bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L52191 Effectiveness of New Prevention Technologies for Mechanical Damage
Authors: Muradali  , Chen  , Lunt
Published: August 2023

The objective of the project was to review and evaluate new technologies for protecting pipelines from third-party damage. The evaluation focused on the effectiveness, technical feasibility, cost and availability of technologies that show the most potential for reducing hits to pipelines. The three technologies reviewed in detail were Integrated Buried Markers, which consists of electronic markers and marker tapes; Advanced One-Call Systems, which incorporate GIS-based mapping, electronic ticket management, and web-based access to one-call centers; and the Magnetic Gradiometer, which is a locating technology. Advanced One-Call Systems was found to be the most effective with an estimated reduction to pipeline hit frequencies by 36%. This is followed by Integrated Buried Markers, which are estimated to reduce pipeline hits by about 30%. The Magnetic Gradiometer is estimated to reduce pipeline hits by about 12%. With the exception of the Magnetic Gradiometer, which is in its early development stage, all technologies are commercially available. A cost-benefit analysis revealed that benefits for both Advanced One-Call Systems and the Magnetic Gradiometer outweigh the costs. Integrated Buried Markers were shown to be cost effective for new pipeline constructions in populated regions. Otherwise, the economic advantage is affected by the installation costs.
L41041 Pipe Collapse Under External Pressure and Axial Tension (PUPA) Computer Program Manual
Authors: Madhavan R. , Yeh M. K. , Kyriakides S. , Babcock C. D.
Published: August 2023

PUPA is a computer program which predicts the critical loads of a long tube under external pressure and axial tension. The program takes into account the effect of inelastic material behaviour on collapse and could be used for tubes with diameter to thickness ratio as low as 10. The analysis is based on a principle of virtual work type of formulation and the resulting nonlinear equilibrium equations are solved using Newton-Raphson method. The model implemented considers a long tube under generalized plane strain conditions and uniform ovalization. Effect of initial ovality, residual stresses and anisotropic yielding can be included.
L52199 Nopig Metal-Loss Detection System for Non-Piggable-Pipelines
Authors: Krivoi  , Kallmeyer  , Baranyak
Published: August 2023

This project investigated and upgraded the digital filtering used to interpret NoPig displacement data. This upgrade should allow the system to be used on long seam welded pipes. Limited laboratory testing was performed to show the improvement on ERW pipe.

The NoPig method is a non-destructive testing method for unpiggable pipelines which uses above ground measurements for detecting and sizing wall thickness anomalies like corrosion. The method uses an applied current containing several distinct frequencies between two points on a pipeline up to 1 km apart. The resultant magnetic field is measured above ground along the pipe. The measurement data is processed to determine the deviation of an equivalent current line from the center of the pipe, called displacement. Due to the skin effect and the magnetic stray flux, variation of the displacement with frequency indicates a local wall thinning of the pipeline.

ERW-pipes produce an offset in displacements caused by different magnetic and electric properties in the area of the long seam. This offset changes from joint to joint because the clock position of long seams in neighboring joints is different. In order to detect defects this offset must be filtered or removed from the data.

The filtering procedure and software developed in this project significantly enhances the probability of detection in ERW pipelines over previous filtering schemes. Additionally upgrades in the system hardware reduced uncertainty in the definition of displacements. In the limited data set of a few pipe joints possessed at NoPig�s Hildesheim offices, defect detection was improved from 45% to 90% in and ERW pipe with artificial defects. Although these results are very encouraging a larger more controlled test is needed to determine the probability of detection for the NoPig system in long seam welded pipe.
L52198 External Corrosion Direct Assessment Validation
Authors: Clark  , Mooney  , Colwell
Published: August 2023

This report covers the evaluation and analyses of ten ECDA projects conducted by nine natural gas pipeline operators. The objective of this work was validation of the ECDA methods proposed in NACE RP 0502 as an integrity assessment method that could be used in place of or along the pressure testing and in-line inspection. Most of the ECDA projects utilized CIS, DCVG, PCM, and ACVG and other indirect inspection tools to a lesser extent.
L52186 Effective Methods of Removing Existing Coating
Authors: Ruschau
Published: August 2023

The effectiveness of different coating removal techniques during investigative excavations was studied by a combination of laboratory testing and field investigation. During repair and investigative pipeline digs, a disproportional amount of time and effort is often spent removing old existing coating so as not to damage the pipe underneath. The necessity for examining the steel surface under the coating requires careful but thorough coating removal or else the important features on that surface will be lost. The objectives of this work were the following:

Determine the relative effectiveness of existing techniques used to remove coating at bellhole digs
Utilize advanced or novel techniques to realize an improvement in efficiency
Catalog efficient coating removal methods with different mainline coatings.
Verify the best removal methods in a field test
L52206 3D Details of Defect-Induced MFL and Stress in Pipelines
Authors: Clapham
Published: August 2023

The following report represents a continuation of our ongoing efforts to understand and quantify the effect of stress on MFL signals from oil and gas transmission line inspection tools. Earlier GRI funding has enabled us to develop an unprecedented understanding of stress effects on magnetic behaviour in pipeline steels, and this understanding is now further enhanced and applied to specific problems such as MFL signals from interacting defects and also MFL signals produced from mechanical damage. This report summarizes the result of the 2002 studies. These studies focused on 3 main areas: MFL signals from interacting defects � examined how magnetic behaviour is altered when two pits are sufficiently close that their stress and magnetization fields interact. This produces MFL signal effects that differ from those of isolated defects. MFL signal dependence on elastic, plastic and residual strain � this continues our fundamental investigation into stress effects. By combining applied uniaxial strain and stress-relief heat treatments, we have been able to show how magnetic behaviour and MFL signals respond to different types of deformation. Specifically, we have found the elastic deformation has a significant effect, but that plastic deformation does not. This is a fundamental result on which our further modeling and experimental studies are based. MFL signals from mechanical damage � this is the first year we have turned our attention to this specific area, however our earlier results have laid the groundwork for these studies. MFL signals from dents contain geometry and stress components. We have conducted experimental and finite element modeling studies of MFL signals from dented samples, and have shown that the MFL signal from shallow dents arises from the residual stress pattern, while severe dent signals are mainly related to dent geometry. This work forms the main part of a continuing study.
L52242 Realistic Hardness Limits for In-Service Welding
Authors: Bruce  , Boring
Published: August 2023

During the qualification of procedures for welding onto in-service pipelines, for the purpose of installing repair sleeves or hot tap branch connections, heat-affected zone (HAZ) hardness is often used as an indicator of cracking susceptibility.� The objective of this project was to further develop and validate hardness evaluation criteria that can be used to quantify the trade-offs that can be made between HAZ hardness, hydrogen level, and chemical composition for welds made onto in-service pipelines.

The initial work involved evaluating a previously-developed HAZ hardness evaluation criterion for a wider range of conditions using existing data.� Several variations of this criterion were developed for a range of pipe material chemical compositions and for a range of thicknesses.� The remainder of the work involved conducting additional experiments to further validate these criteria.
L51691 Fracture Control Technology for Natural Gas Pipelines
Authors: Thompson  , Lawson
Published: August 2023

Operational integrity of gas-transmission pipelines is a goal of all operators. Pipeline integrity is achieved by planning, controlling, and monitoring a number of elements, all of which contribute to the total pipeline system integrity. Elements that affect overall pipeline integrity are pipeline design, pipe specification, pipe transportation and handling, pipeline construction and inspection, preservice testing, and operation and maintenance practices. Fracture control is part of a number of these elements. This research report and software satisfies the industry need for a comprehensive description of the methods of preventing and controlling fracture initiation and propagation.

An ideal goal of any fracture control plan would be to specify pipe characteristics that would only result in leaks in a pipeline regardless of the flaw size and type. This is not possible because even infinitely tough pipe can rupture if a large enough flaw is introduced. Thus, fracture control plans must balance both initiation resistance and propagation resistance. This comprehensive research report and software provides guidance and references for creation of a fracture control and/or total pipeline integrity plan.
L51567A Filler Wire Carbon and Residual Element Content on Mechanized Gas-Metal-Arc-Welds
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

This Annual Summary Report covers the first year's work from March 19, 1986 to April 17, 1987 related to evaluating the use of solid-wire, gas-metal-arc-welding (GMAW) process on control-rolled pipe steels.
PR-15-923-R01 Planning Strategy on In-Line Inspection Tool to Detect and Size Longitudinal Cracks
Authors: Crouch Alfred E.
Published: August 2023

Pipeline operators, through several industry surveys, have expressed a need for in-line inspection services to detect and size stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). The reality of the SCC situation has become apparent in published literature and has been acknowledged by the NDT Supervisory Committee of the Pipeline Research Committee (PRC) in a position paper that calls for support of a cooperative program to develop SCC ILl by 1995. The project reported in this document was designed to help structure that program. The project objectives were to identify and recommend needed nondestructive evaluation (NUE) research and to conceive a cooperative financing plan by which the costs of development could be shared by all industry components.
PR-15-NQ15-R03 Mathematical Analysis of the Response of the Secondary System of the Orifice Meter
Authors: Sparks Cecil
Published: August 2023

An analysis of how secondary elements of orifice flow measurement (gage lines, valves, and recording devices) are affected by the presence of pulsating flow.
PR-91-73-R01 Measurement of Storm-Driven Bottom Particle Velocities
Authors: Blumberg Randolph
Published: August 2023

In addition, the obtaining of surface and near-surface oceanographic and meteorological data provides the opportunity to develop mathematical relationships between surface and bottom conditions for a major storm or hurricane. From these relationships, ocean bottom characteristics that could be expected when a design wind speed or wave height occurs may be recognized. This effort (1) developed an instrument to take oceanographic and meteorological data, (2) gathered data, and (3) began analysis on correlations between the surface and bottom conditions.
PR-3-9408-R01 Strain Gage Instrumentation of the GRI Pipeline Simulation Facility Flow Loop
Authors: Kllinski T. , Stephens D. , Davis R.
Published: August 2023

The objective of this program was to install strain gage instrumentation on the PSF flow loop for use in future research and development programs. The strain gages were placed at critical locations on the flow loop to provide the opportunity for future measurement of pipeline strains during passage of in-line inspection tools, pipeline movement operations, pipe settlement, and general operations. As a demonstration of the data collection system, strain data were collected during passage of an in-line inspection tool.
NR198506 Evaluation of an X70 Low-Carbon Bainitic-Steel Pipe
Authors: Williams D. , Maxey W.
Published: August 2023

A 24-inch-diameter x 0.75-inch-wall X70 low-carbon bainitic-steel pipe was evaluated to obtain an independent measurement of pipe properties and to examine metallurgical characteristics that may affect behavior in gas-transmission service. The steel from which the pipe was produced was processed using advanced steelmaking methods to insure cleanliness but apparently was not treated for sulfide shape control since no sour gas exposure in service was anticipated. Primary microalloying additions in this high manganese steel, other than columbium, were titanium and boron. Titanium was added to form a TiN dispersion during continuous casting to aid in the control of austenite grain size during slab rolling. Boron was added to suppress the transformation of austenite to ferrite or pearlite during and following controlled rolling, so as to promote formation of bainite. Heavy controlled rolling at temperatures below the austenite recrystallization temperature, and finish rolling at temperatures perhaps as low as 1290 F were used to develop a very fine grain size in the bainite.
PR-015-427-R01 An Assessment of Stress Corrosion Cracking Research for Line Pipe Steels
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

A critical review of the extensive series of reports and publications derived from PRC-sponsored research on stress corrosion cracking over the last twenty years was conducted by a team knowledgeable in corrosion, metallurgy, materials testing, nondestructive evaluation, and pipeline operations. A detailed assessment is made of each technical area covered leading to specific recommendations for future work which it is believed will be of significant benefit to the industry.
PR-610-163756-R01 Hardness Strength and Ductility (HSD) Testing of Line Pipes Initial Validation
Authors: Bellemare Simon
Published: August 2023

In-ditch nondestructive material verification for yield strength and toughness has been a growing interest to the pipeline industry in the continuous efforts to further raise pipeline safety and efficiency. It can complement or substitute alternate techniques such as material extraction or hydrostatic pressure tests. This work is the first use of the Hardness, Strength, and Ductility (HSD) Tester by PRCI to measure the equivalent of the API 5L yield strength from only testing the out-side diameter surface of pipe joints without significant material removal. The procedure explicitly account for through thickness variations.

This report has a related webinar.
PR-460-134506-R02 Assessing Crack-Like Flaws in Longitudinal Seam Welds - A State of the Art Review
Authors: Anderson Ted
Published: August 2023

This research effort was aimed at developing a modern fracture model for pipelines with longitudinal seam weld cracks. An earlier report contains the theoretical framework of the new MAT-8 model, along with the results of an extensive finite element study. The current report presents a state-of-the-art review of fatigue and fracture technology, as it applies to seam-welded pipe. This review places the MAT-8 fracture model in context with pre-existing technology. The benefit of this research is the creation of a significantly more accurate model to predict burst pressure of pipes with longitudinal seam weld flaws. Increased accuracy in predictions will improve the integrity of seam welded pipe. This state-of-the-art review will help to educate pipeline integrity engineers in the field of fracture mechanics.
NR196803 An Investigation of the Methods of Determining the Transverse Yield Strength of Line Pipe
Authors: Kiefner John , Duffy A. , McClure G.
Published: August 2023

Because one mechanical property of line pipe stipulated in pipe specifications is yield strength, and because the operating pressures of natural gas pipelines are determined on the basis of transverse yield strength, it is necessary to measure the yield strength of a representative sample of the pipe material during manufacture. At present the transverse yield strength of each heat of pipe material is measured on randomly selected samples by means of one or two types of standard tests conducted in the pipe mill. Past experience and research have shown that while these standard mill tests are quite reliable and sufficient for the selection of safe operating stress levels, they do not necessarily bear a consistent relationship with one another, or with the yielding behavior of full-scale pipe. This work investigates the present methods of determining yield strength to establish the degree to which laboratory type yield tests represent the yielding behaviors of sections of full-scale pipe.
PR-151-167-R01 Measurement Techniques Development for Offshore Pipelines
Authors: Dabkowski John
Published: August 2023

The objectives of the program were: (1) To field validate the design procedures and methodology developed on Project 151-123 for the design of cathodic protection systems for offshore pipelines using galvanic anode bracelets; (2) To investigate new concepts relative to the AC excitation of an offshore pipeline which could lead to new cathodic protection measurement methods.
PR-377-103607-R01 Expert Review of Past PRCI Corrosion Reports, Gap Analysis, and Road Mapping
Authors: King Fraser
Published: August 2023

A review has been performed of past studies on external corrosion sponsored by the PRCI Corrosion Technical Committee (TC) with the aims of (a) providing a resource to current and future TC members, (b) identifying gaps in current understanding, and (c) to assist in future road-mapping exercises. In support of these aims, the current report is structured in a similar manner to current and past Corrosion TC road maps, namely in terms of the assessment, mitigation, and prevention of external corrosion. The review is limited to reports associated with external corrosion, and does not include discussion of either internal corrosion or stress corrosion cracking. With the exception of a small number of seminal reports, studies published prior to 1990 have also been excluded from the review. In addition to studies specifically sponsored by the Corrosion TC, reports issued by other PRCI TC's and by PHMSA that are related to the above topic areas have also been reviewed.
PO-581-16700-R01 Methane Leak Detection and Quantification Systems for Underground Storage Facilities
Authors: Rongere Francois , Bong Gerry
Published: August 2023

This report presents results of a field test, at an underground gas storage facility, of a new stationary leak detection system and reviews other technologies that are currently available or being developed.
PR-198-9317-R01 Rapid Discrimination of SCC by EMATS
Authors: Pope C. W. , Card K. J. , Barton A. S.
Published: August 2023

Describes a system to detect stress corrosion cracking (SCC) exceeding 20% wall thickness and colony length exceeding 40mm (1.5") in natural gas pipelines. The system includes artificial intelligence features to discriminate SCC from other pipeline characteristics.
PR-185-9331-R01 Stress Relief of Piping Welds in Compressor Stations - 1994
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) of welded joints is carried out for the following three

reasons:

(1) Improve the fracture toughness of the welded joint

(2) Reduce welding residual stresses

(3) Reduce heat-affected zone (HAZ) hardness.

The objective of this work is to assess the need for PWHT at typical compressor stations.
PR-185-9331-R02 Stress Relief of Piping Welds in Compressor Stations - 1995
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Stress relief of compressor station piping welds is specified under widely differing circumstances by different pipeline companies. This project examines the utility of requirements for stress relief by post-weld heat treatment (PWH1], particularly for prevention of fatigue fracture.
PR-218-064505-R01 Evaluation of the Need for Loading Specifications for Highway Transport of Line Pipe
Authors: Francini R. B. , Kolovich C. E. , Jonell M. E. , Zelenak P. A. , Rosenfeld M. J.
Published: August 2023

The objectives of this study were to establish whether a loading specification for highway transport of line pipe is actually necessary, and if so, to develop appropriate recommendations.
PR-427-12701-R01 Review of Mechanisms That Lead to Well Cement Deterioration
Authors: Bommer Paul
Published: August 2023

This research report examines the reasons cement used in wells can deteriorate and fail. If the cement fails a leak pathway can form through which fluids can flow outside the well casing from one zone in the well to another and potentially reach the surface. The wells in question in this study are product storage wells, most notably used for natural gas storage, although the discussion can in general apply to any well. A review of general storage well use and construction are the lead in to the work.
PR-306-17600-R01 Gas Quality Benchmark Survey
Authors: LOUVAT Am�lie
Published: August 2023

Nine operators participated to the gas Quality Benchmark. Fourteen compounds (or compound categories) were listed. The majority of gas operators are satisfied with the way analyses are currently carried out. . A significant need was however highlighted by most operators: a single analyzer (strong measuring performance: measuring dynamic and accuracy) capable of measuring several compounds online simultaneously, with a lower overall cost (CAPEX/OPEX) than current costs. This document outlines the survey that was performed and the corresponding information supplied.
PR-472-144505-R04 Guidance on Subsea Launchers and Receivers
Authors: Timmermans Jeroen , White Richard , Papatrecha Efilina
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this document is to provide information on the components and procedures that must be considered when conducting a pigging operation on a subsea pipeline system. All of the considerations discussed in this document should be addressed in order to successfully implement a subsea pipeline pigging project. Phases of a pigging project (pre-commissioning, cleaning, in-line inspection and maintenance), planning and project execution are addressed. This document compliments the other reports produced as part of PRCI project SPDA-1-4, which focus on subsea pig launching and receiving.
PR-316-17200-R01 Effects of Liquid Contamination on Dry Gas Seal Performance
Authors: Day Meera
Published: August 2023

This project consisted of a literature review and industry survey. Numerous literature sources were reviewed. Many were found independently, but several were recommended by the project team. The surveys consisted of meetings with individual companies participating in the project. The companies contributed data, reports, and recollections of their experiences with dry gas seals operating with liquid contamination.

This report presents a general overview of dry gas seals, as well as a brief summary of the results from the previous dry gas seal study that motivated this project. Next, this paper presents the results from the literature review and industry survey. Liquid contamination failure modes are identified, and success characteristics are discussed.
PR-015-17605-R01 Operation of SICK FS500 Ultrasonic Meters in Closed Coupled Installations
Authors: Grimley Terry
Published: August 2023

SICK Flowsic500 ultrasonic flow meters were tested over a range of pressures and flow rates in piping configurations that are similar to those commonly used for rotary meters.
PR-164-114512-R03 CRA Weld Overlay Pipes for Subsea Application
Authors: Nageswaran Channa
Published: August 2023

Develops guidelines for qualification of CRA weld overlay clad pipes for subsea applications. Phase 1 of this project was completed during 2011-2013 and the results of these investigations were published in PR-164-114512-R01. Phase 2, in which deposition methods were optimised, inspection methods were refined and full scale testing was performed to establish the fatigue performance were reported in PR-164-114512-R02.

This is the Phase 3 effort which was solely focused on establishing the performance of an ultrasonic inspection tool to detect and size critical flaws which may be introduced into the cladding during the fabrication stage.
PR-306-16602-R02 Effects Calibration Blends on Chromatograph Accuracy - Unblinded
Authors: LOUVAT Am�lie , VATIN Alice , Fabre Jean-Luc
Published: August 2023

This report describes the tests results carried out on five natural gas gross calorific value analyzers depending on the calibration model. Three analyzers were conventional gas chromatographs. Two analyzers were new generation gas chromatographs. Twenty-three gas blend were used for this study including three calibration gas blend. Therefore, the report enables the most suitable linear calibration model to be chosen, in order to minimize gross calorific value measurement errors with respect to methods.

This is an un-blinded report intended for members only.

Please click here to view related webinar.
PR-309-17203-R01 Starting Damage on Legacy Pipeline Engines
Authors: Beshouri Greg , Goffin Bob
Published: August 2023

The application of modern automation and combustion control technologies has greatly increased the reliability of engine operation when operating under load. Detonation and preignition along with unanticipated shutdowns have been reduced if not eliminated on modernized legacy engines. However starting and unloaded operation can result insubstantial detonation and preignition resulting in pressure and temperatures which significantly exceed loaded operation. In addition, these combustion aberrations can trip an engine off line before it achieves stable loaded operation. This will result in a failed start and may trigger the dispatch of a technician to investigate and resolve the problem.

This paper looks at methods to detect and quantify damage during startup in two cycle gas engines.

It finds that detection of various damaging cycles is achievable using pressure waveform characteristics. It also demonstrates that aberrant cycles are much more common in the startup phase than shutdown/idle and that generally damage tends to be concentrated in a few "problem" pistons rather than spread evenly across the engine.

This report has a related webinar.
PR-015-163766-R01 Field Testing of Distributed Acoustic Sensing Systems
Authors: Siebenaler Shane
Published: August 2023

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology utilizes a fiber-optic cable as a distributed vibration sensor that can be installed in a right-of-way to monitor for pipeline leaks and to identify third-party interference (TPI), such as mechanized excavation, hand digging, etc. Various laboratory tests have been performed to demonstrate that DAS has the potential to be a flexible solution for pipeline operators. A key gap that needs to be assessed is the ability of the technology to serve its intended leak detection and TPI functions while not generating alarms at any other times. The most comprehensive means of performing such an evaluation is through an actual field demonstration of DAS technology on an operational pipeline.

This report documents a ten-week-long test of four commercially available DAS technologies on an operational pipeline. The pipeline segment is 25-kilometers in length, and the systems were configured to autonomously alarm to leaks and mechanical digging. This research demonstrates the real-world performance of such systems and provides qualitative information in regards to the operational requirements for sustained deployment of DAS technology.

This document has a related webinar. (member login required)
PR-593-16703-R01 Lab and Analytical Model - Flow Induced Vibration of Brine Strings
Authors: Paidoussis Michael
Published: August 2023

This is the report on the 3rd phase of "Brine String Stability Studies" at McGill University for the period of April 2017 to November 2017. Some recent modifications on experimental setup, results of both theoretical and experimental investigations for a discharging tube with an aspirating annulus (configuration (iii)) and experimental achievements for an aspirating tube with a discharging annulus (configuration (iv)) are given. In addition to the results for the brine string problem with internal and external axial flow, a new idea for developing nonlinear dynamics of cantilevered plates in reverse axial flows is also presented.
PR-457-17201-R01 Residual Gas Fraction Estimation Based on Measured In-Cylinder Pressure
Authors: Bajwa Abdullah , Jacobs Timothy
Published: August 2023

Developing a reliable means of predicting and controlling engine operation at various operating conditions may be a reasonable pathway for meeting increasingly stringent engine emission regulations. In order to do so, estimates of the mixture composition at the end of the gas exchange process (i.e. at exhaust port closure, or EPC) are helpful for having accurate models of engine combustion. A substantial fraction of the trapped charge mixture is composed of residual gases from previous cycles. This fraction, the trapped residual fraction, changes combustion characteristics of the trapped mixture. Residual gases dilute the fresh charge, thus decreasing the flame speed and temperature. Moreover, because of their spatial inhomogeneity, especially around the spark plug, these gases seem to have implications for engine stability. All these factors likely affect engine performance and emissions.

Unfortunately, it is not practical to directly measure the trapped residual fraction for engines operating in the field. To overcome this, computational models can be developed for control applications which estimate this fraction based on some measurable engine parameters e.g. manifold pressures, temperatures, etc. Currently, such models aren't readily available for stationary two-stroke natural-gas engines. This report summarizes the results of phase I of a multi-phase project. In this phase a GT-Power based model was developed for an Ajax E-565 single-cylinder engine to study various factors that influence the removal, or lack thereof, of residual gases from the engine cylinder. The model was used to successfully simulate various engine operating conditions and study the scavenging characteristics of the engine. Various steps followed in the development of the model have been discussed in the report, and at the end some preliminary results and recommendations for the next phase of the project have been presented.
PR-306-163607-R01 Near Neutral pH Stress Corrosion Cracking, Influence of Environmental Parameters
Authors: Fleury Elisabeth
Published: August 2023

Draft final report outlining the main soil parameters that favor NN-pH-SCC, probes to measure them, and practical guidelines to implement them in the field, as well as a scoring procedure to identify the soil conditons showing highest NN-pH-SCC risk
PR-457-14201-R04 Variable NG Composition Effects on LB 2SC Integral Engines
Authors: Fieseler Kelsey , Jacobs Timothy
Published: August 2023

The overall goal of this project is to improve upon existing engine control strategies of large bore, fuel-lean natural gas engines in order to increase efficiency and maintain emissions compliance during variable fuel composition events. This will be done by simulating the effects of variable fuels in a natural gas engine, and if necessary, develop engine control methods. Phase III builds upon the work of previous phases by implementing detailed cylinder-level geometry, increasing the number of alkane species in the laminar flame speed and ignition delay solutions, and incorporating a prechamber model into the full-scale engine simulation of a Cooper-Bessemer GMWH-10C.

The piston motion and port profiles were calculated from known engine geometry as a way to simulate cylinder compression and expansion as well as cylinder scavenging. The species considered were increased from binary mixtures of methane and ethane to quinary mixtures of methane, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane in order to capture the effects of heavier hydrocarbons. The laminar flame speed and ignition delay equations were developed using the same method utilized in the previous phase, but the laminar flame speed was implemented differently.

Two predictive combustion simulations were developed in GT-Power. The first simplifies the combustion chambers into just one open chamber. The second includes the actual cylinder volumes: two small prechambers attached to the main chambers. Both of these models were tuned and validated against experimental data.
PR-306-083509-R01 Realistic Mechanical Defects for Evaluation of Inspection Tools and Repair Techniques
Authors: Batisse Remi , Zarea Mures
Published: August 2023

This report provides basic information about modern pipe samples containing dent and gouge defects for performance evaluation of inspection technologies and qualification of repair techniques. Ten mechanical damage dent and gouge defects were created in a realistic manner in modern pipes. Three types of defects were created: shallow gouge in shallow dent, severe gouge in shallow dent and shallow gouge in severe dent. Each defect of a given type is repeated twice, one for performance evaluation of inspection technologies, one for qualification of repair techniques. These defects are similar to those created in project PRCI MD-4-1 for destructive metallurgical characterization and for burst and fatigue tests.

This version of the report does not contain results of any measurements performed on the defects, in order to facilitate blind testing of inspection technologies using the samples produced in this project.
PR-271-143716-R02 Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) Decision Support for Pipeline Third Party Interference
Authors: Hardy Chris , Gandi Muthu , Burry Adam , Power Desmond
Published: August 2023

Satellite monitoring offers unique advantages to the industry in meeting the objectives of managing third-party encroachment to mitigate the potential of mechanical damage. Satellite monitoring of third-party encroachment involves a persistent acquisition of satellite imagery over a pipeline right-of-way (ROW), combined with computerized change detection to identify potentially hazardous activities. Monitoring using satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) provides an all-weather day or night monitoring of a specific geographic location. This monitoring service can be enhanced with third-party information to increase the confidence in targets detected within satellite imagery. This information can also be used to reduce false positives. A simplistic example of this would be to use road location information overlaid with target information. A target found on a road, such as a tractor-trailer rolling down a highway, represents a small risk to a pipeline and subsequently can be given a lower risk or even be removed as a threat altogether. On the other hand, a large vehicle in a field near a pipeline and not on a road may represent a higher risk to a pipeline. The higher confidence data in-turn allows pipeline integrity operations staff to focus on the higher probability targets, saving time and resources, while maintaining safety standards. This concept has been implemented in the form of a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) Decision Support System (DSS) that integrates with CalPoly's Representational State Transfer Access for Pipeline Integrity Database (RAPID). RAPID houses multiple data sources such as roads, utilities, agriculture, and construction information to increase target confidence. Both the BBN-DSS and RAPID were developed under the same DOT Cooperative Agreement (OASRTRS-14-H-CAL).
GRI-04-0158 Precombustion Chamber Fuel Metering with an Electronic Fuel Valve
Authors: Olsen Daniel , Adair Jessica , Willson Bryan
Published: August 2023

Precombustion chamber (PCC) ignition is a common method for extending the lean limit and reducing combustion variability in large bore natural gas engines. An important component that fails the most and requires regular replacement, besides the spark plug, is the checkvalve. In this program the use of an electronic valve for monitoring fuel to the PCC instead of the checkvalve is investigated. Other methods of improving PCC performance are also studied, such as nitrogen enrichment and PCC nozzle design. Additionally, emissions formation in the PCC is evaluated through the use of a separate pressure transducer in the PCC and a fast sample valve that extracts gas from the PCC.

The electronic PCC valve was installed and used to meter fuel to the PCC in a Cooper-Bessemer GMV-4TF large bore natural gas engine. Electronic PCC valve parameters, injection duration, timing, and pressure, were optimized.
PR-000-18COMP-R04 Geohazards Compendium
Authors: Greaney Carrie
Published: August 2023

The PRCI Technical Committees have carried many research projects related to the subject of Geohazards. This report; therefore, presents a summary of past PRCI-funded studies in the area of Geohazards. Since studies sponsored by other industry groups (e.g., INGAA, EPRG, APIA, CEPA, etc.) or by individual pipeline companies are not included, this report does not represent a review of the topic in the broader industry-wide sense. Instead, it is designed to provide a guide to past work so that current TC members can identify and locate project reports that might be of use in addressing their current day-to-day Geohazard issues.
PR-350-174500-R02 Characterization of Pipeline Wall Loss for Strain Capacity
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

The principal objective of this project is to develop tools that allow for the evaluation of the effects of wall loss (corrosion) anomalies on pipelines experiencing high longitudinal strains. The first phase of this project started in 2016 and involved full-scale experimental tests. The second phase (current phase), funded in 2017, aimed to develop assessment tools for pipelines that contain corrosion anomalies and experience high longitudinal strains. The tools, developed through systematic studies using finite element analyses and experimental tests, provide three types of output: (1) The tensile strain capacity for pipe segments with corrosion anomalies, (2) The pressure limit for a given target tensile strain capacity, and (3) Size limits of corrosion anomalies for a given target tensile strain capacity
PR201-174510-R01 Removal and Repair of Hot Taps
Authors: Vyvial Brent
Published: August 2023

This project evaluated the performance of various configurations of welded repairs for use in reinforcing improper hot taps. A combination of finite element analysis and full-scale testing was used to evaluate the different repairs. The repairs were compared based primarily on fatigue performance. Samples were created using field weld procedures, and full scale testing of these samples was conducted in which stresses were measured at a number of locations using strain gages. Cyclic pressure testing of the samples at a stress range intended to represent 20 years of "moderate cycling" was used to demonstrate the fatigue performance of the repairs.
PR-471-16206-R01 Suction Piping Effect on Pump Performance Testing
Authors: Robinett Fred
Published: August 2023

Pump suction piping testing was performed to measure the influence on pump performance and mechanical operation, and also provide a benchmark for comparing, verifying and improving CFD modeling techniques. Testing was performed in Sulzer's pump test laboratory, in Winterthur Switzerland, using a single stage double suction model pump a with similar specific speed and design as used in many crude oil pipeline installations. Testing included a baseline test with a straight pipe with a flow straightener at the pump suction and two arrangements with pipe elbows directly at the pump suction. All tests were performed with mineral oil at viscosities ranging from 90 to 500 cSt. Pump performance as well as several static and dynamic measurements were taken, including static pressure measurements along the suction pipe, dynamic pressure measurements at the pump suction and discharge, pump axial thrust and displacements and pump torque. The tests with elbows at the pump suction are compared to the baseline test results.

This work will benefit the liquids pipeline station designers and operators and also CFD analysts by providing actual tested comparisons and benchmark measurements.
PR-363-18604-Z01 Mass-Based Proving Methods for Mass Flow Meters
Authors: Mills Chris
Published: August 2023

Due to the increased utilization of mass-based flowmeters for flow measurement of hydrocarbons, there is a requirement for a direct method for proving/calibrating a mass flowmeter directly using a measured mass. The project objective was to identify, review and rank suitable methods for proving/calibrating a mass-based flowmeter directly using a measured mass. The preferred method has been recommended and potential changes to industry standards have been highlighted.

This report has a related webinar.
PR-352-16603-Z01 Standardized Meter Calibration Data Protocol and Storage
Authors: Rans Richard
Published: August 2023

Protocols have been developed to ensure complete and consistent collection of PRCI USM calibration data, logs files and documentation of test piping layout. The protocols also describe how to organize the data for inclusion in the PRCI USM test results database. The database processes the test results into standardized test reports and organizes the data for additional what if analysis of individual and combined test result sets.

The zip file includes Excel spreadsheet templates for capturing the data for import into the database. There is also a related webinar.
PR-350-164501-WEB Guidance for Assessing Buried Pipelines after a Ground Movement Event
Authors: Wang Yong-Yi
Published: August 2023

Date: June 13, 2019

Presenter: Yong-Yi Wang, Center for Reliable Energy Systems

Project Team Leader: Michael Cook, ExxonMobil

Program Manager: Thomas Marlow, PRCI

Dr. Yong-Yi Wang, founder and president of Center for Reliable Energy Systems (CRES) presents his research results related to a PRCI project for assessing buried pipelines after a ground movement event.

The research conducted by Dr. Wang set out to improve pipeline design to better accommodate significant localized ground movement such as that caused by landslides, earthquakes, or subsidence/settlement. When such a ground movement event occurs along the right-of-way (ROW) of a buried pipeline, it is imperative that the pipeline operator determine whether the ground movement is a threat to pipeline integrity in order to protect those responding to the event, those living near the affected ROW, and the environment.

This webinar will discuss the research findings and provide guidance to pipeline operators responding to a ground movement event.

Expected Benefits/Learning Outcomes from attending this webinar:

- Understanding factors that must be considered in response to a confirmed ground movement event,

- Being able to make critical decisions immediately after an event, such as continued service at full pressure, pressure reduction, or shutdown, and

- Ability to make use of the structured response plans with systematic considerations of an operator's objectives, tolerance to risks, site-specific soil and pipeline conditions, and availability of information with known time constraints.

Who Should Attend?

- Pipeline design engineers

- Pipeline integrity engineers, managers, specialists

- Operations personnel

Recommended pre-reading:

PR-350-164501-R01 Guidance for Assessing Buried Pipelines After a Ground Movement Event

Access to the Webinar is provided after registering via the related link.
PR-405-173610-WEB Development of New Criteria for DC Stray Current Interference
Authors: Baete Christophe
Published: August 2023

Wednesday, September 4, 2019

PRESENTER: Christophe Baete, Elsyca

HOST: Sylvain Fontaine, GTRgaz

MODERATOR: Laurie Perry, PRCI

CLICK BUY/DOWNLOAD TO ACCESS THE WEBINAR REGISTRATION LINK

Join the PRCI Corrosion Technical Committee as they present research activities related to the development of a dynamic direct current (DC) stray current corrosion criteria by applying an advanced DC corrosion prediction model.

Benefits of attending:

- Learn the definition of a practical criterion to assess dynamic DC stray current influences

- An understanding of evaluating and mitigating the dynamic DC stray currents affecting buried pipelines

- How to optimize cathodic protection and other counter measures of the pipeline

Who should attend?

Pipeline corrosion and integrity personnel, engineers and management.

Recommended pre-reading:

PR-405-173610-R01 Development of New Criteria for DC Stray Current Interference
PR-214-174517-WEB Sleeve End Fillet Weld Stress Intensity Factor Solutions
Authors: Semiga Vlad
Published: August 2023

Presented Thursday, September 5, 2019

PRESENTER: Vlad Semiga

HOST: Rober Lazor, TC Energy

MODERATOR: Thomas Marlow, PRCI

Expected Benefits/Learning Outcomes:

- Attendees will be given an overview of the sleeve end fillet weld stress intensity factors (SIFs) software, which provides a simplified means of estimating the SIFs for a single scenario or for an unlimited number of scenarios defined using a standard batch file format;

- the presentation will also include the results of a sensitivity study illustrating the general trends in terms of the SIFs versus the range of inputs used to define an assessment scenario;

- and the use of the SIFs in a standard integrity assessment (engineering critical assessment of fitness-for-service assessment) will also be demonstrated.

Target Audience:

- Pipeline design engineers

- Welding specialists and engineers

- Integrity management personnel

Recommended pre-reading:
Project final report: PR-214-174517-Z01 Development of Sleeve End Fillet Weld Stress Intensity Factor Calculator