bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population dynamics and integrated control of the damson-hop aphid Phorodon humuli (Schrank) on hops in Spain
Authors: Lorenzana A. , Hermoso-de-Mendoza A. , Seco M. V. , Casquero P. A.
Published: June 2013

The hop aphid Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a serious pest in most areas where hops are grown. A field trial was performed on a hop yard throughout 2002, 2003 and 2004 in León (Spain) in order to analyse the population development of Phorodon humuli and its natural enemies, as well as to determine the most effective integrated program of insecticide treatments. The basic population development pattern of P. humuli was similar in the three years: the population peaked between mid to late June, and then decreased in late June/early July, rising again and reaching another peak in mid-July, after which it began to decline, rising once more in late August; this last rise is characteristic of Spain and has not been recorded in the rest of Europe. The hop aphid’s main natural enemy found on the leaves was Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The multiple regression analysis showed that aphids are positively related with the presence of beetle eggs and mean daily temperatures and negatively related with maximum daily temperature integral above 27ºC in plots without insecticide treatment. The most effective program of insecticide (imidacloprid) treatments consisted of an initial treatment in June and a second treatment in the second half of July or at the beginning of August. However, a single treatment in June would be sufficient when in this last period the maximum daily temperatures were higher than 27ºC for at least 15 days, avoiding in this way the harmful effects of imidacloprid on predators.
Descriptive study of production factors affecting performance traits in growing-finishing pigs in Spain
Authors: Agostini P. S. , Gasa J. , Manzanilla E. G. , Da Silva C. A. , De Blas C.
Published: June 2013

The objective of this study was to build up a data set including productive performance and production factors data of growing-finishing (GF) pigs in Spain in order to perform a representative and reliable description of the traits of Spanish growing-finishing pig industry. Data from 764 batches from 452 farms belonging to nine companies (1,157,212 pigs) were collected between 2008 and 2010 through a survey including five parts: general, facilities, feeding, health status and performance. Most studied farms had only GF pigs on their facilities (94.7%), produced ‘industrial’ pigs (86.7%), had entire male and female (59.5%) and Pietrain-sired pigs (70.0%), housed between 13-20 pigs per pen (87.2%), had  50% of slatted floor (70%), single-space dry feeder (54.0%), nipple drinker (88.7%) and automatic ventilation systems (71.2%). A 75.0% of the farms used three feeding phases using mainly pelleted diets (91.0%), 61.3% performed three or more antibiotic treatments and 36.5% obtained water from the public supply. Continuous variables studied had the following average values: number of pigs placed per batch, 1,515 pigs; initial and final body weight, 19.0 and 108 kg; length of GF period, 136 days; culling rate, 1.4%; barn occupation, 99.7%; feed intake per pig and fattening cycle, 244 kg; daily gain, 0.657 kg; feed conversion ratio, 2.77 kg kg-1 and mortality rate, 4.3%. Data reflecting the practical situation of the Spanish growing and finishing pig production and it may contribute to develop new strategies in order to improve the productive and economic efficiency of GF pig units.
Carcass morphology and meat quality from roosters slaughtered at eight months affected by genotype and finishing feeding
Authors: Franco D. , Rois D. , Vazquez J. A. , Lorenzo-Rodriguez J. M.
Published: June 2013

The aim of this study was to describe the carcass characteristics and the meat quality of the roosters from the autochthonous Mos breed slaughtered at 8 months. With comparative purpose roosters from hybrid line Sasso T44 were used in this study. Birds were reared on their typical production system (extensive indoor or barns and finishing diet whit corn). Both live and carcass weight were higher for commercial breed (p<0.001). Drumstick, thigh and wing percentages were greater in Mos breed than in Sasso T-44, while breast was similar for both genotypes. Only significant differences in cholesterol and alpha-tocopherol content between genotypes have been found, whereas finishing feeding treatment had effect on moisture, intramuscular fat content, cholesterol, tocopherol isomers and meat yellowness. Unsaturated fatty acids constituted the main contribution to total amount of fatty acid (FA), where monounsaturated oleic acid was the major compound, and found higher concentrations in commercial breed. Mos breed showed higher amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and lower amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than Sasso T-44. The relation PUFA/SFA was above 0.68 for Mos breed and was slightly lower for the other genotype. In conclusion, the carcass morphology and meat quality was influenced by breed and finishing feeding with corn.
Effect of season and stocking density during transport on carcass and meat quality of suckling lambs
Authors: Sanchez-Sanchez M. , Vieira-Aller C. , De-La-Fuente-Vazquez J. , Perez-Marcos C. , Lauzurica-Gomez S. , Gonzalez-De-Chavarri E. , Diaz-Diaz-Chiron M. T.
Published: June 2013

Many factors related to transport to abattoir affects meat quality, but scarce information is available in suckling lambs. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of season and stocking density on carcass and meat quality of suckling lambs during commercial transport to the abattoir. A factorial design (2 × 3) was used: two seasons (winter and summer) and three stocking densities (SD; 0.08, 0.12 and 0.20 m2 animal-1). Meat quality variables were measured in the M. longissimus at 24 h post-mortem and after 5 days of refrigerated storage. Lambs transported in summer showed lower liver weight (p<0.001), h* (p<0.05), deoxymyoglobin content (p<0.001), pressed juice (p<0.01), shear force (p<0.001) and firmness (p<0.001), and higher initial pH (p<0.001), L*, b*, C* (p<0.001) and a* (p<0.01), as well as metmyoglobin and oxymyoglobin content (p<0.001), than those transported in winter. The effect of season was dependent on storage time, being colour changes more evident at 24 h than after 5 days of storage, whereas lipid oxidation was only observed in stored meat, which may be explain because the natural antioxidative system decreases with time after slaughter. Scarce effect of SD was found on the carcass and meat quality parameters, thus under our experimental conditions the three SD studied appear to be suitable for suckling lambs transport. However, both carcass and meat quality were within the normal commercial range.
Short communication: In vitro oocyte maturation and fertilization rates in the Spanish Lidia bovine breed
Authors: Demyda-Peyrás S. , Hidalgo M. , Dorado J. , Anter J. , Género E. , Moreno Millán M.
Published: June 2013

The Lidia bovine breed is the most successful cattle breed on the Iberian Peninsula, also considered a hallmark of Spanish tradition and image around the world. The aims of the study were to characterize the oocyte recovery rates and to evaluate the effect of two standard in vitro maturation protocols on oocyte maturation (cumulus expansion and nuclear maturation) and fertilization rates after in vitro fertilization in this breed. For this purpose, 261 ovaries from Lidia cows were processed obtaining 1,125 viable cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs). The oocyte recovery rate obtained (4.31 viable COCs per ovary) was lower than those described previously in other studied breeds. Maturation rates were evaluated in two different oocyte maturation media with (M1) and without (M2) hormonal supplementation. The percentage of COCs with expanded cumulus cells was significantly lower in M1 (74.35%) compared with M2 (82.25%). Metaphase II (MII) rates (67.75% in M1 and 73.18% in M2) were similar to previous studies in different cattle populations. M2 significantly improved the percentage of COCs with their cumulus cells expanded (p<0.01) and nuclear maturation rates (p<0.05), but it did not affect the fertilization percentages obtained in this experiment. In conclusion, our study suggests that oocytes of the Lidia cattle breed can be obtained, matured and fertilized following standard protocols previously used in other cattle breeds.
Short communication. Evaluation of a commercial kit based on acridine orange/propidium iodide to assess the plasma membrane integrity of ram sperm
Authors: Yániz J. L. , Palacín I. , Vicente-Fiel S. , Gosalvez J. , López-Fernández C. , Santolaria P.
Published: June 2013

This study was designed to develop a semiautomatic computer assisted methodology to evaluate the membrane integrity of ram spermatozoa using a commercial kit based on acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) labelling and ImageJ software. The study was divided into two experiments. In the first trial, the new computer-assisted method was validated by mixing fresh semen samples with different volumes of freeze killed spermatozoa to determine proportions of damaged spermatozoa in the final samples. The proportion of damaged spermatozoa in each sample determined by the automated procedure where highly correlated (R2=0.97, p<0.001) with the predicted theoretical values. In the second trial, the new method was compared with a previously validated method of membrane integrity assessment based on phase-contrast/propidium iodide (PH/PI) methodology. Measurements by AO/PI were, on average, 4.0% larger than measurements by PH/PI (SD=7.02%) and 1.79% smaller than measurements of sperm motility determined by CASA (SD=4.83). The AO/PI method was also more repeatable than the PH/PI. The double staining methodology coupled with the routine for image analysis allowing automatic determination of sperm membrane integrity means a reduction in processing time of 75% compared to the previously developed method using a single fluorochrome (3 vs 12 min on average if the incubation period was included). This facilitates its use when a large number of samples are analysed. Our results validate the new computer assisted method for assessing sperm membrane integrity in sheep. The new method developed, in addition to being a free tool, allows quick automatic determination of sperm viability, which facilitates its use in routine semen analysis.
Side effects of different pesticides used in citrus on the adult stage of the parasitoid Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera Aphelinidae) and its progeny
Authors: Gonzalez-Zamora J. E. , Castillo M. L. , Avilla C.
Published: June 2013

Twelve pesticides commonly used in citrus in Spain were tested on adults of Aphytis melinus DeBach to determine their effects on parasitoid survival and fecundity, and the duration of the residue of each pesticide. Six of these pesticides were found to be harmless to moderately harmful to this parasitoid in a laboratory assay in closed Petri dishes: spinosad (bait formulation), azadirachtin, fenbutatin, fosetyl-Al, copper oxichloride, and mancozeb, with their scores on the reduction of beneficial capacity (RBC) index being between 21.4 and 94.6% after one week. The other six pesticides classified as harmful were tested on citrus plants to study their persistence over time under greenhouse conditions: Pirimicarb, pyriproxifen, paraffinic oil, abamectin, chlorpyrifos, and lambda-cyhalothrin. Most of these products reduced their negative effect on adults of A. melinus between one and six weeks after treatment, although lambda-cyhalothrin was still harmful to parasitoids 11 weeks after application. This information can help growers and consultants to make decisions about pesticide selection and application timing in citrus in order to support IPM implementation when A. melinus is present.
Improvement of soil carbon sink by cover crops in olive orchards under semiarid conditions. Influence of the type of soil and weed
Authors: Márquez-García F. , González-Sánchez E. J. , Castro-García S. , Ordóñez-Fernández R.
Published: June 2013

The olive tree is one of the most important crops in Spain, and the main one in the region of Andalusia. Most orchards are rain-fed, with high slopes where conventional tillage (CT) is the primary soil management system used. These conditions lead to high erosion and a significant transport of organic carbon (OC). Moreover, soil tillage accelerates the oxidation of the OC. Cover crops (CC) are the conservation agriculture (CA) approach for woody crops. They are grown in-between tree rows to protect the soil against water erosion and their organic residues also help to increase the soil carbon (C) sink. Soil and OC losses associated to the sediment were measured over four seasons (2003-07) using micro-plots for the collection of runoff and sediment in five experimental fields located in rain-fed olive orchards in Andalusia. Two soil management systems were followed, CC and CT. Furthermore, the changes in soil C in both systems were analyzed at a depth of 0-25 cm. CC reduced erosion by 80.5%, and also OC transport by 67.7%. In addition, Cover crops increased soil C sink by 12.3 Mg ha-1 year-1 of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent, with respect to CT. CC in rainfed olive orchards in a Mediterranean climate could be an environmental friendly and profitable system for reducing erosion and increasing the soil C sink. However, C fixing rate is not regular, being very high for the initial years after shifting from CT to CC and gradually decreasing over time.
Efficiency analysis of the designations of origin in the Spanish wine sector
Authors: Vidal F. , Pastor J. T. , Borrás F. , Pastor D.
Published: June 2013

The wine Common Market Organisation has established two concepts for recognizing the quality of wines in the European Union (EU). The first corresponds to the so-called Protected Designation of Origin (PDO), and the second to the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). The set of Spanish PDOs includes the subset of Spanish DOs (Designation of Origin), which have been recognized as quality wines by Spanish authorities since 1932. Spain accounts for 67 DOs but, due to a lack of data, only 34 of them are suitable for carrying out our analysis. We will analyze the efficiency of this subset for the 2008, 2009 and 2010 seasons resorting to Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and using a new additive based efficiency measure known as BAM (Bounded Adjusted Measure). Since we are using panel data, we will also evaluate the productivity associated with this data set resorting to Malmquist indexes. Our results show that the efficiency behavior of the subset of Spanish DOs is uniform over the time periods analyzed and that productivity experiments only minor and irrelevant changes. They also show that three DOs are in a very good competitive position while another three DOs are in a very bad position. We end up suggesting some economic reasons for explaining these results.
Visual definition of physiological maturity in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is associated with receptacle quantitative color parameters
Authors: Hernandez L. F. , Larsen A. O.
Published: June 2013

Identifying physiological maturity (PM) in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by visual methods is subjective. The present study was conducted during two years in two short season sunflower hybrids (Macón and MG60) to determine the relationship between quantitative color parameters in the receptacle and physiological markers such as fruit dry weight (FDW) and fruit water content (FWC) from flowering to PM. Fruits from the external 25% of the capitulum radius were sampled at 3-5-day intervals from first anthesis until harvest maturity. Fruit and receptacle fresh and dry weight were calculated, and color changes of the receptacle base were followed over time using a spectrophotometer. Comparison of colorimetric coordinates a* and b*, defined by the CIELAB color space enabled quantitative correlation of color changes in the receptacle with the maturation stage of the fruits and their moisture content. In both hybrids and years, fruits attained maximum dry weight when the receptacle color turned from dark green to buttery-yellow. Strong correlations were found between FWC and a* for Macón the first (r=-0.877) and second year (r=-0.934) and for MG60, (r=-0.912 and r=-0.891) the first and second year, respectively. The same results were found for b* for Macón (r=-0.901 and r=-0.829) and for MG60 (r=-0.898 and r= -0.863) for the first and second year respectively. Maximum b* at FWC between 40 to 41% had the highest correlation with maximum fruit dry weight for both hybrids and years, and was a good indicator for identifying the attainment of PM. This work represents an original contribution and a first step towards the development of a model for predicting PM in sunflower by using colorimetric measurements.
Using Monte Carlo for the Assessment of a Brokered Bank Deposit Business
Authors: Vlachý Jan
Published: June 2013

This paper addresses the issue of a cost-benefit analysis when considering the use of third-party distribution channels for saving accounts. Whilst static budgeting methods seem to be generally appropriate for conventional banking projects based on branching or internet, they provide grossly misleading estimates of commissioning expenses, which can lead to completely unrealistic project assessment and poorly designed commission schedules. Using a case study based on actual project experience in the Czech Republic, the author applies a numerical statistical simulation model serving as a potent tool for strategic decision-making as well as business negotiation.
Transient Proteolytic Modification of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Increases Lung Clearance Rate and Targeting to Injured Tissue
Authors: Kerkelä Erja , Hakkarainen Tanja , Mäkelä Tuomas , Raki Mari , Kambur Oleg , Kilpinen Lotta , Nikkilä Janne , Lehtonen Siri , Ritamo Ilja , Pernu Roni , Pietilä Mika , Takalo Reijo , Juvonen Tatu , Bergström Kim , Kalso Eija , Valmu Leena , Laitinen Saara , Lehenkari Petri , Nystedt Johanna
Published: June 2013

Systemic infusion of therapeutic cells would be the most practical and least invasive method of administration in many cellular therapies. One of the main obstacles especially in intravenous delivery of cells is a massive cell retention in the lungs, which impairs homing to the target tissue and may decrease the therapeutic outcome. In this study we showed that an alternative cell detachment of mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) with pronase instead of trypsin significantly accelerated the lung clearance of the cells and, importantly, increased their targeting to an area of injury. Cell detachment with pronase transiently altered the MSC surface protein profile without compromising cell viability, multipotent cell characteristics, or immunomodulative and angiogenic potential. The transient modification of the cell surface protein profile was sufficient to produce effective changes in cell rolling behavior in vitro and, importantly, in the in vivo biodistribution of the cells in mouse, rat, and porcine models. In conclusion, pronase detachment could be used as a method to improve the MSC lung clearance and targeting in vivo. This may have a major impact on the bioavailability of MSCs in future therapeutic regimes.
ANATOMIA DAS VEIAS TESTICULARES EM CAPRINOS DA RAÇA SAANEN RECÉM-NATOS
Authors: Dos Santos Roza Magno , Scherer Paulo Oldemar , Abidu-Figueiredo Marcelo
Published: June 2013

As veias testiculares são responsáveis pelo retorno venoso do sangue dos testículos. Anatomicamente, as veias testiculares se originam do plexo pampiniforme que é formado pela união das pequenas veias do testículo e epidídimo. Variações nas veias testiculares podem influenciar o fluxo sanguíneo, termorregulação e espermatogênese, tendo como resultado algumas patologias como varicocele, consideradas causas da infertilidade. Foram estudadas a esqueletopia e o local de drenagem das veias testiculares, em ambos os antímeros, em 31 caprinos machos recém-natos da raça Saanen. Esses animais, após morte natural, foram submetidos à fixação em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. A veia testicular direita teve como local de drenagem a veia cava caudal em 100% dos casos e observou-se a seguinte esqueletopia: um animal (3,22%) entre L4-L5, 14 (45,16%) em L5, 10 (32,25%) entre L5-L6 e em seis animais (19,35%) em L6. A veia testicular esquerda teve como local de drenagem a veia cava caudal em 16 (52%) animais, a veia ilíaca comum esquerda em 14 (43%) e a veia ilíaca externa esquerda em um (5%) animal, sendo observada a seguinte esqueletopia: um animal (3,22%) em L5, nove (29,3%) entre L5-L6, 11 (35,48%) em L6, cinco (16.3 %) entre L6-S1 e em cinco (16,3%) animais em S1.
PESO, PERCENTUAL E ESPESSURA DE CASCA DE OVOS DE CODORNAS JAPONESAS NA FAIXA ETÁRIA DE 6 A 18 SEMANAS
Authors: Jorge de Lemos Marina , Lima Calixto Lígia Fátima , Bossolani Fernandez Isabelle , Andrade de Melo Izaura , Santos de Souza Daniele
Published: June 2013

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade externa de ovos de codornas de seis a 18 semanas de idade. Foram utilizadas 160 codornas japonesas com cinco semanas de idade distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, durante cinco ciclos de 21 dias. A partir da postura, 150 ovos foram coletados e analisados a cada 21 dias. As diferentes idades constituíram os tratamentos, em que: T1 – aves com 6 semanas de idade; T2 – aves com 9 semanas de idade; T3 – aves com 12 semanas de idade; T4 – aves com 15 semanas de idade e T5 – aves com 18 semanas de idade. As variáveis analisadas foram peso dos ovos (g), percentagem de casca e espessura de casca (mm). Foram observadas diferenças (p < 0,05) entre as variáveis analisadas, nas quais as maiores médias de peso de ovos e piores médias de percentagem e espessura da casca dos ovos foram observadas nos dois últimos ciclos do experimento (codornas com 15 e 18 semanas de idade). A qualidade externa de ovos produzidos pelas codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) de 6 a 18 semanas de idade torna-se inferior a partir de 15 semanas de idade, mantendo-se, contudo, nos padrões de qualidade para a comercialização.
BIOCHEMICAL AND HORMONAL PROFILE OF THE AMNIOTIC FLUID FROM NELORE CALVES CONCEIVED BY DIFFERENT REPRODUCTION BIOTECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Piagentini Marcelo , Prestes Nereu Carlos , Fredrichsen Moya-Araujo Carla , Marques Araujo Gustavo Henrique , Kiomi Takahira Regina , Oba Eunice
Published: June 2013

This study aimed to quantify biochemical constituents and hormonal concentrations in the amniotic fluid of Nelore calves conceived by different reproduction biotechnologies. Sixty animals were used and divided into: 1 – Twenty Nelore cows pregnant of calves obtained by artificial insemination; 2 – Twenty cows pregnant with Nelore calves obtained by embryo transference; 3 – Twenty cows pregnant with Nelore calves obtained by in vitro production. During the expulsion phase, the amnion was punctured and 15 mL of fluid were collected. The biochemical evaluation was performed with commercial kits in accordance to the manufacturer’s recommendations. It was used the radioimmunoassay to assess the progesterone and testosterone levels. The statistical analysis used was the variance analysis and Tukey (5% significance level). Mean urea and creatinine when comparing the three groups showed that group 3 had higher values of these two metabolites, suggesting that the kidney maturity is suitable. For gamma-glutamyltransferase, group 3 had a lower value compared to group 1. This enzyme is related to metabolism, may be inferred that the metabolic activity is high in animal production in vitro. The glucose values did not differ between the groups, suggests that the maternal-fetal exchanges were suitable for the power supply to the fetus. Lower chloride concentration was showed in group 3. Sodium and potassium were found in greater quantities in group 3 when compared to other groups. There was no significant difference for the testosterone and progesterone. The results obtained in biochemical analysis can conclude that the renal and liver activity and maternal-fetal exchange are normal in the different groups.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Arylation of β‐Chloro Ketones and Related Derivatives through Domino Dehydrochlorination/ Conjugate Addition
Authors: Jiang Quanbin , Guo Tenglong , Wang Qingfu , Wu Ping , Yu Zhengkun
Published: June 2013

Highly efficient arylations of β‐chloro ketones and their ester and amide derivatives were achieved by means of domino dehydrochlorination/Rh(I)‐catalyzed conjugate addition. In situ generated vinyl ketones and their analogues were identified as the reaction intermediates. The present synthetic protocol provides a concise route to (chiral) β‐aryl ketones, esters, and amides.
Very low levels of surface CD45 reflect CLL cell fragility, are inversely correlated with trisomy 12 and are associated with increased treatment‐free survival
Authors: Rizzo David , Lotay Angad , Gachard Nathalie , Marfak Ibtissam , Faucher Jean‐Luc , Trimoreau Franck , Guérin Estelle , Bordessoule Dominique , Jaccard Arnaud , Feuillard Jean
Published: June 2013

It has recently been suggested that the percentage of smudge cells on blood smears from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) could predict overall survival. However, smudge cells are a cytological artifact influenced by multiple physical factors not related to CLL. To identify simple parameters reflecting CLL cell fragility, we studied CD45 expression in a series of 66 patients with Binet stage A CLL. Decreased CD45 expression was specific for CLL cells when compared to 44 patients with a leukemic phase of B‐cell non Hodgkin lymphoma and 42 control B‐cells. CD45 expression was markedly decreased for all patients with CLL with high percentages of smudge cells. CLL cells with the lowest CD45 expression were the most sensitive to osmotic shock. Very low levels of CD45 expression were significantly associated with lack of CD38 expression, absence of trisomy 12, and with increased treatment free survival time. Altogether, these results demonstrate that low levels of CD45 expression are specific to CLL cells and reflect cell fragility, suggesting that this is an important intrinsic biological feature that determines disease course. Am. J. Hematol. 88:747–753, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recent Developments in the Coordination Chemistry of Multidentate Ligands Featuring a Boron Moiety
Authors: Kameo Hajime , Nakazawa Hiroshi
Published: June 2013

Synergistic effects between a transition metal and an appropriate ligand are required to promote a desired catalytic reaction. Ancillary ligands, provided by the versatile functionality of certain elements, give rise to an almost infinite potential for catalytic applications. Recently, the study of the synergistic effect between transition metals and boron has become easy on account of the development of various rigid multidentate frameworks. In this Review, we mainly focus on the chemistry of σ‐acceptor (Z‐type) borane ligands, particularly the key achievements of their unique reactivity and catalytic applications. Conceptually, the unique character of σ‐acceptor borane ligands provides a new strategy for developing remarkable reactivity and novel catalytic applications. This study discusses recent developments in the field in this context. The chemistry of boron‐based multidentate ligands that involve a covalent MB bond such as the boryl ligand (BR2), in which a boron moiety serves as a strong electron‐donating ligand, is also rapidly developing. The effect of the boryl ligand on a metal center is totally different from that of the borane (BR3) ligand, and different boron‐based functionalities confer opposing electronic properties to the metal center. The interesting character of boryl‐based chelating ligands augments their unique coordination chemistry, which is also summarized in this context.
Production of non‐proteinogenic amino acids from α‐keto acid precursors with recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Kim Ju‐Yeon , Lee Young‐A , Wittmann Christoph , Park Jin‐Byung
Published: June 2013

In the present work, Corynebacterium glutamicum was metabolically engineered for the enantioselective synthesis of non‐proteinogenic amino acids as valuable building blocks for pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The novel bio‐catalytic activity of C. glutamicum was obtained by heterologous expression of the branched chain aminotransferase IlvE from Escherichia coli. Upon this modification, the recombinant cells converted the α‐keto acid precursor 2‐(3‐hydroxy‐1‐adamantyl)‐2‐oxoethanoic acid (HOAE) into the corresponding amino acid 2‐(3‐hydroxy‐1‐adamantyl)‐(2S)‐amino ethanoic acid (HAAE). Similarly, also L‐tert‐leucine could be obtained from trimethyl pyruvate indicating a broader applicability of the novel strategy. In both cases, the amino group donor glutamate was supplied from the endogenous metabolism of the recombinant producer. Hereby, the uptake of the precursor and secretion of the product was supported by an enhanced cell permeability through treatment of ethambutol, which inhibits arabinosyl transferases involved in cell wall biosynthesis. The excretion of HAAE into the reaction medium was linked to the secretion of glutamate, indicating a similar mechanism for the export of both compounds. On the other hand, the efflux of L‐tert‐leucine appeared to be driven by active transport. Subsequent bioprocess engineering enabled HAAE and L‐tert‐leucine to be produced at a rate of 0.21 and 0.42 mmol (g dry cells)−1 h−1, respectively up to a final product titer of 40 mM. Beyond the given examples, integrated metabolic and cell envelop engineering might extend the production of a variety of other non‐proteinogenic amino acids as well as chiral amines by C. glutamicum. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2846–2855. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CRISPR‐Cas
Authors: Marchfelder Anita , Maier Lisa‐Katharina , Heidrich Nadja , Pul Ümit
Published: June 2013

Einer der ältesten Konflikte auf Erden ist vermutlich der Existenzkampf zwischen Prokaryoten und Viren. Prokaryoten haben verschiedene Abwehrstrategien entwickelt, um sich gegen die allgegenwärtigen und zahlenmäßig überlegenen Viren zu schützen. Letztere besitzen wiederum Gegenmechanismen, mit denen sie den prokaryotischen Schutz umgehen. Ein beeindruckendes Beispiel für dieses ständige Wechselspiel der gegenseitigen Aufrüstung stellt das CRISPR‐Cas‐System dar. Ursprünglich in Prokaryoten entdeckt, verleiht das CRISPR‐Cas‐System eine adaptive und vererbbare Immunität gegenüber Viren und Plasmiden.
Wie Mollusken die Bergwelt erobern
Authors: Sturm Robert
Published: June 2013

Zoologische Kartierungen der vergangenen Jahrzehnte führten zutage, dass die Gewässer des zentralalpinen Raumes einer sukzessiven Besiedlung durch aquatische Weichtiere unterliegen. Während üppig bewachsene Gebirgsseen der montanen Höhenstufe über eine artenreiche Molluskenfauna verfügen können, dünnen sich die Arten‐ und Individuenzahl mit zunehmender Höhe immer mehr aus. Die Eroberung hochgelegener Gewässer bleibt wenigen, gegenüber verschiedenen Umweltfaktoren toleranten Arten vorbehalten. Diese Pionierspezies stammen aus den Familien der Schlammschnecken und der Kugelmuscheln. Die Verbreitung der Tiere selbst beruht auf passiven Transportmechanismen über andere Lebewesen, die als Träger fungieren. Zu diesen zählen nach gegenwärtigem Kenntnisstand Fische, Wiederkäuer und Wasservögel.
Curcumin und Multiple Sklerose
Authors: d'Astolfo Lisa , Hein Tabea , Schaffert Tonio , Scheithauer Florian , Wiederkehr Thomas
Published: June 2013

Multiple Sklerose (MS) ist eine körpereigene Immunreaktion, die Zellen des zentralen Nervensystems angreift und in zunehmenden Maße schädigt. Die Schäden entstehen wahrscheinlich durch reaktive Sauerstoffspezies und Stickstoffmonoxid. Das Letzere wird von Stickstoffmonoxid‐Synthasen (NO) produziert. Im Tiermodell für MS, der experimentellen autoimmunen Encephalomyelitis (EAE), wurde eine erhöhte Expression von Arginase I festgestellt. Hemmung der Arginase verzögert das Auftreten der EAE‐Symptome. Da Arginasen und NO um dasselbe Substrat Arginin konkurrieren, könnte die Verdrängung von NO durch Arginase zu einer verringerten Stickstoffmonoxid‐Konzentration führen und dann über negative Rückkopplung zu einer verstärkten Produktion von NO. Es ist bekannt, dass die Prävalenz von MS in Gesellschaften, in denen täglich Curcumin verzehrt wird, niedriger ist als in der nördlichen Hemisphäre. Curcuma‐Bestandteile hemmen Arginasen in vitro und wechselwirken direkt mit dem Enzym. Daraus könnte ein Ansatz in der MS‐Behandlung abgeleitet werden.
Universitäre Biologielehrerausbildung auf dem Prüfstand
Authors: Großschedl Jörg , Harms Ute , Glowinski Ingrid
Published: June 2013

Was sollte ein angehender Biologielehrer wissen und können? Schülerinnen und Schüler, die gebeten wurden, zukünftigen Referendaren Tipps für eine erfolgreiche Berufslaufbahn zu geben, nannten als Antwort neben Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen wie “Motivation” und “Spaß, mit jungen Menschen zu arbeiten” insbesondere “Fachkompetenz” und “die Fähigkeit, Unterricht anschaulich zu gestalten”. Fachwissenschaftliche, fachdidaktische sowie pädagogisch‐psychologische Lehrveranstaltungen im Universitätsstudium sollten zukünftige Lehrkräfte entsprechend vorbereiten – aber gelingt dies wirklich?
3D‐Zellkultur und komplexe Zellsysteme
Authors: Hauk Andrea
Published: June 2013

Zellen können so gezüchtet werden, dass sie nicht nur neben, sondern auch übereinander wachsen und in Kontakt mit anderen Zelltypen und deren Stoffwechselprodukten stehen. Durch diese Simulation können Fragen beantwortet werden, die sich mit einer herkömmlichen Monolayer‐Kultur nicht klären lassen.
Glühwürmchen, Taubenschwänzchen und Ameisenjungfern: Von der Wärme beflügelt
Authors: Petrischak Hannes
Published: June 2013

Im Sommer lohnt es sich bei Tag und Nacht, das Geschehen im Garten zu verfolgen: Während Leuchtkäfermännchen blinkend ihre weniger mobilen Partnerinnen suchen, entfalten Ameisenjungfern in warmen Sommernächten ihre zarten Flügel. Auch der Vogelnachwuchs wird nun flügge. Die Jungen der Blindschleiche erblicken im Spätsommer das Licht der Welt. Mit der Wärme besuchen uns Wanderfalter aus dem Süden.
A Conserved Tyrosine in Ferritin Is a Molecular Capacitor
Authors: Ebrahimi Kourosh Honarmand , Hagedoorn Peter‐Leon , Hagen Wilfred R.
Published: June 2013

A highly conserved tyrosine residue of unknown function is present in the vicinity of the di‐iron catalytic center of the ubiquitous iron‐storage protein ferritin. The di‐iron center with a gateway FeII/FeIII‐binding site nearby provides the vital iron‐storage mechanism of the protein. It is believed that, in eukaryotic ferritin, this center catalyzes simultaneous oxidation of two FeII ions, whereas in microbial ferritin it catalyzes simultaneous oxidation of three FeII ions. To understand the role of the conserved tyrosine, we studied the intermediates and products that are formed during catalysis of FeII oxidation in the di‐iron catalytic centers of the hyperthermophilic archaeal Pyrococcus furiosus ferritin and of eukaryotic human H ferritin. Based on our spectroscopic studies and modeling, we propose a merger of the models for eukaryotic and bacterial ferritin into a common mechanism of FeII oxidation in which the conserved tyrosine acts as a single‐electron molecular capacitor to facilitate oxidation of FeII.
Structure‐Dependent Electronic Nature of Star‐Shaped Oligothiophenes, Probed by Ensemble and Single‐Molecule Spectroscopy
Authors: Chung Heejae , Narita Tomoyuki , Yang Jaesung , Kim Pyosang , Takase Masayoshi , Iyoda Masahiko , Kim Dongho
Published: June 2013

We have investigated the photophysical properties of star‐shaped oligothiophenes with three terthiophene arms (meta to each other, S3) or six terthiophene arms (ortho‐, meta‐, and para‐arranged, S6) connected to an ethynylbenzene core to elucidate the relationship between their molecular structure and electronic properties by using a combination of ensemble and single‐molecule spectroscopic techniques. We postulate two different conformations for molecules S3 and S6 on the basis of the X‐ray structure of hexakis(5‐hexyl‐2‐thienlyethynyl)benzene and suggest the coexistence of these conformers by using spectroscopic methods. From the steady‐state spectroscopic data of compound S6, we show that the exciton is delocalized over the core structure, but that the meta‐linkage in compound S3 prevents the electronic communication between the arms. However, in single‐molecule spectroscopic measurements, we observed that some molecules of compound S3 showed long fluorescence lifetimes (about 1.4 ns) in the fluorescence‐intensity trajectories, which indicated that π electrons were delocalized along the meta linker. Based on these observations, we suggest that the delocalized exciton is intensely sensitive towards the dihedral angle between the core and the adjacent thiophene ring, as well as to the substituted position of the terthiophene arms. Our results highlight that the fluorescence lifetimes of compounds S3 and S6 are strongly correlated with the spatial location of their excitons, which is mainly affected by their conformation, that is, whether the innermost thiophene rings are facing each other or not. More interestingly, we observed that the difference between the degrees of ring‐torsional flexibility of compounds S3 and S6 results in their sharply contrasting fluorescence properties, such as a change in fluorescence intensity as a function of temperature.
Heterobimetallic Cuprates Consisting of a Redox‐Switchable, Silicon‐Based Metalloligand: Synthesis, Structures, and Electronic Properties
Authors: Styra Steffen , González‐Gallardo Sandra , Armbruster Felix , Oña‐Burgos Pascual , Moos Eric , Vonderach Matthias , Weis Patrick , Hampe Oliver , Grün Anneken , Schmitt Yvonne , Gerhards Markus , Menges Fabian , Gaffga Maximilian , Niedner‐Schatteburg Gereon , Breher Frank
Published: June 2013

A series of bimetallic silyl halido cuprates consisting of the new tripodal silicon‐based metalloligand [κ3N‐Si(3,5‐Me2pz)3Mo(CO)3]− is presented (pz=pyrazolyl). This metalloligand is straightforwardly accessible by reacting the ambidentate ligand tris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)silanide ({Si(3,5‐Me2pz)3}−) with [Mo(CO)3(η6‐toluene)]. The compound features a fac‐coordinated tripodal chelating ligand and an outward pointing, “free” pyramidal silyl donor, which is easily accessible for a secondary coordination to other metal centers. Several bimetallic silyl halido cuprates of the general formula [CuX{μ‐κ1Si:κ3N‐Si(3,5‐Me2pz)3Mo(CO)3}]− (X=Cl, Br, I) have been synthesized. The electronic and structural properties of these complexes were probed in detail by X‐ray diffraction analysis, electrospray mass spectrometry, infrared‐induced multiphoton dissociation studies, cyclic voltammetry, spectroelectrochemistry, gas‐phase photoelectron spectroscopy, as well as UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The heterobimetallic complexes contain linear two‐coordinate copper(I) entities with the shortest silicon–copper distances reported so far. Oxidation of the anionic complexes in methylene chloride and acetonitrile solutions at =−0.60 and −0.44 V (vs. ferrocene/ferrocenium (Fc/Fc+)), respectively, shows substantial reversibility. Based on various results obtained from different characterization methods, as well as density functional theory calculations, these oxidation events were attributed to the Mo0/MoI redox couple.
Modeling Parameters for Bubbly Flows
Authors: Bothe Melanie , Schlüter Michael
Published: June 2013

In den 1980er und 90er Jahren wurden intensive und erfolgreiche Forschungsprogramme durchgeführt, um die integrale Beschreibung und Auslegung von Blasensäulenreaktoren zu verbessern. Zur Jahrtausendwende wurden dann insbesondere lokale Mess‐ und Modellierungsmethoden verfeinert. Die Ergebnisse dieser lokalen Modelle sind bisher jedoch oft nur unzureichend in die integralen Auslegungsgleichungen eingeflossen, da eine große Lücke zwischen den betrachteten Zeit‐ und Ortsskalen besteht. Geeignete Mittelungs‐ und Filterverfahren fehlen ebenso wie Übertragungsregeln, um von den meist akademischen Stoffsystemen und Bedingungen zu industriellen Anwendungen zu gelangen. Der Artikel gibt einen Einblick in den Status quo im Bereich der Modellierung von Blasenströmungen und zeigt Wege auf, die künftig zu einer umfassenderen Modellierung und besseren Übertragbarkeit führen könnten.
Menthol
Authors: Schäfer Bernd
Published: June 2013

Der Biosyntheseweg des Menthols umfasst, ausgehend von Isopentenyl‐ und Dimethylallyldiphosphat, acht diskrete Schritte. Technisch erhält man Menthol ausgehend von Kresol nach dem Haarmann‐Reimer‐Prozess durch klassische Racematspaltung. Der Takasago‐Prozess ist einer der bedeutendsten enantioselektiven Prozesse, die technisch ausgeübt werden. Schlüsselschritt ist eine rhodiumkatalysierte Doppelbindungsverschiebung. Der BASF‐Prozess zur Herstellung von Menthol geht von Citral aus und beinhaltet eine enantioselektive Hydrierung.
Sinensetin
Authors: Steinke Katrin , Jose Elena , Sicker Dieter , Siehl Hans‐Ullrich , Zeller Klaus‐Peter , Berger Stefan
Published: June 2013

Sinensetin wurde aus kaltgepresstem Orangenschalenöl isoliert und aus Ethanol umkristallisiert. Alle analytischen Spektren sind vollständig entweder im Hauptteil oder im online unter www.chiuz.de zusätzlichen Material zu diesem Artikel wiedergegeben. Die NMR‐ sowie die Massenspektren werden eingehend interpretiert und mit theoretischen Berechnungen der 13C chemischen Verschiebungen verglichen. Das Projekt ist eine Fortsetzung des Buches “Classics in Spectroscopy” von S. Berger und D. Sicker (Wiley‐VCH 2009).
Production of heavy minerals concentrate and bitumen from oil sands froth treatment tailings
Authors: Moran K. , Doiron J. , Hill A. , Sishtla C.
Published: June 2013

In producing valuable heavy minerals, including zircon and those bearing titanium dioxide, into a heavy minerals concentrate (HMC), the key technical challenges involve bitumen removal from mineral particle surfaces, rejection of fine gangue and recovery of residual solvent. (Organics and fines contamination severely sours downstream heavy minerals production performance). This is accomplished in a manner that is both conducive and integral with oil sands current bitumen production and processing operations. The Company's research and development efforts are based on sophisticated variations of common unit operations, including flotation, solvent extraction and vapour‐phase stripping. Experimentation has indicated optimal design parameters for these unit operations. A large‐scale physical demonstration was completed with performance that has met or exceeded expectations and, after several months of operation, commercial benefits arising from these novel processes have largely been confirmed and validated. Clean HMC with attractive mineralogy is produced containing residual bitumen values sufficiently low to affect high downstream recoveries of zircon (and titania), while producing coker‐feed quality bitumen.
Numerical analysis of non‐Newtonian blood flow and wall shear stress in realistic single, double and triple aorto‐coronary bypasses
Authors: Vimmr J. , Jonášová A. , Bublík O.
Published: June 2013

Considering the fact that hemodynamics plays an important role in the patency and overall performance of implanted bypass grafts, this work presents a numerical investigation of pulsatile non‐Newtonian blood flow in three different patient‐specific aorto‐coronary bypasses. The three bypass models are distinguished from each other by the number of distal side‐to‐side and end‐to‐side anastomoses and denoted as single, double and triple bypasses. The mathematical model in the form of time‐dependent nonlinear system of incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is coupled with the Carreau–Yasuda model describing the shear‐thinning property of human blood and numerically solved using the principle of the SIMPLE algorithm and cell‐centred finite volume method formulated for hybrid unstructured tetrahedral grids. The numerical results computed for non‐Newtonian and Newtonian blood flow in the three aorto‐coronary bypasses are compared and analysed with emphasis placed on the distribution of cycle‐averaged wall shear stress and oscillatory shear index. As shown in this study, the non‐Newtonian blood flow in all of the considered bypass models does not significantly differ from the Newtonian one. Our observations further suggest that, especially in the case of sequential grafts, the resulting flow field and shear stimulation are strongly influenced by the diameter of the vessels involved in the bypassing. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An antibody‐free strategy for screening putative HDM2 inhibitors using crude bacterial lysates expressing GST‐HDM2 recombinant protein
Authors: Costa Barbara , Grillone Agostina Francesca , Salvetti Alessandra , Rocchiccioli Silvia , Iacopetti Paola , Daniele Simona , Da Pozzo Eleonora , Campiglia Pietro , Novellino Ettore , Martini Claudia , Rossi Leonardo
Published: June 2013

Targeting the interaction of p53 with its natural inhibitor MDM2 by the use of small synthetic molecules has emerged as a promising pharmacological approach to restore p53 oncosuppressor function in cancers retaining wild‐type p53. The first critical step in the experimental validation of newly synthesized small molecules developed to inhibit MDM2‐p53 interaction is represented by the evaluation of their efficacy in preventing the formation of the MDM2‐p53 complex. This can be achieved using the in vitro reconstructed recombinant MDM2‐p53 complex in cell‐free assays. A number of possible approaches have been proposed, which are however not suitable for screening large chemical libraries, due to the high costs of reagents and instrumentations, or the need of large amounts of highly pure recombinant proteins. Here we describe a rapid and cheap method for high‐throughput screening of putative inhibitors of MDM2‐p53 complex formation – based on the use of GST‐recombinant proteins – that does not require antibodies and recombinant protein purification steps from bacterial cell lysates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics of GHB and detection window in serum and urine after single uptake of a low dose of GBL – an experiment with two volunteers
Authors: Schröck Alexandra , Hari Yvonne , König Stefan , Auwärter Volker , Schürch Stefan , Weinmann Wolfgang
Published: June 2013

During the last few years γ‐hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and γ‐butyrolactone (GBL) have attracted much interest as recreational drugs and knock‐out drops in drug‐facilitated sexual assaults. This experiment aims at getting an insight into the pharmacokinetics of GHB after intake of GBL. Therefore Two volunteers took a single dose of 1.5 ml GBL, which had been spiked to a soft drink. Assuming that GBL was completely metabolized to GHB, the corresponding amount of GHB was 2.1 g. Blood and urine samples were collected 5 h and 24 h after ingestion, respectively. Additionally, hair samples (head hair and beard hair) were taken within four to five weeks after intake of GBL. Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) after protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The following observations were made: spiked to a soft drink, GBL, which tastes very bitter, formed a liquid layer at the bottom of the glass, only disappearing when stirring. Both volunteers reported weak central effects after approximately 15 min, which disappeared completely half an hour later. Maximum concentrations of GHB in serum were measured after 20 min (95 µg/ml and 106 µg/ml). Already after 4–5 h the GHB concentrations in serum decreased below 1 µg/ml. In urine maximum GHB concentrations (140 µg/ml and 120 µg/ml) were measured after 1–2 h, and decreased to less than 1 µg/ml within 8–10 h. The ratio of GHB in serum versus blood was 1.2 and 1.6. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.