bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the oxidation state of Fe from LiFePO4‐based lithium ion battery cathodes via capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Hanf Lenard , Diehl Marcel , Kemper Lea‐Sophie , Winter Martin , Nowak Sascha
Published: June 2020

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with ultraviolet/visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy for iron speciation in lithium ion battery (LIB) electrolytes was developed. The complexation of Fe2+ with 1,10‐phenantroline (o‐phen) and of Fe3+ with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) revealed effective stabilization of both iron species during sample preparation and CE measurements. For the investigation of small electrolyte volumes from LIB cells, a sample buffer with optimal sample pH was developed to inhibit precipitation of Fe3+ during complexation of Fe2+ with o‐phen. However, the presence of the conducting salt lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in the electrolyte led to the precipitation of the complex [Fe(o‐phen)3](PF6)2. Addition of acetonitrile (ACN) to the sample successfully re‐dissolved this Fe2+‐complex to retain the quantification of both species. Further optimization of the method successfully prevented the oxidation of dissolved Fe2+ with ambient oxygen during sample preparation, by previously stabilizing the sample with HCl or by working under counterflow of argon. Following dissolution experiments with the positive electrode material LiFePO4 (LFP) in LIB electrolytes under dry room conditions at 20°C and 60°C mainly revealed iron dissolution at elevated temperatures due to the formation of acidic electrolyte decomposition products. Despite the primary oxidation state of iron in LFP of +2, both iron species were detected in the electrolytes that derive from oxidation of dissolved Fe2+ by remaining molecular oxygen in the sample vials during the dissolution experiments.
Incorporation of technical, human and organizational risks in a dynamic probabilistic fire risk model for high‐rise residential buildings
Authors: Tan Samson , Weinert Darryl , Joseph Paul , Moinuddin Khalid A. M.
Published: June 2020

While probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) is an explicit methodology for complying with the performance requirements of the Building Code of Australia (BCA) or similar codes, it traditionally focuses only on technical risks of fire safety systems in a building. There are growing concerns that performance‐based fire engineering designs underestimate safety risk levels in high‐rise residential buildings. Existing fire risk models account for failures of technical systems but ignore human and organizational errors (HOEs) and the complex interactions among these variables. Probabilistic models in other applications, such as offshore platforms and nuclear plants, demonstrate the importance of HOE inclusion in risk models and the resulting impacts on overall risk. This paper proposes a comprehensive technical‐human‐organizational risk (T‐H‐O‐Risk) methodology to enhance the PRA approach by quantifying human and organizational risks in a probabilistic model using Bayesian Network (BN) analysis of HOEs and System Dynamics (SD) modelling for dynamic characterization of risk variations over time. While risk modelling itself is not novel, the current research develops unique and specific enhancements to existing risk approaches by integrating HOE risks with technical risks in a comprehensive dynamic and probabilistic model for high‐rise residential buildings. Three case studies are conducted to demonstrate the application of this comprehensive approach to the designs of various high‐rise residential buildings ranging from 18 to 24 storeys. Societal risks are represented in F‐N curves. Results show that in general, fire safety designs that do not consider HOEs underestimate overall risks generally by~20%—and can reach up to 42% in an extreme case. Furthermore, risks over time due to HOEs vary by as much as 30% over a 10‐year period. A sensitivity analysis indicates that deficient training, poor safety culture and ineffective emergency plans have significant impact on overall risk.
Automated classification of depression from structural brain measures across two independent community‐based cohorts
Authors: Stolicyn Aleks , Harris Mathew A. , Shen Xueyi , Barbu Miruna C. , Adams Mark J. , Hawkins Emma L. , de Nooij Laura , Yeung Hon Wah , Murray Alison D. , Lawrie Stephen M. , Steele J. Douglas , McIntosh Andrew M. , Whalley Heather C.
Published: June 2020

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been the subject of many neuroimaging case–control classification studies. Although some studies report accuracies ≥80%, most have investigated relatively small samples of clinically‐ascertained, currently symptomatic cases, and did not attempt replication in larger samples. We here first aimed to replicate previously reported classification accuracies in a small, well‐phenotyped community‐based group of current MDD cases with clinical interview‐based diagnoses (from STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally cohort, ‘STRADL’). We performed a set of exploratory predictive classification analyses with measures related to brain morphometry and white matter integrity. We applied three classifier types—SVM, penalised logistic regression or decision tree—either with or without optimisation, and with or without feature selection. We then determined whether similar accuracies could be replicated in a larger independent population‐based sample with self‐reported current depression (UK Biobank cohort). Additional analyses extended to lifetime MDD diagnoses—remitted MDD in STRADL, and lifetime‐experienced MDD in UK Biobank. The highest cross‐validation accuracy (75%) was achieved in the initial current MDD sample with a decision tree classifier and cortical surface area features. The most frequently selected decision tree split variables included surface areas of bilateral caudal anterior cingulate, left lingual gyrus, left superior frontal, right precentral and paracentral regions. High accuracy was not achieved in the larger samples with self‐reported current depression (53.73%), with remitted MDD (57.48%), or with lifetime‐experienced MDD (52.68–60.29%). Our results indicate that high predictive classification accuracies may not immediately translate to larger samples with broader criteria for depression, and may not be robust across different classification approaches.
Intravital Dynamic and Correlative Imaging of Mouse Livers Reveals Diffusion‐Dominated Canalicular and Flow‐Augmented Ductular Bile Flux
Authors: Vartak Nachiket , Guenther Georgia , Joly Florian , Damle‐Vartak Amruta , Wibbelt Gudrun , Fickel Jörns , Jörs Simone , Begher‐Tibbe Brigitte , Friebel Adrian , Wansing Kasimir , Ghallab Ahmed , Rosselin Marie , Boissier Noemie , Vignon‐Clementel Irene , Hedberg Christian , Geisler Fabian , Hofer Heribert , Jansen Peter , Hoehme Stefan , Drasdo Dirk , Hengstler Jan G.
Published: June 2020

Background and Aims

Small‐molecule flux in tissue microdomains is essential for organ function, but knowledge of this process is scant due to the lack of suitable methods. We developed two independent techniques that allow the quantification of advection (flow) and diffusion in individual bile canaliculi and in interlobular bile ducts of intact livers in living mice, namely fluorescence loss after photoactivation and intravital arbitrary region image correlation spectroscopy.

Approach and Results

The results challenge the prevailing “mechano‐osmotic” theory of canalicular bile flow. After active transport across hepatocyte membranes, bile acids are transported in the canaliculi primarily by diffusion. Only in the interlobular ducts is diffusion augmented by regulatable advection. Photoactivation of fluorescein bis‐(5‐carboxymethoxy‐2‐nitrobenzyl)‐ether in entire lobules demonstrated the establishment of diffusive gradients in the bile canalicular network and the sink function of interlobular ducts. In contrast to the bile canalicular network, vectorial transport was detected and quantified in the mesh of interlobular bile ducts.

Conclusions

The liver consists of a diffusion‐dominated canalicular domain, where hepatocytes secrete small molecules and generate a concentration gradient and a flow‐augmented ductular domain, where regulated water influx creates unidirectional advection that augments the diffusive flux.
Concerns about vitamin D and sun exposure behaviour among Australians
Authors: Tabbakh Tamara , Wakefield Melanie , Dobbinson Suzanne J.
Published: June 2020

Issues Addressed

Australians’ concerns about vitamin D and influence on sun protection were last quantified a decade ago in Queensland amidst media attention on emerging evidence of non‐skeletal benefits of vitamin D. Meanwhile these circumstances persist and impact is worth assessing.

Methods

Measures of concern about vitamin D were included in three recent population‐based cross‐sectional surveys of Australians’ sun‐related behaviours during summer months (2010‐2011, 2013‐2014 and 2016‐2017). We analysed characteristics, beliefs and behaviours associated with vitamin D concerns regarding regular sunscreen use among adults in 2016‐2017 (N = 3614).

Results

Concerns about vitamin D continued to persist among adults surveyed between 2010‐2011 and 2016‐2017. Vitamin D concerns regarding the sunscreen use were more common among women, older respondents and adults with skin that tans or is not susceptible to sunburn. Respondents concerned about vitamin D were more likely to exhibit pro‐tanning beliefs, scepticism about sunscreen safety and have attempted a suntan. They were also less likely to use sun protection in everyday activities outdoors and less likely to use sunscreen on summer weekends.

Conclusions

Vitamin D concerns related to sunscreen use remained common among Australian adults. Skin cancer control advocates may be reassured that those with the greatest skin cancer risk (burn only) were less likely to hold these concerns, while the related infrequent sun protection and tanning among concerned adults are problematic.

So What?

Continued education and research is needed to ensure that the general public understand the risks and benefits of sun exposure in Australia.
Good clinical practice advice for the management of pregnant women with suspected or confirmed COVID‐19 in Nigeria
Authors: Okunade Kehinde S. , Makwe Christian C. , Akinajo Opeyemi R. , Owie Emmanuel , Ohazurike Ephraim O. , Babah Ochuwa A. , Okunowo Adeyemi A. , Omisakin Sunday I. , Oluwole Ayodeji A. , Olamijulo Joseph A. , Adegbola Omololu , Anorlu Rose I. , Afolabi Bosede B.
Published: June 2020

The impact on healthcare services in settings with under‐resourced health systems, such as Nigeria, is likely to be substantial in the coming months due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, and maternity services still need to be prioritized as an essential core health service. The healthcare system should ensure the provision of safe and quality care to women during pregnancy, labor, and childbirth, and at the same time, maternity care providers including obstetricians and midwives must be protected and prioritized to continue providing care to childbearing women and their babies during the pandemic. This practical guideline was developed for the management of pregnant women with suspected or confirmed COVID‐19 in Nigeria and other low‐resource countries.
Effect of two types of irrigation on growth, yield and water productivity of maize under different irrigation treatments in an arid environment
Authors: Rasool Ghulam , Guo Xiangping , Wang Zhenchang , Ullah Ikram , Chen Sheng
Published: June 2020

The experiments were carried out to study the behaviour of deficit drip irrigation based on the actual evapotranspiration (ETC) at 100, 90, 75 and 60% of ETC respectively, and a separate furrow irrigation, on maize growth components, yield, water productivity and crop production function. The experiments were conducted under a randomized complete block design with three replications. The highest (407 and 275 mm) and lowest (244 and 165 mm) values of ETC were recorded under I1.00 and I0.60 for drip irrigation for two growing seasons. Compared with the furrow irrigation treatment, water savings of 33.3–60.0 and 33.4–60.0% were found under drip irrigation treatments. The highest grain yield was observed under I1.00: 10 100 and 9940 kg ha−1 for two growing seasons, respectively. All the drip irrigation treatments significantly increased the grain yield when compared to the furrow irrigation method. However, a better response factor was observed under I75 for both years. It was also noted that all the growth and grain yield components were significantly affected by the different water deficits under drip irrigation. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensing mechanism elucidation of a europium(III) metal–organic framework selective to aniline: A theoretical insight by means of multiconfigurational calculations
Authors: Hidalgo‐Rosa Yoan , Treto‐Suárez Manuel A. , Schott Eduardo , Zarate Ximena , Páez‐Hernández Dayán
Published: June 2020

A theoretical procedure, via quantum chemical computations, to elucidate the detection principle of the turn‐off luminescence mechanism of an Eu‐based Metal‐Organic Framework sensor (Eu‐MOF) selective to aniline, is accomplished. The energy transfer channels that take place in the Eu‐MOF, as well as understanding the luminescence quenching by aniline, were investigated using the well‐known and accurate multiconfigurational ab initio methods along with sTD‐DFT. Based on multireference calculations, the sensitization pathway from the ligand (antenna) to the lanthanide was assessed in detail, that is, intersystem crossing (ISC) from the S1 to the T1 state of the ligand, with subsequent energy transfer to the 5D0 state of Eu3+. Finally, emission from the 5D0 state to the 7FJ state is clearly evidenced. Otherwise, the interaction of Eu‐MOF with aniline produces a mixture of the electronic states of both systems, where molecular orbitals on aniline now appear in the active space. Consequently, a stabilization of the T1 state of the antenna is observed, blocking the energy transfer to the 5D0 state of Eu3+, leading to a non‐emissive deactivation. Finally, in this paper, it was demonstrated that the host‐guest interactions, which are not taken frequently into account by previous reports, and the employment of high‐level theoretical approaches are imperative to raise new concepts that explain the sensing mechanism associated to chemical sensors.
How patients and clinicians experience the utility of a personalized clinical feedback system in routine practice
Authors: Hovland Runar Tengel , Ytrehus Siri , Mellor‐Clark John , Moltu Christian
Published: June 2020

Objective

The objective was to explore how a person‐adaptive clinical feedback system (CFS) effects its users, and how meaning and relevance are negotiated.

Methods

We conducted a 10‐month case‐study of the implementation and practice of Norse Feedback, a personalized CFS. The data material consisted of 12 patient interviews, 22 clinician interviews, 23 field notes, and 16 archival documents.

Results

We identified four main categories or themes: (i) patients’ use of clinical feedback for enhanced awareness and insight; (ii) patients work to make clinical feedback a communication mode; (iii) patients and clinicians negotiate clinical feedback as a way to influence treatment; and (iv) clinical feedback requires an interactive sense‐making effort.

Conclusion

Patients and therapists produced the meaning and relevance of the CFS by interpreting the CFS measures to reflect the unique patient experience of the patient–therapist relationship. Patients regarded CFS as a tool to inform therapy with important issues. Patients became more self‐aware and prepared for therapy.
The moderating effect of gender as a protective factor against discrimination in migrants from Latin America and China
Authors: García‐Cid Alba , Hombrados‐Mendieta Isabel , Gómez‐Jacinto Luis , Millán‐Franco Mario , del Pino‐Brunet Natalia
Published: June 2020

This study analysed the association between discrimination and satisfaction with life (SWL) in migrant groups by investigating whether different types of social support (SS; emotional, instrumental, and informational) and networks (family, immigrant and native friends, neighbours, and the community) buffer the negative effects of discrimination on SWL among migrant men and women from different backgrounds. Participants were 631 migrants from Latin America and China residing in Malaga (Spain). We identified behaviour patterns that suggest that SS has different effects on men and women from the same place of origin and similar effects on women and men from different places of origin. In conclusion, the main differences in the effects of SS as a buffer mechanism are not determined by cultural factors. It is more likely that they are determined by differential gender‐role socialization, which would lead women to positively value social support.
The impact of clinical crisis management on trauma team outcomes following a prolonged strike by nursing, technical, and support staff
Authors: Leskovan John J. , Pahl Jodi , Stringfellow Katy , Buderer Nancy M. , Moore Aaron N. , Afaneh Amer , Raimonde Jay , Novakovic Rachel L. , Stausmire Julie M.
Published: June 2020

There is a paucity of literature describing the preparation of hospital institutions prior to a nursing strike and the quality outcomes during and after a prolonged nursing strike. No published study was found describing the effects of a prolonged strike on quality outcomes specific to trauma patients. The American College of Surgeons (ACS) suggests specific critiques and complications data that each trauma program may choose to track as quality indicators, and those metrics are submitted to regional, state and national databanks and closely examined during site accreditations. This research study analyzed data from three equal time periods following a multiservices strike involving both nurses and service/technical staff lasting 63 days. The purposes of this study were to (1) evaluate the effects of prestrike organizational leadership and crisis management planning on organizational staffing and emergency management to reduce health care risk during the strike, (2) describe outcomes data from three equal time periods: prestrike, strike, and poststrike, and (3) specifically compare the trauma program's selected ACS trauma metrics for critiques and complication rates for our high‐risk/high‐volume population as a level 1 trauma center.
Impact of male circumcision on risk of HIV infection in men in a changing epidemic context – systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Farley Timothy MM , Samuelson Julia , Grabowski M Kate , Ameyan Wole , Gray Ronald H , Baggaley Rachel
Published: June 2020

Introduction

WHO/UNAIDS recommended Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision in 2007 based on systematic review of observational studies prior to 1999 and three randomized controlled trials (RCTs). To inform updated WHO guidance, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of impact of circumcision on the risk of HIV infection among heterosexual men.

Methods

Studies in PubMed of HIV incidence and changes in prevalence in heterosexual men by circumcision status were identified. Pooled incidence rate ratios were computed using fixed‐ and random‐effects meta‐analysis and risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS‐I tool.

Results and Discussion

In three RCTs, the pooled incidence ratio was 0.41 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.56), with risk difference 10 (8 to 12) fewer infections per 1000 person‐years (py). Pooled incidence ratios were 0.34 (0.24 to 0.49) in two post‐RCT follow‐up studies, 0.29 (0.19 to 0.43) in men at high HIV risk (five cohorts), 0.48 (0.33 to 0.70) in four community‐based cohorts before circumcision scale‐up, and 0.56 (0.49 to 0.64) (7 [6 to 8] fewer per 1000 py) in six community‐based cohorts during circumcision and antiretroviral treatment scale‐up. Heterogeneity between studies was low except in men at high HIV risk. We estimated 520,000 (425,000 to 605,000) fewer infections occurred in men by end of 2018 from 22.7 million circumcisions performed since 2008 and increasing by 155,000 (125,000 to 180,000) annually if epidemic conditions remain similar. After exclusion of studies with high risk of bias and those conducted outside Africa, pooled incidence ratios were similar. There was no evidence of confounding nor changes in risk behaviour following circumcision. In post‐hoc exploratory analyses we observed a trend of decreasing effectiveness of circumcision in cohorts with lower HIV incidence.

Conclusions

Efficacy of medical male circumcision on HIV incidence from randomized controlled trials was supported by effectiveness from observational studies in populations with diverse HIV risk and changing epidemic contexts. Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision remains an important evidence‐based intervention for control of generalized HIV epidemics.
Insight Into Myocardial Microstructure of Athletes and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Patients Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Das Arka , Chowdhary Amrit , Kelly Chris , Teh Irvin , Stoeck Christian T. , Kozerke Sebastian , Maxwell Nicholas , Craven Thomas P. , Jex Nicholas J. , Saunderson Christopher E.D. , Brown Louise A.E. , Ben‐Arzi Hadar , Sengupta Anshuman , Page Stephen P. , Swoboda Peter P. , Greenwood John P. , Schneider Jurgen E. , Plein Sven , Dall'Armellina Erica
Published: June 2020

Background

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remains the commonest cause of sudden cardiac death among young athletes. Differentiating between physiologically adaptive left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy observed in athletes' hearts and pathological HCM remains challenging. By quantifying the diffusion of water molecules, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) MRI allows voxelwise characterization of myocardial microstructure.

Purpose

To explore microstructural differences between healthy volunteers, athletes, and HCM patients using DTI.

Study Type

Prospective cohort.

Population

Twenty healthy volunteers, 20 athletes, and 20 HCM patients.

Field Strength/Sequence

3T/DTI spin echo.

Assessment

In‐house MatLab software was used to derive mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) as markers of amplitude and anisotropy of the diffusion of water molecules, and secondary eigenvector angles (E2A)—reflecting the orientations of laminar sheetlets.

Statistical Tests

Independent samples t‐tests were used to detect statistical significance between any two cohorts. Analysis of variance was utilized for detecting the statistical difference between the three cohorts. Statistical tests were two‐tailed. A result was considered statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05.

Results

DTI markers were significantly different between HCM, athletes, and volunteers. HCM patients had significantly higher global MD and E2A, and significantly lower FA than athletes and volunteers. (MDHCM = 1.52 ± 0.06 × 10−3 mm2/s, MDAthletes = 1.49 ± 0.03 × 10−3 mm2/s, MDvolunteers = 1.47 ± 0.02 × 10−3 mm2/s, P < 0.05; E2AHCM = 58.8 ± 4°, E2Aathletes = 47 ± 5°, E2Avolunteers = 38.5 ± 7°, P < 0.05; FAHCM = 0.30 ± 0.02, FAAthletes = 0.35 ± 0.02, FAvolunteers = 0.36 ± 0.03, P < 0.05). HCM patients had significantly higher E2A in their thickest segments compared to the remote (E2Athickest = 66.8 ± 7, E2Aremote = 51.2 ± 9, P < 0.05).

Data Conclusion

DTI depicts an increase in amplitude and isotropy of diffusion in the myocardium of HCM compared to athletes and volunteers as reflected by increased MD and decreased FA values. While significantly higher E2A values in HCM and athletes reflect steeper configurations of the myocardial sheetlets than in volunteers, HCM patients demonstrated an eccentric rise in E2A in their thickest segments, while athletes demonstrated a concentric rise. Further studies are required to determine the diagnostic capabilities of DTI.

Evidence Level

1

Technical Efficacy Stage

2
Exploring the chemical profile of designer drugs by ESI(+) and PSI(+) mass spectrometry—An approach on the fragmentation mechanisms and chemometric analysis
Authors: dos Santos Nayara A. , Macrino Clebson J. , Allochio Filho João Francisco , Gonçalves Fernanda F. , Almeida Camila M. , Agostini Fabiana , Guizolfi Tainara , Moura Sidnei , Lacerda Valdemar , Filgueiras Paulo R. , Ortiz Rafael S. , Romão Wanderson
Published: June 2020

The consumption of design drugs, frequently known as new psychoactive substances (NPS), has increased considerably worldwide, becoming a severe issue for the responsible governmental agencies. These illicit substances can be defined as synthetic compounds produced in clandestine laboratories in order to act as analogs of schedule drugs mimetizing its chemical structure and improving its pharmacological effects while hampering the control and making regulation more complicated. In this way, the development of new methodologies for chemical analysis of NPS drugs is indispensable to determine a novel class of drugs arising from the underground market. Therefore, this work shows the use of high‐resolution mass spectrometry Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS) applying different ionization sources such as paper spray ionization (PSI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) in the evaluation of miscellaneous of seized drugs samples as blotter paper (n = 79) and tablet (n = 100). Also, an elucidative analysis was performed by ESI(+)MS/MS experiments, and fragmentation mechanisms were proposed to confirm the chemical structure of compounds identified. Besides, the results of ESI(+) and PSI(+)‐FT‐ICR MS were compared with those of GC–MS, revealing that ESI(+)MS showed greater detection efficiency among the methodologies employed in this study. Moreover, this study stands out as a guide for the chemical analysis of NPS drugs, highlighting the differences between the techniques of ESI(+)‐FT‐ICR MS, PSI(+)‐FT‐ICR MS, and GC–MS.
Dengue and COVID‐19, overlapping epidemics? An analysis from Colombia
Authors: Cardona‐Ospina Jaime A. , Arteaga‐Livias Kovy , Villamil‐Gómez Wilmer E. , Pérez‐Díaz Carlos E. , Katterine Bonilla‐Aldana D. , Mondragon‐Cardona Álvaro , Solarte‐Portilla Marco , Martinez Ernesto , Millan‐Oñate Jose , López‐Medina Eduardo , López Pio , Navarro Juan‐Carlos , Perez‐Garcia Luis , Mogollon‐Rodriguez Euler , Rodríguez‐Morales Alfonso J. , Paniz‐Mondolfi Alberto
Published: June 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has rapidly spread throughout Latin America, a region swept by multiple previous and ongoing epidemics. There are significant concerns that the arrival of COVID‐19 is currently overlapping with other viruses, particularly dengue, in various endo‐epidemic regions across South America. In this report, we analyzed trends for both viral infections in Colombia during the first 20 epidemiological weeks (EWs) of 2020. From 1st January to 16th May 2020 (EWs, 1‐20), a total of 52 679 cases of dengue and 14 943 cases of COVID‐19 have been confirmed in Colombia. As both conditions may potentially lead to fatal outcomes, especially in patients with chronic co‐morbidities, overlapping infections, and co‐occurrence may increase the number of patients requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation. In regions, such as Valle del Cauca, intensified preparation for such scenarios should be pondered, and further studies should be performed to address this critical issue in a timely matter.
Nasopharyngeal Epstein‐Barr virus DNA loads in high‐risk nasopharyngeal carcinoma families: Familial aggregation and host heritability
Authors: Zheng Mei‐Qi , Wang Tong‐Min , Liao Ying , Xue Wen‐Qiong , He Yong‐Qiao , Wu Zi‐Yi , Yang Da‐Wei , Li Dan‐Hua , Deng Chang‐Mi , Jia Yi‐Jing , Yuan Lei‐Lei , Zhang Wen‐Li , Luo Lu‐Ting , Tong Xia‐Ting , Wu Yan‐Xia , Zhou Ting , Li Xi‐Zhao , Tang Ling‐Ling , Zhang Jiang‐Bo , Xia Yun‐Fei , Mu Jianbing , Jia Wei‐Hua
Published: June 2020

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), the most common head and neck cancer, is characterized by distinct geographic distribution and familial aggregation. Multiple risk factors, including host genetics, environmental factor, and EBV infection, have been linked to the development of NPC, particularly in the familial clustering cases. However, the cause of NPC endemicity remains enigmatic due possibly to the complicated interplay between these risk factors. Recently, positive Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA loads at nasopharyngeal (NP) cavity has been found to reflect NPC development and applied in NPC screening. To examine whether the increased NP EBV loads could aggregate in the families and be affected by host genetics and environmental factor, EBV loads were obtained by 510 NP brushing samples from eligible unaffected individuals, who have two or more relatives affected with NPC, in 116 high‐risk NPC families. The correlation of relative pairs was estimated using S.A.G.E. (version 6.4, 2016), and host heritability of NP EBV loads was calculated with variance component models using SOLAR (version 8.4.2, 2019). In result, significant correlations of EBV loads were observed between parent‐offspring pairs and sibling‐sibling pairs (P < .001), but not in distant kin relationship pairs. Interestingly, after excluding the shared environmental factor within families, host genetics contributes significantly to NP EBV loads with a heritability of 56.41% (P = 1.00 × 10−7), and its effect was slightly elevated (68.86%, P = 3.40 × 10−6) in families with more NPC cases (≥3). These findings indicate that additional host‐genetic variants involved in the EBV local NP mucosal behavior may be especially important for the development of NPC.
Distinct infection process of SARS‐CoV‐2 in human bronchial epithelial cell lines
Authors: Liao Yun , Li Xueqi , Mou Tangwei , Zhou Xiaofang , Li Dandan , Wang Lichun , Zhang Ying , Dong Xingqi , Zheng Huiwen , Guo Lei , Liang Yan , Jiang Guorun , Fan Shengtao , Xu Xingli , Xie Zhongping , Chen Hongbo , Liu Longding , Li Qihan
Published: June 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), leads to a series of clinical symptoms of respiratory and pulmonary inflammatory reactions via unknown pathologic mechanisms related to the viral infection process in tracheal or bronchial epithelial cells. Investigation of this viral infection in the human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE) suggests that SARS‐CoV‐2 can enter these cells through interaction between its membrane‐localized S protein with the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 molecule on the host cell membrane. Further observation indicates distinct viral replication with a dynamic and moderate increase, whereby viral replication does not lead to a specific cytopathic effect but maintains a continuous release of progeny virions from infected cells. Although messenger RNA expression of various innate immune signaling molecules is altered in the cells, transcription of interferons‐α (IFN‐α), IFN‐β, and IFN‐γ is unchanged. Furthermore, expression of some interleukins (IL) related to inflammatory reactions, such as IL‐6, IL‐2, and IL‐8, is maintained at low levels, whereas that of ILs involved in immune regulation is upregulated. Interestingly, IL‐22, an IL that functions mainly in tissue repair, shows very high expression. Collectively, these data suggest a distinct infection process for this virus in respiratory epithelial cells, which may be linked to its clinicopathological mechanism.
Encephalopathy in patients with COVID‐19: A review
Authors: Garg Ravindra Kumar , Paliwal Vimal Kumar , Gupta Ankit
Published: June 2020

Encephalopathy and encephalitis are major and devastating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) virus‐associated central nervous system complications. Hypoxic/metabolic changes produced by intense inflammatory response against the virus triggers cytokine storm and subsequently acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Hypoxic/metabolic changes result in encephalopathy. The presence of comorbidities predisposes to hypoxic/metabolic changes responsible for encephalopathy. Altered consciousness, ranging from mild confusion, delirium, to deep coma, is hallmark clinical features. Cortical and subcortical T2/FLAIR signal changes are common neuroimaging abnormalities. In a few isolated case reports of SARS‐CoV‐2 encephalitis, the virus has been demonstrated in cerebrospinal fluid. The presence of anosmia and ageusia can help in differentiation from other encephalopathies. We analyzed published reports on coronavirus disease 2019‐associated encephalopathy. Encephalopathy is common in older patients, the majority are more than 50 years of age. The patients having encephalopathy/encephalitis are either severely or critically ill. Many patients were already on mechanical ventilation. Lung abnormalities are noted in almost all of the patients, presenting with encephalopathy. Encephalopathy is always preceded by commoner clinical features, like, fever, cough, dyspnoea, and headache. In majority, patients are already in the intensive care unit, when encephalopathy develops.
Amyloidosis is associated with thicker myelin and increased oligodendrogenesis in the adult mouse brain
Authors: Ferreira Solène , Pitman Kimberley A. , Wang Shiwei , Summers Benjamin S. , Bye Nicole , Young Kaylene M. , Cullen Carlie L.
Published: June 2020

In Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaque formation is associated with the focal death of oligodendrocytes and soluble amyloid β impairs the survival of oligodendrocytes in vitro. However, the response of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to early amyloid pathology remains unclear. To explore this, we performed a histological, electrophysiological, and behavioral characterization of transgenic mice expressing a pathological form of human amyloid precursor protein (APP), containing three single point mutations associated with the development of familial Alzheimer's disease (PDGFB‐APPSw.Ind, also known as J20 mice). PDGFB‐APPSw.Ind transgenic mice had impaired survival from weaning, were hyperactive by 2 months of age, and developed amyloid plaques by 6 months of age, however, their spatial memory remained intact over this time course. Hippocampal OPC density was normal in P60‐P180 PDGFB‐APPSw.Ind transgenic mice and, by performing whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology, we found that their membrane properties, including their response to kainate (100 µM), were largely normal. However, by P100, the response of hippocampal OPCs to GABA was elevated in PDGFB‐APPSw.Ind transgenic mice. We also found that the nodes of Ranvier were shorter, the paranodes longer, and the myelin thicker for hippocampal axons in young adult PDGFB‐APPSw.Ind transgenic mice compared with wildtype littermates. Additionally, oligodendrogenesis was normal in young adulthood, but increased in the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and fimbria of PDGFB‐APPSw.Ind transgenic mice as pathology developed. As the new oligodendrocytes were not associated with a change in total oligodendrocyte number, these cells are likely required for cell replacement.
Low‐Density Lipoproteins, High‐Density Lipoproteins (HDL), and HDL‐Associated Proteins Differentially Modulate Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Cell Viability
Authors: Andersen Catherine J. , Dupree Lydia , Murray Kristina , Ragonesi Nicholas , McMullen Kaley , Cintrón‐Rivera Layra , Doerr Adam
Published: June 2020

Cellular lipid metabolism, lipoprotein interactions, and liver X receptor (LXR) activation have been implicated in the pathophysiology and treatment of cancer, although findings vary across cancer models and by lipoprotein profiles. In this study, we investigated the effects of human‐derived low‐density lipoproteins (LDL), high‐density lipoproteins (HDL), and HDL‐associated proteins apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) and serum amyloid A (SAA) on markers of viability, cholesterol flux, and differentiation in K562 cells—a bone marrow‐derived, stem‐like erythroleukemia cell model of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). We further evaluated whether lipoprotein‐mediated effects were altered by concomitant LXR activation. We observed that LDL promoted higher K562 cell viability in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner and increased cellular cholesterol concentrations, while LXR activation by the agonist TO901317 ablated these effects. LXR activation in the presence of HDL, apoA1 and SAA‐rich HDL suppressed K562 cell viability, while robustly inducing mRNA expression of ATP‐binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). HDL and its associated proteins additionally suppressed mRNA expression of anti‐apoptotic B‐cell lymphoma‐extra large (BCL‐xL), and the erythroid lineage marker 5′‐aminolevulinate synthase 2 (ALAS2), while SAA‐rich HDL induced mRNA expression of the megakaryocytic lineage marker integrin subunit alpha 2b (ITGA2B). Together, these findings suggest that lipoproteins and LXR may impact the viability and characteristics of CML cells.
Common Variants Coregulate Expression of GBA and Modifier Genes to Delay Parkinson's Disease Onset
Authors: Schierding William , Farrow Sophie , Fadason Tayaza , Graham Oscar E.E. , Pitcher Toni L. , Qubisi Sara , Davidson Alan J. , Perry Jo K. , Anderson Tim J. , Kennedy Martin A. , Cooper Antony , O'Sullivan Justin M.
Published: June 2020

Background

GBA mutations are numerically the most significant genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD), yet these mutations have low penetrance, suggesting additional mechanisms.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to determine if the penetrance of GBA in PD can be explained by regulatory effects on GBA and modifier genes.

Methods

Genetic variants associated with the regulation of GBA were identified by screening 128 common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GBA locus for spatial cis‐expression quantitative trail locus (supported by chromatin interactions).

Results

We identified common noncoding SNPs within GBA that (1) regulate GBA expression in peripheral tissues, some of which display α‐synuclein pathology and (2) coregulate potential modifier genes in the central nervous system and/or peripheral tissues. Haplotypes based on 3 of these SNPs delay disease onset by 5 years. In addition, SNPs on 6 separate chromosomes coregulate GBA expression specifically in either the substantia nigra or cortex, and their combined effect potentially modulates motor and cognitive symptoms, respectively.

Conclusions

This work provides a new perspective on the haplotype‐specific effects of GBA and the genetic etiology of PD, expanding the role of GBA from the gene encoding the β‐glucocerebrosidase (GCase) to that of a central regulator and modifier of PD onset, with GBA expression itself subject to distant regulation. Some idiopathic patients might possess insufficient GBA‐encoded GCase activity in the substantia nigra as the result of distant regulatory variants and therefore might benefit from GBA‐targeting therapeutics. The SNPs’ regulatory impacts provide a plausible explanation for the variable phenotypes also observed in GBA‐centric Gaucher's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Natural convection flows of carbon nanotubes nanofluids with Prabhakar‐like thermal transport
Authors: Elnaqeeb Thanaa , Shah Nehad Ali , Mirza Itrat Abbas
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanofluid on natural convection with Prabhakar‐like thermal transport, near an infinite vertical heated plate. The generalized memory effect is described by the time‐fractional Prabhakar derivative. Nanofluid flow features such as velocity and temperature are calculated analytically by using Laplace transform. The velocity and heat transfer of Prabhakar‐like fractional natural convection flows of CNTs nanofluids are compared with those corresponding to classical thermal transport, which is described by Fourier's law. The effects of fractional and significant physical parameters are graphically interlined.
Gluten‐Free Diet in IBD: Time for a Recommendation?
Authors: Weaver Kimberly N. , Herfarth Hans
Published: June 2020

Patients and providers alike are highly interested in identifying potentially useful dietary interventions in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). This review examines the clinical associations of celiac disease (CeD), non‐celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), and IBD with a focus on available data of the therapeutic efficacy of gluten‐free diet (GFD) or low‐gluten‐containing diets in the therapy of IBD. There is a strong association between CeD and microscopic colitis, but the prevalence of CeD among IBD patients is similar to that of the general population. Interestingly, in cross‐sectional studies nearly one‐third of IBD patients report a diagnosis of NCGS, and many follow a GFD. Although animal studies have shown that gluten ingestion may promote intestinal inflammation and increase intestinal permeability, there have been no prospective studies evaluating the role of a GFD in the induction and maintenance of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Several cross‐sectional reports suggest that a GFD may improve symptoms in IBD patients, but due to a lack of high‐quality prospective clinical studies, current data do not support the universal use of a GFD in IBD.
Brain nitric oxide induces facilitation of the micturition reflex through brain glutamatergic receptors in rats
Authors: Ono Hideaki , Shimizu Takahiro , Zou Suo , Yamamoto Masaki , Shimizu Yohei , Aratake Takaaki , Hamada Tomoya , Nagao Yoshiki , Shimizu Shogo , Higashi Youichirou , Saito Motoaki
Published: June 2020

Aim

Brain nitric oxide (NO) have been reported in regulation of the sympatho‐adrenomedullary system, which can affect voiding and storage functions. Therefore, we investigated effects of intracerebroventricularly (icv) administered 3‐(4‐morpholinyl)sydnonimine, hydrochloride (SIN‐1) (NO donor) on the micturition reflex, focusing on their dependence on the sympatho‐adrenomedullary system and on brain N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) and α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors in urethane‐anesthetized (0.8 g/kg, ip) male Wistar rats.

Methods

Plasma noradrenaline and adrenaline were measured just before and 5 minutes after SIN‐1 administration. Evaluation of urodynamic parameters was started 1 hour before SIN‐1 administration or intracerebroventricular pretreatment with other drugs.

Results

SIN‐1 (100 and 250 µg/animal) elevated plasma adrenaline and reduced intercontraction interval ([ICI] values; 110.5% [SIN‐1, 0 µg] and 54.9% [SIN‐1, 250 µg] during 15 minutes after SIN‐1 administration [P < .05; η2 = 0.59]) without affecting plasma noradrenaline or maximal voiding pressure. SIN‐1 (250 µg/animal) reduced single‐voided volume and bladder capacity without affecting post‐voiding residual volume. The SIN‐1 (250 µg/animal)‐induced adrenaline elevation and ICI reduction were attenuated by 2‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide, sodium salt (carboxy‐PTIO) (NO scavenger, icv) (ICI values; 44.7% [vehicle + SIN‐1] and 77.5% [carboxy‐PTIO + SIN‐1] during 15 minutes after SIN‐1 administration [P < .05; η2 = 0.51]). Acute bilateral adrenalectomy abolished SIN‐1‐induced adrenaline elevation, while showed no effect on the SIN‐1‐induced ICI reduction. The ICI reduction was attenuated by MK‐801 (NMDA receptor antagonist, icv) (ICI values; 47.0% [vehicle + SIN‐1] and 87.6% [MK‐801 + SIN‐1] during 15 minutes after SIN‐1 administration [P < .05; η2 = 0.61]), but not by DNQX (AMPA receptor antagonist, icv).

Conclusion

Brain NO is involved in facilitation of the rat micturition reflex through brain NMDA receptors, independently of the sympatho‐adrenomedullary outflow modulation.
Good urodynamic practice adaptations during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Hashim Hashim , Thomas Laura , Gammie Andrew , Farullo Giuseppe , Finazzi‐Agrò Enrico
Published: June 2020

Urodynamics testing forms the cornerstone of investigations when it comes to lower urinary tract dysfunction. It has to be done to the highest standards by following the International Continence Society Good Urodynamics Practice protocols. However, with the COVID‐19 pandemic, certain adaptations to the urodynamics procedure need to be considered especially when it comes to quality control. This article aims to define these adaptations to help urodynamicists in their daily practice.
Factors involved in the persistence of stress urinary incontinence from postpartum to 12 years after first delivery
Authors: Diez‐Itza Irene , Zubikarai Maitane , Galan Claudia , Ginto Leire , Saro Javier , Arrue Miren
Published: June 2020

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate constitutional‐, pregnancy‐, labor‐, and delivery‐related factors involved in the long‐term persistence of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) from 6 months postpartum to 12 years after first delivery. We also evaluated severity and impact on quality of life of persistent SUI.

Methods

This was a longitudinal study including primigravid women who gave birth at our Public Health Hospital during 2007. Urinary symptoms were investigated at inclusion, 6 months and 12 years after delivery. Persistent SUI was defined as SUI reported both at 6 months postpartum and 12 years after first delivery. The International Consultation on Incontinence‐Urinary Incontinence‐Short Form (ICIQ‐UI‐SF) and the Incontinence Severity Index (ISI) were used to evaluate SUI.

Results

During the inclusion period, 479 pregnant women were interviewed, 381 attended the 6‐month follow‐up visit, and 315 formed the study group. SUI persisted in 36 out of 44 (81.8%) women. With the ISI, 52.8% of these women were categorized as having slight, 41.7% moderate, and 5.6% severe incontinence. The mean ICIQ‐UI‐SF score was 7.13 (SD 3.51). Pregnancy SUI (odds ratio [OR], 4.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.10‐9.80) and active second stage of labor more than or equal to 1 hour (OR, 3.68; 95% CI, 1.21‐11.14) were independently associated with persistent SUI.

Conclusions

Women who reported SUI during pregnancy, and those who had pushed for more than or equal to 1 hour in the second stage of labor were at greater risk of SUI persisting from 6 months postpartum to long after delivery. We found this independent association after controlling for several constitutional‐, pregnancy‐, labor‐, and delivery‐related variables.
Reliability of a two‐dimensional demand‐based networked system with multistate components
Authors: Xiao Hui , Yi Kunxiang , Kou Gang , Xing Liudong
Published: June 2020

Existing research on multistate system reliability has mainly focused on one‐dimensional systems such as parallel systems, linear sliding window systems, and linearly consecutively connected systems. However, two‐dimensional networked systems widely exist in real‐world applications such as lighting systems, monitoring systems, and computer network systems. This research considers a two‐dimensional networked system consisting of multistate components. The system fails if the cumulative performance of any row or any column cannot meet a predetermined demand. A novel reliability evaluation algorithm is proposed for the considered two‐dimensional networked system by extending the universal generating function technique. Furthermore, the proposed model and reliability evaluation algorithm are extended to a two‐dimensional networked system with phased missions. The proposed models and algorithms are illustrated by a matrix heating system in a thermoforming machine.