bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishment of embryonic stem cell lines from cynomolgus monkey blastocysts produced by IVF or ICSI
Authors: Suemori Hirofumi , Tada Takashi , Torii Ryuzo , Hosoi Yoshihiko , Kobayashi Kinji , Imahie Hiroshi , Kondo Yasushi , Iritani Akira , Nakatsuji Norio
Published: September 2002

Human embryonic stem (ES) cells are predicted to be a valuable source for producing ES‐derived therapeutic spare tissues to treat diseases by controlling their growth and differentiation. To understand the regulative mechanisms of their differentiation in vivo and in vitro, ES cells derived from nonhuman primates could be a powerful tool. We established four ES cell lines from cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) blastocysts produced by in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The ES cells were characterized by the expression of specific markers such as alkaline phosphatase and stage‐specific embryonic antigen‐4. They were successfully maintained in an undifferentiated state and with a normal karyotype even after more than 6 months of culture. Pluripotential competence was confirmed by the formation of teratomas containing ectoderm‐, mesoderm‐, and endoderm‐ derivatives after subcutaneous injection into SCID mice. Differentiation to a variety of tissues was identified by immunohistochemical analyses using tissue‐specific antibodies. Therefore, we established pluripotent ES cell lines derived from monkeys that are widely used as experimental animals. These lines could be a useful resource for preclinical stem cell research, including allogenic transplantation into monkey models of disease. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NG2 proteoglycan is expressed exclusively by mural cells during vascular morphogenesis
Authors: Ozerdem Ugur , Grako Kathryn A. , Dahlin‐Huppe Kimberlee , Monosov Edward , Stallcup William B.
Published: September 2002

Immunofluorescence mapping demonstrates that the NG2 proteoglycan is invariably expressed by the mural cell component of mouse neovascular structures. This pattern is independent of the developmental mechanism responsible for formation of the vasculature (vasculogenesis or angiogenesis). Thus, NG2 is expressed in the embryonic heart by cardiomyocytes, in developing macrovasculature by smooth muscle cells, and in nascent microvessels by vascular pericytes. Due to the scarcity of proven markers for developing pericytes, NG2 is especially useful for identification of this cell type. The utility of NG2 as a pericyte marker is illustrated by two observations. First, pericytes are associated with endothelial tubes at an early point in microvessel development. This early interaction between pericytes and endothelial cells has important implications for the role of pericytes in the development and stabilization of microvascular tubes. Second, the pericyte to endothelial cell ratio in developing capillaries varies from tissue to tissue. Because the extent of pericyte investment is likely to affect the physical properties of the vessel in question, it is important to understand the mechanisms that control this process. Additional insight into these and other aspects of vascular morphogenesis should be possible through use of NG2 as a mural cell marker. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of bud formation of embryonic mouse tracheal epithelium by fibroblast growth factor plus transferrin in mesenchyme‐free culture
Authors: Ohtsuka Norie , Urase Koko , Momoi Takashi , Nogawa Hiroyuki
Published: September 2002

Embryonic mouse tracheal epithelium, which branches in an epithelial–mesenchymal recombination culture with bronchial mesenchyme, was cultured under mesenchyme‐free conditions. When embedded in a basement‐membrane–like matrix and cultured in a serum‐free medium supplemented with fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), the tracheal epithelium did not branch, whereas the bronchial epithelium underwent branching morphogenesis. When the medium was enriched with transferrin (Tf), bud formation was induced in the tracheal epithelium and some buds branched secondarily. FGF7 and FGF10, in cooperation with Tf, induced tracheal bud formation to the same extent as FGF1, although the optimum concentrations differed. A bromodeoxyuridine‐labeling study comparing cultures with and without Tf showed no Tf‐specific amplification of cell proliferation. A whole‐mount in situ hybridization study of the expression of Bmp4 and Shh genes in explants of mesenchyme‐free culture revealed that both genes were ubiquitously expressed and that expression did not correlate with bud formation. This expression pattern was different from the distally localized expression pattern observed in normal lung rudiments and in extratracheal buds induced by the recombined bronchial mesenchyme. These results suggest that both bronchial and tracheal bud formations were initiated without localized exposure of the epithelium to FGFs and were not accompanied by localized expression of Bmp4 and Shh in the epithelium. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body image and personality predictors of eating disorder symptoms during the college years
Authors: Cooley Eric , Toray Tamina
Published: September 2002

Objective

Women entering college (N = 118) were longitudinally followed for 3 years with assessments of eating pathology (Restraint and Bulimia).

Method

Measures taken at Time 1 included timing of onset of puberty, Figure Dissatisfaction, Ineffectiveness, Public Self‐Consciousness, and mood states (Profile of Mood States). Measures were evaluated as predictors of changes in Restraint and Bulimia scores across the three‐year period.

Results

Both Restraint (r = .69) and Bulimia (r = .50) were quite stable across the 3 years. Mean weight gain of 5.4 pounds (p <.001) was paralleled by an increase in “ideal weight” of 4.7 pounds. Hierarchical regressions controlling for Time 1 levels of eating disorder symptoms revealed that changes in Bulimia (R2 = .38, p <.0001) were related to the psychological measures and to Figure Dissatisfaction. Changes in Restraint (R2 = .61, p <.0001) were significantly related to Figure Dissatisfaction.

Discussion

Findings are discussed in the context of the value of longitudinal designs in identifying risk factors. Dissatisfaction with one's figure seems to be consistently related to worsening eating pathology. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 28–36, 2001.
Altered response to meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine in anorexia nervosa: Support for a persistent alteration of serotonin activity after short‐term weight restoration
Authors: Frank Guido K. , Kaye Walter H. , Weltzin Theodore E. , Perel James , Moss Howard , McConaha Claire , Pollice Christine
Published: September 2002

Objective

Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) have disturbances of appetite and behaviors, such as dysphoria, inhibition, and obsessions, that could be related to altered serotonin activity. To investigate such relationships, we administered meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine (m‐CPP), a relatively serotonin‐specific drug.

Methods

To avoid the confounding effects of malnutrition or weight loss, we studied 12 patients with restricting‐type AN between 5 and 17 days after a return to a normal weight and while on a stable dietary intake. We compared them to 12 healthy control women (CW). m‐CPP was administered double blind and placebo controlled.

Results

Although weight restored, AN women had lower body weight and increased ratings for depression and obsessionality compared with CW. After m‐CPP, AN women had an elevation in mood and a reduction in body image distortion when compared with placebo. After m‐CPP, groups had similar cortisol, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), and growth hormone responses whereas AN women had an uncertain reduction in prolactin response.

Discussion

These data support other studies that suggest that altered serotonin activity persists after weight restoration in AN patients. The finding that m‐CPP temporarily improved mood and reduced body image distortions supports the hypothesis that altered serotonin activity may contribute to the pathophysiology of AN. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 57–68, 2001.
Effects of a circuit weight training program on the body images of college students
Authors: Williams Pamela A. , Cash Thomas F.
Published: September 2002

Objective

The present investigation examined the extent to which participation in a 6‐week circuit‐weight training program produced changes in participants' body images relative to a matched control group.

Method

The weight trainers consisted of 39 college students (27 women and 12 men). The control group of 39 individuals did not weight‐train currently or within the past year. All participants were pre‐ and posttested on the Multidimensional Body Self‐Relations Questionnaire, the Social Physique Anxiety Scale, and the Physical Self‐Efficacy Scale. Weight trainers were also pre‐ and posttested on muscular strength and assessed on their motives for exercise.

Results

The program successfully increased upper‐ and lower‐body strength. In contrast to the comparison group, weight trainers had a significantly improved evaluation of their appearance, greater body satisfaction, reduced social physique anxiety, and enhanced physical self‐efficacy. Outcomes were unrelated to the extent of concurrent aerobic exercise and largely unrelated to exercise motives.

Discussion

Even a relatively brief weight training program can produce improvements in multiple aspects of body image. Further research should investigate weight training as an adjunct to psychosocial treatments of body dissatisfaction. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 75–82, 2001.
Dialectical behavior therapy adapted for bulimia: A case report
Authors: Safer Debra L. , Telch Christy F. , Agras W. Stewart
Published: September 2002

Objective

This case report describes the application of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) to the treatment of bulimia nervosa in a 20‐session manualized therapy.

Method

The treatment, based on an affect regulation model of eating disorders, was developed to teach emotion regulation skills to replace eating‐disordered behaviors. The patient, a 36‐year‐old woman, had a long history of binge eating and purging that had not responded to 2 years of counseling. In the 4 weeks before treatment began, she reported 13 objective binges and 21 purging episodes.

Results and Discussion

Upon initiating DBT, her binge eating and purging rapidly declined. She achieved abstinence by the fifth week of treatment and maintained it through treatment. In the 6 months following treatment, she reported a total of two objective binge episodes and two purge episodes. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disorder 30: 101–106, 2001.
Aggravation of food‐related behavior in an adolescent with Prader‐Willi syndrome treated with fluvoxamine and fluoxetine
Authors: Kohn Yoav , Weizman Abraham , Apter Alan
Published: September 2002

Prader‐Willi Syndrome is a congenital multisystem disorder, characterized by a typical dysmorphism, mental retardation, hyperphagia due to insatiable appetite, and resultant morbid obesity. Psychiatric symptoms include obsessions and temper tantrums.

Method

Pharmacotherapy is experimental with a few reports of successful fluoxetine treatment.

Results

We report an aggravation in the food‐related symptoms and a consequent weight gain in an adolescent with Prader‐Willi syndrome, who was treated with fluvoxamine and fluoxetine. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 113–117, 2001.
Adaptive view‐dependent display of polygon models
Authors: Yoshida Norimasa , Kitajima Katsuhiro
Published: September 2002

In this paper, we introduce an adaptive view‐dependent display algorithm for polygon models. Although polygon models are being ubiquitously used in various kinds of applications, they are becoming increasingly complex. To display such polygon models at an interactive rate, not only improvements of three‐dimensional graphics accelerators but also various kinds of software techniques are inevitable. By applying a fast object‐precision simplification algorithm to our method, we present an adaptive view‐dependent display method of polygon models that requires a small amount of preprocessing time. We show how to adaptively simplify or refine polygon models in real time and results applied to several models. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(8): 1–9, 2001
A proposal for extracting an object's surface from stereo degree‐of‐correspondence space considering occlusions
Authors: Katayama Yasuhiro , Okutomi Masatoshi
Published: September 2002

The ambiguity of correspondence assignment is alleviated by utilizing the state of the neighboring correspondence of the focal point (local support) in detecting the points of correspondence in stereo vision. However, in detecting the area base points of correspondence with evaluations of the correspondence using windows, specific local supports are utilized, which can interfere with the correct correspondence assignments. In this paper, a scheme for performing correspondence assignments considering local supports which coincide correctly with the surface of an object is proposed. In this scheme, the surface of the object is directly detected as a surface model, using a new proposed GA detection scheme from the stereo degree‐of‐correspondence space in which the degree of correspondence is expressed as three‐dimensional data. As a result, correspondence assignment is performed with correct local supports by evaluating various surface models obtained by GA search from the stereo degree‐of‐correspondence space. In addition, the areas in which occlusions have occurred are specified by considering uniformity requirements in searching for surface models. Thus, a method for improving the areas containing occlusions utilizing multiple‐camera stereo vision is proposed. In this paper, the construction of the stereo degree‐of‐correspondence space, the GA search scheme, and the specification and improvement of occlusions are presented and the results of simulation experiments with objects of simple shapes are presented. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 84(8): 38–48, 2001
Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride
Authors: Higgins E. Tory , Friedman Ronald S. , Harlow Robert E. , Idson Lorraine Chen , Ayduk Ozlem N. , Taylor Amy
Published: September 2002

A new task goal elicits a feeling of pride in individuals with a subjective history of success, and this achievment pride produces anticipatory goal reactions that energize and direct behavior to approach the task goal. By distinguishing between promotion pride and prevention pride, the present paper extends this classic model of achievement motivation. Regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997) distinguishes between a promotion focus on hopes and accomplishments (gains) and a prevention focus on safety and responsibilities (non‐losses). We propose that a subjective history of success with promotion‐related eagerness (promotion pride) orients individuals toward using eagerness means to approach a new task goal, whereas a subjective history of success with prevention‐related vigilance (prevention pride) orients individuals toward using vigilance means to approach a new task goal. Studies 1–3 tested this proposal by examining the relations between a new measure of participants' subjective histories of promotion success and prevention success (the Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (RFQ)) and their achievement strategies in different tasks. Study 4 examined the relation between participants' RFQ responses and their reported frequency of feeling eager or vigilant in past task engagements. Study 5 used an experimental priming technique to make participants temporarily experience either a subjective history of promotion success or a subjective history of prevention success. For both chronic and situationally induced achievement pride, these studies found that when approaching task goals individuals with promotion pride use eagerness means whereas individuals with prevention pride use vigilance means. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the multifaceted structure of sense of deprivation
Authors: Dar Yechezkel , Resh Nura
Published: September 2002

Drawing from both social justice and deprivation research, we conceptualize expressions of sense of deprivation (equated with sense of injustice) as a three‐faceted structure defined by mode of experience, social reward, and social sphere of allocation. To empirically verify the fit between this conceptual structure and the actual configuration of people's deprivation reactions, we use a research model of two modes of experience (cognition and emotion), three classes of rewards (instrumental, relational and symbolic), and two social spheres of allocation (school and society at large). A Similarity Space Analysis (SSA) of 17 measures (that represents this model with data collected among Israeli adolescents) reproduced the three‐dimensional structure of sense of deprivation, although not all hypothesized affinities and distances between measures were empirically reconstructed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of supplemental viscous damping on inelastic seismic response of asymmetric systems
Authors: Goel Rakesh K. , Booker Cecilia A.
Published: September 2002

This paper investigates the effects of supplemental viscous damping on the seismic response of one‐storey, asymmetric‐plan systems responding in the inelastic range of behaviour. It was found that addition of the supplemental damping reduces not only deformation demand but also ductility and hysteretic energy dissipation demands on lateral load resisting elements during earthquake loading. However, the level of reduction strongly depends on the plan‐wise distribution of supplemental damping. Nearly optimal reduction in demands on the outermost flexible‐side element, an element generally considered to be the most critical element, was realized when damping was distributed unevenly in the system plan such that the damping eccentricity was equal in magnitude but opposite in algebraic sign to the structural eccentricity of the system. These results are similar to those noted previously for linear elastic systems, indicating that supplemental damping is also effective for systems expected to respond in the inelastic range. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pseudodynamic tests on rubber base isolators with numerical substructuring of the superstructure and strain‐rate effect compensation
Authors: Molina F. J. , Verzeletti G. , Magonette G. , Buchet Ph. , Renda V. , Geradin M. , Parducci A. , Mezzi M. , Pacchiarotti A. , Federici L. , Mascelloni S.
Published: September 2002

A pseudodynamic testing procedure has been applied by which the seismic response of a base‐isolated building is obtained by using as specimen the isolators, while the superstructure is numerically simulated. The procedure also takes advantage of the continuous pseudodynamic testing capabilities of the ELSA laboratory, which increase the accuracy of the results and reduce the strain‐rate effect of the rubber bearings. A simple proportional correction of the measured forces compensates the remaining strain‐rate effect due to the unrealistic speed of the test. The correction factor is obtained by means of a characterizing test on the specific rubber isolators.

The developed method has been successfully applied to the prediction of the seismic response of a base‐isolated four‐storey building submitted to several specified accelerograms. The results for those earthquakes as well as the effects of some changes of the parameters of the system are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in anorexia nervosa in Ireland: A register study
Authors: Shinkwin Rosemary , Standen P. J.
Published: September 2002

The assumption that anorexia nervosa has increased in incidence over this century in western societies, mainly in the young female population, has been questioned by recent studies. This paper examines trends in anorexia nervosa in Ireland between 1977 and 1985 using national registers of psychiatric and general hospital admissions. The findings broadly concur with international studies vis‐à‐vis the magnitude of the average annual registered incidence rate and profile of patients with anorexia nervosa. A significant decrease in registered incidence rate of hospitalized cases of anorexia nervosa was found over the time period. The majority of admissions appeared to be under non‐psychiatrists. This study highlights the limitations of nationwide registers in epidemiological research. There is a need for purpose designed registers at the primary care level for prospective studies of the epidemiology of eating disorders (and other psychiatric disorders), especially since the advent of community psychiatric care and multicentre collaborative studies for comparison within and between countries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Calcium loading of quartz sandstones during construction: implications for future decay
Authors: Smith B. J. , Turkington A. V. , Curran J. M.
Published: September 2002

Damage to quartz sandstones in polluted urban environments is frequently associated with the presence of calcium salts, especially gypsum. For this association to occur it is necessary to identify external sources of calcium. This paper describes an experiment in which the demolition of two sandstone test walls (Dumfries and Dunhouse sandstones) built with a lime mortar demonstrates the loading of the outer 1–2 cm of blocks with calcium. Although this calcium may eventually be mobilized into the interior of blocks, a significant initial effect is a marked reduction in permeability (identified by before and after measurement using a gas permeameter). It is suggested that this sealing effect helps to constrain moisture and possibly salt cycling through the outer, exposed surface of blocks. Eventually this may contribute to the rapid, catastrophic decay of individual blocks, and is a factor that must be built into any future modelling of this decay process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping decay: integrating scales of weathering within a GIS
Authors: Inkpen R. J. , Fontana D. , Collier P.
Published: September 2002

It is possible to develop a stone weathering/degradation database with wide applicability using a geographic information system (GIS) framework to integrate spatially and non‐spatially referenced data. Two case studies are provided illustrating the manner in which photographic information relevant to assessing stone degradation may be used within a GIS. A time sequence of old photographs of the Judges Lodgings, Oxford, is located within a relative reference framework and classification of weathering forms undertaken. A single photograph of a wall of the School of Geography in Oxford is located within an absolute spatial reference framework and weathering forms classified. In the latter example, the problems of scale‐dependent definitions of weathering forms are examined. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Volume estimation of the 1998 flank collapse at Casita volcano, Nicaragua: a comparison of photogrammetric and conventional techniques
Authors: Kerle Norman
Published: September 2002

In October 1998 a precipitation‐triggered flank collapse occurred at Casita volcano, Nicaragua, leading to a devastating lahar. In this paper the failure volume was calculated using a range of methods. Several pre‐ and post‐failure digital elevation models (DEMs) were created, based on photogrammetric, cartometric and surveying data. The wide range in resulting volumes prompted an assessment of the accuracies and potential problems associated with each of the datasets and techniques used. The best estimate for the failure volume is 1·6 × 106 m3. It is based on a vegetation‐corrected pre‐failure DEM, generated using automated digital photogrammetry, and a post‐failure surface based on a field survey carried out with a Total Station. The volume figure is approximately an order of magnitude higher than values reported in previous publications, all of which are based solely on field estimates. This demonstrates that values reported in the literature, if they are not based on rigorous quantitative analysis, must be regarded with caution. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Open‐path FTIR air monitoring of phosphine around large fumigated structures
Authors: Thorn Tommy G. , Marshall Timothy L. , Chaffin Charles T.
Published: September 2002

Storage structures (silos, warehouses, and similar structures) are routinely fumigated for disinfestation of pests. This process includes sealing the structure, adding a fumigant (phosphine, methyl bromide, and other fumigants), maintaining a certain concentration of the fumigant, and aerating the structure after all fumigant has been removed or has dissipated. Phosphine concentrations in the air surrounding large fumigated structures at a tobacco storage facility were measured using an open‐path Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer system. These measurements provided more comprehensive data than could be obtained with multiple single‐point detection devices. Specifically, this novel application of open‐path FTIR was investigated to more completely characterize phosphine concentrations over long path lengths using a single FTIR. Phosphine levels were below the detection limit [<0.07 parts per million (ppm)] approximately 20 meters (m) east of a warehouse. Phosphine was detected at approximately 4 ppm inside a warehouse at the end of fumigation and just prior to aeration. Levels of phosphine directly in front of the doors of another fumigated warehouse, immediately after aeration, ranged from <0.07 to 8.3 ppm. Six different sampling paths were also used to investigate the levels of phosphine in various areas of the facility. Average phosphine levels in air around sealed warehouses under active fumigation were found to be the below detection limit. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 116–120, 2001
In‐water field analytical technology: Underwater mass spectrometry, mobile robots, and remote intelligence for wide and local area chemical profiling
Authors: Fries D. P. , Short R. T. , Langebrake L. L. , Patten J. T. , Kerr M. L. , Kibelka G. , Burwell D. C. , Jalbert J. C.
Published: September 2002

An automated field analysis strategy for aqueous environments is proposed with the use of a mobile robot equipped with an underwater mass spectrometer aided by linked remote numerical models or natural intelligence. Intelligent search strategies were made possible through the use of numerical models, and natural intelligence was in the form of a man in the loop. The field‐analysis strategy is useful for local‐ and wide‐area in situ chemical surveying for environmental and economical tasks. The operation of chemoreceptive field underwater robots is demonstrated during two field trials, one using numerical models to aid in characterization of chemical dispersion, and the other discriminating a chemical gradient in the field. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 121–130, 2001
Kinetic evaluation method for SPME‐NIR measurements of analytes with long equilibration time
Authors: Bürck J. , Schlagenhof M. , Roth S. , Mathieu H.
Published: September 2002

In recent years, it has been demonstrated that SPME in polymer‐clad optical fibers can be efficiently combined with NIR evanescent‐wave spectroscopy for on‐site monitoring of apolar hydrocarbons (HCs) in aqueous samples. Typically, the time to reach analyte partition equilibrium between sample matrix and fiber cladding for well‐agitated solutions and low‐molecular‐weight HC species is in the range of 2–20 min. Thus, spectral absorbance data measured in extraction equilibrium are used for calibration and evaluation. However, for samples with no or only low agitation (e.g., in situ measurement in a monitoring well) and even for well‐stirred samples containing HCs with higher molecular weight (>C8–C10), it may take several hours to reach equilibrium, which is by far too long for applications in field analysis. In this context, a calibration and evaluation algorithm based on HC extraction kinetics has been developed, which allows performing quantitative measurements of such samples within 20 min. This method uses the initial gradient of the response curve of a given HC compound or mixture recorded by the SPME‐NIR instrument, which is linearly dependent on analyte concentration. The algorithm has been implemented in the control and evaluation software of an SPME‐NIR photometer system and tested with different aqueous HC samples. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 131–142, 2001
Field reflectance spectrometry for detection of swelling clays at construction sites
Authors: Goetz A. F. H. , Chabrillat S. , Lu Z.
Published: September 2002

We have developed techniques to map the distribution and composition of clay‐rich soils with portable field spectrometers on the ground. Spectral reflectance measurements in the 1800–2400‐nm region with 10‐nm resolution can distinguish smectites, which cause swelling, from illites and kaolinite that do not swell significantly. Illites and smectites are often mixed in the soil and result in varying swell potential. Standard engineering soil tests are too time consuming and costly to be used in areas where there is highly varying swell potential. Therefore, in many instances in regions of steeply dipping sedimentary layers, beds of swelling clay go undetected. We show that it is possible to determine smectite content with a standard cross‐validation error of 10% based on partial least‐squares analysis of second‐derivative reflectance spectra. Loadings show that the 1800–2000‐ and 2150–2250‐nm regions contain the most relevant information for the detection and quantification of smectite content and these correspond to the bound water in the clay lattice interlayer and the Al–OH combination band, respectively. Correlations as high as 87% were obtained with the Seed swell‐potential index. The correlations are higher when the samples were dried rather than measured in their moist condition shortly after collection in the field, as in an earlier study. Correlation with other swell indices shows that reflectance spectroscopy would be a reliable indicator that could divide samples into low, medium, and high swell potential. The effect of sample moisture was studied and the results show that the surface of the field samples must first be dried before measurement, in order to obtain a reliable swell potential value from the model. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Field Analyt Chem Technol 5: 143–155, 2001
Assessing the fire performance of electric cables (FIPEC)
Authors: Grayson S.J. , Van Hees P. , Green A.M. , Breulet H. , Vercellotti U.
Published: September 2002

The FIPEC project is a research project funded by DG XII of the European Commission and co‐financed by several European cable manufacturers, compounders, cable users and governmental research bodies. The FIPEC project has developed different levels of testing ranging from a small‐scale, cone calorimeter test procedure developed for cables and materials, a full‐scale test procedure based on the IEC 60332‐3, but utilising HRR and SPR measurements, to a real‐scale test. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the combustion products in large‐scale fire tests: comparison of three experimental configurations
Authors: Blomqvist Per , Lönnermark Anders
Published: September 2002

The storage of large amounts of polymers and other bulk chemicals is a potential hazard in the case of fire. There is at present a lack of knowledge about the implications of such fires. In particular the role of the ventilation conditions on fire chemistry has warranted investigation. A set of indoor, large‐scale combustion experiments, conducted on five different materials is described in this article. The main test series was conducted using the ISO 9705 room, where both well‐ventilated and under‐ventilated conditions were attained by restricting the opening of the room. The degree of ventilation was determined using a phi meter. Furthermore, in addition to measuring the traditional fire‐related parameters, extensive chemical characterization of the combustion products was made.

Two additional series of experiments were also performed. In one series of tests the size of the enclosure was increased and the fuel was placed in a storage configuration to simulate a real storage situation. In the other test series, three of the materials were tested as large‐scale open pool fires.

The results from the three configurations are compared regarding yields of combustion products as a function of the degree of ventilation. For a number of toxic combustion products a clear dependence of the production on the equivalence ratio was found. Further, placing the fuel in a storage configuration did not significantly change the outcome of the combustion. Thus, the ISO 9705 room is of a size and scale that can be taken as a model for representing real‐scale fires. Additionally it has been demonstrated that an advantage of the ISO 9705 room is the ability to alter the ventilation conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The volatile constituents of Artemisia marschaliana Sprengel and its secretory elements
Authors: Ahmadi L. , Mirza M. , Shahmir F.
Published: September 2002

The structure of the glandular hairs and secretory canals and the essential oil of the aerial parts of Artemisia marschaliana growing in Iran were studied. The leaves of this plant had glandular hairs and the other kind of secretory tissues are canals which are seen in the stems and leaves and act in the conduction of volatile oils. The volatile constituents, isolated by hydrodistillation, were analysed by GC–MS. The oil was found to contain 20 components. The oil sample consisted mainly of sesquiterpene (62.7%), germacrene‐D (23.7%), bicyclogermacrene (14.9%) and spathulenol (9.9%) as the main components. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical examination of the leaf essential oil of Curcuma longa L. from the North Indian plains
Authors: Garg S. N. , Mengi N. , Patra N. K. , Charles Reena , Kumar Sushil
Published: September 2002

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the fresh leaves of Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae), growing in the Research farm of the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants field station Pant Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, was investigated by GC and GC–MS. Twenty compounds were identified, accounting for 72% of the contents. The oil of C. longa consisted mainly of monoterpenoids; monoterpene hydrocarbons (57%), oxygenated monoterpenes (10%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (3.3%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (2.1%). The major constituents of the oil were p‐cymene (25.4%) and 1,8‐cineole (18%), followed by cis‐sabinol (7.4%) and β‐pinene (6.3%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oil of Tagetes maxima Kuntze from Bolivia
Authors: Lorenzo Daniel , Loayza Ingrid , Dellacassa Eduardo
Published: September 2002

The essential oil of leaves and stems of Tagetes maxima Kuntze growing wild in Bolivia was analysed by HRGC and HRGC–MS (quadrupole). Twenty‐four components (93% of the total composition) were identified and the enantiomeric distribution of α‐pinene, sabinene, β‐pinene and limonene was studied by multidimensional HRGC–HRGC. The major components were found to be (Z)‐tagetone (19%), (Z)‐tagetenone (14%), (Z)‐β‐ocimene (13%), (E)‐tagetenone (18%), dihydrotagetone (8%) and piperitenone (6%). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linalool‐rich essential oil quality variants obtained from irradiated stem nodes in Lippia alba
Authors: Bahl J. R. , Sinha Shweta , Naqvi A. A. , Bansal R. P. , Gupta A. K. , Kumar Sushil
Published: September 2002

Lippia alba cv. Kavach is a cultivar that grows perennially as a shrub for use on slopes to control soil erosion. Plants of this genotype yield several crops of leaves annually in the sub‐tropical environment, containing essential oil in about 0.2% yield. The oil contains linalool, citral and 1,8‐cineole, 64.9%, 4.8%, 1.9%, respectively. A 40 Gy and 50 Gy dose of γ‐rays caused 80% and 90% killing of single node cuttings of L. alba cv. Kavach. The 1027 regenerants obtained from 1695 irradiated cuttings demonstrated enormous variability in terpenoid profiles. They fell into 50 of 64 classes formed on the basis of concentrations of 1,8‐cineole, neral, geranial and linalool. Testing of the clone L‐601 over four cycles of vegetative multiplication showed stability of the mutated highly linalool‐rich (>80%) essential oil profile. γ‐Rays somatic mutagenesis has been found to be an effective tool for generating new essential oil profiles in L. alba cv. Kavach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Germacradienols in the essential oils of the Myrtaceae
Authors: Cornwell Charles P. , Reddy Narsimha , Leach David N. , Wyllie S. Grant
Published: September 2002

Two germacradienols, 4‐β‐hydroxygermacra‐1(10),5‐diene (β‐germacrenol) and 6‐α‐hydroxygermacra‐1(10), 4‐diene (kunzeaol) were identified in the solvent extracts of members of the family Myrtaceae. Acid solvolysis associated with steam distillation or leaf ageing causes these germacradienols to rearrange to a mixture of (+)‐δ‐cadinene, α‐cadinol, τ‐cadinol, α‐muurolol, τ‐muurolol and associated sesquiterpenoids. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential oils of different cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. and their antimicrobial activity
Authors: Novak Johannes , Zitterl‐Eglseer Karin , Deans Stanley G. , Franz Chlodwig M.
Published: September 2002

The essential oils of five different cultivars of Cannabis sativa contained as main compounds α‐pinene, myrcene, trans‐β‐ocimene, α‐terpinolene, trans‐caryophyllene and α‐humulene. The content of α‐terpinolene divided the cultivars in two distinct groups, an Eastern European group of cultivars of approximately 8% and a French group of cultivars of around 16%. Therefore, this compound might be suitable as a genetic marker for the two breeding centres for the fibre types of Cannabis sativa. The content of trans‐caryophyllene was up to 19%. However, the content of caryophyllene oxide did not exceed 2%. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cannabis sativa can be regarded as modest. Nevertheless, cultivar differences were visible. Δ‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) could not be detected in any of the essential oils and the amount of other cannabinoids was very poor. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new multi‐domain/multi‐resolution method for large‐eddy simulation
Authors: Quéméré Patrick , Sagaut Pierre , Couailler Vincent
Published: September 2002

A new multi‐domain/multi‐resolution method is presented in the framework of the large‐eddy simulation (LES). The proposed treatment at the interfaces is conceived to deal with the problem of discontinuities on the characteristic length scales met in the case of two domains having different resolutions. It gives rise to an original approach taking into account not only the discontinuous aspect on the flow fields values but also, consequently, the non‐conservative aspect of transfer of fluxes through the interfaces. This new treatment at the interfaces has been assessed successfully in the case of a subsonic compressible channel flow. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stabilized incremental projection scheme for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Minev P. D.
Published: September 2002

It is well known that any spatial discretization of the saddle‐point Stokes problem should satisfy the Ladyzhenskaya–Brezzi–Babuska (LBB) stability condition in order to prevent the appearance of spurious pressure modes. Particularly, if an equal‐order approximation is applied, the Schur complement (or, as called some times, the Uzawa matrix) of the pressure system has a non‐trivial null space that gives rise to such modes. An idea in the past was that all the schemes that solve a Poisson equation for the pressure rather than the Uzawa pressure equation (splitting/projection methods) should overcome this difficulty; this idea was wrong. There is numerical evidence that at least the so‐called incremental projection scheme still suffers from spurious pressure oscillations if an equal‐order approximation is applied. The present paper tries to distinguish which projection requires LBB‐compliant approximation and which does not. Moreover, a stabilized version of the incremental projection scheme is derived. Proper bounds for the stabilization parameter are also given. The numerical results show that the stabilized scheme does indeed achieve second‐order accuracy and does not produce spurious (node to node) pressure oscillations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiblock/multilevel mesh refinement procedure for CFD computations
Authors: Teigland Rune , Eliassen Inge K.
Published: September 2002

A multiblock/multilevel algorithm with local refinement for general two‐ and three‐dimensional fluid flow is presented. The patched‐based local refinement procedure is presented in detail and algorithmic implementations are also presented. The multiblock implementation is essentially block‐unstructured, i.e. each block having its own local curvilinear co‐ordinate system. Refined grid patches can be put anywhere in the computational domain and can extend across block boundaries. To simplify the implementation, while still maintaining sufficient generality, the refinement is restricted to a refinement of the grid successively halving the grid size within a selected patch. The multiblock approach is implemented within the framework of the well‐known SIMPLE solution strategy. Computational experiments showing the effect of using the multilevel solution procedure are presented for a sample elliptic problem and a few benchmark problems of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of non‐linear free surface motions in a cylindrical domain using a Chebyshev–Fourier spectral collocation method
Authors: Chern M. J. , Borthwick A. G. L. , Eatock Taylor R.
Published: September 2002

When a liquid is perturbed, its free surface may experience highly non‐linear motions in response. This paper presents a numerical model of the three‐dimensional hydrodynamics of an inviscid liquid with a free surface. The mathematical model is based on potential theory in cylindrical co‐ordinates with a σ‐transformation applied between the bed and free surface in the vertical direction. Chebyshev spectral elements discretize space in the vertical and radial directions; Fourier spectral elements are used in the angular direction. Higher derivatives are approximated using a collocation (or pseudo‐spectral) matrix method. The numerical scheme is validated for non‐linear transient sloshing waves in a cylindrical tank containing a circular surface‐piercing cylinder at its centre. Excellent agreement is obtained with Ma and Wu's [Second order transient waves around a vertical cylinder in a tank. Journal of Hydrodynamics 1995; Ser. B4: 72–81] second‐order potential theory. Further evidence for the capability of the scheme to predict complicated three‐dimensional, and highly non‐linear, free surface motions is given by the evolution of an impulse wave in a cylindrical tank and in an open domain. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A level set approach for computing solutions to inviscid compressible flow with moving solid boundary using fixed Cartesian grids
Authors: Chung Meng‐Hsuan
Published: September 2002

A level set approach for computing solutions to inviscid compressible flow with moving solid surface is presented. The solid surface is considered to be sharp and is described as the zero level set of a smooth explicit function of space and time. The finite volume TVD–MacCormack's two‐step procedure is used. The boundary conditions on the solid surface are easily implemented by defining the smooth level set function. The present treatment of the level set method allows the handling of fluid flows in the presence of irregularly shaped solid boundaries, escaping from the bookkeeping complexity in the so‐called ‘surface‐tracking’ method. Using the proposed numerical techniques, a two‐dimensional numerical simulation is made to investigate the aerodynamic phenomena induced by two high‐speed trains passing by each other in a tunnel. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of LES subgrid‐scale models for shock capturing
Authors: Adams Nikolaus A.
Published: September 2002

A method for modelling of flow discontinuities based on deconvolution with a relaxation regularization (DDM) is compared with an essentially non‐oscillatory scheme (ENO) without further modelling and with a dynamic Smagorinsky subgrid‐scale model (DSM). For the DDM approach, a sufficiently accurate representation of the filtered non‐linear combination of discontinuous solution components which arise from the convection term is obtained by regularized deconvolution applied to the filtered solution. For stable integration the evolution equations are supplemented by a relaxation regularization based on a secondary filter operation and a relaxation parameter. We apply the above method to the generic test case of a two‐dimensional solenoidal velocity fluctuation field interacting with a normal shock. The results demonstrate a good agreement of DDM with a reference computation, while DDM significantly reduces computational cost. Predictions with DDM are found to provide a more accurate representation of the shock–vorticity–wave interaction phenomena than that which can be accomplished using the ENO scheme with or without subgrid‐scale model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VLES modelling of geophysical fluids with nonoscillatory forward‐in‐time schemes
Authors: Smolarkiewicz P. K. , Prusa J. M.
Published: September 2002

Atmospheres and oceans are mostly incompressible and turbulent. The experience of the meteorological community with modelling such flows is based primarily on centred in time and space (CTS) methods. Our experience applying non‐oscillatory forward in time methods (NFT) to a range of flows has revealed some unexpected benefits specifically in the area of modelling geophysical turbulence where broad span of scales, density stratification, planetary rotation, inhomogeneity of the lower boundary, etc., make explicit modelling of subgrid‐scale motions particularly challenging. It turns out that in the absence or insufficiency of a proper subgrid‐scale model, NFT methods supply their own, implicit, turbulence models that are quite effective in assuring quality simulations of high‐Reynolds number flows. Since such simulations abandon rigorous notion of the large‐eddy simulation approach, and merely aim at computing explicitly large coherent eddies resolvable on the grid, they are referred to as very‐large‐eddy simulations (VLES). In this paper we will describe advantages of the NFT approach and illustrate them with an example of gravity‐wave‐breaking induced turbulence in a deep atmosphere. On the philosophical side, we challenge a common misconception that NFT methods are overly diffusive and therefore inadequate for high Reynolds number flow simulations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rationale for implicit turbulence modelling
Authors: Margolin Len G. , Rider William J.
Published: September 2002

We present a rationale for the success of nonoscillatory finite volume (NFV) difference schemes in modelling turbulent flows without need of subgrid scale models. Our exposition focuses on certain truncation terms that appear in the modified equation of one particular NFV scheme, MPDATA. We demonstrate that these truncation terms have physical justification, representing the modifications to the governing equations that arise when one considers the motion of finite volumes of fluid over finite intervals of time. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.