bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recovery from a DNA‐damage‐induced G2 arrest requires Cdk‐dependent activation of FoxM1
Authors: Alvarez‐Fernández Mónica , Halim Vincentius A , Krenning Lenno , Aprelia Melinda , Mohammed Shabaz , Heck Albert J , Medema René H
Published: April 2010

Activation of the DNA‐damage checkpoint culminates in the inhibition of cyclin‐dependent kinase (Cdk) complexes to prevent cell‐cycle progression. We have shown recently that Cdk activity is required for activation of the Forkhead transcription factor FoxM1, an important regulator of gene expression in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Here, we show that FoxM1 is transcriptionally active during a DNA‐damage‐induced G2 arrest and is essential for checkpoint recovery. Paradoxically, Cdk activity, although reduced after checkpoint activation, is required to maintain FoxM1‐dependent transcription during the arrest and for expression of pro‐mitotic targets such as cyclin A, cyclin B and Plk1. Indeed, we find that cells need to retain sufficient levels of Cdk activity during the DNA‐damage response to maintain cellular competence to recover from a DNA‐damaging insult.
FGF signalling in prostate development, tissue homoeostasis and tumorigenesis
Authors: Lin Yongshun , Wang Fen
Published: April 2010

The FGFs (fibroblast growth factors) regulate a broad spectrum of biological activities by activating transmembrane FGFR (FGF receptor) tyrosine kinases and their coupled intracellular signalling pathways. In the prostate, the mesenchymal–epithelial interactions mediated by androgen signalling and paracrine factors are essential for gland organogenesis, homoeostasis and tumorigenesis. FGFs mediate these mesenchymal–epithelial interactions in the prostate by paracrinal crosstalk through a diverse set of ligands and receptors. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in mouse models have demonstrated the requirement for the FGF signalling axis in prostate development and homoeostasis. The aberrant induction of this axis in either compartment of the prostate results in developmental disorders, disrupts the homoeostatic balance and leads to prostate carcinogenesis. FGFs are also implicated in mediating androgen signalling in the prostate between mesenchymal and epithelial compartments. Therefore studying FGF signalling in the prostate will help us to better understand the underlying molecular mechanisms by which the gland develops, maintains homoeostasis and undergoes carcinogenesis; as well as yield clues on how androgens mediate these processes and how advanced-tumour prostate cells escape strict androgen regulations.
Prevalence of Speech Problems and the Use of Augmentative and Alternative Communication in Children With Cerebral Palsy: A Registry-Based Study in Norway
Authors: Andersen Guro , Mjøen Tone R. , Vik Torstein
Published: April 2010

This study describes the prevalence of speech problems and the use of augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) in children with cerebral palsy (CP) in Norway. Information on the communicative abilities of 564 children with CP born 1996–2003, recorded in the Norwegian CP Registry, was collected. A total of 270 children (48%) had normal speech, 90 (16%) had slightly indistinct speech, 52 (9%) had indistinct speech, 35 (6%) had very indistinct speech, 110 children (19%) had no speech, and 7 (1%) were unknown. Speech problems were most common in children with dyskinetic CP (92 %), in children with the most severe gross motor function impairments and among children being totally dependent on assistance in feeding or tube-fed children. A higher proportion of children born at term had speech problems when compared with children born before 32 weeks of gestational age 32 (p > 0.001). Among the 197 children with speech problems only, 106 (54%) used AAC in some form. Approximately 20% of children had no verbal speech, whereas ~15% had significant speech problems. Among children with either significant speech problems or no speech, only 54% used AAC in any form.
Clinical Impressions of How Young Children Use AAC at Home and in Child Care Settings: A Canadian Perspective
Authors: Wishart Kathryn
Published: April 2010

Speech-language pathologists, working in a multicultural, community-based environment for young children with special needs in Vancouver, Canada, collected information on 84 clients using AAC from a chart review. The speech-language pathologists collected additional usage information and attended a group interview to discuss barriers and facilitators of AAC. Thirty-one percent of the children were using AAC. Children aged between 16 and 72 months typically relied on multiple modes of communication, including sign, communication boards and binders, and low- and high-tech communication devices. All of the children used at least one type of unaided mode. Fifty-five percent used pictures or communication boards/displays, and 29% used technology with speech output. Similarities in usage of AAC were noted in home and child-care settings with increased use of unaided in homes and a slightly increased use of aided communication in child care settings. Speech-language pathologists reported that the time needed for AAC intervention as well as limited funding for high-tech devices continue to be major barriers. Additional research is needed to describe current AAC practices with young children particularly from minority linguistic and cultural backgrounds. Stakeholder input is needed to explore perceptions of children's usage of AAC in daily life with familiar and unfamiliar communication partners.
Learning to be Global Citizens: The Rationalities of Fair-Trade Education
Authors: Pykett Jessica , Cloke Paul , Barnett Clive , Clarke Nick , Malpass Alice
Published: April 2010

The ethics of everyday consumption has become a key concern for social and environmental justice campaigning by NGOs in the United Kingdom. Schools are a prominent site for such campaigns, where, alongside other ‘controversial issues' and initiatives such as citizenship education, the problematisation of consumption practices has developed its own distinctive set of pedagogical devices. This paper questions the analytical framing of education as a space of neoliberal subjectification, in which ‘critical pedagogy’ is seen as the only legitimate form of resistance within theoretical models of domination – subordination and governmentality. The institutionalisation of fair-trade education in schools in Bristol, a city in the southwest of England, is presented as an empirical case through which to consider how best to theorise the rationalities of consumption-oriented campaigning by NGOs. We discuss the consequences of problematising global responsibility where learning is seen as a performative encounter between reflexive actors situated in particular sociocultural environments.
Anxious Enactments: Postcolonial Anxieties and the Performance of Territorialization
Authors: Sioh Maureen
Published: April 2010

This paper examines the specific configurations that territorialization took in the colonial and post-colonial Malaysian state within the context of the crisis of authority that accompanies violent conflicts. I trace the post-colonial Malaysian state's attempt to legitimate itself when its elites supported the British in the counterinsurgency campaign, known as the Emergency, against the forest-based Malayan Communist Party who fought for independence after WWII. Territorializing Malaysia required both physical reconfiguration and imaginative recuperation of the landscape. The success of the counterinsurgency rested on two ambitious spatial policies: the New Villages and the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) agricultural scheme. I explore how the two policies constructed moral “citizenscapes” for the performance of national identity. The New Villages comprised a punitive landscape designed to contain 20% of the population through curfews and a geometric architecture rendering them visible to, and manageable by, the state. But an equally urgent task of the reterritorialization project for the Malaysian post-colonial government was the creation of a positive moral scopic politics and an essentialized national space inhabited by loyal subject-citizens in place of the anarchic rainforest and its insurgent population. The FELDA schemes were conceived as theatrical stages for performing national identity as embodied in the male bumiputera settler. My paper explores how state power is legitimized through a performance of its subjects and citizens within punitive and affirmative landscapes that construct a postcolonial nature.
Shape, Gravity, and the Perception of the Right Angle
Authors: Maniatis Lydia M
Published: April 2010

Past efforts to determine whether orientation-dependent sensitivity to right angles is due to retinal or environmental/gravitational frames of reference have produced conflicting conclusions. I attempt to show that the chief factor underlying this phenomenon is, rather, the shape of the object containing the angle. This shape mediates the typical orientation of the object in a ground–gravity context and the consequent force-structure of the incorporated angle—a force structure that is reflected in the percept.
Synthesis and Properties of the Bipolar Triphenylamine-benzimidazole Derivatives
Authors: Wang Hai-Ying , Chen Gang , Xu Xiao-Ping , Ji Shun-Jun
Published: April 2010

A series of newly-developed bipolar triphenylamine benzimidazole derivatives, containing both hole-transporting and electron-transporting moieties, have been completely characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and HRMS, as well as their thermal, optical, and electrochemical properties. The results indicate that these compounds exhibit high fluorescence quantum yields, desirable HOMO levels and high thermal stabilities. Quantum chemical calculations were used to obtain the optimized ground-state geometries, spatial distributions of the HOMO, and the LUMO levels of these compounds. The agreement between experimental and calculated data suggests such compounds may have potential applications in organic light emitting diodes materials.
Single-crystal to Single-crystal Transformations - Guest Removal and Substitution in a Robust Solvent-templated Metallocyclic Compound
Authors: Jacobs Tia , Gertenbach Jan-André , Das Dinabandhu , Barbour Leonard J.
Published: April 2010

The formation, structure, and single-crystal to single-crystal transformations of the dinuclear metallocycle [Ag2L2](PF6)2·2CH3CN (L = 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-1,4-bis(2-methylimidazole-1-yl-methyl)benzene) are described. The acetonitrile guest molecules can be removed without loss of single crystallinity to afford a porous material. CO2 sorption isotherms were recorded at various temperatures and the structures and sorption behaviour of the crystals are compared with those of a previously reported analogous system. Upon exposure to acetone vapour, the desolvated crystals undergo a single-crystal to single-crystal transformation to form the acetone solvate.
Coordination Chemistry of Some Terpyridyl-Polyamine Bridging Ligands
Authors: Zibaseresht Ramin , Downward Alan M. , Hartshorn Richard M.
Published: April 2010

A series of ditopic ligands bearing terpyridyl and polyamine coordination sites have been prepared. Complexes with RuII bound to the terpyridyl sites of many of these ligands have been prepared. RuII complexes of these ligands appear vulnerable to nucleophilic displacement of the polyamine portion of the ligand by BH4 –. A limited study of the coordination chemistry of the polyamine portion of the RuII complexes has been conducted, including the synthesis and characterization of RuII–CoIII heterodinuclear complexes in which the CoIII centre is coordinated by a cyclam macrocycle. The CoIII centre in these systems is unexpectedly labile – it can be removed from the polyamine upon treatment with ethane-1,2-diamine.
CPMAS Study of Ring Inversion of cis-Decalin in the Solid State when Complexed with β-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Dodziuk Helena , Pietrzak Mariusz
Published: April 2010

Cyclohexane rings in cis-decalin are known to invert at room temperature in the liquid state and in solution. However, according to conventional wisdom such a large amplitude movement should be frozen in the solid state. In this paper, cis-decalin buried inside the β-cyclodextrin cavity has been shown by variable temperature 13C CPMAS NMR to invert in the solid state even at room temperature.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Acid - Base Properties of Ruthenium(II) Complexes Containing N-ethyl-4-([1,10]-phenanthroline[5,6 - f]imidazol-2-yl)carbazole
Authors: Xu Li , Liu Peng-Xin , Liao Guo-Liang , Chen Xiang , Chao Hui , Ji Liang-Nian
Published: April 2010

Three new ruthenium(ii) polypyridyl complexes, [Ru(phen)2(Hecip)]2+ (1), [Ru(phen)(Hecip)2]2+ (2), and [Ru(Hecip)3]2+ (3) complexes (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, Hecip = N-ethyl-4-([1,10]-phenanthroline[5,6–f]imidazol-2-yl)carbazole) were synthesized and characterized by ES-MS, 1H NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and cyclic voltammetry. The emission spectra of complexes were measured both at room temperature and at 77 K in a 4/1 (v/v) EtOH/MeOH matrix. All three complexes display luminescence properties which are close to that featured by the parent [Ru(phen)3]2+ species. The pH effects on the UV-vis and emission spectra of RuII complexes were also studied, and complexes 1, 2, and 3 were found to act as ‘on–off’ luminescent pH switches with maximum on–off ratios of 17, 230, and 90, respectively.
N,N-Dialkyl-N'-Chlorosulfonyl Chloroformamidines in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Part VIII. Novel Pyrazolo-Fused Oxathiadiazines and Thiatriazoles
Authors: Forsyth Craig M. , Francis Craig L. , Jahangiri Saba , Liepa Andris J. , Perkins Michael V. , Young Anna P.
Published: April 2010

N,N-dialkyl-N′-chlorosulfonyl chloroformamidines 1 reacted with pyrazol-3-ones 2 under a variety of conditions to give pyrazolo[2,3-e][1,2,3,5]oxathiadiazine dioxides 3 and pyrazolo[3,2-b][1,4,3,5]oxathiadiazine dioxides 5, and frequently, one or both of pyrazolo[1,2-b][1,2,3,5]thiatriazole 1,1,5-trioxides 4 and 1,1,7-trioxides 6. In all reactions, the pyrazolo[3,2-b][1,4,3,5]oxathiadiazine 5 was the major product, with the pyrazolo[2,3-e][1,2,3,5]oxathiadiazine 3 being a significant product in the absence of base. Prior to our recent work, the core ring systems of compounds 3 and 5 had not been reported and compounds 4 and 6 are new derivatives of a rare ring system.
The Discovery of Catalytic Enantioselective Polyvalent Iodine Mediated Reactions
Authors: Ngatimin Marsewi , Lupton David W.
Published: April 2010

The use of polyvalent iodine mediated reactions for the synthesis of enantiopure materials has developed into an active field of research. Recently, new chiral aryl iodides, and conditions for their substoichiometric use, have allowed catalytic variants to be achieved. This highlight draws attention to recent discoveries in this emerging field.
Synthesis of Diyne Substituted 2-Hydroxy Acids, Esters, and Amides
Authors: Graichen Florian H. M. , Warden Andrew C. , Kyi Stella , O'Shea Michael S.
Published: April 2010

A series of diyne substituted 2-hydroxy acids and derivatives have been prepared and characterized. Alkylation of butane-2,3-diacetal protected glycolic acid with haloalkyl substituted diyne compounds gave the corresponding diacetal protected diyne substituted 2-hydroxy acids. Diacetal deprotection through acid mediated hydrolysis, transesterification, or aminolysis afforded the 2-hydroxy-diyne acid, ester, or amide derivatives, respectively. A novel class of polydiacetylenes was produced through topochemical polymerization of a 2-hydroxy diyne acid and compared with the polymerization of non-hydroxylated diyne acids.
The Fields of Crystal Engineering and Ionic Liquids Are Actually Quite Similar
Authors: Rogers Robin D.
Published: April 2010

The fields of Crystal Engineering, the study and engineering of the crystalline solid state of materials, and Ionic Liquids, the study and engineering of the liquid state of salts that typically melt below 100, would seem at first glance polar opposites, but are they?
Reproductive improvement and senescence in a long-lived bird
Authors: Rebke Maren , Coulson Tim , Becker Peter H. , Vaupel James W.
Published: April 2010

Heterogeneity within a population is a pervasive challenge for studies of individual life-histories. Population-level patterns in age-specific reproductive success can be broken down into relative contributions from selective disappearance, selective appearance of individuals into the study population, and average change in performance for survivors (average ontogenetic development). In this article, we provide an exact decomposition. We apply our formula to data on the reproductive performance of a well characterized population of common terns (Sterna hirundo). We show that improvements with age over most of adult life and senescence at old ages are primarily due to a genuine change in the mean among surviving individuals rather than selective disappearance or selective appearance of individuals. Average ontogenetic development accounts for approximately 87% of the overall age-specific population change.
Disturbing Contrasts
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: April 2010

This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the reality of poverty in America. It then outlines the purpose of the book, which to provide a radically different perspective on American poverty. It is argued that poverty is the result of systemic failings within the U.S. economic and social structures, that a majority of Americans experience poverty during their adult lifetimes, and that poverty is an issue of vital national concern. In short, the book lays out and details a paradigm for thinking about U.S. poverty that is entirely different from the manner in which this issue has traditionally been thought about. Such a paradigm shift is essential to constructing lasting and effective changes that will reduce the severity, magnitude, and injustice of American poverty. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Fine Fathers and Good Genes
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

There are two potential payoffs for a female who mates with a highly ornamented male: resources for herself and her offspring and good genes for offspring. Male House Finches with brighter plumage coloration feed incubating females and chicks in their nests more than drabber males. Some indirect evidence also supports the hypothesis that female gain good genes by pairing with highly ornamented males but this idea remains to be fully tested.
May the Force Be with You
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter focuses on ideas regarding flight fantasies offered by Carl Jung. Jung's alternative to Freud's proposition regarding the meaning of flying fantasies is that they represent humankind's search for the soul, the true essence of the human being. Images of flying and symbols that we see in the sky signify that we have become disunited from the source of existence and also, when treated properly, invite us to become complete by realizing Wholeness. Wholeness can only be found by granting the collective unconscious its proper place in our lives; by knowing it, accepting it, and by learning to trust its wisdom.
Damasio’s Inside-Out Theory of Self-Development
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter focuses on Antonio Damasio's theory of self and consciousness. Damasio is a researcher and scholar on the topic of the human brain; he is a neurologist at the University of Iowa who maintains an affiliation with the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California. His theory of self and consciousness is built on his own and other neurologists' observations of the behavioral and cognitive effects of damage to specific regions of the brain. Some of these impairments are caused by accidents, others by lesions, tumors, diseases, or birth defects. Following the tradition of compassionate and lucid writing about neurological disorders established by Oliver Sacks, Damasio creates a model of “normal” brain development that is based on studies of individuals whose brains have been compromised by damage.
Marc Chagall
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

Marc Chagall (1887-1985) is one of the most significant painters and graphic artists of the 20th century. His oil paintings and watercolors are among the prized possessions of museums throughout the Western world. This chapter addresses the question of how depictions of levitated objects initially came to be one of Chagall's trademarks. Houses, carts, people, animals, and fish do not occupy their standard places in many of his paintings. Some objects are suspended in the air or depicted as floating upside down. Some images appear to be rising and others falling. Images of fire and water, the other two elements of an Icarian theme, also make their appearances in his artwork, and both are prominent topics in his autobiography.
Children and HIV
Authors: Gossart-Walker Sandra , Murphy Robert A.
Published: April 2010

The Yale Child Study Center, through its Program for HIV-Affected Children and Families, has developed a community-based approach to the mental health care of children and families beset by HIV/AIDS. This chapter explores the unique opportunities inherent in providing mental health care to HIV-infected and HIV-affected children using non-traditional techniques. The chapter begins by briefly providing a history of HIV-affected children on a national level, followed by a detailed discussion of the Program for HIV-Affected Children and Families, including the issues faced by these children and their families. Two case vignettes illustrate the need and challenges of home-based work with HIV-affected children.
Partners for Success
Authors: Sessions Phebe , Fanolis Verba
Published: April 2010

This chapter presents the work of Partners for Success (PfS), a collaborative project between Smith College School for Social Work (SSW) and an urban public school system of a mid-size city in the Northeast. In a context of widespread experimentation in locating mental health services in the public schools, this program succeeded in achieving the goals of providing multi-systemic mental health services consistent with system-of-care principles, while preparing social work interns for clinical and leadership roles in school-based mental health services. The chapter describes the impetus for the project, the initial negotiations between the two partners, the agreed-upon goals, the initial stages of entry and engagement, a lengthy period of stability and expansion, the clinical model that evolved over time, evaluative studies of the degree of satisfaction experienced by different stakeholders, and the process of adjustment to recent financial crisis in the schools, with reduction in the scope of the program, coupled with integration into the structure of the school system. The story is supplemented by integrating discussions of important issues from the literature about school-based mental health practice, as well as with case examples.
Creating a Community of Care for Seriously Emotionally Distressed Youth
Authors: Levine Katherine Gordy
Published: April 2010

This chapter describes the Visiting Nurse Service of New York's Mobile Community Support Service's (MCSS), the creation of a caring community for emotionally distressed youth based on recognizing that we are one; we are family. The MCSS is a component of Families Reaching in Ever New Directions, Inc. (FRIENDS, Inc.). The chapter briefly reviews the theoretical changes leading to the current emphasis on community-based, family-driven care; describes key components of the tri-level intervention model of care; illustrates use of the model and discusses outcomes, including difficulties as well as successes; and reviews lessons learned.
The Neighborhood Place
Authors: Armbruster Paula , Ewing Laura , DeVarennes Virginia , Prestin Abigail , Lochner Lisa , Chock Ursula , Bougdaeva Saglar
Published: April 2010

This chapter describes the Neighborhood Place, an innovative prevention program with two primary goals: to engage children from marginalized, disenfranchised families in constructive activities outside of the school day, and to give them a voice for the expression of their thoughts and emotions. By engaging these children in positive activities, routines, and structures in a stigma-free environment, problems, should they emerge, could be addressed on-site without the customary referral to a “clinic.” Additionally, children would learn pro-social skills and have an opportunity to channel their talents and energies in ways that are socially acceptable and appropriate. The chapter comprises four components: background, literature review, program description, and summary. Specifics of the program are addressed so that it can be adapted or replicated in various environments.
Open Dialogue Integrates Individual and Systemic Approaches in Serious Psychiatric Crises
Authors: Seikkula Jaakko
Published: April 2010

This chapter presents the work of the Open Dialogue (OD) approach to mental health intervention in psychiatric crises developed by a team of clinicians and researchers in Finland. In Open Dialogue, the first treatment meeting occurs within 24 hours after contact and includes as many significant people as possible from the patient's social network. The aim is to generate dialogue and put words to the experiences embodied in the patient's psychotic symptoms. Psychosis is a way of responding to stressful life situations, and in therapy, generating dialogue becomes the primary aim. All issues are analyzed and addressed with everyone present. Treatment is adapted to the specific and varying needs of patients and takes place at home, if possible. Psychological continuity and trust are emphasized by constructing integrated teams that include both inpatient and outpatient staff, all of whom focus on generating dialogue with the family and patients instead of trying to rapidly remove psychotic symptoms. Treatment is based on generating dialogue; a case is analyzed to illustrate this principle.
Introduction: Progress on the Verb Learning Front
Authors: Golinkoff Roberta Michnick , Hirsh-Pasek Kathy
Published: April 2010

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the meaning of a verb, and whether verbs are really harder to learn than nouns. It then considers how to gauge progress in the area of verb learning. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Precursors to Verb Learning: Infants' Understanding of Motion Events
Authors: Casasola Marianella , Bhagwat Jui , Ferguson Kim T.
Published: April 2010

This chapter shows how particular relational meanings are formed independently of language, whereas others require linguistic input to develop. It argues that the contribution of nonlinguistic versus linguistic input in the formation of relational meanings varies not only with the concept in question but also with the developmental point at which the concept begins to develop. The chapter begins by reviewing the current literature on infants' understanding of motion events, demonstrating that young infants possess a rich understanding of various types of motion events. It then shows that infants' perceptual and cognitive abilities do not provide them with an understanding of all action events. Finally, it delineates a developmental progression for infants' understanding of motion events. Specifically, it demonstrates how developmental changes in infants' ability to form an abstract categorical representation of a dynamic spatial event follows a specific-to-abstract progression, and that language exerts its influence on infants' discrimination and categorization of particular motion events by modulating this progression.
Verbs, Actions, and Intentions
Authors: Behrend Douglas A. , Scofield Jason
Published: April 2010

This chapter investigates the interrelatedness of human actions, the intentions that guide those actions, and the language used to label and describe those actions. It describes several studies which have attempted to empirically document the ways in which intentions, actions, and verbs are related in young children's growing understanding of the physical, mental, and linguistic world around them. The chapter concludes by suggesting a model in which developmental achievements in both language development and in early theory of mind — as documented by children's growing sophistication in their understanding of the intentional basis of human behavior — mutually and reciprocally influence each other in nontrivial manners.
Older Adults With Age-Related Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Ai Amy L. , Carrigan Lynn
Published: April 2010

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 40 million Americans are age 65 or older in 2010. This population-aging trend will considerably increase the incidence of chronic diseases, especially age-related cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Social workers must enhance their knowledge of CVD in order to improve their practice with the elderly. This chapter describes the immense impact of age-related CVD on society, older persons, and the disadvantaged; its important mental health comorbidity, particularly depression; and related social work practice.
Older Adults With Diabetes and Complications
Authors: Francoeur Richard , Elkins Jennifer
Published: April 2010

According to the American Diabetes Association, approximately 8.6 million adults age 60 years or older were affected with diabetes in 2002. By 2050, the largest increase (336%) in prevalence of diagnosed diabetes will be in individuals 75 years or older. Older adults with diabetes are at especially high risk for developing cardiovascular complications, kidney damage, vision problems, neuropathy, foot problems, and cognitive impairment. It is essential that every social worker become more knowledgeable about the impact of diabetes and its complications in older populations, as this will allow social workers to provide more appropriate and effective services, not only directly with older adults, but indirectly through family and friends. This chapter discusses complications associated with diabetes, including the medical, psychological, and social risk factors. Treatment and intervention approaches relevant to social work practice are reviewed, and implications for social work practice are highlighted.
Older Adults With Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Lightfoot Elizabeth
Published: April 2010

Developmental disabilities are a diverse group of physical and/or mental impairments that begin anytime up until 22 years of age and are usually life-long. Development disabilities limit a person's capacity to engage in major life activities such as independent living, mobility, language, learning, working, decision making, and self-care. Common diagnoses that often fall under the definition of developmental disabilities include intellectual disability, autism, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, vision impairment, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). There are currently about 4 million people in the United States with a developmental disability. This chapter primarily focuses on issues faced by older people with intellectual disabilities.
Older Adults With Age-Related Sensory Loss
Authors: Stuen Cynthia
Published: April 2010

Sensory impairment has a profound impact on older persons, affecting their health, mental health, and quality of life status. Recognition of and attention to age-related sensory loss, particularly vision and hearing, are important in providing social work services to older adults. Knowing the difference between the normal changes in sensory systems and those that are caused by age-related disorders should be basic knowledge for gerontological social workers. It is also important to recognize that for many older adults, sensory losses occur in the context of other comorbid health conditions. This chapter focuses on the continuum of sensory loss of vision and hearing, although some brief attention will be given to the chemosensory areas of taste and smell. The focus is on older adults who acquire an age-related sensory loss in later life, not on the population of older persons who are aging with an early-onset sensory loss. It first discusses normal changes and disease-related sensory impairments and their prevalence. It then presents an overview of the specialized service-systems of vision rehabilitation and aural rehabilitation, and the functional and psychosocial consequences of sensory losses, followed by the implications for social work practice and policy issues. How social work has dealt with people with disabilities concludes the chapter.
Older Adults With Substance/Alcohol Abuse Problems
Authors: Shibusawa Tazuko
Published: April 2010

Alcohol and drug abuse and misuse among older adults are one of the fastest growing public health problems in the United States. The problems, however, remain underdiagnosed and undertreated, and have been referred to as an invisible epidemic. With the aging of the baby boomers, a cohort with more liberal attitudes toward substance use than previous cohorts, the problem is expected to increase in the coming years. This chapter focuses on the three types of substance abuse among older adults: alcohol abuse, medication abuse and misuse, and illicit drug use.
Older Adults and Work in the 21st Century
Authors: Akabas Sheila H. , Gates Lauren B.
Published: April 2010

This chapter identifies who older working adults are by legislative definition, workplace policy, and life experience. It examines their contact with work in relation to the various statuses they may occupy, including transitional retirement, total retirement, and continuing employment, and how this varies with individual characteristics and other factors affecting withdrawal from the labor force due to age. It then suggests what social workers can do in order to help older workers achieve the connection to a work role that they may desire, or to satisfy a successful termination of that role if that is their choice. The chapter argues that it is not possible to serve the needs of older adults without understanding their work histories, what has influenced the status they now hold with regard to work, what their preferences are in relation to work, and how to help them achieve their desired state, as well as how the workplace culture and social policy act as an influential context for individual experience.
Immigrant and Refugee Elders
Authors: Moon Ailee , Rhee Siyon
Published: April 2010

This chapter discusses social work practice with immigrant and refugee elders. The elderly immigrant population in the United States is becoming increasingly diverse based on racial and ethnic background, reasons for immigration, age at time of immigration, length of residence in the United States, and English proficiency. The well-being and process of adjustment of immigrant elders is affected by their immigration histories, cultural norms and values, and socioeconomic backgrounds. The chapter discusses the role of family and caregiving with immigrant elders, emphasizing both the importance of traditional family values and the impact on family issues of living in a different culture. It also considers mental health issues and psychological distress, service utilization and barriers to service use, and implications for social work practice with immigrant and refugee elders. It emphasizes the need for social workers to be culturally competent and to recognize both intragroup and intergroup differences within this population.
Mistreated and Neglected Elders
Authors: TOMITA SUSAN
Published: April 2010

This chapter focuses on social work practice with elders who have been mistreated or neglected, a problem area that has been recognized only within the past two decades. It discusses various types of elder mistreatment, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, financial abuse, identity theft, undue influence, and neglect and self-neglect. Whether an act is considered abusive or neglectful is defined based on intentionality, severity, intensity, frequency, and consequences. The chapter reviews theories of causation of elder mistreatment, as well as the characteristics of perpetrators and victims. A major emphasis is the presentation of specific assessment and counseling strategies for social workers to use in working with elders when maltreatment is suspected.
Native American Elders: Unique Histories and Special Needs
Authors: Barusch Amanda
Published: April 2010

Although they represent a tiny fraction of the U.S. population, Native American elders' history and culture lead to distinct opportunities and needs. This chapter examines the status of Native American elders in the United States. Following a brief review of current living conditions, it examines the history of forced assimilation and colonization, and the impact of that history on Native American elders. This is followed by a discussion of service approaches that empower elders and improve their quality of life; and a suggestion that the pursuit of culturally appropriate interventions should begin with the employment of Native American service providers.
Caregivers to Older Adults
Authors: Greenberg Jan , Seltzer Marsha , Brewer Eva
Published: April 2010

Over the past two decades, considerable effort has been devoted to documenting the experiences of family caregivers of frail elders, in particular those with Alzheimer's disease. Researchers have more recently begun to focus on special populations of caregivers. The first section of this chapter reviews the general research on caregivers to older adults using Pearlin and his colleagues' stress process model as a framework for organizing this literature. The second section explores special populations of caregivers, specifically male caregivers, end-of-life caregivers, and aging parents as caregivers to adults with disabilities.
Geriatric Care Management Settings
Authors: Morano Carmen , Morano Barbara
Published: April 2010

This chapter describes social work practice in geriatric care management settings. It considers contemporary challenges that arise in these settings, including definitional issues around what constitutes “care management” as opposed to “case management,” the need for culturally relevant services, and developing professional credentials and identification in a relatively new area of practice.
Community Mental Health Centers
Authors: Cummings Sherry M. , Cassie Kimberly M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter focuses on community mental health centers (CMHCs), which are traditionally underutilized by seniors. Tracing the background of social work practice in community mental health centers, the impact of deinstitutionalization and devolution is considered. The chapter identifies the emerging focus on “behavioral health care,” and a role for CMHCs in managed care. It cites recent studies suggesting that nearly all CMHCs provide services to older adults, and that the majority of centers now offer specialized geriatric services. Nonetheless, mental illness among older adults continues to be undertreated, and seniors continue to be underrepresented in these care settings. The increased CMHC use by seniors is expected in coming years, and the challenges this will pose for the setting itself and the professionals involved are outlined.
Advocacy and Protection of Older Adults
Authors: Kosberg Jordan I. , Rothman Max B. , Dunlop Burton D.
Published: April 2010

This chapter focuses on those who are vulnerable to possible adversity and the mechanisms by which social workers can be engaged in the surveillance and protection of such persons. Specifically, it provides an overview of the ombudsman program, concerned with the quality of care within long-term care facilities; adult protective service (APS) programs, created to intervene in cases of community-based abuse, neglect, and maltreatment; and legal efforts designed to safeguard the elderly and their resources.
Policies Affecting Community-Based Social Services, Housing, and Transportation
Authors: Keigher Sharon
Published: April 2010

This chapter describes the essentials of “aging policy” in community services. The first section highlights the broad mandates of the federal Older Americans Act (OAA), the foundation of the U.S.'s “aging network” of state and local social services. The second section overviews federal housing policies that benefit low income and disabled older Americans. The third section highlights federal transportation programs benefiting older adults and their local challenges.
Policies Related to End-of-Life Care
Authors: H.Raveis Victoria
Published: April 2010

This chapter provides a detailed review of issues related to end-of-life care. Specific attention is focused on financing the care of dying elders, including information on how care is paid for, the gaps and limitations in coverage, and relevant regulations and policies impacting end-of-life care options. Disparities in care at the end of life are examined. Attention is also focused on cultural factors that influence elders' care decisions. Ethical and legal issues related to end-of-life care for the elderly are addressed, including advanced directives and assisted suicide. The chapter concludes with policy recommendations to improve care at the end of life.
Policy to Protect the Rights of Older Adults
Authors: Davitt Joan
Published: April 2010

This chapter focuses on select policies that protect the rights of older adults in relation to many of the above objectives. It begins by discussing those policies that prohibit employment discrimination due to age. It also addresses various policies that indirectly promote the civil rights of older adults by making discrimination based on disability illegal. In addition, the chapter addresses grandparents' rights, the patient's bill of rights, and the right to be free from abuse, neglect, or exploitation.
Teaching the Normative Theory of Causal Reasoning
Authors: Seheines Richard , Easterday Matt , Danks David
Published: April 2010

Nearly all of the psychological research on human causal learning involves naïve participants; that is, individuals who have not been taught the normative theory in any way, shape, or form. Almost all of this research involves single-trial learning: observing how subjects form and update their causal beliefs from the outcome of a series of trials, each either an experiment on a single individual or a single episode of a system's behavior. No work is known to attempt to train people normatively on this and related tasks, and no work compares the performance of naïve participants and those taught the normative theory. This chapter describes such a project. The goal is to determine if formal education about normative causal reasoning helps students draw accurate causal inferences. The chapter is organized as follows. It first briefly describes what the authors' take to be the normative theory of causal reasoning. It then describes the online corpus developed for teaching it. Finally, it describes four pilot studies performed in the fall of 2004 with the Causality Lab, a major part of the online corpus.
Order Out of Chaos: Order in Neural Networks
Authors: Lane Peter C. R.
Published: April 2010

This chapter provides details about order effects in neural networks, a commonly used modeling approach. It examines two networks in detail, the Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) architecture and Jeff Elman's recurrent networks. The ART model shows that about a 25% difference in recognition rates can arise from using different orders. Elman's recurrent network shows that, with the wrong order, a task might not even be learnable. The chapter also discusses why these effects arise, which is important for understanding the impact and claims of computational models.
Epilogue: Let’s Educate
Authors: Selfridge Oliver G.
Published: April 2010

This chapter contends that there is much we can learn about the education of people by studying learning in machines. Indeed, machine learning (ML) is an important major part of artificial intelligence (AI). Although we have a very long way to go, we have already learned some significant lessons about learning and education. It suggests that we should find out how to produce software that can be at least partly educated instead of having to be carefully programmed. The software must be able to learn not only how to accomplish the top-level desired tasks but also how to check and improve its performance on a continuing basis at many different levels. Once we know how to better educate our software, we shall be in a much better position to understand how to educate not just our software but also our children — and indeed ourselves.
Psychological Distress
Authors: Beck Elizabeth , Britto Sarah , Andrews Arlene
Published: April 2010

This chapter examines the psychological distress associated with a death sentence. Sixty-three percent of the sample of interviewees indicated that they had been diagnosed with depression and that they had been symptomatic for at least one year. Forty-two percent reported that they were presently depressed and did not see it lifting in the future. These individuals also showed symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. The theoretical frameworks of non-finite loss, disenfranchised grief, and complex Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder are used to examine the unique features of pain associated with a death sentence. In addition to exploring the causes of the pain, the chapter also describes its consequences.
The Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition
Authors: Egan Daniel , Miron Jeffrey A.
Published: April 2010

Advocates of marijuana prohibition argue that it reduces marijuana trafficking and use, thereby discouraging crime, improving productivity, and enhancing public health. Critics counter that prohibition has only modest effects on trafficking and use, and that it causes many problems typically attributed to marijuana itself. Both sides agree, however, that the cost of prohibition enforcement is quite large. And anti-prohibitionists note that prohibition prevents taxation of marijuana production and sale. If marijuana were legal, they argue, enforcement costs would be negligible, and governments could have a rich new source of revenue by levying taxes on the production and sale of marijuana. This chapter is devoted to estimating these savings and revenue gains. The chapter proceeds as follows. Section II estimates state and local expenditure on marijuana prohibition. Section III estimates federal expenditure on marijuana prohibition. Section IV estimates the tax revenue that would accrue from legalized marijuana. Section V discusses caveats and implications.
Law, Culture, and Cannabis: Comparing Use Patterns in Amsterdam and San Francisco
Authors: Reinarman Craig , Cohen Peter
Published: April 2010

This chapter compares marijuana users in two comparable cities: San Francisco and Amsterdam. It shows that regardless of its legal status, cannabis use is in fact a cultural practice in modern societies. Most drug users are governed most of the time not so much by formal social controls like law as by the informal social controls that operate close-up in their social worlds. Unlike their formal, statutory siblings, these informal social controls are widely adhered to by users precisely because they were invented by and for them, within their culture, rather than imposed upon them from outside it.
Marijuana Abuse Prevention
Authors: Pentz Mary Ann , Sussman Steve
Published: April 2010

The variety of possible types of marijuana-use policies has received virtually no attention as a potential drug-abuse prevention strategy. Marijuana policies for adults, and debates related to those policies, can alter adolescent perceptions. This chapter examines possibilities for changing policies to improve prevention of adolescent marijuana use, taking into account existing and perceived policies, and the potential for prevention programs and policies to interact in their effects on youths' marijuana use.