bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prosecution in Yemen: The Introduction of theNiyāba
Authors: Messick Brinkley
Published: December 2011

By resolution of the ruling Command Council on 19 March 1977, a new judicial organization known as theniyāba(formal name:al-niyāba al-'āmma) was introduced in the Yemen Arab Republic. Derived ultimately from a French model, the new institution has been provided with wide statutory powers, many of which are new to Yemen. Essentially, the niyāba is an agency of investigation and prosecution, with jurisdiction in criminal cases and other areas of “public” rights, It has responsibilities also in family law, especially in cases involving the dissolution of marriage and the protection of minors. In addition, the niyāba has authority over the “officials of judicial enforcement,” and it is charged with the oversight of jails. Although the niyāba's institutional ancestry is traceable to the Frenchministère public(orparquet), the transfer of the European institution to Yemeni soil was not direct, since Yemeni legislators modelled their niyāba on an Egyptian legal organ of the same name. The Egyptian niyāba was instituted in 1876 as a copy of theministère public, but evolved considerably since its introduction there (Hill, 1979). The arrival of the niyāba in Yemen thus was mediated by an interval of one hundred years of development outside of France.
Tolerant Dimensions Of Cultural Pluralism in the Ottoman Empire: The Albanian Community, 1800–1912
Authors: Gawrych George W.
Published: December 2011

Scholars who have conducted research on the different peoples of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have, as a general rule, focused their studies on the process by which the various national minorities gained their independence from “Turkish” rule. To study this complex problem, historians of the Balkans and of Middle Eastern countries other than Turkey have selected a methodological framework which seeks to analyze the nature of the struggles that led to the eventual emergence of nation-states such as Albania, Greece, Bulgaria, and Syria.
Civil War, Foreign Intervention, and The Question of Political Legitimacy: a Nineteenth-Century Saʿūdī Qāḍī's Dilemma
Authors: Crawford M. J.
Published: December 2011

The Sa⊂ūdī Civil War, which developed after the death of the Imām Faiṣal at al-Riyāḍ in A.H. 1282/A.D. 1865, and which was largely responsible for the debilitation and ultimate demise of the Second Sa⊂ūdī State, has received relatively little attention from either Sa⊂ūdī or Western historians. In neglecting this period, modern Sa⊂ūdī scholars may have been influenced by the consideration which led Wahhābī chroniclers of an earlier generation to provide only cursory treatment of the Civil War in their accounts of Najdī history; the decade between the Imām Faiṣal's death and the resolution of the conflict in 1293/1876, characterised as it was by persistent fraternal rivalry and displays unprincipled political opportunism, does not represent a particularly creditable episode in the history of the āl Sa⊂ūd.
Who “Invented” Egyptian Arab Nationalism? Part 2
Authors: Coury Ralph M.
Published: December 2011

Part 1, (IJMES, 14 [1982], 249–281) presented arguments in favor of the first of two major contentions in respect to the development of Egyptian Arab nationalism between the two world wars; namely, that a rigid dichotomization between an assumed Arab-Islamic orientation of the Palace and a secular-liberal, Egyptian orientation of the Wafd and other parties is false. In the preceding segment I tried to show that in the interwar period both the Wafd and the Palace began to develop Arab nationalist orientations, albeit cautiously, and in a manner that continued to subordinate Arab concerns to the national question more narrowly conceived. I was particularly interested in demonstrating that no new, activist pan-Arab policy could be attributed to the Palace in the late thirties. Part 2 elaborates upon these and other themes as it discusses my second major contention:
The Social Basis of the Bābī Upheavals in Iran (1848–53): A Preliminary Analysis
Authors: Momen Moojan
Published: December 2011

In the middle of the nineteenth century, Iran was shaken by a series of serious upheavals caused by the Bābī movement. Although of short duration, these upheavals engulfed the entire country and had far-reaching effects in that they formed the first of a chain of events that led on the one hand, to the constitional movement in Iran, and on the other, to the establishment of the now world-wide Bahā'ī Faith.
Saudi Arabia and the Islamic Revival
Authors: Ochsenwald William
Published: December 2011

The seizure of the grand mosque of Mecca on 1 Muharram 1400/20 November 1979 by a group of Muslim fundamentalists protesting alleged religious laxity in Saudi Arabia raised the issue of Islamic revival in the very birthplace of the Islamic faith. This dramatic action and the ensuing battle for control of the holiest site in Islam, the Kaaba, caused concern and anxiety among hundreds of millions of Muslims. It turned the minds of many to the phenomenon of religious revival. The attack on the Meccan Haram also showed that the revival of Islam was an issue for all Muslim countries, for Saudi Arabia was already one of the most publicly devout and religious nations in the world. If the Saudi government could be seriously accused of a lack of religious fervor, even though the accusers in Mecca were few in number and ultimately unsuccessful in their military action, then other Muslim states might well be liable to even more severe challenges.
Radical Politics and the Syrian Social Nationalist Party
Authors: Pipes Daniel
Published: December 2011

Until now, there has appeared no party in the Arab world that can compete with the SSNP for the quality of its propaganda, which addresses both reason and emotion, or for the strength of its organization, which is effective both overtly and covertly. By virtue of its organization, this party succeeded in creating a very powerful intellectual and political current in Syria and Lebanon.
Trade, Technology Transfer, and Hyper-Dutch Disease In Opec: Theory And Evidence
Authors: Parcin Manoucher , Dezhbakhsh Hashem
Published: December 2011

The oil price increases in the 1970s caused a transfer of wealth from importers to exporters and resulted in three major consequences. It led to a series of shocks in the economies of the industrial countries. It reduced further the slow pace of growth in the non-OPEC LDCs, and it distorted the sectoral growth in OPEC itself. Such unwarranted results have attracted the attention of both scholars and decision makers.
Towards the Reappraisal of Classical Arabic Literature and History: Some Aspects of Tāhā Husayn's Use of Modern western Criteria
Authors: Al-Nowaihi Mohamed
Published: December 2011

In modern Arabic scholarship, it would be difficult to find a hypothesis more implausible than that advanced by Tāhā Husayn in his fī‘l-’adab al-jāhilī. Yet it may be wondered whether any other book, written by a contemporary Arab, has had a comparable influence in changing the fundamental attitude of the Arab intelligentsia towards their classical literature and history. The unsoundness of the book's central assertion—that the bulk of pre-Islamic poetry was fabricated by Muslims, and portrays Islamic, rather than pre-Islamic, conditions and conceits—has been exposed by several critics, both native, in varying degrees of wrathful condemnation, and orientalist, with different approaches to conclusiveness. Of the latter, one at least, the late A. J. Arberry, had some pretty strong words to say, not of the Arab propagator of the fallacy, but of D. S. Margoliouth, who, in the same year 1926, had, as it happened, published identical views, supported by largely similar arguments. Said Arberry, introducing his stern refutation, “The sophistry — I hesitate to say dishonesty — of Professor Margoliouth's arguments is only too apparent, quite unworthy of a man who was undoubtedly one of the greatest erudites of his generation.” He went on to castigate Margoliouth's disregard of certain Qur'anic meanings and intentions of which “he must have been very well aware,” his “shocking misapplication of scholarship,” his “immodesty”, and the rest. Quite restrained criticism when compared to the diatribe which the Arab debaters poured on the heads of their fellow citizen and his presumed infidel mentor, but rather unusual in the serene Arcady of orientalism.
Foreigners and Municipal Reform in Istanbul: 1855–1865
Authors: Rosenthal Steven
Published: December 2011

Ever since it had been recognized that the decay of the Ottoman Empire could not be arrested by traditional methods, foreigners and non-Muslims had played a significant part in the Empire's modernization. The Compte de Bonneval and Baron de Tott were only the most famous of a group of foreign advisers who were employed by the Ottoman government to help reform the military establishment during the eighteenth century. During the Tanzimat era, 1839–1876, when the Porte became irrevocably committed to modernization, foreigners and non-Muslims were employed in a multitude of capacities. They ranged from the Prussian Von Moltke who was to advise on the vital problem of reorganizing the army, to Giuseppe Donnizetti, brother of the composer, who was charged with the somewhat less important task of organizing a Western-style military band.
Germany And The Turco-Italian War, 1911–1912
Authors: Wrigley W. David
Published: December 2011

The events of the Turco-Italian War (1911–1912) presented several complex problems for Germany's diplomatic and economic policies in the Near East. First, the War served as a test of strength for the Triple Alliance, because the Wilhelmstrasse (German foreign ministry) had guaranteed to maintain Italian interests in Tripolitania, but the hostilities threatened to spread into Macedonia where the Wilhelmstrasse had guaranteed Austrian interests. If the status quo of the Balkans was disturbed by the War, then an Austro-Russian diplomatic struggle might ensue, thus requiring German support for Austria-Hungary. The Germans were forced to support Italian interests in Tripolitania, while simultaneously preserving Austrian interests in the Balkans. Under these circumstances, could Germany preserve the solidarity of the Triple Alliance against internal dissension?
The French Economic Interests in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Raccagni Michelle
Published: December 2011

French economic development under the July Monarchy led the class that most benefited by it, the bourgeoisie, to demand increased political power. It was in the interest of the new regime of 1852, whose establishment was made possible by the support of the bourgeoisie, to favor the investment of capital acquired by its supporters, and to find new outlets abroad for the goods produced at an ever growing rate by France's new factories.
On the Probable Influence of Islam on Western Public and International Law
Authors: Boisard Marcel A.
Published: December 2011

On the occasion of the fifteenth century of the hijra, many scholarly publications will deal with various aspects of Islamic history, among which is the contribution of the Arabo-Muslim culture to Western civilisation. Philosophical and scientific contributions have already been discussed many times. The legacy of Islam in the field of international law has, however, not yet been studied at length.
Political Economy as a Paradigm for the Study of Islamic History
Authors: Gran Peter
Published: December 2011

Two frameworks of interpretation of history and society have long struggled with each other in the West and in the Islamic world: one is the modernization theory of the American type, aligned at times with the older orientalism, the other is some form of political economy. In the 1970s, the theory of political economy made a belated arrival in American intellectual life and still has scarcely the prestige it has in France, Germany, Italy, or the Islamic countries.
Grammaticality in Modern Hebrew
Authors: Schwarzwald Ora Rodrigue
Published: December 2011

The term “grammar” is ambiguous. This essay explores the meanings of the term in general and concentrates on its relevance to Modem Hebrew. The gap between the lexical meanings and the speakers' knowledge of grammaticality is demonstrated as being a result of the close linkage between Biblical Hebrew grammar and Modem Hebrew norms.
Yaḥyā Ḥaqqī as Critic and Nationalist
Authors: Cooke Miriam
Published: December 2011

Yaḥy¯a Ḥaqqī's first article of literary criticism appeared at a time when the critic was still more or less exclusively concerned with explaining a text, or with justifying the rival merits of “ancient” as opposed to “modem” literature. In 1921 Mā.zinī and 'Aqqād had published their Ad-dīwān: kitāb fī an-naqd wa al-adab which constituted a significant step away from the traditional mold of literary criticism. The primary motivation of the madhhab jadīd seems to have been an attack, not always purely literary, on the neo-Classical trend as exemplified in the poetry of Shauqī, Hāfiz and Ismā'il Sabrī. The Diwan School, as it came to be called, required that the poet express his true feelings in an imaginative way without resorting to pure description or stereotyped imagery confined within traditional poetical forms.
The Hauran Conflicts of the 1860s: A Chapter in the Rural History of Modern Syria
Authors: Schilcher L. Schatkowski
Published: December 2011

This paper examines the relatively neglected rural history of Syria. It concentrates on the Hauran, a dry-farming region of hills and plains south of the Damascene oasis between the northern Jordan's tributaries and the eastern desert. Although the Hauran is today no longer a region of primary economic importance to Syria as it once was, it is of historical interest because it was the very first of greater Syria's outlying rural zones to be integrated into the developing modern Middle Eastern economy.

The Hauran is, moreover, of comparative interest because it held a position in Syria's political economy then which bears many resemblances to the positions held by younger hinterland regions now. The parallels between the situation of the Hauran then and the Syrian north and northeast now, for example, are indeed many.
Annihilation in the Messenger of God: The Development of a Sufi Practice
Authors: Hoffman Valerie J.
Published: December 2011

Scholars have long noted that the Prophet Muhammad assumed increasing importance in Sufi thought and practice over the centuries. For Sufis, belief in Muhammad's perfection often went beyond the standard affirmation of his immunity from error, and sometimes went so far as the assertions of the Spanish Arab Qadi ʿIyad (d. 1149/50) that Muhammad had assumed all the qualities embodied in the Ninety-nine Beautiful Names of God. Belief in Muhammad as a primordial cosmic light of divine origin is documented as early as the 8th to 9th centuries, and reached its fullest exposition in the works of Ibn ʿArabi (1165-1240) and his successors. Popular devotion to the Prophet in the form of poetry in his honor and celebrations of his birthday is documented at least as early as the 13th century.
Feminism, Class, and Islam In Turn-of-the-Century Egypt
Authors: Cole Juan Ricardo
Published: December 2011

The emergence of feminist thought in Egypt at the turn of the last century has often been remarked upon, but there has been little rigorous analysis of its social context and background. As keen an observer as Gabriel Baer has ventured to write that in nineteenth-century Egypt “evidently the traditional structure of the family and the status of women did not undergo any change at all.” On the face of it, however, it seems highly unlikely that the expansion of the urban and rural middle classes, the emergence of private property, the period of state capitalism, and the onset of colonial rule could have left women unaffected.
A Century in Print: Arabic Journalism and Nationalism in Sudan, 1899–1999
Authors: Sharkey Heather J.
Published: December 2011

In 1999, Sudan's Arabic periodical press observes its hundredth anniversary. A century before, and one year after the collapse of the Mahdist state (1881–98), the Britishdominated “Anglo-Egyptian“ regime (1898–1956) launched an official Arabic-English gazette. Four years later, Lebanese journalists founded the region's first independent Arabic newspaper, catering to an audience of Egyptians and Lebanese employed by the new government. These expatriates sparked an interest in journalism among educated Northern Sudanese men, who within a few years of the newspaper's debut were avidly subscribing and contributing to journals.
The Jews of Iraq, Zionist Ideology, and the Property of the Palestinian Refugees of 1948: An Anomaly of National Accounting
Authors: Shenhav Yehouda
Published: December 2011

An account already exists between us and the Arab world: the account of the compensation that accrues to the Arabs who left the territory of Israel and abandoned their property … The act that has now been perpetrated by the Kingdom of Iraq … forces us to link the two accounts … We will take into account the value of the Jewish property that has been frozen in Iraq when calculating the compensation that we have undertaken to pay the Arabs who abandoned property in Israel.
The Effects of World Capitalist Economy on Urbanization in Egypt, 1800–1970
Authors: Chaichian Mohammad A.
Published: December 2011

This research paper provides an historical analysis of urbanization in Egypt and its relationships to her incorporation into the world capitalist economy during the last two centuries. My major concern is to discover more about the following issues: (1) the historical reasons for the structural disjunction of the peasant population from rural areas; and (2) the dynamics of rural–urban migration and the problem of overconcentration of population in a few major urban centers.
TUDEH FACTIONALISM AND THE 1953 COUP IN IRAN
Authors: Behrooz Maziar
Published: December 2011

The 19 August 1953 toppling of Muhammad Musaddiq's government in Iran was an

important historical event from various perspectives, many of which are being discussed by

Middle East observers to this date. First, it was the first covert post-World War II operation by

the U.S. government, in cooperation with Britain, to topple the constitutional government of a

sovereign nation. Operation AJAX, as the coup d'état came to be called by the

CIA, was implemented at the height of the Cold War, and as such was accompanied by many

familiar justifications. The most important of these were the improbability of any resolution to the

oil-nationalization crisis between Iran and Britain as long as Musaddiq remained in power and the

communist threat posed by the Tudeh Party of Iran and its Soviet sponsor.1 The

long-term consequence of this intervention can partially explain the 1979 revolution in Iran and

the ongoing crisis in Iran–U.S. relations.
MISAGH PARSA, States, Ideologies, and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis

of Iran, Nicaragua and the Philippines (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Pp.

336. $54.95 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: KATZ MARK N.
Published: December 2011

Over the past several decades, many scholars have attempted to develop a general theory

explaining the causes and consequences of revolution. Some of the most notable of these scholars

are Crane Brinton, Barrington Moore, Theda Skocpol, and Jack Goldstone. Their

theories—as well as those of others—continue to be actively debated even though

they were published many years, or even decades, ago.
TORD OLSSON, ELIZABETH ÖZDALGA, AND CATHARINA RAUDVERE, ED., Alevi Identity: Cultural, Religious and Social Perspectives, Swedish Research

Institute in Istanbul Transactions, vol. 8 (Istanbul: Numune Matbaasi, 1998). Pp. 213. $66.95

cloth.
Authors: BUEHLER ARTHUR
Published: December 2011

This edited volume, the outcome of a conference held in 1996 in Istanbul, consists of

seventeen articles, sixteen of which concern [ayn]Ali-oriented communities in the Middle East.

Ten of the articles are focused on Alevis in Turkey, and the others discuss Ahl-i Haqq studies, the

Druze, and the Alawites of Syria. The reader is immediately drawn to the gorgeous, vividly

colorful artwork on both covers and the high-quality glossy paper used in this volume, both of

which are rare in academic books published in the West. This book will be of interest mainly to

Islamicists who are interested in [ayn]Ali-oriented religions, even though Tord Olsson's

brief Epilogue is methodologically encompassing for a wider history of religions audience.

Libraries should have it in their collections.
CHRISTIAN DANIEL MÜLLER,
Gerichtspraxis im Stadtstaat Córdoba. Zum Recht der Gesellschaft in einer
malikitsch–islamischen Rechtstradition des 5./11. Jahrhunderts, Studies in
Islamic Law and Society, vol. 10 (Leiden, Boston, Cologne: E. J. Brill 1999). Pp. 488.
$145.00.
Authors: Reichmuth Stefan
Published: December 2011

For a closer understanding of Islamic legal practice and for the application and social function
of Islamic fiqh, medieval al-Andalus offers some highly fascinating source materials.
Apart from a wealth of legal textbooks of the Maliki madhhab that originate from that
region and a wide range of biographical and historical texts covering the different stages of the
history of Islamic Spain, al-Andalus provides some of the earliest surviving collections of reported
court cases (nawazil and ahkam) whose coverage of decisions in some cases
reaches well back into the 9th century.
Composition and Diversity of the Benthic Boundary Layer Macrofauna from the English Channel
Authors: Vallet Carole , Dauvin Jean-Claude
Published: December 2011

The macrofauna of the benthic boundary layer (macrozooplankton and suprabenthos) was studied at six stations in May–June 1993 in the English Channel over sediments ranging from medium sand to pebble. The fauna collected consisted of 227 taxa in 30 suprabenthic sledge hauls. Numerically, the macrozooplankton was dominated by euphausids, chaetognaths, the holoplanktonic amphipod Apherusa spp. and fish larvae, and the suprabenthos by mysids (Anchialina agilis, Gastrosaccus spp.), amphipods (Stenothoe marina) and cumaceans at both medium sand stations. Suprabenthos species richness and diversity were significantly higher at western stations, in contrast to the pattern for macrozooplankton. The density of macrozooplankton was significantly higher, and suprabenthos significantly lower, at the western stations. The biomass of macrozooplankton was similar at the six stations, except in the middle of the Dover Strait which had a low biomass. The biomass of the suprabenthos was highest in the eastern part of the Channel. Two main assemblages were distinguished in relation to planktonic production and sediment composition: three western stations with two subgroups (stations 1 and 3 along the coasts of Brittany and station 2 off Plymouth); and the eastern stations also with two subgroups (station 4 in the Bay of Seine and stations 5 and 6 in the Dover Strait). For the macrozooplankton, two types of trophic structures could be distinguished: stations 1 and 4 where suspension-feeders dominated and the other stations (2, 3, 5 and 6) where carnivorous plankton feeders, omnivorous and scavengers predominate. For the suprabenthos, the plankton feeding, omnivorous and carnivorous trophic guilds dominated each station.
Space Occupation by the Polychaetous Annelid Perinereis Cultrifera: Influence of Substratum Heterogeneity and Intraspecific Interactions on Burrow Structure
Authors: Scaps P. , Brenot S. , Retiere C. , Desrosiers G.
Published: December 2011

Spatial analysis, laboratory experiments and field observations in the intertidal zone of La Ranee Estuary (northern coast of Brittany, France) of the infaunal polychaete Perinereis cultrifera indicate that the distribution and the abundance of this species appear to be related to the availability of cobbles. Individuals build U-shaped galleries with a surface gutter network protected by a cobble which acts as a roof. The study of spatio-temporal evolution of P. cultrifera burrows showed experimentally that density is important in space-sharing modalities within the sediment. Effects of increased density lead to modifications in the shape and size of the burrows. The absence of connections between burrows, as observed in ‘sandwich aquaria’ and in resin casts, suggest that the gallery is defended against intruders. The study of the distance between individuals in the laboratory did not reveal a regular distribution pattern. These results probably mean that the area around the burrow opening is not defended and, therefore, does not constitute a territory. Perinereis cultrifera is probably competing for burrow space while food may be shared. Territoriality is certainly the main factor involved in the organization and the spatial arrangements of individuals within a population.
Seasonal Abundance and Population Flux of Tigriopus Californicus (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) in Barkley Sound, British Columbia
Authors: Powlik James J.
Published: December 2011

The study describes the seasonal density and age structure for splashpool metapopulations of Tigriopus californicus (Copepoda: Harpacticoida). Natural populations were highly variable, ranging from 217 ± 401·7 ind 1−1 in winter (mean ± SE) to 835 ± 1750·6 ind 1−1 in summer, with some populations approaching 20,000 ind 1−1 in all seasons except winter. Male-to-female ratio ranged from 1·36 in spring and summer to 1·84 in autumn, and reproduction was observed throughout the year. Nauplii abundance averaged 28 + 7·4 ind 11, a value much lower than expected for in situ copepod populations and possibly due to behavioural processes such as cannibalism and inhibition of egg deposition. The densest assemblages of splashpool microcrustacea were almost entirely T. californicus, principally mature adults and including clasped male-female pairs and ovigerous females. A simple population growth model is presented, along with parameters for calculating the instantaneous rate of increase, birth, and death in the absence of disturbance.
Relationships Between Mating and Sexual Maturation of Loligo Gahi Females in Falkland Waters
Authors: Rasero M. , Portela J.M.
Published: December 2011

Observations on samples from Spanish trawlers between September and November of 1995 revealed the presence of mated females of Loligo gahi (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae) from 164–285 m depth, in the Western area of the Falkland Islands Conservation Zone. 93.8% of the mature females, and 31.0% of the maturing ones, were mated. Deposition of spermatophores always took place in the oral membrane between the connectives of arms IV. The relationships between sexual maturation and copulation have been analysed, and the hypothesis of mating acting as a ‘trigger’ of the final sexual maturation in Loligo gahi females is proposed and discussed.
Engineering observation of lateral undulation in colubrid snakes for wheel-less locomotion
Authors: Barazandeh Farshad , Rahnamafard Hossein , Rajabizadeh Mehdi , Faraji Hossein
Published: December 2011

Nature has always inspired engineers. This research tries to understand the contribution of snake anatomy in its locomotion from engineering point of view to be adopted in the design of snake robots. Rib design and muscular structure of snake robots will have a great impact on snake robot flexibility, weight, and actuators' torque. It will help to eliminate wheels in snake robots during serpentine locomotion. The result of this research shows that snakes can establish the required peg points on smooth surfaces by deflecting the body and ribs. The results are verified by both field observations and simulation.
RESPONSIBLE CHOICES, DESERT-BASED LEGAL INSTITUTIONS, AND THE CHALLENGES OF CONTEMPORARY NEUROSCIENCE
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: December 2011

Neuroscience is commonly thought to challenge the basic way we think of ourselves in ordinary thought, morality, and the law. This paper: (1) describes the legal institutions challenged in this way by neuroscience, including in that description both the political philosophy such institutions enshrine and the common sense psychology they presuppose; (2) describes the three kinds of data produced by contemporary neuroscience that is thought to challenge these commonsense views of ourselves in morals and law; and (3) distinguishes four major and several minor kinds of challenges that that data can reasonably be interpreted to present. The major challenges are: first, the challenge of reductionism, that we are merely machines; second, the challenge of determinism, that we are caused to choose and act as we do by brain states that we do not control; third, the challenge of epiphenomenalism, that our choices do not cause our actions because our brains are the real cause of those actions; and fourth, the challenge of fallibilism, that we do not have direct access to those of our mental states that do cause our actions, nor are we infallible in such knowledge as we do have of them.
Large outbreak ofSalmonellaEnteritidis PT8 in Portsmouth, UK, associated with a restaurant
Authors: SEVERI E. , BOOTH L. , JOHNSON S. , CLEARY P. , RIMINGTON M. , SAUNDERS D. , COCKCROFT P. , IHEKWEAZU C.
Published: December 2011

Seventy-five individuals withSalmonellainfection were identified in the Portsmouth area during August and September 2009, predominantlySalmonellaEnteritidis phage type 8. Five patients were admitted to hospital. A case-case comparison study showed that a local restaurant was the most likely source of the infection with a risk of illness among its customers 25-fold higher than that of those who did not attend the restaurant. A case-control study conducted to investigate specific risk factors for infection at the restaurant showed that eating salad was associated with a threefold increase in probability of illness. Changing from using ready washed lettuces to lettuces requiring washing and not adhering strictly to the 48 hours exclusion policy for food handlers with diarrhoea were likely to have contributed to the initiation and propagation of this outbreak. Possibilities for cross-contamination and environmental contamination were identified in the restaurant.
Propranolol for infantile haemangiomas: initiating treatment on an outpatient basis
Authors: Dyme Joshua L. , Thampan Ashis , Han Eugenia J. , Nyirenda Themba L. , Kotb Mohy E. , Shin Helen T.
Published: December 2011

Introduction

Propranolol was recently discovered to be an effective treatment for infantile haemangiomas, and varying doses and monitoring regimens have been proposed. Adverse events, although uncommon, have been reported.

Materials and methods

This was a retrospective chart review of infants with haemangiomas who were started on propranolol at a dose of 3 milligrams per kilogram per day on an outpatient basis. After a baseline cardiac evaluation including an electrocardiogram and an echocardiogram, treatment was initiated during 6 hours of observation.

Results

A total of 15 patients were identified; however, only 13 returned for at least one follow-up visit. This cohort was followed up for a median of 2.8 months with a range from 0.2 to 10.0. No hypotension, hypoglycaemia, bronchospasm, or clinically significant bradycardia occurred during treatment. All patients had clinical improvement of their haemangiomas.

Conclusions

This study suggests that initiating treatment during outpatient observation may be a reasonable alternative to inpatient admission. In addition, expensive testing may not be necessary during pre-treatment screening when the physical examination is normal.
Konkurrente Validität des HAWIK-IV und der Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS)
Authors: Hagmann-von Arx Priska , Grob Alexander , Petermann Franz , Daseking Monika
Published: December 2011

Fragestellung: Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte die konkurrente Validität des Hamburg Wechsler Intelligenztest für Kinder – IV (HAWIK-IV; Petermann & Petermann, 2010 ) und der Intelligence and Development Scales (IDS; Grob, Meyer & Hagmann-von Arx, 2009 ). Methodik: N = 172 Kindern im Alter von 6 bis 11 Jahren wurden beide Tests in ausbalancierter Reihenfolge vorgegeben. Es wurden Stichprobenkennwerte bestimmt sowie Korrelationsanalysen und eine explorative Faktorenanalyse durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Der HAWIK-IV Gesamt-IQ und der IDS Intelligenzwert korrelieren mit r = .83 hoch miteinander. Zwischen HAWIK-IV-Indexwerten und IDS Kognition, Sprache und Mathematik werden moderate bis hohe Korrelationen festgestellt. Nicht-kognitive Funktionsbereiche der IDS zeigen zu den HAWIK-IV Indexwerten niedrige (Sozial-Emotionale Kompetenz, Psychomotorik) oder keine (Leistungsmotivation) bedeutsamen Zusammenhänge. Die Ergebnisse zur Faktorenanalyse ergeben eine sinnvoll zu interpretierende Struktur und ermöglichen eine Integration der kognitiven, sprachlichen und mathematischen IDS-Untertests mit den HAWIK-IV-Indizes. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass Testbefunde aus dem HAWIK-IV und den IDS miteinander in Beziehung gesetzt werden können.
Experimental investigation on channel characteristics in tunnel environment for Time Reversal Ultra Wide Band techniques
Authors: Garcia‐Pardo Concepcion , Lienard Martine , Degauque Pierre , Molina‐Garcia‐Pardo Jose‐Maria , Juan‐Llácer Leandro
Published: December 2011

The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential advantages of the Time Reversal (TR) technique applied to Impulse Radio Ultra Wide Band (UWB) signals for communications in tunnels. Indeed, in an environment with significant multipaths, it has already been outlined that this technique allows mitigating intersymbol interference and increases the peak power received at a target antenna. However, in a tunnel, as a result of the guiding effect of the structure, the spatial diversity degree decreases as the distance between the transmitter and receiver increases. An in‐depth analysis is therefore needed, and we first thus present the main characteristics of the UWB channel deduced from measurements made in a long straight arched tunnel and for a frequency band extending from 2.8 to 5 GHz. In the time domain, waveforms of the impulse radio signal are obtained through an inverse Fourier transform of the measured frequency response and examples are given for different distances varying from 50 m to 500 m. Delay spread and peak‐to‐peak gain are then studied, depending on the communication range. The case for multiple antenna transmission is also considered.
The chromatin-binding protein HMGN3 stimulates histone acetylation and transcription across the Glyt1 gene
Authors: Barkess Gráinne , Postnikov Yuri , Campos Chrisanne D. , Mishra Shivam , Mohan Gokula , Verma Sakshi , Bustin Michael , West Katherine L.
Published: December 2011

HMGNs are nucleosome-binding proteins that alter the pattern of histone modifications and modulate the binding of linker histones to chromatin. The HMGN3 family member exists as two splice forms, HMGN3a which is full-length and HMGN3b which lacks the C-terminal RD (regulatory domain). In the present study, we have used the Glyt1 (glycine transporter 1) gene as a model system to investigate where HMGN proteins are bound across the locus in vivo, and to study how the two HMGN3 splice variants affect histone modifications and gene expression. We demonstrate that HMGN1, HMGN2, HMGN3a and HMGN3b are bound across the Glyt1 gene locus and surrounding regions, and are not enriched more highly at the promoter or putative enhancer. We conclude that the peaks of H3K4me3 (trimethylated Lys4 of histone H3) and H3K9ac (acetylated Lys9 of histone H3) at the active Glyt1a promoter do not play a major role in recruiting HMGN proteins. HMGN3a/b binding leads to increased H3K14 (Lys14 of histone H3) acetylation and stimulates Glyt1a expression, but does not alter the levels of H3K4me3 or H3K9ac enrichment. Acetylation assays show that HMGN3a stimulates the ability of PCAF [p300/CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein)-binding protein-associated factor] to acetylate nucleosomal H3 in vitro, whereas HMGN3b does not. We propose a model where HMGN3a/b-stimulated H3K14 acetylation across the bodies of large genes such as Glyt1 can lead to more efficient transcription elongation and increased mRNA production.
Solution structure of the Pdp1 PWWP domain reveals its unique binding sites for methylated H4K20 and DNA
Authors: Qiu Yu , Zhang Wen , Zhao Chen , Wang Yan , Wang Weiwei , Zhang Jiahai , Zhang Zhiyong , Li Guohong , Shi Yunyu , Tu Xiaoming , Wu Jihui
Published: December 2011

Methylation of H4K20 (Lys20 of histone H4) plays an important role in the regulation of diverse cellular processes. In fission yeast, all three states of H4K20 methylation are catalysed by Set9. Pdp1 is a PWWP (proline-tryptophan-tryptophan-proline) domain-containing protein, which associates with Set9 to regulate its chromatin localization and methyltransferase activity towards H4K20. The structure of the Pdp1 PWWP domain, which is the first PWWP domain identified which binds to methyl-lysine at the H4K20 site, was determined in the present study by solution NMR. The Pdp1 PWWP domain adopts a classical PWWP fold, with a five-strand antiparallel β-barrel followed by three α-helices. However, it differs significantly from other PWWP domains in some structural aspects that account, in part, for its molecular recognition. Moreover, we revealed a unique binding pattern of the PWWP domain, in that the PWWP domain of Pdp1 bound not only to H4K20me3 (trimethylated Lys20 of histone H4), but also to dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) via an aromatic cage and a positively charged area respectively. EMSAs (electrophoretic mobility-shift assays) illustrated the ability of the Pdp1 PWWP domain to bind to the nucleosome core particle, and further mutagenesis experiments indicated the crucial role of this binding activity in histone H4K20 di- and tri-methylation in yeast cells. The present study may shed light on a novel mechanism of histone methylation regulation by the PWWP domain.
The Role of Mask Coherence in Motion-Induced Blindness
Authors: Wells Erika T , Leber Andrew B , Sparrow John E
Published: December 2011

Motion-induced blindness (MIB) is the perceived disappearance of a salient target when surrounded by a moving mask. Much research has focused on the role of target characteristics on perceived disappearance by a coherently moving mask. However, we asked a different question: mainly, are there certain characteristics about the mask that can impact disappearance? To address this, we behaviorally tested whether MIB is enhanced or reduced by the property of common fate. In experiments 1, 2, and 3, we systematically manipulated the motion coherence of the mask and measured the amount of target disappearance. Results showed that, as mask coherence increased, perceived target disappearance decreased. This pattern was unaffected by the lifetime of the moving dots, the dot density of the motion stimulus, or the target eccentricity. In experiment 4, we investigated whether the number of motion directions contained in an incoherent mask could account for our findings. Using masks containing 1, 3, and 5 motion directions, we found that disappearance did not increase proportionally to the number of motion directions. We discuss our findings in line with current proposed mechanisms of MIB.
Estimating oil concentration and flow rate with calibrated vessel-mounted acoustic echo sounders
Authors: Weber Thomas C. , De Robertis Alex , Greenaway Samuel F. , Smith Shep , Mayer Larry , Rice Glen
Published: December 2011

As part of a larger program aimed at evaluating acoustic techniques for mapping the distribution of subsurface oil and gas associated with the
Deepwater Horizon
-Macondo oil spill, observations were made on June 24 and 25, 2010 using vessel-mounted calibrated single-beam echo sounders on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ship
Thomas Jefferson
. Coincident with visual observations of oil at the sea surface, the 200-kHz echo sounder showed anomalously high-volume scattering strength in the upper 200 m on the western side of the wellhead, more than 100 times higher than the surrounding waters at 1,800-m distance from the wellhead, and weakening with increasing distance out to 5,000 m. Similar high-volume scattering anomalies were not observed at 12 or 38 kHz, although observations of anomalously low-volume scattering strength were made in the deep scattering layer at these frequencies at approximately the same locations. Together with observations of ocean currents, the acoustic observations are consistent with a rising plume of small (< 1-mm radius) oil droplets. Using simplistic but reasonable assumptions about the properties of the oil droplets, an estimate of the flow rate was made that is remarkably consistent with those made at the wellhead by other means. The uncertainty in this acoustically derived estimate is high due to lack of knowledge of the size distribution and rise speed of the oil droplets. If properly constrained, these types of acoustic measurements can be used to rapidly estimate the flow rate of oil reaching the surface over large temporal and spatial scales.
Natural killer cell activation enhances immune pathology and promotes chronic infection by limiting CD8
+
T-cell immunity
Authors: Lang Philipp A. , Lang Karl S. , Xu Haifeng C. , Grusdat Melanie , Parish Ian A. , Recher Mike , Elford Alisha R. , Dhanji Salim , Shaabani Namir , Tran Charles W. , Dissanayake Dilan , Rahbar Ramtin , Ghazarian Magar , Brüstle Anne , Fine Jason , Chen Peter , Weaver Casey T. , Klose Christoph , Diefenbach Andreas , Häussinger Dieter , Carlyle James R. , Kaech Susan M. , Mak Tak W. , Ohashi Pamela S.
Published: December 2011

Infections with HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus can turn into chronic infections, which currently affect more than 500 million patients worldwide. It is generally thought that virus-mediated T-cell exhaustion limits T-cell function, thus promoting chronic disease. Here we demonstrate that natural killer (NK) cells have a negative impact on the development of T-cell immunity by using the murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. NK cell-deficient (Nfil3
−/−
, E4BP4
−/−
) mice exhibited a higher virus-specific T-cell response. In addition, NK cell depletion caused enhanced T-cell immunity in WT mice, which led to rapid virus control and prevented chronic infection in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13- and reduced viral load in DOCILE-infected animals. Further experiments showed that NKG2D triggered regulatory NK cell functions, which were mediated by perforin, and limited T-cell responses. Therefore, we identified an important role of regulatory NK cells in limiting T-cell immunity during virus infection.
Bias in the Estimation of Impacts of Simultaneous Mark-Selective and Nonselective Fisheries on Ocean Salmon
Authors: Yuen Henry , Conrad Robert
Published: December 2011

The management models currently used in the Pacific Fishery Management Council's preseason planning process to project mortalities during proposed fisheries for coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha produce biased estimates of the mortalities in mark-selective fisheries and concurrent nonselective fisheries. The bias is caused by (1) unmarked fish encountering fishing gear more than once because of the required release of all unmarked fish and (2) the change in the unmarked–marked ratio resulting from the selective removal of marked salmon by the mark-selective fishery. Biased estimates of mortalities in nonselective fisheries operating during the same time and area as mark-selective fisheries occur because of the increasing unmarked–marked ratio in the common pool of salmon being fished. This bias is an increasing function of the stock exploitation rate on marked fish. The expected exploitation rates must also take into account mark-recognition errors whereby marked fish are released by mistake and unmarked fish are landed by mistake. The adjustment for mark-recognition error is a function of the unmarked–marked ratio.

Received January 18, 2011; accepted June 13, 2011
Expected number of goals depending on intrinsic and extrinsic factors of a football player. An application to professional Spanish football league
Authors: Sáez Castillo Antonio , Rodríguez Avi José , Pérez Sánchez José María
Published: December 2011

A Bayesian regression model for the number of goals scored by players in the Spanish football league during nine seasons is fitted. The model handles overdispersion in such a way that individual footballers ability for scoring may be estimated regardless of the number of minutes played, the position in the field and the team in which they play. Additionally, the posterior predictive distributions of the fitted model allow to obtain an estimation of the performance of any player in each season with reference to the number of goals scored, locating that number as a quantile in the expected distribution of the goals scored by this player in this season. The results show how the model awards the fact that defenders and midfielders score goals because it does not expect that they score many goals and evaluates a forward more strictly in relation to the expected number of goals.
Components representation of negative numbers: Evidence from auditory stimuli detection and number classification tasks
Authors: Kong Feng , Zhao Jingjing , You Xuqun
Published: December 2011

Past research suggested that negative numbers could be represented in terms of their components in the visual modality. The present study examined the processing of negative numbers in the auditory modality and whether it is affected by context. Experiment 1 employed a stimuli detection task where only negative numbers were presented binaurally. Experiment 2 employed the same task, but both positive and negative numbers were mixed as cues. A reverse attentional spatial–numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect for negative numbers was obtained in these two experiments. Experiment 3 employed a number classification task where only negative numbers were presented binaurally. Experiment 4 employed the same task, but both positive and negative numbers were mixed. A reverse SNARC effect for negative numbers was obtained in these two experiments. These findings suggest that negative numbers in the auditory modality are generated from the set of positive numbers, thus supporting a components representation.
Serum Retinoic Acid and Atopy Among Children of Different Ethnic Origin Living in Germany
Authors: Grüber Christoph , Taner Ceylan , Mihály Johanna , Matricardi Paolo M. , Wahn Ulrich , Rühl Ralph
Published: December 2011

We hypothesized that higher provitamin A carotenoid serum levels may be associated with higher concentrations of all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and atopy. Concentration of ATRA was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography in sera from German domestic and Turkish migrants' children. ATRA serum levels were significantly higher in German children if compared with Turkish children and correlated with those of β‐carotene (rs = 0.692) and other provitamin A carotenoids. They did not differ significantly between atopic and nonatopic individuals. Serum levels of ATRA are related to those of provitamin A carotenoids but are not directly related to atopy in the present study.