bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural and optical properties of β-Ga2O3 thin films grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Ghose Susmita , Rahman Md. Shafiqur , Rojas-Ramirez Juan Salvador , Caro Manuel , Droopad Ravi , Arias Abraham , Nedev Nicola
Published: February 2016

Epitaxial beta-gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) has been deposited on c-plane sapphire by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy technique using two methods. One method relied on a compound Ga2O3 source with oxygen plasma while the second used elemental Ga source with oxygen plasma. A side-by-side comparison of the growth parameters between these two methods has been demonstrated. With various substrate temperatures, pure phase (2¯01) oriented β-Ga2O3 thin films were obtained using both sources. Reflection high energy electron diffraction patterns displayed a threefold reconstruction during the growth. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed a shift in the binding energy of the Ga 2p peaks consistent with a Ga being in a +3 oxidation state. For transparent oxide like β-Ga2O3, it is important to determine the index of refraction (n) and its functional dependence on the wavelength. The Cauchy dispersion relation was employed to evaluate the refractive index, film thickness, roughness values, and extinction coefficient. The band gap energies of the thin films were calculated to be ∼5.02 eV by extrapolating the linear portion of Tauc-plot analysis and the refractive index is ∼1.89 at the wavelength (λ) of 6328 Å, suggesting high structural quality and packing density of the oxide films.
4D interventional device reconstruction from biplane fluoroscopy
Authors: Wagner Martin , Schafer Sebastian , Strother Charles , Mistretta Charles
Published: February 2016

Purpose:

Biplane angiography systems provide time resolved 2D fluoroscopic images from two different angles, which can be used for the positioning of interventional devices such as guidewires and catheters. The purpose of this work is to provide a novel algorithm framework, which allows the 3D reconstruction of these curvilinear devices from the 2D projection images for each time frame. This would allow creating virtual projection images from arbitrary view angles without changing the position of the gantries, as well as virtual endoscopic 3D renderings.

Methods:

The first frame of each time sequence is registered to and subtracted from the following frame using an elastic grid registration technique. The images are then preprocessed by a noise reduction algorithm using directional adaptive filter kernels and a ridgeness filter that emphasizes curvilinear structures. A threshold based segmentation of the device is then performed, followed by a flux driven topology preserving thinning algorithm to extract the segments of the device centerline. The exact device path is determined using Dijkstra's algorithm to minimize the curvature and distance between adjacent segments as well as the difference to the device path of the previous frame. The 3D device centerline is then reconstructed using epipolar geometry.

Results:

The accuracy of the reconstruction was measured in a vascular head phantom as well as in a cadaver head and a canine study. The device reconstructions are compared to rotational 3D acquisitions. In the phantom experiments, an average device tip accuracy of 0.35 ± 0.09 mm, a Hausdorff distance of 0.65 ± 0.32 mm, and a mean device distance of 0.54 ± 0.33 mm were achieved. In the cadaver head and canine experiments, the device tip was reconstructed with an average accuracy of 0.26 ± 0.20 mm, a Hausdorff distance of 0.62 ± 0.08 mm, and a mean device distance of 0.41 ± 0.08 mm. Additionally, retrospective reconstruction results of real patient data are presented.

Conclusions:

The presented algorithm is a novel approach for the time resolved 3D reconstruction of interventional devices from biplane fluoroscopic images, thus allowing the creation of virtual projection images from arbitrary view angles as well as virtual endoscopic 3D renderings. Availability of this technique would enhance the ability to accurately position devices in minimally invasive endovascular procedures.
A slowly rotating hollow sphere in a magnetic field: First steps to de-spin a space object
Authors: Youngquist Robert C. , Nurge Mark A. , Starr Stanley O. , Leve Frederick A. , Peck Mason
Published: February 2016

Modeling the interaction of a slowly rotating hollow conducting sphere in a magnetic field provided an understanding of the dynamics of orbiting space objects moving through the Earth's magnetic field. This analysis, performed in the late 1950s and limited to uniform magnetic fields, was innovative and acknowledged the pioneers who first observed rotary magnetism, in particular, the seminal work of Hertz in 1880. Now, there is interest in using a magnetic field produced by one space object to stop the spin of a second object so that docking can occur. In this paper, we consider, yet again, the interaction of a rotating hollow sphere in a magnetic field. We show that the predicted results can be tested experimentally, making this an interesting advanced student project. This analysis also sheds light on a rich set of previously unaddressed behaviors involving eddy currents.
Coulomb's law for rolling friction
Authors: Cross Rod
Published: February 2016

Measurements are presented on the coefficient of rolling friction for steel balls rolling on hard surfaces. Two simple techniques are described, both suitable for use in a student laboratory, and both capable of measuring friction coefficients as small as 0.0001. The coefficient of rolling friction depends strongly on ball radius, an effect first observed by Coulomb in 1785. In this work, the dependence on ball radius is found to be similar to that observed by Tabor in 1955 using steel balls on rubber and on soft metal surfaces. However, it is found that rolling friction on a hard surface is due primarily to surface roughness rather than the hysteresis losses commonly associated with soft balls or soft surfaces. It is also found that the coefficient of rolling friction is approximately proportional to rolling speed.
Some reflections on the role of semi-classical atomic models in the teaching and learning of introductory quantum mechanics
Authors: O'Sullivan Colm
Published: February 2016

The role of “semi-classical” (Bohr–Sommerfeld) and “semi-quantum-mechanical” (atomic orbital) models in the context of the teaching of atomic theory is considered. It is suggested that an appropriate treatment of such models can serve as a useful adjunct to quantum mechanical study of atomic systems.
A simple Cavendish experimental apparatus
Authors: Kossler W. J. , Klein Susann , Morrow Dominick , Juliao Andre
Published: February 2016

A simple Cavendish apparatus is described that allows measurement of the gravitational constant G and makes observable the gravitational attraction between commonplace objects. The apparatus consists of a torsion balance constructed from readily available materials, including lead bricks and fishing weights (“sinkers”). A computer program is used to determine the gravitational field at the location of the small mass due to a nearby lead brick, which allows students to gain experience with numerical methods. Experimental results obtained are compatible with the accepted value of G.
On Kirchhoff's equations and variational approaches to electrical network analysis
Authors: Ercan Alper
Published: February 2016

Analysis of electrical networks using variational techniques, while repeatedly mentioned in the literature, is not widely known or utilized. In this short communication, we emphasize the connection between Kirchhoff's network equations, energy conservation, and variational analysis techniques using a brief example.
Comparison of Protein-Pacing Alone or Combined With Yoga/Stretching and Resistance Training on Glycemia, Total and Regional Body Composition, and Aerobic Fitness in Overweight Women
Authors: Ruby Maxwell , Repka Chris P. , Arciero Paul J.
Published: February 2016

Background:

Yoga/Stretching (YS) and functional resistance (FR) training are popular exercise routines. A protein-pacing (PP) diet is a common dietary regimen. Thus, we assessed the effectiveness of a PP diet alone and in combination with either YS or FR to improve body composition and cardiometabolic health.

Methods:

Twenty-seven overweight women (age = 43.2 ± 4.6 years) were randomized into 3 groups: yoga (YS, n = 8) or resistance (FR, n = 10) training (3 days/week) in conjunction with PP diet (50% carbohydrate, 25% protein, and 25% fat) or PP diet-only (PP, n = 9) throughout 12-week study. PP maintained preexisting levels of physical activity. Body weight (BW), total (BF) and abdominal (ABF) body fat, waist circumference (WC), plasma biomarkers, and aerobic fitness (VO2) were measured at baseline and 12 weeks.

Results:

WC and total cholesterol improved in all groups, whereas glycemia tended to improve (P = .06) in S. BF, ABF, and VO2 increased significantly in YS and FR (P < .05). Feelings of vigor increased in YS and tension decreased in FR (P < .05).

Conclusions:

YS training tended to decrease blood glucose compared with FR and PP and is equally effective at enhancing body composition, and aerobic fitness in overweight women providing a strong rationale for further research on YS training.
Nonlinear Resistance Training Enhances the Lipid Profile and Reduces Inflammation Marker in People Living With HIV: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Zanetti Hugo Ribeiro , da Cruz Lucas Gonçalves , Lourenço Camilo Luís Monteiro , Ribeiro Giovana Castilho , de Jesus Leite Marco Aurélio Ferreira , Neves Fernando Freitas , Silva-Vergara Mário Leon , Mendes Edmar Lacerda
Published: February 2016

Background:

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is associated with high total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglyceride (TG), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. The natural course of the HIV infection reduces the high-density lipoprotein level (HDL-c). Thus, physical exercise plays a key role in reducing the effects of HAART and HIV.

Methods:

Thirty people living with HIV (PLHIV) were randomized to the nonlinear resistance training (NLRT) and control (CON) groups. The NLRT group underwent 12 weeks of resistance training, whereas the CON group maintained usual daily activities. All volunteers underwent anthropometric, body composition, and biochemical assessments at the beginning and end of 12 weeks.

Results:

After 12 weeks, the NLRT group had increased lean body mass (P < .0001), and a reduction in body fat mass (P < .0001) and body fat percentage (P < .0001). The levels of TC (P < .0001), LDL-c (P = .049), TG (P < .0001), and CRP (P = .004) were reduced, and the HDL-c level increased (P < .0001).

Conclusion

Twelve weeks of NLRT causes beneficial changes in the body composition, lipid profile, and inflammation markers in PLHIV, and it can be used in this patient population.
Source and Size of Emotional and Financial-Related Social Support Network on Physical Activity Behavior Among Older Adults
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. , Joyner Chelsea
Published: February 2016

Objective:

To examine the association of source of emotional- and financial-related social support and size of social support network on physical activity behavior among older adults.

Methods:

Data from the 1999–2006 NHANES were used (N = 5616; 60 to 85 yrs). Physical activity and emotional- and financial-related social support were assessed via self-report.

Results:

Older adults with perceived having emotional social support had a 41% increased odds of meeting physical activity guidelines (OR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.01–1.97). The only specific sources of social support that were associated with meeting physical activity guidelines was friend emotional support (OR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01–1.41) and financial support (OR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.09–1.49). With regard to size of social support network, a dose-response relationship was observed. Compared with those with 0 close friends, those with 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 5, and 6+ close friends, respectively, had a 1.70-, 2.38-, 2.57-, and 2.71-fold increased odds of meeting physical activity guidelines. There was some evidence of gender- and age-specific associations between social support and physical activity.

Conclusions:

Emotional- and financial-related social support and size of social support network are associated with higher odds of meeting physical activity guidelines among older adults.
Barcoding the brain
Authors: Underwood Emily
Published: February 2016

IARPA funds effort to map synaptic connections.
The right gut microbes help infants grow
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: February 2016

Studies point the way to using microbial therapy to combat the lasting effects of poor nutrition.
Neurons diversify astrocytes in the adult brain through sonic hedgehog signaling
Authors: Farmer W. Todd , Abrahamsson Therése , Chierzi Sabrina , Lui Christopher , Zaelzer Cristian , Jones Emma V. , Bally Blandine Ponroy , Chen Gary G. , Théroux Jean-Francois , Peng Jimmy , Bourque Charles W. , Charron Frédéric , Ernst Carl , Sjöström P. Jesper , Murai Keith K.
Published: February 2016

Glial cell properties dictated by neurons

Neurons in the brain coexist with astrocytes, a type of glial cell, which help support many functions of their neighboring nerve cells. Farmer
et al.
now show that the support goes both ways (see the Perspective by Stevens and Muthukumar). They explored the influence of neurons on two specialized types of astrocytes in the mouse cerebellar cortex. The neurons produced the morphogen known as Sonic Hedgehog. Hedgehog signaling adjusted distinctive gene expression within the two astrocyte cell types. Thus, mature neurons appear to promote and maintain specific properties of associated astrocytes.

Science
, this issue p.
849
; see also p.
813
Comment on “Global assessment of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus diversity reveals very low endemism”
Authors: Bruns Thomas D. , Taylor John W.
Published: February 2016

Davison
et al
. (Reports, 28 August 2015, p. 970) claim that virtual taxa of Glomeromycota show little endemism and that endemism that exists is similar to the levels seen in plant families. We show that this is likely due to the conservative species definition rather than to any ecological pattern.
Catalytic reversible alkene-nitrile interconversion through controllable transfer hydrocyanation
Authors: Fang Xianjie , Yu Peng , Morandi Bill
Published: February 2016

A route to nitrile that bypasses cyanide

The toxicity of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is well known. Nonetheless, numerous useful nitrile compounds contain CN groups, and the reaction of HCN with C=C double bonds is often used. Fang
et al.
now report an alternative to shuttle a CN group from one molecule to another that relies on Ni and Al catalysts (see the Perspective by Schmalz). This transfer procedure circumvents the need for HCN and can be applied to complex substrates using a simple sacrificial nitrile donor. It can also be run “in reverse” to derive an olefin of interest from a nitrile precursor.

Science
, this issue p.
832
; see also p.
817
Controlled interaction of nanoparticles with cells
Authors: Parak Wolfgang J.
Published: February 2016

DNA hybridization can control the exposure of cell-targeting receptors on nanoparticles

[Also see Report by

Ohta
et al.

]
Cas9, poised for DNA cleavage
Authors: Chen Hongfan , Bailey Scott
Published: February 2016

Structural rearrangements explain how Cas9 cuts DNA

[Also see Report by

Jiang
et al.

]
Complete Genome Sequence of a Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain from Vietnam, HUA-14PED96, with a Large Genomic Deletion
Authors: Choe Se-Eun , Park Kee-Hwan , Lim Seong-In , Le Van Phan , Hien Nguyen Ba , Thach Pham Ngoc , Phuong Le Huynh Thanh , An Byung-Hyun , Han Song Hee , Cho In-Soo , An Dong-Jun
Published: February 2016

A highly virulent strain of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causing severe diarrhea has recently emerged in Vietnam. Genomic sequences from a novel strain, HUA-14PED96, isolated from a Vietnamese piglet with serious diarrhea show relatively high identity with U.S.-like PEDV strains, and have a 72-nt deletion in the open reading frame 1a (ORF1a) gene.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two
Pseudoalteromonas
Strains Isolated from Roots and Leaf Blades of the Seagrass
Zostera marina
Authors: Alexiev Alexandra , Krusor Megan L. , Jospin Guillaume , Lang Jenna M. , Eisen Jonathan A. , Coil David A.
Published: February 2016

Here, we present the draft genome sequences for
Pseudoalteromonas
sp. strain UCD-33C and
Pseudoalteromonas lipolytica
UCD-48B.
Pseudoalteromonas
sp. UCD-33C was isolated from
Zostera marina
roots and
P. lipolytica
UCD-48B from
Z. marina
leaf blades, both collected in Woods Hole, MA. These assemblies contain 4,479,285 bp and 4,592,435 bp, respectively.
Genome Sequences of
Streptomyces
Phages Amela and Verse
Authors: Layton Sonya R. , Hemenway Ryan M. , Munyoki Christine M. , Barnes Emory B. , Barnett Sierra E. , Bond Alec M. , Narvaez Jessi M. , Sirisakd Christie D. , Smith Brandt R. , Swain Justin , Syed Orooj , Bowman Charles A. , Russell Daniel A. , Bhuiyan Swapan , Donegan-Quick Richard , Benjamin Robert C. , Hughes Lee E.
Published: February 2016

Amela and Verse are two
Streptomyces
phages isolated by enrichment on
Streptomyces venezuelae
(ATCC 10712) from two different soil samples. Amela has a genome length of 49,452, with 75 genes. Verse has a genome length of 49,483, with 75 genes. Both belong to the BD3 subcluster of Actinobacteriophage.
Draft Genome Sequence of Paenibacillus etheri sp. nov. SH7
T
, a Methyl Tert-Butyl Ether Degrader
Authors: Purswani Jessica , Guisado Isabel M. , Gonzalez-Lopez Jesus , Pozo Clementina
Published: February 2016

We report here the draft genome sequence of
Paenibacillus etheri
sp. nov. SH7
T
(= CECT 8558
T
= DSM 29760
T
), isolated from a hydrocarbon-contaminated soil pilot plant in Granada, Spain. The bacterium was isolated and sequenced due to its methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE)-degrading properties.
Draft Genome Sequence of Aspergillus niger Strain An76
Authors: Gong Weili , Cheng Zhi , Zhang Huaiqiang , Liu Lin , Gao Peiji , Wang Lushan
Published: February 2016

The filamentous fungus
Aspergillus niger
has become one of the most important fungi in industrial biotechnology, and it can efficiently secrete both polysaccharide-degrading enzymes and organic acids. We report here the 6,074,961,332-bp draft sequence of
A. niger
strain An76, and the findings provide important information related to its lignocellulose-degrading ability.
Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence and Annotation of the Tropical
japonica
Group of Asian Cultivated Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Wang Shuo , Gao Li-zhi
Published: February 2016

We announce here the first complete chloroplast genome sequence of the tropical
japonica
rice, along with its genome structure and functional annotation. The plant was collected from Indonesia and deposited as a germplasm accession of the International Rice GenBank Collection (IRGC 66630) at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). This genome provides valuable data for the future utilization of the germplasm of rice.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Novel Amoeba-Resistant Intranuclear Bacteria, “
Candidatus
Berkiella cookevillensis” and “
Candidatus
Berkiella aquae”
Authors: Mehari Yohannes T. , Arivett Brock A. , Farone Anthony L. , Gunderson John H. , Farone Mary B.
Published: February 2016

“
Candidatus
Berkiella cookevillensis” and “
Candidatus
Berkiella aquae” are obligate intranuclear endosymbionts of freshwater amoebae. Here, we present the draft genome sequences of these two bacteria, with total sizes of 2,990,361 bp and 3,626,027 bp, respectively.
Complete Genome Sequence of Multidrug-Resistant Citrobacter freundii Strain P10159, Isolated from Urine Samples from a Patient with Esophageal Carcinoma
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Huang Yong , Xu Xiaomeng , Zhao Yachao , Sun Qiang , Zhang Zhiyi , Zhang Xianglilan , Wu Yi , Wang Jie , Zhou Dongsheng , An Xiaoping , Pei Guangqian , Wang Yunfei , Mi Zhiqiang , Yin Zhe , Tong Yigang
Published: February 2016

Citrobacter freundii
is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause diarrhea, septicemia, meningitis, and urinary tract infections. We report here the complete genome sequence of
C. freundii
strain P10159, isolated from urine samples from a patient in China with esophageal carcinoma. The genome has 5,080,321 bp and 4,768 coding sequences, with a G+C content of 51.7%.
Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis KT-0184, Isolated in South Korea
Authors: Kwon Taesoo , Han Seung Jung , Yoo Won Gi , Yun Mi-ran , Lee Sanghyun , Lee Jong Seok , Kim Dae-Won
Published: February 2016

Here, we describe the draft genome sequence of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
KT-0184, from the Beijing family. This genome will provide insight into the evolution and adaptation of
M. tuberculosis
KT-0184 in human hosts.
First Complete Genome Sequence of Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi, an Emerging Bacterial Pathogen of Salmonids
Authors: Grothusen Horst , Castillo Alejandro , Henríquez Patricio , Navas Esteban , Bohle Harry , Araya Carolina , Bustamante Fernando , Bustos Patricio , Mancilla Marcos
Published: February 2016

Tenacibaculum
-like bacilli have recently been isolated from diseased sea-reared Atlantic salmon in outbreaks that took place in the XI region (Región de Aysén) of Chile. Molecular typing identified the bacterium as
Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi
. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of the AY7486TD isolate recovered during those outbreaks.
Complete Genome Sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Phage-Resistant Variant PA1RG
Authors: Li Gang , Lu Shuguang , Shen Mengyu , Le Shuai , Tan Yinling , Li Ming , Zhao Xia , Wang Jing , Shen Wei , Guo Keke , Yang Yuhui , Zhu Hongbin , Li Shu , Zhu Junmin , Rao Xiancai , Hu Fuquan
Published: February 2016

Bacteria have evolved several defense systems against phage predation. Here, we report the 6,500,439-bp complete genome sequence of the
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
phage-resistant variant PA1RG. Single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and
de novo
assembly revealed a single contig with 320-fold sequence coverage.
Draft Genome Sequence of Flavobacterium psychrophilum Strain KTEN-1510 with Genotype A/G-C, Isolated from an Ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis ) in the Kagami River, Kochi, Japan
Authors: Shimizu Masato , Goda Hikaru , Yamasaki Kenichi , Oshima Syun-ichirou , Ohnishi Kouhei , Osaki Yasuo , Kataoka Shigehiko , Imajoh Masayuki
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we describe the draft genome sequence of
Flavobacterium psychrophilum
strain KTEN-1510, with genotype A/G-C. This strain was isolated in October 2015 from the gills of an ayu (
Plecoglossus altivelis altivelis
) in the upper Kagami River in central Kochi Prefecture on Shikoku Island, Japan.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Vibrio splendidus Strains, Isolated from Seagrass Sediment
Authors: Lee Ruth D. , Jospin Guillaume , Lang Jenna M. , Eisen Jonathan A. , Coil David A.
Published: February 2016

Here, we present the draft genome sequences of
Vibrio splendidus
UCD-SED7 and UCD-SED10 (phylum
Proteobacteria
). These strains were isolated from sediment surrounding
Zostera marina
roots near the UC Davis Bodega Marine Laboratory (Bodega, Bay, California). These assemblies contain 5,334,236 bp and 5,904,824 bp, respectively.
The forgotten people in British public health: a national neglect of the dying, bereaved and caregivers
Authors: Karapliagou Aliki , Kellehear Allan
Published: February 2016

The clinical and social epidemiology of living with a life-threatening or life-limiting illness, frail ageing, long-term caregiving, and grief and bereavement is well documented in the palliative care, psycho-oncology and psychiatric literature but this investigation asks what interest exists from the mainstream public health sector in these health and illness experiences. This paper reports a content analysis of 7 key British public health journals, 14 major public health textbooks and 3 public health websites employing key word and synonym searches to assess the size and quality of interest in populations related to ageing, dying, caregiving, and grief and bereavement. Compared with other public health issues, such as obesity and tobacco use, for examples, interest in the social experience and epidemiology of end-of-life experiences is extremely low. Reasons for this lack of interest are explored.
Association between sleep disorders and injury: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lin Chia-Ling , Chung Chi-Hsiang , Tsai Yu-Hsia , Chien Wu-Chien
Published: February 2016

Background

The evidence is insufficient for the association between the exposure of sleep disorders and the risk of injury. The aim of this study was to examine the association between patients with sleep disorders and the risk of injury.

Methods

This was a population-based retrospective cohort study using Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2005 to 2010. A total of 15 109 patients with sleep disorders were identified as the study cohort. The non-sleep disorders control cohort comprised 29 955 age- and sex-matched patients. We conducted a Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to estimate the effects of sleep disorders on the risk of injury.

Results

The overall incidence of injury was 77.03 per 1000 person-years for patients with sleep disorders, which was significantly higher than that of the control cohort (60.63 per 1000 person-years). Overall, patients with sleep disorders had a higher risk of injury compared with control cohort (adjusted HR=1.27, 95% CI 1.26 to 1.28). Comparing to the control cohort, patients with insomnia had a 12% higher risk for injury (adjusted HR, 1.12 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.41)).

Conclusions

Comparing to patients with non-sleep disorders, patients with sleep disorders had a higher risk of injury and the risk was particularly pronounced in those who had insomnia.
Illustrations reduce contamination of midstream urine samples in the emergency department
Authors: Eley Robert , Judge Chantelle , Knight Lisette , Dimeski Goce , Sinnott Michael
Published: February 2016

Aims

Urinalysis provides direction in diagnosis and treatment of patients in the emergency department (ED). Midstream urine (MSU) collection from female patients has a high contamination rate. Verbal instruction by nurses to patients reduces contamination but is inconsistent owing to lack of time and professional knowledge. This study aimed to determine if an alternative mode of instruction requiring minimal staff input may be effective.

Methods

A pseudorandomised controlled trial was undertaken with 240 female patients for whom urinalysis was clinically required. No change was made to normal practice with regards to verbal instruction. Prior to collecting their sample the intervention cohort received illustrated instruction on how to collect a clean uncontaminated MSU sample. The control cohort received no illustrated instruction. Compared outcomes were rate of contamination on urinalysis, defined as 10 or more epithelial cells per high power field, and answers to a structured patient questionnaire.

Results

Contamination rate was reduced from 40% to 25% by the intervention. According to patient survey responses, verbal collection instructions were seldom given and the actions of hand washing, cleaning with a towelette, and voiding then stopping were significantly higher in the intervention group. The illustrations were well received by over 95% of patients and were considered to be clear and effective especially for patients with reading difficulties and/or from a non-English speaking background.

Conclusions

Illustrated urine collection instructions were well accepted by female ED patients, improved the rate of proper MSU collection and reduced the rate of urinalysis contamination in the ED.
Adalimumab discontinuation in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis who were initially treated with methotrexate alone or in combination with adalimumab: 1 year outcomes of the HOPEFUL-2 study
Authors: Tanaka Yoshiya , Yamanaka Hisashi , Ishiguro Naoki , Miyasaka Nobuyuki , Kawana Katsuyoshi , Hiramatsu Katsutoshi , Takeuchi Tsutomu
Published: February 2016

Objectives

To evaluate the impact of discontinuation of adalimumab (ADA) for 1 year in Japanese patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

This 52-week postmarketing study, HOPEFUL-2, enrolled patients who had completed HOPEFUL-1 for early RA, in which patients received either ADA + methotrexate (MTX) or MTX alone in a 26-week randomised phase, followed by ADA+MTX in a 26-week open-label phase.

Results

A total of 220 patients (ADA discontinuation: 114 patients vs ADA continuation: 106 patients) were enrolled in this study. The proportion of patients with sustained low disease activity (LDA) in the ADA discontinuation group was significantly lower than that in the continuation group (80% (64/80 patients) vs 97% (71/73 patients); p=0.001); however, most patients sustained LDA in both groups. In patients with 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28)-C reactive protein ≤2.0 at week 52, the proportion of patients who achieved sustained LDA at week 104 was 93%, suggesting that DAS28 remission may be a predictor to indicate biological-free disease control in patients with early RA. The incidence of adverse events (AE) was significantly lower in the ADA discontinuation group than in the continuation group (34.2% (39/114 patients) vs 48.1% (51/106 patients); p=0.04), most notably for infection (14.9% vs 27.4%, p=0.031).

Conclusions

Although ADA discontinuation was associated with an increase in disease activity, a large proportion of patients maintained LDA with MTX monotherapy after ADA discontinuation. Since ADA discontinuation was associated with a lower AE incidence, physicians should weigh the risks and benefits of ADA discontinuation.

Trial registration number

NCT01163292.
Probabilistic considerations for the design of deep foundations against excessive differential settlement
Authors: Naghibi Farzaneh , Fenton Gordon A. , Griffiths D.V.
Published: February 2016

Current foundation design practice for serviceability limit states involves proportioning the foundation to achieve an acceptably small probability that the foundation settlement exceeds some target maximum total settlement. However, it is usually differential settlement that leads to problems in the supported structure. The design question, then, is how should the target maximum total settlement of an individual foundation be selected so that differential settlement is not excessive? Evidently, if the target maximum total settlement is increased, the differential settlement between foundations will also tend to increase, so that there is a relationship between the two, although not necessarily a simple one. This paper investigates how the target maximum total settlement specified in the design of an individual foundation relates to the distribution of the differential settlement between two identical foundation elements, as a function of the ground statistics and the distance between the two foundations. A probabilistic theory is developed, and validated by simulation, which is used to prescribe target maximum settlements employed in the design process to avoid excessive differential settlements to some acceptable probability.
Rhizopogon roseolus basidiospore germination decreases as the fruiting bodies mature and the spore wall becomes more complex
Authors: Nakano Shota , Gao Qi , Aimi Tadanori , Shimomura Norihiro
Published: February 2016

Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. Fr. is a basidiomycete truffle that is considered edible. Its gleba changes color from white to beige to brown as it matures. Although ultrastructural changes in the spore wall have been linked to the maturation of the fruiting body, little is known regarding the relationship between spore germination success and the ultrastructure of the spore wall. We examined spore germination on agar plates and analyzed the spore wall ultrastructure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Fruiting bodies, collected from a pine forest, were classified into three developmental stages based on gleba color, and the germination success was evaluated at each stage. Variability in the spore germination rate was observed between individual fruiting bodies. The peak germination rate was recorded for the spores from the fruiting bodies in the beige glebal stage, and the rate was lower in the brown glebal stage. When spore wall structures were studied using TEM, the spore wall was found to be multilayered upon maturation of the fruiting body. The spores of the beige glebal stage showed three types of spore walls, namely two-layered, three-layered, and four-layered spore walls. On the other hand, the spores of the brown glebal stage showed predominantly four-layered spore walls. These results indicate that spore germination of R. roseolus decreases as the fruiting body matures and the spore wall becomes more complex.
Evaluation of rubber influence on cracking resistance of crumb rubber modified binders with wax additives
Authors: Kim Hyun Hwan , Lee Soon-Jae
Published: February 2016

Cracking properties of crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt binders containing wax additive were evaluated through the dynamic shear rheometer test at 25 °C and the bending beam rheometer test at −12 °C. The CRM binders were produced using three rubber contents of 5%, 10%, and 15% by the binder weight, and then mixed with two commercial wax additives of LEADCAP and Sasobit. Three states of original, short-term and long-term aging were applied to evaluate the cracking properties using rolling thin film oven and pressure aging vessel. From the results, it is concluded that (1) the increase of rubber content significantly decreases the binder stiffness at lower temperature, (2) the higher the rubber content, the lower the G*sinδ of CRM binders with wax additives at intermediate temperature, and (3) the rubber can be used to improve the cracking resistance of asphalt binders modified with wax.
Late Ordovician jaw-bearing polychaetes from Anticosti Island, eastern Canada, and their biogeographic significance
Authors: Hints Olle , Tonarová Petra , Desrochers André
Published: February 2016

The Upper Ordovician to lower Silurian shallow marine succession of Anticosti Island, eastern Canada, provides one of the most complete records across the Hirnantian in the world. This study reports a diverse assemblage of scolecodonts (polychaete jaws) from the upper Katian and Hirnantian Vauréal, Ellis Bay, and basal Becscie formations of western Anticosti. The collection of 10 samples includes ca. 30 species representing 10 families. The fauna is dominated by polychaetaspids, mochtyellids, paulinitids, and polychaeturids. The family Xanioprionidae and genera Pistoprion, Tetraprion, and Rakvereprion are documented for the first time from the Ordovician of Laurentia. The Anticosti polychaete fauna shows great similarity to the contemporaneous faunas of Baltoscandia. This is evidenced by a high relative abundance of mochtyellids and polychaeturids and a number of common species, thus suggesting that the closing Iapetus Ocean at that time did not constitute a barrier for the dispersal of jaw-bearing polychaetes. Some Laurentian influence is, however, indicated by the occurrence of hadoprionids. Distinct Katian Vauréal and Hirnantian Ellis Bay scolecodonts are likely reflecting faunal reorganization linked to local environmental changes rather than the initial phase of the Hirnantian mass extinction.
Are spatial and temporal patterns in Lynn Canal overwintering Pacific herring related to top predator activity?
Authors: Boswell Kevin M. , Rieucau Guillaume , Vollenweider Johanna J. , Moran John R. , Heintz Ron A. , Blackburn Jason K. , Csepp David J.
Published: February 2016

In Southeast Alaska, overwintering Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) form large conspicuous schools that are preyed upon by an abundance of mammalian and avian predators, thus leading to the question of why herring adopt a strategy that appears counterproductive to predator avoidance during these periods. We examined the spatial and temporal dynamics of overwintering Pacific herring and associations with predators through monthly hydroacoustic surveys during two consecutive winters. Large variation was observed through the winter season in herring distribution, school morphology, and density. Herring school characteristics and biomass estimates were negatively correlated with humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) abundance patterns during both winters, and as whales departed towards the end of winter, herring distributions shifted from dispersed schools in the water column toward deep, dense schools. We postulate that the schooling patterns observed in Lynn Canal overwintering herring are likely to be mediated by predation threat rather than energetics or feeding activities. An additional consequence of humpback whales dispersing herring in the water column may be an increased threat of predation by other surface-oriented predators.
Constraints on gauge-Higgs unification models at the LHC
Authors: Kitazawa Noriaki , Sakai Yuki
Published: February 2016

We examine the possibility of observing the Kaluza–Klein (KK) gluons in gauge-Higgs unification models at the LHC with the energy [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]=[Formula: see text]14 TeV. We consider a benchmark model with the gauge symmetry SU(3)[Formula: see text]SU(3)W in five-dimensional spacetime, where SU(3)C is the gauge symmetry of the strong interaction and SU(3)W is that for the electroweak interaction and a Higgs doublet field. It is natural in general to introduce SU(3)C gauge symmetry in five-dimensional spacetime as well as SU(3)W gauge symmetry in gauge-Higgs unification (GHU) models. Since the fifth dimension is compactified to [Formula: see text] orbifold, there are KK modes of gluons in low-energy effective theory in four-dimensional spacetime. We investigate the resonance contribution of the first KK gluon to dijet invariant mass distribution at the LHC, and provide signal-to-noise ratios in various cases of KK gluon masses and kinematical cuts. Although the results are given in a specific benchmark model, we discuss their application to general GHU models with KK gluons. GHU models can be verified or constrained through the physics of the strong interaction, though they are proposed to solve the naturalness problem in electroweak symmetry breaking.
Even and odd coherent states of supersymmetric harmonic oscillators and their nonclassical properties
Authors: Afshar Davood , Motamedinasab Amin , Anbaraki Azam , Jafarpour Mojtaba
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we have constructed even and odd superpositions of supercoherent states, similar to the standard even and odd coherent states of the harmonic oscillator. Then, their nonclassical properties, that is, squeezing and entanglement have been studied. We have observed that even supercoherent states show squeezing behavior for some values of parameters involved, while odd supercoherent states do not show squeezing at all. Also sub-Poissonian statistics have been observed for some ranges of the parameters in both states. We have also shown that these states may be considered as logical qubits which reduce to the Bell states at a limit, with concurrence equal to 1.
The local structure of skutterudites: A view from inside the unit cell
Authors: Bridges Frank
Published: February 2016

The skutterudites form a large class of compounds with many unusual properties, attributed in part to the novel crystal structure. The unit cell is cubic and is composed of eight sub-cubes formed by transition metal atoms. Six of the sub-cubes contain rings of atoms; the other two sub-cubes can be empty but are usually filled with rare earth or alkali earth atoms. These “filler” atoms can vibrate at low energies and hence are called “rattler” atoms. Here, the dynamics of various atom pairs are reviewed with a focus on the rattler atoms. Most of the work is based on extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) studies but results obtained using other techniques, such as inelastic scattering experiments or atomic displacement parameters in diffraction, are also included. Although the main framework of the unit cell is often considered quite stiff, the stiffest springs in the system are only factors of 3–5 larger than the springs connecting the rattler to its neighbors. In addition, the environment about the atoms in the ring structures (e.g. Sb4 in CeFe4Sb[Formula: see text]) has a low symmetry and our recent EXAFS experiments suggest that the rings can be considered to be quasi-rigid units, and treated as a large atom. The restoring forces on the rings are asymmetric, with large forces perpendicular to the ring and weak forces in the direction toward a rattler. This suggests that some low energy modes that have been observed in these systems may be a correlated motion of the rattler atoms and the rings. In addition, the unusual result that the second neighbor effective spring constants are stiffer than the nearest neighbor bonds has been observed for several oxy-skutterudites. A simple one-dimensional (1D) model, of a chain of rattlers and rings, weakly coupled to the rest of the lattice has been developed which can explain these unusual results. These calculations also indicate that the thermal conductivity might be further suppressed using a composite formed of several types of nanoparticles rather than just multiple filling on the rattler sites.
Memristive Model of the Barnacle Giant Muscle Fibers
Authors: Sah Maheshwar Pd. , Kim Hyongsuk , Eroglu Abdullah , Chua Leon
Published: February 2016

The generation of action potentials (oscillations) in biological systems is a complex, yet poorly understood nonlinear dynamical phenomenon involving ions. This paper reveals that the time-varying calcium ion and the time-varying potassium ion, which are essential for generating action potentials in Barnacle giant muscle fibers are in fact generic memristors in the perspective of electrical circuit theory. We will show that these two ions exhibit all the fingerprints of memristors from the equations of the Morris–Lecar model of the Barnacle giant muscle fibers. This paper also gives a textbook reference to understand the difference between memristor and nonlinear resistor via analysis of the potassium ion-channel memristor and calcium ion-channel nonlinear resistor. We will also present a comprehensive in-depth analysis of the generation of action potentials (oscillations) in memristive Morris–Lecar model using small-signal circuit model and the Hopf bifurcation theorem.
Modulation of EEG Theta Band Signal Complexity by Music Therapy
Authors: Bhattacharya Joydeep , Lee Eun-Jeong
Published: February 2016

The primary goal of this study was to investigate the impact of monochord (MC) sounds, a type of archaic sounds used in music therapy, on the neural complexity of EEG signals obtained from patients undergoing chemotherapy. The secondary goal was to compare the EEG signal complexity values for monochords with those for progressive muscle relaxation (PMR), an alternative therapy for relaxation. Forty cancer patients were randomly allocated to one of the two relaxation groups, MC and PMR, over a period of six months; continuous EEG signals were recorded during the first and last sessions. EEG signals were analyzed by applying signal mode complexity, a measure of complexity of neuronal oscillations. Across sessions, both groups showed a modulation of complexity of beta-2 band (20–29[Formula: see text]Hz) at midfrontal regions, but only MC group showed a modulation of complexity of theta band (3.5–7.5[Formula: see text]Hz) at posterior regions. Therefore, the neuronal complexity patterns showed different changes in EEG frequency band specific complexity resulting in two different types of interventions. Moreover, the different neural responses to listening to monochords and PMR were observed after regular relaxation interventions over a short time span.
Analog Electronic Implementation of a Class of Hybrid Dissipative Dynamical System
Authors: Ontañón-García L. J. , Campos-Cantón E. , Femat R.
Published: February 2016

An analog electronic implementation by means of operational amplifiers of a class of hybrid dissipative systems in [Formula: see text] is presented. The switching systems have two unstable hyperbolic focus-saddle equilibria with the same stability index, a positive real eigenvalue and a pair of complex conjugated eigenvalues with negative real part. The analog circuit generates signals that oscillate in an attractor located between the two unstable equilibria, and may present saturation states at the moment of energizing it, i.e. if the initial voltage on the capacitors do not belong to the basin of attraction the circuit will end on a saturation state.
Using Response Surface Methodology in Synthesis of Ultrafine Copper Nanoparticles by Electrolysis
Authors: Tamilvanan A. , Balamurugan K. , Ponappa K. , Madhan Kumar B.
Published: February 2016

Electrolysis is a method used for producing copper (Cu) nanoparticles at faster rate and at low cost in ambient conditions. The property of Cu nanoparticles prepared by electrolysis depends on their process parameters. The influence of selected process parameters such as copper sulfate (CuSo4) concentration, electrode gap and electrode potential difference on particle size was investigated. To optimize these parameters response surface methodology (RSM) was used. Cu nanoparticles prepared by electrolysis were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). After reviewing the results of analysis of variance (ANOVA), mathematical equation was created and optimized parameters for producing Cu nanoparticles were determined. The results confirm that the average size of Cu particle at the optimum condition was found to be 17[Formula: see text]nm and they are hexagonal in shape.
Structural and Optical Characterization of Synthesized TiO2 Nanopowder Using Sol–Gel Technique
Authors: Lourduraj S. , Williams R. Victor
Published: February 2016

The nanocrystalline TiO2 powder was synthesized by sol–gel method. The XRD analysis reveals that TiO2 powder was highly crystalline (anatase phase) and nanostructured with tetragonal system. The average crystallite size after calcined at 673[Formula: see text]K is found to be 7.7[Formula: see text]nm. The surface morphological studies using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibit that the formation of nanosized TiO2 particles with less densification nature. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) topography exhibits the uniform distribution of spherical-shaped particles. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) confirms the presence of Titanium and Oxygen in synthesized TiO2 nanopowder. The value of optical bandgap of TiO2 nanopowder calculated from UV-Visible spectrum is 3.45[Formula: see text]eV. The presence of TiO2 particles is confirmed from the dominant fourier transform infrared (FTIR) peaks at 621[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text] and 412[Formula: see text]cm[Formula: see text].
Liquidity and Impact in Fair Markets
Authors: Jaisson Thibault
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we develop a theory which applies to any market dynamics that satisfy a fair market assumption on the nullity of the average profit of simple market making strategies. We show that for any such fair market, there exists a martingale fair price which corresponds to the average liquidation value (at the ask or the bid) of an infinitesimal quantity of stock. We show that this fair price is a natural reference price to compute the ex post gain of limit orders. Using only the fair market assumption, we link the spread to the impact of market orders on the fair price. We use our definition of the fair price to build empirical tests of the relevance of this notion whose results are consistent with our theoretical predictions.