bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome analysis of the synganglion from the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Authors: Lees K. , Woods D. J. , Bowman A. S.
Published: December 2009

Tick control strategies rely heavily on chemicals (acaricides), most of which target the central nervous system. With increasing resistance, new acaricides are urgently needed but knowledge of tick neurobiology is surprisingly limited, notably the number of neural‐specific gene sequences. One thousand and eight expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained from a normalized cDNA library from Rhipicephalus sanguineus synganglia. Putative functional identities were assigned to 44% whereas 34% were unknown/novel sequences. Of particular interest were ESTs encoding a chitinase‐like enzyme, an acetylcholinesterase and four transmembrane receptors including two glutamate‐gated chloride channel receptors, a leucokinin‐like receptor and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α‐subunit. This study highlights the benefits of using both neural tissues and normalized libraries in an EST‐approach for identifying potential acaricide targets expressed as rare transcripts.
The smear layer in endodontics – a review
Authors: Violich D. R. , Chandler N. P.
Published: December 2009

Root canal instrumentation produces a layer of organic and inorganic material called the smear layer that may also contain bacteria and their by‐products. It can prevent the penetration of intracanal medicaments into dentinal tubules and influence the adaptation of filling materials to canal walls. This article provides an overview of the smear layer, focusing on its relevance to endodontics. The PubMed database was used initially; the reference list for smear layer featured 1277 articles, and for both smear layer dentine and smear layer root canal revealed 1455 publications. Smear layer endodontics disclosed 408 papers. A forward search was undertaken on selected articles and using some author names. Potentially relevant material was also sought in contemporary endodontic texts, whilst older books revealed historic information and primary research not found electronically, such that this paper does not represent a ‘classical’ review. Data obtained suggests that smear layer removal should enhance canal disinfection. Current methods of smear removal include chemical, ultrasonic and laser techniques – none of which are totally effective throughout the length of all canals or are universally accepted. If smear is to be removed, the method of choice seems to be the alternate use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and sodium hypochlorite solutions. Conflict remains regarding the removal of the smear layer before filling root canals, with investigations required to determine the role of the smear layer in the outcomes of root canal treatment.
Indications for jaw gape‐related control of relative muscle activation in sequent chewing strokes
Authors: PRÖSCHEL P. A. , MORNEBURG T. R.
Published: December 2009

Summary  Jaw muscle activity ratios in unilateral isometric biting differ from ratios of unilateral chewing but approach the latter if the jaw gape in biting is made as small as the minimum interocclusal distance (MID) of chewing. Especially, the masseter working/balancing side ratio (W/B‐ratio) becomes as asymmetric as in chewing, because of reduction in balancing side (BS) masseter activity. This behaviour of ratios might reflect a ‘chewing‐specific’ motor strategy induced when isometric biting is performed with a ‘chewing‐like’ gape. If this hypothesis applies, activity ratios should be associated with MIDs of sequent chewing strokes in a similar manner as with incremented jaw gapes in isometric biting. To test this prediction, bilateral surface electromyograms of masseter and anterior temporalis muscles and incisor movements were recorded during unilateral chewing in 52 subjects. W/B‐ratios of masseter and temporalis activities and temporalis/masseter‐ratios on both sides were calculated. The ratios were related to MIDs of consecutive chewing cycles. Three of the four ratios were associated with masticatory MID in the same manner as with jaw gape in isometric biting. In particular with decreasing MID, the masseter W/B‐ratio increased from 1·5 to 2·2 (P < 0·01). This increase in asymmetry was attributed to a stronger decrease in masseter activity on the BS than on the working side. We conclude that relative jaw muscle activation is associated with interocclusal distance in a similar way in isometric biting and in chewing. This analogy supports the idea of a common jaw gape‐related neuromuscular strategy facilitated by afferent signalling of interocclusal distance.
Anal‐transitional and bronchial metaplasia within the ileostomy of a small bowel allograft: A case report
Authors: Talmon Geoffrey A. , Wisecarver James L.
Published: December 2009

Talmon GA, Wisecarver JL. Anal‐transitional and bronchial metaplasia within the ileostomy of a small bowel allograft: A case report. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15:E34–E37. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Epithelial metaplasia is a phenomenon where a native mucosal cell type is replaced by another due to altered stem cell differentiation, usually as the result of long‐standing injury or inflammation. It is common in ileostomies performed with native small bowels for both neoplastic and inflammatory conditions. We present a case of anal‐transitional and bronchial epithelial metaplasia that occurred near the ileostomy of a small bowel allograft in a seven‐month‐old male transplanted for short bowel syndrome related to gastroschisis. The anal‐transitional metaplastic mucosa had an immunophenotype (CK7‐ and p63‐positive) similar to that of normal mucosa at the anal transition zone and a DNA STR profile consistent with the donor. To our knowledge, this represents the first report of this type of metaplasia occurring in ileostomies in the English literature. It is important for clinicians and pathologists to recognize these benign mucosal alterations to avoid diagnostic confusion.
Population biology of Excirolana armata (Dana, 1853) (Isopoda, Cirolanidae) on an exposed sandy beach in Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Petracco Marcelo , Cardoso Ricardo S. , Corbisier Thais N.
Published: December 2009

The reproductive biology and population dynamics of the cirolanid isopod Excirolana armata (Dana, 1853) were analysed through monthly samples from December 2003 to November 2005 on Una beach, São Paulo state (24° S), in Southeastern Brazil. Sampling was performed along three transects established from the base of foredunes to the waterline. On Una beach, E. armata showed continuous reproduction with higher abundances of ovigerous females in winter and spring (July–November) with a higher peak of juveniles in spring (November 2004). The fecundity ranged from 2 to 18 eggs/embryos per female, depending on the female length. The incubation period was estimated as 2 months. The life span of males and females was nearly 1 year. The short life span and the high energetic expenditure inherent to reproduction with maternal care, probably kept females from producing more than one brood in their lifetime. When comparing the population of E. armata on Una beach (24° S) with populations in Southern Brazil (32° S), Uruguay (34° S) and Argentina (36° S), it was verified that several biological population traits (length of the smallest juvenile, length of the largest individual, length of the smallest and largest ovigerous females, range of fecundity and life span) tended to increase at higher latitudes, whereas other traits (instantaneous rate of mortality and the curvature parameter of von Bertalanffy growth function) tended to decrease. However, comparing E. armata on Una beach (24° S) with a population situated at a close latitude (25° S), unexpected differences in relation to population structure and to growth demonstrated and reinforced the importance of density‐dependent factors over life history traits of E. armata on dissipative beaches.
Efficacy and cost of a hepatocellular carcinoma screening program at an Australian teaching hospital
Authors: Qian YY Mary , Yuwei J Rong , Angus Peter , Schelleman Tony , Johnson Lynne , Gow Paul
Published: December 2009

Background and Aim:  Western countries are seeing an increasing prevalence of chronic viral hepatitis and a subsequent rise in the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Screening patients at high risk of HCC has become standard practice. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and cost of screening high‐risk individuals for HCC in an Australian tertiary hospital.

Methods:  A retrospective review was performed of all patients who underwent HCC screening at the Austin Hospital in Melbourne between 1 October 1998 and 31 August 2004. HCC screening was carried out in all cirrhotic patients and male non‐cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis B virus. Screening consisted of 6‐monthly alpha fetoprotein (AFP) measurements and ultrasounds (US). Outcomes of those who had HCC detected were followed up until 15 February 2007. Patients who had HCC satisfying the Milan criteria for liver transplantation were considered to have potentially curable tumor. Costs for the diagnostic tests were obtained from the 2004 Australian Medicare Benefits Schedule.

Results:  A total of 268 patient records were reviewed as part of the study. Chronic viral hepatitis accounted for 63% of the patients (n = 167). US screening was carried out at a median of 6.5 months and AFP measurements at a median of 4.0 months. HCC was detected in 22 patients (8.2%) at an incidence of 2.7% per year. These patients had a mean follow up of approximately 5.0 years after tumor detection. At the time of diagnosis, 17 patients had potentially curable tumor and 10 were alive at the conclusion of follow up. Of these 10 patients, six were successfully transplanted, three were successfully treated with radiological therapies and one was awaiting transplantation. The total cost of the screening program over the study period, including secondary investigations, was $A300 568. The cost per HCC detected was $13 662 and cost per potentially curable HCC was $17 680.

Conclusion:  An effective HCC screening program can be provided through a multi‐disciplinary outpatient facility in an Australian teaching hospital. Further stratification of the high risk patient cohort may improve the cost effectiveness of this screening program.
Marshall and Warren Lecture 2009: Peptic Ulcer Bleeding: An expedition of 20 years from 1989–2009
Authors: Sung Joseph J Y
Published: December 2009

Peptic ulcer bleeding is one of the most common medical emergencies leading to substantial mortality and morbidity. The last two decades has witnessed some important advances in the management of this condition, and some of these are results from clinical trials conducted in the Asia Pacific region. The optimal use of combined endoscopic hemostasis and the use of pharmacologic control of acid secretion in the stomach have significantly improved clinical outcome. The role of surgery has been redefined. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection and prophylactic treatment in non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug and anti‐platelet users have made progress in preventing recurrence of peptic ulcer and bleeding. Instead of merely focusing on safety in the gastrointestinal tract, striking a balance between risk and benefit of continuing anti‐platelet agents should be a top agenda.
19‐peptide, a fragment of tumstatin, inhibits the growth of poorly differentiated gastric carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: He Yan , Jiang Yang , Li Ying‐Jie , Liu Xing‐Han , Zhang Lei , Liu Li‐Juan , Shi Hang , Li Hui‐Ning , Ma Yong‐Cu , Jin Xiao‐Ming
Published: December 2009

Background and Aim:  This study investigated whether 19‐peptide, a fragment of tumstatin, inhibited the growth of gastric tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.

Methods:  19‐peptide was expressed in bacteria and purified with Sephadex G‐15. SGC7901 gastric carcinoma cells and human umbilical‐vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to 19‐peptide in vitro, and their viability was evaluated by biochemical and histopathological analysis. In vivo, pieces of solid tumor derived from SGC7901 cells were inoculated into the gastric serosa of 36 nude mice, with a biological glue to hold them in place. Twenty‐eight days after injection of 19‐peptide, the mice were killed. The tumors were measured and examined by western blotting, histopathology, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotin‐dUTP nick end labeling assay.

Results:  19‐peptide induced apoptosis of many SGC7901 cells but few HUVECs in vitro. In vivo, after the application of 19‐peptide, significant tumor cell apoptosis was observed in the center of the tumors, tumor volume was reduced significantly (P < 0.001), and the invasion and migration of cancer cells was reduced. PTEN was increased in the treatment group and phospho‐Akt (pAkt) was decreased in the control group.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that 19‐peptide inhibits the growth and metastases of poorly differentiated gastric carcinoma cells, primarily by inducing apoptosis. The apoptotic mechanism could be related to anoikis and the PTEN/Akt pathway.
TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS OF ADJUSTABLE SUTURES
Authors: PETER FELLS do, frcs
Published: December 2009

The ‘rediscovery’ of adjustable sutures some 10 years ago has given the ophthalmic surgeon much more confidence in his ability to correct strabismus. Three methods of use are described: 8 during surgery under general anaesthesia with adjustment during the operation using the ‘springback’ test to centralise the eye; (ii) during surgery under general anaesthesia and subsequent adjustment under local anaesthesia using the patient's subjective responses to obtain optimal positioning; and (iii) pedormance of the operation and adjustment under topical local anaesthesia in one procedure.

Full details are given of each technique and the indications for their application to particular problems are discussed.
The pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba keratitis
Authors: Badenoch Paul R.
Published: December 2009

Most major eye centres in Australia have now seen patients with corneal infection due to Acanthamoeba. The medical treatment of this condition is difficult; Acanthamoeba isolates show wide variation in their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents and amoebicidal concentrations are difficult to achieve in the cornea. The recent development of animal models of Acanthamoeba keratitis will be important in understanding the pathogenic mechanisms involved. The key to improving the visual outcome for these patients may prove to be the manipulation of the host response.
Subperiosteal abscesses of the orbit due to sinusitis in childhood
Authors: Williams Brian Joseph , Harrison Henley Christopher
Published: December 2009

This paper reports 16 cases of subperiosteal abscesses of the orbit due to acute sinusitis in childhood. They comprise 12.4% of 129 patients presenting with an ‘acute orbit’. Acute ethmoidal sinusitis was the predominant cause. The typical clinical features, as well as CT scanning of the paranasal sinuses, orbit and brain, should assist in early diagnosis. If possible, the subperiosteal abscess and sinuses should be drained before loss of visual acuity or intracranial complications occur. Streptococcus milleri was the pathogen most commonly cultured. One patient in this series had intracranial complications, but no other patients had major complications and there were no deaths.
On target? Strategies and progress in the development of therapies for colorectal cancer targeted against WNT signalling
Authors: McDonald S. L. , Silver A. R.
Published: December 2009

Chemotherapy is an integral part of treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC), especially in the context of metastatic cancer. Targeted therapies in the form of monoclonal antibodies directed against the endothelial growth factor receptor or the vascular endothelial growth factor have met with success, and have demonstrated the advantages of molecularly targeted therapy in colorectal cancer. Nevertheless, CRC remains a major cause of death, which demonstrates the urgent need for improved treatment strategies. The pathway activated by the Wingless‐type mouse mammary tumour virus integration site (WNT) family members is constitutively active and promotes cancer growth in the majority of CRCs. As a result, there has been interest in developing therapeutics that circumvent it either by inhibiting WNT‐mediated transcription or by inactivating the target genes. This review considers the current therapies approved for use in CRC and discusses the progress with therapies designed to target the WNT signalling pathway.
Enhancing instructional design efficiency: Methodologies employed by instructional designers
Authors: Roytek Margaret A.
Published: December 2009

Instructional systems design (ISD) has been frequently criticised as taking too long to implement, calling for a reduction in cycle time—the time that elapses between project initiation and delivery. While instructional design research has historically focused on increasing learner efficiencies, the study of what instructional designers do to increase efficiency during the design of instruction, including web‐based training, has not yet been fully examined. The purpose of this qualitative developmental study was to identify and understand the methodologies used by experienced instructional designers to increase the efficiency of the instructional design process. Data were gathered from 11 instructional designers working within two business and industry consulting firms that provide learning solutions to global clients. Results revealed 47 efficiency methodologies found within the four categories of design model, instructional design team member roles, instructional design processes and instructional design tools. Additionally, 14 supporting instructional designer competencies were found within the category of instructional designer knowledge, skills and attitudes.
Employment Disruptions and Supervisors
Authors: KOSTEAS VASILIOS D.
Published: December 2009

This study estimates the effect of past career disruptions on the probability a worker has supervisory status and responsibility for determining promotions or setting pay, paying particular attention to gender differences. Past unemployment spells are negatively correlated with supervisory status; however, the correlation is economically small. Differences in employment history cannot explain the difference in rates of supervisor status between men and women.
Genital verrucous carcinoma is associated with lichen sclerosus: a retrospective study and review of the literature
Authors: Wang S‐H , Chi C‐C , Wong YW , Salim A , Manek S , Wojnarowska F
Published: December 2009

Background  The association of lichen sclerosus (LS) with genital squamous cell carcinoma is well recognized. However, the relationship between LS and verrucous carcinoma remains unclear.

Objective  To evaluate the associations of genital and perianal verrucous carcinomas with LS.

Methods  We conducted a retrospective study on patients with a genital or perianal verrucous carcinoma and reviewed their histopathology specimens and clinical notes. We also conducted a literature review.

Results  We identified a total of 13 patients (including 6 women and 7 men) with a genital or perianal verrucous carcinoma. All 5 women with vulval verrucous carcinoma had coexisting LS (5/5), and 1 man with penile verrucous carcinoma had coexisting LS (1/3). In contrast, no coexisting LS was found in all 5 cases of perianal verrucous carcinoma (0/5). Half of the cases of verrucous carcinoma with coexisting LS had recurrences (3/6), while no recurrences were found in those without coexisting LS (0/7).

Conclusions  Our study and review of the literature demonstrate that vulval verrucous carcinoma is strongly associated with LS. In contrast, perianal verrucous carcinoma is not associated with LS. When genital verrucous carcinoma is diagnosed, it is important to consider LS as a potential concomitant diagnosis and offer appropriate treatments and close follow‐up to detect recurrence of verrucous carcinoma.
Issue compensation and right‐wing government social spending
Authors: JENSEN CARSTEN
Published: December 2009

It is well‐established that prolonged left‐wing incumbency has a positive long‐term effect on welfare effort in terms of high levels of social spending and reduced levels of economic inequality and poverty. Prolonged left‐wing incumbency also influences the institutional set‐up of welfare states, in particular generating strong support for existing arrangements in countries with large welfare states. The issue ownership literature furthermore shows that the public comes to distrust right‐wing parties as defenders of the welfare state. In countries that have a tradition of left‐wing incumbency it is particularly important for right‐wing governments to compensate for the distrust of the public because of the popularity of the welfare state and strong vested interests. While right‐wing governments on average are negatively associated with social spending, there is a strong positive association between right‐wing government and social spending in traditionally left‐wing countries. It is even the case that right‐wing governments in these countries spend more on social welfare than left‐wing governments. This indicates that right‐wing governments are forced to compensate for the lack of public trust by being even more generous than the left.
“My way or no way”: Anarchic power, relationship satisfaction, and male violence
Authors: REHMAN UZMA S. , HOLTZWORTH‐MUNROE AMY , HERRON KATHERINE , CLEMENTS KAHNI
Published: December 2009

Abstract

It was hypothesized that couples experiencing husband violence are more likely than nonviolent couples to have “anarchic” power outcomes, that is, the failure to reach agreement or make a decision when discussing relationship problems. Three groups of U.S. couples in committed relationships participated in the current study: 41 experiencing husband violence, 23 nonviolent but maritally distressed, and 39 nonviolent‐nondistressed. The power outcome was assessed by noting which partner's solution couples adopted using both hypothetical and actual marital problem discussions. The study findings suggested that power gridlocks are related to relationship dysfunction but may not be specifically linked to husband violence among a community sample. The conclusion includes a discussion of the methodological and theoretical issues that need to be considered in future research.
Roots and correlates of perceived injustice in the division of family work
Authors: MIKULA GEROLD , SCHOEBI DOMINIK , JAGODITSCH SONJA , MACHER SILVIA
Published: December 2009

Abstract

This study provides a comprehensive test of the distributive justice framework to explain justice evaluations of the division of family work. Using data of 632 dual‐earner couples with young children from 3 European countries, the analyses provided good support for the distributive justice framework. The frequency with which spouses compared each other's amounts of family work, the outcome of the comparison of the husband's family work with the family work performed by other men, and the extent to which the partner appreciated one's family work proved to be most predictive of justice evaluations. Notably, the evidence supports the model equally for women and men and for justice evaluations of the divisions of domestic work and child care.
Drivers of change in fragile environments: Challenges to governance in Indian wetlands
Authors: Narayanan N.C. , Venot Jean‐Philippe
Published: December 2009

In densely populated coastal wetlands with rich biodiversity, multiple, but generally competing, economic activities are common. This paper adopts a polycentric perspective to the study of wetlands management in India to assess the scope for sustainable and equitable use of these remarkable and threatened ecosystems. The analytical framework proves to be useful and highlights that the intertwined processes of environmental and social changes result from, and shape, governance patterns. The three wetlands studied share commonalities in their trajectories: high population pressure, the enclosure of the commons and subsequent capitalization of resources and social marginalization, conflicting interests and intense local politics, a disconnect between global conservation discourses and local concerns, weak institutional arrangements, and global economic forces. The intense politics of access, control and use of natural resources challenge the implementation of a true polycentric regime in the Indian context due to a tendency to bureaucratization and a lack of participation, and existing limits to democratic citizenship. Creating a democratic space where multiple voices can be considered in the decision‐making process remains a challenge. The paper concludes that inclusion of power and politics in the study of governance of natural resources should be of prime concern for researchers and decision makers.
Cortical stimulation for language mapping in focal epilepsy: Correlations with tractography of the arcuate fasciculus
Authors: Diehl Beate , Piao Zhe , Tkach Jean , Busch Robyn M. , LaPresto Eric , Najm Imad , Bingaman Bill , Duncan John , Lüders Hans
Published: December 2009

Purpose:  Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides information about magnitude (diffusivity) and directionality (fractional anisotropy, FA) of water diffusion and allows visualization of major white matter tracts. The arcuate fasciculus (AF) connects anterior (Broca’s) and posterior (Wernicke’s) language areas. We hypothesized that essential language areas identified by direct cortical stimulation would colocalize with areas revealing subcortical connectivity via the AF.

Methods:  Fourteen patients with pharmacoresistant left hemispheric epilepsy and left hemisphere language dominance underwent invasive evaluations for localization of epileptogenicity and functional mapping. DTI and T1‐weighted volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were coregistered, and subdural grid electrodes identified on postimplantation computed tomography (CT) scans were also coregistered to the MRI scans. The AF was reconstructed from a region lateral to the corona radiata on the FA map. Colocalization, defined as <1 cm between the AF and the electrode positions delineating language cortex, was visually assessed with excellent reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.98).

Results:  A total of 71 subdural grid contacts were overlying language cortex. Nineteen contacts in eight patients were over Broca’s area, 16 of which (84.2%) colocalized with the AF. Fifty‐two contacts in 10 patients were over Wernicke’s area, with colocalization in 29 patients (55.8%). Colocalization was significantly greater in anterior regions than in posterior regions [χ2(1) = 4.850, p < 0.05].

Discussion:  The AF, as visualized with DTI, colocalized well with anterior language areas, but less so with posterior language areas, inferring that the latter are more spatially dispersed.
Effects of Health Status on Word Finding in Aging
Authors: Albert Martin L. , Spiro Avron , Sayers Keely J. , Cohen Jason A. , Brady Christopher B. , Goral Mira , Obler Loraine K.
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate effects of health status on word‐finding difficulty in aging, adjusting for the known contributors of education, sex, and ethnicity.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional.

SETTING: Community.

PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred eighty‐four adults aged 55 to 85 (48.6% female) participating in an ongoing longitudinal study of language in aging.

MEASUREMENTS: Medical, neurological, and laboratory evaluations to determine health status and presence or absence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Lexical retrieval evaluated with the Boston Naming Test (BNT) and Action Naming Test.

RESULTS: Unadjusted regression models showed that presence of diabetes mellitus was not related to naming. Presence of hypertension was associated with significantly lower accuracy on both tasks (P<.02). Adjustment for demographics attenuated the effect of hypertension (P<.08). For the BNT, a variable combining presence, treatment, and control of hypertension was marginally significant (P<.10), with subjects with uncontrolled hypertension being least accurate (91.4%). Previously observed findings regarding the effects of age, education, sex, and ethnicity were confirmed.

CONCLUSION: In this sample of older adults, hypertension contributed to the word‐finding difficulty of normal aging, but diabetes mellitus did not.
Persistence of Traumatic Memories in World War II Prisoners of War
Authors: Rintamaki Lance S. , Weaver Frances M. , Elbaum Philip L. , Klama Edward N. , Miskevics Scott A.
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVES: To assess the long‐term effects of the prisoner of war (POW) experience on U.S. World War II (WWII) veterans.

DESIGN: Exploratory study.

SETTING: Participants were recruited through the Hines Veterans Affairs Hospital; a POW reunion in Orlando, Florida; and the WWII veterans periodical, “The QUAN.”

PARTICIPANTS: One hundred fifty‐seven American military veterans who were former WWII POWs.

MEASURMENTS: Participants completed a mailed survey describing their POW experiences, POW effects on subsequent psychological and physical well‐being, and ways in which these experiences shaped major decisions in their lives.

RESULTS: Participants from the European and Pacific theaters reported that their captivity during WWII affected their long‐term emotional well‐being. Both groups reported high rates of reflection, dreaming, and flashbacks pertaining to their POW experiences, but Pacific theater POWs did so at higher rates in the present than in the past. Large portions of both groups reported greater rumination on POW experiences after retirement. Finally, 16.6% of participants met the requirements of a current, clinical diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) based on the Mississippi PTSD scale, with PTSD rates in Pacific theater POWs (34%) three times those of European theater POWs (12%).

CONCLUSION: Traumatic memories and clinical levels of PTSD persist for WWII POWs as long as 65 years after their captivity. Additionally, rumination about these experiences, including flashbacks and persistent nightmares, may increase after retirement, particularly for those held in the Pacific theater. These findings inform the current therapeutic needs of this elderly population and future generations of POWs from other military conflicts.
Interobserver Repeatability of Measurements on Computed Tomography Images of Lax Canine Hip Joints from Youth to Maturity
Authors: LOPEZ MANDI J. , DAVIS KECHIA M. , JEFFREY‐BORGER SUSAN L. , MARKEL MARK D. , RETTENMUND CHRISTY
Published: December 2009

Objectives—To determine interobserver repeatability of measurements on computed tomography (CT) images of lax canine hip joints at different ages and in the presence of degenerative joint disease at maturity.

Study Design—Longitudinal observational investigation.

Animals—Sibling crossbreed hounds.

Methods—Pelvic CT was performed at 20, 24, 32, 48, 68, and 104 weeks of age. Measures were performed on 3 contiguous two‐dimensional (2D) transverse CT images of both hips at each time point by 3 investigators. Center‐edge angle (CEA), horizontal toit externe angle (HTEA), ventral (VASA), dorsal (DASA), and horizontal (HASA) acetabular sector angles, acetabular index (AI), and percent femoral head coverage (CPC) were measured. Interobserver repeatability was quantified with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Satisfactory repeatability was considered when ICC≥0.75.

Results—DASA, CEA, and CPC were repeatable in all age groups. HASA and HTEA were repeatable for all but 1 time point. At 20 weeks of age, all measures but AI were repeatable, and at 104 weeks of age, DASA, CEA, CPC, and HASA were repeatable. Measures were repeatable in hips with and without degenerative changes with the exceptions of AI and HASA in normal hips and VASA and HTEA in osteoarthritic hips.

Conclusions—Most 2D CT measurements examined were repeatable regardless of age or joint disease.

Clinical Relevance—Two‐dimensional CT measures may augment current techniques for assessing joint changes in lax canine hips.
Bilateral Iliopsoas Muscle Contracture and Spinous Process Impingement in a German Shepherd Dog
Authors: RAGETLY GUILLAUME R. , GRIFFON DOMINIQUE J. , JOHNSON ANN L. , BLEVINS WILLIAM E. , VALLI VICTOR E.
Published: December 2009

Objective—To report diagnosis and treatment of bilateral iliopsoas muscle contracture in a dog with spinous process impingement.

Study design—Case report.

Animals—German Shepherd dog.

Methods—A dog with chronic progressive lameness, flexion contracture of the coxofemoral joints, severe pain, and decreased femoral reflexes had severe spondylosis bridging the vertebral bodies from L1 to L4 and enlarged dorsal spinous processes from T8 to L6 with impingement and bony proliferation. Ultrasonographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were consistent with fibrosis, mineralization, and atrophy of the iliopsoas muscles bilaterally which was treated by staged tenectomy of the insertions of the iliopsoas muscles.

Results—Because of severe perivascular fibrosis, the femoral vessels required ligation. Bilateral iliopsoas muscle tenectomy improved gait and provided pain relief. Histologic findings were consistent with fibrotic myopathy.

Conclusions—Slow progression of severe clinical signs observed bilaterally in this dog differs from previous reports of iliopsoas myopathy. Findings were similar to the fibrotic myopathy of the gracilis or semitendinosus muscles described in dogs.

Clinical Relevance—Iliopsoas muscle abnormalities should be considered in dogs with limited hip extension and pain. MRI is useful for diagnosing muscle fibrosis. Iliopsoas tenectomy may improve clinical function in dogs with fibrotic myopathy.
A Laparoscopic‐Sutured Gastropexy Technique In Dogs: Mechanical and Functional Evaluation
Authors: MATHON DIDIER H. , DOSSIN OLIVIER , PALIERNE SOPHIE , CREMOUX MATTHIEU , RODRIGUEZ HERIBERTO , MEYNAUD‐COLLARD PATRICIA , STEINER JOERG M. , SUCHODOLSKI JAN S. , LEFEBVRE HERVE P. , AUTEFAGE ANDRE
Published: December 2009

Objective—To describe a laparoscopic‐sutured gastropexy technique in dogs and evaluate the tensile strength of the adhesion and effects on gastric function.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Animals—Female beagle dogs (n=7).

Methods—A laparoscopic‐sutured gastropexy technique was evaluated by ex vivo tensile distraction tests 10 weeks after surgery. The effect of the adhesion on gastric emptying, mucosal permeability, and systemic inflammation were evaluated by monitoring the C‐reactive protein (CRP) and sucrose permeability, and by radiographic evaluation of gastric emptying 2 weeks before and 10 weeks after surgery.

Results—Mean (±SD) tensile force to disrupt adhesions was 51.1±16.4 N. There was no significant postoperative increase in CRP concentration or change in sucrose permeability. The area under the curve representing the postprandial decrease in gastric radiographic area increased by 11% after gastropexy.

Conclusions—This laparoscopic gastropexy technique had appropriate mechanical and functional characteristics with limited morbidity.

Clinical Relevance—This laparoscopic‐sutured gastropexy provides adhesion strength comparable with other gastropexy techniques tested at 10 weeks postoperatively. Only minor changes in gastric emptying were observed 10 weeks after surgery.
Inguinal Herniation of the Ascending Colon in a 6‐month‐old Standardbred Colt
Authors: ROBINSON EMILY , CARMALT JAMES L.
Published: December 2009

Objective— To report inguinal herniation of the ascending colon in a Standardbred colt.

Study Design— Case report.

Animals— A 6‐month‐old Standardbred colt.

Methods— The colt underwent surgical exploration of the hernia with large colon resection and anastomosis.

Results— A successful large colon resection and anastomosis was completed, however, the colt was euthanatized at the end of surgery upon owner request.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— Although uncommon, indirect inguinal herniation of the ascending colon can occur in young horses.
Baptist Hymnody in the Northern United States: The Case of E. H. Johnson's Sursum Corda
Authors: Grimminger Daniel Jay
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  Northern and southern Baptists in the United States differed at the turn of the twentieth century. Through their hymnals, especially Sursum Corda edited by E. H. Johnson, they embraced a form of historicism that attempted to recover an earlier time in the church. Gregorian and Anglican chants served as vehicles of historicist interest as did the parts of the historic Mass and traditional English hymns prevalent in Johnson's book. Northern Baptists also leaned toward an ecclesiology that held the ‘church as sacrament’. Hymn texts in Johnson's Baptist hymnal form a bridge between two ecclesiological outlooks by employing a pastiche of sacramental texts and texts based on a memorialist understanding of the Eucharist. This essay employs an interdisciplinary approach to looking at American hymnody involving theology, history, musicology, and liturgics.
Not the Words: Hymnody, Enacted Theology, and the Lutheran Inupiat
Authors: Hanson Kristin Helweg
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  The theology of hymnody is not text‐bound. This article asserts that for the Lutheran Inupiat of Anchorage (Alaska), the practice of singing enacts the important theology. The Lutheran Inupiat still use the missionary hymns of the 1880s—early 1900s. This article explores how singing hymns simultaneously perpetuates Inupiaq spiritual culture and participates in the adopted Lutheran heritage. Inupiaq naming‐practices and song‐genealogies enrich Christian understandings of the ‘communion of saints’, which is enacted through singing.
Hymns and Hymn‐Singing as an Indicator of the Situation of the Church
Authors: Balslev‐Clausen Peter
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  This article investigates the hymnals of four Lutheran churches in Germany, North America, Sweden and Denmark in order to identify the connection between ecclesiastic and theological development during the 20th century, as well as the editorial process used in creating the hymnals of the period. The hymnals reflect a significant development from a traditional non‐ritualistic to an Anglican‐inspired ritualistic conception of the Sunday service as a side‐effect of the transition of the typical Lutheran churches from majority to minority churches.
Theologia Prima—Liturgical Theology as an Ecumenical Challenge to Lutheran Worship Practice
Authors: Haspelmath‐Finatti Dorothea
Published: December 2009

Abstract:  The doctrine of justification is of highest importance for Lutheran theology. But regarding their worship practice Lutheran churches seem to be less aware of this priority than Orthodox, Roman‐Catholic and Anglican churches. David Fagerberg, building on Alexander Schmemann, claims the worship service experience is theologia prima, God's action upon God's people. At the same time Andrea Grillo calls the human being an animal ceremoniale stating that liturgy always reminds us that God's action comes first. Can Lutherans building upon this ecumenical liturgical theology find in the worship service the ‘place of justification’?
Evaporation‐Induced Alignment of Cylindrical Mesopores in TiO2 Thin Films
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wang John
Published: December 2009

Hexagonally packed cylindrical mesopores that are vertically aligned at the surface of mesoporous TiO2 thin film are formed by self‐assembly of the hydrolyzed titanium alkoxides in the presence of poly(styrene‐b‐ethylene oxide) building blocks. The mesoporous thin film exhibits a high degree of lateral ordering and thermal stability. Long‐range lateral ordering and orientation of mesopores at the TiO2 film surface arise from a strong unfavorable interaction between the polystyrene and poly(ethylene oxide) building blocks, together with the cooperative assembling between the building blocks and inorganic species in association with the directionality of solvent evaporation.
The MERC at CORD Scholars Program in Medical Education Research: A Novel Faculty Development Opportunity for Emergency Physicians
Authors: Love Jeffrey N. , Coates Wendy C. , Santen Sally A. , Hobgood Cherri D. , Mavis Brian E. , Farrell Susan E.
Published: December 2009

Medical educators are increasingly charged with the development of outcomes‐based “best practices” in medical student and resident education and patient care. To fulfill this mission, a cadre of well‐trained, experienced medical education researchers is required. The experienced medical educator is in a prime position to fill this need but often lacks the training needed to successfully contribute to such a goal. Towards this end, the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Group on Educational Affairs developed a series of content‐based workshops that have resulted in Medical Education Research Certification (MERC), promoting skills development and a better understanding of research by educators. Subsequently, the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD) partnered with the AAMC to take MERC a step further, in the MERC at CORD Scholars Program (MCSP). This venture integrates a novel, mentored, specialty‐specific research project with the traditional MERC workshops. Collaborative groups, based on a common area of interest, each develop a multi‐institutional project by exploring and applying the concepts learned through the MERC workshops. Participants in the inaugural MCSP have completed three MERC workshops and initiated a project. Upon program completion, each will have completed MERC certification (six workshops) and gained experience as a contributing author on a mentored education research project. Not only does this program serve as a multi‐dimensional faculty development opportunity, it is also intended to act as a catalyst in developing a network of education scholars and infrastructure for educational research within the specialty of emergency medicine.
Conference Attendance Does Not Correlate With Emergency Medicine Residency In‐Training Examination Scores
Authors: Gene Hern Jr H. , Wills Charlotte , Alter Harrison , Bowman Steven H. , Katz Eric , Shayne Philip , Vahidnia Farnaz
Published: December 2009

Objectives:  The residency review committee for emergency medicine (EM) requires residents to have greater than 70% attendance of educational conferences during residency training, but it is unknown whether attendance improves clinical competence or scores on the American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) in‐training examination (ITE). This study examined the relationship between conference attendance and ITE scores. The hypothesis was that greater attendance would correlate to a higher examination score.

Methods:  This was a multi‐center retrospective cohort study using conference attendance data and examination results from residents in four large county EM residency training programs. Longitudinal multi‐level models, adjusting for training site, U.S. Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 score, and sex were used to explore the relationship between conference attendance and in‐training examination scores according to year of training. Each year of training was studied, as well as the overall effect of mean attendance as it related to examination score.

Results:  Four training sites reported data on 405 residents during 2002 to 2008; 386 residents had sufficient data to analyze. In the multi‐level longitudinal models, attendance at conference was not a significant predictor of in‐training percentile score (coefficient = 0.005, 95% confidence interval [CI] = –0.053 to 0.063, p = 0.87). Score on the USMLE Step 1 examination was a strong predictor of ITE score (coefficient = 0.186, 95% CI = 0.155 to 0.217; p < 0.001), as was female sex (coefficient = 2.117, 95% CI = 0.987 to 3.25; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Greater conference attendance does not correlate with performance on an individual’s ITE scores. Conference attendance may represent an important part of EM residency training but perhaps not of ITE performance.
Evaluation of a Web‐based Asynchronous Pediatric Emergency Medicine Learning Tool for Residents and Medical Students
Authors: Burnette Kreg , Ramundo Maria , Stevenson Michelle , Beeson Michael S.
Published: December 2009

Objectives:  To examine the effectiveness of an asynchronous learning tool consisting of web‐based lectures for trainees covering major topics pertinent to pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) and to assess resident and student evaluation of this mode of education.

Methods:  PEM faculty and fellows created a 21‐lecture, web‐based curriculum. These 20‐minute online lectures used Microsoft PowerPoint with the voice‐over feature. A 75‐question test was created to assess the effectiveness of the web‐based learning model, administered online before and after the rotation in the pediatric emergency department (PED). All fourth‐year medical students and residents (across all specialties) rotating through the PED were required to complete 10 of the 21 lectures during their 1‐month rotation. The main outcome variable was difference in score between pre‐ and post‐rotation tests of participants who viewed no lectures and those who viewed at least one lecture. Evaluation of the program was assessed by anonymous survey using 5‐point discrete visual analog scales. Responses of 4 or 5 were considered positive for analysis.

Results:  One hundred eleven residents and fourth‐year medical students participated in the program. An initial 32 completed testing before implementation of the on‐line lectures (March 2007–August 2007), and another five did not complete the on‐line lectures after implementation (September 2007–February 2008). Seventy‐one completed testing and on‐line lectures, and all but three completed at least 10 on‐line lectures during their rotation. Fourteen of 111 trainees did not complete the pre‐ or post‐test (including two who viewed the lectures). The mean change in score was a 1% improvement from pre‐test to post‐test for trainees who viewed no lectures and a 6.2% improvement for those who viewed the lectures (mean difference = 5.2%, 95% confidence interval = 2.5% to 7.9%). In the linear regression model, the estimate of the coefficient was 0.43 (p < 0.001), meaning that, for each lecture viewed, post‐test score rose by 0.43%. Sixty‐nine of 75 test items (92%) had a point biserial correlation greater than 0.15. Thirty of the 72 trainees who completed the online lectures and testing (42%) returned surveys. All were comfortable using the Internet, and 87% (26/30) found the web‐site easy to use. All felt that their educational goals were met, and 100% felt that the format would be useful in other areas of education.

Conclusions:  Although not a replacement for traditional bedside teaching, the use of web‐based lectures as an asynchronous learning tool has a positive effect on medical knowledge test scores. Trainees were able to view online lectures on their own schedules, in the location of their choice. This is helpful in a field with shift work, in which trainees rarely work together, making it difficult to synchronously provide lectures to all trainees.