bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Glazing Types on the Indoor Thermal Performance of Tropical High-Rise Residential Buildings
Authors: Al-Tamimi Nedhal , Qahtan Abdultawab
Published: May 2016

In tropical climates, the solar radiation absorption of glazed windows results in overheated indoor environments and increased cooling energy loads during daytime. Meanwhile, situations differ during nighttime. The present study focuses on the effects of glazing type on the indoor temperature in high-rise residential buildings in the hot and humid climate of Malaysia. The primary objective of this study is to assess the effects of six glazing types on the indoor air temperature of the base case room oriented toward the southwest with a Window Wall Ratio WWR of 45% under both ventilated and unventilated conditions. The effects during daytime and nighttime are investigated separately. A computerized simulation tool (Virtual Environment by Integrated Environmental Solutions) is used to conduct the investigation. Penang is selected as the empirical background location of a hot and humid climate. The study found that reflective double glazing exhibits lower indoor air temperature throughout the day regardless of the ventilation condition, with an optimum improvement of up to 107% and 14% in unventilated and ventilated rooms, respectively, compared with single clear glazing. The study recommends the use of reflective single or double glass in regions with a hot and humid climate similar to that of Malaysia.
An Overview of Energy Efficient Lighting System Design for Indoor Applications of an Office Building
Authors: Mukherjee Proneel
Published: May 2016

Indoor Lighting design of different types of buildings is a very challenging and technology oriented work. Building lighting designing has specific rules and regulations and can be varied depending upon the designers choice. As per National Building Code of India, buildings can be classified according to the use or the character of occupancy in one of the nine groups. These are Group A_(Residential), Group B_(Educational), Group C_(Institutional),Group D_(Assembly ),Group E_(Business), Group F_(Mercantile), Group G_(Industrial) ,Group H_(Storage) and Group J_(Hazardous) types of buildings. With the reduction of energy consumption, there should not be any sacrifice in quality and quantity of light required as per the lighting codes. The shortage of Electrical energy is increasing gradually. As it is the energy source of lighting, the lighting designers should be more concerned about energy efficient lighting system design. LED consumes less power than the conventional luminaires & maintains almost the same lighting level. So, lighting designers are using LED luminaires into their designs now a days. Also, renewable energy sources driven lighting systems should be used. It will be environmental friendly also. A proper lighting design requires consideration of the amount of functional light level provided, the energy consumed and the aesthetic effect supplied by the lighting system. The electrical lighting systems should also consider the impacts of, and ideally be integrated with, daylighting systems. Building lighting design focuses on three fundamental aspects of the illumination of buildings or spaces. The first is the aesthetic appeal of a building. Secondly, the ergonomic aspect: the measure of how much of a function the lighting can achieve. Thirdly is the energy efficiency issue to ensure that light is not wasted by over-illumination, light pollution, by illuminating vacant spaces unnecessarily or by providing more light than needed for the aesthetics or the task.
Performance Study of Self-Compacting Concrete by Fly Ash and Silica Fume for Sustainability in Building Construction
Authors: Thirumal J.R. , Harish R.
Published: May 2016

Self – compacting concrete (SCC) is a high – performance concrete that can flow under its own weight to completely fill the form work and self-consolidation without any mechanical vibration. Green concrete is defined as a concrete which uses waste material as at least one of its components, or its production process does not lead to environmental destruction. Such concrete can accelerate the placement, reduce the labor requirements needed for consolidation, finishing and eliminate environmental pollution. One alternative to reduce the cost of self-compacting concrete is the use of mineral admixtures such as silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag and fly ash, which is finely, divided materials added to concrete during mixture procedure .When mineral admixtures replace a part of the Portland cement, the cost of self-compacting concrete will be reduced especially if the mineral admixtures are waste or industrial by-product. The various tests for compressive, tensile and flexural strength are determined for various specimens with certain percentages ( 10 % ,30 % ) of replacement like silica fume, fly ash and combination of both fly ash and silica fume. Admixture combination of fly ash and silica fume replacing 30 % results in maximum compressive strength. Admixture of fly ash replacing 10 % results in maximum tensile and flexural strength. In order to make SCC effective, trials can be made with partial replacement of combining silica fume and fly ash to achieve the higher compressive strength. Minimum replacement of fly ash can be investigated to achieve higher tensile and flexural strength .With respect to the above combination of replacement SCC can be dealt with its several specializations to make it effective.
A Study on Tool Wear Prediction in Ultrasonic Vibration Turning of Tungsten Carbide
Authors: Jiao Feng , Niu Ying , Qi Jia Liang , Li Jie
Published: May 2016

The prediction of tool wear can help understand the influence of tool wear on the machining process and result, and change or grind the worn tool in time. The two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration turning method can reduce the crack of tool and decrease the negative effect on processing thus extends the tool life. In this paper, two-dimensional ultrasonic cutting theory was applied to the precision machining of tungsten carbide. With self-developed two-dimensional ultrasonic cutting device, series of cutting experiments were carried out. During cutting process, the flank wear under different cutting length was observed; flank wear situations were compared with those in traditional cutting. In order to predict the tool wear and thus heighten the machining precision, a tool wear prediction model based on time series analysis method was built in the paper. The research results show the built AR (9) time series model can predict the flank wear condition with high precision.
Development of the Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic Cutting System Based on the Mechanism of Single-Excitation Elliptical Vibration by Means of Opening Chutes on the Horn
Authors: Li Jie , Jiao Feng , Niu Ying , Shi Long Fei
Published: May 2016

Based on the mechanism of single-excitation elliptical vibration by means of opening chutes on the horn, a novel two-dimensional ultrasonic cutting system was developed. Vibration characteristics of the two-dimensional ultrasound cutting system were researched and the longitudinal and bending amplitude of the system with different number of chutes were obtained. By using developed two-dimensional ultrasonic vibration cutting systems, series of cutting experiments were carried out and cutting force characteristics were researched compared with that in traditional cutting.
The Automatic Detection Technology for the Surface Defects of Automobile Engine Cylinder
Authors: Ji Jin Jun , Ye C.
Published: May 2016

In view of the casting defects of the automobile engine cylinder, the automatic detection technology for the surface defects of cylinder was investigated in this study. Moreover, a system was designed to automatically detect the surface defects of engine cylinder bore basing on machine vision technology. The pixels of the bottom circle and top circle of cylinder bore were effectively extracted using a Hough transform-based fast detection circle algorithm; Aiming to solve the inconvenience in observation and measurement as well as the obvious geometric distortion presented in annular image, an algorithm, in which annulus was extended into rectangular, was put forward. Experiment results proved that this algorithm was fast and efficient and showed lower mean error in calculating annular defect area.
An Algorithm and Simulation for the Automatic Welding of Battery Cover
Authors: Li Peng Lin , Liu Qing Jian , Chen Yang , Li Hong Bin , Zhang Lei
Published: May 2016

In view of the current welding industry, there is no automated programming tool for the welding path of square battery cover. According to differential geometry theory, the principle of nonlinear error is analyzed. Then a simplified model for nonlinear error is established. Based on these, an efficient algorithm based on nonlinear error is proposed. According to the proposed algorithm, two instantiation of the algorithm are presented. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is simple, reliable, and efficient. It adapts to the requirement of two mainstream spuare battery covers perfectly.
Design of PID Controller of Feed Servo-System Based on Intelligent Fuzzy Control
Authors: Chen Yang , Zhang Pan , Li Hong Bin , Li Peng Lin , Yu Zhi Qiang
Published: May 2016

The requirements of CNC machine tools for the feed servo system could generally be summarized as high precision, well stability, fast response, wide range of speed regulation, high torque at low speed and so on. The PID controller of feed servo-system based on intelligent fuzzy control was presented based on traditional PID controller. The main feature of this arithmetic was to change parameters in different degrees according to time-varying working conditions, specially this arithmetic could change its domain intelligently according to different conditions and cooperated with a stable controller in case of system crash so that adaptivity and reliability of the feed servo-system were improved, also this feature made application field of the feed servo-system wider.
Research of Electro-Hydraulic Position Servo System Based on PID with Disturbance Observer
Authors: Liu Zhao Hua , Deng San Peng , Jiang Yong Xiang
Published: May 2016

According to the characteristics of the electro-hydraulic position servo system of asymmetric hydraulic cylinder controlled by symmetric valve and its performance requirements, the PID controller based on disturbance observer is introduced. The improved controller can observe the equivalent disturbances and introduce the equivalent compensation to the control system, so it can achieve suppression of disturbance. In the MATLAB Simulink environment, the simulation results show that the controller has the very good quick response, the stronger robustness and the higher tracking precision.
Finite Element Analysis of Dynamic and Static Performance for Machining Tool Bed of Precisions Grinding Machine SMF6020
Authors: Zhou Qin Yuan , Ren Ying Hui , Guo Huai Zhong
Published: May 2016

Through the dynamic and static analysis of SMF6020 precision grinder bed, the maximum deformation is obtained in the machining process of the bed, and the natural frequency and vibration mode. It provides a theoretical basis for improving the design of the whole structure of precision grinding machine.
Hydrodynamic Lubrication and Load Carrying Capacity Analysis of Laser Surface Texturing Valve Core
Authors: He Tao , Wang Chuan Li , Deng Hai Shun , Huang Yan Long , Yu Cao Feng
Published: May 2016

Take water hydraulic slide valve core as the research object. Laser surface texturing (LST) technology was used to improve the valve core carrying capacity and hydrodynamic lubrication characteristics, which can process micro-texture on the surface of the core. And CFD method was taken to calculate flow field of smooth and laser surface texturing core respectively. For studying the influence of valve core micro-texture and valve core overlap lengths on hydrodynamic lubrication characteristic and carrying capacity of the core, core surface pressure distribution, surface pressure and friction force curves were drawn. Results show: The smooth valve core does not produce hydrodynamic lubrication effect, but textured valve core can bring the oil film load capacity, so as to make the effect of mixed friction between valve core and sleeve weaken. And along with the decrease of the core overlap length, the carrying capacity on the surface of the textured valve core does not decrease but increase when the valve core overlap length amount is greater than 2.5mm.The results provide important theoretical reference of studying and applying LST process technology to the valve core friction pair’s lubrication performance.
Research on Thermal Resistance of Micro Heat Pipe with Trapezium-Grooved Wick
Authors: Li Xi Bing , Li Ming Jian , Li Ming , Wan Ying Si
Published: May 2016

As an efficient heat conducting unit, micro heat pipe is widely used in high heat flux microelectronic chips, and thermal resistance is one of the factors that are crucial to its heat transfer capacity. Based on heat transfer theory, this paper established a theoretical model of total thermal resistance through analyzing the structure and heat transfer performance of circular heat pipe with trapezium-grooved wick, simplified the model and tested the micro heat pipe for its total thermal resistance performance by setting up a testing platform. The testing results show that when the micro heat pipe is in the optimal heat transfer state, its total thermal resistance well coincides with that from the established theoretical model. As for a micro heat pipe with trapezium-grooved wick, its total thermal resistance first decreases, then increases with heat transfer capability increment, and reaches the minimum when it is in the optimal state of heat transfer performance. That too much working fluid accumulates in evaporation section and the vapor velocity is rather low is the main cause for the greater thermal resistance when the pipe is in low heat transfer quantity, yet the greater total thermal resistance when the pipe is in high heat transfer quantity is mainly caused by the working fluid drying up in condensation section. The total thermal resistance is related to many factors, such as the thermal conductivity of tube-shell material, wall thickness, wick thickness, the number of the grooves, the lengths of condensation and evaporation sections, the diameter of vapor cavity etc.. Therefore, the structure parameters of a micro heat pipe with trapezium-grooved wick should be rationally designed according to specific conditions to ensure its heat transfer capacity and total thermal resistance to meet the requirements and be in the optimal state.
Analysis on the Melt Welding Process of the Finite Element for 7022 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Song W.W. , Wang J.L.
Published: May 2016

In this paper, the TIG welding process of 7022 aluminum alloy was analyzed by the ANSYS software. The temperature field and stress field contours were obtained. The temperature and stress variation in the welding process were analyzed by the obtained stress and temperature fields. In this paper, the actual welding process of 7022 aluminum alloy can be predicted by the finite element analysis. It can be avoided unnecessary occurred during the pre-research experiments, and reducing testing costs, further reducing the actual cost of the project. Therefore, the research has practical engineering value.
Effect of Stoichiometry and Sintering Temperature on the Mechanical Properties of Zinc Ferrite (ZnxFe3-xO4)
Authors: Aqzna S.S. , Yeoh Cheow Keat , Supri A.G. , Atiqah T.N. , Hamzah Khairul Amali , Khalijah S.K. , Aw Y.Y. , Teh Pei Leng
Published: May 2016

The composites sample of Zinc Ferrite (ZnxFe3-xO4) were prepared by mixing zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) via different stoichiometry (ratio) with ZnxFe3-xO4, for x= 0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8 and sintering temperature at 1000 °C, 1100 °C,1200 °C for six hours. The phase compositions of the synthesized Zinc Ferrite (ZF) were verified using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), hardness testing using hardness Vickers, density and thermal conductivity for composite was studied. The result shows the sample with ratio 0.8 and 1200 oC sintering temperature gives the highest value of thermal conductivity with 9.7614 W/m2K and the lowest thermal resistance with 0.1024 m2K / W.
Synthesis of Chlorophyll Thin Film from Noni Leaves via Dip Coating Process
Authors: Che Halin Dewi Suriyani , Azhari Ayu Wazira
Published: May 2016

Chlorophyll is a green pigment responsible for the photosynthesis processes that occur in the green leaf. The chlorophyll pigment can be extracted from green leaf using simple solvent solution as a function of solar energy conversion. Dip coating onto glass slide was applied to produce a thin film of Noni leaves chlorophyll. The Noni leaves chlorophyll thin films were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultra violet visible (UV-Vis). The micrograph of SEM shows that the shapes were found in various shapes. The UV-Vis analysis revealed that the extracted chlorophyll had three absorbance spectra at 433 nm, 464 nm and 664 nm. These show that the extracted chlorophyll contains both chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b in the mixture.
Properties of Aluminum Matrix Composite (AMCs) for Electronic Packaging
Authors: Ervina Efzan Mohd Noor , Siti Syazwani Nordin , Emerson J.
Published: May 2016

In this study, the microstructure of prepared AMCs with the homogenous distribution of fly ash analyzed using optical microscope. The microstructure having refinement of structure with the decreasing of Si-needle structure and increasing the area of eutectic α-Al matrix as shown in Figure 3. Besides, as the increasing amount of fly ash incorporated, there are more petal-like dark structure existed in the microstructure. The density of the AMCs decreased as the incorporation of fly ash increased. While the hardness strength of the AMCs increased with the incorporation of fly ash. The addition of fly ash particles improved the physical and mechanical properties of the AMCs.
Comparative Evaluation of Properties of Various Tool Materials by Area of Indentation Track in Pendulum Scratch Testing
Authors: Vereschaka Alexey Anatolevich , Mokritskii Boris Ya. , Vereshchaka Anatoly S.
Published: May 2016

The study reveals the correlation between changes in physical-mechanical (hardness) and performance (coefficient of fracture toughness and wear resistance period) properties of tool materials and changes in values of parameter of their scratch track.
The study has built mathematical relations between maximum track width bmax of preset indentation depth h for various materials.
The tests conducted provide an opportunity to rank (build in a range) materials by their physical-mechanical properties, to predict their performance properties, as well as to predict the efficiency of application of comparable materials in identical operating conditions.
The studies conducted and the results obtained allow using track area of pendulum scratching as a parameter for the comparative evaluation of physical-mechanical and performance properties of tool materials.
The Effect of Sintering Temperature to the Microstructure of PM F75 (Co-Cr-Mo) Alloy
Authors: Mohd Tajuddin Mohd Tajuddin , Jamaludin Shamsul Baharin
Published: May 2016

PM Co-Cr-Mo (F75) alloys are widely used in implants due to their mechanical properties, good wear resistance and as well as biocompatibility. Currently, they are fabricated by casting technique. In this present research, F75 was fabricated by powder metallurgy technique. The powder was mixed with 2 wt. % of stearic acid in order to form green body and compacted at 500 MPa. The effect of sintering temperature was investigated to observe its effect to the microstructure of F75 (Co-Cr-Mo). Samples were sintered for 2 hours at 2 different temperatures (1250°C and 1300°C) with 10°C/min in argon atmosphere. Physical properties such as density and porosity were obtained by Archimedes principle. Microstructure was observed by using optical microscope Olympus BX41M. The results indicate that increasing the sintering temperature will influence the density and porosity, thus the microstructure itself.
The Alloying and Aging Effects on the Wettability and Intermetallic Bonding of the Sn-Zn-Cu-Bi Soldering Alloy on a Cu Substrate
Authors: Sunyadeth Surakan , Wirot Pun , Lohwongwatana Boonrat , Techapiesancharoenkij Ratchatee
Published: May 2016

The soldered bonding between the Sn-Zn-Cu-Bi system and a Cu substrate was studied and reported herein. The alloying compositions were varied to investigate the effects of Zn, Cu, Bi contents on the solders’ melting temperature (Tm), microstructures, wettability and the intermetallic-compound (IMC) bonding with a Cu substrate. The Sn-7Zn and Sn-9Zn exhibited low Tm (198 °C), but poor wettability on the Cu substrates. Both Cu and Bi additions significantly improved the solder wettability. However, the Tm of the Sn-Zn-Cu series increased sharply to about 225 °C by the addition of 4-wt% Cu. The addition of 3-wt% Bi lowered Tm of the Sn-Zn-Cu alloys by 5 °C. The thickness of the IMC layers between solder and substrate was maximum for Sn-9Zn and significantly decreased with the Cu addition. With the addition of Bi to Sn-Zn-Cu, the IMC thickness increased. The aging of 150 °C for 150 hours minimally affected the IMC-bonding thicknesses of most samples; however, micro crack could be observed along the aged IMC layers.
Ageing Response of Powder Metallurgy AZ91 and AZ91 Reinforced with Multiwall Carbon Nanotube
Authors: Ahmad Zaidi Nur Hidayah , Shamsul J.B. , Ahmad K.R. , Adnan Sinar Arzuria , Zaidi Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad
Published: May 2016

Powder metallurgy metal matrix composites based on AZ91 alloy matrix reinforced with 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 weight percent of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) were investigated from the point of view of their response to artificial ageing as compared to the unreinforced AZ91 matrix alloy. Mg-Zn-Al (AZ91) and its composite were prepared by milling the raw materials and followed by sintering at 450°C for 2 hours. The sintered samples were solution treated at 415°C for 2 hours and followed by artificial ageing at 175°C. The ageing behavior was monitored by following the phase analysis and hardness of the samples examined. Microstructure of the sintered composites indicated that MWCNT was embedded in the AZ91 matrix alloy. All composites indicated lower hardness than matrix, however AZ91reinforced with 0.6 and 0.9 weight percent of CNT showed accelerated ageing. X-ray diffraction pattern indicated the present of β-phase (Mg17Al12) that responsible for the hardening behavior.
Effect of Concentration of Oxalic Acid on the Synthesis of Porous Anodic Alumina (PAA) on Aluminum Alloy AA6061
Authors: Voon Chun Hong , Lim Bee Ying , Foo Kai Loong , Hashim Uda , Ting Sam Sung , Md Arshad Mohd Khairuddin , Baharuddin A.F.
Published: May 2016

In this study, porous anodic alumina was formed by anodizing of aluminum alloy AA6061 in oxalic acid with concentration ranged from 0.1 M to 1.0 M respectively. AA6061 alloys were anodized at 40 V and 25°C for 60 minutes. FESEM images show that the uniformity of the pores arrangement of porous anodic alumina depends significantly on the concentration of oxalic acid. Well-ordered porous anodic alumina was formed in oxalic acid of 0.3 M, 0.5 M and 0.7 M while disordered porous anodic alumina were formed when the oxalic acid of 0.1 M and 1.0 M were used as electrolytes. EDX analysis revealed that the only peaks corresponding to aluminum and oxygen were detected. Pore size was found to increase with the concentration of oxalic acid while the interpore distance remained almost unchanged although the concentration of oxalic acid increased from 0.1 M to 0.7 M. Atypical anodic alumina without pores arrangement was formed when 1.0 M oxalic acid was used for anodizing.
Segregation Measurement of Inconel 718 Feedstocks Used in Low-Pressure Metal Injection Molding
Authors: Fareh Faoud , Demers V. , Turenne S. , Scalzo O.
Published: May 2016

Low-pressure metal injection molding (LP-MIM) is an advanced manufacturing technology where a wax-based feedstock is injected into a complex shape before densification heat treatments. Feedstock is generally designed to minimize segregation, maximize flowability, maximize the strength of the molded component, maximize the solid loading potential and ease of debinding. In this study, the emphasis is placed on the evaluation of the effect of segregation on different wax-based Inconel 718 superalloy feedstocks used in LP-MIM. In powder metallurgy, particle or phase segregation generates a fluctuation of the particle distribution in powder-binder mixtures from point to point. Such demixing generally occurs before or during the injection process, and can lead to the formation of defects such as cracks, distortions or heterogeneous shrinkage of the sintered parts. Different wax-based feedstocks were poured in cylindrical hot molds (95°C), maintained in molten state for 1 minutes or for 60 minutes, and rapidly cooled to room temperature. The specimens were then extracted from the top and bottom regions of each cylindrical part. A thermogravimetric analysis technique was used to measure the volume fraction of powder at these two locations in order to quantify the degree of segregation in green parts. The best candidate feedstocks minimizing segregation are the mixtures containing only paraffin wax, or those containing paraffin wax and ethylene vinyl acetate combined. An increase in the time spent in the molten state and the use of beeswax or stearic acid promote the powder-binder separation of feedstocks.
Dynamic Increase Factor of High Strength Concrete with Silica Fume at High Strain Rate Loading
Authors: Long Koh Sin , Kasmuri Mudiono , Zia Hasan Abu Sufian , Hamid Roszilah
Published: May 2016

The dynamic mechanical properties (stress-strain diagram, ultimate stress, ultimate strain and strain rate) and of high strength concrete (HSC) with 5% and 10% silica fume (SF) addition at high strain rate of 10 s-1 to 102 s-1 (3.8 MPa, 4.1 MPa and 4.8 MPa) are determined using Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar equipment. The compressive strength of the HSC at design strength of 80 and 90 MPa is also determined. Results show that the compressive strength of the 5%SF and 10%SF HSC are 83 MPa and 92 MPa, respectively. The dynamic stress-strain diagrams show that the higher the pressure load, the higher the values of ultimate dynamic stress, σu and the ultimate strain rate, ἐu for both percentages of SF addition concrete. The ultimate dynamic stress, σu are between 200 – 250 Mpa and the ultimate strain rate, ἐu is in the range of 95 s-1 and 160 s-1. The ultimate dynamic strain, εu between 0.005-0.008 mm/mm. The dynamic increase factors (DIF) of the HSC are more than 2 compare to normal strength concrete.
The Temperature Effect to the Concrete due to the Single Strike of High Electric Current
Authors: Abdul Rahim Mustaqqim , Abdul Ghani Abdul Naser , Che Munaaim Muhammad Arkam , Sidik Muhammad Abu Bakar , Zulkeflee Zulhelmi
Published: May 2016

The protection against lightning had been increasingly used in the building to protect the building from the direct lightning impact. One of the methods is to embed the lightning protection cable in the concrete structure. The objective of this research is to investigate any changes of temperature during the lightning strike, which the lightning strike were stimulated by high electric current equipment. The high electric current were provided by high current equipment model Haefely P90.1 and flowed into the concrete cube. There are two method used in this research, by using Thermal Imager Camera Model FLUKE Ti20 to monitor the surface temperature and fiber thermocouple with Data logger model DATATAKER T80 to monitor the temperature in the concrete cube. As the result there are no drastically changes in temperature in both methods. The changes are very small and can be negliable. This is due to the duration of the high electric current strike is too short and not caused any changes in the temperature.
Leaching of Heavy Metals Using TCLP and SPLP Method from Fired Clay Brick Incorporating with Mosaic Sludge
Authors: binti Abdul Kadir Aeslina , Ideris Nur Athirah , Abdul Rahim Ahmad Shayuti
Published: May 2016

Mosaic sludge is sewerage from mosaic industrial activities such as cutting, polishing and grinding. This sludge mostly will be disposed directly to landfill and some of it was discharged in drainage system without proper treatment. Therefore, in this study, mosaic sludge from the mosaic industry were reused and incorporated into fired clay brick in order to provide alternative disposal method, producing adequate quality of brick as well as minimizing the heavy metal leachability to the environment. First, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) was conducted to determine the heavy metal concentration from two types of mosaic sludge. The results indicate that the highest element concentration in mosaic sludge (BS and PS) shows that Barium is the highest with 3253ppm and 3260ppm. On the raw sludge, the lowest obtained in BS and PS is Cesium with 14ppm and 17ppm. SPLP and TCLP also conducted in this study and the results show that, even though the element such as ferum (Fe) and cadmium (Cd) was not detected in XRF but in SPLP and TCLP, it shows that these two elements exist in clay, BS and PS with low concentration. In term of properties, compressive strength was conducted by incorporating 0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% bodymill and polishing sludge into fired clay brick. The results show that compressive strength of BS brick was stronger than PS brick. Lastly, Static Leachate Test (SLT) was conducted to measure the long term leachability of heavy metals from different percentages of mosaic sludge brick. In SLT result, ferum (Fe) shows the highest value of heavy metal concentration among other elements. The results for control brick, BS brick and PS brick show the same pattern and far from the limit set by USEPA.
The Chemical Composition and Fineness of Natural Cement at Different Raw Meal Proportion
Authors: Mohamed Shufizan , Hamid Roszilah
Published: May 2016

This study finds the chemical composition and the fineness of natural cement at different proportion of raw meal at firing temperature of 800°C for 8 hours. The raw mixture is prepared with limestone (calcium carbonate (CaCO)) and kaolin (Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2O). The ratios of kaolin: limestone are varied from 1:9, 1.5:8.5, 2:8, 2.5:7.5, 3:7 and 4:6. The elements intensities in the samples are determined using x-ray diffraction (XRD) test via EVA software. The elements observed at 2-theta scale are oxides of calcium, silicon, iron, magnesium and aluminum. Reducing the amount of kaolin reduces the intensity of calcium oxide. Iron oxide and silica oxide in combination with other elements intensities increase when amount of kaolin is increased. The magnesium oxide content is also high but comparable with the values from natural cements available. The mixes become finer as more kaolin is added with its specific surface values more than 3000 cm2g-1. The mixes become finer as more kaolin is added with values more than 3000 cm2g-1. Further tests need to be done to determine suitability of kaolin as replacement of limestone in natural cement.
The Use of Borax in Deterring Flash Setting of High Calcium Fly Ash Based Geopolymer
Authors: Antoni Antoni , Wijaya Stephen Wibiatma , Satria Juan , Sugiarto Agung , Hardjito Djwantoro
Published: May 2016

Geopolymer that was made with high CaO content fly ash was found to have higher compressive strength than the low CaO fly ash, using the same mixture composition. This effect could be due to the physico-chemical properties of the fly ash, in respect to its particle size or the chemical composition. Although it was not widely published, the occurrence of flash setting of geopolymer was known to occur when using high CaO content fly ash as the precursor. Geopolymer paste may solidify within minutes after the addition of alkali activators, making it very difficult to cast in big volume. This paper investigate the effect of borax addition to the high calcium fly ash-based geopolymer mixture to reduce the occurrence of flash setting. It was found that the setting time can be extended significantly, with the addition of 5% borax, by mass, of fly ash. The addition of borax also have positive effect on increasing the compressive strength of geopolymer.
Simulation Behavior of Flexure in Reinforced Concrete Beam with Opening Reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP)
Authors: Thabet Saif M. , Osman S.A.
Published: May 2016

This paper presents an investigation into the flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beam with opening reinforced with two different materials i.e., steel and Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP). Comparison study between the two different materials were carried out and presented in this study through non-linear Finite Element Method (FEM) using the commercial ABAQUS 6.10 software package. The performance of the opening beam reinforced with GFRP is influenced by several key parameters. Simulation analyses were carried out to determine the behavior of beam with opening subjected to monotonic loading. The main parameters considered in this study are size of opening and reinforcement diameter. The results show that GFRP give 23%-29% more ductility than steel reinforcement. The result also shows when the size of opening change from 200mm to 150mm or from 150mm to 100mm the ultimate load capacity increase by 15%. In general, good agreement between the Finite Element (FE) simulation and the available experimental result has been obtained.
Flexural Behaviour of Patch-Repair Material Made from Unsaturated Polyester Resin (UPR)-Mortar
Authors: Adi Kristiawan Stefanus , Bekti Prakoso Ageng
Published: May 2016

Repair materials have been produced using an unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) as a matrix of a binder. Other ingredients are sand, cement and fly ash. No water is added to the mixture, so both the cement and fly ash only act as fillers. The UPR content is in the range of 50-60% by weight of total filler (cement plus fly ash). Their flexural performance has been characterized in term of the load-deflection behaviour, modulus of rupture, flexural modulus and stiffness. The results show that the flexural capacity of these materials at early age is at least 20 MPa, but they tend to have a lower elastic modulus. At early age, the higher amount of UPR content tends to gain a higher flexural characteristic. However, at later age there is a little influence of UPR content.
Solidification of Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni Solders
Authors: Gourlay Christopher M. , Ma Zhao Long , Xian Jing Wei , Belyakov Sergey A. , Mohd Salleh Mohd Arif Anuar , Zeng Guang , Yasuda Hideyuki , Nogita Kazuhiro
Published: May 2016

The solidification of Sn-3Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-0.7Cu-0.05Ni are overviewed and compared. In joints on Cu substrates, both solders begin solidification with primary Cu6Sn5 growing in the bulk liquid prior to tin nucleation. In freestanding balls and joints, SAC305 generally solidifies with a single tin nucleation event and exhibits a mutually-twinned tin grain structure. In contrast, SN100C BGA balls and joints exhibit multiple independent tin grains that grow as a columnar array in joints.
Analysis on Fluid Characteristics in Y-Shape Bifurcate Coronary Artery
Authors: Lu Ye , Zhang Shusheng
Published: May 2016

This article analyzes the bifucate Y-type coronary artery based on hemodynamics and computational fluid dynamics to study the optimal location for thrombosis. Mathematical derivation is used to analyze the fluid machanics. The issue of fully developed flow is derivated. The optimal location for thrombus is identified. According to the mathematical derivation and numerical modeling results, the optimal location for thrombus is at the bifurcation of coronary artery. Vortex and turbulent fluctuation will take place. Three bifurcate angle (60, 90 and 120) is chosen to analyze by numarical stimulation. The result shows that vortex at bifurcation area grows when the bifrucate angle increases. It may cause the sediment of blood platelet, fibrous protein and lipochondrion [1]. It is also concluded that the wall shear stress is so high that it may injure the vascular wall around bifurcation.
Dyeing Silk Fabric with Natural Dye from Longan Leaves Using Simultaneous Mordanting Method
Authors: Maha-In Kongkiat , Mongkholrattanasit Rattanaphol , Klaichoi Charoon , Pimklang Wiphawan , Buathong Panida , Rungruangkitkrai Nattadon
Published: May 2016

Natural dye solution from longan leaves was applied to the simultaneous dyeing of silk fabric and using alum, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate and stannous chloride as a mordanting agents. The dyeing properties and effects of simultaneous-mordanting on the hue, colour strength and colour value were revealed. The results show that The K/S values increased with an increase of metal mordant concentration. The mordant activity sequence was CuSO4> FeSO4> AlK(SO4)2 > SnCl2. The obtained colour values show that silk fabrics dyed without mordant exhibited dark brown colour, while those mordanted with aluminum potassium sulfate (alum), stannous chloride and copper sulfate showed a variety of medium to dark brown shades. With ferrous sulfate, the colour shade was darker and duller. The colour fastness results showed good to very good level.
Characterization of Alum Crystals Synthesized from Waste Aluminium Beverage Cans
Authors: Liew Yun Ming , Heah Cheng Yong , Al Bakri A.M. Mustafa , Kamarudin Hussin , Tan Soo Jin
Published: May 2016

This study investigated the recycling of waste aluminium beverage cans into potash alum. The experimental procedure was carried out using concentrated H2SO4 and KOH solutions. The aluminium can pieces were dissolved in KOH solution. Then, the solution was reacted with H2SO4 solution and followed by crystallization in cold water. The results showed that the percentage yield of alum is 80% with 5 g of aluminium cans. The XRD, EDX and FTIR spectra of both commercial alum and prepared alum from experimental revealed that the two alums have essentially the same composition and have high purity.
Removal of Cadmium and Zinc Contaminations in Landfill Leachate by Using Electrocoagulation Process
Authors: Murshed Mohamad Fared , Mahmad Mohd Khairul Nizam , Mohd Arif Zainol Mohd Remy Rozainy , Abustan Ismail , Baharun Norlia
Published: May 2016

The research works involve the study of removal of cadmium and zinc contaminations in landfill leachate by electrocoagulation process. This project focused on leachate landfill from Pulau Burung, Nibong Tebal, Penang as an electrolyte solution. Heavy metals are the main factor contributing to pollution in leachate landfill. Types of electrodes used in this study were aluminium (grade 5052) and Stainless Steel (grade 316). The ranges of initial pH applied were pH (3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) and voltages applied were 1.5V, 2.0V and 2.5V. At the end of electrocoagulation process, the solutions were stored and analysed usingatomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to determine the final concentration of electrolyte solution. It was found difference electrodes have difference effectiveness in removing heavy metals, relies on the types of electrodes (aluminium or stainless steel) and also types of heavy metals that were being treated. The initial pH also gives the significant effect to removal of heavy metal and the maximum voltages give higher removal of heavy metal. Removal of cadmium and zinc by stainless steel electrode was more effective than aluminium electrodes at voltage of 2.5V. The removal using stainless steel was 22.45% and 97.54% respectively. For removal using aluminium electrodes 18.37% and 92.12% respectively. It was found that the maximum voltages give higher removal of heavy metal for all removal of cadmium and zinc. The removal maximum when the applied voltage was 2.5V and minimum at 1.5V.
Hot Solvent Extraction Method for Recycle Epoxy Resin in Waste Printed Circuit Board with Polyethylene Glycol
Authors: Srisuk Rapeeporn , Kitpaosong Chaisiri , Siengchin Suchart , Dangtungee Rapeephun
Published: May 2016

Waste printed circuit board (WPCB) from waste electrical and electronic equipment (e-waste) can be recycled a precious metal part while a non-metal part was burned or landfilled, which normally generated toxic substance of organic component to environment. The research work aimed to recycle epoxy resin by hot solvent chemical extraction. Polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) and ethylene glycol (EG), at 180°C, were mainly using as solvent and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a catalyst. Extraction method was reflux technique. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Specific viscosity, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) methods were investigated and discussed. The TGA result showed that the organic composition was 40.73%wt. The maximum of percent yield was 97.89% at non-metal WPCB/PEG, equal to 0.05 g/ml. Moreover, the extracted product presented a functional group close to virgin epoxy resin according to the peak of FT-IR data. The recycled epoxy resin could be formed well on specimen by virgin epoxy resin and hardener filled with 50% recycled extraction product.
Theoretical Prediction of Crack Formation in Axisymmetric Multilayer Shell Molds
Authors: Evstigneev A.I. , Odinokov V.I. , Sviridov A.V. , Dmitriev E.A. , Petrov V.V.
Published: May 2016

On the basis of the numerical method, the study has developed a general scheme for solving the problems on stress-strain state of axially symmetric shell molds.
The study has developed a mathematical model for the process of casting melting metal into shell molds and hardening of castings.
The results of the solution of the problem have showed that stresses of σ22 have the highest values, the stresses of σ11 have order of magnitude smaller values, and the stresses of σ33 vary over time and space like stresses of σ22, but they are 5-10% less in absolute values.
The calculations show that the metal hardening in a shell mold starts in 31 seconds, and meanwhile, tensile stresses occur on the metal-mold surface and, therefore, metal tends to depart from the shell mold surface.
SAC-OCDMA over Indoor Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) System Based on Zero Cross Correlation (ZCC) Code
Authors: Alyan Emad Ahmed , Aljunid S.A. , Anuar M.S. , Rashidi C.B.M.
Published: May 2016

This article investigates the spectral amplitude coding, optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) over indoor optical wireless communication (WO) system for various data rates and different receiver’s positions under the effect of ambient light noise. OW technology offers high speed communication with high level of security during data transmission. But it suffers from the multiple access interference (MAI) and phase induced intensity noise (PIIN) when the system associated with simultaneous multiple users. Therefore, the optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) technology is used based on zero cross correlation (ZCC) code in order to reduce those impairments that existed in OWC systems. The major advantage of ZCC code is its ability to eliminate the PIIN, thus minimize the MAI. The results show that at a bit error rate (BER) of 10-9, the system has the ability to perform at a transmission rate up to 1.2 Gbps. It also offers an excellent degree of mobility at all positions within the room at a data rate of 622 Mbps.
Mechanical Interlocking on Leadframe Surface for Bondability of Au Wedge Bond
Authors: Ismail Roslina , Harun Fuaida , Jalar Azman , Abdullah Shahrum
Published: May 2016

This work is a contribution towards the understanding of wire bond integrity and reliability in relation to their microstructural and mechanical properties in semiconductor packaging.The effect of surface roughness and hardness of leadframe on the bondability of Au wedge bond still requires detail analysis. Two type of leadframes namely leadframe A and leadframe B were chosen and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and optical microscope were used to inspect the surface morphology of leadframes and the quality of created Au wedge bond after wire bonding process. It was found that there were significant differences in the surface morphologies between these two leadframes. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) which was utilized to measure the average roughness, Ra of lead finger confirms that leadframe A has the highest Ra with value of 166.46 nm compared to that of leadframe B with value of 85.89 nm. While hardness value of different lead finger from the selected leadframe A and B obtained using Vicker microhardness tester are 180.9 VH and 154.2VH respectively.
Wettability of Soldering Alloys at Heating by Electron Beam
Authors: Koleňák Roman , Kostolný Igor , Dřímal Daniel , Rabatin Andrej
Published: May 2016

The aim of research consisted in the study of wettability of Sn-based solders on ceramic Al2O3 material by heating with electron beam without flux application. The Sn-based solders alloyed with active elements as Ti, La, Ce and Ga were applied for soldering. The active elements contained in solder volume oxidise during soldering in air. This problem can be eliminated by application of electron beam in vacuum. Soldering consisted of 15 minutes heating to desired temperature then dwelling on this temperature for 5 minutes and a slow cooling down in vacuum. The desired soldering temperature was 950 °C. The best wettability on Al2O3 substrate was achieved with SnAg3,5Ti4(Ce,Ga) solder, with wetting angle of 62°. The interactions between the solder and substrate were identified in the joint interface, ensuring the creation of a stable bond.
Openbaring en ervaring, ’n reformatories-konfessionele benadering van 2 Petrus 1:16–21
Authors: Zuiddam Benno A.
Published: May 2016

Revelation and experience, a reformed-confessional approach to 2 Peter 1:16–21. The experience of divine revelation is of crucial importance to the author of 2 Peter and in the age of the Reformation this notion was reflected in the way Guido de Brès used this epistle in the Belgic Confession. Both documents teach a divine authorship of Scripture with God as its responsible author and also that Scripture contains revelation of God that is accessible and authoritative for believers, even centuries after the lives of the prophets. In this process both documents recognise a dual interaction between holy Writ and the experience of the believer. The interaction with Scripture inspires trust in God and the work of the Spirit in the believer’s life inspires trust in holy Writ as God’s authoritative revelation.
Bioinformatic Studies to Predict MicroRNAs with the Potential of Uncoupling RECK Expression from epithelial–mesenchymal Transition in Cancer Cells
Authors: Wang Zhipeng , Murakami Ryusuke , Yuki Kanako , Yoshida Yoko , Noda Makoto
Published: May 2016

RECK is downregulated in many tumors, and forced RECK expression in tumor cells often results in suppression of malignant phenotypes. Recent findings suggest that RECK is upregulated after epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in normal epithelium-derived cells but not in cancer cells. Since several microRNAs (miRs) are known to target RECK mRNA, we hypothesized that certain miR(s) may be involved in this suppression of RECK upregulation after EMT in cancer cells. To test this hypothesis, we used three approaches: (1) text mining to find miRs relevant to EMT in cancer cells, (2) predicting miR targets using four algorithms, and (3) comparing miR-seq data and RECK mRNA data using a novel non-parametric method. These approaches identified the miR-183-96-182 cluster as a strong candidate. We also looked for transcription factors and signaling molecules that may promote cancer EMT, miR-183-96-182 upregulation, and RECK downregulation. Here we describe our methods, findings, and a testable hypothesis on how RECK expression could be regulated in cancer cells after EMT.