bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concordância entre os testes perceptivos e a videofluoroscopia no diagnóstico da disfunção velofaríngea
Authors: Périco Maíra de Souza , Dutka Jeniffer de Cássia Rillo , Whitaker Melina Evangelista , Silva Ana Flávia Rodrigues da , Souza Olivia Mesquita Vieira de , Pegoraro-Krook Maria Inês
Published: September 2014

Objetivo Verificar a concordância entre os resultados dos Testes de Emissão de Ar Nasal e de Hipernasalidade e os achados do exame de videofluorocopia no diagnóstico da disfunção velofaríngea, em indivíduos com fissura labiopalatina. Métodos A amostra foi constituída por 89 exames de videofluoroscopia e 89 escores dos Testes de Emissão de Ar Nasal e de Hipernasalidade, interpretados como fechamento velofaríngeo consistente, ou como fechamento velofaríngeo inconsistente, ou ainda, como não fechamento velofaríngeo. Foram calculadas a sensibilidade, a especificidade e a concordância entre a interpretação dos achados dos testes perceptivos e os achados da videofluoroscopia. Resultados Foram encontrados índices de sensibilidade e especificidade de 98% e 37%, respectivamente, para o Teste de Emissão de Ar Nasal e de 96% e 63%, respectivamente, para o Teste de Hipernasalidade. As porcentagens de concordância entre os escores do Teste de Emissão de Ar Nasal e os exames de videofluoroscopia e entre os escores do Teste de Hipernasalidade e os exames de videofluoroscopia, para a categoria fechamento velofaríngeo consistente, foram de 62% e 70%, respectivamente, de 43% e 47%, para a de fechamento velofaríngeo inconsistente, respectivamente, e de 68% e 77%, para a de não fechamento velofaríngeo, respectivamente. Conclusão Houve um bom nível de concordância entre os testes perceptivos e os exames de videofluoroscopia para as categorias fechamento velofaríngeo consistente e não fechamento velofaríngeo, mas não para a de fechamento velofaríngeo inconsistente.
Influência do estado comportamental nos padrões de sucção de recém-nascidos pré-termo
Authors: Prade Leila Sauer , Bolzan Geovana de Paula , Weinmann Angela Regina Maciel
Published: September 2014

Objetivo Verificar a influência do estado comportamental na sucção não nutritiva, na sucção nutritiva e na performance alimentar de recém-nascidos pré-termo, no momento da liberação da via oral. Métodos Participaram 32 recém-nascidos pré-termo, clinicamente estáveis, internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Foram realizadas, por um fonoaudiólogo, as avaliações do estado comportamental, padrão postural, reflexos orais, características dos órgãos fonoarticulatórios, sucção não nutritiva e nutritiva, número de suções por bloco de sucção, taxa de transferência e desempenho alimentar, após a liberação médica para início da alimentação por via oral. Resultados Não foi possível verificar associação do estado comportamental com a sucção não nutritiva. Na sucção nutritiva, verificou-se influência do estado comportamental sobre o número de sucções nos três primeiros blocos, ou seja, o estado de alerta, ao iniciar a mamada, possibilitou aos recém-nascidos apresentarem maior número de sucções, quando comparados aos recém-nascidos em estado de sono. Isto se refletiu na performance alimentar, por meio da maior taxa de transferência e melhor desempenho, embora não tenha sido observada significância estatística quanto a esses aspectos. Conclusão Os achados mostram que o estado comportamental não influenciou os aspectos de sucção não nutritiva, considerados, entretanto, na sucção nutritiva. O estado de alerta apresentou associação com maior número de sucções por bloco, em relação ao estado de sono.
Avaliação da associação entre os indicadores de saúde bucal, os aspectos socioeconômicos e crianças com sinais clínicos orofaciais indicativos de respiração oral crônica
Authors: Piva Fabiane , Moraes Juliana Kern de , Vieira Vitor Rezende , Silva Alexandre Emídio Ribeiro , Hendges Raquel Massotti , Sari Gilberto Timm
Published: September 2014

Objetivo Avaliar se os indicadores clínicos de saúde bucal e sociodemográficos de crianças em idade escolar (8 a 12 anos), em fase de dentição mista, estão associados com a respiração oral. Métodos Foram avaliadas 55 crianças, selecionadas em uma escola estadual do município de Cachoeira do Sul (RS). Após a autorização dos responsáveis, foram realizados exames por uma fonoaudióloga treinada, para a identificação de crianças com sinais clínicos orofaciais, indicativos de respiração oral. Para a realização dos exames de saúde bucal, os estudantes de odontologia foram treinados e calibrados, de acordo com os critérios para levantamentos epidemiológicos da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Além dos exames intrabucais, foram coletadas informações socioeconômicas e demográficas com os responsáveis pelas crianças, por meio de um questionário. Resultados A prevalência de crianças com sinais de respiração oral foi relevante, porém, menor do que descreve a literatura. Não houve diferença entre os grupos (respiradores orais e respiradores nasais), tanto em relação às variáveis socioeconômicas, como em relação aos aspectos odontológicos testados. Conclusão Não houve associação da respiração oral com nenhum indicador clínico de saúde bucal (cárie, placa visível e sangramento gengival). Também não foi encontrada associação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e a respiração oral.
Aspectos da fluência da fala em crianças com distúrbio específico de linguagem
Authors: Andrade Cláudia Regina Furquim de , Befi-Lopes Debora Maria , Juste Fabíola Staróbole , Cáceres-Assenço Ana Manhani , Fortunato-Tavares Talita Maria
Published: September 2014

Objetivo Avaliar aspectos específicos da fluência da fala em crianças com DEL, quanto à tipologia de rupturas comuns e velocidade de fala (em palavras e sílabas por minuto), considerando as diferentes faixas etárias. Métodos Participaram 50 crianças de ambos os gêneros, na faixa etária de 3 a 7 anos, com QI não verbal e limiares auditivos dentro da normalidade e ausência de gagueira. As crianças foram divididas em dois grupos: G1 (DEL), com 25 crianças (sete meninas e 18 meninos, com idades entre 3 e 7 anos) e G2 (desenvolvimento típico), com 25 crianças pareadas em idade e gênero ao GI. Foi apresentada uma figura à criança e solicitado que falasse o que quisesse sobre ela. Cada amostra de fala foi composta por 200 sílabas fluentes ou 100 palavras fluentes. Resultados A análise intergrupos demonstrou que crianças de 3 e 4 anos do G1 apresentaram menor velocidade de fala que seus pares em desenvolvimento típico. Na análise intragrupos, no que se refere à tipologia de rupturas, o G1 não apresentou diferenças em nenhuma das faixas etárias. Já o G2, para as faixas etárias de 4 e 5 anos, a hesitação foi mais frequente e aos 6 e 7 anos, a hesitação e a repetição de palavras se diferenciaram das demais tipologias. Conclusão Crianças com suspeita de DEL nas idades de 3 e 4 anos, aqui estudadas, apresentaram redução da produção de palavras e sílabas. As rupturas de fala, do tipo hesitação, foram recursos usados pelas crianças com desenvolvimento típico de todas as faixas etárias, o que não ocorreu nas crianças com DEL.
Parâmetro de tempo para intervenção fonoaudiológica direcionada a crianças com distúrbios do espectro do autismo
Authors: Tamanaha Ana Carina , Perissinoto Jacy
Published: September 2014

Objetivo Identificar um parâmetro de tempo de intervenção fonoaudiológica para crianças com Transtorno do Espectro do Autismo, assistidas tanto pela associação de ações diretas e indiretas, quanto apenas por ações indiretas. Métodos A amostra foi constituída por 11 meninos, de 4 a 10 anos de idade, pertencentes ao espectro do Autismo. As crianças foram divididas, aleatoriamente, em dois grupos: Grupo GT, formado por seis crianças assistidas em intervenção terapêutica fonoaudiológica direta (sessão individual com a criança) e indireta (sessão de orientação aos pais); Grupo GO, com cinco crianças assistidas apenas indiretamente. Utilizamos o Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) para entrevistar as mães e as avaliações de Interação e do Comportamento Vocal para avaliar e mensurar o tempo de evolução da criança, em três momentos: tempo zero, após seis meses (tempo 1) e após 12 meses (tempo 2). Resultados Nos primeiros seis meses, a extensão e a velocidade do processo evolutivo tornaram-se evidentes, especialmente no Grupo GT, tanto nos valores totais do ABC, quanto nas áreas que o compõem. Nos itens da Avaliação da Interação e do Comportamento Vocal também identificamos decréscimo das médias, em ambos os grupos, especialmente entre os tempos 0 e 1. Conclusão O intervalo de tempo de seis meses tornou-se uma base de evidência confiável, tanto para ações indiretas, quanto para a associação de ações diretas e indiretas. Portanto, pode servir de parâmetro para intervenção terapêutica fonoaudiológica direcionada aos Transtornos do Espectro do Autismo.
Cyclic behaviour of an unsaturated silt at various suctions and temperatures
Authors: NG C.W.W. , ZHOU C.
Published: September 2014

Subgrade soils are constantly subjected to daily variations of temperature and suction in the field. Their deformation under cyclic traffic loads can greatly affect the performance of a pavement. Yet, the behaviour of unsaturated subgrade soils under cyclic loads at various temperatures and suctions is not fully understood. In this study, a new suction- and temperature-controlled cyclic triaxial apparatus was developed. Using temperature-compensated Hall effect transducers, the accumulated plastic axial and volumetric strains and resilient modulus of an unsaturated silt under cyclic loads were measured at suctions ranging from 0 to 60 kPa and temperatures ranging from 20 to 60°C. Experimental results show that yield stress increases with increasing suction (suction-induced hardening), but decreases with increasing temperature (thermal-induced softening). Consequently, axial plastic strain accumulated during cyclic loading–unloading is larger at lower suctions and higher temperatures. At a given temperature, measured resilient modulus significantly increases when suction increases. On the other hand, the influence of temperature on resilient modulus depends on suction level. At zero suction, resilient modulus is slightly affected by temperature. At suction larger than zero, an increase in temperature induces an obvious decrease in resilient modulus. It is evident that thermal effects on resilient modulus are more significant at unsaturated than saturated states.
Sustaining Production by Limiting Water Cut and Gas Break through with Autonomous Inflow Control Technology
Authors: Voll Benn A. , Ismail Ismarullizam Mohd , Oguche Iko
Published: September 2014

One of the limiting factors affecting the length of horizontals wells has been the effective management of reservoir sweep with regards to wellbore influx. The added benefit of greater reservoir contact is met with increased differential drawdown across the well length and greater tendency to cut across heterogeneous formation with varying permeability. For many years, inflow control devices (ICDs) which restrict flow by creating additional pressure have been used to mitigate this problem. They are, however, passive in nature and once installed cannot be adjusted. In the event of water or gas breaking through in an oil well the disadvantage of the passive ICD become evident as the well would be quickly overtaken by the breaking fluid since they are usually designed to choke oil.

Autonomous ICDs (AICDs) are, however, self-regulating and are classed as active. Unlike its passive counterpart, which produces greater choking for higher density fluids, they in addition to choking oil, choke water and gas more readily. This prevents the well from being flooded when unwanted fluids break through therefore providing the advantage of being able to even out inflow into the well and in addition, choke compartments producing unwanted fluids leading to greater recovery, lower water cut and gas production.

This paper provides a comprehensive model of the autonomous ICD and goes further to show how this can be applied to modelling its influence on inflow distribution in a completed well system. The model is validated by comparing results obtained with tests carried out in a flow loop. A comparison of results obtained from the autonomous ICD and passive one is also shown to highlight the effectiveness of the autonomous ICD in flow regulation over the passive ICD.
Optimization of Greenfield Development Plan through Complex Well Ranking Criteria
Authors: Levanov A. N. , Strybko A. V. , Utyashev Y. N. , Ustyugova E. V. , Pospelova T. A.
Published: September 2014

When designing a development system for a multilayer oilfield it is important to design related engineering solutions, including simultaneous commissioning of multiple overlapping targets taking into account the drilling sequence of well pads with wells in different formations depending on the degree of knowledge and quality of reserves.

A case study of the X Field demonstrates an approach to the design of full-scale development, which is based on the ranking of priority well pad drilling by a complex indicator that takes into account the state of knowledge of drilled areas of each reservoir, the volume of hard-to recover reserves (contact zones, zones of low reserves density, reservoirs with high-viscosity fluid), the number of laterally overlapping reservoirs and maximum recovery of wells pads for 5 years of operation.

The value of the work is a more reliable determination of the field drilling sequence according to the rating from the well pads characterized by a high degree of knowledge and best quality reserves with low knowledge and reserves in high-risk areas.
Making the Best of Integrated Asset Modelling
Authors: Toby Sodi
Published: September 2014

Integrated Asset Modelling has now become a standard means of modelling entire oil and gas facilities with a view to optimising existing facilities or developing new ones. Despite many operators owning numerous integrated asset models (IAMs), the full benefits of such models are not always realized. In a lot of situations, there is a lack of confidence in the accuracy of the results or in the ability to analyse the results and apply them to day to day development, operational and maintenance decisions.

Based on about a decade experience of developing, building, benchmarking, simulating, analysing and applying integrated asset models, key success factors are presented. Citing examples and illustrations drawn from several projects, the application and the selection of the right IAM methodologies are studied. In addition, key recommendations are provided on how to select the right IAM tools for a specific application including the assessment of key performance criteria.

Practical recommendations on setting up, benchmarking, and simulating IAMs are presented. In conclusion, the best ways of getting value from IAMs are assessed. This includes best practices for analysing, processing and applying results in order to obtain the full benefits of Integrated Asset Models.
Exploration Well Testing in High Pressure Jurassic and Achimov Formations of Bolshekhetskaya Depression
Authors: Mandrik I. , Stenin V. , Abramochkin S. , Amanov M. , Belov M. , Davidovskiy A.
Published: September 2014

Exploration has evolved in Western Siberian Fields in recent years, due to demands to maintain production capacity driven in part by increasing energy consumption. The frontiers have therefore extended into the Arctic regions and to the deeper unconventional formations. To ensure a high degree of reliability, safety and efficiency, a more integrated and high-tech approach has been demonstrated to be essential when planning and executing the drilling and testing phases for such complex environments. At the exploration stage the quality of the acquired data must be high to achieve maximium value.

Previous exploration work on the Bolshekhetskaya Depression in Yamalo-Nenets Automonomous Area confirmed the geological complexity of the Jurassic and Achimov formations. The deep bedding, low formation permeabilities, abnormally high formation pressures, and complex geomechanics have made the previous well tests with conventional methods unachievable.

The 2011P exploration well of the Pyakyakhinskoye field was drilled at 4800 m and featured initial reservoir pressures up to 980 bara with the average permeability of the Jurassic formations less than 0.1 md. Such a combination makes the well unique. As a result of this complexity, an integrated well testing approach was chosen, which included a cased-hole completion with packer and a high-pressure Drill Stem Test (DST) string.

This paper presents the 2011P well test planning and execution for the Jurassic and the Achimov Formations of the Pyakyakhinskoye Field, in which four zones were sucessfully tested. The subsurface and surface equipment, well test data quality control (QA/QC), and the pressure-transient analysis are discussed herein. The geological data set included verified initial reservoir pressures and temperatures, horizontal permeability, and downhole fluid sample data. This enabled commercial reserve values to be fully obtained for the first time in the Jurassic and Achimov Formations of the Bolshekhetskaya Depression. The obtained results demonstrate the chosen equipment layout is fully applicable, this selection of equipment and lessons learned will allow execution of more efficient well testing jobs in the future.
Complex Lithophysical Typization of Bazhenov Formation Rocks from Core Analysis and Well Logging
Authors: Balushkina N. S. , Kalmykov G. A. , Khamidullin R. A. , Belokhin V. S. , Korobova N. I. , Petrakova N. N. , Bakay A. I.
Published: September 2014

The paper is aimed at drawing a lithophysical typization of the Bazhenov formation rocks from core analysis and well logging suite and applying these types to assess the structure and oil bearing of geological section. As a result identified and substantiated are correlations of material composition, porosity, oil saturation, oil generation potential, and mechanical and physical characteristics of rocks estimated by core analysis and well logging. These correlations are related to different lithophysical rock types which are regularly alternating in a geological section and can be identified by applying the well logging suite. Identified are the following types: 1). fragile low-clay radiolarian silicites; 2). fragile low-clay carbonized silicites comprising authigenic calcite and/or dolomite; 3) plastic flagstone clay silicites and carbonate-clay silicites with bivalves; 4) plastic authigenic limestone and dolomite having a radiolarian structure. The overall thickness of types 1 and 2 within a geological section makes up 10 m, and that of type 3 – makes up 20 m and more. Content of organic matter (OM), abundance of uranium in OM, and generation potential of these rock types are growing from bottom to top of a geological section. These indications allow subdivide all geological sections into the upper and lower parts. All the above mentioned types of rocks are encountered both in the upper and lower parts of the geological section. Clay varieties of type 3 are predominating in the upper part of the geological section, they feature poor reservoir properties and high generation potential of up to 130 mg HC/g of rock. They are the major oil source rocks. Rock types 1 and 2 are predominating in the lower part of the geological section. They are characterized by a medium oil-generation potential of 10-30 mg HC/g of rock. These rock types mostly are reservoir rocks of the porosity of up to 16%. Rocks of the type 4 do not relate to reservoirs, they have a low oil-generation potential – 2-10 mg HC/g of rock. All the rock types can be identified and traced in the upper and lower parts of the geological section from well logging data. In the section of boreholes drilled in the areas of Surgut Swell and Salym megalithic bank both the number of interbeds and overall thickness of types 1, 2, and 4 are higher as compared to those in similar intervals of the geological section of boreholes drilled in the Krasnoleninsk Swell.

Taking into account the regularities of depth and areal alternation of source rocks and potential reservoirs will enhance the reliability of geological exploration and production of HC accumulations of the Bazhenov formation.
Cross Correlation of Logging Data with SEM-Based Mineralogical and Textural Well Data: A New Tool for Optimized Completion Design
Authors: Ly C. V. , Oliver G. M. , Spence G. , Centurion S. , Jackson C. E. , Hearn F. P. , Palomarez V.
Published: September 2014

In horizontal tight and unconventional reservoirs there is currently a lack of low-cost/low risk data that could be used for optimizing completions and hydraulic fracturing designs. The objective for optimizing completion and frac designs is to achieve more consistent stimulation and production from every stage in the lateral. Most wells are completed based on geometric stage lengths and cluster spacings. Evidence is beginning to suggest that using geometric frac stage lengths does not provide consistent production from each perf cluster within a particular stage.

Traditionally, unconventional lateral well completion planning uses mostly vertical pilot-hole wireline log data where available. The resulting rock and reservoir characterization is projected along the entire length of the lateral. This methodology does not account for reservoir/mineralogical heterogeneities that can adversely affect stimulation efficiencies for each stage and ultimately, production. By properly characterizing the lateral, the completion design can be optimized with strategic staging and cluster selection that should result in a more consistent production from every perf cluster in each stage.

This paper demonstrates a process for correlating mineralogical and textural formation properties from drill cuttings with data from the pilot-hole (including wireline, mud-logging and drilling data and any available core data) with drilling and mud-logging data from the lateral. This process improves lateral well characterization in real time and provides the basis for an optimal completion design. This paper will illustrate the process using currently available data.
Laboratory Study Peculiarities of Petrophysical Properties of Complex-Upbuild Carbonate Reservoirs With Highly Viscous Oil Fields
Authors: Gurbatova I. P.
Published: September 2014

Objectives of the study complex-upbuild carbonate reservoirs require the application of new technologies laboratory core examinations. The work presents the results of laboratory studies of the core Permo-Carboniferous deposits of the Usinsk oilfield. The Deposit is characterized by abnormal rheological properties of oil - high viscosity in the formation conditions and the presence of non-Newtonian properties. The geological structure of deposits complicated bioherm buildings and karst areas. High zonal and layered heterogeneity cause high heterogeneity of filtration properties of reservoir rocks. When typing such headers in reservoir properties have significant difficulties. Significant differences occur while such reservoir rocks are typified in reservoir properties.

According to the results of lithological-petrographic studies there are identified three main lithotype: limestone organogenic-detrital, limestone bioherm, Dolomites. The study of reservoir properties (porosity and permeability) carried out on plugs and full-size core samples diameter of 67, 100, and 110 mm. Absolute gas permeability is controlled by a wide range of parameters describing the structure of pore space. Accordingly, at equal values of absolute permeability, but at a different microstructure formation, the forming of various pore networks is possibly to wetting and nonwetting phases filtration.

core samples are the most informative for complex reservoir rocks studying. Experimental investigations have shown the presence of the scale effect in the study of the reservoir properties. It was established lateral anisotropy filtration properties together with the vertical anisotropy.

The scale effect will determine the usefulness of the study of filtration-capacitive characteristics of the samples and to increase the reliability of petrophysical basis for interpretation of geophysical research of wells. Experimental data on the anisotropic factors effect on the reservoir properties of the formation allow a better understanding of the disadvantages and improve methodologies build geological and hydrodynamic models of the deposits.
How Knowledge Management Has Played a Key Role in Deepwater Cementing: A Service Company's Perspective
Authors: Gupta Nadish , Bogaerts Martijn , Azwar Cinto , Peyle Sebastian , Hobbs Brandon , Kaken Ainur
Published: September 2014

The operational and technical complexity of cementing operations has increased with deepwater exploration entering frontier regions on a global scale. An efficient knowledge management system (KMS) plays a vital role in providing a flow of information, and it helps in applying the findings of one area and to another area. This paper elaborates how a major service company has increased the service quality of deepwater cementing operations by using a KMS.

All the knowledge, information, and experience from a cementing operation can be uploaded by field personnel in the form of lessons learned best practices, case studies, and more. Each knowledge-content related to deepwater cementing is reviewed by a dedicated team of subject matter experts (SMEs). After the content is validated by the SME, it can be accessed by the employees in diverse locations to improve their local operations. The information is maintained in the system until it is obsolete, which allows effective knowledge sharing even after the experienced employees have moved on to other assignments or are geographically far from the operating location. Different engineers working around the clock update the KMS and provide support to the field and operational staff.

A key advantage of the KMS is that it promotes continuous improvement and standardization of the deepwater operation methodologies, including processes, reports, documentation, and more. The KMS also provides interactive training material such as deepwater cementing manuals, descriptions of special cement systems, and guides for troubleshooting the cement unit. The software application that runs the KMS is intuitive, and easy to use. The paper uses case study to highlight how the KMS has helped in planning for the technical and operational complexity of deepwater cementing operations in different regions around the globe.
Measurement of Oil-Water Ratio and Formation Porosity Using Dielectric Spectroscopy in Borehole Environments
Authors: Eltsov Timofey , Dorovsky Vitaly , Golikov Nikita , Tabarovsky Leonty , Epov Michael
Published: September 2014

Finding water-oil rations in a saturated porous reservoir by means of EM logging is established on the possibility of imaging the dielectric spectra by the borehole inductive probe, identification of the components of the reservoir from these dielectric spectra, and determination of the water-oil ratio and porosity from the relaxation parameters. To find the water-oil ratio and porosity in the reservoir using dielectric spectroscopy, the mixing formula is often used. This formula expresses the complex dielectric permittivity via complex dielectric permittivities of the subsystems. Such a formula works in the MHz frequency range of the electromagnetic field. However, there are many problems associated with applying the mixing formulae. First, relaxation parameters of the Maxwell-Wagner polarization for the water-saturated porous media often fall outside of the domain where the Maxwell-Wagner polarization exists in reality and, as a result, the mixing formula is deemed inapplicable. Second, the number of relaxation parameters of the water-saturated porous medium (e.g. in the case when the formation is saturated with both water and oil) is typically lower than the number of dielectric degrees of freedom for the subsystems. Therefore, alternative methods are necessary to calculate bulk fractions of the subsystems present and formation porosity.

The lab study of dielectric spectra of sandstones and dolomites saturated with a water-oil mix demonstrates that elements of a qualitative difference between a water-saturated reservoirs can be introduced to that saturated with a water-oil mix using the acoustic frequency range of the electromagnetic field. This difference is from the huge values of dielectric polarization unrelated to the Maxwell-Wagner polarization. This paper shows that Havriliak-Negami dielectric spectra enable the introduction of a natural measure of water saturation in the samples saturated with a water-oil mix find the water-oil ratio. As a result, the universal dependence for finding porosity of the samples saturated with a water-oil mix is used. Knowledge ofa priori information regarding the material content of the reservoir is not necessary. The water-oil ratio and porosity depend exclusively on the Havriliak-Negami polarization parameters, which can be found univalently from the characteristic values of the parameters of the measured dielectric spectra.
A Methodology for Early Detection of Semi-Permeable Filtration Barriers
Authors: Karger Mir , Trofimov Dmitry , Eminov Adalat , Myasnikov Ivan , Zakharov Alexander
Published: September 2014

The faults are universal in the petroleum reservoirs. Some of them are Semi-Permeable Filtration Barriers (SPFBs) such that a SPFB becomes fluid/gas permeable if a pressure threshold is exceeded. This may cause sudden changes in reservoir structures and, eventually result in negative impacts on production. This paper deals with early SPFB detection and characterization. We consider some case studies of reservoirs with SPFBs, and present a new methodology for SPFB detection. This includes the following groups of methods: mapping of surface responses to deep geodynamic and fluid-dynamic events (incl. SAR interferometry), 3D-mapping of faults in the reservoir and adjacent formations, separation of SPFBs from other dislocations. The methodology implementation is demonstrated with the case study of underground gas storage.
Uncertainty Analysis of Main Development Targets of Unique Gas-Condensate Field
Authors: Ilyushina A. S. , Serebryakov V. V. , Kurkin A. A. , Gataullin T. I. , Medvedev S. G.
Published: September 2014

In the presented work an uncertainty analysis was applied for the unique multilayer field with a complex structure. Main uncertainty parameters as a structural mapping, gas-water contact, petrophysical correlations, lithology distribution were assessed for an influence on reserves and gas production. Much attention was directed to the calculation of structural mapping uncertainties. They were assessed using stochastic modeling – generation of structure error map based on estimated error from seismic data. Each map consists of low and high frequency maps depending on distance from exploration wells. Stochastic algorithm SGS (sequential Gaussian simulation) was performed for the maps construction. Results of the work were applied to determine the influence of the main uncertainty parameters on the production forecast.

This article is dedicated to one of the company's unique oil and gas fields with a complex geological structure, which is in preparation for trial production stage. Productivity is determined in 32 layers (109 accumulations).

The aim of this work is to assess the impact of main uncertainties on forecast level of hydrocarbon production and geological reserves of the field.
Recovery Increase by Permanent Downhole Gages Data. Western Siberia Field Case Study
Authors: Gulyaev D. , Kokurina V. , Melnikov S
Published: September 2014

Permanent downhole monitoring gages (PDMG) are significantly improving. Gages reliability and accuracy are increasing. At the same time there are still many in Russia believe that the organization of continuous monitoring – is branding costs that do not bring profits.

The paper presents an example of one of the Western Siberia fields, where the effect of PDMG wide implementation is easy to see. Based on the analysis results of the monitoring of downhole parameters using PDMG, which are installed in all the wells in 2012, large-scale optimization of production enhancement operations have been done to improve oil recovery to 0.09 relative percent.
Optimization of Operation of the System Reservoir-Well-Pipeline-GTU Based on the Integrated Modeling
Authors: Bikbulatov S. , Smirnov A. , Buleiko V. , Mukminov I. , Romashkin S.
Published: September 2014

In this paper, the authors address the issue of optimization of gas production system reservoir-well-pipeline-GCTU (gas & condensate treatment unit) using integrated modeling. Authors describe the method of calculation, the setup process and modeling of each element of the system and the various methods of optimization. Special attention is paid to the automatization of the engineer interaction with models, modeling of the GCTU and optimizing the mode of operation in conjunction with other elements of the system.
Integrated Compositional Model of Grachevskoe Field
Authors: Gimazov A. A. , Sergeev E. I. , Nikolaev V. A. , Sadreev E. A.
Published: September 2014

Grachevskoe oil field, Republic of Bashkortostan, has a unique development history with the application of an EOR technique which involves injecting a mixture of natural gas and associated petroleum gas into the reservoir. The injection fluid is sourced from this field and a cluster of nearby fields united in a single gathering and processing system. A production stimulation technique applied to the reservoir also included a series of subsurface explosions to create a network of induced fractures. A slug of natural gas liquids was pumped into the reservoir to improve the displacement efficiency prior to gas injection. The paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the production field data and core analysis data and describes a static and compositional dynamic model of the reservoir. The project was elaborated by a multidisciplinary team of specialists and their close cooperation resulted in a dynamic simulation of a fracture network within the reservoir, improved understanding of complex mechanisms driving oil-gas displacement, the effect produced by the changes in the type of the injection fluid or injection pattern and current in-situ oil and gas distribution. The next step in the project involved an integrated compositional model which also included the surface facilities and well-scale models. The combined model was calibrated against the limitations of the surface infrastructure. The integrated model was used to optimize the field development plan subject to the current conditions in the reservoir and the availability and capacity of the gathering and processing system to which the field is connected.
Comparison of Geological and Technical Measures Effectiveness for the Upper Jurassic Conditions of Western Siberia
Authors: Alexeevich Sintsov Ivan
Published: September 2014

In developing the Upper Jurassic deposits of Western Siberia (Nizhnevartovsk and Surgut arches) are widely used hydraulic fracturing and horizontal wells, however, conclusions about the effectiveness of these two technologies are ambiguous. The purpose of this paper is to compare the effectiveness of vertical wells with hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling. To fulfill the tasks were carried out hydrodynamic, statistical and economic calculations. Our studies demonstrated that the use of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling conditions for Upper Jurassic layers can improve economic development indicators, as well as to increase the oil recovery period for the cost-effective development. The economic efficiency of drilling horizontal wells is much higher compared to the use of hydraulic fracturing to vertical wells, in particular for water zones. The results and the approach can be used in the design and justification of systems development in various productive oil reservoirs. Thus, the design of the development is necessary to provide the use of regular grids using horizontal wells.
Towards Enhanced Steam Management of SAGD Wells Using Reliable and Permanent Real-Time FBG-Based Thermal Monitoring
Authors: Ficocelli Peter , Gonzalez Luis E. , Vincelette Andre , Caporuscio Robert , Bostick Tad , Shand Mike
Published: September 2014

The scope of this paper is to present the analysis and use of permanent real-time monitored data from ultrahigh-temperature, steam-assisted, gravity-drainage (SAGD) wells with the objective of achieving steam control. Multiple applications from live wells will be presented to illustrate the value of permanent reservoir monitoring in the circulation and SAGD production cycles. Case studies will be presented from SAGD wells where actual real-time data enabled active management of critical processes. The introduction of multipoint systems based on high-density fiber Bragg grating (FBG) has made real-time permanent monitoring possible.

High-temperature thermal monitoring systems based on FBG array technology have been successfully introduced for monitoring SAGD wells. These systems offer a practical means to increase the number of sensing points for better spatial characterization of the well than with other sensor solutions and with a step-improvement in reliability. These advantages tend to overshadow another key performance aspect of these systems: delivering improved data quality in terms of absolute accuracy and resolution, with a sub-Hz processing rate to deliver data in real time. Greater thermal visualization enabled by this technology is observed in analysis of field data that verifies the expected SAGD operations. Field data from operating SAGD wells will be presented to show the improved thermal imaging of the wellbore that these systems provide.
Horizontal Well Monitoring Based on Temperature Profile Measuring with Distributed Temperature Sensors (DST)
Authors: Kaeshkov I. S. , Kremenetskiy M. I. , Buyanov A. V.
Published: September 2014

In current research authors look for and analyze an alternative to traditional production logging tools (PLT) and high-technological multisensor tools in horizontal wells. Trancient temperature profiles measurements using fiberoptic distributed stationary sensors (DST) are chosen. Functionality analysis of this method is carried out within a mathematical model.

Authors conduct mathematic modeling of heat and mass transfer in horizontal well. It demonstrates that a certain interpretation can be done if the measurements are held during transient processes. These processes occur when the well is started, stopped or when the regime of production is changed (different rate, choke or ESP frequency). However such measurements are not so technically simple to realize, because of low duration of these processes (up to first dozens of minutes). Distributed temperature sensors have a high potential for successful measurement of such processes.

Most of the typical cases of horizontal well inflow are calculated and deeply analyzed. It resulted in smart methodological approaches to measuring, interpretation algorithm and application limits. The essential significance of the research is deep understanding of DTS information capacity and improvment of the procedure of running the test and interpretation methods.
Theory and Practice of Acidizing High Temperature Carbonate Reservoirs of R. Trebs Oil Field, Timan-Pechora Basin
Authors: Folomeev A. E. , Sharifullin A. R. , Vakhrushev S. A. , Murinov K. Yu. , Akimkin A. V. , Lenchenkova L. E. , Nabiullin R. M. , Federov A. I.
Published: September 2014

The oil reservoirs of R. Trebs field are predominately heterogeneous carbonates with a well developed network of natural fractures, high formation temperature and high concentration of resins and asphaltenes in the produced crude.

Such complicated reservoir conditions entail integrated acid treatment engineering and design to include physical and chemical analysis of acid compositions, formation fluids and reservoir rock; physical simulation of acidizing on core from target intervals and numerical modeling of the optimum acid job design.

The conducted research supported the selection of the optimum acids for the geological and engineering conditions of R.Trebs oil field to secure better compatibility with the formation fluids from the target intervals, lower corrosion activity and retarded reaction rate. The findings also identified the range of critical values for permeability and mineralogy of the rock whereby acid flows through a reservoir rock in a growing dominant wormhole.

Based on the literature survey a semi-empirical model was chosen which describes the growth of a wormhole. The model was calibrated against the actual reservoir conditions of R.Trebs field using flow test results and reaction kinetics studies on the rock samples from the given pay zones.

The integrated approach introduced for acid job design can be applied to achieve the following: —select application or usability criteria of an acid job for a given field;—select optimum acids to secure minimum risks of primary and secondary formation damage and optimum reaction rate;—implement engineering optimization of acid job design by the identification of its most efficient parameters;—forecast post-acid production and other field performance indicators.
Monitoring EOR and Well Stimulation Techniques by Oil Optical Properties Measurement
Authors: Rybakov A. A. , Guskova I. A. , Gabdrakhmanov A. T.
Published: September 2014

To provide the efficient oil reserves development it is critical to select the technology control method that will fully meet field conditions.

Optical method to control the efficiency of applied technologies is a reliable technique based on the analysis of oil light absorption factor.

To assess the effect of enhanced oil recovery techniques on well-stream optical characteristics we analyzed oil samples from the Romashkinskoye field wells (North-Almetyevsk Area) where hydrophobic emulsion, weak polymer solutions, and acid composition have been injected.

The integrated analysis of geologic data and oil optical characteristics before and after hydraulic fracturing has been performed to assess the effect of frac jobs on both new and residual oil reserves development.

Correlation dependence between produced oil volume and its optical characteristics has been identified. The integrated analysis showed the decrease of oil light absorption factor after frac jobs which suggests the fluid flow change and the development of by-passed zones. In other words, this means the improved sweep efficiency. Based on producing well data, hydraulic fracturing resulted in improved residual oil displacement and, consequently, in increased sweep efficiency. Based on the integrated analysis data it has been concluded that optical analysis of oil samples is a proximate reservoir management method and a precise tool to assess the efficiency of the above-mentioned enhanced oil recovery techniques in the development of by-passed reserves.

The technology of integrated oil optical characteristics analysis to control the efficiency of EOR and well stimulation techniques continues to be improved.
Procedure for Analysis of Waterflooded Dual Permeability Reservoir Performance by Example of Bashkirian Deposit, Romashkinskoye Oil Field
Authors: Akhmetgareev Vadim , Ibatullin Ravil
Published: September 2014

A method for assessment and reservoir management of waterflooded fractured-porous reservoirs has been developed. The method has a wide range of applications, from history matching in a research laboratory to selection of optimal well operating practices in the field.

Integration of a large number of parameters into one coefficient, specific imbibition rate, makes it possible to assess reservoir development without carrying out well tests, well logging, or laboratory research. The only information that is needed is water front travel time from injection to producing wells. In Tatarstan, fresh water was injected in most of the fields. Time of injected water arrival was determined from decrease of density of produced water.

To exemplify the method, two pilots in the Bashkirian Deposit No. 302 of the Romashkinskoye field including 25 producing and 3 injection wells were selected for the project. Distribution of the specific rate of imbibition was analyzed; well handling plan to ensure uniform reservoir depletion has been worked out. The rate of imbibition of the dual-permeability Bashkirian reservoir is most sensitive to production rate or well intake capacity, rock blocks’ sizes, rock permeability, formation thickness, and preferential water-wetting angle. The effect of capillary imbibition of waterflooding for distances between the injector and the producers more than 500 m is almost lacking. Maps have been constructed schematically representing distribution of the specific imbibition rate and blocks’ linear sizes from injecting to producing wells.
Beating the Odds with Channeling in ERD Well Cementing: Solution to Persistent Channeling Problems
Authors: Osayande Victor , Isgenderov Islam , Bogaerts Martijn , Kurawle Irfan , Florez Pedro
Published: September 2014

The drive to recover hydrocarbons from difficult to reach reservoirs and optimize production is taking center stage in the Exploration and Production industry. Complex wells are being planned which push the existing technology to limits. The success and longevity of such wells depends upon providing good zonal isolation and sound well integrity for the complete life cycle of the projects. Cementing the wells in a narrow pressure regime without losses and overcoming challenges for optimum zonal isolation presents a unique test to the industry.

The Extended-Reach-Drilling (ERD) wells drilled in the Caspian Sea prior to 2011 have historically seen inadequate zonal isolation in the long intermediate section due to channeling of cement during placement; consistent with directional profile of the wells. Remedial cementing was needed in some cases before the next phase of the well.

As the acceptance criteria for well integrity becomes more stringent, the onus lies on achieving zonal isolation during primary cementing through a combination of optimized cement placement and mechanical barriers. This paper presents the investigative approach towards earlier jobs and the recommended suggestions which led to improvement that was confirmed by cement evaluation logs. The authors present case histories with lessons learnt during the course of implementing the new approach to cementing design and the success of achieving adequate cement coverage across potential flow zones.