bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integridad electoral y órganos electorales subnacionales en México: el papel de la imparcialidad
Authors: Méndez de Hoyos Irma , Grömping Max , Martínez i Coma Ferran , Loza Otero Nicolás
Published: September 2021

Objetivo: analizar la calidad de las elecciones para gobernador y diputados en México. ¿En qué medida éstas dependieron, en el periodo 2015-2018, del desempeño de los órganos electorales? Metodología: se utiliza la perspectiva de la integridad electoral. La fuente principal de datos proviene de una encuesta a más de setecientos expertos electorales. Resultados: se confirma la hipótesis sobre la relevancia de los órganos de administración electoral para la integridad de las elecciones subnacionales, en particular, de uno de sus atributos: la imparcialidad o aplicación de la ley sin sesgos políticos. Limitaciones: los indicadores externos que se utilizaron para medir el desempeño de los órganos de administración electoral son aproximaciones imperfectas que tal vez no sean aplicables a otros contextos. Valor: recae en el estudio de las elecciones locales en México desde la perspectiva de la integridad electoral, usando datos originales y poniendo en el centro de atención el papel de los órganos electorales para lograr elevar la calidad de dichas elecciones. Conclusiones: dada la disparidad de los niveles de desarrollo democrático, es importante estudiar la calidad de las elecciones subnacionales en México, la cual depende, entre otros factores, de la imparcialidad de los órganos electorales.
Hard Disk Drive Failure Detection Using Hybrid Algorithm
Authors: Mokal Vaibhav Umesh
Published: September 2021

Abstract: The data is the most valuable thing in this modern world of Information Technology. As we can see the day to day the data is increasing as each and every people using the World Wide Web. This all system generated data or may be the personal or informative data will get generated in a huge amount of size. That data will get stored at the data centers or on cloud. But those will get stored on the Hard Disk Drives in data centers. So in some situation if the HDD got crashed then we will have lost our data. This work proposes to develop the failure prediction of Hard disk drive. We have chosen the accuracy and review measurements, generally important to the issue, and tried a few learning strategies, Adaboost, Naive Bayes, Logistic Regression and Voting. Our investigation shows that while we can't accomplish close to 100% forecast precision utilizing ML with the present information we have accessible for HDDs, we can improve our expectation exactness over the standard methodology Keywords: Machine learning, Adaboost, Naive Bayes, Voting, Logistic Regression
Schwarzes Mittelmeer, weißes Europa
Authors: Ehrmann Jeanette
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung: Die Passage über das Mittelmeer ist in den letzten Jahren zu einer der tödlichsten Migrationsrouten der Welt geworden. Während die Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union gegen die sogenannte „Flüchtlingskrise“ eine militärische und diskursive Fluchtabwehrpolitik betreiben und die Seenotrettung geflüchteter Menschen aussetzen und kriminalisieren, begreifen normative politische Theorien der Migration Fluchtbewegungen als ein politisches oder moralisches Problem sowie als Krise für etablierte Demokratien. Gegen den Topos der „Flüchtlingskrise“ und die implizite Normalisierung von Grenzen in einem Großteil gegenwärtiger politiktheoretischer Debatten zu Migration und Flucht entwickelt der vorliegende Beitrag eine politische Theorie der Grenze aus der Perspektive postkolonialer und Schwarzer kritischer Theorie. Dazu werden zunächst Kolonialität und Rasse als bislang vernachlässigte analytische Kategorien in die politische Theorie eingeführt, um die koloniale Gegenwart von Grenzregimen und die Rassifizierung von Grenzen zu rekonstruieren. Im Rückgriff auf die Figur des Schwarzen Mittelmeers, die aus der radikalen Schwarzen Tradition stammt und im Kontext gegenwärtiger Migrationsrouten von Afrika nach Europa aktualisiert wird, wird sodann ein alternatives Register für eine politische Theorie der Grenze entwickelt: Erstens wird das europäische Grenzregime als eine rassistische Politik der Vergrenzung verstanden; zweitens werden die postkolonialen Ambivalenzen und rassifizierten Dimensionen einer Politik der Solidarität mit geflüchteten Menschen problematisiert; drittens werden Fluchtbewegungen als widerständige politische Imaginationen und Praktiken nachgezeichnet, die die Widersprüche hegemonialer Konzeptionen von Demokratie und Zugehörigkeit aufzeigen. Abschließend wird die Epistemologie des Schwarzen Mittelmeers für eine Kritik des dominanten Krisennarrativs der Demokratie und für eine selbstreflexive Auseinandersetzung mit den kognitiven Grenzen der politischen Theorie selbst produktiv gemacht.
Numerical study of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer in the external loop airlift reactor
Authors: Kojic Predrag , Kojic Jovana , Pezo Milada , Krulj Jelena , Pezo Lato , Mirkov Nikola
Published: September 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the hydrodynamics and the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient of an external-loop airlift reactor (ELAR). The ELAR was operated in three cases: different inlet velocities of fluids, different alcohols solutions (water, 0.5% methanol, 0.5% ethanol, 0.5% propanol and 0.5% butanol) and different concentration of methanol in solutions (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2% and 5%). The influence of superficial gas velocity and various diluted alcohol solutions on hydrodynamics and the gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient of the ELAR was studied. Experimentally, the gas hold-up, liquid velocities and volumetric mass transfer coefficient values in the riser and the downcomer were obtained from the literature source. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed, based on two-phase flow, investigating different liquids regarding surface tension, assuming the ideal gas flow, applying the finite volume method and Eulerian-Eulerian model. The volumetric mass transfer coefficient was determined using the CFD and artificial neural network model. The effects of liquid parameters and gas velocity on the characteristics of the gas-liquid mass transfer were simulated. These models were compared with the appropriate experimental results. The CFD model successfully simulates the influence of different alcohols regarding the number of C-atoms on hydrodynamics and mass transfer.
Technologies for Tar Removal from Biomass-Derived Syngas
Authors: Lotfi Samira
Published: September 2021

The concerns on the significant negative environmental impacts of conventional fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas have fostered the shift of energy consumption towards renewable and environment friendly sources like biomass derived energy. Many technologies have been developed to generate energy from biomass; among them gasification is considered one of the most promising technologies, since and the generated syngas has many practical applications, such as a world-wide sustainable energy production or synthesis of fuels and chemicals. Unavoidable produced impurities during gasification can create severe problems in downstream applications; therefore, the cleaning of the produced syngas is essential. A major challenge in commercialization of syngas technology and its valorization is tar removal method. This review organizes the knowledge related to tar generated from biomass-derived syngas, and discusses the recent progress on clean technologies for tar elimination. The advantages and disadvantages of different tar removal methods are critically discussed. Primary treatment is able to optimise the gas composition for the secondary cleaning step but is not sufficient for further syngas applications. Among the secondary treatments, the catalytic cracking is most valued in terms of energy and yield efficiencies for syngas cleaning. This review discusses current technical barriers and future opportunities of technical development.
Urgensi Penyelenggaraan Pilkada Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 Di Indonesia
Authors: Greacy Geovanie David , Darmakanti Ni Made
Published: September 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic outbreak has threatened people's health and has an impact on the weakening of various sectors. With this condition, several administrative agendas have also been postponed, regional head elections have also not escaped attention. In an effort to break the chain of spreading Covid-19, the President called for maintaining distance and avoiding activities that involve large numbers of people. On the basis of these considerations and under urgent circumstances, through the power of the president a policy to postpone regional elections was also presented in the form of a Government Regulation in Lieu of a Law as a legacy effort.
Analisis Yuridis Aturan Penerapan Denda Administratif Bagi Masyarakat yang Tidak Menggunakan Masker Pada Saat Beraktivitas dan Berkegiatan di Luar Rumah Berdasarkan Peraturan Bupati Buleleng Nomor 41 Tahun 2020
Authors: Desy Pramita Kadek , Susila Yuda Putra I Gede , Boby Reza Arya Dana Kadek
Published: September 2021

This research was conducted with the aim of knowing and understanding the juridical analysis of the rules for implementing administrative fines for people who do not use masks while on the move and doing activities outside the home according to Buleleng Regent Regulation Number 41 of 2020 concerning the Application of Discipline and Law Enforcement of Health Protocols as Efforts to Prevent and Control of Corona Virus Disease 2019 in a New Era of Life. This research is a research that uses normative research methods, using a statutory approach. Then analyzed descriptively qualitatively using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials to get conclusions that are relevant to the problems at hand. The results show that the application of administrative fines for people who do not use masks while on the move and doing activities outside the home in Buleleng Regent Regulation Number 41 of 2020 is based on Presidential Instruction Number 6 of 2020 and Instruction of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 4 of 2020. As for the amount the fine was adopted from Bali Governor Regulation Number 46 of 2020.
Upaya Pembentukan Karakter Siswa Melalui Kegiatan Organisasi Siswa Intra Sekolah (Osis) Di SMP Negeri 6 Singaraja
Authors: Ngurah Trisna Widya Ningrum I Gusti Ayu , Lasmawan I Wayan , Suastika I Nengah
Published: September 2021

This study aims to determine the effort to shape student character through the activities of intra-school student organizations (OSIS) in SMP Negeri 6 Singaraja. The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive research method that is research with direct decrease in spaciousness. In this study the determination of subjects and research objects using purposive sampling techniques, is data retrieval with several considerations so that the data will be more representative of all. Data collection using the method of observation, interviews, documentation and study of literature. Checking the validity of the data is obtained through data triangulation, method triangulation and source triangulation.

The results of this study indicate that: (1) Character values applied through OSIS activities in which almost 18 character values are applied to students or all school members according to their respective portions. (2) One of the efforts to form student character through student council activities by participating in various activities that have been designed by student council, because in these activities can form student characters including participating in LKDS (Student Leadership Basic Training), in addition to other student council activities that can shape the character of students by conducting raids on every Saturday able to improve the discipline of all students in the school. (3) The obstacles in the effort to form student character through student council activities include lack of confidence in the student council members or student council organizers in carrying out activities or participating in activities, the difficulty of regulating hours between playing, studying, and organizing, this happens because of background and economics differentstudents.
Pelanggaran Hak Kekebalan Terhadap Gedung Perwakilan Diplomatik
Authors: Era Daniati Ni Putu
Published: September 2021

Violation of the rights and immunity of a diplomat is a violation of International Law. The occurrence of violations committed by diplomatic officials is due to misuse of duties and authority carried out by diplomatic officials themselves. Immunity and diplomatic privileges are rooted in international law so that those who have the right to give and take it off are subject to international law. Immune dating can only be carried out by the sending country which is the agency that is authorized to abandon the duties of the diplomatic official himself. Immunity and privilege of diplomatic officials do not have to be done by the head of the recipient country.
PENGARUH FINANCIAL DISTRESS, OPINI AUDIT, DAN PROFITABILITAS TERHADAP AUDIT REPORT LAG
Authors: Sari Oftika , Evana Einde , Kesumaningrum Ninuk Dewi
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi pengaruh financial distress, opini audit, dan profitabilitas terhadap audit report lag (studi empiris pada perusahaan perbankan dan perusahaan pembiayaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2012-2016). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan data sekunder dari Bursa Efek Indonesia, penelitian ini memiliki 53 perusahaan sampel dalam pemilihan berdasarkan teknik purposive sampling pada tahun 2012-2016. Analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi logistik dengan software SPSS 23. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa financial distress tidak berpengaruh terhadap audit report lag, opini audit berpengaruh negatif terhadap audit report lag, dan profitabilitas berpengaruh negatif terhadap audit report lag. Implikasi praktis dari penelitian ini sebagai pertimbangan bagi perusahaan dalam merencanakan pekerjaan lapangan dengan sebaik-baiknya sehingga dapat memperbaiki ketepatan pelaporan keuangan ataupun mempercepat publikasi laporan auditan.
PENGARUH ASSET GROWTH, FINANCIAL LEVERAGE, DAN LIQUIDITY TERHADAP RISIKO SISTEMATIS PADA SAHAM LQ 45 YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI PERIODE 2010-2018
Authors: Caeli Regina , Komalasari Agrianti , Komaruddin Komaruddin
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of asset growth, financial leverage, and liquidity to systematic risk of LQ 45 stock that listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange. This study measure systematic risk of stock by using Single Index Model as dependen variable. Independent variables that used are asset growth, financial leverage with proxy degree of financial leverage, and liquidity with proxy current ratio. Samples selection in this study were purposive sampling, which is obtained 12 companies each year within 2010-2018. And the total samples are 108. Analysis method which is used is the panel data by Eviews 10. The result of this study indicate that asset growth and financial leverage has no signifficant effect on systematic risk of stock, while liquidity has negative effect on systematic risk of stock.
PENGARUH KOMPONEN RISK BASED BANK RATING (RBBR) TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS PERBANKAN
Authors: Novira Anggi Tiara , Oktavia Reni , Asmaranti Yuztitya
Published: September 2021

This study aims to analyze the effect of Risk Based Bank Rating (RBBR) component implementation to the financial performance of conventional commercial banks in Indonesia. The RBBR component is presented by using variables: Non Performing Loan, Loan to Deposit Ratio, Good Corporate Governance, Operational Efficiency Ratio, Net Interest Margin, Capital Adequacy Ratio. Meanwhile, financial performance is measured using Return On Assets (ROA). This study used quantitative methods with secondary data obtained from the websites of each conventional commercial bank. The research sample was selected by using purposive sampling in order to obtain 25 conventional commercial banks in Indonesia during 2010-2019. Data analysis used multiple linear regression analysis by IBM SPSS Statistics 26 program. The results of this study indicate that Non Performing Loan (NPL), Good Corporate Governance (GCG), Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) have no effect on the financial performance of conventional commercial banks. Meanwhile, the Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR) and Operational Efficiency Ratio (REO) have a negative effect on the financial performance of conventional commercial banks, and the Net Interest Margin (NIM) has positive effect on the financial performance of conventional commercial banks.
Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan Terhadap Rate of Return (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Pertambangan Yang Terdaftar di BEI Tahun 2014-2018 )
Authors: Putri Sefka Anggraini , Oktavia Reni , Eka Putri Widya Rizki
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of financial performance on the rate of return. The indicators used to measure financial performance are return on investment, net profit margin, earnings per share, operating cash flow, economic value added. This study uses secondary data with a population of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) 2014-2018. The method used to determine the sample using purposive sampling. Consists of 19 industrial mining companies with 56 samples. The analysis method used is multiple regression analysis. The results of hypothesis testing show that the Return on Investment (ROI) has no significant effect on the Rate of Return (ROR), Net Profit Margin (NPM) has significant effect on the Rate of Return (ROR), Earning Per Share (EPS) has no significant effect on the Rate of Return (ROR), Operating Cash Flow(OCF) has no significant effect on the Rate of Return (ROR), Economic Value Added (EVA) has no significant effect on the Rate of Return (ROR)
ANALISIS PENGARUH KEPEMILIKAN MANAJERIAL, CASH RATIOI, DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO DAN GROWTH OPPORTUNITY TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN
Authors: Wulandari Citra Ayu , Oktavia Reni , Farichah Farichah , Kusumaningrum Ninuk Dewi
Published: September 2021

The research aims to examine the effect of managerial ownership, cash ratio, debt to equity ratio, and growth opportunity on dividend policy. The sample in this study was selected using purposive sampling and obtained 150 samples of companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013-2018 that met the criteria. The results of hypothesis testing with multiple linear regression analysis using the SPSS 25 application show that managerial ownership, cash ratio, debt to equity ratio, and growth opportunity simultaneously have a significant effect on dividend policy. Partially, managerial ownership has a positive but not significant effect on dividend policy and cash ratio has a significant effect with a positive coefficient on dividend policy. While the debt to equity ratio, and growth opportunity have a significant effect with a negative coefficient on dividend policy.
Perintah Shalat pada Anak Perspektif Surat Luqman Ayat 17 (Telaah Pendekatan Normatif dan Filologi)
Authors: Fu'adah Euis Nur , Nugraheni Yumidiana Tya
Published: September 2021

This research explains the application of the normative and philological approach of Al-Quran surah Luqman ayat 17 concerning the prayer commands for implementation in children's education. This research is a library research with philological normative approach. The results of the research are; interpretation of surah Luqman ayat 17 contains the word command parents to teach their children to pray since the age of seven years. At this age, children begin to be understood about prayer education carefully, thoroughly and seriously. The prayer rituals contained the pleasure of Allah SWT, preventing oneself from the forehead and evil and patient and steadfast in facing problems and trials that afflict them. Education in habituating children to pray continues from the age of seven years to the age of 10 years. If at the age of 10 years, children still disobey and do not pray, then parents are allowed to beat their children. The blow given is the blow that is educational and not painful.

 

Abstrak

 

Penelitian ini menjelaskan  penerapan pendekatan normatif dan filologi Al-Quran surat Luqman ayat 17 tentang perintah sholat implementasi pada pendidikan Anak.  Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kepustakaan dengan pendekatan normatif filologi. Hasil penelitian menghasilkan; penafsiran ayat surat Lukman ayat 17 mengandung kata perintah orang tua untuk mengajarkan anaknya sholat sejak usia mencapai tujuh tahun. Pada usia ini, anak difahamkan tentang pendidikan shalat dengan cermat, seksama serta secara serius. Ritual shalat terkandung nilai ridha Allah SWT, mencegah diri dari nahi dan munkar sabar dan tabah dalam menghadapi permasalahan maupun cobaan yang menimpa. Pendidikan dalam pembiasaan sholat anak terus dilakukan sejak usia tujuh tahun hingga usia 10 tahun. Apabila diusia 10 tahun, anak masih membangkang dan tidak menjalankan sholat, maka orang tua diperkenankan untuk memukul anaknya. Pukulan yang diberikan adalah pukulan yang mendidik dan tidak menyakitkan.
Manajemen Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan Terpadu melalui Sistem Kredit Semester di Sekolah Menengah Atas
Authors: Fitriyanto Fitriyanto , Purnomo Sutrimo
Published: September 2021

Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah meningkatkan mutu pendidikan secara menyeluruh dan komprehensif mulai dari input, proses, output dan outcome, berfokus kepada orang yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan secara berkelanjutan kepuasan customer pada biaya sesungguhnya yang secara berkelanjutan turun menurun. Manajemen peningkatan mutu Pendidikan Islam secara  terpadu melalui Sistem Kredit Semester di SMA. Sistem Kredit Semester merupakan sebuah inovasi pendidikan yang merujuk pada pemberian fasilitas kepada siswa yang memiliki bakat dan kecerdasan diatas rata-rata agar mampu menguasai banyak isi pelajaran dalam rentang waktu yang lebih singkat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian menggunakan metode metode kombinasi (mixed method sequential ekploratory) Pengumpulan data dengan observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan angket. Analisis data dilakukan dengan memberikan makna terhadap data yang dikumpulkan, kemudian dari makna data tersebut penulis menarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan: (1) Manajemen peningkatan mutu Pendidikan secara menyeluruh meliputi: perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan dan pengawasan.
Social work in Russia in the context of paradigm changes
Authors: Firsov Mikhail V. , Karpunina Anastasia V. , Chernikova Anna A. , Dontsov Dmitriy A. , Dontsova Margarita V. , Senkevich Liudmila V.
Published: September 2021

The article determines the main trends in the development of theory and practice of social work and the education system in the conditions of modern Russia. The specific characteristics of the transition of practice from social patronage to individual work are revealed, the problem areas in Russian social work in the context of further development of the profession, theory, and the multilevel model of education are identified. The article examines approaches to the problems that are taking shape within the paradigm of social work and appear to be characteristic of the new stage of its institutionalization. The authors focus on the main contradictions within the Russian model of social work associated with the crisis of the social patronage model, the postmodern challenges of cognition theory, and new trends in the educational system.
Exploring the use of emergency health services for stroke: what is known about when to seek emergency help and how transport decisions impact in-hospital emergency care
Authors:   , Kandola Damanpreet
Published: September 2021

Transport practices for seeking emergency stroke care remain largely underresearched and poorly understood, particularly for individuals living in small urban, rural, and remote regions. This multi-method study aims to address this knowledge gap and explores the impact of mode of transport on in-hospital stroke care and the decision-making process of seeking emergency medical attention for patients and their caregivers. Data from the Discharge Abstract Database provide information on stroke-related use of emergency health services across British Columbia. Data from the Canadian Institutes for Health Information Special Project 340 provide information on if calling emergency health services impacts the delivery of care, including the completion of neuroimaging, the administration of acute thrombolysis, and the prescription of antithrombotics upon discharge across a northern health region. Focused, semi-structured interviews provide contextual insight into the decision-making processes for seeking emergency stroke care among patient and caregiver participants in a northern health region. Stroke-related emergency health service use across British Columbia from January 2015 to March 2018 was 67.9% (N=19,849), ranging from 58.8% in Northern Health to 70.2% in Fraser Health. In Northern Health (N=784), there were differences between health service delivery areas for stroke-related emergency health service use ranging from 53.7% in the Northwest to 64.8% in the Northern Interior from January 2015 to March 2018. Similar differences in thrombolytic therapy administration and the prescription of antithrombotics were noted. The odds of emergency health service use were greater for those 65 years of age and older than those younger than 65 and lower for those in the Northwest health service delivery area than those in the Northern Interior health service delivery area. Differences were found for the completion of neuroimaging between males and females. Interviews for patient (n=12) and caregiver (n=7) participants provide complementary contextual insights and yielded three key themes, including the decision-making process following a stroke, experiences of care, and perceived gaps and areas in need of further support. This integrated knowledge translation-informed and practice-driven research addresses health services and policy priorities. Findings are anticipated to help inform the development and refinement of emergency health services in British Columbia by highlighting differences in emergency health services use across geographies and identifying factors that inform patient decisionmaking when seeking emergency medical attention.
The World Will Never Be the Same … But Will I Change? Anticipated Moral Change in Generation X Post-Corona Narratives
Authors:   PhD, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands, Saghai Yashar ,   E-mail: y.saghai@utwente.nl, Galvagni Lucia ,   Center for Religious Studies, Bruno Kessler Foundation, Trento, Italy, Consolandi Monica ,   Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
Published: September 2021

"In the “Letters from a Post-Corona Future” study, we asked participants to imagine a desirable world after the Corona crisis and their own place within it. In resulting narratives, any imagined that the future will not look like the past, but did they also imagine that their own moral orientation would change, that is, their stance towards what is a good human life, the norms and values deserving respect, and their moral behavior? To explore what we call “anticipated moral change”, we focused on Generation X participants (born between 1965 and 1980) since they may be sufficiently mature to have a settled moral orientation and feel concerned by the future, yet sufficiently adaptable to envision internal change. A total of 64 letters from 11 countries were examined. We used concepts from narrative ethics and futures studies to investigate whether anticipated moral change was present in the letters, and if so, in what direction. We identified six categories of anticipated moral change, from radical moral innovation to daily behavior change. We analyzed how these changes were depicted (e.g., metaphors, modals, idiomatic expressions, narrated futures), felt, justified or evaluated. Results consider the forward-looking moral self-perception of participants in terms of daily behavior, emotions, thoughts, self-advice, norms, values, ideals, images, and dreams, thus contribudting to a better understanding of prospective moral change in times of health crisis. We further conceptualized two important categories of change: the inclusion of personal change into collective moral change and renewed moral awareness. "
Medical Refusal: Ethical Approaches and Issues for the Different Sides of the Concept
Authors:   ", Someșan Andreea Iulia ,   PhD student, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania E-mail: somesan.andreea.iulia@gmail.com "
Published: September 2021

"The bioethics analyzes and proposes ethical principles for the biomedical field. In major lines, we can consider the bioethics as having two important branches: biomedical research ethics and clinical ethics. The ethical approaches for each one of the mentioned contexts will bring different recommendation for the involved health professionals. In the clinical context, the medical refusal may come from the following sides: the patient’s refusal for certain prescriptions, the medical doctor’s refusal to accomplish some kinds of patient’s requests and medical refusal based on medical resources that can be allocate to one patient. What ethical principles and values may have these three sides of the medical refusal? The aim of the present paper is to evaluate the impact that each one of them may have on the relationship between the attending physician and the patient concerning their common goal, established at the beginning. "
When Society Owns My Body... Ethical Perspectives on Knowing in Advance Possible Health Issues and the Embodiment
Authors:   ", Someșan Andreea Iulia ,   PhD student, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania E-mail: somesan.andreea.iulia@gmail.com "
Published: September 2021

"Living in today’s society was presented by some philosophers as an imperative to assume risks that the humanity is still not able to handle. Hence one important question that we may ask is: living today is indeed more dangerous than in the previous centuries? Presenting the advancement of the biotechnologies as an apocalyptical danger that will surpass the human capacity of management is a perspective not entirely accurate. Medical literature highlights the decrease rate of morbidity in the last decades by some diseases due to medical advancement. Therefore, a balanced view of living in today’s society would also point the possibility to know in advance the emerging health dangers and even to calculate their percentage. Nowadays, a patient is supported from the moment when a medical investigation reveals potential health issues. The new body regulation policies induce changes in the social apperception of health and disease. There is a slow slippery slope from the approach on the individual as a sick person just in case of having symptomatic manifestations and our times when some preconditions of the disease are detectable in medical laboratories. Are we aware about the ethical aspects of treating the carrier of a non-manifested condition as an already sick person? Society also promotes a discourse of non-discrimination and inclusion. Where can we find a balance in the context of the medical advancement? The present study is a philosophical dialectical approach on the ethical issues of the embodiment in the era of new medical biotechnologies. "
The Digi-Table Method as a Tool for Reflecting on Research Ethics
Authors:   ", Van Der Molen Wim ,   MA, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands,   E-mail: r.w.van.der.molen@umcg.nl ", Maeckelberghe Els ,   University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
Published: September 2021

"concepts and processes by means of a digitable. It is a tool for familiarizing users with complicated and complex issues, learning content, and addressing the more methodical aspects didactically. In this project, we have adapted the DTM for reflecting on research ethics, i.c. research with human beings and its ethical requirements and the review by the medical ethical review committee (MREC). A MREC reviews research proposals based on various (ethical) requirements and requires researchers to understand the ethical consequences and societal impact of their research. Before writing their own proposals, it is important for students to know and understand these ethical requirements and the process through which research proposals are reviewed. In order to train this, we prepared the digitable to simulate the review of a research protocol by an MREC and adapted it into an existing assignment on research ethics for master students. The students were informed of our aim and the use of DTM as an educational tool, and asked for consent. We invited them to critically assess the activity and we ensured participation would not influence their grade. The students reported a better understanding of the medical ethical review and felt it would improve their own work. From the educator’s perspective, the quality of argumentation of the review was much improved compared to previous years. The DTM as an educational tool is now a standard element in different master courses on scientific integrity. "
Foundational Elements of an Ethical Decision-Making Model Applied in the Biopharmaceutical Context
Authors:   ", Van Der Zee Claar ,   PhD, GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium,   E-mail: clara.x.van-der-zee@gsk.com ", Poplazarova Tatjana ,   "MSc and MA, GSK Vaccines, Wavre, Belgium; E-mail: tatjana.poplazarova@gsk.com ", Delpire Veronique ,   Words and Science, Brussels, Belgium
Published: September 2021

"We previously described an applied values-based decision-making model and reported on its use in biopharmaceutical research and development (R&D)*. The model, known by the acronym “TRIP &TIPP”, uses company values along with framing questions as part of a five-step process to guide decisions to complex questions. The employees are engaged as moral agents applying values and principles. Their moral intuition is guided by systematic use of explicit framing questions to increase the understanding and clarity of the values and contextual questions to facilitate the practical implementation of solutions. Sometimes these solutions lead to the creation of internal guidelines in the company. The ethical norms for biopharmaceutical R&D are shaped by the interaction between ethical reasoning and the context of the situation. Several levels of context are relevant here. First, that of the company within society, which is represented by the stakeholders in our model. This societal context is dynamic as societal expectations change over time. Second, the context of the employees within the company: how the company is organized, its mission, vision and values, as well as the capabilities, experiences and beliefs of the employees. Third, the specifics of the R&D question itself, which requires a pragmatic, solution-oriented, bioethical approach. Finally, ethical deliberation leads to evolving company practices addressing science, technology and society changes. "
Doctor – Patient Relationship in Clinical Legal – Medicine Practice
Authors:   Professor, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania, Curca George Cristian ,   E-mail: cgcurca@yahoo.com, Diac Iuliana ,   University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania, Chirica Violeta Ionela ,   University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania, Perde Filip Virgil ,   University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania
Published: September 2021

"Introduction. In Romania legal medicine suppose professional activities as forensic pathologist and legal doctor are facing victims that request documenting traumatic lesions if any or sexual abuses, prejudices, working capacity, malpraxis, etc. Objective. The objective of our work is to determine the special kind of doctor-patient relationship in clinical legal medicine and to analyze the ethical influences. Material and methods. More than 1500 cases of medico-legal examinations are performed in the National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici in Bucharest each year. Most of them are domestic violence requests or car accidents. Discussions. In the late 30 years (Ezechiel JE, Linda LE, JAMA 1992) found out 4 different relationship models that may be applied in medical practice; the paternalistic model (the patient accepts his doctor as his legal and moral representative), informative model (the patient expresses his autonomy), interpretative model (the doctor is a good friend in need) and the deliberative model of self-construction of the knowledge that the patient must have in order to have a voluntary decision. Conclusions. In clinical legal medicine the patient is not only a patient but a victim also. Therefore, the relationship is double folded. With his patient the legal doctor develops initially an informative model, then an interpretative model. With his victim the doctor develops initially a paternalistic approach (passive character type) or an informative one (active character type), usually an interpretative model as most highly requested (What would you do if you were I?) or the deliberative model when evaluating prejudices, etc. "
Modifying Natural Behavioral Responses by Enforcing Ethical Values
Authors:   Doctorate in Medicine. Licenced in Theology, Fundació Sanitària Mollet, Barcelona, Spain, Jaume Duran ,   E-mail: j.duran@fsm.cat
Published: September 2021

"According to different theories about neuroscience and ethics, we want to introduce the idea that the ethical values are very good levers to conduct human responses to their perceptions. These theories are based on very currently data about science and the central nervous system explained recently by a very important neuroscientist. In a very basic nervous system, the reptilian brain, humans can solve their fundamental interest and necessities, such as survival, breading, community behavior… In a more complex and posterior temporary nervous system, thanks to the known limbic brain, humans have been able to solve and to respond to their emotional problems, creating the memory center of our emotions. After this second moment and as a result of the global anthropological evolution, the cortical brain allows us to think, to deploy the global intelligences and take human decisions. Thanks to these three brain levels and their neurobiological connections, humans have developed other intangible brains, able to experience the ethics, the esthetics, and the spirituality. Our brain works as a whole. We are the result made up of more than 100.000 million connected neurons that form the brains. In some aspects, our four dimensions, the physical, the emotional, the rational and the transcendental faces act together, hand in hand. Our more ponderous decisions aren’t always rational; more than 80% of them are basically emotional. So, our spiritual manners can be showed by biophysically manifestations; conscientious and unconscientious affects us equally. Human brain is genetically prepared to answer. Historically formed to respond, the central nervous system can be explained as the most complex organ to produce responses to multiple previous perceptions. These perceptions can be tangible or not, external or internal, consciences or not, actual or memorized. Our point of view is that we can introduce ethical values as a non-conscientious response. Working from rational and emotional ways our ethical values, we will introduce them in our transcendental brain. All posterior relationship between the brain areas will influence the behavior response to the real perceptions that we are exposed to. So, to summarize, enforced ethical values can unconscientiously modify our behavioral response. "
Stereotyping in Robotic Care: An Ethical Analysis of Vulnerabilities Among Older People in Digitalized Care Settings
Authors:   PhD Student, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany, Ellerich-Groppe Niklas ,   E-mail: niklas.ellerich-groppe@uni-oldenburg.de, Weßel Merle ,   Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany, Schweda Mark ,   Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany
Published: September 2021

"In light of demographic aging, the change of familial care arrangements, and the lack of skilled caretakers, robotic systems are increasingly discussed as a possible solution for eldercare. Sociopsychological research indicates that the ensuing human-robot interaction involves the same social categories as human-human interaction, e.g., gender, age and ethnicity. Indeed, these categories and related stereotypical markers are even strategically used in technology development to increase the acceptance and efficiency of robotic systems. Especially in vulnerable groups such as older people, however, such stereotyping strategies can be a reason for new vulnerabilities in digitalized care settings and cause serious moral problems that need critical reflection. In our contribution, we provide a systematic ethical analysis of stereotyping in robotic eldercare. Starting from the conceptual distinction between agency-based and harm-based conceptions of vulnerability, we explore potential moral issues and conflicts in the implementation of stereotypical care robots for older people and detect particularly serious challenges regarding users’ autonomy and wellbeing. Against this backdrop, we propose and discuss possible solutions like the explanation, neutralization or queering of care robots. Thus, we contribute to the theoretical conceptualization of older people’s vulnerabilities in increasingly digitalized care settings and draw conclusions for ethically sensitive technology development in eldercare. "
The Embassy of Good Science: A Community-Based Initiative to Strengthen Research Integrity and Ethics
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands, Evans Natalie ,   E-mail: n.evans@amsterdamumc.nl, Inguaggiato Giulia ,   Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands, Van Hoof Marc ,   Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands, Gordijn Bert ,   Dublin City University, Ireland, Dierickx Kris ,   Leuven University, Belgium, Marusic Ana ,   Split School of Medicine, Croatia, Widdershoven Guy ,   Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands
Published: September 2021

"The areas of Research Ethics and Research Integrity (RE+RI) are rapidly evolving. Guidelines, standards, and laws have been drafted in many countries, regions and institutions. However, the regulatory proliferation does not necessarily yield clear guidance for practice: researchers often lack up-to-date and easily accessible information and guidance on how to apply principles and norms. The same is true for RE+RI evaluation committees, who lack easy access to case studies. The Embassy of Good Science is an online initiative to address these problems. The Semantic MediaWiki platform brings together, and makes smart connections between, relevant guidelines and regulations, cases and scenarios, and teaching materials. The platform provides practical information about how to apply norms and principles in every day practice and how to teach about them. For example, The Embassy contains cases and scenarios on researchers’ day-to-day dilemmas, a discussion forum where researchers can share experiences, and easily adaptable teaching resources. Developed in consultation with stakeholders, the Embassy is managed by the European funded EnTIRE project. The initial content has been gathered via systematic reviews and is continually added to and updated by users. In the long-term, The Embassy will be community-owned and sustainable. The Embassy primarily supports researchers and RE+RI committee members. The platform also presents the opportunity to compare RE+RI principles, norms and practices worldwide, facilitating mutual learning and making the diversity of the RE+RI regulatory framework apparent. In this session, we will describe and demonstrate The Embassy’s value for practice, education and policy. "
How to Measure Goal Concordant Care in Order to Evaluate Advance Care Planning with Integrity: A Literature Review
Authors:   PhD candidate, Institute of Biomedical Ethics, Zürich, Switzerland, E-mail: sophie.gloeckler@ibme.uzh.ch, Gloeeckler Sophie , Trachsel Manuel ,   Prof. MD PhD, Institute of Biomedical Ethics Basel, Switzerland
Published: September 2021

"Advance care planning is an effort to consider and communicate one’s values, goals, and preferences as they relate to future healthcare decisions to guide clinicians and loved ones when one is incapable of consenting, refusing, or requesting care. While generally accepted as valuable, advance care planning has proven challenging to evaluate. Goal concordant care is increasingly recognized as the target outcome, but there is no agreed-on methodology for assessment and some question if it can be meaningfully captured. It is ethically necessary to have a strong evidence base to guide practice. The current study is a literature review designed to support best practice for measuring goal concordant care. A database search of Pubmed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane was conducted in September 2020; articles were included that measured whether advance care planning, defined broadly to consider advance directives, use of proxies, POLSTs, etc., led to goal concordant care. 132 included articles were reviewed according to aim, methodology, and integrity. Common approaches included medical record review 51% (n = 36); questionnaire (36%, n = 48), notably the Decision Conflict Scale (15% of questionnaires, n = 7); and interview (31%, n = 42), often with loved ones after death (40% of interviews, n = 17). Studies, especially those employing medical record review, did not always present enough detail to be reproducible, a concerning limitation. Despite the many existing studies aiming to track whether advance care planning leads to goal concordant care, significant work remains to establish sound methodology to do so meaningfully. "
Embracing the Autonomy of Catholic Women – Discussing the Healthcare and Environmental Consequences of the Church’s Ban on Contraception
Authors:   Medical doctor, Greguš Jan ,   philosophy student, Center for Outpatient Gynecology,   Department of Philosophy at the Faculty of Arts, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. E-mail: jangregus@seznam.cz
Published: September 2021

"The modern Catholic Church represents a body of 1.3 billion people who follow the Church’s teachings, given to them in the form of documents on different topics, including family issues. The latest, 2016 Apostolic Exhortation Amoris Laetitia, confirmed the previous documents on the topic, stating that periodical abstinence is the only contraceptive method possible for Catholic Christians. This means that 1.3 billion people are forbidden to use modern contraception. This significantly contributes to the spread of sexually transmitted infections (including AIDS/HIV pandemics) and the global epidemic of unintended pregnancies and their consequences (induced abortions, maternal and infant morbidity and mortality, etc.). These consequences are the most severe in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, where the Catholic Church prevails. Unintended pregnancies also greatly contribute to the rapid population growth currently being witnessed by humanity. As such, unintended pregnancies lead to severe environmental consequences (environmental degradation, resource depletion, species extinction, climate change, etc.). Unintended pregnancies are highly preventable if women are well-informed about family planning methods and if they are free to choose a contraceptive method based on their personal opinion, expectations, contraindications, and more. This merely underlies the important fact that voluntary family planning is fundamental to human dignity and critical for women’s health as well as the health of the planet. For the aforementioned reasons, it is necessary to openly discuss the healthcare and environmental implications of the Church’s ban on modern contraception, and bring the Church’s representatives to acknowledgement of women’s autonomy to freely choose their preferable contraceptive method. "