bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Work of Remembering
Authors: Grove Kevin G.
Published: October 2021

Chapter 4 explores how broken human memories might be healed in the whole Christ. The work of remembering is out of the self and into the whole. The chapter explores remembering backward in time—through Augustinian confession, festivals of abiding traces, and the bread of memory—as well as forward in time, in hope and in mourning, by remembering Jerusalem’s songs and Sabbath rest. The work of remembering builds to the thesis that “remembering together” comprises Christian existence for Augustine. The chapter distinguishes Christic from collective memory. Chapter 4 is the first of a two-chapter binary: the work of remembering and the work of forgetting (chapter 5).
Cultivating Democracy
Authors: Banerjee Mukulika
Published: October 2021

Cultivating Democracy is the first study of its kind of the world’s largest democracy that shows how the values of republicanism are essential for successful democratic practice. In 1950, after independence, India constituted itself as a sovereign democratic republic. While democracy indicated the character of the vertical representative nature of the relationship between citizens and state, the term republic outlined the horizontal relationship of fraternity between people and an active engagement by citizens. The discussion of Indian politics in this book thereby attends to both its institutional form and its democratic culture and shows how the project of democracy is incomplete unless it is also accompanied by a continual cultivation of active citizenship of republicanism. This book is an anthropological study of the relationship of formal political democracy and the cultivation of active citizenship in one particular rural setting in India, studied from 1998 to 2013. It draws on deep ethnographic engagement with the people and social life in two villages, both during elections and in the time in between them, to show how these two temporalities connect. The analysis shows how an agrarian village society produces the social imaginaries required for democratic and republican values. The ethnographic microscope on a single paddy growing setting allows us to examine how the various social institutions of kinship, economy, and religion are critical sites for the continual civic cultivation of cooperation, vigilance, redistribution, inviolate commitment, and hope—values that are essential for democracy.
Sacrifice
Authors: Banerjee Mukulika
Published: October 2021

Chapter 5 presents an account of the ritual of Qurbani that marks one of the two Eids celebrated by Muslims worldwide. It presents the sacrifice of cattle in Madanpur and Chishti and the values of redistribution and generosity that marked Islamic rituals. There is also a detailed account of other festivals, such as Muharram and Eid-ul-Fitr, to show how a relaxed, syncretic, and lived Islam in these villages has seen recent challenges by more reformist Islamic movements in the South Asia region and beyond. Animal sacrifice is analyzed in dialogue with a comparative anthropological literature in Islamic and non-Islamic contexts to explore themes of violence, human-animal economies, and the “collaborative survival” of humans and animals. The discussion also engages with the anthropology of ritual to explore the importance of violence and the sacred and the importance of the transcendent for the creation of desirable values in society.
Cultivating Democracy
Authors: Banerjee Mukulika
Published: October 2021

Chapter 7 starts with a small Republic Day ritual in the villages to explore the ambitious claim this book makes, namely that India’s credentials as a republic are vital indicators of its health as a democracy. This chapter revisits the constitutional contest over the adoption of the word “republic” and unpacks the idea of “active citizenship” and virtù that lie at the heart of republican values by drawing on philosophers and historians of Europe and India. It also revisits the constitutional debates and shows how prejudice and ignorance about village sociality led otherwise visionaries like Ambedkar and Nehru to ignore it in the new architecture of power and governance after independence. Arguing against such portrayals, the book asserts instead that the agrarian life-world is an ideal site for the cultivation of civility, vigilance, and accommodation, values that are essential for democratic culture.
Introduction
Authors: Jiang Tao
Published: October 2021

The Introduction deals with the contrasting approaches by Sinologists (especially historians) and philosophers when interpreting early Chinese philosophical texts. It takes on the challenge posed by Sinologists to classical Chinese philosophy by focusing on the scholarly debate on authorship of the early texts and scrutinizing its stake in the philosophical discourse. The author argues that Sinologists and philosophers construct the very objects they investigate, guided by their respective disciplinary norms and practices. To carve out an intellectual space for philosophical inquiries, the author proposes an interpretative model that distinguishes two sets of scholarly objects, operative in Sinology and philosophy, that are related and at times overlap but often are irreducibly distinct, i.e., original text versus inherited text, historical author versus textual author, and authorial intent versus textual intent, with the former in the pairs belonging to Sinologists and the latter to philosophers. The introduction also looks at the politics of Chinese philosophy in the contemporary Western academy and provides a summary of the chapters.
Modeling the State after Heaven
Authors: Jiang Tao
Published: October 2021

In the hands of the early fajia (often translated as Legalist) thinkers, classical Chinese moral-political philosophy took a decidedly bureaucratic turn, away from the paradigmatic norm that saw politics as derivative of the moral virtues of the political actors, which characterized the mainstream approach to politics at the time, most famously represented by the Confucians. The early fajia thinkers saw the institution of the state as a domain that required its own operating norm, irreducible to others. In these fajia thinkers, impartiality became the most important institutional norm that eclipses virtues like filiality or even benevolence and righteousness. Furthermore, some early fajia thinkers, especially Shen Dao, would seek to map the state onto the cosmos, essentially merging the two into a single reality such that the state could be perceived to operate “naturally.” All subsequent thinkers had to confront the question of how to deal with the increasingly bureaucratized and powerful state.
Xunzi’s Synthesis of Humaneness and Justice
Authors: Jiang Tao
Published: October 2021

This chapter deals with the last major Confucian thinker in the classical period, Xunzi (active in third century bce), whose philosophy operates on the premise of a Laoist or naturalist cosmos. Xunzi’s philosophy exhibits a spirit of defiance against such a naturalist and indifferent Heaven by valorizing human effort in the formation of a flourishing human society. He seeks to revitalize the traditional ritual system that regulates the personal, the familial, and the political domains, touting it as the fruits of the cumulative efforts by generations of sage-kings. Xunzi uses ritual to reconcile the tension between humaneness and justice by making sage-kings the co-creator of order in the human world, in collaboration with Heaven and Earth. The cult of sage-kings provides critical components of humaneness in the human world under an impartial and indifferent Laoist cosmos, resulting in the norm of humane justice that is mediated by ritual in Xunzi’s political thought.
Conclusion
Authors: Jiang Tao
Published: October 2021

The Conclusion offers a reflection on the tragic fate of the Zhuangist idea of personal freedom in Chinese intellectual and political history. It scrutinizes the widely shared premise of self-cultivation, what the author calls the “regime of self-cultivation” in Chinese moral-political philosophy, among most classical thinkers including Zhuangzi, and explores its constraint on the development of personal freedom in the mainstream moral-political discourse as well as in the building of political institutions. In this respect, it was the fajia thinkers who built their theories on the givenness of ordinary human dispositions, instead of on the promissory note of moral transformation. The author reflects on a path that was not taken in Chinese history, i.e., the integration of the Zhuangist idea of personal freedom into the mainstream moral-political project in conceptualizing a polity that can accommodate the ideal of personal freedom institutionally.
Political Independence, Territorial Integrity, and Private Law Analogies
Authors: Ripstein Arthur
Published: October 2021

This chapter develops the Kantian conception of the state as a public legal order in which individual human beings can enjoy their rights in relation to each other. It then explains why things that are public in this sense must stand in horizontal, private-like relations to each other, generating distinctive rights to political independence and territorial integrity, even for states that are defective in many important respects. It articulates the international law analogs of the three titles of private right, explaining how territory differs from property and treaty from contract, and articulates the specific form of status relations between nations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ongoing relevance of these horizontal relations, even when international law becomes more nearly public.
Ius In Bello II
Authors: Ripstein Arthur
Published: October 2021

This chapter continues the discussion of ius in bello, turning to the distinction between combatants and civilians. The targeting of noncombatants repudiates the distinction between war and peace, although in a different way than perfidy does. The distinction between combatants and civilians is required to make it possible for anyone to exit the condition of war; that possibility can only be realized if those who are not actively participating in a war are never acceptable targets. The same rationale explains why people engaged in civilian activities cannot be targeted even if they support an unjust war or their activities benefit the military. The chapter also explains how the prohibition generates the other familiar restrictions on the excessive use of force, including necessity, the prohibition of indiscriminate weapons, and proportionality.
Ius In Bello III
Authors: Ripstein Arthur
Published: October 2021

This chapter explains why violation of the in bello rules can be punished, but prisoners of war cannot be put on trial for fighting without just cause. Developing Kant’s argument that a punitive war cannot be legitimate, the chapter explains why a victory in war does not entitle the victor to punish the vanquished for fighting an unjust war, extending that argument to show that combatants cannot be punished for their participation in war. The same right to political independence and territorial integrity that makes aggressive war wrong entails that no state stands in a supervisory relation to another; as such it cannot punish another state’s combatants for accepting their own government’s determination about whether to go to war. It can, however, punish in bello violations. The Kantian account is distinguished from views that claim that an aggressor’s combatants cannot be punished because they are justified in killing.
Ius Post Bellum
Authors: Ripstein Arthur
Published: October 2021

This chapter turns to the question of right after war. The only fully rightful conclusion to a war is a return to the prior condition of peace. Kant conceives of the wrongfulness of conquest in juridical terms: conquest can never be a legitimate ground of war, but can, with the passage of time and consolidation of a rightful condition, give rise to a new situation that force may not be used to overturn. Kant regards colonialism as worse than annexation because it creates a situation in which one nation is subject to the public law of another. Historical cases of colonialism have failed to live up even to norms appropriate to the juridically defective condition that they are. The chapter concludes with a discussion of Kant’s brief but highly suggestive remarks about addressing historical wrongs.
The Structure of Peace
Authors: Ripstein Arthur
Published: October 2021

This chapter considers the transition from an international order conceived entirely as a state of nature to one conceived as a public rightful condition. International institutions are not merely helpful tools in the service of achieving and maintaining peace; they are fundamentally constitutive of what it is for human beings and nations to live in peace. Kant argues that public right has three parts: the right of the state, the right of nations, and cosmopolitan right. The three forms of rightful condition provide the possibility of a complete determination of rightful relations so that everyone may enjoy their freedom under law. The Kantian limitations on a public international legal order reflect the already public nature of the state and the limitations on cosmopolitan right in terms of the requirement that everything be brought under law.
Reversing the Tide
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S.
Published: October 2021

The tide turned in public health due to the fight for AIDS treatment access around the world. While prevention, not treatment was the focus of most health interventions in the 20th century, based on this SPHC model, AIDS resulted in a reversal of the gains made in the child survival revolution. Entire communities collapsed under the weight of AIDS which struck down mothers, fathers, teachers, farmer, and health workers. This chapter focuses on the AIDS pandemic, beginning in the 1980s, and traces the global spread of this deadly disease. Importantly, the chapter covers the emergence of the movement of people living with AIDS both in accelerating the discovery of antiretroviral and as a movement that focused the right to health for all. It is the force of this movement that resulted in novel funding of global health.
Health Financing
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S.
Published: October 2021

As the world moves from vertical programs to universal health coverage, governments must address the gap in health financing available to them. Centuries of impoverishment and decades of neoliberal policies have hampered public financing for health in many countries. Yet, to develop robust systems with adequate personnel, supplies, and infrastructure financing is desperately needed. In the global health era marked by the AIDS movement and the MDGs, the notion that a country could only provide the health care that was sustainable on their meager budget was challenged. This chapter covers the evolution of health financing, from the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health, the Gleneagles Summit of 2005, and the Abuja Declaration in 2001, to recent novel financing and insurance programs. The basic measures of macroeconomics are highlighted. Government, off-budget, and out-of-pocket expenditures are explained. Insurance and novel sources of health financing are discussed as they relate to financing and health as a human right.
Political Will, Leadership, and the Importance of Decolonization
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S.
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores political will. While political will is often cited as a critical component of health programs around the world, it is a poorly defined concept. Using the framework of the late Dr. Julius Richmond, former U.S. Surgeon General, political will is interrogated through the interconnected factors of social strategy and science to advance policy. The COVID-19 pandemic is used as an example of this framework. The chapter also discusses the impact of colonialism and capitalism on the actualization of political will and leadership of impoverished countries. Challenges to sovereignty are addressed through the framework of necropolitics and social theories and practices that can improve responses. The chapter gives examples of regional and national leadership in the COVID-19 pandemic that have fought to decolonize the locus of power.
What a (Negative) Universal Politics Might Look Like Today
Authors: Kapoor Ilan , Zalloua Zahi
Published: October 2021

This chapter pursues further the stakes of a universal politics in a variety of case studies that serve as key global sites of resistance and antagonism, spanning the West and the East, or the global North and South. It considers the ways the diverse phenomena of climate change, refugee crises, Black Lives Matter, #MeToo, political Islam, Bolivia under Morales, the European Union, and Covid-19 open up emancipatory spaces when they manage to short-circuit the democratic liberal script, exhorting us to see to what extent the script works against (most of) us. To that end, the revolutionary potential of these events lies in their capacity to shake our postpolitical myopia by inciting us to read politically and dialectically—to read with an eye for capital and political economy, race and gender, and the libidinal economy that subtends their global circulation.
Introduction
Authors: Fèvre Raphaël
Published: October 2021

The introduction outlines the purpose of the book, its perspective, and its approach. Having identified three chronological moments in the making of ordoliberalism, the author illustrates its main themes and objectives and their relations with the current debate on ordoliberalism. The author then summarizes the contents of the book and indicates its basic structure and features, briefly anticipating its main conclusions. He examines the contributions of several important figures in the ordoliberal arena, including Walter Eucken and Wilhelm Röpke, and gives a brief history of their works and their influence on modern economics as it pertains especially to Europe. A discussion of the concept of “power” in economics is also provided.
The Tyranny of Generosity
Authors: Lechterman Theodore M.
Published: October 2021

The practice of philanthropy, which generously releases private property for public purposes, represents in many ways the best angels of our nature. But this practice’s noteworthy virtues often blind us to the exercises of private power that it represents. The Tyranny of Generosity argues that this private power threatens foundations of a democratic society. The deployment of private wealth for public ends rivals the authority of communities to determine their own affairs. And, in societies characterized by wide disparities in wealth, philanthropy combines with background inequalities to make public decisions overwhelmingly sensitive to the preferences of the rich. Allowing private wealth to control social outcomes collides with core commitments of a democratic society, a society in which persons are supposed to determine their common affairs together, on equal terms. But why exactly is democracy valuable? How should these values be weighed against the liberty of donors and the many social benefits that philanthropy promises? The Tyranny of Generosity explores these questions by applying tools of political philosophy to various topics in the practice of philanthropy: the respective roles of philanthropy and government, public subsidies for private giving, the use of donations for political speech, instruments of perpetual giving, the proliferation of giving by commercial corporations, and “effective altruism” as a guide for individual giving. These studies build to a surprising conclusion: realizing the democratic ideal may be impossible without philanthropy—but making philanthropy safe for democracy also requires radical changes to policy and practice.
Minimizing Data-Driven Targeting and Providing a Public Search Alternative
Authors: Phillips Angela , Maria Mazzoli Eleonora
Published: October 2021

While the use of data to refine search for an individual has benefits, when that data is used to allow third parties to target individuals with unrequested advertising and propaganda, and to manipulate behaviour, then its use must be more closely questioned. Misuse of personal data is now a systemic problem online. It is baked into the commercial exploitation of the web, and antitrust and piecemeal regulatory interventions will not be enough to effect change. Only a systemic approach will have the necessary impact. This chapter argues for stricter implementation of the data minimization principle of the GDPR in order to end automated data targeting, along with the development of alternative search engines based on public service, rather than purely commercial principles.
The Disappearance of the Soul and the Turn against Metaphysics
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: October 2021

The book traces the anti-metaphysical orientation of (much of) analytic philosophy back to discussions in Austro-German philosophy in the second half of the nineteenth century. The starting-point of the book is the debate over the relation between empirical science (here: psychology) and metaphysics: does psychology need a metaphysics of mental substances? The negative answer informed Austrian philosophy in the second half of the nineteenth century and provided a model for ontologies that dispense with substances. The book introduces Brentano’s Intentionalism and Mach’s Neutral Monism as two anti-metaphysical views in the study of mental phenomena. It goes on to use the Austrian ‘psychology without a soul’ view as a vantage point from which to reconstruct and assess the immediate prehistory and formation of analytic philosophy (Ward, Stout, Moore, Russell). While Austrian philosophers retired the soul, early analytic philosophers were happy to introduce a successor, the subject, and conceive of the mental as constituted by subject–object relations. The final part of the book returns to the theme of anti-metaphysics from a different perspective. It focuses on Moritz Schlick’s arguments for the conclusion that metaphysics lies beyond the limits of knowledge, arguments that are rooted in the philosophy of mind discussed in previous parts.
Psychology, the Science of the Soul
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: October 2021

What is psychology? What is it the science of? Psychology is the study of the functions and properties of the soul. The soul is supposed to be a simple substance. This answer set the agenda for research in psychology and philosophy of mind in the nineteenth century. It was developed by Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776–1841). According to him, psychology needs to be based on empirical research, mathematics, and a metaphysics of substances and properties because it cannot be an observational science. This conception of psychology was further supported in the work of Herman Lotze (1817–81). For ‘metaphysical psychologists’ like Herbart and Lotze psychology can only be a science if it helps itself to a substantial metaphysical assumption. The ‘new psychologists’ will try to free psychology from metaphysics. In this chapter I will introduce the motivation for the view that psychology is the science of the soul to prepare the ground for the following chapters.
The Mental and the Physical, Only a Matter of Perspective
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: October 2021

If there is no soul, is there still a fundamental distinction between the mental and physical? The philosophers discussed in this chapter all answer NO. The chapter introduces and assesses different ways to spell out the idea that the distinction between the mental and the physical does not carve nature at its joints. I will start by expounding Fechner’s influential view that the distinction between the mental and the physical is one of two different standpoints from which the same fundamental reality appears differently. Fechner also introduced the basic tenets of what is now called ‘Neutral Monism’. I will then consider how Austro-German philosopher like Mach, Wundt, Lipps and Riehl articulated the idea that fundamental reality is neither mental nor physical. Neutral Monism turns out to be a popular philosophical view that, as Riehl argued, is in line with Kant’s philosophy.
The Mental and the Physical, an Intrinsic Distinction
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: October 2021

According to Brentano, there is an intrinsic distinction between the mental and the physical: mental phenomena and only they are directed on something (have intentionality). The distinction between ‘thoughts and things’ is therefore not merely one between different perspectives. The chapter introduces Brentano’s empiricism that forms the background of his view of the mind. It then goes on to expound Brentano’s famous intentionality thesis. If the mental is distinguished from the physical by being directed on an object, what does it mean to ‘have an object’? I will outline Brentano’s answer to this question and discuss the distinction between the content and object of an act that was used by Brentano, Höfler and Meinong to systematise our intuitions about intentionality. The chapter concludes by tracing the diaphaneity challenge back to Lange’s response to Brentano.
The Intentionality Challenge
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: October 2021

The chapter introduces and assesses Brentano’s and Marty’s arguments against Mach’s Neutral Monism. These arguments concern the intentionality of sensation and the intentionality of expectation.
Cambridge Psychology between Lotze and Brentano
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: October 2021

While Austro-German philosophers abandoned the soul, a successor of the soul—the subject or ego—made a comeback in early analytic philosophy. James Ward, inspired by Lotze, prepared the ground for this comeback. In this chapter I will introduce the basic tenets of Ward’s position and relate it to Brentano’s and Lotze’s views of psychology. I will give special attention to Ward’s argument for the existence of a subject, a metaphysically lightweight replacement of the soul. In contrast to Ward, his student George Frederick Stout gave up the subject and provided new ammunition for the ‘psychology without soul’ theorists. Stout developed an original take on the act/content/object distinction. The chapter will introduce Ward’s and Stout’s contributions to Anglo-Austrian Philosophy.
The Rise and Fall of the Subject: A Case Study
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: October 2021

The chapter uses Ward’s student Bertran Russell’s view of acquaintance as a representative example of a ‘psychology with a self’. Russell started out as a believer in the subject or ego. In 1913 he defended the subject in an ingenious way against the Humean objection that we have no awareness of the self. Russell conceded this point, but argued that we have knowledge by description of our ego and this suffices to distinguish between mental and physical facts. However, it took not long for Russell to change his mind. In the end he followed the Neutral Monists in giving up the subject as a posit of psychology. The chapter argues that this is a case of ‘throwing the baby out with the bathwater’. One can maintain a mental/physical distinction independently of assumptions about the subject.
Act/Content/Object, Act/Object, or Just Object?
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: October 2021

Thus chapter revolves around the act/content/object distinction. Russell characterized Austrian Psychology, Cambridge Realism, Idealism, and Neutral Monism with respect to their different treatments of this distinction. The Cambridge Realists like Russell and Moore argued that the distinction between act and object is given introspectively, but that there is no distinction between content and object. The Neutral Monists (American Realists) like James argued that there is no act/object distinction and that, consequently, there is no intrinsic distinction between the mental and physical. Russell changed tack by arguing for the existence of the distinction on the basis of ‘hypotheses’. He held a hybrid position: there is no act/object distinction in sensation, but the full act/content/object distinction in thought. The chapter assesses arguments in favour of the act/object distinction and against the act/content/object distinction.
Beyond the Limits of Knowledge: Intuition and Value
Authors: Textor Mark
Published: October 2021

Intuition, Schlick argued, cannot provide knowledge of the truly real. But Schlick did not deny that we have intuitions. So what are they? The answer to this question can be found in Schlick’s Weisheitslehre. We take pleasure in perceiving and this pleasure, if generalizable, grounds the value of the objects perceived. Intuitions are evaluative ‘responses’ to objects. Such responses are non-conceptual and can therefore have only one term. Metaphysicians like Bergson or Lotze mistake immediate evaluation for insight. The chapter locates Schlick’s non-cognitive conception in the literature of his day and uses it to complete and, then, evaluate his argument against metaphysics.
Introduction
Authors: Sillars Stuart
Published: October 2021

Between the world wars, word and image in print was the primary medium of information and domestic entertainment. The chapter defines four major forms and directions of verbal-visual texts. Books of all kinds discussed the nature of the English countryside, seeing it largely as under threat by suburban building; the debate about housing produced an important government report and many books, so that reading architectural designs offered another kind of fiction. Books increasingly used illustrated dust jackets, or illustrations within, or used typography to reveal their contents; magazines of all kinds—of general interest, and those for men or women—became popular. At the period’s end, books and magazines contributed to Government preparations for war. A brief coda suggests ways in which the idea of England was constructed and challenged in such dual texts, and the ways in which the techniques of the decades were developed during the war years.
Imaging the Classics
Authors: Sillars Stuart
Published: October 2021

Works of English fiction considered as classics appeared in many illustrated editions during the inter-war years. Many reprinted earlier images, such as those of Hugh Thomson; others were limited editions with images by well-known artists, that, assuming their readers’ knowledge of the plots, became a form of literary criticism. Images for more general readers, often placing events in contemporary styles, were more common. Harold Copping’s illustrations for Dickens’ A Christmas Carol was very popular in the early 1920s, a time when soldiers were returning and many families came together after the War. Others included those of Rowland Wheelwright for Fielding’s Tom Jones, and Clare Leighton’s to Hardy’s Return of the Native. Others approached classics differently. Arthur Moreland’s Dickens Landmarks in London having images of the actual places where fictional events occurred.
The Ruralist and the Premier
Authors: Sillars Stuart
Published: October 2021

The novels of Mary Webb were relatively unknown until they were the subject of a speech by the Prime Minister, Stanley Baldwin. He praised their qualities as something uniquely English in their close relation between characters and nature. One result was an illustrated edition of Webb’s novels, most strikingly Seven for a Secret, illustrated by Norman Hepple and Precious Bane, with those by Rowland Hilder. Both stress the unity with nature, and reflect the books’ setting in an invented eighteenth century. The relationship with Baldwin continues in his later speech ‘On England’, which stresses the importance of nature to the English people. His particular emphasis on horse-drawn ploughing is reflected again in Webb’s novels and illustrations, building on aspects of Thomas Hardy’s poetry. Both these writings, and the sense of melancholy they often generate, are shown in the novels and their illustrators.
Magazines for Women
Authors: Sillars Stuart
Published: October 2021

Women’s magazines had a dual aim in the period, providing fiction and other forms of entertainment reading and offering practical advice about childcare, cookery and household management. They also nurtured skills including knitting and dressmaking, offering designs for clothes for children and themselves. Pictorial covers presented both the twin aims, through precise wording of contents matched by images offering more attractive ways of living. Fiction combined image and text in advancing or delaying events, and often making moral points. Woman’s Life in the 1920s matched these aims with illustrated fiction mingling escape and guidance: it also included occasional comic strips for young children. The more expensive Woman and Home attracted readers from a slightly higher income bracket but covered similar material. Launched in 1932, Woman’s Own used the newer forms of printing and design, reflecting greater confidence of its readers and newer material including film reviews.
Introduction
Authors: Hawes Greta
Published: October 2021

This chapter introduces Pausanias as a compiler, narrator, and critic of Greek myth. It surveys some different approaches to Pausanias as a mythographer over the past 130 years. It places him in his literary and cultural context by considering the significance of Greek myth in the Roman empire and determines the particular characteristics of his approach to geographical description. Using the case study of Boreas and Oreithyia at Athens, it argues in particular that the relationship between place and stories was intricate, complex, and inextricable and that the influence of earlier canonical literature was ever-present.
Encounters
Authors: Hawes Greta
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the various ways in which landmarks relate—and relate to—the spatium mythicum (period of myth). It begins with a survey of the strong conceptual associations of toponyms absent their physical instantiations (‘Replicas’) then considers the specific experience of encountering objects left behind by the heroes still surviving in the present (‘Relics’). ‘Residues’ describes those immaterial connections to the world of myth, and the impact of spoliation on the Greek conception of the mythic past. The final section considers the very different mythic networks that persist in cities fallen into ruins and builds up a concept of storytelling infrastructures: on- and off-site phenomena that scaffold the ability of a place to continue to proclaim its mythic importance. Without a community of resident-storytellers—the most significant of the on-site storytelling infrastructures—the myths of those places changes.
Conclusion
Authors: Hawes Greta
Published: October 2021

This chapter offers some concluding considerations of Pausanias as a source for Greek myth. It argues that Pausanias’ value comes not from his explicit comments on the nature of myth, but through what he shows us of the tradition in action.
Legal and Political Factors at Work Within the Article 50 TEU Process
Authors: Dougan Michael
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the legal and political factors that decisively shaped the conduct of the EU–UK Brexit negotiations under Article 50 TEU. As concerns the EU, those factors include: the institutional roles laid down in the Treaties and further developed in practice; the core EU constitutional law principles governing withdrawal; and the EU’s basic political priorities for Brexit as articulated by the European Council in April 2017. As concerns the UK, those factors include: the lack of advance preparations for the consequences of a Leave victory in the 2016 referendum; the difficulty of formulating a Brexit plan capable of commanding sufficient political support; and uncertainty over who was constitutionally entitled to decide on UK withdrawal, which was only finally resolved by the UK Supreme Court in Miller.
Citizens’ Rights
Authors: Dougan Michael
Published: October 2021

This chapter provides a detailed evaluation of one of the key separation challenges raised by Brexit and addressed in Part Two of the EU–UK Withdrawal Agreement: protecting the rights of EU citizens and UK nationals who had already exercised their free movement rights under EU law before the end of the transition period on 31 December 2020. EU free movement law provides the general baseline for calculating entitlement to protection and the content of future rights in fields such as residency, employment, and social security. However, the Withdrawal Agreement also contains various deviations from that EU law baseline, e.g. the UK’s EU Settlement Scheme is based on compulsory registration by EU citizens; e.g. the ‘golden cage’ whereby UK nationals are protected only in their state of residence, not across the whole EU. The Withdrawal Agreement also contains special rules on enforcement and interpretation of citizens’ rights—but they will not be sufficient to protect against the full effects of social exclusion or discrimination.
Aristotle on Regret and Akrasia
Authors: Warren James
Published: October 2021

In Nicomachean Ethics 7.8 Aristotle associates regret/metameleia with ‘akratic’ people. Such people have a rational wish to do what they think is right but are compelled by their appetite to do otherwise. Such people are said regularly to regret their actions. Aristotle also says that thoroughly incorrigible people (akolastoi) are, like virtuous people, free from regret. This chapter offers an explanation for these claims. It also considers Nicomachean Ethics 9.4 where Aristotle also associates metameleia with ‘base’ (phauloi) agents and explains why such people fail to be friends to themselves. It argues that these two passages are consistent provided we pay attention to Aristotle’s general aims in each passage.
Social Interaction in Infancy
Authors: Schuwerk Tobias , Rakoczy Hannes
Published: October 2021

The present chapter reviews the early development of various forms of social cognition guiding social interaction in infancy. There is wide agreement that very early in the first year of life infants reveal remarkable sensitivity to social information, and engage in remarkable forms of contingent social interaction. It is equally undisputed that towards the end of the first year of life infants begin to operate with basic forms of folk psychology, understanding others and themselves as intentional agents who perceive their surroundings and act intentionally, and that from their second year on infants engage in shared intentionality with others. What is controversial, however, is whether infants already operate with fully fledged meta-representational Theory of Mind, or whether this capacity develops in more protracted ways, depending on language acquisition and cultural experience. This chapter reviews theoretical debates and empirical findings related to this controversy in detail.
Comparing Cabinets
Authors: Weller Patrick , Grube Dennis , Rhodes R.A.W.
Published: October 2021

Why is cabinet government so resilient? Despite many obituaries, why does it continue to be the vehicle for governing across most parliamentary systems? This book answers these questions by examining the structure and performance of cabinet government in five democracies: the United Kingdom, Denmark, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Australia. The book is organized around the dilemmas that cabinet governments must solve: how to develop the formal rules and practices that can bring predictability to the daily business and allow consistent decision making; how to balance good policy with good politics; how to ensure cohesion between the factions and parties that constitute the cabinet while allowing levels of self-interest to be advanced; how leaders can balance persuasion and command; and how to maintain support through accountability at the same time as being able to make unpopular decisions. All these dilemmas are continuing challenges to cabinet government, never solvable, and constantly reappearing in different forms. We ask how traditions, beliefs, and practices shape the answers. The different practices between the democracies examined show there can be no single definition of cabinet government. This comparative approach provides analysis and insights into the process of cabinet government that cannot be achieved in the study of any single political system. We better understand the pressures on each system by appreciating the options that are elsewhere accepted as common beliefs.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Weller Patrick , Grube Dennis C. , Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the traditions that underpin government in the United Kingdom, with its traditional stress on strong prime ministers dominating their cabinets which control the parliament. Some of these traditions may be myths, but they still create expectations about the way that cabinet government should work. The chapter examines the relations between prime ministers and their ministers. It then uses some of the defining insights from Walter Bagehot’s famous work, The English Constitution, as a lens to understand how this unwritten constitution works. It considers the selection of ministers, the confidentiality of proceedings, and the lack of transparency of cabinet practices.
Australia: Traditions and Practices
Authors: Weller Patrick , Grube Dennis C. , Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: October 2021

The chapter describes the conventions and practices of Australian government. A variant of the Westminster system, it has a number of characteristics that define its workings and conventions: a written constitution, a federal system with potentially powerful state governments, and a High Court that can interpret that constitution. It also has a brutal political culture. These characteristics explain the ways in which Australian cabinet government differs from the English model from which it was derived, and the vulnerability of Australian prime ministers to removal by their own parties. These factors lead to a different form of parliamentary government with distinctly different practices.
The Process Dilemma
Authors: Weller Patrick , Grube Dennis C. , Rhodes R. A. W.
Published: October 2021

The chapter explores the practices and conventions of cabinet government. Consistent and predictable processes are seen as underpinning good government. They can illustrate how governments solve the core dilemmas: the need for predictability, a process to allow the negotiation and conciliation of differences, and means for determining hard choices. The chapter interprets the idea of norms, rules, and conventions, considering the influence of handbooks and manuals and of scheduling and the choice of forums. It illustrates how these routines have an impact on the dilemmas of predictability, negotiation, and difficult choices.
Introduction
Authors: Greer Sarah
Published: October 2021

This introductory chapter presents the importance of memory as a theme within the study of medieval history and explains the ability of monasteries to function as memorial sites in multiple different ways. It introduces the main argument of the book, that the development of Ottonian female monasteries reveals how these communities of women deployed memory and history-writing to achieve their own aims as active participants in power politics rather than passive bearers of familial memory.
Rewriting the Origins of Gandersheim
Authors: Greer Sarah
Published: October 2021

Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim’s version of her monastery’s origin story is a central source for our understanding of the early history of the Liudolfing family and the role that monastic commemoration played in their rise to political power. This chapter offers a close reading of Hrotsvitha’s text within the political context of the 970s, revealing how the image of Gandersheim’s origins was being reshaped by contemporary concerns. It argues that the Primordia coenobii Gandeshemensis was a sophisticated attempt to appeal to influential new patrons after its abbess faced the loss of her closest supporters. In doing so, we can see that Gandersheim, far from falling out of favour after the foundation of Quedlinburg in 936, remained at the heart of Ottonian politics because of its precarious position between rival branches of Henry I’s descendants.
Conclusion
Authors: Greer Sarah
Published: October 2021

This concluding chapter elucidates the larger points which emerged over the preceding chapters. Memorial centres like Gandersheim and Quedlinburg were able to embody and articulate concepts of identity, dynasty, and legitimacy to a broad audience. In an environment where various members of a new dynasty were trying to assert their claim to royal power, the centres tied to the family of Henry I and Queen Mathilda were positioned at the heart of political conflicts amongst their descendants. The women of Gandersheim and Quedlinburg were not passive figures in these conflicts, but instead carefully deployed new historical texts to shape their relationships with Ottonian rulers and external patrons for their own benefit.
Human Flourishing
Authors: Briggs Andrew , Reiss Michael J.
Published: October 2021

Possibly since humans were first capable of asking the question, certainly since the dawn of history, humans have asked why we are here and what good life consists of. Much of humanity still finds the ultimate answers to meaning and purpose in religion. But in countries across the globe, secular views are widely held. Whether religious or secular, individuals, communities and governments still have to make decisions about what people want from life. We examine what is meant by human flourishing and see what it has to offer for those seeking after truth, meaning and purpose. We argue that the concept of human flourishing provides a valuable framework within which to consider the importance of satisfying people’s yearnings for material goods, successful relationships and the hope that we can achieve and experience things that give us a sense of something greater than ourselves—the transcendent. The transcendent is not discerned only within religion; for many, the arts, nature, wilderness and a consideration of our place in the Universe are all instances of routes towards an appreciation of something beyond. The analysis we offer is of value in considering how humanity should regard developments in new technologies. Advances in artificial intelligence, machine learning and gene technologies are likely radically within a generation or two to affect employment, healthcare, education, communications, transport and many other areas of life. How is humanity to evaluate the potential of such developments and steer them so as to promote human flourishing?
Armies and Political Change in Britain, 1660-1750
Authors: Smith Hannah
Published: October 2021

Armies and Political Change in Britain, 1660–1750 argues that armies had a profound impact on the major political events of late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century Britain. Opening with the controversial creation of a permanent army to protect the restored Stuart monarchy in 1660–1, this original and important book examines how armies defended or destroyed regimes during the Exclusion Crisis, Monmouth’s Rebellion, the Revolution of 1688–9, and the Jacobite rebellions and plots of the post-1714 period, including the ’15 and ’45. The book explores the political ideas of ‘common soldiers’ and army officers and analyses their political engagements in a divisive, partisan world. The threat or hope of military intervention into politics preoccupied the era. Would a monarch employ the army to circumvent parliament and annihilate Protestantism? Might the army determine the succession to the throne? Could an ambitious general use armed force to achieve supreme political power? These questions troubled successive generations of men and women as the British army developed into a lasting and costly component of the state and emerged as a highly successful fighting force during the War of the Spanish Succession. Armies and Political Change in Britain, 1660–1750 deploys an innovative periodization to explore significant continuities and developments across the reigns of seven monarchs spanning almost a century. Using a vivid and extensive array of archival, literary, and artistic material, the book presents a striking new perspective on the political and military history of Britain