bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of organoclays on morphology and thermal and rheological properties of polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) blends
Authors: Gelfer M. Y. , Song Hyun H. , Liu Lizhi , Hsiao Benjamin S. , Chu Benjamin , Rafailovich Miriam , Si Mayu , Zaitsev Vladimir
Published: December 2002

Morphology, thermal and rheological properties of polymer‐organoclay composites prepared by melt‐blending of polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and PS/PMMA blends with Cloisite® organoclays were examined by transmission electron microscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and rheological techniques. Organoclay particles were finely dispersed and predominantly delaminated in PMMA‐clay composites, whereas organoclays formed micrometer‐sized aggregates in PS‐clay composites. In PS/PMMA blends, the majority of clay particles was concentrated in the PMMA phase and in the interfacial region between PS and PMMA. Although incompatible PS/PMMA blends remained phase‐separated after being melt‐blended with organoclays, the addition of organoclays resulted in a drastic reduction in the average microdomain sizes (from 1–1.5 μm to ca. 300–500 nm), indicating that organoclays partially compatibilized the immiscible PS/PMMA blends. The effect of surfactant (di‐methyl di‐octadecyl‐ammonia chloride), used in the preparation of organoclays, on the PS/PMMA miscibility was also investigated. The free surfactant was more compatible with PMMA than with PS; the surfactant was concentrated in PMMA and in the interfacial region of the blends. The microdomain size reduction resulting from the addition of organoclays was definitely more significant than that caused by adding the same amount of free surfactant without clay. The effect of organoclays on the rheological properties was insignificant in all tested systems, suggesting weak interactions between the clay particles and the polymer matrix. In the PS system, PMMA, and organoclay the extent of clay exfoliation and the resultant properties are controlled by the compatibility between the polymer matrix and the surfactant rather than by interactions between the polymer and the clay surface. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 44–54, 2003
Filling‐level effect on the physical properties of MgBr2‐ and MgCl2‐filled poly(vinyl acetate) films
Authors: Zidan H. M.
Published: December 2002

The structural properties of poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) films filled with different levels of MgBr2 or MgCl2 were investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that, at certain filling levels of MgBr2 or MgCl2, two new transitions appeared. The first one was due to the α relaxation (Tα) associated with a crystalline region, and the second was due to the melting temperature (Tm). This implies that a crystalline phase was formed in the polymeric matrix. Changes occurring in Tα, Tm, and the melting peak area as a function of the filling level were examined. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern revealed that the pure PVAc film was amorphous. However, the addition of MgBr2 or MgCl2 led to the formation of a crystalline phase in the polymeric matrix that depended on the filling level. XRD also demonstrated that the structural changes depended not only on the metal ions but also on the halide ions. Scanning electron microscopy images for the studied samples were examined. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 112–119, 2003
Screening of some indigenous Qatari medicinal plants for antimicrobial activity
Authors: Mahasneh Adel M
Published: December 2002

Aqueous, ethanol and butanol crude extracts of the aerial parts of ten plants exhibited variable degrees of antimicrobial activity against four bacterial and two fungal species. Aqueous extracts had low antimicrobial activity against E.coli, P.aeruginosa, B. cerreus, S.aureus, C.albicans and A.flavus. Avicennia marina (AM) aqueous extract exhibited a moderate antifungal activity. Ethanol and butanol crude extracts exhibited an improved antimicrobial activity. However, butanol exhibited a superior antimicrobial activity compared with aqueous and ethanol crudes. Compared with the standard antibiotics tested the butanol extract had the highest activity. Butanol extracts at 2000 μg/disc of AM, Lotus halophilus (LA), Pulicaria gnaphaloides (PG) and Capparis spinosa (CS) had a very good antibacterial activity against both gram‐positive and ‐negative bacteria as well as moderate to good antifungal activity against C. albicans and A. flavus. Medicago laciniata (ML), Limonium axillare (LA) and (PG) butanol crude extract compared with standard chloramphenicol, tetracycline and nalidixic acid exhibited a superior antifungal activity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Hypericum sp. on brine shrimps and human cancer cell lines
Authors: Couladis M. , Badisa R. B , Baziou P. , Chaudhuri S. K. , Pilarinou E. , Verykokidou E. , Harvala C.
Published: December 2002

Ten different samples of five Hypericum sp. were tested on brine shrimps, human colon carcinoma and human hepatoma cell lines for their cytotoxic activities. H. triquetrifolium Turra. (Rafina) showed the highest activity (LC50 = 22 mg/mL) on brine shrimps, while the extracts of the other nine samples showed significant to moderate activities (LC50 from 37 to 107 mg/mL). H. empetrifolium Wild. (Parnon) showed the highest activity in human colon carcinoma and human hepatoma cell lines, with LC50 values 29 and 25.1 mg/mL, respectively, while the LC50 values of the other samples were more than 45 mg/mL. It is very interesting to observe that most Hypericum samples showed good antioxidant activity in vitro. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Ballota pseudodictamnus L. Bentham
Authors: Couladis M. , Chinou I. B. , Tzakou O. , Loukis A.
Published: December 2002

The chemical composition of the essential oil of Ballota pseudodictamnus obtained from the aerial parts was analysed by GC/MS. From the 52 identified constituents of the oil, caryophyllene oxide, phytol and γ‐muurolene were the major components. Furthermore, the essential oil was investigated for its antimicrobial activity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation on the wound healing activity of oleo‐resin from Copaifera langsdorffi in rats
Authors: Paiva L. A. F. , de Alencar Cunha K. M. , Santos F. A. , Gramosa N. V. , Silveira E. R. , Rao V. S. N.
Published: December 2002

The wound healing activity of oleo‐resin from Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. (Leguminaceae) bark was evaluated in rats on experimental wounds. The oleo‐resin was tested by monitoring wound contraction in excised wounds and by measuring tensile strength in healing incision wounds. The topical application of oleo‐resin at a concentration of 4% accelerated wound contraction in open wounds. The mean values of wound contraction in oleo‐resin treated rats on day 9 was 84.05% ± 2.37% as against 51.29% ± 9.54% seen in controls and the difference was statistically significant (p < 0.05). No significant differences in the rates of wound contraction were observed on days 12, 15, 18 and 21. Also, the tensile strength in healing incised wounds was found to be significantly higher in the group of animals treated with 4% oleo‐resin on day 5 but not on days 7 and 12 (controls: 35.95 ± 7.44 g/cm; oleo‐resin: 71.48 ± 5.77 g/cm; p < 0.05). These results indicate the beneficial effect of C. langsdorffii oleo‐resin on wound healing and justify its traditional use for the treatment of wounds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant activity of polyphenols from Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra
Authors: Couladis Maria , Baziou Paraskevi , Verykokidou Eumorfia , Loukis Anargyros
Published: December 2002

From the aerial parts of Hypericum triquetrifolium Turra (Guttiferae) 3‐8″‐biapigenin, quercetin, rutin and chlorogenic acid were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by spectral techniques. Furthermore, the phenolic compounds were tested for antioxidant activity, using an in vitro method based on sodium arachidonoate, bleomycin and thiobarbituric acid with α‐tocopherol as the reference solution. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant properties of Indian medicinal plants
Authors: Jadhav Hemant R. , Bhutani K. K.
Published: December 2002

The antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of 12 Indian medicinal plants, traditionally used in disease areas that probably involve free radical mechanisms, were evaluated by two methods, namely the DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl hydrazyl) test and the lipid peroxidation assay. In the latter assay, seven of these extracts showed 90% or more activity compared with the standard, vitamin E and hence were studied in detail after the removal of interfering pigments. The selective pigment removal from the extracts led to an increase in free radical scavenging activity and a decrease in inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radioprotection of Swiss albino mouse by Centella asiatica extract
Authors: Sharma Jaimala , Sharma Radha
Published: December 2002

Centella asiatica, has a considerable reputation in the Indian system of medicine. It is a rasayan (general tonic), brain tonic, improves memory and strengthens the CNS. In view of its multifarious uses, the plant extract was tested for its radioprotective properties. A sublethal dose of Co60 gamma radiation, i.e. 8 Gy was selected for the purpose. Animals were divided into two groups. The whole bodies were irradiated with Co60 gamma radiation externally, with and without drug extract. The drug extract was given orally at different doses and for different time intervals. The dose that was most effective against radiation was 100 mg/kg body weight. This dose increased the survival time of the mice significantly. Body weight loss of the animals in the drug treated group was significantly less in comparison with the animals that were given radiation only. The causes and mechanism of protection and other aspects need further investigations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of striatal activity in conscious rats: Contribution of NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors to both spontaneous and glutamate‐driven firing
Authors: Sandstrom Michael I. , Rebec George V.
Published: December 2002

Single‐unit activity in the striatum of unrestrained, conscious rats was characterized by extracellular recording in combination with iontophoresis. To avoid the confounding effect of motor‐related changes in firing rate, measurements were restricted to periods when animals were at quiet rest. Recording electrodes were lowered stepwise through 4.0 mm of anterior striatum in 36 equal ventral movements of 111 μm to assess the ratio of spontaneously active vs. silent neurons. Spontaneous activity was assessed at each step followed by iontophoretic glutamate (GLU) application to expose silent neurons. Eleven such experimental sessions resulted in a total of 100 spontaneously active and 264 silent neurons, indicating that without overt movement the large majority (72.7%) of striatal cells are silent. Spontaneously active neurons, moreover, discharged at low rates (4.85 ± 0.85 spikes/s). In separate experiments, both the AMPA/kainate (CNQX: 6‐cyano‐2,3‐dihydroxy‐7‐nitro‐quinoxaline disodium salt) and NMDA (AP5: D‐(‐)‐2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid) GLU‐receptor antagonists blocked the activity of most spontaneously active (83% CNQX, 69% AP5), and GLU‐stimulated silent (68% CNQX, 98% AP5) units. Collectively, our results are consistent with an overall low level of striatal activity in the absence of strong excitatory input. When neuronal activity is initiated, however, it appears that both NMDA and AMPA/kainate receptors are critical for maintaining continuous impulse activity. Synapse 47:91–100, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of Giα2‐protein in opioid tolerance and μ‐opioid receptor downregulation in vivo
Authors: Yoburn B.C. , Gomes B.A. , Rajashekara V. , Patel C. , Patel M.
Published: December 2002

Although opioid receptors are G‐protein coupled, the role that specific G‐protein subunits play in the development of opioid tolerance and the regulation of opioid receptor number is not well understood. In the present study, we used a Giα2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) to examine the contribution of Giα2 proteins to μ‐opioid tolerance and receptor downregulation in the mouse. Mice were injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) and into the spinal intrathecal space (IT) for 4–5 consecutive days (30 μg/site/day), with an antisense ODN or a mismatch ODN directed at mRNA for the Giα2 subunit of G‐proteins. Controls were treated with dH2O. On the second day of ODN treatment continuous subcutaneous (SC) infusion of etorphine (200 μg/kg/day) or morphine (40 mg/kg/day + 25 mg pellet) was begun. Control mice were implanted with inert placebo pellets. Three days later, pumps and pellets were removed and mice were tested for morphine analgesia or μ‐opioid receptor density was determined in whole brain. Etorphine produced significant tolerance (ED50 shift = ∼11‐fold) and downregulation of μ‐opioid receptors (≈25%). Morphine treatment produced significant tolerance (ED50 shift ≈9‐fold), but no μ‐opioid receptor downregulation. Antisense treatment reduced Giα2 protein levels in striatum and spinal cord by ∼25%. Giα2 antisense reduced the acute potency of morphine. Giα2 antisense blocked the development of tolerance to morphine treatment and reduced the development of tolerance to etorphine treatment. Antisense did not have any effect on etorphine‐induced μ‐opioid receptor downregulation. In another experiment, 7‐day treatment with morphine or etorphine similarly increased Giα2 mRNA and protein abundance in spinal cord. Overall, these results support an important role for Giα2‐protein in the acute effects of opioids and opioid tolerance. However, Giα2 is not required for agonist‐induced μ‐opioid receptor density regulation in vivo. Synapse 47:109–116, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Locomotor inhibition induced by procaine injections into the nucleus accumbens core, but not the medial ventral striatum: Implication for cocaine‐induced locomotion
Authors: Ikemoto Satoshi , Witkin Brian M.
Published: December 2002

We examined whether injections of the local anesthesia procaine into the nucleus accumbens core disrupts locomotion more readily than those into the medial ventral striatum. Spontaneous locomotion decreased during the first 10 min immediately following injections of procaine into the core. When procaine was co‐administered with d‐amphetamine into the core, the injections also decreased amphetamine‐induced locomotion during the initial 10 min. On the other hand, no detectable effect on spontaneous or amphetamine‐induced locomotion was found when procaine was injected into the medial ventral striatum, including the medial shell and medial olfactory tubercle. We replicated our recent finding that cocaine injections into the core induced delayed, modest locomotion, while cocaine injections into the medial ventral striatum induced immediate, vigorous locomotion. Injections of amphetamine into the core induced as equally vigorous locomotion as that of the medial ventral striatum. These results show that the neurons of the core involved in locomotion are more vulnerable to local anesthesia than the neurons of the medial ventral striatum. In other words, cocaine at the doses inducing vigorous locomotion in the medial ventral striatum induces local anesthesia when applied to the core. Synapse 47:117–122, 2003. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Purinergic modulation of neuronal activity in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system in vivo
Authors: Krügel Ute , Kittner Holger , Franke Heike , Illes Peter
Published: December 2002

ATP and its metabolite adenosine activate membrane receptors, termed P2 and P1, respectively. In the present study, the modulation of the mesolimbic neuronal circuit by ATPergic and adenosinergic mechanisms was investigated by microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and by telemetrically recorded EEG from both the NAc and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of freely moving rats. The basal extracellular dopamine concentration was enhanced after accumbal perfusion with the ATP analog 2‐methylthio ATP (2‐MeSATP; 100 μM); by contrast, adenosine (100 μM) caused a reduction of extracellular dopamine. When given alone, the P2 receptor antagonist pyridoxalphosphate‐6‐azophenyl‐2′,4′‐disulphonic acid (PPADS; 20 μM) decreased the concentration of dopamine, whereas the P1 receptor antagonist 8‐(p‐sulfophenyl)theophylline (8‐SPT; 100 μM) increased it. In the same animals, P2 receptor stimulation by 2‐MeSATP caused neuronal activation, indicated by an elevation of the absolute power in the EEG of the NAc mainly by enhancement of the relative power in the alpha band (8–13 Hz) of the EEG spectrum. By contrast, adenosine led to a depression of the absolute power in the VTA accompanied by an elevation of the delta‐band power (0.4–6 Hz) in the NAc corresponding to a slowing of neuronal activity. When given alone, PPADS reduced the absolute EEG power in the NAc accompanied by a decrease in the high‐frequency power, but had no effects on the VTA. 8‐SPT on its own enhanced the total power in both the NAc and the VTA, reflected by an enhancement in the slow and the high‐frequency bands. Whereas the 8‐SPT‐evoked changes of EEG pattern as well as of dopamine concentration in the NAc were abolished by the co‐application of PPADS, the 8‐SPT‐induced EEG changes in the VTA persisted under these conditions. In conclusion, the accumbal neuronal output, reflected by both dopamine release and neuronal electrical activity, is modulated in a functionally antagonistic manner by P2 and P1 receptor stimulation. It is suggested that an inhibitory GABAergic feedback projection to the VTA is stimulated by adenosine, either directly or indirectly via glutamate release. Synapse 47:134–142, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Positron emission tomography imaging of the serotonin transporter in the pig brain using [11C](+)‐McN5652 and S‐([18F]fluoromethyl)‐(+)‐McN5652
Authors: Brust Peter , Zessin Jörg , Kuwabara Hiroto , Pawelke Beate , Kretzschmar Marion , Hinz Rainer , Bergman Jörgen , Eskola Olli , Solin Olof , Steinbach Jörg , Johannsen Bernd
Published: December 2002

S‐([18F]fluoromethyl)‐(+)‐McN5652 ([18F](+)‐FMe‐McN5652) has recently been synthesized as a new potential radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the 5‐HT transporter. It is an analog of [11C](+)McN5652, which has been used in clinical PET studies for 5‐HT transporter imaging. This article describes the comparison of these two radiotracers in pigs with respect to their in vivo binding characteristics. PET images revealed that the highest accumulation of both radiotracers was found in the ventral midbrain, thalamus, olfactory lobe, and pons which is consistent with the known density of 5‐HT transporters. The specific binding was determined by subtracting the values of the inactive (−) enantiomers or of the occipital cortex from those obtained with [11C](+)McN5652 or [18F](+)‐FMe‐McN5652 in the time period between 75 and 115 min after radiotracer injection. The specific binding of the 18F‐labeled derivative was about 40% higher than that of the 11C‐labeled derivative. A strong inhibition of the specific binding was observed for both radiotracers after pretreatment with the selective 5‐HT uptake inhibitor citalopram. [18F](+)‐FMe‐McN5652 showed faster kinetics than [11C](+)McN5652. It reached the binding equilibrium during a study length of 120 min, which was not the case for [11C](+)McN5652. It is concluded that [18F](+)‐FMe‐McN5652 is suitable for 5‐HT transporter imaging with PET. Synapse 47:143–151, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidential Fitz‐Hugh–Curtis syndrome at laparoscopy for benign gynecologic conditions
Authors: Sharma J.B. , Malhotra M. , Arora R.
Published: December 2002

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of incidental Fitz‐Hugh–Curtis syndrome in women undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy for sterilization, infertility or chronic pelvic pain. Methods: This was a prospective study over a 4‐year period in which a total of 320 women undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy for sterilization [Group I, 200 women (62.5%)], infertility [Group II, 60 women (18.7%)], or chronic pelvic pain [Group III, 60 women (18.7%)] were enrolled. After examination of the pelvic area and abdominal cavity, the liver area was visualized in all cases for evidence of perihepatitis and adhesions between liver and anterior abdominal wall or diaphragm (Fitz‐Hugh–Curtis syndrome). Statistical analysis was performed using the chi‐square test, with a P‐value set at 0.05 for significance. Results: The mean age was similar in the three groups, while mean parity was obviously less in the infertility group. Fitz‐Hugh–Curtis syndrome was observed in 16 women (8%) in Group I, 10 women (16.6%) in Group II, and 18 women (30%) in Group III. The prevalence was highest in Group III and the difference was statistically highly significant in Group III vs. Group I (P<0.001), and in Group III vs. Group II (P<0.01). It was higher in the infertility group than in the sterilization group (P<0.05 in Group II vs. Group I). Conclusions: There was a very high prevalence of incidental Fitz‐Hugh–Curtis syndrome in the chronic pelvic pain and infertility groups, and even in the sterilization group.
Maternal serum and amniotic fluid cytokines in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes with and without intrauterine infection
Authors: Shobokshi A , Shaarawy M
Published: December 2002

Objectives: To evaluate the role of interleukins (IL‐1, IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and for the first time interferon gamma (IFNγ) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the pathogenesis of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) with and without confirmed intrauterine infection. Methods: Amniotic fluid was retrieved by transabdominal amniocentesis from 30 patients with PROM and 20 normal pregnant women with intact membranes of matched gestational age. Microbial state of amniotic cavity included culture for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, mycoplasmas and ureaplasma whether or not clinical signs of chorioamnionitis were present. Maternal serum and amniotic fluid IL‐1, IL‐6, TNFα and IFNγ concentrations were determined by the corresponding immunoradiometric assay, whereas EGF concentration was determined by a specific radioimmunoassay. Results: Nearly all cases of PROM with infection revealed elevated amniotic fluid cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNFα, IFNγ, EGF) whereas half of them revealed elevated serum cytokines. In cases of PROM without confirmed infection, there were no significant changes of maternal serum cytokines, whereas two‐thirds of them revealed elevated amniotic fluid cytokines. Conclusions: The rise of cytokines in amniotic fluid of cases of PROM with infection may represent: (a) enhanced macrophage activity for immunosurveillance of the fetus; (b) a preparatory step for the initiation of labor; and (c) a valuable tests for diagnosing chorioamnioitis. The mechanism responsible for PROM in the presence or absence of infection is likely to be of different nature.
Changing attitudes toward mode of delivery and external cephalic version in breech presentations
Authors: Yogev Y. , Horowitz E. , Ben‐Haroush A. , Chen R. , Kaplan B.
Published: December 2002

Objectives: To compare the attitude of gravid women in breech presentation towards external cephalic version (ECV) and mode of delivery between 1995 and 2001. Methods: A questionnaire on ECV and mode of delivery was distributed to women in the third trimester of pregnancy with breech presentation, attending our departmental clinic for a routine check‐up once in 1995 and again in 2001 in order to analyze changing attitudes. Results: One hundred fifty‐four women completed the questionnaire in 1995 and 127 in 2001. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in age, gestational age, gravidity, parity, or level of education. In 1995, more than half the women (52.7%) had heard of ECV and 53.8% were willing to consider it, whereas in 2001, 73.2% had heard of it but only 23.9% were willing to consider it. In both groups, the women who were familiar with ECV were more likely to work outside of the home, have a higher level of educated than the women who were not. The women who were willing to try ECV were more likely not to work outside of the home, to consider their pregnancy low risk, and to opt for vaginal delivery (vs. cesarean section) if ECV did not succeed. The percentage of women who would choose planned cesarean section if the presentation remained breech was significantly higher in 2001 (97%) than in 1995 (64.7%). Conclusions: Attitudes toward breech delivery have changed since 1995. More women are aware of the option of ECV but are less inclined to consider it. Planned cesarean section for breech presentation is the overwhelming choice of women in general, with a significant increase in 2001 compared with 1995.
Female genital cutting (mutilation/circumcision): ethical and legal dimensions
Authors: Cook R.J , Dickens B.M , Fathalla M.F
Published: December 2002

The practice better described as female genital cutting (FGC) is of long standing in some communities, and has spread to non‐traditional countries by immigration. It is of varying degrees of invasiveness, often including clitoridectomy, but all raise health‐related concerns, which can be of considerable physical and/or psychological severity, and compromise gynecological and obstetric care. The practice is not based on a requirement of religious observance, although parents usually seek it for their daughters in good faith. It is directed to the social control of women's sexuality, in association with preservation of virginity and family honor. FGC is becoming increasingly prohibited by law, in countries both of its traditional practice and of immigration. Medical practice prohibits FGC. In compromising women's health and negating their sexuality, FGC is a human rights abuse that physicians have a role in eliminating by education of patients and communities.
Use of alternative and complementary medicine in menopause
Authors: Kang H.J. , Ansbacher R. , Hammoud M.M.
Published: December 2002

Objectives: To review the clinical evidence available for the treatment of menopausal symptoms with alternative and complementary medicine. Methods: The MEDLINE, PREMEDLINE and COCHRANE electronic databases for the years 1980–2002 were searched for articles concerning soy products, black cohosh, dong quai, acupuncture, ginseng and evening primrose oil. Studies pertaining to menopausal vasomotor symptoms, lipid profiles and bone mineral densities of postmenopausal women were included. The data from clinical trials were reviewed. Results: Soy isoflavones slightly decrease total cholesterol and LDL levels. The clinical significance of this small change is yet to be determined. The synthetic isoflavone derivative ipriflavone increases bone mineral density in healthy peri‐ and postmenopausal women with moderate bone mineral densities. Although earlier reports have claimed that soy is beneficial for the improvement of vasomotor symptoms, recent data do not support this claim. There are insufficient data on the other alternative therapies for treating menopausal symptoms at this time. Conclusion: Alternative and complementary medicine may play a role in the management of menopause, however, well‐designed large studies are still needed.
Angiogenic activity and IL‐8 concentrations in peritoneal fluid and sera in endometriosis
Authors: Barcz E , Skopinska Rózewska E , Kaminski P , Demkow U , Bobrowska K , Marianowski L
Published: December 2002

Objectives: During menstruation endometrial fragments are transported into the peritoneal cavity where they form endometriotic lesions. Angiogenesis is proposed as one of the mechanisms in endometriosis pathogenesis. The aim of the study was to determine the angiogenic activity and interleukin 8 concentrations in peritoneal fluid and sera in endometriosis. Methods: Angiogenesis was determined in cutaneous assay in Balb/c mice; IL‐8 concentrations were measured by ELISA test in sera and peritoneal fluid of 32 control and 56 endometriosis patients. Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney tests and Spearman rank correlations were used in statistical analysis. Results: Peritoneal fluid and sera from the examined group had higher angiogenic activity and interleukin 8 concentrations. There was correlation found between AFS and neovascularization induced by sera and PF of patients with peritoneal lesions. Conclusions: Angiogenesis plays an important role in pathogenesis of endometriosis. Although IL‐8 takes part in neovascularization, there are other factors modulating angiogenesis in endometriosis.
Dynamic aspects of cadherin‐mediated adhesion in synapse development and plasticity
Authors: Huntley George W.
Published: December 2002

Cadherins are calcium‐dependent cell adhesion molecules that are enriched at synapses. Recent studies indicate important functional roles in synaptic targeting during brain development, and in regulating functional and structural aspects of synaptic plasticity and neural repair throughout life.
Dolichos biflorus agglutinin‐binding site expression in basal keratinocytes is associated with cell differentiation
Authors: Dvořánková Barbora , Motlík Jan , Holíková Zuzana , Vacík Jiří , Smetana Karel
Published: December 2002

A basal layer of squamous epithelia such as epidermis contains stem cells, transit amplifying cells as well as postmitotic differentiating cells. A detailed knowledge of the transition among these cell types in the course of epidermal renewal is important. It would help in better understanding of many pathological processes, including cancer, and in employment of epidermal cells for therapeutic purposes. In this study we analyzed the possible role of Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA)‐reactive α‐N‐acetylgalactosamine glycosylation in behavior of the human epidermal basal cells under in vivo and in vitro conditions. The data received from porcine epidermis were also included. Part of basal cells was positive for DBA‐binding sites and these cells exhibited a lower presence of β1 integrin in their basal surface connected to the basement membrane. The perinuclear Golgi‐like accumulation of β1 integrin was observed in some cultured keratinocytes. The co‐localization of integrin with DBA‐binding sites and 58 kDa protein suggests that α‐N‐acetylgalactosamine glycosylation could be related to β1 integrin retention in the endoplasmatic reticulum Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) at the beginning of the secretory pathway. The lack of anchorage in culture elevated the number of DBA‐binding site positive cells without significant influence on cell growth when cells isolated directly from epidermis were employed in study. Some role of DBA‐reactive glycoligand expressions in a suprabasal movement of differentiated basal cells can be hypothesized.
The integrin β1 subunit cytoplasmic tail forms oligomers: a potential role in β1 integrin clustering
Authors: Laplantine Emmanuel , Maurer Patrik , Vallar Laurent , Eble Johannes , Paulsson Mats , Bruckner Peter , Kieffer Nelly , Aumailley Monique
Published: December 2002

Integrins are α/β heterodimeric cell surface receptors devoid of enzymatic activity. Signal transduction therefore requires the association of cytosolic and cytoskeletal proteins with the integrin subunit intracellular regions. This association is initiated upon ligand binding to the integrin receptor and includes clustering of the integrins and recruitment of focal adhesion‐associated proteins. Whether integrin clustering is solely dependent on ligand binding to the integrin extracellular parts or involves also interactions between the intracellular tails of integrins is so far unknown. To investigate intracellular events in integrin clustering, we have used peptides corresponding to the integrin β1 cytoplasmic region. Loading of cells with the peptides results in a decreased cell adhesion and in an inhibition of cell spreading in agreement with the previously reported dominant negative effect of the β1 integrin cytoplasmic tail on integrin clustering. Direct protein—protein interaction studies by surface plasmon resonance demonstrate that integrin β1 cytoplasmic peptides self‐associate in contrast to integrin β3 cytoplasmic tails. Size exclusion chromatography and SDS—PAGE analysis of the peptides further show that the integrin β1 cytoplasmic parts form oligomers and that they assume α helical conformation to the extent of about 13% and that this fraction is increased upon aggregation. Thus self‐association of the integrin β1 subunit cytoplasmic regions may be central to β1 integrin clustering.
Treatment of the rat hepatic stellate cell line, PAV‐1, by retinol and palmitic acid leads to a convenient model to study retinoids metabolism
Authors: Sauvant Patrick , Abergel Armand , Partier Anne , Alexandre‐Gouabau Marie‐Cécile , Rock Edmond , Sion Benoit , Motta Claude , Sapin Vincent , Azaïs‐Bresco Véronique
Published: December 2002

The main site of vitamin A storage in the liver is the hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Involvement of HSC in vitamin A metabolism has mainly been studied using primary culture, which represents the most physiological model but technically suffers several drawbacks (yield, low reproducibility, etc.). To circumvent these problems, we have previously established and characterised an immortalised rat HSC line named PAV‐1. This study aimed to investigate in PAV‐1 and in primary HSC (i) the incorporation of retinol and its esterification, (ii) the cellular retinol‐binding protein (CRBP) content, (iii) the acid retinyl ester hydrolase activity (aREH), (iv) the thermal susceptibility and (v) the lipid composition of the membranes, which may play a crucial role in retinol transport across cellular membrane. In routine conditions of culture, the rate of retinol esterification in PAV‐1 was low (5.2%) compared to that obtained with primary HSC (69.9%). Retinol pre‐treatment doubled this esterification rate (10.7%) and the CRBP content in PAV‐1. The co‐incubation with retinol and palmitic acid enabled PAV‐1 to esterify retinol with a rate close to that of primary HSC (66.2% vs. 69.9%) and with similar retinyl ester profiles. aREH activity was higher in primary HSC than in PAV‐1. Thermal susceptibility and phospholipid composition of membranes in PAV‐1 treated cells were similar to those of primary HSC. In conclusion, our study shows that PAV‐1 cells treated with retinol and palmitic acid is a sound and convenient model for studying vitamin A mobilisation, a fundamental physiological event occurring in HSC.
Characterization of the poly(A) binding proteins expressed during oogenesis and early development of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Cosson Bertrand , Couturier Anne , Le Guellec René , Moreau Jacques , Chabelskaya Svetlana , Zhouravleva Galina , Philippe Michel
Published: December 2002

During vertebrate oogenesis and early embryogenesis, gene expression is governed mainly by translational control. The recruitment of Poly(A) Binding Protein (PABP) during poly(A) tail lengthening appears to be the key to translational activation during this period of development in Xenopus laevis. We showed that PABP1 and ePABP proteins are both present during oogenesis and early development. We selected ePABP as an eRF3 binding protein in a two‐hybrid screening of a X. laevis cDNA library and demonstrated that this protein is associated with translational complexes. It can complement essential functions of the yeast homologue Pab1p. We discuss specific expression patterns of the finely tuned PABP1 and ePABP proteins.
Permeability changes induced by polylysines in rat spermatids
Authors: Jorquera Ramon A. , Berrios Julio , Sans Jorge , Vergara Cecilia , Benos Dale J. , Reyes Juan G.
Published: December 2002

High molecular weight (HMW, >15 kDa) but not low molecular weight (LMW, <15 kDa) polylysines (PLs) bound and induced permeability changes in rat spermatid plasma membranes, estimated by Mn2+ quenching of intracellular indo‐1 fluorescence (K
1/2 = 3.3 ± 0.5 μg/ml) and Co2+ quenching of intracellular calcein. The pharmacology of the Mn2+ entry pathway activated by HMW PL does not suggest that Ca2+ channels are involved in this phenomenon. Concentrations of HMW PL that induced divalent ion entry did not induce the entry of ethidium bromide, suggesting that HMW PL first bound and perturbed the plasma membrane structure inducing a non‐specific increase in membrane permeability. High concentrations of HMW PL induced cell lysis (K
1/2 = 23 μg/ml). The binding of HMW PL, initially homogenous on the cell surface, subsequently progressed to a segregated pattern resembling a clustering phenomenon.
Measurement of the perception of facially expressed emotions by a computerized device: method of analysis and research for the integration of emotions (MARIE)
Authors: Granato Philippe , Bruyer Raymond
Published: December 2002

Current computerized tools allow detailed exploration of the structure and functioning of the “black box,” i.e., human cognitive and affective systems as well as thought. This technology was used to study the visual perception of facially expressed emotions. Morphological transition from one canonical emotion to another led to the creation of a continuum of intermediary pictures, and the identification of perceived emotions by 65 normal subjects was measured. We call this application “MARIE” (in French: Méthode d’Analyse et de Recherche de l’Intégration des Émotions; Method of Study and Analysis of Integration of Emotions). Our study examined the relationship between the quantitative modification of the continuum and the quantitative variation of the responses. Standardization of graphs led to the assessment of the two parameters of a Laplace-Gauss curve, i.e., mean and standard deviation. It is argued that such a tool could be very useful in the clinical assessment of the emotional state of subjects and/or of patients.
Fatal self-induced water intoxication among schizophrenic inpatients
Authors: Loas G. , Mercier-Guidez E.
Published: December 2002

Between 1986 and 1998, a review of 61 records of patients who died before the age of 53 years in eight psychiatric departments whose catchment area had a total population of 559,429 inhabitants revealed that 24 (39.3%) of those patients had a schizophrenic disorder. Of those 24 patients, one (4.17%; 95% CI: 0–21%) died from complications of self-induced water intoxication (SIWIS). Among the 37 remaining patients, two (5.4%; 95% CI: 0–18%) died from complications of SIWIS.
Association between flupenthixol treatment and emergence of manic symptoms
Authors: Becker D. , Grinberg Y. , Weizman A. , Mester R.
Published: December 2002

Background.

Flupenthixol is an antipsychotic drug with known mood-elevating properties. Its propensity to induce manic symptoms has not been investigated.

Methods and results.

We describe six patients, four with schizophrenia and two with bipolar disorder, in whom flupenthixol treatment was associated with emergence of manic symptoms.

Conclusions.

Patients treated with flupenthixol should be carefully monitored for the emergence of manic symptoms.
The dual-diagnosis concept used by Swedish social workers: limited validity upon examination using a structured diagnostic approach
Authors: Heilig Markus , Forslund Kaj , Åsberg Marie , Rydberg Ulf
Published: December 2002

A co-existence of chemical dependence and other psychiatric syndromes is commonly referred to as “dual-diagnosis.” This categorization is commonly made by social workers in several European countries assigned the primary responsibility for the care of drug and alcohol dependence. Here, we examined the validity of this categorization through systematic, structured patient evaluation following a minimum of 3 weeks of abstinence from drugs and alcohol. Less than one-third of patients originally labelled as suffering from “dual-diagnosis” by the social services did in fact obtain any Axis I DSM IIIR diagnosis, and less than half of the patients had any psychiatric diagnosis other than dependence. Syndromes commonly discussed in the context of self-medication, i.e., unipolar depression and anxiety syndromes, were not over-represented compared to a population sample, while chronic psychoses and bipolar syndromes were highly significantly more common. We conclude that the dual-diagnosis concept, unless substantiated through stringent diagnostic procedures by psychiatrically trained personnel, may be of questionable utility in caring for patients presenting with psychiatric symptoms and substance dependence. A systematic individual evaluation in an alcohol- and drug-free state of sufficient duration is necessary to obtain a basis for an adequate individual treatment plan.
The transsexual: what about the future?
Authors: Michel A. , Ansseau M. , Legros J.J. , Pitchot W. , Mormont C.
Published: December 2002

Since the 1950s, sexual surgical reassignments have been frequently carried out. As this surgical therapeutic procedure is controversial, it seems important to explore the actual consequences of such an intervention and objectively evaluate its relevance. In this context, we have carried out a review of the literature. After looking at the methodological limitations of follow-up studies, the psychological, sexual, social, and professional futures of the individuals subject to a transsexual operation are presented. Finally, prognostic aspects are considered. In the literature, follow-up studies tend to show that surgical transformations have positive consequences for the subjects. In the majority of cases, transsexuals are very satisfied with their intervention and any difficulties experienced are often temporary and disappear within a year after the surgical transformation. Studies show that there is less than 1% of regrets, and a little more than 1% of suicides among operated subjects. The empirical research does not confirm the opinion that suicide is strongly associated with surgical transformation.
Editorial Board
Authors: Lahey Karen Eilers
Published: December 2002

NA
From the Editor Vol 6 No 1
Authors: Lahey Karen Eilers
Published: December 2002

NA
The Congressional Calendar and Stock Market Performance
Authors: Lamb Reinhold P. , Ma K.C. , Pace R. Daniel , Kennedy William F.
Published: December 2002

This study reports on the existence of a curious calendar effect--a relationship between stock market performance and the schedule of the U.S. Congress. Almost the entire advance in the market since 1897 corresponds to the periods when Congress is in recess. This is an impressive result, given that Congress is in recess about half as long as in sesskm. Furthermore, average daily returns when Congress is not meeting are almost thirteen times greater than when Congress is in session. Throughout the year, cumulative returns during recess are eight times that experienced while Congress is in session.
Short Selling and Trading Abuses on Nasdaq
Authors: Albert Jr. Robert L. , Smaby Timothy R. , Robison H. David
Published: December 2002

We examine the potential for short-selling trading abuses unique to Nasdaq during a period when there was no up-tick rule and no effective prohibitions against "naked" shortselling. Wefindthat(a)shortsellersearnedsignificantabnormalreturnsonNas- daq securities, but these were smaller than on NYSF_/AMEX securities; (b) they did not destabilize markets by selling intofalling markets and exacerbating price drops; and (c) Nasdaq short sellers may be more susceptible than NYSE/AMEX shorts to "short squeezes." Our results cast doubt on the appropriateness of recent regulatory reforms establishedfor Nasdaq and public concern over Nasdaq short-selling abuses.
Adverse Selection, Search Costs and Sticky Credit Card Rates
Authors: Ayadi O. Felix
Published: December 2002

Several scholars offinancial economics observed that during the 1980s, market interest rates declined continuously with little or no impact on credit card rates. Recently, Mey- ercord (1994), Sinkey and Nash (1993), and Sullivan and Worden (1995) recorded sigmficant changes in the credit card market intffcating an increased level of competi- tion. This study represents an attempt to determine the sensitivity of credit card rates to the costs offunds in the U.$. economy. The evidence from the Johansen Cointegration test confirms that credit card rates and cost offunds possess a long-run equilibrium relationship with one another. Furthermore, the results of the error correction models are indicative of a sluggish rate at which credit card interest rates adjust to the costs of funds. Between 1982 and 1994, credit card rates adjust to changes in the cost offunds at about 15 percent per quarter. These results represent anecdotal evidence for the validity of adverse selection, search and switch costs explanations that have been discussed in the financial contracting literature.
Charter Media's Briefing.com Web Site
Authors: Kahl Douglas
Published: December 2002

NA
Effect of nebivolol on left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure: a pilot study
Authors: Brehm Bernhard R. , Wolf Sabine C. , Görner Sandra , Buck‐Müller Nina , Risler Teut
Published: December 2002

Background:

Sympathetic activity is a significant predictor of a poor prognosis in heart failure. Beta‐blockers have been shown to improve the prognosis of patients with heart failure.

Aim:

This pilot study examined the tolerability and efficacy of the new β‐blocker nebivolol on left ventricular function in patients with chronic heart failure.

Methods and Results:

Twelve patients with an ejection fraction of 13–39% were included in this double blind, placebo‐controlled randomized trial of nebivolol administered in addition to standard therapy. Exercise time, heart rate, left ventricular function and tolerability were examined at baseline and after 3 months of orally administered nebivolol (2.5 and 5 mg, n=6) or placebo (n=6). Nebivolol was well tolerated and the NYHA class improved in four patients. Heart rate decreased while the maximal exercise duration and performance remained stable. Left ventricular function increased (ejection fraction 31.5±10.11 to 42.0±10.99%, P≤0.01) after 12 weeks of nebivolol. The left ventricular end‐systolic diameter decreased in the nebivolol‐group from 56.5±9.40 to 50.2±9.43 mm (P≤0.02).

Conclusion:

These data indicate that nebivolol might improve cardiac function in patients with reduced left ventricular function.
The importance of anemia and its correction in the management of severe congestive heart failure
Authors: Silverberg Donald S. , Wexler Dov , Iaina Adrian
Published: December 2002

About half of all the patients with CHF are anemic (they have a hemoglobin of <12 g%). The prevalence and severity of this anemia increase with increasing severity of the CHF. The anemia is caused by a combination of poor nutrition, associated renal insufficiency causing inappropriately low Erythropoietin (EPO) levels, bone marrow depression and EPO resistance caused by excessive TNF alpha and other factors, gastrointestinal blood loss caused by aspirin, ACE inhibitors, EPO loss in the urine with proteinuria, and hemodilution caused by the excessive plasma volume. Studies have shown that the anemia is an independent risk factor for death in CHF, almost doubling the mortality rate. Correction of the anemia with subcutaneous EPO and IV iron improves cardiac function and functional capacity, helps prevent the progression of renal failure, markedly reduces hospitalization and diuretic doses, and improves self assessed quality of life. This so‐called Cardio Renal Anemia Syndrome is very common in CHF. Its successful treatment demands close cooperation between cardiologists and nephrologists.