bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High temperature piezoelectric properties of yttrium calcium oxyborate single crystals
Authors: Yu Fapeng , Zhang Shujun , Zhao Xian , Yuan Duorong , Wang Qingming , Shrout Thomas R.
Published: March 2010

The piezoelectric single crystal yttrium calcium oxyborate, YCa4O(BO3)3, was studied as a function of orientation and temperature. The resistivity of Y‐cut samples was found to be 2.7 × 107 Ω cm at 950 °C, three orders of magnitude higher than langatate crystals. The electromechanical coupling k26 and piezoelectric d26 were found to be 22% and 10 pC/N at room temperature for (ZXw)‐30°‐cut samples, respectively, maintaining similar values at elevated temperature of 950 °C, exhibiting temperature independent behavior. Furthermore, the highest temperature frequency coefficient was obtained in (ZXw)‐33°‐cut samples, being –91 ppm/K. The temperature independent piezoelectric properties, together with the high resistivity and mechanical quality factor Q (∼2000 at 950 °C), suggest the YCOB crystal to be a good candidate for high temperature sensing applications. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extension of potential predictability of Indian summer monsoon dry and wet spells in recent decades
Authors: Neena J. M. , Goswami B. N.
Published: March 2010

An understanding of the limit on potential predictability is crucial for developing appropriate tools for extended‐range prediction of active/break spells of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM). The global low‐frequency changes in climate modulate the annual cycle of the ISM and can influence the intrinsic predictability limit of the ISM intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs). Using 104‐year (1901–2004) long daily rainfall data, the change in potential predictability of active and break spells are estimated by an empirical method. It is found that the potential predictability of both active and break spells have undergone a rapid increase during the recent three decades. The potential predictability of active spells has shown an increase from one week to two weeks while that for break spells increased from two weeks to three weeks. This result is interesting and intriguing in the backdrop of recent finding that the potential predictability of monsoon weather has decreased substantially over the same period compared to earlier decades due to increased potential instability of the atmosphere. The possible role of internal dynamics and external forcing in producing this change has been explored. The changes in energy exchange between the synoptic and ISO scale and the different ISO modes as evidenced by energetics computations in frequency domain also support the increased potential predictability of ISO. Our finding provides optimism for improved and useful extended‐range prediction of monsoon active and break spells. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Which atomic charges are best adapted to describe polyoxometalates?
Authors: Courcot Blandine , Bridgeman Adam J.
Published: March 2010

Studying several polyanions different atomic charges have been considered to determine which scheme can be trusted to describe their chemistry. Focussing on hexa, hepta and octa‐anions, five types of charges evaluated with Density‐functional methods have been compared and discussed: Mulliken, Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM), Hirshfeld, Voronoi Deformation Density (VDD), and the net total Voronoi (NTV) charges. It appears that the same two groups of atomic charges predict comparable values. The first group encompasses Mulliken, QTAIM and the NTV charges and the second one Hirshfeld and VDD charges. When the two groups are compared they present two different tendencies regarding the different types of oxygen atoms that can be isolated in the studied polyanions. The absolute value of the first group charges increases with the coordination number of the oxygen atom, whereas Hirshfeld and VDD charges display the opposite variation. These two different tendencies are enhanced by the number of metal atoms in the polyanion. Surprisingly, the NTV charges, which are rarely used in comparison with the VDD, show the same trend as the QTAIM charges which emphasizes the implication of the promolecule's definition in the failure of the Hirshfeld and VDD methods in this study. The Coulomb potential shows that Hirshfeld and VDD atomic charges are not adapted to reproduce the electrostatic properties of the anions which leads to the conclusion that these two partitioning approaches can't describe correctly the chemistry of polyanions and have to be considered with care when dealing with charged species. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Media coverage of sustainable development issues – attention cycles or punctuated equilibrium?
Authors: Holt Diane , Barkemeyer Ralf
Published: March 2010

Over the last two decades there has been a marked change in the way that the public perceives environmental issues and the concepts associated with sustainable development. Few would argue that this has moved into the mainstream of public consciousness. Coverage of sustainability related concepts within the media, as illustrated by a sample of 112 worldwide newspapers, shows a clear upward trajectory. Taking the example of climate change and sustainable development, this paper explores this increasing coverage, and arguably awareness, of sustainability concepts, and considers parallels with the concepts of punctuated equilibrium and issue‐attention cycles. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Florid polypoid endometriosis of the cervix with left ureteric obstruction: a mimic of cervical malignancy
Authors: Kwek J. W. , H'ng M. W. C. , Chew S. H. , Tay E. H.
Published: March 2010

Polypoid endometriosis, in contrast to typical (non‐polypoid) endometriosis, presents as masses that project from a serosal or mucosal surface or from the lining of an endometriotic cyst. Generally large, these masses can simulate a malignant tumor on imaging and at surgery. We report a case of florid polypoid endometriosis arising from the cervix with extension into the left parametrium and involving the left ureter, mimicking a locally advanced cervical malignancy on ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Copyright © 2010 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a complete in silico, multi‐layered embryonic stem cell regulatory network
Authors: Xu Huilei , Schaniel Christoph , Lemischka Ihor R. , Ma'ayan Avi
Published: March 2010

Recent efforts in systematically profiling embryonic stem (ES) cells have yielded a wealth of high‐throughput data. Complementarily, emerging databases and computational tools facilitate ES cell studies and further pave the way toward the in silico reconstruction of regulatory networks encompassing multiple molecular layers. Here, we briefly survey databases, algorithms, and software tools used to organize and analyze high‐throughput experimental data collected to study mammalian cellular systems with a focus on ES cells. The vision of using heterogeneous data to reconstruct a complete multi‐layered ES cell regulatory network is discussed. This review also provides an accompanying manually extracted dataset of different types of regulatory interactions from low‐throughput experimental ES cell studies available at http://amp.pharm.mssm.edu/iscmid/literature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Strong light inhibits germination of Artemisia sphaerocephala and A. ordosica at low temperature and its relevance to revegetation in sandy lands of Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Lai Liming , Zheng Yuanrun , Bai Hua , Yu Yunjiang , An Ping , Li Xiangjun , Rimmington Glyn M. , Shimizu Hideyuki
Published: March 2010

Artemisia sphaerocephala and A. ordosica are two dominant shrub species in Mu Us sandy land (Inner Mongolia, China) and are widely used for vegetation restoration. However, there are two different conclusions about the effect of light on their germination: light promotes germination versus light inhibits germination. The aim of this study was to evaluate these two conclusions and relate the results to instances of failure of these two species to germinate well when air‐dispersed in revegetation projects. The effects of fluctuating temperature, light/dark, source (population), position on mother plant, storage condition, and storage time were tested on germination of achenes of these two species. At low temperature, final percent germination (FPG) of achenes in dark and nearly dark conditions was significantly higher than those in light. At 10:20°C, achenes of both A. sphaerocephala and A. ordosica had higher FPG in dark than in light regardless of source, position on mother plants or storage condition. At suboptimum (5:15°C) and supraoptimal (25:35°C) temperatures, germination of A. sphaerocephala and A. ordosica achenes was inhibited in both light and darkness. It was concluded that light inhibits germination of A. sphaerocephala and A. ordosica achenes at low (10:20°C) temperature but not at high (15:25°C) temperature. Since the temperature in Mu Us sandy land is around 10:20°C in early June, when air sowing is done, achenes should germinate best when they are covered by a thin layer of sand.
Preparation of Biodiesel by Transesterification of Rapeseed Oil with Methanol Using Solid Base Catalyst Calcined K2CO3/γ‐Al2O3
Authors: Liu Xianghua , Xiong Xingyao , Liu Canming , Liu Dengyou , Wu Anjun , Hu Qiulong , Liu Chunlin
Published: March 2010

We report here the preparation of biodiesel by transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol using calcined K2CO3/γ‐Al2O3 as a solid base catalyst. The prepared catalysts were characterized using SEM, IR and BET, and their catalytic activities were evaluated. The reaction conditions were optimized, and in particular, the conversion can be as high as 98.62% under the optimal reaction conditions. In addition, the effect of the presence of water in the reaction system on the catalytic activity was also studied.
Comparison of Oils Originating from Olive Fruit by Different Production Systems
Authors: Pehlivan Birsen , Yılmaz Emin
Published: March 2010

In this study eight olive oil samples produced in different processing systems were analyzed and compared. It was shown that extended processing systems tend to result in lower quality oil. Slight differences were observed among the virgin classes of the samples. The antique process sample had higher phenolics content, bitterness, throat catching, and lower values of positive sensory terms. It was shown that the second decantation oil was lower in almost all quality criteria and truly is a lampante, non‐food use sample. Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) of the samples has indicated that positively defined terms were higher in the virgin class of the samples than the refined class of the samples. But consumer hedonic measurements did not differentiate the samples. Buying intentions of the refined samples were as high as the values for the virgin samples. Models of consumer buying intentions included appearance and flavor as significant factors. Multidimensional scale analyses of data have shown that olive oils can be grouped successfully by common quality and sensory parameters.
Results of bipolar release in the treatment of congenital muscular torticolis in patients older than 10 years of age
Authors: Sudesh Pebam , Bali Kamal , Mootha Aditya Krishna , Dhillon Mandeep Singh
Published: March 2010

Purpose

Neglected congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is a common presentation in developing countries like India, with the primary concern of the patients being cosmesis. Little has been published regarding the management of such patients. The aim of our study was to evaluate the results of bipolar release in this age group.

Methods

Over a period of five years, 14 patients older than ten years (range 10–19 years) with neglected CMT were operated on with bipolar release of sternocleidomastoid muscle and z-plasty lengthening of the sternal end. Postoperative protocol included head halter traction for three weeks followed by intensive physical therapy. Results were evaluated using a modified version of the system of Lee et al.

Results

At an average follow-up of around three years (range 1–5 years), excellent results were noted in three patients, good in seven, fair in two, and poor in two. Postoperative improvements in range of motion, head tilt, chin deviation and cosmesis were noted in all patients, and these improvements were statistically significant. No surgery-related complications or recurrences requiring surgery occurred in any of the patients.

Conclusions

This study concluded that patients with CMT presenting after ten years of age definitely benefit from surgery, and that bipolar release is an adequate and complication-free method for such patients.
The FHA domain of OdhI interacts with the carboxyterminal 2‐oxoglutarate dehydrogenase domain of OdhA in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Krawczyk Sabine , Raasch Katharina , Schultz Christian , Hoffelder Melanie , Eggeling Lothar , Bott Michael
Published: March 2010

OdhI (uniprotkb:Q8NQJ3) physically interacts (MI:0915) with OdhA (uniprotkb:Q8NRC3) by pull down (MI:0096)
KatG from Salmonella Typhimurium is a peroxynitritase
Authors: McLean Samantha , Bowman Lesley A.H. , Poole Robert K.
Published: March 2010

Pathogenic bacteria elicit protective responses to oxidative and nitrosative stresses. Although such responses are generally distinct, it was recently reported in Mycobacterium tuberculosis that catalase–peroxidase (KatG), a classical defence against peroxides, also exhibits peroxynitritase activity. Here, the katG gene from Salmonella Typhimurium was cloned and protein purified and characterised. An increase in the rate of decomposition of peroxynitrite was observed for KatG from the enterobacterium with a second‐order rate constant of 4.2 × 104
M−1
s−1 at pH 7.4, 25 °C. This enzyme was able to reduce dihydrorhodamine oxidation by peroxynitrite to ∼83%. Given the peroxynitritase activity demonstrated here it is likely that KatG may play a wider role in the detoxification of oxidative stresses than previously thought.
Increased nucleolar localization of SpiA3G in classically but not alternatively activated macrophages
Authors: Konjar Špela , Yin Fangfang , Bogyo Matthew , Turk Boris , Kopitar-Jerala Nataša
Published: March 2010

MINT‐7714241: SpiA3G (uniprotkb:Q5I2A0) and cathepsin L(uniprotkb:P06797) co‐localize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)
Water policy—Evidence, learning and the governance of uncertainty
Authors: Head Brian W
Published: March 2010

The evidence-based policy (EBP) movement has often focused on relatively stable policy issues and service programs where rigorous analysis has been able to enhance policy-makers’ consideration of improvement options. However, EBP has taken different turns in policy fields marked by value-conflict, rapid change, high risk or radical uncertainty. One such area in recent years has been water policy, in the context of water scarcity. There have been urgent new challenges for water policy, planning and delivery in many cities and regions around the world. This paper examines an Australian case-study, the urban water crisis in Southeast Queensland (SEQ), taking a policy governance perspective. The State government became increasingly alarmed by the deteriorating water-supply outlook, and undertook a number of policy changes including substantial re-structuring of urban water governance. The paper raises issues about the evidence base for decision-making, and for policy learning, where policy governance is shaped under conditions of uncertainty and crisis.
The incorporation of marinen-3 PUFA into platelets and adipose tissue in pre- and postmenopausal women: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Witt Petra M. , Christensen Jeppe H. , Ewertz Marianne , Aardestrup Inge V. , Schmidt Erik B.
Published: March 2010

The primary aim of the trial was to investigate the influence of menopause on the incorporation of marinen-3 PUFA into platelets and adipose tissue. A secondary aim was to evaluate whether marinen-3 PUFA may change levels of circulating oestrogens in women. Ninety-two pre- and postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to consume 2·2 g of marinen-3 PUFA or control oil daily for 12 weeks. Adipose tissue biopsies and blood samples were collected at baseline and after intervention. Eighty-nine women completed the study. Baseline contents of total marinen-3 PUFA and each of the major long-chainedn-3 PUFA, EPA, docosapentaenoic acid and DHA were all significantly lower (P < 0·05) in the premenopausal group both in platelets and adipose tissue, except for EPA in platelets (P = 0·05). After supplementation with fish oil, the content of all marinen-3 PUFA increased significantly in platelets and adipose tissue in both pre- and postmenopausal women. The increase in platelets and adipose tissue was, however, the same in both groups. There was no effect of fish oil on oestrogen levels in postmenopausal women. We found a significant difference in premenopausal women, in whom oestradiol (P < 0·04) and oestrone (P < 0·02) serum concentrations increased after the fish oil supplement. This trial did not reveal any difference in the ability of pre- and postmenopausal women to incorporate marinen-3 PUFA into platelets or adipose tissue. However, supplementation with fish oil increased oestrogen levels in premenopausal women.
Intestinal tumours, colonic butyrate and sleep in exercised Min mice
Authors: Basterfield Laura , Mathers John C.
Published: March 2010

There is strong epidemiological evidence that more physical activity is associated with reduced risk of colon cancer, but the amount or type of activity necessary to invoke this protection is disputed, and the mechanism that is responsible has not been elucidated. The present study compared the effects of two contrasting exercise regimens on intestinal tumourigenesis in Min mice, and investigated two novel mechanistic factors: colonic butyrate and sleep. From 5 weeks of age, Min mice were exercised by running on a treadmill (TR; ≤ 21 m/min, 30–60 min/d, 5 d/week, ≤ 12 weeks). Additional groups of mice were provided with an exercise wheel (WH) or no exercise (CON). Mice had free access to a Western-style, high-fat diet. WH mice ran 3·97 km (females) and 1·92 km (males) daily (P = 0·002). There were no differences in body weight gain or body composition between treatment groups. Treadmill running reduced the numbers of larger ( ≥ 2 mm diameter) tumours (P = 0·042), and tended to reduce tumour multiplicity in the colon (P = 0·049). TR mice had a higher molar proportion of butyrate in colonic digesta than CON mice (P = 0·030), and when treatment groups were combined, there was a weak negative correlation (r − 0·174, P = 0·061) between butyrate molar proportion and total tumour number. In a subset of animals in which non-exercise physical activity was monitored, there were strong positive correlations between sleep duration and both tumour multiplicity (P < 0·001) and tumour burden (P = 0·001). More studies of the effects of sleep and of colonic butyrate in mediating the effects of physical activity on intestinal tumourigenesis are warranted.
Feeding mink (Neovison vison) a protein-restricted diet during pregnancy induces higher birth weight and altered hepatic gene expression in the F2 offspring
Authors: Matthiesen Connie F. , Blache Dominique , Thomsen Preben D. , Tauson Anne-Helene
Published: March 2010

Malnutrition during foetal life can induce modifications in the phenotype of an individual. The present study aimed to observe effects of low foetal life protein provision on modifications of the phenotype and changes in the progeny of 1-year-old female mink (F1 generation) offspring of mothers fed a low-protein diet. Traits studied included reproductive performance, energy and protein metabolism, and key hepatic enzymes associated with glucose homeostasis and metabolic hormones. The F0 generation offspring were fed either a low-protein (14 % of metabolisable energy (ME) from protein – FLP1) or an adequate-protein (29 % of ME from protein – FAP1) diet for the last 17·9 (sd 3·6) d of gestation. The F1 dams were studied at birth and at 1 year of age, during their first reproductive cycle, after maintenance on an adequate diet from birth and thereafter. Metabolic traits during gestation and lactation were largely unaffected by foetal life protein provision, but birth weight in the F2 generation was higher (P = 0·003) among FLP2 kits than among FAP2 kits. Furthermore, the relative abundance of pyruvate kinase mRNA was significantly (P = 0·007) lower, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase mRNA tended (P = 0·08) to be lower in FLP2 foetuses than in FAP2 foetuses, showing some similar difference in the F2 generation and F1 generation foetuses, suggesting an effect on some hepatic enzymes affecting glucose homeostasis being transmitted from the F1 to the F2 generation. These findings indicate that even though energy and nitrogen metabolism displayed no effect of protein provision during early life, programming effects still appeared at the molecular level in the following generation.
I. Great Britain and the Swedish Revolution, 1772–73
Authors: Roberts Michael
Published: March 2010

On the morning of 19 August 1772 Gustavus III seized supreme power in Sweden, overthrew the authority of the Estates, and amid the applause of almost all Swedes outside the circle of professional politicians brought the Age of Liberty to an end. On the morrow of the revolution he explicitly abjured sovereignty for himself; he promised his.subjects the constitution of Gustav Adolf; and he did in fact confer on them a liberal and tempered despotism, which may be described as being by Mercier de la Rivière out of The Patriot King. It was a revolution bloodless, popular, and uniquely clement; but it was profoundly disturbing to international relations. Twice in the next nine months it produced crises from which, for a moment, there seemed no issue save a general European war involving all the great powers. It might have been supposed, indeed, that England could stand aside from such a struggle: the countrymen of Wilkes and Junius cared little for Swedish liberty, and had but a dim and confused notion of a parliamentary system in some respects more advanced than their own. But by an odd combination of circumstances, the Constitution of 1720—which Gustavus had overthrown on 19 August—had for some years acquired the status of a major British interest; its maintenance had become one of the linch pins of British foreign policy; and its overthrow was a challenge to a whole system of ideas which had prevailed and grown stronger in the years since the Peace of Paris.
II. Great Britain and the Beginnings of the Ottoman Public Debt, 1854–55
Authors: Anderson Olive
Published: March 2010

In 1929 the historian of European financial control in the Ottoman Empire—that most significant factor in the affairs of the Near East at the turn of the nineteenth century—found ‘the seed of the idea’ of European control in the second Turkish foreign loan, raised in 1855. Nevertheless, he added virtually nothing to the brief and rather inaccurate account of this transaction given in 1903 by that able retired official of the Ottoman Bank, A. du Velay. It may therefore be worth while to discuss, from the profusion of evidence now available, the circumstances in which this loan and its predecessor of the year before were raised, and the extent and significance of the foreign control which these transactions introduced into Turkey.
IV. England, Italy, the Nile Valley and the European Balance, 1890–91
Authors: Sanderson G. N.
Published: March 2010

In the negotiations relating to eastern and north-eastern Africa which Lord Salisbury conducted with Germany and Italy in 1890 and 1891, the desire to safeguard the waters of the Upper and Middle Nile usually played the predominant part. But this problem could not be solved in isolation from the more general considerations of Britain's position towards the powers of the Triple Alliance and, less directly, towards France. It was important that disputes relating to the upper basin of the Nile should not be permitted to disrupt the friendly relations with Germany and Italy which were themselves the diplomatic guarantee of Britain's continued presence in Egypt and indeed, since the Mediterranean Agreements of 1887, the main foundation of Salisbury's foreign policy. But it was equally important that the friendly settlement of these disputes should not result in alignments with Rome and Berlin so close as to destroy the generally tolerable relations with France which enabled Salisbury to avoid complete commitment to the Triple Alliance and an excessive dependence upon German goodwill. The history of the Anglo-Italian controversy and the immediate consequences of its settlement, which took place over a period of nearly two years, reveals more explicitly than the much briefer negotiation with Germany the perturbing influence of international rivalry in Africa upon Salisbury's delicate adjustments in Europe. For Salisbury the problem was complicated, rather than simplified, by the fact that Britain's rivals in Africa were friends nearer home.
I. Gondomar: Ambassador to James I
Authors: Carter Charles H.
Published: March 2010

Don Diego Sarmiento de Acuña, ennobled as Count of Gondomarin 1617, served as Spanish ambassador to England from 1613 to 1622 and continued thereafter in a sort of emeritus status as Spain's leading, almost only, expert on English affairs until his death in 1626.

In this tense, crisis-ridden time of uneasy peace prior to the Thirty Years' War and during the opening years of that war, when its course and its eventual extent were still much in doubt, what was going to happen in Europe, and to Europe, was very much in the hands of the relatively few men who guided or influenced affairs of state in a few key capitals. None were more important than such men in Spain and England, widely recognized as the heads of ‘the two protectorats’ over Catholic and Protestant Europe. Gondomar must certainly be counted among these few.
II. Matthew Boulton and the Art of Parliamentary Lobbying
Authors: Robinson Eric
Published: March 2010

The granting of an extension to James Watt's patent for an improved steamengine (or fire-engine as it was then called) might be considered the most important single event in the Industrial Revolution. Its implications have been fully debated. Some have argued that without it Watt's steam engine might never have been perfected and that consequently the steam revolution might have been delayed; others have said that it proved a block to progress, and in particular hindered the work of Trevithick and others who appreciated the importance of high-pressure steam. Whichever view one takes of it, it is a crucial event in the history of steam power, and therefore it is important to understand fully the circumstances in which it came about, so that we can assess the motives of those who promoted the measure and those who opposed it. And when we consider that the opposition to it was led by Edmund Burke himself, an added interest is given to the matter, for we may expect to learn something of Burke's attitudes to monopolies and patents. Lastly, the material on which this paper is based has a further interest. It gives a detailed account of a parliamentary lobby in the later eighteenth century, giving the names of those who were approached, and allowing us to see the methods which were pursued by an eminent manufacturer, Matthew Boulton, and his partner, James Watt, in getting such a measure through Parliament. As is so often the case during the early years of the Industrial Revolution what appears at first sight to be a local affair proves to be a matter of national, even international importance, in its repercussions. The history of Birmingham becomes the history of the world.
Gibbon's unfinished History: the French Revolution and English political vocabularies
Authors: Womersley David
Published: March 2010

On Gibbon's death his papers contained an incomplete and unpublished essay on the genealogy of the European dynasty of which the British royal family was a branch, entitled The antiquities of the house of Brunswick. This article explains why Gibbon began this work, and why he laid it aside. Beginning by describing the nature and purpose of literature on Hanoverian genealogy in the earlier eighteenth century, and proceeding to relate the content of the Antiquities to the politics of Blackstone and Hume, the article identifies the Antiquities as a distinctively ancien régime defence of British political life and institutions which was elicited from Gibbon by the early months of the French revolution. The abandonment of the Antiquities is then explained as part of Gibbon's shocked response to the deepening gravity of events in France after the September massacres. In the polarized political atmosphere which ensued, the literary finesse of the Antiquities ran the risk of being confused with disaffection. That risk was increased when Gibbon and The decline and fall began to be used by radicals as auxiliaries in their attack on England's ancien régime. The textual history of the Antiquities allows us to perceive the rapidity with which the connotations and ownership of certain political vocabularies in England changed during the early 1790s.
Adam Smith: Scottish moral philosopher as political economist
Authors: Winch Donald
Published: March 2010

By contrast with those for whom the Wealth of nations marks the origin of economics as an autonomous science, this article argues that Smith's significance lies in his attempt to repossess political economy by restoring its links with the sciences of morals and natural jurisprudence — those concerns which are characteristic of his writings as a moral philosopher. The case proceeds by re-examining two topics derived from these sciences. The first begins with Smith's ungenerous treatment of his mercantile predecessors as a clue to what he believed was distinctive about his own system. Smith was antagonistic to precisely those rationalist, utilitarian and reductive models of behaviour based on self-interest that he is held to have in common with mercantile writers; he was answering rather than joining those who felt it necessary to isolate and legitimate rational economic self-seeking. The second topic turns on Smith's natural jurisprudence: his application of the criteria of natural justice when criticizing mercantile policies and institutions, where the emphasis falls on the negative injunctions of commutative justice rather than the positive ones of distributive justice. The separation of the ethics of the Theory of moral sentiments from the Wealth of nations, therefore, tells us more about Smith's successors than Smith himself.
Sir Ernest Satow, Japan and Asia: the trials of a diplomat in the age of high imperialism
Authors: Brailey Nigel
Published: March 2010

This is an article highlighting the limitations of Lord Salisbury as foreign secretary in an age when foreign policy was for the first time taking on a truly global character, and yet its practitioners still possessed a rather parochial, almost exclusively European experience, and distrusted ‘experts’. It was of course the late nineteenth-century spread of European imperialism that first called for such global policy making, and thus most of this Europe-dominated world was still for the time being quite susceptible to a Eurocentric approach.

But if any area was the exception it was eastern Asia, in due course to be mainly responsible for decline of Western imperial world hegemony. And in the vanguard of this counter-challenge was to be Japan, a country with which Salisbury personally was to find himself all at sea. By contrast, Ernest Satow, more than any other figure of his time, found the key to Japan, and it is a sign of how poorly general Western understanding of that country has progressed since then that his voluminous diaries and papers sit in the Public Record Office, still largely untouched by researchers.
The politics of Conservative reform: the equal pay for equal work issue, 1945–1955
Authors: Smith Harold L.
Published: March 2010

Although Conservative M.P.s were instrumental in defeating equal pay proposals in parliament in 1936 and 1944, it was a Conservative government which in 1954 decided to proceed with equal pay for female civil servants. Previous explanations for this reversal of traditional Conservative policy have focused on the need to increase the supply of female applicants for civil service positions, and the equal pay campaigns by white–collar unions and by the feminist Equal Pay Campaign Committee. Drawing upon previously unused sources, including P.R.O.files, this article offers a more overtly political explanation.

Within four weeks after the Labour party announced in January 1954 that it would ‘immediately’ implement equal pay when the next Labour government was formed, R. A. Butler, the chancellor of the exchequer, informed his treasury advisers that he wished to proceed with equal pay. With a general election looming in the near future, and believing themselves engaged in a close race with the Labour party, the cabinet reluctantly endorsed reform, fearing that a failure to act might tip sufficient female voters toward Labour to determine the outcome of a close election.
John Locke's circle and James II
Authors: Goldie Mark
Published: March 2010

James II's grant of religious toleration and his invitation to the whigs to return to office dramatically changed the English political scene and created profound dilemmasfor the crown's former enemies. Although there is ambiguity in their responses, and although Locke himself remained an immovable exile, his circle offriends took advantage of these changes. This included nomination to James's proposed tolerationist parliament, an accommodation which damaged them in the actual elections to the Convention of 1689. Some took office, and in at least two cases Locke's associates published pamphlets in support of the king. By exploring the politics of the Lockean whigs a contradiction in earlier views is resolved. For whilst Richard Ashcraft has argued that Locke's circle remained unremittingly hostile to James and engaged in clandestine plotting, other sources identify the same people as among the king's ‘whig collaborators’. The chief actors in Locke's circle are Edward Clarke, Sir Walter Yonge, Richard Duke and Richard Burthogge.
White women, black slaves and the law in early national Georgia: the Sunbury petition of 1791
Authors: Wood Betty
Published: March 2010

In 1791, in one of the most remarkable documents penned in eighteenth-century Georgia, a group of white women petitioned for the life of a male mulatto slave who had been condemned to death not because of the offence he had committed but because of his reputation as ‘villain’. Although barely a page long, the Sunbury petition provides a fascinating statement of the racial attitudes, political consciousness and modus operandi of elite white women in early national Georgia. The women of Sunbury were articulating their understanding of the role and duties of women in the new republic. If necessary, those duties included correcting the civic behaviour of men.
TheDéclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyenand its critics in France: reaction andidéologie
Authors: Jennings Jeremy
Published: March 2010

The focus of this article is upon the extensive debate in France that surrounded the concept, content and application of the rights of man in the years between 1789 and the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy. Beginning with a detailed analysis of the discussion that surrounded the formulation of theDéclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyenattention turns to two broad strands of criticism directed at the discourse of rights: that articulated by the defenders of counter-revolution (most notably Montlosier, Rivarol and de Bonald) and that associated with the idéologues (Daunou, Roederer and de Tracy). Amongst the former rights were associated not only with a new species of revolutionary government but also with the political, social and moral disintegration of France itself; for the latter, emphasis, via the logic of utilitarianism, fell upon seeking to deprive the language of rights of its radical dimensions and implications. It was left to Benjamin Constant to point out the possible contradictions between the claims of utility and those of rights.
The Messiah and the bourgeoisie: Venizelos and politics in Greece, 1909–1912
Authors: Mazower Mark
Published: March 2010

The mercurial rise of Venizelos, the most prominent Greek statesman of this century, has been a hotly debated issue of modern Greek history. The tendency until recently has been to explain his success in terms of social changes, and to see the rise of the Liberal party as the triumph of modernizing bourgeois forces in early twentieth-century Greece. This article, however, compares Venizelos both with the generation of politicians which preceded him, and with his leading contemporary, Gounaris. It argues that Venizelos's enormous popularity hinged upon his response to the nationalist, quasi-messianicfervour which gripped Greece after its humiliating defeat by Turkey in 1897. Parliamentary government came to be seen as passive and elitist, political parties as causes of national decline. Using his rhetorical skills and the press, Venizelos presented himself as the agent of national regeneration. His attitude towards class politics, and to the very idea of political parties, was complex and ambivalent. Hence, his rise should be interpreted, not in terms of a simple Marxist or whiggish schema, as the product of Greece's bourgeois revolution, but as the expression of a new more confident nationalism, which reinforced the personality-centred quality of Greek politics.
The 1920 Revolt in Iraq Reconsidered:The Role of Tribes in National Politics
Authors: Vinogradov Amal
Published: March 2010

It is well known that the Hashemite Dynasty in Iraq was the creation of the British in 1921. Less well known are the circumstances that led to the hasty installation of Faisal as king and the emergence of ‘Independent Modern Iraq’.The 1920 revolt forced the hesitant British to enact a solution which for thirtyseven years was maintained by force. During this time, the British were obliged to force-feed an artificial and outmoded system that was barely capable of holding primordial sentiments in check. The state apparatus that the British set up as a means of containing these sentiments was not a genuine structure developed to meet expressed needs, nor did it serve to forge the various segments of the society into an organic nation.
Pig-farming systems and porcine cysticercosis in the north of Cameroon
Authors: Assana E. , Amadou F. , Thys E. , Lightowlers M.W. , Zoli A.P. , Dorny P. , Geerts S.
Published: March 2010

A survey was conducted in 150 households owning 1756 pigs in the rural areas of Mayo-Danay division in the north of Cameroon. A questionnaire survey was carried out to collect information on the pig-farming system and to identify potential risk factors for Taenia solium cysticercosis infection in pigs. Blood samples were collected from 398 pigs with the aim of estimating the seroprevalence of T. solium cysticercosis. The results showed that 90.7% of the pigs are free roaming during the dry season and that 42.7% of households keeping pigs in the rural areas have no latrine facility. Seventy-six per cent of the interviewed pig owners confirmed that members of the household used open-field defecation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antigen and antibody detection showed an apparent prevalence of cysticercosis of 24.6% and 32.2%, respectively. A Bayesian approach, using the conditional dependence between the two diagnostic tests, indicated that the true seroprevalence of cysticercosis in Mayo-Danay was 26.6%. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that a lack of knowledge of the taeniasis–cysticercosis complex and the absence of a pig pen in the household were associated with pig cysticercosis.
Seroepidemiology of H1N1 influenza: the infection and re-infection rate in winter 1978–79
Authors: Pyhälä R. , Aho K.
Published: March 2010

It was observed that small children and pregnant women were affected to only a small extent by the H1N1 influenza outbreak of winter 1978–79. This supports earlier findings from the epidemic season of 1977–78 and demonstrates that the evolutionary changes in the epidemic virus were not reflected in any appreciable way in this curious phenomenon. The frequency of elderly subjects possessing antibodies against the epidemic H1N1 virus was low, and virtually equal in the pre-epidemic and post-epidemic sampling. This low attack rate contrasts with observations on young military servicemen, in whom the re-infection rate was high, thus indicating that the infection with the winter 1977–78 virus had conferred only modest protection against the closely related virus which caused the winter 1978–79 outbreak.
Diagnosis of recent hepatitis A infection: a comparison of two methods for detecting specific IgM
Authors: Mortimer P. P. , Parry J. V. , Appleton Hazel
Published: March 2010

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) tests for anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgM were carried out on 728 sera: 382 were tested by both a method using an anti-μ serum bound to a solid phase and a method involving preliminary separation of IgM by sucrose density gradient (SDG) centrifugation, 354 by the anti-μ method alone and two by the SDG method alone. Similar proportions of sera were found to be positive by each method (42·5%, 41·7%), but equivocal results were commoner by the SDG method (4·7% compared with 1·5%). There were 21 (5·5%) discrepant results from the sera tested by both methods, 20 of which could have been due to the higher sensitivity of the anti-μ method.

The SDG method generally gave unequivocal results on sera collected within six weeks of the onset of jaundice. Separation of the IgM fraction by re-orientation centrifugation was quick, but otherwise offered no special advantage over separation on a swing-out rotor. The use of 2 mercaptoethanol (2 ME) reduction to assess the purity of the IgM fraction increased confidence in the specificity of the test. It led, however, to the exclusion of 16 reactive sera (4·2%), all of which were found to be positive in the anti-μ test.

The anti-μ method gave better discrimination between positive and negative sera than the SDG method and detected IgM both earlier and later in infection. The results of tests designed to check the specificity of the anti-μ procedure were satisfactory. As it is potentially cheaper and easier to perform, the anti-μ method seems, in all respects, to be superior to the SDG method.
Antigenic scheme forCitrobacter koseri(syn.C. diversus, Levinea malonatica); three new antigens recognized in strains from Israel
Authors: Gross R. J. , Rowe B. , Sechter I. , Cahan D. , Altman G.
Published: March 2010

An antigenic scheme forCitrobacter koseriwas described previously and consisted of 14 ‘O’ antigens. Three additional antigens are now added to the scheme and type strains for these antigens are designated. Their origins and their biochemical and serological reactions are described.
Duration of the immune response in subjects inoculated with antimeningococcal A and C vaccines kept in storage at −20°C and at 4°C: influence of pre-vaccination titres on the vaccinal response
Authors: Grinstein S. , Kahn T. M. , Tisminetsky S. , Donadio Marta , Weyland G.
Published: March 2010

The antibody titres in 250 subjects, aged 5 to 22 years, who were vaccinated with a mannitol-lyophilized antimeningococcal A + C vaccine, stable only when stored at − 20°C, were followed for two years. As measured by indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IF) techniques, titres for both A and CNeisseria meningitidisantibodies remained high. Two years after vaccination titres of antibodies against type A showed fourfold increase over the initial titres in from 46 % to 100 % of groups of subjects and against type C in from 42 % to 80%.

For 130 subjects vaccinated with a new lactose–lyophilized antimeningcoccal A + C vaccine (presumed stable at 4°C) antibody titres were measured up to 16 months after inoculation with this vaccine stored at −20°C and also after storage for several periods at 4°C. Antibody titres in all these subjects had fallen to their initial titres by 16 months.

The importance of evaluating the results on subjects showing low initial titres (≤1/8 as measured by IHA) is discussed, as inclusion of high initial titres influences the extent of the response.
Antibody capture radioimmunoassay for anti-rubella IgM
Authors: Mortimer P. P. , Tedder R. S. , Hambling M. H. , Shafi M. S. , Burkhardt F. , Schilt U.
Published: March 2010

An M-antibody capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA) for anti-rubella IgM was developed. Under optimum conditions positive serum specimens bound up to 20 times as much radioactivity as negative specimens. Positive reactions were expressed in arbitrary units/ml by comparison with a calibration curve derived from results obtained with dilutions of a standard serum.

The specificity of the assay was confirmed by testing IgM and IgG rich fractions of positive sera. One hundred and forty specimens from blood donors, patients whose sera contained rheumatoid factor and patients with acute, non-rubella, virus infections were tested by MACRIA. No significant non-specific reactions were detected.

Paired sera from acute rubella (25 patients) and individual sera from suspected rubella (69 patients) were tested for anti-rubella IgM by MACRIA and by haemagglutination inhibition following sucrose-density-gradient fractionation. There was close agreement between the two methods. The capture assay was more sensitive and could be used to detect the weak IgM response in women given RA 27/3 vaccine. After the natural infection, the MACRIA was strongly positive for two months and remained weakly so for a further two months. Repeat testing of sera demonstrated good reproducibility of the assay.

MACRIA proved a simple, sensitive and specific test for anti-rubella IgM and compared favourably with currently used techniques.
Evaluation of a portable air purifier
Authors: Lawrence J. C. , Lilly H. A. , Wilkins M. D.
Published: March 2010

A portable air purifier significantly reduced mal odour in a small room. If the atmosphere was deliberately contaminated with Serratia marcescens the unit rapidly removed this organism. However, if incorrectly sited, the purifier could disperse organisms into the atmosphere.
Viruses in sewage as an indicator of their presence in the community
Authors: Sellwood Jane , Dadswell J. V. , Slade J. S.
Published: March 2010

The results of a three year study of the viruses isolated from sewage by means of five tissue culture types are reported. The enteroviruses identified demonstrated a seasonal pattern which was similar to that of clinical isolates. Echoviruses and coxsackieviruses displayed a changing pattern of dominant serotypes in both sewage and clinical isolates; echovirus 6, 19, 3 and coxsackievirus B4, B5, A9 successively became the most common serotypes. The poliovirus in sewage was all vaccine-like in character. Reovirus, type 2 was abundant; adenovirus, of several serotypes, were the least often identified.