bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dostoevsky's Critique of the Aesthetics of Dobroliubov
Authors: Jackson Robert L.
Published: April 2006

In 1861, in the second issue of his new journal Vremia, Dostoevsky published an article entitled “Mr. bov and the Question of Art.“ In it he attacks the utilitarian aesthetics of the radical literary critic N. A. Dobroliubov (1836-61); at the same time he sets forth the fundamentals of his own idealist aesthetic. Dostoevsky's article is his first major critique of the utilitarian and materialist outlook of the radical democrats led by N. G. Chernyshevsky (1828-89) and Dobroliubov. It anticipates his later polemic with the radicals in Notes from theUnderground (1864). The problem of freedom, significantly, is in the foreground of both works. The insistence on freedom in artistic creation is the central motif of “Mr. Dobroliubov and the Question of Art.” It is to this problem that we wish to direct principal attention.
The Temple of Confucius and Pictorial Biographies of the Sage
Authors: Murray Julia K.
Published: April 2006

Sets of narrative pictures portraying the life of Confucius (Fig. 1; all figures appear at the end of the text) first appeared in considerable numbers in the late Ming period, typically under the titleSheng-chi t'u(Pictures of the Sage's Traces; hereafter SCT) or some close variant. Produced at varying levels of expense, these illustrated biographies or hagiographies were made in a variety of media, such as woodblock prints, paintings on silk, and incised stone tablets. The various examples also exhibit a wide range of artistic quality. These differences in quality and form suggest that pictorial biographies were made for multiple purposes and for diverse audiences. Furthermore, the pictorial biographies differ in total numbers of scenes and in specific episodes selected for inclusion. These differences in content imply disparate conceptions of Confucius and the significance of his life.
Putting the Mandala in its Place: A Practice-based Approach to the Spatialization of Power on the Southeast Asian ‘Periphery’—The Case of the Akha
Authors: Tooker Deborah E.
Published: April 2006

In this article, I argue that the ‘mandala’ and other spatialized concepts associated with the ‘cosmic polity’ in Southeast Asia (such as ‘exemplary center’ and ‘sinking status’, ‘galactic polity’, ‘concentric circles’, ‘nested emboxment’, etc.) are key concepts with a similar form that have dominated theories of premodern Southeast Asian political and social structure. I claim that previous approaches to the mandala polity have been defined from the perspective of dominant political groups, and thus are top-down or center-out models. As a result, theorists have inadvertently reified this perspective in a set of analytical concepts that reaffirm existing power structures. As such, they have skewed our understandings of the mandala away from that of a socially enacted set of spatial codes that communicate and index hierarchical status between individuals and groups, both dominant and nondominant.
Revolution and Rank in Tamil Nationalism
Authors: Price Pamela
Published: April 2006

From the 1920s to the late 1960s, Tamil nationalism in India was characterized by elements of radical innovation which made the Dravidian movement a mobilization for cultural revolution, in Tamil terms, as well as for the defense of Tamil interests vis-à-vis the central government. In the last twenty years concern for the ordinary person has manifested itself in extravagant displays of state largess and the encouragement of personality cults directed toward Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu. I delineate below major ideological themes of the nationalist cultural revolution and argue that these ideological elements, while representing change in Tamil political culture, were in many ways deeply anchored in prerevolutionary political concerns supported by institutions and symbolic systems with precolonial antecedents. I link these ideological elements to the dissolution of radicalism in Tamil nationalism and to the emergence of a style of governance which has undermined standards of public administration.
Desire for Meaning: Providing Contexts for Prākrit Gāthās
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: April 2006

In general, readers, commentators, translators, and reviewers are bound to see shadows of themselves or of their own concerns in a poem. A poem is, in fact, a “patch” between desire and reality. Like a dream, a poem can be viewed as “reality encoded” (Skura 1981, 126). The issue is not what is actually on the page, what critic Harold Bloom calls the “manifest text” (Bloom 1987, 3). The poem is really what exists in that misty place between “writing” and “reading,” the “latent text,” the poem that lives in symbol or emblem. Though a poem certainly has a static life on a page, the actual events of reading, interpretation, and commentary are what give a poem a vital historical life. We are fortunate that over a millennium and a half of Sanskrit scholarship has yielded up to us actual records of historical moments of reading. And, since these recorded “moments” have become traditionally attached to various types of printed text, many of these commentaries have become as vital as the text itself. In some instances they have even superseded the text, as is true, I believe, in the case of Abhinavagupta's commentary on Ānandavardhana's Dhvanyāloka.
The Bolshevik Revolution and Workers' Control in Russian Industry
Authors: Avrich Paul H.
Published: April 2006

“In essence, the entire question of control amounts to who controls whom, that is, which class is the controller and which the controlled.”

—Lenin

On the first anniversary of the October Revolution, Lenin admitted to the Sixth Congress of Soviets that a year earlier he had been well aware that workers' control of industry would be “chaotic, shattering, primitive, incomplete.” He had known that the syndicalist flood which burst upon Russia in the spring of 1917 would have to be controlled before it engulfed the revolution itself. Nevertheless, for several weeks after the Bolshevik rise to power, the new regime fostered workers' control in the factories with the aim of consolidating popular support.
New Directions in Czechoslovak Agricultural Policy Under Novotny
Authors: Anderson Philip E.
Published: April 2006

Agriculture continues to present the regimes of the Communist world with some of their most important economic and political problems even after the trials of collectivizing are past. There are constant pressures, on the one hand, to make the collective system much more productive by improving organizational efficiency and raising the level of technology. On the other hand, the official ideology commits these regimes to eventually abolishing the collective system itself by transforming the collective farms into institutions of state property. There are indications, moreover, that this commitment may not be postponed indefinitely. The issue of how to establish a viable, permanent, and uniform organization of agriculture with completely nationalized enterprises has recurrently arisen in the Soviet Union over the last decade: in Khrushchev's “agro-town” proposal of the early 1950's, for example, with its implicit aim of eliminating the private plots of collective farmers, and in the later fairly large-scale experiments with a system of fixed wages in collective farms and with direct conversions of collective into state farms.
The Croatian Renaissance
Authors: Kadic Ante
Published: April 2006

It was along the eastern shore of the Adriatic, in Dalmatian coastal towns and on neighboring islands, in the narrow belt of territory that had escaped Turkish conquest, that the Croatian Renaissance developed. The literature of this period is considered the beginning of Croatian creative writing and the foundation of the Croatian revival, known also as the Illyrian movement, that occurred three centuries later. Why did this Slavic literature develop in this small territory, which had been taken away from the Hungaro-Croatian kingdom and annexed to the Venetian Republic (1409-20) and whose high administrative, military, and often ecclesiastical officials were imported from Venice? A brief survey of what took place during several centuries on this Dalmatian coastland—rocky and barren, but surprisingly rich in events of political and cultural importance—may provide some explanation.
Lermontov's Shtoss: Hoax or Literary Credo?
Authors: Mersereau John
Published: April 2006

In the early months of 1841, when Lermontov was briefly in Petersburg on leave from the Caucasian front, he played a practical joke on his literary friends by solemnly convening them for a reading of a new novel and presenting them instead with a short and unfinished tale of the supernatural. The circumstances surrounding this episode were chronicled by Countess E. P. Rostopchina, herself a popular author of the period:

Once he declared that he would read to us a new novel entitled Shtoss, the reading of which he calculated would take at least four hours. He insisted that we gather early in the evening and that the doors be locked against outsiders. All his wishes were fulfilled, and about thirty selected persons assembled.
Economism: A Heresy Exploited
Authors: Frankel Jonathan
Published: April 2006

At the end of his book of 1902, Chto delat?, Lenin declared laconically that the Russian Marxists would have “to liquidate the third period.” The “third period” here meant the years after 1898 when, according to Lenin, organizational fragmentation and ideological confusion had sabotaged the Russian Social Democratic movement. A voluntary federation of the scattered parts of the movement would, in Lenin's view, merely perpetuate in new form the confusion of the “third period.” Not reform but “liquidation” was thus essential. The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party would have to be reconstructed in Russia around the framework of Iskra's agents, who in turn were to be directed by the editors of Iskra abroad.

Here was the justification for the campaign which the leaders of Iskra had already initiated and which they knew among themselves as the “state of siege.“
Thai and Western Buddhist Scholarship in the Age of Colonialism: King Chulalongkorn Redefines the Jatakas
Authors: Jory Patrick
Published: April 2006

As part of the 1996–97 Fiftieth Jubilee celebrations, Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej published his version of the Mahajanaka Jataka, one of the many stories of the Buddha's former lives in the Theravada Buddhist tradition (Bhumibol 1996). The publication, in both English and Thai and complete with lavish illustrations, was heavily promoted by various agencies of the bureaucracy (especially in the media and the schools) and met with much public acclaim. Several editions of the book were published, including a cartoon version for younger readers (Bhumibol 1999). Tapes and CDs with readings of the story were released, and commemorative medallions were also available with purchases of the book. A musical version of the story was created and public performances held, with a number of the princesses involved in the production. The tale is of Prince Mahajanaka, who, though forced into exile, through his great perseverance (viriya parami) is able to return to his kingdom, claim his rightful throne, and bring prosperity to his subjects.
Reunification Issues and Civil Society in South Korea: The Debates and Social Movement for Reunification during the April Revolution Period, 1960–1961
Authors: Hong Seuk-Ryule
Published: April 2006

Research into the reunification of Korea has focused on the governmental policies of North and South Korea, as well as the policies of countries involved with them. The views expressed within Korean civil society about reunification have not been given much consideration. It is difficult, therefore, to gauge what the Korean people themselves think of reunification and how opinions differ among discrete sociopolitical groups in Korea, such as the conservatives, liberals, and radicals.
Religious Festivities, Communal Rivalry, and Restructuring of Authority Relations in Rural Chaozhou, Southeast China
Authors: Eng Irene , Lin Yi-Min
Published: April 2006

The fifth day of the Lunar New Year marks the beginning of six weeks of religious festivities in the rural area of Chaozhou, a distinct dialect region in Southeast China. Scheduled on separate dates, processions of local deities are staged by different villages. On the morning of the chosen day, villagers flock to the main village temple, where wooden statues of the divine occupants are congregated with those from other local temples. Each family sets up a table in the courtyard, lights incense and candles, and presents its offerings (of chicken, duck, goose, fish, rice, wine, fruits, cakes, and candies) to the statues. With paper money set on fire, worship and prayers begin.
Recycling
Authors: Boerner Christopher , Chilton Kenneth ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2006

Recycling is the process by which materials that are either not directly usable in their present form (eg, secondary materials or by‐products) or have been separated from waste destined for disposal are remanufactured into usable or marketable materials. The amount of public attention given to recycling has increased noticeably during the last few years; however, the recycling of many industrial and household materials has been a profitable endeavor for decades. This article provides a broad overview of this politically popular issue. Specifically, the article discusses the amount of material collected and processed for recycling, the composition of this material, how collected material is handled, and the economic aspects of recycling.
Silicon
Authors: Runyan W. R. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2006

Elemental silicon, a metal, does not occur in nature, but as the oxide is a constituent of various rocks comprising about 28% of the earth’s crust. There are three naturally occurring stable isotopes and several radioactive ones. Except at very high pressures, silicon has a diamond cubic structure and is a semiconductor.

High purity silicon is used primarily for its semiconducting properties and is the primary constituent of silicon diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. Ordinary metallurgical‐grade silicon is made by reducing quartz sand with coke in an electric furnace. That silicon may then be used to produce a silicon compound such as a chlorosilane that is relatively easy to purify. After purification, the compound is reduced to give high purity, semiconductor‐grade silicon, where most of the impurities are in the parts per billion range. Purification methods are discussed and properties of the electronics‐grade silicon given. Health and safety data and new uses are detailed.
Ionizing Radiation, Biological Effects of
Authors: Martin Colin J.
Published: April 2006

Ionizing radiations are x‐rays, γ‐rays, and small atomic particles that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms. The local deposition of energy involved can damage or kill cells. It may also produce subtle changes in a cell genetic make‐up. Much has been learned about effects of radiation from experiments on cell cultures. These experiments have shown that large particle radiations are more damaging than x‐rays for the amount of energy released. They have also shown that when similar doses of x‐rays are delivered at lower dose rates, less damage is produced because the cells are able to effectively repair much of the damage. The effects of radiation on human populations have been assessed through epidemiological studies of groups exposed to very large doses, such as the survivors of the atomic bombs exploded over Japan. Exposure to large doses of radiation above a certain threshold produces tissue reactions in the short term. Longer‐term effects may occur after exposure to low doses of radiation, which are referred to as stochastic effects, as their occurrence is governed by the laws of chance. Stochastic effects are the induction of cancer and of genetic effects. Cancer induced by radiation will not develop until many years after exposure and the risks are greater among those exposed as children. Risks have been estimated from epidemiological studies, by extrapolating dose‐response data down to the low doses received by radiation workers, but debate exists about whether the current extrapolation model may be too conservative.
Hindlimb adaptations in Ourayia and Chipetaia, relatively large‐bodied omomyine primates from the Middle Eocene of Utah
Authors: Dunn Rachel H. , Sybalsky Julia M. , Conroy Glenn C. , Rasmussen D. Tab
Published: April 2006

North American omomyids represent a tremendous Eocene radiation of primates exhibiting a wide range of body sizes and dietary patterns. Despite this adaptive diversity, relatively little is known of the postcranial specializations of the group. Here we describe hindlimb and foot bones of Ourayia uintensis and Chipetaia lamporea that were recovered from the Uinta B member (early Uintan Land Mammal Age), Uinta Formation, Utah. These specimens provide insights into the evolution of postcranial adaptations across different body sizes and dietary guilds within the Eocene primate radiation. Body mass estimates based on talar measurements indicate that Ourayia uintensis and Chipetaia lamporea weighed about 1,500–2,000 g and 500–700 g, respectively. Skeletal elements recovered for Ourayia include the talus, navicular, entocuneiform, first metatarsal, and proximal tibia; bones of Chipetaia include the talus, navicular, entocuneiform, and proximal femur. Both genera had opposable grasping big toes, as indicated by the saddle‐shaped joint between the entocuneiform and first metatarsal. Both taxa were arboreal leapers, as indicated by a consistent assemblage of characters in all represented bones, most notably the somewhat elongated naviculars, the high and distinct trochlear crests of the talus, the posteriorly oriented tibial plateau (Ourayia), and the cylindrical head of the femur (Chipetaia). The closest resemblances to Ourayia and Chipetaia are found among the Bridger omomyines, Omomys and Hemiacodon. The results of our comparisons suggest that the later, larger, more herbivorous omomyines from Utah retained a skeletal structure characteristic of earlier, smaller North American omomyids. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orangutan positional behavior and the nature of arboreal locomotion in Hominoidea
Authors: Thorpe Susannah K.S. , Crompton Robin H.
Published: April 2006

The Asian apes, more than any other, are restricted to an arboreal habitat. They are consequently an important model in the interpretation of the morphological commonalities of the apes, which are locomotor features associated with arboreal living. This paper presents a detailed analysis of orangutan positional behavior for all age‐sex categories and during a complete range of behavioral contexts, following standardized positional mode descriptions proposed by Hunt et al. ([1996] Primates 37:363–387). This paper shows that orangutan positional behavior is highly complex, representing a diverse spectrum of positional modes. Overall, all orthograde and pronograde suspensory postures are exhibited less frequently in the present study than previously reported. Orthograde suspensory locomotion is also exhibited less often, whereas pronograde and orthograde compressive locomotor modes are observed more frequently. Given the complexity of orangutan positional behavior demonstrated by this study, it is likely that differences in positional behavior between studies reflect differences in the interplay between the complex array of variables, which were shown to influence orangutan positional behavior (Thorpe and Crompton 2005 Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 127:58–78). With the exception of pronograde suspensory posture and locomotion, orangutan positional behavior is similar to that of the African apes, and in particular, lowland gorillas. This study suggests that it is orthogrady in general, rather than forelimb suspend specifically, that characterizes the positional behavior of hominoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of human mandibular shape using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics
Authors: Nicholson Elisabeth , Harvati Katerina
Published: April 2006

Human mandibular morphology is often thought to reflect mainly function, and to be of lesser value in studies of population history. Previous descriptions of human mandibles showed variation in ramal height and breadth to be the strongest difference among recent human groups. Several mandibular traits that differentiate Neanderthals from modern humans include greater robusticity, a receding symphysis, a large retromolar space, a rounder gonial area, an asymmetric mandibular notch, and a posteriorly positioned mental foramen in Neanderthals. Nevertheless, the degree to which these differences are part of modern human variation and/or are related to size and function remains unclear. The aim of this study was to document geographic and functional patterning in the mandibular shape of recent humans, to assess the effects of allometry on mandibular form, and to quantitatively evaluate proposed “Neanderthal” mandibular traits through comparison with samples of geographically diverse recent humans. Data were collected in the form of three‐dimensional coordinates of 28 landmarks. Unlike previous studies, this analysis found that modern human mandibular shape exhibits considerable geographic patterning, with some aspects of mandibular morphology reflecting a climatic gradient, and others, a functional specialization. Population history is also reflected in mandibular form, albeit relatively weakly. Proposed “Neanderthal” traits were found to separate Neanderthal from modern human mandibles successfully in the statistical analysis. Of these, the retromolar gap was found to be related to increased mandibular size in modern humans. The status of this trait as a Neanderthal autapomorphy should therefore be treated with caution. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Test of the Lamendin aging method on two historic skeletal samples
Authors: Megyesi Mary S. , Ubelaker Douglas H. , Sauer Norman J.
Published: April 2006

The Lamendin aging method involves the quantification of root translucency and the attachment position of the periodontal membrane. It was developed using recent medical‐examiner specimens, and was tested on modern skeletal samples such as the Terry Collection (Lamendin et al. [1992] J. Forensic Sci. 37:1373–1379; Prince and Ubelaker [2002] J. Forensic Sci. 47:107–116). The method may be one of the most useful for estimating age after the mid‐30s. The current study is an evaluation of the Lamendin criteria on two historic skeletal samples from Britain. Both the Christ's Church Spitalfields and St. Bride's Church collections represent documented skeletal samples that were interred in the 18th and 19th centuries. In total, 1,188 teeth from 220 adult individuals were examined from these two collections. The Lamendin method requires measuring total root length (cementoenamel junction to apex), gingival regression (cementoenamel junction to periodontal ligament attachment), and root translucency (root apex to maximum level of root translucency) on the labial surface of single‐rooted teeth. Our results indicate that postmortem factors affect the applicability of the Lamendin technique to archaeological and historical samples. In particular, root translucency disappears with time, or is obscured by unknown postmortem taphonomic effects related to the length of interment or postmortem environment. Thirty‐five percent of our sample showed no root translucency, indicating that caution is required when applying this method to archaeological or historical remains. The mean error of age estimates for Spitalfields and St. Bride's was higher than in the original study of Lamendin et al. ([1992] J. Forensic Sci. 37: 1373–1379), and higher than in the test by Prince and Ubelaker ([2002] J. Forensic Sci. 47:107–116) of the Lamendin method on the Terry Collection. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New gasoline and gas barrier from plasticized carbon black reinforced butyl rubber/high‐density polyethylene blends
Authors: El‐Tantawy Farid , Abdel Aal Nadia
Published: April 2006

The effects of the high‐density polyethylene volume fraction on the curing characteristics and network structure of rubber blends have been studied in terms of the torque, scorch time, optimum curing time, Mooney viscosity, number of elastically effective chains, viscosity, interfacial tension, glass‐transition temperature, scanning electron microscopy, internal friction, sound velocity, acoustic attenuation, polymer–solvent interaction parameter, swelling index, and gel fraction. The applicability of the blends for gasoline barriers has been examined through the changes in the electrical resistance and volumetric swelling in gasoline versus time at room temperature. The transport mechanism of the solvent through the crosslinked butyl rubber/high‐density polyethylene blends is governed by Fickian diffusion law. The transport coefficients, namely, the diffusion coefficient, intrinsic diffusion, and permeation coefficient, have been computed. The experimental data for the permeation coefficient are in good agreement with the values calculated by Maxwell's model and far from those of Robeson's model. In addition, some thermodynamics parameters, namely, the standard entropy, standard enthalpy, and standard Gibbs free energy, have been estimated as functions of the high‐density polyethylene concentration of the butyl rubber blends. Furthermore, the applicability of butyl rubber/high‐density polyethylene composites for Freon gas barriers and antistatic charge dissipation has been examined. Finally, the mechanical properties, such as the tensile strength, hardness, stiffness, and elongation at break, of butyl rubber composites with different high‐density polyethylene concentrations have been evaluated. The increase in the mechanical properties is due to the increase in the crosslinking density and the interfacial adhesion of the blend. This proves that these new blends have important technological applications as gasoline and Freon barriers and for antistatic charge dissipation with good mechanical properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1237–1247, 2006
Anatomical instruction and training for professionalism from the 19th to the 21st centuries
Authors: Warner John Harley , Rizzolo Lawrence J.
Published: April 2006

For most of the 19th century, anatomists in the United States saw the affective, emotional aspects of human dissection as salient ingredients in professional formation. Professionalism (or “character”) signified medical integrity and guaranteed correct professional conduct. As gross anatomy came under siege in the late‐19th and early‐20th centuries, crowded out of medical curricula by the new experimental sciences, medical educators rethought what it was that dissecting a human body stood to give medical students. As they embraced a new understanding of professionalism premised on an allegiance to science, anatomists celebrated the habits of mind and sensibility to scientific investigation that could be acquired at the dissecting table. One consequence was a deliberate distancing of gross anatomy from the “art of medicine,” and with it a de facto suppression of attention to the affective components of human dissection. During this period in the opening decades of the 20th century, the norm of silence about the emotional dimensions of dissection was set in place. The confluence of various movements by the 1960s and 1970s both revived attention to the emotional experience of dissection and sparked a renewed discussion about the relationship between the affective components of learning anatomy and the professional formation of future healers. There is a need to balance the tension between the “affective” and “scientific” aspects of anatomy, and by extension the tension between the “art” and “science” of medical practice. One method is to use small‐group “learning societies” as a means to cultivate and meld both dimensions of the professional ethic. Clin. Anat. 19:403–414, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Armored military training and endangered species restrictions at Fort Hood, Texas
Authors: Pekins Charles E.
Published: April 2006

Department of Defense (DOD) land managers face a daunting challenge with respect to military land use and wildlife management. The challenge is espe‐cially problematic when endangered species are involved. Like other federal land stewards, DOD managers are morally and legally obligated to maintain natural ecosystem functions within their jurisdiction. However, unlike other federal land stewards, DOD managers must strike a balance between sustain‐ing a highly destructive use and sustaining natural landscapes unique to a ge‐ographic area. With careful research and planning, these seemingly contrary uses are manageable and compatible up to certain thresholds. In this article, I summarize how the Fort Hood Natural Resources Management Branch was able to successfully integrate endangered songbird management with high‐impact, mechanized armored training. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Glass wars: The Hanford tank wastes and public participation
Authors: Abbotts John , Weems Charles
Published: April 2006

One of the most difficult remediation challenges facing the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is the need to immobilize some 50 million gallons of highly ra‐dioactive, liquid wastes stored in underground tanks at the Hanford site in Washington State. In part as a result of public participation, the technical strat‐egy for tank waste treatment was revised in 1994: high‐activity and low‐activity waste fractions would both be immobilized in a vitrified glass form, although the low‐activity fraction would remain at Hanford. This strategy has been subjected to cycles of reargument, reanalysis, and reconfirmation. As DOE proceeds with remediation of the Hanford tank wastes, it would be to the Department's advan‐tage to understand that public participation has already made positive contribu‐tions to technical decisions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of liquid crystalline poly(1‐pentyne)s and fabrication of polyacetylene–perovskite hybrids
Authors: Hua Jianli , Lam Jacky Wing Yip , Li Zhen , Qin Anjun , Sun Jingzhi , Dong Yongqiang , Dong Yuping , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: April 2006

Poly(1‐pentyne)s containing biphenyl and phthalimido pendant groups with different spacer lengths {P1(m); [HCC(CH2)3OBiphOCO(CH2)mN(CO)2C6H4]n, Biph4,4′biphenylyl; m = 7, 10} are synthesized in satisfactory yields by WCl6‐Ph4Sn catalyst in toluene at elevated temperatures. The structures and properties of the polymers are characterized and evaluated by IR, NMR, TGA, DSC, POM, and XRD analyses. Both of the polymers are thermally stable (Td ≥ 300 °C) and exhibit nematicity at high temperatures. Their phthalimido groups are converted into amino groups by hydrolysis, which can, after acidification, complex with lead(II) bromide to furnish polyacetylene–perovskite hybrids in high yields. The organic components contribute good solubility to the hybrids, while the perovskite framework induces the polyacetylene chains to align within the inorganic sheets. The hybrids emit a strong UV light of 374 nm upon photoexcitation, whose quantum yield increases with an increase in the spacer length. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3538–3550, 2006
Computational mutagenesis studies of protein structure‐function correlations
Authors: Masso Majid , Lu Zhibin , Vaisman Iosif I.
Published: April 2006

Topological scores, measures of sequence‐structure compatibility, are calculated for all 1,881 single point mutants of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 protease using a four‐body statistical potential function based on Delaunay tessellation of protein structure. Comparison of the mutant topological score data with experimental data from alanine scan studies specifically on the dimer interface residues supports previous findings that 1) L97 and F99 contribute greatly to the Gibbs energy of HIV‐1 protease dimerization, 2) Q2 and T4 contribute the least toward the Gibbs energy, and 3) C‐terminal residues are more sensitive to mutations than those at the N‐terminus. For a more comprehensive treatment of the relationship between protease structure and function, mutant topological scores are compared with the activity levels for a set of 536 experimentally synthesized protease mutants, and a significant correlation is observed. Finally, this structure‐function correlation is similarly identified by examining model systems consisting of 2,015 single point mutants of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme as well as 366 single point mutants of HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase and is hypothesized to be a property generally applicable to all proteins. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term slip rate of the southern San Andreas Fault from10Be‐26Al surface exposure dating of an offset alluvial fan
Authors: van der Woerd Jérôme , Klinger Yann , Sieh Kerry , Tapponnier Paul , Ryerson Frederick J. , Mériaux Anne‐Sophie
Published: April 2006

We determine the long‐term slip rate of the southern San Andreas Fault in the southeastern Indio Hills using10Be and26Al isotopes to date an offset alluvial fan surface. Field mapping complemented with topographic data, air photos and satellite images allows precise determination of piercing points across the fault zone that are used to measure an offset of 565 ± 80 m. A total of 26 quartz‐rich cobbles from three different fan surfaces were collected and dated. The tight cluster of nuclide concentrations from 19 samples out of 20 from the offset fan surface implies a simple exposure history, negligible prior exposure and erosion, and yields an age of 35.5 ± 2.5 ka. The long‐term slip rate of the San Andreas Fault south of Biskra Palms is thus 15.9 ± 3.4 mm/yr. This rate is about 10 mm/yr slower than geological (0–14 ka) and short‐term geodetic estimates for this part of the San Andreas Fault, implying changes in slip rate or in faulting behavior. This result puts new constraints on the slip rate of the San Jacinto and on the Eastern California Shear Zone for the last 35 kyr. Our study shows that more sites along the major faults of southern California need to be targeted to better constrain the slip rates over different timescales.
A multimodel study of the twentieth‐century simulations of Sahel drought from the 1970s to 1990s
Authors: Lau K. M. , Shen S. S. P. , Kim K.‐M. , Wang H.
Published: April 2006

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of 19 coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) in twentieth‐century simulations of the Sahel during the 1970s to 1990s. Correlation, regression, and cluster analyses are applied to observations and model outputs including Sahel monthly precipitation, evaporation, soil moisture, and sea surface temperature (SST). We find that only eight CGCMs (hit models) produce a reasonable Sahel drought signal, while seven CGCMs (miss models) produce excessive rainfall over the Sahel during the observed drought period. Even the model with the highest prediction skill of the Sahel drought could only predict the increasing trend of severe drought events but not the beginning and duration of the events. From analyses of the statistical characteristics of the hit and miss models, we conclude that a good simulation of the Sahel drought requires (1) a strong coupling between Sahel rainfall and Indian Ocean SST, with warm (cold) SST identified with Sahel drought (flood), (2) a significant coupling between Sahel rainfall and the Atlantic Ocean SST, with a warm equatorial Atlantic and cold extratropical North Atlantic coexisting with Sahel drought, and vice versa, and (3) a robust land surface feedback with strong sensitivity of precipitation and land evaporation to soil moisture. These three characteristics constitute sufficient conditions for a good simulation of Sahel drought in CGCMs.
Optical properties of soot–water drop agglomerates: An experimental study
Authors: Mikhailov E. F. , Vlasenko S. S. , Podgorny I. A. , Ramanathan V. , Corrigan C. E.
Published: April 2006

Black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) are the largest contributors to the aerosol absorption in the atmosphere, yet the absorption cross sections of BC and OC per unit mass are subject to a large uncertainty due to morphology, physicochemical properties, and the mixing state of carbonaceous particles. Theoretical studies suggest the possibility of an enhanced absorption by soot–cloud drop agglomerates; however, the magnitude of the effect has never been measured directly and remains highly uncertain. This study is a laboratory experiment aimed at the modeling of direct radiation forcing due to soot‐water interaction in the presence of glutaric acid, a water‐soluble OC. Specifically, we generate, in the laboratory, hydrophobic soot (acetylene soot) and hydrophilic soot (mixture of acetylene soot and glutaric acid) and investigate the structural and optical properties of hydrophobic and hydrophilic soot particles in dry and water‐saturated air. Hydrophobic soot (HBS) particles do not exhibit any structural or morphological differences under dry and saturated conditions, whereas hydrophilic soot (HLS) particles, i.e., BC with a monolayer of glutaric acid, collapse into globules when relative humidity (RH) is increased to saturation. The optical properties of HBS show very little dependence on RH while HLS scattering and absorption coefficient increase markedly with RH. For the cases considered here, the maximum enhancement in absorption for a soot–water drop mixture was as much as a factor of 3.5, very similar to theoretical predictions. The data provided in this study should advance the treatment of polluted cloud layers in climate models.
Dam impacts on the Changjiang (Yangtze) River sediment discharge to the sea: The past 55 years and after the Three Gorges Dam
Authors: Yang Z. , Wang H. , Saito Y. , Milliman J. D. , Xu K. , Qiao S. , Shi G.
Published: April 2006

In 5 recent years (2000–2004), the Changjiang (Yangtze) River has discharged past Datong (600 km from the river mouth) an average of ∼250 million tons (mt) of sediment per year, a decrease of more than 40% since the 1950s and 1960s, whereas water discharge at Datong has increased slightly. Water and sediment discharge data from the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the river suggest that the reduction of the Changjiang sediment load has occurred in two phases between 1950 and 2002: following the closure of the Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Hanjiang tributary in 1968 and following the installation of numerous dams and water‐soil conservation works in the Jialingjijang catchment after 1985. As the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) started operating in 2003, the Changjiang entered a third phase of sediment reduction with annual sediment loads at Datong less than 200 mt/yr. Upon completion of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) in 2009, the sediment load at Datong will decrease to ∼210 mt/yr for the first 20 years, then will recover to ∼230 mt/yr during 2030–2060, and will reach ∼310 mt/yr during 2060–2110. From the sediment budget and sediment erosion data for the Changjiang subaqueous delta, it can be assumed that the delta will be eroded extensively during the first five decades after TGD operation and then will approach a balance during the next five decades as sediment discharging from TGD again increases.
Biodegradation during contaminant transport in porous media: 8. The influence of microbial system variability on transport behavior and parameter determination
Authors: Brusseau M. L. , Sandrin S. K. , Li L. , Yolcubal I. , Jordan F. L. , Maier R. M.
Published: April 2006

The impact of microbial system variability on the biodegradation and transport behavior of a model solute, salicylate, was investigated with a series of miscible displacement experiments. Four systems of increasing complexity were employed: a sterilized, well‐sorted sand inoculated with a single bacterial isolate, a sterilized soil inoculated with the same isolate, and two soils, each of which contained an indigenous multiple‐population community of bacteria. The experiments were conducted in replicate (three or four experiments per set) and with paired controls. The biodegradation and transport behavior of salicylate exhibited a small degree of variability among the replicates for the two inoculated systems and a relatively large degree of variability for the two indigenous systems. The greater variability observed for the two indigenous systems is attributed primarily to greater variability of microbial system properties, such as initial cell density, metabolic status, and community composition. Values for maximum specific growth rate coefficient, mean lag time, and lag time variance were determined by model calibration to the measured breakthrough curves and compared to values obtained from batch experiments. Reasonable correspondence was observed between the two sets of values for both the inoculated and indigenous systems. The maximum specific growth rate coefficient exhibited a relatively small degree of uncertainty for all four systems, whereas greater uncertainty was associated with the lag time mean and variance. The variability in calibrated parameters among each set of replicate experiments was significantly greater than the uncertainty associated with the individual experiment calibrations and the measured input parameters. These results illustrate that variability inherent to natural microbial systems can cause variability in transport behavior even under controlled laboratory conditions and concomitantly enhance the uncertainty of biokinetic parameters obtained from laboratory studies.
Active seismoelectric exploration of glaciers
Authors: Kulessa B. , Murray T. , Rippin D.
Published: April 2006

Repeatable and strong seismoelectric signals were recorded on Glacier de Tsanfleuron, Switzerland, using a vertical sounding geometry. Electromagnetic waves are inferred to be generated by electrokinetic conversion of seismic energy within the snow pack and near the dry‐wet ice and ice‐bed interfaces. A simple gradient‐based scheme allows such electrokinetic interface responses (EIRs) to be isolated from noise. EIRs depend sensitively on the azimuthal orientation of the receiving array of electrical dipoles. Seismoelectric techniques promise to allow mapping even of thin water‐bearing strata within or beneath glaciers or frozen ground, estimation of hydraulic or fluid properties of such strata, as well as monitoring of ice fracturing or basal properties and processes at improved spatial resolution.
Power‐law decay characteristic of coda envelopes revealed from the analysis of regional earthquakes
Authors: Lee Won Sang , Sato Haruo
Published: April 2006

Seismic envelope of coda waves is an efficient measure to estimate physical parameters of the Earth heterogeneity. For NS component seismograms of regional earthquakes recorded by 11 IRIS stations, applying the Hilbert transform to make seismic envelopes in period bands from 0.25–0.5s to 16–32s with lapse time as long as 4000s, we discovered that coda envelopes decay according to some power of lapse time measured from the origin time. It is new and different from the present knowledge about coda envelopes which have been described by several bending curves with different decay rates. The ‘power‐law’ decay characteristic of seismic envelopes indicates that the spectra amplitude of seismic coda could be simply expressed as of the form A(t,TC) ∝ where t is lapse time and TC is central period in second. Applying regression analysis, we found that the exponent α value has period dependence and ranges α1 = 1.3∼6.5 (0.25–0.5s∼16–32s), α2 = 0.6∼6.1 (0.5–1s∼16–32s) for before and after ScS arrival, respectively. Moreover, it shows no significant difference between shallow and deep focus events for periods shorter than 8s. The simple and distinct characteristics of seismic coda envelopes could provide reliable information to determine physical characteristics such as attenuation and scattering to identify the regional difference of medium heterogeneity in the Earth.
Entropy and enthalpy of polyelectrolyte complexation: Langevin dynamics simulations
Authors: Ou Zhaoyang , Muthukumar M.
Published: April 2006

We report a systematic study by Langevin dynamics simulation on the energetics of complexation between two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes of same charge density in dilute solutions of a good solvent with counterions and salt ions explicitly included. The enthalpy of polyelectrolyte complexation is quantified by comparisons of the Coulomb energy before and after complexation. The entropy of polyelectrolyte complexation is determined directly from simulations and compared with that from a mean-field lattice model explicitly accounting for counterion adsorption. At weak Coulomb interaction strengths, e.g., in solvents of high dielectric constant or with weakly charged polyelectrolytes, complexation is driven by a negative enthalpy due to electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged chains, with counterion release entropy playing only a subsidiary role. In the strong interaction regime, complexation is driven by a large counterion release entropy and opposed by a positive enthalpy change. The addition of salt reduces the enthalpy of polyelectrolyte complexation by screening electrostatic interaction at all Coulomb interaction strengths. The counterion release entropy also decreases in the presence of salt, but the reduction only becomes significant at higher Coulomb interaction strengths. More significantly, in the range of Coulomb interaction strengths appropriate for highly charged polymers in aqueous solutions, complexation enthalpy depends weakly on salt concentration and counterion release entropy exhibits a large variation as a function of salt concentration. Our study quantitatively establishes that polyelectrolyte complexation in highly charged Coulomb systems is of entropic origin.
Interatomic Coulombic decay in a heteroatomic rare gas cluster
Authors: Scheit Simona , Averbukh Vitali , Meyer Hans-Dieter , Zobeley Jürgen , Cederbaum Lorenz S.
Published: April 2006

Interatomic decay in a heteroatomic rare gas cluster (NeAr) is studied in detail using ab initio electronic structure description and nuclear dynamics simulations. Decay widths of all possible interatomic decay processes are calculated by the recently developed method based on Green’s function formalism. Kinetic energy spectra of the electrons emitted in the course of interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) are simulated for a series of initial vibrational states of the neutral cluster. The effect of the nuclear dynamics on the ICD electron spectra is discussed.
Atomistic lattice-gas modeling of CO oxidation on Pd(100): Temperature-programed spectroscopy and steady-state behavior
Authors: Liu Da-Jiang , Evans J. W.
Published: April 2006

We have developed an atomistic lattice-gas model for the catalytic oxidation of CO on single-crystal Pd(100) surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. This model necessarily incorporates an detailed description of adlayer ordering and adsorption-desorption kinetics both for CO on Pd(100), and for oxygen on Pd(100). Relevant energetic parameters are determined by comparing model predictions with experiment, together with some guidance from density functional theory calculations. The latter also facilitates description of the interaction and reaction of adsorbed CO and oxygen. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of this reaction model are performed to predict temperature-programed reaction spectra, as well as steady-state bifurcation behavior.