bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration patterns of parents, children and siblings: Evidence for patrilocality in contemporary Finland
Authors: Ghosh Asim , Berg Venla , Bhattacharya Kunal , Monsivais Daniel , Kertesz Janos , Kaski Kimmo , Rotkirch Anna
Published: October 2018

Family members are known to serve as geographical attractors in migration, yet evidence for sex‐biased family migration in developed societies is mixed. We investigate gender differences in migration of family members in Finland. Using the FinnFamily register data set (N = 60,000 index individuals and their close kin), we explore family coresidence and migration within the 19 administrative regions of Finland in 1970–2012. We study the propensity for regional migration by gender and age, the likelihood for children to reside in the same region as their parents and to reunite after migration to different regions, and whether siblings function as regional attractors. Finland experienced intense regional migration to the capital area during the study period. Individual migration propensity peaked at infancy and at 18–28 years. Throughout their lives, most Finns live in the same region as their family members: over 65% with parents, over 55% with full sibling(s), and over 50% with half sibling(s). Siblings are likely to migrate to the same region, and having more siblings strengthens this attraction. Results also indicate some degree of patrilocality. Daughters migrate earlier and with higher rates than sons, whereas sons are at any age more likely to live in the same region as their parents. The propensity for adult brothers to live in the same region is also higher than for other sibling pairs. Family members serve as important geographical attractors to each other through the life course in contemporary Finland, and this is more pronounced for males than for females.
Modeling Quantum Beats by Degenerate Four‐Wave Mixing Spectroscopy in a Single GaAs/AlGaAs Quantum Ring
Authors: Je Koochul , Kyhm Kwangseuk
Published: October 2018

It has been proposed theoretically that quantum beat spectroscopy provides a direct experimental evidence of the fine states of quantized ring orbital angular momentum in a quantum ring. When a pair of picosecond pulses excites the fine exciton states coherently, oscillations can be observed in time‐integrated degenerate four‐wave mixing signals for increasing delay time. It has been found that the oscillation periods are dominated by energy separations of the fine levels near the central energy of laser spectrum due to strong coherent coupling. Magnetic dependence of the fine level separation is also investigated in terms of signal intensity and quantum beat periods.
Cervical consistency index and risk of Cesarean delivery after induction of labor at term
Authors: Migliorelli F. , Rueda C. , Angeles M. A. , Baños N. , Posadas D. E. , Gratacós E. , Palacio M.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To evaluate the association between the cervical consistency index (CCI) and the risk of Cesarean delivery after planned induction of labor (IOL) at term.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study of women with a term singleton pregnancy admitted for IOL due to maternal or fetal indication. Ultrasonographic images were obtained before IOL and CCI was calculated offline once recruitment was completed. The main outcome was defined as Cesarean delivery due to failed IOL or arrest of labor. Cesarean deliveries indicated due to maternal or fetal compromise (Van Dillen's grade 1 or 2) were excluded from analysis. Univariate statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact test and Student's t‐test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression, including CCI and other variables related to the main outcome. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to estimate intra‐ and interobserver agreement.

Results

Of 510 women admitted for IOL during the study period and for whom image quality was adequate, 46 were excluded due to emergency Cesarean delivery leaving 464 pregnancies for analysis. Cesarean section due to failed IOL or arrest of labor was performed in 100/464 (21.6%) pregnancies. The mean CCI of women who underwent Cesarean delivery was not significantly different from that in those who had vaginal delivery after IOL (70.1 ± 12.3% vs 70.0 ± 13.1%; P = 0.94). Multivariate analysis also showed absence of statistical association between CCI and Cesarean delivery for failed IOL or arrest of labor. Intraclass correlation coefficients for intra‐ and interobserver agreement were 0.81 (95% CI, 0.66–0.89) and 0.86 (95% CI, 0.75–0.92), respectively.

Conclusion

CCI does not seem to be associated with the risk of Cesarean delivery after IOL. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Effect of neodymium‐doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the structural, mechanical, and electrical properties of poly(butyl methacrylate) nanocomposites
Authors: Suhailath Kallan , Ramesan Manammel Thankappan
Published: October 2018

Nanocomposites based on neodymium‐doped titanium dioxide (Nd‐TiO2)/poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) have been prepared by an in situ polymerization of butyl methacrylate monomer with varying concentrations of Nd‐TiO2 nanoparticles. The resulting nanocomposites have been analyzed by ultraviolet (UV)–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, and impedance analyzer (TGA). The results of UV and FTIR spectroscopy have indicated the interaction of nanoparticles with the PBMA matrix. Spherically shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 10–25 nm have been revealed in the TEM and their homogeneous dispersion, and interaction of polymer matrix has been confirmed by SEM and XRD studies. The thermal stability and glass transition temperature of the composites were significantly enhanced by the addition of nanoparticles. The AC conductivity and dielectric properties of nanocomposites have been found to be higher than pure PBMA, and the maximum electrical properties have been observed for 7 wt% composite. The reinforcing nature of the nanoparticles in PBMA has been reflected in the improvement in tensile strength measurements. The result indicated that the tensile strength of nanocomposites have greatly enhanced by the addition of Nd‐TiO2 nanoparticles whereas the elongation at break decreases with the loading of nanofillers. To understand the mechanism of reinforcement, tensile strength values have been correlated with various theoretical modeling. The research has been found to be promising in the development of novel materials with enhanced tensile strength, dielectric constant, and thermal properties, which may find potential applications in energy storage and nanoelectronic devices. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 25:9–18, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Methodological considerations for interpreting the Language Familiarity Effect in talker processing
Authors: Levi Susannah V.
Published: October 2018

The Language Familiarity Effect (LFE)—where listeners are better at processing talker‐voice information in their native language than in an unfamiliar language—has received renewed attention in the past 10 years. Numerous studies have sought to probe the underlying causes of this advantage by cleverly manipulating aspects of the stimuli (using phonologically related languages, backwards speech, nonwords) and by examining individual differences across listeners (testing reading ability and pitch perception). Most of these studies find evidence for the importance of phonological information or phonological processing as a supporting mechanism for the LFE. What has not been carefully examined, however, are how other methodological considerations such as task effects and stimulus length can change performance on talker‐voice processing tasks. In this review, I provide an overview of the literature on the LFE and examine how methodological decisions affect the presence or absence of the LFE.

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain

Psychology > Language
Empirical Bayes methods in variable selection
Authors: Bar Haim , Liu Kangyan
Published: October 2018

The emergence of technologies that produce massive amounts of data such as gene sequencing and distributed sensor systems, created an urgent need to develop statistical methodologies and computational tools to deal with Big Data. Linear regression, which is arguably among the most commonly used inferential tools in statistics, was not designed with Big Data applications in mind. Modern applications in which the number of predictors is often in the thousands, and may even be in the millions, renders the traditional solution to regression analysis, useless. Thus, before any regression analysis can be done, it is necessary to begin with “variable selection”. The goal of any good variable selection algorithm is to select only the variables which are useful in predicting the outcome. At the same time, such algorithms have to be computationally efficient. The empirical Bayes approach provides a sound statistical framework for developing variable selection methods. Empirical Bayes allows to “borrow strength” across predictors, thus increasing the power to detect significant ones, while controlling the false discovery rate. While the modeling approach is Bayesian, the crucial step in the empirical Bayes approach replaces the potentially cumbersome and slow integration via Monte Carlo simulations with a simple approximation to the posterior distribution of the regression coefficients.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Bayesian Models
Is bottomonium suppression in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC energies due to the same effects?
Authors: Ferreiro E. G. , Lansberg J. P.
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We show that we can reproduce all the features of the bottomonium suppression in both proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at LHC energies in a comover-interaction picture. For each collision system, we use the measured relative suppression of the excited ϒ(2S) and ϒ(3S) states to ϒ(1S) by ATLAS and CMS to parametrise the scattering cross sections of all S- and P -wave bottomonia with the comoving particles created during the collisions. In addition to a single nonperturbative parameter, these cross sections depend on the momentum distribution of these comovers which we found to be the same for proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions as well as for partonic and hadronic comovers. Moreover, we can also reproduce the absolute suppresion rates measured by ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb when the nuclear modifications of the parton densities are taken into account.
NUTs and bolts beyond Lovelock
Authors: Bueno Pablo , Cano Pablo A. , Hennigar Robie A. , Mann Robert B.
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We construct a plethora of new Euclidean AdS-Taub-NUT and bolt solutions of several four- and six-dimensional higher-curvature theories of gravity with various base spaces ℬ. InD= 4, we consider Einsteinian cubic gravity, for which we construct solutions with$$ \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}={\mathbb{S}}^2,{\mathbb{T}}^2 $$ℬ=S2,T2. These represent the first generalizations of the Einstein gravity Taub-NUT/bolt solutions for any higher-curvature theory in four dimensions. InD= 6, we show that no new solutions are allowed for any Generalized quasi-topological gravity at cubic order. They exist however when we consider quartic Quasi-topological and Generalized quasi-topological terms, for which we construct new solutions with$$ \mathrm{\mathcal{B}}=\mathbb{C}{\mathrm{\mathbb{P}}}^2,{\mathbb{S}}^2 \times {\mathbb{S}}^2,{\mathbb{S}}^2\times {\mathbb{T}}^2,{\mathbb{T}}^2\times {\mathbb{T}}^2 $$ℬ=ℂℙ2,S2×S2,S2×T2,T2×T2. In all cases, the solutions are characterized by a single metric function, and they reduce to the corresponding ones in Einstein gravity when the higher-curvature couplings are set to zero. While the explicit profiles must be constructed numerically (except for a few cases), we obtain fully analytic expressions for the thermodynamic properties of all solutions. The new solutions present important differences with respect to Einstein gravity, including regular bolts for arbitrary values of the NUT charge, critical points, and re-entrant phase transitions.
Laser line triangulation for fast 3D measurements on large gears
Authors: Auerswald Matthias Marcus , von Freyberg Axel , Fischer Andreas
Published: October 2018

The causes of geometrical deviations from the production process and the prediction of application properties, such as noise behavior, wear or material fatigue, are only possible by having detailed information about the gear geometry. The gold standard for the gear quality inspection is represented by dimensional measurements with a tactile sensor system. As a result for industrial applications, the slow serial measurement leads to the compromise of a random inspection of the gear geometry. For the purpose of a faster and more extensive surface acquisition, a laser line triangulation sensor is investigated providing 1280 points at a line width of 25 mm with up to 200 lines/s. The results at the tooth of a large cylindrical involute gear with a pitch circle diameter of 922 mm and a face width of 246 mm show the qualification for fast three-dimensional measurements of the convex and reflective surface. The detection of the complete profile line at once is possible. It is shown that the measurement deviation of laser line triangulation can be minimized by increasing the dynamic threshold. The measurement deviations amount to ± 8.2 µm and can be attributed to random and systematic errors. Compared to the standard gear inspection, an acceleration factor of 5700 was attained. An optical scanning of the complete tooth flank provides the prerequisite for an identification of surface defects in the form of breakouts and blemish.
Laplace approximation and natural gradient for Gaussian process regression with heteroscedastic student-t model
Authors: Hartmann Marcelo , Vanhatalo Jarno
Published: October 2018

We propose the Laplace method to derive approximate inference for Gaussian process (GP) regression in the location and scale parameters of the student-$$ {t}$$tprobabilistic model. This allows both mean and variance of data to vary as a function of covariates with the attractive feature that the student-$$ {t}$$tmodel has been widely used as a useful tool for robustifying data analysis. The challenge in the approximate inference for the model, lies in the analytical intractability of the posterior distribution and the lack of concavity of the log-likelihood function. We present the natural gradient adaptation for the estimation process which primarily relies on the property that the student-$$ {t}$$tmodel naturally has orthogonal parametrization. Due to this particular property of the model the Laplace approximation becomes significantly more robust than the traditional approach using Newton’s methods. We also introduce an alternative Laplace approximation by using model’s Fisher information matrix. According to experiments this alternative approximation provides very similar posterior approximations and predictive performance to the traditional Laplace approximation with model’s Hessian matrix. However, the proposed Laplace–Fisher approximation is faster and more stable to calculate compared to the traditional Laplace approximation. We also compare both of these Laplace approximations with the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. We discuss how our approach can, in general, improve the inference algorithm in cases where the probabilistic model assumed for the data is not log-concave.
Knowledge of consequences: an explanation of the epistemic side-effect effect
Authors: Paprzycka-Hausman Katarzyna
Published: October 2018

The Knobe effect (Analysis 63(3):190–194, 2003a) consists in our tendency to attribute intentionality to bringing about a side effect when it is morally bad but not when it is morally good. Beebe and Buckwalter (Mind Lang 25:474–498, 2010) have demonstrated that there is an epistemic side-effect effect (ESEE): people are more inclined to attribute knowledge when the side effect is bad in Knobe-type cases. ESEE is quite robust. In this paper, I present a new explanation of ESEE. I argue that when people attribute knowledge in morally negative cases, they express a consequence-knowledge claim (knowledge that a possible consequence of an action is that harm will occur) rather than a predictive claim (knowledge that harm will actually occur). I use the omissions account (Paprzycka in Mind Lang 30(5):550–571, 2015) to explain why the consequence-knowledge claim is particularly salient in morally negative cases. Unlike the doxastic heuristic account (Alfano et al. in Monist 95(2):264–289, 2012), the omissions account can explain the persistence of ESEE in the so-called slight-chance of harm conditions. I present the results of empirical studies that test the predictions of the account. I show that ESEE occurs in Butler-type scenarios. Some of the studies involve close replications of Nadelhoffer’s (Analysis 64(3):277–284, 2004) study.
Simulation of TTT Curves for Additively Manufactured Inconel 625
Authors: Lindwall G. , Campbell C. E. , Lass E. A. , Zhang F. , Stoudt M. R. , Allen A. J. , Levine L. E.
Published: October 2018

The ability to use common computational thermodynamic and kinetic tools to study the microstructure evolution in Inconel 625 (IN625) manufactured using the additive manufacturing (AM) technique of laser powder-bed fusion is evaluated. Solidification simulations indicate that laser melting and re-melting during printing produce highly segregated interdendritic regions. Precipitation simulations for different degrees of segregation show that the larger the segregation, i.e., the richer the interdendritic regions are in Nb and Mo, the faster the δ-phase (Ni3Nb) precipitation. This is in accordance with the accelerated δ precipitation observed experimentally during post-build heat treatments of AM IN625 compared to wrought IN625. The δ-phase may be undesirable since it can lead to detrimental effects on the mechanical properties. The results are presented in the form of a TTT diagram and agreement between the simulated diagram and the experimental TTT diagram demonstrate how these computational tools can be used to guide and optimize post-build treatments of AM materials.
Beyond Curvature: Prevalence and Characteristics of Penile Volume-Loss Deformities in Men With Peyronie's Disease
Authors: Margolin Ezra J. , Pagano Matthew J. , Aisen Carrie M. , Onyeji Ifeanyi C. , Stahl Peter J.
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Non-curvature penile deformities associated with loss of erect penile volume are often overlooked and have not been thoroughly investigated.

Aim

To describe the prevalence and functional impact of penile volume-loss deformities in our cohort of men with Peyronie’s disease (PD).

Methods

We retrospectively examined medical records of patients with PD consecutively evaluated by a specialized urologist from December 2012 to June 2016. We excluded patients with prior surgical correction of PD, prior penile prosthesis, and inadequate erection during office examination. All patients underwent deformity assessment of the erect penis after intracavernosal injection. The assessment included measurement of penile curvature; evaluation for hourglass deformities, indentations, and distal tapering; and application of axial force to assess for penile buckling. Prior to the deformity assessment, each patient completed the Male Sexual Health Questionnaire and was asked if he experienced psychological distress and functional impairment related to his penile deformity.

Main Outcome Measure

The primary clinical parameters that we evaluated were presence or absence of axial instability, functional impairment, psychological distress, penile pain, erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction, sexual dissatisfaction, decreased sexual activity, and decreased sexual desire.

Results

128 patients met criteria for inclusion. 83 patients (65%) had volume-loss deformities. Unilateral indentations, hourglass deformities, and distal tapering were present in 50 (39%), 30 (23%), and 16 (13%) patients, respectively. Penile curvature <10° degrees was present in 115 patients (90%). After controlling for angle of curvature, patients with volume-loss deformities had significantly higher rates of axial instability (odds ratio [OR] = 3.5, P = .01) and psychological distress (OR = 2.6, P = .03), as well as decreased sexual activity (OR = 2.7, P = .02), than patients with non–volume-loss deformities.

Conclusion

Volume-loss penile deformities are highly prevalent in men with PD. These deformities are associated with penile axial instability and psychological distress, which may contribute to decreased frequency of sexual activity.
Age constraints and tectonic settings of metallogenic and magmatic events in the Verkhoyansk–Kolyma folded area
Authors: Prokopiev A.V. , Borisenko A.S. , Gamyanin G.N. , Pavlova G.G. , Fridovsky V.Yu. , Kondrat’eva L.A. , Anisimova G.S. , Trunilina V.A. , Ivanov A.I. , Travin A.V. , Koroleva O.V. , Vasiliev D.A. , Ponomarchuk A.V.
Published: October 2018

The paper presents new isotope geochronological data for several mineral deposits, ore occurrences, and related igneous bodies (plutons and dikes) in the Verkhoyansk–Kolyma folded area, eastern Yakutia. Twenty-one 40Ar/39Ar mica and four U–Pb zircon dates provide the first age constraints on key metallogenic units in the area. The dating results allow correlation between tectonic, magmatic, and metallogenic events. The sampled mineral deposits within the Adycha–Taryn fault zone in the southeastern Verkhoyansk–Chersky orogen apparently formed at the Jurassic–Cretaceous boundary during the final phase of the collision between the Siberian (North Asian) craton and the Kolyma–Omolon microcontinent (Kupol’noe deposit and the early metallogenic pulse of the Malotarynskoe deposit, ~ 143–144 Ma) and in the latest Early Cretaceous, in the beginning of the orogen collapse (Tallalakh and Dora-Pil’ deposits and the Malotarynskoe late metallogenic pulse, ~ 126 Ma). According to the suggested new classification of metallogenic units, these deposits belong to the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous Yana–Kolyma metallogenic belt. The Kyuchus deposit (~ 106 Ma), the Deputatsky ore cluster (~ 106–113 Ma), and the Khotoidokh deposit (~ 116 Ma) in the northern Verkhoyansk–Kolyma folded area belong to the North Verkhoyansk metallogenic belt. Their origin was associated with accretional and collisional processes that produced the Novosibirsk–Chukotka orogen in the middle Cretaceous. The Mangazeya ore cluster (~ 100 Ma, Early–Late Cretaceous boundary) in the southwestern end of the North Tirekhtyakh magmatic transverse belt belongs to the West Verkhoyansk metallogenic belt. The Nezhdaninskoe, Zaderzhnoe, Kurum, and Kuta deposits of the South Verkhoyansk area (~ 125–120 and ~ 100–95 Ma) can be joined into a single Verkhoyansk–Okhotsk metallogenic belt. The belt resulted from accretion and collision along the East Asian active continental margin and the related formation of the South Verkhoyansk orogen in the Early Cretaceous.
Mesozoic lithospheric mantle of the northeastern Siberian craton (evidence from inclusions in kimberlite)
Authors: Tychkov N.S. , Yudin D.S. , Nikolenko E.I. , Malygina E.V. , Sobolev N.V.
Published: October 2018

Several thousand clinopyroxene, garnet, and phlogopite inclusions of mantle rocks from Jurassic and Triassic kimberlites in the northeastern Siberian craton have been analyzed and compared with their counterparts from Paleozoic kimberlites, including those rich in diamond. The new and published mineral chemistry data make a basis for an updated classification of kimberlite-hosted clinopyroxenes according to peridotitic and mafic (eclogite and pyroxenite) parageneses. The obtained results place constraints on the stability field of high-Na lherzolitic clinopyroxenes, which affect the coexisting garnet and decrease its Ca contents. As follows from analyses of the mantle minerals from Mesozoic kimberlites, the cratonic lithosphere contained more pyroxenite and eclogite in the Mesozoic than in the Paleozoic. It virtually lacked ultradepleted harzburgite–dunite lithologies and contained scarce eclogitic diamonds. On the other hand, both inclusions in diamond and individual eclogitic minerals from Mesozoic kimberlites differ from eclogitic inclusions in diamond from Triassic sediments in the northeastern Siberian craton. Xenocrystic phlogopites from the D’yanga pipe have 40Ar/39Ar ages of 384.6, 432.4, and 563.4 Ma, which record several stages of metasomatic impact on the lithosphere. These phlogopites are younger than most of Paleozoic phlogopites from the central part of the craton (Udachnaya kimberlite). Therefore, hydrous mantle metasomatism acted much later on the craton periphery than in the center. Monomineral clinopyroxene thermobarometry shows that Jurassic kimberlites from the northeastern craton part trapped lithospheric material from different maximum depths (170 km in the D’yanga pipe and mostly ≤ 130 km in other pipes). The inferred thermal thickness of cratonic lithosphere decreased progressively from ~ 260 km in the Devonian–Carboniferous to ~ 225 km in the Triassic and to ~ 200 km in the Jurassic, while the heat flux (Hasterok–Chapman model) was 34.9, 36.7, and 39.0 mW/m2, respectively. Dissimilar PT patterns of samples from closely spaced coeval kimberlites suggest different emplacement scenarios, which influenced both the PT variations across the lithosphere and the diamond potential of kimberlites.
The Zaderzhninskoe gold deposit: mineral composition, fluid inclusions, and age (South Verkhoyansk region)
Authors: Kondrat’eva L.A. , Anisimova G.S. , Zaitsev A.I.
Published: October 2018

Based on results of study of the regional position, chemical composition of ores, fluid inclusions, and age relationships between mineralization and igneous rocks, we propose a geological and genetic model for the formation of gold mineralization of the Zaderzhninskoe deposit. Mineralization is located in the tectonic node of the intersection of two regional structures in the supraintrusive zone of a latent granitoid pluton among the terrigenous rocks of the Verkhoyansk complex, which are regionally metamorphosed to the greenschist facies. The sequential deposition of three types of mineralization—Au–quartz (including early low-gold Au–As and late productive Au–Pb–Zn mineralization), Au–rare-metal, and Au–silver—has been established. The Au–Bi (Te) assemblage contains native bismuth, bismuthinite, hedleyite, Bi sulfotellurides, gustavite group minerals, and secondary minerals—Bi oxides and Bi tellurites with low-grade gold. Hg-containing electrum and kustelite, Ag–Sb and Ag–Pb–Sb sulfosalts, stutzite, Te–Pb-containing canfieldite, freibergite, and Au and Ag sulfides are indicator minerals of the Au–Ag (Sb) assemblage. Ore formation occurred at temperatures from 90 to 340 °C, with the participation of lowly and moderately concentrated solutions with CO2 ± CH4 ± N2 gas phase. A decrease in temperature from Au–quartz mineralization (200–220 °C) to the late epithermal one (160 °C) and a slight increase in the concentration of solutions (up to 10 wt.% NaCl equiv.) have been established. The deposit resulted from the intricate multistage geodynamic evolution of the South Verkhoyansk region. Ore-forming processes are associated with the evolution of magmatic objects. Dating of igneous rocks yields the following ages: diorites—130–137 Ma (Rb–Sr), spessartites—126 ± 3 Ma (Rb–Sr), and kersantites—115 ± 1.7 Ma (Ar/Ar). Early concordant Au–quartz (Au–As) mineralization of the deposit is comparable with metamorphic-related Au–quartz veins of the Yur–Bular type, and its age is taken as > 137 Ma. The time of formation of Au–quartz (Au–Pb–Zn) mineralization is estimated at 123.5 ± 1.6 Ma (Ar/Ar) and is coeval with the time of intrusion of the Early Cretaceous granitoids of the South Verkhoyansk region. The imposed low-temperature mineralization undoubtedly has a younger age. Its formation was followed by the successive deposition of Au–rare-metal mineralization at the final stage of formation of granitoid plutons (~ 120 Ma) and Au–Ag mineralization in the period 100 ± 5 Ma, i.e., the time of formation of late-stage granodiorite–granite intrusions.
Nodular monazite from placers in the Kular Ridge (Arctic Siberia, Russia): composition and age
Authors: Lazareva E.V. , Zhmodik S.M. , Prokopiev A.V. , Karmanov N.S. , Sergeenko A.I.
Published: October 2018

Nodular monazite occurs in metamorphic rocks worldwide and has zonal REE patterns. This paper focuses on the composition of nodular monazite hosted by Permian black shales of the Kular Ridge in the Kular–Nera terrane. This monazite variety (called kularite in the Russian literature) reaches commercial amounts in placers of the area. The contents of Ce, Nd, and La in the analyzed monazite nodules show correlations at Ce/Nd = 14.39La + 0.0919 (in apfu) and Ce/Nd = 0.2318La + 0.1135 (in wt.%) and vary regularly from core to rim. All monazite compositions fall on this trend, but specific grains may plot in its different parts. Thermodynamic calculations indicate that monazite forms via an intermediate precursor (LnPO4·2H2O). The Ce:La:Nd changes in different grains record Eh–pH variations during nucleation and a gradual temperature increase during subsequent growth. The Ce:La:Nd ratio changes partly in grain rims as a result of oxidative dissolution. Judging by the tectonic setting, REE came to the Kular–Nera rocks from the weathered Tomtor Nb–REE deposit, being transported by the Paleo-Khatanga River with monazite nanoparticles bound to the surface of clay minerals.
Phenanthrene biomarkers in the organic matter of Precambrian and Phanerozoic deposits and in the oils of the Siberian Platform
Authors: Kashirtsev V.A. , Parfenova T.M. , Golovko A.K. , Nikitenko B.L. , Zueva I.N. , Chalaya O.N.
Published: October 2018

The composition and distribution of phenanthrenes (polyaromatic compounds) have been studied in chloroform extracts from dispersed organic matter (OM) of clayey, siliceous, carbonate, and terrigenous rocks of different ages and facies and from some oils of the Siberian Platform. Phenanthrenes have been analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. High contents of 1,7,8-trimethylphenanthrene and 1,1,7,8-tetramethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene are present in the OM of Vendian and Cambrian carbonate-shale deposits and in ancient oils of the Nepa–Botuobiya and Anabar anteclises. The OM of Permian continental deposits and oils of the Vilyui syneclise is dominated by 1-methyl-7-isopropylphenanthrene (retene). A triangular diagram for identification of the types of original OM of rocks and classification of genetically related oils has been constructed based on the assessment of phenanthrene biomarker distribution. Putative pathways of the formation of phenanthrene biomarkers are discussed.
Francis Karioko Muruatetu v. Republic
Authors: Mwangi Jacquelene
Published: October 2018

The decision of the Supreme Court of Kenya (Court) in Francis Karioko Muruatetu and Another v. Republic (Muruatetu), finding the mandatory nature of the death penalty unconstitutional, represents not only a victory for human rights in Africa but also the transformative capacity of contemporary constitutions in Africa and the growing assertiveness of African judiciaries. In the judgment, the Court held that the mandatory death penalty is “out of sync with the progressive Bill of Rights” in Kenya's 2010 Constitution (para. 64) and an affront to the rule of law. The Court also relied on global death penalty jurisprudence to find the mandatory death sentence “harsh, unjust and unfair” (para. 48). Consequently, the Court mandated that all trial courts conduct a pre-sentencing hearing to determine whether the death penalty is deserved. The Court's judgment could spell the end of the mandatory death penalty in Kenya after almost 120 years on the statute books.
A Rule Book on the Shelf? Tallinn Manual 2.0 on Cyberoperations and Subsequent State Practice
Authors: Efrony Dan , Shany Yuval
Published: October 2018

This article evaluates acceptance of the Tallinn Rules by states on the basis of eleven case studies involving cyberoperations, all occurring after the first Tallinn Manual was published in 2013. Our principal findings are that (1) it is unclear whether states are ready to accept the Tallinn Rules; (2) states show uneven interest in promoting legal certainty in cyberspace; and (3) a growing need for coordinated response to cyberattacks may induce states to consider more favorably the Tallinn Rules.
THE ROLE OF FATHERS IN THE CRIMINAL CAREERS OF JUVENILES IN ITALY
Authors: Pieroni Luca , Lanari Donatella
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this study is to estimate whether fathers involved in the criminal justice system contribute toward determining their children’s criminal activities. We use a unique dataset for Italy, which follows the antisocial behavior of a representative cohort of young criminals aged 14 to 24. Our correlation estimates indicate that fathers involved in criminal activities predict significant recidivism rates by their children. When the transmission mechanisms of fathers were proxied to include a set of observable individual and family variables, our regression estimates showed that almost half the father–child correlation is not explained by the controls. More importantly, estimating the father–child association restricting to fathers in prison, we find that this correlation is significantly large for “theft and drugs,” which suggests that this forced absence acts as a potential determinant of children’s criminal careers.
The property of convex carrying simplices for competitive maps
Authors: MIERCZYŃSKI JANUSZ
Published: October 2018

For a class of competitive maps there is an invariant one-codimensional manifold (the carrying simplex) attracting all non-trivial orbits. In this paper it is shown that its convexity implies that it is a$C^{1}$submanifold-with-corners, neatly embedded in the non-negative orthant. The proof uses the characterization of neat embedding in terms of inequalities between Lyapunov exponents for ergodic invariant measures supported on the boundary of the carrying simplex.
Using high school algebra for a natural approach to derivatives and continuity
Authors: Michael Range R.
Published: October 2018

The quadratic equation is a central topic in high school algebra. It provides the simplest generalisation of the familiar linear equation, and finding its roots introduces students to a non-trivial problem that requires the application of new techniques, such as completing the square and/or factorisation into linear factors involving the roots. It also introduces the student to the phenomenon of repeated roots, which opens the door to a discussion of multiplicities of roots. Furthermore, it naturally exposes the student to the case where the equation has no real roots, a phenomenon that could also be used to introduce the student to complex numbers.
Beyond the ratio test
Authors: Jameson G. J. O.
Published: October 2018

D'Alembert's ratio test, a very basic plank in the theory of infinite series, can be stated as follows:

Suppose that an > 0 for all n ≥ 1. Then:

(i)

if for some n0 and some ρ < 1, we have for all n ≥ n0, then is convergent;

(ii)

if for some n0, we have for all n ≥ n0, then is divergent.
Nancy Abelmann: Anthropologist, Citizen, and Thinker in/on the Global University
Authors: Kang Jiyeon
Published: October 2018

This article discusses Nancy Abelmann's scholarship on the university and includes a new study of the South Korean media discourse on Chinese international students—a work she planned but could not undertake. Abelmann studied the university, viewing it as a window to society's particular desires and anxieties regarding the future. Her research on South Korean university students reveals their personal fervor and struggle to stay afloat amidst the country's rapid modernization and globalization. Her later work on the American university considers the struggles of Asian American and Asian international students, illuminating the new realities of a global educational market and exploring new ethics of sharing the same university. The study in the second part of this article demonstrates how South Korean universities and public discourse have attempted to “optimize” the increasing numbers of Chinese international students as financial and symbolic capital. The shift between 2001 and 2016 from maximizing to distancing shows that Korean universities were straddling a line between the desire to become global institutions and the realization that they are a second-choice destination in the global higher-education market.
The mitochondrial genome of Dipetalonema gracile from a squirrel monkey in China
Authors: Zhang P. , Ran R.K. , Abdullahi A.Y. , Shi X.L. , Huang Y. , Sun Y.X. , Liu Y.Q. , Yan X.X. , Hang J.X. , Fu Y.Q. , Wang M.W. , Chen W. , Li G.Q.
Published: October 2018

Dipetalonema gracile is a common parasite in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus), which can cause malnutrition and progressive wasting of the host, and lead to death in the case of massive infection. This study aimed to identify a suspected D. gracile worm from a dead squirrel monkey by means of molecular biology, and to amplify its complete mitochondrial genome by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequence analysis. The results identified the worm as D. gracile, and the full length of its complete mitochondrial genome was 13,584 bp, which contained 22 tRNA genes, 12 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, one AT-rich region and one small non-coding region. The nucleotide composition included A (16.89%), G (20.19%), T (56.22%) and C (6.70%), among which A + T = 73.11%. The 12 protein-coding genes used TTG and ATT as start codons, and TAG and TAA as stop codons. Among the 22 tRNA genes, only trnS1AGN and trnS2UCN exhibited the TΨC-loop structure, while the other 20 tRNAs showed the TV-loop structure. The rrnL (986 bp) and rrnS (685 bp) genes were single-stranded and conserved in secondary structure. This study has enriched the mitochondrial gene database of Dipetalonema and laid a scientific basis for further study on classification, and genetic and evolutionary relationships of Dipetalonema nematodes.
Development and feasibility assessment of a collaborative stepped care intervention for management of depression in the mental health in primary care (MeHPriC) project, Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Adewuya Abiodun O. , Adewumi Tomilola , Momodu Olufisayo , Olibamoyo Olushola , Adesoji Olabanji , Adegbokun Adedayo , Adeyemo Suraju , Manuwa Olufikunayo , Adegbaju Dapo
Published: October 2018

Background

This study aimed to develop and test the feasibility of a primary care worker-led psychological intervention as the main feature of a collaborative stepped care for depression that is effective, affordable, culturally acceptable, tailored to patients’ clinical condition and easily integrate-able into the primary care schedule in Nigeria.

Methods

Using the Medical Research Council framework, in the first stage (modelling/theoretical development), experts reviewed and distilled evidence from literature to form the intervention components. In the second (formative) stage, local stakeholders were consulted on the practical application and feasibility of the proposed intervention. The third (piloting) stage involved testing for the clinical efficacy and acceptability of the components of the draft intervention

Results

The final intervention components included a 2-stage screening (red-flagging and further evaluation), psychoeducation, low-intensity psychological therapy (problem-solving therapy for primary care), antidepressant prescription, proactive mobile telephony adherence support and referral to the mental health specialist if needed. At 3 months, 71.6% of depressed patients on the intervention improved. The intervention was perceived to be acceptable and useful by over 70% of health workers and clients and had high ratings (>70% score) by expert panels on intervention simplicity, facilitation strategies, and quality of delivery.

Conclusions

The development and feasibility testing of our integrated intervention encompassed review of current literature, expert opinions and consultation with local stakeholders and end users. Our intervention package was largely deemed acceptable, relevant, useful, and feasible. Important lessons learnt with this process will help in future intervention developments.
Psychopathologic structure of bipolar disorders: exploring dimensional phenotypes, their relationships, and their associations with bipolar I and II disorders
Authors: Baek Ji Hyun , Ha Kyooseob , Kim Yongkang , Cho Young-ah , Yang So Yung , Choi Yujin , Jang Sung-Lee , Park Taesung , Ha Tae Hyon , Hong Kyung Sue
Published: October 2018

Background

Given its diverse disease courses and symptom presentations, multiple phenotype dimensions with different biological underpinnings are expected with bipolar disorders (BPs). In this study, we aimed to identify lifetime BP psychopathology dimensions. We also explored the differing associations with bipolar I (BP-I) and bipolar II (BP-II) disorders.

Methods

We included a total of 307 subjects with BPs in the analysis. For the factor analysis, we chose six variables related to clinical courses, 29 indicators covering lifetime symptoms of mood episodes, and 6 specific comorbid conditions. To determine the relationships among the identified phenotypic dimensions and their effects on differentiating BP subtypes, we applied structural equation modeling.

Results

We selected a six-factor solution through scree plot, Velicer's minimum average partial test, and face validity evaluations; the six factors were cyclicity, depression, atypical vegetative symptoms, elation, psychotic/irritable mania, and comorbidity. In the path analysis, five factors excluding atypical vegetative symptoms were associated with one another. Cyclicity, depression, and comorbidity had positive associations, and they correlated negatively with psychotic/irritable mania; elation showed positive correlations with cyclicity and psychotic/irritable mania. Depression, cyclicity, and comorbidity were stronger in BP-II than in BP-I, and they contributed significantly to the distinction between the two disorders.

Conclusions

We identified six phenotype dimensions; in addition to symptom features of manic and depressive episodes, various comorbidities and high cyclicity constructed separate dimensions. Except for atypical vegetative symptoms, all factors showed a complex interdependency and played roles in discriminating BP-II from BP-I.
A standardized low-cost peer role-playing training intervention improves medical student competency in communicating bad news to patients in Botswana
Authors: Westmoreland Katherine D. , Banda Francis M. , Steenhoff Andrew P. , Lowenthal Elizabeth D. , Isaksson Erik , Fassl Bernhard A.
Published: October 2018

Objective

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate effectiveness of an educational training workshop using role-playing to teach medical students in Botswana to deliver bad news.

Method

A 3-hour small group workshop for University of Botswana medical students rotating at the Princess Marina Hospital in Gaborone was developed. The curriculum included an overview of communication basics and introduction of the validated (SPIKES) protocol for breaking bad news. Education strategies included didactic lecture, handouts, role-playing cases, and open forum discussion. Pre- and posttraining surveys assessed prior exposure and approach to breaking bad news using multiple-choice questions and perception of skill about breaking bad news using a 5-point Likert scale. An objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) with a standardized breaking bad news skills assessment was conducted; scores compared two medical student classes before and after the workshop was implemented.

Result

Forty-two medical students attended the workshop and 83% (35/42) completed the survey. Medical students reported exposure to delivering bad news on average 6.9 (SD= 13.7) times monthly, with 71% (25/35) having delivered bad news themselves without supervision. Self-perceived skill and confidence increased from 23% (8/35) to 86% (30/35) of those who reported feeling “good” or “very good” with their ability to break bad news after the workshop. Feedback after the workshop demonstrated that 100% found the SPIKES approach helpful and planned to use it in clinical practice, found role-playing helpful, and requested more sessions. Competency for delivering bad news increased from a mean score of 14/25 (56%,SD= 3.3) at baseline to 18/25 (72%,SD= 3.6) after the workshop (p= 0.0002).

Significance of results

This workshop was effective in increasing medical student skill and confidence in delivering bad news. Standardized role-playing communication workshops integrated into medical school curricula could be a low-cost, effective, and easily implementable strategy to improve communication skills of doctors.
The balance of adult mental health care: provision of core health versus other types of care in eight European countries
Authors: Cetrano G. , Salvador-Carulla L. , Tedeschi F. , Rabbi L. , Gutiérrez-Colosía M. R. , Gonzalez-Caballero J. L. , Park A.-L. , McDaid D. , Sfetcu R. , Kalseth J. , Kalseth B. , Hope Ø. , Brunn M. , Chevreul K. , Straßmayr C. , Hagmair G. , Wahlbeck K. , Amaddeo F. ,   for the REFINEMENT group
Published: October 2018

Aims

Although many mental health care systems provide care interventions that are not related to direct health care, little is known about the interfaces between the latter and core health care. ‘Core health care’ refers to services whose explicit aim is direct clinical treatment which is usually provided by health professionals, i.e., physicians, nurses, psychologists. ‘Other care’ is typically provided by other staff and includes accommodation, training, promotion of independence, employment support and social skills. In such a definition, ‘other care’ does not necessarily mean being funded or governed differently. The aims of the study were: (1) using a standard classification system (Description and Evaluation of Services and Directories in Europe for Long Term Care, DESDE-LTC) to identify ‘core health’ and ‘other care’ services provided to adults with mental health problems; and (2) to investigate the balance of care by analysing the types and characteristics of core health and other care services.

Methods

The study was conducted in eight selected local areas in eight European countries with different mental health systems. All publicly funded mental health services, regardless of the funding agency, for people over 18 years old were identified and coded. The availability, capacity and the workforce of the local mental health services were described using their functional main activity or ‘Main Types of Care’ (MTC) as the standard for international comparison, following the DESDE-LTC system.

Results

In these European study areas, 822 MTCs were identified as providing core health care and 448 provided other types of care. Even though one-third of mental health services in the selected study areas provided interventions that were coded as ‘other care’, significant variation was found in the typology and characteristics of these services across the eight study areas.

Conclusions

The functional distinction between core health and other care overcomes the traditional division between ‘health’ and ‘social’ sectors based on governance and funding. The overall balance between core health and other care services varied significantly across the European sites. Mental health systems cannot be understood or planned without taking into account the availability and capacity of all services specifically available for this target population, including those outside the health sector.