bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and optimization of digital image correlation processing variables using genetic algorithm
Authors: Gu Xuesen , Liang Yuan , Fu Shan
Published: April 2016

In the surface strain measurement, different settings of the variables applied in digital image correlation procedure give rise to different measurement error levels. This article discusses how the variable settings affect the error, and meanwhile put forward a method to optimize the variables. The deformation of the synthetic reference image for digital image correlation procedure is determined by a finite element simulation of a tensile test under certain loading condition. The digital image correlation variables concerned in this article contain the subset size, step size, shape function and strain window size. Moreover, a genetic algorithm is developed to optimize the setting of these variables, and their sensitivities are further analysed to clarify the different impacts of each parameter on the total measurement error. As demonstrated by the results, the measurement can be improved to a more satisfactory level after the optimization to the digital image correlation processing variables.
‘Histories of Power’, the ‘Universalization of Capital’, and India’s Modi Moment: Between and Beyond Marxism and Postcolonial Theory
Authors: Sinha Subir
Published: April 2016

Capitalist development in India, and the politics of those who are its immediate victims, defies the main varieties of postcolonial theory and Marxism that are today in contentious debate, in which postcolonial theory is identified with culture and particularity, and Marxism with political economy and universalism. Rejecting this framing, I draw attention to recently translated works by Marx, debates in agrarian political economy, and writings that emphasize the temporal specificity of contemporary capitalist development in India. I show the ‘compulsion’ of capitalists to compete and workers to sell their labour is held back by the ongoing politics of hegemony: capitalists want state protection and support for accumulation, and democracy and rights provide the poor with limited but sometimes effective political power. As a result, the primitive accumulation process remains indefinitely incomplete, and mature capitalism, defined by some Marxists as ‘universal’, is held in a sustained state of deferral.
Academic Labor: Who Cares?
Authors: Cardozo Karen M.
Published: April 2016

This article analyzes the neoliberal turn to contingent labor in academe, specifically the development of a ‘teaching-only’ sector, through the lens of feminist, interdisciplinary and intersectional studies of care work. Integrating discourses on faculty contingency and diversity with care scholarship reveals that the construction of a casualized and predominantly female teaching class in higher education follows longstanding patterns of devaluing socially reproductive work under capitalism. The devaluation of care may also have a disparate impact on the advancement of women within the tenure system. In short, academic labor issues are also diversity issues. To re-value those who care, intersectional alliances must be forged not only between faculty sectors, but also among faculty, care workers in other industries, and members of society who benefit from caring labor.
Prevention of Bacteremia in Dogs Undergoing Dental Scaling by Prior Administration of Oral Clindamycin or Chlorhexidine Oral Rinse
Authors: Bowersock Terry L. , Wu Ching Ching , Inskeep Gregory A. , Chester S. Ted
Published: April 2016

Dogs with periodontitis were used to determine the efficacy of an oral regimen of clindamycin versus chlorhexidine acetate oral rinse in reducing the total number of bacteria and the incidence of bacteremia before and after dental scaling. Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, isolated from blood and gingival swab cultures, were identified to genus using an automated system.
Management of a Complicated Maxillary Fourth Premolar Crown-Root Fracture in a Dog
Authors: Niemiec Brook A.
Published: April 2016

A five-year-old, spayed/female Border Collie was presented with a crown-root fracture of the maxillary left fourth premolar. Surgical, endodontic, and restorative techniques were performed to maintain the tooth. Re-examination 18-months following therapy indicated a successful outcome with no radiographic signs of periapical pathology.
Proliferative Gingival Lesion in a Cat with Disseminated Cryptococcosis
Authors: Odom Thomas , Anderson Jamie G.
Published: April 2016

A case of disseminated cryptococcosis with oral, pulmonary, and cutaneous manifestations is described in an eleven-year-old Siamese cat. Marked clinical improvement was noted 2-months following appropriate antifungal therapy. A review of disseminated cryptococcosis and the oral manifestations of fungal disease an provided.
Effectiveness of an Enzymatic Rawhide Dental Chew to Reduce Plaque in Beagle Dogs
Authors: Hennet Philippe
Published: April 2016

Tooth brushing is considered a superior technique for reducing plaque accumulation. Other methods of maintaining oral hygiene have been investigated since many owners may not be willing or able to brush their dog's teeth. Following a professional teeth cleaning procedure, 11 dogs were offered a rawhide dental chew BID for 7-days, while 11 other dogs were fed the same diet without receiving the chew device. Dogs in the treatment group had significantly less plaque formation during the trial period compared with dogs in the control group. The rawhide dental chew provided in the study reported here decreases plaque formation in the short-term and may be beneficial in the prevention of progressive periodontal disease associated with attachment loss if provided on a long-term basis.
Mandible and Mandibular First Molar Tooth Measurements in Dogs: Relationship of Radiographic Height to Body Weight
Authors: Gioso M.A. , Shofer F. , Barros P.S.M. , Harvey C.E.
Published: April 2016

Height measurements of the mandible and the mandibular first molar tooth were obtained from 234 dogs. Statistical analysis was performed to determine possible associations between these measurements and body weight, sex, age, and body condition. There was a statistically significant association between the mandible: mandibular first molar tooth height measurement ratio and body weight (p< 0.0001) in all body weight groups. Small dogs had proportionally larger mandibular first molar teeth relative to mandibular height compared with larger dogs. This relationship may contribute to an increased susceptibility in small dogs for periodontitis and subsequent tooth loss. There was no statistically significant association between the mandible: mandibular first molar tooth height measurement ratio and other parameters evaluated in this study.
Free Tissue Transfer of the Rectus Abdominis Myoperitoneal Flap for Oral Reconstruction in a Dog
Authors: Lanz Otto I.
Published: April 2016

A five-month-old intact/male Boxer dog was presented 5-days following bite wound trauma to the maxillary region resulting in an oronasal fistula extending from the maxillary canine teeth to the soft palate. Multiple surgical procedures using local, buccal mucosal flaps failed to repair the oronasal fistula. Free tissue transfer of the rectus abdominis myoperitoneal flap using microvascular surgical techniques was successful in providing soft tissue reconstruction of the hard palate area. Complications of these surgical techniques included muscle contraction and subsequent muzzle distortion. Small, refractory oronasal fistulae at the perimeter of the myoperitoneal flap were repaired by primary wound closure.
Effects of a Dental Food on Plaque Accumulation and Gingival Health in Dogs
Authors: Logan Ellen I. , Finney Oliver , Hefferren John J.
Published: April 2016

Recent studies have demonstrated that typical dry dog foods have significantly less efficacy in reducing accumulation of dental substrates compared to a specifically formulated and processed dental food. This study compared the effects of a typical dry food and a dental food on plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation in dogs during a 6-month period. Daily feeding of the dental food significantly reduced plaque and gingivitis by 39% and 36%, respectively, compared with daily feeding of the typical dry food. Feeding a food that decreases plaque accumulation and reduces gingivitis contributes to canine oral health maintenance.
Comparison of Two Heated Gutta-Percha Obturation Techniques of the Mandibular First Molar in the Dog
Authors: Ulbricht Robert D. , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Baker Gordon J. , Siegel Arthur M. , Klippert Linda S.
Published: April 2016

An in vitro study compared two heated gutta-percha obturation techniques of the mandibular first molar in the dog. Thirty hemimandibles were harvested from adult dog cadavers. The mandibular first molars were instrumented and obturated using either the ThermaFil Plus technique or the SuccessFil vertical compaction technique. Obturation times were recorded and three radiographic views were taken of all teeth for evaluation of the endodontic fill. Fifty-two of the mandibular first molar roots were evaluated in the apical dye leakage portion of the study. The ThermaFil Plus obturation technique required less time and provided a better radiographic endodontic fill, however there was significantly greater apical dye leakage in this technique compared with teeth that were obturated using the SuccessFil vertical compaction technique.
Fibrous Dysplasia of Mandibular Bone in a Dog
Authors: Fitzgerald Wayne , Slocombe Ron , Caiafa Anthony
Published: April 2016

A nine-year-old, male German shepherd dog was presented with a firm, discrete mass lingual to the interdental space of the mandibular left third and fourth premolars. The lesion was excised and diagnosed as fibrous dysplasia of bone based on histopathologic examination. Fibrous dysplasia of bone is a rare, non-aggressive, radiolucent, non-neoplastic lesion considered developmental in origin. Usually observed as a solitary lesion, it has been reported in animals and man in the polyostotic form. The disease process causes deformity of bone which may lead to loss of bone strength. Clinical signs are secondary to site specific problems associated with expansile bone lesions. Oral examination performed 18-months postoperatively indicated no signs of recurrence.
Shape and Size of Teeth of Dogs and Cats-Relevance to Studies of Plaque and Calculus Accumulation
Authors: Harvey Colin E.
Published: April 2016

Crown width, height and buccal surface areas were measured on heads or skulls of four dogs and four cats, and were compared with similar measurements on models of human dentition. Buccal surface area variability was greater in dogs and cats than in humans, and teeth of cats were smaller. Horizontal (gingival and occlusal halves) and vertical (mesial, middle, and distal thirds) buccal surface area variability was also greater in canine and feline teeth compared with human teeth. This increased variability suggests the need for testing of reliability and repeatability of scoring when using plaque and calculus indices based on horizontal or vertical segmentation. Buccal surface area variability between teeth also prompts questioning the validity of equal weighting of smaller, irregularly-shaped teeth when calculating a mean mouth score. Whether equal or more reliable results would be obtained from scores of whole teeth in comparison with segmentation indices used currently has yet to be determined.
Intraoral Acrylic Splints for Maxillofacial Fracture Repair
Authors: Legendre Loïc
Published: April 2016

Maxillofacial fractures in dogs and cats occur secondary to vehicular trauma, falls, kicks, gunshots, and fights with other animals. Pathologic mandibular fracture may occur secondary to periodontal disease, neoplasia, and metabolic diseases. The primary objective for repair of maxillofacial fractures in small animals is return to normal function. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain occlusal alignment while providing adequate stability for bony union. Basic principles of maxillofacial fracture repair include anatomic reduction and restoration of occlusion, application of a stable fixation to neutralize negative forces on the fracture, gentle handling of soft tissues, avoidance of iatrogenic dental trauma, extraction of diseased teeth within the fracture line, and minimizing excessive soft tissue elevation. This review article will describe the application of intraoral acrylic splints for maxillofacial fracture repair.
Compound Odontoma in Three Dogs
Authors: Felizzola Cláudia Ronca , Martins Marília Trierveiler , Stopiglia Ângelo , de Araújo Ney Soares , de Sousa Suzana Orsini Machado
Published: April 2016

Three young, female dogs were operated for compound odontoma. All tumors were considered stage III with treatment consisting of partial mandibulectomy or maxillectomy. Microscopic examination of the resected tissue confirmed the diagnosis. Relatively aggressive, resective surgery resulted in prolonged tumor-free intervals.
Engine Driven Rotary Instrumentation for Endodontic Therapy in a Cat
Authors: Beckman Brett W.
Published: April 2016

A 10-year-old, male/neutered Himalayan cat was presented for evaluation following diagnosis of a fractured maxillary right canine tooth (104) during an annual physical examination 1-week before presentation. The cat had received a professional teeth cleaning procedure 2-years previously at which time 104 had appeared normal during oral examination.
Evidence-Based Veterinary Dentistry: A Systematic Review of Homecare for Prevention of Periodontal Disease in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Roudebush Philip , Logan Ellen , Hale Fraser A.
Published: April 2016

Successful treatment and prevention of periodontal disease in pet animals requires a multidimensional approach to identify and eliminate exacerbating factors, provide scheduled professional examinations and care, and plan and implement a dental homecare program. Over the years, many therapeutic and preventive interventions have been developed or advocated for periodontal disease, but evidence of efficacy or effectiveness is highly variable. Accordingly, the main objective of this systematic review is to identify and critically appraise the evidence supporting various aspects of homecare for prevention of canine and feline periodontal disease.
Evaluation of a Barrier Dental Sealant in Dogs
Authors: Gengler William R. , Kunkle Bruce N. , Romano Davida , Larsen Diane
Published: April 2016

A study was conducted in 40 healthy, randomly selected, client-owned, mixed and purebred dogs to assess the efficacy of a barrier dental sealant. All dogs showed evidence of dental plaque, calculus, or gingivitis. The dental sealant was applied to one side of the mouth following a professional teeth cleaning procedure and reapplied weekly for 8-weeks following the cleaning procedure. Dental parameters evaluated included plaque, calculus, gingivitis, and gingival bleeding indices. A statistically significant difference was detected between treated and untreated teeth compared with baseline values for plaque and calculus at weeks 4 and 8, gingivitis at week 4, and gingival bleeding time at week 8. A professional teeth cleaning procedure followed by a single application of the barrier dental sealant and weekly reapplication performed by a veterinarian or veterinary technician provided significant improvement in plaque and calculus indices during an 8-week period.
Management of Multiple Dental Infections in a Dog with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Van Nice Eric
Published: April 2016

A dog with diabetes mellitus was treated for multiple dental fractures and refractory hyperglycemia. Five teeth were found to have endodontic infections. Three extractions and two root canal procedures were performed to resolve these infections, resulting in improved regulation of blood glucose levels. Treatment planning included special considerations in management of diabetes in the anesthetic and perioperative periods.
Pathophysiology and Management of Surgical and Chronic Oral Pain in Dogs and Cats
Authors: Beckman Brett W.
Published: April 2016

Pain involves a myriad of physiochemical responses leading to the perception of an unpleasant sensation arising from tissue damage. An understanding of the terminology and basic neurophysiology involved with the pain process is helpful in preventing and treating discomfort in our patients. A general understanding of the concepts of nociception, peripheral sensitization, and central sensitization will allow decisions to be made on the choices of analgesic agents in each individual patient based upon the type, duration, and severity of the pain. Using preemptive pain management with a multimodal approach provides the most consistent and predictable results. Analgesic protocols should be closely scrutinized on an individual basis with careful patient pain assessment during the postoperative period. Chronic pain mechanisms, particularly significant in cancer pain and stomatitis, require aggressive and perhaps unique approaches to ensure maximum patient comfort.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Study of the Dentinal Tubules in Dog Canine Teeth
Authors: Robb Larika , Marx Jorika , Steenkamp Gerhard , van Heerden Willie F.P. , Pretorius Etheresia , Boy Sonja C.
Published: April 2016

Dentin adhesive restorative techniques are regularly used in veterinary dentistry. Knowledge of the microanatomic structure and properties of dentin is essential to ensure success in restorative procedures. The aim of this study was to describe the density and diameter of dentinal tubules in dog canine teeth using recently described standardized scanning electron microscopy techniques. The results showed dentin of dog canine teeth to be more oval-shaped with a higher tubular density and slightly larger tubular diameters compared with human teeth. These features suggest dog canine teeth have less intertubular dentin compared with human teeth, which may theoretically result in lower resin-dentin shear bond strengths.
Comparative Observation of Skeletal-Dental Abnormalities in Wild, Domestic, and Laboratory Rabbits
Authors: Okuda Ayako , Hori Yutaka , Ichihara Nobutsune , Asari Masao , Wiggs Robert B.
Published: April 2016

Dietary habits must be considered as one of the major potential factors resulting in acquired malocclusions in rabbits. Although the dentition of the wild rabbit and the domesticated laboratory rabbit are basically identical, dietary habits are noticeably different. Therefore, the prevalence of tooth problems between these lagomorph species were investigated anatomically and radio-graphically. Mean measurements of the skull and dental arches suggested that wild rabbits have slightly shorter and wider skulls and dental arches compared with domestic laboratory rabbits. Root elongation of incisors and check teeth, and periodontal disease were more frequently observed in domestic laboratory rabbits. Diagnostic radiographs from domestic pet rabbits showed relatively higher crowns, severe root elongation, and advanced periodontitis. These results do not provide definitive evidence that dietary habits cause malocclusions, however they suggest that diet is a major factor in the initiation of malocclusions in rabbits.
Endodontic Treatment of a Non-Vital Permanent Tooth with an Open Root Apex Using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate
Authors: Juriga Stephen , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Weeks Stephen M.
Published: April 2016

A 2-year-old domestic feline patient was presented for evaluation of a complicated crown fracture of the right maxillary canine tooth. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed a non-vital immature permanent canine tooth with an open apex. This case report describes a two-visit technique using mineral trioxide aggregate in an apical barrier method for the treatment of a non-vital immature permanent canine tooth in a cat.
Endodontic Treatment of Dens Invaginatus in a Dog
Authors: Coffman Curt R. , Visser Chris J. , Visser Louis
Published: April 2016

Dens invaginatus or dens in dente is a developmental dental malformation that has the radiographic appearance of a separate tooth inside the pulp chamber or canal of another tooth. This report describes endodontic treatment of a variation of dens invaginatus in the maxillary canine tooth of a dog.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Osteoclastogenic Cell Mediators in Feline Tooth Resorption and Healthy Teeth
Authors: Senn David , Schwalder Peter , Roux Philippe , Bosshardt Dieter D. , Stoffel Michael H.
Published: April 2016

Tooth resorption is among the most common and most challenging problems in feline dentistry. It is a progressive disease eventually leading to tooth loss and often root replacement. The etiology of tooth resorption remains obscure and to date no effective therapeutic approach is known. The present study is aimed at assessing the reliability of radiographic imaging and addressing the possible involvement of receptor activator of NFκB (RANK), its ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) in the process of tooth resorption. Teeth from 8 cats were investigated by means of radiographs and paraffin sections followed by immunolabeling. Six cats were diagnosed with tooth resorption based on histopathologic and radiographic findings. Samples were classified according to a four-stage diagnostic system. Radiologic assessment of tooth resorption correlated very strongly with histopathologic findings. Tooth resorption was accompanied by a strong staining with all three antibodies used, especially with anti-RANK and anti-RANKL antibodies. The presence of OPG and RANKL at the resorption site is indicative of repair attempts by fibroblasts and stromal cells. These findings should be extended by further investigations in order to elucidate the pathophysiologic processes underlying tooth resorption that might lead to prophylactic and/or therapeutic measures.
Oral Examination Results in Rescued Ferrets: Clinical Findings
Authors: Eroshin Viacheslav V. , Reiter Alexander M. , Rosenthal Karen , Fordham Margaret , Latney La‘ Toya , Brown Susan , Lewis John R.
Published: April 2016

Ferrets have increased in popularity as pets, and a growing number are seen in companion animal practice. Domestic ferrets are commonly used as animal models for research of human oral conditions. The present study evaluated the prevalence of oral pathology in rescued ferrets which – to the authors' knowledge – has not yet been described in the scientific literature. Conscious oral examination was performed on 63 ferrets, of which 49 underwent general anesthesia for further examination. The most common clinical findings included malocclusion of mandibular second incisor teeth (95.2 %); extrusion of canine teeth (93.7 %); and abrasion and attrition of teeth (76.2 %). Tooth fractures were exclusively associated with canine teeth and found in 31.7 % of ferrets. Pulp exposure was confirmed in 60.0 % of fractured teeth. The normal gingival sulcus depth measured < 0.5-mm in 87.8 % of anesthetized ferrets. Clinical evidence of periodontal disease was present in 65.3 % of anesthetized ferrets (gingivitis or probing depths > 0.5-mm), however, advanced periodontal disease (i.e. periodontal pockets > 2-mm or stage 3 furcation exposure) was not found upon clinical examination. There was no evidence of tooth resorption, dental caries, stomatitis, or oral tumors in the examined group of ferrets.
Essential Considerations for Equine Oral Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Menzies Robert A. , Lewis John R. , Reiter Alexander M. , Lundström Torbjörn S.
Published: April 2016

Equine dentistry should no longer be thought of as art over science. To be an effective equine dental clinician requires considerable investment in knowledge beyond the basic veterinary degree. It requires current scientific dental knowledge and adherence to the fundamental principles of medicine, dentistry, and surgery. Knowledge and principles will provide clinicians with the necessary information to make more evidence-based decisions as the scientific literature continues to evolve. Diagnosis and therapy should be seen as journeys with a destination, keeping in mind the values of the Hippocratic oath.

Equine dentistry no longer needs to be seen as hard physical work with considerable risk to all involved. There is a demand for providers of equine dental care to be appropriately trained veterinarians and for veterinarians to further develop the science of equine dentistry. The rewards to the horse, client, and clinician are likely to be evident to those who make the investment.
Effectiveness of a Vegetable Dental Chew on Periodontal Disease Parameters in Toy Breed Dogs
Authors: Clarke DE , Kelman M , Perkins N
Published: April 2016

Sixteen toy breed dogs completed a parallel, 70-day two-period, cross-over design clinical study to determine the effect of a vegetable dental chew on gingivitis, halitosis, plaque, and calculus accumulations. The dogs were randomly assigned into two groups. During one study period the dogs were fed a non-dental dry diet only and during the second study period were fed the same dry diet supplemented by the daily addition of a vegetable dental chew. Daily administration of the dental chew was shown to reduce halitosis, as well as, significantly reduce gingivitis, plaque and calculus accumulation and therefore may play a significant role in the improvement of canine oral health over the long-term.
Common Dental Disorders of the Degu (Octodon Degus)
Authors: Long CV
Published: April 2016

Dental disease is prevalent in the captive degu (Octodon degus), yet little has been documented on the variety of disorders in this species. In this internet-based study, dental cases presented over a 7-year period were collated, analyzed, and grouped. Of the 137 total cases, the most common dental disorder of the degu was found to be molar malocclusion (42.3 %). Other disorders documented included enamel decoloration (13.1 %), molar elodontoma (8.0 %), enamel hypoplasia (6.6 %), incisor tooth fracture (6.6 %), incisor malocclusion (3.6 %), oral abscess (2.2 %), and impacted molar teeth (0.7 %). Details of each condition, pathogenesis, and clinical signs are described. Age was found not to be a significant predictor of dental disease in the degu.
The Development of an Oral Health Charting System for Koalas (Phascolarctos Cinereus)
Authors: Pettett Lyndall M. , McKinnon Allan J. , Wilson Gary J. , Carrick Frank N. , Sly Lindsay I. , Bird Philip S.
Published: April 2016

The koala is one of Australia's most highly specialized folivores with a diet exclusively of eucalyptus leaves to provide all nutritive needs and therefore requires to be free of oral disease as they are dependent on good dentition for optimal health and quality of life. We developed an oral examination methodology based on protocols for companion animals and human dentistry to chart the oral health of koalas. Thirty free-ranging koalas from South-East Queensland, Australia were examined for general body and oral health. Inspection of the oral cavity was conducted for the presence or absence of the indicators of oral disease such as caries or periodontal disease. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on the examination data and a prototype oral health chart developed. The prototype was then trialled and the methodology validated by the Kappa statistic using ten additional koalas examined by four multidisciplinary personnel involved in koala care. Trauma associated fractures, tooth displacement, abnormal occlusion and tooth wear, compacted vegetation, extrinsic stain deposits, periodontal bone loss, gingivitis, tooth mobility, and calculus were present in the oral cavities of the examined koalas. A system of scoring between 0 and 3 was constructed in accordance with current koala general health charting formats. Validation of the charting method using Kappa coefficients of agreement statistics indicated that there was a good agreement among observers on recorded results except for inflammation and calculus scoring. Modifications were made and visual aids and index scales produced to further assist observers. Oral health surveillance has been proven in other species to be significant in diagnosing physiological disturbances derived from environmental, genetic, and developmental causes. Veterinarians, dental researchers, and koala husbandry personnel will benefit in using this charting method and reporting the oral health of koala populations in their future findings. This unique form of oral health monitoring would be adaptable to other mammals.
Radiographic Appearance of Maxillary Sinus Feed Impaction in a Horse
Authors: Montgomery James E. , Carmalt James L.
Published: April 2016

A 15-year-old Belgian gelding presented in respiratory distress, with bilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, and right-sided epistaxis. The horse had a 5-year history of dental disease and had been recently losing weight. Radiographs indicated tooth root abscessation of the right maxillary third molar tooth and probable maxillary sinus feed impaction. These findings were confirmed at surgery and necropsy. The stippled, granular radiographic appearance described here is highly characteristic of sinus feed impaction.
Assessment of Apical Periodontitis in Dogs and Humans: A Review
Authors: Menzies Robert A. , Reiter Alexander M. , Lewis John R.
Published: April 2016

Veterinary dentists commonly encounter apical periodontitis in dogs. An overview of the disease is presented, concentrating on pathogenesis and mechanisms of healing. Assessment modalities are reviewed and interpretations of treatment success and failure are discussed. The limitations of readily available diagnostic equipment are illustrated. The benefits of identifying the causative agent and resultant pathosis should not be overlooked. Well-designed clinical studies evaluating various methods of long-term follow-up for apical periodontitis in dogs are needed.
Effect of Preparation Surface Area on the Clinical Outcome of Full Veneer Crowns in Dogs
Authors: Riehl Jessica , Soukup Jason W. , Collins Caitlyn , Siverling Sarah , Ploeg Heidi-Lynn , Snyder Christopher J.
Published: April 2016

Crown therapy is commonly used in veterinary medicine to provide support to teeth which have previously fractured, received root canal therapy, have significant wear, or experienced other detrimental removal of tooth substance. As with several aspects of veterinary medicine, many of the recommendations or guidelines for crown therapy originate from human dentistry, which are then transferred to veterinary patients. Due to the significant difference in the anatomy of teeth and function of the oral cavity between humans and dogs, these guidelines need to be studied to determine the appropriateness of their use in veterinary patients. This article evaluates the relationship between surface area of the preparation and clinical outcome of full veneer crown therapy of the canine tooth in dogs. Although there appeared to be a positive relationship between preparations with greater surface area and successful clinical outcome, it was not found to be statistically significant.
Duration of Action of Bupivacaine Hydrochloride Used for Palatal Sensory Nerve Block in Infant Pigs
Authors: Holman Shaina Devi , Gierbolini-Norat Estela M. , Lukasik Stacey L. , Campbell-Malone Regina , Ding Peng , German Rebecca Z.
Published: April 2016

Bupivacaine hydrochloride is frequently used in veterinary dental procedures to reduce the amount of general anesthesia needed and to reduce post-procedural pain. The aim of this study was to develop a novel method to test local anesthetic duration in mammals. Six infant pigs were placed under deep/surgical anesthesia with 3 % isoflurane and oxygen while 0.5 ml of 0.5 % bupivacaine hydrochloride was injected to block the two greater palatine and the nasopalatine nerves. They were then maintained under light anesthesia with 0.5–1.0 % isoflurane. Beginning 15-minutes after the injection, 7 sites in the oral cavity were stimulated using a pointed dental waxing instrument, including 3 sites on the hard palate. The response, or lack of response, to the stimulus was recorded on video and in written record. The bupivacaine hydrochloride injections lasted 1 to 3-hours before the animals responded to the sensory stimulation with a reflexive movement. This study provides evidence that bupivacaine used to anesthetize the hard palate has a relatively short and variable duration of action far below what is expected based on its pharmacokinetic properties.
Soft Tissue Tooth Impaction in a Dog
Authors: Carle Diane , Shope Bonnie
Published: April 2016

Soft tissue impaction occurs when erupting teeth fail to penetrate the overlying gingiva. This has been attributed to abnormally dense, fibrous, gingival tissue. However, soft tissue tooth impaction has been reported in humans with histologically normal overlying gingiva and may be the result of a failure of normal breakdown of overlying tissue. This case report describes soft tissue impaction of multiple teeth in a dog with histologically normal overlying gingiva. The impactions were treated with multiple operculectomies that resulted in subsequent eruption of all impacted teeth.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Tooth Root Apices in the Dog
Authors: Hernández Sabás Z. , Negro Viviana B. , de Puch Georgina , Toriggia Paula G.
Published: April 2016

External and internal ultramicroscopic characteristics of the tooth root apex in dogs were determined. Thirty teeth (16 maxillary fourth premolars, 7 mandibular first molars, and 7 maxillary canines) were examined. Teeth were obtained from 9 dogs with a total of 59 roots evaluated. Roots were sectioned perpendicular to the long axis (41), 3 to 7-mm from the apex, and others were sectioned longitudinally (18). Specimens were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The major diameter of 1,700 foramina and the depth of apical deltas were measured. The shape of the apex varied from round to elliptical and round-elliptical, with a regular or irregular surface. All root apices had many foramina, most (85.44 %) with a diameter < 50-μm. The maximum foramen diameter was 234.19-μm. Great variation was observed in the size of the apical foramina. The internal aspect of the cementum at the apical level showed a “sieved plug”. The extension of the cementum within the root canal forming the apical delta measured 2 ± 0.4-mm.
Evaluation of an Anti-Plaque Gel for Daily Toothbrushing
Authors: Milella Lisa , Beckman Brett , Kane Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2016

An anti-plaque gel, containing no pharmaceutical chemicals, alcohol, xylitol, artificial or synthetic ingredients, with clinically proven plaque reducing efficacy was evaluated as a toothpaste together with toothbrushing. The study was designed to achieve an optimal level of homecare and an effective degree of plaque reduction following professional periodontal therapy to aid in the management of periodontal disease. The study consisted of two blinded trials (medium/large dogs and small breed dogs) of 4-weeks duration, each of which included 45 dogs divided equally among a test group, a positive control group, and a negative control group. Significant reductions in both plaque (p < 0.001) and gingivitis (p < 0.001) were observed in the test group in comparison to both the negative and positive control groups. This study also demonstrated that plaque was significantly reduced in the gingival segment (p < 0.001) in addition to the whole tooth score (p < 0.001). No adverse effects were noted and brushing was well tolerated by all dogs. This study establishes a highly effective method for achieving plaque reduction in dogs.
Nomenclature and Classification of Odontogenic Tumors — Part II: Clarification of Specific Nomenclature
Authors: Bell Cynthia M. , Soukup Jason W.
Published: April 2016

Accurate identification of odontogenic tumors is critical for productive communication and an important foundation for useful comparative epidemiologic studies of odontogenic tumors in both domestic animals and humans. This manuscript illuminates the subject of veterinary odontogenic tumor nomenclature and will serve as a foundation for future updates in nomenclature and classification of odontogenic tumors.
Modified Conservative Treatment of an Extensive Dentigerous Cyst in a Dog
Authors: Honzelka Steven R. , Kressin Dale J. , Chamberlain Thomas P.
Published: April 2016

Dentigerous cysts are a common finding in dogs with unerupted teeth. Careful evaluation of the dentition and radiographic examination of any areas of apparently missing teeth is recommended to identify unerupted teeth. Dentigerous cysts may be small and focal, or they may be expansive and destructive. This case report describes an extensive dentigerous cyst that formed secondary to an unerupted tooth. Although the cyst was not completely excised due to its extensive nature, multiple postoperative examinations showed resolution of the cyst and no radiographic or clinical signs of recurrence.
Traumatic Intrusion of a Maxillary Canine Tooth: 3 Cases
Authors: Edstrom Emily J. , Smith Mark M. , Taney Kendall , Smithson Christopher W.
Published: April 2016

Of the six recognized types of tooth luxation injuries, intrusion generally carries the most guarded long-term prognosis due to the high risk of complications, including root resorption, ankylosis, marginal bone loss, and pulp canal obliteration or necrosis. The degree of traumatic intrusion and stage of root development affects the outcome and treatment planning. This report describes the clinical history, oral and radiographic examination findings, and rationale for surgical extraction in 2 dogs and 1 cat with traumatic intrusion of a maxillary canine tooth.
Comparison of the Diagnostic Image Quality of the Canine Maxillary Dentoalveolar Structures Obtained by Cone Beam Computed Tomography and 64-Multidetector Row Computed Tomography
Authors: Soukup Jason W. , Drees Randi , Koenig Lisa J. , Snyder Christopher J. , Hetzel Scott , Miles Chanda R. , Schwarz Tobias
Published: April 2016

The objective of this blinded study was to validate the use of cone beam computed tomography (CT) for imaging of the canine maxillary dentoalveolar structures by comparing its diagnostic image quality with that of 64-multidetector row CT. Sagittal slices of a tooth-bearing segment of the maxilla of a commercially purchased dog skull embedded in methylmethacrylate were obtained along a line parallel with the dental arch using a commercial histology diamond saw. The slice of tooth-bearing bone that best depicted the dentoalveolar structures was chosen and photographed. The maxillary segment was imaged with cone beam CT and 64-multidetector row CT. Four blinded evaluators compared the cone beam CT and 64-multidetector row CT images and image quality was scored as it related to the anatomy of dentoalveolar structures. Trabecular bone, enamel, dentin, pulp cavity, periodontal ligament space, and lamina dura were scored. In addition, a score depicting the evaluators overall impression of the image was recorded. Images acquired with cone beam CT were found to be significantly superior in image quality to images acquired with 64-multidetector row CT overall, and in all scored categories. In our study setting, cone beam CT was found to be a valid and clinically superior imaging modality for the canine maxillary dentoalveolar structures when compared to 64-multidetector row CT.
Alveolar Osteitis (Dry Socket) in a Dog: A Case Report
Authors: de Wyels Sara Van Cauwelaert
Published: April 2016

Following extraction of a maxillary left first molar tooth in an eight year-old retriever, the dog re-presented five days later because of oral pain, which did not respond to analgesic therapy. The extraction site contained a foul-smelling fluid, but did not contain a clot or granulation tissue. Alveolar osteitis (dry socket) was diagnosed. The alveolus was curetted and flushed, and the dog was given cefalexine and prednisolone. The alveolus was filling with healthy granulation tissue one week later and the dog was no longer in pain.
Oral Malodor and its Relevance to Periodontal Disease in the Dog
Authors: Culham Neil , Rawlings John M.
Published: April 2016

Oral malodor has been studied extensively in humans but very little work has been done in dogs where it constitutes a significant problem. In this article we review its causes, methods of detection, and strategies for preventing it. Oral malodor arises from microbial metabolism of exogenous and endogenous proteinaceous substrates in the oral cavity and is exacerbated by periodontal disease and poor oral hygiene. Gram negative bacteria found in plaque, in periodontal pockets, and on the dorsum of the tongue are primarily responsible for odor production. The volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan, which are produced by these bacteria, are not only primarily responsible for the objectionable odor but have been implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Assessment of malodor by portable sulfide monitors correlates well with organoleptic measurements. Reduction of microbial load in the oral cavity due to good oral hygiene practices (such as tooth-brushing) or by the use of appropriate diets or chews may reduce malodor formation.
Radiographic Study of the Maxillary Canine Tooth of Four Mesaticephalic Cats
Authors: Gracis Margherita
Published: April 2016

The radiopaque and radiolucent anatomical structures that are superimposed over the root of the maxillary canine tooth in mesaticephalic cats were identified on digital radiographs made at various angles. The vomer bone, the nasal bone, the palatine fissure, and the infraorbital foramen were not superimposed over the root of the canine tooth in the range of angles examined. Superimposition with the palatine sulcus (which is rarely visible clinically because of silhouetting of the soft tissues) only occurred at extreme horizontal (cross-sectional arc) angles. The second premolar tooth was superimposed at a cross-sectional angle of 80° and 90°. The structures of concern in the interpretation of radiographs of the maxillary canine tooth in mesaticephalic cats are the conchal crest, the line of conjunction between the vertical body of the maxilla and its palatine process, the incisivomaxillary canal (which is rarely visible on radiographic images), and the lachrymal canal. Because of their anatomical vicinity, the radiographic position of these structures relative to the maxillary canine tooth can only be minimally changed. It was not possible to identify an “ideal” angle to radiograph the maxillary canine tooth in these four mesaticephalic cats. However, an acceptable compromise between minimal distortion of the image and satisfactory visualization of the root was obtained with the radiographic beam (rostro-caudal rotation) angled at 80° and the skull (rotation in cross-sectional arc) angled at 70°.
Endodontic Treatment and Metal Crown Restoration of a Fractured Maxillary Right Fourth Premolar Tooth: A Case Report
Authors: Brine Elizabeth J. , Marretta Sandra Manfra
Published: April 2016

A 2 year-old, spayed female Shetland sheepdog presented with a fractured maxillary right fourth premolar tooth during oral examination for a dental prophylaxis. Seven months after conventional root canal therapy was performed, the tooth was prepared for non-precious metal, full crown restoration, which was cemented in place 1 month after crown margin preparation. During re-examination for an unrelated problem 6 months later, the metal crown was in place and there was no evidence of further fracture of the tooth.
Intrinsically heat-sealable polyimide films derived from 2,3,3′,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride and aromatic diamines with various ether linkages
Authors: Ni Hongjiang , Zhang Xiumin , Liu Jingang , Yang Shiyong
Published: April 2016

A series of polyimides (PIs) with good heat sealability were synthesized from an asymmetric aromatic dianhydride, 2,3,3′,4′-oxydiphthalic anhydride, and aromatic ether diamines with different structures featured by ether amounts, substituted positions of ether linkages, and substituted positions of amino groups. In detail, the effects of these three substructures in the diamine were investigated on thermal resistance, thermoplasticity, and heat sealability of the PI film. It is found that the glass transition temperatures and heat-sealing strengths of the prepared PI films are influenced to different extents by the variations of the substructures, because of their different contributions to the chain mobility. These PI films are demonstrated to possess good heat sealability evidenced by completely fused heat-sealing interfaces and high heat-sealing strengths up to 580 N m−1.
Model-based sensor fault detection and isolation method for a vehicle dynamics control system
Authors: Li Chenfeng , Li Hui , Chen Yuzhong , Dong Honglei , Zhao Xun , Xiao Lingyun
Published: April 2016

Conventional vehicle electronic stability control requires one steering-wheel angle sensor, one lateral acceleration sensor and one yaw rate sensor to obtain a good control performance. The control system stops working when a sensor fault is detected, which means that the vehicle runs in an unprotected state. Thus, various sensor fault diagnosis algorithms have been designed to detect and isolate the faulty sensor, but these algorithms also can be used for fault-tolerant control to preserve the safety of the vehicle. However, determining which of the different sensors is faulty is very difficult as the conventional residual comparison algorithm can only find the existence of a sensor fault but cannot locate the faulty sensor, and very few research studies have focused on this problem. In this paper, an ingenious sensor fault diagnosis algorithm is proposed. The sensor fault is detected, located and isolated by cross-checking with three different yaw rate estimates. The steering-wheel angle observer and the lateral acceleration observer are designed to provide corresponding estimated sensor signals which are employed to estimate the different yaw rates by using an extended Kalman filter. A novel decision-making process is carefully designed to locate the faulty sensor based on the different yaw rate residuals. Electronic stability control is not interrupted as the faulty sensor signal is reconfigured by the estimated signal. Experimental tests on a real car show that the proposed algorithm is efficient for detecting the sensor fault and identifying which sensor is faulty. Simulations show that the vehicle stability control strategy based on the proposed sensor fault-tolerant control algorithm has a better performance than the traditional control strategy does.