bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Musical Spirits and Powerful Voices: On the Origins of Song
Authors: de Mori Bernd Brabec
Published: December 2017

In present times, it may be surprising to see the word “origins” in the title of an ethnomusicological article. Reviewing historical and current hypotheses on the origins of song, or music more generally, it becomes apparent that most authors interpret a possible bifurcation between (spoken) language and (sung) music as the most plausible point from which “music” evolved. Curt Sachs states polemically, “Music began with singing” (1943:21). Such statements beg questions about the definition of music, not just origins. I will, however, forgo such questions in this article, concentrating instead on the prehistoric and contemporary fluidity between speech and song. I understand these terms as poles on a continuum, ranging from everyday fugitive speech to formalized speech (such as invocations, recitations, chanting) and, finally, to song. In this article, I suggest that seeking to understand the moment in which this bifurcation, or rather spreading out, of utterances occurred is a productive task. Understanding the differences between speech and song is a starting point for unpacking how these distinct phenomena emerged. Alternatively, thinking about those prehistoric times when speech and song emerged may support insights about modern meaning and the function of utterances that occupy a liminal space between speech and song.
Chronic effects of exhausting exercise and overtraining on the immune response: Th1 and Th2 profile
Authors: Guimarães Thiago Teixeira , Terra Rodrigo , Dutra Patrícia Maria Lourenço
Published: December 2017

Although physical inactivity figures as one of the main causes attributed to mortality, the damage caused by excessive exercise is also a reality. Professional athletes, amateur or uncompetitive modalities beneficiaries are often affected by deleterious conditions resulting from excessive exercise, such as neurological, endocrine and immune origin. The thin line between losses and benefits of successive fatiguing sessions effort depends on the understanding of concepts and methodological training principles. Exercise may have a paradoxical relationship and its consistent prescription in terms of public health depends on a better understanding of their cellular mechanisms. In this sense, the purpose of this review was to explore a promising topic in sports science, able to contribute to elucidate such mechanisms: Th1 and Th2 profile of the immune response related with chronic exhausting exercise and overtraining.
Hemodynamic responses to strength exercise with blood flow restriction during different phases of the menstrual cycle
Authors: Neto Gabriel Rodrigues , Novaes Jefferson Silva , Júnior Adenilson Targino de Araújo , Silva Júlio César Gomes , Souza Rodrigo Poderoso , Cirilo-Sousa Maria Socorro
Published: December 2017

The present study aimed to determine the influence of low-load (LL) resistance exercise (RE) with blood flow restriction (BFR) on systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR), double product (DP) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) during the phases of the menstrual cycle (MC). Thirty untrained women were randomly and proportionally divided into three groups: HI = high-intensity exercises (80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM)); LL = low-load exercises (20% of 1RM); and LL+BFR = LL exercises combined with BFR. The exercise sessions were performed during the 3rd-4th days (follicular phase), 16th day (ovulatory phase) and the 24th-26th days (luteal phase) of the MC. Before and immediately after the exercises, SBP, DBP, HR and SpO2 were evaluated. We observed an increase in SBP, HR and DP in the three phases of the MC for all groups (p < 0.05). Groups LL and/or LL+BFR exhibited a greater increase in SBP, DBP, MBP, HR and DP when compared with the HI group (p < 0.05), and in the three groups, SpO2 was not reduced (p > 0.05). There was a significant effect of the MC phases on HR and DP (p < 0.05). We conclude that the three groups exhibited increased SBP, HR and DP; however, SpO2 was not different. Furthermore, groups LL and LL+BFR exhibited greater increases in hemodynamics, and the MC phases seem to influence only HR and DP.
Effects of Tested Rules on Work-Rest Time in Volleyball
Authors: Stanković Mladen , Perić Dušan , Ruiz-Llamas Guillermo , Quiroga-Escudero Miriam E.
Published: December 2017

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of new rules tested at the inaugural Men’s Under 23 (U23) World Championship (set to 21 points and 15 seconds between the end of a point and the new serve) on all aspects of time in volleyball matches. The study sample comprised 36 matches partially segmented into 123 sets and 4583 points played. Applying one-way ANOVA, it was shown that the active part of the set and the whole match last slightly more than one third of the total time. The most frequent rally duration was 5 to 10 seconds (43.5% of points). As sets became more unpredictable and approached the end, rest time between points was longer. Time analysis of volleyball matches is important as it helps with proper development of physical preparation for players, gives coaches insight into appropriate match flow and provides a clear time frame of each part of a volleyball match for organisers of competitive events, pools, championships and tournaments.
Le Plan Nord : enjeux géopolitiques actuels au regard des « Plans Nord » passés
Authors: Brun Alexandre , Harbour-Marsan Ève , Lasserre Frédéric , Mottet Éric
Published: December 2017

En mai 2011, le premier ministre du Québec lançait officiellement le Plan Nord. Ce projet d’aménagement et de valorisation du nord québécois poursuit deux objectifs complémentaires. Il s’agit, d’une part, d’optimiser l’exploitation des ressources naturelles à des fins économiques et commerciales, et, d’autre part, de construire un nouvel espace social dans le Nord de la province en repoussant les limites de l’écoumène. L’idée n’est pas nouvelle car le Nord a fréquemment été au centre des préoccupations des dirigeants du Québec. Mais force est de constater que les projets de développement nordiques passés, portés par l’idée d’un territoire vierge et riche en ressources, n’ont pas eu les retombées escomptées. Les fluctuations des matières premières sur les marchés mondiaux expliquent les difficultés auxquelles ont été confrontés les gouvernements successifs. Aujourd’hui, le Plan Nord est présenté comme un projet de développement durable unique au monde, qui harmoniserait les activités d’exploitation d’envergure avec la protection de la biodiversité, en partenariat avec les Autochtones. Ainsi, ce projet repose sur un ensemble de mesures techniques, administratives, financières, législatives et règlementaires dont le but à demi avoué est de légitimer sa réalisation, mais surtout de conforter son attractivité et sa compétitivité sur l’échiquier mondial aux yeux des investisseurs du secteur minier.
Projets d’investissements miniers chinois dans l’arctique
Authors: Têtu Pierre-Louis , Lasserre Frédéric
Published: December 2017

La Chine, premier importateur mondial de matières premières depuis le début du 21e siècle, est attentive au potentiel minier de l’Arctique. Des investissements directs à l’étranger (IDE) chinois dans des projets miniers dans l’Arctique canadien, le Grand Nord québécois et au Groenland ont contribué à faire naître une certaine sinophobie, en raison notamment de la méconnaissance des facteurs qui déterminent le choix de cette région pour ces investissements. Les résultats démontrent que ces territoires sont attrayants en raison de la stabilité politique et du climat compétitif des affaires qui les caractérisent, ainsi que de la qualité de leurs ressources physiques. En revanche, le manque d’infrastructures dans l’Arctique et le coût et la disponibilité de la main-d’oeuvre constituent des facteurs limitatifs.
Quels modèles de développement pour le Québec nordique?
Authors: Rodon Thierry , Therrien Aude
Published: December 2017

Le Québec nordique a longtemps été perçu comme un réservoir de ressources pour le Sud et les populations autochtones qui l’habitaient étaient souvent ignorées. Le Plan Nord, lancé par Jean Charest en 2011, reprend cette même logique en mettant de l’avant le développement minier du territoire. Cependant, depuis les années 1970, on ne peut plus ignorer les droits des Autochtones et les régions du nord ont développé leurs propres institutions de gouvernance qui prennent part au développement régional en tentant de le redéfinir. Dans ce texte, après une comparaison des conditions socio-économiques des « nord » du Québec et de leur développement institutionnel, nous proposons une analyse des différents modèles de développement du Nord portés par les différents acteurs. Notre analyse s’appuie sur l’approche de la construction des nations (nation-building) développée par leHarvard Project on American Indian Economic Development.
Tracing neuronal circuits in transgenic animals by transneuronal control of transcription (TRACT)
Authors: Huang Ting-hao , Niesman Peter , Arasu Deepshika , Lee Donghyung , De La Cruz Aubrie L , Callejas Antuca , Hong Elizabeth J , Lois Carlos
Published: December 2017

Understanding the computations that take place in brain circuits requires identifying how neurons in those circuits are connected to one another. We describe a technique called TRACT (TRAnsneuronal Control of Transcription) based on ligand-induced intramembrane proteolysis to reveal monosynaptic connections arising from genetically labeled neurons of interest. In this strategy, neurons expressing an artificial ligand (‘donor’ neurons) bind to and activate a genetically-engineered artificial receptor on their synaptic partners (‘receiver’ neurons). Upon ligand-receptor binding at synapses the receptor is cleaved in its transmembrane domain and releases a protein fragment that activates transcription in the synaptic partners. Using TRACT in Drosophila we have confirmed the connectivity between olfactory receptor neurons and their postsynaptic targets, and have discovered potential new connections between neurons in the circadian circuit. Our results demonstrate that the TRACT method can be used to investigate the connectivity of neuronal circuits in the brain.
Single-molecule studies contrast ordered DNA replication with stochastic translesion synthesis
Authors: Zhao Gengjing , Gleave Emma S , Lamers Meindert Hugo
Published: December 2017

High fidelity replicative DNA polymerases are unable to synthesize past DNA adducts that result from diverse chemicals, reactive oxygen species or UV light. To bypass these replication blocks, cells utilize specialized translesion DNA polymerases that are intrinsically error prone and associated with mutagenesis, drug resistance, and cancer. How untimely access of translesion polymerases to DNA is prevented is poorly understood. Here we use co-localization single-molecule spectroscopy (CoSMoS) to follow the exchange of the E. coli replicative DNA polymerase Pol IIIcore with the translesion polymerases Pol II and Pol IV. We find that in contrast to the toolbelt model, the replicative and translesion polymerases do not form a stable complex on one clamp but alternate their binding. Furthermore, while the loading of clamp and Pol IIIcore is highly organized, the exchange with the translesion polymerases is stochastic and is not determined by lesion-recognition but instead a concentration-dependent competition between the polymerases.
Mass marking of juvenileSchizothorax wangchiachii(Fang) with alizarin red S and evaluation of stock enhancement in the Jinping area of the Yalong River
Authors: Yang Kun , Li Shu , Liu Xiaoshuai , Gan Weixiong , Deng Longjun , Tang Yezhong , Song Zhaobin
Published: December 2017

Schizothorax wangchiachiiis a key fish species in the stock enhancement program of the Yalong River hydropower project, China. Alizarin red S (ARS) was used to mark large numbers of juvenileS. wangchiachiiin the Jinping Hatchery and later used to evaluate stock enhancement in the Jinping area of the Yalong River. In a small-scale pilot study, 7,000 juveniles of the 2014 cohort were successfully marked by immersion in ARS solution, and no mortality was recorded during the marking process. The ARS mark in the fish otoliths remained visible 20 months later. In the large-scale marking study, approximately 600,000 juveniles of the 2015 cohort were successfully marked. Mortalities of both marked and unmarked juveniles were very low and did not differ significantly. Total length, wet mass and condition factor did not differ significantly between unmarked and marked individuals after three months. On 24 July 2015, about 840,000 Jinping Hatchery-produced youngS. wangchiachii, including 400,000 marked individuals, were released at two sites in the Jinping area. Recapture surveys showed that (1) marked and unmarkedS. wangchiachiidid not differ significantly in total length, wet mass and condition factor; (2) stocked individuals became an important part of recruitment of the 2015 cohort; (3) instantaneous growth rate of marked individuals tended to slightly increase; and (4) most stocked individuals were distributed along a 10–15 km stretch near the release sites. These results suggest that the ARS method is a cost-efficient way to mass mark juvenileS. wangchiachiiand that releasing juveniles is an effective means of stock recruitment.
Bridging the Gap
Authors: Shamsy Ahmed El
Published: December 2017

This article presents two short but complete treatises on legal theory (uṣūl al-fiqh). The first was written by Ibn Surayj (d. 306/918) as an addendum to his compendium on Shāfiʿī law, al-Wadāʾiʿ, and the second by Abū Bakr al-Khaffāf (fl. early fourth/tenth century), who included it as an introduction to his legal text al-Aqsām wa-l-khiṣāl. An analysis of these texts reveals the existence of a self-conscious legal-theoretical discourse around the turn of the fourth/tenth century that connects al-Shāfiʿī’s (d. 204/820) Risāla with the so-called mature uṣūl tradition known from the late fourth/tenth century onward. The analysis also sheds considerable light on developments in legal theory in this period, such as the emergence of the term ʿilla (cause), the parallel rise of legal dialectics (jadal), the consequences of adopting the idea of waḍʿ (linguistic coinage), and generally the inclusion of theological concerns in legal theory.
Forschung in der Papyrussammlung: Eine Festgabe für das Neue Museum. Edited by Verena M. Lepper
Authors: Bojowald Stefan
Published: December 2017

Forschung in der Papyrussammlung: Eine Festgabe für das Neue Museum. Edited by Verena M. Lepper. Ägyptische und Orientalische Papyri und Handschriften des Ägyptischen Museums und Papyrussammlung Berlin, vol 1. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2012. Pp. 512. $238.
Caesar in the City of Amun: Egyptian Temple Construction and Theology in Roman Thebes. By David Klotz
Authors: Bojowald Stefan
Published: December 2017

Caesar in the City of Amun: Egyptian Temple Construction and Theology in Roman Thebes. By David Klotz. Monographies Reine Élisabeth, vol. 15. Turnhout: Brepols, 2012. Pp. xvi + 476, illus. €95 (paper).
Conditional Structures in Mesopotamian Old Babylonian. By Eran Cohen
Authors: Edzard Lutz
Published: December 2017

Conditional Structures in Mesopotamian Old Babylonian. By Eran Cohen. Languages of the Ancient Near East, vol. 4. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2012. Pp. x + 198. $44.50.
Prophétism et alliance: Des Archives royales de Mari à la Bible hébraïque. By Jean-Georges Heintz
Authors: Miglio Adam E.
Published: December 2017

Prophétism et alliance: Des Archives royales de Mari à la Bible hébraïque. By Jean-Georges Heintz. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, vol. 271. Pp. x + 373, illus. Fribourg: Academic Press, 2015. FS113.
Homeland and Exile: Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Bustenay Oded. Edited by Gershon Galil, Mark Geller, and Alan Millard
Authors: Holm Tawny
Published: December 2017

Homeland and Exile: Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of Bustenay Oded. Edited by Gershon Galil, Mark Geller, and Alan Millard. Supplements to Vetus Testamentum, vol. 140. Leiden: Brill, 2009. Pp. xxiv + 643. $262.
Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law. Edited by Rudolph Peters and Peri Bearman
Authors: Lowry Joseph E.
Published: December 2017

The Ashgate Research Companion to Islamic Law. Edited by Rudolph Peters and Peri Bearman. Farnham, Surrey, UK: Ashgate, 2014. Pp. x + 345. $149.95, £95.
Divine Love: Islamic Literature and the Path to God. By William C. Chittick
Authors: Lawson Todd
Published: December 2017

Divine Love: Islamic Literature and the Path to God. By William C. Chittick. New Haven: yaLe uNIversITy Press, 2013. Pp. xxix + 490. $85.
Love’s Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379–1545. By Aditya Behl, edited by Wendy Doniger
Authors: Sheikh Samira
Published: December 2017

Love’s Subtle Magic: An Indian Islamic Literary Tradition, 1379–1545. By Aditya Behl, edited by Wendy Doniger. New York: Oxford Universoty Press, 2012. Pp. xii + 403. $74.
Four Hundred Songs of Love: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil. The Akanāṉūṟu. Translated and annotated by George L. Hart
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: December 2017

The Four Hundred Songs of Love: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil. The Akanāṉūṟu. Translated and annotated by George L. Hart. Regards sur l’Asie du Sud/South Asian Perspectives, no. 7. Pondichéry: Institut FrançaIs de Pondichéry, 2015. Pp. xx + 485. Rs. 1000, €43.
Scholar and the State: Fiction as Political Discourse in Late Imperial China. By Liangyan Ge
Authors: Sibau Maria Franca
Published: December 2017

The Scholar and the State: Fiction as Political Discourse in Late Imperial China. By Liangyan Ge. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015. Pp. xi + 279. $50.
Writing, Publishing, and Reading Local Gazetteers in Imperial China, 1100–1700. By Joseph R. Dennis
Authors: Bussotti Michela
Published: December 2017

Writing, Publishing, and Reading Local Gazetteers in Imperial China, 1100–1700. By Joseph R. Dennis. Harvard East Asian Monographs, vol. 379. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, Harvard University Press, 2015. Pp. xvi + 390. $49.95.
Tomb of Jesus and His Family? Exploring Ancient Jewish Tombs near Jerusalem’s Walls. Edited by James H. Charlesworth
Authors: Evans Craig A.
Published: December 2017

The Tomb of Jesus and His Family? Exploring Ancient Jewish Tombs near Jerusalem’s Walls. Edited by James H. Charlesworth. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2013. Pp. xx + 585, illus. $48 (paper).
City from the Dawn of History: Erbil in the Cuneiform Sources. By John MacGinnis
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: December 2017

A City from the Dawn of History: Erbil in the Cuneiform Sources. By John MacGinnis. Philadelphia: Oxbow Books, 2014. Pp. 128, illus. $45 (paper). [Distributed by Casemate Academic, Havertown, Pa.]
ADOPTION POTENTIAL OF HEDGEROW INTERCROPPING IN MAIZE-BASED CROPPING SYSTEMS IN THE HIGHLANDS OF WESTERN KENYA. 1. BACKGROUND AND AGRONOMIC EVALUATION
Authors: SHEPHERD K. D. , NDUFA J. K. , OHLSSON E. , SJÖGREN H. , SWINKELS R.
Published: July 2002

The biophysical performance of hedgerow intercropping for soil fertility inprovement was assessed in a farmer-participatory trial in western Kenya over three years. Farmers successfully established dense hedgerows (median 6680 trees ha−1 on plots of 790 m2, but annual yields of hedgerow prunings of Leucaena leucocephala and Calliandra calothyrsus (1–4 t ha−1), were low compared to potentials in the region (4–8 t ha−1). The hedgerows reduced slopes from 7.2 to 4.5% within alleys (p < 0.01) but had no effect on grain yield over five seasons. Little of the variation in grain yield between hedgerow plots and control plots without hedgerows (adjusted r2 = 11%) and among control plots (adjusted r2 = 29%) could be accounted for by linear regression with measured agronomic and socio-economic variables. Fully researcher-managed trials are recommended for agronomic evaluation of complex agroforestry technologies.
Clinal analysis of a chromosomal hybrid zone in the house mouse
Authors: GÜNDÜZ İSLAM , LÓPEZ-FUSTER MARÍA JOSÉ , VENTURA JACINT , SEARLE JEREMY B.
Published: July 2002

These studies centre on the ‘Barcelona’ karyotypic race of the western house mouse (Mus musculus
domesticus), first described by Adolph & Klein (1981). This is one of many races within M. m.
domesticus characterized by metacentric chromosomes that have originated by repeated
Robertsonian fusions, with perhaps further modification by whole-arm reciprocal translocations.
Data on 111 mice from 20 sites show that the race is centred 24 km to the west of Barcelona city
and has a homozygous metacentric karyotype of 2n = 28 (3·8, 4·14, 5·15, 6·10, 9·11, 12·13). The
race has a small range, and mice with the standard 40-acrocentric karyotype were caught only
30 km from the race centre. Throughout the area of occurrence of metacentrics there is
polymorphism (i.e. presence of acrocentrics in the population), although all six metacentrics
approach fixation close to the race centre. Thus, there is a hybrid zone between the Barcelona and
standard races. The centres and widths of all clines (except 3·8) were determined. Likelihood ratio
tests showed that most of the cline centres differed significantly in position (i.e. the clines were
staggered) and the clines for metacentrics 6·10 and 9·11 were significantly narrower than those for
4·14, 5·15 and 12·13. Overall, the clines tended to be wider the further they were from the race
centre. There are various possible explanations for this hybrid zone structure and further data are
needed to distinguish between them.
THE CREDITANSTALT CRISIS OF 1931 AND THE FAILURE OF THE AUSTRO-GERMAN CUSTOMS UNION PROJECT
Authors: AGUADO IAGO GIL
Published: July 2002

This article reveals that the diplomatic and financial history of 1931 was even more turbulent than believed to date. New documents found at the Bank of England show that an intricate system of cross-deposits was set up by the Austrian Central Bank covertly to direct funds to the Creditanstalt via American and British banks – to compensate it for taking over the bankrupt Bodencreditanstalt – suggesting that the received accounts of the collapse of the Creditanstalt need to be revised. Further, documents have come to light which show that France exacerbated the 1931 run on the Austrian schilling in order to force Austria to abandon the Austro-German customs union project of that year. This article considers the relationship between the collapse of the Creditanstalt and the abandonment of the Austro-German customs union, incorporating the new evidence to provide a novel interpretation of the financial diplomacy of that year.
THE CHAPEL ROYAL, THE FIRST EDWARDIAN PRAYER BOOK, AND ELIZABETH'S SETTLEMENT OF RELIGION, 1559
Authors: BOWERS ROGER
Published: July 2002

Already at the beginning of her reign Elizabeth I was resolved to effect at the earliest
opportunity both the restoration of the Royal Supremacy and the replacement of the Latin liturgy by
an existing Edwardian Prayer Book. Constrained by Marian legislation which she was firmly minded
not to break, the queen signalled her intentions by conspicuous adoption in her Chapel Royal of such
few and minor manifestations of Protestant liturgy and practice as fortuitously were still legitimate,
amplified by certain early Edwardian practices (1547–9) originally introduced not by statute but by
proclamation or injunction and therefore never formally de-legitimated by statutory repeal. That her
initial intention was restoration of the Prayer Book of 1549 is indicated by the identity of certain texts
set to music early in 1559 by her Chapel Royal composers, and by the response of Edmund Guest to
a contemporary request that he undertake a revision of parts of the 1549 Book. Arising from her own
personal convictions, Elizabeth's policy was not without merits; however, political pragmatism and
ecclesiastical realities coerced her into agreeing instead to the restoration of the Book of 1552. She
exacted a number of concessions to her own conservatism ; first discernible in the instructions given to
Guest, these achieved their realization through the rubrics of the 1559 Prayer Book and certain of the
1559 Injunctions.
PUBLIC POLICY AND FOREIGN-BASED
ENTERPRISES IN BRITAIN PRIOR TO
THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Authors: SCOTT PETER , ROOTH TIM
Published: July 2002

This article examines the early evolution of British policy, prior to the Second World
War. The British government adopted an ‘open’ policy towards foreign direct investment (FDI),
despite periodic fears that some foreign acquisitions of UK firms in key sectors might be detrimental
to the national interest, and a few ad hoc attempts to deal with particular instances of this kind.
During the 1930s, when the inflow of foreign firms accelerated following Britain's adoption of general
tariff protection, the government developed a sophisticated admissions policy, based on an assessment
of the likely net benefit of each applicant to the British economy. Its limited regulatory powers were
used to maximize the potential of immigrant firms for technology transfer, enhanced competition,
industrial diversification, and employment creation (particularly in the depressed regions), while
protecting British industries suffering from excess capacity.
INTERDISCIPLINARITY AND THE STUDY OF EARLY MODERN SERMONS
Authors: MORRISSEY MARY
Published: July 2002

This review surveys the study of early modern sermons by historians and literary critics
in recent years. It argues that sermons are becoming more important to research in the period,
particularly given the revisionist historians' emphasis on religious politics and the shift to historicism
in literary studies. None the less, sermons are rarely scrutinized by either group of scholars in a way
that utilizes both their rhetorical artfulness and their political engagement: they are not studied as both
texts and events. This is partly a result of the different perspectives from which they have been
examined by previous generations of scholars. Although two recent monographs, Peter McCullough's
Sermons at court and Lori Anne Ferrell's Government by polemic, demonstrate ways in which
this might be corrected, it must still be acknowledged that much work remains to be done.
An analysis of yield variation among long-duration pigeonpea genotypes in relation to season, irrigation and plant population
Authors: KUMAR RAO J. V. D. K. , JOHANSEN C. , CHAUHAN Y. S. , CHAUHAN Y. S. , JAIN V. K. , JAIN K. C. , TALWAR H. S.
Published: July 2002

The response of eight long-duration pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L) Millsp.] genotypes to irrigation was studied at Gwalior in Central India during the 1990–91, 1991–92 and 1992–93 growing seasons on an Inceptisol. The crop was grown at two spacings as it was expected that crop density could interact with the crop's ability to extract soil moisture. The irrigation treatment received furrow irrigation four times during the 1990–91 and 1992–93 seasons and twice during the 1991–92 season. Grain yields of all genotypes were 11 % higher when planted at higher density than at low density. There was a differential variation in yield and harvest index among genotypes due to season but not due to spacing and irrigation suggesting the validity of the present approach of testing genotypes under optimum conditions. Grain yield declined by 21 % from the 1990 to 1992 season. The decline was > 1 t/ha in some cultivars (ICPL 366, GW3), and between 0·5 and 1·0 t/ha in others (NP [WR] 15, ICP 87143 and ICPL 84072). In others (Bahar, ICP 9174, ICP 8860) the yield fluctuation was < 0·5 t/ha. The genotypes' mean yields were as high as 2·7 t/ha for ICPL 87143, ICPL 84072 and ICPL 366. There was a significant reduction in both grain yield (16 %), and also above-ground plant dry mass (18 %) due to soil moisture limitation in the unirrigated treatment. Both the above-ground plant dry mass and grain yields were significantly more at high plant density than at lower plant density especially with irrigation. The genotypes were found to differ in their response to production environment (irrigation, spacing and to the undefined differences of the 3 years). Genotypic variation in yield within a production environment was found to vary in relation to changes in harvest index and across environment (irrigation, seasons) due to variation in total dry matter production. A lack of negative relationship between the total dry matter and harvest index suggests the possibility of optimizing both for obtaining higher yield from long-duration genotypes.
The effects of thermal conductivity and viscosity of argon on
shock waves diffracting over rigid ramps
Authors: HENDERSON L. F. , CRUTCHFIELD W. Y. , VIRGONA R. J.
Published: July 2002

Experiments were done with strong shocks diffracting over
steel ramps immersed in argon. Numerical simulations of the
experiments were done by integrating the Navier–Stokes
equations with a higher-order Godunov finite difference numerical
scheme using isothermal non-slip boundary conditions. Adiabatic, slip
boundary conditions were also studied to simulate cavity-type
diffractions. Some results from an Euler numerical scheme for an
ideal gas are presented for comparison. When the ramp angle θ
is small enough to cause Mach reflection MR, it is found that real
gas effects delay its appearance and that the trajectory of its shock
triple point is initially curved; it eventually becomes straight as
the MR evolves into a self-similar system. The diffraction is a
regular reflection RR in the delayed state, and this is subsequently
swept away by a corner signal overtaking the RR and forcing the
eruption of the Mach shock. The dynamic transition occurs at, or
close to, the ideal gas detachment criterion
θe. The passage of the corner signal is
marked by large oscillations in the thickness of the viscous boundary
layer. With increasing θ, the delay in the onset of MR is
increased as the dynamic process slows. Once self-similarity is
established the von Neumann criterion is supported. While the
evidence for the von Neumann criterion is strong, it is not
conclusive because of the numerical expense. The delayed transition
causes some experimental data for the trajectory to be subject to a
simple parallax error. The adiabatic, slip boundary condition for
self-similar flow also supports the von Neumann criterion while
θ < θe, but the trajectory angle
discontinuously changes to zero at θe, so
that θe is supported by the numerics,
contrary to experiments.
Global dynamics and aerodynamic flow

vectoring of wakes
Authors: HAMMOND D. A. , REDEKOPP L. G.
Published: July 2002

A methodology for vectoring the near-wake flow behind a bluff body

without any

mechanical movement of the physical boundaries of the generating body is
described.

The sole control input is suction applied at the fixed base of the forebody.
Once the

suction volume flux exceeds a critical value needed to suppress the global
dynamics

associated with vortex shedding, local directional control of the near
wake can be

achieved. The distribution of suction velocities across the base

can be varied to obtain

proportional directional control. The role of symmetries in stimulating
aerodynamic

vectoring of a streaming flow is emphasized and illustrated.
Simulations of the formation of an axisymmetric
vortex ring
Authors: HEEG R. S. , RILEY N.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we present the results from numerical calculations,
based upon the
Navier–Stokes equations at relatively high Reynolds number, of the formation of
a vortex ring when fluid is ejected from a circular tube. Our results are
compared with the experiments of Didden (1979), and the inviscid flow calculations of
Nitsche & Krasny (1994). Reasonable agreement is achieved except for the rate of
shedding of circulation during the initial stages of ring formation. The
theoretically
predicted rate of shedding is substantially higher than that predicted by Didden. By
contrast the inviscid theory predicts an anomalously high rate of initial
shedding. We
offer explanations for both of these apparent discrepancies.
The flow induced by periodic vortex rings wrapped

around a columnar vortex core
Authors: MARSHALL J. S.
Published: July 2002

A study has been performed of the interaction of

periodic vortex rings with a central

columnar vortex, both for the case of identical vortex rings and the case
of rings of

alternating sign. Numerical calculations, both based on an adaptation of
the

Lundgren–Ashurst (1989) model for the columnar vortex dynamics and
by numerical

solution of the axisymmetric Navier–Stokes and Euler equations

in the vorticity–velocity formulation using a viscous

vorticity collocation method, are used to

investigate the response of the columnar vortex to the ring-induced

velocity field. In all

cases, waves of variable core radius are observed to build up on the columnar
vortex

core due to the periodic axial straining and compression exerted by the
vortex rings.

For sufficiently weak vortex rings, the forcing by the rings

serves primarily to set an

initial value for the axial velocity, after which the columnar vortex waves
oscillate

approximately as free standing waves. For the case of identical rings,
the columnar

vortex waves exhibit a slow upstream propagation due to the nonlinear forcing.
The

cores of the vortex rings can also become unstable due to the straining
flow induced

by the other vortex rings when the ring spacing is sufficiently small.

This instability causes the ring vorticity to spread out into a sheath

surrounding the columnar vortex.

For the case of rings of alternating sign, the wave in core

radius of the columnar vortex

becomes progressively narrower with time as rings of opposite sign approach
each

other. Strong vortex rings cause the waves on the columnar vortex to grow
until they

form a sharp cusp at the crest, after which an abrupt ejection of vorticity
from the

columnar vortex is observed. For inviscid flow with

identical rings, the ejected vorticity

forms a thin spike, which wraps around the rings. The thickness

of this spike increases

in a viscous flow as the Reynolds number is decreased. Cases have also
been observed,

for identical rings, where a critical point forms on the

columnar vortex core due to the

ring-induced flow, at which the propagation velocity of upstream waves
is exactly

balanced by the axial flow within the vortex core when

measured in a frame translating

with the vortex rings. The occurrence of this critical

point leads to trapping of wave

energy downstream of the critical point, which results in large-amplitude
wave growth

in both the direct and model simulations. In the case of

rings of alternating sign, the

ejected vorticity from the columnar vortex is entrained and carried

off by pairs of rings

of opposite sign, which move toward each other and radially outward under

their self- and mutually induced velocity fields, respectively.
Effects of surface film on the linear stability of an
air–sea interface
Authors: SAETRA ØYVIND
Published: July 2002

The linear stability of turbulent shear flow over a
film-covered sea surface is studied
theoretically. A compound matrix method (Wheless & Csanady 1993), is
used to solve
the eigenvalue problem numerically. The numerical method has been adjusted
to a
coupled air–sea system. In the stability problem the vertical component
of the
turbulent Reynolds stress has been taken into account. As pointed out by
Wheless &
Csanady, the second derivative of the traditional log–linear wind
profile has a rather
extreme behaviour near the matching point of the linear and logarithmic
part. To
improve the model, a new profile is calculated based on an eddy viscosity
distribution
for channel flow (Quarmby & Anand 1969), which has continuous derivatives
all the
way down to the surface. Calculations of the wave growth rates corresponds
well with
earlier theoretical results as well as laboratory measurements. The energy
flux from the
air to the sea caused by the pressure work at the surface has been calculated.
An
intriguing result obtained here is that this flux seems to be strongly
dependent on the
elastic property of the surface film. The flux attains a maximum for finite
values of the
film elasticity parameter.
Evolution of isolated vortices in a rotating fluid of finite depth
Authors: ORLANDI P. , CARNEVALE G. F.
Published: July 2002

Laboratory experiments have shown that monopolar isolated vortices
in a rotating
flow undergo instabilities that result in the formation of multipolar vortex
states such
as dipoles and tripoles. In some cases the instability is entirely two-dimensional,
with
the vortices taking the form of vortex columns aligned along the direction
of the
ambient rotation at all times. In other cases, the vortex first passes
through a highly
turbulent three-dimensional state before eventually reorganizing into vortex
columns.
Through a series of three-dimensional numerical simulations, the roles
that centrifugal
instability, barotropic instability, and the bottom Ekman boundary layer
play in these
instabilities are investigated. Evidence is presented that the centrifugal
instability can
trigger the barotropic instabilities by the enhancement of vorticity gradients.
It is
shown that the bottom Ekman layer is not essential to these instabilities
but can
strongly modify their evolution.
Baroclinic instability in a reduced gravity,
three-dimensional, quasi-geostrophic model
Authors: RIPA P.
Published: July 2002

The classical quasi-geostrophic model in an active layer with an arbitrary vertical
structure is modified by adding a boundary condition at the interface with a passive
(motionless) lower layer: the difference between isopycnal and interface elevations is a
Lagrangian constant, so that a particle in this boundary remains there and conserves
its density. The new model has the appropriate integrals of motion: in particular,
a free energy quadratic and positive definite in the deviation from a state with a
uniform flow, made up of the internal and ‘external’ potential energies (due to the
displacement of the isopycnals and the interface) and the kinetic energy.

Eady's model of baroclinic instability is extended with the present system, i.e. including
the effect of the free lower boundary. The integrals of motion give instability
conditions that are both necessary and sufficient. If the geostrophic slope of the
interface is such that density increases in opposite directions at the top and bottom
boundaries, then the basic flow is nonlinearly stable. For very weak internal stratification
(as compared with the density jump at the interface) normal modes instability
is similar to that of a simpler model, with a rigid but sloping bottom. For stronger
stratification, though, the deformation of the lower boundary by the perturbation
field also plays an important role, as shown in the dispersion relation, the structure of
growing perturbations, and the energetics of the instability. The energy of long growing
perturbations is mostly internal potential, whereas short ones have an important
fraction of kinetic energy and, for strong enough stratification, external potential.
Postrevolutionary Intellectuals, Rural Readings and the Shaping of
the
‘Peasant Problem’ in Mexico: El Maestro Rural,
1932–34
Authors: PALACIOS GUILLERMO
Published: July 2002

This paper studies the participation of an important group of Mexican

postrevolutionary intellectuals, leaders of the cultural-educational project
during
the early 1930s, in the construction of two closely related concepts: the
‘peasant
problem’ and its nucleus, the ‘revolutionary peasant’,

both central to the political
and ideological consolidation of the new regime. It discusses the approaches
that
lead them to propose a new ‘peasantness’, suitable for the
political and economic
interests that dominated the process of formation of the postrevolutionary
State.
It also considers the struggle that developed within the group between
the
‘productivists’, linked to Marxism-Leninism, and the
‘cultural-populists’, more
concerned with the cultural survival of the Indo-campesino groups,
for the right
to define these concepts. The analysis is based on El Maestro Rural,
edited by the
Secretaría de Educación Pública since 1932.
Negation and OV order in Late Middle English
Authors: INGHAM RICHARD
Published: July 2002

Optional OV order in Later Middle English (LME) has given rise to conflicting
theoretical accounts. Earlier analyses postulating movement to AgrOP or alternative
base orders are found to be inadequate to deal with the occurrence of OV in non-literary LME; in a large database of 15th century private familial correspondence,
residual OV order is found to have been productive only with negated objects.
Multiple subject constructions with there expletives showed the same restriction. These
phenomena are accounted for by postulating overt Neg Movement (Haegeman 1995)
as a permitted option in LME. In this framework, it is argued that LME showed a
mixed typology having both Neg movement and a null Neg operator. LME had three
ways of satisfying the NEG Criterion (Haegeman 1995): Merge not in Spec NegP,
coindex [OP]i … [XP(Neg)]i,
and Move XP(Neg) to Spec NegP. Modern English has
only the first two. The distribution in this period of negative concord with not is
shown to support our analysis.
Self-induced erosion and spectral breaking of high-power microwave pulses
Authors: ANDERSON D. , KIM A. , LISAK M. , MADSEN K.
Published: July 2002

An analysis is made of the phenomenon of self-induced erosion and
spectral breaking of ionizing high-power microwave pulses propagating in a gas.
The analysis describes in an analytically explicit and physically clear way the
consistent interaction between the microwave pulse and the self-induced
breakdown plasma. In particular, it clarifies, both qualitatively and quantitatively,
the mechanisms behind the pulse erosion and the spectral breaking
phenomenon, i.e. the splitting of the pulse spectrum into a redshifted and a
blueshifted peak as observed in numerical simulation results as well as in
experiments.
Cross-field plasma acceleration and potential formation induced by electrostatic waves in a relativistic magnetized plasma
Authors: SUGAYA R.
Published: July 2002

Relativistic and non-relativistic particle acceleration along and
across a magnetic field, and the generation of an electric field transverse to the
magnetic field, both induced by almost perpendicularly propagating electrostatic
waves in a relativistic magnetized plasma, are investigated theoretically
on the basis of relativistic quasilinear transport equations. The
electrostatic waves accelerate particles via Landau or cyclotron damping, and
the ratio of parallel and perpendicular drift velocities
vs||/vd can be proved to be proportional to
k||/k⊥. Simultaneously, an intense cross-field electric field
E0 = B0 × vd/c
is generated via the dynamo effect owing to perpendicular particle
drift to satisfy the generalized Ohm's law, which means that this cross-field
particle drift is identical to E × B drift. The relativistic quasilinear transport
equations for relativistic cross-field particle acceleration are derived by Lorentz
transformation of the relativistic quasilinear momentum-space diffusion
equation in the moving frame of reference without the electric field and the
cross-field particle drift. They can be applied to the investigation of the
relativistic perpendicular particle acceleration that may possibly occur in space
plasmas.
Theory of collisionless damping of cavitons
and resonant particle acceleration
Authors: BINGHAM R. , de ANGELIS U. , TSYTOVICH V. N.
Published: July 2002

A theory is proposed that describes in a self-consistent manner
damping and particle acceleration within cavitons. The framework
of the approach makes it possible
to formulate a set of self-consistent equations taking into account the
change in the
particle distribution function due to the interaction with cavitons and
the
damping of the waves within the cavitons due to the interaction with
resonant particles.
The spatial inhomogeneity of the distribution function of resonant particles
in the
vicinity of a caviton produces a new type of damping. The new damping mechanism
is present for any inhomogeneity produced both by the other cavitons (or
empty
cavitons) in a strongly turbulent plasma or by any other source. This new
type of
damping is important for arresting wave collapse.
Adiabatic dust-acoustic waves with dust-charge fluctuations
Authors: SINGH S. V. , RAO N. N.
Published: July 2002

We study the effect of charge fluctuations on the propagation of
adiabatic linear
and nonlinear dust-acoustic waves by considering the electrons and ions
to be in
Boltzmann equilibria, and the dust grains to satisfy the fluid equations
with full
adiabatic equation of state. Linear dust-acoustic waves are damped owing
to the
dust-charge fluctuations, and the damping rate decreases with increasing
adiabatic
dust pressure. Nonlinear dust-acoustic waves are governed by the set of
coupled
Boussinesq-like and dust-charge perturbation equations. It is shown that
for unidirectional
propagation, the Boussinesq-like equation reduces to usual Korteweg–de
Vries
(KdV) equation. At early times, the localized solutions of the KdV equation

are damped owing to the dust-charge perturbations. The soliton amplitude

decreases with increasing adiabatic dust plasma pressure and increases
with Mach
number. Soliton solutions are found only in the supersonic regime.
Measured laser fusion gains reproduced
by self-similar volume compression and
volume ignition for NIF conditions
Authors: HORA HEINRICH , AZECHI H. , KITAGAWA Y. , MIMA K. , MURAKAMI M. , NAKAI S. , NISHIHARA K. , TAKABE H. , YAMANAKA C. , YAMANAKA M. , YAMANAKA T.
Published: July 2002

The recent high core gains of 29% in laser fusion experiments at the LLE Rochester are evaluated and compared with related earlier measurements where surprisingly the self-similarity model for volume compression provides a common description. This is a proof that the isentropic conditions of stagnation-free compression were mostly fulfilled at the optimized experimental gains, in contrast to highly entropy-producing shock and central spark conditions. Some projections are given of how these results may be generalized to volume ignition for the parameters of the NIF (National Ignition Facility). The proof of stagnation-free volume compression for the best laser fusion gains indicates the advantages of volume ignition, which not only is ‘robust’ and simply follows the natural adiabatic compression, but also is much less sensitive to instabilities and mixing. However, its essential advantage is that it is free from symmetry problems – in contrast to spark ignition, with its spherical detonation front.