bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal growth of a new pseudopolymorph modification of the polymer compound [CuC12H8N4O2]n
Authors: Prokofiev A. V. , Dahlmann E. , Ritter F. , Assmus W. , Margraf G. , Wagner M.
Published: October 2004

The growth of crystals of the coordination polymer [CuC12H8N4O2]n with one‐dimensional magnetic properties is reported. Several approaches have been proposed and tested in order to diminish the growth anisotropy and plate‐like crystals of an area measuring up to 250×100 μm2 were grown. The structure and the composition of the crystals are slightly modified with respect to that of earlier synthesized powder. Instead of the water free triclinic phase a monoclinic phase, intercalated by water molecules, forms. In the new modification, the polymer chain layers are bound together by a network of hydrogen bonds, which are stronger than the usual Van der Waals interactions in the triclinic phase. The crystal morphology is plate‐like instead of the earlier obtained spherulitic needles. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of beryllium selenates by X‐ray powder diffraction, DTA and DSC
Authors: Koleva V. G. , Karadjova V. A. , Georgiev M. P.
Published: October 2004

BeSeO4.2H2O and BeSeO4 have been studied röntgenographically: BeSeO4.2H2O forms orthorhombic crystals with lattice constants: a = 5.843(2) Å; b = 9.790(3) Å; c = 4.692(1) Å; V = 268.4(1) Å3. The crystals of BeSeO4 are tetragonal: a = 4.648(1) Å; c = 7.084 (3) Å; V = 153.1(1) Å3, SG I$ \bar 4 $. The thermal dehydration of BeSeO4.4H2O has been studied by TG, DTA and DSC methods. The dehydration occurs in four steps and intermediate hydrates BeSeO4.2H2O, BeSeO4.H2O and BeSeO4.0.5H2O are formed. The enthalpies of dehydration of the observed dehydration processes have been determined. The higher value of ΔHdeh of BeSeO4.4H2O as compared to those of other metal selenate tetrahydrates is discussed in terms of the strong Be–H2O interaction. The enthalpies of formation of BeSeO4.4H2O and BeSeO4.2H2O have been calculated. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flow cytometry: Interesting tool for studying binding behavior of DNA on inorganic layered double hydroxide (LDH)
Authors: Burzlaff Arne , Brethauer Simone , Kasper Cornelia , Jackisch Björn‐Oliver , Scheper Thomas
Published: October 2004

Background

A new method was established to characterize the binding kinetics of DNA toward layered double hydroxides (LDHs). The setup consisted of a newly developed sampling tube that allows the injection of analyte during the flow cytometric measurement.

Methods

Layered double hydroxides consist of cationic metal hydroxide layers and exchangeable interlayer anions. This negatively charged structure permits biomolecules such as DNA to adsorb, and a so‐called DNA–LDH hybrid is formed. The hydroxide layers can be removed in acidic media and the DNA will be released. CERATOFIX® (a registered trademark of Süd‐Chemie AG NA that belongs to the family of LDHs, produced by Süd‐Chemie AG). The chemical structure can be summarized as [Mg2Al(OH)6](CO3)0.5. The binding capacity and kinetic characteristics of different types of CERATOFIX®NA for a model DNA was determined by flow cytometry.

Results

The static binding capacities of the different LDHs were determined after 1‐ and 16‐h incubation with DNA solution, showing different binding patterns between the LDH materials. The binding kinetics were revealed by flow cytometric measurements in short‐term and long‐term kinetic experiments, showing that the majority of DNA adsorbs within the first 60 s.

Conclusions

DNA removal from cell culture supernatants is one of the major concerns in downstream processing. Due to the anion exchange capabilities of LDHs it seemed a very interesting approach to use these materials for binding of DNA for elimination purposes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell cycle distribution of CD4+ lymphocytes in HIV‐1–infected subjects
Authors: Chaves Mariana Melillo Sauer , Kallas Esper Georges
Published: October 2004

Background

Apoptosis is one of the possible explanations for the progressive loss of CD4+ T lymphocytes in infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which may interfere with cell cycle distribution. This study evaluated the cell cycle of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes in HIV‐infected subjects and controls.

Methods

Two methods to identify lymphocytes for cell cycle analysis were evaluated, magnetic beads and concurrent staining, and both were followed by propidium iodide DNA labeling. The chosen method was used to evaluate the cell cycle of lymphocytes in HIV‐1–infected subjects and controls.

Results

There was no significant difference between the two methods, although a higher variability was observed with the magnetic bead cell separation method. A higher proportion of cells in the S phase was observed in HIV‐1 patients (2.69% vs. 1.19%, P = 0.016), coupled with a decrease in G1 (96.11% vs. 98.10%, P = 0.005) in CD4+ lymphocytes, a phenomenon not observed in CD8+ lymphocytes. No correlation was detected between the different cell cycle phases and T‐lymphocyte counts or viral load.

Conclusions

The present work developed a new approach to evaluate lymphocyte cell cycle distribution, applied in the setting of HIV‐1 infection. It may contribute to the understanding of the CD4+ T‐lymphocytes depletion seen in these patients. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Eating behavior disorders in Chilean infants
Authors: Sánchez Susana , Castillo‐Durán Carlos
Published: October 2004

Eating behavior disorders (EBD) are often observed in children. Most of the related research, however, has been performed in developed countries. In countries like Chile, characterization of food disorders during the first years of life is unknown.

Objective

The goal of the current study is to characterize the EBD of Chilean children during the first 2 years of life.

Methods

We studied 67 children (mean age = 5.4 months; range = 4–24 months). The study group (SG; according to criteria in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) consisted of 34 children with EBD whose mothers spontaneously consulted for difficulties for feeding and the control group (CG) included 33 healthy children. A structured recall was applied to their mothers.

Results

EBD onset was observed more frequently during the first semester of life and was associated with new foods. The children in the SG presented with lower birth weight (SG: 3,000 ± 500 g; CG: 3,400 ± 500 g; p < .001), weight/length (−0.4 ± 1.0 vs. 0.8 ± 1.1; p = .0001), and length/age z scores (−0.7 ± 1.0 vs. −0.1 ± 0.8; p = .007) than children in the CG. Early weaning before 4 months of age was more frequently found in the SG (44.1% vs. 12.1%; p = .04). The logistic regression showed as variables those associated with EBD, that is, birth weight and maternal history of EDB during her infancy (χ2, p = .0003). Mothers of children in the SG felt that their maternal role was more difficul and less satisfactory than mothers of children in the CG (χ2, p = .03).

Discussion

EBDs in Chilean infants are observed during the first months of life and are associated with a lower birth weight, shortened exclusive breast‐feeding, maternal history of EBD during their infancy, and lower physical growth. Mothers of children with EBD frequently feel that their maternal role is difficult and unsatisfactory. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 348–355, 2004.
No longer just a pretty face: Fashion magazines' depictions of ideal female beauty from 1959 to 1999
Authors: Sypeck Mia Foley , Gray James J. , Ahrens Anthony H.
Published: October 2004

Objective

The print media's depiction of the ideal of feminine beauty as presented to American women was examined for the years 1959–1999.

Method

Trends were investigated through an analysis of cover models appearing on the four most popular American fashion magazines.

Results

Body size for fashion models decreased significantly during the 1980s and 1990s. There was also a dramatic increase in the frequency with which the media depicted the entire bodies of the models from the 1960s to the 1990s.

Discussion

Both the increasingly thin images and the striking increase in full‐body portrayals suggest an increase in the value placed by American society on a thin ideal for women, a change that is concurrent with the increase in disturbed eating patterns among American women. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 342–347, 2004.
Time course of symptom remission in eating disorders
Authors: Clausen Loa
Published: October 2004

Objective

The study was carried out to test whether time to remission varies for different eating disorder symptoms.

Method

Sixty‐five patients (35 anorexic patients and 30 bulimic patients) treated with psychotherapy were interviewed 2½ years after initial assessment.

Results

The anorexic physical symptoms remitted before the psychological symptoms of anorexia and bulimia nervosa, as did the bulimic behaviors: binging and purging. Nonpurging compensatory behavior and obsession with weight and shape were the last symptoms to remit. Differences between the anorexic and bulimic groups were found between the remission order of psychological symptoms.

Discussion

In spite of different treatments and symptoms between patients, the results support the notion of a common pattern in the process of change including a long and stepwise course. The results detail a template of the course to recovery for eating disorders. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 296–306, 2004.
Stress and hunger alter the anorectic efficacy of fluoxetine in binge‐eating rats with a history of caloric restriction
Authors: Placidi Rachel J. , Chandler Paula C. , Oswald Kimberly D. , Maldonado Christine , Wauford Pamela K. , Boggiano Mary M.
Published: October 2004

Objective

We examined the effect of fluoxetine to suppress binge eating in rats with a history of caloric restriction (CR) and the extent to which this effect was altered by stress and hunger.

Method

To detect heightened sensitivity to fluoxetine, young female rats were used to determine a subthreshold anorectic dose (2 mg/kg, intraperitonally). Another group of rats was either fed ad libitum or given multiple CR (to 90% body weight) and refeeding‐to‐satiety cycles. One half of the rats were then either spared or subjected to foot shock stress before fluoxetine treatment.

Results

A history of CR alone produced bingelike eating on palatable food (p < .001) and, although stress did not affect intake, it rendered CR rats hypersensitive to the satiety effect of fluoxetine. The feeding‐suppression was mainly for chow (p < .05) and the effect was abolished if the rats were in negative energy balance.

Discussion

Results support the utility of this animal model to elucidate serotonergic changes linking dieting to binge eating. The diverse effects of fluoxetine on the type of food, and in hungry versus sated rats, suggest alternate brain mechanisms should be concomitantly targeted for improved treatment of binge eating disorders. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 328–341, 2004.
Genetic and environmental influences on binge eating in the absence of compensatory behaviors: A population‐based twin study
Authors: Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , Bulik Cynthia M. , Tambs Kristian , Harris Jennifer R.
Published: October 2004

Objective

The current study explores the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influence liability to binge eating in the absence of compensatory behaviors (BE) in a population‐based sample of twins.

Method

Questionnaire data on 8,045 same‐sex and opposite‐sex twins, aged 18–31 years, from a Norwegian twin registry were used to assess BE during the last 6 months.

Results

The best‐fitting biometrical model suggested that the heritability of BE was 41% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31–0.50). Individual environmental factors accounted for the rest of the variance (59%; 95% CI: 0.50–0.69). No significant sex differences were found, but the statistical power to detect such effects was low. Shared environmental influences on the liability to BE in males could not be ruled out.

Discussion

The findings indicate significant additive genetic influences on BE, supporting the validity of the core features of binge eating disorder as a diagnostic category. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 307–314, 2004.
Screening for eating disorders and high‐risk behavior: Caution
Authors: Jacobi Corinna , Abascal Liana , Taylor C. Barr
Published: October 2004

Objective

The current study reviews the state of eating disorder screens.

Methods

Screens were classified by their purported screening function: identification of cases with (a) anorexia nervosa only; (b) bulimia nervosa only; (c) eating disorders in general; (d) partial syndrome, eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS), or subclinical; (e) not a–d but at high risk. Information is presented on development, psychometric properties, and external validation (e.g., sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values).

Results

Screens differ widely with regard to objective, psychometric properties and the validation methodology used. Most screens that identify cases are not appropriate for the identification of at‐risk behaviors. Little data on the external validity of screens are available.

Discussion

Screens should be used with caution. A sequential procedure, in which subjects identified as being at risk during the first stage is followed by more specific diagnostic tests during the second stage, might overcome some of the limitations of the one‐stage screening approach. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 280–295, 2004.
Changes in weight and body image over time in women with eating disorders
Authors: Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Franko Debra L. , Thompson Douglas , Barton Bruce , Schreiber George B. , Daniels Stephen R.
Published: October 2004

Background

This study examined the changes in body image and weight in young women with an adolescent eating disorder, relative to women without an eating disorder (noED).

Method

Three diagnostic groups, anorexia nervosa (AN; n = 10), bulimia nervosa (BN; n = 27), and binge eating disorder (BED; n = 42) and three comparison groups (noED; n = 659 each) were compared on body mass index (BMI) and self‐reported current body size, ideal body size, and weight dissatisfaction. Dependent variables were examined 2 and 1 year before the onset, the onset year, and 1 and 2 years after the onset of the eating disorder in a model that was adjusted for ethnicity and BMI.

Results

BMI was lower in the AN group at all time points except 2 years before onset. AN girls evidenced a significantly stronger relation between BMI and current self‐ratings and weight dissatisfaction than noED girls. BMI did not differ between the BN group and the noED group. Girls with BN reported larger current body sizes and greater weight dissatisfaction across all time points. The BED group had higher BMI than the noED group across time. BED girls reported greater current body size ratings and weight dissatisfaction than the noED girls. Girls with AN, BN, or BED did not differ from the noED girls on body ideal ratings.

Discussion

Body weight seems to influence perception of body size more so for girls with AN than for noED girls. No support was found for an accelerated weight gain over time for BN. Weight may increase over time for the BED group relative to the noED group, but larger studies are needed. Across all three groups, ideal body size appears to be unrelated to diagnostic status. Rather, the risk for developing an eating disorder appears to arise from size overestimation and related weight dissatisfaction. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 315–327, 2004.
Managing the chronic, treatment‐resistant patient with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Strober Michael
Published: October 2004

Objective

To describe the psychopathology of chronic, treatment‐resistant anorexia nervosa, as well as a paradigm for its clinical management.

Method

The foundation of the approach integrates clinical experience, empirical psychological findings, and a conceptual understanding of developmental and phenomenologic aspects of the illness.

Results

Elements of the management paradigm take account of the compensatory nature of illness chronicity. The inherent risks of treating these patients in the customary way are described, along with therapist countertransference that must be anticipated and effectively considered.

Discussion

The chronically ill patient requires a unique approach to care, one that minimizes the risk of iatrogenic effects of rapid weight restoration or failure to appraise the deleterious influences of therapist countertransference. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 245–255, 2004.
A qualitative study of the experience of caring for a person with bulimia nervosa. Part 1: The emotional impact of caring
Authors: Perkins Sarah , Winn Suzanne , Murray Joanna , Murphy Rebecca , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: October 2004

Objective

Family carers of individuals with mental disorders have been found to experience mental health difficulties of their own. There has been little research into the impact of caring for individuals with eating disorders. A preliminary study found that carers of individuals with anorexia nervosa experience more difficulties and distress than carers of people with psychoses (Treasure et al., [2001]. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 343–347). This is the first study to qualitatively investigate the experiences of carers of individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN).

Method

Twenty carers of individuals with BN were interviewed using a semistructured interview. Interviews were transcribed and the texts analyzed using content analysis to identify themes.

Results

The principal themes to emerge were the impact of the discovery of BN on the carer, the ongoing impact of care‐giving, coping strategies used by the carer, and the positive impact of the illness for both the carers and the persons in their care.

Discussion

BN has a potent impact on carers' lives. This has implications in terms of service provision and future research in this area. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 256–268, 2004.
A qualitative study of the experience of caring for a person with bulimia nervosa. Part 2: Carers' needs and experiences of services and other support
Authors: Winn Suzanne , Perkins Sarah , Murray Joanna , Murphy Rebecca , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: October 2004

Objective

Family carers of people with mental disorders have specific needs to safeguard their own mental health. The needs of carers of individuals with eating disorders have received little attention. A focus group with carers of people with anorexia nervosa identified a number of specific needs (Haigh & Treasure [2003]. European Eating Disorders Review, 11(2), 125–141). However, there has been no published research into the needs of carers of individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN).

Method

Twenty carers of individuals with BN were interviewed using a semistructured interview schedule. Interviews were transcribed and the texts were analyzed using a content analysis approach to identify themes.

Results

Carers expressed the need for more information, practical advice, guidance, and the need to talk to others about their experiences.

Discussion

Further research is recommended to explore how the needs expressed by carers may best be translated into services that effectively meet the requirements of both patients and carers and reduce the risk to carers' mental health. © 2004 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 36: 269–279, 2004.
A New Trinuclear Linear Copper(II) Complex: Unusual Crystal Structure with Semi‐Coordinated Thiophene Moieties and Weak Antiferromagnetic Coupling Through the Bridging Imidazolate Rings
Authors: Song Yufei F. , Massera Chiara , Quesada Manuel , Koval Iryna A. , Gamez Patrick , Manotti Lanfredi Anna Maria , Reedijk Jan
Published: October 2004

A trinuclear copper(II) complex, [Cu3(imthio)2(NO3)4(MeOH)2] [where Himthio is 1,1‐bis(imidazol‐2‐yl)‐3‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2‐azapropane], has been synthesized by the reaction of Himthio with Cu(NO3)2·3H2O in MeOH. The structure of the copper complex is centrosymmetric and contains a linear trinuclear array of copper atoms. The central copper(II) ion, Cu1, which lies on an inversion centre, is equatorially coordinated by four nitrogen atoms from two anionic imthio ligands and axially by two semicoordinated thiophene sulfur atoms to give an octahedral environment (Cu1−S1 3.136 Å). The Himthio ligand bridges Cu1 and the terminal copper(II) ions through imidazole nitrogen atoms. The coordination around the external ions is completed by the oxygen atoms from two nitrate groups and by a methanol molecule in a distorted square‐pyramidal geometry. The two terminal copper(II) complexes can be considered to be chelating ligands for the central CuII ion. The EPR spectrum of the complex in MeOH at 77 K shows two mononuclear species, as is fully confirmed by EPR simulation. Magnetic susceptibility of the complex shows weak antiferromagnetic behaviour (J = −71.37 cm−1) caused by the overlapping of the magnetic orbitals of the copper atoms and the bridging imidazolate rings. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cyclopenta[cd]fluoranthene and its precursors in combustion exhausts: A survey of their bacterial mutagenic activity
Authors: Otero‐Lobato María José , Jenneskens Leonardus W. , Seinen Willem
Published: October 2004

Cyclopenta[cd]fluoranthene (1) and 3‐ethynylfluoranthene (2) have both recently been identified in combustion exhausts. In this study, their mutagenic activities were compared to that of fluoranthene (3), one of the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in combustion exhausts, in the Salmonella/microsome reversion assay (Ames assay) using S. typhimurium strain TA98. The mutagenicity of 1 was modest in comparison to other active cyclopenta PAHs. Unexpectedly, 2 was mutagenic both with and without exogenous metabolic activation (rat liver S9). Furthermore, cyclopenta[cd]fluoranthene‐3,4‐epoxide (6) was synthesized in order to evaluate its role as the ultimate mutagenic active form of 1. The epoxide 6 was a direct‐acting mutagen. In addition, a pyrolysate containing a mixture of 1 (85%), 2 (2%), and 3 (13%) obtained by flash vacuum thermolysis of 3‐(1‐chloroethenyl)fluoranthene (2a) at 1,050°C was also mutagenic, but a significant mutagenic response was detected only in the presence of S9 activation. The results of this study indicate that 1 and 2 can contribute to the mutagenic activity of combustion exhausts. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 44:304–312, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic damage detected in CD‐1 mouse pups exposed perinatally to 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine or dideoxyinosine via maternal dosing, nursing, and direct gavage: II. Effects of the individual agents compared to combination treatment
Authors: Witt Kristine L. , Tice Raymond R. , Wolfe Gary W. , Bishop Jack B.
Published: October 2004

We previously reported extraordinary increases in micronucleated erythrocytes in CD‐1 mouse pups exposed to 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine (AZT) and dideoxyinosine (ddI; 50/250, 75/375, 150/750 mg/kg/day AZT/ddI) by gavage throughout gestation and lactation, followed by direct pup dosing beginning postnatal day (PND) 4 (Bishop et al. [2004]: Environ Mol Mutagen 43: 3–9). That study was conducted to explore the potential for genetic damage in newborns exposed perinatally to antiretrovirals in order to reduce maternal‐infant transmission of HIV‐1. Because dramatic increases in frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes were seen in exposed pups, additional studies were conducted to clarify the relative contribution of each drug to the observed damage. Pregnant CD‐1 mice were administered AZT (50, 75, 150 mg/kg/day) or ddI (250, 375, 750 mg/kg/day) by gavage twice daily in equal fractions beginning prior to mating and continuing throughout gestation and lactation. Direct pup dosing (same regimens) began on PND 4. Peripheral blood erythrocytes of male pups were screened for micronuclei on PNDs 1, 4, 8, and 21. Significant increases in micronucleated erythrocytes were observed in pups and dams exposed to AZT at all doses and sampling times. The highest micronucleus levels were observed in pups on PND 8 after the initiation of direct dosing. In contrast, effects seen in pups and dams treated with ddI were minimal. These results demonstrate that AZT, a component of many anti‐HIV combination therapies, induces chromosomal damage in perinatally exposed neonatal mice. Comparison of micronucleated cell frequencies induced by AZT alone or in combination with ddI suggests that ddI potentiates AZT‐induced chromosomal damage following direct exposure. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 44:321–328, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay for relative mitochondrial DNA copy number and the common mitochondrial DNA deletion in the rat
Authors: Nicklas Janice A. , Brooks Elice M. , Hunter Timothy C. , Single Richard , Branda Richard F.
Published: October 2004

Changes in mitochondrial DNA copy number and increases in mitochondrial DNA mutations, especially deletions, have been associated with exposure to mutagens and with aging. Common deletions that are the result of recombination between direct repeats in human and rat (4,977 and 4,834, bp, respectively) are known to increase in tissues of aged individuals. Previous studies have used long‐distance PCR and Southern blot or quantitative PCR to determine the frequency of deleted mitochondrial DNA. A quantitative PCR (TaqMan) assay was developed to detect both mitochondrial DNA copy number and deletion frequency in the rat. This methodology allows not only the determination of changes in the amount of mitochondrial DNA deletion relative to total mitochondrial DNA but also to determine changes in total mitochondrial DNA relative to genomic DNA. As a validation of the assay in rat liver, the frequency of the common 4,834 bp deletion is shown to increase with age, while the relative mitochondrial DNA copy number rises at a young age (3–60 days), then decreases and holds fairly steady to 2 years of age. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 44:313–320, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A wind tunnel investigation of the influences of fetch length on the flux profile of a sand cloud blowing over a gravel surface
Authors: Dong Zhibao , Wang Hongtao , Liu Xiaoping , Wang Xunming
Published: October 2004

Wind tunnel tests were conducted to examine the fetch effect of a gravel surface on the ﬂux proﬁle of the sand cloud blowing over it using typical dune sand. The results suggest that the ﬂux proﬁle of blown sand over a gravel surface differs from that over a sandy surface and is characterized by a peak ﬂux at a height above the surface while that over a sandy surface decreases exponentially with height. The ﬂux proﬁle of a sand cloud over a gravel surface can be expressed by a Gaussian peak function: q = a + b exp (−0·5((h − c)/d)2), where q is the sand transport rate at height h, and a, b, c and d are regression coefﬁcients. The signiﬁcance of the coefﬁcients in the function could be deﬁned in accordance with the fetch length of the gravel surface and wind velocity. Coefﬁcient c represents the peak ﬂux height and increases with both wind velocity and fetch length, implying that the peak ﬂux height is related to the bounce height of the particles in the blowing sand cloud. Coefﬁcient d shows a tendency to increase with both wind velocity and fetch length. The sum of a and b, representing the peak ﬂux, increases with wind velocity but decreases with fetch length. The average saltation height derived from the cumulative percentage curve shows a tendency to increase with both the fetch length and wind velocity. For any fetch length of a gravel surface the sand transport equation is expressed as Q = C(1 − Ut/U)(ρ/g)U3, where Q is the sand transport rate, U is the wind velocity, Ut is the threshold velocity measured at the same height as U, g is the gravitational acceleration, ρ is the air density, C is a proportionality coefﬁcient that decreases with the fetch length of the gravel surface. At a given wind velocity, the sand transport rate over a gravel surface is only 52–68 per cent of that over a sandy surface. The ﬂux rate in true creep over a gravel surface increases with wind velocity but decreases with the fetch length, whereas the creep proportion (the ratio of creep ﬂux to the sand transport rate) decreases with both the wind velocity and fetch length. Two‐variable (including fetch length and wind velocity) equations were developed to predict the peak ﬂux height, average saltation height and transport rate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Quaternary vadose carbonate diagenesis in coastal and desert dune and beach sands: is there a palaeoclimatic signal?
Authors: McLaren Sue , Gardner Rita
Published: October 2004

A study of the variation in cement amounts in aeolianite and sandy beach calcarenites that range in age from Holocene to Last Interglacial is used to assess whether a palaeoclimatic control on vadose diagenesis can be identiﬁed. Examples are taken from modern‐day arid to subhumid settings and represent a geographical distribution ranging from Libya and Oman, to the Mediterranean, the Caribbean and Mexico. The results indicate that a palaeoclimatic signal can be identiﬁed in some deposits. However, in other sediments there is substantial variability in mean cement abundance within deposits as well as between these sand bodies. Moreover, many of the better cemented sediments are located in areas where there is accelerated diagenesis, such as in the sea spray zone, close to the groundwater table or near to a palaeosurface, rather than in climatically wet regions. The inference is that palaeoclimatic interpretations are substantially complicated by other factors that affect diagenetic processes and change. Therefore caution is needed when studying the role of climate in vadose diagenesis in the light of the effects of other intrinsic and extrinsic controls.

This paper does not aim to provide a deﬁnitive comparison of sites from different climatic zones. The approach taken here is: (a) to see if there is an overall palaeoclimatic signal in the samples studied; (b) to use examples to illustrate how explanations/controls other than those relating to climate can account for the variabilities observed; and (c) if there is a climatic effect, to see if it is the main over‐riding control on vadose diagenesis. The conclusions drawn from this research highlight that it is possible to misinterpret evidence if the study is approached with preconceived notions of simplistic relationships between diagenesis and climate. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biofilms and case hardening on sandstones from Al‐Quwayra, Jordan
Authors: Viles Heather A. , Goudie Andrew S.
Published: October 2004

On Cambrian and Ordovician sandstone inselbergs at Al‐Quwayra in southern Jordan, many near‐vertical rock walls exhibit marked case hardening. Detailed examination of the case‐hardened layer from four sites on both red and white sandstones has been carried out using Schmidt hammer, simple chemical analyses, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. These analyses reveal a range of types of case hardening, often in association with cryptoendolithic bioﬁlms containing cyanobacteria and fungi. Iron, manganese and calcium are all found to be common constituents of cements within the case‐hardened layer. Micro‐organic bioﬁlms may assist in the formation of case hardening through aiding cementation, but are by no means a necessary component of all the hardened layers in the Wadi Rum area. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics, evolution and distribution of Quaternary channel calcretes, southern Jordan
Authors: McLaren Sue
Published: October 2004

Cemented and calcretized conglomerates of Quaternary age are found within ancient river channels exposed at various heights (between +1 and +125 m) above the current bed of the Wadi Dana in southern Jordan. In cross‐section, the calcrete deposits are typically lensoid in shape and are found inﬁlling palaeochannels cut into the bedrock. The fossilized channel sediments preserve evidence of past river conditions, sediment loads, source areas, phases of river down‐cutting and sediment accretion, as well as post‐depositional alteration processes.

Samples have been analysed in thin section and under the scanning electron microscope in order to determine the calcrete micromorphology, cement types and crystal sizes. The results show that the river deposits have undergone signiﬁcant displacement and replacement of the detrital grains by CaCO3, and this has resulted in the cementation in places of over 4 m of river material. The cements display an alpha‐type fabric with no evidence of biogenic activity. The nature of the cement fabric within and between deposits differs as a function of two key variables: (i) the speciﬁc location within the channel and (ii) height above the modern wadi ﬂoor. Firstly, in many of the deposits cement crystal size varies, with sparite dominating at depth within impermeable palaeowadi channels, whereas on the ﬂanks of the channels and near the top of the channels micrite is the main type of cement. These variations are thought to be a result of differences in the length of residence time of calcium carbonate‐rich ﬂuids in different parts of the channel and the spatially varying inﬂuence of evaporation. Secondly, distinct changes in cement fabric can be seen in channels of different ages with a reduction in the amount of micrite and an increase in the amount of secondary recrystallized pore‐ﬁlling spar over time. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prolegomenon to a history of paleoanthropology: The study of human origins as a scientific enterprise. Part 1. Antiquity to the eighteenth century
Authors: Goodrum Matthew R.
Published: October 2004

Interest in the history of paleoanthropology and the other disciplines related to human origins studies has grown considerably over the last several decades. Some very informative historical surveys have been written by prominent scientists reflecting on the major developments in their fields. Some well‐known early examples include Glyn Daniel's The Idea of Prehistory (1962) and The Origins and Growth of Archaeology (1967), which focus primarily on the history of archaeology, Kenneth Oakley's “The problem of man's antiquity: an historical survey” published in the Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) [Geology] (1964), and L. S. B. Leakey's Unveiling Man's Origins; Ten Decades of Thought about Human Evolution (1969), with the latter two focusing on the contributions of geology, paleontology, and biology to the problem of human evolution.
Increased breathing control: Another factor in the evolution of human language
Authors: Maclarnon Ann , Hewitt Gwen
Published: October 2004

Investigation into the evolution of human language has involved evidence of many different kinds and approaches from many different disciplines. For full modern language, humans must have evolved a range of physical abilities for the production of our complex speech sounds, as well as sophisticated cognitive abilities. Human speech involves free‐flowing, intricately varied, rapid sound sequences suitable for the fast transfer of complex, highly flexible communication. Some aspects of human speech, such as our ability to manipulate the vocal tract to produce a wide range of different types of sounds that form vowels and consonants, have attracted considerable attention from those interested in the evolution of language.1, 2 However, one very important contributory skill, the human ability to attain very fine control of breathing during speech, has been neglected. Here we present evidence of the importance of breathing control to human speech, as well as evidence that our capabilities greatly exceed those of nonhuman primates. Human speech breathing demands fine neurological control of the respiratory muscles, integrated with cognitive processes and other factors. Evidence from comparison of the vertebral canals of fossil hominids and those of extant primates suggests that a major increase in thoracic innervation evolved in later hominid evolution, providing enhanced breathing control. If that is so, then earlier hominids would have had quite restricted speech patterns, whereas more recent hominids, with human‐like breath control abilities, would have been capable of faster, more varied speech sequences.
A model of price discovery and market design: Theory and empirical evidence
Authors: Chng Michael T.
Published: October 2004

Price discovery is an essential function performed by derivative markets. For a derivative exchange, its markets' ability to incorporate information into prices to “derive” the underlying asset's value is a key objective of market design. The J. Hasbrouck (1991a) model is applied to examine the design and price discovery of a futures market. First, the model is extended to consider a comprehensive dynamic interaction between the price‐size coordinates of orders and trades. Second, floor and screen tick data from LIFFE's FTSE 100 index futures market is used to estimate the two models. The significance of order size variables in the extended model suggests that order flow transparency, which is supported by an electronic trading platform, improves price discovery. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:1107–1146, 2004
Splitting the S&P 500 futures
Authors: Chen Jianli , Locke Peter R.
Published: October 2004

In this paper we investigate the consequences of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange's 1997 redesign of the S&P 500 futures contract. The focus is on two important measures of exchange efficacy: member proprietary income and outside customer volume. Floor traders did not appear to benefit in their proprietary trading from the redesign—revenue fell after the contract split and doubling of the minimum tick. On the other hand, looking at relative volumes, it appears that customer volume was relatively constant, showing little sensitivity to the increase in tick size, possibly due to an increased use of limit orders by customers, bypassing floor traders. Through this redesign the futures exchange was apparently interested in preserving customer volume in an increasingly competitive index trading environment, not enhancing member noncompetitive proprietary trading revenue. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:1147–1163, 2004
Net buying pressure, volatility smile, and abnormal profit of Hang Seng Index options
Authors: Chan Kam C. , Cheng Louis T. W. , Lung Peter P.
Published: October 2004

We use the net buying pressure hypothesis of N. P. B. Bollen and R. Whaley (2004) to examine the implied volatilities, options premiums, and options trading profits at various time‐intervals across five different moneyness categories of Hong Kong Hang Seng Index (HSI) options. The results show that the hypothesis can well describe the newly developed Hong Kong index options markets. The abnormal trading profits by selling out‐of‐the‐money puts with delta hedge are statistically and economically significant across all options maturities. The findings are robust with or without outlier adjustment. Moreover, we provide two insights about the hypothesis. First, net buying pressure is attributed to hedging activities. Second, the net buying pressure on calls is much weaker than that on put options. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:1165–1194, 2004
Futures trading, spot market volatility, and market efficiency: The case of the Korean index futures markets
Authors: Bae Sung C. , Kwon Taek Ho , Park Jong Won
Published: October 2004

We examine the effect of the introduction of index futures trading in the Korean markets on spot price volatility and market efficiency of the underlying KOSPI 200 stocks, relative to the carefully matched non‐KOSPI 200 stocks. Employing both an event study approach and a matching‐sample approach for the market data during the period of January 1990–December 1998, we find that the introduction of KOSPI 200 index futures trading is associated with greater market efficiency but, at the same time, greater spot price volatility in the underlying stock market. We also find that KOSPI 200 stocks experience lower spot price volatility and higher trading efficiency than non‐KOSPI 200 stocks after the introduction of futures trading. The trading efficiency gap between the two groups of stocks, however, declines over time and vanishes following the addition of options trading. Overall, our results suggest that while futures trading in Korea increases spot price volatility and market efficiency, there exists volatility spillover to stocks against which futures are not traded. We provide several factors unique in the Korean markets including circuit breakers, sidercar system, restrictions on foreign ownership, and inactive program trading as potential factors to explain some of our puzzling evidence. We further consider the potential effect of changes in daily price limits utilized by the Korea Stock Exchange during the testing period on our empirical findings. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:1195–1228, 2004
Crossed cerebro–cerebellar language dominance
Authors: Jansen Andreas , Flöel Agnes , Van Randenborgh Jutta , Konrad Carsten , Rotte Michael , Förster Ann‐Freya , Deppe Michael , Knecht Stefan
Published: October 2004

In addition to its traditional role in motor control, the cerebellum has been implicated in various cognitive and linguistic functions. Lesion, anatomic, and functional imaging studies indicate a link between left frontal language regions and the right cerebellum. To probe the specificity of this circuit, we examined the association between language‐related lateralized activation of the frontal cortex with lateralized activation of the cerebellum. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was carried out during letter‐cued word generation in 14 healthy subjects: 7 subjects displayed typical left‐hemisphere and 7 subjects displayed atypical right‐hemisphere language dominance. We found activation of the cerebellar hemisphere contralateral to the language‐dominant cerebral hemisphere in each subject. The cerebellar activation was confined to the lateral posterior cerebellar hemisphere (lobule VI, VII B, Cr I, Cr II). This study demonstrates that crossed cerebral and cerebellar language dominance is a typical characteristic of brain organization. The functional significance of the reported activations can now be tested in patients with lesions of the lateral posterior cerebellum. Hum. Brain Mapp 24:165–172, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of continuous overt speech fMRI using BOLD and arterial spin labeling
Authors: Kemeny Stefan , Ye Frank Q. , Birn Rasmus , Braun Allen R.
Published: October 2004

Overt speech production in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies is often associated with imaging artifacts, attributable to both movement and susceptibility. Various image‐processing methods have been proposed to remove these artifacts from the data but none of these methods has been shown to work with continuous overt speech, at least over periods greater than 3 s. In this study natural, continuous, overt sentence production was evaluated in normal volunteers using both arterial spin labeling (ASL) and conventional echoplanar blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) imaging sequences on the same 1.5‐T scanner. We found a high congruency between activation results obtained with ASL and the de facto gold standard in overt language production imaging, positron emission tomography (PET). No task‐related artifacts were found in the ASL study. However, the BOLD data showed artifacts that appeared as large bilateral false‐positive temporopolar activations; percent signal change estimated in these regions showed signal increases and temporal dynamics that were incongruent with typical BOLD activations. These artifacts were not distributed uniformly, but were aligned at the frontotemporal base, close to the oropharynx. The calculated head movement parameters for overt speech blocks were within the range of the rest blocks, indicating that head movement is unlikely the reason for the artifact. We conclude that ASL is not influenced by overt speech artifacts, whereas BOLD showed significant susceptibility artifacts, especially in the opercular and insular regions, where activation would be expected. ASL may prove to be the method of choice for fMRI investigations of continuous overt speech. Hum. Brain Mapping 24:173–183, 2005. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulating daily soil water under foothills fescue grazing with the soil and water assessment tool model (Alberta, Canada)
Authors: Mapfumo Emmanuel , Chanasyk David S. , Willms Walter D.
Published: October 2004

Grazing is common in the foothills fescue grasslands and may influence the seasonal soil‐water patterns, which in turn determine range productivity. Hydrological modelling using the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) is becoming widely adopted throughout North America especially for simulation of stream flow and runoff in small and large basins. Although applications of the SWAT model have been wide, little attention has been paid to the model's ability to simulate soil‐water patterns in small watersheds. Thus a daily profile of soil water was simulated with SWAT using data collected from the Stavely Range Sub‐station in the foothills of south‐western Alberta, Canada. Three small watersheds were established using a combination of natural and artificial barriers in 1996–97. The watersheds were subjected to no grazing (control), heavy grazing (2·4 animal unit months (AUM) per hectare) or very heavy grazing (4·8 AUM ha−1). Soil‐water measurements were conducted at four slope positions within each watershed (upper, middle, lower and 5 m close to the collector drain), every 2 weeks annually from 1998 to 2000 using a downhole CPN 503 neutron moisture meter. Calibration of the model was conducted using 1998 soil‐water data and resulted in Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient (EF or R2) and regression coefficient of determination (r2) values of 0·77 and 0·85, respectively. Model graphical and statistical evaluation was conducted using the soil‐water data collected in 1999 and 2000. During the evaluation period, soil water was simulated reasonably with an overall EF of 0·70, r2 of 0·72 and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 18·01. The model had a general tendency to overpredict soil water under relatively dry soil conditions, but to underpredict soil water under wet conditions. Sensitivity analysis indicated that absolute relative sensitivity indices of input parameters in soil‐water simulation were in the following order; available water capacity > bulk density > runoff curve number > fraction of field capacity (FFCB) > saturated hydraulic conductivity. Thus these data were critical inputs to ensure reasonable simulation of soil‐water patterns. Overall, the model performed satisfactorily in simulating soil‐water patterns in all three watersheds with a daily time‐step and indicates a great potential for monitoring soil‐water resources in small watersheds. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.