bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WAVE SCATTERING AT A TAPERED FREE END OF AN ELASTIC PLATE
Authors: Al-Nassar Yagoub Nassar
Published: October 2018

This paper focuses on the interaction of SH elastic waves in a plate with a tapered free end. The plate is modeled as a semi-infinite elastic structure, which was assumed to have traction-free surfaces. The results of the analysis based on mode matching are presented for various combinations of normalized frequencies and angles of free end inclination. The reported observations form important guidelines for the interpretation of experimental data when using horizontally polarized wave as a mean for nondestructive evaluation of elastic plates.  ABSTRAK: Kertas kerja ini adalah khusus berkenaan interaksi gelombang anjal SH di dalam plat yang mempunyai hujung bebas yang tirus. Plat ini dimodelkan sebagai satu struktur elastik separa tak terhingga, yang diandaikan mempunyai permukaan nirgeseran. Keputusan analisis berdasarkan mod pemadanan dibentangkan untuk pelbagai kombinasi frekuensi ternormal dan sudut kecondongan hujung bebas. Pemerhatian yang dibentangkan memberi panduan penting dalam menginterpretasi data eksperimental penggunaan gelombang berkutub mendatar sebagai satu kaedah penilaian tanpa musnah plat anjal.
SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS OF A DOUBLE-LEAF SOLID-MICROPERFORATED PARTITION UNDER NORMAL INCIDENCE OF ACOUSTIC LOADING
Authors: Ismail Ahmad Yusuf
Published: October 2018

The micro-perforated panel (MPP) is recently well-known as an alternative ‘green‘ sound absorber replacing the conventional porous materials. Constructed from a solid panel which provides a non-abrassive structure and also an optically attractive surface, there gives a feasibility to implement such a panel inside a vehicle cabin. This paper is the preliminary study to investigate the sound transmission loss (TL) of a solid panel coupled with a micro-perforated panel to form a doube-leaf partition which is already known as a lightweigth stucture for noise insulation in vehicles and buildings. The mathematical model for the TL subjected to normal incidence of acoustic excitation is derived. The results show that its performance substantially improves at the troublesome frequency of mass-air-mass resonance which occurs in the conventional double-leaf solid partition. This is important particularly for the noise source predominant at low frequencies. This can also be controlled by tuning the hole size and number as well as the air gap between the panels.  ABSTRAK: Panel bertebuk mikro (micro-perforated panel (MPP)) kebelakangan ini dikenali sebagai alternatif penyerap bunyi yang mesra alam menggantikan bahan berliang lazim. Dibina daripada satu panel padu yang memberikan satu struktur tak lelas dan juga satu permukaan yang menarik, ia memberikan kemungkinan penggunaan panel tersebut di dalam kabin kenderaan. Tesis ini merupakan kajian permulaan dalam mengkaji hilang pancaran bunyi (sound transmission loss (TL)) oleh satu panel padu yang digandingkan dengan satu panel bertebuk mikro. Kaedah ini menghasilkan satu sekatan lembar kembar yang sememangnya dikenali sebagai struktur ringan penebat bunyi di dalam kenderaan dan bangunan. Model matematik diterbitkan untuk TL tersebut dengan menjalankan pengujaan akustik yang tuju normal. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa prestasi meningkat dengan ketara pada frekuensi yang susah semasa resonans jisim-udara-jisim berlaku di dalam sekatan padu lembar kembar  lazim. Ini penting terutamanya untuk sumber bunyi yang pradominan pada frekuensi rendah. Ia juga boleh dikawal dengan menalakan saiz dan jumlah lubang serta luang udara di antara panel-panel  tersebut.
PhaC Synthases and PHA Depolymerases: The Enzymes that Produce and Degrade Plastic
Authors: Amara Amro A. , Moawad And Hassan
Published: October 2018

PHAs are a group of intracellular biodegradable polymer produced by (most) bacteria under unbalanced growth conditions. A series of enzymes are involved in different PHAs synthesis, however PhaC synthases are responsible for the polymerization step. PHAs are accumulated in bacterial cells from soluble to insoluble form as storage materials inside the inclusion bodies during unbalanced nutrition or to save organisms from reduces equivalents. PHAs are converted again to soluble components by another pathways and enzymes for the degradation process. PHAs depolymerases are the responsible enzymes. This review is designed to give the non-specialists a condense background about PHAs especially for researcher and students in medicinal and pharmaceutical filled. ABSTRAK: PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoate) merupakan sekumpulan polimer terbiodegradasikan intrasel yang dihasilkan oleh (kebanyakan) bakteria di bawah keadaan tumbesaran tak seimbang. Satu rangkaian enzim terlibat dalam sistesis PHAs yang berbeza, namun sintesis PhaC bertanggungjawab dalam peringkat pempolimeran. PHAs dikumpulkan dalam sel bakteria dari bentuk larut dan tak larut sebagai bahan simpan di dalam jasad terangkum semasa nutrisi tak seimbang atau untuk menyelamatkan organisma daripada pengurangan tak keseimbangan. PHAs ditukarkan sekali lagi kepada komponen larut dengan cara lain dan enzim lain untuk proses degradasi. PHAs depoly-merases (enzim yang memangkin penguraian makro molekul kepada molekul yang lebih mudah) merupakan enzim yang bertanggunjawab. Kajian semula ini direka untuk memberi mereka yang bukan pakar, satu ringkasan tentang PHAs terutamanya penyelidik dan penuntut dalam bidang peubatan dan farmaseutikal.
Effect of Spray Drying on Protein Content of Natural Rubber Serum (NRS)
Authors: M.N. Zairossani I. Aimi Izyana and
Published: October 2018

Natural rubber latex comprises approximately 70% natural rubber serum (NRS) which is the aqueous part of the latex. The NRS is made up of mainly water and non-rubber components; sugar, protein and other lipids. The protein component of the NRS is separated using membrane separation and spray dried whereby the amino acid and protein content was monitored during the process. The optimum drying temperatures were first determined to obtain the maximum recovery of the protein powder, whereby the amino acid content was approximately 40 times that of the feed. The production of protein powder from NRS increases the rubber industry's competitiveness through value addition to the previously discarded NRS but also to the processing industry. NRS protein powder has a great opportunity to be developed as an alternative protein source.ABSTRAK: Susu getah asli mengandungi lebih kurang 70% serum getah asli (natural rubber serum (NRS)) iaitu bahagian susu getah yang berair. NRS sebahagian besarnya merupakan air dan komponen bukan getah; gula, protein dan lipid-lipid lain. Komponen protein NRS dipisahkan dengan menggunakan membran pemisah dan kaedah kering semburan dimana asid amino dan kandungan protein dipantau semasa proses tersebut. Pada mulanya, suhu pengeringan optimum ditentukan untuk mendapatkan hasil maksima serbuk protein, dimana kandungan asid amino adalah lebih kurang 40 kali suapan. Penghasilan serbuk protein daripada NRS meningkatkan daya saing industri getah dan industri pemprosesan menerusi pertambahan nilai terhadap NRS yang sebelum ini hanya dibuang. Serbuk protein NRS mempunyai peluang besar untuk dimajukan sebagai sumber protein alternatif.KEY WORDS:  protein, spray dry, natural rubber serum.
Micro-Sized Particle Production of Momordicas sp Extract Using Spray Dryer
Authors: Mel Maizirwan , Yahya Emirul Adzhar , Abu Bakar And Mohd Rushdi
Published: October 2018

Spray drying is the most widely used industrial process involving particle formation and drying. It is highly suited for the continuous production of dry solids in either powder, granulate or agglomerate form from liquid feed-stocks as solutions, emulsions and pump able suspensions. Therefore, spray drying is an ideal process where the end-product must comply with precise quality standards regarding particle size distribution, residual moisture content, bulk density, and particle shape. In this study, Momordica sp extract product has been successfully spray dried into micro scale of powder particle and will be used as plant-based insulin. The process optimized using Taguchi method with four factors and three levels has given a good quality of the product. The average of particle size was obtained at about 11 microns.ABSTRAK: Kering sembur digunakan secara meluas dalam proses industri yang melibatkan pembentukan zarah dan pengeringan. Ia amat sesuai dalam penghasilan pepejal kering secara beterusan dalam bentuk serbuk, butiran atau gumpalan daripada simpanan suapan bendalir sebagai larutan, emulsi dan ampaian boleh dipam. Maka, kering sembur adalah proses yang ideal apabila hasil akhir harus mematuhi piawaian kualiti yang tepat berkaitan dengan pengagihan saiz zarah, kandungan kelengsaan sisa, ketumpatan pukal dan bentuk zarah. Dalam kajian ini, produk ekstrak Momordica sp (dikenali juga sebagai peria katak) telah berjaya dikering sembur menjadi serbuk zarah berskala mikro dan akan digunakan sebagai insulin berasaskan tumbuhan. Proses ini dioptimumkan dengan pengunaan kaedah Taguchi empat faktor dan tiga peringkat, agar memberikan hasil produk yang berkualiti. Kadar purata saiz zarah yang terhasil adalah lebih kurang 11 mikron.KEY WORDS: micro-sized, particle, Momordica sp, spray dryer.
Molecular Cloning and Production of Recombinant Phytase from Bacillus subtilis ASUIA243 in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Mohd Dali Nor Soleha , Nuge Tamrin , Mahamad Maifiah Mohd Hafidz , Yusof Faridah , Meor Hussin Anis Shobirin , Farouk Abd-Elaziem , Mohd. Salleh And Hamzah
Published: October 2018

Phytase gene obtained from Bacillus subtilis ASUIA243 was cloned into a medium vector and transformed into E. coli. Restriction enzyme digestion was conducted to get blunt-ended phytase gene and ligated into the Pichia expression vector, pPICZαA. The recombinant vector, pPICZαA-243HPp was then linearized with PmeI and transformed into P. pastoris strain X33. Screening for multi copy gene number of transformants was done by re-plating the selected colonies on increasing concentration of zeocin. One positive clone, X243HPp#2 was then grown in BMGY media as the starting culture, followed by induction in BMMY media for protein expression study. The supernatant was then analysed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot method to check the protein expression.ABSTRAK: Gen fitase yang didapati daripada Bacillus subtilis ASUIA243 diklonkan sebagai vektor perantara dan berubah menjadi E. coli. Sekatan pencernaan enzim dijalankan untuk mendapatkan gen fitase berhujung tumpul dan diligatkan dengan vektor ekspresi Pichia, pPICZαA. Vektor rekombinan, pPICZαA-243HPp kemudian dilinearkan dengan PmeI dan berubah menjadi P. pastoris strain X33. Penyaringan untuk nombor gen berbilang salinan yang menjalani transformasi genetik dijalankan dengan menyalur semula koloni terpilih dengan penambahan kepekatan zeocin. Satu klon positif, X243HPp#2 kemudian dibiarkan hidup dalam perantara BMGY sebagai kultur permulaan, diikuti dengan aruhan dalam perantara BMMY untuk kajian penglahiran protein. Supernatan kemudian dikaji dengan SDS-PAGE dan kaedah sap Western untuk menyemak penglahiran protein.KEYWORDS:  phytase, Bacillus subtilis, Pichia pastoris, gene cloning.
Fabrication of Ceramic Membrane Chromatography for Biologics Purification
Authors: Mel Maizirwan , Abdeen Fouad R.H. , Sopyan And Iis
Published: October 2018

Chromatography is one of the most important separation processes of choice for the recovery/purification of proteins and complex bio-structures. Fabrication of chromatographic membranes and their efficiency in the chromatography process has been the subject of many recent researches. In this study, a coin-like, 13 mm diameter and 3 mm thick, ceramic membrane was fabricated to be used as a chromatographic medium. The membrane is used to replace the conventional resin-based chromatography columns. Hydroxyapatite (HA) powder was used as a material for the membrane fabrication. In this project, a HA powder was produced using starch as pore creating agents. Characterization processes were done for the ceramic membrane using the suitable apparatuses. Three parameters of the fabrication process (starch wt %, compaction pressure and sintering temperature) were manipulated to optimize the performance of the membrane. The fabricated membrane was placed in a (FPLC) system to be tested for its performance as an adsorptive membrane. (IMAC) process was run by immobilizing Ni2+ ions at the membrane particles surfaces. NP protein of the (NDV) was used to test the membrane's ability to bind Histidine-tagged proteins. The optimum set of process parameters that yielded in the highest porosity and good chromatogram was determined to be 5 wt % starch, 3000 psi compaction pressure and 1100°C sintering temperature.ABSTRAK: Kromatografi merupakan satu daripada proses pengasingan yang penting yang dipilih untuk perolehan/penapisan protein dan biostruktur yang kompleks. Pemfabrikatan membran kromatografi dan kecekapannya dalam proses kromatografi merupakan fokus beberapa kajian terkini. Dalam kajian ini, membran seramik berbentuk duit syiling, berdiameter 13 mm dengan ketebalan 3 mm, direka untuk digunakan sebagai perantara kromatografi. Membran ini digunakan untuk menggantikan turus kromatografi berasaskan resin yang lazim. Serbuk hidroksiapatit (HA) digunakan sebagai bahan pemfabrikatan membran. Dalam projek ini, serbuk HA dihasilkan menggunakan kanji sebagai agen penghasilan liang. Proses pencirian dilakukan terhadap membran seramik menggunakan radas yang sesuai. Tiga parameter proses pemfabrikatan (peratusan berat kanji, tekanan padatan dan suhu pensinteran) dimanipulasikan untuk mendapatkan prestasi membran yang optima. Membran yang difabrikatkan diletakkan dalam sistem FPLC (Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography) untuk diuji prestasinya sebagai membran serap. Proses IMAC (Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography) dijalankan dengan memegunkan ion Ni2+ pada permukaan zarah membran. Nucleoprotein dari NDV (Newcastle disease virus) digunakan untuk menguji kebolehan membran terikat dengan protein yang dilabelkan dengan Hisditina. Set parameter proses yang optima yang menghasilkan keliangan tertinggi dan kromatogram yang baik ditentukan pada berat kanji 5 %, tekanan padatan 3000 psi dan suhu pensinteran 1100°C.KEYWORDS: Membrane Chromatography, Porous Ceramic Membrane, IMAC, Hydroxyapatite, Chromatography.
Molecular Cloning of Phytase Gene from ASUIA279 and Its Expression in Pichia pastoris System
Authors: Maifiah M. H. Mahamad , Jamal P. , Nuge T. , Mohd Dali N. S. , Meor Hussin A.S. , Farouk Abd-Elaziem , Salleh And H. Mohd.
Published: October 2018

Phytases catalyze the hydrolysis of phytate (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate), one of the major storage form of phosphate in plants, with subsequent release of myo-inositol, phosphate and phytate-bound minerals. Non-ruminant animals such as chicken, swine and fish can't use the organic phosphorus and minerals from their diet because there is no phytase activity in their digestive tract. Phytate degrading enzyme is added to the animal feed diet to improve phosphorus availability from the dietary phytate and at the same time this lessen the phosphate pollution level in areas of intensive animal production as the phosphate would not be excreted out to the environment. ASUIA279, a bacterial strain isolated from Malaysian soil has potentially shown good phytase activity. In the present work, the gene encoding for phytase has been amplified from the plasmid DNA of recombinant ASUIA279(5) obtained from a previous study (unpublished data) by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology. The amplified phytase gene was extracted, purified then cloned into the pPICZï¡A plasmid and transformed into Pichia pastorisX-33 strain for enzyme production.ABSTRAK: Fitase pemangkinan hidrolisis fitat (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate), merupakan salah satu cara penyimpanan utama fosfat dalam tumbuhan, dengan pelepasan berturut myo-inositol , fosfat dan galian terikat fitat. Haiwan bukan ruminan seperti ayam, khinzir dan ikan tidak dapat memanfaatkan fosforus organik serta galian yang diperolehi daripada makanan kerana tidak mempunyai aktiviti fitase di dalam saluran pencernaan mereka. Enzim pengecilan fitase dicampurkan ke dalam pemakanan haiwan untuk mempertingkatkan keperolehan fosforus dari fitat diet. Pada masa yang sama ia dapat mengurangkan tahap pencemaran fosfat di kawasan yang terdapat penternakan haiwan secara intensif agar fosfat tidak dikumuhkan ke persekitaran. ASUIA279, satu strain bakteria yang diasingkan daripada tanih di Malaysiamenunjukkan aktiviti fitase yang memberansangkan. Buat masa kini, pengekodan gen fitase telah diperkuatkan dengan plasmid DNA dari ASUIA279(5), rekombinan yang diperolehi daripada kajian terdahulu (data tak diterbitkan) berdasarkan kaedah tindak balas berantai polimerase (polymerase chain reaction (PCR)). Gen fitase yang diperkuatkan, ditulenkan dan kemudian diklonkan menjadi plasmid pPICZαA dan berubah menjadi strain Pichia pastorisX-33 untuk penghasilan enzim.KEYWORDS:  Phytase, animal feed, pollution, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Pichia pastoris
Adaptation of Cholesterol Requiring NS0 Cells to Serum Free Culture Conditions
Authors: Raja Junaid Muneer , Anuar Nurina , Abdul Rahman And Badarulhisam
Published: October 2018

Colorectal cancer is the third most common form of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in the Western world. The answers to such life threatening diseases and cancers are monoclonal antibodies (MAb's) which are widely used as therapeutic agents. World demand for currently approved MAb's is on the order of a few kilograms per year. However, new therapeutic MAb's are under development and require doses of several hundred milligrams to a gram over the course of therapy. Very often to cater for the special requirements for the growth of mammalian cells, serum is added to the cell culture medium. However, removal of serum from the cell culture medium is often carried out, especially if the end product is to be used for human consumption, in order to eliminate various disadvantages such as high physiological variability, high batch to batch variability, risk of contamination and high cost, and challenges posed in the downstream processing of the product. In this paper, the adaptation of cholesterol requiring NS0 cells to commercially available serum free media is presented. ABSTRAK: Kanser kolorektum merupakan kanser ketiga paling umum dan kini berada di tempat kedua penyebab kematian berkaitan kanser di negara Barat. Jawapan kepada penyakit yang mengancam nyawa dan penyakit kanser adalah antibodi monoklon (monoclonal antibodies ((MAb's)) yang digunakan sebagai agen terapeutik. Permintaan dunia terhadap MAb's yang diluluskan adalah dalam bilangan beberapa kilogram setahun. Namun, terapeutik MAb's yang baru adalah di bawah penyelidikan dan memerlukan beberapa ratus dos milligram hingga satu gram dalam satu peringkat terapi. Sering kali untuk memenuhi permintaan terhadap tumbesaran sel mamalia, serum dicampurkan dengan sel kultur perantara. Walaupun begitu, pemindahan serum dari sel kultur perantara sering dilakukan, terutamanya jika produk akhir digunakan untuk kegunaan manusia; untuk mengurangkan pelbagai kelemahan seperti kebolehubahan psikologi yang tinggi, kebolehubahan yang tinggi daripada satu kumpulan ke satu kumpulan lain, risiko pencemaran, kos yang tinggi, dan cabaran mendatang dalam pemprosesan produk. Dalam perbentangan ini, kolestrol yang diubah memerlukan sel NS0 yang dikomersilkan dengan serum bebas perantara.
Honesty And Integrity In The KOE, IIUM
Authors: Kabbashi Nassereldeen Ahmed
Published: October 2018

The universities and education face great challenges, most of them indirectly or directly related to science. Academic honesty and integrity are fundamental values in a community of scholars. The student shares with the faculty the responsibility for maintaining the integrity of scholarship, grades, and professional standards, therefore students at university develop habits that help them to survive. It is necessary for scholars to think and work as a student, and resume the methods developed during undergraduate days. Scholars at the KOE, IIUM must satisfactory engage in learning with their students and in various forms of community service and industry liaison, in addition to attend several meetings per semesters. Those pressures can attempt people to take short-cut that do not meet KOE community standards for honesty and integrity. At the KOE incidents of student cheating are very low but the cases start to increase. This paper tries to highlight the reason behind why honesty and integrity among scholars break down and why cases of cheating among students increased as well.ABSTRAK - Pihak universiti dan pendidik menghadapi cabaran yang hebat, kebanyakannya secara langsung atau secara tidak langsung berkaitan dengan sains. Ketulusan akademik dan kewibawaan merupakan nilai-nilai asas dalam komuniti cendekiawan. Para sizwazah berkongsi dengan pihak fakulti tanggungjawab dalam memelihara kewibawaan biayaan, gred, dan standard profesional. Dengan ini, siswazah universiti dapat membentuk amalan yang membantu mereka cemerlang. Ia adalah penting bagi para cendekiawan untuk memikir dan bekerja sama dengan pelajar, dan meneruskan kaedah yang dikembangkan semasa zaman prasiswazah. Para intelektual di KOE, IIUM harus terlibat dalam pengajaran dengan pelajar-pelajar mereka dalam pelbagai bentuk khidmat masyarakat serta kerjasama dengan industri, selain daripada menghadiri mesyuarat setiap semester. Tekanan-tekanan sebegini boleh mendorong agar tidak mengambil jalan mudah yang tidak memenuhi standard komuniti di KOE dari segi keikhlasan dan kewibawaan. Di KOE, insiden pelajar menipu adalah rendah tetapi hal ini makin meningkat. Kertas ini cuba mengetengahkan sebab kenapa ketulusan dan keutuhan di kalangan siswazah makin runtuh dan kenapa kes-kes penipuan di kalangan pelajar semakin meningkat.Keywords- Integrity, Honesty, IIUM, KOE
Singular Vector For A Shallow Water Model
Authors: Dussadee Sukawat Chularat Srikul
Published: October 2018

The atmosphere is a chaotic dynamical system, small errors in the initial condition of an atmospheric model can lead to growing errors in the forecast. In order to reduce uncertainty in the forecast which occur from using only one initial condition from many possible initial conditions, more initial conditions are required. In practice, however, there is only single observation available for the initial condition. In this paper the singular vector has been applied to a single level shallow water model of the atmosphere to generate more initial conditions from one observation. ABSTRAK: Atmosfera ialah satu sistem dinamik yang huru-hara. Kesilapan kecil dalam kondisi awal model atmosfera boleh membawa kepada kesilapan yang semakin meningkat  di dalam ramalan. Dalam usaha untuk mengurangkan ketidakpastian dalam ramalan yang berlaku dari menggunakan hanya satu kondisi awal, lebih banyak kondisi awal diperlukan. Secara praktikalnya, walau bagaimanapun, hanya terdapat satu pemerhatian yang sedia ada untuk kondisi awal. Kajian ini menerangkan vektor tunggal telah digunakan untuk model air cetek tahap atmosfera untuk menghasilkan lebih banyak kondisi awal dari satu pemerhatian.KEYWORDS: shallow water model; tangent linear model; adjoint linear model; singular vector
Analysis of Rain Effects on Terrestrial Free Space Optics based on Data Measured in Tropical Climate
Authors: Zabidi Suriza Ahmad , Islam Md. Rafiqul , Al-Khateeb Wajdi , Naji Ahmed Wathik
Published: October 2018

Free Space Optics (FSO) shows a great alternative as the solution for last mile problem where fiber optics is unavailable due to deployment time and cost constraint.  However, the feasibility of using FSO system as communication link very much depends on local weather.  Since tropical region experiences heavy rainfall, rain with high intensity is expected to affect the FSO link severely. Few prediction models have been proposed by ITU-R based on France and Japan’s measurement. This paper has compared  rain attenuation predicted by  models and  data measured in Malaysia over Free Space Optical links for one year period. Prediction models are clearly unable to predict attenuation measured in tropical climate. ABSTRAK: Wayarles optik menjadi alternatif sebagai satu penyelesaian kepada masalah kesesakan terutama diakhir sesuatu talian dimana ianya tidak dapat diselesaikan dengan menggunakan gentian fiber akibat daripada kekangan masa pemasangan dan masalah kewangan.  Walaubagaimanapun, kejayaan untuk menggunakan wayarless optic ini amat bergantung kepada keadaan cuaca di sesuatu tempat.  Di rantau tropika  hujan lebat sentiasa dialami, oleh itu hujan dengan kepadatan tinggi adalah dijangkakan lebih memberi kesan kepada talian wayarles optic ini. Beberapa model yang telah dicadangkan oleh ITU-R berlandaskan kepada pengumpulan data yang dibuat di Perancis dan Jepun.  Kertas kajian ini akan membandingkan antara model-model yang telah digunapakai dengan data yang dikumpulkan di Malaysia selama setahun.  Jelasnya model yang telah digunapakai tidak dapat digunakan secara berkesan di rantau tropika.KEYWORDS: free space optics; rainfall rate; rain attenuation
Observation on Responsive OCV Variation od Zinc-Air Cell with Relative Humidity Content
Authors: Manshor Hanisah , Othman Raihan , Nordin Anis Nurashikin , Ani Mohd. Hanafi , Saputra Hens
Published: October 2018

Zinc/MCM-41/air cell, in its dry form without the electrolyte,demonstrates humidity sensing property. A good linear correlation between the cell's open circuit voltage (OCV) and the relative humidity content is observed. The systempossesses the potential to be developed into a low cost microhumidity sensor. An ultra thin cell of thickness not more than 40 μm has been fabricated and its use as a humiditysensor is substantiated.ABSTRAK: Sel zinc/MCM-41/udara, dalam keadaan kering tanpa elektrolit, menunjukkan sifat pencirian kelembapan. Voltan litar terbuka sel didapati menunjukkan korelasi linear yang baik terhadap kandungan kelembapan relatif. Sistem ini berpotensi untuk dibangunkan menjadi penciri kelembapan mikro yang murah. Sel yang amat nipis dengan ketebalan tidak melebihi 40 μm telah difabrikasi and kegunaannya sebagai penciri kelembapan dibuktikan.
Epistemology -An Islamic Perspective
Authors: Azram M
Published: October 2018

Since man is the vicegerent of God in this world. And in order to enable him to fulfill his responsibilities (of his vicegerency), God has endowed man with the potentials of creative & conceptual knowledge. It becomes incumbent upon him to mould knowledge in the framework provided by Islam. Thus all types of knowledge whether it is Natural Science, Social Science or even Pure Science, should be understood with the aim to establish an Islamic System.  In this paper we will discuss the background of epistemology, different areas of epistemology-like source, types (revealed and derived), elements in Islam,  principles (Unity of Allah, unity of creation,and unity of thoughts) and limitations.ABSTRAK: Manusia merupakan khalifah Allah di muka bumi ini.  Agar manusia dapat menjalankan tugasnnya (sebagai khalifah), Allah telah memperkenankan manusia dengan kebolehan berkreatif dan berfikir.  Manusia diwajibkan keatasnya untuk mempergunakan ilmu seperti yang dirangkakan dalam agama Islam.  Dengan itu, segala jenis ilmu sama ada Sains Semula Jadi, Sains Sosial atau pun Sains Tulen, perlu difahami dengan tujuan membentuk Sistem Islam.  Kertas ini mengkaji latar belakang epistemologi, pelbagai sumber ilmu yang  berbeza, jenis (yang didedahkan dan diterbitkan), elemen dalam Islam, prinsip (Keesaan Allah, keesaan kewujudan dan keharmonian pemikiran) dan batasannya.
HIGHLY SENSITIVE TIMER-BASED RESISTANCE DEVIATION TO TIME CONVERTER
Authors: Khan Sheroz , SHAHID ZEESHAN , TASNIM RUMANA
Published: October 2018

Based on an inexpensive popular precision timing chip 555 timer, a resistance to time converter is proposed in this paper which is indeed capable of converting resistive and capacitive changes into pulse widths of proportional durations. This converter exhibits a compatibility of wider conversion range with a reasonable level of sensitivity required for industrial applications. The circuit is expected to have utility in oil and water supply schemes. Simulated results are shown to be compared with mathematical derivations, both reporting a good level of resemblance and similarities.
OPTIMUM NUMBERS OF SINGLE NETWORK FOR COMBINATION IN MULTIPLE NEURAL NETWORKS MODELING APPROACH FOR MODELING NONLINEAR SYSTEM
Authors: Ahmad Zainal , Mat Noor Rabiatul Adawiah
Published: October 2018

This paper is focused on finding the optimum number of single networks in multiple neural networks combination to improve neural network model robustness for nonlinear process modeling and control. In order to improve the generalization capability of single neural network based models, combining multiple neural networks is proposed in this paper. By studying the optimum number of network that can be combined in multiple network combination, the researcher can estimate the complexity of the proposed model then obtained the exact number of networks for combination. Simple averaging combination approach is implemented in this paper which is applied to nonlinear process models. It is shown that the optimum number of networks for combination can be obtained hence enhancing the performance of the proposed model.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF IRON CORROSION PROBLEM BASED ON CONDENSATION CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Widodo Basuki
Published: October 2018

Corrosion process is a natural case that happened at the various metals, where the corrosion process in electrochemical can be explained by using galvanic cell. The iron corrosion process is based on the acidity degree (pH) of a condensation, iron concentration and condensation temperature of electrolyte. Those are applied at electrochemistry cell. The iron corrosion process at this electrochemical cell also able to generate electrical potential and electric current during the process takes place. This paper considers how to build a mathematical model of iron corrosion, electrical potential and electric current. The mathematical model further is solved using the finite element method. This iron corrosion model is built based on the iron concentration, condensation temperature, and iteration time applied. In the electric current density model, the current based on electric current that is happened at cathode and anode pole and the iteration time applied. Whereas on the potential  electric model, it is based on the beginning of electric potential and the iteration time applied. The numerical results show that the part of iron metal, that is gristle caused by corrosion, is the part of metal that has function as anode and it has some influences, such as time depth difference, iron concentration and condensation temperature on the iron corrosion process and the sum of reduced mass during corrosion process. Moreover, difference influence of time and beginning electric potential has an effect on the electric potential, which emerges during corrosion process at the electrochemical cell. Whereas, at the electrical current is also influenced by difference of depth time and condensation temperature applied.Keywords: Iron Corrosion, Concentration of iron, Electrochemical Cell and Finite Element Method
Effects of Different Methods of Slaughtering on Protein Expression in Chicken Meat
Authors: Zaman Rahela , Nassir Hamzah Mohd. , Abdurrazq Nafiu Bidemi , Salleh Hamzah Mohd. , Rahman Mohammad Tariqur
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT: This study investigated the variation in total protein profile in chicken skeletal muscle which is thought to be influenced by variations in the method of slaughtering. Two types of samples, depending on the method of slaughtering using a sharp knife, were examined. These were: (i) CT- neck was cut off completely and body was tied until the animal expired, and (ii) PR- neck was cut off partially leaving the spinal cord intact and the body was released immediately after slaughtering. Proteins, expressed in higher amounts, were mostly found to be distributed in the range of Mw 45-66 kDa -- as resolved using SDS-PAGE. 2D-PAGE resolution showed differences in protein expression between the samples. Protein spotted on the gel near pH 5.0 and Mw 116 kDa was found in the skeletal muscle from CT samples but were absent in the PR samples.ABSTRAK: Variasi profil jumlah protein di dalam otot skeletal telah dikaji dengan jangkaan bahawa ianya dipengaruhi oleh kaedah penyembelihanÂ  yang berbeza. Berdasarkan kaedah penyembelihan, dua jenis sampel telah diperiksa: (i) CT â€“ leher telah dipotong sepenuhnya dan badan haiwan diikat hingga mati and (ii) PR â€“ leher dipotong separuh meninggalkan kord tulang belakang dalam keadaan sempurna dan badan dilepaskan serta-merta selepas penyembelihan. Kandungan protein didapati tinggi dalam taburan Mw 45-66 kDa sebagai terurai menggunakan SDS-PAGE. Sementara itu, kandungan protein yang berbeza diperhatikan di dalam penguraian 2D-PAGE. Tompok protein kelihatan pada gel sekitar pH 5 dan Mw 116 kDa telah dijumpai pada CT otot skeletal, tetapi tidak kelihatan pada sampel PR.KEYWORDS: 2D-PAGE; slaughtering; protein; slaughtering
Application of Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm and Finite Element Analysis for Optimum Design of Brushless Permanent Magnet Motor
Authors: Ilka Reza , Gholamian Seyyed Asghar
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT: This paper develops a mathematical relationship for the purpose of designing and selecting the optimum dimensions of a brushless permanent magnet motor. The design is optimised by the use of artificial bee colony algorithm with the goal of maximizing the power density and efficiency of the motor. The required dimensions of the brushless motor are calculated based on the optimum power density and efficiency requirements. Finally, the predicted results of the optimisation are validated using a 2-D numerical program based on finite element analysis.ABSTRAK: Kajian ini mencadangkan persamaan yang menghubungkan rekabentuk dan dimensi magnet motor kekal tanpa berus. Rekabentuk optima berdasarkan algorisma koloni lebah tiruan dengan tujuan meningkatkan ketumpatan kuasa dan keberkesanan dibentangkan dalam kajian ini. Dimensi magnet motor kekal tanpa berus dihitung dengan ketumpatan kuasa optima dan keberkesanan. Akhirnya, keputusan telah disahkan dengan menggunakan program berangka 2-D berdasarkan analisis elemen finit.KEYWORDS: brushless; permanent magnet motor; power density; artificial bee colony; algorithm; finite element analysis
Three Dimensional Parametric Analyses on Effect of Fibre Orientation for Stress Concentration Factor in Fibrous Composite Cantilever Plate with Central Circular Hole under Transverse Loading
Authors: Jain Nitin , Banerjee MOON , Sanyal Shubhashish
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT: A number of analytical and numerical techniques are available for the two dimensional study of stress concentration around the hole(s) in isotropic and composite plates subjected to in-plane or transverse loading conditions. The information on the techniques for three dimensional analyses of stress concentration factor (SCF) around the hole in isotropic and composite plates subjected to transverse loading conditions is, however, limited. The present work emphasizes on the effect of fibre orientation (q) on the stress concentration factor in fibrous composite plates with central circular hole under transverse static loading condition. The work is carried out for cantilever fibrous composite plates. The effects of thickness -to- width (T/A)Â and diameter-to-widthÂ (D/A) ratios upon SCF at different fibre orientation are studied. Plates of four different composite materials were considered for hole analysis in order to determine the sensitivity of SCF with elastic constants. Deflections in transverse direction were calculated and analysed. All results are presented in graphical form and discussed. The finite element formulation and its analysis were carried out using ANSYS package.ABSTRAK: Terdapat pelbagai teknik analitikal dan numerical untuk kajian tumpuan tegasan dua dimensi di sekeliling lubang-lubang dalam komposit isotropik dan plat pada satah atau keadaan bebanan melintang. Bagaimanapun, maklumat mengenai kaedah analisis tiga dimensi untuk faktor ketumpatan tegasan (SCF) sekitar lubang dalam komposit isotropik dan plat pada keadaan bebanan melintang adalah terhad. Kertas ini menekankan kesan orientasi gentian (q) pada faktor tumpuan tegasan dalam komposit plat bergentian dengan lubang berpusat di bawah keadaan bebanan melintang. Kajian ini dilkukan untuk cantilever plat komposit bergentian. Kesan ketebalan terhadap kelebaran plat (T/A) dan diameter terhadap kelebaran komposit (D/A) dengan SCF pada orientasi gentian berbeza telah dikaji. Plat komposit bagi empat bahan komposit berbeza telah diambilkira bagi kesemua analisis untuk mendapatkan kesensitifan SCF dengan konstan elastic. Defleksi pada arah melintang telah dikira dan dianalisa. Kesemua keputusan telah disembahkan secara grafik dan dibincang. Fomulasi unsur finit dan analisis telah dilaksanakan menggunakan pakej ANSYS.KEYWORDS:Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  finite element method; stress concentration factor; composites; transverse loading; deflection; elastic constants
Cluster-based Multihop Synchronization Scheme for Femtocell Network
Authors: Abdalla Aisha H. , Saeed Rashid A. , Hasan Mohammad K. , Islam Shayla , Khalifa Othman O.
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT: FemtocellÂ technology has been drawing considerable attentionÂ as a cost-effective means of improving cellular coverage andÂ capacity. It is connected to the core network through an IP backhaul and can only use timing protocols such as IEEE1588 or Network Time Protocol (NTP). Furthermore, the femtocell is installed indoor, and cannot use a GPS antenna for time synchronization.Â  High-precision crystal oscillators can solve the timing problem, but they are often too expensive for consumer grade devices. Therefore, femtocell Base Station (fBS) synchronization is one of the principle technical trends in femtocell deployment. Since fBSand macrocell Base Station (mBS) network operates on the same frequency under a licensed spectrum, fBS network can interfere with the macrocell network. In addition, fBSs can also interfere with each other if multiple units are in close proximity. Furthermore, in a flat fBS structured network using IEEE 1588 synchronization algorithm and fBS-fBS synchronization scheme creates offset and frequency error which results inaccurate synchronization. In order to reduce offset and frequency error (skew), this paper proposed a cluster-based multihop synchronization scheme to achieve precise in fBS neighbor nodes. The proposed scheme is able to reduce the offset and skew significantly.ABSTRAK: Teknologi Femtocell telah menjadi tumpuan sebagai alat yang kos-efektif dalam memperbaiki liputan mudahalih dan kapasiti. Ia menghubungkan jaringan teras melalui IP backhaul dan hanya boleh menggunakan protokol masa seperti IEEE1588 atau Protokol Jaringan Masa (NTP). Seterusnya, femtocell dipasang di dalam, dan tidak boleh menggunakan antena GPS untuk sinkronisasi masa. Osilator Kristal yang tinggi kejituannya boleh menyelesaikan masalah masa, tetapi ianya mahal bagi gred peranti consumer. Oleh itu, sinkronisasi Stesen Asas femtocell (fBS) adalah salah satu tren teknikal prinsip dalam deployment femtocell. Memandangkan fBS dan jaringan Stesen Asas makrosel (mBS) beroperasi pada frekuensi yang sama di bawah spektrum lesen jaringan fBS boleh mengganggu jaringan makrosel. Tambahan pula, fBS juga boleh mengganggu antara satu sama lain jika unit pelbagai adalah close proximity. Tambahan lagi, bagi struktur jaringan rata fBS menggunakan algorisma sinkronisasi IEEE 1588 dan skema sinkronisasi fBS-fBS mencipta offset dan ralat frekuensi yang menyebabkan ketidaktepatansinkronisasi. Bagi mengurangkan offset dan ralat frekuensi (skew), kajian ini mencadangkan multihop berasaskan kluster skema sinkronisasi bagi mencapai kejituan dalam mod kejiranan fBS. Skema yang dicadangkan boleh mengurangkan offset dan skew dengan berkesan.KEYWORDS:Â femtocell base satationt (FBS); synchronization; frequency division multiple access (OFDMA); inter-cluster, intra-cluster
Numerical Study of Laminar Forced Convection of Water/Al2o3 Nanofluid in an Annulus with Constant Wall Temperature
Authors: Kashani Amin , Jalali-vahid Davood , Hossainpour Siamak
Published: October 2018

Laminar forced convection of a nanofluid consisting of water and Al2O3 in a horizontal annulus has been studied numerically. Two-phase mixture model has been used to investigate thermal behaviors of the nanofluid over constant temperature thermal boundary condition and with different volume concentration of nanoparticles. Comparisons with previously published experimental and analytical works on flow behavior in horizontal annulus show good agreements between the results as volume fraction is zero. In general convective heat transfer coefficient increases with nanoparticle concentration.Â ABSTRAK: Kertaskerja ini mengkaji secara numerik olakan paksa bendalir lamina yang menganduangi air dan Al2O3 didalam anulus mendatar. Model campuran dua fasa digunakan bagi mengkaji tingkah laku haba bendalir nano pada keadaan suhu malar dengan kepekatan nanopartikel berbeza. Perbandingan dengan karya eksperimen dan analitikal yang telah diterbitkan menunjukkan bahawa kelakuan aliran didalm anulus mendatar adalah baik apabila pecahan isipadu adalah sifar. Pada amnya, pekali pemindahan haba olakan meningkat dengan kepekatan nanopartikel.Â KEYWORDS: nanofluid; volume concentration; heat transfer enhancement; laminar flow convection; annulus
A Technique for Designing Variation Resilient Subthreshold Sram Cell
Authors: Islam Aminul
Published: October 2018

This paper presents a technique for designing a variability aware subthreshold SRAM cell. The architecture of the proposed cell is similar to the standard read-decoupled 8-transistor (RD8T) SRAM cell with the exception that the access FETS are replaced with transmission gates (TGs). In this work, various design metrics are assessed and compared with RD8T SRAM cell. The proposed design offers 2.14× and 1.75× improvement in TRA (read access time) and TWA (write access time) respectively compared with RD8T. It proves its robustness against process variations by featuring narrower spread in TRA distribution (2.35×) and TWA distribution (3.79×) compared with RD8T. The proposed bitcell offers 1.16× higher read current (IREAD) and 1.64× lower bitline leakage current (ILEAK) respectively compared with RD8T. It also shows its robustness by offering 1.34× (1.58×) tighter spread in IREAD (ILEAK) compared with RD8T. It exhibits 1.42× larger IREAD to ILEAK ratio. It shows 2.2× higher frequency @ 250 mV with read bitline capacitance of 10 fF. Besides, the proposed bitcell achieves same read stability and write-ability as that of RD8T at the cost of 3 extra transistors. The leakage power of the proposed design is close to that of RD8T.   ABSTRAK: Kertas kerja ini membentangkan teknik merekabentuk sel bawah ambang SRAM yang bolehubah. Senibina sel yang dicadangkan adalah sama dengan sel SRAM 8-transistor (RD8T) “pisahan-bacaan” piawai kecuali FET akses  digantikan dengan sel pintu transmisi (TGs). Di dalam kajian ini, beberapa metrik rekabentuk dinilai dan dibandingkan dengan sel RD8T SRAM. Rekabentuk yang dicadangkan menawarkan  peningkatan 2.14× dan 1.75×  dalam TRA (masa akses baca) dan TWA (masa akses tulis) berbanding dengan RD8T. Ia membuktikan kekukuhan variasi proses dengan menampilkan tebaran yang lebih sempit dalam pengagihan TRA (2.35 ×) dan pengagihan TWA (3.79 ×) berbanding dengan RD8T. Sel-Bit yang dicadangkan mempunyai arus baca 1.16 × lebih tinggi  (IREAD) dan arus bocor bitline 1.64 × lebih rendah (ILEAK) berbanding dengan RD8T. Ia juga membuktikan kekukuhan dengan menawarkan 1.34 × (1.58 ×) penyebaran sempit di IREAD (ILEAK) berbanding dengan RD8T dan nisbah IREAD / ILEAK 1.42 × lebih besar. Ia menunjukkan kekerapan 2.2 × lebih tinggi pada 250 mV dengan kemuatan membaca bitline sebanyak 10 fF. Selain itu, sel bit yang dicadangkan mencapai kestabilan membaca dan keupayaan menulis yang sama seperti RD8T dengan kos tambahan 3 transistor. Kebocoran kuasa  rekabentuk yang dicadangkan hampir sama dengan RD8T. KEYWORDS: variability; robust, subthreshold; random dopant fluctuation (RDF); read static noise margin (RSNM); write static noise margin (WSNM).
INVESTIGATION OF GEOTECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF SAND DUNE SOIL: A CASE STUDY AROUND BAIJI IN IRAQ
Authors: Al-Taie Abbas J. , Al-Shakarchi Yousif J. , Mohammed Ali A
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT:Â While more than half the land surface of Iraq consists of deserts covered mainly with sand dunes, little research has taken place to study the characteristics and the behavior of dune soils. This paper directed toward studying the geotechnical properties of dune sands taken from Baiji city (northwest of Iraq). A vast laboratory testing program was carried out to achieve the purpose of this paper. The physical tests, chemical tests, X-ray diffraction analysis, permeability test, compaction characteristics, compressibility and collapsibility tests; and shear strength tests were included in this program. The results indicate that soil of Baiji sand dune exhibits prefer engineering properties according to their state. As such, this soil is considered suitable for use in geotechnical constructions.Â ABSTRAK: Walaupun lebih separuh daripada bumi Iraq terdiri daripada gurun yang dipenuhi dengan bukit-bukit pasir, tidak banyak penyelidikan dijalankan untuk mengkaji sifat-sifat dan ciri-ciri tanah pasirÂ  tersebut. Kertas kerja ini menyelidik sifat geoteknikal bukit pasir yang diambil dari pekan Baiji (di bahagian barat utara Iraq).Â  Program penyelidikan makmal yang menyeluruh telahÂ  dijalankan bagi mencapai objektif kajian ini. Ujian fizikal, ujian kimia, analisis belauan sinar-x, ujian kebolehtelapan, ciri pemadatan, faktor ketermampatan, ujian keruntuhan dan ujian kekuatan ricih diambilkira dalam program ini. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa tanih bukit pasir Baiji mengutamakan ciri kejuruteraan berdasarkan keadaannya. Oleh itu, tanah ini dianggap sesuai untuk kegunaan pembinaan geoteknikal.
BLANKET REPRESENTATION AND EXPEDIENT OF DISINFECTING WATER USING PULSING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
Authors: Ozoda Ibragimova , Abdulhak Khalikov
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT:Â Â The paper deals with comparative analysis of existing expedients and devices of disinfecting water, spots ways of the solution and a new method ofÂ  water purification using electromagnetic field applied in a cross wise direction.Â ABSTRAK: Dalam operasi, analisis perbandingan dijalankan bagi menentukanÂ  kesesuaian yang sedia ada dan alatan untuk menyahjangkit air. Dengan mengaplikasikan medan magnet lintang, penyelesaian masalah dikenal pasti dengan meningkatkan kemagnetan terhadap medan elektromagnet ke atas air.
REVIEW OF PASSIVE DRAG REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR BLUFF ROAD VEHICLES
Authors: Altaf Alaman , Omar Ashraf A. , Asrar Waqar
Published: October 2018

ABSTRACT:This paper presents a review of the techniques used to reduce aerodynamic drag over bluff bodies such as cylinders, spheres, 2D bodies with blunt backs and their application to commercial road vehicles.Â  The recent research carried out on the drag reduction is presented and categorised. A new classification of the techniques is introduced and major contributions under them are shown. It can be concluded that there is not much work done with realistic 3D bluff bodies, especially using passive methods.ABSTRAK: Kertas kerja ini membentangkan kaji selidik semula teknik yang digunakan untuk mengurangkan seret aerodinamik ke atas jasad tubir seperti silinder, sfera, jasad 2D dengan belakang tumpul dan aplikasinya terhadap kenderaan jalan raya komersial. Pengurangan seretan dibentangkan dan dikategorikan dengan kajian terkini. Klasifikasi teknik terkini diperkenalkan dan sumbangan utamanya diperbentangkan.Â  Secara kesimpulannya terdapat banyak tugasan yang tidak yang dapat dijalankan dengan menggunakan jasad tubir 3D sebenar, terutamanya dengan penggunaan kaedah pasif.