bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the Heterogeneous Nature of Inmate Behavior: Trajectories of Prison Misconduct
Authors: Cihan Abdullah , Davidson Megan , Sorensen Jonathan
Published: June 2017

Researchers have long been interested in stability and changes in offending patterns between and within individuals during the life-course. Using data from the Oregon Department of Corrections and the Oregon State Police, the current study explores misconduct trajectories and also attempts to determine whether certain preprison inmate characteristics specified in the importation model are associated with various misconduct trajectories. Results indicate that there are subgroups of inmates engaged in different patterns of institutional misconduct during the course of years of imprisonment. In addition, certain inmate characteristics can be used to explain the identified heterogeneity in inmate misconduct. Findings from trajectory analyses can be useful to prison officials and policy makers when planning prison services, assistance, and programming for subgroups of inmates.
Study of death to preservation time and its impact on utilisation of donor corneas
Authors: Patel Dhaval , Tandon Radhika , Ganger Anita , Vij Aarti , Lalwani Sanjeev , Kumar Adarsh
Published: June 2017

To evaluate the impact of death-to-preservation time (DPT) on effective utilisation of donor corneas. In a prospective observational study conducted at our tertiary eye centre, donated corneas received over a 15-month period from November 2011 to January 2013 were evaluated. Donor age, donor refrigeration (done or not), DPT, endothelial cell density (ECD), corneal grading, clinical utilisation and surgical outcome after graft transplantation were noted. To analyse the impact of different DPT on donor cornea transplantation, primary outcome measures (corneal grading and endothelial cell density) and secondary outcome measures (primary graft failure and graft infection) were analysed. A total of 990 corneas were assessed. Primary outcomes showed no significant difference for higher DPT ( P > 0.01). ECD, where DPT was >12 h, was better for refrigerated corneas ( P < 0.001). Prolonged DPT had no significant effect on primary graft failure ( P = 0.131) and graft infection ( P = 0.137) in the first month after transplantation. We find that DPT should not be the only criteria to assess the cornea quality; other donor characteristics should be considered equally important. Donor refrigeration should be encouraged in cases where early retrieval is not possible.
Politically Motivated Selective Exposure and Perceived Media Bias
Authors: Barnidge Matthew , Gunther Albert C. , Kim Jinha , Hong Yangsun , Perryman Mallory , Tay Swee Kiat , Knisely Sandra
Published: June 2017

If the individuals who are most likely to perceive media bias no longer encounter, via selective exposure, media content they might consider biased, why are perceptions of media bias so pervasive? We argue that many people who engage in politically motivated selective exposure also perceive “the media” in general to be biased. Relying on a survey of adults in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, which has witnessed particularly contentious and divisive political events since 2011, this study examines self-reported patterns of selective exposure to partisan media while accounting for the role of the local communication ecology in encouraging or discouraging partisan media selectivity. It also tests the idea that selective exposure is related to a generalized perception of media bias—the idea that “the media” in general are biased while self-selected media are not. Finally, the study tests a moderated mediation model showing the structure of relationships among political opinion extremity, selective exposure, and perceived media bias. Results suggest (a) a positive relationship between political opinion extremity and selective exposure, (b) opposite patterns of relationships between selective exposure and perceived media bias about self-selected and general media, respectively, and (c) evidence of moderated mediation among political opinion extremity, selective exposure, and perceived media bias.
Care and its constraints
Authors: Jørgensen Simon Laumann
Published: June 2017

Welfare states are in a care crisis both in the sense of a practical care gap (abundant needs but not enough caregivers) and in the new movement to limit care to mere rehabilitation. Few political theorists pay attention to these developments, and those who do say little about the potential limits to care. This article discusses Philip Pettit’s theory of social justice in relation to questions of public care provisions. Pettit’s theory has been praised by feminists for its attention to social injustices and because it highlights fair limits to care. The article examines how Pettit builds up his argument involving the idea of a gateway good, heuristics and a set of constraints. Although the article points to the value of Pettit’s theory, Pettit’s arguments to limit the state’s care tasks depend on the false assumption that a theory of justice considers able-minded adults only. This article argues that Pettit’s assumption that we leave out children and not-so-able-minded elderly leads to a general neglect of the typical human life cycle, and in particular of those life stages that are most care-dependent. The constraints that he set up on the state’s care tasks build upon this problematic premise. If the premise is not accepted, the logic of Pettit’s heuristics and constraints, used to limit the state’s care tasks, loses its argumentative force. A realistic political theory that sets limits to the state’s care tasks should have something to say of all the stages of human life (including our care-dependent stages) and of the central structural relations that a normal life entails (such as having others depending on our care).
Congenitally corrected transposition: complex anatomic repair or Fontan pathway?
Authors: Marathe Supreet P , Jones Matthew I , Ayer Julian , Sun Jessica , Orr Yishay , Verrall Charlotte , Nicholson Ian A , Chard Richard B , Sholler Gary F , Winlaw David S
Published: June 2017

Background

Successful anatomic repair of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries achieves excellent outcomes. Several centers report excellent long-term survival with the Fontan pathway as well. We have selectively applied both approaches depending on individual patient morphology, with anatomic repair preferred but utilizing the Fontan pathway when high technical complexity or operative risk is anticipated.

Methods

Hospital records over an 18-year period (1998–2016) were reviewed to identify patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries who underwent surgical management. Physiological repairs and hypoplastic ventricles were excluded. Patient- and procedure-related variables were reviewed.

Results

We identified 19 patients. Group 1 consisted of 12 anatomic repairs, of which 10 (83.3%) required prior interim staging procedures. Mean age at anatomic repair was 2.6 ± 1.3 years, mean follow-up was 8.7 ± 5.3 years. Nine (75%) patients experienced important complications and 4 (33.3%) required reintervention during follow-up. There were no deaths; one patient required heart transplantation. Group 2 (7 patients) underwent Fontan palliation. Mean age at Fontan completion was 7.2 ± 3.8 years, mean follow-up was 6.3 ± 4 years. There was no reintervention, death, or transplant.

Conclusion

Patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries and two adequate-sized ventricles do well with both anatomic repair and the Fontan pathway in the medium term. Excellent outcomes with reduced early complication and reintervention rates can be achieved for this cohort of patients when a strategy of avoiding complex anatomic repair in favor of the Fontan pathway is used.
Circumflex coronary artery originating from the right pulmonary artery in adult
Authors: Daylan Ahmet , Ertugay Serkan , Apaydın Anıl Ziya , Oğuz Emrah
Published: June 2017

Anomalous origin of the circumflex coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery is rare, and symptoms are related to the collateralization and amount of myocardium that it supplies. A 50-year-old woman with severe bicuspid aortic valve stenosis had the diagnosis of anomalous origin of the circumflex coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery before valve replacement. Ligation and division of the circumflex coronary artery was performed. Myocardial ischemia was not observed. The patient was discharged after an uneventful recovery.
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation for the prevention of venous thromboembolism
Authors: Ravikumar Raveena , Williams Katherine J , Babber Adarsh , Moore Hayley M , Lane Tristan RA , Shalhoub Joseph , Davies Alun H
Published: June 2017

Objective

Venous thromboembolism, encompassing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, affecting one in 1000 adults per year. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation is the transcutaneous application of electrical impulses to elicit muscle contraction, preventing venous stasis. This review aims to investigate the evidence underlying the use of neuromuscular electrical stimulation in thromboprophylaxis.

Methods

The Medline and Embase databases were systematically searched, adhering to PRISMA guidelines, for articles relating to electrical stimulation and thromboprophylaxis. Articles were screened according to a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

The search strategy identified 10 randomised controlled trials, which were used in three separate meta-analyses: five trials compared neuromuscular electrical stimulation to control, favouring neuromuscular electrical stimulation (odds ratio of deep vein thrombosis 0.29, 95% confidence interval 0.13–0.65; P = .003); three trials compared neuromuscular electrical stimulation to heparin, favouring heparin (odds ratio of deep vein thrombosis 2.00, 95% confidence interval 1.13–3.52; P = .02); three trials compared neuromuscular electrical stimulation as an adjunct to heparin versus heparin only, demonstrating no significant difference (odds ratio of deep vein thrombosis 0.33, 95% confidence interval 0.10–1.14; P = .08).

Conclusion

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation significantly reduces the risk of deep vein thrombosis compared to no prophylaxis. It is inferior to heparin in preventing deep vein thrombosis and there is no evidence for its use as an adjunct to heparin.
The effect of a corrective functional exercise program on postural thoracic kyphosis in teenagers: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Feng Qiang , Wang Mei , Zhang Yanfeng , Zhou Yu
Published: June 2017

Objective:

To investigate the effects of a corrective functional exercise program on postural thoracic kyphosis in teenagers in China.

Design:

A single-blind randomized controlled trial including students with a thoracic kyphosis angle (TKA) >40° measured using the SpinalMouse.

Setting:

China Institute of Sport Science and three middle schools in Beijing, China.

Subjects:

A total of 181 subjects were included in this trial; of these, 164 subjects were included in the analyses (intervention group, n = 81; control group, n = 83).

Intervention:

The intervention group received a functional exercise program designed to correct postural thoracic kyphosis, and the control group received an exercise program designed in accordance with the state-regulated curriculum.

Main measures:

The primary outcome variable was TKA. Secondary outcome variables were lumbar lordosis angle (LLA), sacral angle (SA), and incline angle (INA) measured in the upright position; thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine range of motion (ROM) and INA ROM (change in center of gravity) measured in the forward bending and extended positions; and changes in TKA, LLA, SA, and INA measured during the Matthiass test.

Results:

There were significant differences in pretest and posttest TKA in both groups (intervention group: pretest 47.09 ± 5.45, posttest 38.31 ± 9.18, P < 0.0001; control group: pretest 47.47 ± 6.06, posttest 43.59 ± 7.49, P < 0.0001). After adjustment for gender and pretest values, there were significant differences in posttest TKA, change in SA, and thoracic ROM in the intervention group compared to the control group ( P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The corrective functional exercise program designed for this study improved exaggerated thoracic kyphosis in teenagers.
Behavioral economic substitutability of e-cigarettes, tobacco cigarettes, and nicotine gum
Authors: Johnson Matthew W , Johnson Patrick S , Rass Olga , Pacek Lauren R
Published: June 2017

The public health impact of e-cigarettes may depend on their substitutability for tobacco cigarettes. Dual users of e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes completed purchasing tasks in which they specified daily use levels under hypothetical conditions that varied the availability and price of e-cigarettes, tobacco cigarettes, and nicotine gum (for those with nicotine gum experience). When either e-cigarettes or tobacco cigarettes were the only available commodity, as price per puff increased, purchasing decreased, revealing similar reinforcement profiles. When available concurrently, as the price of tobacco puffs increased, purchasing of tobacco puffs decreased while purchasing of fixed-price e-cigarette puffs increased. Among those with nicotine gum experience, when the price of tobacco puffs was closest to the actual market value of tobacco puffs, e-cigarette availability decreased median tobacco puff purchases by 44% compared to when tobacco was available alone. In contrast, nicotine gum availability caused no decrease in tobacco puff purchases. E-cigarettes may serve as a behavioral economic substitute for tobacco cigarettes, and may be a superior substitute compared to nicotine gum in their ability to decrease tobacco use. Although important questions remain regarding the health impacts of e-cigarettes, these data are consistent with the possibility that e-cigarettes may serve as smoking cessation/reduction aids.
Contextual factors and wellbeing outcomes: Ethnographic analysis of an artist-led group songwriting program with young people
Authors: Baker Felicity A. , Jeanneret Neryl , Clarkson Anna
Published: June 2017

Group-based therapeutic songwriting has been applied to enhance the wellbeing of young people. Artist-led songwriting experiences have potential to enhance wellbeing of young people but this has not yet been fully explored. Understanding how this activity impacts wellbeing can advance practice. This study offers a music therapy perspective on artist-led group songwriting, highlighting contextual factors that impacted wellbeing outcomes. A two-day artist-led songwriting program with 85 young people was observed. Video footage, ethnographic field notes and artefacts were thematically analysed and produced themes relating to contextual factors and wellbeing outcomes. Three overarching themes resulted: young people feel safe; young people have fun; young people push beyond boundaries. Contextual factors (sub-themes) included direct and honest feedback, high-energy rituals and emphasis on artistic excellence. Insights into circumstances permitting wellbeing outcomes for young people were obtained. Contextual factors helped shape the songwriting environment by promoting fun, safety and pushing boundaries. This environment enabled young people to engage in the program and benefit from its wellbeing-focused activities. Findings can inform music therapy and other professions using group songwriting with young people to foster wellbeing.
Isoflavones and gastrointestinal infection: Two potential triggers for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome
Authors: Machner Björn , Boppel Tobias , Münte Thomas
Published: June 2017

Background

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) is an important differential diagnosis of singular or recurrent thunderclap headache. Prognosis is generally good, however complications of the transient segmental vasospasms of cerebral arteries such as stroke, subarachnoidal hemorrhage and brain edema may worsen the clinical outcome. Although the exact pathomechanism is still unclear, various vasoactive substances and conditions (e.g. post partum) have been identified as triggering RCVS.

Cases

We report on the clinical course and management of two cases of typical RCVS that were associated with two different precipitants previously not described: A gastrointestinal infection and isoflavones, which are phytoestrogens used for menopausal vasomotor symptoms.

Discussion

In the case of gastrointestinal infection, either systemic inflammatory processes might lead to disturbances of vascular tone, or the repetitive vomiting that resembles Valsalva manoeuvers known to trigger RCVS. In the case of isoflavone intake, it may be their estrogenic potential that induces dysregulation of cerebral arteries, a mechanism known from other states of hormonal change such as post-partum angiopathy. However, the association of both precipitating factors with RCVS in our two cases is not a proof for a causal relationship, and there may have been additional potential triggers for RCVS.

Conclusion

In patients with (gastrointestinal) infection and concomitant thunderclap headache, RCVS should be considered as an important differential diagnosis due to its major complications. Since RCVS may be triggered by various vasoactive substances, taking the medical history should always include over-the-counter drugs and dietary supplements (such as the isoflavones) beside the regular medication.
Characterization of nesting effects on compression processes for plain woven fabrics in composites manufacturing
Authors: Yang Xujing , Wang Yanke , Mo Fuhao , Wei Kai , Duan Shuyong
Published: June 2017

Nesting and compression processes of plain woven fabrics are the most important features in the composites manufacture of fiber-reinforced composite components, while their relationships are still not reported. Here, in this work, we clearly reveal nesting and compression characteristics of typical fabrics through systematical compression experiments. We present the theoretical expression of the nesting effects on the initial thickness h and experimentally demonstrate its effectiveness. We find that nesting decreases the h and the minimum h appears in the maximum nesting condition. Meanwhile, we experimentally demonstrate that for plain woven fabrics, nesting has relationships with the thickness in compression t, while it has no effects on the thickness deformation Δ in the whole compression processes. Thus, we reveal the relationships between the nesting and h, t, Δ in the compression processes. Moreover, the applicability of these results for other types of fiber is also illustrated by comprehensive analysis. These obtained results provide the references for thickness evolution rules, volume fraction, and molding process of the fiber-reinforced composite components.
Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge: A Review of Empirical Studies Published From 2011 to 2016
Authors: Willermark Sara
Published: June 2017

Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) has been introduced as a conceptual framework for the knowledge domains teachers need to master to teach successfully using technology, and has drawn much attention across the educational field. Yet, the framework has been criticized for not being practically useful, due to inaccurate and insufficient definitions. To better understand the critics and the usefulness of the framework, an investigation of how the framework has been applied to show teacher TPACK is needed. This study is a systematic literature review of 107 peer-reviewed journal articles concerning the use of TPACK in empirical studies published from 2011 to 2016. The study supplements previous review studies with more recent work on general characteristics of TPACK studies as well as contributes an analysis of how the framework has been applied to identify teacher TPACK in recent literature. Findings show a variety of approaches and instruments to examine teacher TPACK. Most common is to identify teacher TPACK via self-reporting, while performance evaluations of teaching activities are rare. Additionally, the ways TPACK is operationalized as a measuring instrument are often implicit and make comparison of results difficult. Future directions for research are discussed.
An Unusual Complication With the Administration of a Volatile Anesthetic Agent for Status Asthmaticus in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Shutes Brittany , Frazier W. Joshua , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: June 2017

In severe cases of status asthmaticus, when conventional therapies fail, volatile anesthetic agents remain a therapeutic option. When delivered outside of the operating room setting, specialized delivery techniques are needed to ensure the safe and effective use of volatile anesthetic agents. We present a 16-year-old adolescent with status asthmaticus who required the therapeutic administration of the volatile anesthetic agent, sevoflurane, in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Although initially effective in reducing bronchospasm, progressive hypercarbia developed due to defective functioning of the carbon dioxide absorber of the anesthesia machine. This failure occurred as the soda lime compartment filled with water accumulated from circuit humidification and continuous albuterol therapy. The role of volatile anesthetic agents in the treatment of status asthmaticus in the PICU is discussed, options for delivery outside of the operating room presented, and potential problems with delivery reviewed.
Effects of the bilayer nano-hydroxyapatite/mineralized collagen-guided bone regeneration membrane on site preservation in dogs
Authors: Sun Yi , Wang Chengyue , Chen Qixin , Liu Hai , Deng Chao , Ling Peixue , Cui Fu-Zhai
Published: June 2017

This study was aimed at assessing the effects of the porous mineralized collagen plug with or without the bilayer mineralized collagen-guided bone regeneration membrane on alveolar ridge preservation in dogs. The third premolars in the bilateral maxilla of mongrel dogs ( N = 12) were extracted. Twenty-four alveolar sockets were thus randomly divided into three groups: membrane + collagen plug (MP, n = 8), nonmembrane + collagen plug (NP, n = 8) and blank group without any implantation (BG, n = 8). Radiographic assessment was carried out immediately and in the 2nd, 6th, and 12th week after surgery. The bone-repairing effects of the two grafts were respectively evaluated by clinical observation, X-ray micro-computed tomography examination, and histological analysis in the 8th and 12th week after surgery. Three groups presented excellent osseointegration without any inflammation or dehiscence. X-ray micro-computed tomography and histological assessment indicated that the ratios of new bone formation of MP group were significantly higher than those of NP group and BG group in the 8th and 12th week after surgery ( P < 0.05). As a result, the porous mineralized collagen plug with or without the bilayer mineralized collagen-guided bone regeneration membrane could reduce the absorption of alveolar ridge compared to BG group, and the combined use of porous mineralized collagen plug and bilayer mineralized collagen-guided bone regeneration could further improve the activity of bone regeneration.
Illegal Firearm Availability and Violence: Neighborhood-Level Analysis
Authors: Yu Sung-suk Violet , Lee Daiwon , Pizarro Jesenia M.
Published: June 2017

Violence involving firearms poses a serious threat to public safety in urban areas. The present study examines how illegal firearm availability (IFA) is related to firearm violence at the neighborhood level. We analyzed 3 years (from 2005 to 2007) of recovered firearm and violent index crime data from Newark, New Jersey. Violent index crime is separated into three categories by level of firearm use: shootings, display of firearm violence (DFV), and no-firearm violence (NFV). Negative binominal regression was conducted to examine the relationship between IFA and firearm violence at the neighborhood level while controlling for neighborhood conditions. Firearm violence is prevalent in Newark: over 90% of homicides and 47% of robberies were committed with a firearm. IFA is related to increased shootings and NFV, but not to DFV. IFA is a robust predictor of shootings in Newark, New Jersey. Neighborhood conditions influence IFA and firearm violence. IFA may reflect neighborhood distress level, given that areas with high IFA experience increased firearm violence as well as NFV. The local clustering of violent crime suggests placed-focused policing strategies aimed at removing firearms would aid in curbing serious firearm violence in urban neighborhoods.
“But He’s a Star Football Player!”: How Social Status Influences Mock Jurors’ Perceptions in a Sexual Assault Case
Authors: Pica Emily , Sheahan Chelsea , Pozzulo Joanna
Published: June 2017

There have been several recent, high-profile cases in the media that have shed light on the perceived leniency in sentencing defendants in sexual assault cases. In a number of these cases, the defendant was well known within their community (e.g., Brock Turner; People v. Turner) or nationally (e.g., Ghomeshi; R v. Ghomeshi). The purpose of this study was to examine how the social status of the defendant (low vs. high), victim social status (low vs. high), victim gender (male vs. female), and the reason the victim was unconscious during the assault (consuming alcohol vs. consuming cold medicine) influenced mock jurors’ decisions in a sexual assault case. Mock jurors ( N = 489) read a mock trial transcript depicting an alleged sexual assault. Mock jurors were asked to render a dichotomous verdict, continuous guilt rating, and rate their perceptions of the victim and defendant. There was no influence of the variables on mock jurors’ dichotomous verdicts; however, social status influenced guilt ratings. There also was a combined influence of the defendant’s social status and the reason the victim was unconscious such that when the defendant was described as low status, and the victim was unconscious due to alcohol consumption, the defendant received higher guilt ratings compared with when the victim was unconscious due to cold medicine. Moreover, the victim was perceived as having more control over the situation when the defendant was the star quarterback (i.e., high status), the victim was female, and she was unconscious due to alcohol consumption compared with cold medicine. These results suggest that victims may be blamed based on their perceived social status and other factors that may have influenced their control over the sexual assault, such as alcohol consumption.
The Impact of Child Sexual Abuse Discovery on Caregivers and Families: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Fong Hiu-fai , Bennett Colleen E. , Mondestin Valerie , Scribano Philip V. , Mollen Cynthia , Wood Joanne N.
Published: June 2017

In this qualitative study with nonoffending caregivers of suspected child sexual abuse victims, we aimed to explore the perceived impact of sexual abuse discovery on caregivers and their families, and caregivers’ attitudes about mental health services for themselves. We conducted semistructured, in-person interviews with 22 nonoffending caregivers of suspected sexual abuse victims <13 years old seen at a child advocacy center in Philadelphia. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed using modified grounded theory. Recruitment continued until thematic saturation was reached. We found that caregivers experienced significant emotional and psychological distress, characterized by anger, depressed mood, and guilt, after learning that their child may have been sexually abused. We identified four specific sources of caregiver distress: concerns about their child, negative beliefs about their parenting abilities, family members’ actions and behaviors, and memories of their own past maltreatment experiences. Some caregivers described worsening family relationships after discovery of their child’s sexual abuse, while others reported increased family cohesion. Finally, we found that most caregivers in this study believed that mental health services for themselves were necessary or beneficial to help them cope with the impact of their child’s sexual abuse. These results highlight the need for professionals working with families affected by sexual abuse to assess the emotional and psychological needs of nonoffending caregivers and offer mental health services. Helping caregivers link to mental health services, tailored to their unique needs after sexual abuse discovery, may be an acceptable strategy to improve caregiver and child outcomes after sexual abuse.
Using Reoffenders’ Experiences and Perspectives to Improve Intimate Partner Violence Treatment
Authors: Portnoy Galina A. , Murphy Christopher M.
Published: June 2017

A substantial proportion of partner-violent men reoffend subsequent to completing intimate partner violence (IPV) treatment. A critical step in enhancing treatment for IPV perpetration is to understand reoffense among those who recidivate following treatment completion. Investigating reoffenders’ own perceptions regarding potential directions for treatment modification may improve overall treatment outcomes. Qualitative research examining the experiences of participants who utilize IPV treatment is limited. In the present study, we examined implications for treatment from an exploration of reoffenders’ interpretation of their recidivist events and their beliefs regarding treatment effectiveness. A constructivist grounded theory approach was used to generate theory regarding behavior change, treatment perceptions, and recidivist processes among men who experience difficulty staying nonviolent. Emergent qualitative themes revealed reoffenders’ perceptions of treatment and suggestions for treatment modification. Reoffenders identified program factors that they believed would have enhanced program effectiveness for themselves, and thus may have prevented their recidivist incidents. Treatment implications that emerged from reoffenders’ narratives are organized along three key dimensions: modality-specific variables, which were relevant to treatment approach and effectiveness of group therapy; content-specific variables, which were relevant to skill acquisition and skill application; and participant-specific variables, which were relevant to intrapersonal characteristics of the participants themselves. Recommendations for treatment enhancement are discussed.
Composition and Variation of Macronutrients, Immune Proteins, and Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Human Milk From Nonprofit and Commercial Milk Banks
Authors: Meredith-Dennis Laura , Xu Gege , Goonatilleke Elisha , Lebrilla Carlito B. , Underwood Mark A. , Smilowitz Jennifer T.
Published: June 2017

Background:

When human milk is unavailable, banked milk is recommended for feeding premature infants. Milk banks use processes to eliminate pathogens; however, variability among methods exists.

Research aim:

The aim of this study was to compare the macronutrient (protein, carbohydrate, fat, energy), immune-protective protein, and human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) content of human milk from three independent milk banks that use pasteurization (Holder vs. vat techniques) or retort sterilization.

Methods:

Randomly acquired human milk samples from three different milk banks ( n = 3 from each bank) were analyzed for macronutrient concentrations using a Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy human milk analyzer. The concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgG, lactoferrin, lysozyme, α-lactalbumin, α antitrypsin, casein, and HMO were analyzed by mass spectrometry.

Results:

The concentrations of protein and fat were significantly ( p < .05) less in the retort sterilized compared with the Holder and vat pasteurized samples, respectively. The concentrations of all immune-modulating proteins were significantly ( p < .05) less in the retort sterilized samples compared with vat and/or Holder pasteurized samples. The total HMO concentration and HMOs containing fucose, sialic acid, and nonfucosylated neutral sugars were significantly ( p < .05) less in retort sterilized compared with Holder pasteurized samples.

Conclusion:

Random milk samples that had undergone retort sterilization had significantly less immune-protective proteins and total and specific HMOs compared with samples that had undergone Holder and vat pasteurization. These data suggest that further analysis of the effect of retort sterilization on human milk components is needed prior to widespread adoption of this process.
Proposed Criteria for the Use of Low-Dose Vitamin K Supplementation in Patients Using Vitamin K Antagonists: A Literature Review of a Clinical Controversy
Authors: Evans Christy E. , Getchell Katerine E. , Ivy Delaney R.
Published: June 2017

Background:

Vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have been used for decades to prevent thromboembolic events, but can be burdensome to patients based on numerous factors impacting anticoagulation control. Low-dose vitamin K supplementation has been theorized to improve anticoagulation control in patients on VKAs that may be vitamin K deficient. The objective of this literature review is to propose criteria for implementing low-dose vitamin K supplementation in patients on VKAs.

Literature review:

The CHEST 2012 antithrombotic guidelines recommended against routine use of vitamin K supplementation in patients on VKAs. An observational study and three randomized controlled trials pertaining to this recommendation were evaluated. A literature review was also performed on other studies looking at the impact of low-dose vitamin K supplementation on anticoagulation control through a search in PubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. One retrospective and two prospective studies were reviewed. Six of the seven studies demonstrated a non-statistically significant trend in data supporting improvement in anticoagulation control with low-dose vitamin K supplementation.

Conclusion:

While many of the studies did not achieve significant results, the majority demonstrated a trend in support of the improvement of anticoagulation control with low-dose vitamin K supplementation in patients on VKAs.
Experimental validation of the Carbone–Mangialardi–Mantriota model of continuously variable transmissions
Authors: Yildiz Ahmet , Bottiglione Francesco , Piccininni Antonio , Kopmaz Osman , Carbone Giuseppe
Published: June 2017

We present detailed experiments to validate the Carbone–Mangialardi–Mantriota model of continuously variable transmissions. Experimental tests were carried out in different working conditions for increasing values of the torque load. Steady-state conditions as well as shift manoeuvres were considered. A detailed comparison with the theoretical predictions of the Carbone–Mangialardi–Mantriota model shows good agreement with the experimental results. This is even more remarkable when it is considered that the Carbone–Mangialardi–Mantriota model is fully self-consistent and completely predictive. It does not need any parameter to be specifically tuned or measured. The results from the present research allows the Carbone–Mangialardi–Mantriota model to be definitely proposed as a very accurate and completely predictive model of the continuously variable transmission variator, and as a very promising tool to develop advanced real-time control of continuously variable transmissions for engineering applications.
Simulating actuator energy consumption for trajectory optimisation
Authors: Cooper Michael , Lawson Craig , Zare Shahneh Amir
Published: June 2017

This work aims to construct a high-speed simulation tool which is used to quantify the dynamic actuator power consumption of an aircraft in flight, for use within trajectory optimisation packages. The purpose is to evaluate the energy penalties of the flight control actuation system as an aircraft manoeuvre along any arbitrary trajectory. The advantage is that the approximations include major transient properties which previous steady state techniques could not capture. The output can be used to provide feedback to a trajectory optimisation process to help it compute the aircraft level optimality of any given flight path.

The tool features a six degree of freedom dynamic model of an aircraft which is combined with low frequency functional electro-mechanical actuator models in order to estimate the major transient power demands. The actuator models interact with the aircraft using an aerodynamic load estimator which generates load forces on the actuators that vary as a function of flight condition and control surface demands. A total energy control system is applied for longitudinal control and a total heading control system is implemented to manage the lateral motion. The outer loop is closed using a simple waypoint following guidance system with turn anticipation and variable turn radius control. To test the model, a simple trajectory analysis is undertaken which quantifies a heading change executed with four different turn rates. The tool shows that the actuation system requires 12.8 times more electrical energy when performing a 90° turn with a radius of 400 m compared to 1000 m. A second test is performed to verify the model’s ability to track a longer trajectory under windy conditions.
Preliminary study on supercritical hydrogen and bleed air heat exchanger for aircraft application
Authors: Łapka Piotr , Seredyński Mirosław , Ćwik Andrzej
Published: June 2017

In this paper, the new idea of the supercritical hydrogen–bleed air heat exchanger for future aircraft propulsion technology is investigated. The proposed heat exchanger will be located in the nacelle of commercial aircraft, and therefore is subjected to several geometrical constrains. At first, the initial geometry was proposed and then based on constrains and assumed operation conditions the main geometrical parameters and dimensions of the heat exchanger were calculated and optimized. The analyses were carried out by developing simple thermo-fluid 1D mathematical and numerical models of the heat exchanger, which were based on its geometrical features, directions of streams of hydrogen, and bleed air as well as on semi-empirical correlations for local Nusselt numbers and pressure drops for supercritical hydrogen and bleed air flows. The 1D model was partially validated using data from the experimental measurements. Then based on the obtained results, the final geometry of the supercritical hydrogen–bleed air heat exchanger was proposed.
Reliability-based robust design for kinematic accuracy of a mechanism with axiomatic theory
Authors: Qui Jiwei , Zhang Jianguo , Ma Yupeng , Feng Jiazhen , Wang Pidong
Published: June 2017

In this paper, a reliability-based robust design approach was proposed on the basis of axiomatic theory, aiming at actualizing a reliability-based robust design framework for mechanism motion. First, reliability constraint functions of the motion output error of mechanisms were established by using cumulative distribution method after an accuracy analysis of mechanism motion. Second, the number of effective design parameters was equated to the number of functional requirements by classifying design parameters using sensitivity analysis or constructing additional objective functions based on axiomatic theory, and then the independence axiom was satisfied by establishing objective functions according to regularity and the semangularity. Third, a reliability-based robust design model of mechanisms was established based on the axiomatic theory according to the above objective functions and constraint functions. Taking a planar four bar linkage as an example, a reliability-based robust design was achieved with the optimization and symbol toolbox in MATLAB. Meanwhile, correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method was verified under the condition that the first and second moments of basic random parameters were available. Finally, the method proposed in this paper was applied to the reliability-based robust design of an initiative lock mechanism in space docking latch system.
A novel capture region of retro proportional navigation guidance law for intercepting high-speed nonmaneuvering targets
Authors: Wang Huaji , Lei Humin , Ye Jikun , Zhou Jin , Zhai Dailiang
Published: June 2017

In this paper, the capturability of retro proportional navigation against high-speed nonmaneuvering targets is analyzed. By using a modified polar coordinate, the equations describing the relative dynamics of the guidance problem become simple. The novel capture region of retro proportional navigation, which is the necessary and sufficient conditions for the interception, is derived by utilizing an auxiliary function. A new constraint condition is added to the derivation of the capture region, which can guarantee capture high-speed targets successfully. Meanwhile, the optimal aiming and the optimal position of interceptor are derived which are used to acquire the excellent initial conditions to capture the high-speed targets. The results show that the capture region of retro proportional navigation is larger compared with pure proportional navigation. Additionally, initial constraint conditions of interceptor in the case of planar engagement are described based on the capture region of retro proportional navigation, which can provide a reference for midcourse trajectory planning. Finally, simulation is performed to verify the feasibility of the initial conditions of the interceptor.
A stability-guaranteed smooth-scheduled MIMO robust emergency autopilot for a lateral surface jammed UAV
Authors: Şahin İsmail Hakkı , Kasnakoğlu Coşku
Published: June 2017

This paper investigates a methodology for autopilot design for an unmanned air vehicle where one of the lateral control surfaces, i.e. the aileron or rudder, becomes jammed and unusable. The autopilot handles the automatic recovery, autonomous guidance and landing of the disabled unmanned aerial vehicle. An accurate nonlinear aircraft model is used to build local flight control laws using loop-shaping to decouple longitudinal and lateral channels. The design is carried out in a way to allow smooth scheduling over the local controllers without losing stability and performance, culminating in a robust emergency autopilot over the full flight envelope. The autopilot is tested on an example distress scenario involving aileron surface jam. It is confirmed through simulations that the autopilot design is capable of resuming safe flight and autonomous navigation under the fault scenario and is able to safely land the unmanned aerial vehicle to a target runway.
Inhibition of Lateral Prefrontal Cortex Produces Emotionally Biased First Impressions: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography Study
Authors: Lapate Regina C. , Samaha Jason , Rokers Bas , Hamzah Hamdi , Postle Bradley R. , Davidson Richard J.
Published: June 2017

Optimal functioning in everyday life requires the ability to override reflexive emotional responses and prevent affective spillover to situations or people unrelated to the source of emotion. In the current study, we investigated whether the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC) causally regulates the influence of emotional information on subsequent judgments. We disrupted left lPFC function using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and recorded electroencephalography (EEG) before and after. Subjects evaluated the likeability of novel neutral faces after a brief exposure to a happy or fearful face. We found that lPFC inhibition biased evaluations of novel faces according to the previously processed emotional expression. Greater frontal EEG alpha power, reflecting increased inhibition by TMS, predicted increased behavioral bias. TMS-induced affective misattribution was long-lasting: Emotionally biased first impressions formed during lPFC inhibition were still detectable outside of the laboratory 3 days later. These findings indicate that lPFC serves an important emotion-regulation function by preventing incidental emotional encoding from automatically biasing subsequent appraisals.
Face Race Processing and Racial Bias in Early Development: A Perceptual-Social Linkage
Authors: Lee Kang , Quinn Paul C. , Pascalis Olivier
Published: June 2017

Infants have asymmetrical exposure to different types of faces (e.g., more human than nonhuman, more female than male, and more own-race than other-race). What are the developmental consequences of such experiential asymmetry? Here, we review recent advances in research on the development of cross-race face processing. The evidence suggests that greater exposure to own- than other-race faces in infancy leads to developmentally early differences in visual preferences for, recognition of, formation of categories for, and scanning of own- and other-race faces. Further, such perceptual differences in infancy may be associated with the emergence of implicit racial bias, consistent with a perceptual-social linkage hypothesis. Current and future work derived from this hypothesis may lay an important empirical foundation for the development of intervention programs to combat the early occurrence of implicit racial bias.
Adaptive Coding and Face Recognition
Authors: Rhodes Gillian
Published: June 2017

Face adaptation generates striking face aftereffects, but is this adaptation useful? The answer appears to be yes, with several lines of evidence suggesting that it contributes to our face-recognition ability. Adaptation to face identity is reduced in a variety of clinical populations with impaired face recognition. In addition, individual differences in face adaptation are linked to face-recognition ability in typical adults. People who adapt more readily to new faces are better at recognizing faces. This link between adaptation and recognition holds for both identity and expression recognition. Adaptation updates face norms, which represent the typical or average properties of the faces we experience. By using these norms to code how faces differ from average, the visual system can make explicit the distinctive information that we need to recognize faces. Thus, adaptive norm-based coding may help us to discriminate and recognize faces despite their similarity as visual patterns.
From Faces to Prosocial Behavior: Cues, Tools, and Mechanisms
Authors: Adolphs Ralph , Tusche Anita
Published: June 2017

In this review, we ask how looking at people’s faces can influence prosocial behaviors toward them. Components of this process have been studied in two disparate literatures: one focused on the perception of faces and judgments based on them, using both psychological and neuroscience approaches, and a second focused on actual social behaviors as studied in behavioral economics and decision science. Bridging these disciplines requires a mechanistic account of how processing of particular face attributes or features influences social judgments and behaviors. We review these two lines of research and suggest that combining some of their methodological tools may reveal the bridging mechanistic explanations.
Social Categorization From Faces: Evidence From Obvious and Ambiguous Groups
Authors: Rule Nicholas O. , Sutherland Shelbie L.
Published: June 2017

People use facial features (e.g., face shape, skin color, eye structure) both in isolation and in combination to identify others as members of a variety of social categories. For some categories (e.g., age, race, and sex), the markers are obvious and people categorize their members almost perfectly. For others, however (e.g., political affiliation, religious following, and sexual orientation), the markers are ambiguous, yet people can still categorize members of these groups with better than chance accuracy and little effort or awareness. Here, we describe how people categorize others into both perceptually obvious and perceptually ambiguous social groups from their faces, discussing potential mechanisms that may underlie categorization accuracy and noting some of the social consequences that result from categorizing other people into groups.