bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cationic iridium(iii) complex with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) properties for highly selective detection of explosives
Authors: Hou Xue-Gang , Wu Yong , Cao Hong-Tao , Sun Hai-Zhu , Li Hai-Bin , Shan Guo-Gang , Su Zhong-Min
Published: April 2014

A new AIE-active cationic Ir(iii) complex has been designed and synthesized, which exhibits highly sensitive and selective detection of explosives (TNP).
Linker-determined drug release mechanism of free camptothecin from self-assembling drug amphiphiles
Authors: Cheetham Andrew G. , Ou Yu-Chuan , Zhang Pengcheng , Cui Honggang
Published: April 2014

The release mechanism of free camptothecin from self-assembling drug amphiphiles was found to be influenced by nanostructure formation and could be regulated by the choice of linker.
Evaluation of pneumatic nebulization and ns-laser ablation ICP-MS for bulk elemental analysis and 2-dimensional element mapping of iron meteorites
Authors: Chernonozhkin Stepan M. , Goderis Steven , Bauters Stephen , Vekemans Bart , Vincze Laszlo , Claeys Philippe , Vanhaecke Frank
Published: April 2014

In this work, the capabilities and limitations of ns-LA-ICP-MS for bulk and spatially resolved (elemental mapping) analysis of iron meteorites were assessed.
A highly efficient catalyst of a nitrogen-based ligand for the Suzuki coupling reaction at room temperature under air in neat water
Authors: Liu Shiwen , Lv Meiyun , Xiao Daoan , Li Xiaogang , Zhou Xiuling , Guo Mengping
Published: April 2014

Glycine is used to prepare an air-stable and water-soluble catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. In the presence of 0.1% [PdCl2(NH2CH2COOH)2], excellent catalytic activity is observed at room temperature under air in neat water.
A chitosan-Au-hyperbranched polyester nanoparticles-based antifouling immunosensor for sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen
Authors: Sun Chong , Ma Lie , Qian Qiuhui , Parmar Soniya , Zhao Wenbo , Zhao Bo , Shen Jian
Published: April 2014

An electrochemical immunosensor was developed for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen in whole blood, based on the antibiofouling properties of carboxylic acid group functionalized hyperbranched polyester nanoparticles.
In cell scalaradial interactome profiling using a bio-orthogonal clickable probe
Authors: Cassiano C. , Margarucci L. , Esposito R. , Riccio R. , Tosco A. , Casapullo A. , Monti M. C.
Published: April 2014

A bio-orthogonal click-chemistry procedure was developed to allow thein cellinteractome profiling of scalaradial, an anti-inflammatory marine natural product.
Metal–organic frameworks with improved moisture stability based on a phosphonate monoester: effect of auxiliary N-donor ligands on framework dimensionality
Authors: Zhang Jian-Wei , Zhao Cui-Cui , Zhao Yin-Ping , Xu Hai-Qun , Du Zi-Yi , Jiang Hai-Long
Published: April 2014

A series of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with improved moisture stability based on a phosphonate monoester, featuring 1D chains, 2D layers and 3D networks, have been obtained in the presence of auxiliary N-donor ligands.
Long-term self-assembly of inorganic layered materials influenced by the local states of the interlayer cations
Authors: Sato Kiminori , Numata Kazuomi , Dai Weili , Hunger Michael
Published: April 2014

A wide variety of parameters as, e.g., temperature, humidity, particle size, and cation state are known to influence the agglomeration process of two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets, called self-assembly, in inorganic layered materials.
Copper–dienamine catalysis: γ-oxyamination of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes
Authors: Ho Xuan-Huong , Jung Won-Ji , Shyam Pranab K. , Jang Hye-Young
Published: April 2014

A multicatalytic system composed of copper complexes andsec-amine compounds is proposed for γ-oxyamination of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.
A force field for tricalcium aluminate to characterize surface properties, initial hydration, and organically modified interfaces in atomic resolution
Authors: Mishra Ratan K. , Fernández-Carrasco Lucia , Flatt Robert J. , Heinz Hendrik
Published: April 2014

A force field for tricalcium aluminate is presented, validated, and applied to generate insight into surface forces, the hydration reaction, and molecular adsorption that remains elusive from experiment.
The first indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) inhibitors containing carborane
Authors: Austin Christopher J. D. , Kahlert Jan , Issa Fatiah , Reed John H. , Smith Jason R. , Ioppolo Joseph A. , Ong Jennifer A. , Jamie Joanne F. , Hibbs David , Rendina Louis M.
Published: April 2014

The first examples of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) inhibitors containing a carborane cage are reported.
Synthesis of morphology controllable porous Co3O4 nanostructures with tunable textural properties and their catalytic application
Authors: Roy Mouni , Ghosh Sourav , Naskar Milan Kanti
Published: April 2014

Co3O4 nanostructures with controllable morphology and tunable textural properties synthesized via an aqueous based route in the absence of templating agents were found to be effective catalysts.
Lithium, sodium and potassium picolyl complexes: syntheses, structures and bonding
Authors: Kennedy Alan R. , Mulvey Robert E. , Urquhart Robert I. , Robertson Stuart D.
Published: April 2014

A series of alkali metal 2- and 4-picolyl (methylpyridyl) complexes have been prepared and their metal–anion bonding probed in the solid state and solution.
Cyclometalated Pd(ii) and Ir(iii) 2-(4-bromophenyl)pyridine complexes with N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and acetylacetonate (acac): synthesis, structures, luminescent properties and application in one-pot oxidation/Suzuki coupling of aryl chlorides containing hydroxymethyl
Authors: Xu Chen , Li Hong-Mei , Xiao Zhi-Qiang , Wang Zhi-Qiang , Tang Si-Fu , Ji Bao-Ming , Hao Xin-Qi , Song Mao-Ping
Published: April 2014

A series of cyclometalated 2-(4-bromophenyl)pyridine complexes have been synthesized and characterized.
Magnetically recyclable magnetite–palladium (Nanocat-Fe–Pd) nanocatalyst for the Buchwald–Hartwig reaction
Authors: Sá Sofia , Gawande Manoj B. , Velhinho Alexandre , Veiga João Pedro , Bundaleski Nenad , Trigueiro João , Tolstogouzov Alexander , Teodoro Orlando M. N. D. , Zboril Radek , Varma Rajender S. , Branco Paula S.
Published: April 2014

The Buchwald–Hartwig reaction for arylation of amines and amides was achieved by magnetic Nanocat-Fe–Pd in moderate to excellent yields.
An alternative method for the production of second-generation biofuels
Authors: Trautmann Martin , Löwe Armin , Traa Yvonne
Published: April 2014

Biogenic energy cycle: Manifold types of biological wastes can be converted into a valuable coal by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Hereafter green biofuels can be obtained by direct coal liquefaction (DCL) more efficiently than directly from biomass. After combustion of biofuels, carbon dioxide and water can be used for plant growth to close the energy cycle in an environmentally sustainable way.
Fe3O4nanoparticles prepared by the seeded-growth route for hyperthermia: electron magnetic resonance as a key tool to evaluate size distribution in magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Castellanos-Rubio Idoia , Insausti Maite , Garaio Eneko , Gil de Muro Izaskun , Plazaola Fernando , Rojo Teófilo , Lezama Luis
Published: April 2014

High quality seeded grown Fe3O4nanoparticles show strong size dependent magnetic power absorption that can be predicted by EMR spectroscopy.
LL37 peptide@silver nanoparticles: combining the best of the two worlds for skin infection control
Authors: Vignoni Mariana , de Alwis Weerasekera Hasitha , Simpson Madeline J. , Phopase Jaywant , Mah Thien-Fah , Griffith May , Alarcon Emilio I. , Scaiano Juan C.
Published: April 2014

LL37-capped silver nanoparticles have antibacterial properties including inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation, but do not affect human skin fibroblast proliferation.
Multi-responsive protein nanocarriers from an anionic dynamic covalent copolymer
Authors: Wang Xiaobei , Wang Lin , Yang Shixia , Zhao Hanying , Liu Li
Published: April 2014

PIC micelles were formed through electrostatic interactions between the anionic dynamer and lysozyme, and the micelles possessed pH-, salt-, and enzyme-responsive features.
Rational design on D–A conjugated P(BDT–DTBT) polymers for polymer solar cells
Authors: Gao Chen , Wang Liwei , Li Xiaoyu , Wang Haiqiao
Published: April 2014

This review summarizes the various structural modifications and photovoltaic properties of the benzodithiophene–benzothiadiazole conjugated polymers [P(BDT–DTBT)] and their derivatives.
Effect of microstructure and Sn/C ratio in SnO2–graphene nanocomposites for lithium-ion battery performance
Authors: Ara Mahbuba , Wadumesthrige Kapila , Meng Tiejun , Salley Steven O. , Ng K. Y. Simon
Published: April 2014

Correlations between microstructure and electrochemical performance of SnO2–graphene composites with various Sn/C ratios.
Introducing dual excitation and tunable dual emission in ZnO through selective lanthanide (Er3+/Ho3+) doping
Authors: Khichar Naveen , Bishnoi Swati , Chawla Santa
Published: April 2014

Dual emission in Ho3+ doped ZnO showing red and green emission600 dpi in TIF format)??> under UV (DC) and IR (UC) excitation.
Novel visible-light driven g-C3N4/Zn0.25Cd0.75S composite photocatalyst for efficient degradation of dyes and reduction of Cr(vi) in water
Authors: Sun Meng , Yan Tao , Yan Qing , Liu Hongye , Yan Liangguo , Zhang Yongfang , Du Bin
Published: April 2014

The formation of heterojunction structures at the interfaces of g-C3N4 and Zn0.25Cd0.75S greatly enhanced the photocatalytic activity.
Simple HPS lamp circuital model for both line‐frequency and high‐frequency operations
Authors: Cardesin J. , Quintana P. , Garcia J. , Corominas E.L.
Published: April 2014

A novel high pressure sodium (HPS) lamp model is proposed. The proposed model is particularised for 150 W HPS lamps, providing a powerful tool for simulating the behaviour of such lamps operating with low‐frequency electromagnetic ballasts or high‐frequency switching electronic ballasts. Simulations and experimental results are provided for verification of the model. The model can be easily extended to other rated wattages and kinds of discharge lamps.
Miniature quad‐band bandpass filter with passband individually controllable using folded SIR
Authors: Xiao Jian‐Kang , Zhu Yu‐Feng , Li Yong , Li Xi‐Wen
Published: April 2014

A novel quad‐band bandpass filter with individually controllable centre frequencies and bandwidths using a folded stepped‐impedance resonator (SIR) is proposed. The new filter that centres at 2.4, 3.3, 4.1 and 5.2 GHz has a measured passband insertion loss of no more than 1.6 dB, and has a miniature circuit size of 0.448λg × 0.027λg. The presented filter is fabricated and tested, and the experiment demonstrates the new design. The new quad‐band bandpass filter has compact and simple circuit topology, good performance of low passband insertion loss and transmission zeros, and greatly reduced circuit size compared with the relative reports.
Evaluating the potential of a novel dual heat-pulse sensor to measure volumetric water use in grapevines under a range of flow conditions
Authors: Pearsall Kyle R. , Williams Larry E. , Castorani Sean , Bleby Tim M. , McElrone Andrew J.
Published: April 2014

The aim of this study was to validate a novel, dual sap-flow sensor that combines two heat-pulse techniques in a single set of sensor probes to measure volumetric water use over the full range of sap flows found in grapevines. The heat ratio method (HRM), which works well at measuring low and reverse flows, was combined with the compensation heat-pulse method (CHPM) that captures moderate to high flows. Sap-flow measurements were performed on Vitis vinifera L. (cvv. Thompson seedless, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon) grapevines growing in a greenhouse and in three different vineyards, one of which contained a field weighing lysimeter. The combined heat-pulse techniques closely tracked diurnal grapevine water use determined through lysimetry in two growing seasons, and this was true even at very high flow rates (>6 L vine–1 h–1 for Thompson seedless vines in the weighing lysimeter). Measurements made with the HRM technique under low flow conditions were highly correlated (R2 ~ 0.90) with those calculated using the compensated average gradient method that is used to resolve low flow with the CHPM method. Volumetric water use determined with the dual heat-pulse sensors was highly correlated with hourly lysimeter water use in both years (R2 = 0.92 and 0.94 in 2008 and 2009 respectively), but the nature of the relationship was inconsistent among replicate sensors. Similar results were obtained when comparing grapevine water use determined from sap-flow sensors to miniaturised weighing lysimetry of 2-year-old potted vines and to meteorological estimates for field-grown vines in two additional vineyards. The robust nature of all of the correlations demonstrates that the dual heat-pulse sensors can be used to effectively track relative changes in plant water use, but variability of flow around stems makes it difficult to accurately convert to sap-flow volumes.
Leaf shape influences spatial variation in photosynthetic function in Lomatia tinctoria
Authors: Leigh Andrea , Hill Ross , Ball Marilyn C.
Published: April 2014

A relationship exists between the two-dimensional shape of leaves and their venation architecture, such that broad or broad-lobed leaves can have leaf tissue far from major veins, potentially creating stronger gradients in water potential – and associated photosynthetic function – than found across narrow counterparts. We examined the spatial patterns of photosynthetic efficiency (ΔF/Fm′) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) in response to increased vapour pressure deficit (VPD) using two morphs of Lomatia tinctoria (Labill.) R.Br: those with broad-lobed and those with narrow-lobed leaves. Stomatal conductance (gs), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE), stomatal and minor veins density also were measured. ΔF/Fm′ decreased with stress but was higher and less spatially heterogeneous across broad than narrow lobes. The strongest depression in ΔF/Fm′ in broad lobes was at the edges and in narrow lobes, the tips. Non-photochemical quenching was spatially more varied in broad lobes, increasing at the edges and tips. Variation in photosynthetic function could not be explained by gs, WUE or minor vein density, whereas proximity to major veins appeared to mitigate water stress at the tips only for broad lobes. Our findings indicate that the relationship between venation architecture and water delivery alone can partially explain the spatial pattern of photosynthetic function.
Estimating change in soil organic carbon using legacy data as the baseline: issues, approaches and lessons to learn
Authors: Karunaratne S. B. , Bishop T. F. A. , Odeh I. O. A. , Baldock J. A. , Marchant B. P.
Published: April 2014

The importance of soil organic carbon (SOC) in maintaining soil health is well understood. However, there is growing interest in studying SOC with an emphasis on quantifying its changes in space and time. This is because of the potential for soil to be used to sequester atmospheric C. There are many issues which make this difficult, for example shortcomings in sampling designs, and differences in vertical and lateral sampling supports between surveys, particularly if legacy data are used as the baseline survey. In this study, we systematically work through these issues and show how a protocol can be developed using design-based and model-based statistical approaches to estimate changes in SOC in space and time at different spatial supports. We demonstrate this protocol in a small subcatchment in the upper Namoi valley for estimating the change in SOC over time, whereby the baseline dataset was collected during 1999–2001 and is compared with a dataset from November 2010. The results from both design-based and model-based approaches revealed a drop in SOC across the catchment between the two survey periods. A 0.26% drop in SOC was reported globally across the catchment. Nevertheless, the change in SOC reported for both approaches was not statistically significant.
Apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) as a surrogate for neutron probe counts to measure soil moisture content in heavy clay soils (Vertosols)
Authors: Stanley John N. , Lamb David W. , Falzon Gregory , Schneider Derek A.
Published: April 2014

Site-specific measurements of the apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) of soil using the EM38 were correlated with near-simultaneous neutron probe readings over periods of moisture extraction by an irrigated cotton crop. Thirty sites were monitored from three ECa zones within a 96-ha field of grey Vertosol soil 30 km west of Moree, New South Wales, Australia. This study differs from previous approaches by reporting the effect on ECa of a wetting front (irrigation) reaching a single ECa measurement point in a field and by using polyethylene neutron probe access tubes so that the EM38 could be operated directly over the same site measured by a neutron probe. We report strong correlations (r = 0.94) between neutron probe counts (CRR) averaged to a depth of 40 or 60 cm and ECa from an EM38 held in the vertical mode 20 cm above the soil surface. All combinations of EM sensor height (0–1.2 m) to neutron probe measurement depth (0.2–1.4 m) returned correlations >0.85. The relationship between CCR and ECa was linear for the purposes of estimating water content over a range of background ECa levels. More critical modelling suggested a slight curve (logarithmic model) fitted best. The range of surface-surveyed ECa from the start of irrigation (refill point) to fully irrigated (full point) was ~27 mS m–1 for this Vertosol, where surface ECa readings typically ranged from 50 to 200 mS m–1. We suggest that the calibration of ECa to CRR might be effected by a two-point measurement of the soil, namely at both upper (field capacity) and lower (wilting point) ECa values, and a site-specific calibration template generated by extending these point measures to whole-field surveys.
Establishing the validity of domestication genes using DNA from ancient chickens
Authors: Girdland Flink Linus , Allen Richard , Barnett Ross , Malmström Helena , Peters Joris , Eriksson Jonas , Andersson Leif , Dobney Keith , Larson Greger
Published: April 2014

Significance

Recent studies have identified the genetic basis of numerous traits that differentiate modern domestic species from their wild counterparts. In both plants and animals, traits (and the genes underlying them) found ubiquitously in modern breeds are often presumed to have been selected early during the domestication process. Here, by determining genetic variability in ancient European chickens over the past 2,000 years, we show that a mutation thought to be crucial during chicken domestication was not subjected to strong human-mediated selection until much later in time. This result demonstrates that the ubiquity of mutations, which differentiate modern wild and domestic taxa, does not necessarily imply ancient origins.
Beyond the single gene: How epistasis and gene-by-environment effects influence crop domestication
Authors: Doust Andrew N. , Lukens Lewis , Olsen Kenneth M. , Mauro-Herrera Margarita , Meyer Ann , Rogers Kimberly
Published: April 2014

Significance

Recent archaeological studies of crop domestication have suggested a relatively slow spread and fixation of some key domestication traits, such as the loss of seed shattering. In contrast, genetic studies often indicate that domestication traits have a fairly simple genetic basis, which should facilitate their rapid evolution under selection. Here we examine previously underexplored factors that could account for this apparent disconnect: the roles of gene-by-gene interactions (epistasis) and gene-by-environment effects in shaping the rate of phenotypic evolution during domestication. Analysis of aSetariamapping population, together with a review of evidence from the literature, suggests that these genetic factors, although important, are unlikely to have played a major role in constraining the rate of phenotypic evolution during domestication.
Structural basis for diversity in the SAM clan of riboswitches
Authors: Trausch Jeremiah J. , Xu Zhenjiang , Edwards Andrea L. , Reyes Francis E. , Ross Phillip E. , Knight Rob , Batey Robert T.
Published: April 2014

Significance

Riboswitches are a broadly distributed means of regulation of gene expression in bacteria that solely rely on RNA. Seven distinct families of riboswitches bind
S
-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as their effector, regulating genes involved in sulfur metabolism across a broad spectrum of bacterial species. Further, SAM riboswitches regulate expression of genes essential for survival and/or virulence in medically important pathogens, suggesting they might be important targets for the development of new antimicrobial agents. Our studies reveal the atomic-resolution structure of a unique peripheral architecture that supports a SAM-binding core shared among three families that make up the “SAM clan” and how this subdomain facilitates both ligand binding and gene regulation.
Parallel independent evolution of pathogenicity within the genus
Yersinia
Authors: Reuter Sandra , Connor Thomas R. , Barquist Lars , Walker Danielle , Feltwell Theresa , Harris Simon R. , Fookes Maria , Hall Miquette E. , Petty Nicola K. , Fuchs Thilo M. , Corander Jukka , Dufour Muriel , Ringwood Tamara , Savin Cyril , Bouchier Christiane , Martin Liliane , Miettinen Minna , Shubin Mikhail , Riehm Julia M. , Laukkanen-Ninios Riikka , Sihvonen Leila M. , Siitonen Anja , Skurnik Mikael , Falcão Juliana Pfrimer , Fukushima Hiroshi , Scholz Holger C. , Prentice Michael B. , Wren Brendan W. , Parkhill Julian , Carniel Elisabeth , Achtman Mark , McNally Alan , Thomson Nicholas R.
Published: April 2014

Significance

Our past understanding of pathogen evolution has been fragmented because of tendencies to study human clinical isolates. To understand the evolutionary trends of pathogenic bacteria though, we need the context of their nonpathogenic relatives. Our unique and detailed dataset allows description of the parallel evolution of two key human pathogens: the causative agents of plague and
Yersinia
diarrhea. The analysis reveals an emerging pattern where few virulence-related functions are found in all pathogenic lineages, representing key “foothold” moments that mark the emergence of these pathogens. Functional gene loss and metabolic streamlining are equally complementing the evolution of
Yersinia
across the pathogenic spectrum.
Defining functional DNA elements in the human genome
Authors: Kellis Manolis , Wold Barbara , Snyder Michael P. , Bernstein Bradley E. , Kundaje Anshul , Marinov Georgi K. , Ward Lucas D. , Birney Ewan , Crawford Gregory E. , Dekker Job , Dunham Ian , Elnitski Laura L. , Farnham Peggy J. , Feingold Elise A. , Gerstein Mark , Giddings Morgan C. , Gilbert David M. , Gingeras Thomas R. , Green Eric D. , Guigo Roderic , Hubbard Tim , Kent Jim , Lieb Jason D. , Myers Richard M. , Pazin Michael J. , Ren Bing , Stamatoyannopoulos John A. , Weng Zhiping , White Kevin P. , Hardison Ross C.
Published: April 2014

With the completion of the human genome sequence, attention turned to identifying and annotating its functional DNA elements. As a complement to genetic and comparative genomics approaches, the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements Project was launched to contribute maps of RNA transcripts, transcriptional regulator binding sites, and chromatin states in many cell types. The resulting genome-wide data reveal sites of biochemical activity with high positional resolution and cell type specificity that facilitate studies of gene regulation and interpretation of noncoding variants associated with human disease. However, the biochemically active regions cover a much larger fraction of the genome than do evolutionarily conserved regions, raising the question of whether nonconserved but biochemically active regions are truly functional. Here, we review the strengths and limitations of biochemical, evolutionary, and genetic approaches for defining functional DNA segments, potential sources for the observed differences in estimated genomic coverage, and the biological implications of these discrepancies. We also analyze the relationship between signal intensity, genomic coverage, and evolutionary conservation. Our results reinforce the principle that each approach provides complementary information and that we need to use combinations of all three to elucidate genome function in human biology and disease.
Fetal programming of adult Leydig cell function by androgenic effects on stem/progenitor cells
Authors: Kilcoyne Karen R. , Smith Lee B. , Atanassova Nina , Macpherson Sheila , McKinnell Chris , van den Driesche Sander , Jobling Matthew S. , Chambers Thomas J. G. , De Gendt Karel , Verhoeven Guido , O’Hara Laura , Platts Sophie , Renato de Franca Luiz , Lara Nathália L. M. , Anderson Richard A. , Sharpe Richard M.
Published: April 2014

Significance

Men are defined by androgens (testosterone), which drive fetal masculinization (male development) and puberty and maintain masculinity in adulthood, including sex drive, erectile function, and fertility. Moreover, Western cardiometabolic diseases are all associated with lowered testosterone levels in men. Therefore, influences on testosterone levels in adulthood have pervasive importance for masculinity and health. Our study shows, for the first time, to our knowledge, that testosterone levels during fetal masculinization can (re)program adult testosterone levels through effects on stem cells, which develop into adult Leydig cells (the source of testosterone) after puberty. These stem cells are present in fetal testes of humans and animals, and using the latter, we show how these cells are reprogrammed to affect adult testosterone levels.
Emergence of the A20/ABIN-mediated inhibition of NF-κB signaling via modifying the ubiquitinated proteins in a basal chordate
Authors: Yuan Shaochun , Dong Xiangru , Tao Xin , Xu Liqun , Ruan Jie , Peng Jian , Xu Anlong
Published: April 2014

Significance

We report the ancestral roles of the A20 molecule as a dual-function enzyme in a basal chordate that adds and removes ubiquitin moieties to its target proteins. Moreover, we found amphioxus A20-binding inhibitors of NF-κB (ABINs) fulfilled ancestral roles in connecting the ubiquitin chain by competing with other ubiquitinated proteins. We further suggest that although ubiquitination is an ancient strategy in regulating immune signaling, taxon-specific regulating mechanism may occur in amphioxus. The emergence of A20 and ABINs adds information on the means by which amphioxus can effectively defend against pathogenic invasion in the absence of classical adaptive immunity.
Dystroglycan mediates homeostatic synaptic plasticity at GABAergic synapses
Authors: Pribiag Horia , Peng Huashan , Shah Waris Ali , Stellwagen David , Carbonetto Salvatore
Published: April 2014

Significance

Normal levels of brain activity result from a fine balance of excitation and inhibition, and disruption of this balance may underlie many neurological disorders. Physiologically, homeostatic synaptic plasticity maintains this balance, though the molecular underpinnings of this plasticity, necessary to explain brain dysfunction and define therapies, are not well understood. Here we have described regulation of inhibitory synaptic plasticity by dystroglycan, a cell adhesion molecule that forms a scaffold at inhibitory (GABAergic) synapses and homeostatically regulates the abundance of GABAAreceptors in the postsynaptic density. These data may explain the epilepsy and cognitive deficits observed in individuals lacking functional dystroglycan.
Investigations of heme distortion, low-frequency vibrational excitations, and electron transfer in cytochrome c
Authors: Sun Yuhan , Benabbas Abdelkrim , Zeng Weiqiao , Kleingardner Jesse G. , Bren Kara L. , Champion Paul M.
Published: April 2014

Significance

To probe the effect of heme ruffling on electron transport, we studied three cytochromes that display wide variation in the heme ruffling distortion. Ruffling is characterized by a low-frequency heme mode in the region 45–60 cm−1and by a photoreduction cross-section that displays strong variation as a function of the magnitude of the distortion. Given the similarity in the distance between the heme and the nearest aromatic amino acid for all three proteins, the order-of-magnitude changes in photoreduction rate demonstrate that the ruffling coordinate can serve as a control mechanism for electron transport in heme proteins. Major differences in heme ruffling are noted for cytochrome c when bound to the mitochondrial membrane compared with its solution structure.
Heat of supersaturation-limited amyloid burst directly monitored by isothermal titration calorimetry
Authors: Ikenoue Tatsuya , Lee Young-Ho , Kardos József , Yagi Hisashi , Ikegami Takahisa , Naiki Hironobu , Goto Yuji
Published: April 2014

Significance

Although amyloid fibrils are associated with numerous pathologies, their conformational stability remains largely unknown. In particular, calorimetry, one of the most powerful methods used to study the thermodynamic properties of globular proteins, has not played a significant role in understanding protein aggregation. Here, with β
2
-microglobulin, we established direct heat measurements of supersaturation-limited amyloid fibrillation using an isothermal titration calorimeter. We also revealed the thermodynamics of amorphous aggregation. By creating a totally new field of calorimetric study of protein misfolding, we can now comprehensively address the thermodynamics of protein folding and misfolding.
Effects of side chains in helix nucleation differ from helix propagation
Authors: Miller Stephen E. , Watkins Andrew M. , Kallenbach Neville R. , Arora Paramjit S.
Published: April 2014

Significance

Complete description of the kinetics and thermodynamics of α-helix formation is fundamental to the understanding of protein folding because α-helices are the most abundant class of secondary structures and are implicated in the earliest steps of the folding process. Kinetic models of protein folding suggest that helix folding is rate-limited by formation of a nucleus followed by rapid propagation. The influence of individual residues on propagation has been evaluated in numerous model peptides and proteins. Here, we describe a synthetic model that enables experimental assessment of the role of individual residues in helix nucleation. Our results suggest that amino acids contribute differently to nucleation than to propagation.
Transcriptional regulators ChlR and CnfR are essential for diazotrophic growth in nonheterocystous cyanobacteria
Authors: Tsujimoto Ryoma , Kamiya Narumi , Fujita Yuichi
Published: April 2014

Significance

Nitrogen fixation is a process of conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia catalyzed by nitrogenase, which is quickly inactivated by oxygen. Cyanobacteria are a group of prokaryotes that perform oxygenic photosynthesis, and many cyanobacterial species have the ability to fix nitrogen. How nitrogen fixation is coordinated with oxygenic photosynthesis remains largely unknown. Here we report two transcriptional regulators, ChlR (chlorophyll regulator) and CnfR (cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation regulator), that activate the transcription of genes responsible for anaerobic chlorophyll biosynthesis and the nitrogen fixation genes, respectively, in response to low-oxygen conditions in
Leptolyngbya boryana
, a diazotrophic cyanobacterium lacking heterocysts.
Genomic and cranial phenotype data support multiple modern human dispersals from Africa and a southern route into Asia
Authors: Reyes-Centeno Hugo , Ghirotto Silvia , Détroit Florent , Grimaud-Hervé Dominique , Barbujani Guido , Harvati Katerina
Published: April 2014

Significance

Current consensus indicates that modern humans originated from an ancestral African population between ∼100–200 ka. The ensuing dispersal pattern is controversial, yet has important implications for the demographic history and genetic/phenotypic structure of extant human populations. We test for the first time to our knowledge the spatiotemporal dimensions of competing out-of-Africa dispersal models, analyzing in parallel genomic and craniometric data. Our results support an initial dispersal into Asia by a southern route beginning as early as ∼130 ka and a later dispersal into northern Eurasia by ∼50 ka. Our findings indicate that African Pleistocene population structure may account for observed plesiomorphic genetic/phenotypic patterns in extant Australians and Melanesians. They point to an earlier out-of-Africa dispersal than previously hypothesized.
A tick-borne segmented RNA virus contains genome segments derived from unsegmented viral ancestors
Authors: Qin Xin-Cheng , Shi Mang , Tian Jun-Hua , Lin Xian-Dan , Gao Dong-Ya , He Jin-Rong , Wang Jian-Bo , Li Ci-Xiu , Kang Yan-Jun , Yu Bin , Zhou Dun-Jin , Xu Jianguo , Plyusnin Alexander , Holmes Edward C. , Zhang Yong-Zhen
Published: April 2014

Significance

RNA viruses can contain a single (unsegmented) or multiple (segmented) genomic molecules. However, the evolutionary connection between these two fundamentally different forms of genome organization is unclear. We discovered a previously unidentified segmented RNA virus of ticks that, uniquely, contained two segments derived from an unsegmented flavivirus, as well as two highly divergent segments of unknown origin. In addition, copies of this virus were present in a nematode (dog roundworm). Collectively, these results demonstrate the remarkable diversity of viral genome structures as well as a previously unidentified evolutionary link between unsegmented and segmented viruses.
Storytelling and story testing in domestication
Authors: Gerbault Pascale , Allaby Robin G. , Boivin Nicole , Rudzinski Anna , Grimaldi Ilaria M. , Pires J. Chris , Climer Vigueira Cynthia , Dobney Keith , Gremillion Kristen J. , Barton Loukas , Arroyo-Kalin Manuel , Purugganan Michael D. , Rubio de Casas Rafael , Bollongino Ruth , Burger Joachim , Fuller Dorian Q. , Bradley Daniel G. , Balding David J. , Richerson Peter J. , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Larson Greger , Thomas Mark G.
Published: April 2014

Significance

Our knowledge of the domestication of animal and plant species comes from a diverse range of disciplines, and interpretation of patterns in data from these disciplines has been the dominant paradigm in domestication research. However, such interpretations are easily steered by subjective biases that typically fail to account for the inherent randomness of evolutionary processes, and which can be blind to emergent patterns in data. The testing of explicit models using computer simulations, and the availability of powerful statistical techniques to fit models to observed data, provide a scientifically robust means of addressing these problems. Here we outline the principles and argue for the merits of such approaches in the context of domestication-related questions.
Control of MT1-MMP transport by atypical PKC during breast-cancer progression
Authors: Rossé Carine , Lodillinsky Catalina , Fuhrmann Laetitia , Nourieh Maya , Monteiro Pedro , Irondelle Marie , Lagoutte Emilie , Vacher Sophie , Waharte François , Paul-Gilloteaux Perrine , Romao Maryse , Sengmanivong Lucie , Linch Mark , van Lint Johan , Raposo Graça , Vincent-Salomon Anne , Bièche Ivan , Parker Peter J. , Chavrier Philippe
Published: April 2014

Significance

We characterize a mechanism through which the polarity protein atypical PKCι controls invasion and matrix remodeling by tumor cells by regulating endosome-to-plasma membrane traffic of the membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) in breast-cancer cells. Further analysis shows that atypical PKCι and MT1-MMP are co–up-regulated in hormone receptor-negative breast tumors in association with higher risk of metastasis. These findings provide previously unidentified avenues for the design of therapeutic interventions.
Molecular tracing of the emergence, diversification, and transmission of
S. aureus
sequence type 8 in a New York community
Authors: Uhlemann Anne-Catrin , Dordel Janina , Knox Justin R. , Raven Kathy E. , Parkhill Julian , Holden Matthew T. G. , Peacock Sharon J. , Lowy Franklin D.
Published: April 2014

Significance

A single clone, pulsed-field gel type USA300, has driven an unprecedented community-associated epidemic of
Staphylococcus aureus
infections, often affecting young, otherwise healthy individuals. Here we reconstruct the recent evolution and phylogeographic spread of USA300, using whole-genome sequencing of a large collection of infection and colonization isolates from a Manhattan community. We find that households serve as major reservoirs of persistence and transmission. By defining isolate variability within and between households, we localized putative transmission networks in the community. We further identified clonal spread of fluoroquinolone-resistant USA300, suggesting a critical role for antibiotic exposure in the recent evolution of this epidemic strain. Our study provides an important framework for molecular epidemiological investigations into the transmission of opportunistic pathogens that colonize and infect communities.
Myeloid cell microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 fosters atherogenesis in mice
Authors: Chen Lihong , Yang Guangrui , Monslow James , Todd Leslie , Cormode David P. , Tang Jun , Grant Gregory R. , DeLong Jonathan H. , Tang Soon Yew , Lawson John A. , Pure Ellen , FitzGerald Garret A.
Published: April 2014

Significance

Inhibitors of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) are being developed as analgesics. Although global depletion of mPGES-1 suggests they will be less likely to confer a cardiovascular hazard than NSAIDs selective for inhibition of COX-2, mPGES-1–derived PGE
2
may have contrasting effects on discrete cellular components of the vasculature. mPGES-1 inhibition may result in substrate rediversion to other PG synthases, the products of which differ between cell types and exert contrasting biologies. Here, myeloid cell mPGES-1, reflective of the macrophage enzyme, promotes atherogenesis, fostering inflammation and oxidative stress. By contrast, mPGES-1 in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells has no discernable effect. Selective targeting of macrophage mPGES-1 may conserve cardiovascular benefit while avoiding adverse effects related to enzyme blockade in other tissues.
Network analysis reveals multiscale controls on streamwater chemistry
Authors: McGuire Kevin J. , Torgersen Christian E. , Likens Gene E. , Buso Donald C. , Lowe Winsor H. , Bailey Scott W.
Published: April 2014

Significance

Headwater streams are important sources of water for downstream ecosystems and human communities. These streams comprise the vast majority of stream and river kilometers in watersheds and affect regional water quality. However, the actual spatial variation of water quality in headwater streams is often unknown. Our study uses an unusually high-resolution spatial dataset from a headwater stream network and employs a statistical tool to objectively describe spatial patterns of streamwater chemistry within a stream network. This approach provides insights on how flowing water interacts with vegetation, soil, and geologic materials in the surrounding landscape. Application of this method may help to identify factors impairing water quality and to inform strategies for protecting aquatic ecosystems.
Conceptual dynamical models for turbulence
Authors: Majda Andrew J. , Lee Yoonsang
Published: April 2014

Significance

Understanding the complexity of anisotropic turbulent processes in engineering and environmental fluid flows is a formidable challenge with practical significance because energy often flows intermittently from the smaller scales to impact the largest scales in these flows. These complex features strongly impact practical prediction, uncertainty quantification, and data assimilation strategies in such anisotropic turbulent systems. The large scales in turbulence are chaotic whereas the small scales with low variance have relatively frequent extreme events––intermittency––which can impact the large scales. Here conceptual dynamical models of turbulence are developed which, despite their simplicity, capture many of these key features of anisotropic turbulent systems in a qualitative fashion. The paper is a self-contained treatment of these conceptual models and their properties.
Modulation of a voltage-gated Na+channel by sevoflurane involves multiple sites and distinct mechanisms
Authors: Barber Annika F. , Carnevale Vincenzo , Klein Michael L. , Eckenhoff Roderic G. , Covarrubias Manuel
Published: April 2014

Significance

Understanding of the mechanisms of modulation of voltage-gated Na+(NaV) channels by general anesthetic agents such as sevoflurane is critical to interpret their role in general anesthesia. By using the bacterial NaVchannel analogue NaChBac plus a combination of computational and electrophysiological analyses, this work strongly suggests a multisite mechanism of sevoflurane action on NaVchannels. Furthermore, computer simulations suggest specific putative anesthetic sites worthy of further investigation.
Schubert and the Construction of Memory: The String Quartet in A minor, D.804 (‘Rosamunde’)
Authors: Taylor Benedict
Published: April 2014

As well over a century of reception history attests, qualities of memory, reminiscence and nostalgia seem to constitute some of the most characteristic attributes of Schubert's music. Yet despite the undoubted allure of this subject and its popularity in recent years, the means by which music may suggest the actions of memory and temporal consciousness are often unclear or under-theorized in scholarship. This article examines how such nostalgic subjectivities are constructed in Schubert's music and the language used to describe it. Rather than overturning the now habitual associations between Schubert and memory, the article seeks to question more deeply how they are, and indeed might better be, supported. It looks principally at the String Quartet in A minor, D.804 (‘Rosamunde’), and draws further on such staples of the Schubertian memory discourse as the Quartet in G, D.887, and the Piano Sonata in B♭, D.960.
Propaganda Music in Second World War Britain: John Ireland's Epic March
Authors: Guthrie Kate
Published: April 2014

While biographical studies of British composers' experiences in the Second World War abound, little attention has been paid to how the demands of ‘total’ war impacted on music's ideological status. This article sheds new light on how composers and critics negotiated the problematic relationship between art music and politics in this period. John Ireland's Epic March – a BBC commission that caused the composer considerable anxiety – provides a case study. Drawing first on the correspondence charting the lengthy genesis of the work, and then on the work's critical reception, I consider how Ireland and his audiences sought to reconcile the conflicting political and aesthetic demands of this commission. With its conventional musical style, Epic March offers an example of a ‘middlebrow’ attempt to bridge the gap between art and politics.
Breaching the nuclear envelope in development and disease
Authors: Hatch Emily , Hetzer Martin
Published: April 2014

In eukaryotic cells the nuclear genome is enclosed by the nuclear envelope (NE). In metazoans, the NE breaks down in mitosis and it has been assumed that the physical barrier separating nucleoplasm and cytoplasm remains intact during the rest of the cell cycle and cell differentiation. However, recent studies suggest that nonmitotic NE remodeling plays a critical role in development, virus infection, laminopathies, and cancer. Although the mechanisms underlying these NE restructuring events are currently being defined, one common theme is activation of protein kinase C family members in the interphase nucleus to disrupt the nuclear lamina, demonstrating the importance of the lamina in maintaining nuclear integrity.
Not all vinculins are created equal
Authors: Leslie Mitch
Published: April 2014

Cells modify force-transmitting protein for use in adherens junctions.
Leucine-rich repeat containing 8A (LRRC8A) is essential for T lymphocyte development and function
Authors: Kumar Lalit , Chou Janet , Yee Christina S.K. , Borzutzky Arturo , Vollmann Elisabeth H. , von Andrian Ulrich H. , Park Shin-Young , Hollander Georg , Manis John P. , Poliani P. Luigi , Geha Raif S.
Published: April 2014

Lrrc8a is a ubiquitously expressed gene that encodes a leucine-rich repeat (LRR)–containing protein detected at higher levels on the surface of thymocytes than on other immune cells. We generated Lrrc8a−/− mice to investigate the role of LRRC8A in lymphocyte development and function. Lrrc8a−/− mice had increased prenatal and postnatal mortality, growth retardation, and multiple tissue abnormalities. Lrrc8a−/− mice displayed a modest block in B cell development but intact intrinsic B cell function. In contrast, both Lrrc8a−/− mice and Lrrc8a−/−→Rag2−/− bone marrow chimeras exhibited a severe cell-intrinsic block in early thymic development, with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of thymocytes, and impaired peripheral T cell function. Thymic epithelial cells expressed an LRRC8A ligand that was critical for double-negative to double-positive thymocyte differentiation and survival in vitro. LRRC8A constitutively associated with the GRB2–GAB2 complex and lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (LCK) in thymocytes. LRRC8A ligation activated AKT via the LCK–ZAP–70–GAB2–PI3K pathway, and AKT phosphorylation was markedly reduced in the thymus of Lrrc8a−/− mice. These findings reveal an essential role for LRRC8A in T cell development, survival, and function.
IFN-λ receptor 1 expression is induced in chronic hepatitis C and correlates with the IFN-λ3 genotype and with nonresponsiveness to IFN-α therapies
Authors: Duong Francois H.T. , Trincucci Gaia , Boldanova Tujana , Calabrese Diego , Campana Benedetta , Krol Ilona , Durand Sarah C. , Heydmann Laura , Zeisel Mirjam B. , Baumert Thomas F. , Heim Markus H.
Published: April 2014

The molecular mechanisms that link IFN-λ3 genotypes to differential induction of interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the liver of patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) are not known. We measured the expression of IFN-λ and of the specific IFN-λ receptor chain (IFN-λR1) in 122 liver biopsies of patients with CHC and 53 control samples. The IFN-λ3 genotype was not associated with differential expression of IFN-λ, but rather IFN-λR1. In a series of 30 primary human hepatocyte (PHH) samples, IFN-λR1 expression was low but could be induced with IFN-α. IFN-α–induced IFN-λR1 expression was significantly stronger in PHHs carrying the minor IFN-λ3 allele. The analysis of liver biopsies of patients with CHC revealed a strong association of high IFN-λR1 expression with elevated ISG expression, with IFN-λ3 minor alleles, and with nonresponse to pegylated IFN-α and ribavirin. The findings provide a missing link between the IFN-λ3 genotype and the associated phenotype of treatment nonresponse.