bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lateral dispersion from a concentrated line source in turbulent channel flow
Authors: LEPORE J. , MYDLARSKI L.
Published: May 2011

The dispersion of a passive scalar (temperature) from a concentrated line source in fully developed, high-aspect-ratio turbulent channel flow is studied herein. The line source is oriented in the direction of the inhomogeneity of the velocity field, resulting in a thermal plume that is statistically three-dimensional. This configuration is selected to investigate the lateral dispersion of a passive scalar in an inhomogeneous turbulent flow (i.e. dispersion in planes parallel to the channel walls). Measurements are recorded at six wall-normal distances (y/h= 0.10, 0.17, 0.33, 0.50, 0.67 and 1.0), six downstream positions (x/h= 4.0, 7.4, 10.8, 15.2, 18.6 and 22.0) and a Reynolds number ofRe≡ 〈U〉y=hh/v= 10200 (Reτ≡u∗h/v= 502). The lateral mean temperature excess profiles were found to be well represented by Gaussian distributions. The root-mean-square (r.m.s.) profiles, on the other hand, were symmetric, but non-Gaussian. Consistent with homogeneous flows (and in contrast to the work of Lavertu & Mydlarski (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 528, 2005, p. 135) studying transverse dispersion in the same flow), (i) the downstream growth rate of the centreline mean temperature excess, centreline r.m.s. temperature fluctuation and half-width of the mean and r.m.s. temperature profiles followed a power law evolution in the downstream direction, and (ii) the r.m.s. profiles evolved from single-peaked to double-peaked profiles far downstream. By comparing the measured ratios of the centreline r.m.s. temperature fluctuation to the mean temperature excess to the ratios measured in other flows, it was hypothesized that the mean-flow shear, as well as the turbulence intensity, played an important, cooperative role in increasing the mixedness of the flow. The probability density functions (PDFs) were quasi-Gaussian near the wall as well as for large-enough downstream distances. Closer to both the source and the channel centreline, the PDFs were better approximated by exponential distributions, with a sharp peak corresponding to the free-stream temperature. For intermediate downstream distances, the PDFs of the lateral dispersion were better mixed than analogous PDFs of the transverse dispersion, consistent with the mixedness measurements.
Mean dynamics of transitional channel flow
Authors: ELSNAB J. , KLEWICKI J. , MAYNES D. , AMEEL T.
Published: May 2011

The redistribution of mean momentum and vorticity, along with the mechanisms underlying these redistribution processes, is explored for post-laminar flow in fully developed, pressure driven, channel flow. These flows, generically referred to as transitional, include an instability stage and a nonlinear development stage. The central focus is on the nonlinear development stage. The present analyses use existing direct numerical simulation data sets, as well as recently reported high-resolution molecular tagging velocimetry measurements. Primary considerations stem from the emergence of the effects of turbulent inertia as represented by the Reynolds stress gradient in the mean differential statement of dynamics. The results describe the flow evolution following the formation of a non-zero Reynolds stress peak that is known to first arise near the critical layer of the most unstable disturbance. The positive and negative peaks in the Reynolds stress gradient profile are observed to undergo a relative movement toward both the wall and centreline for subsequent increases in Reynolds number. The Reynolds stress profiles are shown to almost immediately exhibit the same sequence of curvatures that exists in the fully turbulent regime. In the transitional regime, the outer inflection point in this profile physically indicates a localized zone within which the mean dynamics are dominated by inertia. These observations connect to recent theoretical findings for the fully turbulent regime, e.g. as described by Fife, Klewicki & Wei (J. Discrete Continuous Dyn. Syst., vol. 24, 2009, p. 781) and Klewicki, Fife & Wei (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 638, 2009, p. 73). In accord with momentum equation analyses at higher Reynolds number, the present observations provide evidence that a logarithmic mean velocity profile is most rapidly approximated on a sub-domain located between the zero in the Reynolds stress gradient (maximum in the Reynolds stress) and the outer region location of the maximal Reynolds stress gradient (inflection point in the Reynolds stress profile). Overall, the present findings provide evidence that the dynamical processes during the post-laminar regime and those operative in the high Reynolds number regime are connected and describable within a single theoretical framework.
Separated inviscid sheet flows
Authors: YOON BUM-SANG , SEMENOV YURIY A.
Published: May 2011

A steady sheet flow of an inviscid incompressible fluid along a curvilinear surface ending with a rounded trailing edge is considered in the presence of gravity. The effect of surface tension is ignored. The formulation of the problem is applicable to the study of free-surface flows over obstacles in channels, weirs and spillways, and pouring flows. An advanced hodograph method is employed for solving the problem, which is reduced to a system of two integro-differential equations in the velocity modulus on the free surface and in the slope of the bottom surface. These equations are derived from the dynamic and kinematic boundary conditions. The Brillouin–Villat criterion is applied to determine the location of the point of flow separation from the rounded trailing edge. Results showing the effect of gravity on the flow detachment and the geometry of the free boundaries are presented over a wide range of Froude numbers including both subcritical and supercritical flows. For supercritical flows two families of solutions for an arbitrary bottom shape are reproduced. It is shown that the additional condition requiring the free surface to be flat at a finite distance from the end of the channel selects a unique solution for a given bottom height and geometry for supercritical flows. This solution is continuous in going from the subcritical to the supercritical flow regime.
Edge pinch instability of oblate liquid metal drops in a transverse AC magnetic field
Authors: PRIEDE JĀNIS
Published: May 2011

This paper considers the stability of liquid metal drops subject to a high-frequency AC magnetic field. An energy variation principle is derived in terms of the surface integral of the scalar magnetic potential. This principle is applied to a thin perfectly conducting liquid disk, which is used to model the drops constrained in a horizontal gap between two parallel insulating plates. Firstly, the stability of a circular disk is analysed with respect to small-amplitude harmonic edge perturbations. Analytical solution shows that the edge deformations with the azimuthal wavenumbers m = 2, 3, 4, . . . start to develop as the magnetic Bond number exceeds the critical threshold Bmc = 3π(m + 1)/2. The most unstable is m = 2 mode, which corresponds to an elliptical deformation. Secondly, strongly deformed equilibrium shapes are modelled numerically by minimising the associated energy in combination with the solution of a surface integral equation for the scalar magnetic potential on an unstructured triangular mesh. The edge instability is found to result in the equilibrium shapes of either two- or threefold rotational symmetry depending on the magnetic field strength and the initial perturbation. The shapes of higher rotational symmetries are unstable and fall back to one of these two basic states. The developed method is both efficient and accurate enough for modelling of strongly deformed drop shapes.
Channel and shoal development in a short tidal embayment: an idealized model study
Authors: ter BRAKE MIRIAM C. , SCHUTTELAARS HENK M.
Published: May 2011

In many tidal embayments, complex patterns of channels and shoals are observed. To gain a better understanding of these features, an idealized model, that describes the interaction of water motion, sediment transport and bed evolution in a semi-enclosed, rectangular basin, is developed and analysed. To explain the initial formation of channels and shoals, two-dimensional perturbations superposed on a laterally uniform equilibrium bottom are studied. These perturbations evolve due to convergences of various residual suspended sediment fluxes: a diffusive flux, a flux related to the bed topography, an advective flux resulting from internally generated overtides and an advective flux due to externally prescribed overtides. For most combinations of these fluxes, perturbations start to grow if the bottom friction is strong enough. Their growth is mainly a result of convergences of diffusive and topographically induced sediment fluxes. Advective contributions due to internally generated overtides enhance this growth. If only diffusive sediment fluxes are considered, the underlying equilibrium is always unstable. This can be traced back to the depth dependence of the deposition parameter. Contrary to the results of previous idealized models, the channels and shoals always initiate in the shallow, landward areas. This is explained by the enhanced generation (compared to that in previous models) of frictional torques in shallow regions. The resulting initial channel–shoal formation compares well with results found in complex numerical model studies. The instability mechanism and the location of the initial formation of bottom patterns do not change qualitatively when varying parameters. Changes are mainly related to differences in the underlying equilibrium profile due to parameter variations.
CHARACTERIZATIONS OF HIGHER DERIVATIONS AND JORDAN HIGHER DERIVATIONS ON CSL ALGEBRAS
Authors: LI JIANKUI , GUO JIANBIN
Published: May 2011

Let ℒ be a commutative subspace lattice and 𝒜=Alg ℒ. It is shown that every Jordan higher derivation from 𝒜 into itself is a higher derivation. We say that D=(δi)i∈ℕ is a higher derivable linear mapping at G if δn(AB)=∑ i+j=nδi(A)δj(B) for all n∈ℕ and A,B∈𝒜 with AB=G. We also prove that if D=(δi)i∈ℕ is a bounded higher derivable linear mapping at 0 from 𝒜 into itself and δn (I)=0 for all n≥1 , or D=(δi)i∈ℕ is a higher derivable linear mapping at I from 𝒜 into itself, then D=(δi)i∈ℕ is a higher derivation.
Multiple cycles of repeated treatments with aPhaseolus vulgarisdry extract reduce food intake and body weight in obese rats
Authors: Carai Mauro A. M. , Fantini Noemi , Loi Barbara , Colombo Giancarlo , Gessa Gian Luigi , Riva Antonella , Bombardelli Ezio , Morazzoni Paolo
Published: May 2011

Previous lines of experimental evidence have suggested thatPhaseolus vulgarisextracts reduce food intake, body weight, lipid accumulation, hedonic properties of food, carbohydrate absorption and metabolism, and glycaemia in rats. The present study was designed to assess the effect of multiple cycles of repeated treatments with a standardisedP. vulgarisdry extract on daily food intake and body weight in genetically obese Zuckerfa/farats (Expt 1). Additionally, the study tested the effect of acute treatment withP. vulgarisdry extract on postprandial glycaemia in Zuckerfa/farats (Expt 2). In Expt 1,P. vulgarisdry extract was administered daily, at doses of 50 and 500 mg/kg, in three 5 d treatment periods followed by three 20 d off-treatment periods. Administration ofP. vulgarisdry extract resulted in dose-dependent decreases in daily food intake and body weight in each treatment phase. Reductions in food intake were of comparable magnitude in each treatment phase. In Expt 2, food-deprived rats were acutely treated with 50 and 500 mgP. vulgarisdry extract per kg immediately before access to a fixed amount of a starch-enriched chow. Treatment withP. vulgarisdry extract resulted in a dose-dependent suppression of glycaemia. These results extend previous data on the anorectic and hypoglycaemic effects of theP. vulgarisdry extract to a validated animal model of obesity. Together with data published previously in the literature, these results strengthen the hypothesis that potentially effective, novel pharmacotherapies for obesity and related disorders may originate from extracts and derivatives ofP. vulgaris.
Venture Capital Reputation, Post-IPO Performance, and Corporate Governance
Authors: Krishnan C. N. V. , Ivanov Vladimir I. , Masulis Ronald W. , Singh Ajai K.
Published: May 2011

We examine the association of a venture capital (VC) firm’s reputation with the post-initial public offering (IPO) long-run performance of its portfolio firms. We find that VC reputation, measured by the past market share of VC-backed IPOs, has significant positive associations with long-run firm performance measures. While more reputable VCs initially select better-quality firms, more reputable VCs continue to be associated with superior long-run performance, even after controlling for VC selectivity. We find that more reputable VCs exhibit more active post-IPO involvement in the corporate governance of their portfolio firms, and this continued VC involvement positively influences post-IPO firm performance.
WILLIAM GLADSTONE AND THE THEATRE
Authors: Heinrich Anselm
Published: May 2011

William Ewart Gladstone, four times prime minister (1868–74, 1880–5, 1886, and 1892–94), the “greatest colossus of the Victorian Age,” the most influential prime minister of the nineteenth century, and the Grand Old Man (G.O.M.) of British politics and statesmanship, seems an unlikely advocate for the theatre. Deeply religious, conservative, and serious, Gladstone is not easily imagined as an avid theatregoer. It is difficult to imagine him supporting the ephemeral, often subversive, and suggestive character of the theatre. And indeed, in his early years Gladstone despised the theatre and called it an “encouragement of sin.” As prime minister, he was almost obsessed by a religious zeal; Richard Foulkes has noted that “Few, if any, prime ministers have carried out their role in making senior Church appointments as assiduously as Gladstone did.” For members of Victorian Britain's Christian majority, the theatre was anathema and regarded as morally suspect. They were intensely suspicious and saw playgoing as a distraction from religion and as a promoter of frivolity, vanity, and female forwardness. They linked theatres to “prostitution, juvenile delinquency, idleness, drunkenness and frivolity.” In fact, theatres were the “antithesis of the Victorian world view which prized respectability, gentility, decency, education and uplift.” Until at least the later decades of the nineteenth century, theatre “was widely regarded as the lowliest of the arts, if one at all.”
INHERITING THE WIND: A PERSONAL VIEW OF THE CURRENT CRISIS IN THEATRE HIGHER EDUCATION IN NEW YORK
Authors: Carlson Marvin
Published: May 2011

It is no secret, unhappily, that the study of theatre in the colleges and universities of this country is a discipline under siege, but the severity of the problems received strong confirmation in New York State this fall when two of the most distinguished and long-established (over a century in both cases) programs in the country were, with little warning, faced with draconian cuts or outright extinction. The fact that one, the state University of Albany, was the flagship school of the public system, and the other, Cornell University, was one of the state's most distinguished private institutions, suggests the scope and impact of these actions. At Albany, four other programs are being terminated along with theatre—Classics, Russian, Spanish, and French—while at Cornell the extent of the severe cuts imposed on the theatre program—almost a quarter of the total budget of the department (which also shelters dance and film)—are being suffered by no other program in the university. The prominence of these two schools in a state that has long claimed a central position in American theatre makes them particularly significant symbolically of a discipline in crisis, and this has impelled me to engage in serious and sometimes painful reflections on that discipline, the basis of the present essay.
CRISIS IN CALIFORLORNIA: CREATIVE PROTEST AT THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
Authors: Bogad L. M.
Published: May 2011

A lovely stream flows through the campus at UC Davis. While it is widely believed to be filled with dangerous agrochemical runoff, this stream offers an idyllic place for students, staff, and faculty to stroll or sunbathe. One day toward the end of the spring quarter of 2010, a young man stood in that beautiful but toxic water, protected by hip-high waders. He wore a cowboy hat and overalls and looked like a character from the 1849 Gold Rush. With a pan in his hands, he called out to passersby to watch as he demonstrated his solution to student financial problems. A sign planted in the ground near him said: gold: the tuition solution. He cried out to passersby, “It's an old California tradition, and it's the only way I can pay for school!” He had several gold-painted rocks to prove that one could still strike it rich, and he offered them to passersby. As a small crowd gathered around to observe this Swiftian “modest proposal,” he made his point about the desperate situation students have found themselves in at the University of California.
SPECTACLE, PERFORMANCE, THEATRE: THE 2010 STUDENT STRIKE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO
Authors: Fiet Lowell
Published: May 2011

Rather than negotiate first with protesting and then striking students, the administration of the University of Puerto Rico (UPR) shut down its flagship Río Piedras Campus from 21 April to 6 July 2010. Regular academic activity on the campus came to a standstill, and as a consequence the semester programmed to end in mid-May could not be finished until mid-August. Yet in those seventy-plus days of closure (cierre) a poignantly expressive culture of resistance took shape out of the continuous tension among the striking students who occupied the campus, the remote administration that refused to respond to their issues, the heavily armed state police officers who were stationed just outside the campus's gates, and the crowds of professors, nonteaching personnel, parents, and student supporters who gathered daily to urge the administration to open a dialogue with the students. Along with independent radio broadcasts, the skillful use of cyberspace, celebrity concerts, and other strategies to capture public and media attention, the protest movement also fostered the spectacle of mass rallies and marches that featured acts of performance and theatre. If the university's theatres were dark, the streets that surround the campus became the stages for seminude, placard-carrying bodies moving serpentine through crowds; stilt-walking masked portrayals of local politicians and university administrators; large, painted-cardboard dragons and wolf heads to stare down police officers; a twenty-foot-tall puppet whose shirt front read “the university is not for sale” (“La UPR no se vende”); processions of black coffins accompanied by black-clad lloronas (mourners); and red-nosed, broom-carrying clowns decked out in tactical police gear to parade comically in front of the heavily armed and real tactical forces.
POWER WORKING THROUGH/ON BODIES IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Reinelt Janelle
Published: May 2011

(Note: This statement started its life as part of the State of the Profession panel at the joint American Society for Theatre Research / Congress on Research in Dance conference in Seattle [November 2010]. I was asked to respond to the question of “how power has worked on/through/with bodies in the fields of dance and theatre studies, and in the academy at large.” I decided to speak about the serious crisis facing higher education in light of the economic recession, and its particular challenges to the academy and our field, using my present context in the United Kingdom, where I have lived since 2006, as a case study.)
POSTERS OF THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AT GEORGE MASON UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
Authors: Shutt Lauren , Tennant Sean
Published: May 2011

Note from the Re: Sources Editor: This is my first contribution as editor of Re:Sources, and I'm proud to join the team of editors and authors who work diligently to put together each issue of this fine journal. I vow to try and maintain the standard of quality set by my immediate predecessor, Nena Couch—a daunting task, to be sure. I hope that you will find something of use within the pages of this column and that you will consider yourself an active participant in the shaping of its future. In the November 2006 issue (47.2) of Theatre Survey, which marked the fiftieth anniversary of the American Society for Theatre Research, editor Jody Enders invited readers to “ponder anew” what constitutes a resource and to submit “untraditional proposals” for the Re:Sources column. As she explained:

Perhaps it is a document or a series of documents available for the first time when an entire collection is declassified. It could be that odd scribble somewhere that proves that, once upon a time, there really was a performance of a play that everyone else had taken to be closet drama. Maybe it is a transcription or an English translation of a document hitherto unseen, difficult to access, almost impossible to read. (165)
“Scramble for Adria”: Discourses of Appropriation of the Adriatic Space Before and After World War I
Authors: Klabjan Borut
Published: May 2011

This essay aims to shed light on the ways in which several empires, states, and nationalist movements competed for political power in the Adriatic space. In particular, it analyzes the ways in which international, national, and local narratives converged in the critical political and economic space of the Adriatic Sea both before and after World War I to justify territorial appropriation. The possibility of geopolitical changes triggered by the Great War whetted the territorial appetites of the new nation-states that had established themselves on the ruins of multinational empires in 1918. At the same time, the same possibilities spurred Italian irredentist aspirations, as Italy directed its imperial policy increasingly toward the East. Hence, the phrase “Scramble for Africa,” which prompted the title of this article, can also be applied to the Adriatic space in the same period.
The Modern Reconception of the Early Modern Venetian Adriatic
Authors: Wolff Larry
Published: May 2011

For Fernand Braudel, the early modern adriatic appeared, as it did on Venetian maps, as the Golfo di Venezia. Venice, ruling also over the Dalmatian coast and the Ionian Islands, controlled shipping on the Adriatic and made the Adriatic into the Venetian basis for commercial activity all over the eastern Mediterranean. Braudel also credited to Venice the establishment of an Italian cultural sphere of influence around the Adriatic: “The gulf was Venetian, of course, but in the sixteenth century it was more than this; it was the sphere of a triumphant Italian culture. The civilization of the peninsula wove a brilliant, concentrated web along the east coast of the sea.” Braudel, carrying out his research in the 1930s and publishing in 1949, might have been well aware that the Italian trans-Adriatic presence, even when triumphant—as in the case of Mussolini's occupation of Dalmatia—might not be something to celebrate as brilliant. Furthermore, reconsidering the early modern Adriatic, one might today wonder whether the term “Italian”—with its modern national meaning—should be used with caution in describing early modern cultural influence. Indeed, one might simply suggest that Venetian power on the Adriatic was the vehicle of Venetian culture—not Italian culture—on the Adriatic, an early modern imperial rather than a modern national idiom, and present even at Ragusa, which was independent of Venice.
Adriatic Forum: A Comment
Authors: Ballinger Pamela
Published: May 2011

At first glance, the three essays that make up this forum dedicated to the Adriatic appear to chart a fairly standard course for scholarship on the region, depicting the area as one transected by conflict and contest or, alternatively, as a site of cultural mixing and coexistence. The reader quickly realizes, however, that all three authors offer innovative analyses that challenge, even as they build on, the body of work exploring the political and cultural contours of the Adriatic in the modern era. Much of this scholarship reiterates a reductive view of the Adriatic that sees it principally through the narrow prism of competing Italian and Slavic nationalist claims. Although Dominique Reill, Igor Tchoukarine, and Borut Klabjan address Italo-(South)Slav tensions and dialogues, they locate them in much broader frameworks that oblige the reader to rethink understandings of both the contents of these nationalisms and the contexts within which they developed. In different ways, for example, these papers highlight a seemingly obvious but little explored fact: The object of so much contestation and desire in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was not just land, but also the sea that lapped the shores of the Adriatic territories.
The Municipal and the National in the Bohemian Lands, 1848–1914
Authors: King Jeremy
Published: May 2011

Between the Revolution of 1848 and the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, imperial Austria experienced an extraordinary expansion of nationalism and of national conflict. German, Czech, Polish, Ukrainian, Italian, Slovene, and other national movements became major players and rivals, transforming public life in the process. This essay examines that process through a municipal lens. What was particular about the intersection of the national in imperial Austria with the municipal? How did municipal and national politics affect one another, and what can we understand, through their dynamics, about Austrian politics more generally?
Of Heroes and Victims: World War II in Austrian Memory
Authors: Uhl Heidemarie
Published: May 2011

In Tony Judt's historical essay on postwar Europe's political myths, Austria serves as a paradigmatic case for national cultures of commemoration that successfully suppressed their societies’ involvement in National Socialism. According to Judt, the label of “National Socialism's First Victim” was applied to a country that after the Anschluss of March 1938 had, in fact, been a real part of Nazi Germany. “IfAustriawas guiltless, then the distinctive responsibilities of non-German nationals in other lands were assuredly not open to close inspection,” notes Judt. When the postwar Austrian myth of victimhood finally disintegrated during the Waldheim debate, critics deemed the “historical lie” of the “first victim” to have been the basis for Austria's failure to confront and deal with its own Nazi past. Yet, one of the paradoxes of Austrian memory is the fact that soon after the end of the war, the victim thesis had already lost much of its relevance for many Austrians.
Should the Habsburg Empire Have Been Saved? An Exercise in Speculative History
Authors: Kann Robert A.
Published: May 2011

The observations which I shall put before you require the kind of apology that is always necessary when the historian leaves the ground of facts and turns to the hazy realm of what might have been or ought to be. Still there may be extenuating factors for an undertaking of this kind. I refer here, of course, to the frequently voiced assumption of the value of hindsight prophecies for the prevention of errors in the future, the wishful thinking that may generate appropriate action and, in a more general way, the training of the mind that may derive from speculative thinking.
Le choix de traitement en triade incluant un patient âgé apte en soins palliatifs : à la recherche d’un modèle théorique
Authors: Lamontagne Julie , Beaulieu Marie , Arcand Marcel
Published: May 2011

The elderly in palliative care are confronted with difficult decisions relating to treatments. The philosophy of palliative care, namely, including the patient and his/her family right away, leads the doctor to consult with the two parties involved when choosing a treatment. As no theoretical model allows us to understand how the decision-making process hinges on the trio (a capable elderly person, a family caregiver, and the doctor) in a context of palliative care, we propose one which was developed from three strategies of document analysis: theoretical synthesis, theoretical analysis, and theoretical derivation. According to our model, the decision-making process depends on individual factors influencing the decision of the participant, expectations and attitudes as to the role, the level of confidence amongst the parties involved, the manner in which they communicate with each other, their mutual understanding of the clinical and ethical issues, and, finally, their ability to cooperate.
Evaluation of Success Rate and Access Time for an Adult Sternal Intraosseous Device Deployed in the Prehospital Setting
Authors: Byars Donald V. , Tsuchitani Sara N. , Erwin Eleanor , Anglemyer Bradley , Eastman Jacob
Published: May 2011

Introduction: Access to the vascular system of the critically ill or injured adult patient is essential for resuscitation. Whether due to trauma or disease, vascular collapse may delay or preclude even experienced medical providers from obtaining standard intravenous (IV) access. Access to the highly vascular intramedullary space of long bones provides a direct link to central circulation. The sternum is a thin bone easily identified by external landmarks that contains well-vascularized marrow. The intraosseous (IO) route rapidly and reliably delivers fluids, blood products, and medications. Resuscitation fluids administered by IV or IO achieve similar transit times to central circulation. The FAST-1 Intraosseous Infusion System is the first FDA-approved mechanical sternal IO device. The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the success rate of FAST-1 sternal IO device deployment in the prehospital setting; (2) compare the time of successful sternal IO device placement to published data regarding time to IV access; and (3) describe immediate complications of sternal IO use.

Methods: All paramedics in the City of Portsmouth, Virginia were trained to correctly deploy the FAST-1 sternal IO device during a mandatory education session with the study investigators. The study subjects were critically ill or injured adult patients in cardiac arrest treated by paramedics during a one-year period. When a patient was identified as meeting study criteria, the paramedic initiated standard protocols; the FAST-1 sternal IO was substituted for the peripheral IV to establish vascular access. Time to deployment was measured and successful placement was defined as insertion of the needle, with subsequent aspiration and fluid flow without infiltration.

Results: Over the one-year period, paramedics attempted 41 FAST-1 insertions in the pre-hospital setting. Thirty (73%) of these were placed successfully. The mean time to successful placement was 67 seconds for 28 attempts; three of the 31 insertions did not have times recorded by the paramedic. Paramedics listed the problems with FAST-1 insertion, including: (1) difficulty with adhesive after device placement (3 events); (2) failure of needles to retract and operator had to pull the device out of the skin (2 events); and (3) slow flow (1 event). Emergency department physicians noted two events of minor bleeding around the site of device placement.

Conclusion: This is the first study to prospectively evaluate the prehospital use of the FAST-1 sternal IO as a first-line device to obtain vascular access in the critically ill or injured patient. The FAST-1 sternal IO device can be a valuable tool in the paramedic arsenal for the treatment of the critically ill or injured patient. The device may be of particular interest to specialty disaster teams that deploy in austere environments.
Psychometric Properties of the French Version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised in Mental Health and Social Professionals after a Patient Suicide
Authors: Heeb Jean-Luc , Gutjahr Elisabeth , Gulfi Alida , Castelli Dransart Dolores Angela
Published: May 2011

This study addresses the psychometric properties, including the internal consistency and dimensionality, of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) in French-speaking mental health and social professionals in Switzerland faced with a patient suicide. Data were obtained by a self-administered questionnaire from a sample of 297 individuals who had experienced a patient suicide during the previous 5 years. The internal consistency of the IES-R and its subscales was high (α coefficients between 0.82 and 0.91) as were the correlations between the subscores (coefficients between 0.54 and 0.69). The dimensionality of the IES-R was best captured by a three-factor structure accounting for 53.0% of the total variance, with four theoretical intrusion items loading on the hyperarousal factor. The intrusion subscale contributed to more than half of the total score. Variations in the total score were associated with age and profession, while no significant association was found with professional experience, length of time since the patient suicide, or number of patient suicides. The French version of the IES-R is an adequate and reliable instrument for addressing the impact of a patient suicide on mental health and social professionals. Its dimensionality is consistent with the theoretical structure of the original version.
Rorschach Assessment of Parenting Capacity
Authors: Carstairs Kari S.
Published: May 2011

A case example of a mother who neglected her children is presented using two administrations of the Rorschach following the Comprehensive system, one before and one after treatment. Before treatment, the mother presented with limited coping skills as measured by the Coping Deficit Index and a very strong tendency to avoid complexity and deny ambiguity as measured by the Rorschach variable, Lambda. The case example raises some questions about the significance of these two Rorschach variables in parents who neglect their children. Preliminary findings for 52 such parents from the author’s case files are given.
Coverage induced regulation of Au nanoparticles during pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Resta V. , Gonzalo J. , Afonso C. N. , Piscopiello E. , García López J.
Published: May 2011

The effects induced during the covering/embedding of metal nanoparticles (NPs) produced by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and their impact on the structural and optical properties have been studied by producing pairs of samples containing Au NPs that are either uncovered (i.e., at the surface) or covered (i.e., embedded in an amorphous a-Al2O3 host). The main result is that covering species can sputter up to 100% of the Au atoms, the smaller the NPs the higher the sputtered fraction. This fraction has been simulated using standard models for ion bombardment and taking into account the kinetic energy distribution of arriving species and the cohesive energy dependence on NPs dimensions. Although all models well predict the order of magnitude of the sputtering yield, the calculated values are generally smaller than the experimental ones and do not account for the experimental dependence on NPs dimensions. This disagreement is discussed in terms of the limitations of standard models that do not take into account the lower adhesion of small NPs to the substrate, the high flux of species involved in PLD and, possibly to lesser extent, the use of some bulk material parameters. The metal sputtering during the coverage regulates the NPs morphology, through a reduction of dimensions and dimension dispersion. Most changes of structural features and optical spectra when covering the NPs are directly related to the variation in the amount of metal with the exception of a strong blueshift of the surface plasmon resonance when NPs are covered. This shift could be consistent with mixing of covering layer species and metal at the surface of the NPs.
Numerical modeling of power generation from high-speed flows. I. Development of a nonequilibrium magnetohydrodynamics code
Authors: Lorzel Heath , Mikellides Pavlos G.
Published: May 2011

The time-dependent, 2[1/2]-dimensional, axisymmetric, magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) solver, MACH2 has been upgraded to include the effects of nonequilibrium air chemistry in order to properly model weakly ionized flows over high-speed vehicles. The thermochemical model was subjected to several validation cases such as comparisons to the experimentally deduced shock stand-off distance of nitrogen flow over spheres, the shock stand-off distance of spheres fired into air in a ballistic test facility, and the electron number density on the surface of the Ram-C re-entry experiment. Furthermore, the magnetic induction equation has been upgraded with new verified models that compute the Hall effect, ion slip terms, and an applied axial electric field. Finally, simulations of an idealized MHD electrical power generator are compared with existing analytic solutions, demonstrating the applicability of the improved numerical code to model, analyze and design MHD power generators onboard high-speed vehicles.
Numerical modeling of power generation from high-speed flows. II. Application, analysis, and design
Authors: Lorzel Heath , Mikellides Pavlos
Published: May 2011

The upgraded nonequilibrium magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) solver MACH2 is applied to the modeling of an annular, Hall-type MHD generator that can be employed upstream of a turbojet engine at freestream conditions corresponding to Mach 5 flight at an altitude of 20 km. The simulations demonstrate the feasibility of converting inlet kinetic power to storable electric power on aircraft traveling at supersonic to hypersonic speeds. Using ionization provided by electron-beam guns and a radial magnetic field B = 3T, the generator is shown to produce a maximum of 4.8 MW of electric power while reducing the total kinetic power of the flow by 31%. Optimizing the loading parameter, K*Load, across the electrodes demonstrates that the generator could produce 1.54 MW of excess electric power that can be stored and used for on-board power requirements. Additionally, the reduction in flow kinetic power results in an increase in static pressure of 30% and a reduction in stagnation temperature of 3% at the turbojet’s compressor inlet, aiding the subsequent process of combustion and allowing for operation of the turbojet at higher velocities.
Tunneling states in graphene heterostructures consisting of two different graphene superlattices
Authors: Wang Li-Gang , Tse Yuen-Chi , Zhu Shi-Yao
Published: May 2011

We have theoretically investigated the properties of electronic transport in graphene heterostructures, which consist of two different graphene superlattices with one-dimensional periodic potentials. It is found that such heterostructures possess an unusual tunneling state occurring inside the original forbidden gaps, the electronic conductance is greatly enhanced and additionally, the Fano factor is strongly suppressed near the energy of the tunneling state. Finally, we present the matching condition of the impedance of the pseudospin wave for occurring the tunneling state by using the Bloch-wave expansion method.
Ambiguity in the magnitude and direction of the derived interface dipole in lanthanum aluminate heterostructures: Implications and proposed solution
Authors: Liu Z. Q. , Chim W. K. , Chiam S. Y. , Pan J. S. , Ng C. M.
Published: May 2011

The electric field strength of interface dipoles cannot be measured directly but can be derived from measurable electronic properties such as the valence band offset (VBO) and electron affinity using photoemission techniques. In this study, we found that the measurements of these two values are affected by differential charging and surface contaminants, respectively. This can affect both the polarity and the strength of the derived interface dipole and therefore might have implications regarding the understanding of oxide-semiconductor band alignment. Our overall band lineup and derived interface dipole in lanthanum aluminate (LAO) heterostructures agree excellently with a popular charge-neutrality level model. This would not be possible without the accurate measurement of VBO and electron affinity in LAO heterostructures.
Large yield production of high mobility freely suspended graphene electronic devices on a polydimethylglutarimide based organic polymer
Authors: Tombros Nikolaos , Veligura Alina , Junesch Juliane , Jasper van den Berg J. , Zomer Paul J. , Wojtaszek Magdalena , Vera Marun Ivan J. , Jonkman Harry T. , van Wees Bart J.
Published: May 2011

The recent observation of a fractional quantum Hall effect in high mobility suspended graphene devices introduced a new direction in graphene physics, the field of electron–electron interaction dynamics. However, the technique used currently for the fabrication of such high mobility devices has several drawbacks. The most important is that the contact materials available for electronic devices are limited to only a few metals (Au, Pd, Pt, Cr, and Nb) because only those are not attacked by the reactive acid etching fabrication step. Here we show a new technique that leads to mechanically stable suspended high mobility graphene devices and is compatible with almost any type of contact material. The graphene devices prepared on a polydimethylglutarimide based organic resist show mobilities as high as 600.000 cm2/Vs at an electron carrier density of n = 5.0 × 109 cm−2 at 77 K. This technique paves the way toward complex suspended graphene based spintronic, superconducting, and other types of devices.
Processing of spectrally resolved x-ray images of inertial confinement fusion implosion cores recorded with multimonochromatic x-ray imagers
Authors: Nagayama T. , Mancini R. C. , Florido R. , Tommasini R. , Koch J. A. , Delettrez J. A. , Regan S. P. , Smalyuk V. A.
Published: May 2011

We discuss the processing of data recorded with multimonochromatic x-ray imagers (MMI) in inertial confinement fusion experiments. The MMI records hundreds of gated, spectrally resolved images that can be used to unravel the spatial structure of the implosion core. In particular, we present a new method to determine the centers in all the array of images, a better reconstruction technique of narrowband implosion core images, two algorithms to determine the shape and size of the implosion core volume based on reconstructed broadband images recorded along three-quasiorthogonal lines of sight, and the removal of artifacts from the space-integrated spectra.
BioRef: A versatile time-of-flight reflectometer for soft matter applications at Helmholtz–Zentrum Berlin
Authors: Strobl M. , Steitz R. , Kreuzer M. , Rose M. , Herrlich H. , Mezei F. , Grunze M. , Dahint R.
Published: May 2011

BioRef is a versatile novel time-of-flight reflectometer featuring a sample environment for in situ infrared spectroscopy at the reactor neutron source BER II of the Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie (HZB). After two years of design and construction phase the instrument has recently undergone commissioning and is now available for specular and off-specular neutron reflectivity measurements. BioRef is especially dedicated to the investigation of soft matter systems and studies at the solid–liquid interface. Due to flexible resolution modes and variable addressable wavelength bands that allow for focusing onto a selected scattering vector range, BioRef enables a broad range of surface and interface investigations and even kinetic studies with subsecond time resolution. The instrumental settings can be tailored to the specific requirements of a wide range of applications. The performance is demonstrated by several reference measurements, and the unique option of in situ on-board infrared spectroscopy is illustrated by the example of a phase transition study in a lipid multilayer film.
Improved interface properties of Ge metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitor with TaTiO gate dielectric by using in situ TaON passivation interlayer
Authors: Ji F. , Xu J. P. , Liu J. G. , Li C. X. , Lai P. T.
Published: May 2011

TaON is in situ formed as a passivating interlayer in Ge metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors with high-k TaTiO gate dielectric fabricated simply by alternate sputtering of Ta and Ti. Also, postdeposition annealing is performed in wet N2 to suppress the growth of unstable GeOx at the Ge surface. As a result, excellent electrical properties of the Ge MOS devices are demonstrated, such as high equivalent dielectric constant (22.1), low interface-state density (7.3×1011 cm−2 eV), small gate leakage current (8.6×10−4 A cm−2 at Vg−Vfb=1 V), and high device reliability. Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy support that all these should be attributed to the fact that the nitrogen barrier in the TaON interlayer can effectively block the interdiffusions of Ge and Ta, and the wet-N2 anneal can significantly suppress the growth of unstable low-k GeOx.
Demagnetizing effects in granular hard magnetic bodies
Authors: Navau C. , Chen D.-X. , Sanchez A. , Del-Valle N.
Published: May 2011

Hard magnetic materials are usually measured and used in an open magnetic circuit, for which demagnetizing effects are present. The applied field Ha has been conventionally corrected to the volume averaged internal field H by a formula H=Ha-NmM, where M is volume averaged magnetization and Nm is magnetometric demagnetizing factor calculated for the case of uniform magnetization as a function of body shape. Since Nm>0, such a correction always increases the slope of the descending M(Ha) curve without influencing the value of the coercive field with respect to M. However, we show by numerical calculations that if the hard magnetic material is granular and modeled as a rectangular prism, the magnetostatic interactions among the grains will result in a formula H=Ha-NghmM+ΔHc, where the demagnetizing factor for granular hard magnets Nghm can be either positive or negative and the usually positive coercivity increment ΔHc is correlated to collective magnetic reversal of longitudinal grain chains.
Hypergeometric type operators and their supersymmetric partners
Authors: Cotfas Nicolae , Cotfas Liviu Adrian
Published: May 2011

The generalization of the factorization method performed by Mielnik [J. Math. Phys. 25, 3387 (1984)] opened new ways to generate exactly solvable potentials in quantum mechanics. We present an application of Mielnik's method to hypergeometric type operators. It is based on some solvable Riccati equations and leads to a unitary description of the quantum systems exactly solvable in terms of orthogonal polynomials or associated special functions.
Electronic structure of GaInN semiconductors investigated by x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Guo Q. X. , Senda H. , Saito K. , Tanaka T. , Nishio M. , Ding J. , Fan T. X. , Zhang D. , Wang X. Q. , Liu S. T. , Shen B. , Ohtani R.
Published: May 2011

We have investigated the electronic structure of GaInN semiconductors by performing x-ray absorption near-edge fine structure (XANES) spectroscopy at Ga K-edge and self-consistent-field real-space multiple-scattering theory calculations. It was demonstrated that the nondestructive Ga K-edge XANES spectra can be used as the fingerprints of structure and composition for GaInN. The theoretical calculations gave a reasonable reproduction of the experimental spectral features. The results revealed that the combination of the experimental XANES and the theoretical calculations is a powerful tool for studying the electronic structure of GaInN semiconductors.
Left-handed metamaterials based on a leaf-shaped configuration
Authors: Zhu Weiren , Zhao Xiaopeng , Gong Boyi
Published: May 2011

Based upon the bionics principle, we present the design of a metal-dielectric-metal sandwiched leaf-shaped metamaterial, and the numerical simulation and experiment have confirmed an obvious left-handed transmission peak by this structure. The retrieved effective permittivity, permeability, and refractive index are all negative around the frequency of the resonant peak, and the planar lens focusing experiment has further confirmed its left-handed features. The results in this paper can be used to explain the resonance mechanism of the left-handed metamaterials fabricated by means of the nano-self-assembly approach, and thus may greatly promote the development of optical metamaterials.