bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intelligent generation and optimization method for the retrofit design of RC frame structures using buckling‐restrained braces
Authors: Tan Zhuang , Qin Sizhong , Hu Kongguo , Liao Wenjie , Gao Yuan , Lu Xinzheng
Published: November 2024

As buildings and structures age, the challenges of reinforcement and retrofitting become more significant, especially as their service life extends and the demand for seismic fortification increases. Integrating buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) is an effective retrofit technique; however, this approach requires multiple iterations of layout adjustments and mechanical performance analysis, which are highly dependent on engineers' design expertise, resulting in low efficiency. To address this, the study proposes a two‐stage intelligent retrofit design method that integrates generative Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques with optimization algorithms for reinforced concrete (RC) frame structures using BRBs: (1) a diffusion model‐based potential BRB layout generation stage, and (2) an online learning algorithm‐based design optimization stage. In Stage 1, a diffusion model was employed to analyze architectural characteristics, identify potential BRB locations, narrow the feasible solution space for the optimization process, and ensure that the design meets empirical constraints. In Stage 2, an optimization algorithm, integrated with mechanical performance evaluation, was employed to determine the optimal locations and sizes of BRBs. Case studies revealed that these two methods enhanced efficiency by approximately 50 times compared to the direct design by engineers while maintaining design rationality and safety. Overall, these results demonstrate the feasibility and generalizability of the method in practical engineering applications, offering a reference for the intelligent design of more complex structural retrofits in the future.
Beyond body image: Self‐face recognition and negative self‐face evaluations in women at high risk for an eating disorder
Authors: Portingale Jade , Krug Isabel , Butler David
Published: November 2024

Background

Although one's face represents a core aspect of one's physical appearance, it remains underexplored in eating disorder (ED) populations.

Aims

The current study examined whether self‐face recognition accuracy and evaluations differ in those at high (vs. low) ED risk. We also explored whether recognition accuracy and evaluations are related, and whether this relationship is moderated by ED risk status.

Materials & Methods

Participants included 222 women of East/Southeast Asian (61%) and Caucasian (39%) ethnicity, stratified into low‐ED‐risk (n = 124) and high‐ED‐risk (n = 98). Participants completed measures of self‐face recognition accuracy (difficulty recognizing their face and sensitivity to seeing their facial image) and evaluations (including perceived facial adiposity and attractiveness, and head dissatisfaction).

Results

Partially consistent with hypotheses, regression analyses revealed that participants at high (vs. low) risk showed poorer self‐face recognition accuracy (greater difficulty) and more negative self‐face evaluations (higher perceived adiposity, lower perceived attractiveness, greater head dissatisfaction). However, ED risk was not significantly associated with self‐face recognition sensitivity. Inconsistent with expectations, whilst greater self‐face recognition difficulty was associated with more negative self‐face evaluations, ED risk failed to moderate such effects.

Discussion & Conclusion

Findings suggest the potential value of considering face and body image disturbances in ED research and interventions. Further research is encouraged.
Mystery Solved: Acquired Hemoglobin After Red Cell Exchange on Sickle Cell Patient
Authors: Naiyer Nada , Keren David , Yamada Chisa
Published: November 2024

We report a case of an acquired Hb after an RBCEx.
Contextual effects of color on food choices: Red ambient color induces indulgence
Authors: Szocs Courtney , Abell Annika , Ruzeviciute Ruta , Kim Yeseul , Biswas Dipayan
Published: November 2024

This research examines how red ambient color in restaurants/cafeterias influences food choices. Prior research shows that red directly related to a food product (such as on nutrition labels or plates/cups) leads to avoidance of unhealthy foods. Yet, many successful fast‐food restaurants (e.g., McDonald's and Dairy Queen) use red in their ambiance, suggesting that in the context of food/eating, ambient red may have a different meaning than product‐related red. Indeed, the current research shows that consumers associate ambient red (e.g., wall color) with unhealthy restaurants. The presence of ambient red (vs. blue, gray, or white) leads to greater preference for unhealthy (i.e., high calorie, high fat, and indulgent) food options because consumers draw on ambient factors to make inferences about products sold in a retail establishment and then choose contextually appropriate products. The effect is moderated by the extent to which a consumer associates red with unhealthy restaurants. This research highlights how, in the context of food/eating, the placement of red influences its meaning and ultimately whether consumers approach or avoid unhealthy foods.
Fabrication of an antifouling and acid/alkali‐resistant sulfonated polyethersulfone (S‐PES)/polysulfate (PSE) composite ultrafiltration membrane and its application in the desalination of ulinastatin
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Peipei , Wang Jiaqi , Xu Baiyu
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

An antifouling and acid/alkali‐resistant sulfonated polyethersulfone (S‐PES)/polysulfate (PSE) composite ultrafiltration (UF) membrane prepared via a nonsolvent‐induced phase separation (NIPS) method was used for the purification of ulinastatin (UTI) as an examplar protein‐based drug.

RESULT

The effect of the content of S‐PES on the structure and UF performance of the S‐PES/PSE composite UF membrane was investigated. The acid/alkaline resistance of the S‐PES/PSE membranes was evaluated in the pH range 5–10 suitable for a UTI solution. UF desalination experiments were carried out on UTI elution collection solution, and the antifouling performance and long‐term stability of S‐PES/PSE composite UF membrane were evaluated. The results indicate that, for the optimal content of 4% S‐PES, pure water flux increased from 120 to 726 L m−2 h−1, WCA decreased from 79.3° to 51.0°, and the rejection of UTI was 95.90% ± 1.1% compared to PSE. Compared with PES and PSF membranes, the flux recovery rate of the S‐PES/PSE composite UF membrane was 80.63% (an increase of 32.48%), and the UTI adsorption was only 75.00 μg cm−2 (a decrease of 88.00%) after simulated antifouling experiments.

CONCLUSION

The S‐PES/PSE composite UF membrane has excellent long‐term stability, suggesting significant potential for application in the purification of protein‐based drugs and in large‐scale UTI purification. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Performance of ChatGPT‐3.5 and ChatGPT‐4o in the Japanese National Dental Examination
Authors: Uehara Osamu , Morikawa Tetsuro , Harada Fumiya , Sugiyama Nodoka , Matsuki Yuko , Hiraki Daichi , Sakurai Hinako , Kado Takashi , Yoshida Koki , Murata Yukie , Matsuoka Hirofumi , Nagasawa Toshiyuki , Furuichi Yasushi , Abiko Yoshihiro , Miura Hiroko
Published: November 2024

Objectives: In this study, we compared the performance of ChatGPT‐3.5 to that of ChatGPT‐4o in the context of the Japanese National Dental Examination, which assesses clinical reasoning skills and dental knowledge, to determine their potential usefulness in dental education.

Methods: ChatGPT's performance was assessed using 1399 (55% of the exam) of 2520 questions from the Japanese National Dental Examinations (111−117). The 1121 excluded questions (45% of the exam) contained figures or tables that ChatGPT could not recognize. The questions were categorized into 18 different subjects based on dental specialty. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software, with McNemar's test applied to assess differences in performance.

Results: A significant improvement was noted in the percentage of correct answers from ChatGPT‐4o (84.63%) compared with those from ChatGPT‐3.5 (45.46%), demonstrating enhanced reliability and subject knowledge. ChatGPT‐4o consistently outperformed ChatGPT‐3.5 across all dental subjects, with significant improvements in subjects such as oral surgery, pathology, pharmacology, and microbiology. Heatmap analysis revealed that ChatGPT‐4o provided more stable and higher correct answer rates, especially for complex subjects.

Conclusions: This study found that advanced natural language processing models, such as ChatGPT‐4o, potentially have sufficiently advanced clinical reasoning skills and dental knowledge to function as a supplementary tool in dental education and exam preparation.
Introduction of a learning pathway combining passive and interactive formats in gerodontology: A pilot study
Authors: Germa Alice , Berteretche Marie‐Violaine , Gaucher Céline , Hartmann Aline , Lescaille Géraldine , Pradelle Nelly , Braud Adeline
Published: November 2024

Background

During the 2021–2022 academic year, an integrated curriculum in gerodontology, including interactive teaching activities, has been proposed from the second to the fifth year of initial training. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the educational impact of interactive online mandatory activities including three quizzes and a serious game (SG) offered to fourth‐year students in addition to passive courses in gerodontology.

Materials and methods

Students’ participation in the quizzes and SG and their subsequent satisfaction were evaluated. Students’ performance for managing a dental visit with older patients were also assessed by using two tests proposed before and after the completion of the third quiz and the SG. Scores obtained to these tests were then submitted to a paired t‐test. Significance levels were set at p < 0.05.

Results

Student participation in the three quizzes and SG remained high throughout the semester. The level of satisfaction with the course was high (respectively 26.7% very satisfactory and 65.5% satisfactory). Finally, mean ± SD scores of performances were 65.6 ± 9.2 before and 69.5 ± 9.8 after the completion of the third quiz and the SG (p = 0.0002, t‐test, df = 163).

Conclusion

The frequency of use and the scores obtained in interactive activities suggest that students were involved in their gerodontology training during the semester. The learning outcomes of fourth‐year students were improved after the interactive activities. The introduction of a training pathway based on interactive activities could facilitate the acquisition of knowledge and skills by undergraduates in gerodontology.
Does free tendon length influence the injury risk of the Achilles tendon? A finite element study
Authors: Diniz Pedro , Quental Carlos , Pereira Hélder , Ferreira André Soares , Kerkhoffs Gino M. M. J. , Ferreira Frederico Castelo , Folgado João
Published: November 2024

Purpose

The Achilles tendon is a common injury site, but anatomical risk factors for injury are relatively unexplored in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate whether changes in free tendon length would influence the results of a simulated rupture of the Achilles tendon.

Methods

Using a previously validated 3D finite element model of the free and aponeurotic Achilles tendon as a basis, two additional finite element models with 25% decreased and increased free tendon lengths were created. The finite element models were sequentially loaded from 2500 to 3500N in 100N increments, and the total volume of elements exhibiting a maximal principal strain above 10% was recorded. An Achilles tendon rupture was considered to have occurred when a continuous group of elements with a volume of at least 3 mm3 exhibited a maximum principal strain above 10%. Models were compared regarding the smallest load that met the rupture criterion and plots of the percentage of elements exhibiting maximum principal strains above 10% across the loading range. Sensitivity analyses assessed the influence of subtendon division variations and subtendon sliding restriction on the results.

Results

Rupture loads and plots of the percentage of elements with maximum principal strains above 10% were similar between models, regardless of the free tendon length. No models met the rupture criterion when simulations were run without subtendon sliding. Rupture loads in the subtendon division variation models were correlated with the subtendon cross‐sectional areas.

Conclusions

The simulated rupture results of the Achilles tendon were sensitive to variations in subtendon cross‐sectional areas but not in free tendon length.

Level of Evidence

Level V.
Assessing the Performance of Artificial Intelligence Assistance for Prostate MRI: A Two‐Center Study Involving Radiologists With Different Experience Levels
Authors: Sun Zhaonan , Wang Kexin , Gao Ge , Wang Huihui , Wu Pengsheng , Li Jialun , Zhang Xiaodong , Wang Xiaoying
Published: November 2024

Background

Artificial intelligence (AI) assistance may enhance radiologists' performance in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) on MRI. Further validation is needed for radiologists with different experiences.

Purpose

To assess the performance of experienced and less‐experienced radiologists in detecting csPCa, with and without AI assistance.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

Nine hundred patients who underwent prostate MRI and biopsy (median age 67 years; 356 with csPCa and 544 with non‐csPCa).

Field Strength/Sequence

3‐T and 1.5‐T, diffusion‐weighted imaging using a single‐shot gradient echo‐planar sequence, turbo spin echo T2‐weighted image.

Assessment

CsPCa regions based on biopsy results served as the reference standard. Ten less‐experienced (<500 prostate MRIs) and six experienced (>1000 prostate MRIs) radiologists reviewed each case twice using Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System v2.1, with and without AI, separated by 4‐week intervals. Cases were equally distributed among less‐experienced radiologists, and 90 cases were randomly assigned to each experienced radiologist. Reading time and diagnostic confidence were assessed.

Statistical Tests

Area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, reading time, and diagnostic confidence were compared using the DeLong test, Chi‐squared test, Fisher exact test, or Wilcoxon rank‐sum test between the two sessions. A P‐value <0.05 was considered significant. Adjusting threshold using Bonferroni correction was performed for multiple comparisons.

Results

For less‐experienced radiologists, AI assistance significantly improved lesion‐level sensitivity (0.78 vs. 0.88), sextant‐level AUC (0.84 vs. 0.93), and patient‐level AUC (0.84 vs. 0.89). For experienced radiologists, AI assistance only improved sextant‐level AUC (0.82 vs. 0.91). AI assistance significantly reduced median reading time (250 s [interquartile range, IQR: 157, 402] vs. 130 s [IQR: 88, 209]) and increased diagnostic confidence (5 [IQR: 4, 5] vs. 5 [IQR: 4, 5]) irrespective of experience and enhanced consistency among experienced radiologists (Fleiss κ: 0.53 vs. 0.61).

Data Conclusion

AI‐assisted reading improves the performance of detecting csPCa on MRI, particularly for less‐experienced radiologists.

Evidence Level

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Epidemiological Characteristics of Neuro‐Specific Antibodies Following Viral Infections
Authors: Su Yang , Wang Jierui , Ren Yan , Xu Songtao , Si Yanjun , Tang Meng , Li Yi , Wang Minjin
Published: November 2024

This study aims to explore the epidemiological characteristics of neuro‐specific antibodies (ns‐Ab) induced by different viral infections within the central nervous system (CNS). Additionally, it seeks to compare the autoimmune effects following several typical viral infections in CNS. We conduct a retrospective study to compare and analyze the prevalence trends of ns‐Ab in patients with different viral infections. Additionally, evaluate the intensity of CNS inflammatory responses postviral infection by correlating clinical characteristics and laboratory findings, and briefly demonstrate the immune effects in CNS following various viral infections. This study retrospectively collected data from 1037 patients hospitalized with suspected CNS infections. A total of 654 patients (63.1%) were included in the final analysis. A higher proportion of patients with pathogens present in their cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (114 out of 332, 34.3%) tested positive for ns‐Ab compared to those without pathogens (70 out of 322, 21.7%) (p = 0.0004). Specifically, the screening rate for ns‐Ab in patients with CNS viral infections (83 out of 165, 50.3%) and the prevalence of ns‐Ab (27 out of 83, 32.5%) were significantly higher than in those with other pathogen infections (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.016, respectively). Among these, human herpesvirus 7 (HHV7) patients had the highest detection rate of ns‐Ab during the disease course (11 out of 26, 42.3%), but exhibited infection characteristics distinctly different from those of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1). Viral infections significantly promote the development of autoimmune responses in CNS. The production of ns‐Ab and the subsequent autoimmune response vary across different viral infections. There is a strong statistical correlation between HHV7 and the presence of ns‐Ab, suggesting that HHV7 may serve as an early indicator of secondary autoimmune response following CNS infections.
The Antigen‐Specific Response of NK Cells to SARS‐CoV‐2 Correlates With KIR2DS4 Expression
Authors: Ustiuzhanina M. O. , Boyko A. A. , Vavilova J. D. , Siniavin A. E. , Streltsova M. A. , Astrakhantseva I. V. , Drutskaya M. S. , Chudakov D. M. , Kovalenko E. I.
Published: November 2024

Natural killer (NK) cells play a pivotal role in the immune response against viral infections, including SARS‐CoV‐2. However, our understanding of memory NK cell responses in the context of SARS‐CoV‐2 remains limited. To address this, we investigated the memory‐like response of NK cells to SARS‐CoV‐2 peptides, presented by autologous cells. Blood samples from 45 donors underwent analysis for SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibodies, categorizing them into four groups based on the antibody kind and level. NK cells from SARS‐CoV‐2‐experienced donors demonstrated enhanced degranulation and activation levels, IFNγ production and proliferative potential in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 peptides. Investigation of highly proliferating NK cells demonstrated the formation of distinct clusters depending on the SARS‐CoV‐2 peptide supplementation and the donor group. RNA sequencing revealed differential gene expression patterns, highlighting metabolism, protein transport, and immune response genes. Notably, KIR2DS4 expression correlated with enhanced IFNγ production, degranulation and proliferation levels, suggesting a role in SARS‐CoV‐2 recognition. Collectively, these findings provide detailed insights into antigen‐specific NK cell responses to SARS‐CoV‐2 peptides, indicating potential mechanisms underlying NK cell activation in antiviral immunity.
Long‐Term Infection With a Particular Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotype, HPV Subtype, or HPV Genomic Variant Does not Significantly Influence the Clinical Course of Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis
Authors: Gluvajić Daša , Hošnjak Lea , Zorec Tomaž Mark , Gale Nina , Boltežar Irena Hočevar , Poljak Mario
Published: November 2024

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV) 6 and 11, but the role of their genomic variants in the disease's clinical course is unclear. This study investigated whether long‐term persistence of a particular HPV genotype, subtype or genomic variant influences the RRP clinical course. HPV genotyping was performed in paired baseline and follow‐up RRP laryngeal tissue specimens of 59 patients. HPV6 and HPV11 genomic variants were determined in paired tissue specimens taken at least 10 years apart in 20 selected patients. HPV was identified in 58/59 patients, most commonly HPV6 (40/58), followed by HPV11 (17/58). The most prevalent HPV genomic variant was HPV11 A2. HPV6 A and HPV6 B1 were most frequent in aggressive RRP. In all patients, identical HPV genomic variants were identified in both paired specimens. RRP results from a long‐term infection with the same HPV genomic variant that can be identified decades after disease onset. We report the longest duration of genetically confirmed persistent HPV infection in peer‐reviewed literature, during a 44‐year interval in a patient with HPB6 B1. This study suggests that infection with a particular HPV genotype, subtype, or genomic variant does not significantly influence the clinical course of RRP.
Impact of COVID‐19 on the Prevalence and Drug Resistance of Bacteria Isolated From Bacterial Meningitis Cerebrospinal Fluid in Shandong Province: A Multicenter Retrospective Study
Authors: Zhang Chunyan , Wang Mengyuan , Sun Shuhong , Yi Maoli , Wang Shifu
Published: November 2024

Our objective was to evaluate the ramifications of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) pandemic on the microbial profile and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of patients with bacterial meningitis. We conducted a retrospective analysis of laboratory results and clinical records about positive CSF cultures reported by the SPARSS network from 2017 to 2023. The study covered three distinct periods: January 2017 to December 2019 (before the COVID‐19 pandemic), January 2020 to December 2022 (during the COVID‐19 pandemic), and January 2023 to December 2023 (after the COVID‐19 pandemic), with a total of 5793 CSF isolates collected. Notably, the proportion of male patients (61.3%) was higher than that of females. After COVID‐19, we observed a notable shift in the seasonal peak of CSF pathogens, with a delay of approximately 3 months. Remarkable alterations were evident in both pediatric and adult CSF isolate profiles. In children, the predominant pathogens included coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus (CoNS), Streptococcus pneumonia, and Escherichia coli. Notably. After COVID‐19, there was a significant decrease in the proportion of CoNS (p = 0.0039) and a notable increase in E. coli (p = 0.0067). In adults, the top three pathogens were CoNS, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. After the pandemic, we observed a significant reduction in the prevalence of A. baumannii (p = 0.0059), while the proportions of K. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, and Enterococcus faecalis increased significantly (p < 0.05). Additionally, among multidrug‐resistant bacteria, the detection rate of carbapenem‐resistant E. coli escalated (p = 0.0375). Antimicrobial susceptibility analysis indicated a declining trend in resistance rates for CoNS and A. baumannii to certain antibiotics following the pandemic. Conversely, resistance to imipenem in A. baumannii increased. In conclusion, the COVID‐19 pandemic has significantly influenced the composition, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and epidemiological dynamics of CSF‐isolated bacteria in Shandong province. To effectively address these changes, ongoing and dynamic surveillance of pathogen trends and antimicrobial resistance rate is essential.
A 15 000 cal a paleoclimatic record from Laguna del Viento (33°S), Subtropical Andes, central Chile
Authors: Rodríguez‐Contreras Diego , Maldonado Antonio , Flores‐Aqueveque Valentina , Villaseñor Tania , de Porras María Eugenia , Muñoz Praxedes
Published: November 2024

Subtropical zones are crucial for understanding climate dynamics, as they strongly control the subtropical anticyclone system and serve as a bridge between the tropical and temperate regions of the planet. Therefore, understanding the long‐term dynamics of these areas is vital on a hemispheric scale. A continuous late Pleistocene climate record based on sedimentological proxies was reconstructed using a lacustrine core from the Chilean Subtropical Andes (~33°S). Since the late Pleistocene, high lake levels subjected to cold and wet conditions prevailed between ~15.4 and 14k cal a bp, followed by glacier retreat between 14 and 13.7k cal a 
bp. The Pleistocene–Holocene transition is marked by increasing sedimentological parameter values and organic matter content, recording a significant shift in the environmental conditions. Decreased lake levels and high‐energy events predominated until ~8.5k cal a 
bp, followed by warm and arid conditions with high‐energy/runoff events from 8.5 to 5.2k cal a 
bp, with the driest period occurring ~6.4k cal a 
bp. Turbiditic flows appear between 5.2 and 2.6k cal a 
bp, and cold conditions between 2.6 and 2.3k cal a 
bp. From 1720 to 960 cal a 
bp, cold and wet conditions predominated. Warm and wet conditions prevailed to the present, with a brief return to cold and dry conditions at 720 cal a 
bp. Important widely represented events such as the Last Glacial termination, early to mid‐Holocene Transition and Little Ice Age are present in the core record.
The Raman Spectra of α$$ \alpha $$‐ and β$$ \beta $$‐Si3N4 and Si2N2O Determined Experimentally and by Density Functional Theory
Authors: Kehren Johannes T. , Fischer Michael , Krause Olaf
Published: November 2024

High‐quality Raman spectra of the two silicon nitride polymorphs
‐ and
‐Si3N4 as well as of Si2N2O are presented here. This work significantly extends the previously available data on the Raman spectra of all three phases. For
‐Si3N4, a total of 34 Raman bands were confirmed, and for Si2N2O, a total of 19 Raman bands were observed for the first time. In the case of
‐Si3N4, all 11 known Raman modes were confirmed. For further accuracy and comparison, the spectra of the three phases were also calculated with different density functional theory functionals. Good agreement between the experimental data and the calculated vibrational modes is shown. Between the different DFT functionals, the rSCAN functional had the best agreement with the experimental data, clearly outperforming the PBEsol functional.
Abandoned Railways Support Greater Functional and Phylogenetic Plant Diversity Than Adjacent Grassy Meadows in Agricultural Landscape
Authors: Dylewski Łukasz , Maćkowiak Łukasz , Dyderski Marcin K.
Published: November 2024

Linear structures such as woodlots and hedgerows offer many benefits to ecosystems, including enhancing biodiversity, increasing the abundance of plants and animals, and providing a wide range of ecosystem services. However, agriculture expansion has deteriorated and destroyed these elements in the farmland landscape. Human‐made structures like road verges, electricity pylons, or railways may enhance biodiversity in intensive farmland, replacing natural woody elements. We aimed to explore whether abandoned railway lines in agriculture‐dominated landscapes can serve as alternative habitats for plant species. We evaluated the taxonomical, functional, and phylogenetic diversity, along with the community composition of plants, in 25 sites along abandoned railway lines and 25 reference sites in adjacent semi‐natural grasslands. We found no significant difference in species richness and Shannon diversity between grasslands and abandoned railway vegetation, but we observed distinct differences in functional and phylogenetic diversity. Moreover, the vegetation along abandoned railways is not a variant of surrounding semi‐natural grasslands but comprises a novel vegetation type composed of species associated mainly with crops, ruderal, and forest habitats. Abandoned railway lines are characterized by specific abiotic conditions providing a set of opportunities for shaping distinct plant communities in an intensively managed agricultural landscape, fulfilling the concept of a novel ecosystem. Abandoned railways offer a unique opportunity for conservation and can serve as valuable dispersal corridors and habitats for plants, increasing functional and phylogenetic diversity in agricultural landscapes. Combining ecological restoration techniques and sustainable land management practices can help support plant diversity on abandoned railways.
Imaging Photoplethysmography (iPPG) in Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery: A Novel Technique for Noninvasive Flap Perfusion Monitoring
Authors: van der Stel S. D. , Lai M. , Groen H. C. , Dirven R. , Karakullukcu M. B. , Karssemakers L. H. E. , van Gastel M. , Hendriks B. H. W. , Ruers T. J. M. , Schreuder W. H.
Published: November 2024

Background

Evaluate imaging photoplethysmography (iPPG) as a novel noninvasive technique to assess flap perfusion in head and neck free flap reconstructive (FFR) surgeries.

Methods

Intraoperative iPPG was performed in 17 patients undergoing FFR surgery. Imaging consisted of a 30‐s video from which perfusion maps were extracted, providing detailed information about blood flow and pulsatility in the flap microvasculature. During each procedure, iPPG acquisitions were acquired representing distinct perfusion conditions of the flap (fully perfused/ischemic/reperfused). When possible, postoperative measurements were performed to assess flap recovery during the critical time period (3 days) and long‐term follow‐up (30 days).

Results

Perfusion maps, displaying iPPG amplitude and delay times, correlated strongly (p < 0.001) with the perfusion status of the tissue. One case of postoperative thrombosis, leading to flap failure, was identified with iPPG. After surgical revision in this case, flap perfusion was restored and confirmed by iPPG. Postoperative follow‐up imaging allowed for objective visualization of flap recovery short term (3 days) and up to 30 days after the surgical procedure.

Conclusions

This study shows that iPPG is suitable for objective and noninvasive assessment of flap perfusion in head and neck FFR surgery. In addition, postoperative monitoring shows potential for assessing flap perfusion in patients with increased risk of postoperative complications.
Predictive Value of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Muscle‐Invasive Bladder Cancer
Authors: Shang Bingqing , Hu Zhilong , Xie Ruiyang , Wu Jie , Qu Wang , Zhang Wen , Zhou Aiping , Feng Lin , Bi Xingang , Shou Jianzhong
Published: November 2024

Cisplatin‐based chemotherapy is the recommended therapy for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, the efficacy of MIBC for chemotherapy is only about 40%. Therefore, predictors of therapy response are urgently needed. Neutrophils form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), a network structure, and growing evidence indicated that it could be a prognostic and predictive marker in cancer. In MIBC, the predictive role of NETs in chemotherapy resistance is unclear. We used the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) logistic regression analyses to develop a NETs‐associated signature score (NETs‐score) for therapeutic response prediction in the discovery cohort (GSE169455). Then the NETs score‐based risk stratification was verified in two validation cohorts (Taber et al.'s cohort, our institutional cohort). In the training cohort, high NETs‐score was associated with poor chemotherapy response (AUC = 0.781) and reduced recurrence‐free survival (RFS) (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.26–3.40], p = 0.003) in MIBC patients. The NETs‐score was also demonstrated to be a predictive factor for the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in the validation cohort (AUC = 0.731). The accuracy of the NETs‐score was superior to other chemotherapy response predictors such as Ba/Sq expression subtype (AUC = 0.711), BRCA2 mutation (AUC = 0.692) and ERCC2 mutation (AUC = 0.548). Furthermore, in our center cohort, the expression level of H3Cit showed a significant difference between the response and no‐response group (p = 0.01). Through immunohistochemical validation, NETs was an independent predictor of MIBC neoadjuvant chemotherapy efficacy as determined by the multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR = 5.94, 95% CI: 1.20–45.50, p = 0.045). Patients with high levels of NETs predicted poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. This study was the first to reveal the correlation between the level of NETs in MIBC and the efficacy of chemotherapy, which may provide a theoretical basis regarding NETs inhibitors.
Controlling Interest and Firm Efficiency: Comparing Family‐ and Nonfamily‐Controlled Taiwanese Cultural and Creative Industry Firms
Authors: Kweh Qian Long , Ting Irene Wei Kiong , Lu Wen‐Min , Le Hanh Thi My
Published: November 2024

The study evaluates the efficiencies of Taiwanese cultural and creative firms, comparing family and nonfamily firms. A novel chance‐constrained network data envelopment analysis model measured efficiency from 2005 to 2020. Key findings include the following: (1) Nonfamily firms are more efficient than family‐controlled firms, and (2) a nonlinear relationship between controlling shareholdings and efficiency is present only in family‐controlled firms. This study offers key insights for policymakers, management, highlighting the importance of R&D investment for enhancing firm efficiency, the strategic role of family control in early‐stage efficiency improvements through R&D and the need for investors to adopt tailored strategies to optimize efficiency.
Comparing the stress physiology of hard- and soft-released juvenile Atlantic Salmon after transportation for reintroduction
Authors: Roberts D. , Madliger C. L. , Mokdad A. I. , Pitcher T. E.
Published: November 2024

Objective

We examined whether an extended acclimatization period prior to release (soft release) can allow transported fish to recover from the physiological stress associated with transport compared with conventional release methods, which provide fish with no acclimatization period prior to release (hard release).

Methods

We monitored an Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar stocking team during a standard reintroduction operation and compared their conventional hard-release method (i.e., immediate release after transport with no acclimatization period) to a soft-release method (i.e., 2 and 4 days in-river acclimatization prior to release). Following a 2.5-h transport event, hard-release fish were immediately blood-sampled for their physiological stress response (cortisol, glucose, and lactate). Soft-release fish were blood-sampled for their physiological stress response following 2 or 4 days of in-river acclimatization.

Result

While hard- and soft-release fish demonstrated significantly higher cortisol, glucose, and lactate concentrations compared with control fish, cortisol concentrations remained elevated for both the hard- and soft-release groups. However, glucose and lactate concentrations were significantly lower in soft-release fish compared with hard-release fish.

Conclusion

Soft-release provides fish an extended acclimatization period that was found to impact transport-related physiological stress in fish. Our findings will inform management agencies and practitioners focused on improving the success of salmonid stocking and reintroduction programs.
Training of Nurse Interventionists to Optimize Intervention Fidelity in a Telehealth Pilot Study
Authors: Côté‐Arsenault Denise , Kobler Kathie , Denney‐Koelsch Erin M. , Hawsawi Samah , Schwob Melanie , Spence Kimberly
Published: November 2024

Interventionist training and on‐going guidance by the research team are essential in psychosocial interventional research to ensure fidelity. Consistency in delivering an intervention requires recruiting interventionists with well‐aligned clinical experience, developing a replicable training process, and reassessing ongoing intervention fidelity using an assessment tool of observable behaviors that are essential to the intervention. This paper describes one research team's experience of hiring and training nurse interventionists to deliver a theory‐based, telehealth psychosocial intervention for a single‐arm pilot study. The training methods used to foster the nurses' integration of theory into intervention delivery are discussed, along with approaches adopted to optimize and measure fidelity. The research team and interventionist trainees in this pilot study overcame learning challenges through establishing mutual trust and promoting effective communication throughout the training process. Fostering connections between cognitive and affective learning during the nurse interventionists' training was critical to establishing and maintaining intervention fidelity.
Mitapivat for Acquired Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
Authors: Al‐Samkari Hanny
Published: November 2024

Pyruvate kinase (PK) activation is emerging as a promising treatment modality for numerous congenital hemolytic anemias of diverse pathophysiology, and one agent, mitapivat, is already licensed to treat patients with congenital PK deficiency. However, PK deficiency may also be acquired in the setting of clonal myeloid disorders and other pathologies, where it may result in severe hemolytic anemia and remains without known therapies. This case report describes the novel application of mitapivat therapy in a patient with acquired PK deficiency causing red cell transfusion dependence, liberating the patient from transfusions and resulting in marked improvement in symptoms and quality of life.
Screening Inhibitors of α‐Amylase in PolygalaRadix Based on an Online Targeted Detection System and Molecular Docking
Authors: Su Zenghu , Xu Hongbo , Chen Shizhong , Li Shuming , Weng Jingyu , Yang Yuangui
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Targeted screening of inhibitors of key enzymes in the progression of diabetes from natural products is one of the effective methods for the treatment of diabetes. Polygala has been proved to reduce glucose levels; however, the bioactive compounds in Polygalae Radix (PR) that have anti‐diabetic properties are unknown.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to explore the material basis of the anti‐diabetic effect of PR by inhibiting α‐amylase through an online detection system and molecular docking.

Methods

An online analysis platform was established and optimized for the screening of potent enzyme inhibitors from complex mixtures based on ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐photodiode array‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight‐mass spectrometry‐α‐amylase‐fluorescence detector (UHPLC‐PDA‐Q‐TOF‐MSn‐α‐amylase‐FLD) detection system and molecular docking, which could efficiently separate extracts, quickly detect α‐amylase inhibitors, and determine their structures. Molecular docking confirms the inhibition of these compounds. The molecular interaction between α‐amylase and the active compound was evaluated.

Results

Among the 101 compounds identified, 28 compounds had a strong inhibitory effect on α‐amylase. Molecular docking screening confirmed the inhibition of these compounds and evaluated the molecular interactions between α‐amylase and 30 active compounds, which strongly supported the experimental results. Among the evaluated compounds, onjisaponin R (83) and polygalaxanthone III (11) have the strongest inhibitory activity to α‐amylase (the binding energies were −9.639 and −8.972 kcal/mol, respectively) and are potential lead compounds against diabetes.

Conclusion

This study proved the feasibility of using the existing platform to screen the active ingredients in PR extract, and provided a practical method for the rapid screening of potential anti‐diabetic active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine.
E‐Cigarette Addiction in Adolescents—How Do We Get Them to Stop?
Authors: Watt Elizabeth , Bush Andy , Gardner‐Medwin Janet , Langley Ross J.
Published: November 2024

Background

E‐cigarette use in adolescents is increasing and the addictive potential of these devices is well recognised. Most health authorities have no E‐cigarette cessation programmes. We reviewed randomised control trials evaluating prevention strategies for adolescent E‐cigarette use and identified any successful components.

Methods

Search terms were created in accordance with the main objective (vaping/E‐cigarette use prevention/cessation/adolescents). Search was conducted via Ovid MedLine for English‐language randomised control trials published from 2020 to 2023 containing keywords relating to adolescent E‐cigarette use. Seven U.S. studies were included in the review. We established common themes of qualitative outcomes and identification of successful components of prevention programmes.

Results

Interventions showed significant improvement in general knowledge and perceived risk of E‐cigarettes, and lower risk of using other tobacco products. Other consequences showed lower susceptibility to vaping uptake and higher abstinence rates although future studies are required to see if these were sustained long‐term.

Conclusion

Focus groups aid development of cessation and prevention campaigns. Messages should be digital and relatable. Messages should contain health “harm” warnings. Furthermore, support services should be well‐signposted for adolescents. Social media is a low‐cost and important tool to halt teenage E‐cigarette addiction.
Reactive Stroma and Acinar Morphology in Prostate Cancer: Implications for Progression and Prognostic Assessment
Authors: Júnior Eduardo P. , Gomes Egleidson F. do Amaral , de Lima Mário F. R. , Raimundo João V. S. , Marinho Matheus L. , Soares Yuri V. C. , Machado Alexei M. C. , Silva Gabriel H. C. , Longford Francis G. J. , Frey Jeremy G. , de Paula Ana M. , Mamede Marcelo
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Prostate cancer (PC) remains a significant global health concern, with prognostic assessments largely reliant on the Gleason Classification System. While it has proven effective, subjectivity in interpretation persists, prompting the need for complementary approaches. Reactive stroma (RS) has emerged as a potential candidate for enhancing PC characterization, as it reflects intricate interactions among stromal, epithelial, and extracellular matrix components. To shed light on this, we conducted a comprehensive study.

Methods

Two expert pathologists independently analyzed consecutive prostate biopsies (n = 120 patients), categorized into four groups based on Gleason scores. Four acinar patterns were described, denoted as A, B, C, and D. Our study uncovered a noteworthy presence of RS, predominantly within poorly differentiated tumors. Stromogenic tumors, characterized by high RS content, were particularly associated with Gleason scores of 4 + 3 and ≥ 8. Intriguingly, acinar patterns, including the distinctive B and D patterns, exhibited strong correlations with stromogenic tumors. Incorporating quantitative imaging techniques (Second Harmonic Generation and Two‐Photon Excitation Fluorescence Microscopy), we examined collagen fiber density within the stroma.

Results

Our analysis revealed a direct relationship between RS intensity and collagen fiber counts, particularly prominent in patterns B and D. These findings suggest that the stromal reaction in PC is closely linked to acinar morphology and collagen deposition. Moreover, rudimentary microacini at the tumor periphery, associated with intense RS and patterns B and D, may signify an unfavorable prognosis.

Conclusion

Our study highlights the potential of RS as an additional prognostic factor in PC. It underscores the intricate interplay between acinar patterns, RS intensity, and collagen fiber density, providing valuable insights for future prognostic assessments and therapeutic strategies. Further exploration of these relationships is essential for a comprehensive understanding of PC progression and management.
Theoretical Study of Enhancing the Performance of InP/InGaAs Avalanche Photodiodes with p‐Type‐Doped InP Interposed Layer
Authors: Lin Jingbo , Zhao Guijuan , Zhou Ziwei , Liu Xiacong , Wang Xingliang , Wei Wanting , Hao Zhiyuan , Wang Yuhang , Liu Guipeng
Published: November 2024

For InP/InGaAs avalanche photodiodes (APD), there are three important performance parameters: mean gain, excess noise factor, and dark current. Reducing excess noise and dark current is an effective way to achieve higher sensitivity and improve the performance of an APD. In this article, an interposed layer is introduced into the InP/InGaAs avalanche photodiode structure. The results considering dead space indicate that the thin interposed layer structure has lower excess noise factor and dark current at the same mean gain compared with conventional APD structure, which is reduced by ≈34% and 11%, respectively, at mean gain . This provides a feasible idea for the construction of high‐performance APD.
Role of warming trend in occurrence of record‐breaking high‐temperature events in China during the past 40 years
Authors: Kuang Xueyuan , Zhang Yaocun , Huang Ying , Cheng Kemeng
Published: November 2024

Record high temperatures and heatwaves are increasingly being reported worldwide, sparking significant public concern. In a stable climate, occurrences of record‐breaking events (RBEs) should naturally decrease over time. Therefore, the increasing occurrence of record high temperatures signifies significant instability in the current climate change, potentially attributed to global warming. In this study, we aim to quantitatively investigate the impact of the warming trend on RBE occurrence by examining high‐temperature RBEs based on observations in China over the past 40 years. Additionally, we introduce statistical theory based on random processes to assess its applicability to real‐world scenarios. By comparing the frequency, intensity, and waiting time for RBEs derived from the original and detrended high‐temperature series‐, we find that approximately 10% of RBE frequency in Nanjing station over the past 40 years can be linked to the warming trend. Furthermore, the intensity of RBEs weakens and the occurrence time advances for the same reason. Especially, the increase in high‐temperature RBE frequency attributed to the upward temperature trend in the southwest region of China is estimated to be around 10%–20%, significantly surpassing that in other regions. Meanwhile, the observed RBE occurrence probability and intensity align with the theoretical results, while notable discrepancies exist in RBE prediction, highlighting the need for improvement in theory and skill for RBE forecasting given its complexity and uncertainty.
Adaptive Dynamic Programming for a Nonlinear Two‐Player Non‐Zero‐Sum Differential Game With State and Input Constraints
Authors: Zhou Yinglu , Li Yinya , Sheng Andong , Qi Guoqing
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates a nonlinear two‐player non‐zero‐sum differential game with state and input constraints. To solve this problem, this paper constructs a neural network (NN) framework to approximate the solution of the Hamilton‐Jacobi‐Isaacs (HJI) equation. The adaptive dynamic programming (ADP) method is utilized where each player only needs one critic NN. To solve the issue of state and input saturations, this paper develops a novel constrained system for the differential game, firstly to make the states within the predetermined constraint set. Then, the non‐quadratic expression is used to substitute the traditional quadratic expression for the two‐player non‐zero‐sum differential game, and both of the inputs of the two players are constrained. With these treatments, the control input and the system are more in line with real‐world applications. Moreover, the stability of the system is also analyzed using the Lyapunov theorem. Two numerical examples are presented to illustrate that the critic NN weights estimation errors and the system are uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB), and the state and input constraints can be achieved.