bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Parents’ Self‐Perceptions in the Association Between Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Aspects of Parenting
Authors: Sager Julia C. , Wamser‐Nanney Rachel
Published: July 2021

Parents’ posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) have been shown to be negatively associated with aspects of parenting, yet the mechanisms that link PTSS to parenting remain unclear. Because PTSS include negative alterations in cognitions, trauma‐exposed parents may have skewed perceptions of themselves as parents. However, no studies have examined whether there is an indirect effect of PTSS on parenting through parents’ self‐perceptions. Path analysis was used to determine (a) whether DSM‐5 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom clusters are related to parenting indices (i.e., support, satisfaction, involvement) and self‐perceptions, (b) if parental self‐perceptions are tied to aspects of parenting, and (c) if there is an indirect effect of PTSS on parenting through parental self‐perceptions. Participants were 223 trauma‐exposed parents (Mage= 36.92 years, SD = 7.9, 63.7% female) recruited from a midwestern U.S. university or via Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Negative alterations in cognitions and mood were inversely related to parental support, B = −0.41, p = .008, and alterations in arousal and reactivity were inversely associated with parental self‐perceptions, B = −1.26, p = .001. Parental self‐perceptions were positively related to all parenting indices, Bs = 0.27–0.44. Indirect effects were observed for alterations in arousal and reactivity and parental support, satisfaction, and involvement via parents’ self‐perceptions, Bs = −0.34 to ‐0.55. Parental self‐perceptions appear to be a potential factor in understanding parenting difficulties for trauma‐exposed parents experiencing alterations in arousal and reactivity. Targeting these perceptions may be a point of intervention aimed at improving parenting outcomes among trauma‐exposed parents.
An Examination of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder–Related Symptoms Among a Sample of Latinx Sexual‐ and Gender‐Minority Immigrants
Authors: Estrada Fernando , Cerezo Alison , Ramirez Amaranta
Published: July 2021

Latinx sexual‐ and gender‐ minority (SGM) immigrants experience stress across multiple axes of identity, which can lead to negative health consequences. Using an intersectional–cultural theory of stress, the current study sampled 194 Latinx SGM immigrants to examine the association between intersectional discrimination (i.e., race‐ and sexual orientation–based), acculturative stress, symptoms related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and somatic distress. We used moderated hierarchical linear regression analysis to determine whether social support moderated the associations among intersectional discrimination, acculturative stress, and PTSD symptoms. The results showed that after controlling for time in the United States, PTSD symptoms were associated with intersectional discrimination, β = .57, SE = 3.14, p < .001, and acculturative stress, β = .42, SE = 2.47, p < .001, at higher levels of social support. The variability in outcome explained by the variables of interest was approximately 47%. These findings offer important and timely data that can inform future research and clinical applications in this underserved and understudied community.
Bioinspired Microstructure Platform for Modular Cell‐Laden Microgel Fabrication
Authors: Liu Han , Li Moxiao , Huang Guoyou , Li Jiansheng , Xu Feng
Published: July 2021

Cell‐laden microgels have attracted increasing interest in various biomedical fields, as living building blocks to construct spatially organized multicellular structures or complex tissue features (e.g., cell spheroids and aligned cells/fibers). Although numerous approaches have been developed to tailor cell‐laden microgels, there is still an unmet need for modular, versatile, convenient, and high‐throughput methods. In this study, as inspired by the phenomena of water droplet manipulation from natural microstructures, a novel platform is developed to manipulate microscale hydrogel droplets and fabricate modular cell‐laden microgels. First, taking antenna‐like trichome as a template, catcher‐like bioinspired microstructures are fabricated and hydrogel droplets are manipulated modularly in a versatile, convenient, and high‐throughput manner, which is compatible with various types of hydrogels (e.g., photo‐cross‐linking, thermal‐cross‐linking, and ion‐cross‐linking). It is demonstrated that this platform can manipulate cell‐laden microgels as modular units, such as two or more cell‐laden microgels on one single catcher‐like structure and different structures on one single chip. The authors also demonstrate the application of this platform on constructing complex tissue features like myocardial fibrosis tissue models to study cardiac fibrosis. The developed platform will be a powerful tool for engineering various in vitro tissue models for widespread biomedical applications.
Characteristic Features of α and β Relaxations of Poly(diethyl fumarate) as the Poly(substituted methylene)
Authors: Suzuki Yasuhito , Tsuji Nagisa , Miyata Kairi , Kano Takahito , Fukao Koji , Matsumoto Akikazu
Published: July 2021

Recently the β relaxation draws attention because it may act as a precursor of the α relaxation and potentially influences a wide range of properties. In many cases, the weak intensity of the β relaxation limits the experimental investigation. Herein, the β relaxation of poly(diethyl fumarate) (PDEF) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and dielectric spectroscopy is investigated. Originating from the absence of methylene spacer in the main chain, polyfumarates possess an intense β relaxation. Unlike common vinyl polymers, PDEF shows two distinct steps in DSC measurement corresponding to α and β relaxations. Interestingly, the relative intensities of α and β relaxations depend on the thermal history. The β relaxation of PDEF obtained by dielectric spectroscopy at high temperature is similar to that of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). However, the β relaxation of PDEF follows the VFT equation rather than the Arrhenius equation at low temperatures. The analysis of PDEF/PMMA blend suggests the local orientation of PDEF chain plays a vital role in the intense β relaxation.
Enhanced Thermal Stability and Electrochemical Performance of Polyacrylonitrile/Cellulose Acetate‐Electrospun Fiber Membrane by Boehmite Nanoparticles: Application to High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Na , Liang Yuhao , Jia Shaojin
Published: July 2021

In this study, polyacrylonitrile/cellulose acetate (PAN/CA) composite nanofiber membranes with different boehmite contents are prepared by electrospinning. The physical and electrochemical properties of the composite nanofiber membrane as a separator in lithium batteries are investigated. In contrast to commercial polypropylene membrane (PP), the nanocomposite fiber membrane has a 3D network structure, higher porosity, higher thermal stability, higher electrolyte absorptivity, higher ionic conductivity, and better cycling performance. The PAN/CA composite membrane with 12 wt% boehmite has the highest ionic conductivity (1.694 mS cm−1); the specific discharge capacity is 160 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C discharge density and the highest capacity retention rate is 99.3% after 100 cycles. The cycle rate at 2 C has a higher capacity retention rate (88.75%). These results indicate that the PAN/CA/AlOOH composite nanofiber membrane can be expected to replace the commercial polyolefin membrane and behave as a high‐performance separator for lithium‐ion batteries.
Synthetic Biopolymers and Their Composites: Advantages and Limitations—An Overview
Authors: Mtibe Asanda , Motloung Mpho Phillip , Bandyopadhyay Jayita , Ray Suprakas Sinha
Published: July 2021

Recently, polymer science and engineering research has shifted toward the development of environmentally benign polymers to reduce the impact of plastic leakage on the ecosystems. Stringent regulations and concerns regarding conventional polymers are the main driving forces for the development of renewable, biodegradable, sustainable, and environmentally benign materials. Although biopolymers can alleviate plastic‐related pollution, several factors dictate the utilization of biopolymers. Herein, an overview of the potential and limitations of synthetic biopolymers and their composites in the context of environmentally benign materials for a sustainable future are presented. The synthetic biopolymer market, technical advancements for different applications, lifecycle analysis, and biodegradability are covered. The current trends, challenges, and opportunities for bioplastic recycling are also discussed. In summary, this review is expected to provide guidelines for future development related to synthetic biopolymer‐based sustainable polymeric materials suitable for various applications.
Mesoporous Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Materials with Frank‐Kasper Phases Templated by an Unusual Linear Symmetry Diblock Copolymer
Authors: Chen Wei‐Cheng , Liu Yuan‐Tzu , Kuo Shiao‐Wei
Published: July 2021

In this study the authors used an unusual linear symmetric poly(ethylene oxide‐b‐caprolactone) (PEO‐b‐PCL) diblock copolymer as a template within phenolic/double‐decker silsesquioxane (DDSQ) hybrids to synthesize mesoporous phenolic/DDSQ materials having Frank–Kasper (FK) phases (e.g., σ, A15, H, and Z phases). These FK structures are the first to have been prepared using a block copolymer and the first to exist in mesoporous materials. The authors' mesoporous carbon/DDSQ hybrids displayed high capacitance (764 F g−1 at a current of 0.5 A g−1 and 98.4% capacitance retention over 2000 cycles), arising from their high surface areas, high pore volumes, and tunable concentrations of N, O, and Si heteroatoms.
The Lab4P Consortium of Probiotics Attenuates Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor Deficient Mice Fed a High Fat Diet and Causes Plaque Stabilization by Inhibiting Inflammation and Several Pro‐Atherogenic Processes
Authors: O'Morain Victoria L. , Chan Yee‐Hung , Williams Jessica O. , Alotibi Reem , Alahmadi Alaa , Rodrigues Neil P. , Plummer Sue F. , Hughes Timothy R. , Michael Daryn R. , Ramji Dipak P.
Published: July 2021

Scope

Previous studies show that Lab4 probiotic consortium plus Lactobacillus plantarum CUL66 (Lab4P) reduces diet‐induced weight gain and plasma cholesterol levels in C57BL/6J mice fed a high fat diet (HFD). The effect of Lab4P on atherosclerosis is not known and is therefore investigated.

Methods and Results

Atherosclerosis‐associated parameters are analyzed in LDL receptor deficient mice fed HFD for 12 weeks alone or supplemented with Lab4P. Lab4P increases plasma HDL and triglyceride levels and decreases LDL/VLDL levels. Lab4P also reduces plaque burden and content of lipids and macrophages, indicative of dampened inflammation, and increases smooth muscle cell content, a marker of plaque stabilization. Atherosclerosis arrays show that Lab4P alters the liver expression of 19 key disease‐associated genes. Lab4P also decreases the frequency of macrophages and T‐cells in the bone marrow. In vitro assays using conditioned media from probiotic bacteria demonstrates attenuation of several atherosclerosis‐associated processes in vitro such as chemokine‐driven monocytic migration, proliferation of monocytes and macrophages, foam cell formation and associated changes in expression of key genes, and proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells.

Conclusion

This study provides new insights into the anti‐atherogenic actions of Lab4P together with the underlying mechanisms and supports further assessments in human trials.
Demonstration of Invariant‐Based Shortcuts to Coherent Population Transfer in a Superconducting Qutrit
Authors: Han Zhikun , Dong Yuqian , Yang Xiaopei , Song Shuqing , Zheng Wen , Wang Zhimin , Xu Jianwen , Lan Dong , Tan Xinsheng , Yu Yang
Published: July 2021

Invariant‐based shortcuts to adiabaticity (IB‐STA) approach is demonstrated to speed up the coherent population transfer of a three‐level quantum system on a superconducting circuit. Compared with the conventional stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP), the scheme can achieve the same high transfer efficiency with evolution time reduced by 5.96 times. The final transfer efficiency of the scheme is measured to be , which is mainly decoherence limited. Further, the robustness of the scheme is experimentally characterized, which is superior to the time‐optimal resonant Rabi scheme under systematic pulse amplitude error. Therefore, the approach provides an alternative approach to realize high‐fidelity state manipulation and preparation for weakly coupled Λ‐ or Ξ‐type quantum systems.
Initiation of deep convection through deepening of a well‐mixed boundary layer
Authors: Yano Jun‐Ichi
Published: July 2021

The present study examines mechanisms by which deep moist convection may be initiated through deepening of a well‐mixed convective boundary layer under large‐scale low‐level convergence. The process is examined using a standard formulation for the well‐mixed boundary layer, in which the depth increases exponentially with time under a constant convergence with height. Consideration is also given to a case with a more realistic mean vertical velocity profile which has a maximum in the middle troposphere and attenuates to zero at the tropopause. In the latter case, the unstable well‐mixed layer under convergence grows to a troposphere‐deep mixed layer. Importantly, under these scenarios, the so‐called convective inhibition (CIN) does not inhibit deepening of a well‐mixed convective boundary layer, nor does deep moist convection need to overcome CIN to initiate.
Isothermal amplification‐based assays for rapid and sensitive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2: Opportunities and recent developments
Authors: Maiti Biswajit , Anupama Karanth Padyana , Rai Praveen , Karunasagar Indrani , Karunasagar Iddya
Published: July 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a global pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). To date, the virus has been detected in 219 countries of the world. Therefore, managing the disease becomes the priority, in which detecting the presence of the virus is a crucial step. Presently, real‐time RT polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) is considered a gold standard nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT). The test protocol of RT‐qPCR is complicated, places high demands on equipment, testing reagents, research personnel skills and is expensive. Therefore, simpler point‐of‐care (POC) tests are needed to accelerate clinical decision‐making and take some of the workload from centralized test laboratories. Various isothermal amplification‐based assays have been developed for the sensitive detection of different microorganisms, and recently some of them have been applied for detection of SARS‐CoV‐2. These do not require any programable thermocycler, can produce the results in a single temperature, and therefore, are considered simple. Unlike RT‐qPCR, these methods are highly sensitive, specific, less time‐consuming, simple and affordable, and can be used as POC diagnostic kit for COVID‐19. In this review, we have discussed the potential of isothermal amplification‐based assays as an alternative to RT‐qPCR for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2.
Scaling analysis of Richards equation for horizontal infiltration and its approximate solution
Authors: Wang Ziqing
Published: July 2021

Richards equation (RE) of Brooks–Corey soil is invariant under some scaling transformations and can be reduced to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with scale symmetry analysis. From the reduced ODE, it is convenient to get the solution of RE (mostly numerically). The admissible scaling transformations of RE can transform a given solution to other solutions, by which the explicit relations between wetting front (or its velocity) and boundary moisture and between cumulative infiltration and boundary moisture for horizontal infiltration are deduced. For horizontal infiltration into dry soil with constant boundary moisture, the contour of water distribution curve can be represented by a shape factor R, which can be regarded as a constant for a given soil. Based on the reduced ODE and the parameter R, an explicit approximate solution for horizontal soil water infiltration is proposed, which just relies on R. The shape factor R is related to Brooks–Corey power exponent n and independent of the boundary moisture. With the obtained R–n relations, the relative deviation of the approximate solution can be less than 0.001. The approximate solution keeps high precision in any time range of the infiltration process.
A Ferrocene‐Functionalized Covalent Organic Framework for Enhancing Chemodynamic Therapy via Redox Dyshomeostasis
Authors: Zhou Le‐Le , Guan Qun , Li Wen‐Yan , Zhang Zhiyong , Li Yan‐An , Dong Yu‐Bin
Published: July 2021

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), which induces cell death by decomposing high levels of H2O2 in tumor cells into highly toxic ·OH, is recognized as a promising antineoplastic approach. However, current CDT approaches are often restricted by the highly controlled and upregulated cellular antioxidant defense. To enhance ·OH‐induced cellular damage by CDT, a covalent organic framework (COF)‐based, ferrocene (Fc)‐ and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibitor‐loaded nanodrug, RSL3@COF–Fc (2b), is fabricated. The obtained 2b not only promotes in situ Fenton‐like reactions to trigger ·OH production in cells, but also attenuates the repair mechanisms under oxidative stress via irreversible covalent GPX4 inhibition. As a result, these two approaches synergistically result in massive lipid peroxide accumulation, subsequent cell damage, and ultimately ferroptosis, while not being limited by intracellular glutathione. It is believed that this research provides a paradigm for enhancing reactive oxygen species‐mediated oncotherapy through redox dyshomeostasis and may provide new insights for developing COF‐based nanomedicine.
In Situ Growth of Novel Graphene Nanostructures in Reduced Graphene Oxide Microspherical Assembly with Restacking‐Resistance and Inter‐Particle Contacts for Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Kim Young Hwan , Lee Geon‐Woo , Choi Yeon Jun , Kim Kwang‐Bum
Published: July 2021

Graphene is extensively investigated for various energy storage systems. However, the very low density (<0.01 g cm−3) of graphene nanosheets has hindered its further applications. To solve this issue, a controlled assembly of 2D graphene building blocks should be developed into graphene microspheres with high packing density, and restacking of graphene should be prevented to ensure an electrochemically accessible surface area during the assembly. Furthermore, graphene microspheres should have multiple 1D external conductive architecture to promote contacts with the neighbors. This study reports in situ growth of novel graphene nanostructures in reduced graphene oxide microspherical assembly (denoted as GT/GnS@rGB) with restacking resistance and interparticle contacts, for electrochemical energy storage. The GT/GnS@rGB showed high gravimetric (231.8 F g−1) and volumetric (181.5 F cm−3) capacitances at 0.2 A g−1 in organic electrolyte with excellent rate capabilities of 94.3% (@ 0.2 vs 10 Ag−1). Furthermore, GT/GnS@rGB exhibited excellent cycling stability (96.1% of the initial capacitance after 100 000 charge/discharge cycles at 2 A g−1). As demonstrated in the electrochemical evaluation as electrode materials for electrical double‐layer capacitors, unique structural and textural features of the GT/GnS@rGB would be beneficial in the use of graphene assembly for energy storage applications.
Zwitterionic Ionic Liquid Confer Defect Tolerance, High Conductivity, and Hydrophobicity toward Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Exceeding 22% Efficiency
Authors: Yang Liqun , Ma Xiaohui , Shang Xueni , Gao Deyu , Wang Chen , Li Mengjia , Chen Cong , Zhang Boxue , Xu Sai , Zheng Shijian , Song Hongwei
Published: July 2021

Defect passivation has been a promising route for enhancing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, defect inhibition in two‐step solution‐processed (FAPbI3)1−x(MAPbBr3)x films via a rationally designed zwitterionic ionic liquid (ZIL) with 4‐fluoro‐phenylammonium (4FB+) as cations and tetrafluoroborate (BF4−) as anions is demonstrated. First, 4FB+ and BF4− can effectively fill vacancy defects caused by the migrated organic A‐site cation and halogen anion, confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Second, the 4FB+ with π conjugated benzene ring can donate electrons for carrier extraction, whereas its fluorination of the phenyl ammonium could enhance moisture blocking through the molecular packing of CF bond. The electrical characterization, including space charge limited current and Mott–Schottky measurement, proves the enhanced carrier extraction and photovoltaic performance. Third, the pseudohalogen anion BF4− with high ionic conductivity could significantly enhance the carrier lifetime and reduce the VOC loss. As a result, the ZIL‐modified PSCs can achieve a high PCE of 22.5% with excellent long‐term stability maintaining more than 80% of the initial efficiency after storing in an ambient condition for 2000 h. Herein, a new paradigm toward accelerating the development of efficient and stable PSCs is opened up.
Response Surface Optimization of Lipase‐Catalyzed Surface Esterification for Modification of Cassava Starch with Rosin Acid
Authors: Yang Hui , Lin Rihui , Fan Yanye , Jiang Sai , Lin Yujiao
Published: July 2021

The rosin acid starch (RAS) is prepared under the catalysis of lipase, by esterification on the starch particles' surface in a two‐phase reaction system, using rosin acid and native cassava starch as starting materials. The effects of reaction time, solvent types, substrate ratio, reaction temperature, and lipase dosage on the degree of substitution (DS) of RAS are investigated. Based on the single factor experiments, the reaction conditions are optimized according to the principle of the combination Box‐behnken centered design and response surface methodology analysis. The mathematical model of the influence of reaction temperature, material ratio, and enzyme addition amount on DS is established. The optimum synthesis conditions are determined as follows: solvent, trichloromethane; reaction time, 10 h; reaction temperature, 59 °C; substrate ratio (mRosin acid:mstarch), 4.1; and lipase dosage, 264 µL. Under these conditions, it is found that the DS is 0.0608. The analysis of variance and verification experiments show that the mathematical model has good fit degree and high credibility. Compared with the native cassava starch, RAS has improved contact angle, emulsion capacity, and emulsion stability.
Waves in thermoelastic solid half‐space containing voids with liquid loadings
Authors: Pathania Vijayata , Joshi Pallvi
Published: July 2021

The influence of the voids in the propagation of time‐harmonic plane waves in a semi‐infinite homogeneous isotropic thermoelastic medium in contact with inviscid liquid half‐space has been explored under the Lord‐Shulman theory of thermoelasticity. The incompressible and non‐viscous liquid is taken in the upper half‐space and the effect of gravity on the whole system is assumed to be negligible. The mathematical model is developed and the exact expressions for the considered variables are obtained by using the normal mode analysis method. The compact secular equation for the considered model is derived for thermally insulated and isothermal cases respectively. There exist four waves in the generalized thermoelastic porous solid half‐space and one wave exists in the liquid half‐space. In the solid half‐space, one is a transverse wave and the remaining three is the set of coupled dilatational waves. The coupling among these waves is because of the presence of voids and thermal effects, also the amplitude of oscillation of these waves decreases with time. The transverse wave in the solid half‐space is undamped in time and remains independent of the effects of voids and heat. The particle's motion is deduced for Rayleigh wave propagation and found to be elliptical in solid half‐space and circular in liquid half‐space. Also, the plane of particle motion is tilted due to the presence of void parameters in the medium. Magnesium crystal has been chosen for the numerical computation and the discussion of various graphs depicting the profiles are presented in the last section.
Time-dependent inhibition of covert shifts of attention
Authors: Buonocore Antimo , Dietze Niklas , McIntosh Robert D.
Published: July 2021

Visual transients can interrupt overt orienting by abolishing the execution of a planned eye movement due about 90 ms later, a phenomenon known as saccadic inhibition (SI). It is not known if the same inhibitory process might influence covert orienting in the absence of saccades, and consequently alter visual perception. In Experiment 1 (n = 14), we measured orientation discrimination during a covert orienting task in which an uninformative exogenous visual cue preceded the onset of an oriented probe by 140–290 ms. In half of the trials, the onset of the probe was accompanied by a brief irrelevant flash, a visual transient that would normally induce SI. We report a time-dependent inhibition of covert orienting in which the irrelevant flash impaired orientation discrimination accuracy when the probe followed the cue by 190 and 240 ms. The interference was more pronounced when the cue was incongruent with the probe location, suggesting an impact on the reorienting component of the attentional shift. In Experiment 2 (n = 12), we tested whether the inhibitory effect of the flash could occur within an earlier time range, or only within the later, reorienting range. We presented probes at congruent cue locations in a time window between 50 and 200 ms. Similar to Experiment 1, discrimination performance was altered at 200 ms after the cue. We suggest that covert attention may be susceptible to similar inhibitory mechanisms that generate SI, especially in later stages of attentional shifting (> 200 ms after a cue), typically associated with reorienting.
Novel CYP11B-ligand [123/131I]IMAZA as promising theranostic tool for adrenocortical tumors: comprehensive preclinical characterization and first clinical experience
Authors: Heinze Britta , Schirbel Andreas , Nannen Lukas , Michelmann David , Hartrampf Philipp E. , Bluemel Christina , Schneider Magdalena , Herrmann Ken , Haenscheid Heribert , Fassnacht Martin , Buck Andreas K. , Hahner Stefanie
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Adrenal tumors represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Promising results have been obtained through targeting the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 for molecular imaging, and [123/131I]iodometomidate ([123/131I]IMTO) has even been successfully introduced as a theranostic agent. As this radiopharmaceutical shows rapid metabolic inactivation, we aimed at developing new improved tracers.

Methods

Several IMTO derivatives were newly designed by replacing the unstable methyl ester by different carboxylic esters or amides. The inhibition of aldosterone and cortisol synthesis was tested in different adrenocortical cell lines. The corresponding radiolabeled compounds were assessed regarding their stability, in vitro cell uptake, in vivo biodistribution in mice, and their binding specificity to cryosections of human adrenocortical and non-adrenocortical tissue. Furthermore, a first investigation was performed in patients with known metastatic adrenal cancer using both [123I]IMTO and the most promising compound (R)-1-[1-(4-[123I]iodophenyl)ethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid azetidinylamide ([123I]IMAZA) for scintigraphy. Subsequently, a first endoradiotherapy with [131I]IMAZA in one of these patients was performed.

Results

We identified three analogues to IMTO with high-affinity binding to the target enzymes and comparable or higher metabolic stability and very high and specific accumulation in adrenocortical cells in vitro and in vivo. Labeled IMAZA exhibited superior pharmacokinetic and imaging properties compared to IMTO in mice and 3 patients, too. An endoradiotherapy with [131I]IMAZA induced a 21-month progression-free interval in a patient with rapidly progressing ACC prior this therapy.

Conclusion

We developed the new radiopharmaceutical [123/131I]IMAZA with superior properties compared to the reference compound IMTO and promising first experiences in humans.
First-in-human phase 1 study of budigalimab, an anti-PD-1 inhibitor, in patients with non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Italiano Antoine , Cassier Philippe A. , Lin Chia-Chi , Alanko Tuomo , Peltola Katriina J. , Gazzah Anas , Shiah Her-Shyong , Calvo Emiliano , Cervantes Andrés , Roda Desamparados , Tosi Diego , Gao Bo , Millward Michael , Warburton Lydia , Tanner Minna , Englert Stefan , Lambert Stacie , Parikh Apurvasena , Afar Daniel E. , Vosganian Gregory , Moreno Victor
Published: July 2021

Background

Budigalimab is a humanized, recombinant immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1). We present the safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic data from patients enrolled in the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) expansion cohorts of the phase 1 first-in-human study of budigalimab monotherapy (NCT03000257; registered 15 December 2016).

Patients and methods

Patients with recurrent/metastatic HNSCC or locally advanced/metastatic NSCLC naive to PD-1/PD-1-ligand inhibitors were enrolled; patients were not selected on the basis of oncogene driver mutations or PD-L1 status. Budigalimab was administered at 250 mg intravenously Q2W or 500 mg intravenously Q4W until disease progression/unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoints were safety and PK; the secondary endpoint was efficacy. Exploratory endpoints included biomarker assessments.

Results

In total, 81 patients were enrolled (HNSCC: N = 41 [PD-L1 positive: n = 19]; NSCLC: N = 40 [PD-L1 positive: n = 16]); median treatment duration was 72 days (range, 1–617) and 71 days (range, 1–490) for the HNSCC and NSCLC cohorts, respectively. The most frequent grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse event was anemia (HNSCC: n = 9, 22%; NSCLC: n = 5, 13%). Both dosing regimens had comparable drug exposure and increased interferon gamma-induced chemokines, monokine induced by gamma interferon, and interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10. Objective response rates were 13% (90% CI, 5.1–24.5) in the HNSCC cohort and 19% (90% CI, 9.2–32.6) in the NSCLC cohort. Median progression-free survival was 3.6 months (95% CI, 1.7–4.7) and 1.9 months (95% CI, 1.7–3.7) in the HNSCC and NSCLC cohorts.

Conclusions

The safety, efficacy and biomarker profiles of budigalimab are similar to other PD-1 inhibitors. Development of budigalimab in combination with novel anticancer agents is ongoing.
The Impact of Quality Improvement Interventions in Improving Surgical Infections and Mortality in Low and Middle‐Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Jin James , ′Akau′ola Salesi , Yip Cheng‐Har , Nthumba Peter , Ameh Emmanuel A. , de Jonge Stijn , Mehes Mira , Waiqanabete Hon. Iferemi , Henry Jaymie , Hill Andrew ,   The International Society of Surgery (ISS) and the G4 Alliance International Standards and Guidelines for Quality Safe Surgery and Anesthesia (ISG‐QSSA) Group
Published: July 2021

Background

Morbidity and mortality in surgical systems in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) remain high compared to high‐income countries. Quality improvement processes, interventions, and structure are essential in the effort to improve peri‐operative outcomes.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis of interventional studies assessing quality improvement processes, interventions, and structure in developing country surgical systems was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were included if they were conducted in an LMIC, occurred in a surgical setting, and measured the effect of an implementation and its impact. The primary outcome was mortality, and secondary outcomes were rates of rates of hospital‐acquired infection (HAI) and surgical site infections (SSI). Prospero Registration: CRD42020171542.

Result

Of 38,273 search results, 31 studies were included in a qualitative synthesis, and 28 articles were included in a meta‐analysis. Implementation of multimodal bundled interventions reduced the incidence of HAI by a relative risk (RR) of 0.39 (95%CI 0.26 to 0.59), the effect of hand hygiene interventions on HAIs showed a non‐significant effect of RR of 0.69 (0.46–1.05). The WHO Safe Surgery Checklist reduced mortality by RR 0.68 (0.49 to 0.95) and SSI by RR 0.50 (0.33 to 0.63) and antimicrobial stewardship interventions reduced SSI by RR 0.67 (0.48–0.93).

Conclusion

There is evidence that a number of quality improvement processes, interventions and structural changes can improve mortality, HAI and SSI outcomes in the peri‐operative setting in LMICs.
Grit in Surgeons
Authors: Betchen Simone , Sarode Anuja , Pories Susan , Stein Sharon L.
Published: July 2021

Background

Women in surgery are often told that they are not “tough enough” to be surgeons. A Grit Score provides a validated measure of passion and perseverance, which are aspects of “toughness.”

Methods

Survey data were collected from residents and attendings in all surgical fields through multiple surgical societies. Grit and burnout were measured using validated measures.

Results

Among surgeons, gender did not have an impact on Grit Score. Burnout had a statistically significant inverse relationship with Grit Score, and women were more likely to report burnout compared to men surgeons.

Conclusions

Women in surgery have just as much grit as their male counterparts. Grit should not be a factor in women pursuing a career in surgery.
Indirect identification of horizontal gene transfer
Authors: Schaller David , Lafond Manuel , Stadler Peter F. , Wieseke Nicolas , Hellmuth Marc
Published: July 2021

Several implicit methods to infer horizontal gene transfer (HGT) focus on pairs of genes that have diverged only after the divergence of the two species in which the genes reside. This situation defines the edge set of a graph, the later-divergence-time (LDT) graph, whose vertices correspond to genes colored by their species. We investigate these graphs in the setting of relaxed scenarios, i.e., evolutionary scenarios that encompass all commonly used variants of duplication-transfer-loss scenarios in the literature. We characterize LDT graphs as a subclass of properly vertex-colored cographs, and provide a polynomial-time recognition algorithm as well as an algorithm to construct a relaxed scenario that explains a given LDT. An edge in an LDT graph implies that the two corresponding genes are separated by at least one HGT event. The converse is not true, however. We show that the complete xenology relation is described by an rs-Fitch graph, i.e., a complete multipartite graph satisfying constraints on the vertex coloring. This class of vertex-colored graphs is also recognizable in polynomial time. We finally address the question “how much information about all HGT events is contained in LDT graphs” with the help of simulations of evolutionary scenarios with a wide range of duplication, loss, and HGT events. In particular, we show that a simple greedy graph editing scheme can be used to efficiently detect HGT events that are implicitly contained in LDT graphs.
Influence of aging and gadolinium exposure on T1, T2, and T2*-relaxation in healthy women with an increased risk of breast cancer with and without prior exposure to gadoterate meglumine at 3.0-T brain MR imaging
Authors: Krug Kathrin Barbara , Burke Christina Jane , Weiss Kilian , Baltzer Pascal A. T. , Rhiem Kerstin , Maintz David , Schlamann Marc , Hellmich Martin
Published: July 2021

Objectives

We examined the effects of aging and of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) exposure on MRI measurements in brain nuclei of healthy women.

Methods

This prospective, IRB-approved single-center case-control study enrolled 100 healthy participants of our high-risk screening center for hereditary breast cancer, who had received at least six doses of macrocyclic GBCA (exposed group) or were newly entering the program (GBCA-naïve group). The cutoff “at least six doses” was chosen to be able to include a sufficient number of highly exposed participants. All participants underwent unenhanced 3.0-T brain MRI including quantitative T1, T2, and R2* mapping and T1- and T2-weighted imaging. The relaxation times/signal intensities were derived from region of interest measurements in the brain nuclei performed by a radiologist and a neuroradiologist, both board certified. Statistical analysis was based on descriptive evaluations and uni-/multivariable analyses.

Results

The participants (exposed group: 49, control group: 51) were aged 42 ± 9 years. In a multivariable model, age had a clear impact on R2* (p < 0.001–0.012), T2 (p = 0.003–0.048), and T1 relaxation times/signal intensities (p < 0.004–0.046) for the majority of deep brain nuclei, mostly affecting the substantia nigra, globus pallidus (GP), nucleus ruber, thalamus, and dentate nucleus (DN). The effect of prior GBCA administration on T1 relaxation times was statistically significant for the DN, GP, and pons (p = 0.019–0.037).

Conclusions

In a homogeneous group of young to middle-aged healthy females aging had an effect on T2 and R2* relaxation times and former GBCA applications influenced the measured T1 relaxation times.

Key Points

The quantitative T1, T2, and R2* relaxation times measured in women at high risk of developing breast cancer showed characteristic bandwidth for all brain nuclei examined at 3.0-T MRI.

The effect of participant age had a comparatively strong impact on R2*, T2, and T1 relaxation times for the majority of brain nuclei examined.

The effect of prior GBCA administrations on T1 relaxation times rates was comparatively less pronounced, yielding statistically significant results for the dentate nucleus, globus pallidus, and pons.

Summary statement

Healthy women with and without previous GBCA-enhanced breast MRI exhibited age-related T2* and T2 relaxation alterations at 3.0 T-brain MRI. T1 relaxation alterations due to prior GBCA administration were comparatively less pronounced.
Intravitreal injection associated rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: outcomes of a European analysis
Authors: Vounotrypidis Efstathios , Freissinger Sigrid , Cereda Matteo , Monteduro Davide , Kortuem Karsten , Priglinger Siegfried , Mayer Benjamin , Wolf Armin
Published: July 2021

Purpose

As the number of intravitreal injections (IVI) increases annually, this study aimed to assess the anatomical and functional outcomes following rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery for IVI-associated RRD (IVARD).

Methods

All non-vitrectomized eyes developing IVARD since 2007 in two European vitreoretinal centers (Department of Ophthalmology, LMU Munich, Germany, and Eye Clinic Luigi Sacco, University of Milan, Milan, Italy) were included. Main outcomes were primary and secondary retinal attachment rate after surgery, rate of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), and final functional result. Ten years of incidence rates per injection were calculated for one center.

Results

Fifty-two eyes of 52 patients comprised the study. Primary anatomic success rate was 83% (n = 43) and secondary 96% (n = 50). PVR was observed in all uveitic eyes (n = 3), in eyes with postoperative cystoid macular edema (n = 2), and in 8 of 9 eyes that received the dexamethasone implant (DEX). Age, number of prior injections, duration of symptoms, or time between last IVI and RRD did not show any statistically significant differences with regard to presence of PVR or not. Mean BCVA improved in 28 cases, remained stable in 16 cases, and worsened in 8 cases. The RRD incidence rate was statistically significant higher for DEX and ocriplasmin compared with that for anti-VEGF agents.

Conclusion

The anatomical result after one surgical intervention seems acceptable, but the final visual outcome remains rather poor, because of the underlying macular disease. In our population, injection with DEX is associated with higher IVARD rate, presence and development of PVR, and recurrent RRD in comparison with anti-VEGF agents.
Epic narratives of the Green Revolution in Brazil, China, and India
Authors: Cabral Lídia , Pandey Poonam , Xu Xiuli
Published: July 2021

The Green Revolution is often seen as epitomising the dawn of scientific and technological advancement and modernity in the agricultural sector across developing countries, a process that unfolded from the 1940s through to the 1980s. Despite the time that has elapsed, this episode of the past continues to resonate today, and still shapes the institutions and practices of agricultural science and technology. In Brazil, China, and India, narratives of science-led agricultural transformations portray that period in glorifying terms—entailing pressing national imperatives, unprecedented achievements, and heroic individuals or organizations. These “epic narratives” draw on the past to produce meaning and empower the actors that deploy them. Epic narratives are reproduced over time and perpetuate a conviction about the heroic power of science and technology in agricultural development. By crafting history and cultivating a sense of scientific nationalism, exceptionalism, and heritage, these epic narratives sustain power-knowledge relations in agricultural science and technology, which are underpinned by a hegemonic modernization paradigm. Unravelling the processes of assemblage and reproduction of epic narratives helps us make sense of how science and technology actors draw on their subjective representations of the past to assert their position in the field at present. This includes making claims about their credentials to envision and deliver sustainable solutions for agriculture into the future.
Biodiversity of periphytic cyanobacteria and algae assemblages in polar region: a case study of the vicinity of Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station (King George Island, Antarctica)
Authors: Zębek Elżbieta , Napiórkowska-Krzebietke Agnieszka , Świątecki Aleksander , Górniak Dorota
Published: July 2021

This study was carried out on periphytic cyanobacteria and algae assemblages of microbial mats in streams and small water bodies during the Antarctic summer of 2019 in the vicinity of Ecology Glacier (King George Island, Antarctica). The significantly diversified assemblages between the microbial mats of small water bodies and streams were observed. The higher biomass and proportion of periphytic cyanobacteria with Planktothix agardhii as dominant species were found in the streams at lower mean water temperature and higher nutrient content while diatoms generally dominated in the small water bodies (primarily Fragilaria capucina). Chlorophyta also reached a significant proportion in the total biomass of periphyton with dominant species of Prasiola crispa and Keratococcus mucicola. The growth of periphytic cyanobacteria and algae was determined mainly by type of substrate, water temperature and nutrient concentrations. The results also suggest the phenomenon of nutrient uptake by these assemblages from the waters, confirmed by the negative correlations between some species and nutrients (TN, TP, N-NH4, P-PO4). A large share of commonly occurring periphytic species and limitation of typically polar ones, suggest progressive changes in the eutrophication of Antarctic waters caused by the global climate change and increased pollution in the environment. Therefore, these areas should be subject to a special legal protection, preceded by detailed research of these ecosystems.
Dendrites of Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons: The Key to Understand Intellectual Disability
Authors: Granato Alberto , Merighi Adalberto
Published: July 2021

Pyramidal neurons (PNs) are the most abundant cells of the neocortex and display a vast dendritic tree, divided into basal and apical compartments. Morphological and functional anomalies of PN dendrites are at the basis of virtually all neurological and mental disorders, including intellectual disability. Here, we provide evidence that the cognitive deficits observed in different types of intellectual disability might be sustained by different parts of the PN dendritic tree, or by a dysregulation of their interaction.
Why Finance Needs Philosophy (and Vice Versa): Some Epistemic and Methodological Issues
Authors: Ippoliti Emiliano
Published: July 2021

As the world economy has for better or worse become more and more dependent on the financial markets, a rethinking of the role of finance in both theory and practice is necessary. I argue that such a rethinking requires a new look at the theories of finance that is philosophical in kind. In effect, as Martha Nussbaum claims, if the absence of philosophy in economics is arguably one of the main reasons for the flaws in certain economic theories, the absence of philosophy in finance is one the main reasons for the flaws in our theories on financial systems. In this paper I discuss the mutual relations and benefits between finance and philosophy. First, I examine the contribution that philosophy can offer to finance by analyzing a few critical issues in financial ontology (Section 2.1), financial methodology (Section 2.2) and financial mathematics (Section 2.3). I argue that philosophy is essential to enabling finance to achieve the goals for which it was designed, not only because it is a valuable external addition, but also internally, since philosophy is the proper tool for bringing about new theories and approaches. Then, I examine the contribution that finance can offer to philosophy by analyzing the relationship between theory and practice (Section 3.1), data and hypothesis (Section 3.2), and prediction, description and control (Section 3.3) in the context of financial systems. I argue that finance can help us to rethink some philosophical tenets on these issues.
Perspectives on the development and future of oocyte IVM in clinical practice
Authors: De Vos Michel , Grynberg Michaël , Ho Tuong M. , Yuan Ye , Albertini David F. , Gilchrist Robert B.
Published: July 2021

Oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) is an assisted reproductive technology designed to obtain mature oocytes following culture of immature cumulus–oocyte complexes collected from antral follicles. Although IVM has been practiced for decades and is no longer considered experimental, the uptake of IVM in clinical practice is currently limited. The purpose of this review is to ensure reproductive medicine professionals understand the appropriate use of IVM drawn from the best available evidence supporting its clinical potential and safety in selected patient groups. This group of scientists and fertility specialists, with expertise in IVM in the ART laboratory and/or clinic, explore here the development of IVM towards acquisition of a non-experimental status and, in addition, critically appraise the current and future role of IVM in human ART.