bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A review of judicial enforcement of arbitral awards in South Africa
Authors: Baboolal‐Frank Rashri
Published: October 2022

This article postulates the constitutional ethos of upholding contracts entered between parties on the principle of good faith in practice. This is aligned to the international principle of respecting party autonomy between parties in court. A party cannot easily negate upon a contract that stipulates that a dispute must be referred to arbitration and furthermore that the arbitration award is binding upon the parties and not subject to appeal. This article aims to discuss that there is judicial enforcement of arbitral awards in South African courts. There is no distinction between national and international enforcement of arbitral awards. The principle of party autonomy is the cornerstone of the enforcement of arbitral awards. From a South Africa perspective, both national and international legislation supports the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. This article elucidates the intricacies of the enforcement of arbitral awards and the protection of party's interests to the proceedings. This article explores the consequences of the antithetical approach to arbitration agreements and proceedings. The judiciary's practice is to uphold the contractual principle of consensus between the parties, as opposed to allowing parties to walk away from awards on frivolous reasons and renegading upon contractual terms.
Presence of β2‐agonist growth promoters in human urine samples: GC‐MS/MS evaluation of the excretion profiles of ractopamine administered in microdoses
Authors: Ayotte Christiane , Couture Maxime , Lalonde Karine , Charlebois Alain
Published: October 2022

β2‐adrenergic agonists having the potential to be misused to enhance performance for their thermogenic and anabolic properties are prohibited in sports. Clenbuterol, ractopamine and zilpaterol are utilised legally or illegally as growth promoters of animals raised for their meat. No withdrawal times are imposed for ractopamine prior to slaughter; residues are detected in meat of treated animals, which constitutes a risk of inadvertent consumption. Insufficient information is available on the fate of ractopamine in humans to implement efficient detection in athletes' urine samples. We have developed a confirmation procedure for total ractopamine in urine following the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuronides and sulphates and the conversion to tri‐TMS derivative (limit of identification at 0.15 ng/ml). The sulphates were found to form between 85% to 97% of ractopamine excreted in athletes' urine samples analysed routinely or in volunteers following the administration of a micro‐dose of 2.5 μg. Peak levels were reached at 2 to 6 h and decreased rapidly below 1 ng/ml 10 h after dosing. With one exception, the highest level estimated in athletes' samples was 1.2 ng/ml. Zilpaterol was confirmed in a few urine samples collected in the USA and Mexico (highest level 2 ng/ml), while hundreds of athletes' samples were reported to contain clenbuterol by our laboratory over the past 7 years. Most of these cases originated from Mexico (n = 102) and Guatemala (n = 119), often clustered in events during which multiple samples were collected, and for the vast majority, in levels lower than 0.2 ng/ml.
The lunar nodal phase cycle and winter atmospheric pressure as possible determinants of moth abundance: Analyses of a 30‐year time series from South Norway
Authors: Selås Vidar , Kobro Sverre
Published: October 2022

According to the plant stress hypothesis, population peaks of herbivores such as moths are caused by plant stress factors that force plants to reallocate stored defensive proteins to transportable and easily digestive N‐compounds. A suggested plant stress factor is ionization caused by cosmic ray muons, which are modulated by the 9.3‐year lunar nodal phase cycle, solar activity, and atmospheric pressure. Vascular plants are more sensitive to ionization than are bryophytes, and woody plants are more sensitive than are herbaceous plants, but the difference may be less during dormancy in winter. We selected the 14 most common moth species from a 30‐year light‐trapping study in southern Norway to test whether the fluctuation patterns of species from three different feeding guilds were correlated with lunar/solar cycles, or with atmospheric pressure in winter, when muon fluxes are higher than in other seasons. The population indices of three species feeding on deciduous woody plants were positively correlated with the lunar nodal phase index, and there was a similar tendency for the remaining three species. No positive correlations with the lunar index were found for species feeding on herbs or mosses. For nine species, that is, from all three guilds, there was a significant negative correlation between the population index and winter atmospheric pressure in the previous year. The results are in accordance with predictions deduced from the cosmic ray hypothesis, but thorough investigations of the proposed physiological mechanisms are needed for the hypothesis to be widely accepted.
Reuse of nests in the Great Reed Warbler Acrocephalus arundinaceus: A behavior to save time and energy and to deter nest parasites?
Authors: Mérő Thomas Oliver , Žuljević Antun , Kolykhanova Olga , Lengyel Szabolcs
Published: October 2022

The reproductive period in animals is a demanding part in their life history. In birds, environmental factors, such as adverse weather, predation, or brood parasitism; and/or anthropogenic disturbance, can limit breeding success, resulting in failure of clutches. The nest loss in open‐cup nesting passerines is usually replaced with a new nest with a new clutch, however, in some cases the clutch replacement may occur in unusual forms. In this study, we report on three cases of within‐season nest reuse in the Great Reed Warbler. In the first case, a nest was reused for two times in the same season after unsuccessful nesting attempts (two‐time nest reuse). After the nest was depredated the first time, the female laid new eggs that were depredated again, then again the female laid new eggs that produced four fledglings. In the second case, the first clutch was depredated, after which the female laid a new clutch in the same nest that was again depredated. In the third case, the female laid new eggs among the eggs that failed to hatch previously. Our observations tend not to be consistent with the predator avoidance hypothesis because the depredated nests were reused by the parents. The time/energy saving hypothesis or possible deterrence of nest parasitism could explain nest reuse in this study, but because of low number of nests reused compared to the total number of nests found, this phenomenon needs further clarification.
Medium‐chain Acyl‐COA dehydrogenase deficiency: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment
Authors: Mason Emily , Hindmarch Charles C. T. , Dunham‐Snary Kimberly J.
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Medium‐Chain Acyl‐CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCADD) is the most common inherited metabolic disorder of β‐oxidation. Patients with MCADD present with hypoketotic hypoglycemia, which may quickly progress to lethargy, coma, and death. Prognosis for MCADD patients is highly promising once a diagnosis has been established, though management strategies may vary depending on the severity of illness and the presence of comorbidities.

Methods and Results

Given the rapid developments in the world of gene therapy and implementation of newborn screening for inherited metabolic disorders, the provision of concise and contemporary knowledge of MCADD is essential for clinicians to effectively manage patients. Thus, this review aims to consolidate current information for physicians on the pathogenesis, diagnostic tools, and treatment options for MCADD patients.

Conclusion

MCADD is a commonly inherited metabolic disease with serious implications for health outcomes, particularly in children, that may be successfully managed with proper intervention.
Cabergoline treatment promotes myocardial recovery in peripartum cardiomyopathy
Authors: Pfeffer Tobias J. , Mueller Julia H. , Haebel Lea , Erschow Sergej , Yalman Kuebra C. , Talbot Steven R. , Koenig Tobias , Berliner Dominik , Zwadlo Carolin , Scherr Michaela , Hilfiker‐Kleiner Denise , Bauersachs Johann , Ricke‐Hoch Melanie
Published: October 2022

Aims

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare heart disease, occurring in previously heart‐healthy women during the last month of pregnancy or the first months after delivery due to left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction. A common pathomechanistic pathway of PPCM includes increased oxidative stress and the subsequent generation of a cleaved prolactin fragment (16 kDa PRL), which promotes the onset of heart failure (HF) in a microRNA (miR)‐146a‐dependent manner. Inhibition of prolactin secretion with the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) agonist bromocriptine combined with standard HF therapy supports cardiac recovery. This study examined whether treatment with the more selective D2R agonist cabergoline prevents HF development in an experimental PPCM mouse model and might be used as an alternative treatment regime for PPCM.

Methods and results

Postpartum (PP) female PPCM‐prone mice with a cardiomyocyte restricted STAT3‐deficiency (αMHC‐Cretg/+; Stat3fl/fl; CKO) were treated over two consecutive nursing periods with cabergoline (CKO Cab, 0.5 mg/kg/day) and were compared with bromocriptine treated CKO (CKO Br) and postpartum‐matched WT and CKO mice. Cabergoline treatment in CKO PP mice preserved cardiac function [fractional shortening (FS): CKO Cab: 34.5 ± 9.4% vs. CKO: 22.1 ± 9%, P < 0.05] and prevented the development of cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation as effective as bromocriptine therapy (FS: CKO Br: 33.4 ± 5.6%). The myocardial up‐regulation of the PPCM biomarkers plasminogen inhibitor activator 1 (PAI‐1) and miR‐146a were prevented by both cabergoline and bromocriptine therapy.

A small cohort of three PPCM patients from the German PPCM Registry was treated with cabergoline (1 mg per week for 2 weeks, followed by 0.5 mg per week for another 6 weeks) due to a temporary unavailability of bromocriptine. All PPCM patients initially presented with a severely reduced LV ejection fraction (LVEF: 26 ± 2%). However, at 6 months of follow‐up, LV function (LVEF: 56 ± 2%) fully recovered in all three PPCM patients, and no adverse events were detected.

Conclusions

In the experimental PPCM mouse model, the selective D2R agonist cabergoline prevents the onset of postpartum HF similar to bromocriptine. In PPCM patients, cabergoline treatment was safe and effective as all patients fully recovered. Cabergoline might serve as a promising alternative to bromocriptine. However, these findings are based on experimental data and a small case series and thus have to be interpreted with caution and should be validated in a larger clinical trial.
Gemifloxacin removal from aqueous solution by rice‐straw based activated carbon: Batch adsorption and thermal regeneration
Authors: Najafi Hanieh , Sharifian Seyedmehdi , Asasian‐Kolur Neda
Published: October 2022

Due to the worldwide concern about emerging contaminants in aqueous systems, the main objective of the present study is the adsorption of gemifloxacin (GMF), a fluoroquinolone‐type antibiotic, by rice straw‐based activated carbon. The rice straw chemically activated with K2CO3 (RSAC) had very high carbon content (>80%) and low silica content (due to the extraction step after activation), high specific surface area (1668 m2/g), and oxygenated functional groups. The GMF adsorption capacity of RSAC was relatively dependent on the initial pH of the solution and highly dependent on the adsorbent dose. The pseudo‐second order model and the BET isotherm models were the best models for predicting adsorption's kinetic and equilibrium behaviors. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of RSAC at 25, 35, and 45°C were 565.6, 552.4, and 525.8 mg/g, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters indicated a spontaneous and exothermic character of the GMF adsorption process. n–π, π–π, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen bonding were demonstrated as probable mechanisms involved. Thermal regeneration of GMF‐saturated RSAC at 550°C resulted in perfect adsorbent regeneration in the second cycle and reasonable performance in the third cycle.
The future of manufacturing: Utopia or dystopia?
Authors: Marinescu Adrian , Argyle Elizabeth M. , Duvnjak Joshua , Wilson Max L. , Lawson Glyn , Sharples Sarah , Hubbard Ella‐Mae , Justham Laura
Published: October 2022

Digital manufacturing technologies (DMTs) have the potential to transform industry productivity, but their introduction into the workplace is often a complex process, requiring not only technical expertise but also an awareness of ethical and societal challenges surrounding human–system integration. Concerns about the introduction of new technology have been prevalent throughout history, and exploring public perceptions of these technologies can provide insight to help address such cultural anxieties. However, evaluating user perceptions of futuristic technology is difficult, requiring novel approaches to provide context and understanding. To explore users' perceptions of future DMTs, we applied the ContraVision technique in a questionnaire‐based study. Participants viewed films, representing fictionalized utopic and dystopic visions of what the future of these DMTs might involve, and a questionnaire probed the perceptions of the technologies afterward. Findings showed that irrespective of the way technology was portrayed, participants had concerns about the ethical and responsible implementation of these tools. Participant responses were analyzed to identify key challenges for policy surrounding DMT implementation in the future of manufacturing.
The potential for nitrate removal during infiltration: Mapping with machine learning informed by field and laboratory experiments
Authors: Gorski Galen , Fisher Andrew T. , Dailey Hannah , Beganskas Sarah , Schmidt Calla
Published: October 2022

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) can increase groundwater supply and, under some conditions, improve groundwater quality simultaneously. However, the conditions under which water quality improvements can be achieved during infiltration for MAR have not been systematically examined in a spatially explicit manner. This work aims to address that gap by synthesizing observations from laboratory tests, field experiments and operational facilities at four MAR sites within the Pajaro Valley, California, USA to develop a predictive model of nitrate removal during infiltration. We compare two machine learning approaches; random forest and boosted regression trees, to multiple linear regression. The preferred model uses boosted regression trees, with four predictor variables (initial nitrate concentration of infiltrating water, residence time in the soil, soil organic carbon content, and soil percent clay). We apply this model to simulate the spatial distribution ofpotential nitrate removal(NRp) across a heterogeneous and mixed‐use landscape, finding that >87% of the region has the potential to remove nitrate during infiltration. To link potential nitrate removal capacity to available water for MAR, we combine a map of NRpwith independently simulated hillslope runoff, and find that potential load reduction is highest in urban areas (median = 18.8 kg‐N/yr) where large runoff volumes are collocated with soils having high nutrient cycling capacity compared to forested and agricultural areas (median = 1.6 and 3.5 kg‐N/yr, respectively). We analyse potential load reduction across dry, normal, and wet precipitation scenarios, which shows that urban areas have the potential to yield large load reductions (median = 11.3 kg‐N/yr) even under relatively dry conditions. However, much of the generation of elevated nitrate in runoff is associated with agricultural activity. These results suggest that the urban–agricultural interface represents a crucial link between hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles where water supply and quality goals may be met simultaneously. The technical approach used in this study is highly flexible and can help guide decisions in resource management and identify promising MAR sites. More broadly, this approach also elucidates heterogeneity in biogeochemical cycling across complex landscapes.
The role of neighborhood collective efficacy in moderating associations between adversity and internalizing and externalizing problems in adolescents
Authors: Rivera Kenia M. , Doom Jenalee R.
Published: October 2022

Neighborhood collective efficacy is associated with lower internalizing and externalizing problems. There is evidence that neighborhood factors may moderate associations between child adversity and behavior problems (e.g., Riina et al., 2014). There is a limited understanding of whether neighborhood collective efficacy moderates the associations between adversity (threat/deprivation) and internalizing and externalizing problems. Our study tested these associations in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2666). Parental disengagement (deprivation) and parental harshness (threat) severity scores from ages 1–9 years were calculated by using caregiver report. Neighborhood collective efficacy, including its components informal social control and social cohesion, was reported at age 9. Internalizing and externalizing problems were reported at age 15. The lowest level of internalizing problems was reported for adolescents living in neighborhoods with high neighborhood collective efficacy who also experienced low parental disengagement. Among adolescents who lived in neighborhoods with high neighborhood collective efficacy or high informal social control at age 9, higher parental disengagement was associated with higher externalizing problems at 15. Further research is needed to understand complex associations between adversity, neighborhood collective efficacy, and adolescent behavior problems.
Double Doppler Tei index combined with lung ultrasound to evaluate the right ventricular function and lung condition in neonates with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Dai Zeyi , Lai Guifeng , Chen Zekun , Li Yujuan , Chen Xiaokang , Lyu Guorong
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To explore the applicability of the Tei index combined with lung ultrasound score (LUS) in the evaluation of the lung condition and the right ventricular function of patients with neonatal pulmonary hypertension (PH).

Methods

Thirty healthy neonates and 75 neonates with PH were included. Two‐dimensional, M‐mode, and double Doppler ultrasound were used to detect RVFAC, TAPSE, TAPSV, and double Doppler Tei index (DD‐Tei index). Intra‐group correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland–Altman, the Spearman rank method, and the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) were used for other objectives within the study. LUS was used to score the lung condition of 75 neonates with PH with or without respiratory distress and 30 normal neonates in the control group, and the differences were compared. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze the lung score, DD‐Tei index, pulmonary artery pressure, assisted breathing therapy, and the correlation of invasive mechanical ventilation.

Results

There were statistically significant differences in the decrease of the values of RVFAC, TAPSE, TAPSV, and the increase of the DD‐Tei index among the groups. RVFAC, TAPSE, TAPSV, and DD‐Tei index showed good performance for PH, and the DD‐Tei index had the best diagnostic performance. The increase in pulmonary artery pressure, lung score, and DD‐Tei index in the PH were statistically significant compared with the control group. The DD‐Tei index and lung scores were positively correlated with pulmonary artery pressure, assisted breathing therapy, and invasive mechanical ventilation.

Conclusion

Dual Doppler ultrasonography combined with pulmonary ultrasound performed well in the assessment of the right ventricular function and lung condition of neonatal with PH.
Differentiating the incidence and burden of HIV by age among women who sell sex: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Stoner Marie C. D. , Rucinski Katherine B. , Lyons Carrie , Napierala Sue
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Young women who sell sex (YWSS) are at heightened risk of HIV acquisition and transmission and are among the least engaged in HIV services. There is insufficient epidemiologic evidence characterizing the burden of HIV among YWSS, particularly as compared to older WSS. These data are needed to design and tailor effective HIV prevention and treatment programmes for this population.

Methods

We conducted two parallel systematic reviews and meta‐analyses to define both the immediate and long‐term HIV risks for YWSS, including among women engaged in sex work, survival sex and transactional sex. In the first review, we identified and synthesized published studies of HIV incidence comparing estimates for cisgender women ≤24 years of age versus >24. In the second review, we identified and synthesized studies of HIV prevalence, comparing estimates for cisgender women who initiated selling sex <18 versus ≥18 years. In both reviews, we completed a search of four databases for articles in any language and any geographic area published from 1 January 1980 until 12 February 2021. Included articles were assessed for quality and a random effects model was used to calculate pooled effect estimates for each review.

Results and Discussion

We identified 12 studies for the HIV incidence review and 18 studies for the HIV prevalence review. In a meta‐analysis, HIV incidence was elevated in younger (5.3 per 100 person‐years [PY]; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.5, 7.1) compared to older women (2.8 per 100 PY; 95% CI: 1.7, 3.9), although CIs overlapped. HIV prevalence among those who initiated selling sex <18 years of age (28.8; 95% CI: 18.9, 38.7) was higher than those who initiated later (20.5; 95% CI: 12.4, 28.6).

Conclusions

These companion reviews offer an important perspective on the relative HIV risk of engaging in selling sex at a younger age. Our findings highlight the unique and intersectional challenges YWSS face, and the importance of ensuring that health services are tailored to meet their specific needs. Research and programming should routinely stratify data into meaningful age bands to differentiate and intervene within this population.
The thoracic anatomy of Pselaphus heisei (Pselaphinae, Staphylinidae, Coleoptera)
Authors: Luo Xiao‐Zhu , Jałoszyński Paweł , Beutel Rolf Georg
Published: October 2022

We document external and internal thoracic structures of the free‐living pselaphine beetle Pselaphus heisei (Pselaphitae) using a set of traditional and modern techniques. Like in the specialized myrmecophile Claviger testaceus (Clavigeritae), the skeletal elements of the pro‐ and pterothorax are highly compact, with largely reduced inter‐ and intrasegmental sutures. Features previously listed as synapomorphies of staphylinid subgroups, to which Pselaphinae belong, are confirmed for P. heisei. The only previously proposed thoracic synapomorphy of Pselaphinae, the mesoventral foveae, is likely transformed in P. heisei: we assume that the concavities are directed mesad and internally fused, thus forming a broad channel (“perforation”) extending through the keel‐like median region of the mesoventrite. The prothoracic foveal system is strongly reduced, with only one pair of pits present in front of the procoxae. Their internal invaginations form a transverse ventral endoskeletal bar that stabilizes the prothorax. The condition observed in the free‐living P. heisei is in contrast with previous hypotheses linking the reduction of the foveal system with myrmecophily. Moreover, traces of the mesoventral foveae are even preserved in the highly specialized inquiline C. testaceus. Gland cells are associated with areas of hyaline squamose setae on different body regions, suggesting release of secretions on the ventral side of the head, pro‐ and mesothorax, and abdominal base. Similar specialized setal patches are common in Pselaphini and related groups within Pselaphitae. The prothoracic musculature in P. heisei is more complex than that in the myrmecophilous C. testaceus and the free‐living, unspecialized Creophilus maxillosus (Staphylininae). The metathoracic muscle system is strongly simplified, demonstrating that P. heisei cannot fly, even though wings, some skeletal elements of the flight apparatus, and some small direct flight muscles are preserved. It cannot be fully excluded that indirect flight muscles and thus a functional flight apparatus is preserved in a certain percentage of individuals.
Embedding social relations into primary care: A population‐based approach. What matters most? Population practice of social ecology in medicine and communities
Authors: Kingston Helen Mary , da Cunha Frances
Published: October 2022

Background

The importance of social connectedness has long been an area of research in medical research. The damaging impact of social isolation is recognised and proven. This article describes our experiences of embedding routine enquiry about networks of support into routine clinical care.

Aims

The majority of care happens through the strength of bonds and support between the network of immediate family and friends. Acknowledging these networks and actively working to support them is central to health and wellbeing.

Results

In parallel, working to improve professional networks builds trust, shared understanding and stronger relationships that benefit us all. The strengthening of bonds across and between teams delivering health care can benefit those working within them and lead to improved outcomes for both staff and patients.

Conclusion

Developing Frome as a compassionate community has enabled improved patient care, improved staff wellbeing and financial savings for the health community.
All‐Printed Multilayers and Blends of Poly(dioxythiophene) Derivatives Patterned into Flexible Electrochromic Displays
Authors: Brooke Robert , Petsagkourakis Ioannis , Majee Subimal , Olsson Oliver , Dahlin Andreas , Andersson Ersman Peter
Published: October 2022

Low‐cost, flexible and thin display technology is becoming an interesting field of research as it can accompany the wide range of sensors being developed. Here, the synthesis of poly(dimethylpropylene‐dioxythiophene) (PProDOT‐Me2) by combining vapor phase polymerization and screen printing is presented. A multilayer architecture using poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and PProDOT‐Me2 to allow for electrochromic switching of PProDOT‐Me2, thereby eliminating the need for a supporting transparent conductive (metal oxide) layer is introduced. Furthermore, the technology is adapted to a blended architecture, which removes the additional processing steps and results in improved color contrast (∆E* > 25). This blend architecture is extended to other conductive polymers, such as PEDOT and polypyrrole (PPy), to highlight the ability of the technique to adjust the color of all‐printed electrochromic displays. As a result, a green color is obtained when combining the blue and yellow states of PEDOT and PPy, respectively. This technology has the potential to pave the way for all‐printed multicolored electrochromic displays for further utilization in printed electronic systems in various Internet of Things applications.
Building a tissue‐unbiased brain template of fiber orientation distribution and tractography with multimodal registration
Authors: Lv Jinglei , Zeng Rui , Ho Mai Phuong , D'Souza Arkiev , Calamante Fernando
Published: October 2022

Purpose

Brain templates provide an essential standard space for statistical analysis of brain structure and function. Despite recent advances, diffusion MRI still lacks a template of fiber orientation distribution (FOD) and tractography that is unbiased for both white and gray matter. Therefore, we aim to build up a set of such templates for better white‐matter analysis and joint structural and functional analysis.

Methods

We have developed a multimodal registration method to leverage the complementary information captured by T1‐weighted, T2‐weighted, and diffusion MRI, so that a coherent transformation is generated to register FODs into a common space and average them into a template. Consequently, the anatomically constrained fiber‐tracking method was applied to the FOD template to generate a tractography template. Fiber‐centered functional connectivity analysis was then performed as an example of the benefits of such an unbiased template.

Results

Our FOD template preserves fine structural details in white matter and also, importantly, clear folding patterns in the cortex and good contrast in the subcortex. Quantitatively, our templates show better individual‐template agreement at the whole‐brain scale and segmentation scale. The tractography template aligns well with the gray matter, which led to fiber‐centered functional connectivity showing high cross‐group consistency.

Conclusion

We have proposed a novel methodology for building a tissue‐unbiased FOD and anatomically constrained tractography template based on multimodal registration. Our templates provide a standard space and statistical platform for not only white‐matter analysis but also joint structural and functional analysis, therefore filling an important gap in multimodal neuroimage analysis.
Formation and growth of multiple, distinct ice lenses in frost heave
Authors: Gao Hao , Ghoreishian Amiri Seyed Ali , Kjelstrup Signe , Grimstad Gustav , Loranger Benoit , Scibilia Elena
Published: October 2022

This paper presents a fully coupled thermo‐hydro‐mechanical (THM) model which simulates frost heave in fully saturated soils. The model is able to simulate the formation and growth of multiple distinct ice lenses. The basic equations of the system were derived using the continuum theory of mixtures, nonequilibrium thermodynamics, and fracture mechanics, considering skeleton deformation, water flow and heat transport. Central to this model is the coupled transport of mass due to the temperature gradient across the frozen fringe, which acts as the main driving force of the phenomenon. The model is formulated in terms of measurable physical properties and thus no ad hoc parametrization is required. In an ice‐lens‐free state, the system is solved as a continuum using the finite element method (FEM). It is then locally treated as a discontinuous system upon the formation of ice lens, by enriching the elements carrying the embedded ice lens(es) using the extended finite element method (X‐FEM). The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed model has been verified using several laboratory tests on Devon silt samples at different overburden pressures and thermal boundary conditions. Shut‐off pressures have been also estimated and compared with the experimental results.
Study on collapse settlement and cracks of core wall rockfill dams under wetting deformation
Authors: Zhou Xiongxiong , He Jichun , Chi Shichun , Wang Jinwei
Published: October 2022

The safety and stability of core wall rockfill dams during impoundment are threatened by the wetting deformation of up‐stream shell materials. The serious wetting deformation not only aggravates the collapse settlement of upstream rockfill but also intensifies differential settlement of the dam crest during impoundment, and then causes cracks on the dam crest. On the basis of the proposed wetting deformation model and its simulation method of wetting deformation, this paper simulated the impoundment process of Guanyinyan core wall rockfill dam and studied the deformation characteristic of the dam during impoundment. In addition, the smeared cracking model was used to simulate the crack propagation on the dam crest, and the crack develop and spread mechanism was analysed. The results show that the simulated deformation can fit the in‐situ data well, and the simulated crack propagation is in good agreement with the actual situation. Once watered, the upstream rockfill and core wall have significant settlement, and the whole dam crest has obvious horizontal displacement towards the upstream. It is on the same order of magnitude that the increment of horizontal displacement and settlement at the top of the dam during impoundment. In the process of impoundment, the upper part of the dam tends to deform towards the reservoir area, which will lead to tensile cracks appearing in the rockfill areas on both upstream and downstream sides of the core wall of the dam crest, and the propagation direction of the cracks is basically parallel to the adjacent core wall surface. With the water level rising, the cracks on the downstream side of the dam crest mainly extend vertically, and the cracks on the upstream side of the dam crest not only extend vertically, but also extend horizontally.
The role of resilience in diabetes stigma among young and middle‐aged patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Zhang Yi‐Bo , Yang Zhen , Zhang Hui‐Jun , Xu Chao‐Qiang , Liu Tao
Published: October 2022

Aim

To explore the prevalence and related factors influencing diabetes stigma among Chinese young and middle‐aged patients with type 2 diabetes.

Design

A cross‐sectional, quantitative study was conducted through questionnaires.

Methods

A total of 453 young and middle‐aged patients with type 2 diabetes were recruited. Questionnaire survey was conducted with convenience sampling from September 2019 to December 2020. This included demographic questionnaire, Type 2 Diabetes Stigma Assessment Scale (DSAS‐2) and Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC). The STROBE checklist was applied as the reporting guideline for this study.

Results

The scores of diabetes stigma and resilience of patients were 48.18 ± 14.52 and 66.02 ± 7.18, respectively. Diabetes stigma was negatively correlated with resilience, the correlation coefficient was −0.581. The results showed that the complications, diabetes year, monthly income and insulin treatment are important factors affecting stigma. In addition, it is resilience that was a protective factor of diabetes stigma, explaining 27.2% of the variance in diabetes stigma.
Hydrogen‐bonded polymer multilayer coatings via dynamic layer‐by‐layer assembly
Authors: Dolmat Maksim , Kozlovskaya Veronika , Inman Daniel , Thomas Claire , Kharlampieva Eugenia
Published: October 2022

We developed the dynamic assembly of the hydrogen‐bonded multilayers of (poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone/poly(methacrylic acid)) (PVPON/PMAA)) and compared their properties to the static multilayers. We found that dynamic multilayers, wherein a planar substrate is shaken during polymer adsorption, leads to a 15‐time faster deposition of the planar coatings. The thicknesses and roughness of the dynamic coatings were found to be ⁓30% larger than those of static (no shaking) multilayer films as measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. We examined the film growth, mechanical properties, wettability, hydration, and pH stability of the planar static and dynamic multilayers and demonstrated that these properties were insignificantly affected by the assembly mode. Both static and dynamic coatings produced microporous films when exposed to pH = 5.9, close to the film critical dissolution pH = 6. We discovered that during the release of the multilayer films into a solution to produce free‐standing films either as planar membranes or multilayer capsule shells, the molecular chain rearrangements result in the decreased roughness for both static and dynamic multilayers and lead to a decreased thickness of the dynamic multilayers. Our findings can help develop a rapid synthesis of thicker nanostructured polymer coatings for sensing and controlled delivery applications.
Crystal structure of an L‐type lectin domain from archaea
Authors: Khan Farha , Kaza Suguna
Published: October 2022

The crystal structures of an L‐type lectin domain from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii in apo and mannose‐bound forms have been determined. A thorough investigation of L‐type lectin domains from several organisms provides insight into the differences in these domains from different kingdoms of life. While the overall fold of the L‐type lectin domain is conserved, differences in the lengths of the carbohydrate‐binding loops and significant variations in the Mn2+‐binding site compared to the Ca2+‐binding site are observed. Furthermore, the sequence and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the archaeal L‐type lectin domain is evolutionarily closer to the plant legume lectins than to its bacterial or animal counterparts. This is the first report of the biochemical, structural, sequence, and phylogenetic analyses of an L‐type lectin domain from archaea and serves to enhance our understanding of the species‐specific differences and evolution of L‐type lectin domains.
Analyzing human factors and complexities of mining and O&G process accidents using FRAM: Copiapó (Chile) and FPSO CSM (Brazil) cases
Authors: França Josué Eduardo Maia , Hollnagel Erik
Published: October 2022

The study presented in this research is a systematic human factors approach comparing two striking process accidents in Latin America: the Copiapó mining accident (2010), at the San José copper–gold mine, in Chile, and the FPSO CSM accident (2015), at Camarupim offshore oil field, in Brazil. Despite being different industrial segments—mining and O&G—more similarities than differences were observed in the treatment of process safety anomalies, especially those related to major accidents. The intense interactions between workers, equipment and processes, in both industries, have been making significant developments in the edge of innovation and technology, however increasing the complexity of risks in the workplaces. Furthermore, the differences between the preparation and handling of emergency situations show how complex, and critical, process safety is in these industrial areas. Aiming to adequately evidence how this complexity is intrinsically part of the various system that form the entire process, the FRAM (Functional Resonance Analysis Method) was utilized to model and analyses both accidents, under a human factors approach. Interactions and interrelations between LOPC, nontechnical skills, resilience and technical procedures were noticed as crucial for process safety and productivity of daily operations, as well as the preparedness for emergency situations.
A first principle study of pressure‐induced properties of MoS2–graphene heterostructures
Authors: Maraan Sarmand Jomaa , Ilyas Bahaa M. , Alfaidhi Anwar M. E.
Published: October 2022

We examine the capabilities of the ab‐initio calculations within density functional theory (DFT) on the 2D monolayer MoS2, graphene, and Gr‐MoS2 heterostructure. The stability, elastic properties, acoustics, electronic and optical properties of the three hexagonal MoS2, graphene, and Gr‐MoS2 heterostructure is presented. The energy bandgap and both Total and partial density of states are calculated within the PBE functional and are enhanced by the HSE06 functional. Gr‐MoS2 hold an indirect bandgap (0.294 ev) while MoS2 is a direct bandgap (1.83 eV); moreover, graphene is used in its metal form in our calculations. The geometrically optimized relaxed structural parameters are (a = b = 3.308 Å, c = 11.961 Å), (a = b = 3.156 Å, c = 12.440 Å), and (a = b = 2.450 Å, c = 7.286 Å) for Gr‐MoS2, MoS2, and Gr, respectively. The energy bandgap of the three hexagonal crystals is induced in the pressure limit (0–40) GPa. Pressure give rise to bandgap in Gr, and does not affect the MoS2 bandgap significantly, whereas the minimal bandgap for Gr‐MoS2 changes drastically under pressure. The pressure‐dependent elastic moduli and related mechanical characteristics are reported. The optical properties are calculated throughout incident photon energies (0–40 eV). Most of the reported properties show a relative agreement with the cited literature. However, there are no experimental nor reliable theoretical results for the Gr‐MoS2 heterostructure, and to the best of the author's knowledge many of the results of Gr‐MoS2 are reported first in this work.
Does imitation increase or decrease demand for an original product? Understanding the opposing effects of discovery and substitution
Authors: Yilmaz Erdem Dogukan , Naumovska Ivana , Miric Milan
Published: October 2022

Research Summary

This article studies how the entry of an imitative product influences the demand for the original, in markets with a large number of products where consumers are not aware of most products. We suggest that the release of an imitative product triggers two countervailing forces: a discovery effect that increases awareness and demand for the original, and a substitution effect decreasing that demand. When the imitation is horizontally differentiated, the substitution effect is weaker, and the discovery effect leads to increased demand for the original, particularly so when the original is less well‐known. However, when the imitation is vertically differentiated, the discovery effect does not benefit the original, and the demand decreases given the substitution effect. We test our theory in the context of 3D‐printable products.

Managerial Summary

Imitative products typically harm the performance of the original product. This is in part the rationale for deterring imitation by acquiring intellectual property (IP) rights. However, as we demonstrate, the release of an imitative product may increase discovery of the original product, and therefore demand for it. In markets with a large number of products, products typically compete for attention, and an imitative product may serve as a channel through which attention spills over from the imitation to the original. This effect is more pronounced when the original product is less well‐known. This suggests that, under certain conditions, firms may benefit from pursuing a more open IP strategy that encourages imitation. Examples of marketplaces where imitation may increase demand for the original include those for music, e‐books, software, and mobile apps.
New ultra high molecular weight acrylic processing aids for rigid PVC foaming
Authors: Nerkar Manoj , Cornetta John , Swain Mark
Published: October 2022

Foaming of rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is studied as a function of high molecular weight acrylic processing aids. The industrial process to evaluate quality of foam is discussed in detail. The role of acrylic processing aids to improve melt strength and hence foaming of PVC is explained. It is demonstrated that increase in molecular weight of acrylic processing aids increases its effectiveness. It is found that ultra‐high molecular weight processing aids is 25%–30% more efficient than relatively lower, but still high, molecular weight acrylic processing aids. The higher molecular weight processing aids provided comparable foaming performance at lower loading levels. Foaming reduced the density of PVC compounds to 0.32–0.34 g/cm3. More than 1000% expansion is achieved in the melt extrusion process using a chemical blowing agent. Fusion characteristics are also studied. Fusion times for initial fusion peaks are in the range of 42–44 s while the fusion times of the second fusion peaks are in the range of 74–94 s. The higher molecular weight processing aids maintained fusion characteristics of PVC compounds, warranting no significant changes in commercial process.
Biomimetic antimicrobial polymers—Design, characterization, antimicrobial, and novel applications
Authors: Takahashi Haruko , Sovadinova Iva , Yasuhara Kazuma , Vemparala Satyavani , Caputo Gregory A. , Kuroda Kenichi
Published: October 2022

Biomimetic antimicrobial polymers have been an area of great interest as the need for novel antimicrobial compounds grows due to the development of resistance. These polymers were designed and developed to mimic naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides in both physicochemical composition and mechanism of action. These antimicrobial peptide mimetic polymers have been extensively investigated using chemical, biophysical, microbiological, and computational approaches to gain a deeper understanding of the molecular interactions that drive function. These studies have helped inform SARs, mechanism of action, and general physicochemical factors that influence the activity and properties of antimicrobial polymers. However, there are still lingering questions in this field regarding 3D structural patterning, bioavailability, and applicability to alternative targets. In this review, we present a perspective on the development and characterization of several antimicrobial polymers and discuss novel applications of these molecules emerging in the field.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
A study of Feynman integrals with uniform transcendental weights and their symbology
Authors: He Song , Li Zhenjie , Ma Rourou , Wu Zihao , Yang Qinglin , Zhang Yang
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Multi-loop Feynman integrals are key objects for the high-order correction computations in high energy phenomenology. These integrals with multiple scales may have complicated symbol structures, and we show that twistor geometries of closely related dual conformal integrals shed light on their alphabet and symbol structures. In this paper, first, as a cutting-edge example, we derive the two-loop four-external-mass Feynman integrals with uniform transcendental (UT) weights, based on the latest developments on UT integrals. Then we find that all the symbol letters of these integrals can be explained non-trivially by studying the so-called Schubert problem of certain dual conformal integrals with a point at infinity. Certain properties of the symbol such as first two entries and extended Steinmann relations are also studied from analogous properties of dual conformal integrals.
Quartic Gauge-Higgs couplings: constraints and future directions
Authors: Anisha  , Atkinson Oliver , Bhardwaj Akanksha , Englert Christoph , Stylianou Panagiotis
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Constraints on quartic interactions of the Higgs boson with gauge bosons have been obtained by the experimental LHC collaborations focussing on the so-called κ framework of flat rescalings of SM-like interactions in weak boson fusion (WBF) Higgs pair production. While such approaches are admissible to obtain a qualitative picture of consistency with the SM when the statistical yield is low, once more statistics become available a more theoretically consistent framework of limit setting is desirable. Reviewing the constraints provided at the Large Hadron Collider, we first show that these limits are robust when considered in a leading order context. Turning to radiative corrections, we demonstrate the limitations of this approach in the SM, and by adopting Higgs effective field theory techniques, we clarify the sensitivity from single Higgs measurements to rescalings of quartic Higgs-gauge couplings. We then discuss avenues for sensitivity improvements of WBF analyses employing Graph Neural Networks to combat the large contributing backgrounds.