bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation in high-stakes performance assessment
Authors: Watterson Leonie
Published: November 2023

‘High-stakes’ performance assessment generally refers to that which leads to an overall judgment about a previously qualified practitioner’s professional performance for the purpose of renewing practice privileges. It may involve a standardized screening exercise for routine recertification, or a tailored exercise in response to specific concerns that his or her clinical performance is substandard.
Maintaining well-being
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael
Published: November 2023

The effects on quality of life of a debilitating and complex disease such as MND vary greatly from one individual to another. Clearly one factor is the pattern of progression and pace of change of the disease itself. Another important factor is variation in individual personality, and we all respond to adversity with different degrees of resilience. Our ability to control these two aspects of the disease is limited. However, access to the wide range of skills in the multidisciplinary care team can be a major determinant of well-being for people living with MND.
Decision–making and remaining in control
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael
Published: November 2023

One of the most challenging aspects of living with MND is coping with a sense of loss of control. This arises from a combination of awareness that something serious is happening, that doctors do not know the cause, seem to have a limited ability to predict the course of the disease and offer no immediate prospect of a cure. This may produce a feeling akin to being on a ship without the ability to steer. Most patients feel that they wish to do something active and may feel frustrated by the lack of clear advice from health care professionals about how to ‘fight’ the disease. We have tried to emphasize in this book the importance of an active approach to nutrition, respiratory function and the management of disability. A crucial part of regaining some sense of control in the midst of a difficult situation is to plan for change by facing some key decisions head on. While this can naturally appear threatening at first, our experience is that most people find this process helpful because it allows an open discussion of the effects of MND on the individual, which can have the effect of reducing fear, both of the unknown and of aspects of the disease which are not relevant to an individual situation.
Phylogenetic Diversity: From Combinatorics to Ecology
Authors: Hartmann Klaas , Steel Mike
Published: November 2023

Phylogenetic diversity (PD) is a measure of the evolutionary history spanned by a set of taxa within a larger phylogenetic tree. Briefly, the PD score of a subset of taxa, S, is the sum of the lengths of those edges of the tree that span S (a more precise definition follows later). It has been used as a comparative measure in biodiversity conservation, following its introduction by Dan Faith in 1992 [14]. Subsequent authors (see, for example [2, 10, 29, 36, 52] and the references therein) have further explored its application to biodiversity assessment and conservation. Properties of phylogenetic diversity have also been applied recently by Pardi and Goldman [34] to shed light on the relative merits of cooperative versus greedy strategies for taxa sampling for genomic sequencing.
Fragmentation of Large Data Sets in Phylogenetic Analyses
Authors: Sanderson Michael J , Ané Cécile , Eulenstein Oliver , Fernández-Baca David , Kim Junhyong , McMahon Michelle M , Piaggio-Talice Raul
Published: November 2023

Data sets for phylogenetic analysis of species relationships are becoming increasingly large. Genomic data ranging from whole genome sequences to EST libraries are increasing the number of loci that can be included in one analysis: many studies in the last several years have inferred trees based on 100-500 genes [12, 13, 25, 26, 36]. At the same time, easy access to GenBank and other sequence databases, which (as of March 2006) contain data on 150,000 species, or approximately 9% of all described species on Earth, coupled with development of tools to automate data mining [10, 19] has prompted increasingly broad taxonomic sampling. Phylogenies with several thousand species have now been reconstructed [19, 21, 23]. Typical ‘large scale’ phylogenetic analyses of the past few years have entailed data combination in some form or other: either combining information from many loci for relatively few taxa, or a few loci for many taxa.
Expression in Music
Authors: Matravers Derek
Published: November 2023

Progress in enquiry depends as much on getting the right questions as it does on getting the right answers. This is nowhere better illustrated in recent philosophy than in the discussion of the expression of emotion by instrumental music. What I hope to do in this paper is to argue for framing the question in one particular way, and, having done so, evaluate the answers that have been given to that question (even if the answers were not originally given in answer to that question).
The Structure of Irony and How it Functions in Music
Authors: Zemach Eddy , Balter Tamara
Published: November 2023

Irony is an aesthetic property, that is, a feature of objects that is necessarily relevant to their aesthetic evaluation. Musicologists hold that many works of music have that property, and we agree. However, contemporary studies of irony in music tend to focus on one kind of irony or on a single composer. Usually, they offer no general semantic theory of irony, showing how music can be ironic. In this paper we present a general theory that shows why there are many kinds of irony and how music displays them, analyzing one example of each musically realizable kind of irony.
Why Phi?
Authors: Adger David , Harbour Daniel
Published: November 2023

Phi-features present a rare opportunity for syntacticians, morphologists, and semanticists to collaborate on a research enterprise in which all have an equal stake and which all approach with proprietary data and insights: syntacticians with intervention effects and the theory of Agree, morphologists with patterns of syncretism and hierarchies of person, definiteness, and so on, and semanticists with theories of binding and anaphora and theoretical approaches to the presuppositions and entailments that qi-features engender.
Features on Bound Pronouns
Authors: Heim Irene
Published: November 2023

Are person, number, and gender features on bound-variable pronouns semantically interpreted, or are they just a superficial reflex of agreement between the pronoun and its antecedent? Some have argued that at least some pronouns have the semantics of featureless, unrestricted, variables. Others have pointed out good predictions from the assumption that features on bound pronouns restrict the range of the relevant variable. It has also been suggested in recent work that simple deletion or copying rules such as those proposed in the literature do not quite succeed in predicting the distribution of features on bound pronouns. I will review the case for uninterpreted features and explore some of the challenges involved in improving on existing accounts. Data about plural pronouns with split antecedents will play an important role.
Conditions on Phi-Agree
Authors: Bejar Susana
Published: November 2023

This paper examines conditions on agreement, more specifically, restrictions on the φ -feature structures that enter into verb-argument agreement relations. Agreement restrictions are typically inferred on the basis of contexts where agreement seems to fail. The cases investigated here involve failure of particular ,p-feature values to agree, precisely in the context where others succeed: for example, third person objects that fail to agree in languages that clearly have object person agreement when the object is something other than third person; or singular arguments that fail to agree, though the language clearly has number agreement when the same argument is plural. Curiously, an argument that fails to agree for one portion of its φ set may yet agree for another portion, thus giving rise to partial agreement, instances of subject or object agreement for person, but not number, and vice versa.
Phi-Feature Competition in Morphology and Syntax
Authors: Mcginnis Martha
Published: November 2023

A long-standing problem in morphosyntax concerns the analysis of what I will call dependent agreement. Dependent agreement arises when a single position can show agreement with either of two arguments, depending on their relative properties.’ Such cases can be divided into two classes. In position based dependent agreement, the choice of which argument triggers agreement depends primarily on the relative syntactic positions of the arguments. This type of agreement is illustrated in the Yucatec Mayan perfect (1).2 A suffix on the main verb preferentially indexes the internal argument, while the external argument triggers agreement on an aspectual auxiliary (1a). However, if there is no internal argument, the verb suffix instead indexes the external argument (1b-c), which in turn triggers no agreement on the auxiliary.
Representing Time: An Essay on Temporality as Modality
Authors: Jaszczolt K M
Published: November 2023

Thinking and speaking about time is ridden with puzzles and paradoxes. How do human beings conceptualize time? Why, for example, does the availability of tense vary in different languages? How do the lines of information from tense, aspect, temporal adverbs, and context interact in the mind? Does time describe events? If real time does not flow, where do the concepts of the past, present and future come from? Are they basic concepts or are they composed out of more primitive constituents? And, finally, what is the semantics of expressions with temporal reference? This book offers a new approach to the representation of meaning of temporally-located utterances and discourses. Temporality, the author suggests, should be taken to mean degrees of certainty, understood in turn as degrees of acceptability concerning the eventuality referred to in the speaker’s utterance. She presents theoretical arguments and empirical evidence from Indo-European and non-Indo-European languages to show that speakers represent the past, present, and future as degrees of epistemic modality. She argues that temporality can be subsumed under the general label of acceptability or attitude and, rather like the semantic category of evidentiality, founded on the strength of evidence. In the approach she develops, modality provides basic conceptual building blocks for the concept of time and at the same time semantic building blocks for representing temporal expressions in her framework of Default Semantics. Dr Jaszczolt sets the results of her research in the context of linguistic and philosophical work in semantics and pragmatics.
Osteoporosis
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M
Published: November 2023

Osteoporosis affects an estimated 3 million people in the UK. The condition causes the bones to become more fragile and therefore more prone to fractures, along with pain, a loss of movement and an inability to perform daily tasks. One in two women and one in five men in the UK will suffer a fracture after the age of 50. Aimed at patients and carers, this book covers topics such as who is affected, what the risk factors are, and how patients can prevent or lessen the effects. The book looks forward to advances in diagnosis and treatment and how they have improved health outcomes of patients. Written by a leading osteoporosis specialist and Scientific Advisory Committee Member of the National Osteoporosis Society, this addition to the Facts series is a comprehensive guide to understanding and coping with this debilitating disease.
The diagnosis of osteoporosis
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M
Published: November 2023

This chapter will discuss the techniques available for the diagnosis and assessment of the extent of bone thinning and its response to treatment. The WHO definition of osteoporosis was formulated in 1994 and is based on bone mineral density (BMD) as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning. The term osteoporosis is applied when the individualߣs BMD, at either hip or spine site, is less than 2.5 standard deviations (SDs) below the sex-specific young adult mean BMD. These SDs are termed T scores (Table 3.1).
Diet, exercise, smoking, alcohol, and prevention of falls
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M
Published: November 2023

This chapter will deal with general lifestyle factors that can improve our bone health and also look at mechanisms to reduce the incidence of falls Most of us feel we would like to do all we can do for ourselves to keep healthy generally and with our bones this is no exception. Lifestyle advice for bone health is also advice for healthy living. Research regarding the impact of lifestyle factors on bone health is sometimes inconclusive but many studies do show that nutrition, exercise, not smoking, and having no more than a moderate intake of alcohol does have a positive impact on bone health.
Belief De Re
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: November 2023

Interest in de re belief during this half-century was kindled by W. V. Quine, who focused inquiry on the problem of quantification into belief contexts.1 In some respects this focus was unfortunate, in that the difficulties, real and imagined, that arose in interpreting quantification tended to suggest that de re belief needs to be explained in terms of what came to seem the clearer and more basic notion—de dicto belief. The imposition of the methods of modal logic on belief sentences abetted the suggestion by embroiling them in disputes over transworld identity. In fact, de re belief is in important ways more fundamental than the de dicto variety; and this can be seen if one attends to its role in basic cognitive activities.
Wherein is Language Social?
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: November 2023

In this paper I will develop two limited senses in which the study of language, specifically semantics, is the study of a partly social phenomenon. These senses are compatible with the idea that the study of language is a part of individual psychology. I will argue for this standpoint from some obvious facts about human interaction together with elements from a view, which I have supported elsewhere, that the semantics of a language is partly dependent on relations between individual speakers and their physical environments. Most of what I say about language will apply to individual psychology.
Preparing for pregnancy
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

Looking after your general health is important, especially if you are planning a pregnancy. A healthy balanced diet will nourish you and a developing baby. Eat five portions of fruit and vegetables per day and drink plenty of water. Do this by increasing the amount of exercise you do, as well as cutting down on the calories. Small regular meals are recommended. There are treatments available to assist you if you have already been trying to lose weight. Many primary care trusts do not fund NHS fertility treatment for women who are overweight, and this makes weight loss even more vital.
How to choose your clinic
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

For most couples wanting to embark on fertility investigations and treatment, the first place to start is with your general practitioner (GP). Assuming that you are eligible for NHS treatment, it is worth having the initial investigations in your local NHS fertility clinic, especially since not all primary care trusts (PCTs) will fund all forms of fertility treatment and you may have to consider funding your own treatment at some stage. Your GP will be able to refer you to the appropriate specialist and will be able to advise you on how long you can expect to wait for that appointment. You should ensure that you have been referred to a specialist who has a particular interest in fertility problems and their treatment. Do make sure that both of you are registered with a GP and take the details of your GP(s) (i.e. name, address, telephone number) to your first appointment.
The law and fertility treatment (regulation)
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

Fertility treatment in the UK is regulated by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) which is a statutory body created by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990. No other branch of medicine in any country in the world is controlled to such an extent by a governing body or, indeed, by a specific Act of Parliament. If you have a consultation in an HFEA licensed clinic (see below) some of the forms you will be asked to complete will be at the requirement of the HFEA. Certain treatments (currently those related to IVF) carry a fee levied by the HFEA which you will have to pay in addition to your treatment costs if you are having private care.
Why aren’t I getting pregnant? Fertility tests
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

Couples are usually advised to have tests after a year of trying for a baby. After a year, most healthy couples will have conceived (see Chapter 1 for an overview of fertility). The tests may well show an unexpected problem which explains the delay in getting pregnant. Once you know what the problem is, you can then move on to treatment and hopefully a successful pregnancy.
Counselling: dealing with the emotional aspects of infertility
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

By now you will probably have heard the expression ‘roller coaster of emotions’ a hundred times and may have experienced it as well. Whilst it is over-used, the image well describes two kinds of experience of fertility treatment. First, the highs and the lows: a good blood test result being followed by the arrival of a period, for example. Secondly, the sense of not being in control of your life any more but being swept along on some nightmare ride at the mercy of hormone levels, staff holidays, egg quality, sperm numbers, cysts, scans… Having some time talking to a counsellor, who will have heard the experiences of many others, and putting words to your experiences can help you make sense of what is happening, feel less isolated, and assist in giving you back some sense of control.
Male fertility
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

It is just as important that the man attend the fertility appointment and is thoroughly checked over. It is estimated that male fertility is the main problem in one in three couples trying to get pregnant. Overall about 75 per cent of couples will conceive after trying for a year.
Preimplantation genetic tests
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a test developed to help couples who are at risk of passing on an inherited disease to have a healthy family. It is carried out on embryos and needs IVF first (see Chapter 14). These couples have normal fertility and would conceive naturally, but choose to undergo IVF in order to have PGD. PGD tests for a particular inherited disease.
Sperm donation (donor insemination)
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

Donor insemination is offered to couples if the man is unable to make sperm, or the numbers of sperm are so low that they cannot achieve a pregnancy. Over the last 10 years, the development of ICSI, which allows a single sperm to be injected into an egg (see Chapter 14), has allowed many men with very low sperm counts to father children by IVF, and as a result fewer couples are choosing donor insemination. However, some couples prefer donor insemination if the woman has no fertility problems and they want to avoid IVF.
Surrogacy
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

A surrogacy arrangement is when a woman, the surrogate mother, agrees to bear a child for another woman or couple, the intended parents, and give up the child at birth. The intended parents can adopt or take out a ‘parental order’ to become the legal parents of the child. Surrogacy is a last resort where it is impossible or medically dangerous for the intended mother to carry the pregnancy herself.
Tubal surgery
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

Tubal damage and adhesions (scarring) usually happen because of past infection. This could be a sexually transmitted infection or infection after miscarriage or childbirth, appendicitis, or abdominal surgery. The infection can cause blockage of the tubes anywhere along their length, as well as adhesions wrapping around the ovaries and tubes. The egg becomes trapped in these cobweb-like adhesions and cannot reach the Fallopian tube.
Reversal of sterilization and reversal of vasectomy
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

There are different ways to sterilize the tubes. Whether it is possible to ‘reverse the sterilization’ depends on how the sterilization was done, particularly on how much of the Fallopian tubes has been damaged.
Pregnancy after fertility treatment
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline
Published: November 2023

Congratulations! That positive pregnancy test makes all the investigations and treatment worthwhile. Pregnancy tests bought over the counter for home use are very accurate. They measure a hormone called beta-HCG, which is only made by the developing pregnancy. It can be detected in the urine from about 10 days after conception, and tests become reliable 14 days after conception. The clinic will advise you on which day you should do your test; some clinics confirm it on a blood sample.
Where the Laws Are
Authors: Lance Mark N , Little Margaret Olivia
Published: November 2023

A number of theorists have recently urged that the moral principles so prized by many are in fact strewn with exceptions. Lying is always wrong- making— well, not when playing the game Diplomacy, in which lying is the point of the game, or again when confronted with the Nazi concentration camp guards, to whom the truth is not owed. Pleasure is always good- making— well, not when it is the pain enjoyed by the sadist, delighting in his victim ‘s pain. The claim proffered is not simply that the wrongness of the lie or goodness of the pleasure are in these instances outweighed by other considerations, or again that the exceptions can be expunged if only we refine our propositions carefully enough.
Practical Reasons and Moral ‘Ought’
Authors: Greenspan Patricia
Published: November 2023

Morality is a source of reasons for action, what philosophers call practical reasons. Kantians say that it ‘gives’ reasons to everyone. We can even think of moral requirements as amounting to particularly strong or stringent reasons, in an effort to demystify deontological views like Kant ’s, with its insistence on inescapable or ‘binding ’ moral requirements or ‘oughts.’ When we say that someone morally ought not to harm others, perhaps all we are saying is that he has a certain kind of reason not to, one that wins out against any opposing reasons such as those touting benefits to him of ignoring others’ concerns.
Responding to Normativity
Authors: Finlay Stephen
Published: November 2023

To many it seems obvious that normativity or justification depends upon desire. Few answers to the question, ‘Why should I? ‘ seem more natural than ‘Because I want to, ’ and if we are told, ‘You should do this, ’ there is something natural about the objection, ‘But I don ‘t want to, so why? ’ I believe that the very nature of normativity can be comprehensively explained in terms of desire: the mysterious ‘force ’ of value, reasons, and obligation are explicable by appeal to the ‘force ’ of our motivating psychological states. This desire-based normativity (DBN) thesis faces serious difficulties, however, that seem insuperable to most sophisticated minds who contemplate them. I remain convinced that DBN is correct, although as yet unvindicated. This paper seeks to lay the cornerstone of what could prove a successful strategy, sketching an Argument from Voluntary Response that is based on the autonomous character of our experience of normative authority and the voluntary character of our responses to it.
“Human Beings” Revisited: My Body is Not an Animal
Authors: Johnston Mark
Published: November 2023

Twenty years ago, in the paper ‘‘Human Beings’’ and elsewhere, I defended an alternative methodology for arriving at an answer to the question: What kind captures our essence and so determines our conditions of survival over time?

Previously, when it came to philosophical theorizing about personal identity, the popular methodology—’’the method of cases’’—had been to collect ‘‘intuitions’’ about real and imaginary cases of personal survival and ceasing to be, and then bring those intuitions into some sort of reffective equilibrium that bore on the question of the necessary and sufficient conditions for an arbitrary person’s survival. Imagined cases were treated as more or less on a par with real cases; for the then natural idea was that we should not restrict our evidence base to the adventitious experiments of step-motherly nature, when we could also avail ourselves of the ingenious thought experiments in the philosophy journals.
Analyzing Modality
Authors: Jubien Michael
Published: November 2023

The best known (proposed) analysis of the notions of metaphysical possibility and necessity is the surprising and elegant one we owe to the late David Lewis. By the time he put it forward, we were already very much softened up for the general notion that for something to be possibly true was for it to be true in some possible world. So, at the time, it appeared that the analytic project amounted simply to saying what possible worlds are (and tidying up some details). Then we’d have a ‘‘reductive’’ analysis of the modal concept, where the reducing primitives were the notion of truth and the newly (and finally) elucidated notion of possible world. Lewis’s elucidation was that possible worlds are infinitely many detached concrete realms, more or less like and including the one we inhabit, but each with its own private space time, and each physically inaccessible from each other. (Then he turned his ingenuity to such important details as modality de re.)
Four-Dimensionalism and the Puzzles of Coincidence
Authors: Mcgrath Matthew
Published: November 2023

Often cited in defense of four-dimensionalism about the persistence of material objects is its treatment of the so-called puzzles of coincidence. These puzzles include the statue/lump, the ship of Theseus, Tibbles the cat, and the various fission and fusion puzzles in the personal identity literature. In their original versions, the puzzles involve changes which seem either to produce or terminate coincidence between material objects (the lump is flattened, the cat’s tail is cut off, etc.), but each of the puzzles also has a modal variant in which the relevant change could have occurred but does not. Four-dimensionalists (4Dists) standardly take themselves to have an edge over three-dimensionalists (3Dists) in the treatment of these puzzles. They claim that the original puzzles are answered easily and painlessly under 4Dism, and that their modal variants can be answered by something like counterpart theory. By contrast, they claim, 3Dists have no easy way with the originals, and no better way with the modal variants.
Persuasion And The Tripartite Soul In Plato’s Republic
Authors: Stalley R F
Published: November 2023

A Main theme of Christopher Bobonich’s Plato’s Utopia Recast is that there are important changes in Plato’s political theory between the Republic and the Laws which are largely prompted by developments in the theory of the soul. In agreement with many recent commentators Bobonich argues that Plato in the Republic puts forward a view according to which the soul consists of three agent-like parts. This does not mean merely that the parts are causes of action.
Plato’s Phaedrus And The Problem Of Unity
Authors: Werner Daniel
Published: November 2023

Plat O’S Phaedrus is a protean text. In terms of subject-matter, it spans a very wide area, touching upon nearly all of Plato’s major areas of interest: rhetoric, erōs, the soul, the theory of Forms, dialectic, sophistry, myth, the gods, and philosophy itself. In terms of literary style and tone, the dialogue is equally far-reaching, as Plato employs the resources of epideictic rhetoric, mythical narrative, dialogical conversation, and dialectical analysis—not to mention the variety of styles and motifs which he appropriates from Greek religion, literature, and culture. Indeed, as we read through the Phaedrus-particularly for the first time—the structure of the dialogue seems expressly designed to emphasize this thematic and stylistic diversity. Simply consider the basic action and sequence of events in the dialogue: Socrates and Phaedrus are taking a stroll through the countryside on a hot afternoon, and they begin to converse about various topics. After a brief introductory section, the dialogue proceeds with three monological speeches, each of which ostensibly deals with the topic of eras. The third of these speechestheso-called ‘palinode’, which is undoubtedly the most famous part of the Phaedrus—presents a truly cosmic vision, as it describes the nature of the soul, the fall and reincarnation of the soul, the prenatal vision of the Forms, as well as the nature of eras. As soon as the palinode is over, however, we leave the rhetorical heights of myth and find ourselves immersed once again in the expected mode of Platonic philosophizing—one-on-one dialogue and elenctic crossexamination.
Aristotelian Infinity
Authors: Bowin John
Published: November 2023

Aristotle begins his treatment of the infinite in book 3 of the Physics in an overtly systematic fashion. The Physics, he says, is a study of nature, and nature has been defined as a principle of change and rest. Change, in turn, is thought to be something continuous, and what is continuous is thought to be infinitely divisible. So the topic of the infinite falls neatly out of the topic of nature. It follows, then, that the student of nature must first investigate whether the infinite exists or not, and then, if it exists, enquire how it exists. It is clear that the infinite must exist in some sense, because if it did not, ‘many impossible consequences’ would result, such as a beginning and an end of time, and the existence of indivisible lines. It remains, then, to determine in what sense the infinite does exist, and in what sense it does not. Aristotle reminds us, at the beginning of his positive account of infinity in chapter 6, that to exist means either to exist actually or to exist potentially, so if the infinite exists, it must exist in one of these senses.
Sense Data And The Mind – Body Problem
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

In the latter part of the nineteenth century, philosophers, physicists, and the new psychologists agreed to this extent in their conceptions of the mind – body problem: they all had a healthy respect for the integrity of both the mental and the physical domains. Whatever their particular commitments, whether phenomenalist, dualist, or materialist, they all accepted the reality of both mental and physical phenomena — where mental phenomena are, in the first instance, phenomenally characterized and perhaps equated with the contents of consciousness, and physical phenomena abstract from the knowing subject and sustain laws governing changes in spatiotemporally characterized objects.
What is the problem of mathematical knowledge?
Authors: Potter Michael
Published: November 2023

One thing I should say straightaway is that I do not intend anything I say here to be especially deep: if it is worth saying at all, that is only because some philosophers seem not to recognize it sufficiently. Another is that my aim here is modest: all I want to do is to try to get a bit clearer about what the problem is, not to propose a solution.
Mathematics, Memory, and Mental Arithmetic
Authors: Gowers W T
Published: November 2023

A few months before the conference that led to this volume, I bumped into Alexander Paseau in the street, and he invited me to speak at it. Having always been something of a philosopher manqué, I was extremely flattered; but he quickly brought me down to earth by stressing that the conference was interdisciplinary, and that the discipline he was asking me to represent was mathematics. This raised an interesting problem: what is it to speak as a mathematician at a conference on the philosophy of mathematical knowledge? The answer I chose was to subject myself to three constraints, which were designed not to allow me to become too purely philosophical.
What is inflammatory bowel disease?
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter
Published: November 2023

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is exactly what it sounds like; a disease of the bowel that causes it to become inflamed. Specifically, IBD describes a chronic condition that may last for many years on and off, for which the cause is not yet fully understood. Two main conditions are included under the heading of IBD. These are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn ‘s disease. There are also a number of other rarer conditions that may be classified as IBD (see Fig. 1.1).
Gut symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter
Published: November 2023

People with IBD may also experience a variety of other symptoms. These include general symptoms, such as tiredness and lethargy, and symptoms caused by inflammation in organs other than the gut, so-called extraintestinal (outside the gut) manifestations. General symptoms are discussed in Chapter 4 and extraintestinal symptoms in Chapter 13.
What tests are performed in people with inflammatory bowel disease?
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter
Published: November 2023

The diagnoses of Crohn ‘s disease and ulcerative colitis are based on a combination of the symptoms, physical examination, and test results. The tests include simple blood and stool tests, X-rays and scans, and endoscopies. These tests may need to be repeated to reassess the disease.
Inflammatory bowel disease nurses
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter
Published: November 2023

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) nurses are a relatively new concept. The first IBD nurses were appointed in the UK in the 1990s. Before then, it was recognized that some of the needs of IBD patients were not being met. The introduction of IBD nurses was, therefore, aimed at addressing these issues. As a result the role of the IBD nurse has evolved rapidly. Roles fulfilled by IBD nurses vary from hospital to hospital depending on local needs. In addition, IBD nurses may act as specialist nurses for more than one specialty and can, therefore, have several groups of patients to support. Despite this variability, IBD nurses aim to provide essentially the same service wherever they are based.
How is inflammatory bowel disease treated?
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter
Published: November 2023

Nearly all people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) use medication to manage their condition. The range of drugs available for the treatment of IBD is increasing. Many drugs are used to treat both Crohn ‘s disease and ulcerative colitis, but some are used specifically to treat one condition or the other. The aim of treatment can be split into inducing remission (getting the disease under control) and maintaining remission (keeping it under control).
Diet and nutrition
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter
Published: November 2023

Questions about the role of diet and nutrition in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) arise extremely commonly. This is unsurprising given that both are of immense importance in the management of IBD. Therefore, we have devoted an entire chapter to this subject.
What can I do to help myself?
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter
Published: November 2023

Part of learning to live with a chronic illness involves not allowing it to control your life. This does not mean going into denial and pretending that you don ‘t have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but rather continuing to live a normal life with IBD. An important component of this for many people is to do all they can to help themselves. In this chapter, we look at some of the things that you might want to do that fit into the category of ‘helping yourself ‘. Of course, not all things suit all people and some of the following are more important than others. Nevertheless, we hope it might at least provide some food for thought.
Inflammatory bowel disease in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter
Published: November 2023

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) typically first presents in childhood or early adult life. Although it can occur in very young children it is rare for it to be diagnosed before the age of 2. The management of IBD is very similar in children and adults; however, some of the challenges faced by young people with IBD, and by their families and medical teams are slightly different.
What is psoriatic arthritis?
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod
Published: November 2023

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition which presents most commonly with red plaques over the extensor surfaces of the elbows and knees, as well as in the scalp (Fig. 1.1, p. 2). Specific nail lesions are also common in patients with psoriasis (Fig. 1.2).
Psoriatic arthritis and other spondyloarthritides
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod
Published: November 2023

As described in the two preceding chapters, psoriatic arthritis is not just the occurrence of ‘arthritis’ with psoriasis. In fact, psoriatic arthritis is a specific inflammatory arthritis that occurs in people with psoriasis. Psoriatic arthritis has a number of specific features that help in making a diagnosis. In fact, psoriatic arthritis can even be diagnosed in the absence of psoriasis.
Functional and emotional impact
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod
Published: November 2023

Chronic disease is bound to exert an effect on an individual’s quality of life and function. Psoriatic arthritis is no exception. Psoriasis is a chronic relapsing condition, which at times may be disfiguring, while psoriatic arthritis is a chronic often deforming and progressive inflammatory arthritis.
A team approach
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod
Published: November 2023

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which affects 2–3% of the population. Among patients suffering from psoriasis, about 30% will develop an inflammatory form of arthritis called psoriatic arthritis. Many investigators believe that patients with severe psoriasis are more likely to develop arthritis than patients with mild disease. However, it is still not clear that this is the case. Patients seen in rheumatology clinics usually do not have severe psoriasis, and some patients do not have psoriasis at all and yet present with psoriatic arthritis. Moreover, there is no direct relationship between the extent of psoriasis and the severity of the arthritis.
International collaborations
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod
Published: November 2023

The first description of psoriatic arthritis is attributed to a French physician, Dr Alberti, who described the arthritis associated with psoriasis. However, in 1939, a prominent American rheumatologist, Dr Bauer, claimed that there was not enough in the description of the arthritis associated with psoriasis to distinguish it as a unique entity. Subsequent studies led to the recognition of psoriatic arthritis as a unique entity in the 1950s. Psoriatic arthritis was finally recognized as a unique form of arthritis by the American Rheumatism Association (now known as the American College of Rheumatology) in 1964.
Current outlook for patients with psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod
Published: November 2023

The future for patients with psoriatic arthritis is shaping up to be much better than the past. Whereas at the beginning of the twentieth century the actual entity was not clear, towards the second half of the twentieth century the disease became recognized as a specific form of arthritis. Once this happened, more and more investigators began research into the nature, course, mechanism, and treatment of psoriatic arthritis.
Curry’s Revenge: The Costs of Non-classical Solutions to the Paradoxes of Self-reference
Authors: Restall Greg
Published: November 2023

The paradoxes of self-reference are genuinely paradoxical. The liar paradox, Russell’s paradox, and their cousins pose enormous difficulties to anyone who seeks to give a comprehensive theory of semantics, or of sets, or of any other domain which allows a modicum of self-reference and a modest number of logical principles.
Revenge and Context
Authors: Simmons Keith
Published: November 2023

It’s hard enough to find a satisfying response to the paradoxes, but the phenomenon of revenge can make it seem impossible. In the simplest manifestation of revenge— call it direct revenge— the pathological sentence or expression re-emerges intact from the attempt to treat it. This is familiar in the case of the liar. Ignorant of my whereabouts, I write on the board:(L) The sentence written on the board in room 101 is not true. But once it’s realized that (L) is written on the board in room 101, we can reason in the usual way to the conclusion that (1) is in some way pathological, perhaps gappy or ungrounded. But if a sentence is pathological, it isn’t true. So the sentence written on the board in room 101 is not true. And this true conclusion says just what (L) says— so the treatment of (L) as pathological has led to the re-emergence of (L) as a truth.
Eudaimonia As An Activity In Nicomachean Ethics 1. 8 – 12
Authors: Heinaman Robert
Published: November 2023

Given the attention it has received, students of Aristotle may well be weary of the debate over inclusivist and non-inclusivist interpretations of the Nicomachean Ethics’ account of eudaimonia. But I believe the issue is worth revisiting because evidence favouring the non-inclusivist view has yet to be appreciated. While attention has focused on Nicomachean Ethics 1. 7, there is strong support for the non-inclusivist view in the immediately following chapters of book 1.
The Early Stoic Doctrine Of The Change To Wisdom
Authors: Brouwer Reneé
Published: November 2023

The early Stoics presented the sage as the crowning glory of their system of thought. Although they acknowledged the difficulty of achieving the ideal, this did not restrain them from describing how it could be attained. Here I wish to concentrate upon one small, but important aspect of the Stoics’ theory of the long and strenuous process of achieving wisdom: the moment of becoming wise.
Russell s Logical Form, LF, and Truth-Conditions
Authors: Linsky Bernard
Published: November 2023

Bertrand Russell’s theory of definite descriptions is generally credited as the source of the idea that the logical form of a sentence will be very different from its grammatical or syntactic form. Russell’s view was that just as ‘I met a man’ and ‘No one met Jones’ are only superficially atomic relational statements of the form aRb and must be represented very differently when symbolized in a formal language, so sentences with definite descriptions such as ‘The present king of France is bald’ must also be given symbolizations very different from their superficial grammatical form as simple subject predicate sentences.
Ordinary Proper Names
Authors: Reimer Marga
Published: November 2023

If one asserts ‘Scott is Sir Walter’, the way one would mean it would be that one was using the names as descriptions. One would mean that the person called ‘Scott’ is the person called ‘Sir Walter’, and ‘the person called ‘‘Scott’’ ‘ is a description and so is ‘the person called ‘‘Sir Walter’’ ‘. So that would not be a tautology. It would mean that the person called ‘Scott’ is identical with the person called ‘Sir Walter’. But if you are using both as names, the matter is quite different. You must observe that the name does not occur in that which you assert when you use the name. The name is merely that which is a means of expressing what it is you are trying to assert, and when I say, ‘Scott wrote Waverley ‘, the name ‘Scott’ does not occur in the thing I am asserting. The thing I am asserting is about the person, not about the name. So if I say ‘Scott is Sir Walter’, using these two names as names, neither ‘Scott’ nor ‘Sir Walter’ occurs in what I am asserting, but only the person who has these names, and thus what I am asserting is a pure tautology (Russell, 1918).
Forms as Causes: Plato and Aristotle
Authors: Fine Gail
Published: November 2023

‘One might be especially puzzled’, Aristotle muses in Metaph. A 9 (991a8–10 = M 5, 1079b12–14), ‘about what forms contribute either to everlasting sensibles or to those that come and cease to be.’ If forms are to ‘contribute’ to sensibles, they must be some sort of aitia—explanatory factor—of them.1 There are, Aristotle believes, just four sorts of explanatory factors—material, formal, efficient, and final. Platonic forms, he argues, are explanatory of sensibles in none of these ways; hence they contribute nothing to sensibles. Since we have reason to believe something exists only if it serves some explanatory purpose, we have no reason to believe forms exist.
The Holistic Presuppositions of Aristotle’s Cosmology
Authors: Matthen Mohan
Published: November 2023

In the De caelo Aristotle posits an unchanging intelligent being that exists beyond the heavens, enjoying there ‘the best and most selfsufficient life’ (1. 9, 279”21-2). In Physics 8 and Metaphysics A this entity becomes the Primc Unmoved moreover, ultimately responsible for all movement, change, and generation in the universe. what exactly is the relationship between the Prime Mover and the corporeal universe? It is perhaps natural to think of it as a cause of change that is distinct from and stands outside the various corporeal substances in which change occurs.
Philosophy and History in the History of Modern Philosophy
Authors: Garrett Don
Published: November 2023

Philosophical questions are cognitively orienting. That is, how one answers them whether explicitly or implicitly—determines in fundamental ways how one thinks about a whole range of important but more specific or consequent questions. Answers to philosophical questions can provide cognitive orientation through their implications about what the answers to those more specific or consequent questions must be, through their implications about how those more specific or consequent questions should be approached, or through their implications about the significance or value of the answers to those more specific or consequent questions. Of course, it does not follow from this characterization of philosophical questions that every question is either entirely philosophical or entirely unphilosophical; nor that philosophical questions can be well addressed without knowledge of the answers to less philosophical questions; nor that there is any single method or training that is suitable for addressing all philosophical questions; nor that different cultures and eras will not find themselves confronting quite different philosophical questions or employing quite different methods.
The Need for Social Epistemology
Authors: Goldman Alvin
Published: November 2023

Epistemology is one of the oldest fields of philosophy. Plato, for example, devoted several dialogues, or portions thereof, to epistemology, including Meno, Phaedo, Republic, and Theaetetus. Epistemology is as lively a subject today as in many periods, though its intricacies are not widely known outside academic philosophy. Much of today’s epistemology, like the epistemology of yesteryear, is focused on skepticism. But there is also a novel development in epistemology, the emergence of social epistemology. This paper’s aim is to sketch the contours of social epistemology and to show why its rapid and extensive growth is to be encouraged.