bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discussion of “Optimal Conservatism with Earnings Manipulation”
Authors: Core John E.
Published: July 2016

In this discussion, I briefly summarize the key features of Bertomeu, Darrough, and Xue's (hereafter BDX) model. I then examine the four key assumptions that BDX employ to arrive at their results: (i) firms contract only on earnings; (ii) conservative earnings are better for contracting; (iii) conservatism motivates upward earnings manipulation; and (iv) conservatism is endogenous. I then briefly conclude.
Oral supplementation with L‐homoarginine in young volunteers
Authors: Atzler Dorothee , Schönhoff Mirjam , Cordts Kathrin , Ortland Imke , Hoppe Julia , Hummel Friedhelm C. , Gerloff Christian , Jaehde Ulrich , Jagodzinski Annika , Böger Rainer H. , Choe Chi‐un , Schwedhelm Edzard
Published: July 2016

Aims

Low blood concentrations of the naturally occurring amino acid L‐homoarginine (L‐hArg) are related to impaired cardiovascular outcome and mortality in humans and animals. L‐hArg is a weak substrate of nitric oxide synthase and an inhibitor of arginases in vitro. The aim of our study was to obtain kinetic and dynamic data after oral L‐hArg supplementation.

Methods

In a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled crossover study, 20 young volunteers received 125 mg L‐hArg once daily for 4 weeks. Kinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax and AUC0‐24h) were calculated after ingestion of single and multiple doses of oral supplementation as primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints that were evaluated were routine laboratory, L‐arginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), flow‐mediated vasodilatation (FMD), corticospinal excitability, i.e. motor threshold (MT), and cortical excitability, i.e. intracortical inhibition (ICI) and facilitation (ICF).

Results

One hour after ingestion (Tmax), L‐hArg increased the baseline L‐hArg plasma concentration (2.87 ± 0.91 μmol l−1, mean ± SD) by 8.74 ± 4.46 [95% confidence intervals 6.65; 10.9] and 17.3 ± 4.97 [14.9; 19.6] μmol l−1 (Cmax), after single and multiple doses, respectively. Once‐only and 4 weeks of supplementation resulted in AUCs0‐24h of 63.5 ± 28.8 [50.0; 76.9] and 225 ± 78.5 [188; 2624] μmol l−1*h, for single and multiple doses, respectively. Routine laboratory parameters, L‐arginine, ADMA, PWV, AIx, FMD, MT, ICI and ICF did not change by L‐hArg supplementation compared to baseline.

Conclusion

Once daily orally applied 125 mg L‐hArg raises plasma L‐hArg four‐ and sevenfold after single dose and 4 weeks of supplementation, respectively, and is safe and well tolerated in young volunteers.
A novel 33‐Gene targeted resequencing panel provides accurate, clinical‐grade diagnosis and improves patient management for rare inherited anaemias
Authors: Roy Noémi B. A. , Wilson Edward A. , Henderson Shirley , Wray Katherine , Babbs Christian , Okoli Steven , Atoyebi Wale , Mixon Avery , Cahill Mary R. , Carey Peter , Cullis Jonathan , Curtin Julie , Dreau Helene , Ferguson David J. P. , Gibson Brenda , Hall Georgina , Mason Joanne , Morgan Mary , Proven Melanie , Qureshi Amrana , Sanchez Garcia Joaquin , Sirachainan Nongnuch , Teo Juliana , Tedgård Ulf , Higgs Doug , Roberts David , Roberts Irene , Schuh Anna
Published: July 2016

Accurate diagnosis of rare inherited anaemias is challenging, requiring a series of complex and expensive laboratory tests. Targeted next‐generation‐sequencing (NGS) has been used to investigate these disorders, but the selection of genes on individual panels has been narrow and the validation strategies used have fallen short of the standards required for clinical use. Clinical‐grade validation of negative results requires the test to distinguish between lack of adequate sequencing reads at the locations of known mutations and a real absence of mutations. To achieve a clinically‐reliable diagnostic test and minimize false‐negative results we developed an open‐source tool (CoverMi) to accurately determine base‐coverage and the ‘discoverability’ of known mutations for every sample. We validated our 33‐gene panel using Sanger sequencing and microarray. Our panel demonstrated 100% specificity and 99·7% sensitivity. We then analysed 57 clinical samples: molecular diagnoses were made in 22/57 (38·6%), corresponding to 32 mutations of which 16 were new. In all cases, accurate molecular diagnosis had a positive impact on clinical management. Using a validated NGS‐based platform for routine molecular diagnosis of previously undiagnosed congenital anaemias is feasible in a clinical diagnostic setting, improves precise diagnosis and enhances management and counselling of the patient and their family.
International Consultation on Urological Diseases and European Association of Urology International Consultation on Minimally Invasive Surgery in Urology: laparoscopic and robotic adrenalectomy
Authors: Ball Mark W. , Hemal Ashok K. , Allaf Mohamad E.
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study was to provide an evidence‐based systematic review of the use of laparoscopic and robotic adrenalectomy in the treatment of adrenal disease as part of the International Consultation on Urological Diseases and European Association of Urology consultation on Minimally Invasive Surgery in Urology. A systematic literature search (January 2004 to January 2014) was conducted to identify comparative studies assessing the safety and efficacy of minimally invasive adrenal surgery. Subtopics including the role of minimally invasive surgery for pheochromocytoma, adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and large adrenal tumours were examined. Additionally, the role of transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches, as well as laparoendoscopic single‐site (LESS) and robotic adrenalectomy were reviewed. The major findings are presented in an evidence‐based fashion. Large retrospective and prospective data were analysed and a set of recommendations provided by the committee was produced. Laparoscopic surgery should be considered the first‐line therapy for benign adrenal masses requiring surgical resection and for patients with pheochromocytoma. While a laparoscopic approach may be feasible for selected cases of ACC without adjacent organ involvement, an open surgical approach remains the ‘gold standard’. Large adrenal tumours without preoperative or intra‐operative suspicion of ACC may be safely resected via a laparoscopic approach. Both transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches to laparoscopic adrenalectomy are safe. The approach should be chosen based on surgeon training and experience. LESS and robotic adrenalectomy should be considered as alternatives to laparoscopic adrenalectomy but require further study.
Routinely reported ‘equivocal’ lymphovascular invasion in prostatectomy specimens is associated with adverse outcomes
Authors: Galiabovitch Elena , Hovens Christopher M. , Peters Justin S. , Costello Anthony J. , Battye Shane , Norden Sam , Ryan Andrew , Corcoran Niall M.
Published: July 2016

Objective

To evaluate the significance of routinely reported ‘equivocal’ lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in prostatectomy specimens of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.

Materials and Methods

Prospectively collected data from men who underwent prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer were retrospectively reviewed. Rates of adverse pathological features and biochemical recurrence (BCR) were compared between tumours positive, negative or ‘equivocal’ for LVI. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of BCR.

Results

Of 1 310 consecutive cases, LVI was present definitively in 82 (6.3%) and equivocally in 43 (3.3%) cases. Similar to definitive LVI, equivocal LVI was significantly associated with other adverse pathological features, including advanced stage, higher Gleason grade and positive surgical margins. BCR occurred more frequently in patients with tumours that were equivocal (61%) or positive for LVI (71%) than in patients with negative results (14.7%). In addition, patients with both definitive and equivocal LVI had a significantly shorter BCR‐free survival time compared with those with negative LVI. Multivariable Cox regression analysis indicated that the presence of either definitive or equivocal LVI were independent predictors of disease recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 3.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.3–4.8; P <0.001 vs HR 1.66, 95% CI 1.05–2.65; P = 0.032, respectively).

Conclusion

In this single‐institution study, equivocal LVI had a similar association with adverse pathological features and rate of BCR to that of definitive LVI. If our observations are validated in an independent cohort, consideration should be given to the inclusion of equivocal LVI as part of routine pathological reporting.
What is the effect of soft tissue thickness on crestal bone loss around dental implants? A systematic review
Authors: Akcalı Aliye , Trullenque‐Eriksson Anna , Sun Chuanming , Petrie Aviva , Nibali Luigi , Donos Nikolaos
Published: July 2016

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review was to determine whether soft tissue biotype at implant placement has an influence on crestal bone loss (CBL) at 1 year after implant loading.

Material and methods

Following electronic search in three databases (MEDLINE via OVID, EMBASE and The Cochrane Database) and hand search up to April 2015, two reviewers screened independently and in duplicate the references to identify randomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials (CCTs) and prospective case series eligible for systematic review and meta‐analysis. Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used for assessing risk of bias.

Results

From 2944 citations, six studies (6 CCTs) met the inclusion criteria. Four of six individual studies that compared thin vs. thick biotype showed significantly higher CBL in thin biotype. Meta‐analysis could only be performed with two studies and the differences did not reach significant level. None of the included studies was of low risk of bias.

Conclusions

At present, there is insufficient evidence to answer the question on the differences in clinical outcome in terms of CBL between implants placed in sites with initial soft tissue thickness <2 mm and those with ≥2 mm. Further, well‐designed controlled clinical studies are needed to analyze the effect of soft tissue thickness on the clinical outcomes of dental implants.
CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorder with spindle‐cell morphology
Authors: Martires Kathryn J. , Cohen Brandon E. , Cassarino David S.
Published: July 2016

Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is classified as a CD30+ primary cutaneous lymphoproliferative disease. The phenotypic variability along the spectrum of CD30+ lymphoproliferative diseases is highlighted by the distinct histologic subtypes of LyP types A, B, C, and the more recently described types D, E, and F. We report the case of an elderly woman with a clinical presentation and histopathologic findings consistent with LyP, whose atypical CD30+ infiltrate uniquely demonstrated a spindle‐cell morphology. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of LyP characterized by CD30+ spindle‐shaped cells, and may represent a new and distinct histologic variant of LyP.
Inhibition of the integrin signal constitutes a mouse iPS cell niche
Authors: Higuchi Sayaka , Yoshina Sawako , Mitani Shohei
Published: July 2016

Stem cells are regulated by their surrounding microenvironments, called niche, such as cell–cell interaction and extracellular matrix. Classically, feeder cells as a niche have been used in the culture of iPS cells from both the mouse and the human. However, the regulation mechanism of stem cells by feeder cells as a niche still have been partially unclear. In this study, we used three murine iPS cell lines, iPS‐MEF‐Ng‐20D‐17, iPS‐MEF‐Ng‐178B‐5 and iPS‐MEF‐Fb/Ng‐440A‐3, which were generated by different reprogramming methods. In general, these cell lines commonly need the feeder cells as a niche to culture. Recently, the effect of substrate stiffness is known in stem cell study. First, we focused on the mechanical properties of feeder cells, and then we speculated that feeder‐less culture might be made possible by using molecules in place of the mechanical properties of the niche. Finally, we found that the combination of disintegrin (echistatin) and 2i (GSK3 inhibitor and MEK inhibitor) is a sufficient condition for three murine iPS culture. This novel method of mimicking the murine iPS cell niche may be useful to understand signaling pathways to maintain the pluripotency of stem cells.
DEEP RECESSIONS, FAST RECOVERIES, AND FINANCIAL CRISES: EVIDENCE FROM THE AMERICAN RECORD
Authors: Bordo Michael D. , Haubrich Joseph G.
Published: July 2016

Do steep recoveries follow deep recessions? Does it matter if a credit crunch or banking panic accompanies the recession? We look at the American historical experience in an attempt to answer these questions. The answers depend on the definition of a financial crisis and on how much of the recovery is considered. But in general recessions associated with financial crises are followed by rapid recoveries. We find three exceptions to this pattern: the recovery from the Great Contraction in the 1930s, the recovery after the recession of the early 1990s, and the present recovery. The present recovery is strikingly more tepid than the 1990s. Possible factors to explain the slowness of this recovery include residential investment and policy uncertainty. (JEL E32, N10, G01)
TESTING COMMITMENT COST THEORY IN CHOICE EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Bazzani Claudia , Caputo Vincenzina , Nayga Rodolfo M. , Canavari Maurizio
Published: July 2016

In choice experiments, it is commonly assumed that individuals make choices in static and certainty decision‐making conditions. Real‐world choices, however, are usually made in a dynamic setting. Committing a purchase decision under conditions of uncertainty might have a “Commitment Cost” (CC). In this study, we test CC theory using a nonhypothetical choice experiment. Specifically, we test whether choice behavior and willingness to pay estimates differ when individuals have the option to gain present or delayed information or reverse the transaction. Our results suggest that the construction of a dynamic decision context can be relevant in the design of choice experiments. (JEL C90, C93, Q18)
Observed forest sensitivity to climate implies large changes in 21st century North American forest growth
Authors: Charney Noah D. , Babst Flurin , Poulter Benjamin , Record Sydne , Trouet Valerie M. , Frank David , Enquist Brian J. , Evans Margaret E. K.
Published: July 2016

Predicting long‐term trends in forest growth requires accurate characterisation of how the relationship between forest productivity and climatic stress varies across climatic regimes. Using a network of over two million tree‐ring observations spanning North America and a space‐for‐time substitution methodology, we forecast climate impacts on future forest growth. We explored differing scenarios of increased water‐use efficiency (WUE) due to CO2‐fertilisation, which we simulated as increased effective precipitation. In our forecasts: (1) climate change negatively impacted forest growth rates in the interior west and positively impacted forest growth along the western, southeastern and northeastern coasts; (2) shifting climate sensitivities offset positive effects of warming on high‐latitude forests, leaving no evidence for continued ‘boreal greening’; and (3) it took a 72% WUE enhancement to compensate for continentally averaged growth declines under RCP 8.5. Our results highlight the importance of locally adapted forest management strategies to handle regional differences in growth responses to climate change.
Lacosamide use in children with epilepsy: Retention rate and effect of concomitant sodium channel blockers in a large cohort
Authors: McGinnis Emily , Kessler Sudha Kilaru
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To evaluate the effectiveness of lacosamide (LCM) in pediatric patients, using time to treatment failure as the outcome measure, and to assess the impact of concomitant sodium channel blocker (SCB) use on LCM retention.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of patients <21 years old receiving LCM from 2010 to 2015. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were generated for time to LCM failure, defined as discontinuation of LCM or addition of another antiepileptic therapy. The impact of concomitant use of traditional SCB agents (phenytoin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, and/or lamotrigine) and other factors including age, seizure types, fast drug titration, and prior antiepileptic drug history were evaluated using Cox regression.

Results

The analysis cohort included 223 patients, of whom 116 were taking one or more SCBs, with median follow‐up of 7.4 months (1–53 months). For all patients, the probability of remaining on LCM without addition of another therapy was 44.7% at 12 months and 25.6% at 24 months. Concomitant SCB use was an independent predictor of time to LCM failure (hazard ratio [HR] 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.38–2.65, p < 0.001).Although treatment emergent adverse effects were reported more often in patients taking SCB (65% vs. 39%, p < 0.001), intolerability was rarely the sole reason cited for LCM discontinuation, and SCB use was strongly associated with LCM failure, even when controlling for presence of treatment emergent adverse effects (adjusted HR 1.99, 95% CI 1.36–2.90, p < 0.001).

Significance

This study provides observational evidence for treatment persistence of LCM in children, in a large cohort with long‐term follow‐up, using time to treatment failure as the outcome measure. Concomitant SCB use was a key factor increasing risk of LCM failure, but not due to treatment‐emergent adverse effects alone.
Prognostic models for predicting posttraumatic seizures during acute hospitalization, and at 1 and 2 years following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Ritter Anne C. , Wagner Amy K. , Szaflarski Jerzy P. , Brooks Maria M. , Zafonte Ross D. , Pugh Mary Jo V. , Fabio Anthony , Hammond Flora M. , Dreer Laura E. , Bushnik Tamara , Walker William C. , Brown Allen W. , Johnson‐Greene Doug , Shea Timothy , Krellman Jason W. , Rosenthal Joseph A.
Published: July 2016

Objective

Posttraumatic seizures (PTS) are well‐recognized acute and chronic complications of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Risk factors have been identified, but considerable variability in who develops PTS remains. Existing PTS prognostic models are not widely adopted for clinical use and do not reflect current trends in injury, diagnosis, or care. We aimed to develop and internally validate preliminary prognostic regression models to predict PTS during acute care hospitalization, and at year 1 and year 2 postinjury.

Methods

Prognostic models predicting PTS during acute care hospitalization and year 1 and year 2 post‐injury were developed using a recent (2011–2014) cohort from the TBI Model Systems National Database. Potential PTS predictors were selected based on previous literature and biologic plausibility. Bivariable logistic regression identified variables with a p‐value < 0.20 that were used to fit initial prognostic models. Multivariable logistic regression modeling with backward‐stepwise elimination was used to determine reduced prognostic models and to internally validate using 1,000 bootstrap samples. Fit statistics were calculated, correcting for overfitting (optimism).

Results

The prognostic models identified sex, craniotomy, contusion load, and pre‐injury limitation in learning/remembering/concentrating as significant PTS predictors during acute hospitalization. Significant predictors of PTS at year 1 were subdural hematoma (SDH), contusion load, craniotomy, craniectomy, seizure during acute hospitalization, duration of posttraumatic amnesia, preinjury mental health treatment/psychiatric hospitalization, and preinjury incarceration. Year 2 significant predictors were similar to those of year 1: SDH, intraparenchymal fragment, craniotomy, craniectomy, seizure during acute hospitalization, and preinjury incarceration. Corrected concordance (C) statistics were 0.599, 0.747, and 0.716 for acute hospitalization, year 1, and year 2 models, respectively.

Significance

The prognostic model for PTS during acute hospitalization did not discriminate well. Year 1 and year 2 models showed fair to good predictive validity for PTS. Cranial surgery, although medically necessary, requires ongoing research regarding potential benefits of increased monitoring for signs of epileptogenesis, PTS prophylaxis, and/or rehabilitation/social support. Future studies should externally validate models and determine clinical utility.
Q‐collect: results of a European Union project to improve the status of reference collections important for plant health
Authors: Bonants P. , Streito J.‐C. , Elphinstone J. , Pottier P. , Robert V. , Bluemel S. , van der Blom M. , Gentit P. , de Vos P. , Petter F.
Published: July 2016

The ability of National Plant Protection Organizations (NPPOs) and their affiliated laboratories to quickly and reliably detect and identify organisms is critical for the effective performance of phytosanitary measures. Plant pest diagnostics is also essential to support the phytosanitary certification of consignments of plants and plant products exported from the EU. Access to reference material has been identified as a limitation on the ability of laboratories to develop and validate diagnostic tests and ensure the reliability of diagnostics. The EU FP7 Q‐collect project worked to establish the state of the art of current phytosanitary collections, to identify gaps and propose minimum quality standards, to facilitate access to specimens and to design and build networks of reference collections. The main results of the project are presented in this paper.
Native and introduced parasitoids in the biocontrol of Dryocosmus kuriphilus in Veneto (Italy)
Authors: Colombari F. , Battisti A.
Published: July 2016

The invasive gallmaker Dryocosmus kuriphilus is a threat to chestnut stands and it is necessary to control it in order to maintain a satisfactory nut yield. A preliminary evaluation of the native natural enemies emerging from the galls, mainly parasitoids associated with native cynipid gallmakers, revealed that they were not able to contain the pest. Consequently, a classical biological control programme using Torymus sinensis started in 2010, with almost 500 releases being made in 6 years. The parasitoid achieved a satisfactory level of control of the pest over a period of time shorter than expected based on literature related to other countries. The success in the study area might be explained by specific traits intrinsic to T. sinensis, such as its high spread capability via stratified dispersal (i.e. a combination of short‐ and long‐distance flights), together with a large availability of host galls and limited competition with other parasitoids.
First report of the Opuntia cochineal scale Dactylopius opuntiae (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) in Morocco
Authors: Bouharroud R. , Amarraque A. , Qessaoui R.
Published: July 2016

The Opuntia cochineal scale Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae) causes severe damage to prickly pear (Opuntia ficus‐indica (L.) Miller). This scale insect was first detected in Morocco in 2015 during sampling in the cactus crop in the Sidi Bennour region (120 km north‐west of Marrakech). Methods for sampling, preservation and identification are described. Although this scale insect can be used for the production of the natural dye carmine, the damage it can cause is considerable. A pest risk analysis should be carried out and the ensuing management measures implemented to prevent severe economic and ecological losses.
The regulatory landscape for biological control agents
Authors: Ward M. G.
Published: July 2016

A biological control agent (BCA) has been defined as ‘an organism [used] to reduce the population density of another organism’. However, an organism which is a BCA may, in addition, fall within the regulatory definition of an invasive alien species, a plant pest, a quarantine plant pest, a harmful organism, a plant protection product, or any combination of these. Therefore the regulatory landscape which has to be navigated by applicants wishing to release BCAs is complex. Examples are given of this complexity, drawing on relevant international standards and European Union legislation. A clearer understanding of the regulatory landscape across the EPPO region is necessary for agreeing routes through it to facilitate rapid adoption of biological control options, where these are available, and to ensure that potential risks and benefits are assessed in a coherent and consistent way.
Conclusions from the workshop on evaluation and regulation of biological control agents
Authors: Ward M. G.
Published: July 2016

This paper reports on the Workshop on Evaluation and Regulation of Biological Control Agents (BCAs) held in Budapest on the 23–24 November 2015. Conclusions and recommendations are summarized and explained, and some of the ways in which the recommendations are being taken forward by the joint EPPO IOBC Panel on Biological Control are described. The key conclusions are that properly authorized releases of BCAs are beneficial for crop protection and the environment, with little evidence of adverse effects. Different countries apply different types of regulation in different ways to determine whether such releases can be authorized. A more harmonized approach could increase opportunities for use of biological control and ensure that potential risks are addressed in a more coherent and consistent way.
Care planning for aggression management in a specialist secure mental health service: An audit of user involvement
Authors: Hallett Nutmeg , Huber Jörg W. , Sixsmith Judith , Dickens Geoffrey L.
Published: July 2016

This paper describes an audit of prevention and management of violence and aggression care plans and incident reporting forms which aimed to: (i) report the compliance rate of completion of care plans; (ii) identify the extent to which patients contribute to and agree with their care plan; (iii) describe de‐escalation methods documented in care plans; and (iv) ascertain the extent to which the de‐escalation methods described in the care plan are recorded as having been attempted in the event of an incident. Care plans and incident report forms were examined for all patients in men's and women's mental health care pathways who were involved in aggressive incidents between May and October 2012. In total, 539 incidents were examined, involving 147 patients and 121 care plans. There was no care plan in place at the time of 151 incidents giving a compliance rate of 72%. It was documented that 40% of patients had contributed to their care plans. Thematic analysis of de‐escalation methods documented in the care plans revealed five de‐escalation themes: staff interventions, interactions, space/quiet, activities and patient strategies/skills. A sixth category, coercive strategies, was also documented. Evidence of adherence to de‐escalation elements of the care plan was documented in 58% of incidents. The reasons for the low compliance rate and very low documentation of patient involvement need further investigation. The inclusion of coercive strategies within de‐escalation documentation suggests that some staff fundamentally misunderstand de‐escalation.
Relationship among α amylase and carbonic anhydrase VI in saliva, visible biofilm, and early childhood caries: a longitudinal study
Authors: Borghi Gabriela N. , Rodrigues Lívia P. , Lopes Lenita M. , Parisotto Thais M. , Steiner‐Oliveira Carolina , Nobre‐dos‐Santos Marinês
Published: July 2016

Aim

This longitudinal study investigated the relationship among early childhood caries (ECC), α amylase, carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VI), and the presence of visible biofilm, besides detecting if these variables could predict risk for ECC.

Design

One hundred children were divided into two groups: caries group (n = 45) and caries‐free group (n = 55). Visible biofilm on maxillary incisors was recorded, followed by caries diagnosis in preschoolers at baseline and at follow‐up. Saliva samples were collected, and activities of CA VI and α amylase were determined. Data normality was assessed by Shapiro–Wilk test and then Mann–Whitney, Spearman correlation, and chi‐square tests followed by multiple logistic regression analysis (α = 0.05, 95% confidence interval).

Results

CA VI activity was significantly higher in saliva of children with caries (P ≤ 0.05), and α amylase activity was significantly higher in saliva of caries‐free children (P < 0.0001). Children with α amylase activity in saliva lower than 122.8 U/mL (OR = 3.33 P = 0.042) and visible biofilm on maxillary incisors (OR = 3.6 P = 0.009) were more likely to develop ECC than caries‐free children. A negative correlation between caries and α amylase activity was found (P = 0.0008).

Conclusions

The presence of visible biofilm and low salivary activity of α amylase may be considered risk predictors for ECC.
Depressive symptoms, college adjustment and peer support among undergraduate nursing and midwifery students
Authors: Horgan Aine , Sweeney John , Behan Laura , McCarthy Geraldine
Published: July 2016

Aim

This study aimed to identify levels of depressive symptoms, social and personal college adjustment and peer support among nursing and midwifery students.

Background

Student mental health is of international concern, particularly among students who are undertaking professional qualifications in health care.

Design

Cross‐sectional design.

Methods

Data were collected in 2013 using the Centre for Epidemiology Depressive Symptoms Scale, two subscales of the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire; and a subscale of the Peer Support Evaluation Inventory with 417 students in Ireland.

Results

Findings indicated that 34% of participants experienced depressive symptoms, 20% were poorly personally adjusted and 9% poorly socially adjusted. Most students had good levels of peer support. Statistically significant relationships were found between all key variables. Students in their second year of study had significantly higher rates of depressive symptoms. Participants who reported having poor relationships with their fathers were at higher risk and had more difficulties personally and socially adjusting to university life and study. The alcohol consumption of participants had a statistically significant relationship with depressive symptoms with higher consumption rates having a positive impact on symptoms.

Conclusion

The mental health of undergraduates undertaking professional healthcare studies needs to be a key research, educational and clinical priority. High rates of adjustment and mental health difficulties, particularly in the second year of the programme need to be examined and more effective interventions developed.
Development and evaluation of a dietary self‐management programme for older adults with low literacy and heart disease: pilot study of feasibility and acceptability
Authors: Shao Jung‐Hua , Chen Su‐Hui
Published: July 2016

Aims

To develop a dietary self‐management programme for salt‐, fluid‐, fat‐ and cholesterol‐intake behaviours for older adults with low literacy and heart disease and evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the programme.

Background

Eating behaviours such as fluid, salt, fat and cholesterol intake are an important factor related to heart disease outcomes. People with low literacy have difficulty following recommended health behaviours, but limited research has investigated intervention programmes for this population.

Design

Programme development and pilot testing its feasibility and acceptability. Recommendations were also collected from participants and the research assistant for future large‐scale interventions.

Methods

The study had two phases. Phase I consisted of programme development based on previous qualitative findings, a systematic review of the literature, clinical practice experience and expert opinion. In Phase II, we pilot tested the programme from January – June 2014 in a convenience sample of 10 older adults with low literacy, heart disease and recruited from a medical centre in northern Taiwan.

Results

Pilot testing showed that our programme was feasible and acceptable to older adults with low literacy and heart disease. Moreover, the final version of the programme was revised based on participants’ and the research assistant's recommendations.

Conclusion

Our study results suggest that with guidance and assistance, older adults with low literacy and heart disease can be motivated to take action for their health and are empowered by learning how to self‐manage their heart‐healthy eating behaviours.
Twist and Snail expression in tumor and stromal cells of epithelial odontogenic tumors
Authors: Oh Kyu‐Young , Yoon Hye‐Jung , Lee Jae‐Il , Ahn Sun‐Ha , Hong Seong‐Doo
Published: July 2016

Background

The aims of this study were to evaluate expression of Twist and Snail in tumor and stromal cells of epithelial odontogenic tumors and to analyze relationships between Twist and Snail expression and between tumor and stromal expression.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry was performed using Twist and Snail antibodies in 60 ameloblastomas (AMs; 20 solid/multicystic, 20 unicystic, and 20 recurrent), six ameloblastic carcinomas (ACs), 10 adenomatoid odontogenic tumors (AOTs), and six calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumors (CEOTs).

Results

A higher rate of tumor cells strongly positive for Twist was observed in AC compared to the other tumors (P = 0.019). The rate of tumor cells strongly positive for Snail tended to be higher in AC than in AM (P = 0.060). AM and AC showed a higher rate of Twist‐positive stromal cells than AOT and CEOT (P < 0.001). Tumor cells of recurrent AM showed stronger expression of Twist (P < 0.001) and Snail (P = 0.001) compared to AM without recurrence. A moderate positive correlation was observed between tumor expression of Twist and Snail (r = 0.376, P = 0.001) and between tumor and stromal expression of Snail (r = 0.334, P = 0.002).

Conclusions

Twist and Snail may affect the epithelial–mesenchymal transition in AC and be involved in recurrence of AM. Stromal Twist expression may be associated with aggressive clinical behavior of epithelial odontogenic tumors. A Twist–Snail pathway may participate in the development and progression of odontogenic tumors, and tumor–stroma interaction in odontogenic tumors may be mediated by Snail.
Introduction of complementary foods with respect to French guidelines: description and associated socio‐economic factors in a nationwide birth cohort (Epifane survey)
Authors: Boudet‐Berquier Julie , Salanave Benoit , de Launay Catherine , Castetbon Katia
Published: July 2016

We described the introduction of complementary food (ICF) during the first year of life and identify associations observed with maternal and infant characteristics. We studied 3368 children included in the Epifane cohort, France, 2012. Maternal and infant characteristics and age at introduction of 28 complementary foods were collected at birth and at 1, 4, 8 and 12 months. Kaplan–Meier plots were used to represent probabilities of ICF. A score was used as tertiles in multinomial logistic regression to identify maternal and infant factors associated with ICF agreement with French recommendations. Median age of ICF was 152 days. While 12.6% of infants received complementary food before the age of 4 months, 95% of them were introduced after 7 months. Recommendations were generally followed, except for eggs and added fats, introduced in only 23.2% and 53.1% of 1‐year‐old infants, respectively. Factors significantly associated with the first ICF score tertile (low agreement with recommendations) vs. third tertile were as follows: maternal age 18–24 years (OR = 2.24 [1.49–3.35]) or 25–29 years (OR = 1.57 [1.21–2.04]), education less than or equal to high school graduation (OR = 1.94[1.51–2.48]), birthplace in France (OR = 2.13 [1.41–3.21]), three or more children (OR = 1.70 [1.15–2.51]), no follow‐up antenatal classes (OR = 1.58 [1.22–2.04]), unemployment before and after pregnancy (OR = 1.64 [1.04–2.59]), unemployment before pregnancy and return to work within 12 months (OR = 2.06 [1.05–4.02]), no breastfeeding (OR = 2.08 [1.55–2.79]) or lasting <28 days (OR = 1.68 [1.22–2.31]) or 1–4 months (OR = 1.45 [1.08–1.96]). Recommendations concerning complementary food were generally followed. However, guidelines should be clarified and adapted to families who have difficulties in adopting them.
Molecular identification and phylogenetical analysis of dermatophyte fungi from Latin America
Authors: Garcia Garces Hans , Hrycyk Marluce F. , Giacobino Juliana , Capela Machado Gabriel , Domingos Arantes Thales , Theodoro Raquel C. , Bosco Sandra de M. G. , Bagagli Eduardo
Published: July 2016

Dermatophytes constitute a complex group of fungi, comprised of by the genera Trichophyton, Epidermophyton and Microsporum. They have the ability to degrade keratin and cause human and animal infections. Molecular techniques have made their identification faster and more accurate, and allowed important advances in phylogenetic studies. We aim to identify molecularly and to determine the phylogenetic relationships in dermatophyte fungi from Brazil and other Latin American countries, using DNA sequencing of the nuclear ribosome regions ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 and D1/D2. DNA of 45 dermatophytes was extracted and amplified by PCR for identification at the species level by sequencing of those ribosomal regions. The software mega 6.0 was used to establish the phylogenetic relationships via the Maximum Likelihood method. Out of 45 strains, 43 were identified by ITS (95.5%) and 100% by D1/D2 sequencing. Two strains could not be identified by ITS. Phylogenetic analyses separated the genera Trichophyton and Microsporum, which presented an uncertain relationship with Epidermophyton floccosum, depending on the ribosomal marker. Both regions can provide efficient identification of dermatophytes, whereas phylogenetic analysis revealed complex relations among dermatophyte fungi.
Negotiation and Conflict Resolution Education in the Age of the MOOC
Authors: Ebner Noam
Published: July 2016

Even as online learning is increasingly embraced by institutions of higher education, the past decade has seen the arrival of yet another new educational vehicle: massive online open courses (MOOCs). These courses are designed to disseminate knowledge at an unprecedented scale — even as they engender concerns about quality, learning efficacy, and the future of higher education. In this article, I discuss the MOOC phenomenon and describe a MOOC on negotiation that I developed and taught, exploring the advantages that such a course offers for negotiation and conflict resolution education in particular.
Functional dyspepsia susceptibility is related to CD14,GNB3,MIF, and TRPV1 gene polymorphisms in the Greek population
Authors: Triantafyllou K. , Kourikou A. , Gazouli M. , Karamanolis G. P. , Dimitriadis G. D.
Published: July 2016

Background

Functional dyspepsia (FD) susceptibility might be influenced by polymorphisms of genes related to inflammation (CD14, macrophage migration inhibitory factor [MIF]), motor (GNB3), and sensory dysfunction (GNB3, TRPV1). We examined the association between CD14 rs2569190, GNB3 rs5443, MIF rs222747, and TRPV1 rs755622 gene polymorphisms with FD (Rome III criteria) in the Greek population.

Methods

We genotyped 174 dyspeptics (115 with epigastric pain syndrome; 41% Helicobacter pylori positive) and 181 controls using polymerase chain reaction‐based methods and we measured disease symptoms’ burden with a modified Gastrointestinal Symptoms Related Scale.

Key Results

Homozygous for the TT genotype and the T allele of the CD14 gene were significantly associated (OR [95% CI]) with FD (2.65 [1.42–4.94] and 1.67 [1.23–2.26], respectively). The CT, TT genotypes, and T allele frequencies of GNB3 showed also significant association with FD (2.18 [1.35–3.54], 3.46 [1.30–9.23], and 2.18 [1.48–3.19]). While heterozygous GC MIF genotype was more common in dyspeptics (1.67 [1.07–2.60]), homozygous CC genotype and the C allele of TRPV1 gene were more prevalent in controls (0.47 [0.25–0.87] and 0.69 [0.51–0.92], respectively). None of the gene polymorphism was related either to dyspepsia clinical syndrome type or to the H. pylori infection. Among dyspeptics, CD14 TT genotype was related to lower epigastric pain burden score (p<.011); CD14 CT genotype was related to higher epigastric burning and nausea burden scores (p<.04) while belching score was lower (p=.027) in MIF CG dyspeptics.

Conclusion & Inferences

Functional dyspepsia susceptibility is related to CD14, GNB3, MIF, and TRPV1 gene polymorphisms, while CD14 and MIF gene variants are also associated with dyspepsia symptoms burden.
Plant hydraulics improves and topography mediates prediction of aspen mortality in southwestern USA
Authors: Tai Xiaonan , Mackay D. Scott , Anderegg William R. L. , Sperry John S. , Brooks Paul D.
Published: July 2016

Elevated forest mortality has been attributed to climate change‐induced droughts, but prediction of spatial mortality patterns remains challenging. We evaluated whether introducing plant hydraulics and topographic convergence‐induced soil moisture variation to land surface models (LSM) can help explain spatial patterns of mortality.

A scheme predicting plant hydraulic safety loss from soil moisture was developed using field measurements and a plant physiology–hydraulics model, TREES. The scheme was upscaled to Populus tremuloides forests across Colorado, USA, using LSM‐modeled and topography‐mediated soil moisture, respectively. The spatial patterns of hydraulic safety loss were compared against aerial surveyed mortality.

Incorporating hydraulic safety loss raised the explanatory power of mortality by 40% compared to LSM‐modeled soil moisture. Topographic convergence was mostly influential in suppressing mortality in low and concave areas, explaining an additional 10% of the variations in mortality for those regions.

Plant hydraulics integrated water stress along the soil–plant continuum and was more closely tied to plant physiological response to drought. In addition to the well‐recognized topo‐climate influence due to elevation and aspect, we found evidence that topographic convergence mediates tree mortality in certain parts of the landscape that are low and convergent, likely through influences on plant‐available water.
When Social Minds Get into Trouble
Authors: Kukkonen Karin
Published: July 2016

Fictional minds have taken a central role in cognitive narratology, from Lisa Zunshine's appropriation of the debates around so‐called ‘theory of mind’ (2007) to Alan Palmer's work on ‘fictional minds’ (2004), and, more recently, his discussion of Social Minds in the Novel (2010). Palmer brings to the fore instances in which characters think collectively, such as the ‘Middlemarch mind’, but he also acknowledges the possibility of interplay between externalist and internalist perspectives on fictional minds. The present article proposes to extend Palmer's discussion to include not only successful social minds but also those that get into trouble in ways interesting to narrative study. Drawing on texts by Sarah Fielding and Edward Gibbon, written in the eighteenth century, a time when the boundaries between the public and the private were renegotiated, the article develops an account of the dynamics of social minds between internalist and externalist narrative modes. It shows how these dynamics relate to the development of plot and how they come to the fore in narrative strategies, such as opaque embedded intentionalities, polyphony and irony.
Approaching Entangled Moral Attitudes
Authors: Bale Kjersti
Published: July 2016

Substantive readings of literary works are central to Martha C. Nussbaum's attempt to develop a conception of morality based on particular instances. Building on her key concepts perception and improvisation while adjusting them by way of drawing on works by Cora Diamond, this article suggests that not only literature, but also what W. T. A. Mitchell has coined “imagetexts” display a wide range of values and attitudes that question abstract moral principles. By inviting readers and viewers to compare and contrast their cognitive as well as emotional responses, text and image spur a kind of moral thinking oriented towards the particular. A salient incident from Joseph Conrad's novella Heart of Darkness (1902) and Liv Bugge's art book You Make Me Want to Die in the Countryside: A Meditation on “Heart of Darkness” by Joseph Conrad (2011) provide test cases for this assertion. Diverging and incompatible moral attitudes are dispersed and explored throughout these works and the orchestration of diverse attitudes calls for equally diverse cognitive and emotional responses.
Egg sensitization, allergy and component patterns in African children with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Gray Claudia L. , Levin Michael E. , du Toit George
Published: July 2016

Background

Egg allergy is the most common food allergy in children with atopic dermatitis (AD). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of egg allergy, component patterns and predictive values of screening tests in egg allergy in South African children with AD.

Methodology

This was a prospective, observational study in a paediatric university hospital in Cape Town. Children with AD, aged 6 months to 10 years, were recruited randomly. They were assessed for sensitization and allergy to egg by questionnaire, skin prick tests (SPT), Immuno Solid Phase Allergen Chip (ISAC 103®) test, ImmunoCAP component tests to egg and ovomucoid (Gal d 1) and incremental food challenges.

Results

Hundred participants (59 Black Africans and 41 of mixed ethnicity) were enrolled, median age 42 months. There was a high rate of egg sensitization of 54% and prevalence of confirmed egg allergy of 25%. History and screening laboratory tests overestimated egg allergy significantly. SPT to fresh egg white was significantly more sensitive in diagnosing egg allergy than SPT to the commercial egg white extract and produced the highest area under the receiver operator characteristics curve of all the screening tests in predicting true egg allergy. In those participants sensitized to egg, the component ovomucoid was best at differentiating true egg allergy from tolerance. Commonly used 95% positive predictive values (PPVs) for SPT to egg and ImmunoCAP egg white produced low PPV of 57% and 74%, respectively, in this population overall, with generally poorer predictive values amongst the Black Africans than the mixed ethnicity participants. A SPT to fresh egg of 17 mm and ImmunoCAP egg white of 13 kU/l produced the best PPV for egg allergy in this population.

Conclusion

The prevalence of egg allergy is high in African children with AD, but history of egg allergy and sensitization to egg significantly overestimate the true egg allergy rate. SPT to fresh egg white was more sensitive than that to commercial egg white extract; hence, fresh egg white should be recommended in an egg allergy screening panel. The component ovomucoid was useful for differentiating allergy from tolerance in egg‐sensitized participants. Population‐specific 95% PPV for egg allergy tests may need to be established in developing world populations.
Attachment style and readiness for psychotherapy among psychiatric outpatients
Authors: Kealy David , Tsai Michelle , Ogrodniczuk John S.
Published: July 2016

Ninety‐two adults attending outpatient mental health services completed measures of attachment style and readiness to engage in psychotherapy. Correlation and linear regression analyses found anxious attachment to be positively associated with treatment‐seeking distress and found avoidant attachment to be negatively associated with openness to personal disclosure in the therapy relationship.

Practitioner points

Insecure attachment may influence prospective patients' readiness for psychotherapy.

Patients with an avoidant attachment style may need assistance in preparing for the relational aspects of psychotherapy.