bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract P534: Is a Positive Family History of Cardiovascular Diseases Associated With Ideal Cardiovascular Health in the Community? The Polish Norwegian Study
Authors: Vaidean Georgeta , Manczuk Marta , Vansal Sandeep
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Self-reported family history of cardiovascular diseases (FHxCVD) is associated with an increased cardiovascular risk. In contrast to genetic profiling, FHxCVD has the advantage that it reflects not only genetic susceptibility, but also factors related to a shared environment and behaviors. Ideal cardiovascular health (ICVH) is a summary indicator of behavioral and major subsequent biological factors. FHxCVD is presumed to motivate the adoption of a healthy lifestyle, yet little evidence exists to support this hypothesis in a community setting.

Hypothesis:
We assessed the hypothesis that self-reported family history of cardiovascular diseases is associated with ICVH in a community based study.

Methods:
We used cross-sectional, baseline data of 10934 participants, age 45 to 64 years free of cardiovascular diseases in an ongoing cohort study (PONS). Data were collected through structured questionnaires and fasting blood samples. Ideal cardiovascular health was defined according to the American Heart Association criteria (7 metrics assessed at 3 levels: ideal, intermediate, and poor). FHxCVD was self-reported, based on three questions inquiring about coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension in parents and siblings. We considered a positive FHxCVD if an affirmative answer to any of these three questions was reported. We used multivariable logistic models and adjusted for age, sex, education, place of residence, health care services.

Results:
The prevalence of poor CVH (0-2 ideal metrics) was 63% and of ideal CVH (6, 7 ideal metrics) was 0.07%. The prevalence of a positive FHxCVD was 77%. Mean (SD) for ICVH score was 2.20 (1.06), with no difference between those with positive and negative FHxCVD. A positive FHxCVD was associated with increased odds of a poor cardiovascular health (0-2 health components), OR (95%CI) 1.12 (1.01-1.23), after adjusting for age, sex, education, rural residence and health care services. Among participants with known history of hypertension, having a positive family history of HTN (but not of CHD or stroke) was associated with lower odds of having their blood pressure controlled (OR 0.83 , 95%CI 0.71-0.96), after multivariable adjustment.

Conclusion:
In this community-based study we found that self-reported FHxCVD is not accompanied by healthy behaviors. In spite of its personal value, simple knowledge of one’s FHxCVD may not suffice as motivator for lifestyle changes.
Abstract P535: Receipt of Preventive Health Services Among Current Marijuana Users
Authors: Lum Emily , Tummalapalli Sri Lekha , Khare Meena , Keyhani Salomeh
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
The associations between marijuana use and various health-related behaviors, including receipt of preventive health services, have not been widely examined.

Hypothesis:
Given the known adverse cognitive effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), we hypothesized that current marijuana users were less likely than non-users to receive recommended preventive health services.

Methods:
The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is an ongoing telephone survey that collects data on health-related risk behaviors, chronic health conditions, and use of preventive services by non-institutionalized U.S. adults ≥18 years of age from the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and Palau. In 2017, there were 10 U.S. states that administered the BRFSS Marijuana Module. We identified survey respondents that were eligible for receipt of each recommended preventive health service. Using chi square statistics, we examined the rates of receipt of recommended preventive services among eligible users compared to non-users in these 10 states.

Results:
In 2017, among 45,655,241 participants, 10.7% used marijuana in the past 30 days, and 69.3% of those used it daily. The predominant method of marijuana use was smoking (90.4%). Compared to non-users, marijuana users were more likely to be 18-29 years of age (39.7% vs 17.4%, p<0.0001) and male (61.6% vs 46.4%, p<0.0001). Marijuana users were less likely to be Hispanic (18.2% vs 21.5%) or Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander (5.3% vs 9.5%) compared to non-users (p<0.0001). Participants who used marijuana were more likely to be employed (63.8% vs 56%) and to have graduated high school (28.8% vs 24.8%) compared to those who did not use marijuana (p<0.0001). Marijuana users were less likely than non-users to be married (27.9% vs 54%, p<0.0001). Among all participants, fewer marijuana users than non-users received an influenza vaccination within the past year (25.4% vs 41.5%, p<0.0001). Additionally, among age-eligible participants, those who used marijuana were less likely to have received serum cholesterol screenings in the past five years (79.5% vs 83%) and regularly take aspirin as a method of cardiovascular risk reduction (36.6% vs 44.9%) compared to non-users (p<0.0001). Among participants with diabetes, fewer marijuana users received an eye examination (48.8% vs 57.8%) or an influenza vaccination (35.9% vs 56.9%) within the last year compared to non-users (p<0.0001).

Conclusion:
Marijuana users were less likely to receive an influenza vaccination and preventive services recommended for cardiovascular risk reduction. Users may need more targeted interventions to receive needed care.
Abstract P538: Cardiovascular Health Benefits of Optimism are Socially Patterned: A 15-year Prospective Study
Authors: Qureshi Farah , Soo Jackie , Chen Ying , Roy Brita , Lloyd-Jones Donald M , Kubzansky Laura D , Boehm Julia K
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Optimism is consistently associated with better cardiovascular health but underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study examines prospective links between optimism and lipids in adulthood, and tests possible effect modification by social factors.

Hypothesis:
Greater optimism will predict healthier lipid profiles.

Methods:
Participants were 3,016 adults (mean age=40.2) recruited in 1985-6 from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Optimism was measured in year 15 using the 6-item Life Orientation Test-Revised. Log-transformed triglyceride levels (TG) and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL-C) were assessed from blood samples in years 15, 20, 25, and 30. Linear mixed models evaluated relationships between optimism and lipids controlling for relevant covariates. Stratified analyses tested associations by gender, race/ethnicity, and income.

Results:
On average, TG increased over time while TC/HDL-C decreased. Figure 1 shows unadjusted differences in mean lipid levels by optimism tertiles. In fully-adjusted models, higher optimism was associated with lower TG averaged over the follow-up (β=-0.028; 95% CI: -0.047, -0.010); a similar trend (though non-significant) was observed with TC/HDL-C (β=-0.024; 95% CI: -0.066, 0.018). In stratified analyses, optimism was more strongly associated with lower TG among women (vs. men), but no differences were noted by race/ethnicity or income. Associations with TC/HDL-C were stronger for women (vs. men) and white (vs. black) participants. Optimism was not related to increases in TG over time, but was associated with a slightly faster decline in TC/HDL-C (time interaction β=0.003; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.006). Declines in TC/HDL-C also varied by sex and race/ethnicity.

Conclusion:
Optimism contributes to lower lipid levels in adulthood, but associations vary by social status. The relationship between optimism and lipids may underlie previously noted associations with cardiovascular health.
Abstract P542: Association of Psychosocial Factors With Heart Rate Variability: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Shah Anish , Alonso Alvaro , Whitsel Eric A , SOLIMAN Elsayed Z , Vaccarino Viola , Shah Amit J
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Psychosocial factors are associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but our understanding of causal mechanisms is limited. Understanding such mechanisms may help formulate prevention strategies. We therefore sought to evaluate potential physiologic effects of psychosocial factors by studying their associations with heart rate variability (HRV), a measure of autonomic function, in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.

Hypothesis:
Higher psychosocial stress levels are associated with lower HRV cross-sectionally in a diverse community sample.

Methods:
We included ARIC cohort participants with information on psychosocial factors in 1990-1992 into our analysis. Psychosocial factors were assessed using validated instruments, including: 1) vital exhaustion, a somatic manifestation of chronic stress and depression, 2) anger proneness, a personality trait, and 3) perceived social support, a potential buffering factor for stress. Short-term time and frequency domain HRV were measured from a two-minute electrocardiographic recording in 1987-1989. Linear regression models adjusted for sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk factors.

Results:
We included 9,332 participants (mean age 54.4 ± 5.7 years, 55% women, and 25% black) in the analysis. Only vital exhaustion was consistently associated with HRV, as per the table, which shows the change in ln(HRV) per point increase in score. Compared to the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of vital exhaustion was associated with a 13.3% (95% CI, 3.9% - 21.3%) decrease in low frequency HRV in adjusted models. By comparison, each year of added age was associated with a 3.7% (95% CI, 3.1% to 4.2%) decrease in LF HRV.

Conclusion:
A high level of vital exhaustion was associated with low HRV, while anger proneness and social support were not. The inverse vital exhaustion-HRV association raises concern regarding the somatic manifestations of stress, a potential target for preventive interventions.
Abstract P543: Association Of Tanning Bed Use With Depression In A Preventive Medicine Cohort: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study
Authors: Kinser Katie , Wright Beth B , Leonard David , Defina Laura F
Published: March 2020

Importance:
The use of tanning beds continues despite evidence of increased skin cancer risk among users. In the US, the prevalence of indoor tanning ranges from 35% of adults to 59% of college students.

Objective:
To investigate the association between depressive symptoms and tanning bed use.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
A preventive medicine clinic in Dallas, Texas.

Participants:
Between September 2013 and June 2019, a total of 11,823 generally healthy men and women presented for preventive medical examinations.

Exposure:
Self-reported tanning bed use.

Main Outcome and Measures:
Depressive symptoms as indicated by a score of greater than or equal to 10 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale.

Results:
Fifteen percent of participants had used a tanning bed prior to their examination. For men, tanning bed use was associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms (OR: 1.86; 95% CI:1.41-2.44). For women, the association between the use of tanning beds and depressive symptoms was significant in an unadjusted model, but was no longer significant after adjustment for confounders (OR: 1.26; 95% CI:0.99-1.61). However, the odds ratio was still in the direction of increased risk. Women with a personal history of depression were more likely to tan frequently and have higher CES-D scores than women with no personal history of depression (
p
= .003).

Conclusions and Relevance:
In a generally healthy population, depressive symptoms were associated with the use of a tanning bed. This association was more evident in those with a history of depression, although remained true for those without a history of depression. As recurrent tanning bed use is known to contribute to the diagnosis of melanoma, it is critical to help patients identify other options to treat depression as well as to educate them on the risks of routine tanning bed use.
Abstract P546: Social Jetlag is Associated With Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Male But Not Female Adolescents
Authors: Higgins Simon , Stoner Lee , Lubransky Alex , Howe Anna , Wong Jyh Eiin , Black Katherine , Skidmore Paula
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been highlighted by the AHA as a vital sign that can significantly improve risk classification for adverse health outcomes across the lifespan. While many lifestyle-related factors are known to influence CRF, including physical activity and sedentary behaviors, few have examined the relationship between sleep characteristics and CRF. Social jetlag (SJL), a characteristic of sleep habits that is particularly prevalent in adolescents, is a mismatch between an individual’s circadian clock and sleep schedule. SJL has been associated with adiposity and increased cardiometabolic risk, independent of sleep duration and quality, but has not been associated with CRF.

Objective:
To quantify the relationship between SJL and CRF, independent of other sleep characteristics.

Methods:
CRF, anthropometric, and lifestyle-related data were collected from 276 adolescents in Otago, New Zealand (14-18 years, n=145 [52.5%] female). CRF was expressed as VO
2max
(ml/kg/min) relative to body weight, estimated from a 20-meter multi-stage shuttle run. Lifestyle-related factors such as physical activity and the number of screens in the bedroom were quantified via an online lifestyle survey. Sleep variables including average sleep duration, sleep disturbances (trouble falling and staying asleep), and SJL were collected using the validated Sleep Habits Survey for Adolescents. SJL was measured as the difference in hours between the midpoint of sleep during week (school) days and on weekend (free) days. Linear regression assessed the association between each sleep outcome and CRF, controlling for (1) age, sex, school decile, fat mass, and the number of screens in the bedroom, and (2) moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity. Stratified analyses examined sex-specific relationships.

Results:
Mean (SD) VO
2max
was greater in males than females (48.47 [7.12] vs. 43.34 [5.62] ml/kg/min, p<.001). Sleep characteristics included a longer average sleep duration (9.48 [.92] vs. 9.19 [1.12] hours, p=.017), a greater occurrence of sleep disturbances (p=.001), and a lower SJL (1.67 [.08] vs. 2.09 [1.12] hours, p=.003) in females relative to their male peers. Multivariate analyses indicated that a one-hour increase in SJL was associated with a .71 ml/kg/min decrease in VO
2max
(95% CI: -1.30, -.11), independent of other sleep variables, which were not associated with CRF. Sex-specific models further indicated an association in males (b=-.93, 95% CI: -1.78, -.08), but an inconclusive association for females (b=-.29, 95% CI: -1.15, .57).

Conclusions:
SJL is negatively associated with CRF, with a more conclusive association in adolescent males, and may be a simple, measurable target for future public health interventions.
Abstract P555: Plasma Lipids And The Risk For Stroke In The Reasons For Geographic And Racial Differences In Stroke Study (regards).
Authors: Zakai Neil , Minnier Jessica , Safford Monika M , Colantonio Lisandro , Irvin Marguerite M , Fazio Sergio , Cushman Mary , Howard Virginia J , Pamir Nathalie
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Whether plasma lipid levels are associated with stroke risk remains controversial, with even less data for American blacks versus whites.

Hypothesis:
We hypothesized that abnormal lipid levels are not associated with stroke incidence in either blacks or whites.

Methods:
The REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study recruited 30,283 black and white individuals aged 45+ from the contiguous U.S. between 2003 to 2007, participants with a history of stroke at baseline were excluded. Participants were followed until 2018 for stroke events following the WHO definition and confirmed by review of medical records. The association of lipid measures with stroke were assessed using Cox regression models adjusted for traditional CVD risk factors and an age-x-race interaction term.

Results:
With 27,714 participants (mean age 64.85± 9.43, 59.5% white and 55.4% female), over a median of 11 years of follow up, 1,415 stroke events occurred, of which 599 among blacks. After adjusting for traditional stroke risk factors, there were modest associations between higher total cholesterol and higher LDL, but not higher triglycerides, with stroke risk. There was no evidence of a race interaction. Overall, HDL levels were not associated with stroke risk. However, when stratified by race, whites had a reduced risk of stroke with higher HDL-C, whereas no association was seen among blacks (p-interaction 0.09).

Conclusion:
In REGARDs, there was a modest association of cholesterol measures with stroke risk. The association for HDL with stroke may be influenced by race, with a less strong association among blacks than among whites.
Abstract P558: Association Between Stroke Prevalence and Depression, Functional Ability, and Cognitive Function in Six Low and Middle Income Countries: The WHO Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health
Authors: Northuis Carin , Ghazi Lama
Published: March 2020

Background:
There are substantial gaps in stroke morbidity in low and middle income countries (LMIC) compared to high income countries (HIC). Stroke incidence and mortality are higher in LMIC compared to HIC. While education has been associated with stroke incidence and common stroke outcomes in HIC, the pattern of this social determinant of health may be reversed in LMIC. We examined the association between stroke prevalence and depression, cognitive function and functional ability utilizing the WHO Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE). We also assessed if education modified this association.

Methods:
We used data from the WHO SAGE, wave 1 (2007-10), which is a nationally representative cohort from six LMIC: China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa. Stroke prevalence was classified by self-reported stroke or stroke symptoms. Outcomes included 1) depression [ICD-10 diagnostic criteria]; 2) cognitive function [z-score of performance on executive function, verbal fluency, and memory]; and 3) functional ability [WHO Disability Assessment Schedule]. Generalized linear models were fit for the association between stroke prevalence and outcomes. For our secondary analysis, educational attainment was included as a modifier. All models were adjusted for demographics, socioeconomic status, and health variables.

Results:
We included 39,896 individuals who had data on their stroke status. Stroke prevalence was 5.1% (n=2,034). Stroke survivors had lower mean cognitive function (-0.1±.8 vs 0.1±0.7, p<0.001), lower functional ability (71.3±21.8 vs 84.6±17.0, p<0.001), and higher percentage of depression (13.0% vs 5.3%, p<0.001) compared to those who did not have a stroke. Prevalence of stroke was associated with significantly higher adjusted odds of depression (Odds Ratio (OR): 1.7; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.3, 2.0), lower cognitive function (Risk Difference (RD): 0.07; 95% CI: -0.1, -0.03), and lower functional ability (RD: -7.4; 95% CI: -8.3, -6.5). Education modified the association of stroke with functional ability but not with depression or cognitive impairment. Stroke survivors with primary or less education had significantly lower physical function than those with tertiary or more (p for interaction=0.04).

Conclusion:
Stroke was associated with a higher odds of depression and higher risk of reduced cognitive function and functional ability. Unlike in HIC, these six LMIC did not display a significant inverse association between education and depression and cognitive function. Future studies should assess predictors of poorer post-stroke outcomes and if other socioeconomic measures modify consequences of stroke in LMIC.
Abstract P559: National Burden & Cardiovascular Risk Factor Profile of Stroke Among Young Adults in The United States
Authors: Valero Elizondo Javier , Khera Rohan , Vahidy Farhaan S , Dubey Prachi , Warraich Haider , Mahajan Shiwani , Blaha Michael J , Blankstein Ron , Virani Salim S , Cainzos Achirica Miguel , Kash Bita , Krumholz Harlan M , Nasir Khurram
Published: March 2020

Introduction:
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. While most prevalent in elderly, it’s not uncommon in the non-elderly (<65), who also experience many more years of living with disability. In this study, we aimed to describe the scope and CVD determinants of stroke among young (18-44 years) adults in a US representative population.

Methods:
We analyzed the National Health Interview Survey (2012-2018), a nationally representative study sample. Stroke, as well as CVD risk factors (CRF) [diabetes, hypertension, ever-smoker, insufficient physical activity, obesity and high cholesterol] were self-reported. A CRF profile was then created, with the following categories: “Optimal”, “Average” and “Poor” (0-1, 2-3 & ≥ 4 CRFs, respectively). All analyses took into consideration the survey’s complex design.

Results:
The 2012-2018 survey population consisted of 224,638 adults ≥ 18 yrs, ≈ 242 million US adults annually. Overall 2.8% (≈ 7 million) reported ever having history of stroke, with 45% noted in the non-elderly (< 65). Among non-elderly, 21% of stroke-history was allocated among the young (18-44 years) adults, translating to nearly 642,810 individuals reporting ever having history of stroke per year. The most common risk factors noted in these patients were insufficient physical activity (56%), current/past smoking (48%), obesity (45%), and hypertension (44%). Overall among the young (<45 years), stroke prevalence was 10-fold higher among those with poor (≈ 3.9 million young adults) vs optimal CRF profile (3.5% vs 0.3%, p < 0.001). Adjusting for demographics, all CVD risk were significantly associated with history of stroke, with participants with poor CRF reporting a 7-fold higher history of stroke (Table).

Conclusion:
More than half a million adults 18-44 years of age reported a history stroke in US. Individuals with sub-optimal CRF profiles are highly susceptible, and population-level strategies emphasizing cardiovascular health may significantly reduce risk of stroke among young adults in US.
A new species of Phytoecia (Neomusaria) Plavilstshikov, 1928 from Armenia and a new species of Phytoecia (Parobereina) Danilevsky, 2018 from Iran (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
Authors: DANILEVSKY MIKHAIL
Published: March 2020

Phytoecia (Neomusaria) kazaryani sp. nov. similar to Ph. (N.) suvorowi Pic, 1905 is described from Armenia; Phytoecia (Parobereina) kashanica sp. nov. similar to Ph. (P.) vittipennis Reiche, 1877 is described from Iran.
COI mtDNA barcoding and morphology for species delimitation in the spider genus Ixchela Huber (Araneae: Pholcidae), with the description of two new species from Mexico
Authors: VALDEZ-MONDRAGÓN ALEJANDRO
Published: March 2020

The spider genus Ixchela Huber 2000, is comprised of 22 species distributed from north-eastern Mexico to Central America, including the two new species described herein from Mexico: Ixchela panchovillai sp. nov. and Ixchela zapatai sp. nov., both from the state of Oaxaca and described for both sexes. DNA barcoding utilizing mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) and morphology were used for species delimitation. Molecular analyses and species delimitation included four methods: 1) corrected p-distances under neighbor-joining (NJ), 2) general mixed yule coalescent model (GMYC), 3) automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD), and 4) Poisson tree processes (bPTP). All molecular methods and morphology were consistent in delimiting and recognizing the two new species describing herein. The average inter-specific genetic distance (p-distance) within the genus Ixchela is 12%. Ixchela panchovillai sp. nov. is closely related in the NJ analysis with I. placida, with an average p-distance of 7.9%, whereas I. zapatai sp. nov. is closely related to I. taxco, with an average p-distance of 8.4% between both species. Additionally, identification keys for males and females of the genus Ixchela are presented.
A review of the African snake-eyed skinks (Scincidae: Panaspis) from Angola, with the description of a new species
Authors: CERÍACO LUIS M. P. , HEINICKE MATTHEW P. , PARKER KELLY L. , MARQUES MARIANA P. , BAUER AARON M.
Published: March 2020

The genus Panaspis in Angola is represented by four species, most of them part of taxonomically and nomenclaturally challenging species-complexes. We present a taxonomic revision of the group in the region and describe one new species, Panaspis mocamedensis sp. nov., endemic to the lowland areas of the Namibe province, southwestern Angola. Phylogenetic analysis using a combination of mitochondrial (16S, cytb) and nucleares (RAG1, PDC) markers, as well as morphological and meristic data support the recognition of the new species. In addition, these data support the presence of nominotypical Panaspis cabindae, P. wahlbergi and P. maculicollis in Angola. Reexamination of the Angolan population of P. breviceps was based on morphological analysis, as no molecular data from Angola is available for this species. According to our results, this population likely represents the nominotypical form, but due to its complex taxonomic and nomenclatural history and the lack of molecular data, this population needs to be reconsidered when molecular data become available. The description of a new species and revision of the Angolan Panaspis contributes to a better understanding of the true species richness of the Angolan herpetofauna, as well as to understanding the major biogeographic patterns of the region. A key to Angolan Panaspis species is also presented.
Redefinition of the cicada tribe Hemidictyini Distant, 1905, status of the tribe Iruanini Boulard, 1993 rev. stat., and the establishment of Hovanini n. tribe and Sapantangini n. tribe (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Authors: SANBORN ALLEN F. , MARSHALL DAVID C. , MOULDS MAXWELL S. , PUISSANT STÉPHANE , SIMON CHRIS
Published: March 2020

A recent paper by Ruschel & Campos (2019) on “leaf-winged” cicadas proposed a significant reorganization of the cicada tribe Hemidictyini Distant, 1905g, including synonymization of the monogeneric tribe Lacetasini Moulds & Marshall, 2018 following the results of a cladistic parsimony analysis of morphological characters. In this study, we reconsider and revise the morphological analysis of Ruschel & Campos and obtain new genetic data for Hemidictya. We find that their study suffers from a limited taxon sample, inappropriate outgroup selection, and misinterpretation of genitalic characters (uncus vs. claspers). We show that Hemidictyini sensu Ruschel & Campos includes members of multiple tribes and subfamilies, and we conclude that some of the taxonomic transfers by Ruschel & Campos are not supported. The two most similar and leaf-like cicadas, Hemidictya Burmeister, 1835 (South America) and Hovana Distant, 1905g (Madagascar), are probably not closely related but rather an excellent example of convergent evolution. Lacetasini is not a junior synonym of the Hemidictyini but a distinct part of the Tettigomyiinae Distant, 1905g as originally classified. We return or transfer the genera Lacetas Karsch, 1890, Iruana Distant, 1905g, Bafutalna Boulard, 1993, and Murphyalna Boulard, 2012 to the Lacetasini. With the transfer of all genera of Iruanina Boulard, 1993 and Bafutalnina Boulard, 1993 to Lacetasini and with Lacetas transferred to the Iruanina, Lacetasini n. syn. becomes a subjective junior synonym of Iruanini rev. stat. in the Tettigomyiinae. We assign Hovana to Hovanini n. tribe in the Tettigomyiinae and Sapantanga Distant, 1905g to Sapantangini n. tribe in the Tibicininae Distant, 1905b. We propose that Hemidictyini sensu novo contains only the genus Hemidictya and we assign the tribe to Tibicininae with a revised diagnosis.
A revised classification of the fluvicoline tyrant flycatchers (Passeriformes, Tyrannidae, Fluvicolinae)
Authors: OHLSON JAN I. , IRESTEDT MARTIN , FILHO HENRIQUE BATALHA , ERICSON PER G. P. , FJELDSÅ JON
Published: March 2020

A new classification is proposed for the subfamily Fluvicolinae in the New World Flycatchers (Tyrannidae), based on the results of a previously published phylogeny including more than 90% of the species. In this classification we propose one new family level name (Ochthoecini) and one new generic name (Scotomyias). We also resurrect three genera (Heteroxolmis, Pyrope and Nengetus) and subsume five (Tumbezia, Lathrotriccus, Polioxolmis, Neoxolmis and Myiotheretes) into other genera to align the classification with the current understanding of phylogenetic relationships in Fluvicolinae.
Turbulence Adjustment and Scaling in an Offshore Convective Internal Boundary Layer: A CASPER Case Study
Authors: Jiang Qingfang , Wang Qing , Wang Shouping , Gaberšek Saša
Published: March 2020

The characteristics of a convective internal boundary layer (CIBL) documented offshore during the East Coast phase of the Coupled Air–Sea Processes and Electromagnetic Ducting Research (CASPER-EAST) field campaign has been examined using field observations, a coupled mesoscale model (i.e., Navy’s COAMPS) simulation, and a couple of surface-layer-resolving large-eddy simulations (LESs). The Lagrangian modeling approach has been adopted with the LES domain being advected from a cool and rough land surface to a warmer and smoother sea surface by the mean offshore winds in the CIBL. The surface fluxes from the LES control run are in reasonable agreement with field observations, and the general CIBL characteristics are consistent with previous studies. According to the LESs, in the nearshore adjustment zone (i.e., fetch < 8 km), the low-level winds and surface friction velocity increase rapidly, and the mean wind profile and vertical velocity skewness in the surface layer deviate substantially from the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) scaling. Farther offshore, the nondimensional vertical wind shear and scalar gradients and higher-order moments are consistent with the MOST scaling. An elevated turbulent layer is present immediately below the CIBL top, associated with the vertical wind shear across the CIBL top inversion. Episodic shear instability events occur with a time scale between 10 and 30 min, leading to the formation of elevated maxima in turbulence kinetic energy and momentum fluxes. During these events, the turbulence kinetic energy production exceeds the dissipation, suggesting that the CIBL remains in nonequilibrium.
Understanding Hailstone Temporal Variability and Contributing Factors over the U.S. Southern Great Plains
Authors: Jeong Jong-Hoon , Fan Jiwen , Homeyer Cameron R. , Hou Zhangshuan
Published: March 2020

Hailstones are a natural hazard that pose a significant threat to property and are responsible for significant economic losses each year in the United States. Detailed understanding of their characteristics is essential to mitigate their impact. Identifying the dynamic and physical factors contributing to hail formation and hailstone sizes is of great importance to weather and climate prediction and policymakers. In this study, we have analyzed the temporal and spatial variabilities of severe hail occurrences over the U.S. southern Great Plains (SGP) states from 2004 to 2016 using two hail datasets: hail reports from the Storm Prediction Center and the newly developed radar-retrieved maximum expected size of hail (MESH). It is found that severe and significant severe hail occurrences have a considerable year-to-year temporal variability in the SGP region. The interannual variabilities have a strong correspondence with sea surface temperature anomalies over the northern Gulf of Mexico and there is no outlier. The year 2016 is identified as an outlier for the correlations with both El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and aerosol loading. The correlations with ENSO and aerosol loading are not statistically robust to inclusion of the outlier 2016. Statistical analysis without the outlier 2016 shows that 1) aerosols that may be mainly from northern Mexico have the largest correlation with hail interannual variability among the three factors and 2) meteorological covariation does not significantly contribute to the high correlation. These analyses warrant further investigations of aerosol impacts on hail occurrence.
Meridional Overturning Circulation in a Multibasin Model. Part I: Dependence on Southern Ocean Buoyancy Forcing
Authors: Baker Jonathan A. , Watson Andrew J. , Vallis Geoffrey K.
Published: March 2020

The variation in the strength and structure of the overturning circulation under varying Southern Ocean buoyancy forcing, corresponding to present day, a cooler (glacial) state, and a possible future warmer state is analyzed in an idealized two-basin general circulation model connected by a southern circumpolar channel. A connection between the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) cell in the Atlantic basin and the Pacific Deep Water (PDW) cell in the Pacific basin occurs with a direct flow of NADW into the channel’s lower cell, while PDW upwelled in the Pacific basin can flow directly into the upper wind-driven cell in the channel. The intersection of these cells along with direct zonal flows between the basins completes the interbasin circulation. The present-day Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) in the model is upwelled both by wind-driven upwelling in the Southern Ocean and by diffusion in the Pacific and Atlantic. In a cooler climate with enhanced sea ice, the NADW cell shoals, which can then no longer flow directly into the channel’s lower cell, reducing the Pacific pathway of NADW. This leads to a substantial weakening of the AMOC, suggesting buoyancy forcing changes can play a substantial role in the transition of the AMOC to a glacial state. In contrast, in a warmer equilibrium climate state with reduced AABW formation, the NADW cell strengthens and deepens. NADW is increasingly directed along the Pacific pathway, while the direct upwelling in the channel’s wind-driven upper cell plays a smaller role.
Effects of cement addition and briquetting of rock wool on its geomechanical stability in landfills
Authors: Sattler Theresa , Sartori Marco , Galler Robert , Pomberger Roland , Krainz Jörg , Schimek Julia , Vollprecht Daniel
Published: March 2020

Landfilling of mineral wool waste in big bags at separate landfill compartments is required in Austria. This results in enormous differences in the Young’s moduli between common construction and demolition (C&D) waste compartments and mineral wool compartments, which causes severe accidents in terms of overturned vehicles due to sudden subsidence of the subsurface. Conditioning of mineral wool waste might be applied to adjust its geomechanical behaviour to that of common C&D waste but has never been investigated scientifically before.

In this study we compare three scenarios for the conditioning of rock wool for landfilling: (A) loosely packing, (B) cutting comminution + cement addition and (C) cutting comminution + cement-supported briquetting. The performance of the different sample bodies under landfill conditions was simulated at the lab scale by cyclic loading (1223–3112 N, up to 160 cycles) using a ‘Wille Geotechnik UL 300’ press. The deformation was monitored during the experiment and Young’s modulus was derived graphically, whereas the test execution was piston controlled. The Young’s modulus increased during the experiments from 0.2 MPa to 4.6 MPa for scenario (A), from 0.6 MPa to 20.5 MPa for scenario (B) and from 7.5 MPa to 111.0 MPa for scenario (C). These results show that a combination of comminution and cement-supported briquetting significantly increases the geotechnical performance of mineral wool waste with respect to landfilling, which is still three orders of magnitude below that of common C&D waste, which is in the range of 30,000 MPa.
Aggressive End-of-Life Care and Symptom Relief Treatments in Terminally Ill Patients Who Had Discussed Withdrawal of Mechanical Ventilation: A Hospital-Based Observational Study
Authors: Chang Hsiao-Ting , Lin Ming-Hwai , Chen Chun-Ku , Chen Tzeng-Ji , Hwang Shinn-Jang
Published: March 2020

Objective:

The aim of this study was to explore the status of aggressive end-of-life care and symptom relief treatments in terminally ill patients who had discussed the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation.

Methods:

This research is a retrospective observational study based on a chart review. Terminal patients aged ≥20 years, who were intubated with mechanical ventilation support, who underwent hospice-shared care, and who personally, or whose close relatives, had discussed the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation with hospice-shared care team members in a tertiary hospital in Taiwan during 2012 to 2015 were included. Demographics, medical conditions, and aggressive end-of-life care, including hospitalization, use of vasopressors, artificial nutrition, tube feeding, antibiotics, and symptom relief treatments including the use of opioids, steroids, and sedatives, were identified. The modes of care and treatments of patients by the status of withdrawal of mechanical ventilation were compared.

Results:

A total of 141 patients had discussed the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation, and 111 (78.7%) had been withdrawn. Aggressive end-of-life care was noted in all patients regardless of mechanical ventilation status. There were no significant differences in the number and pattern of aggressive end-of-life care measures between patients who had or had not been withdrawn. There were significantly higher rates of symptom relief treatments used in patients who had been withdrawn.

Conclusions:

Aggressive end-of-life care is common for patients who have discussed the withdrawal of mechanical ventilation. There are significantly higher rates of symptom relief medications administered in patients who have been withdrawn from mechanical ventilation.
Shedding the Light on the Off-Hours Problem in Radiology
Authors: Roth Christopher G. , Boroumand Gilda , Dave Jaydev K.
Published: March 2020

Diagnostic error and diagnostic delays in health care are widespread. This article outlines an improvement effort targeting weekday evening inpatient radiology delays through staffing changes replacing trainees with faculty-trainee team coverage, pushing faculty coverage from 4 pm to 8 pm. Order-report turnaround times (TATs), critical findings TATs for pneumothorax and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and percentage meeting target were compared pre and post implementation for the 4 to 8 pm time frame using the Mann-Whitney U and χ2 tests, respectively. Stakeholder surveys assessed patient safety, morale, education, and operational efficiency. Median TATs (minutes) improved: X-rays 906 to 112, computed tomography 994 to 84, magnetic resonance imaging 1172 to 233, and ultrasound 88 to 58. Median critical findings TATs (minutes) improved from 853 to 30 and 112 to 22 for pneumothorax and ICH, respectively, and the percentage meeting target improved from 45% to 65%. Survey results reported perceived improvement in patient safety, education, and operational efficiency and no impact on morale.
Experimental characterisation of fused filament fabrication printed parts under tension, shear, and combined shear–tension loads via Arcan test
Authors: Ferreira Isaac , Jesus Abílio , Machado Margarida , Pereira João , Alves Jorge Lino , Xavier José
Published: March 2020

The mechanical performance of fused filament fabrication printed parts is considered the weak point of the technology due to its high anisotropic structure and irregular behaviour. This research focuses on the application of the Arcan-based method to fused filament fabrication printed parts, to better understand their mechanical behaviour. In order to characterise and quantify the anisotropic behaviour, a butterfly type specimen was developed, taking into account the flaws presented by the process (e.g. need for support material for tilted surfaces, low resolution, etc.). Together with the Arcan type grip, a combination of vertical–transversal (VT), vertical-longitudinal (VL) and horizontal (H) printed samples were tested under three distinct loading conditions, 90° – tensile, 45° – combined loading and 0° – pure shear. For each set of samples, digital image correlation was used to analyse the deformation fields imposed by the distinct building orientations and loading conditions. Regarding the material, two different types of Nylon® (PA 12) were used, namely FX256 and CF15, being the second a short carbon fibre reinforced version of the first, allowing a comparison of the mechanical behaviour. The results show that the building orientation prevails, originating distinct fracture types and overall behaviour difference. It was shown that fibre presence does not create a stronger material, yet an increase in stiffness is observed for all building orientations, except VT, where both materials presented similar values, indicating that the fibre orientation is critical when taking into account the loading conditions. It was also observed that of all sample types, FX256 H specimens showed the closest to isotropic behaviour.
Comparing Burnout in Sport-Specializing Versus Sport-Sampling Adolescent Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Giusti Nicolas E. , Carder Seth L. , Vopat Lisa , Baker Jordan , Tarakemeh Armin , Vopat Bryan , Mulcahey Mary K.
Published: March 2020

Background:

The prevalence of adolescent athletes who specialize in sports has increased in recent years. Substantial literature on youth sports has linked early sport specialization to negative consequences, such as burnout and injury. However, empirical evidence directly comparing burnout rates in sport specialization versus sport sampling is very limited.

Purpose:

To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate psychological burnout in adolescent athletes who sport specialize compared with adolescent athletes who sport sample.

Study Design:

Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

A systematic review was performed through use of the PubMed, SportDiscus, PsychInfo, and CINAHL databases (between inception and May 2019) according to PRISMA-IPD (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of individual participant data) guidelines. Results from the 3 measures of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire and athlete specialization status were recorded and analyzed. An athlete was determined to be a “sport specializer” if he or she met the following 3 criteria: (1) athletic participation limited to 1 sport, (2) which is competed in > 8 months in 1 year, and (3) to the exclusion of all other sports.

Results:

Of 3578 studies, 8 met criteria for final meta-analysis, which included 1429 athletes (mean age, 15.59 years; range, 12.5-17.2 years). Of these, 1371 (95.9%) were sport specializers, whereas 58 (4.1%) were sport samplers. A total of 1422 (99.5%) athletes completed the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire. Athletes who specialized reported higher levels of burnout than athletes who did not specialize. Specializers had a greater sense of reduced accomplishment (difference of means [△], 0.87; 95% CI, 0.67-1.08; P < .01). Specializers also reported greater exhaustion (△, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.24-0.68; P < .01) and sport devaluation (△, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.22-0.60; P < .01) than athletes who were samplers.

Conclusion:

Adolescent sport specialization was associated with greater levels of burnout in all 3 aspects (reduced sense of accomplishment, sport devaluation, and exhaustion) compared with sport sampling.
Parental and life-course influences on symptomatic airflow obstruction
Authors: Li Lok Sze Katrina , Williams Marie T. , Johnston Kylie N. , Frith Peter , Hyppönen Elina , Paquet Catherine
Published: March 2020

Few studies have examined the contribution of life-course factors in explaining familial aggregation of chronic lung conditions. Using data from the 1958 British Birth Cohort, a life-course approach was used to examine whether, and how, exposure to risk factors through one's life explained the association between parental respiratory disease history and symptomatic airflow obstruction (AO). Cohort participants (n=6212) were characterised in terms of parental respiratory disease history and symptomatic AO at 45 years. Life-course factors (e.g.smoking, asthma and early-life factors) were operationalised as life period-specific and cumulative measures. Logistic regression and path analytic models predicting symptomatic AO adjusted for parental respiratory disease history were used to test different life-course models (critical period, accumulation- and chain-of-risks models). While some life-course factors (e.g.childhood passive smoking and occupational exposure) were individually associated with parental respiratory disease history and symptomatic AO, asthma (OR 6.44, 95% CI 5.01–8.27) and persistent smoking in adulthood (OR 5.42, 95% CI 4.19–7.01) had greater impact on the association between parental respiratory disease history and symptomatic AO. A critical period model provided a better model fit compared with an accumulation-of-risk model and explained 57% of the effect of parental respiratory disease history on symptomatic AO. Adulthood asthma and smoking status explained around half of the effect of parental respiratory disease history on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Beyond smoking history, the combination of parental respiratory disease history and adulthood asthma may provide an opportunity for early diagnosis and intervention.
ERS International Congress, Madrid, 2019: highlights from the Basic and Translational Science Assembly
Authors: Ubags Niki D. , Baker Jonathan , Boots Agnes , Costa Rita , El-Merhie Natalia , Fabre Aurélie , Faiz Alen , Heijink Irene H. , Hiemstra Pieter S. , Lehmann Mareike , Meiners Silke , Rolandsson Enes Sara , Bartel Sabine
Published: March 2020

In this review, the Basic and Translational Sciences Assembly of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) provides an overview of the 2019 ERS International Congress highlights. In particular, we discuss how the novel and very promising technology of single cell sequencing has led to the development of a comprehensive map of the human lung, the lung cell atlas, including the discovery of novel cell types and new insights into cellular trajectories in lung health and disease. Further, we summarise recent insights in the field of respiratory infections, which can aid in a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these infections in order to develop novel vaccines and improved treatment options. Novel concepts delineating the early origins of lung disease are focused on the effects of pre- and post-natal exposures on neonatal lung development and long-term lung health. Moreover, we discuss how these early life exposures can affect the lung microbiome and respiratory infections. In addition, the importance of metabolomics and mitochondrial function analysis to subphenotype chronic lung disease patients according to their metabolic program is described. Finally, basic and translational respiratory science is rapidly moving forward and this will be beneficial for an advanced molecular understanding of the mechanisms underlying a variety of lung diseases. In the long-term this will aid in the development of novel therapeutic targeting strategies in the field of respiratory medicine.