bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of Land Cover Changes on Reducing Greenhouse Emissions: Site Selection, Baseline Modeling, and Strategic Environmental Assessment of REDD+ Projects
Authors: Parsamehr Koosha , Gholamalifard Mehdi , Kooch Yahya , Azadi Hossein , Scheffran Jürgen
Published: February 2023

Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) is way key to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) while also protecting vulnerable forest ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to recognize suitable areas for REDD+ Programme projects and calculate the reduction in CO2 emissions through the prevention of forest cover degradation in the Central Hyrcanian forests. For this purpose, the cover changes of the Central Hyrcanian forests were assessed using LANDSAT satellite images. Applying the voluntary carbon standard (VCS) methodology and the calibration period 1984–2014 (30 years), forest cover changes were predicted. The results showed that under the business‐as‐usual scenario, 155,698 ha of Central Hyrcanian forests will be declined by 2044. In general, the REDD+ Programme project implementation will prevent the release of 1,209,231 tCO2e. Based on the social cost of carbon (SCC) approach, the REDD+ Programme project implementation can save 12,092,310 US$. In addition, this approach can be used for the project design document (PDD) of the forest development mechanism.
Quantifying the effect of a retrogressive thaw slump on soil freeze–thaw erosion in permafrost regions on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China
Authors: Jiao Chenglong , Wang Yizhao , Shan Yi , He Peifeng , He Junlin
Published: February 2023

Thermokarst terrain is developing at an accelerating pace in the ice‐rich permafrost on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP), China, and the most dramatic of  these terrain‐altering thermokarsts is retrogressive thaw slump (RTS). The freeze–thaw erosion (FTE) impacts are sharply increasing on the Plateau due to RTS, especially as a result of  the migration of fine sediments in cold climates, these impacts are still not quantified due to the limitation of hydro‐thermal‐mass transport laws in RTS development. Moreover, it is difficult to assess the impact of RTS on the ecology and environment, especially on soil erosion. This study developed a heat–water‐mass transport coupled model of a RTS in the Beiluhe River Region on the QTP, considering the actual topography, water‐ice phase change, latent heat, and surface heat exchange layer. Based on the observed data of ground temperature, unfrozen water content, and heat flux, the coupled model herein is practicable for presenting the geotemperature regime and groundwater flow in the RTS area, thereby quantifying the ice‐rich permafrost thaw and mass wasting. The results presented indicate that: (1) the seepage velocity of the superficial zone (0–1.5 m depth) is two orders of magnitude higher than that of the permafrost table; (2) the mean ice‐rich permafrost thaw volume was 13.4 m2 from 2016 to 2021; and (3) the cumulative mass transport volume was 22 m2 from July 2020 to September 2021. In addition, the relation between the FTE (shown as the migration of sediments) and the amount of ground ice ablation can be fitted by an exponential equation. This work proposes a reliable method for quantifying the effect of FTE and is helpful to assess the eco‐environmental impacts of RTS.
Mechanically Tunable Terahertz Circular Polarizer with Versatile Functions
Authors: You Xiaolong , Ako Rajour T. , Bhaskaran Madhu , Sriram Sharath , Fumeaux Christophe , Withayachumnankul Withawat
Published: February 2023

Circular polarizers that selectively transmit only one handedness of circular polarization are useful for imaging and wireless communications. Conventional circular polarizers involve 3D chiral structures, which impose fabrication challenges, while typically introducing chirality within a limited bandwidth. To overcome the limitations associated with conventional non‐planar designs, a three‐layer metasurface‐based planar circular polarizer exhibiting strong and broadband chirality is presented here. Its superiority over existing multilayer designs is derived from a systematic design procedure. Measurement results reveal that the proposed structure maintains a 15‐dB extinction ratio from 251 to 293 GHz for the preferred handedness of circular polarization, leading to a fractional bandwidth of 15.4% with a transmission efficiency above 92.7%. Furthermore, the proposed structure is mechanically tunable to alter its functionality or operation bandwidth. Specifically, through simply rotating the top or bottom metallic layer by 90°, the structure can function as a transmissive quasi‐half‐wave plate that reverses the sense of circular polarization. Moreover, the presented structure can operate at nearby frequency ranges for the aforementioned functionalities by mechanically adjusting the air gap spacings between the metallic layers. Further calculations based on the measured results of each layer suggest that the proposed structure is robust to deviations in the air gap spacings.
Broadband, Low‐Crosstalk, and Massive‐Channels OAM Modes De/Multiplexing Based on Optical Diffraction Neural Network
Authors: Liu Zhibing , Gao Shecheng , Lai Zhaoyu , Li Yuru , Ao Zhaohuan , Li Jinpei , Tu Jiajing , Wu Yanxiong , Liu Weiping , Li Zhaohui
Published: February 2023

Optical communication technology based on the wavelength, time, polarization, and complex amplitude of light is approaching a bottleneck, while the spatial dimension is relatively unexplored. Orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams are an important group of spatial light beams that are promising for increasing the optical communication capacity based on their orthogonality. To effectively utilize this spatial dimension of light, broadband and low‐crosstalk OAM mode de/multiplexing devices are indispensable. In this work, by exploiting an optical diffraction neural network, a low‐crosstalk OAM de/multiplexer operating in the full C+L band is developed and demonstrated. The device can support 16 OAM modes (l = ±1 to ±8) with 5 phase plates (8‐level phase), and the designed insertion loss and average intermode crosstalk are better than −2.8 and −30.9 dB, respectively. In particular, multiplexing and demultiplexing are experimentally performed on the same device. The measured average insertion loss in mutltiplexing and demulteplexing is −6.1 to −5.4 and −6.8 to −5.8 dB, respectively, and the corresponding average intermode crosstalk is −27.2 to −22.7 and −26.5 to −22.4 dB. The results in this work have great application prospects for the design of mode de/multiplexers and mode division multiplexing communication systems.
Metallic Plasmonic Nanostructure Arrays for Enhanced Solar Photocatalysis
Authors: Jia Huaping , Tsoi Chi Chung , Abed Abdel El , Yu Weixing , Jian Aoqun , Sang Shengbo , Zhang Xuming
Published: February 2023

Plasmon‐enhanced photocatalysis has emerged as a promising technology for solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion. Compared to isolated or disordered metal nanostructures, by controlling the morphology, composition, size, spacing, and dispersion of individual nanocomponents, plasmonic nanostructure arrays with coupling architectures yield strong broadband light‐harvesting capability, efficient charge transfer, enhanced local electromagnetic fields, and large contact interfaces. Although metallic nanostructure arrays are extensively studied for various applications, such as refractive index sensing, surface‐enhanced spectroscopy, plasmon‐enhanced luminescence, plasmon nanolasing, and perfect light absorption, the connection between surface plasmon resonance and enhanced photocatalysis remains relatively unexplored. In this study, an overview of plasmonic nanostructure arrays over a broad range, from 0D to 3D, for efficient photocatalysis is presented. By reviewing the fundamental mechanisms, recent applications, and latest developments of plasmonic nanostructure arrays in solar‐driven chemical conversion, this study reports on the latest guidance toward the integration of plasmonic nanostructures for functional devices in the fields of plasmonic, photonics, photodetection, and solar‐energy harvesting.
Hydrogel‐Based Reconfigurable Visualization with Pixel‐Scale Programmability by Vapor Exhalation
Authors: Hu Wanlin , Dai Chenjie , Wan Shuai , Li Zhe , Tang Jiao , Li Zhongyang
Published: February 2023

Heading toward real‐life applications outside the laboratory, a longstanding obstacle for meta‐optics is to achieve an easy‐accessible tuning approach with practical characteristics, including a large tuning area, low complexity, low cost, and low energy consumption. Water (H2O) stimuli, a ubiquitous substance in nature, can potentially serve as a rescue solution and has attracted broad interest. However, despite its great simplicity, water tuning still faces an unresolved but critical challenge, that is, to enable independent‐programmable functionalities transformation. Herein, a pixel‐scale programmable visualization transformation simply tuned by exhaling water vapors through constructing a hydrogel‐based reconfigurable architectural metasurface (HRAM) with its geometric sensitivity to water molecules is originally demonstrated. Due to the moisture‐induced resonant mode switch from HRAM scaling up/down, the amplitude‐programmable meta‐pixels for obtaining multi‐channel encoding freedom are successfully created. Via simply exhaling vapors to the sample pattern, it dynamically exhibits independent‐programmable visualization (nanoprinting and meta‐holography) switch in real‐time at the prior‐/post‐humid states, beyond the conventional coloring change or simply on‐and‐off style switch utilizing humidity tuning scheme. Such a tuning strategy with good programmability, repeatability, and a large tuning area would blaze new trails for meta‐display dynamics in practical applications, including display/cosmetics, information storage/encryption, and humidity sensors.
Structure and Dynamics of Temperature‐Responsive Microgels and Hydrogels by NMR Spectroscopy, Relaxometry, and Diffusometry
Authors: Demco Dan E. , Pich Andrij
Published: February 2023

Stimuli‐responsive polymer networks like microgels and hydrogels possess a variety of properties that need to be analyzed for their rational design and successful application in the targeted field of interest. Nanoscale characterization of gels can be achieved by highly selective and sensitive techniques including high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy, relaxometry, and diffusometry. This review is focusing on recent results using 1H and 13C 1D and 2D NMR techniques, which give chemically site‐selective information about the polymer network revealing the interplay between structure and dynamics of polymer networks at the nanoscale level. By that, NMR can allow to obtain information about i) internal structure, ii) stimuli‐induced phase transition, iii) mesh size, and iv) aggregation of microgels and hydrogels. The rational design of responsive microgels and hydrogels with application in drug delivery, cell carrier systems, catalysis, actuators, and as antibacterial agent can be made, if crucial polymer network properties can be correlated with cross‐linking density, type of cross‐link interactions, electrical charges, hydrophobic nano‐structuring, and dispersion concentration.
Numerical approach to solve Caputo‐Fabrizio‐fractional model of corona pandemic with optimal control design and analysis
Authors: Hanif Asma , Kashif Butt Azhar Iqbal , Ahmad Waheed
Published: February 2023

In this manuscript, we have studied the dynamical behavior of a deadly COVID‐19 pandemic which has caused frustration in the human community. For this study, a new deterministic SEIHR fractional model is developed for the first time. The purpose is to perform a complete mathematical analysis and the design of an optimal control strategy for the proposed Caputo–Fabrizio fractional model. We have proved the existence and uniqueness of solutions by employing principle of mathematical induction. The positivity and the boundedness of solutions is proved using comprehensive mathematical techniques. Two main equilibrium points of the pandemic model are stated. The basic reproduction number for the model is computed using next generation technique to handle the future dynamics of the pandemic. We develop an optimal control problem to find the best controls for the quarantine and hospitalization strategies employed on exposed and infected humans, respectively. For numerical solution of the fractional model, we implemented the Adams–Bashforth method to prove the importance of order. A general fractional‐order optimal control problem and associated optimality conditions of Pontryagin type are discussed, with the goal to minimize the number of exposed and infected humans. The extremals are obtained numerically.
Silicone‐based materials with tailored MR relaxation characteristics for use in reduced coil visibility and in tissue‐mimicking phantom design
Authors: Motovilova Elizaveta , Aronowitz Eric , Vincent Jana , Shin James , Tan Ek Tsoon , Robb Fraser , Taracila Victor , Sneag Darryl B. , Dyke Jonathan P. , Winkler Simone Angela
Published: February 2023

Background

The development of materials with tailored signal intensity in MR imaging is critically important both for the reduction of signal from non‐tissue hardware, as well as for the construction of tissue‐mimicking phantoms. Silicone‐based phantoms are becoming more popular due to their structural stability, stretchability, longer shelf life, and ease of handling, as well as for their application in dynamic imaging of physiology in motion. Moreover, silicone can be also used for the design of stretchable receive radio‐frequency (RF) coils.

Purpose

Fabrication of materials with tailored signal intensity for MRI requires knowledge of precise T1 and T2 relaxation times of the materials used. In order to increase the range of possible relaxation times, silicone materials can be doped with gadolinium (Gd). In this work, we aim to systematically evaluate relaxation properties of Gd‐doped silicone material at a broad range of Gd concentrations and at three clinically relevant magnetic field strengths (1.5 T, 3 T, and 7 T). We apply the findings for rendering silicone substrates of stretchable receive RF coils less visible in MRI. Moreover, we demonstrate early stage proof‐of‐concept applicability in tissue‐mimicking phantom development.

Materials and Methods

Ten samples of pure and Gd‐doped Ecoflex silicone polymer samples were prepared with various Gd volume ratios ranging from 1:5000 to 1:10, and studied using 1.5 T and 3 T clinical and 7 T preclinical scanners. T1 and T2 relaxation times of each sample were derived by fitting the data to Bloch signal intensity equations. A receive coil made from Gd‐doped Ecoflex silicone polymer was fabricated and evaluated in vitro at 3 T.

Results

With the addition of a Gd‐based contrast agent, it is possible to significantly change T2 relaxation times of Ecoflex silicone polymer (from 213 ms to 20 ms at 1.5 T; from 135 ms to 17 ms at 3 T; and from 111.4 ms to 17.2 ms at 7 T). T1 relaxation time is less affected by the introduction of the contrast agent (changes from 608 ms to 579 ms; from 802.5 ms to 713 ms at 3 T; from 1276 ms to 979 ms at 7 T). First results also indicate that liver, pancreas, and white matter tissues can potentially be closely mimicked using this phantom preparation technique. Gd‐doping reduces the appearance of the silicone‐based coil substrate during the MR scan by up to 81%.

Conclusions

Gd‐based contrast agents can be effectively used to create Ecoflex silicone polymer‐based phantoms with tailored T2 relaxation properties. The relative low cost, ease of preparation, stretchability, mechanical stability, and long shelf life of Ecoflex silicone polymer all make it a good candidate for “MR invisible” coil development and bears promise for tissue‐mimicking phantom development applicability.
Exploring the perceptions of how living with osteoarthritis affects employed people's work productivity
Authors: Ching Angela , Prior Yeliz
Published: February 2023

Background

Working people with osteoarthritis (OA) can experience difficulties at work due to pain and activity limitation.

Objective

To explore the impact of biopsychosocial factors on work participation in employed people with OA.

Methods

An explorative, qualitative, semi‐structured one‐to‐one telephone interview study. Employed people living with OA were recruited through an arthritis volunteer database and social media. Data was analysed using Thematic Analysis.

Findings

Participants (n = 15) included people with OA in any joints from mixture of careers. Themes were: (1) Effects of OA on work participation, (2) Impact of workplace support and accommodations on employment, and (3) Importance of clinical support and management.

Conclusion

Impact of OA on people's work productivity results in a spill over into their home lives. Work transitions and adaptations are not always available. Employers need to be educated to support employees to create a positive work environment and promote available workplace support.
Fibrous electrospun polycaprolactone nanomat reinforced with halloysite nanotubes: Preparation and study of its potential application as tissue engineering scaffold
Authors: Hagh Haleh Bakhtkhosh , Unsworth Larry D. , Doustdar Fatemeh , Olad Ali
Published: February 2023

In this work, the biocompatible and biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL) was synthesized by a ring‐opening synthesis mechanism. To improve the mechanical and biological properties of the polymer, electrospun nanocomposite scaffolds were prepared using halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as the reinforcing agent with the concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% (w/w) of PCL. PCL‐HNTs composites were prepared as fibrous nanomats by electrospinning method. The morphology and wettability of the electrospun PCL‐HNTs nanomats were investigated by scanning electron microscope images and water contact angel measurement and based on the structure of the fibers, fibers diameter and higher wettability, the PCL‐HNT composite containing 5% (w/w) of halloysite nanotubes (PCL + 5%HNTs) was selected as the proper composite and its application as tissue engineering scaffold was studied. The mechanical properties of the PCL + 5%HNTs composite was 2.6 times higher than that of PCL, as well as, comparatively higher thermal stability. To improve the antibacterial properties, HNTs were loaded with gentamycin sulfate (GM) prior to electrospinning and the PCl + 5%HNTs+GM composite were prepared and studied. The drug release profile showed that by the incorporation of HNTs into the PCL based composites, slow drug release was continued for 164 h, while neat HNTs were completed the drug release after 8 h. The GM loaded composite scaffold showed a high antibacterial effect for Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli. Adequate cell growth environment was provided by PCL + 5%HNTs, as indicated by the biocompatibility and protein adsorption test results. The hemolytic assay results showed a higher hemolysis value for the HNTs‐containing sample, but still lower than 5%.
Short‐term outcome after the prenatal diagnosis of right aortic arch
Authors: Bet Bo B. , Snoep Maartje C. , van Leeuwen Elisabeth , Linskens Ingeborg H. , Haak Monique C. , Rozendaal Lieke , Knobbe Ingmar , van Schuppen Joost , Hoekstra Carlijn E. L. , Koolbergen David R. , Clur Sally‐Ann , Pajkrt Eva
Published: February 2023

Objectives

To determine the proportion of children that require surgery in the first year of life and thereafter in order to improve the counseling of parents with a fetus with a right aortic arch (RAA).

Methods

Fetuses diagnosed with isolated RAA, defined as the absence of intra‐ or extracardiac anomalies, between 2007 and 2021 were extracted from the prospective registry PRECOR.

Results

In total, 110 fetuses were included, 92 with a prenatal diagnosis of RAA and 18 with double aortic arch (DAA). The prevalence of 22q11 deletion syndrome was 5.5%. Six pregnancies were terminated and five cases were false‐positive; therefore, the follow‐up consisted of 99 neonates. Surgery was performed in 10 infants (10%) in the first year of life. In total, 25 (25%) children had surgery at a mean age of 17 months. Eight of these 25 (32%) had a DAA. Only one child, with a DAA, required surgery in the first week of life due to obstructive stridor.

Conclusions

Children with a prenatally diagnosed RAA are at a low risk of acute respiratory postnatal problems. Delivery in a hospital with neonatal intensive care and pediatric cardiothoracic facilities seems only indicated in cases with suspected DAA. Expectant parents should be informed that presently 25% of the children need elective surgery and only incidentally due to acute respiratory distress.
Tying research question and analytical strategy when variables are affected by medication use
Authors: Choi Jungyeon , Dekkers Olaf M. , le Cessie Saskia
Published: February 2023

Ill‐defined research questions could be particularly problematic in an epidemiological setting where measurements fluctuate over time due to intercurrent events, such as medication use. When a research question fails to specify how medication use should be handled methodologically, arbitrary decisions may be made during the analysis phase, which likely leads to a mismatch between the intended question and the performed analysis. The mismatch can result in vastly different or meaningless interpretations of estimated effects. Thus, a research question such as “what is the effect of X on Y?” requires further elaboration, and it should consider whether and how medication use has affected the measurements of interest. In our study, we will discuss how well‐defined questions can be formulated when medication use is involved in observational studies. We will distinguish between a situation where an exposure is affected by medication use and where the outcome of interest is affected by medication use. For each setting, we will give examples of different research questions that could be asked depending on how medication use is considered in the estimand and discuss methodological considerations under each question.
Physics‐informed Transfer Learning for Out‐of‐sample Vapor Pressure Predictions
Authors: Lansford Joshua L. , Jensen Klavs F. , Barnes Brian C.
Published: February 2023

Recent advances have enabled machine learning methodologies developed for large datasets to be applied to the small experimental datasets typically available for chemical systems. Such advances typically involve a data‐based approach to transfer learning, where a portion of the experimental data for the property of interest is used to fine‐tune a model that is pre‐trained on computationally generated data. This transfer learning approach does not work for very small experimental datasets, where there are only enough data for model validation. Here, we develop a physics‐informed transfer learning strategy to train a directed‐message passing neural network (D‐MPNN) model, enabling extrapolation outside of the training domain. We demonstrate this approach by training a D‐MPNN model on interpolated vapor pressures and validate the model on an out‐of‐sample test set of energetic molecule vapor pressures, achieving accuracy comparable to those of experiments.
Postoperative limb alignment in total knee replacement. Conventional versus navigated versus robotic techniques
Authors: Durán‐Serrano María , Lizcano‐Palomares Miguel , Laclériga‐Giménez Antonio Francisco , Roche‐Albero Adrián , Delfau‐Lafuente Daniel , Martín‐Hernández Carlos
Published: February 2023

Background

Our objective was to compare the coronal mechanical axis after total knee replacement (TKR) obtained in three groups of patients subjected to conventional, navigated, and robotic surgery.

Methods

Retrospective analysis.

Results

124 knees were included (36 conventional, 41 navigated, 47 robotic). No statistically significant differences were found between the postOp tibiofemoral angle of the conventional, navigated and robotic groups (p = 0.396). A repeated‐measure analysis of preOp‐to‐postOp also found no significant differences (p = 0.387). There were no differences in the proportion of outliers (3‐degree) found (p = 0.211). Nevertheless, a higher proportion of patients in the robotic group improved their mechanical alignment, as compared with conventional surgery (p = 0.023), although no differences were found when comparing with navigation (p = 0.121).

Conclusions

No statistically significant differences were found with respect to the postOp alignment achieved. However, statistically significant differences were detected between robotic and conventional surgery when considering the percentage of patients with improved limb alignment.
Feature‐specific inference for penalized regression using local false discovery rates
Authors: Miller Ryan , Breheny Patrick
Published: February 2023

Penalized regression methods such as the lasso are a popular approach to analyzing high‐dimensional data. One attractive property of the lasso is that it naturally performs variable selection. An important area of concern, however, is the reliability of these selections. Motivated by local false discovery rate methodology from the large‐scale hypothesis testing literature, we propose a method for calculating a local false discovery rate for each variable under consideration by the lasso model. These rates can be used to assess the reliability of an individual feature, or to estimate the model's overall false discovery rate. The method can be used for any level of regularization. This is particularly useful for models with a few highly significant features but a high overall false discovery rate, a relatively common occurrence when using cross validation to select a model. It is also flexible enough to be applied to many varieties of penalized likelihoods including generalized linear models and Cox regression, and a variety of penalties, including the minimax concave penalty (MCP) and smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) penalty. We demonstrate the validity of this approach and contrast it with other inferential methods for penalized regression as well as with local false discovery rates for univariate hypothesis tests. Finally, we show the practical utility of our method by applying it to a case study involving gene expression in breast cancer patients.
3D Printed Solid Polymer Electrolytes with Bicontinuous Nanoscopic Domains for Ionic Liquid Conduction and Energy Storage
Authors: Melodia Daniele , Bhadra Abhirup , Lee Kenny , Kuchel Rhiannon , Kundu Dipan , Corrigan Nathaniel , Boyer Cyrille
Published: February 2023

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) offer several advantages compared to their liquid counterparts, and much research has focused on developing SPEs with enhanced mechanical properties while maintaining high ionic conductivities. The recently developed polymerization‐induced microphase separation (PIMS) technique offers a straightforward pathway to fabricate bicontinuous nanostructured materials in which the mechanical properties and conductivity can be independently tuned. In this work SPEs with tunable mechanical properties and conductivities are prepared via digital light processing 3D printing, exploiting the PIMS process to achieve nanostructured ion‐conducting materials for energy storage applications. A rigid crosslinked poly(isobornyl acrylate‐stat‐trimethylpropane triacrylate) scaffold provided materials with room temperature shear modulus above 400 MPa, while soft poly(oligoethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate) domains containing the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis‐(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide endowed the material with ionic conductivity up to 1.2 mS cm−1 at 30 °C. These features make the 3D‐printed SPE very competitive for applications in all solid energy storage devices, including supercapacitors.
Sequential Sol‐Gel Self‐Assembly and Nonclassical Gel‐Crystal Transformation of the Metal‐Organic Framework Gel
Authors: Fu Jiarui , He Ziyan , Schott Eduardo , Fei Honghan , Tu Min , Wu Yi‐nan
Published: February 2023

Metal‐organic framework (MOF) gel, an emerging subtype of MOF structure, is unique in formation and function; however, its evolutionary process remains elusive. Here, the evolution of a model gel‐based MOF, UiO‐66(Zr) gel, is explored by demonstrating its sequential sol‐gel self‐assembly and nonclassical gel‐crystal transformation. The control of the sol‐gel process enables the observation and characterization of structures in each assembly stage (phase‐separation, polycondensation, and hindered‐crystallization) and facilitates the preparation of hierarchical materials with giant mesopores. The gelation mechanism is tentatively attributed to the formation of zirconium oligomers. By further utilizing the pre‐synthesized gel, the nonclassical gel‐crystal transformation is achieved by the modulation in an unconventional manner, which sheds light on crystal intermediates and distinct crystallization motions (“growth and splitting” and “aggregation and fusion”). The overall sol‐gel and gel‐crystal evolutions of UiO‐66(Zr) enrich self‐assembly and crystallization domains, inspire the design of functional structures, and demand more in‐depth research on the intermediates in the future.
Activated FeS2@NiS2 Core–Shell Structure Boosting Cascade Reaction for Superior Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Lulu , Rong Ju , Yang Yongqiang , Zhu Huaze , Yu Xiaohua , Chen Chunlin , Cheng Hui‐Ming , Liu Gang
Published: February 2023

Unlike single‐step reactions, multi‐step reactions can be greatly facilitated only if all the intermediate reactions can be catalyzed simultaneously and progressively. Herein, the theoretical analysis and experiments to illustrate the superiority of the cascade oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are conducted. As different OER intermediate reactions demand FexNi1‐xOOH with altered Fe/Ni ratios, gradient Fe‐doped NiOOH can be an ideal electrocatalyst for the efficient cascade OER in line. Fine controlling of the nucleation sequence of iron and nickel sulfides leads to a FeS2@NiS2 core–shell structure. The activated outward diffusion of Fe dopants results in the gradient Fe/Ni ratios in the FexNi1‐xOOH shell, where a cascade OER can happen. Electrochemical tests suggest that the FeS2@NiS2 only needs an overpotential of 237 mV to reach the current density of 10 mA cm−2, with fast reaction kinetics and good stability.
An end‐to‐end artificial intelligence platform enables real‐time assessment of superionic conductors
Authors: Wang Zhilong , Han Yanqiang , Cai Junfei , Chen An , Li Jinjin
Published: February 2023

Superionic conductors (SCs) exhibiting low ion migration activation energy (Ea) are critical to the performance of electrochemical energy storage devices such as solid‐state batteries and fuel cells. However, it is challenging to obtain Ea experimentally and theoretically, and the artificial intelligence (AI) method is expected to bring a breakthrough in predicting Ea. Here, we proposed an AI platform (named AI‐IMAE) to predict the Ea of cation and anion conductors, including Li+, Na+, Ag+, Al3+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu(2)+, F−, and O2−, which is ~105 times faster than traditional methods. The proposed AI‐IMAE is based on crystal graph neural network models and achieves a holistic average absolute error of 0.19 eV, a median absolute error of 0.09 eV, and a Pearson coefficient of 0.92. Using AI‐IMAE, we rapidly discovered 316 promising SCs as solid‐state electrolytes and 129 SCs as cathode materials from 144,595 inorganic compounds. AI‐IMAE is expected to completely solve the challenge of time‐consuming Ea prediction and blaze a new trail for large‐scale studies of SCs with excellent performance. As more experimental and high‐precision theoretical data become available, AI‐IMAE can train custom models and transfer the existing models to new models through transfer learning to constantly meet more demands.
Dynamic code compression for JavaScript engine
Authors: Park Hyukwoo , Kim Seonghyun , Bae Boram
Published: February 2023

Web applications created using web languages such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are widely used regardless of execution environments, owing to their portability and popularity. Since JavaScript language is conventionally used for complex computations in large‐scale web apps, many optimization techniques have been proposed to accelerate the JavaScript performance. However, most of these optimizations speed up JavaScript engines at the expense of consuming more memory. Hence, memory consumption becomes an additional concern in the JavaScript field. Based on the research on memory status, we unearthed that a substantial portion of the heap memory is allocated for JavaScript source code, particularly in lightweight JavaScript engines, which may range from 13.2% to a maximal 52.5% of the entire heap. To resolve this memory issue, this article suggests a new memory optimization method, called dynamic code compression that dynamically compresses the source code and keeps its compressed form instead of the source string. A novel heuristic is proposed to timely compress the source code. We also re‐design the internal structure of the JavaScript engine to efficiently compress the source code without incurring any conflict. Using our code compression method, we could reduce the entire heap memory by up to 43.3% and consistently downsize the overall heap size. From an evaluation of standard benchmarks, our approach showed just 2.7% degradation in performance with negligible compression overhead, proving the feasibility of the code compression technique.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties of Improved 40CrNi2Si2MoV Steel
Authors: Tang Yuanshou , Si Yu , Yu Shuoshuo , Xu Zhengmeng , Cao Pengjun , Li Shouhua , Zhang Longzhu , Li Kejian
Published: February 2023

Ultrahigh‐strength steel (2000 MPa) is a key material widely used in national defense, aerospace, and various other sectors. This kind of steel is more likely to break as its strength increases. To improve its toughness, it is crucial to fully understand the strengthening and toughening mechanisms, microstructural evolution characteristics, and heat‐treatment parameters of ultrahigh‐strength steel. Herein, an improved 40CrNi2Si2MoV test steel is designed based on the composition of the 40CrNi2Si2MoV ultrahigh‐strength martensitic steel and is subjected to quenching at 860/900/930/1050/1150 °C. The effects of microstructural changes on the test materials are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and other characterization methods. The results show that at a quenching temperature of 1050 °C, the material exhibits an elongation of 8.2% and a strength as high as 2200 MPa owing to the coupled effects of complex multicomponent laths, substructures, dislocations, and nano‐precipitates.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Gurson–Tveergard–Needleman Model Parameters for AISI 1045 Steel
Authors: Öztekin Vehbi , Yılmaz Şafak
Published: February 2023

Herein, the determination and verification of the Gurson–Tveergard–Needleman (GTN) damage model parameters are studied. AISI 1045 steel is examined in two conditions, as‐received and normalized, showing Luders strain. Experimental and numerical methods are used to obtain and verify the parameters. Instead of using advanced experimental techniques, the experimental part of the parameter identification is employed by utilizing tensile tests and density measurements. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs of the nondeformed material surface and rupture surface of tensile specimens are examined to identify the initial void volume fraction (f0) and nucleated volume void fraction (fN) at the rupture. The critical (fc) and final (ff) void volume fractions are employed with density measurements of tensile test specimen sections. Thus, all six different GTN parameters are determined experimentally with the usual techniques. Parameter verifications are done by finite element (FE) simulations compared with tensile test results. As a result, GTN model parameters are indicated. The difference between the parameters belonging to the case of having Luders strain and not for the same material is revealed. Furthermore, a series of FE simulations are executed to clarify the effects of the parameters on the deformation characteristics of materials.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen an neuartigen Hohlprofil‐Verbundstützen mit Blechlamellen aus hochfesten Stählen im Kalt‐ und Brandfall
Authors: Schäfers Michael , Ameri Shaghayegh , Mensinger Martin , Zehfuß Jochen
Published: February 2023

Besonders leistungsfähige Verbundstützen werden traditionell meist mit Vollstahlquerschnitten als Kernprofil eingesetzt. Diese weisen durch Abminderungen der Streckgrenze bei höheren Dicken nach DIN EN 1993‐1‐1:2010‐12 und hohen Eigenspannungen Limitierungen auf. In diesem Beitrag stellen die Autoren einen innovativen Querschnitt vor, der aus lokal verbundenen Blechlamellen in einem Hohlprofil mit Betonfüllung besteht. Zur Steigerung der Traglasten kommen hierbei Stähle mit Streckgrenzen bis zu 960 N/mm2 zum Einsatz. Es werden die experimentellen Untersuchungen und erste Ergebnisse im Kalt‐ und Brandfall präsentiert. Dabei zeigen die Stützen mit dem neuartigen Querschnitt ein verlässliches Tragverhalten. Die Untersuchungen dienen als Grundlage zur systematischen Entwicklung dieses neuen, hochleistungsfähigen Verbundstützentyps sowie eines dazugehörigen Bemessungskonzepts.
Release of neutrophil extracellular traps in response to Candida albicans yeast, as a secondary defense mechanism activated by phagocytosis
Authors: Zawrotniak Marcin , Juszczak Magdalena , Rapała‐Kozik Maria
Published: February 2023

Candida albicans is one of the main pathogens responsible for the development of difficult‐to‐fight fungal infections called candidiasis. Neutrophils are the major effector cells involved in the eradication of fungal pathogens. This group of immune cells uses several mechanisms that enable the rapid neutralization of pathogens. The most frequently identified mechanisms are phagocytosis and the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The mechanism for selecting the type of neutrophil immune response is still unknown. In our study, we analyzed the relationship between the activation of phagocytosis and netosis. We detected the presence of two neutrophil populations characterized by different response patterns to contact with C. albicans blastospores. The first neutrophil population showed an increased ability to rapidly release NETs without prior internalization of the pathogen. In the second population, the netosis process was inherently associated with phagocytosis. Differences between populations also referred to the production of reactive oxygen species. Our results suggest that neutrophils use different strategies to fight C. albicans and, contrary to previous reports, these mechanisms are not mutually exclusive.
Behavioral development of a captive polar bear (Ursus maritimus) cub in the maternal den
Authors: Gartland Kylen N. , Humbyrd Mary K. , Meister Betsie , Fuller Grace
Published: February 2023

Two female polar bear (Ursus maritimus) cubs were born to mother Suka at the Detroit Zoo on November 17, 2020. One cub (Lærke) was hand‐reared out of medical necessity, while the other cub (Astra) was mother‐reared. Using audio‐equipped video cameras previously installed in the maternal den, staff were able to conduct uninterrupted continuous monitoring on Suka and Astra for an unprecedented 12 weeks. Data collected during this time were analyzed descriptively. Astra spent a maximum of approximately 20% of any given 24 h period in nursing behaviors. Distribution of time spent nursing was relatively even across the 24 h day. In contrast to the limited data currently available, Astra spent only approximately 11% of the over 2000 h of behavioral data engaged in nursing behaviors. Astra left the nest for the first time in her fourth week of life, and time spent out of the nest gradually increased with age. Suka was observed guiding Astra back to the nest the first few times Astra ventured out. However, maintenance of maternal proximity did not appear to be a motivating factor in patterns of space use. The data presented here represent the longest uninterrupted continuous monitoring of a polar bear cub in the maternal den currently published. Publication of similar data from other institutions would establish more generalizable trends for early infancy development. These data are critical for understanding cub welfare and improving population sustainability and neonate mortality rates.
Correction to: The Role of Digital and Public Humanities in Confronting the Past: Survivors’ of Ireland's Magdalene Laundries Truth Telling
Authors: O’Mahoney Jennifer
Published: February 2023

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Dilution of dark matter relic density in singlet extension models
Authors: Xiao Yang , Yang Jin Min , Zhang Yang
Published: February 2023

Abstract

We study the dilution of dark matter (DM) relic density caused by the electroweak first-order phase transition (FOPT) in the singlet extension models, including the singlet extension of the standard model (xSM), of the two-Higgs-doublet model (2HDM+S) and the next-to-minimal supersymmetric standard model (NMSSM). We find that in these models the entropy released by the strong electroweak FOPT can dilute the DM density to 1/3 at most. Nevertheless, in the xSM and NMSSM where the singlet field configure is relevant to the phase transition temperature, the strong FOPT always happens before the DM freeze-out, making the dilution effect negligible for the current DM density. We derive an analytical upper bound on the freeze-out temperature and a numerical lower bound on nucleation temperature in the xSM. On the other hand, in the 2HDM+S where the DM freeze-out temperature is independent of FOPT, the dilution may salvage some parameter space excluded by excessive DM relic density or by DM direct detections.
D4-branes wrapped on four-dimensional orbifolds through consistent truncation
Authors: Couzens Christopher , Kim Hyojoong , Kim Nakwoo , Lee Yein , Suh Minwoo
Published: February 2023

Abstract

We construct a consistent truncation of six-dimensional matter coupled F(4) gauged supergravity on a cornucopia of two-dimensional surfaces including a spindle, disc, domain wall and other novel backgrounds to four-dimensional minimal gauged supergravity. Using our consistent truncation we uplift known AdS2× Σ1 solutions giving rise to four-dimensional orbifold solutions, AdS2× Σ1 ⋉ Σ2. We further uplift our solutions to massive type IIA supergravity by constructing the full uplift formulae for six-dimensional U(1)2-gauged supergravity including all fields and arbitrary Romans mass and gauge coupling. The solutions we construct are naturally interpreted as the near-horizon geometries of asymptotically AdS6 black holes with a four-dimensional orbifold horizon. Alternatively, one may view them as the holographic duals of superconformal quantum mechanical theories constructed by compactifying five-dimensional USp(2N) theory living on a stack of D4-D8 branes on the four-dimensional orbifolds. As a first step to identifying these quantum mechanical theories we compute the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy holographically.
A scotogenic model with two inert doublets
Authors: Ahriche Amine
Published: February 2023

Abstract

In this work, we present a scotogenic model, where the neutrino mass is generated at one-loop diagrams. The standard model (SM) is extended by three singlet Majorana fermions and two inert scalar doublets instead of one doublet as in the minimal scotogenic model. The model scalar sector includes two CP-even, two CP-odd and two charged scalars in addition to the Higgs. The dark matter (DM) candidate could be either the light Majorana fermion (Majorana DM), or the lightest among the CP-even and the CP-odd scalars (scalar DM). We show that the model accommodates both Majorana and scalar DM within a significant viable parameter space, while considering all the relevant theoretical and experimental constraints such as perturbativity, vacuum stability, unitarity, the di-photon Higgs decay, electroweak precision tests and lepton flavor violating constraints. In addition to the collider signatures predicted by the minimal scotogenic model, our model predicts some novel signatures that can be probed through some final states such as "Image missing".
Chiral dualities for SQCD3 with D-type superpotential
Authors: Amariti Antonio , Morgante Davide
Published: February 2023

Abstract

We study dualities for 3d U(Nc)kchiral SQCD with Dn+2-type superpotential, with n odd. We give a complete classification of such dualities in terms of the number of fundamentals and anti-fundamentals and the Chern-Simons level. The classification is obtained by real mass and Higgs flows from non-chiral dualities and we check the consistency of the new non-chiral dualities at the level of the partition function. We also check that the complex phases appearing in the integral identities between the partition functions are consistent with the contact terms computed as quantum corrections to the effective Chern-Simons level. The SU(Nc)k cases are recovered by gauging the topological symmetry from the U(Nc) dualities. Finally, we consider the case of USp(2Nc)2k with two antisymmetric tensors and Dn+2-type superpotential.
Late-time correlation functions in dS3/CFT2 correspondence
Authors: Chen Heng-Yu , Chen Shi , Hikida Yasuaki
Published: February 2023

Abstract

We compute the late-time correlation functions on three-dimensional de Sitter spacetime for a higher-spin gravity theory. For this, we elaborate on the formulation to obtain the wave functional of universe from a dual conformal field theory, which is used to compute the late-time correlation functions. We argue that the relation to direct bulk Feynman diagram computations in the in-in formulation. We furthermore provide a precise prescription to construct a higher-spin dS3 holography as an analytic continuation of Gaberdiel-Gopakumar duality for AdS3. Part of results here were already reported in an earlier letter. We explain the details of their derivations and extend the analysis to more generic cases in this paper. Previously, we have examined two- and three-point functions and a simple four-point correlator at the leading order in Newton constant. Here we also evaluate more complicated four-point correlators. Finally, we study late-time correlators in an alternative limit of dS3/CFT2 with critical level coset, such as, two-point correlator on conical defect geometry. We also examine one-loop corrections to two-point correlator on dS3.
Thermal correlators and bosonization dualities in large N Chern-Simons matter theories
Authors: Ghosh Sudip , Mazumdar Subhajit
Published: February 2023

Abstract

We consider 3-dimensional conformal field theories with U(N)κ Chern-Simons gauge fields coupled to bosonic and fermionic matter fields transforming in the fundamental representation of the gauge group. In these CFTs, we compute in the ’t Hooft large N limit and to all orders in the ’t Hooft coupling λ = N/κ, the thermal two-point correlation functions of the spin s = 0, s = 1 and s = 2 gauge invariant conformal primary operators. These are the lowest dimension single trace scalar, the U(1) current and the stress tensor operators respectively. Our results furnish additional tests of the conjectured bosonization dualities in these theories at finite temperature.