bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of metal concentration levels in water, sediment and fish tissues from Toledo municipal lake by applying SR-TXRF technique
Authors: Espinoza-Quiñones F. R. , Módenes A. N. , Palácio S. M. , Lorenz E. K. , Oliveira A. P.
Published: April 2011

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the metal content in water and sediment from the Toledo municipal lake, as well as the concentration levels of heavy metals in muscle and liver of four fish species. A digestion procedure was performed in all fish samples. Metal analysis was performed by using the Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence technique. The accuracy and validity of the measurements were determined by analysis of certified reference materials. The highest Cr, Cu and Se concentration levels above the maximum tolerance limit according to the Brazilian norms in fish tissue could be associated with the metal uptake and accumulation due to the direct contact with contaminated water and sediment.
Application of ultrasound thermal process on extracting flavor and caffeine of coffee
Authors: Wang Cheng-Chi , Chou Ya-Yen , Sheu Shane-Rong , Jang Ming-Jyi , Chen Ting-Hsuan
Published: April 2011

In this research, our focus is the use of ultrasound thermal process to
extract flavor and caffeine from coffee. The different operating conditions
for extraction experiments are executed and the results are also compared.
The results show that coffee flavor is not enhanced with the increase of
temperature because the volatile degree of coffee flavor components is quick
and easy to be reached at high temperatures. From the experimental results,
it can be found that using low vibration frequency is better than using high
vibration frequency. Also, caffeine will be reached into the saturated state
at the 15th second of the extracting time and the quantity of caffeine
augments with the increase of temperature
Rapidity distribution as a probe for elliptical flow at intermediate energies
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Kaur Varinderjit , Kumar Suneel
Published: April 2011

The interplay between spectator and participant matter in heavy-ion collisions is investigated within the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics (IQMD) model in terms of the rapidity distribution of light charged particles. The effect of different types and sizes of rapidity distributions is studied in elliptical flow. The elliptical-flow patterns show the important role of nearby spectator matter on the participant zone. This role is further explained on the basis of the passing time of the spectator and the expansion time of the participant zone. The transition from in-plane to out-of-plane emission is observed only when the mid-rapidity region is included into the rapidity bin. Otherwise no transition occurs. The transition energy is found to be highly sensitive to the size of the rapidity bin, while it is only weakly dependent on the type of the rapidity distribution. These theoretical findings are found to be in agreement with experimental results.
Generation of the vorticity mode by sound in a Bingham plastic
Authors: Perelomova Anna , Wojda Pawel
Published: April 2011

This study investigates interaction between acoustic and non-acoustic modes, such as vorticity mode, in some class of a non-newtonian fluid called Bingham plastic. The instantaneous equations describing interaction between different modes are derived. The attention is paid to the nonlinear effects in the field of intense sound. The resulting equations which describe dynamics of both sound and the vorticity mode apply to both periodic and aperiodic sound of any waveform. They use only instantaneous quantities and do not imply averaging over the sound period. The theory is illustrated by an example of acoustic force of vorticity induced in the field of a Gaussian sound beam. Some unusual peculiarities in both sound and the vorticity induced in its field as compared to a newtonian fluid, are discovered.
A fluid generalization of membranes
Authors: Roberts Mark
Published: April 2011

In a certain sense a perfect fluid is a generalization of a point particle. This leads to the question as to what is the corresponding generalization for extended objects. Here the lagrangian formulation of a perfect fluid is much generalized by replacing the product of the co-moving vector which is a first fundamental form by higher dimensional first fundamental forms; this has as a particular example a fluid which is a classical generalization of a membrane; however there is as yet no indication of any relationship between their quantum theories.
The antioxidant properties of polypore mushroom Daedaleopsis confragosa
Authors: Vidović Senka , Zeković Zoran , Mujić Ibrahim , Lepojević Žika , Radojković Marija , Živković Jelena
Published: April 2011

Daedaleopsis confragosa belong to a large and remarkable group of mushrooms called polypores. This type of mushroom could be easily said to be quite unexplored and unused when it comes to its antioxidant properties. Thus, in order to evaluate its antioxidant activity, the investigation had to include the total phenolics and flavonoide content, the content of Selenium, the content of Zinc, the scavenging capacity on DPPH· and OH· radicals, reducing power and capacity to remove lipid peroxidation. The investigated mushroom extract contained 54.17 mg GAE/g of total phenols and 48.46 mg CE/g of total flavonoides. Zinc and Selenium were detected and quantified by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. The scavenging activity of the radicals was found to exhibit 50% of the inhibition value (IC50 value) at the extract concentration of 0.015±0.007 mg/ml for the investigated D. confragosa extract. By using electron paramagnetic resonant spectroscopy it was found that the investigated extract does not have a significant role in the prevention of lipid peroxidation. It was effective in scavenging on ·OH radical, RI was 56±2%.
Effects of microwaves on the puffing pattern of D. melanogaster
Authors: Shakina Lyubov , Pasiuga Vladimir , Dumin Olexandr , Shckorbatov Yuriy
Published: April 2011

The influence of electromagnetic field exposure on puffing pattern of salivary gland polythene chromosomes, viability and fertility of Drosophila melanogaster of the wild type Canton-S line was studied. Experimental conditions: Electromagnetic field characteristics: frequency — 36.64 GHz, power density — 0.4 W/m2, exposure time −10 seconds. Electromagnetic field exposure was conducted on the egg stage. Results: in larvae developed from the exposed eggs 3 of 8 chromosomal puffs tested (71CE, 82EF, and 83E) had significantly smaller dimensions than these in control at the prepupal stage. Viability of Drosophila estimated by the number of adult flies hatched from exposed eggs decreased, while the number of dominant lethal mutations increased. Conclusion: the exposure to a low-level microwave irradiation suppressed puffing activity at ecdysone-inducible loci of Drosophila polythene chromosomes, increased frequency of dominant lethal mutations and decreased Drosophila viability but did not influence Drosophila fertility.
Health and physical education: a new global statement of consensus (from a Polish perspective)
Authors: Edginton Christopher , Chin Ming-kai , Bronikowski Michał
Published: April 2011

Health and physical education: a new global statement of consensus (from a Polish perspective)

Physical education has found itself in a difficult position; increasingly more voices are questioning its legitimisation on school curricula. There is an obvious need for performance standards and ways to measure the impact of physical education. Linking the benefits and outcomes of physical education to 21st Century core learning areas such as critical thinking, problem solving, the ability to operate with agility and adaptability, the ability to analyse information, communicate effectively and the ability to act innovatively, will be essential. One of the ways of enhancing its social value (and recognition) might be including and relaying more on health education. This paper draws some lines of direction for the pedagogy of these both subjects in the 21st Century referring to the Global Forum on Physical Education Pedagogy 2010 (GoFPEP 2010) and presenting its Statement of Consensus.
Philosophical notion of nature and the debate of Moral aspects of new technologie
Authors: Liana Zbigniew
Published: April 2011

Philosophical notion of nature and the debate of Moral aspects of new technologie

The paper deals with the problem of a language or terminology that would be appropriate for the interdisciplinary debate about moral issues related with the recent developments of science and technologies. In particular it deals with the appropriate terminology for the articulation of the idea (or intuitions) of normativity of nature. The evidence of historical changes undergone by the notion of nature is used to warrant the thesis, that the traditional notion of natural law, being originally in the Middle Ages only a variant of the notion of law of nature, has lost its original capacity to convey in the interdisciplinary context of dialogue of theology (or religion) with empirical sciences the idea of normative and moral aspects of nature created by God. On the other side it is shown, that this intellectual and emotional alienation of the concept of natural law from the contemporary culture does not need to lead to the disavowal of the idea of normativity of nature. The intuition of normativity is still present in the common experience of nature, what has changed is only the way of its articulation. Today a good candidate for these purposes seems to be the language of ecological values of nature, environmental equilibrium etc. It could provide a stable (and common) to some extent ground, based on the quite common experience of the value of nature, for interdisciplinary debates, where participants endorse different axiological perspectives. Finally, it is discussed, how this ecological (or similar) terminology of normativity of nature fits the fundamental contemporary epistemological idea: the intrinsically hypothetical, probable and conditioned character of every kind of an a posteriori knowledge.
The Political Meaning of the Right and the Privatization of the Good
Authors: Andryszczak Piotr
Published: April 2011

The Political Meaning of the Right and the Privatization of the Good

In today's philosophical and political world we come across an influential current within liberalism called procedural. It faces the problem of building a just society by proposing a formula: the priority of the right over the good. It can be easily found in Rawls's A Theory of Justice which starts from the original position which means that individuals, behind the veil of ignorance, do not know anything about their social location, talents and their own conceptions of the good. Because of such ignorance they would constitute the just society. It would be regulated by two principles of justice, chosen behind the veil of ignorance and reflecting the priority of the right over the good. Nevertheless Rawls understood that this conception could be accepted only by Liberals because it represents an example of a comprehensive doctrine. Therefore he reinterpreted his conception and presented it as political in his Political Liberalism. It has three features: it is worked out for the basic structure of a constitutional democratic regime; it does not depend for its justification on any particular comprehensive doctrine; and, it is formulated in terms of two fundamental ideas implicit in the public culture of a democratic society (the ideas of society as a fair system of cooperation, and of persons viewed as free and equal). Due to this reinterpretation, the justification of his principles of justice proceeds from what is held in common and leads to an agreement based on "an overlapping consensus of reasonable comprehensive doctrines". In this way the good becomes something strictly private and completely absent in the public sphere. Such position is obviously very controversial but a critical approach to it will be a subject of another paper.
Fidelity - a Gift of Gods and a Merit of People Christian reflection of the story of Philemon and Baucis from Ovid's Metamorphoses (VIII, 611-724)
Authors: Polehla Petr
Published: April 2011

Fidelity - a Gift of Gods and a Merit of People Christian reflection of the story of Philemon and Baucis from Ovid's Metamorphoses (VIII, 611-724)

The article attempts at the Christian reflection of the story of Philemon and Baucis from Ovid's Metamorphoses. This Roman poet composed works that were often copied, imitated, translated, and allegorized by Christian authors not only during the Middle Ages. This kind of tradition shows that a pre-Christian work of literature can serve for a Christian reflection of a certain topic. How this story can be useful for our Christian perfection of virtue, especially fidelity, is the main topic of this article.
John Paul II. and his Relation to Islam
Authors: Poliaková Mária
Published: April 2011

John Paul II. and his Relation to Islam

At the centre of Popes agenda is faith. John Paul II is not a man with faith, his identity is faith. What defines a human being is faith. It is a judgement, a position a stand that you take with respect to everything. The most tireless moral voice of a secular age, he reinded humankind of the worth of individuals in modern world. In his years as Pope, John Paul achieved more in building ties and understanding between Catholics and Muslims than any other leader in Catholic Church history. He travelled to Casablanca signalling to the Christian world the need to confront with Islam.
Improving Accessibility Information in Pedestrian Maps and Databases
Authors: Laakso Mari , Sarjakoski Tapani , Sarjakoski L. Tiina
Published: April 2011

As populations age, more and more people have some kind of restrictions on their mobility. In order to increase the potential of mobility-impaired persons to move around and navigate independently, information on the accessibility of the environment should be supported by map services and delivered together with spatial information to their devices for personal navigation. Spatial databases for pedestrian route planning should contain more detailed information on accessibility, such as pavement surfaces, slopes, and stairs. This study examines a wide range of examples of map services in Finland in terms of the extent to which they support accessibility. The authors then provide and discuss a proposal for the information content of a geospatial database to fulfil the requirements of users with impairments. With guidelines for data content, data classification, and functionality, map information can be developed so that it is also more useful for special user groups and makes the environment more accessible for everyone.
Tug of War at the Border
Authors: McCollum Joseph M.
Published: April 2011

Rugby, North Dakota claims the distinction of being the geographic centre of North America. The author examines this claim and attempts to compute the true location of the geographic centre of North America. The author concludes that an iterative method based on the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area (LAEA) projection, which slightly understates distance, and the Azimuthal Equidistant projection, which slightly overstates area, is the best method for computing the geographic centre of a given area. Six different definitions of North America are considered, and a proposed centre is offered for each definition.
A User Study of a Map-Based Slideshow Editor
Authors: Fujita Hideyuki , Arikawa Masatoshi
Published: April 2011

Our research goal is to facilitate the sharing of stories with digital maps. Today, many kinds of “my map” applications allow users to create maps that display personal collections of places visited, along with photographs, videos, and texts. The authors of such maps can organize and publish their collections of places by creating maps, and viewers can browse these collections freely by panning and zooming the maps or searching by location. It is difficult, however, for authors to represent their experiences as a sequence of events, mainly because it is up to the viewer to decide which map locations will be viewed, and in what order. Therefore, one future requirement for this type of map application is to facilitate map-based storytelling. The objective of this study is to identify and discuss the characteristics of map-based stories and the effectiveness of maps in editing them. To help users communicate map-based stories in a more narrative fashion, we have developed software for mapping photo collections and creating slideshows to present travelogues, sightseeing guides, and so on, which we call a map-based slideshow. In this article, we analyse user-created, map-based slideshows, focusing on the spatiotemporal relationships among the photographs that compose the slideshow. We also describe a user study focusing on how and in which order users edit map-based slideshows. The results show characteristics of the spatiotemporal structures of map-based stories. We also evaluated the effectiveness of maps in the user's story-editing process. Because the spatial slideshow is a typical form of map-based story, we assume that most of the knowledge acquired is applicable not only to map-based slideshows but also to other map-based stories, such as a “tour” of Google Earth.
Improving Web Mapping with Generalization
Authors: Gaffuri Julien
Published: April 2011

Maps are not like other images. Internet maps could be improved through the use of automated mapping methods, particularly automated generalization techniques. Operational automated generalization systems exist, but they are not used on the Web. Integrating generalization and Web-mapping systems is an important challenge for Internet cartography; this integration requires that the architecture of existing Web-mapping systems be improved. This article gives some recommendations to progress toward this integration: spatial data servers should diffuse more vector data and fewer pre-computed raster tiles; they should be made “scale aware” and should provide multi-scale data; the generalization transformations should be shared between servers and clients; and Web-mapping clients should be able to compute dynamic graphic generalizations to adapt the spatial data display to the user's needs.
The Absence of State Law: Domestic Workers in India
Authors: Neetha N. , Palriwala Rajni
Published: April 2011

L'Inde, avec ses lois et ses concepts juridiques, ne peut pas, ou ne veut pas, aborder la nature spécifique des travailleuses domestiques, leurs milieux de travail et leurs relations de travail. La non-reconnaissance du foyer en tant que lieu de travail est définie comme un facteur crucial lié à l'invisibilité et à la dévaluation des soins et du travail domestique non payé, ainsi que la majorité du travail effectué par les femmes en Inde. Le sexe, la caste et autres caractéristiques socio-économiques des travailleuses domestiques renforcent cette invisibilité et cette dévaluation, ainsi que les bas salaires et le manque de protection juridique. La complexité de leurs relations de travail empêche les généralisations simples, ce qui rend difficile la formulation de lois. En revanche, celles-ci sont enchâssées dans une économie politique où le travail informel et peu payé, surtout pour les femmes, est encouragé et étendu, ainsi que les institutions non réglementées, comme les agences de placement. Les caractéristiques uniques du travail domestique nuisent également à l'action collective qui peut jouer un rôle pour assurer un changement efficace dans les lois. Tout en décrivant les lois qui peuvent être modifiées pour réglementer le travail domestique, le présent article soutient que la reconnaissance juridique et la protection des travailleuses domestiques rémunérées permettront et forceront un changement fondamental dans la reconnaissance, l'évaluation et la pratique des soins, dans les divisions du travail liées au sexe et dans les politiques économiques et sociales en Inde.
Recognizing Domestic Workers, Regulating Domestic Work: Conceptual, Measurement, and Regulatory Challenges
Authors: Chen Martha Alter
Published: April 2011

Le présent article examine, sous l'angle du concept, de la mesure et de la règlementation, les défis associés à la promotion du travail décent pour les travailleuses domestiques. Après une brève présentation de la réalité du travail domestique qui résume les récentes estimations de son importance et de ses caractéristiques, l'article traite de certains défis conceptuels que pose la promotion du travail décent pour les travailleuses domestiques, y compris le fait qu'on ne peut caser le « travail domestique » dans aucune théorie sur les causes de l'informalité. L'article porte aussi sur la difficulté de recueillir, de compiler et de comparer des statistiques concernant les travailleuses domestiques et aborde les obstacles à la réglementation de cette main-d'œuvre, y compris le paradoxe selon lequel de nombreux économistes cherchent à réglementer les entreprises informelles, mais déréglementent le marché du travail. L'article offre en conclusion des exemples prometteurs d'initiatives actuelles pour améliorer la voix représentative (grâce à l'organisation), la visibilité officielle (grâce à de meilleures statistiques) et la reconnaissance juridique des travailleuses domestiques (grâce à des lois et à des poursuites juridiques pour faire respecter leurs droits).
Employment Agencies and the Regulation of Domestic Workers in Ghana: Institutionalizing Informality?
Authors: Tsikata Dzodzi
Published: April 2011

Les particuliers et les agents de placement informels contribuent depuis longtemps au marché du travail domestique au Ghana. Depuis les années 1990, les agences de placement officielles font également partie du paysage du travail. Dans le présent article, il est question des conditions de travail des travailleuses domestiques, du contexte dans lequel s'applique la politique d'emploi au Ghana et des méthodes utilisées pour l'approvisionnement de main-d'œuvre domestique. L'article traite surtout de la manière dont les agents et agences de placement contribuent à améliorer la situation des travailleuses domestiques. L'auteure soutient que l'entrée de ces agents dans le monde du recrutement de travailleuses domestiques a eu un effet limité sur le régime extrêmement informel et non réglementé de ce milieu, surtout parce qu'ils ne recrutent qu'une faible proportion de la main-d'œuvre domestique et parce que leur engagement se limite à fournir des travailleuses domestiques à des employeures potentielles, laissant aux parties concernées le soin de négocier les conditions de travail. En l'absence de dispositions particulières régissant le travail des domestiques et celui des agents et agences de placement, et sans le regroupement organisé des travailleuses domestiques, les agences de placement ne feraient qu'officialiser le caractère informel du travail domestique au Ghana. L'article présente aussi une évaluation de certaines initiatives visant à améliorer la réglementation du travail domestique et l'organisation de la main-d'œuvre domestique.
Global Care Chains, Employment Agencies, and the Conundrum of Jurisdiction: Decent Work for Domestic Workers in Canada
Authors: Fudge Judy
Published: April 2011

Les travailleuses domestiques migrantes transfrontalières qui résident et travaillent dans des foyers canadiens traversent de nombreux champs de compétence—entre les différents pays, les différents domaines de droit et les différents paliers de gouvernement dans un pays. À cause de cette « transgression », il est difficile de régir ces travailleuses de façon à leur procurer du travail décent. L'objectif du présent article est double : d'abord, il explique comment la circulation des travailleuses migrantes transfrontalières dans des champs de compétence superposés les rend vulnérables à l'exploitation et ensuite, en mettant en évidence le rôle de l'intermédiaire transfrontalier—le courtier ou l'agence d'emploi qui fait traverser les frontières aux travailleures pour qu'elles vivent et travaillent dans des familles canadiennes—il démontre comment il est possible de régler certains de ces problèmes liés aux champs de compétence. L'article commence par une discussion des concepts clés—réseau mondial de soins et compétence—qui servent à analyser le Programme canadien d'aides familiaux résidants et la réglementation des agences de placement en Colombie-Britannique, pour illustrer comment les dilemmes liés aux domaines de compétence rendent difficile l'accès au travail décent pour les travailleuses domestiques. L'article suggère à la fin certaines façons de régler ces dilemmes et, en s'inspirant de modèles canadiens, ébauche des techniques pour réglementer les agences en essayant de promouvoir le travail décent pour les travailleuses domestiques migrantes.
Bringing Together or Drifting Apart? Targeting Care Work as “Work Like No Other”
Authors: Mundlak Guy , Shamir Hila
Published: April 2011

L'article décrit la précarité et autres conséquences inattendues que peut entraîner le traitement d'exception du travail domestique en tant que « travail à nul autre pareil », en examinant la controverse causée par le paiement des heures supplémentaires pour les aides familiales résidantes en Israël. Bien que la jurisprudence des tribunaux du travail d'Israël offre un continuum de solutions à la problématique du paiement des heures supplémentaires pour cette catégorie de main-d'œuvre, la manière dont la Cour suprême d'Israël interprète actuellement la loi nationale dénie à ce groupe de travailleuses le droit de se faire payer les heures supplémentaires en raison de la nature unique des caractéristiques de ce travail. Le fait que les travailleuses domestiques soient exclues de la loi nationale, en ce qui a trait au paiement des heures supplémentaires, donne plusieurs raisons de se méfier également du traitement d'exception qu'on réserve au travail domestique à l'échelle internationale. Les racines idéologiques du traitement d'exception à l'échelle nationale—définies dans l'article comme une forme de hantise de la marchandisation—associées à l'intérêt économique pour le travail domestique à bon marché—ont servi à consacrer la médiocrité des conditions de travail dans le secteur du travail domestique au lieu de les combattre. De plus, l'expérience d'autres programmes de protection gouvernementale, comme les mesures d'adaptation pour la main-d'œuvre de groupes vulnérables ainsi que les avantages de l'aide sociale, a démontré que le traitement d'exception et la réglementation résiduelle tendent à avoir l'effet contraire et à entraîner des conséquences imprévues et non voulues, y compris de nuire aux groupes mêmes qu'ils devaient protéger. En s'inspirant de l'étude de cas israélienne, l'article suggère que le traitement d'exception réservé aux travailleuses domestiques risque de refléter leurs désavantages fondamentaux et de les consolider, par la suite, sur les plans de l'expression, de l'économie et des institutions.
ERNIE'S THREE WORLDS
Authors: Chapman Bruce
Published: April 2011

This article is the text of an introductory address presented at the Faculty of Law on 23 October 2009 in celebration of Professor Ernest Weinrib's receiving the 2009 Killam Prize, Canada's most distinguished annual award for outstanding scholarly achievement. It offers a very personal interpretation of the contributions that Weinrib has made to private-law scholarship over the last thirty years and is organized around three closely related questions that he has addressed in his work: What is a theory? What is a theory of law? and What is a theory of private law? His answers to these different questions land Weinrib in three different worlds – the world of the university, the world of the law school, and the world of legal practice – but it is Weinrib's special contribution as a legal philosopher to have brought all three much closer together.
PRIVATE LAW AND PUBLIC RIGHT
Authors: Weinrib Ernest J
Published: April 2011

In Kant's philosophy of law “public right” refers to the condition in which public institutions guarantee rights. This lecture deals with the relationship between public right and the rights of private law. In accordance with corrective justice, private law links the parties to a transaction bilaterally, so that they are subject to correlatively structured bases of liability. In contrast, public right is omnilateral, linking everyone to everyone else. Two normative ideas inform public right: publicness (that public institutions secure everyone's rights on the basis of reasons that can be known and acknowledged by all) and systematicity (that the norms and institutions of law form a systematic whole). In standard cases public right makes no difference to a private law controversy except to add the dimensions of publicness and systematicity. In some circumstances, however, public right alters the principle on which a court resolves a controversy, without, however, changing the structure and content of the private-law right itself. Kant himself pointed out that publicness can have this effect, as he illustrated in his discussion of market overt. Systematicity operates similarly, sometimes extending and sometimes narrowing the effect of the plaintiff's right. For instance, the tort of inducing breach of contract expands the effect of the promisee's right by securing it against everyone. On the other hand, the privilege to preserve property, exemplified in the controversial case of Vincent v Lake Erie, narrows the effect of the plaintiff's right by subjecting it to conditions that justify its infringement. The effect of public right is to make right holders reciprocally determining participants in the legal system, thereby transforming private law into a community of rights.
THE IDEA OF CONSIDERATION
Authors: Benson Peter
Published: April 2011

No doctrine of the common law of contract has been longer settled or more carefully developed than consideration. Yet none has proved more intractable to theoretical justification. This article suggests that the problem is not with consideration but rather with the theories that defend or challenge it, theories not equipped to explain the doctrine because they invoke functions and purposes that do not belong to the specific kind of relation that consideration necessarily establishes. In contrast with current approaches, the article argues that consideration is not a control device that, for various policy reasons, negatively excludes certain prima facie enforceable promises. Rather, it is constitutive of a kind of interaction that is the only basis on which parties may reasonably be held to have undertaken fully contractual obligations enforceable by expectation remedies. The article sets out the main features of the promise for consideration relation; then seeks to explain the juridical meaning and role of this relation; and finally brings out the contrast with reliance.
PRIVATE LAW AND KANTIAN RIGHT
Authors: Brudner Alan
Published: April 2011

In The Idea of Private Law, Ernest Weinrib sought to rescue private law's autonomy from functionalism's reduction of private law to an instrument of the public interest. The twin ideas he employed for this purpose were corrective justice and Kantian Right. According to Weinrib, corrective justice provides private law's unifying structure, while Kantian Right supplies its normative content. In this essay, I argue that Kantian Right cannot be the normative complement to the corrective-justice form of private law because, with the exception of trespass to the person, private law vanishes in Kantian Right. I argue that there is no possibility for an autonomous private law in Kantian Right and that there is, indeed, a logical progression from Kantian Right to the very functionalism that Weinrib opposes.
LEGAL POSITIVISM AS AN IDEA ABOUT MORALITY
Authors: Stone Martin
Published: April 2011

I ask what a proper critical target for ‘legal positivism’ might be. I argue that utilitarian moral theory, and more generally fully directive moral theories, are unacknowledged motivations for legal positivism. Contemporary debate about ‘the nature of law’ is, historically speaking, much more of a footnote to utilitarianism than has been recognized.
Study on Creep Behavior of PP/CaCO3 Molded by Vibration Injection Molding at Different Vibration Frequency and Vibration Pressure
Authors: Lu Y. , Peng H. , Shen K. , Yan Z.
Published: April 2011

Vibration injection molding technology has achieved some good properties, such as high impact strength and high tensile strength. Although many researchers have proved that the short-time mechanical properties of the polymer could be improved by vibration-injection molding technology, the long-time mechanical properties, such as the creep behavior, have not been paid enough attention. In this paper, the creep behavior of the calcium carbonate filled polypropylene (PP/CaCO3) prepared at various vibration conditions has been observed. The influences of the vibration pressure and the frequency on the mechanical properties and creep behavior were investigated via creep test and tensile test. Firstly, the tensile fracture strain reached the maximum (11%) at 0.72 Hz. Moreover, with the increasing vibration pressure amplitude, the tensile fracture strain would decrease. The changing tendency of tensile strength is basically contrary with the change of the tensile fracture strain. Secondly, when the vibration frequency reaches the 0.72 Hz, the tensile creep is larger than that of other frequencies samples at 50 MPa; meanwhile, the tensile creep of these PP/CaCO3 parts, which has been prepared at 0.48 Hz, decreases with the increasing vibration pressure amplitude. Finally, the dynamic mechanics analysis (DMA) and the wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) were adopted to analyze the reason of the creep behavior change. The different macromolecular chains mobility caused the different creep behavior.
The 1738–41 Harvest Crisis in Scotland
Authors: Rössner Philipp Robinson
Published: April 2011

Between 1738 and 1741 Scotland experienced one of the harshest harvest crises and depressions in the eighteenth-century. After at least two consecutive harvest failures (in 1739 and 1740 and perhaps also in 1738) agrarian and industrial output contracted, the price level doubled, and average incomes fell below subsistence. Due to an increase in mortality, there was also a considerable contraction in aggregate demand. Data drawn from both the micro- as well as the macro-level shows the disastrous economic impact such deficient harvests – the depression's initial trigger – would have upon Scotland, a pre-industrial economy dominated by agriculture. Such shocks in agrarian supply tended to work out as general adverse shocks in aggregate supply, as the economy's business cycle was to a large extent determined by movements in the harvest cycle. The implicit task of the paper also is to point out the variety of available sources for, as well as one possible strategy of, writing a quantitative macro-economic history of eighteenth-century Scotland.
Mineral Licks as Diversity Hotspots in Lowland Forest of Eastern Ecuador
Authors: Blake John G. , Mosquera Diego , Guerra Jaime , Loiselle Bette A. , Romo David , Swing Kelly
Published: April 2011

Mineral licks are sites where a diverse array of mammals and birds consume soil (geophagy) or drink water, likely for mineral supplementation. The diversity of species that visit such sites makes them important for conservation, particularly given that hunters often target animals at licks. Use of mineral licks varies among species, with frugivores among the most common visitors but there is considerable temporal and spatial variation in lick use both within and among species. Camera traps triggered by heat and motion were used to document use of mineral licks by birds and non-volant mammals over a four-year period at a lowland forest site in eastern Ecuador. We obtained 7,889 photographs representing 23 mammal species and 888 photographs representing 15 bird species. Activity (photographs/100 trap-days) at the four licks varied from 89 to 292 for mammals and from six to 43 for birds. Tapirs (Tapirus terrestris), peccaries (Pecari tajacu, Tayassu pecari), deer (Mazama americana), and pacas (Cuniculus paca) were the most frequent mammal visitors; guans (Pipile pipile) and pigeons (Columba plumbea) were the most common birds. Use of licks varied diurnally and seasonally but patterns of use varied among species and sites. Mineral licks provide an important resource for many species but further studies are needed to determine the precise benefit(s) obtained and how benefits may vary with diet and other factors, such as rainfall.
The Biological Deep Sea Hydrothermal Vent as a Model to Study Carbon Dioxide Capturing Enzymes
Authors: Minic Zoran , Thongbam Premila D.
Published: April 2011

Deep sea hydrothermal vents are located along the mid-ocean ridge system, near volcanically active areas, where tectonic plates are moving away from each other. Sea water penetrates the fissures of the volcanic bed and is heated by magma. This heated sea water rises to the surface dissolving large amounts of minerals which provide a source of energy and nutrients to chemoautotrophic organisms. Although this environment is characterized by extreme conditions (high temperature, high pressure, chemical toxicity, acidic pH and absence of photosynthesis) a diversity of microorganisms and many animal species are specially adapted to this hostile environment. These organisms have developed a very efficient metabolism for the assimilation of inorganic CO2 from the external environment. In order to develop technology for the capture of carbon dioxide to reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, enzymes involved in CO2 fixation and assimilation might be very useful. This review describes some current research concerning CO2 fixation and assimilation in the deep sea environment and possible biotechnological application of enzymes for carbon dioxide capture.
A New Data Mining Scheme Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Kamruzzaman S. M. , Sarkar A. M. Jehad
Published: April 2011

Classification is one of the data mining problems receiving enormous attention in the database community. Although artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been successfully applied in a wide range of machine learning applications, they are however often regarded as black boxes, i.e., their predictions cannot be explained. To enhance the explanation of ANNs, a novel algorithm to extract symbolic rules from ANNs has been proposed in this paper. ANN methods have not been effectively utilized for data mining tasks because how the classifications were made is not explicitly stated as symbolic rules that are suitable for verification or interpretation by human experts. With the proposed approach, concise symbolic rules with high accuracy, that are easily explainable, can be extracted from the trained ANNs. Extracted rules are comparable with other methods in terms of number of rules, average number of conditions for a rule, and the accuracy. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is clearly demonstrated by the experimental results on a set of benchmark data mining classification problems.
Online design of Matlab/Simulink block schemes
Authors: Janík Zoltán , Žáková Katarína
Published: April 2011

The paper presents a new online tool that enables to build a Matlab/Simulink block scheme in the Internet environment. The block scheme can be designed in similar manner as it is offered by local installation of Simulink. The application was created by widely used technologies as XHTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP together with AJAX approach. The created application can be used as a supporting tool in virtual and remote laboratories.
Design and Development of an Industrial Network Laboratory
Authors: Leão Celina P , Soares Filomena O , Machado José , Seabra Eurico , Rodrigues Helena
Published: April 2011

This paper presents the first developments of an industrial network laboratory prototype. In the Automation Laboratory several kits have been implemented for local and remote control tests. The approach includes the design and implementation of an industrial network where the common communications protocols can be tested: the Automation Network Locker (ANL). To facilitate the monitoring and control of the network, WALC (Web Assisted Laboratory for Control Engineering on-line Education) interface platform was developed. This allows the remote monitoring and control of the pedagogic kits to complement the teaching/learning automation to undergraduate engineering students. The security of network access is also taken into account in order to limit and control the number of users that can access it. An on-line questionnaire accessed at the end of each semester, allows an actualization and to follow the studentsâ?? feedback.
Systemic Approach to Learning Paradigms and the Use of Social Media in Higher Education
Authors: Kurkela Lauri Juhani
Published: April 2011

The implementation of social media in learning, teaching and cooperation is an innovation process which has implications at many levels in networking universities. eLearning developers and educational designers need to be aware of social media related technological prospects to be able to determine how to benefit from new possibilities. They also need to be aware of related pedagogical possibilities, competences and attitudes among students, teachers and tutors. Soft System Methodology (SSM) has been applied to investigate the problem area more deeply. One can see three development challenges at each level: 1) paradigms and paradigm shifts, 2) teaching and learning competences and related culture, 3) infrastructure and technology related services and innovations. The Virtual Campus for Digital Students (ViCaDiS) Project is used to concretise some features of the systemic approach of SSM. As a result of the SSM analysis, one can find a useful framework to start analysing development challenges in the context of one university or universities working together.
Linking R&D Activities with Teaching: Water Quality Monitoring in Aquaculture as a Remote Laboratory Proxy for Environmental Studies
Authors: Borges Maria Teresa , Mendes Joaquim Gabriel , Restivo Maria Teresa , Pereira Carlos Manuel
Published: April 2011

This work presents a system for on-line study purposes and for demonstrative operation of water quality monitoring based on previous full-scale trials in a commercial aquaculture facility under the scope of a R&D project. This system is still under development, and was designed for sharing resources in R&D activities and later in distance learning blended courses. An application developed in LabVIEW is responsible for receiving information from physical and chemical data (water level, flow, oxygen, temperature, pH, ORP and CO2) through a hardware interface. The acquired data are recorded in a Microsoft Access database that can be locally queried as desired. An IP camera allows students to observe the system in real-time. Students can log into the system and follow the real-time variations of a specific water quality parameter and the synergetic effects of these changes on the levels of other constituents. The water tanks contain no living beings in order to allow free adjustments of the parameters under study. The system description, data and remote access link is integrated in a basic course available in a Moodle® server. The goal of this course is to provide a stimulating interdisciplinary environment to a diverse group of undergraduate students, where critical research questions related to water are addressed. This system, unique in the area concerning with our knowledge, intends to contribute also to studentsâ?? training on data monitoring and analysis; and to nourish analytical skills and creativity of future scientists by encouraging potential graduate students to go further. Finally, this system allows the students to be familiar with the use of some new information technologies.
STUDY OF HYDROXYAPATITE NANO COMPOSITES WITH PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES
Authors: Chung Ren-Jei
Published: April 2011

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is the major inorganic component in human bones and well known for its biocompatibility. It has been widely prepared in many forms for orthopedic and dental applications. Color-center-doped HAps are also prevalently used as fluorescent materials. Further, HAp based photoluminescent material might be an ideal agent for bioimaging. Moreover, self-assembly of HAp in calcium- and phosphate-containing solutions gains a lot of attention because organic–inorganic HAp hybrids can be tailor-made. In this study, the author used a biomimetic process to synthesize organic–inorganic HAp nano hybrid at room temperature. The natural and synthesized polymeric templates used to prepare the organic–inorganic HAp hybrids were collagen, PEG–PLGA (di block), and PEG–PLGA–PEG (tri block), respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) diagrams revealed that the synthesized powders had crystalline HAp phase, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) photographs showed their nano grain structure. Characterization using XRD, TEM, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTR) indicated the existence of crystalline HAp phase and the variation in HAp shape versus different polymers in the composite powders. The measurement of photoluminescent (PL) spectra used a 325 nm He–Cd laser as source. The di HAp and tri HAp emitted light with a wide range of wavelength from 350 to 550 nm, much stronger than pure HAp. Collagen alone emitted brighter fluorescence peaked around 410 nm but was quickly quenched, while collagen–HAp composite powders emitted sustaining PL light peaking around 415 nm. The developed PL bioceramics are of great potential in bio sensing and bio optoelectronics.
Donor CD8 T Cells and IFN-γ Are Critical for Sex-Based Differences in Donor CD4 T Cell Engraftment and Lupus-Like Phenotype in Short-Term Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease Mice
Authors: Foster Anthony D. , Soloviova Kateryna , Puliaeva Irina , Puliaiev Maksym , Puliaev Roman , Finkelman Fred , Via Charles S.
Published: April 2011

The transfer of unfractionated DBA/2J (DBA) splenocytes into B6D2F1 (DBA→F1) mice results in greater donor CD4 T cell engraftment in females at day 14 that persists long-term and mediates greater female lupus-like renal disease. Although donor CD8 T cells have no demonstrated role in lupus pathogenesis in this model, we recently observed that depletion of donor CD8 T cells prior to transfer eliminates sex-based differences in renal disease long-term. In this study, we demonstrate that greater day 14 female donor CD4 engraftment is also critically dependent on donor CD8 T cells. Male DBA→F1 mice exhibit stronger CD8-dependent day 8–10 graft-versus-host (GVH) and counter-regulatory host-versus-graft (HVG) responses, followed by stronger homeostatic contraction (days 10–12). The weaker day 10–12 GVH and HVG in females are followed by persistent donor T cell activation and increasing proliferation, expansion, and cytokine production from days 12 to 14. Lastly, greater female day 14 donor T cell engraftment, activation, and cytokine production were lost with in vivo IFN-γ neutralization from days 6 to 14. We conclude the following: 1) donor CD8 T cells enhance day 10 proliferation of donor CD4 T cells in both sexes; and 2) a weaker GVH/HVG in females allows prolonged survival of donor CD4 and CD8 T cells, allowing persistent activation. These results support the novel conclusion that sex-based differences in suboptimal donor CD8 CTL activation are critical for shaping sex-based differences in donor CD4 T cell engraftment at 2 wk and lupus-like disease long-term.