bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Values in the Principles Course: Are We Socially Responsible to Our Students?
Authors: Pamental G. L.
Published: March 2007

Values issues-ethics and social responsibility—have been shown to be appropriate subject matter for functional courses in business programs. However, examining introductory marketing texts reveals these subjects receiving scant treatment. Further, macro issues associated with social responsibility receive significantly more coverage than micro, or individual, issues—those more likely to be encountered by recent graduates.
Choice Criteria in Foreign Language Training for International Business
Authors: McCullough James M. , Tansuhaj Patriya S. , Ronarithivichai Acharanand
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the problem of choice of foreign language by students preparing for careers in international business. Although the importance of language choice in the context of international business programs is well recognized and students are concerned about language training and invest a great deal of time in language study, the choice of language is commonly made on the basis of less than objective criteria. A preliminary, more objective approach to language selection is suggested.
What Our Doctoral Students Should Know about the Publishing Game
Authors: Motes William H.
Published: March 2007

Doctoral candidates who aspire toward academic careers in marketing often discover that research performance is generally recognized as a component of exceptional importance relative to the attainment of professional goals. Nothing is more demanding, yet continuously expected, of full-time, tenure-track professors. Outlined and discussed here are numerous points that may better prepare our students to meet these future demands.
Student Journal Writing in Marketing Courses
Authors: Fisher Caroline M.
Published: March 2007

Student journal writing was tested in marketing courses. Journal writing is similar to writing a diary except that personal experiences are related to course concepts. The goals were to increase (1) communication skills, (2) integration of concepts into the "real world," and (3) participation and sharing in the classroom.
Teaching Business Ethics: A Challenge for Business Educators in the 1990s
Authors: Feldman Howard D. , Thompson Richard C.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the major issues surrounding the teaching of business ethics and reports on a study conducted on business school sophomores and seniors. On the one hand, the results showed little change over time in students' attitudes towards corporate social responsibility and suggest that a specific course in business ethics has minimal impact. On the other hand, significant differences were found between sophomores and seniors and between males and females.
The Outcomes of Life in Academe: Career Tracking of Marketing Ph.D. Students
Authors: Ward James , Bitner Mary Jo , Gourley David
Published: March 2007

The careers of marketing fellows from three AMA consortiums are tracked to gain information on degree completion, success in achieving tenure, publication records, and opinions about life in academe. The study replaces speculation on such topics with data, and thus should interest marketing educators, faculty recruiting committees, and those contemplating a Ph.D. degree, among others.
Taboo Topics: The Use of Controversial Issues for Student Research Projects
Authors: Garner S. J. , Siegel Carolyn F.
Published: March 2007

Controversial contemporary issues are highly involving topics for student research projects. These issues lend themselves to research investigation as well as meaningful discussions of ethical issues in marketing.
Developing Effective Note-Taking Guides for Use in Mass Lecture Sections
Authors: Thompson Kenneth N. , Lee Dongdae
Published: March 2007

The instructional benefits and limitations of using note-taking guides in mass lecture sections are outlined, and suggestions for developing and using note-taking guides are provided. For instructors willing to make the time investment to construct a note-taking guide, the payoff in terms of enhanced classroom effectiveness is dramatic.
Conjoint Analysis: A Pedagogical Model
Authors: Beall Ron , Perttula Leslie W.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the concept of conjoint analysis and provides a model that can successfully integrate the analysis into prescribed research curricula. The model can be used in a traditional seminar or project analysis. A hypothetical example based on the testing of a widget is developed. Tables and instructions are provided to assist those with little quantitative skill in using conjoint analysis with readily available software.
Large-Scale Simulation in Marketing Education
Authors: Alpert Frank
Published: March 2007

The large-scale simulation is an exciting new educational technology that is well-suited for use in the capstone marketing course. Large-scale simulation is the first type of simulation to take up virtually an entire semester course. This article discusses the pros and cons of large-scale simulation for instructors wishing to learn more about it.
Relationship Marketing: Time to Enrich the Marketing Curriulum?
Authors: Palmer Adrian
Published: March 2007

Despite problems in defining relationship marketing, the subject is receiving increasing academic and practitioner attention. Instead of focusing on individual exchange transactions, students can benefit fiom a multi-disciplinary approach to the study of relationship marketing. Suggestions are made at a number of levels for including it in the marketing syllabus.
Marketing Education for Russian Marketing Educators
Authors: Kerr William A.
Published: March 2007

A considerable international effort is being made to improve marketing skills in Russia. One aspect is upgrading the existing academic community's understanding of market economies. Based on a training experience, this article provides some insights into how to approach the training of potential marketing educators in Russia.
A Customer Analysis Course for the Marketing Curriculum
Authors: Anderson Beverlee B.
Published: March 2007

Customer analysis is an activity that is or should be performed by organizations. The blending of concepts from the traditional consumer behavior course and the marketing research course can provide students with concepts and tools that will enable them to provide useful customer analyses for organizations. The creation of a customer analysis course is also an opportunity for business schools to make their programs more closely aligned with the functions and activities of businesses.
A Report of Gender and Professional Age of the Marketing Professorate
Authors: Hult G. Tomas M. , Hasselback James R.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, females are comprising a larger portion of faculty members entering the academic marketing profession than in the past. This academic trend is similar to the trend in the business sector, where a previously male-dominated workforce is being replaced by one of more equity. This study provides demographic information on rank, experience, doctoral training, and representation on prestigious scholarly marketing journals' editorial review boards of the men and women who currently comprise the marketing professorate. Although more than one-third of the marketing doctorates in the 1990s have been granted to women, they comprise less than 20% of the total U.S. marketing faculties.
Marketing Dèjá Vu: The Discovery of Integrated Marketing Communications
Authors: Spotts Harlan E. , Lambert David R. , Joyce Mary L.
Published: March 2007

Integrated marketing communications (IMC) misrepresents the nature of marketing and systematically ignores at least 60 years of marketing literature. IMC reinvents marketing theory using different terminology for extant concepts. This article examines IMC, its history, and its relationship to the marketing literature. Although IMC has the potential to contribute to the development of theory as it relates to promotion and marketing communication, academicians need to debate its substantive contributions to the marketing and communication literature. This article provides a starting point.
The Marketing Trade Show: A New Method for Incorporating Student Projects into Large Classes
Authors: Taylor Kimberly A.
Published: March 2007

At many universities, class sizes are increasing for the introductory marketing principles courses. Instructors of these large classes often abandon teaching methods in which students are active, such as projects and presentations, and rely heavily on the lecture method. However, course projects and presentations are useful for developing student skills in integrating and applying concepts, communicating ideas, and working as part of a team, and these methods can be retained as class sizes get larger. This article introduces the concept of a marketing trade show—a highly realistic method for instructors to incorporate student projects into large lecture classes. The results of recent implementations of this concept, along with suggestions for other instructors wishing to use this method in their courses, are presented.
Undergraduate Marketing Students, Group Projects, and Teamwork: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly?
Authors: McCorkle Denny E. , Reardon James , Alexander Joe F. , Kling Nathan D. , Harris Robert C. , Iyer R. Vishwanathan
Published: March 2007

The ability for students to work within a team environment has long been a skill set prized by most marketing educators and practitioners. What has not been altogether clear is how to best learn such skills. Some educators would argue that along with the “good,” there is truly some “bad” and “ugly” inherent in the framework many use to teach teamwork. The authors of this study focus on the use of group projects in the classroom. Results suggest that educators need to reexamine this issue to ensure that marketing students are developing both discipline-related and support skills.
The Second Course in Business Statistics and Its Role in Undergraduate Marketing Education
Authors: Nonis Sarath A. , Hudson Gail I.
Published: March 2007

The emphasis on mechanics in business statistics courses poses a problem for marketing research instructors who teach their course with an application emphasis. Instructors of marketing research could find students ill prepared for the course. As a result, some marketing programs require students to take a research laboratory or break the research course into two parts of 3 credit hours each. This article outlines an alternative. Repositioning (reengineering) the second course in business statistics from a problem-solving orientation to a decision-making emphasis eliminates the need for an additional research course. A 2-year experience teaching the course shows students to be better prepared for the marketing research course. In addition, how to develop and assess key business skills such as communication, problem solving, decision making, and computer use in the course is also discussed. Assessment of outcomes is presently mandated by the American Assembly of Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).
A Study of the Guided Evolution of Urban Growth
Authors: Reeves Earl J. , Savage Robert L.
Published: March 2007

With this issue the Midwest Review of Public Administration is beginning a new column on research in public administration in the Midwest. Any readers who wish to submit reports for inclusion in this column should send a brief statement (250-500 words) to Earl J. Reeves, Research Editor, Midwest Review of Public Administration, Center of Community and Metropolitan Studies, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121. Articles for the February 1970 issue must be received by December 1, 1969.
New Public Administration: For a Time of Crisis—in a Time for Change
Authors: Sumek Lyle J. , Reinow Franklin D.
Published: March 2007

It has been the purpose of the Midwest Review of Public Administration, as stated in the position paper published in our first issue, to close the many gaps facing public administration as a profession and a discipline. One of those gaps became obvious recently in the demands for a "new public administration" expressed by many. We are opening the pages of our Review to two doctoral candidates from the School of Public Administration at the University of Southern California to share with our readers their views on the new public administration.
Issues in Public Management Information Systems
Authors: Swain John W. , White Jay D. , Hubbert Elice D.
Published: March 2007

What are the key issues facing information systems managers in the public sector? Most public IS managers surveyed show more concern for agency-wide management issues than for technical ones. They care about what information systems can do for their agencies. They want people in their agencies to understand the importance of managing information and information technology effectively.
Indian Policy, Indian Gaming, and the Future of Tribal Economic Development
Authors: Brosnan Dolores
Published: March 2007

Throughout history federal policy initiatives to solve the "Indian problem" resulted in most of the Native Americans' resources that had worth being acquired by non-Indian society. The traditional concepts of sovereignty, dependence, and trust that underlie the policies have remained in place. In the past two and a half decades a number of tribes have utilized the policy concepts and the seemingly worthless resources, in most cases their reservation land, for tribal gaming economic development projects. This paper examines the relationships between the historical evolution of federal Indian policy, changes in definitions of resource worth, and the establishment and survival of Indian gaming for tribal economic development.
Historiography of the Holocaust
Authors: Balfour Danny L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the historiography of the Holocaust and its implications for public administration. The analysis shows how bureaucratic procedures and values carried out by regular civil servants were essential to both the formulation and implementation of the Holocaust. This cautionary tale urges public administrators to reflect on the possibility that their systems and actions can contribute to the worst kinds of human behavior and to consider incorporating the Holocaust into the identity of the field.
A Pathfinding Study of Consumption
Authors: Mason Roger S.
Published: March 2007

Hazel Kyrk’s A Theory of Consumption , published in 1923, not only revealed the limitations of contemporary consumer theory within economics but also proposed a new, more interdisciplinary approach to consumer research. The book attracted little interest at the time of its publication and was subsequently neglected by marketing specialists. It nevertheless foreshadowed many of the developments and new directions in consumer research that have taken place over the past fifty years and deserves some greater recognition as a pioneering study.
Societal Control of Producer Marketing Boards
Authors: Forbes J. D.
Published: March 2007

Producer marketing boards in Canada and Israel are used as substitutes/adjuncts to market mechanisms in regulating the production and sale of agricultural commodities. Producer dominance of agencies regulating marketing boards results in a lack of societal control over their use of wide ranging monopoly powers. Changes in board membership and increased public accountability may lead to improved societal control.
Recycling: A Problem in Reverse Logistics
Authors: Barnes James H.
Published: March 2007

Using a systems approach, this article looks at recycling as a problem in retrologistics. The role and problems faced by various channel members are discussed. As recycling incentives increase, changes in channel structure will probably occur. Marketing has an opportunity to contribute to the understanding and assessment of future changes.
Marketing and Economic Development: Review, Synthesis and Evaluation
Authors: Van Wood R. , Vitell Scott J.
Published: March 2007

The authors present a review, synthesis and evaluation of the published works on marketing and economic development o ver the last 30 years. Future research directions are also provided.
Research Directions in Macromarketing: A New England Perspective
Authors: Nason Robert W. , Dholakia Nikhilesh , Alton Aaron J. , Bitta, Albert Della , Dholakia Ruby Roy , Fullerton Ronald , Lessne Greg , Meyers Patricia , Nielsen Richard , Pandya Anil , Zif Jehiel
Published: March 2007

A group of New England macromarketers met at the University of Rhode Island, Kingston, in July 1984 to explore research directions in macromarketing. At issue was the perceived need to accelerate empirical and applied work in macromarketing and to augment the intellectual base for the field. This article reports on the research directions that evolved from the Kingston meeting and subsequent interactions.
Prophets and Profits—A Macromarketing Perspective on "Economic Justice for all: Catholic Social Teaching and the U.S. Economy"
Authors: Klein Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

The economics pastoral letter, commonly known as the Bishops' Economic Letter, issued by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops of the United States, is reviewed and analyzed. The analysis takes a dynamic systems perspective and emphasizes such marketing issues as consumerism and market power and other issues conventionally addressed in macromarketing thought such as institutional relationships and economic development. Conflicts in ultimate values in socioeconomic life-human dignity vs. economic criteria, social vs. individual welfare, freedom vs. security, and distributive vs. aggregative effects-are treated. The Bishops' Letter is a useful basis for discussing macromarketing theory and policy and research implications.
Investigating the Relationship between Marketing and Overall Satisfaction with Life in a Developing Country
Authors: Leelanuithanit Orose , Day Ralph , Walters Rockney
Published: March 2007

It has long been a belief that marketing has a positive effect on quality of life by delivering material well-being. Furthernore, many marketing scholars urge that greater emphasis be placed on marketing in developing countries to improve the quality of life. This conventional wisdom has not been investigated empirically because of inadequate conceptualizations of the relationship between marketing and the quality of life and because of the lack of necessary measurements. In the present study, these conceptualizations and measurements have been supplied, and a model utilizing a satisfaction/dissatisfaction framework has been developed and tested. According to the model, an individual's satisfaction with different domains of life (for example, work life, material possessions) has a significant positive effect on his or her overall satisfaction with life (quality of life). Data obtained from residents of the developing country of Thailand were used to test the hypotheses.

Results of the study show that satisfaction with three domains-Family Life, Material Possessions, and Self-development-has a significant positive impact on overall life satisfaction. Additional findings and implications for government, business, and marketing researchers are presented, along with directions for future research.
The Reification-Realism-Positivism Controversy in Macromarketing: A Philosopher's View
Authors: Levin Michael
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to sort out the strands in the realism debate. Positivism is shown not to be realistic, and realism, properly understood, is defended. Overall, the standard empirical method is defended against the newer "hermeneutical' paradigm.
Does Hospital Satisfaction Affect Life Satisfaction?
Authors: Sirgy M. Joseph , Hansen David E. , Littlefield James E.
Published: March 2007

One issue in macromarketing is the effect of marketing programs on people's satisfaction with their lives. This article reports on an empirical test of a model that proposes mediating factors between hospital satisfaction and life satisfaction. The results show that hospital satisfaction affects life satisfaction through two factors: satisfaction with community health care and satisfaction with personal health. Health care strategies and policies to establish long-term relationships with patients are discussed in light of the study findings.
Competing Interests: Company Rivalry and Indigenous Markets in Nigeria in the Early Colonial Period
Authors: Porter Gina
Published: March 2007

Research into colonial trade has tended to focus on the mercantile might of large European companies. This article examines conditions faced by a small firm operating in Nigeria in the early colonial period. Survival was precarious and bought by forays into a series of diverse products, enterprises, and locations.
Community Culture and Marketing Strategy as Sources of Economic Development Competitive Advantage: A Study among Rural U.S. Communities
Authors: McKee Daryl , Wall Milan , Luther Vicki
Published: March 2007

This study explores the contribution of community cultural attributes and marketing strategy in determining economic development performance in rural U.S. communities. It is based on a set of depth interviews with leaders of 15 communities that experienced successful development performance in harsh economic environments. Twenty community cultural attributes identified during these interviews were used to develop a set of three community development culture attributes: economic development leadership, community spirit, and institutional foundations. Responses from surveys of community economic development representatives from the Southeast and Southwest provided evidence that two of the three community development culture attributes (economic development leadership and community spirit) are positively related to economic development performance.
Consortium Survey on Marketing and Society Issues: Summary and Results
Authors: Wilkie William L. , Moore-Shay Elizabeth S.
Published: March 2007

An exploratory survey of participants in the AMA Doctoral Consortium was conducted to inquire into both the amount of exposure that doctoral students are receiving to marketing and society topics and their degree of interest in these topics. Results suggest that (1) exposure to and training in these topics is very limited; (2) interest in these topics is greater than might be expected; (3) awareness of related conferences and journals needs to be increased; and (4) a more representative survey, similar to the exploratory survey, would provide useful information.
A Method for Assessing the Environmental Friendliness of Products
Authors: Samli A. Coskun
Published: March 2007

Many industrial products are environmentally unfriendly. The pollution, waste, and hazardous materials that they generate are dangerous and costly to society. They reduce quality of life (QOL). This article posits that just as in estimating production costs (private costs), the cost of environmental impact (public cost) must also be estimated at the developmental stages of new products. Thus, environmentally unfriendly products can be eliminated. A measure of environmental friendliness is proposed in this article. Such a measure can enable manufacturers to distinguish between friendly and unfriendly products. This effort may lead in the direction of generating more friendly products and hence improve QOL.
A Wide-field Scanning Triangulation Rangefinder for Machine Vision
Authors: Pipitone Frank J. , Marshall Thomas G.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the design, construction, and measured performance of an experimental scanning laser rangefinder. The instrument uses active triangulation and employs an optical bandpass filter to minimize the effects of ambient illumination. Its use of a single photodetecting element, a photomultiplier, is a unique feature among scanning triangulation rangefinders. A novel scanning configuration based on spherical coordinates is employed, resulting in an extremely large field of view. Nearly 75% of the surrounding solid angle is accessible. Reasonably high speed and accuracy are obtained. The typical error in range at a range of 50 in. is .12 in. The typical error in either of the two angular coordinates is .03°. The maximum instantaneous rate of acquisition of range samples is 500 Hz. Much higher speed and accuracy appear achievable with various modifications and improvements. This type of rangefinder appears most useful in automatic surveillance and robot navigation applications, because of its large field of view.
XPROBE: An Experimental System for Programming Robots by Example
Authors: Summers Phillip D. , Grossman David D.
Published: March 2007

XPROBE extends the teaching-by-showing method of robot programming to the teaching of sensor strategies. The XPROBE system has a dialogue with the user, during which the user is directed to guide the robot through an example of the desired task. XPROBE then automatically writes an AML program that includes sensory decision making as a generalization of the taught example.
Optimal Kinematic Design of 6R Manipulators
Authors: Paden Brad , Sastry Shankar
Published: March 2007

A fundamental theorem for the kinematic design of robot manipulators is formulated and proved. Roughly speaking, the theorem states that a manipulator having six revolute joints is optimal if and only if the manipulator or its kine matic inverse is an elbow manipulator. By "optimal" we mean a manipulator that has the properties of (i) maximal work-volume subject to a constraint on its length and (ii) well-connected workspace—that is, the ability to reach all positions in its workspace in each configuration. The notion of work-volume we use is that derived from the translation- invariant volume form on the group of rigid motions. This notion of volume is intermediate between those of "reach able" and "dextrous" workspace and appears to be more natural in that it leads to simple analytical results.
Closed-Loop Inverse Kinematics Schemes for Constrained Redundant Manipulators with Task Space Augmentation and Task Priority Strategy
Authors: Chiacchio Pasquale , Chiaverini Stefano , Sciavicco Lorenzo , Siciliano Bruno
Published: March 2007

This article presents new closed-loop schemes for solving the inverse kinematics of constrained redundant manipula tors. In order to exploit the space of redundancy, the end- effector task is suitably augmented by adding a constraint task. The success of the technique is guaranteed either by specifying the constraint task ad hoc or by resorting to a task priority strategy. Instead of previous inverse kinemat ics schemes that use the Jacobian pseudoinverse, the schemes in this work are shown to converge using the Jacobian transpose. A number of case studies illustrate different ways of solving redundancy in the context of the proposed schemes.
Spatial Robotic Isotropy
Authors: Klein Charles A. , Miklos Todd A.
Published: March 2007

Previous work on posture optimization for robots has examined the condition number as a measure of kinematic dexterity. When the condition number equals an optimal value of one, the robot is described as isotropic. Isotropic configurations have a number of advantages, including good servo accuracy, noise rejection, and singularity avoidance. This article introduces a definition for spatial isotropy of a robot, which is comhined isotropy for both positioning and orienting the end effector. Generally iso tropy may be used either as a robotic design criterion or as a posture optimization function for redundant manipu lators. This work demonstrates design techniques using positional, orientational, or spatial isotropy and presents some algorithms for locating isotropic designs without explicit evaluation of singular values. Several representa tive robot designs illustrate these concepts for both nonre dundant and redundant manipulators.
Asymptotic Stability for Force Reflecting Teleoperators with Time Delay
Authors: Anderson Robert J. , Spong Mark W.
Published: March 2007

A bilateral system consists of a local master manipulator and a remotely located slave manipulator. Velocity commands are sent forward from the master to the slave, and force information is "re flected "back from the slave to the master. Often there is a transmission delay when communicating between the two subsys tems, which causes instability in the force-reflecting teleoperator. Recently, a solution for this instability problem was found, based on mimicking the behavior of a lossless transmission line. Al though the resulting control law was shown to stabilize an actual single-DOF teleoperator system, and although the control law is intuitively stable because of its passivity properties, stability for the system has not yet been proven. In this article we extend these results to a nonlinear n-DOF system and prove its stability. Non linear, multidimensional networks are used to characterize the nonlinear equations for the master and slave manipulators, the time-delayed communication systems, the human operator, and the environment. Tellegen's theorem and the Lyapunov theory are then applied to prove that the master and slave subsystems have asymp totically stable velocities. In addition, we show how gain scaling can be used without disturbing the stability of the system.
A Formalism for the Analysis and Design of Modular Kinematic Structures
Authors: Zanganeh Kourosh E. , Angeles Jorge
Published: March 2007

The exploitation of robotic systems with more complex kinematic structures than those of conventional serial chains is widely per ceived as one of the main avenues of development for robotics. The concept encompasses systems of different scales and characteris tics, such as hybrid manipulators, multifingered hands, cooperative robotic arms, walking machines, and so on. The underlying kine matic structure of these systems is the same in the sense that they can be regarded as combinations of modules. In this paper, we aim to provide a framework for systematically identifying, classifying, and combining different modules of such manipulators. Hence, we introduce a formalism that comprises a set of definitions, a symbolic representation of modules, and a set of operations based on the kine matic structure, degree of actuation, and mobility of the modules. The proposed formalism allows us to efficiently analyze and synthe size modular manipulators according to their constituent kinematic modules. Moreover, the foregoing operations can be easily per formed in symbolic form, using commercial software, which makes their implementation generic and more useful. The information that is obtained from these operations provides a data base for either designing an inventory of modules or interchanging modules when an inventory of modules is available to the system. The application of the proposed formalism is demonstrated through a few examples, one of which pertains to a 7-DOF hybrid manipulator with parallel subchains, whose architecture is introduced here for the first time.
A Rapidly Converging Recursive Method for Mobile Robot Localization
Authors: Boley Daniel L. , Sutherland Karen T.
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes a simple method for estimating the position of a robot from relatively few sensor readings. Our algorithms are intended for applications where sensor readings are expensive or otherwise limited, and the readings that are taken are subject to con siderable errors or noise. This method exhibits faster convergence with fewer measurements and greater accuracy than that exhibited by the discrete Kalman filter in this type of application. Our approach is validated with a mobile robot, on which a camera is used to obtain bearing information with respect to landmarks in the environment.
Musical Recall Memory: Contributions of Elaboration and Depth of Processing
Authors: Segalowitz Norman , Cohen Philip , Chan Angela , Prieur Thierry
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the roles of depth of processing and elaboration in incidental recall of musical passages learned in the course of several readings of an unfamiliar score. Pianists with performing experience played short passages four times each under instructions emphasising deep processing (focus on aesthetically perceived elements of the piece), shallow processing (focus on non-aesthetic elements of the piece), high elaboration (four different examples of deep or shallow focus) or low elaboration (one example of deep or shallow focus). In surprise-free and cued-recall tasks, the pianists were asked to play back as much of the pieces as they could remember. The pnrncipal finding was that the high-elaboration instructional condition favoured cued recall of deeply processed musical material over cued recall of shallow processed musical material. In the low-elaboration condition there were no differential effects for deep versus shallow processed music. These results are interpreted in terms of a transferappropriate processing framework applied to musical performance. Implications of the results for formal musical performance are discussed.
Specific Aspects of Musical Learning: A Contribution towards a Learning Theory of Music
Authors: Moog Helmut
Published: March 2007

An analysis of music as a content of learning dlemonistrates the existence of a remarkable system:

1. The single sound as the simplest unit of musical learning possesses timbre, duration, volume and dynamics. Thus it provides what may be called the raw material of sound, nonrelational in character: at the same time. it fulfils the functioln of noise.

2. Rhythm is realised through the elements belonging to any single sound as well as the relational temporal elements that make up rhythms, both accentuation aind duration rhythms. Only the relational temporal elements are essential for its structure as rhythm.

3. Melody is realised through the elements of the single sounds plus rhythmic elements and changes of pitch. Only the relational structuring elements of rhythm and pitch change are essenitial

4. In the hearing of harmonies, the elements that realise and conI- stitute a single sound, a rhythm or a melody are joined by the elements of hearing sounds simultaneously arid establishing connections between them. In the case of harmonv too, only the relational elements are significant.

All relative elements may only be grasped cognitively.

The onto-genetic musical development of the individual shows remarkable parallels with this structural analysis of music as a content of learning.

In conclusion, six multi-sensory ways of experiencing music are described.
Musical Differences in Learning-Disabled and Normal-Achieving Readers, Aged Seven, Eight and Nine
Authors: Atterbury Betty W.
Published: March 2007

In the United States, learning-disabled children have been mainstreamed into general music classes where group instruction predominates without adequate evaluation of possible learning strengths and deficits. Three separate research projects have indicated that learning-disabled readers, aged seven, eight and nine, discriminate rhythm patterns similarly to matched normal- achieving readers but are unable to perform the same patterns in a similar manner. The two reading ability groups also differ at age seven and eight in tonal discrimination. The findings suggest that learning-disabled children may not be able to learn music in a class instructional setting as easily as their age-level peers. These exceptional learners need prior evaluation of input, integration and output capacities before being placed in learning situations where they will be unsuccessful.
Individual Differences in Perception of Applied Music Teaching Feedback
Authors: Schmidit Charles P.
Published: March 2007

This study examined ratings of applied' music teaching feedback x; function of the personality variables of extraversion-ilntioversion (EII) ald judgment-perception (JP) as measured by the Myers-Briggs TIsvpe lndicaltat (MBTI). Subjects (N= 63) responded to an audio tape comprised oa sho-ti teaching episodes in which student performance was followed bv teachlct approval or disapproval behaviour. Approval behaviours emphasised onc ()t the following: (a) academic information; (b) student improvement. (c) noi-imi referenced feedback; (d) person praise; (e) personal approval by thu teacher; and (f) approval as control. Subjects rated these behaviours h means of 7-point semantic differential scales. Rcsults of ANOVA prta cedures indicated a significant El main effect for ratings of appro vil- improvement, person praise, approval-information, and disapprovals. with a range of 11.5 per cent to 14 5 per cent of the variance accounted tir. Introverted subjects rated these behaviours significantly higher than extra- verted subjects. While the main effect of JP was non-significatnt fto ill ratings of teacher behaviour, significant EIxJP interactions were found taot the variables of approval-control and approval-person praise, with 1406 pc cent and 13 7 per cent of the variance explained. respectively.
The Sociological Roots of Science
Authors: Zilsel Edgar
Published: March 2007

In the period from 1300 to 1600 three strata of intellectual activity must be distinguished: university scholars, humanists, and artisans. Both university scholars and humanists were rationally trained. Their methods, however, were determined by their professional conditions and differed substantially from the methods of science. Both professors and humanistic literati distinguished liberal from mechanical arts and despised manual labor, experimentation, and dissection. Craftsmen were the pioneers of causal thinking in this period. Certain groups of superior manual laborers (artist-engineers, surgeons, the makers of nautical and musical instruments, surveyors, navigators, gunners) experimented, dissected, and used quantitative methods. The measuring instruments of the navigators, surveyors, and gunners were the forerunners of the later physical instruments. The craftsmen, however, lacked methodical intellectual training. Thus the two components of the scientific method were separated by the social barrier: logical training was reserved for upper-class scholars; experimentation, causal interest, and quantitative method were left to more or less plebeian artisans. Science was born when, with the progress of technology, the experimental method eventually overcame the social prejudice against manual labor and was adopted by rationally trained scholars. This was accomplished about 1600 (Gilbert, Galileo, Bacon). At the same time the scholastic method of disputation and the humanistic ideal of individual glory were superseded by the ideals of control of nature and advancement of learning through scientific co-operation. In a somewhat different way, sociologically, modern astronomy developed. The whole process was imbedded in the advance of early capitalistic society, which weakened collective-mindedness, magical thinking, and belief in authority and which furthered worldly, causal, rational, and quantitative thinking.
Tools, Instruments and Engines
Authors: Carroll-Burke Patrick
Published: March 2007

This paper is conceptual and methodological. On the basis of both empirical and explanatory considerations, I craft a number of analytic categories - `epistemic engines', `meters', `scopes', `graphs' and `chambers' - through which to investigate and understand the character of key forms of the material culture of scientific practice. I argue that much of modern science can be understood in its specificity as `engine science', a tremendously powerful and generative culture of inquiry. The analytic categories have stability across temporal and spatial localities and have broad applicability across the sciences. The analysis circumvents dualisms, such as those between science and technology, micro and macro, and science and society, and indicates a way to conceptualize the character of `engineering cultures' and `engineering states'.
Cold War Science in Black and White
Authors: van Keuren David K.
Published: March 2007

In the immediate post-World War II era, researchers with the US Naval Research Laboratory's Radio Counter Measures (RCM) Branch was active in developing electronic intelligence (`elint') technologies and techniques for collecting information on the Soviet Union and its allies. The work of the Branch was often hidden behind unclassified research and engineering programmes at the Laboratory. The first result of this effort was `Project PAMOR' (PAssive MOon Relay), which built radio antennae for capturing Soviet radar signals reflected from the moon's surface. Starting in 1954, RCM engineers established a working relationship with the Laboratory's Radio Astronomy Branch. The cooperation was directed towards the development of a 600-ft radio telescope for dual-purpose use in intelligence gathering and astronomical research. Although the 600-ft telescope was never built, a satellite-based alternative, called `GRAB' (Galactic RAdiation Background), was launched in June of 1960. Again, this was a dual-use system. The world's first elint satellite and astronomical observatory were integrated into the same satellite bus, with astronomy serving as an operational front for the whole. A second GRAB was launched in 1962. This interface of classified and basic research tells us about the pursuit of science and science-based technologies during the Cold War.
Cybernetics and the Mangle
Authors: Pickering Andrew
Published: March 2007

This paper aims to enrich our understanding of the history and substance of cybernetics. It reviews the work of three British cyberneticians - W. Ross Ashby, Stafford Beer and Gordon Pask - paying attention particularly to the materiality of their practice - the strange and fascinating devices and systems that were at the heart of their work - and to the worldly projects they pursued - scientific, technological, artistic, organizational, political and spiritual. Connections are drawn between cybernetics and recent theoretical work in science and technology studies, in the hope of illuminating key features of both. The paper concludes by suggesting that the antidisciplinary impulse of contemporary science studies might find inspiration in the work of cyberneticians - that theory does not have to remain confined to the realm of theory.
Verfahrenstechnik (Chemical Engineering) - Its Development, Present State and Structure
Authors: Buchholz Klaus
Published: March 2007

Application-oriented scientific disciplines have not, to date, been of much interest to those studying scientific development. However, their investigation seems attractive, since such disciplines demonstrate the close interaction of 'external' social factors and 'innerscientific' dynamics. Verfahrenstechnik, as a new application-oriented scientific discipline, was initiated from industry, in response to its needs for science-based production methods. It succeeded in the formulation of theories, and in explaining complex technical phenomena m such a way as to make significant progress in the understanding of natural laws. These theories were accepted as a 'paradigm', governing, to a great extent, the dynamics of the discipline: they were, in part, uncoupled from external needs, thus establishing for Verfahrenstechnik an innerscientific research front of its own.
Science Policy Advisory Councils in France, The Netherlands and the United States, 1957-77
Authors: Brickman Ronald , Rip Arie
Published: March 2007

The evolution of high-level science advisory councils in France, the Netherlands and the United States is reviewed in the light of common trends in the relationship of science and government over the past twenty years The creation of the councils came as a response to similar needs of governments m the domestic and international spheres. The subsequent decline of the advisory councils in all three countries is attributable to the 'bureaucratization' of science policy-making, a slower rate of growth in R&D expenditure, a more goal-oriented approach in governments' sponsorship, changing public attitudes towards science and technology, and the intrinsic difficulties faced by the council members in acting both as scientists and as political advisors. The revitalization of the councils in the mid-1970s was similarly inspired by emerging needs and institutional developments affecting all three governments In turn, the distinctive features of each council derive from underlying differences in political organization and culture. These differences are revealed in governmental conceptions of science policy; in the role played by scientists in public affairs; and in the organization of scientific and technological interests in political decision-making.
International Research Collaboration
Authors: Davidson Frame J. , Carpenter Mark P.
Published: March 2007

lnternational collaborative behaviour among scientists is investigated by examining international co-authorship patterns for a number of scientific fields using the 1973 Science Citation Index. Three major findings emerge: (1) the more basic the field, the greater the proportion of international co-authorships; (2) the larger the national scientific enterprise, the smaller the proportion of international co-authorship; (3) international co-authorships occur along clearly discernible geographic lines, suggesting that extra-scientific factors (for example, geography, politics, language) play a strong role in determining who collaborates with whom in the international scientific community.
The Problem of Junior-Authored Papers in Constructing Citation Counts
Authors: Scott Long J. , McGinnis Robert , Allison Paul D.
Published: March 2007

Citation counts are central to many studies in the sociology of science. Due to cost considerations and the format of the Science Citation Index, researchers often collect citations only to a scientist's first-authored publications (so called 'straight counts'), rather than to complete counts based on all published papers. This paper examines the consequences of using straight counts to study the careers of a sample of PhD biochemists. It is found that even though these two measures are highly correlated, there is a significant chance of making substantive errors when straight counts are substituted for complete counts. The problem is found to be more severe when citations are the dependent variable rather than an independent variable. It is argued that our findings can be generalized to other fields where multiple authorship is common. Accordingly, extreme care must be used in interpreting results based on straight citation counts.
The Relationship of Conceptual Development to Consensus: An Exploratory Analysis of Three Subfields
Authors: Lewis Gwendolyn L.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a study of the relationship between conceptual development and consensus on research issues in three scientific subfields- solid state physics, genetics, and developmental psychology. Conceptual development is determined by the revelations of scientists within the particular subfield on the dimensions of: (1) the definition of the subfield; (2) its relationship to the field; (3) the basic principles; and (4) the relationship to research problem specialties within it. The study was designed to measure directly consensus on the significance of past findings, and on the scientific merit of specific research problems. Phase models of scientific development are shown to be useful in studying the relationships. The subfields studied demonstrate a curvilinear relationship between consensus on scientific issues and conceptual development, over time.