bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURES UPON THE IMPACT RESISTANCE OF STEEL CASTINGS
Authors: Moffatt R. W.
Published: April 2011

The investigation deals with the effect of low temperatures on the impact resistance of steel castings and forgings. Low, medium and high carbon steel castings and a few alloys of vanadium, nickel, and vanadium-nickel steel castings were examined. The metals were subjected to low temperatures, both before and after heat treatment. The temperatures for the tests varied from room temperatures to temperatures well below 0° F., so as to extend below the ordinary atmospheric range of temperatures found in northern climates.It was found that the impact resistances of the metals decreased for temperatures below the freezing point. For specimens, not heat treated, the impact resistance at − 40° F. may be only one-third to one-half of that at room temperature. Heat treatment increases the impact resistance at room temperatures and temperatures below the freezing point. The impact resistance at − 40° F. for the heat-treated metal compared favorably with the impact resistance of the untreated metal at room temperature, 68° F. Heat treatment may slightly lower the yield point and the ultimate tensile strength, but it increases the ductility and the impact resistance of the metal. By proper heat treatment of steel castings the impact resistance at − 40° F. may be brought over 300% higher than that of the untreated metal at that temperature.
ON THE HYDROGENATION OF BITUMEN FROM THE BITUMINOUS SANDS OF ALBERTA
Authors: Boomer E. H. , Saddington A. W.
Published: April 2011

Bitumen from Alberta bituminous sands, hydrogenated at high temperatures and pressures, has been found to form a light crude oil, amounting under favorable conditions to 80% or more of the original bitumen. It is believed that this yield can be increased by the use of a more efficient apparatus. The optimum temperature was in the region of 380 °C., and the best catalysts used were ammonium molybdate and aluminum chloride. An absorption of hydrogen equivalent to 3% by weight of bitumen was easily attained. The oil had a sulphur content equal to about one-half that of the bitumen; it is easily refined to produce a stable, white gasoline.
ASTROPHYSICAL DATA FROM EASTERN CANADA
Authors: Klugh A. Brooker , Sawyer W. Reginald
Published: April 2011

On account of investigations on the effect of light on various marine and freshwater organisms which are being carried on at the Atlantic Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B., Canada, it was necessary to know something of the energy values of sunlight, especially of its ultra-violet component, and also of moonlight. Consequently a Moll-Richard-Gorczynski pyrheliometer, and various other apparatus for measuring natural radiation, were brought into use in the summer of 1926. It was found that the sun, shining from a clear sky in June at this Station (Lat. 45° N. sea-level) had an energy value of 1.55 gm. cal. per sq. cm. per min., and data on the effects of clouds and haze were obtained. The ultra-violet component of the sun's radiation was found to be 2% of the total radiation in August. The energy value of the light of the full moon, at an elevation of 22° above the horizon in July was found to be 0.0000029 gm. cal. per sq. cm. per min., or about 1/555,000 that of full noon June sunlight.
NOTE ON TUBERCLE BACILLI OF AVIAN ORIGIN HARBORED IN THE UDDER OF A COW
Authors: Mitchell Chas. A. , Duthie R. C.
Published: April 2011

Tubercle bacillus, isolated from an avian source, the common crow, remained alive in the udder tissue of a cow 210 days after intravenous inoculation without producing demonstrable macroscopic lesion; reinoculated from the udder tissues into laboratory animals it proved virulent, and caused progressive lesions in chickens and rabbits but not in guinea pigs.
THE EFFECT OF THE ULTRA-VIOLET COMPONENT OF SUNLIGHT ON CERTAIN AQUATIC ORGANISMS
Authors: Klugh A. Brooker
Published: April 2011

In these experiments, which are a continuation of work carried out in 1927 and 1928, certain aquatic animals were exposed to sunlight behind filters which transmitted different regions of the solar spectrum. The first filter transmitted both the visible and ultra-violet regions, the second the visible only and the third the ultra-violet only. Young eels, Anguilla rostrata, which are in shallow water when ascending the streams, an Amphipod, Gammarus locusta, which was taken from shallow tide-pools, and a Ctenophore, Bolinopsis infundibulum, which floats about at the surface of the sea, all proved to be very resistant to ultra-violet radiation, thus showing a marked contrast to those animals which remain at some considerable depth in the sea or which come to the surface only when the illumination is very weak, as the latter are killed in a short time by exposure to ultra-violet radiation.
ENERGY LOSSES AND SCATTERING OF ELECTRONS IN MERCURY VAPOR
Authors: Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

Experiments have been carried out in which the energy losses of electrons striking mercury atoms have been studied. The apparatus was so designed that scattering relations could be studied for elastic and inelastic collisions.Energy losses representing the 4.7 or 4.9-volt energy level, the 6.7-volt energy level, the 10.4-volt level, or ionization, and some indication of intermediate levels have been found. Energy losses greater than the ionization potential have also been found at 11.5 and about 13.5 volts. The latter is without doubt the result of two successive collisions each resulting in the loss of 6.7 volts energy. The former due to its intensity cannot be explained as the result of two successive collisions, and its significance is discussed. Similar experiments by Whitney and Foard are discussed.The scattering curves are not as accurate as could be wished, due to an insufficient number of observations having been taken. They show, however, that the scattering is not of the type of the inverse square law of force. This is in agreement with observations by Arnot.
DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS IN PARALLEL WELDING FILLETS
Authors: MacKay H. M. , Bain A. M.
Published: April 2011

A mathematical theory is developed for the distribution of stress in welded joints with parallel fillets, in the case where each of the members connected by the weld is of uniform cross section. The theory is verified by strain measurements on two specimens of the type of joint considered.
THE OXIDATION OF SOME DIBASIC ACIDS
Authors: Hatcher W. H. , Mueller W. H.
Published: April 2011

This paper gives the results obtained when hydrogen peroxide is employed to oxidize malonic, tartronic, succinic, malic, tartaric, maleic and fumaric acids. The rate of reaction for each has been determined and compared with previous findings for other compounds. The mode of oxidation suggests in each case a complex through which decomposition occurs; the rates of reaction indicate the comparability of saturated acids having the same number of carbon atoms, the constancy of mono-hydroxylization in its velocity influence, and the diverse effects of hydrogen ion concentration. The effects of geometrical isomerism and the ethylenic linkage are well-marked. The formation of peracids is to be regarded in the nature of a side-reaction in these oxidations.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN CROP PLANTS
Authors: Newton R. , Martin W. M.
Published: April 2011

Factors affecting drought resistance include those concerned in absorption, transpiration, and wilt endurance. The colloidal properties of leaf-tissue fluids are believed to be important in water retention under droughty conditions. These and other physico-chemical properties have been determined in a number of cereals, grasses and other plants, in relation to known drought adaptations. Methods for the study of colloidal properties have also been investigated.Hydrophilic colloids bind water and increase the concentration of aqueous solutions, as shown by freezing-point determinations. Dextrose is less effective than sucrose in demonstrating this phenomenon. Concentration, quality, and state of dispersion or coagulation of colloids are factors affecting the degree of water binding.The extraction of plant-tissue fluids and the estimation of dry substance by a modification of the refractometric method are described. The hydrolysis of sucrose added to plant juice in the bound-water determination is shown experimentally not to introduce serious errors. Storage of leaf tissue or press juice for a few hours even at 0 °C. leads to changes in colloidal properties, but errors from this source are avoided by prompt handling.Cylindrical dialyser sacs of 100 cc. capacity were found to require about 48 hr. for dialysis of plant juice at 3 °C., with the water changed every hour. A gradual partial coagulation of colloids took place during dialysis, as shown by a decrease in refractive index, by an increase in gold number, and by sedimentation when centrifugalized. Hydration and dispersion were not always related, though both were affected by hydrogen ion concentration and by salts. Acid and alkaline salts stimulated hydration less because of the opposing "salt effect". In the presence of the natural crystalloids, hydration was usually greater than in dialysed juice.The osmotic pressure of the tissue fluids of crop plants has been found to vary with physiological scarcity of water, but is not a reliable index of drought resistance. Bound-water content has been found more dependable; the cultivated wheats and several grasses have been on this basis satisfactorily arranged in the order of their drought resistance. The contrasting behavior of two poplar species, with reference to leaf fall and frost resistance, has also been explained. The separation of the colloids by dialysis and the determination of their gold number have been used as aids in interpreting the bound-water values.The method of measuring imbibition pressure by direct pressure on masses of leaves proved unsuitable. The rates of water loss by evaporation from cactus segments and detached leaves of two grasses, under controlled humidity conditions, proved the remarkable ability of the cactus to retain moisture, but in the grasses showed no relation to drought resistance.
MOLECULAR ATTRACTIVE FORCES AND THE VELOCITY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Authors: Coffin C. C. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The reactions between hydrogen chloride and α-, β-, and γ-butylene have been investigated in both the liquid and gaseous states. The effect of temperature and concentration of the reactants on the reaction velocities was studied and the reaction products were examined. In the liquid state the γ-isomer reacts rapidly, the α- much more slowly and the β- slowest of all. In the gaseous state at atmospheric pressure only γ-butylene shows a measurable reaction which is bimolecular and probably heterogeneous. The liquid reactions were found to be homogeneous. Where possible the freezing-point curves of the systems were determined in order to ascertain the extent of molecular compound formation. The results obtained bear out the conclusions arrived at from previous work on the effect of molecular attraction upon reaction velocity, and indicate the existence of a catalytic factor peculiar to the liquid state. Suggestions as to the mechanism of such a catalysis are offered.
A STUDY OF THE RELATIVE VALUE OF HONEY AND SUCROSE IN BREAD MANUFACTURE
Authors: Geddes W. F. , Winkler C. A.
Published: April 2011

Honey was substituted for commercial sucrose in various straight-dough bread baking formulae, the doughs fermented for varying times and proofed and baked in the usual manner. No significant difference in loaf volume, flavor, or other bread characteristics could be detected, indicating that honey possesses no superiority over sucrose but is of equal value when compared on the basis of equivalent sugar content. The baking tests were supplemented by studies on the rate of gas production in doughs and also by determinations of the reducing-sugar content of the doughs at the end of the proof period. Rate of gas production was similar and the reducing-sugar content of the doughs were of the same order. A comparison of the results obtained by the different baking formulae indicate the importance of considering the formula in relation to the apparent fermentation tolerance of a flour. No difference was observed in the rate of gas production in partially buffered yeast-honey and yeast-sucrose suspensions of equivalent sugar content prepared in a manner to simulate conditions in fermenting bread doughs. Studies on the rate of inversion of sucrose by yeast showed that the rate of invertase action exceeds the speed of zymase action and indicate that sucrose inversion is not a limiting factor in the rate of gas production in bread doughs. An extension of the market for honey in the baking industry would seem to lie in the direction of increasing its use in sweet goods where its flavor, higher sweetening power and greater hygroscopicity are particularly advantageous—the last in relation to checking. In bread manufacture these properties do not come into play since the relatively low percentage of sugar used is to a large extent removed by fermentation.
CONDUCTIVITY DATA OF AQUEOUS MIXTURES OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND ORGANIC ACIDS
Authors: Hatcher W. H. , Sturrock M. G.
Published: April 2011

Preliminary results obtained by measuring changes in conductivity of organic acids mixed with aqueous hydrogen peroxide show a rapid though measurable progression to the attainment of a maximum or minimum within an hour. These establish previous findings, and afford a clue to the conductivity of organic peracids.
GAS-METAL ELECTRODE POTENTIALS IN STERILE CULTURE MEDIA FOR BACTERIA
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Reed Guilford B.
Published: April 2011

The work of French and Kahlenberg on gas-metal electrode potentials suggested that the potentials obtained at inert metal electrodes immersed in growing cultures of bacteria, and generally regarded as an oxidation-reduction phenomenon, might be of a similar type.This has been tested by passing air, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide through sterile beef broth and observing the potentials developed at platinum, gold, and mercury electrodes. It is shown that air causes a rise in potential at all three electrodes; hydrogen causes a marked fall in potential at the platinum and a slight change at the gold and mercury electrodes; nitrogen and carbon dioxide cause little or no change in the potential at the three electrodes. These changes are in agreement with French and Kahlenberg's results except in the case of the mercury electrode which is shown to react chemically with the broth.
THE UNITARY BEHAVIOR OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: Allen Frank
Published: April 2011

The investigations of the writer and his associates have shown that the responses of the organs of vision, hearing, touch, taste, temperature and pain, when stimulated, follow the same type of law, which states that some measure of the response is proportional to the logarithm of the intensity of stimulation. It has also been determined that the contraction of the muscles of the arm, the secretion of saliva, the learning process, the production of heat and the action currents in nerves, likewise conform to the same law. In every case the graphs obtained consist of two or more intersecting straight lines which indicate that, at intensities corresponding to the points of intersection, the response of the stimulated organ abruptly alters in magnitude. These changes in magnitude are due to an alteration of the balance between the reflex actions of inhibition and facilitation. Thus all the neural actions controlling the senses, muscles, glands, and probably the mental processes as well, have the same characteristic behavior.The Weber-Fechner law has also been investigated and found to be valid in the senses of vision and taste. In the senses of learning and touch the law does not hold, but a somewhat different law was discovered that does apply.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: V. ACTION OF HALOGENS ON LIGNIN AND WOOD
Authors: Hibbert Harold , Sankey Charles A.
Published: April 2011

The addition of bromine to lignin residues and compounds of related constitution has been studied in some detail. It has been found that this addition is not only a function of time, concentration, and bromine solvent, but also of the acidity of the reaction medium. Evidence has been obtained that renders it unlikely that di-isoeugenol and di-isosafrol are derivatives of cyclobutane.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF RUST RESISTANCE IN WHEAT: V. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HOST
Authors: Hanna W. F.
Published: April 2011

Determinations have been made of catalase, diastase and oxidase activity; rate of respiration; and content of chlorophyll, xanthophyll and carotin in the leaves of eight wheat varieties. With respect to their reactions to stem rust, these wheats vary from almost complete susceptibility in certain varieties to a high degree of resistance in others. Catalase activity increased as the plants approached maturity, whereas, diastatic activity decreased with increasing age. No significant differences were found in the oxidase activity or respiratory rate of the varieties. Little Club, and the varieties of the vulgare group proved to be relatively rich in chlorophyll and the carotinoids. It is suggested that photosynthetic processes may take place more rapidly in the cells of the varieties having a high content of these pigments, and thus furnish conditions suitable for the growth of the rust mycelium.
MERTON'S METHOD OF MEASURING THE HALF-WIDTH OF A SPECTRAL SOURCE AND THE FABRY AND PEROT ETALON
Authors: Robertson J. K.
Published: April 2011

A discussion is given concerning the possibility of applying to a Fabry and Perot étalon, Merton's method of evaluating the half-width of a spectral source. Using sources of known half-width as determined from Doppler effect and kinetic theory considerations, the writer has plotted the exact distribution of intensity in the image obtained with an étalon of about one centimetre thickness. By means of the resulting graphs a comparison is made between results obtained with the use of rigid theory and with a simplification similar to that previously used by Merton for another instrument. It is shown that the simplified method cannot in general be applied to an étalon.
TRIATOMIC HYDROGEN
Authors: Binder J. L. , Filby E. A. , Grubb A. C.
Published: April 2011

A study was made of the activation of hydrogen in the alternating-current corona discharge at atmospheric pressure. The resulting test for sulphide was negative unless the gas contained a small percentage of oxygen. Oxygen promoted the activation by acting as a wall poison. Stearic acid also acted as a wall poison in a vacuum tube discharge through hydrogen at pressures from 20 to 80 mm. The hydrogen was freed from oxygen by passing gas from a compressed cylinder over platinized asbestos heated to 550 °C. A fatigue effect appeared which was found to be due to the oxygen content of the hydrogen and to the condition of the walls of the discharge tube.Quantitative determinations of the relation between concentration of the active gas and the velocity of hydrogen show that, at 42 mm. pressure, the concentration varied directly with the velocity up to an optimum flow of 2.4 litres per hour. At a higher rate the concentration varied inversely with the velocity. The per cent activation was found to vary inversely with the pressure between 30 and 80 mm. In the corona discharge the maximum per cent activation for hydrogen containing 0.1% of oxygen was 0.001.A concentration of 0.025% active hydrogen was found for the vacuum discharge in a tube the walls of which were poisoned with stearic acid, and in which the pressure and velocity were 42 mm. and 2.4 litres, respectively.
STUDIES IN URETHANES: V. NEW ACYL DI-URETHANES AND THEIR REACTIONS WITH AMMONIA AND AMINES
Authors: Basterfield Steward , Wilson C. Vernon , Greig Margaret E.
Published: April 2011

Previous studies have shown that oxalyl-, malonyl- and phthalyldi-urethanes are decomposed readily by ammonia and primary amines with the loss of one or both urethane groups and the production of the amides of the dibasic acids, or of urethane-amides, and ureido-amides. Acyldi-ureas were not formed as might have been expected.The present study deals mainly with the preparation and properties of succinyl-, glutaryl-, and adipyldi-urethanes. While with ammonia and ethylamine these yield amides, with aniline they give the acyldi-(phenylureas), which are decomposed by further action of the base into acylanilides, and diphenylurea. The mode of decomposition is strongly influenced by the nature of the acyl radical as well as that of the reacting base. The results may be provisionally generalized in the statement that, with a given base, the tendency of a di-urethane to yield the acid amide is more pronounced the stronger the acid from which the radical is derived, while with a given di-urethane the tendency to amide formation is more pronounced the stronger the reacting base. The formation of acyldi-ureas becomes evident when the di-urethane contains the radical of an acid with an ionization constant of the order of 10−6 or less.
VARIABILITY IN EXPERIMENTAL BAKING: I. THE INFLUENCE OF MECHANICAL MOULDING
Authors: Geddes W. F. , Goulden C. H. , Hadley S. T. , Bergsteinsson H. N.
Published: April 2011

not available
THE DENSITY OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE
Authors: Cooper D. LeB. , Maass O.
Published: April 2011

The density of sulphur dioxide has been measured by the same method as that previously described in this Journal and equations of five isothermals are given. Some evidence of adsorption influence appears in the isothermal at − 7.82 °C. The normal density of sulphur dioxide found is 2.9262.
THE PHOTO-ELECTRIC MEASUREMENT AND PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING OF DAYLIGHT
Authors: Thomson Wallace A.
Published: April 2011

A method is described by which illumination intensities were measured by a photo-electric cell and galvanometer, and a continuous photographic record obtained of the variations of intensity over a period of time during which the ground was covered with snow.It was found that a remarkable increase in the illumination was caused by the presence of cloudiness with full sunshine. The percentage increase due to this condition in many cases was 20–30%, and on one occasion it was as high as 40%.When there was a cloud over the sun, with most of the sky clear, the decrease in illumination was found to vary up to 35%, depending on the density of the cloud, and on many occasions it was observed that the increase in indirect illumination due to overhead cloudiness more than balanced the decrease of direct illumination when the sun was partly hidden. From this it is concluded that the intensity may be greater with the sun partly hidden than at the same time of day with a clear sky.
A POSSIBLY BIOGENIC STRUCTURE IN GRENVILLE LIMESTONE IN HASTINGS COUNTY, ONTARIO
Authors: Osborne Freleigh Fitz
Published: April 2011

Certain structures in crystalline Grenville limestone resemble those ascribed to algae in late Pre-Cambrian formations. These structures are probably not biogenic and, therefore, of no value in correlation.
SPECIFIC EFFECT OF MONOCHROMATIC LIGHT UPON PLASMOLYSIS IN PARAMECIUM
Authors: Hutchinson A. H. , Ashton M. R.
Published: April 2011

Investigations conducted during the last three years have shown that light of definite wave-lengths has specific effects upon the growth of organisms, e.g., yeast, paramecium and tomato rot (Colletotrichum).The organism, Paramecium caudatum, was irradiated in a quartz cell at room temperature with a Cooper-Hewitt "Lab-arc" for periods of 6 and 24 hr. and the rate of plasmolysis in sodium chloride and sucrose solutions then determined. The organisms passed through the same series of reactions in both solutions but plasmolysis occurred much more rapidly in sodium chloride than in sucrose solutions, even when the latter were of greater concentration.It would seem that the effect of light is to increase the rate of plasmolysis under all circumstances, although Packard (8) states that the permeability of the cell membrane is increased with increase of division rate in paramecium.In general there is a marked similarity between the curves showing the increase in rate of plasmolysis and those showing the effect of irradiation on the growth rate of paramecium.In most cases visible and near ultra-violet light caused an increase in the rate of plasmolysis of less magnitude than that caused by the far ultra-violet. All visible and near ultra-violet lines used, with the exception of 4960 Å, 4078 Å and 3022 Å, caused stimulation of division rate and these lines had the least effect on the rate of plasmolysis.The single green spectral line (λ = 4960 Å) had a retarding effect on growth and also caused a decided increase in plasmolysis. The lines 4078 Å and 3022 Å both caused slight decrease in division rate and slight increase in rate of plasmolysis.It would appear that, with few exceptions, the effect of monochromatic lines of the spectrum in increasing the rate of plasmolysis is greater the shorter the wave-length.It has been found that in many cases injury to an organism produces rapid increase and stimulation of growth.From the results of these experiments it would seem that when light energy is absorbed, the physiological condition of the plasma membrane changes. Apparently the conditions accompanying moderate increase in rate of plasmolysis also accompany increase in the rate of cell division in paramecium, and the conditions accompanying excessive increase in rate of plasmolysis result in decrease of growth.
STUDIES IN THE VARIABILITY OF TUBERCLE BACILLI.: II. CORRELATION OF COLONY STRUCTURE, ACID AGGLUTINATION AND VIRULENCE
Authors: Reed Guilford B. , Rice Christine E.
Published: April 2011

Twenty-eight cultures of tubercle bacilli including human, bovine and avian forms from widely differing sources have been compared as to colony structure, habit of growth in fluid media, acid agglutination and virulence for animals.It was found that the recently isolated highly virulent cultures and all the cultures with a long history of high virulence grew on solid media in S colony form; on fluid media, in the case of bovine and human types, as a continuous veil-like pellicle, in the avian types as a diffuse suspension; all were agglutinated only at a high acidity. All the a virulent or low virulent cultures or those with a history of loss of virulence now grow on solid media in R colonies; in fluid media as a heavy pellicle tending to separate into discrete islands; and are agglutinated at a relatively low acidity.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE EXPRESSION OF FACTORS GOVERNING RUST REACTION IN A CROSS BETWEEN TWO VARIETIES OF TRITICUM VULGARE
Authors: Harrington J. B.
Published: April 2011

Two random populations of F2 plants of the cross Marquillo × Marquis were tested for the reaction of their F3 seedling progenies to form 21 of Puccinia graminis tritici in the greenhouse, at average daily temperatures of 69.7° F. (the warm test) for one population, and 60.6° F. (the cool test) for the other. In both tests Marquis was susceptible and Marquillo was resistant. In the "warm test" ten families of a total of 781 were resistant. In the "cool test" five families of a total of 301 were susceptible. In both cases the results fitted a 63:1 ratio excellently, indicating the operation of three main genetic factors for rust reaction. A genetic hypothesis is proposed that explains the results on the basis of the influence of low temperature in curtailing the action of three susceptibility factors A, B and C carried by Marquis. The results indicate that genetic studies on characters which are easily influenced by environmental conditions should be made under controlled conditions, after ascertaining in advance the general effects of different temperatures, etc., upon the hybrid material to be used.
WALLROTHIELLA ARCEUTHOBII, A PARASITE OF THE JACK-PINE MISTLETOE
Authors: Dowding E. Silver
Published: April 2011

Arceuthobium, the host of Wallrothiella Arceuthobii, has been found in British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, and Ontario and Wallrothiella Arceuthobii has been found in Manitoba and Alberta.Arceuthobium fruits become infected in Canada in the spring, about a week after fertilization. The fungus and the infected fruits then increase in size, and they attain their maximum development by the summer of the following year.The ascospores are not violently discharged into the air. The spores ooze out into water when the perithecia are wet.The mature perithecium is made up of two compartments, the lower compartment containing the asci, and the upper compartment into which the ascospores are discharged and where they collect.It is suggested that insects are agents which disperse the ascospores.Ascospores sown in Arceuthobium decoction commence to germinate, but growth ceases after the germ tube has reached the length of about one millimetre.Attempts to inoculate the stigmas of healthy Arceuthobium with "sprout-mycelium" have so far been unsuccessful.
STUDIES ON LIGNIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS: IX. ETHERS OF GLYCOL-LIGNIN
Authors: Hibbert Harold , Marion Léo
Published: April 2011

Glycol-lignin prepared from spruce wood has been found to form a sodium salt which reacts with chloro-derivatives, giving rise to the corresponding glycol-lignin ethers. These compounds are insoluble in aqueous sodium hydroxide but still contain free hydroxyl groups which can be methylated without the ethereal linkage being broken. Hence glycol-lignin contains several free hydroxyl groups, one or more of which possess acidic properties. Both the methoxymethyl ether and the 2:4-dinitrophenyl ether of glycol-lignin have been prepared. The evidence would seem to indicate the presence of both phenolic and aliphatic hydroxyl groups.
CATALASE ACTIVITY OF WHEAT LEAF JUICE IN RELATION TO FROST RESISTANCE
Authors: Newton R. , Brown W. R.
Published: April 2011

The catalase activity of press-juice of winter wheat leaves collected from the field at any time during the late summer and fall was directly related to the winter hardiness of varieties.
OCCURRENCE AND SPORULATION OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM P.K.B. IN THE SOIL
Authors: Henry A. W.
Published: April 2011

Helminthosporium sativum, one of the most prevalent fungous pathogenes affecting the roots and other parts of wheat and related grass plants, grows and fruits readily as a saprophyte on various substrata. It might therefore be expected that it would be found in abundance in the soil. Attempts to isolate it directly from field soils by plating have been successful, but only in a small percentage of the trials. Failures are apparently largely attributable to the fact that this fungus does not sporulate commonly in ordinary field soils. This has been shown by direct microscopic examination of the soil and by artificial cultures. From a study of the latter it has been found that H. sativum will sporulate quite readily on several different soil types including sand if they are sterilized, but not if they are not sterilized.The fact that soils capable of supporting sporulation of this fungus may be rendered ineffective by adding small amounts of unsterilized soil, suggests that sporulation is inhibited by the saprophytic micro-organisms of the soil. It would appear that if H. sativum occurs in the soil, it must be present chiefly in the form of mycelium. Inability to form spores probably lessens the capability of this fungus to survive as well as to multiply in the soil.
HUMIDITY MEASUREMENTS IN THE SLIP STREAM OF FLYING AIRCRAFT
Authors: Rose D. C.
Published: April 2011

This paper is a report on some experimental work on hair hygrometers and the wet and dry bulb thermometer type of hygrometer used in aircraft work. The results of preliminary observations using such instruments are given, the results indicating that hair hygrometers are not satisfactory. The findings obtained can be correlated easily with the weather conditions under which the flights were taken.
VARIETAL TRIALS, PHYSIOLOGIC SPECIALIZATION, AND BREEDING SPRING WHEATS FOR RESISTANCE TO TILLETIA TRITICI AND T.LEVIS
Authors: Aamodt O. S.
Published: April 2011

There has been a considerable increase in the amount of bunted wheat in western Canada recently. One hundred and forty-nine varieties and selections of spring wheat showed all gradations in reaction to this disease when inoculated artificially, varying from apparent immunity to high susceptibility. The increase in bunt can be accounted for in part by the use of certain varieties that are more susceptible than some of those grown formerly. There has also been an increase in the number and virulence of physiologic forms. One physiologic form of T. tritici and five of T. levis were obtained from six collections of bunt in this study. The isolation and study of relatively pure forms of the organism will be necessary for a study of the genetic factors in the host governing the reaction to bunt. Inheritance studies at present indicate that multiple factors, the exact nature of which has not yet been determined, govern the reaction to this disease. Production of resistant varieties suitable for the prairie provinces of Canada offers a very promising means for reducing the losses due to bunt of wheat.
THE RANGE OF THE ALPHA-PARTICLES FROM URANIUM II
Authors: Bateson S.
Published: April 2011

The range of the α-particles from uranium II has been determined by a scintillation method to be 3.29 ± 0.08 cm. at 15 °C. and 760 mm. This is in good agreement with Laurence's value found with a Wilson chamber. From the Geiger-Nuttall relationship the period is calculated to be 28,000 years, a value considerably less than that found recently by direct measurement.
RAMAN EFFECT OF BENZENE AND TOLUENE UNDER HIGH DISPERSION AND RESOLVING POWER
Authors: Howlett Leslie E.
Published: April 2011

This paper is a report of work carried out at the Macdonald Physical Laboratory on the Raman effect of benzene and toluene. The six-prism spectrograph, used by Dr. J. S. Foster for his work on the Stark effect, was employed in the investigation. It was found that a number of entirely new lines were observed in the Raman spectrum of both liquids. Some of these are due to the separation into components of previously observed lines; others are entirely new. Accurate measurements are given of the Raman frequency shifts and comparison with other results is afforded.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: XXXIX. STRUCTURE OF THE CELLULOSE SYNTHESIZED BY THE ACTION OF ACETOBACTER XYLINUS ON GLUCOSE
Authors: Hibbert Harold , Barsha Jacob
Published: April 2011

A description is given of the properties of the cellulose obtained from glucose by the action of Acetobacter xylinus.Acetylation of the product gives a yield of 98.8% of a triacetate identical with cellulose triacetate, and the cellulose regenerated from the acetate is identical with the starting material. The triacetate, when spun dry from solution in chloroform, gives a silk-like fibre which on de-acetylation yields a fibre showing the same X-ray diffraction pattern as natural cellulose. Acetolysis of the acetate yields cellobiose octacetate.Treatment of the triacetate with methyl alcohol containing HCl gives a yield of 94.1% of α- and β-methylglucosides, while on direct hydrolysis of the cellulose with a solution of zinc chloride in hydrochloric acid, a practically quantitative yield (99.5%) of glucose is obtained.Simultaneous de-acetylation and methylation of a partially saponified acetate soluble in acetone gave trimethyl cellulose (yield, 84.6%). The latter, on hydrolysis with methyl alcohol containing HCl, yielded 2:3:6-trimethyl methylglucoside (yield, 92.3%) which, in turn, was converted into crystalline 2:3:6-trimethyl glucose (yield, 83.5%). The last two compounds were found to be identical in every way with the same products prepared from ordinary cotton cellulose. It follows from this that the cellulose obtained by direct bacterial synthesis from glucose is identical with natural cellulose.
VELOCITY OF LONGITUDINAL VIBRATION IN SOLID RODS (ULTRASONIC METHOD) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ELASTICITY OF ICE
Authors: Boyle R. W. , Sproule D. O.
Published: April 2011

An experimental research showing how corrections in the value of velocity of phase propagation may be made to take into account lateral inertia, and how the law (Rayleigh's) will break down at higher frequencies because of other types of vibration intervening. When the ratio of radius to length, multiplied by the mode of vibration [Formula: see text] exceeds a certain figure (in the case of duralumin, 0.55) the law breaks down, and it appears that radial longitudinal vibrations intervene. From the research a simple method emerges to determine Poisson's ratio, which in the case of duralumin is found to be 0.35.An application of this ultrasonic method is made to determine Young's modulus for ice, in order to find more consistent values than those generally quoted. The value of this modulus for ice at about 0 °C. is found to be about 9 × 1010 dynes/cm2. corresponding to a velocity of sound in it of 3.15 × 105 cm. per sec.
STUDIES ON BROWNING ROOT ROT OF CEREALS: II. SOME PARASITIC SPECIES OF PYTHIUM AND THEIR RELATION TO THE DISEASE
Authors: Vanterpool T. C. , Truscott J. H. L.
Published: April 2011

Evidence is presented which shows that browning root rot of cereals is caused primarily by species of Pythium the most important of which are P. arrhenomanes Drechsler var. canadensis n. var. and P. volutum n. sp. Soil conditions, especially those following summerfallow, and seasonal climatic factors also play a necessary role. Under experimental conditions Pythium injury to cereals manifests itself as an embryo rot or as pre-emergence killing of the seedlings, as post-emergence blighting, or as retarded development throughout the life of the plant, due to the impairment of the root system especially during the seedling stage. Both the spring and winter wheats are susceptible.The isolation and inoculation methods found convenient in the study of the problem are outlined. P. arrhenomanes var. canadensis is widely distributed over the province, whereas P. volutum appears to be more limited in its range. Specific diagnoses of these two species and a discussion of their taxonomy are given. Other less aggressive species of Pythium undoubtedly contribute to the disease complex.Comparative experiments show that Pythium injury to wheat may be as severe as that caused by Ophiobolus graminis or by Helminthosporium sativum. In general, P. arrhenomanes var. canadensis, the Louisiana sugar-cane Pythium and P. arrhenomanes are similar in their degree and range of parasitism, whereas P. volutum shows marked differences. Experimental evidence obtained under controlled conditions indicates that the damage caused to young wheat plants by P. arrhenomanes var. canadensis increases with both increasing soil temperatures and soil moistures. No correlation has been found between the hydrogen ion concentration of the soil and the distribution of the disease. Both P. arrhenomanes var. canadensis and P. volutum will grow in nutrient solutions with a lower pH value than that of any prairie soil tested, but optimum growth for both species occurs at neutrality. No conclusive results have as yet been obtained as to the effects of various fertilizers on the disease under artificial conditions.
STUDIES OF POLYMERS AND POLYMERIZATION: IV. OBSERVATIONS ON THE POLYMERIZATION OF ISOPRENE AND 2, 3-DIMETHYLBUTADIENE-1, 3
Authors: Whitby George Stafford , Crozier Robert Nelson
Published: April 2011

The polymerization of isoprene and dimethylbutadiene at temperatures ranging from 10° to 145 °C. has been studied with reference to the nature of the dimeric products and the influence of the temperature and period of heating on the extent of polymerization, the ratio of oil to rubber and the molecular weight of the rubber and viscosity of its sols. There was no evidence of the formation from either diene of an open chain dimer, polymerizable to rubber, such as the "β-myrcene" of Ostromislenski. The ratio of oil:rubber from a given diene is approximately constant in different periods of polymerization at a given temperature. The ratio increases with rise of temperature. Isoprene gives far more oily by-product than dimethylbutadiene. As polymerization progresses, the molecular weight of the rubber and the viscosity of its sols rises. The higher the temperature of polymerization, the lower is the molecular weight ultimately attained. The polymerization is catalyzed by air. The viscosity of the sols of the synthetic rubbers is low and falls on keeping owing to oxidation.
REACTION OF FLOUR OF SOME VARIETIES OF HARD RED SPRING WHEAT TO BLEACHING AGENTS
Authors: Larmour R. K. , Geddes W. F. , Malloch J. G.
Published: April 2011

Composite samples of "aged" flour of 17 varieties of spring wheat grown in western Canada, were bleached by three methods, namely, [Formula: see text] oz. Betachlor per bbl., 1 lb. Novadel per 40 bbl., and [Formula: see text] oz. Betachlor per bbl. followed by 1 lb. Novadel per 40 bbl. Gasoline color values were determined for the bleached and unbleached samples and it was found that the more highly pigmented flours in the series could be reduced to approximately the same color as the less pigmented samples, indicating that the former respond to a greater extent to bleaching than the latter. The color of the bread was improved in all cases, the greatest improvement occurring with Betachlor plus Novadel and the least with Betachlor alone. Loaf volumes obtained with six different baking formulas showed no significant difference between bleached and unbleached samples. None of the dosages showed any evidence of overbleaching. It was thought that information might be obtained on the relative susceptibility of the varieties to damage by bleaching agents, but it was found that normal dosages are not sufficient for differentiation on this basis. It is suggested that this might be accomplished by using heavier dosages of Betachlor.
OIL DAMAGE TO COTTON TENTING MATERIALS
Authors: Morgan O. M.
Published: April 2011

The effect of weathering on white and brown (Mineral Khaki) cotton duck tenting materials treated with a variety of oils has been investigated. Vegetable oils have the greatest deteriorating action. Cottonseed oil has been shown to produce the greatest weakening effect, giving tensile strength losses of 73% during a 240-day exposure. Mineral oil exerts only a moderate damaging effect. It is possible that the tensile strength losses are proportional to the iodine values but this has not been definitely established. Mineral Khaki has a very definite weather-proofing and oil resisting action when impregnated in cotton.
A PHOTO-ELECTRIC CELL CIRCUIT
Authors: Woonton G. A. , Elson R. G.
Published: April 2011

In this paper it is shown that a vacuum tube circuit of special design is capable of linear response to the varying conductivity of a photo-electric cell. A method is suggested whereby light intensities of widely different magnitudes can be compared. The circuit is shown to be extremely stable.
A CONVENIENT RING MOULD FOR RUBBER TESTING
Authors: Stedman D. F.
Published: April 2011

A mould is described which permits the direct moulding of rubber in the form of test rings, which for convenience may be made of the same radial dimensions as standard Schopper rings, while the thickness of the ring may be varied according to the amount of rubber inserted in the mould. These moulds are particularly useful when either the rubber or compounding ingredients are limited in amount, as they permit utilization of the whole of a sample, and tests may be obtained on quite small quantities.
THE DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE IN HONEY
Authors: Chataway H. D.
Published: April 2011

The relationships between refractive index and moisture content of honey and between viscosity and moisture content have been quantitatively investigated, and as a result it has been found possible to utilize each of these properties for the determination of the moisture content. The requisite tables have been drawn up and details of the methods given. The degree of accuracy attainable is equal to that of the standard A.O.A.C. method, while the procedure is in both cases simpler and more rapid.
STUDIES IN THE VARIABILITY OF TUBERCLE BACILLI: V. ACID AGGLUTINATION AND ELECTROPHORETIC POTENTIAL IN MYCOB. LEPRAE
Authors: Reed G. B. , Gardiner B. G.
Published: April 2011

Previous work has indicated that various species of acid-fast bacteria including the tubercle bacilli may be separated into S and R types on the basis of colony structure and virulence; some results suggest that the two types differ in respect to the surface potential charge on the individual organisms. In this paper it is shown that S and R types of Mycob. leprae suspended in distilled water show a difference in electrophoretic potential of approximately five times the probable error of the determinations. Suspensions of S organisms are shown to have an isoelectric point of pH 1.2 compared with a pH of 2.2 in the case of a suspension of R organisms. Although acid agglutination of the S and R suspensions was found to occur at widely different pH levels, the agglutination occurred at approximately the same electrophoretic potential for both types, namely, at about 18.2 millivolts.
THE EFFECT OF SUCROSE, COOKED POTATO, POTASSIUM BROMATE AND MALT UPON BAKING STRENGTH AT VARIOUS YEAST CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Harris R. H.
Published: April 2011

Three commercial and one experimental straight flour milled from 1931 Saskatchewan Marquis wheat were baked by a variety of methods, using various percentages of yeast.Two basic formulas were used; No. 1 containing flour, water, salt and yeast, No. 2 containing the same ingredients plus sucrose. To these were added 40 cc. of cooked white potato extract and diastatic malt.Using No. 2, no yeast starvation was apparent, but with No. 1 three flours showed this effect with higher yeast concentrations. The addition of potato extract resulted in pronounced yeast starvation with No. 1, and some starvation with No. 2. The further addition of malt produced optimum results with a yeast concentration of 3%.A further series of bakings with another commercial flour (E) showed the improving effect of sucrose and malt in the presence of 20% of cooked white potato. Cooked sweet potato appeared to be able to support fermentation in the absence of added sucrose. Potassium bromate produced larger loaves with sugar and malt with high yeast concentrations.As far as the flours used were concerned, using the basic formulas, there appeared to be no yeast starvation when 2.5% of sucrose was added (No. 2). When yeast stimulants were present, added sucrose and malt appeared to be necessary to prevent yeast starvation with a yeast concentration of 3%.
REPLACEABLE BASES, HYDROGEN AND BASE-HOLDING CAPACITY OF ALBERTA SOILS
Authors: Holowaychuk N.
Published: April 2011

Studies on soils from three major soil groups in Alberta showed relatively high content of replaceable bases with normal calcium, magnesium and sodium-potassium ratios. The A2 horizon of the wooded soils was lowest in replaceable bases and indicates excessive leaching. Excessive leaching has not occurred in any of the horizons of the brown and the black soils. Losses by leaching in the brown and black soils have resulted mainly from the movement of water-soluble cations.Movement of base-exchange complexes from the A2 horizon of the wooded soils was apparently due to dispersion rather than disintegration. The excess SiO2 in the A2 horizon has resulted from disintegration of feldspars rather than from the breaking up of the base-exchange complex.Greater proportions of hydrolytic acidity were found in the A2 and B1 horizons of the wooded soils than in the black soils.The wooded soils appear to belong to the podsol group according to the Gedroiz system of classification.
A NEW SWEEP-CIRCUIT DEVICE FOR THE CATHODE-RAY OSCILLOGRAPH
Authors: Field Geo. S.
Published: April 2011

On account of the frequency limitation of the ordinary sweep circuit used with the low-voltage cathode-ray oscillograph tube, a new circuit was developed for use in the analysis of higher-frequency alternating voltages and currents. This circuit has been employed to generate saw-tooth waves at frequencies up to 50,000 cycles per sec., and can probably be made to work at higher frequencies if necessary.