bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liquid microjunction surface sampling probe electrospray mass spectrometry for detection of drugs and metabolites in thin tissue sections
Authors: Van Berkel Gary J. , Kertesz Vilmos , Koeplinger Kenneth A. , Vavrek Marissa , Kong Ah‐Ng Tony
Published: November 2007

A self‐aspirating, liquid microjunction surface sampling probe/electrospray emitter mass spectrometry system was demonstrated for use in the direct analysis of spotted and dosed drugs and their metabolites in thin tissue sections. Proof‐of‐principle sampling and analysis directly from tissue without the need for sample preparation was demonstrated first by raster scanning a region on a section of rat liver onto which reserpine was spotted. The mass spectral signal from selected reaction monitoring was used to develop a chemical image of the spotted drug on the tissue. The probe was also used to selectively spot sample areas of sagittal whole‐body tissue from a mouse that had been dosed orally (90 mg/kg) with R,S‐sulforaphane 3 h prior to sacrifice. Sulforaphane and its glutathione and N‐acetyl cysteine conjugates were monitored with selected reaction monitoring and detected in the stomach and various other tissues from the dosed mouse. No signal for these species was observed in the tissue from a control mouse. The same dosed‐tissue section was used to illustrate the possibility of obtaining a lane scan across the whole‐body section. In total, these results illustrate the potential for rapid screening of the distribution of drugs and metabolites in thin tissue sections with the liquid micro‐junction surface sampling probe/electrospray mass spectrometry approach. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elucidation of urinary metabolites of fluoxymesterone by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Pozo Oscar J. , Van Thuyne Wim , Deventer Koen , Van Eenoo Peter , Delbeke Frans T.
Published: November 2007

The suitability of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) for the elucidation of fluoxymesterone metabolism has been evaluated. Electrospray ionization (ESI) and collision induced dissociation (CID) fragmentation in LC‐MS/MS and electron impact spectra (EI) in GC‐MS have been studied for fluoxymesterone and two commercially available metabolites. MSn experiments and accurate mass measurements performed by an ion‐trap analyser and a QTOF instrument respectively have been used for the elucidation of the fragmentation pathway. The neutral loss scan of 20 Da (loss of HF) in LC‐MS/MS has been applied for the selective detection of fluoxymesterone metabolites. In a positive fluoxymesterone doping control sample, 9 different analytes have been detected including the parent compound. Seven of these metabolites were also confirmed by GC‐MS including 5 previously unreported metabolites. On the basis of the ionization, the CID fragmentation, the accurate mass of the product ions and the EI spectra of these analytes, a tentative elucidation as well as a proposal for the metabolic pathway of fluoxymesterone has been suggested. The presence of these compounds has also been confirmed by the analysis of five other positive fluoxymesterone urine samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrimination and identification of the six aromatic positional isomers of trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA) by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS)
Authors: Zaitsu Kei , Katagi Munehiro , Kamata Hiroe , Kamata Tooru , Shima Noriaki , Miki Akihiro , Iwamura Tatsunori , Tsuchihashi Hitoshi
Published: November 2007

A reliable and accurate GC‐MS method was developed that allows both mass spectrometric and chromatographic discrimination of the six aromatic positional isomers of trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA). Regardless of the trifluoroacetyl (TFA) derivatization, chromatographic separation of all the investigated isomers was achieved by using DB‐5ms capillary columns (30 m × 0.32 mm i.d.), with run times less than 15 min. However, the mass spectra of the nonderivatized TMAs, except 2,4,6‐trimethoxyamphetmine (TMA‐6), showed insufficient difference for unambiguous discrimination. On the other hand, the mass spectra of the TFA derivatives of the six isomers exhibited fragments with significant intensity differences, which allowed the unequivocal identification of all the aromatic positional isomers investigated in the present study. This GC‐MS technique in combination with TFA derivatization, therefore, is a powerful method to discriminate these isomers, especially useful to distinguish the currently controlled 3,4,5‐trimethoxyamphetmine (TMA‐1) and 2,4,5‐trimethoxyamphetmine (TMA‐2) from other uncontrolled TMAs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(γ‐glutamic acid) nanoparticles as an efficient antigen delivery and adjuvant system: Potential for an AIDS vaccine
Authors: Wang Xin , Uto Tomofumi , Akagi Takami , Akashi Mitsuru , Baba Masanori
Published: November 2007

Antigen delivery systems using polymeric nanoparticles are of special interest as stable protein‐based antigen carriers. In the present study, novel biodegradable poly(γ‐glutamic acid) (γ‐PGA) nanoparticles were examined for their antigen delivery and immunostimulatory activities in vitro and in vivo. The uptake of ovalbumin by dendritic cells was markedly enhanced by γ‐PGA nanoparticles, and the ovalbumin was gradually released from γ‐PGA nanoparticles into the cells. In addition, γ‐PGA nanoparticles appeared to have great potential as an adjuvant, because they could induce the maturation of dendritic cells. Although not only ovalbumin‐encapsulating nanoparticles (OVA‐NPs) but also a simple mixture of ovalbumin and nanoparticles induced dendritic cell maturation, the only dendritic cells exposed to OVA‐NPs could strongly activate antigen‐specific interferon (IFN)‐γ‐producing T cells. Subcutaneous immunization of mice with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) p24‐encapsulating nanoparticles activated antigen‐specific IFN‐γ‐producing T cells in spleen cells and induced p24‐specific serum antibodies, as compared to immunization with p24 alone. Like ovalbumin, a mixture of p24 and nanoparticles also induced antigen‐specific serum antibodies but did not activate IFN‐γ‐producing T cells in spleen cells, suggesting that nanoparticles play a critical role in inducing cellular immune responses. Furthermore, γ‐PGA nanoparticles had a capacity comparable to that of the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in inducing p24‐specific serum antibody. However, unlike CFA, they predominantly activated p24‐specific IFN‐γ‐producing T cells. Thus, γ‐PGA nanoparticles encapsulating various antigens may have great potential as novel and efficient protein‐based vaccines against infectious diseases, including HIV‐1 infection. J. Med. Virol. 80:11–19, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a TaqMan assay for the six major genotypes of hepatitis C virus: Comparison with commercial assays
Authors: Engle Ronald E. , Russell Rodney S. , Purcell Robert H. , Bukh Jens
Published: November 2007

A quantitative real‐time PCR assay was developed that detects genomic RNA from reference strains representing the six major genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) with equal sensitivity and accurately measured HCV RNA in JFH1 HCV‐infected Huh7.5 cells. The method is indirectly calibrated to the first international (WHO 96/790) HCV standard preparation and has a linear dynamic range of 102.6–106.5 IU/ml. In addition, the inter‐ and intra‐assay precision were ∼3% CV and <2% CV, respectively. Comparison with results obtained by commercially available HCV RNA Nucleic Acid Technology kits (Versant HCV RNA 3.0 b‐DNA and Amplicor HCV Monitor), that also employ the WHO standard, allowed validation of the TaqMan assay against all major HCV genotypes. Both commercial methods detected HCV RNA over a wide dynamic range, but showed a consistent difference of about 0.3 log10 when evaluating samples of different HCV genotypes. The genome titers obtained with the three methods correlated with the infectivity titers previously determined for the HCV reference strains. TaqMan assays have become an essential tool to follow viral load in clinical samples and cell culture‐based experiments and this technology offers significant advantages in linear dynamic range, sensitivity and customization. J. Med. Virol. 80:72–79, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toxicological evaluation of transgenic rice flour with an Escherichia coli phytase gene appA by sub‐chronic feeding study in Wistar rats
Authors: Tsai Cheng‐Chih , Lai Chieh‐Hsien , Yang Chi‐Sheng , Lin Chien‐Ku , Tsen Hau‐Yang
Published: November 2007

BACKGROUND: Phytase is increasingly used as an ingredient in swine and poultry feeds to improve the bioavailability of phytate‐bound phosphorus and reduce the supplement of elemental phosphorus in feeds. Recently, a transgenic rise (TGR) with phytase appA gene from E. coli has been developed in Taiwan. To assure the food safety of this TGR, we performed a sub‐chronic whole‐food feeding study with Wistar rats.

RESULTS: Weaned feeding male and female rats were divided into TGR and non‐TGR (NTGR) groups (20 rats per group), and fed diets containing 76.8% rice flour of TGR and NTGR, respectively. After 93 days feeding, although some hematological findings and blood chemistry values differed significantly between the TGR and NTGR groups, all values were still within the normal range for rats of this age and sex. No adverse effects of TGR were observed in terms of animal behavior, weight gain, or feed utilization rate. Necropsy at the end of the experiment indicated that neither pathological lesions nor histopathological abnormalities were present in organs such as liver, kidney, intestines and testes of rats in TGR and NTGR groups. In addition, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in relative organ weights, hemograms and blood indices of rats between the two groups.

CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that in a 93‐day feeding study with Wistar rats a diet containing 76.8% of TGR flour having a phytase activity of about 1500 U kg−1 body weight per day has no adverse effects. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Solid substrate bioassay to evaluate impact of Trichoderma on trichothecene mycotoxin production by Fusarium species
Authors: Busko Maciej , Chełkowski Jerzy , Popiel Delfina , Perkowski Juliusz
Published: November 2007

BACKGROUND: Fusarium head blight of wheat is a destructive disease in various wheat‐growing regions and leads to significant yield losses for farmers and to contamination of cereal grains with mycotoxins, mainly deoxynivalenol and its derivatives. Toxigenic Fusarium species sporulate on cereal crop residues and produce significant inoculum for epidemics. Reduction of mycotoxin production and pathogen sporulation may be influenced by saprophytic fungal antagonists.

RESULTS: Trichoderma isolates were examined in dual culture bioassays on rice with two isolates of Fusarium graminearum Schwabe and two isolates of Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Saccardo, belonging to three different chemotypes. Production of five trichothecene mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol (DON), 3‐acetyl‐deoxynivalenol (3AcDON), 15‐acetyl‐deoxynivalenol (15AcDON), nivalenol (NIV) and fusarenone X (FUS), was reduced by over 95%. Two Trichoderma isolates partially reduced the amounts of four metabolites when inoculated on autoclaved cultures of the same four Fusarium isolates. However, in the case of the 15AcDON chemotype of F. culmorum culture the content of DON increased and that of 15AcDON decreased. Isolates of Trichoderma varied in their ability to inhibit production of the five trichothecene mycotoxins by Fusarium. Susceptibility of the four Fusarium isolates to antagonistic activity of the same Trichoderma isolate differed significantly.

CONCLUSION: Selected non‐toxigenic Trichoderma isolates proved to be useful biocontrol agents against toxigenic Fusarium pathogens of wheat, significantly reducing production of the trichothecene mycotoxins DON, NIV and their acetylated derivatives. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of pesticides in water samples by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ruiz‐Gil Laura , Romero‐González Roberto , Garrido Frenich Antonia , Martínez Vidal José L.
Published: November 2007

A multiresidue method for the determination of more than 80 pesticides in water has been developed and validated. The proposed method is based on SPE followed by GC coupled to MS/MS. Different variables affecting SPE procedure, such as cartridges, sample volume and solvents were studied, and mass spectrometric conditions were optimised in order to increase selectivity and sensitivity. Calibration curves were linear over the range of 0.03–0.5 μg/L. Recoveries were in the range of 70–110% and repeatability was below 20% for the lowest calibration point. LODs ranged from 0.001 to 0.025 μg/L and LOQs from 0.003 to 0.076 μg/L. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the analysis of water samples from southeast of Spain.
Trust and formal contracts in interorganizational relationships — substitutes and complements
Authors: Mellewigt Thomas , Madhok Anoop , Weibel Antoinette
Published: November 2007

We hypothesize that trust is a moderator of the direct relationship between control and coordination concerns and contractual complexity. Our results suggest that high trust weakens the positive relationship between control concerns and contractual complexity and reinforces the positive relationship between coordination concerns and contractual complexity. By highlighting the dual role of contracts (i.e. a controlling and coordinating function) and the moderating role of trust in this regard, our paper provides a new focus to the current discussion on the relationship between trust and contracts (i.e. substitutes or complements) that may help reconcile some divergent perspectives in the literature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slower conduction velocity and motor unit discharge frequency are associated with muscle fatigue during isometric exercise in type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Almeida S. , Riddell M.C. , Cafarelli E.
Published: November 2007

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with a peripheral neuropathy that reduces nerve conduction velocity. This may impair high motor‐unit discharge frequencies (MUDF), decrease muscle activation, and curtail the ability to sustain repetitive contractile tasks. We examined (1) whether MUDF, the contractile properties of the knee extensors, and the conduction velocity of persons with T1DM differed from controls; (2) whether persons with T1DM can maintain adequate MUDF during a fatigue protocol; and (3) the relationship between these parameters and impaired glycemic control. We studied male and female subjects with T1DM and controls matched for age, height, weight, and gender. Single motor unit recordings were made from vastus lateralis during maximal and submaximal contractions and during a fatigue protocol. Glycemic control was assessed from blood glucose concentration and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Control femoral conduction velocities were comparable to literature values and those of the T1DM subjects were slower. These values correlated with plasma glucose and HbA1c. T1DM subjects fatigued 45% sooner than controls, and time to fatigue and conduction velocity were correlated (r = 0.54, P < 0.05). Discharge frequencies tended to be slower during 50% maximal voluntary contractile force in the T1DM subjects at task failure. Persons with T1DM had slower conduction velocities and lower MUDF than their controls, which apparently leads to impaired activation of muscle and decreased endurance during isometric fatigue. Muscle Nerve, 2007
Metformin and glitazones: does similarity in biomolecular mechanism originate from tautomerism in these drugs?
Authors: Sundriyal Sandeep , Khanna Smriti , Saha Rikta , Bharatam Prasad V.
Published: November 2007

This theoretical study attempts to find out similarity between metformin and glitazone class of antidiabetic drugs. It was found that some tautomeric forms of both metformin and thiazolidinedione ring of glitazones have similar molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) surface and may bind to a common complementary surface. Complexation and docking studies were also carried out in order to support this hypothesis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved isotope ratio measurement performance in liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry by removing excess oxygen
Authors: Hettmann Elena , Brand Willi A. , Gleixner Gerd
Published: November 2007

A low dead volume oxygen scrubbing system was introduced in a commercially available liquid chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LC/IRMS) interface to enhance the analytical capability of the system. In the LC/IRMS interface carbon from organic samples is converted into CO2 inside the mobile phase by wet chemical oxidation using peroxodisulfate (Na2S2O8). After passing the hot reaction zone, surplus oxygen (O2) remains dissolved in the liquid phase. Both CO2 and O2 diffuse through a transfer membrane into the helium carrier and are transferred to the mass spectrometer. The presence of O2 in the ion source may have detrimental effects on measurement accuracy and precision as well as on filament lifetime. As a remedy, a new on‐line O2‐removing device has been incorporated into the system.

The new O2 scrubber consists of two parallel hot copper reduction reactors (0.8 mm i.d., active length 120 mm) and a switch‐over valve between them. One reactor is regenerated using He/H2 while the other is actively scavenging O2 from the gas stream. The capacity of each reduction reactor, expressed as usage time, is between 40 and 50 min. This is sufficient for a single LC run for sugars and organic acids. A further increase of the reduction capacity is accompanied by a peak broadening of about 100%. After switching to a freshly reduced reactor the oxygen background and the δ13C values of the reference gas need up to 500 s to stabilize. For repeated injections the δ13C values of sucrose remain constant (±0.1‰) for about 3000 s. The long‐term stability for measurements of sucrose was 0.11‰ without the reduction oven and improved slightly to 0.08‰ with the reduction oven. The filament lifetime improved by more than 600%, thereby improving the long‐term system stability and analytical efficiency. In addition the costs per analysis were reduced considerably. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterisation of spherical silicas obtained from sodium silicate and hydrochloric acid in emulsion medium using hexane as the organic phase
Authors: Jesionowski Teofil , Tepper Beata , Krysztafkiewicz Andrzej
Published: November 2007

The process of silica formation in an emulsion medium with hexane as the organic phase has been studied. The precipitation reaction has been conducted with sodium silicate. The conditions of precipitation have been optimised and their effect on the physicochemical properties of the products obtained has been analysed. The products have been synthetic silicas of spherical particle shapes with a number of them revealing high activity. It has been established that by controlling the amount of non‐ionic surfactants used as emulsifiers in the emulsions prepared, it is possible to obtain homogeneous silicas showing poor tendency towards agglomerate and aggregate formation. In particular, greater amounts of surfactants lead to changes in the diameter of the silica particles and increase their tendency to agglomerate formation evidenced by the particle size distributions (PSDs) or SEM and transmission electron microscope (TEM) evaluations. The silica agglomeration promotes sedimentation of their particles in water. The surface of the active silicas produced shows limited hydrophilic properties which is evidenced by the character of their wettability curves. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dual frequency MIMO measurements in the 2.26–2.5 GHz band
Authors: Matthaiou Michail , Razavi‐Ghods Nima , Laurenson David I. , Salous Sana
Published: November 2007

In this paper, the performance of a dual Multiple‐Input Multiple‐Output (MIMO) communication system is investigated using data obtained from an indoor measurement campaign. We focus on the double‐directional channel response of each frequency band and the degree of similarity between them. In general, when a Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) system is employed, as for example in Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), it is of vital importance to study whether the measurement results from the uplink could be directly extrapolated to the downlink direction, and vice versa. By applying two conventional beamforming techniques and the well known MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm, the angular domain performance of both bands was assessed. The initial results presented herein are promising enough as the joint spectra seem to be remarkably similar implying that the underlying propagation mechanisms at both bands are also similar. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy concentration for the Landau–Lifshitz equation
Authors: Moser Roger
Published: November 2007

For the Landau–Lifshitz equation on a domain with three space dimensions, we consider energy concentration phenomena arising in the context of weakly convergent sequences of solutions. The concentration measure can be interpreted as a family of generalized curves. We establish a connection to a geometric flow.

Pour l'équation de Landau–Lifshitz sur un domaine en trois dimensions d'espace, nous considérons des phénomènes de concentration d'énergie survenant dans le contexte des suites faiblement convergentes de solutions. La mesure de concentration peut être interprétée comme famille de courbes généralisées. Nous établissons une connexion avec un flot géométrique.
Toward a theory of competencies for the management of product complexity: Six case studies
Authors: Closs David J. , Jacobs Mark A. , Swink Morgan , Webb G. Scott
Published: November 2007

Business units in six Fortune 500 companies were studied to develop better understanding regarding drivers of product portfolio complexity and the means to manage them. Our research focuses on identifying important competencies for managing product portfolio complexity and on the development of appropriate theoretical explanations. We found three important competencies: product/technology portfolio strategy, organization and governance regarding complexity decisions, and product design and decision support systems. We explicate these competencies using a socio‐technical systems theoretical perspective. Our findings provide the basis for a model describing the impact of complexity and complexity management on business unit profitability.
Spherulites and spherulitic tactoids of anthraxolite
Authors: Dymkov Yu.M. , Yushkin N.P. , Zubov A.I. , Pavlov E.G. , Savel’ev A.S. , Filippov V.N.
Published: November 2007

A pebble of anthraxolite found in the basin of the Kendei River, a tributary of the Lena River, was examined under polarization metallographic and electron microscopes to get an insight into their structure and ontogeny. A polished section of the mineral demonstrates evident anisotropy in polarized reflected light and finely sculptured microrelief of growth and induction surfaces of spherulites on the fracture (fractograms). The morphogenetic inspection and study of ontogenetic signs of origination, growth, phase transformations, and other changes of anthraxolite revealed a growth mechanism typical of spherulitic dendrites owing to low-angle splitting of radial subindividuals. Layered gravity structures (‘mineralogical levels’) have been found in crystallization voids. They are composed of an ordered even-grained aggregate of spherical crystals of anthraxolite with the tactoid texture of precious opal. The tactoid mineralogical levels of anthraxolite are characterized by the block structure of microspherulite aggregates, signs of deformation, twinning and geometrical selection of blocks, and elements of recrystallization. Growth-oriented zones of regular nets with endotaxial inclusions of graphite inside the cells have been observed on induction surfaces in spherulitic dendrites. Their appearance is considered an indicator of phase transformations. Supramolecular structures and their effect on the morphology of anthraxolite are discussed in short.
Variation in tomato host response toBemisia tabaci(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in relation to acyl sugar content and presence of the nematode and potato aphid resistance geneMi
Authors: Nombela G. , Beitia F. , Muñiz M.
Published: November 2007

Two commercial cultivars of tomato, Alta and Peto 95, the accession line number LA716 ofLycopersicon pennelliiand lines 94GH-006 and 94GH-033 (backcrosses between Peto 95 and LA716), with different leaf acyl sugar contents were screened for resistance toBemisia argentifoliiBellows & Perring (corresponding to the Spanish B-biotype ofBemisia tabaci(Gennadius)), in greenhouse- and field-no-choice experiments. There was no oviposition on LA716 (with the highest acyl sugar content) while the greatest fecundity and fertility values were observed on the cultivar Alta (no acyl sugar content). However, no clear relationship was found between the low acyl sugar content in the other tomato cultivars tested and whitefly reproduction. Thus, resistance toB. tabacidid not appear to correlate with acyl sugar content below a threshold level of 37.8 μg cm-2leaf. In a greenhouse choice-assay,B. tabaciexhibited reduced host preference and reproduction on the commercial tomato cultivars Motelle, VFN8 and Ronita all of which carry theMigene resistance toMeloidogynenematodes and the aphidMacrosiphum euphorbiae(Thomas), than on theMi-lacking cultivars Moneymaker, Rio Fuego and Roma. When data ofMi-bearing plants were pooled, the mean values for daily infestation and pupal production ofB. tabaciwere significantly lower than those ofMi-lacking plants. This reflected a level of antixenosis- and antibiosis-based resistance in commercial tomato and indicated thatMi, or another closely linked gene, might be implicated in a partial resistance which was not associated either with the presence of glandular trichomes or their exudates. These findings support the general hypothesis for the existence of similarities among the resistance mechanisms to whiteflies, aphids and nematodes in commercial tomato plants.
Biology and field performance ofGryon clavigrallae(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), an egg parasitoid ofClavigrallaspp. (Hemiptera: Coreidae) in India
Authors: Romeis J. , Shanower T.G. , Madhuri K.
Published: November 2007

The biology and impact ofGryon clavigrallaeMineo, an egg parasitoid ofClavigralla scutellarisSpinola andC. gibbosa(Westwood), was investigated. The calculated developmental threshold temperatures for females and males were 15.6°C and 15.8°C, respectively. Emergence exceeded 94% at temperatures between 22 and 30°C. Adult females lived on average 28–96 days when fed with honey. Without food, adults lived < 6 days. Mean fecundity was 56.4 eggs per female. A significant trend of lower fecundity after longer periods of host deprivation was observed.Gryon clavigrallaefemales successfully oviposited in host eggs of all ages though eggs < 4 days old were preferred. Total host handling times were significantly longer onC. gibbosaeggs (23.5 min) than onC. scutellariseggs (12.0 min). Females readily distinguished parasitized from non-parasitized host eggs. Superparasitism was observed when few or no unparasitized eggs were available. Eggs of the twoClavigrallaspecies can be separated by surface structure and condition after eclosion.Clavigralla scutellarislaid significantly larger egg clusters thanC. gibbosa(19.9 versus 10.5 eggs per cluster).Gryon clavigrallaewas present as soon as the firstClavigrallaspp. egg clusters were found on pigeonpea. The percentage of egg clusters parasitized increased early in the season with egg cluster density and remained high (up to 83%) despite fluctuations in host density. Overall,G. clavigrallaeparasitized 40 and 58% ofC. gibbosaandC. scutellariseggs. The percentage of egg clusters parasitized and the number of eggs parasitized per cluster increased significantly with egg cluster size. The overall parasitoid sex ratio was highly female biased but varied with the number of eggs parasitized per cluster.
A review of the biology and control of the coffee berry borer,Hypothenemus hampei(Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Damon A.
Published: November 2007

The coffee berry borer,Hypothenemus hampeiFerrari, is a serious problem for the majority of the world‘s coffee growers and has proved to be one of the most intractable of present day pests. Despite a great deal of research, control still depends largely on the application of the organochlorine insecticide endosulfan, which is damaging to the environment, or a series of cultural and biological control methods which give variable and unpredictable results. This review summarizes the most important aspects of the biology and ecology ofH. hampeiand its control and identifies weak points in the knowledge about this pest. Emphasis is placed upon an analysis of the non-chemical control methods available and suggestions are offered for novel ecological and environmental factors worthy of further research, in the search for viable and sustainable control methods.
Stabling and the protection of horses from Culicoides bolitinos (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), a recently identified vector of African horse sickness
Authors: Meiswinkel R. , Baylis M. , Labuschagne K.
Published: November 2007

The stabling of horses at night reportedly offers protection from African horse sickness and the most significant vector of the disease, Culicoides imicolaKieffer, has been shown to be exophilic. In certain high-lying regions of South Africa, however, C. bolitinos Meiswinkel, may be the major vector of the disease but its entry behaviour into stables is unknown. Accordingly, in the eastern Free State province of South Africa, light trap catches of C. bolitinos inside stables and outside, were compared. Two horse-baited stables, one traditional, and one modern, were used and combinations of stable (old/new), ceiling fans (on/off) and accessibility to Culicoides (stable doors open/closed or windows gauzed/ungauzed) were investigated as treatments. A total of 111,452 Culicoides of 26 species was collected on 60 trap nights; C. bolitinos was dominant (89.1% overall) with C. imicola second in abundance (2.9%). Outside catches were greater on warmer, drier, evenings but were suppressed by high wind speeds. Catches of C. imicola inside stables with doors open, or with windows ungauzed, were less than the numbers captured outside. In contrast, more C. bolitinos were caught in open stables than outside, i.e. open structures may protect horses from the exophilic C. imicola, but may increase attack rates from the endophilic C. bolitinos. The closing of doors and the gauzing of windows, however, led to a 14-fold reduction in numbers of C. bolitinos and C. imicola entering stables. A well-gauzed ‘traditional’ stable was as effective as a closed ‘modern’stable. Ceiling fans had no suppressant effect.
Modelling development time of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at constant and natural temperatures
Authors: Liu Shu-sheng , Meng Xue-duo
Published: November 2007

The development period from birth to adult of alate and apterous virginoparae of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), reared on Brassica campestrisssp. chinensis, was measured at 13 constant and five natural temperature regimes. The day–degree model, the logistic equation, and the Wang model were used to describe the relationships between temperature and development rate at constant conditions. The constant temperature–development curves derived from the three models were used with a Weibull function describing the distribution of development times, to simulate the development of individuals of cohorts reared at natural temperature regimes. Comparison of the observed with simulated distributions of adult emergence indicates that all three models can simulate the development of M. persicaevery well when the temperature does not go below 4°C, the notional low temperature threshold of the day–degree model. When accumulation of temperatures below 4°C becomes substantial, only the logistic curve with a low temperature threshold of 0°C can offer accurate simulations; the other two models give falsely longer durations of development. Methods for accurately simulating the development of M. persicae in the field are suggested. The significance of modelling insect development at low temperatures by nonlinear models is discussed.
Odour-baited targets as invasion barriers for tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae): a field trial in Zimbabwe
Authors: Muzari M.O.
Published: November 2007

In Zimbabwe, odour-baited targets impregnated with deltamethrin were deployed at 4 km-2 in a 9 km-wide band as an invasion barrier against dense populations of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. Tsetse populations across the barrier were monitored by a line of traps. Invasion pressure was estimated by the catches from two additional traps about 6 km into the invasion source. After 14 months all traps more than 7 km from the invasion source recorded zero catches for 12 consecutive months, indicating that the barrier was effective in preventing re-invasion, and that the 9 km-wide barrier gave a good margin of safety.
Reduced alarm response by peach–potato aphids,Myzus persicae(Hemiptera: Aphididae), with knock-down resistance to insecticides (kdr)may impose a fitness cost through increased vulnerability to natural enemies
Authors: Foster S.P. , Woodcock C.M. , Williamson M.S. , Devonshire A.L. , Denholm I. , Thompson R.
Published: November 2007

Termites were sampled using randomized soil pits in 64 cropping plots, each 25 x 25 m, forming an experimental agrisilvicultural system in both a 6- and an 18-year-oldTerminalia ivorensisplantation, in which canopy cover, crop, cropping system and land preparation were the principal treatment variables. The treatments were established in April 1995 and sampling was carried out in November 1995, February 1996 and July 1996. A total of 82 termite species were found, of which 67 were soil-feeders. Overall termite abundance and the abundance of soil-feeders increased between November 1995 and July 1996, reaching a mean of nearly 6000 m-2. Pooling termite data from these sampling dates, in the old plantation, the high canopy cover treatment (192 stems ha-1) had a greater abundance of termites, compared with the low canopy cover treatment (64 stems ha-1) and this effect was independent of crop type (plantain or cocoyam), cropping system (single stands or mixed crops) and land preparation (mulch retained or burned, plantain only). The young tree plantation (same tree densities as in the old plantation) showed no significant difference in termite abundance between high and low canopy (levels of tree foliage) densities, though the high canopy sheltered a greater number of termites. Analysis of covariance showed that crop yield (both plantain and cocoyam) was not directly linked to the abundance of all termite populations, but that the cocoyam yield was positively correlated with the abundance of soil-feeding termites (the majority in the assemblage) in the young plantation. This may be due to the beneficial conditioning of soil resulting from the foraging and construction activities of soil-feeders.
Linear patterns of dispersal and build up of the introduced parasitoidMicroctonus hyperodae(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Canterbury, New Zealand
Authors: Goldson S.L. , Proffitt J.R. , McNeill M.R. , Baird D.B.
Published: November 2007

The dispersal ofMicroctonus hyperodaeLoan, an introduced parasitoid of the South American grassland pestListronotus bonariensisKuschel, was measured in Canterbury, New Zealand. Considering all directions, the mean annual dispersive increment was 1.9 ± 0.9 km year–1as measured in the winters of 1993, 1994 and 1995. The parasitoid’s ground distribution suggested that its movement was biased towards the south-west indicating probable wind-borne dispersal. The overall relatively low rate of dispersal was thought to be related to the inhibitory effects ofM. hyperodaeparasitism onL. bonariensisflight. A generalized linear model fitted to percentage ofL. bonariensisparasitized took a simple form, with a quadratic increase in weevil infection, that with time, gradually decreased. The build-up of parasitism at the release site was significantly greater than the rates at the other sites measured in this study (P< 0.001) with a ratio of release site: dispersal site rates of 1.33: 1. The simplicity of the fitted generalized linear model indicated remarkable uniformity in both parasitism build-up and dispersal from one year to the next; this finding indicated that all dispersal was ‘natural’ and unassisted by human activity. Despite such modest dispersal rates, by the winter of 1996, five years after its release, the parasitoid had spread geometrically over an area ofc. 140 km2.
Molecular characterization of clones of theMyzus persicaecomplex (Hemiptera: Aphididae) differing in their ability to transmit the potato leafroll luteovirus (PLRV)
Authors: Terradot L. , Simon J.-C. , Leterme N. , Bourdin D. , Wilson A.C.C. , Gauthier J.-P. , Robert Y.
Published: November 2007

A prerequisite to studying the specific interactions involved in the persistent transmission of luteoviruses such as the potato leafroll virus (PLRV) is the characterization of both the virus and its vectors. A range of techniques was used to assess genetic differentiation among 27 clones belonging to theMyzus persicaecomplex (M. persicae(Sulzer),M. antirrhinii(Macchiati) andM. nicotianaeBlackman) and showing different efficiencies in transmitting PLRV isolates. AllM. persicae/M. nicotianaeclones belonged to one of two karyotypes, both 2n = 12, either normal or carrying an autosomal translocation (A1,3), and allM. antirrhiniiclones had 13 or 14 chromosomes. Amplified esterase 4 genes were detected by PCR–REN assay inM. persicae/M. nicotianaetaxa, with gene expression being modified by methylation. Similarly, amplified E4 genes were revealed inM. antirrhiniibut they all showed unmethylated. Two allozyme and 11 microsatellite loci discriminated 10 different genotypic classes among the 27 clones. Analysis of genetic relatedness between these genotypic classes revealed thatM. nicotianaeclones were very closely related toM. persicaeclones, whereas the genetic differentiation betweenM. antirrhiniiandM. persicaewas greater. The implications of these results for the taxonomic status of these genotypes within the complex, and the transmission of PLRV, are discussed.
Seasonal variation in nutritional levels of male tsetse flies Glossina morsitans morsitans (Diptera: Glossinidae) caught using fly-rounds and electric screens
Authors: Van den Bossche P. , Hargrove J.W.
Published: November 2007

A total of 4420 male Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood were captured on man fly-rounds in Katete District, Eastern Province, Zambia between February 1991 and December 1993. Of these flies, 1680 were captured before June 1992, during which period 989 flies were also captured on odour-baited electric screens operated in the same area. Non-teneral flies were analysed for fat, haematin and residual dry weight and their wing-vein length was measured. There were well marked annual cycles in wing length, fat and residual dry weight. Flies were biggest at the end of the rainy season, and smallest at the end of the hot dry season. Fat levels were lowest before the onset of the rains and highest in the cool season. Residual dry weight was a function of haematin content and the degree of wing-fray; these factors were used to correct the residual dry weight to zero haematin. Corrected residual dry weight and wing-vein lengths were most highly correlated with relative humidity in the month prior to capture (r > 0.8 and 0.6 respectively). Correlations with saturation deficit were weaker; temperature accounted for <20% of the variance. Fly-round flies had a consistently higher residual dry weight than those from the electric screen, but their fat levels were lower. The distributions of log haematin levels differed little between the two sampling methods and were adequately described by a model where capture and feeding rates increased exponentially after each meal. The increase in the feeding rate after each meal differed little with season and was closely similar to that estimated for female G. pallidipesAusten in Zimbabwe.
Weeds and natural enemy regulation of insect pests in upland rice; a case study from West Africa
Authors: Afun J.V.K. , Johnson D.E. , Russell-Smith A.
Published: November 2007

Effects of five weed management regimes on abundance of weeds, insect pests, generalist predators and on pest damage and rice yield were investigated in upland rice in Côte d‘Ivoire over two years. In both years there was a highly significant negative correlation between weed biomass and grain yield across all treatments. Only two pest insect groups,Nephotettixspp. (Cicadellidae) and seed sucking Heteroptera, were consistently more abundant in unweeded plots and had a consistent significant positive correlation between abundance and weed biomass across all seven treatments. These polyphagous groups may have been more dependent on resources provided by weeds than the other pests studied. However, pest damage was not affected by presence or absence of weeds, suggesting that populations were below a damage threshold. Ants were the most abundant predators in the rice canopy and were most abundant in unweeded treatments. Abundance of both ants and spiders was significantly positively correlated with weed biomass across treatments. Abundance of reduviid bugs was positively correlated with weed biomass only in 1995. Any benefits due to presence of weeds in the crop were completely outweighed by loss of crop yield due to weed competition. However, if crop losses due to weeds were sufficiently reduced, it is possible that significant losses due to insect pests might emerge.
Verification of the synonymy of Simulium damnosum cytoform ‘Nyamagasani’ with Simulium kilibanum Gouteux (Diptera: Simuliidae) together with descriptive data on related forms
Authors: Krüger A. , Garms R.
Published: November 2007

Adults, larvae and pupae of the type material of Simulium (Edwardsellum) kilibanumGouteux from Zaïre, the important onchocerciasis vector Simulium (E.) damnosumcytoform ‘Nyamagasani’ from western Uganda and Malawi, and the closely related forms ‘Nkusi’ and ‘Sebwe’ from western Uganda were compared using morphological and molecular methods. Results support the assumption of synonymy of S. kilibanum and the cytoform ‘Nyamagasani’, which hitherto was based on weak evidence. The description of S. kilibanumis supplemented and detailed descriptive data are given of ‘Nyamagasani’and the cytoforms ‘Nkusi’ and ‘Sebwe’ all of which are taxa of the ‘Sanje’ group of the S. damnosum complex.
Textile systems and one-sided resolving automorphisms and endomorphisms of the shift
Authors: NASU MASAKAZU
Published: November 2007

Two results on textile systems are obtained. Using these we prove that for any automorphism φ of any topologically-transitive subshift of finite type, if φ is expansive and φ or φ−1 has memory zero or anticipation zero, then φ is topologically conjugate to a subshift of finite type. Moreover, this is generalized to a result on chain recurrent onto endomorphisms of topologically-transitive subshifts of finite type. Using textile systems and textile subsystems, we develop a structure theory concerning expansiveness with the pseudo orbit tracing property on directionally essentially weakly one-sided resolving automorphisms and endomorphisms of subshifts.
Managing the demands of professional life
Authors: Dickey Jamie , Ungerleider Ross
Published: November 2007

Our review summarizes the thoughts we shared in presenting the 8th annual Daicoff lecture. It is fitting, therefore, to begin with a few comments about George Daicoff. One of us (RU) first met George at a meeting, which might have been the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association. He was very kind and gracious, and made me feel welcome. We would like for each of you now reading this review to think, for a moment, of when you have had an experience like that from someone you didn’t know well, and how it made you feel comfortable, and that maybe you “fit in.” George, we thank you for that memory. Our field needs more graciousness. As all of us function in our everyday world, we should remember that we never know when our acts of graciousness one to another will be remembered and acknowledged. Our review summarises five concepts that we have found helpful in our work with similar groups of busy professionals.

The first is mindfulness, sometimes referred to as being conscious of the present moment. It is an irony of the training of health care professionals that we are constantly being directed towards a future focus. We readily don the blinders of a professional life that keeps us focusing on what lies ahead. Although some element of this is essential for professional success, we run the risk of missing out on the richness of our everyday experiences. The second is intentionality. In our work with busy professionals, we have found that so many have drifted into the automaticity of patterned responses. This gets us in so much trouble because we forget that we always have choice. The third is mindsight. This is about empathy, and the ability to connect to the experiences of others. Mindsight is about connecting to our differences. The fourth is forgiveness and shared meanings. It is important to practice forgiveness, and to create shared meanings in relationships. These processes allow us to reconnect to people who have hurt, disappointed, or angered us. When we don’t forgive, we create toxic relationships, both with ourselves and with others. It is the heaviness of resentment that prevents us from being at ease. The final concept concerns management of stress. We should learn to recognize when we are stressed. We cannot manage what we don’t know. It is our belief that attention to these features will help you better manage the numerous demands of your life.
Color Similarity in Visual Search
Authors: Reijnen Ester , Wallach Dieter , Stöcklin Markus , Kassuba Tanja , Opwis Klaus
Published: November 2007

In the present study, we investigated the role of phenomenologically perceived color differences between stimuli in determining visual search efficiency. We contrasted this with predictions based on the categorical color status, as proposed by Wolfe’s Guided Search 2 model. We first asked participants to rate the color similarity of each pair of stimuli (pairwise comparison). The results were combined using multidimensional scaling to produce a similarity metric, which was subsequently used to define stimulus similarities for two visual search experiments. The results demonstrate that the time required by participants to find a target is more adequately explained by the perceived similarity of colors than by color categories.