bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Melting of Ice in the Arctic Ocean: The Influence of Double-Diffusive Transport of Heat from Below
Authors: Turner J. S.
Published: September 2009

This investigation was originally prompted by two oceanographic observations: an increased rate of melting of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, and the advance of an anomalously warm tongue of Atlantic water intruding across the Arctic below the halocline over the past few decades. A series of laboratory model experiments has previously been carried out to explore the possibility that the extra heating at depth could be responsible for the enhanced melting rate. These experiments have demonstrated that a one-dimensional heat flux from below through a series of double-diffusive layers can in principle lead to faster melting of floating ice. However, it is now essential to test these ideas quantitatively under ocean conditions and to compare the results with other possible mechanisms of melting.

A simple calculation shows that there is enough heat in the intruding Atlantic water to melt all the ice in the Arctic in a few years if all the heat could be brought to the surface in this time. The vertical double-diffusive transport of heat is slower than this, but it is large enough to make a substantial contribution to the increased rate of melting over the last three or four decades. Another proposed mechanism for melting is the solar input to the surface mixed layer from the atmosphere. In particular years when detailed measurements and calculations have been made, this atmospheric input can explain both the seasonal cyclic behavior of ice and the increased melting rate. Given the large heat content in the intruding Atlantic layer, however, it seems worth exploring further other advective two-dimensional mechanisms that could transport this heat upward more rapidly than the purely vertical double-diffusive convection. For example, dense salty water produced by freezing on the shelves around the Arctic Basin could flow down the slope and penetrate through the halocline, thus mixing with the warm water and bringing it to the surface.
Alignment of the Intended, Planned, and Enacted Curriculum in General and Special Education and Its Relation to Student Achievement
Authors: Kurz Alexander , Elliott Stephen N. , Wehby Joseph H. , Smithson John L.
Published: September 2009

In this initial study, the authors examined the content of the planned and enacted eighth-grade mathematics curriculum for 18 general and special education teachers and the curricula’s alignment to state standards via the Surveys of the Enacted Curriculum. The relation between alignment and student achievement was analyzed for three formative assessments and the corresponding state test within a school year. Results indicated that alignment for the planned and enacted curriculum to state standards was low with no significant differences between general and special education teachers. Significant correlations between student achievement averages for 238 students and teacher alignment indices were equal to or greater than .48. When teacher groups were examined separately, the relation between alignment and achievement remained significant only for special education, with correlations equal to or greater than .75. The study’s conceptual and methodological framework provides a model for subsequent research on alignment and opportunity to learn in general and special education.
Strangers and natives
Authors: Coe Cynthia D.
Published: September 2009

I claim that the hermeneutic circle both describes and undermines the colonialist impulse, by mapping how our prejudices are projected out into reality but thus make themselves vulnerable to critical scrutiny. Gadamer’s attention to the way in which our prejudices should be challenged, his emphasis on the construction of the tradition that has such an influence on our understanding (and our tendency to ignore that malleability), and his resistance to the Enlightenment ideal of transcending the historical and natural given give us resources by which to critique the discourse of self and other that develops within colonialism.
The politics of imagination and the public role of religion
Authors: Bottici Chiara
Published: September 2009

The aim of this article is to show that, in order to understand the new public role of religion, we need to rethink the nexus, often neglected by contemporary philosophy, between politics and imagination. The current resurrection of religion in the public sphere is linked to a deep transformation of political imagination which has its roots in the double process of the reduction of politics to mere administration, on the one hand, and to spectacle, on the other. In an epoch when politics is said to be simply a question of ‘good governance’, of good administration within a neo-liberal consensus, the paradox is that of a lack of political imagination which goes hand in hand with its hypertrophy through the media. This article tackles this paradox, by firstly discussing the nexus of politics, imagination and religion and, secondly, by analysing their contemporary transformations. In conclusion, the thesis is illustrated through the analysis of some contemporary examples.
The Pivotal Role of Electron Microscopic Evaluation in Investigation of the Cardiotoxicity of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane in Rats and Mice
Authors: Nyska Abraham , Cunningham Michael , Snell Michael , Malarkey David , Sutton D. , Dunnick June
Published: September 2009

Electron microscopy and light microscopy have been used to evaluate the cardiotoxicity of bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane (CEM) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. Rats received vehicle control or CEM at 50 mg/kg/day, and mice, vehicle control or CEM at doses up to 100 mg/kg/day, by oral gavage for up to sixteen days. Cardiotoxicity in rats at 50 mg/kg consisted of myocardial degeneration, including myocardial inflammation, myofiber vacuolation, and/or myofiber necrosis. There was no light microscopic evidence for cardiotoxicity in mice even at doses twice that of rats, but cardiotoxic damage was seen after electron microscopic evaluations including mitochondrial disintegration and vacuolation. Mice with mitochondrial damage may be more susceptible to subsequent cardiotoxic events and have a reduced capacity to respond when energy demands increase. Oral treatment of rats with CEM caused cardiotoxic lesions similar to those reported after dermal administration ( Dunnick, Johnson, et al. 2004 ). The F344/N rat is more sensitive than the B6C3F1 mouse to the cardiotoxic effects of CEM.
Government Bureaucracy, Transactional Impediments, and Entrepreneurial Intentions
Authors: Griffiths Mark D. , Kickul Jill , Carsrud Alan L.
Published: September 2009

In environments where information asymmetries and changing market conditions are ever-present, discerning between different macro-level and contextual factors that stimulate or inhibit entrepreneurial activity still needs to be validated. Utilizing our own primary data ( N = 1473 across 10 countries) as well as secondary data (World Bank Economic Forum, Global Financial Data, and Transparency International), we investigate the role that several contextual indices (e.g. perceptions of an entrepreneurial culture) and macro-level indices (e.g. government corruption, GDP per capita, and ease of doing business indices) have on entrepreneurial intentions. Results reveal the impact government corruption and the concomitant transactional impediments have on the degree of entrepreneurial interest across countries.
Public Policy Support for the Informal Venture Capital Market in Europe
Authors: Mason Colin M.
Published: September 2009

The ability of small firms to access finance is hindered by persistent market failure, which creates funding gaps for new businesses, particularly in technology sectors, seeking small amounts of finance. This has prompted various forms of public sector intervention to increase the supply of both debt and risk finance. For the past decade (longer in the UK) both the EU and its member states have increasingly focused on the informal venture capital market as a means of increasing the supply of early stage venture capital. This article describes the changing nature of the forms of intervention and provides a critical review of their effectiveness. The lack of data on angel investing means that there is very little evidence on the impact of these forms of intervention. The article advocates that governments should invest in appropriate methodologies which can accurately measure investment trends in the early stage venture capital market, and specifically angel investment activity, so that the need for public sector intervention can be demonstrated and the impact of such interventions can be measured.
A Comprehensive Analysis of Marketing Journal Rankings
Authors: Steward Michelle D. , Lewis Bruce R.
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this study is to offer a comprehensive assessment of journal standings in Marketing from two perspectives. The discipline perspective of rankings is obtained from a collection of published journal ranking studies during the past 15 years. The studies in the published ranking stream are assessed for reliability by examining internal correlations within the set. Aggregate rankings are presented from the published ranking stream, as well as from the two predominant ranking approaches used in these studies (opinion surveys and citation analyses). A new data source for journal rankings is introduced—the actual in-house target journal lists used by a sample of Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB)-accredited schools to evaluate faculty research, representing an institutional perspective. The aggregate journal rankings from these lists are presented, as well as the rankings in two subsegments of the sample (US/non-US and doctoral/nondoctoral). The publications from the discipline perspective are compared to data from the in-house target journal lists actually used by AACSB-accredited schools. A full set of rankings across both data sets (school lists and the published article stream) is presented and differences are discussed.
East-Central European Literatures Twenty Years After
Authors: Heim Michael Henry , Elsie Robert , Razor Sasha , Vitalich Kristin , Dimova Polina , Vitalich Kristin , Bolton Jonathan , Sherwood Peter , Niżyńska Joanna , Cotter Sean , Longinović Tomislav , Chitnis Rajendra A. , Debeljak Erika Johnson , Pavlič Špela , Chernetsky Vitaly
Published: September 2009

The goal of this collective effort is to provide an overview of the course of Central European literatures in the twenty years following the fall of the Berlin Wall. The authors have highlighted works they consider representative of their countries’ literary production and placed them in the context of the political and social changes they reflect. Where English translations of the works in question are available, they are listed in a bibliography attached to each article.
Freud’s dreams of reason: the Kantian structure of psychoanalysis
Authors: Tauber Alfred I.
Published: September 2009

Freud (and later commentators) have failed to explain how the origins of psychoanalytical theory began with a positivist investment without recognizing a dual epistemological commitment: simply, Freud engaged positivism because he believed it generally equated with empiricism, which he valued, and he rejected ‘philosophy’, and, more specifically, Kantianism, because of the associated transcendental qualities of its epistemology. But this simple dismissal belies a deep investment in Kant’s formulation of human reason, in which rationality escapes natural cause and thereby bestows humans with cognitive and moral autonomy. Freud also segregated human rationality: he divided the mind between (1) an unconscious grounded in the biological and thus subject to its own laws, and (2) a faculty of autonomous reason, lodged in consciousness and free of natural forces to become the repository of interpretation and free will. Psychoanalysis thus rests upon a basic Kantian construction, whereby reason, through the aid of analytic techniques, provides a detached scrutiny of the natural world, i.e. the unconscious mental domain. Further, sovereign reason becomes the instrument of self-knowing in the pursuit of human perfection. Herein lies the philosophical foundation of psychoanalytic theory, a beguiling paradox in which natural cause and autonomous reason — determinism and freedom — are conjoined despite their apparent logical exclusion.
John Anderson’s development of (situational) realism and its bearing on psychology today
Authors: Hibberd Fiona J.
Published: September 2009

In 1927, the Scottish philosopher John Anderson arrived in Australia to take up the chair of Philosophy at the University of Sydney. By the late 1930s, the ‘macrostructure’ of his realist system was in place. It includes a theory of process and a substantial metaphysics, one that opposes positivism, linguistic philosophy and all forms of idealism. However, beyond Australia it remains largely unknown, despite its bearing on a number of current issues in psychology and the social sciences generally. This article outlines Anderson’s transition from Hegelian idealism to realism, describes aspects of his ontology and epistemology, compares some of Anderson’s ideas with Dewey’s pragmatism and explains their relevance to present-day psychology.
Play Theme-Based Research With Children
Authors: Green Eric J. , Crenshaw David A. , Langtiw Cynthia Lubin
Published: September 2009

As children play, themes, or consistent patterns, emerge. Often times, children play out themes related to current psychosocial or developmental struggles. This article examines the most common themes illustrated throughout children’s play within a clinical setting. Additionally, case illustrations are interspersed throughout the article to illustrate the importance of family counselors identifying themes and integrating the working knowledge as an ancillary to the counseling session.
Measuring Arbitrage Opportunities
Authors: Anokhin Sergey , Troutt Marvin D. , Wincent Joakim , Brandyberry Alan A.
Published: September 2009

Entrepreneurs respond to opportunities that come in two basic forms: innovation and arbitrage. This article presents a technique called the minimum performance inefficiency (MPI) estimation method that could be used to estimate arbitrage opportunities. The technique has several advantages over the conceptually similar data envelopment analysis (DEA) and other techniques. The authors validate the technique with a well-known data set and illustrate its use based on secondary data from the publishing industry.
Idea Sets
Authors: Hill Susan A. , Birkinshaw Julian M.
Published: September 2009

Idea sets—the complete stock of entrepreneurial ideas an individual has accessible within his or her memory at any given time—are proposed as a new unit of analysis through which the antecedents, processes, and outcomes of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition may be more fully understood. A number of dimensions are identified along which one person’s idea set may be compared with that of another person. These comprise the novelty, volume, content, stage of development, strategic value logic, and composite knowledge configuration of ideas within the idea set. The idea set construct and the methods advocated for its empirical operationalization provide a differentiated, comprehensive approach to investigating entrepreneurial opportunities. They also help to overcome sample selection and survival biases characterizing empirical research in this domain. A questionnaire-based idea set instrument, designed and tested in the corporate context, demonstrates good evidence of content, convergent and divergent validities.
Effect of Local Ties On Electoral Success and Parliamentary Behaviour
Authors: Tavits Margit
Published: September 2009

The growing literature on personal vote assumes that candidates with strong local ties should be more successful electorally and more likely to break party unity in parliament. Using unique data from Estonia on candidates’ personal vote-earning attributes, such as local birthplace and local-level political experience, this research note offers the first direct test of both of these assumptions. I find that candidates with local-level political experience tend to be electorally more successful, and, once in parliament, they are more likely to behave independently and break party unity. Local birthplace has no effect on either personal vote or party unity. These findings have clear policy implications for the electoral and legislative strategies of political parties.
Exploring the effects of government funding on community-based organizations: ‘top-down’ or ‘bottom-up’ approaches to health promotion?
Authors: Carey Gemma E. , Braunack-Mayer Annette J.
Published: September 2009

Community-based organizations hold an increasingly central role in the representation and advocacy of marginalized groups and individuals. In these capacities, such organizations make significant contributions to the areas of health and health services. In particular, they are considered well-positioned to operationalize ‘bottom-up’ approaches to health promotion. In this article we use a case study to illuminate unforeseen consequences of government funding of community-based organizations involved in health promotion and health service work. Previous research has found that many health promotion practitioners are engaged in a shift towards ‘bottom-up’ approaches to health promotion (1). In contrast, our findings suggest that due to government funding, those best positioned to promote community participation and empowerment may be experiencing a converse shift away from ‘bottom-up’ approaches. (Global Health Promotion, 2009; 16(3): pp. 45—52)
Isolation and functional characterization of cold-regulated promoters, by digitally identifying peach fruit cold-induced genes from a large EST dataset
Authors: Tittarelli Andrés , Santiago Margarita , Morales Andrea , Meisel Lee A , Silva Herman
Published: September 2009

Background

Cold acclimation is the process by which plants adapt to the low, non freezing temperatures that naturally occur during late autumn or early winter. This process enables the plants to resist the freezing temperatures of winter. Temperatures similar to those associated with cold acclimation are also used by the fruit industry to delay fruit ripening in peaches. However, peaches that are subjected to long periods of cold storage may develop chilling injury symptoms (woolliness and internal breakdown). In order to better understand the relationship between cold acclimation and chilling injury in peaches, we isolated and functionally characterized cold-regulated promoters from cold-inducible genes identified by digitally analyzing a large EST dataset.

Results

Digital expression analyses of EST datasets, revealed 164 cold-induced peach genes, several of which show similarities to genes associated with cold acclimation and cold stress responses. The promoters of three of these cold-inducible genes (Ppbec1, Ppxero2 and Pptha1) were fused to the GUS reporter gene and characterized for cold-inducibility using both transient transformation assays in peach fruits (in fruta) and stable transformation in Arabidopsis thaliana. These assays demonstrate that the promoter Pptha1 is not cold-inducible, whereas the Ppbec1 and Ppxero2 promoter constructs are cold-inducible.

Conclusion

This work demonstrates that during cold storage, peach fruits differentially express genes that are associated with cold acclimation. Functional characterization of these promoters in transient transformation assays in fruta as well as stable transformation in Arabidopsis, demonstrate that the isolated Ppbec1 and Ppxero2 promoters are cold-inducible promoters, whereas the isolated Pptha1 promoter is not cold-inducible. Additionally, the cold-inducible activity of the Ppbec1 and Ppxero2 promoters suggest that there is a conserved heterologous cold-inducible regulation of these promoters in peach and Arabidopsis. These results reveal that digital expression analyses may be used in non-model species to identify candidate genes whose promoters are differentially expressed in response to exogenous stimuli.
NMDA Receptor Subunit Expression and PAR2 Receptor Activation in Colospinal Afferent Neurons (CANs) during Inflammation Induced Visceral Hypersensitivity
Authors: Suckow Shelby K , Caudle Robert M
Published: September 2009

Background

Visceral hypersensitivity is a clinical observation made when diagnosing patients with functional bowel disorders. The cause of visceral hypersensitivity is unknown but is thought to be attributed to inflammation. Previously we demonstrated that a unique set of enteric neurons, colospinal afferent neurons (CANs), co-localize with the NR1 and NR2D subunits of the NMDA receptor as well as with the PAR2 receptor. The aim of this study was to determine if NMDA and PAR2 receptors expressed on CANs contribute to visceral hypersensitivity following inflammation. Recently, work has suggested that dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons expressing the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) receptor mediate inflammation induced visceral hypersensitivity. Therefore, in order to study CAN involvement in visceral hypersensitivity, DRG neurons expressing the TRPV1 receptor were lesioned with resiniferatoxin (RTX) prior to inflammation and behavioural testing.

Results

CANs do not express the TRPV1 receptor; therefore, they survive following RTX injection. RTX treatment resulted in a significant decrease in TRPV1 expressing neurons in the colon and immunohistochemical analysis revealed no change in peptide or receptor expression in CANs following RTX lesioning as compared to control data. Behavioral studies determined that both inflamed non-RTX and RTX animals showed a decrease in balloon pressure threshold as compared to controls. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the NR1 cassettes, N1 and C1, of the NMDA receptor on CANs were up-regulated following inflammation. Furthermore, inflammation resulted in the activation of the PAR2 receptors expressed on CANs.

Conclusion

Our data show that inflammation causes an up-regulation of the NMDA receptor and the activation of the PAR2 receptor expressed on CANs. These changes are associated with a decrease in balloon pressure in response to colorectal distension in non-RTX and RTX lesioned animals. Therefore, these data suggest that CANs contribute to visceral hypersensitivity during inflammation.
Transcription factor Sp1 induces ADAM17 and contributes to tumor cell invasiveness under hypoxia
Authors: Szalad Alexandra , Katakowski Mark , Zheng Xuguang , Jiang Feng , Chopp Michael
Published: September 2009

Background

Expression of the Sp1 transcription factor is induced by hypoxia, and the ADAM17 promoter contains predicted Sp1 binding sites. ADAM17 contributes to hypoxic-induce invasiveness of glioma. In this study, we investigated whether Sp1 transcription factor induces ADAM17 and/or contributes to tumor cell invasiveness in hypoxia.

Methods

Employing RT-PCR and Western blot, we examined the role of Sp1 in ADAM17 transcription/expression under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and whether it binds to the ADAM17 GC-rich promoter region using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Additionally, we tested the effect of Sp1 suppression in tumor cell invasion and migration, using Matrigel basement membrane invasion chambers, a scratch wound-healing assay, and small interfering RNA.

Results

Here, we found that Sp1 binds to the ADAM17 promoter, and that Sp1 regulates ADAM17 expression under hypoxia. Furthermore, suppression of Sp1 decreases invasiveness and migration in U87 tumor cells.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest the Sp1 transcription factor mediates ADAM17 expression under hypoxia, regulates glioma invasiveness, and thus, may be a target for anti-invasion therapies.
Many LINE1 elements contribute to the transcriptome of human somatic cells
Authors: Rangwala Sanjida H , Zhang Lili , Kazazian Haig H
Published: September 2009

Background

While LINE1 (L1) retroelements comprise nearly 20% of the human genome, the majority are thought to have been rendered transcriptionally inactive, due to either mutation or epigenetic suppression. How many L1 elements 'escape' these forms of repression and contribute to the transcriptome of human somatic cells? We have cloned out expressed sequence tags corresponding to the 5' and 3' flanks of L1 elements in order to characterize the population of elements that are being actively transcribed. We also examined expression of a select number of elements in different individuals.

Results

We isolated expressed sequence tags from human lymphoblastoid cell lines corresponding to 692 distinct L1 element sites, including 410 full-length elements. Four of the expression tagged sites corresponding to full-length elements from the human specific L1Hs subfamily were examined in European-American individuals and found to be differentially expressed in different family members.

Conclusions

A large number of different L1 element sites are expressed in human somatic tissues, and this expression varies among different individuals. Paradoxically, few elements were tagged at high frequency, indicating that the majority of expressed L1s are transcribed at low levels. Based on our preliminary expression studies of a limited number of elements in a single family, we predict a significant degree of inter-individual transcript-level polymorphism in this class of sequence.
Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Positive Breast Cancer and Central Nervous System Metastases
Authors: Leyland-Jones Brian
Published: September 2009

Purpose

To determine the incidence, outcomes, and current strategies for management of brain metastases in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive breast cancer.

Methods

A literature review was performed to obtain data on central nervous system metastases in patients with breast cancer.

Results

HER2 amplification/overexpression is a prognostic and predictive factor for the development of CNS metastases. Autopsy data show that the incidence rate for CNS metastases in patients with breast cancer is approximately 30%; this may be higher (ie, 30% to 50%) in patients with HER2-positive disease. Treatment with trastuzumab is not associated with an increased incidence of CNS metastases. Data from three phase III adjuvant trials showed the incidence was similar between patients who received trastuzumab and those who did not. Furthermore, trastuzumab can significantly improve overall survival in HER2-positive patients who already have CNS metastases compared with patients who do not receive trastuzumab or those who have HER2-negative brain metastases. This survival advantage is conferred via systemic control of the disease. The current standard of care for patients with CNS metastases is whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT), with or without surgery, or stereotactic radiosurgery. In the future, novel therapies or combinations of therapies may additionally improve survival in these patients.

Conclusion

The incidence of CNS metastases in trastuzumab-treated patients is similar to that in all patients with HER2-positive disease. Trastuzumab can improve survival in patients with HER2-positive disease with CNS metastases.
Vasomotor Symptoms, Adoption of a Low-Fat Dietary Pattern, and Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer: A Secondary Analysis of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Dietary Modification Trial
Authors: Caan Bette J. , Aragaki Aaron , Thomson Cynthia A. , Stefanick Marcia L. , Chlebowski Rowan , Hubbell F. Allan , Tinker Lesley , Vitolins Mara , Rajkovic Aleksandar , Bueche Maria , Ockene Judy
Published: September 2009

Purpose

To assess whether the effect of a low-fat dietary pattern on breast cancer incidence varied by report of baseline vasomotor symptoms.

Methods

Postmenopausal women age 50 to 79 years enrolled onto the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Dietary Modification trial from 1993 to 1998 were randomly assigned to a low-fat dietary intervention (n = 19,541) or comparison (n = 29,294). Presence of vasomotor symptoms at baseline was ascertained from a 34-item self-report symptom inventory. Women were queried semi-annually for a new diagnosis of breast cancer. Each case report was verified by medical record and pathology report review by centrally trained WHI physician adjudicators.

Results

Among participants who reported hot flashes (HFs) at baseline (n = 3,375), those assigned to the low-fat diet had a breast cancer rate of 0.27 compared with their counterparts in the control group who had a rate of 0.41 (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.42 to 1.01). Among women reporting no HFs (n = 45,160), the breast cancer rate was 0.42 in those assigned to the low-fat diet compared with 0.46 in the control group (HR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.84 to 1.03; P for interaction = .12 by HF status). Furthermore, the dietary benefits observed seemed to be specific to estrogen receptor (ER) –positive/progesterone receptor (PR) –positive tumors (ER positive/PR positive v other, P for risk = .03). Although women with and without HFs differed with regard to breast cancer risk factors, the effect of the diet intervention on breast cancer incidence by HF status was consistent across risk factor strata.

Conclusion

The results of this trial, which are hypothesis generating, suggest that HFs may identify a subgroup of postmenopausal women whose risk of invasive breast cancer might be reduced with the adoption of a low-fat eating pattern.
Effects of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene on Memory and Other Cognitive Abilities: Cognition in the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene
Authors: Legault Claudine , Maki Pauline M. , Resnick Susan M. , Coker Laura , Hogan Patricia , Bevers Therese B. , Shumaker Sally A.
Published: September 2009

Purpose

To compare the effects of two selective estrogen receptor modulators, tamoxifen and raloxifene, on global and domain-specific cognitive function.

Patients and Methods

The National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project's Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) study was a randomized clinical trial of tamoxifen 20 mg/d or raloxifene 60 mg/d in healthy postmenopausal women at increased risk of breast cancer. The 1,498 women who were randomly assigned in STAR were age 65 years and older, were not diagnosed with dementia, and were enrolled onto the Cognition in the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (Co-STAR) trial, beginning 18 months after STAR enrollment started. A cognitive test battery modeled after the one used in the Women's Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging (WHISCA) was administered. Technicians were centrally trained to administer the battery and recertified every 6 months. Analyses were conducted on all participants and on 273 women who completed the first cognitive battery before they started taking their medications.

Results

Overall, there were no significant differences in adjusted mean cognitive scores between the two treatment groups across visits. There were significant time effects across the three visits for some of the cognitive measures. Similar results were obtained for the subset of women with true baseline measures.

Conclusion

Tamoxifen and raloxifene are associated with similar patterns of cognitive function in postmenopausal women at increased risk of breast cancer. Future comparisons between these findings and patterns of cognitive function in hormone therapy and placebo groups in WHISCA should provide additional insights into the effects of tamoxifen and raloxifene on cognitive function in older women.
Combining Exact and Heuristic Approaches for the Capacitated Fixed-Charge Network Flow Problem
Authors: Hewitt Mike , Nemhauser George L. , Savelsbergh Martin W. P.
Published: September 2009

We develop a solution approach for the fixed-charge network flow (FCNF) problem that produces provably high-quality solutions quickly. The solution approach combines mathematical programming algorithms with heuristic search techniques. To obtain high-quality solutions, it relies on neighborhood search with neighborhoods that involve solving carefully chosen integer programs derived from the arc-based formulation of FCNF. To obtain lower bounds, the linear programming relaxation of the path-based formulation of FCNF is used and strengthened with cuts discovered during the neighborhood search. The solution approach incorporates randomization to diversify the search and learning to intensify the search. Computational experiments demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Percolation Threshold of Water in Ideal Binary Mixture
Authors: Oleinikova Alla , Brovchenko Ivan
Published: September 2009

Percolation transitions of water and solute molecules in an ideal completely miscible aqueous solution are studied by computer simulations. Three concentration ranges with different kinds of water and solute clustering can be distinguished. An infinite water network, present in pure liquid water, breaks at some solute concentration. Accordingly, the infinite network of solute molecules, present in pure liquid solute, breaks upon addition of water. At ambient and high temperatures, there is a concentration range were both components are below their respective percolation thresholds and there are no water or solute infinite networks. The existence of such concentration range is a characteristic of a completely miscible binary mixture. Upon supercooling, the threshold concentrations decrease and simultaneous existence of the infinite networks of water and of solute becomes possible. The presence of two inter-penetrating infinite networks of molecules may be one of the conditions required for the liquid-liquid transition of one-component isotropic fluid.
Mechanical Stability of Ionotropic Alginate Beads
Authors: Degen Patrick , Leick Sabine , Rehage Heinz
Published: September 2009

In a series of experiments we measured the mechanical properties of single alginate beads by means of squeezing experiments between two parallel plates. We used multivalent counter-ions as cross-linking molecules for the formation of three dimensional alginate gels. In this article we examined pure Fe(II) (ferric), Fe(III) (ferrous) and Ca(II) (calcium) ions as cross-linking agents and different mixtures between these charged compounds. The results of squeezing experiments showed that capsules formed with pure ferrous ions were less stable than particles which were cross-linked with calcium or ferric ions. It turned out that at equal molar concentrations calcium and ferrous ions formed stronger gels than ferric ions. In addition to squeezing capsule experiments we also investigated different particles by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Experiments of Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) show different compositions of these beads.
Transient Pronounced Density Variation in Amorphous Ice Structures
Authors: Koza M.
Published: September 2009

The structural transformation of different high-density amorphous (HDA) ice modifications into the low-density amorphous (LDA) ice is studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques. All experiments have been performed at stationary conditions allowing to collect detailed information not only on the SANS formfactor but also on its time evolution and, hence, the kinetics governing the transformation process. A parametrization of the SANS formfactor by a superposition of the Debye-Bueche formfactor, characterizing a non-particulate two phase mixture, and a Porod-limit scattering formfactor is carried out successfully. The Porod-limit scattering indicates the presence of sharp interfaces and surfaces present in the sample material. Interpreting this signal as due to a grainy consistency of the amorphous samples grain sizes of the order of at least some micrometers can be approximated. The Debye-Bueche ansatz accounts for the formation of a transient pronounced signal on mesoscopic length scales. Its analysis results in an average domain size of 12–16 Å characterizing a hypothetical two phase mixture in its state of strongest intermixture, i.e., strongest heterogeneity. Interpretation of the Debye-Bueche formfactor by the Porod invariant results in a sample contrast that is by a factor of about 4 smaller than a hypothetical first-order transition between any modification of HDA and LDA. This statement is valid for an unstrained two-phase system separated by sharp interfaces. A detailed discussion is given which tries to set the present results into a more realistic context.
Effects of reproductive stage, GH, and 11-ketotestosterone on expression of growth differentiation factor-9 in the ovary of the eel, Anguilla australis
Authors: Lokman P M , Kazeto Y , Ozaki Y , Ijiri S , Tosaka R , Kohara M , Divers S L , Matsubara H , Moore L G , Adachi S
Published: September 2009

In order to study the regulation of the growth differentiation factor-9 (gdf9) gene in a primitive teleost with semelparous life history, we cloned a cDNA encoding shortfinned eel Gdf9, expressed a partial peptide inEscherichia coli, and raised an antiserum to evaluate changes in Gdf9 expression during its pituitary homogenate-induced reproductive cycle. The effects ofin vivoandin vitroexposure to the androgen 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), known to affect previtellogenic (PV) oocyte growth, were also determined. Furthermore, we investigated whether Gdf9 expression was metabolically gated by treating PV fish with recombinant GHin vivo. Immunoreactive proteins ofca. 52 and 55 kDa were identified by western blot analysis. Gdf9 message and protein were most abundant in PV oocytes, and peaked slightly earlier for mRNA than for protein. Captivity resulted in reducedgdf9mRNA levels, which were restored following pituitary homogenate treatment. As oocytes progressed through induced oogenesis, Gdf9 expression decreased. Neither 11-KT nor GH treatment affectedgdf9mRNA levels in PV fish, although GH could partially restore handling- or captivity-induced decreases ingdf9mRNA levels. Semelparous eels thus show an expression pattern of Gdf9 during oogenesis that is similar to that seen in other vertebrates, that appears responsive to handling or captivity stress, and whose control remains to be elucidated.
Joint Policy Statement—Guidelines for Care of Children in the Emergency Department
Authors:   American Academy of Pediatrics,   Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine,   American College of Emergency Physicians,   Pediatric Committee,   Emergency Nurses Association Pediatric Committee
Published: September 2009

Children who require emergency care have unique needs, especially when emergencies are serious or life-threatening. The majority of ill and injured children are brought to community hospital emergency departments (EDs) by virtue of their geography within communities. Similarly, emergency medical services (EMS) agencies provide the bulk of out-of-hospital emergency care to children. It is imperative, therefore, that all hospital EDs have the appropriate resources (medications, equipment, policies, and education) and staff to provide effective emergency care for children. This statement outlines resources necessary to ensure that hospital EDs stand ready to care for children of all ages, from neonates to adolescents. These guidelines are consistent with the recommendations of the Institute of Medicine's report on the future of emergency care in the United States health system. Although resources within emergency and trauma care systems vary locally, regionally, and nationally, it is essential that hospital ED staff and administrators and EMS systems' administrators and medical directors seek to meet or exceed these guidelines in efforts to optimize the emergency care of children they serve. This statement has been endorsed by the Academic Pediatric Association, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Academy of Physician Assistants, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, American College of Surgeons, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, American Pediatric Surgical Association, Brain Injury Association of America, Child Health Corporation of America, Children's National Medical Center, Family Voices, National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions, National Association of EMS Physicians, National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians, National Association of State EMS Officials, National Committee for Quality Assurance, National PTA, Safe Kids USA, Society of Trauma Nurses, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and The Joint Commission.
Comparison of K contents soluble in 0.01 M CaCl 2 , Baker–Amacher extractant and ammonium lactate acetic acid (AL)
Authors: Bertáné Szabó Emese , Berényi Sándor , Loch Jakab
Published: September 2009

Dolgozatunkban a hazai Talajvédelmi Információs és Monitoring Rendszerből (TIM) származó mintaanyagban (
n
= 629) végzett összehasonlító vizsgálatok eredményeiről számolunk be. A vizsgálatok célja a hagyományos ammónium-laktát-ecetsavban (AL), a 0,01
M
kalcium-klorid, valamint a Baker–Amacher extrahálószerekben meghatározott K-tartalom közötti mennyiségi összefüggések és ezeket befolyásoló talajtulajdonságok tanulmányozása, továbbá annak eldöntése, hogy indokolt lehet-e a hagyományos módszer mellett új kivonószerek használata a talajok K-ellátottságának jellemzésére. Az összefüggés-vizsgálatok során az AL-K és a 0,01
M
CaCl
2
-K között közepes erősségű korrelációt (
r
= 0,76) állapítottunk meg. Számításaink igazolták a korábbi vizsgálatok eredményeit, bizonyították, hogy a két kivonószer a talaj tápelem-tartalékait nem azonos mértékben oldja, illetve cseréli ki. Megállapítottuk, hogy a kötöttség, a pH, a karbonátosság és a humusztartalom módosítja a kivonószerek közötti összefüggés szorosságát. Az AL és a Baker–Amacher kivonószerek összehasonlításakor a tápanyag-ellátottsági kategóriánként meghatározott átlagos dK értékek a javuló ellátottsági kategóriának megfelelően nőttek. Az egyes kategóriákon belül azonban nagy szórást tapasztaltunk, és megállapítottuk, hogy az AL módszerrel jól ellátottnak minősített mintákban is előfordulhat K-lekötődés. Úgy véljük, hogy a tápanyagszükséglet pontos becslésére szükség lehet a hagyományos módszer mellett más kivonószerek alkalmazására is. Az AL mellett, kiegészítő módszerként javasoljuk a 0,01
M
kalcium-klorid, valamint a Baker–Amacher kivonószereket, mivel a 0,01
M
CaCl
2
-ban oldott kálium mennyisége, vizsgálataink alapján, a növény számára könnyen hozzáférhető kálium mennyiségével arányos, míg a Baker–Amacher kivonószer a lekötődés mértékét jellemzi.
Low Temperature Solution-Based Fabrications of Metal Oxide Semiconductor Films by Mechanical Sintering
Authors: Yoshida Manabu , Suemori Kouji , Uemura Sei , Hoshino Satoshi , Takada Noriyuki , Kodzasa Takehito , Kamata Toshihide
Published: September 2009

Various flexible electronic devices have been intensively studied and developed in this decade. Most of consumers expect to obtain these flexible electronic devices in the next decade. The spread of flexible electronic devices depends on the process costs and material costs. Today prices of materials and energy sources are continuously increasing. Therefore, using of expensive materials and wasteful processes for fabricating electronic devices should be reconsidered. Printing techniques, a representative solution process, are inexpensive and very effective for mass production of electronic devices. We have developed a low-temperature process for fabricating flexible printed patterns of metals and semiconductors by using relatively inexpensive commercial pastes. A characteristic of our process is to utilize mechanical energies for sintering particles contained in pastes. In our process, the precise three-dimensional pressure control brings about the improvement of electrical properties in the printed patterns, the preservation of pattern accuracy and the mechanical durability of the printed patterns. In our experiment, we have already fabricated very low resistivity metal patterns (about 6×10−6Ω·cm) at ca.120°C without using any kinds of nano-particle paste, and also fabricated metal oxide semiconductor patterns.
Ultimately Low Schottky Barrier Height at NiSi/Si Junction by Sulfur Implantation after Silicidation for Aggressive Scaling of MOSFETs
Authors: Yang Yen-Chu , Nishi Yoshifumi , Kinoshita Atsuhiro
Published: September 2009

Parasitic resistance, particularly source/drain contact resistance becomes one of the most serious problems to extend MOSFET scaling recently. Nickel silicide (NiSi), with advantages of low resistivity and high scalability, has been chosen as the material for source/drain formation. However, its Schottky barrier height (SBH) of 0.65eV for electrons is so high that it would block electrons from tunneling, therefore becomes an obstacle to further reduce the contact resistance, which is necessary to achieve the future scaling. Among several solutions, high concentration impurity-segregation layers have been introduced at NiSi/Si interfaces to reduce SBH of MS-MOSFETs. Sulfur (S) has been considered to be an efficient material for the segregation-layer to reduce SBH owing to Fermi-level pinning effect. Previous studies have investigated segregation by implanting S before NiSi formation. Because of the high diffusivity of S in Si, S profile becomes broad during silicidation process, which leads to loss of S concentration at the interface. Moreover, S ions spread into the substrate and channel region generate deep impurity levels that induce junction leakage and off leakage, resulting in device performance degradation. In this paper, S implantation after Ni silicidation is proposed to suppress S diffusion because NiSi is expected to be an efficient barrier for S diffusion. In addition, NiSi/Si interface can serve as a potential energetic valley which may trap S during thermal treatment after implantation. In this work, S was implanted into NiSi/n-Si diodes at the energy of 10keV with dose of 5�1014 and 1015 cm-3 after NiSi is formed. The projection range of S in NiSi is about 6nm, while thickness of NiSi is 16nm. Some devices were annealed at 300C and 450C. The I-V characteristics show that SBH is sufficiently reduced as the annealing temperature becomes higher, and it reaches as low as 3.4meV for 450C annealing. SBH of 3.4meV is much lower than the previously reported value of 70meV for which S was implanted before silicidation. The SIMS analysis result also proves the S profile is much sharper than having S-implantation before Ni silicidation, which supports our hypothesis that S diffusion is suppressed through our process and avoid the loss of S concentration at the interface. Moreover, despite the worry that S-implantation might damage the NiSi/Si interface morphology, cross sectional TEM images show that the interfacial flatness is completely the same as that of non-implanted NiSi/Si, indicating that no degradation occurs by S implantation. In summary, S-implantation after NiSi formation, which provides ultimately low SBH at NiSi/Si interface, is a promising technique to realize ultra-low parasitic resistance source/drain for future LSI beyond 16nm generation.
Experimental Evidence of Long-Range Point Defect-Phosphorous Pair Diffusion in Silicon
Authors: Nayfeh Ammar , Koldyaev Viktor
Published: September 2009

Point Defect (PD) mediated diffusion of phosphorous in silicon is studied in order to address the long standing open problem of PD-Dopant pair lifetime. A novel experimental method is suggested to increase PD-P pair lifetime for better observability and experimental resolution. In the experiment, phosphorous is implanted, followed by low temperature poly-Si deposition with in-situ doped phosphorous. The P profile shows, after low temperature (<650°C) in-situ phosphorous doped poly-Si deposition, an exponential dependence of two orders of magnitude for a significant depth scale. This indicates that the PD-P pairs survive long-range diffusion before dissociating in the Si lattice. As a result, the lifetime of PD-P pair was extracted and this provides a physical basis for TCAD simulation at the atomic scale.