bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
More than Slaves and Sugar: Recent Historiography of the Trans‐imperial Caribbean and Its Sinew Populations
Authors: Cromwell Jesse
Published: October 2014

Although the plantation as a social and economic organizing principle continues to dominate early modern Caribbean historiography, recent literature has explored outside of its confines to document a range of Antillean inhabitants who were neither masters nor slaves. These subjects exploited the inter‐imperial fluidity of the region to their advantage in order to carve out commercial, strategic, and cultural niches. This article surveys new studies on smugglers, soldiers, and European ethnic minorities in the colonial Caribbean. These groups are representative examples of much larger sinew populations that the dominant historiographical paradigm of sugar and slaves has overlooked. Despite planters' attempts to essentialize race, class, legal status, and occupation into their simplest forms, a broad body of historical actors resisted and coexisted with the plantation complex and reshaped the designs of empires in the process.
Knowing Skin in Early Modern Europe, c. 1450–1750
Authors: Koslofsky Craig
Published: October 2014

Over the last few decades the human skin has emerged as a distinct site of research for humanists, and specifically for historians of race, art, science, and medicine. In the early modern centuries Europeans at home and in the wider world transformed their understanding of skin. They established an overarching, enduring emphasis on the skin's color asthemarker of human difference, but the rise of skin color drew from other critical developments in the history of skin in this period: the discovery of the microanatomy of the skin; intense debates among Christians over skin color as a Scripture problem; and the transformation of the ancient doctrine of the humoral body. Recent research shows that in the early modern centuries questions about the skin and skin color arose from collision of new and old epistemologies, economic forces, and signifying practices, generating a wide range of topics to explore, including the use of cosmetics, tattooing and scarification, and whiteness and race. Research on knowing and marking skin in the early modern period raises vital questions about knowledge and ideology, self and other, and identity and exclusion.
Abdominal monophasic synovial sarcoma is a morphological and immunohistochemical mimic of gastrointestinal stromal tumour
Authors: Wong Newton A C S , Campbell Fiona , Shepherd Neil A
Published: October 2014

Aims

Synovial sarcomas may arise within retroperitoneal or pelvic tissues or, more rarely, within the luminal gastrointestinal tract. This case series aims to demonstrate how such primary abdominal synovial sarcomas may particularly mimic gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) on both morphological and immunohistochemical grounds.

Methods and results

Four cases of primary abdominal synovial sarcoma were reviewed morphologically and with immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in‐situ hybridization with an SS18 break‐apart probe, and KIT/PDGFRA mutation analysis. The four patients comprised two males and two females, with a median age of 42 years (range: 17–59 years). Two synovial sarcomas arose within the stomach, one within the small‐intestine mesentery, and the fourth within the retroperitoneum. All four tumours showed only a monophasic spindle cell component in the tissues available for review. All four tumours showed DOG1 immunopositivity, and three coexpressed CD117. Three tested cases did not show activating KIT or PDGFRA mutations, whereas all four cases showed chromosomal rearrangement of SS18.

Conclusions

A diagnosis of synovial sarcoma should be considered particularly if an abdominal spindle cell neoplasm shows a haemangiopericytomatous pattern and diffuse CD99 and CD56 immunopositivity. A confident distinction between abdominal synovial sarcoma and GIST requires KIT/PDGFRA mutation analyses and specific molecular testing for synovial sarcoma.
Effects of Atmospheric Powder on Dielectric, Piezoelectric, and Ferroelectric Properties of NaSr2Nb5O15 Ceramics
Authors: Zhang Tian‐Hang , Liu Yan‐Gai , Zhao Jin‐Qiu , Huang Zhao‐Hui , Fang Ming‐Hao
Published: October 2014

NaSr2Nb5O15 piezoelectric ceramics were sintered at different temperatures with or without atmospheric powder. The effects of atmospheric powder and sintering temperature on the dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric properties of the ceramics were analyzed. According to the modified Curie–Weiss law, we know that all these ceramics show an intermediate relaxor‐like behavior between the normal and ideal relaxor ferroelectrics. Atmospheric powder affects significantly the properties of ceramics because the ceramics sintered without atmospheric powder lose lots of sodium. Furthermore, sintering temperature also significantly affects the properties of ceramics because the relative density of ceramics is enhanced when sintering temperature is increased.
Gelation enhancement of soy protein isolate by sequential low‐ and ultrahigh‐temperature two‐stage preheating treatments
Authors: Jian Huajun , Xiong Youling L. , Guo Fengxian , Huang Xiaolin , Adhikari Benu , Chen Jie
Published: October 2014

The effects of combined two heating steps with low (LT, 60 °C for 1 h) and ultrahigh (UHT, 130 or 140 °C for 4 s) temperatures on the thermal gelation of soy protein isolate (SPI) were studied. UHT pretreatments significantly increased protein solubility and enhanced the gelling potential of SPI. Yet, the two‐stage preheating treatment with LT and then UHT‐130 °C had a most remarkable effect: the gel strength of the SPI60+130 sample was, respectively, 1.45‐, 1.64‐ and 3.19‐fold as strong as those of SPI60, SPI25+130, and SPI25. In comparison with single LT or UHT treatments, this two‐stage heating also produced greater amounts of soluble protein aggregates stabilised predominantly by disulphide bonds and hydrophobic forces, contributing to the improved gel network structure.
Ambient Temperature and Volume of Perihematomal Edema in Acute Intracerebral Haemorrhage: The INTERACT1 Study
Authors: Zheng Danni , Arima Hisatomi , Heeley Emma , Karpin Anne , Yang Jie , Chalmers John , Anderson Craig S. ,   for the INTERACT investigators
Published: October 2014

Background

As no human data exist, we aimed to determine the relation between ambient temperature and volume of perihematomal ‘cerebral’ edema in acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) among Chinese participants of the pilot phase, Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial (INTERACT1).

Methods

INTERACT1 was a multicenter, open, blind outcome assessed, randomized controlled trial of intensive (systolic target <140 mmHg) vs. guideline-recommended (systolic target <180 mmHg) blood pressure (BP) lowering in 404 patients with acute ICH. Data on ambient temperature (mean, minimum, maximum, and range) on the day of each participant's ICH obtained from China Meteorological Data Sharing Service System were linked to other data including edema volumes. Multivariable regression analyses were performed to evaluate association between ambient temperature and edema volumes. A generalized linear regression model with a generalized estimating equations approach (GEE) was used to assess any association of ambient temperature and change in edema volume over 72 h.

Results

A total of 250 of all 384 Chinese participants had complete data that showed positive associations between ambient temperature (mean and minimum temperatures) and edema volumes at each time point over 72 h after hospital admission (all P < 0·05). All temperature parameters except diurnal temperature range were positively associated with edema volume after adjustment for confounding variables (all P < 0·02).

Conclusion

An apparent positive association exists between ambient temperature and perihematomal edema volume in acute spontaneous ICH.
Validity Evidence for a Croatian Version of the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression
Authors: Galić Zvonimir , Scherer Kelly T. , LeBreton James M.
Published: October 2014

The Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (CRT‐A) is based on the idea that aggressive individuals use motive‐based cognitive biases to see their behavior as reasonable and that those biases can be measured with inductive reasoning tasks. Although the initial validation efforts for the CRT‐A in the United States have been reasonably successful, there has been no attempt to determine if the evidence of validity and reliability generalizes to other cultural contexts. In this paper, we describe four studies designed to systematically accumulate validity evidence for the CRT‐A using Croatian participants. Our analyses revealed that the Croatian adaptation of the CRT‐A yielded psychometric characteristics that were similar to those obtained on the US samples (Study 1). CRT‐A scores that predicted counterproductive work behaviors occurrence beyond self‐reported personality (Study 2) were independent from general mental ability as measured with an abstract reasoning test (Study 3), and not susceptible to faking (Study 4).
Effects of Individual Differences on Applicant Perceptions of an Operational Assessment Center
Authors: Merkulova Natalia , Melchers Klaus G. , Kleinmann Martin , Annen Hubert , Tresch Tibor Szvircsev
Published: October 2014

Knowing to what extent applicant reactions are related to stable individual differences and not only to characteristics of a selection procedure is important for the design and administration of the selection procedure and for dealing with applicants. The aim of this study was to explore relationships between individual differences (Big Five, core self‐evaluations, trait affectivity, and general mental ability) and applicants' perceptions of an operational assessment center (AC). Data from 294 applicants revealed that individual difference variables explained significant variance in their perceptions of the AC, even after controlling for self‐rated and actual performance. Based on these results, the nature of the applicant pool should be considered for designing selection procedures, dealing with applicants, and for research purposes.
Using Blatant Extreme Responding for Detecting Faking in High‐stakes Selection: Construct validity, relationship with general mental ability, and subgroup differences
Authors: Levashina Julia , Weekley Jeff A. , Roulin Nicolas , Hauck Erica
Published: October 2014

Although there has been a steady growth in research and use of self‐report measures of personality in the last 20 years, faking in personality testing remains as a major concern. Blatant extreme responding (BER), which includes endorsing desirable extreme responses (i.e., 1 and 5 s), has recently been identified as a potential faking detection technique. In a large‐scale (N = 358,033), high‐stakes selection context, we investigate the construct validity of BER, the extent to which BER relates to general mental ability, and the extent to which BER differs across jobs, gender, and ethnic groups. We find that BER reflects applicant faking by showing that BER relates to a more established measure of faking, an unlikely virtue (UV) scale, and that applicants score higher than incumbents on BER. BER is (slightly) positively related to general mental ability whereas UV is negatively related to it. Applicants for managerial positions score slightly higher on BER than applicants for nonmanagerial positions. In addition, there was no gender or racial differences on BER. The implications of these findings for detecting faking in personnel selection are delineated.
The Five‐factor Model of Personality and Knowledge Transfer in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Harari Michael B. , Jain Naveen Kumar , Joseph Thomas
Published: October 2014

Knowledge transfer has emerged as an important criterion in organizations for achieving a sustainable competitive advantage. While research has examined contextual determinants of knowledge transfer, very little research has considered the role of individual differences. In the present study, we addressed this issue by testing the relationship between the five‐factor model of personality and supervisory ratings of knowledge transfer in a sample of employees from the United Arab Emirates (N = 294). Our findings indicated that the extraversion (r = .22), conscientiousness (r = .18), and openness (r = .14) were significant predictors of knowledge transfer. Implications for knowledge management practices are discussed.
Using General Mental Ability and Personality Traits to Predict Job Performance in Three Chilean Organizations
Authors: Barros Eduardo , Kausel Edgar E. , Cuadra Felipe , Díaz Daniel A.
Published: October 2014

Although the field of personnel selection has amounted around 100 years of research, there has been an overrepresentation of American and Western European samples in these studies. In particular, samples from Latin America have been almost entirely absent from industrial and organizational psychology journals. Thus, it is unknown whether well‐documented findings, such as the prediction of job performance based on general mental ability and conscientiousness, replicate in this region. This research intended to address this gap in the literature with three studies conducted in Chilean organizations, using different research designs, and different operationalizations of predictors and criteria. Results are generally consistent with previous studies, showing that conscientiousness and general mental ability significantly predict job performance in these Chilean samples.
Ex Vivo Evaluation of Carpal Flexion After Partial Carpal Arthrodesis in Horses
Authors: Tulloch Patty J. , Johnston James D. , Barber Spencer M. , Gellert Candace L. , Lang Hayley M. , Panizzi Luca
Published: October 2014

Objective

To determine degrees of flexion after arthrodesis of the antebrachiocarpal (ABC) joint, middle carpal (MC), and carpometacarpal (CMC) joints combined (MC/CMC), and carpometacarpal (CMC) joint alone.

Study Design

Ex vivo study.

Animals

Forelimbs (n = 9) from 2‐ to 10‐year‐old Quarter Horses (5), Thoroughbred (2), and American Paint Horse (2).

Methods

Using 2 locking compression plates, 3 partial carpal arthrodesis techniques were performed. Cables and deadweights were connected to limbs and each angle of flexion determined 3 times using a protractor and then averaged. Control measurements were obtained before and after arthrodesis, the techniques randomized with Latin square design. Descriptive data were analyzed with Levene's test, Q‐Q plots, ANOVA, and Bonferroni test.

Results

Mean ± SD carpal flexion results were: controls 150° ± 8°, CMC arthrodesis 149° ± 9°, MC/CMC arthrodesis 43° ± 7.6°, and ABC arthrodesis 25° ± 6.3°. There was no significant reduction in flexion after a CMC arthrodesis compared with controls (P = .21), but there was after ABC (P < .001) and MC/CMC arthrodesis (P < .001), with the ABC arthrodesis significantly reduced compared with an MC/CMC arthrodesis (P < .001).

Conclusions

Whereas CMC arthrodesis does not affect carpal flexion, CMC/MC and ABC arthrodesis markedly reduce the degree of carpal flexion.
Research Review: Birth by caesarean section and development of autism spectrum disorder and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Curran Eileen A. , O'Neill Sinéad M. , Cryan John F. , Kenny Louise C. , Dinan Timothy G. , Khashan Ali S. , Kearney Patricia M.
Published: October 2014

Background

Given the growing prevalence of birth by Caesarean section (CS) worldwide, it is important to understand any long‐term effects CS delivery may have on a child's development. We assessed the impact of mode of delivery on autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods

We conducted a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO and Web of Science up to 28 February 2014. No publication date, language, location or age restrictions were employed.

Results

Thirteen studies reported an adjusted estimate for CS‐ASD, producing a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 1.23 (95% CI: 1.07, 1.40). Two studies reported an adjusted estimate for CS‐ADHD, producing a pooled OR of 1.07 (95% CI: 0.86, 1.33).

Conclusions

Delivery by CS is associated with a modest increased odds of ASD, and possibly ADHD, when compared to vaginal delivery. Although the effect may be due to residual confounding, the current and accelerating rate of CS implies that even a small increase in the odds of disorders, such as ASD or ADHD, may have a large impact on the society as a whole. This warrants further investigation.
2014 European guideline on the management of syphilis
Authors: Janier M. , Hegyi V. , Dupin N. , Unemo M. , Tiplica G.S. , Potočnik M. , French P. , Patel R.
Published: October 2014

Background

Syphilis remains a major public health problem in Europe (both in Eastern Europe since the 1990's and in Western Europe since the re‐emergence of the disease in the late 1990's‐early 2000's).

Methods

This guideline is an update of the IUSTI: 2008 European guideline on the management of syphilis and is produced by the European Guideline Editorial Board (http://www.iusti.org/regions/Europe/pdf/2013/Editorial_Board.pdf) and EDF Guideline Committee.

Results

It provides recommendations concerning the diagnosis and management of syphilis in Europe. Major advances include (1) broader use of PCR, immunohistochemistry, subtyping of the etiological agent Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum, new treponemal tests, and rapid‐point‐of‐care (POC) tests detecting both treponemal and non‐treponemal antibodies, (2) more flexible options for screening (TT‐treponemal test‐ first or NTT –non treponemal test‐ first or both TT and NTT), and (3) procaine penicillin is no longer the first line therapy option in any phase of the disease, i.e. long acting penicillin G (i.e. benzathine penicillin G‐BPG) is the only first line therapy regimen in early syphilis and in late latent syphilis.

Conclusions

Syphilis is a disease that is relatively easy to detect by appropriate serological tests, however, all laboratory results should be considered together with clinical data and sexual risk anamnesis. Syphilis is also easy to treat with BPG. A major concern about the supply of BPG in many European countries could threaten the efficacy of the policies of eradication of the disease in Europe.
Self‐Adhesive Resin Cement for Luting Glass Fiber Posts
Authors: Boscato Noéli , Pereira‐Cenci Tatiana , Moraes Rafael R.
Published: October 2014

Self‐adhesive resin cements are gaining increasing popularity in dentistry because they simplify the cementation protocol by eliminating the etching, priming, and bonding steps. Due to the scarce literature on the clinical performance of glass fiber posts luted using different adhesive strategies, clinicians have difficulty in selecting the most appropriate resin cement system. This Critical Appraisal will review in vitro and clinical studies regarding the luting of fiber posts with self‐adhesive materials.
Differential effects of lipopolysaccharide on energy metabolism in murine microglial N9 and cholinergicSN56 neuronal cells
Authors: Klimaszewska‐Łata Joanna , Gul‐Hinc Sylwia , Bielarczyk Hanna , Ronowska Anna , Zyśk Marlena , Grużewska Katarzyna , Pawełczyk Tadeusz , Szutowicz Andrzej
Published: October 2014

There are significant differences between acetyl‐CoA andATPlevels, enzymes of acetyl‐CoA metabolism, and toll‐like receptor 4 contents in non‐activated microglial N9 and non‐differentiated cholinergicSN56 neuroblastoma cells. Exposition of N9 cells to lipopolysaccharide caused concentration‐dependent several‐fold increases of nitrogen oxide synthesis, accompanied by inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, aconitase, and α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activities, and by nearly proportional depletion of acetyl‐CoA, but by relatively smaller losses inATPcontent and cell viability (about 5%). On the contrary,SN56 cells appeared to be insensitive to direct exposition to high concentration of lipopolysaccharide. However, exogenous nitric oxide resulted in marked inhibition pyruvate dehydrogenase and aconitase activities, depletion of acetyl‐CoA, along with respective loss ofSN56 cells viability. These data indicate that these two common neurodegenerative signals may differentially affect energy‐acetyl‐CoA metabolism in microglial and cholinergic neuronal cell compartments in the brain. Moreover, microglial cells appeared to be more resistant than neuronal cells to acetyl‐CoA andATPdepletion evoked by these neurodegenerative conditions. Together, these data indicate that differential susceptibility of microglia and cholinergic neuronal cells to neurotoxic signals may result from differences in densities of toll‐like receptors and degree of disequilibrium between acetyl‐CoA provision in mitochondria and its utilization for energy production and acetylation reactions in each particular group of cells.

image

There are significant differences between acetyl‐CoA and ATP levels and enzymes of acetyl‐CoA metabolism in non‐activated microglial N9 and non‐differentiated cholinergic SN56 neuroblastoma cells. Pathological stimulation of microglial toll‐like receptors (TLRs) triggered excessive synthesis of microglia‐derived nitric oxide (NO)/NOO radicals that endogenously inhibited pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC), aconitase, and α‐ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. However, it caused none or small suppressions of acetyl‐CoA and microglial viability, respectively. Microglia‐derived NO inhibited same enzymes in cholinergic neuronal cells causing marked viability loss because of acetyl‐CoA deficits evoked by its competitive consumption by energy producing and acetylcholine/N‐acetyl‐l‐aspartate (NAA) synthesizing pathways.
Asymmetric Learning from Financial Information
Authors: KUHNEN CAMELIA M.
Published: October 2014

This study asks whether investors learn differently from gains versus losses. I find experimental evidence that indicates that being in the negative domain leads individuals to form overly pessimistic beliefs about available investment options. This pessimism bias is driven by people reacting more to low outcomes in the negative domain relative to the positive domain. Such asymmetric learning may help explain documented empirical patterns regarding the differential role of poor versus good economic conditions on investment behavior and household economic choices.
Pathological assessment of follicular loss in laparoscopic endometrioma excision: Effects of cyst size and surgeon's experience
Authors: Aytac Pinar Caglar , Parlakgumus Huriye Ayse , Bolat Filiz Aka , Cok Tayfun , Haydardedeoglu Bulent , Kilicdag Esra Bulgan
Published: October 2014

Aim

We planned to histologically demonstrate unintentional ovarian harm caused by excision of endometriomas.

Methods

One hundred and seven patients with 135 endometriomas had laparoscopic excision of endometriomas at a tertiary health‐care clinic over a 6‐year period. Records were obtained retrospectively and pathological specimens were reevaluated to demonstrate follicular loss. Tissue damage was scored morphologically and compared according to surgeons' experience and endometrioma size.

Results

Ovarian follicles were detected in 80% of endometrioma specimens near the cyst wall. Morphological scores of ovarian follicles were not affected by the surgeon's experience or endometrioma size.

Conclusion

Surgical excision of endometriomas causes inevitable ovarian follicular loss. As observed in our study, this loss rate could not be traced to surgical experience or ovarian size.
Psychiatric factors do not affect recurrence risk of hyperemesis gravidarum
Authors: Magtira Aromalyn , Paik Schoenberg Frederic , MacGibbon Kimber , Tabsh Khalil , Fejzo Marlena S.
Published: October 2014

Aim

The aim of this study is to determine whether psychiatric symptoms affect recurrence risk of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG).

Methods

The study sample included 108 women with HG treated with i.v. fluids in their first pregnancy. Women were divided into two groups based on recurrence of HG in their second pregnancy. Participants submitted medical records and completed a survey regarding pregnancy characteristics and psychiatric symptoms. The χ2‐test and Student's t‐test were performed to compare the two groups.

Results

Eighty‐four women (71%) had a recurrence of HG requiring i.v. fluid for dehydration, and were compared with 34 women (29%) who did not have a recurrence. There were no significant differences in obstetric history, although there was a trend toward greater time between first and second pregnancy in the recurrence group (P = 0.08). There were no differences in pre‐existing psychiatric diagnoses including anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, panic or eating disorders. Following the first HG pregnancy, participants in both groups were well matched for all post‐traumatic stress symptoms.

Conclusion

This study is the first to analyze the relationship of psychiatric factors to risk of recurrence of HG. No factors were identified that increase the risk of recurrence including stress symptoms following a HG pregnancy. Psychological sequelae associated with HG are probably a result of the physical symptoms of prolonged severe nausea and vomiting, medication and/or hospitalization, and likely play no role in disease etiology.
An appraisal of oral cancer and pre‐cancer screening programmes in Europe: a systematic review
Authors: Warnakulasuriya Saman , Fennell Nathalie , Diz Pedro , Seoane Juan , Rapidis Alexander ,   the LDV Lifelong Learning Programme
Published: October 2014

Background

Close to 50% of oral cancer (OC) patients still present in advanced stages of disease. Screening, in medicine and dentistry, is a strategy to identify an unrecognised disorder in individuals without signs and symptoms. There are several cancers that fit valid criteria for screening, but whether or not to screen a population for OC remains a dilemma. However, many screening programmes for OC and detection of potentially malignant disorders are described. Many of these have been conducted in Europe, but the feasibility of screening for OC has not been systematically addressed.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted using the key words of interest. Based on our inclusion criteria, 16 European studies spanning three decades were selected from the published English literature. These studies were systematically analysed. The results were discussed with an expert EU consortium built with the task to promote the early detection of OC.

Results

There were no consistent results or conclusions across the studies reviewed, largely as a result of there being a wide variety in the screening models and methods of data analysis adopted by each group. In nine of the studies reviewed, whilst descriptive findings from screening were presented, the authors had not attempted to analyse the outcomes. Additionally, only one study reported follow‐up data of the screened population.

Conclusions

In order to uphold the benefits of screening, it is necessary to demonstrate an improvement in survival rates following early detection. No such randomised control trials (RCT) on OC have been undertaken in Europe. Undertaking such a RCT may be difficult in the European setting. However, the feasibility of screening for OPMDs by conventional oral examination has been demonstrated, supporting a strategy to adopt appropriate screening models, and further action from the European countries should be to demonstrate methods of halting their progression by tested interventions. We provide a brief guideline for future screening studies.
Oral lesions and colonization by yeasts in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Pieralisi Neli , Godoy Janine , Yamada Sergio , Santana Rosangela , Svidzinski Terezinha
Published: October 2014

Background

Patients with chronic kidney disease, stage 5, undergoing hemodialysis treatment are frequently colonized by yeasts, with high chance of developing fungal infections. The objective of this study was to assess the presence of yeasts in the oral cavity of these individuals, associating findings with the presence of oral lesions and the use of dental prostheses.

Methods

Clinical examinations of the oral mucosa were performed in 52 patients, when the use of removable dental prostheses and the presence of oral lesions were observed and recorded. Saliva samples were collected to identify yeast specimens and colony‐forming units.

Results

Colonization by yeasts was found in 42.31% of the patients, 100% of which belonging to the genus Candida, with the predominance of C. albicans (69.23%). Half of the patients (26) presented some type of oral lesion, the majority (63.33%) suggestive of candidiasis, which was confirmed in 57.89% of cases. The chance that these patients carried yeast colonies in the presence of dental prostheses and oral lesions was 6.33 and 2.62 times higher, respectively.

Conclusions

Patients investigated in this study presented a high incidence of yeasts in the oral cavity, with those with oral lesions and dental prostheses being more likely to carry yeasts. When oral lesions are detected in patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment, particularly in those who are prosthesis users, early diagnosis and treatment of this type of lesion, in association with systemic investigations, should be performed to mitigate possible unfavorable prognoses.
High Heels, Low Grades: Internalized Sexualization and Academic Orientation Among Adolescent Girls
Authors: McKenney Sarah J. , Bigler Rebecca S.
Published: October 2014

Messages that sexually objectify girls and women are common in popular culture. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that internalization of the notion that women should be sexually attractive to men is associated with decreased academic success and motivation among early adolescent (10‐ to 15‐year‐old) girls. In Study 1, girls (n = 91) who scored higher on a measure of internalized sexualization earned lower grades and standardized test scores than their peers. In Study 2 (n = 95), girls who completed a mock newscast prepared differently as a function of internalized sexualization; girls with higher levels of internalized sexualization spent more time applying makeup, and less time practicing the script, than girls with lower levels of internalized sexualization.
Concurrent Deep–Superficial Dyspareunia: Prevalence, Associations, and Outcomes in a Multidisciplinary Vulvodynia Program
Authors: Yong Paul J. , Sadownik Leslie , Brotto Lori A.
Published: October 2014

Introduction

Little is known about women with concurrent diagnoses of deep dyspareunia and superficial dyspareunia.

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, associations, and outcome of women with concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia.

Methods

This is a prospective study of a multidisciplinary vulvodynia program (n = 150; mean age 28.7 ± 6.4 years). Women with superficial dyspareunia due to provoked vestibulodynia were divided into two groups: those also having deep dyspareunia (i.e., concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia) and those with only superficial dyspareunia due to provoked vestibulodynia. Demographics, dyspareunia-related factors, other pain conditions, and psychological variables at pretreatment were tested for an association with concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia. Outcome in both groups was assessed to 6 months posttreatment.

Main Outcome Measures

Level of dyspareunia pain (0–10) and Female Sexual Distress Scale were the main outcome measures.

Results

The prevalence of concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia was 44% (66/150) among women with superficial dyspareunia due to provoked vestibulodynia. At pretreatment, on multiple logistic regression, concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia was independently associated with a higher level of dyspareunia pain (odds ratio [OR] = 1.19 [1.01–1.39], P = 0.030), diagnosis of endometriosis (OR = 4.30 [1.16–15.90], P = 0.022), history of bladder problems (OR = 3.84 [1.37–10.76], P = 0.008), and more depression symptoms (OR = 1.07 [1.02–1.12], P = 0.007), with no difference in the Female Sexual Distress Scale. At 6 months posttreatment, women with concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia improved in the level of dyspareunia pain and in the Female Sexual Distress Scale to the same degree as women with only superficial dyspareunia due to provoked vestibulodynia.

Conclusions

Concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia is reported by almost half of women in a multidisciplinary vulvodynia program. In women with provoked vestibulodynia, concurrent deep–superficial dyspareunia may be related to endometriosis or interstitial cystitis, and is associated with depression and more severe dyspareunia symptoms. Standardized multidisciplinary care is effective for women with concurrent dyspareunia.
Isothermal cross-priming amplification implementation study
Authors: Bai Z. , Xie H. , You Q. , Pickerill S. , Zhang Y. , Li T. , Geng J. , Hu L. , Shan H. , Di B.
Published: October 2014

Cross-priming amplification (CPA) was evaluated for the early detection of norovirus (NV), rotavirus A (RV-A), enteric adenovirus (EAdV) and astrovirus (AstV). The analytical sensitivity of the CPA assay was 103 copies ml−1 for NV, RV-A and AstV detection and 104 copies ml−1 for EAdV detection. For each of the four pathogens, the positive detection rate by CPA was similar to real-time PCR methods and higher than the rate observed in an ELISA. The detection coincidence rates of CPA and RT-PCR for NV, RV-A, EAdV and AstV were 98, 99, 99 and 100%, respectively. All CPA assays were negative in 89 healthy control samples. These results demonstrate the high analytical sensitivity and specificity of the CPA assay. CPA assays are relatively straightforward to perform, and such assays represent a potential detection method for locations in which resources are limited.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Over one billion people suffer from diarrhoeal diseases every year. This leads to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly the children under five. Rapid and specific detection of the pathogens that cause diarrhoeal diseases would be advantageous, enabling rapid treatment and management of the spread of pathogens. Here, a fast, cross-contamination-proof and user-friendly nucleic acid isothermal amplification method called cross-priming amplification (CPA) was used to test four pathogens with high analytical sensitivity and specificity. The results indicate that CPA has great potential for improving medical diagnostics, particularly in resource-limited areas.
Bringing Back the States: A Congressional Perspective on the Fall of Slavery in America
Authors: Glass Maeve Herbert
Published: October 2014

In the aftermath of America's Civil War, national lawmakers who chronicled the fall of slavery described the North as a terrain of states whose representatives assembled in Congress, as evidenced in Henry Wilson's The Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America (1872–77) and Alexander Stephens's A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States (1868–70). Beginning in the early 1900s, scholars who helped establish the field of American constitutional history redescribed the national government as the voice of the Northern people and the foe of the states, as evidenced in Henry Wilson's The Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America (1872–1877) and Alexander Stephens's A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States (1868–1870), a first generation of scholars writing during the Progressive Era redescribed the national government as the voice of the Northern people and the foe of the states, as evidenced in William A. Dunning's Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction (1898), John W. Burgess's The Civil War and the Constitution (1901–1906), and James G. Randall's Constitutional Problems Under Lincoln (1926). Although a second generation of scholars uncovered traces of the lawmakers' perspective of states, new efforts in the wake of the civil rights movement to understand the internal workings of political parties and the contributions of ordinary Americans kept the study of national lawmakers and their states on the margins of inquiry, as evidenced in leading revisionist histories of Reconstruction, including Harold Hyman's A More Perfect Union: The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on the Constitution (1973), Michael Les Benedict's A Compromise of Principle: Congressional Republicans and Reconstruction, 1863–1869 (1974a), and Eric Foner's Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution (1988). Today, the terrain of Northern states remains in the backdrop, as illustrated in recent studies featuring the wartime national government, including James Oakes's Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861–1865 (2012) and Mark E. Neely, Jr.'s Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conflict in the American Civil War (2011), as well as studies of the mechanisms of constitutional change during Reconstruction, including relevant sections of Bruce Ackerman's We the People II: Transformations (1998) and Akhil Reed Amar's America's Constitution: A Biography (2005). This review essay argues that incorporating the states back into this century‐old framework will open new lines of inquiry and provide a more complete account of federalism's role in the fall of slavery. In particular, a return to the archives suggests that in the uncertain context of mid‐nineteenth‐century America, slavery's leading opponents in Congress saw the Constitution's federal logic not simply as an obstacle, but as a crucial tool with which to mobilize collective action and accommodate wartime opposition at a time when no one could say for sure what would remain of the United States.
My Horse Is My Therapist: The Medicalization of Pleasure among Women Equestrians
Authors: Lee Davis Dona , Maurstad Anita , Dean Sarah
Published: October 2014

Pink t‐shirts that proclaim “My horse is my therapist” are for sale in a wide variety of horse‐sport catalogues. Literature on the healing power of human–nonhuman animal encounters and the practice of a variety of animal‐assisted therapy programs, such as hippotherapy and equine‐facilitated therapy, show dramatic growth over the last 30 years. Less attention is paid to the role that horse–human interactions may play in more popular accountings of well‐being and impairment among a sample of everyday riders. Analysis of 50 lifecycle narratives, collected from accomplished but nonprofessional equestriennes, demonstrates the complex and ambiguous ways in which women draw from their experience of human–horse relationships as they challenge and transgress the borderlands between pleasure and impairment. Combining the perspectives of multispecies ethnography and medical anthropology that engages the complexities of well‐being, analysis is informed by and contributes to recent controversies concerning the medicalization of normality and pleasure in DSM 5.
Histopathological examination of nail clippings using PAS staining (HPE‐PAS): gold standard in diagnosis of Onychomycosis
Authors: Jeelani Shazia , Ahmed Qazi Masood , Lanker Audil Mohmad , Hassan Iffat , Jeelani Nasir , Fazili Tawheeda
Published: October 2014

Onychomycosis is fungal infection of one or more of the nail units. However, because fungi cause only about half of all nail dystrophies, the use of appropriate diagnostic techniques is important to ensure correct diagnosis and treatment. Aim of the present study was to compare direct microscopy, culture and HPE‐PAS for diagnosis of onychomycosis by evaluating their sensitivity and various other relevant statistical parameters. A prospective, hospital‐based, cross‐sectional study was conducted on 216 patients with a high degree of clinical suspicion of onychomycosis. Nail specimens were evaluated using three diagnostic methods, i.e. direct microscopy using 20% Potassium hydroxide (KOH) & 40% Di‐methyl‐suphoxide (DMSO), culture and histopathological examination using PAS stain (HPE‐PAS). Of 216 patients direct microscopy was positive in 138 (63.9%), culture in 147 (68%) and HPE‐PAS in 164 patients (76%). One hundred and seventy‐nine patients fitted into the criteria set for confirmed diagnosis of onychomycosis. Using this as a denominator; direct microscopy, culture and HPE‐PAS had sensitivities of 77.1%, 70% and 91.6% respectively. Also, HPE‐PAS showed the highest sensitivity of 94.7% in 19 cases with prediagnostic antimycotic treatment compared to direct microscopy (42.1%) or culture (57.9%). HPE‐PAS shows high sensitivity for diagnosis of onychomycosis and can be considered as a gold standard in the diagnosis of onychomycosis.
Acute effects of haemodialysis on central venous and arterial pressure characteristics
Authors: Thalhammer Christoph , Segerer Stephan , Augustoni Marlene , Jacomella Vincenzo , Clemens Robert K. , Wüthrich Rudolf P. , Amann‐Vesti Beatrice R. , Husmann Marc
Published: October 2014

Aim

Haemodynamic stability of patients during haemodialysis (HD) sessions is of pivotal importance and accurate determination of dry weight remains a challenge. Little information is available about central venous and aortic pressure during dialysis. In this pilot study we used a non‐invasive technique to describe the changes in central venous pressure (CVP) during dialysis.

Methods

An ultrasound‐assisted pressure‐manometer was used at the cephalic vein during haemodialysis to quantify CVP. Central aortic pressure changes were assessed as aortic augmentation index and subendocardial viability ratio. Bioimpedance was applied to measure total body water, as well as extracellular and intracellular water before and after HD. Measurements were performed prior during and after 1 and 2 h on HD.

Results

Ten patients were included with a median age of 72 years (23–82). Haemodialysis reduced the weight by 2.0 kg, corresponding to a measured decrease in total body water of 1.9 L. The mean CVP showed a significant decrease (9.0–0.8 cmH2O; P = 0.0005) during dialysis. The significant drop in CVP was found during the first hour (9–2.8 cmH2O). Starting and stopping dialysis was reflected by a reduction of 2.6 cmH2O and a rise of 2.8 cmH2O (n.s.). Aortic augmentation index decreased from 26.1% to 21.0% (n.s.). Subendocardial viability ratio increased from 126% to 156% (P < 0.05) during HD, and decreased to 139% direct after HD (n.s.).

Conclusion

This is the first study that illustrates a prominent reduction of CVP during the first hour of haemodialysis. Non‐invasive CVP measurement is feasible during haemodialysis and adds another piece in the puzzle of factors involved in haemodynamic stability.
Batatasin‐III and the allelopathic capacity of Empetrum nigrum
Authors: González Victoria T. , Junttila Olavi , Lindgård Bente , Reiersen Rigmor , Trost Kajetan , Bråthen Kari Anne
Published: October 2014

Batatasin‐III (3,3‐dihydroxy‐5‐methoxybibenzyl) is a phenolic compound associated with the allelopathic effect of the evergreen dwarf shrub Empetrum nigrum, and has been referred to as the causal factor for the species being successful in dominating extensive ecosystems. Yet, only a few plant species have been tested for their response to batatasin‐III, and little is known about whether environmental factors modify this allelopathic effect. In this study, we tested the inhibitory effect of purified batatasin‐III through bioassays on 24 vascular plant species and, for certain species, we tested if this effect depended on growth substrate (mineral vs organic substrate), pH, and fertilization. Moreover, we tested if batatasin‐III predicted the allelopathic effect of E. nigrum by analyzing the inhibitory effect of E. nigrum leaves and humus in relation to their batatasin‐III content. Our results confirmed batatasin‐III as a stable compound capable of inhibiting germination and/or mean root elongation in all of the tested species, but this effect was modified by growth substrate. Surprisingly, the measured batatasin‐III content of E. nigrum leaves (mean value 19.7 ± 10.8 (SE) mg g−1) and humus (mean value of 1 ± 1.5 (SE) μg g−1) did not predict the inhibitory effect on mean root elongation. Although batatasin‐III was found to be phytotoxic to all the tested species, we conclude that this substance alone should not be used as a proxy for the allelopathic effect of E. nigrum.
Increases in atmospheric CO2 have little influence on transpiration of a temperate forest canopy
Authors: Tor‐ngern Pantana , Oren Ram , Ward Eric J. , Palmroth Sari , McCarthy Heather R. , Domec Jean‐Christophe
Published: October 2014

Models of forest energy, water and carbon cycles assume decreased stomatal conductance with elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) based on leaf‐scale measurements, a response not directly translatable to canopies. Where canopy–atmosphere are well‐coupled, [CO2]‐induced structural changes, such as increasing leaf‐area index (LD), may cause, or compensate for, reduced mean canopy stomatal conductance (GS), keeping transpiration (EC) and, hence, runoff unaltered.

We investigated GS responses to increasing [CO2] of conifer and broadleaved trees in a temperate forest subjected to 17‐yr free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE; + 200 μmol mol−1). During the final phase of the experiment, we employed step changes of [CO2] in four elevated‐[CO2] plots, separating direct response to changing [CO2] in the leaf‐internal air‐space from indirect effects of slow changes via leaf hydraulic adjustments and canopy development.

Short‐term manipulations caused no direct response up to 1.8 × ambient [CO2], suggesting that the observed long‐term 21% reduction of GS was an indirect effect of decreased leaf hydraulic conductance and increased leaf shading. Thus, EC was unaffected by [CO2] because 19% higher canopy LD nullified the effect of leaf hydraulic acclimation on GS.

We advocate long‐term experiments of duration sufficient for slow responses to manifest, and modifying models predicting forest water, energy and carbon cycles accordingly.
Disordered gambling: the evolving concept of behavioral addiction
Authors: Clark Luke
Published: October 2014

The reclassification of gambling disorder within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM‐5) addictions category marks an important step for addiction science. The similarities between gambling disorder and the substance use disorders have been well documented. As gambling is unlikely to exert actively damaging effects on the brain, the cognitive sequelae of gambling disorder may provide insights into addictive vulnerabilities; this idea is critically evaluated in light of recent structural imaging data. The second part of the review analyzes a fundamental question of how a behavior can become addictive in the absence of exogenous drug stimulation. The relative potency of drug and nondrug rewards is considered, alongside evidence that cognitive distortions in the processing of chance (for example, the illusion of control and the gambler's fallacy) may constitute an important added ingredient in gambling. Further understanding of these mechanisms at neural and behavioral levels will be critical for the classification of future behavioral addictions, and I consider the current research data for obesity and binge eating, compulsive shopping, and internet gaming disorder.