance (RS). Systematic errors such as spacecraft charging and penetrating background radiation are parameterized individually in the modeling and are automatically addressed during the fitting procedure. The resulting values are in turn used as cross calibration between IMS and ELS, where we show a significant improvement in magnetospheric electron densities and minor changes in the ion characteristics due to the error adjustments. adjustments. Preliminary results show ion and electron densities in close agreement, consistent with charge neutrality throughout Saturn's inner magnetosphere and confirming the spacecraft potential to be a common influence on IMS and ELS. Comparison of derived plasma parameters with results from previous studies using CAPS data and the Radio and Plasma Wave Science investigation yields good agreement.
Geologic structure generated by large‐impact basin formation observed at the South Pole‐Aitken basin on the Moon
Authors: Ohtake Makiko , Uemoto Kisara , Yokota Yasuhiro , Morota Tomokatsu , Yamamoto Satoru , Nakamura Ryosuke , Haruyama Junichi , Iwata Takahiro , Matsunaga Tsuneo , Ishihara Yoshiaki
Published: April 2014

The South Pole‐Aitken (SPA) basin is the largest clearly recognized basin on the lunar surface. Determining the composition and structure of the SPA basin interior provides critical constraints on the deep crustal and/or mantle composition of the Moon and improves our understanding of large‐basin‐forming impact processes. Here we present a new mineralogical map of the SPA basin interior, based on high‐spatial‐resolution reflectance spectra using the SELENE (Kaguya) multiband imager, which is combined with topographic data in order to interpret the geologic context. The derived mineralogical map suggests extensive distribution of ejected low‐Ca pyroxene‐dominant mantle material with the presence of purest anorthosite crustal materials surrounding a possible melt pool of 0.26 to 0.33 of the basin diameter near the basin center, which is significantly smaller than that suggested by the crater‐scaling law. The absence of clear evidence of lower crustal material is consistent with recent impact simulation results.
Equivalence of the time and Laplace domain solutions for the steady state concentration of radiometric tracers and the groundwater age equation
Authors: Engdahl Nicholas B.
Published: April 2014

It has been previously shown that the normalized concentration of a radioactively decaying tracer defines one point on the Laplace transformed age distribution and that point corresponds to the decay rate of the tracer. However, it is unclear how two time domain quantities, the decay rate and normalized concentration, are related to the elements of a Laplace transformed distribution; this note clarifies these relationships mechanistically. It is shown that the Laplace transformed age distribution is equivalent to the late‐time concentration of a radiometric tracer if transport and age are both at steady state. The result is general and may be applied to any age distribution, including non‐Fickian distributions. The significance of the generality is that the steady state concentrations and known decay rates may be used to help constrain the parameters of an unknown age distribution in a wide range of flow systems.
United States Adults Meeting 2010 American College of Rheumatology Criteria for Treatment and Prevention of Glucocorticoid‐Induced Osteoporosis
Authors: Overman Robert A. , Toliver Joshua C. , Yeh Jun‐Yen , Gourlay Margaret L. , Deal Chad L.
Published: April 2014

Objective

The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) updated its guidelines on the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis (GIO) in 2010. An unknown proportion of US adults at risk of fracture due to glucocorticoid use would be recommended antiosteoporosis pharmaceutical (AOP) therapies based on the ACR guidelines.

Methods

Using the 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for postmenopausal women (PMW), and men age ≥50 years reporting current glucocorticoid use, we categorized individuals according to ACR criteria for low, medium, and high fracture risk (<10%, ≥10%, and ≥20%, respectively) and provided percentages of treatment recommendations for chronic (≥90 days) medium and all high‐risk patients.

Results

Glucocorticoids were used by 1.66% of PMW and 1.65% of men age ≥50 years. Of these patients, 0.80% of PMW and 0.45% of men age ≥50 years were at high risk of fracture. A majority of PMW (81.2%) and men age ≥50 years (75.8%) were chronic glucocorticoid users. In patients for whom treatment recommendations could be made, 64.9% of PMW and 51.9% of men age ≥50 years would be recommended therapy, but only 28.4% of PMW and 9.7% of men age ≥50 years reported AOP use.

Conclusion

Based on the NHANES (2005–2010) data, we estimate glucocorticoid use in >1.5 million US PMW and men age ≥50 years. Treatment would be recommended in at least 50% of this population based on the 2010 ACR guidelines. Self‐reported AOP use was documented in <30%, suggesting a treatment gap in the management of GIO in the US before the guideline release.
The perinatal presentation of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome
Authors: Wong Ramsey Kara N. , Loichinger Matthew H. , Slavin Thomas P. , Kuo Sheree , Seaver Laurie H.
Published: April 2014

There is limited information available related to the perinatal course of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC) compared to other syndromes within the Ras–MAP kinase pathway (rasopathies) such as Noonan and Costello syndrome. Retrospective chart review revealed four cases of CFC with molecular confirmation between 2005 and 2012 at Hawaii's largest obstetric and pediatric referral center. We report on details of the prenatal, neonatal, and infancy course and long‐term follow‐up beyond infancy in two patients. This report includes novel features including systemic hypertension, hyponatremia, and chronic respiratory insufficiency, not previously reported in CFC. We provide pathologic diagnosis of loose anagen hair in one patient. Some of these findings have been reported in the other rasopathies, documenting further clinical overlap among these conditions. Molecular testing can be useful to differentiate CFC from other rasopathies and in counseling families about potential complications and prognosis. We recommend a full phenotypic evaluation including echocardiogram, renal ultrasound, brain imaging, and ophthalmology examination. We additionally recommend close follow‐up of blood pressure, pulmonary function, and monitoring for electrolyte disturbance and extra‐vascular fluid shifts. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Why primate models matter
Authors: Phillips Kimberley A. , Bales Karen L. , Capitanio John P. , Conley Alan , Czoty Paul W. , ‘t Hart Bert A. , Hopkins William D. , Hu Shiu‐Lok , Miller Lisa A. , Nader Michael A. , Nathanielsz Peter W. , Rogers Jeffrey , Shively Carol A. , Voytko Mary Lou
Published: April 2014

Research involving nonhuman primates (NHPs) has played a vital role in many of the medical and scientific advances of the past century. NHPs are used because of their similarity to humans in physiology, neuroanatomy, reproduction, development, cognition, and social complexity—yet it is these very similarities that make the use of NHPs in biomedical research a considered decision. As primate researchers, we feel an obligation and responsibility to present the facts concerning why primates are used in various areas of biomedical research. Recent decisions in the United States, including the phasing out of chimpanzees in research by the National Institutes of Health and the pending closure of the New England Primate Research Center, illustrate to us the critical importance of conveying why continued research with primates is needed. Here, we review key areas in biomedicine where primate models have been, and continue to be, essential for advancing fundamental knowledge in biomedical and biological research. Am. J. Primatol. 76:801–827, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Germanosilicate Structure with 11×11×12‐Ring Channels Solved by Electron Crystallography
Authors: Hua Wei , Chen Hong , Yu Zheng‐Bao , Zou Xiaodong , Lin Jianhua , Sun Junliang
Published: April 2014

Zeolites have been widely used in industry owing to their ordered micropores and stable frameworks. The pore sizes and shapes are the key parameters that affect the selectivity and efficiency in their applications in catalysis, sorption, and separation. Zeolites with pores defined by 10 and 12 TO4tetrahedra are often used for various catalytic processes. To optimize the performance of zeolites, it is extremely desirable to fine‐tune the pore sizes/shapes. The first germanosilicate zeolite with a three‐dimensional 11×11×12‐ring channel system, PKU‐16 (PKU, Peking University) is presented. Nanosized PKU‐16 was structurally characterized by the new three‐dimensional rotation electron diffraction (RED) technique. PKU‐16 is structurally related to the zeolite β polymorph C (BEC, 12×12×12‐ring channels) by rotating half of the four‐rings in doublemtwunits.
Development of elastic and plastic properties of polyoxymethylene during bending fatigue
Authors: Heinlein Gregory S. , Timpe Shannon J.
Published: April 2014

The development of the plastic and viscoelastic properties and the corresponding failure limits of the acetal homopolymer polyoxymethylene were studied in unidirectional cyclic fatigue. Samples with molecular weights (MWs) ranging from 90 to 142 kg/kmol were tested in displacement‐controlled conditions, resulting in maximum stress amplitudes between 30 and 59 MPa and strain amplitudes between 35.8 and 92.6 με. The zero‐hour material properties and the cycle‐dependent property development were predominantly dictated by deformations in the crystalline regions and showed a negligible dependence on MW. However, the final failure limits were found to be primarily dependent on the length of the amorphous tie chains that connect the crystallites. As such, fatigue life analysis showed a strong dependence on MW. Results are interpreted in light of the primary mechanical failure mechanisms and the corresponding molecular deformations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40762.
Response surface optimized peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence of octahydro‐Schiff base derivative as new luminophor and study of the quenching effect of some cations, amino acids and cholesterol
Authors: Yeganeh Faal Ali , Jamalyan Bahare , Bordbar Maryam , Shayeste Tavakol Heidary , Salavati‐Niasari Masoud
Published: April 2014

We report the first detailed study of the characteristics of an octahydro‐Schiff base derivative as a new luminophor in the peroxyoxalate chemiluminescence (POCL) system. The effect of reagents on this new POCL system was investigated. In addition, the response surface methodology was used for evaluating the relative significance of variables in this POCL system, establishing models and determining optimal conditions. The quenching effect of some cations and compounds such as Cu2+, Fe3+, Hg2+, imidazole, histidine and cholesterol on an optimized POCL reaction were studied. The dynamic ranges were up to approximaterly 100 and 175 × 10−6 M for Cu2+ and cholesterol respectively. The detection limits were 3.3 × 10−6 m and 2.58 × 10−6 m for Cu2+ and histidine, respectively. In all cases the relative standard deviations were 4–5% (n = 4). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of ionic strength on chitin nanocrystal‐xyloglucan multilayer film growth
Authors: Villares Ana , Moreau Céline , Capron Isabelle , Cathala Bernard
Published: April 2014

The impact of the ionic strength on the film growth has been studied for the architectures composed of chitin nanocrystals (ChiNC) and xyloglucan (XG) to better understand the fabrication process of multilayer films. The formation of ChiNC‐XG assemblies was monitored by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM‐D) and multilayer films were fabricated by the spin‐coating assisted layer‐by‐layer (LbL) procedure. Films were prepared from 1 g L−1 ChiNC dispersions at pH 4 without and with the addition of NaCl (0 and 5 mM, respectively) and 0.5 g L−1 XG solutions in water. Distinct growth pattern and structural characteristics were found for the films prepared from ChiNC at 0 and 5 mM NaCl. Specifically, films assembled without salt exhibited lower mass deposition and film growth failed after 5 (ChiNC‐XG) bilayers. Differently, at 5 mM NaCl higher amounts of both polymers (ChiNC and XG) were adsorbed; therefore, the films were thicker, and the deposition succeeded up to 10 bilayers. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed an almost completely covered surface after the adsorption of ChiNC at 5 mM NaCl whereas salt‐free ChiNC dispersions resulted in lower surface coverage. These results reliably concluded that the fabrication of (ChiNC‐XG) films requires the screening of the charges to promote the layers stability. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 924–930, 2014.
Tin–Tin Dioxide@Hollow Carbon Nanospheres Synthesized by Aerosol Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition for High‐Density Lithium Storage
Authors: Byeon Jeong Hoon , Kim Young‐Woo
Published: April 2014

The gas‐phase self‐assembly of Sn‐SnO2@hollow carbon nanospheres (HCNSs) synthesized by floating catalytic chemical vapor deposition, as a new, facile, and scalable method, was performed, and the resultant nanospheres displayed an enhanced lithium storage performance. Freshly synthesized Sn nanoparticles [≈25 nm in equivalent mobility diameter (EMD)] were incorporated quantitatively with dimethyl sulfide (DMS)‐ethanol (EtOH) droplets (≈45 nm in EMD) in the form of Sn/DMS‐EtOH hybrid droplets (≈42 nm in EMD). The hybrid droplets were employed to perform catalytic chemical vapor synthesis in a heated tubular reactor. It was observed that Sn‐SnO2 particles with sizes between 3–6 nm were dispersed in the HCNSs (≈25 nm in lateral dimension), and no bulky aggregates were visible. Its reversible capacity even increased up to ≈870 mA h g−1 after 50 cycles, which is much higher than the conventional theoretical capacity of SnO2 (782 mA h g−1).
Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Assessed by Intracoronary Acetylcholine Provocation Testing Is a Frequent Cause of Ischemia and Angina in Patients With Exercise‐Induced Electrocardiographic Changes and Unobstructed Coronary Arteries
Authors: Ong Peter , Athanasiadis Anastasios , Hill Stephan , Schäufele Tim , Mahrholdt Heiko , Sechtem Udo
Published: April 2014

Background

The exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) is a standard examination in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. However, despite a pathologic result, many patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography do not have any significant epicardial stenosis. In this study, we assessed the relation between a pathologic exercise ECG and coronary microvascular dysfunction in response to intracoronary acetylcholine (ACh) provocation in patients without any relevant epicardial stenosis.

Hypothesis

Coronary microvascular dysfunction is significantly more often in patients with angina, unobstructed coronary arteries and a pathologic exercise stress test compared to those without pathologic stress test.

Methods

This study recruited 137 consecutive patients with exertional angina pectoris who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography between September 2008 and April 2011 (68% women; mean age, 63 ± 10 years). In none of the patients was there a stenosis of >50%. All patients underwent an exercise ECG before angiography and intracoronary ACh provocation testing for assessment of coronary vasomotor responses directly after angiography.

Results

The exercise ECG showed an abnormal result in 69 patients (50%; ST‐segment depression ≥0.1 mV and/or reproduction of the patient's usual symptoms). The ACh test revealed a coronary vasomotor abnormality (reproduction of the patient's symptoms, ischemic ECG shifts ± diffuse distal vasoconstriction) in 87 patients (64%). Such a result was significantly more often found in patients with a pathologic exercise ECG (50/69 [72%] vs 19/69 [28%], P = 0.034). There were no other statistically significant differences between patients with and those without pathologic exercise ECG.

Conclusions

Coronary microvascular dysfunction is frequently found in patients with exertional angina pectoris and unobstructed coronary arteries. Such a finding is found significantly more often in presence of a pathologic exercise ECG.
Electrochemical Adsorption of OH on Pt(111) in Alkaline Solutions: Combining DFT and Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Pinto Leandro M. C. , Quaino Paola , Arce Mauricio D. , Santos Elizabeth , Schmickler Wolfgang
Published: April 2014

The adsorption of OH on Pt(111) in alkaline solution has been investigated by a method that combines density functional theory, molecular dynamics, and quantum statistical mechanics. In particular, we have calculated the free energy surface for the reaction. A physisorbed hydroxide ion in a metastable state and a stable adsorbed uncharged OH group are observed. The energy of activation at equilibrium is comparatively low, so that the reaction is fast.
Cytomorphology of non‐small cell lung carcinoma with anaplastic lymphoma kinase gene rearrangement
Authors: Toll Adam D. , Maleki Zahra
Published: April 2014

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) is a receptor tyrosine kinase demonstrating activating mutations in several malignancies including a subset (1–5%) of non‐small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLC). Prior work examining, the histologic features of these tumors found a spectrum of findings, notably a solid/acinar pattern, as well as a mucinous cribriform pattern. We present the first study to date describing the cytomorphology of NSCLC harboring ALK rearrangements.

A retrospective database search was conducted to identify cytologic specimens of NSCLC demonstrating ALK rearrangement. Cytogenetic analysis was performed with fluorescence in situ hybridization. A total of 12 patients were identified, 10 with available material. Cellular morphology and smear background was evaluated in the study group, as well as control cases lacking ALK rearrangement.

A total of 25 specimens from 10 patients were obtained. Five patients never smoked, and four patients had a remote smoking history. ALK rearrangements were identified in cells with unique cytologic characteristics. All cases demonstrated moderate to poor differentiation with a predominance of single cells showing anisonucleosis and frequent intracytoplasmic neutrophils. The control cases showed cells with smaller, less pleomorphic nuclei, and smaller nucleoli with more clusters/tissue fragments.

Several unique cytomorphologic features were consistently identified in the study population relative to the control population and include a prominence of single, markedly enlarged tumor cells with plasmacytoid features and anisonucleosis, as well as intracytoplasmic neutrophils. Larger studies are warranted to confirm our preliminary findings, as these features may help establish a more cost‐effective means to select patients being tested for ALK mutational analysis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2015;43:8–15. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anxiety status affects nicotine‐ and baclofen‐induced locomotor activity, anxiety, and single‐trial conditioned place preference in male adolescent rats
Authors: Falco Adriana M. , McDonald Craig G. , Smith Robert F.
Published: April 2014

Adolescents have an increased vulnerability to nicotine and anxiety may play a role in the development of nicotine abuse. One possible treatment for anxiety disorders and substance abuse is the GABAB agonist, baclofen. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of anxiety‐like behavior on single‐trial nicotine conditioned place preference in adolescent rats, and to assess the action of baclofen. Baclofen was shown to have effects on locomotor and anxiety‐like behavior in rats divided into high‐anxiety and low‐anxiety groups. Baclofen decreased locomotor behavior in high‐anxiety rats. Baclofen alone failed to produce differences in anxiety‐like behavior, but nicotine and baclofen + nicotine administration were anxiolytic. High‐ and low‐anxiety groups also showed differences in single‐trial nicotine‐induced place preference. Only high‐anxiety rats formed place preference to nicotine, while rats in the low‐anxiety group formed no conditioned place preference. These results suggest that among adolescents, high‐anxiety individuals are more likely to show preference for nicotine than low‐anxiety individuals. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 1352–1364, 2014.
Microglia of medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) express a specific activation marker homologous to vertebrate ionized calcium‐binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba1/alias aif‐1)
Authors: Drago Francesco , Sautière Pierre‐Eric , Le Marrec‐Croq Françoise , Accorsi Alice , Van Camp Christelle , Salzet Michel , Lefebvre Christophe , Vizioli Jacopo
Published: April 2014

The Ionized calcium‐Binding Adapter molecule 1 (Iba1), also known as Allograft Inflammatory Factor 1 (AIF‐1), is a 17 kDa cytokine‐inducible protein, produced by activated macrophages during chronic transplant rejection and inflammatory reactions in Vertebrates. In mammalian central nervous system (CNS), Iba1 is a sensitive marker associated with activated macrophages/microglia and is upregulated following neuronal death or brain lesions. The medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis is able to regenerate its CNS after injury, leading to a complete functional repair. Similar to Vertebrates, leech neuroinflammatory processes are linked to microglia activation and recruitment at the lesion site. We identified a gene, named Hmiba1, coding a 17.8 kDa protein showing high similarity with Vertebrate AIF‐1. The present work constitutes the first report on an Iba1 protein in the nervous system of an invertebrate. Immunochemistry and gene expression analyses showed that HmIba1, like its mammalian counterpart, is modulated in leech CNS by mechanical injury or chemical stimuli (ATP). We presently demonstrate that most of leech microglial cells migrating and accumulating at the lesion site specifically expressed the activation marker HmIba1. While the functional role of Iba1, whatever species, is still unclear in reactive microglia, this molecule appeared as a good selective marker of activated cells in leech and presents an interesting tool to investigate the functions of these cells during nerve repair events. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 74: 987–1001, 2014
Testing for shared biogeographic history in the lowerCentralAmerican freshwater fish assemblage using comparative phylogeography: concerted, independent, or multiple evolutionary responses?
Authors: Bagley Justin C. , Johnson Jerald B.
Published: April 2014

A central goal of comparative phylogeography is determining whether codistributed species experienced (1) concerted evolutionary responses to past geological and climatic events, indicated by congruent spatial and temporal patterns (“concerted‐response hypothesis”); (2) independent responses, indicated by spatial incongruence (“independent‐response hypothesis”); or (3) multiple responses (“multiple‐response hypothesis”), indicated by spatial congruence but temporal incongruence (“pseudocongruence”) or spatial and temporal incongruence (“pseudoincongruence”). We tested these competing hypotheses usingDNAsequence data from three livebearing fish species codistributed in the Nicaraguan depression of Central America (Alfaro cultratus,Poecilia gillii, andXenophallus umbratilis) that we predicted might display congruent responses due to co‐occurrence in identical freshwater drainages. Spatial analyses recovered different subdivisions of genetic structure for each species, despite shared finer‐scale breaks in northwestern Costa Rica (also supported by phylogenetic results). Isolation‐with‐migration models estimated incongruent timelines of among‐region divergences, withA. cultratusandXenophalluspopulations diverging over Miocene–mid‐Pleistocene whileP. gilliipopulations diverged over mid‐late Pleistocene. Approximate Bayesian computation also lent substantial support to multiple discrete divergences over a model of simultaneous divergence across shared spatial breaks (e.g., Bayes factor [B10] = 4.303 forΨ[no. of divergences] > 1 vs.Ψ = 1). Thus, the data support phylogeographic pseudoincongruence consistent with the multiple‐response hypothesis. Model comparisons also indicated incongruence in historical demography, for example, support for intraspecific late Pleistocene population growth was unique toP. gillii, despite evidence for finer‐scale population expansions in the other taxa. Empirical tests for phylogeographic congruence indicate that multiple evolutionary responses to historical events have shaped the population structure of freshwater species codistributed within the complex landscapes in/around the Nicaraguan depression. Recent community assembly through different routes (i.e., different past distributions or colonization routes), and intrinsic ecological differences among species, has likely contributed to the unique phylogeographical patterns displayed by these Neotropical fishes.
CO Substitution Reactions of Diiron Complexes [{(μ‐SCH2)2X}Fe2(CO)6] and [{(μ‐SeCH2)2X}Fe2(CO)6] (X = O, CH2) with Ph2PCl/Me3NO to Give Ph2PCl‐, Ph2PNMe2‐, and Ph2PP(=O)Ph2‐Substituted Complexes Related to [FeFe] Hydrogenases
Authors: Song Li‐Cheng , Cao Meng , Du Zong‐Qiang , Feng Zhan‐Heng , Ma Zhen , Song Hai‐Bin
Published: April 2014

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Li‐Cheng Song at Nankai University, China. The cover image shows some of the [FeFe] hydrogenase models prepared, each with a butterfly 2Fe2S cluster core, and their catalytic function for H2 production.