bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economics
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn
Published: October 2023

The word economics comes from the Greek oikonomikos, referring to the orderly running of a household. Xenophon’s essay Oikonomikos concerned the smooth functioning of an Athenian nobleman’s idealized household. More in line with the modern understanding of economics, the same author penned a treatise entitled Poroi (Resources), in which he discussed means of increasing revenue in the city. This ideology was pursued by Pseudo-Aristotle (thought to be a student of Aristotle), whose own essay Oikonomikos presents various anecdotes concerning fundraising and the use of money in society (Oliver 2000, 526). Ultimately, ancient Greek economics is one aspect of the larger issues of Greek society and politics. Nevertheless, there are elements that one may justly consider as independent aspects of Greek economics—production, trade, and access to goods.

One can expect that, at any given time, at least 95 percent of the Aegean economy was dominated by agriculture. Independent or semi-independent farmers raised grains, fruits, and vegetables; pastoralists grazed sheep and goats, and possibly larger cattle, for milk, meat, wool, and even labor; hunters and fishers supplemented the daily fare. In the home, women and probably children spun wool, wove cloth, sewed clothes, prepared meals, and made the majority of the pottery for household consumption.
Conclusion: Definitions and (Theses)
Authors: Lennard John
Published: October 2023

In undertaking this work I have encountered two typical reactions: that there is no subject there at all, and (about five minutes later) that the subject is far too large to tackle. I believed at first that I was winkling out a tradition of influence, the perceived value of lunulae in the work of one poet leading another to explore the possibilities of the notation: and there are certainly instances of this: but I came to realize, via the eighteenth century, that I was compiling the skeleton of a history.
Faultlines
Authors: Sinfield Alan
Published: October 2023

If we come to consciousness within a language that is complicit with the social order, how can we conceive, let alone organize, resistance? This key question in the politics of reading and subcultural practice informs Alan Sinfield's book on writing in early modern England. New historicism has often shown people trapped in a web of language and culture; through agile and well-informed discussions of writing by Shakespeare, Sidney, Donne, and Marlowe, Sinfield reassesses the scope of dissidence and control. The early modern state, Christianity, and the cultural apparatus, despite an ideology of unity and explicit violence, could not but allow space to challenging voices. Disruptions in concepts of hierarchy, nationality, gender and sexuality force their way into literary texts. Sinfield is often provocative. He `rewrites' Julius Caesar to produce a different politics, compares Sidney's idea of poetry to Leonid Brezhnev's, and reinstates the concept of character in the face of post-structuralist theory. He keeps the current politics of literary study always in view, especially in a substantial chapter on Shakespeare in the United States. Sinfield subjects interactions between class, ethnicity, sexuality, and the professional structures of the humanities to a detailed and hard-hitting critique, and argues for new commitments to collectivities and subcultures. This is a controversial, lucid, informed, and timely book by a leading exponent of cultural materialism.
Rhetoric
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

I For Milton’s seventeenth-century readers this passage, introducing one of the more prominent of the fallen angels, would have been immediately recognizable as a brief but trenchant essay on the art and character of the rhetorician. Indeed, in these few lines Milton has managed to gather and restate with great rhetorical force (a paradox of which more later) all of the traditional arguments against rhetoric. Even Belial’s gesture of rising is to the (negative) point: he catches the eye even before he begins to speak, just as Satan will in book IX when he too raises himself and moves so that “each part, / Motion, each act won audience ere the tongue” (673-74). That is, he draws attention to his appearance, to his surface, and the suggestion of superficiality (a word to be understood in its literal meaning) extends to the word “act”; that is, that which can be seen. That act is said to be “graceful,” the first in a succession of double meanings (one of the stigmatized attributes of rhetorical speech) we find in the passage.
Force
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

In the opening chapters of his magisterial study, The Concept of Law, H. L. A. Hart emphatically rejects John Austin’s view that the essence of the law is a “situation where one person gives another an order backed by threats” and thereby “obliges him to comply.” Hart objects that this view fails to distinguish the law and its operations from the action of a gunman who “orders his victim to hand over his purse, and threatens to shoot him if he refuses” (p. 6). It is simply counterintuitive, he contends, to assimilate law to this reductive paradigm, and, in-deed, “Mere temporary ascendancy of one person over another is naturally thought of as the polar opposite of law, with its relatively enduring and settled character.” “In most legal systems,” he adds, “to exercise such short term coercive power as the gunman has would constitute a criminal offense” (p. 24).
Building the Text
Authors: Cowling David
Published: October 2023

Descriptions of imaginary buildings abound in late medieval and early modern texts in France as in other European countries. The vogue for allegorical buildings was, however, more than a literary fashion: by deploying familiar metaphors of the building in new contexts, writers gained a powerful tool of persuasion. This book explores the complex relationship between metaphor and allegory in the largely neglected but extremely rich corpus of writing that spans the late fifteenth and early sixteenth century in France, and concentrates on the output of Jean Lemaire (c.1473-after 1515), whose fascination with architecture played a crucial role in defining his self-image as a writer. By exploiting the semantic richness of the image of the temple, Lemaire was able to combine panegyric of his patrons with advertisement of his own talents and to promote an ideology of the self-conscious and self-confident writer that was to characterize the stance of Ronsard and the Pléiade in the poet-architect debate of the later sixteenth century.
Constructing Identity in Contemporary Spain
Authors: Labanyi Jo
Published: October 2023

This volume is designed to further the study of Spanish culture in the broad sense of the network of symbolic systems through which social groups construct and negotiate a sense of identity or identities. The emphasis is on culture as a set of practices rather than as a corpus of texts. The aim is to introduce readers to current theoretical debates in a range of disciplines, as well as to inform them about specific areas of twentieth-century Spanish culture. The four sections on 'Ethnicity and Migration', 'Gender', 'Popular Culture', and 'The Local and the Global' cover ethnography, music, TV, advertising, popular literature, medical discourse, film, posters, museums, and urban development.
Introduction: Engaging with Ghosts; or, Theorizing Culture in Modern Spain
Authors: labanyi jo
Published: October 2023

It is often said that, with the exception of its Galician ‘Celtic fringe’, Spain has no tradition of ghost stories. Such a view depends, of course, on what one means by ‘ghosts’. I should like here to draw on Derrida’s historical materialist reading of ghosts in Specters of Marx (1994) in order to argue that the whole of modern Spanish culture— its study and its practice—can be read as one big ghost story. By ‘modern’ I mean here the period corresponding to bourgeois modernity and its corollary, the modern nation state, whose ideological beginnings, in Spain as elsewhere, date back to the mid eighteenth century but which, in the case of Spain, becomes firmly implanted as a hegemonic model—not always realized in practice—from the mid nineteenth century.
Travels of the Imaginary Spanish Gypsy
Authors: Deutsch Lou Charnon
Published: October 2023

The portrayal of the Spanish gypsy provides a useful grounding for the study of discursive formations implicated in the evolution of European nationalisms. Spanish culture has had a dual relation with the master narrative of orientalism, both as a culture that has repressed a constitutive element of its historical identity, projecting it onto the figure of the exoticized gypsy (Colmeiro 1998), and one that has represented, from the 1700s onward, an exoticized Other to its northern European counterparts. To understand fully the role that the internal colonization of the Spanish Romany played in the construction of Spanish nationalism, cultural critics need to analyse the economic and productive forces that impinge on the discursive practices that participated in the construction of that identity.
Criticism and Modernity
Authors: Docherty Thomas
Published: October 2023

Criticism and Modernity traces the conditions under which criticism emerges as a socio-cultural practice within the institutionalized forms of European modernity and democracy. It argues that criticism is born out of anxieties about national supremacy in the late seventeenth century, with the consequence that the emergent national cultures of the eighteenth century and since become sites for the regulation of the democratic subject through the academic form of arguments about the proper relations of aesthetics to ethics and politics. The central issue is that of legitimation: how can subjective aesthetic experiences regulate the norms of ethical justice? That question is posed not as an abstract philosophical issue, but rather as a question properly located within the struggles for national culture. The usual Germanic source of modern aesthetics and criticism is here placed in the broader European context, involving contests between England, France, Scotland, Ireland, and the emergent Germany and Italy. Writers addressed include Corneille, Dryden, Molière, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, Rousseau, Kant, Schiller, Hegel, Schopenhauer; and, throughout, the legacy of these thinkers is found in the most recent contemporary theory, in work by Agamben, Badiou, Lyotard, MacIntyre, and others. A closing chapter considers the formation of the university across modern Europe, in Vico's Naples, Humboldt's Berlin, Newman's Dublin, Blair's Edinburgh, the France of Alain and Benda, the England of Leavis, as well as our contemporary institutional predicaments.
Einstein’s Wake
Authors: Whitworth Michael H
Published: October 2023

The revolution in literary form and aesthetic consciousness called modernism arose as the physical sciences were revising their most fundamental concepts: space, time, matter, and the concept of 'science' itself. The coincidence has often been remarked upon in general terms, but rarely considered in detail. Einstein's Wake argues that the interaction of modernism and the 'new physics' is best understood by reference to the metaphors which structured these developments. These metaphors, widely disseminated in the popular science writing of the period, provided a language with which modernist writers could articulate their responses to the experience of modernity. Beginning with influential aspects of nineteenth-century physics, Einstein's Wake qualifies the notion that Einstein alone was responsible for literary 'relativity'; it goes on to examine the fine detail of his legacy in literary appropriations of scientific metaphors, with particular attention to Virginia Woolf, D. H. Lawrence, Wyndham Lewis, and T. S. Eliot.
The University and the Nation
Authors: Green Vivian
Published: October 2023

For centuries Oxford and Cambridge were England’s only two universities. As the cathedral and monastic schools, old-fashioned in their outlook and curriculum, declined, so Oxford was well placed to become a principal centre for advanced education. This was more especially so as it was receptive to the intellectual changes arising from new interpretations of the system of Christian philosophy known as scholasticism.
Economic Development And National Security In Wilhelmian Germany
Authors: Offer Avner
Published: October 2023

IN the last decade of the nineteenth century the German Empire began to look overseas for markets and raw materials, but it lacked the naval capacity (regarded as vital by Britain) to safeguard its maritime trading routes. This dilemma defines the economic aspect of Germany’s security problem before the First World War. It narrowed the range of choices open to German leaders, until, in 1914, they imagined themselves surrounded by a wall, with only a single gate. That gate might soon be locked. They perceived only one choice: to break out, or to remain hemmed in by looming threats.
The Caliphal Institution in al-Anda/us until 422/1031
Authors: Wasserstein David J
Published: October 2023

This first Umayyad in fact adopted both policies. At first, and probably more by unthinking accident than by deliberate policy, he named the ‘Abbāsid caliph in the weekly khutba, the Friday sermon in the mosque, of which a prayer containing the name of the reigning caliph formed part. After a few months, a relative, himself a newly arrived refugee from the east, pointed out the incongruity and the absurdity of this action, and urged him to stop it. ‘Abd al-Rāhamān did so, and thereafter, for well over a century, no caliph was named in the khutba at all. The caliphate, so far at least as concerned alAndalus, appears to have been regarded as having a sedes vacans.
The Hanging Tree
Authors: Gatrell V A C
Published: October 2023

It may help to explain some of this book’s peculiarities if I say at once that it grew out of a chance discovery. One day I was working in the Public Record Office on something quite different when tedium and a passing curiosity moved me to order from the Home Office catalogues a volume of judges’ reports, then unknown to me. I chose the year 1829 at random. The volume fell open at a thick dossier of petitions and papers which I was soon reading with the avidity of one who knew that he really ought to be reading something much less interesting. It was about a rape case set in the iron-making village of Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. A poor man called John Noden had for several years been courting a young woman, Elizabeth Cureton. One June evening he knocked at her cottage window after her parents had gone to bed. She let him in, and soon the couple were having sex on the parlour floor. A few days later she claimed that he had raped her. She prosecuted him at the Shrewsbury assizes, and he was tried, convicted, and sentenced to hang. The papers I read were about the Coalbrookdale community’s efforts to persuade the judge, the home secretary, and George IV to give Noden a royal pardon.
Introduction
Authors: Bond Brian
Published: October 2023

From the viewpoint of its victims and their descendants, whether at Blenheim, Waterloo, Sedan, or Stalingrad, every victory is likely to be incomprehensible and hollow, if not indeed in the words of little Peterkin’s sister ‘a very wicked thing’. Their grandparents had been expelled from the battlefield and their home burnt; the country round ‘with fire and sword was wasted far and wide’.
The Crown’s Servants
Authors: Aylmer G E
Published: October 2023

The Crown’s Servants is a major new study of English central government and the royal court from the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 to the death of Charles II in 1685. A sequel to the author’s two earlier studies, of royal officials under Charles I (1625-1642) and office-holders under the Commonwealth and the Cromwellian Protectorate (1649-1660), it sets out to explore the extent to which the restoration of the monarchy undid the changes brought about under the Republic. The author looks at the institutions of government, its methods and procedures, the terms and conditions of service, and its personnel both collectively and individually. He considers the policies, tasks, successes, and failures of the regime, and relates these to the process of state formation and to the impact of the state on society. This is both the culmination of a lifetime’s work and a crucial contribution in its own right to the history of seventeenth century England and the development of English government.
The Significance of 1688: Some Reflections on Whig History
Authors: Pocock J G A
Published: October 2023

‘Well, doctor,’ William of Orange is said to have remarked to Gilbert Burnet, as they stood on Brixham beach on 5 November 1688, ‘what do you think of predestination now?’ The jest, if it was one, might be taken as referring to the extraordinary series of physical events which had brought them where they were—to themultiple changes of the Protestant wind, blowing them east, west, and east again; or it might refer to the no less extraordinary series of contingencies in Church, State, and dynasty which had led to William‘s being invited to England and had made it worth his while to set out thither; or finally, it might be taken as indicating that neither William nor Burnet at that moment could have had the least idea what was about to happen. With the benefit of hindsight, we know; and we know also that William had done his best to ensure that some things should happen which did in fact happen. We are therefore tempted to see the outcome of William’s expedition as a foregone conclusion, which is to know more about predestination than William or Burnet did. A warning against ‘Whig history’ in a very crude sense may therefore be uttered at the outset.
Sweden: a Case of Solidarity and Equality
Authors: Meisaari-Polsa Tuija
Published: October 2023

Social rights in Sweden, including those related to families, are based on two guiding ideas: the idea of solidarity, and that of equality. Therefore, the aim of the complex system of Swedish family policy measures is, firstly, to maintain a reasonable standard of living for all family forms and, secondly, to increase possibilities for both women and men to choose their own way of life and to combine family life and work. This chapter shows that the solidarity- and equality-based social policy in Sweden is at the same time modem and family-friendly. After describing family policy, family forms, family life situation and everyday life of families, the chapter summarizes policy effects on family forms in Sweden. The results demonstrate that, in some respect, Swedish family policy is relevant with respect to demographic trends, but the relationship between family policy and demographic trends is complicated.
Socio-demographic Differentials in Mortality at Older Ages in Finland
Authors: Martelin Tuija
Published: October 2023

Research on mortality differentials can serve at least three purposes. First, in research oriented towards health policy, the aim is to identify particularly disadvantaged groups in the population who would need special consideration in health and social policy. Secondly, differences in mortality can be studied from an epidemiological point of view, searching for hypotheses about the causes of specific diseases or attempting to identify the reasons underlying changes in mortality. The third use of research on mortality differentials is connected with the debate about the possibility of a further extension of population life expectancy (e.g. Olshansky et al., 1990; Manton et al., 1991). One way of estimating the limit to life expectancy is to examine the mortality of populations living in favourable conditions with regard to nutrition, other health habits, health care, etc., such as Mormons or Seventh-day Adventists (Manton et al., 1991). Socio-demographic characteristics such as gender, socio-economic position, marital status, region, and race or ethnicity may be used in an analogous way to distinguish subgroups within a national population that have particularly good health profiles. Information about the current level of mortality as well as recent mortality trends in such groups may therefore be useful for the assessment of the future development of mortality. They may also be helpful in setting targets for national mortality projections.
The Equality of Mercy
Authors: Harrison Ross
Published: October 2023

The problem with which this paper is concerned can be brought out by considering four independently plausible, but mutually inconsistent, propositions. The first proposition is that states ought to be purely rational entities. All acts of states should be justifiable; that is, should be such that they can be supported by reason. States are different in this respect from individual people. Individuals are normally allowed some areas of absolute discretion, in which they are permitted to act in a completely arbitrary or irrational manner. But in states there should be nothing private, personal, or arbitrary; no whim, no play; everything which happens as a state action should happen for a reason.
The Application of International Law in the Occupied Territories as Reflected in the Judgments of the High Court of Justice in Israel
Authors: Qupty Mazen
Published: October 2023

Does the Israeli Supreme Court sitting as the High Court of Justice apply international law to the activities of the military government and civilian administration in the Occupied Territories? Does it examine whether the activities of those authorities conflict with the provisions of international law that apply to an occupied territory? Which international laws are applicable in an occupied territory? And which international laws are applicable in the territories occupied by Israel?
The Legislative Stages of the Israeli Military Occupation
Authors: Shehadeh Raja
Published: October 2023

The 1,200 military orders that are reviewed here provide a good source for the study of Israel’s changing policies in the occupied West Bank. These military enactments, referred to as ‘proclamations’ in the first days of the occupation and then as ‘military orders’, were passed by the Area Commander of the Israeli army, who acquired, according to Proclamation No. 2, issued the day the Israeli army entered the West Bank, ‘all legislative powers’. To this day, this absolute power to legislate has not been circumscribed. The one-man parliament continues to produce amendments and additions to the Jordanian law in force when the Israeli army conquered the West Bank, without any process of consultation at any level with the local Palestinian inhabitants.
Federalism and Corporate Law: A Non Delaware View of the Results of Competition
Authors: Carney* William J
Published: October 2023

The United States of America (USA) has witnessed a lengthy debate over the virtues and vices of corporate federalism. For a long time the debate consisted of assertions based on differing characterizations of judicial deci sions and statutory changes. This phase was followed by a debate based on a model of behaviour, drawn from theory about the behaviour of capital markets. Both sides assumed that a competition for corporate chartering business existed, in which Delaware was the clear winner. Both sides also assumed, without systematic examination, that a competition existed, in which states other than Delaware sought to modernize their statutes to retain this chartering business.
Total Failure of Consideration and Counter-Restitution: Two Issues or One?
Authors: McKENDRICK EWAN
Published: October 2023

The law of restitution is at a crucial stage in its development. Two strategies are discernable. The first is to keep liability within acceptable bounds by restricting the grounds on which restitution can be ordered. Historically, this is the approach which the courts have adopted. Thus, a mistake of law does not (as yet) give rise to a restitutionary claim, while a failure of consideration must be total in order to ground a restitutionary claim. But this approach is under threat and a second approach is now in the ascendancy. According to this approach, the grounds of restitution should be broadened, leaving it to the defences to set limits to the scope of liability. This approach can be seen at work in Lipkin Gorman v Karpnale Ltd1 where Lord Goff stated that one effect of the recognition of the defence of change of position was that it would ‘enable a more generous approach to be taken to the recognition of the right to restitution, in the knowledge that the defence is, in appropriate cases, available.’2 Yet, when we turn to a consideration of the defences, we quickly reach the rather worrying conclusion that we know relatively little about their workings and the relationships (if any) between them. The link between the scope of the unjust factors and the defences can, in fact, be seen when we turn to an examination of the interplay between the requirement that a failure of consideration must be ‘total’ in order to ground a restitutionary claim and the defence of ‘counter-restitution impossible’ or, to use more traditional language, the requirement that it must be possible to make restitutio in integrum. That there is thought to be a link between the two can be seen from the following passage from Goff and Jones where the authors state that ‘a party claiming rescission must be able to make, and must in fact make, restitutio in integrum. There is a comparable principle which governs money claims: money cannot be
Law, Society and Economy
Authors: Rawlings Richard
Published: October 2023

This centenary volume of essays explores a number of related themes which differentiate and characterize the approach of the LSE. Central to this, is the assumption that law is one of the social sciences and that law should be studied "in context" as a social phenomenon. The contributors have been chosen both for their distinction and for their connection with the LSE, and include such eminent figures as Mrs Justice Arden, Judge Rosalyn Higgins, Sir Stephen Sedley, and Roberto Mangabeira Unger. The essays focus on three main subject areas: Law and Economy; Dimensions of Law; and Courts and Process which are discussed against the broader canvas of the School's approach to Law . Thus, Comaroff, Cohen, Unger and Teubner adopt an interdisciplinary approach to the subject, stressing both legal and social theory, while the contributions of Cranston, Cornish and others stress an internationalist approach. A characteristic LSE focus on the dynamic nature of law runs through the work of Collins, Higgins and Lord Wedderburn, while a reformist tradition (allied with concern for the practical) is explored alongside the introduction of new legal subjects into the curriculum. Fascinating and thought provoking, this volume is an accesible summary of current thought and debate presented by today's leading scholars and practioners. Law, Society and Economy will be of enduring interest to scholars and practioners worldwide, akin to Ginsberg's celebrated and widely cited volume of essays which marked the School's fiftieth anniversary.
Altera Pars Audiatur: Law in the Collision of Discourses*
Authors: Teubner Gunther
Published: October 2023

It is like the days of old when the world was full of many gods and demons, only different; it is like when the Greeks made sacrifices, one time to Aphrodite, another time to Apollo and above aU to the gods of their home towns, only today the magical and mythical is missing from existent conduct. It is fate that reigns supreme over all the gods and their struggles, and definitely not knowledge. (Max Weber.)
Coding and Programming
Authors: Luhmann Niklas
Published: October 2023

To maintain what the function of the legal system is, is not sufficient in itself to describe it adequately. As discussed in the previous chapter, the function alone cannot clarify what the legal system uses for its orientation when it reproduces itself and draws boundaries between itself and its environment. This is why sociological systems theory uses the concepts ‘function’ and ‘structure’ throughout. Structural fixtures are seen as indispensable because the description of function leaves too much open-ended. This problem is also apparent in legal theory. Thus Jeremy Bentham, for example, ultimately saw the function of law as achieving security of expectations, but with law’s orientation being provided by ‘commands’ from a politically authorized, powerful legislator. A command produces the differences between obedience and disobedience.
Interpretation and Methodology in Legal Theory
Authors: Perry Stephen R
Published: October 2023

At some point almost every major work in jurisprudence discusses issues of methodology, and often these seem to be the most difficult and intractable questions in the subject. Why should this be? Does jurisprudence raise special methodological problems that other disciplines do not face? Because law is both a social and a normative phenomenon, there is good reason for thinking that it does. In stating that law is both social and normative, I mean to say that it is a social institution that also systematically gives rise (or at least is perceived to give rise) to reasons for action. Now it is, of course, possible to study the reason-giving aspects of social practices from a purely philosophical perspective. One task of po1itical philosophy, for example, is to describe ideal political practices, and to determine whether and under what circumstances they would affect people’s reasons for action (usually by creating obligations for them). Similarly, it is possible to study social institutions from a purely descriptive perspective, without reference to anyone’s reasons for action (or at least this is possible according to one school of thought in the social sciences). Some branches of sociology attempt to study law in this way. Jurisprudence gives rise to special methodological problems because it has both philosophical and descriptive aspirations; it attempts both to analyse the reason-giving dimension of social practices and at the same time to give a descriptively accurate characterization of an existing type of social institution. As a discipline jurisprudence claims, in effect, to be both a branch of practical philosophy (by which I mean the philosophy of practical reason), and a social science of a certain kind. The special problems of methodology it faces arise from this juxtaposition.
Expert Evidence in Canadian Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Roberts Paul
Published: October 2023

in an earlier article I suggested that English lawyers and law reformers might have something to learn from recent developments in United States law and practice regulating the admissibility of expert evidence. The task of constructing evidential standards to meet ‘the new challenges of scientific evidence’ seems well under way in America after the United States Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Daubertv. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals inc.in 1993.
‘Brainwashing’ Evidence in Light Of Daubert
Authors: Ginsburg Gerald , Richardson James
Published: October 2023

A revolution occurred in American evidence law in 1993 when the United States Supreme Court rendered the Daubertdecision, over turning 70 years of law governing the area of novel scientific evidence. Previously, admissibility of expert evidence had been governed in federal courts (and many state courts as well) by the Fryerule of ‘general acceptance’, which meant that novel scientific evidence could not be admitted unless the methods and principles under which it was found had achieved general acceptance within the relevant discipline(s). The Fryerule was conservative and was subjected to much criticism.
Damages under Article 288(2)
Authors: Ward Angela
Published: October 2023

The frustrations facing individuals seeking monetary compensation for illegal conduct by Community institutions have been well documented in academic commentaries exploring Article 288(2).1 This research reveals that the principles elaborated by the Court of Justice have tended to frustrate, rather than foster, the chances of success of those seeking relief under Community rules on non contractual liability.
The Arabesk Debate
Authors: Stokes Martin
Published: October 2023

The Arabesk Debate describes the way in which Turkish musicians discuss, dispute, and attribute meaning to their music. Martin Stokes examines the debate over 'Arabesk', a musical genre popular throughout Turkey. His book is an ethnographic study of urban music-making in Istanbul, focusing on the activities of professional musicians and their audiences in the city. Dr Stokes looks at the Arabesk debate in the context of state cultural politics, Islam, and the experience of urbanization in Turkey. Within this context he discusses the role of the media, music education, the technology of popular music-making, the construction of gender and the emotions through musical performance, and concepts of musicianship in Turkish society. In looking at the interplay between national cultural politics and urban music-making at a local level, this book challenges both `mass culture' theory and more general assumptions about the study of music in society.
People into Places: Zafimaniry Concepts of Clarity
Authors: Bloch Maurice
Published: October 2023

The Zafimaniry are a group of shifting cultivators living in eastern Madagascar who traditionally rely mainly on maize, beans, and taro. They number approximately 20,000. They are one of many such groups which are sometimes called Tanala and sometimes called Betsimisaraka but they differ from any of these because of the very specific environment in which they live. They inhabit a narrow band of montane forest found on a step of the sharp north–south escarpment which runs almost the whole length of Madagascar. This is an area at an altitude of approximately 1,400m. which is very different in terms of climate and vegetation from almost anywhere else in Madagascar. To the west, lies the drier and treeless central plateau of Madagascar where the most important agricultural activity is irrigated rice cultivation. The neighbours of the Zafimaniry on this plateau are the Betsileo who are similar in many ways to the Merina who occupy the northern part.1 To the east, at the foot of the escarpment, the forest is very different since the climate is much hotter. On that side the neighbours of the Zafimaniry are people usually referred to by the term Betsimisaraka who practise a different type of shifting cultivation and who mainly grow dry rice and sugar cane, two crops which the Zafimaniry cannot grow.2
The Art of Being Black
Authors: Alexander Claire E
Published: October 2023

The Art of Being Black explores how young black Britons create their cultural identities. Claire Alexander rejects the common tendency to view black communities in terms of conflict, or as the focus of a problem; she offers a fresh exploration of the strengths and ambiguities of black youth representations as they are imagined and lived through, focusing in particular on community, `class', social life, and masculinity. Young black men have been typecast as hostile and culturally confused, alienated from their parents and from society; as `folk devils' (the stock images of the black mugger, the Rastafarian drug dealer, the rioter, the Yardie), creating problems for society in general. To get a truer view, Dr Alexander spent twelve months as `one of the boys' in a group of young black Londoners; the resulting highly personal, in-depth, and very readable study counters the usual image of ethnic identity as fixed and immutable. Drawing on contemporary debates about culture and ethnicity, this book offers the close observation and informed analysis needed to bring to life theories of black cultural identity.
The Cauldron: Conservative Parliamentarians and European Integration
Authors: Ludlam Steve
Published: October 2023

The British Conservative Party once prided itself on being Britain’s party of Europe (George 1994). It also enjoyed the incalculable advantage of facing a Labour Party riven from end to end over EEC membership. Even during the ‘Thatcher decade’, the party’s supporters favoured membership more strongly than those of the main opposition parties, and their backing for British membership actually strengthened across the decade. Since the mid- l 980s, however, the Parliamentary Conservative Party has been convulsed by divisions over European integration. A succession of Cabinet ministers, and Prime Minister Thatcher, resigned or were ejected from office following disputes over Europe.
Member State or Euro-Region? The SNP, Plaid Cymru, and Europe
Authors: Mitchell James
Published: October 2023

Gellner argues that Nationalism is ‘primarily a political principle, which holds that the political and national unit should be congruent’ (Gellner 1983: I). Implicit in this is the idea that forces outside the nation have no right to interfere in the nation’s affairs. Hence, classical nationalist thinking viewed international organizations with suspicion and supranational organizations as contrary to the natural order. Nationalists of any sort would be expected to be opposed to the process of European integration and ‘ever closer union’. Yet, both the Scottish National Party (SNP) and Plaid Cymru (PC) are today strong supporters of the European Union, though, for much of their recent past, the two parties were deeply hostile to European integration. This has roots early in the history of both parties.
Housing and the Decline of Mortality
Authors: Burnett John
Published: October 2023

Between the middle of the eighteenth century and 1914 many Western European countries experienced, at differing times and rates, population growth, industrialization, and urbanization, which resulted in fundamental changes in the ways people lived, worked, and were housed. Nowhere were these changes more dramatic than in England, ‘the first industrial nation’. Here, an estimated population of little more than 6 million in 1750 grew to 8,893,000 at the first Census in 1801, doubled to 17,928,000 in 1851, and doubled again to 36,070,000 by 1911; meanwhile, the distribution between urban and rural population was completely reversed, the proportion of town-dwellers rising from 20 per cent in 1801 to 80 per cent in 1911. By then, England and Wales was the most highly urbanized society in Western Europe, and contained 15 per cent of its total population. The fastest rates of growth were recorded in some of the new industrial towns of the North and Midlands, which considerably outpaced the growth of London from 1,088,000 in 1801 to 4,541,000 in 1911. Thus, Manchester grew by no less than 40.4 per cent between 1811 and 1821, and by a further 47.2 per cent during the next decade: Liverpool increased by 43.6 per cent between 1821 and 1831, while Bradford grew eightfold in 50 years, from 13,000 in 1801 to 104,000 by 1851.
The Personal Physician and the Decline of Mortality
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J
Published: October 2023

My topic is the contribution of the personal physician system to the historical decline of Western mortality. In a sense the subject may be disposed of quickly. With the exception of vaccination against smallpox at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and diphtheria antitoxin at the end of the century, there was until the 1940s no preventive or therapeutic treatment a practitioner could provide for a substantial number of patients which could have had a measurable impact on mortality rates in an entire population. Moreover, until the 1940s virtually no one, physician or non-physician, would have accorded the lion’s share of credit for declining mortality to the personal-physician system. And yet during the past ten or twenty years, sorting out the ‘medical contribution’ to the historical decline in Western mortality has become a thriving cottage industry.
Critical Values for Cointegratio11 Tests*
Authors: Mackinnon James G
Published: October 2023

This paper provides tables of critical values for some popular tests of cointegration and unit roots. Although these tables are necessarily based on computer simulations, they are much more accurate than those previously available. The results of the simulation experiments are summarized by means of response surface regressions in which critical values depend on the sample size. From these regressions asymptotic critical values can be read off directly, and critical values for any finite sample size can easily be computed with a hand calculator.
The Migration Transition
Authors: Chesnais Jean-Claude
Published: October 2023

The history of international migration is, in certain respects, a digest of universal history; it is one of the liveliest, but also most complex, chapters in population history. It stands at the meeting-point of all the forces-political, economic, cultural, institutional-which define relations between countries.
Political Economy of Large Natural Disasters
Authors: Albala-Bertrand J M
Published: October 2023

This book sets out to develop a new framework for the analysis of disaster situations in developing countries. In doing so, it challenges many of the accepted wisdoms of disaster theory upon which policy prescriptions are built. The author insists that although disasters are a problem of development, they are not necessarily a problem for development. What we should be looking at are the underlying social and economic processes within developing countries which structure the impact of natural disasters, rather than at disasters as unforeseen events requiring large scale intervention.
Rationality, allocation, And reproduction
Authors: Walsh Vivian
Published: October 2023

When the term `rational' is used in formal economic theory, a strict definition is implicit. This strict definition cannot accommodate the complexities of our everyday ideas of what is rational. The concept of rationality that is embedded in our language is not a morally neutral one. It has always been believed possible to argue rationally about the worthiness of goals, the legitimacy of claim to rights, the existence of obligations or duties. Outside the discussions of the social sciences, argument concerning the rationality of a choice or action is never a purely technical, value-free discourse. This book is devoted to an examination of the limitations of the various formulations and interpretations of the concept of rationality which has been developed by economic theorists. It presents a series of challenges to the formal (axiomatic) concept of rationality. This conecept has spread from economics and decision theory through the social sciences and policy studies. It forms the implicit foundation for the pronouncement of policy-makers, whose recommendations can seriously affect the society and environment in which we live. The book begins with the claim of neoclassical economics that a rational agent maximizes utility. Next it considers the later, more austere construction of rationality where a rational agent was simply one whose choices or actions were consistent. The discussion then turns to who, dissatisfied with this bare notion of consistency, claimed that a rational agent was one whose choices or actions were directed towards maximization of the agent's self-interested aims - a view they attributed (misleadingly?) to Adam Smith. Once the character of the individual agent has been established, neoclassical theory has always regarded the analysis of allocation among these agents as its supreme task. This is the subject of chapters 6 and 7. Vivian Walsh examines the philosophical implications of the replacement of the ordinary concept of rationality by the formal concepts constructed to fit the requirements of general equilibrium theory, decision theory, and game theory. He argues that the current intellectual climate, which has moved away from formalism, necessitates the reexamination of the concepts of rationality which scholars and policy-makers, many of whom were not economists, were ready to adopt directly or indirectly from economic theory in the recent past. The final two chapters are intended to contrast sharply with the rest of the book. They offer a readable and minimally technical account of the much smaller role played by the concept of rational choice in the work of a present-day school which derives from the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century classical economists.
Introduction
Authors: Zamagni Vera
Published: October 2023

It is not true to say that there are some countries with a propensity towards growth, while others are naturally inclined towards stagnation. Each nation has always tried to better its own position, only to be prevented from doing so by natural events, by political and military struggles, or by the creation of certain institutions and centres of power that have proved to be anathema to growth, as has again been underlined recently by E. L. Jones.The history of Italy from the Etruscans to the present day is a perfect example of this process, with the repeated appearance and disappearance, or alternation, of civilizations within the same geographical area but within different international contexts.
The Transformation of Traditional Industries
Authors: Saitô Osamu , Tanimoto Masayuki
Published: October 2023

The present chapter discusses how such traditional industries were affected and forced to restructure after 1859, when the opening of Japan’s ports to overseas trade altered the domestic market and distribution systems. In discussing this issue, we consider external factors such as overseas trade that commenced with the opening of the treaty ports, as well as domestic factors such as how agrarian economies were affected by macrolevel fluctuations in business conditions and by the central government’s fiscal policies.
‘Children are like young bamboo trees ’: Potentiality and Reproduction in Sub Saharan Africa
Authors: Bledsoe• Caroline
Published: October 2023

Like most great intellectual figures, Thomas Malthus left a puzzling legacy. Depending on which version of the Essay we read, Malthus 's preoccupation with over-population can brand him as a stern prophet of doom, a testy critic of humanitarian aid, a hopeful child of the Enlighten ment, or a nai”ve, sheltered parson. Nowhere does his credibility evaporate faster than in his dismissal of Sub-Saharan Africa, sight un seen, as a 'savage and neglected state ' (1803: 87). Why, then, should a professional cultural relativist be so dazzled by the man? Malthus laid out a monumental vision of society not as a static entity of fixed parts, but as a vibrant, dynamic system of relationships that reverberate far across time and space (see also Birdsall et al. 1979; von Tunzelman 1986).
Gender, Social Inequality, and Family Formation in West Germany
Authors: Huinink Johannes , Mayer Karl Ulrich
Published: October 2023

Union formation, marriage, and childbearing have been treated in the demographic literature mostly as events in their own right and approached from the perspective of the woman (Hogan 1985). This strategy was prompted initially by the kind of census data available and the corresponding methods of quantitative demography. Recent research has broadened the contexts within which family events take place and has thus re-linked demography with economics and sociology. On the one hand, causal models inspired by microeconomics have brought the situation of the household and a variety of other situational factors into play. On the other hand, the proliferating surveys on family formation (for an overview, see Huinink 1990) have added a great number of explanatory variables, often without explicit theoretical rationale. In this chapter we make a conceptual and empirical attempt to place union formation and childbearing within a framework that combines the perspective of life course dynamics (Mayer and Huinink 1990) and social stratification, giving specific emphasis to differences between men and women. Comparing various birth cohorts, we focus on historical rearrangements of these dynam¬ ics. In particular, we examine how the socio-economic background of the parental family and the influences of participation in education and in the labour force have changed the process of family formation for men and women. The social and historical setting we have chosen for both our theory building and the empirical analysis is that of West Germany.