bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Categorization in infancy: labeling induces a persisting focus on commonalities
Authors: Althaus Nadja , Plunkett Kim
Published: November 2015

Recent studies with infants and adults demonstrate a facilitative role of labels in object categorization. A common interpretation is that labels highlight commonalities between objects. However, direct evidence for such a mechanism is lacking. Using a novel object category with spatially separate features that are either of low or high variability across the stimulus set, we tracked 12‐month‐olds’ attention to object features during learning and at test. Learning occurred in both conditions, but what was learned depended on whether or not labels were heard. A detailed analysis of eye movements revealed that infants in the two conditions employed different object processing strategies. In the silent condition, looking patterns were governed exclusively by the variability of object parts. In the label condition, infants’ categorization performance was linked to their relative attention to commonalities. Moreover, the commonality focus persisted after learning even in the absence of labels. These findings constitute the first experimental evidence that labels induce a persistent focus on commonalities.
Use of incretin agents and risk of pancreatic cancer: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Knapen L. M. , van Dalem J. , Keulemans Y. C. , van Erp N. P. , Bazelier M. T. , De Bruin M. L. , Leufkens H. G. M. , Croes S. , Neef C. , de Vries F. , Driessen J. H. M.
Published: November 2015

Aim

To investigate the association between the use of incretin agents and the risk of pancreatic cancer.

Methods

A retrospective population‐based cohort study, using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, 2007–2012, was conducted. Patients (n = 182 428) with at least one non‐insulin antidiabetic drug (NIAD) prescription and aged ≥18 years during data collection, were matched one‐to‐one to control patients without diabetes. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and a new user design were used to estimate the hazard ratio (HR) of pancreatic cancer in incretin users (n = 28 370) compared with control subjects without diabetes and other NIAD‐treated patients. Time‐dependent adjustments were made for age, sex, lifestyle, comorbidities and drug use.

Results

The mean duration of follow‐up was 4.1 years for incretin users. Current NIAD use was associated with a fourfold increased risk of pancreatic cancer [HR 4.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.49–5.24]. This risk was almost doubled among current incretin users as compared with control subjects. Incretin use was not associated with pancreatic cancer when compared with control subjects with diabetes (HR 1.36, 95% CI 0.94–1.96); however, the ‘new user’ design did show an association between incretin use and pancreatic cancer when compared with control subjects with diabetes. In both cohorts with prevalent and incident users of antidiabetic drugs, the risk of pancreatic cancer almost doubled in those who had recently initiated incretin therapy (up to seven prescriptions), whereas this elevated risk dropped to baseline levels with prolonged use.

Conclusions

We found that incretin use was not associated with pancreatic cancer after adjustment for the severity of the underlying Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). The elevated risk of pancreatic cancer in those recently initiating incretin agents is likely to be caused by protopathic bias or other types of unknown distortion. The presence of considerable confounding by disease severity and the lack of a duration‐of‐use relationship do not support a causal explanation for the association between incretin agents and pancreatic cancer.
Comparison of a standalone consumer grade smartphone with a specialist inertial measurement unit for quantification of movement symmetry in the trotting horse
Authors: Pfau T. , Weller R.
Published: October 2015

Reasons for performing study

Equine inertial measurement unit (IMU) gait analysis has gained in popularity for use in horses. Similar transducers are now found in consumer grade smartphones. However, to date there are no scientific data evaluating their use for assessment of movement (a)symmetry in the horse.

Objectives

To establish limits of agreement (LoA, mean difference ±2 s.d.) between a validated specialist IMU system and IMU data collected with a consumer grade smartphone for quantification of movement symmetry and range of motion (ROM) of pelvic movement in the trotting horse.

Study design

Method comparison study based on quantitative gait data.

Methods

Twenty horses were equipped with a specialist IMU (MTw, Xsens) and a consumer grade smartphone (Apple iPhone6), both securely attached immediately in front of one another in the midline over the sacrum. Horses were trotted in‐hand and lunged on both reins on a soft arena surface. Median values for movement symmetry and ROM were determined over a series of strides for each exercise condition. Data collection was repeated in 6 horses to determine the effect of mediolateral sensor positioning on outcome parameters.

Results

Valid data from 17 horses resulted in LoA values of ‐3.7 ± 9.2 mm for MinDiff (difference between left and right hind mid stance), ‐0.6 ± 6.0 mm for MaxDiff (difference between left and right hind propulsion) and ‐0.8 ± 7.4 mm for ROM across horses and exercises. LoAs were narrower for straight line exercise and the negative bias was considerably reduced when moving the smartphone to the right of the midline.

Conclusions

The consumer grade smartphone provided meaningful gait data in horses: LoAs in particular for in‐hand exercise and when adjusting the mediolateral positioning are similar to published asymmetry thresholds. Owing to the sensitivity to mediolateral positioning, particular care should be taken when placing an IMU over the midline of the horse.
Development of the faecal microbiota in foals
Authors: Costa M. C. , Stämpfli H. R. , Allen‐Vercoe E. , Weese J. S.
Published: October 2015

Reasons for performing study

The intestinal microbiota is a complex polymicrobial ecosystem that exerts extremely important roles in the development and maintenance of health. Recently, as new sequencing technologies have become more available, there has been a revolution in the understanding of the equine intestinal microbiota. However, studies characterising the pioneer intestinal bacteria colonising foals and its development over time are still limited.

Objectives

The objectives of this study were to characterise the intestinal bacterial colonisation of newborn foals and to follow individual animals over time until age 9 months.

Study design

Longitudinal study.

Methods

Eleven pregnant mares from one farm were enrolled and faecal samples were collected longitudinally from mares and foals during their first day post partum and again periodically until foals were age 9 months. The V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq platform.

Results

Newborn foals had a rich and diverse bacterial community, which was mainly comprised of the Firmicutes phylum with several low abundant genera being unique at this age. Foals aged 2–30 days had significantly decreased diversity compared to older animals, with the majority of organisms classified as Akkermansia spp. After 60 days of life, the intestinal microbiota structure tended to remain stable, but differences in community membership were still present between 9‐month‐old animals and mature mares. Several differences at the phylum level were observed between different ages, including a higher abundance of Fibrobacteres after weaning.

Conclusions

The intestinal microbiota of the equine newborn is already complex by the first day of life. Microbiota adaptation occurs during the first month and the microbiota of foals older than 60 days resemble the mother's microbiota, although differences in community membership are still present.
Factors associated with outcome and gradual improvement in survival over time in 1065 equine neonates admitted to an intensive care unit
Authors: Giguère S. , Weber E. J. , Sanchez L. C.
Published: November 2015

Reasons for performing study

There is a paucity of information regarding the association between common disorders and outcome over time in a large population of ill equine neonates.

Objectives

To describe the relative frequency of neonatal disorders in a large population of foals admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit, to determine the disorders and factors associated with nonsurvival and determine if the outcome of ill neonatal foals has improved over time.

Study design

Retrospective study.

Methods

Cases were selected from equine neonatal (≤14 days of age) admissions between 1982 and 2008. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the disorders, clinical parameters and laboratory variables associated with nonsurvival or natural death and assess survival over time after accounting for potential confounding variables.

Results

A total of 1065 foals were included in the study. Overall, 775 of 1065 (72.8%) foals survived to be discharged from the hospital and 290 (27.2%) foals were nonsurvivors. Age at admission, sepsis score, proportion of foals with positive blood cultures and proportion of survivors were significantly different (P<0.001) between primary disease categories. Variables retained in the multivariable model for nonsurvival included positive blood culture, neutrophils <2.28 × 109/l, temperature ≤37.6°C, bicarbonate,PCO2, presence of infectious orthopaedic disorders and sepsis score. The adjusted odds of survival for foals admitted in the 2000s were approximately 3.4 (95%CI= 1.9–6.0, P<0.001) times higher than that of foals admitted in the 1980s.

Conclusions

Primary disorders, sepsis, temperature, acid base status and neutropenia are the main factors that affect outcome in this population of equine neonates. The survival of foals admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit has increased dramatically over a 26 year period.
Kinetic and structural investigation of the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase active site
Authors: Kopečný David , Končitíková Radka , Popelka Hana , Briozzo Pierre , Vigouroux Armelle , Kopečná Martina , Zalabák David , Šebela Marek , Skopalová Jana , Frébort Ivo , Moréra Solange
Published: October 2015

Cytokinins are hormones that regulate plant development and their environmental responses. Their levels are mainly controlled by the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (CKO), which oxidatively cleaves cytokinins using redox‐active electron acceptors.CKObelongs to the group of flavoproteins with an 8α‐N1‐histidylFADcovalent linkage. Here, we investigated the role of seven active site residues, H105, D169, E288, V378, E381, P427 and L492, in substrate binding and catalysis of theCKO1 from maize (Zea mays, ZmCKO1) combining site‐directed mutagenesis with kinetics and X‐ray crystallography. We identify E381 as a key residue for enzyme specificity that restricts substrate binding as well as quinone electron acceptor binding. We show that D169 is important for catalysis and that H105 covalently linked toFADmaintains the enzyme's structural integrity, stability and high rates with electron acceptors. The L492A mutation significantly modulates the cleavage of aromatic cytokinins and zeatin isomers. The high resolution X‐ray structures of ZmCKO1 and the E381S variant in complex withN6‐(2‐isopentenyl)adenosine reveal the binding mode of cytokinin ribosides. Those of ZmCKO2 and ZmCKO4a contain a mobile domain, which might contribute to binding of the N9 substituted cytokinins.
Virological characteristics of hepatitis B genotype G/A2 recombination virus in Japan
Authors: Tsuzuki Yuji , Watanabe Tsunamasa , Iio Etsuko , Fujisaki Seiichiro , Ibe Shiro , Kani Satomi , Hamada‐Tsutsumi Susumu , Yokomaku Yoshiyuki , Iwatani Yasumasa , Sugiura Wataru , Okuse Chiaki , Okumura Akihiko , Sato Yoshihisa , Tanaka Yasuhito
Published: October 2015

Aim

We identified four cases of infection with hepatitis B virus genotype G and A2 recombinant (HBV/G/A2) strains, which were initially overlooked by enzyme immunoassay‐based genotyping. The patients were all men who have sex with men (MSM) and inhabited several metropolitan areas of Japan, suggesting that the recombinant strains may be circulating among high‐risk groups such as MSM. Here, we investigated the genomic structure and virological properties of the HBV/G/A2 strains.

Methods

Complete genome sequences of the isolates were determined and phylogenetically analyzed. Replication efficiency of HBV/G/A2 was investigated by transfecting plasmids containing 1.24‐fold viral genome. The in vivo viral kinetics of HBV/G/A2 were investigated using chimeric mice with humanized livers.

Results

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the four strains were almost identical (>99.7% homologous). The preS2/S region of these strains was highly homologous to that of genotype A2 and the remaining region was almost identical to that of genotype G, reflecting inter‐genotypic recombination. Interestingly, in all four cases, genotype A was co‐infected as a minor population. In vitro analysis revealed that HBV/G/A2 had a low replication rate. Although detectable viremia was not measurable following the inoculation of HBV/G/A2 into chimeric mice, subsequent superinfection of HBV genotype A greatly enhanced HBV/G/A2 replication and viral spread.

Conclusion

We found that four cases of HBV/G/A2 recombinant among MSM patients in the metropolitan areas of Japan, and HBV/A co‐infections are required for its efficient replication. High‐risk groups such as MSM should be carefully tested for infection of genotype G‐derived variants.
Determinants of residual viraemia during combination HIV treatment: Impacts of baseline HIV RNA levels and treatment choice
Authors: McKinnon E , Castley A , Payne L , Pummer S , Nolan D
Published: November 2015

Objectives

Effective HIV therapy reflects suppression of plasma HIV RNA levels below assay detection thresholds, although lower levels of “residual viraemia” have also been demonstrated over extended periods of effective antiretroviral treatment. Here we examine the determinants of HIV RNA suppression below the standard assay threshold (40 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL) as well as factors associated with detectable HIV RNA below this reported detection limit.

Methods

Between 2007 and 2010, 11 575 consecutive viral load (VL) tests were obtained from 1540 patients, including 356 on effective antiretroviral therapy followed since initiation (1996–2001: n = 165; 2002–2009: n = 191). Analyses modelled the probability of an undetectable VL given successful suppression to < 200 copies/mL, and the probability of residual viraemia given an undetectable result.

Results

Detectable HIV RNA amplification was demonstrated in 20% of samples with a VL result < 40 copies/mL. Longitudinal analyses from 356 patients revealed that the likelihood of achieving results < 40 copies/mL was increased with current nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) therapy [odds ratio (OR) 2.0; P < 0.05] and reduced with prior virological rebound (OR 0.5; P < 0.05). In contrast, the presence of detectable HIV RNA < 40 copies/mL was strongly associated with pretreatment HIV RNA levels among those on current protease inhibitor (PI) treatment (OR 1.5 per log10 copies/mL increase; P = 0.02) as well as those on NNRTIs (OR 1.7; P = 0.002).

Conclusions

While HIV treatment history was associated with plasma HIV RNA levels below the detection limit, residual viraemia results were dominantly determined by pretreatment VL. These findings support the concept of a stable, long‐lived reservoir of latently infected cells as a source of residual viraemia despite effective HIV treatment.
The relationship between insomnia with short sleep duration is associated with hypercholesterolemia: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Lin Chia‐Ling , Tsai Yu‐Hsia , Yeh Mei Chang
Published: November 2015

Aim

To examine the association between insomnia with short sleep duration and hypercholesterolemia in Taiwanese adults.

Background

Previous studies mostly focused on the association between sleep duration and hyperlipidemia, but the results were not consistent. Besides, very few studies extensively examined the association between insomnia and hypercholesterolemia. This study hypothesized that insomnia with short sleep duration is associated with hypercholesterolemia.

Design

Secondary data analysis. This study analysed the latest database of the cross‐sectional Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan which was released on 2011 (data collected between 2005–2008) and collected data using stratified three‐staged probability sampling design.

Methods

This study analysed 1533 participants aged between 19–64 (733 males and 800 females) and used logistic regression model to calculate the odds ratio and the 95% confidence interval of insomnia with short sleep duration to hypercholesterolemia. Controlled confounders included age, gender, sample weight, body mass index, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, hypertension and diabetes.

Results

Insomnia with 5‐6 hours of sleep duration was significantly associated with hypercholesterolemia. The odds ratio of mild insomnia or moderate/severe insomnia with 5‐6 hours of sleep duration to hypercholesterolemia was higher, compared with the reference group (without insomnia and >6 hours of sleep duration).

Conclusion

Insomnia with short sleep duration was associated with increased odds of hypercholesterolemia. Caregivers in clinical practice should watch out for the effect brought by this novel factor.
Building research capacity and productivity among advanced practice nurses: an evaluation of the Community of Practice model
Authors: Gullick Janice G. , West Sandra H.
Published: November 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate Wenger's Community of Practice as a framework for building research capacity and productivity.

Background

While research productivity is an expected domain in influential models of advanced nursing practice, internationally it remains largely unmet. Establishment of nursing research capacity precedes productivity and consequently, there is a strong imperative to identify successful capacity‐building models for nursing‐focussed research in busy clinical environments.

Design

Prospective, longitudinal, qualitative descriptive design was used in this study.

Methods

Bruyn's participant observation framed evaluation of a Community of Practice comprising 25 advanced practice nurses. Data from focus groups, education evaluations, blog/email transcripts and field observations, collected between 2007 and 2014, were analysed using a qualitative descriptive method.

Findings

The Community of Practice model invited differing levels of participation, allowed for evolution of the research community and created a rhythm of research‐related interactions and enduring research relationships. Participants described the value of research for their patients and families and the significance of the developing research culture in providing richness to their practice and visibility of their work to multidisciplinary colleagues. Extensive examples of research dissemination and enrolment in doctoral programmes further confirmed this value.

Conclusion

A Community of Practice framework is a powerful model enabling research capacity and productivity evidenced by publication. In developing a solid foundation for a nursing research culture, it should be recognized that research skills, confidence and growth develop over an extended period of time and success depends on skilled coordination and leadership.
Characteristics of Clinical and Induced Ventricular Tachycardia Throughout Multiple Ablation Procedures
Authors: TOKUDA MICHIFUMI , KOJODJOJO PIPIN , TUNG STANLEY , INADA KEIICHI , MATSUO SEIICHIRO , YAMANE TEIICHI , YOSHIMURA MICHIHIRO , TEDROW USHA B. , STEVENSON WILLIAM G.
Published: October 2015

Induced VTs Over Multiple Ablation Procedures

Background

Optimal procedure endpoints of catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) are not defined and multiple repeat procedures are sometimes required. However, there are few studies to compare the details of repeat procedures to the initial procedure. The aim of this study is to compare the characteristics of clinical and induced VT throughout multiple procedures and clarify their relations.

Methods and Results

Of 425 consecutive patients with structural heart disease who underwent catheter VT ablation, second, third and fourth procedures were performed in 101, 23, and 5 patients, respectively. Of 227 VTs that were induced during the second procedure, 68 (30%) VTs had previously been induced at the first procedure. In multivariable analysis, identification of an exit/isthmus site (HR = 0.29, P = 0.047), early termination of VT during radiofrequency application (HR 0.11, P = 0.037) and elimination of target VT at the end of first procedure (HR = 0.43, P = 0.036) were independently associated with noninducibility of the same VT at the second procedure. Over the course of multiple procedures the mean VT cycle length gradually lengthened (381 ± 107, 413 ± 111, 460 ± 124, 507 ± 99 milliseconds in first, second, third, and fourth procedure, respectively, P < 0.001) and more induced VTs became mappable (32%, 40%, 62%, and 70% in first, second, third, and fourth procedure, respectively, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Identification and ablation of VT exit/isthmus, early termination of VT during radiofrequency application and elimination of targeted VT are associated with absence of that VT during a repeat procedure, and recurrences are then mostly due to new VTs or other VTs that were not induced at the first procedure.
Welfare‐theoretic Optimal Policies in a New‐Keynesian Economy with Heterogeneous Regions: Any Role for Financial Integration?
Authors: Wolski Marcin
Published: November 2015

This paper provides a welfare‐theoretic explanation of the inferiority of area‐wide policies, com‐ pared to their country‐specific equivalents, in the case when shocks spread unevenly across regions. Our analysis points out that under union‐wide policies, regions which suffer relatively more from shocks will benefit from policy interventions at the expense of others. Using the new‐Keynesian framework we propose a new area‐wide welfare‐theoretic loss function which is heterogeneity‐consistent, i.e. it guarantees the same outcomes as if a policy maker was targeting each of the regions individually. We study the dynamics of the theoretically‐induced losses resulting from the area‐wide policies using the example of the euro zone in the years 1999–2013 and compare it with the level of money market integration. Our study suggests that more intense financial integration was associated with smaller long‐run average losses from heterogeneity‐inconsistent aggregate policies. We find no similar effects for short‐run dynamics.
Qualitative vs. quantitative atopic dermatitis criteria – in historical and present perspectives
Authors: Andersen R.M. , Thyssen J.P. , Maibach H.I.
Published: November 2015

This review summarizes historical aspects, clinical expression and pathophysiology leading to coining of the terms atopy and atopic dermatitis, current diagnostic criteria and further explore the possibility of developing quantitative diagnostic criteria of atopic dermatitis (AD) based on the importance of atopic features – subjective, objective, and those derived from laboratory tests – the new partly promising AD biomarkers. ‘Atopy’, introduced in 1923, denoted ‘the sense of a strange disease without a precise place in the body’. A decade later, Sulzberger and Hill, first defined ‘atopic dermatitis’. The pioneering well‐recognized criteria, ‘Hanifin & Rajka’ (Acta Derm Venereol, 92, 1980, 44), were developed empirically on ‘clinical experience’ and expert consensus. As opposed to the widely used, rather anamnestic ‘UK Criteria’ (1994), they have few formal validation studies, but appear to well embrace various atopic phenotypes. Pruritus, xerosis, typical morphology/distribution of dermatitis and tendency to a relapsing/chronic course are common basic features in AD criteria, whereas skin sensitivity, heredity and various ill‐defined atopic stigmata also seem to comprise the atopic phenomenon. Specific pheno‐ and endotypes are now emerging potentially enabling us to better classify patients with AD, but the influence of these on the diagnosis of AD is so far unclear. Few diagnostic models use quantitative scoring systems to establish AD cases from normal population, which, however, may be useful to better study and manage this disease. Long‐term prospective observational studies, from which few are available at this point, along with interventional studies, are a perquisite and will provide the best option to improve our understanding of its complex characteristics and etiology.
Sensitivity of flood damage estimation to spatial resolution
Authors: Komolafe A.A. , Herath S. , Avtar R.
Published: November 2015

Flood damage estimation is an important element in flood risk assessment; it is useful for mobilizing investment and developing policies for flood loss prevention since most flood risk reduction measures are based on cost benefit analysis. From a global or regional view‐point, it is necessary to understand relative impacts on economies of countries to mobilize international support and develop response strategies. This requires a unified approach to flood damage estimation across countries and over large spatial extents. Spatial resolutions used in the assessment have a direct impact on the estimation of potential flood heights as well as representation of property exposure and, consequently, the flood damage estimates. Using Ichinomiya river basin, Japan, as a case study, the sensitivity of spatial scale in estimating potential flood economic damages is investigated and approaches are delineated to reduce errors arising from coarse spatial resolutions. [Correction added on 5 May 2016, after first online publication: in the first sentence of the abstract the word “is” has been inserted between “it” and “useful”.]
Acute on chronic liver failure because of acute hepatic insults: Etiologies, course, extrahepatic organ failure and predictors of mortality
Authors: Shalimar  , Kumar Dharmendra , Vadiraja Padmaprakash Kadavoor , Nayak Baibaswata , Thakur Bhaskar , Das Prasenjit , Datta Gupta Siddhartha , Panda Subrat Kumar , Acharya Subrat Kumar
Published: October 2015

Background and Aim:

Acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) because of precipitating factors (variceal bleed/infections) identifies cirrhotics at risk for high short‐term mortality. Information on ACLF because of acute hepatic insults is lacking. The aim of the study was to evaluate acute hepatic insults in ACLF and their effect on the course and outcome.

Methods:

In a prospective study, 213 consecutive patients of ACLF because of acute hepatic insults were included. Etiology of acute hepatic insult, frequency of silent, and overt chronic liver disease (CLD), organ failure (OF), and outcomes were assessed. Prognostic models such as model for endstage liver disease (MELD), acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II), and chronic liver failure‐sequential organ failure (CLIF‐SOFA) were evaluated.

Results:

Etiologies of acute hepatic insult were hepatitis virus(es)‐ 81 (38%; HBV‐42, HEV‐39), continuous alcohol consumption‐77 (33.3%), antituberculosis drugs‐11 (5.2%), autoimmune hepatitis flare‐5(2.3%), cryptogenic‐44 (20.7%). The common causes of CLD were alcohol (n = 85/40%), HBV(n = 52/24%), and cryptogenic(n = 50/20%). The MELD, APACHE II, and CLIF‐SOFA scores were similar among silent and overt CLD and did not influence outcome. Predominant etiologies of ACLF were hepatitis virus(es) reactivation or superinfection in silent CLD(52/112, 46.4%) and alcohol among overt CLD(43/101, 43%). Independent predictors of mortality included hepatic‐encephalopathy (early, HR: 4.01; advanced, HR: 6.10), serum creatinine ≥1.5 mg/dl (HR: 4.53), CLIF‐SOFA ≥8(HR: 1.69), and etiology of acute hepatic insult (alcohol, HR: 4.08; cryptogenic, HR: 3.18). HEV‐ACLF had lower mortality (12.8% vs. 33–54% in other etiologies;P < 0.001). OF was major determinant of mortality. With increasing number of OF, mortality increased linearly(P = 0.001).

Conclusions:

Hepatitis virus(es) and continuous alcohol consumption are important causes of ACLF caused by acute hepatic insults. HEV‐ACLF has lower mortality. OF is an important prognostic predictor.
Granulite facies xenoliths from the Yuhuashan complex, central Jiangxi, South China: constraints on Late Palaeozoic orogeny and middle‐lower crust components
Authors: Zhang C. , Yu J. , O'Reilly S. Y. , Griffin W. L. , Qian J. , Liu Q. , Lou F. , Zhou X. , Shen L.
Published: November 2015

The Cretaceous Yuhuashan igneous complex contains abundant xenoliths of high‐grade metamorphic rocks, with the assemblage garnet ± hypersthene + biotite + plagioclase + K‐feldspar + quartz. The biotite in these samples has high TiO2 (>3.5%), indicating high‐T metamorphism (623–778 °C). P–T calculations for two felsic granulites indicate that the peak metamorphism took place at 880–887 °C and 0.64–0.70 GPa, in the low pressure/high temperature (LP‐HT) granulite facies. Phase equilibrium modelling gives equilibrium conditions for the peak assemblage of a felsic granulite of >0.6 GPa and >840 °C, consistent with the P–T calculations, and identifies an anticlockwise P–T–t path. LA‐ICPMS U–Pb dating of metamorphic and detrital zircon from one xenolith reveals that the granulite facies metamorphism took place at 273.6 ± 2.2 Ma, and the protolith was a sedimentary rock deposited later than 683 Ma. This represents the first Late Palaeozoic (Variscan) granulite facies event identified in the South China Block (SCB). Coupled with other geological observations, the LP‐HT metamorphic conditions and anticlockwise P–T–t path suggest that Variscan metamorphism probably occurred in a post‐orogenic or intraplate extensional tectonic setting associated with the input of external heat, related to the underplating of mantle‐derived magma. Based on P–T estimates and the comparison of the protolith composition with mid‐ to low‐grade metamorphic rocks in the area, it is suggested that the mid‐lower crust under the Xiangshan–Yuhuashan area consists mainly of these felsic granulites and gneisses, whose protoliths were probably subducted to these depths during the Early Palaeozoic orogeny in the SCB, and underwent two episodes of metamorphism during Early Palaeozoic and Late Palaeozoic time.
Premonitory urges are associated with decreased grey matter thickness within the insula and sensorimotor cortex in young people with Tourette syndrome
Authors: Draper Amelia , Jackson Georgina M. , Morgan Paul S. , Jackson Stephen R.
Published: November 2015

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurological disorder characterized by vocal and motor tics and is associated with cortical–striatal–thalamic–cortical circuit (CSTC) dysfunction and hyperexcitability of cortical limbic and motor regions, which are thought to lead to the occurrence of tics. Importantly, individuals with TS often report that their tics are preceded by ‘premonitory sensory phenomena’ (PSP) that are described as uncomfortable cognitive or bodily sensations that precede the execution of a tic, and are experienced as a strong urge for motor discharge. While the precise role played by PSP in the occurrence of tics is controversial, PSP are nonetheless of considerable theoretical and clinical importance in TS, not least because they form the core component in many of the behavioural therapies that are currently used in the treatment of tic disorders. In this study, we investigated the brain structure correlates of PSP. Specifically, we conducted a whole‐brain analysis of cortical (grey matter) thickness in 29 children and young adults with TS and investigated the association between grey matter thickness and PSP. We demonstrate for the first time that PSP are inversely associated with grey matter thickness measurements within the insula and sensorimotor cortex. We also demonstrate that grey matter thickness is significantly reduced in these areas in individuals with TS relative to a closely age‐ and gender‐matched group of typically developing individuals and that PSP ratings are significantly correlated with tic severity.
Sendero Luminoso in the New Millennium: Comrades, Cocaine and Counter‐Insurgency on the Peruvian Frontier
Authors: Taylor Lewis
Published: November 2015

During the 1980s and until the mid‐1990s,Peru experienced one of the bloodiest conflicts in contemporary Latin America,initiated by the armed insurrection launched by the Partido Comunista del Perú – Sendero Luminoso(Shining Path).Most guerrilla activity,armed confrontations and civilian fatalities occurred in Andean rural districts.The intensity of violence declined following the detention of PCP‐SL General Secretary Abimael Guzmán and other leading cadres in 1992–3,which resulted in the dismantling of a substantial component of the organization's military apparatus and support networks.This paper examines how surviving PCP‐SL militants attempted to regroup and respond strategically and tactically to such a devastating setback,focusing on its dealings with the civilian population,particularly coca‐producing smallholders.Counter‐insurgency measures pursued by the Peruvian state are also analysed.The paper concludes with an assessment of the current disposition of guerrilla–rural population–state relations in the main areas of conflict.
Patient activation with knowledge, self‐management and confidence in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Johnson Michelle L. , Zimmerman Lani , Welch Janet L. , Hertzog Melody , Pozehl Bunny , Plumb Troy
Published: November 2015

Background

Chronic kidney disease is a growing health problem on a global scale. The increasing prevalence of chronic kidney disease presents an urgent need to better understand the knowledge, confidence and engagement in self‐managing the disease.

Objectives

This study examined group differences in patient activation and health‐related quality of life, knowledge, self‐management and confidence with managing chronic disease across all five stages of chronic kidney disease.

Design

The study employed a descriptive correlational design.

Settings

Participants were recruited from five primary care, three nephrology clinics and one dialysis centre in two Midwestern cities in the United States.

Participants

The convenience sample included 85 adults with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, including kidney failure, who spoke English.

Measurements

Seven measurements were used to collect data via telephone interviews with participants not receiving haemodialysis, and face‐to‐face interviews with those receiving haemodialysis at the beginning of their treatment session.

Results

Analyses indicated that half the participants were female (50.58%), the mean age was 63.21 years (SD = 13.11), and participants with chronic kidney disease stage 3 were the most activated. Post hoc differences were significant in patient activation and blood pressure self‐management and anxiety across chronic kidney disease stages, excluding stage 5.

Conclusion

Engaging patients in the self‐management of their health care and enhancing patients’ ability to self‐manage their blood pressure may work to preserve kidney health. Healthcare providers should collaborate with patients to develop strategies that will maintain patients’ health‐related quality of life, like reducing anxiety as kidney disease progress.
Impact of Prostate Cancer Treatment on the Sexual Quality of Life for Men-Who-Have-Sex-with-Men
Authors: Lee Tsz Kin , Handy Ariel Baker , Kwan Winkle , Oliffe John Lindsay , Brotto Lori Anne , Wassersug Richard Joel , Dowsett Gary Wayne
Published: November 2015

Introduction

With earlier prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis and an increased focus on survivorship, post-treatment sexual quality of life (QoL) has become increasingly important. Research and validated instruments for sexual QoL assessment based on heterosexual samples have limited applicability for men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM).

Aim

We aimed to create a validated instrument for assessing sexual needs and concerns of MSM post-PCa treatment. Here we explore post-PCa treatment sexual concerns for a sample of MSM, as the first part of this multi-phase project.

Methods

Individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 MSM face-to-face or via Internet-based video conferencing. Participants were asked open-ended questions about their experiences of sexual QoL following PCa. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, uploaded to NVivo 8TM, and analyzed using qualitative methodology.

Main Outcome Measure

We have conducted semi-structure qualitative interviews on 16 MSM who were treated for PCa. Focus was on post-treatment sexual concerns.

Results

The following themes were inductively derived: (i) erectile, urinary, ejaculation, and orgasmic dysfunctions; (ii) challenges to intimate relationships; and (iii) lack of MSM-specific oncological and psychosocial support for PCa survivorship. Sexual practices pre-treatment ranked in order of frequency were masturbation, oral sex, and anal sex, an ordering that prevailed post-treatment. Sexual QoL decreased with erectile, urinary, and ejaculation dysfunctions. Post-treatment orgasms were compromised. Some single men and men in non-monogamous relationships reported a loss of confidence or difficulty meeting other men post-treatment. Limited access to targeted oncological and psychosocial supports posed difficulties in coping with PCa for MSM.

Conclusions

The negative impact on sexual QoL can be severe for MSM and requires targeted attention. Penile–vaginal intercourse and erectile function have been the primary focus of sexual research and rehabilitation for men with PCa, and do not adequately reflect the sexual practices of MSM. Our findings suggest that future research dedicated to MSM with PCa is needed to incorporate their sexual practices and preferences specifically into treatment decisions, and that targeted oncological and psychosocial support services are also warranted.
Does Guilt Motivate Prayer?
Authors: Hermann Anthony D. , Simpson Austin J. , Lehtman Mark J. , Fuller Robert C.
Published: November 2015

We recruited 110 college students for an experimental investigation of the role of guilt in motivating religious behavior. We induced guilt in half of the participants before asking all subjects to indicate their current interest in prayer. Overall, participants in the guilt condition were more interested in praying, but this effect was not observed among those high in grandiose narcissism. Our findings make a contribution not only to the study of the role that emotions have in motivating religious behavior, but also to the study of narcissists’ susceptibility to guilt.
The Olympics, transnational law and legal transplants: the International Olympic Committee, ambush marketing and ticket touting
Authors: James Mark , Osborn Guy
Published: November 2015

This paper concerns the origination, development and emergence of what might be termed ‘Olympic law’. This has an impact across borders and with transnational effect. It examines the unique process of creation of these laws, laws created by a national legislature to satisfy the commercial demands of a private body, the International Olympic Committee (IOC). It begins by critically locating the IOC and Olympic law and examining Olympic law as a transnational force. Using two case studies, those of ambush marketing and ticket touting, it demonstrates how private entities can be the drivers of specific, self-interested legislation when operating as a transnational organisation from within the global administrative space and notes the potential dangers of such legal transplants.
Interferon‐free regimens containing setrobuvir for patients with genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C: a randomized, multicenter study
Authors: Jensen Donald M. , Brunda Michael , Elston Robert , Gane Edward J. , George Jacob , Glavini Katerina , Hammond Janet M. , Le Pogam Sophie , Nájera Isabel , Passe Sharon , Piekarska Anna , Rodriguez Ignacio , Zeuzem Stefan , Chu Tom ,   the ANNAPURNA study investigators
Published: October 2015

Background & Aims

Setrobuvir is a direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) non‐nucleoside inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) polymerase. This study examined interferon‐free combinations containing setrobuvir, a ritonavir‐boosted protease inhibitor (danoprevir/r) and ribavirin, with/without the nucleoside inhibitor mericitabine in HCV genotype (G)1 patients.

Methods

Non‐cirrhotic treatment‐naïve patients (N = 110) were randomized to five groups. Three groups received a 14‐day mericitabine/ribavirin lead‐in followed by treatment with 3 DAAs (setrobuvir, danoprevir/r, mericitabine) plus ribavirin for 12 weeks (Group A: G1a; D: G1b) or 24 weeks (B: G1a), and two groups received 2 DAAs (setrobuvir, danoprevir/r) plus ribavirin for 12 weeks (E: G1b) or 24 weeks (C: G1a). Efficacy was defined as sustained virological response (HCV RNA <25 IU/ml after 12 weeks' follow‐up, SVR12).

Results

Two groups met predefined futility criteria for breakthrough (C) or relapse (A) and were discontinued. SVR12 rates were 42.9% (3/7) and 74.1% (20/27) in G1a patients in Groups A and B, respectively, and 95.7% (22/23) and 68.2% (15/22) in G1b patients in Groups D and E respectively. All G1a patients assigned to 24 weeks of treatment who experienced a decrease in HCV RNA of ≥2.3 log10 IU by the end of the lead‐in period (n = 28) achieved SVR12. Overall, treatment was well tolerated and most adverse events were mild to moderate. No major safety signals were identified.

Conclusions

An interferon‐free setrobuvir‐based regimen (3 DAAs plus ribavirin) is safe and effective in treatment‐naïve G1 patients.
The changes in mycolic acid structures caused by hadC mutation have a dramatic effect on the virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Slama Nawel , Jamet Stevie , Frigui Wafa , Pawlik Alexandre , Bottai Daria , Laval Françoise , Constant Patricia , Lemassu Anne , Cam Kaymeuang , Daffé Mamadou , Brosch Roland , Eynard Nathalie , Quémard Annaïk
Published: November 2015

Understanding the molecular strategies used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis to invade and persist within the host is of paramount importance to tackle the tuberculosis pandemic. Comparative genomic surveys have revealed that hadC, encoding a subunit of the HadBC dehydratase, is mutated in the avirulent M. tuberculosis H37Ra strain. We show here that mutation or deletion of hadC affects the biosynthesis of oxygenated mycolic acids, substantially reducing their production level. Additionally, it causes the loss of atypical extra‐long mycolic acids, demonstrating the involvement of HadBC in the late elongation steps of mycolic acid biosynthesis. These events have an impact on the morphotype, cording capacity and biofilm growth of the bacilli as well as on their sensitivity to agents such as rifampicin. Furthermore, deletion of hadC leads to a dramatic loss of virulence: an almost 4‐log drop of the bacterial load in the lungs and spleens of infected immunodeficient mice. Both its unique function and importance for M. tuberculosis virulence make HadBC an attractive therapeutic target for tuberculosis drug development.
Characterisation of Shigella Spa33 and Thermotoga FliM/N reveals a new model for C‐ring assembly in T3SS
Authors: McDowell Melanie A. , Marcoux Julien , McVicker Gareth , Johnson Steven , Fong Yu Hang , Stevens Rebecca , Bowman Lesley A. H. , Degiacomi Matteo T. , Yan Jun , Wise Adam , Friede Miriam E. , Benesch Justin L. P. , Deane Janet E. , Tang Christoph M. , Robinson Carol V. , Lea Susan M.
Published: November 2015

Flagellar type III secretion systems (T3SS) contain an essential cytoplasmic‐ring (C‐ring) largely composed of two proteins FliM and FliN, whereas an analogous substructure for the closely related non‐flagellar (NF) T3SS has not been observed in situ. We show that the spa33 gene encoding the putative NF‐T3SS C‐ring component in Shigella flexneri is alternatively translated to produce both full‐length (Spa33‐FL) and a short variant (Spa33‐C), with both required for secretion. They associate in a 1:2 complex (Spa33‐FL/C2) that further oligomerises into elongated arrays in vitro. The structure of Spa33‐C2 and identification of an unexpected intramolecular pseudodimer in Spa33‐FL reveal a molecular model for their higher order assembly within NF‐T3SS. Spa33‐FL and Spa33‐C are identified as functional counterparts of a FliM–FliN fusion and free FliN respectively. Furthermore, we show that Thermotoga maritima FliM and FliN form a 1:3 complex structurally equivalent to Spa33‐FL/C2, allowing us to propose a unified model for C‐ring assembly by NF‐T3SS and flagellar‐T3SS.
Design and interpretation of clinical research studies in oral medicine: a brief review
Authors: Atkinson JC , Clark DB
Published: October 2015

The objective of this short review is to help researchers improve the designs of their clinical studies. Also included is a discussion of the level of evidence provided by the various clinical research study designs.
Counterfactuals and Epistemic Basing Relations
Authors: Bondy Patrick
Published: November 2015

This article is about the epistemic basing relation, which is the relation that obtains between beliefs and the reasons for which they are held. We need an adequate account of the basing relation if we want to have a satisfactory account of doxastic justification, which we should want to have. To that end, this article aims to achieve two goals. The first is to show that a plausible account of the basing relation must invoke counterfactual concepts. The second is to set out two related analyses of the basing relation, each of which seems quite plausible.
Phloroglucinol Reduces Photodamage in Hairless Mice via Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity Through MAPK Pathway
Authors: Im A‐Rang , Nam Kung‐Woo , Hyun Jin Won , Chae Sungwook
Published: November 2015

We investigated the photoprotective activity of phloroglucinol on ultraviolet B (UVB)‐induced deleterious effects in hairless mice in vivo. To assess the photoprotective effect of phloroglucinol, phloroglucinol‐treated HR‐1 hairless male mice were exposed to UVB irradiation. The inhibitory activity of phloroglucinol on wrinkle formation was determined by analysis of skin replicas, epidermal thickness based on histological examination and collagen damage. Matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1), matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP) mRNA levels were measured by real‐time PCR. UVB induced transcription of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β, IL‐6) and IL‐8 (IL‐8). The protective effects of phloroglucinol on UVB‐induced skin photoaging were examined by measuring protein levels of MMPs and mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinases. The results of these experiments suggest that phloroglucinol has a significant beneficial effect on the barrier function of the skin. In hairless mice, signs of photoaging and photodamage, including coarse wrinkle formation, epidermal thickness and elastic fiber degeneration, were reduced in severity by phloroglucinol application. The phloroglucinol‐treated group showed remarkably decreased mRNA levels of MMP‐1, MMP‐9 and inflammatory cytokines in comparison with those of the UVB‐induced group. Oral administration of phloroglucinol attenuated phosphorylation of MAP kinases, including extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase and p38.