bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abnormal biochemistry and morphology of erythrocytes in a case of transcobalamin II deficiency during treatment
Authors: Frater‐Schröder M. , Seger R. , Hitzig W. H. , Linnell J. C. , Huser H. ‐J. , Galle J. , Wildfeuer A.
Published: December 2005

Metabolic studies on a transcobalamin II deficient child during apparent haematological remission revealed abnormally low erythrocyte levels of cobalamin‐ and folate‐coenzymes and highly unusual morphology of erythrocytes. Transfusion with hydroxocobalamin‐supplemented plasma temporarily normalized the child's erythrocyte adenosylcobalamin and methylcobalamin. Subsequent oral leucovorin increased erythrocyte levels of low‐polyglutamate folate. These findings provide further evidence that TCII may be involved not only in cellular cobalamin uptake but also in intracellular conversion of the cobalamin coenzymes and polyglutamate folates.
A case of myoglycogen storage disease with reduced acid α‐glucosidase activity in the fibroblasts but not in the muscle
Authors: Koster J. F. , Slee R. G. , Busch H. F. M. , Arts W. F. F. , Hoeksema J.
Published: December 2005

A case of muscle glycogen storage disease with the glycogen located in the cytosol is described. A variant α‐glucosidase has been demonstrated in this patient but the cause of the metabolic disorder is still unclear.
Lysinuric protein intolerance: Possible genetic heterogeneity?
Authors: Andria G. , Sebastio G. , Strisciuglio P. , Del Giudice E.
Published: December 2005

During the last 4 years we have diagnosed lysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) in two unrelated boys (7 and 3 years old) living in the area around Naples. One of the patients, already reported in the literature as having a possible storage disease, shows peculiar haematological findings and striking joint hyper‐extensibility. Both patients have been treated successfully with arginine supplementation and low protein diet. These two cases suggest that LPI might not be so rare in the Neapolitan area and arginine supplementation and low protein diet still represent an acceptable low‐cost treatment of the disease. The presence of joint and bone marrow abnormalities in one of the patients, whether casual or due to genetic heterogeneity, should be further investigated.
I‐cell disease phenotypein vitro: Experiments with cell fusion and co‐cultivation
Authors: Aula P. , Virtanen I.
Published: December 2005

The effects of co‐cultivation and fusion with normal fibroblasts on the cytoplasmic inclusions in I‐cell fibroblasts have been studied using fluorescent lectin conjugates.
A human cell strain bank: Interest for the prenatal diagnosis of metabolic diseases
Authors: Boyer S. , Zabot M. T. , Mathieu M. , Cotte J. , Deguerry C. , Genoud J.
Published: December 2005

A repository of deep‐frozen mutant human fibroblast and amniotic fluid cell cultures has been established for some years at Lyon, France. About 50 different biochemical abnormalities are represented and strains are available for research studies and for use in prenatal diagnosis in the families at risk.
A problem of control of treatment in a boy with salt‐losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia (21‐hydroxylation defect)
Authors: Darling J. A. B. , Fraser N. C.
Published: December 2005

Inadequate mineralocorticoid replacement is shown to have been the cause of elevated levels of plasma ACTH and 17α‐hydroxyprogesterone and of urinary steroids in a boy with salt‐losing congenital adrenal hyperplasia who was receiving more than adequate glucocorticoid replacement.
Studies on glycoprotein metabolism in different types of sphingolipidosis
Authors: de Gasperi R. , Rapelli S. , Lindi C. , Berra B.
Published: December 2005

Abnormalities in glycoprotein composition have been demonstrated in brain tissue from patients with GM1 gangliosidosis and Niemann‐Pick disease and in spleen from patients with Gaucher's disease. The mechanism producing these glycoprotein abnormalities is probably different in each disease.
Chemical compositions of acid mucopolysaccharides in urine and tissues of patients with multiple sulphatase deficiency
Authors: Eto Y. , Tokoro T. , Ito F. , Herschkowitz N. N.
Published: December 2005

Detailed chemical analyses of the acid mucopolysaccharides of liver, brain and urine in multiple sulphatase deficiency have shown heparin sulphate to be the major component.
Glucose metabolism in a child with 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme a lyase deficiency
Authors: François B. , Bachmann C. , Schutgens R. B. H.
Published: December 2005

A child with 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA lyase deficiency suffered from fasting hypoglycaemia and impaired ketone body formation.
Inheritance of transcobalamin II (TC II) in two families with TC II deficiency and related immunodeficiency
Authors: Fràter‐Schröder M. , Hitzig W. H. , Sacher M.
Published: December 2005

Transcobalamin II (TC II) is an essential transport protein for vitamin B12 in blood. TC II can be separated into isoproteins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This method was used in combination with a specific radioimmunosorbent technique to evaluate genetic variants and inheritance of TC II‐deficient genes in relatives of two children with congenital TC II deficiency. Both patients presented with impairment of haematopoietic and immunological functions. Seven heterozygous individuals for TC II deficiency, who are clinically normal, were detected in the two families. Two out of seven could be identified unambiguously by TC II isoprotein analysis, as carriers of a deficient gene, which does not express functional TC II. Application of this new method to detect heterozygous carriers of the deficient gene provides a valuable addition to genetic counselling.
Biochemical findings in a patient with lipoprotein lipase deficiency (Hyperlipoproteinaemia Type I)
Authors: Abeling N. G. G. M. , Bakker H. D. , van Gennip A. H. , Jansen H. , Vázquez de la Cruz A.
Published: December 2005

An early diagnosed case of hyperlipoproteinaemia type I is presented. Besides the major criteria, which were met, unexpected changes in the serum lipoprotein pattern on heparin injection are reported, suggesting a possible role of liver lipase in HDL metabolism.
Urinary pyrimidine excretion in arginase deficiency
Authors: Naylor E. W. , Cederbaum S. D.
Published: December 2005

A high‐performance liquid‐chromatographic method was used to separate and identify uracil, uridine, pseudouridine and orotic acid after preliminary extraction in two patients (McKusick 20780). Urinary uracil excretion was 10–35 times normal in both patients with arginase deficiency. Uridine and orotic acid, not normally detected, were excreted in large amounts and were directly influenced by protein intake. Their excretions were correlated with urinary arginine excretion. Urinary uracil levels remained consistently high and showed minimal variations with increased protein intake or urinary arginine levels.

The measurement of urinary pyrimidines appears to be useful for the detection, differential diagnosis and dietary monitoring of patients with urea cycle disorders. The data presented extends this observation to include patients with arginase deficiency.
Renal histidinuria
Authors: Kamoun P. P. , Parvy P. , Cathelineau L. , Meyer B.
Published: December 2005

One patient with abnormal histidinuria and a normal plasma histidine concentration is presented. This patient had myoclonic seizures like another patient previously reported with histidinuria. The effect of a peroral histidine loading test was studied. The relationship between renal histidinuria and neurological abnormalities is discussed.
Combined deficiency of β‐galactosidase and neuraminidase: Three affected siblings in a French family
Authors: Maire I. , Nivelon‐Chevallier A.
Published: December 2005

Three affected siblings from France have been described with a combined deficiency of β‐galactosidase and neuraminidase. Oligosaccharides were found in urine and the enzyme activities determined in leukocytes and cultured fibroblasts. Further characterization of the defect in this family is needed.
Climatic and intertrophic effects detected in 10‐year population dynamics of biological control of the arrowhead scale by two parasitoids in southwestern Japan
Authors: Tuda Midori , Matsumoto Takashi , Itioka Takao , Ishida Norio , Takanashi Masaaki , Ashihara Wataru , Kohyama Mitsuko , Takagi Masami
Published: December 2005

Relative effects of weather and three‐trophic interactions were studied for a classical biological control system consisting of the arrowhead scale Unaspis yanonensis, known formerly as a serious pest of the Satsuma mandarin orange Citrus unshiu, and its two introduced parasitoids, Coccobius fulvus and Aphytis yanonensis. Yearly population responses of the three insect species on a per‐tree basis for up to 10 years at two orange groves were analyzed by general linear models, with a backward stepwise procedure, to select among abiotic (summer/winter temperature and rainfall) and biotic (densities of the three insect species and orange bearing in the previous years) independent variables. Temperature positively affected the arrowhead scale and the two parasitoids. A negative correlation of rainfall was detected for all three insect species. Mandarin fruiting showed negative delayed density dependence, thereby supporting the observed alternate bearing phenomenon in mandarins, presumably due to physiological imbalance triggered by climatic factors. The arrowhead scale was negatively correlated with fruit production in the preceding years, possibly due to reduced resistance in subsequent years of mast fruiting. We found a negative correlation of the arrowhead scale with Coccobius only in a single grove and none with Aphytis. Thus, it appears that bottom‐up forces may be more important than top‐down control by the parasitoids in the post‐transient phase of this system.
The influence of seasonal precipitation and temperature regimes on lake levels in the northeastern United States during the Holocene
Authors: Shuman Bryan , Donnelly Jeffrey P.
Published: December 2005

AMS–dated sediment cores combined with ground–penetrating radar profiles from two lakes in southeastern Massachusetts demonstrate that regional water levels rose and fell multiple times during the Holocene when the known climatic controls (i.e., ice extent and insolation) underwent unidirectional changes. The lakes were lowest between 10,000 and 9000 and between 5500 and 3000 cal yr B.P. Using a heuristic moisture-budget model, we explore the hypothesis that changes in seasonal precipitation regimes, driven by monotonic trends in ice extent and insolation, plausibly explain the multiple lake-level changes. Simulated lake levels resulting from low summer precipitation rates match observed low lake levels of 10,000–9000 cal yr B.P., whereas a model experiment that simply shifts the seasonality of the modern Massachusetts precipitation regime (i.e., moving the peak monthly precipitation from winter to summer) produces levels that are ∼2 m lower than today as observed for 5500–3000 cal yr B.P. The influence of the Laurentide ice sheet could explain dry summers before ca. 8000 cal yr B.P. A later shift from a summer-wet to a winter-wet moisture-balance regime could have resulted from insolation-driven changes in the influence of the Bermuda subtropical high. Temperature changes probably further modified lake levels by affecting snowmelt and transpiration.
Liberal Democratic Torture
Authors: LUKES STEVEN
Published: December 2005

Liberal democracies have long practised torture, but should they ever permit their officials to torture (and, if so, when?), how should their citizens think and talk about it, and how should the law treat it? Is it just another instance of ‘dirty hands’ in politics? If it averts some terrible harm, can resorting to it be seen as choosing the ‘lesser evil’? What, then, is torture? The ‘torture memos’ of the Bush administration's legal advisers are reviewed and their attempt to narrow its definition criticized, as is Judge Posner's attempt to confine it to physical coercion. Attempts to evade the questions above (on the grounds that torture is never effective in averting disaster) are rejected. It is suggested that torture, unlike other cases of dirty hands considered, cannot be rendered liberal-democratically accountable, in the sense that it will sometimes be legitimate and, when not, punished, because its practice cannot be publicly recognized without undermining both the democratic and liberal components of liberal democracy. This suggestion is supported by adducing a ‘Durkheimian argument’ to the effect that our institutions and customs have been so penetrated by core elements of an egalitarian ‘religion of individualism’ that violating them threatens a kind of ‘moral disintegration’. This, it is argued, requires liberal democracies to reject the very idea of a scale that can allow comparison of the benefits against the costs of torturing. The absolute prohibition serves to maintain inhibitions, though these are currently being eroded by the fear of terrorism.
The Politics of EU Eastern Enlargement: Evidence from a Heckman Selection Model
Authors: PLÜMPER THOMAS , SCHNEIDER CHRISTINA J. , TROEGER VERA E.
Published: December 2005

The eastern enlargement of the European Union is a twofold process, in which governments of transition countries decide whether or not to apply for membership and in turn EU members decide whether or not to accept these applicants. The authors argue that the level of democracy and the extent of market reforms together determine the first decision, while the second decision is largely determined by the EU observing the reform process in applicant countries imposed by the acquis communautaire conditionality. The natural procedure to test this theory is a Heckman selection model. A Heckman specification with panel probit estimators in both stages is used. The data supports the argument that uncontested reforms signal the policy support of relevant political parties to the EUand increase the likelihood of joining the Union. The authors also test for specification errors and check the robustness of the findings.
Wars and Rumours of Wars: The Contexts of Cultural Conflict in American Political Behaviour
Authors: LAYMAN GEOFFREY C. , GREEN JOHN C.
Published: December 2005

A heated scholarly debate rages over the ‘culture wars thesis’ in American politics. Drawing on the literature on mass opinion constraint and its sources, we propose a resolution to this debate: the culture wars influence mass political behaviour in special religious, policy and political contexts where logical, psychological, social and electoral sources of opinion constraint are in effect. Using data pooled from the 1992, 1996 and 2000 American National Election Studies, we find strong support for our argument. We conclude that the cultural wars are waged by limited religious troops on narrow policy fronts under special political leadership, and a broader cultural conflagration is largely a rumour.
Learning to Lose: Election Outcomes, Democratic Experience and Political Protest Potential
Authors: ANDERSON CHRISTOPHER J. , MENDES SILVIA M.
Published: December 2005

Do democratic elections and experience with democracy affect citizens' propensity to engage in political protest? If so, how? A model of protest potential based on the incentives election winners and losers face in new and established democratic systems is presented. Using surveys conducted by the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) in seventeen democracies around the globe, the effect on political protest potential of being in the political minority or majority after an election is compared. Being in the political minority heightens citizens' political protest potential. Moreover, the effect on protest potential of losing is significantly greater in new democracies compared with established ones. These findings provide systematic evidence that election outcomes should be considered important indicators of political protest potential, and they imply that this effect is particularly salient in countries whose democratic institutions are relatively new and potentially more unstable.
Party Discipline with Legislative Initiative
Authors: MEDINA LUIS FERNANDO
Published: December 2005

This article analyses the role of parties in political systems with legislative initiative. The model explicitly takes into account the multi-district nature of elections so that voters recognize that they are not voting for a policy but for members of a policy-making body. In this setting, parties can attain their ideological goals without resorting to extreme discipline of their members in the legislature. With respect to the electorate, although voters are endowed with perfect information about their candidates' ideological stance, this model explains how the legislature will display correlation across ideology and party, a feature often attributed to imperfect information.
Political Decentralization and Electoral Accountability: The Argentine Experience, 1983–2001
Authors: GÉLINEAU FRANÇOIS , REMMER KAREN L.
Published: December 2005

To what extent does public support for subnational officials fluctuate in response to local rather than national performance? Are the policy failures of subnational officials reliably punished by voters? Drawing upon both individual and aggregate level data, this article attempts to shed new light on these questions about the politics of decentralization by exploring electoral outcomes and public opinion at the subnational level in Argentina. Consistent with referendum voting models, this analysis suggests that the fate of candidates in both national and subnational elections is shaped by the performance of the incumbent presidential administration. Moreover, to the extent that subnational performance has an electoral impact, voters do not necessarily respond in ways that enhance electoral accountability. Voters not only blame and reward subnational officials for national performance, but also attribute responsibility for subnational performance to national authorities. The implications with respect to the impact of decentralized decision making on democratic accountability are decidedly mixed and anything but consistent with the argument that decentralization results in a closer match between citizen preferences and the allocation of public resources.
Broadcasts of Deliberative Polls: Aspirations and Effects
Authors: FISHKIN JAMES S. , LUSKIN ROBERT C.
Published: December 2005

Every face-to-face Deliberative Poll (DP) to date has been the subject of a television broadcast. We consider these broadcasts a helpful adjunct to the design – a way of motivating both the random sample and the policy experts and policy makers to attend, of educating the broader public about the issues, and, perhaps, of nudging public opinion in the direction of the results. In ‘Rickety Bridges’, John Parkinson examines just one of these broadcasts, Channel 4's on the DP on the future of Britain's National Health Service (NHS) in 1998. Applying his coding of the contents to other DP broadcasts might or might not yield similar results, but we are happy to assume, for argument's sake, that it would. If DP broadcasts are generally doing what he describes the NHS DP broadcast as doing, they are doing pretty well, at least as far as the distribution of coverage is concerned. It is Parkinson's notion of what they should be doing that is mistaken. As a result, his critique is fundamentally misguided.

THE AIMS OF DP BROADCASTS

Parkinson's critique rests on an inappropriate standard. His central claim is that Channel 4's broadcast of the NHS DP did not replicate the participants' experience. Of course it did not. No broadcast could ever give viewers the same experience they would have if they were actually part of the DP's on-site, weekend-long deliberations. The broadcast in that case would have to be weekend-long, and there would actually have to be multiple broadcasts – as many as there are participants – since every participant's experience is different.
Of Scale and Straw Men: A Reply to Fishkin and Luskin
Authors: PARKINSON JOHN
Published: December 2005

I am grateful to James Fishkin and Robert Luskin for taking the time to consider and respond to my remarks on the dangers of relying on the news media to form a bridge between participants and non-participants in deliberative events. Clearly we are in agreement that there is a difference between deliberations as experienced by participants and a television audience. However, Fishkin and Luskin have misrepresented my aims and claims about that difference, and thus their response is less telling than it might have been, directed as it is at a man of straw.

At the outset, let me emphasize that the purpose ofmyresearch note was not to subject deliberative polls to a thorough critique: one case study would indeed have been an inadequate foundation for such work. Rather, the case study was a device used to highlight a feature common to many attempts to put deliberative democratic principles into practice, not just the deliberative poll (DP). The underlying issue is, to state it again, one of scale: millions of people cannot strictly deliberate together. Walzer proposes a maximum number of twenty individuals, although the literature on small groups suggests that the actual limit may be between five and seven, both which seem disturbingly small for purportedly democratic processes. Even if the deliberative limit were several hundred, however, the scale issue still arises and causes problems for the democratic legitimacy of such events: how can their decisions be binding on others when those others have not had the opportunity to have their views transformed by the encounter with the better argument?
Sloppily built or precisely loose? The technology of the curtain and the ideology of Disney Hall
Authors: Tombesi Paolo
Published: December 2005

Are the sinuous forms of the Disney Hall by Frank O. Gehry concrete testimonies of architectural ideology, or are they demonstrations of sound engineering and construction?
Solid, slender, salvaged or phoney? Contemporary stone masonry at a crossroads
Authors: Dernie David
Published: December 2005

Imaginative developments in stone masonry in ontemporary architecture stimulate reflections on the continued meaning and use of this most ancient of materials.
Specifications: writing materials in architecture and philosophy
Authors: Lloyd Thomas Katie
Published: December 2005

The language of the architectural specification raises questions for philosophical accounts of matter and highlights the cultural construction of building materials.
The primitive as an instrument of subversion in twentieth-century Brazilian cultural practice
Authors: Philippou Styliane
Published: December 2005

Brazilian Antropofagist strategies of cultural decolonisation and empowerment, radicalise the ’primitive‘ Other and subvert catechising models
Building a Renaissance double house in Venice
Authors: Gianighian Giorgio
Published: December 2005

The unique site conditions and burgeoning economy of Venice were the catalysts for an ingenious new house type, as Giorgio Gianighian explains in the first of two papers.
‘Ziggurats for Bureaucrats’: Sir Leslie Martin’s Whitehall Plan
Authors: Rice Ian
Published: December 2005

Leslie Martin’s ill-fated plan for a cohesive Government Centre assumes new relevance as growing traffic and the declining role of Parliament highlight Whitehall’s continuing problems.
UrbanHeart: a Design Research Forum
Authors: Rollo John
Published: December 2005

A studio in which students act as practitioner-researchers brings together communities, local authorities and professionals, offering a case study in design as research.
A discrete element model for orogenesis and accretionary wedge growth
Authors: Naylor M. , Sinclair H. D. , Willett S. , Cowie P. A.
Published: December 2005

We develop a two‐dimensional discrete element model to investigate the evolution of doubly vergent orogenic and accretionary wedges. This generates the localization of deformation across persistent structures as emergent phenomena unlike many continuum models that require predefined weaknesses to localize strain. The model is used to study how deformation processes evolve for two different boundary conditions, drawing strong comparisons with previous sandbox analogues and computational approaches. The deformational history of the modeled wedges is characterized by three stages defined by an evolution in the mechanisms available to accommodate shortening. The first stage develops a strong retrovergent thrust that initiates at the subduction point; the second stage shows a change in vergence of deformation as thin‐skinned thrusting propagates into material carried on the subducting plate thus evolving a folded and thrusted prowedge; finally, a second shallower retrowedge develops in the overriding plate through accretion. This final stage is not present in all sand analogue modeling approaches, and defines a difference in the deformation style. Thresholds in geometry and size regulate the localization and style of deformation and hence the progression through the three stages. The wedges produced show periodicity in the modes of accretion to maintain a geometric form, with deformation localizing across structures that are internally reactivated. Thus prowedges and retrowedges are seen to oscillate about constant taper angles.
Spatial and seasonal dynamics of total suspended sediment and organic carbon species in the Congo River
Authors: Coynel Alexandra , Seyler Patrick , Etcheber Henri , Meybeck Michel , Orange Didier
Published: December 2005

The Congo (Zaire) River, the world's second largest river in terms both of water discharges and of drainage area after the Amazon River, has remained to date in a near‐pristine state. For a period between 2 and 6 years, the mainstream near the river mouth (Brazzaville/Kinshasa station) and some of the major and minor tributaries (the Oubangui, Mpoko, and Ngoko‐Sangha) were monitored every month for total suspended sediment (TSS), particulate organic carbon (POC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In this large but relatively flat equatorial basin, TSS levels are very low and organic carbon is essentially exported as DOC: from 74% of TOC for the tributaries flowing in savannah regions and 86% for those flowing in the rain forest. The seasonal patterns of TSS, POC, and DOC show clockwise hysteresis in relation to river discharges, with maximum levels recorded 2 to 4 months before peak flows. At the Kinshasa/Brazzaville station, the DOC distribution is largely influenced by the input from the tributaries draining the large marshy forest area located in the center of the basin. There is a marked difference between specific fluxes, threefold higher in the forest basins than in the savannah basins. The computation of inputs to the Atlantic Ocean demonstrates that the Congo is responsible for 14.4 × 106 t/yr of TOC of which 12.4 × 106 t/yr is DOC and 2 × 106 t/yr is POC. The three biggest tropical rivers (the Amazon, the Congo, and the Orinoco), with only 10% of the exoreic world area drained to world oceans, contribute ∼4% of its TSS inputs but 15–18% of its organic carbon inputs. These proportions may double when considering only world rivers discharging into the open ocean.
Seasonal heat budget of the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Matsoukas C. , Banks A. C. , Hatzianastassiou N. , Pavlakis K. G. , Hatzidimitriou D. , Drakakis E. , Stackhouse P. W. , Vardavas I.
Published: December 2005

We calculate the monthly components of the Mediterranean Sea heat budget, namely the net shortwave, net longwave, latent, sensible heat fluxes, and heat storage change, for years 1984–2000. The radiative components of the seasonal heat budget are derived by a radiation transfer model, while in most other studies bulk formulae are used. A variety of data are required to run the model, among which are cloud data from International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) D2 data set, aerosol data from Global Aerosol Data Set (GADS), temperature and humidity from National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re‐Analysis (ERA‐40), and oceanographical data from Mediterranean Data Archaeology and Rescue (MEDAR) MEDATLAS database and the World Ocean Atlas 2001. We compare two methods for the estimation of the monthly latent heat flux and evaporation: the bulk aerodynamic and the heat balance. The average annual evaporation rate for the Mediterranean Sea, based on the heat balance method, is estimated at 1500 ± 190 mm yr−1. The bulk aerodynamic method produces estimates of the annual evaporation rate in the range 1060–1280 mm yr−1, depending on the source of the input data. The analysis of the heat content shows that the solar heat absorbed by the sea during summer is redistributed to winter evaporation via heat storage by the sea. Thus the peak evaporation occurs in winter and is mainly driven by energy released (100–150 Wm−2) from sea heat storage.
Forearc decoupling of guided waves in the Chile‐Peru subduction zone
Authors: Martin Sebastian , Haberland Christian , Rietbrock Andreas
Published: December 2005

The structure and alterations of subducted oceanic lithosphere (e.g., thickness and seismic velocity of oceanic crust) can be obtained by analyzing guided seismic waves generated by earthquakes within the slab (Wadati‐Benioff zone). In northern Chile prominent secondary phases from intermediate‐depth seismicity, observed in the forearc region can be interpreted as guided waves. For the observation of guided waves it is usually required to have stations close to the wave guide, a fact which is not directly given for forearc stations in subduction zone environments. With the help of finite difference simulations we model the decoupling mechanism of guided waves at the contact between the descending oceanic plate and the upper plate crust where the wave guide is opened due to the equalization of seismic velocities. Provided that suited stations are available, this mechanism allows for the use of intermediate depth seismicity to study the shallow subduction zone structure (≤100 km depth).
Effect of the Prandtl number in the parameterization of vertical mixing in an OGCM of the tropical Pacific
Authors: Noh Yign , Kang Yune Jeung , Matsuura Tomonori , Iizuka Satoshi
Published: December 2005

Inclusion of the Prandtl number variation with stratification in a vertical mixing scheme helps to improve the simulation of the tropical Pacific using an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) significantly, by mitigating various persistent problems of the OGCM such as the warm and cold biases in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, the too weak and deep Equatorial Undercurrent and the insufficient zonal slope of the thermocline. It also makes the distributions of temperature and zonal velocity along the equator more realistic. A similar test with a different vertical mixing scheme supports the generality of the results.
Source of Pc4 pulsations observed on the nightside
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Liou Kan , Yumoto Kiyohumi , Kitamura Kentarou , Nosé Masahito , Honary Farideh
Published: December 2005

We have studied magnetic pulsations in the 5‐ to 20‐mHz (Pc4) band observed on 7 January 1997 from ∼1400 UT to ∼1600 UT at ground stations located on the nightside. At low latitudes (L < 2) the spectral content of the pulsations did not differ much from the Pi2 pulsations that were observed adjacent to the above interval. However, during the Pc4 event the auroral luminosity measured by the Ultra Violet Imager instrument on the Polar spacecraft was steadily declining toward a very low level. Also, the Geotail spacecraft, located in the plasmasheet at a geocentric distance of ∼30 RE did not detect strong plasma flows. Looking for clues of possible dayside sources for the pulsations, we find that the interplanetary magnetic field measured by the IMP‐8 spacecraft made a small (<30°) angle with the Sun‐Earth axis. This condition is favorable for generation of ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF) waves in the region upstream of the bow shock, and it is known that the upstream waves are a major source of Pc4 pulsations observed on the dayside. Pointing to a common upstream energy source, strong low‐latitude Pc4 pulsations were observed on the dayside during the period of the nightside Pc4 pulsations. However, the spectrum of the upstream magnetic field oscillations at IMP‐8 was characterized by broadband power below 20 mHz instead of a strong peak at the frequency of the observed ground Pc4 pulsations. Plasmaspheric cavity mode resonance may have played a role in filtering the Pc4 pulsations from the broadband input to the magnetosphere.
Global patterns of Joule heating in the high‐latitude ionosphere
Authors: Zhang X. X. , Wang C. , Chen T. , Wang Y. L. , Tan A. , Wu T. S. , Germany G. A. , Wang W.
Published: December 2005

A compiled empirical global Joule heating (CEJH) model is described in this study. This model can be used to study Joule heating patterns, Joule heating power, potential drop, and polar potential size in the high‐latitude ionosphere and thermosphere, and their variations with solar wind conditions, geomagnetic activities, the solar EUV radiation, and the neutral wind. It is shown that the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation and its magnitude, the solar wind speed, AL index, geomagnetic Kp index, and solar radio flux F10.7 index are important parameters that control Joule heating patterns, Joule heating power, potential drop, and polar potential size. Other parameters, such as the solar wind number density (Nsw) and Earth's dipole tilt, do not significantly affect these quantities. It is also shown that the neutral wind can increase or reduce the Joule heating production, and its effectiveness mainly depends on the IMF orientation and its magnitude, the solar wind speed, AL index, Kp index, and F10.7 index. Our results indicate that for less disturbed solar wind conditions, the increase or reduction of the neutral wind contribution to the Joule heating is not significant compared to the convection Joule heating, whereas under extreme solar wind conditions, the neutral wind can significantly contribute to the Joule heating. Application of the CEJH model to the 16 July 2000 storm implies that the model outputs are basically consistent with the results from the AMIE mapping procedure. The CEJH model can be used to examine large‐scale energy deposition during disturbed solar wind conditions and to study the dependence of the hemispheric Joule heating on the level of geomagnetic activities and the intensity of solar EUV radiation. This investigation enables us to predict global Joule heating patterns for other models in the high‐latitude ionosphere and thermosphere in the sense of space weather forecasting.
Magma emplacement in a thrust ramp anticline: The Gavorrano Granite (northern Apennines, Italy)
Authors: Musumeci G. , Mazzarini F. , Corti G. , Barsella M. , Montanari D.
Published: December 2005

Magma emplacement in the upper crust is often associated with crustal extension, whereby space for intrusions is made by dilation along transtensive and strike‐slip faults. The lenticular shape of several intrusions indicates that a further mechanism for magma intrusion is laccolith emplacement with roof uplift of the overburden. Additionally, melts exploit rheological discontinuities (e.g., sedimentary layering) during their ascent. We present an emplacement model for intrusion of the shallow level Gavorrano Granite (northern Apennine, Italy), which is located at the core of an open anticline. The shape of the intrusion and structural features of the host rocks are indicative of a synkinematic emplacement in a growing thrust anticline. Space was provided by the opening of dilatation zones at the core of anticline as a consequence of different amounts of translation between hanging wall and footwall units which were separated by evaporitic rocks. These evaporitic units acted as major décollement layers. Analog models provide results in good agreement with the structural setting of the anticline and emphasize the possibility that melts filled the dilatation zone, with the décollement layers further facilitating intrusion.
Annealing-induced changes of the magnetic anisotropy of (Ga,Mn)As epilayers
Authors: Stanciu V. , Svedlindh P.
Published: December 2005

The dependence of the magnetic anisotropy of As-capped (Ga,Mn)As epilayers on the annealing parameters—temperature and time—has been investigated. A uniaxial magnetic anisotropy is evidenced, whose orientation with respect to the crystallographic axes changes upon annealing from [1 ¯10] for the as-grown samples to [110] for the annealed samples. Both cubic and uniaxial anisotropies are tightly linked to the magnetic transition temperature, and hence, to the concentration of charge carriers, the magnitude of which is controlled by the annealing process.
Structure determination of CdS and ZnS nanoparticles: Direct modeling of synchrotron-radiation diffraction data
Authors: Kumpf C. , Neder R. B. , Niederdraenk F. , Luczak P. , Stahl A. , Scheuermann M. , Joshi S. , Kulkarni S. K. , Barglik-Chory C. , Heske C. , Umbach E.
Published: December 2005

We introduce a modified method of powder-diffraction data analysis to obtain precise structural information on freestanding ZnS and CdS nanoparticles with diameters well below 5nm, i.e., in a range where common bulk-derived approaches fail. The method is based on the Debye equation and allows us to access the crystal structure and the size of the particles with high precision. Detailed information on strain, relaxation effects, stacking faults, and the shape of the particles becomes available. We find significant size differences between our new results and those obtained by established methods, and conclude that a mixed zinc-blende/wurtzite stacking and significant lattice distortions occur in our CdS nanoparticles. Our approach should have direct impact on the understanding and modeling of quantum size effects in nanoparticles.
Modeling the flow of fluid/particle mixtures in microchannels: Encapsulating nanoparticles within monodisperse droplets
Authors: Verberg Rolf , Yeomans Julia M. , Balazs Anna C.
Published: December 2005

We develop a hybrid computational approach for simulating mixtures of binary fluids and mobile, submicron particles. The model couples a lattice Boltzmann method for the binary fluid with a Brownian dynamics model for the particles. The particles can exhibit preferential wetting interactions with the different components of the fluid. As an illustration of the method, we carry out simulations in two dimensions to compare the spinodal decomposition of a pure binary fluid with the phase separation of binary blends that contain either fixed or mobile particles. We then isolate conditions where the flow of a binary fluid/particle mixture past surfaces with well-defined asperities leads to the formation of monodisperse droplets, which encapsulate the nanoparticles. The findings provide guidelines for creating multiphase emulsions with well-controlled morphologies.
Texture of NiGe on Ge(001) and its evolution with formation temperature
Authors: Balakrisnan B. , Tan C. C. , Liew S. L. , Lim P. C. , Goh G. K. L. , Foo Y. L. , Chi D. Z.
Published: December 2005

Texture of NiGe on Ge(001) and its evolution with formation temperature have been investigated. Pole figure investigation showed that NiGe formed by rapid thermal annealing of Ni(35nm)∕Ge(001) largely consists of epitaxial grains with orientation relationships: NiGe(111)[01¯1]∕∕Ge(001)[110],NiGe(020)[001]∕∕Ge(001)[100],NiGe(201)[102¯]∕∕Ge(001)[110],NiGe(211)[011¯]∕∕Ge(001)[110],NiGe(112)[201¯]∕∕Ge(001)[110], and NiGe(210)[001]∕∕Ge(001)[100]. For NiGe formed at 400 °C, NiGe(111)[01¯1]∕∕Ge(001)[110],NiGe(020)[001]∕∕Ge(001)[100],NiGe(201)[102¯]∕∕Ge(001)[110], and NiGe(211)[011¯]∕∕Ge(001)[110] were found to be the preferred orientations, while NiGe formed at 600 °C was dominated by NiGe grains with NiGe(111)[01¯1]∕∕Ge(001)[110] orientation. The increasing dominance of the grains with NiGe(111)[01¯1]∕∕Ge(001)[110] orientation is attributed to the minimum lattice mismatch with this orientation.
Long time scale blinking kinetics of cyanine fluorophores conjugated to DNA and its effect on Förster resonance energy transfer
Authors: Sabanayagam Chandran R. , Eid John S. , Meller Amit
Published: December 2005

The blinking kinetics of individual Cy5 fluorophores conjugated to DNA are directly measured using single-molecule spectroscopy. Under deoxygenated aqueous conditions, Cy5 fluorescence exhibits spontaneous and reversible on/off fluctuations with a period lasting seconds. This blinking is observed when directly exciting Cy5 with 640 nm light and by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). We find that Cy5 blinking is influenced by the proximity of the donor, the structure of the donor, the presence of 514 nm excitation, and FRET. In the context of single-molecule FRET, blinking of the acceptor produces anticorrelated donor-acceptor intensity fluctuations, which can be difficult to discern from variations in the interdye distance. Slow blinking is, in particular, problematic because it overlaps with biologically relevant time scales. By employing an alternating 514∕640nm laser excitation scheme, we show that the dark states can be readily resolved and discriminated from FRET distance fluctuations.
In situ time-resolved characterization of Au–CeO2 and AuOx–CeO2 catalysts during the water-gas shift reaction: Presence of Au and O vacancies in the active phase
Authors: Wang X. , Rodriguez J. A. , Hanson J. C. , Pérez M. , Evans J.
Published: December 2005

Synchrotron-based in situ time-resolved x-ray diffraction and x-ray absorption spectroscopies were used to study the behavior of nanostructured {Au+AuOx}–CeO2 catalysts under the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. At temperatures above 250°C, a complete AuOx→Au transformation was observed with high catalytic activity. Photoemission results for the oxidation and reduction of Au nanoparticles supported on rough ceria films or a CeO2(111) single crystal corroborate that cationic Auδ+ species cannot be the key sites responsible for the WGS activity at high temperatures. The rate determining steps for the WGS seem to occur at the gold-ceria interface, with the active sites involving small gold clusters (<2nm) and O vacancies.
Effects of nuclear dynamics in the low-kinetic-energy Auger spectra of CO and CO2
Authors: Feyer V. , Bolognesi P. , Coreno M. , Prince K. C. , Avaldi L. , Storchi L. , Tarantelli F.
Published: December 2005

The CO and CO2 carbon and oxygen Auger spectra have been measured by electron impact and compared with accurate theoretical calculations accounting for the effects of the dynamics of the nuclei on the energy and linewidth of the Auger bands. The calculations for CO were previously published [L. S. Cederbaum et al., J. Chem. Phys. 95, 6634 (1991)], while for CO2 they are new and presented here for the first time. For both molecules, particular attention has been paid to the low-kinetic-energy region of the spectra, which corresponds to doubly charged ion states with the two holes mainly localized in the inner valence region. New bands have been observed. It is shown that a proper consideration of the vibrational broadening and shift of the bands due to the dynamics of the nuclei is needed to assign these features. For CO, very large energy shifts between corresponding features in the C 1s and O 1s spectra have been observed, confirming the theoretical predictions of 1991. The new computed spectra of CO2 allow a very accurate analysis of the experiments over the whole energy range.
Growth and characterization of 4H-SiC epilayers on substrates with different off-cut angles
Authors: Chen W. , Capano M. A.
Published: December 2005

In this paper, epitaxial growth on 4H-SiC (0001) substrates with 4° and 8° off-cut angles is investigated. Both growth rate and nitrogen doping show a dependence on the C∕Si ratio and off-cut angle. Good surface morphologies are obtained on the 8° off-angle substrates over a wide range of C∕Si ratios, while macrostep bunching is observed on the 4° off-angle substrates depending on C∕Si ratios. Step bunching behaviors on both substrate orientations are investigated by Nomarski microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and possible step bunching mechanisms are proposed to explain the results. Basal plane dislocation (BPD) densities are examined by means of molten KOH etching. Low off-cut angle is found to enhance the conversion of BPDs into threading edge dislocations. A BPD density of 2.6cm−2 is achieved on the 4° off-angle substrate under optimized growth conditions. The effects of changing the C∕Si ratio on BPD densities are also investigated.
Non-Abelian Chern-Simons action is topological invariant on 3 simple knot
Authors: Si Tieyan
Published: December 2005

Under SU(2) gauge transformation, the non-Abelian Chern-Simons action is invariant on a class of three dimensional manifold—3 simple knot.
Multiple nodal bound states for a quasilinear Schrödinger equation
Authors: Chen Jianqing , Guo Boling
Published: December 2005

Nehari techniques are used to prove the existence of multiple (indeed infinitely many) nodal type bound states for the quasilinear Schrödinger equation izt−V0z+z″+q(x)∣z∣2z+k(∣z∣2)″z=0 with prescribed number of nodes.
The influence of wavelength on phase transformations induced by picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses in GeSb thin films
Authors: Wiggins S. M. , Bonse J. , Solis J. , Afonso C. N. , Sokolowski-Tinten K. , Temnov V. V. , Zhou P. , von der Linde D.
Published: December 2005

Cycling between the crystalline and amorphous phases of 25-nm-thick GeSb films induced by single laser pulses of duration of 100fs or 20ps is investigated in the 400–800nm wavelength range. The time evolution of the phase transformations has been studied with picosecond resolution real-time reflectivity measurements at a probe wavelength of 514.5nm and also with femtosecond and picosecond pump-probe measurements. Upon picosecond irradiation, three regimes are identified: for wavelengths below ∼550nm and above ∼750nm, the total time to transform between the crystalline and amorphous phases is of the order of 10–24ns while in the intermediate wavelength range of 600–750nm, the transformation time is only ∼650ps. Upon 100fs irradiation, the transformation times are observed to decrease with increasing wavelength with the shortest times of ∼5ns for crystallization and ∼10ns for amorphization, both occurring at 800nm. This behavior is discussed in terms of how the wavelength-dependent refractive index of the phases involved influences the initial supercooling of the molten volume and the subsequent resolidification scenario.