bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of amphiphilic hyperbranched polyglycerol polymers and their application as template for size control of gold nanoparticles
Authors: Wan Decheng , Fu Qiang , Huang Junlian
Published: April 2006

Amphiphilic thioether‐containing core‐shell polymers were synthesized by two‐step reaction of hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG): first the hydroxyls of PG were O‐alkylated with 1‐bromo‐3‐chloropropane by improved Williamson reaction, and 31.6% of the hydroxyls were transformed to allyl groups and 22.4% of hydroxyls to 3‐chloropropyl; then the residual 3‐chloropropyl groups were efficiently S‐alkylated with 1‐dodecanethiol. Thus the amphiphilic polymers composed of hydrophobic thioether‐containing shell and hydrophilic PG core were formed and could be used as template for the synthesis of zero‐valent gold nanoparticles by the coordination interaction between gold species and thioether. The resulting colloids were stable and the size of the encapsulated gold nanoparticles could be adjusted by changing the molecular weight/size of the PG core of the amphiphilic derivatives. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 509–514, 2006
Inactivation of IκB contributes to transcriptional activation of spermidine/spermine N(1)‐acetyltransferase
Authors: Choi Woonyoung , Proctor Lynsey , Xia Qianghua , Feng Yumei , Gerner Eugene W. , Chiao Paul J. , Hamilton Stanley R. , Zhang Wei
Published: April 2006

Spermidine/spermine N(1)‐acetyltransferase (SSAT) is a key enzyme in polyamine catabolism. We recently reported that the combination of N1, N11‐diethylnorspermine (DENSPM) and 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) synergistically induces SSAT expression, depletes polyamine levels and causes apoptosis in colon cancer cells. To determine whether new RNA and protein synthesis is required for SSAT induction, we examined the effect of actinomycin D (ActD) and cycloheximide (CHX). ActD alone blocked the induction of SSAT expression; however, the combination of CHX and DENSPM markedly induced SSAT expression and caused mitochondrial damage, suggesting that an inhibitory labile protein is involved in SSAT transactivation. SSAT promoter analysis identified two putative Rel/Nuclear Factor κB (NFκB) binding sites. Thus, we hypothesized that IκB is the labile inhibitory protein and that its removal contributes to the activation of NFκB. CHX quickly eliminated the IκB protein in the cells and increased the levels of the two subunits of NFκB, p65 and p50, in the nucleus. Luciferase reporter gene assay showed that SSAT promoter constructs containing the two putative NFκB binding elements responded to CHX as well as TNFα, whereas the promoter without the two sites did not. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay showed that NFκB was indeed bound to the SSAT promoter after CHX treatment. Further, dominant negative IκB attenuated the CHX and DENSPM‐induced SSAT expression and mitochondria damage. These results taken together suggest that the inhibition of IκB and activation of NFκB activate SSAT. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Darreichungsformen in der Parkinson‐Therapie: Arzneiformen eröffnen neue Wege für Parkinson‐Patienten
Authors: Riebesehl Bernd , Lipp Ralph
Published: April 2006

Die Vielfalt der in der Parkinson‐Therapie verwendeten Arzneistoffe hat sich in der jüngeren Vergangenheit stark vergrößert. Trotzdem besteht weiterhin ein großer Optimierungsbedarf im Bezug auf eine nachhaltige und gleichbleibende Wirkung. Für den wirksamsten, aber hoch dosierten Wirkstoff Levodopa steht ein neuartiges System für die Infusion in das Duodenum in Aussicht. Dieses erlaubt die Programmierung einer Dosierpumpe und damit eine bessere Steuerbarkeit der Wirkung. Für andere Wirkstoffe mit niedrigerer Dosis ergeben sich neue Applikationsformen wie Schmelztabletten, die eine Einnahme ohne Flüssigkeit und/oder eine höhere Bioverfügbarkeit ermöglichen. In Zukunft werden möglicherweise auch transdermale Pflaster und andere Arzneiformen eine größere Rolle in der Therapie spielen, die für niedrig dosierte Wirkstoffe gleichbleibende Plasmaspiegel und längere Dosierintervalle ermöglichen werden.
Stammzelltherapie bei Morbus Parkinson. Zellersatz als eine therapeutische Option?
Authors: Schindehütte Jan , Paulus Walter , Mansouri Ahmed
Published: April 2006

Transplantationen von fetalen mesenzephalen Zellen in das Striatum von Parkinson‐Patienten haben gezeigt, dass durch die therapeutische Strategie des Zellersatzes grundsätzlich eine Besserung der motorischen Symptomatik erreicht werden kann. Auch wenn die Reduktion der Symptomatik in den zwei kontrollierten Studien geringer als erwartet ausfiel, stellt die Zellersatztherapie weiterhin eine potentielle Behandlungsmöglichkeit des Morbus Parkinson dar. Bevor neue klinische Studien begonnen werden können, ist es jedoch notwendig, einige kritische Punkte mit Hilfe der Grundlagenforschung zu klären. Ein wesentlicher Punkt ist die standardisierte Aufbereitung von sicheren Transplantaten auf der Grundlage von fetalen mesenzephalen, embryonalen oder adulten Stammzellen. Auch Fragen bezüglich der Positionierung im Striatum, der Gabe von Immunsuppression hinsichtlich Präparat und Dauer sowie der klinischen Indikation müssten weitestgehend geklärt sein.
RACE, RIGHTS, AND HIGHER LAWS IN ANTEBELLUM AMERICA
Authors: DAIN BRUCE
Published: April 2006

Susan M. Ryan, The Grammar of Good Intentions: Race and the Antebellum Culture of Benevolence, Cornell University Press, 2003

Gregg D. Crane, Race, Citizenship, and Law in American Literature, Cambridge University Press, 2002

Moral sympathy does not necessarily imply condescension. Try to do something about sympathy, cross the line to benevolence, try to improve someone else's lot in life, and that can too easily change. Reform can become coercion and intolerance. The needy can come to seem permanently debased. They can also trick or manipulate the benevolent. These ambiguities pose severe problems for anyone who wants to imagine a democratic politics based on morality. Does neediness make the needy incapable of self-reliance and citizenship? Does benevolence corrupt the giver? Who gets to decide what laws are moral? According to literary scholars Mary Ryan and Gregg Crane, antebellum American literature perceived these problems and in many cases quite self-consciously tried to resolve them.
The effects of gp100 and tyrosinase peptide vaccinations on nevi in melanoma patients
Authors: Cassarino David S. , Walter J. Miller  , Auerbach Aaron , Yang Aparche , Sherry Richard , Duray Paul H.
Published: April 2006

Background:  A new approach to prevent disease recurrence in high‐risk melanoma patients involves immunization with gp100 and tyrosinase peptides. This is the first study to examine the effects of such treatments on nevi.

Design:  We studied biopsies of ‘clinically atypical’ nevi from 10 patients before and after peptide vaccination. All had a cutaneous melanoma measuring at least 1.5 mm in depth, satellite metastases, or at least one positive lymph node. We performed immunohistochemical stains for CD3, CD4, CD8, MHC‐I, MHC‐II, CD1a, HMB‐45, MART‐1, tyrosinase, bcl‐2, p53, and Ki‐67 (mib‐1).

Results:  Immunohistochemistry showed no differences in staining due to vaccination in either the immunologic or melanocytic markers. However, there was a significant increase in both p53 and bcl‐2 staining, and a trend toward decreased Ki‐67 staining, in the nevi post‐treatment.

Discussion:  The primary goal of peptide vaccinations with gp100 and tyrosinase is to activate melanoma‐specific T cells in order to prevent melanoma recurrence. Nevi were studied in order to assess the effects on benign melanocytes. No significant changes in lymphocytes, langerhans cells, expression of MHC antigens, or melanocytic markers were found. The increase in p53 and bcl‐2 raises the possibility that vaccination with melanocytic antigens stimulates a response in benign melanocytes.
Flow‐ and substratum‐mediated movement by a stream insect
Authors: LANCASTER JILL , BUFFIN‐BÉLANGER THOMAS , REID IAN , RICE STEPHEN
Published: April 2006

1. In streams subject to frequent hydrologic disturbance, the ability of benthic invertebrates to disperse within the channel is key to understanding the mechanisms of flow refugium use and population persistence. This study focuses on crawling invertebrates, the effects on movement of abiotic factors (specifically, flow near the stream bed and bed micro‐topography) and the consequences for dispersal.

2. In a large flume, we observed individual cased caddisflies, Potamophylax latipennis, moving in fully turbulent flows over a precise replica of a water‐worked surface. From maps of movement paths, we quantified crawling behaviour and entrainment, and the influence of bed micro‐topography. We manipulated discharge and tested its effect on movement, linear displacement and areal dispersal. The highest discharge treatment was a disturbance to the caddis; the lowest discharge was not. Crawling behaviours were used to parameterise random walk models and estimate population dispersal, and to test the effects of abiotic factors on movement.

3. Bed micro‐topography influenced crawling in several ways. Caddis spent most of their time at the junctions between proud particles and the adjacent plane bed. The frequency distribution of turn angles was bimodal, with modal values approximating the angle required to travel around median‐sized particles. Larvae generally crawled downstream, but crawling direction relative to the flow was skewed by bed micro‐topography and was not directly downstream, unlike drift.

4. Caddis crawled for most of the time and discharge affected almost every aspect of their movement. As discharge increased, caddis crawled less often, more slowly and over shorter distances; they also became entrained more frequently and over greater distances. With increased discharge, caddis spent proportionately less time at the junctions between proud particles and the adjacent plane bed, and more time on the tops and sides of proud clasts. This is curious as most entrainment occurred from the tops and sides of clasts and entrainment is generally considered to be disadvantageous during disturbances.

5. Linear displacement (drift and entrainment combined) was downstream, but the relation between total displacement and discharge was complex. Total displacement decreased at intermediate discharge as crawling decreased, but increased at high discharge as entrainment and drift played a greater role in movement.

6. Within‐stream dispersal via crawling contained elements of both a correlated random walk (we observed directional persistence in turn angles) and a biased random walk (we observed downstream bias in move direction angles) and was best described as a biased correlated random walk. Dispersal was inversely related to discharge, suggesting that the ability of P. latipennis to crawl into flow refugia on the streambed is reduced at high flow.
IgG Immune Complex‐Binding in Macrophages From Arthritis‐Susceptible and Arthritis‐Resistant Mice Following Collagen Type II Immunization
Authors: Thorvaldson L. , Fuchs D. , Magnusson S. , Kleinau S.
Published: April 2006

Occupancy of Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) by immune complexes (IC) induces secretion of various inflammatory mediators and cytokines. Therefore, knowledge of the FcR function is fundamental for understanding inflammatory processes. Here, we report an alteration in the FcR function in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA). The FcγR‐binding activity of peritoneal macrophages from arthritis‐susceptible DBA/1 mice following collagen type II (CII)/CFA immunization was assessed by Fc rosetting of SRBC opsonized with different IgG subclasses. A progressive reduction of IgG1 IC‐binding was observed after immunization, and by the time of arthritis onset, the IgG1 IC‐binding was abolished. Binding of IgG2a or IgG2b IC, however, was not affected. The blocked IgG1 IC‐binding was reversed by a prior mild acid wash of the CIA macrophages, indicating receptor occupancy as the cause of the blocked binding. The impaired IgG1 IC‐binding was associated with arthritis development, as macrophages from CII/CFA‐immunized, arthritis‐resistant SWR mice or DBA/1 mice, immunized with CFA alone, did not show this effect. Normal DBA/1 macrophages, blocked with a monoclonal antibody to FcγRIIB/FcγRIII, and macrophages from FcγRIII‐deficient mice did not bind IgG1 IC, indicating FcγRIII as responsible for IgG1 IC‐binding. Our data suggest that an increased degree of saturation of FcγRIII precedes the development of CIA, which is reflected by a reduced IgG1 IC‐binding in macrophages of CII/CFA‐immunized DBA/1 mice.
Minimal Residual Disease in Ovarian Cancer as a Target for Complement‐Mediated mAb Immunotherapy
Authors: Bjørge L. , Stoiber H. , Dierich M. P. , Meri S.
Published: April 2006

Ovarian cancer is potentially well suited for local monoclonal antibody (mAb) immunotherapy, because it remains within the peritoneal cavity for a long period of time before giving rise to distant metastases. At the stage of minimal residual disease, the cells appear to be in a state of dormancy (G0) or at least have lower rates of tumour cell proliferation. They should be a promising target for immunotherapy. Here we first examined the cell‐cycle expression of CD59 and decay‐accelerating factor (DAF; CD55) on four different ovarian carcinoma cell lines, using simultaneous flow cytometric analysis of DNA content or the cell‐cycle‐specific nuclear proliferation protein Ki67 and CD59 or DAF surface expression. We found that CD59 and DAF are stably expressed throughout the cell cycle. The polyvalent approach to target‐independent antigens to improve the efficiency of mAb complement (C)‐mediated damages was promising, and tumour cells become sensitive to C damage, when incubated with cross‐linked mAb against different tumour‐associated antigens. Although, such immune complex‐mediated C activation was rather ineffective in killing the cells, it could be potentiated by the addition of blocking mAb against CD59 and DAF. Our results suggest that the activities of intrinsic C regulators must be neutralized to make minimal residual disease a promising target for antibody therapy.
Bi‐level positive airway pressure ventilation maintains adequate ventilation in post‐polio patients with respiratory failure
Authors: Gillis‐Haegerstrand C. , Markström A. , Barle H.
Published: April 2006

Background:  Patients suffering from post‐polio syndrome still contribute significantly to the number of patients with chronic respiratory failure requiring home mechanical ventilation (HMV). Many of these patients are treated either with invasive (tracheostomy) or non‐invasive (nasal mask) controlled mechanical ventilation i.e. volume‐controlled ventilation (VCV). In this group of patients, we have previously shown that bi‐level pressure support ventilation (bi‐level PSV) decreases the oxygen cost of breathing. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of bi‐level PSV, with special regard to the adequacy of ventilation and the oxygen cost of breathing, during the patients' ordinary VCV and spontaneous breathing.

Methods:  Eight post‐polio patients on nocturnal VCV were investigated. Five of them were tracheostomized and three of them used a nasal mask. Work of breathing was analysed by assessing differences in oxygen consumption (VO2) using indirect calorimetry. Blood gases were obtained regularly to assess adequacy of ventilation.

Results:  Bi‐level PSV decreases the oxygen cost of breathing in post‐polio patients with respiratory failure without decreasing ventilation efficiency. Furthermore, PaCO2 decreased significantly using this mode of ventilation (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  In this study, it was shown that bi‐level PSV reduces the oxygen cost of breathing and gave a significant decrease in PaCO2 in PPS patients. These data suggest that bi‐level PSV ventilation maintains adequate ventilation in patients who suffer from post‐polio syndrome with respiratory failure.
Patient injuries in response to anaesthetic procedures: cases evaluated by the Danish Patient Insurance Association
Authors: Hove L. D. , Nielsen H. B. , Christoffersen J. K.
Published: April 2006

Background:  In response to medical treatment, side‐effects may occur and the patient may be injured. In Denmark, a patient is entitled to raise a claim for financial compensation and the validity of the claim which, based on defined criteria, is decided by the independent Patient Insurance Association (PIA). In this study, we investigated the files of the patients who were given financial compensation because of an injury caused by an anaesthetic procedure. We wanted to find the sort of injuries and the anaesthetic procedures involved and the size of financial compensation.

Methods:  A retrospective study of the PIA database from 1996 to 2002 concerning the speciality anaesthesiology.

Results:  From 1996 to 2002, 18,917 patients made a claim and out of these 916 files were related to anaesthetic procedures, of which 374 cases resulted in financial compensation. In the same period, it is estimated that the total number of anaesthetic procedures was approximately 400,000 per year in Denmark. The primary causes for financial compensation were nerve lesions in response to regional anaesthesia (epidural, spinal, peripheral nerve blockade; n = 132), body positional‐related injuries (n = 100), complications due to intravascular catheters or needles (n = 39) and teeth damage during airway handling (n = 31). After anaesthesia, 12 patients' brain functions were impaired probably as a result of prolonged peri‐operative hypotension and hypoxaemia. Death occurred in 21 cases. The average financial compensation was 21,500 euros (0.3% of the total amount from all cases) and in 13 cases the injury induced severe patient disability and therefore the compensation was above 1 million DKr. equal to 150,000 euros.

Conclusion:  In the 6‐year period 1996–2002, 374 patients were given in total 8.0 million euros in financial compensation for an injury caused by an anaesthetic procedure. Some anaesthetic complications may result in severe disability whereby the financial compensation to the suffering patients is high. In this study, we estimate that approximately ∼ 0.2‰ of all patients receiving anaesthesia may develop complications that entitle them to financial compensation.
The central circulation in congestive heart failure non‐invasively evaluated with dynamic positron emission tomography
Authors: Sörensen Jens , Andrén Bertil , Blomquist Gunnar , Ståhle Elisabeth , Långström Bengt , Hedenstierna Göran
Published: April 2006

Background:  Positron emission tomography (PET) with [15O]‐H2O‐PET (WAT‐PET) or [11C]‐acetate (AC‐PET) quantifies myocardial perfusion and oxidative metabolism, but routine clinical use is hampered by the need for additional investigations to assess cardiac performance.

Objective:  To apply classical tracer kinetics to dynamic PET could provide important haemodynamic parameters.

Methods:  First‐pass PET data were used with indicator dilution techniques to measure stroke volume index (SVI). Early pulmonary retention of [11C]‐acetate was converted to standard uptake values (SUV) (LungAC‐SUV). Regional lung water (rLW) content was computed from the WAT‐PET scan at equilibrium. PET was compared with radionuclide angiography and echocardiography in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy with New York Heart Association class II (n = 10) or III (n = 18) congestive heart failure. Elderly male volunteers without heart disease (n = 11) underwent AC‐PET as controls.

Results:  SVI with both tracers correlated in patients (r = 0·91, P<0·001, estimated standard error = 4 ml m−2) and with left ventricular ejection fraction (both tracers r>0·6, P<0·001). SVI was significantly different between all groups (ANOVA: P<0·001). LungAC‐SUV correlated with rLW (r = 0·78, P<0·001) and both were elevated in severe heart failure (P<0·05 for both). Elevated LungAC‐SUV was associated with a restrictive left ventricular (LV) filling pattern by Doppler echocardiography.

Conclusion:  Dynamic PET with first‐pass analysis and tracers of myocardial perfusion enables quantification of the haemodynamic consequences of LV systolic and diastolic dysfunctions in ischaemic cardiomyopathy and could be useful in the evaluation of the central circulation in heart failure.
Unusual evolution of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia into osteolytic myeloma
Authors: Jondeau Katayoun , Alterescu Raluca , Franc Brigitte , Davi Frédéric , Massé Jean‐Marc , Boukour Siham , Parc Jean‐Marie Le , Cramer Elisabeth M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract:  We report the unusual transformation of a case of Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM) into IgM multiple myeloma (MM). The initial clinical and biological presentation of the disease was typical smouldering WM, with lymphocytic infiltration of the bone marrow. Five years later, signs of transformation appeared: the patient presented with diffuse osteolytic bone lesions without organomegaly, and the bone marrow was infiltrated with characteristic malignant plasma cells. Electron microscopy (EM) examination showed that the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the dysmorphic plasma cells contained monoclonal IgM. Immunolabeling for calreticulin, a resident protein of the ER, demonstrated unequivocally that the characteristic intranuclear inclusions were indeed part of ER. Flow cytometry revealed an MM profile for the cellular proliferation. Molecular biology performed on the final marrow could only retrieve a single cellular clone. In conclusion, this is the first documented description of the transformation of typical WM into an aggressive form of MM.
TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY OF THE LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT, AORTIC VALVE AND ASCENDING AORTA IN BOXER DOGS WITH HEART MURMURS
Authors: QUINTAVALLA CECILIA , PRADELLI DANITZA , DOMENECH ORIOL , BUSSADORI CLAUDIO
Published: April 2006

The study was aimed at evaluating the anatomy of the left ventricular outflow tract, aortic valve, and ascending aorta by means of multiplane transesophageal echocardiography in Boxer dogs with left basilar heart murmurs and at comparing two‐dimensional (2D) transthoracic to transesophageal echocardiography for the diagnosis of subaortic stenosis in this breed. Twenty‐eight Boxers were included in the study and allocated to four groups according to physical and routine transthoracic 2D and Doppler echocardiography findings: group A—dogs with low grade (I–II/VI) heart murmurs without overt evidence of aortic stenosis (14 dogs); group B—dogs with type 1 subaortic stenosis (seven dogs); group C—dogs with type 2 subaortic stenosis (five dogs); group D—dogs with type 3 subaortic stenosis (two dogs). Anatomic lesions were not discovered by transesophageal echocardiography in dogs belonging to group A. Transesophageal imaging confirmed the type of subaortic stenosis, as graded by transthoracic echocardiography, in diseased animals (groups BCD). Morphologic information obtained by transesophageal echocardiography in Boxer dogs was similar to that obtained by transthoracic echocardiography.
Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Down-Regulation of the Imprinted Tumor Suppressor Gene ARHI (DRAS3) in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Lu Zhen , Luo Robert Z. , Peng Hongqi , Rosen Daniel G. , Atkinson E. Neely , Warneke Carla , Huang Maosheng , Nishmoto Arata , Liu Jinsong , Liao Warren S-L. , Yu Yinhua , Bast Robert C.
Published: April 2006

Purpose: ARHI expression is lost or markedly down-regulated in the majority of ovarian cancers. The mechanism by which ARHI is down-regulated in ovarian cancers is still not clear. Our previous reports indicated that ARHI promoter activity was reduced in ovarian cancer cells, due in part to the effects of negative regulatory transcription factor(s).

Experimental Design and Results: We now show that E2F1 and E2F4, but not E2F2, E2F3, or E2F5, bind to the ARHI promoter and repress its activity in ovarian cancer cells. Consistent with this observation, immunochemical staining of cell lines and of 364 samples of ovarian cancer tissue show that the expression of E2F1 and E2F4 proteins is much higher in ovarian cancer cells than in normal ovarian epithelial cells, and that increased expression of E2Fs was negatively correlated with ARHI expression (P < 0.05). Mutation of the putative E2F binding site in the ARHI promoter reversed this inhibitory effect and significantly increased ARHI promoter activity. In addition to the effects of transcriptional regulation, ARHI mRNA also exhibited a significantly reduced half-life in ovarian cancer cells when compared with that in normal ovarian epithelial cells (P < 0.01), suggesting posttranscriptional regulation of ARHI expression. ARHI mRNA contains AU-rich elements (ARE) in the 3′-untranslated region. We have found that these AREs interact with HuR, an ARE-binding protein that stabilizes bound mRNAs, possibly contributing to the rapid turnover of ARHI mRNA. Finally, reduced HuR ARE binding activity was observed in ovarian cancer cells when compared with normal ovarian surface epithelium.

Conclusions: Taken together, our data suggest that ARHI expression is regulated at both the transcriptional and the posttranscriptional levels, contributing to the dramatic decrease in ARHI expression in ovarian cancers.
Direct Valence Isomerization of Newly Synthesized Norbornadiene Aromatic Derivatives. A Kinetic and Photophysical Study
Authors: Maafi Mounir , Aaron Jean-Jacques , Lion Claude
Published: April 2006

Four norbornadiene aromatic derivatives, potentially useful for light energy photochemical storage, were synthesized. Their photophysical properties and the kinetics of the valence photoisomerization reaction into quadricyclanes were investigated. Overall first-order rate constants of photoisomerization were found to be very fast and to vary markedly with the polarity of the solvent.
Weaving in the Margins: Navajo Men as Weavers
Authors: SCHWARZ MAUREEN TRUDELLE
Published: April 2006

Weaving in the Margins: Navajo Men as Weavers. An online exhibition of the Museum of Indian Arts and Cultures. MAUREEN TRUDELLESCHWARZ
Chinese Textiles from the Collections of the Field Museum
Authors: HUANG YULING
Published: April 2006

Chinese Textiles from the Collections of the Field Museum. An online exhibition of the Department of Anthropology, The Field Museum.YULINGHUANG
The Potter's Eye: Art and Tradition in North Carolina Pottery
Authors: ABRAHAMS SARAH
Published: April 2006

The Potter's Eye: Art and Tradition in North Carolina Pottery. North Carolina Museum of Art. October 30, 2005‐March 19, 2006.SARAHABRAHAMS
Oil — Canada's New Wealth
Authors: Knight Oliver
Published: April 2006

This article traces the birth and early growth of a major industry. Before Imperial Leduc No. 1 brought in the Edmonton field in 1947, Canadian oil producing operations had been sporadic. The Edmonton and subsequent discoveries in western Canada created an industrial giant overnight, providing historians and economists with a remarkable, documented, accessible case study of the process of industrial growth. Imperial Leduc No. 1 generated economic impulses that surged through a nation. The immediate effects were felt by the Canadian oil industry itself, which crystallized into a new pattern of integration. The domestic consumer of petroleum products was vitally affected, and his counter-reactions created new necessities. Canadian economic development in general was immediately and largely influenced; the flow of oil touched off a chain reaction in state and national fiscal affairs, in agriculture, in population trends, in education, in public expenditures, and in Dominion politics. Nor was the end here. The impulse for change swept across international boundaries, affecting monetary exchange and the competitive alignments of the world petroleum industry.
The Decline and Fall of the Commercial Empire of A. T. Stewart
Authors: Resseguie Harry E.
Published: April 2006

The disposition of the estate of the merchant A. T. Stewart, and the interplay of personalities, social mores, and the changing structure of merchandising in America provide the focus for this fascinating and neglected story.
The Zurich Association for Economic History
Authors: Meier Paul J.
Published: April 2006

The Zurich Association for study in Economic History was founded in 1950 by various trade associations, businessmen, and historians. At the time, Swiss postwar prosperity stimulated considerable discussion of the distribution of wealth and many responsible groups felt further government interference in this matter was probable but unwelcome. Founders of the Association hoped to “regain territory for the idea of private enterprise,” by giving an historical dimension to economic affairs.
The American Shipping Industry since 1914
Authors: Hutchins John G. B.
Published: April 2006

In 1914 the United States had tess than 5 per cent of the merchant shipping tonnage of the world; in 1952 it had 32 per cent of a vastly larger world tonnage, although its basic competitive disadvantages had probably increased in the intervening years. This enormous growth of the American fleet resulted from the changes in public policy which accompanied a new view of the American role in world affairs. This article analyzes the major developments in the American merchant marine, both deep-sea and coastwise, since World War I.
Recent Research in British Accounting History
Authors: Murphy Mary E.
Published: April 2006

British historians appear to have surpassed their American contemporaries in recognizing the importance of developments in accounting theory and practice in shaping the course of business. Students of British accountancy today enjoy increasing institutional support and have published several impressive works. From these and other sources it is possible to construct an outline of the background of British (and, more particularly, Scottish) accountancy which reveals much of interest to American scholars.
A Michigan Lumbering Family
Authors: Bordin Ruth B.
Published: April 2006

The bonanza lure of lumbering proved irresistible to many established small businessmen, who were dazzled by the prospects of cheap raw materials and simple processing, on the one hand, and by growing markets on the other. Disillusionment was frequent, but amidst crushing difficulties created by inexperience and inadequate capital the small operator proved remarkably ingenious and persistent. His often ill-rewarded and seemingly unjustified ventures contributed much to the economic growth of the nation.
Recruiting Business History Teachers
Authors: Krooss Herman E.
Published: April 2006

The topic for this morning — the recruitment of business history teachers and its allied problems — is an ideal one for discussion purposes. There are practically no facts to impede the free flow of ideas and the limits to the expression of opinion are almost boundless.

My function is to provide an introduction to the discussion. This will be divided into the usual three parts: how are business history teachers presently recruited? What are the strengths and weaknesses in the present arrangement? What should the process of recruiting really be? All of these questions raise a whole series of additional questions of even more fundamental importance.
Twentieth-Century Beginnings in Employee Counseling
Authors: Eilbirt Henry
Published: April 2006

The practice of giving advice to employees is probably as old as the employer-employee relationship itself, but personnel counseling has become institutionalized over the past half-century and provides an example of the emergence of a specialized staff function.
Missiles and Creative Destruction in the American Aircraft Industry, 1956–1961
Authors: Simonson G. R.
Published: April 2006

Professor Simonson casts the recent history of the American airframe industry against the Schumpeterian concept of “creative destruction” in this study of business response to technological change.
The Development of the Private Railroad Freight Car, 1830–1966
Authors: O'Connell William E.
Published: April 2006

After initial widespread use of private cars under the “common road” concept of early railways, railroad-owned freight cars predominated from the 1840's through the 1860's, except for a short-lived boom in cars owned by “fast freight” lines. From this time on, however, the percentage of private cars has increased as railroads refused to build specialized freight cars because of high initial costs, rapid technological obsolescence, outside pressure, and managerial shortsightedness.
The “Western Land Business:” The Story of Easley & Willingham, Speculators
Authors: Swierenga Robert P.
Published: April 2006

Were frontier land investments during the nineteenth century as unprofitable as most scholars have surmised? The history of one of the most significant land-investment firms serves as a useful case study in suggesting an answer.
Echoes from ‘Zenith:’ Reactions of American Businessmen to Babbitt
Authors: Hines Thomas S.
Published: April 2006

Perhaps no American novel has cut businessmen so unremittingly as Sinclair Lewis' Babbitt. Yet at the time of its appearance in 1922 reactions were surprisingly mixed. As an introduction to the persistence of “Babbittry” in the United States — in. life as in the lexicon of invective — the passions aroused during the first decade of “George Babbitt's” life bear review.
A British Firm on the American West Coast, 1869–1914
Authors: Rothstein Morton
Published: April 2006

The success of Balfour, Guthrie and Company in mobilizing British and American capital for productive investment contributed importantly to the economic development of the Pacific-coast region of the United States. The changing economic patterns of that region emerge through Professor Rothstein's analysis of the firm and its managers' actions and responses, from which a broader understanding of the problems and direction of foreign investment in the American West is possible.
Informal Entente: Public Policy and Private Management in Anglo-American Petroleum Affairs, 1918–1924
Authors: Hogan Michael J.
Published: April 2006

In the years following World War I, British and American diplomats and businessmen fashioned a cooperative approach to the problems of international oil rivalries, building an informal entente which was institutionalized at the private level, surrounded with the mystique of enlightened capitalism, and masked behind tortured concessions to competitive symbols.
Historical Origins of the Adoption of the EXXON Name and Trademark
Authors: Giddens Paul H.
Published: April 2006

The adoption in 1972 of a new name by a major American oil company had deep historical roots reaching back to the 1911 Supreme Court decision in the Standard Oil antitrust case and to subsequent marketing conflicts between the Standard companies.
The Role of the “New” Industries in Britain during the 1930s: A Reinterpretation
Authors: Buxton Neil K.
Published: April 2006

Professor Buxton examines the importance during the 1930s of the “new” industries in Britain (vehicle manufacturing, electrical engineering, rayon, non-ferrous metals, and paper, printing, and publishing) and finds that their role has been exaggerated by earlier interpretations.
Positive Business Responses to the New Deal: The Roots of the Committee for Economic Development, 1933–1942
Authors: Collins Robert M.
Published: April 2006

The bitter opposition of businessmen to the New Deal in its early stages is well known. Not so well known, however, are the efforts of a few business leaders to maintain constructive communication with the President and his advisers. Professor Collins traces these efforts, from the early stages during which both groups labored in mutual distrust, through the remarkable transformation in which such strong business personalities as Beardsley Ruml, William Benton, and Paul Hoffman helped persuade a deeply conservative Franklin D. Roosevelt to adopt compensatory deficit spending as a means to recovery. Finally, he shows that World War II marked not the end but a continuation of these positive efforts by businessmen to adapt to the new philosophy, and led directly to the founding of the Committee for Economic Development.
The Origins of Industrial Labor Management in France: The Case of the Decazeville Ironworks during the July Monarchy
Authors: Reid Donald
Published: April 2006

The foundries and forges of Decazeville were among the most important in France during the July Monarchy. Extensive company correspondence reveals that the nature of relations between the board of directors and the local managers, and between the firm and its clients, were important factors in shaping the tenor of labor relations at Decazeville. The interference of the board and clients limited the manager's authority over his subordinates. Once freed from this, the manager reformed the administration of labor at Decazeville. He tested the allegiance of his foremen to the company and emphasized to them the importance, when paying by piece-rate, of going beyond inspection of the completed products to supervision of the work as it was being done.
The Oil Industry in Nazi Germany, 1936–1945
Authors: Stokes Raymond G.
Published: April 2006

The oil industry in Nazi Germany provides an excellent focus for studying the interplay between economics, politics, and government policy in the Third Reich. In this article, Mr. Stokes brings to this subject a comparative approach, making comparisons both within the oil industry and with the industry's major industrial counterparts. He concludes that a variety of factors—including the degree of shared interest between individual firms and the government, the size and concentration of a firm's production facilities, and the political position of key firm personnel—explain the success as well as the eventual collapse of a given industrial sector.
Outside Intervention in Monopolistic Price Warfare: The Case of the “Plug War” and the Union Tobacco Company
Authors: Burns Malcolm R.
Published: April 2006

The now-famous merger movement that highlighted the economic cross-currents of the late nineteenth century created no more controversial enterprise than James B. Duke's American Tobacco Company. From the time of its incorporation in 1890, Duke's firm dominated the cigarette business, for which it is so justly renowned, but this controlling position by no means extended into other branches of the industry, particularly the manufacture and marketing of chewing tobacco, or what was known as plug. Yet with almost ineluctable force, Duke and his associates gradually extended their domination to this segment of the business, albeit by a much more uncertain course that included the “plug war” of the mid-1890s and some questionable securities transactions later on. While Dr. Burns takes no side in the still-simmering controversies of the day, in this essay he examines the historical events through which American Tobacco acquired its dominant position in chewing tobacco; equally important, he brings economic theory and new empirical evidence to bear on the contentious issue of predatory pricing as a strategy of monopolization, and from that emerges his surprising conclusion.
The Delta–C&S Merger: A Case Study in Airline Consolidation and Federal Regulation
Authors: Lewis W. David , Newton Wesley Phillips
Published: April 2006

The road to merger is strewn with fortuitous events, surprises, and disappointments for most firms even under ordinary circumstances, but the airline industry following World War II faced special problems of postwar readjustment, rapid technological change, and government intervention by a Civil Aeronautics Board that was determined to shape the future of American commercial aviation. Congruence with federal regulatory policy was a key element in the success of the merger with which this essay deals.
Railway Pooling in Britain before 1900: The Anglo-Scottish Traffic
Authors: Channon Geoffrey
Published: April 2006

In this study of a neglected topic, Dr. Channon examines the attempts of British railway leaders to regulate competition among routes. Drawing illustrative material from the management of Anglo-Scottish traffic and making comparisons with the American railroad industry, Dr. Channon concludes that pooling agreements did not provide the long-term stability and savings that railway managers sought. Changes in traffic patterns led to dissatisfaction with pool allocations, and competitive pressures from outside, as well as legal and political uncertainties, undermined cconfidence in the pools. In contrast to the United States, where railroads were able to turn to consolidation after pooling had failed, in Britain this strategy was not a politically viable option.
A Metropolitan Entrepreneur Par Excellence: Henry E. Huntington and the Growth of Southern California, 1898–1927
Authors: Friedricks William B.
Published: April 2006

Henry E. Huntington, according to the following article, placed his imprint on the development of his region, the Los Angeles basin, to an extent unique among urban entrepreneurs. His great wealth and foresight, and especially his interests in street railways, real estate development, and hydroelectric power, enabled him to become a de facto city planner for one of the most important metropolitan regions in the United States.
What Have Lawyers Done For American Business? The Case of Baker & Botts of Houston
Authors: Lipartito Kenneth
Published: April 2006

Although lawyers made crucial contributions to the development of business, scholars have said little about their role. As the following article explains, lawyers fought restrictions on business growth, worked to make laws uniform, and helped to establish legal rules in the areas of corporate reorganization, finance, and regulation. Pioneering a new type of organization—the large firm—they moved beyond the realm of legal doctrine and acquired the political influence, local knowledge, and community connections needed to reform the nation's decentralized legal system in ways that fit the demands of national-scale business.
A “New” Business History? A Commentary on the 1993 Nobel Prize in Economics
Authors: Parker William N.
Published: April 2006

The editor of the Business History Review has asked me, as the oldest “new” economic historian, to make a comment on the 1993 Nobel Prize award in Economics—a comment directed to “real” historians—which I am not—and especially to business historians, of whose product I have been an often satisfied—though occasionally restless—consumer. Needless to say, I find this to be an assignment difficult to fulfill. Praise will be put down to “trendy” insincerity and criticism to jealousy. Nor will Historians miss the irony in all the excitement generated by the award within a sub-tribe whose main charge has been to minimize the biographical, the “human” element in historical explanation. The self-styled “new” economic history movement, christened half-jokingly as early as 1968 by an ingenious neologism, “Cliometrics,” was now, twenty-five years later, awarded what is formally known as the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Science in Honor of Alfred Nobel, in the persons of two of its very keen and most prolific, best-known, energetic, and indomitable practitioners, Douglass C. North of Washington University (St. Louis, Mo.) and Robert W. Fogel of the University of Chicago (Chicago, Ill.). Surely there is some lesson in marketing in all this to make business and entrepreneurial historians sit up and take notice.
The Modernization of Production in the French Automobile Industry between the Wars: A Photographic Essay
Authors: Cohen Yves
Published: April 2006

The following article combines an analysis of production techniques in the French automobile industry between the wars and a rich supply of photographs that visually document the course of innovation in the industry. The text and illustrations show that, though production managers at Citroën, Peugeot, and Renault were aware of the methods of Henry Ford and Frederick W. Taylor, they adapted them to specific situations within the French industry and within their own companies. By looking specifically at the work of Ernest Mattern, who held production responsibilities at both Peugeot and Citroën and observed Renault as well, the essay traces the incremental changes in the organization of automobile manufacturing in France before the Second World War.
The Crusading Church at Home and Abroad
Authors: Atkins Gaius Glenn
Published: April 2006

The first fifteen years of the twentieth century may some day be remembered in America as the Age of Crusades. There were a super-abundance of zeal, a sufficiency of causes, unusual moral idealism, excessive confidence in mass movements, and leaders with rare gifts of popular appeal. The people were ready to cry “God wills it” and set out for world peace, prohibition, the progressive party, the ‘New Freedom’ or ‘the World for Christ in this Generation.’ The air was full of banners and the trumpets called from every camp. It was a brave time in which to be alive.
Lord Herbert of Cherbury, Apostle of Ethical Theism
Authors: Lyttle Charles
Published: April 2006

“One fair day in summer, my casement window being opened towards the south, the sun shining clear, and no wind stirring, I took my book, De Veritate, in my hand, and kneeling on my knees, devoutly said these words:—‘O thou eternal God, author of the light which now shines upon me, and Giver of all inward illuminations, I do beseech Thee, of thine infinite goodness, to pardon a greater request than a sinner ought to make; I am not satisfied enough whether I shall publish this book, De Veritate; if it be for Thy glory, I beseech Thee to give me some sign from heaven; if not, I shall suppress it.’ I had no sooner spoken these words, but a loud though yet gentle noise came from the heavens, for it was like nothing on earth, which did so comfort and cheer me, that I took my petition as granted and that I had the sign I demanded, whereupon also I resolved to print my book. And now I sent my book to be printed at Paris … without suffering it to be divulged to others than to such as I thought might be worthy readers of it.”
Luther's Conception of Government
Authors: Carlson Edgar M.
Published: April 2006

The center from which Luther's utterances on social and political issues must be understood is the idea of the two kingdoms or “regimes.” In this area of his thought, even more than in others, it will not do to draw conclusions from fragmentary quotations occasioned by historical situations in which he felt called upon to take sides. By the exclusive use of carefully selected passages, one can prove that Luther regarded secular rulers as instruments of the devil and the adversaries of his cause; and one can prove that he regarded them as instruments of God who could do no wrong. In his defence against the frequent charges that he encouraged sedition and rebellion, he frequently appears servile in his relation to the authorities of civil and political life. It was not his nature to balance alternative courses of action against one another and say everything that could be said for both sides in the same treatise. He did his thinking in the midst of controversy and his writings are almost always directed toward or in behalf of the participants. When he wrote against the peasants he gave them “both barrels.” When he attacked the rulers of church or state he did the same. This does not mean, however, that there is no coherence in his thought. If one observes carefully the content of his criticisms, he will soon discover that they proceed from a firm and unchanging conviction regarding the origin of government and its function in the world.
Luther's Struggle for Faith
Authors: Bainton Roland H.
Published: April 2006

Our interest in Luther's struggle for faith is not merely historical. We do not investigate this subject as we do Luther's views on monstrosities or the names for the gems in the Apocalypse, nor do we probe into his spiritual trials in order to collect additional specimens of abnormal psychology. If he was abnormal then the abnormal has become the normal. All of us today are engaged in a struggle for faith and our concern is not so much with the disease as with the cure. How was it that Luther, despite his travailing of spirit, could be so tremendous in his faith, so incredible in his courage, so astounding in his output? Luther's faith is our quest.