bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experience of Implementing Sport Education Model
Authors: CRUZ Alberto
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

Sport education has attracted attention and interest from physical educators recently. However, the implementation of sport education has not been without difficulties. The purposes of this study were to understand the views of teachers and students on this model as well as examining the difficulties the teachers may face when implementing the model. Two secondary physical education teachers and 110 secondary students participated in the study. The teachers taught a unit of football lessons in sport education to two classes of students. They were requested to keep a reflective journal that focused on the process of implementation of the approach as well as the student reaction to this model. An interview focused on their views of using the approach was conducted with each teacher. Views of students toward the instructional approach were also obtained through the use of a structured questionnaire. Results revealed that the major difficulty faced by the teachers was the planning before the implementation. Most students expressed that they favoured the model and understood more about the organizing of football games. They also valued the learning of collaboration skills and team spirits in the lessons. The findings hold implications for the physical educators and teacher educators in Hong Kong.

本研究目的是探討體育教師和中學生對競技運動模式的觀感與及教師在實踐此模式所遇上的困難。兩位中學老師及其學生參與是次研究。老師運用競技運動模式(足球單元)教授兩班學生。老師利用反思日誌記錄實踐感想及學生反應。老師其後以訪問形式表達其實踐意見。研究員亦利用問卷收集學生對此模式的觀感。結果顯示教師的主要困難是教學前的計劃和準備。學生對此模式亦持正面評價。此等結果給予體育教師及教師培訓多方面啟示»
Parental Concerns in Facilitating Children's Physical Activity Participation in Hong Kong
Authors: PANG Bonnie On Hei , HA Amy Sau Ching
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This study examines the parental concerns in facilitating their children's physical activity participation in Hong Kong. By adopting a qualitative approach, 22 parents (10 fathers and 12 mothers), randomly chosen from in a larger study examining 802 (aged 9 to 16) children’s physical activity engagement, were invited for a semi-structured interview. It is believed that these parents could represent the typicality of Hong Kong parents in increasing our understanding of the study's focus. Interview data were analyzed by using an open coding system to identify meaningful pieces of information within the comprehensive text segment (Tesch, 1990). Three themes emerged from the interview data and results in relation to Confucianism showed that parental long working hours, safety issues and over emphasize in children's academic pursuits were found to be their major concerns in facilitating children's further engagement in physical activities. Specifically, fathers and mothers were found to differ in their safety concerns for their children's physical activity involvement. Future interventions aiming at solving the suggested parental concerns could increase children's physical activity participation.

採用質化研究之方法，本研究旨在探討二十二名香港家長於促進學童參與體育活動的考慮因素。研究發現考慮因素包括：家長的工作時間、家長對學童參與體育活動的安全性及家長過份重視學業成績。研究結果建議，為要進一步促進學童參與體育活動，必須透過有效解決家長對學童於參予體育活動的考慮因素。(一)加強家長對帶有危險性的運動的知識 (二)政府及學校團體應增加對家庭運動的支持 (三)透過工作坊，讓家長了解學業與運動並存對學童身心發展的重要性。
Physiological Effects of Power Fitness Yoga Course in Community University
Authors: CHAN Kuei Hui , HSIAO Ya Hsin , HUANG Chean Chean
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the power fitness yoga course of Community University intervention on basic physiological parameters, anthropometric parameters as well as muscular and cardiopulmonary fitness. Fifteen females were participated this study. Subjects took a 90-minutes power fitness yoga course once a week for 12 weeks. The resting heart rate, blood pressure, body weight, body fat percentage, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index, back strength, sit-up test as well as 3-minutes step test of subjects were tested before and after the course. Paired t-tests were used to compare the variables. The results showed that after 12 weeks of power fitness yoga course, the resting heart rate, diastolic pressure, body fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio had significant decreased. The cardiopulmonary index of 3-minutes step test was significantly increased. There were no differences on the other variables (p>.05). The results indicate that 12-week power fitness yoga course in Community University can improve the resting heart rate, diastolic pressure, waist- to-hip ratio and body fat percentage as well as promote cardiovascular fitness.

本研究旨在探討社區大學之強力適能瑜珈課程對基礎生理值、體位值、肌肉及心肺適能等生理值的影響。研究以15名女性學員為對象，進行為期12週的研究，研究期間受試者在老師的指導下每週從事一次90分鐘的強力適能瑜珈運動。在實驗前、後均測量受試者之安靜心跳率、血壓、體重、體脂率、腰臀比、身體質量指數、背肌力、1分鐘屈膝仰臥起坐及體力指數，並以相依樣本t考驗比較前、後測各項數值之差異。結果顯示：經過12週的課程後，受試者之安靜心跳率、舒張壓、體脂率與腰臀比均顯著下降，且體力指數有顯著之提升，其他數值則無差異。本研究結果證實社區大學所開設之強力適能瑜珈課程能有效降低安靜心跳率、舒張壓、腰臀比與體脂率，並提升心肺適能。
Job Satisfaction among Volunteers of the 2007 Special Olympics World Summer Games
Authors: DU Mei
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

Volunteer contribution has been indispensable for successful sport events. Many studies have been conducted to understand motivations of volunteers. However, investigation of volunteer satisfaction for sports events has been left untouched. The present study attempted to make the first step in filling this research gap. Quantitative survey was conducted among 314 volunteers for 2007 Special Olympics World Summer Games. The results indicated that volunteers were nearly satisfied with their work (M=3.49, SD=0.50). And they were more satisfied with the sense of “my contribution was valuable” (M =4.10, SD=0.82), “sense of achievement” (M=4.00, SD=0.91), “I accumulated useful experience in the service” (M=3.98, SD=0.86) and “mutual support among colleagues” (M=3.92, SD=0.87). Volunteers with very much knowledge about persons with ID tended to have significant higher satisfaction than those without or with little of certain knowledge (F=3.28, df=2, p<.05). Volunteer job satisfaction was significantly associated with their perceived work stress (r=-.33, p<.001). Volunteers who perceived lower stress tended to be more satisfied.

本研究旨在增加對體育賽事義工工作滿意度的認識。研究以問卷調查的形式進行，收集了參與 2007 世界夏季特奧會的 314名義工樣本。分析表明，義工對於他們的工作幾近滿意(M=3.49, SD=0.50)，特別是對以下方面比較滿意：“我的付出是有價值的" (M=4.10, SD=0.82)“有成就感" (M=4.00, SD=0.91) “我累積了有用的經驗" (M=3.98, SD=0.86)，和“同事之間的相互支持”(M=3.92, SD=0.87)。對智障人士有深刻認識的義工工作滿意度顯著高於有少許認識或沒有認識的義工(F=3.28, df=2, p<.05)。義工工作滿意度與工作壓力顯著相關(r=-.33, p<.001)，壓力越低，滿意度越
Relationship between Imagery and Perception of Success among Male and Female High School Athletes
Authors: HENG Sze Ying , Omar Fauzee Mohd. Sofian , SOH Kim Geok
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This study examined the use of imagery and the perception of success among the male and female athletes in one of the sport schools in Malaysia. A sample of 80 youth athletes (40 male, 40 female) from six various sports participated in this research. Their mean aged was 14.79, SD =1.31 from total of 6 sports. Participants completed the Perception of Success Questionnaire (POSQ; 1998) and Sport Imagery Questionnaires (SIQ; 1986). POSQ is used to measure the goal achievement among the gender differences while the SIQ is to seek the use of imagery skills in order to enhance their performance. T- test analysis is used to determine the mean between the task and ego orientation and imagery among the athletes. Results showed that there was no significant difference in goal achievement between male and female athletes. It may be related to the athletes from same sport and continue their training under the same coach, therefore they have the same goal to achieve. Furthermore, One-Way ANOVA was used to examine the level of the athlete and the usage of imagery skills and goal achievement. There is no significant difference among three categories of participants with their goal achievement and focusing imagery skills except motivation specific that show a significant different among the level of participated. Recommendation for future research was all suggested.

本研究旨在探討採用表象訓練對成功感覺的關係，共邀請了80位中學生運動員進行測試，結果顯示沒有明顯的互動關係。
Development of Asian Sport Industry
Authors: HUANG Shu-Chen , CHANG Hsiu-Ching
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
Asia has been playing an important role politically and economically in the world and its influence will extend in the 21st century. At the meantime, sport industry is also booming in the Pacific Rim in terms of the concept of global village. Sport industry was a $213 billion USD business and ranked the sixth major industry in the United States in the 20th century. The global sport business has already exceeded $500 billion USD in the new millennium (Street & Smith’s Sports Business Journal, 1999). John Cappo, International Vice President at International Management Group (IMG) indicates that the World Cup Korea/Japan 2002 and the awarding of the Olympic Games to Beijing 2008 is a further testament of the increased proliferation of sports marketing in Asia. These countries and governments use the sports marketing platform to provide a window to the world, promote their countries, business and cultural exchange. This support and commit will further add to the development and growth of the sports marketing industry. There is no doubt about that the sport industry is an economic behemoth and it is creating unlimited potential opportunities for all kinds of business. The impact of sport business is increasing in Asia when the values of health and leisure are more emphasized. In addition, it is critical to understand the development of sport industry in Asia as the world trade is more globalized and sport business is more internationalized. Therefore, the purposes of this paper are to: 1) introduce the development of Asian sport industry in China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan as the examples, 2) foresee the future development of sport industry in 21st century.
亞洲一直是世界經濟及政治的一個重要角色，它的影響力已延伸到21世紀。在世界村的觀念下，亞太地區的運動產業正在蓬勃發展。二十世紀的美國，運動產業是總值2,130億美元的第六大產業，而在這新的世紀裡，全球運動產業的總值已經超越5,000億美元，IMG的國際副總裁John Cappo指出2002年日本及韓國的世界盃及2008年的北京奧運證實了運動產業在亞洲的發展。這些國家及政府利用大型國際運動賽事來為本國宣傳，同時也促進文化及經濟的交流，像這些國家的付出及支持，更加速運動產業的發展。無疑的，運動產業這隻經濟巨獸已創造出無限的商機，尤其當健康及娛樂的價值在亞洲地區日益受到重視之際，運動產業的影響力也就與日俱增。在目前貿易全球化及運動商業國際化之時，了解亞洲國家的運動產業就顯得相當重要了。鑑此，本研究的主要目的是以中、日、韓、台為例，介紹亞洲的運動產業並預測二十一世紀該產業的發展。
Book Review. Tozer, M. (2012). Physical education and sport in independent schools. John Catt Educational ISBN: 978 1 908095 442 (299 pages)
Authors: FRY Joan Marian
Published: March 2021

British physical education has influenced physical education in parts of the world that are former British colonies and Malcolm Tozer’s edited monography, Physical education and sport in independent schools, provides a context for those of us working in physical education in one of those former colonies. The book comprises a wide range of contributions (34 in all from 36 authors) about physical education and sport in British public schools. The content is clustered into four main sections plus an appendix. Generally the authors are writing from a personal perspective and several of the short essays are either abridged life histories or case studies; the editor has established their credibility in short profiles which follow the Foreward. The general purpose of the book is developed the Introduction wherein it is argued that the role of sport in British society has its foundations in school sport and physical education and that athletes in independent schools today are international sports stars of the future. (Abstract taken from the first part of document)
Modularization of Physical Education Curriculum in Hong Kong Secondary Schools
Authors: WONG Arthur Chi Tak , LI Daniel Yuk keung
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.This paper discusses the suitability of modularization of Physical Education Curriculum in Hong Kong secondary schools. It highlights the features, strength and limitations of a modular curriculum framework. The strength of the framework is that it allows greater flexibility for content coverage, better ensures curriculum continuity, and better fulfills accountability to the society. Nevertheless, it also highlights that modularization is merely a strategy for curriculum organization so that it does not contribute much to an alleviation of issues outside the scope of curriculum organization.本文探討中學體育課程全面單元化的適切性； 包括單元課程的內涵、優點和不足。優點方面， 包括提高課程的延續性和內容涵蓋面，與及在社會問責方面的承擔。不足的地方，在於它只是課程組織的一個方法，因此對解決課程組織以外的問題幫助不大。
An Alternative Approach to Games Teaching in the Training of P.E. Teachers
Authors: LIU Yuk Kwong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract in Chinese only.球類課在體育課程中佔了一個十分重要的位置。目前，香港體育敎師大部份都採用技巧敎學法 (Skill-based approach)敎導學生學習球類活動，1995年筆者曾對本港中學體育敎師採用技巧敎學法的現況作出調查，在155位的中學體育敎師中，有92.9%的敎師都採用技巧敎學法，但30%的敎師卻指出採用技巧敎學法授課時出現困難；其實技巧敎學法於80年代初期備受英國體育學者(Bunker and Thorpe, 1986)的批評，指出其弱點是過份重視技巧學習，而忽略了學生對該球類活動的認識及本身智能的發展，因此他們提倡另一種新敎學法: 領會敎學法(Teaching Games for Understanding)，重點是以認識該活動為主，並透過戰術的學習，讓學生能依自己能力作思考及作出適當的表現。為了要解決體育敎師面對技巧敎學法的困難，本文主要的目的是探討體育講師採用哪一種敎學法訓練準體育敎師敎授球類活動，希望找出問題所 在，並嘗試介紹一個新敎學方法作為日後培訓一班更能幹的準體育敎師敎授球類活動。
Ensuring a Quality Physical Education Teacher
Authors: CAPOUCH Kaila , DEUTSCH Joe
Published: March 2021

Children are living more sedentary lifestyles today than ever before in America. Physical education teachers need to be our leaders for change by promoting the importance of maintaining a healthy body and mind in today’s youth and promoting life-long physically activity. This article helps to shape the mind of a physical educator and gives them a “don’t” list to make sure are not happening in their classes, if they want students to have a positive PE experience and potentially go on to be life-long physically active learners. From not letting the students pick their own teams to not playing games that eliminate them from competition, the role that the PE teacher plays in shaping students life-long beliefs about the joy of exercise is substantial.
Teaching Styles and Learning-Research and Applications
Authors: CHOW Bik C.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The author summarizes the theory of the Mosston's Spectrum of Teaching styles which is based on the amount of decisions given to students. Researches in the past ten years on the Spectrum are then reviewed. The author presents practical examples on three teaching styles of the production cluster. The intent of this article is to stimulate physical education teachers to adopt teaching styles for those goals gearing for developing students' cognitive thinking and problem solving ability.本文作者簡單介紹『摩斯登體育敎學光譜』的理論，指出不同敎學風格取決於敎師給予學生多少決策權。作者亦綜合過往十年有關光譜理論之研究 及應用，列舉生產群集的三項敎學風格例子，希望體育敎師於啟發學生思考及創造力為敎學目標的課堂上，能夠嘗試採用。
Comparison of Six Equations to Predict Fat-Free Weight with Bioelectrical Impedance Technique in Hong Kong Male University Students
Authors: LEE Chi Shing Amen
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The main purpose of the present study was to compare existing multiple regression BIA equations with the skinfold technique in male university students. The subjects in this study were 86 male university students aged 19-24 years. Body height, body weight, electrical resistance, electrical impedance, abdominal fold, chest fold, and subscapular fold were measured. Test-retest reliability within 7 days period of bioimpedance measurements was 0.93. Simple linear regression showed that body weight (BW) was the most significant predictor of fat-free weight (FFW) (r = 0.92; SEE = 2.10 kg). When BW and electrical resistance index were used in combination to predict FFW in the combined group, the multiple R increased to 0.95 with the SEE value decreased to 0.81 kg. The addition of height, electrical impedance, electrical resistance, body mass index and age to the prediction model contributed less than 1% additional variance and reduced the SEE value to less that 0.03 kg. The BIA equation of Oppliger (1991) was the most accurate equation when used in Chinese population. To conclude, BIA was a reliable and valid measurement in assessing FFW in Chinese male university students provided that an appropriate population-specific equation (Oppliger, 1991) was chosen.本研究主要透過86名年齡由19至24歲的男性大學生，比較生物抗阻法和皮摺量度法在測量人體脂肪比率上的結果。測試內容包括：身高、體重、電 阻、抗阻、腹部皮脂、胸部皮脂、肩胛皮脂。結果顯示，只要使用合適的方程式計算，在量度香港男性大學生的脂肪比率上，生物抗阻法是一個可靠而準確的方法。
Sport for All: Perspectives Toward the 21st Century
Authors: EDGINTON Christopher R.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract in Chinese only.東西文化的轉換所提供的大量機會使大眾生活質量得以迅速提高。工業技術的發展增加了人民的餘暇時間，也為人們提供更多的休閑活動，使人們的生活更健康和快樂。本文作者從不同的體育社會學觀點，探討及展望未來新紀元的大眾體育。並強調體育運動是一條重要的紐帶，它跨越時空，將傳統和社會價值相聯結。它也將繼續作為一種社會的錨鏈，固定在世界 變革的大海之中，影響著個人和整個社會。
Leadership in Recreation for Special Populations in the 21st Century
Authors: YUNG Dicken
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract in Chinese only.現今社會對傷殘人士的觀點及態度都與廿多年前有很大的改變。本文章試探討特殊康樂在社會上的角色及其領導工作的必備條件，讓我們能更有效率地推行特殊康樂活動。而作者從過往累積的經驗，與讀者分享其要領：計有個人興趣及承諾、認同供求能力、創新意念、服務工作質素、建議、善用體康專業及義務工作者、有效的工作小組、及對政治的機智。
Validity and Reliability of Bailey Bridge Test for Hong Kong Secondary School Students
Authors: CHOW Bik Chu
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The test most often recommended for measuring upper body strength and endurance is the pull-ups which has often been criticized because of the large number of zero scores. In the last academic school year, twelve secondary schools under the Po Leung Kuk group administered the Bailey Bridge Test for measuring upper body strength and endurance in their own physical fitness test battery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the Bailey Bridge Test for secondary school students. A total of 1,906 secondary school students, aged 13-19, from 4 schools, participated in the study. Criterion validity was assessed by correlating Bailey Bridge Test with bent-knee push-up and hand grip strength. A sample of subjects were tested on two different days on Bailey Bridge Test to establish stability reliability. To conclude, the Bailey Bridge test shows unacceptable validity with barely acceptable reliability.一般用來測試上肢肌力的引體向上方法，受試者很常會取得零分而影響教師對學生的評估。去年本港保良局屬下十二間中學，製定出一套體適能測試方案，並採用了拾放豆袋測試來量度學生的上肢肌力。本文目的是評審拾放豆袋測試的效度和信度。共有1,906位13至14歲的中學生參與本研究，以屈膝掌上壓及手握力測試的相關系數作爲效標關聯效度的指標；再測法則用來計算信度。研究結果顯示拾放豆袋測試的效度未能被接受，信度也偏低。
Gender, Age and Event Differences of Hong Kong Elite Swimmers' Pulmonary Functions
Authors: WU Tat Cheung
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to investigate the general pulmonary functions among the Hong Kong elite swimmers. Forty swimmers were randomly tested. Two prediction equations were computed based on the regression analysis of the data. It is hoped that the present information concerning the pulmonary functions of local elite athletes will be useful for the Hong Kong coaches as well as sport scientists.香港的運動生理學正在起飛階段，各項運動的教練在訓練上注入這個元素，令運動員之演出大有進步，全運會自行車金牌選手黃金寶便是最佳例子。四十個精英泳手被隨機抽樣調查。運動員被劃分爲1)長/短距離，2)性別，3)少年組/高級組，他們的肺活量被測試，調查員還推算兩條方程式，希望可供本港教練和運動員參考。
Influence of Fluid Replacement on Short-Term Recovery and Subsequent Exercise Performance
Authors: WONG Stephen H. S.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Rapid fluid replacement and replenishment of muscle glycogen after prolonged exercise are vital for optimal substrate provision, cardiovascular function, and thermoregulation during subsequent bouts of vigorous exercise on the same day. This paper reviews recent work relating to the effects of rehydration with carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions during a short-term recovery period on hydration status, physiological responses, and subsequent endurance capacity. Issues investigated and discussed were drinking patterns, amount of carbohydrate (CHO) consumed, and the volume of fluid ingested. The data are presented as a series of summaries of experiments, followed by a discussion of the implications. The main findings of the studies reported suggest that in order to achieve euhydration during short-term recovery, a volume of fluid substantially larger than that lost must be ingested. The provision of additional CHO would be expected to restore the body's CHO stores to a greater extent than a smaller amount of CHO during the recovery and, thereby, improve the subsequent endurance capacity. However, this was not the case. It appears that the ingestion of large amounts of CHO, during a short recovery period, resulted in disturbances in fat and CHO metabolism which prevented an improvement in endurance capacity during subsequent exercise, after consumption of the additional CHO.運動後迅速補充水份及恢復肌肉內的糖元對同日要進行的激烈運動十分重要，因爲能量代謝、心肺功能及體溫調節也以此爲基礎。本文主要綜述最近有關此課題之研究，旨在探討在含有碳水化合物及電解質之飮品影響下，體內水份所作出之調節、各項生理變化及恢復後之運動能力。研究結果顯示，若要在短時間之恢復期內重新達至水份平衡，人體有需要攝取比在運動時所失去之水份爲多之液體。在此短暫恢復期間，若攝取大量的碳水化合物將會引致能量代謝出現不正常的反應，並會影響隨後的運動能力。
SET for Quality in Sport: See - Experience - Transcend
Authors: LI John S. C.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Quality is a word used very often at work and in delivering services to clients. However, judgement on quality is very subjective and judgement can only be made when one sees it or experiences it. It is not uncommon that there are many views from different people on quality of the same service or product. As a sport service agent, we want to evaluate our service achievement to ensure our quality. Quality measurement is a means to meet this purpose. This measurement is not just measured by the number of participants, the number of medals achieved, or whether a break-even account statement is attended. It is also important to conform to the standards, requirements, regulations, policies, procedures, and goals that are set for the services. The feedback from the participants and impact of the services to the society are also elemental to quality service. In sport, quality improvement begins with hardware - facilities, equipment, apparel - which people can easily SEE the difference. In the second stage, the software - professional coaches, administrators, quality programs and outstanding performance let people EXPERIENCE a change. The ultimate development and the beauty of sport, however, are the shared sporting spirit which TRANSCEND the essence of human being. This paper will focus on how SET is applied in current sport development in Hong Kong and to elevate the quality of sport into the year 2000 and beyond.個人對服務質素的要求因人而異，對服務的滿意程度亦須使用者親身看過或切身體驗後才可作出主觀評論。體育專業人員的工作目標是爲公衆人仕及運動員提供優質體育活動。用以評訂體育工作的成效，普遍以參加人數、獎牌數目、及賬目收支平衡作爲評審準則。客觀的評核應以共同爲體育設訂的理想、標準、要求、規則、政策、程序及目標爲指標。體育質數的提昇有一定的進程，通常體育發展多由爲人看到的硬件項目開始，如改善運動設施、器材、政策等。繼而開展軟件項目，如聘請優質數的教練及體育行政人員，提供多元化活動及後勤服務，務使參加者能親身體驗優質體育活動。體育發展的最終目標是希望能夠將體育精神超越體育，使參加者能應用體育的經驗及精神於日常生活及工作裡。本文探索香港在「觀看」到「體驗」至「超越」的體育發展進程，逐步邁向優質體育的理想。
Reviewing the Development of Hong Kong's School Physical Education through History
Authors: WONG Arthur Chi Tak
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.This paper describes briefly the history of school physical education in Britain and China. Alongside, the author provides bits and pieces of information about Hong Kong's school physical education in an anecdotal manner hoping to fill up partly the lacuna of local history in school physical education. Against this background, problems concerning curriculum development, classroom teaching and teacher training are discussed.本文先簡述英國及中國的學校體育的歷史背景，再透過筆者在香港從事體育敎育工作多年累積的經驗及所見所聞：拋磚引玉，為香港學校體育空白的歷史填上一筆的同時，藉此提出一些香港學校體育在課程發展及敎學上所遇到的問題，與體育工作者共同探討。
A Correlational Study between 5-minute Run Test and Incremental Treadmill Run Test in Assessing Aerobic Capacity
Authors: WONG Allison Ka Yee , LOUIE Lobo H.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the 5-minute run test and the incremental treadmill run test in assessing aerobic capacity. Twenty subjects participated in this study. The maximum oxygen uptake was estimated by the 5-minute run test and directly measured by the incremental treadmill run test. Correlations were computed by the SPSS Pearson procedures. Linear regression analysis was utilized to predict the 5-minute run test scores based upon the incremental treadmill run test results in determining maximum oxygen uptake. Significant relationship was found between two tests in assessing maximum oxygen uptake. Simple linear regression showed that running velocity in 5-minute run was a significant predictor for maximum oxygen uptake measured in the incremental treadmill run test. To conclude, the 5-minute run test was valuable to predict maximum oxygen uptake.本文旨在探討兩種評估有氧能力的測試：「五分鐘跑測試」和「遞增負荷跑台測試」之關係。是次研究共有二十位受試者參與，在實驗室進行遞增負荷跑台運動測量其標準的最大攝氧量，用「五分鐘跑測試」來推測和評估其最大攝氧量，所得的資料以相關和直線回歸法分析，從而探求「五分鐘跑測試」和「遞增負荷跑台測試」之關係。研究結果顯示兩種評估有氧能力的測試有密切的關係；此外，研究員利用五分鐘平均跑速推算出最大攝氧量的回歸方程。
Professional Socialization of Pre-service Physical Education Teachers in Hong Kong Institute of Education
Authors: LI Chung
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.This paper presents a qualitative study with the use of the interpretive paradigm to capture subjective meanings that pre-service Physical Education (PE) teachers gave to their professional socialization process at the early stage of their two-year full-time teacher-training program. Data concerning their actions, feelings and reflection on their practical, pedagogical and theoretical modules were collected through interviewing and writing of reflective journal. Participants were analyzed according to their types namely, "athletes", "idealists", "pragmatists", "followers" and "the insecure group" while joining the program. It was interesting to find that they all articulated their professional learning to the "process knowledge" through experience rather than "propositional" one in the form of discipline based and theoretical conceptions regardless of their types. The findings provide information about how pre-service PE teachers learn and develop their professional knowledge, which in return, generate implications on how the Physical Education Teacher Education (PETE) program can be implemented effectively in Hong Kong.本文章以詮釋理念來探索香港敎育學院體育學系本科生職化的過程，研究對象為二十位來自體育學系的本科生，對部份師資培訓課程及經歷作出回顧及分析，藉此了解其學習模式及職化過程，並對現有的課程作出了探討及建議。
Use of Pedometry to Assess the Physical Activity of Hong Kong Secondary School Students during School Lunch Period
Authors: LOUIE Lobo , CHAN Pui Shan
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The intent of the researchers was to determine the physical activity level of the secondary school students during their lunch period in regular school days in Hong Kong. The physical activity for the following two distinct groups were studied: Mandatory Group - students who are not permitted to have lunch meal outside the school, and Free Group - students who are free to go away the school for a meal. Subjects' age ranged from 13 to 18 with a mean of 14.6. Pedometers were utilized to assess the physical activity in terms of the step counts recorded. The step counts for the free group were significantly (p < .05) larger than that of the mandatory group, indicating that more physical activity was achieved when the students were free to move outside the school during lunch time. In addition, boys were more active than girls in both groups. Recommendations for the promotion of students' habitual physical activity during lunch period were made.本文作者旨在探討本港中學生於午膳間的身體活動量，利用輕便的步數記錄儀來比較兩組群之身體活動量分別：留在校內組及離開校園組。學童年齡由13至18歲不等，平均為14.6歲。結果顯示：留在校內組的身體活動量較離開校園組顯著少（P < .05)，引證出學童留在校內午膳時，缺乏足夠的身體活動。而且女生的活動量也較男生顯著減少，校內學生活動量下降的問題，值得體育工作者的關注。
Drinking after Exercise, Are You Engaged in Prudent Practice?
Authors: CHIA Michael , QUEK Jin Jong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Restoration of fluid balance after strenuous exercise where substantial body water may be lost is an important part of the recovery process and is even more important in hot and humid conditions. Re-hydration after exercise requires that both fluid and electrolyte losses, particularly sodium, to be replaced for fluid balance. Drinks for re-hydration must have higher electrolyte content than drinks that are formulated for consumption during exercise. Most soft drinks contain virtually no sodium at all and are ineffective for the restoration of fluid balance after exercise. Drinks with high sodium content may not be very palatable to many people and may result in under-consumption. Drinks with low sodium content are ineffective at re-hydration, will also reduce the stimulus to drink. The addition of a small amount of carbohydrate may improve the rate of intestinal uptake of sodium and water and will also improve palatability. Drink palatability is very important especially when large volumes of fluid need to be voluntarily consumed. Alcohol is contraindicated as a hydration fluid following exercise.人體在劇烈運動中往往伴随著體液的丢失，特別是在炎熱與潮濕的環境下進行運動，因此運動後如何恢復機體的水平衡是十分重要的。運動後體液的恢復需要補充液體與電解質，尤其是納離子。其電解質補充量應高於運動中的丢失量。遺憾的是大多數的軟飲料並不含有納離子, 飲用這些飲料無助於運動後機體水平衡的恢復。高鈉飲料其口味不盡人意，令不少人難以接受；而低鈉飲料則會影響體液的恢復。如果在飲料中加入少量的碳水化合物，則可促進胃腸道對鈉離子和水的吸收，並可使其味如甘泉。可口的飲料對於運動後液體的補充是非常重要的，尤其是當機體需要大量水分時。值得提醒的是運動後不可飲用含有酒精的飲料。
Participant Motivation of Physical Activity in Leisure Time for Women
Authors: WANG Hsiu Hua
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this paper was to explore the participant motivation of physical activity in leisure time for women. From the review of literatures on physical activity for women, it was ascertained that increased physical activity was highly associated with improved physical health and mental health. However, some researchers concluded some facts about women's participation in physical activity; (1) most adult women either don't do the recommended amount of physical activity or are completely inactive; (2) women are more inactive than men. Furthermore, recognizing and referring to the female participants' motivation of physical activity in leisure time, physical activity intervention programs would be designed more effectively and implemented more successfully.本文主要的目的是探討女性於閒暇時參與身體活動之動機。從相關文獻研究指出其主要身體活動參與動機因素如下：(1)人與人之間的轉向和調節 (2)個人能力 (3)逃離日常生活規範 (4)人與人之間正向發展 (5)轉移注意力 (6)人與人之間能力 (7)尋找異性朋友 (8)追求快樂感 (9)追求刺激 (10)追求冒險 (11)健康及幸福安寧感 (12)入迷 (13)社會互動 (14)創造力 (15)自我實現。
Comparisons of Different Physical Activity Levels and Blood Lipids among Taiwan Middle-aged Men
Authors: WANG Hsiu Hua
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity levels and blood lipids among Taiwan middle-aged men. The 99 male subjects (38 to 55 years) were recruited from road-racing clubs and Taipei city or country. The physical activity levels were assessed by 7-day recall designed questionnaire. The blood lipids were collected for analysis after 48 hours rest from last bout of exercise. The subjects were assigned to several groups according to their percentile of the measured variables and one-way ANOVA was used for the lipids data comparisons. The result indicated the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and TC/HDL-C (the higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C) levels of the high METS group (43.50 METS) were significantly lower (p
STIMULATION OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS OF PSYCHE BY MEANS OF ONLINE GAMES
Authors: Kovalova Оlena
Published: March 2021

The article presents the results of testing of the developed online-training of cognitive functions of the brain,
which was implemented on a separately created game platform using a set of specially developed games. The proposed
results reveal the theoretical justification of the cognitive functions, which are selected for training: memory, thinking,
attention, imagination, perception. The characteristics of each cognitive function to be stimulated in the conditions of
online games are highlighted. We described the algorithm for games evaluating according to certain cognitive functions
and their characteristics. An analysis of the effectiveness of evaluation is given. The results of completing by players of
game sessions balanced on the chosen cognitive functions are described. A comparison of the effectiveness of stimulation of different cognitive functions depending on the motivation and choice of players is presented. The aim of the
study was to evaluate the effectiveness of online games in activation and stimulation of the cognitive functions of the
human psyche. The research methods were based on our own developed algorithm for training success estimation, analysis of the results of online games, methods of mathematical statistics. The results of the study are presented on the basis of approbation of the developed training, conducted during two years. The analysis of the implementation of the
training revealed the dependence of the effectiveness of stimulation of cognitive functions on the motivation and choice
of the player. It is shown that when training on a balanced set of games, where all cognitive functions are present in
equal shares, the effectiveness of training is not uniform and not balanced. It is investigated that the effectiveness of
training depends on the quality of the game's effect on cognitive function. In order to take into account this quality of
influence, all games were divided into two classes: actively shaping and passively stimulating. The distribution of
games by classes was experimentally confirmed. A generalized analysis of the game sessions of all players for six
months revealed cognitive functions which for the most players were better developed and more stimulated.
Revolución de Mayo e Independencia argentina
Authors: Ibañez Roka Diego Ricardo
Published: March 2021

El presente artículo pretende realizar un análisis comparativo de las marcas utilizadas en el Bicentenario de la Revolución de Mayo (2010) y en el Bicentenario de la Independencia (2016). Se propone una postura crítica desde la estética para cuestionar el rediseño de la marca a partir de la observación de su forma y contenido en relación con el contexto político y social de cada etapa histórica.
Ontologi Tasawuf Falsafi dalam Konsep Wahdatul Wujud Ibnu Arabi
Authors: Mustamain Kamaruddin
Published: March 2021

Ibn Arabi's wahdatul wujud concept, which has tended to be trapped in a static understanding of a unified existence between the Creator and the one created in the locus of pantheism must be understood as an active movement in which beings who are in the levels of selfhood must always strive to move actively towards the levels of reality. This has implications for the need to develop a more inclusive understanding in understanding metaphorical-sufistic language which seems foreign to ordinary people. The ontology of philosophical tasawuf in Ibn Arabi's wahdatul wujud concept has provided a methodological framework that emerged from the sitesis of two different scientific groups, namely Sufism with its esoteric dimension and philosophy with its philosophical dimension in uncovering the meaning of Ibn Arabi's wahdatul wujud concept.
Optimizing a social media marketing strategy as a means to maximize the effectiveness criteria of the company's advertising process
Authors: SOKOLENKO Yanina Yu.
Published: March 2021

Subject. For any company, building a strong social media presence is mandatory due to the increasing competition in the modern world. It is possible to win the main target audience and optimize the company's marketing and PR activities through a social media marketing (SMM) strategy. Objectives. I focus on performing a comprehensive study of the problem of SMM strategy optimization as a means to maximize enterprises’ performance criteria, developing qualitatively new recommendations to streamline the company's SMM strategy, which will help improve economic performance and image. Methods. The study draws on the logical analysis, induction and deduction, comparison and generalization. Results. As part of the comprehensive study, the paper presents the concept and the process of developing the SMM strategy. It identifies the place of SMM strategy in the overall strategy, the main steps and errors in its creation. It also includes an improved algorithm for staged development of SMM strategy in recommendations for streamlining the process. Conclusions. Continuity and constant modification are fundamental characteristics of any social media marketing strategy.
Modern techniques for the comparative method of business valuation
Authors: BOGATYREV Semen Yu.
Published: March 2021

Subject. The article investigates the modern implementation of the comparative approach to appraising the business value via new technologies and software applications.
Objectives. Analyzing key issues of the comparative approach theory, I demonstrate capabilities of modern IT systems in terms of valuation. The study presents what may be used to overcome the imperfection of the classical framework for the comparative valuation, unveil the substance of new techniques for applying ordinary methods of the comparative valuation.
Methods. The article is based on key classical elements of the comparative approach theory via new software and IT environments. I also present principles of the comparative approach theory, its logical sequence and argumentation. The article shows the nexus with new technological components of modern IT systems.
Results. I reveal the substance of key modern methods to implement the comparative approach theory in the time of the digital economy and Big Data. The article scrutinizes the main elements of the comparative approach theory in terms of their contemporary interpretation and use in the post-COVID-19 economy. I showcase methods to use comparative approach methods in modern IT and analytical systems.
Conclusions and Relevance. As the use of IT systems shows, raw data are now more easily collected and processed, which is needed for valuation purposes, when they are handled by financial analysts and financial statements are normalized. The findings are applied by today's appraisers, valuation and fundamental analysts. The use of modern valuation methods supplements and amplifies the classical valuation framework and enhances the quality of valuation.
تقييم واقع كفاءه التوزيع المكاني والوظيفي للخدمات الصحيه في قضاء عقرة
Authors: Mohammed Shaima A. , Mohammed Ahmed A
Published: March 2021

تهدف الدراسة الى التعرف على واقع التوزيع المكاني للخدمات الصحية في قضاء عقرة وعلى مدى تطابقها مع المعايير التخطيطية الصحية. اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي وعلى المنهج الكمي بالاعتماد على نظام المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS). وان اهم ما توصلت اليه الدراسة هو وجود نقص في الكادر الوظيفي من الاطباء والممرضين اضافة الى ان نمط التوزيع للخدمات الصحية هو النمط العشوائي وعدم وجود مراعاة للمعايير التخطيطة في توزيع الخدمات الصحية. اوصت الدراسة بضرورة سد النقص الحاصل في الكادر الطبي والى ضرورة استخدم نظام (GIS) للتخطيط المستقبلي لاختيار افضل وانسب المواقع الجديدة للخدمات الصحية لتحقيق التوزيع العادل بين سكان المنطقة.
Archeology and Brazilian Studies: Past and Present
Authors: Menezes Costa Diogo , De Godoy Renata
Published: March 2021

The dossier “Archeology and Brazilian Studies: Past and Present” shows a broad aspect of Brazilian archeology in the contemporary world. From remote ancestors to current societies, from urban space and rural to guard institutions, from impact of mitigation to government action, and from transhumanism to the digital future, archaeologists in Brazil increased significantly in quantity and quality of their research. Therefore, and with the objective of disseminating the various approaches developed by contemporary research in this country, many researchers of archeology contribute ram to work unpublished and related to the archaeological heritage and the current Brazilian reality.
Low temperature dynamics of netral atoms for quantum logic
Authors: Hong Fang-Yu , Xiang Yang , Zhu Z.Y. , Tang W.H.
Published: March 2021

We study from the point of view of quantum logic the properties of the collective oscillations of two Rydberg atoms in two harmonic traps. The difference in the frequency of two normal modes of motion expands with the difference in the mass of the two atoms. The probability of excitation of the motional quanta due to the strong dipole-dipole interaction can be made to be sufficiently small. Based on the normal modes of motion we present a scheme for quantum state transfer which is useful for quantum information process and for precision spectroscopy of atoms that lack suitable transitions for efficient laser cooling, internal state preparation, and detection.
Block-based quantum-logic synthesis
Authors: Saeedi Mehdi , Arabzadeh Mona , Zamani Morteza Saheb , Sedighi Mehdi
Published: March 2021

In this paper, the problem of constructing an efficient quantum circuit for the implementation of an arbitrary quantum computation is addressed. To this end, a basic block based on the cosine-sine decomposition method is suggested which contains $l$ qubits. In addition, a previously proposed quantum-logic synthesis method based on quantum Shannon decomposition is recursively applied to reach unitary gates over $l$ qubits. Then, the basic block is used and some optimizations are applied to remove redundant gates. It is shown that the exact value of $l$ affects the number of one-qubit and CNOT gates in the proposed method. In comparison to the previous synthesis methods, the value of $l$ is examined consequently to improve either the number of CNOT gates or the total number of gates. The proposed approach is further analyzed by considering the nearest neighbor limitation. According to our evaluation, the number of CNOT gates is increased by at most a factor of $\frac{5}{3}$ if the nearest neighbor interaction is applied.
Current noise cross correlations and dynamical spin entanglement in coupled quantum dots
Authors: Lu Hai-Ffeng , Guo Yong , Wei Lian-Fu
Published: March 2021

The authors investigate current noise cross correlations (CCs) through coupled double quantum dots under transport conditions. It is demonstrated that positive CCs relate to either thermal fluctuations at nonzero temperature or quantum tunneling processes at zero temperature. These measurable CCs could service as the sensitive indicators of entanglements between electronic spins in double dots coupled by exchange interactions.
On the experimental violation of Mermin's inequality with imperfect measurements
Authors: Evans Ruffin , Pfister Olivier
Published: March 2021

We investigate theoretically the feasibility of an experimental test of the Bell-type inequality derived by Mermin for correlated spins larger than ${1}/{2}$. Using the Schwinger representation, we link the output fields of two two-mode squeezers in order to create correlated effective spins between two observers. Spin measurements will be performed by photon-number-resolved photodetection, which has recently come of age. We examine the effect of nonideal detection quantum efficiency -and any other optical loss - on the violation margin of Mermin's inequality. We find that experimental violation is well accessible for spins larger than 1, for quantum efficiencies compatible with the current state of the art.
Entanglement for quantum walks on the line
Authors: Ide Yusuke , Konno Norio , Machida Takuya
Published: March 2021

The discrete-time quantum walk is a quantum counterpart of the random walk. It is expected that the model plays important roles in the quantum field. In the quantum information theory, entanglement is a key resource. We use the von Neumann entropy to measure the entanglement between the coin and the particle's position of the quantum walks. Also we deal with the Shannon entropy which is an important quantity in the information theory. In this paper, we show limits of the von Neumann entropy and the Shannon entropy of the quantum walks on the one dimensional lattice starting from the origin defined by arbitrary coin and initial state. In order to derive these limits, we use the path counting method which is a combinatorial method for computing probability amplitude.
Impossibility of succinct quantum proofs for collision-freeness
Authors: Aaronson Scott
Published: March 2021

We show that any quantum algorithm to decide whether a function f[n] \rightarrow [n] is a permutation or far from a permutation\ must make \Omega( n^{1/3}/w) queries to f, even if the algorithm is given a w-qubit quantum witness in support of f being a permutation. This implies that there exists an oracle A such that {SZK}^{A}\not \subset {QMA}^{A}, answering an eight-year-old open question of the author. \ Indeed, we show that relative to some oracle, {SZK} is not in the counting class {A}_0{PP} defined by Vyalyi. The proof is a fairly simple extension of the quantum lower bound for the collision problem.
Quantum McEliece public-key cryptosystem
Authors: Fujita Hachiro
Published: March 2021

The McEliece cryptosystem is one of the best-known (classical) public-key cryptosystems, which is based on algebraic coding theory. In this paper, we present a quantum analogue of the classical McEliece cryptosystem. Our quantum McEliece public-key cryptosystem is based on the theory of stabilizer codes and has the key generation, encryption and decryption algorithms similar to those in the classical McEliece cryptosystem. We present an explicit construction of the quantum McEliece public-key cryptosystem using Calderbank-Shor-Steane codes based on generalized Reed-Solomon codes. We examine the security of our quantum McEliece cryptosystem and compare it with alternative systems.
Quantum discord of a three-qubit W-class state in noisy environments
Authors: Guo Hui , Liu Jin-Ming , Zhang Cheng-Jie , Oh C. H.
Published: March 2021

We study the dynamics of the pairwise quantum discord (QD), classical correlation (CC), and entanglement of formation (EOF) for the three-qubit W-class state |W>_{123}=\frac 12(|100>_{123}+|010>_{123}+\sqrt{2}|001>_{123}) under the influence of various Markovian noises by analytically solving the master equation in the Lindblad form. Through numerical analysis, we find that EOF decreases asymptotically to zero with time for the dephasing noise, but it undergoes sudden death for the bit-flip noise, the isotropic noise, as well as the dissipative and noisy environments. Moreover, QD decays to zero in an asymptotical way for all the noises we investigated. Thus, when the W-class state |W>_{123} is subject to the above Markovian noises, QD is more robust than EOF against decoherence excluding the phase-flip noise, implying that QD is more useful than entanglement to characterize the quantum correlation. We also find a remarkable character for the CC in the presence of the phase-flip noise, i.e., CC displays the behavior of sudden transition and then keeps constant permanently, but the corresponding QD just exhibits a very small sudden change. Furthermore, we verify the monogamic relation between the pairwise QD and EOF of the W-class state.
On the existence of loss-tolerant quantum oblivious transfer protocols
Authors: Sikora Jamie
Published: March 2021

Oblivious transfer is the cryptographic primitive where Alice sends one of two bits to Bob but is oblivious to the bit received. Using quantum communication, we can build oblivious transfer protocols with security provably better than any protocol built using classical communication. However, with imperfect apparatus, one needs to consider other attacks. In this paper, we present an oblivious transfer protocol which is impervious to lost messages.