bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chaotic incommensurate fractional order Rössler system: active control and synchronization
Authors: Razminia Abolhassan , Majd Vahid Johari , Baleanu Dumitru
Published: June 2011

In this article, we present an active control methodology for controlling the chaotic behavior of a fractional order version of Rössler system. The main feature of the designed controller is its simplicity for practical implementation. Although in controlling such complex system several inputs are used in general to actuate the states, in the proposed design, all states of the system are controlled via one input. Active synchronization of two chaotic fractional order Rössler systems is also investigated via a feedback linearization method. In both control and synchronization, numerical simulations show the efficiency of the proposed methods.
Apple polyphenols require T cells to ameliorate dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis and dampen proinflammatory cytokine expression
Authors: Skyberg Jerod A , Robison Amy , Golden Sarah , Rollins MaryClare F , Callis Gayle , Huarte Eduardo , Kochetkova Irina , Jutila Mark A , Pascual David W
Published: June 2011

Human IBD, including UC and Crohn's disease, is characterized by a chronic, relapsing, and remitting condition that exhibits various features of immunological inflammation and affects at least one/1000 people in Western countries. Polyphenol extracts from a variety of plants have been shown to have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, treatment with APP was investigated to ameliorate chemically induced colitis. Oral but not peritoneal administration of APP during colitis induction significantly protected C57BL/6 mice against disease, as evidenced by the lack of weight loss, colonic inflammation, and shortening of the colon. APP administration dampened the mRNA expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and IFN-γ in the colons of mice with colitis. APP-mediated protection requires T cells, as protection was abated in Rag-1−/− or TCRα−/− mice but not in IL-10−/−, IRF-1−/−, μMT, or TCRδ−/− mice. Administration of APP during colitis to TCRα−/− mice actually enhanced proinflammatory cytokine expression, further demonstrating a requirement for TCRαβ cells in APP-mediated protection. APP treatment also inhibited CXCR3 expression by TCRαβ cells, but not B or NK cells, in the colons of mice with colitis; however, depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells alone did not abolish APP-mediated protection. Collectively, these results show that oral administration of APP protects against experimental colitis and diminishes proinflammatory cytokine expression via T cells.
Streptolysin O clearance through sequestration into blebs that bud passively from the plasma membrane
Authors: Keyel Peter A. , Loultcheva Lyussiena , Roth Robyn , Salter Russell D. , Watkins Simon C. , Yokoyama Wayne M. , Heuser John E.
Published: June 2011

Cells survive exposure to bacterial pore-forming toxins, such as streptolysin O (SLO), through mechanisms that remain unclear. Previous studies have suggested that these toxins are cleared by endocytosis. However, the experiments reported here failed to reveal any evidence for endocytosis of SLO, nor did they reveal any signs of damage to endosomal membranes predicted from such endocytosis. Instead, we illustrate that SLO induces a characteristic form of plasma membrane blebbing that allows cells to shed SLO by the process known as ectocytosis. Specifically, ‘deep-etch’ electron microscopy of cells exposed to SLO illustrates that the toxin is rapidly sequestered into domains in the plasmalemma greatly enriched in SLO pores, and these domains bleb outwards and bud from the cell surface into the medium. Such ectocytosis is even observed in cells that have been chemically fixed before exposure to SLO, suggesting that it is caused by a direct physical action of the toxin on the cell membrane, rather than by an active cellular reaction. We conclude, therefore, that ectocytosis is an important means for SLO clearance and hypothesize that this is a primary method by which cells defend themselves generally against pore-forming toxins.
Localization of phosphorylated CK2α to the mitotic spindle requires the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1
Authors: St-Denis Nicole A. , Bailey Melanie L. , Parker Erin L. , Vilk Greg , Litchfield David W.
Published: June 2011

CK2 is a serine/threonine kinase with many substrates, largely unknown modes of regulation and essential roles in mitotic progression. CK2α, a catalytic subunit of CK2, is phosphorylated in mitosis, and here we examine the effect of phosphorylation on CK2α localization. Using phosphospecific antibodies, we show that CK2α localizes to the mitotic spindle in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Mitotic spindle localization requires the unique C-terminus of CK2α, and involves a novel regulatory mechanism in which phosphorylation of CK2α facilitates binding to the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1, which is required for CK2α mitotic spindle localization. This could explain how the constitutive activity of CK2α might be targeted towards mitotic substrates. Furthermore, because Pin1 has many important spindle substrates, this might represent a general mechanism for localization of mitotic signalling proteins.
Galectin-3 maintains cell motility from the subventricular zone to the olfactory bulb
Authors: Comte Isabelle , Kim Yongsoo , Young Christopher C. , van der Harg Judith M. , Hockberger Philip , Bolam Paul J. , Poirier Françoise , Szele Francis G.
Published: June 2011

The adult brain subventricular zone (SVZ) produces neuroblasts that migrate through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to the olfactory bulb (OB) in a specialized niche. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) regulates proliferation and migration in cancer and is expressed by activated macrophages after brain injury. The function of Gal-3 in the normal brain is unknown, but we serendipitously found that it was expressed by ependymal cells and SVZ astrocytes in uninjured mice. Ependymal cilia establish chemotactic gradients and astrocytes form glial tubes, which combine to aid neuroblast migration. Whole-mount preparations and electron microscopy revealed that both ependymal cilia and SVZ astrocytes were disrupted in Gal3−/− mice. Interestingly, far fewer new BrdU+ neurons were found in the OB of Gal3−/− mice, than in wild-type mice 2 weeks after labeling. However, SVZ proliferation and cell death, as well as OB differentiation rates were unaltered. This suggested that decreased migration in vivo was sufficient to decrease the number of new OB neurons. Two-photon time-lapse microscopy in forebrain slices confirmed decreased migration; cells were slower and more exploratory in Gal3−/− mice. Gal-3 blocking antibodies decreased migration and dissociated neuroblast cell–cell contacts, whereas recombinant Gal-3 increased migration from explants. Finally, we showed that expression of phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was increased in Gal3−/− mice. These results suggest that Gal-3 is important in SVZ neuroblast migration, possibly through an EGFR-based mechanism, and reveals a role for this lectin in the uninjured brain.
The F-BAR domain protein PACSIN2 associates with Rac1 and regulates cell spreading and migration
Authors: de Kreuk Bart-Jan , Nethe Micha , Fernandez-Borja Mar , Anthony Eloise C. , Hensbergen Paul J. , Deelder Andre M. , Plomann Markus , Hordijk Peter L.
Published: June 2011

The Rac1 GTPase controls cytoskeletal dynamics and is a key regulator of cell spreading and migration mediated by signaling through effector proteins, such as the PAK kinases and the Scar and WAVE proteins. We previously identified a series of regulatory proteins that associate with Rac1 through its hypervariable C-terminal domain, including the Rac1 activator β-Pix (also known as Rho guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor 7) and the membrane adapter caveolin-1. Here, we show that Rac1 associates, through its C-terminus, with the F-BAR domain protein PACSIN2, an inducer of membrane tubulation and a regulator of endocytosis. We show that Rac1 localizes with PACSIN2 at intracellular tubular structures and on early endosomes. Active Rac1 induces a loss of PACSIN2-positive tubular structures. By contrast, Rac1 inhibition results in an accumulation of PACSIN2-positive tubules. In addition, PACSIN2 appears to regulate Rac1 signaling; siRNA-mediated loss of PACSIN2 increases the levels of Rac1-GTP and promotes cell spreading and migration in a wound healing assay. Moreover, ectopic expression of PACSIN2 reduces Rac1-GTP levels in a fashion that is dependent on the PACSIN2–Rac1 interaction, on the membrane-tubulating capacity of PACSIN2 and on dynamin. These data identify the BAR-domain protein PACSIN2 as a Rac1 interactor that regulates Rac1-mediated cell spreading and migration.
The Ddc2/ATRIP checkpoint protein monitors meiotic recombination intermediates
Authors: Refolio Esther , Cavero Santiago , Marcon Edyta , Freire Raimundo , San-Segundo Pedro A.
Published: June 2011

During meiosis, accurate segregation of intact chromosomes is essential for generating healthy gametes. Defects in recombination and/or chromosome synapsis activate the pachytene checkpoint, which delays meiotic cell cycle progression to avoid aberrant chromosome segregation and formation of defective gametes. Here, we characterize the role of the conserved DNA damage checkpoint protein Ddc2/ATRIP in this meiotic surveillance mechanism. We show that deletion of DDC2 relieves the checkpoint-dependent meiotic block that occurs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants defective in various aspects of meiotic chromosome dynamics and results in the generation of faulty meiotic products. Moreover, production of the Ddc2 protein is induced during meiotic prophase, accumulates in checkpoint-arrested mutants and localizes to distinctive chromosomal foci. Formation of meiotic Ddc2 foci requires the generation of Spo11-dependent DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and is impaired in an RPA mutant. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis reveals that Ddc2 accumulates at meiotic DSB sites, indicating that Ddc2 senses the presence of meiotic recombination intermediates. Furthermore, pachytene checkpoint signaling is defective in the ddc2 mutant. In addition, we show that mammalian ATRIP colocalizes with ATR, TopBP1 and RPA at unsynapsed regions of mouse meiotic chromosomes. Thus, our results point to an evolutionary conserved role for Ddc2/ATRIP in monitoring meiotic chromosome metabolism.
Overexpression of HSP70 inhibits cofilin phosphorylation and promotes lymphocyte migration in heat-stressed cells
Authors: Simard Jodie P. , Reynolds Danielle N. , Kraguljac Alan P. , Smith Graham S. T. , Mosser Dick D.
Published: June 2011

Hyperthermia adversely affects cell structure and function, but also induces adaptive responses that allow cells to tolerate these stressful conditions. For example, heat-induced expression of the molecular chaperone protein HSP70 can prevent stress-induced cell death by inhibiting signaling pathways that lead to apoptosis. In this study, we used high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and phosphoprotein staining to identify signaling pathways that are altered by hyperthermia and modulated by HSP70 expression. We found that in heat-shocked cells, the actin-severing protein cofilin acquires inhibitory Ser3 phosphorylation, which is associated with an inhibition of chemokine-stimulated cell migration. Cofilin phosphorylation appeared to occur as a result of the heat-induced insolubilization of the cofilin phosphatase slingshot (SSH1-L). Overexpression of HSP70 reduced the extent of SSH1-L insolubilization and accelerated its resolubilization when cells were returned to 37°C after exposure to hyperthermia, resulting in a more rapid dephosphorylation of cofilin. Cells overexpressing HSP70 also had an increased ability to undergo chemotaxis following exposure to hyperthermia. These results identify a critical heat-sensitive target controlling cell migration that is regulated by HSP70 and point to a role for HSP70 in immune cell functions that depend upon the proper control of actin dynamics.
Plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase at the tissue of a teleost fish may greatly enhance oxygen delivery:in vitroevidence in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Rummer Jodie L. , Brauner Colin J.
Published: June 2011

During a generalized acidosis in rainbow trout, catecholamines are released into the blood, activating red blood cell (RBC) Na+/H+ exchange (βNHE), thus protecting RBC intracellular pH (pHi) and subsequent O2 binding at the gill. Because of the presence of a Root effect (a reduction in oxygen carrying capacity of the blood with a reduction in pH), the latter could otherwise be impaired. However, plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase (CA) at the tissues (and absence at the gills) may result in selective short-circuiting of RBC βNHE pH regulation. This would acidify the RBCs and greatly enhance O2 delivery by exploitation of the combined Bohr-Root effect, a mechanism not previously proposed. As proof-of-principle, an in vitro closed system was developed to continuously monitor extracellular pH (pHe) and O2 tension (PO2) of rainbow trout blood. In this closed system, adding CA to acidified, adrenergically stimulated RBCs short-circuited βNHE pH regulation, resulting in an increase in PO2 by >30 mmHg, depending on the starting Hb-O2 saturation and degree of initial acidification. Interestingly, in the absence of adrenergic stimulation, addition of CA still elevated PO2, albeit to a lesser extent, a response that was absent during general NHE inhibition. If plasma-accessible CA-mediated short-circuiting is operational in vivo, the combined Bohr-Root effect system unique to teleost fishes could markedly enhance tissue O2 delivery far in excess of that in vertebrates possessing a Bohr effect alone and may lead to insights about the early evolution of the Root effect.
Temperature-induced maternal effects and environmental predictability
Authors: Burgess Scott C. , Marshall Dustin J.
Published: June 2011

Maternal effects could influence the persistence of species under environmental change, but the adaptive significance of many empirically estimated maternal effects remains unclear. Inferences about the adaptive significance of maternal effects depend on the correlation between maternal and offspring environments, the relative importance of frequency- or density-dependent selection and whether absolute or relative fitness measures are used. Here, we combine the monitoring of the environment over time with a factorial experiment where we manipulated both the maternal and offspring environment in a marine bryozoan (Bugula neritina). We focused on temperature as our environmental variable as temperature commonly varies over short time scales in nature. We found that offspring from mothers kept in warmer water were smaller and more variable in size, but had increased dispersal potential and higher metamorphic success than offspring from mothers kept in cooler water. Our results suggest that, under frequency- or density-independent selection, mothers that experienced higher temperatures compared with lower temperatures were favoured. Under frequency- or density-dependent selection, there were indications that mothers that experienced higher temperatures would be favoured only if their offspring encountered similar (warmer) temperatures, though these results were not statistically significant. Analysis of time series data on temperature in the field shows that the maternal thermal environment is a good predictor of the temperatures offspring are likely to experience early in life. We suggest that future studies on maternal effects estimate environmental predictability and present both absolute and relative estimates of maternal fitness within each offspring environment.
Glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors regulate paracellular permeability in a primary cultured gill epithelium
Authors: Kelly Scott P. , Chasiotis Helen
Published: June 2011

The role of corticosteroid receptors (CRs) in the regulation of gill permeability was examined using a primary cultured trout gill epithelium. The epithelium expressed both glucocorticoid receptors (GR1 and GR2) and a mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), and cortisol treatment significantly increased transepithelial resistance (TER) and decreased paracellular [3H]PEG-4000 flux. Epithelial permeability was unaffected by deoxycorticosterone or aldosterone. The GR antagonist RU486 as well as MR antagonists spironolactone and RU26752 significantly reduced, but did not completely block, the effects of cortisol. The MR antagonist eplerenone was without effect. Only RU486 + spironolactone or RU486 + RU26752 treatment completely suppressed the effects of cortisol. On its own, RU486 had cortisol-like effects which could be blocked by spironolactone, suggesting that although RU486 is a GR antagonist, in this system it may also have agonistic properties that are mediated through the MR. The GR agonist dexamethasone increased TER and reduced [3H]PEG-4000 flux across cultured epithelia and was unaffected by MR antagonists. Therefore, alterations in transcript abundance of select tight junction (TJ) proteins were examined in response to cortisol, dexamethasone (a GR agonist) and RU486 (as a MR agonist). Occludin and claudin-7, -8d, -12 and -31 mRNA were significantly elevated in response to cortisol, dexamethasone or RU486 treatment. Claudin-3a mRNA was significantly elevated in response to cortisol or dexamethasone only, and claudin-28b and -30 mRNA were significantly altered following cortisol or RU486 treatment only. The data support a role for the GRs and MR in regulating gill permeability and suggest that TJ proteins are responsive to cortisol through both or individual CR types.
Building a robotic link between muscle dynamics and hydrodynamics
Authors: Richards Christopher T.
Published: June 2011

This study used a novel feedback approach to control a robotic foot using force and length signals transmitted from an isolated Xenopus laevis frog muscle. The foot's environment (inertial versus hydrodynamic), gearing (outlever/inlever) and size were changed to alter the muscle's load. Upon nerve stimulation (250 Hz, 80 ms train duration), variation in loading generated a range of muscle stress (19.8±5.3 to 66.0±22.5 kPa), work (1.89±0.67 to 6.87±2.96 J kg–1 muscle) and power (12.4±7.5 to 64.8±28.3 W kg–1 muscle; mean ± s.d., N=6 frogs). Inertial versus hydrodynamic loading dramatically shifted contractile dynamics. With the foot in water, the muscle generated ∼30% higher force, yet shortened slower, producing lower power than inertial loading. Power increased in air from 22.6±5.8 to 63.6±27.2 W kg–1 muscle in response to doubling the gear ratio, but did not increase in water. Surprisingly, altering foot size diminished muscle performance in water, causing power to drop significantly from 41.6±11.1 to 25.1±8.0 W kg–1 muscle as foot area was doubled. Thus, morphological modifications influenced muscle dynamics independently of neural control; however, changes in loading environment and gearing affected contractile output more strongly than changes in foot size. Confirming recent theory, these findings demonstrate how muscle contractile output can be modulated solely by altering the mechanical environment.
Jumping mechanisms and performance of snow fleas (Mecoptera, Boreidae)
Authors: Burrows Malcolm
Published: June 2011

Flightless snow fleas (snow scorpion flies, Mecoptera, Boreidae) live as adults during northern hemisphere winters, often jumping and walking on the surface of snow. Their jumping mechanisms and performance were analysed with high speed imaging. Jumps were propelled by simultaneous movements of both the middle and hind pairs of legs, as judged by the 0.2 ms resolution afforded by image rates of 5000 frames s–1. The middle legs of males represent 140% and the hindlegs 187% of the body length (3.4 mm), and the ratio of leg lengths is 1:1.3:1.7 (front:middle:hind). In preparation for a jump the middle legs and hindlegs were rotated forwards at their coxal joints with the fused mesothorax and metathorax. The first propulsive movement of a jump was the rotation of the trochantera about the coxae, powered by large depressor muscles within the thorax. The acceleration time was 6.6 ms. The fastest jump by a male had a take-off velocity of 1 m s–1, which required 1.1 μJ of energy and a power output of 0.18 mW, and exerted a force about 16 times its body weight. Jump distances of about 100 mm were unaffected by temperature. This, and the power per mass of muscle requirement of 740 W kg–1, suggests that a catapult mechanism is used. The elastic protein resilin was revealed in four pads at the articulation of the wing hinge with the dorsal head of the pleural ridge of each middle leg and hindleg. By contrast, fleas, which use just their hindlegs for jumping, have only two pads of resilin. This, therefore, provides a functional reference point for considerations about the phylogenetic relationships between snow fleas and true fleas.
A World without Intellectual Property? A Review of Michele Boldrin and David Levine's Against Intellectual Monopoly
Authors: Gilbert Richard
Published: June 2011

In their recent book, Against Intellectual Monopoly, Michele Boldrin and David Levine conclude that patents and copyrights are not necessary to provide protection for either innovation or creative expression and should be eliminated. The authors note the many flaws of the U.S. system of intellectual property protection and argue that other means are available to appropriate the benefits of invention and creative expression. While the authors overlook important functions of intellectual property, they provide support for further reforms of intellectual property law. (JEL K11, O31, O34)
An Open Queueing Network with Asymptotically Stable Fluid Model and Unconventional Heavy Traffic Behavior
Authors: Kruk Łukasz
Published: June 2011

We provide an example of a feedforward first-in-system, first-out (FISFO) queueing network with unconventional, i.e., non-Brownian, heavy traffic diffusion approximation. We also prove that fluid models of subcritical feedforward earliest-deadline-first (EDF) queueing networks are asymptotically stable.
Comparison of Effects of Morning Versus Evening Administration of Ezetimibe/Simvastatin on Serum Cholesterol in Patients with Primary Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Yoon Hyung Sik , Kim Sung Ho , Kim Jeong Kyung , Ko Sang Hun , Ko Jae Ee , Park Soo Jin , Park Moon Gi , Lee Jae Hwan , Hyon Min Soo
Published: June 2011

Background:

Ezetimibe, a first-in-its-class inhibitor of cholesterol absorption, is an effective agent for combined use with statins to achieve low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals. Ezetimibe in combination with simvastatin as a single-tablet formulation has proven to be highly effective in reducing serum LDL-C through the dual inhibition of cholesterol absorption and biosynthesis. The effect of time of administration on efficacy of this combination therapy has not been evaluated.

Objective:

To compare the effects of morning versus evening administration of ezetimibe/simvastatin on serum cholesterol levels of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia.

Methods:

In this multicenter, open-label, randomized, 2-sequence, 2-period crossover study, patients with primary hypercholesterolemia randomly received ezetimibe/simvastatin 10 mg/20 mg once daily, either in the morning (within 1 hour of breakfast) or in the evening (within 1 hour of dinner) for 6 weeks.

Results:

Data on 171 patients (87 in the morning administration group and 84 in the evening administration group) were analyzed. A significant reduction (p ≤ 0.001) in the total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C, apo-lipoprotein B, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) from baseline was achieved after each treatment. Noninferiority of morning administration versus evening administration was shown in the percentage reduction of the LDL-C level from baseline (difference, –1.62%; 90% CI –4.94 to 1.70). No significant difference was found between groups with respect to the percentage of changes in other lipid parameters from baseline. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in the percentage of change in hs-CRP as an antiinflammatory marker between the morning and evening administration groups. The frequency of adverse events was similar between groups.

Conclusions:

Morning administration of ezetimibe/simvastatin 10 mg/20 mg is noninferior to evening administration with respect to LDL-C–lowering ability.
Prevalence of Adverse Drug Events in Ambulatory Care: A Systematic Review
Authors: Taché Stephanie V , Sönnichsen Andreas , Ashcroft Darren M
Published: June 2011

Objective:

Most medications are prescribed, dispensed, and administered in ambulatory care settings, yet little information exists on the adverse effects of drugs in this setting. This review was conducted to estimate the prevalence of adverse drug events (ADEs) and the proportion of preventable ADEs in ambulatory care settings; compare data for different age groups including children, adults, and elderly patients; and review drug classes most commonly associated with ADEs.

Data Sources:

Four electronic databases–PubMed (1966-March 2011), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-March 2011), EMBASE (1980-March 2011), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1993-March 2011)—were systematically searched for published data. Bibliographies of retrieved articles were searched individually for additional relevant studies.

Study Selection:

A standardized definition of an ADE was used to select studies in populations living in the community, with medical visits to primary care facilities, nonspecialty ambulatory care facilities, and/or admissions to a hospital for medication-related adverse events.

Data Extraction:

Data were extracted using a standardized table. Forty-three studies met our inclusion criteria.

Data Synthesis:

The median ADE prevalence rate for retrospective studies was 3.3% (interquartile range [IQR] 2.3-7.1%) vs 9.65% (IQR 3.3-17.35%) for prospective studies. Median preventable ADE rates in ambulatory care–based studies were 16.5%, and 52.9% for hospital-based studies. Median prevalence rates by age group ranged from 2.45% for children to 5.27% for adults, 16.1% for elderly patients, and 3.45% for studies including all ages.

Conclusions:

Despite a recent increase in publications on ADEs in the ambulatory care setting, most studies remain hospital based. Notable differences in prevalence rates by age groups and by responsible drug categories provide guidance on how to direct attention toward effective targets for improvement of medication safety in ambulatory care settings.
Treating Bugs with Bugs: The Role of Probiotics as Adjunctive Therapy for Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Wilhelm Sheila M , Johnson Jennifer L , Kale-Pradhan Pramodini B
Published: June 2011

Objective:

To review the literature on the role of probiotics as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infections.

Data Sources:

Literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966-March 2011) using the terms H. pylori, probiotic, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Saccharomyces, Bacillus clausii, and Propionibacterium. Article references were hand-searched for additional relevant articles and abstracts.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All English-language articles published in full were evaluated. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials assessing the use of probiotics combined with standard eradication therapy of H. pylori infection in adults were included in the review.

Data Synthesis:

Various probiotics, including Lactobacillus spp., Saccharomyces spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and B. clausii, reduce adverse effects such as nausea, taste disturbance, diarrhea, and epigastric pain, and increase tolerability of H. pylori eradication therapy. Based on the studies reviewed, probiotics do not affect H. pylori eradication rates.

Conclusions:

Probiotics may be beneficial in reducing adverse effects and increasing tolerability of H. pylori eradication regimens. They may especially be helpful in patients with recurrent H. pylori infection and a history of gastrointestinal adverse effects with antibiotics. Pharmacists can play an important role in educating patients regarding probiotic use during H. pylori eradication therapy.
The Figure of Elegy in Amores 3.1: Elegy as Puella , Elegy as Poeta, Puella as Poeta
Authors: Perkins Caroline A.
Published: June 2011

In Amores 3.1 Ovid establishes functional connections between the figure of Elegy and both the poetic puella and poet-speaker. This paper demonstrates how the elegiac puella shares qualities with both Elegy and the poet-speaker, especially the ability to persuade; and how this ability contributes to the puella 's function as a poeta herself, a role that the poet-speaker develops in other poems in Amores 1-3. Ovid enhances the status of the puella by making her, along with the poet-speaker, a practitioner of the arts of E/elegy, and he celebrates the female further by using Elegy to showcase his accomplishment.
Whose Sacrilege?: A Note on Sal. 5.14
Authors: Santangelo Federico
Published: June 2011

This note offers a reconsideration of a passage of the pseudo-Ciceronian Invective against Sallust (5.14) and argues against the established view that it features a hostile reference to Nigidius Figulus and his Pythagorean circle. Several alternative reconstructions of the text are canvassed. No positive conclusion seems attainable.
Return to Tehran
Authors: Amidi Sabina
Published: June 2011

Despite my guilt at leaving my family and friends behind in Iran after the protests of the Green Movement, I was eager to return to my safe life in Los Angeles. Yet, I knew I wanted to return to Iran and continue reporting again soon. Two years later, I returned and my experience was a turning point in my life. I am more committed than ever to reporting on Iran, and now I know the most important stories are not just on the streets. They are also hidden in the vibrant subculture and social landscape that thrives behind closed doors.
Zelda Bronstein Replies
Authors: Bronstein Zelda
Published: June 2011

Politics is a public undertaking, and vigorous public discourse is essential to its vitality. The publication of political disagreement stimulates thought about what needs to be done and, it follows, helps shape what actually gets done. Ganz’s wish to keep criticism of his work out of the public eye calls to mind the avoidance of direct political contention abetted by digital politicking, and the corresponding enfeeblement of American citizenship.
Redeeming the Serpentine Subtext: Dennis Covington's Appropriation of Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises in Salvation on Sand Mountain
Authors: Jolliff William
Published: June 2011

Dennis Covington's award-winning Salvation on Sand Mountain , a nonfiction book from the 1990s, seems modeled in part on Hemingway's 1920s novel, The Sun Also Rises . The novel is a roman à clef and the 1990s work an intricately plotted piece of literary nonfiction. The novel's protagonist, Jake Barnes, is a young journalist trying to make sense of his own spiritual experience—while the nonfiction is participatory journalism written by another young journalist trying to make sense of his spiritual experience. This essay explores these and other parallels between the two works to discover how Salvation on Sand Mountain can be read as a postmodern response to The Sun Also Rises .
For Ernest, With Love and Squalor: The Influence of Ernest Hemingway on J.D. Salinger
Authors: McDuffie Bradley R.
Published: June 2011

Most of what is known about J. D. Salinger's relationship with Hemingway during World War II comes from a 1946 letter from Salinger to Hemingway and from a 1961 article in TIME magazine, "Sonny, An Introduction." Unfortunately, critics have tended to focus on the negative mythology created by TIME rather than the tribute Salinger pays to Hemingway in his letter. Hemingway was a war correspondent with Salinger's division and met with the young writer multiple times throughout the war. This essay, through eyewitness accounts and Salinger's words, seeks to piece together the facts concerning the meetings between Hemingway and Salinger and to take a closer look at Hemingway's influence upon Salinger's fiction.
Note to R (G) B from E (of) H: Hemingway's Inscriptions to Robert Benchley
Authors: Benchley Nat
Published: June 2011

In the mid-1930s, the humorist Robert Benchley invited his friend Ernest Hemingway up to his suite at the Royalton Hotel in New York. During the visit, Hemingway wrote lewd or silly inscriptions to Benchley in four of his books: In Our Time, A Farewell to Arms, Green Hills of Africa , and The Fifth Column . Here Benchley's grandson Nat offers up those inscriptions for edification and amusement.
Sleeping with Proust: Reading, Sensation, and the Books of the Recherche
Authors: Lurz John
Published: June 2011

This article focuses on key moments in Proust’s À la Recherhe du Temps Perdu and discusses how the Proustian narrator’s most peculiar instance of “involuntary memory,” namely his discovery of George Sand’s François le Champi at the end of the novel, articulates an account of reading that makes space for a sensory and affective relationship with the “book in a red binding” and the “grain of a particular paper” alongside an intellectual relationship with its text. Melanie Klein’s theory of object relations helps to parse this experience to describe the paramount importance—unexpected for an idealist writer like Proust—of our affective response to the material in the experience of reading. Indeed, the “paperoles” which Proust created by pasting pieces of paper onto the edge of his manuscript notebooks during the novel’s composition demonstrate a similar awareness of and affective investment in the materiality of the book that functions to supplement and aid his linguistic creation.
Twemlow's Abyss
Authors: Wallen Jeffrey
Published: June 2011

The paper demonstrates that Dickens's Our Mutual Friend complicates any attempt to differentiate between aesthetic enjoyment and social awareness in reader response. It isolates three models of reading in which the interconnection between aesthetic effect and consciousness-raising effect is associated with the entanglements between person and thing, animate and inanimate, living and dead, subject and object of perception. These entanglements destabilize the grounds on which we would usually differentiate between aesthetic pleasure and social critique.
Morbidity in Fairyland: Frances Trollope, Charles Dickens, and the Rhetoric of Abolition
Authors: Michie Elsie B.
Published: June 2011

The article argues that Charles Dickens's Nicholas Nickleby contains a number of elements taken from Frances Trollope's anti-slavery novel Jonathan Jefferson Whitlaw; or Life of the Mississippi . In detaching Trollope's images and language from the setting of plantation culture, Dickens creates a story that is permeated with the feelings of abolitionist literature without being tied to a single political aim.
"Quietly Stripping the Pastels": The Undergraduate Gender Gap
Authors: Yakaboski Tamara
Published: June 2011

The "new" gender gap refers to women as the majority of the undergraduate student population, and the national newspaper discourse on this trend represents a value system that translates into societal implications and potential policy. The media portrays a "boy crisis" with male students as the victims of female students' enrollment success. The guiding objective in this feminist discourse analysis is to identify and analyze the rhetoric used in three national newspaper sources to highlight the gendered stereotypes that shape public and higher education opinions and is harmful to the success of both men and women students.
A Typology of Institutional Loan Replacement Grant Initiatives for Low- and Moderate-Income Students
Authors: Lips Adam Joseph Argaylis
Published: June 2011

In recent years, growing numbers of four-year institutions have implemented a new type of need-based financial aid policy directed toward low- and middle-income students. These initiatives—referred to here as Loan Replacement Grant (LRG) programs—greatly reduce or eliminate loans in student aid awards and replace them with grants. This paper establishes a LRG definition, summarizes 64 currently active programs, then classifies them according to a typology developed through an analysis of programmatic characteristics, producing eight distinct types. Presentation of the LRG definition, program specifics, and typology act to organize these proliferating need-based initiatives and will facilitate future research.
Mexican Families in North Carolina: The Socio-historical Contexts of Exit and Settlement
Authors: Perreira Krista M.
Published: June 2011

Utilizando investigaciones existentes y datos de varios estudios basados en encuestas, este artículo sitúa el crecimiento de la población de origen mexicano en Carolina del Norte en contexto y muestra la forma en que surgió de las conexiones históricas, sociales y económicas entre los EE.UU. y México. Durante la década de 1990, el Tratado de Libre Comercio (NAFTA) y la privatización del sistema mexicano de ejidos promovieron la migración de mexicanos a los EE.UU. Los cambios en la facilidad y el costo de la migración debido a la promulgación de la Reforma de la Inmigración y la Ley de Control de 1986 (IRCA86) ayudaron a mantener este flujo de inmigrantes y les permitió asentarse de manera más permanente en los EE.UU. durante la década de 1990. El efecto de la IRCA86 sobre la oferta de trabajadores poco calificados en los estados que históricamente han sido receptores de inmigrantes y el aumento de la hostilidad contra los inmigrantes en estos estados también ayudó a reorientar los flujos de la migración mexicana a los estados que emergían como receptores de inmigrantes. Por último, las conexiones históricas del mercado de trabajo entre México y el sur de los EE.UU., la contratación activa de trabajadores agrícolas mexicanos, y el cortejo de trabajadores mexicanos por parte de los sectores de fabricación ayudan a explicar el asentamiento de inmigrantes en Carolina del Norte durante los años 1990 y 2000.
The Emerging Geographies of a Latina/o Studies Program
Authors: Deguzmán María
Published: June 2011

Este artículo resume y refleja mi experiencia creando, manteniendo y continuamente desarrollando el primer Programa en Estudios Latinos en el Sureste. El programa de estudios Latinas/os es una parte integral de las geográficas latinas en el Nuevo Sur en la medida en que crea, entre unidades en el campus y entre el campus y varios puntos de contacto con la comunidad, espacios híbridos para la investigación, la enseñanza, la apreciación cultural, promoción, y así sucesivamente no sólo acerca de comunidades y culturas latinas, sino también con comunidades e individuos latinos. Uso el término “espacios híbridos” para indicar una serie de relaciones y dinámicas que revelan el hecho de que la “geografía” no es simplemente una cuestión de lugar o de coordenadas estáticas en un mapa. La geografía es el lugar como praxis, un espacio que se habita y desde donde resultan nuevas formaciones culturales.
Interpassive Agency: Engaging Actor-Network-Theory's View on the Agency of Objects
Authors: van Oenen Gijs
Published: June 2011

With increasing frequency, questions about 'what things do' and 'evocative objects' pop up in philosophy and theoretical sociology. They direct our attention to an important phenomenon: the agency of objects. In this article, I contrast Bruno Latour's, and ANT's, view on the agency, or actancy, of objects with my own view of the 'interpassive' role of objects. In reaction to traditional interactivity, interpassivity indicates that our contribution to the realization of a work of art, or an institution, is now taken over by the artwork or institution itself. This is a consequence of the success of emancipation. Our emancipatory privilege to live only in accordance with norms we have interactively subscribed to, is now starting to turn into a burden: we feel an obligation to always live up to our emancipatory promise. Interpassivity, the inability to act according to norms we ourselves subscribe to, is a form of resistance to the pressures exerted by successful emancipation. In contrast with Latour's view that objects can become 'actors' but not for particular reasons, I argue that objects become actors because our interactivity is increasingly being 'outsourced' to them. Paradoxically, we need objects to relieve us from our emancipatory burden, in order to sustain our emancipatory ambition. In turn, the condition of interpassivity implies that objects may acquire a more emancipatory status. As carriers of interactive responsibilities, they now interact with us on a more equal footing. Certainly in that sense I agree with Latour/ANT that the agency of objects should be more seriously considered.
"And Yet He May Be Our Man": The Cross-Dressing Sailor in Cooper's Early Sea Novels
Authors: Iglesias Luis A.
Published: June 2011

Jonathan Crimmins, "Nested Inversions: Genre and the Bipartite Form of Herman Melville's Pierre"(pp. 437–464)

This essay tracks the development of the cross-dressing sailor as a character over a series of the early sea fictions of James Fenimore Cooper: The Pilot (1824), The Red Rover (1828), and The Water-Witch (1830). The essay argues that Cooper capitalizes on the figure’s literary pedigree as a means to show the conflicted relation between the character’s sentimental conventions and the ways in which nautical adventure and commercial narratives situate her masquerade in context. Not contained by a sentimental narrative, the cross-dressing sailor emerges as a figure of domestic and national estrangement within these novels. In fact, she exposes a series of complicated familial relations that undermine the domestic plot’s fulfillment in marriage as well as the connection between domestic ideology and the growth of antebellum America’s transatlantic economic systems. By first concealing the familial connections that the adventure plot must uncover in order to realize its nationalist objectives, the figure’s unmasking problematically and ironically functions on the level of character resolution. Her ambivalent return to her gender assignment, along with her connection to mobility and maritime commerce, leaves the consolidation of the family unresolved. She remains outside the domestic sphere undermining the novel’s commitment to the republican family.
Accidents of a Novel Trade: Industrial Catastrophe, Fire Insurance, and Mary Barton
Authors: Fyfe Paul
Published: June 2011

Paul Fyfe, "Accidents of a Novel Trade: Industrial Catastrophe, Fire Insurance, and Mary Barton"(pp. 315–347)

This essay argues for the industrial novel as a form of risk management, in dialog with the insurance business and its particular problems with fire. elizabeth Gaskell's abiding concerns for workplace accidents and compensation in Mary Barton (1848), focused by a spectacular mill fire, contests the definition and "writing"of risk on commercial terrain. At the same time, various fire insurers, scrambling to manage a risk that seemed beyond control, invented hybrid strategies of description that impinged on the domain of novelists. I demonstrate how changing concepts of accident and risk characterize the unstable political landscape of England's industrial north, measure the increasingly material pressures on property and life, and inform diverse practices of writing, particularly those that novelists shared with the insurance industry. ultimately, the "queer elements of the accidental and the arbitrary"for which Henry James denigrates the Victorian novel may derive from such historical circumstances in which writers like Gaskell absorb accidents as a practice of the genre.
London Eyes: William Dean Howells and the Shift to Instant Photography
Authors: Clayton Owen
Published: June 2011

Owen Clayton, "London Eyes: William Dean Howells and the Shift to Instant Photography"(pp. 374–394)

Toward the end of the nineteenth century, one of William Dean Howells's many avid readers, finally meeting him in the flesh, expressed surprise that the famed writer was not dead. Although he had not actually departed from the world, it was true that by this time the venerable "Dean"was at a low ebb. While younger authors were taking the novel in directions about which he was, at the least, ambivalent, Howells was aware that his own best work was behind him. Yet, throughout his career, he maintained a desire to test different literary approaches. In England in 1904, Howells tested a conceit that would allow him to keep pace with the literary movements of the day. This consisted of an extended photographic metaphor: an association of himself with the Kodak camera. He used this figuration to move beyond the philosophical foundations of his previous work. Criticism has largely overlooked this endeavor, which Howells buried away in the somewhat obscure travelogue London Films (1905). This essay shows how London Films used its photographic metaphor to question positivistic observational assumptions, the way in which this was a response to William James's Essays in Radical Empiricism (1912), and, finally, why Howells ultimately went back on his attempt to create a Kodak school in fiction.
Everyday Extraordinary: Music in the Letters of a German Amateur, 1803–08
Authors: Gramit David
Published: June 2011

The 178 letters, nearly all of them by the Halle University medical student and amateur violinist Adolph Müller, published in 1874 as Briefe von der Universität in die Heimath, provide an opportunity to explore in detail one individual's uses of music as a means of social interaction, identity construction, and aesthetic cultivation and reflection during the first decade of the nineteenth century. The immediacy and self-representational nature of the medium of the letter result in a record that makes clear not only the variety of musical experiences at all levels woven into the daily life of a young German Bürger but also how his accounts of those experiences could help align Müller with—and sometimes vividly over against—his family. Participating in and describing music in society as well as extraordinary works (especially Mozart's and Beethoven's) that he came to value explicitly over conventional and socially acceptable music, Müller provides a colorful if often inconsistent account of living with and coming to terms with that music in a daily context of aesthetic values, class and gender ideologies (the latter particularly evident in his musical encounters with Friedrich Schleiermacher), and the institutions and relationships that structured his life.
Correlation between the 0.01 M CaCl2-soluble organic nitrogen content of the soil and the status and yield of the crop
Authors: Víg Róbert , Nagy Péter Tamás , Dobos Attila , Nagy János
Published: June 2011

A talaj N-szolgáltató képessége és az elérhető termés – többek között – függ a 0,01MCaCl2-oldható szerves N-frakció mennyiségétől. Jelen tanulmányban vizsgáltuk, hogy a növényi kondíció és a termés hogyan változik a táblán belül egy heterogén növényállományban, és milyen összefüggésben van a 0,01MCaCl2-oldható szerves N-frakció mennyiségével. Egy 10,4 hektáros mintaterületről növénymagasság térképet készítettünk, majd a különböző magasságú állományrészekben több ismétlésben mintavételi pontokat jelöltünk ki. Mintavételi pontonként termés- és talajmintákat vettünk. A mérési eredmények alapján megállapítottuk, hogy a termés, a levelek SPAD-értéke és a talajban lévő 0,01MCaCl2-oldható szerves N-frakció mennyisége a növénymagasság növekedésével nőtt, míg a termésben jelentkező heterogenitás csökkent. Megállapítottuk, hogy a növényállomány heterogenitásában szerepet játszhat a 0,01MCaCl2-oldható szerves N-frakció mennyiségének területi variabilitása is. A termés becsülhető a 0,01MCaCl2-oldható szerves N-frakció mennyisége és a termés közötti összefüggést kifejező regressziós egyenletek alapján, viszont a becslés pontossága a különböző kondíciójú állományrészekben eltérő.