bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Prevalence of Equity and Non-Equity Cross-Border Linkages: Japanese Investments and Alliances in the United States
Authors: Reddy Sabine B. , Osbom Richard N. , Hennart Jean-FranVois
Published: March 2007

Using complementary theories derived from the foreign-entry mode and alliance literatures and two databases on Japanese/US alliances and investments, this study examines the prevalence — a combination of formation and termination — of the full range of investment and cross-border linkage alternatives available to firms. We find that some combinations among the administrative forms, the knowledge flow intent between the partners, and industry-related technology and risk factors were more prevalent than others. Specifically, there were three prevalent combinations consistent with the notions of production efficiency, transaction cost efficiency and learning/adaptation: (1) wholly owned subsidiaries in low R&D-intense industries with the intent of unidirectional knowledge flow; (2) joint ventures in medium R&D-intense industries with reciprocal knowledge flows; and (3) technical agreements with reciprocal knowledge flows in high-tech industries.
A Configurational Analysis of International Joint Ventures
Authors: Child John
Published: March 2007

A stream of research has focused on the ownership shares that partner companies take in international joint ventures [IJVs] and the leverage this may provide for control and performance. This research has normally adopted a `variance' approach, which examines `independent' variables as potential predictors of the focal phenomenon. The variance approach has yielded reasonably consistent results for the relationship between IJV ownership and control, but not in respect of performance. In searching for the optimum predictive model for whole samples, the variance approach risks overlooking inter-case nuances that may result from somewhat different configurations of variables. An alternative approach seeks to explore how and why variables configure together in different combinations.

This paper draws on a study of 20 Sino-UK IJVs and their parent companies. It proceeds from a conventional variance analysis to identify different IV configurations. These configurations can be understood in the light of each IV's formative context, and they relate to performance in different ways. Propositions deriving from the study are offered as guidelines for further research.
Essai: Organizational Time: Modern, Symbolic and Postmodern Reflections
Authors: Hassard John
Published: March 2007

This paper reflects upon how the concept of time is depicted in three major perspectives of organization theory modem, symbolic and postmodern. In so doing, it draws upon time metaphors from sociological theory to make sense of time related issues in the evolution of organizational analysis. The paper analyses, for example, the commodification of time identified in labour process analysis; the social construction of time described in workplace ethnographies; and the compression of time (and space) proposed in writing on post-Fordism. Overall, the paper promotes a reflexive pluri-paradigm appreciation of time in organization theory and research.
Essai: Real-Time Reflexivity: Prods to Reflection
Authors: Weick Karl E.
Published: March 2007

Growing attention to self-as-theorist threatens to shift reflexivity from a means to improve theory to an end in itself. Such a shift both muddles observations and conceals the possibility that reflexive liabilities are present-at-hand reconstructions of dissimilar ready-to-hand moments of data collection. Reflexivity lived forward differs from reflexive threats to validity understood backward. This difference is illustrated through an analysis of Wicklund's theory of multiple perspectives. It is concluded that current renderings of reflexivity may have focused on the wrong categories.
Temporal Spans in Talk: Doing Consistency to Construct Fair Organization
Authors: Forray Jeanie M. , Woodilla Jill
Published: March 2007

It is generally understood that time, among its other aspects, is a resource in organizational life. In this paper, we take an interpretive perspective to this notion by considering temporality as a verbal resource in the work of organizing. We introduce the concept of `temporal span' and discuss the ways in which temporal spans in talk serve to establish consistency as an ongoing attribute of organizational reality. Empirical examples drawn from an ethnomethodological study of human resource managers demonstrate interactions during which these managers invoke temporal spans to construct `fair organization'. We discuss the use of temporality as a verbal resource with respect to the interactional practices of human resource managers and the quality of consistency in organizational life.
The Organizational Ecology of Investment Firms in Egypt: Organizational Founding
Authors: Messallam Aly A.
Published: March 2007

The present study uses organizational ecology theory to explore the dynamics of a population of firms regulated by Egyptian Investment Law. Hypotheses are tested with event history data of 1,040 firms across five industries (industrial, financial, construction, service, and agricultural) during the period 1974 to 1989. The Cox proportional hazards model is used to estimate the effect of ecological and environmental variables on organizational founding rates. Results generally showed that the organizational founding rate depends on two sets of variables. The first set includes variables that describe ecological settings: population density, prior foundings, and inter-population relationships. The second set includes the governmental policies that apply to foreign trade, cabinet changes, and regulation changes that govern investment firms. Finally, there is evidence for both competitive and mutual relationships among different organizational populations. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are provided.
Measures of Performance in UK International Alliances
Authors: Glaister Keith W. , Buckley Peter J.
Published: March 2007

This study examines measures of performance for a sample of UK international alliances. The paper builds on previous studies in comparing objective and subjective measures of performance and examining the influence of national culture on performance evaluation, but it goes beyond them by examining in detail the ways in which measures of performance are affected by differences in perception arising from the parent companies. Corporate culture is also included with national culture as a key determinant in the evaluation of performance. The paper also reports on new work on the differences in subjective performance evaluation between organizational modes of alliances and develops this in the context of alliance termination, and perceptions of differences in national culture and corporate culture.
Indecent Exposures: Theorizing Whistleblowing
Authors: Perry Nick
Published: March 2007

'Whistleblowers' are defined as insiders who 'go public' in their criticism of the policy and/or conduct of powerful organizations. Their actions dramatize the more general issue of the relation between politics and truth, between power and knowledge and the institutions which sustain them. This is exemplified by those problems which arise out of the changing relation between scientific-technical expertise and the contemporary corporate system. The associated contradictions form the focus of this paper, in which the institutional and discursive characteristics of a cognitively efficacious technoscience are contrasted with the traditional premises of political action and the principles of political organization. The construction of innovation networks and the development of uncoupling practices are interpreted as working solutions to the problem of reconciling these otherwise distinct institutional imperatives with each other. These solutions, in their turn, presuppose the exercise of communication control over the scientific-technical and professional stratum, a control legitimated by a system of institutional and organizational myth and ceremony. The associated structurally generated dilemmas are thereby displaced onto individuals, a fraction of whom blow the whistle. This form of occupational 'suicide' is thus available for interpretation as either heroic or pathological. In this paper, however, the psychology of the whistleblower is viewed as less pertinent than the social construction and imputation of motives. The statistical (in)frequency of such behaviour is seen as being less pertinent than the extent and intensity of the controversy it promotes.
Structuring Inter-firm Relationships: A Metaanalytic Approach
Authors: Sobrero Maurizio , Schrader Stephan
Published: March 2007

In this paper we use a multi-disciplinary perspective to identify two fundamental dimensions which characterize the structuring of inter-firm relations: contractual coordination and procedural coordination. Contractual coordination refers to the mutual exchange of rights among the parties involved. Procedural coordination refers to the mutual exchange of information among the parties. Through a quantitative meta-analysis of 32 empirical studies we show that both dimensions are influenced by the same underlying constructs; that they fulfil different but complementary roles in the governance of the relationship; and how their systemic fit impacts the performance of the relationship. These results are discussed to highlight their implications for the design of inter-organizational research.
Do All Roads Lead to Rome... or Berlin? The Evolution of Intra- and Inter-organizational Routines in the Machinebuilding Industry
Authors: Delmestri Giuseppe
Published: March 2007

Contingent and institutional perspectives have been contrasted in order to explain the evolution of organization structures and inter-firm relations in the Italian and German machine-building industries, both of which were racked by a massive change in their competitive and technological environments. The result was an increasing similarity in their internal and external organization. The change was guided by an interplay of autonomous problem solving, mimetic isomorphism of fashionable practices and societal features. The different education and industrial relations systems appeared to be functionally equivalent. The task characteristics (type of strategy, the variability of customer demands, and technological complexity) were related to configurational and functional differentiation, the rigidity of functional specialization and the intensity of interfunctional coordination; the exceptionality of customer demands was related to features of the internal processes. Task characteristics were also related to the level of outsourcing and the mode of inter-firm coordination; the measurability of a supplier's performance was related to inter-firm coordination mechanisms. The characteristics of both internal and external organization affected each other.
Inter-firm Co-operation and Competition in Industrial Districts
Authors: Staber Udo
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the presence of numerous firms in an industrial district and district flexibility may be more complicated than current conceptualizations imply, as these are dominated almost exclusively by the argument that district firms are embedded in local social structures and that integration encourages innovation. On the basis of arguments from neo-institutional and ecological theory, I distinguish between Third Italian districts which change mainly through collective learning in a relatively stable population of firms and Marshallian districts which change mainly through the competitive replacement of relatively inert firms. I explore this distinction empirically with data on the relationship between district size and firm mortality rates in a textile district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, from 1946 to 1993.
Top Management Pay: Impact of Overt and Covert Power
Authors: Barkema Harry G. , Pennings Johannes M.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines variations in executive pay as a function of CEO power. We assume that CEOs optimize their pay conditional upon their ability to shape decisions that favour their interests. Power is inferred from overt manifestations such as share holdings, but also from covert sources such as a CEOs' social capital. Two components of compensation are considered: base pay and bonus. While financial performance, firm size, and other factors are held constant, the results show overt power as measured by CEO, and CEO-family equity holdings, to have a curvilinear relationship with executive compensation. Proxies of covert power include tenure, being (one of) the founder(s), and firm diversification. These variables magnify or moderate the effect of equity holdings on compensation. The power effects are most pronounced for the size of CEO bonus.
Answers to a Discussion Note: On the 'Metaphor of the Metaphor'
Authors: Letiche Hugo , van Uden Jacco
Published: March 2007

Should a debate of the choice(s) between metaphorical investigation and epistemological realism in organizational research be prioritized as Willy McCourt called for in Organization Studies? (McCourt 1997) We argue here against doing any such thing — a 'realism' debate in organizational theory would merely be a 'red herring' (Hausman 1998). Theoretical investigation from Ricoeur to Derrida has liberated us from the need to re-visit the theme, but examination of Gareth Morgan's (and Gibson Burrell's) intellectual development, as begun by McCourt, is of interest because it reveals two very different 'realisms'. What is of interest about 'realism' is not an eitherlor of either 'realism' or 'constructivism', but a polyphony of the many voices ('selfs') of research.
No Joking Matter: Discursive Struggle in the Canadian Refugee System
Authors: Hardy Cynthia , Phillips Nelson
Published: March 2007

Organizations often engage in discursive struggle as they attempt to shape and manage the institutional field of which they are a part. This struggle is influenced by broader discourses at the societal level that enable and constrain discursive activity within the institutional field. We investigate this relationship by combining a study of political cartoons, as indicators of the broader societal discourse around immigration, with a case study of the Canadian refugee system, a complex institutional field. Our analysis reveals the complex intertextual and interdiscursive relations that characterize and surround institutional fields, and shows how discursive struggle in the refugee determination system is shaped by, and shapes, broader societal discourses.
Strategists on the Board
Authors: McNulty Terry , Pettigrew Andrew
Published: March 2007

The paper examines the contribution to strategy by chairmen and non-executive directors in large UK companies. The collective label of `part-time board member' is used to refer to individuals performing these roles. The paper asks `how, if at all, do part-time board members influence strategy in UK plc's'?. Using data gathered from interviews with 108 company directors, the paper suggests that part-time board members do not simply ratify decisions made by all-powerful executives. A conceptual model is developed to show that part-time board members are able to influence processes of strategic choice, change and control by shaping both the ideas that form the content of company strategy and the methodologies and processes by which those ideas evolve. Their involvement in strategy is conditioned by factors such as: changing norms about corporate governance; the history and performance of the company; the process and conduct of board meetings and informal dialogue amongst company directors between board meetings.
Exploring the Empty Spaces of Organizing: How Improvisational Jazz Helps Redescribe Organizational Structure
Authors: Hatch Mary Jo
Published: March 2007

This paper uses jazz as a metaphoric vehicle for redescribing (Rorty 1989) the concept of organizational structure in ways that fit within the emerging vocabulary of organization studies. It begins with a description of some basic elements of jazz performance soloing, comping, trading fours, listening and responding, groove and feel and builds on these to redescribe organizational structure as ambiguous, emotional and temporal. In reflexive fashion, the paper not only demonstrates the concepts it engages, but presents a jazz-like performance of Rorty's method of redescription via metaphor.
Managerial Power and Succession: SBU Managers of Mutual Funds
Authors: Drazin Robert , Rao Hayagreeva
Published: March 2007

This study applies the performance-power-succession model to the analysis of the antecedents of succession among SBU managers. We hypothesize that six socio-political factors unique to the SBU manager role will have major effects on succession and will also moderate the performance-succession relationship. Data gathered on portfolio managers of open-ended mutual funds shows the main effects of tenure, portion of revenues controlled, managerial exits and entries, and leverage on succession, but reveals no support for market share. Mediating effects were found for tenure, portion of revenues controlled, market share, leverage, and managerial exits, but not for managerial entries. We discuss the implications of these findings for extending the literature on executive succession to include SBU managers.
Expert Humans or Expert Organizations?
Authors: Mueller Frank , Dyerson Romano
Published: March 2007

Technological change can help to enhance an organization's knowledge base by facilitating communication and information flows. Changing communication and information flows, however, also creates appropriation opportunities for organizational sub-groups. Drawing empirical cases from the ESRC/DTI `New Technologies and the Firm' initiative, we put forward a theoretical framework for the analysis of potential appropriation problems and mechanisms for addressing them. If these mechanisms succeed, organizations can be seen as `expert'; i.e. knowledge flows are under the organization's control. If not, organizations may well employ `expert humans' but are unlikely to fully benefit from their knowledge. We suggest that expert organizations should prioritize the continuity of their knowledge base. Such a strategy not only carefully controls for the flow of personnel, but also avoids undue dependence on external knowledge suppliers.
Research Note: Interlocking Ties within Business Groups in Israel—A Longitudinal Analysis, 1974-1987
Authors: Maman Daniel
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on longitudinal changes in interlocking ties within business groups in the Israeli economy during the years 1974-1987. In contrast to societies where the individual firm is the significant actor, in societies where business groups prevail, the interlocking directorate is one of the means of controlling and coordinating firms in the group. This article discusses some of the factors which led to the differences in interlocking ties within business groups in the Israeli context, including patterns of ownership, and management strategies adopted by groups.
An Exploration of Industry, Culture and Revenue Growth
Authors: Christensen Edward W. , Gordon George G.
Published: March 2007

This study is an exploration of industry moderated relationships between organizational culture, as manifested in practices, and revenue-growth among seventy-seven firms in six industry types. Beginning with the premise that organizational practices are shaped by organizational culture and industry demands, it is proposed that the culture-performance link is industry contingent. The results corroborate the existence of cultural practices that are industry or `industry type' specific, and that variations in revenue growth within industry types are associated with practices different from those characterizing the industry-type culture. The implications for both culture research and organizational management are discussed.
TQM as an Arbitrary Sign for Play: Discourse and Transformation
Authors: XU Qi
Published: March 2007

This paper opens up quality management discourse. A historical review traces quality control discourse before TQM appeared. It is argued that rather than `Japanization', the challenge, paradoxically, is the westernization of `foreign'/ Japanese management technologies. To explore a conceptual possibility, the naming of TQM is scrutinized. When TQM is revealed as an arbitrary linguistic sign (de Saussure 1959), the limit of representation based on signified-signifier dichotomy becomes apparent. An arbitrary sign makes playing with substitutes possible (Derrida 1978). Specifically, de Saussure' s sign-signified-signifier trichotomy allows three substitutions. In so doing, a supplementary understanding of TQM is offered. The potential for reconsidering the emergence and transformation of other arbitrary signs (e.g. BPR and HRM) in the management/organization discourse makes this seemingly perverse deconstruction of TQM worthwhile.
Distinguishing Adoption and Entrenchment of Management Practices: A Framework for Analysis
Authors: Zeitz Gerald , Mittal Vikas , McAulay Brian
Published: March 2007

This paper distinguishes two stages of management practices in organizations initial adoption and institutional entrenchment. Adopted practices that are not yet entrenched are referred to as fads, and entrenchment is defined as the embedding of practices such that they are likely to endure and resist pressure for change. Next, the paper proposes five bases that give rise to both adoption and entrenchment: modelling, culture, education, regulation, and technical rationality. Modelling is seen to be operative mostly in the initial adoption phase, while culture and education are characteristic of the entrenchment stage. Based on these, a framework is offered to help researchers assess the extent to which a practice is a fad or has been entrenched. The framework is used in an abbreviated example to illustrate the differences between quality circles (a practice popular in the early 1980s) and total quality management (a complex set of practices indicative of institutionalization). The evidence, once organized within the framework, shows that TQM is indeed considerably more entrenched than quality circles were at similar stages in their usage in organizations. The paper ends with some suggestions for future research of which the key is that a clear distinction between mere adoption and entrenchment is vital to the development of institutional theory.
on the analysis of moral thinking
Authors: ernst werner w.
Published: March 2007

Posings as such form part of hierarchic thinking and prevailing practices and are thus subsumed in negativity. Idle talk, seemingly dimming one's view, has been replaced by hallucination, dreams, and illusions. It is so very difficult to see through them and to realize that there is nothing there but them.
Perpetual war, or 'war and war again'
Authors: Neocleous Mark
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to explore the way that warfare, and categories gleaned from warfare and military practice, are used in the work of Carl Schmitt and Michel Foucault. Despite their profound political and theoretical differences both writers seek to understand politics and society through the idea of war. Because both writers resist the use of the state-civil society distinction their account of war renders it a perpetual phenomenon of the social and political order; this creates difficulties concerning fascism, though for different reasons. At the same time the article explores the similarities and differences in the way both Schmitt and Foucault appropriate Hobbesian and Nietzschean ideas and motifs.
Liberalism after the fall
Authors: Dyzenhaus David
Published: March 2007

Carl Schmitt's critique of liberalism portrays liberalism as a supple political ideology, one which moves constantly between the horns of several connected dilemmas. In particular, liberalism cannot decide whether it is based on substantive political values or is neutral or substanceless. John Rawls's 'political liberalism' is argued to exemplify-and to fall prey to-Schmitt's critique. Rawls tries to find a shallow justification for liberalism, one which claims no truth for itself and is thus neutral between many different ideologies. But his justification, as he is forced to admit, presupposes the substantive commitments he wants to avoid. Hence, liberalism has to move beyond Rawls and accept its place within democracy.
The shape of selves to come
Authors: Lysaker John T.
Published: March 2007

Through a critique of Richard Rorty, I develop a program of self-creation. While Rorty rightly encourages ironic and poetic redescriptions, his feel for this work is disembodied and context-blind. In contrast, I propose an institutionally situated and full-bodied creative exercise which contextually reworks central tropes. Rorty's position is also overly privatized. This hinders 'public' discourse and imprisons marginalized persons within institutionalized identities. Self-creation should not be a solely 'private' affair. Rorty's public/ private distinction has some merit, however. We should, on the whole, primarily treat self-creation as a 'private' endeavor. The end of self-creation should not be legislation. Instead, we should dethrone disempowering identities and reconstruct new ones beyond the reach of policy debates. If we do so, we will proceed with greater sophistication, stability and radicality than would otherwise be the case. This in turn will produce richer selves and offer novel resources to works of 'public' reconstruction.
Decision, hegemony and law
Authors: Berns E.E.
Published: March 2007

How to introduce 'politics' as a specific concept within a deconstructive style of thinking? In order to answer this question, this contribution compares Derrida with Laclau. According to the former the starting-point of a deconstructive style of thinking is différance. It links together the economic detour of homecoming and the relation to otherness. Laclau's analysis of politics as hegemonization within a situation of undecidability presupposes this notion of différance and can therefore be useful in introducing politics within a deconstructive style of thinking. But there still is a major difference between Derrida and Laclau's decisionism: if différance as the relation without relation of economy and otherness cannot avoid decisions based on power in order to stabilize the social, these decisions are always marked by passivity and therefore deconstructible in the name of 'justice' that exceeds politics even if it takes place nowhere but within politics.
Constitutional patriotism
Authors: Ingram Attracta
Published: March 2007

In this paper, I want to look at some questions that arise when we try to abandon the conceptual and political framework of the nation-state. Is it impossible to conceive the unity of the state apart from the unity of the nation? Are shared political values insufficient to account for the existence of bounded states and special duties to one's own country? In the first section I will discuss the view that the idea of the modern state is incoherent and that it tacitly relies on the social idea of membership provided by the nation. The following section will give an alternative to the nationalist account of the exist ence of bounded communities and suggest why Habermasians and Rawlsians are right in thinking that the shared value of justice can be sufficient for political unity. Finally, I give a brief indication of the rel evance of this discussion to the idea of European Union.
Habermas and Apel on communicative ethics
Authors: Gamwell Franklin I.
Published: March 2007

Habermas and Apel commonly defend a form of universal moral theory that is also postmetaphysical. Still, they differ with respect to both the character and the justification of a universal moral principle. Habermas denies and Apel asserts that this principle is a transcendental condition of life practice or human activity as such, and each criticizes the claims of the other. This paper argues that each is correct in his criticism of the other and, therefore, both are wrong. The contention between them cannot be resolved within the post metaphysical conviction they have in common, and the reasons for this conclusion imply that a universal moral principle cannot be redeemed independently of metaphysics.
Ambiguous democracy and the ethics of psychoanalysis
Authors: Stavrakakis Yannis
Published: March 2007

It is one of the paradoxes of our age that the 'success' of democracy in Eastern Europe and South Africa is coupled with grave disappointment in the 'birth places' of modern democracy. This dis appointment is partly due to the irreducible ambiguity entailed in democratic institutional arrangements. Democracy, in fact, is founded on this ambiguity. It attempts to construct social unity on the basis of recognizing the lack around which the social field is always structured. In that sense the source of the disappointment caused by democracy is of an ethical status. It is the antithesis between the ambiguity of democracy and a still hegemonic ethics of harmony. Any aspiration, however, to eliminate the ambiguity of democracy ignores the innovative logic of democratic politics. If the ethics of harmony lead to a de-democratization of democracy, what a radical democratic project needs today is an ethical basis of a totally different nature. Here, the ethics of psychoanalysis, as formulated in the Lacanian tradition, can be of great help.
Time, modernity and time irreversibility
Authors: Palti Elias José
Published: March 2007

As soon as 'modernity' was defined as a particular way of con ceiving of time (the so-called 'time of modernity'), the questions of tempo rality came to be situated at the heart of the ongoing debate regarding the legitimacy or illegitimacy of the 'modern age'. This has, in turn, readily led to a no less passionate search for the assessment of modernity's foundations which are thought to rest in its typical sense of experiencing temporality. This polemic instance, however, involves polarized perspectives (from both sides) and the consequent risk, always present in dichotomous approaches, of oversimplifying the concepts at stake and smoothing over the intricacies of their history and meaning. Does there really exist something like a 'time of modernity'? This is the central question that the present article examines. 1
The politics of relationality: from the postmodern to post-ontology
Authors: Steiner David M. , Helminski Krzysztof L.
Published: March 2007

Recent attempts by American theorists to produce a radical politics, characterized by the effort to translate the insights of Continental philosophy into a political register, remain trapped in that which they purport to transcend: the metaphysics of subjectivity. In their essential determinations, the works of William Connolly, Stephen White, Richard Ashley, etc. remain firmly anchored in a traditional liberal schema. The reason for this is that while these efforts have sought to de-center political identity by exposing its relational character they have not re-thought 'rela tionality' itself. Our attempt to develop the more profound political impli cations of 'relationality' unfolds through a synthetic explication of Martin Heidegger's analysis of language, Jacques Derrida's logic of the gift, and Emmanuel Levinas' consideration of the Other. The emergent thematic of asymmetrical relationality reconfigures liberalism and provides for a rethinking of the structure of welfare.
The Runaway Child In America
Authors: Libertoff Ken
Published: March 2007

AMERICAN observers of and practitioners in youth and family problems have tended to be ahistorical in orientation. This observation has particular relevance to the runaway youth issue. Despite thoughts to the contrary, running away was not a creation of the countercultural movement of the 1960s, but its roots are embedded and intertwined in American history and culture. It is therefore imperative to develop a context and perspective in order to understand this behavior and, in doing so, to formulate responsive and appropriate social policies as a way of addressing this important issue.
Marital Effects on Occupational Attainment
Authors: Sharda Bam Dev , Nangle Barry E.
Published: March 2007

IN this article we propose and estimate a status attainment model for married-working couples using data from Lenawee County, Michigan. Our findings indicate that when both spouses pursue career paths, the attainment of each is moderated by the efforts of the other to pursue his or her own career. As is well known, women's career chances are generally compromised in favor of the career advancements of their husbands. However, our data indicate that husbands are also not immune from the effects of the career pursuits of their wives. Both husbands and wives tend to accommodate each other by restricting their own mobility.
The Social Studies Mobilize for Victory
Authors: Murra Wilbur F.
Published: March 2007

The National Council for the Social Studies, a department of the National Education Association, last fall invited I0I representative leaders in the field of social studies teaching to serve as a Commission on War-time Policy "to analyze the problems faced by social education in wartime, and to suggest the framework of a desirable program in social studies for the immediate future." The Commission, of which Howard E. Wilson was chairman, presented its report to the annual meeting of the National Coun cil, where it was discussed, revised, and officially adopted at the business meeting on November 28, I943. Subsequently, the report was published as a sixteen-page pamphlet, entitled "The Social Studies Mobilize for Victory." Copies may be secured at ten cents each (discounts for quantities) from the National Council for the Social Studies, I20I Sixteenth Street, N. W., Washington, D. C.—Editor.
The High School in the War on Poverty
Authors: Popper Samuel H.
Published: March 2007

This article is offered in tribute to my friend Glenn F. Varner. He will retire as Assistant Superintendent of Schools for Secondary Education, St. Paul, Minnesota, at the close of the 1961-62 school year. Throughout his tenure in office, he labored mightily to democratize American public high-school education everywhere.
Experimental Programs for Talented High School Students in Mathematics and Science
Authors: Manchester Clyde , Runquist Olaf
Published: March 2007

This article and the following article pertain to the St. Paul Devel opment Program and the Hamline University Class Plan. This Manchester and Runquist article involves a study of grouping as a technique for stimulating intellectual achievement of students in the 9-12 grades in all St. Paul public secondary schools. The fol lowing article by Manchester and Silberberg is a survey of staff attitudes toward the concepts of education in general and the St. Paul Development Program. EDITOR.
Forty Who Tried: A Study of Slow Learners
Authors: Saterlie Mary Ellen , Loraditch Bernard G.
Published: March 2007

Can young people who really are slow learners survive the rigors of American secondary educa tion ? In one instance, 16 boys and girls out of an original group of 40 eighth-graders even tually became high school graduates, thanks in large part to the efforts of their junior high school teachers.
Needed: Better Information About Colleges
Authors: Walton Wesley W. , Mathis B. Claude
Published: March 2007

Campus reactions are evidence that communica tion between colleges and their students fre quently is not as clear as it might be. Equally frequently, communication between colleges and prospective students is incomplete and ambiguous. Something can be done about the latter state, but it will take organization.
Contributions of Business Education
Authors: Daughtrey Anne Scott
Published: March 2007

Significant in the upgrading that is going on in business education is the effort to develop broader economic understanding along with personal consumer skills.
The Newspaper as Teaching Aid
Authors: Cram Yetta
Published: March 2007

The variety of content and the variety of appeals always on view in the daily paper make it an exceedingly useful instrument in teaching consumer economics, as this case study shows.
The Principal as the Instructional Leader
Authors: Seymour Howard C.
Published: March 2007

An experienced administrator demonstrates that instructional leadership is not an occupation to be attempted by those whose disposition, phys ical or intellectual, is sedentary.
Automation, Dropouts, and Educational Dogma
Authors: Lammers Claude C.
Published: March 2007

In the case of many high school students, urg ing them not to leave school may be putting the emphasis in the wrong place and on the wrong people. Further, some statistics com monly used to justify the urging may be only partial truths.
Up From the Plateau
Authors: Reinert Harry
Published: March 2007

A foreign language teacher comments on two articles in his field by way of noting a lack of thoughtful attention to the purposes of lan guage instruction beyond the beginning years.
Helping Teachers to Improve Students' Thinking Skills
Authors: Cross Janet S. , Nagle John M.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an extended case study of several supervisory strategies for improving students' thinking skills through improved teaching. It offers ideas, supported by details of action successfully taken on the basis of those ideas, which can prove to be invaluable to the principal who wants to assume his responsibility for improving the quality of classroom instruction. Cross and Nagle, the authors, illustrate from actual experience how a supervisor can assist teachers by using techniques that probe to the heart of teaching and learning: self-perception, self-initiation, and sensitivity to others.
Student Unrest in the University: Implications for the Secondary School
Authors: Boyd William B.
Published: March 2007

"You have opportunities that we muffed-oppor tunities to be more adaptive than we have been -firmer and more self-confident in defending values upon which our fragile culture depends- more flexible and creative in altering brittle in stitutions which seem more apt to shatter than to bend."
The Nature and Extent of Student Activism
Authors: Trump J. Lloyd , Hunt Jane
Published: March 2007

"Student Activism is the subject of the hour. Newspaper editorials, columnists, legislators— everyone has an opinion on it, whether he knows the situation firsthand or not. Who is complain ing ? Almost everyone."
Educational Decision-Making
Authors: Briggs Albert A.
Published: March 2007

"I will attempt to define what I mean by Black Power. To me, it means equal access for blacks to all things economic, cultural, or political that whites get as a matter of course. Further, it means self-determination for black people and control of all economic and political insti tutions in the black community."
Alcohol and High-Schoolers
Authors: Forslund Morris A. , Gustafson Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

"Law prohibits drinking by teenagers outside of parental supervision, presumably for their own 'good' and that of society. However, a large segment of the teenage population demands it. Ironically, there is sufficient normative consensus to prevent revision of the law, but insufficient consensus to prevent this behavior from occur ring."
It's the Atmosphere That Counts
Authors: Hyatt Frank K. , Aloisio Sarah L.
Published: March 2007

"Our school has been involved with instruc tion in the humanities since its early years. This effort and the evaluation of its effect on students led us logically to an expansion in the area of language study. In the fall of 1966, plans were made to implement a summer pro gram in the humanities in Spanish.... It was proposed that we simulate the culture and the atmosphere of the Spanish-speaking nations.... All students would be studying the mores, the culture, and the language together."
Black Studies Program In Berkeley, California
Authors: Rodeheaver Joseph N.
Published: March 2007

In the fall of 1968, 10 days after school opened, the black student union presented the Berke ley school administration with 14 demands. This article describes the response of the Board of Education and the school administration to the black students' demands, and other efforts being made to correct racial imbalance in the Berkeley schools. The articles which follow discuss the Berkeley black studies program in greater detail, with focus on work in certain areas.
Wayne Community Takes New Approaches
Authors: Pyner Richard
Published: March 2007

A small school in southern Iowa, after taking stock of itself, initiated several major changes and improvements in an effort to better serve its young people. This article emphasizes the cooperative approaches necessary for innova tions to be successful.
Saturday Seminars for the Able and Ambitious
Authors: Porter Robert M.
Published: March 2007

How best can the gifted be lifted? So goes the first line of a little jingle voicing a schoolman's concern over getting the best from the best. In rural areas with sparse resources, the problem is especially acute. What follows is the story of how the needs of able youth in a sparsely popu lated rural area have been met through cooper ative action. In addition, it is a chronology of fine regional relationships between a college and its service area.
Program Development in Rural Schools
Authors: Sybouts Ward
Published: March 2007

Several steps for small school program develop ment will be outlined in the following pages. Suggested topics include: planning and organizing for program development, the community-school concept, the relationship of rural attendance areas to intermediate service units, the development of a group of rural schools into an in-service consortium, the com munity scholarship program, and evaluation of program.
Speech Communication in the Middle School
Authors: Mock Andrea Boucon
Published: March 2007

Mrs. Mock makes an excellent case for two oral communications courses in the middle school: creative drama and group discussion for early adolescents. These group-centered activities can counter the trend toward the isolation of individualized instruction.
Testing and Evaluative Procedures in Speech Communication
Authors: Tucker Charles O.
Published: March 2007

Evaluation in speech communication differs greatly from evaluation in other school sub jects. Mr. Tucker analyzes the differences and discusses the issues in the area of speaker, listener, and group evaluation.
Planning and Teaching a High School Humanities Course
Authors: Chappell Harold L. , Metz John T.
Published: March 2007

One of the teachers commented, "I've never been so excited or exhausted in my life. Maybe I've never taught anything with real meaning until now."

A student said, "The most valuable thing this course has offered me is the discovery of my own individuality."

Another: "It takes a lot of courage to stay in a class where reality is the most important thing discussed."

And another: "It makes you think; that's it, man, it makes you think."

A course worth investigating? Yes.
Opportunity Schools
Authors: Parker Harold K. , Masuda Richard
Published: March 2007

Nearly every school has its share of Freddie B's-angry, unsuccessful, abusive, truant-candi dates for custodial or penal institutions upon reaching adulthood. Few schools know how to handle or help their Freddies. But the Oppor tunity School in the Sacramento (Calif.) Unified District has made a good beginning. Here is a detailed description.
Theory and Practice: Why Nothing Seems To Work
Authors: Erlandson David A. , House Ernest R.
Published: March 2007

Have you tried "supervision by objectives" and it didn't work? Or have you tried implement ing the Clark-Guba change strategy without suc cess? Mr. Erlandson and Mr. House may be able to tell you why.
Retraining Substitute Teachers for the Urban High School
Authors: Reynolds David J. , Garfield Learita
Published: March 2007

If questionnaire results can be trusted, an in tensive Pittsburgh pilot program has succeeded in upgrading the work of substitute teachers. Because substitute teachers can be woefully in effective, the program seems worthy of emulation.
The Concept of Shared Power
Authors: Estes Nolan
Published: March 2007

Your teachers demand new rights, students and parents want a piece of the action, the courts usurp authority once reserved for administrators, the board advocates accountability while under cutting your operation.

The resulting authority crisis is so acute that there "just may not be much power left to share," says this big-city superintendent. "But that's all the more reason for us to consider the concept of shared power."
Teaching Teachers To Teach About Drugs
Authors: Brooks H. Bryce
Published: March 2007

Only the best teachers should be used in edu cating today's youngsters about drugs; and they must be retrained.
"Hot Spots" in Student Activities
Authors: Robbins Jerry H.
Published: March 2007

Administrators have always faced problems in school activities, but in the past few years new and different ones have been surfacing. The author describes several traditional and con temporary "hot spots" and offers some prac tical solutions.
Increasing Science Enrollments in Secondary Education: How?
Authors: Walker Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents Action Plans that can make your school a place where science is not just a couple of required courses necessary for gradua tion or college preparation. The author's ra tionale for increasing science enrollments is a persuasive one.
School-University Cooperation in Science Education: Its Rationale and Potential
Authors: McBurney Wendell F.
Published: March 2007

This author advocates a strong cooperative commitment on the part of the school, the community, and the university toward excel lence in science education. He cites successful cases of such cooperation.
Humanizing Education
Authors: Keller Charles R.
Published: March 2007

In prose sprinkled generously with poetry, the author whose reputation has him labeled as "Mr. Humanities" brings readers another dimen sion in the definition of humanizing education. He calls for the end of set curriculum and survey courses and urges more student choices and interdisciplinary ventures.
Instructional Leader or Administrative Robot
Authors: Lipman Harold J.
Published: March 2007

The principal who is to remain instructional leader amid current pressures for change needs to be a student of the social forces in which his school operates. So advises the author, who believes school administrators can modify these forces.
The Principal As a Communicator
Authors: Ruffin Santee C.
Published: March 2007

This article is an edited version of the author's address at the annual seminar of the National School Public Relations Association in July, 1971. He relates what he feels are the principal's public relations responsibilities.
High School Performance as Predictive of College Performance
Authors: Loeb Jane
Published: March 2007

School people often hear rank-in-class called the single best predictor of academic success in college, but they rarely see research data to sup port this claim. The following review of the pertinent research will help fill the information gap.
The Law and Pupil School Records
Authors: George Thomas W.
Published: March 2007

Although the school's right to collect pupil records is unassailable, the questions of what use can be made of such records and who has access to them are not easily answered. The author outlines some of the problems, reviews pertinent court cases, and advises school dis tricts to formulate reasonable regulations on pupil record keeping.
The Residential School
Authors: Bereday George Z.F. , Rosenbluth Henry H. , Scoon Annabelle R.
Published: March 2007

The authors advocate the establishment of pub lic residential schools to promote "... the aca demic, social, and psychological growth of the socially and economically disadvantaged child."
America's High School Dilemma
Authors: Walen Harry L.
Published: March 2007

Convinced that today's schools must teach stu dents responsibility and accountability for their actions, the author describes the kinds of pro grams that can be developed to achieve this objective.