bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 2003 ISMS Practice Prize Winner: Optimizing Rhenania's Direct Marketing Business Through Dynamic Multilevel Modeling (DMLM) in a Multicatalog-Brand Environment
Authors: Elsner Ralf , Krafft Manfred , Huchzermeier Arnd
Published: June 2004

We introduce Dynamic Multilevel Modeling (DMLM) to a multicatalog-brand environment to determine the optimal frequency, size, and customer segmentation of direct marketing activities. This optimization method leverages multicatalog-brand effects including the utilization of prior customer ordering behavior, maximization of customer value and customer share, and economies of scale and scope in printing and mailing. This enhancement of the original DMLM-approach is called Dynamic Multidimensional Marketing (DMDM). With DMLM alone, Rhenania, a German direct mail order company, turned its catalog mailing practices around and consequently rose from the number 5 to the number 2 market position. The DMLM approach was so effective that two major competitors could be bought out. Improvements provided by DMDM were threefold: more efficient resource allocation across all catalog brands, more accurate customer microsegmentation, and more effective reactivation. Presently, the company's target is to transform single-brand customer relationships into two- or three-brand relationships with higher revenue per customer. As a consequence, the Rhenania group's performance was decoupled from the overall market trend.
Special Section Introduction by the ISMS Practice Prize Competition Chairman
Authors: Lilien Gary L.
Published: June 2004

In 2003 the INFORMS Society for Marketing Science (ISMS) introduce and conducted its inaugural Practice Prize Competition. The reports and papers that follow are the finalists from that competition, representing the best examples of rigor plus relevance that our profession produces.
Editorial: Consulting, Research, and Consulting Research
Authors: Shugan Steven M.
Published: June 2004

Consulting and scholarly research often have very different objectives with respect to advancements in practice, theory, and observation (e.g., data collections). For example, consulting often emphasizes immediate benefits, specialized applications, and a focus on only the key variables. Scholarly research often emphasizes replicability, generalizability, and introducing previously uninvestigated variables. However, these activities complement each other, and each activity is important for the advancement of the other. Benefiting from that complementarity requires the literature to bridge knowledge gained from each activity. It is unnecessary for every researcher to try to bridge theory and practice by working on the interface between academics and practice. However, it is critical that some researchers do so. This issue of Marketing Science examines several excellent applications of Marketing Science that provide detailed microexaminations of the fundamental marketing practices that we seek to understand and improve.

Beyond demonstrating how to solve specific problems in practice, in my opinion, the articles and commentaries in this issue also illustrate at least the following ideas: Short-term tactics can produce significant short-term advantages. Existing models in the literature can be useful with proper implementation. State-of-the-art research is most useful for infrequent decisions. Finally, knowing the decision-making context is essential for determining which variables to include in the analysis.
Brain- and Heart-Type Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins in the Brain: Tissue Distribution and Clinical Utility
Authors: Pelsers Maurice M A L , Hanhoff Thorsten , Van der Voort Daniëlle , Arts Baer , Peters Maarten , Ponds Rudolf , Honig Adriaan , Rudzinski Wojtek , Spener Friedrich , de Kruijk Jelle R , Twijnstra Albert , Hermens Wim T , Menheere Paul P C A , Glatz Jan F C
Published: June 2004

Background: Detection of brain injury by serum markers is not a standard procedure in clinical practice, although several proteins, such as S100B, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), myelin basic protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein, show promising results. We investigated the tissue distribution of brain- and heart-type fatty acid-binding proteins (B-FABP and H-FABP) in segments of the human brain and the potential of either protein to serve as plasma marker for diagnosis of brain injury.

Methods: B-FABP and H-FABP were measured immunochemically in autopsy samples of the brain (n = 6) and in serum samples from (a) patients with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI; n = 130) and (b) depressed patients undergoing bilateral electroconvulsive therapy (ECT; n = 14). The protein markers S100B and NSE were measured for comparison. Reference values of B-FABP and H-FABP were established in healthy individuals (n = 92).

Results: The frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes, the striatum, the pons, and the cerebellum had different tissue concentrations of B-FABP and of H-FABP. B-FABP ranged from 0.8 μg/g wet weight in striatum tissue to 3.1 μg/g in frontal lobe. H-FABP was markedly higher, ranging from 16.2 μg/g wet weight in cerebellum tissue to 39.5 μg/g in pons. No B-FABP was detected in serum from healthy donors. H-FABP serum reference value was 6 μg/L. In the MTBI study, serum B-FABP was increased in 68% and H-FABP in 70% of patients compared with S100B (increased in 45%) and NSE (increased in 51% of patients). In ECT, serum B-FABP was increased in 6% of all samples (2 of 14 patients), whereas H-FABP was above its upper reference limit (6 μg/L) in 17% of all samples (8 of 14 patients), and S100B was above its upper reference limit (0.3 μg/L) in 0.4% of all samples.

Conclusions: B-FABP and H-FABP patterns differ among brain tissues, with the highest concentrations in the frontal lobe and pons, respectively. However, in each part of the brain, the H-FABP concentration was at least 10 times higher than that of B-FABP. Patient studies indicate that B-FABP and H-FABP are more sensitive markers for minor brain injury than the currently used markers S100B and NSE.
Identification of Transthyretin Variants by Sequential Proteomic and Genomic Analysis
Authors: Bergen H Robert , Zeldenrust Steven R , Butz Malinda L , Snow Denise S , Dyck Peter J , Dyck P James B , Klein Christopher J , O’Brien John F , Thibodeau Stephen N , Muddiman David C
Published: June 2004

Background: Transthyretin-associated hereditary amyloidosis (ATTR) is an inherited disease in which variants in the primary structure of transthyretin (TTR; prealbumin) lead to the extracellular polymerization of insoluble protein fibrils, causing organ failure and ultimately death when major organs are involved. We have developed an integrated approach to molecular diagnosis with initial analysis of intact plasma TTR by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS) and referral of positive samples for DNA sequence analysis and real-time PCR to confirm the common Gly6Ser polymorphism.

Methods: Samples from 6 patients previously diagnosed with ATTR and from 25 controls with (n = 15) or without (n = 10) polyneuropathy were analyzed in a blinded fashion for the presence of variant TTR. TTR protein was extracted with an immunoaffinity resin from 20 μL of archived plasma samples. The purified TTR was reduced with tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine and analyzed by MS. The appearance of two peaks (or a single peak shifted in mass indicative of a homozygous variant), including the wild-type mass of 13 761 Da, was indicative of the presence of a variant, and the individual was referred for DNA sequence analysis.

Results: MS analysis of intact reduced TTR correctly identified each of six samples known to contain variant TTR. These results were corroborated by subsequent DNA sequence analysis. Additionally, all Gly6Ser polymorphisms were correctly called based on the +30 mass shift and an equal relative abundance of the +30 polymorphism relative to wild-type TTR. No false-positive results were seen.

Conclusions: This referral method eliminates the necessity of sequencing most samples and allows screening for the familial forms of amyloidosis in a broad patient population in a timely fashion. This method correctly identified all previously known variants and also identified a novel variant, Val94Ala.
Elastic critical local buckling load and behavior of local buckling for cold‐formed lipped channel steel member under compression
Authors: Mitsui Kazuya , Ikarashi Kikuo
Published: February 2024

The objective of this study was to analyze the elastic critical local buckling of cold‐formed lipped channel sections using the energy method. A mechanical model and unique displacement functions simulating the local buckling behavior were proposed to consider the plate element interaction. Using the proposed mechanical mode, an analytical formula for local buckling that directly reflects the parameters of the channel member was proposed. Based on the proposed formula, the relationship between the cross‐sectional geometry and local buckling behavior was investigated. In addition, a simplified design equation was proposed. The reliability and effectiveness of the proposed equations were presented by comparing with the results of eigenvalue analysis based on the finite element method.
Progress in Anode Stability Improvement for Seawater Electrolysis to Produce Hydrogen
Authors: Zhang Sixie , Xu Wenwen , Chen Haocheng , Yang Qihao , Liu Hua , Bao Shanjun , Tian Ziqi , Slavcheva Evelina , Lu Zhiyi
Published: February 2024

Seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production is a sustainable and economical approach that can mitigate the energy crisis and global warming issues. Although various catalysts/electrodes with excellent activities have been developed for high‐efficiency seawater electrolysis, their unsatisfactory durability, especially for anodes, severely impedes their industrial applications. In this review, attention is paid to the factors that affect the stability of anodes and the corresponding strategies for designing catalytic materials to prolong the anode's lifetime. In addition, two important aspects—electrolyte optimization and electrolyzer design—with respect to anode stability improvement are summarized. Furthermore, several methods for rapid stability assessment are proposed for the fast screening of both highly active and stable catalysts/electrodes. Finally, perspectives on future investigations aimed at improving the stability of seawater electrolysis systems are outlined.
Fenofibrate Recognition and Gq Protein Coupling Mechanisms of the Human Cannabinoid Receptor CB1
Authors: Wang Tianxin , Tang Wenqin , Zhao Ziyi , Zhao Ran , Lv Zhenyu , Guo Xuzhen , Gu Quanchang , Liu Boxiang , Lv Haoyu , Chen Jiayan , Zhang Kaiquan , Li Fahui , Wang Jiangyun
Published: February 2024

The G‐protein‐coupled human cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) is a promising therapeutic target for pain management, inflammation, obesity, and substance abuse disorders. The structures of CB1‐Gi complexes in synthetic agonist‐bound forms have been resolved to date. However, the commercial drug recognition and Gq coupling mechanisms of CB1 remain elusive. Herein, the cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) structure of CB1‐Gq complex, in fenofibrate‐bound form, at near‐atomic resolution, is reported. The structure elucidates the delicate mechanisms of the precise fenofibrate recognition and Gq protein coupling by CB1 and will facilitate future drug discovery and design.
Supramolecular phthalocyanine assemblies‐enhanced synergistic photodynamic and photothermal therapy guided by photoacoustic imaging
Authors: Zhao Yuan‐Yuan , Zhang Xiaojun , Chen Zixuan , Xu Yihui , Kim Heejeong , Jeong Hyunsun , Lee You Rim , Lee Jiah , Li Xingshu , Yoon Juyoung
Published: February 2024

Phototherapeutic nanoplatforms that combine photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) with the guidance of photoacoustic (PA) imaging are an effective strategy for the treatment of tumors, but establishing a universal method for this strategy has been challenging. In this study, we present a supramolecular assembly strategy based on Förster resonance energy transfer to construct a supramolecular nanostructured phototherapeutic agent (PcDA) via the anion and cation supramolecular interaction between two water‐soluble phthalocyanine ramifications, PcD and PcA. This approach promotes the absorption of energy, thus enhancing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heat by PcDA, improving its therapeutic efficacy, and overcoming the low photon utilization efficiency of conventional PSs. Notably, after the intravenous injection of PcDA, neoplastic sites could be clearly visualized using PA imaging, with a PA signal‐to‐liver ratio as high as 11.9. Due to these unique features, PcDA exhibits excellent antitumor efficacy in a preclinical model at a low dose of light irradiation. This study thus offers a general approach for the development of efficient phototherapeutic agents based on the simultaneous effect of PDT and PTT against tumors with the assistance of PA imaging.
Lipid droplet‐targeted NIR AIE photosensitizer evoking concurrent ferroptosis and apoptosis
Authors: Jia Jia , Ma Zhedong , Zhuang Jiabao , Huo Lantian , Zhou Chunli , Li Nan , Zhao Na
Published: February 2024

Lipid droplets (LDs), which are the hubs of lipid metabolism, play a critical role in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. The construction of advanced photosensitizers (PSs) capable of manipulating LD‐mediated cell fate regulation is highly desirable though rarely reported. In this study, a near‐infrared emissive PS (DPCMP) with LDs specificity was synthesized and successfully applied to induce ferroptosis and apoptosis. DPCMP exhibited typical aggregation‐induced emission characteristics owing to its twisted molecular conformation. Excellent biocompatibility and suitable lipophilicity allowed DPCMP to specifically stain the LDs in living cells. Under white light illumination, the DPCMP displayed potent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capacity through both type I and II photochemistry. The massive accumulation of lethal ROS generated by DPCMP‐mediated photosensitization initiated lipid peroxidation, impaired cellular redox homeostasis, and led to endoplasmic reticulum oxidative stress, ultimately inhibiting cellular proliferation via concurrent ferroptosis and apoptosis in both living cancer cells and multicellular tumor spheroids.
A Modular Robotic Platform for Biological Research: Cell Culture Automation and Remote Experimentation
Authors: Hamm Jungmin , Lim Seonghyeon , Park Jiae , Kang Jiwon , Lee Injun , Lee Yoongeun , Kang Jiseok , Jo Youngjun , Lee Jaejin , Lee Seoyeong , Ratri Monica Cahyaning , Brilian Albertus Ivan , Lee Seungyeon , Jeong Seokhwan , Shin Kwanwoo
Published: February 2024

Robotic arms are now commonplace in diverse settings and are poised to play a crucial role in automating laboratory tasks. However, biological experiments remain challenging for automation due to their dependence on human factors, such as researchers’ skills and experience. This article introduces robotic automation and remote control for both general and biological research tasks through a modularized platform comprising a robotic arm, auxiliary tools, and software. This platform facilitates fully automated or remote execution of key experiments in chemistry and biology, including liquid handling, mixing, cell seeding, culturing, and genetic manipulation. The robot interfaces seamlessly with standard laboratory equipment and operates remotely in real time through an online program. Integration of a vision system via robotic arm webcams ensures precise positioning and object localization, enhancing accuracy. This modularized robotic platform signifies a substantial advancement in lab automation, promising enhanced efficiency, reproducibility, and scientific progress compared to human‐led experiments.
Validity, feasibility, and effectiveness of a voice‐recognition based digital cognitive screener for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in community‐dwelling older Chinese adults: A large‐scale implementation study
Authors: Zhao Xuhao , Wen Haoxuan , Xu Guohai , Pang Ting , Zhang Yaping , He Xindi , Hu Ruofei , Yan Ming , Chen Christopher , Wu Xifeng , Xu Xin
Published: February 2024

INTRODUCTION

We investigated the validity, feasibility, and effectiveness of a voice recognition‐based digital cognitive screener (DCS), for detecting dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a large‐scale community of elderly participants.

METHODS

Eligible participants completed demographic, cognitive, functional assessments and the DCS. Neuropsychological tests were used to assess domain‐specific and global cognition, while the diagnosis of MCI and dementia relied on the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale.

RESULTS

Among the 11,186 participants, the DCS showed high completion rates (97.5%) and a short administration time (5.9 min) across gender, age, and education groups. The DCS demonstrated areas under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUCs) of 0.95 and 0.83 for dementia and MCI detection, respectively, among 328 participants in the validation phase. Furthermore, the DCS resulted in time savings of 16.2% to 36.0% compared to the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montral Cognitive Assessment (MoCA).

DISCUSSION

This study suggests that the DCS is an effective and efficient tool for dementia and MCI case‐finding in large‐scale cognitive screening.

Highlights

To our best knowledge, this is the first cognitive screening tool based on voice recognition and utilizing conversational AI that has been assessed in a large population of Chinese community‐dwelling elderly.

With the upgrading of a new multimodal understanding model, the DCS can accurately assess participants' responses, including different Chinese dialects, and provide automatic scores.

The DCS not only exhibited good discriminant ability in detecting dementia and MCI cases, it also demonstrated a high completion rate and efficient administration regardless of gender, age, and education differences.

The DCS is economically efficient, scalable, and had a better screening efficacy compared to the MMSE or MoCA, for wider implementation.
COVID‐19 pandemic's relationship with enrollment at US Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers
Authors: Shaaban C. Elizabeth , Lin Hsing‐Hua Sylvia , Terry Melita , Ren Dianxu , Lingler Jennifer H.
Published: February 2024

INTRODUCTION

We aimed to characterize the COVID‐19 pandemic's relationship with enrollment in US Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers (ADRCs).

METHODS

Using data on 10,105 participants from 30 ADRCs, we conducted interrupted time series analyses to assess the relationship of the pandemic with enrollment and calculate projected dates of enrollment recovery.

RESULTS

Participants enrolled during the pandemic (vs pre‐pandemic) were more likely to have dementia and be referred by health professionals. The pandemic was associated with a 77% drop in enrollment, with projected trend recovery in March 2024 and 100% recovery in September 2024. COVID was associated with a 91% drop in Black/African American participants, compared to 71% in White participants. Enrollment of both Hispanic and female participants was declining 1.4% and 0.3%/month pre‐pandemic.

DISCUSSION

Funders and researchers should account for ongoing COVID‐19 impact on ADRD research enrollment. Strategies to speed enrollment recovery are needed, especially for Black/African American and Hispanic groups.

Highlights

Tested COVID pandemic association with enrollment at Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers.

During versus pre‐pandemic enrollees differed on demographic and clinical variables.

Interrupted time series analyses: immediate 77% drop in enrollment related to COVID.

Recovery projections: trend recovery in March 2024, 100% recovery in September 2024.

Enrollment of African American and Hispanic participants should be prioritized.
Harnessing Catalytic RNA Circuits for Construction of Artificial Signaling Pathways in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Wu Chao‐Qun , Wu Ruo‐Yue , Zhang Qiu‐Long , Wang Liang‐Liang , Wang Yang , Dai Chu , Zhang Chen‐Xi , Xu Liang
Published: February 2024

Engineering of genetic networks with artificial signaling pathways (ASPs) can reprogram cellular responses and phenotypes under different circumstances for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, construction of ASPs between originally independent endogenous genes in mammalian cells is highly challenging. Here we report an amplifiable RNA circuit that can theoretically build regulatory connections between any endogenous genes in mammalian cells. We harness the system of catalytic hairpin assembly with combination of controllable CRISPR‐Cas9 function to transduce the signals from distinct messenger RNA expression of trigger genes into manipulation of target genes. Through introduction of these RNA‐based genetic circuits, mammalian cells are endowed with autonomous capabilities to sense the changes of RNA expression either induced by ligand stimuli or from various cell types and control the cellular responses and fates via apoptosis‐related ASPs. Our design provides a generalized platform for construction of ASPs inside the genetic networks of mammalian cells based on differentiated RNA expression.
The deep eclipses of RW Aur revisited by long‐term photometric and spectroscopic monitoring
Authors: Lux Oliver , Mugrauer Markus , Bischoff Richard
Published: February 2024

RW Aurigae is a young stellar system containing a classical T Tauri star as the primary component. It shows deep, irregular dimmings, first detected in 2010. At the University Observatory Jena, we carried out optical follow‐up observations. We performed multiband (BVRI) photometry of the system with the Cassegrain‐Teleskop‐Kamera II and the Schmidt‐Teleskop‐Kamera between September 2016 and April 2019, as well as spectroscopy, using the Fibre Linked ÉCHelle Astronomical Spectrograph between September 2016 and April 2018. We present the apparent photometry of RW Aur, which is consistent with and complementary to photometric data from the American Association of Variable Star Observers. The V‐band magnitude of RW Aur changed by up to three magnitudes during the timespan of our monitoring campaign. For the observing epochs 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 we report a decreasing brightness, while in the epoch 2018/2019 the system remained in a relatively constant bright state. In the color‐magnitude diagram, we see that RW Aur lies close to a track for grey extinction. The spectra show a decreasing equivalent width (EW) of the emission line for decreasing brightness, whereas the EW of the line increases, indicating an increased outflow activity during the obscuration. Both give further evidence for the favored theory that the obscurations are caused by a hot dusty wind emerging from the inner disk.
Two‐Dimensional Ultrathin C2N Nanosheets for High‐Performance Sodium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Shang Tongtong , Zhang Jinshu , Li Yantuo , Yang Yang , Wu Jianxue , Ning Mingyi , Liu Wei
Published: February 2024

In this study, we have created and investigated ultrathin, large‐size two‐dimensional C2N nanosheets, which serve as promising anode materials for sodium ion batteries. Those ultrathin C2N nanosheets were produced through a chemical vapor deposition process, involving the polymerization of the precursor molecule HAT‐CN on sodium chloride templates. Notably, these nanosheets inherit an abundance of nitrogen sites from the precursor molecules, which are highly advantageous for sodium ion storage. In addition, the ultrathin nature of these nanosheets leads to significantly shorter ion transport pathways, enhancing their capacity for rapid ion storage compared to C2N particles. As a result, the anode constructed using C2N nanosheets demonstrates a notably higher capacity of 335.1 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, outperforming the 211.5 mAh g−1 of C2N particles. Furthermore, it exhibits outstanding rate performance, achieving 255.4 mAh g−1 at a current density of 2.0 A g−1, along with excellent cycle stability, maintaining a reversible capacity retention of 92.9 % over 1500 cycles at 2.0 A g−1. This research introduces a novel approach to developing high‐capacity anode materials for sodium storage by utilizing carbon nitride materials.
Implications of abortion legislation on birth defect surveillance
Authors: Elmore Amanda L. , Heinke Dominique , Tanner Jean Paul , Kirby Russell S. , Obican Sarah G. , Salemi Jason L.
Published: February 2024

Background

Surveillance of birth defects is critical to track prevalence and inform prevention efforts. Previous studies suggest that restricting abortion may lead to an increase in birth defect prevalence. However, it is unclear how abortion legislation will impact birth defect prevalence estimates reported by state‐based surveillance programs.

Methods

We described current abortion legislation and surveillance program methodology, by state, as a foundation for understanding the program‐level impact on surveillance. We estimated the quantitative effect of abortion legislation on birth defect prevalence for various scenarios using first‐order Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, we discuss the implications for interpreting birth defect prevalence estimates following abortion legislation.

Results

Among states that restrict abortion ≤18 weeks and have a surveillance program (N = 19), eight programs (42%) capture elective terminations (<20 weeks) and 17 (89%) include fetal deaths (≥20 weeks) in their estimates. Abortion bans increased the prevalence of any birth defect by 16.6%, 15.8%, and 8.7% for systems with live births only, all outcomes ≥20‐weeks, and all outcomes ≥10‐weeks, respectively. We found the largest change in prevalence for anencephaly with an estimated 32.5% increase among systems with live births only.

Conclusions

Abortion legislation is likely to further exacerbate the difficulties of multi‐state birth defect research and surveillance, while also hindering analysis of intra‐state prevalence trends. Birth defect surveillance systems in states with abortion bans may wish to consider monitoring and reporting changes in pregnancy outcomes and infant survival, in addition to birth defect prevalence, to inform public health and health care service needs.
Birth defects surveillance: Working together to advance science
Authors: Browne Marilyn L. , Fisher Sarah C. , Nembhard Wendy N.
Published: February 2024

Since 2000, the National Birth Defects Prevention Network (NBDPN), in collaboration with the US National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has provided a special issue of Birth Defects Research focused on advancing the field of birth defects surveillance, epidemiology, and public health practice. The annual NBDPN special issue consists of contributed manuscripts using birth defects surveillance data for epidemiologic research or for improving birth defects surveillance methods. This year, our special issue includes updated national prevalence estimates for selected major birth defects, seven original research papers, and an invited editorial. Several of the accepted manuscripts highlight collaborative efforts between birth defects surveillance systems across the country: through the NBDPN, the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, and the Muscular Dystrophy Surveillance, Tracking, and Research Network. These studies offer examples of the power of pooling data and leveraging resources to conduct high‐quality birth defects research.
ESG controversies and corporate governance: Evidence from board size
Authors: Treepongkaruna Sirimon , Kyaw Khine , Jiraporn Pornsit
Published: February 2024

We show the influence the size of a corporate board has on firms' ESG controversies. Our analysis suggests that businesses with larger boards are more effective in mitigating ESG controversies. Specifically, a rise in board size by one standard deviation results in a decline in ESG controversies by 4.30%. Our findings corroborate the anticipation that businesses need the board's advice to prevent ESG controversies. Thus, larger boards, with more human capital and more interactions with stakeholders, promote sustainability more effectively. Moreover, we find that the effect of board size is less pronounced during a stressful time but is more evident in companies with more agency problems. Further analysis validates the findings, that is, propensity score matching, entropy balancing, an instrumental‐variable analysis, and GMM dynamic panel data analysis.
Density functional theory study of B‐ and Si‐doped carbons and their adsorption interactions with sulfur compounds
Authors: Guo Peng , Zhang Hong , Dong Shuliang , An Libao
Published: February 2024

Understanding the adsorption interactions between carbon materials and sulfur compounds has far‐reaching impacts, in addition to their well‐known important role in energy storage and conversion, such as lithium‐ion batteries. In this paper, properties of intrinsic B or Si single‐atom doped, and B–Si codoped graphene (GR) and graphdiyne (GDY) were investigated by using density functional theory‐based calculations, in which the optimal doping configurations were explored for potential applications in adsorbing sulfur compounds. Results showed that both B or Si single‐atom doping and B–Si codoping could substantially enhance the electron transport properties of GR and GDY, improving their surface activity. Notably, B and Si atoms displayed synergistic effects for the codoped configurations, where B–Si codoped GR/GDY exhibited much better performance in the adsorption of sulfur‐containing chemicals than single‐atom doped systems. In addition, results demonstrated that, after B–Si codoping, the adsorption energy and charge transfer amounts of GDY with sulfur compounds were much larger than those of GR, indicating that B–Si codoped GDY might be a favorable material for more effectively interacting with sulfur reagents.
Numerical simulation of flow behavior in basilar bifurcation computed tomography angiography
Authors: Shimodoumae Ryo , Tanaka Gaku , Yamaguchi Ryuhei , Ohta Makoto
Published: February 2024

In this study, a moving boundary deformation model based on four‐dimensional computed tomography angiography (4D‐CTA) with high temporal resolution is constructed, and blood flow dynamics of cerebral aneurysms are investigated by numerical simulation. A realistic moving boundary deformation model of a cerebral aneurysm was constructed based on 4D‐CTA in each phase. Four hemodynamic factors (wall shear stress [WSS], wall shear stress divergence [WSSD], oscillatory shear index [OSI], and residual residence time [RRT]) were obtained from numerical simulations, and these factors were evaluated in basilar artery aneurysms. Comparison of the rigid body condition and the moving boundary condition investigating the relationship between wall displacement and hemodynamic factors clarified that the spatial‐averaged WSS and maximum WSSD considering only the aneurysmal dome has a large difference between conditions during the peak systole, and there were also significant differences in OSI and RRT.
Evaluating color stability and enamel surface roughness following resin infiltration treatment
Authors: Sabti Mohammad Y. , Alfarhan Isra Y. , Akbar Aqdar A. , Qudeimat Muawia A.
Published: February 2024

Objective

To assess the impact of resin infiltration treatment on enamel color stability and surface roughness after simulating daily exposure to coffee stains and regular toothbrushing with standard toothpaste.

Materials and Methods

In this in vitro study, we utilized 47 caries‐free human enamel specimens, which were divided into two distinct groups. The teeth in the study group underwent artificial demineralization, Icon resin infiltration, and polishing, while the control group received only polishing. Following this, all teeth from both groups were regularly immersed in freshly brewed coffee for 15 min, twice daily, over a span of 30 days. After each staining session, the teeth underwent 10 heavy circular strokes using a soft toothbrush and standard toothpaste. Color changes were measured on Days 1 and 30 using a spectrophotometer. The L*, a*, b* color system defined by the International Commission on Illumination was used to assess the changes. Surface roughness was evaluated at baseline and after 30 days using a 3D surface Metrology Microscope.

Results

After 30 days of immersion in coffee, both the study and control groups showed significant changes in color. However, differences were statistically significant between groups for “L” and “a” parameter but not for “b.” The overall color change in the study group was higher than the control group. There were no significant differences in surface roughness within or between the groups before and after staining and brushing.

Conclusions

Resin infiltration leads to a significant increase in staining compared to untreated enamel. These staining properties should be taken into account when making clinical decisions regarding the treatment of white spot lesions.
Comparison of plaque control record measurements obtained using intraoral scanner and direct visualization
Authors: Doi Kazuya , Yoshiga Chihiro , Oue Hiroshi , Kobatake Reiko , Kawagoe Maiko , Umehara Hanako , Wakamatsu Kaien , Tsuga Kazuhiro
Published: February 2024

Objective

Intraoral scanner (IOS) can acquire three‐dimensional color images of teeth. Thus, the detection of areas with plaque adhesion stained by plaque‐disclosing solutions using an IOS could be a potential oral hygiene evaluation method. This study aimed to verify the usefulness of obtaining O'Leary's plaque control record (PCR) measurements using an IOS in clinical practice.

Methods

Twenty patients with >20% PCR measurements who underwent oral prophylaxis were enrolled in this study. A plaque‐disclosing gel was applied to stain the areas with plaque adhesion, and the dentition was scanned using the IOS. The PCR values obtained via the direct method and those obtained using the digital image were compared for the entire dentition, maxillary total area, the labial and palatal aspects of the maxillary anterior teeth, the buccal and palatal aspects of the maxillary posterior teeth, mandibular total area, the labial and lingual aspects of the mandibular anterior teeth, and the buccal and lingual aspects of the mandibular posterior teeth.

Results

The IOS group tended to have higher values than the direct observation group. The labial and palatal aspect of the maxillary anterior teeth, the labial and lingual aspects of the mandibular anterior teeth did not differ significantly between the groups.

Conclusion

Plaque adhesion was visualized easily and conclusively using an IOS. As the large tip size often hinders its use, it is necessary to develop a smaller IOS tip in the future.
Laser irradiation of photothermal precursors – a novel approach to produce carbon materials for supercapacitors
Authors: Tammela Petter , Iurchenkova Anna , Wang Zhaohui , Strømme Maria , Nyholm Leif , Lindh Jonas
Published: February 2024

A wide array of carbon materials finds extensive utility across various industrial applications today. Nonetheless, the production processes for these materials continue to entail elevated temperatures, necessitate the use of inert atmospheres, and often involve the handling of aggressive and toxic chemicals. The prevalent method for large‐scale carbon material production, namely the pyrolysis of waste biomass and polymers, typically unfolds within the temperature range of 500–700 °C under a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. Unfortunately, this approach suffers from significant energy inefficiency due to substantial heat loss over extended processing durations. In this work, we propose an interesting alternative: the carbonization of photothermal nanocellulose/polypyrrole composite films through CO2 laser irradiation in the presence of air. This innovative technique offers a swift and energy‐efficient means of preparing carbon materials. The unique interaction between nanocellulose and polypyrrole imparts the film with sufficient stability to retain its structural integrity post‐carbonization. This breakthrough opens up new avenues for producing binder‐free electrodes using a rapid and straightforward approach. Furthermore, the irradiated film demonstrates specific and areal capacitances of 159 F g−1 and 62 μF cm−2, respectively, when immersed in a 2 M NaOH electrolyte. These values significantly surpass those achieved by current commercial activated carbons. Together, these attributes render CO2‐laser carbonization an environmentally sustainable and ecologically friendly method for carbon material production.
A Scada system used for monitoring virtual chemical plants via Modbus communication
Authors: de Miranda Thiago da Cunha Rocha Devessa , Santos Lizandro de Sousa
Published: February 2024

Many chemical processes commonly use many instruments to meticulously gauge and regulate critical system variables. Automation within the industrial sector hinges upon deploying a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. However, the software typically employed for this purpose is endowed with substantial added value, rendering its application in smaller‐scale projects economically impractical. In the context of this study, our primary objective was to develop a SCADA system tailored for a virtual plant. To realize this aim, we simulated a heat exchanger network process unit using UniSim®. We integrated it with the ScadaBR software through a Python script, capitalizing on the Modbus communication protocol. It encompasses essential functionalities such as real‐time variable supervision, dynamic graph and report generation. For the proposed example, 28 variables were monitored. The results revealed that statistical analysis of the variables could be performed graphically and computationally, evidencing that the ScadaBR tool was successfully connected to the Unisim® simulator.
Simultaneous determination of multiple quality indices of dried shrimp (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii) during storage using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Bai Yan , Lu Yilin , Yang Peng , Ding Yicheng , Zheng Yadan , Ke Zhigang , Liu Shulai , Ding Yuting , Zhou Xuxia
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

Dried shrimp is a high‐value fishery product worldwide, but rapid and accurate assessment of its quality remains challenging. In the present study, a new method based on Raman spectroscopy was developed for assessing the quality changes in dried shrimp (Parapenaeopsis hardwickii) during storage.

RESULTS

A high‐quality Raman spectrum of astaxanthin (AST) was obtained from the third abdominal segment of dried shrimp. The intensity ratio (I1520/I1446) of the band from 1520 cm−1 to that at 1446 cm−1, which was ascribed to AST and protein/lipid, respectively, was calculated. I1520/I1446 can probe AST degradation in dried shrimp during storage at both 37 and 4 °C and further reflect quality changes of dried shrimp, as indicated by indices including total volatile basic nitrogen, pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances.

CONCLUSION

Compared to conventional methods, the proposed method avoids complex and time‐consuming preprocessing and provides significant advantages including cost‐effectiveness and rapid detection. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Effects of pH and salt concentration on freeze–thaw fractionation of soymilk protein
Authors: Matsuno Masayuki , Murakami Kazuya , Morita Kazuhiro , Shimoyamada Makoto
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

The two major storage proteins of soymilk are the globulins 7S and 11S. Freeze–thaw fractionation is a simple method for separating these proteins in raw soymilk. In this study, we assessed the freeze–thaw fractionation ability of raw soymilk under various pH (4.3–11.6) conditions and added salt (sodium chloride) concentrations (0.00–0.67 mol L−1).

RESULTS

We successfully achieved fractionation within a pH range of 5.8–6.7 and when the salt concentration was 0.22 mol L−1 or lower. Analysis of particle size distribution and microscopic examination of soymilk revealed no direct correlation between particle size and freeze–thaw fractionation ability. Interestingly, it was confirmed that the ranges of zeta potential values associated with successful freeze–thaw fractionation in raw soymilk remained consistent across different pH and salt concentration conditions. These ranges were between −23 and −28 mV at pH levels ranging from 5.8 to 6.7 and between −18 and −29 mV at added salt concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.22 mol L−1.

CONCLUSION

The pH and salt concentration in raw soymilk markedly influence the freeze–thaw fractionation process. We confirmed that the range of zeta potential values where fractionation was possible remained consistent under various pH and salt concentration conditions. These findings suggest that the zeta potential value might serve as an indicator for evaluating the freeze–thaw fractionation ability of raw soymilk. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Revealing the Effect of the Length of Chains on Rubber Mechanical Properties by the Two‐Component Quantum Mechanical Gaussian Model
Authors: Zhang Fa , Cao Nanpu
Published: February 2024

The special mechanical properties of natural rubber originate from the stretching of the network chains (i.e., cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene chains) in the rubber network. The chains with various lengths exhibit various relative extensions, leading to various normalized energy contributions to the mechanical properties of rubber. However, the stretching behaviors of cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene chains with different lengths are not studied clearly. Here, the stretching behavior, which is the basis for analyzing the normalized energy contribution, is obtained by the modified freely jointed chain model. Next, using a new statistical model, i.e., the two‐component quantum‐mechanics Gaussian (TCQMG) model, the relative extension–length relationship of network chains is determined. Combining the above results, the energy contributions of network chains with different lengths are analyzed. The results show that long and short chains show different stretching states. The following can be explained by these results: short chains play an important role in the mechanical properties of rubber. As the network chain density increases, the average length of the chains decreases, leading to the variation of the normalized extensions. It is found that the variation of the normalized extensions is responsible for both the effects of the network chain density and network chain length on the mechanical properties of rubber.
Biological activities, identification, method development, and validation for analysis of polyphenolic compounds in Nymphaea rubra flowers and leaves by UHPLC‐Q‐cIM‐TOF‐MS and UHPLC‐TQ‐MS
Authors: Naznin Marufa , Alam Rafiqul , Alam Md Badrul , Jung Maeng‐Joon , Lee Sang‐Han , Kim Sunghwan
Published: February 2024

Introduction

Nymphaea rubra belongs to the Nymphaea family and is regarded as a vegetable used in traditional medicine to cure several ailments. These species are rich in phenolic acid, flavonoids, and hydrolysable tannin.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the biological activities of Nymphaea rubra flowers (NRF) and leaves (NRL) by identifying and quantifying their polyphenolic compounds using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole cyclic ion mobility time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐Q‐cIM‐TOF‐MS) and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐TQ‐MS).

Methodology

NRF and NRL powder was extracted with methanol and fractionated using hexane, ethylacetate, and water. Antioxidant and α‐glucosidase, and tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activities were evaluated. The polyphenolic components of NRF and NRL were identified and quantified using UHPLC‐Q‐cIM‐TOF‐MS and UHPLC‐TQ‐MS. The method was validated using linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD), and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ).

Results

Bioactive substances and antioxidants were highest in the ethylacetate fraction of flowers and leaves. Principal component analysis showed how solvent and plant components affect N. rubra's bioactivity and bioactive compound extraction. A total of 67 compounds were identified, and among them 21 significant polyphenols were quantified. Each calibration curve had R2 > 0.998. The LOD and LLOQ varied from 0.007 to 0.09 μg/mL and from 0.01 to 0.1 μg/mL, respectively. NRF contained a significant amount of gallic acid (10.1 mg/g), while NRL contained abundant pentagalloylglucose (2.8 mg/g).

Conclusion

The developed method is simple, rapid, and selective for the identification and quantification of bioactive molecules. These findings provide a scientific basis for N. rubra's well‐documented biological effects.
Improved thermal stability and flame‐retardant performance of rigid polyurethane foam modified by hydrolyzed keratin‐modified polyol and aluminium hypophosphite
Authors: Zhang Xu , Wang Jianwei , Sun Simiao , Xu Chen , Wang Zhi , Xie Hua
Published: February 2024

Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) was prepared using hydrolyzed keratin‐modified polyol and aluminium hypophosphite as flame retardants. The effects of aluminium hypophosphite on the thermal stability and flame‐retardant properties of hydrolyzed keratin‐modified RPUFs were studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI) method, thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis kinetic analysis, cone analysis and smoke density analysis. The results showed that RPUF added with 7.5 wt% aluminium hypophosphite (RPUF‐HK5‐7.5AL) had the highest LOI, which was 26.1%. RPUF‐HK5‐7.5AL had the highest initial decomposition temperature, the highest T5% at a heating rate of 10 °C min−1 and the highest activation energy. In addition, RPUF‐HK5‐7.5AL possessed the lowest heat release rate at 50 kW m−2 of 125.10 kW m−2, and the lowest total heat release rate of 5.30 MJ m−2. Results indicated that RPUF‐HK5‐7.5AL had the best thermal stability and flame‐retardant properties. Scanning electron microscopy showed that hydrolyzed keratin and aluminium hypophosphite had a synergistic effect on the flame retardancy of the RPUFs. The current research results provide a useful reference for the preparation of RPUFs with good flame‐retardant properties by bio‐based modification. © 2024 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
The use of idealised experiments in testing a new convective parametrization: Performance of CoMorph‐A
Authors: Lavender Sally L. , Stirling Alison J. , Whitall Michael , Stratton Rachel A. , Daleu Chimene L. , Plant Robert S. , Lock Adrian , Gu Jian‐Feng
Published: February 2024

CoMorph is a new mass‐flux convection parametrization under development at the Met Office designed for use within the Unified Model and its successor model, LFRic. Use of a three‐dimensional idealised model enables controlled tests of the performance of the scheme across different regimes. This includes the interaction between the physical parametrizations and the resolved dynamics, allowing study of the emergent organisation of convection on the resolved scale. A selection of well‐known cases is revisited here, with the purpose of documenting the extent to which CoMorph captures a range of important, but challenging, behaviour such as the diurnal cycle and sensitivity to tropospheric moisture. Simulations using CoMorph‐A, a new physics package, that has been demonstrated to perform well at numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate scales, are compared against the current global atmosphere configuration and high‐resolution results. In addition to an entirely new convection scheme, the package of changes includes significant changes to the cloud, microphysics, and boundary‐layer parametrizations. Recognising that CoMorph‐A is the first version of a scheme that will continue to be substantially developed and to obtain good performance, compromises in tuning have had to be made. These idealised tests therefore show what works well in this configuration, and what areas will require further work. As such, it is quite a demanding testbed and could be viewed as some of the equipment required for a “convective playground”.