bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The management of patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation
Authors: Schlitt Axel , Rubboli Andrea , Lip Gregory Y.H. , Lahtela Heli , Valencia Josè , Karjalainen Pasi P. , Weber Michael , Laine Mika , Kirchhof Paulus , Niemelä Matti , Vikman Saila , Buerke Michael , Airaksinen K.E. Juhani ,   for the AFCAS (Management of patients with Atrial Fibrillation undergoing Coronary Artery Stenting Study Group)
Published: June 2013

Current recommendations on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stent (PCI‐S) essentially derive from small, single‐center, retrospective datasets. To obtain larger and better quality data, we carried out the prospective, multicenter Atrial Fibrillation undergoing Coronary Artery Stenting (AFCAS) study. Therefore, consecutive patients with history of or ongoing AF undergoing PCI‐S were enrolled, and occurrence of adverse ischemic and bleeding events recorded during 12 months follow‐up. In this article, we report the in‐hospital observations. Out of the 963 patients, in the majority of cases (49.1%) AF was permanent. The associated risk of stroke, as defined by a CHADS2‐score ≥2, was in 70% of patients moderate to high. Upon enrolment in the registry, 69.3% of patients were on VKA therapy. Overall occurrence of in‐hospital major adverse cardiac events was 4.5% (cardiovascular death 1.9%, urgent revascularization in 1.5%, and stroke/arterial thromboembolism in 0.6%). Bleeding complications occurred in 7.1% of patients, being severe in 2.5%. In a logistic regression analysis, no risk factor was independently associated with bleeding events, whereas Clopidogrel treatment decreased and female gender/treatment with gpIIb/IIIa‐antagonists, respectively increased the risk for the combined ischemic endpoint. The majority of AF patients undergoing PCI‐S are at high stroke risk, and therefore VKA treatment should not be withdrawn and combined anticoagulant and antiplatelet treatment is warranted. Current management appears largely in accordance with current recommendations, whereby accounting for the limited occurrence of in‐hospital adverse ischemic and bleeding events. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elementary Photoelectronic Processes at a Porphyrin Dye/Single‐Walled TiO2 Nanotube Hetero‐interface in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: A First‐Principles Study
Authors: Dong Cunku , Li Xin , Zhao Wei , Jin Pengfei , Fan Xiujuan , Qi Jingyao
Published: June 2013

A unique one‐dimensional (1D) sandwich single‐walled TiO2 nanotube (STNT) is proposed as a photoanode nanomaterial with perfect morphology and large specific surface area. We have thoroughly examined the elementary photoelectronic processes occurring at the porphyrin dye/STNT hetero‐interface in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by theoretical simulation. It is desirable to investigate the interfacial photoelectronic processes to elucidate the electron transfer and transport mechanism in 1D STNT‐based DSSCs. We have found that the photoexcitation and interfacial charge separation mechanism can be described as follows. A ground‐state electron of the dye molecule (localized around the electron donor) is first promoted to the excited state (distributed electron donor), and then undergoes ultrafast injection into the conduction band of the STNT, leaving a hole around the oxidized dye. Significantly, the injected electron in the conduction band is transported along the STNT by means of Ti 3d orbitals, offering a unidirectional electron pathway toward the electrode for massive collection without the observation of trap states. Our study not only provides theoretical guidelines for the modification of TiO2 nanotubes as a photoanode material, but also opens a new perspective for the development of a novel class of TiO2 nanotubes with high power‐generation efficiency.
ChemInform Abstract: Site Preference and Ordering Induced by Au Substitution in the γ‐Brass Related Complex Au—Cr—Zn Phases.
Authors: Jana Partha P. , Henderson Ryan , Harbrecht Bernd , Lidin Sven
Published: June 2013

A series of samples of (AuxCr1‐x)Zn≈17 (0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) is prepared by solid state reaction of the elements (fused silica ampules, argon; 1.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Composite Material Based on Antimony(III) Oxide and Amorphous Silica.
Authors: Zemnukhova Ludmila , Panasenko Alexander E.
Published: June 2013

The composite material nSb2O3·mSiO2·xH2O is prepared by hydrolysis of SbCl3 dissolved in aqueous HCl and Na2SiO3 dissolved in aqueous NaOH.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Solution Studies of Layered Honeycomb‐Ordered Phases O3—Na3M2SbO6 (M: Cu, Mg, Ni, Zn).
Authors: Schmidt Whitney , Berthelot Romain , Sleight A. W. , Subramanian M. A.
Published: June 2013

Complete solid solutions Na3M12‐xM2x SbO6 (M1, M2: Cu, Mg, Ni, Zn) are characterized by XRD, magnetic susceptibility, and optical measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Variable‐Temperature‐Luminescent Property of the Organically Templated Pentaborate [C10N2H9] [B5O6(OH)4] ·H3BO3·H2O.
Authors: Yang Yang , Fu DongSheng , Li GuoFa , Zhang Yun
Published: June 2013

Colorless block crystals of the title compound are prepared by addition of boric acid to a solution of 4,4′‐bipyridine in water (90 °C, 68% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Complex Polymeric Telluridoindates from KlnTe2.
Authors: Heine Johanna , Santner Silke , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: June 2013

The structures of the four new telluridoindates (II) (monoclinic, space group C2/c, Z = 4), (III) (monoclinic, P21/c, Z = 4), (IV) (triclinic, P$\bar 1$, Z = 2), and (V) (tetragonal, I$\bar 4$m2, Z = 4) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Chitosan: A Highly Efficient Renewable and Recoverable Bio‐polymer Catalyst for the Expeditious Synthesis of α‐Amino Nitriles and Imines under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Dekamin Mohammad G. , Azimoshan Mojtaba , Ramezani Leila
Published: June 2013

Chitosan is shown to be an efficient recoverable catalyst for the synthesis of α‐amino nitriles (IV) and imines (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Multimetallic Ir—Sn3‐Catalyzed Substituted Reaction of π‐Activated Alcohols with Carbon and Heteroatom Nucleophiles.
Authors: Maity Arnab Kumar , Chatterjee Paresh Nath , Roy Sujit
Published: June 2013

An atom economic and catalytic substitution reaction of π‐activated benzyl, allyl, and propargyl alcohols by the multimetallic title complex is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Oxidative Deprotection of Benzyl‐Type Ethers under Atmospheric Pressure Catalyzed by 2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ)/tert‐Butyl Nitrite.
Authors: Shen Zhenlu , Sheng Lili , Zhang Xiaochu , Mo Weimin , Hu Baoxiang , Sun Nan , Hu Xinquan
Published: June 2013

Optimized conditions are developed which allow the deprotection of various ‐Pmb, ‐Ppb and ‐Bn ethers with complete conversion and selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Tribromoisocyanuric Acid in Trifluoroacetic Acid: An Efficient System for Smooth Brominating of Moderately Deactivated Arenes.
Authors: de Almeida Leonardo S. , de Mattos Marcio C. S. , Esteves Pierre M.
Published: June 2013

TFA as the medium avoids polybromination which is observed for the same reaction in concentrated sulfuric acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Unconventional Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols to Allylcarbinols Mediated by Lanthanide Catalysts.
Authors: Seo SungYong , Yu Xianghua , Marks Tobin J.
Published: June 2013

The procedure provides products with olefinic positions which are different to those afforded by typical transition metal catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Room‐Temperature Ullmann‐type C—O and C—S Cross‐Coupling of Aryl Halides with Phenol/Thiophenol Catalyzed by CuO Nanoparticles.
Authors: Babu S. Ganesh , Karvembu R.
Published: June 2013

Advantages are the use of a heterogeneous, reusable catalyst and ligand‐free conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Aerobic Photooxidative Cleavage of Carbon—Carbon Triple Bonds Using Carbon Tetrabromide.
Authors: Yamaguchi Tomoaki , Nobuta Tomoya , Kudo Yasuhisa , Hirashima Shin‐ichi , Tada Norihiro , Miura Tsuyoshi , Itoh Akichika
Published: June 2013

Optimized conditions including water as an additive allow the cleavage of terminal and internal alkynes to carboxylic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Solvent‐Free Hydrogen Bonding‐Mediated Asymmetric Michael Additions under Ball Milling Conditions.
Authors: Joerres Manuel , Mersmann Stefanie , Raabe Gerhard , Bolm Carsten
Published: June 2013

The use of chiral thioureas as catalysts for the solvent‐free anti‐selective Michael reaction of 2‐nitrocyclohexan‐1‐one and nitrovinyl compounds under ball milling is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenoxide‐Mediated Sonogashira Coupling of Trimethylsilylalkynes and Aryl Iodides: Practical Synthesis of Phenolic‐Hydroxy‐Substituted Diarylethynes and 1,4‐Diarylbutadiynes.
Authors: Shigeta Masayuki , Watanabe Junji , Konishi Gen‐ichi
Published: June 2013

The reaction becomes possible by a silyl group migration induced deprotection of alkynes, in which the phenol moiety of the substrate works as a desilylating agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Extraordinary Microwave Effect on atropo‐Enantioselective Catalytic Reduction of Biaryl Lactones.
Authors: Nushiro Kazuya , Kikuchi Satoshi , Yamada Tohru
Published: June 2013

The catalytic atropo‐enantioselective Corey—Bakshi—Shibata reduction of biaryl lactones such as (I) and (III) is drastically enhanced under microwave conditions, while high enantioselectivity is maintained.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric 5‐endo Chloroetherification of Homoallylic Alcohols Toward the Synthesis of Chiral β‐Chlorotetrahydrofurans
Authors: Zeng Xianghua , Miao Chengxia , Wang Shoufeng , Xia Chungu , Sun Wei
Published: June 2013

using an easily available quaternary ammonium salt derived from cinchonine as organocatalyst
ChemInform Abstract: 3,3′‐Azothiophene (III)
Authors: Glover Martin , Huddleston Patrick R. , Wood Michael L.
Published: June 2013

synthesis and some transformations
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 2‐(Pyridine‐3‐yl)‐4H‐chromen‐4‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Chate Asha V. , Ghotekar Dattatraya S. , Bhagat Sunil S. , Gill Charansingh H.
Published: June 2013

The novel title compounds (II) are synthesized by a simple and environmentally friendly method.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 8,8‐Dimethyl‐8,9‐dihydro‐3H,7H‐[1,2]oxazino[5,4,3‐de]quinolin‐3‐ones.
Authors: Rudenko D. A. , Slepukhin P. A. , Karmanov V. I. , Shurov S. N. , Vakhrin M. I. , Shchurov Yu. A.
Published: June 2013

6 Title compounds of type (II) are prepared and the reaction mechanism is discussed using also the results of quantum‐chemical calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of trans/cis‐3,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution of Homophthalic Anhydride with Aldimines.
Authors: Hammad Sherif F. , Smith Forrest T.
Published: June 2013

The mixture of the compounds (III) and (IV) is converted but only the compound (III) reacts to the tetrahydroisoquinoline (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid‐Mediated Facile Synthesis of Novel Spiroheterobicyclic Rings as Potential Antifungal and Antibacterial Drugs.
Authors: Dandia Anshu , Jain Anuj K.
Published: June 2013

Title compounds (IV) are synthesized via a pseudo four‐component reaction starting from pyrazolinones (I) by using an ionic liquid which acts as both solvent and catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Pyrimido[4,5‐b][1,6]naphthyridin‐4(3H)‐ones with Potential Antitumor Activity.
Authors: Insuasty Braulio , Becerra Diana , Quiroga Jairo , Abonia Rodrigo , Nogueras Manuel , Cobo Justo
Published: June 2013

A catalyst‐free, microwave‐assisted synthesis of various pyrimidonaphthyridinone derivatives is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: The Products of the Reaction Between 6‐Amine‐1,3‐dimethyl Uracil and Bis‐Chalcones Induce Cytotoxicity with Massive Vacuolation on HeLa Cervical Cancer Cell Line.
Authors: Solano Jose D. , et al. et al.
Published: June 2013

New compounds (III) and (V) display cytotoxicity with massive vacuolation in different human cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 5‐Phosphorylated Uracil Derivatives: Oxidative Cross‐Coupling Between Uracil and Dialkyl Phosphites.
Authors: Kim Se Hee , Kim Sung Hwan , Lim Cheol Hee , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: June 2013

Optimized conditions allow the direct phosphorylation of uracil substrates at position 5.
ChemInform Abstract: “All Water Chemistry” for a Concise Total Synthesis of the Novel Class Antianginal Drug (RS), (R), and (S)‐Ranolazine.
Authors: Kommi Damodara N. , Kumar Dinesh , Chakraborti Asit K.
Published: June 2013

The total synthesis of the novel class antianginal drug ranolazine in its racemic (I) and enantiopure forms is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Benzothiazepinones (BTZs) as Novel Non‐ATP Competitive Inhibitors of Glycogen Synthase Kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β).
Authors: Zhang Peng , Hu Hai‐Rong , Bian Shi‐Hui , Huang Zhao‐Hui , Chu Yong , Ye De‐Yong
Published: June 2013

A variety of benzothiazepinone derivatives (V) (25 examples) are synthesized as novel non‐ATP competitive inhibitors of GSK‐3β based on the cyclization of 2‐aminobenzenethiol with acrylic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Aqueous Synthesis of 6‐Ferrocenyl Pyridin‐2(1H)‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Jin‐Ping , Ding Jie , Ma Ning , Jiang Bo , Xu Li‐Chun , Tu Shu‐Jiang
Published: June 2013

Title compounds are conveniently synthesized in good yields and with reduced environmental impact.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Bicyclic Depsipeptides Spiruchostatins C and D and Investigation of Their Histone Deacetylase Inhibitory and Antiproliferative Activities.
Authors: Narita Koichi , Fukui Yurie , Sano Yui , Yamori Takao , Ito Akihiro , Yoshida Minoru , Katoh Tadashi
Published: June 2013

Spiruchostatins C (Ia) and D (Ib) possess extremely potent inhibitory activities against cyclic depsipeptide histone deacetylase 1, better than previously known spiruchostatins A and B and the clinically approved depsipeptide FK228.
ChemInform Abstract: Ferromagnetic Nanowire Metamaterials: Theory and Applications
Authors: Carignan Louis‐Philippe , Yelon Arthur , Menard David , Caloz Christophe
Published: June 2013

Review: 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Classification of Lattice Defects in the Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 and Cu2ZnSnSe4 Earth‐Abundant Solar Cell Absorbers
Authors: Chen Shiyou , Walsh Aron , Gong Xin‐Gao , Wei Su‐Huai
Published: June 2013

Review: emphasis on recent theoretical studies; 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electroless Deposition of Palladium
Authors: Jones Terence
Published: June 2013

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Increasing Li‐S Battery Cycle Life, and Improving Safety, Through Application of a Variety of Coating Techniques
Authors: Affinito J. , Mikhaylik Y. , Scordilis‐Kelley C. , Campbell C.
Published: June 2013

Review: 12 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbene Complexes Derived from Metal‐Bound Isocyanides: Recent Advances
Authors: Luzyanin Konstantin V. , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: June 2013

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Generation and Rearrangement of Oxonium Ylides: Methodology Studies and Their Application in Synthesis.
Authors: Murphy Graham K. , Stewart Craig , West F. G.
Published: June 2013

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Homogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Beller Matthias , Gladiali Serafino , Heller Detlef
Published: June 2013

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of 3‐Acyl‐2‐haloindoles
Authors: Den'kina S. V. , Suzdalev K. F.
Published: June 2013

Review: synthesis and transformations; 86 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Surface Science of Graphene: Metal Interfaces, CVD Synthesis, Nanoribbons, Chemical Modifications, and Defects
Authors: Batzill Matthias
Published: June 2013

Review: 266 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of the Big Four Antibiotics and Related Antibiotics
Authors: Tatsuta Kuniaki
Published: June 2013

Review: 74 refs.
High‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in women aged <30 years has a prevalence pattern resembling low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion
Authors: Vale Diama B. , Westin Maria C. , Zeferino Luiz C.
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Cervical cytology is the cervical cancer screening test for women aged <30 years because of the low specificity of human papillomavirus tests in this age group. The Bethesda System classifies cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN 2) and grade 3 (CIN 3) as high‐grade intraepithelial lesions (HSIL). In this study, the authors subclassified cytologic HSIL as suggestive of CIN 2 (HSIL‐CIN 2) or CIN 3 (HSIL‐CIN 3) and evaluated whether there was a correlation between these findings and age for screened and unscreened women.

METHODS

The study included 2,002,472 cervical smears collected from women who had at least 1 previous test (screened) and 217,826 previously untested women (unscreened). The laboratory has been using the Bethesda System since 1998 with the subcategorization of HSIL‐CIN 2 and HSIL‐CIN 3.

RESULTS

For unscreened women, the prevalence of low‐grade intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) and HSIL‐CIN 2 decreased with age, whereas the prevalence of HSIL‐CIN 3 increased. The prevalence of HSIL‐CIN 2 was greater than that of HSIL‐CIN 3 for women up to age 29 years (prevalence ratio [PR], 4.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.90‐5.75) and lower for the groups ages 30 to 49 years (PR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.50‐0.87) and ≥50 years (PR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.12‐0.36). For screened women, the prevalence of HSIL‐CIN 2 also was greater in the group aged ≤29 years (PR, 2.72; 95% CI, 2.49‐2.97).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence pattern of HSIL suggestive of CIN 2 resembled the pattern observed in LSIL and was more prevalent than HSIL suggestive of CIN 3 in younger women. The impact of screening was less evident when HSIL was suggestive of CIN 2. A conservative approach for younger women who have HSIL is important for management guidance. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2013;121:576–581. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Register spilling via transformed interference equations for PAC DSP architecture
Authors: Wu Chung‐Ju , Lu Chia‐Han , Lee Jenq Kuen
Published: June 2013

Digital signal processors (DSPs) with very long instruction word (VLIW) data‐path architectures are increasingly being deployed on embedded devices for multimedia processing applications. To reduce the power consumption and design cost of VLIW DSP processors, distributed register files and multibank register architectures are being adopted to reduce the number of read and write ports associated with register files, which presents new challenges for devising compiler optimization schemes. This paper addresses the issues of reducing the spill code for a VLIW DSP with distributed register files. Spill code produced by register allocation is traditionally handled by memory spills, but the multibank register‐file architecture provides the opportunity to spill‐out register values onto different register banks. We present a conceptual framework based on the universal and the proxy interference graphs to model the live ranges of registers for spilling codes to different register banks. Heuristic algorithms are then developed on the basis of this concept. By heuristically estimating the register pressure for each register file, we treat different register banks as optional spilling locations in addition to traditional spilling to memory. Experiments were performed on the parallel architecture core VLIW DSP with distributed register files by incorporating our proposed optimization schemes into an Open64‐based compiler. The experimental results show that our approach can improve the performances on average for DSPStone and MiBench benchmarks with spilling cases by 7.1% and 21.6%, respectively, compared with the one always handling spill code in memory. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does your dominant hand become less dominant with time? The effects of aging and task complexity on hand selection
Authors: Gooderham Spencer E , Bryden Pamela J
Published: June 2013

The present article examines the lateralization of hand use throughout the lifespan with an emphasis on aging beyond adulthood. The experimental paradigm utilizes a novel observational method to determine the effects of task complexity, a currently misunderstood factor in hand selection. Current literature is contradictory in that some suggest an increase in motor dominance with age, while more recent work has suggested an approach to ambidexterity. Cross‐sectional samples of 80 participants (20 between 2 and 4 years, 20 between 10 and 14 years, 20 between 18 and 25 years, 20 over 65 years) were asked to complete the Waterloo Handedness Questionnaire, Tapley–Bryden Dot Marking Task, and the newly designed Task Complexity Gradient. Contrary to previous suggestions, the current findings suggest neither an increase or decrease in laterality, but that motor dominance remains consistent throughout adulthood. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of motor dominance throughout the lifespan and the factors that determine hand selection. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 537–546, 2014.
Investigation of retinoic acid function during embryonic brain development using retinaldehyde‐rescued Rdh10 knockout mice
Authors: Chatzi Christina , Cunningham Thomas J. , Duester Gregg
Published: June 2013

Background: Retinoic acid (RA) signaling controls patterning and neuronal differentiation within the hindbrain, but forebrain RA function remains controversial. RA is produced from metabolism of retinol to retinaldehyde by retinol dehydrogenase (RDH), followed by metabolism of retinaldehyde to RA by retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (RALDH). Previous studies on Raldh2−/− and Raldh3−/− mice demonstrated an RA requirement for γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic and dopaminergic differentiation in forebrain basal ganglia, but no RA requirement was observed during early forebrain patterning or subsequent forebrain cortical expansion. However, other studies suggested that RA controls forebrain patterning, and analysis of ethylnitrosourea‐induced Rdh10 mutants suggested that RA synthesized in the meninges stimulates forebrain cortical expansion. Results: We generated Rdh10−/− mouse embryos that lack RA activity early in the head and later in the meninges. We observed defects in hindbrain patterning and eye RA signaling, but early forebrain patterning was unaffected. Retinaldehyde treatment of Rdh10−/− embryos from E7–E9 rescues a cranial skeletal defect, resulting in E14.5 embryos lacking meningeal RA activity but maintaining normal forebrain shape and cortical expansion. Conclusions: Rdh10−/− embryos demonstrate that RA controls hindbrain but not early forebrain patterning, while studies on retinaldehyde‐rescued Rdh10−/− embryos show that meningeal RA synthesis is unnecessary to stimulate forebrain cortical expansion. Developmental Dynamics 242:1056–1065, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Environmental toxicity of PFCs: An enhanced integrated biomarker assessment and structure–activity analysis
Authors: Liu Changhui , Chang Victor W.C. , Gin Karina Y.H.
Published: June 2013

Perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) are a group of compounds with varying carbon chains and functional groups. Currently, available toxicity studies of PFCs are limited mainly to dominant species. While many other PFCs are detected in the environment and biota, it is important to extend toxicity studies to different types of PFCs to better assess their environmental and ecological impacts. In the present study, the environmental toxicity of perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluoroocanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid, and perfluorodecanoic acid were evaluated in green mussel, Perna viridis, using a new and improved integrated biomarker approach, the enhanced integrated biomarker response (EIBR) system, with biomarkers from multiple biological levels. Structure–activity relationships were also examined based on the biomarker results. The results show that the 4 PFCs have distinct toxicity patterns and the integrative toxicity, in terms of the EIBR value, is governed by the fluorinated chain length. In addition to commonly recognized chain length and functional group effects, several structural factors are also involved in the toxic actions of PFCs, including hydrophobicity and molecular size, and so on. By integrating biomarkers from multiple biological levels with weight-of-evidence, the proposed EIBR provides a new perspective and an ecologically relevant assessment of the environmental toxicity of the pollutants. The results of EIBR and structure–activity analysis are also useful to predict toxic behaviors of other PFCs in the group and facilitate the decision-making process. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2226–2233. © 2013 SETAC
The acute toxicity of chemically and physically dispersed crude oil to key arctic species under arctic conditions during the open water season
Authors: Gardiner William W. , Word Jack Q. , Word Jack D. , Perkins Robert A. , McFarlin Kelly M. , Hester Brian W. , Word Lucinda S. , Ray Collin M.
Published: June 2013

The acute toxicity of physically and chemically dispersed crude oil and the dispersant Corexit 9500 were evaluated for key Arctic species. The copepod Calanus glacialis, juvenile Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida), and larval sculpin (Myoxocephalus sp.) were tested under conditions representative of the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas during the ice-free season. The toxicity of 3 water-accommodated fractions (WAF) of Alaska North Slope crude oil was examined with spiked, declining exposures. A dispersant-only test was conducted with the copepod C. glacialis. Each preparation with oil (WAF, breaking wave WAF [BWWAF], and chemically enhanced WAF [CEWAF]) produced distinct suites of hydrocarbon constituents; the total concentrations of oil were lowest in WAF and highest in CEWAF preparations. The relative sensitivity for the different species and age classes was similar within each WAF type. Median lethal concentration values based on total petroleum hydrocarbons ranged from 1.6 mg/L to 4.0 mg/L for WAF and BWWAF treatments and from 22 mg/L to 62 mg/L for CEWAF. For Corexit 9500 exposures, median lethal concentration values ranged from 17 mg/L to 50 mg/L. The differences in the relative toxicity among the accommodated fractions indicated that the majority of petroleum hydrocarbons in the CEWAF are in less acutely toxic forms than the components that dominate the WAF or BWWAF. Further evaluation showed that the parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds, specifically naphthalene, were highly correlated to acute toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2284–2300. © The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Peridoicals, Inc., on behalf of SETAC. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Characterizing decadal to centennial variability in the equatorial Pacific during the last millennium
Authors: Ault T. R. , Deser C. , Newman M. , Emile‐Geay J.
Published: June 2013

The magnitude of sea surface temperature variability in the NINO3.4 region of the equatorial Pacific on decadal and longer timescales is assessed in observational data, state‐of‐the‐art (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5) climate model simulations, and a new ensemble of paleoclimate reconstructions. On decadal to multidecadal timescales, variability in these records is consistent with the null hypothesis that it arises from “multivariate red noise” (a multivariate Ornstein‐Uhlenbeck process) generated from a linear inverse model of tropical ocean‐atmosphere dynamics. On centennial and longer timescales, both a last millennium simulation performed using the Community Climate System Model 4 (CCSM4) and the paleoclimate reconstructions have variability that is significantly stronger than the null hypothesis. However, the time series of the model and the reconstruction do not agree with each other. In the model, variability primarily reflects a thermodynamic response to reconstructed solar and volcanic activity, whereas in the reconstruction, variability arises from either internal climate processes, forced responses that differ from those in CCSM4, or nonclimatic proxy processes that are not yet understood. These findings imply that the response of the tropical Pacific to future forcings may be even more uncertain than portrayed by state‐of‐the‐art models because there are potentially important sources of century‐scale variability that these models do not simulate.
Improved annular mode variability in a global atmospheric general circulation model with 16 km horizontal resolution
Authors: Palipane Erool , Lu Jian , Chen Gang , Kinter James L.
Published: June 2013

In an attempt to assess the benefit of resolving the subsynoptic to mesoscale processes, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the annular modes (AMs), in particular those related to the troposphere‐stratosphere interaction, are evaluated for moderate and high horizontal resolution simulations with the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecast Integrated Forecast System global atmospheric general circulation model in comparison with the reanalysis. Notably, the performance with the high horizontal resolution (T1279 truncation, ~16 km) version of the model is relatively more skillful than the moderate resolution (T159 truncation, ~125 km) on most metrics examined, including the variance of the AMs at different seasons of the year, the intrinsic e‐folding time scales of the AMs, and the downward influence from the stratosphere to troposphere in the AMs. Moreover, the summer Southern Annular Mode is more persistent in the high resolution and projected to respond in a greater magnitude to climate change forcing than the moderate resolution.
Cost‐effective monitoring of ground motion related to earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic activity by joint use of a single‐frequency GPS and a MEMS accelerometer
Authors: Tu R. , Wang R. , Ge M. , Walter T. R. , Ramatschi M. , Milkereit C. , Bindi D. , Dahm T.
Published: June 2013

Real‐time detection and precise estimation of strong ground motion are crucial for rapid assessment and early warning of geohazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and volcanic activity. This challenging task can be accomplished by combining GPS and accelerometer measurements because of their complementary capabilities to resolve broadband ground motion signals. However, for implementing an operational monitoring network of such joint measurement systems, cost‐effective techniques need to be developed and rigorously tested. We propose a new approach for joint processing of single‐frequency GPS and MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) accelerometer data in real time. To demonstrate the performance of our method, we describe results from outdoor experiments under controlled conditions. For validation, we analyzed dual‐frequency GPS data and images recorded by a video camera. The results of the different sensors agree very well, suggesting that real‐time broadband information of ground motion can be provided by using single‐frequency GPS and MEMS accelerometers.
The Transfer Moment: The Pivotal Partnership Between Community Colleges and Four‐Year Institutions in Securing the Nation's College Completion Agenda
Authors: Handel Stephen J.
Published: June 2013

This chapter addresses transfer from a community college to a four‐year institution, an important pathway for students seeking the bachelor's degree, especially students from underserved groups. The transfer pathway will be an increasingly important source of bachelor's degree holders as colleges and universities strive to meet President Obama's college completion agenda.
Successful Transitions From Two‐Year to Four‐Year Institutions
Authors: Grites Thomas J.
Published: June 2013

This chapter provides an analysis of a set of conditions that transfer students will most likely face in their transition to a new institution. The specific focus is on transfer from two‐year to four‐year institutions.
ARE HEALTH SHOCKS DIFFERENT? EVIDENCE FROM A MULTISHOCK SURVEY IN LAOS
Authors: Wagstaff Adam , Lindelow Magnus
Published: June 2013

Using primary data from Laos, we compare a broad range of different types of shocks in terms of their incidence, distribution between the poor and the better off, idiosyncrasy, costs, coping responses, and self‐reported impacts on well‐being. Health shocks are more common than most other shocks, more concentrated among the poor, more idiosyncratic, more costly, trigger more coping strategies, and highly likely to lead to a cut in consumption. Household members experiencing a health shock lost, on average, 0.6 point on a five‐point health scale; the wealthier are better able to limit the health impacts of a health shock. Copyright © 2013 The World Bank Group.
To Infinity and Beyond: Using a Narrative Approach to Identify Training Needs for Unknown and Dynamic Situations
Authors: Dachner Alison M. , Saxton Brian M. , Noe Raymond A. , Keeton Kathryn E.
Published: June 2013

Training effectiveness depends on conducting a thorough needs assessment. Traditional needs assessment methods are insufficient for today's business environment characterized by rapid pace, risk, and uncertainty. To overcome the deficiencies of traditional needs assessment methods, a narrative‐based unstructured interview approach with subject matter experts (SMEs) is proposed for dynamic jobs in uncertain environments. First, the rationale for a narrative approach to training needs assessment is presented. Second, the utility of a narrative approach is examined using SME interviews from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to identify crew training needs for a future long duration mission. Third, the value of a narrative approach and importance of training are discussed with respect to the NASA interview results along with managerial and theoretical implications.
Refolding of biotech therapeutic proteins expressed in bacteria: review
Authors: Rathore Anurag S. , Bade Pratap , Joshi Varsha , Pathak Mili , Pattanayek Sudip K.
Published: June 2013

The efficiency of the protein refolding process lies in identification of the optimal conditions. However, a number of challenges need to be overcome to achieve this. This review first describes the protein refolding process that is utilized presently for production of protein therapeutics. Next, it discusses the various shortcomings that exist with respect to the present approach. The focus of the paper is on presentation of the significant advancements that have been made in the past decade in the various aspects of protein folding, including use of bioinformatics, mechanistic modeling, analytical monitoring, process optimization, use of additives, high throughput development, on‐column refolding, Quality by Design (QbD), Process Analytical Technology (PAT), and process intensification. Finally, an approach is proposed that incorporates the best practices that have been identified in the various areas. The paper is expected to be of interest to those in academia and industry working in the area of protein refolding. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry.
Characteristics of nitrogen removal and nitrous oxide production in CANON process
Authors: Xiao Pengying , Cai Qing , Zhang Daijun , Yao Zongbao , Lu Peili
Published: June 2013

BACKGROUND

Ammonia (NH3) was converted to dinitrogen gas (N2) cooperating between ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) with low amounts of nitrous oxide (N2O) as the side‐product in the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process. Contributions of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) by AnAOB and nitrifer denitrification by AOB for nitrogen (N) removal and the characteristics of N2O production were investigated comprehensively in this study.

RESULTS

AnAOB was the dominant contributor to autotrophic nitrogen removal, and the contributions from nitrifier denitrification were less than 13.55% of the N removal. Nitrite (NO2‐) addition increased the N removal rate of the CANON process under oxygen limiting conditions; N2O primarily produced from nitrifier denitrification by AOB was 0.41–7.25% of the N removal, and there was a positive correlation between NO2‐ concentration and N2O production. Under anaerobic conditions, 10 mmol L−1 methanol did not completely inhibit the activity of AnAOB, but N2O production rate was significantly decreased with the addition of methanol.

CONCLUSION

The contribution from nitrifier denitrification by AOB was less than 13.55% of the N removal, and AnAOB played an impotent role in N2O production by providing hydroxylamine as an electron donor for AOB to reduce NO2‐ in the CANON process. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Extreme precipitation events in the Middle East: Dynamics of the Active Red Sea Trough
Authors: de Vries A. J. , Tyrlis E. , Edry D. , Krichak S. O. , Steil B. , Lelieveld J.
Published: June 2013

The Active Red Sea Trough (ARST) is an infrequent weather phenomenon that is associated with extreme precipitation, flash floods, and severe societal impacts in the Middle East (ME). Using reanalysis (ERA‐Interim) and observational precipitation (Aphrodite and stations) data, we investigate its underlying dynamics, geographical extent, and seasonality. Twelve ARST events affecting the Levant have the same dynamical characteristics as those associated with a major flood in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) on 25 November 2009. Hence, the Jeddah flooding was caused by an ARST, which implies that ARSTs can affect a much larger part of the ME than previously assumed. We present an ARST concept involving six dynamical factors: (1) a low‐level trough; the Red Sea Trough (RST), (2) an anticyclone over the Arabian Peninsula; the Arabian Anticyclone (AA), (3) a transient midlatitude upper trough, (4) an intensified subtropical jet stream, (5) moisture transport pathways, and (6) strong ascent resulting from tropospheric instability and the synoptic‐scale dynamical forcing. We explain the ARST as the interaction of a persistent stationary wave in the tropical easterlies (i.e., the RST) with a superimposed amplifying Rossby wave, resulting in northward propagating moist air masses over the Red Sea. Our findings emphasize the relevance of the AA, causing moisture transport from the Arabian and Red Seas. The particular topography in the Red Sea region and associated low‐level circulation makes the ARST unique among tropical‐extratropical interactions. The ARST seasonality is explained by the large‐scale circulation and in particular the seasonal cycle of the semipermanent quasi‐stationary RST and AA.
Human rhinoviruses in INDIS‐study material—evidence for recovery of viable rhinovirus from fecal specimens
Authors: Savolainen‐Kopra Carita , Simonen‐Tikka Marja‐Leena , Klemola Päivi , Blomqvist Soile , Suomenrinne Sointu , Näntö‐Salonen Kirsti , Simell Olli , Roivainen Merja
Published: June 2013

The significance of human rhinoviruses (HRV) as prevailing respiratory pathogens has sharpened during the recent years followed by implementation of molecular methods in detection. Rhinoviruses are detected exceedingly in hospitalized cases of respiratory infection with varying severity, in addition to being frequent in cases of common cold. The aim of this study was to evaluate occurrence of HRV in a prospective study material. The prospective INDIS material comprises nasopharyngeal (N = 429) and fecal (N = 425) specimens from children under 11 years of age collected during any clinical infection. Validated real‐time RT‐PCR assays were applied for the detection of HRV. HRV were detected numerously not only in the nasopharyngeal specimens, but a myriad also in fecal specimens, 236 (55.0%) and 149 (35.1%), respectively, fecal findings actually beyond anticipation. A total of 13 of HRV‐positive fecal specimens were selected for genetic typing in the VP4/VP2 coding region. HRV‐A strains were detected in seven specimens: HRV‐A9, ‐A10, ‐A24, ‐A49, ‐A56 and ‐A82. HRV‐B—strains were detected three times: HRV‐B42 and ‐B79, and HRV‐C twice: HRV‐C12 and HRV‐Cpat4. HRV‐B42 also showed cytopathic effect in cell culture, confirmed by real‐time RT‐PCR and VP4/VP2 sequencing, suggesting presence of viable HRV in fecal specimens. J. Med. Virol. 85:1466–1472, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of cytomegalovirus and epstein‐barr virus infection in cervical lesions in Portugal
Authors: Marinho‐Dias Joana , Ribeiro Joana , Monteiro Paula , Loureiro Joana , Baldaque Inês , Medeiros Rui , Sousa Hugo
Published: June 2013

Infection by high‐risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered necessary but not sufficient for the development of cervical cancer. Previous studies suggested that cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein‐barr virus (EBV) could be co‐factors of HPV‐associated carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to characterize the prevalence of CMV and EBV and evaluate its association with the development cervical lesions in Portugal. The prevalence of CMV and EBV infections was determined by real‐time PCR in 89 cervical samples from women with different histological lesions, who attended the Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto. This study revealed an overall prevalence of 4.5% for CMV and 10.1% for EBV. Age‐stratified analysis revealed that CMV infection was present in individuals <30 and >60 years old, while EBV infection was present in all age groups. CMV was detected in 9.5% of low‐grade lesions and in 22.2% of in situ/invasive carcinomas, while EBV infection was found in all different types of lesions. In addition, data revealed that CMV infection was associated with an increased risk of in situ/invasive carcinoma development (OR = 1.28; P = 0.035). The study reveals a low prevalence for both viruses; nevertheless, these results are important for knowledge on the shedding of EBV and CMV in cervical samples. J. Med. Virol. 85:1409–1413, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One Year Survey of Human Rotavirus Strains Suggests the Emergence of Genotype G12 in Cameroon
Authors: Ndze Valentine N. , Papp Hajnalka , Achidi Eric A. , Gonsu Kamga H. , László Brigitta , Farkas Szilvia , Kisfali Péter , Melegh Béla , Esona Mathew D. , Bowen Michael D. , Bányai K. , Gentsch Jon R. , Odama Abena M.T.
Published: June 2013

In this study the emergence of rotavirus A genotype G12 in children <5 years of age is reported from Cameroon during 2010/2011. A total of 135 human stool samples were P and G genotyped by reverse transcriptase PCR. Six different rotavirus VP7 genotypes were detected, including G1, G2, G3, G8, G9, and G12 in combinations with P[4], P[6] and P[8] VP4 genotypes. Genotype G12 predominated in combination with P[8] (54.1%) and P[6] (10.4%) genotypes followed by G1P[6] (8.2%), G3P[6] (6.7%), G2P[4] (5.9%), G8P[6] (3.7%), G2P[6] (0.7%), G3P[8] (0.7%), and G9P[8] (0.7%). Genotype P[6] strains in combination with various G‐types represented a substantial proportion (N = 44, 32.6%) of the genotyped strains. Partially typed strains included G12P[NT] (2.2%); G3P[NT] (0.7%); G(NT)P[6] (1.5%); and G(NT)P[8] (0.7%). Mixed infections were found in five specimens (3.7%) in several combinations including G1 + G12P[6], G2 + G3P[6] + P[8], G3 + G8P[6], G3 + G12P[6] + P[8], and G12P[6] + P[8]. The approximately 10% relative frequency of G12P[6] strains detected in this study suggests that this strain is emerging in Cameroon and should be monitored carefully as rotavirus vaccine is implemented in this country, as it shares neither G‐ nor P‐type specificity with strains in the RotaTeq® and Rotarix® vaccines. These findings are consistent with other recent reports of the global spread and increasing epidemiologic importance of G12 and P[6] strains. J. Med. Virol. 85:1485–1490, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BK polyomavirus genotyping at inter‐ and intra‐patient level in Spain
Authors: Ledesma J. , Bouza E. , González‐Nicolás M.A. , de Viedma D. García , Rodríguez‐Sánchez B. , Muñoz P.
Published: June 2013

BK polyomavirus (BKV) is classified into four subtypes based on nucleotide variation of a 287 bp typing region in the VP1 protein. Most studies show that subtype I is predominant in different geographic settings, followed by subtype IV. However, BKV subtypes II and III are detected at low rates. In Spain, the prevalence of each subtype is not well known. The aim of this study was to identify the BKV subtypes from a selection of different types of patients and to determine whether different subtypes could be infecting the same patient. A hundred and twenty nine BKV‐positive urine samples were selected to amplify and sequence the typing region. Plasma specimens collected at the same time as the urine samples were also studied in 34 patients. A phylogenetic analysis and a study of substitutions in the VP1 protein were carried out with the sequences obtained. Subtype I was the predominant subtype detected in urine (61.2%) and plasma (38.2%) samples followed by subtype II. The analysis of paired samples showed that the subtype found in urine was different from that found in plasma in 10 patients. Fourteen BKV variants based on substitutions in VP1 were identified. The finding of compartmentalized infections involving different subtypes at different sites in some patients might mean specific and different selective pressure in each tissue. The potential involvement in the viral cycle of the different BKV variants found should be analyzed. J. Med. Virol. 85:1402–1408, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shift in the hepatitis B virus genotype distribution in the last decade among the HBV carriers from eastern India: Possible effects on the disease status and hbv epidemiology
Authors: Biswas Avik , Panigrahi Rajesh , Pal Manisha , Chakraborty Subhasis , Bhattacharya Prasun , Chakrabarti Shekhar , Chakravarty Runu
Published: June 2013

In a previous study from eastern India, the prevalence of HBV/C has been increasing among the blood donors. In order to analyze whether there has been any shift in HBV genotype distributions in recent years, the HBV genotypes prevalent during the periods 2000–2002 (Group‐I; n = 176) and 2007–2009 (Group‐II; n = 203) were compared, with special attention to changes in the proportion of HBV/C. The rate of prevalence of the three HBV genotypes (A, C, and D; percent prevalence 19.9/21.6/58.5 in Group‐I vs. 31.0/28.6/40.4 in Group‐II) underwent significant changes with increases in HBV/A and HBV/C among the HBV carriers (0.002). Among the asymptomatic carriers, the prevalence of these two genotypes (P = 0.021 for HBV/A and P = 0.005 for HBV/C) was significantly high. A notable increase was also observed among the chronic liver disease cases. HBV/A increased significantly among the older age Groups (≥51 years), whereas the increase of HBV/C was significant among the younger age Groups (≤20 years). With the increase of HBV/A and HBV/C, the rates of basal core promoter double mutation (1762T/1764A) also increased considerably. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that both HBV/A and 1762T/1764A mutations are predictors of chronic liver disease state over asymptomatic carrier state. Thus, this study highlights the possible influence of HBV genotype shift on the changing scenario of HBV epidemiology and disease in the population. J. Med. Virol. 85:1340–1347, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.