bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANT USE IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Alchin Terry , Tranby Henry
Published: December 2016

This article analyses the use of available antidepressants in Australia. Antidepressants include the tricyclic antidepressants, tetracyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (both reversible and non‐reversible) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. These groups of antidepressants have different properties, different side effects and different therapeutic effects. The total number of prescriptions for antidepressants in Australia remained at around one million per quarter over the period from the third quarter of 1989 to the third quarter of 1993. The impact of the change in the copayment scheme in the second quarter in 1991 is clearly evident. In the proportions of the antidepressant groups used, the tricyclics currently remain the most frequently prescribed at around 80 per cent of alt antidepressant prescriptions but this is a large movement from the 93 per cent late in 1989. This illustrates the important inroads made by the newer antidepressant drugs.
MAINSTREAMING AND INTEGRATING PSYCHIATRIC SERVICES: THE VICTORIAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Healy Bill , Varney Helen
Published: December 2016

Over the last few years, the psychiatric service system in Victoria has undergone extensive reorganisation. The goals of mainstreaming and integration, endorsed by the National Mental Health Policy, have been fundamental in these changes. However, the implementation of these policies has aroused much criticism. This article discusses the concepts of mainstreaming and integration and summarises a research project into their impact on service delivery. We conclude that the initial implementation strategies in Victoria represented a limited understanding of the complexity of the key policy concepts; in particular, the overly literal model of mainstreaming has put at risk the gains of recent years in developing community‐based programs.
MANDATE OF THE COUNTRY WOMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Teather Elizabeth Kenworthy
Published: December 2016

The CWA of NSW is a much respected lobby group. This article analyses the nature of its mandate. Although a fifth of its members attend metropolitan branches, the organisation's conservative values reflect those of rural society. The manifesto of the CWA can be identified in its Motto, to which members are fiercely loyal; in its Objects; and in resolutions passed at Annual Conferences. Lobbying is directed solely at governments, whatever the political party, and is low key but insistent. The influence of the CWA probably reflects the efficient and tight management of the organisation, and the united front that its members present. The status and nature of the CWA pose a dilemma for present‐day rural women, because its conservative stance and over‐representation of older women are at odds with its claims to be a representative lobbyist. Rural and farm women are, therefore, establishing new channels through which to lobby and express their points of view.
“NO YOBBOS HERE”: EDUCATION AS A VEHICLE FOR SOCIAL CLASS TRANSITION
Authors: Gleeson Paul
Published: December 2016

Five people, after spending their early adult lives working as tradespersons, set about achieving a major identity change. These people are now or have recently been practising academics in Australian universities. This article encompasses their recollections of experiences during a major period of that change; undergraduate teacher education. This was a time when they were confronted by an alternative social class that both confronted their working class identities and offered them alternatives. The following discussion reviews their move from a working class culture to, what is essentially, a middle class work environment, considering the assistance they received and the hurdles they encountered on the way. In tracing this transition, some of the status and cultural differences that distinguish Australian social classes are highlighted.
FAMILY CARERS: SOME IMPEDIMENTS TO EFFECTIVE POLICY AND SERVICE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Schofield Hilary , Bozic Suzanne , Herrman Helen , Singh Bruce
Published: December 2016

The shift to community care for people with disabilities in Australia has given rise to some recognition and acknowledgment, in both academic research and policy development, of the importance of their carers. However, information about government policy and services for carers is fragmented and limited. Our knowledge about the prevalence of caregiving and the socio‐demographic characteristics of carers and their service needs, is inadequate. Studies in relation to carer use of and satisfaction with services tend to be small scale and focussed on a specific service or carer group. Carer views on broader mainstream service provision have received little attention. This paper identifies gaps in our knowledge as well as the practical and conceptual difficulties in documenting the range of services available and the relevant social policy. These difficulties are likely to reflect barriers to broad and effective policy and service development.
PREDICTORS OF STRESS AMONG AUSTRALIAN FARMERS
Authors: Gray Ian , Lawrence Geoffrey
Published: December 2016

Australian farms continue to suffer economic pressure which directly and indirectly produces stress among farm family members. This study uses qualitative and quantitative data to isolate factors which predict stress, Financial condition, perception of what is at stake, the combination of on‐farm and off‐farm obligations and the general frustrations of farm life are found to predict stress among both men and women. Gender relations and attachment to farm life emerge as stronger predictors for women, while youth is a stronger predictor for men. The study concludes that attempts to develop and preserve the family farm may be creating stressful situations which threaten the family relations upon which the farming system is based.
THE LABOUR MARKET EXPERIENCE OF CAMBODIANS: POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR SETTLEMENT SERVICES
Authors: Stevens Christine A.
Published: December 2016

A proportion of the annual migrant intake now comprises persons accepted under the Refugee and Special Humanitarian Program entry categories, for reasons other than the direct contribution their skills can make to economic growth. This paper examines the labour market experience of Cambodians, and considers the policy implications for resettlement services for refugees. Cambodians experience high rates of unemployment, and have low levels of English language proficiency, low levels of educational attainment, and few possess post‐school qualifications. Reluctance to develop settlement services for refugees, to make special provisions for access within existing services, or even to ensure equitable access to existing services has contributed to the long term economic dependency of a sizeable proportion of this group. It is recommended that they be given greater access to basic, advanced and job related English language tuition. They, and other refugees with similar disadvantages also require special access to job search skills programs, vocational training, and wage subsidy and special employment programs.
SINGLE PARENTS AND SOCIAL SCIENTISTS: TOWARDS A DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF A CONTEMPORARY SOCIAL ‘PROBLEM’
Authors: Reekie Gail
Published: December 2016

This article draws on aspects of the work of Michel Foucault to explore the discursive dimensions of the ‘problem’ of single parents. I examine some recent Australian publications, written from a social scientific perspective, by authors who adopt what is usually described as a conservative position on single‐parent families. My reading suggests that the particular discursive context of each text produces a variety of different ‘problems’ of single parenthood. Revealing the discursive specificity and multiplicity of truths told about contemporary social problems has the potential to enrich social analysis and facilitate effective feminist and progressive interventions.
POLICY CHALLENGES OF THE CONTEMPORARY SOCIO‐ECONOMIC STATUS OF INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIAN FAMILIES
Authors: Daly Anne , Smith Diane
Published: December 2016

The paper presents an analysis of the economic status of indigenous families relative to other Australian families. An innovative combination of economic analysis of current census data and ethnographic research is used in the paper, and reveals that indigenous families are experiencing substantial and multiple forms of economic burden in comparison to other Australian families, and display significantly different characteristics. They are more likely to be sole parent families and have on average, a larger number of children and larger households. The adults are younger, have lower levels of education and are less likely to be in employment than other Australians. The poor economic position of indigenous sole parents is highlighted, and the economic role of the aged, matrifocal families, young adults and children are consisdered. The paper concludes by examining the important policy and program implications raised by the research, and argues the need for an increased focus on the particular socio‐economic and locational circumstances of indigenous families.
HUMAN SERVICE ORGANISATIONS REVISITED: STILL A USEFUL CONCEPT IN THE 1990S?
Authors: Martin Elaine Wilson
Published: December 2016

Recent changes in the circumstances and operations of human service operations demand a reappraisal of the use of the term ‘human service organisation’. The definitional statements offered a decade ago are re‐examined here; and revisions are proposed for all of them to reflect changes in the purposes, value base, resources, accountability, methodology and consumer relations of human service organisations. An additional definitional statement is proposed to refer to the vulnerability of their situation in the present environment. As an alternative to separate categories of organisations, it is suggested that each can be assessed in relation to two criteria, related to their auspices and resources, and the purpose of their operations. On this basis some organisations can still be designated human service organisations, with important implications for their management and governance.
AIDS Policy and Public Health Models: an Australian Analysis
Authors: Drielsma Paul
Published: December 2016

The development and outcomes of Australia's AIDS Policy is examined in the context of the debate between the traditional medical public health model and the community ‘peer support’ model of public health. The latter, consistent with the ‘new’ public health enshrined in the Ottawa Charter, is argued to be the basis for Australia's relative successful approach in containing HIV infection. The response of particular sections of the medical profession are critically analysed in terms of medical dominance and ethical theory.
PARADIGMATIC MADNESS IN THE PUBLIC REPRESENTATION OF CHILDHOOD
Authors: Jackson Ian
Published: December 2016

Western images of the child draw on a secure thematic tradition which may be interpreted in terms of an equation that locates childhood on one side and diverse forms of madness on the other. Explicitly within Freud's psychoanalytic theory of id functioning, Piaget's epigenetic studies of children's cognition, and by long standing legal convention, children are understood variously as sub‐rational, pre‐rational, or in some critically relevant sense intellectually deficient. Implicitly a corresponding argument may be discerned both in written text and in pictorial representations of the child in religious, mythological, artistic, and literary sources as well as in the discourses of everyday language. This paper takes up those principal themes within the conceptual substrate of childhood which invest it with madness in one form or other. In particular it explores the extent to which madness, though highly unfashionable as an attribute, appears in commonplace settings as a positive characteristic of children and the idea of childhood.
COMMONWEALTH DROUGHT POLICY: 1989–1995. A CASE STUDY OF ECONOMIC RATIONALISM
Authors: Gow Jeff
Published: December 2016

Drought is a natural phenomenon that has particular implications for a primary industry, namely farmers. This paper examines the policy responses of the early 1990s. It is argued that these were driven more by political expedience than careful planning. In conclusion, it is suggested that drought policy shows one issue on which it was necessary to reverse, if only partially, the ‘economic rationalism’ that had dominated thinking in the 1980s.
A CAUTIONARY NOTE ON ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
Authors: Dollery Brian , Wallis Joe
Published: December 2016

Environmental questions have become a permanent feature of the political landscape in contemporary Australia and now play a significant role in election campaigns at both state and federal levels. Indeed, one of the most significant policy debates in the 1996 Federal election focussed on the environmental policy proposed by the Liberal/National Party coalition, which sought to fund a host of environmental programs from the proceeds of a part privatisation of Telstra. The trade‐offs involved in this policy have generated substantial opposition to it and served to underline the prominence of environmental questions in Australian politics. Despite the importance of ‘the environment’ in popular thought, public debate is still typically characterised by ‘feel good’ policy announcements by politicians, sensationalist media reporting and deceptive claims by some environmental interest groups. Whilst progress has undoubtedly been made, the result has often been a plethora of inchoate and frequently conflicting policies. Not surprisingly this ‘muddle through’ approach has produced numerous instances of government intervention not only failing to meet its planned objectives but also generating unintended consequences.
SOCIAL AND FAMILIAL ASPECTS OF ATTEMPTED AND COMPLETED SUICIDE OF YOUNG PEOPLE IN VICTORIA
Authors: Krupinski Jerzy , Tiller John W.G. , Burrows Graham D. , Mackenzie Alan
Published: December 2016

A prospective study of youth suicide was carried out to determine the causes of the dramatic increase of suicide rates in males 15 to 25 years of age. Comprehensive information was collected through coronial enquiries on all 148 cases of completed youth suicide in Victoria during a 16 month period. Similar data were obtained through in‐depth interviews of 105 hospitalised and 101 non‐hospitalised attempters. In this paper only social and familial aspects of youth suicide are covered. Whilst the family setting of youth who attempted or completed suicide was similar to that of the general population, a higher proportion were homeless or living alone. Contrary to common assumptions, family relationships were much closer among completed than among attempted suicides. The unemployment rates were not higher than in all young people, and few subjects named unemployment as cause, but a relatively high number of them were neither studying nor looking for work. A high proportion of those who completed suicide had prior contact with the police. In conclusion, social factors do not significantly affect suicidal behaviour in young people.
ISSUES AFFECTING WOMEN'S RETIREMENT PLANNING
Authors: Onyx Jenny
Published: December 2016

There has been a steep rise over the past 20 years in the proportion of women who enter the workforce, with a concomitant increase in the number of women who will be retiring in the next 20 years. In the past, the majority of women over 60 have either been supported by their husbands superannuation benefits, or have been dependent on a government pension. This situation is unlikely to continue; it is becoming increasingly essential for women to make provision for their own post‐retirement income. However available evidence suggests that women are not effectively planning for their retirement and are increasingly at risk of facing a life of poverty in their old age. This research project examines some of the factors that impact on women's capacity to effectively plan their retirement. In particular, the research explores the attitudes of women to retirement planning, access to information, and external impediments particularly labour market conditions.
“DEREGULATING POVERTY”: LIBERAL‐NATIONAL COALITION GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND YOUNG PEOPLE
Authors: Bessant Judith
Published: December 2016

It has come to be almost cliché to say that young people are among those Australians most deeply affected by the restructuring and globalisation which have reshaped the Australian experience since the early 1980s. Youth unemployment and a dramatic decline in the quantity of full‐time employment available to 16–24 year olds, and especially to 16–19 year olds, have been accompanied by declining incomes and increasing dependency on parents and social security benefits by young Australians. Winning office in March 1996 after 13 years of Labor government, and with a mandate to implement a reform agenda directed in part at improving employment prospects for young Australians, the Howard Liberal‐National Coalition government has pursued policies which impact heavily on the lives of many young Australians.
PUSHING THE DRUG DEBATE: THE MEDIA'S ROLE IN POLICY REFORM
Authors: McArthur Morag
Published: December 2016

In light of the Federal Government decision to withdraw support from the Australian Capital Territory's heroin trial and the Prime Minister's continued strong resistance this paper examines the history of methadone treatment in Australia. It argues that the shift in views surrounding methadone treatment in the mid 1980s was assisted in part by two factors. The first was the role of the media; the second was the leadership taken by the Federal Government culminating in 1985 with the Drug Summit. The story of methadone treatment, particularly the role of the media, is a reminder of the strong emotional response some drugs creates in the minds of the community and politicians. This example of policy reform also illustrates how certain groups can harness the media's influence and effect change.
ARE THERE MIGRANT ENCLAVES IN AUSTRALIA? ‐ A SEARCH FOR THE EVIDENCE
Authors: Adhikari Pramod
Published: December 2016

Studies have shown that although migrants in general fare worse in the labour market, some migrant groups perform better than others (McAllister 1986; Evans and Kelley 1986; Kelly and McAllister 1984). Studies from the US have also shown that migrant workers working in the ethnic enclaves attain higher socioeconomic rewards compared to the immigrants employed in the secondary sector (Wilson and Portes 1980; Portes and Jensen 1989). Using data collected from the Survey of Issues in Multicultural Australia (1988), this paper reports that ethnic enclaves as a separate economy do not exist in the Australian labour market where migrants can obtain higher status or higher earnings. The paper concludes that the formation of ethnic enclaves as a separate economy needs much more than the establishment of ethnic owned enterprises.
DONNE E BUOI DAI PAESI TUOI (CHOOSE WOMEN AND OXEN FROM YOUR HOME VILLAGE): ITALIAN PROXY MARRIAGES IN POST‐WAR AUSTRALIA
Authors: Iuliano Susanna
Published: December 2016

In the nineteen fifties and sixties, many single male Italian immigrants to Australia entered into marriages by proxy with Italian women. Such marriages were performed in Italy when the physical absence of either the bride or groom made it necessary for a stand in or ‘proxy’ to register consent to the marriage on behalf of the missing partner. This paper explores the reasons why Italian nationals and halo‐Australian immigrants contracted such unions and argues that proxy marriages reflected and perpetuated parochial loyalty or ‘campanilismo’ amongst Italian settlers in post‐war Australia. By granting proxy marriages tacit approval, the Federal Government (and the Catholic Church) in effect helped facilitate and strengthen home‐town allegiances within Italian communities, despite official assimilationist rhetoric which discouraged the formation of tight knit ethnic groups. These marriages were condoned in order to help contain the alleged ‘rampant sexual proclivities’ of single Italian bachelors and to promote stable, family oriented Italian immigrant communities in Australia which would contribute to the goal of population building.
A NOTE ON AUSTRALIAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL INEQUALITIES
Authors: Dollery Brian , Soul Stephen
Published: December 2016

In common with other advanced market economies, regional and rural communities in Australia have come under increasing economic and social stress. One manifestation of this phenomenon is the growing spatial inequalities in social and economic conditions. This paper briefly reviews the genesis of spatial inequalities and examines their consequences in the contemporary Australian political milieu. The discussion concludes with an analysis of the policy implications of these inequalities for local governments and communities in disadvantaged regional and rural areas.
THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF THE NEW ECONOMY
Authors: Zappalà Gianni
Published: December 2016

The concept of the ‘new economy’, though increasingly used by the media, policy makers and scholars, remains elusive. Two main definitions (the popular and specialised) may be identified; and the dimensions of the ensuing debate clarified in terms of three key questions: Is there is something qualitatively different about recent trends in the economy? What are the main economic consequences said to result from this new economy? What are the main social consequences? Of particular importance for social policy is that most models of the new economy suggest that it has led to an increase in inequality and social exclusion for those not positioned to take advantage of its supposed benefits. With most discussion focussed on a narrow use of the term — to do with communications technology — greater attention should be given to a broader definition which examines its consequences for the disadvantaged.
ETHNICITY NOT RACE: A PUBLIC HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Weeramanthri Tarun
Published: December 2016

This article presents an argument, from a public health perspective, against the use of the term ‘race’ and for its replacement by the term ‘ethnicity’. Historically, the rise of the race concept in society was dependent on its undeserved status as an objective scientific and biological category and was associated with strategies of exclusion and political domination. Mainstream science played a key role in the rise of the race concept but has since largely abandoned it in face of evidence from population genetics. Similarly, the public health movement has historically been concerned with race/ethnicity as a determinant of unequal health status, but the race term has now all but disappeared from the Australian public health literature, where it has been replaced by the concept of ethnicity. Ethnicity is a complex social variable, with cultural and political dimensions, but no biological dimension. Adopting a public health perspective on ethnicity which recognises the fluid and contested nature of this socio‐political variable, whilst seeking to make explicit its relevance and definitional limits, allows us to dispense with the race concept altogether, since race has no additional explanatory or strategic value above that of ethnicity. The race term is still commonly used, however, in general conversation and in the media. The persistence of the race concept and of racism is difficult to explain but may be related historically to the politics of nationalism, and in modern times to the politics of difference and identity that characterise the modern multicultural nation‐state. Abandoning the terminology of race leaves racism without any logical basis, and may contribute to a process of social change, although it cannot be expected to eliminate the phenomenon of racism.
SCHOOL DISCIPLINE: IS THERE A CRISIS IN OUR SCHOOLS?
Authors: Fields Barry A.
Published: December 2016

Discipline ranks as one of the major concerns expressed by the public about schools and the education system. These concerns are mirrored in the often dramatic coverage by the media of stories about unruly students, bullying and violence in classrooms and on playgrounds around the country. Many are left with the impression that schools are in a state of crisis and teachers are losing a battle to maintain order. This paper examines the question of whether there is a crisis of discipline in Australian schools. It does so within the context of an international perspective on discipline in schools, and with particular attention to the role of the media in creating and fostering a distorted view of the situation.
THE INTELLECTUAL ORIGINS OF ‘WELFARE DEPENDENCY’
Authors: O'Connor Brendon
Published: December 2016

‘Welfare dependency’ has become a key term in policy debate in the United States and, more recently, Australia. In this article I explore the intellectual origins of the term, looking specifically at the writings of George Gilder and Charles Murray, two commentators whose (often polemically presented) ideas were influential within the Reagan Administration and have been at the forefront of a conservative renewal in welfare debate generally. Although others have subsequently refined some of their arguments and proposals, the authors' central claim that welfare causes dependency and thus unemployment and poverty – and that welfare reform therefore needs to focus on changing the behaviour of welfare recipients rather than providing employment opportunities – has had a lasting political impact, in Australia as much as in the US.
FROM TENDER CARE TO TENDERED CARE: THE CASE OF THE VICTORIAN MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH SERVICE
Authors: Reiger Kerreen
Published: December 2016

Restructuring the public sector along market principles has been a major policy development of the late twentieth century in most western countries. This paper examines the impact of recent political and administrative change on a Victorian universal primary health program, the Maternal and Child Health Service (MCHS). The first section establishes the development of the service in the years when an interventionist state provided bureaucratic support for the expansion of public health activities. In the next significant period of organisational change, the 1980s‐early 1990s, key interest groups articulated their positions in view of the administrative imperatives of corporate managerialism. Dramatic ‘marketisation ’ of the service then occurred with the impact of compulsory competitive tendering (CCT) in the mid‐1990s. The paper argues that attention to the complex processes of change shows the interplay of interest groups, discursive positions and administrative regimes, with new strategies emerging to counter the contracting state.
THE ETHICS AND POLITICS OF MUTUAL OBLIGATION
Authors: Moss Jeremy
Published: December 2016

Welfare schemes which require recipients of benefits to ‘give something back’ are often justified in terms of ‘fairness’ or fulfilling the ‘social contract’. The Australian Government's recent and proposed changes to unemployment benefits through the Mutual Obligation Scheme appeal to both justifications. However, insufficient attention has been paid the underlying ethical and political assumptions — a serious deficiency. given their role in legitimating harsh new penalties. There are two broad reasons the current trend to tie benefits to obligations is inappropriate. First, the unemployed have little choice about their contract. And second, there is insufficient mutuality shown towards the unemployed for the Scheme to be obligation‐generating. Rather than being a means of encouraging participation or mutuality, the Scheme is essentially punitive.
RESPONDING TO FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION: THE AUSTRALIAN EXPERIENCE IN CONTEXT
Authors: Patrick Ian
Published: December 2016

The increasing number of migrant women and girls in Australia affected by female genital mutilation (PGM) presents a significant challenge for public policy. Addressing FGM requires an understanding of the practice, its incidence and consequences; as of the cultural patterns and belief systems that underwrite it in those countries where it is commonly practised. Australian policy and programmatic responses to FGM are placed in the context of both international initiatives and those in other countries of settlement, and the underlying principles that guide effective FGM policy development identified.
PLANNED RESPITE CARE: HOPE FOR FAMILIES UNDER PRESSURE
Authors: O'Brien Jon
Published: December 2016

Respite care — having breaks from the constant demands of parenting — has long been recognised as a crucial service for families of a child with a disability Only more recently has it been considered equally beneficial for families at risk of abusing or neglecting their children. A growing body of research demonstrates the negative impact of social and economic stress on people's capacity to raise their children effectively. The experiences of welfare workers indicate that planned respite care can be an important means of reducing stress and lessening the likelihood of child maltreatment and the possibility of children's removal to long‐term care. A case is outlined for a much more substantial investment in planned respite care as part of an integrated range of family support services.
MYTHS OF WELFARE REFORM
Authors: Henman Paul
Published: December 2016

In Australian welfare reform debate, a range of approaches and policies has been advocated. Regardless of their diversity, I argue that the debate has an unnecessarily narrow framework resulting from the widespread acceptance of at least three welfare reform myths. First, is the idea that the current system is anachronistic and in disrepair. Instead of this narrow focus on welfare policy, I argue that the welfare reform debate must be widened to include other domains of public policy to involve a ‘joined up’ approach to addressing poverty and disadvantage. The second myth is that welfare recipients need to be the focus of policy attention. Policy reforms focus on changing the behaviour of recipients and their communities. Because structural changes underlie increased benefit receipt, such reforms will only have minimal consequences. The third welfare reform myth is the false notion that the current welfare system lacks obligation.
INTENSIVE ASSESSMENT FOR “INTENSIVE ASSISTANCE”: UNEMPLOYMENT, MENTAL HEALTH AND THE NEED FOR HOLISTIC ASSESSMENT OF LONG‐TERM UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE
Authors: Croft Toby
Published: December 2016

This article will comment on recently announced changes to the Intensive Assistance (IA) program and to the Community Support Program (CSP) as they relate to the assessment of mental health and similar issues in recipients of unemployment benefits. It will be argued that proposed resources to be spent on assessment of IA clients and increased funding and numbers for the CSP are much needed alterations and should be welcomed. It will be argued that agencies assisting IA clients risk significant underestimation of mental‐health and related issues in their clients if they rely only on Centrelink's Job Seeker Classification Instrument (JSCI) as a screening tool and do not expend resources on additional professional assessment. The reasons behind failure of such issues to be easily identified in the current system include difficulty in administration of the JSCI, fear of disclosure by the client, client ignorance of their condition and its relevance to work‐ability, the lack of mental‐health expertise in private sector employment agencies and the current high cost. of purchasing professional assessment. Recently announced changes to IA and the CSP appear to allow for considerable improvements in identifying and managing these issues.
THE IMPACTS OF DEREGULATION AND AGRICULTURAL RESTRUCTURING FOR RURAL AUSTRALIA
Authors: Vanclay Frank
Published: December 2016

As a leader in the Cairns Group of Nations, Australia has been advancing deregulation in agri‐food trade. Successive governments have assumed that Australia would benefit from a greater deregulation of international trade because this would allow increased access to world markets for primary agricultural commodities. But regulation exists, at least in Europe, to protect the social value of the rural landscape. Australian governments, strongly influenced by economic rationalist ideology, have given insufficient consideration to the rural social landscape. Little critical reflection has taken place about whether Australia, and its farmers, would actually benefit from deregulation, or what the social impacts of this trend might be. Deregulation inevitably invokes structural adjustment, forces farmers out of agriculture, depopulates rural areas, and creates social hardship. There are also environmental ramifications. The exit of farmers from agriculture has not been as fast as was expected by economists and policy‐makers, with many farmers adapting to new situations.
IMMIGRATION POLICY UNDER THE HOWARD GOVERNMENT
Authors: Betts Katharine
Published: December 2016

Up until 1989 Australian immigration policy was based on Ministerial discretion. This gave the executive the power to decide policy without review either by parliament or the courts. But during the 1980s the context changed. Many more would‐be immigrants were already on Australian soil on a temporary basis and, if they were rejected, they could appeal to the courts. Ministerial discretion was hard to defend in court and selection criteria were progressively widened by court judgments. The Hawke Government compounded these difficulties by a number of unwise policy decisions. By 1996 the immigration program that the Howard Government inherited lacked a clear economic rationale, was dominated by family reunion, brought in many migrants who needed welfare support and was open to fraud. It was also unpopular.

The Howard/Ruddock reforms sharpened the program's economic focus, reduced the size of the family‐reunion component, restricted new migrants' access to welfare and increased the program's integrity. The new Government also took a firm stance on border control and tried to limit the role of the courts. Many of these reforms have been controversial but, by 2002, immigration was much less unpopular than it had been in 1996.
THE IMPACT OF ILLICIT DRUG USE ON NON‐USING SIBLINGS IN THE VIETNAMESE COMMUNITY
Authors: Webber Ruth
Published: December 2016

This study explored the issues facing young Vietnamese who have a sibling with an illicit drug addiction and the coping strategies that they and their families employ. This paper concentrated on the results from interviews/focus groups of Vietnamese parents and young people. There were some areas of commonality between the responses of the parent and youth cohorts. Issues of shame, guilt, grief and lack of support were raised by both groups. The reactions of parents and siblings change over time, as the negative impact of the user's behaviour intensified and family systems become strained. There were significant differences in the responses of the two cohorts in relation to parental behaviour. The youth cohort generally was critical of parental behaviour towards both children who are using illicit drugs and their non‐using siblings.
HEALTH NEEDS OF MIGRANT VIETNAMESE WOMEN IN SOUTH‐WEST BRISBANE: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY
Authors: Stewart Donald E. , Do Bien Nam
Published: December 2016

This study was conducted in the southwest area of Brisbane, Australia, and is designed to explore and assess the health needs of Vietnamese migrant women. The needs of this group are becoming increasingly urgent due to ageing of the original immigrant refugee community and decreased capacity for support from their children and families. The study used a qualitative research strategy involving focus groups and in‐depth interviews with Vietnamese women between 18–65 years and interviews with Vietnamese health care providers. It shows that the women have had to deal with culture shock, low self‐esteem, lack of friends and relatives, unrecognized professional skills and most importantly in health terms, low socioeconomic status. Significant barriers to access health services and to improved health and well‐being were also identified, such as language difficulties, transportation, time, and knowledge about health education. Recognition of specific requirements of sub‐populations as well as broader socio‐economic and cultural determinants of health should be a guide to more effective planning and implementation of health promotion strategies. The changing needs, over time, of these sub‐populations should also be recognized.
TRUSTING THE TAX OFFICE: DOES PUTNAM'S THESIS RELATE TO TAX?
Authors: Job Jenny , Reinhart Monika
Published: December 2016

Data from the Community Participation and Citizenship Survey are used to explore the factors that influence people to place trust in strangers and impersonal others. We use Putnam's social capital thesis to explore whether civic engagement and associational membership are major factors in the development of generalised or social trust, and whether this kind of trust is generalisable to trust in government institutions, specifically the Tax Office. There is partial support for Putnam's thesis that civic engagement develops social trust. More important is affective trust developed in the family and through familiar others. We find that trust is generalisable, being extended to strangers and to the impersonal others in government institutions. It is trust that builds trust — and government institutions like the Tax Office begin their task with benefits accrued through generalised trust.
THE IMPORTANCE OF PROCEDURAL JUSTICE IN SECURING COMPLIANCE: A STUDY OF TAX SCHEME INVESTORS
Authors: Murphy Kristina
Published: December 2016

Throughout the 1990s, tens of thousands of Australian taxpayers invested in mass‐marketed tax effective schemes. They enjoyed generous tax breaks until the Australian Taxation Office (ATO) told them in 1998 that they abused the system. This study examines the circumstances surrounding taxpayers' decision to invest in scheme arrangements. It also explores investors' perceptions of the way the ATO handled the schemes issue and, perhaps more importantly, why such a large number of investors defied the ATO's demands that they pay back taxes. Data were taken from in‐depth interviews conducted with 29 scheme investors. Consistent with the procedural justice literature, the findings revealed that many scheme investors defied the ATO's demands because the procedures the ATO used to handle the situation were perceived to be unfair. Given these findings, it will be argued that to effectively shape desired behaviour, regulators will need to move beyond enforcement strategies linked purely to deterrence. A strategy that aims to emphasise the procedural justice aspects of a regulatory encounter will be discussed.
CAN JUSTICE AND SHAME DETER AN ESCALATION IN TAX EVASION?
Authors: Ahmed Eliza , Braithwaite Valerie
Published: December 2016

This study examines the roles that justice and shame management play in deterring escalation in tax evasion. Data were taken from the Graduates' Hopes, Visions and Actions Survey based on a sample of 447 Australian graduates who recently received their tertiary degrees. Path analysis reveals that both justice variables (societal and personal) indirectly affect tax non‐compliance through shame (or lack thereof). Injustice brings about a significant increase in unacknowledged shame which, in turn, leads to increased tax evasion. The path to tax evasion is also mediated by an attitude condoning non‐compliance, and dissociation. Of considerable interest is the finding that personal injustice, in contrast to societal injustice, has a direct link to tax evasion. The results of the study demonstrate that felt injustice triggers both emotional and cognitive responsiveness, and works to undermine moral obligation in tax compliance.
Mark Latham's Third Way: Income Support, Civic Renewal and Collectivism
Authors: Hammer Sara
Published: December 2016

The core aim of Mark Latham's Third Way‐style policy proposals is to promote the revivification of civil society as part of the renewed pursuit of the common good. I critically examine this core aim with reference to Mark Latham's proposed changes to income support. I claim that Latham's tendency to focus on disadvantaged communities as sites of normative dysfunction only reinforces the traditional conceptual division between deserving employed citizens and undeserving income recipients. It also neglects the real difficulties experienced by mainstream communities, such as the growing time deficit in working households. I conclude that Latham misses a real opportunity to re‐legitimise collective provision and revive the social sphere using a universal rather than a residual policy perspective that shows concern for the well‐being of all Australian citizens.
Do Mutual Obligation Breach Penalties Coerce Compliance with Government Expectations?
Authors: Schooneveldt Simon
Published: December 2016

A Brisbane survey was conducted to examine some of the consequences of Centrelink breach penalties when applied to unemployment welfare recipients under the Howard Coalition Government's ideology of Mutual Obligation. Fifty‐six such recipients responded to the author's survey by completing a questionnaire about their experiences after receiving one or more breach penalties. The consequences of being breached for those respondents are contrasted with the Coalition Government's stated expectations for its Mutual Obligation driven breach penalty system.

The background to the rise of Mutual Obligation as an ideology and the elevated incidence of breach penalties are briefly discussed, along with the report of the survey findings. Interestingly, two surprise findings are given specific focus as they offer new insight.
Beyond Symptoms: Crime Prevention And Community Development
Authors: Lane Mary , Henry Kaylene
Published: December 2016

Crime and crime prevention are currently ‘hot’ political and social issues. Fuelled by public calls for ‘solutions’, the responses by politicians and planners are typically ‘quick‐fix’ with emphasis on management of particular problems as, and where, they arise.

We argue for longer term strategies aimed at dealing with the political, social, economic and cultural factors associated with crime. In doing so, we explore the potential of community development to contribute to crime prevention, particularly ‘community’ or ‘street’ crime and violence. Theoretical and practice intersections between community development and certain crime prevention approaches are identified – notably those which link crime and violence with dis‐empowerment, poverty, inequality, exclusion, the learning of violence within families and communities, and lack of opportunity for children and young people to develop their potential. We conclude that there is plenty of evidence to support the view that community development processes should be used more frequently in crime prevention programmes.
Renewing the Social Vision of Care
Authors: Fine Michael
Published: December 2016

Care is a fundamental condition of human existence, an inherently social activity. Yet surprisingly, care has only recently begun to receive serious attention from social researchers and the public. Despite the fact that care has become a public issue over the past twenty‐five years or so, current thinking in policy and advocacy for carers has developed an overtly narrow and self‐limiting focus with a strong emphasis on the plight of primary or sole carers, with care being seen predominantly as a burden. From looking at Australian policy on carers, it may be concluded that care is essentially understood as a private, individual concern, a one‐way activity in which the active agent, the carer, does something to the other, passive, recipient. The challenge posed in this paper is to move beyond this approach to that of a more social conception of care. Following a review of the uses of the terms ‘care’ and ‘carers’ in the current Australian policy context, a discussion of the meaning of the term ‘care’ is presented and an alternative understanding of the term, with the potential of recognising and promoting care as a complex, social outcome is advanced.
The Promotion and Disruption of Community Service Delivery Systems
Authors: McDonald Catherine , Zetlin Di
Published: December 2016

In this paper, we report data drawn from a larger project on the functioning of the Queensland community service delivery system, particularly that providing services to people with disabilities. Our reasoning for focusing at this level is that, from the service user's perspective, support is derived from the service delivery system, not just individual service providers. Defining the service delivery system as formal services and informal support networks, we undertook interviews and focus groups with service providers in six areas in Queensland: inner urban, outer urban, rural and remote. The period on which we report is one in which considerable reform activity had been undertaken by funding bodies of the Commonwealth and State governments. We report on those factors we identified which promote the integrated functioning of the service delivery system, as well as those factors that disrupt it.

We conclude with a brief evaluative analysis of the current status of the system.
‘You don't want to be a check‐out chick all your life’: The out‐migration of young people from Australia's small rural towns
Authors: Alston Margaret
Published: December 2016

Globalisation and changes in agriculture have resulted in major social changes in inland Australia. Depopulation of the inland has led many to speculate on the future of rural towns and rural people. This paper will examine population drifts from country towns to cities and from the inland to the coastal regions and, in particular, the out‐migration of young people. In doing this, the paper focuses on several small towns in central New South Wales that have been the subject of intensive study during 2000 and 2001. Drawing on analysis of Australian Bureau of Statistics figures, in‐depth interviews and focus groups with key informants and surveys with young people and their parents in small rural communities the paper will report on the loss of young people and the greater loss of young women from these areas. It is argued that this outmigration of young people is linked to the need to seek higher education and also to the loss of full‐time jobs for young people. The loss of these jobs is the result of changes in agricultural production, labour market restructuring and a withdrawal of public and private sector services.

It is further argued that current reliance by governments on market based and community self‐help solutions is not enough to provide a future for rural communities. Even if economic growth occurs this will not solve the problem of loss of young people, and the greater loss of young women, nor will it address the issue of access to education and training. Rather far greater attention to human capital (access to education, training and employment), institutional capital (government and non‐government services and infrastructure) and social capital (strong networks) is needed if Australia's small rural towns are to survive and flourish.