bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Allopatric Lineage of the Rodent Deltamys (Rodentia: Sigmodontinae) and the Chromosomal Evolution in Deltamys kempi and Deltamys sp.
Authors: Ventura K. , Fagundes V. , D’Elía G. , Christoff A.U. , Yonenaga-Yassuda Y.
Published: October 2011

Deltamys Thomas 1917 is a poorly studied and rarely collected taxon of Akodontini (Sigmodontinae). The single described species, Deltamys kempi (DKE), has a basic karyotype with a diploid number of 2n = 37 in males and 2n = 38 in females, a fundamental number FN = 38 for both sexes, and an X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y sex determination system. Herein, a new allopatric form, Deltamys sp. (DSP), is reported, based on specimens from southern Brazil, with 2n = 40, FN = 40 and XX/XY sex chromosomes. We describe the karyotype and mechanism of chromosomal differentiation between both Deltamys complements. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the complete sequence (1,140 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, grouped Deltamys sp. as sister species to D. kempi, with up to 12% genetic divergence between them. The GTG-banding patterns show complete autosomal correspondence between D. kempi and Deltamys sp. and identify a tandem rearrangement involving DSP7, DSP19 and DKE4 that is responsible for the differences in 2n and FN. Chromosome painting with Akodon paranaensis chromosome 21 (a small metacentric akodont marker) paint revealed total homology with the smallest acrocentric Deltamys sp. chromosome, DSP19. This suggests the occurrence of a pericentric inversion or centromeric shift when compared to other akodontines, with a posterior tandem rearrangement giving rise to DKE4. In DKE, large blocks of pericentromeric constitutive heterochromatin are present on the autosomes and the X, and the Y/autosome has an entirely heterochromatic short arm. In DSP, small heterochromatic blocks are observed on autosomes and X, and the Y is a very small, mostly heterochromatic acrocentric. The cytogenetic analyses suggest that the Deltamys sp. karyotype is ancestral, with the derived condition resulting from a tandem fusion (DSP7 + DSP19) and the Y/autosome translocation giving rise to the multiple sex chromosome system. The autosomal rearrangements, the differences in CBG-banding patterns and Ag-NOR localization, as well as the presence of X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y and XX/XY sex determination mechanisms, possibly acting as a reproductive barrier, and the phylogenetic position within the Deltamys genus, with high genetic divergence, call for a taxonomic review of the genus.
Human BRCA1-Associated Breast Cancer: No Increase in Numerical Chromosomal Instability Compared to Sporadic Tumors
Authors: Focken T. , Steinemann D. , Skawran B. , Hofmann W. , Ahrens P. , Arnold N. , Kroll P. , Kreipe H. , Schlegelberger B. , Gadzicki D.
Published: October 2011

BRCA1 is a major gatekeeper of genomic stability. Acting in multiple central processes like double-strand break repair, centrosome replication, and checkpoint control, BRCA1 participates in maintaining genomic integrity and protects the cell against genomic instability. Chromosomal instability (CIN) as part of genomic instability is an inherent characteristic of most solid tumors and is also involved in breast cancer development. In this study, we determined the extent of CIN in 32 breast cancer tumors of women with a BRCA1 germline mutation compared to 62 unselected breast cancers. We applied fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with centromere-specific probes for the chromosomes 1, 7, 8, 10, 17, and X and locus-specific probes for 3q27 (BCL6), 5p15.2 (D5S23), 5q31 (EGR1), 10q23.3 (PTEN), and 14q32 (IGH@) on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue microarray sections. Our hypothesis of an increased level of CIN in BRCA1-associated breast cancer could not be confirmed by this approach. Surprisingly, we detected no significant difference in the extent of CIN in BRCA1-mutated versus sporadic tumors. The only exception was the CIN value for chromosome 1. Here, the extent of CIN was slightly higher in the group of sporadic tumors.
Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure With β-Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists
Authors: Bristow Michael R.
Published: October 2011

Despite the absence of a systematic development plan, β-blockers have reached the top tier of medical therapies for chronic heart failure. The successful outcome was due to the many dedicated investigators who produced, over a 30-year period, increasing evidence that β-blocking agents should or actually did improve the natural history of dilated cardiomyopathies and heart failure. It took 20 years for supportive evidence to become undeniable, at which time in 1993 the formidable drug development resources of large pharmaceutical companies were deployed into Phase 3 trials. Success then came relatively quickly, and within 8 years multiple agents were on the market in the United States and Europe. Importantly, there is ample room to improve antiadrenergic therapy, through novel approaches exploiting the nuances of receptor biology and/or intracellular signaling, as well as through pharmacogenetic targeting.
Unsupervised Learning of Generative and Discriminative Weights Encoding Elementary Image Components in a Predictive Coding Model of Cortical Function
Authors: Spratling M. W.
Published: October 2011

A method is presented for learning the reciprocal feedforward and feedback connections required by the predictive coding model of cortical function. When this method is used, feedforward and feedback connections are learned simultaneously and independently in a biologically plausible manner. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by applying it to learning the elementary components of artificial and natural images. For artificial images, the bars problem is employed, and the proposed algorithm is shown to produce state-of-the-art performance on this task. For natural images, components resembling Gabor functions are learned in the first processing stage, and neurons responsive to corners are learned in the second processing stage. The properties of these learned representations are in good agreement with neurophysiological data from V1 and V2. The proposed algorithm demonstrates for the first time that a single computational theory can explain the formation of cortical RFs and also the response properties of cortical neurons once those RFs have been learned.
Mega Event Securitisation in a Third World Setting
Authors: Cornelissen Scarlett
Published: October 2011

During South Africa’s hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, it was both the security successes and failures of the tournament, as well as the capacities of the state, that drew scrutiny. The country faced some significant challenges in its attempts to make the event ‘safe’. This article provides an overview of the major processes of securitisation in the 2010 finals, reviewing the role played by domestic and external actors, and the way in which the supranational and glocal character of mega event securitisation in the contemporary era shaped developments in the country. It offers an assessment of the physical, social and symbolic legacies of World Cup securitisation, both for the national state and urban environments.
Sport Mega Events, Urban Football Carnivals and Securitised Commodification
Authors: Giulianotti Richard
Published: October 2011

This paper explores the interrelationships of security policies and processes of commodification with respect to contemporary sport mega events (SMEs). First, it is argued that we need to move beyond conventional understandings of SMEs, as specific occasions fixed in time and space. Instead, we should examine more diffuse forms of SME, as illustrated by major sport leagues such as the English Premier League (EPL). Secondly, the paper discusses the popular cultures that have long been intrinsic to urban sporting spaces and which have been marginalised by strategies of securitisation and commodification since the late 1980s. Thirdly and fourthly, the principal juridico-political and political-economic forces that prevail within the EPL, and UK football in general, are examined—notably in regard to constrictive legislation and advanced security technologies, alongside policies of neo-liberal governmentalisation and urban revanchism. Fifthly, the paper explores expressions and irruptions of public unease, transgression and conflict within UK football settings with respect to these forces.
Surveillance in Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008
Authors: Samatas Minas
Published: October 2011

All post-9/11 Olympic Games and sport mega events deploy super-surveillance systems, as a future security investment, albeit at the expense of rights and freedoms. This paper compares the Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008 Olympic Games’ surveillance systems, to assess their authoritarian effects and legacies in democratic and authoritarian Olympic host regimes. In democratic Greece, memories of the dictatorship have caused reaction and resistance to the perpetuation of the Olympic surveillance systems. In China, the police state has used these systems for Olympic and regime security, reinforcing population and Internet control. Drawing on these two cases, it is demonstrated that post-9/11 Olympic security and surveillance have authoritarian effects, which are dependent on global factors like anti-terrorist and neo-liberal policies, and local factors such as the type of host regime, culture and society. It is also argued that these surveillance systems have an emerging anti-democratic legacy which stretches beyond the hosting of the Olympics.
Long-term Results of Surgical Decompression of Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome of the Forearm in Motocross Racers
Authors: Winkes Michiel B. , Luiten Ernest J.T. , van Zoest Wart J.F. , Sala Harm A. , Hoogeveen Adwin R. , Scheltinga Marc R.
Published: October 2011

Background: Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is occasionally observed in the forearm flexor muscles of motocross racers. Long-term results of fasciectomy and fasciotomy for this syndrome are scarce.

Purpose: To study the long-term effects of 2 surgical techniques for forearm flexor CECS.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: A database of patients with forearm CECS who underwent surgery was analyzed. Long-term pain reduction (visual analog scale [VAS], 0-100) and efficacy were evaluated using a questionnaire.

Results: Data of 24 motocross racers were available for analysis. Intracompartmental pressures during rest, during provocation, and after 1 and 5 minutes of provocation were 15 ± 4, 78 ± 24, 29 ± 10, and 25 ± 7 mm Hg, respectively. Painful sensations in the forearm were reduced from 53 to 7 (median VAS; P < .001). Both fasciectomy (n = 14) and fasciotomy (n = 10) were equally effective. More than 95% (23/24) of the patients were satisfied with the postoperative result after 5 ± 2 years’ follow-up.

Conclusion: Surgical fasciotomy and fasciectomy of the forearm flexor compartment are equally successful in motocross racers suffering from forearm CECS.
The effect of material grain structure on the surface integrity of components processed by microwire electrical discharge machining (μWEDM)
Authors: Rees A , Dimov S S , Minev R , Lalev G , Rosochowski A , Olejnik L
Published: October 2011

The machining response of metallurgically and mechanically modified materials when processed by employing the microwire electrical discharge machining (μWEDM) technology is reported in this paper. In particular, the effects of the material microstructure on resulting surface integrity of Al5000 series aluminium alloys after μWEDM processing is studied. The machining response of an ‘as received’ aluminium alloy was compared against the results obtained on samples processed through extrusion strain hardening and severe plastic deformation. Especially, the process–material effects on the resulting microhardness, phase content changes, heat-affected zone, surface roughness, microcracks, recast layer, material removal rate, and element spectrum after both rough and finishing μWEDM cuts were investigated. This study shows that an ultrafine grained (UFG) Al5083 exhibits not only superior mechanical properties but also the machining response to μWEDM is favourable. A reduction of the recast layer after μWEDM was observed when compared with ‘as received’ and ‘conventionally’ processed Al5083.
The extension of a simple predictive model for orthogonal cutting to include flow below the cutting edge
Authors: Zou G P , Seethaler R J
Published: October 2011

A predictive model for orthogonal cutting that is able to accommodate the analysis of flow under a cutting edge is described. The model uses an upper-bound approach, in which the boundaries to the primary and secondary deformation zones are defined in such a way that both force and moment equilibrium of the rigid body chip is achieved. The remainder of the field is allowed to adjust so as to minimize the power consuming force, and finally force equilibrium is applied to estimate the edge forces acting under the tool. Solutions and comparison with previous theoretical and experimental observations are presented for different rake angles and chamfer or edge geometries; the influence of edge rounding or flank wear on the process are of particular interest. The model predicts a considerable change in flow geometry at high chamfer length/wear; this evidently occurs as a result of the field adjusting to balance the work in the primary and tertiary zones. The changing flow zone indicates that the hydrostatic stress at the tool edge increases as the chamfer or wear length increases.
Experimental investigation of cutting forces and tool wear during laser-assisted milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy
Authors: Sun S , Brandt M , Barnes J E , Dargusch M S
Published: October 2011

The improvement of machinability during laser-assisted milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy was investigated. The effects of laser processing and milling parameters on cutting forces and tool wear have been examined. It is found that local heating and softening of the workpiece by the laser beam in front of the cutting tool significantly reduced the cutting forces, especially the force in the feed direction during up-cut milling. Laser power, tool–beam distance, depth of cut and cutting speed are the parameters influencing the change of feed force during laser-assisted milling. Analysis of the workpiece temperature rise due to laser beam heating shows that the feed force is strongly dependent on the workpiece temperature in front of the cutting zone; significant reduction of feed force occurred when the temperature in front of thecutting zone was in the range 200–450°C. Edge chipping is found to be the tool failure mode for both conventional milling and laser-assisted milling. A significant improvement in tool life during laser-assisted milling was obtained when the workpiece temperature in front of the cutting zone was at an optimum value. Compressed air was used to remove the chip from the cutting tool, which made the milling process more effective. The optimum workpiece temperature in front of the cutting zone with compressed air delivered through the spindle is about 350°C, higher than that with compressed air delivered through a stationary nozzle (about 230°C). The maximum tool life in the former case is much longer than that in the latter case.
Subsequent drilling on pilot holes in woven carbon fibre reinforced plastic epoxy laminates: the effect of drill chisel edge on delamination
Authors: Faraz A , Biermann D
Published: October 2011

Experimental results on thrust force and quantitative delamination are compared after drilling selected woven epoxy carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates using two different drill bits. The results were acquired from two separate drilling modes: the normal drilling mode and the subsequent drilling conducted on some predrilled pilot holes. The use of pilot holes in drilling fibre reinforced plastics (FRPs) has been recommended by various researchers, following the basic concepts of drilling of metals and theoretical modelling. According to researchers, the drilling thrust force is directly correlated to the hole exit delamination; therefore, a pilot hole should minimize the hole exit delamination by nullifying the so-called chisel edge effect of a drill bit. A chisel edge, which is always regarded as the most inefficient part of a drill bit, is the biggest contributor to the thrust force. In this paper, despite the observed tremendous drops (as high as 92 per cent) recorded in the experimental thrust force magnitudes while conducting subsequent drilling on predrilled pilot holes, no improvement could be witnessed in the quantitative results on the induced hole entry and exit delamination. The main inference of this research is that the main cutting edges of a drill (along with their corners) do play a decisive role with regard to the hole exit delamination, instead of the role of the chisel edge alone.
Experimental and numerical investigations of aerodynamic behavior of a three-stage high-pressure turbine at different operation conditions
Authors: Abdelfattah S , Schobeiri M T
Published: October 2011

Using the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes-based numerical methods to simulate the flow field, efficiency and performance of high-pressure turbine components of multi-stage steam turbines result in substantial differences between the experimental and the numerical results pertaining to the individual flow quantities. These differences are integrally noticeable in terms of major discrepancies in aerodynamic losses, efficiency, and performance of the turbine. As a consequence, engine manufacturers are compelled to frequently calibrate their simulation package by performing a series of experiments before issuing efficiency and performance guaranty. The aim of this article is to investigate the cause of the aforementioned differences by utilizing a three-stage high-pressure research turbine with three-dimensional compound lean blades as the platform for experimental and numerical investigations. Experimental data were obtained using interstage aerodynamic measurements at three measurement stations, namely, downstream of the first rotor row, the second stator row, and the second rotor row. Detailed measurements were conducted using custom-designed five-hole probes traversed in both circumferential and radial directions. Aerodynamic measurements were carried out within a rotational speed range of 1800–2800 r/min. Numerical simulations were performed utilizing a commercially available computational fluid dynamics code. A detailed mesh of the three stages was created and used to simulate the corresponding operating conditions. The experimental and numerical results were compared following a critical discussion relative to differences mentioned above.
Nano-finishing techniques: a review
Authors: Jain V K , Sidpara A , Sankar M R , Das M
Published: October 2011

The quality of surface is one of the significant parameters which affects the life and functionality of any product. Many products require nano-level surface finish as their functional indispensability. Those processes having flexible finishing tool can be employed for such type of components. These finishing processes can be classified into two categories: with and without magnetic field assistance. The former includes magnetic abrasive finishing, magnetorheological finishing, and allied processes, and the latter includes abrasive flow finishing. This article reports the critical review of mainly three processes: abrasive flow finishing, magnetorheological finishing, and magnetorheological abrasive flow finishing. In this article, the issues that need attention of the researchers have been categorically mentioned. This article provides a comprehensive literature review of magnetorheological finishing process in terms of rheological characterization of magnetorheological fluid, experimental investigation, theoretical analysis, and applications. This article deals with various advancements in abrasive flow finishing and hybrid processes. The developments in magnetorheological abrasive flow finishing and its allied processes have been discussed in detail. By suitable modification of magnetorheological abrasive flow finishing process, it can achieve surface finish up to nano-meter on different materials such as brass, aluminium, stainless steel, and silicon-nitride.
Modelling and recognition of a driver’s starting intentions
Authors: Dai F , Zhang J-W , Lu T-L
Published: October 2011

This paper explores the classification, modelling, and recognition of a driver’s starting intentions of a passenger car equipped with an automatic mechanical transmission or a dual-clutch transmission. A driver’s intentions can be affected by a number of sources such as the driver’s current control actions, his or her visual scanning behaviour, and the traffic environment. The control actions, such as acceleration actions, are used to infer the driver’s starting intentions. Basically, the driver kinesthetically senses the acceleration, but not the speed. Therefore, a dynamic model for the driveline is proposed according to engine test data and the general parameters of the vehicle in order to analyse the influences of the pedal opening, the first derivative of the pedal opening, and the second derivative of the pedal opening on the starting intentions. An orthogonal test design is applied to treat the variables and their combinations for the driver’s decision making during launching the vehicle. It is demonstrated by the numerical results that the sequences of the factors exert different effects on the starting intentions, but the effects of their interactions can be ignored. According to these factors, a hidden Markov model is used to model and recognize the starting intentions. The results show that the system is able to recognize the driver’s starting intentions accurately.
“Torture at Yale”: Experimental subjects, laboratory torment and the “rehabilitation” of Milgram’s “Obedience to Authority”
Authors: Nicholson Ian
Published: October 2011

Stanley Milgram’s experiments on “Obedience to Authority” are among the most criticized in all of psychology. However, over the past 20 years, there has been a gradual rehabilitation of Milgram’s work and reputation, a reconsideration that is in turn closely linked to a contemporary “revival” of his Obedience experiments. This paper provides a critical counterpoint to this “Milgram revival” by drawing on archival material from participants in the Obedience study and Milgram himself. This material indicates that Milgram misrepresented (a) the extent of his debriefing procedures, (b) the risk posed by the experiment, and (c) the harm done to his participants. The archival record also indicates that Milgram had doubts about the scientific value of the experiment, thereby compromising his principal ethical justification for employing such extreme methods. The article ends with a consideration of the implications of these historical revelations for contemporary efforts to revive the Milgram paradigm.
Sustained remission of systemic lupus erythematosus related calciphylaxis
Authors: Mallett A , John GT , Ranganathan D , Kark A , Berquier I , Casey J , Healy H , Francis L
Published: October 2011

Calciphylaxis continues to present a clinical challenge for patient management. As in this case, it can be associated with connective tissue disease (CTD) such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Unlike previous reported cases, long-term remission has been attained. This provides some insight into methods of therapy as well as potential pathogenic models for this disease.
Modal damping effects on the spatial distribution of anelastic damped vibration energy for a baseline cantilever structure
Authors: May James E , Menzemer Craig
Published: October 2011

Modal damping was conceived as a vibration control concept for potential application to a select set of long, flexible structures. This alternative approach was designed to exploit damping mechanisms inherent in the structures of interest by capitalizing on distinctive dynamic properties existing among vibration modes. The premise of modal damping is to transfer vibration energy from the fundamental mode where most vibration energy of civil structures of interest resides, to higher order modes where vibration impedance was shown to be more effective. A question was posed during its development concerning the subsequent risks to the structure. Spatial displacements, velocities and accelerations along the longitudinal axis will clearly be impacted and can readily be evaluated by simulation as required. The specific inquiry was directed at risks associated with redistribution of the damped vibration energy. In response, the distribution dynamics associated with the simple but ever-present anelastic damping mechanism was investigated and quantified. Furthermore, the analysis additionally offers support of the modal damping assertion by providing insight behind the increased dissipation effectiveness of the 2nd vibration mode over that of the fundamental mode.
Two fuzzy control schemes for Lorenz-Stenflo chaotic system
Authors: Li Huaqing , Liao Xiaofeng , Lei Xinyu
Published: October 2011

In this paper, two effective fuzzy control schemes, i.e., fuzzy feedback control method and adaptive fuzzy control method are introduced to suppress the state variables of the Lorenz-Stenflo chaotic system (LSCS) to its equilibrium point. For the first fuzzy control scheme, with the abundant modeling capability of the T-S fuzzy model, the LSCS can be decomposed into some local linear systems, which makes it very convenient to use the fuzzy feedback control method to analyze it. Based on the Lyapunov stability theorem, a criterion is also derived to guarantee the controlled LSCS is robust stable at the equilibrium point, even if there exist external perturbations. For the second fuzzy control scheme, fuzzy logic systems areexploited to approximate the nonlinear functions. Moreover, an adaptive technique is employed to construct an effective fuzzy controller, which can drive all state variables into a rather small neighborhood of its equilibrium point. By choosing a group of suitable parameters, the controlled system can approach the equilibrium point with high precision. Two numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the two fuzzy control schemes.
Improving defect detection of rolling element bearings in the presence of external vibrations using adaptive noise cancellation and multiscale morphology
Authors: Patel V N , Tandon N , Pandey R K
Published: October 2011

Identifying the signals of defective rolling element bearings of industrial machines in the presence of external vibrations is a difficult task. Therefore, in this article, attempt has been done to improve the defect detection of rolling element bearings in the presence of external vibrations using adaptive noise cancellation (ANC), self-adaptive noise cancellation (SANC), and mathematical multiscale morphology (MMM). Circular defects (diameter = 400 µm), on either of the races of the test bearings, have been artificially created and external random vibrations have been imparted to the defective test bearings using an electromechanical shaker in the experimentation reported herein. The defective bearing signal-to-external noise (vibration) ratio has been significantly enhanced after the application of ANC, SANC, and MMM. This resulted in the clear identification of defect frequencies in the vibration spectrum. It is essential to mention here that in ANC technique the least mean square (LMS) algorithm with and without signum function has been used. However, in MMM technique, triangular structural elements are utilized during the closing operation and bottom-hat transform (BHat). In comparison to the LMS algorithm without signum function, the LMS algorithm with signum function has been proved more effective and efficient in minimizing the error. Authors noticed that the MMM filter is much effective for noise removal.
Violence, a risk factor for poor mental health in adolescence: A Danish nationally representative youth survey
Authors: Helweg-Larsen Karin , Frederiksen Marie Louise , Larsen Helmer Bøving
Published: October 2011

Aims: To analyze mental health associations between youth's exposure to physical violence outside the home and at home, including witnessing domestic violence, and to describe gender differences in the associations. Methods: A multimedia computer-based survey among a nationally representative sample of 6,200 9th grade pupils included data on violence victimization, symptoms of anxiety and depression, psychosocial and health behaviour factors. Analyses included gender stratified cross-tabulations and logistic regressions. Results: Direct associations were found for both sexes between anxiety and depression and exposure to mild and severe physical violence both outside the home and at home. Adjusted for possible confounding factors, associations for severe violence exposure both at home and outside the home were found only among girls; odds ratio (OR): 2.4 [1.3–4.7]) and OR: 3.0 [1.1–8.6], respectively. Exposure to severe violence at home remained a strong risk factor for internalizing symptoms for boys, OR: 3.6 [1.4–9.2]. In the adjusted model, a stronger association was found between bad relationships with peers and poor mental health for boys than for girls; OR: 2.0 [1.6–2.3] and OR: 1.4 [1.3–1.6], respectively. For both sexes, witnessing physical violence against mother at home was associated with mental health problems, but did not remain a risk factor when adjusted for confounders. Conclusions: Gender differences exist in harmful mental health associations with regard to exposure to violence. For girls, violence outside the home is a stronger risk factor than violence at home, compared with boys.
Coverage of the Tibet Crisis (March 2008) and the Olympic Games in China (August 2008) in the German-language mass media
Authors: Becker Jörg
Published: October 2011

The perception by the German media of Tibet, on the one hand, and China, on the other, could not be more contrary: the current image of China is fully in the tradition of the threatening yellow - respectively red - threat and so is strongly opposed to the positive image of Tibet (peaceful, esoteric, in need of protection). Given this double agenda setting and framing, an almost insurmountable communicative and media-political obstacle stood in the way of positive reporting on the Beijing Olympics in summer 2008. The media reports on the social unrest in Tibet in March 2008 and those on the Olympic Games several months later reveal the following. (1) The numerous, highly professional media activities by groups of exiled Tibetans relating to Tibet and the Olympic Games were planned long in advance and were well coordinated The National Endowment for Democracy (NED) in Washington played a vital role here. (2) Important parts of the anti-Chinese media work were done before and during the Olympics by the British advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi commissioned by the supposedly independent NGO Reporters without Borders. (3) Essential parts of the pro-Chinese media work were done before and during the Olympic Games by the US-American PR Agency Hill & Knowlton. This supports the conclusion that during the period of time in question German media recipients were provided with authentic news neither about Tibet nor about China. Instead, they were victims of competitive rivalry between two western PR and advertising agencies.
A feminist political economic critique of the human development approach to new information and communication technologies
Authors: Lee Micky
Published: October 2011

This article argues that although the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has broadened the scope of international development by including the human and social dimensions, the human development approach does not acknowledge the unbalanced power relations between global corporations and national governments of developing countries, between the global north and the global south and between the two genders. By analyzing the UNDP’s human development approach to new information and communication technologies from a feminist political economic perspective, this article contends that the ultimate goal of human development may expand the choices for poor people but it may not imply a transformation of power relations.
Megawite, CaSnO3: a new perovskite-group mineral from skarns of the Upper Chegem caldera, Kabardino-Balkaria, Northern Caucasus, Russia
Authors: Galuskin E. V. , Galuskina I. O. , Gazeev V. M. , Dzierżanowski P. , Prusik K. , Pertsev N. N. , Zadov A. E. , Bailau R. , Gurbanov A. G.
Published: October 2011

Megawite is a perovskite-group mineral with an ideal formula CaSnO3 that was discovered in altered silicate-carbonate xenoliths in the Upper Chegem caldera, Kabardino-Balkaria, Northern Caucasus. Russia. Megawite occurs in ignimbrite, where it forms by contact metamorphism at a temperature >800°C and low pressure. The name megawite honours the British crystallographer Helen Dick Megaw (1907—2002) who did pioneering research on perovskite-group minerals. Megawite is associated with spurrite, reinhardbraunsite, rondorfite, wadalite, srebrodolskite, lakargiite, perovskite, kerimasite. elbrusite-(Zr), periclase, hydroxylellestadite, hydrogrossular, ettringite-group minerals, afwillite. hydrocalumite and brucite. Megawite forms pale yellow or colourless crystals up to 15 urn on edge with pseudo-cubic and pseudo-cuboctahedral habits. The calculated density and average refractive index are 5.06 g cm–3 and 1.89, respectively. Megawite is Zr-rich and usually crystallizes on lakargiite. CaZrO3. The main bands in the Raman spectrum of megawite are at: 159, 183, 262, 283, 355, 443. 474, 557 and 705 cm–1. The unit-cell parameters and space group of megawite, derived from electron back scattered diffraction, are: a = 5.555(3), b = 5.708(2), c = 7.939(5) Å, V = 251.8(1) Å3, Pbnm, Z = 4; they are based on an orthorhombic structural model for the synthetic perovskite CaSn0.6Zr0.4O3.
The crystal structure and crystal chemistry of mendeleevite-(Ce), (Cs,☐)6(☐,Cs)6(☐,K)6(REE,Ca,☐)30(Si70O175)(H2O,OH,F,☐)35, a potential microporous material
Authors: Sokolova E. , Hawthorne F. C. , Pautov L. A. , Agakhanov A. A. , Karpenko V. YU.
Published: October 2011

The crystal structure of mendeleevite-(Ce), (Cs,☐)6(☐,Cs)6(☐,K)6(REE,Ca,☐)6(Si70O175) (H2O,OH,F,D)35, a new mineral from the moraine of the Darai-Pioz glacier, the Alai mountain ridge. Tien-Shan mountains, northern Tajikistan, was solved by direct methods and refined to Ri = 4.15% based on 2274 observed [Fo > 4σ|F|] unique reflections measured with Mo-Kα. radiation on a Bruker PA diffractorneter equipped with a CCD detector. Mendeleevite-(Ce) is cubic, space group Pm3̄, a 21.9148(4) Å, V 10525(1) Å3, Z = 2, Dcalc = 3.066 g/cm3. The empirical formula (electron microprobe) is CS5.94K2.22[(Ce11.35La5.86Nd3.23Pr1.54Sm0.32Gd0.20)Σ22.50(Ca4.68Sr1.00)Σ5.68]Σ28.18 Si70.12O203.17H45.67F6.83, Z = 2, calculated on the basis of 210 (O + F) a.p.f.u., with H2O and OH calculated from structure refinement (OH + F = 17 p.f.u.; H2O = 17.75 p.f.u.).

The structural formula is (Cs4.65☐1.35)Σ6(☐4.71Cs1.29)Σ6(☐3.78K2.22)Σ6﹛[(Ce11.35La5.86Nd3.23 Pr1.54Sm0.32Gd0.20)Σ22.50(Ca4.68Sr1.00)Σ5.68]Σ28.18☐1.82﹜Σ30(Si70O175)[(OH)10.17F6.83]Σ17(H2O)17.75. Simplified and endmember formulae are as follows: (Cs,☐)6(☐,Cs)6(☐,K)6(REE,Ca,☐)30(Si70O175) (H2O,OH,F,☐)35 and Cs6(REE22Ca6)(Si70O175)(OH,F)14(H20)21. The crystal structure of mendeleevite-(Ce) is an intercalation of two independent Si—O radicals and an M framework of (REE,Ca) polyhedra. The Si—O radicals are an (Si140O260)104– framework and an (Si36O90)36– cluster which do not link directly. The M framework is located between the Si—O framework and the Si—O clusters. Interstitial cations occupy two types of cages and channels. Cages I and II are 78 and 22% occupied by Cs. Channels along [100↻] contain K atoms and H2O groups. Mendeleevite-(Ce) has no natural or synthetic structural analogues. Mendeleevite-(Ce) is a framework mineral with large cavities and it has the potential to be used as a model for the synthesis of microporous materials of industrial interest.
Solid-phase speciation of Zn in road dust sediment
Authors: Barrett J. E. S. , Taylor K. G. , Hudson-Edwards K. A. , Charnock J. M.
Published: October 2011

X-ray absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) have been used to study the solid-phase speciation of Zn in urban road dust sediments (RDS) in Manchester, UK. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) analysis using linear combination modelling suggest that the soluble species Zn(NO3)2·6H2O and ZnCl2represent 70—83%, and Zn-sorbed goethite 17—30%, of the Zn species present. The presence of goethite is not corroborated by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) modelled first shell scattering Zn—O distances of 2.01—2.03 Å, but this may be due to distortion of the Zn octahedra on the goethite surface, or the existence of Zn-sorbed species with other metal hydrous oxides, as inferred by the EXAFS-modelled second shell Fe and Al scatterers. Analysis by EXAFS also suggests that metallic Zn-Cu-Sn-Pb and Zn-silicate phases are present in the RDS, and this is corroborated by SEM and XRD. Other phases suggested by EXAFS include ZnO, franklinite, Zn-sorbed birnessite and zinc formate. Differences between the XANES and other results suggest that model compounds such as Zn-bearing phyllosilicates and metallic Zn phases may have been missing from the XANES fitting. Long-term low-level exposure to the RDS Zn phases identified may lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases.
The serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) influences platelet calcium signaling and function by regulation of Orai1 expression in megakaryocytes
Authors: Borst Oliver , Schmidt Eva-Maria , Münzer Patrick , Schönberger Tanja , Towhid Syeda T. , Elvers Margitta , Leibrock Christina , Schmid Evi , Eylenstein Anja , Kuhl Dietmar , May Andreas E. , Gawaz Meinrad , Lang Florian
Published: October 2011

Platelets are activated on increase of cytosolic Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), accomplished by store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) involving the pore-forming ion channel subunit Orai1. Here, we show, for the first time, that the serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) is expressed in platelets and megakaryocytes. SOCE and agonist-induced [Ca2+]i increase are significantly blunted in platelets from SGK1 knockout mice (sgk1−/−). Similarly, Ca2+-dependent degranulation, integrin αIIbβ3 activation, phosphatidylserine exposure, aggregation, and in vitro thrombus formation were significantly impaired in sgk1−/− platelets, whereas tail bleeding time was not significantly enhanced. Platelet and megakaryocyte Orai1 transcript levels and membrane protein abundance were significantly reduced in sgk1−/− mice. In human megakaryoblastic cells (MEG-01), transfection with constitutively active S422DSGK1 but not with inactive K127NSGK1 significantly enhanced Orai1 expression and SOCE, while effects reversed by the SGK1 inhibitor GSK650394 (1μM). Transfection of MEG-01 cells with S422DSGK1 significantly increased phosphorylation of IκB kinase α/β and IκBα resulting in nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunit p65. Treatment of S422DSGK1-transfected MEG-01 cells with the IκB kinase inhibitor BMS-345541 (10μM) abolished SGK1-induced increase of Orai1 expression and SOCE. The present observations unravel SGK1 as novel regulator of platelet function, effective at least in part by NF-κB–dependent transcriptional up-regulation of Orai1 in megakaryocytes and increasing platelet SOCE.
Generation of CD19-chimeric antigen receptor modified CD8+ T cells derived from virus-specific central memory T cells
Authors: Terakura Seitaro , Yamamoto Tori N. , Gardner Rebecca A. , Turtle Cameron J. , Jensen Michael C. , Riddell Stanley R.
Published: October 2011

The adoptive transfer of donor T cells that have been genetically modified to recognize leukemia could prevent or treat leukemia relapse after allogeneic HSCT (allo-HSCT). However, adoptive therapy after allo-HSCT should be performed with T cells that have a defined endogenous TCR specificity to avoid GVHD. Ideally, T cells selected for genetic modification would also have the capacity to persist in vivo to ensure leukemia eradication. Here, we provide a strategy for deriving virus-specific T cells from CD45RA−CD62L+CD8+ central memory T (TCM) cells purified from donor blood with clinical grade reagents, and redirect their specificity to the B-cell lineage marker CD19 through lentiviral transfer of a gene encoding a CD19-chimeric Ag receptor (CAR). Virus-specific TCM were selectively transduced by exposure to the CD19 CAR lentivirus after peptide stimulation, and bi-specific cells were subsequently enriched to high purity using MHC streptamers. Activation of bi-specific T cells through the CAR or the virus-specific TCR elicited phosphorylation of downstream signaling molecules with similar kinetics, and induced comparable cytokine secretion, proliferation, and lytic activity. These studies identify a strategy for tumor-specific therapy with CAR-modified T cells after allo-HSCT, and for comparative studies of CAR and TCR signaling.
Variation in chromosome copy number influences the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans and occurs in isolates from AIDS patients
Authors: Hu Guanggan , Wang Joyce , Choi Jaehyuk , Jung Won Hee , Liu Iris , Litvintseva Anastasia P , Bicanic Tihana , Aurora Rajeev , Mitchell Thomas G , Perfect John R , Kronstad James W
Published: October 2011

Background

The adaptation of pathogenic fungi to the host environment via large-scale genomic changes is a poorly characterized phenomenon. Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of fungal meningoencephalitis in HIV/AIDS patients, and we recently discovered clinical strains of the fungus that are disomic for chromosome 13. Here, we examined the genome plasticity and phenotypes of monosomic and disomic strains, and compared their virulence in a mouse model of cryptococcosis

Results

In an initial set of strains, melanin production was correlated with monosomy at chromosome 13, and disomic variants were less melanized and attenuated for virulence in mice. After growth in culture or passage through mice, subsequent strains were identified that varied in melanin formation and exhibited copy number changes for other chromosomes. The correlation between melanin and disomy at chromosome 13 was observed for some but not all strains. A survey of environmental and clinical isolates maintained in culture revealed few occurrences of disomic chromosomes. However, an examination of isolates that were freshly collected from the cerebrospinal fluid of AIDS patients and minimally cultured provided evidence for infections with multiple strains and copy number variation.

Conclusions

Overall, these results suggest that the genome of C. neoformans exhibits a greater degree of plasticity than previously appreciated. Furthermore, the expression of an essential virulence factor and the severity of disease are associated with genome variation. The occurrence of chromosomal variation in isolates from AIDS patients, combined with the observed influence of disomy on virulence, indicates that genome plasticity may have clinical relevance.
Systematic review of clinical trials on dietary interventions to prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy among normal weight, overweight and obese women
Authors: Tanentsapf Ida , Heitmann Berit L , Adegboye Amanda RA
Published: October 2011

Background

Excessive weight gain during pregnancy and subsequent postpartum weight retention may contribute to the epidemic of obesity among women of childbearing age. Preventing excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) to optimize maternal, fetal and infant wellbeing is therefore of great importance. A number of dietary interventions in this area has been conducted with inconsistent results, which has made it difficult to identify effective strategies to prevent excessive weight gain during pregnancy among normal weight, overweight and obese women. The primary objective of this review was to evaluate the effect of dietary interventions for reducing GWG. The secondary objective was to examine the impact of these interventions on different child and maternal health outcomes.

Method

The PUBMED, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the LILACS databases were searched for relevant articles. All published randomized controlled trials (RCT) and quasi-randomized controlled trials (QCT), with concurrent controls, on dietary interventions during pregnancy were considered. Results were presented using relative risk (RR) for categorical data and weighted mean difference (WMD) for continuous data. Data were primarily analyzed with a fixed-effect model and a random-effects model was used in the presence of heterogeneity. No date and language restrictions were applied.

Results

In total, 13 studies were included in this review and 10 trials contributed data on total GWG. Dietary intervention significantly reduced total GWG (n = 1434; WMD = -1.92 kg; 95% CI = -3.65/-0.19; p = 0.03), weight retention at six months postpartum (n = 443; WMD = -1.90 kg; 95% CI = -2.69/-1.12; p < 0.0001) and incidence of cesarean section (n = 609; RR = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.60/0.94; p = 0.013). However, dietary intervention had no significant effect on weight retention at six weeks postpartum, birth weight, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm birth.

Conclusion

Dietary advice during pregnancy appears effective in decreasing total GWG and long-term postpartum weight retention, but so far there is limited evidence for further benefits on infant and maternal health.
Comprehensive analysis of clinical significance of stem-cell related factors in renal cell cancer
Authors: Liu Yongchao , Zhang Changcun , Fan Jie , Xiao Lei , Yin Bingde , Zhou Libin , Xia Shujie
Published: October 2011

Background

C-MYC, LIN28, OCT4, KLF4, NANOG and SOX2 are stem cell related factors. We detected whether these factors express in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tissues to study their correlations with the clinical and pathological characteristics.

Methods

The expressions of c-MYC, LIN28, SOX2, KLF4, OCT4 and NANOG in 30 RCC patients and 5 non-RCC patients were detected with quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). The data were analyzed with Wilcoxon signed rank sum test and x2 test.

Results

In RCC group, c-MYC expression was significantly higher in RCC tissues compared with normal tissues (P < 0.05). The expression levels of OCT4, KLF4, NANOG and SOX2 were significantly lower in RCC tissues compared with normal tissues (P < 0.05). LIN28 expression level was not significant. No difference was observed when it comes to clinical and pathological characteristics such as gender, age, tumor size, cTNM classification and differentiation status (P > 0.05). Also the expression levels of all above factors were not significantly changed in non-RCC group (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

The present analysis strongly suggests that altered expression of several stem cell related factors may play different roles in RCC. C-MYC may function as an oncogene and OCT4, KLF4, NANOG and SOX2 as tumor suppressors.