bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Western Corn Rootworm Larvae in West Central Nebraska, 1993
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to suppress larval rootworm populations in 2 fields in westcentral NE. Both fields were located at the University of Nebraska West Central Research and Extension Center and were composed of Cozad silt loam soils. Hybrid field corn was ridge-planted in Field 1 with a John Deere Max-emerge planter, to a non-tilled seed bed on 20 May. At the time of planting, soil moisture was adequate for germination and the soil temperature was about 18° C. Several insecticides were applied at planting to a single row 145 m in length with insecticide boxes attached to the planter. Four replications of each treatment were arranged in a RCBD. T-band applications were made by applying a 7 inch band of insecticide in front of the press wheel. In-furrow applications were made by applying insecticide directly into the seed furrow. Field 2 was ridge-planted to ‘BoJac 520’ and ‘BoJac x438’ hybrid field corn with a John Deere Max-emerge planter, in a non-tilled seed bed on 6 May. At the time of planting, soil moisture was adequate for germination and the soil temperature was about 13° C. With the exception of 4 field length strips, 12 rows in width, Lorsban 15G was applied at planting with insecticide boxes on the planter at a rate of 836 g (AI)/ha. Granular and liquid insecticides were applied to untreated strips in Field 2 immediately prior to cultivation on 25 Jun. The corn plants were in the early whorl stage (growth stage 2) of development at the time of application. The granular treatments were applied over the whorl of the plants, on 10 m of a single row, with insecticide boxes attached to a tool bar. Furadan 4F was applied to 10 × 4 m plots in Field 2 either broadcast or in 7 inch bands to the base of the plants. All liquid treatments were applied in a total volume of 120 liters/ha at 206,786 Pa (30 psi). All treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a RCBD. Two blocks of treatments were applied to ‘BoJac 520’ hybrid field corn plants and 2 blocks of treatments were applied to ‘BoJac X438’ hybrid field corn plants. Treatments in both fields were evaluated 22 Jul by rating washed roots, using the 1-6 Iowa Root Damage Rating Scale, of 4 plants from each replicate. Data from each field were analyzed separately with analysis of variance and an LSD test was used for mean separation.
Soil Insecticides for Insect Control in Field Corn, Painter, Va 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Field corn was planted no-till on 7 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Treatments were applied pre-planting in the manner indicated in the table. Each plot consisted of four 25 ft rows bordered on each side by an untreated guard row. Plant spacing was 30 inches between rows with 9-10 inches between plants. Stand counts averaged 36 plants per 25 ft row on 28 May. The number of damaged whorls was counted in the 2 center rows (50 ft total) of each plot on 4 Jun and the number of damaged (stunted or twisted) stalks was counted in the 2 center rows (50 ft total) of each plot on 23 Jun.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides and Insecticide Combinations Against Boll Weevil, Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1993
Authors: Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Burris E.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted in a Gigger-Gilbert silt loam on 2 Jun. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 1.02 m centers × 15.2 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Field preparation and plot maintenance followed conventional cultural practices. Plots were irrigated to maintain satisfactory soil moisture. All treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 56.1 liters total spray/ha through TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 3.2 kg/cm2. Treatments were applied on 2, 5 and 16 Aug and evaluated on 5, 9 and 20 Aug (3, 4 and 4 DAT respectively) by visually examining 25 terminals per plot (randomly selected from middle 2 rows of each plot) for eggs, damage and live larvae and 25 squares per plot for live larvae and bollworm-tobacco budworm and boll weevil damage. The center 2 rows of each plot were mechanically harvested on 8 Oct to estimate seed cotton yields. The plots received 5.3 cm rainfall on 6 Aug and a trace of rainfall on 18, 19 and 20 Aug. Methyl parathion 4E (0.37 kg [AI]/ha) was applied on 23 Jul and 10, 24 and 28 Aug to all plots for boll weevil suppression.
Selected Treatments for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1993
Authors: Herbert, Jr. D. A.
Published: December 2017

Liquid and granular insecticide formulations were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in cv. ‘NC 7’ Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted on 17 May using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied in a 14-inch band over the row either at preplant (band, ppi), early flowering (24 Jun) or at pegging (13 Jul). Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17 gpa at 22 psi through one 8004E flat fan nozzle per row. Granules were applied with a bicycle-mounted Noble applicator. Preplant treatments were soil incorporated 3 to 4 inches deep using a land conditioner. Early flowering time banded treatments were lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Pod injury was determined 15 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Pods were categorized as undamaged, scarred (apparently superficial damage to the outer pod wall), and penetrated (pod wall penetrated). Yield was based on digging, combining (6 Oct), drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows (80 row ft) of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Rangeland Grasshopper Control Using Dimilin, 1993
Authors: Catangui M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Walz A. W.
Published: December 2017

Grasshopper control was investigated in Ludlow, SD. Insecticides were aerially applied over 40-acre plots from 4-7 Jul. CRD with each treatment replicated 4 times was utilized. Untreated plots were considered as controls. Grasshopper densities were estimated through ring counts (4 rows of ten 0.1 m2 aluminum rings, were arranged in 8 × 8 ft grids near the center of each 40-acre plot). Grasshopper counts were made at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 76 DAT. Grasshopper species and age composition were determined by taking 80 sweeps/plot with a 12 inch diam sweep net. At 0 DAT majority of the grasshoppers were 1st, 2nd, and 3rd instars at 46.8%, 24.6%, and 23.5%, respectively.
Furadan Formulations and Application Methods for Rice Water Weevil Control, 1993
Authors: Muegge M. A. , Barbour J. D. , Trahan G. B. , Bollich P. A.
Published: December 2017

Different formula tions and application methods of the insecticide, Furadan, were evaluated for control of rice water weevil at the Rice Research Station, Crowley, LA. Plots, 1.22 × 5.47 m, were collectively leveed and arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates and 4 treatments. Fertilizer was incorporated pre-plant and applied broadcast 3 wk post-flood at 50.6 kg (13-13-13) and 101.2 kg (21-0-0) N-P-K/ha respectively. Plots were drill seeded to Crowley silt loam (17.8 cm row spacing) with ‘Cyprus’ rice at 112.5 kg seed/ha on 12 May, flush irrigated 21 and 28 May, and permanently flooded 7 Jun. Propanil was applied at 3.34 kg/ha on 26 May using a CO, backpack sprayer delivering 141.9 liters/ha at 1.8 kg/cm2 for weed control. Benomyl was aerially applied at 0.56 kg/ha on 28 Jun to control rice blast. Foliar applications of Furadan 4F were made 3 d pre-flood at 1.14 kg/ha using a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 141.9 liters/ha at 1.52 kg/cm2 with 80015 flat-fan nozzles on a 0.91 m boom. Furadan 4F, adsorbed onto ammonium sulfate fertilizer (N-P-K = 21-0- 0), was applied 2 wk post-flood at 1.14 kg/ha using a hand-held shaker. Furadan 3G was applied 2 wk post-flood at 0.68 kg/ha using a hand-held shaker. Three randomly selected soil samples per plot were taken 22 and 29 Jun, and 7 and 13 Jul using a 10.2 × 10.2 cm core sampler. Individual samples were washed through a funnel, fitted with wire screen, into a 35 mesh screen sieve. Collected rice water weevil (RWW) larvae and pupae were floated in a saturated NaCl solution, counted and corrected for the number of rice plants per core. Five plants per plot were measured for height immediately prior to harvesting the center 4 rows of each plot on 1 Sep using a Kubota combine. Moisture content of harvested grain was determined and then standardized to 12% for calculation of yield. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA succeeded by orthogonal contrasts to separate the following mean comparisons: 1) Untreated vs treated; 2) Furadan 4F foliar spray vs Furadan 4F impregnated on fertilizer and broadcast applied; 3) Furadan 3G vs Furadan 4F foliar and broadcast applied. These contrasts were performed for all collection dates except the 1st date of 22 Jun, because application of the broadcast treatments were not made until after the plots were sampled. Therefore, these plots were considered as untreated and the following contrast performed: 1) Furadan 4F foliar application vs Untreated. Additionally, RWW immature counts corrected and uncorrected for the number of plants per core were analyzed. Both analyses produced similar results; thus, only uncorrected RWW immature means are presented in the table. All analyses were conducted at the 0.05 probability level.
Greenbug Control in a Farming Systems Study, 1989
Authors: De Spain R. R. , Benedict J. H. , Ring D. R. , Landivar J. L. , Parker R. D. , Treacy M. F.
Published: December 2017

A 4 yr study of farming systems was conducted on a dryland farm near Corpus Christi, TX. The test design was a split-split plot (rotations, tillages, and insect managements in a RCBD). The main treatments were rotations; (1) continuous sorghum, (2) sorghum/cotton, and (3) sorghum/corn. Main treatments were split into 2 subtreatments: (I) conventional tillage and (2) reduced tillage; and each tillage was split into 2 subtreatments: (1) Counter 15G 0.5 lb (ALVacre soil insecticide applied at planting and (2) no soil insecticide at planting. Main plots were 36 rows wide, tillage plots 18 rows wide, and insect management plots 9 rows wide. All plots were 200 ft (60.8 m) long, replicated 4 times, in rows on 38 inch centers. Counter was applied in the seed drill on the seed using an electric motor-driven Gandy granular applicator. The soil was sandy clay loam with good planting moisture. Data were analyzed as a split-split plot design using PROC GLM in SAS.
Selected Insecticides for Corn Earworm Control in Soybean in Virginia, 1993
Authors: Herbert, Jr. D. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of selected insecticides, with and without adjuvants, was evaluated against CEW in soybean. Hutcheson soybean was planted in 36-inch rows on 29 Jun. Treatments were applied on 18 Aug with water using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal formulation per acre at 50 psi through three D2-13 disccore hollow cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top of the row and 1 on each side. A RCBD was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated 3 h before and 1, 5, 8 and 12 DAT by comparing numbers of small (1st and 2nd instars), medium (3rd and 4th instars), large (5th and 6th instars) and total larvae per 3 row ft using a standard beat cloth sampling technique. Yield was determined by combining the center 2 rows of each plot (80 row ft) using a Hege small-plot combine. Data wore analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures. A cumulative index (CI) was calculated for each treatment using ∑(Xi+1 - Xi)(Yi + Yi+1)/2], where Xi, and Xi+1, are adjacent sample dates and Yi and Yi+1 are corresponding points of total larval number.
Control of Velvetbean Caterpillars on Georgia Soybeans, 1993
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Lambert Amy L. , Taylor J. Delano , Padgett Marion L.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of 9 selected insecticides for control of velvetbean caterpillars was evaluated at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. The insecticides were foliar-applied on 23 Aug on soybeans planted in early Jun. Individual plots were 4 rows wide × 50 ft long with alleys 6 ft wide on each end and 2 border rows on each side arranged n a RCBD with 5 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a COypowered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 17.8 gal/acre. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 4, 7, 11, 14, and 22 DAT, by taking a 20- iweep sample (15-inch diam net) from a single row. Soybeans were in the R5 growth stage (pods filling with seeds) at the initiation of the test and R6 growth stage (full size beans in pods) at the conclusion. The data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Efficacy of Aerial Application of Selected Insecticides Against Sugarcane Borer, 1993
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Reagan T. E. , White W. H.
Published: December 2017

Six insecticide treatments were tested for season-long control of SCB at Blackberry Farm, located in Vacherie, LA. A RCBD (4 reps) which incorporated 28 plots of SBC-susceptible plant cane was utilized. Plot size ranged from 0.37 to 0.92 ha (avg 0.67 ha). Each treatment was applied in water using a Cessna Ag Cat with swaths of 14.5 m (8 rows) delivering 18.7 liters of finished formulation per hectare. The plots were treated on 12 Aug when 5% of sugarcane stalks contained live larvae (3rd instars or smaller) in the leaf sheaths. Mortality (live/dead) was assessed 3 DAT by collecting and identifying stage of 15-20 larvae/plot. To determine the length of control, and if additional applications were needed, weekly infestation counts were made in each plot after the application. YSA infestations also were monitored weekly by counting the number of YSA on the 3rd or 4th leaf below the whorl of 20 randomlyselected plants. SCB infestations remained below economic injury for the remainder of the growing season and therefore no other applications were made. SCB damage was assessed by counting the number of bored internodes, exit holes, and the total number of internodes of 75 sugarcane stalks per plot (5 sites/plot, 15 stalks/site) on 5 and 7 Oct. Separation of means was by LSD.
Hornworm, Budworm, and Aphid Control on Burley Tobacco, 1993
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Litton Jim , Brock Alan
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the VPI and SU Southwest Virginia Research and Extension Center, Glade Spring, VA, to evaluate various combinations of foliar and transplant water (TPW) treatments for THW, TBW, and TA control on burley tobacco. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots, 8 × 30 ft (2 rows × 15 plants), on 3 Jun. Ten treatments were established in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were separated by single untreated guard rows and blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alleys. Immediately after transplanting Orthene and Admire were applied in 8 fl oz/plant (340 gpa) using a bucket and a dipper. Foliar treatments were applied on 26 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 26 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-lO nozzles/row. On 22 Jul, 4 d before application, 3rd instar THW and TBW larvae were released on 15 plants in the 1st and 2nd rows, respectively of each plot. TA populations were rated on a scale of 0-7 where 0 = no TA, 1 = 1-10 TA, 2 = 11-50 TA, 3 = 50-100 TA, 4 = 101-500 TA, 5 = 501-1000 TA, 6 = 1001-5000 TA, and 7 = more than 5000 TA. Ratings were made for the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot about once a wk from 4 to 12 wk after transplanting. TBW and THW were counted on 15 plants in each plot immediately before treatment and at 3, 7 and 16 DAT. The number of plants damaged and severely damaged by TBW was counted in each plot on 24 Aug, 4 wks after treatment. Plants were classified as severely damaged if they had been topped or had lost 2 or more leaves as the result of TBW feeding. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by DMRT. THW and TBW count data were transformed to SQRT (X + 0.5) before ANOVA. Actual means are presented in the tables.
Insecticide/Fungicide Wheat Seed Treatment Effects on Seedling Emergence, Aphids, Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus, and Yield, 1993
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Thomas James S.
Published: December 2017

Gaucho 480 seed treatments were compared to a standard Di-Syston 15 G in-furrow treatment for suppression of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and yield improvement. Insecticide combinations with Baytan/Captan fungicide seed treatments were also evaluated for effects on seedling emergence, final stand and culm count. The test was planted 9 Nov on a Marlboro sandy loam in Barnwell County, SC. Soil temperature was 66°F at 1.5 inch depth and moisture was excellent. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 × 4 ft (6 rows on 8-inch spacing). Granular Di-Syston was placed in-furrow with electric Gandy applicators. Seed treatments were applied by the Gustafson Seed Research Laboratory. All seed were from the same lot. Stand and head counts were taken from 2 randomly-selected 1.0 m samples per plot. Aphid counts were taken from 2 randomly selected 0.5-row ft samples per plot on 19 Feb. BYDV symptomatic flag leaves were counted by 2 observers, each scanning 100 row ft per plot on 19 Apr. The entire plot was harvested for yield.
Efficacy Comparison of Some New Materials for Aphid Control in Small Grain, 1993
Authors: Noetzel David N. , Warnes Dennis
Published: December 2017

The experiment was located at the West Central Experiment Station, with a plot size of 5 ft × 20 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD, and replicated 4 times. All seed received planter treatment using DB green (Maneb 50%-lindane 18.8%) to reduce variability caused by soil fungi. Planting date was 22 Apr. Foliars (all were foliars except Gaucho) were applied in approximately 10 gpa of total material at the flag leaf (Feekes 8) stage (22 Jun) of the plant. They were applied using a CO2 hand held sprayer at 40 psi pressure. Nearly 1 inch of rain fell on this trial within 1 h post treatment.
Russian Wheat Aphid Control Using Seed and Rescue Treatments, 1993
Authors: Kieckhefer R. W. , Beck D. A. , Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Voss T. S.
Published: December 2017

Winter wheat was planted (8 Sep) at a rate of 75 lb per acre in a Lismore silty clay loam soil in 17.5-cm rows using a 10-row International drill near the Northern Grain Insects Research Laboratory, Brookings, SD. The experiment was arranged in CRBD with 4 replications. Treatments were randomly assigned to 1-m2 plots of winter wheat. Individual treatment plots were artificially infested (2 Oct) with laboratory-reared RWA. Pretreatment counts (6 Oct) indicated 25.8 RWA/tiller were present. Foliar rescue applications were carried out (9 Oct) using a hand-held spray boom equipped with 6 TeeJet 8002 nozzles spaced 12 inches apart that delivered 20 gpa at 25 psi while travelling at 3 mph. Miles, Inc. provided the material for seed treatments (Gaucho 480 FS), which was applied 2 wk prior to planting time for comparison with foliar-applied rescue treatments. The 5 DAT (14 Oct) RWA census was performed by randomly selecting 4 tillers from each quadrant and one from the center of each 1-m2 plot. Additionally, a 23 DAT count (1 Nov) was conducted in the same manner to determine residual RWA control. Aphid count data were subjected to SAS’s General Linear Models (GLM) procedure and means were compared using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test
Evaluation of Microbial Insecticides for Control of Armyworms on Winter Wheat, 1993
Authors: Steinkraus D. C. , Young S. Y.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied on 19 May to winter wheat drilled on 6 inch row spacings at soft dough stage, in Mississippi Co., AR. A bicycle type CO2 sprayer with a 12 ft boom equipped with TX-4 hollowcone nozzles on a 20-inch spacing was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gpa at 40 psi. Plots were 12 × 50 ft separated by 6 ft borders arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. A spreader sticker (CS-7) was added (1 ml per gal). The application was made in the late afternoon. No rainfall occurred during the test. Five Bacillus thuringiensis products and 3 viruses (Anagrapha falcifera NPV [AfNPV], Pseudaletia unipuncta NPV [AwNPV] and P. unipuncta GV [AwGV]) were tested. Larval counts were made from the perimeter of the plots prior to the application, and again 4 DAT within plots. Armyworms in two 6 ft samples per plot were counted by searching the soil surface, debris, and base of plants. Just prior to the search, plants were jostled to knock larvae on plants to the ground. Larvae were collected from control and virus treated plots and individually placed in 1 oz plastic cups half-filled with pinto bean diet. Larvae were held until death of adult emergence. Yields were not taken.
Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1993
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted on fairways at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Experimental design was RCB with 4 replications. Granular formulations were applied with a ferti-lome, hand-pushed spreader. Liquid and wettable powders were applied with a Solo Knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal per 2,000 ft2. Rainfall from 5 Aug to 3 Sep was a total of 9.6 inches. All plots were well saturated with rainfall within 24 hours prior to applications. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using a 1 m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground in 10 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pretreatment counts were made 5 Aug and post-treatment counts were made 12 and 20 Aug and 3 Sep.
Evaluation of Imidacloprid for Control of White Grubs in Turfgrass, 1992
Authors: Merchant Michael
Published: December 2017

Granular and flowable formulations of Merit (imidacloprid) were evaluated for control of white grubs on a hybrid bermudagrass fairway located at Oak Cliff Country Club, Dallas, TX. The soil was heavy clay, similar to Austin silty clay (pH 7.6-7.9). Merit treatments were applied 20 and 21 Jul. Isazophos was applied on 24 Aug. Controls consisted of untreated plots and plots treated with an adjuvant, Latron B-1956 (although no adjuvants were added to the treatments in this test). Treatments were applied to 10 ft by 10 ft plots arranged in a RCB with three replications. Liquid formulations were applied using a pressurized CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to apply 5 gal of spray solution per 1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied using an Ortho Whirlybird® cyclone-type spreader. Plots were irrigated immediately following application with 0.25-0.5 inch of water. Initial post-treatment estimates of white grub population densities were made between 11 and 22 Aug. Final post-treatment counts were made for all plots on 2 Oct. Treatments were evaluated by counting white grubs from 1-10 randomly located, 4-inch diam by 4-inch-deep soil core samples, removed from each plot using a golf course cup-cutter. Pre-treatment counts on 20 Jul indicated a mean of approximately eight second-instar white grubs/ft2.
Subsurface Placement of Bioneem and Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Annual White Grubs, 1993
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Von Bargen K. , Grisso R. D.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in Lincoln, NE on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course fairway. The turf (100% Kentucky bluegrass) was maintained at a mowing height of 5/s inches and thatch accumulation in the plot area was 0.75 inches (finger compressed, 0.5 inches). Field conditions at the time of application were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6-7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity Plots were 40 inches × 15 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Formulations were applied 24 Aug using a Cushman Prototypt Subsurface Applicator configured to place liquid formulations at the soil-thatch interface (average depth, 0.75 inches). Immediately following applications plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. A total of 5.41 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT on 14 Sep by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Control of Japanese Beetle and Northern Masked Chafer Larvae on a Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on a golf course fairway at Carrollton, Carroll county, OH. Insecticides were applied 24 Aug to plots 8 × 10 ft (2.4 × 3.1 m) arranged in a RCB, replicated 4 times. Granular materials were applied using a drop spreader. All liquids were applied with a CO2 sprayer with Teejet XR8006VS nozzles at 35 psi (2.46 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). Before the entire experimental area was irrigated approximately lA inch (6 mm) of water using the golf course system, plastic sheets 12 × 12 ft (3.6 × 3.6 m), were laid over one of the Orthene treatments in each replicate so they received no posttreatment irrigation. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were as follows. JB: ca. 270/m2, 15% 1st, 70% 2nd, 15% 3rd instars. Turf: level, dry, 1.5 inch (3.8 cm) height, 100% Kentucky bluegrass. Thatch: dense, moist, 0-VA inch (0-6 mm). Soil: moist, 80°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 77°F at 3 inch (7.6 cm). Weather: sunny, 82°F, 2-10 mph (4-16 km/h). Water: pH 4.6. At the time of data acquisition a disease was found to have recently infected >30% of the JB larvae throughout the study area. Diseased grubs were collected for identification of the pathogen and further study of it. Efficacy data taken 5 Oct (41 DAT) were based on the number of live, sick, and freshly dead (appx 90% JB: 10% NMC) in six 7 × 7 inch (17.8 × 17.8 cm) square samples from each plot. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against the Japanese Beetle Grub on a Golf Course Fairway, 1993
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: December 2017

Three formulations of nematodes were tested against Japanese beetle grubs at the Amherst Country Club, Amherst, NH. Treatments were applied to 2nd instar grubs on Sep 2 from 1800 to 2100 h. Plot size was 8 × 8 ft with a 3 ft buffer between plots. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied in a watering can. All treatments were applied in water at a volume of 5 gal/1000 ft2. Immediately after application, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inch water and kept irrigated as necessary to keep the soil moist. Conditions at the time of treatment were: soil pH, 5.9; water pH, 6.8; soil texture, loam, 40% sand, 40% silt, 20% clay; soil moisture, 19.7%; OM, 5.1%; soil temperature at 1 inch 77.2°F, soil thatch, 0.5 inch; sky, cloudy. Plots were rated on Sep 30 by counting the number of live grubs under a 3 ft2 section of sod cut by a sod cutter.
Aphid Test on Rose Plants, Ingham Co., Mi, 1993
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

Rose plants (var Obsession) in 3 gal pots were used for this test in the Pesticide Research Center greenhouses at Michigan State University. The plants were 2-3 ft tall. Precounts were made on 8 Aug by counting all aphids on each plant. The plants were blocked by the precounts and treatments were applied on 10 Aug. Insecticides were sprayed to runoff with a R&D CO2 sprayer with a single 8008 nozzle at 50 psi except for the Marshal/Suscon treatments which were evenly applied to the surface of the soil. The amount of AI/ plant for the Marshal/Suscon treatments was the same as was used for the Advantage treatments. Eight plants could be treated with 1 liter of finished spray. All of the treatments were replicated 6 times with 1 plant being a replicate. Post counts were made by counting all aphids on each plant on 25 Aug.
Postharvest Control of Thrips with Pyrethroids on Dendrobium, 1993
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. , Hu Ben K. S.
Published: December 2017

Postharvest insecticidal treatments were evaluated from Jun through Jul 1993 at the University of Hawaii, Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo, HI. Flowers used in this study were randomly harvested from a commercial dendrobium farm in Kailua-Kona, HI. Dendrobium plants were well established growing in 0.5 inch crushed basalt rock under 30% polypropylene shade using standard cultural practices. Treatments consisted of 4 replicates with 5 inflorescences per replicate. In study 1. inflorescences were dipped floral end first into 5 gal buckets containing the insecticide solutions (25.7°C). Inflorescences were submerged for 3 minutes, and gently agitated 10 times at immersion, at 1.5 minutes, and again before removal for a total of 30 times. Control flowers were dipped in water following the same procedure as described. After dipping, inflorescences were held in buckets and allowed to air dry. In study 2, the double dip o1 Mavrik consisted of immersing inflorescences (27.3°C) as described above, followed by a 2 h waiting period and a second 3 min insecticide immersion. A 2.5 m? chamber was used to fumigate inflorescence with floragas (2 h exposure at 31.5°C). Control flowers for the floragas were held in an identical untreated chamber. Twenty-four hours after treatment, blossoms were removed from the inflorescence, counted, and placed in Berlese funnels heated with a 60 watt incandescent light bulb. Thrips were collected in a 8:2:1:1 solution of ethanol, distilled H20, acetic acid and glycerin and the number of nymphs and adults counted. Thrips counts were adjusted to the number of thrips per blossom. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control of Varroa Mites on Caged Honey Bees, 1993
Authors: Witherell Peter C. , Bruce William A.
Published: December 2017

Live bees were obtained from the brood nests of colonies in an apiary heavily infested with Varroa mites near Cocoa, FL, 13 Mar. Approximately ¼ liter (225 g) of bees from each colony (about 1700 bees) were placed in each of sixteen 20.8-liter screen cages (27.3 × 27.3 × 27.9 cm), equipped with sugar syrup feeders. Caged bees were maintained in a darkened airconditioned trailer (70°F) at the U.S. Horticulture Laboratory, Orlando, FL. Cages were randomized into 3 treatment groups and 1 control group (4 cages per group). A sample of approximately 275 bees (121-346) from each cage was sacrificed to estimate the initial level of mite infestation before treatment. Cages were placed over sticky paper to trap mites that fell. Amitraz smoke-treated cages were placed into a chamber (0.19 m1) for 1 h, where they were exposed to smoke from a strip of filter paper (2.54 × 9 cm) soaked in 15% KNO, and impregnated with 20 mg of Amitraz (Varamit®, sold in the former Yugoslavia). Apistan® package bee strips (Zoecon, Inc.) (a plastic strip, 3.18 × 12.7 cm, containing 2.5% fluvalinate, 21.1 mg AI) were hung from the top of cages near the feeder. Fluvalinate smoke (containing 16.7 mg AI) was administered in the same manner as Amitraz smoke. Cages were placed on shelves over sticky paper for 5 d to trap mites that dropped. Sticky papers were changed at 1, 24 and 120 h post-treatment for mite counts. Exact counts were made of live bees and mites remaining in cages at the conclusion of the 5-d test.
Biting Lice Control on Angora Goats in Northern Minnesota, 1992
Authors: Brown D. R. , Moon R. D.
Published: December 2017

Twenty-four naturally infested goats (9-monthold females and wethers) were assigned to three groups of eight, balanced by weight, sex, and initial louse density. Treatments were control (untreated), Ectrin® WDL 10% spray and Malathion 57% EC spray. Sprays were commercial formulations applied at 40 psi to saturate 1.5-inch long fleeces (ca. 1 qt insecticide solution per animal). Goats were weighed and examined for lice on day 0, (18 Dec), and then reexamined, reweighed, and shorn 110 DAT. Additional louse exams were made on days 60 and 150. Louse densities were judged by averaging counts of lice seen in five 3-inch hair-parts on each animal’s right shoulder and fore-rib area. One goat from the Ectrin treatment died from pneumonia between day 60 and 110. Fleeces were evaluated for features affecting sale price: hair length, organic matter contaminants, and “slippage” (shedding and matting). Fleece values were calculated using a S.90/lb base price with discounts for hair shorter than 5.5 inch, more than 0% organic matter and any slippage. Results were analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and if treatment effects were significant (P < 0.05), means were compared by LSD test (P < 0.05).
Toxicity of Insecticides to Larvae of Banded Cucumber Beetles (1982)
Authors: Sutter G.R.
Published: December 2017

The soil bioassay used for determining toxicity of insecticides to western, northern, and Mexican corn rootworm larvae was followed explicitly in this study. The soil, classified as a Brookings silty clay loam, had a pH of 7.1 and was 4.2% organic matter. BCB larvae were reared in the laboratory on corn seedlings. For each bioassay, six soil/ insecticide concentrations that ranged from 0 ppm to a level that induced 100% larval mortality were mixed using technical grade toxins; each mixture was divided into 4 to 6 samples. Ten early 3rd-stage BCB larvae, ca. 9-10 days old and weighing 3 to 5 mg, were placed in each sample and incubated at 25°C for 48 h. Dose mortality responses were calculated using a SAS probit analysis.
Leaf-Dip Dry Residual Toxicity Bioassays of Biorational Insecticides to Sweetpotato Whitefly Adults, 1993
Authors: Liu T.-X. , Stansly P. A.
Published: December 2017

Fully expanded tomato leaves were detached and dipped in serial concentrations of tested insecticides and water. Treated leaves were placed individually into glass vials filled with 20 ml of water. The vials were secured in the center of 0.9 liter clear plastic cup-cages for bioassay. Fifteen newly emerged 2-d old SPW adults from an established greenhouse colony were introduced into the cage 2 h, 1 d, 2 d and 5 d after the dipping treatments. Mortality of SPW adults was recorded at 24 h. The experiment was conducted at 25 ± 2°C, RH 70 ± 5%, and L:D 14:10.
Citrus Blackfly Control on Texas Citrus, 1993
Authors: Victor French J. , Hernandez Elias
Published: December 2017

Experimental NTN 33893 tank mixed with either 1% NR 440 oil or a spray adjuvant (Kinetic or Silwet) was compared to Danitol and Lorsban for efficacy against CBF. Treatments were completely randomized and replicated 3 times on single tree plots in a 6-yr-old grapefruit grove on 18 × 24 ft spacing. Treatment sprays were applied to foliar runoff (ca. 3.5 gal/tree) using a Hypro 5200 high pressure handgun sprayer operating at 250 psi. The systemically active NTN 33893 treatments were applied on 10 Feb and reapplied on 18 Feb.; all other treatments received a single application on 18 Feb. At weekly intervals, CBF-infested leaves (12/replicate) were randomly sampled at arms length from inside the tree canopy and examined with a microscope at 20X in the laboratory. CBF were recorded as dead by absence of body fluid when probed with a teasing needle. Percent mortality of all CBF immature stages was determined for each treatment.
At-Planting Treatments to Control Insects in Snap Beans, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Snap beans were planted on 10 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of three rows 25 ft long, planted on 36 inch row spacing, and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. At planting treatments were applied with a hand-held shaker, and the Orthene 75S treatment was applied with a 3 nozzle (hollow cones) boom backpack sprayer delivering 35 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of thrips nymphs and adults on 10 randomly picked leaves/plot. These leaves were washed in soapy water and the wash was then filtered through a Buchner funnel. Thrips were counted under a stereoscopic, binocular microscope. On 15 Jul, sweep net Samples were taken and numbers of leafhoppers recorded. On 28 Jul, numbers of leafhopper nymphs were counted on 10 trifoliate leaves/plot. On 3. Aug, 50 pods were hand harvested from each plot and numbers of pods scarred by thrips, numbers of pods chewed by bean leaf beetle or European corn borer, and numbers of marketable pods were recorded.
Control of Cabbage Looper, Diamondback Moth and Imported Cabbageworm on Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee
Published: December 2017

‘Bravo’ cabbage were planted in 1 row plots 35 ft. long on 11 Aug. Plants were spaced 22 inches apart in the row with 72 inches between rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk A loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 2.0 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 28 psi. Treatments were applied on 31 Aug; 7, 14, 20, 30 Sep; 6 and 14 Oct. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1-6 and were indexed as follows: 1) no apparent insect feeding; 2) minor insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves, 0 - 1% leaf area eaten; 3) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with no head damage, 2-5% leaf area eaten; 4) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with minor feeding on head, 6-10% leaf area eaten, head unmarketable during normal marketing conditions; 5) moderate to heavy feeding on wrapper and head leaves and moderate number of feeding scars on head, 11-30% of leaf area eaten; 6) considerable insect feeding on wrapper and head leaves with head having numerous feeding scars, over 30% of leaf area eaten.
Control of Imported Cabbageworm on Late Season Cabbage, 1993
Authors: Prostak Donald J.
Published: December 2017

Cabbage was transplanted on 9 Aug at the Snyder Research and Extension Farm, Pittstown, NJ. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design and consisted of single rows, 30 ft long on 5 ft centers with 3 ft between plants. Buffers were 5 ft between rows and 12 ft between plots within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 15, 18 Sep, and 1 Oct with a COz-pressurized single hollow-cone nozzle, hand-held sprayer that delivered 73.5 gal/acre directed at the upper surface of all leaves. Activator 90, a spreader-sticker, was added at the rate of 1 pt/100 gal to all treatments. Plots were evaluated on 28 Sep and 5 Oct by examining 5 plants from the middle of each replicate. All ICW larvae on the leaves were identified and counted.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly in Cantaloupe with Various Pesticides, 1992
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. J.
Published: December 2017

Cantaloupes, Cucumis melo, ‘Topmark’ were direct seeded on 3 Mar into single row “yuma beds” on 203 cm centers and thinned to 30 cm intervals at the University of Arizona, Yuma Valley Agricultural Center. Plots consisted of 4 beds, 18 m long with a 3.6 m buffer between plots. Plot preparation and seasonal maintenance followed local practices. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Applications were made with a 4-row highpressure, electrostatic boom sprayer equipped with stainless steel, hollow-cone nozzles (TX-18) spaced at 50 cm and delivered 563 liters/ha at 400 psi. Admire was applied as a soil drench in 40 oz of water/plant one week after thinning (5 Apr). Foliar applications were initiated when immature whitefly densities exceeded 3 nymphs/leaf. A total of 3 applications of CGA215944 and Fenoxycarb were made on 29 Apr and 5, 14 May. The remaining foliar treatments were applied 5 times on 29 Apr, 5, 14, 20, and 28 May. The pH of the application water was 7.1. A spreader/sticker was not used. Insect data were collected only from the inner two beds of each plot. Plots were sampled weekly beginning on 14 Apr, and terminating on 9 June. Adult SPWF were assessed by randomly selecting 20 leaves from the terminal area on primary vines (4th fully expanded leaf from the apex of the vine) and counting the number of live adults on the bottom surface. Counts were made at sunrise between 0500-0600 hrs. Immatures were assessed by counting the number of eggs, small nymphs, large and red-eyed nymphs, and eclosed pupal cases on two-cm2 disk sections from each of 10 leaves per plot.
Chemical Trials and Effects on Arthropods in Celery, 1992
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trumble J. T.
Published: December 2017

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 3 Sep at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Weekly application dates included 15, 22, 29 Oct, 5, 12, 19, 25 Nov and 3, 10 Dec. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H20) was at 100 gal/acre. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam®) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5.5 × 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Actual sampling dates were 20, 28 Oct, 4, 11, 18, 23 Nov and 2, 9 Dec. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (14 Dec). Beet armyworm and black cutworm damage was recorded separately.
European Corn Borer Control with Microbial and Pyrethroid Insecticides on Pre-Tassel Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Bartels D. W. , Bolin P. C.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota, Rosemount Experiment Station in corn planted 1 Jun. Plots consisted of single rows on 30" centers, 30 ft in length, and separated by untreated border rows and 4 ft alleys between replicates. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots were infested 27 Jul with approximately 25 neonate larvae/plant; larvae were applied to the whorl using ‘bazooka’ applicators. Plant growth stage at the time of infestation was primarily VI2-V13 and 95% pre-tassel (i.e., green tassel visible within the whorl). A single application of each treatment was made 4 Aug; the majority of larvae were second-instars. A medium-clearance Spirit sprayer was used to apply all materials. Liquid formulations were applied with one TX-10 nozzle/row at 40 psi, for a final spray volume of 30 gal/acre. Granular formulations were applied using a Gandy applicator. For all materials, applicator ground speed averaged 2 mph, wind speed 2 mph and ambient temperature 59°F. All treatments were evaluated 23 Aug by dissecting 5 plants per plot, from the tassel to the soil surface.
Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1991
Authors: Seal D. R. , Jansson R. K.
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted on 19 Dec. 1990 in a 0.04 acre field. Spacing was 36 in. between rows and ca. 4 in. between plants within a row. Lasso (4 EC) was applied at 2 lb Al/acre at the time of planting. Plants were fertilized with 1700 lb/ acre of granular fertilizer (4:8:12) on two dates, at planting and 3 weeks after planting. The experimental design was s randomized complete block with four replications. Plots were four rows, 45 feet long (ca. 540 sq ft). Treatments were: RH 5992 (2 F; 0.13 lb Al/acre); RH 5992 (2 OS, 0.13 lb Al/acre); RH 5992 (2 F; 0.13 lb Al/acre) + Cutlass (WP; 1.0 lb Al/acre); RH 5992 (2 F; 0.13 lb Al/acre) + methomyl (Lannate 1.8 L liquid; 0.45 lb Al/acre); methomyl (0.45 lb Al/acre); parathion (Aqua 8; 0.50 lb Al/acre); and a nontreated check. Triton B-1956 (0.06 lb Al/acre) was included with all treatments. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 100 gals/acre at 40 psi on 20 Feb., 6, 15, 23 and 30 March, and 7 April, 1991. Effects of different treatments on the control of corn silk fly and fall armyworm populations were evaluated by randomly selecting five corn ears from the two center rows of each plot on each of three dates 22 and 30 March, and 7 April. Ears were transported to the laboratory, and the numbers of corn silk fly larvae and pupae, and fall armyworms per ear were recorded.
Foliar Sprays to Control Worms in Sweet Corn, 1993
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted on 10 Jun at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, VA. Equal sized fields of the mid-season variety ‘Alpine’ and the late-season variety ‘Silver Queen’ were planted with 3 ft row spacing. The ‘Alpine’ plots were 25 ft long and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, with an untreated guard row between plots. Due to the drought in Jun, there were large areas in the ‘Silver Queen’ field with poor stands. This field, therefore, was divided into 20 ft long plots with 3 replications. Sprays were applied with a single nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Sprays were initiated at beginning silk in each variety. Application dates were 26, 28, and 30 Jul, 2, 4, and 6 Aug for ‘Alpine’ and 2, 4, 6, 9, 11, and 13 Aug for ‘Silver Queen’. Water temperature was 22°C and pH was 7.3. Overhead irrigation (0.5 inches water) was applied on 19, 27, and 28 Jun; 13, 14, 22, 23, and 25 Jul; an additional 0.5 inch water was applied on 5 Aug on the ‘Silver Queen’. Evaluation criteria consisted of hand harvesting 15 random ears/plot in the ‘Alpine’ and 10 random ears/plot in the ‘Silver Queen’. These ears were graded marketable (no damage or minor tip damage on one side) or worm damaged, and any worms found were identified to species.
Apple, Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Alston D. G.
Published: December 2017

Two trials were conducted in a 4-yr-old mixed ‘Delicious’ and ‘Gala’ orchard with under-tree sprinkler irrigation. Guthion 50WP (1.3 lb form./acre) was applied for codling moth control on 11 May, 2 Jun, and 8 and 28 Jul. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun sprayer (Rears Mfg., Bend, OR) operated at 150-200 psi. Per acre rates were based on application of one gal of spray per tree or 182 gal/acre. Triton B-1956 spray adjuvant was tank-mixed with all treatments at 11.7 fl oz/acre. Aphids (alate + apterous) were counted in situ on the three most recently fully expanded leaves (minimum of 1 inch in length and edges completely unfolded) on three randomly selected terminals per tree. In Trial 1, ten treatments were applied once following pretreatment counts on 2 Jun. Initial aphid densities were low. In Trial 2, five treatments were applied on 19 Jul immediately following pretreatment counts, and then again on 2 Aug except for Admire. Initial aphid densities were high. Post-treatment counts were made weekly.