bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular evolution of enolase.
Authors: Piast Michał , Kustrzeba-Wójcicka Irena , Matusiewicz Małgorzata , Banaś Teresa
Published: December 2019

Enolase (EC 4.2.1.11) is an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway catalyzing the dehydratation reaction of 2-phosphoglycerate. In vertebrates the enzyme exists in three isoforms: alpha, beta and gamma. The amino-acid and nucleotide sequences deposited in the GenBank and SwissProt databases were subjected to analysis using the following bioinformatic programs: ClustalX, GeneDoc, MEGA2 and S.I.F.T. (sort intolerant from tolerant). Phylogenetic trees of enolases created with the use of the MEGA2 program show evolutionary relationships and functional diversity of the three isoforms of enolase in vertebrates. On the basis of calculations and the phylogenetic trees it can be concluded that vertebrate enolase has evolved according to the "birth and death" model of evolution. An analysis of amino acid sequences of enolases: non-neuronal (NNE), neuron specific (NSE) and muscle specific (MSE) using the S.I.F.T. program indicated non-uniform number of possible substitutions. Tolerated substitutions occur most frequently in alpha-enolase, while the lowest number of substitutions has accumulated in gamma-enolase, which may suggest that it is the most recently evolved isoenzyme of enolase in vertebrates.
Small high density lipoprotein subclasses: some of their physico-chemical properties and stability in solution.
Authors: Atmeh Ragheb F , Abd Elrazeq Issa O
Published: December 2019

Small high density lipoproteins (SHDL) contribute to the protection from atherosclerosis, but detailed information about their properties is not available yet. We isolated four of the smallest HDL subclasses that contain apoA-I alone, the small lipoprotein A-I (SLpAI), by their separation on gradient polyacrylamide gel followed by electroelution. Their physico-chemical properties were calculated from their displacement in non-denaturing gradient polyacrylamide gel under the effect of electrical potential. The properties are: Stokes' radii 2.96-3.56 nm; molecular masses 42-70 kDa; net negative charge 7.2-13.5; surface charge densities 3139-4069 -esu.cm(-2); surface potentials 10.6-15.7 -mV; coefficients of friction 5.74-6.90 x 10(-8) g.s(-1); and diffusion coefficients 5.76-6.94 x 10(-7) cm(2).s(-1). We found that these particles were of low stability as they underwent molecular transformation into larger particles on storage. The estimated dimensions of these particles do not support ellipsoidal shape, therefore, the most probable shape is spherical; consequently, their hydrated characteristics were estimated. We conclude that these particles have high values of negative surface charge and diffusion coefficients, and are of low stability. Their small Stokes' radii were similar to each other and they are spherical and highly hydrated.
Some structural properties of plant serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase?
Authors: Truszkiewicz Wiesław , Paszkowski Andrzej
Published: December 2019

The structural properties of photorespiratory serine:glyoxylate aminotransferases (SGAT, EC 2.6.1.45) from maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves were examined. By means of molecular sieving on Zorbax SE-250 column and filtration through centrifugal filters it was shown that dimers of wheat enzyme (molecular mass of about 90 kDa) dissociate into component monomers (molecular mass of about 45 kDa) upon decrease in pH value (from 9.1 or 7.0 to 6.5). At pH 9.1 a 50-fold decrease of ionic strength elicited a similar effect. Under the same conditions homodimers of the maize enzyme (molecular mass similar to that of the wheat enzyme) remained stable. Immunoblot analysis with polyclonal antiserum against wheat seedling SGAT on leaf homogenates or highly purified preparations of both enzymes showed that the immunogenic portions of the wheat enzyme are divergent from those of the maize enzyme. The sequence of 136 amino acids of the maize enzyme and 78 amino acids of the wheat enzyme was established by tandem mass spectrometry with time of flight analyzer. The two enzymes likely share similarity in tertiary and quaternary structures as well as high level of hydrophobicity on their molecular surfaces. They likely differ in the mechanism of transport from the site of biosynthesis to peroxisomes as well as in some aspects of secondary structure.
The level of endogenous DNA damage in lymphocytes isolated from blood is associated with the fluctuation of 17beta-estradiol concentration in the follicular phase of healthy young women.
Authors: Kapiszewska Maria , Kalemba Malgorzata , Grzesiak Aneta , Kocemba Kinga
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the differences in plasma 17beta-estradiol concentration in early and late follicular phases of the menstrual cycle can affect the level of endogenous DNA damage in lymphocytes assessed by comet assay, and whether the extent of this damage in the follicular phase is associated with the genotype of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). The level of DNA damage was positively correlated with 17beta-estradiol concentration only in the late follicular phase. Subjects with the COMT L/L homozygous mutated variant revealed more DNA damage as compared to individuals with the COMT wild-type and heterozygous (H/L+HH) genotype.
Effect of deletion mutation on the recombination activity of Cre recombinase.
Authors: Rongrong Liu , Lixia Wang , Zhongping Lin
Published: December 2019

Cre recombinase from bacteriophage P1 is widely used in both in vitro and in vivo DNA manipulations. Based on a structural and functional analysis, three deleted cre mutants were constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. Mutated recombinases were purified and their recombination activities were determined in vitro. Our results revealed that the mutant with amino-terminal deletion retains the recombination activity as high as wild type Cre; however, the carboxy-terminal deletion and the middle region deletion both lead to a complete loss of the recombinase function.
Sensitivity of Vi phages III to gamma-radiation in the presence of cisplatin.
Authors: Dabrowski Tomasz , Kwiatkowski Bartlomiej
Published: December 2019

In this study we determined Vi bacteriophage III sensitivity to native cisplatin, gamma radiation ((60)Co) or to irradiated cisplatin, and checked the possibility of enhanced Vi bacteriophage III inactivation under combined exposure to cisplatin and gamma radiation. We used highly purified phage suspensions in 0.9% NaCl solution or phosphate-buffered saline. Phage suspensions were titrated using a double agar layer method. Our study implies that survival of Vi bacteriophage III shows an exponential inverse correlation with cisplatin concentration in the incubation medium and the time of phage incubation in the presence of cisplatin. The use of irradiated cisplatin reduces phage survival in comparison with suspensions containing non-irradiated cisplatin. Irradiation of phage suspension with cisplatin causes a significant increase of phage inactivation in comparison with either treatment alone. Our results suggest that presence of cisplatin in irradiated medium enhances the radiobiological effect on Vi bacteriophages III.
Does the peroxidase-like activity of sodium dodecyl sulphate-modified cytochrome c increase after peroxynitrite or radiation treatment?
Authors: Gebicka Lidia , Didik Joanna
Published: December 2019

The peroxidase-like activity of cytochrome c is considerably increased by unfolding of the protein. The enhancement of the activity is due to the higher reaction rate of unfolded cytochrome c with hydrogen peroxide, which is the rate-determining step in the peroxidase cycle of cytochrome c (Gebicka, L., 2001, Res Chem Intermed 27, 717-23). In this study we checked whether combined action of two unfolding factors, SDS and peroxynitrite or radiation (hydroxyl radicals), increases the peroxidase-like activity of cytochrome c more than any single treatment alone. Peroxynitrite reacts with SDS-modified cytochrome c in the same way as with native cytochrome c, via intermediate radical products, *OH/*NO2, arising from peroxynitrite homolysis. We found that SDS-modified cytochrome c is much more sensitive to oxidative damage than the native protein. Partial unfolding of cytochrome c by SDS causes the peroxide substrate to have a better access to the heme center. On the other hand, the amino acids located in the vicinity of the active site and/or heme group become accessible for oxidizing radicals. The overall effect observed is that the peroxidase-like activity of SDS-modified cytochrome c decreases with an increase of the concentration of the oxidizing species (peroxynitrite or radiolytically generated hydroxyl radicals). The damage of SDS-modified cytochrome c caused by irradiation is much more significant than that observed after peroxynitrite treatment.
Fibronectin fragments in human seminal plasma.
Authors: Katnik-Prastowska Iwona , Przybysz Magdalena , Chełmońska-Soyta Anna
Published: December 2019

The study has revealed the presence of fibronectin (FN) fragments and a lack of intact FN in 72 seminal plasma samples. The FN fragmentation was examined by immunoblotting with a monoclonal antibody specific to the central cellular FN domain and was confirmed with a monoclonal antibody directed to the C-terminal domain of FN. Nine FN fragments between 60 and 200 kDa and five fragments of 60-150 kDa were identified in seminal plasma samples of normozoospermic and of terato-, oligoterato-, and oligoasthenoterato-spermic groups, respectively. The relative amounts of the 60, 90 and 100 kDa FN fragments were 2-3 times higher in seminal plasmas with abnormal semen characteristics than in the normozoospermic group. The results suggest that seminal plasma FN fragments may contribute to fertilization and the analysis of FN fragmentation may have a diagnostic value in andrological investigations.
Cytotoxic effects of cladribine and tezacitabine toward HL-60.
Authors: Stachnik Krzysztof , Grieb Paweł , Skierski Janusz S
Published: December 2019

The aim of the study was to determine the relation between the cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of tezacitabine and cladribine on a HL-60 cell line and the time of exposure of cells to these drugs. Cell viability and induction of apoptosis were assessed using flow cytometry methods. Apoptosis was confirmed by direct microscopic observation. Growth inhibition was examined by cell counting. After 24 h incubation tezacitabine was equally or less toxic compared to cladribine. However, toxicity of tezacitabine strongly rose after 48 h incubation leading to massive cell death at doses much lower than those of cladribine. Assessment of the effect of increased exposure time on the clinical efficacy of tezacitabine is indicated.
THE ROLE OF SELF-DISCREPANCY IN GENERATING FUTURE ANXIETY AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Authors: Mohammed Al-Ferhat Basem , Saleh Jarwan Ali , J. Zuraikat Malek
Published: December 2019

Purpose of the study: The current study examines the level of self-perception (realism, idealism, and duty) among Yarmouk University students. It also identifies the level of their self-discrepancy and its relation to future anxiety and explores the differences regarding the level of these self-discrepancies and the future anxiety according to the variables of specialization, the level of the study, and GPA. The study argues that while there is a significant statistical negative relationship between the level of future anxiety and the actual self among university students there is no significant statistical correlation between the level of future anxiety and the ideal self and the ought self.

Methodology: The study was conducted on a sample of (200) university students of the Faculty of Education at Yarmouk University. Higgins’ (1987) scale which consists of (30) paragraphs and the scale of future anxiety which consists of (27) paragraphs were applied to the study sample using the descriptive correlational approach.

Main Findings: There were no significant statistical differences regarding the level of self-discrepancy (real/ideal) and (real/due) due to the variables of specialization, the level of study, and the GPA. Also, there were no significant differences regarding the level of future anxiety among Yarmouk University students according to the variables of specialization, the level of study, and the GPA. Yet, there was a statistically significant negative relationship between the level of future anxiety and the actual self.

Applications of this study: Universities across the globe, such as Yarmouk University and the University of Jordan, may find it significant to know that university students have a moderate level of self-perception and do not have a correspondence between the characteristics of the self in its three dimensions. Thus, such universities may need to think of establishing certain training and counseling programs that aim at developing the students' perception of themselves and their understanding of the self.

Novelty/Originality of this study: Considering that a few Arabic studies address future anxiety among university students who will graduate and impact their local communities, the paper points at the need for establishing certain counseling courses that help university students better understand themselves and decide their needs accordingly.
A STUDY OF EFFECT OF DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS ON E-GOVERNMENT DIVIDE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MAURITIUS
Authors: Sanmukhiya Chintamanee
Published: December 2019

Republic of Mauritius. Findings would encourage wider e-participation and e-inclusion into policy-making from all segments of the population.

Methodology: A stratified random sample of 310 users and non-users of e-government was used. Logistic regression was estimated. The non-significant Hosmer-Lemeshow test and the Nagelkerke R2 of 0.538 imply that the logit model is useful in predicting the e-government divide.

Main Findings: The classification table shows 81% correct classification. All Wald Chi-Square statistics are reported. This research reveals that marital status and gender do not predict the e-government divide. Age (p<0.01), education (p<0.001), middle income range (p<0.05), dwellership (p<0.01) and public sector employment (p<0.05) affect a citizen’s decision to adopt e-government. The massive investments in e-government initiatives cannot be justified as these have not catered for universal coverage. Young citizens are 20 times more likely than old citizens to adopt e-government.

Implications/Applications: The tendency to use e-government increases as more education is acquired. Rural dwellership almost triples the odds of e-government adoption although these citizens are less educated than their urban counterparts. Public sector employees are 3.6 times more likely to use government websites than the self-employed. Monthly income earners of Rs 20001 to Rs 35000 are 3.3 times more likely to use e-government services than those earning up to Rs 10000. This study is ground-breaking and challenges the belief that rural dwellers are marginalized and reinforces the importance of education within the theoretical framework of the e-government divide.
THE ROLE OF QUALITY OF WORK LIFE AS MEDIATOR: PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL AND WORK ENGAGEMENT
Authors: Meiliyandrie Indah Wardani Laila , Syafiq Anwar Muhamad
Published: December 2019

Purpose: This study realizing the importance of psychological capital on employee's as well as individual components, this study addresses to investigate the mediating role of quality of work-life in the relationship between psychological capital and work engagement.

Methodology: The data collected from 356 employees of multinational companies in Indonesia, with technique cluster sampling.  There are three measuring instruments used in this study namely the Quality of Work Life Model by Walton, which consists of 35 items; Implicit Psychological Capital (IPCQ) 24 items by Harm and Luthan, and The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) by Schaufeli and Bakker, which consists of 17 items. The analysis used mediation regression model no. 4 V3.0 PROCESS by Andrew F. Hayes.

Main Findings: The results of this study indicate the quality of work-life partially mediated the relationship between psychological capital and work engagement. Psychological capital has both direct and indirect impacts to work engagement and quality of work-life as mediators. The result found a positive relationship between psychological capital and work engagement, psychological capital, and quality of work-life, also work engagement and quality of work-life.

Applications: This study throws light on literature psychology, especially the industry and organization field. Also, as a torchlight in companies and employees to create and implement strategies and programs for the development of existing human resources. So that employees have the expected performance so that the goals of the company can achieve and employees feel involved in the company's development and generate feelings of confidence and sense of worth on his job. The results of this study also give some contributions to developing the existing body of knowledge, especially in positive psychology literature.

Novelty/Originality: The critical role of Quality of work-life as a mediator on the relationship between psychological capital and work engagement among employees in Developing Countries.
THE PREVALENCE OF PTSD AND DEPRESSION AMONG GAZA CHILDREN
Authors: G. Abo Hamza Eid , G. Elsantil Yasmeen , A. Moustafa Ahmed , Abdelhadi Mohammed
Published: December 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of posttraumatic distress disorder (PTSD) and depression among children in Gaza, Palestine.

Methodology:  This study assessed the psychological effects of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict on children in the Gaza Strip. 286 children aged 9-14 years old, who were exposed to a wide range of war events, were selected from the Gaza Strip to participate in this study. All participants conducted the following scales: the child PTSD Reaction Index(CPTSD-RI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Arabic version for PTSD and depression assessment.

Finding: The results show that the mean number of participants witnessing home destroyed and people killed was (88%) and home invasion (76%). Approximately 70% of the participants reported that they witnessed war violence against at least one of their family members. Further, 44 % of the children have a least one death in their family due to the Israeli invasion. Using t-tests, we found that significantly more females have both PTSD and depression than males. Approximately 32.8% of the participants met the criteria for severe depression, and 42.6 % met the criteria for PTSD.

Implications: Our results suggest that it is imperative to provide intervention programs to treat PTSD and depression symptoms among children in Gaza. These programs should take into account the cultural and religious background of the participants.

Originality: This investigation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has led to an increase in PTSD and depression symptoms among children in the Gaza Strip.
SYMBOLIC MEANING OF FOOD NAMES IN OFFERINGS AT MANTENAN TEBU TRADITIONAL CEREMONY IN TASIKMADU KARANGANYAR INDONESIA
Authors: Indriastuti Riza Fauzi Heny , Saddhono Kundharu , Rakhmawati Ani
Published: December 2019

Purpose of the study: This study aims to describe the symbolic meaning of the food names contained in the offerings at the Mantenan Tebu traditional ceremony. Methodology: This study used the descriptive qualitative method. The qualitative was used because it relates to the discussion of the data obtained in the form of words or explanations and not figures. The data in this study were in the form of the names of offering foods traditional ceremonies. Mantenan Tebu in Tasikmadu, Karanganyar. The data were collected by observation, interviews with informants and document analysis. Main Findings: Food in each offering has a meaning conveyed through symbols. This offering manifests the gratitude and request to God Almighty, as well as hope for the safety in the lives of Javanese people Implication/Applications of this study: The results of this study can be used for the university, teachers, students, and community. Even though traditional ceremonies always use offerings, not everyone knows the meaning. Therefore, this culture must be preserved, so students, teachers, universities and the community can learn about it and find out the meaning of foods in offerings that are delivered through symbols. Novelty/Originality of this study: Thus, it is necessary to study the symbolic meaning of each food used as an offering in the Mantenan Tebu tradition. Thus, the study discusses the names of foods in offerings and the symbolic meanings contained in the offerings at the Mantenan Tebu traditional ceremony.
Amalgam and Composite Use among Dental Students in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Safadi Rahaf , Al-Safadi Riham , Al-Lowaim Noor , Al-Alwi Fatimah , Al-Yahya Duaa , Al-Shallaa Bayan , Al-Ghanim Ghadeer , Al-Ismail Dina , Al-Haddad Fatimah
Published: December 2019

Aim: The aim of this study was to detect the use of resin composite and amalgam restorations placed inpermanent posterior teeth by undergraduate dental students in university dental hospitals in Saudi Arabia.Materials and Methods: 276 patients aged ≥8 years were randomly selected and clinically examined foramalgam and resin composite restorations placed in permanent posterior teeth with living pulps byundergraduate dental students in university dental hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The restorations were placedin teeth preparations Class I and Class II. Also, bitewing and or periapical radiographs were used to definethe depth of the cavity. The data obtained were documented in a patient examination form then statisticallyanalyzed using Chi-Square Test or Fisher-Freeman-Halton Test.Results: Composite was the main kind of restoration placed by dental students. There was an insignificantrelationship between the kind of restoration (amalgam or composite) and the tooth type(maxillary/mandibular premolar and maxillary/mandibular molar), the class of tooth preparation, the cavitydepth, the age of the patient, and the gender of the patient p > 0.05.Conclusion: Composite was the most commonly restorative material used by dental students. Gradualreduction in the use of amalgam should be evidence-based. Students should obtain the necessarycompetencies for decision making according to each individual case.
Dental Malpractice in Implant Dentistry in Saudi Arabia: Preoperative and Intraoperative Complications
Authors: Al-Safadi Rahaf , Al-Safadi Riham , Al-Safadi Reef , Al-Shulayyil Mohammed , Al-Anazi Abdullah , Al-Momen Malak , Buarish Sara , Al-Duraye Sara , Al-Otaibi Hadeel , Al-Shenaifi Abdullah
Published: December 2019

Aim: The aim of this study was to detect preoperative and intraoperative dental malpractice in the field of implant dentistry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods: 115 patients aged ≥ 18 years with at least one professional malpractice in implant dentistry done in dental health premises in Saudi Arabia were included in the study. Clinical and Radiographic examinations were used to detect preoperative complications (poor patient selection, diagnosis, inappropriate treatment planning) and intraoperative complications (damage to adjacent tooth, inferior alveolar nerve damage, sinus penetration, and implant positional failure due to poor surgical execution).The data obtained including age and gender were documented in a patient examination form then statistically analyzed using Chi-Square Test and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient.

Results: More than half of the patients were females (62.6%). The majority of the patients were in the age group 50-60 years (31.3%). Also, the majority of the patients had implants with malpractice placed in the posterior region. Exactly half of the patients had implants with malpractice placed in the maxilla. In addition, exactly half of the patients had technical errors violating the surrounding structures; (39.1%) of the patients had damage to adjacent tooth, (11.3%) had inferior alveolar nerve damage, and (4.3%) had sinus penetration.

Conclusion: Patients were equally divided between implant positional failure due to preoperative inappropriate treatment planning and that due to intraoperative poor surgical execution. Solid theoretical knowledge and polished surgical skills are key success factors for accurate implant placement.
The Association of Parametrial Invasion with the Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C and Other Factors in Squamous Cell Cervical Carcinoma Stage IB and IIA
Authors: Lilis Lilis , Siregar Nurjati Chairani , Andrijono Andrijono
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND: The presence of parametrial invasion in early stage squamous cell cervical cancer (SCCC) indeed indicates worse prognosis and need more adjuvant treatment. This study aimed to investigate the association between parametrial invasion and clinicohystopathology variables.METHODS: This retrospective study used specimens of squamous cell carcinoma stage IB-IIA. The inclusion criteria were cervical cancer stage IB-IIA and post radical hysterectomy with lymph node dissection and exclusion criteria was damaged and or insufficient histological preparations. The clinicohystopathology variables included age, tumour size and stage, differentiation and inflammation grade, lymphatic vascular and parametrial invasion, and lymph node metastasis. Histopathology staining, immunohistochemistry examination, and vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) expression were evaluated according to the standard procedure. The independent-T, Chi square, and Fisher’s exact test were applied to evaluate the association. The significance was set at p<0.05.RESULTS: Seventy-five cases were eligible. Parametrial invasion was found in 15 cases (20%). Three variables demonstrated a significant association with parametrial invasion, tumor size >4 cm (OR 4.32, 95% CI 1.29-14.38, p=0.01), lymphatic node metastasis (OR 3.90, 95% CI 1.17-13.03, p=0.02), and VEGF-C (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65- 0.87, p=0.03).CONCLUSION: Tumor size of >4 cm and lymph node metastasis (LNM) had a higher risk of parametrial invasion in SCCC stage IB-IIA.KEYWORDS: cervical carcinoma, parametrial invasion, vascular invasion, peritumoral stroma, VEGF-C expression
Resenha: Desenvolvendo o pensamento histórico: abordagens conceituais e estratégias didáticas
Authors: Sukow Nikita Mary
Published: November 2019

Resenha da obra Desenvolvendo o pensamento histórico: abordagens conceituais e estratégias didáticas, de Arthur Chapman.
Entrevista: Educação histórica e sua influência na formação de professores e em documentos curriculares em Portugal
Authors: Nascimento Solange Maria , Schmidt Maria Auxiliadora Moreira dos Santos
Published: November 2019

O campo de pesquisa denominado Educação Histórica chegou ao Brasil em 2003, a partir de um evento que teve como convidada a professora Isabel Barca, da Universidade do Minho. A temática da formação de professores e a influência que esse campo da ciência tem sobre a produção de currículos e materiais a serem utilizados por professores de História durante suas aulas é discussão frequente entre os grupos de pesquisadores que se formaram em diversas partes do mundo, mas com ênfase em Portugal e no Brasil. A partir da formação acadêmica da professora Isabel Barca e de suas pesquisas relacionadas ao ensino da história nas últimas décadas (BARCA, 2000, 2018), esta entrevista tem como foco trazer para o presente o percurso percorrido pela pesquisadora e quais seus objetivos futuros.
Fundamentos teóricos en la enseñanza de la teoría del delito en el sistema jurídico mexicano
Authors: Santillán Delgado Germán , Robles Cardoso Reynaldo , García Rosas Alfredo
Published: December 2019

En la cátedra de Teoría General del Derecho Penal es muy importante que el alumno desarrolle una actitud crítica a través del análisis de lo que el delito es, ya que en términos generales debe conocer tres teorías fundamentales, a saber: la Teoría de la Ley Penal, la Teoría del Delito y la Teoría de las Penas y Medidas de Seguridad, fundamentales en la enseñanza del Derecho Penal. Por lo que el presente artículo abordará la Teoría del Delito para explicar y comprender del delito sus elementos positivos y negativos: conducta y ausencia de conducta, tipicidad y atipicidad, antijuridicidad y causas de justificación, imputabilidad y causas de inimputabilidad, y la culpabilidad y causas de inculpabilidad, desde una perspectiva en el sistema jurídico mexicano actual, aplicada a la legislación penal en el Estado de México.
The Significance of Central Bank of Malaysia Act to Islamic Banking
Authors: Muneeza Aishath
Published: December 2019

Malaysia is considered as the cranium of Islamic banking. The purpose of this paper is to find out the significance of Central Bank of Malaysia Act (CBMA) to Islamic banking by analysing the relevant provisions of CBMA and the reported case law in Malaysia in this regard. This is a legal research where the provisions of this Act relevant to Islamic banking is reviewed and assessed in the light of reported case law. It is found that there is a need for the legislature to come up with the specific directions or practice notes in which Shariah issues of the case could be differentiated from factual issues/legal issues. It is hoped that the outcome of this paper will assist those jurisdictions aspiring to have a sophisticated legal framework for Islamic banking to comprehend the significance of having statutory provisions to establish the apex Shariah Advisory Council at the Central Bank level.
Proposed Secured Bay-Salam Model for Financing Agriculture by Islamic Banks
Authors: Atah Ummi Ibrahim , Mohammed Mustafa Omar , Adawiyya Engku Rabiah , Adeyemi Adewale Abideen
Published: December 2019

Bay Salam is a type of forward contract between two parties to sell or buy a commodity set at agreed terms and conditions on a future date. The Bay Salam contract is beneficial for both buyer and seller because the seller receives full payment in advance while the buyer pays at a favourable price. Despite its benefits to farmers and vendors, this mode of financing is widely available. Therefore, this article aims to explore the concept of the Bay Salam contract and its potential application in financing the agricultural sector in contemporary banking system. This research adopts a qualitative approach by critically reviewing the literature and conducting semi-structured interviews with seven financial and agricultural experts in Nigeria using purposive sampling method. Findings show that Bay Salam is largely unpopular in modern days due to high level of risk and management responsibilities required for the financier. The novelty of this paper lies in the proposed model which combines the concept of Bay Salam and Takaful.
The Applicability of Ijarah Al-Mawsufah Fi Al-Dhimmah in Malaysia
Authors: Dieng Mouhamadou Moctar
Published: December 2019

Purchasing a house under construction is definitely a risky investment for both homebuyer and financier. An Ijarah mawsufah fi al-dhimmah (forward lease) is a method of leasing where the lessor accepts rent prior to the delivery of an asset or property. The rental paid is refunded if the asset is not delivered. This paper aims to examine the legality of forward lease and its applicability in Malaysia. Based on a review of scholarly papers and secondary data collected from company websites, this paper concludes that the benefits of using Ijarah mawsufah fi al-dhimmah are not fully exercised and more efforts need to be done in order to benefit all key stakeholders.
Financial Consumers Protection Regime in Malaysia: Main Guidelines Issued by Bank Negara Malaysia
Authors: Mohamad Nurun Nadia , Hassan Rusni
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the financial consumer protection in Islamic banks in the context of Islamic Financial Service Act 2013 (IFSA 2013) by looking simultaneously to the standards and guidelines issued by Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM). This conceptual paper examines relevant provisions in both Acts as well as in respective standards and guidelines by BNM related to financial consumer protection. In keeping with the main focuses of BNM on promoting fair, responsible and professional conduct by financial services providers to secure financial stability, this paper highlights the provisions which need to be adhered by the Islamic banks in treating their financial consumers. The discussions of the relevant provisions, standards, and guidelines will enrich the academic understanding of financial consumer protection in Malaysia. This study provides an insight on the initiatives taken in Malaysia particularly in the Islamic banking industry to protect the financial consumers.
Shariah Non-Compliance Treatment in Malaysian Islamic Banks
Authors: Omar Hani Nabila , Hassan Rusni
Published: December 2019

Islamic finance in Malaysia has been growing rapidly in the past 30 years. In 2019, there is a total of 16 Islamic banks listed and supervised by Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM), with 5 out 16 banks are foreign entities. In view of the rivalry with the conventional banking sector, Islamic banks offer new innovative Islamic products and financial projects which may lead to greater risk of Shariah Non-compliance (SNC) exposure to the Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) in its effort to stay competitive. This paper attempts to explore the current practices of Islamic banks in treating (SNC) and the extent of compliance with BNM rules and guidelines, particularly BNM Operational Risk Integrated Online Network (ORION) requirement on SNC reporting event. This paper adopts a qualitative research method by conducting semi-structured in-depth interview with the Islamic banking professionals targeting five Islamic banks. Both primary and secondary sources are used for data collection. The finding shows that these Islamic Banks adhere to the BNM rules and requirements, with some minor differences in the implementation process. The findings would contribute positively in terms of enriching and contributing to the existing literature on the SNC practices by Islamic Banks whilst at the same time establishing the levels of compliance of the banks under investigation.
Legal and Regulatory Framework of Islamic Banking and Finance: A Study in Singapore
Authors: Ginting Ledy Mahara , Ruhana Nafisah , Abdul Halim Nur Haziyah Haji , Finieli Salsabilla Terra
Published: December 2019

The aim of this paper is to examine the Islamic Banking and Finance (IBF) industry in Singapore. Singapore is known to be a global financial hub with a resilient economy for capital flow. As a Muslim minority country, the Islamic finance industry in Singapore is established and fairly stable. This study analyses Singapore’s legal and regulatory framework of IBF to review the legal and regulatory framework which promotes the development of Islamic finance in Singapore. IBF in Singapore has been treated equally as the conventional banking under the same regulatory framework, with little guidelines on Shariah governance in the country. This paper concludes that the Singaporean government adopts a flexible approach in regulating IBF in Singapore, with little interventions on Shariah matters.
Shariah Governance Structure of Islamic Financial Institutions in Sri Lanka
Authors: Hilmy Hayathu Mohamed Ahamed , Hassan Rusni
Published: December 2019

Shariah governance plays a key role in ensuring integrity of Islamic financial system. The structure and the process of Shariah governance has been proposed by the international standard setting bodies for Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) to follow and incorporate Shariah governance practices in their operations and financial products. This study aims to investigate the Shariah governance practice in Sri Lanka that practices dual financial system (conventional and Islamic finance) for the past twenty years, with a special focus on process and structure. The qualitative method is employed in this study whereby the primary data are gathered in the form of interview while secondary data are collected through research articles, annual reports, official websites, magazines and newspaper. This study found there are gaps and shortcomings in the Shariah governance practice at IFIs in Sri Lanka particularly in the structure and the process as compare to the international framework and guidelines issued by international standard setting body such as AAOIFI and IFSB. The main contribution of this study is to put forward recommendations to rectify the gaps and to further enhance the Shariah governance practices in Sri Lankan IFIs.
Examining the Viability of Istisna for Project Financing: An Economic Perspective
Authors: Nasucha Muhammad Najihuddin , Ahmed Riazuddin , Barre Galad Mohamed
Published: December 2019

The objective of this paper is to examine the viability of Istisna for project financing, with a special focus on its economic aspects and the risks associated with the said contract. This paper also aims to investigate the challenges faced by Islamic banks in adopting Istisna as a mode of project financing. This paper first provides an overview of Shariah-compliant project financing; it then discusses the characteristics of Istisna and barriers to Istisna implementation for construction and infrastructure project development. Economic and general legal considerations are key factors that influence the development of Istisna as project financing. This paper also seeks to explore ways to increase the use of Istisna.
The Practice of Shariah Governance in Islamic Banking and Finance: A Study of Islamic Banks in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Riazuddin , Mohamad Mohamad Saifullah
Published: December 2019

This paper aims to study Shariah governance of Islamic banks in Bangladesh. Desk-based research was conducted for this paper to explore the main challenges faced by Islamic banks in the country. Based on empirical studies and newspapers, this paper concludes that there is a lack of a well-defined regulatory and supervisory framework for IFIs to function effectively in line with the tenets of Shariah. This study also finds that the shortage of Shariah scholars remains an impediment to Shariah compliance. The government and the central bank of Bangladesh should pay greater attention to education and training, in addition to creating a national Shariah advisory council to monitor Islamic banking and financial activities in Bangladesh.
Innovations in Sukuk in the Global Finance Market: Reviewing Key Considerations
Authors: Mohd Zain Nor Razinah , Abideen Adewale , Engku Ali Engku Rabiah Adawiah
Published: December 2019

Sukuk is one of the fast-growing financial areas in Islamic finance. This paper reviews innovative sukuk instruments in the global financial market in addition to looking at key considerations in facilitating innovative sukuk structures. Using secondary data collected from official reports and peer-reviewed journal articles the authors analysed five types of innovative sukuk structures offered in the market over the past decade. This paper also looks into the enabling role of Securities Commission Malaysia in promoting Malaysia as the top issuer of sukuk. The data analysed shows that sukuk issuers in Malaysia would benefit from high levels of government support through policy and incentives.
Debt Theories in Islamic Commercial Transactions and Their Implications for the Islamic Capital Market
Authors: Saad Auwal Adam , Syed Jaafar Alhabshi Syed Musa
Published: December 2019

There are two different approaches to the prophetic concern regarding debt acquisition and the related rulings. The Prophet (peace be upon him) was recorded as having discouraged debt while other verbal traditions provided guidelines on how to manage debt in a socially responsible manner. This paper aims to analyse these two contrary views according to the Maqasid Shariah and look at how this has impacted juristic rulings. Furthermore, the paper reviews classical fiqh theories on debt, sale of debt, al-Muqassah, Suftajah, Hawalah, and Ibra. The paper also reviews the theoretical perspective on the sale of debt according to the understanding of Islamic scholars across the schools of Islamic Jurisprudence which has a substantial impact on the contemporary practices in Islamic banking and the Islamic capital market.
The Litigation Process in Handling Murabahah Cases: A Comparative Study between Malaysia and Indonesia
Authors: Puneri Atharyanshah , Nazarov Ilhamiddin Ikramovich , Ahmat Moustapha Chora , Arif Muhamad Ikhwan
Published: December 2019

In conventional banking, the validity of a contract is recognised through case law and the legal system of the country. Islamic banking contracts follow the same laws in addition to Shariah principles, which sometimes create legal uncertainty. Murabahah is an Islamic financial instrument which allows a buyer to purchase goods from a seller at a specified profit margin. In contemporary banking practice, Murabahah has been widely used by Islamic financial institutions as a financing contract. It is therefore important to scrutinise the legality and validity of Murabahah practised by Islamic financial institutions in contemporary settings because the existing substantive law on contracts and commerce may not fit well with the Shariah principles. This paper selected three Murabahah cases in Malaysia and Indonesia between 2013 and 2016 as points of comparison. Future research could compare and contrast legal cases over a wider time span.
Impacts of the Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 on Investment Account products offered by Islamic Banks in Malaysia
Authors: Budiman Intisaar Kaamilah , Abdulaziz Mariam , Jaffar Alliya , Lo Mor Talla
Published: December 2019

The Islamic Financial Services Act (IFSA) 2013 is a Malaysian banking law which was enacted to regulate and supervise the banking practices of Islamic finance institutions. IFSA 2013 has the effect of repealing the Islamic Banking Act 1983 (IBA), the Takaful Act 1984, the Payment System Act 2003 and the Exchange Control Act 1953. Prior to the introduction of IFSA 2013 there was no clear distinction between deposit and investment accounts. The IFSA 2013 re-defines Islamic deposit, and classifies investment accounts as non-principal guaranteed while deposit account as principal guaranteed. The objective of this paper is thus to explore implications of IFSA 2013 on investment accounts from the perspective of the banker. Future research could explore the perspective of account holders looking at their views on investment accounts and IFSA 2013.
Selected Shariah Issues in Sukuk Structures: A Comparative Approach
Authors: Benaicha Mohamed , Qasem Bandar Mohammed Saif , Kassim Anas Abdulkadir Abubakar
Published: December 2019

The purpose of this paper is to explore the extent of Shariah compliance in the contracts underlying sukuk structures and their conformity to the objectives behind such contracts. It does this by exposing the prevalent opinions to a maqasid matrix to judge their validity. The Shariah issues underlying sukuk structures are divided into four primary issues that pertain to a certain category of sukuk or most sukuk regardless of the category and focus on the most important and prevalent issues as identified by Islamic economists, jurists and other researchers. The most important findings are that the issues as they relate to important principles and elements of muamalat or Islamic contracts law exist and are real including, but not limited to: possession and legal or beneficial ownership of assets, the debt nature of sale-based sukuk, lack of PLS considerations, and the loss of contact with the real economy. The literalists approach does not incorporate Shariah objectives as ideal standards for sukuk structuring, and similarly, the alternative approach features reductionist tendencies to certain principles. This research provides a theoretical basis on which to judge, from an objective perspective, sukuk issuances and so does not provide practical steps to implementation. This paper takes a much-needed comprehensive look at sukuk structuring in light of the means and objectives of the structuring practice and is expected to provide an original dynamic alternative for scrutinizing structuring practice.
Hybrid Dispute Resolution in Islamic Capital Market: A Malaysian Perspective
Authors: Dhiraj Naeem Suleman , Nasucha Muhammad Najihuddin , Alansary Oussama Mohamed , Alkhateeb Abdullah Jamaluddin
Published: December 2019

The objective of this paper is to explore dispute resolution mechanisms in the Islamic capital market. This paper examines out of court traditional dispute resolution mechanisms and innovative hybrid mechanisms for dispute resolution which could be more efficient and less time-consuming. This paper also looks at notable legal disputes relating to the Islamic capital market for the purpose of understanding the procedural challenges and inadequacies in the current legal system. Based on a literature review the authors of this paper note that the majority of Islamic capital market disputes could be resolved through alternative dispute resolution without going through a full trial in court. This paper mainly focuses on the context of Malaysia, with minor references to other countries.
The Role of Islamic Microfinance for Poverty Alleviation in Mogadishu, Somalia: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Xalane Mohamed Abdi Elmi , Mohd Salleh Marhanum Che
Published: December 2019

This research aims to investigate the current practice of Islamic microfinance in Mogadishu, Somalia and to examine the effectiveness of Islamic microfinance institutions in Somalia on poverty reduction. In total, 65 microfinance recipients participated in the survey. This research adopts a quantitative methodology, using a survey and descriptive analysis. Findings show that the current practice of Islamic microfinance in Mogadishu is serving the poor and that these microfinance activities are effective in terms of obtaining loans, enhancement of standards of living and usefulness of the system. Nonetheless, there is a low level of awareness among the locals regarding the availability of Islamic microfinance.
Examining Contracts used in Islamic Trade Financing: Issues in Bai Al-Dayn and Murabahah
Authors: Radzali Nur Ermiedza , Muhammad Noor Habibi Nurul Awfa , Mohd Sabri Nurul Amira , Ismail Siti Aqilah
Published: December 2019

In an interest-based economy, trade transactions are financed through credit for the purpose of acquiring and selling goods in the domestic or international markets. In an Islamic economy, trade operations may be financed through credit or on a participatory basis. The purpose of this paper is to review two Islamic financial contracts; Murabahah and Bai Al-Dayn. This paper also aims to review Islamic Trade Finance (ITF) and issues concerning ITF facilities, given they are operating under conventional International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) rules. To achieve the research goals, data has been gathered from journal articles, books, industry reports, and product disclosure statements issued in Malaysia. This paper highlights the underlying issues for Murabahah and Bai Al-Dayn, and provides recommendations to overcome the challenges associated with processes shaped by the underlying Islamic trade finance contract.