bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response Matching in Interpersonal Information Exchange
Authors: TOGNOLI JEROME
Published: July 2011

Response matching was studied in dyads as subjects exchanged information about themselves by selecting descriptive statements prescaled for intimacy. One of the members of the dyad was a confederate, who consistently selected statements at one of five different intimacy levels: low, moderately low, moderate, moderately high and high. The findings showed that subjects significantly matched the intimacy level of the confederate's disclosures. The results shed additional light on the role of idiosyncratic patterns of self‐disclosure as a variable altering the social penetration process as delineated by Altman & Haythorn.
Exchange Theory and Comparison Level Changes among Australian Aborigines
Authors: DAWSON JOHN L. M.
Published: July 2011

The following study is concerned with the effects of urbanization on the Australian Aboriginal perception of their minority group status, in comparison with the white majority group. This study was carried out in terms of exchange theory, making particular use of the comparison level concept. The Aboriginal comparison level was found to rise as expected with increasing exposure to urbanization influences.
The New Junior Maudsley Inventory: Norms for Secondary Schoolchildren, Aged 11 to 14 Years
Authors: McALLISTER J. , MARSHALL T. F.
Published: July 2011

The New Junior Maudsley Inventory measures the dimensions of Extraversion and Neuroticism, and incorporates a Lie scale. Norms on these dimensions were established for a total sample of 1012 secondary modern schoolchildren, aged 11, 12, 13 and 14 years. Comparison of these norms with norms based on the Junior Maudsley Personality Inventory shows substantial agreement.
Film‐Mediated Aggressive and Creative Play
Authors: NOBLE G.
Published: July 2011

The objectives of the reseach were twofold. Firstly, to see if watching a film would influence children's play, not by modelling effects, but by the contiguity in time of similar stimuli. Secondly, to ascertain if viewing a war film would, for certain children, cause both a decrease in the amount of social interaction and a regression in the level of play after viewing that film. Six groups, each containing four six‐year‐old boys and girls, were shown a war film and a puppet film in random order. Twenty minutes of play (with toys representing stimuli seen in each film) were recorded by time‐lapse photography, after exposure to each film and in a play session which had not been immediately preceded by a film. Each subject was used as his own control. One additional group of four six‐year‐old boys and girls saw no films. Their play with the toys was filmed on three independent occasions. Children were found to play significantly more with war toys after the war film than after the puppet film. Children did not play more with puppet toys after the puppet film than after the war film. Children played significantly less constructively and interacted significantly less (middle‐class significantly less so than working‐class on both measures) after seeing the war film than after seeing the puppet film. These results may be interpreted as indicating the development of anxiety reactions after viewing film with aggressive content. Compared to the play session which was not immediately preceded by film exposure there was a significant decrease in the amount of social interaction which took place in both the post‐film play sessions. There was more interaction during the play of children in the control group who had seen no films than there was during the play of children who had just seen the war film.
Personality, Involvement and Extremity of Judgement
Authors: WARR PETER B. , COFFMAN THOMAS L.
Published: July 2011

It is widely believed that persons with certain personality characteristics (e.g. authoritarianism, dogmatism, cognitive simplicity) have a general tendency to make extreme judgements on rating scales and sorting tasks. This belief rests upon two assumptions: that extreme responding is an individually consistent characteristic across tasks, and that such a characteristic is in fact associated with the personality traits. These assumptions are examined in four separate investigations. The generality of extreme responding is adequately demonstrated, but no general relationship with personality is found. A model is developed which introduces ‘involvement’ as a mediating explanatory variable. In this context involvement is defined as a compound of construct relevance and stimulus importance. The model is borne out by a further empirical test, showing that personality and extreme responding are in fact linked when involvement is sufficiently high.
A Five‐ to Fifteen‐Year Follow‐up Study of Infantile Psychosis: IV. Patterns of Cognitive Ability
Authors: LOCKYER LINDA , RUTTER MICHAEL
Published: July 2011

Sixty‐three children with an unequivocal diagnosis of infantile psychosis who attended the Maudsley Hospital between 1950 and 1958 were individually matched for age, sex, IQ and year of attendance with a control group of clinic children with non‐psychotic disorders. Both groups were re‐examined in 1963–4 and given individual psychiatric, neurological, social and psychological assessments. At follow‐up (mean age 15 years 7 months) the psychotic children showed low scores on tests of verbal ability and higher scores on performance tests. They showed a characteristic WISC subtest pattern of high scores on the Block Design, Object Assembly and Digit Span subtests combined with a very low score on Comprehension; this pattern was more marked among the children with a pronounced language retardation. Similar patterns of Wechsler Performance Scale scores have been found in deaf children with poor language and in children with developmental disorders of language. This was interpreted in terms of the hypothesis that infantile psychosis develops on the basis of a central disorder of language and of perception of sounds.

The psychotic children as a group were inferior to the controls in terms of social competence. Among the psychotics the mean SQ was significantly lower than their Non‐Verbal IQ, whereas, among the controls, the two scores were approximately the same.
On the Meaning of the MMPI Mf and SVIB MF Scales
Authors: WRIGHT FRED H. , L'ABATE LUCIANO
Published: July 2011

Correlations between the MMPI, SVIB and KPR for male student and non‐student samples showed no meaningful relationships. However, consistently significant correlations between interests and masculinity‐femininity scores were found. These results challenge the concept of sex connotations attached to vocational interests. The authors recommend revision of the MMPI Mf scale and a renaming or elimination of the SVIB MF scale.
A Cross‐cultural Investigation of Eysenck's Hypothesis Regarding the Relationship Between Personality and Attitudes
Authors: MEHRYAR A. H.
Published: July 2011

Two separate studies were carried out to investigate Eysenck's hypothesis concerning a negative correlation between extraversion and tender‐mindedness. The first study involved 106 British students, who were given Eysenck's Inventory of Social Attitudes, the Maudsley Personality Inventory (short form), and Part I of Richardson's British version of the Study of Values. The second study was carried out with a group of Iranian students (n = 69), who were given the Eysenck Personality Inventory, Melvin's Inventory of Social Attitudes and the Allport‐Vernon‐Lindzey Study of Values.

Both studies failed to reveal any significant correlation between extraversion and tender‐mindedness. There was, however, a significant positive relationship between tender‐mindedness and religionism as measured by the Study of Values. The results are discussed in the light of similar findings reported by Siegman (1963) and some possible reasons for the failure of Eysenck's main hypothesis are suggested.
Working‐Class Conservatism: A Review and an Empirical Study
Authors: STACEY B. G. , GREEN R. T.
Published: July 2011

The characteristics of manual working‐class Conservatives are examined. Inter‐generation downward mobility is shown to make a substantial contribution to working‐class Conservatism. The embourgeoisement, social pressure and deference explanations of working‐class Conservatism are critically reviewed. A survey is reported which was carried out to explore the organization of attitudes in the working class. A factor analysis of 69 variables constituting a questionnaire completed by 302 subjects produced differences between working‐class Conservative and Labour supporters which correspond fairly well with the patterning of attitudes in a complementary survey of white‐collar subjects. The deference explanation is re‐examined on the basis of these results. Lipset's analysis of working‐class authoritarianism is also commented upon.
Do Spectacles Really Affect Judgements of Intelligence?
Authors: ARGYLE MICHAEL , McHENRY ROBERT
Published: July 2011

Video‐tapes were made of performers with and without spectacles, seen either static for 15 sec. or being interviewed for 5 min. Judges rated IQs of performers as 12 points higher when they were seen wearing spectacles and were seen briefly; when the performers were seen for 5 min., however, spectacles made no difference. It is argued that this result throws doubt on experiments in person perception using photographs or brief exposure.
The Eysenck Personality Inventory and Social Desirability Response Set with Student and Clinical Groups
Authors: RUMP E. E. , COURT JOHN
Published: July 2011

The EPI was administered to three student groups and to two clinical groups in studies allowing the investigation of Social Desirability(D) effects. Form A of the EPI and the Edwards D scale were completed by 100 students; Form A and the Crowne‐Marlowe D scale by 177 students; Form B and the Crowne‐Marlowe D scale by 175 students; and Form A, including the Lie (L) scale, by 38 potential renal transplant patients and 15 potential renal donors. Negative linear correlations between the Neuroticism (N) scale and the D or L scales were found for all groups. A very pronounced reduction in N scores was found with potential renal donors, together with high L scores. In most cases, no reliable correlation between Extraversion (E) and the D or L scales was found. The N and E scales were correlated negatively for Form B. Implications of these results for the use of the EPI are considered. Correlations with age and IQ were also obtained.
Psychometric Changes Associated with Response to Drug Treatment
Authors: PHILIP ALISTAIR E.
Published: July 2011

Improved and unimproved depressed patients were compared on a number of psychological measures, each patient having been tested on three occasions. Analysis of variance showed that the Beck scale of depression, NSQ Anxiety and HDHQ Intropunitiveness showed differences between the groups and between occasions, there being significant interaction effects on the two former scales. NSQ Seriousness scores decreased over occasions, while NSQ Submissiveness, Tendermindedness and total score, along with the HOQ and HDHQ Extrapunitiveness, remained stable. These results are discussed in relation to other findings using the same or similar instruments. The need to distinguish between state and trait measures is discussed; the present study demonstrates how differences between psychiatric patients could be utilized in the study of function fluctuation.
Social Attitudes and Social Class
Authors: EYSENCK H. J.
Published: July 2011

In the course of an extensive survey, made by the Audience Research Department of the B.B.C., some 2000 male and female subjects, the members of the B.B.C. Viewing Panel, were administered an attitude questionnaire containing 28 questions. Subjects were divided into three social‐class groups (middle class, skilled working class, unskilled working class), three age‐groups and two sex‐groups; answers to the questionnaire items were correlated and factor‐analysed for the resulting 18 groups separately. Sex and age did not seem to have any great effect on the patterns of intercorrelations emerging, and consequently three samples were constructed of subjects in the three social‐class groups in such a way that proportions of men and women, and of the three age‐groups, were equal. These three groups were then submitted to a factorial analysis, and factor similarity indices were calculated between the two higher‐order factors which emerged for each group to indicate to what extent attitude structure might differ from class to class; no systematic differences were observed, other than a tendency for attitudes to be more strongly structured in the higher social‐class groups. In view of the great similarities between the three solutions for the class groups separately, they were combined into one group, and a factor analysis carried out on the resulting correlations. The structure observed was found to be very similar to that reported earlier in The Psychology of Politics, although an alternative descriptive system to the R and T factor system is also discussed. Age was found to correlate with conservatism, male sex with toughmindedness. The results are interpreted as suggesting that there have been no systematic changes in the structure of social attitudes in this country in the 20 years that have elapsed since the research published in The Psychology of Politics was carried out.
The Effects of Ordinal Position on Measured Intelligence and Peer Acceptance in Adolescence
Authors: MURRAY C.
Published: July 2011

Data are presented from a cross‐sectional survey of third‐year male pupils in 12 secondary modern schools and analysed with regard to the effect of ordinal position on measured intelligence and peer acceptance. In contrast to previous research findings no significant ordinal effects on the dependent variables are noted with the data classified as to age, sex, social status and family size.
Expectancy Confirmation and Affectivity
Authors: TERRY ROGER L.
Published: July 2011

Situations involving the confirmation and disconfirmation of expectancies varying dichotomously in strength and value are theorized to involve three components: outcome, strength and value, and to be ordered in terms of positive affect generated. Results of an experiment closely parallel the theoretically derived order, indicating that confirmation generates greater positive affect than disconfirmation; the positive affect generated by confirmation (disconfirmation) is directly (inversely) related to expectancy strength; and confirmation of positive expectancies generates greater positive affect than confirmation of negative expectancies; and the obverse of this.
Factors Affecting Word Selection by Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: MARCHBANKS GABRIELLE , WILLIAMS MOYRA
Published: July 2011

Experiments were done to discover some factors relating to word selection by schizophrenic patients. The comprehension of individual words was examined by presenting the subjects with a picture of an object and a number of words containing the name of the object, from which the object name had to be selected.

Schizophrenics were distinguished from other groups of patients, from children and from normal controls by accepting associations to the object as well as the object name. The frequency of acceptance was directly related to the proximity of the association.

It was also found that schizophrenics accepted associated words more often if the stimuli were presented in an open‐ended or single‐choice manner than if they were presented in a multiple‐choice form. The presentation of other words, with which comparisons could be made, further reduced acceptances.

Schizophrenic patients took longer to reject words than control subjects, and when under time pressure increased their acceptance of associated words.

It is suggested that although their word store is organized in a normal manner, schizophrenic patients may have greater difficulty than normal people in recognizing the boundaries between associated words, and that this may be the basis for many aspects of their communication difficulties.
A Study of the Reliability Implications of Lie Scores in the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory
Authors: ORWIN WILLIAM
Published: July 2011

Two groups of 8‐year‐old children were each administered the JEPI on two occasions, using the headmaster of their school and the present author as test administrators. When tested by the headmaster the boys recorded significantly higher Neuroticism scores and significantly lower Lie scores; the girls' scores did not differ between testers. Three different tests of the reliability and consistency of the boys' N scores each failed to support predictions arising from the assumption that low L scores are associated with more reliable or more consistent N scores.
A Study of Worrying
Authors: BREZNITZ SHLOMO
Published: July 2011

Worrying has never been properly studied. It is difficult to induce and to measure and has never been clearly defined. Some view it as neurotic behaviour synonymous with anxiety, whereas others indicate the positive aspects of the ‘work of worrying’. Seen mainly as a cognitive process, worrying is defined as a process of gradual involvement with external threat due to its relevance to some anxiety‐inducing content. It is proposed that' incubation of threat' is a central feature of worrying. A specially devised methodology has been used in an attempt to validate empirically some of these notions. The process of involvement which results in viewing a threat with growing apprehension has been demonstrated through vicarious worrying. Certain psychodynamic implications of the definition and of the findings are discussed.
The Effects of Subject‐Generated and Normative Constructs Upon the Formation of Impressions
Authors: DELIA JESSE G. , GONYEA ANDREW H. , CROCKETT WALTER H.
Published: July 2011

This study examined the validity of G. Kelly's Individuality Corollary by assessing the role of individual personal constructs in the formation of impressions. All subjects formed impressions from six traits, three positive and three negative, attributed to an unknown person. All of the traits presented to one group were normatively determined. Three other groups received six traits partly or entirely generated by the subjects themselves in descriptions of other persons. These groups were characterized as own‐positive, own‐negative and all own. As hypothesized, subjects produced more differentiated impressions in the conditions in which they received as stimuli the self‐generated traits. Evaluations of the unknown other moved in the direction of the evaluative component of the self‐generated traits. In addition, the most highly organized impressions were produced in the normative and all‐own conditions. These results were interpreted as supporting both the Individuality Corollary and a conflict model of impression organization.
A Comparative Study of Criminals and Matched Controls on Three Dimensions of Personality
Authors: EYSENCK SYBIL B. G. , EYSENCK HANS J.
Published: July 2011

Six hundred and six male trainee railmen and 518 criminals were administered personality inventories purporting to measure the personality dimensions of Psychoticism (P), Extra‐version (E) and Neuroticism (N). Also administered was a Lie scale (L). Scale means and reliabilities are reported for the experimental and control groups, and proportions of ‘Yes’ answers compared for individual items. The prisoners are significantly higher on P and N, but lower on E, than the controls; this may be due to the absence of impulsiveness items in the E scale used, and the preponderance of sociability items. There are no differences on the L scale, suggesting that prisoners did not attempt to fake scores. The groups were matched for age and social class, as well as sex, all being male. Coloured members originally forming part of the control group were found to differ significantly from the white members, and were removed prior to the comparisons being run. The results found are on the whole similar to previously reported data using different inventories and different comparison groups, and a different sample of prisoners.
Drug Addicts as perceived by Hospital Staff*
Authors: ROMNEY DAVID , BYNNER JOHN
Published: July 2011

Hospital staff's attitudes to drug addiction and their perceptions of the characteristics of drug addicts were investigated by means of a questionnaire containing a set of 19 attitude statements and 23 semantic differential scales on which they rated four types of patient: ‘the hard‐drug addict’, ‘the alcoholic’, ‘the mentally ill patient’ and the ‘soft‐drug addict’. Factor analysis of the responses showed, first, that attitudes to drug addiction could be described in terms of five basic dimensions, and secondly, that patients were perceived in terms of four dimensions: Assertiveness, Dangerousness, Non‐conformity and Attractiveness. In addition there were two more general perceptual dimensions: Extraversion and Psychopathy. From the informants' positions on these different dimensions it was concluded that although most hospital staff do not condone the misuse of drugs they are against victimizing drug addicts, feeling that they are ill people who deserve treatment. Both hard‐ and soft‐drug addicts are regarded as unconventional. Hard‐drug addicts are seen as dangerous and sexually unattractive, whereas soft‐drug addicts are seen as harmless, sexually attractive and assertive. Although doctors and nurses agree about most of these characteristics, the nurses see the hard‐drug addict as assertive but the doctors see him as timid. In more general personality terms, although the soft‐drug addict is seen by most staff as extraverted and lacking in psychopathy and the hard‐drug addict as psychopathic, nurses also regard the latter as extraverted whereas doctors regard him as introverted. Conclusions are drawn about the implications of these findings for hospital policy. Hypotheses are also suggested about the personality of different types of drug‐taker.
Conservatism in Relation to Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: CAINE T. M. , LEIGH ROSALIND
Published: July 2011

Wilson's Conservatism Scale was related to measures of attitudes to patient care and psychiatric treatment in three groups of nurses and a group of psychiatric patients respectively. Significant correlations were found in all groups. The results support the authors of the scale in their argument that Conservatism is a general factor underlying all social attitudes. In the absence of scientific evidence to support one approach rather than another, attitudes to patient care and psychiatric treatment may be included in the broad term ‘social attitudes’ and as such will be affected by the general attitude of conservatism.
Benton's Visual Retention Test in the Differentiation of Depression and Early Dementia
Authors: CROOKES T. G. , Mcdonald K. G.
Published: July 2011

The study examined the effectiveness of Benton's (1955) Visual Retention Test in discriminating between depression and early dementia. The test was given, in three versions, using the three different methods of administration in balanced order, to a group of 18 depressed patients and to a group of 18 patients referred because of the suspicion of early dementia, and subsequently confirmed as dementing after a follow‐up of at least a year. The depressives performed considerably worse than Benton' control group, but the demented patients were much worse than Benton' brain‐damaged group, so there was still a useful discrimination. The standard administration (A) turned out to be the best of the three for this particular purpose.
The Effect of Intimacy: Reciprocity or Retreat?
Authors: BREED GEORGE
Published: July 2011

Three conditions of intimacy were created through varying a confederate's body posture and search for eye contact. Forty‐eight male and 48 female undergraduates each interacted with a confederate (either male or female) for one of the three conditions. Predictions derived from the ‘intimacy equilibrium’ hypothesis were not supported. Increased intimacy resulted in an increase in eye contact (P < 0·01), an increase in number of forward leans by the subject (P < 0·05), and an increase in positive attitude towards the confederate (P < 0·005). Rosenfeld's notion of non‐verbal reciprocity and Homan's exchange theory are used to explain the results. Some of the variables that may set limits upon the equilibrium hypothesis are discussed.
Some Differences Between Neurotic and Psychotic Depressives
Authors: FORBES ALAN R.
Published: July 2011

The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire and the Runwell Symptom‐Sign Inventory were administered to groups of neurotic and psychotic depressive patients. The means of these groups were significantly different on 16 PF factors F (Desurgency) and Q1 (Conservatism), psychotic depressives having lower scores than neurotic depressives on both these scales. Psychotic depressives had a significantly higher score than neurotics on a factor of reduced behavioural efficiency empirically derived from the SSI; neurotics scored higher than psychotics on a similar composite of hypochondriacal symptoms. It is concluded that neither the 16 PF variables nor the SSI factors promise much practical utility in the differentiation of neurotic from psychotic depressives.
Some EEG Correlates of Face‐to‐Face Contact
Authors: GALE ANTHONY , LUCAS BONNIE , NISSIM RUTH , HARPHAM BRIAN
Published: July 2011

Transoccipital EEG was monitored from 12 subjects during three conditions of gaze. The subject fixated continuously on the eyes of the experimenter. The experimenter smiled at the subject, looked at the subject or averted his eyes. Each condition was repeated six times (20 sec. per trial, overall viewing time 6 min.). The EEG was integrated automatically in 5 sec. epochs, to yield abundance scores. There is a general tendency for EEG abundance to be inversely related to the arousing properties of the viewed stimulus. This effect is statistically significant for 8ṁ5–11ṁ5 Hz (alpha frequencies), and for 2ṁ0–4ṁ5 Hz.
Outcomes Associated with Direct and Vicarious Experience in Training Groups: I. Personality Changes
Authors: McLEISH JOHN , PARK JAMES
Published: July 2011

Ninety‐eight subjects were randomly assigned to one of six group treatments: (i) a self‐analytic group, (ii) a direct communications group, (iii) a Bales training group observing a self‐analytic group, (iv) a clinical (non‐trained) group observing a direct self‐analytic group, (v) a Bales training group observing a direct communications group, (vi) a clinical (non‐trained) group observing a direct communications group. Each treatment was replicated. Fifteen hours of laboratory training were associated with course readings and various assignments. All the subjects were pretested with a number of tests covering the areas which might possibly be affected by the treatments: personality, attitudes, understanding of group process, empathic response, etc. They were retested immediately the training ended. This paper reports the fact that the null hypothesis was not falsified with regard to personality: the changes observed were quite small and none of the treatments altered any of the 16 personality factors (Cattell) to any significant degree.
The Kendrick Battery of Tests: Theoretical Assumptions and Clinical Uses
Authors: KENDRICK DON C.
Published: July 2011

A theory is presented for the assessment of cognitive functions in senescence. The theory has been derived from three sources: the known effects of normal ageing on cognitive functions; Routtenberg's two‐arousal hypothesis of cortical excitation; and Post's somatic explanation of psychiatric abnormality. From the theory testable predictions have been derived concerning the pattern of scores that should be obtained from the Synonym Learning Test and the Digit Copying Test in relation to three diagnostic classifications: demented, pseudo‐demented and non‐demented. It is shown that the Synonym Learning Test and the Digit Copying Test, when used in a test‐retest sequence in conjunction with Mill Hill and WAIS Verbal Scale IQ discrepancies, successfully identify the three diagnostic classifications with 79, 87 and 99 per cent confidence respectively, giving an overall congruence with diagnostic classification of 90 per cent.
Affective States in Schizophrenia
Authors: PRIEST R. G. , SHARIATMADARI M. E. , TARIGHATI SH.
Published: July 2011

The hypothesis was tested that acute schizophrenics are more likely to show affective symptomatology than chronic schizophrenics. The Personal Illness (PI) and Personal Disturbance (PD) scales of the Symptom‐Sign Inventory were administered to 50 schizophrenic patients. On the PI Scale 56 per cent of acute schizophrenics and 28 per cent of chronic schizophrenics obtained pathological scores. On the PD Scale, depending on the cut‐off point selected, 64–88 per cent of acutes, and 28–56 per cent of chronics obtained pathological scores. In the case of acute schizophrenia, although the proportions of positive response are not as high as in Foulds' criterion sample (1965), it is confirmed that a high percentage of patients obtain pathological scores on the PI Scale, indicating the presence of prima facie anxiety and depressive symptoms. Relatively high numbers of chronic schizophrenics also obtained elevated scores, but it is argued that this does not exclude the possibility of affective blunting or flattening. The PD scores showed high correlations with the PI scores, not altogether due to their having certain questions in common. The PD Scale showed fewer false negatives than the PI Scale on this schizophrenic population, and discriminated more sharply between the acute and chronic populations. It is concluded that although affective symptoms are more common in acute than in chronic schizophrenics, an appreciable proportion of the latter do have them, and in this sense may be said to suffer from their illness.
Relationships between Personality Dimensions: Neuroticism and Extraversion against Obsessive, Hysterical and Oral Personality
Authors: PAYKEL E. S. , PRUSOFF B. A.
Published: July 2011

This paper reports relationships between two sets of personality dimensions, one of neuroticism and extraversion derived from the work of Eysenck, the other of obsessive, hysterical and oral personality, depending particularly on psychoanalytic formulations. The former were measured by the Maudsley Personality Inventory, the latter by a self‐report inventory and interview with relatives. Subjects were recovered depressed patients. Relations between the two sets of dimensions were examined by correlations and principal component analysis. Obsessive personalities were found to be primarily non‐neurotic; hysterical personalities were neurotic and extraverted; oral dependent personalities were neurotic and introverted. Attention is drawn to the need to distinguish obsessive personality from obsessional symptoms, and to an overlap in content between psychoanalytic formulations of the obsessive personality and concepts of stability or non‐neuroticism.
Similarity and Perceived Similarity of Personal Constructs as Influences on Friendship Choice
Authors: DUCK STEVEN W.
Published: July 2011

It is argued here that one derivable prediction both from within and outside Personal Construct theory is that similarity in the content of construct systems should underlie friendship. A further prediction is that friends can perceive the similarity which exists between them. Accordingly a mixed‐sex group of 40 student teachers was given a sociometric test and the Reptest, and then asked to provide for each construct a list of people who shared it. The Reptest analysis produced two mean similarity scores for each subject: one from observable similarities with friends (‘friendship pairs’) and one from similarities with non‐friends (‘nominal pairs’). Significant differences were found between these means. It was also found from the last test that subjects tended to overestimate the similarities between themselves and their chosen friends. These results are discussed as strong evidence not only for the similarity hypothesis when a Kellian view is taken of personality, but also for the usefulness of using Personal Construct theory as an experimental and hypothetical rationale for studies in social psychology.
Intelligence, Machiavellianism and Social Mobility
Authors: TOUHEY JOHN C.
Published: July 2011

Previous studies have shown that machiavellianism is unrelated to upward social mobility, but the possibility of a non‐linear relationship between machiavellianism and mobility has not been considered. The present study utilized intelligence as a second variable in order to reexamine earlier findings. Greatest intergenerational mobility in occupational status was reported by subjects who obtained higher scores on both the IQ measure and the Machiavellianism Scale, but least upward mobility was reported by subjects who scored in the Low IQ—High Machiavellianism quadrant (P <0.001). The relationship between IQ and mobility was attenuated for non‐machiavellian subjects. The findings suggest that higher intelligence may enable machiavellians to identify situations in which deceitful tactics are successfully deployed, and that future studies in machiavellianism should examine the responses of those who confront machiavellian tactics.
Levels of Risk Taken by Extraverted and Introverted Alcoholics as a Function of Drinking Whisky*
Authors: CUTTER H. S. G. , GREEN L. R. , HARFORD T. C.
Published: July 2011

Risk‐taking among 15 extravert and 15 introvert alcoholics, randomly assigned to a non‐drinking, a drinking, and an anticipation of drinking treatment, was studied. Risk level choices varied from a 1/1 chance (certainty) of winning $0ṁ10 to a 1/10 chance of winning $1ṁ00. As predicted, non‐drinking extraverts were riskier than non‐drinking introverts; drinking introverts were riskier than non‐drinking introverts. Unexpectedly, drinking extraverts were least risky. Drinking anticipation increased introvert but not extravert risk. The interrelationships of extraversion risk, and drinking are discussed. The findings are compatible with the law of initial values and a curvilinear arousal model described by Eysenck.
A Quick Measure of Achievement Motivation
Authors: SMITH J. M.
Published: July 2011

Misleading experimental findings may emerge because experimenters fail to eliminate the effects of achievement motivation. It is suggested that few experimenters control for these effects because no convenient measure is available. The construction of a 10‐item scale of achievement motivation and a seven‐item ‘carelessness’ scale is reported. The scale's validity is assessed from correlations with McClelland's test and from correlations with other variables. In addition, the scale is shown to discriminate between a panel of volunteers and a sample of men drawn from Who's Who. The scale could also discriminate between subgroups in the Who's Who sample. The split‐half reliability of the measure is reported.
Psychoticism: A Study of its Biological Basis in Normal Subjects
Authors: CLARIDGE GORDON S. , CHAPPA HERBERT J.
Published: July 2011

Starting from the viewpoint that the psychoses represent extreme forms of personality deviation, a study of the psychophysiological correlates of psychoticism in normal subjects was undertaken, using Eysenck's new PEN scale to select three groups of individuals: high P scorers, high N scorers and low N scorers. The research strategy used was to examine, in each of these three groups, the covariation between the two‐flash threshold and skin conductance. This method was derived from previous work showing that what is uniquely different about psychotic patients is that they differ not on any single psychophysiological parameter but in the way in which different measures, including those studied here, covary. A specific comparison was made with a previous study showing that, in normal subjects given LSD‐25, two‐flash threshold and electrodermal level were related in a U‐shaped fashion, compared with the conventional inverted‐U function found in the same subjects under placebo. In the present study a U‐function, similar to that observed under LSD‐25, was evident in high P subjects, this contrasting markedly with the performance found in high N subjects. The difference between high N and high P subjects was particularly obvious in the low range of autonomic arousal, where the groups showed correlations between two‐flash threshold and skin conductance which were significant but opposite in sign. Surprisingly, over this low range, low N subjects closely resembled high P individuals. This latter finding was considered to support the view that, in some people, low reported neuroticism may reflect the emotional blunting associated with certain forms of psychotic personality not measured by the Eysenck P scale, which seems mainly concerned with paranoid characteristics. In general, it was concluded that the results provide evidence for psychoticism as a normal personality dimension having, as its biological basis, a particular kind of nervous typological organization seen, in its extreme form, in the psychotic disorders.
Judgements of People and Their Rooms
Authors: CANTER D. , WEST S. , WOOLS R.
Published: July 2011

It is hypothesized that inference rules operate which assume similarity between people and their physical surroundings. The first experiment described used line‐drawings of rooms containing seated figures. Ratings of the rooms and separate ratings of the people who it was assumed used those rooms were made. The second experiment used colour slides of actual rooms and ratings were made both by architecture and by non‐architecture students. The third experiment used head and shoulder photographs of people superimposed upon a variety of room backgrounds. In all three experiments significant relationships were found between rooms and judgements of the people associated with them, thus supporting the general hypothesis.
The Definition and Measurement of Anxiety as a Trait and a State in the 12‐ to 17‐Year Range
Authors: CATTELL R. B. , SHRADER R. R. , BARTON K.
Published: July 2011

Proceeding from past work which gives a unique determination of the general anxiety factor in adults as a second‐order factor, the investigators continued with a similar attack in the early adolescent period (12–18 years). Using the HSPQ (High School Personality Questionnaire) primary factors as markers, they found a second‐order factor loaded essentially as for adults, on ego weakness (C ‐), guilt proneness (O), threctia (H ‐), ergic tension (Q4), and defective self‐sentiment (Q3 ‐), but adding excitability (D), not used as a scale in the adult 16 PF.

The essential form of the research was repeated three times, on high‐school samples (n = 300, 190 and 200), each time introducing a fresh batch of prospective anxiety items and selecting by item analysis against the factor as the basis of concept validity. This design is considered necessary because of unavoidable ‘wobble’ in factor rotation in any one study and because items valid on one group do not always prove valid on others. On this basis, the most consistently valid items for the second‐order factor were incorporated in a High School Anxiety Scale of two equivalent forms (A and B), with 40 items in each.

The research then turned to distinguishing and measuring anxiety as a state by using differential R‐technique (factoring of change scores) rather than the above R‐technique (individual difference factoring). The HSPQ, plus additional anxiety items, was given to 250 children, who were retested after one month. Factoring the change scores showed, as with adults, a second‐order pattern not very different from that for the trait. However, the selection of items, the change on which correlated best with the change score on C ‐, D, H ‐, O, Q3 ‐, and Q4 (the second‐order anxiety state) duly weighted, yielded a state scale (40 items) only moderately correlated with the above trait scale. However, the inevitable doubling of error variance in dR analysis calls for one or more additional factor checks on the validity of items in the state scale.
Non‐verbal Responses and Affiliative Conflict Theory
Authors: SCHULZ RICHARD , BAREFOOT JOHN
Published: July 2011

In previous research cited in support of the affiliative conflict theory of Argyle & Dean (1965) only eye contact was measured, and no effort was made to measure the amount of smiling, a behaviour also relevant to the theory. In the research reported here, interpersonal distance and topic intimacy were manipulated and both eye contact and smiling were measured. In addition, two classes of variables relevant to the interaction process–gestures and paraverbal variables–were measured. Consistent with earlier findings, looking while talking was greatest at low levels of topic intimacy and looking while listening was greatest at the far interaction distance. Contrary to previous findings and predictions made by affiliative conflict theory, the amount of smiling increased as the distance between interactants decreased. This latter finding, along with the data on gestures and paraverbal variables, is discussed as a possible indicator of anxiety, or interpersonal discomfort.
Values as Correlates of Deviancy*
Authors: COCHRANE RAYMOND
Published: July 2011

It is suggested that value systems are potentially the most profitable variable to study in the aetiology of deviance. Values are higher in the cognitive hierarchy than attitudes and constitute a finite set of variables. As they are believed to be motivational variables it is argued that values should occupy a central position in accounting for differences in behaviour and life style. Data are presented on four groups of law‐breakers, a group of homosexuals and a group of drug users which strongly support this contention. Although little consistency is found among the value systems of the various deviant groups, they each differ in significant and predictable ways from their respective control groups.
Cognitive‐Developmental Factors in Children's Generosity
Authors: EMLER NICHOLAS P. , RUSHTON J. PHILIPPE
Published: July 2011

A factorial design was employed to examine the relationship of role‐taking and moral judgement abilities to generosity, both as direct influences and in terms of their roles in mediating the impact of relevant situational influences. Sixty children, aged 7–13 yr., performed two role‐taking tasks and two tasks designed to assess concepts of distributive justice. Generosity was observed under one of two conditions, one intended to stimulate sympathy for a potential recipient of charity, one neutral in emphasis. Moral judgement ability as measured was significantly related to generosity but no direct relationship between role‐taking and generosity was found. The results also revealed no interactions between the situational and developmental variables. The findings were interpreted as suggesting that age‐related changes in generosity may be attributable to developmental transformations in moral judgement and further that generosity for this age group is primarily a normative and not a sympathetic response.
The Basis of Interviewee Matching of Interviewer Self‐disclosure
Authors: DAVIS JOHN D. , SLOAN MARGARET L.
Published: July 2011

The second author interviewed 16 male and 16 female undergraduates, inviting them to disclose information about themselves on a series of 10 high‐intimacy topics presented in an individually randomized order. Subjects were assigned to one of four treatments defined by the possible combinations, over two five‐topic blocks, of disclosure or non‐disclosure on the part of the interviewer. (Interviewer disclosure on a topic immediately preceded the corresponding disclosure by a subject.) Two judges (one of whom was the second author) independently rated audiotape recordings of interviewees' presentations for disclosure and modelling of content. Interviewee disclosure was strongly facilitated by disclosure on the part of the interviewer, but was sustained at a high level only if the interviewer continued to disclose. Deep disclosures by interviewees showed somewhat greater originality of content than more shallow disclosures. These results suggested that the facilitating effect of the interviewer's disclosure was best interpreted in terms of social exchange theory rather than in response disinhibition or discriminative cueing terms. However, subjects showed no clear preference for a disclosing interviewer. For given levels of interviewer disclosure their interview reactions were less favourable the more they had disclosed, suggesting that the ‘dispensation’ of self‐disclosure was costly. Sensitizing subjects were apt to disclose more than repressing subjects and to have less favourable interview reactions.
The Relationship between Introversion and Response to Casework in a Prison Setting
Authors: SINCLAIR I. A. C. , SHAW M. J. , TROOP J.
Published: July 2011

An experiment was carried out to test the effects of extended contact with a caseworker on recidivism among prisoners. Seventy‐five men randomly selected from two prisons were offered regular contact with a prison welfare officer over a period of six months, and their attitudes to prison welfare and reconviction rates compared with those of 75 controls. Background data and psychological test information were also collected in the hope of determining which men would be most likely to respond. It was found that the experimental group had significantly more favourable attitudes to the prison welfare officer and were significantly less likely to be reconvicted. Contrary to expectation there was no evidence that the verbal, neurotic, more middle‐class prisoners were more likely to respond, nor that the psychopathic, prisonized men were less likely to do so. An unexpected result was that men assessed as introverted in the experimental group were significantly less likely to be reconvicted than similar men in the control group, whereas there was little difference in the reconviction rates of extraverts in the two groups. A variety of possible explanations are discussed for this finding. It is very tentatively suggested that the effect of the treatment was to reduce interpersonal anxiety among introverts, and that this may have made them better able to cope with society and therefore less likely to resort to crime.
Atypical Relative Similarity Judgements in Schizophrenia
Authors: GREGSON R. A. M. , FEARNLEY HELEN
Published: July 2011

A formal model of relative similarity judgements is applied to a comparative analysis of the responses of 16 controls, 16 paranoid and 16 non‐paranoid schizophrenics. Each of the parameters in the model is related to theories about schizophrenic thought disorder, and consequent predictions tested. Schizophrenics can be separated from controls in a number of ways that indicate their information handling is impaired. Triadic similarity judgements are shown to be a simple and viable clinical procedure, which with computer facilities support and explicit and detailed link with cognitive psychological theory.