bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Does Plastic Litter Accumulate in Submarine Canyons?
Authors: Yang Yuping , Wang Dawei , Kneller Benjamin , Zhong Guangfa , Yu Kaiqi , Wang Minghan , Xu Jingping
Published: September 2024

Manned submersible dives in the northwest South China Sea encountered substantial amounts of plastic litter accumulated at the base of scours along the floor of a submarine canyon, which may associate with the depositional behaviors of turbidity currents. In this study, we conduct numerical simulations using field‐scale bathymetry to investigate the relationship between the canyon floor morphology, flow processes, and the locations and sizes of the plastic litter piles. The consistent deposition pattern caused by the numerical turbidity currents with different input parameters indicate that morphology of the canyon may exert a dominant influence on turbidite deposition. This is attributed to a significant reduction in shear velocity as simulated turbidity currents flowing through the scours on the canyon floor. Spatial correspondence between deposits of turbidity currents and plastic litter accumulation suggests that suspended sediments and plastic may undergo simultaneous dynamic processes during the transportation of turbidity currents.
A Multi‐Scale Particle‐In‐Cell Simulation of Plasma Dynamics From Magnetotail Reconnection to the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Rusaitis L. , El‐Alaoui M. , Walker R. J. , Lapenta G. , Schriver D.
Published: September 2024

During magnetospheric substorms, plasma from magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail is thought to reach the inner magnetosphere and form a partial ring current. We simulate this process using a fully kinetic 3D particle‐in‐cell (PIC) numerical code along with a global magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model. The PIC simulation extends from the solar wind outside the bow shock to beyond the reconnection region in the tail, while the MHD code extends much further and is run for nominal solar wind parameters and a southward interplanetary magnetic field. By the end of the PIC calculation, ions and electrons from the tail reconnection reach the inner magnetosphere and form a partial ring current and diamagnetic current. The primary source of particles to the inner magnetosphere is bursty bulk flows (BBFs) that originate from a complex pattern of reconnection in the near‐Earth magnetotail at to . Most ion acceleration occurs in this region, gaining from 10 to 50 keV as they traverse the sites of active reconnection. Electrons jet away from the reconnection region much faster than the ions, setting up an ambipolar electric field allowing the ions to catch up after approximately 10 ion inertial lengths. The initial energy flux in the BBFs is mainly kinetic energy flux from the ions, but as they move earthward, the energy flux changes to enthalpy flux at the ring current. The power delivered from the tail reconnection in the simulation to the inner magnetosphere is  W, which is consistent with observations.
Assessing Climate Extremes in Dynamical Downscaling Simulations Driven by a Novel Bias‐Corrected CMIP6 Data
Authors: Zhang Meng‐Zhuo , Han Ying , Xu Zhongfeng , Guo Weidong
Published: September 2024

Dynamical downscaling is a widely‐used approach for generating regional projections of climate extremes at a finer scale. However, the systematic bias of the global climate model (GCM) generally degrades the reliability of projections. Recently, novel bias‐corrected CMIP6 data was generated using a mean‐variance‐trend (MVT) bias correction method for dynamical downscaling simulation. To validate the effectiveness of this data in the dynamical downscaling simulation of climate extremes, we carry out three Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) simulations over Asia‐western North Pacific with a 25 km grid spacing from 1980 to 2014. The dynamical downscaling simulations driven by the raw GCM data set (hereafter WRF_GCM) and the bias‐corrected GCM (hereafter WRF_GCMbc) were assessed against the simulation driven by the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis 5 data set. The results indicate that the MVT bias correction significantly improves the climatological mean and inter‐annual variability of downscaled climate extreme indices. In terms of the climatological mean, the WRF_GCMbc shows a 25%–82% decrease in root mean square errors (RMSEs) against the WRF_GCM. As for the inter‐annual variability, the MVT bias correction can improve the downscaling simulation of almost all precipitation extreme indices and 70% of the temperature extreme indices, characterized by the RMSEs' reduction of 1%–58%. The improvements of the climate extremes in terms of the climatological mean in the WRF_GCMbc primarily stem from the improved large‐scale circulation and ocean evaporation in the WRF, which in turn improves the downscaled precipitation and 2 m temperature through the advection, radiation, and surface energy exchange process.
Tumor-infiltrating immune cell profiles and changes associate with additional trastuzumab in preoperative chemotherapy for patients with HER2-positive gastric cancer
Authors: Chen Cong , Han Jing , He Qifei , Yao Qian , Wang Xueying , Peng Zuofu , Sun Yu , Ji Jiafu , Xing Xiaofang
Published: September 2024

Background

HER2(+) gastric cancer (GC) can benefit from trastuzumab. However, the impact of additional trastuzumab in preoperative treatment on immune cells remains largely unknown.

Methods

In cohort I, immune cells were detected by immunohistochemistry in 1321 patients. Then 88 HER2(+) patients received preoperative therapy were collected as cohort II. Immune cell profiles and changes were analyzed in paired pre- and post-operative specimens using multiple immunohistochemistry staining.

Results

In the treatment-naive GC patients (n = 1002), CD3+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration was significantly lower in the HER2(+) GC patients together with higher FoxP3+ T cells compared with HER2(−). However, FoxP3+ T and CD20+ B cell infiltration was significantly higher in HER2(+) GC after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 319). The trastuzumab-exposed group had higher CD8+ T and lower FoxP3+ T cell infiltration and CD8+ T cell was even more significant in responders. Additionally, tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) density increased in invasion margin of residual tumors. Patients with lower TLS in the tumor core or lower FoxP3+ T cells had better overall survival in the trastuzumab-exposed group.

Conclusion

Addition of trastuzumab modulates the immune microenvironment, suggesting the potential mechanism of the favorable outcome of anti-HER2 therapy and providing a theoretical rationale for the combinational immunotherapy in resectable HER2(+) GC patients.
Efficiency improvement of spin-resolved ARPES experiments using Gaussian process regression
Authors: Iwasawa Hideaki , Ueno Tetsuro , Iwata Takuma , Kuroda Kenta , Kokh Konstantin A. , Tereshchenko Oleg E. , Miyamoto Koji , Kimura Akio , Okuda Taichi
Published: September 2024

The experimental efficiency has been a central concern for time-consuming experiments. Spin- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (spin-resolved ARPES) is renowned for its inefficiency in spin-detection, despite its outstanding capability to directly determine the spin-polarized electronic properties of materials. Here, we investigate the potential enhancement of the efficiency of spin-resolved ARPES experiments through the integration of measurement informatics. We focus on a representative topological insulator $$\text {Bi}_{2}$$

Bi
2

$$\text {Te}_{3}$$

Te
3

, which has well-understood spin-polarized electronic states. We employ Gaussian process regression (GPR) to assess the accumulation of spin polarization information using an indicator known as the GPR score. Our analyses based on the GPR model suggest that the GPR score can serve as a stopping criterion for spin-resolved ARPES experiments. This criterion enables us to conduct efficient spin-resolved ARPES experiments, significantly reducing the time costs by 5-10 times, compared to empirical stopping criteria.
Enhanced agricultural carbon sinks provide benefits for farmers and the climate
Authors: Frank Stefan , Lessa Derci Augustynczik Andrey , Havlík Petr , Boere Esther , Ermolieva Tatiana , Fricko Oliver , Di Fulvio Fulvio , Gusti Mykola , Krisztin Tamas , Lauri Pekka , Palazzo Amanda , Wögerer Michael
Published: September 2024

Carbon sequestration on agricultural land, albeit long-time neglected, offers substantial mitigation potential. Here we project, using an economic land-use model, that these options offer cumulative mitigation potentials comparable to afforestation by 2050 at 160 USD2022 tCO2 equivalent (tCO2e−1), with most of it located in the Global South. Carbon sequestration on agricultural land could provide producers around the world with additional revenues of up to 375 billion USD2022 at 160 USD2022 tCO2e−1 and allow achievement of net-zero emissions in the agriculture, forestry and other land-use sectors by 2050 already at economic costs of around 80–120 USD2022 tCO2e−1. This would, in turn, decrease economy-wide mitigation costs and increase gross domestic product (+0.6%) by the mid-century in 1.5 °C no-overshoot climate stabilization scenarios compared with mitigation scenarios that do not consider these options. Unlocking these potentials requires the deployment of highly efficient institutions and monitoring systems over the next 5 years across the whole world, including sub-Saharan Africa, where the largest mitigation potential exists.
Current trends in electrochemical approaches for liver biomarker detection: a mini-review
Authors: Yaman Derya , Jimenez Melanie , Ferreira Gonzalez Sofia , Corrigan Damion
Published: September 2024

Electrochemical detection of liver biomarkers, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and albumin, all with vital physiological functions.
Surface enhanced Raman scattering microtips for microenvironment pH determination of semi-solid preparations
Authors: Lu Xiangxin , Wang Yunqing , Mei Rongchao , Chong Xiaomeng , Chen Lingxin , Ning Baoming , Zhang Rongqin , Zhuang Xuming
Published: September 2024

Microregion pH of semi-solid preparations such as ointments, creams, gels can be revealed by pH-sensitive surface enhanced Raman scattering microtips.
Theoretical insights into layered IrO2 for the oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Zhong Xian , Liu Xin-He , Peng Hong-Jie , Liu Xinyan
Published: September 2024

Layered IrO2 was investigated using density functional theory to unravel the role of structural flexibility in promoting the oxygen evolution reaction.
Albumin host for supramolecular fluorescence recognition
Authors: Charles Immanuel David , Wang Lei , Chen Yu , Liu Bin
Published: September 2024

Synthetic molecular sensors are crucial for real-time monitoring in biological systems and biotechnological applications, where detecting targets amidst potential interferents is essential.
Toward durable all-inorganic perovskite solar cells: from lead-based to lead-free
Authors: Xu Hongzhe , Guo Zhaochen , Chen Peng , Wang Songcan
Published: September 2024

This highlight article summarizes the empirical advances in stabilizing the metastable phases of CsPbI3, aiming to provide useful guidelines to accelerate the development of phase-stable CsSnI3 for durable lead-free PV applications.
A novel aptasensor based endogenous enzyme-powered DNA walker for ATP imaging in specific living cells
Authors: Li Chunrong , Li Tong , Guo Mingqi , Meng Tiehong , Peng Jing , Liu Simin , Wang Qianyu , Xie Baoping , Dai Zong , Chen Jun
Published: September 2024

A novel aptasensor based endogenous enzyme-powered DNA walker for imaging ATP was proposed.
Crystal growth, dislocation, thermodynamic and optical properties, and electronic structure of Mg2SiO4 single crystals
Authors: Qian Wenli , Yang Mingliang , Zhang Qingli , Sun Guihua , Zhang Rui , Wang Xiaofei , Dou Renqin , Liu Wenpeng , Sun Yu
Published: September 2024

Summary of the author's work on the Mg2SiO4 single crystals in this paper.
Mn4+-doped rare-earth-free Mg4Nb2O9 phosphors for optical temperature sensing
Authors: Xiang Weiwei , Yu Jae Su
Published: September 2024

A series of Mn4+-doped rare-earth-free Mg4Nb2O9 phosphors were prepared and their luminescence properties were investigated. Based on the properties, the Mg4Nb2O9:0.004Mn4+ phosphor was used for decay time-based temperature sensing.
Novel Eu3+-activated Ca3Ga2Ge4O14 red-emitting phosphors with high quantum efficiency for plant growth lighting and white LEDs
Authors: Li Xiaohua , Ding Jina , Zeng Qifeng , Lin Xinyi , Jiang Linwen , Wu Anhua
Published: September 2024

The prepared CGG:Eu3+ phosphors with a high CRI of 91.64 and an appropriate CCT of 4808 K exhibit great potential applications in plant growth lighting and white LEDs.
Enhancing the magnetic properties of Dy(iii) single-molecule magnets in octahedral coordination symmetry by tuning the equatorial ligands
Authors: Peng Xiao-Han , Shang Tao , Zheng Jieyu , Liu Ming , Zheng Qi , Guo Fu-Sheng
Published: September 2024

Two dysprosium single-molecule magnets in octahedral coordination symmetry are reported. By tuning the chloride on the equatorial plane to a weaker donor iodide, the energy barrier could be dramatically enhanced.
3D printing of monolithic gravity-assisted step-emulsification device for scalable production of high viscosity emulsion droplets
Authors: Hwang Yoon-Ho , Lee Je Hyun , Um Taewoong , Lee Hyomin
Published: September 2024

A monolithic 3D-printed step-emulsification device is fabricated for scalable and robust production of high viscosity droplets.
Photochemical domino reaction driven C–H/S–H functionalization of bioactive molecules to access xanthene scaffolds
Authors: Borah Biplob , Sharma Samrita , Chavada Snehalkumar K. , Swain Sidharth , Chowhan L. Raju
Published: September 2024

An easy and efficient method to synthesize xanthene derivatives using the domino reaction under photochemical conditions is reported.
N-Unsubstituted 2- and 3-thiophenimines
Authors: Kpoezoun Amavi , Baba Gnon , Guillemin Jean-Claude
Published: September 2024

New imines bearing an aromatic substituent, the N-unsubstituted 2- and 3-thiophenemethanimine, are prepared in a gas solid reaction by dehydrocyanation of the corresponding α-aminonitriles or by flash vacuum thermolysis in a retro-ene reaction.
A general metal acetate-assisted alcohol thermal strategy to fabricate flexible carbon nanofiber films for supercapacitors
Authors: Song Wei , Wang Kaixuan , Lian Xiao , Zheng Fangcai , Xu Chunyan , Niu Helin
Published: September 2024

A metal acetate-assisted alcohol thermal (MAA) method overcomes the shortcomings of the complex polyacrylonitrile pre-oxidation process and provides a general and scalable method to prepare a flexible carbon nanofiber film.
A fast-response adaptive hierarchical mode triboelectric nanogenerator for random gust energy harvesting
Authors: Sha Shujing , Qin Mingjian , Yu Xin , Xu Zhibo , Lu Xiaohui
Published: September 2024

A fast-response adaptive hierarchical mode triboelectric nanogenerator for gust energy harvesting with high performance is proposed.
Asynchronous changes of hydrogen sulfide and its generating enzymes in most tissues with the aging process
Authors: He Kaichuan , Tan Bo , Lu Ao , Bai Lu , Song Chengqing , Miao Yuxin , Liu Biyu , Chen Qian , Teng Xu , Dai Jing , Wu Yuming
Published: September 2024

Aging is an inevitable and irreversible biological process that gradually heightens the risks of various diseases and death. As a newly discovered endogenous gasotransmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been identified to exert multiple beneficial impacts on the regulation of aging and age-related pathologies. This study was aimed at systematically exploring the relationship between asynchronous aging processes and H2S concentrations in various tissues of aging mice. Samples of plasma and 13 tissues were collected from four cross-sectional age groups (3, 6, 12 and 18 months of age) covering the lifespan of male C57BL/6J mice. The H2S concentration was quantified by a reported liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method with monobromobimane derivatization. Additionally, the expressions of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), cystathionine β-synthase and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase, in those tissues were analyzed by Western blotting. We discovered that the H2S concentrations decreased asynchronously with the aging process in plasma, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, subcutaneous fat and brown fat and increased in brain and lung. At least one of the three H2S-generating enzymes expressions was compensatorily up-regulated with the aging process in most tissues, among which the up-regulation of CSE was the most prominent.
The SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey
Authors: Ghirardini V. , Bulbul E. , Artis E. , Clerc N. , Garrel C. , Grandis S. , Kluge M. , Liu A. , Bahar Y. E. , Balzer F. , Chiu I. , Comparat J. , Gruen D. , Kleinebreil F. , Krippendorf S. , Merloni A. , Nandra K. , Okabe N. , Pacaud F. , Predehl P. , Ramos-Ceja M. E. , Reiprich T. H. , Sanders J. S. , Schrabback T. , Seppi R. , Zelmer S. , Zhang X. , Bornemann W. , Brunner H. , Burwitz V. , Coutinho D. , Dennerl K. , Freyberg M. , Friedrich S. , Gaida R. , Gueguen A. , Haberl F. , Kink W. , Lamer G. , Li X. , Liu T. , Maitra C. , Meidinger N. , Mueller S. , Miyatake H. , Miyazaki S. , Robrade J. , Schwope A. , Stewart I.
Published: September 2024

The evolution of the cluster mass function traces the growth of linear density perturbations, providing valuable insights into the growth of structures, the nature of dark matter, and the cosmological parameters governing the Universe. The primary science goal of eROSITA, on board the Spectrum Roentgen Gamma (SRG) mission, is to constrain cosmology through the evolution of the cluster mass function. In this paper, we present a set of cosmological constraints obtained from 5259 clusters of galaxies detected over an area of 12791 deg2 in the western Galactic hemisphere of eROSITA’s first All-Sky Survey (eRASS1). The common footprint region (4968 deg2) between the eROSITA Survey and Dark Energy Survey (DES), the Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS), and the Hyper Supreme Camera (HSC) survey is used for calibration of the scaling between X-ray count rate of the clusters and their total mass through measurements of their weak gravitational lensing signal. The eRASS1 cluster abundances constrain the ΛCDM parameters, namely, the energy density of the total matter to Ωm = 0.29−0.02+0.01 and the normalization of the density fluctuations to σ8 = 0.88 ± 0.02, and their combination yields S8 = σ8(Ωm/0.3)0.5 = 0.86 ± 0.01. These results are consistent and achieve at a similar precision with state-of-the-art cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements. Furthermore, the eRASS1 cosmological experiment places a most stringent upper limit on the summed masses of left-handed light neutrinos to ∑ mv < 0.43 eV (95% confidence interval) from cluster number counts alone. By combining eRASS1 cluster abundance measurements with CMB- and ground-based neutrino oscillation experiments, we measured the summed neutrino masses to be ∑ mv = 0.09−0.02+0.04 eV or ∑ mv = 0.12−0.02+0.03 eV, assuming a normal or inverted mass hierarchy scenario for neutrino eigenstates. The eRASS1 cluster abundances significantly improve the constraints on the dark energy equation of state parameter to w = −1.12 ± 0.12. When ∑ mv and w are left free, we find consistent results with the concordance ΛCDM cosmology. Our results from the first All-Sky Survey improve the cosmological constraints by over a factor of 5 to 9 over the previous cluster surveys, establishing cluster abundance measurements for precision cosmology and setting the stage for deeper eROSITA All-Sky Surveys, as well as for future cluster abundance experiments.
Detection of the Fe K lines from the binary AGN in 4C+37.11
Authors: Mondal Santanu , Das Mousumi , Rubinur Khatun , Bansal Karishma , Nath Aniket , Taylor Greg B.
Published: September 2024

We report the discovery of the Fe K line emission at ∼6.62−0.06+0.06 keV with a width of ∼0.19−0.05+0.05 keV using two epochs of Chandra archival data for the nucleus of the galaxy 4C+37.11, which is known to host a binary supermassive black hole (BSMBH) system where the SMBHs are separated by ∼7 mas or ∼7pc. Our study reports the first detection of the Fe K line from a known binary AGN, which has an F-statistic value of 20.98 and a probability of 2.47 × 10−12. Stacking two spectra reveals another Fe K line component at ∼7.87−0.09+0.19 keV. Different model scenarios indicate that the lines originate from the combined effects of accretion disk emission and circumnuclear collisionally ionized medium. The observed low column density favors a gas-poor merger scenario, where the high temperature of the hot ionized medium may be associated with the shocked gas in the binary merger and not with star formation activity. The estimated total BSMBH mass and disk inclination are ∼1.5 × 1010 M⊙ and ≳75°, indicating that the BSMBH is probably a high-inclination system. We were not able to tightly constrain the spin parameter using the present data sets. Our results draw attention to the fact that detecting the Fe K line emissions from BSMBHs is important for estimating the individual SMBH masses and the spins of the binary SMBHs, as well as for exploring their emission regions.
Physical conditions in Centaurus A’s northern filaments
Authors: Salomé Q. , Salomé P. , Godard B. , Guillard P. , Gusdorf A.
Published: September 2024

We present the first observations of HCO+(1–0) and HCN(1–0) emission in the northern filaments of Centaurus A with ALMA. HCO+(1–0) is detected in nine clumps of the Horseshoe complex, with similar velocities as the CO(1–0) emission. Conversely, HCN(1–0) is not detected, and we derive upper limits on the flux. At a resolution of ∼40 pc, the line ratio of the velocity-integrated intensities IHCO+/ICO varies between 0.03 and 0.08, while IHCO+/IHCN is higher than unity, with an average lower limit of 1.51. These ratios are significantly higher than what is observed in nearby star-forming galaxies. Moreover, the ratio IHCO+/ICO decreases with increasing CO-integrated intensity, contrary to what is observed in the star-forming galaxies. This indicates that the HCO+ emission is enhanced and may not arise from dense gas within the Horseshoe complex. This hypothesis is strengthened by the average line ratio IHCN/ICO < 0.03, which suggests that the gas density is rather low. Using non-local thermal equilibrium, large velocity gradient modelling with RADEX, we explored two possible phases of the gas, which we call ‘diffuse’ and ‘dense’ and are characterised by a significant difference in the HCO+ abundance relative to CO, respectively NHCO+/NCO = 10−3 and NHCO+/NCO = 3 × 10−5. The average CO(1–0) and HCO+(1–0) integrated intensities and the upper limit on HCN(1–0) are compatible with both diffuse (nH = 103 cm−3, Tkin = 15 − 165 K) and dense gas (nH = 104 cm−3, Tkin > 65 K). The spectral setup of the present observations also covers SiO(2–1). While undetected, the upper limit on SiO(2–1) is not compatible with the RADEX predictions for the dense gas. We conclude that the nine molecular clouds detected in HCO+(1–0) are likely dominated by diffuse molecular gas. While the exact origin of the HCO+(1–0) emission remains to be investigated, it is likely related to the energy injection within the molecular gas that prevents gravitational collapse and star formation.
GA-NIFS: JWST/NIRSpec IFS view of the z ∼ 3.5 galaxy GS5001 and its close environment at the core of a large-scale overdensity
Authors: Lamperti Isabella , Arribas Santiago , Perna Michele , Rodríguez Del Pino Bruno , Circosta Chiara , Pérez-González Pablo G. , Bunker Andrew J. , Carniani Stefano , Charlot Stéphane , D’Eugenio Francesco , Maiolino Roberto , Übler Hannah , Willott Chris J. , Bertola Elena , Böker Torsten , Cresci Giovanni , Curti Mirko , Jones Gareth C. , Kumari Nimisha , Parlanti Eleonora , Scholtz Jan , Venturi Giacomo
Published: September 2024

We present JWST Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) observations in integral field spectroscopic (IFS) mode of the galaxy GS5001 at redshift z = 3.47, the central member of a candidate protocluster in the GOODS-S field. The data cover a field of view (FoV) of 4″ × 4″ (∼30 × 30 kpc2) and were obtained as part of the Galaxy Assembly with NIRSpec IFS (GA-NIFS) GTO programme. The observations include both high (R ∼ 2700) and low (R ∼ 100) spectral resolution data, spanning the rest-frame wavelength ranges 3700–6780 Å and 1300–11850 Å, respectively. These observations enable the detection and mapping of the main optical emission lines from [O II]λλ3726, 29 to [S III]λ9531. We analysed the spatially resolved ionised gas kinematics and interstellar medium properties, including obscuration, gas metallicity, excitation, ionisation parameter, and electron density. In addition to the main galaxy (GS5001), the NIRSpec FoV covers a close companion in the south, with three sub-structures with velocities blueshifted by ∼ − 150 km s−1 with respect to GS5001, and another source in the north redshifted by ∼200 km s−1. Optical line ratio diagnostics indicate star formation ionisation and electron densities of ∼500 cm−3 across all sources in the FoV. The gas-phase metallicity in the main galaxy is 12+log(O/H) = 8.45 ± 0.04, and slightly lower in the companions (12+log(O/H)  =  8.34 − 8.42), consistent with the mass-metallicity relation at z ∼ 3. We find peculiar line ratios (high log[N II]/Hα = [−0.45, −0.3], low log[O III]/Hβ = [0.06, 0.10]) in the northern part of GS5001. These could be attributed to either higher metallicity, or to shocks resulting from the interaction of the main galaxy with the northern source. We identify a spatially resolved outflow in the main galaxy, traced by a broad symmetric component in Hα and [O III], with an extension of about 3 kpc. We find maximum outflow velocities of ∼400 km s−1, an outflow mass of (1.7 ± 0.4)×108 M⊙, a mass outflow rate of 23 ± 5 M⊙ yr−1, and a mass loading factor of 0.23. These properties are compatible with star formation being the driver of the outflow. Our analysis of these JWST NIRSpec IFS data therefore provides valuable, unprecedented insights into the interplay between star formation, galactic outflows, and interactions in the core of a z ∼ 3.5 candidate protocluster.
A new measurement of the Galactic 12C/13C gradient from sensitive HCO+ absorption observations
Authors: Luo Gan , Colzi Laura , Liu Tie , Bisbas Thomas G. , Li Di , Sun Yichen , Tang Ningyu
Published: September 2024

We present a new constraint on the Galactic 12C/13C gradient with sensitive HCO+ absorption observations against strong continuum sources. The new measurements suffer less from beam dilution, optical depths, and chemical fractionation, allowing us to derive the isotopic ratios precisely. The measured 12C/13C ratio in the solar neighborhood (66±5) is consistent with those obtained from CH+. Two measurements toward the GC are 42.2±1.7 and 37.5±6.5. Though the values are a factor of two to three higher than those derived from dense gas tracers (e.g., H2CO, complex organic molecules) toward Sagittarius (Sgr) B2 regions, our results are consistent with the absorption measurements from c-C3H2 toward Sgr B2 (~40) and those from CH+ toward Sgr A* and Sgr B2(N) (>30). We have calculated a new Galactic 12C/13C gradient of (6.4±1.9)RGC/kpc+(25.9±10.5) and found an increasing trend of the 12C/13C gradient obtained from high-density to low-density gas tracers, suggesting that opacity effects and chemical fractionation may have a strong impact on the isotopic ratios observed in high-density regions.
Stringent upper limits of minor species at the cloud top of Venus: PH3, HCN, and NH3
Authors: Encrenaz T. , Greathouse T. K. , Giles R. , Widemann T. , Bézard B. , Lefèvre F. , Lefèvre M. , Shao W. , Sagawa H. , Marcq E. , Arredondo A.
Published: September 2024

Aims. Following several reports announcing the detection or non-detection of minor species above the clouds of Venus, we have searched for other possible signatures of PH3, HCN, and NH3 in the infrared range.

Methods. Since 2012, we have performed ground-based observations of Venus in the thermal infrared at various wavelengths to monitor the behavior of SO2 and H2O at the cloud top. We have identified spectral intervals where transitions of PH3 (around 955 cm−1), HCN (around 747 cm−1), and NH3 (around 951cm−1) are present.

Results. From the absence of any feature at these frequencies, we derive, on the disk-integrated spectrum, a 3-σ upper limit of 3 ppbv for the PH3 mixing ratio, 0.5 ppbv for HCN, and 0.3 ppbv for NH3, assuming that these species have a constant mixing ratio throughout the atmosphere. Maps of the Venus disk recorded at the center position of the lines show that there is no evidence for local detection anywhere over the Venus disk.

Conclusions. Our results bring new constraints on the maximum abundance of these species at the cloud top and in the lower mesosphere of Venus.
The shape of convection in 2D and 3D global simulations of stellar interiors
Authors: Dethero M.-G. , Pratt J. , Vlaykov D. G. , Baraffe I. , Guillet T. , Goffrey T. , Le Saux A. , Morison A.
Published: September 2024

Context. Theoretical descriptions of convective overshooting in stellar interiors often rely on a basic one-dimensional parameterization of the flow called the filling factor for convection. Several different definitions of the filling factor have been developed for this purpose, based on: (1) the percentage of the volume, (2) the mass flux, and (3) the convective flux that moves through the boundary.

Aims. We examine these definitions of the filling factor with the goal of establishing their ability to explain differences between 2D and 3D global simulations of stellar interiors that include fully compressible hydrodynamics and realistic microphysics for stars.

Methods. We study convection and overshooting in pairs of identical two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) global simulations of stars produced with MUSIC, a fully compressible, time-implicit hydrodynamics code. We examine pairs of simulations for (1) a 3 M⊙ red giant star near the first dredge-up point, (2) a 1 M⊙ pre-main-sequence star with a large convection zone, (3) the current sun, and (4) a 20 M⊙ main-sequence star with a large convective core.

Results. Our calculations of the filling factor based on the volume percentage and the mass flux indicate asymmetrical convection near the surface for each star with an outer convection zone. However, near the convective boundary, convective flows achieve inward-outward symmetry for each star that we study; for 2D and 3D simulations, these filling factors are indistinguishable. A filling factor based on the convective flux is contaminated by boundary-layer-like flows, making a theoretical interpretation difficult. We present two possible new alternatives to these frequently used definitions of a filling factor, which instead compare flows at two different radial points. The first alternative is the penetration parameter of Anders et al. (2022, ApJ, 926, 169). The second alternative is a new statistic that we call the plume interaction parameter. We demonstrate that both of these parameters captures systematic differences between 2D and 3D simulations around the convective boundary.
Industrial Botany in the Modern Era
Authors: Kuprijanov Andrej
Published: September 2024

Scientific and technological progress has enabled humanity to create an unprecedented level of comfort, underpinned by the global exploitation of virtually all planetary resources, including plants. Humanity has paid an exorbitant price for its prosperity – it has destroyed the resilience of natural ecosystems and, consequently, the conditions for the survival of humankind. We live in an era of global ecological crisis; without finding the right way out, we risk losing the ability to inhabit planet Earth. The technocratic development of civilization is killing nature and killing humanity itself. Industrial botany aims to preserve habitats and the biosphere. Key problems facing industrial botany include studying the processes of revegetation on mine dumps and developing nature-like technologies for accelerated plant restoration on mine dumps; studying the dynamics and status of invasive species populations under anthropogenic and technogenic impacts on vegetation; conserving floristic diversity in situ and ex situ in many industrial regions; and developing a system of specially protected areas.
Development of hostas in the forest-steppe zone of the Novosibirsk region
Authors: Sedelnikova Lyudmila
Published: September 2024

This is research of biological features of the growth and development rhythm of 10 Hosta species and 7 varieties in the conditions of forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia. A comparative analysis of shoot formation in the species Hosta albo-marginata, H. crispula, H. fortunei, H. decorata, H. kikutii, H. lancifolia, H. rectifolia, H. sieboldiana, H. undulata, H. ventricosa was carried out. The peculiarities of the formation of underground shoots are noted. Dense-vertical-rhizomatous and loose-horizontal-rhizomatous biomorphs were identified. The description of underground and aboveground shoots is given. The leaf surface area was determined for species and varieties Golden Tiara, France, Night before Christmas, Pacific Blue, Stiletto, White Beauty, Wide Brim in ex situ conditions. t is concluded that the hosts are stable, promising and durable in the urban environment of the Novosibirsk region.
Experience in the development of regulations based on the results of experimental studies for the conservation and restoration of biodiversity
Authors: Manakov Yury
Published: September 2024

One primary cause of biodiversity loss is the absence of standardized guidelines and regulations that provide clear instructions for implementing conservation measures. The development of technological frameworks, solidified in regulatory acts, enables the creation of a methodological foundation for biodiversity conservation and restoration for industrial companies as part of their corporate ESG policies. Between 2013 and 2023, the Kuzbass region gained significant experience in developing regulatory legal acts (RLAs) based on restoration technologies for various ecosystems on mine spoil heaps, as well as conducting environmental assessments and compensatory measures. A crucial part of this work involves publishing methodological recommendations for coal companies and integrating innovative technologies into the content of state standards in the field of “Environmental Protection” and Best Available Technologies (BAT). A total of 6 methodological recommendations were developed, of which 3 technologies were included in the BAT list for biodiversity restoration, and another 3 technologies are undergoing the stage of drafting a state standard. The preparation of new GOST-R standards helps industrial companies perceive biodiversity as an opportunity to demonstrate their environmental responsibility and minimize financial and reputational risks.
The possibility of comparing the flora of Siberian cities
Authors: Andreyev Boris , Mamyrova Saule
Published: September 2024

The article examines the possibility of comparing checklists of flora of cities based on a number of characteristics: the year of the settlement’s foundation, the area and population at the time of collecting materials, the timing of research, the method of collecting materials, the revealed complexity of the ecotopological structure of the city and the number of species. The factor determining the possibility of comparing lists of flora species of cities is the approach to its study, since the method determines the researcher’s attitude to the object. Under the influence of the formed attitude to the object of research, the interpretation of factors significant for plants takes place.
Method of restoration of degraded mining landscapes
Authors: Zhelibo Tatyana V. , Pomazkova Nadezhda V.
Published: September 2024

The authors propose a technology for restoring high-altitude systems in the territory of the Udokan copper deposit development in the Kalarsky district of the Trans-Baikal Territory with the participation of Rhododendron aureum Georgi. The implemented measures allowed to accelerate the process of overgrowth of the disturbed area and preserve the rare species.
Twisted 2D Materials – A New Era in Condensed Matter Physics
Authors: Andrei Eva Y.
Published: September 2024

Atomically thin crystals have changed our understanding of materials. With all their atoms exposed at the surface, it has become possible to tune their properties without altering their chemical composition, by means such as strain, electric-fields, or substrate engineering, resulting in new states of matter [1,2].
Influence of the composition of alkali-activated lime-metakaolin mortars on compressive strength, cost, and CO2 emission
Authors: Gomes Beatriz Wanderley , Barbosa Normando Perazzo , da Nóbrega Aline Figueirêdo , Sales Leane Priscilla Bonfim , Bezerra Diego de Paiva
Published: September 2024

The environmental impact associated with Portland cement production makes it necessary to explore alternatives that minimize the polluting effects of this industrial activity. A promising approach is the development of alkali-activated mortars composed of lime and pozzolan. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the influence of components on the compressive strength of alkali-activated lime-metakaolin mortars. The mortar composition was defined in three ways: the first way followed the guidelines of the Brazilian standard NBR 5751 and used the specific masses of the materials; the second was based on the CaO/SiO2 mass ratio, analyzing the reasons for 0.40 and 0.75 and the third followed the guidelines of NBR 7215 standard and ratio of 0.75. In this last composition, the alkaline activator (NaOH) was incorporated in proportions of 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6%. The results indicated that the lime: metakaolin ratio has a significant impact on strength, with a 34% decrease in compressive strength when the lime-pozzolan ratio was reduced from 3.35 to 1.77. Furthermore, it was observed that the addition of an alkaline activator improved mechanical resistance. Therefore, these mortars proved to be viable for several non-structural applications, highlighting their environmental advantages in comparison with Portland cement mortars.
Development and characterisation of lime-based mortars incorporating coffee-based products for integrated seismic and energy retrofitting
Authors: Penazzato Luca , Illampas Rogiros , Teixeira José C. , Oliveira Daniel V.
Published: September 2024

The current conditions of the built heritage claim urgent solutions to face the inadequacies of many aged constructions. Recent earthquakes and increasingly extreme climate events have undoubtedly shown that it is not possible to postpone effective interventions to properly handle such issues. However, current retrofitting strategies seem unable to address the critical deficiencies of existing buildings, which regard both energy and structural aspects. Indeed, ordinary interventions in the last few years focused on solving episodic deficits or single issues and missed the opportunity for an integrated refurbishment. Within this context, the study and development of new materials with enhanced properties are of primary importance, also looking at sustainable concerns. In this work, innovative lime-based mortars incorporating sustainable aggregates have been developed and experimentally characterised for future applications in integrated retrofitting solutions. More specifically, coffee grounds subjected or not to a thermal treatment have been employed to improve the thermal performance of the mortar matrices. This waste material is considerably abundant around the world and may answer to the increasing need for more sustainable and renewable resources against the employment of virgin raw materials involving higher environmental impact. In this way, the benefits of integrated retrofitting approaches are further combined with natural-based solutions. The aim is to foster similar studies and applications, showing the great potential and opportunities of such eco-friendly systems that are not being adequately exploited.
Effect of Alkaline Environment on the Bond Behavior of TRM Composites Through Single-lap Shear Tests
Authors: Azimi Nima , Oliveira Daniel V. , Schollbach Katrin , Lourenço Paulo B.
Published: September 2024

Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM) are increasingly used for strengthening existing masonry structures, offering a sustainable solution. This system consists of textile fibers embedded in an inorganic matrix, typically cement or lime-based mortars, applied to the substrate’s surface. Although the mechanical properties of these composite systems have been extensively studied, there is still limited understanding of their long-term performance and durability. This study aims to enhance knowledge in this area by examining the bond behavior of TRM composites exposed to an alkaline environment using single-lap shear tests. For this purpose, single-lap shear specimens were constructed using clay brick as the substrate, a lime-based mortar, and two different fabrics—basalt and glass. These specimens were subjected to an alkaline solution to simulate accelerated aging conditions, with constant temperature and pH. The specimens were tested after 1000, 3000, and 5000 hours of exposure to evaluate their bond behavior compared to control specimens of the same age. Additionally, the effect of the alkaline environment on the material properties of the composite constituents was investigated. Elastic modulus tests were conducted on cylindrical mortar samples and compared to reference samples, displaying satisfactory resistance to alkaline conditions. The study identified and compared the strength, stiffness, and failure mode of each specimen to the reference stage, providing valuable design parameters for various field applications.
Life-cycle analysis of cement mortars with ladle furnace steel slag
Authors: Estokova Adriana , Vaclavik Vojtech , Junakova Natalia , Dvorsky Tomas , Papesch Radek
Published: September 2024

The utilization of ladle slag holds potential for innovative advancements in concrete technology, contributing to the progression of environmentally sustainable and durable construction materials. This research explores the environmental impact of mortars incorporating treated ladle furnace steel slag at cement replacement ratios of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The ladle furnace steel slag was integrated into cement mortars of varying cement types. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted using SimaPro software, version 9.3, employing ReCiPe and IPCC 2013 methodologies. The environmental impacts were assessed within the cradle-to-gate system boundaries, considering the grinding process of ladle furnace steel slag. The outcomes were expressed in terms of mid-point indicators. Across all cement types, a discernible reduction in the values of key environmental indicators was observed for the steel slag substitution samples compared to reference samples without cement substitution. Notably, the climate change indicator (GWP – global warming potential) exhibited a reduction of up to 54 g CO2eq per 1 kg of mortar. Grinding the slag to a higher fineness did not result in a significant escalation in the values of the monitored environmental indicators.
Mechanical properties of flax fibers as a green alternative for FRCM systems
Authors: Baroni Tommaso , Ferretti Francesca , Pavesi Marco , Mazzotti Claudio
Published: September 2024

In recent years, thanks to policies oriented toward the rehabilitation of existing heritage and the introduction of more environmentally sustainable choices, an increased attention has been devoted to the study of new structural strengthening solutions. With reference to masonry buildings, which constitute a significant part of the built heritage, Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) systems are widely adopted to achieve more effective structural capacity, making use of inorganic matrices and composite grids, the latter being formed of carbon, basalt, glass, or aramid fibers. However, the necessity to reduce the carbon emissions, also considering the new European perspectives on sustainability, have prompted the scientific and engineering community to explore eco-friendly alternatives. In this context, the use of natural fibers as potential alternatives for enhancing the structural performance of a building or part of it, rises as a promising area of study. The present study proposes an analysis on the use of flax fibers within FRCM systems, aimed at reinforcing masonry structures. The mechanical and durability properties of the material are investigated through tensile tests on flax yarns, as well as tests on a fabric composed by flax bundles supported by a mesh of glass fibers. The results obtained in this study shaw how the natural type of fiber studied is so interested when it is treated with coating in terms of mechanical properties and durability.
Sustainable cement mixtures based on sediments as a filler
Authors: Junakova Natalia , Estokova Adriana , Balintova Magdalena , Sicakova Alena , Junak Jozef
Published: September 2024

For several years, research has been devoted to the issue of abiotic reuse of excavated bottom sediments from waterways, reservoirs, harbors and estuaries in the construction industry. Dredged sediment can be used for various purposes depending on its chemical composition and physical properties. In connection with the aforementioned sand crisis, it can be used as a substitute for filler in the preparation of concrete mixtures. The contribution is aimed at evaluating the strength characteristics of cement composites prepared with 20% replacement of aggregates of the fraction 0-4 mm with sediment from the water reservoirs Kľušov and Ružín (Slovakia). The results showed the potential of using sediments as a partial substitute for aggregates in cement compositions.
Development of lime injection grouts for the stabilisation of detached lime plasters with wall paintings in the unique Romanesque round church in Slovenia
Authors: Padovnik Andreja , Čobal Sedmak Vlasta , Mladenović Ajda , Bokan-Bosiljkov Violeta
Published: September 2024

This paper presents the design of lime grouts to stabilise wall paintings from the 13th and 14th centuries in the Romanesque church of St. Nicholas in Selo, Slovenia. Most of the paintings were executed using the secco technique on a single layer of lime plaster made of slaked lime and quartz sand, which was applied to a clay brick masonry base. The thickness of the detached pockets was generally 2 mm to 1 cm, in a few places up to 5 cm, especially in the vault area. Consolidation of detached plaster layers is an irreversible treatment to restore the adhesion between the detached plaster layers. It was therefore important that the grouts met certain criteria in terms of composition and properties in the fresh and hardened state. We developed three grouts that meet general criteria and two specific key requirements, such as low density and sufficient injectability without pre-wetting to prevent new damage and/or the plaster falling off the wall or ceiling during or after the consolidation treatment. The grouts consist of hydrated lime, fillers, polycarboxylate ether superplasticizer (PCE) and water. During the design process, various quartz fillers were tested in different proportions. The reduced density of the grout was achieved by using expanded glass granules as a partial filler substitute. The appropriate injectability of the grout was achieved through the combination of reduced water content and superplasticizer PCE.