bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Performance of Jujube Fresh Eating Cultivars in the Southwestern United States
Authors: Yao Shengrui , Heyduck Robert , Guldan Steven
Published: November 2019

Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.), also called chinese date, cultivars have not been formally trialed in the United States after the 1950s. Currently, there are five to six commercially available jujube cultivars, with ‘Li’ as the dominant one. Both growers and consumers demand a wider range of cultivars to extend the maturation season and for different uses. We tested jujube cultivars at three locations in New Mexico [U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) hardiness zones 6a, 7a, and 8a] to assess their adaption and performance. These are early performance results for fresh eating cultivars. Jujubes were precocious; 50% to 95% of trees produced during their planting year, depending on cultivar and location. The average yield per tree for trees in their second to fourth year after planting were 409 g, 4795 g, and 5318 g at Alcalde; and 456 g, 3098 g, and 5926 g at Los Lunas, respectively. The yields varied by cultivar and location. ‘Kongfucui’ (‘KFC’) was the most productive cultivar at Alcalde and Los Lunas in both 2017 and 2018, followed by ‘Daguazao’, ‘Gaga’, ‘Honeyjar’, Maya’, ‘Redland’, and ‘Sugarcane’. ‘GA866’, ‘Alcalde #1’, ‘Zaocuiwang’, and ‘Sandia’ had the lowest yields among the 15 cultivars tested. ‘Alcalde #1’ was the earliest to mature with large fruit, suitable for marginal regions with short growing seasons, whereas ‘Sandia’ had the best fruit quality among all cultivars tested, suitable for commercial growers and home gardeners. ‘Maya’, ‘Gaga’, ‘Honeyjar’, and ‘Russian 2’ were very productive, early-midseason cultivars with small fruit but excellent fruit quality—a perfect fit for the home gardener market. ‘Li’, ‘Daguazao’, ‘Redland’, and ‘Shanxi Li’ were productive with large fruit. Cultivars grew faster and produced higher yields, larger fruit, and higher soluble solids at more southerly locations. This article discusses cultivars’ early performance up to the fourth year after planting. This is the first jujube cultivar trial report in the United States since the 1950s.
Dust Interferes with Pollen–Stigma Interaction and Fruit Set in Pistachio Pistacia vera cv. Kerman
Authors: Zhang Lu , Beede Robert Howard , Banuelos Gary , Wallis Christopher M. , Ferguson Louise
Published: November 2019

Springtime flail mowing of row middles for weed control in California pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) orchards blows dust into the leafless canopy if it occurs during bloom. The effect of dust on pistachio pollination and fruit set is unknown. Rachises were bagged prebloom and hand pollinated with pollen and dust mixtures at 1:0, 1:1, 1:4, 1:16, and 0:1 volume/volume ratios on five successive days. The 2016 and 2017 trials demonstrated that the inflorescences treated with a high pollen:dust ratio (0:1, 1:4, and 1:16) had significantly lower split nut rates (commercially less profitable) compared with low dust ratio tests (1:0 and 1:1). Our results also showed that dust damaged both pollen viability and stigma quality, particularly if contaminated with herbicide residues (GlyStar® Plus and Treevix®). Decreased yield was a function of decreased fruit set; increased embryo abortion, parthenocarpy, or both; and a lower split nut percentage. The GA3 content in flowers of both the pollen and dust treatments was significantly higher than that in nonpollinated flowers, suggesting dust stimulated parthenocarpy, resulting in empty nutshells, “blanks” at harvest.
Salt Tolerance of Sego SupremeTM Plants
Authors: Paudel Asmita , Chen Ji Jhong , Sun Youping , Wang Yuxiang , Anderson Richard
Published: November 2019

Sego SupremeTM is a designated plant breeding and introduction program at the Utah State University Botanical Center and the Center for Water Efficient Landscaping. This plant selection program introduces native and adapted plants to the arid West for aesthetic landscaping and water conservation. The plants are evaluated for characteristics such as color, flowering, ease of propagation, market demand, disease/pest resistance, and drought tolerance. However, salt tolerance has not been considered during the evaluation processes. Four Sego SupremeTM plants [Aquilegia barnebyi (oil shale columbine), Clematis fruticosa (Mongolian gold clematis), Epilobium septentrionale (northern willowherb), and Tetraneuris acaulis var. arizonica (Arizona four-nerve daisy)] were evaluated for salt tolerance in a greenhouse. Uniform plants were irrigated weekly with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.25 dS·m−1 as control or a saline solution at an EC of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 dS·m−1 for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks of irrigation, A. barnebyi irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 5.0 dS·m−1 had slight foliar salt damage with an average visual score of 3.7 (0 = dead; 5 = excellent), and more than 50% of the plants were dead when irrigated with saline solutions at an EC of 7.5 and 10.0 dS·m−1. However, C. fruticosa, E. septentrionale, and T. acaulis had no or minimal foliar salt damage with visual scores of 4.2, 4.1, and 4.3, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m−1. As the salinity levels of treatment solutions increased, plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight of C. fruticosa and T. acaulis decreased linearly; plant height of A. barnebyi and E. septentrionale also declined linearly, but their leaf area and shoot dry weight decreased quadratically. Compared with the control, the shoot dry weights of A. barnebyi, C. fruticosa, E. septentrionale, and T. acaulis decreased by 71.3%, 56.3%, 69.7%, and 48.1%, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m−1. Aquilegia barnebyi and C. fruticosa did not bloom during the experiment at all treatments. Elevated salinity reduced the number of flowers in E. septentrionale and T. acaulis. Elevated salinity also reduced the number of shoots in all four species. Among the four species, sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) concentration increased the most in A. barnebyi by 53 and 48 times, respectively, when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 10.0 dS·m−1. In this study, C. fruticosa and T. acaulis had minimal foliar salt damage and less reduction in shoot dry weight, indicating that they are more tolerant to salinity. Epilobium septentrionale was moderately tolerant to saline solution irrigation with less foliar damage, although it had more reduction in shoot dry weight. On the other hand, A. barnebyi was the least tolerant with severe foliar damage, more reduction in shoot dry weight, and a greater concentration of Na+ and Cl–.
Comparing Insect Pollinator Visitation for Six Native Shrub Species and Their Cultivars
Authors: Ricker Jacob G. , Lubell Jessica D. , Brand Mark H.
Published: November 2019

Interest in native landscape plants to support pollinators has increased. Most native plants sold by nurseries are cultivars, and some consumer and conservation groups question the suitability of native cultivars to support pollinators. In 2017 and 2018, insect pollinator visitation was quantified for six native shrub species and one or more cultivars of each species (Aronia melanocarpa, A. melanocarpa ‘UCONNAM012’ Ground Hog®, A. melanocarpa ‘UCONNAM165’ Low Scape Mound®, Clethra alnifolia, C. alnifolia ‘Hummingbird’, C. alnifolia ‘Ruby Spice’, Dasiphora fruticosa, D. fruticosa ‘Goldfinger’, D. fruticosa ‘Pink Beauty’, Hydrangea arborescens, H. arborescens ‘Annabelle’, Kalmia latifolia, K. latifolia ‘Sarah’, Physocarpus opulifolius, and P. opulifolius ‘Monlo’ Diabolo®). Insects were identified into 12 categories (Apis mellifera, Bombus spp., Andrenidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae, other bees, Lepidoptera, Syrphidae, other flies, wasps, Coleoptera, and other insects). The number of inflorescences and insect visitation was similar for C. alnifolia and its cultivars, and the compact cultivar Hummingbird had the greatest floral density. A. melanocarpa had more total visitors of Andrenidae than both of its compact cultivars because it was larger and produced more inflorescences. Compact Aronia cultivars and the straight species were mostly similar for Andrenidae visitation when compared on a per-inflorescence basis. D. fruticosa had more visitors of Bombus spp. and Megachilidae than both of its cultivars. These insects may have been less attracted to ‘Pink Beauty’ because of its pink flower color and ‘Goldfinger’ because of its wider flowers, which result from it being a tetraploid. H. arborescens ‘Annabelle’ had one-third the number of Bombus spp. visitors as H. arborescens because ‘Annabelle’ produces >50% fewer fertile florets. P. opulifolius ‘Monlo’ attracted more syrphids than P. opulifolius possibly because flowers contrasted more strongly with the reddish purple foliage of ‘Monlo’ than with the green foliage of the straight species. Insect visitation was similar for K. latifolia and K. latifolia ‘Sarah’. Based on this work, we determined that native shrub cultivars are not universally less or more attractive to pollinators and must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Response of Fruit Bagging to Lignin Biosynthesis and Expression of Related Genes in Fruit Peel of Sand Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) cv. Cuiguan
Authors: Shi Chun-hui , Wang Xiao-qing , Zhang Xue-ying , Shen Lian-ying , Luo Jun , Zhang Yu-xing
Published: November 2019

This study explored the effects of different colored bags (blue, green, white, yellow, orange, and red) on russet deposition on the peel of semi-russet ‘Cuiguan’ pears 10 days after full bloom (DAFB). The process of russeting of the peel and structure of the cork layer were characterized by microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), followed by the detection of lignin and the activity of enzymes involved in lignin synthesis. The expression of cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase, and peroxidase, which were related to phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, was determined via real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Russeting of the outer peel of ‘Cuiguan’ pear accumulated rapidly at 80 DAFB, and a positive relationship between the russet index and lignin content was observed. Red and infrared (IR) ray, partial far-IR light (600–800 nm), and ultraviolet-A light (350–400 nm) promoted russeting in ‘Cuiguan’ pear peel, whereas green light decreased russeting, the russet index, enzymatic activities, and the expression levels of enzymes involved in lignin synthesis. Values of all these factors were higher for ‘Cuiguan’ pears in red bags than for those in bags of other colors. These findings suggested that spectral components affected the synthesis of lignin and the formation of fruit russet. Storage in green bags reduced russeting and improved fruit appearance.
Exposing Seeds of Sarcococca confusa to Increased Concentrations and Durations of Ethyl Methanesulfonate Reduced Seed Germination, Twinning, and Plant Size
Authors: Hoskins Tyler , Contreras Ryan N.
Published: November 2019

Sweetbox (Sarcococca confusa) is an evergreen shrub valued for attractive foliage, winter fragrance, black fruit, as well as shade and drought tolerance. The high degree of apomixis in Sarcococca limits the effectiveness of conventional breeding practices. However, mutation breeding may be a valuable tool to induce variation in seedling crops. As such, a study was conducted to expose seeds of S. confusa to ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) at varying concentrations and exposure durations, and to evaluate the effects on seed germination, growth, and relative frequency of polyembryony. In 2010, seeds of S. confusa were treated with 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8%, and 1.2% EMS for 24 and 48 hours. Seeds were sown and the relative germination and occurrence of polyembryony were recorded. Seedlings were later evaluated for size and phenotypic variation in the subsequent growing seasons. Percent germination was found to decrease with increasing EMS rates in the 24- and 48-hour treatments. The occurrence of polyembryony also decreased with increasing EMS rates in the 24-hour treatment but was observed to be greatest at 0.2% EMS. No significant differences in plant size index (SI) were found after four growing seasons. When mature, seeds were collected from any plants that bore fruit in each treatment and were then sown. The percentage of plants that bore fruit in each treatment decreased with increasing EMS rates, although the germination rate of these seeds did not differ. A chlorophyll mutant and several dwarf forms were identified in this population as well. They have been propagated asexually for future evaluation as new cultivars. This study demonstrates the utility of chemical mutagenesis to induce phenotypic variation in S. confusa while reducing the rate of polyembryony.
In Vitro Effects of Five Different Classes of Fungicides on Growth and Development of Botrytis cinerea Isolated from Tree Peony in China
Authors: Tian Yuee , Che Zhiping , Sun Di , He Jiaxuan , Liu Shengming , Lin Xiaomin
Published: November 2019

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea has become an important limiting factor for tree peony production. Currently, chemical control is still the main means of managing the disease in China. The objective of this study was to test fungicides with different mechanisms of action in controlling B. cinerea on tree peony. The inhibitory efficacy of five fungicides on four asexual stages was measured in the petri dish containing culture medium amended with a tested fungicide at various concentrations. The results showed that carbendazim had the strongest inhibition effect against all four stages of B. cinerea, with the EC50 values of 0.1037, 0.0563, 0.5578, and 0.0797 mg·L–1, respectively. The inhibitory effect of diethofencarb was only slightly less than that of carbendazim on conidia production, germination, and germ tube elongation. The inhibitory effect of procymidone was second only to that of carbendazim on colony expansion. The results indicated that carbendazim and diethofencarb could be used as protective fungicides to spray in the early stage of disease occurrence to inhibit conidia germination and germ tube elongation, so as to reduce the infection rate of B. cinerea and prevent disease occurrence. Carbendazim, procymidone, and diethofencarb mainly inhibit the reinfection of B. cinerea by inhibiting the growth of mycelium and the production of conidia, so they could be used as control fungicides during the occurrence phase of the disease.
Improving Postharvest Storage Quality of Cucumber Fruit by Modified Atmosphere Packaging and Biomaterials
Authors: Kahramanoğlu İbrahim , Usanmaz Serhat
Published: November 2019

The present study was conducted with the aim of increasing storage duration of cucumber fruits by using eco-friendly edible biomaterials and nanotechnology. Hence, the effects of postharvest-applied lemongrass oil (LO) and propolis extract (PEx), alone or in combination with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), on the weight loss, fruit firmness, sensory index, chilling injury (CI), decay incidence (DI), and soluble solid concentration (SSC) of cucumber fruits were tested. Two different doses (0.2% and 0.5%) of both LO and PEx were tested in present study. Application of LO and PEx was performed by dipping the fruits into the solutions at 21 ± 1 °C for 3 minutes; after drying for 30 minutes, fruits were transferred to a cold room and kept at 4.5 ± 0.5 °C and 95% relative humidity (RH). Studies were continued for 24 days, and quality parameters were measured at 4-day intervals. Two-day shelf-life simulation was also applied to fruits after each interval, and the same quality parameters were observed. Results suggest that the combination of MAP bags with LO or PEx treatment provides better conditions for postharvest storage of cucumbers and that storage duration might be extended to 20 days. Fruits treated with LO or PEx and stored in MAP bags maintained weight and SSC, were firmer, showed lower DI, and expressed lower CI (P < 0.05) throughout storage.
ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF ENVELOPES FROM ORGANIC MATERIALS
Authors: BIKS Yuriy , RATUSHNYAK Georgiy , RATUSHNYAK Olga
Published: November 2019

The paper estimates the thermal perfomance of effective building envelopes from organic materials for the construction of low-rise buildings. The popular types of walls made of natural energy-efficient materials with low carbon footprint are considered in numerical assessment: hempcrete, adobe, strawbale panel, earthbag and cordwood. The influence of the constructive layer type of the envelope on the amount of thermal inertia time is analyzed. It is revealed that the hempcrete wall has the biggest thermal inertia time, the wall of the earthbags has almost ten times smaller. The walls made of adobe and strawbale panels have practically equal time of thermal inertia. For more objective analysis, by taking into account the variety of physical and physical-mechanical parameters of the envelopes’ material, the concept of integral criterion of the envelope energy efficiency potential is proposed. The estimation of the integral criterion of energy efficiency potential is calculated by the Analytic Hierarchy Process and the proposed method is fulfilled. Comparison of the integral criterion of energy efficiency potential for different wall types which was made by menas of two abovementioned methods has shown the same order of magnitude.
Pulsed Laser Annealing Effect on Optical and Structural Properties of ZnS/ZnSe Heterostructures
Authors: Howari Haidar
Published: November 2019

Studies of pulsed laser annealing (PLA) on semiconductor thin films were performed to examine changes of the optical and structural parameters due to the laser heat. Thin films of ZnS/ZnSe were deposited on quartz substrates at a pressure of 8.2*10-6 mbar using PVD technique. These thin films were annealed at different laser powers using CO2 pulsed laser. Transmission and reflection spectra were recorded before and after the annealing process. A decrease in the transmission and reflection spectra after annealing is observed. The absorption coefficient, refractive index, damping coefficient and dielectric constant were calculated before and after the annealing process. Changes in the optical parameters are found after the annealing process. The energy band gaps of ZnS and ZnSe have been determined. Upon annealing, an increase in the absorption coefficient is observed which is due to an improvement in the granular nanostructure of the ZnS/ZnSe thin films. XRD patterns of the prepared samples were obtained before and after the annealing procedure and revealed an enhancement in the crystallite structure upon annealing.
Expression analysis of key enzymes involved in the accumulation of iridoid in Rehmannia glutinosa
Authors: Duan Hongying , Liu Wenxiao , Zeng Yunpeng , Jia Wenjing , Wang Huihui , Zhou Yanqing
Published: November 2019

As the traditional Chinese herb, Rehmannia glutinosa (R. glutinosa) has significant effects on health. The main active ingredient of R. glutinosa is iridoid. In this study, root, stem and leaf of R. glutinosa at five different growth stages were collected, the content of iridoid in R. glutinosa was determinated, and the expression of key enzymes in R. glutinosa was analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR). We found that the content of iridoid was increased continuously during the first three growth stages (I-III) of R. glutinosa. It reached the maximum value in root and leaf at growth stage III of R. glutinosa. However, the content of iridoid was not lower in leaf, compared with root. 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), Geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS), Geraniol 10-hydroxylase (G10H) and 10-hydroxygeraniol oxidoreductase (10HGO) were the key enzymes involved in the synthesis of iridoid in plant, but their expression pattern or level was different in various tissues and stages of R. glutinosa. All appeared tissue specificity and their expression was related to the accumulation of iridoid in R. glutinosa. Thus, DXR, GPPS, G10H and 10HGO might take part in the synthesis of iridoid in R. glutinosa and could be differently regulated during the growth and development of R. glutinosa, which would provide theoretical basis for the research on secondary metabolism of iridoid in R. glutinosa.
TEKNİK BULUŞLAR İLE TASARIM KORUMASI ARASINDA SINIR ÇİZGİSİ: TEKNİK İŞLEVİN TASARIMI ŞEKİLLENDİRMESİ
Authors: KARAASLAN Pelin
Published: November 2019

Her biri Sınai Mülkiyet Kanunu’nda
düzenlenen patent/faydalı model ve tasarım, hak sahibine sağlanan korumanın
konusu bakımından birbirinden ayrılır. Patent ile faydalı model teknik
buluşlara, tasarım ise ürünlerin görünüm özelliklerine yönelik koruma sağlar.
Her ne kadar “teknik işlev” esasen patent ve faydalı model hukuku konusuna
girse de ürünlerin teknik bir işleve dayalı olarak ortaya çıkan görünüm
özellikleri hem tasarım hem de patent (ve faydalı model) korumasından
yararlanabilir. Buna karşın ürünün teknik işlevinin zorunlu kıldığı görünüm
özellikleri tasarım korumasından faydalanamaz. Zira patent ve faydalı model
mevzuatı ile getirilen koruma şartlarını sağlayamayan teknik özelliklerin,
tasarım mevzuatına dayanarak benzer bir tekelci hak elde etmesi kanun koyucunun
tercih etmediği bir durumdur. “Teknik işlevin tasarımı şekillendirmesi” olarak
da adlandırılan, tasarım hakkına getirilen bu istisnadan ne anlaşılması
gerektiği ise Avrupa Birliği Adalet Divanı’nın 2018 yılında verdiği “Doceram”
Kararından sonra yeniden üzerinde düşünülmesi gereken bir konudur. Söz konusu
kararında Divan, şimdiye kadar benimsediğimiz “seçenek özgürlüğü/form
çeşitliliği” kriteri yerine “nedensellik” kriterini değerlendirmenin odak
noktası yaparak tasarım hukukunun kapsamını daraltmıştır.
Farklı Yetersizliği Olan 48-72 Ay Çocuklarda Cinsel Gelişimin İncelenmesi
Authors: ALPTEKİN Ayşe , TEPELİ Kezban
Published: November 2019

Araştırma
nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden Durum Çalışması yönteminde ve nicel araştırma
yöntemlerinden genel tarama modelinde tasarlanmıştır. Farklı yetersizlik
türlerinde yer alan çocukların ( İşitme yetersizliği, zihinsel yetersizlik, ve
otizmli çocuklar ) Cinsel gelişimin belirleyicileri olan cinsel kimlik ve
cinsiyete ilişkin davranışları Selçuk Cinsel Gelişim Ölçeği (36-72 Ay)
kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 20, yazılımı
kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın hedef evrenini 2017-2018 yılları arasında Konya ili
merkez ilçelerinde ikamet eden 48-72 aylık sağlık kurulu tarafından tıbbi,
Rehberlik Araştırma Merkezleri tarafından eğitsel tanılaması yapılmış hafif
düzey sadece bir yetersizliğe sahip ve en az tek kelime düzeyinde ifade edici dil
gelişimini kazanmış yetersizlik türlerindeki çocuklar oluşturmaktadır. Zihinsel
yetersizliği olan çocukların cinsiyete ilişkin davranışları tercih etmeme
nedenleri 5, otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocukların 6, işitme yetersizliği
olan çocukların ise 3 tema altında toplanmıştır. Ayrıca üç grubun cinsel kimlik
kazanımları betimsel olarak karşılaştırılmıştır.
Memlük Devletinde Sultan ve Emîrlerin Hanefîliğe İlgisi
Authors: Ayaz Fatih Yahya , Alibekiroğlu Eren Fatmanur
Published: November 2019

İslâm
tarihindeki en büyük Müslüman Türk devletleri arasında kabul edilen Memlükler
(1250-1517), Haçlılar ve Moğollara karşı büyük başarıları ve bu sayede İslâm
dünyasının hamisi olmaları gibi bazı özellikleri ile tanınmaktadır. Bu devleti
öne çıkaran özellikleri arasında ilme ve ulemaya gösterdiği alaka, kurduğu
birçok medrese vasıtasıyla Sünnîliğin Mısır ve Suriye’de yerleşmesine yönelik
gayretleri de sayılmaktadır. Esasen Eyyûbî Devleti’nin (567-866/1171-1462)
kurucusu Salâhaddin Eyyûbî (567-589/1171-1193) ile başlayan bu faaliyetler
Memlükler tarafından daha da ileriye götürülmüş ve yaygınlaştırılmıştır. Şâfiî mezhebine
mensup olan Salâhaddin Eyyûbî, iktidarı devraldığı Fâtımîler’in (297-567/909-1171)
Mısır ve Suriye’de yaygınlaştırmaya çalıştıkları Şiîliğe karşı bir
tedbir olarak çok sayıda medrese inşasına öncülük yapmış ve bunların Sünnî
öğretiyi yerleştirmesi için gayret etmiş, bu amaca matuf olarak genelde
itikatta Eş‘arî olan Şâfiîlere daha fazla ihtimam göstermiştir. Eyyûbiler’in
halefi olan Memlükler ise Şâfiîliğin yaygınlaştığı Mısır ve Suriye’de bu
mezhebe mensup ulema ve kadıların idarî öncelik ve imtiyazlarına mani olmamakla
birlikte Türklerin yaygın olarak kabul ettiği Hanefîliğe büyük önem
göstermişlerdir. Daha kuruluş döneminden itibaren başlayan Hanefîliğe tutkunluk
bazı sultan ve emîrlerin gayretleriyle daha da ileri götürülmüş hatta idarede
nüfuz sahibi meşhur emîrlerden biri Hanefî mezhebini Şafiîliğin önüne geçirmek
amacıyla çeşitli çalışmalar yapmıştır. Yine önde gelen bazı emîrler bu
sevgilerini ilmî sahaya taşımış, Hanefî mezhebi üzerine eser yazacak kadar ilmî
yetkinliğe ulaşmıştır. Bu çalışmada Hanefî mezhebine tutkun olan bazı Memlük
sultan ve emîrlerinin faaliyetleri ve onların bu faaliyetleri neticesinde diğer
mezheplere mensup ulema ile yaşadıkları çekişme, tartışma vb. hususlar ele
alınmıştır. Böylece Türklerin Müslüman olduktan sonra amelde Hanefîliği tercih
etmeleri meselesine, ülkemizde pek fazla tanınmayan Türk devleti Memlükler’den
bazı örnekler vererek katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır.
Application of Three-dimensional (3D) Tumor Cell Culture Systems and Mechanism of Drug Resistance
Authors: Shehzad Adeeb , Ravinayagam Vijaya , AlRumaih Hamad , Aljafary Meneerah , Almohazey Dana , Almofty Sarah , Al-Rashid Noor A. , Al-Suhaimi Ebtesam A.
Published: November 2019

:

The in-vitro experimental model for the development of cancer therapeutics has always been challenging.
Recently, the scientific revolution has improved cell culturing techniques by applying three dimensional (3D)
culture system, which provides a similar physiologically relevant in-vivo model for studying various diseases
including cancer. In particular, cancer cells exhibiting in-vivo behavior in a model of 3D cell culture is a more
accurate cell culture model to test the effectiveness of anticancer drugs or characterization of cancer cells in comparison
with two dimensional (2D) monolayer. This study underpins various factors that cause resistance to anticancer
drugs in forms of spheroids in 3D in-vitro cell culture and also outlines key challenges and possible solutions
for the future development of these systems.
Oncolytic Virotherapy for Malignant Tumor: Current Clinical Status
Authors: Zhang Yuhui , Liu Zhuoming
Published: November 2019

Oncolytic viruses, as novel biological anti-tumor agents, provide anti-tumor therapeutic effects by
different mechanisms including directly selective tumor cell lysis and secondary systemic anti-tumor immune
responses. Some wide-type and genetically engineered oncolytic viruses have been applied in clinical trials.
Among them, T-Vec has a significant therapeutic effect on melanoma patients and received the approval of the
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as the first oncolytic virus to treat cancer in the US. However, the
mechanisms of virus interaction with tumor and immune systems have not been clearly elucidated and there are
still no “gold standards” for instructions of virotherapy in clinical trials. This Review collected the recent clinical
trials data from 2005 to summarize the basic oncolytic viruses biology, describe the application in recent clinical
trials, and discuss the challenges in the application of oncolytic viruses in clinical trials.
Computational Prediction of Ubiquitination Proteins Using Evolutionary Profiles and Functional Domain Annotation
Authors: Qiu Wangren , Xu Chunhui , Xiao Xuan , Xu Dong
Published: November 2019

Background:

Ubiquitination, as a post-translational modification, is a crucial biological process in cell signaling, apoptosis, and localization. Identification of ubiquitination proteins is of fundamental importance for understanding the molecular mechanisms in biological systems and diseases. Although high-throughput experimental studies using mass spectrometry have identified many ubiquitination proteins and ubiquitination sites, the vast majority of ubiquitination proteins remain undiscovered, even in well-studied model organisms.

Objective:

To reduce experimental costs, computational methods have been introduced to predict ubiquitination sites, but the accuracy is unsatisfactory. If it can be predicted whether a protein can be ubiquitinated or not, it will help in predicting ubiquitination sites. However, all the computational methods so far can only predict ubiquitination sites.

Methods:

In this study, the first computational method for predicting ubiquitination proteins without relying on ubiquitination site prediction has been developed. The method extracts features from sequence conservation information through a grey system model, as well as functional domain annotation and subcellular localization.

Results:

Together with the feature analysis and application of the relief feature selection algorithm, the results of 5-fold cross-validation on three datasets achieved a high accuracy of 90.13%, with Matthew’s correlation coefficient of 80.34%. The predicted results on an independent test data achieved 87.71% as accuracy and 75.43% of Matthew’s correlation coefficient, better than the prediction from the best ubiquitination site prediction tool available.

Conclusion:

Our study may guide experimental design and provide useful insights for studying the mechanisms and modulation of ubiquitination pathways. The code is available at: https://github.com/Chunhuixu/UBIPredic_QWRCHX.
Bioinformatics Analysis based on Multiple Databases Identifies Hub Genes Associated with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zeng Lu , Fan Xiude , Wang Xiaoyun , Deng Huan , Zhang Kun , Zhang Xiaoge , He Shan , Li Na , Han Qunying , Liu Zhengwen
Published: November 2019

Background:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver cancer and the
mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenesis remain elusive.

Objective:

This study aims to mine hub genes associated with HCC using multiple databases.

Methods:

Data sets GSE45267, GSE60502, GSE74656 were downloaded from GEO database. Differentially
expressed genes (DEGs) between HCC and control in each set were identified by limma software.
The GO term and KEGG pathway enrichment of the DEGs aggregated in the datasets (aggregated
DEGs) were analyzed using DAVID and KOBAS 3.0 databases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI)
network of the aggregated DEGs was constructed using STRING database. GSEA software was used
to verify the biological process. Association between hub genes and HCC prognosis was analyzed using
patients’ information from TCGA database by survminer R package.

Results:

From GSE45267, GSE60502 and GSE74656, 7583, 2349, and 553 DEGs were identified respectively.
A total of 221 aggregated DEGs, which were mainly enriched in 109 GO terms and 29
KEGG pathways, were identified. Cell cycle phase, mitotic cell cycle, cell division, nuclear division
and mitosis were the most significant GO terms. Metabolic pathways, cell cycle, chemical carcinogenesis,
retinol metabolism and fatty acid degradation were the main KEGG pathways. Nine hub genes
(TOP2A, NDC80, CDK1, CCNB1, KIF11, BUB1, CCNB2, CCNA2 and TTK) were selected by PPI
network and all of them were associated with prognosis of HCC patients.

Conclusion:

TOP2A, NDC80, CDK1, CCNB1, KIF11, BUB1, CCNB2, CCNA2 and TTK were hub
genes in HCC, which may be potential biomarkers of HCC and targets of HCC therapy.
Recent Advances in Metabolites from Medicinal Plants in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Mir Manzoor A. , Hamdani Syed S. , Sheikh Bashir A. , Mehraj Umar
Published: November 2019

Cancer is the second leading cause of death and morbidity in the world among noncommunicable diseases after cardiovascular ailments. With the advancement in science and research, a number of therapies have been developed to treat cancer, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Chemo and radiotherapy have been in use since the last two decades, however these are not devoid of their own intrinsic problems, such as myelotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity and immunosuppression. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop alternative methods for the treatment of cancer. An increase in the cases of various cancers has encouraged the researchers to discover novel, more effective drugs from plant sources. In this review, fifteen medicinal plants alongside their products with anticancer effects will be introduced and discussed, as well as the most important plant compounds responsible for the anticancer activity of the plant. Several phenolic and alkaloid compounds have been demonstrated to have anticancer effects on various types of cancers. The most fundamental and efficient role exhibited by these secondary plant metabolites against cancer involves removing free radicals and antioxidant effects, induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of angiogenesis. Moreover, recent studies have shown that plants and their metabolites may provide an alternative to the existing approaches, including chemotherapies and radiotherapies, in the treatment of cancer. In this review, a brief overview of important secondary metabolites having anticancer activity will be given, along with the major molecular mechanisms involved in the disease. In addition to this, recent advances in secondary metabolites from various medicinal plants in the prevention and treatment of cancer will be explored.
Identification and Quantification of Antioxidant Compounds in Clarified Cashew Apple Juice ‘Cajuína’
Authors: Porto-Luz Rayssa G.L. , de Moura Amanda J.B. , da Silva Bibiana , Fett Roseane , da Mota Araújo Marcos A. , dos Reis Moreira-Araújo Regilda S.
Published: November 2019

Background:

Cajuína is obtained through clarification of cashew apple juice (Anacardium occidentale L.), a non-diluted and non-fermented beverage, which is prepared from the edible part of the pseudo-fruit.

Objective:

This study sought to identify and quantify phenolic compounds, determine vitamin C content, total flavonoid content, and the antioxidant activity of two commercial brands of clarified cashew apple juice (cajuína) produced in Piauí, Brazil.

Methods:

Spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatography were used.

Results:

A high vitamin C content was found mainly in brand A. A high total phenolic content was observed in brand A, and there was no significant difference in flavonoid content between the two brands. Cajuína had high antioxidant activity, which was confirmed by two methods. The highest value was found for brand A by the DPPH method.

Conclusion:

We concluded that this clarified cashew apple juice has a high antioxidant compound content, and it is a functional food.
Studies onIn vitroInteraction of Ampicillin andPolyalthia longifoliaLeaf Ethyl Acetate Fraction (PLEAF) by Checkerboard Method Against Methicillin ResistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
Authors: Kirubakari Balasupramaniam , Chen Yeng , Kanwar Jagat R. , Shin Lai N. , Sasidharan Sreenivasan
Published: November 2019

Background:

Polyalthia longifolia which originates from India is rich with various useful phytochemicals which are valuable for human health. Accordingly, the current study was conducted to evaluate the combinational antimicrobial activity of P. longifolia Ethyl Acetate Fraction (PLEAF) with ampicillin, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities.

Methods:

The evaluation of the synergistic activity of PLEAF fraction and ampicillin against MRSA local isolate was conducted with various antimicrobial assays.

Results:

The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) values of PLEAF fraction (62.5 μg/mL) and ampicillin (5000 μg/mL) were found to decrease to 15.63 μg/mL for PLEAF and 2500 μg/mL for ampicillin respectively in the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) assay against the MRSA bacteria. The 2,2-diphenyl1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide free radical scavenging activities showed that PLEAF fraction possessed high antioxidant activity and the combinational of PLEAF fraction and ampicillin exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content (TPC) of PLEAF was 168.22 ± 0.00407 μg GAE/g of PLEAF fraction.

Discussion:

henolic compounds might be responsible for the observed antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of PLEAF fraction. In addition, in 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cytotoxicity test against Vero cells the PLEAF fraction was proven to be non-toxic (98.14% of cell viability) and the combination of PLEAF fraction and ampicillin treatment against the Vero cells showed an improved cell viability (52.44%) as compared with ampicillin alone in the treated group.

Conclusions:

The PLEAF fraction works well in combination with ampicillin to kill the MRSA local resistance strain. PLEAF fraction also showed favourable antioxidant activity and improved Vero cell viability in the presence of ampicillin which is an important attribute of PLEAF fraction to be used in the future combinational therapy.
Green Synthesis of Triazole-Based Chemosensors and their Efficacy Towards Mercury Sensing
Authors: Rani Poonam , Lal Kashmiri , Ghule Vikas D. , Shrivastava Rahul
Published: November 2019

Background:

The synthesis of small organic molecules based Hg2+ ions receptors have
gained considerable attention because it is one of the most prevalent toxic metals which is continuously
discharged into the environment by different natural and industrial activities. 1,4-Disubstituted
1,2,3-triazoles have been reported as good chemosensors for the detection of various metal ions including
Hg2+ ions.

Methods:

The synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles (4a-4c) was achieved by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition,
and their binding affinity towards various metal ions and anions were studied by UVVisible
titration experiments. The perchlorate salts of metal ions and tetrabutylammonium salts of
anions were utilized for the UV-Visible experiments. DFT studies were performed to understand the
binding and mechanism on the sensing of 4a toward Hg2+ using the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) method for
4a and B3LYP/LANL2DZ for 4a-Hg2+ species on the Gaussian 09W program.

Results:

The UV-visible experiments indicated that the compounds 4a-4c show a selective response
towards Hg2+ ion in UV-Visible spectra, while other ions did not display such changes in the absorption
spectra. The binding stoichiometry was evaluated by Job’s plot which indicated the 1:1 binding
stoichiometry between receptors (4a-4c) and Hg2+ ion. The detection limit of 4a, 4b and 4c for the
Hg2+ ions was found to be 29.1 nM, 3.5 μM and 1.34 μM, respectively.

Conclusion:

Some 1,2,3-triazole derivatives were synthesized (4a-4c) exhibiting high selectively and
sensitivity towards Hg2+ ions in preference to other ions. Compound 4a has a low detection limit of
29.1 nM and the binding constant of 2.3×106 M-1. Similarly, 4b and 4c also showed selective sensing
towards Hg2+ ions in the μM range. The observed experimental results were corroborated by density
functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Quantitative GC-FID and UHPLC-DAD Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Ginkgo biloba
Authors: Ahn Alessandra von , dos Santos João Henrique Z.
Published: November 2019

Background:

The official compendium of the quantification of ginkgo flavonoids from
Ginkgo biloba extract has been proposed using HPLC. The drawbacks of this technique appear to be
due to the restricted efficiency in terms of the recovery results and suitability of the system for the
quantification of these compounds. This study investigated the potential advantages and limitations
of the development of efficient extraction methods for the recovery of flavonol glycosides (quercetin,
kaempferol and isorhamnetin) and terpene trilactones (bilobalide, ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B and
ginkgolide C) using extraction, quantification and detection techniques, namely, GC-FID and
UHPLC-DAD, which are alternatives to those techniques available in the literature.

Methods:

Two different extraction methodologies have been developed for the determination of flavonoids
(quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin) and terpene trilactones (bilobalide, ginkgolide A,
ginkgolide B and ginkgolide C) using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled to a diode
array detector and gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector.

Results:

In this study, the Ginkgo biloba extract mass, hydrolysis preparation method (with or without
reflux), and volume of the extraction solution seemed to affect the ginkgo flavonoid recovery.
The UHPLC-based method exhibited higher extraction efficiency for ginkgo flavonoid quantification
compared to the pharmacopoeial method. The developed method exhibited higher extraction efficiency
for terpene quantification compared to the previous method that used extractive solution without
pH adjustment, with less time of extraction and less amount of the sample and organic solvent
aliquots.

Conclusion:

The UHPLC and GC analysis methods established in this study are both effective and
efficient. These methods may improve the quality control procedures for ginkgo extract and commercial
products available in today´s natural health product market. The results indicate that redeveloped
extraction methods can be a viable alternative to traditional extraction methods.
Photoluminescence and Magnetic Properties of Undoped and (Mn, Co) co-doped ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Rekaby Mona
Published: November 2019

Objective:

The influence of Manganese (Mn2+) and Cobalt (Co2+) ions doping on the optical
and magnetic properties of ZnO nanoparticles was studied.

Methods:

Nanoparticle samples of type ZnO, Zn0.97Mn0.03O, Zn0.96Mn0.03Co0.01O, Zn0.95Mn0.03
Co0.02O, Zn0.93Mn0.03Co0.04O, and Zn0.91Mn0.03Co0.06O were synthesized using the wet chemical coprecipitation
method.

Results:

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed that the prepared samples exhibited a
single phase of hexagonal wurtzite structure without any existence of secondary phases. Transmission
electron microscope (TEM) images clarified that Co doping at high concentrations has the ability
to alter the morphologies of the samples from spherical shaped nanoparticles (NPS) to nanorods
(NRs) shaped particles. The different vibrational modes of the prepared samples were analyzed
through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements. The optical characteristics and structural
defects of the samples were studied through Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. PL results clarified
that Mn2+ and Co2+ doping quenched the recombination of electron-hole pairs and enhanced the
number of point defects relative to the undoped ZnO sample. Magnetic measurements were carried
out at room temperature using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). (Mn, Co) co-doped ZnO
samples exhibited a ferromagnetic behavior coupled with paramagnetic and weak diamagnetic contributions.

Conclusion:

Mn2+ and Co2+ doping enhanced the room temperature Ferromagnetic (RTFM) behavior
of ZnO. In addition, the signature for antiferromagnetic ordering between the Co ions was revealed.
Moreover, a strong correlation between the magnetic and optical behavior of the (Mn, Co) co-doped
ZnO was analyzed.
A Study on Host Tropism Determinants of Influenza Virus Using Machine Learning
Authors: Kwon Eunmi , Cho Myeongji , Kim Hayeon , Son Hyeon S.
Published: November 2019

Background:

The host tropism determinants of influenza virus, which cause changes in
the host range and increase the likelihood of interaction with specific hosts, are critical for
understanding the infection and propagation of the virus in diverse host species.

Methods:

Six types of protein sequences of influenza viral strains isolated from three classes of
hosts (avian, human, and swine) were obtained. Random forest, naïve Bayes classification, and knearest
neighbor algorithms were used for host classification. The Java language was used for
sequence analysis programming and identifying host-specific position markers.

Results:

A machine learning technique was explored to derive the physicochemical properties of
amino acids used in host classification and prediction. HA protein was found to play the most
important role in determining host tropism of the influenza virus, and the random forest method
yielded the highest accuracy in host prediction. Conserved amino acids that exhibited host-specific
differences were also selected and verified, and they were found to be useful position markers for
host classification. Finally, ANOVA analysis and post-hoc testing revealed that the
physicochemical properties of amino acids, comprising protein sequences combined with position
markers, differed significantly among hosts.

Conclusion:

The host tropism determinants and position markers described in this study can be
used in related research to classify, identify, and predict the hosts of influenza viruses that are
currently susceptible or likely to be infected in the future.
The Relationship Between HIV Antibody Titer, HIV Viral Load, HIV p24 Antigen, and CD4 T-cell Count Among Iranian HIV-positive Patients
Authors: Moradbeigi Majedeh , SeyedAlinaghi SeyedAhmad , Sajadipour Mansour , Dadras Omid , Shojaei Esfandiar , Ahmadi Parisa , Bayanolhagh Saeed , Baesi Kazem , Rasoolinejad Mehrnaz
Published: November 2019

Objective:

This study aimed to simultaneously measure and assess the correlation between
the available HIV infection parameters including HIV antibody, p24 Antigen, CD4 cell
count, and viral load at the different stages of HIV disease among HIV-positive individuals in
Iran.

Materials and methods:

Fifty HIV-positive individuals were classified into three stages (1, 2, and
3) according to the HIV disease stages classification, available in Control of Disease and Prevention
(CDC) guideline. 10 ml of the venous blood sample was collected to run the tests for HIV antibody
and p24 Ag levels, CD4 cell counts, and viral load. Pearson’s correlation test was employed
to calculate the coefficients for the in-between correlation of different HIV parameters in
each stage.

Results:

Of 50 participants, 17 (34%), 25 (50%), and 8 (16%) patients belonged to stages 1, 2, and
3, respectively. Sexual relationship was the main route of HIV transmission among the patients
(36%); however, injecting drug use (20%) was also reported frequently. There was no significant
correlation between the parameters of HIV disease in different stages in the present study.

Conclusion:

The findings showed no correlation between HIV parameters in the present study.
Considering the fact that the association of HIV antibodies with HIV disease progression in infected
individuals is independent of HIV-1 RNA levels, combined measurement of HIV-1 RNA
and CD4 cell counts should be routinely carried out in HIV infected patients follow up.