bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Durational cues to word recognition in spoken French
Authors: SHOEMAKER ELLENOR
Published: November 2012

In spoken French, the phonological processes of liaison and resyllabification can render word and syllable boundaries ambiguous (e.g.,un air“an air”/un nerf“a nerve,” both [.nɛʁ]). Production data have demonstrated that speakers of French vary the duration of consonants that surface in liaison environments relative to consonants produced word initially. Further research has suggested that listeners exploit these durational differences in the processing of running speech, although no study to date has directly tested this hypothesis. The current study examines the exploitation of duration in word recognition processes by manipulating this single acoustic factor while holding all other factors in the signal constant. The pivotal consonants in potentially ambiguous French sequences (e.g., /n/ inun nerf) were instrumentally shortened and lengthened and presented to listeners in two behavioral tasks. The results suggest that listeners are sensitive to segmental duration and use this information to modulate the lexical interpretation of spoken French.
Popular musicians and instrumental teachers: the influence of informal learning on teaching strategies
Authors: Robinson Tim
Published: November 2012

This article explores the relationship between how popular musicians learn and how they subsequently teach, and considers the extent to which they incorporate their own informal learning practices into their work as teachers. A group of eight UK teachers was recruited and data collection, involving interviews and lesson observations, took place between January 2006 and December 2008. Findings are reported here in relation to two teachers in particular, whose learning histories were similar but whose teaching practices were very different. The ways they valued the results of their informal learning practices seemed to determine the extent to which they sought to replicate them in their teaching. There is evidence for the significance of learning histories, and implications for training and professional development.
Primary seed dispersal by three Neotropical seed-predating primates (Cacajao melanocephalus ouakary,Chiropotes chiropotesandChiropotes albinasus)
Authors: Barnett Adrian A. , Boyle Sarah A. , Pinto Liliam P. , Lourenço Waldete C. , Almeida Thais , Sousa Silva Welma , Ronchi-Teles Beatriz , Bezerra Bruna M. , Ross Caroline , MacLarnon Ann , Spironello Wilson R.
Published: November 2012

The Neotropics house two guilds of large arboreal vertebrate seed predators: parrots and the pitheciin primates. Both have diets dominated by immature fruits. The possibility of members of the Pitheciinae (generaCacajao,ChiropotesandPithecia) acting as occasional seed dispersers has been mooted, but not experimentally shown. We combined primate behavioural data and seed germination data from three separate field studies in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Pará to analyse patterns of post-consumption seed survivorship for seeds discarded by three pitheciin species (Cacajao melanocephalus ouakary,Chiropotes chiropotesandChiropotes albinasus). We then calculated the frequency of dispersal events for four species eaten byC. m. ouakary. All three primate species dropped intact seeds while feeding, and 30.7% of 674 dropped seeds germinated ex situ. Undamaged seeds from unripe and ripe samples germinated (29.3% and 42.7%, respectively), and all three primate species carried some fruits up to 20 m from the parent tree before consuming them. Potential seed-dispersal events varied from 1 (Macrolobium acaciifolium) per fruiting cycle to more than 6500 (Duroia velutina), suggesting that there are differences in dispersal potential. In summary, although they are highly specialized seed predators, these primates may also act as important dispersers for some plant species, and effective dispersal is not restricted to ripe fruits, as immature fruits removed from a tree may continue to mature and the seeds later germinate, a much-neglected aspect of dispersal ecology. The possibility that similar events occur in parrots should be experimentally investigated.
Use of radium isotopes to estimate mixing rates and trace sediment inputs to surface waters in northern Marguerite Bay, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Annett Amber L. , Henley Sian F. , Van Beek Pieter , Souhaut Marc , Ganeshram Raja , Venables Hugh J. , Meredith Michael P. , Geibert Walter
Published: November 2012

In the western Antarctic Peninsula region, micronutrient injection facilitates strong plankton blooms that support productive food webs, unlike large areas of the low-productivity Southern Ocean. We use naturally occurring radioisotopes of radium to constrain rates of chemical fluxes into Ryder Bay (a small coastal embayment in northern Marguerite Bay), and hence to evaluate possible sources of sediment-derived micronutrients and estimate sediment-ocean mixing rates. We present the first coupled, short-lived radium isotope (223Ra and 224Ra) measurements from Antarctic waters, both present at very low activities (mean 0.155 and 3.21 dpm m-3, respectively), indicating much lower radium inputs than in other coastal environments. Longer-lived 228Ra activity was also lower than existing nearshore values, but higher than open ocean waters, indicating some degree of coastal radium input on timescales exceeding the week-to-month range reflected by 223Ra and 224Ra. Using a simple diffusion model along a shore to mid-bay transect, effective horizontal eddy diffusivity estimates ranged from 0.22–0.83 m2 s-1 from 223Ra and 224Ra, respectively, much lower than already-low mixing estimates for the Southern Ocean. Significant radium enrichment and much faster mixing (18 m2 s-1) was found near a marine-terminating glacier and consequently any sediment-derived micronutrient inputs in this location are more probably dominated by glacial processes than groundwater, land runoff, or marine sediment sources.
Spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species and effect on motility and fertilizability of sea urchin spermatozoa
Authors: Kazama Makoto , Sato Taizo , Hino Akiya
Published: November 2012

We investigated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by spermatozoa in two species of sea urchin. ROS generation was accompanied by the initiation of motility and respiration and influenced the motility and fertilizability of spermatozoa. The sea urchin performs external fertilization in aerobic seawater. Sperm motility was initiated after spawning through Na+/H+exchange. ROS generation was dependent on the respiration and sperm concentration and its generation was first observed at initiation of motility, via activation of respiration through ATP/ADP transport. The ROS generation rate increased at higher dilution ratios of spermatozoa, in a manner that was synchronous with the respiratory rate. This phenomenon resembled the previously defined ‘sperm dilution effect’ on respiration. The loss of motility and fertilizability was induced not only by treatment with hydrogen peroxide but also by sperm dilution. Storage of spermatozoa with a higher dilution ratio also accelerated the decrease in fertilizability. Thus, optimum sea urchin fertilizability is maintained by storage of undiluted spermatozoa on ice, in order to minimize oxidative stress and to maximize longevity.
Percutaneous device closure of aortico-left ventricular tunnel using Amplatzer vascular plug III
Authors: Thomas Eapen , Maskari Salim , Farqani Abdullah
Published: November 2012

Aortico-left ventricular tunnel is a rare congenital heart defect. Reports on successful device closure of these defects are scarce. We are reporting the first case of device closure of aortico-left ventricular tunnel using an Amplatzer vascular plug III.
Energy and climate change in China
Authors: Carraro Carlo , Massetti Emanuele
Published: November 2012

This paper examines future energy and emissions scenarios in China generated by the Integrated Assessment Model WITCH. A Business-as-Usual scenario is compared with five scenarios in which greenhouse gases emissions are taxed, at different levels. The elasticity of China's emissions is estimated by pooling observations from all scenarios and comparing them with the elasticity of emissions in OECD countries. China has a higher elasticity than the OECD for a carbon tax lower than US$50 per ton of CO2-eq. For higher taxes, emissions in OECD economies are more elastic than in China. Our best guess indicates that China would need to introduce a tax equal to about US$750 per ton of CO2-eq in 2050 to achieve the Major Economies Forum goal set for mid-century. In our preferred estimates, the discounted cost of following the 2°C trajectory is equal to 5.4 per cent and to 2.7 per cent of GDP in China and the OECD, respectively.
Assessment of the PROBIT approach for estimating the prevalence of global, moderate and severe acute malnutrition from population surveys
Authors: Dale Nancy M , Myatt Mark , Prudhon Claudine , Briend André
Published: November 2012

Objective

Prevalence of acute malnutrition is classically estimated by the proportion of children meeting a case definition in a representative population sample. In 1995 the WHO proposed the PROBIT method, based on converting parameters of a normally distributed variable to cumulative probability, as an alternative method requiring a smaller sample size. The present study compares classical and PROBIT methods for estimating the prevalence of global, moderate and severe acute malnutrition (GAM, MAM and SAM) defined by weight-for-heightZ-score (WHZ) or mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC).

Design

Bias and precision of classical and PROBIT methods were compared by simulating a total of 1·26 million surveys generated from 560 nutrition surveys.

Setting

Data used for simulation were derived from nutritional surveys of children aged 6–59 months carried out in thirty-one countries around the world.

Subjects

Data of 459 036 children aged 6–59 months from representative samples were used to generate simulated populations.

Results

The PROBIT method provided an estimate of GAM, MAM and SAM using WHZ or MUAC proportional to the true prevalence with a small systematic overestimation. The PROBIT method was more precise than the classical method for estimating the prevalence for GAM, MAM and SAM by WHZ or MUAC for small sample sizes (i.e.n<150 for SAM and GAM;n<300 for MAM), but lost this advantage when sample sizes increased.

Conclusions

The classical method is preferred for estimating acute malnutrition prevalence from large sample surveys. The PROBIT method may be useful in sentinel-site surveillance systems with small sample sizes.
SOME EXACT ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS FOR THE TAILS OF TASOEV CONTINUED FRACTIONS
Authors: KOMATSU TAKAO
Published: November 2012

Denote the nth convergent of the continued fraction α=[a0;a1,a2,…] by pn/qn=[a0;a1,…,an]. In this paper we give exact formulae for the quantities Dn:=qnα−pn in several typical types of Tasoev continued fractions. A simple example of the type of Tasoev continued fraction considered is α=[0;ua,ua2,ua3,…].
PRODUCTS OF SHIFTED PRIMES SIMULTANEOUSLY TAKING PERFECT POWER VALUES
Authors: FREIBERG TRISTAN
Published: November 2012

Letrbe an integer greater than 1, and letAbe a finite, nonempty set of nonzero integers. We obtain a lower bound for the number of positive squarefree integersn, up tox, for which the products ∏p∣n(p+a) (over primesp) are perfectrth powers for all the integersainA. Also, in the cases whereA={−1} andA={+1}, we will obtain a lower bound for the number of suchnwith exactlyrdistinct prime factors.
COUNTING FIXED POINTS, TWO-CYCLES, AND COLLISIONS OF THE DISCRETE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION USING p-ADIC METHODS
Authors: HOLDEN JOSHUA , ROBINSON MARGARET M.
Published: November 2012

Brizolis asked for which primes p greater than 3 there exists a pair (g,h) such that h is a fixed point of the discrete exponential map with base g, or equivalently h is a fixed point of the discrete logarithm with base g. Various authors have contributed to the understanding of this problem. In this paper, we use p-adic methods, primarily Hensel’s lemma and p-adic interpolation, to count fixed points, two-cycles, collisions, and solutions to related equations modulo powers of a prime p.
Roth versus traditional accounts in a life-cycle model with tax risk
Authors: LACHANCE MARIE-EVE
Published: November 2012

This paper analytically solves a life-cycle model that compares traditional and Roth retirement accounts. It includes realistic features such as tax deductibility of contributions and taxation of withdrawals, tax bracket structure with deductions, taxation of Social Security benefits, and tax risk at retirement. With current taxes, choosing a traditional account over a Roth creates small welfare losses in only a few cases, largely for those with higher incomes and pensions who are subject to the taxation of Social Security benefits. We also investigate tax variability and find that diversified strategies offer only small risk reduction benefits in our illustrations.
Powdery mildew resistance in some new wheat amphiploids (2n = 6x = 42) derived from A- and S-genome diploid progenitors
Authors: Rafique Khola , Rasheed Awais , Kazi Alvina Gul , Bux Hadi , Naz Farah , Mahmood Tariq , Mujeeb-Kazi Abdul
Published: November 2012

Triticum urartu possesses the Au genome common to bread wheat. Similarly, Triticum monococcum contains the Am genome, which is closely related to the A-genome donor of bread wheat. Aegilops speltoides of the Sitopsis section has the S genome, which is most similar to the B genome of bread and durum wheat when compared with all other wild grasses. Amphiploids developed through bridge crossing between Am/Au and S-genome diploid resources and elite durum cultivars demonstrate enormous diversity to improve both bread and durum wheat cultivars. We evaluated such A-genome amphiploids (Triticum turgidum × T. urartu and T. turgidum × T. monococcum, 2n = 6x = 42; BBAAAmAm/AuAu) and S-genome amphiploids (T. turgidum × Ae. speltoides, 2n = 6x = 42; AABBSS) along with their durum parents (AABB) for their resistance to powdery mildew (PM) at the seedling stage. The results indicated that 104 accessions (53.6%) of A-genome amphiploids (AABBAmAm/AuAu) were resistant to PM at the seedling stage. Of their 24 durum parents, five (20.83%) were resistant to PM and 16 (66.6%) were moderately tolerant. Similarly, ten (50%) accessions of S-genome amphiploids (BBAASS) possessed seedling PM resistance, suggesting a valuable source of major resistance genes. PM screening of the amphiploids and parental durum lines showed that resistance was contributed either by the diploid progenitors or durum parents, or both. We also observed the suppression of resistance in several cases; for example, resistance in durum wheat was suppressed in respective amphiploids. The results from this germplasm screening will facilitate their utilization to genetically control PM and widen the genetic base of wheat.
Two distinct modes in one‐day rainfall event during MC3E field campaign: Analyses of disdrometer observations and WRF‐SBM simulation
Authors: Iguchi Takamichi , Matsui Toshihisa , Tokay Ali , Kollias Pavlos , Tao Wei‐Kuo
Published: November 2012

A unique microphysical structure of rainfall is observed by the surface laser optical Particle Size and Velocity (Parsivel) disdrometers on 25 April 2011 during Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E). According to the systematic differences in rainfall rate and bulk effective droplet radius, the sampling data can be divided into two groups; the rainfall mostly from the deep convective clouds has relatively high rainfall rate and large bulk effective droplet radius, whereas the reverse is true for the rainfall from the shallow wrm clouds. The Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with spectral bin microphysics (WRF‐SBM) successfully reproduces the two distinct modes in the observed rainfall microphysical structure. The results show that the up‐to‐date model can demonstrate how the cloud physics and the weather condition on the day are involved in forming the unique rainfall characteristic.
Changes in Arctic sea ice result in increasing light transmittance and absorption
Authors: Nicolaus M. , Katlein C. , Maslanik J. , Hendricks S.
Published: November 2012

Arctic sea ice has declined and become thinner and younger (more seasonal) during the last decade. One consequence of this is that the surface energy budget of the Arctic Ocean is changing. While the role of surface albedo has been studied intensively, it is still widely unknown how much light penetrates through sea ice into the upper ocean, affecting sea‐ice mass balance, ecosystems, and geochemical processes. Here we present the first large‐scale under‐ice light measurements, operating spectral radiometers on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) under Arctic sea ice in summer. This data set is used to produce an Arctic‐wide map of light distribution under summer sea ice. Our results show that transmittance through first‐year ice (FYI, 0.11) was almost three times larger than through multi‐year ice (MYI, 0.04), and that this is mostly caused by the larger melt‐pond coverage of FYI (42 vs. 23%). Also energy absorption was 50% larger in FYI than in MYI. Thus, a continuation of the observed sea‐ice changes will increase the amount of light penetrating into the Arctic Ocean, enhancing sea‐ice melt and affecting sea‐ice and upper‐ocean ecosystems.
Character of the Caribbean–Gônave–North America plate boundaries in the upper mantle based on shear‐wave splitting
Authors: Benford B. , Tikoff B. , DeMets C.
Published: November 2012

We present new shear‐wave splitting measurements of SKS, SKKS, PKS, and sSKS phases from eight stations in the northern Caribbean. Prior to this work, shear‐wave splitting analysis of the northern Caribbean boundary was only evaluated at a station in Puerto Rico. Stations that lie within several tens of kilometers of microplate boundaries have mean fast polarization directions parallel to the boundary and have delay times greater than 1 s. Stations more than several tens of kilometers away from microplate boundaries show no evidence for an anisotropic upper mantle. Stations in Cuba and Jamaica have fast axes oriented ∼100° with delay times of ∼1.5 s, indicating that the east‐striking left‐lateral strike‐slip faults that define the north and south boundaries of the Gônave microplate continue into the upper mantle. A station located in Antigua, where the North America plate subducts beneath the Caribbean plate, has a high degree of splitting with the fast axis parallel to the trench. Based on our results, the deformation related to the presence of microplates in the northern Caribbean extends into the upper mantle.
Limits of predictability in the North Pacific sector of a comprehensive climate model
Authors: Giannakis Dimitrios , Majda Andrew J.
Published: November 2012

We study limits of interannual to decadal predictability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Pacific sector of the Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3). Using a set of low‐frequency and intermittent spatiotemporal SST modes acquired through nonlinear Laplacian spectral analysis (a nonlinear data manifold generalization of singular spectrum analysis), we build a hierarchy of regression models with external factors to determine which modes govern the dynamic evolution and predictability of prominent large‐scale patterns, namely the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO). Retaining key triple correlations between prognostic variables and external factors, as well as the seasonality of the data, we find that the PDO and NPGO modes of CCSM3 can be described with remarkably high fidelity as an outcome of forcing by the intermittent modes (with phase demodulation by the seasonal cycle) and cubic interactions between the low‐frequency modes. Our results differ from the classical picture of ENSO‐driven autoregressive models for North Pacific SST variability, providing evidence that intermittent processes, such as variability of the Kuroshio current, limit long‐range predictability in this climate model.
Soil‐derived sulfate in atmospheric dust particles at Taklimakan desert
Authors: Wu Feng , Zhang Daizhou , Cao Junji , Xu Hongmei , An Zhisheng
Published: November 2012

Dust‐associated sulfate is believed to be a key species which can alter the physical and chemical properties of dust particles in the atmosphere. Its occurrence in the particles has usually been considered to be the consequence of particles' aging in the air although it is present in some crustal minerals. Our observation at the north and south edge of Taklimakan desert, one of the largest dust sources in the Northern Hemisphere, during a dust episode in April 2008 revealed that sulfate in atmospheric dust samples most likely originated directly from surface soil. Its TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 content was proportional to samples' mass and comprised steadily about 4% in the differently sized samples, the ratio of elemental sulfur to iron was approximately constant 0.3, and no demonstrable influence of pollutants from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning was detected. These results suggest that sulfate could be substantially derived from surface soil at the desert area and the lack of awareness of this origin may impede accurate results in any investigation of atmospheric sulfur chemistry associated with Taklimakan dust and its subsequent local, regional and global effects on the atmosphere.
Models of ionospheric VLF absorption of powerful ground based transmitters
Authors: Cohen M. B. , Lehtinen N. G. , Inan U. S.
Published: November 2012

Ground based Very Low Frequency (VLF, 3–30 kHz) radio transmitters play a role in precipitation of energetic Van Allen electrons. Initial analyses of the contribution of VLF transmitters to radiation belt losses were based on early models of trans‐ionospheric propagation known as the Helliwell absorption curves, but some recent studies have found that the model overestimates (by 20–100 dB) the VLF energy reaching the magnetosphere. It was subsequently suggested that conversion of wave energy into electrostatic modes may be responsible for the error. We utilize a newly available extensive record of VLF transmitter energy reaching the magnetosphere, taken from the DEMETER satellite, and perform a direct comparison with a sophisticated full wave model of trans‐ionospheric propagation. Although the model does not include the effect of ionospheric irregularities, it correctly predicts the average total power injected into the magnetosphere within several dB. The results, particularly at nighttime, appear to be robust against the variability of the ionospheric electron density. We conclude that the global effect of irregularity scattering on whistler mode conversion to quasi‐electrostatic may be no larger than 6 dB.
Dawnward shift of the dayside O+ outflow distribution: The importance of field line history in O+ escape from the ionosphere
Authors: Redmon R. J. , Peterson W. K. , Andersson L. , Richards P. G.
Published: November 2012

Observations and modeling of thermal upwelling O+in the topside ionosphere are used to demonstrate that the well‐known dawnward shift of energetic escaping fluxes at higher altitudes is the result of the expansion and contraction of low energy plasma on magnetic field lines and noon focused energization mechanisms. Recent research has shown that magnetospheric impacts of ion outflow are dependent on the local time source location. However, most modelers assume that the peak escaping O+ flux on the dayside is coincident with energy inputs from the magnetosphere associated with the cusp. The dawnward offset has been observed by multiple spacecraft and most recently in a new DMSP database of low altitude upwelling O+. The documented control of the cusp orientation with the Y component of the interplanetary magnetic field is generally a smaller effect than the observed dawnward bias. The dawnward offset is largest for thermal O+ during geomagnetically quiet intervals and smallest for energetic escaping O+ during active intervals. The present study investigates the efficacy of precipitating electrons, solar irradiance and neutral winds on dayside upwelling O+. An ionosphere model is used to show that solar irradiance causes significant upwelling O+ on dawn flux tubes and when combined with noon focused energization mechanisms, establishes the observed dayside escaping energetic O+ flux distribution. Our analysis also reveals that, during geomagnetically quiet intervals, high latitude neutral winds may be as important as electron precipitation in establishing the dayside distribution of upflowing thermal O+.
Longitudinal and seasonal structure of the ionospheric equatorial electric field
Authors: Alken P. , Chulliat A. , Maus S.
Published: November 2012

The daytime eastward equatorial electric field (EEF) in the ionospheric E‐region plays an important role in equatorial ionospheric dynamics. It is responsible for driving the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) current system, equatorial vertical ion drifts, and the equatorial ionization anomaly. Due to its importance, there is much interest in accurately measuring and modeling the EEF. In this work we propose a method of estimating the EEF using CHAMP satellite‐derived latitudinal current profiles of the daytime EEJ along with Δ H measurements from ground magnetometer stations. Magnetometer station pairs in both Africa and South America were used for this study to produce time series of electrojet current profiles. These current profiles were then inverted for estimates of the EEF by solving the governing electrostatic equations. We compare our results with the Ion Velocity Meter (IVM) instrument on board the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System satellite. We find high correlations of about 80% with the IVM data; however, we also find a constant offset of about 0.3 mV/m between the two data sets in Africa. Further investigation is needed to determine its cause. We compare the EEF structure in Africa and South America and find differences which can be attributed to the effect of atmospheric nonmigrating tides. This technique can be extended to any pair of ground magnetometer stations which can capture the day‐to‐day strength of the EEJ.
Full‐depth desalination of warm sea ice
Authors: Jardon F. P. , Vivier F. , Vancoppenolle M. , Lourenço A. , Bouruet‐Aubertot P. , Cuypers Y.
Published: November 2012

The large‐scale Arctic sea‐ice retreat induces a gradual replacement of thick, multi‐year sea ice by thinner first‐year ice. The latter has distinctive physical properties and is in particular substantially saltier. It is generally thought that while salt rejection occurs primarily during ice formation in winter, most of the remaining brine is flushed out of the ice by the percolating surface melt water in summer. Here, it is argued that a substantial part of this residual desalination of first‐year sea ice can occur well before summer melt, due to brine convection over the full thickness of the ice, once the ice temperature is higher than a threshold that depends on bulk salinity and thickness. This critical temperature is substantially higher than the permeability threshold. The argument stems from a theoretical analysis of the porous Rayleigh number depicting the propensity for convection in the mushy‐layer theory. It is supported by simulations performed with a state‐of‐the‐art 1‐D sea‐ice model. The study was initially motivated by observations collected in March 2007 in Storfjorden, Svalbard. Those are indirect, however, and are thus presented here as a possible example. Two sporadic anomalies of seawater salinity were recorded close to the base of 40 cm thick ice in temperature conditions that are incompatible with ice formation. Analyses and simulations forced with observed atmospheric conditions suggest that the second peak is caused by flushing of meltwater, while the first and most intense peak is likely associated with an episode of brine convection over the full depth of the ice, yielding significant desalination.
An improved oceanic budget for methyl chloride
Authors: Hu Lei , Yvon‐Lewis Shari A. , Butler James H. , Lobert Jürgen M. , King Daniel B.
Published: November 2012

We present results that improve the estimates of the global net sea‐to‐air flux, global oceanic emission, global oceanic uptake, and partial atmospheric lifetime of methyl chloride (CH3Cl) with respect to oceanic loss. This study includes improved parameterizations for solubility and saturation anomaly‐sea surface temperature relationships for CH3Cl, along with the use of an updated gas transfer velocity from a recent study. By measuring solubilities of CH3Cl in pure water and seawater over a temperature range from 0°C to 40°C, we obtained a new solubility function with both temperature and salinity dependencies. We also developed a new parameterization of seasonal CH3Cl saturation anomaly (∆%) as a function of both sea surface temperature and wind speed using data from 10 different cruises with an extensive coverage in the global surface ocean. Using the new solubility function and the new seasonal ∆%‐(SST, wind speed) relationships, we estimated the global net sea‐to‐air flux of CH3Cl at 335 (210 to 480) Gg yr−1. For the first time, the global flux of CH3Cl was broken into a unidirectional gross emission and a unidirectional gross uptake, which were estimated at 700 (510 to 910) Gg yr−1 and −370 (−430 to −300) Gg yr−1. The partial atmospheric lifetime of CH3Cl with respect to the oceanic uptake was revised to 12 (10–15) years, resulting in a revision on the atmospheric lifetime of CH3Cl from the previous estimate of 1.0 year to 1.2 years.
Diurnal variation of gravity wave momentum flux and its forcing on the diurnal tide
Authors: Liu Alan Z. , Lu Xian , Franke Steven J.
Published: November 2012

The diurnal variation of gravity wave (GW) momentum flux is derived from the 5 years of meteor radar wind measurements at Maui, Hawaii. The amplitude and phase relationships between the GW forcing and the diurnal tide are analyzed by calculating their equivalent Rayleigh frictions. The results show that the GW momentum flux is clearly modulated by the diurnal tide. The forcing from the momentum flux convergence has strong effects on both the amplitude and phase of the diurnal tide. They can reach 80 ms − 1 day − 1 for the amplitude and 15 h day − 1 for the phase. The GW forcing tends to increase the diurnal tide amplitude above 90 km but has a small damping effect below 90 km. It tends to increase the phase of the diurnal tide throughout all altitudes. Seasonal variations of the GW forcing exist, which result in differences in their effects on the diurnal tide. The magnitudes of the forcing are in agreement with recent results from satellite observations but are much larger than values used in general circulation models. This work also demonstrates that meteor radar measurements can provide a valuable data set for the study of GW‐tide interactions.
Sobol' sensitivity analysis of the Holocene Peat Model: What drives carbon accumulation in peatlands?
Authors: Quillet Anne , Garneau Michelle , Frolking Steve
Published: November 2012

Understanding the development of northern peatlands and their carbon accumulation dynamics is crucial in order to confidently integrate northern peatlands into global carbon cycle models. To achieve this, northern peatland models are becoming increasingly complex and now include feedback processes between peat depth, decomposition, hydrology, and vegetation composition and productivity. Here we present results from a global sensitivity analysis performed to assess the behavior and parameter interaction of a peatland simulation model. A series of simulations of the Holocene Peat Model were performed with different parameter combinations in order to assess the role of parameter interactions on the simulated total carbon mass after 5000 years of peatland development. The impact of parameter uncertainty on the simulation results is highlighted, as is the importance of multiple parameter interactions. The model sensitivity indicates that peat physical properties play an important role in peat accumulation; these parameters are poorly constrained by observations and should be a focus of future research. Furthermore, the results show that autogenic processes are able to produce a wide range of peatland development behaviors independently of any external environmental changes.
The transition from the passive to active continental margin: A case study of brittle fractures in the Miocene Loshui Sandstone on the Hengchun Peninsula, southern Taiwan
Authors: Shan Yehua , Nie Guanjun , Yan Yi , Huang Chi‐Yue
Published: November 2012

In the Hengchun Peninsula, southern Taiwan, the Miocene Loshui Sandstone of deep‐sea fan facies provides an opportunity and challenge to investigate the brittle deformation history of an emerging accretionary prism. A survey of brittle fractures was carried out along the coastline. The brittle fractures include joints of various sets, a few faults and veins. The intricacy of joints lies in the large number of joint sets that often vary not only from one site to another site but in bed thickness at a given site as well and in the complicated abutting relationships between the joint sets. In order to investigate the joint sequence, we define a full spectrum of possible systematic joint sets and develop an algorithm to determine the shortest joint sequence from the observed abutting relationships. Little difference between the shortest joint sequences for the southern and northern parts of the study transect attests to the evolution of overall uniform stress throughout the area that is responsible for these various systematic newly formed or reactivated joint sets. The fracture sequence derived reveals a complicated stress evolution during the transition from the passive to active continental margin.
Recent, slow normal and strike‐slip faulting in the Pasto Ventura region of the southern Puna Plateau, NW Argentina
Authors: Zhou Renjie , Schoenbohm Lindsay M. , Cosca Michael
Published: November 2012

Recent normal and strike‐slip faulting on the Puna Plateau of NW Argentina has been linked to lithospheric foundering, gravitational spreading, plate boundary forces and a decrease in crustal shortening from north to south. However, the timing, kinematics and rate of extension remain poorly constrained. We focus on the Pasto Ventura region (NW Argentina) located on the southern Puna Plateau and recent deformation (<1 Ma). Field mapping and kinematic analysis across offset volcanic cinder cones show that the overall extension direction is subhorizontal, is oriented NE‐SW to NNE‐SSW, and occurs at a slow, time‐integrated rate of 0.02 to 0.08 mm/yr since at least 0.8–0.5 Ma. A regional compilation from this study and existing data shows that recent extension across the Puna Plateau is subhorizontal but varies in azimuthal orientation dramatically. Data from the Pasto Ventura region are consistent with a number of models to explain normal and strike‐slip faulting on the Puna Plateau, all of which likely influence the region. Some role for lower lithospheric foundering through dripping appears to be seen based on the regional extension directions and ages of mafic volcanism in the southern Puna Plateau.
Limited capacity of river corridor wetlands to remove nitrate: A case study on the Atchafalaya River Basin during the 2011 Mississippi River Flooding
Authors: BryantMason April , Jun Xu Y. , Altabet Mark A.
Published: November 2012

Key Points

Flow‐through systems may be ineffective in reducing river nitrate during flood

Limited residence time limited nitrate processing

Higher NO3N leaching from subsurface soils during post‐flood period in upper MR
Transversal and longitudinal mixing in compound channels
Authors: Besio G. , Stocchino A. , Angiolani S. , Brocchini M.
Published: November 2012

An experimental campaign, based on particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of free‐surface velocities, forms the basis for an analysis of the mixing processes which occur in a compound‐channel flow. The flow mixing is characterized in terms of Lagrangian statistics (absolute dispersion and diffusivity) and of the related mean flow characteristics. Mixing properties strongly depend on the ratiorh between the main channel flow depth (h*mc) and the floodplain depth (h*fp), and three flow classes can be identified, namely shallow, intermediate, and deep flows. In the present study the large time asymptotic behavior of the mixing characteristics is analyzed in terms of the absolute diffusivity in order to characterize typical values of longitudinal and transversal diffusivity coefficients. Various sets of experiments, which cover a wide range of the governing physical parameters, have been performed and the asymptotic values of the absolute diffusivity have been evaluated. The results are then compared with several studies of flow dispersion for both the longitudinal diffusivity coefficient and the transversal turbulent mixing coefficient. The present results highlight a stronger dependence of such coefficients with the flow‐depth ratio than with the flow regime (Froude number).
Novel FK506 and FK520 analogues via mutasynthesis: mutasynthon scope and product characteristics
Authors: Moss Steven J. , Stanley-Smith Anna E. , Schell Ursula , Coates Nigel J. , Foster Teresa A. , Gaisser Sabine , Gregory Matthew A. , Martin Christine J. , Nur-e-Alam Mohammad , Piraee Mahmood , Radzom Markus , Suthar Dipen , Thexton David G. , Warneck Tony D. , Zhang Ming-Qiang , Wilkinson Barrie
Published: November 2012

Novel FK506 and FK520 analogues were generated via biosynthetic engineering in order to generate analogue compounds with equal potency but improved pharmacological profiles compared to FK506.
Approaches to the Futures of Research Part 2 (Based on the Conference Keynote, British Association of Dramatherapists Conference 2011, Measure for Measures, Researching, Re-Viewing and Re-Framing Dramatherapy in Practice)
Authors: Jones Phil
Published: November 2012

This article, delivered in two parts, identifies and examines factors affecting the development of dramatherapy research. Drawing on qualitative research with Dramatherapists in a number of countries, it identifies three related challenges as a way of responding to the question, ‘What is the next developmental phase of dramatherapy research?’ This second article addresses these three challenges: ‘impact’; ‘reviewing dramatherapy's relationship with qualitative and quantitative methodologies’ and ‘in depth: increasing the field's research capacity’. The article ends with ‘An ABC of Dramatherapy Research Culture’ as a suggested basic definition of what a good future research culture for dramatherapy could be.
Assessing Avian Predation on Juvenile Salmonids using Passive Integrated Transponder Tag Recoveries and Mark–Recapture Methods
Authors: Frechette Danielle , Osterback Ann-Marie K. , Hayes Sean A. , Bond Morgan H. , Moore Jonathan W. , Shaffer Scott A. , Harvey James T.
Published: November 2012

Many populations of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and steelhead O. mykiss are listed under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Until recently, the role of avian predation in limiting recovery of coho salmon and steelhead in central California coastal watersheds has been overlooked. We used recoveries of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags from Año Nuevo Island (ANI), a breeding site for several species of piscivorous seabirds, to estimate predation rates on juvenile salmonids and identify susceptible life stages and species responsible for predation. A total of 34,485 PIT tags were deployed in coho salmon and steelhead in six watersheds in San Mateo and Santa Cruz counties. Tags were deposited on ANI by predators after ingestion of tagged fish. Because tags were not removed from the island and were detected on multiple sampling occasions, we were able to use mark–recapture models to generate a corrected minimum predation estimate. We used POPAN, a variation of the Jolly–Seber model, to generate an estimate of gross population abundance, which accounted for tags deposited on the island but not detected during surveys. Detections of 196 tags from surveys conducted between autumn 2006 and spring 2009 were incorporated into the model, producing a gross population estimate of 242 tags (SE = 9.8). Addition of tags detected between autumn 2009 and 2010 to the abundance estimate from POPAN produced a new minimum estimate of 362 tags on ANI. Western gulls Larus occidentalis probably were the primary predator depositing tags on ANI. Minimum predation estimates ranged from 0.1% (Soquel Creek) to 4.6% (Waddell Creek) of outmigrating coho salmon and steelhead smolts. Predation was potentially greater given still unquantified deposition of tags off-colony and destruction of tags during digestive processes of predators. Finally, avian predators targeted estuary-reared fish, which contributed disproportionately to adult populations, further impacting imperiled salmon populations.

Received August 4, 2011; accepted August 27, 2012
Statistical features of coherent structures at increasing magnetic field pitch investigated using fast imaging in QUEST
Authors: Banerjee Santanu , Zushi H. , Nishino N. , Hanada K. , Sharma S.K. , Honma H. , Tashima S. , Inoue T. , Nakamura K. , Idei H. , Hasegawa M. , Fujisawa A.
Published: November 2012

Fluctuations in slab plasma produced by electron cyclotron waves in an open magnetic configuration with vertical (B

z
) and toroidal (B
t) fields are investigated as a function of B

z
/B
t (field pitch) using a high speed visible camera in the spherical tokamak QUEST. Higher order moments (skewness s and kurtosis k) of spatio-temporal fluctuations are investigated. Background fluctuations, generation of coherent convective structures (blobs) and their propagation are analysed at the intensity gradient (R
im) and the source-free (essentially vacuum on the low-field side) regions, respectively. Parabolic relation (k = As
2 + C) is observed between s and k on the entire R–Z plane for a wide range of B

z
/B
t. Progressive shift from the Gaussian statistics beyond R
im is observed with increasing B

z
/B
t. From the moments of the probability density functions, possible location for blob generation is inferred to be R
im. Direct correspondence is observed with the prominence of the blobs and increase in stochastic forces with the increase in field pitch. Distribution of waiting time suggests that the blob generation may be a Poisson process. Accelerated cross field transport is observed for reasonably large-sized blobs.
Parametric study of effects of collagen turnover on the natural history of abdominal aortic aneurysms
Authors: Wilson J. S. , Baek S. , Humphrey J. D.
Published: November 2012

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are characterized by significant changes in the architecture of the aortic wall, notably, loss of functional elastin and smooth muscle. Because collagen is the principal remaining load-bearing constituent of the aneurysmal wall, its turnover must play a fundamental role in the natural history of the lesion. Nevertheless, detailed investigations of the effects of different aspects of collagen turnover on AAA development are lacking. A finite-element membrane model of the growth and remodelling of idealized AAAs was thus used to investigate parametrically four of the primary aspects of collagen turnover: rates of production, half-life, deposition stretch (prestretch) and material stiffness. The predicted rates of aneurysmal expansion and spatio-temporal changes in wall thickness, biaxial stresses and maximum collagen fibre stretch at the apex of the lesion depended strongly on all four factors, as did the predicted clinical endpoints (i.e. arrest, progressive expansion or rupture). Collagen turnover also affected the axial expansion, largely due to mechanical changes within the shoulder region of the lesion. We submit, therefore, that assessment of rupture risk could be improved by future experiments that delineate and quantify different aspects of patient-specific collagen turnover and that such understanding could lead to new targeted therapeutics.
Modeling Pan Evaporation for Kuwait by Multiple Linear Regression
Authors: Almedeij Jaber
Published: November 2012

Evaporation is an important parameter for many projects related to hydrology and water resources systems. This paper constitutes the first study conducted in Kuwait to obtain empirical relations for the estimation of daily and monthly pan evaporation as functions of available meteorological data of temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The data used here for the modeling are daily measurements of substantial continuity coverage, within a period of 17 years between January 1993 and December 2009, which can be considered representative of the desert climate of the urban zone of the country. Multiple linear regression technique is used with a procedure of variable selection for fitting the best model forms. The correlations of evaporation with temperature and relative humidity are also transformed in order to linearize the existing curvilinear patterns of the data by using power and exponential functions, respectively. The evaporation models suggested with the best variable combinations were shown to produce results that are in a reasonable agreement with observation values.
Assessment of the Incidence of Enteric Adenovirus Species and Serotypes in Surface Waters in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa: Tyume River as a Case Study
Authors: Sibanda Timothy , Okoh Anthony I.
Published: November 2012

TaqMan real-time PCR was used for the detection and quantitation of adenoviruses in Tyume River water samples over a 12-month period. A total of 72 samples were analysed, and 22 samples were positive for adenovirus. Of the positive samples, 18 were collected from downstream sampling points. Among the downstream sampling points, adenovirus detection rate increased with distance downstream, being 28%, 33%, and 39% for Alice, Drayini, and Manqulweni, respectively. The Alice sampling site had the highest concentrations of adenovirus ranging between6.54×103 genome copies/L and8.49×104 genome copies/L. The observed trend could have been expected considering the level of anthropogenic activities in areas along the lower stretch of Tyume River, with the major one being the effluent of treated and semi treated sewage from wastewater treatment facilities. Adenovirus detection was sporadic at most sampling sites. Multiplex conventional PCR was used for the detection of clinically important adenovirus species B, C, and F and their serotypes. Species C and F adenoviruses were detected in 77% and 18% of the samples, respectively. Most adenovirus positive samples were obtained from areas of increased population densities. The presence of adenoviruses may confirm the risk of its transmission to the human population.