bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keepin’ It Real in Hip Hop Politics: A Political Perspective of Tupac Shakur
Authors: Stanford Karin L.
Published: June 2010

Outside of his most incendiary critics, Tupac Shakur is generally perceived as a socially conscious artist whose political credibility is located in his lyrical critiques of racism and his mother’s membership in the Black Panther Party. Popular and academic writers have failed to examine Tupac’s distinct political ideas and identifiable activism. This article serves as a prolegomenon to the necessary dialogue on the politics of Tupac Shakur. Drawing from interviews, public statements, and lyrical analyses, the author expands the discourse on Shakur’s contribution to the African American fight against racism and injustice.
Religious Change in Spain
Authors: Pérez-Agote Alfonso
Published: June 2010

The changes religion is experiencing in Spain can be analysed through the prism of three broad social dynamics or logics. The first is the sweeping individual secularization seen among the Spanish population. The second is the separation between Church and State, which is experiencing major difficulties. The third is the recent settlement in Spain of a large immigrant population, which is causing fractures in a previously homogenous religious community. The first two follow the lines of religious modernization seen in other European countries. The third, however, is more inherent to the contemporary era of globalization.
Le sociologue, l’homme pieux et le pluralisme religieux. Dialogue avec Max Weber
Authors: Thériault Barbara
Published: June 2010

L’auteure explore notre rapport aux valeurs face au pluralisme religieux, défini à la fois comme caractéristique des sociétés contemporaines et comme phénomène aujourd’hui considéré comme particulièrement digne d’intérêt dans les sciences sociales. Elle esquisse les glissements qui guettent les chercheurs lorsque leurs valeurs sont interpellées dans l’étude de la religion. À partir d’un dialogue fictif entre sociologues sur l’identification des motifs religieux, l’auteure retrace brièvement l’étude des motifs au cœur de la sociologie de Max Weber. Parce que le juriste n’est pas aujourd’hui étranger aux débats liés au pluralisme religieux, elle met ensuite en scène un petit dialogue entre sociologues et juristes. Ces deux types d’observateurs conversent sur l’objet, les liens d’affinités et de tensions entre les tâches qui incombent à chacun et, ainsi, sur les limites de leurs disciplines respectives. Mais Weber lui-même a quelque chose à ajouter …
Le social et l’éthique comme réponses de la religion face au pluralisme religieux
Authors: Valasik Corinne
Published: June 2010

La question du pluralisme religieux est devenue une interrogation centrale parmi les débats portant sur la religion au sein des sociétés occidentales. L’auteure propose trois postures choisies par les institutions religieuses en situation de pluralisme: l’aseptisation, la radicalisation et la voie intermédiaire en tension entre deux pôles: attestataire/protestataire. Cette dernière, la plus fréquente, constitue l’objet de cette étude. Or, que les acteurs religieux décident de collaborer, notamment autour d’une défense de la vision sacrée de l’homme, ou bien qu’ils adoptent des stratégies de différenciation dans le champ social, ils sont peu identifiés par la société civile comme porteurs d’une représentation du monde spécifique. L’hypothèse proposée est de considérer que la normativité d’origine religieuse est dévaluée dans la société, de même que le bien-fondé de cette normativité. La question qui en découle, à la suite de Jim Beckford, est de savoir si les sociétés occidentales sont en situation seulement de diversité religieuse, tolérant en leur sein des religions dites minoritaires, ou si elles parviennent à produire une réflexion concernant les modalités et les stratégies de prise en charge de ce pluralisme.
Oligopoly Dynamics: Consequences of Religious Regulation
Authors: Yang Fenggang
Published: June 2010

In the first part of this article, the author tries to clarify a set of interconnected concepts—religious plurality (diversity), pluralization, and pluralism. As a descriptive concept for sociological theorizing, social pluralism is further differentiated into legal, civic and cultural arrangements. Modern pluralization may have started accidentally in the United States of America, but it has become a general trend in the world. In the second part, the author argues that the predominant type of Church—State relationship in the world today is neither monopoly nor pluralism, but oligopoly. More importantly, the theoretical propositions based on the studies of monopoly-pluralism are not applicable without substantial modification to explain oligopoly dynamics. The China case shows that in oligopoly, increased religious regulation leads not necessarily to religious decline, but to triple religious markets: the red market (legal), black market (illegal) and grey market (both legal and illegal or neither legal nor illegal).
Leaving the Institution. Secularized Priests
Authors: Núñez Francesc
Published: June 2010

Toward the end of the last century, particularly during the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, hundreds of Catholic priests distanced themselves from the Church or decided to leave the ecclesiastical institution. This fact, unusual at that time, is the focal point of the present article, which is the result of an extensive investigation into the renunciation of the priesthood by a significant number of priests in the Barcelona diocese. The author addresses the question why such deeply committed members of an institution, as are the priests of the Catholic Church, decided to leave the institution at that moment. The author discusses some aspects of the social context in which this process took place and offers some explanations for these significant departures.
Development and Civilisation
Authors: Santos Theotonio Dos
Published: June 2010

This article discusses different phases of development discourse at the global level which was dominated by Eurocentricism for a long time. While offering a critique of Eurocentric discourse, this article argues that successive crises in world capitalism, especially the east Asian crisis in 1997 and the world economic crisis in 2008, mark the breakdown of the Washington consensus which had spurred the trend of globalisation. This led many developing countries to a debt trap, consequently squeezing public resources for people’s welfare. The recent years have witnessed the emergence of the Beijing consensus taking into account the rise of new economic forces. At this juncture, the third world is raising long neglected civilisational issues which could shape the development discourse in the coming years.
Visual Sociology Reframed: An Analytical Synthesis and Discussion of Visual Methods in Social and Cultural Research
Authors: Pauwels Luc
Published: June 2010

Visual research is still a rather dispersed and ill-defined domain within the social sciences. Despite a heightened interest in using visuals in research, efforts toward a more unified conceptual and methodological framework for dealing vigilantly with the specifics of this (relatively) new way of scholarly thinking and doing remain sparse and limited in scope. In this article, the author proposes a more encompassing and refined analytical framework for visual methods of research. The ‘‘Integrated Framework’’ tries to account for the great variety within each of the currently discerned types or methods. It does so by moving beyond the more or less arbitrary and often very hybridly defined modes and techniques, with a clear focus on what connects or transcends them. The second part of the article discusses a number of critical issues that have been raised while unfolding the framework. These issues continue to pose a challenge to a more visual social science, but can be turned into opportunities for advancement when dealt with appropriately.
A Spiral of Silence for Some: Attitude Certainty and the Expression of Political Minority Opinions
Authors: Matthes Jörg , Rios Morrison Kimberly , Schemer Christian
Published: June 2010

Spiral of silence theory does not assume a simple relationship between opinion climate and opinion expression. In fact, the notion of hardcore individuals (who express their opinions regardless of the climate) embraces the idea that there are some people for whom this relationship does not hold true. However, this idea has not been put to a direct empirical test. In this article, the authors propose that attitude certainty is a key variable in identifying the hardcore. Data from three surveys demonstrate that the climate of opinion only determines opinion expression when individuals hold their attitudes with low or moderate attitude certainty. For individuals with high attitude certainty, no such effect can be found. Thus, there is a spiral of silence only for some but not for all members of the public.
Inbred Strains Should Replace Outbred Stocks in Toxicology, Safety Testing, and Drug Development
Authors: Festing Michael F. W.
Published: June 2010

Methods of toxicity testing, barely changed for several decades, need to be improved. One way forward would be to use a small battery of inbred strains instead of the single outbred stock currently used in toxicity screening. Inbred strains are more stable, more uniform, more repeatable, and better defined than outbred stocks. Genetic variation would be observed as the difference between strains. Safety could be based on the most susceptible strain. Sometimes it may be possible to identify the genes involved. Mechanisms could be explored using gene expression profiling of susceptible and resistant strains. Two committees of toxicologists have concluded that the use of inbred strains, by controlling interindividual variability, would reduce the number of animals needed in toxicity screening, although both “preferred” outbred stocks. This preference appears to have been based on intuition rather than scientific principles. Data from a previously published study on the response to chloramphenicol in an outbred stock and four inbred strains is used to explain the advantages of the multistrain design. Toxicologists, safety pharmacologists, regulatory authorities, and pharmaceutical companies should take a critical look at the types of animals they use if they want to reduce the attrition rate of new drugs.
Effects of botulinum toxin A on calf muscles in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: Yun Hyung Koog  , Min Byung-II
Published: June 2010

Objective: To assess the efficacy of botulinum toxin A injection for the management of spastic calf muscles in children with cerebral palsy.

Data sources: We reviewed all relevant literature indexed in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PEDro and the Cochrane Registered Trials, and also hand reviewed abstracts.

Methods: Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials that compared botulinum toxin A injection with any type of treatment or no treatment with identical conditions. We extracted data on calf muscle tone, passive ankle range of motion, gait speed, ankle kinematics and Gross Motor Function Measure, and assessed methodological qualities.

Results: Fifteen studies met our inclusion criteria. When botulinum injection was compared with a non-sham control, it was found to be effective at improving calf muscle tone (one month: —2.73 (confidence interval (CI) —3.42 to —2.04), three months: —1.72 (—2.68 to —0.76)), passive ankle range of motion (one month: 3.29 (CI 2.52 to 4.05), three months: 1.00 (CI 0.44 to 1.56)) and gait speed (one month: 0.91 (CI 0.29 to 1.53), three months: 0.61 (CI 0.01 to 1.21)) for four months, as well as Gross Motor Function Measure (2.02 (CI 1.30 to 2.75)) for two months. When compared with sham injection, botulinum injection was only effective on Gross Motor Function Measure (0.98 (CI 0.28 to 1.69)) after four months.

Conclusions: Although we found evidence supporting the efficacy of botulinum toxin A in studies comparing botulinum injection with non-sham controls, we did not find clear evidence of support in studies comparing botulinum injection with sham injection.
A systematic review of wheelchair skills tests for manual wheelchair users with a spinal cord injury: towards a standardized outcome measure
Authors: Fliess-Douer Osnat , Vanlandewijck Yves C , Lubel Manor Galia , Van Der Woude Lucas HV
Published: June 2010

Objective: To review, analyse, evaluate and critically appraise available wheelchair skill tests in the international literature and to determine the need for a standardized measurement tool of manual wheeled mobility in those with spinal cord injury.

Data sources: A systematic review of literature (databases PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library (1970-December 2009).

Subjects: Hand rim wheelchair users, mainly those with spinal cord injury.

Review methods: Studies’ content and methodology were analysed qualitatively. Study quality was assessed using the scale of Gardner and Altman.

Results: Thirteen studies fell within the inclusion criteria and were critically reviewed. The 13 studies covered 11 tests, which involved 14 different skills. These 14 skills were categorized into: wheelchair manoeuvring and basic daily living skills; obstacle-negotiating skills; wheelie tasks; and transfers. The Wheelchair Skills Test version 2.4 (WST-2.4) and Wheelchair Circuit tests scored best on the Gardner and Altman scale, the Obstacle Course Assessment of Wheelchair User Performances (OCAWUP) test was found to be the most relevant for daily needs in a wheelchair. The different tests used different measurement scales, varying from binary to ordinal and continuous. Comparison of outcomes between tests was not possible because of differences in skills assessed, measurement scales, environment and equipment selected for each test. A lack of information regarding protocols as well as differences in terminology was also detected.

Conclusion: This systematic review revealed large inconsistencies among the current available wheelchair skill tests. This makes it difficult to compare study results and to create norms and standards for wheelchair skill performance.
Can the Northwick Park Dependency Scale be translated to a Barthel Index?
Authors: Turner-Stokes Lynne , Williams Heather , Howley Deirdre , Jackson Diana
Published: June 2010

Objective: To develop and test an algorithm for conversion of the Northwick Park Dependency Scale (NPDS) to a Barthel Index.

Design and setting: Conversion criteria were developed to derive a Barthel Index from NPDS data. The criteria were then applied in two community-based datasets of NPDS and Barthel scores, gathered from carers/patients via postal questionnaires. A retrospective exploratory analysis (dataset A) was followed by prospective confirmatory analysis (dataset B).

Subjects: Patients with neurological disabilities, mainly following acquired brain injury: dataset A (n = 225) and dataset B (n = 96).

Main measures: Comparison of NPDS-derived Barthel scores with parallel directly rated Barthel scores.

Results: The exploratory analysis identified that one Barthel item (‘Stairs’) could not be derived from the NPDS items alone, and required minor adaptation of one of the five additional questions that are included to translate the NPDS into an assessment of community care needs (Northwick Park Care Needs Assessment, NPCNA). For the prospective confirmatory analysis, the NPCNA ‘Stairs’ question was adjusted to support full conversion. Very strong intraclass correlations were observed between the total ‘direct’ and ‘derived’ Barthel scores (0.97 (dataset A), 0.95 (dataset B), P<0.001); 95% limits of agreement ranged from -2.52 to 2.56 (dataset A) and -3.29-3.91 (dataset B). Item-by-item agreement (linear-weighted Cohen’s kappa coefficients) ranged from 0.68 to 0.85 (dataset A) and 0.59-0.83 (dataset B), which represents ‘substantial’ to ‘almost perfect’ agreement.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a Barthel Index can be reliably derived from NPDS and NPCNA data through a conversion algorithm which has now been built into the supporting software package.
Enhanced role of elaidic acid on acrylamide-induced oxidative stress in epididymis and epididymal sperm that contributed to the impairment of spermatogenesis in mice
Authors: Zhang JX , Yue WB , Ren YS , Zhang CX
Published: June 2010

Acrylamide (ACR) and trans fatty acids (TFA) could be found co-existent in many foods processed by high temperature. Our study investigated effect of elaidic acid (ELA), the predominant TFA, on deficits of spermatogenesis induced by ACR. Results showed that ELA enhanced the decreases of spermatogonia along with mature sperms after treatment of ACR, and that spermatozoa quality was significantly reduced by addition of ELA to mice treated with ACR. Moreover, ELA play an enhancing role in ACR-induced up-regulating of malondialdehyde (MDA) level in epididymal sperm and cauda epididymides, also up-regulating of protein carbonyls (PCOs) level in cauda epididymides. Meanwhile, ELA play an enhancing role in ACR-induced reducing of activity of superoxide dismutases (SOD) in epididymal sperm, corpus and cauda epididymides, also the reducing of activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in cauda epididymides. These data suggest that ELA enhances ACR-induced oxidative stress in the epididymis and epididymal sperm of mice and has subsequent effect on spermatogenesis in mice testis.
Contestation and Accommodation: Constructions of Lone Mothers’ Subjectivity Through Workfare Discourse and Practice
Authors: Pollack Shoshana , Caragata Lea
Published: June 2010

This article examines the ways in which dominant discourses about poor lone mothers are both contested and accommodated among three groups of actors within the workfare system in Toronto, Canada. Drawing on qualitative data from a national research project on lone mothers and social assistance, the authors examine and analyze how lone mothers construct their own subjectivity, as well as how it is constructed by workers in state-contracted nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that deliver job-readiness and related workfare programs and by welfare workers who assess and administer welfare benefits.
Community-Based Sanctions for Juvenile Offenders: Issues in Policy Implementation
Authors: Cooley Valerie A.
Published: June 2010

Graduated sanctions are a key feature of state juvenile justice policy. Federal funding is contingent on state adoption of graduated sanctions for juvenile offenders. Despite widespread utilization, limited information exists regarding the implementation or effects of graduated sanctions for juveniles. Nationally, approximately 90% of delinquent youth are supervised in local communities, so a system of graduated sanctions depends on local efforts to develop and sustain a continuum of sanctions and services. North Carolina is one of many states that enacted juvenile justice reforms based on a graduated sanctions model. Using data from 93 counties, the local implementation of sanctions was examined and compared to an idealized state model. Factors affecting policy implementation were identified. Most counties did not have full implementation of sanctions continuum. Counties with fewer financial resources showed lower implementation levels, but regression analysis indicated that political factors had the greatest effect on policy implementation.
Gathering Information on Spirituality
Authors: Florczak Kristine L.
Published: June 2010

This column is concerned with research about spirituality. A cursory overview of the concept of spirituality will be presented followed by a discussion concerning the issues that arise when gathering information about the concept using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Finally, the use of the Parse research methodology will be offered as an alternative.
Human Dignity
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: June 2010

Human dignity is a phenomenon of interest in many disciplines, including health-related disciplines. The author in this article explores the ethics of dignity and sets forth the tenets of human dignity as a humanbecoming ethical phenomenon. The tenets elaborate reverence, awe, betrayal, and shame, all enduring truths inherently significant to human dignity.
Awakening to Space Consciousness and Timeless Transcendent Presence
Authors: Jonas-Simpson Christine
Published: June 2010

Space consciousness is emerging as significant and necessary for the evolution of humanity according to spiritual teacher, Eckhart Tolle. Through space consciousness people become aware that we are timeless transcendent presence. This awareness is pronounced when with those who are living dying and their close others who are deeply grieving. Space consciousness and transcendent timeless presence in the context of living dying and deeply grieving are explored using nurse theorists’ works in dialogue with Tolle’s teachings.
Losing One’s Voice
Authors: Adams Matthew
Published: June 2010

The portrayal of the self as constitutionally dialogical is fast becoming an established and familiar feature of the psychological landscape. With growing influence and recognition comes a necessity to engage with critical dialogue, which has marked the concept’s more recent development. Drawing on insights in psychology and Judith Butler’s philosophy, it will be argued that the linguistic and voiced connotations of the dialogical self may be limiting a more complex understanding of the inter-subjective constitution of selfhood. It is argued that pre-reflective intersubjectivity, unspoken and “unspeakable” aspects of self-dialogue, and active psychological processes of disavowal raise profound cultural and psychological questions about the role of the “voice” in the dialogical achievement of selfhood.
Dialogues with Self and Others
Authors: Burkitt Ian
Published: June 2010

While social constructionist understandings of the self have stressed the importance of the self—other relation, placing emphasis on what happens in dialogues and relations with others rather than psychological processes “in the head,” I suggest here that we can build on this tradition to reintroduce notions of a dialogue with the self, or micro-dialogue, as an important part of an understanding of persons. I use the term “microdialogue,” rather than the more familiar notion of “internal conversation” or “society of mind,” to refer to a silent and invisible series of dialogues we hold for ourselves with the images and voices of others, which can emerge in surprising and unwilled ways. I suggest that this micro-dialogue is important in understanding the dialogical interactions between persons, as not all aspects of the self will enter into dialogue with others, leading to miscommunication, misunderstanding, and misrecognition. It is also possible for people to fail to articulate all the latent voices or vocal tones in their own micro-dialogue, leading to an understanding of how voices and selves can become divided and allowing us to take a different perspective on a dialogical unconscious.
Vygotskian Dialectics and Bakhtinian Dialogics
Authors: Sullivan Paul
Published: June 2010

This article proposes a way of understanding consciousness in both dialectical and dialogical terms. More particularly, Vygotsky (1978, 1934/1986) argues that consciousness involves a number of dialectical progressions (e.g., from primitive to cultural knowing, from basic to expert knowing). These dialectics involve a dynamic reorganization of the subcomponents of consciousness (e.g., memory, attention, perception) along a developmental continuum. Bakhtin (1975/1981, 1929/1984a), on the other hand, draws attention to the dialogical within consciousness; specifically the ideology and values that imbue consciousness as a type of knowing. This presents us with a more “vertical” continuum between “authoritative knowing” (knowledge tied to a figure of authority) and “carnivalistic knowing” (knowledge that subverts and de-crowns our taken-for-granted assumptions). I examine the dynamics between these ways of knowing in terms of both the development and the operation of consciousness. I argue that while there are substantial differences between these frameworks, they also mutually enrich each other. In particular, I argue that Bakhtin’s dialogics draw attention to the presence of a sensing self within consciousness while Vygotsky’s dialectical method can help make sense of a transformation of carnival and authority from an interpersonal to an intrapersonal relationship.
Essay Review: The Self Positioned in Time and Space
Authors: Raggatt Peter T.F.
Published: June 2010

This essay discusses the troubled history of the self in the social sciences in the light of two new books that examine the topic from different disciplinary perspectives—psychology and cultural sociology. The psychology text (Hermans & Hermans-Konopka) presents an impressive and wide-ranging elaboration of Dialogical Self Theory—an approach which conceptualizes the self as extended in both space and time. The sociology text (Illouz) examines the modern self through the lens of psychology’s construction of it as flawed and deficient. Both texts converge on a dialogical analysis of the self’s relation to culture (through the medium of psychology). Each is strongly recommended.
The Dialogical Self and Thirdness
Authors: Raggatt Peter T.F.
Published: June 2010

The American pragmatist Charles Sanders Peirce described “Thirdness” as the influence of one subject on a second mediated by a third. In psychology the idea of Thirdness has been captured in a wide range of triadic models that draw on Peirce’s original insights about mediation. In this paper, links are developed between Peirce’s triadic approach to semiotics, accounts of the dialogical self as “multi-voiced,” and the role of “mediating objects” as third-term semiotic markers in self-representation. Using case material from a life history, the emergence of conflicting positions in the self is illustrated using dialogical triads. The triads incorporate meaning-charged objects (people, things, events) as third-term mediators. The mediators are distinctive because they have a doubled quality, defining both similarities and differences between opposing positions. I argue that the analytic approach developed here helps to shed light on the tension between multiplicity and integration in theories of the self’s formation.
Self and Dialogue
Authors: Stam Henderikus J.
Published: June 2010

This issue takes up the notion of dialogue and self in multiple ways, particularly with reference to the contemporary conception of the dialogical self. In their diffusion and strength, the conceptual work in these papers, which represent a second generation of self scholarship, demonstrates that the interplay of “self” and “dialogue” is proving to be fruitful in its utility and striking in its originality. At stake is just what is meant by dialogue and dialogicality as well as its converse, that dimension of the self that is unspeakable and unvoiced. This introduction raises a number of key questions and presents the overall framework for the special issue.
Testing the hormetic nature of homeopathic interventions through stress response pathways
Authors: Rattan Suresh IS , Deva Taru
Published: June 2010

The scientific foundations of hormesis are now well established and include various biochemical and molecular criteria for testing the hormetic nature of chemicals and other modulators. In order to claim homeopathy as being hormetic, it is essential that, in addition to the hormetic biphasic dose response, homeopathic remedies should fulfill one or more molecular criteria. Since stress response pathways, such as heat shock response, antioxidative response, autophagic response and unfolded protein response, are integral components of the physiological hormesis, it is important that homeopathic drugs be tested for these pathways if these are to be considered as hormetins and to cause hormesis.
A Bayesian analysis of the impact of air pollution episodes on cardio-respiratory hospital admissions in the Greater London area
Authors: Blangiardo Marta , Richardson Sylvia , Gulliver John , Hansell Anna
Published: June 2010

In this paper, we present a Bayesian hierarchical model to evaluate the effect of long-range and local range PM10 during air pollution episodes on hospital admissions for cardio-respiratory diseases in Greater London. These episodes in 2003 are matched with the same periods during the previous year, used as a control. A baseline dose—response function is estimated for the controls and carried forward in the episodes, which are characterised by an additional component that estimates their specific effect on the health outcome.
Development and Evaluation of the Arabic Filial Piety Scale
Authors: Khalaila Rabia
Published: June 2010

Objective: To examine the validity and reliability of a new Arabic Filial Piety scale (AFPS) for use with informal Arab caregivers. Background: Filial piety, a term used to describe a set of family values in relation to parental care. This is the first measure of this construct for use with Arab populations in Israel. Method: A random sample of 250 informal Arab caregivers field tested a new AFPS (26 items in a 5-point Likert-type format).Validity and reliability tests were applied. Results: Principal component factor analysis extracted seven factors, which accounted for 58.8% of the variance: sacrifice; obligation; respect; face-saving; repay; intergenerational exchange; and family unity. The overall scale reliability was high (.83) with strong construct validity. Conclusions: The results support the unidimensional structure of the AFPS.
A Comparative Study of ICU Patient Diaries vs. Hospital Charts
Authors: Egerod Ingrid , Christensen Doris
Published: June 2010

Intensive care survivors often suffer from memory disorders, and some go on to develop anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress. Since the 1980s nurses have written diaries for intensive care patients to help them understand their illness and come to terms with their experiences after discharge. The central question we posed in this study was: Why do nurses write diaries in addition to conventional charting in the medical record? To answer this question, we compared intensive care diaries and hospital charts using textual analysis and narrative theory. The aims of our study were to compare patient diaries and hospital charts to explore (a) what each documentation instrument has to offer patients in their quest to make sense of their illness, and (b) why it is worthwhile for nurses to sustain the practice of writing diaries. The study findings show that the diary is coherent, personal, and supportive, whereas the hospital chart is fragmented, impersonal, and technical. The diary tells a comprehensive story that might help the patient to construct or reconstruct his or her own illness narrative.
Cancer as Rubbish: Donation of Tumor Tissue for Research
Authors: Morrell Bronwen , Lipworth Wendy , Axler Renata , Kerridge Ian , Little Miles
Published: June 2010

Tissue banking (or biobanking), thought by many to be an essential form of medical research, has raised a number of ethical issues that highlight a need to understand the beliefs and values of tissue donors, including the motivations underlying consent or refusal to donate. Data from our qualitative study of the legal, social, and ethical issues surrounding tumor banking in New South Wales, Australia, show that participants’ attitudes to donation of tumor tissue for research are partially captured by theories of weak altruism and social exchange. However, we argue that the psychological rewards of value transformation described by Thompson’s rubbish theory provide additional insights into participants’ attitudes to tumor donation. We believe our data provides sufficient justification for an approach to regulation of tumor banking that is aimed at fostering a relationship based on the notions of virtuous reassignment and social exchange.
Knowledge Constructions in Nursing Practice: Understanding and Integrating Different Forms of Knowledge
Authors: James Inger , Andershed Birgitta , Gustavsson Bernt , Ternestedt Britt-Marie
Published: June 2010

In this combined ethnographic and hermeneutic study we examined which forms of knowledge nurses make use of and how they construct knowledge. We collected data using participant observations, informal conversations, and interviews. Nurses’ knowledge construction took the form of a hermeneutic spiral, a journey in which the nurses moved up and down and horizontally, and in which they created understanding. The nurses constructed knowledge from reading the patient’s record, the brief oral handover report, greeting the patient, and reading the patient. By being sensitive, using humor, and emotional involvement, they deepened their understanding. By being suspicious and self-critical, they sought interaction with nurse colleagues, the patient, doctor, and relatives, and obtained additional knowledge. They strove throughout the journey to be one step ahead in their efforts to attain an understanding of the patient’s situation. We can relate the knowledge nurses make use of to intertwined forms of episteme, techne, and phronesis.
What Young African American Women Want in a Health Care Provider
Authors: Dale Helen E. , Polivka Barbara J. , Chaudry Rosemary V. , Simmonds Gwenneth C.
Published: June 2010

The Institute of Medicine’s report on racial and ethnic disparities in health care encourages enhancing patient—provider relationships by building trust. We explored factors important to 19- to 24-year-old African American women ( N = 40) in choosing a health care provider. Eight focus groups were held in seven Ohio counties. Discussion was aided by photographs of client—provider interactions: two African American and two White providers (man or woman in each); in similar settings, attire, and pose; with a young African American woman client. Participants commented on what was happening in the photographs, how the woman felt, and their perceptions of each provider. Fongwa’s Quality of Care model guided analysis. Women providers were favored; race was not of primary concern. Provider proximity, perceived interest, and understandability were persistent preferences. Trust, awareness of body language, interest in client, and conveying information clearly are critical for providers caring for young African American women.
Identifying Connections Between the Subjective Experience of Health and Quality of Life in Old Age
Authors: Prieto-Flores Maria-Eugenia , Fernandez-Mayoralas Gloria , Rosenberg Mark W. , Rojo-Perez Fermina
Published: June 2010

The importance of qualitative methods in quality of life (QoL) studies is being increasingly recognized. Whereas attention has mainly focused on the exploration of relevant domains, subjective well-being, and representations of health in aging, less consideration has been given to relations among different QoL domains. We aimed in this research to identify connections between subjective health and other relevant domains from the perspective of older adults. We identified four central categories: adaptation to the limits of health in aging; seeking a balance in subjective health and QoL in aging; sense of place in centers for older people; and health and family interrelated dimensions of QoL in old age. According to the participants, the family domain positively impacts health as a consequence of contacts, support, and accomplishments. It might also have a negative impact as a result of a relatives’ death or severe disease. The qualitative QoL perspective contributes to capturing the multidimensionality of health, aging, and place.
Professional Communication Education in a Global Context: A Collaboration Between the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Mexico, and Universidad de Quintana Roo, Mexico
Authors: Craig Jennifer , Poe Mya , González Rojas María-Fernanda
Published: June 2010

This article describes a beginning research partnership between the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and two Mexican universities, the Universidad de Quintana Roo (UQROO) and Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, that has developed and implemented an environment merging the pedagogies of English as a foreign language (EFL) and writing across the curriculum (WAC). The article presents a theoretical background for this partnership based on the research on globally networked learning environments (GNLEs) and then focuses on the early stages of the project as the research teams define their objectives, research methods, and teaching approaches.
Productive Tensions and the Regulatory Work of Genres in the Development of an Engineering Communication Workshop in a Transnational Corporation
Authors: Gygi Kathleen , Zachry Mark
Published: June 2010

Although academy-industry partnerships have been a subject of interest in professional communication for many years, they have barely been considered in terms of globally networked learning environments (GNLEs). This empirical case study of an academy—industry partnership, in which the authors participated, examines the opportunities and challenges in applying GNLE practices to the design of a corporate engineering communication workshop. Using genre-ecology modeling as the analytical framework, the study demonstrates how the pedagogical processes considered for inclusion in such a workshop may be embedded in a network of institutional genres, some of which are associated with strong regulating controls. The findings from this study have implications for those who are interested in applying GNLE practices in workplace contexts and for those interested in using a principled framework for representing the work of such partnership activities.
Balancing the Pros and Cons of Community College “Grow-Your-Own” Leadership Programs
Authors: Reille Audrey , Kezar Adrianna
Published: June 2010

This study examines how to fill the growing need for community college leaders by creating “grow-your-own” (GYO) leadership programs through a national interview study and a case study involving action research. The findings demonstrate design flaws that are typical in the development of GYO programs. Strategies for overcoming these flaws are recommended.
Understanding the Increasingly Popular Itemized Deduction for Medical Expenses
Authors: Lurie Ithai Z. , Minicozzi Alexandra
Published: June 2010

Itemized deduction for medical expenses has existed in one form or another for more than 60 years. One justification for this tax deduction is that it reduces the burden for taxpayers with catastrophic expenses. Currently it shields more out-of-pocket spending on health care from taxes than any other tax provision. Based on a repeated cross section from 1999 to 2005 and a 5-year panel of tax returns, we find that filers aged 65 years or older claim the deduction more often, deduct larger amounts, and do so more persistently than younger taxpayers. Augmenting tax data with information from the MEPS, we find that no more than 41% of all tax units with non—tax preferred medical expenditures exceeding 10% of income claimed the deduction in 2005. Even for those claiming the deduction, the average tax benefit of the deduction offsets less than 10% of medical expenditures.
Juxtaposing Beliefs and Reality: Prevalence Rates of Intimate Partner Violence and Attitudes to Violence and Gender Roles Reported by New Zealand Women
Authors: Fanslow Janet , Robinson Elizabeth , Crengle Sue , Perese Lana
Published: June 2010

This study documents the prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) for four ethnic groups and explores ethnic-specific differences and similarities in women’s attitudes. Data are from a cross-sectional survey of 2,674 ever-partnered women aged 18 to 64 years. High rates of IPV among all ethnic groups reinforce the need to retain and expand current prevention and intervention efforts. Violence was not regarded as normative for any ethnic group. All women, but Pacific and Asian women in particular, would benefit from interventions that reinforce women’s acceptance of seeking and utilizing outside intervention in cases of partner maltreatment.
Suicidality Among Battered Women in Tajikistan
Authors: Haarr Robin N.
Published: June 2010

This study examines the relationship between suicidality and women’s experiences with marital violence in Tajikistan, including the type of abuser and help-seeking behaviors of battered women. This is a descriptive study that also includes comparisons based on women’s demographics. Four hundred women in three districts of Khatlon Oblast, Tajikistan participated in this general population survey. Overall, women who experienced physical and/or sexual violence in their marriage and who told someone about the abuse were more likely to have suicidal thoughts and attempt suicide. The study’s implications for future research on issues of marital violence against women and female suicide are discussed.
Bortezomib: friend or foe of hemolytic anemia?
Authors: Dasanu Constantin A
Published: June 2010

Over the last decade, bortezomib moved in a stepwise fashion from a benchside promise into a bedside reality and is currently an important tool in the treatment of plasma cell disorders. This review focuses on the relationship between bortezomib and hemolytic anemia. In animal models with lupus-like disease, this agent was shown to deplete the auto-reactive plasma cells and serum autoantibody levels. In humans, two isolated reports advocate the efficacy of bortezomib in autoimmune hemolytic anemia, but important concerns remain with data interpretation and length bias. Conversely, bortezomib may be causative of hemolytic anemia, as reported in a cohort of patients with chronic lymphocytic anemia. Concerted efforts of both basic and clinical researchers are necessary to further explore the safety and efficacy of this agent in nonmalignant disorders, including autoimmune disorders and anemias.
Sexual Arousal to Female Children in Gynephilic Men
Authors: Lykins Amy D. , Cantor James M. , Kuban Michael E. , Blak Thomas , Dickey Robert , Klassen Philip E. , Blanchard Ray
Published: June 2010

Phallometric assessments of single-victim sexual offenders against children have suggested that only about 50% of these men are more attracted to children than they are to adults. This has raised the question of what motivates the other 50% of men to approach young girls for sex. Freund et al. showed that gynephilic men (i.e., men preferentially attracted to adult women) evidenced greater arousal to images of prepubescent girls than to images of males of any age or to nonerotic images, arguing that gynephilic men may approach prepubescent girls as a “surrogate” for their preferred erotic targets (i.e., adult women). One might argue that these phallometric results are artifactual, given that they were obtained in a time period during which images of nudity were far less common than they are today (thus any female nudity might have elicited arousal). To address this issue, the authors examined the sexual arousal patterns of 214 contemporary men who, based on self-report, offense history, and phallometric responses, were purely gynephilic. Results showed the “classical control profile”: the greatest arousal to adult women, systematically decreasing arousal as the female stimuli became younger, and essentially no arousal to any age categories of males or to neutral (nonerotic) stimuli. Arousal to both pubescent and prepubescent girls was significantly greater than to neutral stimuli ( p < .001 for both). Thus, Freund et al.’s results still appear to be valid, and the explanation for child molesting that they suggest still seems to be feasible.
Effect of Physical Nonlinearity on Local Buckling in Sandwich Beams
Authors: Koissin Vitaly , Shipsha Andrey , Skvortsov Vitaly
Published: June 2010

This article deals with experimental, theoretical, and FE characterization of the local buckling in foam-core sandwich beams. In the theoretical approach, this phenomena is considered in a periodic formulation (unbounded wrinkle wave); a nonlinear stress—strain response of the face material is accounted for. In the FE approach, nonlinearity of the core material is also modeled. Full-field strain measurement is employed in the tests showing that the commonly used edgewise compression set-up can cause premature waviness of the faces, and therefore, nonlinear local deformations in the core layer.
Creativity and assessment in Chinese arts education: Perspectives of Hong Kong students
Authors: Leong Samuel
Published: June 2010

The Chinese government has opened up its education system since the early 1990s, blending traditional test-centered approaches with critical thinking and versatility, and easing exam pressures. This article examines the place of creativity in the education reform agenda, and creativity and assessment in Chinese arts education, from the perspective of Hong Kong students 10 years after the handover and 6 years after the launch of the education reform. The article reports the findings of a survey on the types of assessment employed by music and visual arts teachers in primary and secondary government schools, what arts students thought about arts assessment and what contributed to arts learning, their preparation for and confidence in taking arts assessment. Key differences between the practices and perspectives of music and the visual arts are highlighted, and the implications for creative music education in China are discussed.
The Sankofa Drum and Dance Ensemble: Motivations for student participation in a school world music ensemble
Authors: Hess Juliet
Published: June 2010

The Sankofa Drum and Dance Ensemble is a world music ensemble at the elementary level that focuses on Ghanaian music in the Ewe tradition. The ensemble consists of students in grades 4 through grade 8 and is one of the few world music ensembles in the school board. This article will examine the qualitative data from the interviews of nine students participating in the ensemble at the time of study (2007), exploring both their motivations for joining and for remaining in the Sankofa Drum and Dance Ensemble. Motivations will be examined categorically, considering the different musical, psychological and social motivations the students cite as their reasons for ensemble participation. The data concludes that there are many musical, psychological, and social reasons for ensemble participation and offers implications for music education.
A community of practice in music teacher training: The case of Musicalização Infantil
Authors: Ilari Beatriz
Published: June 2010

This article discusses the emergence of a community of practice of student-teachers in music in a Brazilian university outreach program called Musicalização Infantil. It starts with a short introduction to the concept of community of practice. Next, a brief history of the program is presented to contextualize the study, followed by a description of three episodes that took place while the author was program coordinator and student-teacher mentor. These episodes provide a background against which to discuss how the concept of community of practice may be related to music teacher education. Implications for music education, locally and globally, are articulated at the end of the article.
Metaphorical process and the birth of meaningful musical rationality in beginning instrumentalists
Authors: Davis Sharon G.
Published: June 2010

In this qualitative study, I explored the musical processes and music learning processes of students in one fifth-grade beginning band class. Influenced by an earlier study of rock musicians (Davis, 2005), I began to consider how I might incorporate informal learning processes into the context of a formal classroom. Through this 6- month investigation in my own classroom, I became aware of the learning strategies my students were using to create their own musical meaning and, in turn, what I learned about their strategies influenced my teaching and transformed my pedagogical design. As a teacher, I learned that enabling students to discuss their own musical connections (which, in this study, were largely metaphorical) instead of dismissing what may have seemed unrelated to my own way of thinking, enabled students to give birth to their own musical rationality (Greene, 1995) and encouraged their personal investment in their own learning.