bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A branch and bound algorithm for robust binary optimization with budget uncertainty
Authors: Büsing Christina , Gersing Timo , Koster Arie M. C. A.
Published: January 2023

Since its introduction in the early 2000s, robust optimization with budget uncertainty has received a lot of attention. This is due to the intuitive construction of the uncertainty sets and the existence of a compact robust reformulation for (mixed-integer) linear programs. However, despite its compactness, the reformulation performs poorly when solving robust integer problems due to its weak linear relaxation. To overcome the problems arising from the weak formulation, we propose a bilinear formulation for robust binary programming, which is as strong as theoretically possible. From this bilinear formulation, we derive strong linear formulations as well as structural properties for robust binary optimization problems, which we use within a tailored branch and bound algorithm. We test our algorithm’s performance together with other approaches from the literature on a diverse set of “robustified” real-world instances from the MIPLIB 2017. Our computational study, which is the first to compare many sophisticated approaches on a broad set of instances, shows that our algorithm outperforms existing approaches by far. Furthermore, we show that the fundamental structural properties proven in this paper can be used to substantially improve the approaches from the literature. This highlights the relevance of our findings, not only for the tested algorithms, but also for future research on robust optimization. To encourage the use of our algorithms for solving robust optimization problems and our instances for benchmarking, we make all materials freely available online.
Breeding studies on red sea bream Pagrus major: mass selection to genome editing
Authors: Kato Keitaro
Published: January 2023

Red sea bream Pagrus major is extremely important in the aquaculture of Japan. The breeding of red sea bream, which has a history of more than half a century, can be divided into three main categories. The first is selective breeding. The Aquaculture Research Institute, Kindai University, began breeding fast-growing red sea breams in the early 1960s through mass selection. I summarized the results of the selection and characteristics of the fish in the 1990s. The second is breeding through chromosome manipulation and sex control. Two types of gynogenetic diploids (G2N) were artificially induced. Although growth and survival of G2N were inferior, the growth of heterozygous clones produced by mating G2N was comparable to normal diploids. The sex differentiation process and the induction condition of all-male groups by 17α-methyltestosterone treatment were clarified, and the percentage of females could be increased to more than 85%. The third is breeding through genetic manipulation. We first developed the microinjection method, and succeeded in increasing the percentage of edible ratio by deleting the function of myostatin gene by genome editing. Combining new technologies, such as genome editing, with the existing breeding methods mentioned above would result in faster and more effective breeding.
Haploid Parthenogenetic Embryos Exhibit Unique Stress Response to pH, Osmotic and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Crasta Daphne Norma , Nair Ramya , Kumari Sandhya , Dutta Rahul , Adiga Satish Kumar , Zhao Yulian , Kannan Nagarajan , Kalthur Guruprasad
Published: January 2023

Preimplantation-stage embryos are susceptible to various types of stress when cultured in vitro. Parthenogenetic embryos that lack spermatozoa contribution exhibit aberrant developmental dynamics due to their uniparental origin. Herein, we assessed whether the absence of paternal genome affects the susceptibility of the embryos to pH, osmotic and oxidative stress. Haploid parthenogenetic embryos (HPE) (activated oocytes with 1 pronucleus and 2 polar bodies) were generated by incubating cumulus oocyte complexes of Swiss albino mice with 10 mM strontium chloride for 3 h. Normally fertilized embryos (NFE) (fertilized oocytes with 2 pronuclei and 2 polar bodies) were derived using in vitro fertilization. At 2-cell stage, both HPE and NFE were exposed to various stressors including pH (6.8 to 8.2), osmotic (isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic), and peroxidatic oxidative (H2O2, 25 µM) stress. Endoplasmic reticulum stress response, mitochondrial membrane potential, and the rate of blastocyst development were assessed. HPE were susceptible to alteration in the pH that was well tolerated by NFE. Similarly, HPE displayed remarkable difference in sensitivity to hypertonic stress and oxidative stress compared to NFE. The results clearly indicate that the oocytes that develop into embryos in the absence of paternal contribution are more vulnerable to environmental stressors, further highlighting the importance of spermatozoa contribution and/or the ploidy status in mitigating these stressors and towards healthy early embryo development.

Graphical Abstract
Fermentation and recovery of cellobiose lipids using foam fractionation
Authors: Oraby Amira , Hug Daniel , Weickardt Isabell , Maerz Lea , Nebel Sabrina , Kurmann Jasper , Rupp Steffen , Tovar Günter E. M. , Zibek Susanne
Published: January 2023

Cellobiose lipids (CL) are glycolipids secreted by many Ustilaginaceae species in aerobic fermentations characterised by excessive foaming. While increasing CL concentrations remains an aim for its industrial production, excessive foaming during fermentation presents a challenge even at laboratory scale. Foam fractionation (FF) provides a solution to the foaming problem and facilitates the proceeding purification of CL. Here, we present a first CL fermentation process applying FF. With our set-up, we manage to exploit the excessive foaming for continuous product separation. The set-up includes a foam collecting vessel (FCV) with inserts for CL accumulation and foamate recirculation to minimise biomass and nutrient loss. Integrating a foam column (FC) into the fermenter headspace enabled foam enrichment, resulting in the recovery of > 90% of the produced CL from the separated fractions consisting of foam depositions in the fermenter headspace and the FCV. We also increased the fermenter filling volume and thus achieved a higher fermentation capacity. The separated CL fraction was purified via ethanol extraction to obtain CL with purities > 90%. We further examined the effects of different culture media constituents, including biomass and CL, on foam generation and decay and assessed the effect of FC geometries on product enrichment and recovery. In this work, a FF set-up is presented that enables a stable CL fermentation without additional foam mitigation methods. At the same time, the application of FF separated a fraction that was highly enriched in CL during fermentation, resulting in highly pure CL after a simple ethanol extraction.
PHAROS opens its online portal
Authors: Binkowski Kraig
Published: January 2023

The PHAROS online search platform is now open and free to use by researchers of all types. The online portal at artresearch.net has been developed using ResearchSpace software and funded through grants from the Andrew W. Mellon and the Samuel H. Kress Foundations. This initial version of the portal includes the holdings of seven Pharos institutions, numbering over 2.8 million images. In the coming months, additional PHAROS members will add their holdings to the online portal, bringing the number of images represented to over 25 million.
China's New Global Health Governance
Authors: Zhou Jingyuan , Wang Yilin , Nwoko Ngozi S , Qadir Saeed
Published: January 2023

This article analyses China's global health governance (GHG) practices and GHG legal infrastructure in the wake of COVID-19. It posits that China has pursued a mix of bilateral and multilateral strategies during the pandemic to promote global cooperation and domestic regulation to shape an effective GHG response. It demarcates China's proactive role in norm-setting to respond to the global health crisis. It first considers China's responses to COVID-19 and its interaction model with multilateral institutions including WHO and GAVI. It then examines China's bilateral health strategies, taking its interactions with African countries as an example, before analysing and comparing existing norms and practices on the ‘right to regulate’ under the rules of the World Trade Organisation and treaties that China participates in that call for more regulatory recognition. The article then proceeds to examine China's new initiatives in shaping GHG strategy during COVID-19. Finally, it concludes and calls for a coordinated multilateral approach to handle global health crises.
Digital Surveillance Trends and Chinese Influence in Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Germanò Marco André , Liu Ava , Skebba Jacob , Jili Bulelani
Published: January 2023

Countries across the world expanded digital surveillance strategies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. As the pandemic occurred contemporaneously with a global trend toward greater digital repression, commentators advanced the notion that China would use the health crisis to promote a technology-enabled form of authoritarian governance abroad. This article surveys the evidence for these claims by first examining the literature on the increase of digital surveillance associated with China and then presenting three case studies from developing countries with varying responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. The selected countries – Brazil, South Africa and Vietnam – used surveillance technology as part of their pandemic response and have either been influenced by Chinese approaches or adopted Chinese technology in recent years. Examining these case studies allows us to better understand claims regarding China's role in the general spread of digital surveillance and the interplay between Chinese state objectives and local political environments. Crucially, we illustrate how China's engagement in digital governance abroad is heavily contingent on domestic environments. Against a backdrop of China's growing influence in global digital governance, the effects observed in these case studies of Chinese surveillance models and technology proliferating through pandemic management are diffuse and contextualised by local factors.
Analyzing spillovers from food, energy and water conservation behaviors using insights from systems perspective
Authors: Kumar Pranay , Caggiano Holly , Cuite Cara , Felder Frank A. , Shwom Rachael
Published: January 2023

Spillover effects are considered important in evaluating the impacts of food, energy and water (FEW) conservation behaviors for limiting global greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Failure to account for all possible spillovers, or indirect and unintended results of an intervention, not only obscures valuable information pertaining to the dynamic interactions across domains but also results in biased estimates. In this study, we first systematically reviewed articles that investigate the idea that the performance of one pro-environmental behavior influences the conduct of subsequent behaviors(s) from the FEW domains. From our review of 48 studies in the last decade, we note that a big part of the discussion on spillover concerns the nature and direction of causal relationships between individual FEW conservation behaviors. We identify a critical gap in the literature regarding the distinction between spillover effects caused by the interventions as distinct from those caused by the primary behaviors. Next, we conducted a quantitative meta-analysis of the reviewed empirical studies to find a modest but overall positive spillover effect. Finally, we reviewed the theoretical and methodological plurality in the FEW spillover literature using a systemic thinking lens to summarize what is already known and identify future challenges and research opportunities with significant policy implications.
Virasoro constraints for moduli spaces of sheaves on surfaces
Authors: van Bree Dirk
Published: January 2023

We introduce a conjecture on Virasoro constraints for the moduli space of stable sheaves on a smooth projective surface. These generalise the Virasoro constraints on the Hilbert scheme of a surface found by Moreira and Moreira, Oblomkov, Okounkov and Pandharipande. We verify the conjecture in many nontrivial cases by using a combinatorial description of equivariant sheaves found by Klyachko.
Identification of the energy contributions associated with wall-attached eddies and very-large-scale motions in the near-neutral atmospheric surface layer through wind LiDAR measurements
Authors: Puccioni Matteo , Calaf Marc , Pardyjak Eric R. , Hoch Sebastian , Morrison Travis J. , Perelet Alexei , Iungo Giacomo Valerio
Published: January 2023

Recent works on wall-bounded flows have corroborated the coexistence of wall-attached eddies, whose statistical features are predicted through Townsend's attached-eddy hypothesis (AEH), and very-large-scale motions (VLSMs). Furthermore, it has been shown that the presence of wall-attached eddies within the logarithmic layer is linked to the appearance of an inverse-power-law region in the streamwise velocity energy spectra, upon significant separation between outer and viscous scales. In this work, a near-neutral atmospheric surface layer is probed with wind light detection and ranging to investigate the contributions to the streamwise velocity energy associated with wall-attached eddies and VLSMs for a very-high-Reynolds-number boundary layer. Energy and linear coherence spectra (LCS) of the streamwise velocity are interrogated to identify the spectral boundaries associated with eddies of different typologies. Inspired by the AEH, an analytical model for the LCS associated with wall-attached eddies is formulated. The experimental results show that the identification of the wall-attached-eddy energy contribution through the analysis of the energy spectra leads to an underestimate of the associated spectral range, maximum height attained and turbulence intensity. This feature is due to the overlap of the energy associated with VLSMs obscuring the inverse-power-law region. The LCS analysis estimates wall-attached eddies with a streamwise/wall-normal ratio of about 14.3 attaining a height of about 30 % of the outer scale of turbulence.
METAGENRE AND THE COMPETENT AUDIENCE OF PLAUTUS’ CAPTIVI
Authors: Mazzara Rachel
Published: January 2023

Writing on Poenulus and Plautus’ genre, Henderson has proposed that the extant Plautine plays are ‘emphatically heterogeneous’, such that ‘no one play typifies the oeuvre.’ His argument counters a charge often leveled against Roman Comedy, that the plays are all the same, or at least that they all amount to the same thing. Henderson was right that they are not and do not, but the fact remains that Plautus’ plays have a certain predictability. Their formulaic nature is what promises, in the face of manifold obstacles, a happy ending. It is what indicates that the fragments of Vidularia once added up to a recognition play—and what defines ‘recognition plays’ as a group. It is what prompts claims that Captiui is ‘unusual’, filled with ‘oddities’ and ‘mistakes’.
RHETORICAL DISPLAY AND PRODUCTIVE DISSONANCE IN QUINTILIAN'S QUOTATIONS OF POETRY
Authors: Dozier Curtis
Published: January 2023

Among Latin rhetorical treatises and imperial writers on technical subjects, the Institutio Oratoria stands out for the sheer number of quotations of poetry that Quintilian incorporates into his discussion. Whereas Cicero's De Inuentione has 13 quotations of poetry and the Rhetorica ad Herennium 16, the index locorum in Russell's Loeb edition of the Institutio records 320 quotations from Greek and Latin poets. Despite the distinctive scale of Quintilian's engagement with poetry, scholars have not taken much interest in it, perhaps under the influence of the persistent belief that in the imperial period ‘the introduction of poetry into orations as an ornament of style’ was ‘often a useless affectation’ or that such quotations constitute mere ‘window dressing’. Early twentieth-century treatments such as that of Cole, who evaluated Quintilian's citations of poets for their ‘textual accuracy’, and Odgers, who used the relative infrequency of Quintilian's quotation of Greek literature to establish the limits of Quintilian's knowledge of Greek, set a tone of dismissiveness in relation to any question of how and why Quintilian quotes poetry as he does: Cole and Odgers attribute any ‘discrepancies’ between Quintilian's quotations and those found in the manuscripts of the poets he quoted to a (presumed) tendency to quote from memory that made him ‘rather liable to errors’. Later critics have extrapolated from their findings to attribute to Quintilian the ‘grave deficiency’ of ‘know[ing] little directly of the major Greek writers’ and to diagnose ‘intellectual stagnation’ in his engagement with Latin literature. These negative judgements are, of course, in line with the traditional assessment of Quintilian as ‘neither a great writer nor a great thinker’, one who is ‘more often belittled than understood’.
THE THIRD LIFECYCLE OF PHILOKLEON IN ARISTOPHANES’ WASPS
Authors: Cowan Robert
Published: January 2023

The mutability of Philokleon's generational identity in Aristophanes’ Wasps is well established. Critics routinely write of his ‘rejuvenation’ in the second half of the play, and it is in the scene with the αὐλητρίϲ (‘aulos-girl’), Dardanis, that the old man most explicitly plays the part of an irresponsible youth waiting for his son (in the role of father) to die. However, inversions and perversions of generational identity pervade the whole play. Even before Philokleon has undergone his liberating transformation at the symposion, the educational roles of father and son are reversed as Bdelykleon schools him in the proper way to behave in polite society. More subtly and extensively, Bowie has shown how the three agones in which Philokleon unsuccessfully engages during the first half of the play correspond to the three stages of an Athenian male citizen's life: ephebeia, maturity in the hoplite phalanx, and old age in the jury. However, critics have not observed that Philokleon goes through another, parallel journey from youth through maturity to old age in the three ‘iambic scenes’ where he is confronted by the victims of his outrageous behaviour on his way home from the symposion. This article will show how Aristophanes constructs this third lifecycle (counting Bowie's agones and his literal maturation before the play's action begins) before considering its implications for the wider characterization of Philokleon and in particular the final scene.
Does healthcare decision-making capacity affect women’s justification of sexual violence? The situation of sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Baatiema Linus , Ameyaw Edward Kwabena , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Yendaw Elijah , Moomin Aliu
Published: January 2023

Sexual violence against women is commonly justified in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) despite international commitments to halt it. This study investigated the association between healthcare decision-making capacity and the justification of sexual violence among women in SSA. We used current datasets of 30 sub-Saharan African countries published between January 2010 and December 2018. The sample included 259,885 women who were in sexual unions. We extracted and analysed the data with Stata version 14. Chi-square test and multilevel logistic regression models were used to analyse the data. Results for the regression analysis were presented as adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The results showed that women who decided on their healthcare alone had lower odds [AOR=0.93; CI=0.91–0.96] of justifying sexual violence compared to those who were not deciding alone. We also found that women aged 45-49 [AOR=0.85; CI=0.82-0.89], those with higher education [AOR=0.26; CI=0.24-0.29], cohabiting women (AOR=0.82, CI=0.80-0.85], richest women [AOR= 0.58; CI=0.56-0.60], women living in urban areas [AOR=0.74; CI=0.73-0.76], and Christians [AOR=0.52; CI=0.51-0.54] had lower odds of justifying wife beating if a woman refuses to have sex with her partner. On the contrary, women who engaged in agriculture had higher odds of justifying sexual violence than those who were not working [AOR=1.07; CI=1.04-1.09]. Groups that should be prioritised with anti-sexual violence initiatives are the poor, rural residents, and young women. It is also vital to institute policies and interventions focused on educating men about women’s right to make decisions, and why partner violence is unjust and intolerable.
Do maternal obstetric morbidity and its concomitants differ between sedente and migrant groups? The case of the Oraon populations of Eastern India
Authors: Thakur Joyeeta , Goswami Monali , Roy Subho
Published: January 2023

The state of pregnancy and child birth is a stretch of intense vulnerability and incurs reproductive cost, which is governed within a specific socio-ecological context. We asked in our research whether the obstetric morbidities at three stages: antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum, and their concomitants differed significantly between sedente and migrant populations. 403 Oraon indigenous women [203 sedente and 200 migrants] living in Eastern India were selected. Data on socio-demographic, reproductive, maternal health care services and obstetric morbidities were collected using semi structured schedules. We applied Categorical Principal Component Analysis (CATPCA) on the first three variables; PC1 and PC4 were loaded with “socio-demographic and maternal health care services” and PC2 and PC3 loaded with “socio-demographic and reproductive” variables. We applied Poisson regression to examine the determinants of obstetric morbidities. Bivariate analyses showed significant (p ≤ 0.05) sedente-migrant differences in variables related to socio-demographic, reproductive, maternal health care and obstetric morbidities. Poisson regression showed migrants were more likely (p ≤ 0.001) to experience ante and intrapartum morbidities than the sedentes, after controlling the confounders. PC1, PC2 and PC3 could significantly (p ≤ 0.05) predict ante and intrapartum morbidities. For postpartum morbidities, barring the variables related to availing of maternal health care services at the time of child delivery and post delivery, neither migration status nor any of the PCs was a significant predictor. For example, participants who delivered their child in health institutions and had episiotomy and/or caesarean delivery (p ≤ 0.01); and those who availed first PNC within the 24 hours of delivery, stayed under medical supervision after delivery for more than 48 hours and received higher coverage of PNCs were more and less likely respectively (p ≤ 0.05) to have experienced postpartum morbidities. We conclude that the maternal obstetric morbidities and their concomitants differed between sedente and migrant Oraon populations owing to their living in differential socio-ecological contexts.
Fauda and the Israeli occupation of Palestine: Gender, emotions, and visual representations of complicity in international politics
Authors: Jude Sorana
Published: January 2023

This article examines the visual politics of complicity within war, conflict, and military occupation in International Relations (IR). By arguing that complicity is a social relation through which actors navigate violence while drawing on power and resources that are distributed unevenly, it explores the production, articulation, and reception of complicity within the Israeli television series Fauda, which addresses complicit behaviour under the Israeli occupation of Palestine. By building on Feminist IR's engagement with emotions, gender, and visual representations, this article provides a twofold contribution to the study of complicity in international politics. Firstly, the complicit entanglement between creators, distributors, and viewers of Fauda spotlights the cultural workers’ role in shaping public knowledge of war, violence, and military occupation, particularly by creating and circulating cultural representations that facilitate the complicity of audiences with the violence that they consume through certain emotional logics (empathy, compassion, fear). Secondly, this article examines representations of complicity within Fauda to shed light on complicit actors’ embodied experiences of navigating between different identities while caught in the middle of violence (perpetrator, victim, witness, bystander). To this end, this article develops our understanding of emotions, resistance, and domination in international politics.
Crystal structure and X-ray powder diffraction data for ruxolitinib
Authors: Dai Chunguang , Pan Yuanjiang , Hu Xiurong
Published: January 2023

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for ruxolitinib are reported [a = 8.7211(5) Å, b = 19.6157(15) Å, c = 18.9645(10) Å, β = 90.903(6)°, unit-cell volume V = 3243.85 Å3, Z = 8, and space group P21]. All measured lines were indexed and are consistent with the corresponding space group. No detectable impurities were observed. The single-crystal data of ruxolitinib are also reported [space group P21, a = 8.7110(2) Å, b = 19.5857(4) Å, c = 18.9372(4) Å, β = 90.8570(10)°, unit-cell volume V = 3230.53(10) Å3, Z = 8]. The experimental powder diffraction pattern has been well matched with the simulated pattern derived from the single-crystal data.
‘Vandalizing’ Father Hittite. Karabel, Orientalism and Historiographies
Authors: Strupler Néhémie
Published: January 2023

This paper provides a framework to highlight the entanglement of discovery and historiography based on the example of the rock-relief figure of Karabel (Turkey), a pivotal monument to recognize the Hittites and the biblical past. I lay out the common narrative of the re-discovery's story that resemble a hagiography, and I put it into perspective with critiques from post-colonial studies. Due to the ongoing damage at the figure of Karabel, I hypothesize that the one-sided role of the monument in the story of the re-discovery of the Hittites by western scholars is insufficient to avoid the radical rejection of the Karabel relief by some people. This article is theory-in-practice: it highlights some pitfalls and tells a story with more diversity, open thought, and considerations beyond traditional narratives of power in passéist oriental archaeology.
Historians and the Decade of Centenaries in Modern Ireland
Authors: Nic Dháibhéid Caoimhe
Published: January 2023

The Irish ‘Decade of Centenaries’ is, at last, drawing to a close, ending the ‘interminable round of national soul-searching’ which one prominent historian warily anticipated in 2013.1 The final major event to be commemorated is the Civil War of 1922–3, when the Irish republican movement split bitterly and violently over the terms of the treaty granting the southern part of Ireland partial independence from Britain. As it turns out, the government in charge of overseeing that commemoration is a coalition made up of the two principal political parties that emerged from the aftermath of that civil war. Where for a century these parties had formed the binaries of the Irish political division, now their peaceful cooperation in government could be seen as proof of the ‘end of history’, Irish-style. Even erstwhile political enemies – whose ancestors one hundred years ago executed and assassinated each other – could unite in a shared project of ‘inclusive’ and ‘ethical’ commemoration informed by an expert advisory panel made up of prominent academic and public historians. Their unprecedented political cooperation would be encapsulated by the peaceful swapping of the position of Taoiseach (Prime Minister) half-way through the government's term. The third great strand of the Irish Revolution, the labour movement, was fortuitously represented by the election to the Irish Presidency in 2007 of Michael D. Higgins, an academic sociologist and former Labour Party TD (member of parliament). Casann an roth, as Higgins declared in one of his many addresses during the ‘Decade’, as it is colloquially known in Irish history parlance.2 The wheel turns, and this time had come full circle, repairing the fractures in the national movement and restoring national political unity.
Dietary fiber and its role in performance, welfare, and health of pigs
Authors: Grześkowiak Ł. , Saliu E.-M. , Martínez-Vallespín B. , Aschenbach J. R. , Brockmann G. A. , Fulde M. , Hartmann S. , Kuhla B. , Lucius R. , Metges C. C. , Rothkötter H. J. , Vahjen W. , Wessels A. G. , Zentek J.
Published: January 2023

Dietary fiber (DF) is receiving increasing attention, and its importance in pig nutrition is now acknowledged. Although DF for pigs was frowned upon for a long time because of reductions in energy intake and digestibility of other nutrients, it has become clear that feeding DF to pigs can affect their well-being and health. This review aims to summarize the state of knowledge of studies on DF in pigs, with an emphasis on the underlying mode of action, by considering research using DF in sows as well as suckling and weaned piglets, and fattening pigs. These studies indicate that DF can benefit the digestive tracts and the health of pigs, if certain conditions or restrictions are considered, such as concentration in the feed and fermentability. Besides the chemical composition and the impact on energy and nutrient digestibility, it is also necessary to evaluate the possible physical and physiologic effects on intestinal function and intestinal microbiota, to better understand the relation of DF to animal health and welfare. Future research should be designed to provide a better mechanistic understanding of the physiologic effects of DF in pigs.
Simulated Trapping of Solar Energetic Protons for the 8–10 March 2012 Geomagnetic Storm: Impact on Inner Zone Protons as Measured by Van Allen Probes
Authors: Hudson Mary K. , Engel Miles A. , Kress Brian T. , Li Zhao , Patel Maulik , Selesnick Richard S.
Published: January 2023

Solar energetic protons (SEPs) have been shown to contribute significantly to the inner zone trapped proton population for energies <100 MeV and L > 1.3 (Selesnick et al., 2007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006sw000275). The Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope (REPT) on the Van Allen Probes launched 30 August 2012 observed a double‐peaked (in L) inner zone population throughout the 7‐year lifetime of the mission. It has been proposed that a strong SEP event accompanied by a CME‐shock in early March 2012 provided the SEP source for the higher L trapped proton population, which then diffused radially inward to be observed by REPT at L ∼ 2. Here, we follow trajectories of SEP protons launched isotropically from a sphere at 7 Re in 15 s cadence fields from an Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry coupled to Rice Convection Model global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation driven by measured upstream solar wind parameters. The timescale of the interplanetary shock arrival is captured, launching a magnetosonic impulse propagating azimuthally along the dawn and dusk flanks inside the magnetosphere, shown previously to produce SEP trapping. The MHD‐test particle simulation uses Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) proton energy spectra to weight the initial radial profile required for the radial diffusion calculation over the following 2 years. GOES proton measurements also provide a dynamic outer boundary condition for radial diffusion. A direct comparison with REPT measurements 20 months following the trapping event in March 2012 supports this novel combination of short‐term and long‐term evolution of the newly trapped protons.
The Impact of Vertical Wind Shear on the Outcome of Interactions Between Squall Lines and Cities
Authors: Naylor J. , Mulholland J. P.
Published: January 2023

This study examines how organized lines of deep convective storms can be impacted by a large city with a prominent urban heat island and how low‐level environmental vertical wind shear may influence the outcomes of that interaction. Idealized simulations of squall lines are conducted in which a simplified urban area—defined by perturbations to skin temperature and surface roughness length—is placed in the center of an otherwise horizontally homogeneous domain. Simulations are conducted with three different magnitudes of low‐level vertical wind shear representing “weak,” “medium,” and “strong” shear environments. Results show that storms experience noticeable modification—including enhanced downwind precipitation—after interacting with a prominent urban heat island in all three shear configurations. However, the details of the modification are a function of the shear magnitude. In the medium and strong shear simulations, updrafts are enhanced via increased buoyancy after passing over a prominent urban heat island. In contrast, little updraft strengthening is evident in the weak‐shear simulations. Instead, near‐surface winds are enhanced downwind of the urban heat island due to a more prominent descending rear‐inflow jet.
Initial Results of the Relative Humidity Observations by MEDA Instrument Onboard the Mars 2020 Perseverance Rover
Authors: Polkko J. , Hieta M. , Harri A.‐M. , Tamppari L. , Martínez G. , Viúdez‐Moreiras D. , Savijärvi H. , Conrad P. , Zorzano Mier M. P. , De La Torre Juarez M. , Hueso R. , Munguira A. , Leino J. , Gómez F. , Jaakonaho I. , Fischer E. , Genzer M. , Apestigue V. , Arruego I. , Banfield D. , Lepinette A. , Paton M. , Rodriguez‐Manfredi J. A. , Sánchez Lavega A. , Sebastian E. , Toledo D. , Vicente‐Retortillo A. ,   MEDA team
Published: January 2023

The Mars 2020 mission rover “Perseverance”, launched on 30 July 2020 by NASA, landed successfully 18 February 2021 at Jezero Crater, Mars (Lon. E 77.4509° Lat. N 18.4446°). The landing took place at Mars solar longitude Ls = 5.2°, close to start of the northern spring. Perseverance's payload includes the relative humidity sensor MEDA HS (Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer Humidity Sensor), which operations, performance, and the first observations from sol 80 to sol 410 (Ls 44°–210°) of Perseverance's operations we describe. The relative humidity measured by MEDA‐HS is reliable from late night hours to few tens of minutes after sunrise when the measured humidity is greater than 2% (referenced to sensor temperature). Data delivered to the Planetary Data System include relative humidity, sensor temperature, uncertainty of relative humidity, and volume mixing ratio (VMR). VMR is calculated using the MEDA‐PS pressure sensor values. According to observations, nighttime absolute humidity follows a seasonal curve in which release of water vapor from the northern cap with advancing northern spring and summer is visible. At ground level, frost conditions may have been reached a few times during this season (Ls 44°–210°). Volume mixing ratio values show a declining diurnal trend from the midnight toward the morning suggesting adsorption of humidity into the ground. Observations are compared with an adsorptive single‐column model, which complies with observations and confirms adsorption. The model allows estimating daytime VMR levels. Short‐term subhour timescales show large temporal fluctuations in humidity, which suggest vertical and spatial advection.
Shock Compression of Fluorapatite to 120 GPa
Authors: Rucks M. J. , Winey J. M. , Toyoda Y. , Gupta Y. M. , Duffy T. S.
Published: January 2023

Apatite is a phosphate mineral relevant to shock metamorphism in planetary materials. Here, we report on the response of natural fluorapatite from Durango, Mexico, under shock wave loading between 14.5 and 119.5 GPa. Wave profile measurements were obtained in plate‐impact experiments conducted on [0001]‐oriented fluorapatite single crystals. To 30 GPa peak stresses, we observed a two‐wave structure indicating an elastic‐inelastic response with elastic wave amplitudes of 10.5–13.1 GPa. Between 39.1 and 62.1 GPa, a complex wave structure was observed involving the propagation of three waves. At and above 73.7 GPa, only a single shock wave was observed. The data above 73.7 GPa provided the following linear shock velocity—particle velocity relationship: Us = 6.5(2) + 0.78(6) up, (mm/μs). Above 80 GPa, the densities in the shocked state exceed both the extrapolated 300‐K density of fluorapatite and the predicted 300‐K density for a mixture of the high‐pressure assemblage, tuite, and CaF2. This result indicates that fluorapatite undergoes a transition to a denser structure under shock loading at these conditions. The shock response of fluorapatite is observed to be similar to that of enstatite but stiffer than quartz and albite at the stresses examined in this work.
RCS Diagnostic Imaging Using Parameter Extraction Technique of State Space Method
Authors: Huang Jinhai , Liu Xumin , Zhou Jianjiang , Deng Yao
Published: January 2023

The signature extraction and processing are the key aspects of enhancing recognition ability for radar target characteristics. In this paper, to reveal the intrinsic property of the target and improve the accuracy of radar cross section (RCS), we proposed RCS diagnostic imaging technique, extracting the parameters of scattering center model by state space method (SSM), to analyze the signature of GTD‐based returns. To demonstrate the effectiveness of SSM, the comparison with estimating signal parameter via rotational invariance techniques method by the analysis of goodness‐of‐fit and root mean square error, reconstructing the RCS profile through original signal model, and employing SSM to extract the signature of specular and creeping wave from the PEC sphere. Furthermore, the RCS diagnostic imaging by SSM extracting position and amplitude is discussed, and range‐isolated pole technique specific to the creeping wave extraction is addressed the advantage of SSM.
Obesity and adverse childhood experiences in relation to stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: De Rubeis Vanessa , Gonzalez Andrea , de Groh Margaret , Jiang Ying , Erbas Oz Urun , Tarride Jean-Eric , Basta Nicole E. , Kirkland Susan , Wolfson Christina , Griffith Lauren E. , Raina Parminder , Anderson Laura N. ,   the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) Team, Costa Andrew , Balion Cynthia , Asada Yukiko , Cossette Benoȋt , Levasseur Melanie , Hofer Scott , Paterson Theone , Hogan David , McMillan Jacqueline , Liu-Ambrose Teresa , Menec Verena , St. John Philip , Mugford Gerald , Gao Zhiwei , Taler Vanessa , Davidson Patrick , Wister Andrew , Cosco Theodore
Published: January 2023

Background

People with obesity are at increased risk of chronic stress, and this may have been exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are also associated with both obesity and stress, and may modify risk of stress among people with obesity. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the associations between obesity, ACEs, and stress during the pandemic, and to determine if the association between obesity and stress was modified by ACEs.

Methods

A longitudinal study was conducted among adults aged 50–96 years (n = 23,972) from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) COVID-19 Study. Obesity and ACEs were collected pre-pandemic (2015–2018), and stress was measured at COVID-19 Exit Survey (Sept-Dec 2020). We used logistic, Poisson, and negative binomial regression to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between obesity, ACEs, and stress outcomes during the pandemic. Interaction by ACEs was evaluated on the additive and multiplicative scales.

Results

People with obesity were more likely to experience an increase in overall stressors (class III obesity vs. healthy weight RR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.12–1.27) as well as increased health related stressors (class III obesity vs. healthy weight RR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.12–1.39) but did not perceive the consequences of the pandemic as negative. ACEs were also associated an increase in overall stressors (4–8 ACEs vs. none RR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.33–1.44) and being more likely to perceive the pandemic as negative (4–8 ACEs vs. none RR = 1.32; 95% CI: 1.19–1.47). The association between obesity and stress was not modified by ACEs.

Conclusions

Increased stress during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic was observed among people with obesity or ACEs. The long-term outcomes of stress during the pandemic need to be determined.
Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: aetiology, pathophysiology, and treatment
Authors: McCutcheon Robert A. , Keefe Richard S. E. , McGuire Philip K.
Published: January 2023

Cognitive deficits are a core feature of schizophrenia, account for much of the impaired functioning associated with the disorder and are not responsive to existing treatments. In this review, we first describe the clinical presentation and natural history of these deficits. We then consider aetiological factors, highlighting how a range of similar genetic and environmental factors are associated with both cognitive function and schizophrenia. We then review the pathophysiological mechanisms thought to underlie cognitive symptoms, including the role of dopamine, cholinergic signalling and the balance between GABAergic interneurons and glutamatergic pyramidal cells. Finally, we review the clinical management of cognitive impairments and candidate novel treatments.
Divergent projections of the prelimbic cortex mediate autism- and anxiety-like behaviors
Authors: Luo Yi-Fan , Lu Lu , Song Heng-Yi , Xu Han , Zheng Zhi-Wei , Wu Zhou-Yue , Jiang Chen-Chen , Tong Chu , Yuan Hao-Yang , Liu Xiu-Xiu , Chen Xiang , Sun Mei-ling , Tang Ya-Min , Fan Heng-Yu , Han Feng , Lu Ying-Mei
Published: January 2023

The comorbidity of autism spectrum disorder and anxiety is common, but the underlying circuitry is poorly understood. Here, Tmem74-/- mice showed autism- and anxiety-like behaviors along with increased excitability of pyramidal neurons (PNs) in the prelimbic cortex (PL), which were reversed by Tmem74 re-expression and chemogenetic inhibition in PNs of the PL. To determine the underlying circuitry, we performed conditional deletion of Tmem74 in the PNs of PL of mice, and we found that alterations in the PL projections to fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs) in the dorsal striatum (dSTR) (PLPNs–dSTRFSIs) mediated the hyperexcitability of FSIs and autism-like behaviors and that alterations in the PL projections to the PNs of the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus (BLA) (PLPNs–BLAPNs) mediated the hyperexcitability of PNs and anxiety-like behaviors. However, the two populations of PNs in the PL had different spatial locations, optogenetic manipulations revealed that alterations in the activity in the PL–dSTR or PL–BLA circuits led to autism- or anxiety-like behaviors, respectively. Collectively, these findings highlight that the hyperactivity of the two populations of PNs in the PL mediates autism and anxiety comorbidity through the PL–dSTR and PL–BLA circuits, which may lead to the development of new therapeutics for the autism and anxiety comorbidity.
Does treatment with autophagy-enhancers and/or ROS-scavengers alleviate behavioral and neurochemical consequences of low-dose rotenone-induced mild mitochondrial dysfunction in mice?
Authors: Damri O. , Natour S. , Asslih S. , Agam G.
Published: January 2023

Bipolar-disorder’s pathophysiology and the mechanism by which medications exert their beneficial effect is yet unknown, but others’ and our data implicate patients’ brain mitochondrial-dysfunction and its amendment by mood-stabilizers. We recently designed a novel mouse bipolar-disorder-like model using chronic administration of a low-dose of the oxidative-phosphorylation complex I inhibitor, rotenone. Four and eight weeks rotenone treatment induced manic- and depressive-like behavior, respectively, accompanied by mood-related neurochemical changes. Here we aimed to investigate whether each of the autophagy-enhancers lithium (a mood-stabilizer), trehalose and resveratrol and/or each of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavengers, resveratrol and N-acetylcystein and/or the combinations lithium+resveratrol or trehalose+N-acetylcystein, can ameliorate behavioral and neurochemical consequences of neuronal mild mitochondrial-dysfunction. We observed that lithium, trehalose and N-acetylcystein reversed rotenone-induced manic-like behavior as well as deviations in protein levels of mitochondrial complexes and the autophagy marker LC3-II. This raises the possibility that mild mitochondrial-dysfunction accompanied by impaired autophagy and a very mild increase in ROS levels are related to predisposition to manic-like behavior. On the other hand, although, as expected, most of the drugs tested eliminated the eight weeks rotenone-induced increase in protein levels of all hippocampal mitochondrial complexes, only lithium ubiquitously ameliorated the depressive-like behaviors. We cautiously deduce that aberrant autophagy and/or elevated ROS levels are not involved in predisposition to the depressive phase of bipolar-like behavior. Rather, that amending the depressive–like characteristics requires different mitochondria-related interventions. The latter might be antagonizing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), thus protecting from disruption of mitochondrial calcium homeostasis and its detrimental consequences. In conclusion, our findings suggest that by-and-large, among the autophagy-enhancers and ROS-scavengers tested, lithium is the most effective in counteracting rotenone-induced changes. Trehalose and N-acetylcystein may also be effective in attenuating manic-like behavior.
Chronic escitalopram in healthy volunteers has specific effects on reinforcement sensitivity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled semi-randomised study
Authors: Langley Christelle , Armand Sophia , Luo Qiang , Savulich George , Segerberg Tina , Søndergaard Anna , Pedersen Elisabeth B. , Svart Nanna , Overgaard-Hansen Oliver , Johansen Annette , Borgsted Camilla , Cardinal Rudolf N. , Robbins Trevor W. , Stenbæk Dea S. , Knudsen Gitte M. , Sahakian Barbara J.
Published: January 2023

Several studies of the effects on cognition of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), administered either acutely or sub-chronically in healthy volunteers, have found changes in learning and reinforcement outcomes. In contrast, to our knowledge, there have been no studies of chronic effects of escitalopram on cognition in healthy volunteers. This is important in view of its clinical use in major depressive disorder (MDD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Consequently, we aimed to investigate the chronic effect of the SSRI, escitalopram, on measures of ‘cold’ cognition (including inhibition, cognitive flexibility, memory) and ‘hot cognition’ including decision-making and particularly reinforcement learning. The study, conducted at the University of Copenhagen between May 2020 and October 2021, used a double-blind placebo-controlled design with 66 healthy volunteers, semi-randomised to receive either 20 mg of escitalopram (n = 32) or placebo (n = 34), balanced for age, sex and intelligence quotient (IQ) for at least 21 days. Questionnaires, neuropsychological tests and serum escitalopram measures were taken. We analysed group differences on the cognitive measures using linear regression models as well as innovative hierarchical Bayesian modelling of the Probabilistic Reversal Learning (PRL) task. The novel and important finding was that escitalopram reduced reinforcement sensitivity compared to placebo on both the Sequential Model-Based/Model-Free task and the PRL task. We found no other significant group differences on ‘cold’ or ‘hot’ cognition. These findings demonstrate that serotonin reuptake inhibition is involved in reinforcement learning in healthy individuals. Lower reinforcement sensitivity in response to chronic SSRI administration may reflect the ‘blunting’ effect often reported by patients with MDD treated with SSRIs. Trial Registration:NCT04239339.