bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uticaj porođajne mase i aktuelne težine deteta na nastanak prevremenog puberteta
Authors: Marković-Jovanović Snežana , Ješić Maja , Bojić Vlada , Jovanović Aleksandar , Živković Zorica , Karanović Andrijana , Zdravković Vera
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Puberty is a juvenile developmental period accompanied by intensive growth and acquisition of reproductive ability. The onset of puberty is influenced by many factors: genetics, neuropeptides and glycoproteins, gonadotropins, sex hormones and the child's nutrition status. Premature puberty is defined as the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics in girls before the age of 8, and in boys before the age of 9. The aim of this paper is to analyze the published results on the importance and influence of factors such as birth weight, current weight and BMI on the development of premature puberty. Results: Eating disorders caused by eating high-calorie foods lead a child to obesity, which is accompanied by premature puberty. On the other hand, conditions characterized by reduced nutrition may be accompanied by delayed puberty. According to the results of this study, children with more pronounced manifestations of precocious puberty had a significantly lower birth weight Discussion: Birth weight of less than 2500g, as well as newborns' SGA (small for gestational age), are directly related to earlier pubertal maturation. Five decades ago, Frich et al. found that reaching a body weight of 48 kg in girls is a "critical mass" for development of menarche. Conclusion: The occurrence of secondary sexual characteristics is more frequent in children with increased body weight and correlates inversely with the child's birthweight.
Bruxism
Authors: Đorđević Nadica , Todić Jelena , Lazić Dragoslav , Šehalić Meliha , Mitić Ankica , Radosavljević Radivoje , Đorđević Aleksandar , Šubarić Ljiljana
Published: December 2020

Bruxism is a parafunctional activity of the masticatory system, which is characterized by clenching or scraping of teeth. This condition is often accompanied by a change in the shape and size of the teeth, as well as the function of the stomatognathic system. Bruxism can occur during sleep and in the waking state. The etiology is multifactorial and all causes can be divided into peripheral and central. The clinical signs and symptoms of bruxism are primarily characterized by temporomandibular disorders, the appearance of bruxofacets and changes in the hard dental tissues, supporting apparatus of the teeth and masticatory muscles, as well as headaches. The diagnosis of bruxism is made on the basis of anamnesis and clinical signs and symptoms, while electromyography and polysomnographic analysis are used in scientific researches. Therapy is aimed at controlling etiological factors and reducing symptoms. Occlusal splints are the most commonly used in the treatment of bruxism. Medications are used in situations when other methods, including psychotherapy, do not give positive results. Given the multifactorial etiology, the therapeutic approach must be multidisciplinary. The approach to the patient must be individual in order to treat as effectively as possible.
Possibilities and limitations of local economic development in Serbia
Authors: Aničić Dušan , Gligorijević Jasmina , Jelić Miloje , Stojanović Milosav
Published: December 2020

The practice in developed countries has shown a necessity for local government's stronger inclusion in local economic development issues. The economic system in Serbia has features of high unemployment rate and low living standard among the population, and therefore local government taking a larger part in local economic development issues is seen as a real possibility for reducing these problems. Although most of the economic policy instruments lie within the central government jurisdiction, which largely restricts local government possibilities, there is still an important area for local government influence on economic development. There are numerous obstacles for a successful application of the local economic development concept in Serbia, which causes the municipality and regional potentials to be used much less than the possibilities allow, and it has a negative reflection, especially in rural and undeveloped areas.
Cyber security and need to change the model of monitoring fraud and financial crime
Authors: Radić Nikola
Published: December 2020

The world is fundamentally changing , which leads to dramatic changes in opportunities and risks. In this regard, banks are facing three interrelated fundamental changes. First, the digital revolution has drastically increased the availability and use of data and the speed of decision-making. Second, technological innovation accelerates changes in the competitive and consumer environment in which banks operate. Finally, hyperconnection multiplies the speed of information flow and reshapes the way people think and act, influencing the nature of a bank's relationship with its customers and other stakeholders. The unprecedented speed of change and the high degree of uncertainty suggest the need to introduce different approaches to risk. For banks and other financial institutions, threats arise inside and out, ranging from inappropriate and illegal behavior by employees, to sophisticated cybercrime, trade wars and climate change. As a result, risk functions need to become more dynamic and flexible, they need to help guide institutions through a complex and changing environment of opportunities and risks, while meeting new expectations key actors - regulators, legislators, shareholders, customers (clients) and the community as a whole. The paper especially emphasizes the issue of fraud, various forms of financial crime in relation to cyber security.
Improvement of hot cracking susceptibility and productivity using Super-TIG welding for 9% Nickel-steel
Authors: Cheepua Muralimohan , Parkb Jung , Baekc Hyo , Chod Sang
Published: December 2020

9% Nickel steel has been widely used for storage of liquefied gases, oxygen, and nitrogen in competition with aluminium and austenitic alloys due to its low cost. The development of 9% nickel steel with low ductile-brittle transition temperatures reformed the LNG industry by extensive storage and transportation. In recent years, the demand for 9% nickel steel fuel tanks increasing due to the International Maritime Organization regulations on the reduction of sulphur oxides from 3.5% to 0.5%. Hence, the LNG fuel tanks made with 9% nickel steel became a major part of the international energy industry. However, the weldability, fabrication cost, and productivity of these steels are one of the major concerns for manufacturers. Flux cored arc welding (FCAW) process is the most commonly used joining method for 9% nickel steel with Hastelloy fillers. In FCAW, the loss of deposited metal due to inter pass cleaning by grinding action caused to a reduction in total productivity. Demands for higher production, low cost, better mechanical properties, and reliability are the main driving forces for new developments in this area. To achieve these, the most recently developed "Super-TIG Welding" with C-type filler was successfully applied to improve the 9% Nickel steel weldability, productivity and, mechanical and metallurgical properties of the butt welds. In SuperTIG welding, alloy 625 filler was used, which is cheaper and good weldability over the Hastelloy fillers. The weldability evaluation tests resulted in improved resistance to hot cracking susceptibility using Super-TIG welding. The mechanical properties of the Super-TIG welded joints performed better than the FCAW joints. Most importantly, the productivity of the welding dramatically improved by Super-TIG welding. Super-TIG welding is capable of producing higher feeding rates with clean beads. Therefore, the alloy 625 C-Filler and avoidance of inter pass cleaning in Super-TIG welding resulting in increased productivity. The newly developed Super-TIG welding achieved many things to obtain satisfactory products in the recent welding industry.
L’immigration dans le discours public et social franco-albertain : une analyse thématique du journal Le Franco (1998-2007)
Authors: Mulatris Paulin
Published: December 2020

Au cours des décennies qui se sont écoulées depuis sa création en 1929, le journal Le Franco, anciennement La Survivance, s’est présenté comme un espace d’expression publique et une plateforme importante dans différents dossiers – communautaires, constitutionnels et scolaires – touchant à la francophonie albertaine. Peu à peu, d’abord durant les années 1990, et plus intensément durant les années 2000, la thématique de l’immigration s’est imposée comme un dossier incontournable dans les milieux franco-albertains. L’arrivée en scène de cette nouvelle thématique a mené à la reconfiguration du journal Le Franco en tant que lieu d’expression de la diversité. Ce texte se propose d’éclairer la mise en forme de l’immigration dans les pages du journal Le Franco, en plus de réfléchir à l’impact de ce discours médiatique sur la population immigrante.
Dynamics of diffusive cell signaling relays
Authors: Dieterle Paul B , Min Jiseon , Irimia Daniel , Amir Ariel
Published: December 2020

In biological contexts as diverse as development, apoptosis, and synthetic microbial consortia, collections of cells or subcellular components have been shown to overcome the slow signaling speed of simple diffusion by utilizing diffusive relays, in which the presence of one type of diffusible signaling molecule triggers participation in the emission of the same type of molecule. This collective effect gives rise to fast-traveling diffusive waves. Here, in the context of cell signaling, we show that system dimensionality – the shape of the extracellular medium and the distribution of cells within it – can dramatically affect the wave dynamics, but that these dynamics are insensitive to details of cellular activation. As an example, we show that neutrophil swarming experiments exhibit dynamical signatures consistent with the proposed signaling motif. We further show that cell signaling relays generate much steeper concentration profiles than does simple diffusion, which may facilitate neutrophil chemotaxis.
A Bayesian approach to dynamic homology of morphological characters and the ancestral phenotype of jawed vertebrates
Authors: King Benedict , Rücklin Martin
Published: December 2020

Phylogenetic analysis of morphological data proceeds from a fixed set of primary homology statements, the character-by-taxon matrix. However, there are cases where multiple conflicting homology statements can be justified from comparative anatomy. The upper jaw bones of placoderms have traditionally been considered homologous to the palatal vomer-dermopalatine series of osteichthyans. The discovery of ‘maxillate’ placoderms led to the alternative hypothesis that ‘core’ placoderm jaw bones are premaxillae and maxillae lacking external (facial) laminae. We introduce a BEAST2 package for simultaneous inference of homology and phylogeny, and find strong evidence for the latter hypothesis. Phenetic analysis of reconstructed ancestors suggests that maxillate placoderms are the most plesiomorphic known gnathostomes, and the shared cranial architecture of arthrodire placoderms, maxillate placoderms and osteichthyans is inherited. We suggest that the gnathostome ancestor possessed maxillae and premaxillae with facial and palatal laminae, and that these bones underwent divergent evolutionary trajectories in placoderms and osteichthyans.
The actin-modulating protein synaptopodin mediates long-term survival of dendritic spines
Authors: Yap Kenrick , Drakew Alexander , Smilovic Dinko , Rietsche Michael , Paul Mandy H , Vuksic Mario , Del Turco Domenico , Deller Thomas
Published: December 2020

Large spines are stable and important for memory trace formation. The majority of large spines also contains synaptopodin (SP), an actin-modulating and plasticity-related protein. Since SP stabilizes F-actin, we speculated that the presence of SP within large spines could explain their long lifetime. Indeed, using 2-photon time-lapse imaging of SP-transgenic granule cells in mouse organotypic tissue cultures we found that spines containing SP survived considerably longer than spines of equal size without SP. Of note, SP-positive (SP+) spines that underwent pruning first lost SP before disappearing. Whereas the survival time courses of SP+ spines followed conditional two-stage decay functions, SP-negative (SP-) spines and all spines of SP-deficient animals showed single-phase exponential decays. This was also the case following afferent denervation. These results implicate SP as a major regulator of long-term spine stability: SP clusters stabilize spines, and the presence of SP indicates spines of high stability.
Opening speech for the 15th Munin Conference on Scholarly Publishing 2020
Authors: Ruud Kenneth
Published: December 2020

See RECORDING (starts at 00:02:18).
Comparing multiple comparisons: practical guidance for choosing the best multiple comparisons test
Authors: Midway Stephen , Robertson Matthew , Flinn Shane , Kaller Michael
Published: December 2020

Multiple comparisons tests (MCTs) include the statistical tests used to compare groups (treatments) often following a significant effect reported in one of many types of linear models. Due to a variety of data and statistical considerations, several dozen MCTs have been developed over the decades, with tests ranging from very similar to each other to very different from each other. Many scientific disciplines use MCTs, including >40,000 reports of their use in ecological journals in the last 60 years. Despite the ubiquity and utility of MCTs, several issues remain in terms of their correct use and reporting. In this study, we evaluated 17 different MCTs. We first reviewed the published literature for recommendations on their correct use. Second, we created a simulation that evaluated the performance of nine common MCTs. The tests examined in the simulation were those that often overlapped in usage, meaning the selection of the test based on fit to the data is not unique and that the simulations could inform the selection of one or more tests when a researcher has choices. Based on the literature review and recommendations: planned comparisons are overwhelmingly recommended over unplanned comparisons, for planned non-parametric comparisons the Mann-Whitney-WilcoxonUtest is recommended, Scheffé’sStest is recommended for any linear combination of (unplanned) means, Tukey’s HSD and the Bonferroni or the Dunn-Sidak tests are recommended for pairwise comparisons of groups, and that many other tests exist for particular types of data. All code and data used to generate this paper are available at:https://github.com/stevemidway/MultipleComparisons.
Lifestyle Correlates of Erectile Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects Attending the Diabetes Out Patient Clinic of a Nigerian Teaching Hospital
Authors: Ezeude Chidiebele M. , Ezeude Afoma M. , Nkpozi Marcellinus O. , Oguejiofor Ogonna C. , Nwankwo Henry M. , Ugwueze Chidiebere V.
Published: December 2020

Background: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) that is associated with a negative impact on emotional wellbeing and poor quality of life. There is dearth of current data on the lifestyle correlates of ED in subjects with type 2 diabetes both locally and globally.

Objective: To determine the association between ED, tobacco use (snuff use and cigarette smoking) and alcohol consumption in type 2 DM patients attending the diabetes outpatient clinic of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi in South-Eastern Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional hospital-based study comprising 124 male type 2 diabetic subjects. Data collection was done with a researcher designed study proforma. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and the abbreviated version of Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT-C) questionnaires were used for the diagnosis of anxiety/depression, erectile dysfunction and obtaining the alcohol history respectively. History of tobacco use was obtained and cigarette smoking estimated in pack years. Subjects who had anxiety, depression or hypogonadism were excluded from the study. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. P value of ˂ 0.05 is considered significant.

Results: A total of 124 patients were studied. The prevalence rate of ED among the subjects was 48.4%. No significant associations were found between erectile dysfunction and tobacco use (Cigarette smoking and Snuff use) (P = 0.814, OR = 0.904, 95% C.I = 0.389 – 2.101) (P = 0.762, OR = 0.867, 95% C.I = 0.344 – 2.15) and alcohol consumption (P = 0.389, OR = 0.670, 95% C.I = 0.269 – 1.667) respectively.

Conclusions: There was no significant association between ED and tobacco use and alcohol consumption in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Similarly, no significant association was found between ED, pack years of cigarette smoking and the grades of alcohol consumption in the subjects. The subjects’ diet, medications and the social/religious stigma attached to the use of these substances in our setting could have influenced our findings.
Prevalence and Degree of Lower Limb Inequality in Asymptomatic Young Adult Nigerians
Authors: Ajani Rotimi S. , Ayanleke Emmanuel O.
Published: December 2020

Objective: The development of right and left lower limbs start at the same time and subsequent serial growth occurs simultaneously however at adulthood, small but usually functionally negligible differences exist in their lengths. This study set out to find out the prevalence and degree of lower limb length inequality (LLI) amongst young adult Nigerians with grossly normal lower limbs.

Methods: Full length and segmental lengths of one hundred and three healthy young adult Nigerians of different ethnic groups were measured using the direct clinical method.

Results: The overall prevalence of LLI was 89.3% while the rate for male and female was 96.2% and 82.4% respectively. The LLI range was 0.5 - 2.5 cm with majority being less than 2.0 cm. The LLI was significantly higher in male (1.18 ± 0.83 vs 0.75±0.60 cm). Side for side, the male limb is significantly longer than that of the female. The thigh girth was significantly wider in the female while there was no difference in the leg girth between male and female. The males were found to be significantly taller than the females. Inter-ethnic comparison of the various parameters did not reveal any significance difference.

Conclusion: Anatomical lower limb inequality is very common amongst young adult Nigerians without any gross musculoskeletal but it is not obvious.
Comparative Study on Antidiabetic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Jute Leaf on Neonatal Streptozotocin- Induced Type-2 Diabetic Model Rat
Authors: Ali Md. Mahabub , Asrafuzzaman Md. , Tusher Md. Mahedi Hassan , Rahman Md. Hafizur , Rahman Md. Tanvir , Roy Balaram , Rokeya Begum
Published: December 2020

Aim: Functional food and their bioactive compounds have been considered as a new approach for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes and its complications. According to this approach current study was carried out as an elucidation of antidiabetic properties of Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus olitorius varieties of jute leaf (ethanolic extract) on nSTZ-induced type-2 diabetic rats.

Methodology: The type-2 diabetic model rat was developed by a single intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared STZ (90 mg/kg/10 ml) in sterile citrate buffer (0.1 M, pH 4.5) to rat pups (48 hour old). After three months, OGTT was performed to select diabetic (FSG > 6.5mmol/L and after 90 min of glucose load > 14 mmol/L) experimental rats. The rats were randomly divided into four groups [DWC, GT, Ext-1 and Ext-2 represent, diabetic water control, glybenclamide treated (20 mg/5 ml/kg body weight), C. capsularis treated and C. olitorius treated group (1.25 g/10 ml/kg body weight) respectively]. One group was kept with normal rats [normal water control, NWC]. The treatment was given once daily or 28 consecutive days. Fasting serum glucose, liver glycogen and lipid profile were estimated by using standard methods.

Results: The results showed that Ext-1 and Ext-2 treated groups gradually decreased serum glucose level (7.15 ±0.67 to 5.94 ± 1.19 and 7.20 ± 0.93 to 5.28 ±1.03 respectively) and reducing effect by Ext-2 was significant (p=0.001). Both extract showed lower liver glycogen level compared with GT group [5.0±2.5 Vs 17.7±6.5 (Ext-1 vs GT) and 7.5±6.4 Vs 17.7±6.5 (Ext-2 vs GT)] and even Ext-1 manifested significant effect (p=0.05). Additionally, lipid profile estimation revealed no significant improvement by the consumption of both the extracts.

Conclusion: On the basis of current investigations, it may be concluded that both variety of jute’s leaf demonstrated hypoglycemic properties in Type 2 diabetic model rats; further in-depth studies are recommended to explore the exact mechanism(s) of hypoglycemic effect.
The melanoma brain metastatic microenvironment: aldolase C partakes in shaping the malignant phenotype of melanoma cells – a case of inter‐tumor heterogeneity
Authors: Izraely Sivan , Ben‐Menachem Shlomit , Sagi‐Assif Orit , Meshel Tsipi , Malka Sapir , Telerman Alona , Bustos Matias A. , Ramos Romela Irene , Pasmanik‐Chor Metsada , Hoon Dave S. B. , Witz Isaac P.
Published: December 2020

Previous studies indicated that microglia cells upregulate the expression of aldolase C (ALDOC) in melanoma cells. The present study using brain‐metastasizing variants from three human melanomas explores the functional role of ALDOC in the formation and maintenance of melanoma brain metastasis (MBM). ALDOC overexpression impacted differentially the malignant phenotype of these three variants. In the first variant, ALDOC overexpression promoted cell viability, adhesion to and transmigration through a layer of brain endothelial cells, and amplified brain micrometastasis formation. The cross‐talk between this MBM variant and microglia cells promoted the proliferation and migration of the latter cells. In sharp contrast, ALDOC overexpression in the second brain‐metastasizing melanoma variant reduced or did not affect the same malignancy features. In the third melanoma variant, ALDOC overexpression augmented certain characteristics of malignancy and reduced others. The analysis of biological functions and disease pathways in the ALDOC overexpressing variants clearly indicated that ALDOC induced the expression of tumor progression promoting genes in the first variant and antitumor progression properties in the second variant. Overall, these results accentuate the complex microenvironment interactions between microglia cells and MBM, and the functional impact of intertumor heterogeneity. Since intertumor heterogeneity imposes a challenge in the planning of cancer treatment, we propose to employ the functional response of tumors with an identical histology, to a particular drug or the molecular signature of this response, as a predictive indicator of response/nonresponse to this drug.
Emotion processing associated with aggression in early adolescents: A focus on affective theory of mind
Authors: Clifford Meghan E. , Nguyen Amanda J. , Bradshaw Catherine P.
Published: December 2020

Social–emotional factors associated with youth aggression have largely been studied in the context of social information‐processing models. The ability to accurately encode and appropriately interpret others' emotions has yet to be fully examined in the context of aggressive behavior, particularly during adolescence. Using cross‐sectional data from a sample of 282 at‐risk early adolescents, the present study examined associations between teacher‐reported aggression and youth performance on a task assessing two components of affective theory of mind: emotion recognition and situational attribution. Results indicated that emotion recognition, but not situational attribution accuracy, was significantly associated with teacher‐reported aggressive behavior. Over‐recognizing anger and under‐recognizing sadness were unique error patterns associated with aggression, and these associations remained significant after controlling for demographics and other key social information‐processing variables. Findings suggest that difficulties with emotion processing play an important role in the social information‐processing patterns observed in the context of youth aggression. Implications for preventive interventions for youth at risk of engaging in aggressive behavior are discussed.
One Responsive Stone, Three Birds: Mn(III)‐Hemoporfin Frameworks with Glutathione‐Enhanced Degradation, MRI, and Sonodynamic Therapy
Authors: Geng Peng , Yu Nuo , Zhang Jiulong , Jin Zilin , Wen Mei , Jiang Qin , Kang Li , Peng Chen , Li Maoquan , Zhang Haijun , Zhu Meifang , Chen Zhigang
Published: December 2020

Ultrasound‐driven sonodynamic therapy (SDT) catches numerous attentions for destroying deep‐seated tumors, but its applications suffer from unsatisfactory therapeutic effects and metabolism. Furthermore, SDT is usually weakened by the complex tumor microenvironment, such as the overexpression of glutathione (GSH). To address these issues, Mn(III)‐hemoporfin frameworks (Mn(III)‐HFs) are reported as nanosonosensitizers by using biocompatible hematoporphyrin monomethyl‐ether (HMME) to coordinate with Mn(III) ions. Mn(III)‐HFs/PEG can react with GSH to produce Mn(II) ions and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), resulting in three fascinating features: 1) the redox reaction facilitates the decomposition of Mn(III)‐HFs/PEG and then collapse of nanostructures, improving the biodegradability; 2) Mn(II) ions with five unpaired 3d‐electrons exhibit better magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ability compared to Mn(III) ions with four electrons; 3) both the depletion of endogenous GSH and the dissociated HMME boost 1O2 generation ability under US irradiation. As a result, when Mn(III)‐HFs/PEG dispersion is intravenously administered into mice, it exhibits high‐contrast T1/T2 dual‐modal MRI and significant suppression for the growth rate of the deep‐seated tumor. Furthermore, Mn(III)‐HFs/PEG can be efficiently metabolized from the mice. Therefore, Mn(III)‐HFs/PEG exhibit GSH‐enhanced degradation, MRI, and SDT effects, which provide some insights on the developments of other responsive nanosonosensitizers.
Highly Responsive and Thermally Reliable Near‐Infrared Organic Photodiodes Utilizing Naphthalocyanine Molecules Tuned with Axial Ligands
Authors: Leem Dong‐Seok , Lee Kwang‐Hee , Li Ning , Park Bum Woo , Choi Taejin , Ro Takkyun , Kwon Oh Kyu , Kwon Young‐Nam , Ng Tse Nga , Kim Sunghan
Published: December 2020

Achieving high‐performance near‐infrared (NIR) photodiodes is in great demand for potential applications like biometrics, security, artificial vision, biomedical imaging, etc. Herein, silicon naphthalocyanine (SiNc) small molecule‐based NIR photodiodes with narrowband absorption are presented. The optimized photodiode by varying the axial ligand in the SiNc molecules exhibits a high external quantum efficiency of 76.6% at 795 nm with narrow full width at half maximum of 80 nm, a very low dark current of 1.07 nA cm−2 at a reverse bias of −3 V, and the resultant detectivity of 5.66 × 1012 Jones. Further increase of the detectivity up to 1013 Jones is obtained by modulating the applied bias to −1 V, which is among the highest values of organic NIR detectors reported to date. The SiNc‐based photodiodes are further characterized by temporal response, linear dynamic range, etc., and shown to be stable in high humidity for over a month and in a remarkably wide temperature range (−55 to 125 °C). It is highly likely that the developed SiNc‐based photodiodes can be applicable to a wide variety of NIR sensor platforms.
A Carbon Foam with Sodiophilic Surface for Highly Reversible, Ultra‐Long Cycle Sodium Metal Anode
Authors: Cui Xue‐Yang , Wang Ya‐Jing , Wu Hua‐Deng , Lin Xiao‐Dong , Tang Shuai , Xu Pan , Liao Hong‐Gang , Zheng Ming‐Sen , Dong Quan‐Feng
Published: December 2020

Sodium metal anodes combine low redox potential (−2.71 V versus SHE) and high theoretical capacity (1165 mAh g−1), becoming a promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries. Due to the infinite volume change, unstable SEI films, and Na dendrite growth, it is arduous to achieve a long lifespan. Herein, an oxygen‐doped carbon foam (OCF) derived from starch is reported. Heteroatom doping can significantly reduce the nucleation resistance of sodium metal; combined with its rich pore structure and large specific surface area, OCF provides abundant nucleation sites to effectively guide the nucleation and subsequent growth of sodium metal, and the nature of this foam can accommodate the deposited sodium. Furthermore, a more uniform, robust, and stable SEI layer is observed on the surface of OCF electrode, so it can maintain ultra‐high reversibility and excellent integrity for a long time without dendritic growth. As a result, when the current density is 10 mA cm−2, the electrode can maintain stable 2000 cycles and the coulombic efficiency can reach to 99.83%. Na@OCF||Na3V2(PO4)3 full cell also has extremely high capacity retention of about 97.53% over 150 cycles. These results provide a simple but effective method for achieving the safety and commercialization of sodium metal anode.
Characterization of a 2D Electron Gas at the Interface of Atomic‐Layer Deposited Al2O3/ZnO Thin Films for a Field‐Effect Transistor
Authors: Lee Hyun Jae , Moon Taehwan , Hyun Seung Dam , Kang Sukin , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: December 2020

The 2D electron gas (2DEG) phenomenon that occurs at the amorphous thin film hetero‐oxide interface attracts great attention since it can avoid the use of a single‐crystal oxide substrate. In this study, the analysis of 2DEG at the interface of amorphous‐Al2O3 (a‐AO)/ZnO is conducted using ZnO as the bottom substrate, where both the oxide films are grown by atomic layer deposition. Having used Al(CH3)3 as the Al‐precursor for the a‐AO film growth on the previously grown ZnO film, its strong reducing power induces the 2DEG formation at the interface. As a result of the Hall measurement, the 2DEG at the a‐AO/ZnO interface shows sheet resistance of 2.7 × 104 Ω ▫−1 and Hall mobility of 8.4 cm2 V−1 s−1. Using angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the thickness of the 2DEG layer is calculated as 0.62 nm, which is ≈120% of the c‐axis of the wurtzite ZnO unit cell. The field‐effect transistor fabricated exhibits a threshold voltage of −2.4 V, sub‐threshold swing of 0.33 V dec−1, and on/off ratio of 9.4 × 106, which significantly outperforms similar devices from previous works. The outstanding operation of 2DEG at the interface of AO/ZnO as a channel presents a possibility for application to a 2D‐based integrated circuit.
52 million years old Eucalyptus flower sheds more than pollen grains
Authors: Zamaloa Maria C. , Gandolfo Maria A. , Nixon Kevin C.
Published: December 2020

PREMISE

Fossils provide fundamental evidence of the evolutionary processes that crafted today’s biodiversity and consequently for understanding life on Earth. We report the finding of Myrtaceidites eucalyptoides pollen grains preserved within the anthers of a 52‐million‐year‐old Eucalyptus flower collected at Laguna del Hunco locality of Argentinean Patagonia and discuss its implications in understanding the evolutionary history of the iconic Australian genus Eucalyptus.

METHODS

Pollen grains were extracted from the flower’s anthers and were then observed under light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The phylogenetic position of the fossil was investigated by adding pollen data to a previously published total‐evidence matrix and analyzing it using parsimony.

RESULTS

We erect the species Eucalyptus xoshemium for the fossil flower. Pollen extracted from E. xoshemium belongs to the species Myrtaceidites eucalyptoides, which, until now, was only known as dispersed pollen. The numerous pollen grains recovered from the single flower allowed estimation of M. eucalyptoides’ variability. Results of the phylogenetic analysis reinforce the position of this fossil within crown group Eucalyptus.

CONCLUSIONS

The discovery of these pollen grains within a Patagonian Eucalyptus fossil flower confirms the hypothesis that Myrtaceidites eucalyptoides represents fossil pollen in the Eucalyptus lineage, extends the geographic and stratigraphic fossil pollen record, and supports an earlier age for crown‐group eucalypts.
Time from I.V. Thrombolysis to Thrombectomy and Outcome in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Zhu François , Gauberti Maxime , Marnat Gaultier , Bourcier Romain , Kyheng Maéva , Labreuche Julien , Sibon Igor , Dargazanli Cyril , Arquizan Caroline , Anxionnat René , Audibert Gérard , Mazighi Mikaël , Blanc Raphaël , Lapergue Bertrand , Consoli Arturo , Richard Sébastien , Gory Benjamin ,   ETIS Registry Investigators
Published: December 2020

Objective

Whether the time from intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) to endovascular treatment (EVT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke has an effect on the functional outcome is unknown.

Methods

The Endovascular Treatment in Ischemic Stroke (ETIS) registry is an ongoing, prospective, multicenter, observational study that perform EVT in France. Data were analyzed from patients treated by IVT and EVT between October 2013 and December 2018 in 6 comprehensive stroke centers. In the primary analysis, we assessed the association of time from IVT administration to start of EVT with functional outcome (measured with the modified Rankin Scale [mRS]), by means of ordinal logistic regression. Secondary end points included angiographic and safety outcomes.

Results

We analyzed 1,986 patients with acute ischemic stroke due to anterior circulation large vessel occlusion who underwent IVT and EVT. An increased IVT to start of EVT time was associated with a worse functional outcome at 90 days (mRS = 0–2, adjusted odds ratio [OR] per 30 minutes increase in time = 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.86–0.96; mRS = 0–1, adjusted OR per 30 minutes increase in time = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.84–0.94), a lower chance of modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (mTICI) grade 2b to 3 reperfusion (adjusted OR per 30 minutes increase in time = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.87–0.98), and an increased probability of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (adjusted OR per 30 minutes increase in time = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.99–1.18).

Interpretation

These findings provide a basis for further studies to determine if the functional outcome of patients with stroke can be greatly improved by optimizing IVT to EVT times. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:511–519
Gut Microbial Ecosystem in Parkinson Disease: New Clinicobiological Insights from Multi‐Omics
Authors: Tan Ai Huey , Chong Chun Wie , Lim Shen‐Yang , Yap Ivan Kok Seng , Teh Cindy Shuan Ju , Loke Mun Fai , Song Sze‐Looi , Tan Jiun Yan , Ang Ban Hong , Tan Yong Qi , Kho Mee Teck , Bowman Jeff , Mahadeva Sanjiv , Yong Hoi Sen , Lang Anthony E.
Published: December 2020

Objective

Gut microbiome alterations in Parkinson disease (PD) have been reported repeatedly, but their functional relevance remains unclear. Fecal metabolomics, which provide a functional readout of microbial activity, have scarcely been investigated. We investigated fecal microbiome and metabolome alterations in PD, and their clinical relevance.

Methods

Two hundred subjects (104 patients, 96 controls) underwent extensive clinical phenotyping. Stool samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Fecal metabolomics were performed using two platforms, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.

Results

Fecal microbiome and metabolome composition in PD was significantly different from controls, with the largest effect size seen in NMR‐based metabolome. Microbiome and NMR‐based metabolome compositional differences remained significant after comprehensive confounder analyses. Differentially abundant fecal metabolite features and predicted functional changes in PD versus controls included bioactive molecules with putative neuroprotective effects (eg, short chain fatty acids [SCFAs], ubiquinones, and salicylate) and other compounds increasingly implicated in neurodegeneration (eg, ceramides, sphingosine, and trimethylamine N‐oxide). In the PD group, cognitive impairment, low body mass index (BMI), frailty, constipation, and low physical activity were associated with fecal metabolome compositional differences. Notably, low SCFAs in PD were significantly associated with poorer cognition and low BMI. Lower butyrate levels correlated with worse postural instability–gait disorder scores.

Interpretation

Gut microbial function is altered in PD, characterized by differentially abundant metabolic features that provide important biological insights into gut–brain pathophysiology. Their clinical relevance further supports a role for microbial metabolites as potential targets for the development of new biomarkers and therapies in PD. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:546–559
Asymmetric Synthesis of Hydroquinolines with α,α‐Disubstitution through Organocatalyzed Kinetic Resolution
Authors: Chen Yunrong , Zhu Chaofan , Guo Zheng , Liu Wei , Yang Xiaoyu
Published: December 2020

The first kinetic resolution of hydroquinoline derivatives with α,α‐disubstitution has been achieved through asymmetric remote aminations with azodicarboxylates enabled by chiral phosphoric acid catalysis. Mechanistic studies suggest a monomeric catalyst pathway proceeding through rate‐ and enantio‐determining electrophilic attack promoted by a network of attractive non‐covalent interactions between the substrate and catalyst. Facile subsequent removal and transformations of the newly introduced hydrazine moiety enable these protocols to serve as powerful tools for asymmetric synthesis of N‐heterocycles with α,α‐disubstitution.
Metal Ion‐Driven Constitutional Adaptation in Dynamic Covalent C=C/C=N Organo‐Metathesis
Authors: Gu Ruirui , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: December 2020

Knoevenagel barbiturate derivatives and imines are able to undergo efficient component recombination through dynamic covalent C=C/C=N organo‐metathesis in absence of a catalyst. A [2×2] dynamic covalent library (DCL) containing two Knoevenagel derivatives Kn1 and Kn2 and two imines A1 and A2 has been established and its adaptive features in response to the addition of metal cations have been investigated. Addition of Cu(I) triflate as an effector, induces fast and remarkable constitutional selection of the DCL towards amplification of the Cu(I)‐A2 complex and its agonist Kn1. This adaptation process could be reversed by addition of neocuproine as a competitive Cu(I) ligand. Furthermore, separate addition of five other metal cations as input agents, i. e. Ag(I), Fe(II), Zn(II), Cu(II) and Li(I), led to the generation of cation‐specific distribution patterns as outputs, showing the ability of the present DCL to recognize different effectors.
Utility of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and the Brief Observation of Social and Communication Change for Measuring Outcomes for a Parent‐Mediated Early Autism Intervention
Authors: Carruthers Sophie , Charman Tony , El Hawi Nicole , Kim Young Ah , Randle Rachel , Lord Catherine , Pickles Andrew ,   the PACT Consortium
Published: December 2020

Measuring outcomes for autistic children following social communication interventions is an ongoing challenge given the heterogeneous changes, which can be subtle. We tested and compared the overall and item‐level intervention effects of the Brief Observation of Social Communication Change (BOSCC), Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS‐2) algorithm, and ADOS‐2 Calibrated Severity Scores (CSS) with autistic children aged 2–5 years from the Preschool Autism Communication Trial (PACT). The BOSCC was applied to Module 1 ADOS assessments (ADOS‐BOSCC). Among the 117 children using single or no words (Module 1), the ADOS‐BOSCC, ADOS algorithm, and ADOS CSS each detected small non‐significant intervention effects. However, on the ADOS algorithm, there was a medium significant intervention effect for children with “few to no words” at baseline, while children with “some words” showed little intervention effect. For the full PACT sample (including ADOS Module 2, total n=152), ADOS metrics evidenced significant small (CSS) and medium (algorithm) overall intervention effects. None of the Module 1 item‐level intervention effects reached significance, with largest changes observed for Gesture (ADOS‐BOSCC and ADOS), Facial Expressions (ADOS), and Intonation (ADOS). Significant ADOS Module 2 item‐level effects were observed for Mannerisms and Repetitive Interests and Stereotyped Behaviors. Despite strong psychometric properties, the ADOS‐BOSCC was not more sensitive to behavioral changes than the ADOS among Module 1 children. Our results suggest the ADOS can be a sensitive outcome measure. Item‐level intervention effect plots have the potential to indicate intervention “signatures of change,” a concept that may be useful in future trials and systematic reviews.

Lay Summary

This study compares two outcome measures in a parent‐mediated therapy. Neither was clearly better or worse than the other; however, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule produced somewhat clearer evidence than the Brief Observation of Social Communication Change of improvement among children who had use of “few to no” words at the start. We explore which particular behaviors are associated with greater improvement. These findings can inform researchers when they consider how best to explore the impact of their intervention.
Hierarchical Model Predictive Control for complex building energy systems
Authors: Mork Maximilian , Xhonneux André , Müller Dirk
Published: December 2020

Hierarchische modellprädiktive Regelung für komplexe Gebäudeenergiesysteme

In diesem Beitrag wird eine hierarchische Modelica‐basierte modellprädiktive Regelung (MPC) vorgestellt, um komplexe Gebäudeenergiesysteme mit unterschiedlichen Dynamiken zu regeln. Das hierarchische MPC‐Konzept adressiert die Herausforderung in Gebäudeenergiesystemen, in denen gleichzeitig sowohl langsame Dynamiken wie in thermisch aktivierten Bauteilsystemen (TABS) als auch schnelle Dynamiken wie in Lüftungsgeräten geregelt werden. Der Ansatz berücksichtigt mögliche Vorhersage‐Fehler von System‐Störgrößen (z. B. Wetter, Belegung) und stellt Antizipation, Reaktivität und Echtzeitfähigkeit sicher. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht die Modellierung die Berücksichtigung sowohl des thermischen als auch des visuellen Komforts durch Integration eines Norm‐basierten Modells für Jalousien. Es berechnet die Transmission von Gesamtenergie und Licht für direkte und diffuse solare Strahlung basierend auf der Steuerung des Neigungswinkels und der vertikalen Stellung der Lamellen. Die Vorteile gegenüber einer einzelnen MPC, regelbasiertem Ansatz (RBC) und PID‐Reglern werden in Simulationen an einem nichtlinearen Modelica Raum‐Modell demonstriert.
Performanceoptimierung hygrothermischer Simulationen durch Parameteroptimierung
Authors: Nicolai Andreas , Ruisinger Ulrich
Published: December 2020

Trotz stetig steigender Rechenleistung moderner Computerhardware kann eine instationäre, dreidimensionale, hygrothermische Simulation immer noch ein langwieriger Vorgang sein. Um die Dauer einer Simulation zu reduzieren, stehen Nutzern verschiedene Einflussmöglichkeiten offen, deren Auswirkungen jedoch nur schwer bzw. aufwändig abzuschätzen sind. Der Artikel analysiert anhand zweier Fallbeispiele verschiedene Möglichkeiten, die Simulationszeiten zu reduzieren. Beginnend mit einer Gittersensitivitätsstudie wird die Skalierung des Aufwandes für verschiedene direkte und iterative Gleichungssystemlöser diskutiert. Weiterhin werden numerische Parameter wie Konvergenzfaktoren und Iterationsgrenzen untersucht. Basierend auf integrierten Laufzeitmessungen und Statistiken für verschiedenen Komponenten des Rechenkerns werden die iterativen Lösungsverfahren GMRES und BiCGStab in Kombination mit einem ILU‐Vorkonditionierer betrachtet. Die Untersuchungen werden anhand der Software DELPHIN 6 durchgeführt. Der Artikel schließt mit einer Empfehlung für eine günstige Ausgangswahl an Algorithmen und Parametern in Abhängigkeit der Systemgröße und einer kompakten Methodik, diese anhand der Solverstatistiken weiter zu optimieren.
Exploring the potential of dynamic façade systems: an exterior shading system versus a switchable window
Authors: Kheybari Abolfazl Ganji , Hoffmann Sabine
Published: December 2020

Untersuchung des Potenzials von dynamischen Fassadensystemen: außenliegender Sonnenschutz im Vergleich mit schaltbarer Verglasung

Dynamische Fassadensysteme spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Leistungsfähigkeit eines Gebäudes, indem sie die Menge der in den Raum durchgelassenen Sonnenstrahlung anpassen und auf die Umgebungsbedingungen reagieren. Dieser Beitrag bewertet zwei Arten dynamischer Fassadensysteme mit verschiedenen Steuerungsstrategien und deren Einwirkungen auf die Energie, die visuelle und die thermische Behaglichkeit in einem Bürogebäude.

Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die simulierten stündlichen/jährlichen Ergebnisse von außenliegenden Jalousien im Vergleich zu elektrochromer Verglasung (EC) für einen Großraumbüro mit nach Süden ausgerichteten Fenstern, die durch verschiedene Steuerungsstrategien wie manuelle, strahlungsbasierte, beleuchtungsstärkenbasierte und optimale Steuerungsszenarien beschattet werden, um die allgemeinen Fähigkeiten und Grenzen beider Verschattungssysteme aufzuzeigen.

Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine ausgereifte automatische Steuerungsstrategie die visuelle und thermische Behaglichkeit sowie eine standortabhängige Gesamtenergieeinsparung von bis zu 38 % für eine EC‐Verglasung und bis zu 49 % für Außenjalousien gewährleisten kann.
Comparison of stationary and transient RANS modelling
Authors: Glahn Oliver , Voß Tjado , Voss Karsten , Schwickert Susanne
Published: December 2020

Vergleich stationärer und transienter RANS‐Modellierung zur Analyse der räumlichen Geschwindigkeitsverteilung unter Anwendung deckenintegrierter Ventilatoren

Deckenventilatoren ermöglichen eine Erhöhung der lokalen Luftgeschwindigkeit am menschlichen Körper. Durch die damit verbundene Wärmeabfuhr steigt die Nutzertoleranz gegenüber warmen Umgebungen.

In dieser Studie wird die Anwendung statistischer Turbulenzmodelle (RANS) zur Modellierung der durch deckenintegrierte Ventilatoren induzierten Luftströmung dargestellt. Ein besonderer Fokus wird hierbei auf den Vergleich zwischen stationärer und transienter Simulation gesetzt. Die Ergebnisse der CFD‐Simulation (mittels Fluent) werden mit Messergebnissen der horizontalen Geschwindigkeitsverteilung verglichen.

Die Studie zeigt, dass die transiente Simulation mittels Realizable k‐ε Modell zwar ein stabiles Konvergenzverhalten sowohl seitens der Residuen, als auch der Zielwerte aufzeigt, im Vergleich zur stationären Berechnung jedoch der mittlere absolute Fehler in 1,4 m Entfernung zum Ventilator größer ist, obwohl die stationäre Modellierung mittels des Multiple Reference Frame (MRF)‐Verfahrens ein nicht physikalisch begründbares Geschwindigkeitsfeld in der unmittelbaren Umgebung des Ventilators hervorruft. Die Ursache dafür, dass die stationäre Lösung mittels MRF nicht konvergiert, ist auf die räumliche Begrenzung der rotierenden Zone zurückzuführen, so wie es bei deckenintegrierten Ventilatoren durch das Ventilatorgehäuse der Fall ist. Demgegenüber bei frei im Raum hängenden Ventilatoren die rotierende Zone entsprechend adaptiert und das Konvergenzverhalten verbessert werden kann.