bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of segmental defects of Achilles tendon: Is it a must in infected complex defects?
Authors: Sabapathy S. Raja , Venkataramani Hari , Latheef Latheesh , Bhardwaj Praveen
Published: January 2014

Loss of Achilles tendon combined with overlying soft tissue loss is a challenging problem. Multiple techniques like tendon graft with coverage by soft tissue flap or composite flaps have been used. All these options are technically demanding. Reports do exist whereby muscle flaps bridging the defect used as cover in course of time could transmit the tendon force across the defect. We are presenting a case where a free gracilis muscle flap used to cover the soft tissue defect at the Achilles tendon at 2 years follow up provided stable cover and produced active function of the Achilles tendon allowing the patient to stand tip toe. Mechanism of its action has been analysed by MRI and M-mode ultrasound. While in primary Achilles tendon injury reconstruction is still the recommended option, in complex situations mere filling of the gap with the flap without formal reconstruction of the tendon could give good functional outcome. This technique can be used in demanding situations.
Rare case of nasolacrimal duct opening into face
Authors: Nayak Bibhuti Bhusan , Mohanty Nilamani , Patnaik Annada Prasad
Published: January 2014

Congenital anomaly of nasolacrimal duct is mostly obstructive in nature or is seen in oblique facial clefts. Nasolacrimal duct drain into the inferior meatus in the nose in a normally developed face. We report a rare case of aberrant opening of distal end of nasolacrimal duct into the external skin lateral to the ala of nose in an adult patient. The only case reported so far was in an infant. The patient is a 22 year young male presenting with an opening lateral to the left ala of nose with recurrent discharge and conjunctivitis of left eye. The embryology is also discussed.
Dental subscale of children′s fear survey schedule and dental caries prevalence
Authors: P. Beena J.
Published: January 2014

Objective: To assess the level of fear of dental procedures among 6-12 year school children and correlate the prevalence of dental caries with their dental fears scores. Materials and Methods: The study sample of 444 school children, comprising of 224 girls and 220 boys in the age group of 6-12 years old from a private English medium school were selected. Each student was asked to independently complete a Children′s Fear Survey Schedule - Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) questionnaire. Children having a score of ≥ 38 were included in the ′′dental fear′′ group while those scoring <38 were placed in the ′′without dental fear′′ group. All dental examinations were performed in the classroom. Results: Fear scores were highest for ′′Injections,′′ (3.76 ± 0.68) ′′Choking,′′ (3.48 ± 0.63) and ′′Dentist drilling′′ (2.88 ± 0.69). The overall mean score of CFSS-DS in our study was 37.0 ± 8.89, mean score of DMFT and DMFS were 0.58 ± 0.74 and 0.73 ± 1.09, respectively. Mean score of deft and defs were 4.40 ± 2.34 and 7.28 ± 5.49, respectively. Conclusion: The study showed the prevalence of dental fear in 6-12 year old children and there was no statistically significant co-relation between the level of dental fear and dental caries in these children.
Clinical Trials in Pulmonary Hypertension: Time for a Consortium
Authors: Newman John H. , Elliott Gregory C. , Haworth Glennis S. , Zampaglione Edio , Brar Satjit , Gibbs Simon J. , Sandoval Julio
Published: January 2014

Current and past clinical trials in pulmonary hypertension, while valuable, are limited by the absence of mechanistic aims, by dissatisfaction with endpoints and the inability to share data. Clinical studies in pulmonary hypertension might be enhanced by a consortium approach that utilizes the expertise of academic medicine, the treatment initiatives of the pharmaceutical industry and study design from funding agencies interested in biological mechanisms. A meeting of interested parties, the Pulmonary Hypertension Academic Research Consortium (PHARC), was held from 30 April to 1 May 2012 in Bethesda, Maryland. Members at the conference were from the USA Federal Drug Administration (FDA); pharmaceutical industry (Pfizer, Novartis, Bayer and Gilead); USA National Institutes of Health (NHLBI); the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute (PVRI), a non‐governmental organization (NGO); and research and clinical members of pulmonary hypertension programs of international scope. A recommendation to develop a clinical trials consortium was the product of the working group on academic standards in clinical trials. The working group concluded that clinical trials hold immense promise to move the field of pulmonary hypertension forward if the trials are designed by a consortium with input from multiple groups. This would result in study design, conduct and analysis determined by consortium members with a high degree of independent function. The components of a well‐balanced consortium that give it scientific effectiveness are: (1) the consortium can work with multiple companies simultaneously; (2) sponsors with special interests, such as testing biological mechanisms, can add investigations to a study at lower cost than with present granting strategies; (3) data handling including archiving, analysis and future sharing would be improved; (4) ancillary studies supported by the collection and dissemination of tissues and fluids would generate a broader approach to discovery than is now possible; and (5) development of improved endpoints in consultation with regulatory agencies, industry and academia would be possible.
Mechanisms of Development of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease‐Associated Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Barberà Joan Albert
Published: January 2014

Pulmonary hypertension is a prevalent complication of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that is associated with poor prognosis. Although pulmonary hypertension is usually diagnosed in patients with advanced disease, changes in pulmonary vessels are already apparent at early disease stages, and in smokers without airflow obstruction. Changes in pulmonary vessels include intimal hyperplasia, resulting from proliferating mesenchymal cells, and elastic and collagen deposition as well as endothelial dysfunction. Dysregulation of endothelium‐derived mediators and growth factors and inflammatory mechanisms underlie the endothelial dysfunction and vessel remodeling. Circumstantial and experimental evidence suggests that cigarette smoke products can initiate pulmonary vascular changes in COPD and that, at advanced disease stages, hypoxia may amplify the effects of cigarette smoke on pulmonary arteries. Bone marrow‐derived progenitor cells may contribute to vessel repair and to vessel remodeling, a process that appears to be facilitated by transforming growth factor‐β.
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction for Detection of Schistosoma DNA in Small-Volume Urine Samples Reflects Focal Distribution of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Primary School Girls in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
Authors: Pillay Pavitra , Taylor Myra , Zulu Siphosenkosi G. , Gundersen Svein G. , Verweij Jaco J. , Hoekstra Pytsje , Brienen Eric A. T. , Kleppa Elisabeth , Kjetland Eyrun F. , van Lieshout Lisette
Published: January 2014

Schistosoma haematobium eggs and Schistosoma DNA levels were measured in urine samples from 708 girls recruited from 18 randomly sampled primary schools in South Africa. Microscopic analysis of two 10-mL urine subsamples collected on three consecutive days confirmed high day-to-day variation; 103 (14.5%) girls had positive results at all six examinations, and at least one positive sample was seen in 225 (31.8%) girls. Schistosoma-specific DNA, which was measured in a 200-μL urine subsample by using real-time polymerase chain reaction, was detected in 180 (25.4%) cases, and levels of DNA corresponded significantly with average urine egg excretion. In concordance with microscopic results, polymerase chain reaction results were significantly associated with history of gynecologic symptoms and confirmed highly focal distribution of urogenital schistosomiasis. Parasite-specific DNA detection has a sensitivity comparable to single urine microscopy and could be used as a standardized high-throughput procedure to assess distribution of urogenital schistosomiasis in relatively large study populations by using small sample volumes.
Occurrence and Correlates of Symptom Persistence Following Acute Dengue Fever in Peru
Authors: Halsey Eric S. , Williams Maya , Laguna-Torres V. Alberto , Vilcarromero Stalin , Ocaña Victor , Kochel Tadeusz J. , Marks Morgan A.
Published: January 2014

Dengue virus (DENV) infection causes an acute febrile illness generally considered to result in either complete recovery or death. Some reviews describe persistent symptoms after the febrile phase, although empirical data supporting this phenomenon is scarce. We evaluated symptom persistence in acute febrile DENV-infected and DENV-negative (controls) individuals from Peru. Self-reported solicited symptoms were evaluated at an acute and a follow-up visit, occurring 10–60 days after symptom onset. Rate of persistence of at least one symptom was 7.7% and 10.5% for DENV infected and control subjects, respectively (P < 0.01). The DENV-infected individuals had lower rates of persistent respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, headache, and fatigue, but higher rates of persistent rash compared with controls. Older age and female gender were positively associated with symptom persistence. As dengue cases continue to increase annually, even a relatively low frequency of persistent symptoms may represent a considerable worldwide morbidity burden.
Using in situ ultraviolet‐visual spectroscopy to measure nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, and suspended solids concentrations at a high frequency in a brackish tidal marsh
Authors: Etheridge J. Randall , Birgand François , Osborne Jason A. , Osburn Christopher L. , Burchell Michael R. , Irving Justin
Published: January 2014

The collection of high frequency water quality data are key to making the next leap in hydrological and biogeochemical sciences. Commercially available in situ ultraviolet‐visual (UV‐Vis) spectrometers make possible the long‐term collection of absorption spectra multiple times per hour. This technology has proven useful for measuring nitrate, dissolved organic carbon, and total suspended solids in many environments, but has not been tested in tidal marsh conditions where upstream freshwater mixes with estuarine waters, resulting in rapid changes in concentrations and salinity. These three parameters encompass only a portion of the nutrients that are of interest in these systems. To test the potential of spectroscopy to measure these and other nutrient concentrations, spectrometers were installed in a constructed brackish tidal marsh and absorbance spectra were compared to lab analyses for coinciding discrete samples. Variable selection techniques, including partial least squares regression, lasso regression, and stepwise regression, were used to develop models with which nitrate, total kjeldahl nitrogen, dissolved organic carbon, phosphate, total phosphorus, total suspended solids, and salinity in brackish marsh waters can be predicted from UV‐Vis spectrometer measurements. Significant relationships between the absorption spectra and the laboratory measured concentrations were observed for all of the parameters. Phosphate and total phosphorus were the only nutrients which had R2 values less than 0.86 for their best calibrations. This study shows the potential to collect multiple water quality parameters at a high frequency in brackish waters using in situ spectrometers and gives the tools to replicate this analysis in all environments.
A sediment flow‐through system to study the impact of shifting fluid and methane flow regimes on the efficiency of the benthic methane filter
Authors: Steeb Philip , Linke Peter , Treude Tina
Published: January 2014

The efficiency of the “benthic microbial methane filter” at marine cold seeps is controlled by diffusive sulfate supply from the overlying seawater and advective methane flux from deep reservoirs. High fluid fluxes reduce the penetration depth of sulfate and limit the filter to a very narrow zone close to the sediment‐water interface. Here, we introduce a new sediment‐flow‐through (SLOT) system, to mimic the balance between fluid/methane flow and sulfate supply in natural sediments. SLOT enables anaerobic incubations of intact sediment cores under natural flow regimes. In addition to traditional in‐ and outflow sampling, geochemical parameters can be monitored along the sediment core using microsensors and rhizons. In a first test run, two cores with gassy sediments from the Eckernförde Bay (Baltic Sea) were incubated and monitored for 310 days under low (11.2 cm y−1) and high fluid flow (112.1 cm y−1) conditions. Rates of anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) were one order of magnitude higher (3.07 mmol m−2 d−1) in the high flow compared to the low flow regime (0.29 mmol m−2 d−1), whereas methane efflux was twice as high (0.063 and 0.033 mmol m−2 d−1, respectively). Sediment profiles of sulfide, sulfate, total alkalinity, pH, redox, and other parameters offered important information on the nature and dynamics of the biogeochemical reactions in the sediment cores including methanotrophy, sulfate reduction, carbonate precipitation, and sulfide oxidation. The SLOT system proofed to be an effective device to study the temporal evolution of biogeochemical parameters in intact sediments subjected to advective fluid transport.
‘Pas op, ze komen...’ - De uitvergroting van een publiek doemscenario in Elvis Peeters’ roman De ontelbaren
Authors: Minnaard Liesbeth
Published: January 2014

Debatten over migratie en multiculturaliteit in Nederland en Vlaanderen stonden het afgelopen decennium veelal in het teken van bedreiging en ondergang. Enerzijds kenmerkte het gebruik van metaforen die gevaar en drama suggereren de manier van spreken over de komst en aanwezigheid van migranten. Anderzijds overheerste een doemscenario de wijze waarop de toekomst van de multiculturele samenleving retorisch in beeld werd gebracht. Het toekomstbeeld dat werd geschetst was er één van achteruitgang, verlies en verval. Ingrijpen en een halt toeroepen leken absoluut onvermijdelijk om dit alles te voorkomen. Indien ‘de politiek’ – en jij en ik – niet snel onze ogen zouden openen en de ernst van de situatie zouden gaan inzien, zou het gedaan zijn met ‘Nederland’, althans zo was de suggestie. Dan zou de gevaarlijke, het sociale evenwicht ondermijnende potentie die in de komst en aanwezigheid van migranten schuilt, vrij komen; Dan was het einde van de stabiele, welvarende natie zo goed als zeker in zicht. Oftewel, in veelvuldig gebruikte metaforen: we spelen met vuur en de apocalyps dreigt.
Het DNA van de Stijl - in autobiografische romans
Authors: Missinne Lut
Published: January 2014

The autobiographical genre, booming these days, has aroused interest of pragmatic literary approaches that focus on the effects of a text on the reader. They do not highlight questions about the demarcation of the autobiographical genre, but focus on why a reader reads a novel as an autobiographical text. Therefore, the effect of authenticity is the central point. This approach requires attention to intratextual strategies and to stylistic devices. In this article I will concentrate on the kind of stylistic devices that function as autobiographical and authenticity markers. I will illustrate these by analysing fragments from the novel «Het lied en de waarheid» by Helga Ruebsamen and the autobiographical text «Walsenkoning» by Louis Ferron.
De abele spelen, de ‘profane’ Miracles de Notre Dame par personnages en de veertiendeeeuwse Franstalige epiek - Aanzet tot een vergelijking van de ethische posities
Authors: Reynaert Joris
Published: January 2014

The Middle Dutch plays Esmoreit, Gloriant and Lanseloet, three of the four abele spelen contained in the Hulthem Manuscript, not only belong to the earliest secular theatre literature that has survived from the Middle Ages, they are also the only texts of their time in which a dramatization of chivalric themes and ethics has been preserved. It is true that some of the Miracles de Nostre Dame par personnages, a collection of miracle plays staged by a confraternity of Parisian goldsmiths between 1339 and 1382, also have been inspired by chivalric romances and show a tendency towards secularization, but in essence they remain religious dramas and do not call into question the generic uniqueness of the abele spelen. But, as many scholars have observed, this does not preclude a possible relation, even of ‘influence’, on the level of the narrative contents, the subject matters or the dramatic structures as such. In this article, I examine the possible affinities between the abele spelen and those of the Miracles which have been deemed to be ‘more secular’ by literary historians, especially the relation put forward by Jacques Tersteeg between Esmoreit and Du roy Thierry, the 32nd of the Miracles. In contrast to Tersteeg I argue that Du roy Thierry was not the (or a) source of Esmoreit, but that both have been inspired by the epic romance Theseus de Cologne (probably about 1364). As Gloriant on the other hand appears to have drawn a number of its central features from Baudouin de Sebourc, another chivalric romance so to speak contemporaneous of Theseus, it becomes apparent that the abele spelen are first of all related to these two French romances - and perhaps a few others - from the (beginning of the) second half of the fourteenth century. To conclude, I conduct a tentative exploration of what these observations imply on the level of comparative ethics and ideology.
O Mensch! - De vormen van de humanitairexpressionistische poëzie in Vlaanderen
Authors: Verstraeten Pieter
Published: January 2014

This article explores some eye-catching formal characteristics of the so-called humanitarian variant of literary expressionism as it emerged in the postwar Flemish literary context around 1920, such as the frequent use of rhetorical apostrophe. In particular, it focuses on the typical enunciative patterns in the avant-garde poetry written by Paul van Ostaijen, Wies Moens and Victor Brunclair in the years 1918-1921. What distinguishes these poetical experiments from the more classical kinds of poetry of that time, it is argued, is the fact that the complex enunciative structures of these poems are foregrounded, due to, for instance, the multiplication of the enunciative roles, the underdetermination of these roles, and the changing nature of the relations between these roles.
Stichtelijke steekspelen Literaire programma’s op de vooroorlogse NCRV-radio (1925-1940)
Authors: Dera Jeroen
Published: January 2014

Pre-war radio programmes concerning literature are often described in terms of book promotion, either in the sense of cultural mediation or commercial publicity. This article, however, shows that book programmes also functioned as cultural platforms that allowed literary debates and critical issues to be extended from their printed origins into the realm of new media. By exploring the literary programmes of the Protestant broadcasting organisation NCRV, I will argue that, in practice, literary features did not always conform to a broadcaster’s professed ideals of disseminating culture to the listening masses. Although the NCRV’s book programmes intended to inform a broad Christian audience about (recent) works of literature, the oral reviews were occasionally aimed more specifically at the rank and file of the literary institutions that collaborated with the Protestant broadcasting organisation. In addition, a case study of Piet Risseeuw’s activities at the NCRV reveals that personal issues could also affect the practice of radio criticism.
Sara Burgerhart als leeswijzer: literaire socialisatie via lezende personages
Authors: Dietz Feike , Ponjee Lidewij
Published: January 2014

This article focuses on the eighteenth-century readers of Wolff and Deken’s Sara Burgerhart (1782), who were guided by many fictional readers in the novel. The fictional readers became their compatriots, who teached them how, what and why to read. In this way, fictional readers functioned as instruments of ‘literary socialization’ for the historical readers of the Sara Burgerhart. The analysis of reading in Sara Burgerhart builds upon the scholarly discussion about the development of a reading culture in the eighteenth century. Research on both the administrations of booksellers and the ownership of books revealed that the so-called eighteenth-century reading revolution was a very slow evolution: a new reading public (the middle class) did not expand rapidly. Instead, new readers gradually acquired the competencies and knowledge needed to participate in the complicating literary culture. This article contributes to our understanding of the instruments readers used to become literary socialized.
De nominale woordgroep vanuit dialectvergelijkend perspectief - Variaties en generalisaties
Authors: Corver Norbert , Koppen, van Marjo , Kranendonk Huib
Published: January 2014

This paper discusses the DiDDD-project (Diversity in Dutch DP Design) which ran at Utrecht University from 2005-2010 and was funded by NWO. The project investigated the morpho-syntactic variation in the nominal domain of Dutch dialects, Frisian dialects and older varieties of Dutch. Its purpose was to describe the variation within the nominal domain, to analyze it within the framework of generative grammar and to identify the parameters within this framework that facilitate the attested linguistic variation. The data from this project are publically available as part of the Mimore-project. This article can therefore be seen as background information for this project.

This paper discusses both the practical-methodological aspects of the project (methodology of data collection and storage) as well as the descriptive-theoretical dimensions by discussing the most important empirical generalizations.
Metonymical subject changes in Dutch
Authors: Sweep Josefien
Published: January 2014

Metonymy cannot only shift the interpretation of a word, but also change the argument type required by a verb. Lexicologists were the first who considered this phenomenon as metonymy-based. For Dutch direct objects, this type of metonymy has been exhaustively analysed (Sweep 2012). Subjects can probably undergo the same processes (cf. Waltereit 1998; 1999). Therefore, this preliminary investigation examines subject changes in Dutch, on the basis of Van Dale’s (2005) use of the lexicological tag subjectverwisseling. After a classification and demarcation of the heterogeneous set of examples, clear instances of subject changes in Dutch are provided, different types of subject changes in Van Dale are identified, and their underlying contiguity patterns are analysed.
Nog eens de adpositionele constructies in het Nederlandse (en Friese) taalgebied
Authors: van Bree Cor
Published: January 2014

Dutch has three kinds of adpositions: prepositions, postpositions and circumpositions (prepositions and postpositions can be compounds). In this contribution the semantic differences are discussed in connection with the regional ones. The discussion is restricted to expressions of “real movement”. Prepositions can be characterised as (static or dynamic) locative, postpositions as “trajective” and circumpositions as directional. As regards the regional differences, the south of the linguistic area has a preference for prepositions, the north(east) for circumpositions and the west for postpositions. The description and the maps are based on a written questionnaire filled in by 594 informants in the whole linguistic area.
Weet jij wanneer je op gaat splitsen? Onderzoek naar de voorkeur voor het bijeenhouden of splitsen van partikelwerkwoorden in de bijzin
Authors: van Usen Karin , Haeseryn Walter , Fikkert Paula
Published: January 2014

Particle verbs are particle-verb combinations of which the constituting elements may or may not appear separately. This article looks at a subgroup of particle verbs with a preposition as their first part, like opbellen [to call]. When using a particle verb in a verbal cluster at the
end of a clause, a Dutch speaker is free to choose between keeping particle and verb together or separating them. These possibilities are both grammatically correct. By asking participants to repeat sentences after a short pause, which were constructed to vary the distance between particle
and verb (non-separated, separated by one or two verbs), we aimed to get insight into speakers’ preferred use of particle verb constructions. Results show that there is a general preference for the non-separated form of the particle verb. In addition, we observed the tendency that the
larger the verbal cluster at the end of a subordinate clause, the smaller the chance that a speaker will separate the particle verb.
Decadal-scale responses in middle and upper stratospheric ozone from SAGE II version 7 data
Authors: Remsberg E. E.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II) version 7 (v7) ozone profiles are analyzed for their decadal-scale responses in the middle and upper stratosphere for 1991 and 1992–2005 and compared with those from its previous version 6.2 (v6.2). Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis is applied to time series of its ozone number density vs. altitude data for a range of latitudes and altitudes. The MLR models that are fit to the time series data include a periodic 11 yr term, and it is in-phase with that of the 11 yr, solar UV (Ultraviolet)-flux throughout most of the latitude/altitude domain of the middle and upper stratosphere. Several regions that have a response that is not quite in-phase are interpreted as being affected by decadal-scale, dynamical forcings. The maximum minus minimum, solar cycle (SC-like) responses for the ozone at the low latitudes are similar from the two SAGE II data versions and vary from about 5 to 2.5% from 35 to 50 km, although they are resolved better with v7. SAGE II v7 ozone is also analyzed for 1984–1998, in order to mitigate effects of end-point anomalies that bias its ozone in 1991 and the analyzed results for 1991–2005 or following the Pinatubo eruption. Its SC-like ozone response in the upper stratosphere is of the order of 4% for 1984–1998 vs. 2.5 to 3% for 1991–2005. The SAGE II v7 results are also recompared with the responses in ozone from the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) that are in terms of mixing ratio vs. pressure for 1991–2005 and then for late 1992–2005 to avoid any effects following Pinatubo. Shapes of their respective response profiles agree very well for 1992–2005. The associated linear trends of the ozone are not as negative in 1992–2005 as in 1984–1998, in accord with a leveling off of the effects of reactive chlorine on ozone. It is concluded that the SAGE II v7 ozone yields SC-like ozone responses and trends that are of better quality than those from v6.2.
Production and growth of new particles during two cruise campaigns in the marginal seas of China
Authors: Liu X. H. , Zhu Y. J. , Zheng M. , Gao H. W. , Yao X. H.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. In this paper, we investigated production and growth of new particles in the marine atmosphere during two cruise campaigns in China Seas using a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer. Only eight new particle formation (NPF) events (> 30 min) occurred on 5 days out of 31 sampling days and the subsequent growth of new particles were observed only in five events. Apparent formation rates of new particles (in the range of 5.6–30 nm) varied from 0.3 to 15.2 particles cm−3 s−1 in eight events and growth rates ranged from 2.5 to 10 nm h−1 in five NPF events. Modeling results simulated by US EPA Community Multi-scale Air Quality Model (CMAQ) showed that ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) was newly formed in the atmosphere over the corresponding sea zone during 2 out of 5 events, in which new particles partially or mostly grew over 50 nm. However, in the remaining three events, new particles cannot grow over 30 nm and the modeling results showed that no NH4NO3 was newly formed in the corresponding marine atmosphere. Modeling results also showed that formation of secondary organics occurred through all new particle growth periods. Difference between the two types of new particle growth patterns suggested that a combination of ammonium nitrate and organics newly formed likely contributed to the growth of new particles from 30 nm to larger size. The findings were obtained from the limited data and still required more future study for confirmation.
Application of mobile aerosol and trace gas measurements for the investigation of megacity air pollution emissions: the Paris metropolitan area
Authors: von der Weiden-Reinmüller S.-L. , Drewnick F. , Crippa M. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Meleux F. , Baltensperger U. , Beekmann M. , Borrmann S.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. For the investigation of megacity emission development and the impact outside the source region, mobile aerosol and trace gas measurements were carried out in the Paris metropolitan area between 1 July and 31 July 2009 (summer conditions) and 15 January and 15 February 2010 (winter conditions) in the framework of the European Union FP7 MEGAPOLI project. Two mobile laboratories, MoLa and MOSQUITA, were deployed, and here an overview of these measurements and an investigation of the applicability of such measurements for the analysis of megacity emissions are presented. Both laboratories measured physical and chemical properties of fine and ultrafine aerosol particles as well as gas phase constituents of relevance for urban pollution scenarios. The applied measurement strategies include cross-section measurements for the investigation of plume structure and quasi-Lagrangian measurements axially along the flow of the city's pollution plume to study plume aging processes. Results of intercomparison measurements between the two mobile laboratories represent the adopted data quality assurance procedures. Most of the compared measurement devices show sufficient agreement for combined data analysis. For the removal of data contaminated by local pollution emissions a video tape analysis method was applied. Analysis tools like positive matrix factorization and peak integration by key analysis applied to high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer data are used for in-depth data analysis of the organic particulate matter. Several examples, including a combination of MoLa and MOSQUITA measurements on a cross section through the Paris emission plume, are provided to demonstrate how such mobile measurements can be used to investigate the emissions of a megacity. A critical discussion of advantages and limitations of mobile measurements for the investigation of megacity emissions completes this work.
Measurements of CO2 exchange with an automated chamber system throughout the year: challenges in measuring night-time respiration on porous peat soil
Authors: Koskinen M. , Minkkinen K. , Ojanen P. , Kämäräinen M. , Laurila T. , Lohila A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We built an automatic chamber system to measure greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange in forested peatland ecosystems. We aimed to build a system robust enough which would work throughout the year and could measure through a changing snowpack in addition to producing annual GHG fluxes by integrating the measurements without the need of using models. The system worked rather well throughout the year, but it was not service free. Gap filling of data was still necessary. We observed problems in carbon dioxide (CO2) respiration flux estimation during calm summer nights, when a CO2 concentration gradient from soil/moss system to atmosphere builds up. Chambers greatly overestimated the night-time respiration. This was due to the disturbance caused by the chamber to the soil-moss CO2 gradient and consequent initial pulse of CO2 to the chamber headspace. We tested different flux calculation and measurement methods to solve this problem. The estimated flux was strongly dependent on (1) the starting point of the fit after closing the chamber, (2) the length of the fit, (3) the type of the fit (linear and polynomial), (4) the speed of the fan mixing the air inside the chamber, and (5) atmospheric turbulence (friction velocity, u*). The best fitting method (the most robust, least random variation) for respiration measurements on our sites was linear fitting with the period of 120–240 s after chamber closure. Furthermore, the fan should be adjusted to spin at minimum speed to avoid the pulse-effect, but it should be kept on to ensure mixing. If night-time problems cannot be solved, emissions can be estimated using daytime data from opaque chambers.
New on-line method for water isotope analysis of speleothem fluid inclusions using laser absorption spectroscopy (WS-CRDS)
Authors: Affolter S. , Fleitmann D. , Leuenberger M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. A new online method to analyse water isotopes of speleothem fluid inclusions using a wavelength scanned cavity ring down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) instrument is presented. This novel technique allows us to simultaneously measure hydrogen and oxygen isotopes for a released aliquot of water. To do so, we designed a new simple line that allows the on-line water extraction and isotope analysis of speleothem samples. The specificity of the method lies in the fact that fluid inclusions release is made on a standard water background, which mainly improves the δD reliability. To saturate the line, a peristaltic pump continuously injects standard water into the line that is permanently heated to 140 °C and flushed with dry nitrogen gas. This permits instantaneous and complete vaporisation of the standard water resulting in an artificial water background with well-known δD and δ18O values. The speleothem sample is placed into a copper tube, attached to the line and after system stabilisation is crushed using a simple hydraulic device to liberate speleothem fluid inclusions water. The released water is carried by the nitrogen/standard water gas stream directly to a Picarro L1102-i for isotope determination. To test the accuracy and reproducibility of the line and to measure standard water during speleothem measurements a syringe injection unit was added to the line. Peak evaluation is done similarly as in gas chromatography to obtain δD and δ18O isotopic composition of measured water aliquots. Precision is better than 1.5‰ for δD and 0.4‰ for δ18O for water measurement for an extended range (−210 to 0‰ for δD and −27 to 0‰ for δ18O) primarily dependent on the amount of water released from speleothem fluid inclusions and secondarily on the isotopic composition of the sample. The results show that WS-CRDS technology is suitable for speleothem fluid inclusion measurements and gives results that are comparable to Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) technique.
Aircraft routing with minimal climate impact: the REACT4C climate cost function modelling approach (V1.0)
Authors: Grewe V. , Frömming C. , Matthes S. , Brinkop S. , Ponater M. , Dietmüller S. , Jöckel P. , Garny H. , Tsati E. , Dahlmann K. , Søvde O. A. , Fuglestvedt J. , Berntsen T. K. , Shine K. P. , Irvine E. A. , Champougny T. , Hullah P.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. In addition to CO2, the climate impact of aviation is strongly influenced by non-CO2 emissions, such as nitrogen oxides, influencing ozone and methane, and water vapour, which can lead to the formation of persistent contrails in ice-supersaturated regions. Because these non-CO2 emission effects are characterised by a short lifetime, their climate impact largely depends on emission location and time; that is to say, emissions in certain locations (or times) can lead to a greater climate impact (even on the global average) than the same emission in other locations (or times). Avoiding these climate-sensitive regions might thus be beneficial to climate. Here, we describe a modelling chain for investigating this climate impact mitigation option. This modelling chain forms a multi-step modelling approach, starting with the simulation of the fate of emissions released at a certain location and time (time-region grid points). This is performed with the chemistry–climate model EMAC, extended via the two submodels AIRTRAC (V1.0) and CONTRAIL (V1.0), which describe the contribution of emissions to the composition of the atmosphere and to contrail formation, respectively. The impact of emissions from the large number of time-region grid points is efficiently calculated by applying a Lagrangian scheme. EMAC also includes the calculation of radiative impacts, which are, in a second step, the input to climate metric formulas describing the global climate impact of the emission at each time-region grid point. The result of the modelling chain comprises a four-dimensional data set in space and time, which we call climate cost functions and which describes the global climate impact of an emission at each grid point and each point in time. In a third step, these climate cost functions are used in an air traffic simulator (SAAM) coupled to an emission tool (AEM) to optimise aircraft trajectories for the North Atlantic region. Here, we describe the details of this new modelling approach and show some example results. A number of sensitivity analyses are performed to motivate the settings of individual parameters. A stepwise sanity check of the results of the modelling chain is undertaken to demonstrate the plausibility of the climate cost functions.
Domestic Ideals and Devotional Authority in The Book of Margery Kempe
Authors: Park Hwanhee
Published: January 2014

Margery Kempe scholarship has not given enough credit to medieval conduct books and their influence on the construction of Margery in The Book of Margery Kempe. This article argues that as a work intending to offer a devotional example to readers, the Book uses the ideals of a domestic woman described in conduct books in order to render its protagonist authoritative. Margery becomes an ideal wife and mother who does service for her household; by imposing the lay ideals of houswifery in devotional contexts, the Book successfully validates Margery's status as a mystic with secular ties.
Margery Kempe and the Legal Status of Defamation
Authors: VanGinhoven Bryan
Published: January 2014

Scholars have noted the dependence of The Book of Margery Kempe on defamation, or slander, as a tool of establishing the metaphorical, if not literal, martyrdom of its titular figure. Few, however, have investigated the historical situation of legal cases and penalties for public slanderous speech. Viewing Margery's Book in light of court records of legal charges of slander, as well as public knowledge of slander as demonstrated in mystery plays and public announcements at parish churches, makes it clear that the Book employs common knowledge of legal proceedings related to slander to establish Margery's willingness to undergo her public humiliation for devotional purposes. The “negative context” of slander—“negative” because legal recourse to clear Margery's name is not mentioned in the Book, seemingly intentionally—provides evidence of Margery using public, secular institutions to advance her status as a mystic.
Research Note: An Analysis of the Spatio-Temporal Disparities of Inbound Tourism Development in China, 1991–2010
Authors: Wang Kai , Yi Jing , Wang Yongmei
Published: January 2014

This paper explores the spatio-temporal trend structure of inbound tourism development levels in China from 1991 to 2010. The investigation is based on theories of unbalanced regional economic growth and uses econometric methods. Absolute and relative disparities at the provincial level of inbound tourism in China tended to decrease during the 1990s. From 2001 to 2010, the relative disparities gradually decreased, whereas the absolute difference slightly increased. The overall regional disparity in the tourism development level exhibits a non-polarized and unbalanced development tendency along with the emergence of new, secondary tourism economic growth centres. Moreover, gradient differences remain in the three economic zones of China. This paper proposes a paradigm framework for regulating regional disparities and for facilitating comprehensive and coordinated inbound tourism development.
Reconstruction Techniques for Tissue Defects Formed after Preauricular Sinus Excision
Authors: Lee Myung Joon , Yang Ho Jik , Kim Jong Hwan
Published: January 2014

BackgroundPreauricular sinuses are congenital abnormalities caused by a failure of fusion of the primitive tubercles from which the pinna is formed. When persistent or recurring inflammation occurs, surgical excision of the infected tissue should be considered. Preauricular defects inevitably occur as a result of excisions and are often difficult to resolve with a simple suture; a more effective reconstruction technique is required for treating these defects.

MethodsAfter total excision of a preauricular sinus, the defect was closed by a plastic surgeon. Based on the depth of the defect and the degree of tension when apposing the wound margins, the surgeon determined whether to use primary closure or a posterior auricular flap.

ResultsA total of 28 cases were examined. In 5 cases, including 2 reoperations for dehiscence after primary repair, reconstruction was performed using posterior auricular transposition flaps. In 16 cases of primary closure, the defects were closed using simple sutures, and in 7 cases, closure was performed after wide undermining.

ConclusionsIf a preauricular defect is limited to the subcutaneous layer and the margins can be easily approximated, primary closure by only simple suturing may be used to perform the repair. If the defect is deep enough to expose the perichondrium or if there is tension when apposing the wound margins, wide undermining should be performed before primary closure. If the extent of the excision exposes cartilage, the procedure follows dehiscence of the primary repair, or the tissue is not sufficiently healthy, the surgeon should use a posterior auricular flap.
Face Reconstruction Using Lateral Intercostal Artery Perforator-Based Adipofascial Free Flap
Authors: Jeong Jae Hoon , Hong Jin Myung , Imanishi Nobuaki , Lee Yoonho , Chang Hak
Published: January 2014

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of lateral intercostal artery perforator-based adipofascial free flaps for facial reconstruction in patients with facial soft tissue deficiency.

MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of five consecutive patients diagnosed with facial soft tissue deficiency who underwent operations between July 2006 and November 2011. Flap design included the area containing the perforators. A linear incision was made along the rib, which had the main intercostal pedicle. First, we dissected below Scarpa's fascia as the dorsal limit of the flap. Then, the adipofascial flap was elevated from the medial to the lateral side, including the perforator that pierces the serratus anterior muscle after emerging from the lateral intercostal artery. After confirming the location of the perforator, pedicle dissection was performed dorsally.

ResultsDominant perforators were located on the sixth to eighth intercostal space, and more than four perforators were found in fresh-cadaver angiography. In the clinical case series, the seventh or eighth intercostal artery perforators were used for the free flaps. The mean diameter of the pedicle artery was 1.36 mm, and the mean pedicle length was 61.4 mm. There was one case of partial fat necrosis. No severe complications occurred.

ConclusionsThis is the first study of facial contour reconstruction using lateral intercostal artery perforator-based adipofascial free flaps. The use of this type of flap was effective and can be considered a good alternative for restoring facial symmetry in patients with severe facial soft tissue deficiency.
Mild Ptosis Correction with the Stitch Method During Incisional Double Fold Formation
Authors: Lee Edward Ilho , Ahn Tae Joo
Published: January 2014

Background Numerous methods exist for simultaneous correction of mild blepharoptosis during double eyelid surgery. These methods are generally categorized into either incisional (open) or non-incisional (suture) methods. The incisional method is commonly used for the creation of the double eyelid crease in patients with excessive or thick skin. However, concurrent open ptosis correction is often marred by the lengthy period of intraoperative adjustment, causing more swelling, a longer recovery time, and an increased risk of postoperative complications.

Methods The authors have devised a new, minimally invasive technique to alleviate mild ptosis during incisional double eyelid surgery. The anterior lamella is approached through the incisional technique for the creation of a double eyelid while the posterior lamella, including Muller's and levator muscles, is approached with the suture method for Muller's plication and ptosis correction.

Results The procedure described was utilized in 28 patients from June 2012 to August 2012. Postoperative asymmetry was noted in one patient who had severe preoperative conjunctival scarring. Otherwise, ptosis was corrected as planned in the rest of the cases and all of the patients were satisfied with their postoperative appearance and experienced no complications.

Conclusions Our hybrid technique combines the benefits of both the incisional and suture methods, allowing for a predictable and easily reproducible correction of blepharoptosis with an aesthetically pleasing double eyelid.
Autodétermination et sécession : le cas Kurde
Authors: Denicourt-Fauvel Camille
Published: January 2014

Le droit à l'autodétermination est complexe en droit international public. Contrairement à ce qui est souvent véhiculé, on ne saurait en réduire la portée au droit à la sécession. Apparaissant souvent comme un droit arbitraire, il ne s'applique pas de la même façon pour tous les peuples. Dans les faits, le droit à la sécession n'existe pas en dehors du contexte colonial. Le colonialisme classique ayant disparu de notre monde, on pourrait croire que le droit à la sécession s'est éteint avec la fin de ce phénomène. Or, bien que la sécession soit, de nos jours, un évènement d'une extrême rareté, le cas du Kosovo suffit pour démontrer qu'il est toujours d'actualité. La réticence de la communauté internationale à admettre un précédent, créant un droit à la sécession, rend cependant bien complexe la situation d'autres peuples qui, à l'instar des kosovars, aspirent à l'indépendance.

C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit le cas kurde. Peuple longtemps opprimé et ayant été sujet à certaines des pires atrocités de l'histoire moderne, le droit international ne présente actuellement pourtant aucun outil juridique permettant aux Kurdes de revendiquer leur indépendance. C'est à travers une analyse de l'origine et de l'évolution de la question kurde, que nous étudierons le droit à l'autodétermination. Nous démontrerons que le sombre destin de l'aspiration kurde est davantage tributaire du contexte international que du droit international public. Nous avancerons, en outre, les solutions émancipatrices résiduelles émanant des autres facettes du droit à l'autodétermination.
La protection de la vie privée dès la conception ou l’intégration de la Privacy by Design comme mécanisme du régime général sur la protection des données en droit Européen
Authors: Mouchard Émilie
Published: January 2014

Développé par la commissaire à la vie privée de l’Ontario dès 1999, le mécanisme de Privacy by Design est aujourd’hui intégré dans le projet de directive européenne portant refonte du droit à la protection des données personnelles.

Poussées par des affaires comme celle dite des « Google Cars », les autorités de contrôle ont pris la mesure de l’importance de l’intégration de mécanismes de protection plus flexibles, plus efficient et assurant la mise en place de l’idée de l’« organisation responsable ».

Dans le cadre de cette évolution, l’Union européenne fait le choix de procéder au développement d’un acteur, jusqu’alors peu connu le « délégué à la protection des données personnelles », qui viendra en soutien aux autorités de protection des données et assurera un meilleur relai dans la transmission des informations entre ces autorités et les acteurs du secteur privé.