bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RELATION OF CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY IN WOMEN WITH GENITAL TRACT CANCER TO ORIGIN, HISTOLOGY, CLINICAL STAGE AND SUBSEQUENT BEHAVIOUR OF NEOPLASM
Authors: Khoo S. K. , Mackay E. V.
Published: August 2005

A quantitative study of cell‐mediated immunological reactivity was made in patients with female genital tract cancer. Prinary reactivity was measured by contact sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and secondary reactivity by delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity to skin test antigens (STA). In general, there was an increased incidence of anergic and impaired reactivity in patients with cancer of the cervix, corpus uteri or ovary, compared with age‐matched controls; however, differences between patient‐groups, regarding organ or origin or histological type, were small and insignificant. There was a progressive increase in incidence of anergic and impaired reactivity with worsening of clinical staging of the tumour. Significant differences in reactivity were noted between patients who had remained free of disease and those who had progressive disease after 12 months of follow‐up. It is considered that impairment of cell‐mediated immunity is an unfavourable factor in host‐tumour interactions, and the possibility of augmenting immunological reactivity should be considered in management.
CORRELATION OF SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, COLPOSCOPY AND HISTOLOGY IN 50 PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ABNORMAL CERVICAL CYTOLOGY
Authors: Murphy John F. , Jordan Joseph A. , Allen Josephine M. , Williams Anthony E.
Published: August 2005

A comparison was made between colposcopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and histology in 50 asymptomatic patients presenting with abnormal cervical cytology. Colposcopy was very accurate in predicting epithelial abnormalities. Using already established criteria, the SEM changes of carcinoma in situ were found to be reliable and reproducible and it was also found possible to predict whether or not invasion of the basement membrane had taken place.
VULVAL VACCINIA
Authors: Kulesza M. O.
Published: August 2005

An accidental complication of smallpox vaccination in the rare form of a vulval vaccinia is described.
THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY ON INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE TOLERANCE
Authors: Fisher Peter M. , Hamilton Pamela M. , Sutherland Hamish W. , Stowers John M.
Published: August 2005

Eleven normal pregnant women selected specifically to avoid the stigmata of potential diabetes, had serial, rapid 25 g. intravenous glucose tolerance tests done at 11 to 13, 25 to 27, and 37 to 39 week's gestation. The results expressed as increment indices and k values showed a significant decrease in glucose tolerance between the second and third trimesters. The difference in the increment indices, between the first and second trimesters was also significant There was no significant difference in the mean fasting venous plasma glucose levels between the three stages of pregnancy studied. It is concluded that intravenous glucose tolerance decreases with advancing gestation.
A STUDY OF PULMONARY EMBOLISM AND DEEP LEG VEIN THROMBOSIS AFTER MAJOR GYNAECOLOGICAL SURGERY USING LABELLED FIBRINOGEN‐PHLEBOGRAPHY AND LUNG SCANNING
Authors: Walsh J. J. , Bonnar John , Wright F. W.
Published: August 2005

The frequency of thrombo‐embolic complications as assessed by objective diagnostic techniques was investigated in 262 patients having major pelvic surgery. The lowest incidence of leg vein thrombosis (7 per cent) was found in patients undergoing vaginal hysterectomy. After abdominal hysterectomy for benign pathology the incidence was 13 per cent and after Wertheim's hysterectomy for carcinoma of the cervix 25 per cent. After operation, the highest incidence of leg vein thrombosis (45 per cent) was in patients having surgery for gynaecological carcinoma other than that of the cervix. Fatal pulmonary embolism occurred in two patients (0.7 per cent), one with advanced ovarian carcinoma and the other after surgery for carcinoma of the corpus uteri; non‐fatal pulmonary embolism was diagnosed in six patients (2.2 per cent).
THE LIMITATIONS OF LAPAROSCOPIC OVARIAN BIOPSY
Authors: Sutton Christopher
Published: August 2005

Seventy‐five consecutive patients had a laparoscopic ovarian biopsy and were examined critically in order to evaluate this procedure in the investigation and treatment of infertility and amenorrhoea. It was concluded that the tissue removed by biopsy was not necessarily representative of the histological structure of the whole ovary; that the laparoscopic appearance of the ovaries offered equally valuable information; that the procedure was not free from hazards which outweighed its diagnostic usefulness except in certain clearly defined conditions such as primary amenorrhoea; and that it may have had some therapeutic effect in patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome.
A MODIFIED BIVALVE SPECULUM
Authors: Lewis B. Victor
Published: August 2005

A modification of Semm's bivalve speculum is described which makes it possible to use a vulsellum to steady the cervix without restricting the view obtained.
PREGNANCY COMPLICATED BY ACUTE IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
Authors: Jones W. R. , Storey B. , Norton G. , Neische F. W.
Published: August 2005

Two patients are described who had acute severe idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) presenting in late pregnancy. In both there was little or no response to corticosteroid therapy and elective Caesarean section and splenectomy were performed. The babies had marked thrombocytopenia which disappeared spontaneously. It is suggested that in acute ITP Caesarean section is indicated on paediatric grounds and poses no untoward maternal risk when combined with splenectomy and platelet transfusion.
UTERO‐ABDOMINAL SINUS AFTER CLASSICAL CAESAREAN SECTION
Authors: Jain S. P.
Published: August 2005

A utero‐abdominal sinus appearing four months after classical Caesarean section and an associated ventral hernia were cured by operation.
CYCLICAL CHANGES IN THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE NORMAL HUMAN ENDOMETRIAL STROMAL CELL
Authors: More Ian A. R. , Armstrong Ernest M. , Carty Matthew , McSeveney David
Published: August 2005

A survey of the ultrastructure of the stromal cell in histological normal endometrial biopsies from 41 women at various stages of the menstrual cycle was made. The nucleus and nucleolus showed structural changes which could be correlated with the metabolic activity of the cell at various stages of the cycle. The latter stages of the cycle were characterized by the differentiation of the stromal cells into two distinct cell lines; the predecidual cell and the endometrial granulocyte. The cyclical changes were compared with those occurring in the endometrial glandular cell and the autonomy of the stromal cell is discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCREASING BIRTHWEIGHT AND CEPHALOPELVIC DISPROPORTION IN DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA
Authors: Mtimavalye L. A. R. , van der Does C. D. , Maathuis J. B.
Published: August 2005

A one in ten sample was taken from the records of all singleton term deliveries which took place from 1956 to 1959, and in 1969, at Ocean Road Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The birthweights from the sampled records, 1748 and 1833 respectively, were divided as follows: less than 2260 g., 2260 to 2700 g., and more than 2700 g. From this division it was found that in the ten year interval a statisti‐ cally significant increase in birthweight had taken place. The indications for Caesarean section were analyzed and this showed that disproportion as the indication had increased from 42 per cent in the period 1956 to 1959 to 52 per cent in 1969. It is suggested that this finding may be causally related to the increase in birthweight.
PREGNANCY AFTER CONE BIOPSY OF THE CERVIX
Authors: McLaren H. C. , Jordan J. A. , Glover Mary , Attwood Margaret E.
Published: August 2005

Of 270 patients who had a cone biopsy of the cervix, 50 subsequently achieved a total of 68 pregnancies. The outcome of these pregnancies is described.
AN IMMUNOFLUORESCENT STUDY OF SPERM ISOIMMUNIZATION IN INFERTILE WOMEN
Authors: Jones W. R. , Ing R. M. Y.
Published: August 2005

Serum from 32 infertile women and from eight control patients was investigated for antisperm activity using an indirect immunofluorescent antibody technique. The results confirmed previous reports of the surface localization of antigens on human spermatozoa. Specific antibody staining was observed on the sperm acrosome and tail; neck and equatorial segment staining was common and non‐specific. Antibodies in the IgM and IgG classes localized on the acrosome, whereas tail staining was exclusively due to IgG antibodies. In seven out of eight sera in which a complement‐dependent sperm immobilization test was positive, an IgG antibody was demonstrated which localized on the sperm tail. There was a poor correlation between positive sperm micro‐agglutination and specific immuno‐fluorescent reactions.
AN EVALUATION OF CYTOLOGY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION AND CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION OF THE CERVIX UTERI
Authors: Morse Anne R. , Coleman Dulcie V. , Gardner Sylvia D.
Published: August 2005

A cytological and virological study was made to determine the incidence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the cervix uteri in 197 women attending a venereal diseases clinic. Cervical cytology was compared with virus isolation as a means of detecting these infections. Herpes simplex virus was isolated from 11 out of 186 women appropriately tested (5.9 per cent) and an additional 5 patients (2.7 per cent) showed only cytological evidence of the infection, giving a combined diagnostic rate of 8.6 per cent. Cytomegalovirus was isolated from 12 out of 145 patients suitably tested (8.3 per cent) and an inclusion‐bearing cell was identified in one of these patients. An association between CMV and multiple genital warts was noticed.
DISSECTING ANEURYSM OF THE AORTA IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Kitchen D. H.
Published: August 2005

Three patients with dissecting aneurysm of the aorta in pregnancy are presented and the literature is briefly reviewed. Two of the three patients died. Accurate diagnosis is important because recent advances in management have improved the outlook for the patient.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN (HCG) ON THE ANENCEPHALIC FETAL ADRENAL CORTEX AND ON PARTURITION IN THE HUMAN
Authors: Honnebier W. J. , Jöbsis A. C. , Swaab D. F.
Published: August 2005

The present study examined whether the adrenal of the anencephalic fetus could be stimulated in utero with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) or human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) injected directly into the fetus. The effect of the injections was judged by measuring hormone levels and by histological and histochemical examination of the fetal adrenals. The effect was also studied of stimulation of the fetal adrenal or the injection of neurohypophysial hormones on the initiation of parturition. HCG appeared to have no effect on the fetal adrenal while large doses of ACTH apparently stimulated adrenal growth and function to some extent. The possible presence of other adrenotropic factors is discussed as is the role of the placenta in determining the type of fetal adrenal activity as judged by predominance of the permanent or fetal zone of the fetal adrenal. Although labour was induced in one patient by means of injecting the fetus with oxytocin, we do not believe that the fetal hypothalamus provides the primary stimulus for the onset of labour in humans.
NUTRITIONAL ANAEMIA DURING PREGNANCY A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO SOCIO‐ECONOMIC CLASSES
Authors: Molina Rafael A. , Diez‐Ewald María , Fernández Gerardo , Velázquez Nelson
Published: August 2005

The incidence of haemoglobin and nutrient deficiencies during pregnancy was studied in 88 women of poor economic background and 88 from the middle economic class. Blood samples were taken in the first trimester before treatment, and after treatment either with iron, or iron plus folic acid. In the first trimester, the poor class patients had a statistically significantly higher rate of deficiency in all parameters except serum folate and total iron‐binding capacity (TIBC). At term, despite being treated in a similar way, the poor class patients were still at a disadvantage compared to the middle class. Despite iron therapy, the frequency of anaemia remained unchanged in both groups. It is concluded that a daily dosage of 130 mg. of elemental iron is insufficient to correct anaemia in pregnancy, and that iron and folic acid supplementation should be routinely administered throughout pregnancy, regardless of economic status.
SERUM COPPER IN NORMAL PREGNANCY IN NIGERIANS
Authors: Osclatunbosun D. A. , Adadevoh B. K. , Adeniyi F. A.
Published: August 2005

Serum copper concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy in 288 Nigerian women comprising 212 pregnant women, 44 non‐pregnant controls and 32 postpartum women. There was a small progressive increase in serum copper during the first two trimesters to values at the upper limits of those of the nonpregnant controls. Significant increases occurred during the last trimester and persisted until the fourteenth postpartum day when the serum copper had declined to the levels observed in the control group. Both the absolute increase in serum copper and the proportion of women with increases outside the normal range were smaller than those previously reported in non‐Nigerians.
THE EFFECT OF INCUBATING A COPPER RELEASING INTRAUTERINE DEVICE ON SPERM PENETRATION AND SPINNBARKEIT OF CERVICAL MUCUS
Authors: Rush Frances , Elstein Max
Published: August 2005

Normal mid‐cycle cervical mucus was incubated with a “opper Seven” intrauterine device for different periods of time and Spinnbarkeit, sperm penetration and copper levels were estimated. As the duration of incubation time increased, the Spinnbarkeit and sperm penetration decreased and the copper levels increased. Cervical mucus from women with “Copper Seven” intrauterine devices was also tested. The levels of copper producing inhibition of sperm penetration in vitro were much greater than those actually found in vivo. It was concluded that the contraceptive action of the “Copper Seven” intrauterine device is not primarilyachieved by its effect on sperm transport
HAEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF COMBINED OESTROGEN/PROGESTOGEN ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: Lehtov1rta P.
Published: August 2005

The effects of a combined contraceptive pill, and of its oestrogen and progestogen components, on the haemodynamics in the recumbent and upright positions were studied in 49 healthy young women. Twenty‐nine women were given a contraceptive pill containing 2.5 mg. of lynestrenol and 0.075 mg. of mestranol (Lyndiol 2.5) for two months, while 10 women received mestranol only and 10 women lynestrenol only for 10 to 13 days. A significant increase in cardiac output, blood volume and stroke volume was observed after combined oral contraceptive therapy. Similar changes were recorded in the women given mestranol, but not in those given lynestrenol. The tilt response was not influenced by any treatment. The present results indicate that the haemodynamic changes observed during combined (oestrogen/progestogen) oral contraceptive treatment are caused by oestrogens.
PERIPHERAL HAEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF COMBINED OESTROGEN/PROGESTOGEN ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: Lehtovirta P.
Published: August 2005

The effects of a combined contraceptive pill, and of its oestrogen and progestogen components, on the forearm blood circulation were studied in 83 healthy young women. Twenty‐seven women were given a contraceptive pill containing 2.5 mg. of lynestrenol and 0.075 mg. of mestranol (Lyndiol 2.5) for two months, while 33 women received mestranol only and 23 lynestrenol only for 10 to 13 days. A significant increase in peak flow, return time, excess flow and repayment and a significant decrease in local vascular resistance were found during reactive hyperaemia measured by plethysmography after one and two months' combined oral contraceptive therapy. Similar changes were recorded in the women given mestranol, but not in those given lynestrenol. In the muscular circulation measured by 133Xe clearance during reactive hyperaemia return time was the only parameter which increased in women given combined oral contraceptives, but not in those given oestrogen or lynestrenol. The resting blood flow in the forearm was not influenced by any treatment. The present results indicate that the changes in the peripheral circulation observed during combined (oestrogen/progestogen) oral contraceptive treatment are caused by oestrogen and it is possible that the skin blood flow is the site of the changes.
A SCORING SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFYING PREGNANT PATIENTS WITH A HIGH RISK OF PERINATAL MORTALITY
Authors: Haeri A. D. , South Joanna , Naldrett Janet
Published: August 2005

A scoring system is presented which enables a perinatal mortality risk to be calculated at the booking clinic. Its practical value is discussed.
THE RELATION BETWEEN A LARGE BABY AT BIRTH AND DIMINISHED MATERNAL FIRST PHASE INSULIN RESPONSE TO GLUCOSE
Authors: Ledward R. S. , Paterson P. J. , Turner R. C.
Published: August 2005

Studies have been undertaken to determine whether the insulin response to intravenous glucose in a group of 20 to 24 week pregnant, potentially diabetic, women might be useful in the detection of those whose babies will be large. The investigation confirmed that glucose tolerance alone is not a good discriminant. Measurement of the first phase of insulin release, when corrected for the increased insulin release associated with maternal obesity, is a better discriminant. Other factors, including maternal obesity, contribute to the production of a large baby.
INTRA‐AMNIOTIC PROSTAGLANDIN FOR INDUCTION OF ABORTION: AN IMPROVED REGIME USING PROSTAGLANDIN E2
Authors: Mackenzie I. Z. , Embrey M. P. , Hillier Keith
Published: August 2005

Eighty‐two patients were studied using four different dose schedules of intraamniotic prostaglandin F2α and E2. The most successful results were obtained in 32 patients receiving two injections of 10 mg. of prostaglandin E2 at a six‐hour interval; 31 aborted within 24 hours with a mean time of 12.6 hours; an acceptable level of side effects was observed. The addition of an infusion of oxytocin did not significantly affect the result. These results represent an improvement over previously published data using intra‐amniotic prostaglandin E2 alone.
THE DIAMETER OF THE UTERINE ISTHMUS DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE, PREGNANCY AND THE PUERPERIUM
Authors: Johnstone F. D. , Boyd I. E. , McArthy T. G. , McClure Browne J. C.
Published: August 2005

The diameter of the uterine isthmus was measured in 188 patients under different physiological conditions. It was found that measurements were reproducible with a low mean coefficient of variation (3 per cent). In the non‐pregnant patient the highest measurements were recorded during the menstrual period and the lowest in the preceding week. The isthmic diameter increased during the first trimester of pregnancy when it was slightly greater in parous than in nulliparous patients. Even 9 to 12 weeks after delivery, the diameter of the isthmus had not fallen to the size recorded in parous patients more than four months postpartum.
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH), THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) AND CORTISOL LEVELS IN THE SERUM OF MENSTRUATING THAI WOMEN
Authors: Saxena Badri N. , Dusitsin Nikorn , Lazarus Les
Published: August 2005

Isolated studies of human growth hormone (HGH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and cortisol levels during the menstrual cycle have previously been reported in healthy Caucasian women but no similar studies have been done in Asian women. Using aliquots of basal serum samples collected daily throughout a single ovulatory menstrual cycle, we studied HGH, TSH and cortisol levels in six healthy Thai women. No specific cyclic patterns were noted.
A DECREASE IN FETAL pH DURING THE SECOND STAGE OF LABOUR, WHEN CONDUCTED IN THE DORSAL POSITION
Authors: Humphrey M. D. , Chang A. , Wood E. C. , Morgan S. , Hounslow D.
Published: August 2005

A random controlled trial was performed to compare the effects of the dorsal and left‐tilt delivery positions upon fetal acid‐base status. The dorsal position was associated with a time‐related decrease in fetal pH, whereas the left tilt position was not.
DAY‐TO‐DAY VARIATIONS IN FASTING PLASMA GLUCOSE AND FASTING PLASMA INSULIN LEVELS IN LATE NORMAL PREGNANCY
Authors: Campbell D. M. , Bewsher P. D. , Davidson J. M. , Sutherland H. W.
Published: August 2005

The fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin levels of eight normal outpatient primigravidae have been studied over six successive days at 37 weeks' gestation. In addition, the fasting plasma glucose in six primigravidae, who were in‐patients in a metabolic unit, has been measured on three successive days. It is concluded that while there is in general little day‐to‐day variation in both fasting plasma glucose and fasting plasma insulin, the plasma glucose was significantly elevated on the first day of the study.
BIOCHEMICAL AND HAEMATOLOGICAL CHANGES IN AN UNSUCCESSFUL TWIN PREGNANCY FOLLOWING INDUCTION OF OVULATION BY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Macdonald H. N. , Good W. , Hancock K. W.
Published: August 2005

Biochemical and haematological changes which occurred in a pregnancy that terminated in abortion 15 weeks after ovulation are presented in relation to previously determined normal patterns. The biochemical changes gave little indication of impending abortion, but the haematological picture seemed to be more informative in this respect. Blood haemoglobin, blood haematocrit, mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin changed rather less than might have been expected, while increasing erythrocyte osmotic fragility and increasing white cell count appeared to anticipate the abortion by about 20 and 30 days respectively.
ALTERED SEX RATIO AFTER THE LONDON SMOG OF 1952 AND THE BRISBANE FLOOD OF 1965
Authors: Lyster W. R.
Published: August 2005

The seasonal distribution of the sex ratio of livebirths has already been correlated with the seasonal distribution of rainfall approximately 320 days earlier. The daily rainfall readings and the daily analysis of drinking water in Brisbane, Queensland, have now been compared with daily births in the maternity hospitals of that city. The interval between the two sets of events ceases to be a mere approximation and becomes a fairly precise 320 days.

There was also an interval of exactly 320 days between the smog which covered Greater London from 5th to 9th December 1952, and the births of 109 males and 144 females at 16 London hospitals from 22nd to 26th October 1953. That anomaly occurred in the middle of an extended period during which very masculine sex ratios had otherwise consistently prevailed.
VARIATION IN RESPONSE TO SYNTHETIC LUTEINIZING HORMONE—RELEASING HORMONE (LH‐RH) AT DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE SAME MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN NORMAL WOMEN
Authors: Shaw R. W. , Butt W. R. , London D. R. , Marshall J. C.
Published: August 2005

Synthetic luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LH‐RH) was given intravenously in a dose of 100μg. to 24 normal regularly menstruating women at various stages of the same menstrual cycle. The luteinizing hormone (LH) response was always greater during the luteal phase (days 22 to 24) than during the early follicular (days 4 to 6) or mid‐follicular phases (days 8 to 10). No statistical difference was shown between the two groups studied in the early and mid‐follicular phases for LH release, but in four subjects, studied on four occasions in the same cycle, the greatest release of LH occurred on day 14. The follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) responses were more variable although every patient showed a significant rise in circulating FSH after the injected LH‐RH. The luteal phase response was greater in all but four of the subjects tested. However, a significantly larger response (0.1
0.05) was seen in the early follicular phase when compared with the mid‐follicular phase responses. No correlation between LH or FSH responses and circulating progesterone levels could be demonstrated in any of the subjects. A negative correlation (r=−0.55; 0.1>p>0.05) was found between sum of FSH increments and circulating oestradiol during the early follicular phase, but no such correlation was seen in the mid‐follicular phase responses. Similarly, a negative correlation between sum of FSH increments and oestradiol (r=−0.70; 0.05>p>0.02) was demonstrated in the luteal phase responses, but no correlation with LH response was apparent.
THE MONITORING OF GONADOTROPHIN THERAPY BY PLASMA OESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE DETERMINATIONS
Authors: McGarrigle H. H. G. , Radwanska Ewa , Little Valerie , Swyer G. I. M.
Published: August 2005

Plasma oestradiol and progesterone determinations by competitive protein binding techniques were introduced as a means of monitoring treatment with human gonadotrophins of 32 infertile women with amenorrhoea or severe oligomenorrhoea. Human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) was administered on days 1, 3 and 5. Human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) was injected on day 8 if the response to HMG stimulation was adequate but not excessive, a second dose being given seven days later.

There was a significant correlation between urinary oestrone and plasma oestradiol, as calculated on the basis of 140 paired results (r=0.85; p<0.001). The correlation between urinary pregnanediol and plasma progesterone was calculated on the basis of 51 paired estimations performed at the mid‐luteal phase (r=0.925; p<0.001).

The ovarian response in 47 cycles of treatment with HMG and HCG which were fully monitored by plasma estimations have been divided into two sub‐groups: adequate (20 cycles), when the plasma progesterone on day 15 (7 days after HCG) exceeded 10 ng./ml.; and deficient (27 cycles), with plasma progesterone values below 10 ng./ml. The day‐8 plasma oestradiol values ranged from 150 to 550 (mean 312) pg./ml. in the adequate cycles and from 30 to 540 (mean 228) pg./ml. in the deficient cycles. From this it would appear that 150 pg./ml. is the lower limit of plasma oestradiol for a normal ovulatory response. Plasma oestradiol levels on day 15 were recorded in the range 170 to 1500 (mean 577) pg./ml. in the group of adequate cycles and 25 to 387 (mean 181) pg./ml. in the deficient cycles. In eight cycles overstimulation was encountered, as judged by plasma oestradiol levels exceeding 700 pg./ml. on day 8 of treatment, and HCG injection was with‐held. Two patients showed no response to HMG stimulation in five cycles.

In 29 patients who received 68 complete courses of treatment, 13 pregnancies occurred, including three single births, one set of twins, one set of triplets, four abortions and four recent conceptions (outcome unknown).

Plasma oestradiol and progesterone estimations by competitive protein binding techniques have proved of value in the monitoring of human gonadotrophin therapy and for us have replaced urinary estimations.
INDUCTION OF LABOUR BY EXTRA‐AMNIOTIC PROSTAGLANDIN:
Authors: Miller A. W. F. , Mack D. S.
Published: August 2005

Labour was successfully induced by the extra‐amniotic administration of prostaglandins E2 in 69 patients of widely varying maturity. Sixty‐two babies were delivered in satisfactory condition, three died during labour, and there were four anencephalic infants. The use of extra‐amniotic prostaglandins can be considered if induction is required in particularly unfavourable circumstances or where there is a wish to avoid artificial rupture of the membranes.
EFFECT OF COPPER ON GROWTH OF HUMAN CERVICAL EPITHELIAL CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Hounsell P. G. , Hawkins D. F.
Published: August 2005

Copper sulphate in concentrations of 4×10−4M or more completely prevents outgrowth of explants of human cervical squamous epithelium in monolayer tissue culture. Concentrations of 3×10−5M copper or more reduce the rate at which cells in the cultures enter the mitotic phase. These findings are discussed in relation to the use of copper‐releasing intrauterine contraceptive devices.
TUBO‐OVARIAN ACTINOMYCOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES
Authors: Dische F. E. , Burt Lady J. M. , Davidson N. J. H. , Puntambekar Miss S.
Published: August 2005

Two patients with actinomycosis of the uterine adnexa are described. At the time symptoms developed one patient had a copper intrauterine contraceptive device in situ while the other had recently had a Lippes loop removed. Neither patient showed evidence of spread of infection from a lesion of bowel. It is suggested that the intrauterine devices may have played a part in the pathogenesis of the disease.
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TWIN PREGNANCY IN DUNDEE
Authors: Daw E. , Walker J.
Published: August 2005

A review is presented of 712 twin pregnancies which occurred in Dundee between 1956 and 1971. It shows a falling age of twin reproduction, a changing ratio of mono‐ to dizygosity and the poor growth rates of both types. Birth weight variations suggest that “crowding” in the uterus may affect the individual growth of each twin, but the combined weight of twins continues to increase to term and shows no obvious sign of restriction.
BLOOD COAGULATION PROFlLE IN INDIAN PATIENTS WITH PRE‐ECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Dube B. , Bhattacharya Sulekha , Kanta Dube Rama
Published: August 2005

Twelve Indian patients with pre‐eclampsia, 15 with eclampsia and 15 with normal pregnancy in the third trimester were investigated. A systemic bleeding diathesis was encountered in two patients with eclampsia and in none with pre‐eclampsia; two patients with pre‐eclampsia, however, had excessive uterine haemorrhage. Coagulation studies showed statistically significant prolongation of thrombin time, elevation of serum fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and hypofibrino‐ genaemia in patients with pre‐eclampsia as well as eclampsia. In patients with eclampsia, significant thrombocytopenia also occurred. Euglobulin lysis time showed no significant change in patients with pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia. There was no significant difference in the coagulation profile between patients with eclampsia and pre‐eclampsia, except for more hypofibrinogenaemia in the former. The laboratory findings suggest the occurrence of intravascular coagulation
TOTAL URINARY QESTROGEN EXCRETION DURING NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLE AND NORMAL PREGNANCY IN NIGERIANS
Authors: Dada O. A. , Adadevoh B. Kwaku
Published: August 2005

Total oestrogens were measured during normal menstrual cycles and during pregnancy in healthy Nigerian women. During the menstrual cycle, maximum excretion was consistently observed in the luteal phase in contrast to findings in European and American populations. During pregnancy, oestrogen excretion was similar to that reported amongst Europeans only in early pregnancy; oestrogen excretion did not show the usual rapid rise in late pregnancy.
TUBAL PREGNANCY AFTER STERILIZATION
Authors: Chakravarti Sudip , Shardlow Julian
Published: August 2005

Twelve cases of tubal pregnancy after sterilization operations are reported and the pathogenesis is discussed. Diagnosis is sometimes delayed because of the history of previous sterilization. It is paradoxical that the diagnosis of an intra‐uterine pregnancy after tubal sterilization is rarely in doubt yet the possibility of the fertilized ovum implanting in a tube known to have been damaged is some‐times overlooked. It is suggested that bilateral salpingectomy is the correct opera‐tive treatment for this condition.
NEONATAL MORTALITY OF BREECH DELIVERIES WITH AND WITHOUT FORCEPS TO THE AFTERCOMING HEAD
Authors: Milner R. D. G.
Published: August 2005

A retrospective study of 1423 liveborn breech deliveries occurring in one hospital from 1964 to 1973 inclusive showed that application of forceps to the aftercoming head of infants between 1 and 3 kg birth weight was associated with a significant reduction in neonatal mortality.
ADVANCED SIMULTANEOUS INTRAUTERINE AND ABDOMINAL PREGNANCY
Authors: Das N.
Published: August 2005

An unusual case of twin pregnancy is described. One fetus was inside and the other outside the uterus.
THE ROUTINE USE OF ORAL PROSTAGLANDIN E2 IN INDUCTION OF LABOUR
Authors: Tsakok F. H. M. , Grudzinskas Jurgis Gediminas , Karim S. M. M. , Ratnam S. S.
Published: August 2005

Oral PGE2 when combined with amniotomy was found to be safe and also an effective agent for induction of labour at term even when intensive monitoring is not possible for all patients as is the case in the University Department in Kandang Kerbau Hospital which has 9000 deliveries per year. It was found to be most useful in patients with a pelvic score of 5 and above and especially in multi‐gravidae. It obviates the discomfort and difficulties in maintaining an intravenous infusion.
PREGNANCY IN THE OVERWEIGHT NIGERIAN
Authors: Efiong E. I.
Published: August 2005

One hundred pregnant patients weighing 80 kg or over at the 14th week of pregnancy were studied during their antenatal period and delivery. The incidence of pre‐eclampsia, hypertension, pyelitis of pregnancy and operative delivery was higher in overweight patients than in an equivalent number of patients of average weight also studied. The age‐related difference in antenatal weight gain in obese patients was confirmed. Two maternal deaths occurred among the overweight patients.
MATERNAL SERUM SIALOMUCINS DURING PREGNANCY AND POSTPARTUM IN PATIENTS WITH PRE‐ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Good W.
Published: August 2005

The seromucoid fraction of maternal serum glycoproteins is increased in pre‐eclampsia and the rise, which is proportional to the severity of the disease, may reflect progressive placental deterioration with increasing trophoblast fragmentation and deportation. The pulmonary lysis of deported trophoblast effects the local release of fetal antigens and thromboplastin in the lungs. The former, which are immunologically inert because they are complexed with maternal serum seromucoid, are released into the peripheral circulation, while the local coagulation hazard presented by the latter is countered by intensified fibrinolytic activity, the products of which are also released into the peripheral circulation. In severe pre‐eclampsia the peripheral circulation contains a considerable excess of physically similar proteins derived from the seromucoid fraction and fibrin degradation products, and the conditions which then obtain in the renal glomerulus favour the physical process of coacervation. In that event the mechanism of the origin and development of the renal lesion can be described in purely physical terms.
VAGINAL CANDIDIASIS AND THE ROLE OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT AS A SOURCE OF INFECTION
Authors: Hilton A. L. , Warnock D. W.
Published: August 2005

Of 300 female patients seen in a Venereal Diseases clinic, 84 (28. 0 per cent) were found to be harbouring Candida albicans or C. parapsilosis in the genital tract and 33 per cent of these patients had clinical signs of vulvovaginitis. Of the 84 patients, 71.4 per cent harboured yeasts in the ano‐rectal tract; of the remaining 216 patients, 25. 9 per cent harboured yeasts in the ano‐rectal tract. There was no evidence to suggest that the incidence of yeasts in the mouth, ano‐rectal or genital tracts changed with age or use of oral contraception.
HYPOTHALMIC‐PITUITARY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME SERUM GONADOTROPHIN LEVELS FOLLOWING INJECTION OF OESTRADIOL BENZOATE
Authors: Shaw R. W. , Duignan N. M. , Butt W. R. , Edwards R. Logan , London D. R.
Published: August 2005

Injection of oestradiol benzoate was found to elicit a surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) in 15 of 19 patients with polycystic ovary (PCO) syndrome; follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was also released, in conjunction with the LH surge, in eight patients. It is concluded that the oestrogen feedback mechanisms controlling mid‐cycle gonadotrophin release are functioning normally in the majority of patients with PCO syndrome. Ovulation was subsequently induced by clomiphene alone in those patients who had an LH surge, and by a combination of clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) in those who had not shown any LH release.
CIRCULATING LEVELS OF FIBRIN/FIBRINOGEN DEGRADATION FRAGMENT E IN NORMAL PREGNANCY, AND IN ASSOCIATION WITH INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION AND PERINATAL ASPHYXIA
Authors: Gordon Y. B. , Ratky S. M. , Sola C. M. , Lewis J. , Baker L. R. I. , Chard T.
Published: August 2005

Levels of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products have been measured by aspecific and sensitive radioimmunoassay for degradation fragment E (FgE) in pregnant patients. Maternal FgE levels rose from the 16th week reaching a plateau at the 36th week in normal pregnancy. There was no correlation between maternal FgE levels and maternal age, parity or the occurrence of perinatal asphyxia. A minority of patients (5 percent) with evidence of intrauterine growth retardation showed prolonged elevation of FgE levels.
ENDOMETRIAL WASHINGS HISTOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF MATERIAL OBTAINED WITH AN INTRAUTERINE JET WASHING DEVICE
Authors: Henderson Simon R. , Roxburgh David R. , Bobrow Lynda G. , Pollard Stella M. , Greening† Shirley E.
Published: August 2005

The histological and cytological assessment of material obtained with an intrauterine jet washing device from 138 patients with postmenopausal bleeding, abnormal premenopausal bleeding or infertility is presented. In the first part of the study 55 washings were examined by histological techniques and the findings compared with those in material subsequently obtained by curettage or endometrial biopsy. Only 32 (58 per cent) of the washings were satisfactory for evaluation of the endometrium compared with 46 (84 per cent) of the curettings. When, in the second part of the study the washings in 83 cases were examined by both histological and cytological methods, 76 (92 per cent) were satisfactory compared with 59 (71 per cent) of the curettings. Cytological examination of the washings in the postmenopausal women provided a significantly higher proportion of satisfactory specimens than histological examination alone or evaluation of the curettings. In the whole study, three cases of endometrial carcinoma were diagnosed by endometrial washings and by curettage, while in six cases of endometrial hyperplasia one false negative was obtained by histological examination of the washings and one by examination of the curettings. This study shows that endometrial samples obtained with the intrauterine jet washer provide information about the endometrium which is comparable with that obtained by conventional curettage, and also that in postmenopausal women endometrial lavage may be more reliable than curettage.
ENDOMETRIAL GRANULOCYTES IN PROLIFERATIVE ENDOMETRIUM
Authors: Van Bogaert L. J.
Published: August 2005

Endometrial granulocytes were found in significant numbers in proliferative, hyperplastic and carcinomatous endometrium. The significance of this observation is discussed.
A COMPARATIVE CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE FOAM TEST AND PHOSPHOLIPID ASSAY OF AMNIOTIC FLUID
Authors: Fairbrother P. F. , Baynham Valerie , Davey D. A.
Published: August 2005

Amniotic fluid taken by amniocentesis from patients at varying stages of gestation was analyzed for surfactant by the foam test, total phospholipid phosphorus concentration, and alkali labile phospholipid phosphorus concentration. The total and alkali labile phospholipid concentrations increased, and the ratio of alkali labile to total phospholipid concentration fell slightly as gestational age increased. The mean total and alkali labile phospholipid phosphorus concentrations increased with the foam test score, but there was considerable overlap in the phospholipid concentrations between the different groups of foam test results. In our experience only when the foam test is negative does hyaline membrane disease occur, and even then not invariably. Only when the foam test is negative, therefore, is further analysis of amniotic fluid for surfactant indicated. The simplest procedure is then to measure the amniotic fluid total phospholipid concentration. This will resolve the doubt as to whether the newborn is liable to hyaline membrane disease in about one half of the cases. The suggestions by other workers that the ratio between alkali labile phospholipid and total phospholipid would resolve this doubt has not been confirmed by our study.
PALMITIC ACID LEVELS IN AMNIOTIC FLUID AND THE SHAKE TEST
Authors: MacLennan A. H. , Roxburgh D. , Thornton C. , Knightley M. , Moore R. A.
Published: August 2005

One hundred and six samples of amniotic fluid were analyzed independently by four clinicians for surfactant content, using the shake test and the palmitic acid content of the amniotic fluid. The variation of the results in the 424 shake tests were examined and the shake tests correlated with the palmitic acid levels. A positive shake test to a dilution of 1:4 had a 100 per cent correlation with a mature palmitic acid level over 35 pg./ml., while a positive test at a dilution 1:2 gave a 5.6 per cent false positive rate. A high false negative rate was found, however, and estimates of the chance of a mature surfactant level in relation to the range of shake tests results are given. Eleven patients had low palmitic acid levels in the amniotic fluid prior to delivery and three of the infants developed the respiratory distress syndrome.
THE ORIGIN OF AMNIOTIC FLUID LECITHIN
Authors: Abramovich D. R. , Keeping J. D. , Thom Hazel
Published: August 2005

Lecithin has been measured in amniotic fluid, pharyngeal aspirate, fetal and maternal plasma and fetal membranes from the same pregnancy. In the amniotic fluid from a term pregnancy 79 per cent of the lecithin is found in the reconstituted precipitate of centrifuged fluid. It is suggested that the lecithin of amniotic fluid may originate from sources other than fetal lung and that lecithin concentration is therefore a measure of overall fetal maturity.
EFFECT OF FRUSEMIDE ON FETAL URINE PRODUCTION
Authors: Wladimiroff J. W.
Published: August 2005

Hourly fetal urinary production rate (HFUPR) was measured by an ultrasonic technique in I2 antenatal patients before and after intravenous administration of 60 mg. of frusemide. In 8 patients pregnancy was normal and in 4 there was clinical evidence of fetal growth retardation. The duration of pregnancy varied from 32 to 41 weeks. The increase in HFUPR was 80 to 150 per cent in normal patients and 95 to 131 per cent in patients with fetal growth retardation. The increase in HFUPR seemed to have no impact on fetal circulatory volume, as the fetal heart rate stayed normal throughout the study period.
BETA‐MIMETIC DRUGS AND POSSIBLE PREVENTION OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Authors: Boog G. , Ben Brahim M. , Gandar R.
Published: August 2005

The prophylactic value of beta‐mimetic drugs in preventing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is investigated by comparing 29 preterm infants of ritodrine treated mothers with 34 preterm infants of a control group. Five cases of RDS (17 per cent) occurred among the infants of treated mothers as compared with 12 cases (35 per cent) in the control group (p=0.09). The difference is, however, statistically significant for the group of infants weighing less than 2300 grams (p=0.01) which includes all infants affected with RDS.
THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN (HPL) LEVELS IN THREATENED ABORTION
Authors: Gartside M. W. , Tindall V. R.
Published: August 2005

The value of a single HPL, estimation in serum was assessed in 337 patients with a threatened abortion between 7 and 27 weeks gestation. Serial assays were subsequently performed on 75 of these. A scheme is proposed whereby an HPL result can be given a “favourable”, “equivocal” or “unfavourable” prognosis according to its level. Using this scheme a correct prognosis was obtained in 86 per cent of cases between 9 and 19 weeks gestation while an incorrect prognosis was obtained in 3 per cent of cases. There appeared to be little prognostic value after 19 weeks gestation though prior to 9 weeks the results were sufficiently promising to suggest that a more sensitive assay would be useful.
OPERATIVE CULDOSCOPY
Authors: Paldi E. , Timor‐Tritsch I. , Abramovici H. , Peretz B. A.
Published: August 2005

A study of 257 operative culdoscopies done without general anaesthesia is presented and the advantages and limitations of the technique are detailed.
THE INVESTIGATION OF OVARIAN FUNCTION BY MEASUREMENT OF URINARY OESTROGEN AND PREGNANEDIOL EXCRETION
Authors: Pepperell R. J. , Brown J. B. , Evans J. H. , Rennie G. C. , Burger H. G.
Published: August 2005

Urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion was measured daily (“daily monitoring”) for a complete cycle in 20 normally menstruating women, in one patient with an anovulatory cycle and for 28 days in a patient with secondary amenorrhoea. The measurements were also performed on urine specimens collected at weekly intervals for 4 to 6 weeks (“weekly tracking”) from 506 patients with evidence of abnormal ovarian function. These included 9 patients with primary amenorrhoea, 132 patients with secondary amenorrhoea, 138 patients with oligomenorrhoea and 227 patients with evidence of ovarian dysfunction and cycle lengths of 25 to 42 days. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. In the normal cycles, ovulation could be identified on the criteria of a rising pregnanediol value reaching or exceeding 2.0 mg. per 24 hours for a period of 7 days or more. Valid conclusions on the overall mean oestrogen and pregnanediol values for a complete cycle could be made from the results of weekly tracking, irrespective of which day the tracking commenced. Correlations were obtained by comparing the mean and maximum urinary oestrogen values and the variability of the values with the evidence of ovarian function indicated by the clinical classifications of the patients, the duration of the disorders and the subsequent occurrence of uterine bleeding. Mean oestrogen values of 10μ g. per 24 hours or less were associated with lack of ovarian function. For values higher than this a discriminant function based on both the mean oestrogen value and the variability of the oestrogen values was useful in predicting onset of spontaneous menstruation. A single urine specimen collected 4 to 8 days before onset of menstruation showing a raised pregnanediol value of 2.0mg. per 24 hours or more provided a valid test for ovulation in women with regular cycles, and a single urine specimen giving an oestrogen value of 10 pg. per 24 hours or less gave a valid indication of absent ovarian function in women with amenorrhoea for two years or more. In all other circumstances serial sampling at weekly intervals provided a valid assessment of ovarian activity. Application of these principles allows the greatest amount of information on ovarian function to be obtained with the greatest economy of effort.
FUNCTIONAL AND POST‐ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AMENORRHOEA RESPONSE TO LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE (LH‐RH)
Authors: Jequier AnneM. , O'Shea Alan , Jacobs H. S.
Published: August 2005

Basal levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in serum and their response to the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH‐RH) were measured in a group of patients with functional amenorrhoea. The results in this group were compared to those obtained in a second group of patients with secondary amenorrhoea which had followed cessation of a combined oral contraceptive. No difference either in the basal levels or in the response to LH‐RH could be found. These data indicate that there is no detectable difference in pituitary gonadotrophin status between the two groups and that the two types of amenorrhoea have the same aetiological background.
ANTEPARTUM DIAGNOSIS OF THE “TERMINAL” FETAL STATE BY CARDIOTOCOGRAPHY
Authors: Emmen L. , Huisjes H. J. , Aarnoudse J. G. , Visser G. H. A. , Okken A.
Published: August 2005

Since 1969 it has been the policy of this department to perform regular cardiotocograms on all patients admitted during the antenatal period for severe hypertension, with or without proteinuria, and on those in whom poor intrauterine fetal growth was suspected. In five such patients where the fetus died in utero, beat‐to‐beat variation was reduced and late decelerations were observed. In a further twelve patients similar changes made delivery by elective Caesarean section appear advisable. Half of the infants so delivered had severe metabolic acidosis at birth.