bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drift wave turbulence and zonal flow development measured by information rate
Authors: Hnat B , Fuller P , Kim E , Hollerbach R
Published: February 2025

Generation of zonal flows (ZF) by drift wave turbulence in numerical simulations based on the modified Hasegawa–Wakatani model is investigated using probability density functions (PDFs) and information rate which quantifies the number of statistically distinct states generated per unit time in the non-equilibrium system. The evolution of time-dependent PDFs of the electrostatic potential, density, and vorticity is quantified by the information rate and is directly compared. We examine this evolution for the system dominated by the isotropic turbulence as well as the system dominated by anisotropic ZF. Impact of ZF on turbulence is captured by a narrower PDF of fluctuating velocity perpendicular to ZF. The information rates of the turbulent potential and density, which are coupled via fast electron parallel transport, are similar confirming the strong coupling between these quantities during their evolution. In contrast, zonal parts of these fields exhibit a distinct information rate evolution. This suggests that the zonal density structure may develop independently of ZF, consistent with recent finding in gyrokinetic simulations.
Aerodrome and human requirements and limitations to supersonic aircraft
Authors: Yu Zhengning , Wang Zhiyu , Wang Yun , Bao Chana , Zhao Yunfan , Wang Kaifeng
Published: February 2025

Supersonic transportation is a trend in civil aviation. Related technologies are continuously breaking through. However, current interests are focused on supersonic aircraft configurations, engines, and noise impact. Scarce research has been conducted on the operation requirements and restrictions within civil aviation. This article analyzes the applicability of supersonic aircraft from the perspective of their usage, taking into account the viewpoints of aerodromes, pilots, and passengers. It offers insights into both the operational limitations and new requirements that aerodrome physical facilities and operation procedures impose on aircraft. Furthermore, it examines the impact of current supersonic design configurations on pilots and passengers. Preliminary analysis indicates that the Blended Wing Body (BWB) configuration has a reduced impact on aerodromes and, in terms of design, can accommodate a greater number of passengers.
Fluid-structure coupling simulation and impact analysis of the folding wing
Authors: Huo Shunbo , Zheng Huilong , Jia Huayu , Zhou Hong , Li Xinsong
Published: February 2025

With the increasing diversification of use needs and application scenarios, the types of UAVs are also expanding. The research object of this paper is the wing of a folding wing UAV, including the flow field simulation, structural deformation analysis and impact simulation of the wing. The information on wing structure deformation under aerodynamic load is obtained by the one-way fluid-structure coupling method through FLUENT-ABAQUS. The impact results between the wing and a rubber block are obtained by ABAQUS/Explicit module. Due to the deviation between the simulation results and the real situation, the relevant results are for reference only.
Preparation and characterization of high emissivity high-entropy lanthanum aluminate coatings
Authors: Zhong Tao , Wang Quansheng
Published: February 2025

In order to prepare high-temperature-resistant and high-emissivity coatings, this paper prepares high-entropy La(Fe0.2Ni0.2Mn0.2Ti0.2Al0.2)O3 powder using solid-state synthesis with La2O3, Al2O3, NiO, Mn3O4, TiO2, and Fe2O3 as raw materials. After spray drying and high-temperature sintering, the obtained high-entropy La(Fe0.2 Ni0.2Mn0.2Ti0.2Al0.2)O3 agglomerated powder is used to prepare a composite coating on the surface of Gh2747 alloy by means of atmospheric plasma spraying. The microstructure and morphology of the agglomerated powder before and after sintering, adhesion strength, thermal shock resistance, and radiation properties of the coating are tested. The results show that: perovskite-type high-entropy lanthanum aluminate ceramic powder is successfully prepared, and the spherical shape and fluidity of the agglomerate after granulation meet the requirements of atmospheric plasma spraying. The prepared high-entropy La(Fe0.2Ni0.2Mn0.2Ti0.2Al0.2)O3 coating has a porosity of 11.3%, excellent adhesion strength, and a normal total emissivity of up to 0.86 at 1000°C. After 5 cycles from 1150°C to room temperature, delamination occurs in the coating.
Wolff’s Emendation of Ontology
Authors: Dyck Corey W.
Published: February 2025

This chapter documents a profound development in Wolff’s views regarding the role and the importance of ontology for metaphysics. Consideration is given to Wolff’s earliest pronouncements on the topic, where he first formulates the aim of emending ontology, or framing an ontology limited to exhibiting the general concepts and principles required for other sciences. It is contended that Wolff found reason to expand his conception of ontology, and to reconsider its importance for metaphysics proper, as a result of Newtonian incursions into metaphysics, which convinced Wolff of the need for a more robust ontology to preempt dangerous errors. This ultimately gives rise to Wolff’s mature conception of ontology which, in spite of that discipline’s greatly expanded status, is still to be understood as the realization of Wolff’s earlier ambition to emend ontology.
Moses Mendelssohn and the Ghost of Spinoza
Authors: Dyck Corey W.
Published: February 2025

Of all the attacks on Wolff’s metaphysics, the charge that seems to have rankled most is that his system amounted to a form of Spinozism. Lange’s labelling of Wolff as a (partial) Spinozist clearly touched a nerve, as Wolff responded vigorously to it in a number of publications, culminating in his full-dress refutation of Spinoza. Given this, it is rather surprising that almost two decades after Wolff’s refutation, Moses Mendelssohn, an avowed Wolffian, would attempt in his debut philosophical publication nothing less than a defence, in response to Wolff, of the legacy of the most controversial philosopher of his day. This chapter reconsiders Mendelssohn’s discussion and identifies a much more ambitious project on Mendelssohn’s part, namely, not only the rehabilitation of Spinoza but also the rehabilitation of metaphysics as such by means of a thorough exposure of the Spinozan elements in the Wolffian philosophy.
Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Smil Vaclav
Published: February 2025

During the 1880s three German engineers built the first practical, lightweight, gasoline-fueled internal combustion engines used to power open, carriage-like vehicles. Then it took about two decades to transform these early designs into the direct predecessors of all modern automobiles with more powerful but lighter engines, steering wheels, inflatable rubber tires, and electric starters. By 1908, Ford introduced its Model T, the first affordable, mass-produced car built on assembly lines, marking the beginning of the twentieth century’s leading manufacturing sector. Before World War I lightweight gasoline engines also were used to power the first airplanes, and Rudolf Diesel’s efficient engines began their conquest of shipping and heavy land transportation.
Combined fluorescent in situ hybridization and F-ara-EdU staining on whole mount Hymenolepis diminuta
Authors: Ishan Mohamed , Skipper Isabell R , Rozario Tania
Published: February 2025

Hymenolepis diminuta is a parasitic tapeworm that utilizes rats as hosts and offers advantages over human parasitic tapeworms and free-living flatworms as a model system to study the biology and pathology of helminth infections. H. diminuta is minimally infectious to humans, easy to maintain in the lab, demonstrates impressive growth, regeneration and reproductive capabilities, and is amenable to loss-of-function manipulations. As an emerging model, tool development is critical to increasing the utility of this system. This study introduces a novel protocol for H. diminuta that combines fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and 2’-Deoxy-2’-fluoro-5-ethynyluridine (F-ara-EdU) uptake and staining. Our protocol allows for the spatial detection of gene expression and simultaneous identification of proliferating cells. Dual labelling of F-ara-EdU and stem cell markers revealed a distinct expression pattern in different anatomical regions, especially in the head and neck. We demonstrate optimal labeling without permeabilization, streamlining the protocol. We also demonstrate generalizability using FISH for other tissue markers. The protocol was applied to perform bulk lineage tracing revealing that stem cells can differentiate into neuronal and tegumental cells within three days. Our protocol provides an important tool in the arsenal for investigating gene expression and cell proliferation in H. diminuta, contributing valuable insights into the biology of parasitic tapeworms and potentially opening new avenues for the study of human parasitic tapeworms.
Levothyroxine supplementation trials in preconception and pregnant women
Authors: Man Rebecca , Dhillon-Smith Rima , Korevaar Tim I M
Published: February 2025

Thyroid disorders are common in women of childbearing age, representing the second most prevalent endocrine disorder in this population. Low thyroid function preconception and during pregnancy has been associated with a range of adverse outcomes including subfertility, miscarriage, preterm birth, and ongoing health problems in the neonate. Levothyroxine (LT4) treatment is routinely used in women with overt hypothyroidism (OH) to achieve a euthyroid status and consequently reduce the risk of these adverse outcomes. However, in other groups, such as those with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) or thyroid autoimmunity, the evidence is less clear and subsequently guidelines differ in their recommendations. Here we explore key trials exploring the use of LT4 in different types of thyroid disorder, including OH, SCH, isolated hypothyroxinemia, and thyroid autoimmunity. We examine how these disorders are defined in different trials, the specifics of the populations included, and the varying timing and dosage of LT4. By exploring the limitations of these trials and the interactions between results, we highlight issues for future research and practical considerations for policy-makers and clinicians caring for women with low thyroid function during preconception and pregnancy.
Effect of initiation and continuous adherence to ARBs vs. ACEIs on risk of adjudicated mild cognitive impairment or dementia
Authors: Derington Catherine G , Berchie Ransmond O , Scharfstein Daniel O , Andrews Ryan M , Greene Tom H , Xu Yizhe , King Jordan B , Supiano Mark A , Sonnen Joshua A , Williamson Jeff , Pajewski Nicholas M , Pruzin Jeremy , Cohen Jordana B , Bress Adam P
Published: February 2025

Background

Whether the differing mechanistic effects between angiotensin-2 receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) on the renin-angiotensin system translate to differential effects on clinical cognitive outcomes is unclear.

Methods

We employed an active comparator, new-user cohort study to emulate a target trial evaluating the per-protocol effect of initiating and continuously adhering to an ARB vs. ACEI on adjudicated amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and probable dementia (PD) in the Systolic Blood Pressure Intervention Trial. Inverse probability of treatment and censoring weighted cumulative incidence functions accounted for confounding, the competing risk of death, adherence, and loss to follow-up.

Results

Of 9,361 SPRINT participants (mean age 67.1±9.5 years, 36.7% female, 58.7% non-Hispanic White), 710 and 1,289 were new users of an ARB or ACEI. Overall, 291 (41.0%) ARB initiators and 854 (66.3%) ACEI initiators were non-adherent during follow-up. The IP-weighted 4-year probabilities of full adherence and being alive among ARB was 56.0% (95% CI: 52.2%-59.9%) and 30.5% (95% CI: 28.0%-33.1%) for ACEI. The 4-year weighted risk ratios (RR) for amnestic MCI/PD and for amnestic MCI/PD/death with initiation and full adherence to ARB vs. ACEI were 0.94 (95% CI: 0.66-1.29) and 0.79 (95% CI: 0.58-1.06). ARB vs. ACEI initiation and adherence was associated with a weighted RR of 0.36 (95% CI: 0.14-0.76).

Conclusions

In this target trial emulation of older adults at high risk for cardiovascular disease, there was insufficient evidence to conclude a beneficial effect of initiating and continuously adhering to an ARB vs. ACEI on adjudicated clinical cognitive outcomes.
Functional Neuroanatomy
Authors: Breedlove S. Marc , Watson Neil V.
Published: February 2025

This chapter further explores the complexity of the human brain, focusing on the role of neurons and glial cells in processing information and controlling behavior. It begins with an example of cortical electrical stimulation mapping, a procedure used to treat brain disorders and to explore the organization of the brain, such as its ability to evoke specific memories or sensations. The chapter introduces the neuron doctrine, which states that neurons are structurally and functionally independent and communicate across synapses, tiny gaps between cells. It also describes the vast number of synapses in the human brain, estimated at a quadrillion, which enable the brain's intricate networks to support all human behaviors. Through technologies like brain stimulation and imaging, researchers continue to uncover how the brain works, building on the foundational knowledge of its cellular and structural properties.
Hormones and the Brain
Authors: Breedlove S. Marc , Watson Neil V.
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores the powerful role of hormones in shaping both physical health and behavior, using Mary Lou's experience with a pituitary tumor as an example. After the tumor damaged her pituitary gland, Mary Lou had to rely on hormone replacements, which not only saved her life but also influenced her moods and personality. The chapter explains how hormones, produced by endocrine glands and other tissues, regulate brain function and behavior, affecting everything from cognitive abilities to emotions and social behaviors. It discusses the diverse range of hormones, their physiological actions, and their effects on various aspects of life, including brain development and aging. It sets the stage for exploring specific hormonal influences in areas such as reproduction, stress, and body maintenance.
Memory and Learning
Authors: Watson Neil V. , Breedlove S. Marc
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines the complexities of learning and memory, emphasizing their foundational role in human behavior. It identifies distinct types of learning and memory, describing how declarative memory relies on structures like the hippocampus and medial diencephalon, while nondeclarative memory engages areas such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Cases of brain damage, including Henry Molaison and Patient N.A., reveal how specific brain regions enable the formation of new memories while allowing older ones to persist. Studies also demonstrate that memory storage reshapes the brain, with experiences actively altering synapses and neurons, as shown by the effects of environmental enrichment on brain plasticity. Lastly, scientists link synaptic plasticity, exemplified by long-term potentiation (LTP) in hippocampal circuits, to learning processes, showing how neural activity encodes lasting memories.
Suggested solutions for Chapter 3
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Greeves Nick , Warren Stuart
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides solutions to the problems posed in Chapter 3 of Clayden, Greeves & Warren Organic Chemistry, second edition, on determining organic structures.
Suggested solutions for Chapter 11
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Greeves Nick , Warren Stuart
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides solutions to the problems posed in Chapter 11 of Clayden, Greeves & Warren Organic Chemistry, second edition, on nucleophilic substitution at C=O with loss of carbonyl oxygen.
Suggested solutions for Chapter 19
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Greeves Nick , Warren Stuart
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides solutions to the problems posed in Chapter 19 of Clayden, Greeves & Warren Organic Chemistry, second edition, on electrophilic addition to alkenes.
Suggested solutions for Chapter 22
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Greeves Nick , Warren Stuart
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides solutions to the problems posed in Chapter 22 of Clayden, Greeves & Warren Organic Chemistry, second edition, on conjugate addition and nucleophilic aromatic substitution.
Suggested solutions for Chapter 28
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Greeves Nick , Warren Stuart
Published: February 2025

This chapter provides solutions to the problems posed in Chapter 28 of Clayden, Greeves & Warren Organic Chemistry, second edition, on retrosynthetic analysis.
What Is Cognitive Psychology?
Authors: Chun Marvin M. , Most Steven B.
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores the development and scope of cognitive psychology, detailing its scientific study of how the mind processes information. It traces historical inquiries into cognition, focusing on contributions from ancient philosophers, experimental psychologists, and behaviourists, who emphasise observable behaviours over mental processes. The cognitive revolution in the mid-20th century integrates advances from computer science, linguistics, and artificial intelligence, bringing attention to information processing and computational approaches. Cognitive psychology connects deeply with fields like neuroscience, economics, and social and clinical psychology, examining how individuals absorb, transform, and use information. Lastly, the chapter highlights the evolving role of cognitive psychology as a foundational discipline that broadens understanding across numerous scientific domains.
Reasoning and Problem Solving
Authors: Chun Marvin M. , Most Steven B.
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores the cognitive and psychological mechanisms underpinning reasoning and problem-solving. Delay discounting reveals how individuals often prioritise immediate rewards over larger, delayed benefits, highlighting the role of self-control in decisions such as financial planning and addiction. The chapter examines the types of reasoning, including deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and causal reasoning, emphasising their relevance in understanding logical thought processes, drawing generalisations, and identifying cause-and-effect relationships. Bayesian reasoning provides a probabilistic framework for decision-making under uncertainty, aiding predictions and hypothesis evaluation. Problem-solving strategies involve insight, heuristics, and creativity, showcasing how novel thinking and pattern recognition address complex challenges. Finally, social reasoning incorporates theory of mind, cooperation, and trust, demonstrating their significance in group dynamics, fairness, and collective problem-solving scenarios such as the prisoner's dilemma.
Knowledge, Intelligence, and Cognitive Development
Authors: Chun Marvin M. , Most Steven B.
Published: February 2025

This chapter explores the intricate relationship between knowledge, intelligence, and their development, offering insights into how humans acquire, utilise, and refine their understanding of the world. It describes knowledge as information that individuals obtain through sensory perception and reasoning, organising knowledge into concepts that facilitate communication, inference, and decision-making. The chapter then defines intelligence as the capacity to apply knowledge effectively, which examines through historical perspectives, measurement methods such as IQ tests, and distinctions like fluid intelligence versus crystallised intelligence. It discusses the development of knowledge and intelligence within the framework of nature versus nurture, highlighting the interplay of innate capabilities and environmental influences in shaping cognitive growth. Through studies in categorisation, learning, and neural representation, the chapter looks at the dynamic and interconnected processes underlying human cognition and intellectual advancement.
Dietary Breadth Predicts Toxin Expression Complexity in the Venoms of North American Gartersnakes
Authors: Heptinstall T C , Rosales García R A , Rautsaw R M , Myers E A , Holding M L , Mason A J , Hofmann E P , Schramer T D , Hogan M P , Borja M , Castañeda-Gaytán G , Feldman C R , Rokyta D R , Parkinson C L
Published: February 2025

Synopsis

Selection on heritable phenotypic variation has played a prominent role in shaping the remarkable adaptations found across the Tree of Life. Complex ecological traits, such as snake venoms, are thought to be the products of selection because they directly link to fitness and survival. Snake venom increases the efficiency of prey capture and processing and is thus likely under intense selection. While many studies of snake venom have investigated the relationship between venom and diet, they have primarily focused on medically relevant front-fanged snakes. However, recent work has suggested that many non-front fanged snakes also rely on venom for subduing prey, despite having reduced toxicity toward humans. Here, we set out to uncover variation in toxin-producing genes, along with the ecological and evolutionary pressures impacting snake venom characteristics in the North American gartersnakes (Squamata: Natricidae: Thamnophis), a model group of non-front-fanged snakes. We annotated and analyzed Duvernoy's venom gland transcriptomes from 16 species representing all the major lineages within Thamnophis. We then generated measures of complexity of both toxins and dietary breadth. We found strong correlations between the complexity of toxin gene expression and phylogenetic diversity of diet, but no relationship between the complexity of the genetic makeup of the transcriptomes (allelic or sequence variation) and diet complexities. We also found phylogenetic signal associated with venom complexity, suggesting some influence of ancestry on venom characteristics. We suggest that, in non-front-fanged snakes, expression of toxins rather than sequence complexity is under strong selection by dietary diversity. These findings contradict similar studies from front-fanged snakes where increased transcriptomic complexity varies positively with dietary diversity, exposing a potential novel relationship between a complex phenotype—toxin expression—and its selective pressures—diet.
Characterization and comparison of immunity against MPXV for individuals infected with MPXV or vaccinated with modified vaccinia Ankara vaccines
Authors: Wiedemann Aurélie , Surénaud Mathieu , Hubert Mathieu , Lopez Zaragoza José-Luis , Ribeiro Alexandre , Rodrigues Cécile , Foucat Emile , Diombera Harouna , Krief Corinne , Schwartz Olivier , Lelièvre Jean-Daniel , Lévy Yves
Published: February 2025

The 2022 Mpox virus (MPXV) outbreak revitalized questions about immunity against MPXV and vaccinia-based vaccines (VAC-V), but studies are limited. We analyzed immunity against MPXV in individuals infected with MPXV or vaccinated with the licensed modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) Bavarian Nordic or an experimental MVA-HIVB vaccine. The frequency of neutralizing antibody responders was higher among MPXV-infected individuals than MVA vaccinees. Both MVA vaccines induced similar and strong humoral responses. Similarly, we show a higher frequency and magnitude (5-fold) of T cell responses, mainly mediated by CD8+ T cells, against a peptide pool containing selected sequences from MPXV, variola, and VAC-V in MPXV-infected individuals than MVA vaccinees. We describe a hierarchy of cross-reactive T cell responses against 5 peptide pools that are highly homologous between VAC-V and MPXV 2022, with the highest frequency of responders against MVA-121L and MVA-018L proteins. Both vaccines stimulated a notable frequency of polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, with a subset of CD4+ T cells showing a mixed cytokine profile. Finally, we found that smallpox vaccination in childhood positively affected humoral but not T cell vaccine responses, whereas these responses were not affected in people living with HIV. These findings contribute to deciphering and monitoring the profile of immunity to MPXV and MVA. In the context of a potential threat of the reemergence of smallpox following bioterrorism, the diversification and availability of potent vaccines is crucial. The comparable immunogenicity of both MVA vaccines emphasizes the potential utility of MVA-HIVB as a valuable new tool for controlling MPXV outbreaks.
Histone Methylation in Plant Responses to Abiotic Stresses
Authors: Yu Mei-Hui , Liao Wen-Chi , Wu Keqiang
Published: February 2025

Abiotic stresses, including drought, salinity, temperature fluctuations, and nutrient deficiencies, challenge plant growth and productivity, requiring adaptive mechanisms for survival. Histone modifications, especially histone methylation, participate in gene expression regulation in response to these stresses. Notably, bivalent H3K4me3-H3K27me3 modifications play a central role in fine-tuning stress-responsive genes, allowing plants adapt to environmental changes. Recent studies have highlighted the dynamic switching of these bivalent chromatin marks at specific loci during stress, facilitating plant acclimatization to adverse environments. This review focuses on the four major histone H3 methylation modifications—H3K4, H3K9, H3K27, and H3K36—examining the roles of the associated methyltransferases and demethylases in mediating histone methylation dynamics. We synthesize recent findings on how these modifications regulate plant responses to various abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, heat, light stress, heavy metal exposure, and nutrient stress. By exploring these molecular mechanisms, we aim to deepen the understanding of how histone methylation shapes plant stress responses at both transcriptional and epigenetic levels. Furthermore, we also discuss the functional interaction of histone methylation with histone acetylation. These insights are critical for advancing breeding strategies aimed at improving plant tolerance to environmental stressors, ensuring food security, and supporting sustainable agricultural practices amid climate change.
Binary division of plastids involves ER-mediation
Authors: Ghosh Puja Puspa , Kunjumon Thomas Kadanthottu , Mathur Jaideep
Published: February 2025

Plastids divide through binary division, involving the cytosolic protein Accumulation and Replication of Chloroplast 5 (ARC5), suggested to constrict and sever the plastid envelope membrane. However, the mechanisms involved in ARC5 recruitment to the mid-plastid division site and the final separation of daughter plastids are not fully understood. Using time-lapse imaging of Arabidopsis thaliana stable transgenics expressing fluorescently tagged endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ARC5 proteins, we investigated the role played by the ER in the late stages of plastid division. Our observations establish that prior to its mid-plastid localization at the division-plane, ARC5 associates with ER membranes. ARC5-ER association generates an ER band around the plastid mid-plane that persists throughout division. Progressive tightening of the ER-band narrows the plastid middle to form an isthmus. Concomitantly, tandem plastid – ER dynamics facilitated by membrane contact sites (MCSs) move and rotate the dividing plastid and ultimately lead to the separation of daughter plastids. Our findings strongly indicate a pivotal role for the ER in facilitating plastid division.
Urease-catalyzed microbial and enzymatic carbonate precipitation for eco-friendly heavy metal remediation
Authors: Rajasekar Adharsh , Omoregie Armstrong Ighodalo , Kui Kan Fock
Published: February 2025

Heavy metal contamination significantly threatens environmental and public health, necessitating effective and sustainable remediation technologies. This review explores two innovative bioremediation techniques: microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) and enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICP). Both techniques show promise for immobilizing heavy metals in laboratory and field settings. MICP utilizes the metabolic activity of ureolytic microorganisms to precipitate calcium carbonate, sequestering heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, and arsenic as stable metal–carbonate complexes. EICP, on the other hand, employs urease enzymes to catalyze calcium carbonate precipitation, offering greater control over reaction conditions and higher efficiency in environments unfavorable to microbial activity. This mini-review compares the mechanisms of MICP and EICP, focusing on factors influencing their performance, including enzyme or microbial activity, pH, temperature, and nutrient availability. Case studies illustrate their success in sequestering heavy metals, emphasizing their practical applications and environmental benefits. A comparative analysis highlights the strengths and limitations of MICP and EICP regarding cost, scalability, and challenges. This review synthesizes research to support the advancement of MICP and EICP as sustainable solutions for mitigating heavy metal contamination.
Cosmological constraints using Minkowski functionals from the first year data of the Hyper Suprime-Cam
Authors: Armijo Joaquin , Marques Gabriela A , Novaes Camila P , Thiele Leander , Cowell Jessica A , Grandón Daniela , Shirasaki Masato , Liu Jia
Published: February 2025

We use Minkowski functionals to analyse weak lensing convergence maps from the first-year data release of the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC-Y1) survey. Minkowski functionals provide a description of the morphological properties of a field, capturing the non-Gaussian features of the Universe matter-density distribution. Using simulated catalogues that reproduce survey conditions and encode cosmological information, we emulate Minkowski functionals predictions across a range of cosmological parameters to derive the best-fit from the data. By applying multiple scales cuts, we rigorously mitigate systematic effects, including baryonic feedback and intrinsic alignments. From the analysis, combining constraints of the angular power spectrum and Minkowski functionals, we obtain $S_8 \equiv \sigma _8\sqrt{\Omega _{{\rm m}}/0.3} = {0.808}_{-0.046}^{+0.033}$ and $\Omega _{\rm m} = {0.293}_{-0.043}^{+0.157}$. These results represent a 40 per cent improvement on the $S_8$ constraints compared to using power spectrum only. Minkowski functionals results are consistent with other two-point, and higher order statistics constraints using the same data, being in agreement with CMB results from the Planck $S_8$ measurements. Our study demonstrates the power of Minkowski functionals beyond two-point statistics to constrain and break the degeneracy between $\Omega _{\rm m}$ and $\sigma _8$.
Glioma-White Matter Tract Interactions: A dMRI-Based Three-Tier Classification and Its Clinical Relevance
Authors: Hu Jie , Bao Hongbo , Liu Xing , Fang Shengyu , Yan Zeya , Wang Zihan , Zhang Renwu , Wang Ruiyang , Pu Tingting , Li Chao , Cui Zaixu , Jiang Tao , Wang Yinyan
Published: February 2025

Background

This study proposed a classification system for the interaction between gliomas and white matter tracts, exploring its potential associations with clinical characteristics, tumor pathological subtypes, and patient outcomes.

Methods

Clinical data and diffusion MRI from 360 glioma patients who underwent craniotomy were analyzed. Using automatic fiber tractography, glioma-tract relationships were categorized into three types: displacement, infiltration, and disruption. Double immunohistochemical staining for IDH and MBP was performed on neuronavigation-guided tissue samples to validate the imaging-based classifications. The clinical implications of these classifications on the extent of tumor resection, postoperative motor function, and survival outcomes were evaluated.

Results

Among the patients, 35 (9.7%) were categorized as displacement type, 283 (78.6%) as infiltration type, and 42 (11.7%) as disruption type. Disruption-type tracts were predominantly associated with IDH wild-type gliomas (87.2%), significantly higher than infiltration (28.5%) and displacement types (23.5%) (P < 0.001). Displacement and infiltration types were more common in IDH-mutant gliomas (P < 0.001). Displacement-type tracts were significantly associated with higher rates of complete tumor resection compared to infiltration types (P = 0.015). In corticospinal tract involved cases, displacement-type tumors demonstrated no significant postoperative motor strength changes, whereas infiltration (P < 0.001) and disruption types (P = 0.013) were highly associated with postoperative motor deficits. Histological results aligned with dMRI-based classifications.

Conclusions

This dMRI-based classification of glioma-tract interactions is significantly associated with tumor pathology, resection outcomes, functional prognosis, and survival, providing a valuable tool for personalized and precise surgical planning.
All-cause excess mortality following Storm Daniel flood event in Greece
Authors: Valavani Evdoxia , Bellos Vasilis , Apostolidou-Kiouti Fani , Benos Alexis , Kondilis Elias
Published: February 2025

Background

Storm Daniel, characterized as the most severe 21st century flood event in Greece, struck the Regions of Thessaly and Central Greece in early September 2023, resulting in 17 reported direct fatalities.

Methods

This study evaluated all-cause excess mortality in the prefectures of Fthiotida, Karditsa/Trikala and Magnesia affected by Storm Daniel. We compared weekly deaths during the first week and the 90 days following the flood, to expected deaths based on historical trends 2015–2019.

Results

During the week of the flooding event, Fthiotida, Karditsa/Trikala and Magnesia prefectures experienced mortality increases of 57% (95%CI: 19%–95%), 40% (95%CI: 13%–66%) and 39% (95%CI: 7%–70%) over expected levels, respectively. A total of 54 (95% CI: 31–77) excess deaths were recorded during the week of Storm Daniel’s landfall, with the cumulative number of excess deaths reaching to 335 (95% CI: 250–420) over subsequent 90 days.

Conclusion

Conventional approaches that focus solely on immediate and direct flood fatalities underestimate the overall and actual health risks faced by flood-affected communities. Floods have complex and long-term health effects, necessitating continuous monitoring of the affected communities.
Evaluation of tobacco foliar fungicides against target spot in North Carolina, 2024
Authors: Ahumada Daisy , Lainfiesta Palomo Maria Fernanda
Published: February 2025

Target spot, caused by the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, is among the most devastating diseases of flue-cured tobacco in North Carolina. Symptoms include brown circular lesions with concentric rings, often surrounded by yellowed tissue. As the lesions expand, they will thin and break resulting in a hole where the lesion is. This report evaluates the efficacy of fungicide programs on target spot in tobacco. The trial was conducted in 2024 in a research station field in Rocky Mount, NC. Results from these trials will help advise tobacco growers in effective fungicide programs for this disease.
Readability of Patient Education Materials for Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion
Authors: Sedani Anil , Kholodovsky Eric , Trapana Justin , Trapana Evan
Published: February 2025

Study Design:

Descriptive study.

Summary of Background Data:

Patients commonly use online patient education materials (PEM) to learn about anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the readability of patient education materials on anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.

Methods:

The Google search engine was queried using the term “Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion patient information.” The first 25 websites meeting inclusion criteria for this term were evaluated. Readability scores were automatically calculated by transferring the texts to http://www.readabilityformulas.com. Descriptive statistics were calculated for each measure using SPSS version 28.0.0.

Results:

The mean average reading level was 9.2±2.4. The mean readability score out of 100 for the FK Reading Ease Score was 55.2±8.6. The remaining scores were: Gunning Fog, 12.7±2.2; FK Grade Level, 8.9±2.0; The Coleman Liau Index, 11.0±1.7; SMOG Index, 48.1±197.0; Automated Readability Index, 8.1±3.11; Linsear Write Formula, 9.8±2.1. Only 2 of the PEMs were written at or below a sixth grade level and only 7 were written at or below an eighth grade reading level.

Conclusion:

Patient readability is an important component of patient care and the current readability level of ACDF PEMs is insufficient. At their current state, PEMs may not allow a significant portion of the population to understand the nature of their condition and procedure properly.

Level of Evidence:

Level III.
Analysis of Duloxetine-Related Adverse Events Using the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System
Authors: Zhu Meng , Lv Shengxia , Zhu Feiye , Zhang Yongsheng
Published: February 2025

Background

The objective of this study was to examine the characteristics of adverse drug reactions of duloxetine and investigate the potential precautions that may exist beyond the drug label.

Methods

This study used data from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System database 2004–2023 and the linked information of duloxetine. Four algorithms used to evaluate the correlation between duloxetine and adverse events include reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio, Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, and multi-item gamma Poisson shrinker.

Results

Adverse reactions involving duloxetine were associated with 24 System Organ Classes. Among them, the three most frequent systems affected were psychiatric disorders (reporting odds ratio [ROR] 5.05), nervous system disorders (ROR 2.27), and general medical conditions and administration site conditions (ROR 0.83). Of particular note, the number of reported cases and the risk of occurrence of adverse events of drug withdrawal syndrome (n = 7498), nausea (n = 7942), and headache (n = 5732) were the highest, increasing each year and reached a peak submission in 2017. More importantly, the occurrence of reproductive system and breast disorders (chisq 317.85) was not mentioned in the drug leaflet.

Conclusions

Psychiatric and nervous system disorders are the most frequently reported adverse events associated with duloxetine, with drug withdrawal syndrome, nausea, and headache being especially common. The emergence of mood-related symptoms, such as agitation and irritability, underscores the need for vigilant monitoring of mental health. Additionally, potential risks affecting the reproductive system suggest areas for further attention. These findings highlight the importance of proactive monitoring to improve patient safety during duloxetine treatment.
Preventing Fentanyl-Related Overdose Deaths with Naloxone—A Medical Examiner Study
Authors: Alexander Gabriel D. , Ferreira Pamela A. , Dean Stephanie A. , Alexander Russell T.
Published: February 2025

An epidemic of fentanyl overdose deaths has led to community naloxone use to save lives, and it has been suggested that businesses face legal liability for failing to provide naloxone. This study reviewed Maryland fentanyl-related overdose deaths in 2022. A death was considered preventable by widespread availability and use of naloxone in the following circumstances: a witnessed arrest, a person suffering an overdose found within 30 minutes of last being known alive, a person found unresponsive who showed potential to be resuscitated by emergency medical services, or the person being “found dead” in a public area such that a reasonable opportunity existed for someone else to find the decedent earlier and administer naloxone before death occurred. Of the 2047 overdose deaths in the study, 13.5% were deemed possibly preventable, and 2.7% were found such that a business could have possibly provided naloxone. The preventable overdoses were most commonly found by a “close contact” (family, friend, boy/girlfriend, and room/housemate) in a residence. A targeted effort to educate and supply naloxone to people who use drugs and their close contacts offers the best chance of reducing fentanyl overdose deaths. Mandating all businesses to carry naloxone is not supported by this study.
Behavioral Readiness for Daily Oral PrEP in a Diverse Sample of Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men who have Sex with Men Who Have Not Been Offered PrEP by a Provider
Authors: Kota Krishna Kiran , Mansergh Gordon , Carnes Neal , Gelaude Deborah
Published: February 2025

Background:

Daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM) remains suboptimal. Assessing behavioral readiness for PrEP use among GBMSM who can benefit and offering PrEP may increase uptake among GBMSM. We measured 4-item readiness for taking PrEP among GBMSM who have not been offered PrEP by a provider.

Methods:

GBMSM in Atlanta, Chicago, and Raleigh-Durham reporting recent condomless anal sex were assessed for “readiness” to discuss PrEP with a provider, test for HIV, take a daily pill, attend provider appointments, and a 4-component composite score for PrEP readiness. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were applied to examine factors associated with readiness to use PrEP.

Results:

Study sample (n=187) was 51% Black, 15% Hispanic, 30% identified as bisexual or straight or other, and 29% had no health insurance. 55% said they were ready to discuss PrEP with a provider, 88% were ready to get an HIV test, 45% were ready to take a daily pill, 48% were ready to attend appointments, and 37% reported overall PrEP readiness. Having no health insurance was associated with readiness for a daily pill (AOR=2.78, CI=1.34-5.78) and 4-item PrEP readiness (AOR=2.34, CI=1.13-4.85). Self-identification as gay (vs bisexual/straight) was associated with readiness to discuss PrEP (AOR=2.14, CI=1.05-4.36).

Conclusion:

Only 37% of GBMSM with recent condomless anal sex were ready for PrEP based on the 4-item readiness. Readiness may differ based on sexual identity, insurance status, and other characteristics. Efforts are needed to increase readiness across behavioral components of PrEP use.
Challenging the Paradigm: Rates of Mandibular Infection Following Fracture
Authors: Ragsdale Louisa B. , Kreh Caroline C. , Zhang Andi , Keller Ruston , Chen Kevin
Published: February 2025

Little consensus exists regarding the proper timing of mandibular fracture fixation. Given the proximity of the oral flora to the mandible, many surgeons advocate for early fixation to mitigate infection risk. This retrospective study evaluates the safety of treating mandible fractures in a subacute period. After institutional review board approval, a retrospective analysis was performed of all mandibular fractures presented to a single center from 2013 to 2023. Patient, injury, medical, and operative details were reviewed. Area deprivation index (ADI) was used to approximate patient socioeconomic disadvantage. Data analysis included χ2, univariate, and logistic regression. Six hundred forty patients were analyzed. Most were male (75.8%) with an average age of 39.2 years. The mandibular body and angle were the most common fracture sites. On average, patients underwent surgery 6.9 days postinjury, with 49.7% undergoing ORIF. The average antibiotic duration was 11.7 days. Infection occurred in 3.8% of patients and typically presented in postoperative month 3. Injury mechanism, history of smoking, and treatment with oral clindamycin were found to be significant predictors of mandible infection (P<0.005) on logistic regression. Time from injury to the operating room, time from injury to antibiotics, duration of antibiotics, fracture location, and patient ADI had no influence on infection rate. Although time from injury to the operating room was previously thought to influence the infection rate, our study demonstrated no increased risk of infection with subacute mandibular fracture management. Factors completely out of the control of the surgeon, including patient comorbidities and mechanism of injury, may pose a greater risk than previously recognized.
Adverse Events Associated With Female External Urinary Collection Devices
Authors: Golshani Mahgol , Tverye Aaron , Bate Taylor , Anger Jennifer T. , Souders Colby P.
Published: February 2025

Importance

Female external urinary collection devices were designed with the goal of decreasing the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections, which can have significant clinical complications. The BD PureWick urinary collection system, C. R. Bard, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ, was the first device to enter the market and has had a widespread distribution. There is a lack of clinical data evaluating the safety of the PureWick device.

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate adverse events associated with the PureWick device using reports from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Manufacturer and User Device Experience database.

Study Design

A retrospective case series was conducted of adverse events from the database, which includes the adverse events and patient demographics from mandatory and voluntary reporters. Grounded theory was applied, utilizing inductive reasoning to identify salient keywords in the analysis of adverse events.

Results

A total of 1,406 reports were submitted to the database from January 2016 to October 2023, with each report having at least 1 adverse event complaint. Report complaints were classified by patient injury (n = 1412, 67.6%), device malfunction (n = 459, 22.1%), user error (n = 125, 6.0%), device instructions (n = 83, 4.0%) and death (n = 6, 0.29%). Salient keywords include urinary tract infection, skin irritation, and device leakage.

Conclusions

There are adverse events associated with the PureWick external urinary collection device in reports from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration database. These findings warrant additional studies to assess the safety of the PureWick for patients using the device in the hospital and at home.
Evaluating methods for genome sequencing of Chlamydia trachomatis and other sexually transmitted bacteria directly from clinical swabs
Authors: Büttner Karina Andrea , Bregy Vera , Wegner Fanny , Purushothaman Srinithi , Imkamp Frank , Roloff Handschin Tim , Puolakkainen Mirja H. , Hiltunen-Back Eija , Braun Domnique , Kisakesen Ibrahim , Schreiber Andreas , Entrocassi Andrea Carolina , Gallo Vaulet María Lucía , López Aquino Deysi , Svidler López Laura , La Rosa Luciana , Egli Adrian , Rodríguez Fermepin Marcelo , Seth-Smith Helena MB ,   On behalf of the ESCMID Study Group for Mycoplasma and Chlamydia infections (ESGMAC)*
Published: February 2025

Graphical Abstract

Using target enrichment, RNA baits designed around a panel of bacterial sexually transmitted infections were used to fish target DNA from the clinical sample, leading to complete bacterial genome sequences.