bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
(365) Susceptibility of Scyphophorus acupunctatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Larvae to Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernema (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)
Authors: Hueso Eva Judith , Molina-Ochoa Jaime , Fallad-Chávez Jalil , Lezama-Gutiérrez Roberto Roberto , López-Edwards Marilú , Farías-Larios Javier
Published: February 2019

Scyphophorus acupunctatus is the main pest of Agave tequilana. Its adults are vectors of Erwinia carotovora, which causes plant destruction. The susceptibility of S. acupunctatus larvae to various strains of entomopathogenic nematodes has been demonstrated previously (Molina et al., 2004). In the current paper, the use of seven different concentrations: 0, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500, of infected juveniles per larva in petri dishes containing a filter paper against Steinernema carpocapsae strains All, Ca, and Fl, and also against native insolated N1, N2, N4, belonging to the genera Steinernema sp. The studies were conducted under laboratory conditions to determine the susceptibility of S. acupunctatus larvae to entomopathogenic nematodes. One hundred percent mortality of S. acupunctatus larvae was achieved by S. carpocapsae strains All, Ca, and Fl with exposure to 100 infected juveniles. In the case of native isolates, N2 registered 95% mortality, and for N4 and N1, mortality registered was 75%. An analysis of variance was conducted in order to determine whether strain or isolate had the highest virulence against S. acupunctatus larvae. Means for S. acupunctatus larvae by entomopathogenic nematodes presented significant differences (F = 57.01; df = 55, 223; P < 0.0001), resulting in two levels. At the first level, S. carpocapsae All, Fl, and Ca are statistically the same as isolate N4. At the second level, the isolates N4 and N1 are statistically the same. The results indicate the high susceptibility of S. acupunctatus larvae. The infectivity of native isolates as well as S. carpocapsae strains All, Fl, and Ca are associated with the symbiotic bacterium Xenorharbdus sp., suggesting they have potential for use against S. acupunctatus larvae.
(193) Yield and Quality of Six Bell Pepper Varieties in Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Macias-Duarte Rubén , Grijalva-Contreras Raul Leonel , Robles-Contreras Fabián , Valenzuela-Ruiz Manuel de Jesus
Published: February 2019

Bbell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) production is an appropriate alternative for the northeastern Sonora, México (Magdalena River). Because of the fresh temperature conditions of this region, production is possible in spring and summer. However, it is necessary to have appropriate varieties with a high potential for quality and yield under these conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the yield and quality of six varieties of bell pepper. The evaluation was carried out at the INIFAP-CIRNO Experimental Station (Magdalena of Kino, Sonora) in Spring 2002 under field conditions. The evaluated varieties were: `Baron', X3R Wisar, PS 236894, `Bamoa', `Admiral', and `Navolato'. The date of seedling transplant was 29 Mar. in furrows with 1 m of separation and 0.33 m between plants under a drip-irrigation system. In the trials, we used a completely randomized design with four replications. The measured variables were yield and fruit weight. The harvest period was 26 June to 23 Aug. The results indicated that the highest yields were obtained from: `Baron', X3R Wisard, and PS 236894 with 43.2, 42.3, and 38.8 t·ha-1, respectively, and the lowest yields obtained were from `Admiral' and `Navolato', with 33.3 and 30.0 t·ha-1, respectively. The highest fruit weights corresponded to PS 236894 and X3R Wisard with 145 and 140 g, respectively.
(394) Antimutagenicity, Antioxidant Activity, and Polyphenolic Contents of Bitter Melon Varieties (Momordica charantia L.)
Authors: Islam Shahidul , Jalaluddin M. , Hettiarachchy Navam
Published: February 2019

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.), an annual vegetable of Cucurbitaceae family, is a vegetable with important nutritional and medicinal qualities. Four adaptable lines/varieties were tested in replicated field trials for productivity, and biochemical and medicinal characteristics at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff. The total phenolic contents of the oven-dried and freeze-dried tissues, and seeds, ranged from 5.39–7.75, 6.72–8.02, 6.40–8.90, and 4.67–6.69 mg·g-1 on a dry weight basis, respectively. The total phenolic content of bitter melon from India green (IG), India white (IW), China green (CG) and China white (CW) varieties were 4.67–6.72, 6.03–8.02, 5.39–7.81, and 6.69–8.90 mg·g-1 dry material, respectively. The main phenolic acids in bitter melon flesh were gallic acid, gentisic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, and epicatechin. Bitter melon seeds had the phenolic acids, gallic acid, catechin, and epicatechin. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts from the bitter melons varieties IG, IW, CG, and CW ranged from 79% to 85%, 79% to 83, 80% to 85, and 79% to 86% inhibition, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the seed ranged from 79% to 84% inhibition. Methanolic extracts of freeze-dried flesh and seed from var. IW and CG showed very high antimutagenic effects against benzo(a)pyrene with Salmonella TA98 (92% to 100% inhibition) TA100 (79% to 86% inhibition), but lower antimutagenicity activities against sodium azide that ranged from 46% to 54% and 17% to 32% inhibition, respectively. The popular belief that bitter melon improves glucose tolerance in Type II diabetes and lowers blood cholesterol is being investigated. It has not been determined which alkaloids, polypeptides, or combination of chemicals found in bitter melon are responsible for the beneficial medicinal effect.
(455) Differential Patterns of Expression and Regulation of Two Dehydrin Genes from Peach (Prunus persica) Bark Tissues
Authors: Wisniewski Michael , Bassett Carole , Artlip Timothy , Renaut Jenny , Farrell Robert
Published: February 2019

We have characterized the seasonal accumulation of transcripts and proteins in peach (Prunuspersica), particularly a 60 kDa dehydrin (PCA60; PpDhn1). Recently, we have isolated another dehydrin gene (PpDhn2). The present report compares the structural organization of the two dehydrin genes, their promoters, and the response of the genes to temperature, photoperiod, and water deficit. Trees were exposed for 3 or 5 weeks to either short day (SD) or long day (LD) photoperiods at either 25 or 5 °C. Additional experiments exposed trees to a period of water deficit followed by recovery. Transcript abundance of both genes, as assessed by RT-PCR, was determined, in response to the different photoperiods and temperatures as well as a prolonged SD/5 °C regime, from monthly-collected field samples, and trees subjected to water deficit. Results indicated that water deficit increased transcript abundance of both genes, but their abundance differed dramatically in response to low temperature and seasonal cues. Surprisingly, neither gene exhibited a significant elevation in transcript abundance in response to SD conditions. The lack of response of PpDhn1to SD is problematical given the observation that transcript levels in field-collected samples begin to increase substantially in September, prior to the onset of cold temperatures. Analysis of the promoter regions and cis-acting elements suggest that ABA may play an important role in seasonal expression, interacting with photoperiod in field conditions. Two CRT/DRE elements are present in the promoter region of PpDhn1, but absent in the promoter of PpDhn2.
(456) Abiotic Stress Responses in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Plants Expressing the Arabidopsis thaliana Transcriptional Activators-CBF1and CBF3
Authors: Tawfik Mohamed , Ferenczi Alejandra , Enter Daniel , Grumet Rebecca
Published: February 2019

Abiotic stresses (e.g., salinity, drought, cold, oxidative stress) can be major factors limiting plant productivity worldwide. We sought to increase abiotic stress resistance in cucumber by expressing the A. thaliana transcription factors CBF1and CBF3, which regulate genes responsible for enhanced dehydration-stress resistance in Arabidopsis. Our previous studies in the greenhouse and field demonstrated increased salinity tolerance in CBF-expressing cucumber lines. In the current studies, we tested response of CBF-cucumber plants to drought, chilling, and oxidative stresses. Transgenic cucumber plants subjected to drought stress in the greenhouse showed elevated levels of the stress-inducible compatible solute, proline, compared to the nontransgenic controls. Preliminary results also indicate greater photochemical efficiency in CBF-expressing plants under drought stress conditions compared to the nontransgenic controls. Under nonstressed conditions, there were no significant differences in growth between the transgenic and the nontransgenic cucumber plants; however, after a cycle of drought stress, CBF-cucumber lines had less growth reduction compared to the nontransgenic counterparts. The advantage in growth was less pronounced after a second cycle of drought. We also evaluated the transgenic cucumber plants under chilling conditions (i.e., low, nonfreezing temperatures within the 0 to 12 °C range). Based on plant height and cotyledon and leaf damage measurements, transgenic cucumber seedlings did not show chilling tolerance compared to the wild-type control. The response of transgenic CBF-cucumber plants to oxidative stress using methyl viologen is also being evaluated.
(82) Turf Species Affect Establishment and Growth of Cercis canadensis and Carya illinoiensis
Authors: Griffin Jason J. , Reid William R. , Bremer Dale
Published: February 2019

Successful establishment and growth of newly planted trees in the landscape is dependent on many factors. Weed pressure and water conservation are typically achieved with either organic mulches or chemical herbicides applied over the root ball of the newly planted tree. In the landscape, eliminating turfgrass from the root zone of trees may be more complicated than resource competition. Studies have shown that tall fescue (Festucaarundinaceae Schreb.) has allelopathic properties on pecan trees [Caryaillinoiensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch]. Well-manicured tall fescue turf in the landscape may have negative effects on the establishment and growth of landscape trees as well. A study was designed to examine the effects of popular turfgrasses on the growth of newly planted pecan and redbud (Cerciscanadensis L.). Results demonstrate that the presence of turfgrass over the root zone of trees negatively impacts tree growth. Through two growing seasons, every growth parameter measured on redbuds (caliper, height, shoot growth, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, leaf area, and leaf weight) was significantly reduced by the presence of turf. However, the warm season bermudagrass [Cynodondactylon (L.) Pers.] was less inhibitied than the cool season grasses. The affects of turfgrass on pecan growth was less significant; however, caliper, leaf area, and root dry weight were significantly reduced when grown with turf.
(87) Short-term Freeze Stress Attenuation in St. Augustine Turfgrass with Selected Biostimulants
Authors: Morales-Payan J. Pablo , Stall William M.
Published: February 2019

Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of selected biostimulants on St. Augustine turfgrass exposed to short-term periods of freezing temperatures, which are common in north-central Florida during March and April. Aqueous solutions of a triterpenic acid-rich extract from Siberian fir (Abiessibirica) [(TTA), 0 and 300 mg·L-1

a.i.], a seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) extract [(CSE), 30 mg·L-1

a.i.], acetylthioproline [(AP), 250 mg·L-1 a.i.], and amino levulinic acid [(5-ALA), 15 mg·L-1 a.i.] were sprayed on residential St. Augustine turfgrass about 50 hours prior to the forecasted freezing event. After freezing, the aesthetic quality of AP-treated St. Augustine turfgrass was the same as in untreated turfgrass plots, but it was drastically reduced in turfgrass treated with 5-ALA. In contrast, St. Augustine tufgrass aesthetic quality was higher in CSE- and TTA-treated plots than in untreated plots. These results indicate that CSE and TTA may help alleviate the negative effects of short-term exposure to freezing temperatures in St. Augustine turfgrass.
(91) Gardening in a Bag: A Viable Alternative for Growing Bedding Plants in the Landscape
Authors: Alsup Clydette M. , Trewatha Pamela A.
Published: February 2019

The rocky Ozarks soils make it difficult for some homeowners to establish ornamental gardens. An alternative to digging in rocky soils is planting into bags of potting soil. This study evaluated “Gardening in a Bag” for herbaceous bedding plants. The growth and appearance of Alternanthera, Capisum annuum, Dianthus, Gazania, Tagetes `Wave', and upright petunias, Salvia splendens, Spilanthes, Verbena, and Catharanthus roseus were evaluated in 2002 under two planting methods: in the ground vs. in bags of potting soil. Wave petunias, Dianthus, C. roseus, and Portulacagrandiflora were evaluated in 2003. All plants were mulched with 3 inches of coarse sawdust. In 2002, planting method had no effect on average height for 16 of the 25 cultivars tested. Seven cultivars were taller when grown in the ground while two cultivars were shorter in that treatment. Planting method had no effect on average plant width of 13 of the cultivars. Plant width was greater for nine cultivars grown in bags, while three cultivars were wider when grown in the ground. Visual ratings were similar for 14 of the cultivars, regardless of planting method. In 2003, performance of five species was evaluated on 3 and 29 July and 5 Sept. Plant height and width were greater on plants grown in the ground than plants grown in bags on 3 July and 5 Sept. Only plant width was significantly greater in the soil-grown plants on 29 July, although the greater height trend was still evident. Plants in the ground had more flowers than plants in bags on 3 July, but there were no differences in flower number the other two dates. Visual quality ratings were taken on the second and third dates, with no differences between treatments. Root soil temperature was higher in bags than in the ground on all three dates in 2003.
(92) Effect of GA3 on Growth and Soft Rot Occurrence in Zantedeschia (`Black Magic')
Authors: Nam Chun-Woo , Yoo Dong-Lim , Kim Su-Jeong , Suh Jong-Taek , Cho Myoung-Rae , Paek Kee-Yoeup
Published: February 2019

This experiment was carried out to determine correct applications of GA3 for the production of cut flowers of Zantedeschia albomaculata cv. Black Magic in highlands. Tubers were treated with GA3 in concentrations of 0, 100, and 200 mg·L-1. ABA contents in the tubers and roots were twice as high (20∼25 pmol/mL) in the control as in GA3-treated tubers and roots. ABA content in roots increased with increasing GA3 concentration. Growth of the calla was investigated according to the tuber hardness (3.3, 6.0 kg·cm-2), GA3 concentrations (0, 100, 200 mg·L-1), and GA3 treatment duration (24 h, 12 h, and 30 min before planting). Tubers with higher tuber hardness were strong against soft rot, regardless of the GA3 concentrations and treatment durations. Tubers with lower tuber hardness showed over 90% soft rot occurrence when treated with 200 mg·L-1 GA3 for 24 h before planting. However, soft rot did not occur when treatment with 200 mg·L-1 GA3 was used for 12 h before planting.
(96) Color Generation in Hydrangea Sepals as Controlled by Metal Ion Complexes
Authors: Schreiber Henry D. , Berry Timothy , Trant Nam
Published: February 2019

The sepals of many hydrangea cultivars change color from red in basic/neutral soil to blue in acidic soil. This change is generally attributed to Al(III) becoming mobile in acidic soils, allowing it to be absorbed through the roots as a citric acid complex; the ion of Al(III) then forms a blue complex in the sepals with an anthocyanin that is red in the absence of Al(III). This study investigated selected metal ions that might also result in similar color changes in hydrangea sepals. Model anthocyanins such as cyanidin and delphinidin glucoside readily formed blue complexes with metal ions with a high charge/size ratio [that is: Mo(VI), U(VI), and Zr(IV), in addition to Al(III)]. The anthocyanins only formed weak complexes with Fe(III) and Ga(III), and no complexes with Mg(II) and Mn(II). In order for the color change to occur in the sepals, though, the hydrangea must first be able to selectively concentrate the metal ion in the plant from the soil as a complex with citric or oxalic acid. The complexation of Al(III) with the organic acid is shown by the measurement of the heat of solution of citric and oxalic acid in Al(III) solutions as half that of the acids in just water. The presence of Al(III) also enhanced the solubility of oxalic acid in water. Mo(VI) likewise enhanced the organic acid's solubility, while Fe(III), Fe(II), and U(VI) did not appreciably affect the solubility. Mo(VI) and similar ions may be candidates to artificially induce bluing of hydrangea sepals, instead of the current use of Al(III).
(196) Inducing Lettuce Tipburn with Relative Humidity Modification
Authors: Wien H. Chris , de Villiers David S.
Published: February 2019

Tipburn is a necrosis of the rapidly expanding young leaves of lettuce, caused by a localized Ca deficiency that is a major constraint to raising productivity of hydroponically-grown leaf lettuce. Root pressure is thought to be important in distributing calcium to young tissue that is not transpiring rapidly in crops such as cabbage, tomato and strawberry. Since root pressure is enhanced by high relative humidity (RH), experiments were conducted with two cultivars of leaf lettuce to determine if regulating relative humidity during the day or night would influence tipburn incidence. Lettuce was grown hydroponically in a glass-covered greenhouse. Plants were transferred to ponds of 1 × 2 m size, starting at about day 25 from sowing. Four ponds containing 42 plants each were subjected to ambient or elevated RH, either during the day, or at night, or at both times. Each pond was covered by a clear polyethylene ventilated canopy, to ensure maintenance of the desired RH condition. The experiment was conducted five times. In three experiments, tipburn developed in 3 or 7 days, depending on the cultivar. The disorder was most severe in ponds whose atmosphere was constantly humid, followed by the treatment that provided humid days and dry nights. Treatments which provided dry conditions, either during the day, or continuously, were least affected. In two experiments, ambient RH rose above 70%, and the differential effect of humidity on tipburn incidence was no longer evident. Both cultivars reacted similarly to the treatments, even though `Winter Density' developed the disorder 4 days before `Batavian'. The results imply that root pressure is less important than transpiration in distributing Ca to the edges of young leaves of leaf lettuce.
(203) Evaluation of Phostrol for Downy Mildew Control on Pumpkin (C. pepo)
Authors: Cowgill Winfred , Holmstrom Kristian , Wyendandt Andrew J. , Clements Jon , Maletta Martha
Published: February 2019

Downy mildew (DM) is a serious foliar fungal disease of cucurbits. DM can cause yield losses for New Jersey growers if not properly controlled. In 2004, five chemical control programs were evaluated in a research trial at the Rutgers Snyder Research and Extension Farm (Hunterdon Co.). Materials evaluated were: 1) Phostrol, 5 pt/A; 2) Phostrol, 5 pt/A plus Bravo WS, 3 pt/A; 3) Flint WDG, 2 oz/A alternated with Bravo WS, 3 pt/A plus Nova 40W, 5 oz/A; 4) Maneb 75DF, 2 lb/A plus Champ Formula 2 Flowable, 1 1/3 pt/A; and 5) untreated control. All fungicide programs were applied weekly. Phostrol (Nufarm Americas, Inc.) is a new product with systemic mode of action that is newly labeled for cucurbits for control of DM, but not powdery mildew (PM). The active ingredients are mono- and dibasic-sodium, potassium, and ammonium phosphates. Phostrol and Phostrol plus Bravo were evaluated against industry standard fungicide programs which include alternating chlorothalonil + myclobutanil with strobiluron chemistries on a weekly basis. Fungicide applications were made weekly beginning at first observance of DM in the field on 23 July. Plots were rated for DM and PM incidence and extent of defoliation on 6 Aug. and 24 Sept. Phostrol plus Bravo applied on a weekly basis (7 to 10 days) provided the best control of DM, which appeared much earlier in the season than usual in northern New Jersey. Treatments Phostrol, Flint alternated with Bravo + Nova, Maneb + Champ reduced DM compared to the UTC. Maneb plus Champ provided the best control for PM. At harvest, fruit was graded and weighed. Marketable yield from Phostrol, Phostrol plus Bravo and Maneb plus Champ treatments was significantly higher than the UTC and Flint/Bravo plus Nova treatment. Handle quality was not affected by treatment.
(204) The Effect of High Tunnels and Row Covers on Air Temperatures and Spring-planted Tomato Yield in Louisiana
Authors: Takeuchi Koji , Motsenbocker Carl E.
Published: February 2019

Tomato is an important vegetable crop in Louisiana for small- to large-scale growers. Growers often use protected cultivation with structures, such as greenhouses, in order to take advantage of higher prices early in the season and increase profits through increased tomato yield and quality. A negative aspect of greenhouse use is the high investment and production costs associated with these structures. High tunnels, or simple greenhouse-like structures, have been used to protect crops from cold temperature in northern states, as they often provide benefits similar to greenhouses with considerably lower cost. Very little research has been conducted on the use of high tunnels for crops in the southern states. High tunnels in combination with row covers were evaluated for field cultivation of spring season fresh market tomato in Louisiana. The studies were set up in a randomized complete-block design with three replications. Tomatoes were transplanted into single rows on four-row raised beds covered with black plastic mulch on 1.2-m centers on 13 Mar. 2004. Row covers were installed immediately after transplanting and removed on 3 May. Plants were harvested for 6 weeks starting 12 May 2004. Both high tunnels and row covers significantly increased minimum and maximum air temperatures at a 15-cm height compared to the black plastic mulch control. Early yield was highest with the tunnel treatment without row cover compared to tunnel with row cover and similar to row cover alone or the control. There were no differences in total marketable yield between treatments. Research results from 2 years will be presented.
(375) Highbush Blueberry Cultivar Evaluation in South Central Missouri Mineral Soil
Authors: Kaps Martin L. , Byers Patrick L.
Published: February 2019

Fourteen highbush blueberry cultivars are being evaluated in south central Missouri mineral soil. This soil is often not ideal for culture of highbush blueberry. The planting site was initially pH 6.3 with a 92% base saturation on the cation exchange capacity. Sulfur additions, and summer and fall cover cropping were done for 2 years prior to planting to lower soil pH (5.3) and increase organic matter content. Four replications of three plants were set in a randomized complete block in early Apr. 1998. Plant spacing is 1.2 × 3.0 m on bermed rows that are mulched with chipped hardwood. Acidified irrigation water is supplied through drip lines. Fertilizer is applied annually both as dry ammonium sulfate and soluble nitrogen through drip lines at 84 kg·ha-1 N. Cumulative yield per bush after the first five harvest seasons showed `Bluecrop', `Brigitta Blue', `Chandler', `Darrow', `Legacy', `Nelson', and `Reka' at 17 to 21 kg; `Duke', `Nui', `Ozarkblue', and `Sierra' at 14 to 15 kg; and `Collins', `Summit', and `Toro' at 9 to 10 kg. Berry weight averaged 2 g with a low of 1.4 g (`Reka') to a high of 3.3 g (`Chandler'). Plant height averaged 155 cm with a low of 117 cm (`Nui') to a high of 188 cm (`Legacy', `Nelson'). Cultivars in the two higher yield groups were recommended to Missouri growers for planting.
(345) Mushroom Farm and Anaerobic Digestion Wastewaters as Supplemental Fertilizer Sources for Growing Container Nursery Stock
Authors: Chong C. , Purvis P. , Lumis G. , Holbein B. E. , Voroney R. P. , Zhou H. , Liu H.-W.
Published: February 2019

Wastewaters from farm and composting operations are often rich in certain nutrients that can be reutilized in crop production. Liners of silverleaf dogwood (CornusalbaL. `Argenteo-marginata'), common ninebark [Physocarpusopulifolius(L.) Maxim.], and `Anthony Waterer' spirea (Spiraea×bumaldaBurvenich) were grown in 6-L containers filled with a medium consisting of 73% bark, 22% peat, and 5% pea gravel, by volume. Plants were fertigated daily via a computer-controlled multi-fertilizer injector with three recirculated fertilizer treatments: 1) a stock solution with macro- and micronutrients, electrical conductivity (EC) 2.2 dS·m-1; 2) wastewater from a mushroom farm; and 3) process wastewater from anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste. The wastewaters used in both treatments 2 and 3 were diluted with tap water, and the computer was programmed to amend, dispense, and recirculate nutrients, based on the same target EC as in treatment 1. For comparison, there was a traditional controlled-release fertilizer treatment [Nutryon 17–5–12 (17N–2P–10K) plus micronutrients incorporated into the medium at a rate of 6.5 kg·m-1, nutrients not recirculated]. All three species responded similarly to the three recirculated fertilizer treatments. Growth in the recirculated treatments was similar and significantly higher than that obtained with controlled-release fertilizer. A similar trend in EC was observed in the media near harvest. Throughout the study, there was no sign of nutrient toxicity or deficiency with any of the species or treatment.
(403) Rosmarinic Acid (RA) Content in Leaves and Callus of Five Different Rosemary Genotypes
Authors: Naggar Hany M. El , Read Paul E. , Cuppett Susan L.
Published: February 2019

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) belongs to the Lamiaceae family, and is native to the Mediterranean and one of the most important medicinal herbs containing antioxidants in its leaves. One of the most important antioxidants is rosmarinic acid (RA). The aim of this study was to test the concentration of (RA) and chlorophyll content in leaves and callus of five successive subcultures of five different genotypes of rosemary. They were: 1) `Majorca'; 2) Rosmarinusofficinalis; 3) `Pine Scented'; 4) `Madeline Hill', and 5) APR. It was found that the highest concentration of RA in leaves was in `Pine Scented', while the lowest concentration was for APR and `Madeline Hill'. However, in the callus the highest RA concentration was for Rosmarinusofficinalis in the second subculture and `Madeline Hill' in the third subculture, while the lowest RA concentration was for `Majorca', `Pine Scented', and APR. The RA concentration in callus declined after the second and the third subculture for Rosmarinusofficinalis and `Madeline Hill', respectively. We concluded that it is preferred to use `Pine Scented' for RA extraction from the leaves while for RA extraction from callus it is better to use Rosmarinusofficinalis in the second subculture or `Madeline Hill' in the third subculture.
(151) Extension Outreach for Hispanic Workers: Ohio and Beyond
Authors: Acuna Alejandra , Mathers Hannah , Jennifer Pope
Published: February 2019

In 1998, the wholesale nursery industry represented the largest sector in horticultural sales in the United States and 11% of the total value of U.S. agricultural production. The majority of jobs available in the nursery industry are labor intensive. In Ohio, 60% of the nursery workforce is composed of Hispanic laborers. A survey conducted in 2000 targeting Hispanic nursery workers in Oregon and Ohio revealed a great need for basic technical information in their native language. In order to address this issue in Ohio, a Spanish language nursery tour was developed in 2002 and offered annually thereafter. Conducted entirely in Spanish, the tour focuses on basic technical information in the area of field and container production. Tours take place at commercial nursery sites in the Lake County region of Ohio. Demonstrations at the nurseries have highlighted such practices as planting, pruning, and irrigation. Interest in disseminating more technical information in Spanish to the Hispanic workforce has developed as a result of these tours. In Jan. 2005, supervisors of Hispanic nursery workers were surveyed at the Central Environmental Nursery Trade Show (“CENTS”) in Columbus, Ohio, to determine the level of interest in technical education programs for Hispanic employees (65%) and what programs were needed (Safety 16%, Pruning 14%, and English 13%). A multi-state survey in English and Spanish will be conducted over the next two years (2005 and 2006). The goal of this project is to better understand the backgrounds and technical needs of the workers in seven states filling predominantly manual labor positions, in order to help stabilize and engage the workforce through education.
(418) The Development of a Southern Region Organic Fruit Initiative
Authors: Friedrich Heather , Rom Curt , Popp Jennie , Bellows Barbara , Johnson Donn , Horton Dan , Pomper Kirk , Lockwood David , McArtney Steve , Zehnder Geoffrey
Published: February 2019

Southern organic fruit production is limited by a lack of regionally appropriate, scale-neutral, and market-focused research and technology. There has been limited research, outreach, and cooperation among universities on organic fruit crops in the southern region. Organic research and outreach activities, based on producer input, must be focused on the most limiting areas of the organic system in order to allow southern producers to receive the economic and environmental benefits that organic agriculture can provide. With funding from USDA-SARE and USDA-SRIPMC, researchers at the University of Arkansas have collaborated with scientists, extension specialists, growers, and representatives of the organic industry in Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee to create a Southern Region Organic Fruit Working Group (SROFWG). The SROFWG conducted in-state focus group meetings through which barriers to production and marketing, and opportunities for organic fruit in the region were identified. Prioritized research and outreach needs that were identified in the focus groups included use and understanding of organic fertilizers and nutrient management; methods, knowledge and awareness of pest disease and weed control including orchard floor management; information on transition to organic; consumer awareness and market development and the economics of organics. The planning activities of the SROFWG support the development and submission of grants for cooperative and collaborative research and outreach programs to sustain and expand organic fruit production in the southern region.
(217) An Evaluation of Sulfur Status and the Effects of S on Uptake, Distribution, and Yield of Processing Carrots (Daucus carota L.)
Authors: Pettipas F. Christine , Lada Rajasekaran R. , Caldwell Claude D. , Kyei-Boahen Steve
Published: February 2019

A reduction in the atmospheric deposition of sulfur (S) and S-containing fertilizers has greatly reduced S inputs to the soil in recent years. At the same time, S removal from the soil has increased as a result of increased crop production and higher yields. Sulfur deficiency has been found to reduce yields in several crops. A study was conducted to gain an understanding of the S status of Nova Scotia soils that support carrot production, as well as to examine the effects of rate of S application, method of S application, and type of S fertilizer on carrot uptake, distribution, yield, and recovery. Initial S concentrations in carrot-producing fields ranged from 52–440 kg·ha-1 of S. In general, King's County soils were lower in S than Colchester County soils. In the S trial, banding and broadcasting S on the side of carrot rows improved yield, and recovery compared to placing the S in the seed row. Banding S also significantly increased undersize carrots, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, and root fresh weight. Rate of S application did not affect yield, recovery, or growth of carrots. At this time, S supplies from the atmosphere and soil are sufficient to meet the demands of carrots produced for processing in Nova Scotia. Growers do not need to apply S as fertilizer at this time to improve carrot yields. Monitoring of the S status of soils should be periodically conducted to assess S concentration as SO2 emissions and crop production continue to change.
(227) Does Salinity Reduce Boron's Toxic Effect in Broccoli?
Authors: Grattan Stephen R. , Grieve Catherine M. , Poss James A. , Smith Timothy E. , Suarez Donald L.
Published: February 2019

High salinity and boron often occur together in irrigation water in arid climates, but very little research has been done to study the interaction of the two. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the US Salinity Laboratory in sand tanks to evaluate the interactions between B and saline drainage water on the performance of broccoli. Particular interest in this study was directed towards the composition of the salinizing solution to determine what role various salts have on the salinity-boron interaction. Results from this study indicate that both Cl-based salts and those characteristic of saline drainage water (i.e., a mixture of salts dominated by sodium sulfate) showed a significant salinity–boron interaction. At high salinity, increased B concentration was less detrimental, both visually and quantitatively (i.e., biomass), than it was at low salinity. That is, plants could tolerate a higher solution B-concentration at higher salinity. However, there was no significant difference between salt types. The effects on head weights were more exaggerated than those on shoot biomass. Shoot B concentration was influenced by salinity, but interestingly the direction of influence was dependent upon the B concentration in the solution. Regardless of the composition of the salinizing solution, increased salinity increased shoot B concentration when B concentrations in the solution were relatively low (i.e., 0.5 mg·L-1). At the highest solution B concentration (28 mg·L-1), increased salinity reduced shoot B concentration. Solution B in itself had very little influence on shoot ion accumulation, but both salinity (i.e., EC) and salinity composition had very strong influences on shoot tissue ion composition. Therefore, these data indicate that salinity and B are antagonistic.
(433) Gas Exchange and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Responses of Closely Related Pepper Genotypes to High Temperature Stress
Authors: Jifon John , Crosby Kevin , Leskovar Daniel
Published: February 2019

High temperature stress is a major limitation to commercial production of habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) in tropical and subtropical regions. The ability to sustain physiological activity under stress is an important trait for newer varieties. We evaluated leaf thermotolerance [based on the cell membrane stability (CMS) test] of three habanero pepper varieties to: 1) determine genetic variability in CMS among the genotypes studied; and 2) to assess correlations between CMS, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence [(CF), an indicator of membrane-dependent photosystem II quantum efficiency, ΦPSII]. The genotypes evaluated were TAM Mild Habanero (TMH, a recently developed mild habanero pepper) and its closely related parents (Yucatan and PI 543184). Net CO2 assimilation rate (An) of intact leaves was measured in the field and leaf samples collected and exposed to heat stress (55 °C for 20 min) in temperature-controlled water baths under dim light conditions. The CF was assessed before and after the heat treatment. The CMS was highest in PI 543184, lowest in TMH and intermediate in Yucatan. All genotypes maintained high An rates in the field (25 ± 6 μmol·m-2·s-1); however, correlations between An and CMS were weak. The Φ values were similar among the genotypes (∼0.8) under nonstress conditions, but differed significantly following stress exposure. PI 543184 had the highest post-stress ΦPSII values (0.506 ± 0.023), followed by Yucatan (0.442 ± 0.023) and TMH (0.190 ± 0.025). Observed differences in CMS and ΦPSII indicate plasticity in the response to heat stress among these genotypes.
(289) GUS Expression in LEACO10.92kb-GUS Tobacco Plants Suggests That Auxin and Ethylene Are Involved in LEACO10.92kb Promoter Induction
Authors: McAvoy Richard , Khodakovskaya Mariya , Smith William , Zhao Degang , Liu Hong , Duan Hui , Li Yi
Published: February 2019

A 920 bp fragment of the ACC oxidase gene promoter from tomato (LEACO1) was used to drive GUS gene expression. The LEACO10.92kb fragment contained two stress-responsive short motifs; a 10 bp TCA motif (5'-TCATCTTCTT-3') twice (allowing two substitutions) and an 8 bp element (5'-AA/TTTCAAA-3') once. The TCA motif is found in over 30 stress- and pathogen-inducible genes while the 8 bp element is necessary for ethylene-response in the carnation GST1 and the tomato E4 gene promoters. Previously in chrysanthemum, cytokinin regulation with LEACO10.92kb produced dramatic increases in lateral branching and bud initiation. Tobacco plants carrying LEACO10.92kb–GUS were used to examine the response of the LEACO10.92kb promoter to various hormones and hormone inhibitors. GUS activity in LEACO10.92kb–GUS plants was detected in leaves and stems, but not roots. High expression was detected in shoots with the apical bud intact, but GUS activity decreased with the apical bud removed. Applying IAA to the shoot apex after removing the apical bud, restored GUS activity. However, the IAA transport inhibitor TIBA reduced GUS activity in shoots with intact apical buds, and in IAA-treated shoots with excised buds. In shoots with excised apical buds, GUS activity increased when the ethylene precursor ACC was applied, but decreased in intact shoots when the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor AOA was applied. These data suggest that auxins produced in the apical meristem are capable of regulating LEACO10.92kb activity, probably through auxin-induced ethylene biosynthetic pathway activity.
(292) In Vitro Rooting of Bigtooth Maple Microshoots
Authors: Bowen-O'Connor Clare , Hubstenberger John , Van Leeuwen Dawn , Hilaire Rolston St.
Published: February 2019

Double-node microshoots of bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum Nutt.) were rooted in vitro on Driver-Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) tissue culture media containing indole acetic acid (IAA). Microshoots represented six sources from three locations within Texas and New Mexico. Microshoots were placed in Phytatrays II™ containing DKW media with no plant growth regulator (DKW0) to reduce the high cytokinin levels used for shoot proliferation. Microshoots were induced to form roots for 15 days by placing them on DKW media containing IAA at 0.01, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15 or 20 μmol. Rooting frequency, the number of leaves and callus area were recorded every 30 days for 60 days. Rooting frequency increased up to 29% as IAA concentration increased (P= 0.004). However, as much as 71% of shoots for one of the three Guadalupe Mountain, Texas, sources rooted without auxin treatment after 30 days. The IAA concentration also affected the number of leaves per shoot (P= 0.0228) which averaged seven and callus area (P= <0.0001) which averaged 52 mm2. Average leaf size was 307 mm2. We conclude that IAA induces rooting in microshoots of bigtooth maple after 15 days of root induction. However, one source rooted without auxin treatment. The presence of callus does not interfere with root formation.
(335) Purification and Characterization of ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase from Apple Leaves
Authors: Zhou Rui , Cheng Lailiang
Published: February 2019

Apple leaf ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase was purified over 1400-fold to apparent homogeneity with a specific activity of 58.9 units per mg of protein. The enzyme was activated by 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) and inhibited by inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the ADPG synthesis direction. In the pyrophosphorolysis direction, however, high concentrations of PGA (>2.5 mm) inhibited the enzyme activity. The enzyme was resistant to thermal inactivation with a T0.5 (temperature at which 50% of the enzyme activity is lost after 5 min of incubation) of 52 °C. Incubation with 2 mm PGA or 2 mm Pi increased T0.5 to 68 °C. Incubation with 2 mm dithiothreitol (DTT) decreased T0.5 to 42 °C, whereas inclusion of 2 mm PGA in the DTT incubation maintained T0.5 at 52 °C. DTT-induced decrease in thermal stability was accompanied by monomerization of the small subunits. Presence of PGA in the DTT incubation did not alter the monomerization of the small subunits of the enzyme induced by DTT. These findings indicate that the binding of PGA may have dual functions in regulating apple leaf AGPase activity—activating the enzyme and rendering the enzyme with a conformation more stable to thermal inactivation.
(131) Nitrogen and Potassium Changes during Growth of Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrimaWild) `Supjibi Red'
Authors: Rosas-Ramos Jorge-Moises , Castillo-Gonzalez Ana-Maria , Colinas-Leon María Teresa , Pineda-Pineda Joel
Published: February 2019

Nitrogen and potassium changes in poinsettia `Supjibi Red' were evaluated at four stages: vegetative growth, inductive stage, bract development and flowering. Nitrogen doses were 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg·L-1 and those of potassium were: 175, 250, 325, and 400 mg·L-1, which were applied constantly with irrigation. Plants were grown in 7-inch pots with tezontle as the substrate. A completly random experimental design with nine treatments and 10 replicates was used. Short photoperiod was applied from 61 days after transplant, covering plants for 14 hours from 7 pm on. Samples for nitrogen and potassium evaluations were taken from recently grown-up leaves at 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 days after transplant. Nitrogen absorption increased up to 75 days after transplant; treatments with 400 and 500 mg·L-1 of nitrogen induced the highest foliar levels 2.44% and 2.6%, respectively. In the following sampling dates, nitrogen decreased for all treatments. Potassium content decreased as plants developed; highest levels were obtained 25 days after transplant. The 325 and 400 mg·L-1

K treatments induced the highest concentrations in leaves 7.04% and 7.02%, respectively. Thus, it is confirmed that nitrogen is required throughout vegetative growth, and potassium just in the initial stage of vegetative growth.
(51) Changes in Phenolic Compounds in Sweetpotatoes during Low Temperature Storage
Authors: Padda M.S. , Picha D.H.
Published: February 2019

Sweetpotatoes may be potentially high in concentration of certain phytochemical compounds, including phenolics. Low temperature stress-induced phenolic compounds may enhance the nutraceutical value of sweetpotatoes. However, extended exposure to low temperature results in chilling injury. Cured and non-cured roots of `Beauregard' sweetpotatoes were exposed to low temperature storage (5 °C) for up to 4 weeks. The total phenolics and individual phenolic acid contents were determined at weekly intervals using Folin-Denis reagent and reversed-phase HPLC, respectively. Total phenolics and individual phenolic acids increased with length of low temperature exposure. Non-cured roots had a higher phenolic content than cured roots after 4 weeks. A 3-day exposure period to room temperature (22 °C) following removal from low temperature storage typically resulted in increased phenolics. In a comparison of different tissue locations, the highest phenolic content was found in peel tissue and the lowest in the pith tissue. The major individual phenolic acid in all root tissues was chlorogenic acid.
(464) Antioxidant Activity in Lingonberries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.)
Authors: Wang Shiow , Penhallegon Ross
Published: February 2019

Lingonberries have been shown to contain high antioxidant activity. Fruit from different cultivars of lingonberry (Vacciniumvitis-idaea L) were evaluated for fruit quality, antioxidant activity, anthocyanin and phenolic contents. The fruit soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acids (TA), antioxidant capacity, anthocyanin and phenolic contents varied with cultivars. The SSC ranged from 12.9% to 16.9%, the TA ranged from 0.31% to 0.41% and the ratios of SSC/TA ranged from 35.37 to 51.21. Lingonberries contain potent free radical scavenging activities for DPPH·, ROO·, ·OH and O .-2 radicals. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) values from acetone extraction of lingonberries ranged from 58.5–223.6 μmol of Trolox equivalents (TE)/g fresh berries. The ED50 values for DPPH-radical scavenging ranged from 5.91–11.77 mg fresh weight. The DPPH-radical scavenging activity correlated with ORAC values with a R2 of 0.8009. ESR spectrum showed that 50 mg·mL-1 of lingonberry extract decreased ·OH radicals by 83% and O .-2 radicals by 99%. Cyanidin 3-galactoside was the most dominant anthocyanin and contributed the most antioxidant activity in lingonberries. The antioxidant properties of lingonberries may play an important role in protecting cells against the oxidative damage caused by free radicals.
Consumer Sensory Evaluation of Organically and Conventionally Grown Spinach
Authors: Zhao Xin , Carey Edward E. , Aramouni Fadi M.
Published: February 2019

Consumers of organic food tend to believe that it tastes better than its conventional counterpart. However, there is a lack of scientific studies on sensory analysis of organic food. A consumer taste test was conducted to compare the acceptability of organically and conventionally grown spinach. Spinach samples were collected from organically and conventionally managed plots at the Kansas State University Research and Extension Center, Olathe. One hundred-twenty-two untrained panelists (80 female and 42 male) participated in this consumer study. Fresh and 1-week-old spinach leaves were evaluated by 60 and 62 consumers, respectively, using a 9-point hedonic scale (9 = like extremely, 5 = neither like nor dislike, 1 = dislike extremely). The ANOVA results showed that fresh organic spinach had a higher preference score than corresponding conventional spinach, although not at a significant level (P = 0.1790). For the 1-week-old spinach, the difference diminished, and instead, conventional spinach had a higher preference rating. Among 61 consumers who made comments regarding the sensory evaluation, 29 claimed that organic spinach was more tasty and flavorful; 19 consumers thought conventional spinach was better; 13 consumers could not tell the difference. Even though this consumer study did not reveal significant differences in consumer preference for organic vs. conventional spinach, further well-designed sensory tests are warranted given the trends indicated in our study. Assessment of sensory attributes of organic vegetables after storage also deserves further attention. Ideally, both consumer tests and descriptive analysis using trained panelists will be considered.