bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tajikistan: University Challenges and the Professoriate
Authors: Kataeva Zumrad
Published: December 2018

Tajikistan's higher education sector has experienced significant challenges after the breakup of the Soviet Union followed by the civil war of 1992-1997. The situation and status of the professoriate throughout the Post-Soviet space has deteriorated, as salaries and professional development opportunities have spiraled downward. Liberalization of the economy and the promise of higher education access have led to a rise in the demand for higher education. Higher education institutions have had to hire lesser-prepared faculty as those more seasoned or talented among the professoriate left for the private sector or migrated abroad. Today, the compensation of faculty members in Tajikistan is not enough to cover living costs, forcing them to use a variety of strategies to survive. They work as translators, consultants, or private tutors. The Tajik higher education system needs to work on establishing policies and opportunities to better support the profession, especially if institutions of higher education are eager to compete in the growing global educational marketplace.
What Does Data Tell Us about Cross-border Online Learning?
Authors: Merola Rachael
Published: December 2018

Cross-border online learning offers new ways to access education across borders without being physically present in the classroom. What does data indicate about the size and scale of the market, particularly in countries that are host to, and source of, many international students?
Unusual in Growth and Composition: Ethiopian Private Higher Education
Authors: Tamrat Wondwosen , Levy Daniel
Published: December 2018

Ethiopia’s private higher education (PHE) sector is the largest or second largest in sub-Saharan Africa, however a mix of enabling and restrictive policies have let PHE play a limited role in key respects. This article surveys the current landscape and asks important questions regarding the future of PHE.
New “Startups” in a Rigid Higher Education System: China’s Young Elite Institutions
Authors: Wu Hantian
Published: December 2018

This article focuses on three young, small-scale elite institutions in mainland China,established during the last decade: SUSTech, ShanghaiTech, and Westlake Institutefor Advanced Study, the foundation of the future Westlake University. By analyzingthe similarities and differences between these institutions in terms of developmentstrategies, funding models, and admission policies, it discusses whether theestablishment of such young elite institutions can be regarded as a bottom-upinnovation in Chinese higher education or a new utilitarian choice made by municipalgovernments and higher education practitioners.
Tempest in the Rankings Teapot: An African Perspective
Authors: Teferra Damtew
Published: December 2018

According to the Times Higher Education, “the reputation league table is based on nothing more than subjective judgment.” QS also states that 60 percent of its scores are dependent on reputation, thus subjective. What is depressingly astonishing, however, is how seriously the world of higher education (and beyond) takes these self-serving businesses, which use defective and flawed instruments year in and year out. This piece provides yet another evidence on their utter failure in their purported role as gatekeepers of quality.
Postsecondary Systems, Massification, and the Research University
Authors: Altbach Philip G.
Published: December 2018

In the context of massification, few countries have made any comprehensive effort to create clearly defined and differentiated academic systems to serve new academic functions. This pursuit is important to ensure quality and to meet the wide range of needs of an increasingly diverse student population.
Student Diversity and Challenges of Inclusion in Higher Education in India
Authors: Sabharwal Nidhi S. , Malish C.M.
Published: December 2018

With an enrollment of 34 million students and a gross enrollmentratio passing 24 percent in 2016, India is in a stage of massification. This article addresses challenges surrounding the issue of growing student diversity on higher education campuses.
Admissions in Japanese National Universities: The Need for Change
Authors: Ishikura Yukiko , Kawashima Tatsuo
Published: December 2018

Higher education institutions have undergone significant changes concerning college admissions. Leading countries for higher education, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as countries in Asia such as China, Korea, and Taiwan are making changes to their higher education systems. There is also a call for change in college admissions in Japan. Japanese universities, especially national universities, have heavily relied on test scores for student selection. However, universities are currently shifting theircollege admissions processes toward a holistic review approach. This involves making admission decisions by assessing not only academic achievements, but also students’ backgrounds, personal experience, and potential. This task was initiated by the government in response to the changing concepts of knowledge and fairness, as well as the perceived desirability of attracting students with diverse educational backgrounds. For higher education institutions both in Japan and abroad, college admission reforms become a necessary process. Japan, where the government has the most power for making decisions, offers other countriespriceless lessons about how top-down education/admission reforms are implemented or impeded.
Mexico’s Strong and Sustained Private Growth: What Is Government’s Role?
Authors: Arenas Jorge , Levy Daniel C.
Published: December 2018

Mexican private higher education (PHE) enrollment now approaches one million students, though government's role in this increase is complex. This article explores drivers of growth and associated government policy (or lack thereof).
The #MeToo Movement as a Global Learning Moment
Authors: Regulska Joanna
Published: December 2018

This article places the #MeToo movement within the context of global learning. Given the global nature of sexual harassment, sexual assault, and violence against women, it asks what responsibilities we have as international educators. It raises numerous questions that can be utilized as teaching tools—and it proposes that institutions rethink internationalization strategies and seize this moment of opportunity to create aninclusive and diverse environment conducive to advancing intercultural and intracultural understanding.
Brexit and Universities: Toward a Reconfiguration of the European Higher Education Sector?
Authors: Courtois Aline
Published: December 2018

The prospect of “Brexit” is causing significant anxiety across the European higher education sector, as universities brace themselves for a possible departure of the United Kingdom and a reconfiguration of the sector. Our research suggests that while the impact is expected to be uneven across the region—with some possible short-term beneficiaries—research cooperation with the United Kingdom and freedom of movement are valued by universities across the region.
India and China: Two Major Higher Education Hubs in Asia
Authors: Lavakare P.J.
Published: December 2018

Both China and India have large and diverse higher education systems. Students from bothcountries are keen to enter the global employment market. It is this challenge that demands the respective national education systems produce “global citizens” with the high-quality, diverse, and international educational backgrounds needed on the global market. This article briefly reviews the international education status of India and China and highlights some crucial parameters governing the two systems.
Realizing the Benefits of Massification
Authors: Rizvi Fazal
Published: December 2018

This article suggests that the rapid growth in gross enrollment ratios within many systems of higher education has mostly failed to deliver the expected benefits of massification, due largely to inadequate planning with respect to issues of purpose, capacity, and quality.
Universal Access to Quality Tertiary Education in the Philippines
Authors: Lim Miguel Antonio , Lomer Sylvie , Millora Christopher
Published: December 2018

The Philippines has recently introduced a subsidy for tuition fees to enable universal access to higher education. There has been a heated debate about the Act’s sustainability and its implications for equity. We examine these issues and argue that, despite concerns, this move is a strategic long-term investment for the country.
The "Champagne Tower" of Science Publishing
Authors: Siebert Sabina
Published: December 2018

This article discusses the hierarchical nature of science publishing, whereby journals are organized in tiers with the most prestigious elite journals at the top (Cell, Nature, Science), and lowest-ranked journals at the bottom. When rejected from the top-tier journals, authors usually aim for a lower tier of journals, with some choosing smaller, specialist journals for the outlet of their work. Recently, however, a differentmechanism of cascading the papers down the hierarchy of journals has become popular, i.e., editors arrange to pass the rejected papers, with the authors’ permission, to their “sister journals” bearing the same brand. These transfer arrangements may be seen beneficial for the authors, as they reduce the publication time, but they also pose difficulties for smaller specialist journals that lose their shareof the market and experience a fall in manuscript submissions.
Measuring Education Quality in Global Rankings: What’s the Likelihood?
Authors: Altbach Philip G. , Hazelkorn Ellen
Published: December 2018

Can the global academic rankings measure teaching quality? The major academic rankings have been adding measures of teaching quality—such as teacher-student ratios. We argue that it is not possible, at least now, to accurately measure teaching quality in a cross-national context. We recommend that the rankings cease measuring something that cannot, at this time, be evaluated.
Family-Owned Private Higher Education Institutions in Africa
Authors: Tamrat Wondwosen
Published: December 2018

Notwithstanding the dearth of research on the subject, the increasing global presence of family-owned institutions is introducing a special breed within the private higher education sector. This article broadly explores the nature, continental developments, and implications of this growing phenomenon across Africa.
Graduate Student Unionization: A Unique American Issue?
Authors: Woldegiyorgis Ayenachew A.
Published: December 2018

For over half a century, unionization of graduate students in US private institutions has remained a point of contention. Comparable practices elsewhere not only have a much longer history, but also offer alternatives in terms of form of organization, purpose, and type of membership.
Fra modermælk til donormælk
Authors: Borring Julie , Hansen Ditte Seidler , Dam Mie Seest , Svendsen Mette Nordahl
Published: December 2018

Denne artikel udforsker de socio-materielle praksisser, der etablerer donormælk som en sikker substans, der kan cirkulere inden for det danske velfærdssamfund. Studiet tager afsæt i etnografisk feltarbejde i Kvindemælkcentralen på Hvidovre Hospital, hvor arbejdet med donormælk til danske neonatalafdelinger foregår. Det er en arbejdsplads med få ansatte, men med et slutprodukt, som er af livsvigtig karakter for præmature børn, hvis mødre ofte har svært ved at etablere en mælkeproduktion, særligt de første dage efter fødsel. Med inspiration fra ideen om multipel topologi samt antropologiske studier af forbundethed analyserer artiklen hvilke forhold, der gør udvekslingen af mælk fra donormødre til præmature børn mulig. På baggrund af interviews med personale, donormødre og mødre til for tidligt fødte børn viser vi, hvordan de ansatte i Kvindemælkcentralen arbejder med at præsentere donormælk som både en naturlig kropslig substans og et standardiseret produkt uden spor af donorens krop. Artiklen giver indsigt i donernes placering i et forpligtende fællesskab forvaltet af Kvindemælkcentralen og demonstrerer samtidig Kvindemælkcentralens centrale position i arbejdet med at hjælpe præmature og syge børn. Vi argumenterer for, at Kvindemælkcentralens ansatte forvalter, balancerer og afgrænser kontakten mellem donor og modtager - et arbejde, som gør det muligt for modermælk at cirkulere og forbinde nyfødte borgere til velfærdskollektivet.
Vi har efterhånden fundet vores egne ben som forældre
Authors: Haslund Helle , Risør Mette Bech
Published: December 2018

Der er særligt gennem de sidste 50 år sket en intensivering af et børnecentreret forældreskab, som i stigende omfang er orienteret mod børns sundhed og udvikling, hvor brug af ekspertråd er centralt. Præmature børn befinder sig i en forhøjet risiko for komplikationer relateret til sundhed, trivsel og udvikling, og de er ved fødslen oftest med forældrene indlagt gennem en periode på en hospitalsafdeling med specialiseret biomedicinsk ekspertise. Sundhedspleje er en universel velfærdsydelse som næsten alle forældre i Danmark tager imod, hvor Sundhedsstyrelsens medicinsk videnskabeligt informerede anbefalinger angående børns sundhed og udvikling formidles som samtidig støtte og kontrol. Støtten består i at vejlede og informere forældre, og kontrol udøves som en skærpet pligt til underretning ved forhold som sundhedsplejersken finder bekymrende. Brug af sundhedspleje indgår således som ekspertinstans i forældres liv med deres børn. Dette studie tager afsæt i et etnografisk feltarbejde i og omkring danske familier med præmature børn. Det følger familierne i barnets første år, og for enkelte hovedinformanter op til to et halvt år, og det ser på, hvordan forældreskab forhandles i forældres møde med velfærdsstat eksemplificeret gennem sundhedspleje og sundhedspleje-ekspertviden. Vi diskuterer i artiklen, hvordan sundhedsplejensråd tilpasses, omsættes eller forkastes af præmaturforældre, og hvilken indflydelse dette har på konstitueringen af forældreskab. Vi argumenterer for, at mange danske forældre til præmature børn benytter ´hverdags-modstand´ (Scott 1989) som en strategi og en reaktion på ekspertråd med tilpasninger. Dette bliver en måde at agere i det felt, der konstituerer børns liv i den danske velfærdsstat.
Santé mentale chez les francophones en situation linguistique minoritaire
Authors: Bouchard Louise , Colman Ian , Batista Ricardo
Published: December 2018

Bien que la plupart des études considèrent l’importance des déterminants sociaux sur l’existence des troubles mentaux, aucune ne désagrège les données en fonction de l’appartenance à une communauté de langue officielle en situation minoritaire, un fait pourtant reconnu pouvant avoir un impact sur la santé. L’incidence des langues et de la communication sur l’accès, la qualité et la sécurité des soins acquiert une portée plus grande dans le contexte canadien où coexistent deux langues officielles. Nous partons de cette prémisse pour dresser ici le portrait de la santé mentale de la population francophone vivant en situation linguistique minoritaire à partir des données de l’Enquête de santé dans les collectivités canadiennes — Santé mentale (ESCC, 2012)1.
Expérience de conciliation travail-famille de parents francophones de la région d’Ottawa : étude pilote
Authors: Moreau Denise , Polomeno Viola , Ranger Marie-Christine
Published: December 2018

Plusieurs études soutiennent que l’expérience de la conciliation travail-famille (CTF) a un impact majeur sur la santé et la qualité de vie des familles (Winter, et collab., 2006). Les objectifs de cette étude pilote étaient les suivants : 1) documenter l’expérience de la CTF chez un groupe de parents francophones de la région d’Ottawa, 2) élaborer, pré-tester et administrer le questionnaire sur l’expérience de conciliation travail-famille (ECTF), et 3) exécuter les premières étapes de validation de cet instrument. Cet article présente les données recueillies auprès de 46 participantes et participants concernant leurs expériences et leurs stratégies de CTF ainsi que leurs suggestions pour favoriser la CTF.
A comment on computational biology and connecting the dots.
Authors: Lortie Christopher J
Published: December 2018

Increasingly, big data, coding, and quantitative methods contribute to contemporary ecological and evolutionary endeavours. This is not in opposition to effective ideation nor does it play to the false dichotomy of theory versus data. Computational expeditions with data, models, simulations or any other number of approaches both expand the toolkit of science and promote more structured reasoning. The implications of computational biology integrated with scientific pursuits such as experiments and theory development include the following positive outcomes: enhanced open science, better reproducibility, data literacy, author inclusivity, social good, and novel ideation opportunities. We face a climate apocalypse and unprecedented ecological challenges of collapsing ecosystem functions. Computation coupled with ideation is one mechanism to align the hearts and heads of scientists and decision makers alike.
Kebutuhan Keluarga Saat Anak Dirawat di Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU): Sudut Pandang Keluarga dan Perawat
Authors: Apriyanti Efa , Adawiyah Robiyatul
Published: December 2018

Studi literatur menyebutkan bahwa kebutuhan keluarga saat mendampingi anak dirawat di PICU sangatlah kompleks dan bersifat subjektif sehingga pengkajian kuesioner dirasa belum mampu mewakili gambaran kebutuhan keluarga yang sebenarnya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan persepsi perawat PICU dengan keluarga pasien PICU mengenai prioritas kebutuhan keluarga dari anak yang dirawat di ruang rawat intensif. Penelitian ini meng-gunakan mixed method approach dengan pendekatan kuantitatif menggunakan desain cross sectional di tahap pertama pengumpulan data, dilanjutkan dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang dilakukan dengan cara wawancara mendalam di tahap ke dua. Data kuantitatif diperoleh dengan menggunakan Critical Care Family Need Inventory yang telah di-modifikasi. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan tidak adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antara persepsi perawat dan keluarga dalam menilai kebutuhan keluarga pasien PICU. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa secara umum perawat PICU di dua rumah sakit yang menjadi sampel dalam penelitian ini lebih mampu memahami kebutuhan keluarga pasien dibandingkan dengan perawat dalam penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya. Kata Kunci: kebutuhan keluarga pasien PICU, mixed method, persepsi perawat Abstract  Mutual understanding between nurses and patients’ family on family needs during their child’s stay in PICU. The literature review indicated that factors affecting parents’ needs in a PICU are interrelated and not easily, or appropriately, assessed by using an inventory. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the needs of parents whose child has been an in-patient in a PICU, not only from the parents, but also from the perspective of nurses. A mixed method approach has been employed in this study. Quantitative data has been collected by using modified version of Critical Care Family Need Inventory, while the qualitative data was gained through in-depth interview.  The result of data analysis showed that there were no significant differences between the perception of the nurses and parents regarding the needs. The finding suggests that in general, PICU nurses in these two hospitals have better understanding about the parents' needs in comparation with most of nurses in the previous studies.  Keywords:  families’ needs in PICU, mixed method, nurses’ perception
Toenail Changes in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus with and Without Onychomycosis
Authors: Cunha Nélia , Galhardas Célia , Apetato Margarida , Lencastre André
Published: December 2018

Background:

Diabetes mellitus is a predisposing factor for onychomycosis (OM). A high frequency of nonfungal onychodystrophy (OD) is also alleged, although information on the prevalence of specific nail changes is scant. We evaluated the prevalence and types of nail changes in a cohort of diabetic patients with fungal and nonfungal OD.

Methods:

During a 6-month period, inpatients with diabetes mellitus were screened for foot and toenail changes. Demographic, social, and clinical data were recorded, as was information concerning foot and toenail care. Fungal infection was confirmed by mycologic examination and by histologic analysis of nail clippings.

Results:

Of the 82 patients included, 65 (79.3%) had nail changes, and 34 of these 65 patients (52.3%) were diagnosed as having OM. The most frequently observed nail signs were subungual hyperkeratosis, onycholysis, yellow discoloration, and splinter hemorrhages, each seen in more than 25% of the patients. Tinea pedis and superficial pseudoleukonychia were observed more frequently in the OM group (P < .05). Conversely, prominent metatarsal heads and history of nail trauma were more frequent in patients with nonfungal OD (P < .05).

Conclusions:

Physicians who care for diabetic patients should not ignore nail changes. Fungal and nonfungal OD are common and should be addressed in the global evaluation of the feet to help prevent breaks in the skin barrier and subsequent bacterial infections and ulcers.
Combined Osseous Medial Cuneonavicular Coalition and Nonosseous Naviculocuboid Coalition Presenting as First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Pain
Authors: Babu Nina S. , Bowlby Melinda A.
Published: December 2018

Tarsal coalitions of the lesser tarsus are relatively rare congenital anomalies. A case report of a 54-year-old man with an osseous medial cuneonavicular coalition and a nonosseous naviculocuboid coalition that presented as first metatarsophalangeal joint pain is described.
Corollary discharge in precerebellar nuclei of sleeping infant rats
Authors: Mukherjee Didhiti , Sokoloff Greta , Blumberg Mark S
Published: December 2018

In week-old rats, somatosensory input arises predominantly from external stimuli or from sensory feedback (reafference) associated with myoclonic twitches during active sleep. A previous study suggested that the brainstem motor structures that produce twitches also send motor copies (or corollary discharge, CD) to the cerebellum. We tested this possibility by recording from two precerebellar nuclei—the inferior olive (IO) and lateral reticular nucleus (LRN). In most IO and LRN neurons, twitch-related activity peaked sharply around twitch onset, consistent with CD. Next, we identified twitch-production areas in the midbrain that project independently to the IO and LRN. Finally, we blocked calcium-activated slow potassium (SK) channels in the IO to explain how broadly tuned brainstem motor signals can be transformed into precise CD signals. We conclude that the precerebellar nuclei convey a diversity of sleep-related neural activity to the developing cerebellum to enable processing of convergent input from CD and reafferent signals.
Separating the present and the future
Authors: Yu Qing , Postle Bradley R
Published: December 2018

The brain stores information that is needed immediately and information that will be needed in the future in different ways.
Need for a change in scientific publishing
Authors: Risnes Steinar
Published: December 2018

Outsourcing of scientific publishing to scientific journals is problematic, both economically and academically. It is expensive, slow, non-transparent, unbalanced and excluding. Academic library subscriptions contribute substantially to the publishing companies’ 30-40% profit. There is general consensus that scientific reports should be openly accessible on the Internet. This is generally not the case with articles published in the traditional scientific journals. Open access journals are multiplying fast, but many are of questionable quality. Although open access publishing is less expensive than journal subscription, the article processing charges (APC) of open access journals are still high (up to 5,000 USD) and should be reduced. Science is expensive, scientific publishing should not be expensive.The impression the present system, with its editors and anonymous reviewers, conveys of quality and objectivity, is partly an illusion. The basis for decision on manuscripts is too thin and the balance of power is too uneven.Instead of a complicated fallible system, a simple fallible system is suggested: web-based, indexed and searchable repositories funded and organized by accountable and non-profit institutions/organizations where researchers may upload reports that have been thoroughly reviewed by and are supported by one or more competent, impartial, unbiased and named expert peers chosen by the authors themselves. After publication, reports may be further openly evaluated and commented online by named researchers in the field. Article processing charges should be moderate. Such a system would be simple, reasonable, fast, transparent, balanced, including, efficient, and adequately quality secured.
Ornithopod diversity in the Griman Creek Formation (Cenomanian), New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Bell Phil R. , Herne Matthew C. , Brougham Tom , Smith Elizabeth T.
Published: December 2018

During the Early Cretaceous, dinosaur communities of the Australian-Antarctic rift system (Eumeralla and Wonthaggi formations) cropping out in Victoria were apparently dominated by a diverse small-bodied ‘basal ornithopod’ fauna. Further north, in Queensland (Winton and Mackunda formations), poorly-represented small-bodied ornithopods coexisted with large-bodied iguanodontians. Our understanding of the ornithopod diversity from the region between the Australian-Antarctic rift and Queensland, represented by Lightning Ridge in central-northern New South Wales (Griman Creek Formation), has been superficial. Here, we re-investigate the ornithopod diversity at Lightning Ridge based on new craniodental remains. Our findings indicate a diverse ornithopod fauna consisting of two-to-three small-bodied non-iguanodontian ornithopods (includingWeewarrasaurus pobenigen. et sp. nov.), at least one indeterminate iguanodontian, and a possible ankylopollexian. These results support those of previous studies that favour a general abundance of small-bodied basal ornithopods in Early to mid-Cretaceous high-latitude localities of southeastern Australia. Although these localities are not necessarily time-equivalent, increasing evidence indicates that Lightning Ridge formed a ‘meeting point’ between the basal ornithopod-dominated localities in Victoria and the sauropod-iguanodontian faunas in Queensland to the north.
Saproxylic Diptera assemblages in a temperate deciduous forest: implications for community assembly
Authors: Mlynarek Julia J. , Grégoire Taillefer Amélie , Wheeler Terry A.
Published: December 2018

Saproxylic insects, those associated directly or indirectly with decaying wood for all or part of their life cycle, compose a large proportion of forest organisms. Flies (Diptera) are often the most abundant and species-rich group of insects in forest microhabitats, yet most work to date on saproxylic insect diversity and ecology has focused on beetles (Coleoptera). We compared saproxylic Diptera assemblages reared from two tree species (sugar maple and American beech) at two stages of decay (early/young and advanced/old) for a total of 20 logs in an eastern Canadian Nearctic old-growth forest. We found that communities are distinct within both species type and decay stage of wood. Early decay stage wood is more variable in community composition than later decay stage; however, as the age of the decaying wood increases, the abundance of Diptera increases significantly. Most indicator species are discernible in later decay stage and wood type. We venture to suggest that stochastic and deterministic processes may play a role in driving Diptera communities in temperate deciduous forests. To retain the highest saproxylic Diptera diversity in a forest, a variety of decaying wood types at different stages of decomposition is necessary.
Mesquite bugs, other insects, and a bat in the diet of pallid bats in southeastern Arizona
Authors: Czaplewski Nicholas J. , Menard Katrina L. , Peachey William D.
Published: December 2018

The pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) is a species of western North America, inhabiting ecoregions ranging from desert to oak and pine forest. They are primarily insectivorous predators on large arthropods that occasionally take small vertebrate prey, and are at least seasonally omnivorous in certain parts of their geographic range where they take nectar from cactus flowers and eat cactus fruit pulp and seeds. Until recently, mesquite bugs were primarily tropical-subtropical inhabitants of Mexico and Central America but have since occupied the southwestern United States where mesquite trees occur. Using a noninvasive method, we investigated the bats’ diet at the Cienega Creek Natural Preserve, Arizona, by collecting food parts discarded beneath three night roosts in soil-piping cavities in a mesquite bosque. We also made phenological and behavioral observations of mesquite bugs,Thasus neocalifornicus, and their interactions with the mesquite trees. We determined that the bats discarded inedible parts of 36 species in 8 orders of mainly large-bodied and nocturnal insects below the night-roosts. In addition, one partial bat wing represents probable predation upon a phyllostomid bat,Choeronycteris mexicana. About 17 of the insect taxa are newly reported as prey for pallid bats, as is the batC. mexicana. The majority of culled insect parts (88%) were from adult mesquite bugs. Mesquite bug nymphs did not appear in the culled insect parts. After breeding in late summer, when nighttime low temperatures dropped below 21 °C, the adult bugs became immobile on the periphery of trees where they probably make easy prey for opportunistic foliage-gleaning pallid bats. Proximity of night-roosts to mesquite bug habitat probably also enhances the bats’ exploitation of these insects in this location.
The role of the native language in auditory and visual context effect modalities
Authors: Goldstein‐Diament Sari , Vakil Eli
Published: December 2018

Facilitation of memory for target stimuli due to similar context in the learning and testing phases is known as “context effect” (CE). The present study aimed to investigate the interaction between CE as elicited by the consistency of the language of presentation (Hebrew vs. English) with the native language (Hebrew vs. English) in both auditory and visual modalities. Overall, 120 individuals participated in the experiment. As predicted, CE was evident when the language of presentation remained consistent between study and test. Contrary to our prediction, Hebrew speakers remembered more English words, and vice versa. A possible explanation is that this difference is due to the cognitive effort invested when processing a less dominant language, thus resulting in better recognition. This study has several practical implications, including a recommendation that academic institutions test students in the language in which the material was presented in order to measure the students' knowledge more accurately.
Influence of Secondary Dendrite Orientation on the Evolution of Misorientation in the Platform Region of Single Crystal Superalloy Turbine Blades
Authors: Sun Dejian , Liu Lin , Yang Wenchao , Huang Taiwen , Huo Miao , Hu Songsong , Zhang Jun , Fu Hengzhi
Published: December 2018

In the castings of Ni‐base single crystal superalloys, misorientation defects are detrimental to mechanical performance at high temperatures. In this study, combined seeding‐grain selection technique is used to study the effects of secondary dendrite orientation and withdrawal rate on dendrite growth and the associated evolution of misorientation in the platform region of single crystal superalloy turbine blades. It is observed that the rapid growth of dendrite arms near the platform edge induces a long secondary dendrite arm and the convergent boundary of dendrite arms (CBDA), and the misorientation angle along the CBDA monotonically increases. Furthermore, with the decrease in misorientation angle of the <001> SX orientation from the platform edge, the growth trace of dendrite arms required to cover CBDA increases, and the long secondary dendrite arm becomes more vulnerable to the contraction stress around platform edge, which leads to increased misorientation angle.
Semitransparent FAPbI3‐xBrx Perovskite Solar Cells Stable under Simultaneous Damp Heat (85 °C/85%) and 1 Sun Light Soaking
Authors: Heo Jin Hyuck , Choi Yong Kyu , Koh Chang Woo , Woo Han Young , Im Sang Hyuk
Published: December 2018

Highly efficient (17.3%, aperture area = 1 cm2) and stable semitransparent CH(NH2)2PbI3‐xBrx (FAPbI3‐xBrx) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are demonstrated by lamination process through conductive poly[(2,5‐bis(2‐hexyldecyloxy)phenylene)‐alt‐(5,6‐difluoro‐4,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c][1,2,5]‐thiadiazole)] doped with nonhygroscopic tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane hole transporting glue layer. Due to the self‐passivated structure of semitransparent PSCs, the edge‐encapsulated PSC exhibits 5.20% degradation compared to its initial efficiency during 1000 h maximum power point tracking under simultaneous damp heat (85 °C/85% relative humidity) and 1 sun light soaking test condition. In addition, 14.3% of full flexible semitransparent PSC with good mechanical bending stability is demonstrated by the same lamination process.
A Microfluidic Model with Hydrogel Barriers for the Construction of Shear‐Free Attractive and Repulsive Cue Gradients
Authors: Liu Wenming , Han Kai , Sun Meilin , Huang Zhongchao , Wang Jinyi
Published: December 2018

Axon guidance is a fundamental process during neural development and regeneration. The combinatorial impacts of guidance cues on neuronal axons remain largely unexplored, owing to the lack of micromanipulation methods to conduct such studies. Herein, a microfluidic platform is reported for simultaneously establishing multi‐biochemical cue gradients to investigate attractive and repulsive response integration of axons. The employment of multidirectional hydrogel barriers permits a facile, stable, and long‐term production of shear‐free single linear and double radial biochemical gradients in the device. On‐chip cultivation of primary cortical neurons is favorably performed with microscale control while preserving their high viability, typical neuronal phenotype, and neurite growth and orientation. The applicability of the established platform in studying the complex integration of netrin‐1 and slit‐2 cue gradients by axons and their corresponding responses is experimentally demonstrated. The results indicate that axon guidance in a complex neural microenvironment is strongly associated with the concentration and guiding duration of biochemical signals, providing composite insight into the guidance mechanism underlying the combinatorial effects of netrin‐1 and slit‐2 on neuronal axons. This platform, which has the capability of multiple biochemical gradient control in time and space, holds great potential for applications in neurobiology, oncology, inflammation, and precision medicine.
Core/Shell Upconversion Nanocrystal Hybrids with Temperature‐Dependent Emission Color Changes for Multilevel Anticounterfeiting Applications
Authors: Hu Yanqing , Shao Qiyue , Deng Xinyi , Han Shouyu , Song Dongdong , Jiang Jianqing
Published: December 2018

This work presents a novel and highly secure anticounterfeiting strategy based on core/shell upconversion nanocrystal (UCNC) hybrids with temperature‐responsive multicolor emissions. Opposite luminescent temperature‐dependences are found for active‐core@inert‐shell (thermal quenching) and active‐core@active‐shell (thermally induced enhancement) UCNCs. Accordingly, their hybrids are designed to show obvious color changes with increasing temperature under 975 nm excitation. Various color‐shifting pathways (from white to green, blue to green, etc.) are achieved by adjusting the core/shell NC combinations in the hybrids. Moreover, color changes of the printed patterns using the hybrid NC inks can be realized by the simple heating treatment, or by increasing the laser power and prolonging the irradiation time. The results indicate the great potential of these core/shell NC hybrids for anticounterfeiting applications with high‐level security and convenient authentication methods.
AlxGa1−xN‐Based Quantum Wells Fabricated on Macrosteps Effectively Suppressing Nonradiative Recombination
Authors: Hayakawa Minehiro , Ichikawa Shuhei , Funato Mitsuru , Kawakami Yoichi
Published: December 2018

AlxGa1−xN‐based quantum wells (QWs) are fabricated on AlN with macrosteps, which are formed by using vicinal sapphire and AlN (0001) substrates. The QWs on macrosteps (MS‐QWs) show photoluminescence lifetimes of nearly 2 ns at an emission wavelength of 242 nm at room temperature (RT). This is the longest lifetime so far reported for AlxGa1−xN‐based QWs emitting below 270 nm, indicating the suppression of nonradiative recombination, the dominant recombination process at RT. Compared with planar QWs without macrosteps, the emission internal quantum efficiency estimated by photoluminescence spectroscopy is improved approximately by two orders of magnitude under a weak excitation condition. Consequently, AlxGa1−xN‐based MS‐QWs are promising structures for highly efficient ultraviolet emitters.
DABCO‐Catalyzed Double Cascade Cycloaddition of Maleimides with Bisarylhydrazones: Access to Fused Pyrazolo[5,1‐c][1,2,4]triazole Derivatives
Authors: Zhu Jia‐Nan , Yang Zhen‐Hua , Qi Ming , Zhao Sheng‐Yin
Published: December 2018

A DABCO‐catalyzed double cascade cycloaddition reaction of diverse maleimides with bisarylhydrazones has been developed for the synthesis of a variety of synthetically challenging pyrazolo[5,1‐c][1,2,4]triazole derivatives. Dioxygen gas is employed as the sole oxidant in this transformation. It proceeds with high step‐ and atom‐efficiency and shows a broad substrate scope and functional group tolerance, making it a practical approach for the preparation of fully substituted pyrazolo[5,1‐c][1,2,4]triazole derivatives.

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Schottky Junction Vertical Channel GaN Static Induction Transistor with a Sub‐Micrometer Fin Width
Authors: Chun Jaeyi , Li Wenwen , Agarwal Anchal , Chowdhury Srabanti
Published: December 2018

GaN‐based vertical transistors have demonstrated its excellent properties for high‐power and high‐frequency electronic devices. This work introduces a GaN‐based static induction transistor (SIT) which is another form of vertical GaN transistors without requiring any p‐type GaN and gate dielectrics for its operation. Processing strategy to generate the GaN SIT with a sub‐micrometer fin width involves photoresist (PR)‐assisted planarization with an understanding of dry etch parameters for the planar PR surface. The efficacy of this process is demonstrated by the device's triode‐like output characteristics with high current density (0.65 kA cm−2) and low ON resistance (1.48 mΩ cm2) at 1 V of drain voltage. In addition, the electrical properties such as current density and modulation are examined depending on the fin width of GaN SIT. The result reveals that the size reduction in the GaN SIT utilizing the sub‐micrometer fin as a channel could increase the current modulation, but it could decrease the current density because of the raised potential minima due to the depletion region overlap. It is believed that the GaN SIT demonstrating high blocking voltage and low ON resistance would present a very promising class of transistor for next‐generation high‐power and high‐frequency electronics.
Du Bois's Decolonial Pragmatism: Teaching Community Psychology Toward Epistemological Liberation
Authors: Lomotey‐Nakon Leah Lomoki
Published: December 2018

Highlights

Investigates the epistemological and methodological import of subjugated academic knowledges

Contributes to the history of decolonial and African‐American scholarship in the United States

Analyzes epistemic ethics in Community Psychology toward building a pedagogy of liberation
Features of multiple self‐healing squamous epithelioma and Loeys‐Dietz syndrome in a patient with a novel TGFBR1 variant
Authors: Sirisomboonwong Korawan E. , Martindale Joanne , Keefe Martin , Goudie David , Poke Gemma
Published: December 2018

Multiple self‐healing squamous epithelioma (MSSE, Ferguson‐Smith disease) and Loeys‐Dietz syndrome (LDS) are allelic conditions associated with pathogenic variants in the transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 gene (TGFBR1). We describe a patient with a novel missense variant in this gene: c.664G > A, p.[Gly222Arg], who clinically presents with both syndromes. The patient also has a history of gastric antral vascular ectasia, which has not been reported previously in LDS.
Organocatalytic Oxidative Functionalizations of Alkynes
Authors: Patil Dilip V. , Shin Seunghoon
Published: December 2018

The catalytic oxidation of alkynes has traditionally belonged to the domain of transition metal catalysis. Recently, several promising organocatalytic methods have been developed, leading to selective oxidative transformations of alkynes. For example, ynamides, because of their electron‐rich alkynes, are ideal candidates for Brønsted acid‐catalysis. A closely related keteniminium intermediate could also be accessed via amide activation. A particularly interesting aspect in this regard is a facile access to umpolung enolates, which would enable novel disconnections with complementary selectivity to traditional methods.
Distribution and Antioxidant Activities of Free, Conjugated, and Insoluble‐Bound Phenolics from Seven Species of the Genus Camellia
Authors: Luo Fan , Fei Xueqian
Published: December 2018

Free phenolic (FP), conjugated phenolic (CP), and insoluble‐bound phenolic (IBP) acids were extracted from the seeds of seven species of oil‐tea camellia and their antioxidant activities were evaluated. The results indicated that Camellia vietnamensis has the highest total phenolic content (TPC) (31.84 ± 0.11 g of gallic acid equivalent [GAE] kg−1) and that Camellia polyodontia has the lowest TPC (12.34 ± 0.22 g GAE kg−1) in the kernel. The average TPC among the species is similar in both the kernels and in the shells, and the content order of the three forms of phenolic compounds is FP > IBP > CP. HPLC‐MS analysis showed the presence of 9–11 phenolic compounds in the FP, CP, or IBP extracts of the seven species of oil‐tea camellia seed. Among the phenolics identified, ferulic acid, catechin, and epicatechin were the major contributors of antioxidant activity. Hierarchical cluster analysis conducted based on the phenolic properties showed that C. vietnamensis and Camellia semiserrata belong to the group characterized by high antioxidant capacities (FRAP, ferric‐ion‐reducing antioxidant power; ABTS assay), and Camellia chekiangoleosa and Camellia oleifera are arranged in a group with moderate phenolic properties. The other species constitute the third cluster with low phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The study demonstrated that oil‐tea camellia seed contains significant amounts of phenolic acids. In addition, extracts from various parts of the seed could be interesting novel sources of natural antioxidants.
Development and characterization of 30 microsatellite loci for Plagiorhegma dubium (Berberidaceae)
Authors: Kim Bo‐Yun , Lee Soo‐Rang , Kim Yong‐In , Kang Dae‐Hyun , Kim Young‐Dong
Published: December 2018

Premise of the Study

Plagiorhegma dubium (Berberidaceae) has been listed as an endangered species in Korea due to extensive collection and destruction of natural habitats. In this study, 30 microsatellite loci, including 25 polymorphic loci, were developed for P. dubium for use in population‐level genetic analyses.

Methods and Results

We carried out transcriptome sequencing and isolated a total of 30 expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat markers from P. dubium using Illumina HiSeq high‐throughput sequencing. To test utility of the developed markers, we genotyped 60 individuals from three populations and estimated the number of alleles and levels of observed and expected heterozygosity. Expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.000 to 0.594, 0.000 to 1.000, and 0.000 to 0.744 in the three populations, respectively.

Conclusions

These transcriptome‐derived simple sequence repeat markers are highly polymorphic and can be widely used in characterization of the endangered P. dubium. Population genetic studies with these markers will provide valuable insights for conservation by unraveling evolutionary patterns of P. dubium.
Association of Dendritic Cell Signatures With Autoimmune Inflammation Revealed by Single‐Cell Profiling
Authors: Ashton Michelle P. , Eugster Anne , Dietz Sevina , Loebel Doreen , Lindner Annett , Kuehn Denise , Taranko Anna E. , Heschel Babett , Gavrisan Anita , Ziegler Anette‐Gabriele , Aringer Martin , Bonifacio Ezio
Published: December 2018

Objective

To identify single‐cell transcriptional signatures of dendritic cells (DCs) that are associated with autoimmunity, and determine whether thoseDCsignatures are correlated with the clinical heterogeneity of autoimmune disease.

Methods

Blood‐derivedDCs were single‐cell sorted from the peripheral blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or type 1 diabetes as well as healthy individuals.DCs were analyzed using single‐cell gene expression assays, performed immediately after isolation or after in vitro stimulation of the cells. In addition, protein expression was measured using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting.

Results

CD1c+ conventionalDCs and plasmacytoidDCs from healthy individuals exhibited diverse transcriptional signatures, while theDCtranscriptional signatures in patients with autoimmune disease were altered. In particular, distinctDCclusters, characterized by up‐regulation ofTAP1,IRF7, andIFNAR1, were abundant in patients with systemic autoimmune disease, whereasDCs from patients with type 1 diabetes had decreased expression of the regulatory genesPTPN6,TGFB, andTYROBP. The frequency ofCD1c+ conventionalDCs that expressed a systemic autoimmune profile directly correlated with the extent of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (Spearman'sr= 0.60,P= 0.03).

Conclusion

DCtranscriptional signatures are altered in patients with autoimmune disease and are associated with the level of disease activity, suggesting that immune cell transcriptional profiling could improve our ability to detect and understand the heterogeneity of these diseases, and could guide treatment choices in patients with a complex autoimmune disease.
Can All Major ROS Forming Sites of the Respiratory Chain Be Activated By High FADH2/NADH Ratios?
Authors: Speijer Dave
Published: December 2018

Aspects of peroxisome evolution, uncoupling, carnitine shuttles, supercomplex formation, and missing neuronal fatty acid oxidation (FAO) are linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in respiratory chains. Oxidation of substrates with high FADH2/NADH (F/N) ratios (e.g., FAs) initiate ROS formation in Complex I due to insufficient availability of its electron acceptor (Q) and reverse electron transport from QH2, e.g., during FAO or glycerol‐3‐phosphate shuttle use. Here it is proposed that the Q‐cycle of Complex III contributes to enhanced ROS formation going from low F/N ratio substrates (glucose) to high F/N substrates. This contribution is twofold: 1) Complex III uses Q as substrate, thus also competing with Complex I; 2) Complex III itself will produce more ROS under these conditions. I link this scenario to the universally observed Complex III dimerization. The Q‐cycle of Complex III thus again illustrates the tension between efficient ATP generation and endogenous ROS formation. This model can explain recent findings concerning succinate and ROS‐induced uncoupling.