bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Floral development in the 'Symphyomyrtus group' of Eucalypts (Eucalyptus: Myrtaceae)
Authors: Drinnan AN , Ladiges PY
Published: April 2005

Floral development is described in selected species of informal subgenus Symphyomyrtus (Pryor and Johnson 1971). The corolline operculum in most species is equivalent to those of informal subgenera Eudesmia, Idiogenes (E. cloëziana) and Monocalyptus. It is formed by growth centre continuity, and shows characters consistent with the dorsal components of Angophora and bloodwood corolline parts. Stamen primordia form on a corolline buttress that develops into the stemonophore of the mature flower. This feature is a synapomorphy for Symphyomyrtus sens. strict., Eudesmia, Idiogenes and Monocalyptus. Eucalyptus microcoiys has the plesiomorphic conditions of four free imbricate petals that show no evidence of compound development, and stamens arising directly on the floral apex, not on a stemonophore precursor. The apparent bundling of stamens is a result of differential bud growth, and bears only a superficial resemblance to stamen groups in Eudesmia eucalypts. The corollas of E. brachyandra (informal subgenus Telocalyptus) and E. guilfoylei (Symphyomyrtus) also consist of free, simple petals, but the unavailability of early developmental stages precludes a complete interpretation of these and the remaining three species of Telocalyptus.
The gynocecia of Australian restionaceae: Morphology, anatomy and systematic implications
Authors: Linder HP
Published: April 2005

Gynoecial structure has been much emphasised in the supraspecific classification of the Restionaceae. Recent work on the culm anatomy, palynology and chemistry has indicated extensive parallelism in their evolution. Detailed anatomical investigations presented here show that the apparently similar gynoecia of some African and Australian Restionaceae are indeed the result of convergence. Reduction in some of the Australian genera can be shown to be the result of convergence, but the range of reduction routes is smaller than in the African Restionaceae. Several phylogenetically interesting features of the female flowers are documented. The perianth may consist of six undifferentiated, more or less membranous tepals, or they may be cartilaginous, with the outer lateral tepals conduplicate. In the latter case there is frequently a reduction to four tepals, paralleled by reduction in the gynoecium. The gynoecial information by itself is not adequate to formulate a phylogenetic hypothesis for the Australian Restionaceae, but should provide valuable information for such a project.
A taxonomic revision of Carissa (Apocynaceae) in Australia
Authors: Forster PI
Published: April 2005

A revision of Carissa R. Br. in Australia is presented with generic and specific descriptions, a species key, notes on typification with lectotypifications, distribution, habitat, local names and ethnobotanical use. Four species are recognised, C. lanceolata R. Br., C. ovata R. Br., C. laxiflora Benth. and C. scabra R. Br.
Catalogue of marine and freshwater red algae (Rhodophyta) of New South Wales, including Lord Howe Island, south-western Pacific
Authors: Millar AJK , Kraft GT
Published: April 2005

All published, and many unpublished, records of marine and freshwater red algae from the New South Wales mainland and Lord Howe Island are brought together for the first time. Of the 381 species listed (in 14 orders, 41 families and 174 genera), some 22% have New South Wales type localities (58 from the mainland and 24 from Lord Howe Island) and the remainder are either typically southern Australian, Queensland, or much more widely distributed. Twenty-five percent (100) of the species and 20% (35) of the genera are newly recorded for the New South Wales coast, one genus (Callithamniella) is new to the Pacific Ocean, and two (Ditria and Titanophora) are newly recorded for Australia. The new combination Gloiocladia minutula is also proposed. All nomenclature is updated and relevant synonyms and misapplied names are included.
A simple, rapid, inexpensive and widely applicable technique for purifying plant DNA
Authors: Gilmore S , Weston PH , Thomson JA
Published: April 2005

We describe and evaluate a quick and simple technique for purifying plant DNA from a wide range of taxa. The method utilises selective binding to diatomite in the presence of a chaotrope and allows simple, rapid and inexpensive preparation of DNA of length and purity adequate for restriction analysis of nuclear and chloroplast sites, cyclic DNA amplification and other studies. Coupled with recent developments in handling of field-collected plant samples and the development of non-radioactive nucleic acid labelling techniques, this purification protocol facilitates application of molecular systematic approaches in botanical institutions without access to specialised biochemical facilities.
Type Studies in the Polyporaceae 24*. Species Described by Cleland, Rodway and Cheel
Authors: Buchanan PK , Ryvarden L
Published: April 2005

Twenty-six taxa described by J.B. Cleland, L. Rodway and E. Cheel in the Polyporaceae have been reviewed and the type specimens examined. The name of 1 species is accepted, 16 taxa are treated as synonyms of existing names, 3 lacked type material or material was inadequate to support an identification, and new combinations are proposed for 6 names: Antrodiella subcrassa, Inonotus lloydii, I. setuloso-croceus, Perermiporia subaurantiaca, Phellinus subcontiguus, P. sublaevigarus. Lectotype specimens are designated for 9 species. A key to five Australasian resupinate species of Phellinus is provided. * Previous paper in series: Ryvarden, L. (1992) Type studies in the Polyporaceae 23. Species
described by C.G. Lloyd in Lenzites, Polystictus, Poria and Trametes. Myccotaxon 44: 127–136.
Growth-forms in Non-geniculate Coralline Red Algae (Coralliinales, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Woelkerling WJ , Irvine LM , Harvey AS
Published: April 2005

Although differences in growth-form have been widely used in delimiting taxa of non-geniculate coralline red algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta), there has been no consistent application of the more than 100 terms employed to describe the growth-forms present, and considerable confusion has resulted. This study of over 5000 populations of non-geniculate corallines from all parts of the world has shown that an intergrading network of growth-forms with 10 focal points is present: unconsolidated, encrusting, warty, lumpy, fruticose, discoid, layered, foliose, ribbon-like and arborescent. This focal point terminology can be used to describe any specimen or species of non-geniculate coralline in a consistent, easily interpretable manner. Details of the system are provided, the relationships of the system to past proposals are discussed, and the extent to which differences in growth-forms can be used as taxonomic characters in the non-geniculate Corallinales is reviewed.
Taxonomic Revision of Eucalyptus alpina s.l. and Recognition of Three New Species, E. victoriana, E. serraensis and E. verrucosa
Authors: Ladiges PY , Whiffin T
Published: April 2005

Forms previously recognised within Eucalyptus alpina Lindl., an endemic of the Grampian Ranges, Victoria, are described as three new species. E. victoriana sp. nov. occurs in the Mt Thackeray area, Victoria Range; it is a tall tree with smooth upper branches and flaky bark on the lower trunk, adult leaves which are broad-lanceolate, buds which are slightly warty, and fruits which are compressed-hemispherical with a level to slightly ascending disc. E. serraensis sp. nov. is a small tree or mallee of the Wonderland Range and northern Serra Range; adult leaves are ovate, apiculate and coriaceous, buds are warty, and fruits have a broad, distinctly raised disc. E. verrucosa sp. nov. is a small tree or shrub of the southern Sena Range; adult leaves are orbicular, emarginate and coriaceous, buds are very warty, and fruits are large, with a level and folded disc. The type for E. alpina is from a probable hybrid tree with E. baxteri (Benth.) Maiden & Blakely ex Black and hence the name cannot be applied to any of the taxa recognised here.
Phylogeny of the Hebe Complex (Scrophulariaceae: Veroniceae)
Authors: Garnock-Jones PJ
Published: April 2005

The southern segregates of Veronica (Hebe, Parahebe, Chionohebe, Dementia, and Detzneria) form a monophyletic assemblage of c. 144 species found in New Guinea, Australia, New Zealand, Rapa, and South America. Most of the species occur in New Zealand, where Hebe is the largest genus and a characteristic member of many vegetation types. Cladistic analysis of the Hebe complex, based on 45 characters and 22 terminal taxa, indicates that: (1) Hebe is monophyletic if Hebe 'Paniculatae' is excluded and H. formosa is included; (2) Parahebe is paraphyletic; (3) Chionohebe is monophyletic, but is part of a larger clade which includes alpine Parahebe and possibly the monotypic Detzneria; (4) Hebe 'Paniculatae', Derwentia, and New Guinea Parahebe are monophyletic basal groups in the complex. According to this study, recognition of monophyletic genera would require six genera in the complex, supporting the recognition of Derwentia and separation of Hebe 'Paniculatae' from Hebe. Leonohebe Heads is considered polyphyletic and is not accepted; new combinations are provided for two species of Leonohebe with no name at species rank in Hebe. Competing biogeographic hypotheses have implied (1) a Gondwanan origin, or (2) migration from South-east Asia via New Guinea. An origin in Australasia from Asian ancestors best explains the topology of the basal parts of the cladogram, but at least seven dispersal events from New Zealand are postulated to explain the occurrence of species of Hebe in South America and Rapa and Parahebe, Hebe, and Chionohebe in Australia. An hypothesis which did not allow dispersal would require that nearly all the evolution in the complex occurred before the Tertiary, and hardly any since.
Drought Tolerance and Avoidance in the Localised and Endemic Leptospermum grandiflorum and Co-occurring Species
Authors: Blake J , Jordan GJ
Published: April 2005

A physiological case study of the genus Leptospermum is used to highlight the importance of the historical effects of the dry Last Glacial (30 000–15 000 BP) on current plant distributions in Tasmania. The water relations of the endemic L. grandiforum Lodd., which has a restricted distribution, is contrasted with three widespread taxa of this genus. The results suggest that L. grandiflorum is better suited for survival in dry areas, to which its distribution is restricted, than the more widespread species. Leptospermum grandiflorum is also shown to have a slower growth rate under moist conditions than the widespread taxa, which perhaps explains its apparent lack of dispersal during the moister interglacial. Thus, historical factors are likely to be the cause of the restricted distribution of this localised endemic to small areas of the east coast of Tasmania.
Morphology and taxonomic significance of the leaf epicuticular waxes in the Epacridaceae
Authors: Weiller CM , Crowden RK , Powell JM
Published: April 2005

The leaf epicuticular waxes of all genera within the Epacridaceae have been studied. Amorphous wax and three structured wax types, namely plate, ribbon and tube wax are described and their occurrence within genera surveyed. The distribution and development of waxes on the leaf lamina surfaces and on petioles is outlined and the consistency of wax-types within species examined. Additional features such as the presence of papillae and trichomes, the distribution of stomata, and the distribution and prominence of cuticular outgrowths have been observed, extending earlier studies of these features. Amorphous wax and plate wax are widespread within the family, while tube wax is found only in two genera (Dracophyllum and Richea) and ribbon wax is restricted to genera within the tribe Styphelieae. An evolutionary pathway from ancestral amorphous wax to plate wax, with later independent development of tube wax and ribbon wax is suggested. The taxonomic value of the wax data is discussed in relation to current generic delimitation and supra-generic classification and to recently proposed changes.
Corrigenda — Tapheocarpa (Commelinaceae) a new Australian genus with hypogeous fruits
Authors: Conran JG
Published: April 2005

The new genus Tapheocarpa (Cornmelinaceae) is described from Australia, and the new combination T. calandrinioides (F.Muell.) Conran is made for the taxon previously known as Aneilema calandrinioides F. Muell. The genus shows some affinities with both Aneilema R.Br. and Commelina L., but differs from other Commelinaceae in the possession of solitary, ebracteate, terminal flowers and indehiscent, hypogeous fruits.
Sedge genera of the world: Relationships and a new classification of the Cyperaceae
Authors: Bruhl JJ
Published: April 2005

Descriptions of the 122 genera of Cyperaceae were automatically converted from a DELTA database to PAUP format and into distance matrices, for cladistic and phenetic analyses. Comments on the taxa included are provided, and an annotated and illustrated character list is presented. Subsets of characters and taxa were analysed and the results compared with previous classifications of the family, including one recently derived from manual cladistic analyses. The cladistic analyses were more successful in providing reasonable hypothetical phylogenies than in providing classifications permitting useful generalisation: The phenetically derived trees are in general similar to the cladograms, but they are more highly structured and correspond more closely to a previously published, manually derived cladogram. A suprageneric classification of the Cyperaceae is proposed, in which the genera are explicitly assigned to twelve tribes and two subfamilies. The interactive program INTKEY was used for preparing group descriptions and diagnoses, thus greatly facilitating comparisons among alternative classificatory solutions. Weaknesses of literature generalisations, particularly at higher taxonomic levels, highlight the need for more comparative data.
The genus Eriachne (Eriachneae, Poaceae)
Authors: Lazarides M
Published: April 2005

This paper presents a taxonomic revision based on morphology of the genus Eriachne R.Br. which includes 51 taxa (48 species, two varieties and one subspecies), of which 10 species are presented as new. Changes in nurnenclature include three new cornbinations. Five species and 13 varieties are reduced to synonymy, and two trinomials are placed in synonymy. Lectotypes are designated for four taxa. The distributions of E. humilis and E. obtusa are extended to Irian Barat, the former also to Papua New Guinea, and E. armitii and E. nervosa to Western Australia. Cleistogamy and a vesicular indumentum are noteworthy features.
Eucalypt phylogeny — molecules and morphology
Authors: Ladiges PY , Udovicic F , Drinnan AN
Published: April 2005

Molecular (5S rDNA spacer and chloroplast DNA RnPs) and morphological data sets are informative at different levels of the eucalypt clade. They allow separate analysis of major subclades, the results of which, when combined, give a single, phylogenetic tree for Angophora Cav. and Eucalyptus L'Hér. For taxonomic revision, the tree supports the recognition of bloodwood eucalypts as monophyletic, but shows that informal subgenus Corymbia Pryor & Johnson is paraphyletic. The tree supports recognition of three major clades within the non-bloodwood eucalypts ('eudesmids', 'symphyomyrts' and 'monocalypts') and suggests relationships for taxa within each of these. Ovule and seed characters proved to be most informative in the morphological data set. The phylogenetic hypothesis suggests interpretations for homoplasious morphological characters, including parallel evolution of sepaline and petaline opercula (and associated stemonophore) and types of conflorescence.
Mycena in Australia: Section Roridae
Authors: Grgurinovic C
Published: April 2005

Two species of Mycena section Roridae have been found in Australia: Mycena austrororida and M. yirukensis, a new species.
Haraldiophyllum erosum comb. nov. (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) from Southern and Western Australia
Authors: Millar AJK , Huisman JM
Published: April 2005

Nitophyllum erosum Harvey (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) is a branched, monostromatic red alga that is readily recognised by its distinctive fringe of branched, multicellular processes. It has been considered to be a member of the genus Myriograrnrne Kylin, since it was thought to have carposporangia borne in short chains, a feature partially diagnostic for that genus. Recent collections of female and cystocarpic material have allowed us to ascertain the structure of the procarp, a feature important in generic placement. The procarp includes two periaxial cells, of which one acts as a cover cell while the other functions as the supporting cell, ultimately bearing two sterile cell groups and a four-celled carpogonial branch. In addition, the carposporophyte includes a distinctive fusion cell that incorporates gametophytic cells from the floor of the cystocarpic cavity, and the carposporangia are single and terminal on gonimoblast filaments. This combination of characters is diagnostic of the genus Haraldiophyllurn, a genus to which we transfer this species as Haraldiophyllum erosurn (Harvey) Millar & Huisman. comb. nov.
Phylogenetic analysis of Eucalyptus informal subgenus Symphyomyrtus section Maidenaria
Authors: Chappill JA , Ladiges PY
Published: April 2005

Eucalyptus informal subgenus Symphyomyrtus section Maidenaria includes 86 currently recognised taxa endemic to south-eastern Australia. Cladistic methodology and a morphological data set have been used to examine the phylogenetic relationships of these taxa and an additional two unnamed forms that may be worthy of taxonomic recognition. Maidenaria may be defined as a monophyletic group by the presence of oil glands in the phloem, although this feature is not unique to the group. Informal series Ovatae is paraphyletic, having been defined by plesiomorphic features such as petiolate juvenile leaves. Informal series Vitninales is monophyletic, defined by juvenile leaves that are opposite, sessile and cordate for many nodes. The analysis was a difficult one because of a high level of homoplasy (82%), problems with intergrading complexes of taxa, and coding of characters that are continuously varying. The cladogram produced for Maidenaria can be viewed as a statement of the pattern of variation of morphological characters in the group. It is likely to be only an approximate representation of the phylogeny due to problems of character coding.
Phylogeny and biogeography of Spatholobus and allies (Leguminosae–Papilionoideae): Just another case history
Authors: Ridder-Numan J
Published: April 2005

The genera Butea, Meizotropis and Spatholobus, occurring on continental South-East Asia and the West Malesian Archipelago, are treated phylogenetically with Kunstleria as an outgroup. An analysis of the data matrix containing macromorphological, pollen morphological and leaf anatomical characters resulted in one tree after reweighting the characters. A selection of characters is shown in a cladogram, and the possibility of the influence of a glacial period as the start of the dispersal into the Malesian Archipelago is briefly discussed.
Planocarpa (Epacridaceae), a new generic name
Authors: Weiller CM
Published: April 2005

The endemic Tasmanian genus Plancocarpa C.M.Weiller is described for three species formerly placed in Cyathodes Labill. New combinations are made for Plancocarpa petiolaris (DC.) C.M.Weiller, Plancocarpa sulcata (Mihaich) C.M.Weiller and Plancocarpa nitida (S.J.Jarman) C.M.Weiller, and amended descriptions are given.
Cochliobolus heliconiae sp.nov. (Ascomycota)
Authors: Alcorn JL
Published: April 2005

A new species of Cochliobolus, C. heliconiae, is described and illustrated. The species is heterothallic and ascomata were produced in pure culture using two isolates of its Bipolaris anamorph, also described as new, obtained from lesions on Heliconia spp, in northern Australia.
A new species of Hypholoma (Agaricales) from Western Australia
Authors: Miller OK , Pearce MH
Published: April 2005

Hypholoma australe sp. nov., a primary wood decomposer, is described and illustrated from Western Australia. It appears to be closely related to Hypholoma sublateritium (Fr.) Quél, which is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere. Self crosses of both species reveal a bipolar mating system. Mating tests carried out between single-spore isolates from populations from Western Australia and North America were completely intersterile.
Integrin binding specificity regulates biomaterial surface chemistry effects on cell differentiation
Authors: Keselowsky Benjamin G. , Collard David M. , García Andrés J.
Published: April 2005

Biomaterial surface chemistry has profound consequences on cellular and host responses, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using self-assembled monolayers as model biomaterial surfaces presenting well defined chemistries, we demonstrate that surface chemistry modulates osteoblastic differentiation and matrix mineralization independently from alterations in cell proliferation. Surfaces were precoated with equal densities of fibronectin (FN), and surface chemistry modulated FN structure to alter integrin adhesion receptor binding. OH- and NH
2
-terminated surfaces up-regulated osteoblast-specific gene expression, alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity, and matrix mineralization compared with surfaces presenting COOH and CH
3
groups. These surface chemistry-dependent differences in cell differentiation were controlled by binding of specific integrins to adsorbed FN. Function-perturbing antibodies against the central cell binding domain of FN completely inhibited matrix mineralization. Furthermore, blocking antibodies against β
1
integrin inhibited matrix mineralization on the OH and NH
2
surfaces, whereas function-perturbing antibodies specific for β
3
integrin increased mineralization on the COOH substrate. These results establish surface-dependent differences in integrin binding as a mechanism regulating differential cellular responses to biomaterial surfaces. This mechanism could be exploited to engineer materials that control integrin binding specificity to elicit desired cellular activities to enhance the integration of biomaterials and improve the performance of biotechnological culture supports.
Rare creation of recombinant mtDNA haplotypes in mammalian tissues
Authors: Sato Akitsugu , Nakada Kazuto , Akimoto Miho , Ishikawa Kaori , Ono Tomoko , Shitara Hiroshi , Yonekawa Hiromichi , Hayashi Jun-Ichi
Published: April 2005

The problem of whether recombinant mtDNAs are created in mammalian cells has been controversial for many years. We show convincing evidence for the very rare creation of recombinant mtDNA haplotypes by isolating human somatic hybrid cells and by generating mice carrying two different mtDNA haplotypes. To avoid misinterpretation of PCR-jumping products as recombinants, we used purified mtDNAs for cloning and sequencing. The results showed that only three of 318 clones of mtDNA purified from mouse tissues corresponded to recombinant mtDNA haplotypes, whereas no recombinants were found in human somatic hybrid cells. Such an extremely low frequency of mtDNA recombination does not require any revision of important concepts on human evolution that are based on its absence. Considering the high concentration of reactive oxygen species around the mtDNA and its frequent strand breakage, recombinant clones would correspond to gene conversion products created by repair of nucleotide mismatches.
Food Standards Agency: nutrition
Authors: Tedstone Alison
Published: April 2005

The Food Standards Agency undertakes a range of activities with the aim of improving the dietary health of the population and determining how best to communicate key messages to achieve dietary change. Activities include obtaining sound evidence from research and surveys, and seeking advice from independent experts. Work is also undertaken to inform and motivate the population about diet and to identify ways of improving their diet. The effectiveness of the work is monitored in order to inform future policy decisions and interventions and to understand cost implications.
Folate bioavailability
Authors: McNulty Helene , Pentieva Kristina
Published: April 2005

The achievement of optimal folate status to prevent neural-tube defects, and possibly other diseases, is hindered by the well-recognised incomplete bioavailability of the natural folates found in foods compared with the synthetic vitamin, folic acid. Folate bioavailability from different foods is considered to be dependent on a number of factors, including the food matrix, the intestinal deconjugation of polyglutamyl folates, the instability of certain labile folates during digestion and the presence of certain dietary constituents that may enhance folate stability during digestion. There is conflicting evidence as to whether the extent of conjugation of polyglutamyl folate (in the absence of specific inhibitors of deconjugation in certain foods) is a limiting factor in folate bioavailability. Estimates of the extent of lower bioavailability of food folates compared with folic acid (relative bioavailability) show great variation, ranging anywhere between 10 and 98%, depending on the methodological approach used. The lack of accurate data on folate bioavailability from natural food sources is of particular concern in those countries in which there is no mandatory folic acid fortification, and therefore a greater reliance on natural food folates as a means to optimise status. Apart from the incomplete bioavailability of food folates, the poor stability of folates in foods (particularly green vegetables) under typical conditions of cooking can substantially reduce the amount of vitamin ingested and thereby be an additional factor limiting the ability of food folates to enhance folate status. A recent workshop convened by the Food Standards Agency concluded that gaining a better understanding of folate bioavailability in representative human diets is a high priority for future research.
Trends and Contrasts
Authors: Niedermayer Oskar
Published: April 2005

Before one can embark on an analysis of the factors which affect public support for European Community integration, one must take a high‐level view of the main trends in such support. This is the primary purpose of this chapter. It also examines some of the macro‐level hypotheses which have been put forward to explain variations in public opinion between countries. It concludes with a discussion of the impact on public opinion of one particularly salient event: the signing of the Maastricht Treaty.
Trust and Sense of Community
Authors: Niedermayer Oskar
Published: April 2005

This chapter begins with an explication of mutual trust as an element in Deutsch's concept of ‘sense of community’, and then examines how far it applies to the context of individual citizens’ perceptions of the European Community. It first presents an aggregate‐level analysis of the average level of trust in the people of other member countries of the EC, the salience of these other people, and the uniformity or diversity with which they are evaluated. This part of the analysis focuses on whether it is possible to speak of a sense of community within the EC and whether this sense is increasing over time. Secondly, it presents an individual‐level analysis examining the average level of trust which individuals in a particular country have in the peoples of the other member states taken as a whole, the salience of these other peoples, and the uniformity or diversity of these evaluations. This part focuses on the factors which influence individual levels of trust in the other peoples of the EC, and attempts to identify the groups which are fostering the development of a sense of community.
NATO, the European Community, and the United Nations
Authors: Everts Philip
Published: April 2005

The analysis of public attitudes towards NATO, the EC, and the UN throws light on two key questions concerning public opinion and internationalized governance: first, whether public support for an agency of internationalized governance can withstand fundamental contextual change, amounting even to changes in the very mission of the agency; second, whether there exists a single continuum of internationalized governance, corresponding to the degree of authority transferred to the agency, or whether attitudes and orientations are multi dimensional, depending on the issues involved. This chapter examines whether attitudes towards NATO, the EC, and the UN belong to one and the same dimension of attitudes towards internationalized governance, or represent distinct and separate dimensions.
Neuroprotection by Brazilian Green Propolis against In vitro and In vivo Ischemic Neuronal Damage
Authors: Shimazawa Masamitsu , Chikamatsu Satomi , Morimoto Nobutaka , Mishima Satoshi , Nagai Hiroichi , Hara Hideaki
Published: April 2005

We examined whether Brazilian green propolis, a widely used folk medicine, has a neuroprotective function in vitro and/or in vivo. In vitro, propolis significantly inhibited neurotoxicity induced in neuronally differentiated PC12 cell cultures by either 24 h hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure or 48 h serum deprivation. Regarding the possible underlying mechanism, propolis protected against oxidative stress (lipid peroxidation) in mouse forebrain homogenates and scavenged free radicals [induced by diphenyl‐p‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). In mice in vivo, propolis [30 or 100 mg/kg; intraperitoneally administered four times (at 2 days, 1 day and 60 min before, and at 4 h after induction of focal cerebral ischemia by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion)] reduced brain infarction at 24 h after the occlusion. Thus, a propolis‐induced inhibition of oxidative stress may be partly responsible for its neuroprotective function against in vitro cell death and in vivo focal cerebral ischemia.
Development of granulocytes in haematopoietic tissues of Rhizoprionodon lalandii
Authors: Pacheco F. J. , Pacheco S. O. S. , Segreto H. R. C. , Segreto R. A. , Silva M. R. R. , Egami M. I.
Published: April 2005

Granulocytes of the epigonal and Leydig organs of Rhizoprionodon lalandii were identified and classified into three different cell types, type I and type II eosinophils and neutrophils. The development of these cells in the haematopoietic tissues was dynamic, demonstrated by nuclear immunopositivity for the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) proteins and was regulated by various cytokines, including the transforming growth factor β‐l (TGF/β1). The expression pattern of these cells was heterogeneous among individual cells and TGF/β1‐immunostaining was found principally in the cytoplasm of immature granulocytes. The presence of TGF/β1 in cells about to divide was demonstrated suggesting that modulation of differentiation and proliferation occurs in the haematopoietic tissues of this species of elasmobranch.
Genetic and demographic variation in new recruits of Naso unicornis
Authors: Planes S. , Lecaillon G. , Lenfant P. , Meekan M.
Published: April 2005

Demographic data showed that larvae of Naso unicornis colonizing the reefs of Moorea, French Polynesia, on the same night within a restricted area originated from several spawning events that occurred 67 to 94 days previously. Based on the demographic structure of larvae of N. unicornis colonizing the reef, it cannot be entirely dismissed that siblings colonize together because five spawning dates grouped c. 55% of the captured larvae. Relatedness analysis reinforced these observations and also confirmed that larvae colonizing together were not all siblings. Larvae of the same spawning dates, however, appeared related in some age‐classes (72, 74 and 77 days old), suggesting that siblings recruited together. In addition, the larvae appeared genetically different from adults (P=0·002) and juveniles (P<0·001) while juveniles and adults were similar (P=0·100). The variations in allelic and genotypic frequencies in the larvae probably reflect a family‐structure that is diluted once larvae are recruited into the lagoon because of high mortality and active movement of fish.
Thermodynamic Modeling of Phase Diagrams in Binary Alkali Silicate Systems
Authors: Kim Sung S. , Sanders Thomas H.
Published: April 2005

A thermodynamic modeling of phase diagrams in binary alkali silicate systems is described by using the Gibbs free energy of the phases. Simple models employing regular, quasi‐regular, and subregular solution models were applied to describe the liquid phase. The interaction parameters of the liquid phases were obtained by using the liquidus curves of silica (and subliquidus data) through a multiple linear regression method. The present calculated liquidus curves agree very well with Cs2O—SiO2 and Rb2O—SiO2 systems. In the K2O—, Na2O—, and Li2O—SiO2 systems, the calculations permitted discrimination between sets of data and, based upon the calculation choices, could be correctly made to select the most appropriate phase diagram. Also, the spinodals were calculated where phase separation can occur by a spinodal decomposition process.
Activation Energy for the Sintering of Two‐Phase Alumina/Zirconia Ceramics
Authors: Wang Jenqdaw , Raj Rishi
Published: April 2005

In an earlier paper we reported measurements of the activation energy for sintering from constant‐heating‐rate experiments with alumina/5% zirconia. Here, results from a full range of compositions in this two‐phase system are described. They show that the activation energy remains in the range 700 ± 100 kJ/mol when the composition changes from 5 to 95 vol% zirconia. In comparison, pure zirconia sinters with an activation energy of 615 ± 80 kJ/mol and pure alumina with the energy of 440 ± 45 kJ/mol. The addition of 2.8 mol% yttria to zirconia does not have a measurable effect on the activation energy. The grain size dependence of the sintering rate suggests boundary‐diffusion‐controlled sintering. These activation energies are phenomenologically correlated with the interfacial energies in alumina, zirconia, and two‐phase alumina/zirconia, suggesting that the bonding at the interface influences diffusional transport.
Calcium Diffusion along High‐Diffusivity Paths in Single‐Crystal MgO
Authors: Sakaguchi Isao , Yurimoto Hisayoshi , Sueno Shigeho
Published: April 2005

The lattice and dislocation diffusion coefficients for Ca2+ in single‐crystal MgO have been determined in the temperature range 1743 to 1293 K from the diffusion penetration determined using secondary ion mass spectrometry. The dislocation diffusion coefficients were 4 to 5 orders of magnitude larger than the lattice diffusion coefficients in the same temperature range. The activation energy of Ca2+ lattice diffusion was comparable to that of ionic conductivity. The diffusion mechanism of Ca2+ is related to Mg vacancies.
Location of Aluminum in Substituted Calcium Silicate Hydrate (C‐S‐H) Gels as Determined by 29Si and 27Al NMR and EELS
Authors: Richardson Ian G. , Brough Adrian R. , Brydson Rik , Groves Geoffrey W. , Dobson Christopher M.
Published: April 2005

Solid‐state 27Al and 29Si magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy has been combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy carried out in the transmission electron microscope to determine the location of Al substituting in a semicrystalline C‐S‐H gel present in a hydrated synthetic slag glass. The gel is found to contain mainly pentameric silicate chains in which the central silicon is substituted by aluminum.
Flaw‐Tolerance and Crack‐Resistance Properties of Alumina‐Aluminum Titanate Composites with Tailored Microstructures
Authors: Padture Nitin P. , Bennison Stephen J. , Chan Helen M.
Published: April 2005

The microstructures of alumina‐aluminum titanate (A‐AT) composites have been tailored with the intent of altering their crack‐resistance (R‐ or T‐curve) behavior and resulting flaw tolerance. Specifically, two microstructural parameters which influence grain‐localized crack bridging, viz., (i) internal residual stresses and (ii) microstructural coarseness, have been investigated. Particulate aluminum titanate was added to alumina to induce intense internal residual stresses from extreme thermal expansion mismatch. It was found that A‐AT composites with uniformly distributed 20–30 vol% aluminum titanate (“duplex”) showed significantly improved flaw tolerance over single‐phase alumina. Coarsening of the duplex microstructure via grain growth scaling was relatively ineffective in improving the flaw tolerance further. Onset of spontaneous microcracking precluded further exploitation of this scaling approach. Therefore, an alternative approach to coarsening was developed, in which a uniform distribution of large alumina grains was incorporated within a fine‐grain A‐AT matrix (“duplex‐bimodal”), via a powder processing route. The duplex‐bimodal composites yielded excellent flaw tolerance with steady‐state toughness of ∼8 MPa˙m1/2. A qualitative model for microstructure development in these duplex‐bimodal composites is presented.
Synthesis of Nickel Sulfides by Mechanical Alloying
Authors: Kosmac Tomaz , Maurice David , Courtney Thomas H.
Published: April 2005

The feasibility and kinetics of synthesizing various nickel sulfides by milling of elemental mixtures of Ni and S in a high‐energy shaker mill have been investigated. The phases Ni3S2 and the high‐temperature polymorph of NiS are formed readily via such processing. In distinction, it requires prolonged milling to obtain Ni7S6; NiS2 can only be obtained as a minor reaction product; and Ni3S4 cannot be formed by milling for the conditions of this study. Structural evolution during synthesis and the kinetics of Ni3S2 formation are investigated in depth. S coats the Ni particles and sulfide formation takes place at the interface of the elements after a certain degree of microstructural refinement due to the plastic deformation accompanying milling. Ni3S2 forms rapidly at this stage. However, a stasis in the reaction is then observed. This is associated with NiS formation and a slight decrease in the amount of Ni3S2. The stasis is of approximately 5‐min duration and is followed by a recurrence in the formation of Ni3S2 and a disappearance of the NiS phase. The kinetics can be mimicked through a model of the mechanical alloying process. The model is able to predict the time dependence of the initial and later stages of Ni3S2 formation and the effect of other parameters, such as mill atmosphere and use of premilled powder, on the reaction kinetics. The microstructures found in the intermediate to later stages of milling are similar to those associated with self‐sustaining reactions.
Incorporation of Monovalent Ions in ZnO and Their Influence on Varistor Degradation
Authors: Binks D. Jason , Grimes Robin W.
Published: April 2005

An atomistic simulation technique has been used to predict the spatial arrangement of the dopant species sodium, lithium, and chlorine within the zinc oxide lattice. The alkaline oxides are preferentially incorporated via a self‐compensating mode, forming interstitial cations which hinder the migration of zinc interstitials and hence slow the degradation of the varistor. The addition of chloride ions is shown to negate this effect by forming sodium and chloride substitutional defects rather than any species involving sodium interstitial ions.
Anaesthetic pollutionPotential sources, their identification and control
Authors: Barker J. P. , Abdelatti M. O.
Published: April 2005

Anaesthetic gases escape into the ambient air mainly from the anaesthetic breathing system but there are many other important sources of anaesthetic pollution. These include the filling of vaporisers, inhalational induction techniques, leaks around the patient's face mask, leaks from monitoring equipment and loose‐fitting or perishing equipment. The control of substances hazardous to health (COSHH) regulations together with the recent implementation of the occupational exposure standards (OES) for anaesthetic gases require that any risk to health workers from anaesthetic exposure be assessed, control measures implemented, the environment monitored and OES not exceeded. The installation of costly scavenging equipment is believed to have reduced the levels of pollution in operating theatres, but several independent reports suggest that their use has not been wholly effective. Many sources of pollution remote from scavenging equipment may be responsible for the ineffective control of anaesthetic pollution. During an initial COSHH assessment in our hospital, using an infra‐red analyser specifically designed for leak testing and background monitoring, we have identified several controllable sources of pollution. These included leaks from an ill‐fitting face mask, loose connections in the anaesthetic breathing system, leaks from the laryngeal mask at the end of the operation and a leak of more than 5400 ppm N2O was found near the unscavenged gas outlet at the back of the multigas monitor. Leak testing, using infra‐red analysers with their rapid response, has been recommended as an important aid in the identification of hidden sources of pollution, most of which we believe are amenable to control and remedy.
Auditory evoked potential index: a quantitative measure of changes in auditory evoked potentials during general anaesthesia
Authors: Mantzaridis H. , Kenny G. N. C.
Published: April 2005

We describe a novel index derived from the auditory evoked potential, the auditory evoked potential index, and we compare it with latencies and amplitudes related to clinical signs of consciousness and unconsciousness. Eleven patients, scheduled for total knee replacement under spinal anaesthesia, completed the study. The initial mean (SD) value of the auditory evoked potential index was 72.5 (11.2). During the first period of unconsciousness it decreased to 39.6 (6.9) and returned to 66.8 (12.5) when patients regained consciousness. Thereafter, similar values were obtained whenever patients lost and regained consciousness. Latencies and amplitudes changed in a similar fashion. From all parameters studied, Na latencies had the greatest overlap between successive awake and asleep states. The auditory evoked potential index and Nb latencies had no overlap. The consistent changes demonstrated suggest that the auditory evoked potential index could be used as a reliable indicator of potential awareness during propofol anaesthesia instead of latencies and amplitudes.
Comparison of caudal block using bupivacaine and ketamine with ilioinguinal nerve block for orchidopexy in children
Authors: Findlow D. , Aldridge L. M. , Doyle E.
Published: April 2005

Forty boys weighing less than 25 kg undergoing unilateral orchidopexy were randomly allocated to receive one of two analgesic regimens. Group C received a caudal epidural block with 0.25% bupivacaine 1 mlkg−1 and preservative‐free ketamine 0.5 mgkg−1; Group L received an ilioinguinal nerve block with 0.25% bupivacaine 0.5 mlkg−1 and infiltration of the wound with 0.25% bupivacaine 0.5 mlkg−1. All subjects received diclofenac sodium 1–2 mgkg−1 as a rectal suppository. Postoperative pain was assessed by means of a modified Objective Pain Score and analgesia was administered if this exceeded a value of 4. The median duration of analgesia was 10 h (range 2.6 to > 24 h) in Group C and 2.9 h (range 0.7 to > 24 h) in Group L (p < 0.05). There were no differences between groups in the incidence of motor block, urinary retention, postoperative vomiting or postoperative sedation. Subjects in Group L required significantly more doses of postoperative analgesia than those in Group C (p < 0.05).
Analgesic and respiratory effect of nalbuphine and pethidine for adenotonsillectomy in children with obstructive sleep disorder
Authors: Habre W. , McLeod B.
Published: April 2005

Opioids may depress respiration and contribute to airway obstruction after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep disorder. We compared the respiratory and analgesic effects of nalbuphine, which has a ceiling effect for respiratory depression, and pethidine in 90 children (aged 2–12 years) with a history of obstructive sleep disorder undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Children were scored for their obstructive sleep disorder history and were randomly allocated to receive intravenously at induction of anaesthesia either nalbuphine 0.1 mg.kg−1 (group N) or pethidine 1 mg.kg−1 (group P). End‐tidal carbon dioxide was measured in the recovery period using a nasopharyngeal catheter and oxygen saturation whilst breathing air; pain and sedation scores were recorded for 6 h postoperatively. Both groups were similar with respect to the demographic data and respiratory measurements: mean (SD) oxygen saturation on air in the recovery area (96.2% (1.2) vs. 96.5% (1.1) in group N and P, respectively) and mean (SD) end‐tidal carbon dioxide (46.4 (5.5) mmHg vs. 47.7 (4) mmHg in group N and P, respectively). High obstructive sleep disorder score, history of apnoea, hyperactivity and loud snoring were found to be the best predictors of early postoperative oxygen desaturation in both groups.
Comparison of nalbuphine and buprenorphine in total intravenous anaesthesia
Authors: Khan F. A. , Zaidi A. , Kamal R. S.
Published: April 2005

Nalbuphine (0.3 mgkg−1) and buprenorphine (2.5 μgkg−1) were compared as part of a total intravenous anaesthesia regimen using a propofol infusion in 60 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a randomised double‐blind study. Changes in haemodynamic variables greater than 20% from the baseline were noted. No difference was observed in blood pressure but the heart rate was significantly lower in the buprenorphine group. Intra‐operative bradycardia (heart rate < 60 beatmin−1) occurred more often in the buprenorphine group. Recovery was fast and comparable with both drugs and no patient reported awareness. Quality of analgesia was similar in both groups. Both drugs provide suitable analgesic supplementation to total intravenous anaesthesia.
Staff stress on the intensive care unit: a comparison of doctors and nurses
Authors: Goodfellow A. , Varnam R. , Rees D. , Shelly M. P.
Published: April 2005

Working on an intensive care unit is perceived as stressful. This study investigated occupational stress in staff working on an intensive care unit using the occupational stress indicator. Questionnaires were given to all intensive care staff; the replies were then analysed and compared with normative data. The response rate was 62%. Intensive care unit staff found aspects of their job relating to career and achievement and organisational design and structure more stressful than a normal working population. Their coping strategies differ but the only significantly different measure of adverse outcome was related to personal relationships at work. The job itself was not found to be a significant source of stress. Nursing staff have different sources of stress from medical staff and individuals with partners or children are relatively protected from stress.
Cervical osteomyelitis following tonsillectomy
Authors: Cyna A. M. , Bell K. R. , Flood L. M.
Published: April 2005

We present a case of fatal cervical osteomyelitis following an elective tonsillectomy in a previously fit young man. Following induction of general anaesthesia, and prior to surgery, the patient received bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve blocks with 0.5% bupivacaine and adrenaline 1:200 000. The initial recovery was uneventful but persistent throat and neck pain developed at home which was diagnosed as a throat infection and possible hyperextension injury of the neck. It is impossible to say how much the dissection of chronically infected tonsils or the infiltration of local anaesthetic into or near a potentially infected area contributed to the development of cervical osteomyelitis. The absence of any other symptoms and signs, a normal blood count and cervical spine X‐ray, and the rarity of cervical osteomyelitis, all contributed to a delay in diagnosis.