bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a two‐dimensional diode array for patient‐specific quality assurance of HyperArc
Authors: Popple Richard A. , Sullivan Rodney J. , Yuan Yuan , Wu Xingen , Covington Elizabeth L.
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To evaluate a two‐dimensional diode array for patient‐specific quality assurance of VMAT stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) plans.

Methods

The diode array, an SRS MapCHECK (SRSMC), was composed of a 77 mm ×77 mm face‐centered array having a spacing of 2.47 mm. Sixty SRS plans were selected from our clinical database, 30 for treatment of a single target and 30 for multiple targets. The target sizes ranged from 2.4 mm to 44.7 mm equivalent diameter (median 8.7 mm). The plans were delivered to the diode array. For multiple target plans, two measurements were obtained at two locations, one corresponding to the largest target and the other to the smallest target. Gamma using a 3%/1 mm criteria and the dose to the center diode were compared with radiochromic film (RCF). Dose to selected regions of the detector electronics was calculated.

Results

The mean difference between the center diode and RCF was −1.2%. For a threshold of at least 95% of detectors/pixels having gamma < 1 for a 3%/1 mm criteria, SRSMC and RCF gave consistent results for 79 of the 90 measurements. For plans with an arc having a patient support angle of 90° or 270°, the median dose to the electronics was 0.65% of the prescription dose.

Conclusions

SRSMC is an efficient tool for accurate patient‐specific quality assurance of VMAT single and multiple target radiosurgery, yielding similar clinical decisions as radiochromic film.
Delineation of prostatic calcification using quantitative susceptibility mapping: Spatial accuracy for magnetic resonance‐only radiotherapy planning
Authors: Kan Hirohito , Tsuchiya Takahiro , Yamada Masato , Kunitomo Hiroshi , Kasai Harumasa , Shibamoto Yuta
Published: November 2021

To investigate the spatial accuracy of delineating prostatic calcifications by quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) in comparison with computed tomography (CT), we conducted phantom and human studies. Five differently‐sized spherical hydroxyapatites mimicking prostatic calcification (pseudo‐calcification) were arranged in the order of their sizes at the center of a plastic container filled with gelatin. This calcification phantom underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, including the multiple spoiled gradient‐echo sequences (SPGR) for the QSM and CT as a reference. The volume of each pseudo‐calcification and center‐to‐center distance between the pseudo‐calcifications delineated by QSM and CT were measured. In the human study, eight patients with prostate cancer who underwent radiation therapy and had some prostatic calcifications were included. The patients underwent CT and SPGR and modified DIXON sequence for MR‐only simulation. The hybrid QSM processing combined with the complex signals in the SPGR and water and fat fraction maps estimated from the modified DIXON sequence were used to reconstruct the pelvic susceptibility map in humans. The threshold of CT numbers was set at 130 HU, while the QSM images were manually segmented in the calcification phantom and human studies. In the phantom study, there was an excellent agreement in the pseudo‐calcification volumes between QSM and CT (y = 1.02x – 7.38, R2 = 0.99). The signal profiles had similar trends in CT and QSM. The center‐to‐center distances between the pseudo‐calcifications in the phantom were also identical in QSM and CT. The calcification volumes were almost identical between the QSM and CT in the human study (y = 0.95x – 9.32, R2 = 1.00). QSM can offer geometric and volumetric accuracies to delineate prostatic calcifications, similar to CT. The prostatic calcification delineated by QSM may facilitate image‐guided radiotherapy in the MR‐only simulation workflow.
Co3O4 Nanowires Capable of Discharging Low Voltage Electricity Showing Potent Antibacterial Activity for Treatment of Bacterial Skin Infection
Authors: Li Chengnan , Li Zongshao , Zeng Yinxiang , Cao Xianshuo , Zhao Huimin , Yang Yi Yan , Yuan Peiyan , Lu Xihong , Ding Xin
Published: November 2021

Overuse of antibiotics has led to multidrug resistance in bacteria, posing a tremendous challenge to the healthcare system. There is an urgent need to explore unconventional strategies to overcome this issue. Herein, for the first time, we report a capacitive Co3O4 nanowire (NW) electrode coated on flexible carbon cloth, which is capable of eliminating bacteria while discharging, for the treatment of skin infection. Benefiting from the unique NW‐like morphology, the Co3O4 NW electrode with increased active sites and enhanced capacitive property exhibits a prominent antibacterial effect against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria after charging at a low voltage of 2 V for 30 min. Furthermore, the electrode is demonstrated to be recharged for multiple antibacterial treatment cycles without significant change of antibacterial activity, allowing for practical use in a non‐clinical setting. More importantly, this Co3O4 NW electrode is capable of damaging bacterial cell membrane and inducing the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species without impairing viability of skin keratinocytes. In a mouse model of bacterial skin infection, the Co3O4 electrode shows significant therapeutic efficacy by eradicating colonized bacteria, thus accelerating the healing process of infected wounds. This nanostructured capacitive electrode provides an antibiotic‐free, rechargeable, and wearable approach to treat bacterial skin infection.
Deciphering Nanoparticle Trafficking into Glioblastomas Uncovers an Augmented Antitumor Effect of Metronomic Chemotherapy
Authors: Ang Melgious Jin Yan , Yoon Jeehyun , Zhou Mingzhu , Wei Han‐Lin , Goh Yi Yiing , Li Zhenglin , Feng Jia , Wang Haifang , Su Qianqian , Ong Derrick Sek Tong , Liu Xiaogang
Published: November 2021

Nanoparticles have been explored in glioblastomas as they can traverse the blood–brain barrier and target glioblastoma selectively. However, direct observation of nanoparticle trafficking into glioblastoma cells and their underlying intracellular fate after systemic administration remains uncharacterized. Here, based on high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy experiments of an intracranial glioblastoma model, it is shown that ligand‐modified nanoparticles can traverse the blood–brain barrier, endocytose into the lysosomes of glioblastoma cells, and undergo endolysosomal escape upon photochemical ionization. Moreover, an optimal dose of metronomic chemotherapy using dual‐drug‐loaded nanocarriers can induce an augmented antitumor effect directly on tumors, which has not been recognized in previous studies. Metronomic chemotherapy enhances antitumor effects 3.5‐fold compared with the standard chemotherapy regimen using the same accumulative dose in vivo. This study provides a conceptual framework that can be used to develop metronomic nanoparticle regimens as a safe and viable therapeutic strategy for treating glioblastomas and other advanced‐stage solid tumors.
Movement behaviors in short versus adequate nocturnal sleepers: A compositional analysis of preschoolers
Authors: de Souza Alesandra Araújo , Clark Cain C. T , Mota Jorge , Tassitano Rafael Miranda , Duncan Michael J. , Martins Clarice M. de L.
Published: November 2021

Background

Accruing adequate daily amounts of time spent on movement behaviors (physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep) in childhood has been associated with positive short and long‐term health outcomes. Nonetheless, how waking time is distributed across PA and SB among preschoolers who are short and adequate sleepers at night is unknown.

Aim

This study investigated: (1) if there are differences in a movement behaviors composition among adequate and short nocturnal sleepers; and (2) the association between preschoolers' time spent in PA, SB, and sleep among adequate and short nocturnal sleepers.

Methods

A total of 270 preschoolers (132 boys; 3.97 ± 0.81 years old; 15.48 ± 1.62 kg/m2) participated in this study. PA and SB were assessed using accelerometry (model wGT3X). Sleep duration was assessed through a parental‐proxy interview, and preschoolers were stratified as short and adequate sleepers, according to attendance to international sleep duration guidelines. Compositional data analysis was used to explore the time‐use patterns of behaviors among adequate and short sleepers.

Results

Short sleepers spent 64 min less time asleep, accumulated 32 min in more sedentary time (p = .005, Cohen's d = 0.36, Bayes Factor: 6.17), and 24 min more in light PA (p = .0005, Cohen's d = 0.44, Bayes Factor: 46.37) compared to adequate sleepers.

Conclusions

Being a short sleeper was associated with greater time spent in SB and light PA during their waking hours. The health implications of movement behaviors composition among short sleep preschoolers should be further investigated.
Green synthesis of cobalt and iron incorporated citric acid/β‐cyclodextrin composites: Efficient H2O2 scavengers
Authors: Pirouzmand Mahtab , Nikzad Kojanag Behnaz , Hosseini‐Yazdi Seyed Abolfazl , Aghabeigy Nasrin
Published: November 2021

Sonochemical procedure was used to synthesize Co/β‐cyclodextrin complex. For the first time, Fe/β‐cyclodextrin complex was also synthesized in alkaline media. Moreover, β‐cyclodextrin was modified by citric acid (CA) and reacted with metal salts under ultrasonic irradiation. The prepared catalysts were characterized by using EDX, UV–vis and FTIR analytical techniques. The highest incorporation of metal into β‐cyclodextrin was observed in the citric acid cross linked β‐CD. The catalase like activity (peroxide scavenging) of Co/β‐CD and Fe/β‐CD complexes and composites was evaluated by UV–visible spectrophotometer and their superoxide scavenging capacity were measured using the pyrogallol method. The Co3/CA‐β‐CD complex showed the best catalase mimetic activity (93.2%) even in comparison to catalase enzyme extracted from potato. Therefore, cobalt complexes of citric acid/β‐CD are promising candidates for H2O2 scavenging. By contrast Fe3/CA‐βCD complex had stronger capability to eliminate superoxide anion radicals.
Effects of polymerization parameters on the slow crack growth resistance and rheological properties of bimodal polyethylene resins
Authors: Jandaghian Mohammad Hossein , Maddah Yasaman , Sepahi Abdolhannan , Houshmandmoayed Saeed , Nikzinat Ehsan , Masoori Maryam , Afzali Kamal , Rashedi Reza
Published: November 2021

In this paper, using a comprehensive study, we have investigated the effect of various polymerization parameters during the synthesis of bimodal polyethylene resins on their rheological and mechanical properties. Bimodal polyethylene resins were synthesized in two subsequent stages in a lab‐scale reactor by manipulating a set of parameters such as C2/H2 ratios in the first and second stages, the split value, and the comonomer type. The results showed that the comonomer type and C2/H2 ratio of the second stage of the polymerization are the most critical parameters that control the final resins' slow crack growth resistance properties. On the other hand, the shear‐thinning behavior of the resins is mainly controlled by the first‐stage polymers. Although the C2/H2 ratio of the first stage results in a moderate effect on the rheological properties of the final resins, its split value governs the flow characteristics of the final molten polymers under high shear rates.
Habitat protection planning for Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in deteriorating environments: Knowledge gaps and recommendations for action
Authors: Huang Shiang‐Lin , Wang Xianyan , Wu Haiping , Peng Chongwei , Jefferson Thomas A.
Published: November 2021

In Chinese and South‐east Asian waters, the coastal and estuarine environments are important habitats for the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis). Coastal and estuarine maritime engineering (CEME), including land reclamation, embankment or shoreline armouring, harbour construction and marine farming, permanently changes coastal environments and threatens the long‐term persistence of marine biota and ecosystems. Such impacts on humpback dolphin viability, however, are rarely discussed.

Likely core habitat of the humpback dolphin was extrapolated based on present understanding of habitat characteristics, which is much narrower than present data describing the species’ range. Some uninvestigated habitats near densely populated landscapes may be prone to intense CEME impacts.

CEME impacts compromise humpback dolphin survival through habitat loss, population fragmentation, alteration of ecological regimes and deterioration of ecosystem functionality. A 30% loss of core habitat can catastrophically reduce the population viability of this species. The best strategy to avoid CEME impacts on humpback dolphin viability is to adopt a conservative planning regime from the outset.

To inform habitat protection planning, current and past habitat configuration and habitat characteristics of the humpback dolphin can be clarified by systematically designed surveys, local ecological knowledge investigation, long‐term satellite remote‐sensing data and species distribution modelling exercises. Sound habitat protection planning includes mapping hierarchical marine protected area (MPA) networks using spatial planning algorithms and carefully examining CEME impacts from an ecosystem perspective.

To prevent inappropriate CEME planning, the inclusion of citizen science, local community participation, marine environmental education and effective information delivery is proposed. Questions relating to the proposed areas of habitat loss, the extent of environmental change and the status of population–habitat viability under the scenario of CEME impacts are proposed in order to examine and re‐examine the environmental impacts of any CEME project.
A simple and fast LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of tenofovir alafenamide and tenofovir in human plasma
Authors: Qian Xiaoping , Chen Qi , Chen Yunhui , Ji Shiliang , Wang Ying , Sun Ye , Qi Huixin , Zhong Kan , Jiang Jinfang , Chen Xin , Huang Lifeng , Yang Yong
Published: November 2021

A simple and fast liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was established and validated for the simultaneous determination of tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) and tenofovir (TNF) in human plasma. A simple protein precipitation procedure was employed to extract analytes from plasma. Chromatographic separation was performed on an Eclipse Plus C18 column utilizing a fast gradient elution starting with 2% of 2 mM ammonium acetate–formic acid (100/0.1, v/v) followed by increasing the percentage of acetonitrile. Detection was performed on a tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source operated in the positive ionization mode, using the transitions m/z 477.2 → m/z 346.1 for TAF and m/z 288.1 → m/z 176.1 for TNF. TAF‐d5 and TNF‐d7 were used as the internal standard of TAF and TNF, respectively. The method was validated in the concentration ranges 1.25–500 ng/mlfor TAF and 0.300–15.0 ng/ml for TNF with acceptable accuracy and precision.
Development of a Combined Plasma‐Matrix Reformer for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Application
Authors: Chun Young Nam , An June
Published: November 2021

A novel plasma‐matrix reformer (PMR) was suggested for methane conversion into hydrogen‐rich fuel. To demonstrate the possibility of reforming performance, characteristics of product gas and CH4 conversion were identified according to O2/C ratio, water vapor supply, reformed gas recirculation, and water feed in the recirculation gas affecting energy conversion and hydrogen production. When the reformed gas recirculation and water feed to the recirculation pipe were performed at the same time, hydrogen production and energy conversion efficiency were superior compared to the conventional reforming method. The optimal operating conditions of the PMR were determined. The obtained high energy conversion efficiency and hydrogen selectivity indicated the applicability to solid oxide fuel cell stacks for residential power generation.
Optically active porous hybrid particles constructed by alkynylated cellulose nanocrystals, helical substituted polyacetylene, and inorganic silica for enantio‐differentiating towards naproxen
Authors: Zhong Hai , Zhang Yingjie , Deng Jianping
Published: November 2021

This article reports on a novel type of ternary chiral porous hybrid particles (TCPHPs) constructed by alkynylated cellulose nanocrystals (A‐CNCs), helical substituted polyacetylene, and inorganic silica. The resulting TCPHPs combine the respective advantages of the three components. A‐CNCs serve as stabilizer, co‐monomer, and chiral source simultaneously and transfer their chirality to the resulting helical substituted polyacetylenes in the course of copolymerization with achiral acetylenic monomer following “sergeants and soldiers rule”. Helical substituted polyacetylenes form chiral helical structures and thus endow TCPHPs with the anticipated optical activity. Inorganic silica constitutes the rigid framework and is covalently bonded with the organic components through hydrolysis of Si‐O‐Et groups. Phase separation between the organic and inorganic components renders TCPHPs with abundant pores. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirm the formation of spherical particles with porous structures. Circular dichroism spectra demonstrate the optical activity of the chiral hybrid particles. The as‐prepared TCPHPs exhibit capacity for enantio‐differentiating performance towards chiral naproxen.
Strategies for Inhibition and Disaggregation of Amyloid‐β Fibrillation
Authors: Geng Hao , Gao Dong , Wang Zijuan , Liu Xiaoning , Cao Zhanshuo , Xing Chengfen
Published: November 2021

Comprehensive Summary

Amyloid‐β protein (Aβ) is a fatal cause of Alzheimer's disease, which can trigger a series of cytotoxicity by the abnormal aggregation of Aβ in human brain. The strategies for inhibition and disaggregation of Aβ fibrillation are mostly based on the interaction between monomers, oligomers, fibrils, and materials. This review summarizes recent researches of materials and regulation of interactions for inhibiting Aβ aggregation and disaggregating Aβ fibrils. The materials have been reviewed and divided into several kinds according to molecular type. And the regulation of interactions between materials and Aβ protein mainly focuses on covalent interaction, non‐covalent interaction and photoactivated effect based on covalent and non‐covalent interaction. In this review, the photodynamic effect and photothermal effect on regulation of Aβ aggregation are summarized in detail. In the end, the challenges and outlook of the application prospects on the strategies for inhibition and disaggregation of Aβ fibrillation are estimated.
Interaction of Copper Trafficking Proteins with the Platinum Anticancer Drug Kiteplatin
Authors: Barbanente Alessandra , Galliani Angela , Iacobazzi Rosa Maria , Lasorsa Alessia , Nardella Maria Incoronata , Pennetta Antonio , Margiotta Nicola , Arnesano Fabio
Published: November 2021

The interaction of metallodrugs with proteins influences their mechanism of action and side effects. In the case of platinum drugs, copper transporters modulate sensitivity and resistance to these anticancer agents. To deepen the knowledge of the structural properties underlying the reactivity of platinum drugs with copper transporters, we studied the interaction of kiteplatin and two of its derivatives with the methionine‐rich motif of copper importer Ctr1 and with the dithiol motif of the first domain of Menkes ATPase. Furthermore, cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of the three complexes were evaluated in cisplatin‐sensitive and ‐resistant ovarian cancer cells, comparing the data with those of clinically relevant drugs. Reactivity depends on the tightness of the chelate ring formed by the carrier ligands and the nature of the leaving and entering groups. The results highlight the importance of subtle changes in the platinum coordination sphere that affect drug absorption and intracellular fate.
Cusatuzumab for treatment of CD70‐positive relapsed or refractory cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Leupin Nicolas , Zinzani Pier Luigi , Morschhauser Franck , Dalle Stéphane , Maerevoet Marie , Michot Jean‐Marie , Ribrag Vincent , Offner Fritz , Beylot‐Barry Marie , Moins‐Teisserenc Hélène , Zwaenepoel Karen , de Winne Koen , Battistella Maxime , Hultberg Anna , Gandini Domenica , Moshir Mahan , Jacobs Julie , Delahaye Tim , Khan Aitzaz , Zabrocki Piotr , Silence Karen , van Rompaey Luc , Borg Christophe , Motta Giovanna , Melle Federica , Calleri Angelica , Pauwels Patrick , de Haard Hans , Pileri Stefano , Bagot Martine
Published: November 2021

Background

The clinical benefit of cusatuzumab, a CD70‐directed monoclonal antibody with enhanced effector functions, was investigated in patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL).

Methods

In this cohort expansion of the ARGX‐110‐1201 study, 27 patients with R/R CTCL received cusatuzumab at 1 (n = 11) or 5 mg/kg (n = 16) once every 3 weeks to investigate its safety, dose, and exploratory efficacy. The pharmacokinetics, immunogenicity, CD70 expression, and CD70/CD27 biology were also assessed.

Results

The most common adverse events included infusion‐related reactions, pyrexia, and asthenia. Eighteen serious adverse events (grade 1‐3) were reported in 11 patients; 1 of these (vasculitis) was considered drug‐related. For 8 of the 11 patients receiving 1 mg/kg, anti‐drug antibodies (ADAs) affected the minimal concentration, and this resulted in undetectable cusatuzumab concentrations at the end of treatment and, in some cases, a loss of response. This effect was greatly reduced in the patients receiving 5 mg/kg. The overall response rate was 23%; this included 1 complete response and 5 partial responses (PRs) in 26 of the 27 evaluable patients. In addition, 9 patients achieved stable disease. The mean duration on cusatuzumab was 5.2 months, and the median duration was 2.5 months. Patients with Sézary syndrome (SS) achieved a 60% PR rate with a dosage of 5 mg/kg and a 33% PR rate with a dosage of 1 mg/kg; this resulted in an overall response rate of 50% for patients with SS at both doses.

Conclusions

Cusatuzumab was well tolerated, and antitumor activity was observed at both 1 and 5 mg/kg in highly pretreated patients with R/R CTCL. The observed dose‐dependent effect on exposure supports the use of 5 mg/kg for future development.
Detection of colorectal lesions during colonoscopy
Authors: Ikematsu Hiroaki , Murano Tatsuro , Shinmura Kensuke
Published: November 2021

Owing to its high mortality rate, the prevention of colorectal cancer is of particular importance. The resection of colorectal polyps is reported to drastically reduce colorectal cancer mortality, and examination by endoscopists who had a high adenoma detection rate was found to lower the risk of colorectal cancer, highlighting the importance of identifying lesions. Various devices, imaging techniques, and diagnostic tools aimed at reducing the rate of missed lesions have therefore been developed to improve detection. The distal attachments and devices for improving the endoscopic view angle are intended to help avoid missing blind spots such as folds and flexures in the colon, whereas the imaging techniques represented by image‐enhanced endoscopy contribute to improving lesion visibility. Recent advances in artificial intelligence‐supported detection systems are expected to supplement an endoscopist's eye through the instant diagnosis of the lesions displayed on the monitor. In this review, we provide an outline of each tool and assess its impact on the reduction in the incidence of missed colorectal polyps by summarizing previous clinical research and meta‐analyses. Although useful, the many devices, image‐enhanced endoscopy, and artificial intelligence tools exhibited various limitations. Integrating these tools can improve their shortcomings. Combining artificial intelligence‐based diagnoses with wide‐angle image‐enhanced endoscopy may be particularly useful. Thus, we hope that such tools will be available in the near future.
Corrosion prediction of galvanized steel electrode in soil using deep learning‐based model
Authors: Wu Kongyong , Zhang Guofeng , Dong Manling , Zheng Wei , Peng Mingxiao , Lei Bing
Published: November 2021

Accurate prediction for the corrosion status of grounding electrodes is critical for the safe and stable operation of power systems. However, the corrosion rate of grounding electrodes changes dramatically with the soil environmental parameters, making it hard to be precisely predicted. To address this problem, a deep learning method was proposed to numerically predict the corrosion rate of a galvanized carbon steel grounding electrode in this paper. The long‐short term memory method is selected as the modeling algorithm, and also chosen as the hidden layer for the Recurrent Neural Network, while the soil environmental parameters are used as input features. The predicted results match well with the experimental data when evaluated using different soil parameters, such as soil moisture, chloride (Cl–) concentrations, and sulfate (SO42–) concentrations. The threshold corrosion rate related to each parameter is obtained to estimate the corrosion rate with more accuracy.
A secure aggregation routing protocol with authentication and energy conservation
Authors: Wang Ying , Li Fengyin , Ren Pei , Yu Siqi , Sun Yuhong
Published: November 2021

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have emerged in various applications. However, the uneven resource allocation of sensor devices seriously affect the lifetime of wireless sensor networks. Moreover, the privacy leakage problem in wireless sensor networks is becoming increasingly serious. To solve the imbalance of energy consumption and privacy disclosure of nodes, we propose a secure aggregation routing protocol with authentication and energy conservation. Firstly, a new cluster head and cluster gateway selection method is proposed to balance the energy consumption of each node. By designing cost function and node density function, a cluster head and cluster gateway selection indicator is defined, and furthermore, a cluster head and cluster gateway node selection method is proposed. Secondly, a key negotiation scheme with authentication function is proposed. By introducing a trusted authorized node, a node authorization method is proposed to distribute the authorized keys. Finally, by introducing the proposed cluster head selection method and key negotiation scheme into WSN, a secure aggregation routing protocol with authentication and energy conservation is proposed. Performance analysis shows the proposed protocol obtains more executable rounds with less total energy consumption and extend the lifetime of wireless sensor networks.
The longitudinal psychological, physical activity, and financial impact of a COVID‐19 lockdown on older adults in Singapore: The PIONEER‐COVID population‐based study
Authors: Lee Ester Pei Xuan , Man Ryan Eyn Kidd , Gan Tau Liang Alfred , Fenwick Eva K. , Aravindhan Amudha , Ho Kam Chun , Sung Sharon Cohan , Wong Tien Yin , Ho Cyrus Su Hui , Gupta Preeti , Lamoureux Ecosse L.
Published: November 2021

Background

Several countries have implemented ‘lockdown’ measures to curb the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).

Aims

To examine the psychological, physical activity (PA), and financial impact of a 2‐month COVID‐19 lockdown on older adults aged ≥60 years in Singapore, and to identify factors associated with adverse lockdown‐related outcomes.

Method

We interviewed 496 community‐dwelling adults (mean age [standard deviation]: 73.8 [7.6] years; 54.8% female) during the lockdown who had previously participated in a population‐based epidemiological study. Validated questionnaires were utilised to assess loneliness and depressive symptoms at both timepoints, while inhouse questionnaires were used to assess PA and financial difficulty during lockdown. Multivariable regression models determined the lockdown‐related change in loneliness and depression scores, and the factors associated with adverse outcomes.

Results

Loneliness increased significantly during the lockdown period (p < 0.001) while depressive symptoms decreased (p = 0.022). Decreased PA, greater financial problems, male gender, Indian ethnicity, living alone, having a greater body mass index and perceived susceptibility to COVID‐19 were all associated with worsening loneliness scores. A total of 36.9% and 19.6% participants reported decreased PA and had financial problems during the lockdown, respectively. Unemployment was associated with decreased PA, while self‐employed individuals, cleaners, retail workers and smokers had greater odds of experiencing financial difficulty.

Conclusion

Despite a decrease in depressive symptoms, our population of older Asians reported a significant increase in loneliness and decreased PA, with one‐fifth experiencing financial problems during lockdown. Our data suggest that more targeted public health efforts are needed to reduce repercussions of future lockdowns.
Purchasing health services under the Egypt's new Universal Health Insurance law: What are the implications for universal health coverage?
Authors: Khalifa Ahmed Yehia , Jabbour Jean Yacoub , Mataria Awad , Bakr Magdy , Farid Mai , Mathauer Inke
Published: November 2021

Background

Egypt's Universal Health Insurance (UHI) Law of 2018 implies major transformation to the health financing system. This commentary provides an assessment of the purchasing arrangements as stipulated by the UHI Law and Bylaw, their implications and contribution to progress towards universal health coverage (UHC). The purpose of this assessment is to inform the multi‐year implementation process of the Law and propose options for progress towards UHC.

Methods

Guided by an analytical framework on purchasing, the qualitative analysis was based on the review of the legal provisions and structured discussions with key stakeholders.

Results

The Law foresees important changes, such as a purchaser‐provider split, stricter referral rules and regulated cost‐sharing. However, several purchasing aspects were not sufficiently specified in the legal provisions, for example benefit design and provider payment methods. It remains unclear for decision‐makers how to proceed, hindering the Law's effective implementation. There are also concerns about the mixed provider payment system creating incoherent provider incentives.

Conclusion

In view of the remaining legal unclarities on purchasing, progress towards UHC is restrained. Benefits design and the provider payment system should be further specified with a clearer governance structure around the purchasing decision‐making processes. Additional technical options for strategic purchasing are suggested.
Shifting of cell cycle arrest from the S‐phase to G2/M phase and downregulation of EGFR expression by phytochemical combinations in HeLa cervical cancer cells
Authors: Pani Sarita , Mohapatra Shubhasmita , Sahoo Amrita , Baral Budhadev , Debata Priya R.
Published: November 2021

Cervical cancer is a major human papillomavirus‐related disease and is the fourth leading cause of death by cancer among women. Plants are an important source of anticancer compounds and many of them are currently used in the treatment of cancer. Several reports suggest the efficacy of plant‐derived compounds increases when used in combination. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of four plant‐derived compounds such as curcumin (C), ellagic acid (E), quercetin (Q), and resveratrol (R) when used alone or in combinations using HeLa cervical cancer cells. All four phytocompounds showed effective cytotoxic activities in targeting HeLa cervical cancer cells as determined by the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium assay. The selected phytocompound combinations C + E, C + Q, and Q + R work synergistically while the combination C + R shows additive effects. All four phytocompounds reduce cell migration as determined by in vitro wound‐healing assay. The expression level of the epidermal growth factor receptor is significantly downregulated both in individual and combination. The flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle indicates that individual drugs curcumin, ellagic acid, quercetin, and resveratrol, each with 20 µM effectively arrested cell cycle at the S‐phase while the combination of drugs (10 + 10 µM) at the G2/M phase.
Chronic aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity phenocopies smoking‐induced skeletal muscle impairment
Authors: Thome Trace , Miguez Kayla , Willms Alexander J. , Burke Sarah K. , Chandran Vijayendran , de Souza Angela R. , Fitzgerald Liam F. , Baglole Carolyn , Anagnostou Maria‐Eleni , Bourbeau Jean , Jagoe R. Thomas , Morais Jose A. , Goddard Yana , Taivassalo Tanja , Ryan Terence E. , Hepple Russell T.
Published: November 2021

Background

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients exhibit skeletal muscle atrophy, denervation, and reduced mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Whilst chronic tobacco smoke exposure is implicated in COPD muscle impairment, the mechanisms involved are ambiguous. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand‐activated transcription factor that activates detoxifying pathways with numerous exogenous ligands, including tobacco smoke. Whereas transient AHR activation is adaptive, chronic activation can be toxic. On this basis, we tested the hypothesis that chronic smoke‐induced AHR activation causes adverse muscle impact.

Methods

We used clinical patient muscle samples, and in vitro (C2C12 myotubes) and in vivo models (mouse), to perform gene expression, mitochondrial function, muscle and neuromuscular junction morphology, and genetic manipulations (adeno‐associated virus‐mediated gene transfer).

Results

Sixteen weeks of tobacco smoke exposure in mice caused muscle atrophy, neuromuscular junction degeneration, and reduced oxidative capacity. Similarly, smoke exposure reprogrammed the muscle transcriptome, with down‐regulation of mitochondrial and neuromuscular junction genes. In mouse and human patient specimens, smoke exposure increased muscle AHR signalling. Mechanistically, experiments in cultured myotubes demonstrated that smoke condensate activated the AHR, caused mitochondrial impairments, and induced an AHR‐dependent myotube atrophy. Finally, to isolate the role of AHR activity, expression of a constitutively active AHR mutant without smoke exposure caused atrophy and mitochondrial impairments in cultured myotubes, and muscle atrophy and neuromuscular junction degeneration in mice.

Conclusions

These results establish that chronic AHR activity, as occurs in smokers, phenocopies the atrophy, mitochondrial impairment, and neuromuscular junction degeneration caused by chronic tobacco smoke exposure.
A morphological and morphometric approach to study Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata): Size changes of Ophiocomella alexandri
Authors: Humara‐Gil Karla J. , Granja‐Fernández Rebeca , Montoya‐Márquez José Alberto , López‐Pérez Andrés
Published: November 2021

Studies on size changes of Ophiuroidea are limited, despite their importance and implications in taxonomy, phylogenetics, ecology, and distribution. These studies have traditionally been based on descriptive size series seldom integrating quantitative analyses to assess the morphological variability of species, despite their potential use to study size changes in brittle stars. To confirm the latter, size changes of Ophiocomella alexandri were studied here using this approach. The studied size series of O. alexandri included specimens from 1.64 to 23.64 mm disc diameter (DD). Quantitative and qualitative external morphological characters were examined on each specimen, and quantitative analyses (cluster, one‐way permutational analysis of variance, and discriminant analysis) were employed to identify size groups within the species. The allometric relationship disc diameter‐total arm length (DD‐AL) was estimated for each size group and the combined size groups. Two size groups were identified: Group 1, subdivided into Subgroup 1.1 and Subgroup 1.2, and Group 2. Each size group presented particular characters which were described, discussed, and compared with relevant literature. The relationship DD‐AL was positively allometric for Group 1 and combined size groups, and isometric for Group 2. The results highlight the potential of quantitative analyses to address size‐related morphological changes in ophiuroids, and the importance of conducting this type of study to correctly identify species regardless of their size. This is the first study to describe size‐related morphological changes of a brittle star from the Eastern Pacific, and the first one focused on a member of Ophiocomidae globally.
Chemical phenotypes of intrinsic cardiac neurons in the newborn pig (Sus scrofa domesticus Erxleben, 1777)
Authors: Ragauskas Tomas , Rysevaite‐Kyguoliene Kristina , Pauziene Neringa , Inokaitis Hermanas , Pauza Dainius Haroldas
Published: November 2021

Intrinsic cardiac neurons (ICNs) are crucial cells in the neural regulation of heart rhythm, myocardial contractility, and coronary blood flow. ICNs exhibit diversity in their morphology and neurotransmitters that probably are age‐dependent. Therefore, neuroanatomical heart studies have been currently focused on the identification of chemical phenotypes of ICNs to disclose their possible functions in heart neural regulation. Employing whole‐mount immunohistochemistry, we examined ICNs from atria of the newborn pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) as ICNs at this stage of development have never been neurochemically characterized so far. We found that the majority of the examined ICNs (>60%) were of cholinergic phenotype. Biphenotypic neuronal somata (NS), that is, simultaneously positive for two neuronal markers, were also rather common and distributed evenly within the sampled ganglia. Simultaneous positivity for cholinergic and adrenergic neuromarkers was specific in 16.4%, for cholinergic and nitrergic—in 3.5% of the examined NS. Purely either adrenergic or nitrergic ICNs were observed at 13% and 3.1%, correspondingly. Purely adrenergic and nitrergic NS were the most frequent in the ventral left atrial subplexus. Similarly to neuronal phenotype, sizes of NS also varied depending on the atrial region providing insights into their functional implications. Axons, but not NS, positive for classic sensory neuronal markers (vesicular glutamate transporter 2 and calcitonin gene‐related peptide) were identified within epicardiac nerves and ganglia. Moreover, a substantial number of ICNs could not be attributed to any phenotype as they were not immunoreactive for antisera used in this study. Numerous dendrites with putative peptidergic and adrenergic contacts on cholinergic NS contributed to neuropil of ganglia. Our observations demonstrate that intrinsic cardiac ganglionated plexus is not fully developed in the newborn pig despite of dense network of neuronal processes and numerous signs of neural contacts within ganglia.
Innovative strategies implemented by universities to support medical radiation science students during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Short Michala , Giles Eileen
Published: November 2021

The global COVID‐19 pandemic has impacted all facets of life. In medical radiation science (MRS) education, the effects on continuity of learning were felt by educators, students and clinical supervisors both nationally and internationally. The focus of this commentary is on the common elements that impacted MRS students, specifically related to cancelled clinical placements and the interruption to their academic progress at university. An outline is provided of some innovative strategies implemented by universities and clinical departments to support students’ academic progress, continuity of clinical experiences, their transition from students to practitioners and overall strategies to support student wellbeing. The recent published literature illustrates novel responses to shared challenges faced, and an opportunity to learn from collective experiences.
Irregular types of proximal tibiofibular joint increase the risk of total knee replacement: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative
Authors: Zhao Yi , Zhu Zhaohua , Lu Ming , Chang Jun , Zheng Shuang , Kent Kwoh Chian , Hunter David J , Ding Changhai
Published: November 2021

The study aimed to determine the associations between the morphological types of proximal tibiofibular joint (PTFJ) and the risk of total knee replacement (TKR) in a cohort of participants with progressive osteoarthritis. A nested case–control design was performed in Osteoarthritis Initiative study. The case knees were those with TKR at 24–60 months follow up (cases), and were 1:1 matched with control knees by age, sex, and Kellgren‐Lawrence grade at baseline. The morphological type of each PTFJ was identified according to the coronal and sagittal MR images. Conditional logistic regression models were used to examine the association of the PTFJ types with the risk of TKR at baseline and the time point before TKR (T0). A total of 193 case knees at baseline and 148 case knees at T0 time point had matched controls between 12 and 60 M. Seven types of the PTFJ were identified and classified into three categories: plane, trochoid, and irregular types. The prevalence of the irregular type was higher in case knees than in controls both at baseline (cases vs. controls, 35.8% vs. 26.9%) and at T0 time point (cases vs. controls, 33.1% vs. 27.0%). The irregular type of the PTFJ at baseline (odds ratio: 1.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.01–2.59) rather than at T0 time point was significantly associated with increased odds of TKR. The irregular types of the PTFJ at baseline are associated with increased risk of TKR, suggesting PTFJ may play a role in knee osteoarthritis.
Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy coupled with advanced chemometric models for quantification of sulfide anion in environmental water samples
Authors: Shi Cai‐Xia , Li Sha‐Sha , Tian Yong , Xu Jia‐Jia , Wang Yan‐Qian , Wang Yuan‐Yang , Xue Yong‐Bing , Li Peng , Wang Yan
Published: November 2021

In this work, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was employed for the quantification of sulfide anion (S2−) in aqueous samples. Silver nanoparticles modified with trithiocyanuric acid were used as the SERS enhancing substrate. To address the problem of poor reproducibility of SERS signal caused by the uncontrollable variations in physical properties of enhancing substrate, the performance of several calibration models for quantitative analysis of the SERS measurements of S2− samples were evaluated and compared. The calibration models studied were univariate ratiometric model based on the intensity ratio between the characteristic SERS peaks of trithiocyanuric acid, PLS models built on the raw and preprocessed SERS measurements, and the generalized ratiometric indicator based multiplicative effects model (MEMGRI). Experimental results showed that among the calibration models considered in this contribution, only MEMGRI model achieved accurate and precise concentration predictions for S2− in the spiked environmental water samples with recovery rates varying within the range of 94% to 106%. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the combination of SERS technique with MEMGRI model may be a competitive alternative for quantitative analysis of environmental samples.
Post‐spillover effects of China's integration on Pakistan Stock Exchange
Authors: Wahid Abdul , Mumtaz Muhammad Zubair , Kowalewski Oskar , Adil Iftikhar Hussain
Published: November 2021

The Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) strategic partnership with the Chinese consortium shifted trends and transition patterns from global to Chinese exchanges. Any substantial changes in these markets created a significant impact on the PSX. After the partnership with the Chinese consortium, Pakistan's mean returns and price volatility dynamics have shifted toward the regional exchanges, connectivity, and alliances, which has increased regional integration. Any systematic change in trading policies and framework of partner exchanges may substantially impact the trading dynamics and volume of the Pakistan stock market and local investors. This changing behavior will enhance financial synergies in the Pakistan stock market's trading capacity by bringing Chinese cross‐listed IPOs and portfolio investment and financial vulnerabilities in exchange rate risk and volatility spillover effects from partner exchanges.
Business model renewal and environment changes: Insights of Chinese textile industry
Authors: Chen Miaomiao , Chakraborty Shubho , Xiong Jie , Scaringella Laurent , Descubes Irena
Published: November 2021

Chinese small and medium‐size enterprises (SMEs) in the textile industry adapt and reshape their business models to cope with the environmental changes resulting from increasing labor costs and decreases in profits. Comparing with big firms, SMEs face more challenges when renewing their business operations. Reactions of SMEs are influenced by the extent of changes in the business model renewal process. The renewal of the business model includes resource configuration, updating purchasing and distribution channels, refining market segments, and rebuilding brands.
Entry mode choices and overseas business performance: Evidence from the Chinese multinational enterprises
Authors: Zhang Haibo , Wang Jinmin
Published: November 2021

This article adopts the extended transaction cost theory to analyze the entry mode choices of Chinese multinational enterprises and their effects on overseas business performance. Theoretical hypotheses, which are developed from the perspectives of asset specificity of parent companies and investment environment differences of host countries, are tested with sample data of 406 overseas subsidiaries of Chinese multinational enterprises from 2015 to 2017. The empirical results show that the overseas subsidiaries of Chinese multinational enterprises whose entry mode choices can be predicted by the extended transaction cost theory usually perform significantly better than those whose entry mode choices cannot be predicted by the extended transaction cost theory.
What does tourism mean for Chinese rural migrant workers? Perspectives of perceived value
Authors: Qiao Guanghui , Li Fangxuan (Sam) , Xiao Xinni , Prideaux Bruce
Published: November 2021

This research explores Chinese rural migrant workers' perceived value of tourism from a social tourism perspective. The findings are based on 20 semi‐structured interviews and highlight the benefits that tourism can bring to Chinese rural migrant workers. Theoretically, the study led to the developed of a six‐dimension life work social self‐realization emotional epistemic scale that shows Chinese rural migrant workers' perceived value of tourism based on life value, work value, social value, self‐realization value, emotional value, and epistemic value. Practically, the research provides useful suggestions for government on policy development and opportunities for the design of tourism products for Chinese rural migrant workers. This study challenges the existing understanding of perceived value, which has highlighted tourism value from a macro perspective but neglected to look at perceived value on a micro or individual level.
Ultrasound Features and Diagnostic Workup of Uterine Leiomyosarcomas
Authors: Putra Andi D. , Maharani Nastiti , Gianina Kristabella
Published: November 2021

Uterine leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignancy and is difficult to diagnose preoperatively. In this case series, we retrospectively reassessed ultrasound findings of 18 leiomyosarcoma cases and proposed the diagnostic workup. We are select seven ultrasound features and found irregular tumor border in 100%, loss of normal myometrium >25% in 61.11% (12 cases), loss of typical benign leiomyoma feature >50% in 77.78%, necrosis in 85.7% (16 cases), and cystic degeneration in 83.3% (15 cases). Circumferential vascularity was absent or minimal in 66.7% of cases, whereas intralesional vascularity with minimal or moderate intralesional vascularity was seen in 12 (66.7%) cases. Diagnosis of suspected uterine leiomyosarcoma requires five out of these seven features present, four gray‐scale and one color Doppler ultrasound.