bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
When personal identities confirm versus conflict with group identities: Evidence from an intergroup paradigm
Authors: Patterson Meagan M. , Bigler Rebecca S. , Swann William B.
Published: May 2010

This study provides an experimental investigation of the consequences of conflict between children's personal identities and experimentally manipulated group identities. Elementary‐school‐aged children (N = 82, ages 5–11) attending a summer school program rated their own academic and athletic abilities and were then randomly assigned to one of two novel groups. Children's views of the academic and athletic skills of the novel groups were assessed both before and after information about the groups' academic and athletic skills was manipulated via posters placed in their classrooms. Following the manipulation, children's self‐views, ingroup identification, and intergroup attitudes were assessed. Results indicated that (a) in the absence of information about the novel groups, children projected their personal identities onto their ingroup identities, (b) children maintained their ingroup identities in the face of new information that should have altered their ingroup identities, and (c) more positive personal identities predicted ingroup bias, which in turn predicted happiness with one's ingroup membership. The latter finding suggests that a tendency for children to generalize from their idiosyncratic positive self‐views, rather than an indiscriminate desire for self‐enhancement or positivity, may be responsible for ingroup bias. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowing who likes who: The early developmental basis of coalition understanding
Authors: Platten Lara , Hernik Mikołaj , Fonagy Peter , Fearon R. Pasco
Published: May 2010

Group biases based on broad category membership appear early in human development. However, like many other primates humans inhabit social worlds also characterised by small groups of social coalitions which are not demarcated by visible signs or social markers. A critical cognitive challenge for a young child is thus how to extract information concerning coalition structure when coalitions are dynamic and may lack stable and outwardly visible cues to membership. Therefore, the ability to decode behavioural cues of affiliations present in everyday social interactions between individuals would have conferred powerful selective advantages during our evolution. This would suggest that such an ability may emerge early in life, however, little research has investigated the developmental origins of such processing. The present paper will review recent empirical research which indicates that in the first 2 years of life infants achieve a host of social‐cognitive abilities that make them well adapted to processing coalition‐affiliations of others. We suggest that such an approach can be applied to better understand the origins of intergroup attitudes and biases. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origins of intergroup bias: Developmental and social cognitive research on intergroup attitudes
Authors: Dunham Yarrow , Degner Juliane
Published: May 2010

Prejudice and stereotyping are central to research and theorizing in social psychology. Yet, all too often this work tacitly assumes that these phenomena spring into existence fully formed in adults. This special issue originates from the need to integrate adult social psychological approaches with developmental inquiry into the ontogenetic and phylogenetic origins of prejudice and stereotyping. The diverse set of nine papers in this special issue demonstrates the utility of this interdisciplinary approach. In this introduction, we make the case for giving developmental research a seat at the social psychological table, and briefly summarize the contributions contained in this special issue. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitochondrial DNA mutations in disease and aging
Authors: Wallace Douglas C.
Published: May 2010

The human mitochondrial genome involves over 1,000 genes, dispersed across the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and the biparentally inherited nuclear DNA (nDNA). The mtDNA encodes 13 core proteins that determine the efficiency of the mitochondrial energy‐generating system, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), plus the RNA genes for their translation within the mitochondrion. The mtDNA has a very high mutation rate, which results in three classes of clinically relevant mtDNA mutations: recently deleterious germline line mutations resulting in mitochondrial disease; ancient regional variants, a subset of which permitted humans to adapt to differences in their energetic environments; and somatic mutations that accumulate with age eroding mitochondrial energy production and providing the aging clock. Mutations in nDNA‐encoded OXPHOS structural genes can also cause mitochondrial disease, and alterations in nDNA mitochondrial biogenesis genes can destabilize the mtDNA and lead to clinical phenotypes. Finally, when combined, nonpathogenic nDNA and mtDNA protein variants can be functionally incompatible and cause disease. The essential functions of the conserved mtDNA proteins and their high mutation rate raise the question as to why the cumulative mtDNA genetic load does not result in species extinction. Studies of mice harboring deleterious mtDNA mutations have shown that the mammalian ovary selectively eliminates the most deleterious mtDNA mutations. However, milder mtDNA mutations are transmitted through the ovary and the female germline and introduced into the general population. This unique genetic system provides a flexible method for generating genetic variation in cellular and organismal energetics that permits species to adapt to alterations in their regional energetic environment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple remote sensing techniques as a tool for reconstructing late Quaternary drainage in the Amazon lowland
Authors: Rossetti Dilce de Fátima
Published: May 2010

Morphologies related to paleochannels are widespread through large areas of the Brazilian Amazonia. Despite the relevance for reconstructing the evolution of the largest fluvial system on Earth, detailed mapping of most of these features is still unavailable. The lack of works emphasizing Amazonian paleochannels represents an enormous bias toward the understanding of both migrating dynamics of Amazonian rivers through time and processes (e.g. tectonics, climate, sea‐level fluctuation) that might have promoted channel abandonment. A few previous studies have demonstrated the successful application of digital elevation model (DEM) collected during the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) for mapping morphologies related to paleochannels still preserved under forested lowland Amazonian areas. The present study applies different remote sensing techniques, including JERS‐1 90m, SAR/SIPAM‐6m, Landsat, and ASTER, to successfully unravel a myriad of paleochannels in Marajó Island (Amazon mouth), which were previously undetected using solely SRTM data. The results presented in this work are promising for mapping paleodrainage in other forested areas of the Amazonas basin. Considering the several problems involved on data acquisition aiming to approach the evolution of Amazonian rivers in space and time (e.g. large dimension, lack of natural geological exposures, difficult access, dense forest cover, and high cloud volume), a proper mapping of Amazonas paleodrainage using different remote sensing techniques is crucial to visualize potential paleochannel morphologies and patterns that are of high relevance for reconstructing the Amazonian fluvial dynamics through time. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of reservoir construction on suspended sediment load in a large river system: thresholds and complex response
Authors: Xu Jiongxin , Yan Yunxia
Published: May 2010

Dam construction greatly alters the channel boundary of rivers, making the dammed river system a human‐controlled system. Based on hydrometric data in the upper Changjiang River basin, the change in behaviour of sediment transport of some dammed rivers was studied. As a result, some phenomena of threshold and complex response were found. When the coefficient (Cr,a) of actual runoff regulation by reservoirs, defined as the ratio of total capacity of reservoirs to annual runoff input, is smaller than 10%, suspended sediment load at Yichang station, the control station of the Changjiang River, shows a mild decreasing trend. When this coefficient becomes larger than 10%, suspended sediment load decreases sharply. The coefficient of 10% can be regarded as a threshold. The Cr,a of 10% is also a threshold, when the variation of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) with Cr,a at Yichang station is considered. The impacts of reservoir construction can be divided into several stages, including road construction, dam building and closure, water storage and sediment trapping. During these stages, some complex response was identified. At the station below the dam, SSC increases and reaches a maximum, and then declines sharply. This phenomenon was found on the main‐stem and several major tributaries of the upper Changjiang River. In the Minjiang River, where a series of dams were built successively, the response of SSC is more complicated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infiltration processes and flow rates in developed karst vadose zone using tracers in cave drips
Authors: Arbel Youval , Greenbaum Noam , Lange Jens , Inbar Moshe
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this research was to identify groundwater recharge mechanisms and measure flow velocities through the epikarst and the vadose zone in a typical site of Mediterranean carbonate karst in natural rain conditions. By avoiding artificial flushing more realistic travel times could be measured, and the effective resultant vadose flow velocity could be inferred. Additionally, detailed monitoring enabled better description and quantification of infiltration and percolation processes.

Nine different cave drips were monitored and sampled for three hydrological years in fractured karst lithology on Mount Carmel, Israel. At three drips, discharge was measured continuously by tipping buckets. Rainfall and soil water content were recorded above the cave. An artificial tracer experiment was conducted using uranine placed in a joint and at the soil–rock interface at soil pockets, both 27 m above the cave.

Four hydrological types of drips: post‐storm, seasonal, perennial, and overflow, were identified; each demonstrating different characteristics in terms of discharge and chemistry.

The maximum effective flow velocities (uranine dye arrival times) were 41–76 cm/h; tracer mass flux was computed from the uranine breakthrough curves and drip hydrographs. The dominant flow velocities, derived from the peak of tracer mass flux, were 0·35–0·41 cm/h from post‐storm drips, and 22–24 cm/h from the other drips.

‘Pulse‐through’ (intra‐event piston flow) was indicated by the time lags between the increase in drip rate and the time of drop in salinity and appearance of the tracer in most of the measured drips. Chloride concentrations were used to distinguish between ‘old/matrix water’ and ‘preferential‐flow water’ in the perennial drips, demonstrating a two‐component mixing model. In 2005–2006 ‘preferential‐flow water’ reached up to 20–25% from annual discharge of these drips. This study promoted a method to compute dominant effective flow rates in the vadose zone in natural rain conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxic trace element assessment for soils/sediments deposited during Hurricanes Katrina and Rita from southern Louisiana, USA: A sequential extraction analysis
Authors: Shi Honglan , Witt Emitt C. , Shu Shi , Su Tingzhi , Wang Jianmin , Adams Craig
Published: May 2010

Analysis of soil/sediment samples collected in the southern Louisiana, USA, region three weeks after Hurricanes Katrina and Rita passed was performed using sequential extraction procedures to determine the origin, mode of occurrence, biological availabil ity, mobilization, and transport of trace elements in the environment. Five fractions: exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to iron (Fe)–manganese (Mn) oxides, bound to organic matter, and residual, were subsequently extracted. The toxic trace elements Pb, As, V, Cr, Cu, and Cd were analyzed in each fraction, together with Fe in 51 soil/sediment samples. Results indicated that Pb and As were at relatively high concentrations in many of the soil/sediment samples. Because the forms in which Pb and As are present tend to be highly mobile under naturally occurring environmental conditions, these two compounds pose an increased health concern.Vanadium and Cr were mostly associated with the crystal line nonmobile residual fraction. A large portion of the Cu was associated with organic matter and residual fraction. Cadmium concentrations were low in all soil/sediment samples analyzed and most of this element tended to be associated with the mobile fractions. An average of 21% of the Fe was found in the Fe–Mn oxide fraction, indicating that a substantial part of the Fe was in an oxidized form. The significance of the overall finding of the present study indicated that the high concentrations and high availabilities of the potentially toxic trace elements As and Pb may impact the environment and human health in southern Louisiana and, in particular, the New Orleans area. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1419–1428. © 2010 SETAC
Performance of truncated hybrid ARQ schemes with noisy feedback for DS‐CDMA systems
Authors: Boujemâa H.
Published: May 2010

In this paper, we evaluate the theoretical expressions of the average coding rate, the probability of undetected errors and the probability of packet erasure (PE) of truncated Hybrid ARQ schemes with packet and code combining (CC) for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS‐CDMA) downlink systems using a Rake receiver. The different user packets are code multiplexed using a set of orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) sequences. The analysis is carried in two extreme scenarios, with either a constant or a packet‐by‐packet independent multipath channel during the different transmissions. The obtained results are valid for any multipath intensity profile of the channel and take simultaneously into account additive white gaussian noise (AWGN), path gains estimation noise, intersymbol interference (ISI) and the multiuser interference (MUI). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flammability of thermoplastic carbon nanofiber nanocomposites
Authors: Morgan Alexander B. , Liu Weidong
Published: May 2010

Five commodity thermoplastics (polyethylene, polypropylene, thermoplastic polyurethane, poly(butylene terephthalate), and poly(amide 6)) were melt compounded with vapor grown carbon nanofibers via twin screw extrusion. These materials were then analyzed for flammability behavior by cone calorimeter to determine how the nanofibers would reduce flammability of the polymers. It was found by cone calorimeter that the nanofibers greatly reduced peak heat release rate and improved many other flammability parameters of the samples. However, smoke release was increased in all samples, which may be one drawback of using these materials. Interestingly, the amount of flammability reduction was not uniform across all samples, with nanofiber reducing flammability the most in the thermoplastic polyurethane sample. The mechanism of flammability reduction in the polymers tested in this paper is shown again to be a mass loss rate reduction induced by the formation of thick tangled networks of carbon nanofibers during polymer decomposition. This mechanism was confirmed by studying the mass loss rate curves and electron microscopy analysis of the final chars collected from the cone calorimeter experiments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of the impact of exemptions to the children's sleepwear flammability standards on burn injuries to children
Authors: Adair Patricia K. , Rodgers Gregory B.
Published: May 2010

In 1996, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) amended the children's sleepwear flammability standards to exempt sleepwear sized for infants aged nine months or younger and tight‐fitting sleepwear for older children. The amendments were developed in response to an apparent preference for untreated cotton garments by many parents and difficulties in enforcing the pre‐amendment standards. However, they were adopted only after CPSC concluded that they would provide consumers a wider selection of children's sleepwear without diminishing the protection provided by the pre‐amendment standards. The amendments became effective in 1997, but remained controversial, with some interested parties believing that the exemptions would substantially reduce the level of safety for children. To address these concerns, and in cooperation with the American Burn Association and Shriners Hospitals for Children, the CPSC initiated a national study of child clothing‐related burn injuries treated in burn center hospitals. From 2003 through 2005, the CPSC collected information on 475 such injuries. This study evaluates the burn center data to help determine the safety effects of the amendments to the sleepwear standards. The results provide no evidence of increased risk of burn injury associated with the exemptions from the sleepwear standards. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for retrochiasmatic tissue loss in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Authors: Barcella Valeria , Rocca Maria A. , Bianchi‐Marzoli Stefania , Milesi Jacopo , Melzi Lisa , Falini Andrea , Pierro Luisa , Filippi Massimo
Published: May 2010

Patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) have loss of central vision with severe damage of small‐caliber fibers of the papillomacular bundle and optic nerve atrophy. The aim of this study was to define the presence and topographical distribution of brain grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) injury in LHON patients using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM). The correlation of such changes with neuro‐ophthalmologic findings and measurements of peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) was also assessed. Dual‐echo and fast‐field echo scans were acquired from 12 LHON patients and 12 matched controls. VBM analysis was performed using SPM5 and an ANCOVA model. A complete neuro‐ophthalmologic examination, including standardized automated Humphrey perimetry as well as average and temporal peripapillary RNFL thickness measurements were obtained in all the patients. Compared with controls, average peripapillary RNFL thickness was significantly decreased in LHON patients. LHON patients also had significant reduced GM volume in the bilateral primary visual cortex, and reduced WM volume in the optic chiasm, optic tract, and several areas located in the optic radiations (OR), bilaterally. Visual cortex and OR atrophy were significantly correlated with average and temporal peripapillary RNFL thickness (P < 0.001; r values ranging from 0.76 to 0.89). Brain damage in patients with LHON is not limited to the anterior visual pathways, but extends posteriorly to the OR and the primary visual cortex. Such a damage to the posterior parts of the visual pathways may be due either to trans‐synaptic degeneration secondary to neuroaxonal damage in the retina and optic nerve or to local mitochondrial dysfunction. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A functional dissociation of conflict processing within anterior cingulate cortex
Authors: Kim Chobok , Kroger James K. , Kim Jeounghoon
Published: May 2010

Goal‐directed behavior requires cognitive control to regulate the occurrence of conflict. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has been suggested in detecting response conflict during various conflict tasks. Recent findings, however, have indicated not only that two distinct subregions of dACC are involved in conflict processing but also that the conflict occurs at both perceptual and response levels. In this study, we sought to examine whether perceptual and response conflicts are functionally dissociated in dACC. Thirteen healthy subjects performed a version of the Stroop task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. We identified a functional dissociation of the caudal dACC (cdACC) and the rostral dACC (rdACC) in their responses to different sources of conflict. The cdACC was selectively engaged in perceptual conflict whereas the rdACC was more active in response conflict. Further, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was coactivated not with cdACC but with rdACC. We suggest that cdACC plays an important role in regulative processing of perceptual conflict whereas rdACC is involved in detecting response conflict. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The map is not the territory: Motor system reorganization in upper limb amputees
Authors: Gagné Martin , Hétu Sébastien , Reilly Karen T. , Mercier Catherine
Published: May 2010

It is generally considered that hand amputation changes primary motor cortex (M1) stump muscle representations. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies show that the corticospinal excitability of a stump muscle and its homologous muscle on the intact side is not equivalent, and that the resting level of excitability is higher in the stump muscle. Since changes in M1 stump muscle map characteristics (e.g., size and location) are identified by comparing stump and intact muscle maps, such changes might reflect between‐side differences in corticospinal excitability rather than a true reorganization of the stump muscle's map. In eight above‐elbow amputees we used TMS to map the M1 representation of a stump muscle and its homologous muscle on the intact side during rest and contraction. Importantly, the same relative stimulation intensity was used to construct each map; stimulation was performed at 120% of the motor threshold of each muscle (intact/amputated limb) measured in each condition (rest/active contraction). Resting motor threshold was lower in the stump muscle, but active motor thresholds did not differ. Motor‐evoked potential amplitudes increased between the rest and muscle contraction conditions, but this increase was smaller for the stump muscle because its at‐rest corticospinal excitability was higher than that of the intact muscle. When the between‐side difference in excitability was considered no interhemispheric difference was found for map areas or for their medio‐lateral locations. The present results challenge the view that after an upper limb amputation the stump representation moves laterally and occupies a larger M1 territory. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The differentiation of iconic and metaphoric gestures: Common and unique integration processes
Authors: Straube Benjamin , Green Antonia , Bromberger Bianca , Kircher Tilo
Published: May 2010

Recent research on the neural integration of speech and gesture has examined either gesture in the context of concrete [iconic (IC) gestures] or abstract sentence content [metaphoric (MP) gestures]. However, there has not yet been a direct comparison of the processing of both gesture types. This study tested the theory that left posterior temporal and inferior frontal brain regions are each uniquely involved in the integration of IC and MP gestures. During fMRI‐data acquisition, participants were shown videos of an actor performing IC and MP gestures and associated sentences. An isolated gesture (G) and isolated sentence condition (S) were included to separate unimodal from bimodal effects at the neural level. During IC conditions, we found increased activity in the left posterior middle temporal gyrus and its right hemispheric homologue. The same regions in addition to the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) were activated during MP conditions in contrast to the isolated conditions (G&S). These findings support the hypothesis that there are distinct integration processes for IC and MP gestures. In line with recent claims of the semantic unification theory, there seems to be a division between perceptual‐matching processes within the posterior temporal lobe and higher‐order relational processes within the IFG. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal white matter integrity in young children with autism
Authors: Weinstein Maya , Ben‐Sira Liat , Levy Yonata , Zachor Ditza A. , Itzhak Esti Ben , Artzi Moran , Tarrasch Ricardo , Eksteine Perla M. , Hendler Talma , Bashat Dafna Ben
Published: May 2010

This study investigated white matter integrity in young children with autism using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Twenty‐two children with autism, mean age 3:2 years, and 32 controls, mean age 3:4 years, participated in the study. Tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS) revealed white matter abnormalities in several distinct clusters within the genu and body of the corpus callosum (CC), left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and right and left cingulum (Cg). TBSS–VOIs analysis was performed in the clusters where differences in fractional anisotropy (FA) were detected to investigate the relationship between changes in FA and diffusivity indices. In all VOIs, increase in FA was caused by a decrease in radial diffusivity (Dr), while no changes in axial diffusivity (Da) or mean diffusivity (MD) were observed. Tractography analysis was applied to further study the CC, SLF, and Cg. Witelson parcellation scheme was used for the CC. Significant increase in FA was seen in children with autism in the mid‐body of the CC as well as in the left Cg. It is suggested that such abnormal white matter integrity in young children with autism may adversely affect connectivity between different brain regions and may be linked to some of the behavioral impairments apparent in autism. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diastereoselective synthesis of chloro‐ and fluoro‐aniline containing phosphonate esters in a three‐component condensation
Authors: Maghsoodlou Malek Taher , Hazeri Nourallah , Habibi‐Khorassani Sayyed Mostafa , Marandi Ghasem , Saghatforoush Lotfali , Saravani Danial , Torbati Niloufar Akbarzadeh , Rostami‐Charati Faramarz , Khandan‐Barani Khatereh , Skelton Brian W. , Makha Mohamed
Published: May 2010

New phosphonate ester derivatives were obtained by in situ stereo‐specific reaction between triphenyl phosphite and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates in the presence of a series of halogenated anilines. Spectroscopic data and X‐ray crystallography analysis are in agreement with the gauche arrangement for the two vicinal protons in the structures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:222–227, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20600
Study of reaction between activated acetylenes and N,N′‐diethyl‐2‐thiobarbituric acid in the presence of isocyanides or triphenylphosphine
Authors: Marandi Ghasem , Maghsoodlou Malek Taher , Hazeri Nourallah , Heydari Reza , Habibi Khorassani Sayyed Mostafa , Ebrahimi Ali , Poor Sakineh Mollaee , Mahdiabad Hassan Hosseini , Nassiri Mahmoud , Kabiri Roya
Published: May 2010

In a series of separate experiments reaction between N,N′‐diethyl‐2‐thiobarbituric acid and acetylenic diesters in the presence of isocyanides or triphenylphosphine led to highly functionalized 4H‐pyrano[2,3‐d]thiopyrimidine or 1,4‐di‐ionic organophosphorus derivatives. The 1H NMR spectra of diethyl‐7‐(2,6‐dimethylphenylamino)‐4‐oxo‐2‐thio‐ 1,3‐diethyl‐4H‐pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine‐5,6‐dicarboxylate showed dynamic NMR effect that was attributed to restricted rotation around the aryl‐nitrogen single bond. Activation free energy (ΔG≠) for this process is about 54.85 ± 2 kJ mol−1. Betaines as 1,4‐diionic organophosphorus compounds in this reaction are possessed of two vicinal stereogenic centers and exist in the solution as a mixture of two diastereoisomers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:228–235, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20601
Synthesis and functionalization of organophosphorus‐substituted amines with PCH2NH fragments
Authors: Prishchenko Andrey A. , Livantsov Mikhail V. , Novikova Olga P. , Livantsova Ludmila I. , Petrosyan Valery S.
Published: May 2010

The convenient procedures for the synthesis of new organophosphorus‐substituted amines with the PCH2NH moiety are proposed, starting from the derivatives of organophosphorus PH‐acids, as well as 1,3,5‐trisubstituted hexahydro‐1,3,5‐triazines as aminomethylating reagents. Various reactions of functionalization (such as acylation, carboxyethylation, pyridylethylation, and aminoethylation) of the obtained organophosphorus‐substituted amines are presented. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:236–241, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20602
Synthesis of chiral thiazoline ligands tethered to a sulfur function and first immobilization of a thiazoline‐ligand
Authors: Abrunhosa‐Thomas Isabelle , Betz Alexander , Denancé Mickael , Dez Isabelle , Gaumont Annie‐Claude , Gulea Mihaela
Published: May 2010

A new family of thiazoline ligands tethered to a sulfanyl or a sulfinyl group has been prepared using short and efficient reaction sequences. Among the different structures, one sulfanyl‐thiazoline homopolymer was synthesized as a first example of an immobilized thiazoline ligand. The catalytic properties of these new ligands were evaluated in the Pd‐catalyzed allylic substitution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:242–249, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20603
A facile and efficient synthesis of diethyl α,α‐chlorofluoroalkanephosphonates
Authors: Guan Zhi , Wu Di , Fu Jian‐Ping , He Yan‐Hong
Published: May 2010

A facile and efficient synthetic methodo‐ logy for the preparation of diethyl α,α‐chlorofluoro‐ alkanephosphonates is described. A wide variety of diethyl α‐hydroxyphosphonates were investigated by a two‐step halogenation procedure, which includes nucleophilic chlorination with PPh3 and CCl4 and electrophilic fluorination with N‐fluorobisbenzene‐ sulfonimide. Aromatic and aliphatic α,α‐chlorofluoro‐ phosphonates could be prepared by this method with acceptable yields. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:250–255, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20604
Synthesis of functional phosphines with ortho‐substituted aryl groups: 2‐RC6H4PH2 and 2‐RC6H4P(SiMe3)2 (R = 2‐i‐Pr‐ or 2‐t‐Bu‐)
Authors: Dugal‐Tessier Julien , Kuhn Paul‐Steffan , Dake Gregory R. , Gates Derek P.
Published: May 2010

The synthesis and characterization of 2‐i‐PrC6H4PCl2 (3), 2‐t‐BuC6H4PCl2 (4), 2‐i‐PrC6H4PH2 (5), 2‐t‐BuC6H4PH2 (6), 2‐i‐PrC6H4P(SiMe3)2 (7), and 2‐t‐BuC6H4P(SiMe3)2 (8) are described. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:265–270, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20606
Phase 1b Study of Pegylated Interferon Lambda 1 With or Without Ribavirin in Patients with Chronic Genotype 1 Hepatitis C Virus Infection†
Authors: Muir Andrew J. , Shiffman Mitchell L. , Zaman Atif , Yoffe Boris , de la Torre Andrew , Flamm Steven , Gordon Stuart C. , Marotta Paul , Vierling John M. , Carlos Lopez-Talavera Juan , Byrnes-Blake Kelly , Fontana David , Freeman Jeremy , Gray Todd , Hausman Diana , Hunder Naomi N. , Lawitz Eric
Published: May 2010

Interferon lambda 1 (IFN-λ1) is a type III IFN that produces intracellular responses similar to those of IFN-α but in fewer cell types because of differences in the receptor distribution pattern, and this could potentially result in an improved safety profile. This was an open-label three-part study of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 infection. Part 1 evaluated single-agent pegylated interferon lambda (PEG-IFN-λ) at 1.5 or 3.0 μg/kg administered every 2 weeks or weekly for 4 weeks in patients who had relapsed after previous IFN-α-based treatment. Part 2 evaluated weekly doses of PEG-IFN-λ ranging from 0.5 to 2.25 μg/kg in combination with ribavirin (RBV) for 4 weeks in treatment-relapse patients. Part 3 evaluated weekly PEG-IFN-λ at 1.5 μg/kg in combination with RBV for 4 weeks in treatment-naive patients. Fifty-six patients were enrolled: 24 patients in part 1, 25 patients in part 2, and 7 patients in part 3. Antiviral activity was observed at all PEG-IFN-λ dose levels (from 0.5 to 3.0 μg/kg). Two of seven treatment-naive patients (29%) achieved rapid virological response. Treatment was well tolerated with minimal flu-like symptoms and no significant hematologic changes other than RBV-associated decreases in hemoglobin. The most common adverse events were fatigue (29%), nausea (12%), and myalgia (11%). Six patients experienced increases in aminotransferases that met protocol-defined criteria for dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) or temporarily holding therapy with PEG-IFN-λ. Most DLT occurred in patients with high PEG-IFN-λ exposure.

Conclusion:

Weekly PEG-IFN-λ with or without daily RBV for 4 weeks is well tolerated with minimal adverse events and hematologic effects and is associated with clear antiviral activity across a broad range of doses in patients with chronic HCV.
Outcome of Sustained Virological Responders With Histologically Advanced Chronic Hepatitis C†,‡,§,¶
Authors: Morgan Timothy R. , Ghany Marc G. , Kim Hae-Young , Snow Kristin K. , Shiffman Mitchell L. , De Santo Jennifer L. , Lee William M. , Di Bisceglie Adrian M. , Bonkovsky Herbert L. , Dienstag Jules L. , Morishima Chihiro , Lindsay Karen L. , Lok Anna S. F.
Published: May 2010

Retrospective studies suggest that subjects with chronic hepatitis C and advanced fibrosis who achieve a sustained virological response (SVR) have a lower risk of hepatic decompensation and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this prospective analysis, we compared the rate of death from any cause or liver transplantation, and of liver-related morbidity and mortality, after antiviral therapy among patients who achieved SVR, virologic nonresponders (NR), and those with initial viral clearance but subsequent breakthrough or relapse (BT/R) in the HALT-C (Hepatitis C Antiviral Long-Term Treatment Against Cirrhosis) Trial. Laboratory and/or clinical outcome data were available for 140 of the 180 patients who achieved SVR. Patients with nonresponse (NR; n = 309) or who experienced breakthrough or relapse (BT/R; n = 77) were evaluated every 3 months for 3.5 years and then every 6 months thereafter. Outcomes included death, liver-related death, liver transplantation, decompensated liver disease, and HCC. Median follow-up for the SVR, BT/R, and NR groups of patients was 86, 85, and 79 months, respectively. At 7.5 years, the adjusted cumulative rate of death/liver transplantation and of liver-related morbidity/mortality in the SVR group (2.2% and 2.7%, respectively) was significantly lower than that of the NR group (21.3% and 27.2%,

P

< 0.001 for both) but not the BT/R group (4.4% and 8.7%). The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for time to death/liver transplantation (HR = 0.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.06-0.46) or development of liver-related morbidity/mortality (HR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.06-0.38) or HCC (HR = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.04-0.80) was significant for SVR compared to NR. Laboratory tests related to liver disease severity improved following SVR.

Conclusion:

Patients with advanced chronic hepatitis C who achieved SVR had a marked reduction in death/liver transplantation, and in liver-related morbidity/mortality, although they remain at risk for HCC.
Direct, Help-Independent Priming of CD81 T Cells by Adeno-Associated Virus-Transduced Hepatocytes†
Authors: Wuensch Sherry A. , Spahn Jessica , Crispe Ian N.
Published: May 2010

Both hepatitis B and C viruses frequently establish chronic infection, raising the question whether T cells are poorly primed in the liver. To determine the role of different cell types in the activation of CD8+ T cells against hepatocellular antigens, we used an Adeno-associated virus to deliver ovalbumin to hepatocytes. In contrast to CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells were not activated. The CD8+ T cells were activated even in the absence of endogenous CD4+ T cells; however, in the liver, these cells were high in the programmed death-1 protein and low in CD127. Chimera experiments revealed that these CD8+ T cells were activated on a solid tissue cell.

Conclusion:

Priming of CD8+ T cells directly on nonhematopoietic cells, in the absence of CD4+ T cell help, results in suboptimal T cell activation. This could explain the impaired function of CD8+ T cells seen in chronic liver infection.
The Association of Genetic Variability in Patatin-Like Phospholipase Domain-Containing Protein 3 (PNPLA3) with Histological Severity of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease†
Authors: Rotman Yaron , Koh Christopher , Zmuda Joseph M. , Kleiner David E. , Liang Jake T.
Published: May 2010

Genome-wide association studies identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are associated with increased hepatic fat or elevated liver enzymes, presumably reflecting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). To investigate whether these SNPs are associated with histological severity of NAFLD, 1117 (894 adults/223 children) individuals enrolled in the Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Clinical Research Network and National Institutes of Health Clinical Center studies with histologically confirmed NAFLD were genotyped for six SNPs that are associated with hepatic fat or liver enzymes in genome-wide association studies. In adults, three SNPs on chromosome 22 showed associations with histological parameters of NASH. After adjustment for age, sex, diabetes, and alcohol consumption, the minor allele of rs738409 C/G, a nonsynonymous coding SNP in the patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) (adiponutrin) gene encoding an Ile148Met change, was associated with steatosis (

P

= 0.03), portal inflammation (

P

= 2.5 × 10−4), lobular inflammation (

P

= 0.005), Mallory-Denk bodies (

P

= 0.015), NAFLD activity score (NAS,

P

= 0.004), and fibrosis (

P

= 7.7 × 10−6). Two other SNPs in the same region demonstrated similar associations. Three SNPs on chromosome 10 near the CHUK (conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase) gene were independently associated with fibrosis (

P

= 0.010). In children, no SNP was associated with histological severity. However, the rs738409 G allele was associated with younger age at the time of biopsy in multivariate analysis (

P

= 0.045).

Conclusion:

In this large cohort of histologically proven NAFLD, we confirm the association of the rs738409 G allele with steatosis and describe its association with histological severity. In pediatric patients, the high-risk rs738409 G allele is associated with an earlier presentation of disease. We also describe a hitherto unknown association between SNPs at a chromosome 10 locus and the severity of NASH fibrosis.
Critical heat flux enhancement in pool boiling using alumina nanofluids
Authors: Hegde Ramakrishna , Rao Srikanth S. , Reddy R.P.
Published: May 2010

The pool boiling characteristics of dilute dispersions of alumina nanoparticles in water were studied. Consistent with other nanofluid studies, it was found that a significant enhancement in critical heat flux (CHF) can be achieved at modest nanoparticle concentrations (<0.1% by volume). During experimentation and subsequent inspection, formation of a porous layer of nanoparticles on the heater surface occurred during nucleate boiling. This layer significantly changes surface texture of the heater wire surface which could be the reason for improvement in the CHF value. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20301
Tumour‐associated glycan modifications of antigen enhance MGL2 dependent uptake and MHC class I restricted CD8 T cell responses
Authors: Singh Satwinder Kaur , Streng‐Ouwehand Ingeborg , Litjens Manja , Kalay Hakan , Saeland Eirikur , van Kooyk Yvette
Published: May 2010

We recently showed that MGL2 specifically binds tumour‐associated glycan N‐acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc). We here demonstrate that modification of an antigen with tumour‐associated glycan GalNAc, targets antigen specifically to the MGL2 on bone marrow derived (BM)‐DCs and splenic DCs. Glycan‐modification of antigen with GalNAc that mimics tumour‐associated glycosylation, promoted antigen internalisation in DCs and presentation to CD4 T cells, as well as differentiation of IFN‐γ producing CD4 T cells. Furthermore, GalNAc modified antigen enhanced cross‐presentation of both BM‐DCs and primary splenic DCs resulting in enhanced antigen specific CD8 T cell responses. Using MyD88‐TRIFF−/− BM‐DCs we demonstrate that the enhanced cross‐presentation of the GalNAc modified antigen is TLR independent. Our data strongly suggest that tumour‐associated GalNAc modification of antigen targets MGL on DCs and greatly enhances both MHC class II and class I presentation in a TLR independent manner.
Reduced expression of RAS protein activator like‐1 in gastric cancer
Authors: Seto Motoko , Ohta Miki , Ikenoue Tsuneo , Sugimoto Takafumi , Asaoka Yoshinari , Tada Motohisa , Mohri Dai , Kudo Yotaro , Ijichi Hideaki , Tateishi Keisuke , Otsuka Motoyuki , Hirata Yoshihiro , Maeda Shin , Koike Kazuhiko , Omata Masao
Published: May 2010

RAS signaling is frequently deregulated in human neoplasms. However, RAS mutations have been found in only a small proportion of human gastric cancers, implicating other mechanisms in the activation of RAS signaling in gastric tumorigenesis. We have previously reported that decreased expression of RAS protein activator like‐1 (RASAL1), a member of the RAS‐GTPase‐activating proteins that switch off RAS activity, contributes to colon tumor progression. In our study, we explored the involvement of decreased RASAL1 expression in gastric tumorigenesis. RASAL1 expression was reduced in 6 of 10 gastric cancer cell lines examined by immunoblotting. Knockdown of RASAL1 increased mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling in response to growth factor stimulation, and the forced expression of RASAL1 reduced proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analyses in primary gastric tumors showed that RASAL1 expression was reduced in 23 of 48 (48%) of the gastric cancers but in none of the adenomas (0/10). Methylation of the RASAL1 promoter region and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the RASAL1 locus were examined to investigate the causes of RASAL1 silencing. All cell lines with reduced RASAL1 had RASAL1 methylation, and two had LOH. In primary gastric cancers, methylation or LOH was detected in 50% (6/12) of those with reduced RASAL1. Furthermore, RASAL1 expression was restored in some cell lines by histone deacetylase inhibitor treatment. Our findings demonstrate that reduced RASAL1 expression, partly due to genetic and epigenetic changes, contributes to gastric carcinogenesis, and also re‐emphasize the importance of RAS signaling in gastric cancer development.
HYAL1 overexpression is correlated with the malignant behavior of human breast cancer
Authors: Tan Jin‐Xiang , Wang Xiao‐Yi , Li Hong‐Yuan , Su Xin‐Liang , Wang Liang , Ran Liang , Zheng Ke , Ren Guo‐Sheng
Published: May 2010

Extracellular matrix (ECM) is closely correlated with tumor cell growth, proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis, etc. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a component of the ECM, and hyaluronidase (HAase) is a HA‐degrading endoglycosidase. Levels of HAase are elevated in many cancers. Hyaluronidase‐1 (HYAL1) is the major tumor‐derived HAase. In this study, we detected HYAL1 expression levels in breast cancer cells and tissues, and measured the amount HAase activity in breast cancer cells. Compared with nonmalignant breast cell line HBL‐100 and normal breast tissues, HYAL1 were overexpressed in breast cancer cell lines MDA‐MB‐231, MCF‐7, invasive duct cancer tissues and metastatic lymph nodes, respectively. Accordingly, the amount HAase activity in MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7 was higher than that in HBL‐100. In addition, knockdown of HYAL1 expression in MDA‐MB‐231 and MCF‐7 cells resulted in decreased cell growth, adhesion, invasion and angiogenesis potential. Meantime, the HYAL1 knockdown markedly inhibited breast cancer cell xenograft tumor growth and microvessel density. Further studies showed that the HYAL1, HYAL2 and HA were elevated in breast cancer, and HYAL1 could downregulate HA expression. In conclusion, HYAL1 may be a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target in breast cancer.
Coordinated epigenetic repression of the miR‐200 family and miR‐205 in invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Wiklund Erik D. , Bramsen Jesper B. , Hulf Toby , Dyrskjøt Lars , Ramanathan Ramshanker , Hansen Thomas B. , Villadsen Sune B. , Gao Shan , Ostenfeld Marie S. , Borre Michael , Peter Marcus E. , Ørntoft Torben F. , Kjems Jørgen , Clark Susan J.
Published: May 2010

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs commonly deregulated in cancer. The miR‐200 family (miR‐200a, ‐200b, ‐200c, ‐141 and ‐429) and miR‐205 are frequently silenced in advanced cancer and have been implicated in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor invasion by targeting the transcriptional repressors of E‐cadherin, ZEB1 and ZEB2. ZEB1 is also known to repress miR‐200c‐141 transcription in a negative feedback loop, but otherwise little is known about the transcriptional regulation of the miR‐200 family and miR‐205. Recently, miR‐200 silencing was also reported in cancer stem cells, implying that miR‐200 deregulation is a key event in multiple levels of tumor biology. However, what prevents miR‐200 expression remains largely unanswered. Here we report concerted transcriptional regulation of the miR‐200 and miR‐205 loci in bladder tumors and bladder cell lines. Using a combination of miRNA expression arrays, qPCR assays and mass spectrometry DNA methylation analyses, we show that the miR‐200 and miR‐205 loci are specifically silenced and gain promoter hypermethylation and repressive chromatin marks in muscle invasive bladder tumors and undifferentiated bladder cell lines. Moreover, we report that miR‐200c expression is significantly correlated with early stage T1 bladder tumor progression, and propose miR‐200 and miR‐205 silencing and DNA hypermethylation as possible prognostic markers in bladder cancer. In addition, we observe that the mesoderm transcription factor TWIST1 and miR‐200 expression are inversely correlated in bladder tumor samples and cell lines. TWIST1 associates directly with the miR‐200 and miR‐205 promoters, and may act as a repressor of miR‐200 and miR‐205 expression.
Climate change impacts on water for irrigating paddy rice in South Korea
Authors: Chung S.‐O. , Rodríguez‐Díaz J. A. , Weatherhead E. K. , Knox J. W.
Published: May 2010

The spatial and temporal impacts of climate change on paddy irrigation water demands in South Korea have been modelled and mapped. The outputs from a general circulation model (HadCM3) for two selected scenarios (A2, B2) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (IPCC SRES) and for two time periods (2050s and 2080s) have been downscaled and applied to a baseline climatology (1961–1990) developed by the International Water Management Institute. A GIS was used to map spatial changes in irrigation water requirements.

The simulations showed that although future average rainfall is expected to increase substantially (25–53%), average effective rainfall will only increase slightly (2–8%), leading to only slight reductions in paddy irrigation requirements (−1 to −8%). Assuming cropping patterns and farming practices remain unchanged, total volumetric irrigation water demand decreases by 4–10%. However, the spatial variations are substantial.

Combining these results with previously forecast increases in the available water resources under the SRES A2 scenario, the ratio between available water resources and volumetric irrigation demand would increase significantly. However, most of the increased rainfall falls after the peak demand period. Potential adaptation strategies such as constructing more storage reservoirs can be considered where water shortages still occur. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.