bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agency et possessions féminines en Afrique. Une évaluation critique
Authors: Plancke Carine
Published: February 2013

La prédominance des femmes dans les cultes de possession en Afrique a soulevé maintes questions dans la littérature anthropologique sur le rapport entre ce phénomène et le pouvoir des femmes. En réaction à des interprétations qui partent du présupposé de la domination masculine universelle, la notion d’agency a été privilégiée afin d’évaluer comment la possession peut augmenter la capacité d’agir des femmes. Cet article, à partir du cas des possessions féminines chez les Punu du Congo-Brazzaville, suggère l’intérêt de prendre également en compte le pouvoir dans le sens de l’énergie et de valoriser la réceptivité en dehors de la dichotomie actif/passif et de l’association, contenue dans la notion d’agency, de la subjectivité avec l’autonomie et la conscience active.

The predominance of women in possession cults in Africa has brought forward many questions in the anthropological literature on the link between this phenomenon and the power of women. Dismissing interpretations that rest upon the assumption of universal male domination, anthropologists have privileged the notion of agency to be able to evaluate how possession can enhance women’s capacity to act. This article, by examining the case study of female possession among the Punu of Congo-Brazzaville, suggests to consider also power as energy and to value receptivity beyond the active/passive dichotomy and the association, contained in the notion of agency, of subjectivity with autonomy and active consciousness.
La correspondance de Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon (1827-1891)
Authors: Simon-Martin Meritxell
Published: February 2013

Le concept d’agency est l’un des piliers de la pensée féministe. La subjectivité féminine, telle qu’elle est articulée dans le contexte masculiniste qui la détermine, a été l’objet d’études menées dans une grande variété de disciplines, y compris la philosophie, la sociologie, la psychologie et l’histoire – pour n’en citer que quelques-unes. Néanmoins, le terme ne présente pas une définition univoque. Il est conçu différemment en fonction des spécificités de chaque discipline. Agency peut faire référence à la constitution de soi ; il peut correspondre au contraire de déterminisme ; il peut signifier la capacité des individus à résister aux structures et aux discours oppressifs ; ou encore il peut indiquer le pouvoir des agents d’impulser des transformations sociales. Visant à contribuer à élucider ce terme, je propose une définition multiple de female agency conceptualisée à travers les échanges épistolaires. Dans ce but, je prends comme exemple la correspondance personnelle de Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon – qui a été une féministe, philanthrope et artiste anglaise de la période victorienne. La réflexion que je propose dans cet article fait partie de ma recherche doctorale, qui examine le rôle des échanges épistolaires dans la vie de Bodichon. En tant que travail en cours, les trois dimensions d’agency que je souligne ici sont présentées comme les lignes de recherche que j’explore à présent.

The concept of agency underpins most feminist research. Accounting for women’s subjectivity within a masculinist environment has been the object of scholarly research conducted from a wide variety of disciplines. Having been theorized within the specificities of each field, the term does not present a “standard” definition. Agency can be equated with self-constitution; it may stand for the opposite of determinism; it can signify individuals’ capacity for resistance to oppressive structures and discourses; or it may indicate agents’ power to effect historical change. With the view of contributing to elucidate this term, I propose a threefold definition of female agency conceptualized through epistolary narratives and letter-exchanges. For this purpose, I take the example of the personal correspondence of mid-Victorian feminist and artist Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon.
L’agency de Juliette Adam (1836-1936)
Authors: D’Agostini Aldo
Published: February 2013

Grâce à ses rôles d’hôtesse de salon et de directrice de revue, et avec ses combats épiques pour la République et pour la Patrie, Juliette Adam a joué un rôle important dans la vie politique française de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. Elle a notamment contribué à la fabrication d’une nouvelle classe dirigeante et conditionné l’adoption de certains choix de politique étrangère. Dans cet article, nous reconstruisons le parcours de cette « femme politique » en focalisant notre attention sur sa capacité d’agir au sein de la vie politique française. Notre objectif est d’illustrer le processus à travers lequel cette capacité d’agir (agency) a été rendue possible et a pu se perpétuer dans le temps.
L’expansion de la pêche en Catalogne durant l’époque moderne
Authors: Martín Corrales Eloy
Published: February 2013

L’importance de la consommation de poisson en Catalogne, liée à des facteurs de type religieux et économique, explique la transformation de la pêche catalane aux XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. L’activité halieutique, centrée au XVIe siècle sur la Costa Brava, fut incapable de répondre à la demande de poisson résultant de la croissance démographique enregistrée dans l’ensemble de la Catalogne ainsi qu’à Barcelone. D’où le fait que la flotte de pêche catalane se soit lancée à la conquête d’autres lieux de pêche, en particulier sur les côtes d’Andalousie et de Galice. Cependant, la majeure partie de la consommation de poisson fut assurée grâce aux importations croissantes de morue qui arrivait à Barcelone à bord des navires anglais.
La pêche ’alla gaetana’ et le marché romain
Authors: Denis-Delacour Christopher
Published: February 2013

Si la présence des marins de Gaète le long des côtes tyrrhéniennes romaines n’était pas un phénomène nouveau au XVIIIe siècle, elle prit un relief particulier dans le cadre de Ripa Grande. Dans un contexte de création et d’affirmation d’une identité ‘étatique’, l’insertion initiale des Gaetani par l’intermédiaire de l’appareil normatif réglant la pêche pontificale concrétisait la patiente accumulation de savoirs informels et la construction d’un réseau d’intermédiaires stratégiquement positionnés. Des savoirs qui furent un tremplin professionnel et économique mêlant pluriactivité et stratégies d’interprétation institutionnelle.
Inspecteurs des salaisons et marchands de salines : commerce et contrôle du « poisson de conserve » à Marseille au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Faget Daniel
Published: February 2013

D’origine locale ou atlantique, le poisson constitue à l’époque moderne l’un des produits essentiels du commerce méditerranéen. Organisée de manière complexe, sa distribution alimente les marchés portuaires. Denrée périssable, la vente du poisson suscite toutefois la méfiance des autorités, qui édictent des normes d’hygiène au début du XVIIIe siècle. Les procès-verbaux dressés par les inspecteurs des « salines » à l’issue de leurs visites dans les cales des navires et les entrepôts du port permettent de mieux cerner pratiques délictueuses et organisation de la distribution. Le sort réservé aux marchandises saisies, systématiquement immergées dans des eaux peu profondes, révèle enfin une représentation du milieu marin comme paré de vertus prophylactiques.
The α7β0 Isoform of the Complement Regulator C4b-Binding Protein Induces a Semimature, Anti-Inflammatory State in Dendritic Cells
Authors: Olivar Rut , Luque Ana , Naranjo-Gómez Mar , Quer Josep , García de Frutos Pablo , Borràs Francesc E. , Rodríguez de Córdoba Santiago , Blom Anna M. , Aran Josep M.
Published: February 2013

The classical pathway complement regulator C4b-binding protein (C4BP) is composed of two polypeptides (α- and β-chains), which form three plasma oligomers with different subunit compositions (α7β1, α7β0, and α6β1). We show in this article that the C4BP α7β0 isoform (hereafter called C4BP[β−] [C4BP lacking the β-chain]), overexpressed under acute-phase conditions, induces a semimature, tolerogenic state on human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) activated by a proinflammatory stimulus. C4BP isoforms containing β-chain (α7β1 and α6β1; C4BP[β+]) neither interfered with the normal maturation of DCs nor competed with C4BP(β−) activity on these cells. Immature DCs (iDCs) treated with C4BP(β−) retained high endocytic activity, but, upon LPS treatment, they did not upregulate surface expression of CD83, CD80, and CD86. Transcriptional profiling of these semimature DCs revealed that treatment with C4BP(β−) prevented the induction of IDO and BIC-1, whereas TGF-β1 expression was maintained to the level of iDCs. C4BP(β−)–treated DCs were also unable to release proinflammatory Th1 cytokines (IL-12, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-8) and, conversely, increased IL-10 secretion. They prevented surface CCR7 overexpression and, accordingly, displayed reduced chemotaxis, being morphologically indistinguishable from iDCs. Moreover, C4BP(β−)-treated DCs failed to enhance allogeneic T cell proliferation, impairing IFN-γ production in these cells and, conversely, promoting CD4+CD127low/negCD25highFoxp3+ T cells. Deletion mutant analysis revealed that the complement control protein-6 domain of the α-chain is necessary for the tolerogenic activity of C4BP(β−). Our data demonstrate a novel anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory function of the complement regulator C4BP, suggesting a relevant role of the acute-phase C4BP(β−) isoform in a number of pathophysiological conditions and potential applications in autoimmunity and transplantation.
HLA Reduces Killer Cell Ig-like Receptor Expression Level and Frequency in a Humanized Mouse Model
Authors: van Bergen Jeroen , Thompson Allan , van Pel Melissa , Retière Christelle , Salvatori Daniela , Raulet David H. , Trowsdale John , Koning Frits
Published: February 2013

NK cells use NK cell receptors to be able to recognize and eliminate infected, transformed, and allogeneic cells. Human NK cells are prevented from killing autologous healthy cells by virtue of inhibitory NKRs, primarily killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIR) that bind “self” HLA class I molecules. Individual NK cells stably express a selected set of KIR, but it is currently disputed whether the fraction of NK cells expressing a particular inhibitory KIR is influenced by the presence of the corresponding HLA ligand. The extreme polymorphism of the KIR and HLA loci, with wide-ranging affinities for individual KIR and HLA allele combinations, has made this issue particularly hard to tackle. In this study, we used a transgenic mouse model to investigate the effect of HLA on KIR repertoire and function in the absence of genetic variation inside and outside the KIR locus. These H-2Kb−/− and H-2Db−/− mice lacked ligands for inhibitory Ly49 receptors and were transgenic for HLA-Cw3 and a KIR B haplotype. In this reductionist system, the presence of HLA-Cw3 reduced the frequency of KIR2DL2+ cells, as well as the surface expression levels of KIR2DL2. In addition, in the presence of HLA-Cw3, the frequency of NKG2A+ cells and the surface expression levels of NKG2A were reduced. In line with these findings, both transgene-encoded KIR and endogenous NKG2A contributed to the rejection of cells lacking HLA-Cw3. These findings support the idea that HLA influences the human KIR repertoire.
Priming of CD8+ T Cells against Cytomegalovirus-Encoded Antigens Is Dominated by Cross-Presentation
Authors: Busche Andreas , Jirmo Adan Chari , Welten Suzanne P. M. , Zischke Jasmin , Noack Julia , Constabel Hannelore , Gatzke Anna-Katherina , Keyser Kirsten A. , Arens Ramon , Behrens Georg M. N. , Messerle Martin
Published: February 2013

CMV can infect dendritic cells (DCs), and direct Ag presentation could, therefore, lead to the priming of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells. However, CMV-encoded immune evasins severely impair Ag presentation in the MHC class I pathway; thus, it is widely assumed that cross-presentation drives the priming of antiviral T cells. We assessed the contribution of direct versus cross priming in mouse CMV (MCMV) infection using recombinant viruses. DCs infected with an MCMV strain encoding the gB498 epitope from HSV-1 were unable to stimulate in vitro naive gB498-specific CD8+ T cells from TCR transgenic mice. Infection of C57BL/6 mice with this recombinant virus led, however, to the generation of abundant numbers of gB498-specific T cells in vivo. Of the DC subsets isolated from infected mice, only CD8α+ DCs were able to stimulate naive T cells, suggesting that this DC subset cross-presents MCMV-encoded Ag in vivo. Upon infection of mice with MCMV mutants encoding Ag that can either be well or hardly cross-presented, mainly CD8+ T cells specific for cross-presented epitopes were generated. Moreover, even in the absence of immune evasion genes interfering with MHC class I–mediated Ag presentation, priming of T cells to Ag that can only be presented directly was not observed. We conclude that the host uses mainly DCs capable of cross-presentation to induce the CMV-specific CD8+ T cell response during primary, acute infection and discuss the implications for the development of a CMV vaccine.
A Polyglutamic Acid Motif Confers IL-27 Hydroxyapatite and Bone-Binding Properties
Authors: Tormo Aurélie Jeanne , Beaupré Linda Ann , Elson Greg , Crabé Sandrine , Gauchat Jean-François
Published: February 2013

The p28 subunit of the composite cytokine IL-27 comprises a polyglutamic acid domain, which is unique among type I cytokines. This domain is very similar to the acidic domain known to confer hydroxyapatite (HA)-binding properties and bone tropism to bone sialoprotein. We observed IL-27 binding to HA, in accordance with previous studies reporting successful p28 HA chromatography. The IL-27 polyglutamic acid domain is located in a flexible inter-α helix loop, and HA-bound IL-27 retained biological activity. Using IL-27 alanine mutants, we observed that the p28 polyglutamic acid domain confers HA- and bone-binding properties to IL-27 in vitro and bone tropism in vivo. Because IL-27 is a potent regulator of cells residing in endosteal bone marrow niches such as osteoclasts, T regulatory, memory T, plasma, and stem cells, this specific property could be beneficial for therapeutic applications. IL-27 has potent antitumoral and antiosteoclastogenic activities. It could therefore also be useful for therapies targeting hematologic cancer or solid tumors metastasis with bone tropism. Furthermore, these observations suggest that polyglutamic motifs could be grafted onto other type I cytokine inter-α helix loops to modify their pharmacological properties.
Control of Tumor-Associated Macrophage Alternative Activation by Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor
Authors: Yaddanapudi Kavitha , Putty Kalyani , Rendon Beatriz E. , Lamont Gwyneth J. , Faughn Jonathan D. , Satoskar Abhay , Lasnik Amanda , Eaton John W. , Mitchell Robert A.
Published: February 2013

Tumor stromal alternatively activated macrophages are important determinants of antitumor T lymphocyte responses, intratumoral neovascularization, and metastatic dissemination. Our recent efforts to investigate the mechanism of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in antagonizing antimelanoma immune responses reveal that macrophage-derived MIF participates in macrophage alternative activation in melanoma-bearing mice. Both peripheral and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) isolated from melanoma bearing MIF-deficient mice display elevated proinflammatory cytokine expression and reduced anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive, and proangiogenic gene products compared with macrophages from tumor-bearing MIF wild-type mice. Moreover, TAMs and myeloid-derived suppressor cells from MIF-deficient mice exhibit reduced T lymphocyte immunosuppressive activities compared with those from their wild-type littermates. Corresponding with reduced tumor immunosuppression and neo-angiogenic potential by TAMs, MIF deficiency confers protection against transplantable s.c. melanoma outgrowth and melanoma lung metastatic colonization. Finally, we report for the first time, to our knowledge, that our previously discovered MIF small molecule antagonist, 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine, recapitulates MIF deficiency in vitro and in vivo, and attenuates tumor-polarized macrophage alternative activation, immunosuppression, neoangiogenesis, and melanoma tumor outgrowth. These studies describe an important functional contribution by MIF to TAM alternative activation and provide justification for immunotherapeutic targeting of MIF in melanoma patients.
Comparative Analysis of the Magnitude, Quality, Phenotype, and Protective Capacity of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Gag-Specific CD8+ T Cells following Human-, Simian-, and Chimpanzee-Derived Recombinant Adenoviral Vector Immunization
Authors: Quinn Kylie M. , Da Costa Andreia , Yamamoto Ayako , Berry Dana , Lindsay Ross W. B. , Darrah Patricia A. , Wang Lingshu , Cheng Cheng , Kong Wing-Pui , Gall Jason G. D. , Nicosia Alfredo , Folgori Antonella , Colloca Stefano , Cortese Riccardo , Gostick Emma , Price David A. , Gomez Carmen E. , Esteban Mariano , Wyatt Linda S. , Moss Bernard , Morgan Cecilia , Roederer Mario , Bailer Robert T. , Nabel Gary J. , Koup Richard A. , Seder Robert A.
Published: February 2013

Recombinant adenoviral vectors (rAds) are the most potent recombinant vaccines for eliciting CD8+ T cell–mediated immunity in humans; however, prior exposure from natural adenoviral infection can decrease such responses. In this study we show low seroreactivity in humans against simian- (sAd11, sAd16) or chimpanzee-derived (chAd3, chAd63) compared with human-derived (rAd5, rAd28, rAd35) vectors across multiple geographic regions. We then compared the magnitude, quality, phenotype, and protective capacity of CD8+ T cell responses in mice vaccinated with rAds encoding SIV Gag. Using a dose range (1 × 107–109 particle units), we defined a hierarchy among rAd vectors based on the magnitude and protective capacity of CD8+ T cell responses, from most to least, as: rAd5 and chAd3, rAd28 and sAd11, chAd63, sAd16, and rAd35. Selection of rAd vector or dose could modulate the proportion and/or frequency of IFN-γ+TNF-α+IL-2+ and KLRG1+CD127−CD8+ T cells, but strikingly ∼30–80% of memory CD8+ T cells coexpressed CD127 and KLRG1. To further optimize CD8+ T cell responses, we assessed rAds as part of prime-boost regimens. Mice primed with rAds and boosted with NYVAC generated Gag-specific responses that approached ∼60% of total CD8+ T cells at peak. Alternatively, priming with DNA or rAd28 and boosting with rAd5 or chAd3 induced robust and equivalent CD8+ T cell responses compared with prime or boost alone. Collectively, these data provide the immunologic basis for using specific rAd vectors alone or as part of prime-boost regimens to induce CD8+ T cells for rapid effector function or robust long-term memory, respectively.
The relation between creation and salvation in the Trinitarian theology of Robert Jenson
Authors: Verhoef Anné H.
Published: February 2013

This article explored the relation between creation and salvation as acts of God in the theology of Robert Jenson, an American Lutheran theologian. This is important due to Jenson’s growing importance as theologian and because of the current importance of ecotheology (and related themes that were implicated by the relation between creation and salvation). Jenson’s theology is an effort to tell God’s particular story and it can be described as a Trinitarian, narrative and eschatological theology. His starting point is that God’s eternity must not be understood as timeless (this is unbiblical and incompatible with the story of creation and redemption) and that creation (space and time) takes place somehow within the being of God. Jenson qualified this ‘withinness’, but also emphasised that creation is an intelligible whole, a history with an intended end. It is important for him that God’s story – a story of dramatic coherence – is not separated from our own and creation’s story. Within this understanding of God’s story (as dramatic coherence), creation found its own dramatic teleology because salvation also includes creation. Creation is therefore not subjected to pointlessness any longer, but will find its final place within God. The implication of this is that we must value creation much more and act with more responsibility towards it. According to Jenson we must enjoy creation in an aesthetic fashion and delight in creation as a whole because of its dramatic teleology.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer in a Patient with Primary Autoimmune Neutropenia
Authors: Trus Michael , Dhamanaskar Kavita , Potts Jayson , Wasi Parveen , Bains Satvir , Bordeleau Louise
Published: February 2013

We report an extremely rare and complex case of a 44-year-old woman diagnosed with an early stage triple negative breast cancer in the setting of primary autoimmune neutropenia with a pre-existing severe neutropenia. This case-report demonstrates that adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer can be administered in a patient with severe neutropenia. The management is however complicated and requires careful monitoring of side-effects related to both chemotherapy and treatment of autoimmune neutropenia. The role of chemotherapy in the treatment of triple negative breast cancer, the approach to autoimmune neutropenia and potential interactions are reviewed. To our knowledge, this is the first case reporting on the use of chemotherapy in a patient with severe pre-existing primary autoimmune neutropenia.
A new stratospheric and tropospheric NO2 retrieval algorithm for nadir-viewing satellite instruments: applications to OMI
Authors: Bucsela E. J. , Krotkov N. A. , Celarier E. A. , Lamsal L. N. , Swartz W. H. , Bhartia P. K. , Boersma K. F. , Veefkind J. P. , Gleason J. F. , Pickering K. E.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. We describe a new algorithm for the retrieval of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical columns from nadir-viewing satellite instruments. This algorithm (SP2) is the basis for the Version 2.1 OMI NO2 Standard Product and features a novel method for separating the stratospheric and tropospheric columns. The approach estimates the stratospheric NO2 directly from satellite data without using stratospheric chemical transport models or assuming any global zonal wave pattern. Tropospheric NO2 columns are retrieved using air mass factors derived from high-resolution radiative transfer calculations and a monthly climatology of NO2 profile shapes. We also present details of how uncertainties in the retrieved columns are estimated. The sensitivity of the retrieval to assumptions made in the stratosphere-troposphere separation is discussed and shown to be small, in an absolute sense, for most regions. We compare daily and monthly mean global OMI NO2 retrievals using the SP2 algorithm with those of the original Version 1 Standard Product (SP1) and the Dutch DOMINO product. The SP2 retrievals yield significantly smaller summertime tropospheric columns than SP1 and are relatively free of modeling artifacts and negative tropospheric NO2 values. In a re-analysis of an INTEX-B validation study, we show that SP2 largely eliminates a ∼20% discrepancy that existed between OMI and independent in situ springtime NO2 SP1 measurements.
On the interference of 86Kr2+ during carbon isotope analysis of atmospheric methane using continuous flow combustion – isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Schmitt J. , Seth B. , Bock M. , van der Veen C. , Möller L. , Sapart C. J. , Prokopiou M. , Sowers T. , Röckmann T. , Fischer H.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Stable carbon isotope analysis of methane (δ13C of CH4) on atmospheric samples is one key method to constrain the current and past atmospheric CH4 budget. A frequently applied measurement technique is gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry coupled to a combustion-preconcentration unit. This report shows that the atmospheric trace gas krypton can severely interfere during the mass spectrometric measurement leading to significant biases in δ13C of CH4 if krypton is not sufficiently separated during the analysis. The effect comes about by the lateral tailing of the peak of doubly charged 86Kr in the neighbouring m/z, 44, 45, and 46 Faraday cups. Accordingly, the introduced bias is dependent on the chromatographic separation, the Kr to CH4 mixing ratio in the sample, the mass spectrometer source tuning as well as the detector configuration and can amount to up to several permil in δ13C. Apart from technical solutions to avoid this interference we present correction routines to a posteriori remove the bias.
Payload charging events in the mesosphere and their impact on Langmuir type electric probes
Authors: Bekkeng T. A. , Barjatya A. , Hoppe U.-P. , Pedersen A. , Moen J. I. , Friedrich M. , Rapp M.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Three sounding rockets were launched from Andøya Rocket Range in the ECOMA campaign in December 2010. The aim was to study the evolution of meteoric smoke particles during a major meteor shower. Of the various instruments onboard the rocket payload, this paper presents the data from a multi-Needle Langmuir Probe (m-NLP) and a charged dust detector. The payload floating potential, as observed using the m-NLP instrument, shows charging events on two of the three flights. These charging events cannot be explained using a simple charging model, and have implications towards the use of fixed bias Langmuir probes on sounding rockets investigating mesospheric altitudes. We show that for a reliable use of a single fixed bias Langmuir probe as a high spatial resolution relative density measurement, each payload should also carry an additional instrument to measure payload floating potential, and an instrument that is immune to spacecraft charging and measures absolute plasma density.
Influence of terrestrial inputs on continental shelf carbon dioxide
Authors: Jiang L.-Q. , Cai W.-J. , Wang Y. , Bauer J. E.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The US South Atlantic Bight (SAB) is a low-latitude shallow continental shelf bordered landward by abundant salt marshes and rivers. Based on previously published data on sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and new dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) data, a model analysis is presented to identify and quantify the contributions of various terrestrial carbon inputs on SAB sea surface pCO2. After removal of pCO2 variations due to annual temperature variability and air–sea gas exchange from the in situ pCO2, the temperature- and gas-exchange-corrected pCO2 (TG-corrected pCO2) is derived. Contributions from rivers, salt marshes, and the continental shelf to the TG-corrected pCO2 are then calculated. Our findings demonstrate that although additions of CO2 from within shelf waters (i.e., ΔpCO2(shelf)) were the greatest of the three components and underwent the largest seasonal changes, ΔpCO2(shelf) showed smaller onshore–offshore gradients than rivers and marshes. In contrast, CO2 contributions from river (ΔpCO2(river)) and salt marsh (ΔpCO2(marsh)) components were greatest closest to the coast and decreased with distance offshore. In addition, the magnitude of ΔpCO2(marsh) was about three-fold greater than ΔpCO2(river). Our findings also revealed that decomposition of terrestrial organic carbon was an important factor regulating the seasonal pattern of pCO2 on the inner shelf. Despite large uncertainties, this study demonstrates the importance of terrestrial inputs, in particular those from coastal wetlands, on coastal ocean CO2 distributions.
Isoprene emissions from a tundra ecosystem
Authors: Potosnak M. J. , Baker B. M. , LeStourgeon L. , Disher S. M. , Griffin K. L. , Bret-Harte M. S. , Starr G.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Whole-system fluxes of isoprene from a moist acidic tundra ecosystem and leaf-level emission rates of isoprene from a common species (Salix pulchra) in that same ecosystem were measured during three separate field campaigns. The field campaigns were conducted during the summers of 2005, 2010 and 2011 and took place at the Toolik Field Station (68.6° N, 149.6° W) on the north slope of the Brooks Range in Alaska, USA. The maximum rate of whole-system isoprene flux measured was over 1.2 mg C m−2 h−1 with an air temperature of 22 °C and a PAR level over 1500 μmol m−2 s−1. Leaf-level isoprene emission rates for S. pulchra averaged 12.4 nmol m−2 s−1 (27.4 μg C gdw−1 h−1) extrapolated to standard conditions (PAR = 1000 μmol m−2 s−1 and leaf temperature = 30 °C). Leaf-level isoprene emission rates were well characterized by the Guenther algorithm for temperature with published coefficients, but less so for light. Chamber measurements from a nearby moist acidic tundra ecosystem with little S. pulchra emitted significant amounts of isoprene, but at lower rates (0.45 mg C m−2 h−1) suggesting other significant isoprene emitters. Comparison of our results to predictions from a global model found broad agreement, but a detailed analysis revealed some significant discrepancies. An atmospheric chemistry box model predicts that the observed isoprene emissions have a significant impact on Arctic atmospheric chemistry, including a reduction of hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations. Our results support the prediction that isoprene emissions from Arctic ecosystems will increase with global climate change.
DOC-dynamics in a small headwater catchment as driven by redox fluctuations and hydrological flow paths – are DOC exports mediated by iron reduction/oxidation cycles?
Authors: Knorr K.-H.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exports from many catchments in Europe and North-America are steadily increasing. Several studies have sought to explain this observation. As possible causes, a decrease in acid rain or sulfate deposition, concomitant reductions in ionic strength and increasing temperatures were identified. DOC often originates from riparian wetlands; but here, despite higher DOC concentrations, ionic strength in pore waters usually exceeds that in surface waters. In the catchment under study, DOC concentrations were synchronous with dissolved iron concentrations in pore and stream water. This study aims at testing the hypothesis that DOC exports are mediated by iron reduction/oxidation cycles. Following the observed hydrographs, δ18O of water and DOC fluorescence, the wetlands were identified as the main source of DOC. Antecedent biogeochemical conditions, i.e., water table levels in the wetlands, influenced the discharge patterns of nitrate, iron and DOC during an event. The correlation of DOC with pH was positive in pore waters, but negative in surface waters; it was negative for DOC with sulfate in pore waters, but only weak in surface waters. Though, the positive correlation of DOC with iron was universal for pore and surface water. The decline of DOC and iron concentrations in transition from anoxic wetland pore water to oxic stream water suggests a flocculation of DOC with oxidising iron, leading to a drop in pH in the stream during high DOC fluxes. The pore water did not per se differ in pH. There is, thus, a need to consider processes more thoroughly of DOC mobilisation in wetlands when interpreting DOC exports from catchments. The coupling of DOC with iron fluxes suggested that increased DOC exports could at least, in part, be caused by increasing activities in iron reduction, possibly due to increases in temperature, increasing wetness of riparian wetlands, or by a shift from sulfate dominated to iron reduction dominated biogeochemical regimes.
Simulation of the Indian monsoon and its variability during the last millennium
Authors: Polanski S. , Fallah B. , Prasad S. , Cubasch U.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The general circulation model ECHAM5 has been used to simulate the Indian monsoon and its variability during the Medieval Warm Period (MWP; 900–1100 AD), the Little Ice Age (LIA; 1515–1715 AD) and for recent climate (REC; 1800–2000 AD). The focus is on the analysis of external drivers and internal feedbacks leading to extreme rainfall events over India from interannual to multidecadal time scale. An evaluation of spatiotemporal monsoon patterns with present-day observation data is in agreement with other state-of-the-art monsoon modeling studies. The simulated monsoon intensity on multidecadal time scale is weakened (enhanced) in summer (winter) due to colder (warmer) SSTs in the Indian Ocean. Variations in solar insolation are the main drivers for these SST anomalies, verified by very strong temporal anticorrelations between Total Solar Irradiance and All-India-Monsoon-Rainfall in summer monsoon months. The external solar forcing is coupled and overlain by internal climate modes of the ocean (ENSO and IOD) with asynchronous intensities and lengths of periods. In addition, the model simulations have been compared with a relative moisture index derived from paleoclimatic reconstructions based on various proxies and archives in India. In this context, the Lonar record in Central India has been highlighted and evaluated the first time. The simulated relative annual rainfall anomalies in comparison to present-day climate are in agreement (disagreement) with the reconstructed moisture index for MWP (LIA) climate. In order to investigate the interannual monsoon variability with respect to monsoon failures, dry summer monsoon composites for 30-yr-long periods of MWP, LIA and REC have been further analysed. Within dry years of LIA, the summer rainfall over India and surrounding oceans is less than in MWP indicating stronger drying conditions due to a stronger summer solar insolation forcing coupled with variations in ENSO. To quantify the ECHAM5 simulated long-term drought conditions within Monsoon Asia, the Palmer Drought Severity Index has been additionally estimated for recent climate showing strong pattern correlation between global SST anomalies and EOF variability signal of the drought index, whereas the temporal relationship is weak.
Inter-annual tropical Pacific climate variability in an isotope-enabled CGCM: implications for interpreting coral stable oxygen isotope records of ENSO
Authors: Russon T. , Tudhope A. W. , Hegerl G. C. , Collins M. , Tindall J.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Water isotope-enabled coupled atmosphere/ocean climate models allow for exploration of the relative contributions to coral stable oxygen isotope (δ18Ocoral) variability arising from Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and the isotopic composition of seawater (δ18Osw). The unforced behaviour of the isotope-enabled HadCM3 Coupled General Circulation Model affirms that the extent to which inter-annual δ18Osw variability contributes to that in model δ18Ocoral is strongly spatially dependent, ranging from being negligible in the eastern equatorial Pacific to accounting for 50% of δ18Ocoral variance in parts of the western Pacific. In these latter cases, a significant component of the inter-annual δ18Osw variability is correlated to that in SST, meaning that local calibrations of the effective local δ18Ocoral–SST relationships are likely to be essential. Furthermore, the relationship between δ18Osw and SST in the central and western equatorial Pacific is non-linear, such that the interpretation of model δ18Ocoral in the context of a linear dependence on SST alone may lead to overestimation (by up to 20%) of the SST anomalies associated with large El-Niño events. Intra-model evaluation of a salinity-based pseudo-coral approach shows that such an approach captures the first-order features of the model δ18Osw behaviour. However, the utility of the pseudo-corals is limited by the extent of spatial variability seen within the modelled slopes of the temporal salinity–δ18Osw relationship.
Implementation of the Fast-JX Photolysis scheme (v6.4) into the UKCA component of the MetUM chemistry-climate model (v7.3)
Authors: Telford P. J. , Abraham N. L. , Archibald A. T. , Braesicke P. , Dalvi M. , Morgenstern O. , O'Connor F. M. , Richards N. A. D. , Pyle J. A.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Atmospheric chemistry is driven by photolytic reactions, making their modelling a crucial component of atmospheric models. We describe the implementation and validation of Fast-JX, a state of the art model of interactive photolysis, into the MetUM chemistry-climate model. This allows for interactive photolysis rates to be calculated in the troposphere and augments the calculation of the rates in the stratosphere by accounting for clouds and aerosols in addition to ozone. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of this new photolysis scheme we employ new methods of validating the model, including techniques for sampling the model to compare to flight track and satellite data.
The Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP): overview and description of models, simulations and climate diagnostics
Authors: Lamarque J.-F. , Shindell D. T. , Josse B. , Young P. J. , Cionni I. , Eyring V. , Bergmann D. , Cameron-Smith P. , Collins W. J. , Doherty R. , Dalsoren S. , Faluvegi G. , Folberth G. , Ghan S. J. , Horowitz L. W. , Lee Y. H. , MacKenzie I. A. , Nagashima T. , Naik V. , Plummer D. , Righi M. , Rumbold S. T. , Schulz M. , Skeie R. B. , Stevenson D. S. , Strode S. , Sudo K. , Szopa S. , Voulgarakis A. , Zeng G.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) consists of a series of time slice experiments targeting the long-term changes in atmospheric composition between 1850 and 2100, with the goal of documenting composition changes and the associated radiative forcing. In this overview paper, we introduce the ACCMIP activity, the various simulations performed (with a requested set of 14) and the associated model output. The 16 ACCMIP models have a wide range of horizontal and vertical resolutions, vertical extent, chemistry schemes and interaction with radiation and clouds. While anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions were specified for all time slices in the ACCMIP protocol, it is found that the natural emissions are responsible for a significant range across models, mostly in the case of ozone precursors. The analysis of selected present-day climate diagnostics (precipitation, temperature, specific humidity and zonal wind) reveals biases consistent with state-of-the-art climate models. The model-to-model comparison of changes in temperature, specific humidity and zonal wind between 1850 and 2000 and between 2000 and 2100 indicates mostly consistent results. However, models that are clear outliers are different enough from the other models to significantly affect their simulation of atmospheric chemistry.
What can flux tracking teach us about water age distribution patterns and their temporal dynamics?
Authors: Hrachowitz M. , Savenije H. , Bogaard T. A. , Tetzlaff D. , Soulsby C.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The complex interactions of runoff generation processes underlying the hydrological response of streams remain not entirely understood at the catchment scale. Extensive research has demonstrated the utility of tracers for both inferring flow path distributions and constraining model parameterizations. While useful, the common use of linearity assumptions, i.e. time invariance and complete mixing, in these studies provides only partial understanding of actual process dynamics. Here we use long-term (<20 yr) precipitation, flow and tracer (chloride) data of three contrasting upland catchments in the Scottish Highlands to inform integrated conceptual models investigating different mixing assumptions. Using the models as diagnostic tools in a functional comparison, water and tracer fluxes were then tracked with the objective of exploring the differences between different water age distributions, such as flux and resident water age distributions, and characterizing the contrasting water age pattern of the dominant hydrological processes in the three study catchments to establish an improved understanding of the wetness-dependent temporal dynamics of these distributions. The results highlight the potential importance of partial mixing processes which can be dependent on the hydrological functioning of a catchment. Further, tracking tracer fluxes showed that the various components of a model can be characterized by fundamentally different water age distributions which may be highly sensitive to catchment wetness history, available storage, mixing mechanisms, flow path connectivity and the relative importance of the different hydrological processes involved. Flux tracking also revealed that, although negligible for simulating the runoff response, the omission of processes such as interception evaporation can result in considerably biased water age distributions. Finally, the modeling indicated that water age distributions in the three study catchments do have long, power-law tails, which are generated by the interplay of flow path connectivity, the relative importance of different flow paths as well as by the mixing mechanisms involved. In general this study highlights the potential of customized integrated conceptual models, based on multiple mixing assumptions, to infer system internal transport dynamics and their sensitivity to catchment wetness states.
Effect of heterogeneities on evaluating earthquake triggering of volcanic eruptions
Authors: Takekawa J. , Mikada H. , Goto T.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Recent researches have indicated coupling between volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Some of them calculated static stress transfer in subsurface induced by the occurrences of earthquakes. Most of their analyses ignored the spatial heterogeneity in subsurface, or only took into account the rigidity layering in the crust. On the other hand, a smaller scale heterogeneity of around hundreds of meters has been suggested by geophysical investigations. It is difficult to reflect that kind of heterogeneity in analysis models because accurate distributions of fluctuation are not well understood in many cases. Thus, the effect of the ignorance of the smaller scale heterogeneity on evaluating the earthquake triggering of volcanic eruptions is also not well understood. In the present study, we investigate the influence of the assumption of homogeneity on evaluating earthquake triggering of volcanic eruptions using finite element simulations. The crust is treated as a stochastic media with different heterogeneous parameters (correlation length and magnitude of velocity perturbation) in our simulations. We adopt exponential and von Karman functions as spatial auto-correlation functions (ACF). In all our simulation results, the ignorance of the smaller scale heterogeneity leads to underestimation of the failure pressure around a chamber wall, which relates to dyke initiation. The magnitude of the velocity perturbation has a larger effect on the tensile failure at the chamber wall than the difference of the ACF and the correlation length. The maximum effect on the failure pressure in all our simulations is about twice larger than that in the homogeneous case. This indicates that the estimation of the earthquake triggering due to static stress transfer should take account of the heterogeneity of around hundreds of meters.
Rear Cover: “We Are All Warhol’s Children”: Andy and the Rusyns
Authors: Rusinko Elaine
Published: February 2013

Andy Warhol is the world’s most famous American of Carpatho-Rusyn ancestry, and the icons of the Ruthenian Byzantine Catholic Church were his first exposure to art. His unexpected death in 1987 was followed by the fall of communism in Eastern Europe and the rise of the Rusyn movement for identity, which embraced the flamboyant pop artist, filmmaker, and jet setter as their iconic figurehead. From their own idiosyncratic perspective, the traditional, religious, provincial Rusyns have reconstructed the image of Andy Warhol, pointing up aspects of the artist that have gone largely unnoticed. In a reciprocal process, Andy has had a significant impact on the Rusyn movement and on the recognition of Rusyns worldwide. This study establishes Warhol’s Carpatho-Rusyn ethnicity and explores its possible influence on his persona and his art. It also analyzes the Rusyns’ reception of Warhol, with a focus on the history of the Warhol Museum of Modern Art in Slovakia. The author concludes that recognition of the Rusyn Andy contributes to a distinctive perspective on the American Warhol.
Rear Cover: Courtly Love in the Caucasus: Rustaveli’s Georgian Epic, The Knight in the Panther Skin
Authors: Ecklund Farrell Dianne
Published: February 2013

The Knight in the Panther Skin by Shota Rustaveli is the great medieval (ca. 1200) epic of Georgia, and its most distinctive feature is courtly or romantic love, which is its basic motivating force. This article seeks to establish in which respects The Knight in the Panther Skin resembles Western courtly love, and what the explanation for this resemblance might be. In this endeavor I have had to challenge a common (mis-) conception that Western courtly love was essentially illicit loveOne can easily demonstrate that the literary roots of The Knight in the Panther Skin lie in Persian literature rather than in direct contact with Western courtly love, but the reason for the resemblance to Western courtly love is more problematic.  Various possibilities are entertained:  namely, (1) that Arab love poetry gave rise to it in Georgia (and possibly also in the West, as has been held); (2) that Neoplatonism produced or constituted a philosophic underpinning for courtly love and that it was transmitted to Georgia and/or Western Europe (a) by Arab Neoplatonists; (b) by Western Christian Neoplatonists or (c) by Byzantine Neoplatonists. A third possibility is (3) that it arose due to social and political conditions. And what were the social and political circumstances in Georgia and in Western Europe which, at the same historical period, produced and elaborated a culture so deferential to the ladies?  And which, being absent in the Islamic world, did not produce courtly love there?  In Georgia a sovereign queen presided in the era of Georgia’s greatest power, wealth and extent. Feudal servitors crowded the court, eager to gain honors and riches for themselves through preferment by the queen, virtually guaranteeing a cult of adoration of the queen.  It is Sovereign Queen Tamar to whom Rustaveli dedicates his poem, and to her that he declares his undying love. In Provence, where there were many feudal heiresses, a similar incentive to “please the ladies” prevailed. No direct influence from the troubadours and minnesaenger of Southwestern Europe can be found. The evidence does not support Arab love poetry as a source of or conduit for courtly love, nor can Arab Neoplatonism have played a role. Byzantine Neoplatonism, however, was prominent in the courtly culture of Rustaveli’s time, and the social and political conditions in Georgia likewise were favorable to the rise of a culture of courtly love. Thus both intellectual and socio-political conditions favored the blooming of courtly love in twelfth-century Georgia.
INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY: A TIME SERIES ANALYSIS ON TURKEY (2000-2012)
Authors: Kargı Bilal
Published: February 2013

In this study the relation between the economic growth and the construction industry has been tackled. While the growth the rate of the construction industry in the developing countries is more than the GDP growth rate, it is detected that the percent age it takes in the GDP of developed countries relatively diminishes. On the other hand the construction industry’s growth in the economic fluctuation periods, in the aftermath of a recession, is more than the GDP. These two proposals are tested by the quarterly data of 2000:01-2012:03 for Turkey. Additionally the relation between the economic growth and the construction industry is subjected to the Granger causality test.Keywords: Economic growth, construction industry, time series analysis.