bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling the transmission and control strategies of varicella in Shenzhen
Authors: Tang Xiujuan
Published: October 2019

ObjectiveTo model the transmission dynamics of varicella among school children in Shenzhen,to determine the effect of the school-based vaccination intervention.IntroductionVaricella (chickenpox) is a highly transmissible childhood disease. Between 2010 and 2015,it displayed two epidemic waves annually among school populations in Shenzhen, China. However, their transmission dynamics remain unclear and there is no school-based vaccination programme in Shenzhen to-date. In this study, we developed a mathematical model to compare a school-based vaccination intervention scenario with a baseline (i.e. no intervention)scenario.MethodsData on varicella reported cases were downloaded from the Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System. We obtained the population size, age structure of children aged 15 or under, the class and school distribution from Shenzhen Education Bureau. We developed an Agent-Based Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (ABM-SEIR) Model that considered within-class, class-to-class and out-of-school transmission modes. The intervention scenario was that school-wide vaccination intervention occurred when an outbreak threshold was reached within a school. We varied this threshold level from five to ten cases. We compared the reduction of disease outbreak size and estimated the key epidemiological parameters under the intervention strategy.ResultsOur ABM-SEIR model provided a good model fit to the two annual varicella epidemic waves from 2013 to 2015. The transmission dynamics displayed strong seasonality. Our results suggested that a school-based vaccination strategy could effectively prevent large outbreaks at different thresholds.ConclusionsThere was a considerable increase in reported varicella cases from 2013 to 2015 in Shenzhen. Our modelling study provided important theoretical support for disease control decision making during school outbreaks and the development of a school-based vaccination programme.
Viral causes of Influenza Like Illness in Uganda, 2008 to 2017.
Authors: Mimbe Derrick E , Byarugaba Denis , Erima Bernard , Mworozi Edison , Millard Monica , Tugume Titus , Kiconco Jocelyn Kiconco , Lamunu Paska , Kibuuka Hannah , Wabwire-Mangen Fred
Published: October 2019

Introduction: Respiratory pathogens continue to present an ever increasing threat to public health (1,2). Influenza, Respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus and other respiratory viruses are major etiological agents for influenza like illnesses (ILI) (3-5). Establishment of viral causes of ILI is critical for prevention and mitigation strategies to disease threats. Makerere University Walter Reed Project (MUWRP) together with the Ugandan Ministry of Health and partners undertook surveillance to determine viral causes of influenza-like illness in Uganda.Methods: From 2008, MUWRP established hospital-based sentinel sites for surveillance activities. A total of five hospital-based sites were established, where patients aged 6 months or older presenting with ILI were enrolled. Consents were obtained as required, and a throat and/ or nasopharyngeal swab collected. Samples were screened by PCR for viral causes.Results: From October 2008 to March 2017 a total of 9,472 participants were enrolled in the study from five hospital-based surveillance sentinel sites. Majority of participants were children under 5 years n= 8,169 (86.2%). 615 (6.5%) samples tested positive for influenza A, while 385 (4.1%) tested positive for influenza B viruses and 10 (0.1%) were co-infections between influenza A and B. Of the 2,062 influenza negative samples, results indicated positivity for the following organisms; adenoviruses (9.4%), respiratory syncytial B (7.3%), parainfluenza-3 (4.5%), parainfluenza-1 (4.3%), respiratory syncytial A (3.5%), human bocavirus (1.7%), human metapneumovirus (1.7%), human coronavirus (1.5%), parainfluenza-4 (1.4%) and parainfluenza-2 (0.9%) by PCR.Conclusions: Influenza viruses account for about 11% of the causes of influenza like illness, with influenza A being the dominant type. Among the other viral causes of ILI, adenoviruses were the most dominant. Detection of other viral causes of ILI is an indication of the public health threats posed by respiratory pathogens.
Is Equity on Their Mind? Documenting Teachers’ Education Equity Mindset
Authors: Nadelson Louis S. , Miller Rachelle G. , Hu Helen , Bang Na Mi , Walthall Brandy
Published: October 2019

An education equity mindset is fundamental to assuring all students are supported to achieve to their highest capacity.We have identified six attributes of an educational equity mindset critical to assuring teachers’ practices andprofessional choices are aligned with meeting the needs of all students. In an effort to promote education equitymindset among teachers we determined there was a need to first empirically document the construct. We surveyed 452teachers in the southern region of the United States. Our results indicate that we effectively measured our definition ofeducation equity mindset. We found multiple differences in the mindset attributes based on personal and professionalvariables. Our data indicate that teachers may hold competing or fragmented mindsets. Our research uncoveredmultiple needed lines of research and implications for teacher preparation and professional development.
Attitudes of Physical Education and Classroom Teacher Candidates towards Teaching Profession in Turkey
Authors: Yıldız Mehtap , Gülle Mahmut
Published: October 2019

It is important to determine the attitudes of physical education teacher candidates who will carry out physicaleducation courses in secondary and high schools and classroom teacher candidates who will carry out physicaleducation courses in primary schools. The purpose of this study is to determine the attitudes of physical educationand classroom teacher candidates towards teaching profession. The research was evaluated with a general surveymodel. The research group consisted of totally 280 teacher candidates; 168 of them study at School of PhysicalEducation and Sports in Physical Education and Sports Teaching Department, 122 of them study at the Faculty ofEducation Primary School Teaching Department in the 2017-2018 academic year Hatay Mustafa Kemal Universityin Turkey. As data collection tools Personal Information Form developed by the researchers and the “Attitude ScaleToward Teaching (ASTT)” developed by Erkus (2000) et al. were used. In the statistical analysis of the data, t-testand one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used. In the result of the research, it was determined that theattitudes of physical education and classroom teacher candidates towards teaching profession were high, but it wasfound that physical education teacher candidates had higher attitudes than classroom teacher candidates.
New Families of Generalized Lomax Distributions: Properties and Applications
Authors: Alzaghal Ahmad , Hamed Duha
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we propose new families of generalized Lomax distributions named T-LomaxfYg. Using the methodology of the Transformed-Transformer, known as T-X framework, the T-Lomax families introduced are arising from the quantile functions of exponential, Weibull, log-logistic, logistic, Cauchy and extreme value distributions. Various structural properties of the new families are derived including moments, modes and Shannon entropies. Several new generalized Lomax distributions are studied. The shapes of these T-LomaxfYg distributions are very flexible and can be symmetric, skewed to the right, skewed to the left, or bimodal. The method of maximum likelihood is proposed for estimating the distributions parameters and a simulation study is carried out to assess its performance. Four applications of real data sets are used to demonstrate the flexibility of T-LomaxfYg family of distributions in fitting unimodal and bimodal data sets from di erent disciplines.
Mineral Composition of Sapropelles of Lakes of the Right Bank of the Ob River (Middle Ob Region)
Authors: Sartakov M. P. , Osnitsky E. M. , Kudrin K. Iu. , Larina N. S.
Published: October 2019

The objective of this work is to study the mineral composition of bottom sediments of eight small lakes located on the right bank of the Ob River (Western Siberia) in the Surgut region of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra. The studies were carried out using wave dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WDFR) spectroscopy. The content of organic substances, ash, and oxides in the ash in the samples was determined. Based on these data, the studied bottom sediments were classified. The bottom sediments of Lake S-1 are siltstone sands, lakes Vach Lor and S-189 - weakly sapropelic siltstone sands, lakes S-5, S-6, S-3, S-89, and S-294 - typical sapropels. The article presents the content of the main elements in the ash of the studied samples.
Ile zarabia inżynier?
Authors: Kaczorek Krzysztof
Published: October 2019

Aktualna sytuacja finansowa inżynierów budowlanych oraz sanitarnych: Wobec dynamicznych zmian, jakie zachodzą w ostatnich latach na polskim rynku budowlanym, ważne jest, aby monitorować możliwie dużo składowych, które tworzą ten rynek. Pozwala to na odpowiednie planowanie oraz realizowanie przedsięwzięć budowlanych. Jednym ze wspomnianych składników jest wynagrodzenie kadry inżynierskiej. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przeanalizowanie obecnego poziomu wynagrodzeń uzyskiwanych przez inżynierów. Informacja zwrotna z przeprowadzonych badań jest ważna dla pracodawców, którzy mogą w porę podnieść wynagrodzenia, aby uniknąć rotacji kadry, jak również dla samych pracowników, którzy mają możliwość zweryfikowania poziomu swoich poborów.
SMACKOVER DEPOSITION AND DIAGENESIS AND STRUCTURAL HISTORY OF THE BRYAN’S MILL AREA, CASS AND BOWIE COUNTIES, TEXAS
Authors: HARWOOD GILL , FONTANA CHRIS
Published: October 2019

Production from the Bryan’s Mill, Frost, and Carbondale Fields in the Bryan’s Mill area is from Jurassic Upper Smackover dolomitized ooid grainstones. Within the Upper Smackover, three coarsening-upwards sequences culminating in ooid grainstones extend across the area. Shortly after deposition, leaching by meteoric fluids resulted in development of oomoldic porosity in many of the ooid grainstones; other carbonate facies were little affected. During early diagenesis, dolomitization enhanced permeability by preserving existing porosities and by generating an effective intercrystalline porosity. After dolomitization, brittle compaction during burial further increased permeability by interconnecting oomolds.

The center of the Bryan’s Mill area was a positive feature during late Smackover deposition. Faulting during Buckner deposition resulted in a series of southeasterly tilted fault blocks, perhaps due to regeneration of basement structures. Later, post-Hosston faulting had an east-west trend and was possibly associated with doming of the sediments over two highs. There is little evidence of Jurassic or Early Cretaceous movement on the east-west trending faults.

Hydrocarbon production in the area depends on a combination of structural, stratigraphic, and diagenetic factors. Although the grainstones are continuous across the northernmost structural high, production is limited to the dolomitized areas. Thus, diagenesis, and in particular dolomitization, is the ultimate control on production in the area.
OIL EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION PLAYS IN THE TEXAS GULF COAST BASIN
Authors: TYLER NOEL , EWING T.E. , FISHER W.L. , GALLOWAY W.E.
Published: October 2019

As part of a long-term research program applying geologic synthesis to increase petroleum recovery, the Bureau of Economic Geology has completed a regional characterization of the major oil reservoirs in the state. Only pools that had cumulative production exceeding 10 million barrels as of 1981 were included in the data set. In all, nearly 500 reservoirs met this criteria; adequate data for geological characterization existed for more than 430 of these. Following data acquisition, reservoirs were grouped into plays. A play is defined on the basis of depositional origin of the reservoir, structural or trap style, and nature of the probable source rocks and seals. The concept of play analysis has been effectively applied in both petroleum exploration and resource assessment. When grouped by common depositional or diagenetic systems, reservoirs show great similarity in a variety of attributes. This is true because the physical, chemical, and biologic processes particular to specific depositional environments determine the characteristics of potential reservoir and associated facies.

The majority of the oil reservoirs group into 47 major plays, which occur in three broad belts, two of which are within the Gulf Coast Basin. On the lower Coastal Plain, ten plays have produced 6.2 billion barrels of oil from Tertiary sandstones. The majority of reserves were localized within Frio, Yegua, Jackson, Wilcox, and Vicksburg, deltaic, shore-zone, and fluvial system reservoirs. Along the inner Coastal Plain and extending into the East Texas Basin, Mesozoic sandstone and carbonate reservoirs have yielded 7.7 billion barrels of oil in ten major plays. Nearly 80 percent of this oil has been produced from the Woodbine Sandstone. Other productive units include the numerous sandstones and limestones of the Cretaceous section. Open and restricted carbonate platform, fluvial, deltaic, and shore-zone systems all host major reservoirs.

Two major plays are not well represented by the data base. Piercement salt domes, because of their structural complexity, rarely generate single reservoirs containing the requisite 10 million barrels of producible oil. The Austin/Buda Chalk play is relatively young and ill-defined and systematic data on recovery are not available.
PROBLEMATICAL PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SMACKOVER AT BAYOU MIDDLE FORK FIELD, CLAIBORNE PARISH, LOUISIANA
Authors: TURNER JAMES R.
Published: October 2019

Values of irreducible water saturation calculated from conventional electric and porosity logs at Bayou Middle Fork Field are often greater than 60 percent. Mercury injection curves reveal that the true water saturation averages about 40 percent. Scanning electron micrographs show oolitic grains that have been recrystallized and have rough irregular surfaces as well as intercrystalline porosity within the particles. Water adheres to these grain surfaces and occupies some of the intercrystalline porosity in productive zones, causing the calculated water saturations to read too high. Application of the Archie equation, the Guillotte et al. technique, and the Rocky Mountain technique each provides a different suite of water saturations.

Archie water saturations average about 75 percent when density-neutron porosity values are used. Density-neutron porosity values tend to read about two porosity units low when compared with core porosity values throughout the field. When core corrected porosity is used, the Archie saturation averages about 60 percent.

The Guillotte et al. technique employs a variable textural parameter “w” which is dependent on porosity and permeability. Mean water saturation with this method averages about 49 percent, which is in better agreement with the mercury injection data.

The Rocky Mountain ratio yields water saturations that are too high until the porosity balance technique is applied. Since Rt is assumed to read too low due to the excess immobile water, the Rocky Mountain derived porosities are too low. When Rt is increased to balance the porosity, the water saturation averages about 43 percent, using z = .025. When the Rocky Mountain Rta is used in the Archie equation, water saturations more consistent with the mercury injection data result. In addition, the difference between the observed Rta and the Rocky Mountain derived Rt can be plotted as a function of porosity.
BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA AS INDICATORS OF POTENTIAL PETROLEUM SOURCES
Authors: POAG C. WYLIE
Published: October 2019

During the past 20 years we have made major advances in documenting relationships between foraminiferal communities and the physicochemical properties of their environments. Among the environmental properties thus far evaluated, nutrients and oxygen content appear to be the principal factors determining species richness and relative abundance of certain benthic foraminiferal genera, such as Bolivina, Uvigerina, Globobulimina, and Fursenkoina. Because oxygen depletion coupled with nutrient enrichment increases the potential for preserving petroleum source materials, foraminifera characteristic of oxygen minima can be used to assess the source-rock potential of marine sediments.

The genus Bolivina is the predominant foraminiferal genus in many upper bathyal biotopes of the Gulf of Mexico-Atlantic region. It comprises a particularly large group of species whose richness and abundance generally increase significantly with moderate oxygen depletion (values of 4.5 to 0.3 ml/l). As oxygen concentration decreases to less than 0.3 ml/l, competing and predatory species are excluded, and Bolivina reaches maximum relative abundance. At the same time, however, Bolivina diversity is markedly reduced, as opportunistic species dominate.

Stratigraphic records of Bolivina abundance and diversity from cores taken on the upper continental slopes of Ireland and South Carolina document fluctuations in the petroleum potential of Neogene sedimentary sequences. On the Irish margin, higher petroleum potential is associated with the presence of Mediterranean Outflow Water, which moved onto or away from the core site as sea level fell and rose, respectively. On the South Carolina slope, higher petroleum potential is associated with the presence of the Gulf Stream, which migrated laterally across the core site in partial unison with shifting sea level.
Telogenetic Alteration of Citronelle Formation Sediments in Southwestern Alabama
Authors: Isphording Wayne C. , Flowers George C.
Published: October 2019

The Citronelle Formation in Alabama is composed mainly of coarse sand with thin, sporadic clay lenses. The clay lenses locally give rise to perchea water tables and springs. The recent occurrence of structural damage due to the localized subsidence of the Citronelle Formation has led to the discovery of in situ transformation of kaolinite to gibbsite due to groundwater leaching. The gibbsite is euhedral, associated with quartz and kaolinite. Spectra taken from surface coatings on quartz grains indicate the presence of alumina, suggesting the presence of an amorphous, precursor of the gibbsite. It appears that the intermediate, amorphous compound is required for the redistribution of alumina in the sediment.

This phenomenon is as sporadic as the occurrence of clay lenses and springs in the Citronelle Formation. The leaching is more pronounced in the vicinity of springs due to maintenance of aqueous silica undersaturation with respect to the gibbsitekaolinite transformation reaction. Kinetic data given by Lasaga (1984) and mass transfer calculations indicate that the transformation can occur rapidly in the telogenetic zone if gibbsite precipitation is effective.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF IMAGE ANALYSIS IN GEOLOGY
Authors: Mazzullo Jim M. , Seifer A. , Ehrlich Robert , Horkowitz J. , Horkowitz K.
Published: October 2019

Image analyzers of one sort or another have been commercially available for the past decade, and are eminently capable of generating copious amounts of data. The discussion in this session will center upon aspects of image analysis which have solved significant problems in sedimentology, sedimentology petrology, and paleontology. The topics that will be discussed include the measurement and analysis of the sizes and shapes of detrital quartz grains and microfossils, and the measurement and analysis of pore size and geometry and the relation of the same to petrophysical properties.
GEOCHEMISTRY OF CARBONATE SOURCE ROCKS AND CRUDE OILS IN JURASSIC SALT BASINS OF THE GULF COAST
Authors: Sassen Roger
Published: October 2019

The lower member of the Jurassic Smackover Formation is a source rock for crude oil along the northern Gulf Rim from east Texas to Florida. Type I crude oils occur in Smackover reservoirs of east Texas, north Louisiana, south Arkansas, and Mississippi, and were generated by algal-derived kerogen preserved in an anoxic environment. Type II crude oils in Smackover reservoirs of Alabama and Florida originate from kerogen with a terrestrial component preserved in a less anoxic environment. Thermal maturity differences across the Gulf Rim resulted in generation and destruction of crude oil at much shallower depths in east Texas, north Louisiana, and south Arkansas than in Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Jurassic through Cretaceous timing of migration and faulting permitted vertical migration of Type I Smackover crude oils to many Upper Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous, and Upper Cretaceous reservoirs along the Gulf Rim. Vertical migration of Type II crude oils was less significant, especially in Alabama, because of evaporite barriers to migration. The high contents of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in deep, hot Smackover reservoirs are related to thermochemical sulfate reduction that has driven early destruction of methane. Compositionally distinct crude oils from Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary siliciclastic source rocks are found in reservoirs south of the Gulf Rim.
TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE AND HYDROCARBON GENERATION HISTORIES IN SAN MARCOS ARCH AREA, DEWITT COUNTY, TEXAS
Authors: YUKLER M. ARIF , DOW WALLACE G.
Published: October 2019

A quantitative basin analysis model has been applied to a proposed drilling site in the San Marcos Arch area, Dewitt County, Texas. Geologic events from the Triassic to Recent are modeled to quantify the geologic evolution and temperature, pressure and hydrocarbon generation histories of the area.

The optimized heat flow values showed that the heat flow was 0.90 HFU until the end of the Triassic, when it stabilized at 0.85 HFU. A slight increase to 0.90 HFU occurred during the Cretaceous. During the Late Miocene, the heat flow increased from 0.90 to 1.15 HFU owing to lateral heat flow from the deeper part of the Gulf Coast. The temperatures measured at present are the highest ever recorded in the area.

The study area was normally pressured until the deposition of Lower Cretaceous shales, when the system became abnormally pressured. Pressures increased continuously until the end of Wilcox deposition. Owing to lower sedimentation rates after Wilcox deposition, abnormal pressures started to decrease and this continued to the present.

Abnormal pressures led to higher geothermal gradients in the area especially by increasing the temperatures of the Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments. The rapid changes in the temperatures resulted in three different maturity gradients, with a lower gradient from the surface to the base of Wilcox, a high gradient from the base of Wilcox to the top of Cotton Valley and a lower gradient down to the Triassic red beds.

Oil generation started during the Middle Cretaceous, followed by gas generation during the Early Tertiary. Due to higher temperatures during the Late Cretaceous to present, the depth of oil and gas generation was continuously shallower.
ROCK GEOCHEMISTRY AND RELATIONSHIPS TO PRODUCED OILS FROM UPPER PLIOCENE TURBIDITES, HIGH ISLAND AREA, GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: TAYLOR GILBERT D. , ARMENTROUT JOHN M.
Published: October 2019

Conventional cores from four wells in the High Island A-537 Field were examined, described, and sampled for sedimentologic, biostratigraphic, and geochemical analyses. All stratigraphic and sedimentologic data show that these sediments were deposited by gravity flow processes in a Lower Pleistocene or Upper Pliocene intraslope basin. Geochemical analyses were performed on a total of eighty-four core samples and three samples of produced oil. Both Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Extractable Organic Material (EOM) analyses produced unreliable results due to the low TOC values and low extract volumes. Isolated kerogen analysis showed that over 80% of the kerogen was of terrestrial, woody origin. Vitrinite reflectance and Thermal Alteration Indices (TAI) showed both the reservoir rocks and the encasing shales to be above the maturation level needed to generate significant amounts of hydrocarbons. Whole rock pyrolysis by gas chromatography of three core samples yielded a GC with a predominance of lighter aromatic and phenolic molecules, with few saturated hydrocarbons present. GC analysis of three samples of produced oil yielded chromatograms concentrated in the lighter paraffins, isoprenoids and aromatics, with no heavier hydrocarbon molecules present. The chromatogram shows no carbon number preference. Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) analysis of the aromatic fraction shows that the produced oils were generated in source rocks that had reached the mature phase of oil generation. These data indicate that the oil being produced from the H.I. A-537 Field was not generated in the encasing shales, which contain kerogens most likely to generate gaseous hydrocarbons. The liquid hydrocarbons being produced, in contrast, show evidence of having been produced under more mature thermal conditions from rocks rich in marine algal kerogen.
THE SOUTH PADRE ISLAND COST NO. 1 WELL: AN INTEGRATED STUDY OF BURIAL, THERMAL, AND MATURATION HISTORIES FROM DOWNHOLE GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOCHEMICAL DATA
Authors: Pantano J. , Lerche I. , Lyon W.G.
Published: October 2019

Detailed fluid flow, thermal and petroleum generation histories were determined for C.O.S.T. No. 1 S. Padre Island, using data supplied by Phillips Petroleum Co. The study highlights (a) the significance of the petroleum potential of this area, and (b) the extremely good geologic control due to the quantity and quality of the extensive data base for this C.O.S.T. A discussion is presented on the sensitivity of the modeled histories to variations in the degree to which the modeled present day downhole properties (permeability, porosity, fluid pressure with depth, formation thicknesses and total thickness to TD) are in accord with the observations.

The oil generation models are consistent with the observed downhole geochemical data that the Lower Miocene sediments (between 10,750 feet and TD) have generated significant oil and associated gas.

The study improves our understanding of the relationship of the present geology to the prediction of generative oil potential.
EUSTATIC CONTROLS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE PLEISTOCENE BRAZOS-COLORADO DELTAS, TEXAS
Authors: Abdulah Kenneth C. , Anderson John B.
Published: October 2019

Pleistocene sea-level fluctuations have resulted in a series of trasgressive and regressive phases of development in the Brazos-Colorado fluvial systems. High resolution seismic data provide the resolution needed for the identification and mapping of these sequences. When these data are combined with platform boring descriptions, interpretation of sedimentary facies can be undertaken. Onshore and offshore records reflect cyclic sedimentation induced by sea-level fluctuations, and possibly also influenced by climatically driven variations in sediment supply. During highstands, fluvial-dominated deltas develop on the shelf. Delta lobe shifting appears to have occurred consistently in a westward direction, perhaps in response to changes in offshore gradient and wave-energy as sea level rose along the irregular shoreline.
Role of Eustasy in Holocene Mississippi Delta-Lobe Switching
Authors: Lowrie Allen , Fairbridge Rhodes W.
Published: October 2019

Delta formation plays an integral role in basin development at a passive continental margin, with depocenters under eustatic control shifting alternately landward and seaward during time frames ranging from decades to 108 years. The classic Gilbert delta model was hydraulic and climatogenetic, based on his Lake Bonneville (i.e., non-marine) experience. We challenge the Gilbert model applied to the Mississippi delta, and submit evidence for eustatic control, with secondary climatic-hydraulic roles.

Eustatic rise, followed by an abrupt fall, has a role in delta-lobe switching in establishing conditions appropriate for rivers to leave their established channels during a major flood. Rivers most susceptible are those debouching on broad shelves associated with low tidal ranges and a low energy-wave regime. A new talweg and delta lobe develops during the negative eustatic phase. Major 14C oscillations define 16 extreme climate/eustatic swings (warm, high MSL, followed by cold, low MSL), four of them close together during the last millennium, defining the “Little Ice Age.” Six such clusters determine the major Holocene delta-complex (5th order) switches. Eustatic fluctuations in the 103-year magnitude constitute a 5th order in the sense of the Exxon/Vail hierarchy of “sequence stratigraphy,” to which a “fine-tuning” calibrated to the 14C flux-rate adds a 102-yr (6th order) refinement. This 6th order oscillation defines 38 cycles in 10,700 years, an average of 275 years per cycle.
TEMPORAL AND DOWNSTREAM CHANGES IN SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN THE ATCHAFALAYA AND MISSISSIPPI RIVERS, LOUISIANA
Authors: Mossa Joann
Published: October 2019

Understanding the causes of interannual and annual variations between discharge and suspended sediment in the Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers can assist in environmental management and inferring ways in which large rivers behave differently than do smaller rivers. This investigation identifies some of the important temporal and downstream relationships between discharge and various suspended sediment parameters, and interprets causes for these variations. The data base used for this investigation includes over 2000 observations collected since 1950 with accompanying hydraulic and bed material data.

Near Old River, at the upstream end of the study reach, empirical relationships show nonlinearity. Nonlinearity occurs particularly with fine sediments, which show decreased concentrations at high discharges largely related to removal by flushing from the basin and channel. Suspended sediment peaks, consisting principally of fine cohesive materials, typically lead discharge crests, with the lead decreasing with decreasing discharge maxima. Downstream, velocities decrease at low discharges as the channel deepens and fine materials become increasingly abundant. Settling and resuspension of fines thus become increasingly important, and empirical relationships show increased linearity. Results have implications for river and coastal management in Louisiana and, further, revise some concepts regarding discharge-suspended sediment relationships, applicable particularly to the downstream ends of large rivers.
SEDIMENT DEPOSITION IN LOUISIANA COASTAL MARSHES
Authors: Reed Denise J.
Published: October 2019

Louisiana is experiencing land loss rates of over 75 km2 per year. One component in the land loss is marsh deterioration caused by insufficient sedimentation to keep pace with high rates of relative sea-level rise. Sediment deposition depends upon both the opportunity for sediment transport onto the marsh surface and the availability of suspended sediment for deposition. Factors affecting opportunity and availability are examined, including the role of storms and riverine flooding. Some sediment is still being deposited in Louisiana’s coastal marshes but it may not be sufficient to prevent further coastal land loss.
SEDIMENTOLOGY, GEOCHEMISTRY, AND GEOTECHNICAL PROPERTIES OF TWO LONG BORINGS THROUGH THE TERREBONNE HOLOCENE DELTA PLAIN: EFFECTS OF EARLY DIAGENESIS AND LITHOLOGY ON SUBSIDENCE
Authors: Roberts Harry H. , Penland Shea , Bailey Alan , Suhayda Joseph N.
Published: October 2019

Subsidence is one of the major processes driving coastal land loss in Louisiana. In an attempt to better understand local conditions influencing this process two continuously cored borings were taken in the Terrebonne Parish wetlands of the Lafourche delta complex. These borings were of sufficient length to completely penetrate sediments of the thick Holocene Mississippi River valley fill. One boring, 140 ft (42.6 m) long, was collected in western Terrebonne Parish under US Corps of Engineers support while the eastern Terrebonne Parish boring, 200 ft (61 m) long, was sponsored by the US Geological Survey. X-ray radiography revealed that the sediments of each boring were composed of cyclic depositional events. Each cycle basically incorporates a coarsening upward sedimentary sequence and may be described as a parasequence within the Holocene systems track. However, a wide range of sedimentary environments are represented from brackish/marine bay sediments to once exposed natural levees of major channels. Geochemical testing, particularly of carbonates and sulfides, radiocarbon dating of appropriate materials, and cone penetrometer profiling of the eastern Terrebonne boring site provided an initial data base for evaluation of effects of lithology and diagenesis on subsidence.
THE REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN STRUCTURAL GEOMETRIES ABOVE AND BELOW THE PLIO-MIOCENE DETACHMENT SURFACE-SOUTHERN LOUISIANA SHELF, GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: BROOKS ROBERT O.
Published: October 2019

Recently available seismic and log data indicate that the geologic section on the southern Louisiana shelf can be divided into at least two separate and distinct structural realms, separated by a regional detachment. In some portions of the shelf, extensive deformation along, above, and below this surface is associated with salt movement and shallower listric growth faults that flatten with depth along a primary weld. In other portions deformation is limited and the upper detachment is only the youngest of several stacked detachments. The former area, where the greatest horizontally injected salt creates divergence in dips across the detachment, has been the focus of most of the recent sub-salt drilling. In the deeper Plio-Miocene section there is a combination of salt welds, pillows, stocks and piercements, older detachment surfaces, faulting, apparent unconformities, compressional folds, and remnant salt features. Success in the location of sub-salt reservoir sands is dependent on the recognition and understanding of these structural variations and their influence on sand distribution.
TRANSLATION OF SALT SHEETS BY BASAL SHEAR
Authors: HARRISON HOLLY , PATTON BRADLEY
Published: October 2019

The offshore Louisiana outer shelf and upper slope are underlain by numerous allochthonous salt sheets which were laterally emplaced during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Lateral salt emplacement involves a two-stage process. Initially, shallow salt sheets with thin carapaces of deep-water shales flow downdip like glaciers by low-angle gravity spreading. The condensed shale sections are deposited on bathymetrically high salt sheets and are then rafted downdip, resulting in repeated sections below the allochthonous salt. Although the glacier model explains the repeated sections, data indicate that another mechanism of salt translation becomes dominant after initial emplacement.

Burial and confinement of the salt sheet initiates secondary salt diapirism, salt sheet segmentation, and rafting episodes. Sedimentary loading landward and above the sheet causes salt to flow laterally with shear concentrated at the base of salt. Compressional thrusts at the leading edge of salt sheets can be traced updip to the base of salt, and they continue under the salt as thrust faults. This basal shear zone includes compressional features within the sedimentary layer below salt. The sheared section below the salt is distinct from the supra-salt rafted condensed shale sections, and is defined as a highly overpressured interval between 400 and 2000’ thick, consisting of a series of thrust faults. The subthrust sedimentary interval below the salt can have overturned and repeated sections defined by paleontological assemblages. The shear zone may also extend into the base of salt and modify the geometry of the salt base, causing chevron or stair-stepped subcrops and sedimentary inclusions at the base of salt. These deformations cause an unusual rock rheology with pore pressures approaching fracture pressures within the basal shear zone, then diminishing with depth to a more regional pore pressure gradient.
SEISMIC FACIES AND PETROLEUM SYSTEM ANALYSIS OF AN ALLUVIAL TO ESTUARINE SYNTECTONIC DEPOSITIONAL PACKAGE, NAVARIN BASIN, BERING SEA, ALASKA
Authors: ARMENTROUT JOHN M. , NIEDERER ARLO F.
Published: October 2019

Navarin Basin, located on the northwestern margin of the Bering Sea Shelf, is a Cenozoic backarc extensional basin overlying Mesozoic rocks. Formation of the basin began with right-lateral oblique extension along northwest trending strike/ slip fault systems. Local highs provided sediment supply to syntectonic lows. Seismic facies analysis of this syntectonic fill suggested alluvial to shallow marine fill, possibly in an estuarine setting. Subsequent inversion of this syntectonic package resulted in its being in a structurally high position.

Analysis of the exploration potential of this syntectonic package suggested that it could be sand prone, and might provide an effective reservoir if seal rock was deposited prior to the major pulse of hydrocarbon generation from known Eocene oil-prone organic rich rock.

Drilling of the syntectonic package, following O.C.S. Sale 83 (April 1984) found tight, late Cretaceous non-marine to shallow marine facies with no hydrocarbons. Post-drill analysis confirmed that the tectonic inversion history did not provide effective topseal of the potential reservoir sandstones prior to the main pulse of hydrocarbon generation.
APPLICATION OF OUTCROP ANALOGS TO FLUVIAL-DELTAIC RESERVOIRS II: EXAMPLE FROM GULF OF MEXICO RESERVOIRS, FRIO FORMATION, SOUTH TEXAS
Authors: KNOX PAUL R.
Published: October 2019

Large volumes of mobile oil remain in mature Gulf Coast fluvial-deltaic reservoirs, in some cases more than has been produced through five decades. Detailed characterization studies that identify the location of remaining oil are needed to recover this large resource. Such studies rely on the confident identification of reservoir architecture and heterogeneity, which are difficult to determine with the limited subsurface data typically available in mature fields. Observations from the Cretaceous Ferron Sandstone of Utah indicate that architecture and heterogeneity are related to position within a high-frequency depositional cycle and are consequently predictable. To test the application of these observations to Gulf Coast reservoirs, the architecture and heterogeneity of upper delta plain channel belt reservoirs within a flooding surface-bounded interval in Tijerina-Canales-Blucher (T-C-B) field, located within the Frio Formation Fluvial-Deltaic Sandstone (Vicksburg Fault Zone) play in South Texas, were examined.

Channel belt sandstone reservoirs deposited during the progradational/aggradational portion of a depositional cycle are narrow, ranging from 0.4 to 1.5 mi in width, and internally homogeneous, with single gas completions draining comparatively large reservoir volumes of approximately 40 ac. In contrast, channel belt deposits of the retrogradational portion of a cycle are broad, more than 3.5 mi in width, and internally heterogeneous, with individual completions typically draining oil reservoir volumes of 1.5 ac. These patterns parallel observations of incised valley channel architecture in the Ferron and are probably strongly influenced by progressive increases in baselevel rise through a cycle. However, climate may also influence patterns, as indicated by similarities with Pleistocene Gulf Coast fluvial systems that are interpreted to vary in architecture as a consequence of changing river discharge volumes.

Application of Ferron and Scott/Whitehill observations to other Gulf Coast reservoirs should be made cautiously, with appropriate considerations of position along depositional dip and age-specific eustatic amplitudes being incorporated. Predictions of reservoir architecture and heterogeneity made on the basis of position within a depositional cycle can assist in the prioritization of reservoirs for detailed characterization studies, in overall estimations of reserve-growth potential, and in focusing of mature field revitalization strategies.
SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK AND ARCHITECTURE OF LAGNIAPPE DELTA COMPLEX, NORTHEAST GULF OF MEXICO
Authors: KOLLA V. , BIONDI P. , LONG B. , FILLON R.
Published: October 2019

From a multidisciplinary study that utilized high-resolution seismic and a variety of analytical data from four continuously-cored boreholes, we have identified six major (and many minor) sequence boundaries and maximum flooding surfaces associated with the oxygen isotope stages 14 to 1 (since 500 KY BP) within the Late Pleistocene shelf margin Lagniappe delta complex in the NE Gulf of Mexico. We discuss here in detail a portion of the delta complex that prograded seaward for several tens of miles during the last, fourth-order, glacial-interglacial cycle since 125 KY BP. A well-developed calcareous-rich interval deposited during the isotope stage 5 (125-70 KY BP) underlies this portion of the delta complex. The delta complex consists of many lobes that were deposited during the several, fifth-order, sealevel drops within the falling stage and during the maximum lowstand-early sealevel rise of the cycle. We have recognized one main fourth-order sequence boundary that resulted from the erosion of an incised valley during the maximum lowstand of sealevel, and several, fifth-order sequence boundaries that were created during the minor sealevel drops within the falling stage. The incised valley-fill deposits consist of distributary channel deposits, bay-head deltas and estuarine deposits that were subsequently transgressed during the Holocene sealevel rise. This transgressive surface forms the base of isotope stage 1. On the whole, the isotope 5 to 1 stage interval of the Lagniappe Delta can be divided into four systems-tracts—highstand, falling stage, lowstand-early rise and transgressive.
PREDICTION OF NIGERIAN RESERVOIR SANDS THROUGH INTEGRATION OF SEISMIC IMAGING AND SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
Authors: WILLIAMS H. , BERGE C. , HARTUNG M. , DE RUITER R. , UGUETO G.A.
Published: October 2019

Sequence stratigraphic concepts have long been used to integrate core and well log data with 3D seismic data to establish predictive reservoir models. This paper documents a new technique to systematically evaluate large scale log patterns in order to identify key chronostratigraphic surfaces with confidence. Linked closely to 3D seismic structural and stratigraphic interpretations, this technique has been applied in several reservoir modelling studies in the Niger Delta. Special emphasis has been given to the influence of growth faults on reservoir development. The resulting tectonosedimentary framework has led to semi-quantitative predictions about sediment geometry and distribution which were subsequently utilized to constrain 3D models of the reservoirs. Such 3D models improve the quality and success of appraisal drilling as well as field development planning.
SEQUENCE-STRATIGRAPHIC CONTROLS ON COTTON VALLEY TIGHT GAS SANDSTONES, CARTHAGE FIELD, PANOLA COUNTY, TEXAS
Authors: WILLIAMS RALPH A. , MITCHUM ROBERT M.
Published: October 2019

Sequence-stratigraphic interpretation of well logs using interactive software combined with detailed production data was used to determine the reservoir architecture of the Upper Jurassic Cotton Valley Formation in the Carthage field and surrounding areas of Panola County, Texas. Seven major third-order depositional sequences were identified by correlating gamma ray and resistivity logs on 1,080 wells. Each sequence has identifiable lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts. More than 30 unique tight-gas sandstone reservoir units occur in a facies spectrum of incised-valley fill, coastal plain and lagoonal facies, deltas, wave-dominated shorelines, and turbidites. Each facies has characteristic reservoir sandstone types and distributions, depending upon its depositional environment and position within sequences and systems tracts. Maps of “clean sandstone” derived from gamma ray analysis show characteristic distribution patterns and reservoir qualities for each facies. A predetermined knowledge of reservoir facies and architecture interpreted from stratigraphic sequences simplifies and reduces the costs of drilling, completion, and production.
Comparative Fingerprint Profiling of Unani Polyherbomineral (Safoof-e-Pathar Phori) Formulation by HPTLC, HPLC, and GC-MS
Authors: Ahmad Wasim , Parveen Rabea , Mujeeb Mohd , Zaidi S M Arif
Published: October 2019

Background: Standardization of Unani formulations is essential to assess the quality and safety of drugs to establish their acceptance internationally as well as in nationally. Safoof-e-Pathar phori is a polyherbomineral formulation that contains six different plant and mineral constituents: Didymocarpus pedicellata, Dolichos biflorus, Rheum emodi, Raphanus sativus, potassium carbonate, and potassium nitrate. Objective: The objective of the study is to develop and establish the quality of Safoof-e-Pathar phori, used for antilithiatic activity using chromatographic analysis. Methods: This study involves comparative fingerprint profiling of an Unani polyherbomineral formulation with its plant constituents by high-performance TLC (HPTLC), HPLC, and GC-MS. The authenticity of the Unani polyherbomineral formulation using comparative HPLC and GC-MS fingerprint profiling was achieved by comparing the retention time of peaks matching with plant drugs. Results: In HPTLC, comparative fingerprinting was done on the basis of retardation factor values of compounds separated on HPTLC plates of the formulation and the single drugs. The relative retention times of the characteristic peaks in the HPLC fingerprinting were established for identification of the Unani poly-herbo-mineral formulation, whereas GC-MS was used for comparative fingerprint profiling of different compounds present in single drugs and in formulation through the National Institute of Standards and Technology and Wiley libraries using mass by charge ration (m/z) of detected compounds. Conclusions: The fingerprint analysis approach is the most potent tool for quality control of polyherbal medicines because of its accuracy and reliability, and it also helps in identification and authentication and prevents adulteration. Highlights: The developed chromatographic methods enable the quality and safety profile of the products.
Outorga e suas implicações na piscicultura no entorno do reservatório de Furnas
Authors: Deus Franciny Oliveira de , Latuf Marcelo de Oliveira
Published: October 2019

A gestão de recursos hídricos é urgente e permite atender às demandas econômicas, sociais e ambientais. Entretanto, muitas vezes, surgem conflitos em relação ao seu uso. A água é um bem de uso comum do povo, portanto, ela é de domínio público, mas para que ocorra um consumo em níveis sustentáveis é necessário obter autorização, quando se trata de intervenção em um corpo hídrico, relativa à quantidade, qualidade ou regime das águas, essa autorização é denominada de Outorga de Direito de Uso de Recursos Hídricos. Na piscicultura a outorga tem papel fundamental, pois ela regularizará a prática do cultivo de peixes e contribuirá para evitar que corpos hídricos sejam contaminados com o descarte irregular dos resíduos do cultivo.Palavras-chave: Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos, Usos múltiplos, Economia da água.Abstract The management of water resources is urgent and allows to meet the economic, social and environmental demands. However, conflicts often arise concerning its use. Water is a common good; therefore it is in the public domain, but for consumption to occur at sustainable levels it is necessary to obtain authorization when it comes to intervention in a water body, concerning the quantity, quality or regime of water, this authorisation is called Granting of Right to Use Water Resources. In fish farming, the grant has a fundamental role since it will regularise the practice of fish farming and will help prevent water bodies from being contaminated with the irregular disposal of crop residues.Keywords: National Water Resources Policy, Multiple uses, Water economy.