bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer is predicted to contribute towards colorectal cancer in young South African blacks
Authors: Cronjé L. , Becker P.J. , Paterson A.C. , Ramsay M.
Published: April 2009

A disproportionately large number of young (less than 50 years) black patients present with colorectal cancer (CRC) in South Africa. Although a phenomenon previously described elsewhere in Africa, its specific molecular basis, whether sporadic or hereditary, has not been established. Molecular analysis of these tumours could link them to the features known to be associated with specific types of hereditary colorectal cancer, specifically through examination of levels of microsatellite instability, promoter methylation and the presence or absence of KRAS and BRAF mutations. The molecular features of cancer tissue samples from 44 CRC cases of black and white patients in South Africa were accordingly retrospectively analysed without knowledge of family history. Compared with samples from older blacks (>50 years), those from young black patients presented more often with a low methylation phenotype (CIMP-L) and high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H). Furthermore, as determined by real-time PCR using probe technology, the tissues from 35% of young blacks showed mutations within exon 1 of the KRAS gene. The BRAF-V600E mutation was only evident in the case of a single young black patient. Based on these results it seems likely that a proportion of CRC cases in young black patients from South Africa develop through the accumulation of mutations resulting in a mismatch repair deficiency linked to MSI-H and, possibly, germline mutations in the mismatch repair genes. The features in these patients are consistent with a diagnosis of the Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC) syndrome. This finding has important implications for patient management and suggests that family members may be at high risk for CRC.
The structural characterisation of HWCVD-deposited nanocrystalline silicon films
Authors: Swain Bibhu P.
Published: April 2009

Nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si) films were deposited by hot-wire chemical vapour deposition (HWCVD) in the presence of varying H2 concentrations and their structural and interfacial character investigated by X-ray diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and Raman spectroscopy. The crystalline fraction was around 30–50% and the nc-Si crystallite size was in the range 20–35 nm. The SAXS results were analysed by Guinier plot, scaling factor, and correlation distance. The nc-Si grains displayed a mass fractal appearance, and the interfacial inhomogeneity distance was ~2 nm.
The molecular basis of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake: signalling, trafficking and potential drug targets
Authors: Leney Sophie E , Tavaré Jeremy M
Published: April 2009

The search for the underlying mechanism through which insulin regulates glucose uptake into peripheral tissues has unveiled a highly intricate network of molecules that function in concert to elicit the redistribution or ‘translocation’ of the glucose transporter isoform GLUT4 from intracellular membranes to the cell surface. Following recent technological advances within this field, this review aims to bring together the key molecular players that are thought to be involved in GLUT4 translocation and will attempt to address the spatial relationship between the signalling and trafficking components of this event. We will also explore the degree to which components of the insulin signalling and GLUT4 trafficking machinery may serve as potential targets for the development of orally available insulin mimics for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
Effects of aquatic exposure to the insecticide carbaryl and density on aquatic and terrestrial growth and survival in American toads
Authors: Distel Christopher A. , Boone Michelle D.
Published: April 2009

No single mechanism has been explicitly linked to explain global amphibian declines, but pesticides have been implicated as potential drivers. In mesocosm experiments, we tested the hypotheses that American toads (Bufo americanus) would respond differently to the insecticide carbaryl at low or high density (i.e., competition) and that postmetamorphic terrestrial growth and survival would differ with larval exposure to pesticides and competition. Carbaryl reduced survival to metamorphosis and increased time to metamorphosis in the aquatic phase, which could have a negative impact on fitness. However, carbaryl exposure increased the mass at metamorphosis of toads from high-density ponds, which may positively affect fitness. Pond periphyton showed a short-term increase in abundance after carbaryl exposure, but long-term periphyton abundance was lower than controls. No latent effects of carbaryl were seen on toad overwinter survival or mass at spring emergence in the terrestrial phase, suggesting that initial size differences at metamorphosis were overcome. Following individuals through multiple life stages is important because latent effects of exposure may not be predictable based on metamorphic endpoints alone.
Design for Effective Support of User Intentions in Information-Rich Interactions
Authors: Albers Michael J.
Published: April 2009

With the rise of Web pages providing interactive support for problem-solving or providing large amounts of information on which a person is expected to act, designers and writers need to consider how a person interacts with increasingly complex information-rich environments and how they intend to use the information. This article examines some of the theory underlying why people make errors early in the problem-solving process when they form an intention. Since these errors are cognitively-based and occur before any physical action, it is harder to analyze their cause or incorporate changes to reduce them in a design. It examines factors which contribute to user errors and which designers and writers must consider to produce documents which reduce user errors in forming intentions.
The Banality of Rhetoric? Assessing Steven Katz's “the Ethic of Expediency” against Current Scholarship on the Holocaust
Authors: Ward Mark
Published: April 2009

Since 1992, Steven Katz's “The Ethic of Expediency” on the rhetoric of technical communication during the Holocaust has become a reference point for discussions of ethics. But how does his thesis compare to current understandings of the Holocaust? As this article describes, Katz was in step with the trend two decades ago to universalize the lessons of the genocide but his thesis presents key problems for Holocaust scholars today. Against his assertion that pure technological expediency was the ethos of Nazi Germany, current scholarship emphasizes the role of ideology. Does that invalidate his thesis? Katz's analysis of rhetoric and his universalizing application to the Holocaust are two claims that may be considered separately. Yet even if one does not agree that “expediency” is inherent in Western rhetoric, Katz has raised awareness that phronesis is socially constructed so that rhetoric can be unethically employed. Thus, rather than remain an uncritically accepted heuristic for technical communicators, “The Ethic of Expediency” can be a starting point for ongoing exploration into the ethical and rhetorical dimensions of the genre.
Integrated Hardware System for Power Quality Disturbance Classification
Authors: Mohamed Azah , Salem Mohamed E. , Abdul Samad Salina
Published: April 2009

Detection and classification of power quality (PQ) disturbances in real-time is an important consideration to electric utilities and many industrial customers so that diagnosis and mitigation of such disturbances can be implemented quickly. This paper presents the design and development of an integrated hardware system for classification of PQ disturbances using the rule based system. A hardware system has been designed using advanced digital signal processor to provide fast data capture and processing of signals using the S-transform analysis. Distinct features of various disturbances are extracted from the S-transform analysis in which these features are used to formulate rules. A rule based expert system is developed to automate the process of classifying the various types of disturbances. The disturbance classification results prove that the developed rule based system is more accurate than the neural network approaches in classifying PQ disturbances such as voltage sag, swell, impulsive transient, notching and interruption.
An Electroscope System Based on Electric Field Measurement Method for UHV Transmission Lines
Authors: Yang Fan , He Wei , Chen Tao , Luo Xiaochu , Fu Yongchang
Published: April 2009

The paper describes an electric field measurement method based electroscope system to check the electrification state of ultra-high voltage transmission lines, which is composed of three parts: 1) Measuring terminal; 2) Central sever; 3) GPRS and Internet network. The measuring terminal was used to measure the electric field and the location of the measuring points, then the measured data was sent to the central sever by GPRS and Internet network, and requested for an electricity state confirmation.When the sever received a request from a terminal, the electric fields and locations of the measuring points were obtained first, then according to the location of the measuring points, the server searches the corresponding objective transmission lines in the database and read their parameters. According to the parameters of the measuring points and transmission lines, a calculation would be carried out to confirm the electrification state of the transmission lines. For the confirmation calculation, equations for the electric field inverse problem of the transmission lines were set up first, then global regularization and damped Gauss Newton (DGN) method were used to solve the inverse problem.A 500kV double loops transmission line was taken as an example to verify the validity of this method. The electric field and location of 11 measuring points were measured by the measuring terminal firstly, and then sent to the central sever. Electrification state was confirmed by the central sever.
Adjuvant Systemic Therapy for Older Adults with Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Pal Sumanta Kumar , Mortimer Joanne
Published: April 2009

There is a relative paucity of evidence to guide the adjuvant therapy of breast cancer in older adults. Herein, we review data from relevant clinical trials and retrospective analyses that assess systemic therapies in older adults. Chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, HER2-directed agents and bisphosponates in the adjuvant setting are discussed. Meta-analyses, such as the Oxford overview, suggest a decreasing benefit of chemotherapy with age. However, prospective trials do support a benefit from the addition of chemotherapy to endocrine therapy in older adults. In contrast to chemotherapy, the value of endocrine therapy appears to increase with age. In addition, available subset analyses suggest that the benefit from aromatase inhibitors relative to tamoxifen is independent of age. The use of HER2-directed therapy in older adults is challenged by the relatively low enrolment of this subset in prospective clinical trials. Nonetheless, the extent of enrolment may be proportional to the frequency of HER2 overexpression in this population. Finally, there are little data to support the use of adjuvant bisphosphonate therapy in older adults – ongoing prospective trials may address this issue. Each of the aforementioned therapeutic strategies will be augmented by efforts to personalize therapy for older adults. Clinical tools such as the geriatric assessment and biologic assays, such as the 21-gene recurrence score, may ultimately play a role in treatment algorithms for this unique demographic.
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: a Focus on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Hickey Martha , Karthigasu Krish , Agarwal Sweta
Published: April 2009

Abnormal uterine bleeding imposes major medical, social and financial problems for women, their families and the health services. Abnormal uterine bleeding refers to the regularity, frequency, duration and volume of bleeding. Irregular menstrual bleeding is most common at the extremes of reproductive life, in the initial 12–18 months after menarche and 5–6 years before the menopause begins. In Australia, the estimated cost of investigating and managing heavy menstrual bleeding alone is approximately AUS $6 million per annum. This article addresses the common causes of irregular bleeding in pre- and peri-menopausal women and presents an investigational approach.
Adenomyosis: New Knowledge is Generating New Treatment Strategies
Authors: Benagiano Giuseppe , Brosens Ivo , Carrara Sabina
Published: April 2009

In the early days, all mucosal invasions of abdominal organs were considered to be one pathological condition of uncertain origin, termed adenomyoma. It was only in the 1920s that endometriosis and adenomyosis were clearly separated and it took approximately 80 years to put forward a new theory reunifying their pathogenesis. Today, identification of adenomyosis is carried out exclusively through vaginal ultrasonography and MRI. These techniques have made a careful evaluation of a distinct anatomical structure and the inner myometrial layers underlying the endometrium, termed the junctional zone, possible. Adenomyosis is characterized by a homogeneous thickening of this portion of the myometrium. When this hyperplasia is associated to an alteration of spiral arterioles' angiogenesis, then both adenomyosis and endometriosis may develop. Evidence is being accumulated that pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction and premature delivery may be linked, together representing a new, major obstetrical syndrome characterized by a modified uterine environment around the time of nidation. A dozen different medical or surgical techniques are utilized for the treatment of adenomyosis and novel approaches are being tested. These include use of inhibitors of angiogenesis that have been shown to cause reduced neo-angiogenesis, a significant modification of gene expression and a decrease in the percentage of active lesions. Encouraging results have also been obtained with the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system.
Palladium(II) complexes with R2edda derived ligands, Part I: Reaction of diisopropyl (S,S)-2,2'-(1,2-ethanediyldiimino)- dipropanoate with K2[PdCl4]
Authors: Krajcinovic Bojana , Kaludjerovic Goran , Steinborn Dirk , Schmidt Harry , Wagner Christoph , Merzweiler Kurt , Trifunovic Srecko , Sabo Tibor
Published: April 2009

The reaction of K2[PdCl4] with (S,S)-(i-Pr)2eddip diester (diisopropyl (S,S)-2,2'-(1,2-ethanediyldiimino)dipropanoate) resulted in {PdCl2[(S,S)-(i- -Pr)2eddip-?2N,N']} (1) and {PdCl[(S,S)-(i-Pr)eddip-?2N,N',?O]} (2) with one hydrolyzed ester group. The compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods and it was proved that the reaction is diastereoselective (1H- and 13C-NMR) in the case of 2 (one diastereoisomer of four possible). The structure of 2 was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, indicating that the product is the (R,R)-N,N' configured isomer. In contrast, the reaction yielding 1 produced two of three possible diastereoisomers. DFT calculations support the formation of two diastereoisomers of 1 and of one diastereoisomer of 2.
Synthesis and characterization of novel oxo-bridged, trinuclear mixed-metal complexes of Cr(III) and Fe(III)
Authors: Yazdanbakhsh Mohammad , Khosravi Iman , Tavakkoli Haman
Published: April 2009

Two new heterotrinuclear p-chlorobenzoates, [Fe2CrO(C7H4O2Cl)6(py)3]NO3 (1) and [Cr2FeO(C7H4O2Cl)6(py)3]NO3 (2) were prepared as nitrate salts and characterized by elemental analyses (CHN), spectroscopic (infrared, electronic) studies and atomic absorption spectroscopy. These complexes are a new type of oxo-bridged mixed-metal complex in which the carboxylate ligand is p-chlorobenzoic acid. Bridging coordination modes for the carboxylates were indicated by the presence of ?asym (M2M'O) vibrations in the infrared spectra.
Supercritical CO2 extraction of mentha (Mentha piperita L.) at different solvent densities
Authors: Zekovic Zoran , Lepojevic Zika , Milic Slavica , Adamovic Dusan , Mujic Ibrahim
Published: April 2009

The chemical composition of mentha essential oil and mentha extracts obtained at different pressures/temperatures by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were studied by GC-MS. The menthol content was also determined spectrophotometrically. The predominant compounds in the essential oil and in the CO2 extract obtained at 100 bar were L-menthon and menthole but at higher pressures (from 150 to 400 bar), squalene was dominant. The equation of Naik et al. was used for modelling the mentha-supercritical CO2 system.
Bioremediation of soil heavily contaminated with crude oil and its products: Composition of the microbial consortium
Authors: Milic Jelena , Beskoski Vladimir , Ilic Mila , Ali Samira , Gojgic-Cvijovic Gordana , Vrvic Miroslav
Published: April 2009

Bioremediation, a process that utilizes the capability of microorganism to degrade toxic waste, is emerging as a promising technology for the treatment of soil and groundwater contamination. The technology is very effective in dealing with petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. The aim of this study was to examine the composition of the microbial consortium during the ex situ experiment of bioremediation of soil heavily contaminated with crude oil and its products from the Oil Refinery Pancevo, Serbia. After a 5.5-month experiment with biostimulation and bioventilation, the concentration of the total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) had been reduced from 29.80 to 3.29 g/kg (89 %). In soil, the dominant microorganism population comprised Gram-positive bacteria from actinomycete-Nocardia group. The microorganisms which decompose hydrocarbons were the dominant microbial population at the end of the process, with a share of more than 80 % (range 107 CFU/g). On the basis of the results, it was concluded that a stable microbial community had been formed after initial fluctuations.
Radioactivity of sand from several renowned public beaches and assessment of the corresponding environmental risks
Authors: Radenkovic Mirjana , Masaud Alshikh , Andric Velibor , Miljanic Scepan
Published: April 2009

The radiological risk due to the presence of natural and man-made radionuclides in beach sands from several renowned seaside and riverbank public beaches was estimated in this study. The exposure levels to terrestrial radiation of the beaches were determined, as well as hazards due to human use of the analyzed sands in industry and in building constructions. Specific radionuclides concentrations in the sand samples were determined by standard gamma-spectrometry. The corresponding radiation hazards arising due to the use of sand as a building material were estimated by three different radiological hazard indices. The total absorbed gamma dose rate in the air was determined and the corresponding annual effective dose outdoors was estimated. The obtained data are relevant both from human health and environmental monitoring aspects.
(Pro)renin Receptor–Mediated Signal Transduction and Tissue Renin-Angiotensin System Contribute to Diabetes-Induced Retinal Inflammation
Authors: Satofuka Shingo , Ichihara Atsuhiro , Nagai Norihiro , Noda Kousuke , Ozawa Yoko , Fukamizu Akiyoshi , Tsubota Kazuo , Itoh Hiroshi , Oike Yuichi , Ishida Susumu
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE

The term “receptor-associated prorenin system” (RAPS) refers to the pathogenic mechanisms whereby prorenin binding to its receptor dually activates the tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and RAS-independent intracellular signaling via the receptor. The aim of the present study was to define the association of the RAPS with diabetes-induced retinal inflammation.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Long-Evans rats, C57BL/6 mice, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R)-deficient mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were treated with (pro)renin receptor blocker (PRRB). Retinal mRNA expression of prorenin and the (pro)renin receptor was examined by quantitative RT-PCR. Leukocyte adhesion to the retinal vasculature was evaluated with a concanavalin A lectin perfusion–labeling technique. Retinal protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 were examined by ELISA. Retinal extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) activation was analyzed by Western blotting.

RESULTS

Induction of diabetes led to significant increase in retinal expression of prorenin but not the (pro)renin receptor. Retinal adherent leukocytes were significantly suppressed with PRRB. Administration of PRRB inhibited diabetes-induced retinal expression of VEGF and ICAM-1. To clarify the role of signal transduction via the (pro)renin receptor in the diabetic retina, we used AT1-R–deficient mice in which the RAS was deactivated. Retinal adherent leukocytes in AT1-R–deficient diabetic mice were significantly suppressed with PRRB. PRRB suppressed the activation of ERK and the production of VEGF, but not ICAM-1, in AT1-R–deficient diabetic mice.

CONCLUSIONS

These results indicate a significant contribution of the RAPS to the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced retinal inflammation, suggesting the possibility of the (pro)renin receptor as a novel molecular target for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
Hypoglycemia Unawareness Is Associated With Reduced Adherence to Therapeutic Decisions in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Smith Charlotte B. , Choudhary Pratik , Pernet Andrew , Hopkins David , Amiel Stephanie A.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE

Hypoglycemia unawareness increases severe hypoglycemia risk. Hypoglycemia avoidance restores awareness, but it is difficult to sustain. We compared adherence to treatment changes by awareness status.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Case notes of 90 type 1 diabetic patients were analyzed retrospectively, identifying awareness status and insulin regimens over four visits. The proportion of patients adhering to advice and percent advice taken were calculated.

RESULTS

A total of 31 patients with hypoglycemia awareness and 19 patients with hypoglycemia unawareness were identified, with insulin regimens available in 23 and 13, respectively. Patients with hypoglycemia unawareness were older (P = 0.001) and had longer diabetes duration (P = 0.002) and lower A1C (P = 0.007). More patients with hypoglycemia unawareness reported severe hypoglycemia (P = 0.002) and fewer were adherent (53.8 vs. 87.0%, P = 0.046), with lower adherence scores (42.5 ± 24.7 vs. 75.3 ± 27.5%, P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Reduced adherence to changes in insulin regimen in hypoglycemia unawareness is compatible with habituation to hypoglycemic stress. Therapies aimed at reversing repetitive harmful behaviors may be useful to restore hypoglycemia awareness and protection from severe hypoglycemia.
TRIB3 Functional Q84R Polymorphism Is a Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome and Carotid Atherosclerosis
Authors: Gong Hui-ping , Wang Zhi-hao , Jiang Hao , Fang Ning-ning , Li Ji-sheng , Shang Yuan-yuan , Zhang Yun , Zhong Ming , Zhang Wei
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE

To determine the association of TRIB3 Q84R polymorphism with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and carotid atherosclerosis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A case-control study enrolled 513 Chinese subjects in three groups: control, MetS, and obese. The functional TRIB3 Q84R polymorphism was genotyped among subjects undergoing carotid ultrasonography. The clinical and biochemical characteristics were determined.

RESULTS

For individuals with the TRIB3 R84 allele, the odds ratio for developing MetS was 2.349 (P = 0.018), abdominal obesity 2.351 (P = 0.012), hypertriglyceridemia 2.314 (P = 0.00003), and insulin resistance 1.697 (P = 0.023). Likewise, the odds ratio for individuals with the TRIB3 R84 allele to develop thickened intima-media thickness was 2.208 (P = 0.040).

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals with the functional TRIB3 Q84R polymorphism are at risk for MetS. The TRIB3 R84 allele especially predisposes to carotid atherosclerosis in part through the effects of abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, and insulin resistance.
Adiponectin and Lipoprotein Particle Size
Authors: Weiss Ram , Otvos James D. , Flyvbjerg Allan , Miserez Andre R. , Frystyk Jan , Sinnreich Ronit , Kark Jeremy D.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE

Adiponectin has been postulated to affect lipid and insulin signal transduction pathways. We evaluated the relationships of plasma adiponectin with lipoprotein mean particle size and subclass concentrations, independent of obesity and insulin sensitivity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A cross-sectional analysis of 884 young Israeli adults who participated in the population-based Jerusalem Lipid Research Clinic (LRC) study was conducted. Lipoprotein particle size was assessed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance.

RESULTS

In multivariable linear regression models that included sex, BMI, waist circumference, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and leptin, adiponectin was associated with mean LDL size (standardized regression coefficient B = 0.20; P < 0.001), VLDL size (B = −0.12; P < 0.001), and HDL size (B = 0.06; P = 0.013). Adiponectin was inversely related to large VLDL (P < 0.001) but positively to small VLDL (P = 0.02), inversely related to small LDL (P < 0.006) but positively to large LDL (P < 0.001), and positively related to large HDL (P < 0.001) subclass concentrations.

CONCLUSIONS

Adiponectin is favorably associated with lipoprotein particle size and subclass distribution independent of adiposity and insulin sensitivity.
New isosporoid coccidian parasites of sayaca tanager, Thraupis sayaca, from South America
Authors: Berto Bruno , Balthazar Lianna , Flausino Walter , Lopes Carlos
Published: April 2009

Three new coccidian (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae) species from the sayaca tanager, Thraupis sayaca, from Brazil, are reported in the current study. Isospora sanhaci sp. nov. oocysts are spherical to subspherical, 22.1 × 21.0 μm, with smooth, bilayered wall, ∼1.0 μm. Micropyle, oocyst residuum and polar granule are absent, while Stieda and substieda bodies are present. Sporocysts are elongated, 17.0 × 9.9 μm. Sporocyst residuum is present, sporozoites have one refractile body and a nucleus. Isospora sayacae sp. nov. are spherical to subspherical, 28.9 × 27.4 μm, with smooth, bilayered wall, ∼1.3 μm. Micropyle, oocyst residuum and polar granule are absent, while Stieda and substieda bodies are present. Sporocysts are bottle-shaped, 23.4 × 11.8 μm and containing a sporocyst residuum and sporozoites with one refractile body and a nucleus. Isospora silvasouzai sp. nov. are spherical to subspherical, 25.5 × 22.6 μm, with a smooth, bilayered wall, ∼1.0 μm. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but one polar granule is present. Sporocysts are pyriform ellipsoidal, 17.6 × 10.5 μm. Stieda and substieda bodies and sporocyst residuum are present and sporozoites have one refractile body and a nucleus.
Ligophorus uruguayense sp. nov. (Monogenea, Ancyrocephalidae), a gill parasite from Mugil platanus (Mugiliformes, Mugilidae) in Uruguay
Authors: Siquier Gabriela , Núñez Margarita
Published: April 2009

The present study describes a new species, Ligophorus uruguayense, parasitizing the gills of Mugil platanus Günther, 1880 from the coast of Uruguay. It differs from all other species of the genus mainly in the shape of the ventral bar, the thick process at the distal end of the inner root of ventral anchors, the J-shaped penis accessory piece and the vaginal tube showing transverse annulations at its distal end, the host species, and geographical distribution. This is the first description of a species of Ligophorus from a mullet in the South Atlantic Ocean.
Parasite fauna of the mediterranean grenadier Coryphaenoides mediterraneus (Giglioli, 1893) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR)
Authors: Kellermanns Esra , Klimpel Sven , Palm Harry
Published: April 2009

A total of 38 Coryphaenoides mediterraneus from the Charlie-Gibbs Fracture Zone (CGFZ), a part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), was studied for parasites and feeding ecology. Sixteen different parasite species were found, most of them belonging to the Digenea (6 species) and Nematoda (6). Twelve new host and 11 new locality records were established, and 8 deep-sea generalists and 5 deep-sea specialists were found. Twelve adult and 3 larval parasites occurred, with Allopodocotyle margolisi (Digenea), Tetraphyllidea indet. (Scolex pleuronectis, Cestoda) and Ascarophis longiovata (Nematoda) being the predominant species. These parasites reached a prevalence of 50.0%, 86.8% and 68.4% with an intensity of infection of 1–10, 1–91 and 1–74, respectively. The food consisted of crustaceans and cephalopods; no further prey items such as fish could be identified. Coryphaenoides mediterraneus demonstrates a parasite fauna similar to that of other deep-sea macrourids. No MAR-specific parasite species were found, and the collected helminths are common fish parasites of the North Atlantic deep-sea basin and the adjacent continental shelf regions. Only few larval epipelagic generalists such as ascaridoid nematodes were found, due to the deep origin of the studied fish between 1700–3500 m. The recorded species rich parasite fauna reflects the wide depth range and opportunistic feeding behaviour of C. mediterraneus on benthopelagic food. The recorded parasite species composition around the MAR appears to be similar to other deep-sea locations in the Atlantic Ocean, demonstrating the wide zoogeographical distribution of these deep-sea metazoans. Consequences of the MAR, the CGFZ and the homogeneous deep-sea environmental conditions for the parasite species distribution are discussed.
A new species of Thelandros (Nematoda, Oxyuroidea, Pharyngodonidae) in Leiolepis reevesi (Sauria, Agamidae) from Vietnam
Authors: Dung Bui , Bursey Charles , Goldberg Stephen
Published: April 2009

Thelandros vietnamensis sp. nov. (Oxyuroidea, Pharyngodonidae) from the intestines of an agamid lizard, Leiolepis reevesi, collected in Vietnam is described and illustrated. Thelandros vietnamensis represents the 3rd Oriental species to be described and is distinguished from all other species by length of spicule (485–536 μm) of the male; all other species have spicules less than 200 μm.
Effects of niclosamide on Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate snail host of Schistosoma japonicum: an enzyme-histochemical study
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Hongjun , Liang Yousheng , Dai Jianrong
Published: April 2009

An enzyme-histochemical study of five enzymes, namely succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cytochrome oxidase (CCO), cholinesterase (CHE) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), was elucidated in the soft tissues of Oncomelania hupensis, the intermediate host snail of Schistosoma japonicum, before and after the treatment with a suspension concentrate of niclosamide (SCN). Following the treatment of SCN, a marked loss occurred in the activity of the five enzymes mentioned above. LDH and SDH showed their strongest activity in the buccal mass and muscular fibers, CCO in buccal mass and liver, CHE in pellicle and ganglia, and NOS in muscular fibers and pharyngeal canal. The results indicate that SCN impairs the activities of the enzymes influencing the transfer of neurotransmitter and energy supply in O. hupensis, ultimately leading to the loss of various physiological functions, which is considered to be a cause of death in O. hupensis.
Chewing lice from wild passerines (Aves, Passeriformes) from Vietnam, with description of a new species of the genus Brueelia (Phthiraptera, Ischnocera, Philopteridae)
Authors: Sychra Oldřich , Literák Ivan , Hung Nguyen , Podzemný Petr
Published: April 2009

Seven species of chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) were found on six species of passerine birds (Passeriformes) in northern Vietnam. A description and illustrations of Brueelia alophoixi sp. nov. ex Alophoixus pallidus (Pycnonotidae) are given. New host records are: Abroscopus superciliaris (Sylviidae) for Myrsidea sp.; and Orthotomus sutorius (Sylviidae) and Lonchura striata (Estrildidae) for Brueelia spp.
Anti-Pentatrichomonas hominis activity of newly synthesized benzimidazole derivatives — in vitro studies
Authors: Chomicz Lidia , Padzik Marcin , Laudy Agnieszka , Kozłowska Mariola , Pietruczuk Anna , Piekarczyk Janusz , Godineau Nadine , Olędzka Gabriela , Kazimierczuk Zygmunt
Published: April 2009

Pentatrichomonas hominis, a parasitic protozoan often detected in human diarrheic stools, is the cause of severe morbidity in newborns and children, particularly in tropical zones. The flagellate is resistant to many disinfectants and anti-protozoan drugs. Therefore in this study we have synthesized three novel 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzimidazole (TBBI) derivatives carrying a polyfluoroalkyl substituent in position 2 of the benzimidazole scaffold, namely 2-trifluoromethyl-TBBI (CF3-TBBI), 2-nonafluorobutyl-TBBI (C4F9-TBBI), and 2-nonadecafluorononyl-TBBI (C9F19-TBBI), that next we tested for their in vitro activity against P. hominis.Widely applied anti-protozoal drug, metronidazole as a reference was used. All the investigated agents were added to 24 h P. hominis cultures; each of them was administered at three different concentrations. Number of the moving trichomonads was determined and compared with the control cultures. Different anti-trichomonal activity occurred depending on a kind of compound and its concentration. C4F9-TBBI was the most effective TBBI derivative tested: the agent, at the highest concentration 24.2 μg/ml, after 72 h reduced the number of viable trichomonads to 44.3%; C9F19-TBBI, at the concentration 24 μg/ml reduced the number of the flagellates to 58.5%. Paradoxically, metronidazole after the same time given at the highest concentration increased trophozoite counts by 464.6% in comparison with the control cultures (100%).
Mode of attachment and histopathological effects of Macrogyrodactylus clarii, a monogenean gill parasite of the catfish Clarias gariepinus, with a report on host response
Authors: Arafa Safaa , El-Naggar Mohammed , El-Abbassy Samir
Published: April 2009

A detailed account is given about the mode of attachment and histopathological effects of Macrogyrodactylus clarii Gussev, 1961, a viviparous monogenean from the gills of the catfish Clarias gariepinus. Most parasites attach their haptors to the proximal region of the gill filament (primary gill lamellae), while few specimens were seen attached to the distal region. Attachment of the haptor was achieved mainly by the blade of the hamuli, but no evidence was found indicating the participation of marginal hooklets in the attachment. The hamuli of M. clarii penetrate into the interlamellar epithelium of the gill tissue. Some evidences were found to indicate that M. clarii may also utilize suction force during haptoral attachment. The pathological effects of M. clarii are manifested by breakdown of the coating epithelium, necrosis of the epithelial cells, vacuolations inside and outside the host cells, fusion of the gill lamellae, rupture of blood capillaries, infiltration of erythrocytes and degeneration and fibrosis of the interlamellar epithelium. The host response includes the appearance of lymphocytes, mucoid secretions and hyperplasia of the tissue at the site of attachment.
Resolution of the discrepant host-specificity of Pseudorhabdosynochus species (Monogenea, Diplectanidae) from serranid fishes in the tropical Indo-Pacific
Authors: Justine Jean-Lou , Dupoux Cyndie , Cribb Thomas
Published: April 2009

New material from Epinephelus quoyanus collected from Heron Island, Australia and material collected by Young in the same locality, allegedly from E. merra, and deposited in the Queensland Museum, contained the same three species of diplectanid monogeneans: Pseudorhabdosynochus cupatus (Young, 1969), P. vagampullum (Young, 1969), and P. justinei Zeng et Yang, 2007 (new record for Australia). In contrast, E. merra in New Caledonia harbours only P. melanesiensis (Laird, 1958). It is concluded that the type-host of P. cupatus and P. vagampullum is not E. merra, as indicated in Young (1969), but E. quoyanus, and that P. cupatus sensu Young comprises two species, P. cupatus from E. quoyanus and P. youngi sp. nov. from E. fasciatus. P. youngi sp. nov. is described from E. fasciatus from New Caledonia (type-locality), Heron Island, and French Polynesia, and distinguished from P. cupatus on the basis of the male quadriloculate organ, sclerotised vagina and lamellosquamodiscs. Thus, P. cupatus, P. melanesiensis and P. youngi each have a single host, respectively E. quoyanus, E. merra, and E. fasciatus. Results for E. fasciatus and E. merra in New Caledonia, Wallis and French Polynesia suggest impoverishment of the monogenean fauna in a West-East gradient in the Pacific.
Gastro-intestinal parasites in yearlings of wild Polish primitive horses from the Popielno Forest Reserve, Poland
Authors: Slivinska K. , Gawor J. , Jaworski Z.
Published: April 2009

To evaluate the gastro-intestinal parasite fauna of the wild Polish primitive horses (Equus caballus gmelini Ant., forma silvatica Vet.), 11 yearlings captured in the Reserve according to the control rules of population dynamics were diagnostically dewormed with abamectin+praziquantel. Expelled parasites were collected from the faeces 24, 36 and 48 hours after treatment. Among a total of 4456 specimens (a mean 405.1 per horse) 27 nematode species, one cestode and one species of botfly larvae were recovered. Strongylids were 100 % prevalent and represented by 24 species (2 large strongylid and 22 cyathostome species). Five cyathostome species (Cylicodontophorus bicoronatus, C. insigne, Poteriostomum imparidentatum, Parapoteriostomum mettami and Gyalocephalus capitatus) were recorded for the first time in Polish primitive horses, whereas two species (Cyathostomum montgomeryi and Cylicostephanus bidentatus) were found for the first time in the horse in Poland. Oxyuris equi was found in 100 % and Parascaris equorum in 63.6 % of yearlings surveyed. Tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata) were revealed in 72.7 %, while Gasterophilus intestinalis instars in 90.9 % of horses. At least three parasite species were highly prevalent (i.e. S. vulgaris, A. perfoliata and G. intestinalis), which might be a reason of serious abdominal disorders in Polish horses living freely in the reserve.
In vitro cultivation of Toxocara cati adult worms for production of eggs and evaluation of oviposition
Authors: Zibaei M. , Sadjjadi S. , Sarkari B. , Oryan A. , Uga S.
Published: April 2009

Toxocariasis is the clinical syndrome caused by infection of zoonotic roundworms of dogs (Toxocara canis) or cats (Toxocara cati). Current research on the immunology and pathology aspects of toxocariasis requires Toxocara second stage larvae and a ready source of excretory-secretory (ES) antigens. We cultured eleven pairs of both sexes of Toxocara cati adult worms maintained in RPMI 1640 medium in order to evaluate the amounts and duration of egg laying. At the first day and last day (day 19), the mean egg counts were 9300 and 250 eggs/ml, respectively. These results showed that this culture method is very appropriate for collection of pure oviposited eggs and/or production of adult ES antigens of Toxocara cati that could be used for immunological diagnosis of toxocariasis.
Distribution of the cestode Taenia parva (Taeniidae) along the digestive tract of the common genet (Genetta genetta)
Authors: Ribas A. , Feliu C. , Casanova J.
Published: April 2009

The small intestine of the common genet is the habitat of Taenia parva (Taeniidae), a common parasite whose intermediate host is Apodemus spp. (Rodentia). Here we divided the small intestine of 51 common genets into sections and analysed them separately. Cestodes were classified into four categories: larval, pre-adult, adult and gravid specimens. A total of 4,443 individuals were recovered and classified: 543 larval stages, 2,326 pre-adults, 872 adults and 702 gravid specimens. A double analysis was performed by checking the distribution of the parasite along the digestive tract and comparing this distribution with reproductive fitness. This is the first study to test the border effect on the distribution of T. parva in its habitat. We also tested and demonstrated the Ideal Free Distribution Model (IFM model). A non-random distribution was found, with the lowest parasite frequencies in the top and the bottom portions of the small intestine. Maturity classes of cestodes vs. intestine portion were tested and no differences between portions were detected. We also analysed seasonal changes in parasite frequency. Log-linear analysis showed that the mean frequency of cestode occurrence per individual host was higher during winter, followed by spring, autumn and summer.
Description of the development of the attachment and copulatory apparatus of Dactylogyrus extensus from Cyprinus carpio var. koi
Authors: Dzika E. , Dzikowiec M. , Hoffmann R.
Published: April 2009

In July 2005 a Koi carp from a private pond in Bavaria was investigated. The aim of the presently reported study was to determine the composition of the monogenean fauna of Koi carp, Cyprinus carpio var. koi and to observe the development of Dactylogyrus extensus, under natural conditions, on the fish gills. A total of three species were recovered, namely: Dactylogyrus extensus Müller et Van Cleave, 1932, Dactylogyrus minutus Kulwieć, 1927, and Gyrodactylus cyprini Diarova, 1964. The dominant species was D. extensus, while the remaining monogeneans were not abundant. Six developmental stages of D. extensus were defined and they were compared with those previously observed by Prost (1963), under experimental conditions. The differences observed in size of the sclerotised structures of the haptor and the copulatory apparatus were discussed.
Stichorchis subtriquetrus in two beavers (Castor fiber) from Slovenia
Authors: Vengušt G. , Bidovec A. , Vergles Rataj A. , Žele D.
Published: April 2009

Intestines of two beavers (Castor fiber), one killed by a car accident and one drowned were examined for parasites. Examination revealed the presence of 1 and 14 adult trematodes, Stichorchis subtriquetrus in the caecum and colon, respectively. The flotation method revealed no ova from faecal material. The European beaver was present in the territory of Slovenia until the beginning of the 18th century. Recently, in 1998, the species reappeared in southeast of Slovenia as a result of the reintroduction of European beaver in Croatia. This is the first report of veterinary examination of beaver and the first evidence of S. subtriquetrus in Slovenia.
Use of modified McMaster method for the diagnosis of intestinal helminth infections and estimating parasitic egg load in human faecal samples in non-endemic areas
Authors: Bondarenko I. , Kinčeková J. , Várady M. , Kőnigová A. , Kuchta M. , Koňáková G.
Published: April 2009

A modified McMaster method has been used for the diagnosis and estimating helminth egg load in human faecal samples obtained from random consecutive patients in the areas non-endemic for helminth infections (Slovak Republic, North West Russia). Both positive and negative findings were in a 100 % concordance to those obtained with a reference method accepted in clinical diagnostic laboratories (microscopy of the native stool smear). The McMaster method was efficient in detecting nematode eggs in patients’ stool samples with egg load varying from very low (15–60 epg for T. trichiura) to moderate (1650–4500 epg for A. lumbricoides). Therefore, this method may be successfully (and with a better technical feasibility) used for the diagnosis of intestinal helminth infections in non-endemic areas, with further quantitative analysis of the sample when required.
Test-Retest Reliability and Minimal Detectable Change Scores for the Timed “Up & Go” Test, the Six-Minute Walk Test, and Gait Speed in People With Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Ries Julie D. , Echternach John L. , Nof Leah , Gagnon Blodgett Michelle
Published: April 2009

Background: With the increasing incidence of Alzheimer disease (AD), determining the validity and reliability of outcome measures for people with this disease is necessary.

Objective: The goals of this study were to assess test-retest reliability of data for the Timed “Up & Go” Test (TUG), the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), and gait speed and to calculate minimal detectable change (MDC) scores for each outcome measure. Performance differences between groups with mild to moderate AD and moderately severe to severe AD (as determined by the Functional Assessment Staging [FAST] scale) were studied.

Design: This was a prospective, nonexperimental, descriptive methodological study.

Methods: Background data collected for 51 people with AD included: use of an assistive device, Mini-Mental Status Examination scores, and FAST scale scores. Each participant engaged in 2 test sessions, separated by a 30- to 60-minute rest period, which included 2 TUG trials, 1 6MWT trial, and 2 gait speed trials using a computerized gait assessment system. A specific cuing protocol was followed to achieve optimal performance during test sessions.

Results: Test-retest reliability values for the TUG, the 6MWT, and gait speed were high for all participants together and for the mild to moderate AD and moderately severe to severe AD groups separately (intraclass correlation coefficients ≥.973); however, individual variability of performance also was high. Calculated MDC scores at the 90% confidence interval were: TUG=4.09 seconds, 6MWT=33.5 m (110 ft), and gait speed=9.4 cm/s. The 2 groups were significantly different in performance of clinical tests, with the participants who were more cognitively impaired being more physically and functionally impaired.

Limitations: A single researcher for data collection limited sample numbers and prohibited blinding to dementia level.

Conclusions: The TUG, the 6MWT, and gait speed are reliable outcome measures for use with people with AD, recognizing that individual variability of performance is high. Minimal detectable change scores at the 90% confidence interval can be used to assess change in performance over time and the impact of treatment.
Development of Biocontrol Technology to Manage Aflatoxin Contamination in Peanuts
Authors: Dorner J. W.
Published: April 2009

Aflatoxin contamination of peanuts results from invasion and growth of the fungi, Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Peanut pods develop in the soil where they are in contact with propagules of these ubiquitous fungi. When peanuts are subjected to drought conditions as pods are maturing, they become susceptible to contamination. A method of biological control of aflatoxin contamination was developed in which a competitive, nontoxigenic strain of A. flavus is applied to the soil to competitively exclude the toxigenic strains in the invasion of peanuts. The biocontrol product is comprised of conidia of the nontoxigenic strain coated onto the surface of hulled barley, which is applied to peanut fields during the middle of the growing season. After uptake of moisture the conidia germinate, grow, and sporulate, yielding a dominant population of the nontoxigenic strain in the soil. Several plot and field studies showed that aflatoxin in farmers' stock peanuts was reduced by 80 to 90% with this technique. The patented technology was licensed by a company that markets the biocontrol product under the trade name, afla-guard®. In 2004, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency issued a Section 3 registration for use of afla-guard® to control aflatoxin contamination in peanuts. Analyses of peanuts from the first commercial use of afla-guard® in various locations in Georgia and Alabama showed aflatoxin reductions averaging 85% in farmers' stock peanuts and as high as 98% in shelled stock.