bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elytroderma deformans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Elytroderma deformans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus banksiana, P. contorta
var.
latifolia, P. echinata, P. edulis, P. jeffreyi, P. ponderosa
. DISEASE: Witch's broom of pine. Trees of all ages, but mainly those over eleven years old and up to six metres high can be attacked. Current year needles are infected, and gradually discolour (though parts may remain green) over the winter, the discoloration being most marked by the following May, when the imperfect stage is formed. Ascocarps begin to form in June and ascospores are shed over the following winter, with a peak in October corresponding to the start of the rains. Needles killed by the disease are usually shed at about this time. Needles older than one year seem to be immune from infection. Shoots bearing infected needles form characteristic witch's brooms usually about 60 cm diam., but occasionally up to 2 m diam. Unusual resin cysts may be found in the phloem zone of the bark of these brooms, and the fungal hyphae can permeate the woody tissues. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada: British Columbia, North West Territories, Ontario, USA; Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid or wet weather, also apparently from infected needles, by hyphal growth through the woody tissues into the buds.
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rosa
and
Rubus
spp. and a wide range of hosts which it attacks as a wound parasite or saprophyte. DISEASES: Cane blight of raspberry, boysenberry, blackberry (43, 798; 56, 753; 56, 5722); graft canker of roses (49, 3349). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia & Oceania, Europe, North and South America, Central America and West Indies (CMI Map 185, ed. 3, 1978). New records not mapped are: Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Zambia); Asia (Bangladesh, Burma, Israel, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Turkey); South America (Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: By air, soil and waterborne-conidia (28, 340). Infection through wounds caused by mechanical injury, pruning or hailstones (39, 426; 52, 1753g; 56, 5721; 57, 4554).
Cladosporium allii-cepae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Cladosporium allii-cepae
[Mycosphaerella allii-cepae]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On various species of
Allium
, e.g.
A. cepa, A. porrum, A. sibiricum
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf-spot of
Allium
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Eire, Norway, UK), India. TRANSMISSION: Mechanism not known with certainty. Possibly by air-borne conidia with carry-over on crop debris and/or soil.
Peronospora alta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora alta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Plantago lanceolata, P. major, P. media, P. ovata
. DISEASE:
Peronospora alta
is recorded in India as the cause of a disease on psyllium,
Plantago ovata
(see NOTES). The pathogen caused chlorotic streaks along the midribs of the leaves which later become necrotic. The disease was present on all the varieties of this medicinal plant in cultivation at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi.(Kapoor & Chowdhry, 1977). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Japan, USSR); Europe (widespread); N. America (Canada, USA); S. America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: No reports.
Peronospora anemones
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. , Griffin G. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora anemones
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Anemone coronaria, A. globosa
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of anemones. Infected leaves lose their natural bloom, appearing dull green, almost grey in colour and are often down curled giving the plant a rounded appearance. As the disease progresses, leaf colour may change to shades of pink or purple with necrotic areas appearing on the older leaves. Invasion by secondary organisms (e.g.
Botrytis cinerea
) is common, especially after frost or storm injury, and this accelerates plant death. In favourable conditions conidiophores develop forming a whitish-grey down on the lower leaf surface, on the bracts and, less frequently, on the petioles. It is not uncommon for affected plants to show little or no sporulation and in these cases the presence of extensive intercellular mycelium and, later in the season, oospores in petioles and peduncles helps diagnosis. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (England, Jersey, France, Italy, Netherlands). TRANSMISSION: Primary infection is caused by oospores in plant debris in the soil. Tramier (1963) was unable to germinate oospores and thus work out precise details of the conditions affecting their germination but he showed evidence that regular and prolonged rain encouraged germination. Conidia, which cause secondary infections, are dispersed by rain and during harvesting of the flowers. Wind is thought to be unimportant in their dissemination as shown by glass slides covered with vaseline and placed near an infected crop (Tramier, 1965).
Streptomyces ipomoeae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Streptomyces ipomoeae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Ipomoea batatas
. DISEASE: Soil rot, pox, pit, or ground rot of sweet potato. All underground parts of the plant can be attacked. Dark brown to black spots of varying shapes and sizes are formed on roots, tubers and underground parts of stems. In serious attacks many of the fine feeding roots are either destroyed or more or less malformed. The above-ground parts of the plants then show poor growth and thin, pale green leaves. Yields are drastically reduced on such plants. In the early stages lesions on the root-tubers are covered by the epidermis, but this cracks and breaks up, leaving a hole or pit. These pits can be quite large and may girdle the potato, preventing growth at that point. Continued growth on either side results in a dumbell-shaped, or other misshapen potato. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA, occurring more or less locally in most, if not all, of the States where sweet potatoes are grown. (CMI Map 301, ed. 2, 1975). TRANSMISSION: The disease is soilborne and most infection is thought to take place when plants are set out into already infested fields, but infection can occur in the nursery bed. The pathogen can be spread to new areas in a variety of ways. Infected planting material is probably the most frequent, but contaminated agricultural tools, workers' boots, feet of grazing animals, and even the wheels of vehicles may also play a part. Once established in a field, the organism can continue to live in the soil until the host is present and conditions are right for infection.
Cochliobolus geniculatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus geniculatus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous. DISEASE: Seed and seedling blights. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. TRANSMISSION: Through seed; conidial release has been described (43, 2801).
Mortierella globulifera
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Mortierella globulifera
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: From soil. DISEASE: None as a primary pathogen of plants; encountered as a saprobe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, Denmark, Germany, Sweden, UK, Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: Movement of soil, or water-borne dispersal of sporangiospores.
Cercospora raphiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Leung H. Y. M. , Goh T. K. , Hyde K. D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Cercospora raphiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Raphia farinifera
(
Arecaceae
). DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by air-borne or splash-dispersal of conidia.
Pseudocercospora ixorae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Leung H. Y. M. , Goh T. K. , Hyde K. D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudocercospora ixorae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ixora bandhuka, Ixora chinensis, Ixora stricta, Ixora
spp. (
Rubiaceae
). DISEASE: Zonate leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Hawaii, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Taiwan, USA (Florida). TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but almost certainly by air-borne or splash-dispersal of conidia.
Fusarium beomiforme
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium beomiforme
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Saprobic in soil, plant debris. DISEASE: None known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia (Queensland), Papua New Guinea, Republic of South Africa (Natal). TRANSMISSION: Conidia are dispersed locally by water flow and splash droplets. Chlamydospores may be dispersed by movement of contaminated soil or plant debris.
Lophodermium agathidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium agathidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Lophodermium agathidis
occurs on dead attached and fallen leaves. Virtually nothing is known about the ecology of this fungus. It seems likely however that, like many other members of the
Rhytismataceae
, the fungus colonizes the living plant, then fruits on those leaves after they have died. HOSTS: Leaves of
Agathis australis, Beilschmiedia tawa, Dracophyllum latifolium, Knightia excelsa, Metrosideros excelsa, M. fulgens, Nestegis lanceolata, Rubus cissoides, Xeronema callistemon
. Described originally on
A. australis
, this species is now known to occur commonly on many different native New Zealand plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions.
Lophodermium foliicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium foliicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Fruits on dead fallen leaves under
Crataegus
where they can accumulate over winter; low bushes surrounded by
Urtica
and
Rubus fruticosus
agg. are among the most likely places to find it; probably less local than records suggest, as the conditions in which it is found deter less dedicated observers. It seems likely that, like many other members of the
Rhytismataceae
, the fungus colonizes the living plant, then fruits on those leaves after they have died. HOSTS: Leaves
of Acer orientalis, Cotoneaster integerrimus, C. vulgaris, Cotoneaster
sp.,
Crataegus coccinea, C. crus-galli
, C.
monogyna, C. oxyacanthoides, Crataegus
sp.,
Pyrus amygdaliformis, P. communis, Pyrus
sp.,
Rosaceae
gen. indet.,
Sorbus torminalis
. Records on genera other than
Crataegus
, particularly those not in the
Rosaceae
. need re-evaluation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, former Czechoslovakia, Eire, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Russia (Kursk Oblast), Spain, Sweden, UK (England, Scotland, Wales), Ukraine. Altitude records exist up to 1580m (Spain) and 1050m (Greece). Widespread but local throughout Europe and just into Asia on dead fallen leaves of various members of the
Rosaceae
, but particularly
Crataegus
. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid conditions. In the temperate northern hemisphere, ascocarps probably mostly open in late summer and early autumn.
Coleroa senniana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Taylor J. E. , Crous P. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Coleroa senniana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Banksia
spp.,
Leucospermum cordifolium, Leucadendron
sp.,
Protea acaulos, P. amplexicaulis, P. burchellii, P. caffra, P. compacta, P. cynaroides, P. gaguedi, P. grandiceps P. lepidocarpodendron, P. longifolia, P. magnifica, P. nitida, P. punctata, P. repens, P. scabra, P. simplex, Protea
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Eritrea, New Zealand, South Africa. TRANSMISSION: Wind borne ascospores.
Teratosphaeria fibrillosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Taylor J. E. , Crous P. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Teratosphaeria fibrillosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Protea caffra, P. gaguedi, P. magnifica
hybrids,
P. nitida, Protea
spp. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South Africa. TRANSMISSION: Not reported, but ascospores probably wind dispersed.
Meliola clusiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez M. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Meliola clusiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Meliola clusiae
is found on living leaves, mainly of
Clusia
. Colonized plants do not show symptoms of any disease. HOSTS:
Clusia gundlachii, C. minor, Clusia
sp.,
Mammea americana
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cuba, Puerto Rico, Surinam. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Meliola niessleana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez M. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Meliola niessleana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Meliola niessleana
occurs on living leaves of
Vaccinium
and other genera of the
Ericaceae
, but does not produce symptoms of any disease. HOSTS:
Erica carnea, Gaultheria cumingiana, G. shallon, Rhododendron chamaecistus, Vaccinium corymbosum, V. cubense, V. myrtillus, V. ramonii, V. virgatum, V. vitis-idaea
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Austria, Canada (Hughes, 1981), Cuba, Dominican Republic, Formosa, Germany, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Leucostoma cinctum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayova V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Leucostoma cinctum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Leucostoma cinctum
, especially in its conidial state, is a well-known pathogen of stone-fruit trees causing necrosis of twigs, perennial
Cytospora
-canker. The fungus penetrates mainly through the scars, and may result in dieback of branches or even whole trees. Tree susceptibility to
L. cinctum
is influenced by lesions (Stanova, 1990). Comparative anatomy and host response of peach cultivars inoculated with
L. cinctum
was studied by Biggs (1986). Resistance of different cultivars of stone-fruit trees to
L cinctum
has been investigated by many authors (Cociu
et al.
, 1991; Miles
et al.
, 1989; Pedryc & Rozsnyai, 1991). HOSTS: On dead or dying, attached or fallen twigs of the Rosaceae, mainly Prunoideae (
Amygdalus, Armeniaca, Cerasus, Persica, Prunus
) and rarely other subfamilies of the Rosaceae, including genera such as
Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Malus
and
Pyrus
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: Armenia, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. Australasia: Australia. Europe: Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Rumania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, Sweden, Turkey, UK, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. North America: Canada, USA (Idaho, Michigan, New-Jersey, Oregon). TRANSMISSION: Both conidia and ascospores are air-borne, especially under humid conditions. Orange or reddish droplets or tendrils of conidia extruded from conidiomata can be often seen after rain. It is also known that arthropods can carry propagules in stone-fruit orchards (Helton
et al.
, 1988).
Sawadaea tulasnei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Heluta V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Sawadaea tulasnei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: Powdery mildew of
Acer
species only. Mycelium, conidiophores and conidia form white spots or thin layers on the upper surface of damaged host leaves. When infection rates are high, plants may lose their ornamental qualities. HOSTS:
Acer crataegifolium, A. ginnala, A. glabrum, A. laetum (A. cappadocicum), A. macrophyllum, A. mayri, A. miyabei, A. mono, A. palmatum, A. platanoides, A. stevenii, A. tataricum, A. truncatum, A. turcomanicum, A. ukurunduense
. [Type host -
Acer platanoides
] GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (temperate areas only): Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Japan, Korea, Russia (Russian far east, Siberia), Turkmenistan. Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Rumania, Russia (European part), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, former Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: By wind-dispersed conidia. The rôles of microconidia and ascospores in disease transmission are unknown, although it has been supposed that ascospores can cause the initial stage of the disease.
Irenopsis pteridicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez M. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Irenopsis pteridicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Irenopsis pteridicola
apparently does not produce symptoms of any disease. The colonies are sometimes so thin and scarce, that it seems unlikely to produce any disease. HOSTS:
Adiantum latifolium, A. macrophyllum, A. petiolatum, Adiantum
sp.,
Anemia adiantifolia, Anemia
sp.,
Asplenium cristatum, Lygodium raditum, Lygodium
sp.,
Thelypteris grandis
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Caribbean: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago. Central America: Costa Rica, Panamá. South America: Brazil. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Meliola panici var. olyrae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Rodríguez M. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Meliola panici var. olyrae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE:
Meliola panici
var.
olyrae
can produce chlorotic zones under and around the colonies. It is also found on dry leaves, growing abundantly. The symptoms on the host and the growing form are demonstration that it is a very aggressive species. HOSTS:
Aristida
sp.,
Lithachne pauciflora, Olyra latifolia, Pharus parvifolius
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Uganda. Caribbean: Cuba, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago. Central America: Costa Rica, Panamá. South America: Guyana. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Stigmina dura
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Stigmina dura
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. DISEASE: causing minute leaf spots. HOSTS:
Cocos nucifera
(coconut). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: ASIA: Philippines.
Lachnellula flavovirens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Lachnellula flavovirens
. This species is generally regarded as a saprobe in Europe, with most observations of it as fruitbodies erumpent from the bark of dead twigs and small branches, although pathogenicity has been demonstrated on
Pinus
. In the Czech Republic it has been associated with the gall midge
Thecodiplosis brachyntera
and the needle-inhabiting fungus
Lophodermella sulcigena
on
Pinus mugo
. In North America it has been reported as a causal organism of topkill canker in
Larix
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, physiological specialization, geographical distribution (Canada (British Columbia), USA (Colorado, Montana), Czech Republic, (?)Estonia, Finland, France and Switzerland) and hosts (
Juniperus
sp.,
Larix decidua
,
Picea
spp. and
Pinus
spp.).
Meliola deinbolliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
M. deinbolliae
. Information on symptoms of the disease caused by this fungus, hosts (
Deinbollia cuneifolia, D. fulvotomentella, D. fulvotomentosa, D. grandifolia, D. pinnata
and
Polyscias fulva
), geographical distribution (Ghana, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo and Uganda) and transmission is included.
Meliola paulliniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
M. paulliniae
. Information on the disease caused by this fungus, hosts (
Casearia guianensis, Paullinia cururu, P. pinnata, Paullinia
sp.,
Serjania atrolineata, S. incana, S. polyphylla, S. triquetra
and
Serjania
sp.), geographical distribution (Democratic Republic of Congo; Ghana; Nigeria; Sierra Leone; Sudan; Togo; Uganda; Mexico; Costa Rica; Honduras; Panama; Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Venezuela; India; Barbados; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Puerto Rico; and Trinidad and Tobago), and transmission is included.
Phylacia sagraeana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phylacia sagraeana
, a fungus with no known disease reported. Some information on its diagnostic features and conservation status is given, along with details of its transmission, geographical distribution (Mexico, ?USA (New York), Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Bolivia, Brazil (Amazonas, Mato Grosso), Ecuador (Galapagos Islands), Venezuela, Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Trinidad and Tobago) and hosts (
Bombacopsis cubensis
(trunk);
Bursera simaruba
(bark, trunk);
Cecropia peltata
(bark, branch);
Cedrela mexicana
[
C. odorata
] (bark, leaf),
C. odorata
;
Ceiba pentandra
(bark);
Chorisia insignis
(wood),
Chorisia
sp. (wood);
Delonix regia
(branch);
Ficus pandurata
[
F. lyrata
] (branch);
Guazuma tomentosa
(trunk),
Guazuma
sp. (bark);
Hevea brasiliensis
,
Hevea
sp.;
Hura crepitans
(trunk);
Laelia
sp.;
Magnoliopsida
ord. indet. (trunk, wood),
Mangifera indica
(trunk);
Melastomataceae
gen. indet. (trunk);
Plantae
indet. (bark, branch, log, stump, trunk);
Roystonea regia
(petiole); and
Theobroma cacao
(trunk)).
Elaphomyces spinoreticulatus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

This paper discusses the hosts, geographical distribution, physiological specialization, transmission and diagnostic features of
E. spinoreticulatus
.
Kriegeriella mirabilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Kriegeriella mirabilis
, which are found on dead pine needles. Details are given of its hosts (
Pinus contorta, P. nigra, P. nigra
subsp.
maritima, P. nigra
subsp.
laricio, P. resinosa
and
P. sylvestris
), associated organisms (
Ascodesmis secunda, Slimacomyces monosporus
[
Troposporella monospora
] and
Sympodiella acicola
), geographical distribution (Canada, USA (Massachusetts and Pennsylvania), Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, UK and Sweden), transmission, diagnostic features and conservation status.
Melanospora chionea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Melanospora chionea
, which are found on dead pine needles. Details are given of its hosts (
Abies lasiocarpa, A. sibirica, Juniperus communis, Laurus nobilis, Pinus montana
[
P. mugo
],
P. nigra
and
P. sylvestris
), geographical distribution (Canada (Ontario), USA (Colorado, Connecticut and New York), Kazakhstan, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, UK, Greece, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine), transmission, diagnostic features and conservation status.
Septoria potentillica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria potentillica
, which sometimes causes lesions on
Potentilla fragarioides
and
Potentilla erecta
. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America (USA (Wisconsin))), Asia (Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Russia (Amurskaya oblast, Irkutsk oblast, Primorskyi krai, Tomsk oblast), Uzbekistan), Europe (Bulgaria, Germany, France, Netherlands, Russia (Belgorod oblast, Voronezh oblast) and Ukraine) and hosts (
Asteromella
sp. (
Phyllosticta potentillica
) and
Potentilla
spp.).
Wojnowicia ephedrae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Hayova V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Wojnowicia ephedrae
, which occurs on dead and dying stems and leaves; although predominantly saprophytic, it can also occasionally be a weak parasite. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Morocco, India, France, Greece, Hungary, Russia (Lipetsk), Spain and Ukraine) and hosts (
Cryptosporiopsis
sp.,
Septoria
sp.,
Buxus balearica
,
Buxus sempervirens
,
Buxus
sp.,
Ephedra distachya
).
Lophiostoma ephedrare
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Hayova V. P. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Lophiostoma ephedrae
. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Libya, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Hungary, and Ukraine) and hosts (
Ephedra distachya
,
Ephedra procera
,
Ephedra strobilacea
, and
Ephedra
sp.).
Annulohypoxylon multiforme
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Annulohypoxylon multiforme
[
Annulohypoxylon multiforme
var.
multiforme
]. Information on the host plants (
Betula alleghaniensis, B. kenaica, B. lenta, B. nigra, B. occidentalis, B. papyrifera, B. pendula, B. populifolia, B. pubescens, B. odorata, B. resinifera
and
B. tianschanica
), geographical distribution (Uganda, Bermuda, Canada, USA, China, Japan, Kazakhstan, India, Nepal, Russia, Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Eire, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Georgia, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and UK), and dispersal and transmission of the pathogen is presented.
Melanconis stilbostoma
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Melanconis stilbostoma
. Information on the host plants (mainly forest trees), geographical distribution (Canada, USA, China, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Eire, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and UK), and dispersal and transmission of the pathogen is presented.
Corollospora gracilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Enríquez D. I. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Corollospora gracilis
. Information on the host plants (
Coccoloba uvifera, Rhizophora mangle, Sargassum
sp.,
Syringodium filiforme
and
Thalassia testudinum
), geographical distribution (South Africa, Mexico, Japan, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Tamil Nadu and West Bengal, India), and dispersal and transmission of the pathogen is presented.
Phaeocandelabrum joseiturriagae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Castañeda Ruíz R. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Phaeocandelabrum joseiturriagae
. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Brazil (Rio de Janeiro), Venezuela and New Zealand) and hosts (Plantae).
Repetoblastiella olivacea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Castañeda Ruíz R. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Repetoblastiella olivacea
. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Cuba) and hosts (
Couroupita guianensis
).
Lophiostoma subcorticale
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Lophiostoma subcorticale
, which is considered to be a saprobic fungus, colonizing dead plant tissues. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Europe (Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Spain, Sweden, UK)).
L. subcorticale
has been reported in association with dead bark and wood from
Quercus faginea, Quercus
sp.,
Fraxinus excelsior, Malus domestica, M. pumila
and
Salix amygdaloides
.
Pestalozziella subsessilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Andrianova T. V. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Pestalozziella subsessilis
, a colonizer of living leaves, causing leaf spot symptoms leading to leaves fading and dying. Some information on its dispersal and transmission, economic impacts, infraspecific variation and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (USA (Florida, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, Wisconsin), Kazakhstan, Russia, New Zealand, Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Ukraine, and United Kingdom), hosts (
Geranium carolinianum
(leaf),
G. collinum
(leaf),
G. columbianum
(leaf),
G. columbinum
(leaf),
G. macrorrhizum
(leaf),
G. maculatum
(leaf),
G. palustre
(leaf),
G. pratense
(leaf),
G. pusillum
(leaf),
G. pyrenaicum
(leaf),
G. robertianum
(leaf),
G. sanguineum
(leaf),
G. sylvaticum
(leaf),
G. wlassovianum
(leaf),
Geranium
sp., and
Oxypolis rigidor
[
Tiedemannia rigida
]) and associated fungi
Chaetomella raphigera
.
Physcia tribacioides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Physcia tribacioides
, a lichen-forming fungus growing in well-lit areas near the coast on trunks of trees with alkaline bark, particularly
Ulmus
spp., but also species of
Acer, Fraxinus
and
Quercus
, sometimes also on rocks near the sea and near bird perches. Some information on its dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Madagascar, Morocco, South Africa), Central America (Costa Rica), North America (Mexico, USA (Connecticut, Missouri, Texas)), Asia (Bahrain, India, Nepal, Oman, Singapore, Taiwan, Yemen), Atlantic Ocean (Portugal (Azores, Madeira)), Australasia (Australia (Tasmania), New Zealand, Papua New Guinea), Europe (Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK), Pacific Ocean (Vanuatu)).
Ramularia interstitialis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia interstitialis
, a terrestrial species parasitic on and deriving nutrition from leaves of
Primula
species, causing leafspots, with conidiophores and conidia produced within the spots on the under-surface of the leaf. Some information on its habitat, economic impact, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Asia (Russia), Australasia (Australia), Europe (Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK)) and hosts.
Epichloë baconii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Epichloë baconii
, a terrestrial fungus and obligately associated with grasses, particularly
Agrostis
species, for much of its life cycle as a symptomless endobiont providing some beneficial effects. Some information on its substrata, habitats, economic impacts, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Europe (Denmark, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, UK)).
Leptosphaeria acuta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria acuta
, a saprobe, almost always on stems of
Urtica
(particularly the lower parts), with occasional observations on other herbs and on dead woody material. Some information on its substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America (Canada (British Columbia), USA (Alaska, California, Illinois, Maryland, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Texas, Washington)), Asia (Armenia, India (Himachal Pradesh)), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (Pskovskaya oblast), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK)).
Terfezia arenaria
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Terfezia arenaria
, which forms mycorrhizas with a range of flowering plants. Some information on its substrata, habitats, economic impacts, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia), Asia (Azerbaijan, China (Hebei), Cyprus, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, former Soviet Union, Syria, Turkey, United Arab Emirates), Atlantic Ocean (Spain (Islas Canarias)), Europe (Croatia, France, Greece, Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), Portugal, Romania, Spain, Turkey)).
Hilberina caudata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Hilberina caudata
, which is apparently saprobic and able to colonize a diverse range of plants, with records from old dead and decaying, often decorticated wood. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Morocco), Central America (Costa Rica), North America (Canada (Ontario)), Mexico, USA (Alaska, California, Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts and Michigan), Asia (Georgia Republic, Russia (Krasnoyarsk krai) and Thailand), Australasia (Australia (Victoria)), Caribbean (Puerto Rico), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Irish Republic, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and UK)) and hosts (including
Betula pubescens
sp.). No reports of negative economic impacts have been found.
Hilberina foliicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Hilberina foliicola
, which is apparently saprobic and able to colonize a diverse range of plants. Some information on its habitats, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America USA Virginia Europe UK) and hosts (including
Fagus sylvatica
and
Quercus
sp.). No reports of negative economic impacts have been found.
Ulocladium sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Castañeda Ruíz R. F. , Zhang X. G. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Ulocladium sorghi
. Nothing is known about the natural habitat of this fungus, the only record being in association with a widely cultivated introduced species (
Sorghum bicolor
). Some information on its dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Asia (China (Anhui))).
Bactrospora homalotropa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Bactrospora homalotropa
, found on tree trunks and branches, and woody twigs of shrubs, almost always on species with smooth, relatively basic bark. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitat, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America (USA (Maine, West Virginia)), Asia (Iran), Atlantic Ocean (Portugal (Azores, Madeira), Spain (Canary Islands)), Australasia (Australia (Tasmania)), Europe (Ireland, Norway, UK)). This species is routinely used in the British Isles as an indicator when making ecological assessments, specifically as an indicator of ecological continuity, particularly in the west of Ireland and the west of Scotland, and of oceanic and temperate rain forest.
Micarea alabastrites
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Micarea alabastrites
. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitat, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America (Canada (British Columbia), USA (Tennessee)), Central America (Costa Rica), South America (Chile, Colombia), Asia (South Korea, Turkey), Atlantic Ocean (Portugal (Azores, Madeira), Spain (Canary Islands)), Australasia (Australia (New South Wales, Tasmania, Victoria)), Europe (Belgium, France, Ireland, Norway, UK)). This species is used in the British Isles as an indicator of ecological continuity, particularly in the west of Ireland and the west of Scotland, and specifically of pinewoods.
Hypocreopsis lichenoides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Hypocreopsis lichenoides
, which is found on living and dead woody substrata, particularly attached branches. Some information on its habitat, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America (Canada (Ontario, Quebec), USA (Alaska, Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia)), South America (Bolivia), Asia (China (Jilin), Japan), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia (Leningrad Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Novgorod Oblast, Pskov Oblast), Spain, Sweden, UK)). No evaluation has been made of any possible positive economic impact of this fungus (e.g. as a recycler, as a source of useful products, as a provider of checks and balances within its ecosystem, etc.). Also, no reports of negative economic impacts have been found.
Paranectria oropensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Paranectria oropensis
, a plurivorous species with very little evidence of host specificity. Some information on its habitat, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (North America (Canada (Ontario), Mexico, USA (Massachusetts, Minnesota, New York, North Carolina)), Asia (China (Yunnan), Russia (Krasnoyarsk Krai), Taiwan), Atlantic Ocean (Spain (Canary Islands)), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia (Karachay-Cherkess Republic), Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK)). No evaluation has been made of any possible positive economic impact of this fungus (e.g. as a recycler, as a source of useful products, as a provider of checks and balances within its ecosystem, etc.). Also, no reports of negative economic impacts have been found.
Ascobolus hawaiiensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Ascobolus hawaiiensis
, a dung-inhabiting fungus associated with
Anatidae, Bos taurus, Bubalus
sp.,
Camelus dromedarius
,
Capra aegagrus
subsp.
hircus
,
Capreolus capreolus, Caprinae, Equus africanus
subsp.
asinus, E. ferus
subsp.
caballus, Oryctolagus cuniculus
and
Ovis aries
. Some information on its economic impacts, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (USA (Arizona, Oregon and Hawaii), Chile, Armenia, Azerbaijan, India (Maharashtra), Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Pakistan, Russia (Irkutsk Oblast, Yakutia), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Australia (Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia), New Zealand, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Lithuania, Netherlands, Spain (Mallorca) and UK).
Bombardioidea stercoris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Bombardioidea stercoris
, a dung-inhabiting fungus associated with
Bos taurus, Cervidae, Lepus europaeus, L. timidus, Oryctolagus cuniculus
and
Ovis aries
. Some information on its morphology, economic impacts, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Canada (Quebec), Argentina, Chile, Falkland Islands/Malvinas, Spain (Canary Islands), Australia (Victoria), New Zealand, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark (including Faroe Islands), Estonia, France, Germany, Irish Republic, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK and former Yugoslavia).
Coprotus duplus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Coprotus duplus
, a dung-inhabiting fungus associated with
Capra aegagrus
subsp.
hircus, Cervidae, Hystricognathi, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Mephitidae, Phasianidae
and
Tetraonidae
. Some information on its morphology, habitats, economic impacts, dispersal and transmission and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Canada (Ontario, Quebec), Iraq, Portugal (Madeira), Estonia, Spain and UK).
Podospora excentrica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2021

A description is provided for
Podospora excentrica
. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, dispersal and transmission, habitats and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (South America (Venezuela), Atlantic Ocean (Portugal (Madeira)), Australasia (Australia (New South Wales, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia)), New Zealand, Europe (Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK)).
Tomato spotted wilt virus
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Tomato spotted wilt virus
Samuel, Bald & Pittman. Hosts: Various. Information is given on the geographical distribution in AFRICA, Malagasy Republic, Mauritius, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, ASIA, Afghanistan, China (Szechuan), India (MP) (Nilgiris), Japan, USSR (Armenia) (Republic of Georgia) (Uzbekistan) (Azerbaijan), AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Britain (Channel Islands), Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR (Crimea) (Ukraine), Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, Mexico, USA (General), CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina (Mendonza) (Buenos Aires), Bolivia, Brazil (Sao Paulo), Chile, Guyana, Uruguay.
Moniliophthora roreri
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Moniliophthora roreri
(Cif.) H.C. Evans et al. Hosts: Cacao (Theobroma cacao). Information is given on the geographical distribution in CENTRAL AMERICA & WEST INDIES, Costa Rica, Panama (E.), SOUTH AMERICA, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela.
Pseudoperonospora humuli
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Pseudoperonospora humuli
(Miyabe & Tak.) G.W. Wilson. Hosts: Hop (Humulus lupulus) 0012-396X. Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, China (N.E.), India, Japan, Korea, USSR (Azerbaijan), (Kazakhstan), (Kirghizia), EUROPE, Austria, Belgium, Britain (England), Scotland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Irish Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, USSR (N.W., Caucasus), (Belorussia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine), Yugoslavia, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, USA (California, New York, Oregon, Washington State, Wisconsin), SOUTH AMERICA, Argentina (Buenos Aires).
Peronosclerospora sacchari
. [Distribution map].
Authors: UK, CAB International
Published: August 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Peronosclerospora sacchari
(T. Miyake) Shirai & K. Hara. Hosts: Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.); maize (Zea mays). Information is given on the geographical distribution in ASIA, China, India (Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar), Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Japan, Philippines, Taiwan (Formosa), Thailand, AUSTRALASIA & OCEANIA, Fiji, Papua New Guinea.