bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The power of supervision in (re)socializing student affairs educators
Authors: Perez Rosemary J. , Haley Jarett D.
Published: December 2021

This article explores supervision as a form of professional socialization. Accordingly, we provide an overview of socialization theories before examining the role of supervisors in (re)socializing student affairs educators to norms, values, and standards of good practice in the field and in their workplaces over the span of their careers.
Advancing the intentional praxis of supervision in student affairs
Authors: Williams Brittany M. , Davis Tiffany J.
Published: December 2021

This article synthesizes and extends the opportunities and strategies outlined across this issue for engaging supervision with intentionality, support, equity, and use of 21st‐century solutions.
Spatiotemporal correlation analysis of the dynamic response of supertall buildings under ambient wind conditions
Authors: Yang Bin , Pan Licheng , Zhu Haitao , Sun Siyuan , Zhang Qilin
Published: December 2021

The structural health monitoring systems of supertall buildings are typical big data systems with abundant and high‐dimensional data. Correlation analysis is a vital technique for data mining and analysis. This study aims to reveal the spatial and temporal correlation of 4 years of structural health monitoring data from the 632‐m‐high Shanghai Tower under normal wind and typhoon conditions. In this paper, the root mean square (RMS) value of the acceleration response is used to characterize the structural vibration intensity. The maximal information coefficient (MIC) and Pearson product‐moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) are adopted to measure the spatial correlations along Shanghai Tower under different wind conditions. The temporal correlation of structural vibration is investigated with kernel density estimation and the density‐based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) algorithm. The results show that the structural vibrations of Shanghai Tower in different spatial positions are correlated. The correlation of the structural vibrations of the same floor is at a high level under both normal wind and typhoons, while that of different floors rises with increasing mean wind speed. Furthermore, the MIC is more stable than the PPMCC in measuring this spatial correlation. Based on temporal correlation analysis, a circadian rhythm tendency of the structural vibration intensity of Shanghai Tower on the daily scale is identified, and it is verified that the structural response is temporally correlated. These findings can provide a structural health state estimation index based on the correlation coefficient and provide a basis for the screening of modeling data.
Sources of gender differences in competency beliefs and retention in an introductorypremedicalscience course
Authors: Witherspoon Eben B. , Schunn Christian D.
Published: December 2021

Gender disparities in retention in pathways to science continue to vary widely by course. Undergraduates intending to study prehealth and premedicine often represent a majority of students enrolled in introductory science courses, contribute to a large number of eventual science degree earners, and are a population that typically includes a high number of women. However, gender differences in attrition, grades, and attitudes persist in the introductory science courses required by undergraduate preheath and premedical programs, particularly within the physical sciences (i.e., Chemistry and Physics). We use structural equation modeling to study 416 undergraduate students across multiple sections of an Algebra‐based Physics course, a common course on the prehealth and premedical track where large gender differences in grades, retention and competency beliefs have been documented. Our analysis focuses on identifying potential academic and attitudinal sources for gender differences in students' beliefs about their Physics abilities at the end of the course, and retention to the second physics course, which is often influenced by these competency beliefs. Results suggest that while men's ability beliefs in Physics are relatively stable and largely derived from early performance indicators, this is a smaller source of ability beliefs for women. Instead, women's ability beliefs are mediated during the course through their sense of belonging in Physics, and the extent to which they believe that Physics ability is fixed or malleable. These findings can inform the design of interventions in Physics courses that specifically target the development of ability beliefs for women intending medical careers.
Compulsive right circling in a cat: Obsessive‐compulsive disorder or primary neurological disease
Authors: Uccheddu Stefania , Biggio Federica , Gallucci Antonella
Published: December 2021

A 10‐year‐old cat was presented with a 3‐months history of recurrent episodes of circling to the right with increasing frequency. Physical and blood examination results were unremarkable. Neurological examination showed right circling and non‐measurable menace response; both eyes were absent since 2 months of age. A right forebrain disorder was suspected, possibly caused by vascular, neoplastic or infective/inflammatory disease. An MRI scan excluded brain lesions and revealed an incidental left middle ear infection. A functional lesion in a postictal phase following focal epileptic seizure was considered; however, the right circling behaviour worsened despite phenobarbital treatment. Aggression against owners and co‐habiting cats was also reported. Obsessive‐compulsive disorder was suspected after excluding other compulsive behaviours through a behavioural evaluation. Fluoxetine (0.5 mg/kg, every 24 hours) reduced the intensity and frequency of the circling behaviour by approximately 50% within 25 days. In cats showing compulsive lateralised circling, behavioural disorders are a key differential diagnosis.
Genetic, Endocrine, and Microbiological Assessments of Blue, Humpback and Killer Whale Health using Unoccupied Aerial Systems
Authors: Atkinson Shannon , Rogan Andrew , Baker C. Scott , Dagdag Ralf , Redlinger Matthew , Polinski Jennifer , Urban Jorge , Sremba Angie , Branson Maile , Mashburn Kendall , Pallin Logan , Klink Amy , Steel Debbie , Bortz Eric , Kerr Iain
Published: December 2021

Unoccupied aerial system (UAS) technologies applied to health assessments of large whales can have positive implications for progressive management. We focused on the collection of cetacean respiratory blow samples for endocrine, DNA profiling, microbial metabarcoding, and metagenomics analyses, with the goal of improving management of large whale populations. Blow samples were collected from humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae, n = 109 samples analyzed), blue (Balaenoptera musculus, n = 21 samples analyzed), and killer whale (Orcinus orca, n = 1 sample analyzed) species, as well as the responses of the whales to the collection of their blow by UAS. Endocrine analyses were validated for 5 steroid hormones in humpback whales and 4 hormones in blue whales. For DNA profiling, we attempted to extract and amplify nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, resulting in sequencing of mtDNA haplotypes for 54% of samples, identification of sex for 39%, and individual identification by microsatellite genotyping for 17%. The DNA profiles of 2 of the blow samples from humpback whales were matched to a DNA register for this regional population. Metagenomic and microbial metabarcoding classifications found a diverse number of bacteria, eukaryotes, and viruses in humpback whale blow. Although a significant portion of classifications were found in both seawater and blow, several of the most abundant organisms were present only in blow samples, suggesting they are true members of the respiratory microbiome. A comprehensive integration of laboratory‐based approaches using noninvasive UAS collection technologies could become an important management tool for health assessments of large cetaceans, especially for species listed as endangered. The addition of individual and population‐level health assessments to currently practiced stewardship of large whales, renders them as excellent sentinels of ocean health. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Cosmology of the Twin Higgs without explicit ℤ2 breaking
Authors: Beauchesne Hugues , Kats Yevgeny
Published: December 2021

Abstract

The cosmology of the Twin Higgs requires the breaking of the ℤ2 symmetry, but it is still an open question whether this breaking needs to be explicit. In this paper, we study how the Mirror Twin Higgs could be modified to be compatible with current cosmological constraints without explicit ℤ2 breaking. We first present a simple toy model that can realize baryogenesis without explicit ℤ2 breaking or reaching temperatures that would lead to domain walls. The model can also either solve the Neff problem and bring the abundance of mirror atoms to an allowed level or provide the correct dark matter abundance. We then present another simple model that leads to mirror neutron dark matter and thus acceptable dark matter self-interactions. We also include in appendix a series of results on energy exchange between different sectors that might prove useful for other cosmological problems.
The function of the co-chaperone ERdj4 in diverse (patho-)physiological conditions
Authors: Daverkausen-Fischer Lea , Pröls Felicitas
Published: December 2021

Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces a well-orchestrated cellular response to reduce the protein burden within the ER. This unfolded protein response (UPR) is controlled primarily by three transmembrane proteins, IRE1α, ATF6, and PERK, the activity of which is controlled by BiP, the ER-resident Hsp70 protein. Binding of BiP to co-chaperones via their highly conserved J-domains stimulates the intrinsic ATPase activity of BiP, thereby providing the energy necessary for (re-)folding of proteins, or for targeting of misfolded proteins to the degradation pathway, processes specified and controlled by the respective co-chaperone. In this review, our aim is to elucidate the function of the co-chaperone ERDJ4, also known as MDG1, MDJ7, or DNAJB9. Knockout and knockin experiments clearly point to the central role of ERDJ4 in controlling lipogenesis and protein synthesis by promoting degradation of SREBP1c and the assembly of the protein complex mTORC2. Accumulating data reveal that ERDJ4 controls epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a central process during embryogenesis, in wound healing, and tumor development. Overexpression of ERdj4 has been shown to improve engraftment of transplanted human stem cells, possibly due to its ability to promote cellular survival in stressed cells. High ERDJ4-plasma levels are specific for fibrillary glomerulonephritis and serve as a diagnostic marker. As outlined in this review, the functions of ERDJ4 are manifold, depending on the cellular (patho-) physiological state, the cellular protein repertoire, and the subcellular localization of ERDJ4.
Time-Harmonic Solutions for Maxwell’s Equations in Anisotropic Media and Bochner–Riesz Estimates with Negative Index for Non-elliptic Surfaces
Authors: Mandel Rainer , Schippa Robert
Published: December 2021

We solve time-harmonic Maxwell’s equations in anisotropic, spatially homogeneous media in intersections of $$L^p$$

L
p

-spaces. The material laws are time-independent. The analysis requires Fourier restriction–extension estimates for perturbations of Fresnel’s wave surface. This surface can be decomposed into finitely many components of the following three types: smooth surfaces with non-vanishing Gaussian curvature, smooth surfaces with Gaussian curvature vanishing along one-dimensional submanifolds but without flat points, and surfaces with conical singularities. Our estimates are based on new Bochner–Riesz estimates with negative index for non-elliptic surfaces.
Coercivity, essential norms, and the Galerkin method for second-kind integral equations on polyhedral and Lipschitz domains
Authors: Chandler-Wilde S. N. , Spence E. A.
Published: December 2021

It is well known that, with a particular choice of norm, the classical double-layer potential operatorDhas essential norm$$<1/2$$<1/2as an operator on the natural trace space$$H^{1/2}(\Gamma )$$H1/2(Γ)whenever$$\Gamma $$Γis the boundary of a bounded Lipschitz domain. This implies, for the standard second-kind boundary integral equations for the interior and exterior Dirichlet and Neumann problems in potential theory, convergence of the Galerkin method in$$H^{1/2}(\Gamma )$$H1/2(Γ)for any sequence of finite-dimensional subspaces$$({{\mathcal {H}}}_N)_{N=1}^\infty $$(HN)N=1∞that is asymptotically dense in$$H^{1/2}(\Gamma )$$H1/2(Γ). Long-standing open questions are whether the essential norm is also$$<1/2$$<1/2forDas an operator on$$L^2(\Gamma )$$L2(Γ)for all Lipschitz$$\Gamma $$Γin 2-d; or whether, for all Lipschitz$$\Gamma $$Γin 2-d and 3-d, or at least for the smaller class of Lipschitz polyhedra in 3-d, the weaker condition holds that the operators$$\pm \frac{1}{2}I+D$$±12I+Dare compact perturbations of coercive operators—this a necessary and sufficient condition for the convergence of the Galerkin method for every sequence of subspaces$$({{\mathcal {H}}}_N)_{N=1}^\infty $$(HN)N=1∞that is asymptotically dense in$$L^2(\Gamma )$$L2(Γ). We settle these open questions negatively. We give examples of 2-d and 3-d Lipschitz domains with Lipschitz constant equal to one for which the essential norm ofDis$$\ge 1/2$$≥1/2, and examples with Lipschitz constant two for which the operators$$\pm \frac{1}{2}I +D$$±12I+Dare not coercive plus compact. We also give, for every$$C>0$$C>0, examples of Lipschitz polyhedra for which the essential norm is$$\ge C$$≥Cand for which$$\lambda I+D$$λI+Dis not a compact perturbation of a coercive operator for any real or complex$$\lambda $$λwith$$|\lambda |\le C$$|λ|≤C. We then, via a new result on the Galerkin method in Hilbert spaces, explore the implications of these results for the convergence of Galerkin boundary element methods in the$$L^2(\Gamma )$$L2(Γ)setting. Finally, we resolve negatively a related open question in the convergence theory for collocation methods, showing that, for our polyhedral examples, there is no weighted norm on$$C(\Gamma )$$C(Γ), equivalent to the standard supremum norm, for which the essential norm ofDon$$C(\Gamma )$$C(Γ)is$$<1/2$$<1/2.
Botulinum toxin in cancer therapy—current perspectives and limitations
Authors: Grenda Tomasz , Grenda Anna , Krawczyk Paweł , Kwiatek Krzysztof
Published: December 2021

Different serotypes of botulinum toxins (BoNTs) act upon different types of SNARE proteins. This property is used in aesthetic medicine to treat certain eye disorders such as crossed eyes (strabismus) and uncontrolled blinking (blepharospasm), to treat muscle spasms or movement disorders, and, for the two last decades, more and more often, to provide support in cancer therapy, especially so as to obtain analgesic effects upon spastic conditions. The limited literature data also suggests that the addition of BoNTs to the culture of cancer cell lines reduces cell growth, and mitotic activity, and promotes their apoptosis. BoNTs have several advantages that can be emphasized: BoNTs act on both perfusion and oxygenation; moreover, BoNTs are considered to be safe and free of systemic side effects upon administration. Recently, advances in molecular biology techniques have allowed a wide variety of novel BoNT constructs with alternative functions. These constructs could be assessed as potential new classes of anti-cancer drugs. This creates new potential perspectives in the wider use of non-toxic modified BoNT constructs in cancer therapy. In the light of the mentioned premises and existing literature reports, the aim of this review is to summarize current data and reports considering BoNT use in cancer therapy.

Key points

•Botulinum toxin (BoNTs) may be useful in cancer treatment.

•Botulinum toxin can serve as an analgesic after cancer radiotherapy.

•Botulinum toxin has the ability to inhibit tumor growth and promote apoptosis of neoplastic cells.
Disparate roost sites drive intraspecific physiological variation in a Malagasy bat
Authors: Reher Stephanie , Rabarison Hajatiana , Montero B. Karina , Turner James M. , Dausmann Kathrin H.
Published: December 2021

Many species are widely distributed and individual populations can experience vastly different environmental conditions over seasonal and geographic scales. With such a broad ecological reality, datasets with limited spatial and temporal resolution may not accurately represent a species and could lead to poorly informed management decisions. Because physiological flexibility can help species tolerate environmental variation, we studied the physiological responses of two separate populations ofMacronycteris commersoni, a bat widespread across Madagascar, in contrasting seasons. The populations roost under the following dissimilar conditions: either a hot, well-buffered cave or within open foliage, unprotected from the local weather. We found that flexible torpor patterns, used in response to prevailing ambient temperature and relative humidity, were central to keeping energy budgets balanced in both populations. While bats’ metabolic rate during torpor and rest did not differ between roosts, adjusting torpor frequency, duration and timing helped bats maintain body condition. Interestingly, the exposed forest roost induced extensive use of torpor, which exceeded the torpor frequency of overwintering bats that stayed in the cave for months and consequently minimised daytime resting energy expenditure in the forest. Our current understanding of intraspecific physiological variation is limited and physiological traits are often considered to be fixed. The results of our study therefore highlight the need for examining species at broad environmental scales to avoid underestimating a species’ full capacity for withstanding environmental variation, especially in the face of ongoing, disruptive human interference in natural habitats.
Dynamic Averaging Load Balancing on Cycles
Authors: Alistarh Dan , Nadiradze Giorgi , Sabour Amirmojtaba
Published: December 2021

We consider the following dynamic load-balancing process: given an underlying graphGwithnnodes, in each step$$t\ge 0$$t≥0, a random edge is chosen, one unit of load is created, and placed at one of the endpoints. In the same step, assuming that loads are arbitrarily divisible, the two nodesbalancetheir loads by averaging them. We are interested in the expected gap between the minimum and maximum loads at nodes as the process progresses, and its dependence onnand on the graph structure. Peres et al. (Random Struct Algorithms 47(4):760–775, 2015) studied the variant of this process, where the unit of load is placed in the least loaded endpoint of the chosen edge, and the averaging is not performed. In the case of dynamic load balancing on the cycle of lengthnthe only known upper bound on the expected gap is of order$$\mathcal {O}( n \log n )$$O(nlogn), following from the majorization argument due to the same work. In this paper, we leverage the power of averaging and provide an improved upper bound of$$\mathcal {O} ( \sqrt{n} \log n )$$O(nlogn). We introduce a new potential analysis technique, which enables us to bound the difference in load betweenk-hop neighbors on the cycle, for any$$k \le n/2$$k≤n/2. We complement this with a “gap covering” argument, which bounds the maximum value of the gap by bounding its value across all possible subsets of a certain structure, and recursively bounding the gaps within each subset. We also show that our analysis can be extended to the specific instance of Harary graphs. On the other hand, we prove that the expected second moment of the gap is lower bounded by$$\Omega (n)$$Ω(n). Additionally, we provide experimental evidence that our upper bound on the gap is tight up to a logarithmic factor.
Effects of electrical brain stimulation on brain indices and presence experience in immersive, interactive virtual reality
Authors: Kogler Wolfgang , Wood Guilherme , Kober Silvia Erika
Published: December 2021

The subjective presence experience in virtual reality (VR) is associated with distinct brain activation patterns. Particularly, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) seems to play a central role. We investigated the effects of electric brain stimulation (transcranial direct current, tDCS) on the presence experience as well as on brain activity and connectivity. Thirty-eight participants received either anodal (N = 18) or cathodal (N = 20) stimulation of the DLPFC before interacting in an immersive VR as well as sham stimulation. During VR interaction, EEG and heart rate were recorded. After VR interaction, participants rated their subjective presence experience using standardized questionnaires. Cathodal stimulation led to stronger brain connectivity than sham stimulation. Increased brain connectivity was associated with numerically lower levels of subjective presence. Anodal stimulation did not lead to changes in brain connectivity, and no differences in subjective presence ratings were found between the anodal and sham stimulation. These results indicate that cathodal tDCS over the DLPFC leads to a more synchronized brain state, which might hamper the activity in networks, which are generally associated with the evolvement of the subjective presence experience. Our results underline the importance of the DLPFC for the presence experience in VR.
Integrity monitoring for precise orbit determination of LEO satellites
Authors: Wang Kan , El-Mowafy Ahmed , Rizos Chris
Published: December 2021

Due to an increasing requirement for high accuracy orbital information for low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, precise orbit determination (POD) of LEO satellites is a topic of growing interest. To assure the safety and reliability of the applications requiring high accuracy LEO orbits in near-real-time, integrity monitoring (IM) is an essential operation of the POD process. In this contribution, the IM strategy for LEO POD in both the kinematic and reduced-dynamic modes is investigated. The overbounding parameters of the signal-in-space range error are investigated for the GPS products provided by the International GNSS Service’s Real-Time Service and the Multi-GNSS Advanced Demonstration of Orbit and Clock Analysis service. Benefiting from the dynamic models used and the improved model strength, the test results based on the data of the LEO satellite GRACE FO-1 show that the average-case mean protection levels (PLs) can be reduced from about 3–4 m in the kinematic mode to about 1 m in the reduced-dynamic mode in the radial, along-track and cross-track directions. The overbounding mean values of the SISRE play the dominant role in the final PLs. In the reduced-dynamic mode and average-case projection, the IM availabilities reach above 99% in the radial, along-track and cross-track directions with the alert limit (AL) set to 2 m. The values are still above 98% with the AL set to 4 m, when the duty cycle of tracking is reduced to 40%, e.g., in the case of power limits for miniature satellites such as CubeSats.
A pheromone bouquet controls the reproductive behaviour of the male shore crab, Carcinus maenas
Authors: Fletcher Nichola , Terschak John A. , Bartels-Hardege Helga D. , Bublitz Ralf , Schirrmacher Paula , Hardege Jorg D.
Published: December 2021

The reproduction of many brachyuran crustaceans involves the formation of mating pairs often around the time of the female moult with attraction of a sexual partner and mating behaviour controlled by sex pheromones. In shore crabs, Carcinus maenas, females produce sex pheromones that are released in the urine. High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis (HPLC) of female urine shows that the pheromone, identified as the nucleotide uridine diphosphate (UDP), elutes as an unresolved peak with structurally related nucleotides. We examined female urine samples over the moult cycle and detected UDP as well as uridine triphosphate (UTP). Bioassays were conducted to establish the possibility of a blend of nucleotides forming a sex pheromone bouquet in C. maenas. Whilst UDP induced the male mate guarding behaviour (cradling), a mixture of the two nucleotides at a ratio of 4:1 UDP:UTP elicited an even stronger mating response than either UDP or UTP individually. The urine concentration and composition of these nucleotides changes over the moult period pre and post ecdysis, providing evidence that a pheromone bouquet composition is not always constant. The change of the bouquet is related to the physiological state of the sender, here the moult cycle. Our study unravels the functionality of reaction-specific molecules in a pheromone bouquet. Whilst UDP is the mating signal, UTP acts as an attractant and combined they maximise the reproductive response. The use of bouquets provides species-specificity, potentially enabling reproductive isolation of sympatric species, and contains valuable information on the physiological state of the sender.
Designing and coding with BBC micro:bit to solve a real-world task – a challenging movement between contexts
Authors: Cederqvist A-M.
Published: December 2021

Designing programmed technological solutions (PTS) with programming materials has become a way to contextualise educational content related to PTS and programming. However, studies show that pupils have difficulties conceptualising central phenomena involved in the process, which affects their ability to design PTS. In order to understand these difficulties, this study investigates pupils’ ways of experiencing the process of solving a real-world task with a programming material. The study takes its point of departure from a previous study that identified two central phenomena, the dual nature (structure and function) of PTS and the BBC micro:bit material, when pupils, aged 10 and 14, were designing a burglar alarm with the BBC micro:bit. The data was revisited with the aim of analysing pupils’ sequential discernment of critical aspects of the phenomena (i.e. aspects necessary to discern in order to understand phenomena), and how this affects how the design process unfolds. The results show that the movement from the real-world context toward the BBC micro:bit context is challenging. Pupils need to be able to connect conditions in the real-world context both to aspects of the dual nature of their PTS, and to aspects of the BBC micro:bit material that represent the dual nature. This suggests the importance of appreciating the BBC micro:bit context and the real-world context in relation to the dual nature of PTS, and of addressing the sequential stages of the process in which aspects of phenomena and their interrelations are emphasised, to help pupils see the PTS in the changing contexts.
Variance of Voltages in a Lattice Coulomb Gas
Authors: Conache Diana , Heydenreich Markus , Merkl Franz , Rolles Silke W. W.
Published: December 2021

We study the behavior of the variance of the difference of energies for putting an additional electric unit charge at two different locations in the two-dimensional lattice Coulomb gas in the high-temperature regime. For this, we exploit the duality between this model and a discrete Gaussian model. Our estimates follow from a spontaneous symmetry breaking in the latter model.
A distributed fault detection scheme in disturbed heterogeneous networked systems
Authors: Taoufik Anass , Defoort Michael , Djemai Mohamed , Busawon Krishna
Published: December 2021

This paper deals with the problem of distributed fault detection and isolation in multi-agent systems with disturbed high-order dynamics subject to communication uncertainties and faults. Distributed finite-frequency mixed $${\mathcal {H}}_-$$

H
-

$$/{\mathcal {H}}_\infty $$

/

H
∞

unknown input observers are designed to detect and distinguish actuator, sensor and communication faults. Furthermore, an agent is capable of detecting not only its own faults but also faults in its neighbouring agents. Sufficient conditions are then derived in terms of a set of linear matrix inequalities while adding additional design variables to reduce the conservatism. A numerical simulation is carried out in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Carbonized wood with ordered channels decorated by NiCo2O4 for lightweight and high-performance microwave absorber
Authors: Qin Guangyu , Huang Xiaoxiao , Yan Xu , He Yunfei , Liu Yuhao , Xia Long , Zhong Bo
Published: December 2021

Wood-derived carbon has a 3D porous framework composed of through channels along the growth direction, which is a suitable matrix for preparing electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials with low cost, light weight, and environmental friendliness. Herein, the carbonized wood decorated by short cone-like NiCo2O4 (NiCo2O4@CW) with highly ordered straight-channel architecture was successfully manufactured through a facile calcination procedure. The horizontal arrangement of the through channels of NiCo2O4@CW (H-NiCo2O4@CW) exhibits a strong reflection loss value of -64.0 dB at 10.72 GHz with a thickness of 3.62 mm and a low filling ratio of 26 wt% (with the density of 0.98 g·cm-3), and the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) is 8.08 GHz (9.92–18.0 GHz) at the thickness of 3.2 mm. The excellent microwave absorption (MA) property was ascribed to the ordered-channel structure with abundant interfaces and defects from NiCo2O4@CW, which could promote the interfacial polarization and dipole polarization. What is more, this advantageous structure increased the multiple reflections and scattering. Finite element analysis (FEA) simulation is carried out to detect the interaction between the prepared material and EMW when the ordered channels are arranged in different directions. This research provides a low-cost, sustainable, and environmentally friendly strategy for using carbonized wood to fabricate microwave absorbers with strong attenuation capabilities and light weight.
Synthesis of the superfine high-entropy zirconate nanopowders by polymerized complex method
Authors: Han Yangjie , Yu Renwang , Liu Honghua , Chu Yanhui
Published: December 2021

The high-purity and superfine high-entropy zirconate nanopowders, namely (Y0.25La0.25Sm0.25Eu0.25)2Zr2O7 nanopowders, without agglomeration, were successfully synthesized via polymerized complex method at low temperatures for the first time. The results showed that the crystallinity degree, lattice strain, and particle size of the as-synthesized powders were gradually enhanced with the increase of the synthesis temperature from 800 to 1300 °C. The as-synthesized powders involved fluorite phase in the range of 800–1200 °C while they underwent the phase evolution from fluorite to pyrochlore at 1300 °C. It is worth mentioning that the as-synthesized powders at 900 °C are of the highest quality among all the as-synthesized powders, which is due to the fact that they not only possess the particle size of 11 nm without agglomeration, but also show high purity and good compositional uniformity.
Twist-minimal trace formula for holomorphic cusp forms
Authors: Child Kieran
Published: December 2021

We derive an explicit formula for the trace of an arbitrary Hecke operator on spaces of twist-minimal holomorphic cusp forms with arbitrary level and character, and weight at least 2. We show that this formula provides an efficient way of computing Fourier coefficients of basis elements for newform or cusp form spaces. This work was motivated by the development of a twist-minimal trace formula in the non-holomorphic case by Booker, Lee and Strömbergsson, as well as the presentation of a fully generalised trace formula for the holomorphic case by Cohen and Strömberg.
scGET: Predicting Cell Fate Transition During Early Embryonic Development by Single-Cell Graph Entropy
Authors: Zhong Jiayuan , Han Chongyin , Zhang Xuhang , Chen Pei , Liu Rui
Published: December 2021

During early embryonic development, cell fate commitment represents a critical transition or “tipping point” of embryonic differentiation, at which there is a drastic and qualitative shift of the cell populations. In this study, we presented a computational approach, scGET, to explore the gene–gene associations based on single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data for critical transition prediction. Specifically, by transforming the gene expression data to the local network entropy, the single-cell graph entropy (SGE) value quantitatively characterizes the stability and criticality of gene regulatory networks among cell populations and thus can be employed to detect the critical signal of cell fate or lineage commitment at the single-cell level. Being applied to five scRNA-seq datasets of embryonic differentiation, scGET accurately predicts all the impending cell fate transitions. After identifying the “dark genes” that are non-differentially expressed genes but sensitive to the SGE value, the underlying signaling mechanisms were revealed, suggesting that the synergy of dark genes and their downstream targets may play a key role in various cell development processes. The application in all five datasets demonstrates the effectiveness of scGET in analyzing scRNA-seq data from a network perspective and its potential to track the dynamics of cell differentiation. The source code of scGET is accessible at https://github.com/zhongjiayuna/scGET_Project.
Effects of Stem Cell Therapy on Diabetic Mellitus Erectile Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Yao Chi , Zhang Xiangyu , Yu Zhikang , Jing Jibo , Sun Chao , Chen Ming
Published: December 2021

Background

Stem cell is considered a potential therapy for treating erectile dysfunction (ED), including diabetic mellitus erectile dysfunction (DMED), which was investigated in some preclinical studies. Several trials introduced stem cell into clinical practice, but divergences emerged.

Aim

To further investigate the therapeutic effects of stem cell on DMED in preclinical studies and investigate some possible factors that influence curative effects.

Methods

The literature research was conducted in Web of Science and PubMed to retrieve studies utilizing stem cell to treat DMED. Revman 5.3 was used to perform subgroup analysis of intracavernosal pressure/mean artery pressure (ICP/MAP) and structural changes. Publication bias was assessed with Egger’s test, funnel plot, and sensitivity analysis by Stata 15.0.

Outcomes

The ICP/MAP and structural changes before and after stem cell treatment.

Results

Of 2,115 studies retrieved, 23 studies are eligible. Plus 10 studies from a meta-analysis published in 2016, 33 studies were enrolled. Pooled analysis showed that stem cell ameliorates damaged ICP/MAP (WMD 0.26; 95% CI 0.23–0.29; P < .001) and structural changes induced by diabetes. Subgroup analysis indicated that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell (ADSC) may have better efficacy than bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) (χ2= 4.21, P = .04; ADSC WMD 0.28, 95% CI [0.24–0.32] vs BMSC WMD 0.22 95% CI [0.17–0.26]). Transplantation type, diabetes type, and cell number make no difference to curative effects. Gene modification and therapy combination proved promising in improving the therapeutic effects of stem cell.

Clinical Translation

The evidence reminded that ADSC may be prior to BMSC in clinical trials and autotransplantation is probably not compulsory in the clinical practice of stem cell.

Strengths and Limitations

The study number and sample size are large enough. However, high degree of heterogeneity remains after subgroup analysis.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis suggests the efficacy of stem cell therapy for DMED and the possible superiority of ADSC over BMSC in erection restoration and structure renovation.
The rotation of a sedimenting spheroidal particle in a linearly stratified fluid
Authors: Varanasi Arun Kumar , Marath Navaneeth K. , Subramanian Ganesh
Published: December 2021

We derive analytically the angular velocity of a spheroid, of an arbitrary aspect ratio$\kappa$, sedimenting in a linearly stratified fluid. The analysis demarcates regions in parameter space corresponding to broadside-on and edgewise settling in the limit$Re, Ri_v \ll 1$, where$Re = \rho _0UL/\mu$and$Ri_v =\gamma L^3\,g/\mu U$, the Reynolds and viscous Richardson numbers, respectively, are dimensionless measures of the importance of inertial and buoyancy forces relative to viscous ones. Here,$L$is the spheroid semi-major axis,$U$an appropriate settling velocity scale,$\mu$the fluid viscosity and$\gamma \ (>0)$the (constant) density gradient characterizing the stably stratified ambient, with the fluid density$\rho_0$taken to be a constant within the Boussinesq framework. A reciprocal theorem formulation identifies three contributions to the angular velocity: (1) an$O(Re)$inertial contribution that already exists in a homogeneous ambient, and orients the spheroid broadside-on; (2) an$O(Ri_v)$hydrostatic contribution due to the ambient stratification that also orients the spheroid broadside-on; and (3) a hydrodynamic contribution arising from the perturbation of the ambient stratification whose nature depends on$Pe$;$Pe = UL/D$being the Péclet number with$D$the diffusivity of the stratifying agent. For$Pe \ll 1$, this contribution is$O(Ri_v)$and orients prolate spheroids edgewise for all$\kappa \ (>1)$. For oblate spheroids, it changes sign across a critical aspect ratio$\kappa _c \approx 0.41$, orienting oblate spheroids with$\kappa _c < \kappa < 1$edgewise and those with$\kappa < \kappa _c$broadside-on. For$Pe \ll 1$, the hydrodynamic component is always smaller in magnitude than the hydrostatic one, so a sedimenting spheroid in this limit always orients broadside-on. For$Pe \gg 1$, the hydrodynamic contribution is dominant, being$O(Ri_v^{{2}/{3}}$) in the Stokes stratification regime characterized by$Re \ll Ri_v^{{1}/{3}}$, and orients the spheroid edgewise regardless of$\kappa$. Consideration of the inertial and large-$Pe$stratification-induced angular velocities leads to two critical curves which separate the broadside-on and edgewise settling regimes in the$Ri_v/Re^{{3}/{2}}$–$\kappa$plane, with the region between the curves corresponding to stable intermediate equilibrium orientations. The predictions for large$Pe$are broadly consistent with observations.
Image-based modelling of coke combustion in a multiscale porous medium using a micro-continuum framework
Authors: Xu Qianghui , Dai Xiaoye , Yang Junyu , Liu Zhiying , Shi Lin
Published: December 2021

Non-isothermal reactive transport in complicated porous media is diverse in nature and industrial applications. There are challenges in the modelling of multiple physicochemical processes in multiscale pore structures with various length scales ranging from nanometres to micrometres. This study focuses on coke combustion during in situ crude oil combustion techniques. A micro-continuum model was developed to perform an image-based simulation of coke combustion through a multiscale porous medium. The simulation coupled weakly compressible gas flow, species transport, conjugate heat transfer, heterogeneous coke oxidation kinetics and structural evolution. The unresolved nanoporous coke region was treated as a continuum, for which the random pore model, permeability model and species diffusivity model were integrated as sub-grid models to account for the sub-resolution reactive surface area, Darcy flow and Knudsen diffusion, respectively. A Pe–Da diagram was provided to present five characteristic combustion regimes covering the ignition temperature and air flux in realistic field operations and laboratory measurements. The present model proved to achieve more accurate predictions of the feasible ignition temperature than previous models. Compared with the air flux of

$\phi \sim O\textrm{(1) s}{\textrm{m}^\textrm{3}}(\textrm{air})\;{({\textrm{m}^\textrm{2}}\ \textrm{h})^{ - 1}}$

in the field, the increasing air flux in the laboratory transformed the combustion regime from diffusion-limited to convection-limited, which led to an overpredicted burning temperature. Reactive fingering combustion was analysed to understand the potential risks in some experimental measurements. The findings provide a better understanding of coke combustion and can help engineers design sustainable combustion methods. The developed image-based model allows other types of multiscale and nonlinear reactive transport to be simulated.
Subcritical and supercritical granular flow around an obstacle on a rough inclined plane
Authors: Tregaskis C. , Johnson C.G. , Cui X. , Gray J.M.N.T.
Published: December 2021

A blunt obstacle in the path of a rapid granular avalanche generates a bow shock (a jump in the avalanche thickness and velocity), a region of static grains upstream of the obstacle, and a grain-free region downstream. Here, it is shown that this interaction is qualitatively altered if the incline on which the avalanche is flowing is changed from smooth to rough. On a rough incline, the friction between the grains and the incline depends on the flow thickness and speed, which allows both rapid (supercritical) and slow (subcritical) steady uniform avalanches. For supercritical experimental flows, the material is diverted around a blunt obstacle by the formation of a bow shock and a static dead zone upstream of the obstacle. Downslope, a grain-free vacuum region forms, but, in contrast to flows on smooth beds, static levees form at the boundary between the vacuum region and the flow. In slower, subcritical, flows the flow is diverted smoothly around the dead zone and the obstacle without forming a bow shock. After the avalanche stops, signatures of the dead zone, levees and (in subcritical flows) a deeper region upslope of the obstacle are frozen into the deposit. To capture this behaviour, numerical simulations are performed with a depth-averaged avalanche model that includes frictional hysteresis and depth-averaged viscous terms, which are needed to accurately model the flowing and deposited regions. These results may be directly relevant to geophysical mass flows and snow avalanches, which flow over rough terrain and may impact barriers or other infrastructure.
Are Land‐Use Change Emissions in Southeast Asia Decreasing or Increasing?
Authors: Kondo Masayuki , Sitch Stephen , Ciais Philippe , Achard Frédéric , Kato Etsushi , Pongratz Julia , Houghton Richard A. , Canadell Josep G. , Patra Prabir K. , Friedlingstein Pierre , Li Wei , Anthoni Peter , Arneth Almut , Chevallier Frédéric , Ganzenmüller Raphael , Harper Anna , Jain Atul K. , Koven Charles , Lienert Sebastian , Lombardozzi Danica , Maki Takashi , Nabel Julia E. M. S. , Nakamura Takashi , Niwa Yosuke , Peylin Philippe , Poulter Benjamin , Pugh Thomas A. M. , Rödenbeck Christian , Saeki Tazu , Stocker Benjamin , Viovy Nicolas , Wiltshire Andy , Zaehle Sönke
Published: December 2021

Southeast Asia is a region known for active land‐use changes (LUC) over the past 60 years; yet, how trends in net CO2 uptake and release resulting from LUC activities (net LUC flux) have changed through past decades remains uncertain. The level of uncertainty in net LUC flux from process‐based models is so high that it cannot be concluded that newer estimates are necessarily more reliable than older ones. Here, we examined net LUC flux estimates of Southeast Asia for the 1980s−2010s from older and newer sets of Dynamic Global Vegetation Model simulations (TRENDY v2 and v7, respectively), and forcing data used for running those simulations, along with two book‐keeping estimates (H&N and BLUE). These estimates yielded two contrasting historical LUC transitions, such that TRENDY v2 and H&N showed a transition from increased emissions from the 1980s to 1990s to declining emissions in the 2000s, while TRENDY v7 and BLUE showed the opposite transition. We found that these contrasting transitions originated in the update of LUC forcing data, which reduced the loss of forest area during the 1990s. Further evaluation of remote sensing studies, atmospheric inversions, and the history of forestry and environmental policies in Southeast Asia supported the occurrence of peak emissions in the 1990s and declining thereafter. However, whether LUC emissions continue to decline in Southeast Asia remains uncertain as key processes in recent years, such as conversion of peat forest to oil‐palm plantation, are yet to be represented in the forcing data, suggesting a need for further revision.
Diamond Discovery Unearths Secrets of the Deep
Authors: Wright Clarissa
Published: December 2021

A diamond inclusion has revealed a new mineral, davemaoite, as well as hints about the workings of our planet’s interior.
A Double‐Peak Intraseasonal Pattern in the Chlorophyll Concentration Associated With Summer Upwelling and Mesoscale Eddies in the Western South China Sea
Authors: Liu Fenfen , Tang Shilin
Published: December 2021

The southwest monsoon between June and October induces upwelling and offshore cold‐water transport in the western South China Sea (SCS). A seasonal collocated chlorophyll bloom also occurs, resulting in a productivity increase in the oligotrophic SCS basin. To accurately quantify productivity transported toward the open ocean, it is necessary to determine whether the transport is continuous or intermittent (intraseasonal oscillation). However, intraseasonal chlorophyll oscillations during summer have not been investigated. The influences of upwelling and an eddy dipole on intraseasonal chlorophyll oscillation also remain unclear. Merged daily chlorophyll data obtained from a multisatellite ocean color product are used to investigate intraseasonal chlorophyll oscillations. Our results indicate that summer chlorophyll development is characterized by an intraseasonal double‐bloom pattern in July‐August and September‐October in 11 out of 20 years (1998–2017). The time interval between the two blooms varies between 23 and 45 days. The timing of the first bloom is correlated with upwelling (R2 = 0.70), but the secondary bloom is not (R2 = 0.26). During the second chlorophyll bloom period, high chlorophyll is observed in the interaction region of an eddy dipole, which is locally generated rather than transported from nearshore areas. A new index is proposed based on finite‐size Lyapunov exponents and the orientations of the associated eigenvectors to represent frontogenetic processes. The index coincides not only spatially with the chlorophyll bloom but also temporally with the chlorophyll variation during the second bloom period (R2 = 0.73).
Isotopic Characterization of Water Masses in the Southeast Pacific Region: Paleoceanographic Implications
Authors: Reyes‐Macaya Dharma , Hoogakker Babette , Martínez‐Méndez Gema , Llanillo Pedro J. , Grasse Patricia , Mohtadi Mahyar , Mix Alan , Leng Melanie J. , Struck Ulrich , McCorkle Daniel C. , Troncoso Macarena , Gayo Eugenia M. , Lange Carina B. , Farias Laura , Carhuapoma Wilson , Graco Michelle , Cornejo‐D’Ottone Marcela , De Pol Holz Ricardo , Fernandez Camila , Narvaez Diego , Vargas Cristian A. , García‐Araya Francisco , Hebbeln Dierk
Published: December 2021

In this study, we used stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O), deuterium (δD), and dissolved inorganic carbon (δ13CDIC) in combination with temperature, salinity, oxygen, and nutrient concentrations to characterize the coastal (71°–78°W) and an oceanic (82°–98°W) water masses (SAAW—Subantarctic Surface Water; STW—Subtropical Water; ESSW—Equatorial Subsurface water; AAIW—Antarctic Intermediate Water; PDW—Pacific Deep Water) of the Southeast Pacific (SEP). The results show that δ18O and δD can be used to differentiate between SAAW‐STW, SAAW‐ESSW, and ESSW‐AAIW. δ13CDIC signatures can be used to differentiate between STW‐ESSW (oceanic section), SAAW‐ESSW, ESSW‐AAIW, and AAIW‐PDW. Compared with the oceanic section, our new coastal section highlights differences in both the chemistry and geometry of water masses above 1,000 m. Previous paleoceanographic studies using marine sediments from the SEP continental margin used the present‐day hydrological oceanic transect to compare against, as the coastal section was not sufficiently characterized. We suggest that our new results of the coastal section should be used for past characterizations of the SEP water masses that are usually based on continental margin sediment samples.