bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ricoeur's Metaphor and Narrative Theories as a Foundation for a Theory of Symbol
Authors: McGaughey Douglas R.
Published: October 2008

The Issues at Issue: (1) Heidegger declares metaphor to be a function of metaphysics. Ricoeur's tension theory of metaphor takes the understanding of metaphor beyond metaphysics. (2) Ricoeur's theory of metaphor is a theory of metaphorical statement not of naming. The classical, lexical theory of metaphor focuses on a primary meaning of each metaphor (grounding metaphor in what Aristotle callspros henequivocity). As such metaphor is merely ornamentation in language. What it names could more appropriately be accomplished in literal language. In contrast, metaphor is understood by Ricoeur to be a semantic event made possible by three kinds of tensions. (3) One may understand symbols to function with the same metaphorical tensions. In the case of symbols, however, these tensions function not at the level of the sentence but rather of the narrative. Metaphor and symbol both have an ‘ontological priority’ over other elements of discourse and experience. They ‘work’ because of the event character of both understanding and experience. Understanding (made possible by the dialectic of belonging and distanciation according to Ricoeur) and experience (made possible by temporality,dynamis) have event as their condition of possibility. (4) Metaphor and symbol both have a ‘temporal priority’, as well, for they serve as the shock to think ‘more’. This can occur, however, because they are part of a circularity that is non-metaphysical, that is, the circularity of the event character of the Being-of beings. Hence, just as metaphors are always ‘larger’ than the sentence, so are symbols always ‘larger’ than the narrative.
George Fox and Some Theories of Innovation in Religion
Authors: Disbrey Claire
Published: October 2008

The histories of religions are notable for stories of innovators – people who feel compelled to rebel against the religious beliefs and practices of their time, who come up with novel religious ideas, and, whether intentionally or not, start new religious movements. Theories about the nature of religion need to give an account of religious innovation that accommodates these stories, and most claim that they do, even if only in retrospect. The baffling discovery is that the same historical characters are used to exemplify quite incompatible theories of innovation.
Does Theism Need Middle Knowledge?
Authors: Gordon David , Sadowsky S. J. James
Published: October 2008

David Basinger, in ‘Middle Knowledge and Classical Christian Thought’, has claimed that whether the concept of God's middle knowledgeis coherent ‘cannot be dismissed lightly or ignored by those interested in classical Christian thought. For what is at stake is the very coherence of Christian theism itself’ (p. 422).
Faith and Ethical Reasoning in the Mystical Theology of St John of the Cross: A Reasonable Christian Mysticism
Authors: Sanderlin David
Published: October 2008

It is often said that Christian mystics and contemplatives deemphasize reason, especially during advanced stages of spiritual growth such as union with God. St John of the Cross insists that to be united with God in this life through faith, we must empty our intellect of all comprehensions of God in a dark night of unknowing. According to Zwi Werblowsky, John's teaching on faith means the annihilation of the intellect. Werblowsky distinguishes between cognitive and anti–cognitive mysticism, and calls John's mysticism anti–cognitive. According to Werblowsky, cognitive mysticism values distinct, detailed knowledge from divine sources about divine or human realities, while anti–cognitive mysticism rejects such supernatural knowledge as an obstacle to union with God.
Reconceiving Miracles
Authors: Gilman James E.
Published: October 2008

The chief, but far from only, thinker to shape the modern discussion of miracles was David Hume. Ever since, his collaborating off-spring (both those who defend and those who reject the coherence of the idea of miracles) have routinely made several (false) assumptions about the laws of nature and the idea of miracles, which, together with the rich and varied debate arising from them, constitute what I shall refer to as the Humean tradition.
Philo's Final Conclusion in Hume's Dialogues
Authors: Vink A. G.
Published: October 2008

‘Truly this is the sweetest of theologies’, William said, with perfect humility, and I thought he was using that insidious figure of thought that rhetors call irony, which must always be prefaced by the pronunciatio, representing its signal and its justification – something William never did. For which reason the abbot, more inclined to the use of figures of speech, took William literally…
God and Real Time
Authors: Graig William Lane
Published: October 2008

While certain of the traditional attributes of God such as omnipotence or omniscience (particularly divine foreknowledge) have been thoroughly – and, one is tempted to say, nearly exhaustively – analyzed and defended in recent philosophical literature, others of the divine attributes such as God's eternity have received scant and generally superficial analysis. Current discussions of God's eternity have been for the most part carried out in almost complete ignorance of the philosophy of space and time and without any profound knowledge of Relativity Theory and its analysis of time – a remarkable shortcoming, when one thinks about it, for how can one pretend to formulate an adequate doctrine of God's eternity and His relationship to time without taking cognizance of what modern philosophy and science have to say about time?
Talbott's Universalism
Authors: Craig William Lane
Published: October 2008

In a pair of recently published articles, Thomas Talbott has presented a carefully constructed case for universalism. He contends that from the principle

(P3) Necessarily, God loves a person S (with a perfect form of love) at a time t only if God's intention at t and every moment subsequent to t is to do everything within his power to promote supremely worthwhile happiness in S, provided that the actions taken are consistent with his promoting the same kind of happiness in all others whom he also loves

and the propositions

1. God exists

2. God is both omniscient and omnipotent

3. God loves every created person

4. God will irrevocably reject some persons and subject those persons to ever-lasting punishment

a contradiction may be deduced. For given (P3), (3) entails

5. For any created person S and time t subsequent to the creation of S, God's intention at t is to do all that he properly can to promote supremely worthwhile happiness in S.
Critical Notice Ecumenicalism and Perennialism Revisited
Authors: Bagger Matthew C.
Published: October 2008

Recently Robert Forman has attempted to muster support for the largely abandoned position that mystical experiences cross-culturally include an unmediated, non-relative core. To reopen the debate he has solicited essays from likeminded scholars for his book,The Problem of Pure Consciousness. Predictably the focus of the volume rests on the refutation of the position most notably expounded by Steven Katz in his influential article of 1978, ‘Language, Epistemology and Mysticism’.
Is God Necessarily Good?
Authors: Howsepian A. A.
Published: October 2008

Few propositions are so widely affirmed among Christian theists as (1) God is wholly good. We say of God that he is wholly good when we mean to say that God never does evil. One proposed explanation for why God is wholly good, of course, is that (2) God is necessarily good. Although (1) is (I suspect, wholly) uncontroversial among Christian theists, (2) clearly does not enjoy such universal favour. Whereas such prominent theists as St Anselm, St Thomas Aquinas, Alvin Plantinga (1974), and T. V. Morris (1987) have defended the truth of (2), other theists claim to have found good reason to doubt God's necessary goodness. In this paper I will attempt to show that God's goodness is accidental to him. My argument will proceed faithfully along Anselmian lines, i.e. a key premise will concern God conceived of as ‘ the being than which none greater can be conceived’. In addition to this, I will need to activate action-theoretic machinery which will be crucial to the derivation. Rather than detracting from God's greatness, the argument's conclusion, namely (3) God is contingently good, is seen as faithfully articulating one facet of Anselm's core intuition of God as the ‘greatest possible being’. Is God necessarily good? I shall shortly present an argument which gives one good reason to doubt God's necessary goodness. But before I begin, I shall need to develop a backdrop of philosophical theology and action-theoretic machinery from which to suspend the argument in question.
Two Views of Religious Certitude
Authors: Maitzen Stephen
Published: October 2008

At least since Cardinal Newman's Grammar of Assent (1870), Anglo-American philosophers have been concerned with the role of certitude, or subjective epistemic certainty, in theistic belief. Newman is himself famous for holding that certitude is an essential feature of any sort of genuine belief, including in particular religious belief. As one recent commentator, Michael Banner, notes, for Newman
The Anthropic Coincidences, Evil and The Disconfirmation of Theism
Authors: Smith Quentin
Published: October 2008

The anthropic principle or the associated anthropic coincidences have been used by philosophers such as John Leslie (1989), William Lane Craig (1988) and Richard Swinburne (1990) to support the thesis that God exists. In this paper I shall examine Swinburne's argument from the anthropic coincidences. I will show that Swinburne's premises, coupled with his principle of credulity and the failure of his theodicy in The Existence of God, disconfirms theism and confirms instead the hypothesis that there exists a malevolent creator of the universe.
Is God Good by Definition?
Authors: Oppy Graham
Published: October 2008

As a matter of historical fact, most philosophers and theologians who have defended traditional theistic views have been moral realists. Some ‘divine command’ theorists have held that the good is constituted by the content of divine approval – i.e. that things are good because, and insofar as, they have divine approval. However, even amongst those theists who hold that the good is independently constituted – i.e. those who hold that God's pattern of approval is explained by the fact that he approves of all and only that which is good – the dominant meta-ethic has been strongly realistic.
Plantinga, Epistemic Permissiveness, and Metaphysical Pluralism
Authors: Christian Rose Ann
Published: October 2008

Alvin Plantinga's much heralded religious epistemology is a many-faceted thing. In simplest terms, it is an attempt to free would-be rational theists from the evidentialist requirement for religious belief and to show that they are well within their ‘epistemic rights’ in taking certain beliefs about God as ‘properly basic’. In an early version of his programme, Plantinga sought to achieve both these objectives through a single strategem, namely via the overthrow of ‘classical foundationalism’, an historically wide-ranging approach to epistemology he judges to be, even today, preeminent. Plantinga's frontal attack on his self-styled opposition, however, soon proved inadequate to his task, largely because it exposed his own position to criticism and left pressing questions unanswered. By this time, of course, Plantinga has done much to reply to his critics and to address fundamental questions; yet in so doing, he has adopted argumentative manoeuvres, some quite surprising, that take him considerably beyond his original position. These developments in his proposal are central to the discussion that follows. If we are to comprehend them, however, we must begin where he did, with a critique of classical foundationalism, for in the case of Plantinga's religious epistemology, to trace genesis is to elucidate growth.
Has the Ontological Argument been Refuted?
Authors: Vallicella William F.
Published: October 2008

Suppose we say that a deductive argument is probative just in case it is (i) valid in point of logical form, (ii) possesses true premises, and (iii) is free of informal fallacy. We can then say that an argument is normatively persuasive for a person if and only if it is both probative and has premises that can be accepted, without any breach of epistemic propriety, by the person in question. If the premises of a probative argument would be accepted by any reasonable person, I will call such an argument demonstrative.
Swinburne's Heaven: One Hell of a Place
Authors: Levine Michael
Published: October 2008

Discussions of immortality have tended to focus on the nature of personal identity and, in a related way, the mind/body problem. (i) Who is that is going to survive, and (ii) is it possible to survive bodily destruction? There has been far less discussion of what immortality would be like; e.g. the nature of heaven. Richard Swinburne, however, has recently discussed ‘heaven’, and has constructed a novel theodicy fundamentally based on his conception of what heaven is like. I shall criticize both his conception of heaven – a conception he claims is consonant with the classical theistic one of Aquinas – and also his theodicy. I will argue that his theodicy reintroduces the problem of evil in connection with his idea of heaven – and does nothing to resolve it.
Justice and Mercy: a Reply to Thomas Talbott
Authors: Holyer Robert
Published: October 2008

In a recent issue of Religious Studies,1 Thomas Talbott argues against what he takes to be an Augustinian picture of God, pointing out what he believes to be its more important weaknesses and thereby trying to lend credibility to an alternative picture. Much of what he argues turns on questions of the nature and requirements of justice. I shall confine myself to his claims about the relation of justice and mercy, which are not only central to the essay but also probably the weakest and least well developed part of his larger project of defending a universalist view of salvation.2
Leaps and Circles: Kierkegaard and Newman on Faith and Reason
Authors: Ferreira M. Jamie
Published: October 2008

Søren Kierkegaard (in the Climacus writings) and John Henry Newman have starkly opposed formulations of the relation between faith and reason. In this essay I focus on a possible convergence in their respective understandings of the transition to religious belief or faith, as embodied in metaphors they use for a qualitative transition. I explore the ways in which attention to the legitimate dimension of discontinuity highlighted by the Climacan metaphor of the ‘leap’ can illuminate Newman's use of the metaphor of a ‘polygon inscribed in a circle’, as well as the ways in which Newman's metaphor can illuminate the dimension of continuity operative in the Climacan appreciation of qualitative transition.
Religious Pluralism and the Divine: Another Look at John Hick's Neo-Kantian Proposal
Authors: Eddy Paul R.
Published: October 2008

This study focuses upon the heart of John Hick's pluralistic philosophy of religion – his neo-Kantian response to the problem of conflicting inter-religious conceptions of the divine. Hick attempts to root his proposal in two streams of tradition: (1) the inter-religious awareness of the distinction between the divine in itself vs. the divine as humanly experienced, and (2) a Kantian epistemology. In fact, these attempts are problematic in that his hypothesis introduces a radical subjectivizing element at both junctures. In the end, I contend that Hick's neo-Kantian proposal undermines his decades-long effort to defend some form of religious realism.
How Subjectivity is Truth in the Concluding Unscientific Postscript
Authors: Hughes Edward J.
Published: October 2008

The present article returns to Søren Kierkegaard's Concluding Unscientific Postscript in order to delineate the complex relations that obtain between his concepts of subjectivity, inwardness and passion. Supporting concepts, such as appropriation, existence, and interest, are also referred to as aids in tracing these relationships. I argue that the entire gestalt of terms in the Concluding Unscientific Postscript is coherent, consistently used, and that Kierkegaard, despite the poetic format of his style, has constructed a rigorous philosophical anthropology that is neither objectivist, nor subjectivist in its ultimate statement. This is the basis for the name of the article, ‘How Subjectivity is Truth in the Concluding Unscientific Postscript’. Subjectivity can be truth in Kierkegaard's work because his use of the term transcends the normal denotation of both subjectivity and objectivity in religious philosophical discourse and refers to a state of existence with a unique ontological status.
The Religious Creativity of Modern Humanity: Some Observations on Eliade's Unfinished Thought
Authors: Rennie B. S.
Published: October 2008

Eliade proposed to ‘undertake to analyze the religious creativity of modern societies’ in hisHistory of Religious Ideasbut never did so. In this paper I have attempted to suggest the general direction that his analysis would have taken – the identification of the real with the actual is a religious valorization of contemporary humanity. This is not a generic shift from religion to non-religion but a belief of a religious nature which constitutes a novel departure from the traditional operations of the religious mind. It is accompanied by a refusal to countenance our creative involvement in the construction of reality. This Eliade labels ‘modern’ and ‘historical’.
Scientific Explanations of Mystical Experiences, Part I: The Case of St Teresa
Authors: Fales Evan
Published: October 2008

Several writers have argued for the implausibility of there being naturalistic explanations of mystical experience. These writers recognize that the evidential significance of mystical experiences for theism depends upon whether explanations that exclude supernatural agency can be discounted; but they seem unaware of some of the best scientific work done in this area. Part I of the present paper introduces the theory of I. M. Lewis, an anthropologist, and tests it against the case of St Teresa. I use Teresa because of her prominence, and because we have considerable biographical data for her. I conclude that Lewis's approach, suitably supplemented, is strikingly successful in explaining this case.
A Report on the Published and Unpublished Letters of Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Mary Russell Mitford 1836-1854
Authors: Raymond Meredith B.
Published: October 2008

Florence and Swallowfield. The very names symbolize the high and the low visibility now associated with Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Mary Russell Mitford. Other contrasts could be drawn. The stifling sick-room and the garden of geraniums, the “poetess” and wife of Robert Browning and the “authoress” of Our Village who was the only child of Dr. Mitford, country gentleman. Or, to mention a point on which Miss Mitford showed some sensitivity, a life of financial freedom versus one of financial uncertainty. What was the attraction which insured the constant and copious interchange of letters, a record which can only be labelled remarkable in a century of remarkable letter-writers? The answer is a multiple one, as whoever reads Elizabeth's side of this correspondence will discover. But such a reader will also discover a whole host of subjects and figures which will give him fresh insights into the public and private lives of the correspondents, their families, and their literary circles. The excerpt which follows indicates the ease with which Elizabeth Barrett shared her thoughts with Miss Mitford whether on topics creative or critical, domestic or political, and whether uttered in sickness or in relatively good health.
Elusive Browningiana: A List of Unlocated Manuscripts, Marginalia & Annotated Works
Authors: Kelley Philip , Hudson Ronald
Published: October 2008

When a scholar tries to delve into a writer's creative thoughts, it is essential that he consult manuscript materials — any scrap written by the author might prove illuminating. The number of requests we receive from students regarding the whereabouts of primary source materials makes us keenly aware that the Brownings are under continuous scrutiny.
Fra Lippo Lippi, Browning's Naughty Hierophant
Authors: Dupras Joseph A.
Published: October 2008

Fra Lippo Lippi, by mixing insults with affability, indignation with deference, self-righteousness with self-pity, and impenitence with confession, avoids arrest and professional embarrassment for his sportive sexuality and Bohemian sensibilities. Attempting to change the guards' perceptions (“Zooks, what's to blame? you think you see a monk!”) (vol. I, line 3) and win their sympathy, Lippo establishes a disarming fellowship of arrested development with them and identifies himself primarily as a painter from whom they should expect abnormal values. His clerical appearance falsifies his real character, which he insists they recognize so that their own blend of carnal sensations and immature artistic awareness will license his behavior. Lippo disrobes the “beast” (80) who cannot “subdue the flesh” (74), as he admits himself being, in hope that such creative stripteasing and sprezzatura will arrest the arresters. Fortunately for him, his auditors are susceptible enough to impulses of doing as one likes to disregard “the morality of [an] event [that] is indefensible” (Goldfarb 61); his methodical confirmation of them as his kindred souls undresses another spurious authority not entitled to enjoin his fleshliness. Moreover, the watch, being party to his ventures, vicariously satisfies a need to snatch a grace outside moral and social restraints, but imagined to be within art's reach. In awakening the police to greater artistic consciousness, Lippo tempts them with an idealized, barrierless profession partaking of holiness. He gains interpretive advantage by exploiting their naïveté, their torpor, and even their vain aspirations.
Syndromic surveillance: sensitivity and positive predictive value of the case definitions
Authors: GUASTICCHI G. , GIORGI ROSSI P. , LORI G. , GENIO S. , BIAGETTI F. , GABRIELE S. , PEZZOTTI P. , BORGIA P.
Published: October 2008

The aim of the study was to measure the positive predictive value (PPV) and sensitivity of operational case definitions of 13 syndromes in a surveillance system based on the Emergency online database of the Lazio region. The PPVs were calculated using electronic emergency department (ED) medical records and subsequent hospitalizations to ascertain the cases. Sensitivity was calculated using a modified capture–recapture method. The number of cases that fulfilled the case definition criteria in the 2004 database ranged from 27 320 for gastroenteritis to three for haemorrhagic diarrhoea. The PPVs ranged from 99·3 to 20; sepsis, meningitis-like and coma were below 50%. The estimated sensitivity ranged from 90% for coma to 22% for haemorrhagic diarrhoea. Syndromes such as gastroenteritis, where the signs, symptoms, and exposure history provide immediate diagnostic implications fit this surveillance system better than others such as haemorrhagic diarrhoea, where symptoms are not evident and a more precise diagnosis is needed.
Reading Failure in(to)Jude the Obscure:Hardy's Sue Bridehead and Lady Jeune's “New Woman” Essays, 1885–1900
Authors: Davis William A.
Published: October 2008

Thomas hardy was at work on his last novel,Jude the Obscure, when two of the best-known New Woman novels of the 1890s, Sarah Grand'sThe Heavenly Twinsand George Gissing'sThe Odd Women, appeared in 1893. Hardy readThe Heavenly Twins, or at least parts of it, in May 1893 and noted its criticism of the “constant cultivation of the [female] animal instincts” (i.e., the marital and maternal instincts) in his notebook (qtd. inLiterary Notebooks2:57). Hardy met Sarah Grand later in the spring and praised her to his friend Florence Henniker as a writer who had “decided to offend her friends (so she told me) — & now that they are all alienated she can write boldly, & get listened to” (Collected Letters2:33). Hardy was also at this time looking into the popular short-story collectionKeynotes(1893) by George Egerton (Mary Chavelita Clairmonte), from which he copied a passage concerning man's inability to appreciate “the problems of [woman's] complex nature” (qtd. inLiterary Notebooks2:60). Hardy's interest in George Egerton continued for several years. He wrote to Florence Henniker in January 1894 and reported that he had “found out no more about Mrs. Clairmont [sic]”; Sue Bridehead at this same time was still “very nebulous” (Collected Letters2:47). Two years later, Hardy had found the author ofKeynotesand finished his novel: he wrote to Mrs. Clairmonte in late December 1895, two months after the publication ofJude the Obscure, and commented on their shared interest in the Sue characters “type”: “I have been intending for years to draw Sue, & it is extraordinary that a type of woman, comparatively common & getting commoner, should have escaped fiction so long” (Collected Letters2:102). Hardy's comment suggests that Sue's origins were, at least in part, real New Women, and that he had been following the New Woman phenomenon for several years. Hardy had completed work onJudein the spring of 1895 while simultaneously reading another New Woman novel, the best-selling and controversialThe Woman Who Did(1895) by Grant Allen. Hardy wrote to Allen in February 1895 to thank Allen for sending a copy of the novel and to express his praise for the book, which he had read “from cover to cover.” Hardy added that it “was curious to find how exactly [Allen] had anticipated my view” (Collected Letters2:68).
Congestion of the Brain in an Age of Unpoetrylessness: Matthew Arnold's Digestive Tracts for the Times
Authors: de Graef Ortwin
Published: October 2008

“Kan kunst de wereld redden?” When Antwerp was cultural capital of Europe in 1993, this question — “Can art save the world?” — was adopted as one of the city's official slogans, prompting the mayor at the time, Bob Cools, to offer his contribution to an answer by way of a quotation: “Culture is to know the best that has been said and thought in the world.” As his source Cools mentioned Literature and Dogma, but in order to register accurately the phrase's critical relation to the salvation of and by culture, we must at least retrace it to its origin in Arnold's work, “The Function of Criticism at the Present Time.” In that essay, Arnold famously argues for the logical priority of criticism over poetry, claiming that poetry can only thrive when it has at its disposal the “materials” of literary creation, the high-quality “ideas” which it is the province of criticism to furnish (270).” The business of criticism is “simply to know the best that is known and thought in the world, and by in its turn making this known, to create a current of true and fresh ideas” (270). Measured by this standard, Arnold finds his own English modernity sadly deficient, representative of “the modern situation in its true blankness and barrenness, and unpoetrylessness” (Letters 126), and bereft of “just that very thing which now Europe most desires, — criticism” (“Function” 258). For in England, more than anywhere else, the critical spirit suffers from the short-sighted pragmatism and innate mindlessness that render the British immune to ideas, a fundamental philistinism that deprives the creative faculty of its materials and stifles the genuine development of criticism according to “the idea which is the law of its being: the idea of a disinterested endeavour to learn and propagate the best that is known and thought in the world, and thus to establish a current of fresh and true ideas” (“Function” 282).
Reevaluating Female “Inferiority”: Sarah Grand Versus Charles Darwin
Authors: Murphy Patricia
Published: October 2008

The figure of darwin hovered like a specter over the fin de siècle, not only the Darwin of the explosive 1859On the Origin of Speciesthat redirected evolutionary thinking but also the author of the 1871Descent of Man— a less heralded work, though generating equally significant repercussions with its pronouncements on the intellectual capacities of the sexes. By linking a perceived mental inferiority of women to the mechanism of evolution, Darwin seemingly brought scientific proof to support a cultural truism. In so doing, he reinforced Victorian strictures that maintained women in a subservient state, which now could be justified on the basis of biological determinism. Yet Sarah Grand's popular 1897 novel,The Beth Book, contests the Darwinian verities, questioning the scientists' specious conclusions about sex-linked traits and identifying culture as an equally significant force determining the mental dispositions of the sexes.
The Sati, the Bride, and the Widow: Sacrificial Woman in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Gilmartin Sophie
Published: October 2008

My title brings together two cultures — Indian and British — and three phases of womanhood — the bride, the widow, and — through suttee — the dead widow. Suttee, or sati, is the obsolete Hindu practice in which a widow burns herself upon her husband's funeral pyre. In this essay I wish to explore how sati was used as a metaphor in British novels and periodicals in the nineteenth century — used both as a metaphor for the British widow's mourning rituals and for the plight of the British bride in an unhappy marriage. I shall argue that sati forms a nexus connecting the seemingly disparate situations of the bride and widow, and that it also in this metaphorical sense forms a nexus or point of comparison between British and Indian culture.
Fictional Philanthropy in Elizabeth Gaskell's Mary Barton and North and South
Authors: Parker Pamela Corpron
Published: October 2008

Among the many anecdotes explaining Elizabeth Gaskell's entrance into the literary marketplace is one circulated by Travers Madge, a leading Manchester philanthropist. Gaskell allegedly told him that “the one strong impulse” to write Mary Barton came after visiting one particularly destitute laborer's cottage:

She was trying hard to speak comfort, and to allay those bitter feelings against the rich which were so common with the poor, when the head of the family took hold of her arm, and grasping it tightly said, with tears in his eyes, “Ay, ma'am, but have ye ever seen a child clemmed to death?” (Hompes 131)

While this anecdote ostensibly explains Gaskell's literary calling as a sacred duty and illustrates her expansive feminine sympathy, it also positions her work within the larger project of nineteenth-century philanthropy. As a lady visitor, she attempts to “speak comfort” and assuage working-class hostility toward the rich, but she finds herself in a discursive struggle with the workman, whose rough vernacular and even rougher hand threaten violence both to the lady and the narrative. Like the Ancient Mariner of Coleridge's poem, the nameless workman compels her to listen and accord him the authority that great suffering demands. He wrests the reader's attention away from the main figure of the anecdote, the benevolent “Mrs. Gaskell,” and renders her speechless — at least for a while. For it is his domestic tragedy which authorizes her literary vocation and enables her to present her work as a form of fictional philanthropy.
Globalrisiko und subklinische Koronarsklerose. Beobachtungen an 50 konsekutiven, ambulanten Patienten
Authors: Steiger U.
Published: October 2008

Bei 50 kardiologisch gesunden und auch test-negativen Patienten mit erhöhtem Globalrisiko findet sich bei 45 Patienten eine subklinische Koronarsklerose. Da die subklinische Arteriosklerose ein starker und unabhängiger Prädiktor der koronaren Herzkrankheit ist, sollte insbesondere bei intermediärem Risiko aktiv danach gesucht werden. Für die Früherfassung der koronaren Gefässerkrankung kommt dem Calcium-Score und in ausgewählten Fällen der CT-Angiographie eine besondere Bedeutung zu.
Toux sèche, douleurs thoraciques et dyspnée chez un patient atteint d'une polyarthrite rhumatoïde
Authors: Ziadé M. , Van Linthoudt D. , Ris H.-B. , So A.K-L.
Published: October 2008

Ein Befall der Lunge ist die häufigste extra-artikuläre Erscheinungsform der rheumatoiden Polyarthritis. Im Rahmen einer interstitiellen Pneumopathie kann es selten zu einem chronischen bilateralen Hydro-Pneumothorax kommen. Es wird angenommen, dass es zu Kavernen in oberflächlichen Knoten kommt, die in den Pleuraraum rupturieren können. Eine broncho-pleurale Fistelbildung liefert eine mögliche Erklärung für die Persistenz diese Krankheitsbildes beim beschriebenen Patienten.
Characterization of the shallow structures of active fault zones using 3‐D ground‐penetrating radar data
Authors: McClymont Alastair F. , Green Alan G. , Villamor Pilar , Horstmeyer Heinrich , Grass Christof , Nobes David C.
Published: October 2008

Where they can be correlated with geological exposures and trenches, 3‐D ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) data can contribute critical subsurface information to paleoseismic investigations. Because active faults are typically characterized by complicated near‐surface structures that vary with the styles of faulting and the types of rock that are ruptured, GPR data can be difficult to interpret. We have acquired 3‐D GPR data sets across three active fault zones within New Zealand that have different deformation styles: the strike‐slip Wellington fault zone, reverse faults of the Ostler fault zone, and normal faults of the Maleme fault zone. To improve our interpretation of the processed GPR volumes, we employed two suites of geometric attributes. The first suite was computed using a coherence‐based algorithm. It provided estimates of the coherency, azimuth, and dip of reflections. The second suite quantified the volumetric textures of reflections, which allowed different reflection facies to be defined objectively. We have demonstrated how some attributes were more successful at visualizing certain structural or depositional characteristics than others. For example, the coherency attribute was an excellent tool for highlighting normal faults within volcanic deposits of the Maleme fault zone, whereas the texture‐based attributes were most useful for discriminating between the gravel and metasediment units juxtaposed by the Wellington fault zone. Our GPR data sets and associated attribute volumes showed details of near‐surface fault geometry that were not obvious from surface mapping, and they revealed evidence of off‐fault deformation, gravitational collapse, and topple structures.
An EGF technique to infer the rupture velocity history of a small magnitude earthquake
Authors: de Lorenzo S. , Filippucci M. , Boschi E.
Published: October 2008

An empirical Green's function (EGF) technique has been developed to detect the rupture velocity history of a small earthquake. The assumed source model is a circular crack that is characterized by a single and unipolar moment rate function (MRF). The deconvolution is treated as an inverse problem in the time domain, which involves an assumed form of the moment rate function (MRF). The source parameters of the MRF are determined by adopting a global nonlinear inversion scheme. A thorough synthetic study on both synthetic and real seismograms allowed us to evaluate the degree of reliability of the retrieved model parameters. The technique was applied to four small events that occurred in the Umbria‐Marche region (Italy) in 1997. To test the hypothesis of a single rupture process, the inversion results were compared with those arising from another EGF technique, which assumes a multiple rupture process. For each event, the best fit model was selected using the corrected Akaike Information Criterion. For all the considered events the most interesting result is that the selected best fit model favors the hypothesis of a single faulting process with a clear variability of the rupture velocity during the process. For the studied events, the maximum rupture speed can even approach the P‐wave velocity at the source, as theoretically foreseen in studies of the physics of the rupture and recently observed for high‐magnitude earthquakes.
Accuracy of 10 m winds from satellites and NWP products near land‐sea boundaries
Authors: Kara A. B. , Wallcraft A. J. , Barron C. N. , Hurlburt H. E. , Bourassa M. A.
Published: October 2008

Through a comprehensive analysis, reliability of 10 m wind speeds is presented near the land‐sea boundaries over the global ocean. Winds from three numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers and two satellite‐based products are analyzed. NWP products are 1.875° × 1.875° National Center Environmental Prediction reanalyses, 1.125° × 1.125° European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts 40‐year Reanalysis (ERA‐40), and 1.0° × 1.0° Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) operational product. These are compared to much finer resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) satellite winds, Quick Scatterometer (QSCAT) and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager. Large biases (e.g., >3 m s−1) may exist in NWP products near the land‐sea boundaries, because wind speeds from the uniformly gridded global fields are generally at a spatial scale too coarse to appropriately define the contrast between water and land grid points. This so‐called land contamination of ocean‐only winds varies, and typically depends on the extent of the land‐sea mask. A creeping sea‐fill methodology is introduced to reduce errors in winds. It is based on the elimination of land‐corrupted NWP grid points and replacement by adjacent, purely over‐ocean values. In comparison to winds from many moored buoys, the methodology diminishes RMS errors (from >4 m s−1to <1 m s−1) for NOGAPS and ERA‐40. The creeping sea‐fill is not advised for NCEP winds which have low contrast between land and sea points, thereby resulting in little impact from the land contamination.
Strength of the H2O near‐infrared absorption bands in hydrated minerals: Effects of particle size and correlation with albedo
Authors: Pommerol Antoine , Schmitt Bernard
Published: October 2008

We use laboratory experiments and radiative transfer modeling to study how the 1.9‐ and 3‐μm H2O absorption bands are affected by variations of mineral particle size and albedo. A consistency between results of physical experiments and numerical simulations demonstrates that the studied effects are well described by the theory of radiative transfer in particulate media. Band strengths show different relationships with particle size, depending on the absolute intensity of the absorption and the criterion used to calculate band strength (band depth, area, ESPAT function, etc.). Various mixing processes used to vary sample albedo reveal a strong dependence of band strengths with albedo. For the 1.9‐μm band, those effects result in variations of the hydrated minerals detection limit by more than 1 order of magnitude. However, the shape of the relationship between the 1.9‐μm band strength and albedo could be used to get information on the mixing mode (intimate, granular, or geographic) between hydrated and nonhydrated minerals. For the 3‐μm band, we found a strong linear correlation between the integrated band area and the continuum reflectance that opens a promising way to isolate the effect of albedo on planetary surfaces and retrieve spatial variations of material hydration state. When this spectral criterion is used for the 3‐μm band, the effects of particle size are very limited for particles larger than 150 μm but remain important below this value. Therefore, an independent way to derive particle size from remote sensing appears necessary to address the effects of particle size variations where small particles are present.
Effect of precipitation on water cloud properties over China
Authors: Kawamoto Kazuaki
Published: October 2008

I compared the amount of precipitation P and non‐precipitation water cloud properties (effective radius re and columnar number density Nc of droplets) over China in the mid‐latitude frontal zone. In general, Nc decreased and re increased as P increased. The rates of variation also became less steep beyond a certain P for both parameters, suggesting saturation. These relationships could be interpreted as due to the effect of scavenging of aerosols via precipitation on the cloud properties. The observed cloud properties of fewer cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the rain‐rich regions and of more CCN in the rain‐poor regions support a previously proposed mechanism. Comparison with an Amazon case in the convective zone revealed some similarities and differences in the characteristics of the obtained relationships.
Causes of change in 20th century global river discharge
Authors: Gerten Dieter , Rost Stefanie , von Bloh Werner , Lucht Wolfgang
Published: October 2008

A global vegetation and hydrology model (LPJmL) was applied to quantify the contributions of changing precipitation, temperature, atmospheric CO2 content, land use and irrigation to worldwide trends in 20th century river discharge (Q). Consistently with observations, Q decreased in parts of Africa, central/southern Asia and south‐eastern Europe, and increased especially in parts of North America and western Asia. Based on the CRU TS2.1 climatology, total global Q rose over 1901–2002 (trend, 30.8 km3 a−2, equaling 7.7%), due primarily to increasing precipitation (individual effect, +24.7 km3 a−2). Global warming (−3.1), rising CO2 (+4.4), land cover changes (+5.9) and irrigation (−1.1) also had discernible effects. However, sign and magnitude of trends exhibited pronounced decadal variability and differed among precipitation forcing datasets. Since recent trends in these and other drivers of Q are mainly anthropogenic, we conclude that humans exert an increasing influence on the global water cycle.
Small scale hot upwelling near the North Yellow Sea of eastern China
Authors: Ai Yinshuang , Zheng Tianyu , Xu Weiwei , Li Qiang
Published: October 2008

In order to image the structure of the upper‐mantle discontinuity beneath Eastern China, we have applied a common conversion point (CCP) stacking method of receiver function (RF). Both the 410‐km and the 660‐km discontinuities (hereafter called the 410 and the 660) clearly show continuous positive phases along the selected profile. The 410 shows depression, whereas the 660 shows uplift, in the eastern section of the study profile. The transition zone (TZ) to the west of longitude 122° is thicker than the global average, though the TZ is thinner to the east of that longitude. The thinnest part of the TZ, with 10∼15 km of thinning (an increase in temperature of up to 100°C), is located at the North Yellow Sea. We suggest that either the small‐scale convection associated with the deep penetration of the sinking slab into the lower mantle, or a small plume from lower mantle, has generated hot upwelling in this region.
Thermodynamics and optimality of the water budget on land: A review
Authors: Kleidon A. , Schymanski S.
Published: October 2008

The water balance on land plays a critical role in connecting key hydrological processes with climate and ecology. Over the last few years, several advances have been made in applying thermodynamic and optimality approaches to better describe Earth system processes in general, and the water balance on land in particular. Both concepts relate to the proposed principle of Maximum Entropy Production (MEP), which states that complex systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium organize in a way such that the rate of entropy production‐a measure of irreversibility‐is maximized in steady state. MEP provides a foundation to understand optimality in hydrology at a fundamental, thermodynamic level that is applicable across a wide range of Earth systems beyond hydrology. This review describes the foundation of the water balance far from thermodynamic equilibrium and potential applications of MEP. Some of the objections to optimality and thermodynamics are discussed as well as its potential implications.
Mass balance of the Greenland ice sheet from 1958 to 2007
Authors: Rignot E. , Box J. E. , Burgess E. , Hanna E.
Published: October 2008

We combine estimates of the surface mass balance, SMB, of the Greenland ice sheet for years 1958 to 2007 with measurements of the temporal variability in ice discharge, D, to deduce the total ice sheet mass balance. During that time period, we find a robust correlation (R2 = 0.83) between anomalies in SMB and in D, which we use to reconstruct a continuous series of total ice sheet mass balance. We find that the ice sheet was losing 110 ± 70 Gt/yr in the 1960s, 30 ± 50 Gt/yr or near balance in the 1970s–1980s, and 97 ± 47 Gt/yr in 1996 increasing rapidly to 267 ± 38 Gt/yr in 2007. Multi‐year variations in ice discharge, themselves related to variations in SMB, cause 60 ± 20% more variation in total mass balance than SMB, and therefore dominate the ice sheet mass budget.
Variability of the lunar photoelectron sheath and dust mobility due to solar activity
Authors: Sternovsky Z. , Chamberlin P. , Horanyi M. , Robertson S. , Wang X.
Published: October 2008

The solar vacuum ultraviolet (VUV; < 200 nm) radiation induces photoemission from the surface of the Moon, Mercury, and other airless celestial bodies. This process charges the surface positively and generates a near‐surface photoelectron plasma sheath. Solar activity is highly variable in the 70–100 nm range where the photoelectron yield peaks. Available data for high‐resolution solar UV spectra and lunar grain photoelectric yield are combined to calculate the variation of photoelectron emission with solar activity. The results show that extreme solar flare conditions can increase photoelectron emission several fold. The consequence of higher photoelectron current is increased surface potential and stronger electric field that is likely to increase the electrostatic mobilization of lunar dust.
In situ structural investigation of Fe‐S‐Si immiscible liquid system and evolution of Fe‐S bond properties with pressure
Authors: Morard G. , Sanloup C. , Guillot B. , Fiquet G. , Mezouar M. , Perrillat J. P. , Garbarino G. , Mibe K. , Komabayashi T. , Funakoshi K.
Published: October 2008

Fe‐S‐Si immiscibility has been investigated using in situ X‐ray methods at high pressure and high temperature. An in situ X‐ray diffraction study of immiscible liquids for P∼5 GPa and T/Tm∼1.1 has been performed, showing differences in structural properties between S‐rich and Si‐rich coexisting liquid phases. Moreover, the respective role of S and Si on Fe alloys has been quantitatively investigated in Fe‐X liquids (X = S, Si) with 20%wt of light elements. The transition from immiscible to miscible textures has been observed in the ternary mixture by in situ X‐ray radiography for the Fe‐18wt%S‐8.5wt%Si (Fe‐28.8at%Si‐11.9at%S) sample composition between 12 and 16 GPa. Closure of the miscibility gap occurs in the same pressure range as the Fe‐S eutectic liquid evolves toward a compact structure. By working within the framework of the hard sphere (HS) fluid commonly used in liquid state theory, we show that the equation of state (EOS) for additive HS reproduces very well the compressibility of Fe‐Si alloys measured in the 0–5 GPa pressure range, whereas that of Fe‐S alloys behave quite differently, with a high degree of covalency. However it is also stressed that at higher pressures (P > 15 GPa) liquid Fe‐S adopts a structure close to that exhibited by Fe‐Si alloys, a feature which suggests that the compressibility of the two alloys should behave similarly at very high pressure due to transition of S behaviour from covalent to interstitial. Hence for Fe‐S liquid under core conditions, we conclude that the sound velocity in Fe‐S alloy is compatible with PREM model.