bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional Quality and Intra-Regional Trade Flows: Evidence from ECOWAS
Authors: Oshota Sebil Olalekan , Wahab Bashir Adelowo
Published: November 2022

Since institutional quality can either create or destroy incentives for individuals to engage in trade, it has become a source of worry to policymakers, as it can limit both intra- and extra-regional trade. Based on this, we empirically analyzed the extent to which national institutional quality affects bilateral trade flows in ECOWAS based on a gravity model for the period from 2000 to 2018. Specifically, the study employs the negative binomial pseudo-maximum likelihood estimator (NBPML). The results reveal that institutional variables with both aggregated and disaggregated measures of the quality of institutions have a significant and positive impact on trade flows in ECOWAS and on its sub-samples, WAEMU and WAMZ. The results further indicate that for both importing and exporting countries, reduced corruption, effective rule of law, and effective government coincide with more trade among member countries. The degree of regional integration is an important determinant of intra-ECOWAS trade, as are GDP, GDP per capita, common language, and landlockedness.
Scoping the Potential for a Digital Led Recovery from COVID-19 in Africa
Authors: Banga Rashmi , Banga Karishma
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we analyse the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic for Africa's trade in digitizable products, digitally deliverable services (DDSs), and e-commerce, and we outline the challenges of a digitally led recovery from the pandemic for African countries. The analysis is based on macro- and micro-level data and a review of extant literature. We find that almost 60% of the global exports of digital products in 2020 originated from the EU, with another 16% from North America. Africa's share in global exports of digital products, by contrast, was less than 1%. In the case of intra-Africa trade, exports of digital products are concentrated in just a few countries. Online supply in services is found to be more resilient to negative shocks from the pandemic compared to other modes of supply. We also find that e-commerce has important potential for economic recovery, but that its impact in Africa is constrained by high internet costs, weaknesses in postal services and capacities, cross-border trade costs, and lags in electronic infrastructure and digital payment systems. Based on the results of the study, we propose policies at the national, regional, and international levels to leverage digital trade for post-COVID recovery in Africa.
Exporters in Africa: What Role for Trade Costs?
Authors: Afonso Helena , Vergara Sebastian
Published: November 2022

This paper investigates the role of trade costs for exporter dynamics in Africa. In comparison to exporters from other regions, African exporting firms are fewer, smaller, and relatively less diversified in terms of products and destinations. African countries also display the highest rates of entry, exit, and turnover of exporting firms, exporting products, and export destinations. This suggests that Africa’s exporting activity is volatile and subject to much experimentation, with exporters facing difficulties maintaining trade relationships. The analysis also confirms that trade costs are a crucial factor in explaining exporter performance in Africa vis-à-vis other regions, but also among African countries. Trade costs play a disproportionate role in affecting the size of new exporters and the survival of exporters in Africa. Also, trade cost differences across African countries are a relevant factor in explaining the lower market diversification of exporters from landlocked countries. A key implication is that the African Continental Free Trade Area can bring many benefits in terms of export flows and destination markets. Yet, without strengthening productive capacities, the diversification of export products will likely remain limited.
Effects of Flibanserin on Subdomain Scores of the Female Sexual Function Index in Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Authors: Simon James A. , Clayton Anita H. , Goldstein Irwin , Kingsberg Sheryl A. , Shapiro Marla , Patel Sejal , Kim Noel N.
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Flibanserin treatment increases sexual desire and satisfying sexual events while decreasing distress in certain women diagnosed with acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). Additional aspects of sexual function and the time course of response have not been fully characterized.

Aim

To evaluate changes in sexual function assessed by the subdomains of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in women with HSDD treated with flibanserin.

Methods

FSFI data pooled from 3 pivotal flibanserin trials in premenopausal women (flibanserin = 1,165; placebo = 1,203) and FSFI data from one complete flibanserin trial in postmenopausal women (flibanserin = 432; placebo = 463) were subjected to post-hoc analyses. For each FSFI subdomain, least squares mean change from baseline was calculated at each assessment visit (treatment weeks 4, 8, 16, 24) and treatment groups were compared using analysis of covariance. Standardized effect size (Cohen's d) was also determined for each FSFI subdomain.

Main Outcome Measure

Changes from baseline in FSFI subdomains.

Results

Compared to placebo, both premenopausal (P < .02) and postmenopausal (P < .045) patients in the flibanserin group reported significantly greater increases over baseline in the FSFI subdomain scores of desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, and satisfaction. In premenopausal patients, significant improvements were observed at the first assessment of response (week 4) and were maintained through week 24. In postmenopausal patients, significant improvements were observed at week 4 for desire and arousal, while significant improvements in lubrication, orgasm, and satisfaction were observed at week 8. At week 24, excluding the pain subdomain, standardized effect sizes ranged from 0.18 to 0.28 in the premenopausal cohort and 0.12 to 0.29 in the postmenopausal cohort. In both pre- and postmenopausal patients, improvements in pain were smaller and largely undifferentiated between treatment groups.

Clinical Implications

While variations in time to response should be taken into consideration, on average, the beneficial impact of flibanserin on overall sexual function occurs within the first month of treatment. The data also suggest that the response to flibanserin is sustained for the duration of treatment.

Strengths and Limitations

Sexual function assessments were performed in a large cohort of 2,368 premenopausal women and 895 postmenopausal women. However, the FSFI assesses changes over a 1-month period and time points earlier than 4 weeks could not be assessed.

Conclusion

These analyses suggest that assessment of benefit of flibanserin in HSDD should include improvements across all domains of sexual function, not only desire.
Colonial Bureaucracy and Contemporary Citizenship
Authors: Berda Yael
Published: November 2022

Colonial Bureaucracy and Contemporary Citizenship examines how the legacies of colonial bureaucracy continue to shape political life after empire. Focusing on the former British colonies of India, Cyprus, and Israel/Palestine, the book explores how post-colonial states use their inherited administrative legacies to classify and distinguish between loyal and suspicious subjects and manage the movement of populations, thus shaping the practical meaning of citizenship and belonging within their new boundaries. The book offers a novel institutional theory of 'hybrid bureaucracy' to explain how racialized bureaucratic practices were used by powerful administrators in state organizations to shape the making of political identity and belonging in the new states. Combining sociology and anthropology of the state with the study of institutions, this book offers new knowledge to overturn conventional understandings of bureaucracy, demonstrating that routine bureaucratic practices and persistent colonial logics continue to shape unequal political status to this day.
Science for Governing Japan's Population
Authors: Homei Aya
Published: November 2022

Twenty-first-century Japan is known for the world's most aged population. Faced with this challenge, Japan has been a pioneer in using science to find ways of managing a declining birth rate. Science for Governing Japan's Population considers the question of why these population phenomena have been seen as problematic. What roles have population experts played in turning this demographic trend into a government concern? Aya Homei examines the medico-scientific fields around the notion of population that developed in Japan from the 1860s to the 1960s, analyzing the role of the population experts in the government's effort to manage its population. She argues that the formation of population sciences in modern Japan had a symbiotic relationship with the development of the neologism, 'population' (jinkō), and with the transformation of Japan into a modern sovereign power. Through this history, Homei unpacks assumptions about links between population, sovereignty, and science. This title is also available as Open Access.
God and Political Theory
Authors: McNabb Tyler Dalton
Published: November 2022

How is God related to the state? Could the existence of robust political authority somehow be evidence for God? In this Element, the author explores these questions, pro and con, looking at various major positions. At the start of the volume, they defend a political argument for God's existence. Having motivated a theistic account of political authority, they then discuss the role God plays or could play in classical liberalism, Marxism, and postliberalism. While they sympathetically survey each political theory in turn, at the end of each section, they raise various objections to the view being discussed. Finally, at the end of the Element, the author articulates desiderata for theists who are looking for political frameworks.
Supersymmetry and String Theory
Authors: Dine Michael
Published: November 2022

This text is an introduction to the fields of experimental and theoretical particle physics and cosmology. The book focuses on three principal areas: supersymmetry, string theory, and astrophysics and cosmology. The chapters on supersymmetry introduce the basics of supersymmetry and its phenomenology, and cover dynamics, dynamical supersymmetry breaking, and electric–magnetic duality. The book then introduces general relativity and the big bang theory, and the basic issues in inflationary cosmologies. The section on string theory discusses the spectra of known string theories, and the features of their interactions. Material added in the second edition includes the pivotal Higgs discovery and the results of the WMAP and Planck experiments. This book will be of great interest to graduates and researchers in the fields of particle theory, string theory, astrophysics, and cosmology. It has been reissued as an Open Access publication on Cambridge Core.
Attention and Mental Control
Authors: Jennings Carolyn Dicey
Published: November 2022

Mental control refers to the ability to control our own minds. Its primary expression, attention has become a popular topic for philosophers in the past few decades, generating the need for a primer on the concept. It is related to self-control, which typically refers to the maintenance of preferred behavior in the face of temptation. While a distinct concept, criticisms of self-control can also be applied to mental control, such as that it implies the existence of an unscientific homunculus-like agent or is not a natural kind. Yet, as this Element suggests, a scientifically-grounded account of mental control remains possible. The Element is organized into five main sections, which cover the concept of mental control, the relationship between mental control and attention, the phenomena of meditation and mind-wandering, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and emergence-based accounts of mental control, including an original account by the author.
Commerce
Authors: DUFOUR GENEVIÈVE , THOOL VALÉRIANE , SOMDA BEZAHINIBÉ MICHELINE
Published: November 2022

L’année 2021 a décidément été marquée au fer rouge par la pandémie de COVID-19. Replis nationalistes notamment chez notre voisin du sud, pénurie de main-d’œuvre et confinements à répétition, entre autres en Chine, ont provoqué des ruptures dans les chaînes d’approvisionnement comme jamais. Néanmoins, le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2021 considère que le commerce s’est montré plus résilient que lors de la crise financière mondiale de 2008: “Il a aidé les pays à faire face à la crise en facilitant l’accès aux fournitures médicales, aux produits alimentaires et aux biens de consommation, et en contribuant à leur redressement économique.”1 Au niveau canadien, les enjeux d’approvisionnement, entre autres de puces et de semi-conducteurs, ont affecté la production manufacturière. La hausse des prix des matières premières a provoqué une augmentation des prix à la consommation. Si le citoyen a subi ce phénomène, les entreprises ont vu la valeur de leurs exportations augmenter, plafonnant à un niveau jamais vu de 637 milliards de dollars américains.2 C’est donc dire que le Canada a non seulement rattrapé le déficit de l’année 2020, mais a surpassé les résultats de l’année 2019, de 7 pour cent.3 Au niveau des importations, les résultats atteignent aussi des chiffres records avec une hausse de 12,2 pour cent comparativement à 2020 et de 2,7 pour cent par rapport à 2019.4
On axisymmetric dynamic spin coating with a single drop of ethanol
Authors: Pan Yuming , Wang Zhibei , Zhao Xinyan , Deng Weiwei , Xia Huihui
Published: November 2022

We carried out experimental and numerical investigations on the axisymmetric spreading evolution of dynamic spin coating with a single drop of ethanol. The results show that the dynamic spreading process consists of two stages: inertial spreading stage and centrifugal thinning stage. These two stages are connected by a transient state in between characterized by the minimum contact line moving velocity. The Weber number determines the spreading in the first stage, similar to the case of the impact of a drop on a static substrate. The rotational Bond number has a marginal effect on the inertia spreading and the radius at the transient state. In the centrifugal thinning stage, the rotational Bond number dominates the flow while the effect of the Weber number is negligible.
De manjar a alimaña: El consumo de piojos de la cabeza en pueblos indígenas de Patagonia (siglos dieciocho a veinte)
Authors: Andrade Analía , Chávez Matías , Leonardi María Soledad
Published: November 2022

En este artículo discutimos las prácticas y representaciones culturales de los pueblos indígenas de Patagonia continental e insular (Tierra del Fuego) en relación con los piojos, confrontando registros históricos y etnográficos de los siglos dieciocho al veinte. El consumo de piojos de la cabeza fue una práctica habitual y cotidiana entre los grupos indígenas del sur de Sudamérica, quienes los consideraban un verdadero manjar. Hombres, mujeres, niñas y niños participaban de esta actividad colectiva que a la vez era atravesada por la afectividad, consumiendo lo que ellos mismos conseguían en las pesquisas. El cambio continuo de campamento, el despiojado, el tipo de vestimenta, el uso de pinturas repelentes, aceite de foca y peines eran sus métodos de control de las pediculosis. Se argumenta que el proceso de expansión colonial de los estados republicanos de Argentina y Chile, a fines del siglo diecinueve, habría forzado la modificación de estas prácticas culturales. Las fuentes históricas y etnográficas reflejan, además, las tensiones y contradicciones entre las percepciones y connotaciones negativas de los foráneos y la significancia que tenían los piojos de la cabeza para las poblaciones indígenas.
ANALYSIS OF RADIOCARBON DISTRIBUTION IN THE EUTROPHIC LAKE FISH ASSEMBLAGE USING STABLE C, N, S ISOTOPES
Authors: Barisevičiūtė Rūta , Rakauskas Vytautas , Virbickas Tomas , Ežerinskis Žilvinas , Šapolaitė Justina , Remeikis Vidmantas
Published: November 2022

The carbon isotope distribution and its relationship with stable N and S isotope ratio values were investigated within a fish assemblage from the shallow lake Tapeliai, which is constantly affected by inflows of 14C depleted water from the surrounding watershed mires. The “conventional” radiocarbon age within the fish from this lake varied from 119 to 693 yr. The 14C/12C and δ13C values correlated significantly (r=0.85 p<0.001), which is not typical in lakes of the temperate zone. There were no observed statistical differences (Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA tests) in the 14C/12C values among different fish species. The radiocarbon dating values and 15N/14N measurements did not correlate. The radiocarbon measurement values also did not correlate with δ34S, however, the distribution of these isotopes in carp (119 yr and 1.3‰, respectively) and roach (344 yr and 4.5‰, respectively) indicated that fish may include allochthonous food sources in their diet.
International Influences on the Survival of Territorial Non-state Actors
Authors: Kenwick Michael R. , Lemke Douglas
Published: November 2022

Territorial contenders are political entities that control populated territories but lack recognition as sovereigns. They pose existential threats to their host states by reshaping recognized borders and generating zones of contested authority. States have strong incentives to eliminate them, and yet they persist—developing countries host an average of three territorial contenders within their borders. Understanding why territorial contenders survive and how they die is a critical puzzle in the study of state making. International forces offer important, if overlooked, explanations for these seemingly domestic processes. First, we argue that international rivals perpetuate the existence of territorial contenders by undermining a state's ability to reintegrate them through peaceful negotiations or by force. Secondly, the international human rights treaty regime provides a mechanism by which territorial contenders can galvanize support from potential allies, increasing a state's willingness and ability to resolve these disputes through peaceful reintegration processes.
Erasure at Home, Erasure in the World: Armenian History in Turkey (and Beyond) and Non-Discourses on Modern Political Conflict
Authors: Goshgarian Rachel
Published: November 2022

On October 16, 2020, the Los Angeles Review of Books published a powerful letter about the war on Artsakh (Nagorno-Karabagh) that was signed by scholars who are considered to be among those most actively engaged in postcolonial theory and political activism, including Tariq Ali, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Noam Chomsky, Amitav Ghosh, and Cornel West. This letter read:

Before the ravages brought in by World War I and the 20th century, Azeris and Armenians in the area lived in the kind of conflictual coexistence with which we are acquainted in the multiethnic parts of the world. We are asking now not only for an agreement to a ceasefire but an insistence on the preservation of that ceasefire and protection for the Armenian minority in its efforts toward self-determination. We hope, in the long run, with the participation of all international institutions of justice, that the democratic will of the ethnic Armenians of the area can be acknowledged.2

Yet scholars who specialize in the history of Turkey, the Ottoman Empire, and the Middle East were remarkably silent about this war that will have long-term effects on the small Republic of Armenia (population three million) and the relationships it will be able to maintain with its neighbors, in particular the Republic of Azerbaijan (population ten million) and the Republic of Turkey (population eighty-four million). The latter two countries’ militaries jointly attacked the unilaterally recognized, independent Armenian enclave of Artsakh (population 150,000) during a global pandemic, with help from paid Syrian mercenaries and Turkish military technology.
On “Recognition”
Authors: Nalbantian Tsolin
Published: November 2022

On 29 April 2022, the editorial board of the Harvard Crimson published “In Support of Boycott, Divest, Sanction and a Free Palestine” in support of divestment from Israel.1 In it, the editorial board cited the importance of global solidarity and charges leveled by Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch against Israel, of “crimes against humanity.”2 The Crimson clearly had changed its position from 2002, when its staff had published “Do Not Divest from Israel,” regarding the comparison between Israel and “Apartheid-era South Africa so fundamentally flawed as to be offensive.” In twenty years, the conversation on college campuses has indeed changed.3
Out of the Native Pigeonhole: Westernness, Knowledge Production, and Symbolic Capital
Authors: Oskanian Kevork
Published: November 2022

Several decades ago, Gayatri Spivak asked the pertinent question about whether the subaltern can speak.1 Posed in the distinct context of Western colonial empire, her interrogation remains relevant to this day: Can those confined to the lower rungs of an informally hierarchical, Western-dominated liberal international order be expected to speak, and be heard, in ways that respect their agency? The 2020 war around Nagorno-Karabakh raised this issue in stark relief. In media reports, think tank analyses, seminar and conference panels, and policy pronouncements, clear hierarchies appeared at play.
Enabling Oblivion: Global Activism and the Erasure of Middle Eastern Christians
Authors: Rowe Paul S.
Published: November 2022

The relative ignorance of Armenian narratives in the analysis of current affairs in the Middle East raised by several authors in this roundtable is symptomatic of a larger problem facing ethno-religious minorities in the region. Until the 1990s, Western exposure to Middle Eastern Christianity in both academic and popular contexts was minimal at best. Outside specific studies of notable groups, scholars largely ignored non-Muslim religious sects. At the level of popular discourse, political Islam had illuminated the majoritarian religious impulses of the region, contributing to common Orientalist stereotypes of Arab and Muslim political culture.1 The presence of several million indigenous Christians, the vast majority of whom represented ancient indigenous communities, was largely ignored among academics and journalists. The notable exception was Lebanon, where Christian participation in the drama of the civil conflict of the 1980s was often noted in the press and occasionally scrutinized in academia.
‘Resilience without development’ in a remote rural West African community: the case of Kayima, Sierra Leone
Authors: Binns Tony , Bateman Jerram
Published: November 2022

Relatively few longitudinal studies have been undertaken of change and development among rural communities in Africa. Drawing on field-based research conducted over almost five decades, the article examines the shocks and adaptive strategies experienced in the remote rural community of Kayima in north-eastern Sierra Leone. In coping with both external and internal shocks and displaying a remarkable level of resilience, there has however been very little improvement in community livelihoods, and it is suggested that it is a case of ‘resilience without development’. It is likely that the findings of the study could have wider relevance among rural communities elsewhere in Africa.
Actors, bricolage, and translation in education policy: a case study from Ghana
Authors: Boakye Paul Acheampong , Béland Daniel
Published: November 2022

Due to the centrality of education to economic growth and social development, successive governments in post-colonial Ghana have implemented policies to improve the quality of education in the country. In line with this, Ghana embarked on its first major education reform in 1987 under the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC) government. While several studies have been conducted to explain this reform, these studies have largely been descriptive and theoretically, have over relied on the conditionality thesis. Our study draws on ideational literature and research interviews to offer an alternative explanation of the 1987 reform. Drawing extensively on the ideational concepts of bricolage and translation and focusing on the actors using these two mechanisms, the study argues that, while exogenous forces did impact the 1987 reform, it was mainly driven by endogenous factors featuring both path dependent and departing changes.
Is there a need to distinguish instrumental copying behavior from traditions?
Authors: Zentall Thomas R.
Published: November 2022

The authors make a distinction between instrumental copying behavior in which there is a clear reward for the copying behavior and social copying (traditions) in which the rewards for copying are less clear. However, I see no reason to distinguish between the two. We are social animals, for whom copying traditions have important rewards, those of affiliation.
What is the simplest model that can account for high-fidelity imitation?
Authors: Leibo Joel Z. , Köster Raphael , Vezhnevets Alexander Sasha , Duénez-Guzmán Edgar A. , Agapiou John P. , Sunehag Peter
Published: November 2022

What inductive biases must be incorporated into multi-agent artificial intelligence models to get them to capture high-fidelity imitation? We think very little is needed. In the right environments, both instrumental- and ritual-stance imitation can emerge from generic learning mechanisms operating on non-deliberative decision architectures. In this view, imitation emerges from trial-and-error learning and does not require explicit deliberation.
Bifocal stance theory: An effort to broaden, extend, and clarify
Authors: Jagiello Robert , Heyes Cecilia , Whitehouse Harvey
Published: November 2022

The bifocal stance theory (BST) of cultural evolution has prompted a wide-ranging discussion with broadly three aims: to apply the theory to novel contexts; to extend the conceptual framework; to offer critical feedback on various aspects of the theory. We first discuss BST's relevance to the diverse range of topics which emerged from the commentaries, followed by a consideration of how our framework can be supplemented by and compared to other theories. Lastly, the criticisms that were raised by a subset of commentaries allow us to clarify parts of our theory.
Older Adults and Social Isolation and Loneliness During the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Integrated Review of Patterns, Effects, and Interventions
Authors: Kadowaki Laura , Wister Andrew
Published: November 2022

A scoping review was conducted to identify patterns, effects, and interventions to address social isolation and loneliness among community-dwelling older adult populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. We also integrated (1) data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) and (2) a scan of Canadian grey literature on pandemic interventions. CLSA data showed estimated relative increases in loneliness ranging between 33 and 67 per cent depending on age/gender group. International studies also reported increases in levels of loneliness, as well as strong associations between loneliness and depression during the pandemic. Literature has primarily emphasized the use of technology-based interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness. Application of socio-ecological and resilience frameworks suggests that researchers should focus on exploring the wider array of potential pandemic age-friendly interventions (e.g., outdoor activities, intergenerational programs, and other outreach approaches) and strength-based approaches (e.g., building community and system-level capacity) that may be useful for reducing social isolation and loneliness.
Championing Dementia Education: Adapting an Effective Scottish Dementia Education Program for Canadian Acute Health Care Providers
Authors: Peacock Shelley , Bayly Melanie , Fletcher-Hildebrand Shaneice , Gibson Kirstian , MacRae Rhoda , Jack-Waugh Anna , Haase Kristen , Bally Jill , Duggleby Wendy , Hall Steven , Holtslander Lorraine , McAiney Carrie , Michael Joanne , Morgan Debra , O’Connell Megan , Ploeg Jenny , Rohatinsky Noelle , Thompson Genevieve , Vedel Isabelle
Published: November 2022

With increasing numbers of persons living with dementia and their higher rates of hospitalizations, it is necessary to ensure they receive appropriate and effective acute care; yet, acute care environments are often harmful for persons with dementia. There is a lack of dementia education for acute health care providers in Canada. Scotland presently delivers a dementia education program for health care providers, known as the Scottish National Dementia Champions Programme. The objective of this Policy and Practice Note is to present the collaborative work of Scottish experts and Canadian stakeholders to adapt the Dementia Champions Programme for use in Canada. This work to date includes: (a) an environmental scan of Canadian dementia education for acute health care providers; (b) key informant interviews; and, (c) findings from a two-day planning meeting. The results of this collaborative work can and are being used to inform the next steps to develop and pilot a Canadian dementia education program.
Towards a Broader Understanding of the Emergence of Iron Technology in Prehistoric Arctic Fennoscandia
Authors: Bennerhag Carina , Hagström Yamamoto Sara , Söderholm Kristina
Published: November 2022

The article critically examines interpretations of Old World ferrous metallurgical developments with reference to their consequences for Arctic Fennoscandian iron research. The traditional paradigm of technological innovations recurrently links the emergence of iron technology to increasing social complexity and a sedentary agricultural lifestyle, typically downplaying ‘peripheral’ areas such as Arctic Fennoscandia and its hunter-gatherer communities. Even in postcolonial research of recent years, the archaeometallurgical record of Arctic Fennoscandia is interpreted and organized within the traditional frameworks on the time, course, and cultural context of the introduction of iron technology in Europe, where Arctic Fennoscandia is not considered to have any noteworthy role. However, current archaeological research with new data in Arctic Fennoscandia disputes prevailing ideas in European iron research and shows substantial evidence that iron technology was an integrated part of hunter-gatherer subsistence already during the Early Iron Age (c. 200bc). Archaeometallurgical analyses reveal advanced knowledge in all the operational sequences of iron technology, including bloomery steel production and the mastering of advanced smithing techniques. Therefore, we urge dispensing with traditional ideas and call for an increased interest in the underlying mechanisms for the transfer of iron.
A Road to Denial: Climate Change and Neoliberal Thought in Sweden, 1988–2000
Authors: Ekberg Kristoffer , Pressfeldt Victor
Published: November 2022

Neoliberal and conservative actors, financed by the fossil fuel industry, have been identified as crucial parts of a climate change denialist counter movement since at least the 1980s. We claim that this intersection stems from more than just vested interest fuelling advocacy groups. By focusing on the intellectual developments and social networks of core actors in the environmental debate in Sweden, we trace the history of opposition to environmental regulation in a country proclaiming to be an environmental pioneer. Our analysis shows that while the framing of climate change in terms of complexity initially provided actors with arguments for neoliberal policies, the obstruction of climate and environmental action was steeped in a neoliberal thought style. Our findings demonstrate the importance of scrutinising economic paradigms and thought styles that has enabled the delay of climate policy as well as the continued need for historical and geographically specific studies of obstruction.
‘Socialism is not just Built for a Hundred Years’: Renewable Energy and Planetary Thought in the Early Soviet Union (1917–1945)
Authors: Russ Daniela
Published: November 2022

The humanities recently rediscovered the category of the ‘planetary’ for a social theory of the Anthropocene critical of the human remaking of the planet. This article brings together Dipesh Chakrabarty's work with Russian planetary and geopolitical thought. Focusing on Vladimir Vernadsky's and Boris Veinberg's research around the Commission for the Study of Natural Productive Forces, it argues that knowledge on planetary interconnections informed the territorial and industrial expansion of the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union. According to planetary scientists, humanity's peculiarity as a species and planetary reach hinged on its control of energy. As ‘cosmic technologies’, wind and solar power could expand the biosphere and make the territory's fringes habitable. Thus, insight into the vast scales of the universe did not dwarf but augment humanity – and particularly scientists. The article concludes that the planetary should be understood as an extension of global politics rather than a divergence from it.
‘No Solution to the Immediate Crisis’: The Uncertain Political Economy of Energy Conservation in 1970s Britain
Authors: Turnbull Thomas
Published: November 2022

This article traces one aspect of Britain's approach to the political economy of energy conservation. It focuses on the forecasting work of Royal Dutch Shell and the deliberations of the Heath government. In the late 1960s, the oil major Shell predicted that oil-producing states would impose an embargo on oil-consuming states. Energy conservation policies would be necessary. In tracing the reception of Shell's ‘crisis’ scenario and its proposed resolution, this article details how these ideas were received by Edward Heath's Conservative government, particularly its ‘think-tank’, the Central Policy Review Staff. In the short term, interventionist policies were proposed so as to demonstrate Britain's ability to operate without ever-increasing oil consumption, while in the long term the idea was that the energy-saving capacities of a freely-operating market could address the problem. The article recounts the confusion these proposed conservation policies provoked, and how the second idea gradually coalesced and ultimately outlasted the Heath government, providing one justification for the eventual privatisation of Britain's formerly nationalised energy industries.
Emergency Medical Services Preparedness in Dual Disasters: War in the Era of COVID-19 in Armenia
Authors: Woodward Christina A. , Hertelendy Attila J. , Hart Alexander , Voskanyan Amalia , Issa Fadi S. , Ciottone Gregory R.
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is a critical part of Disaster Medicine (DM) and can limit morbidity and mortality with sufficient training and experience. Emergency systems in Armenia are in an early stage of development and there is no Emergency Medicine residency training available to EMS physicians. The Armenian EMS system was challenged by two concurrent disasters when the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War arose during the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Objectives:

This study assessed the state of disaster preparedness of the Armenian EMS system and effects of the simultaneous pandemic and war on EMS providers.

Method/Description:

This was a cross-sectional study by anonymous survey of Yerevan EMS physicians who provided care to war casualties and COVID-19 patients.

Results/Outcomes:

Most participants had been a physician for ≤three years (52.1%). Many were in residency (64.6%).

Battlefield medicine experience was limited prior to the war. The majority reported no experience treating mass casualties (52.1%), explosives wounds (52.1%), or performing surgical procedures (52.1%). Greater battlefield medicine experience was found with ≥three years of experience as a physician (z-score -3.26; P value <.01) or EMS physician (z-score -2.76; P value <.01), and being ≥30 years old (z-score -2.11; P value = .03). Most participants felt in danger during the war at least sometimes (89.6%).

Conclusion:

EMS physicians in Armenia had limited training and experience in DM prior to the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, but practiced in a setting requiring extensive DM knowledge as evidenced by the simultaneous response to the COVID-19 pandemic and war. There is a strong need for DM training within the Armenian EMS system.
Selectivity improvement of interdigital filtering-antenna using different orders for 5 G application
Authors: Cahyasiwi Dwi Astuti , Roza Emilia , Mujirudin Mohammad , Nashuha Nusriyati Mahmuda , Zulkifli Fitri Yuli , Rahardjo Eko Tjipto
Published: November 2022

In this paper, filter and antenna integration is studied to produce a compact device for wireless front-end equipment. Filtering antennas are advanced due to their selectivity performance, represented by a flat gain response. Two filtering antennas are proposed to improve the selectivity using different orders. The first antenna is based on second-order filter and the other on third-order filter. Both antennas are designed to operate at 4.65 GHz for mid-band 5 G application with a bandwidth of 6.45%. The first antenna integrates a rectangular radiator and an interdigital resonator based on second-order filter. It obtained a bandwidth impedance of −10 dB for 300 MHz and a maximum gain of 6.48 dBi. Meanwhile, the second design consists of a rectangular radiator and two interdigital resonators based on third-order filter as the feedline. Having the same bandwidth as the first design, the second design achieved a flat gain of 6.37 dBi in the operational bandwidth. The second antenna design showed better selectivity with sharper gain than the first design. The two antennas were fabricated and measured for validation. The simulation and measurement results showed good agreement.
The Dawn–Dusk Asymmetrical Distribution of Earthward Poynting Flux in the Dayside Polar Cap From DMSP
Authors: Wang Jianping , Zhang Beichen , Huang Chunming , Liu Ruiyuan , Liu Yonghua , Hu Zejun , Liu Jianjun
Published: November 2022

We investigated the dawn–dusk asymmetrical distribution of quasi‐dc earthward Poynting flux (EPF) in the dayside polar cap of the Northern Hemisphere based on 3 years of observations at ∼850 km made by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F17. The satellite data have been sorted by low (Kp ≤ 2) and high (Kp > 2) geomagnetic activity, as well as the orientation and strength of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By and Bz components, binned by magnetic latitude, and magnetic local time. Statistical results show that the enhanced convection electric field favors the asymmetrical EPF distribution. Asymmetrical distribution characteristics are summarized as (a) there are mainly two enhanced EPF regions, near dawn and cusp and the mean EPF is 28% larger on the dawn than on the dusk for all IMF and Kp conditions. (b) The mean EPF for high Kp is 3 times greater than that for low Kp in the dayside polar cap. The enhanced EPF shifted from near the dawn for low Kp to near the cusp for high Kp. The EPF is also larger on the dawn than on the dusk for high Kp. (c) The EPF of the dayside polar cap is significantly enhanced as the IMF strength increases. Under IMF By+, EPF is greater on the dawn than on the dusk. The opposite is true under IMF By−. The IMF Bz− favors enhanced EPF and the EPF on the dawn (dusk) reaches its maximum for IMF By+ and Bz− (IMF By− and Bz−).
Discrimination of Oceanic Whitecaps Derived by Sea Surface Wind Using Sentinel‐2 MSI Images
Authors: Zhao Bi , Lu Yingcheng , Ding Jing , Jiao Junnan , Tian Qingjiu
Published: November 2022

Oceanic whitecaps, as a manifestation of the wind‐wave breaking process and the medium of air‐sea exchange, play an important role in sea surface research. The observational data of oceanic whitecap coverage are generally in situ photographs or videos. The use of spaceborne optical sensors to capture oceanic whitecaps could provide more spatial distribution and dynamic marine environment information. In this study, more than 100 Sentinel‐2 Multi‐Spectral Instrument (MSI) images and corresponding synchronous buoy wind speed data were collected to investigate oceanic whitecaps. A curvature image processing method was employed to successfully identify oceanic whitecaps in MSI images and the whitecap coverage was estimated based on the whitecap recognition results. We established a power‐law model of MSI‐estimated whitecap coverage (W) and whitecap number density with buoy‐measured wind speed at a height of 10 m above the sea surface (U10). In addition, the differences between the MSI‐derived model and in situ measurement‐derived models which are mainly caused by the scale effect of optical remote sensing, are discussed. The whitecap‐wind model demonstrates that MSI images can improve the quantification of sea surface wind speed with high spatial resolution. MSI images were used to estimate regional high‐spatial resolution (4 km) wind speeds, and the merged results (0.25°) were verified with the hourly wind products of the fifth generation European ECMWF (Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts) atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5). Moreover, the influence of sunglint on whitecap recognition and whitecap coverage was also analyzed. The reflectance of whitecap‐affected pixels in MSI images increased obviously with wind speed compared with background seawater in weak sunglint reflection area. These results indicated that the parameters of oceanic whitecaps derived from high‐spatial resolution optical images can be used to estimate wind speed and provide a new approach for monitoring marine dynamic environments in the future.
Inner Belt Wisp Precipitation Measured by ELFIN: Regimes of Energetic Electron Scattering by VLF Transmitter Waves
Authors: Shen Yangyang , Artemyev Anton V. , Ma Qianli , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Mourenas Didier , Tsai Ethan , Wilkins Colin , Wu Jiashu , Angelopoulos Vassilis
Published: November 2022

Man‐made very low frequency (VLF) transmitter waves play a critical role in energetic electron scattering and precipitation from the inner radiation belt, a type of which is called wisp precipitation. Wisps exhibit dispersive energy‐versus‐L spectra due to the evolution of electron cyclotron resonance conditions with near‐monochromatic VLF transmitter waves. Here, we report on such observations of inner belt wisp precipitation events with full pitch angle resolution in the energy range of 50 to ∼500 keV as measured by Electron Loss and Fields Investigation (ELFIN) at L < ∼2 between March 2021 and April 2022. Statistical observations (82 events) reveal occasional (18 events) wisp precipitation events with local bounce‐loss‐cone electron flux enhancements, which provide new information compared with flux enhancements measured in previous studies only in the drift loss cone. Based on magnetic field and plasmaspheric density models, quasilinear theory, and detailed pitch angle distributions of wisps from ELFIN, we have estimated the wisp electron bounce‐averaged pitch angle diffusion coefficients to be of the order of 10−4 to 10−2 s−1. These are several orders of magnitude larger than the diffusion rates calculated from models using global statistical averages of VLF transmitter wave power. When using our estimated diffusion coefficients to deduce the associated local transmitter wave amplitudes near the equator, based on quasilinear calculations from a transmitter‐induced electron diffusion model, we find these wave amplitudes to be >1 mV/m. Although probable overestimates, such inferred wave amplitudes exceed the theoretical threshold amplitude for nonlinear interactions, strongly suggesting that it is necessary to include nonlinear effects for an accurate evaluation of energetic electron scattering by transmitter waves.
Relationship of the Crustal Structure, Rheology, and Tectonic Dynamics Beneath the Lhasa‐Gangdese Terrane (Southern Tibet) Based on a 3‐D Electrical Model
Authors: Jin Sheng , Sheng Yue , Comeau Matthew J. , Becken Michael. , Wei Wenbo , Ye Gaofeng , Dong Hao , Zhang Letian
Published: November 2022

The tectonic dynamics of the Lhasa‐Gangdese terrane, southern Tibet, are still unclear and open questions persist regarding the structure, physical properties, and rheology of the lithosphere. A three‐dimensional electrical resistivity model was generated beneath the Lhasa terrane, 79°−94°E and 28°–33°N, an area of ∼1,500 by ∼600 km, using data from 537 magnetotelluric measurements. To overcome computational challenges, we present an approach in which multiple high‐resolution models from overlapping subregions are combined by means of an error‐weighted averaging scheme to construct a continuous electrical resistivity model. Based on the electrical structure, the rheology of the mid‐lower crust was investigated by constraining the melt fraction, in order to explore controls on dynamic mechanisms from a whole‐system perspective. The models shed light on the vertical and lateral migration of crustal materials, magma transportation, and continental deformation in the Lhasa terrane. The model shows resistive features in the south that may represent the Indian plate, and conductive features above this that may represent the migration of materials beneath the Lhasa terrane, both of which vary substantially along the Indus‐Yarlung Zangbo suture. In the mid‐lower crust, conductive features (with a likely corresponding decrease of the effective viscosity) may be related to underplating, magma reservoirs, mineralization sources, and vertical motion of buoyant materials. A weakened mid‐lower crust has consequences for surface deformation and may have contributed to the formation of (north‐south) rift zones. Furthermore, the inhomogeneous distribution of weakened areas in the mid‐lower crust has implications for the local lateral migration of materials.
Change in Tropospheric Ozone in the Recent Decades and Its Contribution to Global Total Ozone
Authors: Liu Junhua , Strode Sarah A. , Liang Qing , Oman Luke D. , Colarco Peter R. , Fleming Eric L. , Manyin Michael E. , Douglass Anne R. , Ziemke Jerald R. , Lamsal Lok N. , Li Can
Published: November 2022

Tropospheric ozone is a key chemically active trace gas and radiative forcer. Understanding its long‐term changes is important to properly interpret observed changes in total column ozone and stratospheric ozone recovery. We investigate global and regional tropospheric ozone changes and their impact on total column ozone during 2005–2018 using satellite measurements and the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry Climate Model (GEOSCCM). Global total ozone increased ∼4 DU during 2005–2018 (+0.28 ± 0.06 DU yr−1) as inferred from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI). Consistent with previous studies, the OMI/MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) derived global tropospheric ozone increased 2.2 DU during this period, 60% of the global total column ozone increase. While GEOSCCM reproduces reasonably well the total column increase, it overestimates the stratospheric ozone increase and underestimates the tropospheric ozone increase. We find that the tropospheric ozone increases are likely attributed to a growth of regional emissions of key ozone precursors, especially volatile organic compounds as reflected by the positive trends in formaldehyde (CH2O). Although carbon monoxide (CO) has been decreasing everywhere around the globe, it has relatively small impact on the tropospheric ozone trend. Trends in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vary with regions, and these changes counteract or reinforce the positive effects of CH2O on the tropospheric ozone increases. The model underestimates the observed tropospheric ozone increase, especially over the US and Europe, because of underestimated NO2 emissions changes used in the model. The stratospheric ozone contribution increases during this period in the Northern Hemisphere and contributes to the tropospheric ozone increase.