bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advances in Breast Cancer Radiotherapy: Implications for Current and Future Practice
Authors: Shah Chirag , Al-Hilli Zahraa , Vicini Frank
Published: October 2021

Radiation therapy (RT) is an essential component in the management of breast cancer. Following breast-conserving surgery (BCS), adjuvant RT is the standard of care for most patients. Traditionally, RT was delivered with standard whole breast irradiation (WBI) over 5-7 weeks following BCS. However, WBI regimens have evolved; hypofractionated WBI now represents the standard approach, reducing the duration of treatment to 3-4 weeks. Over the past year, five-fraction WBI regimens have also emerged as standard of care for some patients based on data from the FAST and FAST-Forward trials. An alternative to WBI that is also available for patients with early-stage breast cancer following BCS is partial breast irradiation, which can reduce the duration of treatment and the volume of breast tissue irradiated. Outcomes from multiple randomized trials with over a 10-year follow-up have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of partial breast irradiation approaches. Single-fraction intraoperative RT has also been evaluated in two prospective trials although the outcomes available, as well as current guidelines, do not support its utilization outside of prospective studies. For patients requiring RT to the regional lymph nodes, data have demonstrated the safety of hypofractionated approaches for those undergoing BCS or mastectomy without reconstruction. Future directions for early-stage breast cancer radiotherapy include the study of even shorter regimens and studies evaluating the omission of RT versus omission of endocrine therapy for favorable-risk patients. Furthermore, studies are also underway evaluating shorter courses of radiation in patients undergoing breast reconstruction and the use of tumor genomics to identify appropriate patients for omission of radiation with limited nodal involvement.
Understanding Quality Paradigm Shifts in the Evolving Pharmaceutical Landscape: Perspectives from the USP Quality Advisory Group
Authors: Weitzel Jane , Pappa Horacio , Banik Gregory M. , Barker Amy R. , Bladen Elizabeth , Chirmule Narendra , DeFeo Joseph , Devine Jennifer , Emrick Steven , Hout Taha Kass , Levy Michael S. , Mahlangu Gugu N. , Rellahan Barbara , Venema Jaap , Workman Wesley
Published: October 2021

Recent changes in the pharmaceutical industry have led to significant paradigm shifts in the pharmaceutical quality environment. Globalization of the pharmaceutical
industry, increasingly rapid development of novel therapies, and adoption of new manufacturing techniques have presented numerous challenges for the established regulatory framework and quality environment and are impacting the approaches utilized to ensure the quality of pharmaceutical products. Regulators, industry, and standards-setting organizations have begun to recognize the need to rely more on integrated risk-based approaches and to create more nimble and flexible standards to complement these efforts. They also increasingly have recognized that quality needs to be built into systems and processes throughout the lifecycle of the product. Moreover, the recent COVID-19 crisis has emphasized the need to adopt practices that better promote global supply chain resilience. In this paper, the USP Quality Advisory Group explores the various paradigm shifts currently impacting pharmaceutical quality and the approaches that are being taken to adapt to this new environment. Broad adoption of the Analytical Procedure Lifecycle approach, improved data management, and utilization of digital technologies are identified as potential solutions that can help meet the challenges of these quality paradigm shifts. Further discussion and collaboration among stakeholders are needed to pursue these and other solutions that can ensure a continued focus on quality while facilitating pharmaceutical innovation and development.
Characterization of primary models of human trophoblast
Authors: Sheridan Megan A. , Zhao Xiaohui , Fernando Ridma C. , Gardner Lucy , Perez-Garcia Vicente , Li Qian , Marsh Steven G. E. , Hamilton Russell , Moffett Ashley , Turco Margherita Y.
Published: October 2021

Two recently developed models, trophoblast organoids and trophoblast stem cells (TSCs), are useful tools to further the understanding of human placental development. Both differentiate from villous cytotrophoblast (VCT) to either extravillous trophoblast (EVT) or syncytiotrophoblast (SCT). Here, we compare the transcriptomes and miRNA profiles of these models to identify which trophoblast they resemble in vivo. Our findings indicate that TSCs do not readily undergo SCT differentiation and closely resemble cells at the base of the cell columns from where EVT derives. In contrast, organoids are similar to VCT and undergo spontaneous SCT differentiation. A defining feature of human trophoblast is that VCT and SCT are human leukocyte antigen (HLA) null, whereas EVT expresses HLA-C, -G and -E molecules. We find that trophoblast organoids retain these in vivo characteristics. In contrast, TSCs express classical HLA-A and HLA-B molecules, and maintain their expression after EVT differentiation, with upregulation of HLA-G. Furthermore, HLA expression in TSCs differs when grown in 3D rather than in 2D, suggesting that mechanical cues are important. Our results can be used to select the most suitable model for the study of trophoblast development, function and pathology.
Changes in mammography screening in Ontario and Alberta following national guideline dissemination: an interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Fahim Christine , Wiebe Natasha , Nisenbaum Rosane , Hamid Jemila S. , Ewusie Joycelyne E. , Tonelli Marcello , Brauer Paula , Shaw Elizabeth , Bell Neil , Stacey Dawn , Holmes Nathalie M. , Straus Sharon E.
Published: October 2021

Background: In November 2011, the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care released guidelines for screening women at average breast cancer risk. Weak recommendations (framed using GRADE methodology) were made for screening women aged 50 to 74 years every two to three years, and for not screening women aged 40 to 49 years.

Methods: We conducted an interrupted time series analysis using administrative data to examine bilateral mammography use before and after a national guideline dissemination strategy targeting primary care physicians. Women aged 40 to 74 years living in Ontario or Alberta from 30th November 2008 to 30th November 2014 were included. Strata included age, region of residence, neighbourhood income quintile, immigration status, and education level.

Results: In both provinces, mammography use rates were lower in the post-intervention period (527 vs. 556 and 428 vs. 465/1000 participant-months - the monthly screening rate/1000 - in Ontario and Alberta, respectively). In Ontario, mammography trends decreased following guideline release to align with recommendations for women aged 40 to 74 (decrease of 2.21/1000 women, SE 0.26/1000, p<0.0001). In Alberta, mammography trends decreased for women aged 40 to 49 years (3/1000 women, SE 0.32, p<0.001) and 50 to 69 (2.9/1000 women, SE 0.79, p<0.001), but did not change for women aged 70 to 74 (0.7/1000 women, SE 1.23, p=0.553). In both provinces, trends in mammography use rates were sustained for up to three years after guideline release.

Conclusions: The guideline dissemination strategy appeared to increase uptake of guideline-concordant screening practice in women aged 40 to 49 years in Ontario and Alberta and for women aged 50 to 74 years in Ontario. Further work is required to understand these findings and whether shared decision making about mammography between women and providers increased among women considering mammography.
2-DOF robot modelling by SimMechanics and PD-FL integrated controller for position control and trajectory tracking
Authors: Lee Tian Soon , Alandoli Esmail Ali , Vijayakumar V
Published: October 2021

Background Due to the high demand of robots to perform several industrial tasks, such as welding, machining, pick and place, position control in robotics has attracted high attention recently. Controllers’ improvement is also continuous specifically in terms of design simplicity and performance accuracy. This research plans to obtain the SimMechanics model of a two-degree of freedom (DOF) robot and to propose an integrated controller of a proportional–derivative (PD) controller and a fuzzy logic (FL) controller.

Methodology The SimMechanics model of the 2-DOF robot is obtained using MATLAB SimMechanics toolbox from a CAD assembly design of the 2-DOF robot. Then, the proposed PD-FL integrated controller is designed and simulated in MATLAB Simulink. The PD controller is widely used for its simplicity, but it doesn’t have a satisfactory performance in difficult tasks. Furthermore, the FL controller is also easy for design and implementation even by non-experts in control theory, but it has the disadvantage of long computational time for multi-input systems due to the increased fuzzy rules.

Results The FL controller is integrated with the PD controller for enhanced performance of the 2-DOF robot. The PD-FL integrated controller is developed and tested to control the 2-DOF robot for point-to-point position control and also tip trajectory tracking (TTT) such as triangular TTT and rhombic TTT.

Conclusion The PD-FL integrated controller demonstrates enhanced performance compared to the conventional PD controller in both point-to-point position control and TTT. Furthermore, the PD-FL integrated controller has the advantage of less fuzzy rules which helps to overcome the computational time issue of the FL controller.
Stacked deep analytic model for human activity recognition on a UCI HAR database
Authors: Han Pang Ying , Ping Liew Yee , Ling Goh Fan , Yin Ooi Shih , How Khoh Wee
Published: October 2021

Background

Owing to low cost and ubiquity, human activity recognition using smartphones is emerging as a trendy mobile application in diverse appliances such as assisted living, healthcare monitoring, etc. Analysing this one-dimensional time-series signal is rather challenging due to its spatial and temporal variances. Numerous deep neural networks (DNNs) are conducted to unveil deep features of complex real-world data. However, the drawback of DNNs is the un-interpretation of the network's internal logic to achieve the output. Furthermore, a huge training sample size (i.e. millions of samples) is required to ensure great performance.

Methods

In this work, a simpler yet effective stacked deep network, known as Stacked Discriminant Feature Learning (SDFL), is proposed to analyse inertial motion data for activity recognition. Contrary to DNNs, this deep model extracts rich features without the prerequisite of a gigantic training sample set and tenuous hyper-parameter tuning. SDFL is a stacking deep network with multiple learning modules, appearing in a serialized layout for multi-level feature learning from shallow to deeper features. In each learning module, Rayleigh coefficient optimized learning is accomplished to extort discriminant features. A subject-independent protocol is implemented where the system model (trained by data from a group of users) is used to recognize data from another group of users.

Results

Empirical results demonstrate that SDFL surpasses state-of-the-art methods, including DNNs like Convolutional Neural Network, Deep Belief Network, etc., with ~97% accuracy from the UCI HAR database with thousands of training samples. Additionally, the model training time of SDFL is merely a few minutes, compared with DNNs, which require hours for model training.

Conclusions

The supremacy of SDFL is corroborated in analysing motion data for human activity recognition requiring no GPU but only a CPU with a fast- learning rate.
Efficacy safety and immunogenicity of rurioctocog alfa pegol for prophylactic treatment in previously treated patients with severe hemophilia A: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials
Authors: Witarto Bendix Samarta , Visuddho Visuddho , Witarto Andro Pramana , Sutanto Henry , Wiratama Bayu Satria , Wungu Citrawati Dyah Kencono
Published: October 2021

Background: Patients with severe hemophilia often present with painful joint and soft tissue bleeding which may restrict them from their daily activities. The current standard of care still relies on a regular prophylactic factor VIII (FVIII), which has a high daily treatment burden. Recently, rurioctocog alfa pegol, a third-generation recombinant FVIII with a modification in its polyethylene glycol (PEG) component, has been developed. Several trials have studied this synthetic drug as bleeding prophylaxis in severe hemophilia A. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of rurioctocog alfa pegol for previously treated patients with severe hemophilia A.

Methods: This study was conducted in conformity with the PRISMA guidelines. Data were retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Wiley Online Library, and CINAHL (via EBSCOhost). Study qualities were assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies (MINORS) and Modified Jadad scales.

Results: Four studies involving 517 previously treated severe hemophilia A patients were included in this study. The pooled mean of total annualized bleeding rate (ABR) and hemostatic efficacy was 2.59 (95% CI = 2.04–3.14) and 92% (95% CI = 85%–97%), respectively. Only 30 (2.3%) non-serious and one (1.4%) serious adverse events were considered related to rurioctocog alfa pegol treatment. At the end of the studies, no development of FVIII inhibitory antibodies was observed. None of the developed binding antibodies to FVIII, PEG-FVIII, or PEG was correlated to the treatment efficacy and safety.

Conclusions: Despite the limited availability of direct comparison studies, our analyses indicate that rurioctocog alfa pegol could serve as a safe and effective alternative for bleeding prophylaxis in previously treated hemophilia A patients. Moreover, it appears to have low immunogenicity, which further increases the safety profile of the drug in such clinical conditions.
The Applicability of the Digital Content Directive and Sales of Goods Directive to Goods with Digital Elements
Authors: Sein Karin
Published: October 2021

There is an ongoing trend to develop inter-connected or ‘smart’ consumer goods, which either contain digital content (such as software) or use digital services for certain of their functions (as with the navigation system of a smart car). The new Digital Content Directive and Sales of Goods Directive create a legal presumption that the seller of smart goods is contractually liable not only for the tangible item and embedded digital software but also for the inter-connected digital services. However, the article shows that much room remains for party autonomy as express agreement in a sales contract may limit the liability of the seller even for the operating system of smart goods and, thereby, override reasonable consumer expectations. The situation becomes even more complicated when the ‘digital element’ of the goods consists of free and open-source software: in these cases, the ‘separately bought’ digital content does not even fall within the scope of the Digital Content Directive, with the result that the seller is not liable for the digital content under the Sales of Goods Directive and the digital content provider is not liable for it under the Digital Content Directive. Therefore, the article argues that the new contract-law package does not raise the level of consumer protection in respect of smart goods as much as it might initially seem to.
Zum kollisionsrechtlichen Umgang mit sachenrechtlichen Eigentumsvermutungen aus dem Besitz
Authors: Zivanic Aleksandar
Published: October 2021

A presumption is made in the favour of the possessor of a movable thing that he is the owner of the thing, and likewise it is presumed that a former possessor was the owner during the term of his possession. However, legal presumptions such as those behind the German Civil Code’s §1006, subsections 1 and 2 (or §90 of the Estonian Law of Property Act) are shifting the burden of proof to the other party, the one who is not or was not the possessor of the movable. The paper examines the attendant issues with regard to conflict of laws, with the conclusion that it remains unclear whether legal presumptions arising from possession should be qualified by the lex rei sitae doctrine (per the Introductory Act to the German Civil Code, Article 43, Subsection 1), instead as ‘rights over an object’ (under that article’s Subsection 2), or in line with procedural regulations (lex fori).
German Transplants in Estonian Tort Law: General Duties to Maintain Safety
Authors: Lahe Janno
Published: October 2021

The jurisprudence and case-law approach of German tort law – and, more broadly, German-school legal thinking in general – has found its way into Estonian case law on torts and into Estonia’s scholarly texts on jurisprudence. From among the catalogue of transplants from German tort law that have reached Estonian law or legal practice, the paper focuses on one whose importance cannot be overestimated: the concept of tort liability based on breach of the general duty to maintain safety. This domain has witnessed remarkable change since the beginning of the 2000s, when an analogous concept of liability was still unfamiliar to many Estonian lawyers. The article examines whether and to what extent the concept of liability based on the general duty to maintain safety has become recognised in Estonian legal practice in the years since. Also assessed is the relevant case law to date, for ascertainment of whether any adoption of an equivalent concept of liability has been successful and, in either event, what problems remain to be resolved.
The importance of this issue extends far beyond that of individual questions: the recognition of general duties to maintain safety affects our understanding of the very structure of tort law, of that of the general composition of tort, and of the connections that link the individual prerequisites for tort liability. Furthermore, this constellation influences our thought in the field of tort law more generally and our approach to the cases emerging in real-world legal practice.
Russian Approaches to the Right of Peoples to Self-Determination: From the 1966 United Nations Covenants to Crimea
Authors: Poghosyan Sevanna
Published: October 2021

Two moments proved decisive for the development of the right of peoples to self determination in Russia, related to the Soviet approach in the de-colonisation era, as manifested in the 1966 United Nations Covenants, and Russia’s approach to this right after the 2014 annexation of Crimea: with its annexation of Crimea, Russia, just as the Soviet Union had in 1966, challenged the universality of the right to self-determination. The paper examines theory and practice of the right of peoples to self-determination in Russian context from a historical-legal perspective, to trace the roots of the contradictions found in Russia’s current approach to that right. Aimed at understanding the specifics of the Soviet approach to self-determination and considering the case of Crimea in light of analogies between the past and present approaches to the right, the discussion posits the existence of a link between the Soviet and the Russian approach to self-determination, on the basis of legal ties between post-1991 Russia and the Soviet Union established under the doctrine of state succession or continuity. The article offers support for the hypothesis that the current Russian approach to self-determination resembles the Soviet one in demonstrating legal flexibility characterised by self-interest, hypocrisy, and double standards. This calls for renewed discussion of the influence of Soviet international legal thinking on that of contemporary Russia.
Fundamentals of professionology
Authors: Zeer Eval'd , Symanyuk El'vira , Zinnatova Mariya
Published: October 2021

Professionology is a scientific and applied discipline of professional knowledge, the subject of which is the problems of human interaction with the world of professions, and its semantic factor is psychological content.
An important place in the textbook is occupied by the professionology of education: the trends in the development of continuing education, the interface of professional and educational standards, the design of individual educational trajectories of students are reflected.
Particular attention is paid to the professionology of the individual: its development and self-determination in the professional educational space, destructive development trends, the formation of transprofessionalism and the prediction of the professional future of a person in a modern post-industrial society.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is addressed to students of higher educational institutions, trainees of advanced training institutions, teachers of secondary vocational education, as well as graduate students and researchers of vocational pedagogical education institutions.
CLIMATE CHANGE AND TEACHER’S PERFORMANCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOL IN BENUE STATE NIGERIA
Authors: Ortsa Mhenmbee Gabriel , Ndidiamaka Akwam Jane
Published: October 2021

The study investigated climate change and Teachers performance in secondary schools in Benue State, Nigeria.  Two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study.  Survey research design was adopted for the study.  The population compromised 5,225 teachers from 512 secondary schools. A total of 528 (10%) teachers from 51 (10%) secondary schools was sampled using proportionate stratified sampling technique: A 10-items self structured questionnaire titled “climate change and teachers performance questionnaire (CCTPQ) was used for data collection. The data were analyzed using mean and standard deviation to answer the research questions while chi-square (x2) test of goodness of fit was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance.  The finding of the study revealed that rainfall has a significant impact on teachers’ performance in secondary school in Benue State, Nigeria. The study also found that excessive heat has a significant impact on teachers’ performance in secondary schools. it was concluded that climate change significantly impact on teachers performances in secondary school in Benue State, Nigeria.  Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that secondary, principals should provide rain-cut to teacher during raining season to enable them perform effectively and the government should provide Air-conditions or sling fans during excessive heat in the classrooms for efficient teahers performance.
Poverty and SMEs: A New Pradigm of SDGs Development
Authors: Hakim Lukman , Juwita Aulia Hapsari , Bintariningtyas Selfia , Guritno Danur Condro
Published: October 2021

Poverty alleviation and micro-small enterprises are the essential topics in discussing the paradigm of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Micro and small businesses are considered as a panacea to alleviate poverty. So the relationship between poverty and the existence of micro and small enterprises is theoretically unidirectional. In other words, if poverty increases, micro, and small enterprises will also increase. To see the effect of poverty on micro and small businesses, this study will use the Village Potential Data (Podes) 2018 with a total of 8559 villages/wards in Central Java Province. Apart from poverty, this study will also examine the effect of technology as represented by the number of electricity customers, health from the number of supporting health centers, and finally education represented by the number of Public Elementary Schools (SDN), State Junior High Schools (SMPN) and State Senior High Schools (SMAN). By using multiple regression models, an interesting relationship is found. Those that have a unidirectional relationship to micro and small enterprises are poverty, technology, health, and primary education (SDN). The role of education in the growth of micro and small businesses strengthens Duflo's thesis (2001) on the effect of education on reducing unemployment which earned him the Nobel Prize in 2019. Meanwhile, junior and secondary education for its effect on micro and small enterprises is negative. This showed that the impact of secondary education is that it provides the possibility to work in other sectors outside of micro and small enterprises
The Driving Factors of Public’s Interest in The Use of QRIS to Achieve Cashless Society
Authors: Pramuja Risky Angga , Wibowo Arif Prasetyo , Suhermanto Dedik Fitra
Published: October 2021

The objective of the study is to investigate the public’s interest in the use of QRIS (Quick Response Indonesia Standard) in Oro-Oro Dowo Market, Malang – East Java. The market serves as a traditional market that has been renovated by the local government to transform the traditional system into a modern market without abandoning its traditional traits. The traditional system refers to the well-established buying and selling mechanisms, such as the products’ arrangement and layout. On the other hand, the modern system refers to improved sanitation and payment mechanisms. The payments in traditional markets have been done by using cash, but the modern market system promotes non-cash payments. In this case, the non-cash payments are implemented using a barcode scanning system provided by the Indonesian national bank under the name QRIS. Therefore, an in-depth study was essential to be carried out to understand the public’s interest in the use of QRIS or non-cash for transactions in the Oro-Oro Dowo Market. The research methods used in this study were field research and survey. For the data analysis, several theories were applied, namely Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), Theory of Planned Behaviour, and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Then, the theories were analyzed by utilizing a software called SMART PLS to identify whether there was a correlation and effect of the use of QRIS and the buying interest or transaction rates in the Oro-Oro Dowo Market. The results of this study indicate that the three variables of reliability, construct validity, structural model, and discussions related to complexity, the usefulness of QRIS, time constraints, ease of use, and e-learning self-efficiency show appropriate consistency as most of the respondents used QRIS as an electronic transaction system that allowed them to do a faster transaction due to its efficiency and accessibility
Supplemental information for "An Empirical V-notch Weir Equation and Standard Procedure to Accurately Estimate Drainage Discharge"
Authors: Shokrana Sami , Ghane Ehsan
Published: October 2021

This supplementary information file contains figures and detailed descriptions of the experimental setup. Also, this file contains necessary figures for readers who want to gain further background information of our experiment.
Universal nanosecond range pulse contrast measurement for a kJ-class petawatt laser
Authors: Ding Fucai , Ouyang Xiaoping , Zhang Xuejie , Jiang Youen , Hou Ke , Jiang Xiuqing , Tao Hua , Zhu Baoqiang , Liu De’an , Zhu Jian , Zhu Jianqiang
Published: October 2021

A single-shot measuring apparatus with optical limiting for temporal pulse contrast of
kJ-class petawatt lasers in the nanosecond range is proposed. A
temporal linear filter comprising an electro-optical switch, a
polarizer, a temporal nonlinear filter composed of cascaded SHG
crystals, and a dichromatic mirror are, respectively, used as an
optical limiting apparatus for contrast measurement of nanosecond and
picosecond pulses to improve dynamic range and temporal resolution.
The apparatus has been applied to pulse contrast measurements at the
SG-II petawatt facility, achieving a high dynamic range of

1

0

10

and a fast time resolution of 107 ps
in the 350 ns range. This technique can also be universally applied to
the limiting of the main pulse of varying pulse widths to diagnose
pre-pulses during generation and transmission.
Label-free non-invasive subwavelength-resolution imaging using yeast cells as biological lenses
Authors: Jiang Chunlei , Yue Hangyu , Yan Bing , Dong Taiji , Cui Xiangyu , Chen Peng , Wang Zengbo
Published: October 2021

There is a growing interest to use live cells to replace the widely used non-biological microsphere lenses. In this work, we demonstrate the use of yeast cells for such imaging purpose. Using fiber-based optical trapping technique, we trap a chain of three yeast cells and bring them to the vicinity of imaging objects. These yeast cells work as near-field magnifying lenses and simultaneously pick up the sub-diffraction information of the nanoscale objects under each cell and project them into the far-field. The experimental results demonstrated that Blu-ray disc of 100 nm feature can be clearly resolved in a parallel manner by each cell.
Method with high accuracy for phase retrieval in Fourier FPP based on the modified FCM and variational image decomposition
Authors: Zhao Qi , Tang Chen , Xu Min , Lei Zhenkun
Published: October 2021

Phase retrieval with high accuracy remains one of the most challenging problems in Fourier fringe projection profilometry (FPP). The variational image decomposition TV-Hilbert-

L

2

model has been proved to be a powerful tool for phase retrieval. In this paper, we first propose a modified fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering algorithm to remove background from fringe projection patterns. In order to further improve the accuracy, we combine the modified FCM and the variational image decomposition TV-Hilbert-

L

2

model and propose a new method to get the fringe part from the single frame fringe projection pattern. We evaluate the performance of this method via application to two simulated and one experimental fringe projection patterns and comparison with the Fourier transform, morphological operation-based bi-dimensional empirical mode decomposition, and variational image decomposition TV-Hilbert-

L

2

model. The experiment results show that our method improves the accuracy of phase retrieval for TV-Hilbert-

L

2

model and can achieve similar accuracy to the phase-shifting method.
Double copy—from optics to quantum gravity: tutorial
Authors: White Chris D.
Published: October 2021

Recently, an intriguing relationship (the double copy) has been discovered between theories like electromagnetism and gravity. This potentially gives us a new way to think about gravity, and there are also practical applications involving the efficient calculation of gravitational observables and how to simulate gravity using optical systems. In this tutorial, we will review what is known about the double copy, and argue that now is the perfect time for researchers in optics and/or condensed matter to become interested in this fascinating correspondence.
Magnetic-field assisted laser ablation of silicon
Authors: Schäfer Mareike , Terekhin Pavel N. , Kang Yiyun , Torosyan Garik , del Arco Fargas Xavier , Hirtle Steffen , Rethfeld Baerbel , L’huillier Johannes A.
Published: October 2021

The manipulation of the quality of laser ablation of solids can be of crucial importance from fundamental and industrial perspectives. Here we have studied the effect of an external magnetic field on the micromaterial processing of silicon by ultrashort laser pulses. It was found experimentally that such a field directed along the laser beam improves the quality and efficiency of the material removal. Additionally, we observe that the formation of laser-induced periodic surface structures in a multi-pulse regime is affected by the external magnetic field. Our results open a route toward efficient and controllable ultrafast laser micromachining.
Design and verification of a LO bank enabled by fixed-wavelength lasers and fast tunable silicon ring filters for creating large scale optical switches
Authors: Matsumoto Ryosuke , Konoike Ryotaro , Matsuura Hiroyuki , Suzuki Keijiro , Inoue Takashi , Mori Yojiro , Ikeda Kazuhiro , Namiki Shu , Sato Ken-ichi
Published: October 2021

The fast and widely tunable wavelength bank is a key enabler in creating wavelength-routing optical switches that do not use fast wavelength tunable lasers. A cost-effective design criterion needs to be developed before it can be applied to intra data center networks. In this paper, we develop a systematic method for designing a wavelength bank that yields high port-count and fast wavelength-routing optical switches for intra data center application. The wavelength bank is created with fixed-wavelength laser sources and wavelength-tunable filters with rapid wavelength selectivity. To optimize the optical switching system that uses the wavelength bank for supplying local oscillator (LO) lights for coherent detection, various parameters are analyzed, including effective bandwidth, laser output power, loss distribution, splitter port count, and optical amplifier gain. We carry out numerical simulations for optimizing the tradeoff between system performance and cost. To verify the designed wavelength bank, a silicon ring filter is newly fabricated with an average fiber-to-fiber insertion loss of 5.3 dB over a 22-nm bandwidth. Using 256-Gb/s DP-QPSK signals, experiments demonstrate a 1,024

×

1,024 optical switch that uses a fabricated silicon ring filter. The effectiveness of the scalable and fast-tunable LO bank is verified by achieving 262.1-Tb/s switch throughput with switching time under 18 µs.
Diffusion-assisted ultrashort laser pulse induced photothermal growth of core-shell nanoparticles in polymer matrix
Authors: Bityurin Nikita , Kudryashov Andrey
Published: October 2021

Light-to-heat conversion that occurs when irradiating a metal nanoparticle within a polymer matrix with ultrashort laser pulses initiates photothermal destruction of dissolved precursor molecules just near the nanoparticle. Extracted elementary species deposit on the nanoparticle surface, forming a core-shell structure. We construct an approximate analytical model for this process. The necessary step here is the diffusion of the precursor molecules towards the nanoparticle surface, replacing the broken ones. This diffusion can be a limiting factor for the rate of the shell growth. However, we show that because of the sharp localization of the process the precursor diffusion can successfully supply the growing shell with elementary species at realistic values of the precursor diffusion coefficient if the sample is kept in viscoelastic state at a temperature near the glass transition between the laser pulses. The main restriction on the obtained shell thickness comes from the requirement of matrix stability during the laser processing. Taking this restriction into account, the model allows estimating reachable shell thicknesses depending on the kinetic parameters of the precursor destruction reaction. This paper relies on numerous publications on photo/laser-induced growth of homogeneous metal or semiconductor nanoparticles within polymer matrices; however, this type of growth for compound core-shell nanoparticles is studied for the first time, to our knowledge.
Multi-mode interferometric measurement system based on wavelength modulation and active vibration resistance
Authors: Guo Tong , Guo Xinyuan , Wei Yangyang
Published: October 2021

Optical interferometers are widely used in the measurement of micro- and nanoscale surface topography. However, their accuracy and resolution can be seriously affected by environmental noise. We present a multi-mode interferometric measurement system based on wavelength modulation and active vibration resistance. This supports two measurement modes: wavelength-scanning interferometry, which is suitable for structured surfaces, and wavelength-tuning interferometry, which is suitable for smooth continuous surfaces. In addition, the system can measure the optical path difference of the current position in real time, which is convenient for making system adjustments and improving the measurement accuracy. The proposed system was used to measure 1.806 µm and 43.2 nm step height standards. Under different degrees of vibration, the measured heights in the two modes agreed well with the calibrated values.
Time-encoded mid-infrared Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography: erratum
Authors: Zorin Ivan , Gattinger Paul , Prylepa Andrii , Heise Bettina
Published: October 2021

We present an erratum to our Letter [Opt. Lett.
46, 4108 (2021)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.434855] and
make a correction to the labeling of the absorption bands (reversed
order for CH vibrations) indicated in Fig. 2(a). This does not change
the scientific conclusions of the original Letter.
The fungus Kalmusia longispora is able to cause vascular necrosis on Vitis vinifera
Authors: Karácsony Zoltán , Knapp Dániel G. , Lengyel Szabina , Kovács Gábor M. , Váczy Kálmán Zoltán
Published: October 2021

Fungal diseases in agronomically important plants such as grapevines result in significantly reduced production, pecuniary losses, and increased use of environmentally damaging chemicals. Beside the well-known diseases, there is an increased interest in wood-colonizing fungal pathogens that infect the woody tissues of grapevines. In 2015, a traditional isolation method was performed on grapevine trunks showing symptoms of trunk diseases in Hungary. One isolate (T15142) was identified asKalmusia longispora(formerlyDendrothyrium longisporum) according to morphological and phylogenetic analyses. To evaluate the pathogenicity of this fungus on grapevines, artificial infections were carried out under greenhouse and field conditions, including the CBS 824.84 and ex-type CBS 582.83 strains. All isolates could be re-isolated from inoculated plants; however, varying virulence was observed among them in terms of the vascular necrosis caused. The incidence and severity of this symptom seemed to be congruent with the laccase-producing capabilities of the isolates. This is the first report on the ability ofKalmusia longisporato cause symptoms on grapevines, and on its possible dependence on laccase secretion.
Hospital work environments affect the patient safety climate: A longitudinal follow-up using a logistic regression analysis model
Authors: Brubakk Kirsten , Svendsen Martin Veel , Deilkås Ellen Tveter , Hofoss Dag , Barach Paul , Tjomsland Ole
Published: October 2021

Background

Occupational worker wellness and safety climate are key determinants of healthcare organizations’ ability to reduce medical harm to patients while supporting their employees. We designed a longitudinal study to evaluate the association between work environment characteristics and the patient safety climate in hospital units.

Methods

Primary data were collected from Norwegian hospital staff from 970 clinical units in all 21 hospitals of the South-Eastern Norway Health Region using the validated Norwegian Work Environment Survey and the Norwegian version of the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire. Responses from 91,225 surveys were collected over a three year period. We calculated the factor mean score and a binary outcome to measure study outcomes. The relationship between the hospital unit characteristics and the observed changes in the safety climate was analyzed by linear and logistic regression models.

Results

A work environment conducive to safe incident reporting, innovation, and teamwork was found to be significant for positive changes in the safety climate. In addition, a work environment supportive of patient needs and staff commitment to their workplace was significant for maintaining a mature safety climate over time.

Conclusions

A supportive work environment is essential for patient safety. The characteristics of the hospital units were significantly associated with the unit’s safety climate scores, hence improvements in working conditions are needed for enhancing patient safety.
The colorful mantle of the giant clam Tridacna squamosa expresses a homolog of electrogenic sodium: Bicarbonate cotransporter 2 that mediates the supply of inorganic carbon to photosynthesizing symbionts
Authors: Boo Mel V. , Chew Shit F. , Ip Yuen K.
Published: October 2021

Giant clams live in symbiosis with phototrophic dinoflagellates, which reside extracellularly inside zooxanthellal tubules located mainly in the colourful and extensible outer mantle. As symbiotic dinoflagellates have no access to the ambient seawater, they need to obtain inorganic carbon (Ci) from the host for photosynthesis during illumination. The outer mantle has a host-mediated and light-dependent carbon-concentrating mechanism to augment the supply of Ci to the symbionts during illumination. Iridocytes can increase the secretion of H+ through vacuolar H+-ATPase to dehydrate HCO3− present in the hemolymph to CO2. CO2 can permeate the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells of the zooxanthellal tubules, and rehydrated back to HCO3− in the cytoplasm catalysed by carbonic anhydrase 2. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism involved in the transport of HCO3− across the apical membrane of these epithelial cells into the luminal fluid surrounding the symbionts. We had obtained the complete cDNA coding sequence of a homolog of electrogenic Na+-HCO3− cotransporter 2 (NBCe2-like gene) from the outer mantle of the fluted giant clam, Tridacna squamosa. NBCe2-like gene comprised 3,399 bp, encoding a protein of 1,132 amino acids of 127.3 kDa. NBCe2-like protein had an apical localization in the epithelial cells of zooxanthellal tubules, denoting that it could transport HCO3− between the epithelial cells and the luminal fluid. Furthermore, illumination augmented the transcript level and protein abundance of NBCe2-like gene/NBCe2-like protein in the outer mantle, indicating that it could mediate the increased transport of HCO3− into the luminal fluid to support photosynthesis in the symbionts.
Ambient temperature as a factor contributing to the developmental divergence in sympatric salmonids
Authors: Esin Evgeny V. , Markevich Grigorii N. , Melnik Nikolai O. , Zlenko Dmitriy V. , Shkil Fedor N.
Published: October 2021

Factors and mechanisms promoting resource-based radiation in animals still represent a main challenge to evolutionary biology. The modifications of phenotype tied with adaptive diversification may result from an environmentally related shift having occurred at the early stage of development. Here, we study the role of temperature dynamics on the reproductive sites in the early-life divergence and adaptive radiation of the salmonid fish Salvelinus malma dwelling in the Lake Kronotskoe basin (North-East Asia). Local sympatric charr ecomorphs demonstrate strict homing behaviour guiding the preordained distribution along tributaries and, hence, further development under different temperatures. We thoroughly assessed the annual temperature dynamics at the spawning grounds of each morph as compared to an ancestral anadromous morph. Then we carried out an experimental rearing of both under naturally diverging and uniformed temperatures. To compare the morphs’ development under the dynamically changing temperatures, we have designed a method based on calculating the accumulated heat by the Arrhenius equation. The proposed equation shows a strong predictive power and, at the same time, is not bias-susceptible when the developmental temperature approximates 0°C. The temperature was found to significantly affect the charrs’ early ontogeny, which underlies the divergence of developmental and growth rates between the morphs, as well as morph-specific ontogenetic adaptations to the spawning site’s temperatures. As opposed to the endemic morphs from Lake Kronotskoe, the anadromous S. malma, being unexposed to selection оn highly specific reproduction conditions, showed a wide temperature tolerance, Our findings demonstrate that the hatch, onset timing of external feeding, and size dissimilarities between the sympatric morphs reveal themselves during the development under contrast temperatures. As a result of the observed developmental disparities, the morphs occupy specific definitive foraging niches in the lake.
Learning to see colours: Biologically relevant virtual staining for adipocyte cell images
Authors: Wieslander Håkan , Gupta Ankit , Bergman Ebba , Hallström Erik , Harrison Philip John
Published: October 2021

Fluorescence microscopy, which visualizes cellular components with fluorescent stains, is an invaluable method in image cytometry. From these images various cellular features can be extracted. Together these features form phenotypes that can be used to determine effective drug therapies, such as those based on nanomedicines. Unfortunately, fluorescence microscopy is time-consuming, expensive, labour intensive, and toxic to the cells. Bright-field images lack these downsides but also lack the clear contrast of the cellular components and hence are difficult to use for downstream analysis. Generating the fluorescence images directly from bright-field images using virtual staining (also known as “label-free prediction” and “in-silico labeling”) can get the best of both worlds, but can be very challenging to do for poorly visible cellular structures in the bright-field images. To tackle this problem deep learning models were explored to learn the mapping between bright-field and fluorescence images for adipocyte cell images. The models were tailored for each imaging channel, paying particular attention to the various challenges in each case, and those with the highest fidelity in extracted cell-level features were selected. The solutions included utilizing privileged information for the nuclear channel, and using image gradient information and adversarial training for the lipids channel. The former resulted in better morphological and count features and the latter resulted in more faithfully captured defects in the lipids, which are key features required for downstream analysis of these channels.
Resolving Indigenous village occupations and social history across the long century of European permanent settlement in Northeastern North America: The Mohawk River Valley ~1450-1635 CE
Authors: Manning Sturt W. , Lorentzen Brita , Hart John P.
Published: October 2021

The timeframe of Indigenous settlements in Northeast North America in the 15th-17thcenturies CE has until very recently been largely described in terms of European material culture and history. An independent chronology was usually absent. Radiocarbon dating has recently begun to change this conventional model radically. The challenge, if an alternative, independent timeframe and history is to be created, is to articulate a high-resolution chronology appropriate and comparable with the lived histories of the Indigenous village settlements of the period. Improving substantially on previous initial work, we report here high-resolution defined chronologies for the three most extensively excavated and iconic ancestral Kanienʼkehá꞉ka (Mohawk) village sites in New York (Smith-Pagerie, Klock and Garoga), and a fourth early historic Indigenous site, Brigg’s Run, and re-assess the wider chronology of the Mohawk River Valley in the mid-15thto earlier 17thcenturies. This new chronology confirms initial suggestions from radiocarbon that a wholesale reappraisal of past assumptions is necessary, since our dates conflict completely with past dates and the previously presumed temporal order of these three iconic sites. In turn, a wider reassessment of northeastern North American early history and re-interpretation of Atlantic connectivities in the later 15ththrough early 17thcenturies is required. Our new closely defined date ranges are achieved employing detailed archival analysis of excavation records to establish the contextual history for radiocarbon-dated samples from each site, tree-ring defined short time series from wood charcoal samples fitted against the radiocarbon calibration curve (‘wiggle-matching’), and Bayesian chronological modelling for each of the individual sites integrating all available prior knowledge and radiocarbon dating probabilities. We define (our preferred model) most likely (68.3% highest posterior density) village occupation ranges for Smith-Pagerie of ~1478–1498, Klock of ~1499–1521, Garoga of ~1550–1582, and Brigg’s Run of ~1619–1632.