bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying individual‐ and community‐level effects of competition using experimentally‐determined null species pools
Authors: Rajaniemi Tara K. , Goldberg Deborah E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The effects of competition on individual fitness and species diversity were investigated in a first‐year old field by comparing the natural community to an experimentally‐determined null community. The species pool for the null community was estimated from low‐density plots, and hypothetical sample plots in the null community were constructed by random sampling from the species pool. Individual plants were larger in low‐density plots than control plots, indicating that competition reduced individual fitness. Competition appeared to reduce diversity in half the plots (i.e. species richness and diversity were lower than in hypothetical null community plots with the same number of individuals), but did not affect diversity in the other plots. However, the reduction in diversity could be explained as an artifact caused by spatial aggregation in control plots. The magnitude of the effects of competition on diversity did not change with plot density, and no species consistently increased or decreased in relative abundance as plot density increased. We conclude that competition had no effect on diversity in this community, despite the strong effect on individual growth.
Vegetation‐environment relationships in Atlantic European calcareous grasslands
Authors: Duckworth J.C. , Bunce R.G.H. , Malloch A.J.C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The relationship between vegetation and environment was investigated for calcareous grasslands in a region in the west of Spain, France, Britain and Ireland defined by climatic criteria. Vegetation was sampled using objective methods and data collected on soils, land cover, location and management. Climate data were obtained from an available database. Examination of the first axis of vegetation variation as defined by Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) showed a gradient from the Irish and British samples to those from France. The Spanish samples formed a separate group on the second axis. The species composition along the gradients is discussed. Correlations between the vegetation gradients and environmental variables were determined. The strongest correlations with the first DCA axis were for temperature, latitude, soil organic matter, grazing and land cover. The second DCA axis was highly correlated with rainfall, altitude and land cover. The third and fourth DCA axes were more difficult to interpret but appeared to be related to land cover. The results indicate that climate factors are important at this scale, but should not be considered in isolation and that factors relating to land cover and management should also be taken into account.
Growth of Fagus sylvatica saplings in an old‐growth forest as affected by soil and light conditions
Authors: Ponge Jean‐François , Ferdy Jean‐Baptiste
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Studies were conducted on 41 five yr‐old common beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings collected in an old‐growth beech wood (Fontainebleau forest, biological reserve of La Tillaie, France), under varying humus and light conditions, following gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) caterpillar injuries. Aerial and subterranean parts of each sapling were described by means of 34 parameters and environmental conditions at the microsite, where each sapling was excavated, were characterized by 23 parameters. The development of beech saplings is strongly affected by microsite conditions. An increase in sapling size was associated with darkness of the A‐horizon, typical of zones with poor mineralization of organic matter. Light conditions were more important in influencing the development of the root system than that of the aerial parts. Rooting depth was shallower and rate of mycorrhiza development by the black ascomycete Cenococcum geophilum was lower in microsites receiving incident light during the morning than in those never receiving incident light during this period.

Results are discussed in the frame of survival of young beech individuals in varying environmental conditions, when submitted to competition by other vegetation and adverse climate conditions.
Epilithic plant communities on inselbergs in French Guiana
Authors: Sarthou Corinne , Villiers Jean‐François
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Tropical inselbergs are isolated elevations with a special type of vegetation and surrounded by rain forest. The paper describes, using the field methods of Braun‐Blanquet, combined with numerical analysis (clustering, Correspondence Analysis), plant communities on French Guianan inselbergs. Six new associations are described: Portulacetum sedifolii, Furcraeetum foetidae, Ananasetum annassoidis, Stylosanthetum guianensis, Axonopetum ramosi and (endemic to the Guianan inselbergs) Pepinietum geyskesii – with three subassociations. The six vegetation units reflect different combinations of environmental factors such as local relief, insolation, water availability and soil depth. All syntaxa show a low species diversity. Species of Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Lentibulariaceae and Bromeliaceae are predominant, whereas families typical of other South American inselbergs (Velloziaceae and Cactaceae), are missing or scarce. Similarities between vegetation units of South American and African inselbergs are emphasized.
Geographic patterns of simulated establishment of two Bouteloua species: implications for distributions of dominants and ecotones
Authors: Minnick Tamera J. , Coffin Debra P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Our overall objective was to use a soil water model to predict spatial patterns in germination and establishment of two important perennial C4‐bunchgrasses across the North American shortgrass steppe and desert grassland regions. We also predicted changes in establishment patterns under climate change scenarios. Bouteloua gracilis dominates the shortgrass steppe from northeastern Colorado to southeastern New Mexico. Bouteloua eriopoda dominates desert grasslands in central and southern New Mexico. Germination and establishment for each species were predicted at 16 sites along the gradient using a daily time step, multi‐layer soil water model (SOILWAT) to determine the percentage of years that temperature and soil water criteria for germination and establishment were met. Percentage of years with predicted establishment decreased from north to south for B. gracilis, but increased from north to south for B. eriopoda, comparable to observed dominance patterns. The 95 % confidence interval around the point at which simulated establishment were equal for the two species was near the location of the shortgrass steppe‐desert grassland ecotone where both species are abundant. The intersection in percentage of years with establishment for the two species was predicted to move further north when climate was scaled using three Global Circulation Models (GCMs), indicating a possible northward expansion of B. eriopoda. Our results suggest that recruitment by seed may be an important process in determining, at least in part, the geographic distribution of these two species. Changes in climate that affect establishment constraints could result in shifts of species dominance that may or may not be accompanied by changes in species composition.
Facilitation in subnival vegetation patches
Authors: Kikvidze Zaal , Nakhutsrishvili Georgi
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We examined spatial relationships among species in the subnival zone of the central Caucasus. The species composition of 300 vegetation patches was analysed. 144 of them contained only one species, whereas the other 156 contained 2.36 ± 1.31 species, with species numbers distributed as follows: 59 patches with two species, 41 with three, 39 with four and 17 with five species.

In the multi‐species patches, the 22 most frequent species were examined and 46 statistically significant species associations, 36 positive and 10 negative, were found. Ten of these 22 species were typical subnival plants very rarely occurring at lower altitudes. The other 12 species are ‘invaders’ as they have broader altitudinal ranges of occurrence and are common in alpine and even in subalpine belts. Contrary to the typical subnival species the invaders were found exclusively in the patches with more than one species. Invader species were significantly more associated with subnival species while they were significantly less associated with other species than expected by chance. Our interpretation is that typical subnival species nurse plants from lower altitudes and facilitate their invasion to more adverse subnival environments.
Spatial pattern of gas exchange for montane moist meadow species
Authors: Svejcar Tony , Riegel Gregg M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Montane moist meadows of western North America are relatively unique in that they are characterized by annual cycles of spring inundation followed by summer drought. Thus, plants adapted to these ecosystems must cope with a wide range of environmental conditions. We compared gas exchange and water relations of upper canopy leaves and leaf area index (LAI) of three dominant montane meadow graminoids growing at both streamside and mid‐meadow locations (2.5 and 20.0 m, respectively from the stream edge). The two locations were environmentally very different in spite of their close proximity. The water table at the streamside location was ca. 40 cm closer to the surface compared to the mid‐meadow. When averaged over season and species, photosynthetic rates were 12.5 % (p < 0.05) higher at the streamside compared to the mid‐meadow location, but both conductance and transpiration were similar between locations (p > 0.05) The similarity in stomatal response was surprising given that streamside plants had midday xylem potentials that averaged 0.72 MPa less negative (less water‐stressed) than that of mid‐meadow plants (p < 0.05). There was no clear relationship between xylem potential and conductance for the species studied.

Total LAI for the three species combined was nearly three times higher at the streamside compared to mid‐meadow location. At the streamside location, Carex nebrascensis had a LAI over twice as high as that of the other species (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences among species (p > 0.05) at the mid‐meadow location. Carex nebrascensis had a more conservative gas exchange strategy (lower photosynthesis and transpiration) than Juncus balticus or Deschampsia cespitosa, yet developed more leaf area than either of these species. Juncus had higher photosynthesis and transpiration compared to the other species, yet maintained less negative midday xylem potential (p < 0.05). Apparently, Juncus balticus maintained a greater supply of moisture to above‐ground tissues than the other species, which is probably an indication of higher root length per unit leaf area, or a more efficient water conducting system. The other two species ‐ Carex nebrascensis in particular, maintain relatively conservative gas exchange rates, but under favorable growing conditions (such as occurred at the streamside) can develop high leaf area indices. Wetland species with similar growth forms (graminoid) and distributions can have contrasting patterns of gas exchange and plant water relations.
Recent Advances in Ordinal Analysis: Π12— CA and Related Systems
Authors: Rathjen Michael
Published: May 2006

§1. Introduction. The purpose of this paper is, in general, to report the state of the art of ordinal analysis and, in particular, the recent success in obtaining an ordinal analysis for the system of-analysis, which is the subsystem of formal second order arithmetic, Z2, with comprehension confined to-formulae. The same techniques can be used to provide ordinal analyses for theories that are reducible to iterated-comprehension, e.g.,-comprehension. The details will be laid out in [28].

Ordinal-theoretic proof theory came into existence in 1936, springing forth from Gentzen's head in the course of his consistency proof of arithmetic. Gentzen fostered hopes that with sufficiently large constructive ordinals one could establish the consistency of analysis, i.e., Z2. Considerable progress has been made in proof theory since Gentzen's tragic death on August 4th, 1945, but an ordinal analysis of Z2is still something to be sought. However, for reasons that cannot be explained here,-comprehension appears to be the main stumbling block on the road to understanding full comprehension, giving hope for an ordinal analysis of Z2in the foreseeable future.

Roughly speaking,ordinally informativeproof theory attaches ordinals in a recursive representation system to proofs in a given formal system; transformations on proofs to certain canonical forms are then partially mirrored by operations on the associated ordinals. Among other things, ordinal analysis of a formal system serves to characterize its provably recursive ordinals, functions and functionals and can yield both conservation and combinatorial independence results.
Hilbert's Programs: 1917–1922
Authors: Sieg Wilfried
Published: May 2006

Hilbert's finitist program was not created at the beginning of the twenties solely to counteract Brouwer's intuitionism, but rather emerged out of broad philosophical reflections on the foundations of mathematics and out of detailed logical work; that is evident from notes of lecture courses that were given by Hilbert and prepared in collaboration with Bernays during the period from 1917 to 1922. These notes reveal a dialectic progression from a critical logicism through a radical constructivism toward finitism; the progression has to be seen against the background of the stunning presentation of mathematical logic in the lectures given during the winter term 1917/18. In this paper, I sketch the connection of Hilbert's considerations to issues in the foundations of mathematics during the second half of the 19th century, describe the work that laid the basis of modern mathematical logic, and analyze the first steps in the new subject of proof theory. A revision of the standard view of Hilbert's and Bernays's contributions to the foundational discussion in our century has long been overdue. It is almost scandalous that their carefully worked out notes have not been used yet to understand more accurately the evolution of modern logic in general and of Hilbert's Program in particular. One conclusion will be obvious: the dogmatic formalist Hilbert is a figment of historical (de)construction! Indeed, the study and analysis of these lectures reveal a depth of mathematical-logical achievement and of philosophical reflection that is remarkable. In the course of my presentation many questions are raised and many more can be explored; thus, I hope this paper will stimulate interest for new historical and systematic work.
Votive Coins in Delian Inscriptions
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

In the very important Delian inscriptions of which one is published by M. Homolle in the sixth volume of the Bulletin dc Correspondance Hellénique, mention is made among the votive offerings preserved in the temple of Apollo of several sorts of coins. In his comments upon these mentions, both in the inscription which he publishes, and in others which he has read and copied, M. Homolle is less correct than in other parts of his very valuable paper; numismatics being a branch of archaeology in regard to which excellent scholars are sometimes strangely ill-informed. It may perhaps be of some service, in view of M. Homolle's further publications in the same line which may be shortly expected, to insert here a few notes on the votive coins of his Delian lists; and so contribute a little to the full success of his very important labours.
A Statuette of Eros
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

The interesting statuette of Eros, a photographic print of which accompanies this paper, was presented by His Majesty the King of the Hellenes to Her Royal Highness the Princess of Wales, who has been good enough to permit its publication in these pages. It is of terra-cotta, gilt, and measures 10¼ inches in height without the plinth. It is almost uninjured; but the thumb of the right hand is a restoration. At the back is the usual round air-hole.

It is evident at once that we have here to do with a very unusual representation of Eros, and with one which is to most people singularly pleasing: the head in particular being very attractive. In spite of grave faults in the modelling which reveal themselves on closer inspection, it remains clear that the statuette must be derived from some notable sculptural type. On first seeing it I was at once convinced that it must stand in no distant relation to one of the celebrated statues of Eros, by Praxiteles; and subsequent study has, I hope, put me in a position to prove what was at first mere matter of surmise.
Statue of an Emperor in the British Museum
Authors: Newton C. T.
Published: May 2006

In the last number of the Journal of Hellenic Studies (VI. No. 1) Mr. Wroth tries to prove that the torso of a Roman Emperor from Cyrene in the Graeco-Roman Gallery at the British Museum originally belonged to a statue of Hadrian. This torso is described in my Guide to the Graeco-Roman Sculptures, 1877, Pt. I. p. 21, No. 46, as the ‘Torso of a Roman Emperor’; it was found at Cyrene in a building which Messrs. Smith and Porcher in their History of Discoveries, p. 76, conjecture to have been the palace of a Roman governor, but which in the ‘List of Sculptures,’ which forms one of the Appendices of the same work, p. 104, may, it is suggested, have been an Augusteum, inasmuch as two busts and one head of emperors of the Antonine period were found in the same building.

Mr. Wroth supposes that the torso in question is that of Hadrian, because ‘when complete it constituted a substantial replica’ of a statue found at Hierapytna in Crete, which is published in the Gazette Archéologique for 1880 (pp. 52–55, Pl. 6), and is now in the Imperial Museum at Constantinople. But how far can the Cyrene torso be considered a replica of the Cretan statue, of which latter I have before me a photograph? I cannot agree with M. Sorlin-Dorigny, who, in publishing this figure in the Gazette Archéologique, states that it is worthy to rank among the finest Iconic statues of the Roman Empire.
A Protokorinthian Lekythos in the British Museum
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: May 2006

The little vase of which a coloured illustration is given on Plates I. and II. has already been laid before the Society with a brief notice in the last number of the Journal, p. 253: before that publication appeared, it had already been the subject of articles in the Classical Review and the Times, so that most people are already aware of the melancholy interest which attaches itself to it. It was presented to the British Museum by Mr. Malcolm Macmillan in the spring of 1889, shortly before he started on the expedition which had so mysterious a termination. It was felt that the surpassing charm of this little Greek masterpiece was well worthy of any pains that could be bestowed on its reproduction; and it is to the generosity of Mr. Macmillan's family that the Society owes the excellent facsimile which accompanies this paper.

In spite of its diminutive proportions—it is only .068 mètre in height— this little lekythos will certainly henceforth rank among the mirabilia of our national collection. Its claims to distinction are based, not only upon its intrinsic merit as a chef d'oeuvre of art, but also on the fact that, belonging to a highly interesting class of Greek painted pottery, it is beyond all doubt the most beautiful and important specimen of that class which has yet come down to us.
A Rhyton in Form of a Sphinx
Authors: Murray A. S.
Published: May 2006

The rhyton here published was found in a tomb at Capua in 1872, as described briefly in the Bullettino of that year (p. 42); it was acquired in the following year by the British Museum, and was soon thereafter included, but only in one view, among the ‘Photographs of the Castellani Collection,’ pl. 12. Always much admired for its beauty, both in the modelling of the Sphinx and in the drawing of the figures which encircle the cup above her head or occupy the spaces under her body, this vase has been seen at a certain disadvantage, as I believe, from a defective interpretation of the subject painted round the cup. In the Bullettino this subject was called ‘Triton, Nike and other figures,’ and this description has remained unchallenged. But obviously the figure here named Triton does not end in the tail of a fish, as a Triton should end. It is the tail of a serpent, and therefore he must be identified with some legendary person possessed of this combination—a human body ending in the coils and tail of a serpent. There can be no doubt that he is Kekrops, Κέκροπα σπείραισιν εἱλίσσοντα as he is described by Euripides, or as he appears in a Berlin terra-cotta, representing the birth of Erichthonios. On the terra-cotta Athene receives the infant Erichthonios from Gaia, who rises from the earth holding him up.
The Cnidian Aphrodite of Praxiteles
Authors: Michaelis Ad.
Published: May 2006

Every visitor of the Vatican Museum knows the fine statue of Aphrodite placed near the large staircase in the Sala a croce greca on account of its beauty as well as by reason of the fact that its lower half is covered with a drapery of tin. The greater will be the surprise of many of our readers, looking at our Plate LXXX., to see unveiled the secret charms of that figure, and they will ask how the goddess could be allowed to lay aside for some moments the garment forced upon her a century ago by a misplaced sense of pretended decency. We owe it to the persevering zeal of Mr. Walter Copland Perry to have found a means of obtaining such a cast for the Collection of Casts from the Antique in the South Kensington Museum, by the formation of which Mr. Perry has begun so happily to fill up a sensible blank in the artistic collections of the British capital. The British Museum is so astonishingly rich in first-rate Greek originals that we can easily understand how the importance of a museum of casts could be rather undervalued, and how to the University of Cambridge was left the merit of forming the first English collection of casts from the antique on a greater scale.
On the Ancient Hecatompedon which occupied the site of the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens
Authors: Penrose F. C.
Published: May 2006

Amongst the many interesting discoveries made in the excavations carried on chiefly during the year 1889 between the Parthenon and the citadel wall were two inscriptions which were put together by Herr Lolling and published in the Athena for 1890. These show that a temple named the Hecatompedon existed at Athens previous to the Persian invasion. It is the object of this article to show that this Hecatompedon occupied the same site as the present Parthenon.

Previous to the discovery by Dr. Dörpfeld of the site of the great archaic temple between the Erechtheum and the Parthenon, and the views which he has propounded with respect to its theoretical restoration, every archaeologist was disposed to agree with Col. Leake that an earlier Parthenon had existed—and must have supposed that the sub-basement on the south side of the Parthenon and the entablatures which are so well known to visitors to Athens, which have been built into the north wall of the Acropolis, originally belonged to each other; and I propose in the first instance to endeavour to show what a high probability there is for the correctness of this view, and afterwards to discuss the newer theory both in its bearings on the substructure of the Parthenon and on such of the extant remains as undoubtedly belonged to the archaic temple itself.
Some Phrygian Monuments
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

Of the five Phrygian monuments now published from the drawings of Mr. A. C. Blunt, No. 4 on Pl. XXVIII, may be assigned to an early period of Phrygian history. It has been already published by Steuart, Anc. Monum.; but like all his drawings, this is very incorrect and gives an inaccurate idea of the original. The monument is at Yapuldak (see the map in last number of this Journal). There was at this place a town or fortification of some kind on the top of a hill, which rises about 200 feet above the plain. The western side of the hill is a precipice of rock, and on all other sides it is very steep. On the western side an underground staircase cut in the rock leads down to the plain: a similar one at Pishmish Kalessi has already been mentioned above, p. 6. Near this staircase there is a doorway leading into a small rock-chamber, from which another door in the opposite wall leads into a second chamber, larger than the first. At the back of the second chamber a door admits into a third chamber, and in the back of this third chamber there is a door or window which looks out over the precipice to the west. One can step out through this window and stand on a ledge about eighteen inches wide; and this is the only way to get a near view of the carved front which is now given according to Mr. Blunt's drawing and measurements. The architectural work round the door shows the love of ornament characteristic of both Phrygian and Mycenaean art. It does not consist of curved mouldings: the section shows only straight lines. There is a high pediment over the window, the centre of which is occupied by a peculiarly shaped obelisk. This pediment is very like one over the door of a tomb in the side of Pishmish Kalessi, engraved by Perrot, Voy. Archéol. p. 146; but is much more elaborate. On the two sides of the obelisk, arranged in the usual symmetrical fashion, are two animals, on the right side certainly a bull, on the left side probably a horse. The horse is frequently represented on the outside of Phrygian tombs, but I do not know any other case where the bull appears on them.
Boat-races among the Greeks
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

In the course of a careful examination of the coins of Corcyra, I have come upon a variety of types which seem to me to allude to races of galleys. That the Greeks had such races is in itself probable, and is clearly proved by the testimony of ancient writers. But on consulting the ordinary works on the games and races of the Greeks, as well as those which deal with naval archæology, I have found that the matter has hitherto almost entirely escaped observation. I therefore feel called on to add a new chapter, which will indeed be but a short one, to the history of Greek athletic sports. And I imagine that Englishmen, who take so much interest in the races of yachts and rowing-boats, will not be ungrateful to me if I am able to show that such races are of greater antiquity than is commonly imagined.

That galley-races are as old as Homer may seem a rash assertion; yet this does seem to be implied in a passage of the Odyssey, though it is not directly asserted. This passage occurs in the 8th book of the Odyssey, at the place where Alcinoüs is speaking of the aptness in athletic sports of his subjects the Phaeacians.
Inscriptions from Dodona.—II
Authors: Roberts E. S.
Published: May 2006

In the first number of this Journal I passed in review a rare survival of antiquity, the Oracle-inscriptions of Dodona. These, as was there stated, formed a part only of the collection of C. Carapanos. For the remainder, though many of the inscriptions are of great interest, dialectically, archaeologically, and historically, I cannot claim the attraction of novelty which so conspicuously characterised the Oracle-inscriptions as relics sui generis. I have thought, however, that it may be not unacceptable to English students to have before them in an accessible form the full tale of the Dodonaean texts, so far as they are legible and not absolutely fragmentary. As, then, in the former number I gave the Oracle-inscriptions seriatim with more or less of commentary, so I propose in the following pages to attempt an examination and explanation of the documents which complete the catalogue. It will be hardly necessary to say that, as before, my indebtedness to previous critics—Bursian (Sitzungsber. d. kön. Baier. Ges. d. Wiss. Ph.-Hist. Cl. 1878), Blass, Fränkel, Christ, Carapanos himself—is considerable.

According to the enumeration given on p. 229 of the first number of the Journal, the inscriptions remaining to be noticed are (1) Ex voto inscriptions on bronze. (2) Inscriptions on bronze or copper: these comprise (a) decrees of citizenship; (b) deeds of manumission; (c) deeds of proxenia; (d) a deed concerning right of intermarriage; (e) donation of property; (f;) purchase of a slave. (3) An inscription on an iron strigli. (4) Two or three inscriptions on terra cotta. (5) A proxenia-decree, the most complete in the collection, on a limestone tablet.
Where was Dodona?
Authors: Lincoln C.
Published: May 2006

Sir,—The article in your Journal by Mr. Roberts ‘On the Oracle Inscriptions discovered at Dodona’ (recently published at Paris in the magnificent work of Constantin Carapanos, entitled Dodone et ses ruines), has been read by me with great gratification, and has awakened in my mind some delightful reminiscences. May I be permitted to communicate them?

Fifty years ago, when at Naples, and preparing for a journey to Greece, I had the pleasure of friendly intercourse with Sir William Gell, who at that time had done more than any one in Europe for the elucidation of the geography and topography of Greece, except perhaps Mr. Dodwell and Colonel Leake. In one of our conversations at that time Sir William Gell said to me, ‘One of the most interesting and difficult questions in Greek geography is, “Where was Dodona?” When you go to Greece, mind and try to find it out.’
Boat-races at Athens
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

In my paper on ‘Boat-races among the Greeks’ (above, pp. 90—8) I brought together a considerable number of testimonies to prove that boat-racing was a Hellenic sport. As I was to a great extent breaking new ground, it can scarcely arouse surprise if I failed to make my collection of authorities complete. Since the paper appeared friends have been good enough to point out to me two or three fresh passages of writers bearing on the subject of boat-races. Of these the most important is quoted by Mr. Ridgeway from Pausanias. That writer speaking of the town of Hermione, says, ‘Near by is the temple of Dionysus Melanaegis. In his honour is yearly held a musical festival, with swimming races, and boat-races (καὶ πλοίων τιθέασιν ἆθλα).’ Hermione is situate on a very sheltered bay at the extremity of Argolis, and so admirably adapted as a site for swimming races and for races of small boats.

A far more interesting reference than that I have mentioned I owe to the courtesy of Dr. Hirschfeld. He points out to me that in the valuable series of Ephebic inscriptions recently discovered, mention is more than once made of boat-races engaged in by the Attic Ephebi, as a regular part of their training. I could scarcely have missed these mentions had not Dumont misled me by calling the races joutes nautiques. To us they are specially interesting because the system of training of Ephebi at Athens, which we can trace upwards to the third century B.C., corresponds more closely to a modern English University education than anything else in antiquity.
A Vase of Polygnotan Style: (M. d. I. xi., 38)
Authors: Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

The krater which is the subject of this paper is preserved in the Louvre. It has been well engraved in the Monumenti of the Institute, and discussed by Helbig in the Bulletino (1881, p. 276), by Robert in the Annali (1882, p. 273), and by Winter in his Jüngere Attische Vasen (p. 45). My object in resuming the study of it is twofold. Firstly, the vase is so remarkable for beauty and distinction of style as to have scarcely an equal, and it will be a good thing to bring it in any way to the notice of English artists and archaeologists. And secondly, in spite of Professor Robert's able paper, it appears to me that it is susceptible of a more complete explanation than it has yet received.

It was discovered at Orvieto in 1880, in a large tomb consisting of two chambers. In the same tomb were found several other vases, ranging in date from the early part of the fifth to the middle of the fourth century. Our vase was in that of the two chambers in which were for the most part later vases; but Professor Helbig states that the contents of the two chambers were broken, and so much intermingled that it was difficult to say that the vases lay in distinct groups. It seems therefore that the circumstances of the finding do not compel us to assign a particular date to our vase. Professor Robert would give it to the first quarter of the fourth century.
Ornaments and Armour from Kertch in the New Museum at Oxford
Authors: Gardner E. A.
Published: May 2006

When Mr. Newton, in 1874, was writing about Greek art in the Kimmerian Bosporos, he was obliged to refer his readers for a sight of the objects he was describing to the Ermitage at St. Petersburg, and to the two magnificent Russian publications in which are reproduced some of the recent acquisitions of that museum. If any are desirous of learning what is the place in the history of Greek art which is filled by the discoveries in the Crimea, and of gaining a general view of the history and results of the excavations carried on in that region by the Russian government, it is needless to say that Mr. Newton's article will still meet their requirements; but for a view of some specimens of the objects therein referred to it is no longer necessary for an Englishman to travel to St. Petersburg, for there is now in the New Museum at Oxford a collection of gold and other ornaments, vases and weapons, which, though of course comparatively insignificant both as to numbers and the magnificence of individual articles, yet offers samples of most of the principal classes of objects discovered in the neighbourhood of the Crimea. The objects of which it consists were all found near Kertch, the ancient Pantikapaion, which has now for some time been famous as the chief centre of the Russian excavations; they were presented to the University of Oxford by Dr. C. W. Siemens.
Pylos and Sphacteria
Authors: Burrows Ronald M.
Published: May 2006

In my first article on Pylos and Sphacteria I made the rash promise that in an early number of this Journal I would support my theories by documentary evidence. It is with shame that I realise that this is now two years ago. Various circumstances have delayed me. I have been unable to visit Greece again myself, and the friends who were kind enough to do the work for me were constantly baulked by the storminess of the place. Not only was it often impossible to set up a camera ὁπότε πνεῦμα ἐκ πόντου εἴη but even to reach Sphacteria at all. Of the Pylian boatmen, as I know from my own experience, it cannot be said that ἀφειδὴς ὁ κατάπλους καθέστηκε It is only as a patchwork of the results of three different expeditions that I am now in a position to publish a plan of the παλαιὸν ἔρυμα and a fairly complete collection of photographs. In the present article my business will be to act as showman to this series; I have little new to add, and, happily, no fresh opponent to meet. My collaborators have, I think, on practically every point on which they have expressed an opinion, given their support to my views.
Inscriptions from Cyzicus
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: May 2006

1.—Funeral banquet stele (one sitting and four reclining figures) found by Mr. de Rustafell near the eastern walls; height 0·61, breadth 0·74, height of letters ̇01 metre.

2.—Broken funeral banquet stele found at Yeni Keui; height 0·54, breadth 0·46, letters ·01.

3.—Broken stele with bust of man, debased style: at Yeni Keui.

4.—Broken slab of rough marble, at Yeni Keui; height 0·60, breadth 0·46, letters of late form and irregular.
The Statues from Cerigotto
Authors: Frost K. T.
Published: May 2006

I. The bronze Hermes recovered from the wreck off Cerigotto is one of those works which must be judged from internal evidence alone: no reference to it has as yet been found in the ancient authors, we have no hint as to the city from which it originally came, no inscription to give us a clue to the name of the artist.

It is at once apparent that the style shows no trace of severity, much less of archaism. It is therefore by some considered to be a work of the 4th century. The figure is rather above life size; it represents a young man, nude, resting the main weight of the body on the left leg while his right is slightly bent: there is however no forward motion suggested, the Hermes is standing with a somewhat languid grace. The right arm is raised and is extended half outwards, half sideways, while the head is also turned a little towards the right, thus displaying the muscles of the neck (see J.H.S. vol. XXIII. Pl. IX.) The left hand may have held a caduceus, which would dispel any doubt as to identification, but apart from such an attribute the whole character and treatment of the face seem to suggest a God and not a human athlete. The indications of a violent and passionate nature which Scopas used with such effect are smoothed over or fined away, while in the features and expression the intellectual rather than the animal side of human nature is emphasised.
The Account of Salamis in Herodotus
Authors: Grundy G. B.
Published: May 2006

It is, I think, impossible to read Professor Goodwin's article on ‘Salamis’ in the Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America, 1882—83, without arriving at the conclusion that he has made out a very strong case for his main thesis, viz., that the plan of the battle was wholly different from that which has been constructed by modern historians, who misinterpret, as I suppose Professor Goodwin would hold, the account of Herodotus. I confess to cordial adherence to the main proposition contained in the article, but I find great difficulty in understanding the argument by which he endeavours to reconcile his view with the account given by Herodotus.

That there is some defect in Herodotus' account is clear. At first reading it seems to consist in an absence of information as to the movements of the fleets in the battle itself.

My impression is, however, that Herodotus had at his disposal information with regard to those movements, but misunderstood it.

It will be necessary, in order to explain exactly what I mean, to go over much of the ground which Professor Goodwin traverses, and indeed to make use of some of his arguments.
Inscriptions from Mysia
Authors: Arthur J. , Munro R.
Published: May 2006

Most of the following inscriptions were copied on a tour through the country of the Rhyndacus and Macestus in the autumn of 1894. A few were added on a hasty visit to Balukiser and Balia in September 1896. I have arranged them geographically in a zigzag line, from Brusa westwards to Cyzicus, then south-eastwards to Tavshanli and the plain of Simav, and then westwards again by Balat, Kebsud, Balukiser, and Balia to the Aesepus. For the precise position of the several places, and for topographical details, I may refer to a paper by Mr. H. M. Anthony and myself published in the Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, February and March 1897. Prof. W. C. F. Anderson, who accompanied me on both journeys, has kindly allowed me to compare his readings of the inscriptions with mine, and in one instance I have adopted his copy in preference to my own. I have not repeated any inscriptions which I have found to be already published, unless I believed that I could make material additions or corrections. Many of the following inscriptions will appear to be of little or no importance, but in Asia Minor much light may be thrown on the ethnology, religion, and civilization of a district by mere nomenclature and spelling. The work of Prof. W. M. Ramsay has shown how much may be learnt from the epitaphs and dedications of semi-barbarous peasants. Several of these inscriptions, however, are of some interest, for example No. 27 for political history, Nos. 13 and 67 for historical geography, and Nos. 48 and 64 for the religion of the country.
Exploration in Galatia cis Halym
Authors: Crowfoot J. W.
Published: May 2006

Fragments of pottery are very plentiful upon most of the ancient sites in Galatia, but those who cannot excavate can hardly expect to find anything at all complete. We were very fortunate therefore in obtaining at the village of Sarilar, the ancient Sykeon, an almost perfect pot and a photograph of an ‘Idol.’ Both jug and idol had been found by a peasant in a small mound between the bridge and the village: together with these he discovered a circular macehead of dark green stone and a square piece of copper. In Bey-bazâr we had previously been shown a small saucer-shaped cup, which came from the same village and no doubt from the same excavation: it was hand-made and of the same clay as the pot, (for its shape cf. Dörpfeld, Troja, 1893, Fig. 29).
Recent Additions to the Sculptures of the Parthenon
Authors: Smith A. H.
Published: May 2006

The principal object of the present paper is the publication of a remarkable addition to the west pediment of the Parthenon, which is due to the practised eye of Herr Karl Schwerzek of Vienna. At the same time I would take the opportunity of calling attention to other additions and corrections which have been made in the last two or three years, in the sculptures of the Parthenon, as represented by the collection in the Elgin Room of the British Museum. Most of them have already been pointed out in the Catalogue of Sculpture in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, British Museum, Vol. i. (1892), but a somewhat fuller discussion seems desirable than is consistent with the scheme of a Catalogue.

The West Pediment of the Parthenon.

The figure, which is known according to the system of notation introduced by Prof. Michaelis as Q, with her attendant figures P, R, was still in good preservation in 1674, when the pediment was drawn by Jacques Carrey for the Marquis de Nointel. Carrey's drawing of the three figures and of the adjoining group is reproduced in the annexed cut (Fig. 1), which has been taken from the facsimile in the British Museum, corrected in certain details from the photograph published in the Antike Denkmaeler, Vol. i. Pl. 6.
The Thersilion at Megalopolis
Authors: Benson E. F.
Published: May 2006

The Thersilion, or assembly hall, built in close connexion with the theatre at Megalopolis, has now been completely cleared. Several plans of the building, including a conjectural restoration, have already appeared in the special Supplement to the Journal of Hellenic Studies, published this year. The latter was based on the small tentative diggings already made. The plan (Pl. XXI.) in this number shows the whole area, and includes many additions and corrections from the earlier plan.

The chief point of interest has been the arrangement of the columns behind the centre. It was evident at once, as soon as the clearing began, that the plan did not in all respects bear out Mr. Schultz's conjectural restoration (Supplementary paper, J.H.S., p. 19). This was due partly to the fact that in the previous small diggings on the site two columns in the outer row next the south wall had been missed, partly because it was found on remeasurement that the centre was incorrectly marked.

For the sake of convenience we propose to call the outer row of columns a, the second row b, and so on to the central scheme of four columns which we call e. The columns are further indicated by numbers; thus the southwest column in row a is a 1, the next following the line is a 2, up to a 17: the south-west column of b is b 1, and so with the other rows.
Bronze-Age Vases from Zakro
Authors: Hogarth D. G.
Published: May 2006

In describing the recent excavations at Zakro (Annual of the British School at Athens, vii. p. 121 ff.) I stated that the pottery found there could not be fully published yet. Pending the resumption of its study, however, three vases of exceptional excellence, which were copied in Candia by Monsieur E. Gilliéron, may be made known. One of these (No. 1) was found in fragments in the principal house (A) of the Lower Town (ibid. p. 129 ff.), which yielded also the hoard of sealings published in the previous issue of this Journal. The precise findspot was the doorway between the rooms 3 and 5 (v. plan, ibid. p. 131), which. I believe to have contained a stairway of two flights leading to an upper level or storey. These rooms were full of collapsed ruin, among which the fragments of this vase were dispersed. I offered a special reward, and had all sherds dug out of this house minutely examined; but about a third of the vase was not recovered. Part of a second vase (lip and neck) of precisely similar character came from the same rubbish. The other two vases (Nos. 2, 3) figured in the accompanying Plate (XII.) were built up from fragments found in the Λάκκος (Pit I.) on the western spur (ibid. p. 126) among countless sherds of Bronze-Age pottery of the best Cnossian period.
The Chest of Kypselos
Authors: Jones Henry Stuart
Published: May 2006

The restoration of lost works of art in accordance with the descriptions of ancient authors and the monuments which serve to illustrate them presents problems which can never fail to be attractive to archaeologists. Nor has there been any lack of such attempts at reconstruction. The descriptions which we owe to Pausanias of the chryselephantine statues of Phidias, the paintings of Polygnotos, the chest of Kypselos, and the throne at Amyclae, have formed the text of such works, which reflect with considerable accuracy the standard of archaeological knowledge prevailing at the time to which they belong, and the quantity and quality of monumental evidence available. A glance at theWiener Vorlegeblätterfor 1888, Plate XII., where the successive restorations attempted of the Iliupersis of Polygnotos are reproduced side by side, will illustrate this; and even since that year a further step in advance has been taken by Robert's publication of his admirable restorations of both the great frescoes of Polygnotos, which may be held to represent the nearest approximation to the style of that painter which the discoveries and investigations of the last few years have enabled us to make.
Note on Megalopolis
Authors: Gardner E. A.
Published: May 2006

My attention has been called by Professor R. B. Richardson to an occurrence of the word which we overlooked when we published our report on the excavations at Megalopolis, believing that we had come across a word not known before. On a tile at Sparta, published in the Athenian Mittheilungen ii. p. 441, and previously, but without the word in question, in the Bull. d. Inst. 1873, p. 191, is impressed the following inscription
Three North Delta Nomes
Authors: Hogarth D. G.
Published: May 2006

Being desirous, after the revelation of intimacy between prehistoric Crete and Egypt which the Cnossian excavations had made, to know if there were indeed no ‘Aegean’ remains in the Lower Delta, I searched the authorities for an account of the extant antiquities of its north central region—north, that is, of the ‘Berari’ railway, which links Dessuk on the Rosetta Nile with Sherbin on the Damietta arm. But in vain. Nor, for that matter, could I find any description of the scenery of the region itself, more detailed and recent than the romantic sketch of the marshes with which Heliodorus opened his Aethiopica. I had myself visited the extreme south-west corner of it in 1896, following in the steps of Messrs. Petrie and Griffith to Tell al-Farain; and the last named scholar had gone on thence a few miles north to the district of Tida. North and east of that point stretched unknown land. So I was forced to undertake an exploration of the region for myself. The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies generously gave a grant in aid; and almost every kind of assistance was furnished on the spot by the Société Anonyme du Behéra, through the great goodwill of its Managing Director Mr. E. W. P. Foster, C.M.G.