bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPTIC DISC CUPPING AND PREMATURITY Large Cups as a Possible Low Birth Weight Sequel
Authors: FLEDELIUS HANS
Published: May 2009

In a previous ophthalmic study of ex‐prematures around the age of 10 years it was accidentally found that cupping of the optic disc was significantly more pronounced in children of a low birth weight (< 2000 g) than in full‐term controls (Fledelius 1976). This was true for cup size (cup/disc diameter ratio) as well as depth (as indicated by a visible cribriform plate).

The present analyses make up an extension of the above study, with additional calculations based on some of its data. Within the ex‐prematures (n = 268) the cup size did not seem to be related to birth weight, sex, or visual acuity. Eyes with myopia of prematurity were not especially ‘loaded’ with large cups.

For the whole sample (including the 187 full‐term control there was a weak association between cup size and refraction (and axial eye length). Larger cups occurred relatively more often in myopic eyes. Possible mechanisms behind early changes in disc are discussed (astroglial hypothesis — distension of disc — loss of retinal nerve fibers). It is felt that this new observation — large disc cupping as a possible low birth weight sequel — has to be substantiated by further clinical evidence, as statistical type I error (mass significance) cannot be ruled out.
MORPHOLOGY AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF THE RETINAL CAPILLARIES IN MICE WITH THE OBESE‐HYPERGLYCAEMIC SYNDROME (GENE SYMBOL OB)
Authors: NAESER PETER , ÅGREN AMBJÖRN
Published: May 2009

The retinal capillary bed from 67 obese‐hyperglycaemic mice and 64 lean litter mates was isolated by trypsin digestion and investigated with respect to structure and enzyme activities. There was no significant difference in the ratio between numbers of endothelial and mural cells. The capillary walls did not show any obvious structural differences and microaneurysms were not observed. The retinal vessels from the obese‐hyperglycaemic mice, however, displayed significantly higher activities of the enzymes hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase, asparate aminotransferase (ASAT) and adenylate kinase than their lean litter mates. The activities of glutathione reductase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PDH) and phosphofructokinase were similar in the two experimental groups. It is suggested that the present data reflect early metabolic disturbances related to diabetic retinopathy.
BINOCULAR INTERACTION STUDIED WITH VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES (VER) IN HUMANS WITH NORMAL OR IMPAIRED BINOCULAR VISION
Authors: LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

In an attempt to evaluate binocular functions in an objective manner, visual evoked responses (VER) were recorded in sixteen subjects, six with normal binocular functions and ten with various degrees of squint and binocular impairment. The two eyes were stimulated monocularly or dioptically with a polaroid checker board pattern viewed through rotating polaroid discs. The rate of pattern reversal was 7 per sec for one eye and 10 per sec for the other, allowing stimulus locked responses to be recorded from each eye individually, even during dioptic viewing. In normal subjects the VER of each eye to binocular stimulation were reduced to half or less of the monocular value. The reduction was much smaller in humans with impaired binocular vision, at least for the dominant eye. In stereoblind subjects the response of the dominant eye was the same for monocular and binocular stimulation. The VER changes might reflect binocular interaction in visual cortex neurons, which probably are binocular in normal subjects but driven only from one eye in stereoblind subjects.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES (VER) TO DICHOPTIC STIMULATION
Authors: LENNERSTRAND GUNNAR
Published: May 2009

The possibility that the interocular depression of VER seen with dioptic stimulation, might reflect alternate suppression or binocular rivalry, unnoticed by the test subjects, was investigated in VER experiments using dichoptic stimulation with patterns of dissimilar form. Red and blue grating and checker board patterns were produced on a colour TV screen. Appropriate filtering allowed the two eyes to be stimulated separately. Provided the patterns were dissimilar enough to produce binocular rivalry, no interocular depression was noticed in the VER. The interocular depression became larger as the patterns were made similar in size and reached a maximum for patterns identical in shape. Thus the interocular depression of the VERs reported for dioptic stimulation did not seem to be related to binocular rivalry. The results also give electrophysiological support to the notion of spartial frequency and orientation selective channels in the human visual system.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF THE CILIARY EPITHELIUM IN THROMBOCYTOPENIC RABBITS
Authors: PEDERSEN OLAV ØYVIND , AURSNES IVAR
Published: May 2009

Thrombocytopenia was induced in four albino rabbits by giving sublethal doses of gamma‐irradiation (6.6 Gy) to their whole bodies. The animals were sacrificed 10 days later. The test animals were at that time markedly thrombocytopenic. Numerous petechial haemorrhages were found in their ciliary processes. With the electron microscope extensive pathological changes were also found in the epithelium of the ciliary processes. The pigmented epithelium showed numerous cystic dilatations of the intercellular spaces, which sometimes contained fibrin and break‐up products of red blood cells. In the most affected parts of the epithelium, dilatations of the lateral intercellular spaces of the non‐pigmented epithelium were observed as well. Fibrin was found in the lateral intercellular spaces of the non‐pigmented epithelium and also infiltrating the internal limiting membrane, indicating breakdown of the blood‐aqueous barrier to protein. In one control animal whose head was irradiated with the rest of the body shielded with lead, no pathological changes were found in the ciliary processes compared with three non‐irradiated animals. The study shows that a vascular defect in the ciliary processes can induce changes in the ciliary epithelium identical to those found in inflammatory conditions of the anterior uvea. The suggestion that the vessels of the ciliary processes play an important role in the pathogenesis of such conditions is thus sustained.
AMPICILLIN PENETRATION INTO THE RABBIT EYE
Authors: SALMINEN LOTTA
Published: May 2009

Distribution of intravenously injected ampicillin of 50 mg/kg was studied in the rabbit eye using radioactive tracer method.

Antibiotic concentration regarded as therapeutic in the treatment of gram‐negative organisms was obtained in all vascularized ocular structures. Intermediate values were measured from the cornea and aqueous humour. In the vitreous body and lens, ampicillin was unable to approach a concentration that would be effective against the common gram‐negative organisms. The low ampicillin concentration in the vitreous body and lens was unchanged by systemically administered probenecid, which in other parts of the eye caused significantly higher ampicillin levels.
MANAGEMENT OF LATE CORNEAL GRAFT PROBLEMS
Authors: EHLERS NIELS , BRAMSEN THORKILD
Published: May 2009

Immediately after an operation the corneal graft is taken care of by the surgeon, but after a certain period of time the control lies in the hands of the general ophthalmologist.

Examples of the management of different kinds of postoperative complications are presented. Early correct treatment of any graft problem is of decisive importance. Careful slit‐lamp examination and measurement of graft thickness is stressed and the prompt use of systemic and subconjunctival steroids is recommended for incipient graft failure. Systemic tranexamic acid may also be useful.
THE EFFECT OF UROKINASE ON CENTRAL CORNEAL THICKNESS AND VITREOUS HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: BRAMSEN THORKILD
Published: May 2009

Thirteen patients with vitreous opacities were treated by intravitreal injection of urokinase. The central corneal thickness was measured daily on both eyes. Determination of visual acuity and ophthalmoscopy were done before treatment and at each following attendance (longest period of follow‐up was seven months).

The central corneal thickness increased after urokinase injection and the maximum thickness was reached on the second day. On the 6th day a secondary rise in corneal thickness occurred. The possible relation to the fibrinolytic system is discussed.

There was an effect on the vitreous opacities in 8 out of 13 eyes. Only in 3 of the 13 eyes did visual acuity increase. This relative poor result as regards visual acuity in most cases was due to membranes in the vitreous.
TREATMENT OF BASAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE EYELID
Authors: NORDMAN E. M. , NORDMAN L. E. O.
Published: May 2009

109 cases treated for basal cell carcinoma of the lid are presented. Of the 79 patients who received radiation treatment alone, 65 (82%) were recurrence‐free at two years and of the 45 followed for five years, 31 (69%) were recurrence‐free. Of the 30 cases radically excised, 27 (90%) were cured at two years, and all of the 15 who were followed for five years. Small tumours were cured as effectively with irradiation (98%) as with excision (92%). Larger tumours with a diameter of more than one cm seemed to have a less favourable result with radiotherapy, 20/33 for two years and 9/21 for five years, than with excision, 6/7 and 5/5, respectively.
HLA HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS IN OPEN‐ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: DAMGAARD‐JENSEN L. , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN F.
Published: May 2009

HLA‐typing of 125 patients with open‐angle glaucoma (glaucoma simplex) showed no statistically significant deviations from a control series of 1197 blood donors. Some earlier, but mutually inconsistent, reports contradict this result. In evaluating investigations of this kind care must be taken to avoid statistical pitfalls.
ASPECTS ON THE DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATIC PERIMETER
Authors: KRAKAU C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

Since the first description (1976) of the computerized perimeter Competer, some small modifications and new routines have been introduced. An account of a new mode for presentation of the test results and a procedure for their storage is therefore provided. Some elementary technical facts are included to make the relations computer ‐ computer language ‐ perimeter comprehensible. The construction of efficient test logics is discussed and the meaning of “threshold level” explored.
BIOLOGICAL VARIATION OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONCENTRATIONS IN NORMAL HUMAN TEARS RELATED TO AGE AND SEX
Authors: SEN D. K. , SARIN G. S. , MATHUR G. P. , SAHA KUNAL
Published: May 2009

Single radial immunodiffusion method was used to measure the concentration of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgD in tears of 220 healthy individuals aged from 2 to 86 years. Relation of the values to age and sex has been evaluated statistically by regression analysis method. Mean IgA level was 30.7 mg/100 ml. IgG could be detected in 200 samples and the level was less than 1 mg/100 ml. IgM was detected in only 7 samples and the value was less than 1 mg/100 ml. IgD could not be detected in any of the sample. The IgA level in males and that in females differs significantly, the females having a higher mean value. The IgA level appears to increase in both sexes with age. No relationship with age and sex could be established in other types of immunoglobulins.
INDIRECT EVALUATION OF CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL DENSITY
Authors: SPERLING STEFFEN
Published: May 2009

In 16 whole flat corneal mounts stained by alizarine red and trypane blue it was investigated whether estimates of central numerical endothelial cell density could be based on peripheral cell density, on age or on morphological cell characteristics. With certain precautions estimates of central cell density could be based on peripheral cell density, on age and on the occurrence of large central or peripheral cells. Estimates could not be based on the occurrence of other cellular morphological characteristics.
EOG IN A LARGE FAMILY WITH HEREDITARY MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: THORBURN W. , NORDSTRÖM S.
Published: May 2009

A total of 128 descendants from one large family with a history of hereditary macular degeneration (HMD) were examined with EOG. Of these, 42 were affected patients, 48 were healthy offsprings to affected parents, and 38 were normal controls. Affected subjects had a light peak/dark trough ratio smaller than 1.40. In the group of offspring of affected parents the Lp/Dt ratios showed a bimodal distribution dividing the group into two parts, one with values less than 1.40 and another with values larger than 1.70. Thus carriers of the HMD gene can apparently be identified by use of EOG. The affected subjects and the carriers had a lower base value of the standing potential than the controls.
IMPLANTATION OF A SCLERAL STRIP INTO THE SUPRACILIARY SPACE AND CYCLODIALYSIS IN GLAUCOMA
Authors: NESTEROV A. P. , KOLESNIKOVA L. N.
Published: May 2009

Since 1975 the operation of implantation of a scleral strip (10 mm long and 2 mm wide) has been performed on 75 glaucomatous patients. The following variants of surgical technique were used: (1) implantation of an autoscleral strip into the supraciliary space, (2) implantation of an auto‐scleral strip combined with cyclodialysis and (3) implantation of a homo‐scleral (cadaver) strip combined with cyclodialysis.

The first technique was employed in 12 cases. The intraocular pressure was controlled by surgery alone in only four eyes, though a decrease in the level of the intraocular pressure and an increase in the C‐value occurred in each case.

No significant difference between the results obtained with the second and the third techniques was found. Of 63 eyes operated on, the intraocular pressure was controlled in 41 eyes (65%) by surgery alone and in 11 other eyes with the help of miotics 3 to 4 weeks after surgery. Follow‐up was for a period of from 12 to 23 months in 51 cases. The pressure was under control in 36 eyes (71%) without medication and in 10 more eyes with miotics.

The rate of complications was low. Hyphaema appeared in 10 cases and mild iridocyclitis occurred in 11 cases. There was no case of choroidal detachment, persistent hypotony or flat anterior chamber after surgery.
VITAL STAINING PROPERTIES OF NEUTRAL RED
Authors: MARNER KIRSTEN , NORN MOGENS S.
Published: May 2009

Vital staining by instillation in the conjunctival sac of 1% neutral red in 54 normal and 153 differently affected eyes was studied by slit lamp examination. Of these, 134 eyes were after‐stained by a mixture of 1% tetrazolium and 1/4% alcian blue and 73 eyes were after‐stained by a mixture of 1% rose bengal and 1% fluorescein.

Microscopy of a further 10 conjunctival scrapingo and 40 mucous conjunctival threads disclosed neutral‐red‐stained inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells and the granulocytes.

In the slit lamp the cornea and the conjunctiva were seen to be stained only rarely and, if so, poorly by neutral red, both in normal and affected eyes. Better staining was obtained with tetrazolium, and the best with rose bengal. The plica semilunaris, Marx' line, and the mucous thread were stained by neutral red, more intensely by rose bengal, and the least by tetrazolium. The inferior fornix and the tarsus were rarely stained by any of the three dyes.

Neutral red seems to offer no diagnostic advantages over the vital stains with which the dye has been compared in the present study. More particularly we found no pathological processes that were stained more intensely by neutral red than by the other vital stains.
VITREO‐SCLERAL FLUID TRANSFER IN THE RABBIT
Authors: MOSELEY M. , JOHNSON N. F. , FOULDS W. S.
Published: May 2009

Experiments were carried out to see whether a radioactive tracer placed in the vitreous of a rabbit eye could be detected on the sclera. A solution of Xenon‐133 dissolved in saline was injected into the vitreous of six rabbits and collecting tubes containing activated charcoal were placed on the sclera. The presence of Xenon in these tubes confirmed that vitreo‐scleral transfer had occurred It was calculated that on average, 2% of the Xenon had appeared over the whole sclera. A mathematical analysis of the shape of the activity curve of the tracer on the sclera revealed that its appearance was probably due to diffusion across the outer layers of the eye
EARLY MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN ORGAN CULTURED HUMAN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: SPERLING STEFFEN
Published: May 2009

Nineteen human cadaver corneas with few damaged endothelial cells were incubated under tissue culture conditions for time periods ranging from five min to 48 h. Morphological alterations of the endothelial cells were studied in whole wet mounts stained by alizarine red‐alkohol‐trypane blue and by scanning electron microscopy. Joint meetings of three cells are characterisic for normal corneal endothelium. After 15–60 min of incubation, damaged cells were expelled from the coherent cell sheet by expanding neighbouring cells. Joint meetings of 5–8 expanding cells were formed. After 24 h of incubation, joint meetings of four cells were the dominating morphological abnormality. Morphological changes during reduction of the numbers of cells in joint meetings are described.
PULFRICH PENDULUM PHENOMENON IN PATIENTS WITH A HISTORY OF ACUTE OPTIC NEURITIS
Authors: SLAGSVOLD JON ERIK
Published: May 2009

The Pulfrich phenomenon is a stereoillusion in which a pendulum swinging at right angles to the line of gaze appears to be describing an elliptical path when absorbing filters are placed in front of one eye.

We used two sets of Polaroid glasses as adjustable filters. A spot on a modified oscilloscope served at a pendulum bob. Twenty‐nine former patients with a history of optic neuritis and visual acuities of ≧ 6/6 in both eyes and twenty‐two normal subjects underwent examinations. The patients showed pathological recordings which separated them from the control subjects. The test seems to expose minor residual dysfunction of affected optic nerves where the visual acuity is normalized. This abnormal response when viewing the moving Pulfrich pendulum is probably caused by disturbed neural conduction. The degree of acute visual loss and the time elapsed since the attack did not seem to influence the Pulfrich response. The results may explain why some patients who have recovered from optic neuritis complain of difficulties when viewing moving objects. In addition to the use of Pulfrich illusion test for diagnostic work; i. e. clinical or subclinical attacks of optic neuritis, it can serve as a valuable supplement to the more sophisticated method of visual evoked response.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR SCREENING OF CHILDREN WITH STRABISMUS, ANISOMETROPIA OR AMETROPIA BY SIMULTANEOUS PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE CORNEAL AND THE FUNDUS REFLEXES
Authors: KAAKINEN KARI
Published: May 2009

A simple screening method for detecting strabismus, anisometropia and ametropia in young children by simultaneous photography of the corneal and fundus reflexes with a conventional camera and flashlight is presented. The method is the photographic application of the von Brückner Durchleuchtung test and static skiascopy. The objective document from the external part of the eyes and the face is obtained at the same time. Model photographs with certain gaze deviation angles are presented with the method.
TYPICAL AND ATYPICAL MONOCHROMACY STUDIED BY SPECIFIC QUANTITATIVE PERIMETRY
Authors: HANSEN EGILL
Published: May 2009

Two blue cone monochromats and four rod monochromats have been studied by increment threshold measurements applying the Stiles' principle. Some rudimentary colour discrimination was reported by the blue cone monochromats. One patient showed good discrimination between short‐ and middle‐wavelength lights in matching experiments using the Nagel II apparatus. His neutral band in the spectrum was at ΛΛ = 485–495 nm. Dichromatic vision could not be proved in the other patient.

The blue cone monochromats also had good responding blue mechanism in the periphery. Indication of cone activity other than blue cones is found in both kinds of monochromats; these cones being probably of the rhodopsin‐cone type (π0 cones). The conclusions are drawn that the inhibitory effect of the π0 cones upon the rod mechanism may account for the differences shown by our two blue cone monochromats as to visual acuity, nystagmus and photophobia. Likewise, their differences regarding dichromatic vision may be explained by an unequal number of π0 cones in their retinas rather than by differences in their blue mechanisms.
THE EFFECT OF METOPROLOL ON INTRA‐OCULAR PRESSURE IN GLAUCOMA: A Pilot Study
Authors: ALM ALBERT , WICKSTRÖM CARL PETER , EKSTRÖM CURT , ÖHMAN LENA
Published: May 2009

Eleven patients with previously untreated glaucoma of one eye were given metoprolol, 50 mg × 3 for one day. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and heart rate were significantly reduced during treatment, and increased after withdrawal of the drug. In the eyes with glaucoma, the mean IOP was reduced from 30.1 to 20.6 mmHg during treatment. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were also reduced during treatment, but stayed at the same level after withdrawal of the drug. It is concluded that at least part of the reductions observed for IOP and heart rate are drug‐induced, while the effect on blood pressure is mainly induced by factors other than the drug. The effect on IOP is considered large enough to be of clinical interest.
EARLY POSTOPERATIVE CHANGES IN GRAFT THICKNESS AFTER PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY: Influence of Host Corneal Disorder on Time Course
Authors: BRAMSEN THORKILD , EHLERS NIELS
Published: May 2009

In 172 patients the thickness of the corneal graft was followed with frequent measurements during the first 14 days after operation. Three different graft thickness time courses were observed. Patients with keratitis, stromal dystrophy and corrosion or mechanical lesion showed a secondary rise in graft thickness on the 6th postoperative day, while patients with keratoconus and those treated with tranexamic acid showed no rise on the 6th day. Patients with Fuchs' dystrophy differed from the other groups in not reaching the maximal thickness until the 3rd postoperative day.

The possible correlation of these three time courses with changes in the fibrinolytic system is discussed.
PRIMARY LOCALIZED ORBITAL AMYLOIDOSIS
Authors: NEHEN JENS HENRIK
Published: May 2009

The present paper reports a case of primary localized amyloid tumour of the orbit in a 68‐year‐old woman in whom myasthenia gravis had been diagnosed 33 years before. An amyloid tumour with this location is very rare, and up to the present time only 13 cases have been recorded in the literature. The reported orbital amyloid tumour revealed a considerable accumulation of activity at orbital scintigraphy with 99Tcm and, compared with the conventional pseudotumours, a distinct rise in density at computed tomography after intravenous infusion of iodized contrast medium.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE NORMAL CONJUNCTIVAL EPITHELIUM OF THE GUINEA PIG: III. The Bulbar Zone, the Zone of the Fornix and the Supranodular Zone
Authors: LATKOVIC STEFAN
Published: May 2009

Three adjacent zones of the conjunctival epithelium of the guinea pig are described: the three‐layered bulbar zone with cuboidal superficial cells, the three‐layered zone of the fornix with cylindrical superficial cells, and the four‐ to five‐layered supranodular zone characterized by close association with a lymphoid nodule. The similarities and differences in the general morphology of the epithelium and in the ultrastructural features of the cells, as compared to those of the perilimbal zone, are pointed out. The functional significance of atypical mitochondria found in certain cells of the bulbar and fornical zones is commented upon. Particular attention is paid to the supranodular zone, containing a large number of intraepithelially located lymphocytes. The possible role of an epithelium associated with subepithelial lymphoid tissue in the immune defense is discussed.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE NORMAL CONJUNCTIVAL EPITHELIUM OF THE GUINEA PIG: IV. The Palpebral and the Perimarginal Zones
Authors: LATKOVIC STEFAN
Published: May 2009

The ultrastructure of the palpebral and perimarginal zones is described and compared to that of the other zones of the conjunctival epithelium of the guinea pig. The palpebral zone was characterized by frequently occurring goblet cells, the structure and function of which are discussed. The transition in the perimarginal zone from a four‐layered epithelium with cylindrical superficial cells in the palpebral zone to a multilayered, squamous epithelium towards the lid margin is shown.
CHOROIDAL FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY IN RABBIT
Authors: RINGVOLD AMUND , OLSEN ERLING GRØNVOLD
Published: May 2009

The extreme permeability of the choriocapillaris to sodium fluorescein makes angiography with this tracer unsuitable to show the choroidal vascular bed. In order to prevent this profuse leakage, the choroidal circulation is visualized with fundus angiography after injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled dextrans of different molecular weight: 20 000, 40 000, 70 000, and 150 000. It is shown that the two first dextrans leak out of the choriocapillaris rather rapidly, whereas the last two dextrans remain intravascularly long enough to enable good demonstration of choroidal vessels. The practical application of these findings is discussed, and it is concluded that the dextran with molecular weight 70 000 should be preferred for use in humans.
VITRECTOMY AFTER INTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION IN DIABETIC SEQUELAE
Authors: ALGVERE PEEP
Published: May 2009

Pars plana vitrectomy was performed on 40 diabetic eyes with opacified vitreous due to preretinal haemorrhages and fibrovascular proliferations. Cataractous lenses were present in all cases and were removed by intracapsular extractions 4–8 weeks prior to vitrectomy. Preoperative visual acuity ranged from light projection to 1/60.

Postoperatively, vision improved in 26 (65%) eyes, remained unchanged in 5 (12.5%), and deteriorated in 9 (22.5%) during a follow‐up time of 5–18 months (mean 8 months). In 19 (48%) eyes a visual acuity ranging from 0.1‐0.9 was achieved. In 31 eyes that improved or remained unchanged, iris neovascularization developed in 2 (6%) and longstanding increase of intraocular pressure in 9 (29%). Visual failures were mainly due to incomplete removal of preretinal proliferations and retinal detachment, and neovascular glaucoma developed in 5 of the 9 eyes.

In 30 (75%) eyes the anatomical status at the vitreo‐retinal junction improved considerably when the preretinal tissue causing retinal traction was excised, and the proliferative disease reverted into a background retinopathy.
CLINICAL ELECTRO‐OCULOGRAPHY
Authors: PINCKERS A.
Published: May 2009

In clinical routine EOG we are dealing with a base line or lightinsensitive potential and a lightsensitive potential, the latter consisting of at least two different oscillations, a fast negative and a slow positive one. Any judgement of EOG without referring to the absolute level of the baseline is an incomplete one. It is no longer justified to refer to the Arden ratio as a unique parameter for EOG normalty or abnormalty. Our knowledge about the generating mechanisms of the different EOG components is insufficient. Clinical EOG examination is one way to better understanding. Statistical evaluation is not easy because of the considerable inter‐ and intraindividual variations. The study of uniocular diseases or affections may solve some of our problems.
ORBITAL ABSCESS IN TWO NEONATES, DERIVING FROM CONJUNCTIVAL MALFORMATIONS
Authors: MARUSZCZAK DANUTA , KRARUP JENS C. , FLEDELIUS HANS C.
Published: May 2009

A report is given of two infants who developed an orbital abscess within their first month of life. Generally they were unaffected, and malignancies were initially suspected. Ultrasonography showed partly cystic, partly solid lesions. The likely infectious foci were conjunctival malformations, a mucosal fistula in case No. 1, a conjunctival cyst in case No. 2.

There was rapid and complete recovery after surgery. The infections were caused by Staph, aureus and by diplococcus pneumoniae, respectively. Additional findings: Infant No. 1 had a fibroma of the tongue. Infant No. 2 had pes equino‐varus.
DIRECT OPHTHALMOSCOPY WITH SIMULTANEOUS COLOUR TELEVISION TRANSMISSION
Authors: SCHERFIG ERIK , EDMUND JENS , NORTHEVED ALLAN
Published: May 2009

The authors have developed a direct ophthalmoscope with simultaneous television transmission. The ophthalmoscope is used clinically for student as well as postgraduate teaching and for intercollegial discussion of retinal changes which give rise to differential diagnostic difficulties.
EIGHT CASES OF CONGENITAL ACHROMATOPSIA WITH AMBLYOPIA IN TWO PEDIGREES FROM NORTHERN SWEDEN
Authors: POLLAND WERNER , NORDSTRÖM STEFAN
Published: May 2009

Two families from northern Sweden with a total of 8 patients with typical symptoms of congenital achromatopsia with amblyopia were studied. In one of the families 4 affected children (3 brothers and 1 sister) also showed pallor of the optic discs and marked astigmatism. The transmission of the disease was consistent with an autosomal recessive inheritance in both families. The study confirmed that complete and incomplete achromatopsia might be different expressions of the same gene. Six out of 13 near relatives of the achromatic patients showed minor colour vision defects, suggesting a tendency towards heterozygotic manifestation of the gene.
THE OPTIMUM ILLUMINANCE LEVEL FOR CLINICAL ELECTRO‐OCULOGRAPHY
Authors: JACKSON S. A.
Published: May 2009

The variation of Arden Index with the level of illuminance used for the light adaptation phase in electro‐oculographic examination is investigated. A level of 300 Lux is suggested as producing maximum response and minimum patient discomfort. Situations where greater levels of illuminance are specifically required are discussed.
CONJUNCTIVAL TRANSPORT OF TECHNETIUM‐99m PERTECHNETATE
Authors: SØRENSEN T. , JENSEN F. TAAGEHØJ
Published: May 2009

Using a gamma camera coupled to a computer and a tape unit the transport of pertechnetate (Tc99m) across the conjunctiva was determined by the ‘region of interest’ technique in human subjects.

In 11 patients with their lacrimal sacs removed a fractional turnover rate of 0.021 min‐1 was found. In 21 patients with inflammed conjunctiva due to chronic dacryocystitis a fractional turnover rate of 0.027 min‐1 was found, whereas the value in 11 normal individuals was 0.015 min‐1.

Neglecting the relatively small transcorneal route of disappearance, the values found for technetium disappearance could be regarded as representative for the transconjunctival transport of the radioisotope. This assumption was confirmed by correlating the radioactivity in the blood with the fractional turnover rate.
TIMOLOL MALEATE IN TREATMENT OF OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: AASVED HENRY , SELAND JOHAN H. , SLAGSVOLD JON E.
Published: May 2009

The effect of Timolol maleate on the intraocular pressure in open angle glaucoma has been examined in 37 patients, of these simple glaucoma in 26 (48 eyes), capsular glaucoma in 9 (14 eyes) and chronic secondary glaucoma in 2 patients (2 eyes). These cases constituded a group which was relatively difficult to manage.

The average pressure reduction caused by Timolol maleate alone was about 23%. In 18 patients the intraocular pressure was adequately controlled on Timolol as the only drug and in 10 on additional drug therapy. Five patients failed on drug treatment, and the remaining four failed on one eye while the fellow eye was well regulated.

Tonography indicates that the effect is caused by a reduction of the aqueous humour production.

Side effects of locally applied Timolol maleate have not been observed. This drug may be the drug of choice in many instances.
THE PALLOR OF THE OPTIC DISC: A quantitative photographic assessment by purple filter
Authors: SØRENSEN PER NELLEMANN
Published: May 2009

By employing purple colour Filters with a large blue and a small red transmission, normal and atrophic optic disks were photographed on colour transparencies. Normal optic disks reflect red light, and atrophic optic disks reflect blue light. The degree of atrophy estimated by colour contrast is quantitated by microdensitometry in the blue (470 nm) and in the red (640 nm) region of the transparencies. The difference between the blue and red density is used as an expression of optic disc colour.
IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC DETERMINATION OF TEAR FLUID PROTEINS COLLECTED BY THE SCHIRMER I TEST
Authors: PRAUSE J. U.
Published: May 2009

Using reservoirs containing 50 μl of antigen solution in combination with a micro‐modification of the electroimmunoassay a detection limit of 0.05 ng applied in 400 μl corresponding to 0.125 ng/ml has been achieved.

Tear fluid eluate from Schirmer paper strips has been tested in the assay. The eluation procedure failed to extract all tear proteins as 32 ng were left in the paper. Despite the loss, experiments have shown the method to be suitable for immunological determination of tear proteins colleced by the Shirmer I test.
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND CORNEAL GRAFT ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: RUUSUVAARA PEKKA
Published: May 2009

Endothelia of 102 clear human corneal grafts in 95 patients were photographed in vivo with a specular microscope. The relation of the endothelial cell density to the HLA and ABO compatibility of the donor‐recipient pairs were studied. In addition, the effects of vascularization and reversible rejection on the endothelial cell density were analysed.

A negative correlation was found between the HLA incompatibility and the endothelial cell density of the graft. The group with 0–1 (2) mismatches had the highest endothelial cell density (1356 ± 510 cells/mm2). This result was better than in the group with 2 (3) mismatches, but the cell difference was not statistically significant. A statistically significant difference in average endothelial cell densities was found between the groups with 0–1 (2) mismatches and with 3–4 mismatches, the latter having 880 ± 475 cells/mm2 (P < 0.01). There was also a statistically significant difference in average endothelial cell densities between the group with 0–1 mismatch and the untyped group (P < 0.01). The difference in cell densities between the group with 2 (3) mismatches and the more incompatible groups together (3–4 mismatches and the untyped group) was statistically almost significant (P < 0.05).

The ABO‐compatible pairs had 18% more endothelial cells than the ABO‐incompatible pairs. The difference was not statistically significant, but when the ABO‐compatible pairs were compared with all the others (incompatible and untyped), the difference in mean cell density between the two groups was statistically almost significant (P < 0.05).

Comparison of the effect of tissue incompatibility on graft endothelial cell density separately in the patients with vascularized and non‐vascularized corneas showed that in both categories the endothelial cell density was highest in the group with 0–1 (2) mismatches.

In 8 patients with a reversible rejection episode the average cell density was 20% less than in those with an uneventful postoperative period. The importance of rejection on the endothelium in some special cases is discussed.
HLA TYPES IN CORNEAL DISEASES
Authors: DAMGAARD‐JENSEN LARS , EHLERS NIELS , KISSMEYER‐NIELSEN FLEMMING
Published: May 2009

Evaluation of the results of HLA typing of 187 patients grouped into herpetic keratitis (37), non‐herpetic keratitis (43), keratoconus (42), endothelial dystrophy (23), stromal dystrophy (13), lues (5), and injuries (24), failed to show convincing deviations in any of the groups from a normal control series (2900 persons). Yet, as for the herpes group, a rise in B5 must strongly be suspected. The data are presented and possible implications are discussed.
NON‐CONTACT SPECULAR MICROSCOPY OF HUMAN CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: OLSEN THOMAS
Published: May 2009

The non‐contact specular microscope enables a large area of the corneal endothelium to be examined and photographed without any risk of traumatizing the anterior surface of cornea. This non‐contact technique is described in detail. Standard deviation of the relative difference between two independent estimates of central endothelial density from 24 eyes was 3.7%. Standard deviation of the relative difference between counts from left and right eyes from 57 subjects was 4.7%. A significant negative correlation between age and endothelial cell density was found (r = ‐0.59, P < 0.001, n = 76). The interindividual variation in cell densities was found to be larger in the old age group, indicating that cell loss during aging varies among different individuals.
ONE HUNDRED CONSECUTIVE CASES OF PARS PLANA VITRECTOMY WITH THE VITREOUS STRIPPER
Authors: SYRDALEN PER
Published: May 2009

The results of 100 consecutive cases of pars plana vitrectomy are reported. Vitrectomy was performed on account of complications of diabetic retinopathy (37 eyes), complicated retinal detachment (28 eyes), vitreous haemorrhage of various causes (17 eyes), vitreous haemorrhage and complications secondary to injuries (13 eyes) and secondary cataract or vitreous in the anterior chamber creating corneal dystrophy (5 eyes).

With an average follow‐up time of 14.2 months, vitrectomy resulted in visual improvement in 55 eyes, unchanged visual acuity in 24 eyes and reduced visual acuity in 21 eyes.

The operative and postoperative complications were: secondary vitreous haemorrhage (11 eyes), retinal detachment (8 eyes), haemorrhagic glaucoma (7 eyes), retinal tears (5 eyes), lens injury (4 eyes), corneal dystrophy (2 eyes) and endophthalmitis (1 eye).
TIMOLOL
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI , ERIKSEN JENS SINDBERG
Published: May 2009

The hypotensive effect of Timolol eye drops (0.25 and 0.50%) in maintenance treatment of 64 patients with elevated intraocular pressure has been studied. The patients were treated for a period of mean 13 months. In 44 patients, mostly comprising ocular hypertensives, a significant reduction in IOP (32%) could be maintained with Timolol alone (P < 0.001).

In 20 patients with a high starting baseline pressure or previous maladjustable glaucoma it was necessary to start combined treatment. Pilocarpine, epinephrine or acetazolamide appeared to have additive pressure‐lowering effect to Timolol.

A significant correlation was present between pre‐treatment and Timolol treated intraocular pressures. Thus a pre‐treatment IOP above 25 mmHg may indicate a critically hypotensive effect below an IOP of 20 mmHg with Timolol alone.

No significant interference with visual acuity, pupillary size, blood pressure, or pulse rate was noted. Existing visual field defects in three patients were slightly aggravated and in four patients, with a pathological optic disc, visual field loss developed. In seven patients transient sensations of dry eyes and rose‐bengal staining dots on the cornea developed.
CONGENITAL HORIZONTAL GAZE PARALYSIS, FACIAL HEMIATROPHY, AND SITUS INVERSUS OF THE OPTIC DISC
Authors: ROTHKOFF LEONARD , BIEDNER BENZION
Published: May 2009

A case of congenital horizontal gaze paralysis in association with facial hemiatrophy and situs inversus of the optic discs is described. Except for the presence of deafness on the side of the atrophic face no other neurologic abnormality was present. To our knowledge, no similar case has been reported.
RETINOBLASTOMA IN SWEDEN 1958–1971
Authors: KOCK ERIK , NAESER PETER
Published: May 2009

This study includes all cases of retinoblastoma reported in Sweden between 1958 and 1971. The incidence of the disease was 1 per 18 000 live births. Only in six cases was there a familial history and five of these cases were bilateral. The tumour was bilateral in 37.5 % of all cases. All cases with unilateral tumour had been treated with enucleation. In the bilateral cases one eye had also been enucleated and the other eye treated by local irradiation therapy. Tumour invasion into choroid was found in 29% and into the optic nerve in 11% of the cases. The mortality was only 4.5%.
UNUSUAL OCULAR MANIFESTATION IN TEMPORAL ARTERITIS
Authors: NIELSEN NIELS VESTI , ERIKSEN JENS SINDBERG
Published: May 2009

Transitory oedema of the left orbit and maxillary sinus was revealed radiographically in an active phase of temporal arteritis. This is possibly caused by inflammatory changes of the soft tissues in these regions. Early signs of compromised retinal flow and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy were demonstrated with fluorescein angiography. This finding promoted early, immediate therapy.
FAMILIAL CEREBRO‐MACULAR DEGENERATION (THE STENGEL‐BATTEN‐MAYOU‐SPIELMEYER‐VOGT‐STOCK DISEASE): EVALUATION OF THE PHOTORECEPTORS
Authors: HANSEN EGILL
Published: May 2009

In a material comprising seven patients with familial cerebro‐macular degeneration a grave visual disability had developed within a few years after the onset of the disease, this being at 3 1/2 to 7 years of age. The night vision was only moderately rduced. A severe red‐green colour vision defect was demonstrated in three patients. This is in accord with the loss of red and green cone responses found in one patient by chromatic adaptation studies. On the other hand, a remarkably good response of the blue cone system was registered. Normal pulse amplitudes were found by dynamic tonometry in four patients indicating good choroidal circulation. This supports the theory that the degeneration of the neuroepithelium is of primary type. The selectivity in loss of response functions being demonstrated here, might, however, also be related to parallel degenerations taking place in ganglion cells.
VITREOUS CUTTER IN ANTERIOR SEGMENT SURGERY
Authors: LOWES MARTIN , VEDEL‐JENSEN NIELS
Published: May 2009

Experience has been gained in operating upon a variety of anterior segment disorders using a Grieshaber vitreous cutter. The results and complications are briefly discussed.
QUANTITATIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THE FLUORESCENCE IN LIMBAL VESSELS BY DYNAMIC TELEVISION ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: SCHERFIG ERIK , EDMUND JENS , LUND‐ANDERSEN HENRIK
Published: May 2009

A method for dynamic angiography and quantitative measurement of fluorescence in ocular vessels in an in vitro experiment and in corneo‐conjunctival angiography is described.
CHLOROQUINE KERATOPATHY IN CHLOROQUINE WORKERS AFTER TOPICAL DUST EXPONATION
Authors: ERIKSEN LEIF STEENE
Published: May 2009

A report of acute corneal changes in workers employed in the chloroquine industry is presented. The workers were exposed to chloroquine phosphate dust in the manufacture of chloroquine tablets, and the corneal alterations were similar to those described after long continued systemic chloroquine therapy.
NEW ASPECTS ON THE HEREDITY OF OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA
Authors: JERNDAL TORD , LIND ANDERS
Published: May 2009

Open angle glaucoma is known to be inherited, but detailed knowledge of the primary genetic factor and its mode of inheritance are lacking. By studying both the glaucomatous and non‐glaucomatous members in afflicted pedigrees, it has been established that premorbid goniodysgenesis, inherited in an autosomal dominant mode, plays a decisive role for the eventual development of glaucoma. Goniodysgenesis has been documented not only in infantile congenital glaucoma but also in late congenital glaucoma (often misinterpreted as glaucoma simplex) and in families with pigmentary glaucoma and exfoliation glaucoma.

In addition, there is evidence that goniodysgenesis is the morphologic prerequisite of the high elevation of the IOP on provocation with topical steroids. The article contains a short survey of the literature and presents three families with intrafamilial variations of open angle glaucoma based on a dominant genetic trait, viz. goniodysgenesis.
CHARACTERISTICS OF OPTIC DISC IN HEALTHY SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: ERKKILÄ H. , LAATIKAINEN L.
Published: May 2009

The ophthalmoscopic features of the optic discs were studied in a series of 411 non‐selected school children representing four age groups from 7 to 15 years. The distribution of the cup disc diameter ratios (C/D) showed that in the majority of the eyes (58.8%) the ratio was 0.2‐0.3, independently of the age group. The highest ratio recorded, 0.7, was found in two eyes of the series. An asymmetry of 0.2 or more in the C/D ratios of the eyes was found in 5.2% of the children studied. The correlation between C/D ratio and the age or refraction was not statistically significant although C/D ratio of 0.4 or more was significantly commoner in myopia of ‐2.0 D. or more than in the other eyes. A preponderance of large C/D ratio was also found in children with a birth weight of 2500 g or less but the difference from the distribution in the total series was not significant.

Cilioretinal arteries were detected in 17.7% of the eyes and in 27.3% of the subjects studied. In 8.1% of the children the condition was bilateral. In children with a birth weight of 2500 g or less cilioretinal arteries were found in more than half of the cases.
CHANGES IN PUPILLARY DYNAMICS IN YOUNG MEN DURING PROLONGED SEVERE EXERCISE
Authors: KARLSEN RAGNAR LUND , SØLI NILS
Published: May 2009

Infrared pupillography has been performed on 9 male cadets taking part in a combat course lasting for 5 days. The combat course involved lack of sleep, strong physical exercise and caloric deficit. During the course pupillary size was determined after rapid adaptation to darkness and the rate of concentration and the rate of dilatation after stimulation of the opposite eye with light was determined. Dilatation time increased by 50% towards the end of the course and pupillary size before light stimulation was reduced by 14%. On day 3 and 5, but not on day 1, small amplitude pupillary oscillations were observed. The speed of contraction was, however, unchanged.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD FLOW VELOCITY IN THE CHOROID AND INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN RABBITS*
Authors: TAKÁTS I. , LEISZTER F.
Published: May 2009

By using thermistors for calorimetry to monitor blood flow velocity in the choroid of the anaesthetized rabbit, it was found that an elevation of intraocular pressure reduced the choroidal blood flow. The relationship between the ratio of perfusion pressure to intraocular tension (x) and the reciprocal value of the percentage of blood flow velocity (I/y) showed a curve convex towards the pressure axis. On a log‐lin scale the graph was linear. A significant linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.965 was obtained. The regression equation was found to be log I/y = 0.48x – 1.98 ± 0.29. From the present experiments it is concluded that the vascular bed of the choroid in the rabbit is a passive one with no sign of autoregulation. The observations are discussed from the point of view of blood supply and possible damage to the optic disc.