bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal maternal stress and autistic‐like behaviours in Chinese preschoolers
Authors: Chen Ying‐Jie , Strodl Esben , Wu Chuan‐An , Chen Jing‐Yi , Huang Li‐Hua , Yin Xiao‐Na , Wen Guo‐Min , Sun Deng‐Li , Xian Dan‐Xia , Li Chen‐Guang , Yang Gui‐You , Chen Wei‐Qing
Published: November 2020

Exposure to prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) has been implicated as a risk factor for a range of psychiatric disorders in children. However, there have been a few studies showing inconsistent associations between PNMS and offspring autistic‐like behaviours. We therefore aimed to examine whether trimester‐specific PNMS exposure might be related to an increased risk of autistic‐like behaviours among preschoolers. Using data from Longhua Children Cohort Study, mothers of 65,931 preschool children were asked to recall their level of PNMS in each of the three trimesters of pregnancy, while children's current autistic‐like behaviours were assessed using the Autism Behaviour Checklist. A series of Cox regression models were fitted to assess the association between PNMS exposure and autistic‐like behaviours. After adjusting for potential confounders, the Cox regression models showed that PNMS exposure, especially during the second pregnant trimester, was significantly and positively associated with the presence of children's autistic‐like behaviours. The strength of these associations was enhanced with the increase of PNMS exposure level. Furthermore, based on different permutations of exposure versus no exposure in each trimester, the participants were divided into eight groups. A cross‐over analysis confirmed the aforementioned finding that the second pregnant trimester might be the sensitive period for PNMS exposure increasing the risk of autistic‐like behaviours. Our findings supported the hypothesis of an association between PNMS exposure and autistic‐like behaviours among preschoolers. Preventive interventions should be trialled to examine whether minimizing maternal psychological stress during pregnancy, especially the second trimester, may reduce the risk of offspring autistic‐like behaviours.
Foster Care: How We Can, and Should, Do More for Maltreated Children
Authors: Font Sarah A. , Gershoff Elizabeth T.
Published: November 2020

Foster care provides round‐the‐clock substitute care for nearly 700,000 U.S. children who are temporarily or permanently separated from their family of origin each year. Each state manages its own foster care system according to federal regulations. Despite numerous large‐scale federal policy reforms over the past several decades, substantial concerns remain about the experiences and outcomes of children in the foster care system. The most recent effort to reform foster care, the Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018, attempts to both reduce the use of foster care and increase the quality of care. In this report, we review how policy has shaped the experiences and outcomes of children in foster care, where policy has succeeded, and where it falls short of achieving its goals. We then identify opportunities for federal and state policy to better support the safety, health, and well‐being of children in foster care.
Building a Global Development Cooperation Regime: Failed but Necessary Efforts
Authors: Mello e Souza André de
Published: November 2020

This chapter addresses two main questions. First, would a global development cooperation regime serve the 2030 Agenda better than current institutions? Second, how can recent failures to build such a regime be explained given attempts to render the GPEDC more inclusive and legitimate? Drawing from mainstream regime theory and examining recent transformations in the nature of global development cooperation, I argue that a broader regime is necessary and preferable to the status quo for reasons of efficiency. I also resort to models of stakeholder participation in governance institutions to suggest that Brazil, India, and China exited the GPEDC not because of incompatibility of interests with OECD countries, but because they did not value the regime sufficiently and found it difficult to exert influence in it.
India as a Partner in Triangular Development Cooperation
Authors: Paulo Sebastian
Published: November 2020

The chapter argues that India’s emerging practice of triangular cooperation does not fit easily with established definitions and concepts. India’s special brand of engagement in triangular cooperation has the potential to reshape important aspects of the global architecture of development cooperation and make significant contributions to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. The chapter suggests how Indian experience can inform the analysis and international practice to increase the value of triangular cooperation for developing countries.
An Evolving Shared Concept of Development Cooperation: Perspectives on the 2030 Agenda
Authors: Chakrabarti Milindo , Chaturvedi Sachin
Published: November 2020

With a collective commitment to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the worlds of development cooperation, in general, and development finance, in particular, are keenly looking for new and innovative sources of financing for effective and timely outcomes. This chapter considers three successful efforts at providing global public goods for the goal of achieving the 2030 Agenda that operationalise development cooperation in a more “shared” manner, thereby opening up space for engagement by multiple stakeholders in a less hierarchical manner. It identifies three common ingredients that make meaningful contributions to the success of these efforts: access to resources, access to participatory institutions, and ensuring multi-stakeholder participation.
Collecting the Data
Authors: Mariel Petr , Hoyos David , Meyerhoff Jürgen , Czajkowski Mikolaj , Dekker Thijs , Glenk Klaus , Jacobsen Jette Bredahl , Liebe Ulf , Olsen Søren Bøye , Sagebiel Julian , Thiene Mara
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses aspects related to data collection. It focuses, firstly, on sampling issues and, secondly, on the survey mode. Sampling issues include sample size and the type of sampling that enable precise estimates to be obtained. Regarding the survey mode, discrete choice experiments can be implemented by mail, telephone, face-to-face or web surveys. Each of these survey modes has its advantages and shortcomings. They are described and compared in the course of this chapter, addressing an important decision in the planning process of a discrete choice experiment.
Econometric Modelling: Basics
Authors: Mariel Petr , Hoyos David , Meyerhoff Jürgen , Czajkowski Mikolaj , Dekker Thijs , Glenk Klaus , Jacobsen Jette Bredahl , Liebe Ulf , Olsen Søren Bøye , Sagebiel Julian , Thiene Mara
Published: November 2020

This chapter addresses basic topics related to choice data analysis. It starts by describing the coding of attribute levels and choosing the functional form of the attributes in the utility function. Next, it focuses on econometric models with special attention devoted to the random parameter mixed logit model. In this context, the chapter compares different coefficient distributions to be used, addresses specifics of the cost attribute coefficient and it pays attention to potential correlations between random coefficients. Finally, topics related to the estimation procedure such as assuring its convergence or random draws are discussed.
Knowledge Diplomacy as Facilitator of Transformation Towards Sustainability—The “New Diplomacy” and Consensual Knowledge
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac
Published: November 2020

Negotiations over the best way to address climate change and sustainable development are heavily dependent on input from scientific and expert communities. While policy-makers seek to rationalize and thereby legitimate their decisions through evidence-based decisions frameworks, this unprecedented reliance on scientific knowledge has inadvertently led to a perceived erosion of state authority and a weakening of democracy. It has been strongly suggested that the use of scientific knowledge in policy-making is reducing the demand or need for concordant consensus-building, or distorting deliberation processes through the emergence of new forms of dependency.
Theoretical Models, Case Studies and Simulation Games as Knowledge and Decision Tools
Authors: Hernandez Ariel Macaspac
Published: November 2020

The methodological challenges identified by this book reflect the limitations of or the constraints on the ontological conceptualization of transformation towards sustainability due to complexity and uncertainty. This complexity is exacerbated by the inevitable contextualization of sustainable, low-carbon transformation, where there is the need to find ways to assess and understand the political, economic, cultural, technological and environmental context from many analytical and governance levels, degrees and scales of causalities as well as making use of insights from these contexts to draw up lessons for others. The context, as reflected by socio-technical and socio-linguistic narratives, not only defines power relations between agents (e.g., between change agents and status quo agents), but also constitutes the audience as codified by social contracts.
Einführung
Authors: Pröbstl-Haider Ulrike , Lund-Durlacher Dagmar , Obersteiner Gudrun , Prettenthaler Franz , Damm Andrea , Stolba Petra
Published: November 2020

Die österreichische Tourismusbranche kann auf viele Jahrzehnte einer wirtschaftlich erfolgreichen Entwicklung zurückblicken und leistet einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur bundesweiten Gesamtwirtschaftsleistung und -beschäftigung. Ein Großteil des Sommer- und Wintertourismus in Österreich ist mit Aktivitäten in der Natur verbunden und somit höchst sensitiv auf Änderungen des Klimas – vor allem hinsichtlich Niederschlagsmengen und Temperaturen. Der Klimawandel hat somit einen großen Einfluss auf die Nachfrage durch Touristinnen und Touristen sowie auf das Angebot an Attraktionen in Österreich (Köberl et al. 2014).
Globale Erwärmung: Ist ein Kurswechsel möglich?
Authors: Wittpahl Volker
Published: November 2020

Im September 2015 haben die Vereinten Nationen die Ziele für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung verabschiedet, die bis zum Jahr 2030 erreicht werden sollen. Es wurden 17 Ziele der nachhaltigen Entwicklung, die „Strategic Development Goals (SDG)“, in einer Liste von 169 Zielen mit 232 einzelnen Indikatoren definiert, zu denen sich alle Lander der Welt verpflichtet haben.
Digitalisierung − Segen oder Fluch für den Klimaschutz?
Authors: Randhahn Annette , Kerbusch Jochen , Gaaß Markus , Richter Doreen
Published: November 2020

Der Klimawandel und die Bedrohung unserer Lebensgrundlagen durch die voranschreitende Ausbeutung unserer natürlichen Ressourcen: Kann die Digitalisierung dabei helfen, diesen großen Herausforderungen der Menschheit entgegenzuwirken? Oder treibt sie den Klimawandel eher voran? Und falls ja, in welchen Aspekten? Ob wir die eine Entwicklung nutzen können und werden, um die andere abzubremsen oder gar aufzuhalten, hangt von zahlreichen Faktoren ab.
Fridays for Education: Status quo der Nachhaltigkeitsvermittlung in Deutschland
Authors: Bertini Anastasia , Ritzmann Susanne , Fünfhaus Annika , Globisch Sabine , Thomsen Maren
Published: November 2020

Wir befinden uns in einem beschleunigten Klimawandel, der Anpassungen auch im Bildungssystem notwendig macht. Die meisten Kompetenzen, die zur Vermeidung von klimaschädlichen Emissionen und den Umgang mit Klimafolgen in Schulen, beruflichen Bildungseinrichtungen und Hochschulen zu vermitteln sind, sind mit dem Begriff der Nachhaltigkeit aufs Engste verknüpft.
Klimakonsequenzen für Natur und Mensch
Authors: Wittpahl Volker
Published: November 2020

Klimamodelle sind aktuell die besten Instrumente, um eine Prognose für die klimabedingten Veränderungen in den kommenden Jahren abzugeben. Wie schon bei der Bestimmung der Strahlungsbilanz und des Strahlungsantriebs (RF)15 zu sehen ist, gibt es Grenzen der Modelle, deren man sich bewusst sein muss. Dennoch erlauben sie, hilfreiche Erkenntnisse zur Veränderung des Klimas zu gewinnen.
Optimal results in Lorentzian Aubry–Mather theory
Authors: Suhr Stefan
Published: November 2020

This article complements the Lorentzian Aubry–Mather Theory in Suhr (Geom Dedicata 160:91–117, 2012; J Fixed Point Theory Appl 21:71, 2019) by giving optimal multiplicity results for the number of maximal invariant measures. As an application the optimal Lipschitz continuity of the time separation on the Abelian cover is established.
Clinical and Organizational Impact of the AIRSEAL® Insufflation System During Laparoscopic Surgery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Balayssac David , Selvy Marie , Martelin Anthony , Giroudon Caroline , Cabelguenne Delphine , Armoiry Xavier
Published: November 2020

Several low‐impact laparoscopic strategies have been developed to improve the safety of pneumoperitoneum. We conducted a systematic review to establish the current evidence base for the use of the AIRSEAL® insufflation device for low‐pressure pneumoperitoneum in laparoscopic surgery. We searched the literature using several electronic databases, for studies with comparative design published in the English language from January 2010 to April 2020. The population of interest included patients with any type of health condition who underwent laparoscopic surgery using the AIRSEAL® insufflation system or a standard CO2 insufflator. Ten studies (four randomized clinical trials/six non‐randomized clinical trials), that enrolled 1394 participants in total who underwent urology, gynaecology or abdominal surgeries, were included. Total complication rates were similar between groups. Only three studies evaluated the impact of the insufflation system on post‐operative pain, and showed inconsistent benefit of AIRSEAL® (significant decrease in pain in two studies, no difference in one). The same was observed in the two sole studies in which pain killers consumption was measured (significant decrease in morphine consumption 24 h after surgery in one study, no difference in the other). Operative duration was significantly shorter with AIRSEAL® in three studies. For both post‐operative room and total length of stay, there was no difference between groups. No studies reported economic outcomes. Current literature supports the feasibility of the AIRSEAL® system during laparoscopic surgery but more studies are required to establish the added clinical benefit and to explore the preferences of physicians and patients.
Some q-Supercongruences from Transformation Formulas for Basic Hypergeometric Series
Authors: Guo Victor J. W. , Schlosser Michael J.
Published: November 2020

Several newq-supercongruences are obtained using transformation formulas for basic hypergeometric series, together with various techniques such as suitably combining terms, and creative microscoping, a method recently developed by the first author in collaboration with Zudilin. More concretely, the results in this paper includeq-analogues of supercongruences (referring top-adic identities remaining valid for some higher power ofp) established by Long, by Long and Ramakrishna, and several otherq-supercongruences. The six basic hypergeometric transformation formulas which are made use of are Watson’s transformation, a quadratic transformation of Rahman, a cubic transformation of Gasper and Rahman, a quartic transformation of Gasper and Rahman, a double series transformation of Ismail, Rahman and Suslov, and a new transformation formula for a nonterminating very-well-poised$${}_{12}\phi _{11}$$12ϕ11series. Also, the nonterminatingq-Dixon summation formula is used. A special case of the new$${}_{12}\phi _{11}$$12ϕ11transformation formula is further utilized to obtain a generalization of Rogers’ linearization formula for the continuousq-ultraspherical polynomials.
The contrasting effects of thermodynamic and dynamic processes on East Asian summer monsoon precipitation during the Last Glacial Maximum: a data-model comparison
Authors: Sun Yong , Wu Haibin , Kageyama Masa , Ramstein Gilles , Li Laurent Z. X. , Tan Ning , Lin Yating , Liu Bo , Zheng Weipeng , Zhang Wenchao , Zou Liwei , Zhou Tianjun
Published: November 2020

The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 ka BP) was the most recent glacial period when the global ice sheet volume was at a maximum. Therefore, the LGM can be used to investigate atmospheric dynamics under a climate that differed significantly from the present. This study quantitatively compares pollen records of boreal summer (June–July–August) precipitation with the PMIP3 LGM simulations. The data-model comparison shows an overall agreement on a drier than pre-industrial East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) climate. Nevertheless, 17 out of 55 records show a regional precipitation increase that is also simulated over the additional land mass area due to sea level drop. The thermodynamic and dynamic responses are analyzed to explain a drier LGM EASM as a combination of these two antagonistic mechanisms. Relatively low atmospheric moisture content was the main thermodynamic control on the lower LGM (relative to pre-industrial levels) EASM precipitation amounts in both the reconstructions and the models. In contrast, two dynamic processes in relation to stationary eddy activity act to increase EASM precipitation regionally in records and simulations, respectively. Precipitation increase in records is explained by dynamic enhancement of the horizontal moisture transport, while dynamic enhancement of the vertical moisture transport leads to simulated precipitation increase over the specific region where landmass was exposed during LGM along continental coastlines of China due to significant drop in sea level (relative to pre-industrial levels). Overall, the opposing effects of thermodynamic and dynamic processes on precipitation during the LGM provide a means to reconcile the spatial heterogeneity of recorded precipitation changes in sign, although data-model comparison suggests that the simulated dynamic wetting mechanism is too weak relative to the thermodynamic drying mechanism over data-model disagreement regions.
Prospektive Verlaufsbeobachtung einer universitären Rheumaambulanzkohorte während der ersten Welle der COVID-19-Pandemie
Authors: Braunisch M. C. , Bachmann Q. , Hammitzsch A. , Lorenz G. , Geisler F. , Schmaderer C. , Heemann U. , Moog P.
Published: November 2020

Hintergrund

Im März 2020 breitete sich die SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie initial v. a. in Bayern aus. Zu diesem Zeitpunkt war weitgehend unklar, wie mit der immunmodulatorischen Therapie bei Rheumapatienten umzugehen ist.

Ziel der Arbeit

Das Ziel war es, den Einfluss der Pandemie auf klinische Entscheidungen zu erfassen.

Material und Methoden

Es wurden zwischen dem 16.03. und 31.07.2020 Patienten eingeschlossen, die sich in der Rheumaambulanz des Klinikums rechts der Isar vorstellten. Anpassungen der Therapie erfolgten nach klinischem Ermessen und in Anlehnung an die Handlungsempfehlungen der DGRh.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden 322 Patienten eingeschlossen. Die häufigsten Diagnosen waren die rheumatoide Arthritis mit 17 %, die ANCA-assoziierte Vaskulitis (AAV) mit 14 % sowie der SLE mit 12 %; 262 Patienten erhielten eine DMARD-Therapie und 77 Patienten orale Glukokortikoide. Es lagen 5 SARS-CoV-2-Verdachtsfälle vor. Kein Patient erkrankte nachweislich an COVID-19. Eine Therapieänderung erfolgte aufgrund der Pandemie bei 40 Patienten. Dabei kam es bei 3 Patienten zu einem Flare der Grunderkrankung. Eine Therapiedeeskalation erfolgte am häufigsten bei AAV, IgG4-assoziierter Erkrankung sowie bei gleichzeitig bestehenden Malignomen und beim Einsatz von Rituximab.

Diskussion

In dieser Single-Center-Kohorte legt das gänzliche Fehlen von nachweislichen SARS-CoV-2-Infektionen in einer sonst relativ stark betroffenen Region den Schluss nahe, dass kein überproportional erhöhtes Infektionsrisiko für Patienten mit entzündlich rheumatischen Erkrankungen zu bestehen scheint. Eine Fortführung der meisten immunsuppressiven Therapien erscheint daher sinnvoll.
Stent treatment or surgical closure for perforated duodenal ulcers: a prospective randomized study
Authors: Arroyo Vázquez Jorge Alberto , Khodakaram Kaveh , Bergström Maria , Park Per-Ola
Published: November 2020

Background

Perforated peptic ulcer is a life-threatening condition. Traditional treatment is surgery. Esophageal perforations and anastomotic leakages can be treated with endoscopically placed covered stents and drainage. We have treated selected patients with a perforated duodenal ulcer with a partially covered stent. The aim of this study was to compare surgery with stent treatment for perforated duodenal ulcers in a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Methods

All patients presenting at the ER with abdominal pain, clinical signs of an upper G-I perforation, and free air on CT were approached for inclusion and randomized between surgical closure and stent treatment. Age, ASA score, operation time, complications, and hospital stay were recorded. Laparoscopy was performed in all patients to establish diagnosis. Surgical closure was performed using open or laparoscopic techniques. For stent treatment, a per-operative gastroscopy was performed and a partially covered stent was placed through the scope. Abdominal lavage was performed in all patients, and a drain was placed. All patients received antibiotics and intravenous PPI. Stents were endoscopically removed after 2–3 weeks. Complications were recorded and classified according to Clavien-Dindo (C-D).

Results

43 patients were included, 28 had a verified perforated duodenal ulcer, 15 were randomized to surgery, and 13 to stent. Median age was 77.5 years (23–91) with no difference between groups. ASA score was unevenly distributed between the groups (p = 0.069). Operation time was significantly shorter in the stent group, 68 min (48–107) versus 92 min (68–154) (p = 0.001). Stents were removed after a median of 21 days (11–37 days) without complications. Six patients in the surgical group had a complication and seven patients in the stent group (C-D 2–5) (n.s.).

Conclusions

Stent treatment together with laparoscopic lavage and drainage offers a safe alternative to traditional surgical closure in perforated duodenal ulcer. A larger sample size would be necessary to show non-inferiority regarding stent treatment.
Global adoption of robotic technology into neurosurgical practice and research
Authors: Stumpo Vittorio , Staartjes Victor E. , Klukowska Anita M. , Golahmadi Aida Kafai , Gadjradj Pravesh S. , Schröder Marc L. , Veeravagu Anand , Stienen Martin N. , Serra Carlo , Regli Luca
Published: November 2020

Recent technological advancements have led to the development and implementation of robotic surgery in several specialties, including neurosurgery. Our aim was to carry out a worldwide survey among neurosurgeons to assess the adoption of and attitude toward robotic technology in the neurosurgical operating room and to identify factors associated with use of robotic technology. The online survey was made up of nine or ten compulsory questions and was distributed via the European Association of the Neurosurgical Societies (EANS) and the Congress of Neurological Surgeons (CNS) in February and March 2018. From a total of 7280 neurosurgeons who were sent the survey, we received 406 answers, corresponding to a response rate of 5.6%, mostly from Europe and North America. Overall, 197 neurosurgeons (48.5%) reported having used robotic technology in clinical practice. The highest rates of adoption of robotics were observed for Europe (54%) and North America (51%). Apart from geographical region, only age under 30, female gender, and absence of a non-academic setting were significantly associated with clinical use of robotics. The Mazor family (32%) and ROSA (26%) robots were most commonly reported among robot users. Our study provides a worldwide overview of neurosurgical adoption of robotic technology. Almost half of the surveyed neurosurgeons reported having clinical experience with at least one robotic system. Ongoing and future trials should aim to clarify superiority or non-inferiority of neurosurgical robotic applications and balance these potential benefits with considerations on acquisition and maintenance costs.
Impact of safety warnings for fluoroquinolones on prescribing behaviour. Results of a cohort study with outpatient routine data
Authors: Georgi Ulrike , Tesch Falko , Schmitt Jochen , de With Katja
Published: November 2020

Purpose

The need for drug-related safety warnings is undisputed, but their impact on prescribing behaviour is not always clear. Safety warnings usually do not contain therapeutic alternatives. Based on German outpatient routine healthcare data, our cohort study investigated the impact of three warnings for fluoroquinolones on prescribing behaviour.

Methods

Structural breaks were estimated in a time-series analysis (2005–2014) of 184,134 first antibiotic prescriptions for patients (≥ 18 years) diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS), or acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB). Subsequently, risk factors for patients’ before/after safety warnings presented as risk ratios (RR) were estimated by Poisson regression.

Results

Following the 2008 warning for moxifloxacin, the RR of being prescribed moxifloxacin was reduced by 56% (95% CI 0.41–0.47; p < 0.001) for CAP, by 65% (95% CI 0.32–0.39; p < 0.001) for ABS, by 57% (95% CI 0.41–0.45; p < 0.001) for AECB. After the 2012 warning for levofloxacin, the RR of being prescribed levofloxacin was reduced by 31% (95% CI 0.64–0.74; p < 0.001) for CAP, by 14% (95% CI 0.77–0.96; p = 0.007) for ABS, by 27% (95% CI 0.69–0.77; p < 0.001) for AECB. We noticed a prescription-switch to other antibiotics which was not in line with the national guideline recommendations. The warning for moxifloxacin 2009 had no impact on prescribing behaviour.

Conclusion

This study observed an impact on prescribing behaviour in response to regulatory safety warnings for two out of three warnings. Information on therapeutic alternatives should be a part of any safety warning to encourage the intended changes in prescribing behaviour.
Exam cheating among Quebec’s preservice teachers: the influencing factors
Authors: Fontaine Sylvie , Frenette Eric , Hébert Marie-Hélène
Published: November 2020

This article presents the results of a research that aimed to examine the phenomenon of student cheating on exams in faculties of education in Quebec universities. A total of 573 preservice teachers completed an online survey in 2018. The questionnaire consisted of 28 questions with a Likert scale related to individual and contextual factors associated with the propensity to cheat on exams as well as two yes/no items on the arguments for cheating. Descriptive and hierarchical linear regression analyses highlighted the existence of cheating but also how three factors influenced the students’ propensity to cheat: influence of peers, methods of cheating, and institutional context.
Physical, numerical, and computational challenges of modeling neutrino transport in core-collapse supernovae
Authors: Mezzacappa Anthony , Endeve Eirik , Messer O. E. Bronson , Bruenn Stephen W.
Published: November 2020

The proposal that core collapse supernovae are neutrino driven is still the subject of active investigation more than 50 years after the seminal paper by Colgate and White. The modern version of this paradigm, which we owe to Wilson, proposes that the supernova shock wave is powered by neutrino heating, mediated by the absorption of electron-flavor neutrinos and antineutrinos emanating from the proto-neutron star surface, or neutrinosphere. Neutrino weak interactions with the stellar core fluid, the theory of which is still evolving, are flavor and energy dependent. The associated neutrino mean free paths extend over many orders of magnitude and are never always small relative to the stellar core radius. Thus, neutrinos are never always fluid like. Instead, a kinetic description of them in terms of distribution functions that determine the number density of neutrinos in the six-dimensional phase space of position, direction, and energy, for both neutrinos and antineutrinos of each flavor, or in terms of angular moments of these neutrino distributions that instead provide neutrino number densities in the four-dimensional phase-space subspace of position and energy, is needed. In turn, the computational challenge is twofold: (i) to map the kinetic equations governing the evolution of these distributions or moments onto discrete representations that are stable, accurate, and, perhaps most important, respect physical laws such as conservation of lepton number and energy and the Fermi–Dirac nature of neutrinos and (ii) to develop efficient, supercomputer-architecture-aware solution methods for the resultant nonlinear algebraic equations. In this review, we present the current state of the art in attempts to meet this challenge.
Adaptive kinematic textile architecture
Authors: Wyller Maria , Yablonina Maria , Alvarez Martin , Menges Achim
Published: November 2020

The research presented in this paper explores how textiles can be formed into adaptive, kinematic spaces to be able to respond to its environment and users utilizing on-site, distributed, mobile robotic connectors. The project aimed at creating an adaptive system that consumes little energy while making use of textiles’ advantageous qualities—their lightweight, portability, and manipulability. This was achieved through the development of a bespoke on-material mobile machine able to locomote on suspended sheets of fabrics while shaping them. Together, the connector and the tectonic system compose a lightweight architectural robot controlled with a feedback loop that evaluates real-time environmental sensor data from the space against user-defined targets. This research demonstrates how the combination of mobile robotics and textile architecture opens up new design possibilities for adaptive spaces by proposing a system that is able to generate a significant architectural effect with minimal mechanical actuation.
Breaking Deadlocks: Reward Probability and Spontaneous Preference Shape Voluntary Decisions and Electrophysiological Signals in Humans
Authors: Zajkowski Wojciech , Krzemiński Dominik , Barone Jacopo , Evans Lisa H. , Zhang Jiaxiang
Published: November 2020

Choosing between equally valued options is a common conundrum, for which classical decision theories predicted a prolonged response time (RT). This contrasts with the notion that an optimal decision maker in a stable environment should make fast and random choices, as the outcomes are indifferent. Here, we characterize the neurocognitive processes underlying such voluntary decisions by integrating cognitive modelling of behavioral responses and EEG recordings in a probabilistic reward task. Human participants performed binary choices between pairs of unambiguous cues associated with identical reward probabilities at different levels. Higher reward probability accelerated RT, and participants chose one cue faster and more frequent over the other at each probability level. The behavioral effects on RT persisted in simple reactions to single cues. By using hierarchical Bayesian parameter estimation for an accumulator model, we showed that the probability and preference effects were independently associated with changes in the speed of evidence accumulation, but not with visual encoding or motor execution latencies. Time-resolved MVPA of EEG-evoked responses identified significant representations of reward certainty and preference as early as 120 ms after stimulus onset, with spatial relevance patterns maximal in middle central and parietal electrodes. Furthermore, EEG-informed computational modelling showed that the rate of change between N100 and P300 event-related potentials modulated accumulation rates on a trial-by-trial basis. Our findings suggest that reward probability and spontaneous preference collectively shape voluntary decisions between equal options, providing a mechanism to prevent indecision or random behavior.
Solid-state NMR spectroscopic studies of 13C,15N,29Si-enriched biosilica from the marine diatom Cyclotella cryptica
Authors: Kolbe Felicitas , Ehren Helena Leona , Kohrs Simon , Butscher Daniel , Reiß Lukas , Baldus Marc , Brunner Eike
Published: November 2020

Diatoms are algae producing micro- and nano-structured cell walls mainly containing amorphous silica. The shape and patterning of these cell walls is species-specific. Herein, the biosilica of Cyclotella cryptica, a centric marine diatom with a massive organic matrix, is studied. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is applied to gain deeper insight into the interactions at the organic–inorganic interface of the cell walls. The various organic compounds like polysaccharides as well as proteins and long-chain polyamines (LCPAs) are detected by observation of heteronuclei like 13C and 15N whereas the silica phase is studied using 29Si NMR spectroscopy. The sensitivity of the NMR experiments is strongly enhanced by isotope-labeling of the diatoms during cultivation with 13C, 15N and 29Si. The presence of two different chitin species in the biosilica is demonstrated. This observation is supported by a monosaccharide analysis of the silica-associated organic matrix where a high amount of glucosamine is found. Moreover, the Rotational Echo Double Resonance (REDOR) experiment provides distance information for heteronuclear spins. 13C{29Si} REDOR experiments reveal proximities between different organic compounds and the silica phase. The closest contacts between silica and organic compounds appear for different signals in the 13C-chemical shift range of 40–60 ppm, the typical range for LCPAs.
Stability of equilibria uniformly in the inviscid limit for the Navier-Stokes-Poisson system
Authors: Rousset Frédéric , Sun Changzhen
Published: November 2020

We prove a stability result of constant equilibria for the three dimensional Navier-Stokes-Poisson system uniform in the inviscid limit. We allow the initial density to be close to a constant and the potential part of the initial velocity to be small independently of the rescaled viscosity parameter
ε
while the incompressible part of the initial velocity is assumed to be small compared to
ε
. We then get a unique global smooth solution. We also prove a uniform in
ε
time decay rate for these solutions. Our approach allows to combine the parabolic energy estimates that are efficient for the viscous equation at
ε
fixed and the dispersive techniques (dispersive estimates and normal forms) that are useful for the inviscid irrotational system.
Modern Classical Mechanics
Authors: Helliwell T. M. , Sahakian V. V.
Published: November 2020

In this modern and distinctive textbook, Helliwell and Sahakian present classical mechanics as a thriving and contemporary field with strong connections to cutting-edge research topics in physics. Each part of the book concludes with a capstone chapter describing various key topics in quantum mechanics, general relativity, and other areas of modern physics, clearly demonstrating how they relate to advanced classical mechanics, and enabling students to appreciate the central importance of classical mechanics within contemporary fields of research. Numerous and detailed examples are interleaved with theoretical content, illustrating abstract concepts more concretely. Extensive problem sets at the end of each chapter further reinforce students' understanding of key concepts, and provide opportunities for assessment or self-testing. A detailed online solutions manual and lecture slides accompany the text for instructors. Often a flexible approach is required when teaching advanced classical mechanics, and, to facilitate this, the authors have outlined several paths instructors and students can follow through the book, depending on background knowledge and the length of their course.
The Origins and Consequences of Property Rights
Authors: Harris Colin , Cai Meina , Murtazashvili Ilia , Murtazashvili Jennifer
Published: November 2020

Property rights are the rules governing ownership in society. This Element offers an analytical framework to understand the origins and consequences of property rights. It conceptualizes of the political economy of property rights as a concern with the follow questions: What explains the origins of economic and legal property rights? What are the consequences of different property rights institutions for wealth creation, conservation, and political order? Why do property institutions change? Why do legal reforms relating to property rights such as land redistribution and legal titling improve livelihoods in some contexts but not others? In analyzing property rights, the authors emphasize the complementarity of insights from a diversity of disciplinary perspectives, including Austrian economics, public choice, and institutional economics, including the Bloomington School of institutional analysis and political economy.
Revealing Sonic Wisdom in the Works of Cat Hope
Authors: McAuliffe Sam , Hope Cat
Published: November 2020

There are many ways in which wisdom pervades artistic discourse. It is only recently, however, that a concerted effort has been made to understand the wisdom embodied in music. Drawing from the literal translation of phonosophy, this article attempts to unveil what might be described assonic wisdomfrom a composer’s perspective, derived from an interview between Australian philosopher Samuel McAuliffe and composer Cat Hope. Hope’s notational practice challenges the hierarchies established by common practice notation, resulting in her contemporary art music being accessible to a wider range of performers, including those that do not read any music notations. Engagement with Hope’s notation leads to a revealing and transfer of a different kind of sonic wisdom than found in more traditionally notated works, in a process facilitated by technologies and articulated through musicianship.
Postcritical Listening: Political affordances in participatory sound art
Authors: Keylin Vadim
Published: November 2020

This article makes an argument for the postcritical treatment of the politics of sound art. Counterpointing an autoethnographic analysis of Kristina Kubisch’sElectrical Walkswith Seth Kim-Cohen’s critical reading of the same work, I show how a critical position detached from the lived experience leaves behind a wealth of meanings necessary to understand the political potential of sound art. This gap, I argue, necessitates a ‘radical empiricist’ approach shifting the focus from the artistic intent to the lived experiences of the audience and the effects sound art may have on their lives. Drawing on autoethnographic and ethnographic accounts of Kaffe Matthews’s sonic bike rides and Benoît MaubreySpeaker Sculptures, as well as Rita Felski’s project of postcritical reading, I develop a theoretical framework for the politics of sound art based around the concept of affordance. The term ‘affordance’ in this context refers to the possibilities of political meaning or political action an artwork offers to the participants without imposing a particular interpretation on them. I finish by discussing three aspects of political affordances in sound art: meaning-making, uses of sound art and access to participation.
Tumorbedingte Fatigue – Prozessevaluation eines Seminars der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald
Authors: Hingst Heike , Stutz Ute , Buchholz Ines
Published: November 2020

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Fatigue ist das häufigste und belastendste Symptom bei an Krebs erkrankten Menschen und deren Angehörigen. Das Patienteninformationszentrum (PIZ) der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald ermöglicht Betroffenen, den Umgang mit der Fatigue zu erlernen und ihre Krankheit zu verstehen. Das Fatigue-Seminar wird von Seminarteilnehmenden positiv bewertet, allerdings selten in Anspruch genommen. Fragestellung / Ziel: Primäres Ziel der Beobachtungsstudie war es, herauszufinden, wie bekannt das Seminar ist, ob es Patientinnen und Patienten empfohlen wird und worauf fehlende Zuweisungen zurückzuführen sind. Methodik: Das ärztliche und pflegerisch tätige Fachpersonal aller 13 Stationen des Onkologischen Zentrums (OZ) wurde mit einem selbstentwickelten Fragebogen befragt. Die Fragen wurden auf Einzelitem-Ebene ausgewertet. Es wurden deskriptive Statistiken und Zusammenhangsmaße bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Das Fatigue-Seminar ist den n = 115 Befragungsteilnehmenden kaum bekannt und / oder wird Betroffenen nicht immer empfohlen. Dort, wo das PIZ in der Vergangenheit schon präsent war, sind das Wissen über die Fatigue höher und das Seminar bekannter. Screeninginstrumente werden zur Diagnostik kaum eingesetzt. Schlussfolgerungen: Das Seminar muss besser beworben werden. Zur Steigerung des Bekanntheitsgrades soll es den psychologischen Mitarbeitenden und auf den Stationen vorgestellt werden. Dabei sind der systematische Einbezug von Screeninginstrumenten im Behandlungspfad von an Krebs erkrankten Menschen und die Empfehlung des Seminars für Personen mit belastenden Fatigue-Symptomen zu diskutieren.
Establishing a Hospital-Based Early Intervention Program for Young Children With Cancer: A Quality Improvement Initiative
Authors: Harman Jennifer L. , Molnar Andrew E. , Jacola Lisa M. , Corr Angela , Scott Amy , Potter Brian , Schwartzberg Sarah , Boyer Holly , Greear Jodie , Willard Victoria W.
Published: November 2020

Objective: Through the use of quality improvement methodology, we aimed to increase the percent of eligible patients seen for developmental testing at our institution from 2.6% to 25% within a 36-month timeframe. Method: The Model for Improvement ( Langley et al., 2009 ) was utilized as a framework to develop and implement an interdisciplinary, hospital-based early intervention program that included comprehensive developmental assessments intended to inform intervention services. A kaizen event was used to map current processes, identify desired future state, and identify potential interventions. Outcomes were demonstrated through use of an annotated run chat and calculation of the percent of eligible patients seen. Descriptive feedback was solicited by e-mail from interdisciplinary team members. Results: The percent of eligible patients seen for clinical comprehensive developmental assessments and provided in-house early intervention services increased to 35.5% ( N = 155). Multidisciplinary team members reported that collaboration has improved, leading to enhanced developmental service delivery. Conclusions: This quality improvement initiative resulted in a program that filled a substantial clinical need at our institution. Pediatric psychologists could utilize the model for improvement to similarly enhance the quality of care for very young patients with cancer in their hospital settings. In doing so, professionals who work at hospitals dependent upon clinical revenues may consider utilization of Medicaid’s early and periodic screening, diagnostic, and treatment benefit.

Implications for Impact Statement

Efforts to increase the number of very young children with cancer seen for developmental assessments were successful at one institution. Other settings could implement similar processes to enhance services for young children.
Pediatric Pain and Obesity: Relationships and Initial Tool Validation
Authors: Santos Melissa , Gorin Amy A. , Thaker Shefali , Zempsky William
Published: November 2020

Objective: Pediatric obesity and pain are 2 of the more prevalent chronic health conditions in childhood. Recent research suggests a strong correlation between these conditions; however, more research is needed to clarify the nature of this relationship. Method: Youth ( N = 103) between the ages of 7 and 19 who were undergoing evaluation in a pediatric obesity program were assessed for prevalence, location, and burden of pain. In addition, for those endorsing pain, its relationships to age, body mass index (BMI), BMI z score, mood, and eating behaviors were evaluated. Finally, the utility of a pain measure, The Pain Burden Interview, in a sample with obesity was examined. Results: Almost 75% of youth reported pain on entry into the obesity program with the most common areas of pain being headache, back pain, and knee pain. Almost 44% of these youth reported pain in more than one location. Pain burden over the previous month was similar to that seen in those youth with other pain conditions. There was no relationship seen between pain and age, BMI, or BMI z score. However, for those endorsing pain, increased pain burden scores were correlated with increased depressive symptoms, food addiction, and inattention scores. The Pain Burden Interview demonstrated evidence validity in this sample in identifying a population with unique needs that require further attention. Conclusions: Pain is a common comorbidity of youth with obesity. Providers should be assessing and tailoring interventions to manage these two conditions. Future research should evaluate treatment interventions for youth with obesity and pain.

Implications for Impact Statement

This article presents findings examining the relationship between pediatric pain and obesity. For youth presenting for obesity treatment, pain is a significant copresenting condition. Pain should be assessed, and treated, for youth with obesity given its relationship to mood, eating and behavior to allow for individualized interventions.
Eigenmode operation of piezoelectric resonant gyroscopes
Authors: Hodjat-Shamami Mojtaba , Ayazi Farrokh
Published: November 2020

The theory of eigenmode operation of Coriolis vibratory gyroscopes and its implementation on a thin-film piezoelectric gyroscope is presented. It is shown analytically that the modal alignment of resonant gyroscopes can be achieved by applying a rotation transformation to the actuation and sensing directions regardless of the transduction mechanism. This technique is especially suitable for mode matching of piezoelectric gyroscopes, obviating the need for narrow capacitive gaps or DC polarization voltages. It can also be applied for mode matching of devices that require sophisticated electrode arrangements for modal alignment, such as electrostatic pitch and roll gyroscopes with slanted electrodes utilized for out-of-plane quadrature cancellation. Gyroscopic operation of a 3.15 MHz AlN-on-Si annulus resonator that utilizes a pair of high-Q degenerate in-plane vibration modes is demonstrated. Modal alignment of the piezoelectric gyroscope is accomplished through virtual alignment of the excitation and readout electrodes to the natural direction of vibration mode shapes in the presence of fabrication nonidealities. Controlled displacement feedback of the gyroscope drive signal is implemented to achieve frequency matching of the two gyroscopic modes. The piezoelectric gyroscope shows a mode-matched operation bandwidth of ~250 Hz, which is one of the largest open-loop bandwidth values reported for a mode-matched MEMS gyroscope, a small motional resistance of ~1300 Ω owing to efficient piezoelectric transduction, and a scale factor of 1.57 nA/°/s for operation at atmospheric pressure, which greatly relaxes packaging requirements. Eigenmode operation results in an ~35 dB reduction in the quadrature error at the resonance frequency. The measured angle random walk of the device is 0.86°/√h with a bias instability of 125°/h limited by the excess noise of the discrete electronics.