bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of the New York City Macroscope: Innovations in Population Health
Surveillance Using Electronic Health Records
Authors: Newton-Dame Remle , McVeigh Katharine H. , Schreibstein Lauren , Perlman Sharon , Lurie-Moroni Liz , Jacobson Laura , Greene Carolyn , Snell Elisabeth , Thorpe Lorna E.
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Electronic health records (EHRs) have the potential to offer
real-time, inexpensive standardized health data about chronic health conditions. Despite
rapid expansion, EHR data evaluations for chronic disease surveillance have been
limited. We present design and methods for the New York City (NYC) Macroscope, an
EHR-based chronic disease surveillance system.This methods report is the first in a
three part series describing the development and validation of the NYC Macroscope. This
report describes in detail the infrastructure underlying the NYC Macroscope; indicator
definitions; design decisions that were made to maximize data quality; characteristics
of the population sampled; completeness of data collected; and lessons learned from
doing this work. The second report describes the methods used to evaluate the validity
and robustness of NYC Macroscope prevalence estimates; presents validation results for
estimates of obesity, smoking, depression and influenza vaccination; and discusses the
implications of our findings for NYC and for other jurisdictions embarking on similar
work. The third report applies the same validation methods to metabolic outcomes,
including the prevalence, treatment and control of diabetes, hypertension and
hyperlipidemia.Methods: We designed the NYC Macroscope for comparison to a local “gold
standard,” the 2013-14 NYC Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, and the telephonic
2013 Community Health Survey. NYC Macroscope indicators covered prevalence, treatment,
and control of diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia; and prevalence of influenza
vaccination, obesity, depression and smoking. Indicators were stratified by age, sex,
and neighborhood poverty, and weighted to the in-care NYC population and limited to
primary care patients. Indicator queries were distributed to a virtual network of
primary care practices; 392 practices and 716,076 adult patients were retained in the
final sample.Findings: The NYC Macroscope covered 10% of primary care providers and 15%
of all adult patients in NYC in 2013 (8-47% of patients by neighborhood). Data
completeness varied by domain from 98% for blood pressure among patients with
hypertension to 33% for depression screening.Discussion: Design and validation efforts
undertaken by NYC are described here to provide one potential blueprint for leveraging
EHRs for population health monitoring. To replicate a model like NYC Macroscope,
jurisdictions should establish buy-in; build informatics capacity; use standard, simple
case definitions; establish documentation quality thresholds; restrict to primary care
providers; and weight the sample to a target population.
Evolución del paisaje vitícola en La Rioja (2000-2015): un análisis del papel de los programas de reconversión y reestructuración del viñedo
Authors: Lasanta Teodoro , Inarejos Vicente Carlos , Arnáez José , Pascual Bellido Nuria , Ruiz-Flaño Purificación
Published: December 2016

En las últimas décadas el paisaje del viñedo del Rioja experimenta una evolución profunda, en relación con la dinámica del mercado del vino, los cambios internos en el sector vitivinícola y las disposiciones establecidas por las políticas públicas, especialmente las emanadas de la Organización Común de Mercado [OCM] de 1999 y 2008 de la Política Agraria Comunitaria (Reglamentos 1493/1999 y 479/2008). El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los cambios recientes del paisaje del viñedo en La Rioja como consecuencia de los programas de reconversión y reestructuración, derivados de las OCM vitivinícolas de 1999 y 2008. Los resultados muestran que se ha producido el arranque de viñas, la expansión de las nuevas plantaciones por áreas de regadío, y la presencia cada vez más frecuente de cepas conducidas en espaldera; cambios que disminuyen la estética del paisaje. Tales cambios, sin embargo, no quedan suficientemente reflejados por las estadísticas, al no incluir la heterogeneidad del territorio. Se considera necesario elaborar cartografías de usos y cubiertas del suelo, capaces de incorporar la estética del paisaje a los análisis sobre la estructura y sobre el tamaño y forma de los fragmentos. Contar con estudios precisos y objetivos del paisaje del viñedo adquiere recientemente un gran interés, porque el enoturismo se ha convertido en un nuevo “nicho” socioeconómico para los territorios del viñedo.
Límites de la promoción rural en el País Vasco tras dos décadas de programas de desarrollo rural
Authors: Alberdi Collantes Juan Cruz
Published: December 2016

El año 1998 el Gobierno Vasco pone en marcha un modelo de desarrollo rural fundamentado en la colaboración entre administraciones locales y regionales. Su objetivo es profundizar en la transversalidad de las acciones y garantizar la sostenibilidad económica y social de las comunidades rurales. Generan herramientas de actuación y de organización para un modelo inédito y destacado por las nuevas expectativas que crea. Tras casi dos décadas de funcionamiento los agentes rurales continúa reivindicando la valía de la propuesta pero las actuaciones no han dado los resultados esperados. La falta de implicación administrativa ha sido notoria y el modelo se ha ido vulgarizando hasta asimilarse al de otras regiones de España.
Simulating heterogeneous user behaviors to interact with conversational interfaces
Authors: Griol David , Molina Jose Manuel
Published: December 2016

Research in techniques to simulate users has a long history within the fields of language processing, speech technologies and conversational interfaces. In this paper, we describe a technique to develop heterogeneous user models that are able to interact with this kind of interfaces. By means of simulated users, it is possible not only to automatically evaluate the overall operation of a conversational interface, but also to assess the impact of the user responses on the decisions that are selected by the system. The selection of the user responses by the simulated user are based on a statistical model that considers the complete history of the interaction to carry out this selection. We describe this technique and its practical application to measure the influence of the most important user's features characteristics that affect the interaction of the simulated user with the a conversational interface.
Adding real data to detect emotions by means of smart resource artifacts in MAS
Authors: Rincón Jaime , Poza Jose Luis , Posadas Juan Luis , Julián Vicente , Carrascosa Carlos
Published: December 2016

This article proposes an application of a social emotional model, which allows to extract, analyse, represent and manage the social emotion of a group of entities. Specifically, the application is based on how music can influence in a positive or negative way over emotional states. The proposed approach employs the JaCalIVE framework, which facilitates the development of this kind of environments. A physical device called smart resource offers to agents processed sensor data as a service. So that, agents obtain real data from a smart resource. MAS uses the smart resource as an artifact by means of a specific communications protocol. The framework includes a design method and a physical simulator. In this way, the social emotional model allows the creation of simulations over JaCalIVE, in which the emotional states are used in the decision-making of the agents.
Prototyping low-cost and flexible vehicle diagnostic systems
Authors: García-Valls Marisol
Published: December 2016

Diagnostic systems are software and hardware-based equipment that interoperate with an external monitored system. Traditionally, they have been expensive equipment running test algorithms to monitor physical properties of, e.g., vehicles, or civil infrastructure equipment, among others. As computer hardware is increasingly powerful (whereas its cost and size is decreasing) and communication software becomes easier to program and more run-time efficient, new scenarios are enabled that yield to lower cost monitoring solutions. This paper presents a low cost approach towards the development of a diagnostic systems relying on a modular component-based approach and running on a resource limited embedded computer. Results on a prototype implementation are shown that validate the presented design, its flexibility, performance, and communication latency.
Management of a Mycotic Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm Involving the Celiac Artery
Authors: Dolapoglu Ahmet , de la Cruz Kim I. , Coselli Joseph S.
Published: December 2016

A mycotic aneurysm that also involves the visceral arteries is a life-threatening condition. Surgical management typically consists of débridement and in situ repair with a Dacron graft and reimplantation of the involved visceral branches. We report a rare case of a mycotic saccular thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm involving the celiac artery, with Streptococcus pneumoniae as the responsible organism. Successful repair of the aneurysm and concomitant revascularization of the celiac artery were achieved.
Sickle Cell Disease with Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Long-Term Outcomes in 5 Children
Authors: Iannucci Glen J. , Adisa Olufolake A. , Oster Matthew E. , McConnell Michael , Mahle William T.
Published: December 2016

Sickle cell disease is a risk factor for cerebrovascular accidents in the pediatric population. This risk is compounded by hypoxemia. Cyanotic congenital heart disease can expose patients to prolonged hypoxemia. To our knowledge, the long-term outcome of patients who have combined sickle cell and cyanotic congenital heart disease has not been reported. We retrospectively reviewed patient records at our institution and identified 5 patients (3 girls and 2 boys) who had both conditions. Their outcomes were uniformly poor: 4 died (age range, 12 mo–17 yr); 3 had documented cerebrovascular accidents; and 3 developed ventricular dysfunction. The surviving patient had developmental delays. On the basis of this series, we suggest mitigating hypoxemia, and thus the risk of stroke, in patients who have sickle cell disease and cyanotic congenital heart disease. Potential therapies include chronic blood transfusions, hydroxyurea, earlier surgical correction to reduce the duration of hypoxemia, and heart or bone marrow transplantation.
Bilateral Lower-Extremity Edema Caused by Iliopsoas Bursal Distention after Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Avasarala Sameer K. , Ahsan Syed T.
Published: December 2016

Lower-extremity edema is encountered by internists, nephrologists, vascular specialists, and many others. We report a case of an elderly woman who presented with a painful, swollen left leg. Without a clear diagnosis, she had been taking diuretics for the past 8 years for swelling in both legs. After extensive investigation, we found that her lower-extremity edema was due to bilateral iliopsoas bursal distention secondary to degeneration of her hip prostheses. Chronic breakdown of the polyethylene component of the hip prostheses had led to a communication between the artificial joints and the iliopsoas bursae. With the aid of ultrasonographic guidance, she underwent drainage, followed by clinical and radiographic improvement.

Although case reports have described leg swelling arising from extravascular compression by enlarged iliopsoas bursae, we think that this is the first case of clinically significant bilateral lower-extremity edema arising from that cause. More important than the novelty is the inappropriate use of diuretics to treat lower-extremity edema without first establishing a diagnosis.
Greenwashing durch klimasmarte Landwirtschaft
Authors: Wiggerthale Marita
Published: December 2016

Der Klimawandel trifft die Landwirtschaft in Entwicklungsländern besonders hart. Dürren und Überflutungen gefährden die Nahrungsmittelproduktion und die Einkommensgrundlagen von kleinbäuerlichen Produzenten. Agrarkonzerne versuchen, davon zu profitieren – und machen eifrig Werbung für eine klimasmarte Landwirtschaft.
Figure-Ground Organization in Visual Cortex for Natural Scenes
Authors: Williford Jonathan R. , von der Heydt Rüdiger
Published: December 2016

Figure-ground organization and border-ownership assignment are essential for understanding natural scenes. It has been shown that many neurons in the macaque visual cortex signal border-ownership in displays of simple geometric shapes such as squares, but how well these neurons resolve border-ownership in natural scenes is not known. We studied area V2 neurons in behaving macaques with static images of complex natural scenes. We found that about half of the neurons were border-ownership selective for contours in natural scenes, and this selectivity originated from the image context. The border-ownership signals emerged within 70 ms after stimulus onset, only ∼30 ms after response onset. A substantial fraction of neurons were highly consistent across scenes. Thus, the cortical mechanisms of figure-ground organization are fast and efficient even in images of complex natural scenes. Understanding how the brain performs this task so fast remains a challenge.
Language in Context: MEG Evidence for Modality-General and -Specific Responses to Reference Resolution
Authors: Brodbeck Christian , Gwilliams Laura , Pylkkänen Liina
Published: December 2016

Successful language comprehension critically depends on our ability to link linguistic expressions to the entities they refer to. Without reference resolution, newly encountered language cannot be related to previously acquired knowledge. The human experience includes many different types of referents, some visual, some auditory, some very abstract. Does the neural basis of reference resolution depend on the nature of the referents, or do our brains use a modality-general mechanism for linking meanings to referents? Here we report evidence for both. Using magnetoencephalography (MEG), we varied both the modality of referents, which consisted either of visual or auditory objects, and the point at which reference resolution was possible within sentences. Source-localized MEG responses revealed brain activity associated with reference resolution that was independent of the modality of the referents, localized to the medial parietal lobe and starting ∼415 ms after the onset of reference resolving words. A modality-specific response to reference resolution in auditory domains was also found, in the vicinity of auditory cortex. Our results suggest that referential language processing cannot be reduced to processing in classical language regions and representations of the referential domain in modality-specific neural systems. Instead, our results suggest that reference resolution engages medial parietal cortex, which supports a mechanism for referential processing regardless of the content modality.
The Caudate Nucleus Mediates Learning of Stimulus–Control State Associations
Authors: Chiu Yu-Chin , Jiang Jiefeng , Egner Tobias
Published: December 2016

A longstanding dichotomy in cognitive psychology and neuroscience pits controlled, top-down driven behavior against associative, bottom-up driven behavior, where cognitive control processes allow us to override well-learned stimulus–response (S–R) associations. By contrast, some previous studies have raised the intriguing possibility of an integration between associative and controlled processing in the form of stimulus–control state (S–C) associations, the learned linkage of specific stimuli to particular control states, such as high attentional selectivity. The neural machinery mediating S–C learning remains poorly understood, however. Here, we combined human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a previously developed Stroop protocol that allowed us to dissociate reductions in Stroop interference based on S–R learning from those based on S–C learning. We modeled subjects' acquisition of S–C and S–R associations using an associative learning model and then used trial-by-trial S–C and S–R prediction error (PE) estimates in model-based behavioral and fMRI analyses. We found that PE estimates derived from S–C and S–R associations accounted for the reductions in behavioral Stroop interference effects in the S–C and S–R learning conditions, respectively. Moreover, model-based fMRI analyses identified the caudate nucleus as the key structure involved in selectively updating stimulus–control state associations. Complementary analyses also revealed a greater reliance on parietal cortex when using the learned S–R versus S–C associations to minimize Stroop interference. These results support the emerging view that generalizable control states can become associated with specific bottom-up cues, and they place the caudate nucleus of the dorsal striatum at the center of the neural stimulus–control learning machinery.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPrevious behavioral studies have demonstrated that control states, for instance, heightened attentional selectivity, can become directly associated with, and subsequently retrieved by, particular stimuli, thus breaking down the traditional dichotomy between top-down and bottom-up driven behavior. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this type of stimulus–control learning remain poorly understood. We therefore combined noninvasive human neuroimaging with a task that allowed us to dissociate the acquisition of stimulus–control associations from that of stimulus–response associations. The results revealed the caudate nucleus as the key brain structure involved in selectively driving stimulus–control learning. These data represent the first identification of the neural mechanisms of stimulus-specific control associations, and they significantly extend current conceptions of the type of learning processes mediated by the caudate.
Innate Immunity Stimulation via Toll-Like Receptor 9 Ameliorates Vascular Amyloid Pathology in Tg-SwDI Mice with Associated Cognitive Benefits
Authors: Scholtzova Henrieta , Do Eileen , Dhakal Shleshma , Sun Yanjie , Liu Shan , Mehta Pankaj D. , Wisniewski Thomas
Published: December 2016

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of parenchymal amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and neurofibrillary tangles. Currently there are no effective treatments for AD. Immunotherapeutic approaches under development are hampered by complications related to ineffectual clearance of CAA. Genome-wide association studies have demonstrated the importance of microglia in AD pathogenesis. Microglia are the primary innate immune cells of the brain. Depending on their activation state and environment, microglia can be beneficial or detrimental. In our prior work, we showed that stimulation of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor 9 agonist, class B CpG (cytosine–phosphate–guanine) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), can reduce amyloid and tau pathologies without causing toxicity in Tg2576 and 3xTg-AD mouse models. However, these transgenic mice have relatively little CAA. In the current study, we evaluated the therapeutic profile of CpG ODN in a triple transgenic mouse model, Tg-SwDI, with abundant vascular amyloid, in association with low levels of parenchymal amyloid deposits. Peripheral administration of CpG ODN, both before and after the development of CAA, negated short-term memory deficits, as assessed by object-recognition tests, and was effective at improving spatial and working memory evaluated using a radial arm maze. These findings were associated with significant reductions of CAA pathology lacking adverse effects. Together, our extensive evidence suggests that this innovative immunomodulation may be a safe approach to ameliorate all hallmarks of AD pathology, supporting the potential clinical applicability of CpG ODN.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRecent genetic studies have underscored the emerging role of microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Microglia lose their amyloid-β-clearing capabilities with age and as AD progresses. Therefore, the ability to modulate microglia profiles offers a promising therapeutic avenue for reducing AD pathology. Current immunotherapeutic approaches have been limited by poor clearance of a core AD lesion, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). The present study used Tg-SwDI mice, which have extensive CAA. We found that stimulation of the innate immune system and microglia/macrophage activation via Toll-like receptor 9 using CpG (cytosine–phosphate–guanine) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) leads to cognitive improvements and CAA reduction, without associated toxicity. Our data indicate that this novel concept of immunomodulation represents a safer method to reduce all aspects of AD pathology and provide essential information for potential clinical use of CpG ODN.
Role of TAAR1 within the Subregions of the Mesocorticolimbic Dopaminergic System in Cocaine-Seeking Behavior
Authors: Liu Jian-Feng , Siemian Justin N. , Seaman Robert , Zhang Yanan , Li Jun-Xu
Published: December 2016

A novel G-protein coupled receptor, trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), has been shown to be a promising target to prevent stimulant relapse. Our recent studies showed that systemic administration of TAAR1 agonists decreased abuse-related behaviors of cocaine. However, the role of TAAR1 in specific subregions of the reward system in drug addiction is unknown. Here, using a local pharmacological activation method, we assessed the role of TAAR1 within the subregions of the mesocorticolimbic system: that is, the VTA, the prelimbic cortex (PrL), and infralimbic cortex of medial prefrontal cortex, the core and shell of NAc, BLA, and CeA, on cue- and drug-induced cocaine-seeking in the rat cocaine reinstatement model. We first showed that TAAR1 mRNA was expressed throughout these brain regions. Rats underwent cocaine self-administration, followed by extinction training. RO5166017 (1.5 or 5.0 μg/side) or vehicle was microinjected into each brain region immediately before cue- and drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking. The results showed that microinjection of RO5166017 into the VTA and PrL decreased both cue- and drug priming-induced cocaine-seeking. Microinjection of RO5166017 into the NAc core and shell inhibited cue- and drug-induced cocaine-seeking, respectively. Locomotor activity or food reinforced operant responding was unaffected by microinjection of RO5166017 into these brain regions. Cocaine-seeking behaviors were not affected by RO5166017 when microinjected into the substantia nigra, infralimbic cortex, BLA, and CeA. Together, these results indicate that TAAR1 in different subregions of the mesocorticolimbic system distinctly contributes to cue- and drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTAAR1 has been indicated as a modulator of the dopaminergic system. Previous research showed that systemic administration of TAAR1 agonists could attenuate cocaine-related behaviors, suggesting that TAAR1 may be a promising drug target for the treatment of cocaine addiction. However, the specific role of TAAR1 in subregions of the mesocorticolimbic system in drug addiction is unknown. Here, we first showed that TAAR1 mRNA is expressed throughout the subregions of the mesocorticolimbic system. Then, by using a local pharmacological activation method, we demonstrated that TAAR1 in different subregions of the mesocorticolimbic system distinctly contributes to cue- and drug-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior.
Numerical investigation of maximum air entrainment into cylindrical louvered pipe
Authors: Sahu Sameer Ranjan , Mishra Dipti Prasad
Published: December 2016

The main approach behind the present numerical investigation is to estimate the air flow rate into the pipe through the louvers from the atmosphere. The present numerical investigation has been performed by solving conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy along with two equation-based k-ɛ models for a louvered horizontal cylindrical pipe by the finite volume method. The existing experimental results of a wall constraint jet have been matched with the numerical results. The numerical computations show that the air suction rate into the pipe increased with the increase in the louvers opening area and number of nozzles used. With all other parameters remain fixed, an optimum protrusion of the nozzle was found where the suction rate was found to be the highest for a given nozzle flow rate. It was also found from the numerical investigation that there exists an optimum pipe diameter corresponding to the three times of nozzle diameter where the maximum air suction rate was achieved.
Parametric optimization of end milling process under minimum quantity lubrication with nanofluid as cutting medium using pareto optimality approach
Authors: M.S Najiha , Rahman M.M. , Kadirgama K.
Published: December 2016

In this paper a genetic algorithm based multi-objective optimization approach is applied in order to predict the optimal machining parameters for the end milling process of aluminium alloy 6061 T6 combined with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) conditions using waterbased TiO2 nanofluid as cutting fluid. The optimization is carried out employing a parametric model (in terms of input cutting parameters, i.e., cutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut, MQL flow rate and % volume concentration of nanofluid) and exploiting the capabilities of the MOGA-II algorithm applied to the constrained machining problem. The objective functions selected to optimize are: to minimize the surface roughness; to maximize the material removal rate; and to minimize the flank wear of the cutting tool. The output of the optimization includes several alternative optimal solutions, i.e., Pareto frontier, and the best compromised configuration of the cutting parameters is selected subject to weighted preference.
The role of nutrient sensing in the metabolic changes after gastric bypass surgery
Authors: Steensels Sandra , Lannoo Matthias , Avau Bert , Laermans Jorien , Vancleef Laurien , Farré Ricard , Verbeke Kristin , Depoortere Inge
Published: December 2016

Taste receptors coupled to the gustatory G-protein, gustducin, on enteroendocrine cells sense nutrients to regulate gut hormone release. During Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, the altered nutrient flow to more distal regions can affect gustducin-mediated gut hormone release and hence energy and glucose homeostasis. We studied the role of gustducin-mediated signaling in the metabolic improvements and intestinal adaptations along the gut after RYGB surgery in wild-type (WT) and α-gustducin−/− (α-gust−/−) mice. RYGB surgery decreased body weight in WT and α-gust−/− mice, whereas food intake was only decreased in WT mice. Pair-feeding to the RYGB group improved glucose homeostasis to a similar extent in WT mice. GLP1 levels were increased in both genotypes, PYY levels in α-gust−/− mice and octanoyl ghrelin levels were not affected after RYGB surgery. In WT mice, nutrients act via α-gustducin to increase L-cell differentiation (foregut) and L-cell number (foregut and hindgut) in a region-dependent manner. In α-gust−/− mice, the effect on gut hormone levels is probably tuned via increased peptide sensor and glucose transporter expression in the Roux limb and increased caecal butyrate and propionate levels in the hindgut that activate free fatty acid receptors. Finally, signaling via α-gustducin plays a role in the increased ion transport of the foregut but not in the improvement in colonic barrier function. In conclusion, RYGB surgery decreased body weight in both WT and α-gust−/− mice. Elevated plasma GLP1 and PYY levels might mediate this effect, although α-gustducin differentially affects several regulatory systems in the foregut and hindgut, tuning gut hormone release.
El niño hiperactivo y las polémicas en torno al diagnóstico y al tratamiento del TDAH
Authors: Isorna Folgar Manuel
Published: December 2016

Se realiza una revisión de la bibliografía obtenida, tras una búsqueda sistemática en las principales bases de datos, para responder a algunas preguntas clínicas relacionadas con el trastorno por déficit de atención con/sin hiperactividad (TDAH) y sobre todo con su tratamiento. El texto trata de establecer los principales factores de la etiopatogenia, epidemiología, diagnóstico y modos de tratamiento. Se concluye y se cuestiona el sobrediagnóstico de muchos niños/as que actualmente están diagnosticados con TDAH y bajo el tratamiento del metilfenidato (concerta, ritalín) por causa de la presión insaciable de la BigPharma, obviando otros posibles diagnósticos y/o terapias psicoeductivas o sistémicas.
La educación femenina en Galicia a finales del Antiguo Régimen
Authors: Sixto Barcia Ana María
Published: December 2016

En este trabajo se ha querido analizar las posibilidades de acceso a la cultura que tuvieron las gallegas a finales del Antiguo Régimen. En este sentido, se ha realizado una aproximación a la red escolar gallega en el siglo XVIII, para conocer el estado del entramado educativo en su momento más álgido. La escolarización, al igual que la alfabetización, presentó un carácter selectivo y discriminatorio, por el cual las mujeres se posicionaron tradicionalmente en un puesto secundario. Asimismo, la existencia de una malla escolar débil, la incapacidad de los maestros para alfabetizar a la población, los prejuicios de la enseñanza femenina y la intensa contribución de las niñas al mundo laboral, incorporándose a éste en edades tempranas, no ayudaron a mejorar las tasas de alfabetización de las gallegas. Por tanto, el acceso al mundo de la cultura fue lento, aunque las ciudades y villas ofrecieron mayores posibilidades, sobre todo en lo que a enseñanza letrada se refiere.
Identidades, género y educación: memoria educativa y la formación social de la identidad en educadoras en Brasil
Authors: Radl Philipp Rita Maria , Mafra Medeiros Shirlene Santos
Published: December 2016

El presente trabajo se ocupa de la temática de las identidades de género y educación como experiencia vital desde una óptica de la memoria social que enfoca a educadoras de primaria que ejercieron entre 1920 y 1960 en el estado de Bahía de Brasil. En el primer punto se trata la cuestión de la  identidad, identidad de género y educación para profundizar en el segundo en la investigación empírica, y abordar los datos sobre la construcción de la identidad de la resilencia de las mujeres educadoras en aquella época y la memoria social educativa de la comunidad donde ejercieron.  El análisis ahonda en el significado social y de transformación social, si cabe, bajo la perspectiva de las  identidades de género de su labor.
Presentación del tema. Género y educación: la educación de las mujeres, el largo camino hacia la igualdad
Authors: Vázquez Ramil Raquel , Mosteiro García María Josefa
Published: December 2016

Se trata de la presentación del bloque monográfico del número 26 de la revista INNOVACIÓN EDUCATIVA, en español, gallego e inglés.
MICROBIAL BIOSURFACTANTS: METHODS FOR THEIR ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: García-Reyes Selene , Yañez-Ocampo Gustavo
Published: December 2016

Biosurfactants are amphiphilic molecules produced by microorganisms. They are exopolymers of low and high molecular weight, capable to emulsify and decrease the surface tension water. Recently, the interest for its production has increased, because of their environmental, industrial, and pharmaceutical applications, and others. However, in order to obtain a biosurfactant, it is necessary to research the producer strain of biosurfactant, its optimal conditions of incubation and carbon sources. Once recovered the biosurfactants, it is required to know their biochemical composition, for this purpose we have developed sensitive and analytical techniques to discover the wide diversity of biosurfactants The aim of this review is to report fundamentals for methods and techniques for qualitative and cuantitative analysis of microbial biosurfactants. It is aimed at students, biotechnologists and other experts interested in exploring tensoactive molecules of glycolipidic nature. It also contains detailed information about the solids culture media used (specific and selective), different methods to recover these expolymers: acid precipitation and organic solvent extraction. Finally in this review it includes the most innovative and comprehensive methods used for chemical characterization of biosurfactants: spectroscopy UV/Vis, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, gaseous and liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.
ISOLATION, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A BACTERIOCIN WITH BROAD SPECTRUM ACTIVITY FROM Lactococcus lactis JC10 FROM PERISHABLE PAPAYA FRUIT
Authors: Chatterjee Madhusree , Chandra Jana Subhas , Raychaudhuri Utpal
Published: December 2016

Food-grade bacteria capable of producing bacteriocin with preservation abilities have been isolated from perishable papaya. Characterization of the bacteria isolated on MRS agar, by using 16S rRNA sequence analysis, exhibited antagonistic effect towards the growth of a wide range of Gram + and Gram - bacteria including pathogens also. Extracellularly produced bacteriocin was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on a Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (FPLC) system equipped with a Mono-Q column. The purity rate and molecular mass of 21 kDa of this compound were determined using SDS-PAGE. Activity units (AU) of bacteriocin were increased in each step of purification, reaching up to 9500 AU/mL. The increase in the activity units directly affected the antimicrobial activity of purified bacteriocin, resulting in an increase of the inhibition zones against indicator bacteria. It withstood very high temperature, up to 115.6 °C, for 10 min but lost activity after autoclaving (121°C), wider pH range, from 3.0 to 10.0, complete inactivation in the presence of proteolytic enzymes (protease and α chymotrypsin) and storage stability up to 6 months.
OPTIMIZATION OF THERMOSTABLE ALPHA-AMYLASE PRODUCTION FROM GEOBACILLUS SP. D413
Authors: CALISKAN OZDEMIR Sennur , COLERI CIHAN Arzu , KILIC Tugba , COKMUS Cumhur
Published: December 2016

The qualitative and quantitative α-amylase production capacities of six thermophilic bacilli were screened. Geobacillus sp. D413 was selected for enzyme optimization, as it displayed higher α-amylase activity. The maximum enzyme activities of D413 and G. stearothermophilus ATCC 12980T were observed at the time of 72 h. While the optimal pH of medium for bacterial growth and enzyme production of D413 (pH 7.0) differed from ATCC 12980T (pH 8.0), the optimal temperature for enzyme production was 55°C for both. The effects of various carbon and nitrogen sources were determined by changing their concentrations. The highest bacterial growth and enzyme production were sustained by the starch and maltose containing medium. Both bacterial growth and enzyme production were inhibited by NH4Cl. D413 and ATCC 12980T amylases showed optimal activity at 65ºC, pH 9.0 and at 65ºC, pH 7.5, respectively. They remained active over temperature and pH ranges of 45-75ºC and 4.0-10.5. Their activities retained 65% and 54% when incubated at 75ºC for 10 min and 98-86.5% and 95-84.5% at pH 4.0-10.5 for 15 h at 37ºC. In conclusion, the α-amylase production conditions of D413 have been optimized which can be useful in biotechnological processes such as hydrolysis of starch to glucose.
MYCOTOXIN-PRODUCING PENICILLIUM AND OTHER FUNGI ISOLATED FROM SLOVAK WINE GRAPES AT VARIOUS STAGES OF MATURATION
Authors: Felšöciová SoÅa
Published: December 2016

The aim of the study was to monitor the mycobiota in grape samples at 3 maturation stages (pea berry, early veraison and ripe berry) and to test the ability of selected Penicillium strains to produce mycotoxins in year 2014. Grapes came from Nitra wine growing region, Šintava subregion and were analyzed by plating methods. From Devín grape variety the 339 strains were detected and identified. The most abundant genera found by descending order were Alternaria (42.8%), Cladosporium (24.2%) and Epicoccum (10.0%). Penicillium expansum was isolated from all 3 maturation stages but in low average relative density (1.2%). From Frankovka modrá (Frankish) grape variety the 562 strains were detected and identified. The most abundant genera found by descending order were Alternaria (30.6%), Cladosporium (21.3%) and Penicillium (20.3%). Totally were identified 8 species of the genus Penicillium. The most important species, on the basis of the isolation from all maturation stages and relative density, was P. expansum. Selected isolates of Penicillium species were tested for their toxigenity, according to thin layer chromatography method. In total 14 Penicillium strains representing 3 potentially toxigenic species were tested for their toxigenic ability, namely P. expansum, P. griseofulvum and P. chrysogenum. Out of 14 strains, 64% produced et least one mycotoxin as revealed by the method used here.
FOOD PACKAGING IN PERSPECTIVE OF MICROBIAL ACTIVITY: A REVIEW
Authors: Anum Zahra Syeda , Nazir Butt Yasha , Nasar Sitara , Akram Sadia , Fatima Qindeel , Ikram Jannat
Published: December 2016

A successful packaging technique demands certain barriers for microbes, achieved through controlled conditions to indicate microbial growth, levels of oxygen, harmful bacterial and fungal toxins, moisture levels, and the indicators for temperature and time. Active food packaging is greatly being applied these days for food safety against harmful microbes. Food is protected from biological, physical, and chemical damages caused by pathogenic microbes through different technologies of packaging including modified atmosphere packaging and controlled atmospheric packaging through antimicrobial films. Moreover, it is essential to use selective materials suitable for different food stuffs for the maintenance of nutritional value of foods. Use of various gas scavengers and bio-based package designing are also greatly helpful towards enhanced shelf life of food products.
GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF CASTOR (RICINUS COMMUNIS L.) USING SSR MARKERS
Authors: Vivodík Martin , Balážová Å½elmÃ­ra , Gálová Zdenka
Published: December 2016

The aim of this study was to assess genetic diversity within the set of 60 ricin genotypes using 5 SSR primers. Ten SSR primers revealed a total of 36 alleles ranging from 5 to 10 alleles per locus with a mean value of 7.20 alleles per locus. The PIC values ranged from 0.758 (Rco30) to 0.879 (Rco29) with an average value of 0.829 and the DI value ranged from 0.774 (Rco30) to 0.881 (Rco29) with an average value of 0.836. Probability of identity (PI) was low ranged from 0.002 (Rco29) to 0.015 (Rco30) with an average of 0.006. A dendrogram was constructed from a genetic distance matrix based on profiles of the 5 SSR loci using the unweighted pair-group method with the arithmetic average (UPGMA). According to analysis, the collection of 60 diverse accessions of castor bean was clustered into five clusters. Cluster 1 contained 14 genotypes, cluster 2 included 7 genotypes of ricin and cluster 3 contained 8 genotypes of ricin. Cluster 4 included 10 genotypes and cluster 5 contained 21 genotypes. We could not distinguish 4 genotypes grouped in cluster 1, RM-103 and RM-104 and genotypes RM-100 and RM-101, which are genetically the closest. Knowledge on the genetic diversity of castor can be used to future breeding programs for increased oil production to meet the ever increasing demand of castor oil for industrial uses as well as for biodiesel production.
LACCASE PRODUCING STREPTOMYCES BIKINIENSIS CSC12 ISOLATED FROM COMPOST
Authors: P. Devi , Kandasamy Sujatha , K and Sivakumar Uthandi Chendrayan
Published: December 2016

Lignin degradation by actinobacteria is more attractive than well known white rot fungal system by the fact of their higher survival rate, sporulating ability, economic production of useful chemicals rather than evolution of CO2 as in white-rot fungi. One of the important enzymes in ligninolysis is laccase, which oxidize a broad range of substrates, preferably phenolic and non-phenolic compounds. Among the laccase producing microbes in nature, white rot fungi have been characterized much, very little is known about the laccase producing actinobacteria. The present investigation aims to isolate and screen active laccase producing actinobacteria from diverse environments. Fifteen isolates of actinobacteria were isolated from various organic substrates viz., coir compost, groundnut shell compost, fully and partially decomposed municipal solid waste and identified based on molecular characterization. With initial screening using ρ-anisidin and Poly-R 478, seven actinobacterial isolates had more efficient ligninolytic activity than others. Of which, isolate CSC12 secreted highest laccase and was identified as Streptomyces bikiniensis CSC12. Laccase from S.bikiniensis CSC12 was partially purified as monomer having molecular mass ~69 kDa based on SDS-PAGE and had pH and temperature optima of 6 to 7 and 50 to 60 °C respectively.
IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, ANTIMICROBIAL AND PRELIMINARY CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF CYNOMETRA RAMIFLORA- A MANGROVE PLANT
Authors: Afrin Sadia , Pervin Raihana , Sabrin Farah , Roy Rony Satyajit , Hossain Sohrab Md. , Emdadul Islam Md. , Didarul Islam Kazi , Morsaline Billah Md.
Published: December 2016

A mangrove medicinal plant Cynometra ramiflora (Family: Leguminosae) was selected to investigate the bioactivities namely antioxidant, antimicrobial and preliminary cytotoxic activity using methanol and chloroform extracts of the leaves and stems, respectively. In 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the methanolic stem extract was found to be 31.62 µg.mL-1. Reducing power of the same extract demonstrated consistent increase in a concentration-dependent manner and was comparable with quercetin while ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay revealed potential total antioxidant capacity (84.0 mM Fe (II)/g of extract). In addition, the presence of total phenolics (96.2 mg GAE/g of extract), total flavonoids (166.4 mg QE/g of extract) and tannins content (80.4 mg GAE/g of extract) were determined in the methanolic stem extract. The chloroformic stem extract exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against a number of bacterial strains while the MIC values of extracts were in the range from 62.5 to 500µg.mL-1. The methanolic stem and leaf extracts demonstrated strong lethality in preliminary cytotoxicity assay using brine shrimp nauplii where the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) values were 1.596 and 4.613 µg.mL-1 respectively. It can be therefore concluded that the methanolic extracts of C. ramiflora possess potential antioxidant, antimicrobial and strong preliminary cytotoxic activity and could be further exploited for prospective scientific exploration towards bioactive principles.
Hungarian ethnographers in Non-European territories — A revival after 1990
Authors: Sárkány Mihály
Published: December 2016

Research in non-European territories became an essential component of scientific life in Hungary before the First World War. A search for relatives by language and culture was the main motivating force that led Hungarian ethnographers to the East to accumulate knowledge about cultures of Ob-Ugrians and peoples in Central Asia. Others travelled to the Far East, to South Asia or other continents with different goals, but also contributed to knowledge about distant lands and cultures. These efforts resulted in a great tradition of interest in cultures of the world, which survived eras when Hungarian ethnographers had a very limited chance to do fieldwork outside Hungary, and its revival is demonstrated by a large number of fieldwork after 1990, when Hungarians had once again more freedom and means to travel and formerly closed regions became accessible. This revival involved a shift from an ethnology focused on the past and ethnic traditions to a sociocultural anthropology focused on the present and current problems.
“Flying half a metre above the ground”
Authors: Nagy Zoltán
Published: December 2016

Zoltan Nagy’s paper about the Vasyugan Khanty people is based on empirical data from the 1990s. It interprets the culture of the Vasyugan Khanty as an alcohol culture — a culture in which vodka and the consumption of vodka permeates and determines daily life. The paper is a micro-focus analysis from the Khanty viewpoint. Alcohol is interpreted as the force that constitutes society, and alcohol consumption as a social act. It has an important economic significance with a strong impact on Khanty customs, which it regulates and by which it is regulated, with remarkable moral implications that significantly influence their daily routines and way of life. The paper surveys the role of alcohol in customs, the ritualistic elements and rules of drinking, the drink types consumed, the relation between alcohol and mortality, as well as the Khanty’s concept of drunkenness and how it influences their interpretation of crime. In reviewing the relation between alcohol consumption and economy/work activities, the author also examines the role of vodka in the everyday exchange of goods, the strategies of acquiring alcohol, and the role it plays in determining the scheduling of worktime. Finally, he offers two examples that illustrate how the consumption of vodka influences the fate of individual families.
The people who are never lost
Authors: Mácsai Boglárka
Published: December 2016

The study seeks to find an answer to the issue of how a revived tradition can serve political interests that are simultaneously attempting to satisfy the demands of ethnicity-based Bashkir nation-building and the demands of affiliation with the larger multi-ethnic nation of the Russian Federation. The core of the analysis is centered around the political contextualizing of the program called ‘Holiday of Family-Tree’ as well as the instrumentalist interpretation of local special literature and methodology related to the program. The paper, on the one hand, scrutinizes the family-tree research as a Bashkir tradition, which supports the power and autonomy of the Bashkir nation through the Bashkirisation of Tatars living in the north-western areas. On the other hand, it highlights how this ethnic tradition is adjusted to the traditions of the Russian local history research (kraevedenie) and thus, how it legitimates symbolically the role of the Bashkir nation in the multi-ethnic nation of the Russian Federation.
Millennialsi – nowy uczestnik życia społecznego?
Authors: Kisiel Przemysław
Published: December 2016

Celem artykułu jest socjologiczna analiza współczesnej młodzieży, tworzącej nowe pokolenie zwane millenialsami lub też pokoleniem Y. Współcześni młodzi ludzie różnią się bowiem w dosyć istotny sposób pod względem mentalnym oraz prezentowanych postaw społecznych od przedstawicieli pokoleń starszych. Autor artykułu w oparciu o dostępne polskie i światowe wyniki badań empirycznych omawia najistotniejsze cechy swoiste dla współczesnej młodzieży, wskazuje również na pewne różnice między millenialsami w Polsce i na świecie.