bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culture, Context, and Consensus
Authors: Ellis Richard J
Published: October 2023

Political conflict in the United States has been and continues to be animated by fundamentally different visions of the good life. Beneath the debate over this or that policy lies a conflict between rival political cultures. At stake in most policy disputes is not merely the best means to an agreed upon end but competing conceptions of the ends worth pursuing. These cultural differences may be obscured by appeals to shared words, or by attempts to sidestep disagreement on ends by seeking agreement on means. That all sides appeal to terms such as equality or democracy or liberty should not conceal from us the fundamentally different meanings these terms have in different political cultures.1 That politicians sublimate or paper over value disagreements should not hide that it is precisely such disagreements over ultimate ends that make the politician’s skills necessary.
Possible Modifications
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

Some prominent theorists argue that the first amendment should protect only “political speech” or speech that is a part of democratic self-government. Possibly because of the association of this political speech theory with a conservative political movement that became influential in the late 1970s and the 1980s as well as because of its consistency with currently popular process-oriented interpretations of the constitution, the theory has gained some currency in the courts and the academic community.
The Liberty Theory
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

My thesis is that the first amendment protects a broad realm of nonviolent, non coercive, expressive activity. The method for determining the scope of protection proceeds, first, by considering the purposes or values served by protected speech. Violent and coercive activities, however, also can serve these same values. Thus, I conclude that constitutional protection of speech is justified not merely because of the values served by speech but because freedom of speech serves these values in a particular, humanly acceptable manner, that is, non violently and noncoercively. Describing these methods is the second step of the analysis. Then, I argue in Chapter 4 that when nonverbal expressive conduct advances the same values in a relevantly similar manner, the nonverbal conduct should also be viewed as speech and should receive protection.
Protection of Action
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

Literalism loses force when virtually all commentators concede that the first amendment does not protect all speech. Ifliteralism is rejected and some speech is not protected, then an obvious possibility is that some nonverbal activity should be protected. If some speech is not like speech, some nonspeech may be like it-that is, it may be relevantly similar to speech from the perspective of the reasons for protecting speech and for distinguishing protected from unprotected speech. Thus, unsurprisingly, both courts and scholars recognize that some nonverbal behavior, like flying a red flag, should be protected. Still, no agreement exists on criteria for identifying protected nonverbal behavior.
Press Rights
Authors: Baker C Edwin
Published: October 2023

Chapter 9 argued that competitive markets dictate the speech of commercial enterprises. For this reason, and more generally because the government should be permitted to regulate people’s use of property to control other people’s choices, Chapter 9 concluded that the speech of commercial enterprises is not a manifestation of individual liberty and should be subject to regulation. But these arguments may prove too much. Authors and journalists write, at least in part, for profit. Newspapers, magazines, publishing houses, the broadcasting industry, and the movie industry normally operate as profit-making businesses. These important sources of news, information, and first amendment protected entertainment are largely composed of profit-oriented enterprises. Yet any theoretical analysis that would deny first amendment protection to the press surely must be rejected. Certainly one fixed point in our constitutional thinking is that the first amendment protects the commercial press.’ Thus, the problem of this chapter is set: Given the last chapter’s critique of commercial speech, what justifies protection for and what is the nature of constitutional protection of the commercial press? This chapter develops an instrumentalist argument for an interpretation of the press clause that is independent of the speech clause, an argument that recognizes special rights for the press and for occupants of press roles.
Peep Show, Private Sector
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: October 2023

A discursive mix of journalism, advertising, and fiction have promoted television as a modern hearth, but the scenes above imply radically different meanings. Each individual watching television in these scenes is alone. The hearth, so visual, so concrete and inclusive, seems like television’s compleat cultural emblem-until we encounter the lone viewer trying to lessen his or her isolation by turning on television. Not one of the three fictional characters watching television in their bedroom in these scenes is gathered at the electronic hearth for an affirmation of sociofamilial domesticity or patriotism. Even in the 198os-1990s, when it seems perfectly ordinary for individuals have televisions in their bedrooms, each of these characters is emphatically by himself or herself, and each is disconnected from friends and family. They may turn to television for company (e.g., for the familiarity of I Love Lucy). But their loneness argues that the 1V environment cannot be represented solely in the image of the electronic hearth, that a contrary, even contradictory formulation has developed over decades and demands disclosure.
Leisure, Labor, and the La-Z-Boy
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: October 2023

From midcentury, the figure of the TV watcher threatened to subvert one of postwar America’s most idealistic and intellectually compelling visions of the immediate future. The consumerist viewing public was asked to see itself as family members clustered around an electronic hearth or as individuals sojourning with their portables, but the discourse of leading social theorists disrupted both formulations. The theorists, foreseeing automated factories as the engine driving unprecedented production and prosperity, hailed the imminent era of leisure in utopian terms-though their utopia was marred by one image, that of the IV watcher. As long as that figure was kept out of the picture, their statements could ring with utopian fervor legitimated by their scholarly and intellectual credentials. Representing social and cultural institutions, the theorists could speak as wise prognosticators of a future already taking shape. Omitting the figure of the TV viewer, these social theorists could advance their argument that the activist American work ethic should culminate in industrial automation, itself the gateway to a perpetual leisure society in the United States.
Drugs, Backtalk, and Teleconsciousness
Authors: Tichi Cecelia
Published: October 2023

These two texts present irreconcilable versions of the TV viewer. The first is a stupefied addict, the second a figure stimulated by and actively engaged with the on-screen image. The first is an abstract type, to be sure, and the second an individual fictional character, a retired school teacher watching the video, “Thriller,” in which the Michael Jackson character metamorphoses into a wolf man. But what strikes one about the two juxtaposed texts is that each repudiates the other, really forbids the other. The two representations of theTV viewer are in conflict-more than that, irreconcilable. The first constitutes that individual as dependent, addicted, intellectually vacuous as he or she succumbs to the mindlessness of television. Television itself is defined as mind-numbing, addictive, utterly passive, and its viewer is figured as the incarnation of these very traits.
Cold War Criticism and the Politics of Skepticism
Authors: Siebers Tobin
Published: October 2023

In Cold War Criticism, Tobin Siebers claims that modern criticism is a Cold War criticism. Postwar literary theory has absorbed the scepticism, suspicion and paranoia of the Cold War mentality, and it plays them out in debates about the divided self, linguistic indeterminacy, the metaphysics of presence, multiculturalism, canon formation, power, cultural literacy and the politics of literature. The major critical movements of the postwar age, Siebers argues, belong to three dominant phases of the Cold War era. The age of charismatic leadership (Churchill, FDR, Stalin, and Hitler) lies behind the preoccupation with “intention”, “effect” and “impersonality” found in the New Criticism. The age of propaganda motivates the fascination with the guiles of language, undecidability and deconstruction. The age of superpowers provides the dominant metaphor in the new historicism’s analysis of the technology of power. All three ages of criticism reflect Cold War Scepticism as it has impaired the ability of literary theorists to talk effectively about the politics of criticism. Supporting his claims with polemical readings from such figures as Arendt, Bloom, deMan, Lyotard, Siebers offers a new and often surprising vision of what theory must do if it is to enter the post Cold War era successfully.
In the Beginning: Dialogue in Genesis and the Gospels
Authors: Reed Walter L
Published: October 2023

“Literary criticism, long thought to be peripheral or even irrelevant to biblical studies, has emerged since the mid-1970s as a new major focus of academic biblical scholarship in North America, England, and Israel.” In The Literary Guide to the Bible, Robert Alter and Frank Kermode thus take note of a recent shift in the scholarly study of the Bible, a shift to which they have both made major contributions. This movement can be observed among staunch biblicists as well as theological liberals; it has taken place in the ranks of the most contemporary of literary theorists as well as among traditionalists in literary criticism. It is true that the concept of literature is often different in many of these studies; it may be a matter of recurrent images, of traditional genres, or radical indeterminacy between competing tropes. It is also true that such studies vary in their conception of the Bible itself. Some critics treat the Hebrew Bible of Judaism, others the Christian Bible with Old and New Testaments; among those who deal with the Christian Old Testament some treat the more restricted Protestant canon and some the expanded Catholic list of books. Nevertheless, in spite of these differences, a striking convergence has been taking place between biblical scholarship, traditionally cast in historical and theological frameworks, and literary criticism, traditionally concerned with secular texts.
Communicating in Cyberspace: Computer Networks
Authors: Katsh M Ethan
Published: October 2023

Tis true, There’s magic in the web of it.

-William Shakespeare

“The law is a seamless web,” states an old, oft-repeated1 yet difficult to imagine legal maxim. This metaphor: suggests that law not only has an intricate structure but also that all parts of the law fit together smoothly, that each part is linked to every other part, and that the whole arrangement grows and evolves according to plan. More specifically, the seamless web metaphor implies that “the common law could be logically explained and was a part of a greater sys tem”2 and that “every new decision affects, at least minimally, every legal proposition.’’3

This impressively designed process is embodied in the somewhat similar, albeit more eloquent, words of Oliver Wendell Holmes, whose vision of law was expressed as follows:

When I think thus of the law, I see a princess mightier than she who once wrought at Bayeux, eternally weaving into her web dim figures of the ever-lengthening past-figures too dim to be noticed by the idle, too symbolic to be interpreted except by her pupils, but to the discerning eye disclosing every painful step and every world-shaking contest by which mankind has worked and fought its way from sav age isolation to organic social life.4

For most lawyers, judges, and citizens today, law without contra dictions and inconsistencies is a vision that is hopelessly romantic and as difficult to imagine as a seamless web.
Electronic Information Places
Authors: Katsh M Ethan
Published: October 2023

If the dull substance of my flesh were thought, Injurious distance should not stop my way; For then, despite of space, I would be brought, From limits far remote, where thou dost stay. No matter then although my foot did stand Upon the farthest earth removed from thee;

For nimble thought can jump both sea and land, As soon as think the place where he would be.

--William Shakespeare

In 1987, scientist Peter Denning wrote:

Computer networks that nurture networks of people are the culmination of a process of evolution that can be said to have five stages:

(1) file transfer; (2) remote connections, (3) distributed computation,

(4) real-time collaboration, and (5) coherent function. At the first stage, a network is able to transfer files of information among computers, but without guaranteeing delivery time; this stage is sufficient to support electronic mail, bulletin boards, news services and jointly authored papers. At the second stage, the network enables a user to connect to remote resources, such as instruments, computers, or databases, and employ them in real time as if they were local. At the third stage, the network is able to support distributed computations that include computing processes and resources at widely separated nodes; an example is a user interface process on a work station, connected to a numerical process on a supercomputer, connected in turn to a graphics display system. At the fourth stage, the network directly supports collaboration by permitting real-time conferences of users at different workstations, who can communicate as

.
Digital Lawyers: Working with Cyberspace
Authors: Katsh M Ethan
Published: October 2023

Most of what lawyers do is store, categorize, organize, retrieve and analyze data. Microcomputers and networks have revolutionized the way people in other businesses perform these tasks, but they have barely made a dent in how lawyers do their jobs. Fred Bartlit In the 1990’s the key challenge of survival for legal expertise will depend on service quality and a capacity to use data and information technology tools. Richard Volpato For some readers, a “digital lawyer” may bring to mind a high-tech executive gift-the legal equivalent of a digital watch or digital ther mometer, something that one could consult in a variety of circumstances but that would also be small enough to keep in a pocket or briefcase. Such an electronic device would allow users to obtain legal information and even legal advice by viewing a small screen or by choosing among several digitized “voices of authority.” An enhanced version might have wireless links to some electronic network and empower electronic agents to seek sources of information somewhere on the network.1 It is not clear how large a market there would be for such a device or how useful it would be, but a little machine, a “portable lawyer,”2 that provided some answers to a specified range of legal questions is certainly technologically feasible.
Conclusion
Authors: Katsh M Ethan
Published: October 2023

Visit the Pentagon or the New York 1imes, and everywhere there are maps, solemnly defining national borders and sovereign territories. No one shows any signs of knowing that we no longer live in geographic time and space, that the maps of nations are fully as obsolete as the charts of a flat earth, that geography tells us virtually nothing of interest about where things are in the real world. George Gilder Consider the experience of anthropologist Edward Hall. While on a research trip to Japan, Hall returned to his hotel one day, went up in the elevator, put his key in the lock, opened the door, and found that although it was the room he had been living in, someone else’s belongings were there. Hall took this in for a few moments, all the time feel ing uncomfortable, indeed feeling that somehow he must be in the wrong place and that he would be found and accused of being in some one else’s room. He then went down to the desk where he was told that his room and his belongings had been moved. He was given a new key, went up to his new room, and found that all of his possessions had been laid out for him in just about the same way he had left them in the first room. There was a marked resemblance to the room and the arrangement and yet, he could feel, much was different as well. One theme of this book is that, as the new technologies have begun to play an increasingly important role in our society, we, too, in a sense, have been moved. We have not been moved, thus far, to a completely alien environment. Indeed, much seems to have been transported from the old environment to the new.
Engendering Policy at Kenilworth (1575)
Authors: Frye Susan
Published: October 2023

Among the Spanish diplomatic dispatches of 1575, news of the entertainments at Kenilworth first appears in Antonio de Guaras's letter of 18 July from London. Writing secretly, de Guaras communicates several news items that betray a certain relish for the historical moment's instability. In the process he reminds us, as I wish to do, that the entertainments took place in relation to external events that also helped construct them in the first place. De Guaras begins with a report on the English involvement in the Palatine, including rumors of troops raised in support of the Dutch revolt and the departures of Englishmen to meet at Heidelberg with members of the Protestant alliance.
Chapter VI
Authors: Williams Catharine , Caldwell Patricia
Published: October 2023

Of the birth, parentage and early life of E. K. Avery, we know nothing, except that we are informed he was the son of a revolutionary soldier; if that be the case every one must rejoice he was spared the fate that threatened him in May, 1833. It would indeed be a kind of blot upon the history of the brave defenders of our soil, that one of their children should come to such an ignominious punishment, since it is the disgrace that constitutes the evil with men, though with God it is the sin. We are sorry to say we have so little account of the early years of a man who has made so much noise in the world; but from the time we can get any thing of his history, there seems to be something in almost every place that goes to prove him a bad tempered, daring and unprincipled man. As to his person and address we know nothing of them, but we conclude they must be extremely imposing, at least to the people he is among, since he seems to have been approbated and upheld by them on all occasions, except one; it seems he has been baffled once, and that was by a woman. Report says he studied the science of medicine, previous to his becoming a preacher, but whether he ever commenced practice previous to the 20th of December is not known; we have not heard of any of his performances since that date.

The first we know of E. K. Avery he is preaching in Duxbury, Mass. and from thence he removed to Scituate, Mass. in 1827, and took charge of the methodist society in that place. Among the people who now sat under his ministry was a maiden lady of about five and forty, who sustained a very high reputation for piety as well as for what they style her gifts. She was one of those active, useful women whose exertions were always called in, and always freely bestowed, wherever distress of mind or body required relief of any kind.
Infectious Diseases: An Overview
Authors: Root Richard K
Published: October 2023

We live in a sea of microorganisms. Not only can they be found in every part of our environment, but billions colonize our skin and inhabit our gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. The vast majority of these organisms live a quiet and sometimes symbiotic existence on and in our bodies, kept in check by a complex array of host defense mechanisms. On rare occasions a new microbe, or even sometimes one that had been living quietly as part of our colonizing flora, aggressively attempts to invade or alter the host using various attacking mechanisms.
The Acute Inflammatory Response
Authors: Verhoef Jan
Published: October 2023

When microbes breach local defense barriers, the host defenses of the body utilize two major mechanisms to contain and eliminate them. The first of these is the acute inflammatory response, which is nonspecific in nature and can be activated within minutes to hours. The second is the specific immune response, which takes days to weeks to become expressed. The elements of the acute inflammatory response are cellular-i.e., phagocytes including polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and tissue macrophages-and humoral.
Antimycobacterial Drugs
Authors: Peloquin Charles A , Iseman Michael D
Published: October 2023

Antimycobacterial agents embrace a wide array of drug classes and are used to treat a host of infections. These infections include tuberculosis, the disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB); leprosy, the disease caused by M. leprae; and numerous infections due to mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), such as M. avium complex, the most common nontuberculous mycobacterial pathogen in the United States.
Selection of Antifungal Drugs for Deep Mycoses
Authors: Pappas Peter G , Edwards John E
Published: October 2023

Invasive fungal infections are among the most difficult infections to treat successfully. Furthermore, the incidence of invasive fungal infections has markedly increased over the last several years due to the increased use of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents and prosthetic devices, the large number of patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy, the growing number of solid organ and bone marrow transplant recipients, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic, and other factors.
Conclusion: Combating Impunity
Authors: Roht-Arriaza Naomi
Published: October 2023

It is time now to sum up the experiences of the case studies, drawing out the commonalities and lessons to be learned. These lessons are theoretical and practical, legal, ethical, and political. They point to dilemmas for future attempts to come to grips with the past, and to some future directions for the contribution of international law and outside actors in assisting the transitional process.
Introduction
Authors: White G Edward
Published: October 2023

This Book is by no means the first portrait of the life and career of Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes and it will assuredly not be the last. The abiding interest of Americans in Holmes has been a phenomenon in itself. Several reasons suggest themselves as explanations for why Holmes, uniquely among American judges, has been a figure that generation after generation of scholars and laypersons has found intriguing. There is first the simple fact of his distinctively long and accomplished life, spanning a space of time (1841-1935) that made it possible for his grandmother to have remembered the Revolutionary War and for him to have been intimately acquainted with individuals, such as Alger Hiss, who are still alive at this writing. Not only was Holmes’ life long, it was conspicuously successful, at least by the ordinary indices of professional success in America. He wrote arguably the most original work of legal scholarship by an American, The Common Law; he served with distinction as a judge on the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts and the Supreme Court of the United States for nearly fifty years; in his scholarship and his opinions he wrote phrases that have become staples of legal literature.
Heritage
Authors: White G Edward
Published: October 2023

On July 2, 1861, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., twenty years old and a senior at Harvard College, composed an autobiographical sketch for his college album. Holmes, at the time, was attempting to secure a commission in a Massachusetts volunteer regiment in order to fight in the Civil War, which had begun that April when Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter in South Carolina. Since the fall of Fort Sumter Holmes had spent very little time with college affairs, enlisting as a private in the Fourth Battalion of Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry in late April and drilling for the remainder of the spring at Fort Independence in Boston Harbor. In June, on hearing the disappointing news that the Fourth Battalion was being treated as a militia guard, and would not be leaving Massachusetts to fight, he had returned to Cambridge and taken and passed his final examinations. He would officially graduate from Harvard in two weeks.1 Eventually, sometime in late July,2 he would receive a commission in the Twentieth Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers, and in September would be dispatched to Washington, D.C., to see action.
Travel and Romance
Authors: White G Edward
Published: October 2023

From the time he returned from Civil War service in the summer of 1864 until his departure to Washington to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States in December 1902 Holmes’ life was overwhelmingly centered in Boston and overwhelmingly oriented toward his professional pursuits. He lived with his parents while attending law school and during his first years in practice, and after his marriage in 1872 continued to live in his father’s household for two years. In October 1873 Wendell and Fanny Holmes purchased a farm in Mattapoisett, Massachusetts, on Buzzards Bay, where Holmes’ partner George Shattuck was a summer resident, and spent at least three weeks of every summer from 1873 to 1888, excluding 1882, in Mattapoisett. They initially owned one-half of the house, with the caretaker living in the other, and in 1883 purchased the whole. In the spring of 1888 the house burned to the ground in a brushfire.
The Supreme Court, 1903-1916
Authors: White G Edward
Published: October 2023

IN February, 1901, Holmes was asked to make some remarks on “John Marshall Day,” the 100th anniversary of the day on which Marshall took his seat as Chief Justice of the United States. Sixty-five years after his death Marshall had become a legend, and the legal journals and reports were filled with lush praise of his accomplishments. Holmes’ comments were more reserved. At one point he said that “I should feel a. .. doubt whether, after Hamilton and the Constitution itself, Marshall’s work proved more than a strong intellect, a good style, personal ascendancy in his court, courage, justice, and the convictions of his party.”
Refugee Movements: Causes and Consequences
Authors: Loescher Gil
Published: October 2023

Refugee movements constitute one of the most important and difficult problems facing the international community in the post–Cold War era. During the last decade, the forced mass movement of people across international boundaries has appeared with increasing frequency on the agendas of international affairs. It is now clear that we are living in an era in which fundamental political and economic changes in the international system result in large-scale movements of people. It is also a time when mass migrations themselves affect political, economic, and strategic developments worldwide. Indeed, it was the outpouring of refugees from East to West Germany in late 1989 that brought down the Berlin Wall, led to the unification of the two Germanies, and generated the most significant transformation in international relations since World War II. Two years later, in the first major post–Cold War refugee crisis, the huge buildup of Iraqi Kurds at the Turkish and Iranian borders constituted such a serious threat to international security that the UN Security Council authorized an international intervention in the domestic affairs of a member state. In 1992, the Security Council approved a United States–led intervention in Somalia to provide humanitarian relief to starving civilians caught in interclan warfare.
The Origins of the International Refugee Regime
Authors: Loescher Gil
Published: October 2023

Many people today are inclined to perceive refugees as a relatively new phenomenon that primarily occurs in countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, and in rapidly disintegrating countries in the Balkans and the ex–Soviet Union. Certainly during the past few decades most refugees have fled violent conflicts or persecution in the developing countries; but mass refugee movements are neither new nor unique to the Third World. They have been a political as well as a humanitarian issue for as long as mankind has lived in organized groups where intolerance and oppression have existed. The difference is that, before this century, refugees were regarded as assets rather than liabilities; countries granted refuge to people of geopolitical, religious, or ideological views similar to their own; and rulers viewed control over large populations, along with natural resources and territory itself, as an index of power and national greatness.
Resolving Refugee Problems: Addressing Political Causes
Authors: Loescher Gil
Published: October 2023

Throughout most of the twentieth century, international responses to refugee movements have been motivated by the political self-interest of states as well as by humanitarian interests. In the Nansen era, because refugees were seen as an irritant in interstate relations and as conflicting with the formation and consolidation of new states, governments established an international framework for regularizing the status and control of stateless people in Europe. In the post–World War II era, East–West ideological rivalry and geopolitical considerations provided a sufficient basis in self-interest for Western governments to fund and assist the emerging international refugee regime. The Cold War is finally over, and much has been said about the emergence of a new world order. Refugee movements played a key role both in bringing down the Berlin Wall, the most sinister symbol of the old era, and in ushering in the post–Cold War period by precipitating UN-approved intervention in the internal affairs of Iraq in the aftermath of the Gulf War.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

In his entry for April 24, 1704, that grave Puritan councilor, man-aboutBoston, and inveterate diary keeper Samuel Sewall recorded one of the many hundreds of such events to which he attributed both private and public significance. He gave to President Samuel Willard of Harvard “the first News-Letter that ever was carried over the River. He shew’d it the Fellows.”‘
Genealogy
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

The English-language newspapers of the eighteenth century evolved not from one ancestor but from several. Put another way, the newspaper developed in England within several literary, technological, and political contexts; one must take account of all of them to see the evolutionary process as a whole. The origin and early development of the newspaper took place during a remarkable era of change in communications, but the change did not result from any new technologies. Instead, existing technologies, examples, and traditions were adapted and combined in such a way as to meet new opportunities and new needs.
The Metropolis
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

The distance from St. Paul’s to Whitehall was about a mile as a waterfowl would fly between the two points across the curve of the Thames. It was perhaps a mile and a quarter by way of Fleet Street and the Strand. About these two strangely different centers, London was spreading in the 1690s like a great ellipse.
The Provinces
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

A simplified road map of Britain in 1700 would make it clear that London was “metropolis” in more than overwhelming size alone. Like the hub of an eccentric wheel or the off-center core of an incomplete spider’s web, it sent off spokes, as it does today, to every part of the kingdom. Counting clockwise from east northeast around to north, the six main spokes were post roads connecting London with Harwich on the North Sea, with Dover on the Channel, with the West Country towns of Exeter, Plymouth, and Falmouth by way of Salisbury, with the principal Atlantic port of Bristol, with Chester and the Welsh port of Holyhead on the Irish Sea, and with Edinburgh by way of the four-hundred-mile Great North Road. The Harwich and Dover roads provided part of a land-sea link between London and the European continent, while through Holyhead the London-based political and commercial leaders of England kept in touch with their dependency of Ireland. The Cornish and Bristol roads had a part in London’s Atlantic commerce, though the bulk of England’s overseas shipping still sailed directly out of the Thames.
Competition, 1719-1732
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

Newspaper publishing in America, monopolized for fifteen years by the postmaster of Boston, entered a new phase at the end of 1719. John Campbell acquired a head-on competitor in the person of his successor in the Boston postmastership, and a young printer of Philadelphia began a newspaper that for most of the decade to come would have to itself the news and advertising market from Ne”‘ York to the Chesapeake. By contrast with the long monopoly of the Boston News-Letter in British America, the provincial cities of England were sprouting newspapers for a vastly larger readership at a rapid rate. By the end of 1715, there were 2 3 country newspapers in 11 English towns outside of London; over the next decade, when exactly four newspapers would be founded in the mainland colonies and one in Jamaica, another 25 would appear in provincial England.
The Ritual: The Reader’s World
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

When a subscriber to one of America’s earliest newspapers sat down for communion with the fellowship of readers that had been gathered by print, he entered a very much larger mental world than the one in which he was likely to live from day to day. It was, nevertheless, a world with definite limits, both geographic and perceptual. From east to west, it extended from St. Petersburg and Constantinople to the western limits of the thirteen continental American colonies. From north to south, it reached from Sweden to the islands of the Mediterranean in the Old World and from Cape Breton to the Spanish Main in the New. Only rarely, and then only if accompanied by a printed warning of exoticism, was a reader able to venture beyond these limits of the world that mattered to most literate eighteenth-century Englishmen. Not even India, where British interests were already well entrenched but would not rise to prominence in the imperial scheme until later in the century, found its way very often onto the pages of an American newspaper.
The Newspaper in Culture
Authors: Clark Charles E
Published: October 2023

It is fitting that a book that began with an episode from the diary of Samuel Sewall should return to that worthy person to open the final full chapter. Even before the coming of the Boston News-Letter, both he and that other stalwart of the traditional Boston establishment, Increase Mather, were readers of newspapers. For them, the events of human history and the natural world were more than just events. In them were to be sought portents, evidence of the fulfillment of divine prophecy. In New England, as David Paul Nord has well argued, this was the first meaning of news and the first purpose of recording and reporting it.
Anais Nin, Djuna Barnes, And The Critical Feminist Unconscious
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: October 2023

We have seen that the social marginality of Betty, in Nathanael West’s Miss Lonelyhearts, and Faye, in The Day of the Locust, is rooted in these characters’ alienation from the process of linguistic signification. It is equally clear that their position in the world of the novels is a typical reflection of women’s historical alienation from the centers of social and political power. The conjunction of the factors of gender and linguistic significance makes for the works’ peculiar conception of the nature of the female subject, exemplified in Tod Hackett’s apprehension of Faye Greener’s “egglike self-sufficiency” (West, 320). Tod’s perception of Faye as “egglike” underscores not only the “selfsufficiency” he himself notes in Faye’s alienation from signification but also her femaleness, suggesting an essential correspondence between femininity and self-sufficiency, completeness, wholeness. This female wholeness is then held up to counter men’s status as beings irremediably fragmented in their accession to language, and yet doomed futilely to attempt to mend their fragmentation through linguistic signification itself. Thus West’s works, while explicating the reality of the split subject as it is known in the twentieth century, yet specify that subject as male, positing women’s condition as a foil against which the “general” existential dilemma of all “mankind” can be emphasized.
“To Become One And Yet Many”: Psychic Fragmentation and Aesthetic Synthesis in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: October 2023

To a great degree, the difficulty confronted in the constitution of the African-American subject is a function of the social interrelation of blacks and whites in the United States. The nature of that interrelation casts black identity necessarily as a problem, an objective never to be realized, hardly to be imagined, so that the black subject exists not so much as the negativity conventionally believed to emblematize it but rather always as potentiality unfulfilled, simultaneous promise and disappointment.1 Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952) is the classic text of the problems and possibilities of black (male) identity, and in its figuration of the difficulties of the marginalized subject, it suggests the degree to which individual subjectivity generally will become problematized in the postmodern era. The unrealized nature of black identity is manifested on many levels in Ellison’s novel-in the fact, for instance, that its protagonist has no name; more complexly, the character’s very assertions of self-identity indicate his incompleteness as a subject: “I am nobody but myself,” he says at one point, and later, “I am who I am” (263). These declarations seek to gain force through their tautologousness, but their very redundancy bespeaks a line of reasoning that, in its figurative circularity, suggests nothing so much as the zero that actually represents the protagonist’s identity.
Postmodern Narrative/ Biographical Imperative
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: October 2023

The novels we have considered thus far depict personages whose social marginalization results in a range of symptomatic psychic effects: the waywardness that distinguishes West’s characters; the fragmentation that plagues Nin’s and Barnes’s women and Ellison’s Invisible Man; the consumerist logic that drives Brooks’s Maud Martha. That these same effects can be discerned in examples of postmodern ism “proper” suggests the need to examine these latter works for the potential implication within them of the politics of marginality, in order to determine the extent to which they conceive such marginality as constitutive of the psychosocial phenomena they represent. This undertaking may have a tautological appearance, insofar as identifying these effects in the works I am about to examine seems to entail merely enumerating precisely the qualities that constitute them as postmodernist, thus begging the question of how we are to recognize postmodernist literary practice in the first place. In fact, however, I derive my authority for claiming these works as postmodernist from the extensive theorization of such practice that has been undertaken by numerous commentators from the 1970s through the mid-1980s. Indeed, many of these commentators themselves have-conveniently enough for my purposes hereactually drafted lists of artists whose work they take to embody most strongly a postmodernist impulse. My objective, then, is not to identify various textual effects as postmodernist but rather to examine more closely the effects that other observers have already identified as postmodernist in order to interrogate their relation to the aesthetics of marginality that I have traced in the foregoing chapters. And, as regards selecting the works that we might examine toward this objective, it seems to me that the aforementioned lists of postmodernist practitioners provide us with a good place to begin.
German-American Relations within the International Eugenics Movement before 1933
Authors: Kühl Stefan
Published: October 2023

In an interview for the Berliner Tageblatt, Alfred Ploetz, the German founder of the science of racial hygiene, discussed his experience at the first International Congress for Eugenics held in London in 1912. Ploetz, who served as president of the International Society for Racial Hygiene, described the United States as a bold leader in the realm of eugenics. His comments foreshadowed the development of a relation ship between German and American eugenicists that was grounded in an emerging international community of scientists dedicated to the goal of race improvement.
The International Context: The Support of Nazi Race Policy through the International Eugenics Movement
Authors: Kühl Stefan
Published: October 2023

In the summer of 1934, one and a half years after the Nazis came to power in Germany, the International Federation of Eugenic Organizations (IFEO), meeting in Zurich, passed a resolution to which Nazi propaganda frequently referred in order to illustrate the international acceptance of their race policies. In this unanimously passed resolution, sent to the prime ministers of all the major Western powers, the IFEO stated that, despite all differences in political and social outlooks, the organization was ‘‘united by the deep conviction that eugenic research and practice is of the highest and most urgent importance for the existence of all civilized countries.’’ It recommended that all governments ‘‘make themselves acquainted with the problems of heredity, population studies, and eugenics.’’ It stated that eugenic principles should be adopted as state policies ‘‘for the good of their nations.
The Influence of Nazi Race Policies on the Transformation of Eugenics in the United States
Authors: Kühl Stefan
Published: October 2023

The reaction of the eugenics movement to Nazi race policy must be seen within the context of the scientific community in the United States. In the 1930s, important scientific and political groups grew more skeptical about the policy of the eugenics movements toward ethnic minorities. The “scientific basis” for discrimination against blacks and Jews was questioned by prominent figures, such as socialist geneticists Hermann J. Muller and Walter Landauer, liberal geneticist L.C. Dunn, and anthropologist Franz Boas. Muller, Landauer, andother geneticists enjoyed increasing prestige in the scientific community due to the research successes and growing importance of genetics.
The Temporary End of the Relations between German and American Eugenicists
Authors: Kühl Stefan
Published: October 2023

When relations between the eugenics movement in the United States and German racial hygienists began to cool in the late 1930s, it was not primarily because American eugenicists recognized the negative consequences of the implementation of eugenics principles. Rather, a combination of different factors was at work: gradual recognition by the public and the scientific community that anti-Semitism was at the core of Nazi race policy; a power shift inside the scientific community of the United States toward a group of more progressive socialist eugenicists and liberal geneticists; and the rapid decline in the late 1930s of the reputation of Nazi Germany within the United States.
The Crisis-Conversion: Its Scope and Characteristics
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M
Published: October 2023

Changes in cultural orientation and in general style of life not only affected the traditional structure of the Jewish family and its mores but also caused a large number of Berlin Jews to abandon their association with the Jewish community altogether. The growing tendency of Jews in Berlin to convert to Christianity has been noticed both by contemporaries of the event and by later historians. It seemed to some that the very continuation of the Jewish community was threatened. Some historians have referred to this phenomenon as a Taufepidemie (epidemic of baptisms), though others have questioned whether this term is appropriate. In any case the tendency to convert was viewed as a danger by many members of the Jewish community. The followers of the Jewish Enlightenment, perhaps even more than the traditionalists, were very concerned about the phenomenon of conversion. Even David Friedlander, despite his letter to Dean Teller in 1799, was a strong opponent of conversion to Christianity. The Taufepidemie is a commonplace in Jewish historiography of the Enlightenment, but it has only been in recent years that attempts have been made to get a picture of the magnitude of the wave of baptisms and of its precise chronological dimensions. Early work was done by Abraham Menes on official government records,3 but the first systematic attempt to quantify the main features of the Taufepidemie was undertaken in the 1980s by Deborah Hertz.Based on an analysis of the Judenkartei, Hertz gives a picture of the dimensions, chronology, gender distribution, and (in outline) the social distribution of the wave of baptisms. The overall number of Jews baptized in Berlin is extremely large (1,582 between 1770 and 1830 according to the Judenkartei), which would seem at first glance to confirm the opinion of those who see an epidemic of baptisms.
Introduction :The Chronicler’s Art
Authors: Davis Robert C
Published: October 2023

Sometime around 1669 or 1670 a Venetian essayist set out to write an account of the festivities that the Republic of Venice had put on in 1574 to honor the visit of the French king Henry III. His identity remains unknown: possibly he was a gentleman, but more likely he made his living as a lawyer, notary, or professional writer.2 His commemorating an event nearly a century old was not unusual: cultivated men and women of his era were fond of reading and writing such histories, and this royal visit had certainly been ostentatiously splendid enough to tempt a patriotic Venetian to invoke it yet again. What was odd about this anonymous narrator was that he skipped altogether over the events that had fascinated most earlier writers-the sumptuous regattas, floats, masqued balls, and theatrical performances put on for the king’s three-day visit-and fixed instead on a single event: the great war with sticks, or guerra di canne, staged the final day by two opposing factions of Venetian artisans on a city bridge.3 It was rough, burlesque entertainment for a king: a mock battle, or battagliola, in which mobs of working men, decked out in helmets and shields, pummeled each other with wooden sticks for about two hours in a chaotic brawl. For our narrator, however, this melee represented the high point of the entire celebration, an event “so famous, memorable and without precedent” that it deserved recounting in every detail: not just the clash itself, but also all the elaborate preparations and strategems necessary for collecting, organizing, and sending to battle the hundreds of combatants. To tell the whole story took him perhaps twenty-five thousand words, crammed (with numerous amendments, additions, and cancellations) into nearly fifty-three quarto pages.