bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory Effect of YC-1, 3-(5′-Hydroxymethyl-2′-Furyl)-1-Benzylindazole, on Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization in Rat
Authors: Song Su-jeong , Chung Hum , Yu Hyeong Gon
Published: November 2007

Purpose: It was the aim of this study to evaluate the effects of YC-1, 3-(5′-hydroxymethyl-2′-furyl)-1-benzylindazole, one of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) inhibitors, on laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in rats. Methods: Thirty female Brown Norway rats underwent laser photocoagulation to induce CNV. Twenty of them (treatment group) were treated with a single intravitreal injection of 5 µg YC-1, and the remaining 10 (control) were sham-treated with a single intravitreal injection of 2.5 mg/ml dimethyl sulfoxide 2 weeks after laser photocoagulation. The expression of HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in CNV was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining. Fluorescein angiography was performed 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after single intravitreal YC-1 (5 µg) and dimethyl sulfoxide (2.5 mg/ml) injection, grading fluorescein leakage from 0 to 3. The size of the CNV was measured on histologic sections. Results: Both HIF-1α and VEGF were expressed in CNV lesions in the control group 4 weeks after laser photocoagulation, whereas the expressions of HIF-1α and VEGF were not observed in the intravitreally YC-1-treated group. The mean fluorescein leakage score decreased from 2.56 ± 0.49 to 0.79 ± 0.71 in the intravitreally YC-1-injected group and from 2.62 ± 0.49 to 1.58 ± 0.60 in the control group. Sixty-eight (71.6%) out of 95 CNV lesions of intravitreally YC-1-treated eyes (71.4%) and 12 (21.8%) out of 55 lesions in DMSO-treated eyes showed a decreased fluorescein leakage score of 2 or more. The mean difference of fluorescein leakage scores between the intravitreally YC-1-treated group and the control group was significant (p = 0.004). The mean thickness of the CNV lesions in the intravitreally YC-1-treated group (27.30 ± 6.47 µm) was smaller than that of the control group (64.36 ± 8.26 µm, p < 0.001). There was no ocular inflammation, retina hemorrhage or systemic toxicity induced by YC-1 treatment. Conclusion: These results suggest that YC-1 inhibits the HIF-1 expression after photocoagulation and suppresses the development of laser-induced CNV formation.
Effect of Lycopene from Tomatoes (Cooked) on Plasma Antioxidant Enzymes, Lipid Peroxidation Rate and Lipid Profile in Grade-I Hypertension
Authors: Bose K. Subhash C. , Agrawal B.K.
Published: November 2007

Background: Results from observational studies suggest that the oxidative stress and hyperlipidemic status, which prevails in hypertension, plays an important role in causation of secondary complications. So the aim of the present study is to evaluate the beneficial effect of tomatoes, which are a rich source of lycopene, a relatively new carotenoid known to play an important role in human health and disease. Methods: In this study lipid peroxidation rate was measured by estimating malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activity of plasma enzymes involved in antioxidant activities like superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), reduced glutathione (GSH), and serum lipid profile which includes total cholesterol and triglycerides were estimated in a grade I hypertensive group (n = 40) and an age-matched control group (n = 50). Results: Significantly lower plasma antioxidant enzyme activity, very high lipid peroxidation rate and very high serum total cholesterol, triglycerides in the grade I hypertensive group was observed when compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Sixty days of tomato supplementation in the hypertensive group (n = 30) showed a significant improvement in the levels of serum enzymes involved in antioxidant activities and decreased lipid peroxidation rate (F value highly significant), but there were no significant changes in lipid profile (F value insignificant). Conclusion: These findings suggest that tomato lycopene may have considerable natural therapeutic potential as an antioxidant but may not be used as a hypolipidemic agent in hypertension.
Functional Characterization of a Novel Missense CLCN5 Mutation Causing Alterations in Proximal Tubular Endocytic Machinery in Dent’s Disease
Authors: Tanuma Atsuhito , Sato Hiroyoshi , Takeda Tetsuro , Hosojima Michihiro , Obayashi Hiroaki , Hama Hitomi , Iino Noriaki , Hosaka Kiyoko , Kaseda Ryohei , Imai Naofumi , Ueno Mitsuhiro , Yamazaki Maya , Sakimura Kenji , Gejyo Fumitake , Saito Akihiko
Published: November 2007

Background/Aims: Mutations of the endosomal chloride/proton exchanger gene, CLCN5, cause Dent’s disease, an X-linked recessive proximal tubular disorder. The renal endocytic system was found to be affected in clcn5 knockout mice. However, the impaired endocytic machinery of Dent’s disease patients has not been thoroughly investigated. Methods: The CLCN5 gene was sequenced in a Japanese patient with Dent’s disease and his family. The loss-of-function phenotype of the missense CLCN5 mutation was investigated by gene expression in Xenopus oocytes and CHO cells. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on kidney biopsy specimens for endocytic machinery proteins, megalin, cubilin, and disabled-2 (Dab2) in proximal tubules. Results: Genomic analysis revealed a novel G-to-A transition at the first nucleotide of the 333rd codon of CLCN5, causing a substitution of glycine with arginine. Inefficient expression of the mutant gene in Xenopus oocytes resulted in abolished chloride currents. Impaired N-glycosylation of the mutant protein was evident in the DNA-transfected CHO cells. Proximal tubular expression of megalin, cubilin, and Dab2 was markedly reduced and irregular staining in some portions was observed in the patient compared with controls. Conclusions: A novel G333R CLCN5 mutation caused defective expression of megalin, cubilin, and Dab2 in a patient with Dent’s disease.
Evolution of Brain Size in the Palaeognath Lineage, with an Emphasis on New Zealand Ratites
Authors: Corfield Jeremy R. , Wild J.Martin , Hauber Mark E. , Parsons Stuart , Kubke M.Fabiana
Published: November 2007

Brain size in vertebrates varies principally with body size. Although many studies have examined the variation of brain size in birds, there is little information on Palaeognaths, which include the ratite lineage of kiwi, emu, ostrich and extinct moa, as well as the tinamous. Therefore, we set out to determine to what extent the evolution of brain size in Palaeognaths parallels that of other birds, i.e., Neognaths, by analyzing the variation in the relative sizes of the brain and cerebral hemispheres of several species of ratites and tinamous. Our results indicate that the Palaeognaths possess relatively smaller brains and cerebral hemispheres than the Neognaths, with the exception of the kiwi radiation (Apteryx spp.). The external morphology and relatively large size of the brain of Apteryx, as well as the relatively large size of its telencephalon, contrast with other Palaeognaths, including two species of historically sympatric moa, suggesting that unique selective pressures towards increasing brain size accompanied the evolution of kiwi. Indeed, the size of the cerebral hemispheres with respect to total brain size of kiwi is rivaled only by a handful of parrots and songbirds, despite a lack of evidence of any advanced behavioral/cognitive abilities such as those reported for parrots and crows. In addition, the enlargement in brain and telencephalon size of the kiwi occurs despite the fact that this is a precocial bird. These findings form an exception to, and hence challenge, the current rules that govern changes in relative brain size in birds.
Fast and Singular Muscle Responses Initiate the Startle Response of Pantodon buchholzi (Osteoglossomorpha)
Authors: Starosciak A.K. , Kalola R.P. , Perkins K.P. , Riley J.A. , Saidel W.M.
Published: November 2007

The startle response of Pantodon buchholzi, the African butterfly fish, is a complete or incomplete ballistic jump resulting from abduction of the pectoral fins. This study analyzed the neuromuscular basis for such a jump by recording in vivo electromyograms (emgs) from the muscles of abduction, the muscularis abductor superficialis (MAS) and the muscularis abductor profundus (MAP). The motor neurons innervating the MAS muscle were localized by retrograde transport of biocytin. The latency between stimulus and the evoked emg in the MAS was less than 5 ms; the latency of the MAP was about 6.5 ms. A single emg was recorded per jump. High speed video demonstrated that onset of a startle movement began within 10 ms of the onset of fin abduction. The emg associated with this movement is short (<2 ms) and followed by a variably-shaped, slower and smaller potential of 10–30 ms duration. The brief period between stimulus and startle response of Pantodon suggests a Mauthner neuron-related response, only with the behavior occurring in the vertical plane. The MAS may act only in a startle response, whereas the MAP might have a role in other behaviors. Elicited jumping habituates after a single trial. Electrophysiological evidence is presented indicating that the innervating motor neurons are suppressed for seconds following a stimulus. The neurons innervating the MAS are located at the medullary-spinal cord junction and possess an average radius of ∼17.9 µm. These fish have been historically described as ‘fresh water’ flying fish. As a single emg occurs per startle response, repetitive pectoral activity generating flying cannot be supported. Pantodon ‘flight’ is ballistic.
Photoperiod-Independent Hypothalamic Regulation of Luteinizing Hormone Secretion in a Free-Living Sonoran Desert Bird, the Rufous-Winged Sparrow (Aimophila carpalis)
Authors: Small Thomas W. , Sharp Peter J. , Bentley George E. , Millar Robert P. , Tsutsui Kazuyoshi , Mura Elena , Deviche Pierre
Published: November 2007

We investigated the regulation of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the male Rufous-winged Sparrow,Aimophila carpalis, a resident of the Sonoran desert that breeds after irregular summer rains. Although the testes develop in March due to increasing photoperiod and regress in September due to decreasing photoperiod, LH does not consistently increase in the spring as in other photoperiodic birds. However, throughout the year increased plasma LH is correlated with rainfall. To investigate this rainfall-associated regulation of LH secretion, we quantified immunocytochemical labeling for gonadotropin-releasing hormone I (GnRH-I), proGnRH (the GnRH precursor), and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) in the hypothalamus of free-living adult males caught before (low LH), and during (high LH) the monsoon rainy season. Compared to pre-monsoon birds, birds caught during the monsoon season had larger immunoreactive GnRH-I (GnRH-I-ir) and proGnRH-ir cell bodies, as well as fewer, less densely labeled proGnRH-ir cell bodies. Birds caught during the monsoon had fewer, less densely labeled GnIH-ir cell bodies than birds caught before the monsoon. Further, there was no GnIH-ir labeling in the median eminence on either capture dates, suggesting that GnIH is not released to the pituitary gland via the portal vein at this time of year, but there were fewer GnIH-ir fibers in the preoptic area of birds caught during the monsoon season. Our data support the hypothesis that environmental factors associated with increased rainfall during the monsoon season stimulate GnRH synthesis and release to increase LH secretion. These data also suggest that GnIH could inhibit GnRH neuronal activity prior to the monsoon season.
Reproductive Hormones Modify Reception of Species-Typical Communication Signals in a Female Anuran
Authors: Lynch Kathleen S. , Wilczynski Walter
Published: November 2007

In many vertebrates, the production and reception of species-typical courtship signals occurs when gonadotropin and gonadal hormone levels are elevated. These hormones may modify sensory processing in the signal receiver in a way that enhances behavioral responses to the signal. We examined this possibility in female túngara frogs (Physalaemus pustulosus) by treating them with either gonadotropin (which elevated estradiol) or saline and exposing them to either mate choruses or silence. Expression of an activity-dependent gene, egr-1, was quantified within two sub-nuclei of the auditory midbrain to investigate whether gonadotropin plus chorus exposure induced greater egr-1 induction than either of these stimuli alone. The laminar nucleus (LN), a sub-nucleus of the torus semicircularis that contains steroid receptors, exhibited elevated egr-1 induction in response to chorus exposure and gonadotropin treatment. Further analysis revealed that neither chorus exposure nor gonadotropin treatment alone elevated egr-1 expression in comparison to baseline levels whereas gonadotropin + chorus exposure did. This suggests that mate signals and hormones together produce an additive effect so that together they induce more egr-1 expression than either alone. Our previously published studies of female túngara frogs reveal that (1) gonadotropin-induced estradiol elevations also increase behavioral responses to male signals, and (2) reception of male signals elevates estradiol levels in the female. Here, we report data that reveal a novel mechanism by which males exploit female sensory processing to increase behavioral responses to their courtship signals.
Cellular Immunodepression Preceding Infectious Complications after Acute Ischemic Stroke in Humans
Authors: Haeusler Karl Georg , Schmidt Wolf U.H. , Föhring Fabian , Meisel Christian , Helms Thomas , Jungehulsing G. Jan , Nolte Christian H. , Schmolke Katrin , Wegner Brigitte , Meisel Andreas , Dirnagl Ulrich , Villringer Arno , Volk Hans-Dieter
Published: November 2007

Background: We have recently shown that ischemic stroke causes a stress-mediator-induced long-lasting immunodepressive state in mice. Methods: Using head magnetic resonance imaging and standardized immunoassays, we prospectively investigated whether poststroke immunodepression is also seen in humans. Results: Compared to healthy volunteers (n = 30), a rapid depression of lymphocyte counts and a functional deactivation of monocytes and T helper type 1 cells was observed in acute stroke patients (SP; n = 40). Immunodepression was more pronounced in patients with severe clinical deficit or large infarction. On admission the combination of monocytic tumor necrosis factor α release ex vivo and the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score were the best predictors for nosocomial infection, preferentially affecting older SP. Conclusion: Our data provide evidence for an immediate suppression of cell-mediated immune responses after ischemic stroke in humans.
Middle Cerebral Artery Atherosclerosis: Histological Comparison between Plaques Associated with and Not Associated with Infarct in a Postmortem Study
Authors: Chen Xiang Yan , Wong Ka Sing , Lam Wynnie Wai Man , Zhao Hai-Lu , Ng Ho Keung
Published: November 2007

Background: Atherosclerotic stenosis of large intracranial arteries, especially the middle cerebral artery (MCA), is a common cause of stroke in Chinese patients. We aimed to describe the morphological features of atherosclerotic stenosis in the MCA and to investigate their relationship with cerebral infarcts from a postmortem series. Methods: We studied the morphological features of the MCAs in consecutive postmortem adults aged 45 years or above. The following parameters were evaluated by a single observer blinded to the clinical history: (1) thickness of fibrous cap; (2) extent of lipid area; (3) degree of luminal stenosis; (4) presence of intraplaque hemorrhage, neovasculature, thrombus and calcification. A semiquantitative assessment of macrophage and T lymphocyte infiltration was made by immunohistochemical staining for CD68 and CD45RO. Results: Seventy-six cases were recruited. Atherosclerotic plaques of more than 40% cross-sectional area luminal narrowing stenosis were found in 69 MCAs (45.4%, 69/152). The results demonstrated that the degree of luminal stenosis, the percentage of the plaques containing more than 40% lipid area and the prevalence of intraplaque hemorrhage, neovasculature and thrombus were higher in those plaques associated with infarct, and the mean index of both CD45RO and CD68 was higher among those associated with infarct (p < 0.01). Binary logistic regression showed that stenosis (p = 0.003; odds ratio, OR = 1.050), lipid area (p = 0.048, OR = 1.698) and presence of neovasculature (p = 0.040, OR = 3.471) were independent risk factors of MCA infarcts. Conclusions: Luminal stenosis caused by atherosclerotic plaque, percentage of lipid area and presence of intraplaque neovasculature may play a key role in leading to ischemic stroke.
RCAS1 Decidual Immunoreactivity during Cesarean Section in Scar Deciduosis: Immune Cell Presence and Activity
Authors: Skret-Magierlo Joanna , Wicherek Lukasz , Basta Pawel , Galazka Krystyna , Sikora Jerzy , Wilk Mariusz , Fudali Ludmiła , Skret Andrzej
Published: November 2007

Introduction:Scar deciduosis provides a research model that enables us to assess the impact of decidua on the activity and quality of the immune cells infiltrating this scar tissue. This unique model allows us to examine these processes under conditions excluding the impact of placental cells which, along with decidual cells, control the activity of immune cells under physiological conditions. RCAS1 is a protein responsible for the suppression of the cytotoxic immune response during gestation. The present study evaluates the immunoreactivity level of RCAS1 with respect to immune cell status in the decidua and scar deciduosis. Material and Methods:Immunohistochemical analysis of RCAS1, CD3, CD56, CD25, and CD69 antigen immunoreactivity levels was performed in tissue samples derived from scar deciduosis that developed after a previous cesarean section and were excised during a subsequent cesarean section. The control group consisted of decidua samples derived from cesarean section at term. Results:A statistically significantly higher RCAS1 immunoreactivity level was identified in scar deciduosis tissue samples than in decidua derived from a cesarean section at term. The number of CD56+ cells and immunoreactivity of the CD25 antigen level were observed to be statistically significantly higher in scar deciduosis than in the control group. Conclusion:The presence of an enhanced number of immune cells of higher activity in ectopic decidua during the final step of decidualization seems to be associated with an increase in the immunoreactivity level of RCAS1.
Education and Use of Dementia Drugs: A Register-Based Study of Over 600,000 Older People
Authors: Johnell Kristina , Ringbäck Weitoft Gunilla , Fastbom Johan
Published: November 2007

Background/Aims: Low education has been shown to be a risk factor for dementia. However, little is known about the association between educational level and dementia drugs. Methods: We conducted a register-based study in Sweden of 645,973 people aged 75–89 years. Data on age, sex, type of residential area (urban/rural), dispensed drugs and education were analyzed from people aged 75–89 years registered in the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register during July to October 2005. The 3 main outcome measures were dispensed dementia drugs, cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine) and memantine. Results: Dementia drugs were used by 3% of the study population, cholinesterase inhibitors by almost 3% and memantine by 0.4%. High education was associated with dementia drugs (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 1.19–1.34 for ≧15 years of education compared with ≤9 years), cholinesterase inhibitors (OR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.17–1.33 for ≧15 years of education compared with ≤9 years) and, especially, memantine (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.26–1.68 for ≧15 years of education compared with ≤9 years), after adjustment for age, sex, type of residential area and number of dispensed drugs. Conclusion: The results indicate that there may be inequalities in the use of dementia drugs among elderly Swedes. Future research is required to explain why educational level has the opposite relationship to dementia drugs than to dementia diagnosis.
Seasonality of Suicide: Relationship with the Reason for Suicide
Authors: Rocchi Marco B.L. , Sisti Davide , Miotto Paola , Preti Antonio
Published: November 2007

Aims: This study set out to test the hypothesis that the suicides that can be attributed to a psychiatric illness show a higher seasonality than the suicides due to any other reason. Methods: All the suicides registered in Italy from 1984 to 2000 (57,796 deaths by suicide: males = 41,741, yearly rate = 11.3 per 100,000; females = 16,055, yearly rate = 4.0 per 100,000) were analyzed with circular statistic techniques, based on the maximization of mean vector length method and on the Rayleigh test. Results: The suicides clearly attributed to a psychiatric illness were 35.0% among males and 51.3% among females. An economic reason for suicide was more frequently found among males; somatic illness or sentimental reasons were equally distributed in both sexes. The suicides attributable to a psychiatric illness showed a significantly higher seasonal unevenness than the suicides attributable to somatic illness and to sentimental or economic reasons. Conclusions: The main drawback of this study is that psychiatric diagnoses were not formally assessed by a forensic specialist. However, it succeeded in showing that the dynamics of suicidal behaviour are not unilineal: suicides due to psychiatric or somatic illness mainly happen in spring/summer and those due to economic difficulties mainly in December. Patients with psychiatric and/or somatic illness should be more carefully followed in spring/summer.
Serum BDNF Levels in Suicide Attempters Related to Psychosocial Stressors: A Comparative Study with Depression
Authors: Deveci Artuner , Aydemir Omer , Taskin Oryal , Taneli Fatma , Esen-Danaci Aysen
Published: November 2007

Although many studies have examined the neurobiological aspects of suicide, the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiologic mechanisms associated with suicide remain unclear. In this study, it is aimed to investigate whether there is a difference in serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels among suicide attempters without a major psychiatric disorder, compared to major depressive disorder patients and healthy subjects. It was undertaken with the hypothesis that suicide per se lowers serum BDNF levels, since it is a source of stress. The study was carried out in Celal Bayar University Hospital, Manisa, Turkey. Ten suicide attempters, 24 patients with major depressive disorder and 26 subjects without any psychiatric diagnosis and any psychiatric treatment were included in the study. All subjects were asked to give their written consent. Blood samples were collected at the baseline. Serum BDNF was kept at –70°C before testing, and assayed with an ELISA kit (Promega; Madison, Wisc., USA) after dilution with the block and sample solution provided with the kit. The data were subjected to the Kruskal-Wallis test for nonparametric analysis of variance. Mean serum BDNF levels were significantly lower in the suicide group (21.2 ± 12.4 ng/ml) and the major depressive disorder group (21.2 ± 11.3 ng/ml) than the control group (31.4 ± 8.8 ng/ml; p = 0.004). These results suggest that BDNF may play an important role in the neurobiology of suicidal behavior. BDNF levels may be a biological marker for suicidal behavior. To investigate the role of BDNF in suicide, further studies with a wider sample size and a variety of psychiatric diagnoses accompanying suicide attempt are needed.
Dimensional Structure of the Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire in a Sample of French Students
Authors: Yon Valérie , Loas Gwenolé , Monestes Jean-Louis
Published: November 2007

Background: The Frankfurt Complaint Questionnaire (FCQ) is a questionnaire designed to evaluate the subjective symptoms of schizophrenics. In schizophrenic samples, several validation studies of the FCQ using principal components analyses (PCA) have shown a one-factor solution. Aim: The aim of the present study was firstly to examine the factor structure and the psychometric properties of the FCQ in a sample of 399 students and secondly to explore the reliability of the FCQ-24, a 24-item subscale extracted from the FCQ. Method: PCA was done using several guidelines to select the number of factors. Results: PCA yielded one factor, and the values of the Cronbach alpha were 0.95 and 0.87 for FCQ and FCQ-24, respectively. Conclusions: These results firstly suggested an unidimensionality underlying FCQ items in nonpsychiatric samples and secondly confirmed the satisfactory reliability and validity of the FCQ and its subscale. Psychometric properties of the rating scales must be confirmed in other nonpsychiatric samples. Clinical relevance: As subjective symptoms allow to detect subjects prone to schizophrenia, it is important to use well-validated rating scales.
Body Image and Transsexualism
Authors: Kraemer Bernd , Delsignore Aba , Schnyder Ulrich , Hepp Urs
Published: November 2007

Background: To achieve a detailed view of the body image of transsexual patients, an assessment of perception, attitudes and experiences about one’s own body is necessary. To date, research on the body image of transsexual patients has mostly covered body dissatisfaction with respect to body perception. Sampling and Methods: We investigated 23 preoperative (16 male-to-female and 7 female-to-male transsexual patients) and 22 postoperative (14 male-to-female and 8 female-to-male) transsexual patients using a validated psychological measure for body image variables. Results: We found that preoperative transsexual patients were insecure and felt unattractive because of concerns about their body image. However, postoperative transsexual patients scored high on attractiveness and self-confidence. Furthermore, postoperative transsexual patients showed low scores for insecurity and concerns about their body. Conclusions: Our results indicate an improvement of body image concerns for transsexual patients following standards of care for gender identity disorder. Follow-up studies are recommended to confirm the assumed positive outcome of standards of care on body image.
Fetoscopic Transuterine Release of Posterior Urethral Valves: A New Technique
Authors: Clifton Matthew S. , Harrison Michael R. , Ball Robert , Lee Hanmin
Published: November 2007

Fetal urinary tract obstruction with oligohydramnios produces pulmonary hypoplasia and renal dysplasia. Decompression of the obstructed urinary tract may restore amniotic fluid and allow lung growth, but transabdominal catheter shunt decompression is often inadequate and does not allow for cycling of the bladder, while open procedures cause significant maternal morbidity. Disruption of the anatomic obstruction, usually posterior urethral valves in a male fetus, would be ideal but has proven technically difficult. Here we describe a new technique of percutaneous fetal cystoscopy and disruption of posterior urethral valves, and the case report of our first application of this technique. We pre-sent a case of a 17-week male fetus with posterior urethral valves which underwent fetal cystoscopy for mechanical disruption of posterior urethral valves. This minimally invasive approach to disruption of posterior urethral valves in a fetus is a novel method for decompressing the urinary tract. The technique offers a minimal degree of maternal morbidity and, if instituted early enough, can restore amniotic fluid volume, avert fatal pulmonary hypoplasia and may preserve renal function.
Amnioexchange for the Treatment of Gastroschisis – An in vitro Study to Determine the Volume and Number of Exchanges Needed
Authors: Marder Amanda L. , Moise, Jr. Kenneth , Chuang Alice , Johnson Anthony , Chapman John F. , Snyder Jennifer A.
Published: November 2007

Objective: Intestinal damage of neonates with gastroschisis is thought to be attributed to prolonged exposure to the toxic environment of the amniotic fluid. Amnioexchange/infusion has been a proposed method to improve bowel quality. The aim of the current study was to design an in vitro model to determine the volume and number of amnioexchanges needed to achieve a predetermined reduction in a solute contained within the original concentration of amniotic fluid. Methods: We used a predetermined volume of normal saline to serve as the model for the amniotic cavity and the chloride anion as the surrogate for the noxious agent. Volumes of 250, 500, and 750 ml were used to represent the amniotic volume at different gestational ages. We performed a series of exchanges based on our calculated formula for each respective volume. The Student t test was used to calculate the differences between our expected and observed mean chloride concentrations (p < 0.05 = significance). Results: The mean baseline chloride concentration was 100 mmol/l for each volume. Our formula overestimated the number of exchanges needed to reach a 75% reduction in chloride concentration for each volume, but this was not statistically significantly different from the observed number of exchanges (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our formula required a correction factor of 3 or 4 fewer exchanges to obtain the desired 75% reduction in chloride concentration. It may be useful when investigations to study amnioexchange are undertaken for the treatment of fetuses with gastroschisis.
Ultrasonographic Findings of Fetal Aneuploidies in the Second Trimester – Our Experiences
Authors: Papp Csaba , Szigeti Zsanett , Tóth-Pál Ernő , Hajdú Júlia , Joó József Gábor , Papp Zoltán
Published: November 2007

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of ultrasound findings in common fetal chromosomal defects on a relatively large series coming out from one institution. We also tried to evaluate possible clusters of ultrasound signs of major chromosomal defects. Methods: Of the 22,150 fetal karyotypings, 514 abnormal karyotypes (2.3%) were diagnosed prenatally between 1990 and 2004. Of them, 374 were further evaluated for abnormal ultrasound signs in this study. These represented the major chromosomal defects of Down syndrome (n = 207), trisomy 18 (n = 70), trisomy 13 (n = 28) and Turner syndrome (n = 69). Results: The incidences of major structural defects and minor anomalies were evaluated then sonographic signs with the highest incidences were established in each of the major chromosomal defects. In fetuses with trisomy 13, besides cardiac defects, the most frequently seen structural abnormalities were central nervous system anomalies and facial anomalies. In fetuses with trisomy 18 and trisomy 21, cardiac anomalies were the most common structural sonographic features, whereas the most common findings were hygroma colli and fetal hydrops in fetuses with Turner syndrome. As far as minor anomalies are concerned, increased nuchal fold was the most predictive marker of each major aneuploidy. Choroid plexus cysts were more common in trisomy 18, whereas echogenic intracardiac foci were more frequently detected in fetuses with trisomy 13 and trisomy 21. Conclusion: This study may help to select the most predictive components of the genetic sonogram which may assist the counseling of women for the actual risk of the major chromosomal abnormalities.
Fetal Therapy in Fetal Thyrotoxicosis: A Case Report
Authors: Srisupundit Kasemsri , Sirichotiyakul Supatra , Tongprasert Fuanglada , Luewan Suchaya , Tongsong Theera
Published: November 2007

Introduction: Fetal thyrotoxicosis, often caused by maternal Grave’s disease, can have adverse effects on fetal outcomes, such as growth impairment or fetal hydrops. Therefore, intrauterine treatment is recommended. Objective: To describe the experience of intrauterine medical treatment of fetal thyrotoxicosis. Case: A 19-year-old woman with a history of Grave’s disease in a euthyroid clinical status after subtotal thyroidectomy became pregnant 2 months after thyroidectomy. At gestational age 28 weeks, persistent fetal tachycardia was identified and the diagnosis of fetal thyrotoxicosis was established by fetal thyroid function test on umbilical cord blood obtained by cordocentesis. Intrauterine treatment for hyperthyroidism was initiated with antithyroid drugs (150 mg/day of propylthiouracil) via maternal oral administration. Fetal heart rate, size of fetal thyroid gland and umbilical cord blood sampling for thyroid function test were monitored. Fetal heart rate became normal and fetal thyroid function tested on fetal cord blood at 1 month after antithyroid fetal therapy was also normal. Fetal thyrotoxicosis improved but the mother had some degree of hypothyroidism from fetal therapy and needed thyroid hormone replacement. The remaining course of gestation was uneventful. The patient had spontaneous labor and delivery at 38 weeks of gestation resulting in normal female baby, 2,900 g, and had no clinical of neonatal thyrotoxicosis. Maternal thyroid medications were stopped immediately after birth. Conclusion: Intrauterine treatment of fetal thyrotoxicosis with medication via the maternal circulation can possibly improve fetal outcome.
Generation of Optimal Artificial Neural Networks Using a Pattern Search Algorithm: Application to Approximation of Chemical Systems
Authors: Ihme Matthias , Marsden Alison L. , Pitsch Heinz
Published: November 2007

A pattern search optimization method is applied to the generation of optimal artificial neural networks (ANNs). Optimization is performed using a mixed variable extension to the generalized pattern search method. This method offers the advantage that categorical variables, such as neural transfer functions and nodal connectivities, can be used as parameters in optimization. When used together with a surrogate, the resulting algorithm is highly efficient for expensive objective functions. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in optimizing an ANN for the number of neurons, the type of transfer function, and the connectivity among neurons. The optimization method is applied to a chemistry approximation of practical relevance. In this application, temperature and a chemical source term are approximated as functions of two independent parameters using optimal ANNs. Comparison of the performance of optimal ANNs with conventional tabulation methods demonstrates equivalent accuracy by considerable savings in memory storage. The architecture of the optimal ANN for the approximation of the chemical source term consists of a fully connected feedforward network having four nonlinear hidden layers and 117 synaptic weights. An equivalent representation of the chemical source term using tabulation techniques would require a 500 × 500 grid point discretization of the parameter space.
A Principle for Learning Egocentric-Allocentric Transformation
Authors: Byrne Patrick , Becker Suzanna
Published: November 2007

Numerous single-unit recording studies have found mammalian hippocampal neurons that fire selectively for the animal's location in space, independent of its orientation. The population of such neurons, commonly known as place cells, is thought to maintain an allocentric, or orientation-independent, internal representation of the animal's location in space, as well as mediating long-term storage of spatial memories. The fact that spatial information from the environment must reach the brain via sensory receptors in an inherently egocentric, or viewpoint-dependent, fashion leads to the question of how the brain learns to transform egocentric sensory representations into allocentric ones for long-term memory storage. Additionally, if these long-term memory representations of space are to be useful in guiding motor behavior, then the reverse transformation, from allocentric to egocentric coordinates, must also be learned. We propose that orientation-invariant representations can be learned by neural circuits that follow two learning principles: minimization of reconstruction error and maximization of representational temporal inertia. Two different neural network models are presented that adhere to these learning principles, the first by direct optimization through gradient descent and the second using a more biologically realistic circuit based on the restricted Boltzmann machine (Hinton, 2002; Smolensky, 1986). Both models lead to orientation-invariant representations, with the latter demonstrating place-cell-like responses when trained on a linear track environment.
Feedback Decoding of Spatially Structured Population Activity in Cortical Maps
Authors: Swindale Nicholas V.
Published: November 2007

A mechanism is proposed by which feedback pathways model spatial patterns of feedforward activity in cortical maps. The mechanism can be viewed equivalently as readout of a content-addressable memory or as decoding of a population code. The model is based on the evidence that cortical receptive fields can often be described as a separable product of functions along several dimensions, each represented in a spatially ordered map. Given this, it is shown that for an N-dimensional map, accurate modeling and decoding of xN feedforward activity patterns can be done with Nx fibers, N of which must be active at any one time. The proposed mechanism explains several known properties of the cortex and pyramidal neurons: (1) the integration of signals by dendrites with a narrow tangential distribution, that is, apical dendrites; (2) the presence of fast-conducting feedback projections with broad tangential distributions; (3) the multiplicative effects of attention on receptive field profiles; and (4) the existence of multiplicative interactions between subthreshold feedforward inputs to basal dendrites and inputs to apical dendrites.
A Very Simple Spiking Neuron Model That Allows for Modeling of Large, Complex Systems
Authors: Lovelace Jeffrey J. , Cios Krzysztof J.
Published: November 2007

This letter introduces a biologically inspired very simple spiking neuron model. The model retains only crucial aspects of biological neurons: a network of time-delayed weighted connections to other neurons, a threshold-based generation of action potentials, action potential frequency proportional to stimulus intensity, and interneuron communication that occurs with time-varying potentials that last longer than the associated action potentials. The key difference between this model and existing spiking neuron models is its great simplicity: it is basically a collection of linear and discontinuous functions with no differential equations to solve.

The model's ability to operate in a complex network was tested by using it as a basis of a network implementing a hypothetical echolocation system. The system consists of an emitter and two receivers. The outputs of the receivers are connected to a network of spiking neurons (using the proposed model) to form a detection grid that acts as a map of object locations in space. The network uses differences in the arrival times of the signals to determine the azimuthal angle of the source and time of flight to calculate the distance. The activation patterns observed indicate that for a network of spiking neurons, which uses only time delays to determine source locations, the spatial discrimination varies with the number and relative spacing of objects. These results are similar to those observed in animals that use echolocation.
Networking by Entrepreneurs: Patterns of Tie—Formation in Emerging Organizations
Authors: Elfring Tom , Hulsink Willem
Published: November 2007

There are two conflicting patterns of network development of founding entrepreneurs that emerge from existing literature. One of them evolves from an identity-based network dominated by strong ties into an intentionally managed network rich in weak ties. The other involves the opposite, with weak ties dominating in the emergence phase and some of them developing into strong ties, the latter of which are characteristic of the early growth phase. The empirical part of this study focused on the development of the networks of 32 IT start-ups in The Netherlands, which we constructed on the basis of secondary data sources and in-depth interviews with the founders. We found three distinct patterns of network development. The conflicting patterns from the literature fitted two of our patterns and we were able to reconcile them by showing how initial founding conditions and post-founding entrepreneurial processes influence tie-formation processes. We propose that the simultaneous effect of these tie-formation processes leads to particular development patterns of weak and strong ties over time, highlighting the importance of investigating network processes.
Density, Inmate Assaults, and Direct Supervision Jails
Authors: Tartaro Christine , Levy Marissa P.
Published: November 2007

Researchers have completed several studies on the effects of density on violence in prisons and jails, but little work has been done on density's impact on direct supervision jails. Direct supervision facilities, also known as new generation jails, were created by the Federal Bureau of Prisons with the goal of reducing violence, suicide and disorder. Given the crowded conditions in most jails across the country, it is important to determine the impact, if any, that density has on the operations of these jails. The current study involves an analysis of density on assaults in nearly 150 direct supervision jails. The results indicate that neither spatial nor social density are predictors of violence in these jails. Several direct supervision jail characteristics are also included in the analysis, but they are not associated with reported assaults. The racial composition of inmates, location of the jail, and number of inmates each officer is permitted to supervise predicted assaults.
Is It an Inside Job?
Authors: Liederbach John , Boyd Lorenzo M. , Taylor Robert W. , Kawucha Soraya K.
Published: November 2007

Data concerning the internal investigation of complaints against police have rarely been available to researchers. The present study uses information derived through an examination of Internal Affairs complaint investigation files obtained from a large Midwestern police agency in order to examine issues related to the processing of complaints against the police. The article includes an overview of existing literature concerning citizen complaints and internal complaint review structures. Data are presented concerning complainants and accused officers, investigative findings, and the factors cited by investigators in order to justify their findings. Issues regarding the interpretation of sustain rates for citizen complaints are discussed, as well as suggested improvements for the internal review of complaints against the police.
State Administration of Drug Courts
Authors: Heck Cary , Roussell Aaron
Published: November 2007

Although drug courts are local programs, many were established using federal grant dollars from the U.S. Department of Justice. As these federal grants run their course and overall federal funding for drug courts declines, drug court programs are increasingly relying on state funding for long-term sustainability. Based on prior research and interviews with state drug court directors, this article delineates the three basic models that have emerged for funding and management of these programs at the state level. There is no one best model—each has its strengths and weaknesses. States contemplating a centralization of their drug court activity are urged to carefully consider the executive, judicial, and collaborative models in light of their respective state bureaucratic structures. Whatever decision is made, it must reflect input from the important state-level stakeholders.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Problem-Solving Therapy for Minor Depression in Home Care
Authors: Gellis Zvi D. , McGinty Jean , Tierney Lynda , Jordan Cindy , Burton Jean , Misener Elizabeth
Published: November 2007

Objective: Data are presented from a pilot research program initiated to develop, refine, and test the outcomes of problem-solving therapy that targets the needs of older adults with minor depression in home care settings. Method: A pilot randomized clinical trial compares the impact of problem-solving therapy for home care to treatment as usual in a sample of older, medically ill home care patients. Compared with 32 older home care participants randomized to the treatment as usual condition, 30 older home care participants in an intervention condition received brief problem-solving therapy. Results: Outcome data suggest significant improvements in depression symptomatology and problem-solving abilities after problem-solving therapy for home care, relative to treatment as usual. The experimental group was also more satisfied with treatment as compared to the control condition. Conclusion: Authors discuss results in terms of the “real-world” social work applicability of this psychosocial treatment for late-life depression.
Dating Conflicts
Authors: Adelman Madelaine , Sang Hea Kil
Published: November 2007

Dating couples are tied to each other's friends who have expectations about dating, such as who constitutes an acceptable date and how to balance friendship and dating. We explore the place of friends in dating conflicts (i.e., conflicts and violence associated with heterosexual teen dating) and ask: (a) How are friends implicated in teen dating/violence not only as targets or confidants, but also as participants in conflict that stems from their friends' relationships, and (b) in what ways do dating conflicts conserve or challenge the power of gender and sexual conformity that underlies heterosexual dating and dating violence?
Forsaking Honor or For the Sake of Honor
Authors: Jaeger Audrey J. , Thornton Courtney H.
Published: November 2007

A basketball player at a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I and religiously affiliated school cheats in a course and receives an “F.” Under the school's academic policy, a failing grade for academic dishonesty should not be expunged from the student's record, but the university's president approves a grade change for the star athlete. This case examines the actions of a university president, Board of Trustees, faculty members, and other administrators in this controversial situation. The case was developed for an organization theory course in a higher education administration program but is also instructive on leadership and governance, accountability, and academic integrity.
James Madison High
Authors: Stroup John T. , Salmonowicz Michael J. , Broom Christopher C.
Published: November 2007

This case tells the story of James Madison High School, which became the epicenter of a debate over the future reorganization and control of large secondary schools in the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD). The LAUSD, recently taken over by the newly elected mayor, was fighting for control of this 3,000-student high school with a charter school company. Both entities offered plans for restructuring James Madison, which amid this larger debate was dealing with racial tension and poor academic performance. Students must analyze the political climate and determine how the school's new principal should approach the situation and what actions should be taken.
Levo- but not dextro-1-methyl tryptophan abrogates the IDO activity of human dendritic cells
Authors: Lob Stefan , Konigsrainer Alfred , Schafer Richard , Rammensee Hans-Georg , Opelz Gerhard , Terness Peter
Published: November 2007

Clinical trials have been started with the aim of inducing tumor immunity by blocking the immunosuppressive action of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) with the IDO2-inhibitor dextro-1-methyl-tryptophan (D-1MT). Here we show that human dendritic cells (DCs) express both IDO-1 and IDO-2, but that only IDO1 mediates tryptophan catabolism; furthermore, its activity is blocked by levo-1MT, whereas D-1MT is inefficient. Consequently, in humans any possible antitumor effects of D-1MT cannot be attributed to abrogation of IDO activity in DCs as described in this study.