bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new genus and two new species of cavernicolous amphipods (Crustacea: Typhlogammaridae) from the Western Caucasus
Authors: Sidorov Dmitry A. , Gontcharov Andrey A. , Sharina Svetlana N.
Published: December 2015

This study deals with the biodiversity and distribution of cavernicolous Amphipoda in caves of the Arabika massif (Western Caucasus). The Sarma, Trojka and Orlinoe Gnezdo caves were explored during speleological expeditions over the years 2011–12. Two new species of Amphipoda were found: a sub-surface dweller Zenkevitchia sandroruffoi sp. nov. is reported from the Sarma, Trojka and Orlinoe Gnezdo caves at depths from -30 m to -350 m; the second one, a deep dweller Adaugammarus pilosus gen. et sp. nov. is reported from the Sarma Cave at depths of -1270 to -1700 m. Adaugammarus gen. nov. shares similarities with Typhlogammarus Schäferna, 1907 and Zenkevitchia Birstein, 1940. The species Anopogammarus birsteini Derzhavin, 1945 is also re-described herein based on new samples that suggest close affinity of this species with the family Gammaridae. The original taxonomic combination is resurrected for Zenkevitchia revazi Birstein & Ljovuschkin, 1970, comb. resurr. (from Anopogammarus Derzhavin, 1945). To accommodate morphologically different species in the genus Zenkevitchia, two new groups are proposed. These are the admirabilis-group (Z. admirabilis Birstein, 1940 and Z. yakovi Sidorov, 2015) and the sandroruffoi-group (Z. sandroruffoi sp. nov. and Z. revazi). An updated molecular (mt-cox1) phylogeny, an identification key to the genera and a distribution map for the typhlogammarid amphipod species of Transcaucasia are provided.
Integrated Biophysical and Biochemical Signals Augment Megakaryopoiesis and Thrombopoiesis in a Three-Dimensional Rotary Culture System
Authors: Yang Yiqing , Liu CuiCui , Lei Xiaohua , Wang Hongtao , Su Pei , Ru Yongxin , Ruan Xinhua , Duan Enkui , Feng Sizhou , Han Mingzhe , Xu Yuanfu , Shi Lihong , Jiang Erlie , Zhou Jiaxi
Published: December 2015

Platelet transfusion has been widely used in patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy; however, the shortage of the platelet supply limits the care of patients. Although derivation of clinical-scale platelets in vitro could provide a new source for transfusion, the devices and procedures for deriving scalable platelets for clinical applications have not been established. In the present study, we found that a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) can potentiate megakaryopoiesis and significantly improve the efficiency of platelet generation. When used with chemical compounds and growth factors identified via small-scale screening, the RCCS improved platelet generation efficiency by as much as ∼3.7-fold compared with static conditions. Shear force, simulated microgravity, and better diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from the RCCS, altogether, might account for the improved efficient platelet generation. The cost-effective and highly controllable strategy and methodology represent an important step toward large-scale platelet production for future biomedical and clinical applications.

Significance

Platelet transfusion has been widely used in patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy; however, the shortage of platelet supply limits the care of patients. Thus, derivation of clinical-scale platelets in vitro would provide a new source for transfusion. The present study evaluated a rotary suspension cell culture system that was able to potentiate megakaryopoiesis and significantly improved the efficiency of platelet generation. When used with chemical compounds and growth factors identified via small-scale screening, the three-dimensional system improved platelet generation efficiency compared with the static condition. The three-dimensional device and the strategy developed in the present study should markedly improve the generation of large-scale platelets for use in future biomedical and clinical settings.
Concise Review: An Update on the Culture of Human Corneal Endothelial Cells for Transplantation
Authors: Parekh Mohit , Ferrari Stefano , Sheridan Carl , Kaye Stephen , Ahmad Sajjad
Published: December 2015

The cornea forms the front window of the eye, enabling the transmission of light to the retina through a crystalline lens. Many disorders of the cornea lead to partial or total blindness, and therefore corneal transplantation becomes mandatory. Recently, selective corneal layer (as opposed to full thickness) transplantation has become popular because this leads to earlier rehabilitation and visual outcomes. Corneal endothelial disorders are a common cause of corneal disease and transplantation. Corneal endothelial transplantation is successful but limited worldwide because of lower donor corneal supply. Alternatives to corneal tissue for endothelial transplantation therefore require immediate attention. The field of human corneal endothelial culture for transplantation is rapidly emerging as a possible viable option. This manuscript provides an update regarding these developments.

Significance

The cornea is the front clear window of the eye. It needs to be kept transparent for normal vision. It is formed of various layers of which the posterior layer (the endothelium) is responsible for the transparency of the cornea because it allows the transport of ions and solutes to and from the other layers of the cornea. Corneal blindness that results from the corneal endothelial dysfunction can be treated using healthy donor tissues. There is a huge demand for human donor corneas but limited supply, and therefore there is a need to identify alternatives that would reduce this demand. Research is underway to understand the isolation techniques for corneal endothelial cells, culturing these cells in the laboratory, and finding possible options to transplant these cells in the patients. This review article is an update on the recent developments in this field.
Houses, Residential Burials, and Identity in the Rapayán Valley and the Upper Marañón Drainage, Peru, During Late Andean Prehistory
Authors: Mantha Alexis
Published: December 2015

The impressive multi-story funerary monuments found in the Upper Marañón Drainage of the northern Central Andes of Peru have long fascinated people. Archaeologists and historians have studied their spatial distribution to define the identity of the populations occupying the region during the Late Intermediate period (A.D. 1000—1450). Rather than focus on monumental architecture, in this paper I explore group identity in the Upper Mara ñon by analyzing the shape and layout of houses and evidence of residential funerary practices. Based on a regional comparative approach, I argue that diversity in domestic architecture and mortuary customs reflects a constellation of distinct collective identities
Accounting in the King's Storehouse: the Inkawasi Khipu Archive
Authors: Urton Gary , Chu Alejandro
Published: December 2015

The site of Inkawasi (or Incahuasi) is located in the Cahete Valley, on the south coast of Peru. It was a major garrison and storage facility for the Inka expansion onto the south coast, built for housing and provisioning troops in the Inka assault on the Huarco peoples. Archaeological excavations of the storage facility have exposed what is to date a collection of 34 khipus (or quipus), the Inka knotted-string recording devices. We first explain why we consider the collection to constitute an “archive” and what the implications of that classification are for considering the significance of such a large collection of accounting devices associated with state storage. Several of the khipus were found associated with, or covered by, aji (Capsicum sp.), peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), and black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). We suggest that these may be the products that the khipus recorded. Several khipus were tied together, and two sets of tied, paired samples are shown to contain very similar quantitative records. Close study of the paired samples, as well as the numerical values knotted into several other khipus, reveal different strategies that were being used by the khipu-keepers to maintain “checks-and-balances” accounting. Evidence was also found of possible standardized accounting units for agricultural produce brought to Inkawasi. These took the form of a grid-like array of squares produced by impressing ropes into the floors of two rectangular sorting spaces in the storage complex. The grid-work of squares may have served in the process of spreading out the produce on the floor and collecting and accounting for these products in standardized units. We conclude with reflections on how the processes, procedures, and routines of accounting observed at Inkawasi provide information for approaching the writing of an autochthonous history of the Inka state based on the study of accounting practices.
The Political Landscapes of Eastern Sonora, Mexico: A Reconsideration of Scale and Organization
Authors: Pailes Matthew C.
Published: December 2015

The indigenous polities of eastern Sonora, Mexico, play an important role in reconstructions of the late prehispanic political geography of northwest Mexico and the U.S. Southwest. Most interpretations of political organization in the region rely heavily on Spanish conquest accounts from the 1500s augmented by some archaeological data. Researchers have argued that political units in this region were organizationally complex and controlled substantial territories. Recent investigations in the Moctezuma Valley mostly refute these interpretations. This paper presents evidence of the limited scale of political organization in the region, including settlement patterns, the distribution of public architecture, the movement of rare goods, stylistic differences in material culture, and demographic reconstructions. Previous ethnohistoric research mistakenly assumed that Spanish exploration chronicles provided a near complete list of primate centers. This approach produced interpretations of geographically expansive polities. Present data suggest that the region was highly balkanized into numerous autonomous political units that were minimally involved in macro-regional political and social trajectories. The character of political organization in this region resulted in part from a patchy landscape, low demographic pressure, and geographic location between more centrally organized groups.
Preparation of electrodeposited Zn–Ni–B alloy coatings
Authors: Sakai Taro , Kamimoto Yuki , Ichino Ryoichi
Published: December 2015

We prepared Zn–Ni–B alloys with high Zn content and high corrosion resistance. The composition of the alloys was controlled by potentiostatic electrolysis. In the electroplating bath, dimethylamineborane was used as the B source. The characterization of the alloys and corrosion resistance evaluation were carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), Tafel plots, and cyclic corrosion tests. All films were categorized into three groups on the basis of the results of XRD analysis, and it was found by TEM analysis that the Ni–B-type showed an amorphous structure. The Ni–B-type could contain up to 50.6 mol % Zn and showed similar or better anticorrosion properties than the amorphous Ni–B films. In the Ni–B-type, the higher the Zn content, the higher the corrosion resistance. The Zn–Ni–B alloys had almost the same electrochemical corrosion resistance and Zn content as the Zn–Ni–P alloys.
Microstructure development and hydrogen gas interaction of oxidized Zr65Pd35 and Zr60Pd35Ce5 amorphous alloys
Authors: Ozawa Masakuni , Kato Shiro , Kobayashi Katsutoshi , Yogo Toshinobu , Yamamura Shin-ichi
Published: December 2015

The microstructure of composites derived from amorphous Zr65Pd35 and Zr65Pd35Ce5 alloys was studied. X-ray diffractograms, Raman spectroscopy profiles and scanning electron micrographs indicated that the mixtures containing ZrO2, metallic Pd, and PdO were formed for both amorphous alloys after heat treatment in air. The amorphous Zr60Pd35Ce5 alloy at temperatures of 280–400 °C changed to the composites in which very small Pd precipitates with a diameter less than 100 nm were embedded in a ZrO2 matrix. The hydrogen-temperature-programmed reduction was applied to study the reactivity of hydrogen gas with the oxidized Zr60Pd35Ce5 material. A rapid hydrogen absorption and release behavior was observed on the composite derived from the amorphous alloy.
Aislamiento, inoculación y efecto de consorcios micorrízicos en Jatropha curcas
Authors: Carmen A González Chávez Ma. del , Rogelio Carrillo González , Rogelio Carrillo González , Silvia Evangelista Lozano , Roberto Brito Batalla , Ariadna Sánchez López , Stefani y Perea Vélez Yazmín
Published: December 2015

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue aislar y evaluar en vivero el efecto de ocho consorcios micorrízicos en dos etapas del crecimiento de Jatropha curcas variedad CEPROBI. Seis consorcios se aislaron de la rizosfera de plantas adultas y productivas de J. curcas establecidas en los estados de Yucatán y Morelos (México). Los otros dos consorcios se aislaron de otras plantas (piña y maíz) y sitios (Oaxaca, Tabasco, respectivamente). La primera evaluación se realizó durante los primeros cuatro meses a través de una cinética de crecimiento de plántulas obtenidas de semilla (altura, diámetro de tallo, número de hojas). También se determinó la longitud y diámetro de raíces primarias, secundarias y finas; así como la colonización micorrízica. Al año de edad de las plantas se determinó la altura, el diámetro de tallo, la concentración foliar de nitrógeno, fósforo y potasio, así como de micronutrimentos (Zn+2, Cu+2). Durante los primeros tres meses, el consorcio Oaxaca promovió la altura de J. curcas y la longitud de raíces finas (323%). Mientras que el consorcio procedente de Tabasco, aumentó significativamente 23% el diámetro de tallo y 340% la longitud de raíces finas en plantas de 4 meses de edad, en comparación con los valores observados en las plantas no inoculadas. Por el contrario, no se observó efecto significativo por la inoculación micorrízica en el número de hojas, longitud y diámetro de la raíz principal y número de raíces secundarias. Los efectos que se observaron no se relacionaron con la colonización micorrízica. En las plantas de un año de edad se observó que el consorcio Mérida 1 influenció significativamente la altura (119%), seguido de los consorcios Mérida 2, Morelos 3, Tabasco y Oaxaca. Mientras que el consorcio Mérida 4 fue con el que se obtuvo el mayor diámetro de tallo (142%). La inoculación de J. curcas con consorcios micorrízicos favorece el crecimiento de las plantas; sin embargo, debe investigarse su efecto en la producción, rendimiento y calidad de aceite.
Prostanthera conniana (Lamiaceae, Westringieae), a new species from the Southern Tablelands, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Wilson Trevor Craig , Elkan Lesley , Henwood Murray , Murray Louisa , Renner Matt , Wardrop Catherine
Published: December 2015

A new species of Prostanthera (P. conniana T.C.Wilson) from the Southern Tablelands botanical region of New South Wales, Australia, is here described. This species is known only from the Shoalhaven River in the vicinity of Bungonia. Features that justify the recognition of this species are a compact inflorescence, a hairy calyx, and an anther appendage relatively longer to the pollen locule. A comprehensive description, diagnostic illustrations, and an assessment of the conservation status of P. conniana are accompanied with an updated key to Prostanthera of New South Wales.
Episodic warming of near‐bottom waters under the Arctic sea ice on the central Laptev Sea shelf
Authors: Janout Markus , Hölemann Jens , Juhls Bennet , Krumpen Thomas , Rabe Benjamin , Bauch Dorothea , Wegner Carolyn , Kassens Heidemarie , Timokhov Leonid
Published: December 2015

A multiyear mooring record (2007–2014) and satellite imagery highlight the strong temperature variability and unique hydrographic nature of the Laptev Sea. This Arctic shelf is a key region for river discharge and sea ice formation and export and includes submarine permafrost and methane deposits, which emphasizes the need to understand the thermal variability near the seafloor. Recent years were characterized by early ice retreat and a warming near‐shore environment. However, warming was not observed on the deeper shelf until year‐round under‐ice measurements recorded unprecedented warm near‐bottom waters of +0.6°C in winter 2012/2013, just after the Arctic sea ice extent featured a record minimum. In the Laptev Sea, early ice retreat in 2012 combined with Lena River heat and solar radiation produced anomalously warm summer surface waters, which were vertically mixed, trapped in the pycnocline, and subsequently transferred toward the bottom until the water column cooled when brine rejection eroded stratification.
The thermodynamic balance of the Weddell Gyre
Authors: Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Zika Jan D. , Jullion Loïc , Brown Peter J. , Holland Paul R. , Meredith Michael P. , Bacon Sheldon
Published: December 2015

The thermodynamic balance of the Weddell Gyre is assessed from an inverse estimate of the circulation across the gyre's rim. The gyre experiences a weak net buoyancy gain that arises from a leading‐order cancelation between two opposing contributions, linked to two cells of water mass transformation and diapycnal overturning. The lower cell involves a cooling‐driven densification of 8.4 ± 2.0 Sv of Circumpolar Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water near the gyre's southern and western margins. The upper cell entails a freshening‐driven conversion of 4.9 ± 2.0 Sv of Circumpolar Deep Water into lighter upper ocean waters within the gyre interior. The distinct role of salinity between the two cells stems from opposing salinity changes induced by sea ice production, meteoric sources, and admixture of fresh upper ocean waters in the lower cell, which contrasts with coherent reductions in salinity associated with sea ice melting and meteoric sources in the upper cell.
foF2long‐term trend linked to Earth's magnetic field secular variation at a station under the northern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly
Authors: Pham Thi Thu Hong , Amory‐Mazaudier Christine , Le Huy Minh , Elias Ana G.
Published: December 2015

Long‐term trend of the critical frequency of theF2ionospheric region,foF2, at Phu Thuy station (21.03°N, 105.96°E), Vietnam, located under the northern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly, EIA, is studied. Annual mean data are analyzed at 04 LT and 12 LT for the period 1962–2002 using monthly median values and monthly mean values during magnetically quiet days (am < 20). In both cases we obtain similar trends at 4 LT and 12 LT, which we interpret as an absence of geomagnetic activity effect over trends. The positive trends obtained are not consistent with the negative values expected from greenhouse gases effect at this layer of the upper atmosphere. The increasing trend observed at 12 LT is qualitatively in agreement with the expected effect of the secular displacement of the dip equator over the EIA latitudinal profile. At 04 LT, when the EIA is absent, the positive trend is in qualitative agreement with the secular variation of the Earth's magnetic field inclination,I, and the consequent increase of the sin(I)cos(I) factor at the corresponding location.
Far‐field stress dependency of the failure mode of damage‐zone fractures in fault zones: Results from laboratory tests and field observations of siliceous mudstone
Authors: Ishii Eiichi
Published: December 2015

The macroscopic failure mode (tensile/hybrid/shear) of damage‐zone fractures in fault zones may influence the hydrogeological properties of the fault zone. Application of the Griffith‐Coulomb failure criterion, combined with the simple assumption that failures are predominantly induced by an increase in differential stresses and/or a decrease in effective normal stresses resulting from stress concentrations generated at the asperities/tips of faults, suggests that (1) only tensile fractures propagate from faults when the effective mean stress is less than the rock tensile strength, (2) tensile/hybrid fractures form when the effective mean stress is less than twice the rock tensile strength, and (3) shear fractures can develop when the effective mean stress is more than twice the rock tensile strength, which suppresses the formation of tensile/hybrid fractures. In this study, thin slots were precut in siliceous mudstone samples and mechanical experiments were conducted under a range of effective confining pressures using core samples with and without precut slots. A comparison of fractures formed in the samples at different applied effective mean stresses gave results consistent with the proposed model. The correspondence of model predictions and results was also corroborated by observations of natural damage‐zone fractures observed in the field, in boreholes penetrating the same siliceous mudstone as used in the experiments. The results indicate that fault zones containing numerous tensile/hybrid fractures are limited to domains that have experienced effective mean stresses of less than twice the rock tensile strength.
Long period seismicity and very long period infrasound driven by shallow magmatic degassing at Mount Pagan, Mariana Islands
Authors: Lyons John J. , Haney Matthew M. , Werner Cynthia , Kelly Peter , Patrick Matthew , Kern Christoph , Trusdell Frank
Published: December 2015

Long period (LP) seismicity and very long period infrasound (iVLP) were recorded during continuous degassing from Mount Pagan, Mariana Islands, in July 2013 to January 2014. The frequency content of the LP and iVLP events and delay times between the two arrivals were remarkably stable and indicate nearly co‐located sources. Using phase‐weighted stacking over similar events to dampen noise, we find that the LP source centroid is located 60 m below and 180 m west of the summit vent. The moment tensor reveals a volumetric source modeled as resonance of a subhorizontal sill intersecting a dike. We model the seismoacoustic wavefields with a coupled earth‐air 3‐D finite difference code. The ratios of pressure to velocity measured at the infrasound arrays are an order of magnitude larger than the synthetic ratios, so the iVLP is not the result of LP energy transmitting into the atmosphere at its epicenter. Based on crater shape and dimensions determined by structure from motion, we model the iVLP as acoustic resonance of an exponential horn. The source of the continuous plume from gas analysis is shallow magmatic degassing, which repeatedly pressurized the dike‐sill portion of the conduit over the 7 months of observation. Periodic gas release caused the geologically controlled sill to partially collapse and resonate, while venting of gas at the surface triggered resonance in the crater. LP degassing only accounts for ~12% of total degassing, indicating that most degassing is relatively aseismic and that multiple active pathways exist beneath the vent.
The separation of the East Australian Current: A Lagrangian approach to potential vorticity and upstream control
Authors: Ypma S. L. , van Sebille E. , Kiss A. E. , Spence P.
Published: December 2015

The East Australian Current (EAC) is the western boundary current flowing along the east coast of Australia separating from the coast at approximately 34°S. After the separation two main pathways can be distinguished, the eastward flowing Tasman Front and the extension of the EAC flowing southward. The area south of the separation latitude is eddy‐rich and the separation latitude of the EAC is variable. Little is known of the properties of the water masses that separate at the bifurcation of the EAC. This paper presents new insights from the Lagrangian perspective, where the water masses that veer east and those that continue south are tracked in an eddy‐permitting numerical model. The transport along the two pathways is computed, and a 1:3 ratio between transport in the EAC extension and transport in the Tasman Front is found. The results show that the “fate” of the particles is to first order already determined by the particle distribution within the EAC current upstream of the separation latitude, where 85% of the particles following the EAC extension originate from below 460 m and 90% of the particles following the Tasman Front originate from the top 460 m depth at 28°S. The separation and pathways are controlled by the structure of the isopycnals in this region. Analysis of anomalies in potential vorticity show that in the region where the two water masses overlap, the fate of the water depends on the presence of anticyclonic eddies that push isopycnals down and therefore enable particles to travel further south.
Global irradiance calibration of multifilter UV radiometers
Authors: Piedehierro A. A. , Cancillo M. L. , Serrano A. , Antón M. , Vilaplana J. M.
Published: December 2015

It is well known that the amount of ultraviolet solar radiation (UV) reaching the Earth's surface is governed by stratospheric ozone, which has exhibited notable variations since the late 1970s. A thorough monitoring of UV radiation requires long‐term series of accurate measurements worldwide, and to keep track of its evolution, it is essential to use high‐quality instrumentation with an excellent long‐term performance capable of detecting low UV signal. There are several UV monitoring networks worldwide based on multifilter UV radiometers; however, there is no general agreement about the most suitable methodology for the global irradiance calibration of these instruments. This paper aims to compare several calibration methods and to analyze their behavior for different ranges of solar zenith angle (SZA). Four methods are studied: the two currently most frequently used methods referred to in the literature and two new methods that reduce systematic errors in calibrated data at large solar zenith angles. The results evidence that proposed new methods show a clear improvement compared to the classic approaches at high SZA, especially for channels 305 and 320 nm. These two channels are of great interest for calculating the total ozone column and other products such as dose rates of biological interest in the UV range (e.g., the erythemal dose).
Neural network temperature and moisture retrieval algorithm validation for AIRS/AMSU and CrIS/ATMS
Authors: Milstein Adam B. , Blackwell William J.
Published: December 2015

We present comprehensive validation results for the recently introduced neural network technique for retrieving vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature and water vapor from spaceborne microwave and hyperspectral infrared sounding instruments. This technique is currently in operational use as the first guess for the NASA Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) Science Team Version 6 retrieval algorithm. The validation incorporates a variety of data sources, independent from the algorithm training set, as ground truth, including global numerical weather analyses generated by the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts, synoptic radiosonde measurements, and radiosondes dedicated for validation. The results demonstrate significant performance improvements over the previous AIRS/advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU) operational sounding retrievals in both retrieval error and also show comparable vertical resolution. We also present initial neural network retrieval results using measurements from the Cross‐Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) and Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) currently flying on the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership satellite.
Modeling subcanopy incoming longwave radiation to seasonal snow using air and tree trunk temperatures
Authors: Webster Clare , Rutter Nick , Zahner Franziska , Jonas Tobias
Published: December 2015

Data collected at three Swiss alpine forested sites over a combined 11 year period were used to evaluate the role of air temperature in modeling subcanopy incoming longwave radiation to the snow surface. Simulated subcanopy incoming longwave radiation is traditionally partitioned into that from the sky and that from the canopy, i.e., a two‐part model. Initial uncertainties in predicting longwave radiation using the two‐part model resulted from vertical differences in measured air temperature. Above‐canopy (35 m) air temperatures were higher than those within (10 m) and below (2 m) canopy throughout four snow seasons (December–April), demonstrating how the forest canopy can act as a cold sink for air. Lowest model root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) was using above‐canopy air temperature. Further investigation of modeling subcanopy longwave radiation using above‐canopy air temperature showed underestimations, particularly during periods of high insolation. In order to explicitly account for canopy temperatures in modeling longwave radiation, the two‐part model was improved by incorporating a measured trunk view component and trunk temperature. Trunk temperature measurements were up to 25°C higher than locally measured air temperatures. This three‐part model reduced the RMSE by up to 7.7 W m−2 from the two‐part air temperature model at all sensor positions across the 2014 snowmelt season and performed particularly well during periods of high insolation when errors from the two‐part model were up to 40 W m−2. A parameterization predicting tree trunk temperatures using measured air temperature and incoming shortwave radiation demonstrate a simple method that can be applied to provide input to the three‐part model across midlatitude coniferous forests.
Identifying scale‐emergent, nonlinear, asynchronous processes of wetland methane exchange
Authors: Sturtevant Cove , Ruddell Benjamin L. , Knox Sara Helen , Verfaillie Joseph , Matthes Jaclyn Hatala , Oikawa Patricia Y. , Baldocchi Dennis
Published: December 2015

Methane (CH4) exchange in wetlands is complex, involving nonlinear asynchronous processes across diverse time scales. These processes and time scales are poorly characterized at the whole‐ecosystem level, yet are crucial for accurate representation of CH4 exchange in process models. We used a combination of wavelet analysis and information theory to analyze interactions between whole‐ecosystem CH4 flux and biophysical drivers in two restored wetlands of Northern California from hourly to seasonal time scales, explicitly questioning assumptions of linear, synchronous, single‐scale analysis. Although seasonal variability in CH4 exchange was dominantly and synchronously controlled by soil temperature, water table fluctuations, and plant activity were important synchronous and asynchronous controls at shorter time scales that propagated to the seasonal scale. Intermittent, subsurface water table decline promoted short‐term pulses of methane emission but ultimately decreased seasonal CH4 emission through subsequent inhibition after rewetting. Methane efflux also shared information with evapotranspiration from hourly to multiday scales and the strength and timing of hourly and diel interactions suggested the strong importance of internal gas transport in regulating short‐term emission. Traditional linear correlation analysis was generally capable of capturing the major diel and seasonal relationships, but mesoscale, asynchronous interactions and nonlinear, cross‐scale effects were unresolved yet important for a deeper understanding of methane flux dynamics. We encourage wider use of these methods to aid interpretation and modeling of long‐term continuous measurements of trace gas and energy exchange.
Longevity, Biological
Authors: Carnes Bruce A.
Published: December 2015

Lifespan and longevity are related concepts in that both are measures of biological time. The qualifier that separates the two is that longevity requires a long lifespan. Both concepts are intertwined and from a biological perspective they define windows of time within which key milestones for Darwinian success must be met. Longevity is an essential part of how organisms adapt to the risks that endanger life or reproduction. Aging and longevity are quite different concepts that follow parallel paths. As longevity increases, so does the irreparable cellular damage accumulation arising from biochemical side reactions. The critical difference is that longevity has a genetic basis and aging does not.
Guardianship/Conservatorship
Authors: Moye Jennifer
Published: December 2015

Guardianship provides a legal substitute decision maker for an individual whom a judge has determined to lack capacity. Older adults are most often subject to guardianship petition due to the increasing prevalence of dementia with advancing age. Guardianship law has evolved to maximize due process protections and increasingly focus on functional evaluation.
Prevention
Authors: Anderson Lynda A. , Prohaska Thomas R. , Satariano William A.
Published: December 2015

The word
prevent
is defined as keeping something from happening or making someone or something unable to do something. Advances in the fields of public health and medicine along with the scientific study of aging have led to changes in how we conceptualize prevention, its measurement, and the design and implementation of interventions. Several classification systems are used to describe prevention. These systems are important in that they help to create a common language, identify and differentiate various targets of intervention, organize responsive efforts, and track health‐related outcomes. Current prevention strategies and priorities internationally, nationally, and locally are the result of complex, collaborative relationships between government public health agencies, voluntary health organizations, and medical care systems. The concept of prevention will continue to evolve. Innovations in the fields of public health, medicine, and aging will continue to lead to advancements in prevention research and translation of these efforts into practice.
Achievement
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: December 2015

The first empirical research on the relationship between age and achievement dates back to 1835. Since then, a considerable body of research has accumulated on how accomplishments fluctuate across the career. After reviewing the five core conclusions of the accumulated body of empirical research, this entry closes with a brief discussion of the exogenous and endogenous factors responsible for the observed career trajectories.
Q
uetelet,
A
dolphe (1796–1874)
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: December 2015

Adolphe Quetelet began his career as a mathematician and astronomer, but later moved into the statistical analysis of social phenomena. He advanced the idea of the average person who represented the center of a normal distribution in the population. In addition, he conducted the first quantitative analyses of longitudinal data, including the relation between age and creative productivity.
Compensation
Authors: Rubenstein Alex L.
Published: December 2015

Compensation encompasses the systems and means of providing employees with pay and/or rewards as a function of their contributions. Compensation systems involve determining the worth of each job and how similar jobs will be paid, while the means concern the various ways in which compensation can be offered. Because of its clear importance in affecting individual lives and society at large, major legislation has been passed in the United States to regulate fair and ethical compensation practices.
Performance and Performance Feedback
Authors: Rubenstein Alex L.
Published: December 2015

Performance refers to the set of observable employee behaviors that contribute, positively or negatively, to goal accomplishment. In organizations, performance consists of in‐role task performance, citizenship behaviors, and counterproductive work behaviors, each of which is discussed here, along with their underlying subdimensions and measurement approaches. Performance feedback is an aspect of the broader performance management process, consisting of communicating to employees the results of a performance evaluation in order to adjust behavior to reach organizational goals.
Geropsychology Guidelines
Authors: Hinrichsen Gregory A. , Molinari Victor
Published: December 2015

The
Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Older Adults
were published by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 2004, and revised in 2013. The 21 guidelines are categorized into six domains: Competence in and Attitudes Toward Working with Older Adults; General Knowledge About Adult Development, Aging, and Older Adults; Clinical Issues; Assessment; Intervention, Consultation, and Other Service Provision; and Professional Issues and Education. These guidelines offer a framework for identifying the core foundational and functional competencies which can guide APA‐accredited graduate, internship, and fellowship programs with a geropsychology focus to provide curricular and supervisory experiences for their students and trainees to achieve competence in geropsychology.
Memory Schema
Authors: Ryan Jennifer D.
Published: December 2015

From Immanuel Kant to the present, “schemas” have been a central tenet of memory research. Schemas are associative knowledge structures that are abstracted from specific learning experiences and are subsequently used to give meaning to incoming sensory information. Schemas serve to efficiently integrate new experiences into existing knowledge stores, a process that is supported in the brain through the function of the hippocampus and its interactions with the frontal cortex. Schemas may be critical for supporting declining cognitive abilities, as is often observed with aging.
Generativity
Authors: Newton Nicky J.
Published: December 2015

Erikson's idea of generativity—the concern with caring for and nurturing the next generation—has been studied, developed, and broadened in the decades since its debut. A multifaceted concept, caring for future generations encompasses both proximal and distal circles of care, from the family context to a more global worldview. Social roles, such as parenthood, grandparenthood, and career, are associated with how generativity is manifest. Research finds not only gender differences in generativity, but race differences, as well as changing levels of qualitatively different generative facets across adulthood. Additionally, generativity is associated with aging successfully, and provides a basis for community programs aimed at improving the lives of midlife and older adults.
Working Memory
Authors: Verhaeghen Paul
Published: December 2015

This entry examines the effects of aging on decline in working memory and short‐term memory. Several potential causes—general age‐related decline, decline in executive control functions, and decline in the substrate, including compensation‐related activation—are reviewed. The impact of short‐term memory and working memory decline on higher order cognition is discussed, as well as the effects of working memory training on working memory and other aspects of cognition.
Executive Functions
Authors: Karbach Julia , Unger Kerstin
Published: December 2015

Executive functions are higher level cognitive control functions supporting the flexible adaptation to changing environments. They include abilities such as updating, shifting, and inhibition, all of which are subject to significant age‐related changes across the adult lifespan. These age differences are associated with age‐related changes in the neural substrate supporting executive processes. Recent research on cognitive aging has shown that the brain is plastic up to very old age and that executive control can be improved by intensive cognitive and physical training in adulthood. This entry outlines the concept of executive functions, their neural correlates, and their plasticity across the adult lifespan.
Resource‐Based Dynamic Perspective
Authors: Koopmann Jaclyn , Wang Mo
Published: December 2015

The resource‐based dynamic perspective on retirement adjustment posits resources and changes in those resources as the central mechanisms that shape retirement adjustment. Specifically, this perspective predicts losses, gains, or no change in resources will lead to decreasing, increasing, or stable trajectories in retiree adjustment, respectively. Although empirical support exists for the different retiree subgroups and their unique patterns of retirement adjustment over time as predicted by the resource‐based dynamic perspective, several areas of future research are needed.
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Families
Authors: Lodge Amy C. , Paine Emily A. , Umberson Debra
Published: December 2015

Contemporary research suggests that same‐sex couples are similar to heterosexual couples in many ways (e.g., love, commitment) but also differ in important ways (e.g., same‐sex couples have a more equitable division of labor than heterosexual couples). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) individuals are increasingly likely to parent and report multiple pathways to parenthood; however in doing so they face both unique challenges and opportunities. Given the increase in LGBT parenthood, there is also a small but growing literature on LGBT grandparents. This research suggests that relationships with adult children and decisions around disclosing sexual identity are key to how LGBT grandparents experience relationships with their grandchildren.
Aging in Place
Authors: Fields Noelle L. , Dabelko‐Schoeny Holly
Published: December 2015

Older adults overwhelmingly prefer to age in place in their own homes rather than relocate to institutional care settings such as a nursing home. Aging in place is viewed as ideal when compared to institutional care and refers to the ability of an individual to remain in his or her home in spite of age‐ or health‐related changes that may make it difficult to do so. Aging in place is also tied to a sense of attachment to one's home as well as social connections with the community, feelings of security, and feelings of autonomy. Housing, transportation, health, community‐based services, social networks, and family caregiving all are integral aspects of successful aging in place.
Leadership
Authors: Zhou Le , Daher Marissa
Published: December 2015

Leadership is an important part of organization behavior. The leader is someone who regularly provides influence and direction toward a group's goal setting and goal achievement. There are a variety of theories or approaches that attempt to describe what leadership is and how leaders influence followers' attitudes and behaviors. It has also been shown that a leader's styles and behaviors may be influenced by his or her age.
Job Design and Redesign
Authors: Bertolino Marilena
Published: December 2015

The origins of job design up to the more recent research in this field are presented with particular attention to the Work Design Questionnaire which is an updated and exhaustive measure of work design related to relevant work outcomes such as work motivation, job performance, turnover intentions, and stress. Although the role of age in job design has largely been ignored, the study of work characteristics in relationship to different age ranges in the organizations will be useful for job redesign. Indeed, certain job characteristics are better associated with different life stages and have an influence on younger and older workers' health and well‐being. It will be useful for organizations to understand which aspects of work are associated with different age groups, and in this way workers may find a better fit with their job.
Medicaid Managed Long‐Term Care
Authors: Peterson Lindsay , Hyer Kathryn
Published: December 2015

Medicaid managed long‐term care is now in operation in more than half of US states as they seek to reduce expenditures. In managed long‐term care, unlike fee‐for‐service long‐term care, managed‐care organizations receive fixed fees to administer beneficiary services, finding alternatives to high‐cost nursing home care when possible. Program designs differ by state, however. For instance, some states coordinate only long‐term care services; others coordinate long‐term and acute care for beneficiaries on both Medicaid and Medicare, many of whom have multiple chronic conditions. Managed long‐term care may improve care and lower costs, but concerns exist about quality and service limitations.
Close/Romantic Relationships
Authors: Gorchoff Sara Melissa
Published: December 2015

Relationship satisfaction in middle age and older adulthood is impacted by personality vulnerabilities, life stresses, and behaviors exhibited during marital conflict. Additionally, changes in life context present challenges and opportunities for changes in relationship satisfaction. In general, individuals who are low in neuroticism, attachment anxiety, and avoidance, who experience few stressors or who experience high levels of support to help them deal with stressors, and who are able to argue in a positive, relationship‐affirming way possess the highest levels of relationship satisfaction. Couples also typically experience lower relationship satisfaction early in marriage when life stresses are high, and increasing relationship satisfaction during late middle age when role‐related stresses begin to abate.
Intelligence, General
Authors: Beier Margaret E. , Young Carmen K.
Published: December 2015

The relationship between age and intelligence has been extensively researched and documented over the past 100 years. Depending on the definition of intelligence used, the forecast for intellectual development and growth throughout older age can be more or less optimistic. Questions about age and intelligence are best addressed by examining broad content abilities that general intelligence comprises. This is because these more specific abilities follow different trajectories with age (i.e., some improve and some decline). Cross‐sectional and longitudinal research examining the relationship between intelligence and age informs interventions designed to preserve cognitive abilities related to intelligence throughout the lifespan.
Personal Action Constructs
Authors: Allen Pamela M. , Hooker Karen
Published: December 2015

Personal action constructs represent the explicitly action‐oriented part of the personality system and include personalized motivational constructs such as developmental tasks, goals, personal projects, and possible selves. They capture the contingencies of goal‐directed behavior on the environment and are shaped by age, social role, and sociohistorical context. Research concerning these midlevel personality constructs has made substantial contributions to the understanding of how development of the self as well as self‐regulation contribute to outcomes of health and well‐being in adult development and aging. Personal action constructs address the complexity of the personality system beyond trait‐based approaches and are of particular interest to gerontologists because adults' goals and self‐regulatory processes are dynamic, exhibiting growth and development into advanced age.
Special Care Units for Persons with Dementia
Authors: Jensen Christine J. , Gendron Tracey
Published: December 2015

Special care units have been designed to support the needs of persons with dementia. They are generally located in long‐term care facilities but are also being located in other care settings. They provide a specially adapted environment to help residents function as independently and safely as possible.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Cohen Carl I.
Published: December 2015

There is a compelling need to learn more about schizophrenia in later life. By 2025, persons aged 55 and over will comprise one fourth of the population with schizophrenia in the United States. This growth will place enormous strains on a care system that has been structured to treat younger people. This entry will describe the paradigmatic shift that has occurred with respect to the classification, outcome, and care of older adults with schizophrenia, and the consequences of this shift with respect to how we conceptualize research, policy, and clinical care for this population.