bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Yield and Carbon Isotope Discrimination of Italian and Spanish Durum Wheat during the 20th Century
Authors: Royo C. , Martos V. , Ramdani A. , Villegas D. , Rharrabti Y. , García del Moral L. F.
Published: September 2017

This study evaluates the breeding of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) during the 20th century with respect to yield and grain carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), and their relationship with plant height, harvest index (HI), days from sowing to anthesis, and days from anthesis to maturity. Twenty‐four cultivars released before 1945 (old), between 1950 and 1985 (intermediate), and between 1988 and 2000 (modern), and previously characterized by whether dwarfing genes were present (semidwarf) or absent (tall), were selected from germplasm obtained in Italy and Spain. Experiments were conducted in six environments with average yields ranging from to 2113 to 4827 kg ha−1. The total absolute genetic gain in yield across countries from before 1945 to 2000 was 20 kg ha−1 yr−1 (51% of increase), which represents a relative genetic gain of 0.61% yr−1. Yield gains led to a loss of stability. The mean increase in Δ13C was 6% (0.014‰ yr−1 or 0.09% yr−1). Early heading and a long grain‐filling period were correlated with high yields in the tall cultivars. Increased plant height and low Δ13C values were associated with high yields for the semidwarf cultivars, while a long grain‐filling period was not advantageous for semidwarf cultivars.
Effect of Defoliation Severity on Regrowth and Nutritive Value of Perennial Ryegrass Dominant Swards
Authors: Lee J. M. , Donaghy D. J. , Roche J. R.
Published: September 2017

The height or mass to which swards are defoliated can potentially affect regrowth. A field study was undertaken to determine the response of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) dominant swards to defoliation severity over repeated defoliations during a period of low water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) accumulation (late spring to mid‐autumn due to active leaf growth and relatively high respiration). Five defoliation severities (defoliation to a residual stubble height [RSH] of 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100 mm) were replicated five times in a Latin square design. During a 6‐mo period, treatment plots were defoliated seven times using a rotary lawnmower. Analysis of data indicated a quadratic relationship between RSH and total herbage production, with total yields of 12,190, 13,440, 13,730, 13,320, and 11,300 kg DM ha−1 for swards defoliated to 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mm, respectively. Regression analyses identified 56 mm as the optimal RSH for herbage production, but there was little biological significance between 40 and 80 mm RSH. Total WSC content per tiller was reduced with increasing defoliation severity. The relationship between WSC content per tiller and subsequent herbage yield was quadratic, with peak herbage yield at 9.4 mg tiller−1 (60 mm RSH). The data indicate that between September (spring) and April (autumn), herbage production of temperate perennial ryegrass‐dominant swards is maximized when defoliation severity results in post‐grazing stubble heights of 40 to 80 mm.
Rice Seeding and Nitrogen Rate Effects on Yield and Yield Components of Two Rice Cultivars
Authors: Bond Jason A. , Walker Timothy W. , Ottis Brian V. , Harrell Dustin L.
Published: September 2017

Field research was conducted for 2 yr to investigate the relationship between rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeding rate and preflood nitrogen (N) rate utilizing long‐grain rice cultivars planted into clay and silt loam soils. Rice cultivars included ‘Cheniere’ and ‘Wells’ seeded at 162, 323, and 646 seeds m−2. Nitrogen was applied before flooding at 67, 134, and 202 kg ha−1. No response to soil texture and no interaction between seeding rate and N rate were detected for the parameters examined. The lowest applied N rate had lower yield than the other two N rates. Rough rice yields were 7564 for 67 kg N ha−1, 8520 for 134 kg N ha−1, and 9000 for 202 kg N ha−1 averaged over all cultivars, seeding rates, and soil textures. Similarly, when head rice yield was pooled across soil texture and seeding rate, head rice yield of Cheniere was independent of N rate, but head rice yield of Wells increased when the N rate was increased from 67 to 202 kg ha−1. Panicle density responded to N rate similar to rough rice yield. Panicle density increased with seeding rate up to 418 panicles m−2 at a seeding rate of 646 seeds m−2. Filled grain panicle−1 was highest at a seeding rate of 162 seeds m−2. Cheniere produced more filled grain panicle−1 while Wells had a higher 1000‐grain weight. Grain yield and yield components of Cheniere and Wells respond to seeding rates and N rates independently when planted into clay or silt loam soils.
Dietary Cation–Anion Difference and Tetany Index of Timothy Forage Fertilized with Liquid Swine Manure
Authors: Pelletier Sophie , Bélanger Gilles , Tremblay Gaëtan F. , Chantigny Martin H. , Allard Guy
Published: September 2017

Incidence of metabolic disorders increases when dairy cows (Bos taurus) are fed forages that have a high dietary cation‐anion difference (DCAD) (>250 mmolc kg−1 dry matter, DM) or high grass tetany (GT) index (>2.2), both associated with high forage K concentration, often caused by applications of liquid swine manure (LSM). We determined how DCAD and GT index of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), grown on two soils with different K availability, were affected by mineral or LSM fertilization. Experimental treatments were: unfertilized control, mineral fertilizer, raw LSM, and liquid fractions of four treated LSM types (decanted, filtered, anaerobically digested, and flocculated), applied in spring and after the first of two harvests each year. Forage DCAD was lowest (−108 mmolc kg−1DM) with the flocculated LSM due to its higher Cl content. Forage DCAD with other LSM types was similar to that with mineral fertilizer. Forage GT indices with LSM and mineral fertilizer were higher than that of the unfertilized control but still within an acceptable range for cows. The DCAD and GT index were greater on soils with high K availability. From spring growth to summer regrowth, these values decreased for soils with low K availability and increased for soils with high K availability. Compared with mineral fertilizer, LSM applied to timothy did not increase the risk of metabolic disorders for dairy cows; a Cl‐enriched LSM can substantially decrease DCAD and lower the risk of milk fever.
Protein Fractions of Tifton 85 and Rye‐Ryegrass Due to Sward Management Practices
Authors: Vendramini J. M. B. , Sollenberger L. E. , Adesogan A. T. , Dubeux J. C. B. , Interrante S. M. , Stewart R. L. , Arthington J. D.
Published: September 2017

In the South, early weaned calves (Bos taurus) can be raised on pasture‐based feeding programs, but to effectively meet their nutritional requirements, more information is needed on forage protein characteristics. Experiments were conducted from January to April and May to July 2003 and 2004 to evaluate the effects of N fertilization and regrowth interval on crude protein (CP) fraction concentrations of rye (Secale cereale L.)–annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) mixtures and ‘Tifton 85’ bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.). Treatments were the factorial combinations of three N levels (0, 40, and 80 kg ha−1 period−1) and two regrowth intervals, 3 and 6 wk for rye–ryegrass and 2 and 4 wk for bermudagrass. In situ digestibility methodology was used to describe CP fractions. For rye–ryegrass herbage CP, there was a linear increase in the concentration of Fraction A (rapidly degradable; 410–500 g kg−1) and a linear decrease in Fractions B (potentially degradable; 530–370 g kg−1) and C (undegradable in the rumen, 73–47 g kg−1) as N fertilization increased. For bermudagrass, Fraction B increased (330–455 g kg−1) and C decreased (283–208 g kg−1) linearly as N fertilization increased. High Fraction A concentration in rye–ryegrass CP favors use of supplements containing rumen‐undegradable protein for early weaned calves. In contrast, large Fractions B plus C concentrations suggest that calves grazing bermudagrass may respond best to supplements containing rumen‐degradable protein.
Self‐Seeded Cereal Cover Crop Effects on Interspecific Competition with Corn
Authors: McDonald Paul B. , Singer Jeremy W. , Wiedenhoeft Mary H.
Published: September 2017

Perpetuating cereal cover crops through self‐seeding may increase adoption by reducing risk and cost. Winter rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) were used to develop self‐seeding cover crop systems in a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–corn (Zea mays L.) rotation. Cereal cover crops were planted in varying row spacing configurations and managed chemically and mechanically to achieve different levels of resource utilization in time and space. The objective of this study was to quantify interspecific competition of self‐seeded winter cereal cover crops growing concurrently with corn. Total weed density responded more to environment than cover crop treatment, with 12.0 and 2.2 weeds m−2 in 2005 and 2006. Averaged across species, cover crop treatments lowered corn grain yield 5 to 22% compared with a no cover crop check. The most promising treatment lowered corn grain yield 7 and 11%, which is in the range for previously reported yield reduction using rye cover crops when rye was killed at or immediately after planting in a corn–soybean rotation. Cover crop regrowth intercepted <9% of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) during early growth of corn. Combinations of lower corn plant population density and kernel density in cover crop treatments appear most responsible for the yield reduction. Additional research should focus on reducing interspecific competition during vegetative growth in corn when sink size is being determined.
Sample Size and Heterogeneity Effects on the Analysis of Whole Soybean Seed Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Naeve Seth L. , Proulx Rob A. , Hulke Brent S. , O'Neill Tracy A.
Published: September 2017

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeders and physiologists are commonly interested in evaluating single plants for seed protein and oil concentration. Moreover, breeders tend to prefer nondestructive techniques so that soybean seed may be retained for variety development. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technology can be an inexpensive and convenient method for nondestructive analysis of seed; however, many instruments require a 300 to 500‐g sample size to operate. Recently, Perten Instruments, Inc. developed a 20 g “breeder's” cup for use with their DA 7200 diode array NIRS instrument. This study was initiated to explore the accuracy and repeatability of this very small cup relative to the standard 300 g cup. While no significant protein bias was discovered, a positive 4 g kg−1 bias for oil prediction was found. Seven to eight repeated scans of the breeder's cup were required to increase cup precision compared to a single scan using the standard large cup, potentially due to the large amount of protein and oil heterogeneity within examined seed lots. While the precision of the protein and oil estimation of both cup sizes increased with repeated scans, the low precision noted with the breeder's cup virtually mandates multiple scans or destructive sampling through grinding.
Sorption of Iron–Cyanide Complexes on Goethite in the Presence of Sulfate and Desorption with Phosphate and Chloride
Authors: Rennert Thilo , Mansfeldt Tim
Published: September 2017

Soils are contaminated with potentially toxic iron–cyanide complexes by some industrial activities. The influence of sulfate on the sorption of the iron–cyanide complexes ferricyanide, [Fe(CN)6]3−, and ferrocyanide, [Fe(CN)6]4−, on goethite was investigated in batch experiments. The experiments were conducted as influenced by pH and varying sulfate/iron–cyanide complex concentration ratios. Furthermore, the desorption of iron–cyanide complexes sorbed on goethite was studied using phosphate and chloride solutions as influenced by pH and anion concentration. Over the whole pH range (pH 3.5 to 8), ferricyanide and sulfate showed similar affinities for the goethite surface. The extent of ferricyanide sorption strongly depended on sulfate concentrations and vice versa. In contrast, ferrocyanide sorption was only decreased (approximately 12%) by sulfate additions at pH 3.5. Ferricyanide was completely desorbed by 1 M chloride, ferrocyanide not at all. Unbuffered phosphate solutions (pH 8.3) desorbed both iron–cyanide complexes completely. Even in 70‐fold excess, pH‐adjusted phosphate solutions could not desorb ferrocyanide completely at pH 3.5. For ferricyanide we propose a sorption mechanism that is similar to the sulfate sorption mechanism, including outer‐sphere and weak inner‐sphere surface complexes on goethite. Ferrocyanide appears to form inner‐sphere surface complexes. Additionally, we assume that ferrocyanide precipitates probably as a Berlin Blue–like phase at pH 3.5. Hence, ferrocyanide should be less mobile in the soil environment than ferricyanide or sulfate.
Soil Temperature, Nitrogen Concentration, and Residence Time Affect Nitrogen Uptake Efficiency in Citrus
Authors: Scholberg J. M. S. , Parsons L. R. , Wheaton T. A. , McNeal B. L. , Morgan K. T.
Published: September 2017

We try to elucidate which environmental and soil factors control nitrogen uptake efficiency in citrus. Effects of residence time and nitrogen (N) concentration (three 500‐mL applications of 7 mg N L−1, representative of reclaimed water used for citrus irrigation in central Florida, or one 150‐mL application of 70 mg N L−1) on nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) of young citrus seedlings were studied. Increasing residence times from 2 to 8 h increased NUE from 36 to 82% and from 17 to 34% for high and low application frequencies, respectively. We developed a model to predict N uptake based on root density, N concentration, and soil temperature (Ts). Assuming a base temperature (Tb) of 10°C, N uptake temperature sum (UTS) = ∑(Ts − Tb)/24 (°CdN, degree day units of N uptake). To eliminate the risk of N leaching for young seedlings, minimum uptake periods of 5 and 16°CdN were required at initial soil N concentrations of 0.9 and 2.5 mg N L−1, respectively. After correcting for differences in root length, this information was then used to predict the effect of irrigation practices on N uptake from reclaimed water for mature trees. Applying 2500 mm yr−1 vs. 400 mm yr−1 reclaimed water reduced the NUE of N in this water from 100 to 63% during the summer and from 100 to 28% during the winter. Reductions in NUE at higher irrigation rates appeared to be related to N displacement below the root zone prior to complete N uptake.
Transport and Fate of Nitrate in a Glacial Outwash Aquifer in Relation to Ground Water Age, Land Use Practices, and Redox Processes
Authors: Puckett Larry J. , Cowdery Timothy K.
Published: September 2017

A combination of ground water modeling, chemical and dissolved gas analyses, and chlorofluorocarbon age dating of water was used to determine the relation between changes in agricultural practices, and NO−3 concentrations in ground water of a glacial outwash aquifer in west‐central Minnesota. The results revealed a redox zonation throughout the saturated zone with oxygen reduction occurring near the water table, NO−3 reduction immediately below it, and then a large zone of ferric iron reduction, with a small area of sulfate (SO2−4) reduction and methanogenesis (CH4) near the end of the transect. Analytical and NETPATH modeling results supported the hypothesis that organic carbon served as the electron donor for the redox reactions. Denitrification rates were quite small, 0.005 to 0.047 mmol NO−3 yr−1, and were limited by the small amounts of organic carbon, 0.01 to 1.45%. In spite of the organic carbon limitation, denitrification was virtually complete because residence time is sufficient to allow even slow processes to reach completion. Ground water sample ages showed that maximum residence times were on the order of 50 to 70 yr. Reconstructed NO−3 concentrations, estimated from measured NO−3 and dissolved N gas showed that NO−3 concentrations have been increasing in the aquifer since the 1940s, and have been above the 714 μmol L−1 maximum contaminant level at most sites since the mid‐ to late‐1960s. This increase in NO−3 has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in agricultural use of fertilizer, identified as the major source of NO−3 to the aquifer.
Spatial and Temporal Modeling of Microbial Contaminants on Grazing Farmlands
Authors: Tian Yong Q. , Gong Peng , Radke John D. , Scarborough James
Published: September 2017

This paper introduces an integrated spatial and temporal modeling system developed mathematically for assessing microbial contaminants on animal‐grazed farmlands. The model uses fecal coliform, specifically Escherichia coli, as an indicator of fecal contamination and describes the sources, sinks, transport processes, and fate of E. coli contaminants in catchments and associated streams. Spatial features include grazing location, land topography, distance to a nearby stream, and distance through the stream network to the outlet. Temporal features are population dynamics on the land surface, in flow, and on streambeds. The model applies the principles of conservation of mass balance on two different types of pools: grid cells on land surfaces and networked stream segments. The model aims to improve the prediction of the effects of different land management strategies on the fecal contamination of waterways. This is achieved by characterizing the movement of fecal contaminants from land to streams and in‐stream mobilization. Processes of attenuation, diffusion, and transport govern the movement. Our study site is a hill land catchment with an area of 140 ha and is used exclusively for animal grazing. The model was calibrated with previous research results, and then tested using the data collected at the outlet of the catchment. The sensitivity of the model predictions was analyzed for different scenarios: effect of stock rate, attenuation rate, and flow volumes. The similar pattern between monitored and predicted E. coli concentration proved that the model captures the key features that control the population dynamics of fecal contaminants. Further experiments are required to expand the model's functionality for covering more mitigation options.
Regional Scale Variability in Sediment and Nutrient Delivery from Small Agricultural Watersheds
Authors: Verstraeten Gert , Poesen Jean
Published: September 2017

Although many studies have pointed out the various controlling factors of sediment and nutrient delivery on a plot or watershed scale, little is known on the spatial variability of sediment and nutrient delivery on a regional scale. This study was conducted to reveal regional variations in sediment‐associated nutrient delivery in central Belgium. Sediment deposited in 13 small retention ponds was sampled and analyzed for total phosphorus (TP), K, Mg, and Ca content. The TP content of the sediment deposits varied from 510 to 2001 mg P per kg sediment. Nutrients are predominantly fixed on the very fine sediment fraction (<16 μm), which is the reason why the nutrient trap efficiency of the ponds is only a fraction of the sediment trap efficiency. Average nutrient trap efficiency of the studied ponds varies between 4 and 31%, whereas sediment trap efficiency varies between 10 and 72%. For watersheds ranging from 7 to 4873 ha, sediment yield ranged between 1.2 and 20.6 Mg ha−1 yr−1, whereas TP export varied from 1.8 to 39.7 kg ha−1 yr−1 The observed spatial variability in nutrient losses is primarily attributed to regional variations in erosion and sediment yield values and to a far lesser degree to the spatial variations in fertilizer application. Redistribution of manure in the framework of an agricultural policy may increase the rate of nutrient delivery by ways of erosion and sediment transport.
Partitioning and Persistence of Trichlorfon and Chlorpyrifos in a Creeping Bentgrass Putting Green
Authors: Wu L. , Green R.L. , Liu G. , Yates M.V. , Pacheco P. , Gan J. , Yates S.R.
Published: September 2017

Golf course putting greens typically receive high pesticide applications to meet high quality demands. Research on pesticide fate in turf ecosystems is important to better understand the potential impact of pesticide use on the environment and human health. This research was conducted to evaluate the environmental fate of two commonly used insecticides—trichlorfon (dimethyl 2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐hydroxyethylphosphonate) and chlorpyrifos (O,O‐diethyl O‐3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridylphosphorothioate)—in a creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) putting green under customary field management practices at the University of California‐Riverside Turf Research Facility during 1996 and 1997. The two insecticides were chosen because of their difference in water solubility, persistence, adsorption, and vapor pressure. Volatilization, clipping removal, and soil residues of the insecticides were quantified and leaching was monitored using lysimeters installed in putting green plots. Results showed trichlorfon volatilization, clipping removal, and leaching loss was insignificant (in the range of 0.0001–0.06% of applied mass) both in 1996 and 1997. No significant difference in clipping removal of trichlorfon and chlorpyrifos was observed in both years (0.06 and 0.05% of applied mass for trichlorfon and 0.15 and 0.19% of applied mass for chlorpyrifos, respectively, in 1996 and 1997), but significantly lower cumulative leaching and lower soil concentration was observed in 1997 than in 1996. Volatilization loss of chlorpyrifos was not significantly different between 1996 (2.05%) and 1997 (2.71%). Volatilization loss of trichlorfon in 1996 (0.01%) was significantly higher than in 1997 (0.008%). This study demonstrated the fraction of applied insecticides leaving the turf putting greens was minimal.
Uptake of Cesium‐137 and Strontium‐90 from Contaminated Soil by Three Plant Species; Application to Phytoremediation
Authors: Fuhrmann Mark , Lasat Mitch M. , Ebbs Stephen D. , Kochian Leon V. , Cornish Jay
Published: September 2017

A field test was conducted to determine the ability of three plant species to extract 137Cs and 90Sr from contaminated soil. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.], and tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray) were planted in a series of spatially randomized cells in soil that was contaminated in the 1950s and 1960s. We examined the potential for phytoextraction of 90Sr and 137Cs by these three species. Concentration ratios (CR) for 137Cs for redroot pigweed, Indian mustard, and tepary bean were 2.58, 0.46, and 0.17, respectively. For 90Sr they were substantially higher: 6.5, 8.2, and 15.2, respectively. The greatest accumulation of both radionuclides was obtained with redroot pigweed, even though its CR for 90Sr was the lowest, because of its relatively large biomass. There was a linear relationship between the 137Cs concentration in plants and its concentration in soil only for redroot pigweed. Uptake of 90Sr exhibits no relationship to 90Sr concentrations in the soil. Estimates of time required for removal of 50% of the two contaminants, assuming two crops of redroot pigweed per year, are 7 yr for 90Sr and 18 yr for 137Cs.
A survey of mathematical modeling based on flocking system
Authors: Zhang Wei , Yang Yonghui
Published: September 2017

Based on the basics of the flocking, the concept and relationship of individual, cluster and flocking behavior are introduced. Two research methods, which are the macroscopic Angle of Euler method and the Lagrangian method of microcosmic Angle, are elaborated in detail. Then several flocking models and their improvement applications are summarized, the model among them based on dynamic principle is widely used, so the basic mode of its behavior, the following mechanism of an individual in an orderly procession, the mechanism for avoiding obstacles, and the causes of fission behavior are discussed in this paper. Finally, some problems in current researches of flocking are presented and future development are prospected.
Micro spherical ultrasonic motor using single spiral wire stators
Authors: Wang Fulin , Nishizawa Uichi , Toyama Shigeki
Published: September 2017

The authors have developed Multi degree-of-freedom micro spherical ultrasonic motor using multiple spiral wire stators in previous research. In this research, the authors have developed the new spherical ultrasonic motor using single spiral wire stators. At the beginning, single spiral type wire stator was made. Next, rotational direction was controlled by duty ratio of traveling wave and standing wave. Then the drive properties of rotational speed and starting torque were clarified in this research. In the future, fixing method of wire stators without damping the vibration is needed to be planed. These results contribute to development of blood vessel endoscope which can move camera in any direction.
Vibration based diagnostics of the multi-stage microturbine operating in the medium-temperature ORC system
Authors: Andrearczyk Artur , Żywica Grzegorz , Breńkacz Łukasz , Bagiński Paweł
Published: September 2017

This article discusses a vibrodiagnostic system designed for the prototypical microturbine operating in an ORC-based power plant with an electrical capacity of around 100 kW. The first part of the article is devoted to the numerical analysis of the microturbine, which was conducted with taking into account the fact that the asynchronous electro-generator is connected to the microturbine shaft by a reduction gear. Based on the results of the analysis, the diagnostic system dedicated for the microturbine has also been developed. The second part of the article presents a vibrodiagnostic system in detail. The system with a dedicated measuring and monitoring software (developed using the LabVIEW programming environment) was described. The developed solution enables not only constant monitoring of the test object, but also protects the microturbine against propagation of damage and failure.
Nonlinear performance of a concrete gravity dam under a moderate seismic shock
Authors: Torba Mariusz , Dulińska Joanna , Boroń Paweł
Published: September 2017

In the paper, the dynamic analysis of a concrete gravity dam was presented. The paper concerns the nonlinear dynamic analysis of an existing concrete dam subjected to a real moderate seismic shock calculated by time history analysis. The linear, elastic, response spectrum analysis was also performed. The dynamic analysis was carried out for 2D and 3D numerical models of the dam. The 2D model represented the middle section of dam’s segment, whereas the 3D model reflected the whole segment. The concrete damage plasticity model (CDP) as a constitutive model of concrete was taking into account. Principal stresses, plastic deformations and degradation of the dam under the shock were evaluated. The results obtained for both models (2D and 3D) were compared. The 3D analysis led to the results revealing material degradation (tensile/compression cracks, stiffness degradation). Such behavior was not obtained for the 2D model.
Modeling of the denture’s elastic base
Authors: Kuchta Marek , Białek Rafał , Paś Jacek
Published: September 2017

This article discusses problems during modeling of the denture’s elastic base. The basic simplifications adopted in the analysis allows the use of formulae taken from the theory of elasticity.
Preliminary modeling studies of sudden release of a part of the hoist load with using experimental miniature test crane
Authors: Haniszewski Tomasz
Published: September 2017

In the article, the problem of preliminary studies was carried out on an experimental test bench equipped with an experimental set of measurement sensors. Proposed test stand allows to carry out a series of studies on the phenomena of dynamic loads associated with lifting process. The problem of vibration caused by the sudden release of a part of the load was discussed in this paper. This phenomenon can occur either in the case of hoists fitted with gripping devices such as an electromagnet or a standard gripper but also as in the case of failure and loss of cargo part. This phenomenon is important because of the vibration of the supporting structure in the work cycle, they over exploit the structure and contribute to the multiplicity of fatigue cycles. The application of the proposed test stand on a scale enabled an immediate analysis of the data so important in the verification of the phenomenological model of the analyzed lifting mechanism. This approach will allow for the next stage of research, i.e., hybrid analysis, i.e., combining the dynamic model with the FEM model of the girder. The goal is to develop a simple and accurate model for virtualizing solutions designed to reduce the amount of vibration generated by the sudden release of a part of the load.
FEM model of pneumatic spring assembly
Authors: Xuan Tien Tran , Cirkl David
Published: September 2017

This paper focuses on FEM simulation model of pneumatic spring implemented into cushioning of a car seat. This spring is a part of a device which ensures controlled change pressure distribution in contact zone between car seat and passenger. This spring made up from silicone and foam parts and from the tape. In this article, the material properties of these materials are experimentally investigated in order to get parameters for their mathematical models implemented in FEM software MSC.Marc. The simulation of the spring is then carried out with changing internal pressure.
Análisis de subsidio al sector silvícola de la región del Biobío, Chile
Authors: Mardones Cristian , Hernández Andrea
Published: September 2017

El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar, desde una perspectiva económica y ambiental, los impactos de la aplicación de un subsidio a la plantación forestal sobre los sectores económicos de la región del Biobío, Chile. Para ello se utiliza el modelo de precios de Leontief que permite simular impactos sobre los precios sectoriales, consumo, gasto fiscal, índice de precios y emisiones. Los resultados muestran que si se renueva el subsidio que estuvo vigente hasta el año 2012 en Chile, los precios en el sector silvícola se reducirían en 11,74%, mientras que los precios de sectores relacionados como madera y muebles, agropecuario y celulosa y papel presentarían reducciones de 0,94%, 0,54% 0,42%, respectivamente. Lo anterior estimularía la producción del sector silvícola favoreciendo la captura de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Además, debido al encadenamiento productivo, la contribución del subsidio al total de la producción de todos los sectores equivaldría a 0,11% del PIB regional, a partir de un gasto fiscal de 0,03% del PIB regional.
Financial Feasibility of Sijuk Shrimp Paste Business in Sungai Padang Village, Sijuk District, Belitung Regency
Authors: Nugraha Aditya , Hardyastuti Suhatmini , Mulyo Jangkung Handoyo
Published: September 2017

Sijuk shrimp paste business is a business in processing rebon shrimp which is most commonly implemented in Belitung Regency. In this study, profi t analysis, investment feasibility, and sensitivity were used to draw the conclusions. The samples involve 25 shrimp paste businesses taken by using census method in Sungai Padang Village, District Sijuk, Belitung Regency. This area is also a central area for producing Sijuk shrimp paste. Census refers to periodic collection of information about the specifi c population from the entire population. Sampling is a method of collecting information from a sample that represents population. The result showed that the Sijuk shrimp paste businesses gives benefi ts because they had a gain of Rp.17.558.914,29 / year, the value of gross profi t ratio of 50.61%, the rate of return per capital investment of 1.02, and the return on the investments amounted to 74.58%. The Sijuk shrimp paste businesses are feasible to continue be had the value of discounted payback period of 1.57 years, the net present value of Rp.18.264.662,44, the internal rate of the return value of 35%, and the profi tability index of 1.78. From the results of the sensitivity analysis concluded that the Sijuk shrimp paste businesses are feasible to continue because the percentage of increase in the maximum operating costs still can be tolerated which is equal to 44,763% and the percentage of maximum reduction in the selling price of Sijuk shrimp paste still can be tolerated which is equal to 22.108%.
Hypothesis Testing on Environmental Kuznets Curve of Agricultural Sector in Java Island: Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Al rosyid Ali Hasyim , Irham Irham , Mulyo Jangkung Handoyo
Published: September 2017

One obstacle in the improvement of community welfare in the agricultural sector, especially in Java, is the environmental externality which constantly exists in every economic activity. The objective of this research was to estimate greenhouse gas emission coming from agricultural sector in Java and identify whether farmers in Java had allocated environmental conservation costs as the impact of greenhouse gas emission from agricultural activities in Java. The inventory method of greenhouse gas emission from agricultural sector is based on inventory guidelines published by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2006. As for the analysis to determine the relationship between greenhouse gas emission and GRDP of agricultural subsector per agricultural labor, The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) was employed, alongside greenhouse gas emission indicators representing environmental degradation and GRDP of agricultural subsector per agricultural worker representing of per capita income of agricultural. Overall, greenhouse gas emissions, both CH4 methane emissions and carbon dioxide emission (CO2) - produced from rice cultivation, fertilizer application, livestock enteric fermentation and poultry manure - are gradually increasing. And the relationship between greenhouse gas emission and GRDP per worker has inverted-U shape; and it is in line with EKC hypothesis. Thereby, the role of the entire community elements and government support in implementing mitigation technology and agricultural adaptation is needed to cope with impacts of greenhouse gas emission, such as climate change.
Sediment Transport Analysis of Sesayap River, Malinau District, North Kalimantan
Authors: Rafsanjani Hardhi
Published: September 2017

River could have a very important role in improving the economy of a country when it is correctly and properly utilized. Nevertheless, rivers in Indonesia also have various problems, i.e. erosion and sedimentation which occur in many Indonesian rivers, one of it being the Sesayap River. Because of these problems, it is very important to do analysis on bed load transport, in order to find its amount in the existing river, so that optimal handling on the occurring erosion and sedimentation problems could be performed. This research aimed to obtain the amount of bed load transport in Sesayap River, and then compare it to the field condition. The approaches used in this bed load transport analysis were Einstein approach and Frijlink approach, with data required for the analysis, which was water level elevation, topography data, and sediment gradation data. Based on the result of conducted bed load transport analysis, the bed load transport analysis result in Seluwing area was higher than in the Port area. Therefore, sediment deposition or sedimentation would occur in the river segment on between both locations. Qualitatively or tendentiously, the above results showed consistency with what actually happened, or observed, in the field. If it assumed that the equivalent diameter of bed load is 8 mm, the total of bed load transport on Seluwing area and Port area with Einstein approach are 1,582,263 m3 and 1,219,181 m3. Therefore, the sedimentary deposit per day could be calculated by calculating difference of bed load transport volume divided with total of the calculation day; which resulted sedimentary deposit per day of 2,859 m3. Whereas by using the Frijlink approach, the total of bed load transport on Seluwing area and Port area were of 1,391,940 m3 and 1,080,200 m3, and sedimentary deposit per day of 2,455m3. Based on the results, in order to normalize the Sesayap River, the dredging needed is 2,859m3/day based on Einstein approach and 2,455m3/day based on Frijlink approach.
Tipologi dan Kerawanan Korupsi Sektor Kehutanan di Indonesia
Authors: Setiawan Eko Novi , Maryudi Ahmad , Lele Gabriel
Published: September 2017

Diindikasikan bahwa tingginya laju kerusakan hutan di Indonesia ada kaitannya dengan tingkat korupsi yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tipologi dan kerawanan korupsi sektor kehutanan di Indonesia. Sejak tahun 2001 sampai dengan 2015, sebanyak 39 pelaku korupsi sektor kehutanan yang terdiri dari anggota DPR, pejabat Kementerian Kehutanan, Kepala Daerah (Gubernur/Bupati/Kepala Dinas) serta pengusaha, telah diproses hukum dan mendapatkan vonis dari pengadilan. Terdapat 6 (enam) tipologi korupsi sektor kehutanan di Indonesia yaitu: 1) korupsi transaksional, 2) pemerasan, 3) investasi untuk korupsi, 4) nepotisme, 5) korupsi untuk bertahan, dan 6) korupsi untuk mendapatkan dukungan. Penelitian ini menemukan 4 bentuk kerawanan korupsi sektor kehutanan yaitu: 1) proses perijinan, 2) pengawasan 3) proses tata ruang kehutanan, dan 4) pengadaan barang dan jasa kehutanan.Kata kunci: deforestasi; kehutanan Indonesia; kerawanan korupsi; korupsi; tipologi korupsi The Typology and Corruption Susceptibility in Forestry Sector in IndonesiaAbstractIt is widely indicated that the high rates of deforestation in Indonesia are closely linked with the high corruption. This research aimed to identify the typologies and the potential of occurence of corruption in the forest sector in Indonesia. From 2001 to 2015, thirty nine corruptors have been brought to the courts and eventually sentenced. They included parliament members, high-rank forest officials, local government (Governor/Mayor/Chief of District Forest Service), and business persons. This research found six typologies of corruption in the forest sector in Indonesia, i.e. 1) transactive corruption, 2) extortive corruption, 3) investive corruption, 4) nepotistic corruption), 5) defensive corruption, and 6) supportive corruption. It also identified four forest activities that potentially encourage corruption, i.e. 1) licensing, 2) monitoring, 3) spatial planning, and 4) public procurement.
Dekomposisi Serasah dan Keanekaragaman Makrofauna Tanah pada Hutan Tanaman Industri Nyawai (Ficus variegate. Blume)
Authors: Susanti Pranatasari Dyah , Halwany Wawan
Published: September 2017

Penggunaan jenis-jenis tanaman cepat tumbuh diperlukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan kayu. Meski demikian, informasi mengenai kesuburan tanah kerena penanaman jenis tersebut masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan data dan informasi mengenai produksi, laju dekomposisi serasah serta keragaman makrofauna tanah pada Hutan Tanaman Industri nyawai (Ficus variegate Blume) dengan tiga kelas umur yang berbeda. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif. Penentuan plot sampel dilakukan secara purposive dengan pertimbangan keterwakilan umur. Variabel yang diamati meliputi jumlah produksi serasah, laju dekomposisi serasah, serta makrofauna tanah menggunakan dua cara yaitu monolith atau pengambilan contoh tanah (PCT) untuk makrofauna tanah yang berada di dalam tanah, serta penggunaan perangkap sumuran (PSM) untuk makrofauna yang berada di permukaan tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada tegakan umur 6 tahun memiliki laju dekomposisi serasah terbaik karena sebanyak 48,31% serasah terdekomposisi dengan laju 11%. Pada kelas umur ini keragaman makrofauna juga memiliki nilai tertinggi yaitu 1,08 meskipun masih berada dalam kategori rendah.Kata kunci: dekomposisi; kesuburan tanah; makrofauna; nyawai; serasah Litter Decomposition and Diversity of Soil Macrofauna on Industrial Plantation Forest of NyawaiAbstractThe use of fast-growing tree species is necessary to meet the demand of timber. However, the information with regard the fertility of the soil for planting of these species is still limited. This study aimed to obtain data and information on the litter production and its rate of decomposition as well as soil macrofauna diversity on Industrial Plantation Forest of nyawai (Ficus variegate. Blume) with three different age classes. This study used a quantitative method. Sample plots were determined purposively with consideration of the representation of age. The observed variables included the amount of production of litter, decomposition rate of litter, and soil macrofauna using two methods, i.e. monolith or soil sampling (PCT) for soil macrofauna underground the soil and trap wells (PSM) for macrofauna on soil surface. The results showed in the 6-year-old stands showed the best litter ecomposition rates, since 48.31% of litter was decomposed at a rate of 11%. At this age class, diversity of macrofauna also has the highest score as 1.08, although that value was still in the low category.
International Comparisons of Prevalence, Awareness, and Treatment of Pruritus in People on Hemodialysis
Authors: Rayner Hugh C. , Larkina Maria , Wang Mia , Graham-Brown Matthew , van der Veer Sabine N. , Ecder Tevfik , Hasegawa Takeshi , Kleophas Werner , Bieber Brian A. , Tentori Francesca , Robinson Bruce M. , Pisoni Ronald L.
Published: September 2017

Background and objectives

Uremic pruritus in patients on hemodialysis is associated with depression, lower quality of life, and mortality. We studied the prevalence, awareness, and treatment of pruritus to assess how well this important condition is currently managed internationally.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

Data from 35,452 patients on hemodialysis in up to 17 countries from the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study were analyzed to describe pruritus prevalence from 1996 to 2015. Data from 6256 patients and 268 medical directors in 17 countries in 2012–2015 were analyzed to describe predictors, effects, medical directors’ awareness, and treatment of pruritus.

Results

Patients very much or extremely bothered by itching declined from 28% in 1996 to 18% in 2015. In 2012–2015, among patients nearly always or always bothered by itching, pruritus had a major effect on work and social life; 18% used no treatment for pruritus, and 17% did not report itching to health care staff. In total, 69% of medical directors underestimated the prevalence of pruritus in their unit. Managing high serum phosphorus and low Kt/V was ranked as the most important intervention, but no relationship was found between these factors and pruritus; 57% of medical directors used oral antihistamines for first-line chronic treatment of pruritus. Gabapentin was used by 45% as first-, second-, or third-line treatment. Nalfurafine was only used in Japan.

Conclusions

The prevalence of pruritus in people on hemodialysis is decreasing but remains underestimated. Large numbers of patients on hemodialysis with severe pruritus do not receive treatment. There is wide variation in the use of unlicensed medications for the treatment of pruritus. These data provide a benchmark for initiatives to improve the management of uremic pruritus.

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FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ORAL FAST DISINTEGRATING TABLET OF IBUPROFEN USING TWO SUPER DISINTEGRANTS
Authors: Purkayastha Hrishav Das , Nath Bipul
Published: September 2017

Objective: The aim of the present investigation was to design and evaluate orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) of Ibuprofen, a NSAID drug used for the treatment of arthritis with a view to improve its oral bioavailability. The focus of the current study was to develop ODT of Ibuprofen using super disintegrants for ease of administration and its physicochemical characterization.Methods: Tablets were made from blends by direct compression method. All the ingredients were passed through mesh no. 80. All the ingredients were co-ground in a pestle motor. The resulting blend was lubricated with magnesium stearate and compressed into tablets using the Cadmach single punch (round shaped, 8 mm thick) machine.Results: Physicals parameters of the prepared tablets like Hardness, Weight variation, Friability, thickness, drug content etc. found within the limits. The disintegration time of prepared ODTs was in the range of 45 to 55 seconds. In vitro dispersion time was found to be 22 to 52 seconds which may be attributed to faster uptake of water due to the porous structure formed by super disintegrants. Short disintegration and faster release of ibuprofen were observed with Cross carmellose sodium as compared to sodium starch glycollate.Conclusion: It is concluded that F3 offered the relatively rapid release of Ibuprofen when compared with other formulations. The increase in the concentrations of super disintegrants may lead to increase in the drug release. The formulation prepared with cross carmellose sodium was offered the relatively rapid release of Ibuprofen when compared with other concentrations of both the super disintegrant.
AN IMPROVED MICROMETHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ACETAMINOPHEN IN PLASMA BY VISIBLE SPECTROPHOTOMETRY: APPLICATION TO A PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY IN RABBITS
Authors: Medina Jose Raul , Licea Adela , Hurtado Marcela
Published: September 2017

Objective: To report a simple and economic alternative spectrophotometric micro-method for the determination of acetaminophen using 200 µl of plasma sample.Methods: The analyses were based on a simple colorimetric test in which p-aminophenol, after an acidic hydrolysis step, is reacted with phenol in an alkaline medium to form an indophenol dye which exhibits a maximum extintion at 625 nm. The micro method was validated according to the international criteria, and then it was used for the quantification of plasma levels of acetaminophen after rectal administration of 100 mg of the drug to male New Zealand rabbits.Results: The analytical recovery was 100.97%, with solutions of 5−25 µg/ml (plasma/water). The linearity with plasma solutions was good (R2 = 0.995), at the same concentration levels. The within-run and between-run precision, as well as accuracy expressed as coefficient of variation, were less than 8%. The mean accuracy was 102.24%. The stability was proved for a one-week period at −20 °C. The pharmacokinetic parameters were computed by non-linear regression analysis. The non-compartment model analysis was used to fit the in vivo data.Conclusion: The validation parameters were within acceptable limits for clinical studies. The analysis was adequate for the determination of acetaminophen in small plasma samples, and it can be easily adapted by any hospital or clinical laboratory with non-special equipment.