bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of VIIth–XIIth cranial nerve anastomosis results by age
Authors: Eravcı F C , Karaloğlu F , Tutar H , Bakkal F K , Tutar V B , Karamert R
Published: February 2020

Objective

To evaluate VIIth–XIIth cranial nerve (hypoglossal–facial nerve) anastomosis results by age.

Method

A total of 34 patients who attended a follow-up visit in 2016, aged 20–63 years, were enrolled. The House–Brackmann facial nerve function grading system and the Facial Clinimetric Evaluation scale were applied.

Results

Regarding post-anastomosis facial nerve function, in the group aged 40 years or less, 14 patients (78 per cent) had House–Brackmann grade III and 4 patients (22 per cent) had House–Brackmann grade IV facial nerve function post-anastomosis. In the group aged over 40 years, nine patients (56 per cent) had House–Brackmann grade III and seven patients (44 per cent) had House–Brackmann grade IV facial nerve function post-anastomosis. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in mean facial movement domain scores (p= 0.02). Analysis between age and facial movement score in all 34 patients demonstrated a moderate negative correlation (Pearson correlation coefficient: −0.38) and statistical significance (p= 0.02).

Conclusion

Facial reanimation yielded better results in younger than in older patients.
Estimates of marine turtle nesting populations in the south-west Indian Ocean indicate the importance of the Chagos Archipelago
Authors: Mortimer Jeanne A. , Esteban Nicole , Guzman Antenor Nestor , Hays Graeme C.
Published: February 2020

Global marine turtle population assessments highlight the importance of the south-west Indian Ocean region, despite data gaps for the Chagos Archipelago. The archipelago hosts nesting hawksbill Eretmochelys imbricata and green turtles Chelonia mydas, both heavily exploited for 2 centuries until protection in 1968–1970. We assessed available nesting habitat and spatial distribution of nesting activity during rapid surveys of 90% of the archipelago's coastline in 1996, 1999, 2006 and 2016. We quantified seasonality and mean annual egg clutch production from monthly track counts during 2006–2018 along a 2.8 km index beach on Diego Garcia island. An estimated 56% (132 km) of coastline provided suitable nesting habitat. Diego Garcia and Peros Banhos atolls accounted for 90.4% of hawksbill and 70.4% of green turtle nesting. Hawksbill turtles showed distinct nesting peaks during October–February, and green turtles nested year-round with elevated activity during June–October. Estimates of 6,300 hawksbill and 20,500 green turtle clutches laid annually during 2011–2018 indicate that nesting on the Chagos Archipelago has increased 2–5 times for hawksbill turtles and 4–9 times for green turtles since 1996. Regional estimates indicate green turtles produce 10 times more egg clutches than hawksbill turtles, and the Chagos Archipelago accounts for 39–51% of an estimated 12,500–16,000 hawksbill and 14–20% of an estimated 104,000–143,500 green turtle clutches laid in the south-west Indian Ocean. The improved status may reflect > 40 years without significant exploitation. Long-term monitoring is needed to captureinterannual variation in nesting numbers and minimize uncertainty in population estimates.
CONNECTED SELF-OWNERSHIP AND OUR OBLIGATIONS TO OTHERS
Authors: Cudd Ann E.
Published: February 2020

This essay explores the concept of the connected self-owner, which takes account of the metaphysical significance of relations among persons for persons’ capacities to be owners. This concept of the self-owner conflicts with the traditional libertarian understanding of the self-owner as atomistic or essentially separable from all others. I argue that the atomistic self cannot be a self-owner. A self-owner is a moral person with intentions, desires, and thoughts. But in order to have intentions, desires, and thoughts a being must relate to others through language and norm-guided behavior. Individual beings require the pre-existence of norms and norm-givers to bootstrap their selves, and norms, norm-givers, and norm-takers are necessary to continue to support the self. That means, I argue, that the self who can be an owner is essentially connected. Next, I ask how humans become connected selves and whether that connection matters morally. I distinguish among those connections that support development of valuable capacities. One such capacity is the autonomous individual. I argue that the social connections that allow the development of autonomous individuals have moral value and should be fostered. On the basis of these two values, I argue that we can support at least two nonvoluntary obligations, one negative and one positive, that we can ground in our metaphysical essence as connected self-owners.
SELF-OWNERSHIP, LABOR, AND LICENSING
Authors: Russell Daniel C.
Published: February 2020

In this essay I examine restrictions on labor as takings of property: a liberty to work is property, and restrictions of that liberty are takings. I set property in one’s labor within a unified framework for all forms of property, understood as a social institution for balancing two freedoms: freedom to act even if it interferes with someone else, and freedom from interference. As such, property includes not only possession but also use and disposition. To restrict use or disposition is to alter those freedoms, which is a taking of property, including property in one’s labor. I understand such takings to be justified insofar as they benefit the persons whose freedoms are altered, taking up the question of when restrictions on use and disposition of labor are to the benefit or the harm of excluded workers. Appreciating that labor is property, and that restrictions on labor are takings, reframes the justificatory burden that restrictions on labor must bear. And where that justification is lacking, this approach reframes the nature of the wrongs that unjustified restrictions perpetrate, especially against the most vulnerable workers.
WHEN ARE MARKETS ILLEGITIMATE?
Authors: Greene Amanda R.
Published: February 2020

In this essay I defend an alternative account of why markets are legitimate. I argue that markets have a raison d’être—a potential to be valuable that, if fulfilled, would justify their existence. I characterize this potential in terms of the goods that are promoted by the legal protection of economic agency: resource discretion, contribution esteem, wealth, diffusion of power, and freedom of association. I argue that market institutions deliver these goods without requiring the participants to have shared ends, or shared deliberation about joint ends—indeed, this feature is the source of the market’s distinctive contribution to well-being. I suggest that when markets lack legitimacy, this is because they fail to fulfill their raison d’être, or fail to be recognized as doing so. Thus, the contours of legal protection must be drawn so that these goods are realized together in a recognizable way, without sacrificing one good for the sake of others. Finally, I argue that this account is appealing because it allows regulators to consider a plurality of goods, and because it makes room for the essential role of rhetoric in securing market legitimacy.
LIBERTARIANISM WITHOUT SELF-OWNERSHIP
Authors: Kukathas Chandran
Published: February 2020

Libertarianism is a political philosophy whose defenders have set its foundations in the principle of self-ownership. But self-ownership supplies an uncertain basis for such a theory as it is prone to a number of serious difficulties, some of which have been addressed by libertarians but none of which can ultimately be overcome. For libertarianism to be a plausible way of looking at the world, it must look elsewhere for its basic principles. In particular, it needs to rethink the way it understands property and its foundations.
Acquired systemic-to-pulmonary shunts in a 6-month-old child: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Werner Oscar , Ovaert Caroline , Amedro Pascal
Published: February 2020

The incidence of paediatric venous thromboembolism has steadily increased in the past decade, by nearly 10% per year. Deep venous thrombosis may remain completely asymptomatic during the acute phase and symptoms may occur later, due to complications. We related the case of a 9-month-old child with increasing cyanosis. A computed tomography (CT) angiography showed a thrombosis of the superior vena cava (SVC) with the development of collateral flow from the systemic to the pulmonary veins. Transcatheter shunt occlusion after SVC recanalization was successfully performed. We discussed the characteristics of these cases and the consequence on our practice in term of treatment (anticoagulation, transcatheter, intervention) and screening.
Kant on Welfare: Five Unsuccessful Defences
Authors: Davies Luke J.
Published: February 2020

This article discusses five attempts at justifying the provision of welfare on Kantian grounds. I argue that none of the five proposals is satisfactory. Each faces a serious challenge on textual or systematic grounds. The conclusion to draw from this is not that a Kantian cannot defend the provision of welfare. Rather, the conclusion to draw is that the task of defending the provision of welfare on Kantian grounds is a difficult one whose success we should not take for granted.
Kant’s Better-than-Terrible Argument in the Anticipations of Perception
Authors: Landy David
Published: February 2020

Scholars working on Kant’s Anticipations of Perception generally attribute to him an argument that invalidly infers that objects have degrees of intensive magnitude from the premise that sensations do. I argue that this rests on an incorrect disambiguation of Kant’s use ofEmpfindung(sensation) as referring to the mental states that are our sensings, rather than the objects that are thereby sensed. Kant’s real argument runs as follows. The difference between a representation of an empty region of space and/or time and a representation of that same region as occupied by an object entails that, in addition to their extensive magnitude, objects must be represented as having a matter variable in intensive magnitude. Since it is the presence of sensation (sensing) in a cognition that marks the difference between representing only the extensive magnitude of the object and the object as a whole, it is sensation that represents its intensive magnitude.
Filamentous versus Spherical Morphology: A Case Study of the Recombinant A/WSN/33 (H1N1) Virus
Authors: Kordyukova Larisa V. , Mintaev Ramil R. , Rtishchev Artyom A. , Kunda Marina S. , Ryzhova Natalia N. , Abramchuk Sergei S. , Serebryakova Marina V. , Khrustalev Vladislav V. , Khrustaleva Tatyana A. , Poboinev Victor V. , Markushin Stanislav G. , Voronina Olga L.
Published: February 2020

Influenza A virus is a serious human pathogen that assembles enveloped virions on the plasma membrane of the host cell. The pleiomorphic morphology of influenza A virus, represented by spherical, elongated, or filamentous particles, is important for the spread of the virus in nature. Using fixative protocols for sample preparation and negative staining electron microscopy, we found that the recombinant A/WSN/33 (H1N1) (rWSN) virus, a strain considered to be strictly spherical, may produce filamentous particles when amplified in the allantoic cavity of chicken embryos. In contrast, the laboratory WSN strain and the rWSN virus amplified in Madin–Darby canine kidney cells exhibited a spherical morphology. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) suggested a rare Ser126Cys substitution in the M1 protein of rWSN, which was confirmed by the mass spectrometric analysis. No structurally relevant substitutions were found by NGS in other proteins of rWSN. Bioinformatics algorithms predicted a neutral structural effect of the Ser126Cys mutation. The mrWSN_M1_126S virus generated after the introduction of the reverse Cys126Ser substitution exhibited a similar host-dependent partially filamentous phenotype. We hypothesize that a shortage of some as-yet-undefined cellular components involved in virion budding and membrane scission may result in the appearance of filamentous particles in the case of usually “nonfilamentous” virus strains.
Relative Contributions of Ion Convection and Particle Precipitation to Exciting Large‐Scale Traveling Atmospheric and Ionospheric Disturbances
Authors: Sheng Cheng , Deng Yue , Zhang Shun‐Rong , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Lyons Larry R.
Published: February 2020

During geomagnetically active times, the enhanced ion convection and particle precipitation at high latitudes cause substantial disturbances in the ionosphere and thermosphere. Large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) were identified from Global Positioning System (GPS) total electron content (TEC) measurements from 06:30 to 08:30 UT on 26 March 2014 as a result of southward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz and enhanced particle precipitation during a substorm. The comparison of LSTIDs from the global ionosphere‐thermosphere model (GITM) simulations with GPS TEC measurements shows a general agreement. Further theoretical analyses with GITM were conducted to sperate the influence of ion convection and particle precipitation on the total Joule heating as well as on the resulting large‐scale traveling atmospheric disturbances (LSTADs) and LSTIDs. It was found that ion convection and particle precipitation have comparable contributions to the total Joule heating, although the changes of height‐integrated Joule heating due to these two forcing terms may display different distributions. In addition, the magnitudes of neutral density and TEC perturbations due to these two forcing terms were found to be comparable. Using the total energy flux versus time derived from all‐sky imager measurements for this event to drive GITM improves the data‐model comparison of LSTIDs. However, data‐model discrepancies still exist in the timing of LSTIDs and the magnitude of TEC perturbations, which calls for further investigation and realistic event‐specific specifications.
Vertical Displacements of the Amazon Basin From GRACE and GPS
Authors: Knowles L. A. , Bennett R. A. , Harig C.
Published: February 2020

The extent to which Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)‐recovered gravity anomalies can improve our understanding of Global Positioning System (GPS)‐measured vertical displacements is currently uncertain. To address this issue, we compared vertical displacements measured by 23 GPS stations in the Amazon basin with displacements estimated from GRACE geopotential fields. We show that despite poor correlation (
) between rate estimates in GPS and GRACE‐derived displacement time series, further analyses reveal low bias between annual amplitude estimates and a scaling near 1. There is higher correlation (
) between annual periodic motions, with near 1 to 1 agreement, but there is poor correlation (
) and little agreement between semiannual amplitude estimates. Subtracting GRACE displacements from the GPS time series flattens the GPS power spectra, reducing the spectral index magnitude, on average, from
 (“fractional Brownian motion”) to
 (“fractional Gaussian noise”), suggesting that some fraction of the apparent GPS error correlation derives from mass loading signals that are not completely characterized by secular trends or seasonal periodic motions. From March 2011 to November 2016, we find a GPS and GRACE‐derived displacement combined average uplift of the Amazon basin of
 mm/yr and combined average annual periodic motion of
 mm. Deviations from a standard trajectory model for site motion are apparent in both data sets and appear to coincide with various flooding and drought events between 2011 and 2016, which suggests that the GPS coordinate time series record displacements driven by large‐scale climate oscillations.
Influence of Coriolis Force Upon Bottom Boundary Layers in a Large‐Scale Gravity Current Experiment: Implications for Evolution of Sinuous Deep‐Water Channel Systems
Authors: Davarpanah Jazi S. , Wells M. G. , Peakall J. , Dorrell R. M. , Thomas R. E. , Keevil G. M. , Darby S. E. , Sommeria J. , Viboud S. , Valran T.
Published: February 2020

Oceanic density currents in many deep‐water channels are strongly influenced by the Coriolis force. The dynamics of the bottom boundary layer in large geostrophic flows and low Rossby number turbidity currents are very important for determining the erosion and deposition of sediment in channelized contourite currents and many large‐scale turbidity currents. However, these bottom boundary layers are notoriously difficult to resolve with oceanic field measurements or in previous small‐scale rotating laboratory experiments. We present results from a large, 13‐m diameter, rotating laboratory platform that is able to achieve both stratified and highly turbulent flows in regimes where the rotation is sufficiently rapid that the Coriolis force can potentially dominate. By resolving the dynamics of the turbulent bottom boundary in straight and sinuous channel sections, we find that the Coriolis force can overcome centrifugal force to switch the direction of near‐bed flows in channel bends. This occurs for positive Rossby numbers less than +0.8, defined as RoR =
/Rf, where
is the depth and time‐averaged velocity, R is the radius of channel curvature, and f is the Coriolis parameter. Density and velocity fields decoupled in channel bends, with the densest fluid of the gravity current being deflected to the outer bend of the channel by the centrifugal force, while the location of velocity maximum shifted with the Coriolis force, leading to asymmetries between left‐ and right‐turning bends. These observations of Coriolis effects on gravity currents are synthesized into a model of how sedimentary structures might evolve in sinuous turbidity current channels at various latitudes.
Sea Ice and Atmospheric Parameter Retrieval From Satellite Microwave Radiometers: Synergy of AMSR2 and SMOS Compared With the CIMR Candidate Mission
Authors: Scarlat Raul Cristian , Spreen Gunnar , Heygster Georg , Huntemann Marcus , Paţilea Cătălin , Pedersen Leif Toudal , Saldo Roberto
Published: February 2020

Research on improving the prediction skill of climate models requires refining the quality of observational data used for initializing and tuning the models. This is especially true in the polar regions where uncertainties about the interactions between sea ice, ocean, and atmosphere are driving ongoing monitoring efforts. The Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) is an European Space Agency (ESA) candidate mission which promises to offer high resolution, low uncertainty observation capabilities at the 1.4, 6.9, 10.65, 18.7, and 36.5 GHz frequencies. To assess the potential impact of CIMR for sea ice parameter retrieval, a comparison is made between retrievals based on present AMSR2 observations and a retrieval using future CIMR equivalent observations over a data set of validated sea ice concentration (SIC) values. An optimal estimation retrieval method (OEM) is used which can use input from different channel combinations to retrieve seven geophysical parameters (sea ice concentration, multi‐year ice fraction, ice surface temperature, columnar water vapor, liquid water path, over ocean wind speed, and sea surface temperature). An advantage of CIMR over existing radiometers is that it would provide higher spatial resolution observations at the lower frequency channels (6.9, 10.65, and 18.7 GHz) which are less sensitive to atmospheric influence. This enables the passive microwave based retrieval of SIC and other surface parameters with higher resolution and lower uncertainty than is currently possible. An information content analysis expands the comparison between AMSR2 and CIMR to all retrievable surface and atmospheric parameters. This analysis quantifies the contributions to the observed signal and highlights the differences between different input channel combinations. The higher resolution of the low frequency CIMR channels allow for unprecedented detail to be achieved in Arctic passive microwave sea ice retrievals. The presence of 1.4 GHz channels on board CIMR opens up the possibility for thin sea ice thickness (SIT) retrieval. A combination of collocated AMSR2 and SMOS observations is used to simulate a full CIMR suite of measurements, and the OEM is modified to include SIT as a retrieval parameter. The output from different retrieval configurations is compared with an operational SIT product. The CIMR instrument can provide increased accuracy for SIC retrieval at very high resolutions with a combination of the 18.7 and 36.5 GHz channels while also maintaining sensitivity for atmospheric water vapor retrieval. In combination with the 1.4 GHz channels, SIT can be added as an eighth retrieval parameter with performance on par with existing operational products.
Impacts of Degrading Ice‐Wedges on Ground Temperatures in a High Arctic Polar Desert System
Authors: Ward Jones Melissa K. , Pollard Wayne H. , Amyot Frances
Published: February 2020

Ice‐wedge ice is the most widespread type of massive ice found in the continuous permafrost zone. Polygonal networks of ice‐wedges drive environmental changes and feedback that will likely be exacerbated with future climate change. Recent decadal‐scale observations have shown that ice‐wedges are degrading rapidly within the entire Circum‐Arctic Region but observations of feedback associated with ground temperature regimes are still lacking in many areas. We present over a year's worth of field observations from an area with cold (−16.5°C), thick (>500 m) continuous permafrost and a mean annual air temperature of −19.7°C in the Canadian high Arctic. Topographic surveys, thaw depths, vegetation cover, soil moisture, and annual shallow (12 cm) ground temperature measurements were collected for seven ice‐wedge troughs and two polygon centers in a high‐centered polygon system. We show that geomorphic changes caused by ice‐wedge degradation generate new responses in soil moisture, vegetation cover, and snow distribution that create a mosaic of ground temperatures that range by 5.1°C for mean annual, 2.5°C in summer, and 15.2°C in winter between polygon‐centers and ice‐wedge troughs. Our results show that snow redistribution due to wind induces the cooling of polygon centers, thus promoting new thermal contraction cracking and ice‐wedge formation. We provide an example based on high‐resolution remote sensing data on how these ice‐wedge trough densities vary spatially in our study area. Capturing these fine scale geomorphic differences and resulting ground temperatures will be critical to accurately assess future changes of these common Arctic landscapes.
Carbon Cycling in the World's Deepest Blue Hole
Authors: Yao P. , Wang X. C. , Bianchi T. S. , Yang Z. S. , Fu L. , Zhang X. H. , Chen L. , Zhao B. , Morrison E. S. , Shields M. R. , Liu Y. N. , Bi N. S. , Qi Y. Z. , Zhou S. , Liu J. W. , Zhang H. H. , Zhu C. J. , Yu Z. G.
Published: February 2020

Blue holes are unique geomorphological features with steep biogeochemical gradients and distinctive microbial communities. Carbon cycling in blue holes, however, remains poorly understood. Here we describe potential mechanisms of dissolved carbon cycling in the world's deepest blue hole, the Yongle Blue Hole (YBH), which was recently discovered in the South China Sea. In the YBH, we found some of the lowest concentrations (e.g., 22 μM) and oldest ages (e.g., 6,810 years before present) of dissolved organic carbon, as well as the highest concentrations (e.g., 3,090 μM) and the oldest ages (e.g., 8,270 years before present) of dissolved inorganic carbon observed in oceanic waters. Sharp gradients of dissolved oxygen, H2S, and CH4 and changes in bacterially mediated sulfur cycling with depth indicated that sulfur‐ and/or methane‐based metabolisms are closely linked to carbon cycling in the YBH. Our results showed that the YBH is a unique and easily accessible natural laboratory for examining carbon cycling in anoxic systems, which has potential for understanding carbon dynamics in both paleo and modern oceans—particularly in the context of global change.
How Variations in Constructed Wetlands Geography Affect Nutrient Discharge
Authors: Xia Yongqiu , Yan Xiaoyuan
Published: February 2020

Constructed wetland geography, including size and location, plays a key role in nutrient retention; it remains a challenge to isolate and quantify the contributions of wetland size and spatial location. We constructed a clear conceptual model and modeled the effects of variations in wetland size (represented as cells width in each flow path of a grid of cells) and location on the mean nutrient discharge (MD) and standard deviation of nutrient discharge (SdD). A basic comparison between a broadly and mathematically tractable Poisson distribution and a conventionally hypothesized uniform distribution showed that wetlands with a Poisson width or Poisson location distribution exhibit much greater effects on SdD than wetlands with a uniform distribution. We then compared and summarized the effects of 10,000 variations in wetlands on MD and SdD. For all kinds of wetlands, the MD was largely determined by the mean size, mean location, and evenness of location, while the SdD was closely related to the evenness and standard deviation (Sd) of both wetland size and location. Incorporating these factors into landscape models could greatly simplify the model structure and improve precision. Location was more important than size for both MD and SdD, regardless of the retention of the wetlands, which suggested that optimizing wetland location should be a high priority for water quality management and will yield greater benefits than widening wetlands elsewhere.
Forecasting Megaelectron‐Volt Electrons Inside Earth's Outer Radiation Belt: PreMevE 2.0 Based on Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Pires de Lima Rafael , Chen Yue , Lin Youzuo
Published: February 2020

We present the recent progress in upgrading a predictive model for megaelectron‐volt (MeV) electrons inside the Earth's outer Van Allen belt. This updated model, called PreMevE 2.0, provides improved forecasts, particularly at outer L‐shells, by adding upstream solar wind speeds to the model's input parameter list that originally includes precipitating electrons observed at low Earth orbits and MeV electron fluxes in situ measured by a geosynchronous satellite. Furthermore, based on several kinds of linear and artificial neural networks algorithms, a list of models was constructed, trained, validated, and tested with 42‐month MeV electron observations from Van Allen Probes. Out‐of‐sample test results from these models show that, with optimized model hyperparameters and input parameter combinations, the top performer from each category of models has the similar capability of making reliable 1‐day (2‐day) forecasts of 1‐MeV electron flux distributions with performance efficiency values ~0.87 (~0.82) averaged over the L‐shell range of 2.8–6.6, significantly outperforming the previous version of PreMevE particularly at L‐shells > ~4.5. Interestingly, the linear regression model is often the most successful when compared to other models, which suggests the relationship between dynamics of trapped 1‐MeV electrons and precipitating electrons is dominated by linear components. Results also show that PreMevE 2.0 can reasonably well predict the onsets of MeV electron events in 2‐day forecasts. PreMevE 2.0 is designed to be driven by observations from longstanding space infrastructure to make high‐fidelity forecasts for MeV electrons, thus can be an invaluable space weather forecasting tool for the future.
Partially Locked Low‐Angle Normal Faults in Cohesive Upper Crust
Authors: Yuan X. P. , Olive J.‐A. , Braun J.
Published: February 2020

It is well established that slip on a frictionally weak low‐angle normal fault (LANF) can be more favorable than breaking a steep fault in strong crust. Very few studies, however, have considered the specific effect of crust and fault cohesion on LANF viability. We do so using Limit Analysis, a methodology for predicting the optimal orientation of faults with varying strength subjected to a specific set of boundary conditions. Accounting for crustal cohesion in our models reduces the lowest admissible LANF dip and even allows slip on high‐friction LANFs if the contrast between crust and fault cohesion is large. Fault cohesion, however, increases the lowest admissible LANF dip and introduces a locking depth above which LANF slip is not mechanically feasible. This is consistent with observations of steep splay faults rooting onto LANFs in a variety of settings. We further demonstrate that locking depth can help constrain LANF cohesion, friction, and fluid pressure on the Alto Tiberina (Italy) and western Corinth (Greece) LANFs. Specifically, assuming a measured fault friction of 0.2–0.3, we find that the shallow locking depth of the Alto Tiberina fault requires either (1) moderate fluid overpressure (57% of lithostatic) with cohesion of 8–12 MPa or (2) strong overpressure (77% of lithostatic) with cohesion of 13–20 MPa along the fault. By contrast, the larger locking depth characterizing the western Corinth LANF can reflect greater fault cohesion.
Eocene to Miocene Subduction Initiation Recorded in Stratigraphy of Reinga Basin, Northwest New Zealand
Authors: Orr D. , Sutherland R. , Stratford W.R.
Published: February 2020

Reinga Basin, northwest of New Zealand, contains deformed Cretaceous and Cenozoic strata, flat unconformities interpreted as sea level‐modulated erosion surfaces, and volcanics. Marine conditions since the Late Cretaceous resulted in deposition of thick sequences of fossil‐rich sediments. We present a seismic stratigraphic analysis that is tied to dredged rock samples and International Ocean Discovery Program Site U1508. The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Reinga Basin comprises four phases. (1) Folding was accompanied by uplift from lower bathyal water depths at 56–43 Ma along West Norfolk Ridge, where wave ravinement surfaces were cut. (2) Basin‐wide compression and reverse faulting at 39–34 Ma exposed Eocene and older strata along the northeastern basin margin and farther south in western New Zealand. (3) Emplacement of South Maria Allochthon at 34–28 Ma along the northeast margin postdated thick‐skinned reverse faulting and folding, was broadly synchronous with the onset of basin volcanism, and immediately predated wave ravinement of nearby ridges. Normal faulting disrupted the western basin margin at this time. (4) During the final phase of the Reinga Basin deformation, South Maria Ridge subsided ∼1,000–2,000 m from the middle shelf to bathyal depths after 23–19 Ma, and the deformation migrated southeastwards. The Northland Allochthon was emplaced at 23–20 Ma, and Northland volcanism with confirmed arc character occurred at 23–12 Ma. The early Eocene onset of tectonic activity recorded by deformation in Reinga Basin is shown to be older than previously recognized and broadly synchronous with other events related to subduction initiation and plate motion change elsewhere in the western Pacific.
GRACE‐based Mass Conservation as a Validation Target for Basin‐Scale Evapotranspiration in the Contiguous United States
Authors: Pascolini‐Campbell Madeleine A. , Reager John T. , Fisher Joshua B.
Published: February 2020

Here, we evaluate basin‐scale evapotranspiration (ET) estimates for eleven major river basins in the contiguous United States against a water balance approach with Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite observations. The relatively precise measurements of large‐scale changes in water mass from GRACE are used to estimate the storage rate term in the terrestrial water budget and consequently provide an estimate, with propagated uncertainty, of basin‐aggregated ET from mass conservation. We apply GRACE‐based ET to two modeling systems (NLDAS‐2 and GLDAS‐2.1) comprised of five land surface models and three remote sensing‐based products (MOD16, PT‐JPL, and FLUXCOM) for 2003 to 2014. Both the land surface model‐based and remote sensing‐based ET are persistently lower than GRACE‐based ET in all eleven basins tested. We also find that interannual variability is greater for GRACE‐ET than the model and remote sensing products, and this is attributed to precipitation variability.
STAT3 activates MSK1-mediated histone H3 phosphorylation to promote NFAT signaling in gastric carcinogenesis
Authors: Qi Hongyan , Yang Zhiyi , Dai Chujun , Wang Runan , Ke Xinxin , Zhang Shuilian , Xiang Xueping , Chen Kailin , Li Chen , Luo Jindan , Shao Jimin , Shen Jing
Published: February 2020

Epigenetic abnormalities contribute significantly to the development and progression of gastric cancer. However, the underlying regulatory networks from oncogenic signaling pathway to epigenetic dysregulation remain largely unclear. Here we showed that STAT3 signaling, one of the critical links between inflammation and cancer, acted as a control pathway in gastric carcinogenesis. STAT3 aberrantly transactivates the epigenetic kinase mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1), thereby phosphorylating histone H3 serine10 (H3S10) and STAT3 itself during carcinogen-induced gastric tumorigenesis. We further identified the calcium pathway transcription factor NFATc2 as a novel downstream target of the STAT3-MSK1 positive-regulating loop. STAT3 forms a functional complex with MSK1 at the promoter of NFATc2 to promote its transcription in a H3S10 phosphorylation-dependent way, thus affecting NFATc2-related inflammatory pathways in gastric carcinogenesis. Inhibiting the STAT3/MSK1/NFATc2 signaling axis significantly suppressed gastric cancer cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth, which provides a potential novel approach for gastric carcinogenesis intervention by regulating aberrant epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms.
Role of glucosyltransferase R in biofilm interactions between Streptococcus oralis and Candida albicans
Authors: Souza João Gabriel Silva , Bertolini Martinna , Thompson Angela , Mansfield Jillian M , Grassmann André Alex , Maas Kendra , Caimano Melissa J , Barao Valentim Adelino Ricardo , Vickerman M Margaret , Dongari-Bagtzoglou Anna
Published: February 2020

Streptococcal glucosyltransferases (Gtf) synthesize α-glucan exopolymers which contribute to biofilm matrix. Streptococcus oralis interacts with the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans to form hypervirulent biofilms. S. oralis 34 has a single gtf gene (gtfR). However, the role of gtfR in single and mixed species biofilms with C. albicans has never been examined. A gtfR deletion mutant, purified GtfR, and recombinant GtfR glucan-binding domain were tested in single and mixed biofilms on different substrata in vitro. A mouse oral infection model was also used. We found that in single species biofilms growing with sucrose on abiotic surfaces S. oralis gtfR increased biofilm matrix, but not bacterial biomass. In biofilms with C. albicans, S. oralis encoding gtfR showed increased bacterial biomass on all surfaces. C. albicans had a positive effect on α-glucan synthesis, and α-glucans increased C. albicans accretion on abiotic surfaces. In single and mixed infection of mice receiving sucrose S. oralis gtfR enhanced mucosal burdens. However, sucrose had a negative impact on C. albicans burdens and reduced S. oralis burdens in co-infected mice. Our data provide new insights on the GtfR-mediated interactions between the two organisms and the influence of biofilm substratum and the mucosal environment on these interactions.
Drp1 overexpression induces desmin disassembling and drives kinesin-1 activation promoting mitochondrial trafficking in skeletal muscle
Authors: Giovarelli Matteo , Zecchini Silvia , Martini Emanuele , Garrè Massimiliano , Barozzi Sara , Ripolone Michela , Napoli Laura , Coazzoli Marco , Vantaggiato Chiara , Roux-Biejat Paulina , Cervia Davide , Moscheni Claudia , Perrotta Cristiana , Parazzoli Dario , Clementi Emilio , De Palma Clara
Published: February 2020

Mitochondria change distribution across cells following a variety of pathophysiological stimuli. The mechanisms presiding over this redistribution are yet undefined. In a murine model overexpressing Drp1 specifically in skeletal muscle, we find marked mitochondria repositioning in muscle fibres and we demonstrate that Drp1 is involved in this process. Drp1 binds KLC1 and enhances microtubule-dependent transport of mitochondria. Drp1-KLC1 coupling triggers the displacement of KIF5B from kinesin-1 complex increasing its binding to microtubule tracks and mitochondrial transport. High levels of Drp1 exacerbate this mechanism leading to the repositioning of mitochondria closer to nuclei. The reduction of Drp1 levels decreases kinesin-1 activation and induces the partial recovery of mitochondrial distribution. Drp1 overexpression is also associated with higher cyclin-dependent kinase-1 (Cdk-1) activation that promotes the persistent phosphorylation of desmin at Ser-31 and its disassembling. Fission inhibition has a positive effect on desmin Ser-31 phosphorylation, regardless of Cdk-1 activation, suggesting that induction of both fission and Cdk-1 are required for desmin collapse. This altered desmin architecture impairs mechanotransduction and compromises mitochondrial network stability priming mitochondria transport through microtubule-dependent trafficking with a mechanism that involves the Drp1-dependent regulation of kinesin-1 complex.
Immunological history governs human stem cell memory CD4 heterogeneity via the Wnt signaling pathway
Authors: Kared Hassen , Tan Shu Wen , Lau Mai Chan , Chevrier Marion , Tan Crystal , How Wilson , Wong Glenn , Strickland Marie , Malleret Benoit , Amoah Amanda , Pilipow Karolina , Zanon Veronica , Govern Naomi Mc , Lum Josephine , Chen Jin Miao , Lee Bernett , Florian Maria Carolina , Geiger Hartmut , Ginhoux Florent , Ruiz-Mateos Ezequiel , Fulop Tamas , Rajasuriar Reena , Kamarulzaman Adeeba , Ng Tze Pin , Lugli Enrico , Larbi Anis
Published: February 2020

The diversity of the naïve T cell repertoire drives the replenishment potential and capacity of memory T cells to respond to immune challenges. Attrition of the immune system is associated with an increased prevalence of pathologies in aged individuals, but whether stem cell memory T lymphocytes (TSCM) contribute to such attrition is still unclear. Using single cells RNA sequencing and high-dimensional flow cytometry, we demonstrate that TSCM heterogeneity results from differential engagement of Wnt signaling. In humans, aging is associated with the coupled loss of Wnt/β-catenin signature in CD4 TSCM and systemic increase in the levels of Dickkopf-related protein 1, a natural inhibitor of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Functional assays support recent thymic emigrants as the precursors of CD4 TSCM. Our data thus hint that reversing TSCM defects by metabolic targeting of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway may be a viable approach to restore and preserve immune homeostasis in the context of immunological history.
Dimension-reconfigurable bubble film nanochannel for wetting based sensing
Authors: Ma Yu , Sun Miao , Duan Xuexin , van den Berg Albert , Eijkel Jan C. T. , Xie Yanbo
Published: February 2020

Dimensions and surface properties are the predominant factors for the applications of nanofluidic devices. Here we use a thin liquid film as a nanochannel by inserting a gas bubble in a glass capillary, a technique we name bubble-based film nanofluidics. The height of the film nanochannel can be regulated by the Debye length and wettability, while the length independently changed by applied pressure. The film nanochannel behaves functionally identically to classical solid state nanochannels, as ion concentration polarizations. Furthermore, the film nanochannels can be used for label-free immunosensing, by principle of wettability change at the solid interface. The optimal sensitivity for the biotin-streptavidin reaction is two orders of magnitude higher than for the solid state nanochannel, suitable for a full range of electrolyte concentrations. We believe that the film nanochannel represents a class of nanofluidic devices that is of interest for fundamental studies and also can be widely applied, due to its reconfigurable dimensions, low cost, ease of fabrication and multiphase interfaces.
A universal, plug-and-play synchronisation scheme for practical quantum networks
Authors: D’Auria Virginia , Fedrici Bruno , Ngah Lutfi Arif , Kaiser Florian , Labonté Laurent , Alibart Olivier , Tanzilli Sébastien
Published: February 2020

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a plug-and-play, practical, and enabling method allowing to synchronise the building blocks of a quantum network in an all-optical way. Our scheme relies on mature and reliable classical telecommunication and non-linear optical technologies, and can be implemented in a universal way with off-the-shelf components. Compared to already reported solutions, it allows achieving high-quality synchronisation compatible with high network-operation rate and is free from opto-electronic jitters affecting servo-loop-based configurations. We test our scheme with a genuine quantum optical method in terms of the interference between two photons coming from two remotely synchronised sources spaced by distances of up to 100 km. Measured visibilities well above 90% confirm the validity of our approach. Due its simplicity and high-quality performance, our scheme paves the way for the synchronisation of long-distance quantum networks based on fibre, free-space, as well as hybrid solutions.
Rapid inference of antibiotic resistance and susceptibility by genomic neighbour typing
Authors: Břinda Karel , Callendrello Alanna , Ma Kevin C. , MacFadden Derek R. , Charalampous Themoula , Lee Robyn S. , Cowley Lauren , Wadsworth Crista B. , Grad Yonatan H. , Kucherov Gregory , O’Grady Justin , Baym Michael , Hanage William P.
Published: February 2020

Surveillance of drug-resistant bacteria is essential for healthcare providers to deliver effective empirical antibiotic therapy. However, traditional molecular epidemiology does not typically occur on a timescale that could affect patient treatment and outcomes. Here, we present a method called ‘genomic neighbour typing’ for inferring the phenotype of a bacterial sample by identifying its closest relatives in a database of genomes with metadata. We show that this technique can infer antibiotic susceptibility and resistance for both Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. We implemented this with rapid k-mer matching, which, when used on Oxford Nanopore MinION data, can run in real time. This resulted in the determination of resistance within 10 min (91% sensitivity and 100% specificity for S. pneumoniae and 81% sensitivity and 100% specificity for N. gonorrhoeae from isolates with a representative database) of starting sequencing, and within 4 h of sample collection (75% sensitivity and 100% specificity for S. pneumoniae) for clinical metagenomic sputum samples. This flexible approach has wide application for pathogen surveillance and may be used to greatly accelerate appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment.
Foresight in a Game of Leadership
Authors: Perry Logan , Gavrilets Sergey
Published: February 2020

Leadership can be effective in promoting cooperation within a group, but as the saying goes “heavy is the head that wears the crown”. A lot of debate still surrounds exactly what motivates individuals to expend the effort necessary to lead their groupmates. Evolutionary game theoretic models represent individual’s thought processes by strategy update protocols. The most common of these are random mutation, individual learning, selective imitation, and myopic optimization. Recently we introduced a new strategy update protocol - foresight - which takes into account future payoffs, and how groupmates respond to one’s own strategies. Here we apply our approach to a new 2 × 2 game, where one player, a leader, ensures via inspection and punishment that the other player, a subordinate, produces collective good. We compare the levels of inspection and production predicted by Nash Equilibrium, Quantal Response Equilibrium, level-k cognition, fictitious play, reinforcement learning, selective payoff-biased imitation, and foresight. We show that only foresight and selective imitation are effective at promoting contribution by the subordinate and inspection and punishment by the leader. The role of selective imitation in cultural and social evolution is well appreciated. In line with our prior findings, foresight is a viable alternative route to cooperation.
Investigation of spin stiffness in spin-depolarized states of two-dimensional electron systems with time-resolved Kerr rotation
Authors: Larionov A. V. , Stepanets-Khussein E. , Kulik L. V. , Umansky V. , Kukushkin I. V.
Published: February 2020

An experimental technique based on time-resolved Kerr rotation allows a comparison of the spin stiffnesses of different spin-polarized and depolarized states in a two-dimensional electron system. With this technique, a new spin-correlated phase that has no known analogues was discovered. The new spin-depolarized phase is characterized by high spin stiffness equal to that of a spin-polarized quantum Hall ferromagnet.
Effectiveness of interventions for changing HIV related risk behaviours among key populations in low-income setting: A Meta-Analysis, 2001–2016
Authors: Deuba Keshab , Sapkota Diksha , Shrestha Upendra , Shrestha Rachana , Rawal Bir Bahadur , Badal Komal , Baird Kathleen , Ekström Anna Mia
Published: February 2020

The aim of this review was to conduct a meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of behavioural interventions to reduce HIV-related risk behaviours among key populations: people who inject drugs, female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgender in Nepal over the last two decades. Using four electronic databases, we performed a systematic search of the literature on HIV interventions implemented in Nepal and published from January 2001 to December 2016. In addition, grey literature was also scrutinised for potential articles. The search focussed specifically on behavioural interventions (peer education and HIV testing services) targeted for key populations. Random-effects models were used to calculate the pooled odds ratio for dichotomous outcomes (condom use in last sex or unsafe injection practices), pooled HIV prevalence and subgroup analyses by age groups and epidemic zones in Nepal. Forty-three studies with 15,642 participants were included (people who inject drugs: 7105; men who have sex with men and transgender: 2637; female sex workers: 5900). Pooled prevalence showed a higher occurrence of HIV among people who inject drugs (12%) followed by men who have sex with men/transgender (5%) and female sex workers (2%) respectively. There was a significant increase in the odds of condom use among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgender who received peer education interventions in both informal and formal setting compared to those who did not. Similarly, the odds of condom use among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgender improved significantly among those who received HIV counselling and testing services as compared to those who did not use such services. Subgroup analyses also verified the effectiveness of these interventions for both young and adult key populations and across all three epidemic zones. However, none of the included interventions were found to be effective for reducing unsafe injection practices among people who inject drugs. HIV prevention interventions in Nepal have effectively reduced risky behaviours among female sex workers, men who have sex with men and transgender over the last two decades but not among people who inject drugs. This calls for continued implementation of existing efforts as well as for new interventions adapted to the needs of people who inject drugs.
Publisher Correction: Evaporation of a sessile droplet on a slope
Authors: Timm Mitchel L. , Dehdashti Esmaeil , Jarrahi Darban Amir , Masoud Hassan
Published: February 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.