bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A metodologia utilizada em estudos que envolvem ecos da prematuridade na história da família
Authors: Pereira Sylvia M. P. , Cardoso Maria H. C. de A.
Published: March 2017

O objetivo deste artigo foi revisar a literatura para identificar a natureza da metodologia utilizada e qual a área de atuação dos autores na abordagem do impacto da prematuridade na família e, a longo prazo, na criança. Baseou-se em: bases de dados do Medline e Lilacs utilizando-se como palavras-chaves: "premature, family"; "intensive care unit, neonatal"; "quality of life"; "qualitative research". Foram selecionados artigos médicos nas áreas de Pediatria, Psiquiatria, Medicina Psicossocial e nas áreas de Enfermagem e Ciências Humanas, publicados nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português, nos últimos dez anos e artigos identificados a partir das referências bibliográficas citadas nos primeiros artigos. Utilizadas teses de pós-graduação com informações relevantes. foram revistos onze artigos que utilizaram a metodologia quantitativa com questionários estruturados e semi-estruturados, analisados por testes estatísticos de distribuição de freqüência, qui-quadrado, regressão logística e covariância e seis estudos, sendo duas teses de mestrado e quatro artigos que utilizaram a metodologia qualitativa, com entrevista não estruturada, entrevista com grupos focais, história de vida e observação participante, analisados por fenomenologia, fenomenologia-hermenêutica e análise temática. Concluiu-se que os estudos que abordam o impacto da prematuridade na família, em sua maioria, utilizam metodologia quantitativa e são produzidos na área da Medicina, principalmente Neonatologia e Psiquiatria. A metodologia qualitativa está começando a ser aplicada a esses estudos, em áreas não médicas. São necessárias novas pesquisas para que os médicos, especialmente Neonatologistas, conheçam a especificidade da metodologia qualitativa em gerar evidências, podendo ser fonte de observação tão significativa quanto aquela proveniente da pesquisa quantitativa, para estudos que abordam prematuridade e família.
Compreendendo a família da criança com deficiência física
Authors: Sá Sumaia Midlej Pimental , Rabinovich Elaine Pedreira
Published: March 2017

Este trabalho procurou identificar de que forma famílias de baixa renda se reestruturam após o nascimento de uma criança com deficiência física determinada por Encefalopatia Crônica da Infância. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo de cunho qualitativo que empregou a técnica de análise de conteúdo agrupado em eixos temáticos construídos a partir da leitura e análise de entrevistas. Foram selecionadas 08 (oito) famílias nucleares em cujo seio houvesse uma criança com deficiência física que freqüentasse uma clínica escola de Fisioterapia em Salvador, Bahia, 2004. Pais e mães destas crianças (onze) responderam um instrumento de pesquisa na forma de entrevista semi-estruturada, acrescida de levantamento sobre o contexto sócio-econômico cultural. Várias são as dificuldades enfrentadas pela família, dentre elas a perda do objeto do desejo, a redução da renda e dos contatos sociais e o desequilíbrio emocional, sendo esses os fatores internos e externos que colaboram para aumentar o estresse familiar. As famílias reagiram à adversidade, estabelecendo estratégias para adaptação e construção de soluções. Concluiu-se que novas formas de reestruturação ocorreram para manter o equilíbrio. Torna-se necessário uma maior mobilização da família e da sociedade na criação e/ou manutenção de políticas públicas que validem o deficiente físico como sujeito e cidadão e pesquisas focalizando a dinâmica do funcionamento familiar para que seja possível avaliar melhor o impacto da deficiência física na estrutura familiar.
Apoio social e experiência da maternidade
Authors: Rapoport Andrea , Piccinini Cesar Augusto
Published: March 2017

O apoio social mostra-se importante ao longo de todo o ciclo vital, especialmente durante períodos de mudanças e estresse. Considerando que a experiência da maternidade é um período de transição carregado de muitas situações novas e potencialmente estressantes, o presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma revisão de estudos teóricos e empíricos que relacionam apoio social e maternidade. A literatura examinada indica a importância do apoio de familiares, instituições formais e empregados para a mulher grávida e a nova mãe. A presença deste apoio social tende a aumentar a responsividade materna, beneficiando o bebê, a relação mãe-bebê e a relação conjugal, especialmente em situações estressantes.
Experiências de violência intrafamiliar entre adolescentes em conflito com a lei
Authors: Lima Isabel Maria Sampaio Oliveira , Alcântara Miriã Alves Ramos de , Almeid Kátia Virgínia Dórea , Alves Vânia Sampaio
Published: March 2017

O presente estudo tem como objeto discutir experiências de violência intrafamiliar relatadas por adolescentes autores de ato infracional no Estado da Bahia em cumprimento de medida socioeducativa de internação. Revisa aspectos normativos relacionados com o grupo infanto-juvenil e apresenta os resultados de uma investigação realizada em convênio com a Vara da Infância e da Juventude da cidade do Salvador. Considera-se a importância de políticas públicas de apoio à família na perspectiva dos direitos humanos, com foco no crescimento e desenvolvimento do grupo infanto-juvenil. A condição de vulnerabilidade enfrentada pelos adolescentes é relacionada ao necessário esforço que deve ser empreendido conjuntamente pela família, pela comunidade e pelo Estado para respeitar sua dignidade como pessoa humana.
Valores e crenças parentais: reflexões teóricas
Authors: Kobarg Ana P. R. , Sachetti Vírginia A. R. , Vieira Mauro L.
Published: March 2017

O contexto cultural permite o acúmulo de informações dentro de um grupo que se reflete em crenças e práticas. Compreender a relação entre a natureza humana e cultura é uma questão complexa e necessária para a compreensão do comportamento. Ampliar pesquisas enfocando a complexa relação entre o biológico e o social promove um melhor entendimento sobre o desenvolvimento, o que significa que estudar crenças e práticas permite entender melhor a relação entre o homem e a cultura e, conseqüentemente, compreender melhor o comportamento humano. A importância do estudo de crenças parentais para a compreensão do desenvolvimento humano mostra que os sistemas de crenças parentais têm emergido como um campo de estudo relevante para a compreensão do desenvolvimento por estar diretamente vinculado ao estilo de cuidado dispensado à criança.
O fantasma da repetição e a relação mãe / filha
Authors: Reis Lilian Perdigão Caixeta , Rabinovich Elaine Pedreira
Published: March 2017

Este estudo de caso foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar a interferência de padrões e crenças familiares no processo de diferenciação de jovens mulheres por meio de estudo de casos. Foram selecionadas sete jovens atendidas no Centro de Orientação da Família (COF), residentes em Salvador, e que apresentavam dificuldades emocionais associadas à vida familiar. Entrevistas semi estruturadas com as participantes, acopladas a relatórios de atendimentos, forneceram a base empírica do estudo. O conjunto das informações coletadas foi analisado agrupando os conteúdos por temas. O tema destacado, medo de repetir a história de vida materna, foi desdobrado em: ausência da figura paterna; falta de credibilidade quanto à figura masculina; dificuldades associadas à sexualidade e conflitos com a mãe. As jovens investiam sua energia preferencialmente no estudo e objetivo profissional, sentindo-se responsáveis por colaborar economicamente na manutenção do grupo familiar e assumindo papéis que caberiam a seus pais. A sobrecarga e dificuldade para lidar com tais situações repercutiam nas jovens, com incidência de sintomas psicossomáticos, sinalizando a dramaticidade dos conflitos vivenciados. Conclui-se que a possibilidade de emancipação aberta às novas gerações em uma sociedade urbana e individualista entrava em conflito, nos casos estudados, com o ideário ainda tradicional, onde padrões e crenças apontam para a lógica da reciprocidade e solidariedade dos laços de parentesco.
Emoção e experiência corporal na trajetória da conversão: um estudo de caso
Authors: Costa Lívia Fialho , Jacquet Christine
Published: March 2017

O texto tem por objetivo discutir a articulação existente entre doença, corpo e emoções nas narrativas de cura religiosa. Partimos de casos concretos de mulheres convertidas ao neopentecostalismo que contam ter encontrado nos ritos e rituais religiosos uma alternativa para lidar com sofrimentos e aflições pessoais e/ou familiares. As histórias de conversão relatam uma vida caracterizada por um sentimento de desvalorização de si e a conversão ocorre durante um episódio de crise ou de uma experiência extraordinária que quebra o curso normal da trajetória de vida. As convertidas são quase unânimes em afirmar que a conversão foi resultado da busca de uma solução para uma doença; no entanto, a doença relatada pelas fiéis não é senão um quadro genérico no interior do qual são organizadas evidências que visam deslocar a atenção daqueles que as escutam para o caráter eficaz dos rituais religiosos. A motivação inicial da conversão não estava assim ligada unicamente à doença, mas a um conjunto de situações problemáticas.
From ions to insulin
Authors: Kanelis Voula
Published: March 2017

Electron cryo-microscopy has revealed the three-dimensional structure of a potassium channel that has a central role in regulating the release of insulin from the pancreas.
Reliability and dimensionality of PHQ-9 in screening symptoms of depression among health science students in Cartagena, 2014
Authors: Cassiani-Miranda Carlos Arturo , Vargas-Hernández María Camila , Pérez-Anibal Eduard , Herazo-Bustos Mariana Isabel , Hernández-Carrillo Mauricio
Published: March 2017

Introducción. Es necesario el cribado de depresión en estudiantes universitarios con instrumentos válidos. El Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente (PHQ-9) es confiable y valido para tamizaje de depresión en el contexto universitario, pero su desempeño psicométrico en Colombia se desconoce.Objetivo. Estimar la confiabilidad y dimensionalidad del PHQ-9 como instrumento de tamizaje para sintomatología depresiva en estudiantes del área de ciencias de la salud de una universidad en Cartagena, Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Se estudió la estructura factorial y la confiabilidad del PHQ-9. La muestra fue de 550 estudiantes para una prevalencia esperada de síntomas depresivos con importancia clínica (SDIC) del 25%. Nivel de confianza del 95%, error de 3%. Se utilizó la versión en español de la escala PHQ-9 de uso libre para Colombia. Se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio, la estimación de la consistencia interna con Alfa de Cronbach y omega de McDonald.Resultados. Se analizaron 541 encuestas. La edad media del grupo fue de 20,18 (DE 2,59) años, 354 (63,77%) eran mujeres y 196 (36,23%) eran hombres. La prevalencia de SDIC fue del 27,3%. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró un modelo de dos factores, que explicaron el 42,80% de la varianza total. La proporción de la varianza explicada por los factores fue entre 0,243 (ítem 5) y 0,587 (ítem 2). El Alfa de Cronbach fue 0,830 y Omega de McDonald fue 0,89. Conclusiones. El PHQ-9 es una herramienta válida y confiable para el cribado de sintomatología depresiva en estudiantes de ciencias de la salud de una universidad en Cartagena-Colombia.
Self-rated health, multimorbidity and depression in older adults: proposal and evaluation of a simple conceptual model
Authors: Bustos-Vázquez Eduardo , Fernández-Niño Julián Alfredo , Astudillo-Garcia Claudia Iveth
Published: March 2017

Introducción. La autopercepción en salud es una concepción individual y subjetiva que constituye una encrucijada entre factores biológicos, sociales y las experiencias psicológicas; proporcionando una evaluación única e inestimable del estado de salud global.Objetivo. Proponer y evaluar un modelo conceptual simple para entender la autopercepción en salud y su relación con multimorbilidad, discapacidad y síntomas depresivos en adultos mayores mexicanos.Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal basado en una muestra representativa nacional de 8.874 adultos mayores de 60 años y más. Se determinó la autopercepción positiva de salud a través de una escala Likert basada en la pregunta “¿Cómo considera que es su estado actual de salud?”, así como variables intermediarias de condiciones de multimorbilidad, discapacidad y síntomas depresivos; y variables exógenas dicotómicas (sexo, tener pareja, percepción de participación en decisiones del hogar y pobreza). Para validar el modelo conceptual propuesto, se realizó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales generalizado con función liga logit para la autopercepción positiva de salud (APPS).Resultados. Se encontró una asociación de vías directas entre la multimorbilidadàAPPS (OR=0,48; IC 95%: 0,42-0,55), discapacidadàAPPS (OR=0,35; IC 95%: 0,30-0,40), síntomas depresivosà APPS (OR=0,38; IC 95%: 0,34-0,43). El modelo también es consistente con las vías indirectas planteadas conceptualmente, entre discapacidadà síntomas depresivos (OR=2,25; IC 95%: 2,01-2,52), multimorbilidadà síntomas depresivos (OR=1,79; IC 95%: 1,61-2,00); y multimorbilidadà discapacidad (OR=1,98; IC 95%: 1,78-2,20), todas las cuáles afectan al final la APPS.Conclusiones. Se realizó la evaluación empírica de un modelo teórico parsimonioso, que permitió la identificación de vías directas e indirectas de la APPS.
Aerodynamic forces and flows of the full and partial clap-fling motions in insects
Authors: Cheng Xin , Sun Mao
Published: March 2017

Most of the previous studies on Weis-Fogh clap-fling mechanism have focused on the vortex structures and velocity fields. Detailed pressure distribution results are provided for the first time in this study to reveal the differences between the full and the partial clap-fling motions. The two motions are studied by numerically solving the Navier–Stokes equations in moving overset grids. The Reynolds number is set to 20, relevant to the tiny flying insects. The following has been shown: (1) During the clap phase, the wings clap together and create a high pressure region in the closing gap between wings, greatly increasing the positive pressure on the lower surface of wing, while pressure on the upper surface is almost unchanged by the interaction; during the fling phase, the wings fling apart and create a low pressure region in the opening gap between wings, greatly increasing the suction pressure on the upper surface of wing, while pressure on the lower surface is almost unchanged by the interaction; (2) The interference effect between wings is most severe at the end of clap phase and the start of the fling phase: two sharp force peaks (8–9 times larger than that of the one-winged case) are generated. But the total force peaks are manifested mostly as drag and barely as lift of the wing, owing to the vertical orientation of the wing section; (3) The wing–wing interaction effect in the partial clap-fling case is much weaker than that in the full clap-fling case, avoiding the generation of huge drag. Compared with a single wing flapping with the same motion, mean lift in the partial case is enhanced by 12% without suffering any efficiency degradation, indicating that partial clap-fling is a more practical choice for tiny insects to employ.
A novel application of mark-recapture to examine behaviour associated with the online trade in elephant ivory
Authors: Yeo Lydia M. , McCrea Rachel S. , Roberts David L.
Published: March 2017

The illegal trade in elephant ivory is driving the unlawful killing of elephants such that populations are now suffering unsustainable reductions. The internet is increasingly being used as a platform to conduct illegal wildlife trade, including elephant ivory. As a globally accessible medium the internet is as highly attractive to those involved in the illegal trade as it is challenging to regulate. Characterising the online illegal wildlife (ivory) trade is complex, yet key to informing enforcement activities. We applied mark-recapture to investigate behaviour associated with the online trade in elephant ivory on eBay UK as a generalist online marketplace. Our results indicate that trade takes place via eBay UK, despite its policy prohibiting this, and that two distinct trading populations exist, characterised by the pattern of their ivory sales. We suggest these may represent a large number of occasional (or non-commercial) sellers and a smaller number of dedicated (or commercial) sellers. Directing resource towards reducing the volume of occasional sales, such as through education, would enable greater focus to be placed upon characterising the extent and value of the illegal, “commercial” online ivory trade. MRC has the potential to characterise the illegal trade in ivory and diverse wildlife commodities traded using various online platforms.
Diverse bacterial communities exist on canine skin and are impacted by cohabitation and time
Authors: Torres Sheila , Clayton Jonathan B. , Danzeisen Jessica L. , Ward Tonya , Huang Hu , Knights Dan , Johnson Timothy J.
Published: March 2017

It has previously been shown that domestic dogs and their household owners share bacterial populations, and that sharing of bacteria between humans is facilitated through the presence of dogs in the household. However, less is known regarding the bacterial communities of dogs, how these communities vary by location and over time, and how cohabitation of dogs themselves influences their bacterial community. Furthermore, the effects of factors such as breed, hair coat length, sex, shedding, and age on the canine skin microbiome is unknown. This study sampled the skin bacterial communities of 40 dogs belonging to 20 households longitudinally across three seasons (spring, summer, and winter). Significant differences in bacterial community structure between samples were identified when stratified by season, but not by dog sex, age, breed, hair type, or skin site. Cohabitating dogs were more likely to share bacteria of the skin than non-cohabitating dogs. Similar to human bacterial microbiomes, dogs’ microbiomes were more similar to their own microbiomes over time than to microbiomes of other individuals. Dogs sampled during the same season were also more similar to each other than to dogs from different seasons, irrespective of household. However, there were very few core operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified across all dogs sampled. Taxonomic classification revealedPropionibacterium acnesandHaemophilussp. as key members of the dog skin bacterial community, along withCorynebacteriumsp. andStaphylococcus epidermidis. This study shows that the skin bacterial community structure of dogs is highly individualized, but can be shared among dogs through cohabitation.
Media Use:
J
apan
Authors: Inoue Yasuhiro
Published: March 2017

On a week day, Japanese watch television for an average of 3 hours and 28 minutes. The majority of Japanese regard television as the most important medium, followed by websites and newspapers. However, people tend to watch television while they are doing something else such as net surfing and household work. The level of attention paid to television is assumed to have decreased, especially due to the diffusion of the Internet. Although Japanese people spend much less time reading newspapers than watching television and using the Internet, newspapers in general are highly trusted and appreciated due to the world highest newspaper penetration rate and newspaper companies' public contributions. Internet use has changed the ways people use traditional media and added totally new forms of media use.
Media Use:
S
outhern
E
urope
Authors: Splendore Sergio
Published: March 2017

Media systems in southern Europe share three major features. First, they are characterized by extensive commercialization and a high degree of state interference. Second, media uses have been crucial in shaping media systems and their contents. Third, most have a decent but not a solid level of freedom of the press. Similar to the Mediterranean countries, the Balkan countries are usually regard as a whole. The two groups share some media use strands, especially the low circulation of newspapers and the heavy use of electronic media for news on current affairs. The use of social media is growing impressively, although the Internet is not displacing conventional media altogether. Overall is hard to determine the effects of this change (and it is also hard methodologically and theoretically to investigate the consequences).
Future: Global Development in Media Uses and Effects
Authors: Bruns Axel
Published: March 2017

Changing technological, economic, and social contexts for media production and usage, associated not least with the continuing transition of media to digital formats and platforms, are causing significant disruptions and transformations in how media are used and what implications for individuals and society result from such usage. Although specific developments are difficult to predict, this entry outlines a number of broad trends that are likely to affect global practices.
Media Effects: Accounts, Nature, and History of
Authors: Neuendorf Kimberly A. , Jeffres Leo W.
Published: March 2017

This entry traces the history of media effects scholarship, including key instances of public concern over the impact of the media that have motivated scholarly scrutiny and advancement, the changing assumptions about the nature and strength of media influence over time, the variety of theoretical approaches that have been applied to the study of mass communication outcomes, and issues of contestation over the received view of the history of media effects.
Media Effects: Dynamics and Transactions
Authors: Schönbach Klaus
Published: March 2017

Since the late 1950s, there have been a number of attempts to create more realistic models of the media effects process. For this purpose, transactional concepts have combined the stimulus–response paradigm and the uses and gratifications approach. This entry traces how those models have developed. Reasons for a major standstill since the 1980s in building general models for media effects are discussed.
Media Effects: Comprehensive Theories
Authors: Finklea Bruce W.
Published: March 2017

Researchers have long sought to understand how the media affects people both cognitively and on a societal level. This entry is divided into two sections, one on theories of cognition and behavior and one on theories of information transmission and communication technologies. Comprehensive theories of cognition and behavior discussed in this entry include Bandura's social cognitive theory, Habermas's theory of communicative action, and schema and disposition theories. Theories of information transmission and communication technology include information theory, systems theory, and the theory of the global network society. The historical impacts of the hypodermic needle theory are also discussed.
Cultivation Theory: Effects and Underlying Processes
Authors: Shrum L. J.
Published: March 2017

This entry provides a comprehensive review of cultivation research to date. It discusses the initial tests and criticisms of early cultivation theory and research. It also details attempts to explain the processes that underlie cultivation effects at the individual level and the current state of research on the psychological processes underlying cultivation effects.
Digital Divide: Impact of Access
Authors: Van Dijk Jan A. G. M.
Published: March 2017

Access to digital media is defined as the full process of appropriation of technology by users. It starts with motivation and attitudes and moves on to the process of finding physical access. Then, having learned sufficient digital skills, users will realize a particular frequency and diversity of usage of digital media. In all these phases significant divides are observed. After the year 2000 the importance of digital divides shifted from physical access to skills and usage. However, the main media effects of all these divides are unequal benefits and unequal participation in society.
Digital Divide: Impact of Media Literacy
Authors: Van Deursen Alexander J. A. M.
Published: March 2017

Changes in society demand new types of literacy, especially those related to the Internet, which is one of the most important means of communication in contemporary society. In relation to the digital divide, most interesting are the potential outcomes that high levels of media literacy might result in. The main effect of differential appropriation of media literacy is more or less participation in several fields of society: economic, social, institutional, political, health, and cultural.
Framing as a Multilevel Process
Authors: de Vreese Claes H.
Published: March 2017

Framing is a process that involves various actors (e.g., political elites, media, and citizens). The framing effect process is conditioned by influences at the contextual and individual level as well as by the frames themselves. This entry provides a synthesis of extant framing research and develops a model of framing effects as a multilevel effects process.
Framing: Audience Frames
Authors: Aarøe Lene
Published: March 2017

Studies of framing effects are a fundamental part of media effects research. A framing effect occurs when a media frame affects audience members' understanding of or opinion about an issue. The literature suggests three psychological processes—accessibility change, belief importance change, and belief content change—that can mediate framing effects. Framing effects are moderated by individual differences such as values and political awareness and by contextual factors, including the source of the frame, competitive frame exposure, and repeated frame exposure. The future research agenda should include a clarification of the concept of framing as well as further investigation of the role of emotions, dynamic competitive framing effects, and duration of framing effects. Finally, the influence of online and social media on framing effects also constitutes an interesting area for future studies.
Third‐Person Effect: Basic Concept
Authors: White H. Allen , Andsager Julie L.
Published: March 2017

The third‐person effect is a phenomenon that often occurs when individuals are exposed to a socially undesirable or persuasive message. Its basis lies in the individual's perception that the message will not have a negative effect on the self but that others may be negatively influenced. Thus, the individual may act to prohibit others from exposure to the message. The converse situation also occurs: Exposure to a prosocial message may be perceived to have more influence on the self than on others.
Multistep Flow of Communication: Network Effects
Authors: Ognyanova Katherine
Published: March 2017

The multistep flow paradigm describes the way in which media and interpersonal influence shape public opinion. Works in that tradition explore the diffusion of media messages and the complex patterns of behavioral contagion in social networks. The flows of influence and information are amplified by opinion leaders: key individuals who can change the beliefs and actions of others in their community. Sociometric approaches provide a way to identify influencers based on their structural position or ability to trigger information cascades. Advances in network methodology allow us to model diffusion processes and study the interplay between interpersonal ties and individual behavior.
Reciprocal Effects
Authors: Kepplinger Hans Mathias
Published: March 2017

Reciprocal effects are defined as the impact of former and expected media reports on protagonists of reports. Protagonists are distinguished from bystanders. The theory of causes and conditions of reciprocal effects is outlined, linked to other relevant approaches, and illustrated with results from a broad survey of empirical studies. This entry considers the effects of former and expected media coverage on the use of media, on the emotions of protagonists, and on their observations in their social environment. It also treats speculation about the effects on the population in general and outlines the effects on the behavior of protagonists (direct effects) and the consequences of their behavior for other people (indirect effects).
Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (
LC4MP
)
Authors: Lang Annie
Published: March 2017

The limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing (LC4MP) is a data‐driven model of media message processing. The model assumes people are limited capacity processors and that, during media use, cognitive resources are automatically and continuously allocated to the encoding, storing, and retrieval of information. The model includes two automatic resource allocation mechanisms. All major contents in the model have associated measures that have been validated in the media laboratory.
General Aggression Model
Authors: Allen Johnie J. , Anderson Craig A.
Published: March 2017

The general aggression model (GAM) is an integrative, bio‐social‐cognitive, developmental framework for explaining human aggression that incorporates many domain‐specific theories of aggression. This entry discusses and defines important concepts in the study of aggression (i.e., aggression, violence, proactive vs. reactive aggression, direct vs. indirect aggression, and displaced and triggered displaced aggression). Next, the theoretical precursors to GAM (i.e., cognitive neoassociation theory, social learning theory, script theory, excitation transfer theory, social interaction theory, and the general affective aggression model) are reviewed. Finally, the structure and functions of GAM are described and implications for media effects are discussed.
Affective Disposition Theory
Authors: Raney Arthur A.
Published: March 2017

Affective disposition theory refers to a set of explanations for why and how an audience member enjoys various media entertainment narratives. In simple terms, the theory predicts that enjoyment increases when liked characters experience positive outcomes and/or when disliked characters experience negative ones. Conversely, enjoyment diminishes when liked characters experience negative outcomes and/or disliked characters experience positive ones. Thus, broadly speaking, the theory is composed of three psychological processes or components: the dispositions formed and held toward characters, emotional reactivity to the plights of those characters, and the viewer's hedonic response to the ultimate resolution of the narrative. Empathy and morality play primary roles in these processes and help to explain variance in emotional responses to and enjoyment of media entertainment across viewers.
Propaganda Effects
Authors: Hirzalla Fadi
Published: March 2017

This entry discusses the critical study of propaganda. It focuses on the seminal scholarly work that contributed to the historical and theoretical development of critical approaches to propaganda. It pays special attention to how eminent scholars have appraised the effects of propaganda, and to that purpose their views on the nature and production of propaganda will also be assessed when relevant. The first section elaborates on what propaganda entails and discusses the sociopolitical background against which propaganda became and still remains a relevant subject of scholarly inquiry. The second section discusses the effects theories that have been discussed in the context of propaganda studies. The third section focuses on critical propaganda scholars such as Jacques Ellul, Herbert Schiller, and Noam Chomsky.
False Consciousness and Media Effects
Authors: van Zoonen Liesbet
Published: March 2017

This entry discusses false consciousness—a way of thinking that prevents people from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation—as a particular kind of media effect. The historical provenance of the term in Marxist and neo‐Marxist theories about ideology is covered, as well as its usage in other critical approaches to human behavior and society. The work of Adorno and Horkheimer stipulates how the capitalist economic logic of the culture industry produces individual media effects. Early feminist theory had a similar idea of false consciousness, as produced by patriarchal, rather than capitalist, media. The shortcomings of these structuralist understandings led to a wide embrace of poststructuralists' theories, which emphasize the autonomy and activity of audiences. It is in these areas that Marxism and the notion of false consciousness have been taken up again to analyze media–audience relations in the twenty‐first century.
Premediation
Authors: Kilbourn Russell J. A.
Published: March 2017

Richard Grusin's concept of
premediation
—a term coined in response to changes in the nature of mediation after 9/11—both differs from and extends the meaning of the term
remediation
, coined in the late 1990s in response to a mediascape radically altered by digital technologies of (re)production. Where remediation operates with a double logic of immediacy and hypermediacy, premediation operates according to its own double logic: affect and mediality. In transforming past media, remediation disavows its own formal processes (immediacy) even as it draws attention to them (hypermediacy). Premediation is predicated upon the understanding that media such as the Internet are not merely symptomatic of contemporary life but play an active role in shaping the world as we experience it every day. Premediation's profoundest effects are not affective but moral, not ontological but epistemological, as, in projecting possible futures, it sheds new light upon contemporary mutations in subjectivity.
Content Effects: Political Communication
Authors: Semetko Holli A. , Tworzecki Hubert
Published: March 2017

This entry examines the impact of technology and social change on the effects of media content on the opportunities for political manipulation in different national, regional, and regime contexts. It discusses content effects by highlighting the key concepts in the field: need for orientation, agenda‐setting, priming, and framing. It then considers the context of content effects in relation to the evolution of media systems and information flow, political regime type, and political economy. The entry concludes with a discussion of the challenges facing researchers in this new era of mobile media.
Psychophysiology in Media Effects
Authors: Potter Robert F.
Published: March 2017

The use of physiological measures has an intermittent history in the field of media effects research. However, they are increasingly being used to better understand media effects. There are several reasons for this. First, the cost of measurement hardware has decreased, while durability has increased. Second, scholars are increasingly aware of the insight that physiological data add to self‐report data. However, perhaps the most important reason is a realization that assumptions underlying a psychophysiological approach are necessary for proper experimental design, data collection, and interpretation of results.
Media Multitasking
Authors: Xu Shan , Wang Zheng
Published: March 2017

Due to increased research interests in media multitasking, scholars have accumulated much understanding of its trends, predictors, and consequences. This entry reviews existing research on these topics as well as relevant cognitive theories that help explain the cognitive mechanisms of media multitasking behavior. In addition, the multidimensional framework of media multitasking is described, which helps reconcile current inconsistent findings of media multitasking effects on task performance, cognition functions, and well‐being.
Stigma: Media Influence on
Authors: Ramasubramanian Srividya , Yadlin‐Segal Aya
Published: March 2017

Media play an important part in forming, maintaining, and countering social stigmata. Whether based on physical traits, moral character, or shared “tribal” markers, a stigma is a socially constructed process of discrediting those who deviate from social norms. Media representations provide cues about who belongs in a society, which groups are to be devalued, and what sanctions are permissible for stigmatized groups. Such representations serve as situational cues to prime implicit stereotypes that influence attitudes toward stigmatized groups. Other theories—for example symbolic annihilation, social identity theory, framing, priming, media ostracism, and causal attribution theory—help us understand the psychosocial processes of media stigmatization. Media can also serve as tools in coping with stigma through processes such as media avoidance, selective media processing, and media activism. Audience‐centered approaches like media literacy training and message‐centered approaches like positive media counterstereotyping are some of the media‐based strategies for reducing prejudice among stigmatizers.
Fear Appeals in Strategic Communication
Authors: Meczkowski Eric J. , Dillard James Price
Published: March 2017

Fear appeals are a frequently employed strategy in persuasive media campaigns. Their usage has been justified by their ability to reliably produce persuasive effects under a variety of conditions. Five perspectives regarding the effectiveness of fear appeals are presented, and the implications of message processing and design for each perspective are provided.
Entertainment Effects: Media Appreciation
Authors: Oliver Mary Beth , Bailey Erica , Ferchaud Arienne , Yang Chun
Published: March 2017

The experience of media entertainment can be more than laughs and pleasure—it can also include moving, contemplative, and inspiring moments that are deeply appreciated. The experience ofmedia appreciationencompasses a range of affective and cognitive responses reflecting gratifications associated with the consumption of meaningful entertainment, which itself grapples with questions of life purpose and human virtue. Outcomes associated with media gratification are (among others) an increased sense of well‐being, a feeling of greater connectedness with others, and a heightened motivation for altruistic behavior.
Social Networking
Authors: Amichai‐Hamburger Yair , Hayat Tsahi
Published: March 2017

Social network sites (SNSs) are commonly defined as Web‐based services that allow individuals to create and share an individual profile and lists of established connections with others on the site and to view, navigate, and interact with one's online connections as well as with the connections made by others in the user's network. As their name implies, SNSs are designed to allow users to establish and maintain social networks in the online environment. The rapid expansion of SNSs has generated questions and debate about the usage and social impact of these sites. This entry examines the existing research on this topic and provides a review of the academic literature. It opens with a brief history of the Internet as psychological environment and with the background of SNSs. It goes on to depict the most popular features and functions of these sites. The final section highlights the leading research carried out on the exploitation and influence of SNSs.
Empowerment
Authors: Cammaerts Bart , Decillia Brooks , Zurn Meagan
Published: March 2017

This entry discusses the various roles of media and communication in terms of empowerment and social change. It does so by focusing on a temporal and historical dimension that relates to innovations in terms of media and communication technologies going from the print press over radio broadcasting and the Internet. Besides this, it also identifies a special dimension going from the local to the transnational, but also exposing media and communication as a space of contention. Finally, a strategic dimension is identified by focusing on how political actors and social movements frame issues and attempt to influence, at times successfully, at other times less so, the process of meaning making.
Visuality and Visualization
Authors: Fahmy Shahira , Alkazemi Mariam F.
Published: March 2017

Research on visual effects constitutes a fertile new and expanding area of scholarship. This entry describes the variety of cognitive, attitudinal, and behavioral aspects of study in this area. It seeks to understand the dimension of scholarship in visualization effects and therefore connects visual communication research to the mainstream communication field. It offers insights into functions and effects of visual content and informs about challenges and research trends in visual studies. Although the literature on visual effects has a relatively rich tradition, increasingly contemporary scholars are working to provide striking new insights into how imagery interacts with other modalities of information. Such insights create a new dimension to visual effects research and link this area to newer forms of communication inquiry.
Personality Traits: Influence on Media Effects
Authors: Timmermans Elisabeth , Sparks Glenn G.
Published: March 2017

Media effects research raises the question as to why some individuals appear to be affected by certain media use while others are not. Gaining a better understanding of personality psychology and individual differences may help media researchers to understand the impact and use of certain types of media content. So far, media studies had the tendency to control for certain personality traits when studying media impact and a handful of microlevel media effects theories were developed that include one or more personality traits as moderator variables. However, as media studies are often limited to the inclusion of one or two personality traits, it is difficult to determine the role of well‐known personality psychology theories and taxonomies in the effects examined by such studies. It seems that the field of media effects needs a coherent framework of personality traits that provides clear instructions on the use of personality taxonomies and other trait assessments.
Arousal and Activation
Authors: Bolls Paul D.
Published: March 2017

Arousal/activation is central to all theorizing about the nature of media processes and effects. A general conceptual definition of arousal/activation presents it as a motivated, embodied mental process that fuels all mental activity underlying the multiple ways individuals perceive, and are influenced by, interactions with media. Researchers interested in advancing knowledge of how individuals process and respond to any form of media content and technology need to have a solid understanding of this concept as a core, basic process in how the human mind or brain works. The terms
arousal
and
activation
have both appeared in the communication literature. It is not productive to maintain usage of both. Only the term
arousal
is used to refer to the mental process that is the subject of this review. This entry provides a review of the conceptual development of arousal and offers suggestions for future research.
Reception
Authors: Kim Youna
Published: March 2017

The emergence of television audience reception studies in the early 1980s marked a significant shift away from the preoccupation with media texts as sole producers of meaning for audiences. Earlier reception studies have focused on the meaning‐making activities of audiences, but largely failed to approximate the day‐to‐day lived experiences of people and to provide the kind of vibrant knowledge needed for understanding the complex phenomena and specificities of an audiencehood embedded in a broader social context. The significance of everyday life, its particular character and distinctiveness, should be taken as an important context for understanding the dynamics of media reception and the complexities of sociocultural change in contemporary societies. Further, it should be recognized that the audiences encompassed by the imagination of Western academic researchers are predominantly “white middle‐class housewives and mothers” and people of color are often excluded, almost nonexistent as an empirical phenomenon.
Media Effects: Cumulation and Duration
Authors: Koch Thomas , Arendt Florian
Published: March 2017

The cumulation of media effects describes a process during which numerous (often, but not necessarily, small) effects accumulate over time as individuals use a certain medium or specific media contents repeatedly. Cumulative effects are especially central in forming individuals' perceptions of reality and are therefore a central premise in several theories and approaches that explain media effects (e.g., cultivation, agenda‐setting, or spiral of silence). Whereas effects of single stimuli typically persist only in the short term, cumulative effects of media messages are long‐term effects. This entry theorizes on the processes occurring between the short‐term effects of a single stimulus and the long‐term effects triggered by cumulative exposure.
Salimesophilobacter
Authors: Fang Mingxu , Zhu Xu‐Fen
Published: March 2017

Sa.li.me.so.phi.lo.bac'ter. L. n.
sal
,
salis
, salt; Gr. adj.
mesos
middle; N.L. adj.
philus ‐a ‐um
(from Gr. adj.
philos ‐ê ‐on
) friend to, loving; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod, staff; N.L. masc. n.
Salimesophilobacter
halotolerant, mesophilic rod.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Anaerovirgulaceae / Salimesophilobacter

Gram‐stain‐positive rods. Motile by lateral flagella. Strictly anaerobic, heterotrophic mesophile. No quinone is detected. NaCl is not required, but found to improve growth (cells can tolerate up to 10% w/v NaCl). Carbohydrates, alcohol, and carboxylic acids, but not amino acids, can be used as sole carbon source. The main fermentation products from xylose are acetate, formate, propionate, and lactate. Elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, and Fe (III) can be used as electron acceptors. Spores are not observed during characterization; however, the presence of sporulation genes implies the potential for sporulation. The main polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and unidentified phospholipids and glycolipids.

DNA G + C content
(
mol%
): 37 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Salimesophilobacter vulgaris
Zhang, Fang, Zhang, Li, Wu and Zhu 2013, 1320
VP
.
Inorganic Rubidium Cation as an Enhancer for Photovoltaic Performance and Moisture Stability of HC(NH2)2PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Park Yun Hee , Jeong Inyoung , Bae Seunghwan , Son Hae Jung , Lee Phillip , Lee Jinwoo , Lee Chul‐Ho , Ko Min Jae
Published: March 2017

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) based on organic monovalent cation (methylammonium or formamidinium) have shown excellent optoelectronic properties with high efficiencies above 22%, threatening the status of silicon solar cells. However, critical issues of long‐term stability have to be solved for commercialization. The severe weakness of the state‐of‐the‐art PSCs against moisture originates mainly from the hygroscopic organic cations. Here, rubidium (Rb) is suggested as a promising candidate for an inorganic–organic mixed cation system to enhance moisture‐tolerance and photovoltaic performances of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3). Partial incorporation of Rb in FAPbI3 tunes the tolerance factor and stabilizes the photoactive perovskite structure. Phase conversion from hexagonal yellow FAPbI3 to trigonal black FAPbI3 becomes favored when Rb is introduced. The authors find that the absorbance and fluorescence lifetime of 5% Rb‐incorporated FAPbI3 (Rb0.05FA0.95PbI3) are enhanced than bare FAPbI3. Rb0.05FA0.95PbI3‐based PSCs exhibit a best power conversion efficiency of 17.16%, which is much higher than that of the FAPbI3 device (13.56%). Moreover, it is demonstrated that the Rb0.05FA0.95PbI3 film shows superior stability against high humidity (85%) and the full device made with the mixed perovskite exhibits remarkable long‐term stability under ambient condition without encapsulation, retaining the high performance for 1000 h.