bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shouldering a Burden
Authors: Calkins Kathy
Published: May 2005

Non-institutionalized care of the chronically ill and dying is examined from the perspective of the burdens it imposed upon the family and how they received them. Conditions are explicated concerning when and for how long relatives will assume these burdens. Circumstances under which the supporting relative does not question his obligations are scrutinized. Determinants in how long the patient remains at home include the availability of assistance, knowledge about the situation, and the patient's own realm of symbolic meanings. When the supporting relative relinquishes his burden of care, he is apt to face new burdens surrounding the meanings and ambiguities of death.
The State of Hospice Ethics Committees and the Social Work Role
Authors: Csikai Ellen L.
Published: May 2005

This study found that in six states, most hospices (73 percent) had access to some type of ethics committee; however, less than 1/3 maintain a hospice-specific ethics committee. Social workers, although integral to the hospice team, were only members of about one-half of the hospice committees. Further, the study examined social workers' current participation and role expectations of social workers and committee chairs for social work participation. Both groups viewed that social workers were important contributors and expected higher participation in all the three main activity areas—case consultation, policy, and education—than currently took place. As the particular skills and values of social work parallel both the purpose of ethics committees and hospice philosophy, and as these data suggest, opportunity exists for social workers to take on a greater role on hospice ethics committee and may be an important resource in the formation of such committees.
Outcome of Risperidone Therapy in Elderly Patients with Chronic Psychosis
Authors: Sajatovic Martha , Ramirez Luis F. , Vernon Lance , Brescan Debra , Simon Michelle , Jurjus George
Published: May 2005

Objective:

This report reviews the efficacy and tolerability of risperidone therapy in elderly patients with chronic psychosis.

Methods:

A computer search was conducted for all patients who were sixty-five years or older at the time of risperidone therapy at the Cleveland VAMC. Data collected included psychiatric diagnosis, risperidone dosage/side effects, concurrent medications, comorbid medical diagnosis, and response to treatment. Treatment response was quantified on a graduated scale.

Results:

Twenty-six patients age sixty-five or older were included in this sample. Mean age of the group was 70.4 years. Mean risperidone dosage was 3.8 mg/day for a mean duration of 251 days. Eighteen of twenty-six patients (69%) had schizophrenia, two of twenty-six (8%) had schizoaffective disorder, two of twenty-six (8%) had bipolar disorder, and four of twenty-six (15%) had other psychotic disorders. Patients had a mean of 2.4 medical diagnoses in addition to their primary psychiatric diagnosis. Twenty-two of twenty-six patients (85%) had clinical improvement on risperidone, and twenty of twenty-six (77%) had improvement that was either marked or moderate. Risperidone therapy was very well tolerated in this elderly population with nineteen of twenty-six patients (73%) remaining on risperidone therapy at completion of this study. Medical illness did not appear to be worsened or complicated by risperidone therapy.

Conclusion:

Risperidone appears to be an effective and well tolerated antipsychotic for elderly patients with chronic psychosis.
Factors Affecting Anxiety and Depression in Psychiatric Consultation Patients
Authors: Wise Thomas N. , Mann Lee S. , Puscheck Elizabeth , Dove Henry , Kiernan Kevin
Published: May 2005

Factors that contribute to dysphoric affects in patients seen on a consultation-liaison service were investigated. Eighty-five subjects were studied to assess the role of character style, locus of control and seriousness of medical illness upon the magnitude of depression and anxiety each patient experienced. Results indicated that the obsessoid individual as well as individuals in pain reported significantly more depression and anxiety than their hysteroid counterparts. The severity of illness did not correlate with greater dysphoria. Those individuals who were more externally located were found to be in greater subjective pain. Furthermore, psychiatric consultants significantly tended to ignore the issue of the pain more often than anxiety and depression. The implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to a patient's personality style and the experience of illness and hospitalization.
A Plato-Based Videodisc Self-Instructional Program for Directing the Development of String Vibrato Technique
Authors: Rees F. J.
Published: May 2005

In 1984, a project exploring the feasibility of teaching string vibrato technique through a computer-driven interactive video PLATO-based system was undertaken at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. This paper looks at the design of the system and at the scope and sequence of information that would be presented within the program. It also formulates the hypothesis that audio records within the program can be matched with real-time audio responses from the system user, thereby paving the way for remedial work within the program.
Who Needs Faster Drug Approval Times in Canada: The Public or the Industry?
Authors: Lexchin Joel
Published: May 2005

Over the past decade the Canadian drug approval system has come under intensive scrutiny, with the greatest amount of attention being given to the length of time required to approve new drugs. This issue has obviously also been of considerable interest to the pharmaceutical industry, and the question arises as to whether or not the concerns of the industry may be driving the proposed reforms to speed up the approval process. Both industry and government maintain that quicker approval of new drugs will ensure that Canadians have more rapid access to new medications without sacrificing safety. There are problems with these claims. The number of therapeutically important new drugs introduced annually is less than five and these are already “fast tracked,” so the need to speed up approval for all products is dubious. There is also evidence that safety may be compromised with faster approvals. Industry does not need quicker approval times for its financial viability, but getting new, more expensive drugs onto the market more rapidly will increase sales and profit levels. Alternative approaches to dealing with problems such as drug approval times will only be possible when the policy-making process becomes more transparent and open.
In Search of Predictors: A Case Study of an Independent Mode of Instruction in Acquiring Media Proficiency
Authors: Crooks Roger E. , Kapel David E.
Published: May 2005

This case study examined the differential effect that an independent study mode of instruction has upon attitudes, cognitive style, and personological variables as measured by a semantic differential scale, Mehrabian Achievement Scale, the Rotter Locus of Control, a cognitive style mini-map, and Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test. These variables were also studied as predictors of media equipment proficiency, GPA, and absences. The subjects were eighty undergraduate and graduate students in a large urban university. The data were analyzed using the t-test for correlated means, t-test for independent means, one way analysis of variance, and multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicated 1) attitude toward course content and structure was more favorable; 2) anxiety levels were decreased; and 3) cognitive style variables were major predictors of media proficiency and GPA, while personological and attitudinal variables were the best predictors of the number of absences. Implications of these findings were discussed.
The Anasazi Abandonment and the Numic Expansion: A Reply to Ambler and Sutton
Authors: Rafferty Kevin
Published: May 2005

In a recent North American Archaeologist, Ambler and Sutton (1989) discussed the Anasazi abandonment of the San Juan drainage, attributing the movement of Anasazi peoples to the influx of aggressive Numic speaking populations into the region after about A.D. 1000. This article posits an alternative model of abandonment, using a systems model that deals with the economic and political relationships that existed in the northern Southwest from the 10th to 12th centuries A.D. It is suggested that the collapse of a Pan-Southwestern system of trade and economic relationships, that ultimately had its roots in the Toltec “world system,” was responsible for the collapse of Anasazi polities during this time period. Data are used from the Virgin Anasazi homeland in the northern Southwest to build the model. In addition, comments concerning the utility of the ethnographic models employed by Ambler and Sutton and the seeming weakness of some of the logic of some of their arguments are also discussed.
Visual Metonymy and Synecdoche: Rhetoric for Stage-Setting Images
Authors: Willerton Russell
Published: May 2005

The recent trend of incorporating more visuals into communication challenges technical communicators, who must now possess both verbal and visual literacy. Despite all the recent scholarship on visual aspects of technical communication, technical communicators lack thorough guidelines for selecting and composing effective images that convey thematic and conceptual information, or what Schriver calls “stage-setting” images. This article reviews existing literature in visual communication and reports results of a study that assessed readers' opinions of themes conveyed by specific example images. It then suggests that the rhetorical tropes of metonymy and synecdoche can be used to identify images for conveying certain themes, and that successful stage-setting images will show intrinsic, not extrinsic, relationships to their thematic subject matter.
The Care of the Dying—Whose Job is it?
Authors: Kübler-Ross Elisabeth
Published: May 2005

Death and dying have always had deep emotional significance. But there is clearly an increasing scientific and objective interest in the process of terminal illness, dying and death, of special significance to physicians and perhaps too long avoided by them. This new interest, no doubt, is in part a reaction to medical technology's compelling contributions to medicine's life-promotion function, but perhaps also in part a profound humanitarian concern for the paradoxical life-threatening consequences of civilization's (including medicine) “progress.”

Death and its vicissitudes are no longer solely the province of poets, philosophy and religion. All well-educated physicians must learn to regard death, as they do birth, as part of life. Psychiatry and medical psychology have much to contribute in this pedagogical task. The author describes one approach to a more “therapeutic” understanding and management of the dying patient and the emotional significance of the process of dying.
Differences in Attitudes toward Patients among Medical Specialties
Authors: Roskin Gerald , Marell Susan K.
Published: May 2005

In a prior study a questionnaire was developed which reliably measured a variety of physicians' attitudes toward patients [1]. In the present study we have used this questionnaire to compare the attitudes of physicians specializing in Internal Medicine, Surgery, Pediatrics and Psychiatry with one another and with a group of medical students. One way analyses of variance yielded highly significant differences ( p < .001) among these groups on the “Nurturant-Empathic” attitudinal dimension, as well as on the “Psychodynamic” and “Moral Weakness” Etiology Scales. Significance and ramifications of these findings are discussed in terms of the impact of these attitudes on treatment approach, clinical decision-making, and quality and comprehensiveness of patient care. Further, these findings suggest that a variety of education and training approaches could be advantageously utilized to integrate and upgrade the care of patients by the different medical specialties.
Southern Subculture, Personal Violence (Suicide and Homicide), and Firearms
Authors: Lester David
Published: May 2005

A study of the continental United States showed that an index of “southernness” was associated with the homicide rate but not with the suicide rate. However, the rate of suicide by firearms and the rate of lethal accidents with firearms were both associated with this index of southernness. Controls for latitude and longitude did not eliminate these associations.
Who Receives Drug Education in Our Schools?: A Paradox
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: May 2005

Data from a national survey by the United States Department of Justice of 47,000 households reveals a paradox regarding who receives drug education in primary and secondary schools. Those who would seem to need it the most are least likely to receive it. Thus, blacks receive drug education classes less often than whites, students in central city classes less often than those in other regions, and students who report that drugs are available are also less likely to receive drug education classes than students who report that drugs are not available. The results are paradoxical, but consistent with a study by Denson, Voight, and Eisenman which found that predominantly black schools in Louisiana provided less AIDS education than predominantly white schools [1].
Demographic Growth and Health Needs in Latin America
Authors: Behm Hugo
Published: May 2005

The net effect of the rapid population growth in Latin American countries is an increase in the needs for health services. Nevertheless, the demographic factor is not the only nor the most important consideration in determining how to satisfy these demands in the region. The main contradiction lies between the magnitude of needs for services generated by the adverse living conditions prevailing among the majority of the population, together with a restricted supply of health services, the availability of which varies according to social class. The problem of the increasing demand for medical care, generated by the rapid population growth, should be recognized as originating in the socioeconomic structural conditions prevailing in Latin American countries today which determine, simultaneously, low health levels, deficiencies in the provision of health services, and rapid population growth.
Sexual Disinhibition during Treatment with a Benzodiazepine: A Case Report
Authors: Fava Maurizio , Borofsky Gerald F.
Published: May 2005

We are reporting a case of a woman with a history of drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and sexual promiscuity as a teenager who later on in life had become very religious, sober and sexually abstinent. A few years later, she began having anxiety and panic attacks, typically when in physical proximity to men and sought treatment. The patient became clearly sexually disinhibited while treated with clonazepam, a high potency anti-anxiety benzodiazepine, and her “inappropriate” sexual behavior ceased when the medication was discontinued. Given her history, it is likely that the medication weakened the already fragile defenses by the removal of the “warning signals” represented by her panic attacks. The result was a more direct expression of her sexual drive in the form of strip tease dancing and sexual promiscuity. This case suggests the importance of carefully examining the history of a patient's capacity for regulating sexual drive before prescribing an anti-anxiety drug.
Reconstructing Death in Postmodern Society
Authors: Kastenbaum Robert
Published: May 2005

Thanatology—defined here as “the study of life with death left in”—did not emerge as a field of concerted scholarly attention until the aftermath of World War II, which temporarily pierced society's armor of denial. This article examines the interaction between the emerging thantalogical movement and its sociohistorical context. Thanatology entered the scene during the declining years of industrialism and will take on new shape as individuals and society attempt to cope with postmodernistic forces and the deconstructive mentality. In general, thanatology has earned a degree of social integration by behaving itself surprisingly well—meaning that it has utilized existing modalities and procedures, endorsed traditional values, and looked the part of the responsible citizen. The ongoing process of reconstructing death, however, promises to be more unsettling for all concerned. Examples are offered in the realm of attitudes toward the dead body, death education without death, and the tendency to construct death from the ways in which people die. The prospect for an authentic solidarity against distress in a reconstructed death system is briefly considered in conclusion.
Genitourinary and Sexual Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medication
Authors: Pollack Mark H. , Reiter Stewart , Hammerness Paul
Published: May 2005

Objective:

We review the adverse effects on genitourinary and sexual function associated with antidepressants, neuroleptics, lithium, and benzodiazepines, and suggest treatment strategies that may be used for their management.

Method:

This article is based on systematic review of the existing literature, including more than 130 relevant articles on genitourinary and sexual effects of psychotropic medications.

Results:

We find that genitourinary function, including effects on continence and flow, and sexual function, including libido, erection, ejaculation and orgasm, may be altered by psychotropic administration. Many of these effects may be consequent to the impact of these medications on neurophysiologic systems.

Conclusions:

Genitourinary and sexual adverse effects associated with psychotropic therapy are important areas of study and clinical concern that may affect patient comfort and compliance with treatment.
The Education of the General Practitioner in the United Kingdom
Authors: Horder J. P.
Published: May 2005

Despite recent trends toward specialization, general practice will continue as an important branch of medical care in the United Kingdom. The role of the general practitioner is briefly discussed in this article and it is emphasized that physicians must be specifically and urgently instructed for this role as young postgraduates. This requires that some teaching of undergraduates take place in the setting of general practice; the limited aims of this teaching are listed. The main purpose of the article is to describe the aims and the outline syllabus for the training of general practitioners in the early postgraduate period. These aims have begun to be achieved in the last few years in this country. The present state of three–year postgraduate training schemes is reviewed and problems yet unsolved are discussed.
The Effectiveness of Constructed-Response and Multiple-Choice Study Tasks in Computer Aided Learning
Authors: Clariana Roy B.
Published: May 2005

This study compares the effectiveness of multiple-choice (MC) and constructed-response (CR) study tasks both with feedback. Graduate students ( n = 46) completed a computer-delivered vocabulary lesson on instructional design terms followed by cued recall and recognition posttests. The CR study task was significantly more effective than the MC study task on the recognition posttest, but not on the cued recall posttest. Designers should consider expanding the use of CR study tasks in similar instructional cases.
A Typology of Responses to Illness in Survivors of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Byrne D. G. , Whyte H. M. , Lance G. N.
Published: May 2005

One hundred and eighteen survivors of myocardial infarction were assigned scores on eight dimensions of illness behaviour recently described as arising in response to myocardial infarction. These data were subjected to a cluster analysis to produce an optimal solution of four homogeneous clusters of patients. The first contained patients who, on clinical grounds, appeared to be claiming illness as a highly significant and consequential occurrence in their lives; the second accepted illness but experienced a marked affective response to it; the third appeared to adopt a realistic approach to illness and be coping adequately; and the fourth seemed to be denying (or at least minimizing) both the presence of serious illness and its possible consequences. These findings were discussed in terms of their bearing on prognosis, within the context of abnormal illness behaviour.
The Construction of Elder Abuse as a Social Problem: A Canadian Perspective
Authors: Leroux Thomas G. , Petrunik Michael
Published: May 2005

This article uses the social constructionist approach to social problems as claims-making activities and Blumer's theory of the developmental stages of social problems to analyze how elder abuse has been constructed as a social problem in Canada and how interest groups have been mobilized to deal with the alleged problem. Clearly, elder abuse has emerged as a social problem (often under the family violence rubric) and has received some legitimation from professional groups and representatives of government. Efforts to mobilize social action against elder abuse at a national level and to develop legislation and other policy initiatives have, however, so far met with mixed success. While elder abuse has been trumpeted by some claims-makers as a major new form of family violence, the absence of a strong elder lobby group and the absence of developed ideologies (e.g., feminism in the case of wife abuse and child sexual abuse) have resulted in elder abuse receiving much less attention than other problems grouped under the family violence rubric. Indeed, most of the legislation that presently exists in Canada deals not with the abuse of the elderly as a class but with the provision of services to dependent, incompetent adults whether they are elderly or not.
Against Substituting Technical Writing for Freshman English
Authors: Whitburn Merrill D.
Published: May 2005

W. Earl Britton's proposal to substitute technical writing for freshman English is not convincing. The proposal rests on questionable beliefs about the two courses. Freshman English is not neglecting to emphasize the development of communications skills, and technical writing cannot be broadened enough to replace freshman English without becoming a course in freshman English. Both courses have important roles to play in the university. Freshman English should continue to concern itself with general communications skills, and technical writing should continue to involve the application of these skills to special kinds of communication.
The Interactiveness of Paired Images is Affected by Image Bizarreness and Image Vividness
Authors: Campos Alfredo , Pérez Maria José , González María Angeles
Published: May 2005

We performed experiments in which subjects were exposed to pairs of words and asked to visualize interactive images as an aid to recall. Some subjects were asked to form normal interactive images and others to form bizarre interactive images. Our aim was to investigate the extent to which 1) the types of image generated by the subject (normal or bizarre), 2) the vividness of the images generated, and 3) the subject's imaging ability affect the degree of interaction between images. For each subject and each word pair, image type, image vividness, and between-image interaction were all subsequently evaluated by independent judges on the basis of the subject's written description of the images used for each pair. Between-image interaction was significantly greater for bizarre than for normal images. Likewise, between-image interaction was significantly greater for vivid than for nonvivid images. The results were essentially the same regardless of whether words were presented in short (16-pair) or long (32-pair) lists.
Taking Chances, Taking Charge: A Report on a Drug Abuse Intervention Conceived, Created and Controlled by a Community
Authors: Noguera Pedro , Morgan Patricia
Published: May 2005

The high visibility and expensive federal efforts in the “war on drugs” has led to few victories. Substantial evidence suggests that the basic failure of the federal “war on drugs” is the result of long-standing reliance on traditional approaches based upon criminal and medicalized interventions. The present program, reported here, emphasizes a community up, rather than a social planning, hierarchy down, approach. Community creation has led to community control and a sense of hope that this intractable problem, at least in Berkeley, can be effectively controlled.
Technical Communication in Written and Oral Modes
Authors: Eadie William F. , Sincoff Michael Z.
Published: May 2005

This paper posits that the technical communicator probably spends more time engaged in oral communication activity than he does in written; thus, to be an effective technical communicator one needs an appreciation and an understanding of both modes. Differences between oral and written communication, and methods of difference reduction, are discussed for the dimensions of: 1) permanency, 2) style, 3) interactional control, 4) mediation, and 5) effects. The conclusion is drawn that to be effective the technical communicator must develop the ability to produce messages which evoke common understanding among those participating in the communication event.
Research Utilization in Taiwan's Family Planning Program
Authors: Cernada George P. , Sun T. H.
Published: May 2005

This paper deals with why the applied research carried out in the Taiwan family planning program facilitated the planned program of social change — both in the productive integration of research findings into community health education action programs and in the dissemination of these ideas to other Asian countries. A summary of the factors that assisted or hindered research utilization and an analysis of some of the especially favorable factors in the Taiwan situation are presented. The viewpoint presented is that of the Taiwan Provincial Institute of Family Planning Director and his former resident program advisor.
Another Look at Paragraphs in Technical Writing
Authors: Selzer Jack
Published: May 2005

Because of doubts about the status of paragraphs after World War II and the influence of readability formulas which emphasize sentence length and word length, technical writing teachers and texts have not been concerned very much with stylistic matters, especially at the paragraph level. However, recent research advances in the fields of linguistics, discourse analysis, cognitive psychology, and readability all redirect our attention to matters beyond the sentence in technical writing. A familiarity with such advances—including an understanding of cohesion elements, the “given-new contract,” and tagmemics—can enable technical writing instructors to improve student writing.
St. John's Wort
Authors: Field Howard L. , Monti Daniel A. , Greeson Jeffrey M. , Kunkel Elisabeth J. S.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

The objective of this article is to review the current knowledge of the pharmacology, sites of action, and therapeutic effectiveness of St. John's Wort.

Method:

The method used was a review of the available literature, using keywords to search the medline database. Bibliographies of the papers, thus obtained, were searched for further documents not referenced by medline. We reviewed papers from this collection.

Results:

This review reveals that most of the available data on efficacy and safety of St. John's Wort involve its use in mild to moderate depression. Much, but not all of the prevailing opinion is positive. Nevertheless, the quality of therapeutic trials vary so greatly that definitive conclusions are not possible. Both the source and mode of St. John's Wort's therapeutic effect are unclear. We need further controlled studies of effectiveness, safety, and mode of action. In addition to its use in depression, there are reports suggesting possible therapeutic effects in other conditions such as certain malignancies and infections, but these are far too preliminary to permit any conclusions.
The Drug Lag: An Interpretive Review of the Literature
Authors: Schifrin Leonard G. , Tayan Jack R.
Published: May 2005

This article reviews the literature pertinent to the “drug lag” issue, in order to evaluate the evidence underlying the thesis that the U.S. has suffered from a slowdown in the rate and timing of new drug introductions, to the detriment of patients, because of the stricter requirements since 1962 regarding proof of safety and efficacy for new drugs. Comparing the post-1962 record in the U.S. with (a) the U.S. record before 1962 and (b) the post-1962 record in other, mainly Western European, countries, the weight of evidence and argument falls on the side of those who see a lag existing in the U.S. Other evidence, more subjective, supports the view that this lag imposes net positive costs on U.S. patients. However, it is not clear that the 1962 Drug Act is the sole, or even the main, cause of the lag. Instead, the drug information system and its inefficiencies emerge as the fundamental reason for the existence of a lag; hence, changes in the administration of the law by the Food and Drug Administration and greater efficiency by companies in supporting New Drug Applications can help close the gap, but probably only in minor degree. The solution to the lag problem lies in formulating and implementing a drug information system that quickly and accurately gathers, interprets, and disseminates information on the positive and negative effects of newly introduced drugs; with such a system, protection of drug users from undue risk is compatible with a greater rate and more rapid appearance of new drug discoveries.
World Health Report 2000 “Financial Fairness Indicator”: Useful Compass or Crystal Ball?
Authors: Shaw R. Paul
Published: May 2005

The World Health Report 2000 generated a huge amount of controversy when it set out to rank the performance of national health systems using data, statistical measures, and an explanatory rationale that were neither well understood nor broadly accepted. This article demystifies the conceptual and empirical underpinnings of the report's “financial fairness index,” which resulted in country rankings that often seem counterintuitive. The author concludes that the index is seriously flawed, that rankings produced by the index should not be used, and that future WHO reports should avoid imputing financial fairness scores for countries that do not have real data.
Assessing Prehistoric Chronology in Piedmont Contexts
Authors: Petraglia Michael D. , Knepper Dennis A.
Published: May 2005

The chronology of six prehistoric archaeological sites in piedmont contexts of northern Virginia are evaluated. Timing of site occupation and regional chronology is assessed on the basis of commonly accepted projectile point styles and radiocarbon dates. The relationship between projectile points and absolute dates is examined. Three projectile point types, the Lobate, the Piscataway, and the Woodland Site-Notched, are evaluated with regard to their possible temporal contexts. Methodological issues and problems relating to the presence and quality of chronological data are explored.
Learning Problem-Solving Skills in Algebra
Authors: McArthur David , Stasz Cathleen , Hotta John Y.
Published: May 2005

In this article we describe aspects of our intelligent tutor for basic algebra. A main goal of the project is to develop a computer tutoring system whose skills and knowledge approximate those of a high-quality human tutor. We are particularly interested in exploring novel learning opportunities that can be made available to students for the first time by exploiting the reactive capabilities of such intelligent tutors. In this context, we focus here on the role of an algebra expert system embedded in the tutor. We discuss how it can be used to help students learn several nontraditional types of skill and knowledge in the context of algebra, including goal-directed reasoning skills, and debugging techniques.
The Web versus the Classroom: Instructor Experiences in Discussion-Based and Mathematics-Based Disciplines
Authors: Smith Glenn Gordon , Ferguson David , Caris Mieke
Published: May 2005

This study examined the instructor experience of teaching college courses (discussion-based and mathematics) over the Web, versus in the classroom, in terms of teaching, social issues, and emergent issues such as media effects. We interviewed, by e-mail and telephone, 22 college instructors who taught in both formats. We categorized interview fragments to highlight trends. Results indicated Web courses have profoundly different communication than classroom courses, resulting in greater student-instructor equality, explicitness of written instructions required, greater workloads for instructors and deeper thinking in discussions. Initial feelings of anonymity give way later to online identities. Disciplines involving reading, writing, and discussion seem well suited to online education. Mathematics instructors feel the shortcomings of Web-based distance learning environments more than do instructors from more writing-based disciplines. A follow-up needs-assessment of distance mathematics instructors indicated current Web distance education environments do not provide the basic communication tools for mathematics courses.
Grief and the Role of the Inner Representation of the Deceased
Authors: Marwit Samuel J. , Klass Dennis
Published: May 2005

The primary purpose of this research is to determine whether memories of the deceased play active roles in the ongoing lives of survivors. Twenty-six men and forty-five women, aged eighteen to fifty-four, described a significant death. Four roles were reliably identified and labeled role model, situation specific guidance, values clarification, and remembrance formation. Role adoption was predicted by closeness of relationship and suddenness of death. The anticipated association of the role with relationship to deceased and with degree of grief resolution was not found. Results were discussed in relation to mainstream theories of grief resolution and grief therapy.
Historical Archaeology: Science and Humanism
Authors: Adams William Hampton
Published: May 2005

The thesis of this article is that historical archaeology can benefit immensely from the proper application of both humanistic and scientific methods and objectives. The corollary of this is that if we fail to use both humanism and science, we fail as scholars. Humanism and science must be used conjunctively or else a pendulum of extremes for each viewpoint sets into motion. The history of this pendulum and its extremes are examined in relationship to the development of modern philosophies of archaeology, particularly historical archaeology. A synthesis of science and humanism-empirical humanism-is offered.
An Approach to Developing Communicative Competence in Scientific and Technical Communicators
Authors: Brandt David R. , Powers William G.
Published: May 2005

The management of information has become one of the central competencies needed in a technological society. The development of systems for the storage, retrieval, editing, packaging, dessemination, and utilization of scientific and technical information is especially needed. Just as crucial, however, is the necessity to train individuals who can assume information management and “linkage” roles. The scientific and technical communicator is one such individual. This paper attempts to explicate the concept of technical communication competence and demonstrate the potential utility of its operational counterpart in the training of students in scientific and technical communication. The potential benefits of implementing a technical communication competence testing program in scientific and technical communication curricula are explored, both for students and for educators and professionals.
New Perspectives on the Settlement-Subsistence System of the Late Woodland Western Basin Tradition, ca. 500–1300 A.D.
Authors: Bechtel Susan K. , Stothers David M.
Published: May 2005

Based on joint efforts by the Williams County Historical Society and the Laboratories of Ethnoarchaeology at the University of Toledo, thirty-six new sites, including six Western Basin Tradition ceramic sites, have been documented in the tri-state region of northeastern Indiana, northwestern Ohio, and south-central Michigan. Also, data collected from throughout the Western Lake Erie region since 1984 has necessitated several revisions in the 1984 settlement-subsistence model proposed for the Late Woodland Western Basin Tradition populations, ca. 1000–1300 A.D. (Stothers, Graves, and Redmond, 1984). Key changes involve the relative sizes of functionally different site types that form component parts of a larger settlement system, a lack of formal village life, and a new perspective on seasonal patterns of population coalescence and dispersal.
Biogenic, Psychogenic, and Sociogenic Models of Adjustment to Chronic Pain: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Peyrot Mark , Moody Philip M. , Wiese H. Jean
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Based upon three models of etiology and adjustment in CLBP, predictions were made about the variables that were expected to differentiate organic and nonorganic patients, including: psychological distress (anxiety, depression, stress, alienation), pain condition and treatment, and general health.

Method:

Patients from a medical school orthopedic clinic with an organic ( N = 58) or a nonorganic ( N = 33) diagnosis for chronic low back pain (CLBP) were compared on medical, psychological and sociodemographic variables.

Results:

Nonorganic patients exhibited greater emotional distress, contrary to the biogenic model, and nonorganic patients did not exhibit more somatic complaints, contrary to the psychogenic model. Both patterns were consistent with the sociogenic model; nonorganic patients were more distressed, but not because of a greater tendency to somatize. Moreover, modeling was not supported as an explanation of the pain and distress among these patients.

Conclusions:

Social anomie may explain why patients without a medically diagnosable cause for their pain are more psychologically distressed.
The Effects of Sample Bias on Paleoindian Fluted Point Recovery in the United States
Authors: Buchanan Briggs
Published: May 2005

Paleoindian fluted point distribution in the contiguous United States is analyzed for possible sampling biases. Potential sample biases examined in this article include modern population, years since statehood, acreage in cultivation, and intensity of urban and residential development. Results suggest that at the state level Early Paleoindian fluted point samples are correlated with modern population, years since statehood, and acreage of urban development. A regression model developed to account for significant sampling biases demonstrates that regardless of sample biases several states in the Eastern United States have an overabundance of predicted Early Paleoindian fluted points. Sampling biases do not appear to affect fluted point varieties dating to the Middle Paleoindian period. Land cover characteristics are examined using principal components and cluster analyses in an effort to define biogeographical associations with fluted point types and possible environmental sampling constraints.
Hypnosis as a Treatment Method in Psychosomatic Medicine
Authors: Frankel Fred H.
Published: May 2005

Recent research findings are used to illustrate the areas of uncertainty and controversy in the understanding of hypnosis. Despite similarities, hypnosis is presented as more than and different from relaxation, suggestibility, and the placebo response. An overview of the clinical use of hypnosis includes the three main methods of application, namely: relaxation or mild hypnosis, symptom removal, and hypnotherapy. A few brief case reports are included. As a means of narrowing the gap between laboratory research and clinical experience, the author recommends the assessment of hypnotizability in all patients treated with hypnosis.
Death and Grief in the Family Comics
Authors: Brabant Sarah
Published: May 2005

The use of comic strips as cultural artifacts to identify prevailing beliefs, norms, and values has long been recognized. The recent depiction of death and grief in three family comics strips, “Curtis,” “For Better or Worse,” and “Sally Forth,” presents a unique opportunity to identify current culturally accepted attitudes toward death and grief. Implications for death education and grief counseling are discussed.
He Who Pays the Piper: Foundations, the Medical Profession, and Medical Education Reform
Authors: Brown E. Richard
Published: May 2005

The development of modern medical education was shaped by the medical profession's own reform strategies and by material and ideological support from the corporate class. This article examines how the Rockefeller medical philanthropies, the largest single source of funds for medical education reform from 1910 through the 1930s, forced the adoption of a specific reform—full-time clinical faculty—to make medicine serve the needs of capitalist society rather than the interests of the medical profession.

Memorandums and letters from archival files demonstrate that foundation leaders believed the full-time plan would separate medical schools from the grip of practitioner-dominated medical societies, bringing all medical faculty under the control of foundations and university boards of trustees. This policy was to be a first step in rationalizing medical care and distributing the technical benefits and social-control functions of medicine to all segments of the population.

The author traces the development of the full-time plan, its adoption as foundation policy, and the struggle over its implementation.
Integrating Smoking Cessation into Worker Training among Latino Immigrant Workers: Development of a Program
Authors: Feldman Robert H. , Christopher Brian W. , Muñiz Andrea G. , Mejia David A.
Published: May 2005

The prevalence of smoking among Latino immigrant workers needs to be addressed with culturally and linguistically appropriate smoking cessation programs. One innovative approach to reaching these workers is through worker health and safety training programs. These programs offer multiple opportunities to provide smoking cessation messages, a “teachable moment” to focus on health issues, and the likelihood that peers and family members will share these messages. A collaborative effort between an occupational health and safety training facility and a university utilizing Latino and non-Latino personnel developed a smoking cessation program integrated with worker health and safety training. Preliminary results of an evaluation of the program indicate that the program was able to reach a wide range of immigrant workers and improve their knowledge of the risks of smoking and the effectiveness of different methods of quitting smoking.
Can College Academic Performance Be Predicted Using a Measure of Cognitive Style?
Authors: Griffin Ray , Franklin Godfrey
Published: May 2005

One hundred and forty-three subjects were identified as Field Independent or Field Dependent based on their performance on the Group Embedded Figures Test, a measure of cognitive style. Results indicated that Field Independent students performed significantly better on course tests and had higher academic potential as measured by the ACT, than Field Dependent students. A regression analysis was conducted to determine which measures would contribute variance to a course test (number correct) criterion. Although both the GEFT and the ACT were significantly related to course test performance, only the ACT contributed significant variance to the regression, F(1,141) = 12.99, r=.29, p <.01. A Principal Components Factor Analysis applied to the GEFT, ACT, and course test data identified two factors. The course tests were associated with factor 1 while the GEFT and ACT were more closely associated with factor 2. The regression and factor analysis results suggest that the ACT and GEFT tests are measuring similar or related constructs for this sample of subjects.
Physicians' Diagnoses of Psychiatric Disorders for People with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Torres-Harding Susan R. , Jason Leonard A. , Cane Victoria , Carrico Adam , Taylor Renee R.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To examine rates of psychiatric diagnoses given by patients' primary or regular physicians to persons with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), persons with psychiatrically explained fatigue, and a control group. Physicians' psychiatric diagnosis and participants' self-reported psychiatric diagnoses were compared to lifetime psychiatric diagnoses as measured by a structured psychiatric interview.

Method:

Participants were recruited as part of a community-based epidemiology study of chronic fatigue syndrome. Medical records of 23 persons with chronic fatigue syndrome, 25 persons with psychiatrically explained chronic fatigue, and 19 persons without chronic fatigue (controls) were examined to determine whether their physician had given a diagnosis of mood, anxiety, somatoform, or psychotic disorder. Lifetime psychiatric status was measured using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID). Participants' self reports of specific psychiatric disorders were assessed as part of a detailed medical questionnaire.

Results:

Physicians' diagnosis of a psychiatric illness when at least one psychiatric disorder was present ranged from 40 percent in the psychiatrically explained group, 50 percent in the control group, and 64.3 percent in the CFS group. Participants in the psychiatrically explained group were more accurate than physicians in reporting the presence of a psychiatric disorder, and in accurately reporting the presence of a mood or anxiety disorder.

Conclusions:

The present investigation found underrecognition of psychiatric illness by physicians, with relatively little misdiagnosis of psychiatric illness. Physicians had particular difficulty assessing psychiatric disorder in those patients whose chronic fatigue was fully explained by a psychiatric disorder. Results emphasized the importance of using participant self report as a screening for psychiatric disorder.
Religion and Death: A Test of Homans' Thesis
Authors: Leming Michael R.
Published: May 2005

This article tests George Homans' contention that religion arouses a sense of anxiety concerning death and then alleviates the anxiety it creates. Data were collected on 372 participants who were randomly selected employing a multistage cluster sample of Northfield, Minnesota residents. Interview schedules were administered to the participants consisting of various background items, the Leming Fear of Death Scale [1] and ten items developed by Glock and Stark [2], and Faulkner and DeJong to assess religiosity [3].

Correlating religiosity scales scores with death anxiety scores and controlling for the factors of age, social class, and religious preference; a curvilinear relationship was found between the primary variables. Such evidence seems to indicate that religiosity may serve the dual function of afflicting the comforted and comforting the afflicted.