bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase II Study of Iniparib with Concurrent Chemoradiation in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma
Authors: Blakeley Jaishri O. , Grossman Stuart A. , Chi Andrew S. , Mikkelsen Tom , Rosenfeld Myrna R. , Ahluwalia Manmeet S. , Nabors L. Burt , Eichler April , Ribas Ignacio Garcia , Desideri Serena , Ye Xiaobu
Published: August 2018

Purpose:

Iniparib is a purported prodrug causing cell death through intracellular conversion to nitro radical ions. We assessed the efficacy and safety of iniparib with standard radiotherapy and temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM).

Patients and Methods:

Adults meeting eligibility criteria were enrolled in this prospective, single-arm, open-label multi- institution phase II trial with median overall survival (mOS) compared with a historical control as the primary objective. A safety run-in component of radiotherapy + temozolomide + iniparib (n = 5) was followed by an efficacy study (n = 76) with the recommended phase II doses of iniparib (8.0 mg/kg i.v. twice/week with radiotherapy + daily temozolomide followed by 8.6 mg/kg i.v. twice/week with 5/28-day temozolomide).

Results:

The median age of the 81 evaluable participants was 58 years (63% male). Baseline KPS was ≥ 80% in 87% of participants. The mOS was 22 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 17–24] and the HR was 0.44 (95% CI, 0.35–0.55) per-person-year of follow-up. The 2- and 3-year survival rates were 38% and 25%, respectively. Treatment-related grade 3 adverse events (AEs) occurred in 27% of patients; 9 patients had AEs requiring drug discontinuation including infusion-related reaction, rash, gastritis, increased liver enzymes, and thrombocytopenia.

Conclusions:

Iniparib is well tolerated with radiotherapy and temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed GBM at up to 17.2 mg/kg weekly. The primary objective of improved mOS compared with a historical control was met, indicating potential antitumor activity of iniparib in this setting. Dosing optimization (frequency and sequence) is needed prior to additional efficacy studies.
RAB37 Hypermethylation Regulates Metastasis and Resistance to Docetaxel-Based Induction Chemotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Li Yingqin , Yang Xiaojing , Du Xiaojing , Lei Yuan , He Qingmei , Hong Xiaohong , Tang Xinran , Wen Xin , Zhang Panpan , Sun Ying , Zhang Jian , Wang Yaqin , Ma Jun , Liu Na
Published: August 2018

Purpose:

Epigenetic alterations play important roles in metastasis and drug resistance through gene regulation. However, the functional features and molecular mechanisms of epigenetic changes remain largely unclear in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) metastasis.

Experimental Design:

Gene regulatory network analysis was used to identify metastatic-specific dysregulated genes between normal and NPC tissues and the expression was validated in published Gene-Expression Omnibus data set. The regulatory and functional role of RAB37 downregulation was examined in NPC and was validated in vitro and in vivo, and downstream target of RAB37 was explored. The clinical value of RAB37 methylation was evaluated in NPC metastasis and chemosensitivity.

Results:

We identified RAB37 as a specific hypermethylated gene that is most commonly downregulated in NPC. Moreover, RAB37 downregulation was attributed to hypermethylation of its promoter and was significantly associated with metastasis- and docetaxel chemoresistance-related features in NPC. Ectopic RAB37 overexpression suppressed NPC cell metastasis and enhanced chemosensitivity to docetaxel. Mechanistically, RAB37 colocalized with TIMP2, regulated TIMP2 secretion, inhibited downstream MMP2 activity, and consequently altered NPC cell metastasis. Furthermore, RAB37 hypermethylation was correlated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with NPC. We developed a prognostic model based on RAB37 methylation and N stage that effectively predicted an increased risk of distant metastasis and a favorable response to docetaxel-containing induction chemotherapy (IC) in NPC patients.

Conclusions:

This study shows that RAB37 hypermethylation is involved in NPC metastasis and chemoresistance, and that our prognostic model can identify patients who are at a high risk of distant metastasis and might benefit from for docetaxel IC.
SLC46A3 as a Potential Predictive Biomarker for Antibody–Drug Conjugates Bearing Noncleavable Linked Maytansinoid and Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Warheads
Authors: Kinneer Krista , Meekin John , Tiberghien Arnaud C. , Tai Yu-Tzu , Phipps Sandrina , Kiefer Christine Mione , Rebelatto Marlon C. , Dimasi Nazzareno , Moriarty Alyssa , Papadopoulos Kyriakos P. , Sridhar Sriram , Gregson Stephen J. , Wick Michael J. , Masterson Luke , Anderson Kenneth C. , Herbst Ronald , Howard Philip W. , Tice David A.
Published: August 2018

Purpose:

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADC) utilizing noncleavable linker drugs have been approved for clinical use, and several are in development targeting solid and hematologic malignancies including multiple myeloma. Currently, there are no reliable biomarkers of activity for these ADCs other than presence of the targeted antigen. We observed that certain cell lines are innately resistant to such ADCs, and sought to uncover the underlying mechanism of resistance.

Experimental Design:

The expression of 43 lysosomal membrane target genes was evaluated in cell lines resistant to ADCs bearing the noncleavable linker, pyrrolobenzodiazepine payload SG3376, in vitro. The functional relevance of SLC46A3, a lysosomal transporter of noncleavable ADC catabolites whose expression uniquely correlated with SG3376 resistance, was assessed using EPHA2-, HER2-, and BCMA-targeted ADCs and isogenic cells overexpressing or genetically inactivated for SLC46A3. SLC46A3 expression was also examined in patient-derived xenograft and in vitro models of acquired T-DM1 resistance and multiple myeloma bone marrow samples by RT-PCR.

Results:

Loss of SLC46A3 expression was found to be a mechanism of innate and acquired resistance to ADCs bearing DM1 and SG3376. Sensitivity was restored in refractory lines upon introduction of SLC46A3, suggesting that expression of SLC46A3 may be more predictive of activity than target antigen levels alone. Interrogation of primary multiple myeloma samples indicated a range of SLC46A3 expression, including samples with undetectable levels like multiple myeloma cell lines resistant to BCMA-targeting DM1 and SG3376 ADCs.

Conclusions:

Our findings support SLC46A3 as a potential patient selection biomarker with immediate relevance to clinical trials involving these ADCs.
USP6 Confers Sensitivity to IFN-Mediated Apoptosis through Modulation of TRAIL Signaling in Ewing Sarcoma
Authors: Henrich Ian C. , Young Robert , Quick Laura , Oliveira Andre M. , Chou Margaret M.
Published: August 2018

Ewing sarcoma is the second most common sarcoma of the bone, afflicting predominantly the pediatric population. Although patients with localized disease exhibit favorable survival rates, patients with metastatic disease suffer a dismal 5-year rate of approximately 25%. Thus, there is a great need to develop treatments to combat the disseminated disease. Ubiquitin-specific protease 6 (USP6/TRE17) has been implicated as the key etiologic factor in several benign mesenchymal tumors, including nodular fasciitis and aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC). However, the role of USP6 in the biology of malignant entities remains unexplored. Previously, it was observed that USP6 is sufficient to drive formation of tumors mimicking ABC and nodular fasciitis, and that it functions through JAK1/STAT3 signaling. However, in the context of Ewing sarcoma, USP6 does not enhance the transformation, but rather triggers an IFN response signature, both in cultured Ewing sarcoma cells in vitro and in clinical specimens in vivo. Not only does USP6 independently induce activation of the IFN signaling mediators, JAK1 and STAT1, but it also renders Ewing sarcoma cells exquisitely responsive to exogenous IFNs, potentiating activation of STAT1 and STAT3. Furthermore, IFNβ (a type I IFN) induces apoptosis specifically in USP6-positive but not USP6-negative Ewing sarcoma cells. Finally, apoptosis is mediated through the proapoptotic ligand TRAIL, which is synergistically induced by type I IFN and USP6.

Implications:

These findings provide the first insights into USP6 functions in a clinically relevant malignant entity, and raise the possibility of using IFN for targeting USP6-positive Ewing sarcoma.
A2AR Antagonism with CPI-444 Induces Antitumor Responses and Augments Efficacy to Anti–PD-(L)1 and Anti–CTLA-4 in Preclinical Models
Authors: Willingham Stephen B. , Ho Po Y. , Hotson Andrew , Hill Craig , Piccione Emily C. , Hsieh Jessica , Liu Liang , Buggy Joseph J. , McCaffery Ian , Miller Richard A.
Published: August 2018

Adenosine signaling through A2A receptors (A2AR) expressed on immune cells suppresses antitumor immunity. CPI-444 is a potent, selective, oral A2AR antagonist. Blockade of A2AR with CPI-444 restored T-cell signaling, IL2, and IFNγ production that were suppressed by adenosine analogues in vitro. CPI-444 treatment led to dose-dependent inhibition of tumor growth in multiple syngeneic mouse tumor models. Concentrations of extracellular adenosine in the tumor microenvironment, measured using microdialysis, were approximately 100–150 nmol/L and were higher than corresponding subcutaneous tissue. Combining CPI-444 with anti–PD-L1 or anti–CTLA-4 treatment eliminated tumors in up to 90% of treated mice, including restoration of immune responses in models that incompletely responded to anti–PD-L1 or anti–CTLA-4 monotherapy. Tumor growth was fully inhibited when mice with cleared tumors were later rechallenged, indicating that CPI-444 induced systemic antitumor immune memory. CD8+ T-cell depletion abrogated the efficacy of CPI-444 with and without anti–PD-L1 treatment, demonstrating a role for CD8+ T cells in mediating primary and secondary immune responses. The antitumor efficacy of CPI-444 with and without anti–PD-L1 was associated with increased T-cell activation, a compensatory increase in CD73 expression, and induction of a Th1 gene expression signature consistent with immune activation. These results suggest a broad role for adenosine-mediated immunosuppression in tumors and justify the further evaluation of CPI-444 as a therapeutic agent in patients with solid tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(10); 1136–49. ©2018 AACR.
Primary Mesenteric Carcinoid Tumor Presenting with Carcinoid Syndrome
Authors: Shogbesan Oluwaseun , Abdulkareem Abdullateef , Pappachen Binu , Altomare John
Published: August 2018

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are a diverse group of tumors arising throughout the body with a common origin from neuroendocrine cells. Well-differentiated NENs, also known as neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), are generally indolent and are often found incidentally, while poorly differentiated tumors are more aggressive. Carcinoid tumors are NETs arising from the gastrointestinal tract and less commonly from the lungs, thymus, and kidneys. NETs in the mesentery arise from metastasis from primary tumor, and carcinoid syndrome in this setting results from concomitant metastasis to the liver. Primary mesenteric carcinoid tumors are very rare. We present a 64-year-old man with carcinoid syndrome from a mesenteric carcinoid tumor without evidence of liver metastasis or other primary tumor sites.
A Pilot Trial to Quantify Plasma Exosomes in Colorectal Cancer Screening from the International Collaborative Study between Chile and Japan
Authors: Kobayashi Maki , Kawachi Hiroshi , Hurtado Claudia , Wielandt Ana María , Ponce Alejandra , Karelovic Stanko , Pasternak Samara , Delgado Carlos , Pinto Pablo , Carrasco Hernan , Ito Takashi , Okada Takuya , Tanaka Koji , Odagaki Tomoyuki , Zárate Alejandro José , Kronberg Udo , López-Köstner Francisco , Tsubaki Masahiro , Kawano Tatsuyuki , Eishi Yoshinobu
Published: August 2018

Background: In Chile, a national colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program using immunochemical fecal occult blood tests and colonoscopy was started in 2012 as an international collaboration between Chile and Japan. In the present study, we quantified exosomes in the peripheral blood and evaluated the implication of the results for CRC screening. Methods: A total of 25 peripheral plasma samples from the participants of CRC screening in Punta Arenas, Chile, were analyzed for exosomes. Results: Plasma exosomes were obtained from 5 participants with adenocarcinoma (4 pTis and 1 pT1), 8 with high-grade adenoma, 4 with low-grade adenoma, 4 with hyperplastic polyps, and 4 with normal findings. Participants with adenocarcinoma had significantly higher amounts of plasma exosomes (2.1–3.2 fold) than participants with normal findings, hyperplastic polyps, or low-grade adenoma (p = 0.016, p = 0.0034, and p = 0.0042 respectively; Tukey’s multiple comparisons test). The size of the representative lesion, the number of lesions, and the sum of those 2 factors in each participant correlated significantly with the exosome amounts (r = 0.56, r = 0.58, and r = 0.72, respectively; p < 0.01; Spearman’s correlation coefficient test). Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrated that quantification of plasma exosomes is a potential alternative screening method for detecting individuals with a high risk of colorectal malignancy.
Pneumatosis Cystoides Intestinalis Secondary to Sunitinib Treatment for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor
Authors: Asahi Yoh , Suzuki Takuto , Sawada Akiufumi , Kina Masaya , Takada Joji , Gotoda Hiroko , Masuko Hiroyuki
Published: August 2018

A 67-year-old man with liver and retroperitoneal metastases from a gastrointestinal stromal tumor arising in the jejunum had been administered oral sunitinib for 2 months. He presented to our department with right-sided lower abdominal pain. His general condition was good, with no high-grade fever, and the other vital signs were also stable. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography was promptly performed, and pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI) was detected in a wide area around the ileocecal lesion. There were no signs of acute abdomen requiring emergency surgery due to conditions such as intestinal perforation, ischemia, or obstruction. Sunitinib was discontinued and the patient was placed on nil orally with intravenous infusion. PCI resolved promptly and the patient was discharged on the 21st day after admission. PCI is a rare side effect of sunitinib with only 8 cases reported previously, which can complicate with acute abdomen or gastrointestinal perforation, in some cases. Thus, the early identification of sunitinib as the cause of PCI is important. Although PCI is a rare adverse effect of sunitinib, clinicians must be aware of it to promptly provide the correct diagnosis and treatment.
Predictive Value of Thompson-Score for Long-Term Neurological and Cognitive Outcome in Term Newborns with Perinatal Asphyxia and Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy Undergoing Controlled Hypothermia Treatment
Authors: Mendler Marc R. , Mendler Ines , Hassan Mohammad A. , Mayer Benjamin , Bode Harald , Hummler Helmut D.
Published: August 2018

Background: The so-called Thompson-score (TS) for newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) was developed before the introduction of controlled hypothermia as clinical routine. Information on the predictive value of TS in newborns undergoing therapeutic hypothermia to estimate long-term outcome is limited. Objectives: To determine the predictive value of TS to estimate long-term cognitive and neurological outcome in newborns with perinatal asphyxia treated with controlled hypothermia. Methods: Thirty-six term newborns with HIE undergoing controlled hypothermia were followed using Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of intelligence III test and standardized neurological examination. The primary outcome was survival without cognitive impairment, defined as an IQ ≥85. Secondary outcomes were motor outcomes, survival without relevant neurological impairment, death and epilepsy. Results: Follow-up was done in 33 out of 36 (91.6%) infants at 53 ± 12 months (mean ± SD). For all investigated parameters, a statistically significant relationship with peak TS was demonstrated. A one-point increase in peak TS indicated an OR (95% CI) of 1.5 (1.1–2.0, p = 0.006) for death or cognitive impairment, an OR (95% CI) of 2.2 (1.3–3.8, p = 0.004) for death or relevant neurologic impairment, an OR (95% CI) of 2.1 (1.3–3.5, p = 0.005) for death or epilepsy and an OR (95% CI) of 1.5 (1.1–2.1, p = 0.02) for death. Although the TS for newborns with adverse outcome (death or cognitive impairment) compared to normal outcome tended to be higher (13 [4–16] vs. 9 [0–13], d1; 15 [5–19] vs. 9 [1–14], d2; 14 [5–21] vs. 8 [2–15], d3; median [range]), there was a considerable overlap during the first 3 days of life between both groups. Conclusions: The TS seems to be a prognostic tool for predicting the long-term outcome in asphyxiated term newborns undergoing controlled hypothermia after the third day of life. A higher score appears to be significantly associated with an adverse outcome.
Anti-EGF Receptor-Based Conversion Chemotherapy in RAS Wild-Type Colorectal Cancer Patients: Impact on Survival and Resection Rates
Authors: Koch Christine , Schmidt Niklas , Winkelmann Ria , Eichler Katrin , Pession Ursula , Bechstein Wolf Otto , Zeuzem Stefan , Waidmann Oliver , Trojan Jörg
Published: August 2018

Background: Initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases can become resectable after chemotherapy. Combination chemotherapy with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies has shown consistent high response rates in patients with all rat sarcoma (RAS) wild-type tumors. Methods: Out of a cohort of 424 patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, we identified 30 patients with initially unresectable Kirsten RAS (KRAS) exon 2 wild-type colorectal liver metastases who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with anti-EGFR agents between January 2008 and February 2014. In all patients, extended RAS analysis (KRAS and NRAS exon 3 codon 59/61 and exon 4 codon 117/146) was carried out retrospectively. Results: RAS mutation analysis identified further KRAS mutations in 4/30 patients (13.3%). In none of these 4 patients a R0 resection was achieved. In contrast, 15/26 (57.7%) RAS wild-type patients were R0 resected. Median overall survival was > 63.3 months in R0-resected patients versus 30.0 months in those with a R1 or R2 resection (HR 0.23; [95% CI 0.10–0.75; p = 0.008). Conclusion: Our data suggest that a RAS wild-type and a R0 resection are the strongest predictors for overall survival.
A Case of Successful Treatment of Ruptured Pancreaticoduodenal Artery Aneurysm Caused by Celiac Artery Dissection
Authors: Kimura Naruhiro , Tsuchiya Atsunori , Nakamura Akihiro , Ueda Muneatsu , Yoshikawa Seiichi , Hoshi Takahiro , Takano Akito , Takagi Satoshi , Miura Tsutomu , Yamada Satoshi , Yanagi Masahiko , Tani Tatsuo , Hirahara Hiroyuki
Published: August 2018

A 52-year-old man was admitted due to severe epigastric lesion pain. Esophagus gastroduodenal endoscopy showed impaired duodenal dilatation, and contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed a pancreaticoduodenal artery (PDA) aneurysm 13 mm in diameter below the head of the pancreas, retroperitoneal hematoma, idiopathic celiac artery (CA) dissection, and common hepatic artery disruption. Angiographic embolization with a mixture of N-butyl-1,2-cyanoacrylate and lipiodol was performed, and follow-up study showed improvement of the dilatation of the duodenum and disappearance of the aneurysm. Here we report a quite rare case of PDA aneurysm by idiopathic dissection of CA treated successfully with angiographic embolization.
Revision of Pygoda Amyot & Serville, 1843 stat. rest. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Edessinae) with description of four new species
Authors: FERNANDES JOSE ANTONIO MARIN , NASCIMENTO AGATA TYANNE SILVA , NUNES BENEDITO MENDES
Published: August 2018

Edessa is the largest genus of Edessinae and comprises five subgenera: Edessa, Aceratodes, Dorypleura, Hypoxys and Pygoda. Systematics of Edessa is very confusing due to several factors, among them, large number of species and vague diagnosis to the subgenera. In this work we continue revising Edessa elevating Pygoda to genus level based in morphological characters: pronotal angles short and acute. Abdominal segment VII developed posteriorly and at least 1.5 longer than wide at the base. Males with pygophore large in relation to body size when compared with other edessines. Phallus large, constricted distally and showing a remarkable ventral development. Females with capsula seminalis large in comparison with other edessines. Distal part of the ductus receptaculi sclerotized. Pars intermedialis with sclerotized part bigger than membranous part. This genus comprises nine species: the type species Pygoda polyta, four species originally described in Edessa—E. irrorata, E. thoracica, E. expolita and E. civilis, and four new species—P. amianta, P. variegata, P. poecila and P. ramosa. Diagnosis, illustration of the internal genitalia from males and females, photographs of the external genitalia from both sexes, body in dorsal and ventral view, and distribution map are provided. A key to the species of Pygoda is also provided. The lectotypes of Edessa irrorata, Pentatoma polyta, Edessa nervosa, Edessa civilis and Edessa thoracica are here designated.
New species of Simothraulopsis Demoulin, 1966 (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae) from Northeastern Region of Brazil
Authors: LIMA LUCAS R. C.
Published: August 2018

Simothraulopsis Demoulin, 1966 is a Neotropical genus of Leptophlebiidae with nine species known from South America. In the present paper, based on male imagos from the northeastern region of Brazil in the states of Alagoas and Piauí, two new species of the Simothraulopsis are described: Simothraulopsis sinuosus sp. nov. and Simothraulopsis gracilianus sp. nov.
The Problem of Air Flow Over Mountains: A Summary of Theoretical Studies
Authors: Queney Paul
Published: August 2018

The theoretical researches on the problem of the disturbance of an atmospheric current flowing over a mountain range, carried on during the last ten years, prove that most of the characteristic observed features can be explained, to a very large extent, by the hydrodynamical theory of internal, small adiabatic perturbations in a stratified rotating atmosphere.

In the case of a uniform current of velocity u, in which the coefficient of vertical stability is also uniform (θ is the potential temperature, g the gravity, z the elevation), the perturbation pattern corresponding to a smooth, low, gently-sloping mountain range varies widely according to the half-width a of this mountain range:i) If a is comparable to the critical value (Ls/2π) = (u/s) ≈ 1 km, there is a system of short stationary lee waves, or gravity waves, with the wave length Ls.ii) If a is comparable to (Lf/2π) = (u/f) ≈ 100 km, where f is the Coriolis parameter, there is a complex system of gravity-inertia lee waves, with the horizontal wave length Lf at ground level, and the vertical wave length Ls in the vertical plane of the crest.iii) In the case of a westerly wind, if a is comparable to the third critical value , where β is the latitudinal variation of f, there is a system of long geostrophic lee waves, of the type studied by Rossby, with the horizontal wave length Lβ at ground level.iv) In the other cases, there are no lee waves, and the wave system is either missing (cases a ≪ (u/s) and ≫ (u/f)) or restricted to the vicinity of the vertical plane of the crest, with the wave length Ls (case (u/s) ≪ a ≪ (u/f).

One of the effects of the tropopause, and of atmospheric discontinuities in general, is to produce eventually an additional system of waves on the upwind side of the mountain range, but these waves must be generally much smaller than the lee waves.

Similar results are obtained for a plateau with smooth sides, and in the case of a more complex mountain profile the perturbation can be computed by superimposing elementary solutions.

If the current is not uniform, if the ground deformation is steep, or if the perturbation is not adiabatic, the preceding results are not valid, and the solution of the theoretical problem has been obtained in only very special cases.
Thermistors as Instruments of Thermometry and Anemometry
Authors: Hales Wayne B.
Published: August 2018

Thermistor beads are used as the sensitive elements for measuring temperature and wind speed. Their high resistance makes it unnecessary to correct for the resistance of leads or the change in their resistance due to temperature. Because of the high negative temperature coefficient of resistance of thermistor material slight changes in ambient temperatures caused sufficient changes in the bead resistance to unbalance a bridge circuit and thereby activate a recording milliammeter which had been calibrated to read temperatures. The change in resistance of a hot bead by the wind activated a second milliammeter which was calibrated to read wind speed.
Cloud Observations from Rockets
Authors: Crowson Delmar L.
Published: August 2018

Photographs of the clouds over Southwestern U. S. obtained from a rocket at White Sands. N. M., on March 7, 1947, are shown and analyzed in relation to topography and circulation. The potentialities of rocket photographs or television for weather observation and analysis are pointed out.
Mountain-Top Vortices as Causes of Large Errors in Altimeter Heights
Authors: Brooks F. A.
Published: August 2018

There have been uncontradicted reports of large altimeter errors in the vicinity of high mountains. A brief survey of pressure distributions over an airfoil with flaps shows a maximum pressure drop below static pressure of twice the velocity head. Applying this ratio to a 14,000-foot mountain in a 100-mph wind a maximum error of 700 feet is indicated. This is important, but not enough to explain the occasional reports of 2 to 3,000-foot errors. Pressure drops of this magnitude exist in tropical cyclones, and even greater depression is known in tornadoes. The pressure drop at the ground surface is seen to have an axial connection with the natural low pressure aloft. The strength of the vortex is shown to depend on the outside tangential input by the wind where the whirl velocity can be very moderate, and the superspeed spin inside a vortex is shown to be dependent on radial inflow of air which is discharged along the vortex axis. Procedures are suggested for locating mountain tornadoes and thorough investigation urged so that the great hazards of mountain vortices in a strong wind will become generally known.
The Use of Wind Machines and Helicopter Flights for Frost Protection
Authors: Small Robert T.
Published: August 2018

A summary of two separate investigations, one on the use of stationary type “wind machines” and the other on the use of low helicopter flights as a means of mixing the layer of warm air that normally exists, during the night, at 300 to 800 feet above the surface with the cold layer at the surface. The investigations were carried on during nights of frost hazard in Southern California citrus groves.
Inflow Patterns of Thunderstorms as Shown by Winds Aloft *
Authors: Byers Horace R. , Hull Edwin C.
Published: August 2018

Balloons ascending simultaneously at various points around thunderstorms are followed by radar or radio-direction finding (rawins and rawinsondes) to determine horizontal inflow or outflow of the air. It is found that in the early stages of development of a thunderstorm cell, inflow or horizontal convergence is present at the ground as well as all heights reached by the cloud. In a mature thunderstorm cell, the observations show outflow or horizontal divergence under the cloud base and convergence at all heights between about 4,000 and 23,000 feet, with divergence again in the uppermost levels. Relationships to rainfall and to cloud entrainment of environmental air are shown.
Tests and Adaptation of the Foxboro Dew-Point Recorder for Weather Observatory Use *
Authors: Conover John H.
Published: August 2018

The new Foxboro dew-point recorder, “Dewcel,” which was built for air-conditioning control, has been adapted to meteorological use at Blue Hill Observatory and tested over a 21-month period. These tests indicate that a rugged recorder, having an accuracy within ± 3F° of that of an Assmann ventilated psychrometer in the natural wind (usually unstable conditions) is now available for station use. The moisture-sensitive element consists of two parallel electrical conductors with an A.C. potential of 25 volts between them, wound about a tube covered with wicking containing an excess of lithium chloride crystals. Dew point is indicated by the temperature of the cell as equilibrium between the ambient vapor pressure and lithium-chloride vapor pressure is maintained, rather than by the Diamond-Hinman principle of recording electrical resistance to maintain vapor-pressure equilibrium. A satisfactory shield for the sensitive element against wind, rain, snow and fog has been devised after considerable experiment. Other than re-doping the cell with a lithium-chloride solution every 90–100 days no servicing is required. Dry and wet thermocouple tests revealed rapid fluctuations of the dew point whenever the air is unstable; therefore, the lag of the instrument, 2 to 4 minutes to make 98% of the change to a sudden new value, is advantageous when dew points for synoptic purposes are required.

Of the three general types of dew-point recorders the Foxboro Dewcel appears to be best for routine synoptic weather reports.

The simpler mechanical type of thermal element and hair hygrometer linked has the disadvantages of several linkages and those inherent in the hair hygrometer. It is not readily adaptable to indicating or recording at a distance. Instruments maintaining a thermal element in a wetted condition fail during prolonged periods of freezing. The direct reading photoelectric type dew-point recorder operates over a wider range and with greater sensitivity although there is always an uncertainty between 15° and 32°F whether the dew or frost point is being measured. The photoelectric type requires special care and frequent attention during operation.
A Synoptic Study of Instability Lines
Authors: Crawford Marion E.
Published: August 2018

An attempt is made to select a type series of constant-pressure charts associated with the life cycle of the pre-cold frontal instability line, especially over the southeastern States during the spring season. Emphasis is placed upon advective temperature changes that result in the development and maintenance of warm and cold tongues and the resultant elongated transitional zone in the fore part of the associated trough. The instability line develops along the axis of a warm tongue at 850 mb after cold air advection at 700 mb has reached the fore part of the associated trough and is advancing at a more rapid rate than the warm tongue.
The Stratification of the Atmosphere1 (I)
Authors: Flohn H. , Penndorf R.
Published: August 2018

A suitable nomenclature for atmospheric strata as well as a clear definition of the boundaries is proposed. The necessity of such a new classification is stressed. The atmosphere is divided into an inner and an outer atmosphere; from the latter particles may escape. The inner atmosphere is divided into three spheres—troposphere, stratosphere, and ionosphere—with each sphere in turn being subdivided into 3 or 4 layers. The new classification is based upon the thermal structure of the atmosphere.' Boundaries of each layer are fixed by a sudden change of lapse rate.

The bottom layer, the ground layer, the advection layer, and the tropopause layer are subdivisions of the troposphere. The advantages gained by defining a separate tropopause layer as part of the troposphere are discussed in detail. Its upper boundary is assumed to be situated at 12 km over temperate latitudes. The stratosphere, consisting of an isothermal layer, a warm layer, and an upper mixing layer, extends from 12 to 80 km. The atmosphere between 80 and 800 km is occupied by the ionosphere, the subdivisions of which are the E-layer, the Flayer and the atomic layer. Above that height the exosphere exists.
On the Effects of Volcanic Dust on Insolation and Weather (I)
Authors: Wexler H.
Published: August 2018

The vulcanism theory of climatic variations is reexamined, with special emphasis on Krakatoa volcanic dust and its effect on the transmission of solar radiation through the atmosphere. A possible nucleating effect of volcanic dust in further depleting insolation is mentioned.
Katallobaric Centers and the Subsequent Occurrence of Precipitation at Washington, D. C.
Authors: Hunter Marvin N.
Published: August 2018

Seven charts were constructed showing the probability of precipitation at Washington, D. C. for specified 12 and 24 hour periods when the center of the 12-hour pressure fall was located in different geographical areas. The charts constructed for winter months show that the probability of precipitation at Washington is greatest when the pressure fall is southwest of Washington. Precepts concerning pressure falls and the subsequent occurrence of precipitation at Washington are included.
Spread of the Krakatoa Volcanic Dust Cloud as Related to the High-Level Circulation
Authors: Wexler H.
Published: August 2018

The spread of volcanic dust from the explosion of Krakatoa is described. An explanation of the initial rapid lateral spread poleward in the Northern Hemisphere, the much slower spread in the second month, and the accelerated spread in the third and fourth months is attempted in terms of the normal monthly circulations at 19 km.
A Tau-Meter for Rapid-Response Temperature Recording Systems
Authors: Anderson L. J. , Heibeck H. L.
Published: August 2018

The equipment described is suitable for measuring lag coefficients, as small as 0.1 second, of temperature recording systems. The sensing element is suspended alternately in two air streams of different temperature. The ratio of indicated to actual temperature difference is used to compute the lag coefficient. Measurements indicate that the lag of the amplifier-recorder is small compared to that of the elements tested.
Results of Synoptic Tests Applied to Certain Forecasting Rules*
Authors: Harrison Henry T.
Published: August 2018

Qualitative synoptic tests are applied to a group of twenty-five forecasting “rules,” most of which deal with the problem of utilizing upper air data in conjunction with the surface chart in airway forecasting. Based for the most part upon a three-months' period in winter, the tests were extended in some cases to include two or three additional summer months. By a means of appraisal which was admittedly subjective to a large extent, nine rules were found to be useful to the forecaster, seven were borderline and nine others were considered to be of questionable value.
Studies on the Weather of the Tropical West Pacific by Means of the Cloudiform Stability Scale
Authors: Bryson Reid A.
Published: August 2018

In the April 1951 issue of this Bulletin the author described the development of an objective scale for classifying the degrees of instability represented by the various forms of cumuliform cloud over the tropical oceans. In the present study this tool is applied to the description of several tropical weather phenomena.
Geomagnetic Conditions and Anticyclonic Development *
Authors: Sparkman J. W.
Published: August 2018

The forecasting of development and movement of existing pressure systems are apparently the two outstanding problems of weather forecasting. This investigation was done with the belief that ordinary meteorological observation are not sufficient for an indication of the cause of development or movement of pressure systems and that other factors, probably solar, must be considered. Since geomagnetic changes are partly the result of solar radiation, geomagnetic observations were obtained and statistical tests were made of their relation to pressure system development. All such tests gave positive indications of a relation between the relative geomagnetic conditions of Tucson, Arizona and Cheltenham, Maryland and subsequent anticyclonic development over eastern United States.
Effects of Sunlight and Ammonia on the Action of Silver-Iodide Particles as Sublimation Nuclei *
Authors: Reynolds S. E. , Hume William , McWhirter Max
Published: August 2018

Tests involving exposure of AgI smoke to bright sunlight show a decrease in concentration of effective nuclei (at −20°C) of approximately two orders of magnitude per hour. The concentration of effective nuclei is increased greatly (as much as two orders of magnitude) by the addition of a little ammonia vapor to the AgI smoke. Smoke samples which have been deactivated completely by exposure to ultraviolet light can be caused to form large numbers of ice crystals by the addition of ammonia vapor. If ammonia is added before exposure to light, the rate of decay is the same or greater, and the effectiveness cannot be restored by further addition of ammonia. The effect of ammonia is believed to be due to the adsorption of ammonia on the silver iodide surfaces or to the formation of an ammine of silver iodide.
Global Synoptic Maps *
Authors: Alpert Leo
Published: August 2018

Synoptic map analysis of the Earth from the North Pole to the shores of the Antarctic Continent is now attained by combining the Southern Hemisphere map analysis of the U. S. Weather Bureau-M.I.T. Southern Hemisphere Map Analysis Project, and the Northern Hemisphere map analysis of the published Daily Historical Weather Maps. Sample synoptic maps of the Earth for 19 and 20 March 1949 are presented.
Synoptic Investigation of a Typical Chinook Situation in Montana *
Authors: McClain E. Paul
Published: August 2018

Some important European and American foehn research is reviewed briefly. A single winter chinook situation is analyzed in some detail using surface and upper-air synoptic data. Surface chinook winds in Montana are traced back westward and found over the Great Basin area in the middle troposphere. Qualitative evidence is found of ascent in the middle and upper troposphere above the descending foehn current. High- and low-level chinooks are differentiated, and the properties of chinook air are discussed.
On the Effect of Time Lapse Between Sampling and Expansion in the Aitken Nuclei Counter
Authors: Hosler Charles L. , Burkhart Marvin D. , Neuberger Hans
Published: August 2018

Previous, and more recent, comparisons of electronmicroscopic and conventional nuclei counts show that the Aitken counts are deficient. Special experiments revealed that the cause for this deficiency lies in the rapid decay of nuclei in the time lapse between sampling and counting nuclei. It was found that a lapse of 30 seconds reduces the nuclei concentration in the counter by roughly 50%. When this decay is considered, the Aitken and electron microscopic counts can be brought into good agreement.
Graphical Determination of the Geostrophic Wind Over a Point or Small Area
Authors: Hovde John E. , Reber Carl M.
Published: August 2018

Assuming straight, parallel, and equally-spaced contour heights or isobars over a small area, the total pressure-gradient force (and the geostrophic wind) may be determined graphically using the contour-height or sea-level pressure differences between 3 stations around the area. The method is objective and eliminates personal discrepancies in scaling geostrophic wind from pressure or contour-height analyses.
Forecasting Thunder-Storms in the Red Sea
Authors: El-Fandy M. G.
Published: August 2018

Forecasting thunderstorms in the Red Sea is an outstanding meteorological problem of low latitudes. This is notably the case in the central and southern regions of the Sea, where the frequency, duration and intensity of these storms attain their maxima. It has been shown that in general thundery conditions in this Sea arise from convergence processes such as the setting up of centers of convergence or the development of upper-air cyclones. Centers of convergence are set up by troughs in the upper westerlies or troughs in the upper NE-E current of the Sudan, and are usually followed by cyclonic developments. It has eventually been made clear that the upper winds (and not the usual pressure map) hold the clue to much of the weather in these fairly low latitudes.
The Formation of Exhaust Condensation Trails by Jet Aircraft
Authors: Appleman H.
Published: August 2018

This paper defines the meteorological state of the atmosphere which will give rise to the formation of condensation trails (contrails) as the exhaust from an aircraft engine mixes with and saturates the environment. Three basic assumptions were made with regard to the formation of visible contrails: (1) contrails are composed of ice crystals; (2) water vapor cannot be transformed into ice without first passing through the liquid phase, thus necessitating an intermediate state of saturation with respect to water; (3) a minimum visible water content of 0.004 gm/m3 is required for a faint trail and 0.01 gm/m3 for a distinct trail. This last requirement proved of no importance in determining whether or not a trail would form, but did affect its persistence.

Curves were constructed showing the critical temperature for the formation of a visible trail as a function of the pressure and relative humidity of the environment and the amount of air entrained into the exhaust. It is shown that these curves are applicable to any aircraft which has the same water to heat ratio in its exhaust as the case discussed in this report. In general this ratio is fairly constant regardless of the type of airplane, control settings, or fuel. The major exception occurs with aircraft powered by reciprocating engines in which case a considerable portion of the heat produced may be dissipated outside of the trail. A separate, but similar, study would be necessary for each aircraft with a significantly different proportion of such heat loss.
Winds at 100 Mb and 50 Mb Over the United States in 1952
Authors: Darling Eugene M.
Published: August 2018

Radiosonde-wind data at 100 mb and 50 mb over the U. S. in 1952 are presented in the form of month-by-month frequency distributions of westerly and easterly winds. These data show that the 50 mb circulation in the month of February differed markedly from the expected pattern.
An Alignment Chart for Atmospheric Diffusion Calculations *
Authors: Gifford Frank
Published: August 2018

An alignment chart is presented by means of which nine of the most common equations on atmospheric diffusion, formulas due to Sutton, or any formulas comparable with these, may be quickly evaluated.
High-Altitude Diurnal Temperature Changes Due to Ozone Absorption
Authors: Johnson Francis S.
Published: August 2018

The heating effect due to absorption of solar energy by atmospheric ozone was calculated from direct measurements of ozone concentrations and of the ultraviolet spectral intensity of sunlight made during a rocket flight over New Mexico on June 14, 1949. Assuming a constant rate of heat loss throughout the day and night due to infrared emission, and no temperature change from day to day, the diurnal temperature change was found to have maximum value of 5.3 C° at 48 km, falling to 1 C° at 31 km and 70 km.
Thunderstorm-Precipitation Growth and Electrical-Charge Generation *
Authors: Reynolds S. E.
Published: August 2018

It is shown, by use of Langmuir's precipitation growth data and Ludlam's hailstone heat economy data, that the glaze-ice thunderstorm charge generation mechanism suggested by E. J. Workman and the author is consistent with the thunderstorm cell development pattern observed by Workman and the author. The environment of charge separation is found theoretically. It also is shown that the initiation of precipitation in Midwestern thunderstorms without the involvement of ice crystals is consistent with Langmuir's cloud-droplet growth theory.
A Proposed Modification of Hurricane Reconnaissance Procedures*
Authors: Sherman Leon
Published: August 2018

A disturbance of the wind field such as a hurricane inherently involves a hyperbolic point (analogous to a pressure col) in addition to the cyclonic-indraft point usually identified as the hurricane center. The entire hurricane (i.e., including the hyperbolic point) is not normally located by reconnaissance flights. Neither is the rain pattern of a hurricane over the open ocean normally included in reconnaissance reports. In this paper the complete observation of the fields of the wind and the weather to the best of our present abilities is suggested. Feasibility of these observations and possible research gains therefrom are discussed.
Cloud-Seeding Analysis in Oregon *
Authors: Beaumont R. T.
Published: August 2018

Two separate evaluations of commercial cloud-seeding operations in Oregon are discussed using the regression method with non-seeded control areas. No supporting evidence that cloud-seeding materially increased precipitation is found. On the other hand, strongest evidence found in these analyses of possible precipitation modification which could be attributed to cloud-seeding is a decrease of snowfall for two winters in the Southern Oregon Cascades.
Aspects of Intensification and Motion of Wintertime 500-mb Patterns
Authors: Austin J. M. ,   Collaborators
Published: August 2018

The results of an empirical study of 500-mb patterns are presented. It is shown that the prediction of the 24-hr and 48-hr intensification or weakening of troughs and ridges can be aided by a consideration of upstream changes. Qualitative rules for the prediction of a 24-hr change in the speed of troughs and ridges are included. Finally a climatological summary is presented of intensification, weakening and speed of troughs and ridges.
The Propagation of Short Period Air Pressure Micro-Oscillations
Authors: Roschke W. H.
Published: August 2018

Air pressure micro-oscillations of the impulse-type (period: 10–25 seconds) as recorded by Macelwane Electromagnetic Microbarographs in a small tripartite arrangement at Florissant, Missouri (near Saint Louis) are propagated in the direction and with a speed that is of the same order of magnitude as the wind speed in the lower layers of the atmosphere but not necessarily at the surface.
The Interrelationship between Wind-Speed Maxima, Fronts and Certain Contour Heights on Isobaric Surfaces *
Authors: Clodman J.
Published: August 2018

Calculations are carried out to determine the preferred contour heights at which fronts are found on upper isobaric charts, assuming the validity of a three-frontal model and of certain characteristic air-mass temperatures. In view of their proximity to fronts aloft, the axes of upper wind maxima should also demonstrate an association with preferred contour heights. Fletcher [1] has shown statistically that such is the case and his figures agree well with the calculated heights.
Meteorology Directs Where Blast Will Strike
Authors: Cox Everett F. , Plagge H. J. , Reed J. W.
Published: August 2018

Seismological exploration companies and Defense Department proving grounds occasionally experience liability suits for damage wrought by explosions. Good forecasts of troposphere temperature and wind structure can be used to predict where shocks will strike, and with fair accuracy whether or not the shock will crack windows. Formulas are derived by which these predictions may be made.
A Study of the Mean Southerly Wind-Maximum in Low Levels Associated with a Period of Summer Precipitation in the Middle West
Authors: Means Lynn L.
Published: August 2018

A low-level jet in southerly winds is described making use of a mean cross-section for a 48-hour period when the pattern was nearly stationary. The period is that of heavy rains in Kansas which were associated with the Kaw (Kansas) River and Kansas City floods in July, 1951. Most of the moisture carried into the area of heavy precipitation, was transported in the low-level jet.