bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supervised classification and tunnel vision
Authors: Hand David J.
Published: March 2005

In recent decades many highly sophisticated methods have been developed for supervised classification. These developments involve complex models requiring complicated iterative parameter estimation schemes, and can achieve unprecedented performance in terms of misclassification rate. However, in focusing efforts on the single performance criterion of misclassification rate, researchers have abstracted the problem beyond the bounds of practical usefulness, to the extent that the supposed performance improvements are irrelevant in comparison with other factors influencing performance. Examples of such factors are given. An illustration is provided of a new method which, for the particular problem of credit scoring, improves a relevant measure of classification performance while maintaining interpretability. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pericardiocentesis ending in the superior vena cava
Authors: Dabbah Salim , Fischer Doron , Markiewicz Walter
Published: March 2005

Pericardiocentesis is associated with a wide range of complications. We describe a pericardiocentesis attempt ending in the superior vena cava through the route of liver parenchyma, hepatic vein, inferior vena cava, and right atrium. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:492–494. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of frame selection on quantitative coronary angiographic analysis after coronary stenting
Authors: Fischell Tim A. , Maheshwari Alok , Mirza Rubina A. , Haller Scott , Carter Andrew J. , Popma Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2005

This study examined the impact of frame selection on the results of quantitative coronary angiographic analysis (QCA). Thirty‐nine patients who had stent implantation and a follow‐up angiogram 5–7 months later were studied using the CMS Medis QCA system. The acute and follow‐up films (n = 39) were read in three different ways to assess the impact of frame selection: frame chosen making the stent appear least narrowed (best); frame chosen making the stent appear most narrowed (worst); and measurement from the mean value from three consecutive end‐diastolic frames (core). We measured the mean percent diameter stenosis immediately postintervention and at follow‐up, the binary restenosis rate, and the late lumen loss (mm). There was a statistically significant difference in all of these variables when comparing the three methods of frame selection (best vs. worst, P values < 0.001; best or worst vs. core, P values < 0.01). This study demonstrates a marked variability in the results obtained using QCA to measure the acute and late coronary stent outcomes when operators have the ability to select which frame to analyze (frame bias). Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2005;64:460–467. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of SRY proteins in both normal and sex‐reversed XY fetal mouse gonads
Authors: Taketo Teruko , Lee Chung‐Hae , Zhang Jianqing , Li Yunmin , Lee Chi‐Yu Gregory , Lau Yun‐Fai Chris
Published: March 2005

Sry, a single‐copy gene on the Y‐chromosome, acts dominantly to trigger differentiation of a testis from a gonadal primordium that otherwise develops into an ovary in mammals. Sry encodes a protein with a DNA‐binding domain and probably acts as a transcription factor. However, the mode of SRY action in testis determination remains largely unknown. In the present study, we detected the endogenous SRY protein in normal XY fetal mouse gonads by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The tissue‐specificity and ontogeny of the detected protein were consistent with those of Sry transcripts. Immunofluorescent double labeling revealed that the SRY protein was detected in the Sertoli cell lineage and was swiftly down‐regulated concurrently with testis cord organization. Surprisingly, however, the SRY protein was detected in the entire gonad from the onset of its expression, not in parallel to the spatiotemporal pattern of testis cord organization. The SRY protein was also detected in the entire region of all B6.YTIR fetal gonads, which were anticipated to undergo either partial or complete sex reversal. SRY down‐regulation was considerably delayed, compared with control B6.XY gonads and was not associated with testis cord organization in B6.YTIR gonads. We conclude that the testis‐determining pathway is impaired at the site of SRY action in the B6.YTIR gonad. Developmental Dynamics 233:612–622, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solution, Structural and Catalytic Studies of Neutral MCl2 (M = Pd, Pt) Complexes of the N/E Mixed‐Donor Ligands 2‐(RECH2)C5H4N(RE = MeS, PhS, MeSe)
Authors: Jones Roderick C. , Madden Rachael L. , Skelton Brian W. , Tolhurst Vicki‐Anne , White Allan H. , Williams Alan M. , Wilson Adele J. , Yates Brian F.
Published: March 2005

The reaction of MCl2 (M = Pd, Pt) with one mole‐equivalent of L [L = 2‐(MeSCH2)C5H4N (L1), 2‐(PhSCH2)C5H4N (L2), 2‐(MeSeCH2)C5H4N (L3)] in MeCN gave the monomeric complexes [MCl2L] in good yields. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies of [MCl2L2] confirmed the complexes to be monomeric with square‐planar geometry about the metal centre. Variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy showed that the complexes undergo fluxional processes in solution, which were confirmed, by DFT calculations, to be (E)‐pyramidal inversion at the chalcogen centre rather than ring‐flip or (E)‐dissociation processes. The calculations showed that the barrier to inversion increases in the order S<Se<Te. All complexes were characterised using 1H NMR, UV/Vis and IR spectroscopy and microanalysis. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of New RuII‐dmso Precursors with Face‐Capping Ligands for Use in Self‐Assembly Reactions
Authors: Iengo Elisabetta , Zangrando Ennio , Baiutti Edi , Munini Fabio , Alessio Enzo
Published: March 2005

The aim of this work is the preparation of new, easy‐to‐make, octahedral RuII precursors with facial geometry to be used in self‐assembly reactions. We chose dmso as a leaving group and 1,4,7‐trithiacyclononane ([9]aneS3), tris(pyrazolyl)methane [CH(pz)3, pz = pyrazol‐1‐yl], or triphos [CH3C(CH2‐PPh2)3] as the face‐capping ligand (fcl). We describe here the preparation and structural characterization of three new dicationic RuII complexes (as triflate salts) of the type fac‐[Ru(fcl)(solv)3]2+, namely fac‐[Ru([9]aneS3)(dmso‐O)(dmso‐S)2]2+ (3b), which equilibrates in solution with the linkage isomer fac‐[Ru([9]aneS3)(dmso‐O)2(dmso‐S)]2+ (3a), fac‐[Ru{CH(pz)3}(dmso‐O)(dmso‐S)2]2+ (7), and fac‐[Ru(triphos)‐(dmso‐O)2(H2O)]2+ (9). In all cases the preferred synthetic procedure involved coordination of the face‐capping ligand to cis‐[RuCl2(dmso)4] first, followed by replacement of the chlorides with dmso (or water) molecules assisted by addition of AgCF3SO3 (AgOTf). NMR investigations showed that hydrolysis of the dmso ligands occurs very easily for 3 in water and for 9 in chloroform, while for complex 7 only the O‐bound dmso ligand is replaced in water. In the course of this work, the following complexes were also isolated and structurally characterized: fac‐[Ru([9]aneS3)Cl(dmso‐S)2][OTf] (2), trans,cis,cis‐[RuCl2(dmso‐S)2{CH(pz)2(pz)}] (4), trans,cis,cis‐[RuCl2(dmso‐S)2(pzH)2] (5), fac‐[Ru{CH(pz)3}Cl2(dmso‐S)] (6), fac‐[Ru([9]aneS3)(py)3][OTf]2 (11), fac‐[Ru([9]aneS3)(py)2‐(CH3CN)][OTf]2 (13), and fac‐[Ru([9]aneS3O)(dmso‐O)2‐(dmso‐S)][OTf]2 ([9]aneS3O = 1,4,7‐trithiacyclononane 1‐oxide); in 4 the tripodal tris(pyrazolyl)methane acts as a bidentate ligand. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Incorporation of Aluminium and Iron into the Zeolite MCM‐58
Authors: Košová Gabriela , Ernst Stefan , Hartmann Martin , Čejka Jiří
Published: March 2005

The hydrothermal synthesis of zeolite MCM‐58 is investigated with N‐benzylquinuclidinium bromide as a structure‐directing agent in order to isomorphously substitute aluminium or iron for silicon. Al‐MCM‐58 was synthesised in a wide range of nSi/nAl ratios (from 19 to 56), and Fe‐MCM‐58 was successfully prepared in a narrower range of nSi/nFe ratios (from 18 to 36). The obtained products were characterised by XRD, SEM, 27Al MAS NMR, 29Si MAS NMR, FTIR, and ESR spectroscopy. Two different calcination procedures, viz. in a stream of nitrogen and air or in a stream of ammonia, were used in order to modify the acid sites in the zeolite. FTIR spectroscopy before and after the adsorption of [D3]acetonitrile and pyridine was employed to determine the concentration and type of the acid sites. The acid forms of Al(Fe)‐MCM‐58 are characterised by the vibrations of bridging Si–OH–Al(Fe) groups at 3628 cm–1 and 3564 cm–1 (Al‐MCM‐58) or 3646 cm–1 and 3520 cm–1 (Fe‐MCM‐58). The acid sites of both zeolites Al‐MCM‐58 and Fe‐MCM‐58 are accessible for [D3]acetonitrile and pyridine, and all materials contain substantial numbers of Lewis sites (Al‐MCM‐58: 50 % of the total acid sites; Fe‐MCM‐58: 90 %) over the whole range of nSi/nAl (nSi/nFe) ratios studied. Only a small increase in the concentration of Brønsted acid sites was achieved after calcination of the as‐synthesised samples in a flow of ammonia. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Novel Mercury Phosphanylamides
Authors: Cole Marcus L. , Deacon Glen B. , Junk, Peter C. , Konstas Kristina , Roesky Peter W.
Published: March 2005

The reactions of bis(pentafluorophenyl)mercury, bis(diphenylphosphanyl)amine and neodymium or erbium metal in toluene yielded the subvalent mercury(1.33) complex [Hg3{μ2‐(Ph2P)2N}4]·3 C7H8 (1·3 C7H8) as a toluene solvate. Thecomplex was also prepared in high yield from Hg(C6F5)2, (PPh2)2NH and mercury metal in toluene at room temperature. From reaction of Hg(C6F5)2 and HN(PPh2)2 in toluene with no added metal, [Hg2{μ2‐(Ph2P)2N}2{(Ph2P)(OPPh2)N}2]·2 C7H8 (3·2 C7H8) has been obtained, and 3·2 C4H10O2 has also been isolated in low yield. From a related reaction, a solution of the product in CDCl3 deposited [Hg2{μ2‐(Ph2P)2N}3Cl]·3/2 CDCl3 (4·3/2 CDCl3). The structure of 1·3 C7H8 contains a Hg–Hg bonded Hg3 triangle with adja‐cent metals bridged (P,P′) by either one or two phosphanyl‐amide ligands. One mercury is four coordinate, and the other two are five coordinate. In [Hg2{μ2‐(Ph2P)2N}2{(Ph2P)(OPPh2)‐N}2]·2 S [S = C7H8 or C4H10O2 (1,2‐dimethoxyethane)], the mercury atoms are bridged (P,P′) by two phosphanylamide ligands, whilst the hemi‐oxidised ligands are chelating (O,P) in a transoid disposition to each other leading to four coordination. There is unsymmetrical ligation in [Hg2{μ2‐(Ph2P)2N}3Cl]·3/2 CDCl3 (4·3/2 CDCl3) with one mercury four coordinate and the other three. Three phosphanylamide ligands bridge (P,P′) the metals with a non‐bonding Hg···Hg separation of 3.0042(7) Å. Each HgP3 array has a triangular arrangement, little affected in one case by the attachment of a chloride approximately normal to HgP3. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Municipal sludge dewatering by belt filter press: effect of operating parameters
Authors: Olivier J , Vaxelaire J
Published: March 2005

A belt filter press is commonly used to dewater sewage sludge but few data concerning this process have been published. A laboratory‐scale investigation was carried out to highlight the main process parameters affecting belt filter press efficiency as measured by the dry solid content of the final cake, percentage of solids recovered, and lateral sludge migration on the belt. Belt speed was determined to be the most important parameter: a low belt speed produces drier cakes with lower lateral sludge migration on the belt and also improves filtrate quality. At low belt speed, pressure is gently applied to the initial sludge, enabling a slow structuring of the cake and leading to better water release. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Glucoraphanin extraction from Cardaria draba: Part 1. Optimization of batch extraction
Authors: Powell Erin E , Hill Gordon A , Juurlink Bernhard HJ , Carrier D Julie
Published: March 2005

Glucosinolates have historically been considered an anti‐nutritional component of food and feed cereal crops. Large‐scale protocols have been aimed at complete glucosinolate elimination from plants, rather than maximizing the recovery of any particular glucosinolate compound. Recently, glucoraphanin, an alkenyl glucosinolate, has been found to have nutritional value in terms of anti‐carcinogenic behavior and hypertension relief. In this work, we report on the efficient capture of glucoraphanin from the noxious weed Cardaria draba. The effect of temperature, ethanol content in the aqueous solvent, initial solvent pH, solids loading, and contact time on both glucoraphanin and glucosinalbin recovery were examined. The optimal extraction conditions, evaluated using 0.11 dm3 stirred baffled vessels, were found to be 20% aqueous ethanol solvent at 70 °C and an initial pH value of 3, extracted at a solid to liquid ratio of 50 g dm−3 over 20 mins. The recovery achieved with the baffled vessels was up to three times greater than the glucoraphanin yield obtained using standard analytical procedures that involved the use of 8.0 × 10−3 dm3 of hot, 80% ethanol solutions in test tubes at the same solvent loading. This corresponds to 30 mg g−1 of glucoraphanin recovered from the dried C draba leaves, versus only 10 mg g−1 using the analytical method. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Glucoraphanin extraction from Cardaria draba: Part 2. Countercurrent extraction, bioactivity and toxicity testing
Authors: Powell Erin E , Hill Gordon A , Juurlink Bernhard HJ , Carrier D Julie
Published: March 2005

Glucoraphanin is a potentially valuable plant compound that has shown efficacy in the treatment of hypertension and the removal of carcinogens in animals. Our recent work determined the optimum extraction conditions for the recovery of high amounts of glucoraphanin from the noxious weed Cardaria draba in a single‐staged batch extractor. In this study, a multiple contact, countercurrent flow extraction process was used to achieve further improvements in glucoraphanin recovery. The yield increased by 1.5 times when compared with a single, batch contact extraction. A three‐stage process was sufficient to extract over 90% of the glucoraphanin from C draba at a dry weight plant loading of 50 g dm−3. The experimental results at several solids loadings agreed with the leaching theory and the theoretical model was used to predict the number of stages needed to extract all the glucoraphanin from C draba at high solids loadings. Finally the efficacy and toxicity of the crude glucoraphanin extracts were tested using hepatoma cells. The efficacy was found to be much higher than single‐stage extracts, confirming that cell efficacy is related to the increased quantity of glucoraphanin extracted due to countercurrent operation. The crude extract demonstrated negligible acute toxicity to the hepatoma cells. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Autotrophic deodorization of hydrogen sulfide in a biotrickling filter
Authors: Jin Yaomin , Veiga María C , Kennes Christian
Published: March 2005

The removal of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from airstreams was studied in a biotrickling filter (BTF) packed with plastic Pall rings operating with counter‐current flows of the air and liquid streams. Experiments were performed at different inlet H2S concentrations, air and/or liquid volumetric flow rates, and sulfate concentrations in the recirculating liquid to check their effect on the performance of the BTF. Conversion of H2S never dropped below 80% at the highest concentration and reached 100% at low concentrations. A maximum removal rate of 22.5 g H2S m−3 reactor h−1 was observed with 100% removal efficiency. The shortest empty bed retention time studied at which complete H2S removal was observed was around 11 s. Conversion of H2S was found to slightly increase as the liquid flow rate decreased and as the air flow rate increased. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Activation of γ‐aminobutyric acid GAT‐1 transporters on glutamatergic terminals of mouse spinal cord mediates glutamate release through anion channels and by transporter reversal
Authors: Raiteri Luca , Stigliani Sara , Patti Laura , Usai Cesare , Bucci Giovanna , Diaspro Alberto , Raiteri Maurizio , Bonanno Giambattista
Published: March 2005

The effects of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) on the release of glutamate from mouse spinal cord nerve endings have been studied using superfused synaptosomes. GABA elicited a concentration‐dependent release of [3H]D‐aspartate ([3H]D‐ASP; EC50 = 3.76 μM). Neither muscimol nor (–)baclofen mimicked GABA, excluding receptor involvement. The GABA‐evoked release was strictly Na+ dependent and was prevented by the GABA transporter inhibitor SKF89976A, suggesting involvement of GAT‐1 transporters located on glutamatergic nerve terminals. GABA also potentiated the spontaneous release of endogenous glutamate; an effect sensitive to SKF89976A and low‐Na+‐containing medium. Confocal microscopy shows that the GABA transporter GAT‐1 is coexpressed with the vesicular glutamate transporter vGLUT‐1 and with the plasma membrane glutamate transporter EAAT2 in a substantial portion of synaptosomal particles. The GABA effect was external Ca2+ independent and was not decreased when cytosolic Ca2+ ions were chelated by BAPTA. The glutamate transporter blocker DL‐TBOA or dihydrokainate inhibited in part (∼35%) the GABA (10 μM)‐evoked [3H]D‐ASP release; this release was strongly reduced by the anion channel blockers niflumic acid and NPPB. GABA, up to 30 μM, was unable to augment significantly the basal release of [3H]glycine from spinal cord synaptosomes, indicating selectivity for glutamatergic transmission. It is concluded that GABA GAT‐1 transporters and glutamate transporters coexist on the same spinal cord glutamatergic terminals. Activation of these GABA transporters elicits release of glutamate partially by reversal of glutamate transporters present on glutamatergic terminals and largely through anion channels. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proliferation of cerebellar neurons induced by astrocytes treated with thyroid hormone is mediated by a cooperation between cell contact and soluble factors and involves the epidermal growth factor‐protein kinase a pathway
Authors: Martinez Rodrigo , Gomes Flávia Carvalho Alcantara
Published: March 2005

Cerebellar development is fully dependent on thyroid hormone (T3) levels. We have previously demonstrated a glia‐mediated effect of T3 on cerebellar neurons. We have reported that cerebellar astrocytes treated with thyroid hormone secrete epidermal growth factor (EGF), which directly induces neuronal proliferation and, indirectly, by increasing synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins, induces neurite outgrowth in vitro. Here, by using a neuron–astrocyte coculture model, we investigated the involvement of cell contact on neuronal proliferation. Culturing of cerebellar neurons on T3‐treated astrocyte carpets or conditioned medium derived from them (T3CM) yielded similar results, revealed by a 60% increase in cell population. However, the absolute number of neurons in coculture assays was greatly enhanced in comparison with that in CM assays (3.5–4‐fold). Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assays revealed that such an increase was due mainly to proliferation of precursors cells. BrdU incorporation was three times higher in cell carpet (31%) than in CM (13%). Treatment of astrocytes by T3 increased neuronal proliferation either by T3CM (2.5 times) or by contact with T3‐treated astrocytes (1.5 times). Neuronal death was not affected by T3 treatment of astrocytes as revealed by either trypan blue viability assays or active caspase‐3 labeling. Treatment of astrocytes by EGF mimicked T3 effects on neuronal proliferation. Addition of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein and the protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor KT5720 to cocultutres and T3CM completely reversed neuronal proliferation. Our results implicate EGF and the PKA pathway in the proliferation induced by T3‐treated astrocytes. Furthermore, the fact that cocultures potentiate the effect of T3 on neuronal proliferation suggests that neuron–astrocyte contact may cooperate with astrocyte soluble factors to enhance neuronal population. Our data reveal an important role of astrocytes as mediators of T3‐induced cerebellar development and partially elucidate the role of cell contact and soluble factors on this process. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design of translactam HCMV protease inhibitors as potent antivirals
Authors: Borthwick Alan D.
Published: March 2005

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important pathogen for which there is a significant unmet medical need. New HCMV antivirals, active against novel molecular targets, are undoubtedly needed as the currently available drugs ganciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet, which are all viral DNA inhibitors, suffer from limited effectiveness, mainly due to the development of drug resistance, poor bioavailability, and toxicity. One of the newer molecular targets that has been exploited in the search for better drug candidates is HCMV protease. Our δAla HCMV protease (wild type variant with the internal cleavage site deleted) was cloned and expressed in E. coli. This viral enzyme was used to develop HCMV protease assays to evaluate potential inhibitors. The chirally pure (SRS)‐α‐methyl pyrrolidine‐5,5‐trans‐lactam template was synthesized, which together with the natural substrate requirements of HCMV protease and detailed SAR, was used to design potent and selective mechanism based inhibitors of HCMV protease. The mechanism of action of these inhibitors of HCMV protease was investigated by ESI/MS, and the X‐ray crystal structure of the HCMV protease was used to refine our selective viral enzyme inhibitors to obtain plasma stable antivirals. A novel ELISA antiviral assay was developed which, together with a cytotoxicity assay, enabled us to discover anti‐HCMV drug candidates equivalent in potency to ganciclovir that had good pharmacokinetics in the dog and good brain and ocular penetration in the guinea pig. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev.
“Radical‐controlled” oxidative polymerization of phenol: Comparison with that of 4‐phenoxyphenol
Authors: Higashimura Hideyuki , Fujisawa Kiyoshi , Kubota Masaaki , Kobayashi Shiro
Published: March 2005

“Radical‐controlled” oxidative polymerization of phenol (p‐1) by (1,4,7‐triisopropyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane)copper(II) catalyst was performed and compared with that of 4‐phenoxyphenol (p‐2) in detail. Although the coupling selectivity for p‐1 seemed to be controlled by the catalyst, the CC coupling, which was excluded completely for p‐2, occurred to some extent. The initial reaction rate of p‐1 was much smaller than that of p‐2, leading to the difference of polymerization behavior between p‐1 and p‐2. The rate‐determining step would be the coupling of controlled radicals species from the ESR measurement of the reaction mixture. The polymer resulting from p‐1 consisted mainly of phenylene oxide units, but had no crystallinity in contrast to the crystalline polymer from p‐2. However, the present polymer showed the highest thermal stability in the polymers obtained by oxidative polymerization of p‐1. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 1955–1962, 2005
Assembly factors of F1Fo‐ATP synthase across genomes
Authors: Pícková Andrea , Potocký Martin , Houštěk Josef
Published: March 2005

Work with respiration‐deficient strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has provided evidence that assembly of the mitochondrial ATP synthase is dependent on proteins that serve substrate‐specific, chaperone‐type functions: Atp10p, Atp11p, Atp12p, Atp22p, and Fmc1p. Atp11p and Atp12p mediate the formation of the F1 moiety via interaction with subunits F1‐β and F1‐α, respectively. The role of Fmc1p is less clear. Atp10p and Atp22p are essential for the formation of the FO part, during which Atp10p assists in the incorporation of the FO‐a subunit. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of ATP synthase assembly factors from all available genomes. The mechanism of the F1 assembly is preserved in all eukaryotic lineages that are capable of ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation and requires Atp11p and Atp12p. Conversely, composition of the FO part as well as its assembly is more versatile. We found two distinct subtypes of the FO‐a subunit, one of which seems to be dependent on the action of Atp10p while the other does not. Restricted occurrence of Fmc1p and Atp22p suggests the existence of lineage‐specific assembly factors. Our phylogenetic data served as a source for comparative sequence analysis, which identified evolutionarily conserved residues, putative functional domains and their basic structural features for Atp10p, Atp11p, and Atp12p orthologs. These results provide the basis for detailed molecular analysis of the ATP synthase‐specific chaperones. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note – the significance of chuck wall angles in the quantification of seam thickness in canned food
Authors: Vågane Å. , Birkeland S. , Wasbø E. , Sivertsvik M.
Published: March 2005

One of the key dimensional measures in quality control of canned foods is the double seam thickness (mm). Electronic micrometers quantify the seam thickness, based on a chuck wall angle of 4.0° due to the seaming chuck being fixed at the same angle during seaming. Investigations of chuck wall angles (n = 144) in non‐round cans by a coordinate measuring machine revealed that 93% of the chuck wall angles following seaming were off the interval 4.0 ± 0.25° (range: 3.146–10.281°, CV = 23%), indicating that the seaming process introduces a significant variance in the chuck wall angle. The aberration in the actual chuck wall angle from 4.0° introduces a bias (ϵ) in the measured seam‐thickness (Tms), which may cause rejection of closed cans as having unacceptable seam thickness based on incorrect measurements. The mathematical deduction of the bias introduced in the measured seam thickness when the actual chuck wall angle is aberrant from 4.0° is presented, and it is concluded that it is erroneous to neglect the chuck wall angle of sealed cans in the methodology of seam thickness determination. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comment on the Paper: “Crystal Structure of the Bis[zinc(II)‐hydroxide‐(μ‐perchlorate‐triaqua] Complex” by Y.‐H. Li, Q. Ye, Y.‐Z. Tang, and R.‐G. Xiong (Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 2004, 630, 1553)
Authors: Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: March 2005

In the present comment it will be outlined that the recently published perchlorate [Zn(OH)(μ‐ClO4)(H2O)3]2 is in fact the well known sulfate ZnSO4·4H2O. The assumption is supported by both bond lengths considerations and structural characteristics.
1D Polyoxometalate‐based Inorganic‐Organic Hybrid Derived from ß‐Octamolybdate — Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [CoII(2, 2′‐bipy)2]2[Mo8O26]
Authors: Wang Chun‐Mei , Zeng Qing‐Xin , Zhang Jie , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: March 2005

A polyoxometalate‐based inorganic–organic hybrid compound [CoII(2, 2′‐bpy)2]2[Mo8O26] (1) was synthesized by hydrothermal methods and structurally characterized by IR spectrum, TG analysis and X‐ray diffraction. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/n, a = 10.0681(2), b = 16.4467(2), c = 15.7838(3) Å, β = 100.046(1)°, V = 2573.52(8) Å3, Z = 2. The structure of 1 is built up from β‐[Mo8O26]4− subunits covalently linked via [CoII(2, 2′‐bpy)2]2+ fragments into a infinite 1D {[CoII(2, 2′‐bpy)2]2[Mo8O26]}∞ polymer.
Syntheses of the Antimonides R2Sb− (R = Ph, Mes, tBu, tBu2Sb) and Sb73− by Reactions of Organoantimony Hydrides or cyclo‐(tBuSb)4 with Li, Na, K, or BuLi
Authors: Breunig H. J. , Ghesner M. E. , Lork E.
Published: March 2005

Reactions of R2SbH with BuLi at −70 °C in tetrahydrofuran (thf) lead to [R2SbLi(thf)3] [R = Ph (1) or R = Mes (2)]. The antimonides [tBu2SbK(pmdeta)] (3) (pmdeta = pentamethyldiethylenetriamine), [Li(tmeda)2][tBu4Sb3]·benzene (4) (tmeda = tetramethylethylenediamine), and [tBu4Sb3Na(tmeda, thf)] (5) result from the reduction of cyclo‐(tBuSb)4 by Li, Na, or K with pmdeta or tmeda in thf. The primary stibanes RSbH2 [R = Mes (6), 2‐(Me2NCH2)C6H2 (7)] are synthesized by reactions of RSbCl2 with LiAlH4. PhSbH2 reacts with BuLi, and tmeda in toluene to give [Sb7Li3(tmeda)3]·toluene (8). [Sb7Na3(pmdeta)3]·toluene (9) is obtained from PhSbH2, Na in liqu. NH3, pmdeta and toluene. Crystal structures are reported for 1–5 and 9.
Solvent Effect on the Ligand Exchange between Bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)copper(II) and Bis(diethyldiselenocarbamato)copper(II)
Authors: Yordanov Nicola D. , Dimitrova Anna
Published: March 2005

EPR and spectrophotometric study on the products of ligand‐exchange taking place on mixing bis(diethyldiselenocarbamato)copper(II), [Cu(Et2dsc)2], and bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)copper(II), [Cu(Et2dtc)2], solutions is reported. EPR spectra monitored at room temperature for one month period reveal a stable equilibrium among the parents (chromophores CuS4and CuSe4) and the obtained mixed‐chelate [Cu(Et2dtc)(Et2dsc)] complex (chromophore CuS2Se2) in heptane, hexane, benzene, toluene, acetone, DMFA, DMSO and dichloromethane. In CCl4and CHCl3two new additional EPR spectra appear attributed to the mixed‐chelate complexes with the chromophores CuSSe3and CuS3Se which are not observed with electronic spectroscopy. The intensities of all five EPR spectra decrease with the time. It is assumed that the new mixed‐chelates observed in CCl4and CHCl3are obtained in a reaction of [Cu(Et2dtc)(Et2dsc)] or [Cu(Et2dtc)2] with the ester of diselenocarbamic acid which is formed in a parallel reaction of [Cu(dsc)2]with CCl4or CHCl3.
Synthesis, Characterization and Crystal Structures of new Coordination Polymers of Cerium(III) and Samarium(III) Containing 2,6‐Pyridinedicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Rafizadeh Masoud , Amani Vahid , Iravani Effat , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: March 2005

The reaction of 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid (1, LH2) with CeCl3·7H2O and Sm(NO3)3·6H2O in the presence of triethylamine led to the coordination polymer complexes [M(L)(LH)(H2O)2]·4H2O [M = Ce (2) and Sm (3)]. Both complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy and the crystal structures of 2 and 3. Crystal data for 2 at −80 °C: monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 1404.6(1), b = 1122.1(1), c = 1296.1(1) pm, β = 102.09(1)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0217 and for 3 at −80 °C: monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 1395.1(1), b = 1120.1(1), c = 1282.8(1) pm, β = 102.71(1)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0.019.
Synthesis, Characterization and Crystal Structure of Dimeric {[(AMTTO)2Ag]NO3}2 (AMTTO = 4‐Amino‐6‐methyl‐1, 2, 4‐triazine‐3(2H)‐thione‐5‐one)
Authors: Ghassemzadeh Mitra , Tabatabaee Masomeh , Mirrokni Zohreh , Neumüller Bernhard
Published: March 2005

The reaction of 4‐Amino‐6‐methyl‐1, 2, 4‐triazine‐3(2H)‐thione‐5‐one (AMTTO, 1) with silver nitrate in methanol led to the dimeric complex {[(AMTTO)2Ag]NO3}2 (2). 2 was characterized by elemental analyses and IR spectroscopy as well as by X‐ray structure analysis. Crystal data for 2 at −80 °C: crystal system orthorhombic, space group P212121 with a = 1043.6(1), b = 1329.6(1), c = 2358.4(1) pm, Z = 8 and R1 = 0.037. The cation possesses a highly distorted linear coordination sphere in the solid state.
Calligraphy and Islamic culture: reflections on some new epigraphical discoveries in Gaur and Pandua, two early capitals of Muslim Bengal
Authors: SIDDIQ MOHAMMAD YUSUF
Published: March 2005

The first part of this article seeks to discuss the development of Islamic architectural calligraphy in Sultanate Bengal in the context of its cultural history. Most early Islamic monuments of the region had some kind of calligraphic embellishment since in Islamic culture inscriptions are considered a powerful medium for conveying visual, cultural and spiritual messages. These inscriptions were rendered in various styles: Ku¯fi¯, thulth, naskh, riqa¯‘, rayha¯ni¯, muhaqqaq, tughra¯‘ and Biha¯ri¯. The second part focuses on some hitherto unpublished inscriptions discovered by the author in Gaur and Pandua, two early capitals of the Sultans of Bengal. Special attention is paid to deciphering and editing these new epigraphic texts, and to the analysis of information derived from them in their historical context, such as the names of the contemporary rulers, local administrative officers, religious figures, military commanders and their titles. These findings help us understand the contemporary political, administrative, social, religious and cultural implications for the region.
Discourse and dialogue. Some observations and further reflections
Authors: Kristiansen Kristian
Published: March 2005

Is it possible to enter a dialogue across discursive boundaries? Some comments suggest that agents engaged in defining the discourse, or some section of it, tend to guard the gates of their discourse against hostile intrusions (critique). They therefore do not engage in dialogue. The comments by John Robb provide an example of the power of discursive constraints, while Stephen Shennan is willing to open the gates enough for a good discussion. Ulrich Veit provides a critical overview that situates my critique within a wider postprocessual/postmodern framework.
JÖkulhlaups: A reassessment of floodwater flow through glaciers
Authors: Roberts Matthew J.
Published: March 2005

In glaciated catchments, glacier‐generated floods (jökulhlaups) put human activity at risk with large, sporadic jökulhlaups accounting for most flood‐related fatalities and damage to infrastructure. In studies of jökulhlaup hydrodynamics the view predominates that floodwater travels within a distinct conduit eroded into the underside of a glacier. However, some jökulhlaups produce subglacial responses wholly inconsistent with the conventional theory of drainage. By focusing on Icelandic jökulhlaups this article reassesses how floodwater flows through glaciers. It is argued that two physically separable classes of jökulhlaup exist and that not all jökulhlaups are an upward extrapolation of processes inherent in events of lesser magnitude and smaller scale. The hydraulic coupling of multiple, nonlinear components to the flood circuit of a glacier can induce extreme responses, including pressure impulses in subglacial drainage. Representing such complexity in mathematical form should be the basis for upcoming research, as future modeling results may help to determine the glaciological processes behind Heinrich events. Moreover, such an approach would lead to more accurate, predictive models of jökulhlaup timing and intensity.
Possible sources for the Saturnian dust streams
Authors: Maravilla D. , Flandes A.
Published: March 2005

In 1992 the Ulysses spacecraft discovered periodic dust streams escaping from the Jovian system. In 2000, M. Horanyi proposed that the escaping dust streams are not a particular feature of the Jovian system and predicted streams of dust particles escaping from Saturn as well. In this work we apply an analytical model, already applied to Jupiter (Maravilla et al., 1995), in order to analyze two possible and different sources: On the one hand the satellites Dione, Helene, Rhea and Enceladus; on the second, the A‐ring outer boundary. Additionally, some general properties of the dust particles that compose these Saturnian streams, such as their radii and escaping speeds, are drawn.
Simulating the cloud processing of iron in Australian dust: pH and dust concentration
Authors: Mackie D. S. , Boyd P. W. , Hunter K. A. , McTainsh G. H.
Published: March 2005

We report on the simulated cloud processing of an aerosol iron sample derived from an Australian dust storm. Primary factors influencing the extent and rate of Fe mobilization were pH, duration of extraction and dust concentration. Fe was significantly mobilized below a threshold of pH ∼3.6. After initial rapid mobilization at low pH, the rate of Fe release was constant with constant pH. Between this threshold and pH ∼7.1, dissolved Fe fell to a minimum but above this pH further dissolution of iron occurs, probably due to the formation of soluble ferrates. At our lowest dust concentrations (1–20 mg L−1) the rate of Fe extraction at low pH was constant, while at higher dust concentrations the rate was inversely proportional to dust concentration. Dissolution of iron from dust is thus a complex process and these factors must be considered when modeling the input of iron to the oceans.
Keratin gene expression in Merino sheep with divergent wool growth
Authors: Bray M. , Revell D. K. , Bawden C. S. , Hynd P. I.
Published: March 2005

South Australian Merino sheep were selected on the basis of high or low estimated breeding values (EBV) for wool growth rate (W), but with similar bodyweight, follicle density, and mean fibre diameter. Differences in the level of expression of keratin genes were examined in the skin of these sheep to test the hypothesis that divergence in EBV for wool growth is related to the production of wool proteins differing in sulfur (S) content. Further, it was proposed that this differential gene expression would be most pronounced when the supply of S amino acids to the animal was increased. Sheep selected for high EBV (+W) produced more wool per day than low EBV sheep (–W) (on average 32.5 v. 17.7 g/day clean wool, respectively; P < 0.05) but the S content of the wool did not differ between selection groups (2.77% v. 2.87% S, respectively; P = 0.2). Expression of keratin genes including keratin-associated protein KAP 2 (a high S gene), KAP 4 (an ultra-high S gene), KAP 6 (a high glycine/tyrosine gene), and the intermediate filament gene K 2.10, did not differ significantly between +W and –W groups. KAP 2 and K 2.10 each accounted for approximately 5% of the variation in wool growth rate (WGR) but expression of none of the genes examined was significantly related to the S content of the fibre produced. This suggests that differential keratin gene expression was not the source of genetic divergence in WGR. Instead the latter likely reflects a combination of differential cellular rate and growth processes (e.g. rate of bulb cell production, hypertrophy of cortical cells), differences in the relative production of inner root sheath and fibre from the follicle bulb cell population, or differential nutrient uptake into the follicle.
The development of an improved PCR-based marker system for Sw-5, an important TSWV resistance gene of tomato
Authors: Garland S. , Sharman M. , Persley D. , McGrath D.
Published: March 2005

Sw-5 is an important disease resistance gene of tomato, providing broad resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). A cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) marker, closely linked to the gene, has been reported. Although the Sw-5 locus has been characterised, a gene-specific marker has not been developed. This paper presents a PCR-based marker-system that consists of the co-amplification of a dominant marker representing the Sw-5 gene sequence, and the modified CAPS marker as a positive control and indicator of genotype.
Piggery pond sludge as a nitrogen source for crops. 1. Mineral N supply estimated from laboratory incubations and field application of stockpiled and wet sludge
Authors: Kliese Y. J. , Dalal R. C. , Strong W. M. , Menzies N. W.
Published: March 2005

Piggery pond sludge (PPS) was applied, as-collected (Wet PPS) and following stockpiling for 12 months (Stockpiled PPS), to a sandy Sodosol and clay Vertosol at sites on the Darling Downs of Queensland. Laboratory measures of N availability were carried out on unamended and PPS-amended soils to investigate their value in estimating supplementary N needs of crops in Australia’s northern grains region. Cumulative net N mineralised from the long-term (30 weeks) leached aerobic incubation was described by a first-order single exponential model. The mineralisation rate constant (0.057/week) was not significantly different between Control and PPS treatments or across soil types, when the amounts of initial mineral N applied in PPS treatments were excluded. Potentially mineralisable N (No) was significantly increased by the application of Wet PPS, and increased with increasing rate of application. Application of Wet PPS significantly increased the total amount of inorganic N leached compared with the Control treatments. Mineral N applied in Wet PPS contributed as much to the total mineral N status of the soil as did that which mineralised over time from organic N. Rates of CO2 evolution during 30 weeks of aerobic leached incubation indicated that the Stockpiled PPS was more stabilised (19–28% of applied organic C mineralised) than the Wet PPS (35–58% of applied organic C mineralised), due to higher lignin content in the former. Net nitrate-N produced following 12 weeks of aerobic non-leached incubation was highly correlated with net nitrate-N leached during 12 weeks of aerobic incubation (R2 = 0.96), although it was <60% of the latter in both sandy and clayey soils. Anaerobically mineralisable N determined by waterlogged incubation of laboratory PPS-amended soil samples increased with increasing application rate of Wet PPS. Anaerobically mineralisable N from field-moist soil was well correlated with net N mineralised during 30 weeks of aerobic leached incubation (R2 = 0.90 sandy soil; R2 = 0.93 clay soil). In the clay soil, the amount of mineral N produced from all the laboratory incubations was significantly correlated with field-measured nitrate-N in the soil profile (0–1.5 m depth) after 9 months of weed-free fallow following PPS application. In contrast, only anaerobic mineralisable N was significantly correlated with field nitrate-N in the sandy soil. Anaerobic incubation would, therefore, be suitable as a rapid practical test to estimate potentially mineralisable N following applications of different PPS materials in the field.
Time-Dependent Absorption Evidence of Phenylurea-Derived Herbicides on Model Biomembranes: A DSC Study
Authors: Librando Vito , Sarpietro Maria Grazia , Cascone Carmen , Minniti Zelica , Castelli Francesco
Published: March 2005

Environmental Context. The need to improve the quality of agricultural cultivation and to control the weed growth of non-cultivated area has brought herbicides to wide-scale use. Unfortunately, these compounds have been proved to be toxic for many organisms, humans included. With an aim to a better knowledge of the mobility and fate of environmental pollutants, it becomes very important to have an exact knowledge of the role that the medium in which these products are dissolved or dispersed plays on the absorption of these products by biological membranes as a complement to information on the interaction between these compounds and cells. Abstract. Phenylurea derivatives are used as herbicides that inhibit photosynthesis. These materials enter plants via their roots and are employed for selective control of germinating grass and broad-leaved weeds in many crops as well as for total weed control of non-cultivated areas such as roads, railways, and parks. The study of the interaction between the herbicide and lipid membrane is interesting in assessing the relevance of the dispersing medium in the absorption processes. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which detects the effect of foreign molecules on the phase transition from an ordered to a disordered lipid structure when submitted to heating, was employed to study such an interaction. Effects exerted by four phenylurea herbicides (difenoxuron, diuron, metoxuron, and linuron) on the thermotropic behavior of model membranes were here investigated. Aqueous dispersions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) were used as model membranes to study herbicide–membrane interactions. Experiments carried out by leaving herbicides, in a powdered form, in contact with DMPC-based multilamellar or unilamellar vesicles show that all the examined herbicides are able, but in different ways, to migrate through the aqueous medium and interact with model membranes. Experiments on herbicide-loaded liposomes in contact with empty ones indicate that the compounds are able to migrate from a loaded membrane to an empty one. The obtained data seem to validate the use of the DSC in demonstrating that bioactive and potentially toxic compounds not only to interact with biological membranes but also adsorb into a cell when dispersed in a lipophilic medium.
Rethinking the Mesosphere's Magnesium Ion Chemistry
Authors: Petrie Simon
Published: March 2005

Environmental Context. Meteoric ablation profoundly influences the spectroscopic, chemical, and thermal properties of Earth’s upper atmosphere, yet much of the chemical processing of meteor-derived material remains a mystery. As the most abundant main-group metal in meteoric material, magnesium likely plays an important or dominant role but its mesospheric chemistry has received comparatively little study to date.
Abstract. High-level quantum chemical calculations address the structural and thermochemical properties of several novel magnesium-containing molecular ions which, we argue, are relevant to the Mg+ chemistry initiated by meteoric ablation in the mesosphere. A model for Mg+ chemistry is evaluated, with results indicating that most ionized magnesium at altitudes of 90 km and below is rapidly hydrated due to the association reactions of the pivotal HOMg+ ion. The implications of this new mechanism, apparently leading towards noctilucent cloud nucleation by Mg+, are briefly explored.
Water loss as a function of energy intake, physical activity and season
Authors: Westerterp Klaas R. , Plasqui Guy , Goris Annelies H. C.
Published: March 2005

Although water is an important nutrient, there are no recommended intake values. Here, water intake, energy intake, physical activity and water loss was measured over 1 week in summer and in winter. Subjects were healthy volunteers, forty-two women and ten men, mean age of 29 (sd 7) years and mean BMI 21·8 (sd 2·2) kg/m2. Water intake was measured with a 7 d food and water record. Physical activity level (PAL) was observed as the ratio of total energy expenditure, as measured with doubly labelled water, to resting energy expenditure as measured in a respiration chamber. Water loss was measured with the deuterium elimination method. Water loss was highly reproducible and ranged from 0·20 to 0·35 l/MJ, independent of season and activity level, with higher values in women. Water loss was related to water and energy intake in summer (r0·96,P<0·0001 andr0·68,P<0·001, respectively) as well as in winter (r0·98,P<0·0001 andr0·63,P<0·01, respectively). Water loss was, for men, higher in subjects with a higher physical activity in summer (r0·94,P<0·0001) and in winter (r0·70,P<0·05). Normalizing water loss for differences in energy expenditure by expressing water loss in litres per MJ resulted in the same value for men in summer and winter. For women, physical activity-adjusted values of water loss were higher, especially in summer. In men, water turnover was determined by energy intake and physical activity, while seasonal effects appeared through energy expenditure. Women showed a higher water turnover that was unrelated to physical activity.