bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ABSORPTION OF MIXTURES OF SUGARS BY ISOLATED SURVIVING GUINEA PIG INTESTINE
Authors: Riklis E. , Haber B. , Quastel J. H.
Published: December 2009

In the presence of mixtures of glucose and fructose, at a concentration of, or below, 14 mM, additive rates of sugar transport by the isolated surviving guinea pig intestine are found. At a concentration of 28 mM, or above, the rate of transport of glucose is maximum and no additive rates with mixtures of glucose and fructose at such concentrations are obtained. The rate of transport of sugar from the intestine in the presence of sucrose is that to be expected from the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose in the intestine. The increase of concentration of potassium ion to 15.6 meq./liter accelerates the rate of sugar transport from sucrose as well as from, glucose–fructose mixtures. The rate of galactose transport by the isolated surviving guinea pig intestine is inhibited 80% in the presence of an equivalent concentration (14 mM) of glucose. Fructose, at this concentration, has no inhibitory effect on the rate of galactose transport. Mannose (14 mM) and D-glucosamine (14 mM) effect 30% inhibitions of galactose transport. Sucrose (14 mM) is highly inhibitory (67%) to galactose transport, this probably being due to glucose formation in the intestine. Lactose (14 mM) is also apparently inhibitory (46%) to galactose transport, but it is possible that this inhibition is partly due to isotopic dilution by galactose obtained by lactose breakdown. These results are discussed in relation to the phosphorylation hypothesis of sugar transport in the intestine.
INSULIN, MAST CELL COMPONENTS, AND "ANAPHYLACTOID" INFLAMMATION
Authors: Adamkiewicz V. W. , Langlois Y. L.
Published: December 2009

The treatment of rats with an antihistaminic, or a long pretreatment with a histamine depletor, inhibits the "anaphylactoid" inflammation, and inhibits the sensitizing effect of insulin on this inflammation. However, the systemic administration of histamine, serotonin, and heparin does not restore the inhibited "anaphylactoid" inflammation, and does not restore the sensitizing effect of insulin. The three substances administered systemically are also unable to imitate, in normal rats, the sensitizing effect of insulin.
METHYLATION OF THE 3-OH POSITION OF CATECHOL ACIDS BY RAT LIVER AND KIDNEY PREPARATIONS
Authors: Pellerin J. , D'Iorio A.
Published: December 2009

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid were separately incubated with L-methionine-methyl-C14in the presence of rat liver or kidney homogenate. In each case, the radioactive metabolite separated by paper chromatography was found to have migrating properties similar to those of the 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenolic acid. This reaction was enhanced by the addition of ATP, Mg++, and reduced glutathione. When 3-hydroxybenzoic acid was incubated in this medium no methylated derivative was obtained. Preliminary experiments indicated that the enzymatic activity was contained mostly in the supernatant fraction. It was also noted that liver homogenate was much more active than kidney homogenate in methylating catechol acids.
EFFECT OF ANTICHOLINESTERASES ON ACETYLCHOLINI LEVELS IN INSECTS
Authors: Smallman B. N. , Fisher R. W.
Published: December 2009

In accordance with the hypothesis for the lethal action of organophosphate insecticides, the ACh content of the nervous tissue of poisoned insects was shown to increase, and the rate of increase to depend on the degree and duration of ChE inhibition. Lethal doses of parathion, malathion, and TEPP caused increases in the ACh content of housefly heads up to 260% above normal; increased levels of ACh were also found in the thoracic nerve cord of roaches and the brains of mice after treatment with TEPP. Sublethal doses of TEPP resulted in transitory depression of ChE activity coinciding with a limited elevation of ACh levels followed by a return to normal; lethal doses resulted in prolonged inactivation of ChE and a corresponding steady increase of ACh to 90% above the normal level. Subsequent partial recovery of ChE activity, observed with lethal doses of TEPP and malathion, coincided with a fall in ACh values to below normal. At death, a portion of the ACh normally bound to tissue components is released and hydrolyzed by ChE. In contrast to the other compounds, DFP reduced the ACh levels in the heads of treated flies. The loss from the heads was associated with an equivalent gain by the rest of the body of DFP-treated flies. The ACh content of whole flies therefore remained constant (at 20% above normal) after treatment with DFP suggesting that this compound, unlike the others examined, interferes with the synthesis of ACh.
THE PRESENCE OF A MITOSIS INHIBITOR IN THE SERUM AND LIVER OF ADULT RATS
Authors: Stich H. F. , Florian M. L.
Published: December 2009

The influence of serum and tissue homogenates on the mitotic rate of regenerating liver was tested. The following fractions were injected into Sprague–Dawley rats 24 hours after partial hepatectomy: (a) serum from normal 290–340 g. rats; (b) serum from rats 24 or 72 hours following partial hepatectomy; (c) liver homogenates from normal 290–340 g. rats; (d) regenerating liver homogenates (24 hours after partial hepatectomy); and, as controls, (e) brain homogenates representing non-mitotic tissues; (f) testes homogenates representing mitotically active tissues. Serum and liver from adult animals inhibit the onset of mitosis. Serum and regenerating liver from partially hepatectomized rats, as well as heterologous tissue, show no retarding effect.The results suggest the presence of an organ-specific inhibitor of mitosis in the serum and liver of adult animals.
PREPARATION OF AN ESTRONE–PROTEIN CONJUGATE
Authors: Goodfriend L. , Sehon A. H.
Published: December 2009

A procedure is described for the preparation of an estrone–protein conjugate. The 17-amino derivative of estrone was prepared and converted by phosgenation to estrone-17-isocyanate. The latter was coupled to rabbit serum albumin. Ultraviolet analysis and determination of free amino groups of both albumin and estrone–albumin conjugate showed that the latter contained about 25 estrone residues per albumin molecule. Electrophoretic analysis provided additional evidence that coupling had occurred at the ε-amino groups of the lysine residues of albumin.
THE DEGRADATION OF CALF THYMUS DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID BY PANCREATIC DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE
Authors: Hurst R. O.
Published: December 2009

The hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acid by pancreatic deoxyribonuclease was studied using high concentrations of enzyme. An increased production of material soluble in uranyl acetate reagent was obtained. Evidence for heterogeneity in the activity of the enzyme is presented.
OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND BLOOD FLOW IN THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND OF THE DOG
Authors: Terroux K. Godwin , Sekelj P. , Burgen A. S. V.
Published: December 2009

The blood flow and oxygen consumption of the submaxillary glands of seven dogs were measured while the glands were at rest and during secretory activity. Serial samples of blood were delivered directly from blood vessels to the cell of a cuvette oximeter, so that during the course of an experiment changes in haemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation of the blood issuing from the submaxillary vein could be followed. A. flowmeter connected with the salivary duct, and recording on a Sanborn Polyviso, gave a continuous record of the rate of saliva flow. The resting blood flow was 0.26 ± 0.11 ml/g min and the resting oxygen consumption, 27 ± 6 μl/g min. During activity there was an approximately linear relationship between the rate of saliva flow and the the extra oxygen consumption. There was poor correlation between oxygen consumption and blood flow. Atropine had little or no effect on resting glands, but depressed both the rate of saliva flow and the extra oxygen consumption associated with it, in doses which had no effect on the vasodilator response to stimulation.
STUDIES ON THE PRESERVATION OF BLOOD: VII. THE INFLUENCE OF INOSINE ON THE METABOLIC BEHAVIOR OF THE ERYTHROCYTE DURING THE PRESERVATION OF BLOOD IN THE COLD
Authors: Rubinstein D. , Kashket S. , Blostein Rhoda , Denstedt O. F.
Published: December 2009

Inosine, like other purine nucleosides when added to preserved blood specimens, induces a resynthesis of organic phosphate esters in the erythrocytes. Apart from the difference in rates of reaction, the metabolic reconstitution of the cells is the same at 37° and 4 °C. The reconstitution of the esters occurs rapidly even at 4 °C, and the higher the concentration of inosine added, the more prolonged is the maintenance of the esters. When inosine was added repeatedly to blood samples during storage, a phase of synthesis was induced with each addition of nucleoside. The capacity of the erythrocytes to resynthesize 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (DPG) remained normal regardless of the storage age of the sample but the capacity to replenish ATP decreased with the duration of storage. Addition of inosine at the end of the third week of cold storage can effect a high degree of restoration of metabolic viability in the cells at 4 °C within 24 hours.
THE EFFECT OF DAMAGE TO VARIOUS PARTS OF THE RENAL TUBULE ON THE EXCRETION OF PHOSPHATE BY THE DOG'S KIDNEY
Authors: Nicholson T. F. , Shepherd G. W.
Published: December 2009

The first third of the proximal tubules of the left kidney in dogs was damaged by the injection of 2.5 mg% potassium dichromate, the last two thirds by the injection of 0.5% sodium tartrate, and the distal tubules by the retrograde injection up the ureter of 0.05% mercuric chloride. Damage to the first third of the proximal tubule resulted in marked increase in phosphate excretion. Damage to the last two thirds of the proximal tubule had no significant effect on the output of phosphate. When the distal tubule was damaged the excretion of phosphate was greatly reduced. The results indicate that phosphate is reabsorbed in the first third of the proximal tubule and actively excreted by the distal tubule.
THE INHIBITION OF BLOOD CLOTTING BY PHOSPHATE ESTERS OF VITAMINS K AND E
Authors: Lowenthal J. , Fisher L. M.
Published: December 2009

Vitamin K1phosphate was incubated with thromboplastin and the mixture used for the determination of the one-stage prothrombin time of human plasma. No change in thromboplastic activity was observed. The thrombin times of an artificial clotting system composed of a 1% fibrinogen solution were prolonged following incubation with vitamin K1phosphate. The inhibitory activity of vitamin K1phosphate, alpha-tocopherol phosphate, and menadiol sodium diphosphate on the one-stage prothrombin and the clotting times of rat and human plasmas was followed. Vitamin K1phosphate and alpha-tocopherol phosphate showed greatest activity while Synkavite showed only slight activity. At low concentrations of the phosphate derivatives the inhibition was found to be a linear function of the log of the prothrombin and clotting time. It is suggested that the phosphorylated derivatives inhibit the clotting process by interfering with the polymerization of fibrin.
ROLE OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS IN MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION
Authors: Petrushka E. , Quastel J. H. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: December 2009

The addition of heated snake venom solutions to suspensions of rat liver, kidney, or brain mitochondria results in an initial stimulation of the rate of respiration, which is approximately the same for a variety of substrates, followed by a rapid decline.The presence of phospholipase A in heated snake venom is demonstrated by the formation of lysolecithin from mitochondrial lecithin. Various phospholipids, when added to mitochondria, have a protective influence against the inhibitory effects of phospholipase of heated venoms on respiration. Clostridium welchii toxin, which contains phospholipase C, has an effect on mitochondrial respiration which is similar to that of venom phospholipase A but the addition of phospholipid has no protective effect.Glutathione exercises a protective action against the inhibitory effects of phospholipase A on rat liver or kidney mitochondrial respiration, the action consisting of a prolongation of the initial stimulated phase of respiration. The effect does not seem to obtain with rat brain mitochondria.Exposure of rat brain cortex slices, but not those of rat kidney or liver, to heated venom results in changes of respiratory rates similar to those obtained with brain mitochondria.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE ASSAY OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
Authors: Hunter J. , Kalant H. , Ogilvie J. C.
Published: December 2009

A reliable, sensitive, and simple technique is described for the assay of antidiuretic hormone in amounts between 25 and 130 μunits. The assay animal is a conscious albino rat weighing between 150 and 250 g. On the day of assay it is tranquillized with an injection of perphenazine. Specially designed cannulae, implanted on the day before the assay, provide unimpaired access to the stomach and bladder, permitting the maintenance of hydration and continuous urine collection without disturbance of the animal. Material to be assayed is injected intravenously. Water load is maintained by manual injection of 0.5-ml quantities of 0.05% NaCl solution at intervals dependent upon the rate of urine production. A useful index for expression of the response is described, which is related to both the intensity and the duration of antidiuresis. Assay of an artificial unknown by this method gave a result within 6% of the true value, and an excellent statistical precision (λ = 0.143).
STUDIES ON AROMATIC ESTERASE AND CHOLINESTERASE OF HUMAN SERUM
Authors: Marton A. , Kalow W.
Published: December 2009

Human serum proteins were separated by electrophoresis on filter paper. Cholinesterase could not be readily eluted from the paper but was demonstrated to be between α2- and β-globulins by a staining method. Aromatic esterase migrated in close relation to albumin and could be eluted by M/15 phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. The esterase activity was demonstrated in the eluates by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, using phenylacetate as a substrate. Versene caused a strong inhibition of aromatic esterase activity in vitro. The activity could be restored by different cations of which Ca++, Cu++, and Mn++were most potent. In 74 persons who were considered as normal controls in regard to the esterases, there was no correlation between cholinesterase and aromatic esterase activity. However, in 25 individuals suffering from cancer and/or liver dysfunction, a significant correlation between the two enzyme activities appeared.
A MODIFIED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF CHYMOTRYPSIN, TRYPSIN, AND THROMBIN
Authors: Hummel Brian C. W.
Published: December 2009

The spectrophotometric procedure proposed by Schwert and Takenaka for the assay of chymotrypsin and trypsin has been modified and extended to include the application to N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and α-p-toluenesulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester. The greater degree of sensitivity and specificity thus achieved permits the determination of traces of chymotrypsin in the presence of relatively large amounts of trypsin and vice versa. A similar spectrophotometric procedure for the assay of thrombin is described.
RESPONSES OF TWO STRAINS OF RATS TO RAPESEED OIL AND CORN OIL
Authors: Beare Joyce L. , Murray T. K. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Wistar and Sprague–Dawley rats were compared in their response to 20% rapeseed oil or corn oil in a basal diet of ground fox cubes. Apparent coefficients of digestibility were significantly lower for rapeseed oil than for corn oil in the Sprague–Dawley, but not in the Wistar rats. After 6 weeks the adrenals of Sprague–Dawley rats were larger in the animals fed rapeseed oil than in those fed corn oil, while the adrenals of Wistar rats were not influenced by the dietary oil. These strain differences explain some discrepancies appearing in the literature concerning the effects of rapeseed oil in the rat.In another experiment, Wistar and Sprague–Dawley rats deprived of vitamin A for 18 days were fed a purified basal diet with 20% rapeseed oil or corn oil and dosed with 75 or 150 I.U. of vitamin A per day. After 14 days there was no significant effect of the strain of rat or the type of dietary oil on the liver storage of vitamin A. The rate of depletion of vitamin A from the liver following a single dose of 1200 I.U. of vitamin A was also studied and indicated no significant difference attributable to the dietary oils.
INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROL BIOSYNTHESIS BY A MITOCHONDRIAL EXTRACT
Authors: Migicovsky B. B.
Published: December 2009

Cholesterol biosynthesis was effectively inhibited by an extract of mitochondria disrupted with sonic oscillations. The inhibitory effect occurred both in vivo and in vitro. The inhibitor substance was heat-labile, and could be prepared from mitochondria from livers of normal or starved rats. The inhibition appeared to be of the competitive type. The locus of the inhibition in the chain of reactions from acetate to cholesterol appeared to be between acetoacetate and mevalonate. It is suggested that the inhibitor substance present in the mitochondrion represents, in part, the homeostatic mechanism that controls cholesterol synthesis by the liver.
BLOCKADE OF SOME CARDIAC ACTIONS OF ADRENALINE BY DICHLOROISOPROTERENOL
Authors: Dresel Peter E.
Published: December 2009

Dichloroisoproterenol (DCI) has been found to produce a competitive blockade of the positive inotropic action of adrenaline on cat papillary muscles. The effect of adrenaline on electrical excitability of this preparation also is blocked. DCI itself has been shown to have considerable adrenaline-like activity, increasing the strength of contraction and decreasing the threshold of electrical excitability. The positive chronotropic and arrhythmia-inducing effects of adrenaline have been shown to be blocked in the whole animal.
OXIDATION OF SULPHYDRYL GROUPS IN DENATURED EGG ALBUMIN
Authors: Tsen C. C. , Tappel A. L.
Published: December 2009

The oxidation of dry denatured egg albumin and dry myosin by molecular oxygen indicates that the direct oxidation of dry proteins containing free sulphydryl groups is a general reaction. Cupric ion was the most effective catalyst for the oxidation of denatured egg albumin in solution. The rate of the oxidation was measured as a function of cupric ion concentration, pH, and temperature. Since the catalytic oxidations of denatured egg albumin, glutathione, and cysteine have very similar activation energies, the mechanism of copper-catalyzed sulphydryl oxidation may be the same for the three compounds. Under the conditions studied, only sulphydryl groups of denatured egg albumin were oxidized. The oxidation of these groups proceeded beyond the disulphide stage.
THE INDUCTION OF METHEMOGLOBINEMIA AS AN ADJUNCT TO THERAPY FOR TABUN POISONING
Authors: Coleman I. W. , Little P. E. , Grant G. A.
Published: December 2009

The protective and therapeutic effectiveness of p-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) against tabun poisoning in the rat has been examined. The relationship between dosage of PAPP and percentage of methaemoglobin in the blood of the rat has been determined.Treatment of rats with PAPP both alone and in conjunction with atropine gave no evidence of protection against tabun poisoning. In combination with oxime treatment, PAPP improved protection against the use of monoisonitrosoacetone (MINA) by a factor of 4, but was less effective with diacetylmonoxime (DAM) and N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate (P-2-S). The highest net protection from oxime and PAPP therapy was obtained with two members of the bisquaternary pyridinium-4-aldoxime alkanes, one member of which in the presence of PAPP protected rats from 23 LD50's of tabun.
LOSS OF WEIGHT AND LIPID SHIFTS IN ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF TUMOR-BEARING RATS IN RELATION TO TUMOR SIZE
Authors: Boyd Carl E. , Boyd Eldon M. , Deyette Audrey A.
Published: December 2009

The objective of this project was to find to what extent loss of weight in the digestive tract might affect tumor size and age in albino rats bearing Walker carcinosarcoma 256. Wet weight, dry weight, and water content were measured upon tongue, esophagus, cardiac stomach, pyloric stomach, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, and residual carcass (minus tumor). The animals bore tumors weighing 12 ± 6 (mean ± S.D.) % of host (minus tumor) weight after 18 ± 6 days of tumor growth (group I), 38 ± 12% after 24 ± 6 days (group II), and 93 ± 26% after 29 ± 5 days (group III) and controls were twins of the same sex. There were few significant changes in the animals of group I. In group II, there was loss of dry weight in all organs except pyloric stomach, losses being percentagewise the same as in residual carcass. Loss of dry weight of jejunum and ileum was less in rats of group III than in those of group II. In group III, loss of weight in other organs tended to be less than in residual carcass. Loss of dry weight in residual carcass was not significantly greater in the animals of group III than in those of group II. Water levels were increased in all organs of rats in groups II and III. This evidence indicates that rats of group III may have lived longer after tumor implantation, lost no more carcass weight, and bore larger tumors because they had lost weight in the small bowel at a lesser rate than had the rats of group II.Further studies revealed that lipid shifts were in general less marked in organs which had lost the least weight. In animals bearing large tumors, percentage loss of neutral fat was less in most organs of the digestive tract than in the residual carcass. Increases in the levels of cholesterol and phospholipid were less in pyloric stomach and small bowel than in other organs of the digestive tract. Shifts in the amount of nonlipid dry weight and in levels of lipids and water were in general less in pyloric stomach and small bowel than in other organs of the body. In these respects, pyloric stomach and small bowel resembled brain, heart, and lung. It is suggested that resistance of pyloric stomach and small bowel to the cachectic influence of the tumor may be a factor determining tumor size and length of survival of the host.
HYPOGLYCEMIC DRUGS AND THE DEXTRAN 'ANAPHYLACTOID' INFLAMMATION
Authors: Adamkiewicz V. W. , Fitko R. J. , Fortier A. A.
Published: December 2009

Tolbutamide (Orinase) (260 mg/kg s.c), a hypoglycemic drug of the sulphonylurea class, sensitizes the normal rat (135–185 g) towards the 'anaphylactoid' inflammation induced by the administration of dextran (1 ml 6% w/v solution in saline s.c. per rat). However, the drug does not sensitize the alloxan diabetic rat towards this inflammation, nor does it alleviate the classical signs of alloxan diabetes. It is suggested that the sensitization of normal rats towards dextran by tolbutamide is mediated through insulin.
EFFECTS OF ANAEROBIOSIS ON THE RATES OF MULTIPLICATION OF MAMMALIAN CELLS CULTURED IN VITRO
Authors: Dales Samuel
Published: December 2009

To test the effects of anaerobiosis on the rate of multiplication and carbohydrate metabolism of mammalian cells in vitro, cultures of a 'permanent' line, Earle's L strain cells, and of freshly explanted embryonic mouse cells were propagated in the presence and absence of oxygen. Contrary to the findings of several other investigators, our results show that the multiplication of both cell types was depressed by anaerobiosis. Anaerobiosis for at least 7 days, did not, however, bring about unbalanced growth in L cells, nor did it affect their capability to divide rapidly soon after they were returned to aerobic conditions. From the rates of glucose utilization, lactic acid production, and cell multiplication it was estimated that the rate of division in the two cell types studied was proportional to the energy which could be released from either glycolysis or complete oxidation of glucose.
EFFECTS OF INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS OF THE ANTICOAGULANT FRACTION OF INCUBATED FIBRINOGEN ON BLOOD COAGULATION
Authors: Triantaphyllopoulos D. C.
Published: December 2009

AFIF (Anticoagulant Fraction of Incubated Fibrinogen precipitated between 25 and 50% ammonium sulphate saturation) prepared from Armour's incubated bovine fibrinogen was injected in a dosage of 46–106 mg (mean: 66.5 mg) tyrosine per kilogram body weight in the external jugular vein of 10 rabbits. Blood samples were withdrawn at [Formula: see text]- or 1-hour intervals until the aspirated blood began showing signs of coagulation. The anticoagulant effect was manifested immediately and lasted for [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] hours in the animal. Although the blood aspirated during this time remained unclotted even after 24 hours, the surgical wound in the neck of the animal did not bleed and autopsies revealed no sign of internal haemorrhage. The bleeding time, however, was found prolonged when tested by cutting the marginal vein of the ear. The level of the coagulation factors was determined both in oxalated specimens and in specimens with no anticoagulant added. Both kinds of sample showed: (1) clottable fibrinogen content normal, thus excluding fibrinolysis as the cause of the anticoagulant effect; (2) thrombin clotting time of infinity; (3) one-stage prothrombin time longer than 60 seconds; (4) no correction of the infinite thrombin clotting time of oxalated specimens following the addition of 0.25 mg protamine per ml. This makes unlikely any appreciable release of heparin by the animal. However, oxalated and non-oxalated specimens differed in the following respects: (1) prothrombin time determined after adsorption and mixing of the eluate with adsorbed plasma was found to be normal for the oxalated blood but variably increased for the non-oxalated specimen (10–34.5 seconds); (2) the plasma precursors of plasma thromboplastin were normal in oxalated but very low in native specimens. The serum precursors of plasma thromboplastin were normal.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: XIV. BIOASSIMILATION OF L-ERYTHRULOSE INTO 4-O-β-D-MANNOPYRANOSYL-D-ERYTHRITOL
Authors: Gorin P. A. J. , Haskins R. H. , Spencer J. F. T.
Published: December 2009

L-Erythrulose-1-C14 and -4-C14 were used as precursors in the biosynthesis of 4-O-β-D-mannopyranosyl-D-erythritol. The ketose was utilized efficiently and the C14 distribution pattern in the product indicated that the 4-carbon fragment was transferred intact to C-3, C-4, C-5, and C-6 of the mannose moiety and was also reduced intact to the erythritol portion.A method for the degradation of D-mannose for determination of the C14 distribution in the molecule is described.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TOCOPHEROL AGAINST HEMOLYSIS OF RAT ERYTHROCYTES BY DIALURIC ACID
Authors: Tsen C. C. , Collier H. B.
Published: December 2009

Erythrocytes from rats on tocopherol-deficient and tocopherol-supplemented diets gave similar low values for lipid peroxides by the thiobarbituric acid test. Treatment of the cells from tocopherol-deficient rats with dialuric acid caused a marked increase in lipid peroxides and this closely paralleled the degree of hemolysis. Shaking of the red cells from tocopherol-deficient animals in an atmosphere of oxygen also resulted in a slow lipid peroxidation which again paralleled the degree of hemolysis. Addition of α-tocopherol to a suspension of erythrocytes from tocopherol-deficient rats decreased or completely prevented (depending upon concentration) hemolysis by dialuric acid and also decreased lipid peroxide formation.It is concluded that dialuric acid probably acts by catalyzing the formation of lipid peroxides in the unsaturated lipids of the membrane of erythrocytes from tocopherol-deficient animals. Tocopherol presumably inhibits peroxide formation, and therefore hemolysis, by virtue of its antioxidant action.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GLUTATHIONE CONTENT OF RAT ERYTHROCYTES AND THEIR HEMOLYSIS BY VARIOUS AGENTS IN VITRO
Authors: Tsen C. C. , Collier H. B.
Published: December 2009

Erythrocytes from rats on tocopherol-deficient diets are susceptible to hemolysis by dialuric acid or by shaking in an atmosphere of oxygen, whereas the erythrocytes from rats on tocopherol-supplemented diets are relatively insusceptible. The erythrocytes from the tocopherol-deficient and tocopherol-supplemented rats initially showed identical levels of free glutathione as determined by the alloxan "305" method; treatment with dialuric acid or exposure to oxygen reduced the glutathione levels in both groups of cells, yet in no case did the extent of hemolysis parallel the decrease in glutathione.Treatment of rat erythrocytes with selenite or iodoacetate or N-ethylmaleimide decreased the glutathione content of the cells to very low levels, yet there was little hemolysis. Silver nitrate, mercuric chloride, or p-chloromercuribenzoate, on the other hand, could cause complete hemolysis with little or no decrease in the levels of erythrocyte free glutathione. There were no significant differences between the erythrocytes from tocopherol-deficient and tocopherol-supplemented animals in these experiments.It is concluded that the susceptibility to hemolysis, under our experimental conditions, is not related to the level of erythrocyte glutathione. The heavy-metal sulphydryl reagents probably cause hemolysis by a direct action upon the erythrocyte membrane.
EFFECT OF AN ANTICHOLINESTERASE ON THE CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM IN INSECT EGGS
Authors: Mehrotra K. N.
Published: December 2009

Eggs of the housefly and milkweed bug treated at an early stage of development with a lethal dose of parathion continue to develop normally, but the embryo fails to emerge. Histological examination of the treated eggs showed that the development of the embryo, particularly the nervous system, was not affected. However, the activity of cholinesterase (ChE) was inhibited. Concomitant with inhibition of ChE, increased amounts of acetylcholine were found. These findings are similar to those found in adult insects treated with other organophosphorus insecticides.
PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF POLYSTYRENE–ANTIGEN CONJUGATES FOR THE ISOLATION OF ANTIBODIES
Authors: Gyenes L. , Sehon A. H.
Published: December 2009

Antigenically specific adsorbents were prepared by coupling soluble protein antigens to a polystyrene-supporting medium by azo bonds. These immunosorbents were shown to combine specifically with homologous precipitating rabbit antibodies. Elution of precipitating antibodies from the immunosorbents was achieved by dissociation with hydrochloric acid at pH 3. Under optimal conditions 35% of the antibodies removed from the antisera were recovered with a purity of over 80%. Electrophoretic analyses showed that precipitating rabbit antibodies were localized primarily in the region of gamma-globulins. The heterogeneity of the antigen–antibody systems studied was demonstrated by a combination of immunochemical, physicochemical, and radioactive tracer methods.
THE USE OF POLYSTYRENE–ALLERGEN CONJUGATES FOR THE REMOVAL OF ANTIBODIES FROM SERA OF ALLERGIC INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Gyenes L. , Sehon A. H.
Published: December 2009

Polystyrene–ragweed conjugates were shown to remove specifically antibodies from sera of individuals allergic to ragweed. This observation is considered evidence that firm combination occurs in vitro between allergic antibodies and the homologous allergens. Comparative analyses of allergic sera before and after exposure to immunosorbents indicated that complete removal of skin-sensitizing, blocking, and hemagglutinating antibodies did not result in a measurable decrease in protein concentration, thus demonstrating that these factors are present only in minute amounts.Attempts to eîute allergic antibodies from the homologous immunosorbents under various experimental conditions did not lead to their recovery in significant yields; these antibodies could be recovered in small amounts by dissociation with hydrochloric acid at pH 3.
THROMBOCYTOPENIA IN THE EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF HEMORRHAGIC DEATH BY MULTIPLE FACTORS
Authors: Calaresu F. R. , Jaques L. B.
Published: December 2009

Three experimental conditions were established in rats either singly or in combination: (a) thrombocytopenia by the intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of radioactive phosphorus, 4 μc/g of body weight, (b) prothrombopenia by the oral administration of dicumarol, 2 mg/100 g of body weight per day for 7 days, (c) stress by the intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of 10% NaCl, 2.5 ml/100 g of body weight. The response to the treatment was measured by the level of circulating platelets and the prothrombin time. The cause of death was assessed by gross and, occasionally, histological examination of the organs of the animals that had died within 15 days of the injection of the radioactive phosphorus.The percentage mortality from spontaneous hemorrhage when thrombocytopenia was combined with either hypocoagulability or stress was very much greater than the mortality resulting from a single treatment, or from a simple additive effect (P «0.01). Mortality due to hemorrhage was thrombocytopenia, 20%; P32 without thrombocytopenia, 0% (also together with dicumarol and with stress); dicumarol, 16%; stress, 0%; thrombocytopenia and dicumarol, 81%; thrombocytopenia and stress, 67%; controls, 0%. These results provide additional support for the hypothesis of spontaneous hemorrhage being caused by multiple factors acting simultaneously.
THE PULSE RATE AS A MEANS OF MEASURING METABOLIC RATE IN MAN
Authors: Booyens J. , Hervey G. R.
Published: December 2009

The possibility of using the pulse rate as a means of measuring metabolic rate in man has been investigated. The relation between pulse rate and metabolic rate was initially established for six subjects by a standard technique over the range of activity from lying still to moderate exertion. The reliability of the relation was tested by repetition of the measurements, and, in the range of muscular exercise, by comparing values for metabolic rate computed from the pulse rate with measured values. While a subject is lying, sitting, and standing still the pulse rate is too variable to be useful for measuring metabolic rate. During muscular work, however, there is a consistent relation and, with certain qualifications, this can provide a practical method of measuring metabolic rate.
ACETYLCHOLINE IN PERIPLANETA AMERICANA L.: IV. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ESTERASE INHIBITION IN INTOXICATION, ACETYLCHOLINE LEVELS, AND NERVOUS CONDUCTION
Authors: Colhoun E. H.
Published: December 2009

Inhibition of ali-esterase (ALiE) of roaches by injections of tri-ortho-cresyl phosphate (TOCP) did not result in organophosphorus intoxication. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was not inhibited. Topical application of either tetraethylpyrophosphate (TEPP) or O,O-diethyl O-p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate (parathion) to roaches treated with TOCP resulted in poisoning, inhibition of AChE, increases in the amount of acetylcholine (ACh), and disturbances in electrical nervous activity. Similar results were found for roaches treated only with either TEPP or parathion, but prostration was achieved more quickly in roaches first treated with TOCP, suggesting that TOCP treatment potentiated TEPP and parathion poisoning. Studies of electrical nervous activity in roaches showed that nervous conduction was not interfered with by ALiE inhibition. Synaptic nervous transmission was disrupted by inhibition of AChE with TEPP. Axonic nervous transmission was unimpaired although AChE was found to be inhibited.
EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE AND GONADOTROPHIN INJECTIONS ON THE SEX ORGAN DEVELOPMENT OF ZINC-DEFICIENT MALE RATS
Authors: Millar M. J. , Elcoate P. V. , Fischer M. J. , Mawson C. A.
Published: December 2009

Zinc-deficient rats, receiving a diet low in zinc (0.5 μg zinc/g), were injected subcutaneously with testosterone propionate or gonadotrophins for periods of 13 to 28 days.The hormone injections in every case caused marked growth of accessory sex organs of zinc-deficient rats. The zinc concentrations of the large hormone-stimulated dorsolateral prostate glands were very low and similar to those of glands in untreated zinc-deficient rats. Testosterone propionate did not alter the testicular atrophy which had occurred before treatment. Gonadotrophin increased the rate of growth and possibly the rate of maturation of testes that were immature prior to treatment. When the testes had matured and were producing sperm before treatment, the tubular atrophy that is typical of zinc deficiency developed in spite of the injected gonadotrophins.Testicular atrophy in zinc-deficient rats is probably due specifically to an inadequate supply of zinc to the testis. The availability of sufficient zinc for incorporation of high concentrations into sperm seems to be essential for the maintenance of spermatogenesis and the survival of the germinal epithelium. On the other hand, the reduction in rate of growth and development of immature testes and of all accessory sex organs in zinc-deficient rats is due mainly to an inhibition of pituitary gonadotrophin output.
URINARY EXCRETION OF ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE IN NORMAL AND COLD-ADAPTED ANIMALS
Authors: LeBlanc J. A. , Nadeau Guy
Published: December 2009

The urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in normal and cold-adapted rats was investigated. The level of noradrenaline was found to be 15 times higher than that of adrenaline in both normal and cold-adapted animals. A fivefold increase of these two amines was observed in animals adapted to cold. A study in adrenalectomized rats indicated that this increased excretion of adrenaline in cold-adapted animals originated from the adrenals, whereas the increase in noradrenaline would have been secreted outside these glands.
POSSIBLE ROLE OF INCREASED SENSITIVITY TO ADRENAL STEROIDS IN ADRENAL-REGENERATION HYPERTENSION
Authors: Chappel C. I. , Rona G. , Browne J. S. L.
Published: December 2009

The administration of maintenance doses of dl-aldosterone, 3 μg/day, and corticosterone 220 μg/day to rats which were unilaterally nephrectomized, bilaterally adrenalectomized, and given 1% saline to drink failed to cause the development of hypertension or the cardiovascular and renal lesions typical of adrenal-regeneration hypertension. The results were the same whether the steroids were administered on the day of operation or after a 7-day period of adrenal deficiency. When given to rats developing adrenal-regeneration hypertension the same doses of steroids increased the severity of this syndrome.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON TOFRANIL
Authors: Abadom P. N. , Ahmed K. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: December 2009

Tofranil inhibits the respiratory activity of rat brain cortex slices incubated in a glucose-containing medium. It also inhibits the uptake and incorporation of glycine-1-C14at concentrations which have only a slight inhibitory effect on the respiration of slices. Tofranil also inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in both rat liver and rat brain mitochondria but at higher concentrations respiration is greatly affected. Tofranil differs quantitatively from chlorpromazine in its greater inhibitory effect on the ATP–Pi32exchange reaction and its lesser effect on the cytochrome c oxidase activity of rat liver mitochondria.
SPINAL CORD INFLUENCES ON FORELIMB MOVEMENTS INDUCED FROM THE RETICULAR FORMATION IN THE CAT
Authors: Colonnier M.
Published: December 2009

Ten adult cats were stimulated with monophasic square waves through bipolar electrodes chronically implanted within the reticular formation of the midbrain, at 500 and 50 c.p.s. In six of these, the stimulations were repeated after postbrachial section of the spinal cord. Forelimb movements obtained in the intact animals consisted mainly of flexion of the shoulder and elbow with extension of the wrist and toes in the ipsilateral forelimb, and extension of the elbow, wrist, and toes with abduction and a flexed or extended shoulder in the contralateral forelimb. Movements obtained at the two frequencies were occasionally different: 500 c.p.s. seem to favor flexion; 50 c.p.s., extension. Postbrachial sections of the spinal cord favored flexion of the extended elbows in both forelimbs, most often the contralateral, and extension of the flexed shoulder in the contralateral forelimb. These results show that the forelimb movements obtained by stimulation of the reticular formation of the midbrain are, at least in part, dependent upon the intersegmental spinal cord organization. Extension of the contralateral elbow seems to be particularly dependent upon pathways arising from cord levels below T4.
ACETYLCHOLINE METABOLISM OF A SYMPATHETIC GANGLION
Authors: Birks R. , MacIntosh F. C.
Published: December 2009

The synthesis, storage, and release of acetylcholine (ACh) were studied in perfused and intact superior cervical ganglia of cats. ACh was determined by bio-assay in ganglion extracts and in the venous effluent from ganglia perfused with fluid containing an anticholinesterase drug. Of the extractable ACh in a normal ganglion, about 85% is "depot ACh" available for release by nerve impulses. This must be located in the nerve endings; most of the remainder is in the intraganglionic portions of the preganglionic axons. The depot ACh exists as two fractions, of which one, the smaller, is the more readily available for release by nerve impulses. ACh synthesis and release go on at a measurable low rate in the absence of nerve impulses; both are greatly accelerated by activity. Under physiological conditions of excitation and perfusion, ACh release does not outrun ACh synthesis; but synthesis is slowed, with consequent depletion of depot ACh and reduction in ACh release, if choline is absent from the extracellular fluid, or if the hemicholinium base HC-3 is present. The latter compound specifically inhibits ACh synthesis by competing with choline; as a result it produces delayed block in repetitively activated cholinergic pathways. For efficient synthesis of ACh during experiments lasting an hour or so, a ganglion need be supplied with no substances other than choline and the constituents of Locke's solution; for the efficient release of ACh, the perfusion fluid must also contain CO2and an unidentified factor present in plasma. ACh accumulates above the resting level in a ganglion whose cholinesterase has been inactivated, provided that the perfusing fluid is one that supports ACh synthesis; the additional ACh is not immediately available for release by nerve impulses. Under physiological conditions of perfusion the amount of ACh set free by each maximal preganglionic volley is highest in a ganglion that has been at rest, and is then independent of stimulation frequency; after repetitive activation for several minutes the volley output is lower and is only frequency-independent at rates of excitation below 20/second. Consideration is given to the probable intracellular locations of the several fractions of the ganglionic ACh, and to their interrelationship.
DEVELOPMENT OF OIL IN THE SEED OF ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA L.
Authors: Hopkins C. Y. , Chisholm Mary J.
Published: December 2009

Seed of Asclepias syriaca L. was gathered at intervals during the growing season. Analyses of the seed, the oil, and the fatty acids were made, the latter by gas chromatography. About 75% of the total oil was formed in the first 5 weeks after flowering and the remaining 25% over the final 7 weeks. There was a sudden change in fatty acid composition at a middle stage of development, resulting in a fall in the percentage of hexadecenoic and octadecenoic acids and a rise in linoleic acid. Thereafter the changes were small except that linoleic showed a further increase in proportion to the total fatty acids.The weight of individual fatty acids per 1000 seeds was calculated at each stage of development. Corresponding to the change in percentage composition, there was a sharp increase in the weight of linoleic acid per 1000 seeds and an actual decrease in the weight of hexadecenoic and octadecenoic acids, between the 5th and 7th week after flowering. Between the 7th week and maturity, linoleic acid increased considerably, hexadecenoic and octadecenoic acids increased slightly, and the others remained unchanged in amount. There was a net loss of hexadecenoic acid from the 5th week to maturity. It is postulated that 9-hexadecenoic acid was converted in the seed to 11-octadecenoic acid and that oleic acid was converted to linoleic acid.
NOTES ON THE APPLICATION OF THE HERSCH GALVANIC OXYGEN CELL TO MEASUREMENT OF BLOOD OXYGEN CONTENT AND TENSION
Authors: Bates D. V. , Harkness E. V.
Published: December 2009

A number of galvanic oxygen cells have been built to the design of Hersch (1). Factors influencing the sensitivity of this type of cell to oxygen have been studied, and the potentialities of the cells in the analysis of small gas samples have been explored. With the cell used in the manner described, analysis of 105 samples of air of an average volume of 0.001 ml showed the standard deviation of the percentage of oxygen to be 0.9%. The mean oxygen percentage of these samples was correct at 20.8%. These cells were found to be suitable for the analysis of the oxygen contained in very small blood samples, and the method described probably offers the most precise technique there is for the determination of the oxygen saturation of 0.002 ml of blood. By bubble equilibration techniques, the cell may also be used to determine the oxygen tension of blood samples in the range 0–200 mm Hg.
TERMINAL AMINO ACIDS OF EGG YOLK LIPOPROTEINS
Authors: Neelin J. M. , Cook W. H.
Published: December 2009

The N-terminal amino acids of the two lipovitellins and lipovitellenin of egg yolk have been determined. α-Lipovitellin and β-lipovitellin were separated by chromatography on hydroxyapatite but the lipovitellenin in the low-density fraction did not yield stable and reproducible chromatographic components. The major N-terminal amino acids recovered as dinitrophenyl derivatives from all three fractions were arginine and lysine. Further purification removed several minor components, but tyrosine and serine remained in vitellin, and alanine and serine in vitellenin. The principal C-terminal amino acid of vitellenin was glutamic acid. Arginine appeared to be the chief N-terminal residue but difficulty in purifying the water-soluble dinitrophenyl-amino acids led to highly variable yields; thus the total calculated amounts of terminal amino acids ranged from 9 to 35 micromoles per gram of protein. At least two polypeptide chains are indicated, with an average molecular weight less than the size of the total protein moiety of the parent lipoprotein. This is consistent with reported physical measurements in formic acid. The three lipoprotein fractions are indistinguishable on the basis of their terminal amino acids.
THE EFFICIENCY OF THE RESPIRATORY MUSCLES IN OBESITY
Authors: Cherniack Reuben M. , Guenter Clarence A.
Published: December 2009

The work done to overcome the elastic resistance and the efficiency of the respiratory muscles were determined in normal and obese subjects. The work done was no greater in the obese subjects, but the efficiency of the muscles was low. These findings suggest that the high oxygen cost of breathing in obesity is due to inefficient respiratory muscles rather than to an increased amount of work required to overcome elastic resistance. When an extrapulmonary elastic resistance was applied to the normal subjects, the compliance of the chest wall and the efficiency of the respiratory muscles fell to the level of that in the obese. This suggests that the inefficiency of the respiratory muscles of obese individuals may have been due to the reduced chest wall compliance or to the lower lung volume at which ventilation took place.