bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence and time course of atrial fibrillation following patent foramen ovale closure
Authors: Krishnamurthy Yamini , Ben‐Ami Johanna , Robbins Barbara T. , Sommer Robert J.
Published: June 2022

Objectives

Determine the true incidence and time course of atrial fibrillation (AF) after patent foramen ovale closure (PFOc) using implantable loop recorders (ILR) placed during cryptogenic stroke evaluation.

Background

Published trials report a 2%–6.6% incidence of postimplant atrial fibrillation (PIAF) after PFOc, which is probably a gross underestimation, as only patients presenting in AF were captured. Episodes of paroxysmal and silent AF would have been missed.

Methods

Of 761 patients who underwent PFOc at a single center between January 2016 and December 2020, 35 patients had an ILR implanted before PFOc, without documentation of AF, and had ≥1 month of monitoring post‐PFOc. The incidence, onset, and conclusion of AF episodes were determined from a review of patient records.

Results

The mean duration of ILR monitoring was 54.6 ± 39.4 weeks after PFOc. AF occurred in 13/35 (37%) patients. PFOc patients who developed PIAF were older than those who did not (62 ± 11 vs. 52 ± 14 years, p = 0.03). In 12/13, the initial PIAF event occurred within 4 weeks of PFOc, with the greatest frequency around 2 weeks and conclusion by 12 weeks in all. No recurrent strokes occurred during ILR monitoring.

Conclusion

The actual incidence of PIAF was far greater than previously reported and was significantly associated with older age at PFOc. The timing of PIAF onset and termination were consistent with a postimplant inflammatory mechanism. The higher actual PIAF incidence underscores its low stroke potential in this population. A larger prospective trial is required to validate these preliminary results.
Cu‐ and Fe‐Incorporated Manganese Oxides (MnxOy) as Cathodic Catalysts for Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction (HPR) and Oxygen Reduction (OR) in Micro‐direct Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Phuakkhaw Duangkamon , Amonpattaratkit Penphitcha , Klysubun Wantana , Saiwattanasuk Patraporn , Midpanon Supatta , Porntheeraphat Supanit , Klamchuen Annop , Wongchaisuwat Atchana , Sagawa Takashi , Viravathana Pinsuda
Published: June 2022

Improving manganese oxides as cathodic catalysts in direct methanol/hydrogen peroxide fuel cells by incorporation of Cu and Fe to promote oxygen reduction (OR) and hydrogen peroxide reduction (HPR) is reported. The Cu‐incorporated and Fe‐incorporated MnxOy were prepared by impregnation and solvothermal processes. From XRD, XPS, and XAS analyses, the obtained MnxOy consisted of MnO2 and mixed phases of Mn3O4 and Mn2O3 from impregnation and solvothermal methods, respectively. The Cu‐incorporated and Fe‐incorporated MnxOy included CuO and Fe2O3, respectively, through both methods. Addition of Cu and Fe decreased the BET surface area and increased the pore sizes as compared to the pristine MnO2. With the Fe : Mn molar ratio of 0.20 : 1, the Fe‐incorporated MnxOy from the solvothermal method presented the highest cathodic peaks under the cyclic voltammogram of HPR and OR at around 0.59 V of 11.59 mA cm−2 and −0.59 V of −12.33 mA cm−2, respectively. Compared to the Cu‐incorporated ones, the highest HPR peak at 0.68 V of 9.20 mA cm−2 and the highest OR peak at −0.59 V of −6.99 mA cm−2 were obtained from the Cu‐incorporated MnxOy prepared through the solvothermal method at the Cu : Mn molar ratio of 0.15 : 1. Incorporating Cu or Fe into MnO2 brought the improvement of electrocatalytic activity for HPR and OR. The Cu‐incorporated and Fe‐incorporated MnxOy from both methods showed a higher power density of μ‐DMFC than the pristine MnO2.
Unfolding the structural features of NASICON materials for sodium‐ion full cells
Authors: Ahsan Muhammad Tayyab , Ali Zeeshan , Usman Muhammad , Hou Yanglong
Published: June 2022

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) are potential candidates for the replacement of lithium‐ion batteries to meet the increasing demands of electrical storage systems due to the low cost and high abundance of sodium. Sodium superionic conductor (NASICON) structured materials have attracted enormous interest in recent years as electrode materials for safer and long‐term performance of SIBs for electric energy storage smart grids. These materials have a three‐dimensional robust framework, high redox potential, thermal stability, and a fast Na+‐ion diffusion mechanism. However, NASICON has low intrinsic electronic conductivity, which limits the electrochemical performance. This review describes the structural features of NASICONs to illustrate the ion storage mechanism and electrochemical performance of SIBs. Details of the NASICON crystal structure, the affiliated Na+‐ion diffusion mechanism, morphology, and electrochemical performance of these materials in sodium‐ion half‐cells as well as full cells are described. In addition to the application as electrode materials, the use of NASICONs as solid electrolytes is also elaborated in solid‐state SIBs. Based on these aspects, we have provided more perspectives in terms of the commercialization of SIBs and strategies to overcome the limitations of NASICONs. Hence, this review is expected to provide the researchers of energy storage with an in‐depth understanding of NASICON materials with the knowledge of structural features, which will provide a new avenue on the practicality of SIBs.
New Approaches toward Building Csp−P bond: A Two‐Decade Overview
Authors: Mele Lucas , Luc Pirat Jean , Ayad Tahar , Virieux David
Published: June 2022

Since the review of Savignac, the past 20 years have seen significant progresses on the synthesis of alkynylphosphorus compounds considerably expanding the original and rather limited organic toolbox. This comprehensive review explores the latest and potentially greener methodologies using sustainable catalysis or direct metal‐free couplings from stable and easy to handle precursors. Recent progress and mechanistic insights for metal‐catalyzed reactions with a particular emphasis on copper, palladium, nickel and silver catalytic systems, photocatalytic and metal‐free reactions are detailed covering most of the publications related to this field since 2000 until March 2022.
Effect of Annulation Mode of Twistarene on the Physical Property and Self‐Assembly Behavior of Functionalized Curved Aromatic Molecules
Authors: Wang Wei , Yuan Ziwei , Wang Sujuan , Li Xueqing , Ji Bingliang , Xiao Jinchong
Published: June 2022

Four novel curved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 3 a, 5, 8, 15 a have been synthesized and characterized, where molecules 3 a and 15 a bear [5]carbohelicene units. X‐ray single crystal analyses indicate that compound 3 a shows offset packing arrangements of (P5)‐ and (M5)‐isomers, and 15 a has a symmetrical plane and looks like a butterfly. In comparison, 8 exhibits a slightly curved structure, in which the significant convex‐to‐convex π‐overlap with the shortest distance of 3.42 Å occurs. In addition, the effect of annulation mode of twistarenes on the physical properties, self‐assembly behaviors, and switchable photoconductivity of the as‐prepared curved aromatic compounds were further examined in a comparative manner.
Ag Doped Au44 Nanoclusters for Electrocatalytic Conversion of CO2 to CO
Authors: Tang Shisi , Xu Jiayu , Liu Xu , Zhu Yan
Published: June 2022

A novel Ag doped Au44(C10H9)28 nanocluster (C10H10=1‐ethynyl‐2,4‐dimethylbenzene) was synthesized, that is, Ag4+xAu40‐x(C10H9)28 (x≤6), where four Ag positions located in the surface staple of the cluster have been determined, while six Au/Ag co‐occupying positions have been found in the metal core of the cluster. The electronic configuration of Au44(C10H9)28 cluster is significantly disturbed by doping Ag atoms, hence promoting the electron transport capability. For the two‐electron conversion reaction of CO2 to CO in electrochemical reduction of CO2, Ag doped Ag4+xAu40‐x(C10H9)28 catalyst exhibited higher effective activity and long‐term stability than its counterpart Au44(C10H9)28 catalyst.
Anomeric DNA Strand Displacement with α‐D Oligonucleotides as Invaders and Ethidium Bromide as Fluorescence Sensor for Duplexes with α/β‐, β/β‐ and α/α‐D Configuration
Authors: Zhang Aigui , Kondhare Dasharath , Leonard Peter , Seela Frank
Published: June 2022

DNA strand displacement is a technique to exchange one strand of a double stranded DNA by another strand (invader). It is an isothermal, enzyme free method driven by single stranded overhangs (toeholds) and is employed in DNA amplification, mismatch detection and nanotechnology. We discovered that anomeric (α/β) DNA can be used for heterochiral strand displacement. Homochiral DNA in β‐D configuration was transformed to heterochiral DNA in α‐D/β‐D configuration and further to homochiral DNA with both strands in α‐D configuration. Single stranded α‐D DNA acts as invader. Herein, new anomeric displacement systems with and without toeholds were designed. Due to their resistance against enzymatic degradation, the systems are applicable to living cells. The light‐up intercalator ethidium bromide is used as fluorescence sensor to follow the progress of displacement. Anomeric DNA displacement shows benefits over canonical DNA in view of toehold free displacement and simple detection by ethidium bromide.
Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Using A Molecular Antimony Complex under Aqueous Conditions: An Experimental and Computational Study on Main‐Group Element Catalysis
Authors: Williams Caroline K. , McCarver Gavin A. , Chaturvedi Ashwin , Sinha Soumalya , Ang Marcus , Vogiatzis Konstantinos D. , Jiang Jianbing “Jimmy”
Published: June 2022

Electrocatalytic hydrogen gas production is considered a potential pathway towards carbon‐neutral energy sources. However, the development of this technology is hindered by the lack of efficient, cost‐effective, and environmentally benign catalysts. In this study, a main‐group‐element‐based electrocatalyst, SbSalen, is reported to catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in an aqueous medium. The heterogenized molecular system achieved a Faradaic efficiency of 100 % at −1.4 V vs. NHE with a maximum current density of −30.7 mA/cm2. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the catalyst‐bound working electrode before and after electrolysis confirmed the molecular stability during catalysis. The turnover frequency was calculated as 43.4 s−1 using redox‐peak integration. The kinetic and mechanistic aspects of the electrocatalytic reaction were further examined by computational methods. This study provides mechanistic insights into main‐group‐element electrocatalysts for heterogeneous small‐molecule conversion.
An Anionic Amido‐Substituted Seven‐Vertex Siliconoid Cluster
Authors: Keuter Jan , Dimitrova Maria , Janka Oliver , Hepp Alexander , Berger Raphael J. F. , Lips Felicitas
Published: June 2022

The silanide [Si4{N(SiMe3)Dipp}3]−(1) transforms into the anionic siliconoid cluster [Si7{N(SiMe3)Dipp}3]−(2) with four unsubstituted silicon atoms as a contact ion pair with [K([18]crown‐6)] in C6D6at room temperature within five weeks. Anion2was investigated by natural population analysis and visualization of intrinsic atomic orbitals. Magnetically induced current‐density calculations of2revealed two distinct strong diatropic vortices that sum up in one direction and create a strongly shielded apical silicon atom in2.
Photocatalytic E→Z Contra‐Thermodynamic Isomerization of Vinyl Silanes with Lewis Base
Authors: Le Thi Minh Thi , Brégent Thibaud , Jubault Philippe , Poisson Thomas
Published: June 2022

Herein, we disclosed the contra‐thermodynamic E→Z isomerization of alkenyl silanes, according to the in situ formation of a chromophoric species, in the presence of rac‐BINAP as the catalyst. The reaction carried out in DMSO or CH3CN under irradiation at 405 nm allowed the interconversion of the E‐isomers into the Z‐congeners in good to excellent yields and outstanding Z/E selectivities, on 18 examples. Finally, the mechanism of this E→Z isomerization was studied to get insight into the reaction mechanism.
Inducing Curvature to Pyracylene upon π‐Expansion
Authors: Bergner John , Walla Christian , Rominger Frank , Dreuw Andreas , Kivala Milan
Published: June 2022

We disclose a successive π‐expansion of pyracylene towards boat‐shaped polycyclic scaffolds. The unique structural features of the resulting compounds were revealed by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Depending on the extent of π‐expansion the compounds display intense bathochromically shifted absorption bands in their UV/Vis spectra and are prone to several redox events as documented by cyclic voltammetry. The experimental observations are in line with the computational studies based on density functional theory, suggesting progressive narrowing of the HOMO–LUMO gap and distinct evolution of the electronic structure and aromaticity.
Serological response to a third booster dose of BNT162b2 COVID‐19 vaccine among seronegative cancer patients
Authors: Shmueli Einat Shacham , Lawrence Yaacov R. , Rahav Galia , Itay Amit , Lustig Yaniv , Halpern Naama , Boursi Ben , Margalit Ofer
Published: June 2022

Background and Aim

The BNT162b2 COVID‐19 vaccine (Pfizer/BioNTech), given as a two‐dose series, 3 weeks apart, elicits a serological response in 84–98% of patients with cancer, even if administered while undergoing anticancer treatments. Herein, we report the impact of a third (booster) dose of BNT162b2, delivered 6 months following the second vaccine dose.

Methods

This pilot study included four patients with cancer who were seronegative after two vaccine doses, and received a third (booster) dose of BNT162b2 at 6 months following the second vaccine dose. The four patients received the three vaccine doses between December 2020 and July 2021. Samples were evaluated with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that detects IgG (Immunoglobulin G) antibodies against the RBD (receptor‐binding domain) of SARS‐CoV‐2.

Results

At a mean time of 19 days (ranges 7–28) after the second vaccination, all four patients were seronegative for RBD‐IgG. However, at a mean time of 21 days (ranges 20–22) after the third dose, three out of the four patients (75%) were now seropositive. Mean RBD‐IgG titers were increased after the third vaccine dose from 0.37 to 2.81 (Student's t‐test, p = 0.05, two‐sided).

Conclusions

Although limited by the small sample size, our findings suggest that a third (booster) dose administered to patients with cancer, who remain seronegative despite two doses of BNT162b2, may be efficacious in eliciting an antibody response.
A decision support system for diagnosis of hepatitis disease using an integrated rough set and fish swarm algorithm
Authors: Kumari Nancy , Acharjya Debi Prasanna
Published: June 2022

Healthcare data analysis is a primary concern. It leads to multiple levels of knowledge extraction for decision support systems because of the presence of uncertainties. Therefore, this paper integrates the rough set and artificial fish swarm optimization to develop a decision support system that handles uncertainties present in an information system. In the initial stage, the artificial fish swarm—the rough set procedure is implemented in finding vital features. Further, in the second phase, the rough set uses these vital features to develop a decision support system. The above model is analyzed over hepatitis B disease. The proposed model attains an accuracy of 92.4%. Further, the proposed model is compared with the classical rough set, decision tree, and artificial fish swarm‐decision tree model. The accuracy obtained is 88.9%, 83.3%, and 90.8%, respectively. The proposed model has a greater accuracy of 3.5% than the rough set model and has a greater accuracy of 9.1% than the decision tree model. Simultaneously, the proposed model has 1.6% greater accuracy than the artificial fish swarm‐decision tree model. Therefore, it is believed that the projected decision support system may be used to prevent and detect hepatitis B diseases.
Integration of Nanographenes and Organic Chemistry – Toward Nanographene‐based Two‐Dimensional Materials
Authors: Sekiya Ryo , Haino Takeharu
Published: June 2022

Graphene and its relatives have received considerable attention from the fields of physics and chemistry since the isolation of pristine graphene sheets. Nanographenes (NGs) are graphene fragments that are a few to tens of nanometers in diameter. Compared to graphene and its relatives, such as graphene oxides, NGs can be handled more easily, and their large π surface and oxygen functional groups on the edge allow postsynthetic modifications. The study of NGs is gradually shifting from the development of synthetic procedures to postsynthetic modification. From the structural point of view, NGs can be regarded as two‐dimensional carbon polymers. Their unique structures and affinity for organic molecules make NGs excellent scaffolds for two‐dimensional materials, which are now an important topic in organic and polymer chemistry. In this conceptual article, we introduce the position of NGs from the perspective of two‐dimensional substances and briefly review both the structural features of NGs and the effects of functionalization on their physical properties. These are valuable when producing reasonable strategies for their postsynthetic modifications.
Cyto‐histo correlation and false‐negative urine: Before and after the Paris system for reporting urinary cytology
Authors: Yuan Lisi , Gero Margaret , Zia Shereen , Aryal Sameer Chhetri , Shetty Sindhu , Reynolds Jordan P.
Published: June 2022

Background

The impact of implementing the Paris system (TPS) on the rate of discrepant cases in the negative for high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (NHGUC) category that had a subsequent diagnosis of high‐grade urothelial carcinoma (HGUC) on histology is not well studied.

Methods

We adopted TPS in May 2019. We searched discrepant cases with negative urine cytology 2017–2019 in our cyto‐histo correlation database. The urine cytology and follow‐up biopsy/resection were reviewed by a cytopathologist who also did Genitourinary (GU) Pathology subspecialty sign‐out. Voided urine and instrumented urine were included in this study.

Results

There were total of 70 discrepant cases with negative cytology interpretation but HGUC on the subsequent biopsy or resected specimen. Following the TPS criteria, the rate of discrepant negative cytology cases increased from 6 cases between January 2017 and May 2019 to 64 cases after May 2019 when we adopted TPS. There were 2 discrepant negative cases in 2017, 3 cases in 2018, and 65 cases in 2019. Out of 65 cases in 2019, 64 cases were identified after May 2019. Additional 55 urine cytology slides were reviewed according to the TPS criteria, of which, the diagnoses remained unchanged in 45 (82%) cases and 10 (19%) cases were reassigned to either atypical or suspicious categories. The discrepancy was noted more on the instrumented urine and the upper tract urine. However, the false‐negative rate rose faster in voided urine and lower tract urine. The risk of HGUC with the category of NHGUC was 0.03% in 2017, 0.05% in 2018, and 1.06% in 2019 at our institution. The increase in false‐negative rate could not be attributed to a single cytopathologist.

Conclusion

After adopting TPS for reporting urine cytology, there was an increase in HGUC from negative urine cytology which was subsequently confirmed on histology as cases of HGUC. The quality control of negative urines could be important monitoring the process when implementing TPS.
Systemic embolism in amyloid transthyretin cardiomyopathy
Authors: Vilches Silvia , Fontana Marianna , Gonzalez‐Lopez Esther , Mitrani Lindsey , Saturi Giulia , Renju Mary , Griffin Jan M. , Caponetti Angelo , Gnanasampanthan Sahana , De los Santos Jeffeny , Gagliardi Christian , Rivas Adrian , Dominguez Fernando , Longhi Simone , Rapezzi Claudio , Maurer Mathew S. , Gillmore Julian , Garcia‐Pavia Pablo
Published: June 2022

Aims

Although systemic embolism is a potential complication in transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR‐CM), data about its incidence and prevalence are scarce. We studied the incidence, prevalence and factors associated with embolic events in ATTR‐CM. Additionally, we evaluated embolic events according to the type of oral anticoagulation (OAC) and the performance of the CHA2DS2‐VASc score in this setting.

Methods and results

Clinical characteristics, history of atrial fibrillation (AF) and embolic events were retrospectively collected from ATTR‐CM patients evaluated at four international amyloid centres. Overall, 1191 ATTR‐CM patients (87% men, median age 77.1 years [interquartile range‐IQR 71.4–82], 83% ATTRwt) were studied. A total of 162 (13.6%) have had an embolic event before initial evaluation. Over a median follow‐up of 19.9 months (IQR 9.9–35.5), 41 additional patients (3.44%) had an embolic event. Incidence rate (per 100 patient‐years) was 0 among patients in sinus rhythm with OAC, 1.3 in sinus rhythm without OAC, 1.7 in AF with OAC, and 4.8 in AF without OAC. CHA2DS2‐VASc did not predict embolic events in patients in sinus rhythm whereas in patients with AF without OAC, only those with a score ≥4 had embolic events. There was no difference in the incidence rate of embolism between patients with AF treated with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) (n = 322) and those treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) (n = 239) (p = 0.66).

Conclusions

Embolic events were a frequent complication in ATTR‐CM. OAC reduced the risk of systemic embolism. Embolic rates did not differ with VKAs and DOACs. The CHA2DS2‐VASc score did not correlate well with clinical outcome in ATTR‐CM and should not be used to assess thromboembolic risk in this population.
Design and thermal performance evaluation of a new solar air collector with comprehensive consideration of five factors of phase‐change materials
Authors: Hu Wentao , Huang Yue , Zhang Jiaying , Kong Lin , Alekhin Vladimir N.
Published: June 2022

Solar air collectors are widely used for the heating of buildings in cold areas owing to their high light–heat conversion rate, non‐freezing of air medium, and low manufacturing cost. However, the intermittency of solar energy conflicts with the user's comprehensive heating demands, thereby hindering the promotion of solar air collectors. To solve the above issue, in this study, a solar air collector model with a new heat storage device (Type 2) was designed by comprehensively considering five factors, such as phase‐change temperature, heat storage capacity, heat transfer efficiency, heat storage time, and heat release time. Thereafter, the ordinary solar air collector model (Type 1) was compared with the Type 2 solar air collector. Comparative analysis of the thermal performance evaluation index revealed that the heat release time of the Type 2 solar air collector was approximately 15 h after sunset, and the heat storage time was only approximately 7.5 h. Compared with Type 1 solar air collectors and previousachievements, the average daily heat collection efficiency of Type 2 solar air collectors decreased by 20.08% and 16.58%. The findings of this study indicate that the Type 2 solar air collector has a good effect in terms of heat storage time, heat release time, and heat peak migration, and is thus conducive to solving the contradiction between the intermittence of solar energy and user's comprehensive heating demands.
Choosing misaligned governance modes when offshoring business functions: A prospect theory perspective
Authors: Elia Stefano , Larsen Marcus M. , Piscitello Lucia
Published: June 2022

Research Summary

Transaction cost economics (TCE) holds that multinational corporations (MNCs) should select governance modes based on associated transactional hazards. However, MNCs often adopt theoretically misaligned governance modes. Applying a prospect theory (PT) perspective, we use the context of business‐process offshoring to explore why firms choose misaligned governance modes. We argue that theoretically misaligned governance modes are regarded as riskier than aligned governance modes, and we suggest that prior experiences of failure in an international context—especially in business functions that are relevant for the internationalization of a firm—prompt decision‐makers to choose theoretically misaligned governance modes. We enhance discussions on governance‐mode decisions with important behavioral perspectives on how such decisions materialize.

Managerial Summary

Experience with underperforming investments provides decision‐makers with an important motivation to search for riskier, nontraditional solutions, such as governance modes that do not necessarily comply with conventional logics. We show that such decisions, which have traditionally been conceived as managerial mistakes, are driven by behavioral insights found in the fields of human and organizational psychology. While we explore this idea in the context of international governance‐mode decisions, we believe such a behavioral perspective on international decision‐making is generalizable to other relevant contexts.
Functional complexity in the chorioallantoic membrane of an oviparous snake: Specializations for calcium uptake from the eggshell
Authors: Ecay Tom W. , Stewart James. R. , Khambaty Maleka
Published: June 2022

The chorioallantoic membrane of oviparous reptiles forms a vascular interface with the eggshell. The eggshell contains calcium, primarily as calcium carbonate. Extraction and mobilization of this calcium by the chorioallantoic membrane contributes importantly to embryonic nutrition. Development of the chorioallantoic membrane is primarily known from studies of squamates and birds. Although there are pronounced differences in eggshell structure, squamate and bird embryos each mobilize calcium from eggshells. Specialized cells in the chicken chorionic epithelium transport calcium from the eggshell aided by a second population of cells that secrete protons generated by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Calcium transporting cells also are present in the chorioallantoic membrane of corn snakes, although these cells function differently than those of chickens. We used histology and immunohistology to characterize the morphology and functional attributes of the chorioallantoic membrane of corn snakes. We identified two populations of cells in the outer layer of the chorionic epithelium. Calbindin‐D28K, a cellular marker for calcium transport expressed in squamate chorioallantoic membranes, is localized in large, flattened cells that predominate in the chorionic epithelium. Smaller cells, interspersed among the large cells, express carbonic anhydrase 2, an enzyme not previously localized in the chorionic epithelium of an oviparous squamate. These findings indicate that differentiation of chorionic epithelial cells contributes to extraction and transport of calcium from the eggshell. The presence of specializations of chorioallantoic membranes for calcium uptake from eggshells in chickens and corn snakes suggests that eggshell calcium was a source of embryonic nutrition early in the evolution of Sauropsida.
妊娠21週で高トリグリセリド血症による重症急性膵炎を発症し血漿交換療法とLDL（low density lipoprotein）吸着療法を施行した1例(A case of plasma exchange and LDL apheresis during the second trimester in a pregnant woman with hypertriglyceridemia–induced severe acute pancreatitis)
Authors: (Daisuke Yamamoto) 山本 大輔 , (Jiro Kamiyama) 神山 治郎 , (Keita Saiki) 齋木 啓太 , (Shintaro Furuya) 古谷 慎太郎 , (Kaoru Ogawa) 小川 薫 , (Shigemasa Taguchi) 田口 茂正 , (Kazuya Kiyota) 清田 和也
Published: June 2022

症例は38歳，妊娠21週の女性。発熱，腹痛を主訴に絨毛膜羊膜炎の診断で入院加療していたが，改善に乏しく，血液検査と造影CTで高トリグリセリド血症（triglyceride: TG，TG値 9,922mg/dL）による急性膵炎と診断した。高TG血症に対して，薬物療法を行ったが奏功せず，血漿交換療法を施行した。その後，呼吸不全と代謝性アシドーシスが進行したため，帝王切開により妊娠を終結させた。経過中，LDL吸着療法を2回施行し，TG値は690mg/dLまで低下した。膵炎の保存的加療を継続し，第29病日に退院した。高TG血症による重症膵炎では，膵炎治療に加えて高TG血症への治療併施が重要だが，TG値に応じて異なる血液浄化療法を選択し，病態改善に寄与したと考えられた。
Radiomic‐Based MRI for Classification of Solitary Brain Metastases Subtypes From Primary Lymphoma of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Zhao Lin‐mei , Hu Rong , Xie Fang‐Fang , Clay Kargilis Daniel , Imami Maliha , Yang Shuai , Guo Jiu‐Qing , Jiao Xiao , Chen Rui‐ting , Wei‐Hua Liao , Li Lang
Published: June 2022

Background

Differential diagnosis of brain metastases subtype and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is necessary for treatment decisions. The application of machine learning facilitates the classification of brain tumors, but prior investigations into primary lymphoma and brain metastases subtype classification have been limited.

Purpose

To develop a machine‐learning model to classify PCNSL, brain metastases with primary lung and non‐lung origin.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

A total of 211 subjects with pathologically confirmed PCNSL or brain metastases (training cohort 168 and testing cohort 43).

Field Strength/Sequence

A 3.0 T axial contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted spin‐echo inversion recovery sequence (T1WI‐CE), axial T2‐weighted fluid‐attenuation inversion recovery sequence (T2FLAIR)

Assessment

Several machine‐learning models (support vector machine, random forest, and K‐nearest neighbors) were built with least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) using features from T1WI‐CE, T2FLAIR, and clinical. The model with the highest performance in the training cohort was selected to differentiate lesions in the testing cohort. Then, three radiologists conducted a two‐round classification (with and without model reference) using images and clinical information from testing cohorts.

Statistical Tests

Five‐fold cross‐validation was used for model evaluation and calibration. Model performance was assessed based on sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).

Results

Twenty‐five image features were selected by LASSO analysis. Random forest classifier was selected for its highest performance on the training set with an AUC of 0.73. After calibration, this model achieved an accuracy of 0.70 on the testing set. Accuracies of all three radiologists improved under model reference (0.49 vs. 0.70, 0.60 vs. 0.77, 0.58 vs. 0.72, respectively).

Data Conclusion

The random forest model based on conventional MRI and clinical data can diagnose PCNSL and brain metastases subtypes (lung and non‐lung origin). Model classification can help foster the diagnostic accuracy of specialists and streamline prognostication workflow.

Evidence Level

4

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
Structural elucidation of two novel degradants of lurasidone and their formation mechanisms under free radical‐mediated oxidative and photolytic conditions via liquid chromatography‐photodiode array/ultraviolet‐tandem mass spectrometry and one‐dimensional/two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Kathy Cheng , Guo Qiaohong , Kuang Zijian , Jin Jianyang , Li Dan , Chen Wenbin , Zhu Wenquan , Li Min
Published: June 2022

Lurasidone is an antipsychotic drug clinically used for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. During a mechanism‐based forced degradation study of lurasidone, two novel degradation products were observed under free radical‐mediated oxidative (via AIBN) and solution photolytic conditions. The structures of the two novel degradants were identified through an approach combining HPLC, LC‐MSn (n = 1, 2), preparative HPLC purification and NMR spectroscopy. The degradant formed under the free radical‐mediated condition is an oxidative degradant with half of the piperazine ring cleaved to form two formamides; a mechanism is proposed for the formation of the novel N,N′‐diformyl degradant, which should be readily applicable to other drugs that contain a piperazine moiety that is widely present in drug molecules. The degradant observed under the solution photolytic condition is identified as the photo‐induced isomer of lurasidone with the benzisothiazole ring altered into a benzothiazole ring.
Re‐emerging human monkeypox: A major public‐health debacle
Authors: Saxena Shailendra K. , Ansari Saniya , Maurya Vimal K. , Kumar Swatantra , Jain Amita , Paweska Janusz T. , Tripathi Anil K. , Abdel‐Moneim Ahmed S.
Published: June 2022

A multicountry outbreak of the monkeypox virus has gained global attention. As of May 25, 250 confirmed human monkeypox cases have been reported globally. Monkeypox is caused by the Monkeypox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus and Poxviridae family. Monkeypox is often a self‐limiting infection, with symptoms lasting 2–4 weeks with the case fatality ratio around 3%–6%. Monkeypox is transmitted to humans by direct contact with an infected person or animal or contact with virus‐contaminated material. Human monkeypox infections may lead to various medical complications such as fever, rash, and lymphadenopathies. Pneumonitis, encephalitis, sight‐threatening keratitis, and subsequent bacterial infections are all possible complications of monkeypox. An antiviral agent developed to treat smallpox has also been approved for use in the treatment of monkeypox in the United States. Vaccines used in the smallpox eradication program also provided immunity to monkeypox. Newer vaccines have been developed, one of which has been approved for monkeypox prevention. In this study, we provide information about the recent outbreaks of human monkeypox, epidemiology, transmission pattern, possible diagnosis techniques, therapeutics, and available preventive strategies.
The implications of cell‐free DNAs derived from tumor viruses as biomarkers of associated cancers
Authors: Wang Yiwei , Li Yanling , Liang Xinyu , Xin Shuyu , Yang Li , Cao Pengfei , Jiang Mingjuan , Xin Yujie , Zhang Senmiao , Yang Yang , Lu Jianhong
Published: June 2022

Cancer is still ranked as a leading cause of death according to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the strong link between tumor viruses and human cancers have been proved for almost six decades. Cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) has drawn enormous attention for its dynamic, instant, and noninvasive advantages as one popular type of cancer biomarker. cfDNAs are mainly released from apoptotic cells and exosomes released from cancer cells, including those infected with viruses. Although cfDNAs are present at low concentrations in peripheral blood, they can reflect tumor load with high sensitivity. Considering the relevance of the tumor viruses to the associated cancers, cfDNAs derived from viruses may serve as good biomarkers for the early screening, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring. In this review, we summarize the methods and newly developed analytic techniques for the detection of cfDNAs from different body fluids, and discuss the implications of cfDNAs derived from different tumor viruses in the detection and treatment monitoring of virus‐associated cancers. A better understanding of cfDNAs derived from tumor viruses may help formulate novel antitumoral strategies to decrease the burden of cancers that attributed to viruses.
Raman signatures of detonation soot
Authors: Villa‐Aleman Eliel , Darvin Jason R. , Nielsen Michael H. , Willey Trevor M.
Published: June 2022

Soot generated from the detonation of nine explosives was investigated with Raman microspectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The first order bands, located at approximately 1,580 (G), 1,350 (D1), 1,620 cm−1 (D2), 1,500 (D3), and 1,200 (D4), are used to provide information on the carbon allotropes and defects. The intensity ratios and the full‐width at half‐maximum provide an indication of the disorder in the material. The Raman spectra of soot acquired from the detonation of nine explosives showed differences which can be used to identify the precursor explosive. Most differences in the spectra were correlated with the presence of amorphous carbon in the soot. In additional to identification of distinct bands in the spectra via deconvolution, principal component analysis was also used to differentiate the different types of soot. HRTEM performed on soot samples with different explosive precursors identified several distinct allotropes of carbon such as nanodiamonds, carbon onions, graphite fibers, and amorphous carbon.
Cuff inflation technique is better than Magill forceps technique to facilitate nasotracheal intubation guiding by GlideScope® video laryngoscope
Authors: Lin Chia‐Heng , Tseng Kuang‐Yi , Su Miao‐Pei , Chuang Wen‐Ming , Hu Ping‐Yang , Cheng Kuang‐I
Published: June 2022

Video laryngoscopy is often selected to assist nasotracheal intubation in allowing better laryngeal visualization, although there is no comparative study evaluating the effectiveness between auxiliary techniques by using Magill forceps and inflated cuff in GlideScope video laryngoscopy for nasotracheal intubation. Fifty‐one of 100 patients in a Magill forceps group and 47 of 100 patients in a cuff inflation group were included in the final analysis in this randomized, single‐blind, parallel, clinical trial study. Induction agents were routinely administered according to body weight, while intubation time spent, attempts, and related side effects were recorded. Compared to the Magill forceps group, the cuff inflation technique shortened the total intubation time (70.0 ± 24.5 s vs. 87.0 ± 25.0 s, p = 0.001) and the time of advancing the nasotracheal tube from oropharyngeal space into the trachea (25.9 ± 16.4 s vs. 42.3 ± 21.2 s, p < 0.001). However, the number of intubation attempts was not significantly different between groups. During tube advancement, the tube was rotated to accommodate the glottis and trachea more frequently in the cuff inflation group (p = 0.009), but the blade of the laryngoscope shifted and was adjusted to the proper position more frequently in the Magill forceps group (p < 0.001). In the Magill forceps group, the tube cuff might be clipped incidentally and the intubator might shift their gaze away from the screen during intubation, although there was no significant difference in intubation‐related side effects between groups. Unlike the conventional approach, nasotracheal intubation with the GlideScope® video laryngoscope using the auxiliary technique of cuff inflation could be more suited than using Magill forceps.
Effects of Silica Support Properties on the Performance of Immobilized Metallocene Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Tran Dennis , Zhang Chen , Choi Kyu Yong
Published: June 2022

The choice of the silica support for α‐olefin polymerization catalysts has overwhelming ramifications on the overall metal loading, catalyst performance, and properties of the resulting polymer. There are several physical properties of a silica support to consider but the pore volume and pore diameter are the two of the most important support properties in such considerations. During the catalyst immobilization process and the subsequent polymerization reaction, the change in the pore volume can either facilitate or inhibit the mass transfer of catalytic compounds and monomers within and throughout the catalyst particle. This work presents the experimental study on the effects of pore diameter and pore volume in porous silica particles used to support rac‐Et(ind)2ZrCl2 catalyst on ethylene polymerization. The amount of immobilized methylaluminoxane (MAO) is varied for three commercially available silica micro‐particles with similar surface areas and particle sizes. It has been observed that each type of silica exhibits different effects of the immobilized MAO on their pore characteristics, although a general trend is observed. Ethylene polymerization in slurry phase with the prepared supported catalysts also shows that the polymerization activities can be correlated with pore diameter and surface area for the three silica supports.
Phosphoproteomic studies of alamandine signaling in CHO‐MrgD and human pancreatic carcinoma cells: An antiproliferative effect is unveiled
Authors: da Silva Filipe Alex , Rodrigues‐Ribeiro Lucas , Melo‐Braga Marcella Nunes , Passos‐Silva Danielle Gomes , Sampaio Walkyria Oliveira , Gorshkov Vladimir , Kjeldsen Frank , Verano‐Braga Thiago , Santos Robson Augusto Souza
Published: June 2022

Alamandine is a heptapeptide from the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) with similar structure/function to angiotensin‐(1‐7) [ang‐(1‐7)], but they act via different receptors. It remains elusive whether alamandine is an antiproliferative agent like ang‐(1‐7). The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential antiproliferative activity of alamandine and the underlying cellular signaling. We evaluated alamandine effect in the tumoral cell lines Mia PaCa‐2 and A549, and in the nontumoral cell lines HaCaT, CHO and CHO transfected with the alamandine receptor MrgD (CHO‐MrgD). Alamandine was able to reduce the proliferation of the tumoral cell lines in a MrgD‐dependent fashion. We did not observe any effect in the nontumoral cell lines tested. We also performed proteomics and phosphoproteomics to study the alamandine signaling in Mia PaCa‐2 and CHO‐MrgD. Data suggest that alamandine induces a shift from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism in the tumoral cells, induces a negative regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and activates the transcriptional factor FoxO1; events that could explain, at least partially, the observed antiproliferative effect of alamandine. This study provides for the first time a comprehensive investigation of the alamandine signaling in tumoral (Mia PaCa‐2) and nontumoral (CHO‐MrgD) cells, highlighting the antiproliferative activity of alamandine/MrgD and its possible antitumoral effect.
“Dual‐Track” platform governance on content: A comparative study between China and United States
Authors: Liu Jinhe , Yang Le
Published: June 2022

An Internet platform carrying information content has dual properties of content (information) and technology (medium). We deconstruct the complicated relationships of platform governance on content in China and the United States by building a theoretical framework of dual‐track governance of content and technology. China's mechanism of platform governance on content focuses more on content governance, while the U.S. focuses more on technology governance. China and the U.S. is dominated by the state and the market separately, forming the two mechanisms of “Statism with Content Regulation First” and “Marketism with Technology Governance First”,  with four different characteristics. TikTok Path, following the "Separation Principle" of content governance and technology governance, is a feasible approach for the platform company that attempts to go abroad to adapt to different or even conflicting governance contexts.
Questioning the poverty line aggregation approach in India: Issues of mismatches and overlaps
Authors: Arora Akarsh , Singh Sukhpal
Published: June 2022

The Rangarajan Expert Group (REG), an official constituted panel of experts, decided to extend the traditional practice of food component‐based poverty line to three components (food, essential nonfood, and other nonfood) based poverty line. Although this multiple component‐based poverty identification is an innovative step; the present study questions the justification for combining the food and nonfood dimensions and estimating poverty just by an aggregated poverty line as presented by the REG. To test this argument empirically, this study evaluates the mismatches and overlaps in poverty identification based on the REG approach of an aggregated poverty line and the proposed component‐specific poverty line approach in the present study, using the unit level data of the 68th round of the Consumption Expenditure Survey of NSSO (conducted during 2011–2012). Our analysis reveals a high proportion of mismatches (with minimal overlaps) and therefore, this nullifies the notion that the REG aggregated poverty line‐based poverty identification is capable of measuring food and nonfood deprivations separately. Moreover, the substantial evidence of misclassification errors between “poor” as per the REG aggregated poverty line and the three constructed categories of poor by the present study namely “Ultra poor,” “Actually poor,” and “Possibly poor” also shows that the REG aggregated poverty line cannot serve as a proxy to represent the extent of joint deprivation in food, essential nonfood, and other nonfood components.
Enigma variations: The multi‐faceted problems of pre‐school wheeze
Authors: Chatziparasidis Grigorios , Bush Andrew
Published: June 2022

Numerous publications on wheezing disorders in children younger than 6 years have appeared in the medical literature over the last decades with the aim of shedding light on the mechanistic pathways (endotypes) and treatment. Nevertheless, there is yet no consensus as to the appropriate way to manage preschool wheeze mainly because of the lack of a clear definition of “preschool asthma” and the paucity of scientific evidence concerning its underlying endotypes. A symptom‐based approach is inadequate since the human airway can respond to external stimuli with a limited range of symptoms and signs, including cough and wheeze, and these manifestations represent the final expression of many clinical entities with potentially different pathophysiologies requiring different individualized treatments. Hence, new studies challenge the symptom‐based approach and promote the importance of managing the wheezy child based on the “airway phenotype.” This will enable the clinician to identify not only the child with a serious underlying pathology (e.g., a structural airway disorder or immunodeficiency) who is in need of prompt and specific treatment but also increase the specificity of treatment for the child with symptoms suggestive of an “asthma” syndrome. In the latter case, focus should be given to the identification of treatable traits. This review summarizes the current understanding in management of preschool wheezing and highlights the unmet need for further research.
DNA damage repair gene germline profiling for metastatic prostate cancer patients of different ancestries
Authors: Abdi Bilal , Basset Noemie , Perrot Emmanuel , Benderra Marc‐Antoine , Khalil Ahmed , Oudard Stephane , Blanchet Pascal , Brureau Laurent , Coulet Florence , Cussenot Olivier , Cancel‐Tassin Geraldine
Published: June 2022

Background

Germline and somatic mutations in DNA damage repair genes (DDRg) are now recognized as new biomarkers for the management of metastatic prostate cancers (mPC). We evaluate the frequency of germline DDRg mutations among French mPC patients of European and African ancestries.

Methods

Targeted next‐generation sequencing of 21 DDRg was performed on germline DNA from 557 mPC patients, including 15.1% of cases with an African origin.

Results

Forty‐seven germline mutations in 11 DDR genes were identified in 46 patients of the total cohort (8.3%). BRCA2 (4.1%) and ATM (2.0%) were the most frequently mutated genes. There was no difference in DDRg mutation frequency between mPC patients of European ancestry and those of African origin. Germline mutations of BRCA2 were associated with a positive family history of breast cancer (p = 0.02). The mean age at metastatic stage (59.7 vs. 67.0; p = 0.0003) and the mean age at death (65.2 vs. 73.9; p = 0.0003) were significantly earlier for carriers of BRCA2 mutation than for non‐carriers. Moreover, the Cox model showed that BRCA2 positive status was statistically associated with poorer survival (hazard ratio: 0.29; 95% confidence interval 0.18–0.48; p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

We showed that, in France, BRCA2 and ATM are the main predisposing DDR genes in mPC patients, with a particular aggressiveness for BRCA2 leading to early metastatic stage and death.