bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental Health: Practice Interventions
Authors: Solomon Phyllis
Published: October 2014

This entry focuses on services for adults with severe mental illness, specifically the five psychosocial interventions considered evidence-based practices. The emergence of psychiatric rehabilitation, the only professional discipline designed to serve a specified population, is described. The primary historical practice approaches, which are the foundation for psychiatric rehabilitation, are discussed. Each of the five evidence-based practices is then described with the empirical supporting evidence. The emphasis on this population and interventions were selected as social workers are the major providers for this population and frequent implementers and developers of these interventions.
Adult Day Care
Authors: Choi Namkee G.
Published: October 2014

Adult day care centers provide important health, social, and support services for functionally and cognitively impaired adults and their caregivers. The adult day care services are underutilized, however, because of the shortage of centers, caregivers' lack of awareness of and resistance to using services, and the mismatch between the needs of potential consumers and their informal caregivers and the services provided by the centers. To foster and support the expansion of adult day care centers, lessons learned from national demonstration programs need to be disseminated, and social workers need to be trained to provide essential services at the centers.
Mental Illness: Adults
Authors: Dulmus Catherine N. , Roberts Albert R.
Published: October 2014

This entry focuses on serious mental illness among adults, including those having serious and persistent mental illness. Social work's historic and current roles in service delivery are reviewed, its present trends in the field (including the recovery movement, evidence-based practices, comorbidity, and the integration of physical and mental health), as well as the service delivery system and the current needs and challenges it faces, are discussed.
Mental Illness: Children
Authors: Staudt Marlys
Published: October 2014

The primary focus of the entry is service utilization. As background, the risks for and prevalence of childhood mental disorders are summarized. Then, the current children's mental health services system is described, including the role of nonspecialty sectors of care and informal support systems. Service use barriers and disparities, pathways to services, and strategies to increase service use are discussed. The conclusion notes other current issues in child mental health, including the need to implement evidence-based treatments.
Social Work Education: Field Work
Authors: Cox Tory
Published: October 2014

Field education has played a significant role in the professional development of social workers since the beginning of the last century. Although the apprenticeship model of training continues to play a significant role, variations on this theme have been explored and continue to be developed in response to political, academic, and economic challenges. Power and privilege endemic to field education have led to social work placement models that require students to commit up to and beyond 20 hours per week of mostly unpaid time to field agencies whose values and structures may replicate systems of oppression. Technological advances have enabled some programs to expand field education into new communities, both nationally and internationally, but solutions to field education challenges remain elusive. Changes in educational policy and accreditation guidelines have the potential to revitalize the role of field education, address issues of inequity, and increase research efforts devoted to this important component of professional education.
Social Work Education: Research
Authors: Biegel David E. , Yoon Susan
Published: October 2014

Research education at the bachelor’s and master’s levels has attempted to address concerns related to students’ purported lack of interest in research courses and graduates’ failure to conduct research as practitioners. Research education at the doctoral level has benefitted from a significant increase in the number of faculty members with federally funded research grants, although the quality of doctoral research training across programs is uneven. A continuum of specific objectives for research curricula at the baccalaureate, master’s, and doctoral levels is needed to lead to clearer specifications of research knowledge and skills that should be taught in all schools of social work.
Social Work Practice: Theoretical Base
Authors: Floersch Jerry , Longhofer Jeffrey
Published: October 2014

A broad examination of the role of theory in social work practice requires answers three related questions: What is theory? What is practice? What is the role of theory in practice? In answering the first question, it is useful to examine the etymology of the word theory, identify its various meanings, and specify which meanings are relevant to a discussion of the role of theory in practice. Additionally, it is useful to understand the philosophical assumptions that inevitably influence the process of theory building and application.
Technology: Technology in Micro Practice
Authors: Finn Jerry
Published: October 2014

Online therapy is the delivery of supportive and therapeutic services over the Internet. Online therapy offers the advantages of convenience and increased access to services. Service delivery may be problematic due to ethical concerns and legal liability. Limited research supports the efficacy of online therapy for a variety of health and social concerns. Increased use of the Internet by consumers and human service agencies will likely see growing use of online therapy and require training for workers and development of new policies and procedures for online service delivery.
Technology: Technology in Social Work Education
Authors: Regan Jo Ann R. Coe
Published: October 2014

Higher education continues to undergo a period of rapid change with the rise of new technologies and learning modalities. The increased use of technology applications, computers, the Internet, and course management software systems has resulted in the development and widespread implementation of technology-supported learning environments in social work education throughout the world. New terms and abbreviations, such as online learning, web-based learning, blended learning, e-learning, learning management systems), computer-aided instruction, computer-supported instruction, technology-enhanced learning, internet-based training, and virtual learning environments are impacting the delivery of higher education for both distance and on-campus modes of instruction. The massive open online course (MOOC) movement and use of data analytics about students has pushed more faculty to experiment with technology and new pedagogical approaches. The article provides an overview of current technology applications and how they are being used in social work education. Implications of using technology in social work education include educational quality issues, pedagogical, and philosophical concerns, and future trends and challenges will also be discussed.
Women: Overview
Authors: Brandwein Ruth A.
Published: October 2014

This overview article introduces the topic of women, beginning with general demographic information. The section on poverty and inequality, which follows, describes the gender differences and delineates some reasons why women are poor and unequal. Issues of child care, welfare, and education are explored. Interpersonal violence and sexual trafficking are discussed, followed by a discussion of health and mental health issues affecting women, including access to health care. The role of women as well as women social workers in politics is briefly explored. Throughout, attention is paid to intersectionality. The article concludes with a discussion of current trends and challenges, with a brief examination of changes in policies affecting women from the Obama presidency to the end of the Trump administration in 2020, including implications for social justice, as well as implications for social work.
Women: Practice Interventions and Macro Practice
Authors: Hyde Cheryl A.
Published: October 2014

Macro social work practice with women encompasses women as practitioners in organizational, community, and policy arenas, and issues of particular concern to women including violence against women, reproductive rights, family health and well-being, and economic equity. It recognizes that women, as a group, are more likely to be marginalized, subordinated, and oppressed compared to men, as a group. Further, there is awareness of the diversity within the category of “woman.” This article provides an overview of women as macro practitioners, issues central to the lives of women, feminist activism and its influence on macro social work, and examples of macro practice centered on the lived experiences of women. Given the gender inequities and discrimination that women and girls contend with daily, macro social work needs to embrace these issues and strive to dismantle gender-based oppression if the profession’s social justice mission is to be realized in full.
Abbott, Grace
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Grace Abbott (1878–1939) was a teacher who went on to become Director of the Immigrants Protective League of Chicago and Director of the U.S. Children's Bureau. In 1934 she became professor of public welfare at the University of Chicago.
Barrett, Janie Porter
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Janie Porter Barrett (1865–1948) was a noted African American child welfare reformer. In 1890, she founded the Locust Street Social Settlement, one of the first settlements for black people in the United States. She later established and became superintendent of Virginia Industrial School for Colored Girls in 1915.
Bartlett, Harriett M.
Authors: Saunders Beatrice N.
Published: October 2014

Harriett M. Bartlett (1897–1987) was a social worker and theoretician who served as president of the American Association of Medical Social Workers from 1942 to 1944. She highlighted social functioning as a central focus of social work practice.
Cognition and Social Cognitive Theory
Authors: Nurius Paula S.
Published: October 2014

Social cognition refers to the ways in which people “make sense” of themselves, other people, and the world around them. Building on social psychological contributions, this entry summarizes processes through which we perceive, interpret, remember, and apply information in our efforts to render meaning and to interact. Rather than a rationalistic depiction, we see complex relationships among cognitions, emotions, motivations, and contexts. Social cognition provides guidance to mechanisms or venues through which personal and environmental transactions related to meaning take specific form, thereby offering crucial insights into adaptive or maladaptive development as well as change strategies.

A principal benefit of social cognition for social work practice is its empirically supported and broadly applicable framework for explaining how person–environment interactions unfold and might be altered in the service of social work practice and social justice. Social cognition includes, for example, social knowledge, social influences, the relationship between social structures and categories (age, race, and sex) in constructing meaning, stereotyping and other biases in information processing, dynamic processes through which memories get stored, recall, and revised, attributions of others' behavior and motives and of one's own responses and internal states, identity development, and processes through which affect, cognition, and neurophysiology interrelate as people interact with their social environments.
Beveridge, Lord William
Authors: Midgley James
Published: October 2014

Lord William Beveridge (1879–1963) was one of the founders of the British welfare state. His report of 1942 formed the basis for the Labour Government's social policies between 1945 and 1950 and fostered the creation of Britain's national health services.
Buell, Bradley
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Bradley Buell (1893–1976) was a community organizer and planner, whose work partially facilitated the development of the American Association of Social Workers. He organized community research projects nationwide, founding Community Research Associates, and wrote extensively on community planning.
Cannon, Mary Antoinette
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Mary Antoinette Cannon (1884–1962) was a social worker and educator who helped develop medical social work. She created courses in psychiatry and medicine in schools of social work and helped establish the Social Services Employees Union.
Chavez, Cesar
Authors: Paz Juan
Published: October 2014

Cesar Chavez (1927–1993) was a union organizer and advocate in California. He helped organize United Farm Workers in their successful strike for better working conditions, as well as establishing cooperatives, leading voter registration drives, and gaining prohibitions on pesticide use.
Davis, Liane V.
Authors: Weick Ann
Published: October 2014

Liane V. Davis (1942–1995) was an advocate, scholar and teacher, and promoter of women's issues in social work. She chaired the National Committee on Women's Issues and taught and wrote about women's victimization and how to support their strengths.
Day, Dorothy
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Dorothy Day (1897–1980) was a social activist, journalist, and publisher who wrote several books and engaged in many demonstrations. She was co-founder of the Catholic Worker Movement and edited the Catholic Worker for more than 40 years.
Granger, Lester Blackwell
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

Lester Blackwell Granger (1896–1976), an outspoken advocate for interracial cooperation and equal opportunity for Black people, was best known for his leadership of the Urban League and for his efforts to desegregate the U.S. armed forces after World War II.
Gurin, Helen
Authors: Bernstein Philip
Published: October 2014

Helen Gurin (1918–1991) was a leading teacher, supervisor, and guide for a generation of professionals in social work, psychiatry, psychiatric nursing, psychology, and child care. The Massachusetts chapter of NASW named her Social Worker of the Year in 1983.
Hale, Clara
Authors: Asamoah Yvonne
Published: October 2014

Clara Hale (1905–1992) set up the first not-for-profit child care agency — Hale House — serving children born addicted to drugs or alcohol or with AIDS. In 1985, she was appointed to President Reagan's American Commission on Drug-Free Schools.
Hamilton, Gordon
Authors: Longres John F.
Published: October 2014

Gordon Hamilton (1892–1967) was a practitioner, an educator, a consultant, and writer whose works, including Theory and Practice of Social Casework, profoundly influenced the development of casework theory. She was editor in chief of Social Work from 1956 until 1962.
Haynes, Elizabeth Ross
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Elizabeth Ross Haynes (1883–1953) worked to improve the quality of life in the Black community through volunteer work and employment in social services. Her philosophy is communicated in her publications Unsung Heroes (1921) and The Black Boy of Atlanta (1952).
Haynes, George Edmund
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

George Edmund Haynes (1880–1960) was a social scientist and co-founder of the National Urban League. He was also the director of Negro Economics for the U.S. Department of Labor and of Fisk University's Department of Social Sciences.
Howe, Samuel Gridley
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Samuel Gridley Howe (1801–1876) was a noted philanthropist, educator, and advocate for the physically and mentally handicapped. He was director of the New England Asylum for the Blind and served on the Massachusetts State Board of Charities from 1863.
Kuralt, Wallace H., Sr.
Authors: Benefield Elizabeth A. S.
Published: October 2014

Wallace H. Kuralt, Sr. (1908–1994) was a social work practitioner and administrator. He directed the Mecklenburg County Department of Social Services and pioneered efforts to implement child care, child development centers, and is credited with instituting early family planning services.
Lathrop, Julia Clifford
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Julia Clifford Lathrop (1858–1932), an advocate of child welfare and mentally ill people, helped found the country's first children's mental hygiene clinic, the Juvenile Psychopathic Institute, in 1909. She became the first director of the U.S. Children's Bureau in 1912.
Lewis, Harold
Authors: Reisch Michael
Published: October 2014

Harold Lewis (1920–2003), social worker and activist, was Dean of Hunter College School of Social Work for twenty years. He published widely on social work values and ethics, epistemology of practice, child welfare, social welfare administration, and social work education.
Lindsay, Inabel Burns
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Inabel Burns Lindsay (1900–1983) was the first dean of the Howard University School of Social Work, the second U.S. accredited school serving Black students. She published numerous articles on community leadership, elderly people, and Black participation in social welfare.
Rapoport, Lydia
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

Lydia Rapoport (1923–1971) was a psychiatric social worker at the University of Chicago hospitals and Jewish Children's Bureau, and on faculty at University of California, Berkeley. Her most important contribution to social work practice was crisis intervention and short-term therapy.
Robinson, Virginia Pollard
Authors: Lloyd Mark Frazier
Published: October 2014

Virginia Pollard Robinson (1883–1977) was a teacher and social worker. She served as Professor of Social Case Work at the University of Pennsylvania and was the leading force and major theoretician behind the functional approach to social work.
Rodriguez Pastor, Soledad
Authors: Longres John F.
Published: October 2014

Soledad Rodriguez Pastor (1897–1958) was a pioneer in services for deaf and blind people and a leader in the development of professional social work in Puerto Rico. She became director of the Institute for Blind Children in 1936.
Rothman, Beulah
Authors: Adler Linda
Published: October 2014

Beulah Rothman (1924–1990) was associate dean and director of the doctoral program at Adelphi University School of Social Work. She was a leader in the field of group work and a curriculum consultant to many schools of social work.
Smalley, Ruth Elizabeth
Authors: Cnaan Ram A.
Published: October 2014

Ruth Elizabeth Smalley (1903–1979) was an advocate of the functional approach to social work. She was the first woman to be appointed Dean of the School of Social Work at the University of Pennsylvania.
Starr, Ellen Gates
Authors: Donner Susan
Published: October 2014

Ellen Gates Starr (1859–1940) was a social reformer who, with Jane Addams, co-founded Hull-House to provide women with a new avenue for living independently. The condition of the poor population led her to become active in the labor movement.
Terrell, Mary Eliza Church
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Mary Church Terrell (1863–1954) was an educator and social reformer best known for her professional lecture tours and writings on race relations and women's rights. In 1904 she represented black women at the International Congress of Women in Berlin.
Wilkins, Roy
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Roy Wilkins (1901–1981) was a writer and national civil rights spokesperson. He was assistant executive secretary and executive director of the NAACP for 46 years, during which time he struggled for justice and civil rights in all aspects of American life.
Williams, Anita Rose
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Anita Rose Williams (1891–1983) was a social worker and supervisor. She was the first Black Catholic social worker in the United States and the first Black supervisor employed by a Baltimore, Maryland, agency. She co-organized District Eleven of the Baltimore Emergency Relief Commission.
Addictions: Tobacco
Authors: Yu Mansoo , Fischer Rachel
Published: October 2014

Tobacco use is a major public-health concern in the United States. Intervention and prevention strategies for tobacco use are an urgent public-health priority because tobacco use is the single most preventable cause of death. To help social workers better understand tobacco use problems, this entry presents an overview, including definitions of terms, the scope and impact of tobacco use problems in terms of different segments of the population (that is, age, gender, race or ethnicity, geographic location, and education level or socioeconomic status), etiology of tobacco use (for example, biological or genetic; psychiatric; psychosocial; or environmental or sociocultural factors), policy history, tobacco prevention, clinical issues (such as cessation desire, treatment and success, or screening tools for tobacco use disorder and tobacco withdrawal), and practice interventions for tobacco use problems. Based on the information, the roles of social workers will be addressed.
Child and Adolescent Mental-Health Disorders
Authors: Frauenholtz Susan , Mendenhall Amy
Published: October 2014

Mental-health disorders are widely prevalent in children and adolescents, and social workers are the primary service providers for children and families experiencing these disorders. This entry provides an overview of some of the most commonly seen disorders in children and adolescents: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and specific learning disorders. The prevalence, course, diagnostic criteria, assessment guidelines, and treatment interventions are reviewed for each disorder. In addition, the key role of social workers in the identification and intervention of these disorders, as well as ways social workers can support the children and families experiencing these disorders, is discussed.
Children and Armed Conflict
Authors: Mapp Susan
Published: October 2014

The United Nations has defined six grave violations that occur in war that impact children: killing or maiming of children, recruitment or use of children as soldiers, sexual violence against children, attacks against schools or hospitals, denial of humanitarian access for children, and abduction of children. These violations have a myriad of negative impacts on children, including biological, psychological, and social effects. Culturally appropriate support and care provided at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels can help alleviate these impacts and help children recover from these experiences.
Children’s Health
Authors: Gabel Shirley Gatenio
Published: October 2014

The history of social work is deeply rooted in helping vulnerable populations improve their well-being, and children have been at the forefront of these efforts since the inception of the profession. Health is long understood to be critical to children’s well-being. Social workers who are skilled in integrating different systems can play pivotal roles in engineering new and improving existing health-care infrastructures and can act as advocates for fusing health-service systems with other social infrastructures to optimize outcomes for children. This entry reviews trends in children’s health throughout the world, particularly in the United States. It describes the dramatic improvements in reducing infant mortality, child mortality and morbidity from many infectious diseases as well as accidental and environmental causes, and the unequal progress in realizing children’s health. The challenges that lie ahead that pose risks to children’s health are discussed, including the health inequities created among and within countries by social, economic, and political factors. An argument for a comprehensive, integrated, evidence-based, and cross-disciplinary approach to improve children’s future health is presented.
Female Genital Mutilation
Authors: Ross-Sheriff Fariyal , Orwenyo Evalyne Kerubo
Published: October 2014

Female genital mutilation (FGM) has been portrayed in the literature as an inhumane practice and a form of human rights abuse. Young women and girls who undergo FGM are subjected to the risk of developing infections as well as gynecological and psychological complications. Where severe bleeding occurs, the risk of death is imminent. Although FGM has been decried as an unnecessary and harmful ritual, it continues to be practiced in many parts of Africa, some parts of Asia, and the Middle East. Beliefs about the benefits of FGM are deeply entrenched in tradition and culture, making it a difficult practice to eradicate. This entry aims to portray the cultural embeddedness of FGM as the main factor in preventing its eradication. The information reviewed in this entry can be used to provide a framework for social workers to understand personal and societal reasons for FGM. Furthermore, this entry provides information that could be used to guide social workers in formulating culturally appropriate interventions with FGM practicing communities.
McMurray, Georgia L.
Authors: Logan Sadye L. M.
Published: October 2014

Georgia L. McMurray (1934–1992) was a tireless advocate and activist on behalf of children and adolescents. She dedicated her life to championing their cause.
Human Rights and Social Work
Authors: Clayton Obie , Hopps June Gary
Published: October 2014

The National Association of Social Workers affirms a social worker’s responsibility to social change and social justice on behalf of vulnerable and oppressed peoples. Because of this directive around social justice, it is the profession’s responsibility to make connections among individual human rights issues within the broader social, economic, and cultural contexts that create conditions where injustice can take place. Social workers in the 21st century, especially those working at the policy or macro level, must be able to recognize and emphasize human rights in their practice and policy recommendations on local, national, and international levels. Social workers can bring attention to the need to craft solutions to human rights violations that take into account global human rights standards.
Social Work Malpractice, Liability, and Risk Management
Authors: Reamer Frederic G.
Published: October 2014

Social workers have become increasingly aware of malpractice and liability risks. Disgruntled clients, former clients, and others may file formal ethics complaints and lawsuits against practitioners. Complaints often allege that social workers departed from widely embraced ethical and social work practice standards. This article provides an overview of the concept of risk management and common risks in social work practice pertaining to clients’ rights, confidentiality and privacy, informed consent, conflicts of interest, boundaries and dual relationships, digital and electronic technology, documentation, and termination of services, among others. The author describes procedures used to process ethics complaints, licensing-board complaints, and lawsuits. In addition, the author outlines practical strategies, including an ethics audit, designed to protect clients, third parties, and social workers.
Quaranta, Mary Ann
Authors: Logan Sadye L. M.
Published: October 2014

Mary Ann Quaranta (1926–2009) was a visionary and a builder of partnerships and collaborative efforts. At the forefront of her visions were individuals across the life cycle, families, communities, and organizations. She was a formidable leader and was recognized nationally within and outside the social work profession for her important contribution to social work practice, education, and research.
Micro Aggressions
Authors: Van Sluytman Laurens G.
Published: October 2014

Through the efforts of individuals and groups, America has made significant strides in affording civil rights to a majority of its citizens. It has not, however, eliminated individual, institutional, and structural discrimination, and in fact, some efforts to eliminate inequality for certain members of society have elicited subtly coded forms of discrimination. These subtle forms are referred to as microaggressions. This entry defines microaggressions and explores the existing literature concerning its taxonomy. We discuss the impact of microaggression on individuals and groups (for example, social, cognitive, political, and economic) based on race, and extend this discussion to gender, sexual orientation, class, disability, and religion groups. The article makes use of examples within American history, such as the presidency of Barak Obama, voter ID laws and the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA). Accumulated recommendations on best practices for countering microaggressions on the micro-, mezzo- and macro- level of social work practice are presented.
On the Marchenko equation for multicomponent single-sided reflection data
Authors: Wapenaar Kees , Slob Evert
Published: October 2014

Recent work on the Marchenko equation has shown that the scalar 3-D Green's function for a virtual source in the subsurface can be retrieved from the single-sided reflection response at the surface and an estimate of the direct arrival. Here, we discuss the first steps towards extending this result to multicomponent data. After introducing a unified multicomponent 3-D Green's function representation, we analyse its 1-D version for elastodynamic waves in more detail. It follows that the main additional requirement is that the multicomponent direct arrival, needed to initiate the iterative solution of the Marchenko equation, includes the forward-scattered field. Under this and other conditions, the multicomponent Green's function can be retrieved from single-sided reflection data, and this is demonstrated with a 1-D numerical example.
Determination of three-dimensional spin–orbit angle with joint analysis of asteroseismology, transit lightcurve, and the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect: Cases of HAT-P-7 and Kepler-25
Authors: Benomar Othman , Masuda Kento , Shibahashi Hiromoto , Suto Yasushi
Published: October 2014

We develop a detailed methodology of determining three-dimensionally the angle between the stellar spin and the planetary orbit axis vectors, ψ, for transiting planetary systems. The determination of ψ requires the independent estimates of the inclination angles of the stellar spin axis and of the planetary orbital axis with respect to the line of sight, i⋆ and iorb, and the projection of the spin–orbit angle on to the plane of the sky, λ. These are mainly derived from asteroseismology, transit lightcurve, and the Rossiter–McLaughlin effect, respectively. The detailed joint analysis of those three datasets enables an accurate and precise determination of the numerous parameters characterizing the planetary system, in addition to ψ. We demonstrate the power of the joint analysis for the two specific systems HAT-P-7 and Kepler-25. HAT-P-7b is the first exoplanet suspected to be a retrograde (or polar) planet because of the significant misalignment λ ≈ 180°. Our joint analysis indicates i⋆ ≈ 30° and ψ ≈ 120°, suggesting that the planetary orbit is closer to polar rather than retrograde. Kepler-25 is one of the few multi-transiting planetary systems with measured λ, and hosts two short-period transiting planets and one outer non-transiting planet. The projected spin–orbit angle of the larger transiting planet, Kepler-25c, has been measured to be λ ≈ 0°, implying that the system is well aligned. With the help of the tight constraint from asteroseismology, however, we obtain $i_\star ={65{{^{\circ}_{.}}}4}^{+{10{{\kern.4pt.\vphantom{|}}^{\kern-2pt\circ}}6}}_{-{6{{\kern.4pt.\vphantom{|}}^{\kern-2pt\circ}}4}}$ and $\psi ={26{{^{\circ}_{.}}}9}^{+{7{{\kern.4pt.\vphantom{|}}^{\kern-2pt\circ}}0}}_{-{9{{\kern.4pt.\vphantom{|}}^{\kern-2pt\circ}}2}}$, and thus find that the system is actually mildly misaligned. This is the first detection of the spin–orbit misalignment for the multiple planetary system with a main-sequence host star, and points to mechanisms that tilt a stellar spin axis relative to its protoplanetary disk.
Long-term Effects of Single or Multiple Neonatal Sevoflurane Exposures on Rat Hippocampal Ultrastructure
Authors: Amrock Levana G. , Starner Mathew L. , Murphy Kathy L. , Baxter Mark G.
Published: October 2014

Background:

Neonatal exposure to general anesthetics may pose significant neurocognitive risk. Human epidemiological studies demonstrate higher rates of learning disability among children with multiple, but not single, exposures to anesthesia. The authors employ a rat model to provide a histological correlate for these population-based observations. The authors examined long-term differences in hippocampal synaptic density, mitochondrial density, and dendritic spine morphology.

Methods:

Twenty male rat pups (n = 5/condition) were exposed to 2.5% sevoflurane under one of four conditions: single 2-h exposure on postnatal day 7 (P7); single 6-h exposure on P7; repeated 2-h exposures on P7, P10, and P13 for a cumulative 6 h of general anesthetics; or control exposure to 30% oxygen on P7, P10, and P13.

Results:

Repeated exposure to general anesthetics resulted in greater synaptic loss relative to a single 2-h exposure (P < 0.001). The magnitude of synaptic loss induced by three 2-h exposures (1.977 ± 0.040 μm3 [mean ± SEM]) was more profound than that of a single 6-h exposure (2.280 ± 0.045 μm3, P = 0.022). Repeated exposures did not alter the distribution of postsynaptic density length, indicating a uniform pattern of loss across spine types. In contrast, mitochondrial toxicity was best predicted by the cumulative duration of exposure. Relative to control (0.595 ± 0.017), both repeated 2-h exposures (0.479 ± 0.015) and a single 6-h exposure (0.488 ± 0.013) were associated with equivalent reductions in the fraction of presynaptic terminals containing mitochondria (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

This suggests a “threshold effect” for general anesthetic–induced neurotoxicity, whereby even brief exposures induce long-lasting alterations in neuronal circuitry and sensitize surviving synapses to subsequent loss.
Wealth distribution and collective knowledge: a Boltzmann approach
Authors: Pareschi L. , Toscani G.
Published: October 2014

We introduce and discuss a nonlinear kinetic equation of Boltzmann type that describes the influence of knowledge in the evolution of wealth in a system of agents that interact through the binary trades, an equation first introduced by Cordieret al.(2005J. Stat. Phys.120, 253–277 (doi:10.1007/S10955-005-5456-0)). The trades, which include both saving propensity and the risks of the market, are here modified in the risk and saving parameters, which now are assumed to depend on the personal degree of knowledge. The numerical simulations show that the presence of knowledge has the potential to produce a class of wealthy agents and to account for a larger proportion of wealth inequality.
From Nash to Cournot–Nash equilibria via the Monge–Kantorovich problem
Authors: Blanchet Adrien , Carlier Guillaume
Published: October 2014

The notion of Nash equilibria plays a key role in the analysis of strategic interactions in the framework of
N
player games. Analysis of Nash equilibria is however a complex issue when the number of players is large. In this article, we emphasize the role of optimal transport theory in (i) the passage from Nash to Cournot–Nash equilibria as the number of players tends to infinity and (ii) the analysis of Cournot–Nash equilibria.
Partial differential equation models in the socio-economic sciences
Authors: Burger Martin , Caffarelli Luis , Markowich Peter A.
Published: October 2014

Mathematical models based on partial differential equations (PDEs) have become an integral part of quantitative analysis in most branches of science and engineering, recently expanding also towards biomedicine and socio-economic sciences. The application of PDEs in the latter is a promising field, but widely quite open and leading to a variety of novel mathematical challenges. In this introductory article of the Theme Issue, we will provide an overview of the field and its recent boosting topics. Moreover, we will put the contributions to the Theme Issue in an appropriate perspective.
Paenibacillus lemnae sp. nov., an endophytic bacterium of duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis)
Authors: Kittiwongwattana Chokchai , Thawai Chitti
Published: October 2014

A Gram-stain-variable, rod-shaped and endospore-forming bacterium, designated strain L7-75, was isolated from duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis). Cells were motile with a monopolar flagellum. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain L7-75T belonged to the genus

Paenibacillus

, and the closest phylogenetically related species were

Paenibacillus uliginis

N3/975T (98.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity),

Paenibacillus purispatii

ES_M17T (98.5 %),

Paenibacillus lactis

MB 1871T (98.2 %),

Paenibacillus campinasensis

324T (97.7 %),

Paenibacillus glucanolyticus

S93T (97.7 %) and

Paenibacillus lautus

ATCC 43898T (97.4 %). Growth of strain L7-75T was observed at pH 7–10 and at 20–40 °C, and NaCl concentrations up to 5 % (w/v) were tolerated. Major cellular fatty acids included anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 that were present at 36.0 %, 14.2 % and 10.0 % of the total cellular fatty acid profile, respectively. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine. MK-7 was the predominant menaquinone. The diamino acid found in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNA G+C content was 49.1 mol% (T
m). DNA–DNA relatedness values between strain L7-75T and its closest relatives ranged from 4.4 to 47.8 %. These results indicate that strain L7-75T represents a novel species of the genus

Paenibacillus

, for which the name Paenibacillus lemnae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is L7-75T ( = BCC 67838T = NBRC 109972T).
Names at the rank of class, subclass and order, their typification and current status: Supplementary information to Opinion 79. Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes
Authors: Tindall B. J.
Published: October 2014

The attention of the Judicial Commission was drawn to issues relating to the use of names at the rank of class, subclass and order and the nomenclatural type of names at the rank of class and subclass that were not covered by Opinion 79. The Judicial Commission ruled that names at the rank of class and order proposed by Cavalier-Smith (Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 52, 7–76, 2002) are to be placed on the List of Rejected Names (nomina rejicienda) and the use of names proposed in that publication above the rank of class is to be actively discouraged. In addition a list of names at the rank of class, subclass and order is given where the nomenclatural type, description or circumscription is unclear or where they otherwise appear to be not in accordance with the Rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria.
Whole glucan particles as a vaccine against murine aspergillosis
Authors: Clemons Karl V. , Danielson Michael E. , Michel Kyle S. , Liu Min , Ottoson Nadine C. , Leonardo Steven M. , Martinez Marife , Chen Vicky , Antonysamy Mary A. , Stevens David A.
Published: October 2014

Vaccination with heat-killedSaccharomyces cerevisiae(HKY) protects against experimental infection by pathogenic fungi of five genera. Here we tested whether purifiedSaccharomycescell wall β-glucan could induce protection against systemic aspergillosis. CD-1 mice were given three weekly vaccine doses subcutaneously prior to intravenous infection withAspergillus fumigatus. Mice received PBS, 2.5 mg HKY, whole glucan particles (WGP), WGP conjugated to BSA (0.06 to 12 mg per dose), a soluble medium molecular mass (MMW) β-glucan alone or MMW–BSA (≤24 mg per dose). Survival and c.f.u. were determined, and cytokine induction and anti-β-glucan antibodies were assessed in vaccinated mice. Neither soluble MMW glucan, nor MMW–BSA was effective. HKY protected in two studies (survival and c.f.u. were reduced in brain and kidney organs,P<0.004). Six or 12 mg WGP or WGP–BSA prolonged survival (P≤0.004) and reduced c.f.u. in each organ (P≤0.015) in both experiments; 0.6 mg WGP or WGP–BSA prolonged survival (P≤0.015) and reduced c.f.u. (P≤0.015) in one experiment. Cytokine profiles in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage from uninfected vaccinated mice showed an innate and adaptive immune profile (i.e. upregulation of colony stimulating factors, interferons, TNF-α, chemokines such as MCP-1, MIP-1α, RANTES and KC, and Th17-activating cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1β, IL-17). No anti-β-glucan antibodies were in the sera, suggesting an adaptive T cell-mediated, not a B cell-mediated, protective response. Vaccination with WGP or WGP–BSA proved protective against systemic aspergillosis, equivalent to that of HKY, supporting the potential of particulate β-glucans, alone or conjugated, as vaccines against aspergillosis.
Tyrosine phosphorylation enhances activity of pneumococcal autolysin LytA
Authors: Standish Alistair J. , Whittall Jonathan J. , Morona Renato
Published: October 2014

Tyrosine phosphorylation has long been recognized as a crucial post-translational regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. However, only in the past decade has recognition been given to the crucial importance of bacterial tyrosine phosphorylation as an important regulatory feature of pathogenesis. This study describes the effect of tyrosine phosphorylation on the activity of a major virulence factor of the pneumococcus, the autolysin LytA, and a possible connection to the Streptococcus pneumoniae capsule synthesis regulatory proteins (CpsB, CpsC and CpsD). We show that in vitro pneumococcal tyrosine kinase, CpsD, and the protein tyrosine phosphatase, CpsB, act to phosphorylate and dephosphorylate LytA. Furthermore, this modulates LytA function in vitro with phosphorylated LytA binding more strongly to the choline analogue DEAE. A phospho-mimetic (Y264E) mutation of the LytA phosphorylation site displayed similar phenotypes as well as an enhanced dimerization capacity. Similarly, tyrosine phosphorylation increased LytA amidase activity, as evidenced by a turbidometric amidase activity assay. Similarly, when the phospho-mimetic mutation was introduced in the chromosomal lytA of S. pneumoniae, autolysis occurred earlier and at an enhanced rate. This study thus describes, to our knowledge, the first functional regulatory effect of tyrosine phosphorylation on a non-capsule-related protein in the pneumococcus, and suggests a link between the regulation of LytA-dependent autolysis of the cell and the biosynthesis of capsular polysaccharide.
Crystal structures of methyl 3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H,3H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazepine-4-carboxylate and methyl 1-methyl-3-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H,3H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazepine-4-carboxylate
Authors: Govindaraj J. , Raja R. , Suresh M. , Raghunathan R. , SubbiahPandi A.
Published: October 2014

The title compounds, C19H18N2O3, (I), and C20H20N2O3, (II), differ only by a methyl substituent on the seven-membered oxazepine ring in (II). In both compounds, these rings have a twist-chair conformation. The phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 73.42 (10)° with the benzimidazole ring system mean plane (r.m.s. deviation = 0.015 Å) in (I) and 83.07 (7)° in (II) (r.m.s. deviation = 0.026 Å). The methyl carboxylate groups are planar to within 0.031 (2) in (I) and 0.003 (2) Å in (II). They are inclined to the phenyl and benzimidazole ring system by 33.78 (16) and 87.56 (14)°, respectively, in (I) and by 53.04 (12) and 60.22 (11)°, respectively, in (II). In the crystal of (I), molecules stack in a herringbone fashion and are linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [100]. In the crystal of (II), there are no significant intermolecular interactions present.
Crystal structure of [(1,2,3,4,11,12-η)-anthracene]tris(trimethylstannyl)cobalt(III)
Authors: Brennessel William W. , Ellis John E.
Published: October 2014

The asymmetric unit of the title structure, [Co(η6-C14H10){Sn(CH3)3}3], contains two independent molecules. Each anthracene ligand is η6-coordinating to a CoIIIcation and is nearly planar [fold angles of 5.4 (3) and 9.7 (3)°], as would be expected for its behaving almost entirely as a donor to a high-oxidation-state metal center. The slight fold in each anthracene ligand gives rise to slightly longer Co—C bond lengths to the ring junction carbon atoms than to the other four. Each CoIIIcation is further coordinated by three Sn(CH3)3ligands, giving each molecule a three-legged piano-stool geometry. In each of the two independent molecules, the trio of SnMe3ligands are modeled as disordered over two positions, rotated by approximately 30%, such that the C atoms nearly overlap. In one molecule, the disorder ratio refined to 0.9365 (8):0.0635 (8), while that for the other refined to 0.9686 (8):0.0314 (8). The molecules are well separated, and thus no significant intermolecular interactions are observed. The compound is of interest as the first structure report of an η6-anthracene cobalt(III) complex.
Crystal structure of (NH4)2[FeII5(HPO3)6], a new open-framework phosphite
Authors: Berrocal Teresa , Mesa Jose Luis , Larrea Edurne , Arrieta Juan Manuel
Published: October 2014

Diammonium hexaphosphitopentaferrate(II), (NH4)2[Fe5(HPO3)6], was synthesized under mild hydrothermal conditions and autogeneous pressure, yielding twinned crystals. The crystal structure exhibits an [FeII5(HPO3)6]2−open framework with NH4+groups as counter-cations. The anionic skeleton is based on (001) sheets of [FeO6] octahedra (one with point-group symmetry 3.. and one with .2.) linked along [001] through [HPO3]2−oxoanions. Each sheet is constructed from 12-membered rings of edge-sharing [FeO6] octahedra, giving rise to channels with a radius ofca3.1 Å in which the disordered NH4+cations are located. The IR spectrum shows vibrational bands typical for phosphite and ammonium groups.
Crystal structure of 3-(2-bromophenylsulfonyl)-2,5,7-trimethyl-1-benzofuran
Authors: Choi Hong Dae , Lee Uk
Published: October 2014

In the title compound, C17H15BrO3S, the dihedral angle between the planes of the benzofuran ring system [r.m.s. deviation = 0.016 (2) Å] and the 2-bromophenyl ring is 82.93 (6)°. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviapairs of C—H...π hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions between the benzene and furan rings of neighbouring molecules [centroid–centroid distance = 3.881 (2) Å] into inversion-related dimers along theb-axis direction. These dimers are further linked by short Br...O [3.185 (2) Å] contacts.
Diversity powers performance at Catalyst Energy
Authors: Pande Sharon
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to observe how the Catalyst Energy college of engineering for women has played a significant role in helping to train women in fields such as mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and power production and so overcome a shortage of qualified women in these fields.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper examines what gave rise to the diversity initiative at Catalyst Energy’s Ahmedabad plant, India, and the success that it has achieved.

Findings

– This paper reveals that, of the first batch of 30 students, in 1995, eight made it to Catalyst Energy. The number has grown every year since then.

Practical implications

– It explains that Catalyst is working towards having women make up half its workforce, as it moves away from being dominated by Gujarati males.

Social implications

– It touches on some of the reasons that women are under-represented in Indian companies.

Originality/value

– It reveals that globalization is a key pressure in encouraging Catalyst to make its workforce more diverse.