bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerated static pile composting of municipal solid waste (MSW): a comparsion of positive pressure aeration with hybrid positive and negative aeration
Authors: Sesay A.A. , Lasaridi K.E. , Stentiford E.I.
Published: March 2007

A hybrid mode of aeration using "suck" and "blow" with tem perature feedback control was used in a static pile composting process. Its performance was compared with the classical aer ated static pile process using positive pressure aeration (blow ing) based on temperature feedback control including low rates of fixed aeration. The two piles used in the trial each used shredded municipal solid waste (MSW) as the substrate. The characteristic temperature/time profiles for both control strategies were monitored alongside other physico-chemical parameters including volatile solids content (and extent of reduction), C/N ratio, moisture content, pH, and electrical conductivity. Specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) was also measured to determine the stability of the compost. The indi cator organisms for faecal contamination, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci were monitored to determine the extent of sanitisation of the compost.
International report: The impact of industrial waste landfill on drinking water in Poland
Authors: Zygadlo Maria
Published: March 2007

This report presents the state of industrial waste landfills in Poland. It analyses the contamination of groundwater with industrial wastes at a site belonging to a metallurgical factory located in the Kielce province (central region of Poland). In landfill leachates, there exists a considerable amount of toxic substances like phenols, formaldehyde, cyanides, detergents and others which, due to improper bedding tightness, seri ously threatens groundwater, including the drinking water intake for the City of Konskie (located 3 km from the land fill). Toxic substances are washed-out from wastes with rain water and, because of unfavourable geological structure, per colate into the Quaternary and then the Jurassic level. In order to prevent water intake contamination, it is necessary to keep the quantity of water extracted to a reduced level.
Assessment and influence of specific parameters on a high density, aerobic landfill
Authors: Deusto I. Ansoleaga , Iza Lopez J. , Rodriguez Frutos J.L.
Published: March 2007

A full-scale aerobic landfill has been constructed and oper ated in Gordexola (Biscay, Spam), a region with an average rainfall of 14001 1 m-2 yr-1. In order to establish good operating practice, and to obtain some design data, a special area has been created on the landfill and has been closely observed. In this region of heavy rainfall and mild temperatures, an aero bic decomposition cycle lasts for an average of 29 days. It requires the preparation of refuse layers with an initial thick ness of 0.6 m, six passes with a compacting machine, and two additional passes one week after the initial disposal. In order to assess the impact of rainfall on the production of leachate, a full water balance has been carried out. As a result, only 11 % of collected rainfall appears as leachate, whereas other anaerobic landfills in the area show percentages close to 50%. Applying the most disfavorable parameters obtained during the study for the design of a new landfill, the operational sur face area required is equal to 300 times the daily disposal in Mg d-1, expressed in square meters.
The effect of municipal solid waste pretreatment on landfill behavior: a literature review
Authors: Komilis D.P. , Ham R.K. , Stegmann R.
Published: March 2007

Landfilling is one of the most widely used municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal methods worldwide. It is the necessary part of an integrated solid waste system, since all waste treatment processes have residues that cannot be further reused or recovered and are eventually landfilled. Thermal, mechanical and biological pretreatment techniques are used, often in combination, prior to landfilling. The primary aim is the recovery of certain components and energy production. However, pretreatment techniques can also be used with the ultimate objective of controlling landfill behavior, that is the biological and physicochemical processes that take place within a landfill. Two ways a landfill can be managed in the future are: a final storage quality depository, in which environmental emissions are kept to a minimum; or a controlled bioreactor, in which enhanced methane production rates and methane utilization are the goals. Thermal, mechanical and biological pretreatment methods can be combined to achieve either of the above goals. Both financial and environmental issues have to be considered when determining the ways landfills will be managed in the future, as part of an optimized integrated waste management system.
Australian urban landfills: management and economics
Authors: Xinlei Xu  , Rudolph Victor , Greenfield Paul F.
Published: March 2007

The current management and economic status of Australian urban landfilling is summarized. Landfills in four Australian metropolitan areas (Brisbane, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth) were surveyed, focusing on management and economic issues. The management issues include aspects of site management and environmental monitoring. The economic components comprise the landfill charges, the capital and operating costs and the costs of site rehabilitation. It was found that: (1) in terms of the current landfill guidelines the average level of compliance with respect to environmental management in these urban landfills is relatively low; (2) landfill tipping fees do not reflect the true costs of waste disposal; and (3) there are substantial cross-subsidies in regional landfill management systems.
Problem of disposal of unwanted pesticides deposited in concrete tombs
Authors: Zaleska Adriana , Hupka Jan
Published: March 2007

The contents of a selected dual-chamber tomb containing pesticide wastes were investigated. Organochlorine pesticides constituted 30% of the buried waste and DDT constituted 50% of the chlorinated hydrocarbons. The investigated tomb also contained about 8.2 kg of mercury in organic and inorganic compounds and 600 kg of explosive nitrophenols. Because the bituminous coatings on the concrete walls of the tomb may be destroyed by oil-water emulsions and/or organic solvents from solvent-based preparations deposited in the tomb, it is possible that the unprotected concrete walls will be corroded and that toxic chemicals may subsequently migrate to the surrounding area. The exact composition of each tomb chamber is unknown, therefore the processing technology needs to be flexible enough to cope with the different properties and concentrations of the deposited chemicals.
Hydrodynamic modeling of leachate recirculating landfills
Authors: McCreanor Philip T. , Reinhart Debra R.
Published: March 2007

Leachate recirculation is an emerging technology for the on-site management of leachate. The benefits of leachate recirculation have been well-documented by a variety of researchers. However, little work has been done to address the hydrodynamic behavior of the landfill, i.e. the effect of recirculation system and waste characteristics on leachate routing. A modified form of SUTRA - a United States Geological Survey (USGS) saturated-unsaturated flow and transport model - was used to simulate the forces driving liquid movement through a landfill. The variables evaluated included leachate input rates, the permeability of intermediate cover materials, waste permeability, and waste heterogeneity. The model was verified using data from operating landfills in Delaware, California, New York, and Florida.
Constructed wetlands for landfill leachate treatment
Authors: Barr M.J. , Robinson H.D.
Published: March 2007

The treatment of industrial and domestic wastewaters by passage through beds containing plants of the common reed (Phragmites australis), reedmace (Typha latifolia), or other species, has been widely practised in recent years, with varying degrees of success. Although many workers have demonstrated good removal of organic components of effluents and of suspended solids, poor removal of ammoniacal nitrogen is a common finding. This has often been shown to limit the value of reed beds for treatment of raw landfill leachates. Engineered wetlands do however, have considerable capability for secondary polishing of leachates that have been pretreated in aerobic biological plants and for older leachates, this technology having been widely used in the UK. This paper will deal in general and in detail with the design of engineered wetland systems, both for the treatment of weaker and more- diluted leachates from older landfill sites, and also for the polishing of effluents from the pretreatment of much stronger leachates in aerobic biological treatment plants.
Improving State Policies Prohibiting Public Employment Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation
Authors: Colvin Roddrick A.
Published: March 2007

While manyhave studied the occurrence of employment discrimination against gay men and lesbians, little has been done to evaluate the implementation and enforcement of policies that protect against it. As no federal law has been enacted to address this matter, states are currently the highest level of government to address public employment discrimination based upon sexual orientation. By reviewing existing statutes and executive orders prohibiting public employment discrimination within an implementation framework, the author is able to draw preliminary conclusions on the likely success of these policies.
Individual Motivation and Institutional Changes Under the Senior Executive Service
Authors: Colby Peter W. , Ingraham Patricia
Published: March 2007

The Senior Executive Service (SES) represents an attempt to alter the incentive structure for govern ment executives, primarily by introducing new financial incentives to motivate performance, im prove performance appraisal, and make retention, promotion, and pay truly contingent on the results of appraisals. Our findings indicate that the reform did address sources of some dissatisfaction, but that the impact of SES to date has been, if anything, to make matters worse. SESers do not perceive improvement in the areas that SES was designed to address.
Sources of Information Used By Professionals in Government To Find Jobs: Effectiveness and Impact
Authors: Yeager Samuel J. , Rabin Jack , Vocino Thomas
Published: March 2007

The results of the National Longitudinal Study of public service professionals indicate that they employ a wide range of job information sources. Somewhat contrary to the findings of the literature reviewed for this research, greater use is made of formal rather than informal sources of job open ings. Thus, it seems that a majority of the positions (entry level and above) in the government ser vice are secured through a formalized process rather than through a reliance on friends and relatives as has generally been assumed.
The Jury Is Still Out On Merit Pay in Government
Authors: Siegel Gilbert B.
Published: March 2007

In this article the argument is made that the recent federal government experience with merit pay has produced misleading results. Because the program was largely a failure does not mean that it cannot work. Its deficiencies can be attributed to poor and hurried implementation and to inade quate funding. After examining the literature on both the implementation fiasco and employee attitudes about merit pay, the experience of a Navy research and development laboratory which has been experimenting with pay-for-performance for about six years will be examrned.
Job Satisfaction Among Early Labor Force Participants: Unexpected Outcomes in Public and Private Sector Comparisons
Authors: Steel Brent S. , Warner Rebecca L.
Published: March 2007

This study presents a systematic investigation of the level of job satisfaction among a national cross-section of early labor force participants in the public and private employment sectors in the late 1980s. While the conventional wisdom would suggest that there is a "crisis" in the level of job satisfaction among public sector employees—due to extensive "bureaucrat bashing" and the alienative internal dynamics of working within overly rigid and rule-bound organizations—the findings presented here suggest that public sector employees manifest sig nificantly higher levels of job satisfaction than their private sector counterparts. After control ling for a variety of background, personal, and situational factors, the higher level of public sector job satisfaction remains. The empirical evidence utilized in this study is from the National Longitudinal Survey's Youth Cohort.
Middle Manageis in the Bargaining Unit
Authors: Robinson Maynard
Published: March 2007

The introduction of collective bargaining to the California State University system created the single largest faculty bargaining unit in the nation. Academic department chairs were placed in the faculty unit, thereby recognizing their primary professional ties but ignoring the managerial responsibili ties of these in-unit managers. Their experience indicates that collective bargaining has had a modest though not unimportantimpactupon their roles, although potential difficulty may lie ahead for them in their relationships with the senior managers to whom they report.
Speaking Out
Authors: Lawn-Day Gayle A. , Ballard Steven
Published: March 2007

Women are underrepresented in all levels of management at every level of government -- a condition relatively unchanged by 25 years of proactive policy. While numerous theories exist on why this condition remains virtually unchanged, women managers qualified for advancement have not been questioned concerning their perceptions of the conditions and barriers experienced by female public managers. A survey of such women is reported here, indicating their perceptions of the barriers and conditions experienced by women in the public sector and contrasting these experiences with their perceptions of the private sector.
The Manager's View of Management Education and Training
Authors: Conant James K.
Published: March 2007

IN HIS 1887 ARTICLE, "THE STUDY OF ADMINISTRATION," WOODROW WILSON ARGUED THAT PUBLIC MANAGERS AND PROSPECTIVE CANDIDATES FOR THE PUBLIC SERVICE NEEDED TRAINING IN A "SCIENCE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION." THIS TRAINING, WILSON MAINTAINED, COULD SAVE ADMINISTRATION FROM THE "COSTLINESS OF EMPIRICAL EXPERIMENT." SINCE WILSON'S TIME, MANAGEMENT EDUCATION AND TRAINING HAS OFTEN BEEN RECOMMENDED BY ACADEMICIANS, BLUE RIBBON COMMISSIONS, AND EVEN ELECTED OFFICIALS AS A WAY TO IMPROVE ADMINISTRATIVE EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY. YET, THE MANAGER'S VIEW ON THIS IMPORTANT TOPIC HAS NOT BEEN PRESENTED IN ANY PUBLISHED STUDY. THIS ARTICLE CONTAINS DATA ON THE MANAGER'S VIEWS ABOUT: ( 1) THE ROLE CLASSROOM EDUCATION AND TRAINING HAS PLAYED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEIR OWN KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL; (2) THE TYPE OF CLASSROOM EDUCATION AND TRAINING THEY PREFER; AND, (3) THE ROLE THEY THINK CLASSROOM EDUCATION AND TRAINING CAN PLAY IN IMPROVING ADMINISTRATIVE PERFORMANCE.
Affirmative Action Under Fire
Authors: Kellough J. Edward , Coleman Selden Sally , Legge Jerome S.
Published: March 2007

The controversy over affirmative action has grown to such a point in recent years that many observers have questioned whether the policy can long endure. Legislation aimed at prohibiting the use of affirmative action has been introduced m numerous states. Gubernatorial orders or citizen initiatives to overturn affirmative action also have occurred. This article examines the rise of recent anti-affirmative action policy proposals. A modest positive relationship is found between the size of a state's minority population and the expression of anti-affirmative action sentiment Given the direction of current trends, affirmative action in the future is likely to be limited to programs typical of those m the early 1960s based on minority outreach and recruitment rather than the granting of preferences
Public-Private Competition
Authors: Martin Lawrence L.
Published: March 2007

Privatization, or the transfer of functions from the public sector to the private sector (Salamon, 1989, Poole & Fixler, 1987), also necessarily entails the transfer of jobs from the public sector to the private sector For this reason, the response of public employees and unions to the privatization movement has generally been one of opposition In terms of major responses to privatization, public employees and unions have launched public relations campaigns attacking the philosophical assumptions of privatization, sought legal and other protections prohibiting privatization, and, less frequently, engaged in head-to-head competition with the private sector to retain government service delivery in-house This article looks at the latter response known generically as "public-private competition." The public-private competition practices of selected local governments in the United States are first discussed, followed by a review of the practices of local governments in the United Kingdom and governments in general in the Commonwealth of Australia. The discussion focuses on the competition strategies, personnel policies and organizational structures utilized by governments, public employees and public employee unions when engaging in public-private competition
The Kirton Adaptation-Innovation Inventory
Authors: Bobic Michael , Davis Eric , Cunningham Robert
Published: March 2007

The Kirton Adaptation- Innovation Inventory (KAI) is designed to measure propensity to innovate versus propensity to adapt, a personality dimension claimed significant for understanding and building organizational effectiveness This article presents a series of validity checks for the KAI, reports two serendipitous findings, then tests Kirton's hypothesis that a team composed of extreme adapters or extreme innovators is less effective than a team balanced on this dimension
Weaving the Fabric of Planning as Education
Authors: Dalton Linda C.
Published: March 2007

This article explores planning education as a fabric. Over the past century, the central strands of planning knowledge and pedagogy have been remarkably consistent despite changing labels. Nevertheless, tensions persist regarding the identity of planning and nature of professional education. The biggest changes have occurred among the weavers. During the latter half of the twentieth century, social scientists replaced practitioners as teachers. Also, students emerged as demanding learners, calling for an interactive role in their education. Further, the field emerged from one where the planner was a “man who” to acute consciousness about ethnic and gender diversity. The author concludes that planning education in the twenty-first century should draw from multiple theories of practice— applied knowledge that helps planners understand ethical responsibility, communicate effectively, and address community problems meaningfully as they create the future.
Active and Dormant Neighborhoods
Authors: Basu Ranu
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to construct a locality-based model of collective action useful for planners in understanding why collective action of any kind arises within the geographical boundaries of a residential terrain and how this in turn affects discretionary components of public service provision. The model is based on the premise that collective action is the cause and consequence of the local externality itself, the perceived needs of the residents, and the underlying power structure or the capacity to organize. The model is then tested in a case study that explores the conditions that led to locally initiated school-based care in 114 public elementary schools in Scarborough, Ontario, Canada. Policy implications and recommendations for action are presented.
Zoning Barriers to Housing Innovation
Authors: Ritzdorf Marsha
Published: March 2007

Innovative solutions to the housing problems which have been exacerbated by the "Demographic Revolution" are a necessary and proper research area for planning educators. However, it is impera tive that the major barriers to implementa tion of new housing forms be recognized. One significant barrier is the municipal zoning ordinance The entrenched com munity resistance to any change in the traditional order is well—established. The "exclusionary zoning" issue is well— documented in the literature
Why the Rational Paradigm Persists — The Resistance of Professional Education and Practice to Alternative Forms of Planning
Authors: Dalton Linda C.
Published: March 2007

For thirty years planners and critics of planning alike have confronted inadequacies in the traditional model of comprehensive rational planning. Despite this intellectual acknowledgement of the need for a different paradigm, the underlying characteristics of rationality still pervade planning education and practice. This paper argues that the more insidious features derive from the broader institutional context and deeper historical roots of the field. Consequently, practitioners cannot incorporate alternative forms of knowledge in planning unless they both become conscious of how they have accepted classic rational assumptions and are willing to adopt a new concept of planning. The essay briefly reviews several promising approaches to planning that cope with the implications of the rational paradigm and/or substitute other models. However, academics cannot expect practicing planners to adopt alternative approaches unless they demonstrate them effectively. To do so, they need to develop new teaching approaches in planning schools and to alter their own behavior so as to encourage new roles rather than simply reinforcing existing ones.
The New Information Technology and the Structure of Planning Practice
Authors: Adler Sy
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on the development and implementation of two computer-based planning and information systems in a large land use planning department. Contextual features, including: a legal challenge to prevailing pro-growth politics, related crises in infrastructure finance and departmental productivity and legitimacy, and the historically weak position of the planning agency in relation to its major co- participants in the land development process, are critical for understanding the technical and political aspects of system design and implementation. The analysis focuses on the initial impacts of these information systems on relations between planning agency and service providers, elected officials and land developers; and on management-professional staff relationships within the planning organization. Automated information has enhanced the credibility of the planning department in the eyes of its co- participants, as well as strengthened the capacity of co-participants to do their own planning. Automated information will likely facilitate a shift away from map-based, long-range comprehensive planning done by a generalist planning agency, toward shorter-range sectoral programming done primarily by co-participants. Planning agencies will have to develop an information services strategy that takes into account widespread access to formerly monopolized information resources, or professional staff activities will increasingly be taken over by those on top of the planning organization in alliance with strong actors outside.
Planning That Works: Housing Policy and Economic Development in Singapore
Authors: Goh Lee E.
Published: March 2007

Singapore's housing policy has played a critical role in the young nation's rapid social and economic progress over the past two decades. Singapore's public housing program was aimed at building and maintain ing socio-economic and political sta bility in the republic. It has enabled the state to control the nation's vital, scarce resources (land, in particular) and to shape the socio-economic structure based on its leadership's vision of an egalitarian Singaporean society. The paper explains the is land's urban planning concept, traces the development of the repub lic's enormous public housing pro gram, identifies the mechanisms that contribute to the program's success, discusses the factors that explain the priority given to public housing, and abstracts lessons from the Singapore experience.
Yonkers: The Case for Community Planning
Authors: Baum Howell S.
Published: March 2007

Ethical action is action on behalf of the values of a community. Yonkers planners opposed segregation of public housing but did so weakly. Their inactivity can be understood in terms of planners' lack of experience of a professional community. Having no sense of their own community, they cannot understand the impor tance of community to class and ra cial groups. In addition, they do not feel supported by any collectivity in promoting positions they consider correct. This situation will change only if planners consider their work important.
Emerging Knowledge about Planning Practice
Authors: Dalton Linda C.
Published: March 2007

Studies of planning practice can be organized into a typology according to their substantive focus and re search method. Case studies of plan ning situations and surveys of plan ners and planning agencies have been published for over twenty years. Further, studies appeared in the late 1960s and 1970s of how planning directors assess their roles and how public planning agencies work. However, interpretations of social interaction, organizational re lationships, and political behavior represent a new way of exploring planning practice. This article notes that the findings of the studies re viewed could be made more accessi ble to practitioners and synthesized into theories of practice.
Anthropology and Planning
Authors: Peattie Lisa
Published: March 2007

Despite the relevance of anthropol ogy's field work methods and focus on social institutions and processes, and despite much interest in applied anthropology, there seems relatively little use of anthropology by plan ners. While this communication gap is at times bridged via use of an thropology in planning for particular groups, in urban design, and in pro gram evaluation, the greatest poten tial seems to lie in the joint explora tion of particular topics — like the "informal sector"— and in the way in which anthropological perspec tives indirectly shape concepts and problem definitions.
Specialized Land Use Curricula in Urban Planning Graduate Programs
Authors: Miller Donald , Westerlund Frank
Published: March 2007

Results are presented from a survey of North American graduate plan ning programs to assess curricular specialization in land use planning. Documentation studied included cat alogs, program descriptions, and syl labi for courses identified as part of a land use specialization. Of the sample of fifty-seven schools, 65% have declared such a specialization, with a mean of ten land use-related courses offered. A typology of course types emerged, as a basis for summarizing the survey data and comparing the programs. The survey is presented as one source of evi dence useful in designing appropri ate subcurricula in land use, along with information about current professional practice.
Spatial Relations and Housing Policy: Regulations that Discriminate Against Mexican-origin Households
Authors: Pader Ellen-J.
Published: March 2007

Local, state, and federal housing policies define bedroom and acceptable sleeping arrangements. While often considered universal, such spatial relations actually are inextricably entwined with societal values. Many seemingly neutral housing policies designed to protect health, safety, and welfare, in fact often protect dominant values and morals, not physical or emotional well-being of nondominant groups. Consequently they discriminate against the latter. Here, Mexican and U.S. domestic spatial relations are compared within their larger conceptual frameworks to explain some sociocultural bases for these regulations, questioning their applicability. The study concludes that a combined anthropological/planning approach is important for analyzing and developing policy generally.
What is a Master's Thesis in Planning?
Authors: Sternberg Ernest
Published: March 2007

The author attempts to answer the question in the title by drawing on his experience in teaching a thesis colloquium, part of a series of courses at the University at Buffalo that prepares graduate planning students for work on their theses. In search of a definition the author compares the rhetorical features of the traditional thesis to those of other kinds of culminating master's degree exercises, namely the essay, project, and evocative presentation. He then suggests that scholarly articles written for professional audiences can serve as good models for the traditional thesis. This paper presents a list of questions for guiding the critical reading of these model articles.
Public Support for Remedial Action Planning: Willingness to Pay in Brown County, Wisconsin
Authors: Knaap Gerrit , Smith Larry , Johnsen Per
Published: March 2007

This article examines public support for the Remedial Action Plan for the Upper Fox River and Lower Green Bay watershed of Lake Michigan by analyzing the results of a telephone survey. The survey found support for a remedial action plan, measured in both willingness to pay and willingness to support a new agency to implement the plan, was significantly greater among those familiar with the plan. The survey also found willingness to pay for the plan greater among the young and better educated, a strong preference for industry fees and user charges over taxation as a method of payment, and little support for the creation of a new agency to implement the plan. Unlike previous research on public support for growth management and land use reform, the survey found the support was based not on self interest but on general preferences for a clean environment. These results suggest that the key to public support, and perhaps for successful RAP implementation, lies less in fostering recreational use of the watershed and more in continuing efforts to provide education and information to the young, the dedication of user fees for RAP implementation, and continued leadership by state government.
Do Plans Matter? A Game-Theoretic Model for Examining the Logic and Effects of Land Use Planning
Authors: Knaap Gerrit J. , Hopkins Lewis D. , Donaghy Kieran P.
Published: March 2007

Although state and local growth management programs vary widely, nearly all such programs include one common feature: they require local governments to plan. While there has been extensive research on the effects of growth management in general and on specific policy instruments to manage urban growth there has been little research on the effects of planning. In this paper we present a game-theoretic model of urban development in which a rational local government plans. The model illustrates how planning can serve to guide local government decision making, how land market participants might respond to local government plans, and how planning in a dynamic context can increase social welfare. By considering local government as a player who plans rather than as an external disturbance that might regulate, we can discover insights and frame hypotheses about the efficacy of planning that are not possible in other urban economic models.
The Utopianism of Children: An Empirical Study of Children's Neighborhood Design Preferences
Authors: Talen Emily , Coffindaffer Mary
Published: March 2007

Little is known about the environmental preferences of children. While planners have taught children about planning, relatively little academic research has been conducted on what children can teach the discipline about planning. This paper summarizes the results of a survey of the planning preferences of 248 children in kindergarten through second grade. The content analysis revealed a preference for land use variety and for places associated with activity and social interaction. Children tended to favor diversity and accessibility, as opposed to homogeneity and privacy. Further, the children's plans were different in terms of age and particularly in terms of gender. Children were able to conceptualize neighborhood even at the kindergarten level, and many of their conceptualizations were not dissimilar from the traditional view of neighborhood espoused by planners.
Teaching Planning Methods Through Modules
Authors: Mahayni Riad G. , Sanchez Thomas W , Kelly Eric Damian
Published: March 2007

Most academic planning programs offer planning methods through traditional threecredit courses in their core planning curricula, a format that our students, faculty, and alumni have questioned. The methods courses tend to get overloaded through incremental additions of material over time. Semester-long courses do not offer flexibility to students who need more in-depth coverage of some techniques. In addition, the match between faculty expertise in methods and the required methods offering is not ideal. The search for an alternative format of offering planning methods has led to the use of five-week, onecredit modules as a part of the core requirements. With the modules, the methods curriculum is now more diverse, more rigorous, and more practical than it was before. A survey of U.S. graduate planning programs suggests that the module approach to teaching planning methods is appropriate and effective for many particular methods. This discussion is intended to provide background and experience with methods modules.
Moral Development in Chicano and Anglo Children
Authors: Cortese Anthony
Published: March 2007

The basic problem investigated in this article is whether Chicanos and Anglos show the same progression through Kohlberg's general levels of moral reasoning. The cognitive-developmental approach emphasizes logical development and social experience via role taking as prerequisites to moral maturity. A focused, cross-ethnic sample of 169 second through ninth graders was selected controlling for age, grade level, socioeconomic status, IQ, sex, and religion. The subjects were presented five videotaped moral dilemmas and were administered a derivation of the Defining Issues Test. As hypothesized, Anglos generally scored higher than Chicanos on the moral judgment measures. Several possible explanations for the disparity are considered. Finally, results comparing responses across the areas of moral judgment studied support a multidimensional nature of moral reasoning.
The Responses of Mexican American Children to Cognitive Demands in a Testing Situation
Authors: Guzman Ana M. , Johnson Dale L.
Published: March 2007

The question of which measures to use in the evaluation of early childhood education programs has become highly controversial. Most program evaluators have relied largely, often exclusively, on one of the standard measures of intelligence such as the Stanford-Binet or WPPSI. The present study incorporated observational procedures into an IQ testing situation in an attempt to include behavioral indices as outcome measures of an educational intervention program, the Houston Parent-Child Development Center. The sample for this study consisted of 40 low-income Mexican American children, ages 4 and 5, equally divided into program and control groups. Data were analyzed using MANOVA and discriminant function analysis. The findings indicated that given the testing situation, program children exhibited significantly more work and verbal responses and fewer substitutive responses than the controls. Although group differences in IQs were also statistically significant, test taking behaviors differentiated groups more accurately.
Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory Comparisons Between Hispanic and Anglo College Students: A Research Note
Authors: Montoya Harry , Deblassie Richard R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to empirically examine if there are any differences on the IE scale and the GOT themes of the Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (SCII) between Hispanic and Anglo groups. One hundred and seventy-six students who had been administered the SCII as part of career counseling at the New Mexico State University Counseling Center were included in the study. The samples included 44 Hispanic males, 44 Hispanic females, 44 Anglo males and 44 Anglo females. A single classification ANOVA was used to examine IE score differences while a 2 x 2 factorial analysis of variance was used for comparisons of GOT scores in relation to the four groups. Results indicated no significant differences on the IE scale between Hispanics and Anglos. The only GOT theme which revealed a significant difference between genders was the R (Realistic) theme.
Ethnic Differences in Child Abuse and Sexual Abuse
Authors: Lindholm Kathryn J. , Willey Richard
Published: March 2007

A total of 4132 cases of child abuse that were reported to the Los Angeles County Sheriff s Department were analyzed to determine whether there were differences related to the ethnic group status of the victim or suspect. Results demonstrated that there were a number of significant differences attributed to ethnic group status. Comparing the ethnic group distribution of reported cases with that of the population in the county showed that Anglos and Hispanics were underreported with respect to their representation in the population whereas blacks were overrepresented. Among suspects, males (especially fathers) were the more frequent suspects in Anglo and Hispanic families, although females (and mothers) were the suspects most often in black families. The proportion of physical abuse to sexual abuse was higher for black families than for Hispanic and Anglo families, which had similar proportions of physical to sexual abuse. It was concluded that cultural differences need more systematic research attention in studies of child abuse.
Positive and Negative Factors in the Measurement of Sex Roles: Findings from a Mexican Sample
Authors: Lara-Cantu M. Asuncion , Navarro-Arias Roberto
Published: March 2007

Separate factor analyses of the items of Bem's Sex Role Inventory and of New Scales (Positive and Negative Masculinity and Femininity) for 453 Mexican undergraduate students yielded four interpretable factors for the BSRI, two of them related to feminine aspects: Tender-Gentle and Cheerful-Likable, and two others to masculine: Assertive-Self-reliant and Dominant-Aggressive. For the New Scales, three factors could be interpreted: a negative masculine (Rude-Materialistic), a negative feminine (Submissive-Hesitant) and a positive masculine and feminine (Hard-Working-Active). Intercorrelations among the seven factors were calculated and were the basis for two graphic displays. Results are interpreted in relation to cultural differences, and the importance of negative traits in the measurement of sex roles is emphasized.
"Teachers are not Miracle Workers:" Lloyd Dunn's Call for Hispanic Activism
Authors: Cummins Jim
Published: March 2007

This article refutes Dunn's claims by discussing the existent cultural/linguistic bias in IQ tests for minority groups. It is argued that IQ tests standardized on a "representative" sample assess only knowledge and skills deemed intelligent within the dominant group, and exclude culturally specific ways in which minority children have learned to demonstrate intelligent behavior. The inevitability of bias against minority cultural/linguistic groups in IQ tests as a result of the way tests are developed and standardized is discussed. Dunn's proposal for English Immersion programs is also criticized because he fails to assess research which shows that such programs do not produce high English proficiency and further fails to consider the actual data on bilingual education.
Dynamics behind the Formation of a Business Class: Tucson's Hispanic Business Elite
Authors: Torres David L.
Published: March 2007

The problem of an underdeveloped Mexican-American business class has traditionally been examined from an organizational perspective. This article examines for the first time the formation of a business class in a traditional southwestern city from an ideological perspective. In many of the cities of the Southwest, old business elites have been almost completely replaced by a new elite, in contrast to the continuity of development of elites for other social groups. This basic problem forms the core of the analysis, which is based on archival and interview data. Two generations of business elites in Tucson, Arizona, are examined-the generation that roughly spanned the period 1880 to 1950 and the contemporary generation. The study shows that the existence of twso normative enclaves for Mexican ancestry entrepreneurs, one based on mainstream capitalism and the other ont traditional cuilture, has complicated the lives of both the old and thle new elites.
Factors Influencing Mathematics Attitudes among Mexican American College Undergraduates
Authors: Ramirez Olga M. , Taube Sylvia Rebollos , Taube Paul Michael
Published: March 2007

This study analyzedfactors influencing mathematics attitudes and the fearand enjoyment dimensions of mathematics attitudes among South TexasMexicanAmericans. The results provide evidence that the most potent predictors of mathematics attitudes for this group of Hispanics are ability, the quality of mathematics preparations, college credits, and the perceived importance of mathematics. No evidence was uncovered for significant language preference, cultural identification, or socioeconomic effects on mathematics attitudes.
Theoretical Assumptions and Empirical Evidence for Academic Achievement in Two Languages
Authors: Lindholm Kathryn J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to address three theoretical assumptions in an examination of the Spanish and English language proficiency and academic achievement of second-and third-grade English and Spanish speakers who were enrolled in a bilinguallimmersion program. Findings provided support for these three assumptions: (a) High levels of proficiency in the two languages willfacilitate academic achievement; (b) there are two types of language proficiency, academic and communicative, and the extent to which one is proficient in these two types may vary; and (c) there is transfer of content across languages.
Cross-Cultural Standardization of TEMAS in Three Hispanic Subcultures
Authors: Costantino Giuseppe , Malgady Robert G. , Casullo Maria Martina , Castillo Adela
Published: March 2007

Mental health clinical services research has stressed the urgency of developing culture-sensitive instruments for psychological assessment and psychodiagnosis of ethnic, racial, and linguistic minority children. The TEMAS (Tell-Me-A-Story) test is an apperception test depicting Hispanic and Black characters (minority version) or White characters (nonminority version) interacting in urban settings and expressing culturally oriented themes, and is scored for cognitive, affective, and personality functioning. This study compared the normative profiles, the reliability, and the criterion-related validity of TEMAS with school and clinical children from three different Hispanic cultures: Puerto Ricans in New York City, natives of SanJuan, PuertoRico, andSouthAmericans inBuenos Aires, Argentina. Children in New York and Puerto Rico were administered 23 minority TEMAS cards, the Spielberger Trait-Anxiety Scale for Children, and the Piers-Harris Self ConceptScale. Argentinean children were administered 10 TEMAS cards, the nonminority short form, and the Piers-Harris scale. Results of the study support the use of TEMAS with examinees in the three cultures, but also suggest that some TEMAS cards do not pull the designatedpersonality functions as consistently with native Puerto Rican andArgentinean children. The findings point to the need to revise selected TEMAS cards to be culture specific.
Ethnic Identity and Adaptation of Mexican American Youths in School Settings
Authors: Bernal Martha E. , Saenz Delia S. , Knight George P.
Published: March 2007

The theoretical and research literature on school performance and attrition in Mexican American youths was reviewed in order to examine how their membership asAmericans of Mexican descent, and the social, cultural, and political contexts of their school settings, affect their psychological adaptation in schooL Traditional theoretical views about school achievement in ethnic minority youths were compared and contrastede It was concluded that the empirical research fails to differentiate among Hispanic groups in ways that could result in better predictions of dropout, and that prevailing theoretical views of underachievement have neither arrived at a theoretical synthesis nor explored the processes that lead to dropout. A social identity framework was proposed for achieving such a synthesis, and for promoting the understanding of ethnic and other social identity changes as mediators of the effects of environmental and individual variables on school achievement. Available theory and findings were reconceptualized in terms of social identity theory, and developmental issues were considered.
Beliefs about Condoms and Accessibility of Condom Intentions in Hispanic and African American Youth
Authors: Norris Anne E. , Ford Kathleen
Published: March 2007

During the sumnerof 1989, 30 Hispanic (15 male, 15female) and34AfricanAmerican (17 male, 17 female) Detroit youth participated in face-to-face interviews designed to identify condom beliefs that may influence condom use in young minority populations. Also of interest was the utility of the construct accessibility model (CAM) in explaining condom use behavior. Results suggest several participants believed condoms protect against AIDS and several believed that condoms break. Condom intentions were accessible in more African American than Hispanic participants (Fisher's exact, p < .04, two tailed), and consistent with the CAM, condom use in the 12-month period preceding the interview was associated with accessibility of condom intentions (Fisher's exact, p < .0001, two tailed).
Latinos, Poverty, and the Underclass: A New Agenda for Research
Authors: Massey Douglas S.
Published: March 2007

During the 1980s scholars interested in Hispanic issues sought to advance research by ensuring that Latinos were included in the ongoing debate on the urban underclass. In this article, it is argued that Blacks and Latinos differ in such fundamental ways that the underclass model-which was developed primarily to describe the situation of inner-city Blacks-cannot legitimately be employed to understand the social and economic problems of contemporary Hispanic groups in the United States. Although both groups share high rates of poverty and social dislocation, these high rates are generated through different mechanisms andfor different reasons, compared to Blacks.
Empowering Supervisees to Empower Others: A Culturally Responsive Supervision Model
Authors: Porter Natalie
Published: March 2007

Educating therapists to provide culturally responsive psychotherapy constitutes one of the major mental health challenges of this decade. This article describes a model of clinical supervision for assisting supervisees in developing culturally responsive therapy approaches. The model includesfourstages, which are intended to unfold in a systematic way, aimed at increasing cultural competence and awareness of sociocultural issues. The stages move from the didactic to the experiential, from the cognitive to the personal, from the objective toward the subjective. This model, the supervisory climate, and its place in the context of an entire training program are presented.
Hispanic Women Small Business Owners
Authors: Sarason Yolanda , Koberg Christine
Published: March 2007

Hispanic entrepreneurship is a relatively new phenomenon, particularly among women, but the trend appears to be growing. This study investigates the special conditions of Hispanic women who have achieved ownership of a small business. A description of the characteristics of these owners is included and discussed. The women in this study were most likely to be new to small business ownership and to have started the business themselves. It is hoped that future research will follow these entrepreneurs to better understand the special conditions that allow Hispanic women to advance in the workforce.