bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of an Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Austenitic Steel Powder with 4% Aluminum Addition
Authors: Rivai Abu Khalid , Shabrina Nanda , Sugeng Bambang
Published: January 2022

Development of accident-tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding materials for LWR (Light Water Reactors) is being intensively carried out in many research centers in the world as the lesson-learned from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear reactor power plant accident. One of the advanced high temperature materials which is intensively developed is Oxide Dispersion strengthened (ODS) steel. The strengthened mechanism is generated by homogeneous dispersion of nanometer sized ceramic oxide particles in the matrix of the steel which is done by mechanical alloying technique so called mechanosynthesis. Synthesis of an austenitic ODS steel powder of SS316L with additional element of 4% aluminum and dispersion of nanoparticles of 0.5% yttrium oxide (yttria: Y2O3) has been done. The aim of the research is to achieve a better performance of SS316L steel as the established material for power plant at elevated temperature. Mechanosynthesis was done using High Energy ball Milling (HEM) for 30 hours with BPR (Ball to Powder Ratio) of 10:1. Afterward, the sample was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectroscope (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze the microstructure characteristics. The results showed that the alloying between SS316L and aluminum powders was formed. Furthermore, crystal grains and the particles of SS316L-4Al-0.5Y2O3 powder was smaller than as received SS316L and aluminum powders.
The Effect of Variation of Aluminum Thickness Series 7075 in Heat Treatment Solution on Tensile Strength and Microstructure
Authors: Aisyah Iis Siti , Salim Agus , Hendaryati Roro Heni , Sofi'i Yepy Komaril , Prasetyo Krismondo Reza
Published: January 2022

This research was conducted to examine the comparison of tensile strength and microstructure between two different aluminum heat treatments. This study aims to compare the microstructure and tensile strength of aluminum 7075 specimens after undergoing solution heat treatment at a temperature of 495°C with soaking time for 30 minutes and experiencing quenching cooling and those without solution heat treatment. The data collection process was carried out by conducting tensile testing and microstructural testing with two specimens each. The test results will be analyzed using tensile strength data and visual microstructure analysis. From the results of the analysis of tensile and microstructural test data, it can be concluded that only the 7075 aluminum specimen with a thickness of 1.4 mm shows the greatest decrease in tensile strength and spread of Mg-Zn and Fe-Al particles, when compared to specimen 7075 with a thickness of 0.6 mm which on the other hand, undergo the separation of Mg-Zn and Fe-Al particles. Meanwhile, the Al 7075 specimen with a thickness of 2.5 mm, the changes that occur only in the diffusion of Mg-Zn particles, which have a slight spread, appear a little faint.
The Effects of Annealing on the Morphology and Luminescence Stability of an Inorganic Perovskite CsPbBr3 Synthesized Using the Ligand Assisted Reprecipitation (LARP) Method
Authors: Ammrulloh Fajri Malik , Refialdi Muhammad Afdhel , Hutomo Farhan Aryo , Hanifah Nur , Susanti Diah , Pramata Azzah Dyah
Published: January 2022

The inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 is a promising candidate for photovoltaic and light-emitting devices, but stability concerns hinder its commercial application. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of annealing temperature on the morphology and luminescence stability of inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite at 90°C, 100°C, 110°C, and 120°C. The CsPbBr3 was prepared by Ligand Assisted Reprecipitation (LARP). The TEM images revealed the formation of nanoplatelets of inorganic CsPbBr3 perovskite with an average particle size of 35 nm. The morphological stability of as-synthesized CsPbBr3 after annealing at a defined temperature was demonstrated using X-Ray Diffraction characterization and SEM imaging. The crystal structure remains stable with a cubic structure even when heated to 120°C. UV-Vis absorbance and photoluminescence intensity spectra confirmed the luminescence stability of the as-prepared CsPbBr3 after annealing process.
Extraction of Flavonoid Compound of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Fruit and Leaves Using the Soxhlet Method in Different Types of Solvent
Authors: Rofiqah Umi , Fakhrurozi Miftakhul , Hafidhuddin Muhammad Harris
Published: January 2022

Indonesia has great benefits as a tropical country where a wide variety of fruits, vegetables and other plants are found so that they have the potential to be a source of bioactive compounds such as flavonoid compounds. This research will study the effect of solvent polarity on the extraction of flavonoid bioactive compounds in bitter melon (Momordica Charantia L.) fruit and leaves using the Soxhlet method. The solvents used were non-polar (n-hexane), polar (ethanol), and semi-polar (ethyl acetate) with a concentration of 50% (v/v). Extraction was carried out at the boiling point of the solvent at various extraction times of 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes with a sample to solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/w). From this research, it was known that ethyl acetate was able to extract bitter melon with the highest yield than n-hexane and ethanol, which was 36% at 90 minutes. The largest total flavonoid compound (TFC) was obtained in extraction using ethanol then n-hexane and ethyl acetate. In Soxhlet extraction, the semi-polar solvent (ethyl acetate) has the best performance on the yield, while the polar solvent (ethanol) was the best for extracting TFC compounds in the bitter melon fruit and leaves.
SCARF1-Induced Efferocytosis Plays an Immunomodulatory Role in Humans, and Autoantibodies Targeting SCARF1 Are Produced in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Jorge April M , Lao Taotao , Kim Rachel , Licciardi Samantha , El Khoury Joseph , Luster Andrew D , Means Terry K , Ramirez-Ortiz Zaida G
Published: January 2022

Deficiency in the clearance of cellular debris is a major pathogenic factor in the emergence of autoimmune diseases. We previously demonstrated that mice deficient for scavenger receptor class F member 1 (SCARF1) develop a lupus-like autoimmune disease with symptoms similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), including a pronounced accumulation of apoptotic cells (ACs). Therefore, we hypothesized that SCARF1 will be important for clearance of ACs and maintenance of self-tolerance in humans, and that dysregulation of this process could contribute to SLE. In this article, we show that SCARF1 is highly expressed on phagocytic cells, where it functions as an efferocytosis receptor. In healthy individuals, we discovered that engagement of SCARF1 by ACs on BDCA1+ dendritic cells initiates an IL-10 anti-inflammatory response mediated by the phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3. Unexpectedly, there was no significant difference in SCARF1 expression in samples of patients with SLE compared with healthy donor samples. However, we detected anti-SCARF1 autoantibodies in 26% of patients with SLE, which was associated with dsDNA Ab positivity. Furthermore, our data show a direct correlation of the levels of anti-SCARF1 in the serum and defects in the removal of ACs. Depletion of Ig restores efferocytosis in SLE serum, suggesting that defects in the removal of ACs are partially mediated by SCARF1 pathogenic autoantibodies. Our data demonstrate that human SCARF1 is an AC receptor in dendritic cells and plays a role in maintaining tolerance and homeostasis.
Malignant eccrine spiradenocylindroma and parotid gland involvement in Brooke Spiegler syndrome
Authors: Merlo Giulia , Pesce Marianna , Borra Tiziana , Orejuela Ileana , Pasquali Francesca , Panizza Renzo , Ghiglione Marco , Grosso Federica
Published: January 2022

Brooke-Spiegler syndrome is a rare disorder, characterized by the development of skin adnexal tumors, including cylindromas, trichoepitheliomas, spiradenomas. Although these neoplasms are benign in most patients, a malignant transformation can rarely occur. Furthermore, an occasional association between cutaneous adnexal tumors and basal cell adenoma as well as adenocarcinoma of the parotid gland has been rarely described, with approximately 20 cases reported. We report a case of BSS presenting with a malignant eccrine spiradenocylindroma, in a patient with previous history of parotid basal cell tumor.
La Enciclica Evangelium Vitae: quale novità?
Authors: Sgreccia Elio
Published: January 2022

L'articolo analizza il testo dell'Enciclica Evangelium Vitae (EV) di Giovanni Paolo II, ricercando ed evidenziando gli elementi di novità in essi contenuti. Anzitutto si rileva un collegamento tra I'EV e l'Enciclica Rerum Novarum di Leone Xill sulla questione operaia. Entrambe, infatti, da una parte toccano un tema di portata sociale e mondiale (non questioni di morale privata), destinato a ripercuotersi nel futuro e dall'altra vedono la Chiesa schierarsi a favore delle parti più deboli dell'umanità. Un secondo elemento di novità in EV è di carattere epistemologico-argomentativo: in EV, cioè, si dà anzitutto la visione di fede e solo in un secondo momento si fa appello alla ragione ed alla legge naturale. Con ciò l'Enciclica si propone di evitare che il dato di fede - tra i credenti - possa considerarsi pleonastico o secondario sui problemi della vita, mentre intende affermare che la visione completa sul valore della vita è quella proveniente dall'ottica della fede, anche se questa non annulla né si giustappone alla ragione, ma piuttosto la illumina e la arricchisce. Ulteriore novità dell'EV   rappresentata dalle propspettive cultuali che sottende e prospetta. Per la nostra cultura, secondo l'Autore, si tratta di ricostruire alcuni "ponti": 1. tra ragione e fede; 2. fra persona e natura; 3. tra legge civile e legge morale; 4. fra libertà e responsabilità; 5. tra etica dei principi ed etica delle virtù. Anche alcuni aspetti di etica applicata figurano per la prima volta nel Magistero ufficiale della Chiesa grazie a questa Enciclica, ad esempio la valutazione morale dei nuovi "contraccettivi-abortivi" e del problema demografico. Grande rilievo di novità assume la trattazione del rapporto tra etica e diritto. L'Autore conclude che soltanto una valutazione superficiale potrebbe avallare l'opinione che EV non direbbe nulla di nuovo sugli argomenti trattati e che, semmai, avrebbe validità soltanto all'interno della Chiesa.
I problemi etici dell'aborto nell'Enciclica Evangelium Vitae
Authors: Ciccone Lino
Published: January 2022

L'autore si propone di evidenziare quello che l'Enciclica Evangelium Vltae (EV) aggiunge alla già singolarmente ricca messe di insegnamenti morali offerti sull'aborto dal Magistero ecclesiale. Dopo un breve cenno ad alcune novità in certo senso marginali rispetto alla sostanza della dottrina, l'Autore si sofferma a mostrare come l'Enciclica svolge la problematica etica sollevata dalla legalizzazione dell'aborto, a partire dalla valutazione di una tale legge e dello Stato che la emana. Una valutazione che EV formula in termini particolarmente, ma fondatamente, severi. Viene quindi messa in luce la soluzione che trovano in EV due problemi, tra i più gravi e complessi, conseguenti alla legalizzazione dell'aborto: l'obiezione di coscienza e le nuove forme di cooperazione alla esecuzione di aborti. Ma anche sull'aborto considerato in se stesso l'Enciclica presenta elementi significativi di novità, che vengono brevemente sottolineati. L'Autore, infine, ha cura di mostrare quale carica intensa di amore appassionato per l'uomo traspare da un'enciclica che una lettura frettolosa o superficiale rischia di scambiare per una serie di severe condanne freddamente formulate.
Dal dono al vangelo della vita: per una lettura teologica dell'Enciclica Evangelium Vitae
Authors: Carrasco de Paula Ignazio
Published: January 2022

L'articolo, dopo avere sinteticamente messo a confronto l'Enciclica Evangelium Vitae (EV) con l'Istruzione della Congregazione per la Dottrina della Fede Donum Vitae, individua due ragioni alla base della scelta magisteriale di riproporre un nuovo documento sulla difesa della vita. Anzitutto il ritorno strisciante dell'eutanasia, problema strettamente connesso all'etica medica. La seconda ragione è più complessa e affonda le radici nel contesto socio-culturale odierno, caratterizzato da comportamenti sistematici ed aggressivi contro la vita nelle sue espressioni più deboli (come il concepito o il malato in fase terminale di malattia). Non solo, ma di tali comportamenti si è perso - nel sentire comune di molti cittadini - il carattere delittuoso al punto da richiederne addirittura la legittimazione giuridica come diritti. Proprio per questi motivi l'EV trascende il solo contesto dottrinale tipico dei documenti magisteriali sulla bioetica per acquisire la profondità e l'ampiezza di vedute caratteristiche delle grandi encicliche sociali. Secondo l'Autore, infatti, non si tratta più soltanto di offrire un giudizio etico su problemi puntuali bensì di mobilitare risorse morali e spirituali che portino ad un recupero sociale e culturale della centralità della persona umana e della sua dignità. Muovendo da queste premesse, l'Autore svolge la sua riflessione sulla EV secondo un'ottica teologica, argomentando sui tre principi basilari dell'Enciclica: l'immoralità dell'uccisione diretta e volontaria di un essere umano innocente; l'aborto diretto come disordine morale grave; l'eutanasia come grave violazione della legge divina.
Impacts of Anthropogenic Activities on the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Assemblages During the Wet Season in Kipsinende River, Kenya
Authors: Fekadu Masresha Birara , Agembe Simon , Kiptum Clement Kiprotich , Mingist Minwyelet
Published: January 2022

Human activities have impacted negatively the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage of River Kipsinende in Kenya consequently affecting the biodiversity of the area. The study assessed the impact of anthropogenic activities on benthic macroinvertebrates’ assemblage in the river. Quantitative triplicate samples were collected from three different longitudinal sections along the river and four biotopes from six stations. Sample collection was done monthly from (November-December, 2019, January and March, 2020). 72 samples with 20,040 macroinvertebrate individuals belonging to 14 orders, 48 families, and 68 genera were identified. The relative abundance of Dipteran was greater than Ephemeroptera. Ephemeroptera abundance in percentage was also greater than Trichopteran and Bivalvia. The relative abundance of Dipteran and taxon group of % EPT had an inverse relation across study sites. The highest diversity and evenness were observed in station KB and the lowest in KA. Station KC had the highest number of individuals followed by station KA and the least was at station KE. The results of the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) shown the physico-chemical parameters were affecting the macroinvertebrates communities in the river. This study provides baseline and scientific information for the appropriate water management of freshwater streams in Kenya.
Application of Fishery-independent Data as an Alternative Source for Determining Relative Abundance Indices of Blue Marlin, Makaira nigricans (Actinopterygii: Perciformes: Istiophoridae) in the North-eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: Setyadji Bram , Parker Denham , Wang Sheng-Ping
Published: January 2022

The present study aimed to determine the abundance index of blue marlin, Makaira nigricans (Lacepède, 1802) utilizing fishery-independent data, i.e., scientific observer, and attempted to bridge the research's gap for low coverage information in the north eastern Indian Ocean. A total of 2,984 set-by-set observer data from 2006-2018, spatially disaggregated by one-degree blocks, were obtained from the Indonesian scientific observer program following commercial longline fleets. A delta-lognormal model was chosen to fit the dataset, using catch as the response variable with seven covariates. A backward procedure based on AIC, BIC and R2 were used to select the best model. Overall, the delta-Gamma performs better when modelling data with a high proportion of zeros than other traditional models. The blue marlin CPUE trend is relatively stable over time, despite the inter-annual fluctuations, which are likely a result of natural variation in the population as opposed to operational changes or inter-annual environmental variation. Given the low spatial coverage compared to logbook data, scientific observer data performed well and produced a robust abundance index of blue marlin in the northeastern Indian Ocean.
Endogenous and seasonal factors influencing circulating thyrotropin concentration in Red Sokoto and Sahel goats
Authors: Habibu B. , Kawu M.U. , Aluwong T. , Makun H.J. , Yaqub L.S. , Buhari H.U. , Saleh A.
Published: January 2022

Through regulating thyroid physiology, thyrotropin influences the activities of thyroid hormones, including thermogenesis and adaptation to ambient thermal challenges. This study aimed at evaluating the influences of some endogenous factors (breed, sex, age and body mass index; BMI) and season on circulating thyrotropin concentration in Red Sokoto and Sahel goats. A total of 120 goats were sampled, comprising Red Sokoto (n = 20) and Sahel (n = 20) goats in each season during the peak of the cold-dry (CDS), hot-dry (HDS) and rainy (RAS) seasons in a tropical Savannah climate. Results revealed that among Red Sokoto goats, bucks had significantly higher (P<0.05) circulating thyrotropin concentration than does during the HDS, while adults had significantly higher values than kids during the RAS. Significant (P<0.05) breed difference was only observed during the HDS, with the Red Sokoto goats having higher values among adult bucks and doelings but lower values than Sahel goats among buck-kids and adult does. Significant (P<0.05) seasonal variation was observed only in male Sahel goats with buck-kids having lower values during RAS as compared with CDS and HDS, while adult bucks had higher values during the RAS as compared with the HDS. A significant positive correlation (r = 0.29; P<0.001) was observed between thyrotropin concentration and BMI in the overall population. It was concluded that circulating thyrotropin concentration was higher in male and adult goats, and the effects of season and breed were sex and age-dependent. Moreover, the direct relationship between thyrotropin concentration and BMI may reflect the role of thyrotropin in the accumulation of body energy reserve in the savannah goats.
Surgical measurement of the length of the large intestinal tract in Nigerian local dogs
Authors: Kisani A.I. , Kassam R.
Published: January 2022

This study aimed to determine the total large intestinal length (TLIL) and the lengths of its various segments in Nigerian local dogs. Six (6) adult autochthonous Nigerian local dogs were used for this study. The dogs were premedicated, intramuscularly, with atropine sulphate and xylazine hydrochloride. They were administered anaesthesia and maintained with Thiopentone sodium intravenously. Access to their abdominal cavity was obtained via a mid-ventral abdominal incision. The large intestine was exteriorized and measured from caecum to rectum. The crown-rump length (CRL) and caecum (C) were significantly longer (p<0.05) in the larger dogs (11–16 kg) compared to the smaller ones (5–10 kg). The colon and rectum (CR), TLIL and the ratio of crown-rump length to intestinal length (CRLT) did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between these two size-wise categories of dogs. The ratios of crown-rump length to weight (CRLW) and large intestinal length to weight (LILW) were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the smaller dogs than in the larger ones. There was a strong correlation between the weight and the CRL (0.53) and between the weight and TLIL (0.66). The average TLIL was 48.3 cm in the larger dogs and 45.1 cm in the smaller ones. The average colon and rectum length was 37.7 cm in the larger dogs and 36.8 cm in the smaller ones. The average C length was 10.2 cm in the larger dogs and 8.3 cm in the smaller ones. The average CRL was 1.5 times the average TLIL in Nigerian local dogs. Conclusion: Body size does not affect the total length of the large intestine of Nigerian local dogs. However, the caecum is significantly longer in the bigger dogs.
Combined effect of reduced glutathione and ulinastatin on the expressions of IL-6, sIL-6 and sgp130 in peripheral blood of paraquat-poisoned patients
Authors: Wang Jianghai , Sun Hongting , Fan Lihua , Si Xuepeng , Li Liang , Han Wang
Published: January 2022

Purpose: To investigate the effect of reduced glutathione and ulinastatin on the expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), soluble interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R), and soluble glycoprotein 130 (sgp130) in peripheral blood of paraquat-poisoned patients.

Methods: In this retrospective study, 88 patients with paraquat poisoning admitted to Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, China from February 2017 to October 2020 were divided into control group (n = 40) and study group (n = 48), based on treatment type. The control group received conventional treatments, while the study group was given reduced glutathione in combination with ulinastatin. Treatment efficacy and peripheral blood expression levels were compared.

Results: Compared to the control group, curative effect was significantly higher in the study group (p < 0.05). The expression levels of IL-6, sIL-6R, and sgp130 in the peripheral blood at the early, middle and late periods in the study group were markedly lower. The number of patients with flake-like or dotted opacity, increased lung texture, pleural effusion and ground glass opacity in the study group during the early period was lower (p < 0.05). Moreover, the number of patients with pulmonary edema, fibrous cord, pleural effusion, ground glass opacity and reticular opacity during the middle period was markedly lower for the study group, while the population of patients with honeycomb lung, fibrous cord, nodules and reticular opacity in the study group was higher t (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: A combination of reduced glutathione and ulinastatin produces significant therapeutic effect on paraquat poisoning by down-regulating the serum expressions of IL-6, sIL-6 and sgp130, inhibiting inflammation, and mitigating pulmonary lesions.
Protective effect of luteolin against oxidative stress during hypoxic ischemia-induced neuronal damage in neonatal rats
Authors: Cao Weihong , Luo Jun , Peng Jingwei , Zhu Xiaoxia , Li Shigang , Ma Jilong
Published: January 2022

Purpose: To investigate the neuroprotective efficacy of plant polyphenol luteolin against hypoxic ischemia (HI)-induced neuronal injury in neonatal rat pups.

Methods: Postnatal rat pups (aged 7 days) were subjected to HI insult, and then treated with luteolin at a dose of 1.2 mg/kg body weight (bwt) for up to 4 days after HI injury. Following the sacrifice of the pups, the brain tissues were subjected to histological examination (H & E staining), as well as biochemical and antioxidant assays. Moreover, levels of cell death regulator proteins were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results: There was significant increase in the tissue levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), but marked decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in the HI rat pups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, HI decreased the brain tissue levels of the antioxidants, SOD, CAT, GPX and GSH, in the postnatal pups. However, luteolin treatment significantly reversed the abnormal increase in the levels of ROS and MDA, but reduced the loss in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), while increasing the levels of SOD, CAT GPX and GSH (p < 0.05). Furthermore, HI significantly increased the brain expression levels of the pro-apoptotic markers, i.e., cytosolic cytochrome C (cyt c), caspase-3 and caspase-9 in the pups exposed to HI, indicating neuronal cell death. However, the HI- induced increase in the expression levels of these pro-apoptotic factors was reduced by luteolin treatment.

Conclusion: These results suggest that luteolin protects postnatal rat pups from hypoxic ischemic- induced brain damage (neuronal cell death) due to its antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities. Therefore, luteolin may be a potential neuroprotective agent in the management of HI-associated complications.
Effect of curcumin on the viability of SKOV3 cells and its probable mechanism of action
Authors: Dan Wang , Cheng Xu , Fei-Fei Zhang , Bao-Jin Zeng
Published: January 2022

Purpose: To study the influence of curcumin on the survival of SKOV3 cells and the potential molecular mechanism of action.

Methods: SKOV3 cell proliferation was measured using MTT assay. Gene expression levels were assayed using QRT-PCR assay, while protein expression was determined with western blotting.

Results: Cell viability was reduced by curcumin at doses of 20, 40 and 80 μM (p < 0.05) in a dose-based fashion. Protein expression levels of Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9 were upregulated by curcumin, while Bcl-2 protein level was downregulated (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: These results demonstrate that curcumin inhibits cell proliferation by promoting the protein expressions of pro-apoptotic genes (Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-9) while suppressing Bcl-2 protein level. Therefore, curcumin might be a novel alternative therapy for ovarian cancer.
Long-term follow-up of medically treated patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection: a prospective, Swiss single-centre cohort study
Authors: Seidl Sebastian , Rickli Hans , Rogowski Sebastian , Weilenmann Daniel , Ammann Peter , Haager Philipp K. , Joerg Lucas , Rohner Franziska , Chronis Joannis , Rigger Johannes , Maeder Micha T.
Published: January 2022

AIMS OF THE STUDY: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an increasingly diagnosed cause of acute myocardial infarction. However, there is still a limited number of larger cohorts with long-term follow-up. We report on the largest Swiss single-centre cohort to date, with follow-up of up to 22 years.
METHODS: We prospectively collected SCAD cases from June 1998 until December 2020. A strategy of systematic follow-up angiography was applied. Information on long-term follow-up was collected up to the end of 2020. Major cardiovascular events (MACE) were defined as all-cause death, non-fatal MI, and non-fatal cardiac arrest.
RESULTS: We identified 105 SCAD patients (mean age 53 ± 11 years, 98 female, 5 peripartum). Presentation was myocardial infarction in all patients. In 102 patients, there was one contiguous dissection. Three patients had two (n = 2) or three (n = 1) non-contiguous dissections. In the majority of patients (n = 97), the primary treatment approach was conservative (dual antiplatelet therapy for 12 months in 90% of patients, statins in 91%). Seven patients were treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and one patient underwent bypass surgery. Elective follow-up angiograms were performed in 73 asymptomatic patients after a median follow-up of 6.0 months (interquartile range [IQR] 5.5–6.5). These showed healing of the dissection (n = 65) or a good result after PCI (n = 5) in 70 patients. Three patients had a persistent dissection but conservative treatment was continued. After a median follow-up of 7.5 years (IQR 3.6–12.5) (longest follow-up: 22.5 years) there were 15 MACE. Five MACE occurred within 30 days of the index event: death following catastrophic peripartum left main SCAD (n = 1), out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with successful resuscitation 16 days after SCAD (n = 1), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction due to occlusion of the dissected artery 10 hours after the index angiogram with subsequent PCI (n = 1), SCAD of a second vessel 8 days after the index SCAD (n = 1), and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with persistent, multisite SCAD 10 days after the index event (n = 1). There were 10 late MACE, including myocardial infarction and recurrent SCAD (different vessel/lesion) a median of 7.6 years (IQR 3.9–9.6) after the index event in eight patients and death with unclear cause in two patients.
CONCLUSION: This SCAD series highlights its highly variable clinical course during the acute phase and in the long term. Although most SCAD patients can be treated conservatively with subsequent healing of the dissection and good clinical outcome, there are also patients with dramatic acute presentation or MACE several years after the initial presentation.
Taxation options for nicotine and tobacco products in Switzerland – a review of tax policies
Authors: Merz Larissa , Puhan Milo A.
Published: January 2022

Alternative nicotine products such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and tobacco heating systems have gained worldwide popularity. Findings suggest ENDS to be probably less harmful than combustible cigarettes, but evidence on long-term health effects is still lacking. The potential risk reduction by using tobacco heating systems instead of combustible cigarettes has largely been studied by tobacco industry-sponsored research. Evidence on the extent of risk reduction is key for risk-adapted taxation policies, which will be discussed soon in the Swiss parliament. Evidence on the effects of tax policies in the USA shows that the level of taxation of ENDS, tobacco heating systems and combustible cigarettes has an effect on switches between these products. Therefore, excise taxes influencing one another need to be considered. In Switzerland, tobacco heating systems are currently taxed at a level of 12%, whereas ENDS are not subject to tobacco excise taxation as yet, because they do not meet the legal definition of a tobacco product. This article analyses approaches for imposing taxes on tobacco and nicotine products and possible outcomes, depending on the intended public health goals.
At least three tax models can be considered. Tax model A would apply a very small tax on ENDS and a higher tax for tobacco products, which could increase incentives for smokers to switch to vaping but comes with risks of increased vaping initiation among the youth and subsequent switch to or dual use of tobacco products. In contrast, model B would levy a moderate tax on ENDS and an increased tax on tobacco products, which could limit initiation among youth, incentivise to switch from smoking to vaping and discourage dual use. In model C, a comparable tax level for ENDS, tobacco heating systems and combustible cigarettes is levied. This could have overall positive effects in reducing tobacco- and nicotine-associated burden of disease by discouraging initiation in youth, overall consumption and dual use, but could discourage switching to less harmful products. When applying these tax models to current sales prices of these products we found that no public health goal, such as protecting youth and reducing tobacco-associated morbidity and mortality can be achieved. The price of tobacco products is too low to achieve any price differentiation that reflects the different risks associated with ENDS and tobacco products. In order to achieve any public health goal with one of these tax models, prices for tobacco products need to be increased substantially.
Digital Trends and Tools Driving Change in Marketing Free State Tourism Destinations: A Stakeholder’s Perspective
Authors: Chamboko-Mpotaringa Mavis , Chamboko-Mpotaringa Mavis
Published: January 2022

This study sought to determine the key digital trends and tools driving change in tourism destinations from the perspectives of South African marketers, specifically, those in the Free State province. Based on semi-structured interviews conducted with tourism destination marketers, the findings highlight key digital trends and tools causing disruptions and crucial shifts in tourism marketing. The results confirm that, although at a slow pace, Free State tourism destination marketers have embraced digital transformation and that the accelerated growth in digital technologies has reshaped the marketing processes of tourism destinations. The study contributes to the existing literature on digital marketing, which needs to be constantly updated, due to the changes in the trends, to improve the visitor experience. The study has implications for businesses, destinations, and policymakers in identifying key considerations for sustainable technology use, creating an enabling environment for digital adoption and transformation.
Teaching Methods of Reading for the Creation of Questions － Focused on Cases of Greek Tragedy Class
Authors: Kim Yoo Mi
Published: January 2022

This study is aimed to reveal that the method used for the creation of questions by students taking a classic education class named  is important in two ways: 1) facilitating the difficulty with which students read classical literature, and 2) establishing individual perspectives when reading by oneself. The experience of voluntary reading is more important than reading a lot. The class focused on the process used by students to create questions regarding the texts they’re required to read, it is necessary for us to structure classes according to these levels in reading in order to raise the level of questions the students are able ask. To make secondary and tertiary reading possible at least in part, the class information, the details regarding the actual assignment of the class and a small group activity were given and conducted respectively according to the students’ reading levels.
The procedure was carried out according to reading levels following the establishment of the goals for each work assigned. Even though students have their own unique perspecitves regarding the goals of every text assigned to them, we asked them to come up with their own perspectives in their approach to these texts. Furthermore, we had them focus on the types of questions pertaining to the first two works they were requried to read, and by pointing out the possibility of various interpretations regarding their next two works. Finally, we had them compare their work to the last two texts that they read.
Of course, the process of creating questions is important in every work, but this study aimed at encouraging students to develop their own individual questions. This is because it is more important for instructors to provide an environment where in students can voluntarily utilize reading that encourages them to come up with their own perspectives rather than simply giving them a number of opportunities to read. For reading itself provides students the chance of engaging in tertiary reading. Students' presentations and discussions confirmed that the power of spontaneity builds up from the moment the learner recognizes that they have achieved it by themselves by asking questions and developing it into their own perspective.
Students’ Perception of Media Literacy through University Liberal Arts －Focused on Cases of “Media Literacy and Creative Communication”
Authors: Lee Hee Yong
Published: January 2022

This article aims to examine students’ perception of media literacy through university liberal arts, focusing on cases involving ‘media literacy & creative communication’, which is defining the direction of media literacy education. In order to achieve the object of this study, researchers examined the case of media literacy education already being implemented in university general education.
Based on the results of this study, the following may be noted: First, this study presented the media literacy curriculum systematically, and an analysis was made based on various theoretical studies. Secondly, the student’s perception of media literacy in the beginning of the lecture was checked through a Preliminary survey. Most students were not fully aware of the concept of media literacy, had low understanding of media, and were lacking in their ability to cope with problems of digital media, such as “fake news” and the practice of the “deep fake.” Thirdly, through the focus group interview(FGI) we learned that students’ attitude and perceptions were changed to an enhanced extent after 15 weeks of being enrolled in the curriculum. Most students’ understanding, analytical skills, and critical ability of media seem to have grown significantly. Finally, this study analyzed the effects found among students from their studies after being enrolled in the curriculum for 15 weeks, and presented plans to activate ‘media literacy and creative communication’ among the students as a effective curriculum model of liberal arts. Through this it is hoped that students can develop core competencies of media, such as an ability to properly approach media, and to improve their critical understanding capabilities, as well as their socio-cultural participation capabilities.
A Study on EFL Learners’ Perception of College General English Class Type in the COVID-19 Non-contact Era
Authors: Lee Bo-Kyung
Published: January 2022

This study investigated 301 college students who attended mandatory online general English classes due to the COVID-19 pandemic for the purpose of examining their preferred online instruction type, as well as their perception regarding post-pandemic instruction type for general English. The order of the preferred online instruction is as follows: 1) fully pre-recorded videos, 2) blended classes, and 3) fully real-time videos. However, their preferences showed significant difference depending on their interest in English learning and their majors. With regard to the instruction type of post-pandemic general English, the order of the positive response is fully in-person instruction, blended classes, and fully on-line instruction, which also showed a significant difference depending on gender, year, major, and interest in English learning. Of course, since the data was gathered from a single instructor’s students, and thus are not generalizable, we might fairly expect that these results could be utilized as a basic reference point when it comes to the planning and designing of general English languages programs during and after the pandemic.
Study of the experience of cooperation among undergraduate students from the perspective of the cultivation of key competencies －A focus group interview with high-performers in general education courses based on the POD class model
Authors: Jo Hyunmyung
Published: January 2022

With regard to the innovation of the general education at the level of higher education in Korea based on the approach of competency-based education, researchers have predominantly focused on the individual development of key competencies and skills. However, little attention has been paid to one of the main axes of the key competency, the experience of cooperation among students. Drawing on the interview data with undergraduate students who participated in online general education courses which were based on the ‘Peer-tutoring Online Discussion (POD)’ class model, this study explores modalities and significance of their cooperation experiences in the courses. Findings suggest that the experience of cooperation based on the POD class model has several differences from traditional classes and that these features contribute to unique characteristics of the cooperation experience in the POD class model. Through their experience of cooperation in the general education courses based on the POD class model, students were able to feel a sense of achievement that they had never felt before in other classes, and also able to realize the growth of their team members as well as themselves. Moreover, respondents also explained that their experience of cooperation through the POD class model actually enabled them to foster positivity, broad perspective, leadership and collaborative skills.
Analysis of Learning Components of Quantitative Reasoning in the Core Curriculum
Authors: Kim Hye Young
Published: January 2022

Quantitative Reasoning (QR) requires students to think critically and to apply basic mathematics and statistics to interpret data, draw conclusions, and solve problems within a disciplinary or interdisciplinary context. In this study, the learning goal, learning content, learning method, and learning evaluation of QR were identified and analyzed. In other words, the learning components and characteristics of QR as a type of general education were examined. As a result, QR can be defined as follows:
1. a habit of mind and one of the practical intellectual abilities that should be developed as a core curriculum in general education.
2. integrated learning in an interdisciplinary context across the curriculum.
3. a problem-centered, active participatory approach to learning that focuses on the process of inquiry rather than the learning of fixed knowledge.
4. appropriate for process-oriented evaluation using a rubric.
5. allowing us to be critically informed as citizens of a democratic society.
QR thus takes on an over-arching status across the curriculum similar to effective communication skills. QR is an interdisciplinary subject that can be studied within various fields of learning, and can be opened in several departments with a focus on mathematics. Indeed, the call for QR to ‘permeate the curriculum’ and to become a centerpiece for interdisciplinary learning, linking a wide range of subjects to a common methodological framework, is highly recommended.
INSECTS OBSERVED IN THE STATE OF ARAGUA, VENEZUELA, SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Martorell Luis F.
Published: January 2022

Resumen en inglés.
HELMINTHOSPORIUM LEAF SPOT OF SUGAR CANE IN PORTO RICO
Authors: Cook Melville T.
Published: January 2022

Resumen en inglés.
MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN INOVATIF SEBAGAI MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN JARAK JAUH: SUATU KAJIAN PUSTAKA
Authors: Alit Sudiarthi Desak Nyoman
Published: January 2022

The current phenomenon indicates the quality of learning or the quality of education in general is a challenge during the corona pandemic or covid-19. It can be seen that teaching and learning activities between educators and students which were originally conducted through direct interaction in the classroom are not able to be carried out. Face-to-face or direct interaction in class should be limited or even eliminated in order to prevent the spread of the virus. It means that the health protocol requires each individual to practice social and physical distancing in conducting teaching and learning interactions. Due to the pandemic, teaching and learning activities suddenly have to be implemented by a distance learning system via the internet/online learning network. In fact, not all educators and students meet the eligibility requirements for conducting online learning activities. To address it, we invite all education stakeholders to participate in finding solutions and anticipating these problems. The solution is the concept of innovative learning media requiring to be developed in designing learning, understanding the distance learning system, and maximizing the use of innovative learning media in carrying out teaching and learning activities.

 

Key words: Innovative Learning Media, Distance Learning
THE DESCRIPTION OF CHARACTER VALUES IN ENGLISH LEARNING TOWARDS THE ELEVENTH GRADE STUDENTS OF SMA SARASWATI 1 TABANAN
Authors: Sukraningsih Gusti Ayu Gede
Published: January 2022

This research purposed to describe character values in English learning to the eleventh-grade students at SMA Saraswati 1 Tabanan. The subjects of this research were an English teacher and 24 students. The techniques used to collect the data were observation, interview, and documentation. The data obtained were analysed by using qualitative data analysis. The result of this research showed that: (1) Character education was implemented in learning process, (2) Character education in this research was inserted by strategy of micro character development including teaching and learning in the classroom.

 

Key words: Character Education, Implementation, English Learning
ANALISIS ALIH KODE DAN CAMPUR KODE DALAM DIALOG MAHASISWA DAN MAHASISWI MANGGARAI PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA DAN SASTRA INDONESIA FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN UNIVERSITAS MAHASARASWATI DENPASAR
Authors: Sueni Ni Made
Published: January 2022

The process of communication and social interaction raises the tendency of a speaker to utilize the potential for language variations. One variation of the language is code switching and code mixing to maintain togetherness in the community. Code switching and code mixing are changes in the use of a particular language or variety of languages to other languages. This study aims to describe certain forms of code switching and interfering forms found in the Student and Student Dialogue in Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program Faculty of Teacher Training and Education (FKIP) Mahasaraswati University (Unmas) Denpasar. The results of the study show that there is indeed code switching and code mixing in the Manggarai student and student dialogue. took place at the Indonesian Language and Literature Education Program (PSP) Teacher Training and Education Faculty (FKIP) Mahasaraswati University Denpasar (Unmas). The forms of code switching and code mixing in the dialogues of Manggarai students and students are in the form of sentences and words. The factors that influence code switching and code mixing in the dialogues of Manggarai students and students take place, namely. Speakers or speakers, listeners or opponents of speech, habitual factors, changing situations, the presence of third people, changing situations from formal to informal, changing topic of conversation, forgetting local language, affirmation or to clarify, to trends and not to be outdated.

 

Key words: Code Switching and Code Mixing, Students of Flores Manggarai Students
STANDARISASI BAHASA
Authors: Mawa I Wayan
Published: January 2022

The use of language much morre depend on, when, who use it. This happens because of the dynamic characters of language. It means that languange will always develope in accordance with the development and dynamics of sociaty. Whether the language changes quickly or not it depends on intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors consist of character of language itself namely, established, fleksible or adapted. Beside that the important thing in dynamics as of language is that how important the rule of the language as the referance of the other dialecs. Apart from the intrinsic factors. The extrimsics factors also have important rule in the dymamics of development of language. This concerning wheter. The language itself fungtion as a mean of unity or as the identity of the speakers.

 

Key words: Language, Standardisation
IMPLEMENTASI PERMAINAN MENYUSUN KATA DALAM UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERBICARA BAHASA INGGRISSISWA KELAS VIIIA SMPN 3 TAMPAKSIRING TAHUN PELAJARAN 2020/2021
Authors: Martini Ni Nyoman
Published: January 2022

The implementation of the arranging words game in order to increase the students speaking abillities. The subjects of this research was the students of VIIIASMPN 2 Tampaksiring in the first semester of the academic year of 2020/2021. The writter choose this class because there were so many students still have less abilities in English, especially in speaking skill. The main purpose of this research is increasing students speaking abillities by the implementation a new teaching learning model. The data collecting methode is learning achievement test.The data analyze is descriptive to qualitative and quantitative data.The research revealed that The implementation of the arranging words game in order to increase the students learning achievement.We can see the students achievement can increase from the early cycle to the first cycle and to the second cycle.Finally,It can be concluded that the implementation of the arranging words game can increase the students achievement.

 

Key words: Speaking Abillities, Cooperative Learning, Arranging Words Game