bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstracts: The effect of rinse water obtained from the washing of rice (YU‐SU‐RU) as a hair treatment
Authors: Inamasu S. , Ikuyama R. , Fujisaki Y. , Sugimoto K.‐I.
Published: September 2010

pp.29–33

We researched the histories of the hairstyles and hair care practices of Japanese women, and found a very close relationship between the two. For example, the court ladies of the Heian Period, whose beautiful long hair, called suberakashi, reached to the floor, were said to have combed their hair each day using Yu‐Su‐Ru (rinse water obtained from the washing of rice) . Rice is considered to be the most important food in the Japanese diet, and the historical fact that rice was used for hair care is very interesting. We therefore focused our attention on the Yu‐Su‐Ru hair care practice in the Heian Period, and examined its effects on hair. As a result, we found that Yu‐Su‐Ru exhibited hair care effects, such as reducing surface friction and increasing hair elasticity. However, when hair was treated with Yu‐Su‐Ru alone, flaking was observed on the hair surface, and the direct application of Yu‐Su‐Ru was considered difficult. Thus, Yu‐Su‐Ru extracts, which are highly effective in hair care and do not cause flaking were examined. The results showed that Yu‐Su‐Ru extracts had multiple functions for hair care at the same time. Thus, the new application of Yu‐Su‐Ru for hair care was discovered.
Abstracts: Basic optics of effect materials
Authors: Jones S. A.
Published: September 2010

pp. 85–105

Effect materials derive their color and effect primarily from thin‐film interference. Effect materials have evolved over the decades from simple guanine crystals to the complex multilayer optical structures of today. The development of new complex effect materials requires an understanding of the optics of effect materials. Such an understanding would also benefit the cosmetic formulator as these new effect materials are introduced. The root of this understanding begins with basic optics. This paper covers the nature of light, interference of waves, thin‐film interference, color from interference, and color travel.
Abstracts: New alternatives to cosmetics preservation
Authors: Papageorgiou S. , Varvaresou A. , Tsirivas E. , Demetzos C.
Published: September 2010

pp. 107–123

This work was partially presented at the 7th Joint Meeting of AFRP, ASP, GA, PSE and SIF, Athens, Greece, and at the XIIIth COSMODERM Joint Meeting of ESCAD and the Hellenic Society of Dermatology and Venerology, Athens, Greece.

In recent years, there is a considerable interest in the development of preservative‐free or self‐preserving cosmetics. The aim of our work was to develop new cosmetic formulations by replacing chemical preservatives with ingredients with antimicrobial properties that are not legislated as preservatives according to Annex VI of Commission Directive 76/768/EEC. This paper describes the preservative efficacy of the well‐known antimicrobial extracts of Lonicera caprifoleum and Lonicera japonica in combination with glyceryl caprylate and/or levulinic acid, p‐anisic acid, and ethanol. We prepared a series of acidic (pH = 5.5) aqueous and O/W formulations, i.e., tonic lotion, shampoo, shower gel, conditioning cream, anticellulite cream, cleansing milk and peeling cream, containing (0.2% w/w) Lonicera extracts, alone in the case of tonic lotion and in combination with (1% w/w) glyceryl caprylate in the other products, and we performed challenge tests according to the European Pharmacopoeia procedures and criteria. Formulations such as shampoo, shower gel, and conditioning cream fulfilled criterion A, while tonic lotion, anticellulite cream, cleansing milk, and peeling cream fulfilled criterion B, in regard to contamination from A. niger. Furthermore, we evaluated the efficacy of the antimicrobial systems in two states of use: the intact product and after 3 weeks of consumer use. The results showed that A. niger was also detected during use by consumers in the products that satisfied only criterion B in challenge tests. The addition of antimicrobial fragrance ingredients such (≤0.3% w/w) levulinic acid or (0.1% w/w) p‐anisic acid and/or (5% w/w) ethanol afforded products that met criterion A in challenge tests and were also microbiologically safe during use. The small quantity (5% w/w) of ethanol gave an important assistance in order to boost the self‐preserving system and to produce stable and safe products.
The Definition of Challenging Behaviour in Practice
Authors: Lowe Kathy , Felce David
Published: September 2010

Two studies explored how severely challenging behaviour might be defined in practice. Associations between behaviour and severity of management problem in the first study suggested that outer‐directed behaviours tended to be rated as more challenging. The characteristics of people referred to specialist challenging behaviour services were compared in the second study to similarly labelled people not so referred. Differences again highlighted outer‐directed behaviours disruptive to the material or social environment. These results are discussed in terms of the potential criteria for viewing behaviours as problematic or challenging.
Sialidosis Type 1
Authors: SWALLOW DALLAS M. , EVANS LORRAINE , STEWART G. , THOMAS P. K. , ABRAMS J. D.
Published: September 2010

Obserrations have been made on two brothers who had progressive ataxia, intention myoclonus and visual failure starting early in the third decade of life. Their parents were consanguineous. The brothers showed bilateral cherry red spots a t the maculae and bilateral perinuclear cataracts; their intelligence was preserved. Urine was found to contain large amounts of sialylated oligosaccharides; cultured skin fibroblasts showed deficiency of the enzyme sialidase (neuraminidase).

Studies on leiirocytes and cultured skin fibroblasts showed aberrant electrophoretic mobilities of six enzmyes all of which are known to be glycoproteins, and this has been attributed to excessive amounts of sialic acid on the enzyme molecules.

The clinical features together with the biochemical findings indicate that these are further cases of the newly described condition Sialidosis Type 1 and i t is suggested that the electrophoretic findings might be typical of the condition.
An alternative model of recombination and interference
Authors: RISCH N. , LANGE K.
Published: September 2010

A model of four‐strand crossing‐over is presented in which all non‐randomness is attributed to the non‐Poisson distribution of the number of exchanges. Nth order recombination fractions and the coefficient of coincidence are calculated in terms of the model. It is shown that coincidence may be greater or less than unity depending on the prior distribution of exchanges. An obligate exchange is a sufficient condition for coincidence to be less than unity if there is a maximum of four exchanges, but not necessarily if five or more are possible. It is also shown that triarginal coincidence is a11 insufficient concept to explain the behaviour of coincidence over it entire tn‐o‐climensioiial domain.
FACTORS AFFECTING FETAL SURVIVAL AFTER INTRAUTER TRANSFUSION FOR RHESUS ISOIMMUNIZATION
Authors: Ogborn A. D. R. , Hunt Kathleen M. , Gordon H.
Published: September 2010

Intrauterine transfusion of the fetus is described in 165 pregnancies. The overall fetal survival rose from 28 per cent in 1964 to 1969 to 42·5 per cent in 1973 to 1975. Apart from technical complications of the procedure itself, the factors most likely to affect fetal survival were the gestational age and amniotic fluid optical density difference before the first intrauterine transfusion, the birth weight and the cord blood haemoglobin level.
THE EFFECT OF INTRAUTERINE FETAL TRANSFUSION AND A β‐SYMPATHOMIMETIC SUBSTANCE ON THE LECITHIN/ SPHINGOMYELIN RATIO IN HUMAN AMNIOT1C FLUID
Authors: Van Iddekinge B. , Hughes Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2010

The apparently low incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in babies born prematurely after irstrauterine transfusion and the simultaneous prophylactic administration of intravenous isoxsuprine (a β‐sympathomimetic agent) was investigated by serial study of amniotic fluid lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios. The ratio rose very significantly after intrauterine transfusions and significantly (but less markedly) after the administration of intravenous isoxsuprine alone.
INTRACRANIAL BIRTH TRAUMA IN VAGINAL BREECH DELIVERY: THE CONTINUED IMPORTANCE OF INJURY TO THE OCCIPITAL BONE
Authors: Wigglesworth J. S. , Husemeyer R. P.
Published: September 2010

Between 1966 and 1976, postmortem examinations revealed significant intracranial birth trauma in 17 infants delivered breech first and in ten infants delivered head first; separation of the squamous and lateral parts of the occipital bone (occipital osteodiastasis) was found in five of the infants who died after breech delivery. The finding of the lesions in these infants is attributed to the adoption, since 1971, of a postmortem technique involving dissection of the suboccipital region before opening the skull. Review of earlier necropsy reports suggests that the lesion was sometimes missed. Analysis of the fresh stillbirths and neonatal deaths occurring in the 477 vaginal breech deliveries at the Hammersmith Hospital (1966 to 1976) showed that all neonatal deaths in infants weighing more than 3000 g at birth were associated with intracranial birth trauma: 2 out of 3 had occipital osteodiastasis which seems to be more common than is generally recognized and is only found with careful autopsy technique.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SPERMATOGENESIS AND SERUM HORMONE LEVELS IN SUBFERTILE MEN
Authors: Jackaman R. , Ghanadian R. , Ansell I. D. , McLoughlin P. V. A. , Chisholm G. D.
Published: September 2010

The measurements of serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone were related to the sperm concentration and testicular biopsy in 137 subfertile men. The biopsies were classified into four histological groups: normal, focal tubular atrophy, maturation arrest and Sertoli‐cell‐only syndrome. A positive correlation was found between sperm concentration and the histological grade of spermatogenesis. FSH was directly related to the spermatogenesis and the values were significantly raised in maturation arrest and Sertoli‐cell‐only syndrome. This relationship was present, but to a much lesser extent, for LH. Serum testosterone levels remained unchanged and no relationship between testosterone and either sperm concentration or testicular biopsy was observed. These data indicate the value of FSH in the investigation of the subfertile male, but suggest that the routine measurement of testosterone is unnecessary.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN CERVICAL MUCUS AND ITS RESPONSE TO VARIOUS CONTRACEPTIVE REGIMES
Authors: Chantler E. N. , Lo Katie , Elstein M.
Published: September 2010

Carbonic anhydrase activity is present in human cervical mucus throughout the normal menstrual cycle. Lowest activity occurs in the ovulatory phase. A similar pattern of activity is seen in the presence of either an ‘inert’ or copper‐releasing intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD). The overall levels of activity are not significantly altered by the presence of either type of IUCD. A cyclic pattern of activity is retained even though endogenous ovarian function is suppressed by combined oestrogen‐progestogen oral contraceptives.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THREE LOW DOSE PROGESTOGENS, CHLORMADINONE ACETATE, MEGESTROL ACETATE AND NORETHISTERONE, AS ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: Hawkins D. F. , Benster B.
Published: September 2010

Three low dose progestogens, chlormadinone acetate (0·5 mg), megestrol acetate (0&5 mg) in oil, and norethisterone (0·35 mg), taken daily, were employed as oral contraceptives in postnatal women who desired to postpone their next pregnancy for up to a year. In a lower and middle social class population net pregnancy rates (life table) were five to six per 100 woman‐years, of which about half were due to failure to take the tablets. Side effects other than menstrual disturbance were few. Norethisterone was the least likely of the three preparations to lead to discontinuation because of disturbance of menstruation. There were three ectopic gestations amongst 35 pregnancies in 4500 woman‐months of use. Ninety‐five patients with varicose veins, 15 with a history of thrombophlebitis and 23 with a history of liver disease took progestogens without relevant untoward effects.
AMNIOTIC FLUID TESTOSTERONE AND FETAL SEX DETERMINATION IN THE FIRST HALF OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Zondek T. , Mansfield M. D. , Zondek L. H.
Published: September 2010

The concentration of freely extractable testosterone in amniotic fluid was measured in 54 patients whose gestational ages ranged from 10 to 20 weeks; 31 of the fetuses were male and 23 were female. The mean amniotic fluid testosterone concentration was significantly higher with a male fetus than with a female fetus. On only 7 out of 31 occasions was the presence of a male fetus associated with amniotic fluid testosterone values below 100 pg/ml, whereas the values associated with a female fetus were never higher than 90 pg/ml. After 14 weeks gestation no amniotic fluid testosterone level was lower than 120 pg/ml in the presence of a male fetus.
The contemporary pharmacological management of overactive bladder
Authors: Chapple CR
Published: September 2010

Overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms are an important cause of morbidity and interference in quality of life (QoL). This review considers the pertinent outcome measures currently in use in the evaluation of antimuscarinic therapy when used in the treatment of OAB symptoms. In particular, reference is made to the pivotal role of urgency and the difficulties associated with its assessment. The existing antimuscarinic agents are reviewed with particular reference to the third International Consultation on Incontinence committee’s deliberations on this subject. The limitations of scientifically conducted meta‐analyses are discussed. The importance of head‐to‐head comparative studies is emphasised with particular reference to the contemporary literature base of reported studies. Future work needs to be targeted at patient‐perceived outcomes, and study design should include outcome measures that are more meaningful to people, such as return to bladder control, achievement of normal micturition frequency and QoL. Persistence rates with therapy need to be evaluated, with evaluation of the particular factors of importance in influencing the variation between the drugs, and more studies of the effects of antimuscarinics are required in older people.
Surgical training in gastrointestinal procedures within a UK gynaecological oncology subspecialty programme
Authors: Naik R , Galaal K , Alagoda B , Katory M , Mercer‐Jones M , Farrel R
Published: September 2010

Objective  An analysis of surgical experience in gastrointestinal procedures within a UK‐based gynaecological oncology centre to which subspecialty fellows within the subject are exposed.

Design  Retrospective study.

Setting  Northern Gynaecological Oncology Centre, Gateshead, UK.

Population  All women undergoing bowel surgery over a six‐year period, 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2005.

Methods  Cases were analysed by specialty and grade of surgeon performing the procedure.

Main outcome measure  Proportion of cases to which subspecialty fellows were exposed.

Results  Two hundred and sixty‐two women (11.5%) underwent bowel surgery out of 2280 women undergoing major surgery for gynaecological cancer. This included ovarian/primary peritoneal cancer in 186 women (71%). Of these 262 cases, 238 operations (91%) were performed by a gynaecological oncologist, 20 (7.5%) were performed jointly with the gastrointestinal surgeons and four (1.5%) were performed solely by the gastrointestinal surgeons. A gynaecological oncology subspecialty fellow performed 21 (8%) and assisted in an additional 204 operations (78%). Perioperative morbidity and mortality statistics in addition to overall survival outcomes were comparable to the published literature.

Conclusions  A significant proportion of major surgical operations performed within a gynaecological oncology centre require gastrointestinal procedures. The majority of these procedures can be performed by gynaecological oncologists with an acceptable perioperative morbidity and mortality rate. Subspecialty training has the potential to allow trainees significant exposure to these procedures. An accredited post‐Fellowship Training Programme can provide the opportunity for hands‐on experience to allow gynaecological oncologists the confidence and credibility to perform these procedures independently.
Original Contribution: Three clinical studies showing the anti‐aging benefits of sodium salicylate in human skin
Authors: Merinville Eve , Byrne Adam J , Rawlings Anthony V , Muggleton Adam J , Laloeuf Aurelie C
Published: September 2010

Background  Anti‐aging effects of high concentrations of salicylic acid (SA) peels are commonly known. Like all acids, SA can produce somatosensory and visible irritation to the skin and as such may be unsuitable for subjects with sensitive skin.

Aims  To provide evidence that sodium salicylate (SS) obtained from neutralization of 1% SA by sodium hydroxide can deliver significant anti‐aging benefits.

Methods  The effects of SS were examined using three approaches: (1) evaluating its effects on stimulating the synthesis of fibrillin and collagen‐1 in vivo; (2) examining its efficacy by using Fast Optical in vivo Topometry (FOITS) in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical study; (3) determining its effects on both expert and naïve grader assessement of wrinkles in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study.

Results  In the first study SS produced significant increases of the fibrillin and collagen‐1 anti‐aging biomarkers compared with the untreated skin control. A commercially available retinol cream delivered similar effects to SS. In the second study using FOITS we showed that the SS formulation significantly reduced wrinkle depth (Rz) and skin roughness (Ra) after 4 and 8 weeks of daily application vs. placebo (Rz: −8.2 ± 1.40% and −11.4 ± 1.07%; Ra: −7.8 ± 1.33% and −11.9 ± 0.61%; P < 0.01). In the third study reductions in wrinkle depth were observed by expert assessment at both 4 and 8 weeks for the SS‐containing formulation compared to its placebo (P < 0.05). Equally, non‐expert graders recorded the SS formulation superior to its placebo.

Conclusion  Although the mechanism of action is not completely understood, we believe the benefits of SS are derived from its intrinsic stratum corneum exfoliation effects. All three studies demonstrate the significant anti‐aging effects of SS that are especially suitable for subjects with sensitive skin.
Master Case Presentation: Idiopathic hemi‐facial lipoatrophy treated with autologous fat transfer
Authors: Liu Stephanie W , Cohen George F
Published: September 2010

Facial lipoatrophy can be socially disfiguring, often prompting patients to seek correction. A variety of agents are used to treat facial lipoatrophy, but the quest for the ideal agent remains elusive. We present a case of non‐HIV associated, idiopathic hemi‐facial lipoatrophy successfully treated with autologous fat transfer (ATF). Because ATF has no complications from antigenicity, it is a safe and cost‐effective treatment option for patients with non‐HIV associated cases of facial lipoatrophy and abundant donor tissue.
Parting Thought: Innovation in the personal care industry
Authors: Knaggs Helen
Published: September 2010

When considering opportunities to develop novel, eye‐catching and consumer‐relevant personal care (PC) products, it is important to understand and reflect on how science has changed over the last two decades and how this has generated a new body of data from which to draw ideas and technologies. This article outlines some advances in scientific technologies and new ways of thinking in science, which lead to new insights into skin biology. How these innovations may impact and be leveraged into the development of new products in PC is also discussed. For example, fundamental discoveries in skin biology and the advancement of scientific methodologies are enabling step changes in technology in PC. Two examples of areas where we have seen much advancement are discussed. This article is based on and summarizes a presentation given at the HBA in Sep 2009 as part of a session entitled “Emerging Technologies and New Opportunities in Antiaging in PC.”
Effects of physical exercise on insulin absorption in insulin‐dependent diabetics. A comparison between human and porcine insulin
Authors: Fernqvist Eva , Linde Birgitta , Östman Jan , Gunnarsson Rolf
Published: September 2010

Summary. Nine insulin‐dependent diabetics with undetectable plasma C‐peptide (<0·05 nmol 1‐1) and without insulin antibodies (insulin binding to IgG<0·05 Ul‐1) received subcutaneous injections of 10 U 125I‐labelled soluble human or porcine insulin in the thigh on 2 consecutive days. Disappearance rates of 125I were monitored continuously by external counting and plasma insulin levels were determined during rest for 30 min, bicycle exercise of moderate intensity for 40 min, and 60 min recovery. Subcutaneous blood flow was measured concomitantly in the contralateral thigh by the 133Xenon clearance technique.

During the initial period of rest human insulin was absorbed approximately 40% faster than its porcine analogue (first order rate constants 0·37±0·06 vs 0·27±0·06% min‐1, P<0·05) and the increment of the area under the plasma insulin curve was greater after hum‐ii than after porcine insulin (184±46 vs 112±42 mUl‐1 min, P<0·05).

Exercise enhanced the absorption rates for both 125I‐insulins to 0·50±0·06 and 0·48±0·10% min‐1 for human and porcine insulin, respectively (P<0·05). This increase was less pronounced for human compared to porcine insulin (49±19 vs 105±40%, P=0·06). During exercise plasma insulin rose to 37±5 mUl‐1 after human and 30±5 mUl‐1 after porcine insulin and the areas under the plasma insulin curves were similar. During the recovery phase the absorption rates decreased slightly compared to the exercise value for both insulins. The blood glucose lowering effect was similar for the two insulins. Subcutaneous blood flow was not significantly altered by exercise in either group.

It is concluded that during rest human soluble insulin is more rapidly absorbed than porcine insulin. Physical exercise tends to increase porcine insulin absorption more and eliminates the basal difference in the absorption kinetics between human and porcine insulin. The increased insulin absorption during exercise is not coupled to corresponding changes in the subcutaneous blood flow.
Autonomic nerve function tests. Reference values in healthy subjects
Authors: Bergström Bengt , Lilja Bo , Rosberg Kerstin , Sundkvist Göran
Published: September 2010

Summary. Autonomic nerve function was evaluated by deep breathing (E/I heart rate ratio) and tilt table tests (acceleration index, brake index, and blood pressures) in 56 healthy subjects in order to find reference values. The results showed that the E/I ratio, the acceleration index and the brake index fell with increasing age. There was no influence of age on the systolic and the diastolic blood pressure reactions to tilt. Age‐related reference values are needed in the evaluation of autonomic neuropathy indices.
Comparison between ventilatory and mouth occlusion pressure responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in healthy sleeping man
Authors: Sautegeau Armelle , Hannhart Bernard , Peslin René , Bagard Michel , Sadoul Paul
Published: September 2010

Summary. Ventilatory and mouth occlusion pressure (P0·1) responses to progressive isocapnic‐hypoxia and hyperoxic‐hypercapnia were compared in eleven healthy sleeping men during the same night. Hypoxic and hypercapnic responses were determined during wakefulness, non‐rapid and rapid‐eye‐movement sleep. The following parameters were measured: minute ventilation (V̇E), tidal volume (VT), ‘duty cycle’ (Tl/TT), mean inspiratory flow rate (VT/Tl) and P0·1, an index of the neuromuscular inspiratory drive. To allow a direct comparison between the two types of chemostimuli, responses were characterized by the value of the different parameters at ‘equivalent’ levels of hypoxia and hypercapnia, i.e., at levels which produced the same P0·1 during wakefulness: an oxyhaemoglobin saturation (Sao2) of 94% during the isocapnic‐hypoxic tests (PETco2=42·5±1·2 mmHg) was found to be equivalent to a Petco2 of 47·4±3·7 mmHg during hypoxic‐hypercapnic tests. For both tests, the arousal levels of the stimulus and of P0·1 were similar in all sleep stages. Sleep did not significantly modify P0·1 or breathing pattern responses to hypoxia (Sao2=94%). In contrast, at the ‘equivalent’ level of hypercapnic stimulation, P0·1 (P<0·05) and V̇E (P<0·01) responses were significantly impaired, particularly in REM sleep, with a decrease in VT (P<0·01) and VT/Tl (P<0·05) responses. The results suggest that CO2 intracranial receptor mechanisms are more affected by sleep than the O2 peripheral receptor activity.
Effect of hypoxia on muscle oxygenation and metabolism during arm exercise in humans
Authors: Jensen‐Urstad M. , Hallbäck I. , Sahlin K.
Published: September 2010

Summary. The influence of hypoxaemia on anaerobic energy production during arm exercise (AE) has been investigated. Six men were studied during maximal AE and during 10 min of sitting submaximal AE under both normoxic (AEN) and hypoxic (AEH, respiratory hypoxia, 12% O2) conditions. Peak pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO2) during maximal AE in normoxia and hypoxia was 2.25±0.15 and 2–18±014 1 min‐1, respectively (P<0.05). The absolute workload was the same during submaximal AEN and AEH and corresponded to 54% of peak VO2 during normoxic maximal AE. To eliminate the potential influence of differences in catecholamine levels on the metabolic response, the submaximal experiments were performed during β‐adrenoceptor blockade. Oxygen deficit was.,45±0–26 and 1.67±0191 during AEN and AEH, respectively (n.s.). Oxygen extraction at steady state was lower during AEH than during AEN, and assuming a similar O2 demand this corresponds to a 14% higher muscle blood flow during AEH. At the onset of both AEN and AEH, O2 extraction (a‐v O2) across the arm increased transiently above that at steady state, the increase being more pronounced during AEN than during AEH (P<0–05). Muscle oxygenation, measured by near‐infrared spectroscopy, demonstrated an initial decrease which was partially reversed as exercise proceeded. The reversal of muscle O2 desaturation was slower in all subjects during AEH (t1/2=2.4±0.2 min) than during AEN (t1/2=1.2±0–2 min; P<0–01). After 10 min of exercise, arterial blood lactate was higher (P<0–05) during AEH (5.5 ±0.2 mmol 1‐1) than during AEN (4.9±0.6 mmol 1‐1), whereas arterial plasma ammonia (NH3) was similar. The arteriovenous difference for both lactate and ammonia was similar during AEN and AEH. It is concluded that the high anaerobic energy production at the onset of AE is associated with a transient increase in O2 extraction and a transient decrease in muscle oxygenation. The effects of hypoxaemia on peak VO2, oxygen deficit and blood metabolites are less pronounced than previously described during submaximal leg exercise (LE).
Day‐to‐day variability of cardiac autonomic regulation parameters in normal subjects
Authors: Töyry J. , Mäntysaari M. , Hartikainen J. , Länsimies E.
Published: September 2010

Summary. We examined the reproducibility of day‐to‐day variability in cardiovascular autonomic nervous function parameters (classical clinical tests and domain analysis of heart rate variability) in four healthy men during a period of 1 working week. The results did not show any significant difference in any of the parameters over the five repeated measurements. The maximum‐minimum difference as percentage of the mean was under 15% for expiration to inspiration (E/I) ratio, Valsalva ratio, tachycardia ratio, 30/15 ratio, acceleration index and brake index; about 45% for baroreflex sensitivity for systolic and diastolic blood pressure and for root mean square difference (RMSSD) of successive R‐R intervals; about 65–85% for low and high frequency bands, total power and medium to high frequency ratio; and about 125% for medium frequency band. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values showed that the agreement for classical autonomic parameters (except for brake index) was good. ICC for RMSSD, baroreflex sensitivity for systolic blood pressure and the spectral estimates of heart rate variation were less good. Coefficient of variation (CV) was 4% for E/I ratio, 2% for 30/15 ratio, 6% for Valsalva, 3% for tachycardia ratio, 4% for acceleration index and 5% for brake index. CV for baroreflex sensitivity and for RMSSD was about 20%. It is concluded that the variation in baroreflex sensitivity is clearly larger than in the classical autonomic nervous function parameters. One‐minute fixed pace breathing period seems to be too short to allow reproducible measurement of RMSSD and the spectral parameters of heart rate variation. Learning effect could be excluded.
99mTc‐MAG3 kinetics in the normal pig. A comparison to 131I‐OIH and 125I‐iothalamate after single injection and during continuous infusion
Authors: Rehling M. , Frøkiaer J. , Poulsen E. U. , Marqversen J. , Nielsen B. V. , Bacher T.
Published: September 2010

Summary. An invasive comparative study of some pharmacokinetic aspects of 99mTc‐mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3), 131I‐orthoiodohippurate (OIH), and 125I‐iothala‐mate (iothalamate) was performed in six pigs 0–150 min after a simultaneous single injection (SI) and during a subsequent 90 min of continuous infusion (CI). The total plasma clearance and the renal clearance of MAG3 were about 75% that of OIH. The renal clearance of MAG3 was about 21/2 times the glomerular filtration rate. The distribution volume of MAG3 was 71% that of iothalamate and only 47% that of OIH. There was a significant hepatic plasma clearance of MAG3 of 5.9 ml min‐1 and 3.9% of the injected dose was excreted in the bile. HPLC analysis revealed that technetium was excreted in urine and Me mainly labelled to MAG3. The average red blood cell (RBC) binding after single injection/during continuous infusion was 1.0%/2.3% for MAG3, 13.5%/9.0% for OIH, and 3.1%/5.3% for iothalamate. The binding of OIH to RBC in arterial blood increased from 8% at 1 min post‐injection to 21% at 150 min post‐injection. The RBC binding was higher in the renal vein, indicating incomplete back diffusion from RBC to plasma. The protein binding was 90% for MAG3, 49% for OIH and 16% for iothalamate. The renal plasma extraction of MAG3 was constant but significantly smaller after SI (0.54) than during CI (0.62). Following SI, the renal plasma extraction of OIH decreased continuously from 0.85 to 0.52, 3.150 min post‐injection. On the average there was no significant difference in renal plasma extraction after SI and during CI of either OIH (0.72 versus 0.77) or iothalamate (0.26 versus 0.27). It is concluded that MAG3 is preferential to OIH as a tracer for renal function studies using a single injection technique mainly due to the constant renal extraction of MAG3.
Plasma endorphin species during dynamic exercise in humans
Authors: Viru A. , Tendzegolskis Z.
Published: September 2010

Summary. β‐Endorphin is metabolized to γ‐ and α‐endorphin. In order to evaluate endorphin metabolism during exercise, radioimmunoassay blood levels of α, β‐ and γ‐endorphins were recorded during exercise for 2 h on a cycling ergometer in 12 endurance‐trained and 11 untrained male subjects. In untrained subjects, mild exercise (49±4%VO2max, mean±SD) did not show an increase in plasma β‐endorphin, while the levels of its metabolites rose. No changes were noted in the endurance‐trained subjects. More intensive exercise (66±6%VO2max in untrained and 57±7%VO2max in trained subjects) resulted in an increase in p‐endorphin concentration in association with elevation of the a‐endorphin level. While before and during exercise the β‐endorphin levels did not differ significantly between athletes and untrained subjects, the levels of γ‐ and α‐endorphins, as well as the molar ratios α/β and γ/β, were significantly higher in untrained subjects. In conclusion, blood levels of β‐endorphin metabolites in the resting state and during exercise are dependent on previous training. In untrained subjects, mild exercise may result in accumulation of γ‐ and α‐endorphins in blood without a concomitant change in β‐endorphin level.
Cardiovascular and hormonal responses to anaphylactic shock in the pig
Authors: Jacobsen J. , Johnsen C. R. , Skov P. S. , Warberg J. , Knigge U. , Secher N. H.
Published: September 2010

Summary. Cardiovascular and hormonal responses to anaphylactic shock were evaluated in anaesthetized pigs sensitized by natural exposure to Ascaris suum as verified by antibodies. In six animals with such antibodies, Ascaris antigen injection produced a plasma histamine increase of 52 (42–196) fold (median and range; P<0.05), while four pigs without such antibodies served as controls with only insignificant increases in histamine. In the anaphylactic group, two of the animals died during the investigation due to cardiovascular collapse. In the sensitized pigs resting heart rate (HR), 104 (86–118) beats min‐1, increased to 204 (164–240) beats min‐1 as mean arterial pressure (MAP) decreased from 94 (83–102) to 45 (31–90) mmHg (P<0.05). In contrast, the non‐sensitized pigs maintained the resting HR of 101 (79–113) beats min‐1, as MAP decreased to 50 (41–97) mmHg (P<0–05). In the sensitized group systemic vascular resistance (SVR) fell from 1114 (843–1811) to 990 (588–1173) dyne s‐1 cm‐5 and then increased to 3617 (2593–4166) dyne s‐1 cm‐5, while in the control group there was only a reduction to a minimum value of 730 (458–1307) dyne s‐1 cm‐5 (P<0.05). Thoracic electrical impedance increased only in the sensitized group [from 28.3 (24.7–31.4) to 29.9 (24.0–31.4)], indicating central volume depletion. Plasma catecholamines increased markedly only in the sensitized pigs, and plasma pancreatic polypeptide, vasopressin, aldosterone and renin responses confirmed to those established during central hypovolemia. During anaphylaxis, this study demonstrated cardiovascular responses similar to those established during a major blood loss. However, as indicated by plasma catecholamines, sympathetic activity was many times that previously demonstrated during haemorrhage, and sympathoactivation may explain the marked vasoconstriction noted in the sensitized pigs.
A comparison between two exercise tests on cycle; a computerized test versus the Åstrand test
Authors: Wisén A. G. M. , Wohlfart B.
Published: September 2010

Summary. Two submaximal cycle ergometer test methods, the Åstrand nomogram test and a computerized two‐point extrapolation test (Cat Eye ergociser, commercially available), were compared in order to determine agreement and repeatability of estimates of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2rnax). Twenty healthy women, divided into two groups of ten according to their age (mean 35.3 and mean 46.9), performed test‐retest with each method. In both methods the VO2max was estimated from workload and the corresponding heart rate. The correlation between the VO2max using the two methods was high (r=0.85, P<0.001). Some of the estimates derived from the computerized test had large errors, which reduced the agreement between the tests. The variation (2SD), expressed in per cent of mean VO2rnax was 19% for the Åstrand test and 34% for the computerized test. Furthermore, the computerized test underestimated the VO2max with approximately 5 ml kg‐1 min‐1 compared with the Åstrand test. Due to this underestimation and the greater variation of the VO2max in the computerized test, it is not recommended to use the two methods interchangeably in clinical practice.
Objective analysis of whole lung and lobar ventilation/ perfusion relationships in pulmonary embolism
Authors: Harris Benjamin , Bailey Dale L. , Chicco Peter , Bailey Elizabeth A. , Roach Paul J. , King Gregory G.
Published: September 2010

Purpose:  Lung scintigraphy using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) allows accurate regional measurement of the ventilation/perfusion () relationship. Objective analysis has been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). By using anatomical information provided by co‐registered computed tomography, we describe methodology for determining the extent of heterogeneity at a lobar level. We investigate this methodology using simulated data, and demonstrate its potential application in the clinical setting of PE.

Methods:  Data representing an incremental perfusion defect involving the right lung, together with an unaffected ventilation dataset, were modelled using Monte Carlo simulation. For each increase in the size of the perfusion defect, the whole lung relationship was objectively determined. In addition, using an image mask of the pulmonary lobes, lobar relationships were also determined. heterogeneity was characterized using the log10 standard deviation of the ratio (log SDVQR), ventilation (log SDV) and perfusion (log SDQ) distributions. Finally, this methodology was explored in clinical cases.

Results:  As an increasing number of segments were involved by perfusion defects, there was a progressive increase in all objective parameters of heterogeneity. The relative change was greatest for log SDV. Analysis of both the simulated and clinical studies demonstrated sensitive changes in the lobar profiles to the presence of PE.

Conclusions:  Segmentation and analysis of SPECT ventilation–perfusion scintigraphy at a lobar level can be used to quantify regional relationships. This objective methodology is sensitive to the presence of PE, and may be useful in a clinical setting.
Induction of VEGF by tepoxalin does not lead to increased tumour growth in a canine osteosarcoma xenograft
Authors: Sottnik J. L. , Hansen R. J. , Gustafson D. L. , Dow S. W. , Thamm D. H.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug tepoxalin on canine tumour cell growth and describe the changes associated with tepoxalin treatment.In vitroexperiments were performed to assess tepoxalin‐associated alterations in tumour cell growth. Clinically achievable tepoxalin concentrations did not significantly alter tumour cell growthin vitro. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1αdose‐dependently increasedin vitroin the presence of tepoxalin. A canine osteosarcoma xenograft was used to determinein vivoeffects of tepoxalin on tumour growth and angiogenesis. Despite increased VEGFin vitro, there was a significant growth delay associated with tepoxalin treatment. Normal dogs were administered tepoxalin to assess effects on systemic VEGF production, but not found to have significantly increased VEGF. These data suggest that tepoxalin may moderately inhibit tumour growth and may be administered as an analgesic to tumour‐bearing dogs.
Re‐visiting Histories of Modernization, Progress, and (Unequal) Citizenship Rights: Coerced Sterilization in Peru and in the United States
Authors: Pieper Mooney Jadwiga E.
Published: September 2010

Scholars have provided compelling evidence of the positive impact global guidelines for human rights have had on the promotion of gender equity and citizenship rights in modernizing nations across the globe. This essay seeks to approach these successes with caution. It questions whether all citizens of a nation are equally empowered by current paradigms of progress and modernization; and it shows that changing constructions of class, ethnicity, and gender have often compromised the equalization of citizenship rights. Coercive sterilization campaigns in the United States and in Peru provide a useful lens to evaluate the diverse effects public policies can have on different populations of a nation. These campaigns took place in different national settings and time periods, and amidst radically disparate global understandings of human and women’s rights. When legislators in the United States implemented sterilization campaigns, a universal definition of reproductive rights and bodily integrity was nonexistent. When women were sterilized in Peru, international norms, endorsed by the United Nations, defined reproductive rights as a central feature of women’s human rights, and Peru signed and ratified this UN resolution. Nonetheless, both campaigns found ways to target designated ‘unwanted populations’, and disproportionally sterilized women. Acknowledging women’s agency and the diversity of women’s experiences, I recognize that some women managed to use the campaigns to increase their reproductive choices. But many others became victims of aggressive measures to control their sexuality and reproduction, even after national political leaders claimed to accept global norms of women’s reproductive rights.
Late Medieval Education: Continuity and Change1
Authors: Sheffler David
Published: September 2010

The late Middle Ages was a period of remarkable expansion in education. The educational wasteland depicted by humanists and religious reformers bears little resemblance to the complex and dynamic situation that characterized the last centuries of the Middle Ages. New urban schools catering to the needs of an increasingly powerful merchant elite appear throughout the Latin West supplementing and at times supplanting existing ecclesisatical schools. Monarchs, princes, bishops, and towns supported the foundation of new universities from Scandinavia to the Iberian Peninsula. Although substantial barriers to education remained, the late Middle Ages saw increases in literacy across a broad spectrum of society including both women and the poor. Although Jewish communities suffered from episodic and at times catastrophic outbreaks of violence, Jewish education continued to flourish in many parts of the Latin West until the end of the Middle Ages. In Italy new humanist textbooks and approaches augmented (though they did not entirely replace) traditional medieval grammatical instruction, and by the end of the Middle Ages Humanists had begun to make inroads within the universities as well. The result was the creation of a substantial literate public whose skills served both to challenge and reinforce existing political and religious institutions.
Mapping Race: Historicizing the History of the Color‐Line
Authors: Irwin Ryan
Published: September 2010

This study examines scholarship about the global color‐line. It unfolds in two sections. The first traces how understandings of race and racism were encoded within university environments in the mid‐twentieth century. The second shows how this epistemology influenced early academic comparisons of the United States and South Africa in the 1980s and why the literature diversified in the post‐apartheid era.
The Use During Pregnancy of Prescription, Over‐the‐Counter, and Alternative Medications Among Hispanic Women
Authors: Bercaw Jennifer , Maheshwari Bani , Sangi‐Haghpeykar Haleh
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Background:  Despite lack of scientific evidence about the safety of complementary and alternative medicines, the reported use of such remedies during pregnancies has increased. This study was undertaken to investigate the use of herbs, vitamins, and over‐the‐counter and prescription medications among pregnant Hispanic women and reasons for use, and to assess physician–patient level of communication about women’s use.

Methods:  A total of 485 Hispanic women were surveyed by means of a self‐administered questionnaire immediately postpartum in a public hospital in Houston, Texas. The primary outcome was use of alternative therapies during the prenatal period.

Results:  During their pregnancies, 19 percent of the participants took herbs and 47 percent took vitamin supplements, other than prenatal vitamins. The most common reason for using herbs and vitamins was to improve the woman’s general health and energy level (59%); a few women (12%) had used them for specific pregnancy‐related problems. Overall, 77 percent took prenatal vitamins and 21 percent supplemented with folic acid. The rates of use of over‐the‐counter and prescription medications were 23 and 29 percent, respectively. The use of prescription medication was two‐and‐a‐half times higher among women with history of medical problems (adjusted OR = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.59–4.25, p = 0.0001). No other factor studied was independently associated with supplement or medication use. One in five women (20%) believed that herbs and vitamins were safer to use than prescription medication or were better at treating medical problems than prescription medicine, and one‐third had not disclosed information about supplement use to their physicians.

Conclusions:  Use of herbal remedies does not appear to be a replacement for conventional medicine among most pregnant Hispanic women. Patient education about the risks of alternative therapies may lead to a reduction in intake of alternative medicines and greater disclosure to medical practitioners among this ethnic group. (BIRTH 37:3 September 2010)
Understanding the Stigma of Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Qualitative Findings from an Action Research Study
Authors: Power Zoë , Thomson Ann M. , Waterman Heather
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Background:  Severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (hyperemesis gravidarum) can be a distressing and debilitating condition when it is uncontrolled. For all concerned, hyperemesis gravidarum can be difficult to treat satisfactorily, and women tend to be admitted to a hospital several times during early pregnancy. Our research objectives were to describe the experience of hyperemesis gravidarum from the perspective of affected women and to explore with health care professionals the barriers and facilitators to caring for women with the condition.

Methods:  A qualitative research design was used. A total of 18 women were interviewed, of whom 8 had two or more interviews. Seven focus groups were conducted with health care professionals. Thematic data analysis was undertaken.

Results:  The main themes emerging from the women’s data were the effect and burden of the symptoms of the condition and feeling unpopular with staff. From the practitioner data, the main themes were the validity (or invalidity) of hospitalization for women, skepticism of the severity of symptoms, the psychological and social dimensions of the condition, and inadequate primary care services.

Conclusions:  The main findings revealed that hyperemesis gravidarum is a debilitating condition and that the unhelpful attitudes of practitioners may affect whether women access timely and appropriate care. Many women appear to be unsupported by primary care services and are distressed when perceived either as “time wasters” or someone else’s responsibility. We propose that a tailored assessment and care plan for each woman is needed to help them control their symptoms, which ideally should be delivered in the community. (BIRTH 37:3 September 2010)