bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis
(HGE) in UK ticks using polymerase chain reaction
Authors: GUY E. , TASKER S. , JOYNSON D. H. M.
Published: July 2002

Nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from woodland areas
in South Wales, UK, were tested
using the polymerase chain reaction for the presence both of the causative
agent of human
granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) and Borrelia burgdorferi. Twenty-two
of 60 (37%) ticks were
found positive in the PCR for B. burgdorferi and 4/60 (7%)
for the HGE agent. One tick was
found positive both for B. burgdorferi and HGE agent. Our findings
imply the presence of the
HGE agent in UK ticks and the finding of a tick apparently containing both
pathogens
underlines the potential for concurrent infection with HGE agent and B.
burgdorferi to occur
after a single tick-bite. Based on our observations, we conclude that there
may be a need to
consider a range of pathogens both in laboratory investigation and clinical
management of
suspected tick-borne disease in the UK, particularly where there is a clinical
presentation
atypical of Lyme borreliosis alone.
Public health importance and risk factors for cercarial
dermatitis associated with swimming in Lake Leman at Geneva, Switzerland
Authors: CHAMOT E. , TOSCANI L. , ROUGEMONT A.
Published: July 2002

Fifteen cohorts of healthy bathers were recruited at four Lake

Leman beaches between 3 July
and 23 August 1996 to assess the public health importance of cercarial
dermatitis in Geneva,
Switzerland. Telephone follow-up interviews were carried out after 2–7
days. Overall, 153
bathers out of 555 reported probable cercarial dermatitis at follow-up.
Median daily attack
rate was 27·7% (2·2–57·7%). Of the cases,
11·1% noticed more than 30 skin lesions, 19·6%
described severe itching, 50·3% used a drug treatment, 3·9%

visited a doctor and 15% claimed
they would reduce their bathing activities. History of cercarial dermatitis,
time spent in the
water, hour of the day, barometric pressure and maximum daily atmospheric
temperature
predicted disease occurrence in multivariate analysis. While a benign disease,
cercarial
dermatitis may have a negative impact on the local water recreation industry.
The identification
of risk factors for the disease may help produce better preventive recommendations
for the
bathers.
Predicting the level of herd infection for outbreaks of foot-
and-mouth disease in vaccinated herds
Authors: HUTBER A. M. , KITCHING R. P. , CONWAY D. A.
Published: July 2002

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious virus infection of sheep, goats, cattle,
pigs and other, non-domesticated species of artiodactyls, and causes both clinical and sub-clinical infection according to the natural or acquired immunity of the host. Within vaccinated
dairy herds FMD may appear as an acute, mild or subclinical infection, dependent upon the
immune status of the herd, the level of challenge and the efficacy of the vaccine used. In the
large dairy herds of Saudi Arabia, sub-clinical FMD was on a number of occasions, found to
have spread amongst the cattle before signs of disease were seen. Such undetected transmission
resulted in a large incidence on the first day of diagnosis and curtailed the impact of post-
outbreak vaccination (PoV). First day incidence (FDI) for these herds was found to correlate
with the final cumulative incidence of clinical disease. Since FDI is available at the start of an
outbreak it can be used as a predictive tool for the eventual outcome of an FMD outbreak.
During the past 11 years 47% of dairy herds examined in Saudi Arabia have experienced
FMD initially as sub-clinical disease. For the remaining 53%, waning vaccinal protection did
not suppress clinical disease in the initially infected animals, and these showed severe rather
than mild signs. Hence, in such herds there was a very low initial level of subclinical infection,
so PoV was more effective, and the timing of PoV was found to give a good correlation with
cumulative herd incidence: an early PoV resulted in low prevalence of clinically infected
animals whilst late PoV permitted high prevalence. PoV timing can thereby be used in tandem
with FDI as a predictive tool for future outbreaks, estimating the final cumulative incidence
(or prevalence) of clinical FMD cases.
Cowpox: reservoir hosts and geographic range
Authors: CHANTREY J. , MEYER H. , BAXBY D. , BEGON M. , BOWN K. J. , HAZEL S. M. , JONES T. , MONTGOMERY W. I. , BENNETT M.
Published: July 2002

It is generally accepted that the reservoir hosts of cowpox virus are wild rodents, although
direct evidence for this is lacking for much of the virus's geographic range. Here, through a
combination of serology and PCR, we demonstrate conclusively that the main hosts in Great
Britain are bank voles, wood mice and short-tailed field voles. However, we also suggest that
wood mice may not be able to maintain infection alone, explaining the absence of cowpox
from Ireland where voles are generally not found. Infection in wild rodents varies seasonally,
and this variation probably underlies the marked seasonal incidence of infection in accidental
hosts such as humans and domestic cats.
A comparison of wildlife control and cattle vaccination as
methods for the control of bovine tuberculosis
Authors: KAO R. R. , ROBERTS M. G.
Published: July 2002

The Australian brushtail possum is the major source of infection for new cases of bovine
tuberculosis in cattle in New Zealand. Using hypothetical values for the cost of putative cattle
and possum Tb vaccines, the relative efforts required to eradicate Tb in cattle using possum
culling, possum vaccination or cattle vaccination are compared. For realistic assumed costs for
1080 poison bait, possum culling is found to be a cost-effective strategy compared to cattle
vaccination if the required control area is below 13 ha per cattle herd, while possum
vaccination is cost-effective for control areas of less than 3 ha per herd. Examination of other
considerations such as the possible roles of possum migration and heterogeneities in possum
population density suggest that each control strategy may be superior under different field
conditions. Finally, the roles of the possum in New Zealand, and the Eurasian badger in Great
Britain and Ireland in the transmission of bovine tuberculosis to cattle are compared.
Application of ribotyping and IS200 fingerprinting to
distinguish the five Salmonella serotype O6,7[ratio ]c[ratio ]1,5 groups:
Choleraesuis sensu stricto, Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf,
Choleraesuis var. Decatur, Paratyphi C, and Typhisuis
Authors: UZZAU S. , HOVI M. , STOCKER B. A. D.
Published: July 2002

Sixty-seven strains of the five described Salmonella serotypes having antigens 6,7[ratio ]c[ratio ]1,5, that is
S. enterica serotype Choleraesuis sensu stricto, Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf, Choleraesuis var.
Decatur, Paratyphi C, and Typhisuis, were examined for 16S rrn profile ribotype, presence of
IS200 and phenotypic characters, including rate of change of flagellar-antigen phase and
nutritional character. Choleraesuis sensu stricto and its Kunzendorf variant had related but
distinct ribotypes. Therefore, ribotyping appears to be a suitable method for differentiating
Choleraesuis non-Kunzendorf from Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf. Some strains of Paratyphi C
had 16S profiles that resembled that of Choleraesuis non-Kunzendorf, while others resembled
that of Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf. The Typhisuis profiles were like those of Choleraesuis
non-Kunzendorf, while the Choleraesuis var. Decatur profiles were unlike those of any of the
other four groups. Furthermore, IS200 fingerprinting discriminated between Choleraesuis var.
Decatur and the other strains with antigenic formula O6,7[ratio ]c[ratio ]1,5, and comparison of IS200
patterns showed a high degree of genetic divergence within Choleraesuis var. Decatur. Our
findings show that ribotyping and IS200 fingerprinting, combined with classical microbiological
methods, distinguish the groups Choleraesuis non-Kunzendorf, Choleraesuis var. Kunzendorf,
Choleraesuis var. Decatur, Paratyphi C and Typhisuis.
Lack of evidence for increased risk of hepatitis A infection in
homosexual men
Authors: CORONA R. , STROFFOLINI T. , GIGLIO A. , COTICHINI R. , TOSTI M. E. , PRIGNANO G. , DI CARLO A. , MAINI A. , MELE A.
Published: July 2002

In 1997, prevalence of and risk factors for hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection were evaluated in
146 homosexual and 286 heterosexual men attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
Clinic in Rome, Italy. Total HAV antibody (anti-HAV) was detected in 60·3% of homosexuals
and 62·2% of heterosexuals. After adjustment for the confounding effects of age, years of
schooling, number of sexual partners, use of condoms, and history of STD, homosexuals were
not found to be at increased risk of previous HAV exposure than heterosexuals (OR 1·1; 95%
CI 0·7–1·9). Independent predictors of the likelihood of anti-HAV seropositivity among
homosexuals and heterosexuals were: age older than 35 years and positive syphilis serology
which is likely a proxy of lifestyles that increase the risk of faecal–oral infections.

These findings do not support a higher risk in homosexual men but could suggest a role for
the vaccination of susceptible patients attending STD clinics.
Secondary measles vaccine failures identified by measurement
of IgG avidity: high occurrence among teenagers vaccinated
at a young age
Authors: PAUNIO M. , HEDMAN K. , DAVIDKIN I. , VALLE M. , HEINONEN O. P. , LEINIKKI P. , SALMI A. , PELTOLA H.
Published: July 2002

Failure to seroconvert (primary vaccine failure) is believed to be the principal reason (approx.
> 95%) why some vaccinees remain susceptible to measles and is often attributed to the
persistence of maternal antibodies in children vaccinated at a young age. Avidity testing is able
to separate primary from secondary vaccine failures (waning and/or incomplete immunity), but
has not been utilized in measles epidemiology. Low-avidity (LA) and high-avidity (HA) virus-specific IgG antibodies indicate primary and secondary failure, respectively. Measles vaccine
failures (n = 142; mean age 10·1 years, range 2–22 years) from an outbreak in 1988–9 in
Finland were tested for measles–virus IgG avidity using a protein denaturating EIA. Severity
of measles was recorded in 89 failures and 169 non-vaccinees (mean age 16·2 years, range 2–22
years). The patients with HA antibodies (n = 28) tended to have clinically mild measles and
rapid IgG response. Among failures vaccinated at < 12, 12–15 and > 15 months of age with
single doses of Schwarz-strain vaccine in the 1970s, 50 (95% CI 1–99), 36 (CI 16–56) and 25%
(CI 8–42) had HA antibodies, respectively. When a single measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)
vaccine had been given after 1982 at 15 months of age, only 7% (CI 0–14) showed HA
antibodies. Omitting re-vaccinees and those vaccinated at < 15 months, Schwarz-strain
recipients had 3·6 (CI 1·1–11·5) higher occurrence of HA responses compared to MMR
recipients. Apart from one municipality, where even re-vaccinees had high risk of primary
infection, 89% (CI 69 to ∼ 100) of the infected re-vaccinees had an HA response. Secondary
measles-vaccine failures are more common than was more previously thought, particularly
among individuals vaccinated in early life, long ago, and among re-vaccinees. Waning
immunity – even among individuals vaccinated after 15 months of age, without the boosting
effect of natural infections should be considered a relevant possibility in future planning of
vaccination against measles.
Silent spread of dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever to
Coimbatore and Erode districts in Tamil Nadu, India, 1998:
need for effective surveillance to monitor and control the
disease
Authors: SINGH J. , BALAKRISHNAN N. , BHARDWAJ M. , AMUTHADEVI P. , GEORGE E. G. , SUBRAMANI K. , SOUNDARARAJAN K. , APPAVOO N. C. , JAIN D. C. , ICHHPUJANI R. L. , BHATIA R. , SOKHEY J.
Published: July 2002

Dengue fever (DF) or dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) has not previously been reported in
Coimbatore and Erode districts in Tamil Nadu in India. In 1998, 20 hospitalized cases of fever
tested positive for dengue virus IgM and/or IgG antibodies. All of them had dengue-compatible illness, and at least four had DHF. Two of them died. Sixteen cases were below
10 years of age. The cases were scattered in 15 distantly located villages and 5 urban localities
that had a high Aedes aegypti population. Although the incidence of dengue-like illness has
not increased recently, almost 89% (95/107) of samples from healthy persons in the
community tested positive for dengue IgG antibodies. The study showed that dengue has been
endemic in the area, but was not suspected earlier. A strong laboratory-based surveillance
system is essential to monitor and control DF/DHF.
A permanent marking method to identify individual small rodents from birth to sexual maturity
Authors: Leclercq Gwenaëlle C. , Rozenfeld Francine M.
Published: July 2002

This note presents plantar micro‐tattooing (subcutaneous injection of Chinese ink) as a good alternative to toe‐clipping, which is often used to identify individual rodents. The method was tested under laboratory conditions on voles Microtus arvalis from birth to sexual maturity. This easy, harmless and inexpensive technique could be used in the field, and not only on pups but also on adults of different species.
Influence of papillae on post‐ruminal regulation of ingesta passage in moose (Alces alces L.)
Authors: Nygrén Kaarlo F. A. , Lechner‐Doll Matthias , Hofmann Reinhold R.
Published: July 2002

The variable keratin appendages of the forestomach epithelium on both sides of the reticulo‐omasal orifice, emerging in early summer and disappearing towards the winter in the moose Alces alces L. were studied. During the study period, droppings of the free‐ranging moose were collected randomly for faecal particle size distribution analysis. The morphological distribution, size and abundance of keratin end caps was recorded in moose that had died of various causes, and it correlated with the particle size distribution observed in faeces. The fusiform keratin filter of the reticulo‐omasal orifice seems to reflect the forage quality and use. It is suggested that this filter prevents the passage of non‐fragmented foliage and twig fragments of excessive size during the period of rapid and non‐selective intake of high‐quality mature forage and it disappears before the short growing season of easily available succulent vegetation with a high nutrient content.
The grammaticization of going to in (African American)
English
Authors: Poplack Shana , Tagliamonte Sali
Published: July 2002

Focusing on the process of grammaticization, whereby
items with lexical meaning evolve into grammatical markers,
this article examines the future temporal reference sectors
of three diaspora varieties of African American English
which have evolved in linguistic isolates and compares
them with those of British-origin rural and mainstream
varieties of English. With one exception, the same constraint
hierarchies condition the selection of going to
across the board, indicating that their future temporal
reference systems are descended from a common source. All
other distinctions among the varieties result from their
differential positioning on the cline of ongoing grammaticization
of going to as a future marker. Operationalization
of constraints representing different stages of the development
of going to and comparison of their probability
values across communities confirm that the enclave and
the rural varieties retain conservative traits, visible
here in the form of variable conditioning, in contrast
to mainstream English, which is innovating. We suggest
that the major determinant of variability in the expression
of the future is the fact that the speech of isolated speakers,
whether of African or British origin, instantiates constraints
that were operative at an earlier stage of the English
language and that are now receding from mainstream varieties.
Immediate imitation and joint attention in young children with autism
Authors: ROEYERS HERBERT , VAN OOST PAULETTE , BOTHUYNE SYBIL
Published: July 2002

There is growing scientific interest in the precursors to the ability of conceiving other
people's minds. The present study investigates two candidate precursors, imitation
and
joint attention, in young children with autism and a control group of nonautistic children with a
developmental delay. Children with autism were found to be impaired or delayed in both
abilities. Gestural and procedural imitation were significantly related to mental age and
chronological age in subjects with autism. Although the evidence for an autism-specific deficit
appears to be stronger in the domain of joint-attention behaviors than it is in the domain of
imitation, it seems premature to reject imitation as a possible precursor to the development of
mindreading skills. Systematic investigations of the imitation deficit in autism are urgently
needed.
Erratum: Childhood peer rejection and aggression as predictors of stable patterns
of adolescent disorder
Authors: COIE JOHN , TERRY ROBERT , LENOX KARI , LOCHMAN JOHN , HYMAN CLARINE
Published: July 2002

The following paragraphs were missing from the original article published in 1995.
Beginning with the last paragraph on page 706, the text to the end of the section is here reprinted.
We regret the omission and any problems it may have caused.
The effects of stress on memory and the hippocampus
throughout the life cycle: Implications for childhood development and aging
Authors: BREMNER J. DOUGLAS , NARAYAN MEENA
Published: July 2002

Studies in animals showing hippocampal atrophy and associated memory
deficits in stress and aging have implications for stress and aging in humans. Clinical studies in
traumatized human populations with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have replicated
studies in animals, showing reduction in volume of the hippocampus measured with magnetic
resonance imaging and associated memory deficits. Trauma at different stages of development
(early childhood abuse versus trauma in later life due to combat) may influence the nature of
memory deficits and hippocampal atrophy. Studies in aging human subjects are consistent with
animal studies, although future research is needed in this area. The similarities between
biological findings related to cortisol and the hippocampus in stress and aging in both animal and
human studies raises the question of whether PTSD can be seen as a form of accelerated aging.
Evidence that stress affects the hippocampus and the capacity for learning has broad implications
for public health policy, underlying the need for additional resources in this important area and a
reexamination of our understanding of factors influencing academic achievement.
Singular systems analysis as a moving-window spectral method
Authors: FOWLER A. C. , KEMBER G.
Published: July 2002

Singular Systems Analysis (SSA), or time domain
Principal Component Analysis (PCA),
is most appropriately analysed in terms of local, moving-window spectral
analysis. The
behaviour of Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) of this theory are examined,
for
continuously sampled data, in the limits of large and small window length,
and for centre or
end projection. Filters obtained by projecting on to these EOFs are shown
to approximate
local, linear band pass filters, where the EOFs depend
upon the correlation structure (or the
power spectral density) of the signal and the window length. Power in the
spectra is not
generally conserved, and projection to the endpoints of a window may not
converge to the
underlying signal in the absence of noise. The filters are independent
of the phase of the
Fourier transform, and are therefore unable to distinguish dynamically
between a signal and a
surrogate (phase-randomized) transform of it. Iteration of such
local filters using a prediction
error-based stopping criterion can and does lead to improved results,
but the choice of window
length must be made a priori. Hence, we introduce an iterative

local filter with the window
length being determined as part of the filtering procedure. This involves
the determination of
the predictability of the projected time series, and hence allows SSA to
be used in a genuinely
nonlinear way.
Optimal hedging of options with small but
arbitrary transaction cost structure
Authors: WHALLEY A. E. , WILMOTT P.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we consider the problem of hedging options in the presence of cost in trading
the underlying asset. This work is an asymptotic analysis of a stochastic control problem,
as in Hodges & Neuberger and Davis, Panas & Zariphopoulou;. We derive a simple
expression for the ‘hedging bandwidth’ around the
Black–Scholes delta; this is the region in
which it is optimal not to rehedge. The effect of the costs on the value of the option, and on
the width of this hedging band is of a significantly greater order of magnitude than the costs
themselves. When costs are proportional to volume traded, rehedging should be done to the
edge of this band; when there are fixed costs present, trading should be done to an optimal
point in the interior of the no-transaction region.
Cerebrovascular disease and oxidative stress
Authors: Gariballa SE , Sinclair AJ
Published: July 2002

There is strong indirect evidence that free radical production appears to be an important mechanism of brain injury after exposure to ischaemia and reperfusion. Although significant brain damage occurs during an ischaemic episode, new cerebral damage can occur after reperfusion. One proposed mechanism for the brain damage that occurs during reperfusion involves generation of free radicals. Body defences against free radicals depends on the balance between free radical generation and the antioxidant protective defence system. Many of these protective antioxidants are essential nutrients or have essential nutrients as part of their molecule that has to be obtained from diet.
The care of patients with dementia
Authors: Leroi I , Steele C , Lyketsos C. G.
Published: July 2002

The dementias which affect the elderly are chronic diseases with protracted courses, substantial morbidity, complicated presentations and serious effects on families and caregivers. The care of a patient with dementia is therefore complex, requiring a rational model of treatment including careful multidisciplinary evaluation, a treatment plan, and ongoing reassessment. The aim of this article is to provide a framework for any clinician involved in the management of patients with dementia. Dementia has been thought of as untreatable by some health professionals: however, in many ways it can be managed effectively and its consequences reversed or stabilized, even though the disease process may be irreversible. With evolving knowledge in basic research and with the development of new intervention strategies, more effective treatments will be available over the next several years. Therefore we provide a guide to the management of patients with dementia which is responsive to the introduction of future treatments.
Editorial
Authors: Buckton Seb
Published: July 2002

Bird Conservation International fills an important niche in the scientific literature by providing a forum for applied
research of high utility to conservation biologists, often from research carried out as part of conservation projects. As
such, it provides an outlet for research which might otherwise remain in the ‘grey’ literature. This is largely thanks to
a cosmopolitan list of contributors, both amateur and professional, including academics and those working for conser
vation organisations, from all corners of the globe. To anyone reading this who is working in bird conservation
research, I hope BCI is near the top of the list of journals you would like to publish your work in.

BCI's remit is to cover ‘subjects relevant to the conservation of birds’, allowing an eclectic mix of topics while
maintaining a focus on bird conservation. In Volume 10 alone, 17 papers were studies of individual bird species, of
which 15 are listed as globally threatened or near-threatened by BirdLife International (2000). A further nine papers
were studies of habitats or regions. The focus of papers in the journal is diverse, and last year topics included baseline
surveys, comparisons of bird communities in natural and disturbed habitats, conservation management advice, morpho
logical variation, and molecular systematics. Additionally, regular ‘Opinion’ papers provide a forum for the discussion
of conservation issues of the day. In covering such a wide range of subjects, every issue should include information
of value to those involved or interested in conservation, not only of birds. The journal also has a truly international
flavour: papers in Volume 10 resulted from studies in 17 different countries, from six of the world's seven continents,
and were contributed by authors based in 14 different countries.
ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIPS OF ALPINIA GALANGA (ZINGIBERACEAE) BASED ON MOLECULAR DATA
Authors: RANGSIRUJI A. , NEWMAN M. F. , CRONK Q. C. B.
Published: July 2002

Alpinia galanga is an important species cultivated as a culinary spice and is the type species of the genus. It is hence a member of sect. Alpinia subsect. Alpinia (with non-tubular bracteoles). However, molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that A. galanga is closely related to A. nigra in sect. Allughas (with tubular bracteoles). This clade, which includes A. conchigera, is strongly supported with a bootstrap value (BS) of 100% and a decay index (DI) of >+6. These results are based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the 18S–25S nuclear ribosomal DNA. The region (405–423bp) was sequenced from 17 accessions representing 16 taxa of Zingiberaceae, including 15 species of Alpinia and one outgroup. The sequence divergence ranged from 0.5 to 15.6% among the ingroup and from 10.1 to 13.3% between the ingroup and the outgroup. The results also strongly support the sister relationship of A. rafflesiana and A. javanica in section Allughas (BS=100%, DI=>+6), thus the whole section is paraphyletic. Section Alpinia subsect. Catimbium is monophyletic (BS=100%, DI=+5). On the other hand, sect. Alpinia subsect. Alpinia is paraphyletic (BS=100%, DI=>+6) with respect to sect. Alpinia subsect. Catimbium. The results from a phylogenetic analysis of a subset of the taxa using the spacer between trnL (UAA) 3′ exon and trnF (GAA) of chloroplast DNA confirmed the position of A. galanga in sect. Allughas. It appears that A. galanga has evolved within sect. Allughas and the absence of tubular bracteoles is a convergence with sect. Alpinia, possibly as a result of evolution under domestication.
Public Works, Private Lives: Youth Brigades in Nowa Huta in the 1950s
Authors: Lebow Katherine A.
Published: July 2002

Enthusiastic youth volunteers were a common sight on Poland's ‘great building site of socialism’ of the Stalin era, the steelworks and new town of Nowa Huta. Paradoxically, however, the succesful mobilisation of youthful labour in Nowa Huta was accompanied by failure to socialise volunteers in their attitudes and behaviours after hours. Preferring jazz to mass songs and speak-easies to ‘red corners’, brigade members gained notoriety as ‘hooligans’, and many encountered difficulties adapting to ‘civilian’ life in the new town. The regime's inability to bridge the gulf between itself and Nowa Huta's youth volunteers, the author argues, reflects Polish Stalinism's critical failure to secure legitimacy among its potentially strongest supporters.
Two Modernities: from Elle to Mademoiselle. Women's Magazines in Postwar France
Authors: Weiner Susan
Published: July 2002

Beginning with its first issue of 1945, Elle magazine was instrumental in changing the way the French saw female domesticity in the postwar period, infusing the domestic space with an aura of glamour and modernity. Newly glamorous female domesticity went hand-in-hand with images of women as voters and professionals, communicating to the magazine's readers that they could ‘have it all’ – but never to the exclusion of their primary identity as mothers and wives. This ultimately conservative postwar version of femininity came to be challenged in the early 1960s by Mademoiselle, a magazine that projected a reader unmarked by war memories and whose relationship to technology and modernity went beyond the home. Yet, Mademoiselle was grooming the fun-loving teenage girl as a consumer who would one day be a wife and mother as well; from one version of modernity to another, feminine destiny remained the same.
Machaut's balades with four voices
Authors: LEACH ELIZABETH EVA
Published: July 2002

Based on principles found in fourteenth-century counterpoint treatises, this
study divides Machaut's balades with four voices into three groups according
to their performance possibilities. The pieces of group 1 (Se quanque
amours, Il mest avis, De toutes flours, and Quant theseus/Ne quier) can be
performed either in all four parts or in three parts by omitting the
triplum. Group 2 (De petit po and De Fortune plus Vg's redaction of Se
quanque amours) includes those pieces that can be performed in three parts
with either contratenor or triplum but not with all four parts. Pieces in
this group are often found with all four parts copied together, thus
highlighting the difference between the presentation of a piece in the
sources and its performance options. The pieces in group 3 (En amer and Dame
de qui) are less clearly delimited in their performance possibilities.
Gene Therapies and the Pursuit of a Better Human
Authors: GOERING SARA
Published: July 2002

As a philosopher interested in biomedical ethics, I
find recent advances in genetic technologies both fascinating
and frightening. Future technologies for genetic therapies
and elimination of clearly deleterious genes offer us the
ability to get rid of the cause of much human suffering,
seemingly at its physiological root. But memories of past
eugenics programs gone horribly awry (whether we speak
of Hitler's program, California sterilization laws
and practices of the 1920s, or even contemporary practices,
such as attempts to work out deals that exchange sterilization
for early prison release) must make cautious our initial
optimism for these generally well-intentioned programs.
Most often the scientist proceeds in research with the
best of intentions, but that does not make all scientific
investigation worth pursuing.
Bringing Both Sides Together
Authors: BOYD KENNETH
Published: July 2002

It began in 1992, with two men walking out of a
television studio. Colin Blakemore, Oxford Professor of
Physiology, is a quiet-spoken, eloquent defender of the
use of animals in medical research. Les Ward, Director
of the Edinburgh-based Advocates for Animals, is a passionate
opponent of animal use. Bringing them together in front
of an invited audience with strong opinions on both sides
would make the sparks fly and be good viewing. But Blakemore
and Ward, retiring after yet another bout that neither
side won, were dissatisfied. Both knew that media debates
gave them a chance to highlight the flaws and evasions
in the other side's arguments, and perhaps to recruit
some new supporters to their own. But Ward realized that
this was not enough to achieve the radical change he wanted:
replacement of animals by other methods. And Blakemore
disliked defending animal experiments against all comers.
He too wanted to replace animals, albeit only when this
could be done without forgoing the real benefits of research.
Informed Consent in the Genetic Age
Authors: GOLDWORTH AMNON
Published: July 2002

As our knowledge of the genetic constitution of
human beings expands, testing to determine an individual's
disposition toward a given disease will also increase.
Since genes are a family affair, to know that an individual
is genetically disposed toward a specific disease is an
indicator that members of this individual's family
may also be so disposed.
Partitioning Matroids with Only Small Cocircuits
Authors: OPOROWSKI BOGDAN
Published: July 2002

We show that, for every positive integer c*, there is an integer n such that,
if M is a matroid whose largest cocircuit has size c*, then E(M)
can be partitioned into two sets E1 and E2 such that every connected
component of each of M[mid ]E1 and M[mid ]E2
has at most n elements.
Information Loss
in Riffle Shuffling
Authors: STARK DUDLEY , GANESH A. , O’CONNELL NEIL
Published: July 2002

We study the asymptotic behaviour of the relative entropy (to stationarity) for a commonly
used model for riffle shuffling a deck of n cards m times. Our results establish and were
motivated by a prediction in a recent numerical study of Trefethen and Trefethen. Loosely
speaking, the relative entropy decays approximately linearly (in m) for m < log2n, and
approximately exponentially for m > log2n. The deck becomes random in this information-theoretic sense after m = 3/2 log2n shuffles.
Probabilistic Number Theory, the GEM/Poisson-Dirichlet

Distribution and the Arc-sine Law
Authors: HIRTH ULRICH MARTIN
Published: July 2002

The prime factorization of a random integer has a

GEM/Poisson-Dirichlet distribution as transparently proved by

Donnelly and Grimmett [8]. By similarity to the arc-sine

law for the mean distribution of the divisors of a random integer,

due to Deshouillers, Dress and Tenenbaum [6] (see also

Tenenbaum [24, II.6.2, p. 233]), – the ‘DDT

theorem’ – we obtain an arc-sine law in the

GEM/Poisson-Dirichlet context. In this context we also

investigate the distribution of the number of components larger than

ε which correspond to the number of prime factors larger than

nε.
Obstetric cholestasis
Authors: Raine-Fenning Nicholas , Kilby Mark
Published: July 2002

Obstetric cholestasis (OC) is associated with significant perinatal mortality and maternal morbidity. Fetal outcome may be improved with increased antenatal surveillance and timely intervention. Frequently attributed to the Scandinavian authors Alvar Svanborg and Leif Thorling, the first case report was by Ahlfeld in 1883 who elegantly described recurrent jaundice in a pregnant patient that remitted with delivery. During the 1950's various terminologies originated describing some of the characteristic features of the disease: icterus gravidarum, cholestatic hepatosis and recurrent jaundice during pregnancy, all synonymous with ‘obstetric cholestasis.’ Ahlfeld's original patient did not complain of itching but over the recent years pruritis has become the commonest manifestation. Obstetric cholestasis is the most common disorder of liver function unique to pregnancy and second only to acute viral hepatitis as a cause of jaundice in the third trimester.
Expression and localisation of heat shock protein 70 in cultured bovine oocytes and embryos
Authors: Kawarsky Sheldon J. , King W. Allan
Published: July 2002

Effects of elevated in vitro temperature on in vitro produced early bovine
embryos were analysed in order to determine its impact on the expression of
heat shock protein 70 (hsp70). In vitro matured bovine oocytes, 2-cell and
8-cell embryos, and day 9 hatched blastocysts subjected to control and
elevated temperature conditions were analysed by semiquantitative reverse
transcription polymerase chain reaction methods for hsp70 mRNA
expression. Results revealed the expression of hsp70 mRNA under control
conditions and that early embryos can respond to heat stress by transcribing
hsp70 mRNA. Confocal laser scanning microscopy used to localise the hsp70
protein in oocytes and embryos revealed that the distribution of hsp70 in
the ooplasm of immature and mature oocytes is unaffected by exposure to
elevated temperatures and that this protein was closely associated with the
meiotic spindle, indicating its possible role in stabilising this
structure. In 8-cell embryos derived under control conditions, hsp70 was
evenly distributed in the cytoplasm but appeared as aggregates in some
embryos exposed to elevated temperature. In heat-stressed hatched
blastocysts, a more even distribution was noted following heat stress
relative to corresponding controls, indicating their competence to respond
to elevated temperature.
A gap-junction-mediated signal, rather than an external paracrine factor, predominates during meiotic induction in isolated mouse oocytes
Authors: Downs Stephen M.
Published: July 2002

This study was carried out to compare the possible role of a secreted
paracrine factor versus that of a gap-junction-transmitted signal in
mediating meiotic induction in isolated mouse oocytes from PMSG-primed,
immature mice. In the first set of experiments, oocyte-cumulus cell
complexes (OCC) were pretreated for 3 h with 2 mM dbcAMP or FSH, washed,
and the oocytes then cultured for 17-18 h in 40 μl drops containing
either 300 μM dbcAMP or 4 mM hypoxanthine (HX). Each set of pretreated
oocytes was cultured under three different conditions: (1) intact
cumulus-cell-enclosed oocytes (CEO); (2) denuded oocytes (DO), cultured
alone after removal of cumulus cells; and (3) co-cultured cumulus cells and
oocytes (CC/DO), where the cumulus cells were removed in the same drop with
a mouth-operated pipette and cultured alongside the oocytes. When pretreated
with high dbcAMP or FSH, maturation was stimulated in CEO when cultured in
either inhibitor (by 41.4-53.7%). Pretreatment failed to affect the
maturation rate in DO. DO maturation was not altered appreciably by co-cultured
cumulus cells when arrest was maintained with dbcAMP. However, an increase
in maturation of 21-23% was observed in CC/DO in the HX-containing cultures
that was not dependent on prior treatment with a meiosis-inducing
stimulus. When DO were co-cultured with intact, FSH-treated OCC, there was
no evidence of a positive factor secreted by the stimulated complexes,
despite the fact that oocytes within the OCC were induced to resume
maturation. In a second series of experiments the gap junction inhibitor,
18α-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), was utilised. An initial experiment
determined that GA dose-dependently blocked OCC metabolic coupling (0.2%
coupling at 10 μM compared with 13.6% in controls). When HX-arrested CEO
and DO were cultured for 17-18 h in medium containing increasing
concentrations of GA, meiotic maturation was induced in CEO but not DO,
suggesting that the cumulus cells provided a positive stimulus in the
absence of functional gap junctional communication. No effect of GA was seen
in dbcAMP-arrested oocytes. A kinetics experiment showed that when CEO were
cultured in dbcAMP±FSH, meiotic induction was initiated after 3 h and
germinal vesicle breakdown reached 60% by 6 h. When GA was added to the
cultures at different times after the initiation of culture (0, 2, 3, 4 and
5 h), meiotic induction was immediately blocked. In addition, measurement of
OCC coupling revealed that no reduction in coupling occurred during this
induction period in the absence of GA. It is concluded that cumulus cells
can secrete a positive factor, but that this is normally overridden by
inhibitory influences transmitted through the gap junction pathway in intact
complexes. Furthermore, upon exposure of complexes to a meiosis-inducing
stimulus, a positive gap-junction-mediated signal now predominates to
trigger germinal vesicle breakdown, and this signal is utilised throughout
the induction period.
Time course of pronuclear formation and fertilisation after insemination in vitro and intracytoplasmic sperm injection of in vitro matured sheep oocytes
Authors: Gómez M.C. , Catt S.L. , Gillan L. , Catt J.W. , Evans G. , Maxwell W.M.C.
Published: July 2002

The time course of sperm decondensation, oocyte activation, pronuclear formation and the possible causes of abnormalities after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and in vitro fertilisation (IVF) were examined. Frozen-thawed and pooled fresh semen from three different rams were washed and capacitated for ICSI or IVF. In vitro matured oocytes were cultured after sperm injection for 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 18, 21 and 23 h, and oocytes were cultured after in vitro insemination for the same times other than 18 and 23 h. All oocytes were cultured in bicarbonate-buffered synthetic oviduct fluid medium (BSOF) supplemented with 2% oestrous sheep serum. A total of 746 metaphase II oocytes were injected with a single spermatozoon and 986 oocytes were inseminated for IVF. The earliest oocyte activation after ICSI was observed at 0.5 h, when 14.8% of oocytes were in anaphase II; this was earlier than after IVF, when only 6.4% of the oocytes exhibited anaphase II 1 h after insemination. Decondensing spermatozoa were first observed 1 h after ICSI and 3 h after insemination for IVF. The earliest female and male pronuclei after ICSI were observed at 2 and 3 h respectively, while the female and male pronuclei after IVF were observed at 4 h after insemination. The overall fertilisation rate was lower after ICSI (28.6%) than IVF (70.4%) but the percentage of abnormal fertilisation was not different between ICSI (8.7%) and IVF (15.2%). It was concluded that the fertilisation events were more advanced for ICSI than IVF, using injection and insemination time as reference points. The formation of male and female pronuclei were asynchronous after ICSI, in contrast to IVF when they appeared simultaneously at 4 h. Abnormalities found in fertilisation after ICSI may therefore be induced by the injection technique.
Detection of prothymosin alpha in oocytes and embryos of Bufo arenarum
Authors: Barisone Gustavo A. , Vega Félix V. , Dominguez Fernando , Cabada Marcelo O.
Published: July 2002

Prothymosin alpha (PTA) was detected by immunocytological and biochemical methods in oocytes at different stages of oogenesis, and in early embryos of the amphibian Bufo arenarum. In all cases PTA was detected in the nucleus and was absent from the cytoplasm. This indicates that this protein could act at the level of regulating transcription. Western blots were carried out using polyclonal antibodies with extracts of embryos at different stages of development from early fertilisation up to neural tube. With this method PTA was detected in all the samples under study.
Improving precipitation estimates from weather radar using quality control and correction techniques
Authors: Harrison D L , Driscoll S J , Kitchen M
Published: July 2002

Errors and uncertainty in radar estimates of precipitation result both from errors in the basic measurement of reflectivity and from attempts to relate this to the precipitation falling at the ground. If radar data are to be used to their full potential, it is essential that effective measures are taken to mitigate these problems. The automatic processing of radar data that forms part of the UK Met. Office's Nimrod system addresses a number of specific sources of error. These include the identification and removal of spurious echoes resulting from anomalous propagation of the radar beam, errors resulting from variations in the vertical profile of reflectivity and radar sensitivity errors. Routine verification of the surface precipitation estimates has been undertaken, largely through comparison with rain gauge observations, over a range of timescales, which has allowed the benefits of the quality control and correction processes to be quantified. Although the improvement derived varies according to the dominant synoptic situation, an average reduction in the root‐mean‐square difference between gauge and radar data of 30% can be achieved. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
WORKING WITH A MAN WHO HAS PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME AND HIS SUPPORT STAFF USING MOTIVATIONAL PRINCIPLES
Authors: Rose John , Walker Steve
Published: July 2002

This paper describes an intervention with a man who has Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) and mild learning disabilities in a residential setting. PWS is a chromosomal disorder that is characterized by a wide range of behavioural characteristics including overeating and challenging behaviour. The intervention was based on a range of principles derived from a motivational interviewing approach, which were embedded in a broader behavioural framework that was designed to assist in weight reduction and reduce challenging behaviour. Records of weight and challenging behaviour kept over time suggest that the approach had relatively little impact on overall weight. However, levels of challenging behaviour were reduced quickly and have been maintained at a stable and lower level. Weight has also been maintained at a reasonably constant level without confrontation with staff or excessive restrictions on the individual concerned. Relationships between the individual and staff in the home also improved over the course of the intervention.
A RANDOMIZED TRIAL OF BRIEF INDIVIDUAL VERSUS GROUP PARENT TRAINING FOR BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH SEVERE LEARNING DISABILITIES
Authors: Chadwick Oliver , Momčilović Nataša , Rossiter Rowena , Stumbles Elise , Taylor Eric
Published: July 2002

Primary school aged children with severe learning disabilities and behavioural problems were identified from
those attending special needs schools in three adjacent Inner London boroughs. In two of the boroughs their parents/carers were randomly allocated to receive 5-7 group- or individually-based intervention sessions aimed at preventing
or reducing their child's behaviour problems; teaching and support staff at their schools received a 2-day workshop
with the same aims. Children in the third borough served as a “no treatment” control group. Follow-up assessments
were carried out shortly after the interventions were completed and 6 months later. Individually-based intervention was
superior to group-based intervention in acceptability, attendance, levels of participant satisfaction and the likelihood of
reported behavioural improvement. Within the individual intervention group, behaviours that had been targeted for
intervention were more likely to show improvements than those that were untargeted. However, in spite of these
improvements, there were no significant differences between groups in the absolute frequency or severity of the
child's behaviour problems at either post-intervention assessment, and reductions in levels of parental distress noted
on completion of the interventions were no longer apparent 6 months later.
Neuropsychological and neuropathological sequelae of cerebral
anoxia: A critical review
Authors: CAINE DIANA , WATSON JOHN D.G.
Published: July 2002

Fifty-eight studies of the neuropathological and
neuropsychological outcomes of cerebral anoxia were reviewed.
Neuropathological reports were examined for the variety,
extent, and specificity of lesions resulting from an anoxic
event. While most attention has focused on damage to the
hippocampus following anoxic brain injury, the review indicated
that watershed cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia were
both more frequently damaged than the hippocampus. The
hippocampus was the sole affected structure in only 18%
of reported cases. Neurological, neuropsychological and
psychiatric studies were analyzed. Of 67 individual case
reports, a memory disturbance was documented in 36 (54%),
but a memory disturbance without report of additional cognitive
deficits occurred in only 13 (19.4%). Changes in personality
and behavior were noted in 31 (46.2%). Visuospatial or,
less frequently, visual recognition problems were noted
in 21 individual cases (31.3%) reviewed. Memory deficits
were found in all 14 group studies reviewed, while in 9
papers changes in behavior or personality were also documented.
Six studies also reported visuospatial deficits. Careful
reading of the literature reveals a range of cognitive
and behavioral changes that reflect very well the neuropathological
outcomes of anoxic episodes. (JINS, 2000, 6,
86–99.)