bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Families of Roman Soldiers (First and Second Centuries A.D.): Culture, Law, and Practice
Authors: Phang Sara Elise
Published: April 2009

During the first two centuries A.D., Roman soldiers were prohibited from contracting legal marriage; the masculine nature of Roman military discipline was the likely motivation for the ban. Nevertheless, many Roman soldiers formed de facto unions with women and fathered children. This marriage ban is directly attested to in papyri from Roman Egypt that show that soldiers' marriages were illegal and that their children born during service were illegitimate. Military diplomas granted to discharged soldiers show that veterans were given the right to marry. This article explores the nature of the soldiers'de facto unions in Roman law and the impact of the ban on the soldiers' illegitimate children. This article also discusses the soldiers' union in social practice, based on a survey of Latin epitaphs. Soldiers more frequently married in the second century; other features, such as relatively late marriage or celibacy, seem characteristic of the homosocial military subculture.
Servant Migration in Sweden in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Lundh Christer
Published: April 2009

This article deals with the influence of the servant institution on the rural migration pattern in southern Sweden in the early nineteenth century, especially with the different temporal, geographical, and social aspects of servant mobility. The oneyear contract employment periods gave rise to extensive servant migration on special moving times. It was customary for servants to change employers after some years of service, with extensive circular servant migration as a consequence. However, the migration area was largely limited to the local labor market. For most people, the occupation of servant was not the one they followed all their lives but a temporary job during a limited phase of their lives. The servant institution comprised all social groups in the area of investigation, including landholding peasants, but servants were more often recruited from landless households than from farm families. Less than 10 percent of the servants were young boys and girls.
Determinants of Age at First Marriage Among Jews in Amsterdam, 1625-1724
Authors: Schellekens Jona
Published: April 2009

This study provides evidence for relatively early marriage among Ashkenazi Jews compared to Sephardi Jews and Christians in seventeenth-century Western Europe. The results of this study suggest that these differences are not just structural. For example, Ashkenazi parents seem to have been more willing to support married sons during their lifetimes than have Sephardi parents. One form of assistance was coresidence, which was relatively common among wealthier Ashkenazi families. The study is based on data from Amsterdam that probably are the earliest available data on nuptiality for any Jewish community.
“Ye Heart of a Father”: Male Parenting in Colonial New England
Authors: Wilson Lisa
Published: April 2009

Loving fathers in colonial New England spoke in a “different voice.” They combined affection and power in the context of mutual familial obligation to raise their children to adulthood. What changed from the seventeenth to the eighteenth centuries was often expression rather than feeling. Men loved their children in both centuries, but the familiar language of sentiment emerged primarily at the end of the colonial period. Although these men parented in ways that we would judge harsh, they would find us equally repugnant in our permissiveness and disregard of religious training.
“I Never Noticed She Was Dirty”: Fatherhood and the Death of Charlotte Duffy in Late-Nineteenth-Century Victoria
Authors: Hogan Ashley
Published: April 2009

In Melbourne, 1880, fourteen-year-old Charlotte Duffy died of “hip disease” complicated by extreme neglect. Her parents were charged with criminal negligence. Matthew and Annie Duffy were both convicted, but Matthew Duffy's conviction was overturned on appeal, the court ruling that “in point of law” a father was not required to take any part in the day-to-day care of his children. This article uses the death of Charlotte Duffy as a focal point for an analysis of the gendered category of father in late-nineteenth-century Victoria, arguing that despite the clear delineation of male and female parenting in official discourse, the increasing strength of the ideal of conjugal masculinity was expanding the definition of fatherhood within the middle class. By the end of the nineteenth century, fatherhood implied a more intimate involvement with children than before: a new conception that worked to both extend and restrict the privileges of masculinity.
“A Drop-In Catering Job”: Middle-Class Women and Fatherhood, 1950-1980
Authors: Weiss Jessica
Published: April 2009

This article explores the roots of the so-called new fatherhood, arguing that the mothers of the baby boom laid the groundwork for the fathering patterns of the period from 1970 to 1990. For postwar women, helping men to father was a prescriptive duty and a necessity. They guided fathers as well as children, elaborating on ideals for fathers'behavior while their own tasks expanded. By using longitudinal evidence, this article highlights the hidden role that a generation of women associated with the traditional roles played in generating family change and the disappointments they experienced in the process.
Collagen-Platelet Composites Improve the Biomechanical Properties of Healing Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts in a Porcine Model
Authors: Fleming Braden C. , Spindler Kurt P. , Palmer Matthew P. , Magarian Elise M. , Murray Martha M.
Published: April 2009

Background

The outcome of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is variable, and many patients have increased joint laxity postoperatively.

Hypothesis

Placement of a collagen-platelet composite (CPC) around the graft at the time of ACL reconstruction decreases postoperative knee laxity and improves the structural properties of the graft compared with standard ACL reconstruction.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods

Thirteen immature pigs underwent unilateral ACL reconstruction with a bone–patellar tendon–bone allograft. In 6 pigs, a standard allograft was used to reconstruct the ACL. In 7 pigs, a CPC was placed around the allograft. After 15 weeks of healing, the animals were euthanized, and the anterior-posterior (AP) knee laxity and structural properties of the graft were measured. Qualitative histology of the grafts was also performed.

Results

The AP laxity values of the reconstructed knees, normalized to the contralateral control, were significantly reduced by 28% and 57% at 60° and 90° of knee flexion, respectively, with the addition of CPC (P <. 001). Significant improvements in the graft structural properties were also found; the normalized yield (P =. 044) and maximum failure loads (P =. 025) of the CPC group were 60% higher than the standard ACL-reconstructed group. Although cellular and vessel infiltration were observed in the grafts of both groups, regions of necrosis were present only in the standard ACL-reconstructed group.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate that the application of CPC at the time of ACL reconstruction improves the structural properties of the graft and reduces early AP knee laxity in the porcine model after 15 weeks of healing.

Clinical Relevance

Application of a CPC to an ACL graft at the time of surgery decreased knee laxity and increased the structural properties of the graft after 15 weeks of healing.
Nonprofit Sector Unionization and Gender Equity
Authors: Pynes Joan E. , Newman Meredith A.
Published: April 2009

This article examines issues that arose between a large Catholic archdiocese and its elementary school teachers when the latter organized to form a union to negotiate over wages, benefits, working conditions, and grievance procedures. Similar tensions are likely to reoccur in archdioceses across the country as the number of nuns continues to decline and parochial schools are forced to hire lay teachers. The St. Louis, Missouri, story underscores the gender inequity inherent in this area of nonprofit organizations’ labor relations; indeed, gender equity is the silent and heretofore invisible dimension driving major developments observed in the St. Louis experience. Similar gender equity-!oriented developments likely lie ahead in labor relations in the nonprofit sector as it expands its role in the contemporary hollow state of American government.
Reinventing State Civil Service Systems
Authors: Condrey Stephen E.
Published: April 2009

This article explores the first 5 years of the State of Georgia’s reform of its centralized civil service system, including an assessment of the environment leading to the reform. Additionally, the article explicates three organizing models for the delivery of public human resource management services and suggests that the state should have moved toward a strategic model that shared real personnel authority between the central personnel agency and the respective departments. The article concludes that the Georgia reform is an anomaly, not a trend.
Pay for Performance in Georgia State Government
Authors: Kellough J. Edward , Nigro Lloyd G.
Published: April 2009

In the mid-1990s, the State of Georgia launched a major reform of its personnel system. One part of the reform included a new approach to compensation called GeorgiaGain. With pay-for-performance as its centerpiece, GeorgiaGain was a comprehensive effort to modernize many of the state’s human resources management (HRM) practices. Its goals included the establishment of a state-of-the-art performance management system, implementing performance measurement and evaluation procedures that supervisors and subordinates alike trusted, setting up a competitive compensation plan, and streamlining the state’s position description and classification system. This article reports on the findings of major survey of state employees conducted early in 2000 designed to explore employees’ perceptions of the impact in areas such as job satisfaction, trust and confidence in the state’s HRM system, and the effects of pay-for-performance. Overall, employees were highly critical of the reform and believed that it had not produced the intended outcomes in most areas.
Praising Civil Service but Not Bureaucracy
Authors: Maranto Robert
Published: April 2009

Public administration writers contend that because career executives have greater competence, the U.S. federal executive has too many political appointees. The author argues that opposition to more political appointees is based on misconceptions about both the political and career personnel systems of the modern federal civil service. The increased controversy of government policies since the 1960s and the concordant growth of the politics industry in Washington have increased demands for relatively high-risk political work in the executive branch. Furthermore, the state of the merit system does not suggest that extending that system to higher level positions would lead to a more effective or efficient civil service.
Nuclear Deterrence Theory: The Record of Aggregate Testing and An Alternative Research Agenda
Authors: Harvey Frank , James Patrick
Published: April 2009

One of the most controversial subjects among students of international politics is the role of rational choice in deterrence. Disagreement is especially intense regarding application to the nuclear setting. Progress in that debate depends on identifying evidence appropriate for testing a wide range of propositions. The overall purpose of this review is to assess the record of aggregate evaluation in order to obtain guidance for further research. This investigation unfolds in several stages. First, studies appropriate for reassessment are placed in the general context of deterrence literature. Second, models, data, and testing procedures are presented and explained. Third, a pair of criteria for evaluation-validity and reliability-are applied to the above-noted quantitative studies. Fourth, and finally, new directions for testing are suggested, with emphasis on a more unified approach.
Deterministic Quasi-Periodic Behavior of An Arms Race Model
Authors: Hill Walter W.
Published: April 2009

Three successive models of increasing complexity are proposed in response to some standard objections to linear two-nation arms race models. The behavior of the nations in the final model is chaotic. Even though the posited system is deterministic, its behavior is apparently unpredictable. The behavior of moderately simple arms race models may be more complex than we have previously believed. For large parameter values the ability of decision makers to diagnose, manage, and control the race may be difficult. Furthermore, given that unpredictability is sometimes associated with the outbreak of war, this model suggests a situation in which war can occur without exponentially increasing armament.
A Fuzzy Systems Model of Arms Transfer Outcomesxs
Authors: Sanjian Gregory S.
Published: April 2009

This paper presents a fuzzy systems model of the effects of U.S. and USSR arms transfers on the political and strategic relationships between India and Pakistan during the period 1951–1976. The relationships between the importers are represented in the model by two system transformation equations. These equations stipulate that changes from t to t+1 (where t = one year) in the political and strategic relationships between India and Pakistan will be functions of those actors' relationships at t and U.S. and USSR arms transfers during the same time period. The political and strategic relationships between India and Pakistan are represented in the model by fuzzy variables: one variable identifies the degree to which there is political cooperation between the importers; another measures the degree of military balance. The model is tested by using COPDAB and SIPRI data on political relations, the military balance, and arms transfer inputs at t to predict the fuzzy levels of cooperation and military balance between India and Pakistan at t+1 (for every year of the 1951–1976 time frame). Pearson product-moment correlations between, on the one hand, the predicted levels of cooperation and military balance and, on the other hand, observations on those variables at t+I are r = .77 (for cooperation) and r = .75 (for military balance).
State Characteristics and Crisis Outcomes: A Test of the Spatial Model
Authors: Morgan T. Clifton , Moriarty Patrick J.
Published: April 2009

Two recent books, Interstate Crisis Behavior, 1816–1980 by Russell Leng and Untying the Knot of War by Cliff Morgan, have focused on the study of international crises. The two studies follow fundamentally different approaches, with Leng following an inductive strategy and Morgan developing a deductive theory, but there appears to be a great deal of overlap in the questions studied and in the variables examined. This research attempts to evaluate each of these previous studies in light of the other. By using Leng's data to test Morgan's hypotheses we hope to discover areas in which the theory requires additional development and areas in which the current data may be an inadequate basis from which to draw inferences. Our results suggest that the theory does need to be extended in certain directions; e.g., to incorporate misperceptions regarding the balance of military capabilities. Furthermore, the results suggest that the current version of the data may not allow valid inferences regarding the impact of crisis structure on crisis outcomes. In particular, the sample size and the biases in the non-random sample selection constitute threats to the validity of any such analysis. The bottom line is that each work contributes to our understanding of international crises, but additional theoretical and empirical work is warranted. The existence of each study enhances our understanding of the other, however, and this exercise produces specific suggestions for the directions of future research.
Charting A Course To Conflict: Territorial Issues and Interstate Conflict, 1816-1992
Authors: Hensel Paul R.
Published: April 2009

Contentious issues have frequently been overlooked in the study of international relations and interstate conflict. This paper explores the influence of territory and territorial issues on processes of interstate conflict. I begin by reviewing existing approaches to the study of territory, and existing theoretical efforts to understand the role of territory. I then offer an empirical investigation of the effects of territory on conflict, using the Correlates of War Project's data on militarized interstate disputes. Conflict processes are found to differ noticeably when territorial issues are at stake between the adversaries. Disputes in which territorial issues are at stake tend to be much more escalatory than disputes over less salient issues, using several different indicators of dispute severity and escalation. Disputes over territorial issues are less likely to end in stalemated outcomes than disputes over other issues, and more likely to end in decisive outcomes. Furthermore, the same adversaries are more likely to become involved in recurrent conflict in the aftermath of disputes over territorial issues, and this future conflict is likely to recur sooner than after disputes over other issues. Territorial issues thus seem to be especially salient to state leaders, producing more escalatory confrontations and being difficult to resolve through militarized means without triggering recurrent conflict in the future. I conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for future research on conflict and on contentious issues, and by offering some implications for policy-makers.
Thinking About Puzzles in the Study of International War
Authors: Siverson Randolph M.
Published: April 2009

One of the axioms of political analysis is that office-holders desire to continue to hold office and behave accordingly. A key implication of this view is that if the policies chosen by leaders are selected because leaders believe the policies will enhance their position, then the wars we see in history do not represent a random sample of all possible conflicts, but rather are a biased sample of wars that were selected by the leader of the initiator state because he or she had the expectation of a favorable outcome that would enhance their position. This leads to selection effects in the occurrence of conflict. The theoretical and empirical implications of selection effects are explored in seeking a better understanding of two prominent puzzles in the study of international conflict: (1) the non-expansion of war and (2) the question of democratic war participation.
Geographical Proximity and Issue Salience: Their Effects on the Escalation of Militarized Interstate Conflict
Authors: Senese Paul D.
Published: April 2009

The role of contiguity and territorial issues in conditioning states toward increasingly intense conflict has been a persistent theme in the literature of international relations. This paper investigates one particular aspect of the escalation puzzle in regard to these two dimensions, namely, their impact on the likelihood that militarized disputes will escalate in hostility and severity once the initial threshold of conflict has been broken. The results of ordinal level analyses reveal an interesting pattern. It appears that neither geographical proximity nor issue-type produce the expected positive effect in terms of hostility escalation. Both of these factors do, however, significantly increase the probability that conflict episodes will be marred by increasing numbers of lives lost, once uses of force are taken. These two sets of results suggest that when leaders are faced with the deaths of soldiers in the field, they are significantly less likely to stay the course of engagement if the stakes of contention do not center around territory.
Interstate Military Technological Races and Arms Control Agreements
Authors: Koubi Vally
Published: April 2009

I examine how a nation's absolute and relative position in a race to develop a new weapon affects the intensity of its R&D efforts as well as its incentive to engage in an arms control agreement with its rivals. I find that countries tend to devote more resources to weapons development when they are in a position of technological parity; and that the leader of a race outspends the laggard, but both tend to intensify their efforts when the follower catches up. Moreover, I find that, if the process of R&D is to be restricted through interstate treaties, then such treaties may only be introduced in the beginning stages of the race before any major breakthrough has occurred.
Risk Attitude, Punishment, and the Intifada
Authors: Dacey Raymond
Published: April 2009

The Israelis occupied the Gaza Strip and the West Bank for approximately twenty years without facing an uprising. This state of affairs ended, surprising both the Israelis and the PLO, in December 1987 with the beginning of the Intifada. Various authors conclude that the Israeli occupation policy caused the Intifada (Peretz 1990; Nassar and Heacock 1990; Siniora 1988; U.S. Department of State 1989). This paper takes exception with the foregoing view. This paper offers a rational actor explanation of why the occupation policy was adopted, why the occupation policy deterred an uprising for twenty years, and why the change from the occupation policy to the Iron Fist policy caused the Intifada. In particular, the key to the explanation is the change, which came with the Iron Fist policy, in the likelihood of punishing non-participants. This change, and not the occupation policy, made participation in acts of insurrection the preferred option.
Territorial Changes, 1816–1996: Procedures and Data
Authors: Tir Jaroslav , Schafer Philip , Diehl Paul F. , Goertz Gary
Published: April 2009

This article identifies the general criteria for inclusion of cases in the territorial change data set and describes basic patterns on some relevant dimensions of territorial changes. The data set, which identifies and codes all territorial changes involving at least one nation-state (as defined by the Correlates of War project), has been updated to cover the period from 1816 through 1996. Using these general criteria, we were able to identify 817 territorial changes over the period studied.
Rational Choice? Crisis Bargaining Over the Meech Lake Accord
Authors: James Patrick
Published: April 2009

From June 3 to 9, 1990, the Canadian federal and provincial governments bargained intensively over the final draft of a constitutional agreement known as the Meech Lake Accord. Although that crisis produced a tentative settlement, ratification ultimately failed in two provinces. The objective of the present investigation is to use an expected utility model to assess the fate and implications of the compromise that emerged at the time. This study unfolds in six stages. The first reveals why the Accord's failure is puzzling and establishes the general relevance of Canadian constitutional affairs. The second phase introduces the perspective of rational choice as a source of insight. This overview provides the foundation for the third stage, which presents an expected utility model of intergovernmental bargaining. In the fourth phase, data are assembled and the model is operationalized for the Canadian crisis of June 1990. The model's results are analyzed at the fifth stage. Sixth, and finally, general implications and priorities for future research are identified.
Deliberative Planning and Decision Making
Authors: Sager Tore
Published: April 2009

Much communicative planning is consensus oriented and rests on ideas of deliberative democracy. Planning recommendations made by dialogue are based on the intellectual force of arguments giving reasoned rankings of the planning alternatives. Dialogue encompasses the amalgamation of arguments in accordance with democratic criteria ensuring the communicative rationality of the process and the legitimacy of the recommendation. The balancing and weighing of arguments should avoid decision cycles that would make the recommendation of a plan arbitrary. By an analogy with Arrow’s theorem on the general impossibility of consistent and fair social choice, it is demonstrated that dialogue cannot ensure consistent recommendations and simultaneously prepare for political decision making in a democratic manner. The result is valid for debates over planning alternatives when differences in quality are not comparable across all the important arguments (concerning noise, safety, visual standard, social impact, etc.), which is the most common situation.
Marginal Pedagogy
Authors: Wolfe Joanna
Published: April 2009

Historically, annotations have provided a means for discussing texts and teaching students about reading practices. This study argues that giving students annotated readings can influence their perceptions of the social context of a writing-from-sources task. Over 120 students read variously annotated letters to the editor, wrote response essays, and answered recall and attitude questionnaires. Evaluative annotations influenced students'perceptions of the text: Passages annotated with positive evaluations were rated as more persuasive than identical passages without annotations; passages annotated with negative evaluations were perceived as less persuasive. Students' global attitudes to the issue were unaffected. Evaluative annotations seemed to decrease student writers' reliance on summary and encourage advanced engagement with source materials. However, some annotations appeared to have negative impacts on essays, causing students to include irrelevant information. Ahypothesis that the perceived position of the annotator shapes students'conceptions of the rhetorical task is advanced and lent limited support.
Myofascial Trigger Points in Children With Tension-Type Headache: A New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Option
Authors: von Stülpnagel Celina , Reilich Peter , Straube Andreas , Schäfer Jan , Blaschek Astrid , Lee Seung-Hee , Müller-Felber Wolfgang , Henschel Volkmar , Mansmann Ulrich , Heinen Florian
Published: April 2009

The goal of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of a trigger point—specific physiotherapy on headache frequency, intensity, and duration in children with episodic or chronic tension-type headache. Patients were recruited from the special headache outpatient clinic. A total of 9 girls (mean age 13.1 years; range, 5-15 years) with the diagnosis of tension-type headache participated in the pilot study from May to September 2006 and received trigger point—specific physiotherapy twice a week by a trained physiotherapist. After an average number of 6.5 therapeutic sessions, the headache frequency had been reduced by 67.7%, intensity by 74.3%, and duration by 77.3%. No side effects were noted during the treatment. These preliminary findings suggest a role for active trigger points in children with tension-type headache. Trigger point—specific physiotherapy seems to be an effective therapy in these children. Further prospective and controlled studies in a larger cohort are warranted.
A Qualitative Analysis of the Benefits and Limitations of Using Two-way Conferencing Technology to Supervise Preservice Teachers in Remote Locations
Authors: Falconer Karin Binner , Lignugaris/Kraft Benjamin
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this inquiry was to describe the benefits and limitations of using two-way audio/video conferencing technology in a preservice teacher training program located in a remote area. Two-way conferencing technology was introduced on a trial basis to assist in the supervision of practicum students and student teachers in remote university distance education sites. A qualitative analysis was conducted using the university supervisor's field notes and the opinions of students and cooperating teachers as data sources. Some of the perceived benefits include: increased contact with on-campus personnel; opportunities for face-to-face interactions; and the chance to provide immediate feedback to field-based students. Limitations noted by the informants include: problems with the microphones; concerns about conferencing via modem and overcoming the initial fear of being on camera. The informants also offered suggestions for improving the technology and recommended other ways the technology could be used in a rural location.
Two Sides of a One-Sided Phenomenon: Conceptualizing the Family Business and Business Family as a Möbius Strip
Authors: Litz Reginald A.
Published: April 2009

This article compares the family business, and its reciprocal institution, the business family, to a one-sided band known as the “Möbius strip.” After explaining the rationale for this comparison, the conceptualization is enriched and then enlarged to accommodate the diverse range of firms identifying themselves as family businesses. Next, a process model is presented to explain the emergence, existence, and decline of the familybusiness interface. The article concludes with a discussion of several research-related implications arising from this comparison.
Creating Value Across Generations in Family-Controlled Businesses: The Role of Family Social Capital
Authors: Salvato Carlo , Melin Leif
Published: April 2009

This article explores the processes through which family-controlled businesses (FCBs) access and recombine resources to match the evolving needs of their business activities. We do so by applying the conceptual lens offered by social capital to the comparative study of four FCBs active in traditional competitive arenas. Our data reveal that these firms' ability to create financial value over generations does not result from possession of some unique resource, nor from higher-level combinative capabilities; rather, these FCBs have systematically created value through their ability to renew and to reshape their social interactions within and outside the controlling family.
Problems of powerlessness: psychological explanations of social inequality and civil unrest in post-war America
Authors: Baistow Karen
Published: April 2009

This article concerns the emergence of psychological constructs of personal power and control in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s and the ways in which they contributed to contemporary political explanations of social unrest. While social scientists and politicians at the time saw this unrest as a social problem that posed threats to social cohesion and stability, they located its cause not in the power structure of society but in the individual’s sense of his or her own powerlessness. The article discusses ‘locus of control’ as the central construct in new psychological explanations of powerlessness which drew on personality theory and behavioural psychology. The first half of the article traces the rise of the self-managing subject in behavioural psychology, identifying a key shift in conceptual, strategic and technical emphases, away from using behavioural approaches to modify the behaviour of others and towards developing ways of enabling people to manage their own behaviour. In the second half it examines the ways in which locus of control and related constructs were used to account for the educational under-achievement and political militancy of poor, black people in the United States. These explanations implicated individual helplessness and a sense of powerlessness in black people as a major social problem in the USA during this period: as a threat not only to personal development but, in particular, to social stability. In the process of this analysis I aim to demonstrate that the deployment of these constructs did more than reformulate old social problems in new ways; it enabled new social problems to be identified for which these constructs could offer explanations and solutions which both appealed to political authorities and helped to shape their conceptions of the ‘problem’.
Effect of p-aminopropiophenone (PAPP), a cyanide antidote, on cyanide given by intravenous infusion
Authors: Bright J.E. , Marrs T.C.
Published: April 2009

1 Beagle bitches were infused with potassium cyanide solution after protection with p-aminopropiophenone (PAPP).

2 Methaemoglobin levels fell very rapidly after the start of the infusion.

3 Whole blood and plasma cyanide estimations revealed that most of the cyanide was sequestered inside the red cells.

4 Animals survived a supralethal dose of cyanide when protected with PAPP.
Safety Evaluation of Cimetidine: Report at the Termination of a Seven-year Study in Dogs
Authors: Walker T.F. , Whitehead S.M. , Leslie G.B. , Crean G.P. , Roe F.J.C.
Published: April 2009

Cimetidine in tablet form was administered orally daily to eight male and four female beagle dogs at a dose level of 144 mg kg-1 for 385 weeks. Four male and two female control dogs received placebo tablets. Treatment with cimetidine did not affect the clinical condition of the dogs, but was associated with a slightly less rapid weight gain. Five dogs (two cimetidine-treated and three controls) were killed during the course of the study for reasons not related to treatment. Treatment with cimetidine did not affect haematological, clinical chemical, urinalysis or electrocardiographic parameters. Multiple biopsies of gastric mucosa taken at intervals of approximately six months from Week 177 to Week 363 showed no change which could be attributed to treatment with cimetidine. There were no toxic effects on the gastric mucosa of any dog. At necropsy no treatment-related findings were reported except for reduction in prostate size in 6/8 males receiving cimetidine. This was expected in view of previous experience with cimetidine.
A Weberian Theory of Time
Authors: Segre Sandro
Published: April 2009

This article formulates a Weberian general theory of time. The theory is Weberian, in the sense that it is drawn from Weber's epistemological and sociological work. After a short presentation of Weber's epistemological writings, concerning how social scientists may investigate present and past events, and a brief digression on Husserl's possible influence on Weber, it focuses on Weber's sociological analysis of time in interactional and social contexts, and especially - on the interactions between formal and informal contexts. A unitary theoretical framework is then developed and analyzed in the light of classical and contemporary sociological work, concerning time as a social construction and a social constraint.
The Natural and Cultural Invariants of the Representation of Time in Face of Globalization
Authors: Barreau Hervé
Published: April 2009

Current attempts to globalize the economy and politics of our inhabited world should not be considered as an aggressive challenge to any particular cultural tradition. Anthropologists and sociologists of the 20th century have been inclined to exaggerate a supposed incompatibility between the representations and perceptions of time which are characteristic of traditional cultures and the present globalization of human society, globalization that is indeed a by-product of the scientific rationality which has spread throughout the West. For, despite undeniable differences, the contents of all human cultures, with regard to the representation of time, are characterized by elements which are derived from three natural invariants (biorhythms, ages of life and learning) and seven cultural invariants (simultaneity, temporal language, conduct of narrative, myth of time, calendars, natural clocks, artificial clocks).
Time and the Mobile Body
Authors: Burrows David
Published: April 2009

One standard model for time is the `timeline'. According to this model, experience is stored and the future projected as a linear narrative of continuities and successions. I will argue that animal mobility is a plausible source for the linear construction of time. Time is linear, when it is linear, because the organism is focussed in a point, at here and now, and, as a result of its linear mobility, projects that point in the form of a line. Another model, here called the `timespread', ignores sequence and assimilates experience to categories. Once actualized, the timespread model amounts to `knowledge'. Both models, timeline and timespread, are realized from the perspective of an individual organism restricted to a particular, if mobile, location, and accumulating its now-experiences in ways that reflect its self-interest.
The Time of Generations
Authors: Corsten Michael
Published: April 2009

This article develops a discursive-pragmatic concept from Mannheim's theory of generation, especially from his idea of generation as an actuality which emphazises the collective cognitive background or horizon of a generation. The author also discusses the emergence of such a cognitive background as dependent on a coincidence of different time perspectives, which are biographical, historical, and generational times. To explicate the discursive practice of generations the concepts of `historical time' (Robinson), `historical semantics' (Luhmann), and `cultural circles' are introduced. The author works out an understanding of the `problem of generation' that should lead to empirical investigations on this topic by using interpretive and reconstructive research methods.
Time-Related Individual Differences
Authors: Francis-Smythe Jan , Robertson Ivan
Published: April 2009

Postmodernism has brought about changing demands with respect to time in work organizations. While the impact of this has been given some attention at both the organizational and individual levels, far less has been given to a consideration of the extent to which individual differences might moderate the impact of such changes. In order to proceed with this line of enquiry it is necessary first to be able to measure individual differences related to time. This article through an analysis and synthesis of existing measures of individual attitudes/approaches to time, a subsequent qualitative study, and large quantitative survey study ( n = 683), identifies a five-factor structure for time-related individual differences (Time Personality) and reports on the development of five complementary measurement scales: Leisure Time Awareness, Punctuality, Planning, Polychronicity and Impatience. The findings are discussed in the context of the role Time Personality might play in moderating the effects that differing organizational structures and changing work demands might have in organizational settings.
Chronicles of Labour
Authors: Symes Colin
Published: April 2009

Diaries are important texts in the world, and provide textualizations of time that incorporate revealing features of the contemporary organization of time. Much previous analysis of diaries has confined itself to the nature of their contents rather than their form and layout. This paper redresses this. It argues that the design of the diary contains important clues as to the modern organization of time, particularly as it has developed over the last 100 years or so. It also argues that the diary is an important technology of self, designed to act as a place to store aspects of the enumerated self such as telephone numbers, biological information and financial details. Finally, the paper suggests that the temporal templates of the diary lead to a distinctive, succinct form of literary expression.
Understanding public support for stem cell research: media communication, interpersonal communication and trust in key actors
Authors: Liu Hui , Priest Susanna
Published: April 2009

This paper analyzes data from a 2005 telephone survey of 1200 people in the US that included questions about attitudes toward stem cell research and a broad range of communication variables. After all controls, trust in university scientists and religious leaders, exposure to national television news, familiarity, and religious service attendance produced statistically significant main effects on perception of research benefits, together explaining about 31% of the variance. Interpersonal communication may also have contingent effects.
Autonomy, Regulation and the Police Beat
Authors: De Lint Willem
Published: April 2009

In this article, the historical development of the police beat in the context of liberal governance is explored. As a mechanism of surveillance, the beat was a continuation of rules of the nightly watch, characterized by a tight control over watchmen by fixing person, post and time. As a site of police autonomy, the patrol beat facilitated the furtherance of the enterprise of the amateur constabulary and cultivated police officer dominion by matching police authority to territorial imperatives. In this way, discipline and autonomy have been carved into the mobilization of police in an economy or surveillance and discretion. The legacy of night and day patrol offered an initial temporal organization to this economy, with prohibitions and permissions by time and place. Rather than compromising liberal distinctions, this patrol bifurcation allowed their perseverance by structuring police capacity to intervene into the lives of citizens. But while the legacy of liberal autonomy in the police beat has served to maintain police discretion in the short run, technological innovations offering enhanced time and space compression may in the long run threaten that autonomy and, with it, an important grounding of liberal consent policing.
From Critical to Socio-Legal Studies: Three Dialectics in Search of a Subject
Authors: Norrie Alan
Published: April 2009

This article addresses the ‘gap’ between socio-legal studies and critical legal theory. Examining Derrida’s ‘Force of Law’, it argues that the fault lies as much with the latter’s marginalisation of the social and political character of the law as with the former’s narrow, policy-oriented character. Despite such marginalisation, deconstructive concepts such as supplementarity and différance are important and ought to be preserved for a critical sociology of law. This becomes possible once Derrida’s position is located within the modern dialectical tradition initiated by Hegel and developed by Bhaskar.

Both Hegel and Derrida offer important dialectical concepts for the critique of social phenomena like law, but both in different ways surrender them through recourse to ethical standpoints which marginalise the significance of analysing law as a social and political phenomenon. Bhaskar’s dialectical critical realism is presented as a way through the resulting impasses, specifically by virtue of his dialectical and sociological concept of ‘entity relationism’. This is contrasted with the analytical concept of ‘identity thinking’ which lies at the heart of law and the idea of the legal subject.

The article concludes by outlining how a dialectical approach can elucidate problems of subjectivity and responsibility in the criminal law. It contrasts formal legal conceptions of the subject, which seek to exclude relational issues, with moral conceptions in and beyond the law, which open out to the subject’s relationality. Legal reasoning is located on this contradictory dialectical ‘edge’ and suffers accordingly.
Dealing with Insolvency and Indebted Individuals in Respect to Law and Morality
Authors: Carlsson Bo , Hoff David
Published: April 2009

This article is focused on the social and moral problems of insolvency and indebtedness, presenting and analysing the legal structure of the Swedish Act (1994) of Reconstruction of Insolvency. The analysis is related to a revitalisation of Durkheim’s sociology on the forms of social solidarity and, thereby, to the search for moral bonds in our modern and rationalised society. Thus, the analysis will focus on the importance of the sacred symbolism of making efforts and presenting good will. By connecting the insolvency law to a Durkheimian analysis of social solidarity, the article presents functionality and morality as different forces that emphasise the ‘sacred symbolism of punishment’, in order to both strengthen ‘work ethics’ and make legitimate the principle of social welfare and the ‘security net’. According to the analysis, an individual must trustworthily deserve, in a moral sense, the legal opportunity of clearing his or her debts. The clearing of the debt must be pointed out as fair and proved, through the quality of effort and sacrifice.
The Government of Youth: Disorder and Dependence?
Authors: Vaughan Barry
Published: April 2009

This article is concerned with the Crime and Disorder Act, introduced by the Labour government in England & Wales. The Act’s central aim is the reduction of crime and disorder within local communities, and young people are seen as the main locus of disorder. A range of new sanctions is provided to correct the behaviour of young people. The Act has been widely castigated for continuing the intolerance of the previous Conservative administration and showing scant awareness of the needs of young people. Young people are maintained in a subordinate position vis-à-vis society and the paternalistic nature of juvenile justice is reaffirmed. Such an interpretation would blind one to the innovations within the Act; drawing on the governmentality literature, it is suggested that youths are being encouraged to take greater responsibility for their actions and to attach themselves to an emotional community. The demise of a unitary notion of society means that young people must become active citizens, taking charge of their lives in accordance with the wishes of others; those who do not will bear the brunt of the coercion that is so evident within the Act.
Criminal Justice Approaches to Paedophilic Sex Offenders
Authors: Kleinhans Martha-Marie
Published: April 2009

Childhood and sexuality are western sacred cows of the present age. When combined in the form of ‘childhood sexuality’, the result is invariably a taboo strong enough to ward off all but the very persistent. When this taboo of the discursive construction of childhood sexuality is violated, the reaction is swift and precise: punishments that we accept in almost no other circumstance - physical mutilation, hormonal alteration and total ostracism from society - are readily dreamt up and effected. It is to these (over-) reactions that this article is addressed. Several ways in which the underlying concepts and conceptual relations that are foundational to any discussion of the punishment of paedophilic sex offenders falter are presented in an attempt to shed new light on the discourse and practice of punishment of paedophilic sex offenders. Problematic distinctions between childhood and adulthood, sexuality and asexuality as well as corporal punishment and carceral punishment appear to be no longer applicable in their contemporary articulations. New subjectivities are being created which force a reconsideration of the intersections of these apparently innocuous conceptual delineations.
Policing Property and Moral Risk Through Promotions, Anonymization and Rewards: Crime Stoppers Revisited
Authors: Lippert Randy
Published: April 2009

This article explores promotions, anonymity and rewards as techniques of governance in Canadian Crime Stoppers (CS) programmes by analysing texts and personal interviews. The function of CS Crime of the Week advertisements is found to be more a practical effort to reduce loss along property lines through offering rewards and anonymity and less a tactical effort to solve mostly violent crimes or a symbolic endeavour consistent with the promotion of ‘law and order’ ideology. Through new partnerships with CS, various partners including private insurance gain symbolic but also practical risk management benefits. Anonymization promises to reduce risk to ‘tipsters’ and moral risk to police and partners. A graduated system of rewards seeks to manage risk while encouraging risk among ‘tipsters’ and is linked to moral imaginings of the tipster as ‘good citizen’ and ‘criminal’. Risk and morality are therefore linked in this context. These techniques of governance are deployed together to render the policing of property and moral risks possible as these techniques are themselves governed. CS does not simply aid law enforcement. Rather, in CS law is at once a way in which these techniques are governed and a barrier to their deployment. These findings have implications for the sociology of governance and law and move beyond previous research on CS.