bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ILC2 influence the differentiation of alveolar type II epithelial cells in bronchopulmonary dysplasia mice
Authors: Lu Hong-yan , Wang Ming-yan , Zhu Shao-xuan , Ju Hui-min , Xu Su-qing , Qiao Yu , Wei Shan-jie , Su Zhao-liang
Published: August 2023

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, a common complication of premature infants, is mainly characterized by blocked alveolarization. Proverbially, the injury of alveolar type II epithelial cells is regarded as the pathologic basis of occurrence and development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In the case of alveolar epithelial damage, alveolar type II epithelial cells can also differentiate to alveolar type I epithelial cells as progenitor cells. During bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the differentiation of alveolar type II epithelial cells becomes abnormal. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells can produce type 2 cytokines in response to a variety of stimuli, including the epithelial cytokines IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin. Previous studies have shown that group 2 innate lymphoid cells can inhibit the alveolarization process of bronchopulmonary dysplasia by secreting IL-13. However, whether group 2 innate lymphoid cells can affect the differentiation of alveolar type II epithelial cells in the pathologic process of bronchopulmonary dysplasia remains unclear. In this study, we have shown that IL-13 secreted by group 2 innate lymphoid cells increased during bronchopulmonary dysplasia, which was related to the release of large amounts of IL-33 by impaired alveolar type II epithelial cells. This led to abnormal differentiation of alveolar type II epithelial cells, reduced differentiation to alveolar type I epithelial cells, and increased transdifferentiation to mesenchymal cells through the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Taken together, our study provides a complementary understanding of the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and highlights a novel immune mechanism in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
Acquisition of Rickettsia rickettsii (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) by Haemaphysalis longicornis (Acari: Ixodidae) through co-feeding with infected Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) in the laboratory
Authors: Johnson Britny , Snellgrove Alyssa N , McBride Sara E , Hartzer Kris , Levin Michael L , Nicholson William L
Published: August 2023

Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann) is an invasive ixodid tick originating from eastern Asia which recently has become established in the United States. In its native range, this tick can transmit several pathogens to animals and humans, but little is known about its ability to acquire and transmit pathogens native to the United States. Geographic overlap with ticks such as Dermacentor variabilis (Say), a known vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, makes investigation into the interactions between H. longicornis and D. variabilis of interest to the public health community. Previous studies have shown that H. longicornis can serve as a competent vector of R. rickettsii under laboratory settings, but there is little information on its ability to acquire this pathogen via other biologically relevant routes, such as co-feeding. Here, we assess the ability of H. longicornis nymphs to acquire R. rickettsii through co-feeding with infected D. variabilis adults on a vertebrate animal model under laboratory conditions. The median infection prevalence in engorged H. longicornis nymphs across 8 cohorts was 0% with an interquartile range (IQR) of 4.13%. Following transstadial transmission, the median infection prevalence in flat females was 0.7% (IQR = 2.4%). Our results show that co-feeding transmission occurs at low levels in the laboratory between these 2 species. However, based on the relatively low transmission rates, this may not be a likely mechanism of R. rickettsii introduction to H. longicornis.
The GPER1 agonist G1 reduces brain injury and improves the qEEG and behavioral outcome of experimental ischemic stroke
Authors: Ferreira Luan Oliveira , de Souza Rafael Dias , Teixeira Leonan Lima , Pinto Laine Celestino , Rodrigues Joao Cleiton Martins , Martins-Filho Arnaldo Jorge , da Costa Edmar Tavares , Hamoy Moisés , Lopes Dielly Catrina Favacho
Published: August 2023

Stroke is one of the principal cerebrovascular diseases in human populations and contributes to a majority of the functional impairments in the elderly. Recent discoveries have led to the inclusion of electroencephalography (EEG) in the complementary prognostic evaluation of patients. The present study describes the EEG, behavioral, and histological changes that occur following cerebral ischemia associated with treatment by G1, a potent and selective G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) agonist in a rat model. Treatment with G1 attenuated the neurological deficits induced by ischemic stroke from the second day onward, and reduced areas of infarction. Treatment with G1 also improved the total brainwave power, as well as the theta and alpha wave activity, specifically, and restored the delta band power to levels similar to those observed in the controls. Treatment with G1 also attenuated the peaks of harmful activity observed in the EEG indices. These improvements in brainwave activity indicate that GPER1 plays a fundamental role in the mediation of cerebral injury and in the behavioral outcome of ischemic brain injuries, which points to treatment with G1 as a potential pharmacological strategy for the therapy of stroke.
Programmable site-specific DNA double-strand breaks via PNA-assisted prokaryotic Argonautes
Authors: Marsic Tin , Gundra Sivakrishna Rao , Wang Qiaochu , Aman Rashid , Mahas Ahmed , Mahfouz Magdy M
Published: August 2023

Programmable site-specific nucleases promise to unlock myriad applications in basic biology research, biotechnology and gene therapy. Gene-editing systems have revolutionized our ability to engineer genomes across diverse eukaryotic species. However, key challenges, including delivery, specificity and targeting organellar genomes, pose barriers to translational applications. Here, we use peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) to facilitate precise DNA strand invasion and unwinding, enabling prokaryotic Argonaute (pAgo) proteins to specifically bind displaced single-stranded DNA and introduce site-specific double-strand breaks (DSBs) independent of the target sequence. We named this technology PNA-assisted pAgo editing (PNP editing) and determined key parameters for designing PNP editors to efficiently generate programable site-specific DSBs. Our design allows the simultaneous use of multiple PNP editors to generate multiple site-specific DSBs, thereby informing design considerations for potential in vitro and in vivo applications, including genome editing.
Advertising Exposure From Online and Offline Sources and Youth Tobacco Use: Findings From the Adolescents, Place, and Behavior Study
Authors: Fuemmeler Bernard F , Wheeler David C , Miller Carrie A , Hayes Rashelle B , Do Elizabeth K , Jeremy Barsell D , Fugate-Laus Kendall , Pope Michell A
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Tobacco use among adolescents is an ongoing public health concern. Youth tobacco use has been associated with advertising, from both online sources and retail environments.

Aims and Methods

This study examined associations between exposure to tobacco advertisements from tobacco retail outlets (TROs), internet, and social media sources and ever tobacco use among adolescents. Data were obtained from youth, aged 11–17 years (N = 401) from Richmond, VA. Bayesian index and group index models were fitted to estimate indices of exposure to (1) social media use, (2) tobacco ads on social media, and (3) TRO store visits and their association with ever tobacco use. The most important components of the exposure indices were also determined based on the index component weights from the Bayesian index models.

Results

In Bayesian index models of single exposures, each exposure index was significantly associated with tobacco use. In the best-fitting model, social media tobacco ads (odds ratio [OR] = 2.2; 95% credible interval [CI]: 1.2, 4.5) and TRO store visits (OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.3) were significantly associated with ever tobacco use, as was older age (OR = 1.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 1.8). Index component weights revealed Snapchat ad frequency as the most important platform in the social media index and convenience stores as the most important type of store in the TRO index.

Conclusions

Exposure to pro-tobacco advertisements on social media and visits to TROs are associated with adolescent ever tobacco use. Results provide support for policies that would restrict the promotion of tobacco products at TROs and on social media. Tobacco regulations and interventions targeting convenience stores and Snapchat may be warranted to reduce youth tobacco use.

Implications

Current evidence provide support for policies that would restrict the promotion of tobacco products at TROs and on social media. Findings suggest that regulations and interventions that specifically target advertisements in convenience stores and on Snapchat may be currently warranted to reduce youth tobacco use.
Association of Nilotinib With Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients With Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia: A National Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Huang Cih-En , Lee Kuan-Der , Chang Jung-Jung , Tzeng Huey-En , Huang Shih-Hao , Yu Lennex Hsueh-Lin , Chen Min-Chi
Published: August 2023

Background

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment has been identified to be a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) in patients diagnosed with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, the specific contribution of post-TKI metabolic syndrome and the individual TKIs, including imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib, contribute to the development of CVDs remains unclear.

Methods

We conducted a nationwide database to investigate the incidence of post-TKI metabolic syndrome, including diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, as well as their association with CVDs. To compare the risk of post-TKI comorbidities and CVDs among TKIs, we utilized the incidence rate ratio (IRR), and subdistribution hazard ratio (SHR) calculated from multiple Fine-Gray models.

Results

A total of 1211 patients without diabetes, 1235 patients without hyperlipidemia, and 1074 patients without hypertension were enrolled in the study. The incidence rate of post-TKI diabetes and hyperlipidemia was the highest in patients treated with nilotinib compared to imatinib and dasatinib (IRRs ≥ 3.15, Ps ≤ .047). After adjusting for confounders, nilotinib remained a significant risk factor for post-TKI diabetes and hyperlipidemia at an SHR of 3.83 (P < .001) and 5.15 (P < .001), respectively. Regarding the occurrence of CVDs, patients treated with nilotinib were more likely to develop CVDs than those treated with imatinib in non-hyperlipidemic group (IRR = 3.21, P = .020). Pre-existing and post-TKI hyperlipidemia were found to have a stronger association with CVDs, with SHR values of 5.81 (P = .034) and 13.21 (P = .001), respectively.

Conclusion

The findings of this study indicate that nilotinib treatment is associated with increased risks of diabetes and hyperlipidemia, with hyperlipidemia being the most significant risk for CVDs. Therefore, we recommend that CML patients receiving nilotinib should undergo screening for diabetes and hyperlipidemia prior to initiating TKI treatment. Additionally, regular monitoring of lipid profiles during TKI therapy and implementing effective management strategies to control hyperlipidemia are crucial.
Apatite CO2 and H2O as Indicators of Differentiation and Degassing in Alkaline Magmas
Authors: Su Jian-Hui , Zhao Xin-Fu , Hammerli Johannes
Published: August 2023

Apatite can incorporate significant amounts of H2O and CO2, potentially recording volatile abundance and behavior during magma evolution. Here we conducted in situ measurements of CO2 and H2O concentrations in apatite, along with elemental compositions, from two contemporaneous alkaline volcanic suites (Tianbao and Tudiling) in the South Qinling belt in central China to better understand the CO2 and H2O contents and behavior in evolving alkaline melts. Apatite from alkali basalts in Tianbao contains variable CO2 contents ranging from <100 ppm to 2.7 wt.% and H2O contents ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 wt.%. Apatite from REE-enriched trachytes, which evolved from alkali basalt, shows significantly lower CO2 contents and a continuous decrease in H2O during magma fractionation. The observations suggest that CO2 loss commenced at the early stages of magma evolution, whereas significant H2O loss occurred during subsequent magma fractionation in tandem with REE-enrichment.

In comparison, apatite grains from the Tudiling trachyte, which is genetically linked with carbonatite, contain higher CO2 contents (0.6 to 1.5 wt.%) but lower REE concentrations than the Tianbao trachytes. Apatite in the Tudiling trachyte is inferred to have crystallized from a carbonated alkaline magma prior to significant CO2 loss and the separation of Tudiling carbonatitic melts, where subsequent liquid immiscibility led to REE enrichment into the carbonatitic melts. The volatile characteristics of apatite from the two volcanic suites provide valuable insights into two different evolutionary processes of alkaline/carbonatitic magmas, the behavior of CO2 and H2O, and the enrichment of REE in alkaline systems.
Jasmonate inhibits plant growth and reduces gibberellin levels via microRNA5998 and transcription factor MYC2
Authors: Fukazawa Jutarou , Mori Kazuya , Ando Hiroki , Mori Ryota , Kanno Yuri , Seo Mitsunori , Takahashi Yohsuke
Published: August 2023

Jasmonate (JA) and gibberellins (GAs) exert antagonistic effects on plant growth and development in response to environmental and endogenous stimuli. Although the crosstalk between JA and GA has been elucidated, the role of JA in GA biosynthesis remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the mechanism underlying JA-mediated regulation of endogenous GA levels in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Transient and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that transcription factor MYC2 regulates GA inactivation genes. Using transgenic plants, we further evaluated the contribution of MYC2 in regulating GA inactivation genes. JA treatment increased DELLA accumulation but did not inhibit DELLA protein degradation. Additionally, JA treatment decreased bioactive GA content, including GA4, significantly decreased the expression of GA biosynthesis genes, including ent-kaurene synthase (AtKS), GA 3β-hydroxylase (AtGA3ox1), and AtGA3ox2, and increased the expression of GA inactivation genes, including GA 2 oxidase (AtGA2ox4), AtGA2ox7, and AtGA2ox9. Conversely, JA treatment did not significantly affect gene expression in the myc2 myc3 myc4 triple mutant, demonstrating the MYC2–4-dependent effects of JA in GA biosynthesis. Additionally, JA post-transcriptionally regulated AtGA3ox1 expression. We identified microRNA miR5998 as an AtGA3ox1-associated miRNA; its overexpression inhibited plant growth by suppressing AtGA3ox1 expression. Overall, our findings indicate that JA treatment inhibits endogenous GA levels and plant growth by decreasing the expression of GA biosynthesis genes and increasing the expression of GA inactivation genes via miR5998 and MYC2 activities.
Pathways to TASER discharge: Qualitative comparative analysis of police use of force
Authors: Boyd Katharine A , Dymond Abi , Melendez-Torres G J , Fleischer Dreolin N
Published: August 2023

We used a crisp-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (csQCA) to analyse of how key conditions interact within police use of force incidents to contribute to Conducted Energy Devices (CED), commonly known by the brand name TASER, being drawn and red-dotted (0), or drawn, red-dotted, and fired (1). Our sample is 22 incidents (11 red-dotted, 11 red-dotted and fired) between one officer and one person subjected to force recorded in the Use of Force Monitoring Forms for CED incidents from one of the 43 police forces in England and Wales. We identify the most parsimonious causal recipes for both outcomes using five causal conditions –i.e. Intoxication, Intelligence, Prior Knowledge, Weapon Possession, and Aggression. We found three different pathways to CED being red-dotted (0) and five distinct pathways to CED being red-dotted and fired (1). Our findings show that reported intelligence and prior knowledge play central roles in shaping causal recipes, and reported aggression by the member of the public is critical to CED firing decisions.
Ergothioneine and its congeners: anti-ageing mechanisms and pharmacophore biosynthesis
Authors: Chen Li , Zhang Liping , Ye Xujun , Deng Zixin , Zhao Changming
Published: August 2023

Ergothioneine, Ovothiol, and Selenoneine are sulfur/selenium-containing histidine-derived natural products widely distributed across different organisms. They exhibit significant antioxidant properties, making them as potential lead compounds for promoting health. Increasing evidence suggests that Ergothioneine is positively correlated with healthy ageing and longevity. The mechanisms underlying Ergothioneine's regulation of the ageing process at cellular and molecular levels are beginning to be understood. In this review, we provide an in-depth and extensive coverage of the anti-ageing studies on Ergothioneine and discuss its possible intracellular targeting pathways. In addition, we highlight the recent efforts in elucidating the biosynthetic details for Ergothioneine, Ovothiol, and Selenoneine, with a particular focus on the study of their pharmacophore-forming enzymology.
The variable conversion of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 single-chain antibodies to IgG provides insight into RBD epitope accessibility
Authors: Chang Matthew R , Ke Hanzhong , Losada Miguéns Laura , Coherd Christian , Nguyen Katrina , Kamkaew Maliwan , Johnson Rebecca , Storm Nadia , Honko Anna , Zhu Quan , Griffiths Anthony , Marasco Wayne A
Published: August 2023

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapies have rapidly become a powerful class of therapeutics with applications covering a diverse range of clinical indications. Though most widely used for the treatment of cancer, mAbs are also playing an increasing role in the defense of viral infections, most recently with palivizumab for prevention and treatment of severe RSV infections in neonatal and pediatric populations. In addition, during the COVID-19 pandemic, mAbs provided a bridge to the rollout of vaccines; however, their continued role as a therapeutic option for those at greatest risk of severe disease has become limited due to the emergence of neutralization resistant Omicron variants. Although there are many techniques for the identification of mAbs, including single B cell cloning and immunization of genetically engineered mice, the low cost, rapid throughput and technological simplicity of antibody phage display has led to its widespread adoption in mAb discovery efforts. Here we used our 27-billion-member naïve single-chain antibody (scFv) phage library to identify a panel of neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 scFvs targeting diverse epitopes on the receptor binding domain (RBD). Although typically a routine process, we found that upon conversion to IgG, a number of our most potent clones failed to maintain their neutralization potency. Kinetic measurements confirmed similar affinity to the RBD; however, mechanistic studies provide evidence that the loss of neutralization is a result of structural limitations likely arising from initial choice of panning antigen. Thus this work highlights a risk of scFv-phage panning to mAb conversion and the importance of initial antigen selection.
OA03 Are there any differences in the outcomes of treatment of a 12-month course of rituximab BCD020 biosimilar in systemic lupus erythematosus in children with early and late administration of the drug
Authors: Kalashnikova Elvira , Rinat Raupov , Lubimova Natalia , Ekaterina Kuchinskaya , Isupova Eugeniya , Gaidar Ekaterina , Masalova Vera , Snegireva Lyudmila , Kornishina Tatyana , Sorokina Lyuobov , Kaneva Mariya , Kalashnikova Olga , Burtseva Tatiana , Argunova Vera , Sleptsova Polina , Chasnyk Vyacheslav , Kostik Mikhail
Published: August 2023

Background

Juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) is a severe life-threatening disease. The place of rituximab in JSLE management is still undefined. The early biologic intervention might improve disease’s outcomes.

Aim of study

To assess the advantages of early rituximab administration compared with late.

Material and methods

In the retrospective cohort study the information about 36 JSLE patients, whom rituximab biosimilar BCD020 was initiated were included. All patients were divided in two groups: early start of rituximab (less than six months from onset) and late start (more than one year). We compared initial disease characteristics at onset, on the baseline (BL)—start of rituximab and end of the study—(EOS) - 12 months, and treatment characteristics.

Results

The time gap between early and late rituximab administration was 19 months. There were no differences in disease profile at onset, except higher SLEDAI and MAS frequency in early rituximab group. Baseline differences were: lower C3, C4, higher SLEDAI and oral daily corticosteroids dosage. At the end of the study, patient whom rituximab was prescribed early had more impressive changes in SLEDAI, e.g. 100% of patients decreased SLEDAI, compared with 79% in late rituximab group. The detailed information about disease activity and treatment outcomes in both groups are in the table. There were no differences in adverse events between groups, except more impressive signs of corticosteroid toxicity in group of late rituximab administration.

Conclusion

Early administration of rituximab biosimilar made it possible to control the JSLE activity faster and reduce the dose of corticosteroids effectively. There were no differences in adverse events, except signs of corticosteroid toxicity in group of late rituximab initiation.

This work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Agreement No. 075–15-2022–301).

Ethics

The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University (Protocol No1/3 from 11/Jan/2021). There were no violations of patient's rights according to the Declaration of Helsinki.
E13 Cervical spine involvement in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: frequency and associated factors
Authors: Tbini Houssem , Rahmouni Safa , Rekik Sonia , Ben Ammou Ahlem , Zouaoui Khaoula , Boussaid Soumaya , Sahli Hela , Elleuch Mohammed
Published: August 2023

Background

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a pediatric rheumatism including several subgroups. The cervical spine involvement is poorly studied in JIA compared with adult rheumatism.

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the frequency and associated factors with cervical spine involvement in JIA.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study including adults with long-standing JIA according to International League of Associations of Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria over a 28-year period (1994 – 2022). We retrieved radiographs of the cervical spine in anteroposterior, lateral, and lateral flexion views in search of an atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD). Demographic, clinical, biological, and radiological data were compared according to the presence or absence of AAD.

Results

A total of 29 Patients were enrolled (12 men and 17 women), the mean age was 35.69 ± 11.72 [18–61] years. The mean age of disease onset was 11.10 ± 4.25 [2–16] years. The average diagnostic delay was 52.96 ± 95.97 [0–336] months. The average disease duration was 24.48 ± 12.76 [1–47] years.

The mean body mass index (BMI) was 21.20 ± 4.88 [14.17–27.55] kg/m2.

Most patients had a polyarticular form (55.2%, n = 16). Mean C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were 42.74 ± 63.37 [2–218] mg/l and 69.67 ± 36.23 [36–108] mm/h. A biological inflammatory syndrome was present in 19 cases. Rheumatoid factor, ACPA and anti-nuclear antibodies were observed in 12, 7 and 5 cases respectively. At least one extra-articular involvement was noted in 16 cases.

Bone erosions and hip involvement were noted in 18 and 14 cases, respectively.

AAD was noted in 4 patients (13.8%). It was diagnosed on average 4.28 ± 10.07 [0–27] years after disease onset.

AAD was only associated with extra-articular involvement in our study (75% vs 13.6%; P = 0.047).

On the other hand, our study showed that age, gender, age at onset, diagnostic delay, duration of symptoms, BMI, JIA sub form, inflammation markers, rheumatoid factor, ACPA, antinuclear antibodies, bone erosions, and hip involvement were not associated with AAD.

Conclusion

The cervical spine involvement was not negligible in our study and was associated with extra-articular involvement.

This condition is serious and can be life threatening. Therefore, it is important to perform more studies to better evaluate its frequency, clinical presentation, and imaging.
E18 What is the relationship between body mass index and juvenile idiopathic arthritis characteristics?
Authors: Tbini Houssem , Rahmouni Safa , Rekik Sonia , Ben Ammou Ahlem , Zouaoui Khaoula , Boussaid Soumaya , Sahli Hela , Elleuch Mohammed
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a group of pediatric chronic inflammatory joint diseases. The various forms of JIA may be associated with delayed growth or local growth disturbances.

Objectives

We conducted this study to evaluate the relationship between the different clinical and biological characteristics of JIA and the anthropometric parameters of patients.

Methods

Retrospective study including adults with long-standing JIA according to International League of Associations of Rheumatology (ILAR) criteria over a period from 1994 to 2022. Clinical and biological parameters were collected. Body mass index (BMI) was interpreted according to World Health Organization cut-offs as follows: underweight <18.5, normal [18.5–24.9], overweight [25–29.9], and obese ≥30 kg/m2.

Results

Seventeen women and 12 men were included. The mean age was 35.69 ± 11.72 [18–61] years. The mean age of disease onset was 11.10 ± 4.25 [2–16] years. The average diagnostic delay was 52.96 ± 95.97 [0–336] months. The average disease duration was 24.48 ± 12.76 [1–47] years.

The polyarticular form was the most frequent (55.2%). Rheumatoid factor, ACPA and antinuclear antibodies were present in 41.4%, 24.1% and 17.2% of cases respectively.

At least one extra-articular manifestation was noted in 16 patients: ophthalmologic (n = 6), skin (n = 4), cardiac (n = 4), pulmonary (n = 3) and renal (n = 2) involvement. Osteoporosis was noted in 7 cases.

Mean C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were 42.74 ± 63.37 [2–218] mg/l and 69.67 ± 36.23 [36–108] mm. An elevation of inflammation markers was noted in 19 cases. The mean haemoglobin value was 11.31 ± 2.10 [6.5–15] g/dl Anaemia was noted in 20 cases.

The mean body mass index was 21.20 ± 4.88 [14.17–27.55] kg/m2, 36.4% of patients were underweight, 27.2% had a normal BMI, and 36.4 were overweight. No patient was obese. Growth delay was noted in 3 cases.

Our statistical study found a correlation of BMI with ESR (r = 0.998; P < 0.001), rheumatoid factor positivity (r = -1.000; P < 0.001), and osteoporosis (r = 0.803; P = 0.030). No other correlation of BMI with clinical and biological characteristics of the study population was identified.

Conclusion

BMI should be well considered in the JIA evaluation and treatment. BMI correlated with ESR, rheumatoid factor positivity, and osteoporosis in our study.
E47 Low prevalence and mortality associated with COVID-19 in sub-Saharan African Children and adolescents: hypotheses from a literature review
Authors: Kemta Lekpa Fernando , Simeni Njonnou Sylvain Raoul , Enyama Dominique , Noukeu Njinkui Diomede , Ateudjieu Jerome , Tonnang Henri E Z , Namme Luma Henry , Choukem Simeon Pierre
Published: August 2023

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 continues to spread around the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, outside South Africa, as in adults, the pandemic has had very little impact on African children and adolescents, despite very low vaccination coverage. In addition, cases of multisystemic inflammatory syndrome in children were anecdotal in sub-Saharan Africa.

Aims

To identify plausible hypotheses that may explain the low prevalence and mortality of Covid-19 in children in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods

A narrative review of the literature

Results

We have identified five major hypotheses that may explain the low prevalence and mortality of COVID-19 in children and adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: 1) the lack of a proper epidemiological study; 2) the youthfulness of the population in sub-Saharan Africa, for a disease that essentially concerns elderly subjects with comorbidities; 3) immunomodulation due to frequent contact with certain infectious agents and/or vaccines, 4) cross-reactive immunity between SARS-CoV-2 and different strains of human coronaviruses of different lineage, and 5) the widespread and off-label use of antimalarials and other drugs such as zinc, vitamin C and other complementary therapies.

Conclusion

All these hypotheses deserve to be confirmed in these populations by specific studies with a rigorous design.

Ethics

None declared.
E50 Central Nervous System manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A case presentation
Authors: Khalif Abdifatah , Wanjohi Meryl , Migowa Angela
Published: August 2023

Background

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex, chronic, multisystem autoimmune disease with clinical manifestations in all organ systems. It is characterized by production of autoantibodies to components of the cell nucleus. Pediatric patients tend to have more severe disease and widespread organ involvement. If untreated, the 5-year mortality rate is almost 95%. Literature on SLE, more so pediatric SLE in Sub-Saharan Africa is scarce.

Aim

To describe the diagnostic journey of a child with CNS lupus in our setting.

Method

Retrospective chart review of a child with CNS Lupus at a tertiary referral teaching hospital in Nairobi, Kenya.

Results

We present a case of a 14-year-old boy who was diagnosed with CNS Lupus. He was known to have a convulsive disorder, with a recent history of mutism and was on Lamictal and rivotril for approximately one year. He presented to our facility in status epilepticus, having complained of a sudden onset of headache prior to the onset of the convulsions. He had had an uneventful birth and developmental history with no family history of chronic ailments. On examination, he was found to have bilateral ptosis with no other neurological deficits and otherwise normal systemic examination. Complete blood count initially showed a slight neutrophilia and thrombocytosis. Kidney function was normal and the CSF workup was negative for infection. Chest X ray showed features of aspiration pneumonia for which he received Augmentin, nebulization with hypertonic saline and chest physiotherapy. EEG showed generalized electrical seizures. CT/MRI brain showed acute infarcts in the superior frontal gyrus, post central gyrus and in the right insular cortex. He was managed in the Intensive Care Unit until cessation of the seizures.

Post extubation, he was noted to have reduced lower limb power and bulbar dysfunction. A rheumatology consult was requested and revealed speech regression, a prior episode of conjunctivitis, a vasculitic palmar rash, palatial petechiae and suspected right knee arthritis. Urinalysis was suggestive of glomerulonephritis. ANA Antibodies were positive (titers of 1:160), positive anti-Ro antibodies. Anti-Ds DNA, P and C ANCA were negative. Renal histopathology was unremarkable. He was pulsed with IV methylprednisolone for 3 days with improvement and thereafter on follow up as an outpatient in the Pediatric Rheumatology clinic.

Conclusion

Pediatric SLE has significant morbidity and mortality therefore early intervention is crucial to retard disease progression. Given the vast array of clinical manifestations, it requires a high index of suspicion to enable early, accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment.
Local market, central government support, and local governments’ homegrown development strategy in high-tech industries
Authors: Peng Huidong
Published: August 2023

The homegrown strategy (i.e. supporting domestic enterprises) in the high-tech manufacturing sector is very important for developing countries’ sustainable growth and economic security. In reality, only some local governments adopt the homegrown strategy in high-tech industries while others not. This paper attempts to explore factors affecting local governments’ adoption of the homegrown strategy in the high-tech sector. It argues that under the decentralized fiscal system and relative performance–based cadre evaluation system, local development strategy choices in a high-tech industry are significantly shaped by two factors: (1) the size of the local high-tech product market in the early stage of this industry’s development and (2) the support for domestic enterprises from the central government. Localities with a large local high-tech product market and support from the center are more likely to adopt the homegrown strategy. Case studies on eight Chinese sub-provincial localities’ chipmaking industries confirm these hypotheses.
β-Cyclocitric acid enhances drought tolerance in peach (Prunus persica) seedlings
Authors: Zhu Kaijie , Feng Yimei , Huang Yufeng , Zhang Dongmei , Ateeq Muhammad , Zheng Xiongjie , Al-Babili Salim , Li Guohuai , Liu Junwei
Published: August 2023

The β-cyclocitric acid (β-CCA) is a bioactive apocarotenoid previously shown to improve drought tolerance in annual plants. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of this process remains largely elusive. Moreover, the question about the activity of β-CCA in perennial fruit crops is still open. Here, we found that treatment of β-CCA enhances drought tolerance in peach seedlings. The application of β-CCA significantly increased the relative water content and root activity and reduced the electrolyte leakage of peach seedlings under drought stress. Moreover, treatment with β-CCA under drought stress increased chlorophyll fluorescence, indicating a positive effect on photosynthesis, while also enhancing superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activity and reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Consistent with these alterations, transcriptome analysis revealed an up-regulation of photosynthesis and antioxidant-related genes upon the application of β-CCA under drought stress. We also detected an induction in genes related to detoxification, environmental adaptation, primary metabolism, phytohormone, phenylpropanoid and the biosynthesis of cutin, suberine and wax, which might contribute to the induction of drought resistance. Altogether, our study reveals that β-CCA positively modulates peach drought tolerance, which is mainly mediated by enhancing photosynthesis and reducing ROS, indicating the potential of utilizing β-CCA for drought control in peach and perhaps other fruit crops.
First Report of Hirsutella thompsonii as an Entomopathogenic Fungus of Hemp Russet Mite (Aculops cannabicola) in Kentucky
Authors: Ricciardi M. Magdalena , Smith Henry , Viloria Zenaida , Dixon Edward , Szarka Desiree , Pearce Robert , Gauthier Nicole , Villanueva Raul T.
Published: August 2023

Hemp russet mite (HRM, Aculops cannabicola) is one of the most damaging indoor pests of hemp ( Cannabis sativa). In 2021, HRM was identified in hemp research trials at the University of Kentucky. Beginning in September, large numbers of darkened (black/brown), dead HRM were observed on leaves. Fungi resembling Hirsutella thompsonii were isolated from symptomatic HRM. Fungal identity was confirmed by sequencing a fragment of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rDNA. To validate pathogenicity, HRM-infested hemp leaves were inoculated with H. thompsonii. Infection was confirmed by day 8 of the experiment. Twenty-eight percent of the HRM in the inoculated treatment became black/brown by day 14. Considering limited options for management of HRM on indoor hemp production, further research is warranted to improve understanding of the potential use of H. thompsonii as a management tool.
Hepatobiliary manganese homeostasis is dynamic in the setting of inflammation or infection in mice
Authors: Sunuwar Laxmi , Tomar Vartika , Wildeman Asia , Culotta Valeria , Melia Joanna
Published: August 2023

Manganese is a diet‐derived micronutrient that is essential for critical cellular processes like redox homeostasis, protein glycosylation, and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Control of Mn availability, especially at the local site of infection, is a key component of the innate immune response. Less has been elucidated about Mn homeostasis at the systemic level. In this work, we demonstrate that systemic Mn homeostasis is dynamic in response to inflammation and infection in mice. This phenomenon is evidenced in male and female mice, mice of two genetic backgrounds (C57BL/6 and BALB/c), in multiple models of acute (dextran sodium sulfate‐induced) and chronic (enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis) colitis, and systemic infection with Candida albicans. When mice were fed a standard corn‐based chow with excess Mn (100 ppm), liver Mn decreased and biliary Mn increased threefold in response to infection or colitis. Liver iron, copper, and zinc were unchanged. When dietary Mn was restricted to minimally adequate amounts (10 ppm), baseline hepatic Mn levels decreased by approximately 60% in the liver, and upon induction of colitis, liver Mn did not decrease further, however, biliary Mn still increased 20‐fold. In response to acute colitis, hepatic Slc39a8 mRNA (gene encoding the Mn importer, Zip8) and Slc30a10 mRNA (gene encoding the Mn exporter, Znt10) are decreased. Zip8 protein is decreased. Inflammation/infection‐associated dynamic Mn homeostasis may represent a novel host immune/inflammatory response that reorganizes systemic Mn availability through differential expression of key Mn transporters with down‐regulation of Zip8.
Cognitive behavioral therapy for patients suffering with tinnitus distress
Authors: Miller Leila
Published: August 2023

Of the 21% of the US population with tinnitus, between 3% and 6% develop tinnitus distress, a sudden, traumatic, and severe emotional response to tinnitus. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the most effective therapy for reducing the initial and secondary emotional stresses caused by tinnitus distress. The skills taught in CBT lead to habituation and desensitization, providing relief for the patient. This article describes tinnitus distress, CBT, and resources that clinicians can use immediately in their practices.
A practical guide to managing genitourinary syndrome of menopause in primary care
Authors: Schmidt Elizabeth
Published: August 2023

Females spend a third to half of their life in menopause, and the number of US females in menopause is growing. A high percentage of postmenopausal females experience bothersome, sometimes debilitating genitourinary symptoms, which can affect quality of life. The genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) describes the condition previously referred to as vulvovaginal atrophy, atrophic vaginitis, or urogenital atrophy. Of concern, many patients with symptoms of GSM have never been asked about nor have they initiated conversations about these concerns with a healthcare provider. This article addresses the need to improve screening, identification, and patient-centered management in primary care of females with GSM.
Initiation of Extended-release Depot Buprenorphine in a Patient Subject to a Community Treatment Order for Both Antipsychotic and Opioid Agonist Treatments
Authors: Pidutti Joel , Cuperfain Ari B. , Solway Eric , Duff Virginia , Lurie Erin
Published: August 2023

Opioid use disorder (OUD) and schizophrenia are commonly comorbid, and patient outcomes are improved when these conditions are managed concurrently. Medication for OUD such as methadone and buprenorphine are treatments for OUD, yet psychosis introduces additional challenges in retaining patients in care. Extended-release depot buprenorphine is an emerging option for the treatment of moderate-to-severe OUD, and it may provide certain benefits in patients with concurrent OUD and psychosis. We present the case of a 32-year-old man with schizophrenia, traumatic brain injury, and OUD with a history of multiple opioid-related overdoses, followed by an assertive community treatment team, and subject to a community treatment order for both his primary psychotic disorder and OUD treatments. We discuss the role of extended-release depot buprenorphine in this unique patient population and the ethical considerations of involuntary treatment of OUD in patients lacking capacity to consent to treatment.
Patient Perceptions of Prenatal Cannabis Use and Implications for Clinicians
Authors: Foti Tara R. , Green Andrea , Altschuler Andrea , Iturralde Esti , Does Monique B. , Jackson-Morris Melanie , Adams Sara R. , Goler Nancy , Ansley Deborah , Conway Amy , Young-Wolff Kelly C.
Published: August 2023

OBJECTIVE:

To understand pregnant patients' reasons for prenatal cannabis use and perceptions of safety, desired and undesirable health care experiences, and desired information about prenatal cannabis use and secondarily to understand racial differences in these perceptions and preferences.

METHODS:

We conducted a qualitative study including 18 semi-structured, race-concordant virtual focus groups with pregnant individuals who self-reported cannabis use at prenatal care entry in a large integrated health care system in Northern California from November 2021 to December 2021. The focus groups included semi-structured questions that were recorded, transcribed, and coded by the research team. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS:

Overall, 53 participants were included; 30 self-identified, as White and 23 self-identified as Black. Participants averaged 30.3 years of age (SD 5.2 years) and were on average at 20.9 weeks of gestation at study enrollment; 69.8% reported daily cannabis use, 24.5% reported weekly cannabis use, and 5.7% reported monthly or less cannabis use at entrance to prenatal care. Although some participants quit cannabis use in early pregnancy because of concerns about potential health risks, many perceived a lack of scientific evidence or believed that prenatal cannabis use was safe. Many preferred cannabis to over-the-counter or prescription medications for treating mood, morning sickness, pain, and sleep. Participants valued open interactions with obstetricians that acknowledged their motivations for use, and they desired information about potential risks through conversations and educational materials. White and Black participants' perspectives were generally similar, but a few Black participants uniquely described concerns about racial bias related to their prenatal cannabis use.

CONCLUSION:

Pregnant patients used cannabis to manage mood and medical symptoms, and many believed that prenatal cannabis use was safer than the use of prescription medications. Obstetrician-initiated, patient-centered conversations around prenatal cannabis use, advice to discontinue cannabis use during pregnancy, and exploration of willingness to switch to medically recommended interventions for pregnancy-related symptoms may benefit patients.
The contribution of endothelial cells to tissue fibrosis
Authors: Romano Eloisa , Rosa Irene , Fioretto Bianca Saveria , Manetti Mirko
Published: August 2023

Purpose of review

Tissue fibrosis is an increasingly prevalent condition associated with various diseases and heavily impacting on global morbidity and mortality rates. Growing evidence indicates that common cellular and molecular mechanisms may drive fibrosis of diverse cause and affecting different organs. The scope of this review is to highlight recent findings in support for an important role of vascular endothelial cells in the pathogenesis of fibrosis, with a special focus on systemic sclerosis as a prototypic multisystem fibrotic disorder.

Recent findings

Although transition of fibroblasts to chronically activated myofibroblasts is widely considered the central profibrotic switch, the endothelial cell involvement in development and progression of fibrosis has been increasingly recognized over the last few years. Endothelial cells can contribute to the fibrotic process either directly by acting as source of myofibroblasts through endothelial-to-myofibroblast transition (EndMT) and concomitant microvascular rarefaction, or indirectly by becoming senescent and/or secreting a variety of profibrotic and proinflammatory mediators with consequent fibroblast activation and recruitment of inflammatory/immune cells that further promote fibrosis.

An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying EndMT or the acquisition of a profibrotic secretory phenotype by endothelial cells will provide the rationale for novel endothelial cell reprogramming-based therapeutic approaches to prevent and/or treat fibrosis.
Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy
Authors: Zhong Zhuolin , Hu Qingfeng , Huang Leyi , Zhang Shaohua , Zhou Menghui
Published: August 2023

Study Design:

Retrospective control study.

Objective:

To compare the curative effects of unilateral biportal endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy (UBE-PCF) with full-endoscopic posterior cervical foraminotomy (FPCF).

Summary of Background Data:

There are few studies directly comparing outcomes between UBE-PCF and FPCF. The objective of this study was to compare outcomes between UBE-PCF and FPCF.

Methods:

A retrospective control study was conducted for 69 patients of cervical radiculopathy from July 2019 to December 2021. Clinical outcomes scores, including neck disability index, visual analog scale (VAS)-arm, and VAS-neck were evaluated. Serum creatine kinase levels and the size of the operating hole were measured.

Results:

Postoperative neck disability index, VAS-neck, and VAS-arm scores showed statistically significant improvement over preoperative scores (P<0.01). The operating time was significantly shorter in the UBE-PCF group (P<0.001). No significant differences were found in serum creatine kinase levels between the 2 groups (P>0.05). The mean area of the operating hole was 1.47+0.05 cm2 in the FPCF group and 1.79+0.11 cm2 in the UBE-PCF group. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001).

Conclusions:

Both UBE-PCF and FPCF are safe and effective procedures for cervical radiculopathy. Predictable and sufficient decompression could be achieved by UBE-PCF in a shorter operation time.

Level of Evidence:

Treatment Benefits Level III.