bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Percepção dos pais sobre hábitos de sono de seus filhos – estudo piloto
Authors: Soares Kadma Karenina Damasceno , Costa Dirceu , Freitas Dantas Gomes Évelim L. , Rodrigues de Araújo Thiago , Silva Junior José Antônio Da , Bussadori Sandra Kalil
Published: May 2011

Introdução: O sono normal varia ao longo do desenvolvimento humano, sendo uma função biológica fundamental na qualidade de vida do homem. Quando ocorrem distúrbios do sono, esses são, muitas vezes, subdiagnosticados, podendo ser identificados por meio de questionários específicos, que são ferramentas de avaliação autoaplicável, as quais podem identificar sintomas dessa anomalia e possuem baixo custo. Objetivo: Avaliar a percepção dos pais ou responsáveis quanto à existência de eventuais sintomas de distúrbios do sono em seus filhos. Métodos: Foi aplicado o questionário do sono em 65 pais ou responsáveis de crianças com idade entre 2 e 16 anos, atendidas na Clínica de Odontopediatria da Uninove. Resultados: Do total da amostra, 35% apresentaram alguma doença respiratória e dentre os distúrbios do sono encontrados, verificou-se alta incidência de insônia. Conclusão: Constatou-se que a maioria dos pais ou responsáveis, aparentemente, desconhece o que são distúrbios do sono.
Qualidade de vida e intensidade de dor em portadores de osteoporose
Authors: Barros Igor Andrade , Oréfice José Luis Feltrin , Oréfice Rosalbina Santiago Rubint , Reis Filipe Abdalla dos
Published: May 2011

Objetivos: Avaliar a qualidade de vida (QV) e a intensidade da dor em sujeitos portadores de osteoporose. Métodos: Foram avaliados, por meio do questionário MOS SF-36 e Escala Visual Analógica de dor (EVA), doze sujeitos portadores de osteoporose.  Para as variáveis descritas pelo questionário em relação à intensidade de dor, com nível de significância estabelecido em p0,05 foi utilizado o teste de correlação linear de Pearson. Resultados: Nos cruzamentos entre a EVA e os domínios do MOS SF-36, pode-se observar significância estatística para o estado geral de saúde, vitalidade e aspectos sociais. Observou-se baixo índice para a intensidade de dor (3,1) e escore médio de 42 com classificação em boa QV. Conclusão: A QV dos portadores de osteoporose está classificada em boa e muito boa, e os entrevistados apresentaram uma intensidade de dor considerada baixa, sugestivo de não interferir na QV da população avaliada.
Fundamental Theory of Piezotronics
Authors: Zhang Yan , Liu Ying , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: May 2011

Due to polarization of ions in crystals with noncentral symmetry, such as ZnO, GaN, and InN, a piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) is created in the crystal when stress is applied. Electronics fabricated using the inner‐crystal piezopotential as a gate voltage to tune or control the charge transport behavior across a metal/semiconductor interface or a p–n junction are called piezotronics. This is different from the basic design of complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) field‐effect transistors and has applications in force and pressure triggered or controlled electronic devices, sensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), human‐computer interfacing, nanorobotics, and touch‐pad technologies. Here, the theory of charge transport in piezotronic devices is investigated. In addition to presenting the formal theoretical frame work, analytical solutions are presented for cases including metal–semiconductor contact and p–n junctions under simplified conditions. Numerical calculations are given for predicting the current–voltage characteristics of a general piezotronic transistor: metal–ZnO nanowire–metal device. This study provides important insight into the working principles and characteristics of piezotronic devices, as well as providing guidance for device design.
An ontological representation of the digital library evaluation domain
Authors: Tsakonas Giannis , Papatheodorou Christos
Published: May 2011

Digital library evaluation is a complex field, as complex as the phenomena it studies. The interest of the digital library society still remains vibrant after all these years of solidification, as these systems have entered real‐life applications. However the community has still to reach a consensus on what evaluation is and how it can effectively be planned. In the present article, an ontology of the digital library evaluation domain, named DiLEO, is proposed, aiming to reveal explicitly the main concepts of this domain and their correlations, and it tries to combine creatively and integrate several scientific paradigms, approaches, methods, techniques, and tools. This article demonstrates the added value features of the ontology, which are the support of comparative studies between different evaluation initiatives and the assistance in effective digital library evaluation planning.
Notch signaling in cardiac valve development and disease
Authors: MacGrogan Donal , Luna‐Zurita Luis , de la Pompa José Luis
Published: May 2011

The Notch pathway is an intercellular signaling mechanism involved in multiple cell‐to‐cell communication processes that regulate cell fate specification, differentiation, and tissue patterning during embryogenesis and adulthood. Functional studies in the mouse have shown that a Hey‐Bmp2 regulatory circuit restricts Bmp2 expression to presumptive valve myocardium (atrioventricular canal and outflow tract). Likewise, a Notch‐Hey‐Bmp2 axis represses Bmp2 in the endocardium. During cardiac valve formation, endocardial Notch signaling activates the epithelial‐mesenchyme transition (EMT) that will give rise to the cardiac valve primordia. During this process, Notch integrates with myocardially derived signals (Bmp2 or Bmp4) to promote, via Snail1/2 activation a complete, invasive EMT in presumptive valve tissue. In humans, mutations in Notch signaling components are associated with several congenital disorders involving malformed valves, aortic arch, and defective chamber septation. Data suggest that the same embryonic Notch‐Hey‐Bmp2 regulatory axis is active in the adult valve. This review examines the experimental evidence supporting a role for Notch in heart valve development and homeostasis, and how altered Notch signaling may lead to valve disease in the newborn and adult. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
One‐Step Preparation of Efficient and Reusable SO42−/ZrO2‐Based Hybrid Solid Catalysts Functionalized by Alkyl‐Bridged Organosilica Moieties for Biodiesel Production
Authors: Li Wei , Ma Fengyan , Su Fang , Ma Ling , Zhang Shengqu , Guo Yihang
Published: May 2011

A series of mesoporous sulfated zirconia materials functionalized by alkyl‐bridged organosilica moieties (SO42−/ZrO2SiO2(R) with various S/Si or Zr/Si molar ratios and R=CH2CH2 or C6H4) were developed by a one‐step co‐condensation technique combined with hydrothermal treatment with the aid of a triblock copolymer surfactant (P123). The structures, morphologies, porosities, and acid properties of the materials were well characterized. Subsequently, the catalytic performances (activity and stability) of SO42−/ZrO2SiO2(R) were evaluated by the transesterification of both pure triglyceride (tripalmitin) and low‐cost virgin plant oil (Eruca sativa Gars. oil) with methanol for biodiesel production under mild conditions (atmospheric pressure, 65 °C), and the enhanced catalytic activity with respect to alkyl‐free sulfated zirconia was obtained. This excellent catalytic activity was explained in terms of the inherent Brønsted acidity, well‐defined mesoporosity, and increased hydrophobicity of the as‐prepared, hybrid, solid acid catalyst.
Hepatic epithelioid angiomyolipoma with trabecular growth pattern: A mimic of hepatocellular carcinoma on fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Xie Linjun , Jessurun Jose , Manivel J. Carlos , Pambuccian Stefan E.
Published: May 2011

Epithelioid angiomyolipomas (AMLs) of the liver are rare tumors with imaging and cytologic features overlapping with those of hepatocellular carcinomas. We report the fine needle aspiration and core biopsy findings of an epithelioid AML in the right hepatic lobe of a 32‐year‐old female with tuberous sclerosis. She had undergone renal transplantation 8 years previously after bilateral nephrectomy for renal AMLs and a 3‐cm chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Hepatocellular carcinoma was suspected during the initial cytologic and histologic examination based on the presence of numerous large polygonal cells with ample finely vacuolated or granular cytoplasm, low nucleocytoplasmic ratio, and mild nuclear pleomorphism in the smears, as well as a distinctive trabecular histologic pattern in the core biopsies. Immunoperoxidase stains showed that the neoplastic cells were negative for cytokeratins and positive for HMB45, Melan‐A, and smooth muscle actin, establishing the diagnosis of epithelioid AML. To determine the distinguishing cytomorphologic features between epithelioid AML and HCC, we have compared the cytologic features of 15 cases of hepatic AML reported in the literature, including the present case, to the FNA cytologic findings of 38 consecutive cases of HCC diagnosed at out institution. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012.
© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The “drunken honeycomb” feature of pulmonary mucinous adenocarcinoma: A diagnostic pitfall of bronchial brushing cytology
Authors: Morency Elizabeth , Rodriguez Urrego Paula A. , Szporn Arnold H. , Beth Beasley Mary , Chen Hua
Published: May 2011

Pulmonary mucinous adenocarcinoma (PMA) is the terminology recently proposed in the new International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (IASLC/ATS/ERS) International Multidisciplinary Classification of Lung Adenocarcinoma Guidelines for most tumors previously classified as mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinomas (mBACs). PMA is histologically characterized by lepidic growth and at least some degree of invasive growth of goblet or columnar neoplastic cells with abundant intracytoplasmic mucin. We report here the cytologic features of PMA in a bronchial brushing specimen. The patient is an 84‐year‐old woman with a persistent dense consolidation in the right middle lobe of the lung found on non‐contrast computed tomography (CT) scan. Bronchial brushing smears showed a monotonous population of columnar neoplastic cells forming “drunken honeycomb”‐like cell clusters. The neoplastic cells displayed inconspicuous cytologic atypia. The concurrent transbronchial tissue biopsy and the resection specimen confirmed the diagnosis of PMA. Due to the bland nuclear features, the neoplastic cells in the bronchial brushing specimen were interpreted as benign at the time of the initial diagnosis, demonstrating a diagnostic pitfall of bronchial brushing cytology. A high index of suspicion is recommended when a lung lesion with “drunken honeycomb”‐like cell clusters is encountered in bronchial brushing specimens. The review of the literature regarding the recently designated PMA is presented. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Continued growth and circuit building in the anamniote visual system
Authors: Cerveny Kara L. , Varga Máté , Wilson Stephen W.
Published: May 2011

Fish and amphibia are capable of lifelong growth and regeneration. The two core components of their visual system, the retina and tectum both maintain small populations of stem cells that contribute new neurons and glia to these tissues as they grow. As the animals age, the initial retinal projections onto the tectum are continuously remodeled to maintain retinotopy. These properties raise several biological challenges related to the control of proliferation and differentiation of retinal and tectal stem cells. For instance, how do stem and progenitor cells integrate intrinsic and extrinsic cues to produce the appropriate type and number of cells needed by the growing tissue. Does retinal growth or neuronal activity influence tectal growth? What are the cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable retinal axons to shift their tectal connections as these two tissues grow in incongruent patterns? While we cannot yet provide answers to these questions, this review attempts to supply background and context, laying the groundwork for new investigations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 72: 328–345, 2012
Lipids of oleaginous yeasts. Part II: Technology and potential applications
Authors: Papanikolaou Seraphim , Aggelis George
Published: May 2011

The process of lipid accumulation in the oleaginous yeasts cultivated in various fermentation configurations when either sugars and related compounds or hydrophobic substances are used as substrates is presented and kinetic models describing both de novo and ex novo lipid accumulation are analyzed. Technological aspects related with single cell oil (SCO) produced by oleaginous yeasts are depicted. The influence of culture parameters upon lipid production process is presented. Lipid production has been studied in batch, fed‐batch, and continuous cultivation systems using yeasts belonging to the species Lipomyces starkeyi, Rhodosporidium toruloides, Apiotrichum curvatum, Candida curvata, Cryptococcus curvatus, Trichosporon fermentans, and Yarrowia lipolytica. The potentiality of yeasts to produce SCO as starting material of 2nd generation biodiesel is indicated and discussed. Of significant importance is also the utilization of yeast lipids as substitutes of high added value exotic fats (e.g., cocoa butter). Lipid produced by the various yeasts presents, in general, similar composition with that of common vegetable oils being composed of unsaturated fatty acids, whereas cocoa butter is principally composed of saturated fatty acids, consequently the various strategies that are followed in order to increase the cellular saturated fatty acid content of the yeast lipid are presented and comprehensively discussed.
Raman spectroscopy of the polymorphic forms and liquid state of cocoa butter
Authors: Bresson Serge , Rousseau Dérick , Ghosh Supratim , Marssi Mimoun El , Faivre Vincent
Published: May 2011

Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the polymorphs and liquid state of cocoa butter, with emphasis placed on the evolution of the ester carbonyl stretching region (1800–1700 cm−1), along with complementary analysis and comparison of the Raman‐active CC (1200–1000 cm−1), CC (1660 cm−1), CH (3000–2700 cm−1) and CH2 (1500–1250 cm−1) vibrational modes. Unique Raman signatures were obtained for all cocoa butter polymorphs, with their identity confirmed using DSC and XRD. The ester carbonyl region permitted polymorph discrimination due to differences in the number of modes, their relative frequencies and their full‐widths at half‐maximum. The CC stretching modes, which provided insight into the trans/gauche content, were polymorph‐independent. CH stretching generally increased with polymorph stability, indicating the dominance of antisymmetric CH methylene vibrations as the cocoa butter crystal lattice became more ordered. The change in the intensities of the CH stretching bands used to probe the order–disorder transition of forms IV, V and VI hinted at pre‐melt structural changes mostly in forms IV and V. Overall, Raman spectroscopy clearly demonstrated that the different functional groups studied could be characterized independently, allowing for the understanding of their role in cocoa butter polymorphism.

Practical applications: Fat bloom is the unwanted, uncontrolled re‐crystallization or polymorphic transition of CB form V crystals into form VI normally caused by the migration of lower‐melting fats (e.g. in centre‐filled products) and/or temperature fluctuations during storage. In its mildest form, it appears as an overall dulling of the chocolate surface. In its extreme form, the appearance of the chocolate deteriorates significantly with the development of distinct white patches. Though forms V and VI can be clearly distinguished via XRD, we present evidence that Raman spectral characterization of the ester carbonyl stretching (1800–1700 cm−1), CC (1200–1000 cm−1), CC (1660 cm−1), CH (3000–2700 cm−1) and CH2 (1500–1250 cm−1) vibrational modes yields distinct liquid–solid and polymorph‐dependent differences in CB. From a practical standpoint, the unique signatures associated with forms V and VI offer novel possibilities in the study of fat bloom formation, such as the development of predictive tools.
Infrared‐based temperature measurements in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Cianciulli Claudia , Wätzig Hermann
Published: May 2011

In capillary electrophoresis (CE), the temperature inside the capillary is one of the most important parameters. In a concept for Analytical Instrument Qualification (AIQ) of CE systems, the temperature accuracy and stability have to be included. This fact requires an accurate look at the measurement of temperature which is generated by the applied electrical power. The generation of Joule heating is measured on the outside of the capillary using an infrared (IR) thermometer. The thermometer linearity is demonstrated over a wide range of various electrical field strength, buffer systems, and different capillary inner diameters. A slope of 6.3°C m/W was found for the optimal thermometer capillary distance of 8 mm. Furthermore, the temperature measurements are highly precise, depending almost solely on the current variability. The proposed method is compared with three methods calculating the temperature from the conductance, the electroosmotic velocity, or the current. These indirect methods estimate slopes ranging from 7 to 10°C m/W. In addition, the maximal suitable electrical power per unit length is estimated. Joule heating can often be tolerated up to 4 W/m. However, sensitive analytes can already be affected by using more than 1 W/m. In conclusion, the consideration of the temperature is essential for not only Analytical Instrument Qualification, but also certainly useful for method optimisation and method transfer.
Convenient enantioseparation by monolithic imprinted capillary clamped in a chip with electrochemical detection
Authors: Qu Ping , Zhang Lei , Sheng Jin , Lei Jianping , Ju Huangxian
Published: May 2011

A microchip integrated with a monolithic imprinted capillary has been manufactured for performing the chip‐based capillary electrochromatographic enantioseparation. The microporous monolith anchored on the inner wall of the microchannel was prepared by in situ chemical copolymerization, and characterized with scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, and solid‐state UV–vis spectroscopy. The monolithic network with high porosity gave a large surface area, good permeability, low mass‐transfer resistance, and thus high separation efficiency. A portable microchip was conveniently constructed by integrating an imprinted capillary with 5‐cm length as the separation channel and a carbon fiber microdisk working electrode for amperometric detection. Using L‐tyrosine (L‐Tyr) as the template molecule, Tyr enantiomers could be baseline separated within 55 s under the optimized preparation and separation conditions. The linear ranges for online amperometric detection of both Tyr enantiomers were from 20 to 2400 μM. The microporous monolithic chip strategy exhibited excellent separation efficiency and promising analytical application in enantioseparation. It opens an avenue for high‐throughput screening of chiral compounds.
A dielectrophoretic continuous flow sorter using integrated microelectrodes coupled to a channel constriction
Authors: Salomon Sven , Leichlé Thierry , Nicu Liviu
Published: May 2011

In this article, we propose a novel dielectrophoretic continuous flow sorter using planar micro electrodes coupled to a channel constriction. This design enables a high particle sorting efficiency at low voltages while relying on a simple fabrication and integration process. We have numerically simulated the AC electrokinetic effects and the fluid behavior to predict particle trajectories. Simulation results are in accordance with experimental data: 10 and 5 μm polystyrene beads were continuously sorted with <2% errors at flow speeds of 100 μm/s. We were also able to change the particle buffer while sorting beads. Finally, to demonstrate the interest of our device for cell sorting, we also sorted dead and living yeast cells according to their different dielectric properties. Living cell concentration was enriched by a factor of 4 versus dead cell concentration after passing the sorting device.
Integrative analysis of microRNA, mRNA and aCGH data reveals asbestos‐ and histology‐related changes in lung cancer
Authors: Nymark Penny , Guled Mohamed , Borze Ioana , Faisal Ali , Lahti Leo , Salmenkivi Kaisa , Kettunen Eeva , Anttila Sisko , Knuutila Sakari
Published: May 2011

Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate of all of the cancers in the world and asbestos‐related lung cancer is one of the leading occupational cancers. The identification of asbestos‐related molecular changes has long been a topic of increasing research interest. The aim of this study was to identify novel asbestos‐related molecular correlates by integrating miRNA expression profiling with previously obtained profiling data (aCGH and mRNA expression) from the same patient material. miRNA profiling was performed on 26 tumor and corresponding normal lung tissue samples from highly asbestos‐exposed and non‐exposed patients, and on eight control lung tissue samples. Data analyses on miRNA expression, and integration of miRNA and previously obtained mRNA data were performed using Chipster. A separate analysis was used to integrate miRNA and previously obtained aCGH data. Both known and new lung cancer‐associated miRNAs and target genes with inverse correlation were discovered. Furthermore, DNA copy number alterations (e.g., gain at 12p13.31) were correlated with the deregulated miRNAs. Specifically, thirteen novel asbestos‐related miRNAs (over‐expressed: miR‐148b, miR‐374a, miR‐24‐1*, Let‐7d, Let‐7e, miR‐199b‐5p, miR‐331‐3p, and miR‐96 and under‐expressed: miR‐939, miR‐671‐5p, miR‐605, miR‐1224‐5p and miR‐202) and inversely correlated target genes (e.g., GADD45A, LTBP1, FOSB, NCALD, CACNA2D2, MTSS1, EPB41L3) were identified. In addition, over‐expression of the well known squamous cell carcinoma‐associated miR‐205 was linked to down‐regulation of the DOK4 gene. The miRNAs/genes presented here may represent interesting targets for further investigation and could eventually have potential diagnostic implications. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of spinal instrumentation rod bending characteristics for in‐situ contouring
Authors: Noshchenko Andriy , Xianfeng Yao , Armour Grant Alan , Baldini Todd , Patel Vikas V. , Ayers Reed , Burger Evalina
Published: May 2011

Bending characteristics were studied in rods used for spinal instrumentation at in‐situ contouring conditions. Five groups of five 6 mm diameter rods made from: cobalt alloy (VITALLIUM), titanium‐aluminum‐vanadium alloy (SDI™), β‐titanium alloy (TNTZ), cold worked stainless steel (STIFF), and annealed stainless steel (MALLEABLE) were studied. The bending procedure was similar to that typically applied for in‐situ contouring in the operating room and included two bending cycles: first—bending to 21–24° under load with further release of loading for 10 min, and second—bending to 34–37° at the previously bent site and release of load for 10 min. Applied load, bending stiffness, and springback effect were studied. Statistical evaluation included ANOVA, correlation and regression analysis. TNTZ and SDI™ rods showed the highest (p < 0.05) springback at both bending cycles. VITALLIUM and STIFF rods showed mild springback (p < 0.05). The least (p < 0.05) springback was observed in the MALLEABLE rods. Springback significantly correlated with the bend angle under load (p < 0.001). To reach the necessary bend angle after unloading, over bending should be 37–40% of the required angle in TNTZ and SDI™ rods, 27–30% in VITALLIUM and STIFF rods, and around 20% in MALLEABLE rods. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2011.
A background elimination method based on linear programming for Raman spectra
Authors: Baek Sung‐June , Park Aaron , Shen Aiguo , Hu Jimming
Published: May 2011

In this paper, we consider a new background elimination method for Raman spectra. As a background is usually slowly varying with respect to wavelength, it could be approximated by a slowly varying curve. However, the usual curve‐fitting method cannot be applied because there is a constraint that the estimated background must be beneath a measured spectrum. To meet the requirement, we adopt a polynomial as an approximating function and show that background estimation could be converted to a linear programming problem which is a special case of constrained optimization. In addition, we present an order selection algorithm for automatic baseline elimination. According to the experimental results, it is shown that the proposed method could be successfully applied to experimental Raman spectra as well as synthetic spectra. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The changing biochemical composition and organisation of the murine oocyte and early embryo as revealed by Raman spectroscopic mapping
Authors: Davidson Bryony , Spears Norah , Murray Alison , Elfick Alistair
Published: May 2011

Despite an exponential uptake in recent years of assisted reproductive techniques, such as in vitro fertilisation, much is still not fully understood about the biochemical modifications that take place during the development and maturation of the egg and embryo. As such, in order to improve the efficiency of these techniques, furthering our understanding of the processes that underpin oocyte and embryo development is necessary. Raman spectroscopic mapping as a technique enables the investigation of biochemical variation within intact cells without the need for labelling. Here, Raman maps of fixed immature and mature oocytes along with early stage embryos were collected using 785 nm excitation and a step size of 2 µm. The results were analysed using both univariate and multivariate techniques. It was found that significant macromolecular accumulation took place during oocyte maturation, while a decrease in total lipid content consistent with the formation of new cellular membranes is observed upon embryo cleavage. Furthermore, an observed asymmetrical localisation of macromolecules in the mature oocyte may indicate the existence of cytoplasmic polarisation, a phenomenon that has been observed in the eggs of lower organisms. As such, these results indicate that Raman spectroscopic mapping may present an alternative analytical tool for investigating the biochemistry of egg and embryo development. In particular, these results indicate that temporal Raman analysis may help to reveal the existence of cytoplasmic polarisation in the murine egg. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified cascade model of resonant Raman scattering: a case study of UV Raman scattering in Zn1−xMnxO thin films
Authors: Yadav Harish Kumar , Katiyar R. S. , Gupta Vinay
Published: May 2011

The cascade model of inelastic resonant Raman scattering considers real electronic states in the conduction band (CB) as intermediaries to explain multiple longitudinal optical (LO) Stokes‐shifted lines in the emission spectra. In this study, we report modification in the cascade model under conditions where the scattered photons after multiple transitions have energy lower than the bandgap (Eg) and give rise to higher order n‐LO lines. The higher order n‐LO lines involve electron transition between the trap levels, which are created by impurities or defects in the forbidden energy gap, and are analogous to the real electronic states in CB, depending on the density of defects or impurities in the lattice. The presence of traps in the forbidden gap (1) acts as virtual intermediate states giving rise to higher order n‐LO modes and (2) tends to decrease the radiative recombination probability leading to quenching of the luminescence emission and line width (full‐width at half‐maximum) broadening. Ultraviolet Raman scattering in Mn‐doped ZnO (Zn1−xMnxO) thin films were investigated and the experimental observations analyzed in the domain of the modified cascade model. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating motion‐detection cameras and hair snags for wolverine identification
Authors: Magoun Audrey J. , Long Clinton D. , Schwartz Michael K. , Pilgrim Kristine L. , Lowell Richard E. , Valkenburg Patrick
Published: May 2011

We developed an integrated system for photographing a wolverine's (Gulo gulo) ventral pattern while concurrently collecting hair for microsatellite DNA genotyping. Our objectives were to 1) test the system on a wild population of wolverines using an array of camera and hair‐snag (C&H) stations in forested habitat where wolverines were known to occur, 2) validate our ability to determine identity (ID) and sex from photographs by comparing photographic data with that from DNA, and 3) encourage researchers and managers to test the system in different wolverine populations and habitats and improve the system design. Of the 18 individuals (10 M, 8 F) for which we obtained genotypes over the 2 years of our study, there was a 100% match between photographs and DNA for both ID and sex. The integrated system made it possible to reduce cost of DNA analysis by >74%. Integrating motion‐detection cameras and hair snags provides a cost‐effective technique for wildlife managers to monitor wolverine populations in remote habitats and obtain information on important population parameters such as density, survival, productivity, and effective population size. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Acoustic identification of bats in the eastern United States: A comparison of parametric and nonparametric methods
Authors: Britzke Eric R. , Duchamp Joseph E. , Murray Kevin L. , Swihart Robert K. , Robbins Lynn W.
Published: May 2011

Ultrasonic detectors are widely used to survey bats in ecological studies. To evaluate efficacy of acoustic identification, we compiled a library of search phase calls from across the eastern United States using the Anabat system. The call library included 1,846 call sequences of 12 species recorded from 14 states. We determined accuracy rates using 3 parametric and 4 nonparametric classification functions for acoustic identification. The 2 most flexible classification functions also were the most accurate: neural networks (overall classification accuracy = 0.94) and mixture discriminant analysis incorporating an adaptive regression model (overall classification accuracy = 0.93). Flexible nonparametric methods offer substantial benefits when discriminating among closely related species and may preclude the need to group species with similar calls. We demonstrate that quantitative methods provide an effective technique to acoustically identify bats in the eastern United States with known accuracy rates. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Fatal attacks by American black bear on people: 1900–2009
Authors: Herrero Stephen , Higgins Andrew , Cardoza James E. , Hajduk Laura I. , Smith Tom S.
Published: May 2011

At least 63 people were killed in 59 incidents by non‐captive black bear (Ursus americanus) during 1900–2009. Fatal black bear attacks occurred in Canada and Alaska (n = 49) and in the lower 48 states (n = 14). There were 3.5 times as many fatal attacks in Canada and Alaska but only 1.75 times as many black bears, and much less human contact for black bears in Canada and Alaska. There was a weak positive correlation (rs = 0.56, P ≤ 0.000) between the estimated size of a bear population within a given jurisdiction and the number of fatal black bear attacks. Some jurisdictions had no fatal black bear attacks but had large estimated black bear populations. Of fatal attacks, 86% (54 of 63, 1.08/yr) occurred between 1960 and 2009. There was positive linear relationship between the number of fatal black bear attacks per decade and human population size in the United States and Canada per decade (r2 = 0.92, β = 0.000, P ≤ 0.001). Of fatal attacks, 91% (49 of 54) occurred on parties of 1 or 2 persons. In 38% (15 of 40) of incidents, peoples' food or garbage probably influenced the bear being in the attack location. We judged that the bear involved acted as a predator in 88% (49 of 56) of fatal incidents. Adult (n = 23) or subadult (n = 10) male bears were involved in 92% (33 of 36) of fatal predatory incidents, reflecting biological and behavioral differences between male and female bears. That most fatal black bear attacks were predatory and were carried out by 1 bear shows that females with young are not the most dangerous black bears. As a result of our research agencies managing black bear can more accurately understand the risk of being killed by a black bear, and can communicate this to the public. With training, people can learn to recognize the behaviors of a bear considering them as prey and can act to deter predation. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
A reappraisal of the evidence for regulation of wolf populations
Authors: Cariappa C. A. , Oakleaf John K. , Ballard Warren B. , Breck Stewart W.
Published: May 2011

The dogma that gray wolf (Canis lupus) population densities in naturally occurring systems are limited almost solely by available ungulate biomass is based upon studies that fit straight line linear regressions (Type 1 numerical response) to data collected at 32 sites across North America. We fit Type 1, 2, and 3 response functions to the data using linear and nonlinear regression as appropriate and found that the evidence supported wolf population regulation by density‐dependence as much as limitation by prey availability. When we excluded 4 of 32 points from the original data set because those points represented exploited or expanding wolf populations the data suggested that wolf populations are self regulated rather than limited by prey biomass by at least a 3:1 margin. In establishing goals for sustainable wolf population levels, managers of wolf reintroductions and species recovery efforts should account for the possibility that some regulatory mechanism plays an important role in wolf population dynamics. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Assessing aural and visual cueing as tools for seabird management
Authors: Arnold Jennifer M. , Nisbet Ian C.T. , Veit Richard
Published: May 2011

Social attraction, that is, mimicking of active and productive colonies via audio playback of calls of breeding conspecifics and the use of decoys, is commonly used to attract birds to newly established or restored breeding sites. However, little is known about the relative importance of aural versus visual cues for identify nesting areas. Such information is important for design and evaluation of management protocols. We studied the effectiveness of decoys (visual cues) and playbacks (audio cues) as methods for restoring a colony of common terns (Sterna hirundo) at Muskeget Island, Massachusetts, USA. We used a 2‐year, crossover experiment with 3 treatment areas: audio and visual, audio only, and visual only. We reversed treatment areas in the second year to control for previous nesting area or substrate preference. In both years, nests were built 9–101 m downwind of loudspeakers. There was no overlap in areas used for nesting between years and no nests were built within decoy plots in either year. Behavioral observations showed that birds responded to decoys only when within range of sound treatments. Conspecific vocalizations appear to be important proximate cues for seabird colony site selection and should be given priority in management protocols using social attraction. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Density estimation in a wolverine population using spatial capture–recapture models
Authors: Royle J. Andrew , Magoun Audrey J. , Gardner Beth , Valkenburg Patrick , Lowell Richard E.
Published: May 2011

Classical closed‐population capture–recapture models do not accommodate the spatial information inherent in encounter history data obtained from camera‐trapping studies. As a result, individual heterogeneity in encounter probability is induced, and it is not possible to estimate density objectively because trap arrays do not have a well‐defined sample area. We applied newly‐developed, capture–recapture models that accommodate the spatial attribute inherent in capture–recapture data to a population of wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Southeast Alaska in 2008. We used camera‐trapping data collected from 37 cameras in a 2,140‐km2area of forested and open habitats largely enclosed by ocean and glacial icefields. We detected 21 unique individuals 115 times. Wolverines exhibited a strong positive trap response, with an increased tendency to revisit previously visited traps. Under the trap‐response model, we estimated wolverine density at 9.7 individuals/1,000 km2(95% Bayesian CI: 5.9–15.0). Our model provides a formal statistical framework for estimating density from wolverine camera‐trapping studies that accounts for a behavioral response due to baited traps. Further, our model‐based estimator does not have strict requirements about the spatial configuration of traps or length of trapping sessions, providing considerable operational flexibility in the development of field studies. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Comparison of methods for estimating density of forest songbirds from point counts
Authors: Reidy Jennifer L. , Thompson Frank R. , Bailey J. Wesley
Published: May 2011

New analytical methods have been promoted for estimating the probability of detection and density of birds from count data but few studies have compared these methods using real data. We compared estimates of detection probability and density from distance and time‐removal models and survey protocols based on 5‐ or 10‐min counts and outer radii of 50 or 100 m. We surveyed singing male Acadian flycatchers (Empidonax virescens), cerulean warblers (Dendroica cerulea), Kentucky warblers (Oporornis formosus), Louisiana waterthrushes (Parkesia motacilla), wood thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina), and worm‐eating warblers (Helmitheros vermivorum) in bottomland and upland forest across 5 states in the Central Hardwoods Bird Conservation Region during the breeding season in 2007 and 2008. Detection probabilities differed between distance and time‐removal models and species detectabilities were affected differently by year, forest type, and state. Density estimates from distance models were generally higher than from time‐removal models, resulting from lower detection probabilities estimated by distance models. We found support for individual heterogeneity (modeled as a finite mixture model) in the time‐removal models and that 50‐m radius counts generated density estimates approximately twice as high as 100‐m radius counts. Users should be aware that in addition to estimating different components of detectability, density estimates derived from distance and time‐removal models can be affected by survey protocol because some count durations and plot radii may better meet model assumptions than others. The choice of a method may not affect the use of estimates for relative comparisons (e.g., when comparing habitats) but could affect conclusions when used to estimate population size. We recommend careful consideration of assumptions when deciding on point‐count protocol and selection of analysis methods. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Coyote capture vulnerability relative to space use and trap density
Authors: Wilson Ryan R. , Young Julie K. , Shivik John A.
Published: May 2011

Coyotes (Canis latrans) are reported to be less vulnerable to capture in familiar areas of territories, however, most studies do not control for trap density across the territory. We determined if accounting for trap density provided a better explanation of observed capture rates. Based on a sample of 24 captured coyotes (6 inside core areas and 18 on peripheries of occupied areas) the best fitting model describing capture location only accounted for trap density and not relative time spent in each region. Our results suggest that coyote capture rates are a function of trap density in an area and not novelty avoidance. Placing traps in core areas of territories can increase the probability of capturing individuals from specific territories to increase the effectiveness of management or research activities. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Good prognosis of localized osteosarcoma in young patients treated with limb‐salvage surgery and chemotherapy
Authors: Hegyi Marta , Semsei Agnes F. , Jakab Zsuzsanna , Antal Imre , Kiss Janos , Szendroi Miklos , Csoka Monika , Kovacs Gabor
Published: May 2011

Background

The objective of this report was to estimate long‐term outcome and prognostic factors in children and adolescents with osteosarcoma. A large group of osteosarcoma patients were analyzed at our national oncology center.

Procedure

To evaluate the efficacy of surgery and multiagent chemotherapy for treating osteosarcoma, we reviewed 122 cases (65 male, 57 female, mean age 13.8 ± 3.6 years) treated at the Second Department of Pediatrics in Budapest between 1988 and 2006. Demographic parameters, tumor‐related and treatment‐related variables, response, overall survival (OS) and event‐free survival (EFS) were analyzed.

Results

The 5‐year OS was 68% and 5‐year EFS was 62%. OS of patients without metastasis was 79%, while OS with early metastasis was 17%. Survival of patients with amputation (n = 30) was not significantly different from patients with limb‐salvage surgery (n = 82), but all patients without radical surgery died. Gender and histological classification had no prognostic significance. Patients with localized tumors in extremities had increased survival compared to patients with axial skeleton tumors (P = 0.013). Poor histological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (rate of survivor tumor cells >10%) was associated with decreased survival (P = 0.018). Patients under 14 years had better EFS than patients over 14 years (P = 0.008).

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that younger patients with localized osteosarcoma of the extremities who receive limb‐salvage surgery and chemotherapy have an excellent survival. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 415–422. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystallographic study of red fluorescent protein eqFP578 and its far‐red variant Katushka reveals opposite pH‐induced isomerization of chromophore
Authors: Pletneva Nadya V. , Pletnev Vladimir Z. , Shemiakina Irina I. , Chudakov Dmitriy M. , Artemyev Igor , Wlodawer Alexander , Dauter Zbigniew , Pletnev Sergei
Published: May 2011

The wild type red fluorescent protein eqFP578 (from sea anemone Entacmaea quadricolor, λex = 552 nm, λem = 578 nm) and its bright far‐red fluorescent variant Katushka (λex = 588 nm, λem = 635 nm) are characterized by the pronounced pH dependence of their fluorescence. The crystal structures of eqFP578f (eqFP578 with two point mutations improving the protein folding) and Katushka have been determined at the resolution ranging from 1.15 to 1.85 Å at two pH values, corresponding to low and high level of fluorescence. The observed extinguishing of fluorescence upon reducing pH in eqFP578f and Katushka has been shown to be accompanied by the opposite trans‐cis and cis‐trans chromophore isomerization, respectively. Asn143, Ser158, His197 and Ser143, Leu174, and Arg197 have been shown to stabilize the respective trans and cis fluorescent states of the chromophores in eqFP578f and Katushka at higher pH. The cis state has been suggested as being primarily responsible for the observed far‐red shift of the emission maximum of Katushka relative to that of eqFP578f.
Surgical and pathological outcomes after right hemicolectomy: case‐matched study comparing robotic and open surgery
Authors: Luca Fabrizio , Ghezzi Tiago Leal , Valvo Manuela , Cenciarelli Sabina , Pozzi Simonetta , Radice Davide , Crosta Cristiano , Biffi Roberto
Published: May 2011

Objective

To compare the surgical and pathological outcomes of patients with right‐sided colon cancers operated on by means of open and robotic surgery with extracorporeal anastomosis.

Methods

Thirty‐three consecutive patients who underwent robotic right hemicolectomy due to right‐sided colon cancer were retrospectively well matched with 102 patients operated on by the open approach. Data were included in a prospectively maintained database.

Results

Mean operative time was longer in the robotic group (P < 0.001), 191.7 min (134–250) versus 136.2 (45–240) min in the open group. Estimated intraoperative blood loss was less in the robotic group, which presented a mean of 6.1 ml versus 94.8 ml in the open group (P < 0.001). Despite the similar length of the surgical specimen and number of lymph nodes retrieved between both groups, 15 or more lymph nodes were found in the specimen in 90 out of 102 patients (88.2%) operated on by the open technique versus 33 out of 33 patients (100%) who underwent robotic hemicolectomy (P = 0.038). The median length of postoperative hospital stay was shorter in the robotic group, 5 versus 8 days (P < 0.001). No other statistically significant difference was observed in terms of pathological and postoperative results.

Conclusions

Robotic right hemicolectomy is an oncologically safe and effective procedure. The number of lymph nodes retrieved in the robotic group compared with the open group of our series was more homogeneous, and none of the patients operated on with this technique had a suboptimal lymphadenectomy. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm current evidence and determine whether this can influence the prognosis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of pattern fabrication model using near‐field photolithography
Authors: Yang Ching‐Been
Published: May 2011

This study established a pattern fabrication model for near‐field photolithography (NFP) and conducted pattern fabrication and analysis to understand the process of NFP. This study proposed that exposure energy density can accumulate when two exposure beams overlap. We also presented a method to analyze the exposure energy density of patterns and an error function derived from the results of the exposure energy simulation and the maximum exposure energy density. Using the Levenberg–Marquardt method and a reasonable convergence criterion, the exposure interval of two line segments for optimum pattern flatness was obtained. A simulation of the pattern fabrication model showed that when the exposure interval S = 1.66ρ0, optimum flatness could be obtained. The results of this study have potential for industrial application in fabrication of micro‐ and nano‐scale channels. SCANNING 33: 222–232, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving the power of chronic disease surveillance by incorporating residential history
Authors: Manjourides Justin , Pagano Marcello
Published: May 2011

We present a global test for disease clustering with power to identify disturbances from the null population distribution which accounts for the lag time between the date of exposure and the date of diagnosis. Location at diagnosis is often used as a surrogate for the location of exposure; however, the causative exposure could have occurred at a previous address in a case's residential history. We incorporate models for the incubation distribution of a disease to weight each address into the residential history by the corresponding probability of the exposure occurring at that address. We then introduce a test statistic which uses these incubation‐weighted addresses to test for a difference between the spatial distribution of the cases and the spatial distribution of the controls, or the background population. We follow the construction of theMstatistic to evaluate the significance of these new distance distributions. Our results show that gains in detection power when residential history is accounted for are of such a degree that it might make the qualitative difference between the presence of spatial clustering being detected or not, thus making a strong argument for the inclusion of residential history in the analysis of such data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.