bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Niche Tourism Policy and Planning: The South African Experience
Authors: Rogerson Christian M.
Published: November 2011

Niche tourism is garnering an increasing critical international scholarship. After the 1994 democratic transition tourism appears as a strategic sector in South African economic planning and from 2004 initiatives emerge to promote niche tourism. Within the context of rising international
policy discussions around niche tourism, the South African experience is analyzed. Niche tourism has become incorporated into national tourism planning for South Africa in order to contribute towards the goals of increased job creation, decent work, and geographical dispersal. Government is
seeking to develop a set of strategic planning initiatives around niche tourism in order to support a competitive tourist destination. The article examines the definition, changing role, and strategic planning for niche tourism within the wider tourism policy environment of postapartheid South
Africa. The findings disclose a struggle to define niche tourism sectors and subsequently to implement high-impact strategic policy interventions.
De l'antagonisme au commun : Retrouver Marx
Authors: Negri Toni
Published: November 2011

Résumé This article focuses on three key points, which, it argues, will help us to find Marx again in a political and critical way. The three threads of antagonism, the crisis of capitalism and the common are those around which communism could be woven anew. Can we envisage to produce a new theory of value that would be adequate to the common dimension inherent in the production of capital? The article suggests that getting hold of Marx’s Capital once again should make this challenge possible.
Masochist or machiavel?: Reading Harley Quinn in canon and fanon
Authors: Roddy Kate Ellen
Published: November 2011

Creative responses to the DC Comics character Harley Quinn, sometime girlfriend and assistant to the Joker and established favorite among female fans, are considered. By means of examples from an array of media (fan fiction, short film, and comics), I observe how the character's trait of submissiveness is read and (re)constructed. First acknowledging the antifeminist possibilities of the submissive female and masochism's portrayal within medical and psychoanalytic discourses, I then move on to explore the ways in which fans use the Harley character to overcome these negative stereotypes of sexual submission. I show that fan works exhibit evidence of familiarity with concepts of the Jungian shadow self and with real-life BDSM practices and philosophies. The central thesis is that we can understand the masochist as potentially Machiavellian—that is, creative and manipulative. Fan fiction echoes postmodernism's concern with ambiguous subjectivity and employs strategies that shift the responsibility for character construction from creator to reader.
"The young and the digital," by S. Craig Watkins
Authors: Kohnen Melanie
Published: November 2011

Review of S. Craig Watkins. The young and the digital: What migration to social-networking sites, games, and anytime, anywhere media means for our future. Boston: Beacon Press, 2009. Paperback, $18 (272p) ISBN 978-0807006160.
Transmedial texts and serialized narratives
Authors: Lindgren Leavenworth Maria
Published: November 2011

Transmedia storytelling is connected to story worlds, which provide fans and users with different points of entry, as illustrated using the example of The Vampire Diaries (2009–).
Editorial: Race and ethnicity in fandom
Authors: Gatson Sarah N. , Reid Robin Anne
Published: November 2011

This section of the special issue examines the cultural products of fandom and the intersections of race/ethnicity, class, and gender/sexuality.
A Prospective Study of Lupus and Rheumatoid Arthritis in Relation to Deployment in Support of Iraq and Afghanistan: The Millennium Cohort Study
Authors: Jones Kelly A. , Granado Nisara S. , Smith Besa , Slymen Donald J. , Ryan Margaret A. K. , Boyko Edward J. , Gackstetter Gary D. , Phillips Christopher J. , Smith Tyler C.
Published: November 2011

The objective of this study was to prospectively assess the association between deployment in support of the operations in Iraq and Afghanistan and newly reported lupus and rheumatoid arthritis while also considering the effects of demographic, behavioral, and occupational characteristics. A total of 77,047 (2001–2003) and 31,110 (2004–2006) participants completed the baseline Millennium Cohort questionnaire and were resurveyed approximately every 3 years. Longitudinal analyses were used to assess the adjusted association between deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan with and without combat exposures and newly reported disease. After adjusting, deployment was not significantly associated with newly reported lupus compared with nondeployers. However, compared with nondeployers, deployers with and without combat exposures were significantly less likely to newly report rheumatoid arthritis. Women, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic participants had a significantly elevated risk for both diseases. Overall, deployment was not associated with an increased risk of newly reported lupus or rheumatoid arthritis.
Primary Carcinosarcoma of the Parotid Gland
Authors: Keh Siew M. , Tait Andrew , Ahsan Syed Farhan
Published: November 2011

Carcinosarcoma is a rare malignant ‘mixed’ tumour in the head and neck region. We present a case of carcinosarcoma in a long standing parotid lump and share our experience in the management of the disease together with a review of recent English literature on the subject.
An employer brand predictive model for talent attraction and retention
Authors: Botha Annelize , Bussin Mark , De Swardt Lukas
Published: November 2011

Orientation: In an ever shrinking global talent pool organisations use employer brand to attract and retain talent, however, in the absence of theoretical pointers, many organisations are losing out on a powerful business tool by not developing or maintaining their employer brand correctly. Research purpose: This study explores the current state of knowledge about employer brand and identifies the various employer brand building blocks which are conceptually integrated in a predictive model.Motivation for the study: The need for scientific progress though the accurate representation of a set of employer brand phenomena and propositions, which can be empirically tested, motivated this study.Research design, approach and method: This study was nonempirical in approach and searched for linkages between theoretical concepts by making use of relevant contextual data. Theoretical propositions which explain the identified linkages were developed for purpose of further empirical research.Main findings: Key findings suggested that employer brand is influenced by target group needs, a differentiated Employer Value Proposition (EVP), the people strategy, brand consistency, communication of the employer brand and measurement of Human Resources (HR) employer branding efforts.Practical/managerial implications: The predictive model provides corporate leaders and their human resource functionaries a theoretical pointer relative to employer brand which could guide more effective talent attraction and retention decisions.Contribution/value add: This study adds to the small base of research available on employer brand and contributes to both scientific progress as well as an improved practical understanding of factors which influence employer brand.
A statistical proxy for sulphuric acid concentration
Authors: Mikkonen S. , Romakkaniemi S. , Smith J. N. , Korhonen H. , Petäjä T. , Plass-Duelmer C. , Boy M. , McMurry P. H. , Lehtinen K. E. J. , Joutsensaari J. , Hamed A. , Mauldin III R. L. , Birmili W. , Spindler G. , Arnold F. , Kulmala M. , Laaksonen A.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Gaseous sulphuric acid is a key precursor for new particle formation in the atmosphere. Previous experimental studies have confirmed a strong correlation between the number concentrations of freshly formed particles and the ambient concentrations of sulphuric acid. This study evaluates a body of experimental gas phase sulphuric acid concentrations, as measured by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry (CIMS) during six intensive measurement campaigns and one long-term observational period. The campaign datasets were measured in Hyytiälä, Finland, in 2003 and 2007, in San Pietro Capofiume, Italy, in 2009, in Melpitz, Germany, in 2008, in Atlanta, Georgia, USA, in 2002, and in Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA, in 2007. The long term data were obtained in Hohenpeissenberg, Germany, during 1998 to 2000. The measured time series were used to construct proximity measures ("proxies") for sulphuric acid concentration by using statistical analysis methods. The objective of this study is to find a proxy for sulfuric acid that is valid in as many different atmospheric environments as possible. Our most accurate and universal formulation of the sulphuric acid concentration proxy uses global solar radiation, SO2 concentration, condensation sink and relative humidity as predictor variables, yielding a correlation measure (R) of 0.87 between observed concentration and the proxy predictions. Interestingly, the role of the condensation sink in the proxy was only minor, since similarly accurate proxies could be constructed with global solar radiation and SO2 concentration alone. This could be attributed to SO2 being an indicator for anthropogenic pollution, including particulate and gaseous emissions which represent sinks for the OH radical that, in turn, is needed for the formation of sulphuric acid.
Improving measurements of SF6 for the study of atmospheric transport and emissions
Authors: Hall B. D. , Dutton G. S. , Mondeel D. J. , Nance J. D. , Rigby M. , Butler J. H. , Moore F. L. , Hurst D. F. , Elkins J. W.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a potent greenhouse gas and useful atmospheric tracer. Measurements of SF6 on global and regional scales are necessary to estimate emissions and to verify or examine the performance of atmospheric transport models. Typical precision for common gas chromatographic methods with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) is 1–2%. We have modified a common GC-ECD method to achieve measurement precision of 0.5% or better. Global mean SF6 measurements were used to examine changes in the growth rate of SF6 and corresponding SF6 emissions. Global emissions and mixing ratios from 2000–2008 are consistent with recently published work. More recent observations show a 10% decline in SF6 emissions in 2008–2009, which seems to coincide with a decrease in world economic output. This decline was short-lived, as the global SF6 growth rate has recently increased to near its 2007–2008 maximum value of 0.30±0.03 pmol mol−1 (ppt) yr−1 (95% C.L.).
Hydrological heterogeneity in Mediterranean reclaimed slopes: runoff and sediment yield at the patch and slope scales along a gradient of overland flow
Authors: Merino-Martín L. , Moreno-de las Heras M. , Pérez-Domingo S. , Espigares T. , Nicolau J. M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Hydrological heterogeneity is recognized as a fundamental ecosystem attribute in drylands controlling the flux of water and energy through landscapes. Therefore, mosaics of runoff and sediment sinks and source patches are frequently identified in these dry environments. There is a remarkable scarcity of studies about hydrological spatial heterogeneity in restored slopes, where ecological succession and overland flow are interacting. We conducted a field research to study the hydrological role of patches and slopes along an overland flow gradient in three reclaimed slopes coming from mining reclamation in a Mediterranean-continental climate. We found that runoff generation and routing in non-rilled slopes showed a pattern of source and sink areas of runoff. Such hydrological microenvironments were associated to seven vegetation patches (characterized by plant community types and cover). Two types of sink patches were identified: shrub Genista scorpius patches could be considered as a "deep sink", while patches where the graminoids Brachypodium retusum and Lolium perenne dominate were classified as "surface sinks" or "runoff splays". A variety of source patches were also identified spanning from "extreme sources" (Medicago sativa patches; equivalent to bare soil) to "poor sources" (areas scattered by dwarf-shrubs of Thymus vulgaris or herbaceous tussocks of Dactylis glomerata). Finally, we identified the volume of overland flow routing along the slope as a controlling major factor of hydrological diversity: when overland flow increases at the slope scale hydrological diversity diminishes.
The multiphase physics of sea ice: a review for model developers
Authors: Hunke E. C. , Notz D. , Turner A. K. , Vancoppenolle M.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. Rather than being solid throughout, sea ice contains liquid brine inclusions, solid salts, microalgae, trace elements, gases, and other impurities which all exist in the interstices of a porous, solid ice matrix. This multiphase structure of sea ice arises from the fact that the salt that exists in seawater cannot be incorporated into lattice sites in the pure ice component of sea ice, but remains in liquid solution. Depending on the ice permeability (determined by temperature, salinity and gas content), this brine can drain from the ice, taking other sea ice constituents with it. Thus, sea ice salinity and microstructure are tightly interconnected and play a significant role in polar ecosystems and climate. As large-scale climate modeling efforts move toward "earth system" simulations that include biological and chemical cycles, renewed interest in the multiphase physics of sea ice has strengthened research initiatives to observe, understand and model this complex system. This review article provides an overview of these efforts, highlighting known difficulties and requisite observations for further progress in the field. We focus on mushy layer theory, which describes general multiphase materials, and on numerical approaches now being explored to model the multiphase evolution of sea ice and its interaction with chemical, biological and climate systems.
When Triple Helix Unravels
Authors: Gray Denis , Sundstrom Eric , Tornatzky Louis G. , McGowen Lindsey
Published: November 2011

Cooperative research centres (CRCs) increasingly foster Triple Helix (industry–university–government) collaboration and represent significant vehicles for cooperation across sectors, the promotion of knowledge and technology transfer and ultimately the acceleration of innovation. A growing social science literature on CRCs focuses on their management and best practices, mainly through success stories and rarely by describing and analysing CRC failures. The literature on CRCs can benefit by learning from failures, as has been seen in other areas of social science. Here the authors present four mini-cases of CRC failures – centres that were successfully launched but later declined and closed – and, in contrast, one mini-case of a success story. The analysis identifies: (a) likely contributing factors in the failures, mainly environmental influences and mismanagement of centre transitions; (b) themes in the failures, notably a tendency for problems in one area to magnify the impact of problems in other areas; and (c) learning points for CRCs concerning leadership and succession. The implications for Triple Helix organizations are discussed.
Building an Entrepreneurial University in Brazil
Authors: Amaral Marcelo , Ferreira Andre , Teodoro Pítias
Published: November 2011

This study is part of a broader research project, conducted by the Triple Helix Research Group – Brazil, focusing on university–industry– government linkages in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The case study reported here is that of the Regional University of Volta Redonda: the aim was to develop an understanding of how a regional university can be transformed into an entrepreneurial university, oriented towards assisting regional economic development. A theoretical framework was constructed using existing literature on regional development and the Triple Helix approach. The research objective was to determine the relevance and effects of university–industry collaboration from the perspective of local players. Two surveys were conducted, one with faculty members at the university and the other with representatives of companies located in the region. No cultural barriers to collaboration were revealed on either side of the relationship; and opportunities to improve a relationship that, in the past, has had little influence on economic development in the region were also identified.
Age and Verbal Fluency: The Mediating Effect of Speed of Processing
Authors: Elgamal Safa A. , Roy Eric A. , Sharratt Michael T.
Published: November 2011

Background and PurposeCognitive decline is a function of normal aging; however, the effect of age on various domains is differential. This study examined the effect of age on verbal fluency and showed how speed of processing modifies fluency performance in healthy older adults compared to younger individuals.MethodsThree age groups, 62 young (17–40 years), 30 middle-aged (41–59 years), and 38 older adults (60–78 years), were studied using the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, National Adult Reading Test, and speed-of-processing composite score. The study examined the effect of age on fluency before and after controlling for processing speed and intelligence quotient.ResultsThe young group performed better than the older group on category fluency as measured by animal category (p < .001) and on processing speed composite score (p < .001). However, the older group performed better than the young group on the National Adult Reading Test (p < .05) and on letter fluency after controlling for the decline in processing speed (p < .05). Processing speed had a significant effect on both category and letter fluency (p < .01) in older adults.ConclusionsThis study suggests that aging adversely affects some but not all cognitive domains and that age-related decline in processing speed contributes to age-related changes in fluency.
Cyclododecanol, Cyclododecanone, and Laurolactam
Authors: Oenbrink Georg , Schiffer Thomas
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Cyclododecanol and Cyclododecanone1.1.Properties1.2.Production1.3.Storage and Transportation1.4.Analysis1.5.Uses2.Laurolactam2.1.Properties2.2.Production2.3.Storage and Transportation2.4.Analysis2.5.Uses3.Toxicology
Gas Production, 1. Introduction
Authors: Hiller Heinz , Reimert Rainer , Stönner Hans‐Martin
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Types of Gases; General Overview of Production Methods and Characteristics

1.1.

Water Gas and Producer Gas

1.2.

Synthesis Gas and Reduction Gas

1.3.

Town Gas and Medium‐Btu Gas

1.4.

Biogas and Landfill Gas

1.5.

Rich Gas and Substitute Natural Gas (SNG)

2.

Raw Materials for Gasification

3.

Physicochemical Basis for Gas Production

4.

Characteristics of the Basic Processes

5.

Product Gas Treatment

5.1.

Purification Processes

5.2.

Conditioning

5.3.

Byproducts

6.

Acknowledgement
Heat Storage Media
Authors: Tamme Rainer , Bauer Thomas , Hahne Erich
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Practical Principles for Heat Storage Media3.Storage of Sensible Heat3.1.Solid Storage Materials3.2.Liquid Storage Materials4.Storage of Latent Heat4.1.Cold storage (0 °C and below)4.2.Low temperature storage (0 to 120 °C)4.3.High‐temperature storage (above 120 °C)4.4.Heat transfer concepts and composites5.Storage of Chemical Heat5.1Thermochemical Transformer and Chemical Heat Pump5.2Adsorption Processes5.3.Absorption Processes
Magnesium Compounds
Authors: Seeger Margarete , Otto Walter , Flick Wilhelm , Bickelhaupt Friedrich , Akkerman Otto S.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Magnesium Carbonate3.Magnesium Chloride3.1.Properties3.2.Raw Materials3.3.Production3.3.1.Precipitation of Magnesium Hydroxide from Seawater3.3.2.Recovery from Spent Liquors from the Potash Industry3.3.3.Evaporation of Seawater and Natural Brines3.3.4.Solution Mining3.3.5.Other Methods3.3.6.Production of Magnesium Chloride Hydrates3.3.7.Production of Anhydrous Magnesium Chloride3.3.8.Purification of Magnesium Chloride Solutions3.3.9.Materials of Construction for the Evaporation of Magnesium Chloride Solutions3.4.Environmental and Legal Aspects3.5.Quality Specifications and Analysis3.6.Transportation and Storage3.7.Uses3.8.Economic Aspects3.9.Toxicology and Occupational Health4.Magnesium Oxide and Hydroxide4.1.Properties4.2.Production of Magnesium Oxide4.2.1.Production from Magnesite4.2.2.Production from Seawater4.2.3.Production from Brines4.2.4.Miscellaneous Processes4.2.5.Burning of Caustic and Sintered Magnesia4.3.Uses4.3.1.Use of Sintered Magnesia as a Refractory4.3.2.Use of Sintered Magnesia as a Heat‐Storage Medium4.3.3.Uses of Caustic Magnesia4.3.4.Uses of Magnesium Hydroxide4.4.Economic Aspects4.5.Fused Magnesium Oxide4.5.1.Properties4.5.2.Production4.5.3.Uses4.5.4.Economic Aspects5.Magnesium Sulfate5.1.Properties5.2.Occurrence and Raw Materials5.3.Production5.3.1.Production of Kieserite (MgSO4· H2O)5.3.2.Production of Epsom Salt5.3.3.Production of Anhydrous Magnesium Sulfate5.4.Quality Specifications and Analysis5.5.Transportation and Storage5.6.Uses5.7.Economic Aspects5.8.Toxicology and Occupational Health6.Organomagnesium Compounds6.1.Properties6.2.Production6.2.1.Grignard Reagents6.2.2.Diorganylmagnesium Compounds6.3.Uses
Methacrylic Acid and Derivatives
Authors: Bauer William
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Production3.1.Methacrylic Acid and Methyl Methacrylate from Acetone Cyanohydrin3.2.Methacrylic Acid from Isobutene3.3.Methacrylic Acid from Isobutyric Acid3.4.Methacrylic Acid From Ethylene4.Quality Specifications5.Storage and Transportation6.Uses7.Economic Aspects8.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Nitrilotriacetic Acid
Authors: Gousetis Charalampos , Opgenorth Hans‐Joachim
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Production4.Analysis5.Uses6.Economic Aspects7.Toxicology and Environmental Aspects
Nuclear Technology, 1. Fundamentals
Authors: Teuchert Eberhard
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Design of a Nuclear Reactor3.Physical Processes3.1.Structure of Atomic Nuclei3.2.Reactions with Neutrons3.3.Decay3.4.Cross‐Sections3.5.Moderation of Neutrons3.6.Neutron Flux3.7.Time Dependence of Neutron Flux3.8.Reaction Rates3.9.Burnup and Control3.10.Fission Products and Actinides
Octane Enhancers
Authors: Di Girolamo Marco , Brianti Maura , Conte Massimo , Marchionna Mario
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Technical Information

2.1.

Combustion in Otto Engines

2.2.

Knock Phenomena

2.3.

Octane Number

3.

Types of Octane Enhancers

4.

Metal‐Containing Additives

4.1.

Alkyl Lead Compounds

4.2.

Methylcyclopentadienylmanganese Tricarbonyl

5.

Ashless Octane Enhancers

5.1.

Heteroatom‐Based Components

5.1.1.

History of Fuel Oxygenates

5.1.2.

Properties of Oxygenates

5.1.3.

Production

5.1.4.

Toxicology

5.2.

Pure Hydrocarbon Components
Pulp
Authors: Patt Rudolf , Kordsachia Othar , Süttinger Richard
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Chemical Pulp1.1.Raw Materials1.2.Processing of Raw Materials1.2.1.Processing of Wood1.2.2.Processing of Annual Plants1.3.Chemical Pulping Processes1.3.1.Alkaline Pulping Processes1.3.1.1.Kraft (Sulfate) Pulping1.3.1.2.Soda Pulping of Annual Plants1.3.2.Sulfite Process1.3.2.1.Reactions in Sulfite Pulping1.3.2.2.The Various Sulfite Processes1.3.2.3.Multistage Sulfite Processes1.3.2.4.Anthraquinone‐Catalyzed Sulfite Pulping1.3.3.Other Pulping Processes1.3.3.1.Nitric Acid Pulping1.3.3.2.Pulping with Organic Solvents1.3.3.3.Pulping with Organic Acids1.4.Technology of Pulp Production1.4.1.Pulping1.4.2.Washing and Screening of Pulp1.4.3.Pulp Drying1.5.Waste Liquor Treatment1.5.1.Recovery of Useful Products from Waste Liquor1.5.2.Energy Generation from Waste Liquor1.5.3.Chemicals Recovery1.6.Pulp Bleaching1.6.1.Conventional Bleaching1.6.2.Chlorine‐Reduced and Chlorine‐Free Pulp Bleaching1.6.3.Technology of Bleaching1.7.Environmental Aspects of Chemical Pulp Production1.8.Pulp Properties and Applications2.Mechanical Pulp2.1.Introduction2.1.1.The Raw Material, Wood2.1.2.Characteristics Required of Mechanical Pulps2.2.Groundwood2.2.1.The Grinder Stone2.2.2.Groundwood Production2.2.3.Newer Methods of Groundwood Production2.3.Refiner Mechanical Pulps2.3.1.Historical Survey2.3.2.Theory of the Refiner Process2.3.3.TMP Production2.3.4.New Methods of Refiner Pulp Production2.4.Screening of Mechanical Pulps2.4.1.Purpose of Screening2.4.2.Mechanical Pulp Screening2.5.Bleaching of Mechanical Pulps2.6.Comparison of Mechanical Pulps
Pentanols
Authors: Lappe Peter , Hofmann Thomas
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production5.Uses6.Quality Specifications and Chemical Analysis7.Storage and Transportation8.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Propanols
Authors: Papa Anthony J.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Production of 1‐Propanol4.2.Production of 2‐Propanol5.Uses6.Specifications7.Economic Aspects8.Storage and Transportation9.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Radionuclides, 1. Introduction
Authors: Luig Heribert , Kellerer Albrecht M. , Griebel Jürgen
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Nucleons2.Timeline of Discoveries in Radioactivity3.Nuclides and Radionuclides4.The Law of Radioactive Decay5.Interaction between Radiation and Matter5.1.Interaction between Gamma Quanta and Matter5.2.Interaction between Electrons and Matter5.3.Interaction between Positrons and Matter5.4.Interaction between Alpha Particles and Matter5.5.Interaction between Neutrons and Matter5.6.Interaction between Neutrinos and Matter6.The Biological Effects of Radiation and Radionuclides6.1.Physical Radiation Effects6.2.Molecular Radiation Effects6.2.1.Radiation Damage to DNA6.2.2.Repair of DNA Damage in the Cell6.3.Cellular Radiation Effects6.4.Radiation Effects on Tissue6.5.Radiation Hazards6.5.1.Radiation Carcinogenesis6.5.2.Hereditary Radiation Effects6.5.3.Teratogenic Radiation Effects6.6.Radionuclides6.6.1.Radionuclides of Concern in Radiation Protection6.6.2.Exposure of the Population due to Natural and Artificial Radioisotopes6.7.Basic Principles of Radiation Protection
Resorcinol
Authors: Schmiedel Klaus W. , Decker Daniel
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Via Sulfonation of Benzene4.2.Via Hydroperoxidationofm‐Diisopropylbenzene4.3.Other Processes5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications and Analysis7.Uses8.Transport Classifications and Occupational Health
Water, 1. Properties, Analysis and Hydrological Cycle
Authors: Weingärtner Hermann , Franck Ernst Ulrich , Wiegand Gabriele , Dahmen Nicolaus , Schwedt Georg , Frimmel Fritz H. , Gordalla Birgit C.
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:1.Water as a Solvent1.1.Properties of Pure Water1.1.1.Molecular Properties1.1.2.Hydrogen Bonding and Water Structure1.1.3.Bulk Properties of Liquid Water1.2.Aqueous Solutions1.2.1.General Solvent Properties1.2.2.Solutions of Simple Nonpolar Gases1.2.3.Solutes with Hydrophilic Groups1.2.4.Electrolyte Solutions2.Water at High Pressure and Temperature2.1.Properties of Ice2.1.1.Thermodynamic Properties2.1.2.Transport Properties2.1.3.Electrolytic Properties2.1.4.Mechanical Properties2.2.Properties of Fluid Water2.2.1.Thermodynamic Properties2.2.2.Transport Properties2.2.3.Electrolytic Properties2.2.4.Other Physical Properties2.3.Properties of Water Vapor2.4.Water in the Supercritical State3.Water Analysis3.1.Sampling and Sample Preservation3.2.Physicochemical and Sum Parameters3.3.Inorganic Analysis3.3.1.Determination of Cations3.3.2.Anion Analysis3.3.3.Determination of Dissolved Gases3.3.4.Quick Test Processes3.4.Organic Analysis3.4.1.Spectrometric Methods3.4.2.Gas and Liquid Chromatography3.5.Biochemical Methods4.Hydrological Cycle and Water Use4.1.World Water Balance4.2.Hydrological Cycle4.3.Demand for Water4.4.Source of Water Used4.5.Water Treatment5.Acknowledgement
Iron, 6. Aspects of Environmental Protection
Authors: Skroch Reiner , Mayer‐Schwinning Gernot
Published: November 2011

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Air Pollution Control

3.

Prevention of Water Pollution

4.

Noise Reduction

5.

Waste Management
Solvent exposures and parkinson disease risk in twins
Authors: Goldman Samuel M. , Quinlan Patricia J. , Ross G. Webster , Marras Connie , Meng Cheryl , Bhudhikanok Grace S. , Comyns Kathleen , Korell Monica , Chade Anabel R. , Kasten Meike , Priestley Benjamin , Chou Kelvin L. , Fernandez Hubert H. , Cambi Franca , Langston J. William , Tanner Caroline M.
Published: November 2011

Objective:

Several case reports have linked solvent exposure to Parkinson disease (PD), but few studies have assessed associations with specific agents using an analytic epidemiologic design. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to specific solvents is associated with PD risk using a discordant twin pair design.

Methods:

Ninety‐nine twin pairs discordant for PD ascertained from the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council World War II Veteran Twins Cohort were interviewed regarding lifetime occupations and hobbies using detailed job task–specific questionnaires. Exposures to 6 specific solvents selected a priori were estimated by expert raters unaware of case status.

Results:

Ever exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) was associated with significantly increased risk of PD (odds ratio [OR], 6.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–33; p = 0.034), and exposure to perchloroethylene (PERC) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) tended toward significance (respectively: OR, 10.5; 95% CI, 0.97–113; p = 0.053; OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 0.9–6.1; p = 0.088). Results were similar for estimates of exposure duration and cumulative lifetime exposure.

Interpretation:

Exposure to specific solvents may increase risk of PD. TCE is the most common organic contaminant in groundwater, and PERC and CCl4 are also ubiquitous in the environment. Our findings require replication in other populations with well‐characterized exposures, but the potential public health implications are substantial. ANN NEUROL 2011
The loss of α2β1 integrin suppresses joint inflammation and cartilage destruction in mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Peters Marvin A. , Wendholt Doreen , Strietholt Simon , Frank Svetlana , Pundt Noreen , Korb‐Pap Adelheid , Joosten Leo A. B. , van den Berg Wim B. , Kollias George , Eckes Beate , Pap Thomas
Published: November 2011

Objective

Integrin α2β1 functions as a major receptor for type I collagen on different cell types, including fibroblasts and inflammatory cells. Although in vitro data suggest a role for α2β1 integrin in regulating both cell attachment and expression of matrix‐degrading enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), mice that lack the α2 integrin subunit (Itga2−/−mice) develop normally and are fertile. We undertook this study to investigate the effect ofItga2deficiency in 2 different mouse models of destructive arthritis: the antigen‐induced arthritis (AIA) mouse model and the human tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)–transgenic mouse model.

Methods

AIA was induced in the knee joints ofItga2−/−mice and wild‐type controls. Human TNF–transgenic mice were crossed withItga2−/−mice and were assessed clinically and histopathologically for signs of arthritis, inflammation, bone erosion, and cartilage damage. MMP expression, proliferation, fibroblast attachment, and ERK activation were determined.

Results

Under arthritic conditions,Itga2deficiency led to decreased severity of joint pathology. Specifically,Itga2−/−mice showed less severe clinical symptoms and dramatically reduced pannus formation and cartilage erosion. Mice lacking α2β1 integrin exhibited reduced MMP‐3 expression, both in their sera and in fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS), due to impaired ERK activation. Further, both the proliferation and attachment of FLS to cartilage were partially dependent on α2β1 integrin in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that α2β1 integrin contributes significantly to inflammatory cartilage destruction by promoting fibroblast proliferation and attachment and MMP expression.
Synthesis of (Glycopyranosyl‐triazolyl)‐purines and Their Inhibitory Activities against Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)
Authors: Luo Lei , He Xiao‐Peng , Shen Qiang , Li Jing‐Ya , Shi Xiao‐Xin , Xie Juan , Li Jia , Chen Guo‐Rong
Published: November 2011

Development of novel purine derivatives has attracted considerable interest, since both purine and purine‐based nucleosides display a wide range of crucial biological activities in nature. We report here a novel expansion of these studies by introducing gluco‐ or galactopyranosyl scaffold to the N‐ or 9‐position (or both) of 6‐Cl purine moiety via CuI‐catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition. By such an efficient reaction, a series of glycosyl‐triazolyl‐purines were successfully synthesized in good yields. Biological evaluation showed that the majority of these glycoconjugates were good PTP1B inhibitors with IC50 values in low micromolar range (1.5–11.1 μM). The benzylated sugar derivatives displayed better inhibitory potency than that of the acetylated ones. Replacement of Cl by MeO at C(6) of the purine moiety decreased the inhibition in the case of benzylated (glycosyl‐mono‐triazolyl)‐purines 11 and 12 (IC50>80 μM), whereas MeO‐substituted benzylated bis[galactosyl‐triazolyl]‐purine 16 possessed the best inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 1.5 μM. Additionally, these compounds exhibited 2‐ to 57‐fold selectivity over other PTPs (TCPTP, SHP1, SHP2, and LAR).
Novel Tirucallane‐Type Triterpenoids from Aphanamixis grandifolia
Authors: Wang Jun‐Song , Zhang Yao , Wei Dan‐Dan , Wang Xiao‐Bing , Luo Jun , Kong Ling‐Yi
Published: November 2011

Phytochemical investigation on the stem bark of Aphanamixis grandifolia afforded five novel tirucallane‐type triterpenoids, (13α,14β,17α,23Z)‐25‐methoxy‐21,23‐epoxylanosta‐7,20(22),23‐triene‐3,21‐dione (1), (13α,14β,17α,23Z)‐21,23‐epoxylanosta‐7,20(22),23,25‐tetraene‐3,21‐dione (2), (3R,5R, 9R,10R,13S,14S,17S)‐17‐{(2R,3S,5R)‐5‐[(2S)‐3,3‐dimethyloxiran‐2‐yl]‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐2,5‐dimethoxyfuran‐3‐yl}‐4,4,10,13,14‐pentamethyl‐2,3,4,5,6,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17‐tetradecahydro‐1H‐cyclopenta[a]phenanthren‐3‐ol (3), (5R,9R,10R,13S,14S,17S)‐17‐{(2R,3S,5R)‐5‐[(2S)‐3,3‐dimethyloxiran‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐dimethoxytetrahydrofuran‐3‐yl}‐1,2,4,5,6,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17‐tetradecahydro‐4,4,10,13,14‐pentamethyl‐3H‐cyclopenta[a]phenanthren‐3‐one (4), and (3α,13α,14β,17α,20S,23R)‐23‐ethoxy‐3‐hydroxy‐21,23‐epoxylanost‐7‐en‐24‐one (5). The 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra of all compounds were fully assigned using a combination of 2D‐NMR experiments, including HSQC, HMBC, and ROESY sequences. The structure of 1 with the absolute configuration was determined by ECD calculation. Compounds 3 and 4 showed moderate activities against human MCF‐7 and HeLa cancer cells.
Volatile Components of Whole and Different Plant Parts of Bastard Balm (Melittis melissophyllum L., Lamiaceae) Collected in Central Italy and Slovakia
Authors: Maggi Filippo , Mártonfi Pavol , Conti Fabio , Cristalli Gloria , Papa Fabrizio , Sagratini Gianni , Vittori Sauro
Published: November 2011

The aim of this work was to trap the volatiles released from whole frozen and dry aerial parts, and, separately, from different organs (leaves, stems, corolla and calyx) of bastard balm (Melittis melissophyllum L., Lamiaceae) populations collected in Italy and Slovakia by HS‐SPME, and to identify the headspace constituents responsible for the characteristic aroma impression by GC/FID and GC/MS techniques. Among more than 100 volatile components detected, the C8 alcohol oct‐1‐en‐3‐ol, responsible for the typical mushroom‐like odor, and the phenolic coumarin, with a characteristic sweet and creamy vanilla bean odor, played a major role in the aroma of whole aerial parts and different plant organ samples. In particular, dry calyx parts could be proposed as flavoring agent in food products as mushroom aroma enhancer. Multivariate chemometric techniques, such as cluster analysis and principal component analysis, were used to characterize the sample populations according to the geographical origin and processing of plant material.
Triterpenes from the Fungus Poria cocos and Their Inhibitory Activity on Nitric Oxide Production in Mouse Macrophages via Blockade of Activating Protein‐1 Pathway
Authors: Cai Tian‐Ge , Cai Yu
Published: November 2011

Two new triterpenes, 29‐hydroxydehydrotumulosic acid (1) and 29‐hydroxydehydropachymic acid (2), together with six known compounds, dehydropachymic acid (3), dehydrotumulosic acid (4), 29‐hydroxypolyporenic acid C (5), polyporenic acid C (6), tumulosic acid (7), and pachymic acid (8), were isolated from the dried sclerotia of Poria cocos. In the in vitro bioassays, these isolated compounds reduced, in a dose‐dependent manner, nitric oxide (NO) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW 264.7 cells, with compounds 5 and 6, the IC50 values of which were 16.8±2.7 and 18.2±3.3 μM, respectively, exhibiting the greatest inhibition activity. Further Western blot analysis conducted on cells pre‐treated with compounds 5 and 6, and luciferase assays on activator protein 1‐dependent gene expression revealed that the inhibited NO release was attributed to the reduced expression of iNOs (=inducible NO synthase) enzymes, which might be regulated via the blockade of activator protein‐1 signaling pathway.
Anticandidal Activity of the Essential Oil of Nepeta transcaucasicaGrossh.
Authors: İşcan Gökalp , Köse Y. Bülent , Demirci Betül , Can Başer K. Hüsnü
Published: November 2011

Hydrodistallation of the aerial parts of Nepeta transcaucasica Grossh. (Lamiaceae), collected in Ağrı, Doğubayazıt Province, afforded an essential oil that was characterized by GC and GC/MS analyses. Twenty‐seven compounds, representing 97.69% of the total oil composition, were identified, and 4aα,7α,7aβ‐nepetalactone (1; 39%), 4aα,7α,7aα‐nepetalactone (2; 28%), and germacrene D (3; 15%) constituted the major components. The anticandidal effects of the oil were evaluated against seven Candida strains by using the broth microdilution method. The oil showed good inhibitory effects against C. glabrata and C. tropicalis at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 0.09 and 0.375 mg/ml, respectively.
Composition of the Essential Oils in Various Organs at Different Developmental Stages of Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. from Tunisia
Authors: Sellami Hela Kallel , Flamini Guido , Cioni Pier Luigi , Smiti Samira
Published: November 2011

The composition of the essential oils isolated by hydrodistillation from various organs at different development stages of Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. growing in Tunisia was determined by GC/MS analysis. In particular, the oil profiles of the leaves, stems, flower buds, roots, umbels, and fruits have been examined during the whole life cycle. The oil from the flowering aerial parts was characterized by a high content of isoamyl 2‐methylbutanoate. After flowering and during desiccation and fructification, the umbels and fruits expressed a high content of linalool. The oils, extracted from the roots collected in the vegetatif, buds floral, and floral stages, were rich in monoterpene aldehydes, oxygenated monoterpenes, and monoterpene hydrocarbons. The highest level of non‐terpene hydrocarbons was found at the flower‐bud stage, represented by 61.3% of nonane. Among the monoterpenes, sabinene (12.5%) and β‐pinene (8.5%) were identified in the flower buds.
Catalysts Immobilized on Organic Polymeric Monolithic Supports: From Molecular Heterogeneous Catalysis to Biocatalysis
Authors: Anderson Emily Baird , Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: November 2011

This review describes the synthetic routes to various types of organic polymeric monoliths. Significant concentration is applied to the role of these continuous, porous structures in both heterogeneous catalysis and biocatalysis. A monolith is composed of a solitary mass filled with interconnected pores, which include both large flow‐through pores and smaller meso‐ or micropores. These porous monolithic materials have several advantages over conventional packed beds of porous polymeric beads, owing to their macroporosity and lack of interstitial spacing. Their large pores contribute to mass transfer, which allows the structure to withstand higher back pressures than conventional packed beds, whereas their small pores still operate by diffusion. The effect of multiple parameters, such as the temperature, the cross‐link density, and the type and content of porogenic solvent on the pore formation and pore size distribution is outlined for monoliths prepared through free radical polymerization and ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Post‐functionalization of these monoliths to control the surface chemistry of the supports and/or affix functional catalysts is elucidated, as well as employment of these supports in continuous catalytic reactions. Significant advances in supported catalysis for metathesis, Heck, Suzuki, Sonogashira–Hagihara, and biocatalytic reactions are described.
A Priori Property Estimation of Physical and Reactive CO2 Absorbents
Authors: Völkl J. , Müller K. , Mokrushina L. , Arlt W.
Published: November 2011

The physical as well as the chemical solubility of carbon dioxide in several ionic liquids were predicted with quantum chemical a priori methods. The physical solubility was described with the model COSMO‐RS. The results were compared to experimental data. Both a qualitative and – based on the concept of relative solubility – quantitative benchmark for the solvents were possible. For the part of chemical absorption, the free reaction enthalpy, ΔRg, and reaction enthalpy, ΔRh, were determined with DFT calculations on the B3LYP/def2‐TZVPP level. By combining reaction and phase equilibrium, the CO2 loading of the reactive solvents were predicted. The results were validated with literature data. An approach was developed for a quantitative a priori description of both physical and chemical solvation of CO2.
Copolymers Comprising 2,7‐Carbazole and Bis‐benzothiadiazole Units for Bulk‐Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Jonggi , Yun Myoung Hee , Anant Piyush , Cho Shinuk , Jacob Josemon , Kim Jin Young , Yang Changduk
Published: November 2011

On the basis of theoretical considerations of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) effect, we have designed a series of donor (D)–acceptor (A) conjugated polymers based on bis‐benzothiadiazole (BBT). A PPP‐type copolymer of electron‐rich 2,7‐carbazole (CZ) and electron‐deficient BBT units poly[N‐(2‐decyltetradecyl)‐2,7‐carbazole‐co‐7,7′‐{4,4′‐bis‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)}] (PCZ‐BBT), a PPV‐type copolymer poly[N‐(2‐decyltetradecyl)‐2,7‐carbazolevinylene‐co‐7,7′‐{4,4′‐bis‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazolevinylene)}] (PCZV‐BBTV), and a tercopolymer based on carbazole, thiophene, and BBT poly[N‐(2‐decyltetradecyl)‐2,7‐(di‐2‐thienyl)carbazole‐co‐7,7′‐{4,4′‐bis‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)}] (PDTCZ‐BBT) have been synthesized to understand the influence of BBT acceptor structure and linkage on the photovoltaic characteristics of the resulting materials. Both the HOMO and LUMO of the resulting polymers are found to be deeper‐lying than those of benzothiadiazole‐based polymers. The measured electrochemical band gaps (eV) are in the following order: PDTCZ‐BBT (1.65 eV) < PCZV‐BBTV (1.69 eV) < PCZ‐BBT (1.75 eV). All the polymers provide a photovoltaic response when blended with a fullerene derivative as an electron acceptor. The best cell reaches a power conversion efficiency of 2.07 % estimated under standard solar light conditions (AM1.5G, 100 mW cm−2). We demonstrate for the first time that BBT‐based polymers are promising materials for use in bulk‐heterojunction solar cells.
Squaraine Dyes as Efficient Coupling Bridges between Triarylamine Redox Centres
Authors: Völker Sebastian F. , Renz Manuel , Kaupp Martin , Lambert Christoph
Published: November 2011

Various indolenine squarylium dyes with additional electron‐donating amine redox centres have been synthesised and their redox chemistry has been studied. A combination of cyclic voltammetry, spectro‐electrochemistry and DFT calculations has been used to characterise the electronic structure of the mono‐, di‐ and, in one case, trications. All monocations still retain the cyanine‐like, delocalised character due to the relatively low redox potential of the squaraine bridge and are therefore compounds of Robin–Day class III. Thus we extended previous studies on organic mixed‐valence systems by using the indolenine squaraine moiety as very electron‐rich bridge between two electron‐donating amine redox centres to provoke a strong coupling between the additional redox centres. We synthesised TA3, which has an N–N distance of 26 bonds between the triarylamine redox centres and is to our knowledge the longest bis(triarylamine) radical cation that is completely delocalised. We furthermore show that altering the symmetry of a squaraine dye by substitution of a squaric ring oxygen atom by a dicyanomethylene group has a direct impact on the optical properties of the monocations. In case of the dications, it turned out that the energetically most stable state of dianisylamine‐substituted squaraines is an anti‐ferromagnetically coupled open‐shell singlet state.
The Ventriculophasic Response Revisited: Analysis of Clinical Correlations Using a New Proposed Definition Derived in Pacemaker Patients
Authors: Dadu Razvan T. , McPherson Craig A.
Published: November 2011

Background:

The ventriculophasic response (VR) refers to shortening of atrial cycle length during heart block when a QRS complex is interposed between P waves. No formal quantitative definition has heretofore been proposed, nor have its potential clinical correlations been studied.

Hypothesis:

We hypothesized that VR is present in selected patients who are distinguished by clinical features from those who lack VR.

Methods:

Pacing devices were temporarily programmed to VVI mode at 30 ppm as electrocardiogram and intracardiac electrograms were recorded at 50 mm/sec paper speed. We measured the percentage decrease in a P‐P interval (A‐A interval on the atrial electrogram) containing a QRS, compared to the preceding P‐P interval. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was measured by echocardiogram.

Results:

Shortening of P‐P interval was observed chiefly when the interposed QRS occurred early in the anticipated P‐P interval (as judged by the preceding P‐P interval). P‐P shortening of 0% to 3% occurred randomly. Defining VR as being a >3% P‐P interval shortening when an interposed QRS occurred in the first 60% of the anticipated P‐P interval, we found that VR was present in 28 (55%) of our patients. It was quite reproducible, was more common in women (81% vs 37% of men; P = 0.004), and positively correlated with LVEF (r = 0.41, P = 0.004). It did not correlate with age, diabetes, or β‐blocker use.

Conclusions:

Using our newly derived definition of VR, we found the phenomenon was present in 55% of our patients. It was reproducible and more commonly seen in women and patients with LVEF ≥40%. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.