bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence naturally infected gastrointestinal parasites and complete blood count condition on Wonosobo sheep at Wonosobo District, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Baihaqi Zein , NURCAHYO WISNU , WIDIYONO IRKHAM
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Baihaqi ZA, Nurcahyo W, Widiyono I. 2020. Prevalence naturally infected gastrointestinal parasites and complete blood count condition on Wonosobo sheep at Wonosobo District, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3057-3061. The aim of this study was to determine complete blood count of Wonosobo sheep infected with internal parasites on sheep farms in Wonosobo District, Central Java, Indonesia. Fecal and blood samples were taken from 130 female Wonosobo sheep. Fecal samples were individual and the numbers of worm eggs per gram of feces (eggs per gram, EPG) were counted. Complete blood count analyzed with a hematology analyzer machine and total protein were measured with a refractometer. The total average prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) parasite infections in the Wonosobo sheep are 66.92%. The prevalences of low EPG and high EPG GI parasite infections in female Wonosobo sheep were 19.23% and 47.69%. The gastrointestinal worm species found infecting female Wonosobo sheep in this study were Haemonchus spp., Ostertagia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Trichuris spp., Bunostomum spp., and Moniezia spp. The most prevalent GI parasites infections in  Wonosobo sheep were caused by Haemonchus spp., and the last prevalent ones were caused by Trichuris spp. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hb (MCH), Mean Corpuscular Hb Concentration (MCHC), White Blood Cell (WBC), neutrophil, eosinophil, and lymphocyte counts in female Wonosobo sheep with naturally occurring gastrointestinal worms that had EPG > 600 were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than those in sheep that had EPG <600. Hb, Hematocrit (HCT), Red Blood Cell (RBC), and Total Protein (TP) were significantly lower (p < 0.001) in sheep with EPG values >600 than in sheep with EPG <600. Monocyte and basophil values were not significantly different (p > 0.05) between infected sheep with EPG <600 and those with EPG >600. This study shows that gastrointestinal worm infections naturally affect the hematology and blood chemistry of female Wonosobo sheep in Wonosobo district, Central Java, Indonesia.
Impact of mycoinsecticides and abamectin applications on species diversity and abundance of aquatic insects in rice fields of freshwater swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Herlinda Siti , Alesia Monica , Susilawati Susilawati , Irsan Chandra , Hasbi Hasbi , Suparman Suparman , Anggraini Erise , Arsi Arsi
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Herlinda S, Alesia M, Susilawati, Irsan C, Hasbi, Suparman, Anggraini E, Arsi. 2020. Impact of mycoinsecticides and abamectin applications on species diversity and abundance of aquatic insects in rice fields of freshwater swamps of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3076-3083. Aquatic insects in rice fields generally are predators of rice insect pests. The application of insecticides may reduce the abundance and species diversity of these predators. This study aimed to determine the impact of mycoinsecticides and abamectin application on species diversity and abundance of aquatic insects in rice fields. Mycoinsecticides were made from Beauveria bassiana s.l., Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. and Cordyceps militaris s.l. with carrier from shrimp shell flour compost extract, vegetable oil, and Tween®. The treatments were the mycoinsecticides and abamectin. The results showed there were eight aquatic insects species obtained in this study, i.e. unidentified Dytiscidae, Micronecta sp., Mesovelia sp., Ranatra sp., Anisops sp., Microvelia sp., unidentified species of Veliidae, and Orthetrum sp. belong to 7 families (Dytiscidae, Corixidae, Mesoveliidae, Nepidae, Notonectidae, Veliidae, Libellulidae), and three orders (Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Odonata). All of the species were predatory insects. The application of mycoinsecticides did not reduce the abundance and species diversity of the aquatic predatory insects, but the application of abamectin reduced the abundance and species diversity of the predators. The highest insect species diversity was in the plots applied with C. militaris s.l., followed by the B. bassiana s.l. and M. anisopliae s.l. plots and the lowest one was found in the abamectin plot. So, the application of mycoinsecticides from B. bassiana s.l., M. anisopliae s.l. and C. militaris s.l. is safe for the aquatic predatory insects and to control rice insect pests than that of abamectin.
Diversity of endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria from pineapple (Ananas comosus) plant in semi-arid ecosystem
Authors: Wangsa Putrie Rahayu Fitriani , Aryantha I Nyoman Pugeg , IRIAWATI IRIAWATI , Antonius Sarjiya
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Putrie RFW, Aryantha INP, Iriawati, Antonius S. 2020. Diversity of endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria from pineapple (Ananas comosus) plant in semi-arid ecosystem. Biodiversitas 21: 3084-3093. The natural environment majorly influences plant microbiome diversity, in terms of endophytic and rhizobacteria. Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) has been identified as one of host plants with a capacity to grow in semiarid ecosystems. The intrinsic microbial symbiont composition is recognized in a specific ecological niche. The scientific information available is limited to the inoculants' ability to reduce plant stress, although the diversity in a semiarid ecosystem has not been studied. The aim of this research is to investigate the diversity of endophytic and rhizosphere bacteria obtained from pineapple in a semiarid ecosystem. A total of 117 culturable microbial isolates, dominated by Gram-positive bacteria were obtained from pineapple (88) and rhizosphere (29). The metagenomic analysis showed higher diversity and abundance in rhizospheres compared to the endophytes. Actinobacterium was identified as the most populated colony, while Proteobacterium was more prominent in the host plant. The Bacillus genera were recognized as the dominant symbiont genus. Therefore, the culturable isolates were further developed as candidate inoculants for microbe databases. This is expected to be useful in broadening theoretical knowledge.
Environmental factors and seasonal effect on the potential harmful algae presence at Ambon Bay, Indonesia
Authors: Mahmudi Mohammad , Lusiana Evellin Dewi , Herawati Endang Y. , Serihollo Lukas G.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Mahmudi M, Lusiana ED, Herawati EY, Serihollo LG. 2020. Environmental factors and seasonal effects on the potential harmful algae presence at Ambon Bay, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3101-3107. Marine and coastal areas are susceptive to harmful algae presence which can lead to Harmful Algae Blooms (HABs). Major drivers for this event are climate change, domestic and industrial activities. These alter the environmental condition in marine ecosystems which caused the shift of phytoplankton community. This study aims to analyze the environmental factors affecting the harmful algae occurrence in Ambon Bay as well as the seasonal change during west monsoon and first transition in regards to this issue. There were six environmental variables accounted in this research which measured in situ and ex-situ. The results showed that there were three algae divisions that formed the phytoplankton structure in Ambon Bay, namely Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae, and Cyanophyceae. These divisions have been reported as the cause of previous HABs in the area. Furthermore, algae density during first transition season was higher than during west monsoon season, but the composition of phytoplankton community was stable in which dominated by harmful algae such as Chaetoceros, Skeletonema, Nitzschia, Ceratium, Pyrodinium, Dinophysis, Alexandrium, and Trichodesmium. Meanwhile, based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA), temperature and nutrients were the main factors that highly associated with the presence and abundance of harmful.
The ecology, productivity and economic of swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) farming in Kota Bangun, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Authors: MURSIDAH Mursidah , Lahjie Abubakar M. , MASJAYA MASJAYA , Rayadin Yaya , RUSLIM YOSEP
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Mursidah, Lahjie AM, Masjaya, Rayadin Y, Ruslim Y. 2020. The ecology, productivity and economic of swiftlet (Aerodramus fuciphagus) farming in Kota Bangun, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3117-3126. Swiftlet nest is a high-value non-timber forest product produced from the saliva of swiftlet birds. While the demands for this commodity continue to increase in global market, careless harvesting techniques have diminished the swiftlet population and the production of swiftlet nests, threatening its sustainability. One effort to solve this problem is by developing swiftlet farming which involves building swiftlet. This research aimed to analyze the ecology, productivity, and financial feasibility of swiftlet farming of different-sized swiftlet houses in Kota Bangun Subdistrict, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. This research used qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. Data were collected using purposive sampling to determine the location, sample of swiftlet houses, and interviews with respondents. Quantitative analysis on the financial performance of swiftlet farming was analyzed using the net Benefit-Cost Ratio (net B/C), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback Period (PP) methods. The results showed that swiftlet nest production in Kota Bangun begins in the third year and ends between 27 and 45 years later, depending on the age and size of the house as well as the quality of the timber. The swiftlet house with a size of ​​512 m2 had the net B/C of 4.06, NPV of IDR 1,403.79 million, IRR of 30%, and PP of 5.44 years. The swiftlet house with a size of ​​1,600 m2 had the net B/C of 2.27, NPV of IDR 1,774.83 million, IRR of 24.09%, and PP of 9.4 years. Our study suggests that swiftlet farming is financially highly feasible, especially for the swiftlet house with a size of 512 m2.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity and molecular characterization of bacteria from Holothuria atra intestine collected from anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic region in Karimunjawa, Indonesia
Authors: Sulardiono Bambang , NINIEK WIDYORINI  , SUPRAPTO DJOKO , DIAH AYUNINGRUM  , ARIF RAHMAN
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Sulardiono B, Widyorini N, Suprapto D, Ayuningrum D, Rahman A. 2020. Evaluation of antibacterial activity and molecular characterization of bacteria from Holothuria atra intestine collected from anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic region in Karimunjawa, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3149-3155. Evaluation of antibacterial activity and molecular characterization of bacteria from the intestine of Holothuria atra is needed in the anthropogenic region of Menjangan Besar, Karimunjawa. The research aims to evaluate antibacterial activity and molecular characterization of bacteria from intestine of Holothuria atra collected from anthropogenic and non-anthropogenic regions in Karimunjawa, Indonesia. Sea cucumber samples were collected at Menjangan Besar waters as anthropogenic region (code of HM) and Alang-alang waters as non-anthropogenics region (code of HA), Karimunjawa National Park, Indonesia. The H. atra sample collection was using purposive sampling method. Examination of the bacteria from isolation until molecular characterisation was done at the Tropical Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, Uiversitas Diponegoro. The isolation process was conducted using spread plate method, followed by bacterial isolates purification using streak plate method. Screening of antibacterial activity using the agar plug method, as well as molecular identification was conducted by 16S rDNA PCR amplification. The results of this study indicated that a total of 26 bacterial strains were successfully isolated from sea cucumber intestine, consisted of eleven bacterial isolates from H. atra in Menjangan Besar waters and the rest fifteen isolates from H. atra in Alang-alang waters. The preliminary assay of antibacterial test showed H. atra in both waters have potential bacterial isolates. Those bacterial isolates with antibacterial activity were HM1.2 and HA1.1, which based on molecular identification, showed isolates HM1.2 and HA1.1 had the closest similarity with Bacillus paramcoides and Vibrio alginolyticus consecutively, with BLAST homology 98% and 99%. The accession number for both isolates were LC550090 and LC550089, respectively.
Chemical composition diversity of fucoidans isolated from three tropical brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) species
Authors: LUTFIA FADILAH NOR LAILI , Isnansetyo Alim , Susidarti Ratna Asmah , Nursid Muhammad
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Lutfia FN, Isnansetyo A, Susudarti RA, Nursid M. 2020. Chemical composition diversity of fucoidans isolated from three tropical brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) species. Biodiversitas 21: 3170-3177. Fucoidan is a polysaccharide with high sulfate content, found in the cell walls matrix of brown seaweed. Its bioactivities vary depending on the algae species and the chemical structure. The aims of this research were to extract, purify, and characterize fucoidan from three Indonesian brown seaweed, Sargassum sp., Turbinaria sp., and Padina sp. The extraction was carried out using acid method followed by precipitation with ethanol and CaCl2, while its purification using DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography. Characterization was performed by FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopic analyses. Chemical components of fucoidan determined were total carbohydrates, sulfate residue, uronic acid residue, and monosaccharide components. The results revealed that the Turbinaria sp. produced highest yield of fucoidan (4.8% dry matter), followed by Sargassum sp. (2.7% dry matter) and Padina sp. (2.6% dry matter). The carbohydrate contents of Sargassum sp., Turbinaria sp. and Padina sp. fucoidan were 64.55±0.12%, 67.42 ± 0.03% and 62.90 ± 0.04% with sulfate residues of 0.013% ± 4.71; 19.47±0.002% and 0.016%±8.81; and uronic acid residues of 25.19±0.03%; 12.69±0.03% and 12.91±0.01%, respectively. Sargassum sp., Turbinaria sp., and Padina sp. fucoidans consist of fucose and some other minor monosaccharides.
Review artitle Review: Traditional ecological knowledge of tribal communities of North East India
Authors: Tynsong H , Dkhar M , Tiwari BK
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Tynsong H, Dkhar M, Tiwari BK. 2020. Review: Traditional ecological knowledge of tribal communities of North East India. Biodiversitas 21: 3209-3224. Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) refers to the knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and tribal people relating to the understanding of structure and functioning of neighboring natural ecosystems and their use for human welfare. In this paper, we have reviewed the literature relating to TEK held by the tribal and other traditional societies of North East India. The region is very rich in TEK pertaining to species, ecosystems, and their interactions including their sustainable management and utilization in forestry, fisheries, agriculture, food, crafts, dye, and health care. Some of these TEK based knowledge systems are at par or even superior to the resource management practices evolved under the ambit of modern knowledge. Though a substantial chunk of TEK of tribal communities of North East India has been documented, huge treasures of such knowledge remain unreported and hence are on the verge of being lost.
Short communication: Diversity of cave-dwelling bats in Cebu Island, Philippines
Authors: ALCAZAR STEVE MICHAEL T. , Lit Ireneo L. , Rebancos Carmelita M. , Dupo Aimee Lynn B. , De Guia Anna Pauline O. , Bantayan Nathaniel C. , ALVAREZ JAMES DV.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Alcazar SMT, Lit Jr IL, Rebancos CM, Barrion-Dupo ALA, De Guia APO, Bantayan NC, Alvarez JDV. 2020. Short communication: Diversity of cave-dwelling bats in Cebu Island, Philippines. Biodiversitas 21: 3249-3254. The species composition and richness of cave-dwelling bats in 16 caves of Cebu Island were studied to provide resource managers and local government units in Cebu baseline information that may be used toward conservation and sustainable utilization and management of local cave resources. Stationary and mobile mist-netting were employed at the entrance and dark zones of the caves to maximize the capture of bats. The study accounts for 15 species of cave bats, of which two were unidentified but are believed to be potentially new species, namely Rhinolophus sp. and Myotis sp., and three are new distribution records to Cebu, namely Rhinolophus philippinensis, Eonycteris robusta, and Megaderma spasma. In terms of richness values, Balay’g Agta holds six species and the remaining caves have less than five species. The presence of endemic, potentially new species and new distribution records of bats presents high conservation value and raises concern and calls for urgent action to protect the caves and the resources therein.
Production efficiency of Inpago Unsoed-1 and Situbagendit rice farming in Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: MULYANI ALTRI , Darwanto Dwidjono Hadi , Widodo Sri , Masyhuri Masyhuri
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Mulyani A, Darwanto D, Widodo S, Masyuri. 2020. Production efficiency of Inpago Unsoed-1 and Situbagendit rice farming in Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 12: 3276-3286.  Inpago Unsoed-1 rice is a new superior rice variety that is not as familiar as Situbagendit variety for farmers in Indonesia. As one of the new superior rice variety, Inpago Unsoed-1 is expected to improve farm business efficiency so that it can increase farmers' income. This study was conducted to figure out the factors influencing the production of Inpago Unsoed-1 and Situbagendit rice in Province of Central Java, and to recognize the level of technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of Inpago Unsoed-1 and Situbagendit rice farming in Province of Central Java. Research sites included selected regencies in Province of Central Jawa, such as Banyumas, Purbalingga, and Cilacap. Meanwhile, the selected districts were Kalibagor (Banyumas); Kalimanah, Kemangkon, Bukateja, Kutasari, Kaligondang, and Bobotsari (Purbalingga); and Gandrungmangu (Cilacap). Data were collected by direct observation and interviews using semi-structured questionnaire. The sampling technique used non-probability sampling using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected during December 2018-May 2019, 147 farmers were sampled, consisting of 71 and 76 farmers for Inpago Unsoed-1 and Situbagendit, respectively. Data were analyzed by using Cobb-Douglas production function and function of Stochastic Frontier. The results showed that production factors of land acreage (ha) and P fertilizer (kg) positively affected the production of Inpago Unsoed-1 rice, whereas seeds (kg), N fertilizer (kg) and pesticide (l) had negative impact on its production. On Situbagendit rice production, the positive and negative effects were revealed by land acreage (ha) as well as pesticide (l) and N fertilizer (kg), respectively. Technical, economic, and allocative efficiencies on Inpago Unsoed-1 rice farming were 0.75, 0.65, and 0.88, respectively, which were higher than those of Situbagendit, i.e. 0.73, 0.54 and 0.75, respectively.
Calophyllum inophyllum extract as a natural enhancer for improving physical properties of bioplastics and natural antimicrobial
Authors: Umiyati Rini , Millati Ria , Ariyanto Teguh , Hidayat Chusnul
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Umiyati R, Millati R, Ariyanto T, Hidayah C. 2020. Calophyllum inophyllum extracts as a natural enhancer for improving physical properties of bioplastics and antimicrobial activity. Biodiversitas 21: 3294-3302. The utilization of Calophyllum inophyllum (or nyamplung) cake (NC) is still limited, only as fertilizer and animal feed. This research aimed to evaluate C. inophyllum (or nyamplung) cake extract (NCE) and its utilization as an antimicrobial agent in packaging material. Bioplastics were prepared by the thermo-compression method. The results showed that the NC and NCE contained tannins and amide groups. They had antimicrobial activities toward Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Only NCE had antifungal toward Aspergillus nigger. Therefore, HPS bioplastic containing NCE exhibited antibacterial. Besides, NCE and NC contained carbonyl and amide groups. As a result, NCE addition was able to significantly increase tensile strength (σ) of bioplastic, in which it was about 1.5 times higher compared to control. But NCE did not have a significant effect on elongation at break (ε) and modulus of elasticity (Y). Water solubility (WS) and water vapor permeability (WVP) were reduced with an increase in NCE concentration. HPS-NCE bioplastics show a finer and more homogeneous texture compared to control bioplastic. The NCE shows the ability as a natural enhancer for improving bioplastics properties as well as function as an antibacterial agent against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in bioplastics.
The diversity of ‘kristal’ guava (Psidium guajava) fruit quality in response to different altitudes and cultural practices
Authors: Musyarofah Neni , Susanto Slamet , Aziz Sandra Arifin , Sukety Ketty , DADANG Dadang
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Musyarofah N, Susanto S, Aziz SA, Suketi K, Dadang. 2020. The diversity of ‘kristal’ guava (Psidium guajava) fruit quality in response to different altitudes and cultural practices. Biodiversitas 21: 3310-3316. The current study aimed to compare the quality of ‘kristal’ guava fruit harvested from different altitudes under different cultural practices. The study was conducted from January to March 2019. Four treatments were examined, i.e., fruit from low altitude-intensive cultural (LI), low altitude-less intensive cultural (LI), middle altitude-intensive cultural (MI), and middle altitude-less intensive cultural (ML). All treatments were arranged in a completed randomized design and each treatment had five trees as replicates The findings of the study showed that there was a variation of fruit quality in response to different altitudes and cultural practices. The fruits harvested from low altitudes were significantly bigger and heavier than the fruits harvested from middle altitude, irrespective of cultural practices. With regard to fruit softness, the fruits from middle altitudes were crispier than fruits from the low altitude. The chemical qualities of the fruits, indicated by TSS/TA ratio and vitamin C, were better in guava orchard under intensive cultural practice than less intensive cultural practice. The intensive cultural practice also improved the guava fruit size as compared to the less intensive cultural practice. This finding may be attributed to pruning which is performed in intensive cultural practice. More beneficial metabolites for human health such as vitamin E and caryophyllene were found in fruit from low altitude.
Leaf anatomical variation in Desmos Lour. and Dasymaschalon (Hook. f. & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms species (Annonaceae)
Authors: Nikmah Isna Arofatun , Rugayah Rugayah , Chikmawati Tatik
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Nikmah IA, Rugayah R, Chikmawati T. 2020. Leaf anatomical variation in Desmos Lour. and Dasymaschalon (Hook. f. & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms species (Annonaceae). Biodiversitas 21: 3317-3330. The relationships between Desmos and Dasymaschalon are debated for along time. Those two genera have high morphological similarities, especially in their generative character (moniliform monocarps). Therefore, sterile specimens of Desmos are difficult to be distinguished from Dasymaschalon. Leaf anatomy in paradermal section of 20 taxa (12 species of Desmos, eight species of Dasymaschalon) have been carried out. The data were used to support the interspecific and intergeneric delimitation of Desmos and Dasymaschalon. Desmos and Dasymaschalon are two distinct genera mainly distinguished based on the anticlinal wall undulation of epidermal cells and supported by variation of the crystal type, and size. The anticlinal wall undulation of Desmos is almost straight to slightly wavy, and never sinuous, meanwhile, Dasymaschalon varies from almost straight to deeply sinusoid. The crystals of Desmos consist of rhombohedric, druse type A, and druse type B crystals, whereas Dasymaschalon has prism, druse type A, druse type B, and drue type C crystals.
Short communication: Ecological and faunal complexes of insectivorous mammals of the Republic of Mordovia, Russia
Authors: Andreychev Alexey
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Andreychev A. 2020. Short communication: Ecological and faunal complexes of insectivorous mammals of the Republic of Mordovia, Russia. Biodiversitas 21: 3344-3349. In this study, reports that the species composition and occurrence of species in geo-ecological districts are not the same. 12 insectivorous mammals species have been recorded in the territory of Mordovia. The largest number of species in the region belongs to those living in coniferous and broad-leaved forests (42%). In the second place in terms of representation are species widely distributed in several natural areas (33%). They are slightly inferior to the types of taiga fauna (25%). For each geo-ecological district, the features of the rodent fauna are given and rare species are identified. The forest-steppe region of Mordovia is compared in insectivorous mammals fauna with other regions of Russia with different typical faunal complexes.
The effect of fermented duckweed (Lemna minor) in feed on growth and nutritional quality of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Herawati Vivi Endar , PINANDOYO PINANDOYO , DARMANTO Y.S. , RISMANINGSIH NURMANITA , WINDARTO SETO , RADJASA OCKY KARNA
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Herawati VE, Pinandoyo, Darmanto YS, Rismaningsih N, Widarto S, Radjasa OK. 2020. The effect of fermented duckweed (Lemna minor) in feed on growth and nutritional quality of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Biodiversitas 21: 3350-3358. One of the raw materials used for making tilapia fish feed is soybean meal. Soybean prices continue to rise and currently reach 4,500 rupiah/kg, so that alternative feed ingredients that are cheap and environmentally friendly need to be sought. Alternative feed ingredients that can be utilized in making feed, one of which is Lemna minor meal. Duckweed (Lemna minor) which has a high nutrient content, such as 23.47% crude protein, 3.99% crude fat, 29.92% crude fiber, 23.6% ash, and 19.02% nitrogen-free extract, will be the best candidate as an alternative feed ingredient. This study aims to find growth performance and nutritional quality of tilapia fed by different feed formulations using different amounts of fermented L. minor meal. The dosage treatments of feed with fermented L. minor meal are 0% (A), 2.5% (B), 5% (C), and 7.5% (D). Feeding of tilapia using fermented L. minor meal has a significant effect (P<0.05) on total feed consumption, feed utilization efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, and relative growth rate, and had no significant effect (P>0.05) on survival rate. The results found that the best biomass weight, total feed consumption, feed utilization efficiency, relative growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, and survival rate value was in the treatment B (usage of 2.5 % L. minor meal) which were 38.58g, 110.17g, 70.10%, 2.01%, 1.98%, and 94.44%, respectively. The best nutritional quality was in the treatment B (usage of 2.5 % L. minor meal) which was amino acid lysine, the highest value of amino acid lysine was 25.22% and the highest value of linoleic fatty acid was 4.37%.
Farmers' willingness to pay for Sinar donkey conservation in selected districts of Metekel and Assosa zones, northwest Ethiopia: a contingent valuation study
Authors: Melak Awoke , BELAYHUN TEKLEWELD , KEFYALEW ESHO , HAILU ABEBE , MUSTEFA AMINE , ASSEFA ABRAHAM
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Melak A, Belayhun T, Kefyalew E, Hailu A, Mustefa A, Assefa A. 2020. Farmers' willingness to pay for Sinar donkey conservation in selected districts of Metekel and Assosa zones, northwest Ethiopia: a contingent valuation study. Biodiversitas 21: 3373-3379. A survey was conducted through single field visits and interviews with 160 respondents in selected districts of Assosa and Metekel Zones, Northwestern Ethiopia, to elicit farmers' willingness to pay for Sinar donkey conservation. Two districts namely Guba and Sherkole were purposively selected from the zones based on the availability of Sinar donkey breeds. Eight representative kebeles were selected from the two districts. A total of 160 households (each district 80 households) were selected randomly. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires were prepared to collect data on socio-economic and farming system characteristics. Descriptive statistics were employed to summarize data and average means were compared using SPSS version 23.0 software. Logistic regression was applied to see the effect of independent variables on the dependent variable. The contingent valuation method was used to know farmers' willingness to pay for conservation of the Sinar donkey breed. The average willingness to pay for the conservation was 98.25 Ethiopian Birr or 3.265US dollars for the conservation program per household per annum. The cash income of the respondents influenced the willingness to pay for the conservation program. This study supports the view that the economic valuation of donkey genetic resources can assist policymakers in setting conservation priorities.
Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of Streptomyces sp. CRB46 and the prediction of their bioactive compounds chemical structure
Authors: Ambarwati Ambarwati , Wahyuono Subagus , Moeljopawiro Sukarti , Yuwono Triwibowo
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Ambarwati A, Wahyuono S, Moeljopawiro S, Yuwono T. 2020. Antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of Streptomyces sp. CRB46 and the prediction of their bioactive compounds chemical structure. Biodiversitas 21: 3380-3390. The goal of the research was to determine the antimicrobial activity of ethyl acetate extracts of Streptomyces sp. CRB46 and predict their chemical structure of the bioactive compounds based on the AntiSMASH analysis of the whole genome sequencing. Streptomyces sp. CRB46 was isolated from Cyperus rotundus L. rhizosphere in the Cemoro Sewu highland, Indonesia (1920 meters above sea level). The results showed that the supernatant ethyl acetate (EAS) extract could inhibit 11 of 12 tested microorganisms with a diameter of the inhibition zone ranging from 17-35 mm (paper disc method). The supernatant extract was found more effective in inhibiting microorganisms than the ethyl acetate extract of pellets (EAP). The EAP extract was only able to inhibit the growth of seven tested microorganisms (16-26 mm). The results of LCMS analysis showed that crude extract of EAS consisted of 20 mixtures of organic compounds. Based on FTIR analysis, 16 functional groups were found in the EAS extracts. In addition, based on AntiSMASH analysis, it was also found that Streptomyces sp. CRB46 produced eight classes of bioactive compounds, but only six compounds have been identified as their chemical structures. It can, therefore, be concluded that Streptomyces sp. CRB46 has the potential to produce bioactive compounds that can be used for microbial infection treatment.
Isolation, identification and antimicrobial activities of Lactic Acid Bacteria from fruits of wild plants in Tambrauw Forest, West Papua, Indonesia
Authors: Dinoto Achmad , Rosyidah A’liyatur , Susilo Anggi Ria Puspitasari , Julistiono Heddy
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Dinoto A, Rosyidah A, Susilo ARPS, Julistiono H. 2020. Isolation, identification and antimicrobial activities of Lactic Acid Bacteria from fruits of wild plants in Tambrauw Forest, West Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3391-3397. Presence of culturable lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fruits of wild plants and their antimicrobial activities has not been widely reported. The purposes of this study were to isolate LAB from the fruits of wild plants found in the Tambrauw forest area, West Papua Indonesia, and to evaluate their antimicrobial activities. Isolation of LAB from fruit was conducted using MRS medium supplemented with 1% CaCO3. Isolates of LAB were identified based on 16S rRNA gene using BLAST analysis. Antimicrobial assays were carried out by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) based on thiazolyl blue tetrazolium blue (MTT) using indicator microorganisms Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. The results showed that total of fourteen isolates of LAB with different characteristics was successfully isolated from 8 of 14 collected wild plants. Based on 16S rRNA sequences, isolates had closest relationships with Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus garvieae, Weissella confusa, Weissella oryzae, and Enterococcus faecalis with the similarity of 99%. All 16S rRNA nucleotides of these strains have been deposited in the GenBank. Assays for antimicrobial activities were demonstrated by the highest inhibition of supernatant of Lac. lactis HM 1.1 from fruit plant Donax canniformis and W. confusa H14.2 from fruit plant Capparis sp. against E. coli, S. aureus, and M. smegmatis even though the MIC values of those strains were lower than that of bacterial strain from the commercial probiotic product. This study showed that wild fruit from Tambrauw forest harbor beneficial lactic acid bacteria that could be important for health of animals and humans as well. In addition, this study provided basic information on indigenous LAB for promoting further development of medicinal antibacterial compounds.
Genetic diversity of Sterculia quadrifida in Kupang, Indonesia based on RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers
Authors: Uslan Uslan , PHARMAWATI MADE
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Uslan, Pharmawat M. 2020. Genetic diversity of Sterculia quadrifida in Kupang, Indonesia based on RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers. Biodiversitas 21: 3407-3414. This study aims to determine the genetic diversity of Sterculia quadrifida R.Br. in Kupang based on RAPD markers. Samples of S. quadrifida were collected from the yard and community forest in Kupang City (Sub-districts of Oebobo, Kelapa Lima, Maulafa, and Alak) and mixed forest in the Kupang District (Sub-districts of Kupang Barat, Nekamese, Taebenu, and Fatuleu). DNA was isolated by the CTAB method and amplified by six RAPD primers (OPD-11, OPF-11, UBC-106, UBC-127, UBC-250, and OPB-04). The data were analyzed in the MVSP software using UPGMA method and Nei & Li similarity coefficient. Total of 131 DNA bands ranging from 250-1400 bp was obtained. Populations of S. quadrifida in Kupang were divided into two main clusters and 12 sub-clusters with. The highest genetic diversity was found in Kelapa Lima of 0.1050, while the lowest genetic diversity was found in S. quadrifida population in Fatuleu of 0.0305. The population of S. quadrifida in Kupang has high genetic diversity and also clustered based on their geographical distribution
Morphometrics and genetics variations of mullets (Pisces: Mugillidae) from Aceh waters. Indonesia
Authors: Yulianto Derita , INDRA I. , BATUBARA AGUNG S. , FADLI NUR , NUR FIRMAN M. , RIZAL SYAMSUL , SITI-AZIZAH MOHD. N. , MUCHLISIN ZAINAL A.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Yulianto D, Batubara IIAS, Nur FM, Rizal S, Siti-Azizah MN, Muchlisin ZA. 2020. Morphometrics and genetics variations of mullets (Pisces: Mugilidae) from Aceh waters, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3422-3430.  Mullets are one of the commercial groups of coastal fish living in Aceh waters, in Indonesia. Presently, there is limited information on the bioecology, especially on the genetics and morphometrics of these fishes. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the morphology and genetic variations of Liza macrolepis, Liza tade, and Moolgarda engeli mullets. This study was conducted from January 2018 to July 2019 in four locations along the northern and eastern coasts of Aceh.  Data were obtained by measuring the morphometrics of a total of 180 samples of the species in equal ratios. The data were analyzed using the ANOVA and Discriminate function analysis (DFA). The ANOVA test showed that at least 75% of characters are not significantly different among the mullets. Meanwhile, the discriminant function analysis produces the two functions with Eigenvalue of 0.627 and 0.107 with 85.5% and 17.2% total variants, respectively.  Function 1 discriminates the mullet samples into two groups; the first was L. tade, and the second belonged to L. macrolepis and M. engeli. In addition, a total of 18 samples of mullets consisting of 8 samples of the L. macrolepis, 2 samples of the L tade, and 8 samples of the M. engeli were successfully amplified from the 5' region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COX1) gene using a pair of primers (Fish F1 and Fish R1). Furthermore, a total of 7 haplotype sequences were produced from the ingroup where L. tade has one haplotype, L. macrolepis and M. engeli had three haplotypes, respectively. The genetic distance analysis showed that the interspecific distance was 0.38% and intraspecific was 8.2%. Therefore, the COI gene successfully discriminated against the mullet into three valid species.
Assessment of soil quality parameters and yield of rice cultivars in Melaleuca cajuputi agroforestry system
Authors: Suryanto Priyono , TARYONO Taryono , SUPRIYANTA Supriyanta , Kastono Dody , Putra Eka Tarwaca Susila , Handayani Suci , WIDYAWAN MUHAMMAD HABIB , Alam Taufan
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Suryanto P, Taryono, Supriyanta, Kastono D, Putra ETS, Widyawan MH, Alam T. 2020. Assessment of soil quality parameters and yield of rice cultivars in Melaleuca cajuputi agroforestry system. Biodiversitas 21: 3463-3470.  Interactions between rice cultivars and soil quality parameters rises problems in the attempt of increasing rice yield. The objective of this study was to assess soil quality parameters that affect the yield of 15 rice cultivars in an agroforestry system of ‘kayu putih’ (Melaleuca cajuputi) situated in Menggoran forest, Yogyakarta, Indonesia which have three soil types namely Lithic Haplusterts, Ustic Epiaquerts, and Vertic Haplustalfs. The observation was conducted on 21 soil quality parameters and yield of rice cultivars. The data were analyzed by using ANOVA, factor analysis, and stepwise regression. The highest yield of rice per hectare was attained by GM 28 in Ustic Epiaquerts with 6.493 tons ha-1, while Situ Patenggang and GM 28 in Vertic Haplustalfs as high as5.549 and 5.401 tons ha-1, respectively, and Situ Patenggang in Lithic Haplusterts as high as 4.893 tons ha-1. Soil quality parameters that had significant effect on the yield of rice cultivars were Clay, SMC, pH, SOC, N, Mg, Fe, Fg, and Bae. We suggested that rice cultivars recommendations for Lithic Haplusterts, Ustic Epiaquerts, and Vertic Haplustalfs are Situ Patenggang, Situ Patenggang or GM 28, and GM 28, respectively, in addition to fertilization based on limiting factors of each rice cultivars.
MecA gene and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from dairy farms in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Ramandinianto Sancaka Chasyer , Khairullah Aswin Rafif , Effendi Mustofa Helmi
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Ramandinianto SC, Khairullah AR, Effendi MH. 2020. MecA gene and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from dairy farms in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3562-3568. Milk Borne Disease (MBD) can be caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, one of which is Staphylococcus aureus which has a large impact on aspects of public health. The therapy used to treat staphylococcal infection is Oxacillin preparations that can inhibit bacterial wall synthesis, but the adaptation of the mecA gene to staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) causes the emergence of strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The purpose of this study was to detect the level of MRSA strain contamination in dairy cows in East Java by comparing the mecA gene, Oxacillin, and Cefoxitin Disc Diffusion Methods and Oxacillin Resistance Screen Agar (ORSA) detection methods. A total of 150 cow's milk samples were taken at 3 village dairy farms in East Java, samples were added to the enrichment media Buffer Pepton Water (BPW) and then isolates were planted and purified using Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA). The detection of MRSA was carried out by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion preparation Cefoxitin 30 μg and Oxacillin 30 μg then confirmed by ORSA and the presence of mecA gene by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The results showed that from a total of 92 S. aureus isolates using Oxacillin disc test, 24 resistant isolates were obtained, using Cefoxitin disc test, 17 isolates were obtained, and using the ORSA test 18 MRSA isolates were obtained. MRSA isolates tested by PCR obtained evidence of 2 isolates of mecA gene. It can be concluded that the Oxacillin disc test was the highest sensitivity for detecting MRSA strain isolate, however, mecA gene was the golden standard to detect MRSA on the dairy farms.
Integrated assessment of biomarker responses in algae Chlorella sorokiniana exposed to copper and cadmium
Authors: Rahayu Titi hayati , NUGROHO ANDHIKA PUSPITO
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Rahayu TH, Nugroho AP. 2020. Integrated assessment of biomarker responses in algae Chlorella sorokiniana exposed to copper and cadmium. Biodiversitas 21: 3569-3575. Microalgae Chorella as a major producer in aquatic ecosystems has high probability ofth being exposed to metal pollutants. Metal exposure to algae can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress states. ROS trigger the responses of biomarkers of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). This study aims to develop an integrated biomarker response index and star plot for interpretation of the antioxidative enzyme responses in Chlorella sorokiniana. The microalgae was exposed to three concentrations of copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) for 48 h, respectively. The results showed that exposure to Cu and Cd caused an increase of protein content and activities of SOD and APX. Analysis of integrated biomarker response (IBR) showed a decrease in the value of IBR along with an increase in cadmium concentration but no similar pattern found in copper. The multiple factor analysis (MFA) approach showed that exposure to Cu 0.3 μmol L-1 for 48 h had high score of protein content and SOD activity in the first dimension. For the second dimension, exposure to Cu 1.6 µmol L-1 for 6 h had high score of APX and SOD activity.
Spatial distribution pattern, bionomic, and demographic parameters of a new invasive species of armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) in maize of South Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Hutasoit Rudi Tomson , Kalqutny Septian Hary , Widiarta I Nyoman
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Hutasoit RT, Kalqutny SH, Widiarta IN. 2020. Spatial distribution pattern, bionomic, and demographic parameters of a new invasive species of armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) in maize of South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 3576-3582. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, has reportedly been found in Indonesia since 2019. The main hosts of this new invading insect are food crops and several other crops. This study aimed to examine the spatial distribution pattern, bionomic, and demographic parameters for developing a sampling plan and strategy to control the pest. The study was conducted by observing the total population of S. frugiperda on nine plots of maize plants weekly. The development of S. frugiperda from egg to adult was also observed in plastic containers (diameter of 4 cm x height of 8 cm) fed with maize in controlled room conditions (temperature = 29 ± 2.1°C, 74 ± 10.1% RH). Observations were made on several bionomic and demographic parameters. The results of the study showed that the S. frugiperda distributes in groups, and each group spreads with a low grouping rate. The life cycle of S. frugiperda occurs for an average of 25.11 days with a range of 24-26 days. The net reproduction rate (Ro) of S. frugiperda was 422.46 individuals/parent/generation. S. frugiperda‘s intrinsic rate of increase was 0.22 individuals/parent/day. The length of generation (T) and S. frugiperda doubling time (DT) were 26.59 and 3.04 days, respectively. This species has survived well on the maize in the new habitat, so it will threaten the food crops, especially the maize. A sampling plan can be developed based on spatial distribution parameters to monitor population density to implement a control threshold and control measures from the early stage of maize during adult pre-emergence.
Effects of fish cage culture on macrobenthic communities in a subtropical river
Authors: TANIA NUSRAT JAHAN , HOSSAIN M. BELAL , Habib Ahasan , MUSA NAJIAH
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Tania NJ, Hossain MB, Habib, A, Musa N. 2020. Effects of fish cage culture on macrobenthic communities in a subtropical river. Biodiversitas 21: 3583-3589. The present study described the impact of freshwater fish cage culture on macrobenthic faunal assemblages in the Dakatia River, Chandpur, Bangladesh. The experimental design involved the establishment of four stations in two study sites, two stations near the culture area, and two stations away from culture area. A total of 23 macrobenthic taxa belonging to annelids, molluscs, arthropods, and other minor phyla were recorded from study sites. Oligochaetes were found to be dominant at all four stations composing 42.34% of the total macrobenthos. Pollution indicator benthic organisms i.e., Naididae (30.32%), Tubificidae (20.16%), and Chironomidae (3.54%) were found most in the cage culture area. The density of benthic macrofauna was higher (28,134 inds./m²) in the cage culture site than the non-cage culture site (4,358 inds./m²) due to high abundance of certain pollution tolerant species. However, the values of diversity indices i.e., Species Richness (SR), Shannon-Wiener (S-W) diversity (H´), Pielou’s evenness (E), and Margalef (J) were consistently higher in non-cage culture area than the cage culture area. One-way ANOVA showed no significant variation (P > 0.05) in diversity values between the sites. The results of the present study revealed effects of cage culture on the abundance, diversity, and composition of benthic macrofauna.
Ramularia mali strains isolated from petroleum product-contaminated soil are capable to grow on multiple aromatic compounds
Authors: Tan Watumesa Agustina , Teja Helen Surya , STEPHANIE Stephanie
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Tan WA, Teja HS, Stephane. 2020. Ramularia mali strains isolated from petroleum product-contaminated soil are capable to grow on multiple aromatic compounds. Biodiversitas 21: 3590-3595.  Aromatic compounds are present as a complex mixture in the environment, some of which are toxic and carcinogenic in humans and animals. In this study, we reported the first instance of arthroconidial yeast growth on more than one aromatic compound. Yeasts were isolated from soil surrounding gas stations and screened for growth on phenol, followed by qualitative growth testing on chlorobenzene, aniline, toluene, 2-nitrotoluene, benzoate, and naphthalene. Pure isolates identity and phylogeny were determined based on the ITS region. All isolates grew on phenol and benzoate, but none grew on naphthalene. Aside from the inability to grow on naphthalene, SR8 grew on other tested aromatics, while SR3 showed similar growth ability except on 2-nitrotoluene. Growth on 2-nitrotoluene was observed for PPS3, PB4, SR1, SR6, and SR8, a phenotype that has yet been reported in yeasts thus far. All isolates shared 99.81-100% similarity and were phylogenetically clustered with the arthroconidial yeast Ramularia mali CBS 129581, despite that some of them were morphologically different and had varying capability to grow on tested aromatics. Therefore, ITS sequences cannot be used to differentiate Ramularia mali up to the strain level. Overall, we demonstrated the diverse potential of yeast strains in reducing aromatic compound contamination.