bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who’s in Charge? Governance across MDBs
Authors: Humphrey Chris
Published: January 2023

Governance and politics are fundamental to understanding MDBs, and national governments are a key set of actors in shaping their policies and actions. It could hardly be otherwise, as MDBs are created and owned by groups of nation-states. Government interests cannot explain everything about MDBs, but many aspects of how MDBs act cannot be fully understood without taking member government interests into account. Member government interests enter into MDB activities first and foremost through mechanisms of governance: how the countries owning an MDB take decisions on policies and operations. The first part of this chapter proposes a theoretical framework to analyze how the interests of member countries help explain MDB characteristics and to systematically compare how the dynamics of national interest and governance rules play out in different MDBs. The second section examines the governance mechanisms and procedures of how decision-making actually takes place and describes similarities and divergences across the universe of MDBs.
The Legacy MDBs
Authors: Humphrey Chris
Published: January 2023

For decades, international development cooperation has been dominated by the World Bank in front, followed by the four major regional MDBs: the African, Asian and Inter-American Development Banks, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. These “legacy” MDBs—controlled predominantly by the U.S. and other G7 powers—have set the global development agenda, channeled hundreds of billions of financing for development projects, and have thousands of staff spread across almost every developing country on the planet. But they are were built around a set of geopolitical and economic relationships that are a legacy of decades past. The chapter outlines how the legacy MDBs are reacting to the evolving global context in which they find themselves. The chapter focuses on i) the politics surrounding MDB capitalization and capital adequacy and ii) business practices that weaken the relevance of the major MDBs to borrower countries. In each of these two areas, the chapter draws a causal link to their governance tensions and the pressures they face as a result of the imperatives of their financial model.
Floral Beauty in Weeds and Wildings
Authors: Marrs Cody
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores Melville’s uses of flowers and the communal experiences they bring about. Weeds and Wildings distributes aesthetic experience in ways that underscore the unnaturalness of sovereignty and property alike. Despite the apparent smallness of their subject, Melville’s floral poems contain a rather big idea: if possession is in fact “the whole of the law,” beauty is its absolute other, its reversal and negation. In his final book of poetry, Melville suggests that beauty is a widely shared experience, a force that binds the world together. And that idea, which is woven into his late works, reframes our understanding of Melville’s relation to a wide range of writers, artists, and philosophers, from Claude Lorrain to Arthur Schopenhauer.
Appalling Beauty in Moby-Dick
Authors: Marrs Cody
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers types of beauty that stun or bewilder. Such beauty recurs throughout Melville’s work, but it plays a particularly important role in Moby-Dick, leading Melville to distinguish between two points of view: Ahab’s theory of individuated personhood, according to which everyone has an identifiable self (including a whale who is capable of shocking violence), and a more open perspective that views personhood as broadly distributed and marked by interdependence. Whenever something beautiful comes into view, it subtly but powerfully dissolves the self—or what we previously considered the self—and pulls us toward one of these perspectives. This chapter assesses this dialectical treatment of personhood, attending in particular to the way the novel connects the beautiful to the sacred and depicts whales as akin to works of art.
Addressing Intersecting Inequalities through Alternative Economic Strategies
Authors: Elson Diane , Sharples Marion
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines inequalities in income, wealth, and health in the United Kingdom (UK) prior to Covid-19, focusing on class, gender; and race. It shows how these inequalities have intensified during the pandemic and discusses ways in which these inequalities could be reduced through alternative economic strategies put forward by feminist economists. Central to these strategies is public investment in care services. The chapter argues for going beyond this to make the whole economy a caring economy in which we give priority to care for one another and the planet in the ways in which we produce and consume all goods and services. Eight steps towards bringing this about are set out, steps which can be strengthened by redressing the imbalance between the commercial property rights of corporations and rentiers and the economic and social rights of disadvantaged people.
Towards a Prudential-Ordinative Understanding of Providence
Authors: Kopf Simon Maria
Published: January 2023

In the history of the doctrine of providence and its explication, there are at least two major Christian approaches: ‘actionistic’ and ‘prudential-ordinative’ providence. In contrast to the prevailing action-based, or ‘actionistic’, model, this chapter develops a ‘prudential-ordinative’ understanding of providence, by examining what is arguably the prime exemplification of this approach, Thomas Aquinas’ doctrine of providence, which is based on the virtue of prudence, not merely on human action. First, this chapter discusses the virtue of prudence and human providence as an analogy for divine providence. Next, it introduces the distinction between providence and government, as well as that between primary and secondary causation. Finally, the chapter addresses various objections brought forth against ‘double agency’. To this end, the chapter distinguishes Austin Farrer’s well-known theory of double agency from Aquinas’ approach, which, it is argued, is a decisively different account of ‘double agency’. Consequently, the objections raised against Farrer’s double agency do not eo ipso apply to Aquinas’ theory of secondary causation. In fact, the chapter shows that the major objections raised in the science and theology debate miss the so-called doctrine of divine application, which is essential to Aquinas’ theory of secondary causation and his account of providence.
Corporeal Theology
Authors: Tanton Tobias
Published: January 2023

Appropriating insights from ‘embodied cognition’, this study explores how theology is accommodated to the bodily nature of human cognition. The principle of divine accommodation provides a theological framework for considering how human cognitive capacities are accommodated by theological concepts and ecclesial practices. A rich portrait of the nature of human cognitive capacities is drawn from ‘embodied cognition’ research, which proposes that cognition depends upon sensorimotor systems to ground concepts and draws upon environmental resources. Embodied cognition’s hypothesis that human concepts are grounded in sensorimotor states poses a theological quandary for God-concepts, since identifying God with sensorimotor content risks idolatry. The incarnation resolves this problem by grounding God-concepts in bodily understanding, while avoiding idolatry. Embodied cognition further hypothesises that cognition relies on sensorimotor engagement with the world, and that bodily states and environmental artefacts ‘scaffold’ cognitive processes. A scaffolded view of cognition highlights the cognitive import of embodied religious practices, which choreograph the body and curate material culture. Dozens of studies identifying bodily or environmental influences on cognition are applied to the embodied and material dimensions Christian practices. On account of their inherent cognitive effects, practices have intrinsic ‘embodied’ meanings alongside ‘symbolic’ ones. Consequently, liturgy conveys theological content rather than merely expressing it, and thereby contributes to religious and ethical formation. Hence, the book argues that the incarnation and liturgical practices both accommodate the embodied nature of human cognition. The cognitive implications of diverse human embodied are discussed in dialogue with a number of contextual theologies.
Conclusion: Theology for Humans
Authors: Tanton Tobias
Published: January 2023

In light of the preceding engagement with embodied cognition, this chapter proposes a corporeal theology. Classical definitions of theology have often construed it as a textual or abstract intellectual exercise, which takes place at arm’s length from the body. By contrast, a corporeal theology emphasises an embodied methodology in which bodily participation in religious practices is part and parcel of theologising. Contextual theologies have pioneered aspects of corporeal theology, insofar as they explicitly theologise from and about particular bodily experiences. I consider three examples of contextual theologies which attend to embodiment (feminist theology; black/womanist theologies; and theologies of disability). These engagements reveal a fundamental compatibility with an embodied theological methodology, but also develop it by raising critical questions about human bodily diversity and the symbolic meanings assigned to bodies. In light of bodily diversity, I return to theme of accommodation, asking whose bodies are accommodated by theological concepts, the incarnation, and ecclesial practices.
The Reach of Human Rights Law
Authors: Yilma Kinfe
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the extent to which international human rights law offers effective protection to the right to privacy in the digital age. The right to privacy is guaranteed in a number of international human rights treaties and a handful of soft legal instruments the implementation of which is overseen by treaty bodies and special procedures of the United Nations. Arguably, the right to privacy now also forms part of general international law thereby binding States that are not parties to one of the international human rights treaties. Mapped against the nature of the ‘privacy problem’ outlined in chapter 1, this chapter interrogates the question of whether the human right to privacy framework is fit for purpose in the digital age. The chapter argues that hobbled by normative and structural shortcomings, international human rights law offers rather weak protections to digital privacy. It further locates the underlying reasons for the current weak structures of the human right to privacy framework to Cold War politics and the overall lack of attention to privacy during the drafting of formative human rights instruments.
Transnational Privacy Standards
Authors: Yilma Kinfe
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines the prospect of transnational privacy standards, particularly the Council of Europe data protection framework, in contributing to the development of international law. With a possibility of accession by States that are not members of the Council of Europe, Convention 108—and its amending protocol—wield a unique potential to evolve into a universal data privacy treaty. The chapter considers the question of whether the universalization of the Convention, including through accession and accretion of general international law, may fill the missing data privacy piece in international privacy law. Having shown limitations of these avenues of universalization, it argues that the more tangible and increasingly visible value of transnational standards lies in shaping the data privacy jurisprudence of the Human Rights Committee. The chapter further considers the universalizing potential of other regional standards such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation and the African Union’s Malabo Convention. With no room for accession by non-member States as well as structural obstacles, the rather meaningful but slow virtue of globalizing such transnational standards is to gradually localize regional data privacy standards in jurisdictions where no such standards exist.
Analysing and Interpreting Timber Roundhouses
Authors: Harding D. W.
Published: January 2023

The popular perception of prehistoric buildings, a simple-ring roundhouse with central post, is represented in later Bronze Age settlements, surviving occasionally into the Iron Age. But the classic Wessex large roundhouses are characterized by double rings that commonly display axial symmetry in plan and a particular radial ratio that distributes the weight of the roof over the main supporting ring-beam. Where the outer wall does not survive, a mass-wall or stake-wall may be inferred, often aligned on the inner of a double pair of door posts. Apart from hearths, internal fittings seldom survive, except in wetland conditions, as at Black Loch of Myrton, Wigtownshire. An alternative elevation of large timber roundhouses may have been built around a central tower, circular or four-post, with split roof and clerestory light. Multi-ringed houses are comparatively rare, and may indicate an alternative form of roof, made of turf, at a lower pitch. Houses formerly styled ‘ring-ditch houses’ may have confused several different phenomena. They may have been byre-houses, houses with underfloor cellarage or proto-souterrains, or houses with sunken floors for increased peripheral head height. ‘Special roundhouses’ are discussed as those in which community ritual was prioritized over domestic activities.
Analysing and Interpreting Stone-Built Roundhouses
Authors: Harding D. W.
Published: January 2023

Since the publication of IAR two doctoral dissertations have focused on the structural problems of brochs. Romankiewicz’s study from an architectural perspective stressed the separate functions of the dual wall construction, raising issues regarding the role of cells and galleries. She also stressed the importance of location, and the different building qualities of stone regionally across Atlantic Scotland, favouring local builders working within a wider tradition. Barber believed only a limited number within the broader category of Atlantic roundhouses could qualify as ‘canonical’ broch towers, which he regarded as a sudden and relatively late innovation, and not a progressive developmental sequence. He also identified episodes of catastrophic collapse and radical rebuilding that fundamentally affected interpretation of major sites. Elsewhere research has shown much greater diversity in building of Atlantic roundhouses and duns than was hitherto suspected. Likewise radial roundhouses, wheelhouses, and related buildings have been shown to include a greater range of structures, some with the capacity for upper floors and timber components, and others evidently corbelled entirely in stone.
The reference system in Sino-Russian idiolects
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: January 2023

Sino-Russian idiolects are languages spoken by Chinese immigrants to the far east of Russia. The immigrants whose languages form the basis of this study didn’t have any formal instruction in Russian. The vocabulary of these languages is derived from Russian vocabulary. The system of reference in Sino-Russian idiolects confirms the existence of a correlation between the number of coding means and the number of functions coded in a language. Within the domain of reference, the coding means are limited to nominal constituents, pronouns, an absence of either nominal constituents or pronouns, and one demonstrative. The functions coded within the domain of reference are the new participant, marked by noun-like lexical items; the participant that was already mentioned, marked by the absence of nouns or pronouns; and switch reference, marked by pronouns. The limited coding means in the domain of reference allow an empirical study of the question of which functions within the domain of reference emerge first within the process of formation of a grammar.
The reference system of Wandala
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: January 2023

Wandala (Central Chadic) has two numbers, no gender system in nouns or pronouns, obligatory coding of the subject on the verb. The coding means in the reference system include bare nouns, determiners, subject pronouns, the absence of a noun or pronoun, and inflectional coding of the subject on the verb. The coding identity of participants in the proposition include no instructions to identify the participant, instruction to identify the participant included in the noun phrase, unspecified participant that does not have to include the speaker, and unspecified participant that includes the speaker. Wandala displays different coding of referential functions with respect to the subject as opposed to the object. For the coding of the object the following principles apply. If the referent is the same as a preceding referent, but its semantic role is different, it must be encoded by a noun. The same object referent is coded by the absence of overt marking.
The reference system of Lele
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt
Published: January 2023

Lele codes several functions that are not coded in other languages in this volume. The determiner system does not situate the referent in either the environment of discourse or in the environment of speech but rather it instructs the addressee to select one referent from a set. Unique referents are not marked as specific. The grammatical system contains no instructions to identify the referent when coded by a bare noun. The identification of the referents to subject involves several functions that are not available for non-subjects. Referential functions within the noun phrase include specific reference, the unspecified referent, and the coding of reference through spatial expressions. The system makes a further distinction between reference to entities present in the environment of speech and reference to entities mentioned in the discourse. Lele has no third-person pronoun referring to non-human entities.
The San Remo Manual on the Law of Naval Warfare—from Restatement to Development?
Authors: Lijnzaad Liesbeth
Published: January 2023

The chapter examines the 1994 San Remo Manual in International Law applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea, as a compilation of rules on naval warfare. It was described by the expert authors as a ‘contemporary restatement—together with some progressive development’. By 2020, another group of experts had begun discussions on revising the 1994 San Remo Manual. While a restatement may seem to make sense in view of the age of the original treaties, this chapter will question the reasons for making a restatement, and the way in which this is being done. Even if restatements may be a harmless re-reading of the law, in view of contemporary situations, a question arises with respect to how often, or how long, this can be done. The chapter explores what is labelled the ‘elasticity’ of reinterpretation, based on the understanding that reinterpretation has a purpose, and is not a merely objective act.
Unconventional Lawmaking in the Compliance Mechanism for the International Regulation of Shipping
Authors: Sun Zhen
Published: January 2023

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the ‘competent international organization’ mandated to create a regulatory framework for all aspects of international shipping. The lawmaking process within the IMO is undertaken by member states, with the technical and expert assistance of national and international organizations, civil societies, and shipping industries. The regulations adopted under the auspices of the IMO are a mixture of binding conventions and protocols, and non-binding codes and recommendations. This chapter discusses the lawmaking process at the IMO in relation to the compliance mechanism that evolved through various stages of informal law, and gradually consolidated into formal law. It explores the rationale and advantages of informal law in the context of international shipping regulations, discusses the role of different stakeholders at play in the informal lawmaking process, and analyses the interaction between informal lawmaking and formal treaty law developed under the auspices of the IMO.
The Use of Informal Agreements to Enhance Navigational Safety
Authors: Klein Natalie
Published: January 2023

To address threats to navigational safety, interested states have devised agreements that are legally non-binding but intended to set standards for regulating behaviour. The chapter examines the role and significance of informal agreements concerned with navigational safety that have been adopted outside the confines of the IMO: the Declaration of Conduct and future Code of Conduct for the South China Sea, the Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea, and the bilateral China–US Memoranda of Understanding. The aim of the chapter is to consider for what purposes these informal agreements have been adopted, and to reflect on the significance of any informal lawmaking for international laws related to navigational safety. As the international legal frame does not provide a complete picture, alternative explanatory paradigms of confidence-building measures and experimentalist governance are also assessed. The potential utility of informal agreements may, thus, be discerned, but the shortcomings are also highlighted.
The Sustainable Development Goals and Informal Lawmaking Processes
Authors: Telesetsky Anastasia
Published: January 2023

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with their lists of shared targets, are not a traditional means of lawmaking. Designed through an iterative process involving not just input from states, but also from other key actors, the SDGs reflect a valuable form of informal lawmaking. This chapter examines how the public nature of the SDGs has allowed for a broader and potentially deeper adoption of some of the targets than might have resulted from a traditional treaty negotiation. In particular, the chapter highlights how states have responded domestically by implementing new legislation/regulations, or at least reviewing existing legislation/regulations for effectiveness for some of the SDG ocean protection targets designated for Goal 14. The chapter also highlights a number of structured efforts by non-state actors, cooperating either with other non-state actors, or with state actors, to undertake progressive action to achieve SDG ocean protection targets.
Unconventional Lawmaking in the Law of the Sea and Area-based Conservation Measures
Authors: Scott Karen N
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores unconventional lawmaking in the context of area-based protection of the marine environment. It notes that, by necessity, unconventional or informal lawmaking is a relational concept and is juxtaposed against ‘formal lawmaking’, and, thus, this chapter will, briefly, begin with the formal context for area-based protection. The chapter sets out categories of unconventional lawmaking through a focus on instruments that are characterized by informality with respect to actors, processes, or outputs, but which are, nevertheless, normative in purpose and effect. It addresses measures adopted by regional fisheries management organizations, regional seas organizations, the IMO, and the International Seabed Authority, as well as initiatives under the Convention on Biological Diversity, and Sustainable Development Goals. The chapter further considers the potential impact of a new treaty on biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction, on current and future informal lawmaking processes related to area-based conservation.
Expansion of humanity in space
Authors: Chon Torres Octavio Alfonso
Published: January 2023

As humanity progresses as a civilization, sooner or later it will have to venture into the establishment of off-Earth colonies. When that happens it will raise the challenge of what kind of society we want for those contexts. Will the future of humanity in space be more akin to a utopia or a dystopia? Will we become a multiplanetary and interplanetary humanity without having solved some of our most fundamental problems as a society here on Earth? Should we place all our hopes only on the technological progress we develop? This chapter addresses the astrobioethics issue of what the future may hold for us as we expand into the universe.
The cosmolegal approach to human activities in outer space
Authors: Cirkovic Elena
Published: January 2023

In response to a call to imagine extraterrestrial liberties, this chapter uses cosmolegality as a concept and an approach for international law in the context of outer space to argue for a fundamental change in the thought and practice of modern law. Its premise is that human interference required to mitigate anthropogenic environmental degradation in outer space needs to incline towards a new thinking for its regulatory framework, which will assume as the starting point the agency of the non-human. It posits that current international law provides the foundation for value extraction by private enterprises and individual state interests in the resource potential of both domains—the Earth System and outer space—at a time of mass extinctions and climate change. In order to remedy this gap, the cosmolegal objective is to recognise and incorporate non-human agency in international law. The term ‘cosmolegal’ merges cosmology (as a branch of astronomy) with law, to represent the interactions between humans and non-humans beyond, and including, the Earth System. It aims to show what the future would look like if we used the existing interdisciplinary and plural knowledges to address environmental concerns.
Human conflict resolution in a non-Terran context
Authors: de Vigne Janet
Published: January 2023

Humans are hard-wired for conflict, and this isn’t necessarily a bad thing—human development can be stimulated and advanced by personal, environmental, and other types of conflict. To what extent, however, might twenty-first-century reasoning mitigate the potential existential threat inherent in older human understandings of conflict? In examining this question off world, we’re ‘going to the stars in order to go to the village’. Perhaps thinking conflict through in the imaginary might result in a better understanding of organizational development in Earth-based institutions as well as preparing humanity for extra-terrestrial existence. This chapter will examine the way the human story approaches conflict at individual and group levels and suggest alternative ways of thinking. Establishing stable societal structures that promote freedom, justice, and inclusion will (ideally) be at the heart of human settlements anywhere other than Earth.
Making history cosmic, making cosmic history
Authors: Moynihan Thomas
Published: January 2023

This is a history of the idea that space and survival are conjoined. Specifically, it traces the emergence of the suggestion that pursuing long-term survival beyond Earth might be good, not just for humanity but for the cosmos at large. Suggesting this was dependent upon science’s steady expansion of ‘the horizon of history’ or that spatiotemporal arena wherein genuinely directional history is acknowledged as operating—such that there can be true firsts, irreversible lasts, permanent impacts, and irrecoverably lost opportunities. Ultimately, making history cosmic in scope enabled speculations that life could ‘make cosmic history’ by spreading itself to the stars, persistently making the cosmos a richer, more exuberant place. This would be a historic, consequential change for a universe in which this hasn’t already happened and might not reliably happen otherwise, given that true history doesn’t accommodate an infinity of opportunities.
Only a paper moon
Authors: Newman Christopher J. , Ralston William
Published: January 2023

The Artemis Accords provide a framework of agreed principles which the United States and other partner countries have committed to following when conducting lunar exploration. Although negotiated as part of Project Artemis, the Accords could also shape the law as humans move out into the solar system. This chapter will examine both the compliance with existing space law and evaluate the suitability of the Accords as a blueprint for future human settlements beyond the Earth and Moon. It is contended that the most important contribution of the Accords is to reinforce existing principles of international space law. It is also argued that efforts must be made to ensure the maintenance of established international forums to avoid the fracturing of the existing Treaty frameworks and the increased risk of conflict that would bring.
Law and liberty on the Moon
Authors: von der Dunk Frans G.
Published: January 2023

With the increasing likelihood of human settlements being established on the Moon, most likely originating from a diversity of nations, fundamental questions arise how those lunar societies-to-be-developed would comply with fundamental human rights such as those concerning personal liberties. This chapter offers an analysis of what current international space law, importing also relevant general public international law, provides by way of legal directions and parameters in this regard, using three categories of scenarios to cast a look into how in the future more extended and detailed legal frameworks may evolve on the basis of the rather summary lex lata.
Introduction
Authors: Burman Åsa
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the two-worlds metaphor of contemporary social ontology. The first world, ideal social ontology, is characterized by consensus and cooperation. The second world, nonideal social ontology, is characterized by conflict and contestation. It clarifies the distinction between ideal and nonideal social ontology by drawing on Charles Mills’ work, showing that the most significant difference between ideal and nonideal social ontology is being silent on or vocal about oppression or illegitimate power relations. It identifies two shortcomings in contemporary social ontology: that power remains an underdeveloped concept that is nevertheless central in both worlds, and that economic class is still missing while other categories have been discussed in great length. The power view is partly designed to overcome these shortcomings.
Critique of the Standard Model of Ideal Social Ontology
Authors: Burman Åsa
Published: January 2023

This chapter criticizes the standard model of ideal social ontology. It provides two reasons for shifting away from this standard model. The first reason being that one essential feature of the standard model—that collective intentionality is the basic building block of social reality and a necessary condition for the existence of either all institutions or standard institutions—is false. Second, some essential features of the standard model of ideal social ontology, such as reflexivity and performativity, keep central social phenomena out of sight. Examples include economic classes, opaque social structures, and social power that is invisible to some or all members of a particular society. These phenomena belong to the first kind of social kind in Muhammad Ali Khalidi’s classification of social kinds. Consequently, the standard model of ideal social ontology makes the social world unduly narrow.
A Taxonomy of Social Facts
Authors: Burman Åsa
Published: January 2023

This chapter offers a more comprehensive account of social power than has hitherto been offered in contemporary social ontology. This account of social power—the power view—relies on a fundamental distinction: social power that is directly dependent on the intentionality of agents and social power that is indirectly dependent on the intentionality of agents to exist. Telic power and deontic power are direct forms of social power. Two indirect forms of social power are introduced and defined: spillover power and structural power. This chapter shows how these forms of social power can accommodate central social phenomena, such as those belonging to the first kind of social kind, including an opaque gender and class structure. An important implication of the power view, with its four categories of social power, is that it can be used as a basis for a taxonomy of social facts.
“Any Jackass Can Swing”
Authors: Klotz Kelsey
Published: January 2023

Chapter 1 focuses on how jazz critics performed race in their musical discussions of Brubeck’s music. In a series of debates appearing in Down Beat magazine in 1955, critics assessed the merits of the Dave Brubeck Quartet in direct comparison with the Modern Jazz Quartet, an all-Black group, in terms of counterpoint, spontaneity, swing, and commercial success. While many studies in jazz focus on the relationship between blackness, rhythm, and authenticity, this chapter introduces the concept of white intellectual privilege to examine a specific privilege granted to white cool jazz musicians like Brubeck—that is, critics’ assumptions that his music is uniquely intellectual by virtue of its connections to European classical music, particularly through counterpoint. By comparing the music of each quartet through critics’ descriptions, I describe how critics inscribed Brubeck’s sound within a rhetoric of white intellectual privilege while denying the same association to the Modern Jazz Quartet, who also extensively included counterpoint in their music.
Conclusion
Authors: Klotz Kelsey
Published: January 2023

To conclude, this chapter considers Brubeck’s relationship to his alleged Native American ancestry within the context of the fraught arguments over race, ownership, belonging, and jazz in the 1990s. Rather than attempt to seek the “truth” of Brubeck’s ancestry, revealed in detail in jazz critic Gene Lees’s Cats of Any Color: Jazz, Black and White (1994), the conclusion is a critique of a white possessive investment in a settler understanding of Indigeneity and multiculturalism. In grappling with Brubeck’s relationship with Native American sounds in his choral composition Earth Is Our Mother (1992) and claims of ancestry amid a white backlash against Black musicians and writers like Wynton Marsalis, Stanley Crouch, and Albert Murray who asserted a new focus on Black musicians in jazz, I examine a final performance of whiteness: a performance of white evasion that maintains white dominance, even as it asserts its racial justice credentials.
Rival Repeats
Authors: Greenberg Yoel
Published: January 2023

This chapter considers negative interaction, whereby two elements or more may have contradictory implications, analogous to the case of rivalry over resources in ecological systems. In the case of negative interaction, one element will inevitably prevail over the other in the long term. In the short term, however, any movement including rival elements will pose a compositional challenge to the composer. Using popular elements will be advantageous for communication with the audience, yet their contradictory implications forces the composer to find solutions. In the chapter I survey a number of compositional solutions that arose as responses to such tension, particularly in the works of Wilhelm Friedemann Bach and Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach.
Introduction
Authors: Wallace Derron
Published: January 2023

This introductory chapter explains the study’s development, and what led to understanding and theorizing the culture trap. It situates the culture trap among key cultural explanations of racial and ethnic inequality. The chapter points out the importance of troubling long-standing perceptions of Black Caribbeans in the United States as Blacks with ‘good culture’ and Black Caribbean in Britain as Blacks with ‘bad culture.’ Such historically dominant perspectives motivate inferential judgments of Black Caribbean young people’s achievement and behavioral potential in schools. The chapter suggests that in both London and New York City, Black Caribbean students experience casual commentary about their potential and performance, perspectives which shape their day-to-day experiences in schools. These assumptions about students’ prospects for achievement based on their cultural heritage are referred to as ethnic expectations—consequential expressions of the culture trap.
Model and Failing Minorities?
Authors: Wallace Derron
Published: January 2023

This chapter outlines the development and consequences of cultural narratives about Black Caribbeans as a Black model minority in the United States and as an underachieving Black minority in Britain. The chapter puts these contrasting perspectives on Black Caribbean achievement in historical context and points out that immigration policies, educational practices, and dominant discourses shaped the divergent representations of Black Caribbean young people on different sides of the Black Atlantic. In addition to tracing the historical political positioning of Black Caribbeans in the United States and Britain, the chapter outlines five key explanations for the different status positions and ethnic expectations of Black Caribbeans: the differing modes of incorporation for Black Caribbeans in British and American society, the order of migration, the timing of arrival, immigrant selectivity, and continuing transnational contacts.
Tracking Structures and Cultures
Authors: Wallace Derron
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the role of academic tracking as an influential meso-level factor in perpetuating the historically paradoxical status positions of Black Caribbeans in London and New York City schools. This chapter extends the literature on academic ‘ability’ grouping by looking at the differences in the design of academic ‘ability’ grouping systems in London and New York. This chapter suggests that Black Caribbeans are subjected to two divergent forms of academic ‘ability’ groups. In New York, Black Caribbean students experience a relatively flexible subject-by-subject tracking process, which allowed participants regular access to advanced classes in a range of courses and class years. In London, however, Caribbean students negotiate a comparatively rigid multiyear setting process, which preaassigned participants to sets across subject areas over multiple years. In this regard, this chapter points out that ability ‘grouping’ systems are significant mediating factors in the reproduction of ethnic expectations and educational inequality.
Do the Ancients See Value in Humanity?
Authors: Bett Richard
Published: January 2023

The essay considers how far ancient Greek philosophy includes a conception of the value of humanity. The first section investigates conceptions of value, especially in the Stoics and Aristotle. The second section explores conceptions of humanity, with a focus on Plato, Aristotle, and the Stoics. In both cases we find ideas that seem conducive to a picture of humans as such as having value, but these ideas are always juxtaposed with others tending in the opposite direction. The third section considers various ideas, associated especially with Protagoras and other fifth-century bce Sophists, that seem more egalitarian in flavor. However, the evidence concerning these thinkers is too slim to point toward any clear conception of the value of humanity. Hence, while the ancients may indeed have inspired such conceptions in later philosophy, it is doubtful that we can attribute any full-fledged conception of this kind to the ancients themselves.
The Normative Significance of Humanity
Authors: Railton Peter
Published: January 2023

Discussions of the value of humanity often take as their starting point the idea of humans as potentially rational beings. This might, however, miss what is normatively distinctive of humans as humans. While humans are capable of regulating themselves rationally, they do not do so “by nature”—as beings situated in a causal order and subject to conflicting inclinations, they must struggle to achieve this. Kant himself located humanity in such struggling beings rather than in rational beings as such. In closer accord with commonsense notions of “humanity,” Kant recognized that humanity involves possessing certain distinctive forms of “feeling” toward oneself and others—feelings not part of rationality as such. These feelings enable humans to be moved in thought and action by appreciation of themselves and others as ends-in-themselves. The distinctive normative significance of humanity thus would be: humanity as such makes morality possible in a world of causes.
Finding the Humean Value in Humean Humanity
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: January 2023

Although Hume did not thematize the value of humanity in the way that Kant did, he says enough about humanity and value in his writings for us to determine his likely views about a number of different questions concerning it. Kant, a moral rationalist and a moral antinaturalist, holds that the value of humanity is fundamentally moral value that is both grounded in and recognized by the rationality, not the sensibility, of human beings as noumenally free agents outside of nature. Hume, the moral antirationalist and moral naturalist, holds that humanity, as a part of nature, has many kinds of value—including moral value—that are both metaphysically and epistemologically determined by either sentiment or passion, as assisted by reason, and which typically also depend for their possession on having both reason and sensibility.
Introduction
Authors: Pechenik Jan A.
Published: January 2023

In this introductory chapter, Darwin summarizes how he became so interested in trying to explain the remarkable diversity of plant and animal life on this planet, how the present diversity we see around us relates to what is found in the fossil record, and how he decided to write this wonderful and life-changing book. The central issue for Darwin is that the great diversity in animal and plant species that we currently see must have evolved over time; his goal in writing this book is to try to explain how that diversity came to be and how it was made to keep changing over time. Darwin then summarizes the goals and content of each of the 15 chapters in this book, carefully building his argument point by point, and making a strong case for the idea that the diversity of life on our planet is well-explained by natural selection.
Variation Under Domestication
Authors: Pechenik Jan A.
Published: January 2023

In his opening chapter, Darwin talks about how domesticated animals and plants have gradually come to look as they do through the power of humans to select for the particular traits that they value over the course of many generations. The keys to this process are individual variability and the passing of particular traits to offspring. As is evident throughout this book, Darwin, having no knowledge of chromosomes, DNA, or even the basics of Mendelian genetics (first put forward by Gregor Mendel, in an obscure paper published in 1866), was at a loss to explain the causes of variation, or how those variations were transmitted to offspring.
Variation in Nature
Authors: Pechenik Jan A.
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, Darwin emphasizes that characteristics vary greatly among individuals of all species and gives many examples showing that there are often no clear boundaries between species and the varieties within a species. Deciding whether to call something a separate species or merely a variety within a species can be very subjective. He shows also that the most common and wide-ranging species tend to show the most variation among individuals. Variation is also greater for species belonging to larger genera (i.e., those containing many species) in any particular location than to those belonging to smaller genera. Also, many of the species in the larger genera resemble varieties in having restricted ranges and in being rather similar looking. These facts make sense only if varieties within species gradually become distinct new species and if species continue to generate new varieties over time.
Natural Selection, or the Survival of the Fittest
Authors: Pechenik Jan A.
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, Darwin emphasizes that natural selection works slowly and over extremely long periods of time, favoring variations that provide advantages in the struggle for nutrients and space, against predators and physical stresses, and even in the struggle for mates. Such “sexual selection” explains why individuals of one sex (usually the males) sometimes look so different from individuals of the other sex of the same species. Natural selection also works not just on adults but also on all other stages of development—eggs, seeds, embryos, larvae, and juveniles—and can act to either increase or decrease the complexity of various organs. In all cases, the best-adapted individuals will typically survive and propagate their offspring more successfully to the next generation, and those offspring will inherit the characteristics that made their parents so successful. Darwin also discusses the importance of outbreeding (matings among unrelated individuals) in promoting the vigor of offspring and the negative impacts of self-fertilization and inbreeding (matings between close relatives). He also describes the evolutionary advantages of “divergence in character” over time: individuals that differ in certain ways from their fellows can exploit new niches and reduce competition with others of their own species, eventually driving intermediate forms to extinction. Finally, he provides a detailed example of natural selection in action, creating new species, new genera, and even new families and orders from a few ancestral species in a single genus over thousands of generations. A great many species go extinct because of their inability to compete with newer species that are better adapted to their conditions of life.
On the Imperfection of the Geological Record
Authors: Pechenik Jan A.
Published: January 2023

Throughout The Origin of Species, Darwin has been arguing that all modern species of animals and plants are descended from other species, many of which looked very different from their descendants. If he is correct, many asked, then why don’t scientists see all the intermediate stages preserved as fossils? Does the geological evidence support his ideas about evolution? In this chapter, he makes the case that many intermediate stages in the fossil record cannot be seen because that record is very incomplete. Indeed, he argues that fossils are expected to form—and persist—only under very unusual circumstances that occur sporadically.
On the Geological Succession of Organic Beings
Authors: Pechenik Jan A.
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, Darwin considers the evidence for and against the idea that the geological record supports the idea of slow evolutionary changes through natural selection rather than the idea that species were created suddenly and have not changed over time. The geological record clearly shows that while some species disappear from the fossil record—usually very gradually—we also see the appearance of completely new species over time. Moreover, once a species disappears from the fossil record, it never reappears. Perhaps two of his most convincing arguments are that all extinct species fall within the same general taxonomic groupings that exist today and that distinctive types of mammals (e.g., marsupials) that are now found only in particular parts of the world are clearly related to fossilized mammals found only in those same places. All of these facts can be fully explained on the theory of gradual descent with modification through natural selection.
A Notebook for Viola Players
Authors: van der Werff Ivo-Jan
Published: January 2023

A Notebook for Viola Players is a comprehensive guide to playing the viola with the greatest freedom, dexterity, and ease. It has unique features in that, as well as having basic right- and left-hand exercises to build a sound technique, it also contains sections on how to practice them, how to hold the viola and bow, how to think about good posture, how to create a good sound, how to play with the least amount of tension, how to deal with anxiety, and thoughts on wellness and practice techniques. Alongside these are photographs and video demonstrations of the exercises played by the author as if in a lesson. There are also many anecdotes of the author’s own experiences as a student and as a professional musician. Another unique feature is the inclusion of a number of blank pages and staff paper where students can literally “make notes” and write down their own ideas, hence the title of the book.