bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychology of Money
Authors: Bijleveld Erik , Schäfer Lena , Rusz Dorottya
Published: March 2019

Around ten thousand years ago, several communities around the world transitioned from a hunter–gatherer lifestyle into an agricultural one. Along with this lifestyle transition, many communities evolved the desire to efficiently store and exchange value. Thus, people invented money, and by now, money plays an important role in most people’s lives. ‘Money’ refers to the institutions people use to store wealth, to measure value, and to exchange goods and services. Also, money encompasses the material objects tied to these institutions, such as coins and banknotes. This article provides a broad overview of the psychological literature on money. In particular, it points the reader to research that addresses the following questions: When and how does money motivate human behavior? When and how does money distract people from working? How does money acquire cultural associations? How do these cultural associations manifest themselves on the behavioral level? How do young children and older adults process money? How does spending money affect people’s feelings? What are the psychological consequences of being wealthy versus being poor? What is the nature of money-related problematic behaviors, such as compulsive spending and pathological gambling? To answer these questions, this bibliography mainly highlights classic and recent psychological research, but it also cites insights from economics, neuroscience, and anthropology.
Paul Muldoon
Authors: Karhio Anne
Published: March 2019

Paul Muldoon was born in Portadown, Northern Ireland, in 1951 and spent his childhood in the village of Moy at the border of County Armagh and County Tyrone—a setting for several of his poems. He studied at Queen’s University Belfast and published his first collections of poetry in the early 1970s. At the time of the publication of his first volumes, Muldoon famously enjoyed the mentorship of Seamus Heaney, and this biographical and literary connection has been a constant reference point in criticism, to an extent that other significant literary exchanges and influences initially remained underexplored. After working for the BBC in Belfast until the mid-1980s, Muldoon moved to the United States in 1987. Now a US citizen, he currently lives in New York and works at Princeton University, where he holds the Howard G. B. Clark ’21 chair in the humanities. Muldoon has published twenty-two major collections of poetry, nineteen chapbooks and interim collections, two volumes of critical essays, three opera libretti, song lyrics, translations, and children’s literature. He has been repeatedly characterized as a shapeshifting figure, whose work simultaneously reaffirms and undermines preheld conceptions of what we mean by “Irish poetry.” Thus, to propose that his idiosyncratic style and the remarkable complexity of his verse resists critical categorization is a case of stating the obvious. A reverse claim, however, might be more appropriate: that his writing embraces such a variety of categories that attempts at classification lose their purpose. Muldoon’s densely referential writing and his technical mastery of poetic language are matched by few poets of his generation, and the issue of how successfully his undeniable dexterity translates into poetic efficacy has been a persistent tendency in his critical reception. Muldoon has been, in turns, praised for his unrivaled skill and technical virtuosity or accused of his poetry’s evasiveness, perceived as a lack of social or political commitment. Yet, few would question that his verse has a place in any overview of modern Irish writing, modern English-language poetry, or experimental 20th- and 21st-century poetics. In the early 21st century, Muldoon’s perceived obliquity, or his distaste for direct political engagement with the crises of late-20th-century Northern Ireland, has made way to a more outspoken approach, in poetry as well as in public life. His work has been highly critical of the US invasion of Iraq, for example, and also tackled problematic aspects of Irish culture and history in an increasingly direct manner.
Writing and Evolutionary Theory
Authors: Hewitt Seán
Published: March 2019

The development of evolutionary theory over the course of the 19th century was not confined to the theory of evolution by natural selection posited by Charles Darwin (b. 1809–d. 1882) and Alfred Russell Wallace (b. 1823–d. 1913). Encompassing the burgeoning science of geology, natural history, and biology and eventually being adapted into sociology, psychology, political theory, economics, and cultural anthropology, the theory of evolution quickly became both pervasive and divisive. Prior to Darwin’s intervention with the Origin of Species (1859), various theories of evolution were circulating, being accommodated within the field of natural theology or constituting a challenge to theories of intelligent design. Over the period, the interplay between literature and evolutionary theory was complex and pronounced: advances in science provoked new formal and thematic concerns for writers, and scientists used poetry and literary techniques to disseminate their arguments to wide readerships. During the period, the rise of natural historical study as a popular pursuit, and the Victorian emphasis on nature study as a moral, even religious, pursuit, meant that evolutionary ideas were adapted for various purposes and contested in both popular and specialist texts. Pre-Darwinian literature circulated evolutionary ideas mainly within the framework of natural theology (proving and discussing God’s existence through the study of Creation), but visions of harmony and beneficent design were challenged through the theory of natural selection, meaning that post-Darwinian literature more fully encompasses anthropological anxiety and the falling off of faith. Religious texts, and theological concerns, are thus central to the interplay between literature and science in the period. Toward the end of the century, the adaptation of Darwinism and evolutionary theory into various disciplines saw a proliferation of social Darwinism, branching off into eugenics, the impact of which would be felt most fully in the 20th century. This article focuses on writing and evolutionary theory in its immediate British and 19th-century contexts.
Cinema and Television
Authors: Burns James M.
Published: March 2019

The history of moving images in Africa dates to the late 19th century, when the first films premiered in South Africa shortly after their world debut in Paris. By 1940 cinema had become a staple of public leisure in urban areas across the continent. In the postwar era cinema’s popularity grew in cities and began to make inroads into rural areas. In the 1930s, colonial administrators started producing didactic films for African consumption. Before the Second World War, the majority of films made for African audiences were produced by administrators in British territories. In the postwar era other colonial governments got involved to varying degrees in the project to educate Africans through film. Films for African education continued to be produced and distributed in the postcolonial era by governments and international aid organizations. The earliest commercial film industry in Africa emerged in South Africa during the silent era. Elsewhere, indigenous production did not begin until the late colonial period. Television came relatively late to Africa, premiering in Nigeria during the waning days of colonial rule and being introduced gradually during the 1960s and 1970s in most nations. The initial reach of television was limited by the poverty of most Africa consumers, and African governments produced few original television programs before 2000. The economic crisis that gripped postcolonial Africa in the 1960s shuttered many urban cinemas and limited television’s reach at a time when it was expanding globally. During this period African artists, frequently with the financial assistance of Western governments, and technical training on both sides of the iron curtain, began producing their own films. A central concern of these pioneering artists was to provide a response to the negative depictions of Africa that were a staple of Western commercial cinema. The distribution of these films was limited on the continent, though many received critical acclaim when shown at film festivals in Europe and North America. In the 1980s audiences in West Africa became consumers of a new genre of moving image, video films, which were produced on limited budgets in urban areas in West Africa. The advent of satellite television services in the 1990s made moving images increasingly accessible to African people across the continent. The end of apartheid in 1990 also proved a fillip to cinema and television production in southern Africa. In the 21st century the availability of visual images has expanded across the continent, as individual ownership of televisions has risen broadly and mobile phone technology has made moving images available to many other consumers.
Ceftaroline-Associated Neutropenia: Case Series and Literature Review of Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes
Authors: Sullivan Eva L , Turner R Brigg , O’Neal Hollis R , Crum-Cianflone Nancy F
Published: March 2019

Ceftaroline is increasingly prescribed for “off-label” indications involving longer durations and higher doses. There have been postmarketing case reports of neutropenia among patients who have received extended durations of ceftaroline, but limited published data currently exist on its incidence and risk factors. We review a total of 37 published cases of ceftaroline-associated neutropenia including cases (n = 4) identified in our health care system. The median time from ceftaroline initiation to development of neutropenia (range) was 25 (8–125) days, with a median duration of neutropenia (range) of 4 (1–16) days. Agranulocytosis (absolute neutrophil count [ANC] nadir < 100 cells/mm3) developed in 49% of cases (n = 18), and there was an ANC nadir of 0 in 27% (n = 10). The overall incidence of neutropenia among cases receiving ceftaroline for ≥7–14 days (range) was 12% (7%–18% per individual study), higher than for comparator antibiotics in the literature. Risk factors for ceftaroline-associated neutropenia varied among studies and remain poorly defined.
Microsurgical Treatment of Foramen Magnum Cognard Type V Dural Arteriovenous Fistula: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Sattur Mithun G , Abi-Aad Karl R , Richards Alexandra E , Chong Brian W , Welz Matthew E , Tian Fucheng , Bendok Bernard R
Published: March 2019

Cognard type V dural fistulas represent a rare and unique entity, and present clinically with myelopathy. They are frequently located around the foramen magnum and are most commonly fed by dural branches of the vertebral and external carotid artery. Detection requires meticulous angiography to define the angioarchitecture of the fistula, which in turn defines the treatment modality. We present the case of a 63 yr old woman, after informed consent was obtained, with prolonged, severe and progressive lower extremity myelopathy for 6 yr, with T2-weighted signal changes in the thoracic spinal cord on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Cervical MRI was unremarkable. Following computed tomography (CT), angiography of the spinal canal that revealed tortuous and dilated veins on the thoracic spinal cord surface, catheter angiography was performed. This demonstrated a fistula in relation to a dural branch of left vertebral artery with a characteristic single draining vein coursing caudally to the thoracic level, with delayed outflow suggestive of venous hypertension. Given the fact that the dural feeder was tortuous and relatively small, thus, precluding distal microcatheter access, and with presence of a single accessible draining vein, microsurgical treatment was preferred. Following a midline suboccipital craniotomy in prone position, a limited vertical dural opening was performed. Careful microsurgical arachnoid dissection revealed the arterialized draining vein with the aid of Indocyanine Green angiography. The draining vein was clipped, coagulated, and disconnected. Postoperative recovery was uneventful and the patient is undergoing rehabilitation therapy. Follow-up angiography showed complete elimination of the fistula. Salient teaching points are narrated at conclusion.
Socioeconomic Status and Macroeconomic Expectations
Authors: Das Sreyoshi , Kuhnen Camelia M , Nagel Stefan
Published: March 2019

We show that individuals’ macroeconomic expectations are influenced by their socioeconomic status (SES). People with higher income or higher education are more optimistic about future macroeconomic developments, including business conditions, the national unemployment rate, and stock market returns. The spread in beliefs between high- and low-SES individuals diminishes significantly during recessions. A comparison with professional forecasters and historical data reveals that the beliefs wedge reflects excessive pessimism on the part of low-SES individuals. SES-driven expectations help explain why higher-SES individuals are more inclined to invest in the stock market and more likely to consider purchasing homes, durable goods, or cars.

Received November 13, 2017; editorial decision February 12, 2019 by Editor Wei Jiang. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
The Foodways of the Intellectual Dark Web: To “Meat” or not to “Meat”
Authors: Sikka Tina
Published: March 2019

This article provides a critique and explanation of dietary practices that are part of a mediatized subcultural political movement associated with the right of the political spectrum in the United States. This movement has brought together political ideologues, academics, public intellectuals, and young, largely white, men for whom particular foodways play a part in the reclamation of a perceived lost sense of dignity, status, and power. I argue that in examining the rise of the paleo and vegan/vegetarian diets a largely ignored aspect of a subculture that has been gaining both increasing attention can be better understood and challenged.
Factors associated with completion of childhood immunization in Malawi: a multilevel analysis of the 2015–16 Malawi demographic and health survey
Authors: Ntenda Peter Austin Morton , Nkoka Owen , Nana Andrè Wendindonde , Majoni Precious , Mhone Thomas Gabriel , Tizifa Tinashe , Mwenyenkulu Edward Tisungane , Kazambwe Jane Flora , Putthanachote Nuntiput , Motsa Mfundi President Stam
Published: March 2019

Background

Between 2010 and 2015, the percentage of children 12–23 months of age who received full immunization in Malawi decreased from 81% to 76%, prompting us to investigate the factors associated with completion of childhood immunization in Malawi.

Methods

Using data from the 2015–16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, generalized linear mixed models were applied on 3145 children 12–23 months of age nested within 850 communities. Complete immunization was defined as the child having received a Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, three doses of pentavalent vaccine, four doses of oral polio vaccine, three doses of pneumococcal vaccine, two doses of rotavirus vaccine and one dose of measles vaccine before their first birthday.

Results

Adjusted multilevel regression showed that children born to mothers with either none or one antenatal care visit (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.56 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.32 to 0.93]) and whose mothers had no card or no longer had a vaccination card (aOR 0.06 [95% CI 0.04 to 0.07]) were less likely to receive complete immunization. In addition, children from the poorest households (aOR 0.60 [95% CI 0.40 to 0.92]) and who resided in communities with a medium (aOR 0.73 [95% CI 0.53 to 0.98]) or high percentage (aOR 0.73 [95% CI 0.53 to 0.99]) of households that perceived the distance to the nearest health facility as a big problem had reduced odds of achieving complete immunization. Furthermore, the findings showed evidence of clustering effects of childhood complete immunization at the community level.

Conclusions

Our findings show that a series of sociodemographic, health and contextual factors are associated with the completion of childhood vaccination. Therefore interventions that aim at increasing the completion of childhood immunization in Malawi should not only address individual needs, but should also consider contextual factors and the communities addressed in this study.
Acute Pancreatitis: Radiologic Diagnosis and 2012 Revised Atlanta Classification
Authors: Kuo Frank , Patel Cecil , Wei Sindy , Masamed Rinat , Pahwa Anokh , Kadell Barbara , Patel Maitraya
Published: March 2019

Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammation of the pancreas with variable severity and prognosis depending on the presence of associated local or systemic complications. Acute pancreatitis is the leading gastrointestinal cause of hospitalization in the United States, and gallstones and alcohol abuse are the first and second most common causes of acute pancreatitis, respectively.1 Radiologists play a critical role in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and identification of its complications to guide treatment and intervention.
Exploring Public Health and Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Each Other’s Professional Roles
Authors: White Sam , Lambert Susan , Visker Joseph , Lasser Ben , Banez Christian , Puett Eli , Larson Karl , Cox Carol
Published: March 2019

Public health education specialists and nurses often work interprofessionally in the public health setting. Using a mixed-methods design, this exploratory study evaluated the effect of an online interprofessional case study activity on nursing and public health education students’ perceptions of each other’s professional role. For the public health experimental group only, a statistically significant change (p < .05) was found in their perceptions of the professional roles of nurses including large changes in six specific domains. Recommendations for implementing interprofessional education programs include more emphasis on education about professional scopes of practice and roles/responsibilities of the health professions.
Challenges and Opportunities on Health Sciences Regional Campuses: A Multidiscipline, Multicampus Survey
Authors: Page Robin L. , Pepper Catherine , VanBuren Vincent
Published: March 2019

AIM

We explored faculty and staff perceptions of the challenges and opportunities of working on regional campuses of a large academic health science center.

BACKGROUND

The growth of multicampus academic institutions presents numerous issues for intercampus planning and for organizational/professional relationships. We were interested in learning how regional campus faculty and staff experienced these issues, with the practical goal of making recommendations to both central and regional campus administrations.

METHOD

A cross-sectional, online survey was distributed to faculty and staff who worked at regional campuses of a large health sciences university.

RESULTS

Regional faculty and staff felt more valued by local colleagues and administrators than by their central campus counterparts. Top challenges were central administration’s lack of communication and understanding of regionals’ unique circumstances and needs.

CONCLUSION

Regional campuses’ workplace experience is significantly different from that of central campus. More timely communication and active solicitation of regional campus input are needed.
Veterans as Students in Higher Education: A Scoping Review
Authors: Dyar Kelly
Published: March 2019

AIM

The aim of this study was to determine what is known about military veterans as students in higher education and inform nurse educators.

BACKGROUND

Military veterans are increasingly enrolling in higher education and in nursing programs and may provide a recruitment source for nursing education.

METHOD

A scoping review of literature published after 2011 was performed to determine characteristics of military veterans as students. Twelve sources were identified.

RESULTS

Military veterans have multiple strengths yet may also experience barriers to success. As a result, veterans may struggle to transition from the rigid military environment to the more relaxed college setting.

CONCLUSION

Military veterans may provide a recruitment source for the nursing workforce. Gaining knowledge of the strengths and barriers faced by these students may help nurse educators plan strategies for achieving academic success.
Debriefing for Professional Practice Placements in Nursing: A Concept Analysis
Authors: Fisher Margaret Ellen M. , Oudshoorn Abe
Published: March 2019

AIM

The aim of the study was to provide an in-depth analysis on the concept of debriefing for professional practice placements within baccalaureate nursing education.

BACKGROUND

When conducted properly, debriefing leads to positive outcomes on undergraduate nursing students’ learning. However, if debriefing is conducted poorly, it can inhibit students’ learning. Clarification of debriefing as a concept in professional practice placements is integral to its development and successful use within undergraduate nursing education.

METHOD

The Walker and Avant concept analysis model was used in this study.

RESULTS

The analysis identified four defining attributes (description, emotion, analytical reflection, application), three antecedents (an experience, a supportive and respectful environment, and a competent and knowledgeable debrief facilitator), and three consequences (increased knowledge, increased confidence in knowledge, and increased clinical judgment/clinical decision making).

CONCLUSION

Knowledge of the defining attributes, antecedents, consequences of debriefing, and empiric referents assists educators in developing successful debriefing frameworks and instrument evaluation criteria for use in professional practice placements.
The Divergence and Convergence of Critical Reflection and Critical Reflexivity: Implications for Health Professions Education
Authors: Ng Stella L. , Wright Sarah R. , Kuper Ayelet
Published: March 2019

As a field, health professions education (HPE) has begun to answer calls to draw on social sciences and humanities (SS&H) knowledge and approaches for curricular content, design, and pedagogy. Two commonly used SS&H concepts in HPE are critical reflection and critical reflexivity. But these are often conflated, misunderstood, and misapplied. Improved clarity of these concepts may positively affect both the education and practice of health professionals. Thus, the authors seek to clarify the origins of each, identify the similarities and differences between them, and delineate the types of teaching and assessment methods that fit with critical reflection and/or critical reflexivity. Common to both concepts is an ultimate goal of social improvement. Key differences include the material emphasis of critical reflection and the discursive emphasis of critical reflexivity. These similarities and differences result in some different and some similar teaching and assessment approaches, which are highlighted through examples. The authors stress that all scientific and social scientific concepts and methods imported into HPE must be subject to continued scrutiny both from within their originating disciplines and in HPE. This continued questioning is core to the ongoing development of the HPE field and also to health professionals’ thinking and practice.
Extracorporeal Arteriovenous Ultrasound Measurement of Cardiac Output in Small Children
Authors: Sigurdsson Theodor S. , Aronsson Anders , Lindberg Lars
Published: March 2019

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

To date, there are not clinically practical, accurate, and precise noninvasive methods for measuring cardiac output in small children

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

This study describes a noninvasive method by which ultrasound can be used in small children to determine cardiac output with good precision

After surgery in 43 small children for repair of atrial or ventricular septal defects, cardiac output measurements performed using saline bolus injections and ultrasound detection of the expected blood dilution showed similar precision for measuring cardiac output as a cardiac outputs measured using periaortic flow probe

Background

Technology for cardiac output (CO) and blood volume measurements has been developed based on blood dilution with a small bolus of physiologic body temperature saline, which, after transcardiopulmonary mixing, is detected with ultrasound sensors attached to an extracorporeal arteriovenous loop using existing central venous and peripheral arterial catheters. This study aims to compare the precision and agreement of this technology to measure cardiac output with a reference method, a perivascular flow probe placed around the aorta, in young children. The null hypothesis is that the methods are equivalent in precision, and there is no bias in the cardiac output measurements.

Methods

Forty-three children scheduled for cardiac surgery were included in this prospective single-center comparison study. After corrective cardiac surgery, five consecutive repeated cardiac output measurements were performed simultaneously by both methods.

Results

A total of 215 cardiac output measurements were compared in 43 children. The mean age of the children was 354 days (range, 30 to 1,303 days), and the mean weight was 7.1 kg (range, 2.7 to 13.6 kg). The precision assessed as two times the coefficient of error was 3.6% for the ultrasound method and 5.0% for the flow probe. Bias (mean COultrasound 1.28 l/min − mean COflow probe 1.20 l/min) was 0.08 l/min, limits of agreement was ±0.32 l/min, and the percentage error was 26.6%.

Conclusions

The technology to measure cardiac output with ultrasound detection of blood dilution after a bolus injection of saline yields comparable precision as cardiac output measurements by a periaortic flow probe. The difference in accuracy in the measured cardiac output between the methods can be explained by the coronary blood flow, which is excluded in the cardiac output measurements by the periaortic flow probe.
Linking Big Data and Prediction Strategies: Tools, Pitfalls, and Lessons Learned
Authors: Yang Shiming , Stansbury Lynn G. , Rock Peter , Scalea Thomas , Hu Peter F.
Published: March 2019

Objectives:

Modern critical care amasses unprecedented amounts of clinical data—so called “big data”—on a minute-by-minute basis. Innovative processing of these data has the potential to revolutionize clinical prognostics and decision support in the care of the critically ill but also forces clinicians to depend on new and complex tools of which they may have limited understanding and over which they have little control. This concise review aims to provide bedside clinicians with ways to think about common methods being used to extract information from clinical big datasets and to judge the quality and utility of that information.

Data Sources:

We searched the free-access search engines PubMed and Google Scholar using the MeSH terms “big data”, “prediction”, and “intensive care” with iterations of a range of additional potentially associated factors, along with published bibliographies, to find papers suggesting illustration of key points in the structuring and analysis of clinical “big data,” with special focus on outcomes prediction and major clinical concerns in critical care.

Study Selection:

Three reviewers independently screened preliminary citation lists.

Data Extraction:

Summary data were tabulated for review.

Data Synthesis:

To date, most relevant big data research has focused on development of and attempts to validate patient outcome scoring systems and has yet to fully make use of the potential for automation and novel uses of continuous data streams such as those available from clinical care monitoring devices.

Conclusions:

Realizing the potential for big data to improve critical care patient outcomes will require unprecedented team building across disparate competencies. It will also require clinicians to develop statistical awareness and thinking as yet another critical judgment skill they bring to their patients’ bedsides and to the array of evidence presented to them about their patients over the course of care.
Morphine Dose Optimization in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients With Acute Respiratory Failure: A Population Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacogenomic Study
Authors: Zuppa Athena F. , Benitez Giselle R. , Zane Nicole R. , Curley Martha A. Q. , Bradfield Jonathan , Hakonarson Hakon , Gastonguay Madeleine S. , Moorthy Ganesh , Prodell Janice , Gastonguay Marc R.
Published: March 2019

Objective:

To develop a pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenomic population model of morphine in critically ill children with acute respiratory failure.

Design:

Prospective pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenomic observational study.

Setting:

Thirteen PICUs across the United States.

Patients:

Pediatric subjects (n= 66) mechanically ventilated for acute respiratory failure, weight greater than or equal to 7 kg, receiving morphine and/or midazolam continuous infusions.

Interventions:

Serial blood sampling for drug quantification and a single blood collection for genomic evaluation.

Measurements and Main Results:

Concentrations of morphine, the two main metabolites, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide, were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry/mass spectroscopy. Subjects were genotyped using the Illumina HumanOmniExpress genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism chip. Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was performed to develop the pharmacokinetic-pharmacogenomic model. A two-compartment model with linear elimination and two individual compartments for metabolites best describe morphine disposition in this population. Our analysis demonstrates that body weight and postmenstrual age are relevant predictors of pharmacokinetic parameters of morphine and its metabolites. Furthermore, our research shows that a duration of mechanical ventilation greater than or equal to 10 days reduces metabolite formation and elimination upwards of 30%. However, due to the small sample size and relative heterogeneity of the population, no heritable factors associated with uridine diphosphate glucuronyl transferase 2B7 metabolism of morphine were identified.

Conclusions:

The results provide a better understanding of the disposition of morphine and its metabolites in critically ill children with acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation due to nonheritable factors. It also provides the groundwork for developing additional studies to investigate the role of heritable factors.
Oral potentially malignant disorders: clinical diagnosis and current screening aids: a narrative review
Authors: Parakh Mayank K. , Ulaganambi Shriraam , Ashifa Nisha , Premkumar Reshma , Jain Amit L.
Published: March 2019

Around 300 000 patients are estimated to have oral cancer worldwide annually, and the incidence is higher in South Asian countries. In 2005, at the Congress of WHO, the term potentially malignant disorder (PMD)/lesion was suggested as a replacement for premalignant oral lesions and conditions. PMDs are those lesions of the oral mucosa that are at an increased risk of malignant transformation compared with the healthy mucosa. PMDs consist of leukoplakia, erythroplakia, oral lichen planus, oral submucous fibrosis, and other miscellaneous lesions. A literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science without any language restrictions. There is no standardized method for identifying a site for biopsy and various methods such as toluidine blue stain, methylene blue, Lugol’s iodine, and chemiluminescence have been proposed in the literature. Despite easy access to the oral cavity, there has been significant mortality associated with oral cancer as they are often diagnosed late because of the inability of healthcare professionals to identify them at early premalignant states. This article aims to provide healthcare professionals with the knowledge to identify potentially malignant disorders and to aid them in biopsy site identification.
Characterizing Early State Regulation in Preterm Infants
Authors: Litt Jonathan S. , Ho Timmy , Obregon Evelyn , Patel Palak , Ziyeh Tiglath , McCormick Marie C.
Published: March 2019

Objectives:

To characterize state regulation and behavior of preterm infants after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

Methods:

We recruited singleton infants born at ≤35 weeks of gestational age (GA) before NICU discharge. Parents completed surveys at discharge and 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge. Infant medical history was gleaned from the medical record. Surveys captured sociodemographic information and measures of infant state regulation (Baby Pediatric Symptom Checklist [BPSC]) and feeding behaviors. We calculated the median BPSC subscale scores at each time point and the proportion of infants with scores in the problem range (≥3/5). We explored longitudinal and cross-sectional correlates of BPSC scores.

Results:

Fifty families completed the discharge questionnaire, and 42 (84%) completed the 6-month questionnaire. The median GA at birth was 34 weeks (IQR 30.1, 34.4 weeks); the median birth weight was 1930 g (IQR 1460, 2255 g). The median scores were above population norms for irritability and difficulty with routines. Twenty-one infants (40%) had irritability subscale scores in the problem range at 1 month, and 20 (38%) had problem scores on difficulties with routines. Only 9 infants (17%) had problem scores on the inflexibility subscale. Scores in all 3 domains showed different patterns from population norms from 1 to 6 months. BPSC scores were correlated with infant feeding behaviors at 1, 3, and 6 months.

Conclusion:

Scores for irritability and difficulty with routines among preterm infants were high compared with population norms and differed from normative values through 6 months after discharge. Preterm infants demonstrate problems with state regulation after NICU discharge that may require directed intervention.
Children's Inattention and Hyperactivity, Mother's Parenting, and Risk Behaviors in Adolescence: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study of Chilean Children
Authors: Nelson Theodora , East Patricia , Delva Jorge , Lozoff Betsy , Gahagan Sheila
Published: March 2019

Objective:

To examine how mothers' nurturant and, separately, hostile parenting mediate the effects of young children's inattentiveness and hyperactivity on risk behaviors in adolescence.

Method:

Data were analyzed from 920 healthy Chilean children, studied at 5.5, 10 years, and adolescence. Children's hyperactivity and inattentiveness at 5.5 years were assessed by mother ratings on the Children's Adaptive Behavior Inventory. Mothers' nurturance and hostility toward the child at 10 years were assessed by maternal interview on the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment. Youth's delinquent and aggressive behaviors in adolescence were compiled from the Youth Self-Report questionnaire, and youth's substance use in adolescence was assessed by an extensive self-report substance use inventory. Structural equation modeling was used to identify direct and indirect effects.

Results:

Findings supported a mediating effect, with more severe child hyperactivity at 5.5 years leading to mothers' greater hostility toward her child at age 10, which, in turn, led to greater delinquency and aggression in adolescence. Marginal mediating effects were also found from child hyperactivity and inattention at 5.5 years to mothers' lower nurturance at 10 years to youth substance use in adolescence.

Conclusion:

Mothers' hostile treatment of children with hyperactive or inattentive behaviors contributed to adolescent risk behaviors and is an area of intervention.
Thyroid Nodules and Thyroid Cancer in Pregnancy
Authors: SULLIVAN SCOTT A.
Published: March 2019

Thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer discovered during pregnancy can result in significant anxiety for patients may present a challenge for providers. The prevalence of thyroid nodules is reported to vary between 3% and 21%. The estimated overall prevalence of thyroid cancer during pregnancy is 14.4 per 100,000 births. Imaging and possible tissue diagnosis should be considered for palpable thyroid nodules. Benign or stable nodules can usually be observed through pregnancy. Suspicious masses may require surgical treatment, best handled through multidisciplinary care. Clinicians should be aware of the care and management recommendations during the antepartum and postpartum periods.
Expanded Preconception Carrier Screening in Clinical Practice: Review of Technology, Guidelines, Implementation Challenges, and Ethical Quandaries
Authors: ZHANG TING , MADEIRA JODY , LU YAO , SUN YUN , MERTES HEIDI , PENNINGS GUIDO , LINDHEIM STEVEN R.
Published: March 2019

In the last 10 years, expanded preconception carrier screening has become widely available and helps patients/couples make more informed decisions with regard to their reproductive options and facilitates more effective preconception planning, prenatal diagnosis, condition-specific counseling, and condition-specific care. This review provides an overview of expanded preconception carrier screening’s high-throughput genotyping and sequencing approaches, current guidelines, implementation challenges and evolving ethical quandaries.
Radiation Monitoring of an Isolation Room for 131I Therapy After the Patients Were Released
Authors: Karo Choeung , Ideguchi Reiko , Nishi Kodai , Fukuda Naoko , Miura Miwa , Matuda Naoki , Kudo Takashi
Published: March 2019

Purpose: This study was performed to obtain a better understanding of the radiation environment in an 131I isolation room after the release of patients with metastasis from thyroid cancer that were treated with 131I doses ranging from 3.7 GBq (100 mCi) to 5.5 GBq (150 mCi) because there have not been any previous studies regarding the ambient radiation levels encountered in 131I isolation rooms after patients are released. Methods: Ambient radiation levels and total and removable surface contamination levels were monitored for 3 weeks after each patient’s release (and before the entry of the next patient). An area located 0.75 m along the corridor outside the room, the door, window, bedside, and the wall of the shower room were monitored with a Nal scintillation survey meter, which was used to obtain readings of the ambient radiation level in six directions, and the mean value for each area was recorded. In addition, areas that were suspected to be highly contaminated, including the toilet bowl, toilet sink, bed head, back of the bed, sink, trash box, and the patient’s pillow, were monitored for total surface contamination with a GM survey meter. Furthermore, the toilet’s U-bend, toilet sink, bed guard, table, shielding, sink plug, and door knob were swabbed for monitoring removable surface contamination, which was measured using a well counter. Conclusion: Ambient radiation monitoring in an 131I isolation room showed that there was negligible risk of harm in terms of the occupational radiation dose level after patients were released. The ambient radiation dose rate was higher near the door because the sink and trash box were located nearby. The toilet bowl, the toilet’s U-bend, and the area around the sink exhibited heavy surface contamination, so these areas require cautious hygiene management.
Complete Inferior Rectus Transection Following Blunt Trauma: A Case Report and Novel Approach to Surgical Repair
Authors: Tynan Dominique , Dunn Hamish , Roberts Timothy
Published: March 2019

Inferior rectus avulsion following blunt trauma is rare, with even fewer reported cases of complete transection. The authors report a case of orbital floor fracture and inferior rectus muscle transection without herniation following blunt orbital trauma. This case first highlights the difficulty in diagnosing complete inferior rectus muscle transection clinically and with imaging and second that an acceptable functional outcome can be achieved by a novel surgical repair approach utilizing contiguous orbital anatomical relations of the inferior oblique and inferior rectus muscles.
Hyaluronic Acid Gel Biodegradation After Intrapalpebral and Intraorbital Injection in Experimental Study
Authors: Sheptulin Vladimir , Fedorov Anatoly , Prause Jan , Fay Aaron , Grusha Yaroslav
Published: March 2019

Purpose:

Amid the increasing clinical application of hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers in the ocular adnexa is a paucity of histological data concerning the fate of the injected material. The current study documents the in vivo biodegradation of HA deposited in the eyelid and orbit.

Methods:

The study included 22 chinchilla rabbits. The right upper eyelid of 12 rabbits received a single 0.2 ml Restylane (Galderma, Uppsala, Sweden) subcutaneous injection. In 10 different rabbits, the right orbit was injected with 1.0 ml Restylane SubQ (Galderma, Uppsala, Sweden) in the extraconal space. The rabbits in the eyelid group were euthanized at 2 weeks, 1 month, 2, 4, 6, and 9 months, while the rabbits in the orbit group were euthanized at 1 month, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Histological analysis was performed on the harvested samples.

Results:

In the eyelid, the HA assumed a sponge-like structure that diminished gradually over time. At 9 months, the injected HA partially persisted, mainly in the peripheral areas of injection. A similar histologic pattern was observed in the injected orbits, with slow changes persisting at the eighteenth month. In both cohorts, clear signs of collagen deposition and pseudocapsule formation were observed around HA droplets, with no signs inflammation.

Conclusions:

HA injected subcutaneously into the eyelid and orbit of rabbits undergoes slow and gradual biodegradation, with HA persisting to no less than 9 months in the eyelid and 18 months in orbit. Neocollagen synthesis and lack of hyaluronidase activity could explain the unexpectedly prolonged HA persistence.
Orbital Atypical Lipomatous Tumor/Well-Differentiated Liposarcoma Masquerading as Pleomorphic Lipoma: A Diagnostic Challenge
Authors: McKey Kyle , Zhang Paul J. L. , Shields Carol L. , Lally Sara E. , Eagle Ralph C. , Milman Tatyana
Published: March 2019

Atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma is a common neoplasm of the superficial and deep soft tissues of the extremities, trunk, and retroperitoneum. Atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma is very rare in the orbit, with only 19 previously reported cases. The authors describe a 22-year-old woman who presented with an 8-month history of diplopia and was found to have an orbital mass on MRI. The excised tumor initially was interpreted as spindle cell/pleomorphic lipoma based on its morphologic and immunohistochemical features. Nine years later, the patient returned with a recurrence that required surgical debulking. Histopathologic and molecular cytogenetic evaluation of both primary and recurrent lesions disclosed Atypical lipomatous tumor/well-differentiated liposarcoma. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges and the importance of molecular genetic studies in evaluation of fatty orbital tumors.
Risk factors for hospital-acquired non–catheter-associated urinary tract infection
Authors: Aloush Sami M. , Al Qadire Mohammad , Assmairan Kholoud , Al sheikh Hind , Mosbah Adel , Hussien Hamzah , Al bzoor Baha'a
Published: March 2019

Background and purpose:

Nosocomial urinary tract infection in patients with no Foley catheter [non–catheter-associated urinary tract infection (non-CAUTI)] has been a serious health issue that is associated with an increase in the cost of care, morbidity, and mortality. Identifying the risk factors of non-CAUTI would help determine patients at high risk and prevent complications. This study aims to identify the risk factors of non-CAUTI.

Method:

This study was conducted in four hospitals in three Middle Eastern countries: Jordan, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. A convenience sample of 189 participants was recruited, of which 83 had non-CAUTI. Case–control design was used. Patients who had non-CAUTI while hospitalized were compared with others who did not. A questionnaire was developed based on the non-CAUTI diagnostic criteria from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The questionnaire contained two parts: part one included participants’ characteristics and part two assessed the symptoms of non-CAUTI.

Conclusion:

Comorbidity is associated with a higher risk of having nosocomial non-CAUTI among hospitalized patients. This study showed that the diagnosis and management of comorbidity is important in lowering the risk of non-CAUTI in hospitalized patients. Age and antibiotic administration were statistically significant; however, their effects were small and were unlikely to have any clinical significance.

Implication for practice:

Identifying patients at high risk is imperative to prevent the development of non-CAUTI. Nurse practitioners may implement an early intervention for patients with comorbidity to counteract its effect on patients' health.
Advancing the practice of nursing through specialty fellowship development for pediatric nurse practitioners
Authors: Keefe Marcoux Kelly , Dickson Shayleigh , Clarkson Kristin
Published: March 2019

Fellowship training for physicians has historically been a training model for physicians to specialize their practice and develop research skills following medical school and residency. Advanced practice registered nurses, specifically nurse practitioners (NPs) practice in primary care, acute care, and specialty settings across the lifespan. Fellowship programs have emerged as a way for NPs to specialize their practice and meet the needs of an expanding health care system. This article describes the design, implementation, and outcomes of two similar yet distinct specialty NP fellowship programs: one in Developmental–Behavioral Pediatrics and one in Pediatric Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
Enteral versus oral feeding in advanced dementia
Authors: Vellani Shirin
Published: March 2019

The global population is aging, and with this demographic shift, the incidence and prevalence of dementia are expected to increase. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 50 million people are living with dementia worldwide, and this number is expected to triple to 150 million by 2050. Dementia initially affects the brain, eventually affecting the entire body culminating in death, commonly from the complications and comorbidities. People with dementia often experience eating difficulties in addition to a severe decline in cognitive, verbal, and functional abilities secondary to gradual neurodegenerative process, leading to weight loss, malnutrition, and dehydration. When eating difficulties and weight loss occur, health care providers and families often feel obligated to decide to either continue the oral feeding or opt for feeding tube placement. Primary care clinicians, both nurse practitioners and physicians, are presented with challenges when facilitating the decision regarding the feeding options in patients with advanced dementia. This narrative review aims at evaluating the impact of enteral nutrition versus oral feeding by comparing the rates of survival and adverse events in older adults with advanced dementia. It also highlights the best approaches to optimizing nutrition for this frail population.