bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Craftsmen training issues for Lithuania in the middle of the nineteenth century
Authors: Endzinas A.
Published: January 2019

Vilnius University attached great importance to practical handcrafted and crafts skills training at the educational institutions in the Vilnius School District. Reactionary school regulations made it possible to teach a trade in 1828, but after political events, the suppression of the 1830–1831 uprising, only half of the reactionary provisions were implemented in Lithuania. Handiwork and craftsmanship were not given the attention or special training in these subjects require. This is why only the 21st folk school in the Vilnius School District Governorate taught craftsmanship in the 19th century.

Economic developments in the country, especially in 1860 when Russian exports and imports were moving primarily through Lithuanian lands by land and river, rail and road construction required a larger number of workers with craft work skills. In the absence of craft schools, rural and urban artisans, individuals trained by craftsmen or trained by their parents, the military, or self-taught people filled in the ranks of such workers. Governorate state property agencies tried to get orphans and boys from poor families into craftsmen apprenticeships. A craftsman would take on an apprentice with room and board for free provided the apprentice would learn at his side for a given period. There was a relatively good number of such apprentices learning the trade this way, 357 in the Vilnius Governorate in 1853. Due to long military service, most of the returnees were not able-bodied and couldn't work hard. Furthermore, the skills they'd acquired there were not very diverse.

So what craftsmen demand of them amounted to a line of work they could live with.  Pushing poor and landless peasants' children into craftsmanship partly contributed to solving social problems. The 1853 craftsmen regulations also helped. The 19th century writer Motiejus Valančius encouraged learning craftsmanship in "Palangos Juzė" (named for a hotel) and "Paaugusių žmonių knygelė" (The Little Book of Older Folks). He said that young people learning a trade need to let their knowledgeable boss be in charge. But the craft must be chosen with regard to adolescent inclinations. Interest in learning crafts began to grow. Individual apprenticeship training opportunities in master workshops were insufficient to meet demand. The country's economic development required linking the acquisition of practical skills with theoretical preparation.
The perception performance of visual signal stimuli when their density is changing
Authors: Penkauskas A.
Published: January 2019

The paper was intended to investigate the effectiveness of visual stimuli signal perception while their density field is changing.

The study was performed using the response time measurement method. The density constant in the field of vision and visual field size were changed in the experiment.

The study showed that the perception of effectiveness decreased with increasing visual stimuli signal density, while when the density decreases it increased. Optimum and critical density were identified.

Perception of visual signal stimuli, while changing its density, takes place directly in both grouping and counting.
Motives issues some primary school students have in learning some foreign languages
Authors: Čiurlienė M.
Published: January 2019

This article deals with the peculiarities of foreign language learning motives of some primary school children.

The survey results show that almost all primary school students who learn foreign languages have quite clearly expressed motives. The school environment helps to form learning motives and can give behavior purposefulness. Nearly two-thirds of primary school students have a negative opinion about foreign language learning.
Influence of social environment on the attitude of senior pupils to religion and atheism
Authors: Tidikis R.
Published: January 2019

The pedagogical and social research work carried out in schools - of the Lithuanian S.S.R. shows that social micro-environment (family) has its influence on the religious and atheistic views of senior pupils and conditions their religious and atheistic activities. The greatest influence on the religiosity of a senior pupil has a family in which both of the parents are pious and systematically celebrate religious festivals observing all the religious rites and ceremonies. But the religious influence of the parents on senior pupils is strongly limited by the atheistic influence of school and other factors and also due to the growth of consciousness and maturity of the pupils themselves. The article reflects the degree of social conditionality and causality of religiosity and atheistic activities of senior pupils.
Motives as desirable result
Authors: Vasiliauskas A.
Published: January 2019

The problem of systematic description of the motives of personality’s conscious activity is investigated. “Systematic” we call such a description of the motives that is based on particular concept of psychological phenomena of the motives, without using various correlative concepts. Psychological phenomena of the motive of personality's conscious activity consist of the desirable result (outcome) of the activity. From this point of view the supposed result foreseen by the subject as undesirable cannot be estimated as motive of his conscious activity. The supposed results which evoke fear, shame, disappointment and other negative experiences of the subject are not the motives. This concept enables us to describe various cases of human activity in term of aspiration for the desirable results. The whole human activity in this way can be classified in to some general or formal cases (case of interest, duty, compulsion, etc.) which are characterised by the emotional state of the subject and by the relation between the motive and counter-motive. Such characteristics could be used in analysis and classification of the behavioural data of the personality to reveal the motives of its activity.
Learning interest of boys and girls of senior classes
Authors: Skrickutė L.
Published: January 2019

The article is written on the basis of results obtained from questioning, completing forms, observations and individual conversations with the pupils. 1,212 pupils from various urban and rural middle schools of Lithuania were questioned. The analysis of researching material revealed that the interest in all subjects of exact sciences (physics, chemistry, mathematics) is growing in senior classes and interest in all the humanities (literature, history and languages) diminishes in senior classes. It concerns the pupils of both sexes, but the larger percent of boys take interest in exact sciences in all forms, and on the contrary the girls are inclined towards humanities. The boys are mostly interested in history among the humanities. Already in the graduating form the majority of girls are mare concerned with chemistry. Similar differences are observed while comparing the reading interests of boys and girls. The girls are mostly interested in literature that makes influence on their feelings and emotions and the boys prefer reading popular scientific literature. The differences between the girls’ and boys’ interests in different subjects taught at school are explained as differences of psychics of both sexes. But in senior classes those differences are closely connected with pupils’ professional interests as well, which are forming under the influence of many social factors and not always depend merely upon the pupils’ bents.
Analysis of mistakes made in reproduction of English words
Authors: Laptėvaitė I.
Published: January 2019

This is an account of the analysis of mistakes made in memorization of English words in the course of our experimental study. The following was observed: l. Retention of pronunciation is inferior to retention of graphic form of words. This phenomenon can be attributed to the lower carrying capacity of the auditory canal as compared with the visual canal. 2. Proactive interference is the cause of the greatest amount of mistakes. 3. Association value of phones influences memorization of pronunciation. Association value of words of not too remote frequencies affects memorization of graphic form only slightly. 4. Simplification and omission of details manifests itself in memorization of words especially compound ones.
Some proposals for the improvement of the methodics of the organization of championships
Authors: Stakvilevičius M.
Published: January 2019

We must look for new schemes of competitions to make championships of sports games help to increase sports progress of pupils maximally. We suggest a model of championship in which the result of each match has a character of probability. In such a case we have a linear system of algebraic equations r_k x_k-∑_(l=1)^(r_k)▒〖x_l=n_k 〗 (r_k – number of matches, x_k – a class, ∑_(l=1)^(r_k)▒x_l – the sum of the rival classes, n_k – a half of gained and lost balls) reflecting the competitions organized according to any scheme. In some cases the system of equations is solved analytically and the results are reduced to simple formulas. We suggest the following methods, illustrated by examples suggested for different championships. The suggested theory might be used by sportsmen and mathematicians in their work after classes.
On the development of the investigation principle in didactics
Authors: Bernotas V.
Published: January 2019

The investigation principle plays an important part in harmonious development of personality, in preparing it for life and practical activities. It enables pupils to master knowledge more deeply and consciously, develops creative thought and independence. In this article the main attention is devoted to the problem of the inception of the investigation principle and its development throughout the history of pedagogics. A brief characteristic of this principle, its essence and tasks are also given. Much consideration is given to the analysis of the Dalton plan and projects’ method, and the reasons for adopting these systems of training first in the U.S.A. and later in schools of the Soviet Union. Different variants of the investigation principle are described. A review of the latest Soviet and foreign pedagogical literature on the subject is given, and ways of further development of this problem are shown.
The main stages of the development of psychological thought in Lithuania (A historical review)
Authors: Gučas A.
Published: January 2019

The article presents a brief review of psychological thought in Lithuania from its origin till the present time. Particular attention is paid to the activities of psychologists in the Soviet period.
The influence of teaching films upon the children of underschool age
Authors: Tidikienė Z.
Published: January 2019

Our investigations have shown that the use of teaching screen, when introducing children of 5-7 years old to the surroundings, perfects the process of teaching to the utmost and at the same time develops the personality of a preschool child. Teaching films help the children to master concrete, generalized, expanded and systematized knowledge. Pedagogically aimed presenting of cognitive material in a film forms the child’s attitude towards social phenomena, gives him some ways of generalized analysis. The emotionality of screen images stimulates the child’s speech activity and the texts act upon his fluency, expressiveness, picturesqueness.
On the relationship between some abilities and tendencies to choose certain studies
Authors: Mikšytė G.
Published: January 2019

Analyzing the quantitative and qualitative data after testing the 10th grade students propencities to certain field of study, it was determined that tendencies to choose certain studies is related to the ability to determine the relationships in plane surface, spatial thought images, and abilities to determine quantitative relationships. It was found that the tendency to choose certain studies is related to certain developmental features of specific abilities.
Determination of characteristic errors and analysis of their dynamics utilizing recurrent information
Authors: Mikėnas V. , Staniūnienė G.
Published: January 2019

The teaching of any branch of science must use the methods on the base of which it is possible to get and assimilate the necessary information. One of them is recording of recurrent information. The determination of characteristic errors in graphic works and dynamics of them recording recurrent information was analysed at the Electrical Engineering Faculty of the Kaunas Polytechnic Institute. The determination of characteristic errors and dynamics of them carrying out the tasks of various complexity of particular graphic work is shown in the article.
The impact of recurrent information on the objectivity of estimation of students’ and teachers’ work
Authors: Staniūnienė G.
Published: January 2019

Objective estimation of the work has a great importance for the development of the training process and for education too. It develops such qualities as right attitude to work, discipline, honesty, care, thoughtfulness, confidence in one’s own abilities, desire to acquire more knowledge, etc. It is shown that by recording recurrent information it is possible to estimate objectively graphic works of student during a semester taking into account the qualities mentioned above (the research was carried out at the Electrical Engineering Faculty of the Kaunas Polytechnic Institute). Quantitative and qualitative abilities and skills are named. It is shown also how to estimate objectively the work of each student while estimating the work by marks. Recurrent information has an impact not only on the objectivity of estimation of student’s work but on that of a teacher as well. Defects in student’s and teacher’s work during semester may be seen in the presented example - summary table. The causes bringing about these defects and means for their elimination are indicated.
The investigation of attention properties in normal and abnormal children
Authors: Lygis D.
Published: January 2019

Concentration, distribution and switching of acoustic, visual and tactile attention in blind, light-sighted, deaf, mentally retarded and normal children (on the average 19 years of age) were studied. It has been found that audio-tactual and audio-visual distribution of attention combine well (the average decrement of performance constitutes 14.5%) in comparison with visual-tactual distribution (the average decrement of performance constitutes 40.2%). According to the index of velocity of attention concentration, the subject groups distributed themselves as follows: blind, normal, light-sighted, deaf and mentally retarded. According to the index of attention switching, the subject groups distributed themselves in the following order: light-sighted, normal, mentally retarded and deaf. According to the index of intermodal distribution of attention, the subject groups distributed themselves in the following way: blind, normal, light-sighted, mentally retarded and deaf.
A theory of rhetoric about the role of affections in the oratorical art
Authors: Ulčinaitė E.
Published: January 2019

Ancient rhetoric (Aristoteles, Cicero, Quintilianus) paid great attention to the emotional effect of the oratorical art, analysed the possibilities and ways to evoke affections. The role of affections was emphasized by the l7th c. rhetoric. The ideas of N. Caussinus, S. Lauxmin and A. Juglaris, the famous rhetoricians of the l7th c., are discussed in the article. The conclusion is drawn that the teaching of affections in the oratorical art has made a great impact on psychology and philosophy.
The influence of general attitude of parents towards child on the development of his empathy
Authors: Chomentauskienė R.
Published: January 2019

The experimental investigation has revealed that general attitude of parents towards child specifically influences the development of his empathic reactions. Adequate empathic reactions develop only then when the general attitude of parents towards child can be characterized as warm, loving and democratic. Overprotection as well as inconsistency interferes with the development of empathy. Autocratic care and aggressive involvement promote the development of conventional type of empathy.
Models of similarity judgment
Authors: Martišius V.
Published: January 2019

Analysis of stimulus similarity judgment is suggested to be used for the research of individual peculiarities of psychical processes. Critical discussion of the existing models of multidimensional scaling of similarity is reported. It is concluded that distance and content models have serious shortcomings limiting their application. The feature model proposed by A. Tversky and the classificatory theory which makes no dimensional or metric assumption are discussed. The author adheres to a statement that judgments of similarity and difference are complementary.
Problem of personality in psychosomatic medicine
Authors: Kočiūnas R.
Published: January 2019

The problem of participation of personality traits in rising of psychosomatic diseases is reviewed. Two aspects of the problem are discussed: the possible existence of specific premorbid personality structure in patients with different psychosomatic diseases (within the framework of psychological specificity concept) and personality traits common to many psychosomatic patients (alexithymic personality). It is concluded that only complex investigation of the aforesaid aspects may help to determine the role of personality factor in rising and course of psychosomatic diseases.
Psychological characteristics of the personality of children ill with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatism
Authors: Bieliauskaitė R.
Published: January 2019

This work was aimed at depicting some psychological features characteristic of children ill with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatism. Three projective tests were used: “House-Tree-Person” test, “Kinetic Family Drawing” and Rorschach test. 60 children ill with rheumatoid arthritis and rheumatism were tested. The control group consisted of 30 practically healthy children. Collected data has shown that unsociability, poverty of emotions, very high level of anxiety are characteristic of children ill with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatic children show high level of insecurity, hostility and antagonism in the family. Difficulties in communication, subjectively worse situation in family were characteristic of both groups of sick children.
Attribution and different approaches to its investigation
Authors: Bistrickas R.
Published: January 2019

In this article the main theories of attribution, its rise in the social psychology and some empiric conclusions have been reviewed. Some problems concerning the usage of the methods of investigation are analysed here.
J. Gibson's theory of direct perception
Authors: Martišius V.
Published: January 2019

The principal aim of the present paper is to evaluate J. Gibson's contribution to the comprehension of visual perception. It is concluded that some definitions or the concepts and principles of the ecological approach are self-contradictory and unessential. The theory of direct perception doesn't allow many important experimental findings to be explained. It is because of the limitations in J. Gibson's theory that the latter can't be considered a significant alternative to the theories in which emphasis is placed on the importance of internal representation for perceptual processes.
Operator's motor space temporal characteristics
Authors: Vanagienė I.
Published: January 2019

The investigation was carried out by using psychological, not traditional anatomical and biomechanical methods. Therefore new data were obtained for further examination of working comfort. Two motor areas were studied: “comfortable” and “discomfortable”. The study involved the performance of rapid and exact movements in the above motor areas. The subjects were tested in sitting and standing postures until they were sensible to fatigue and pain in some parts of the body. The changes in the accuracy of movements in the course of certain time, as well as the subjective judgements on fatigue and pain were measured. The analysis of the data showed that the motor space comfort and the posture were not the·only factors relevant to the efficiency of the movements. Correlations were found between the person's temper and the changes in the efficiency of movements in the course of certain time. The fatigue time also depends on the personality. In this paper diagrams are presented in which the fatigue time and the efficiency of rapid, exact hand movements has been shown.
The most common oral associations for senior students
Authors: Vaišvilaitė V.
Published: January 2019

The article presents the association responses provided by 500 senior Lithuanian students. The stimuli - words from Kent and Rosanoff’s list. Syntagmatic responses dominated.
Peculiarities of primary school children's behaviour and their test anxiety
Authors: Augis R.
Published: January 2019

The test anxiety of 68 eight-year-olds has been conducted with the help of S. B. Sarason's "The Test Anxiety Scale for Children". The peculiarities of their behaviour in stress situations at school have been studied through clinical interviews and observations. The analysis of the data obtained has confirmed our hypothesis (p<0.01) that an increase in test anxiety is related to unrealistic behaviour which is psychologically based on impulsiveness and psychological defence mechanisms, whereas a relative decrease in lest anxiety is linked with realistic behaviour which is psychologically based on will.
Biography of A. Adler
Authors: Gučas A.
Published: January 2019

The article presents a brief biography of A. Adler and the most important statements of his theory.
Survey of A. Gučas activity and researches
Authors: Bagdonas A. , Butkienė G. , Lapė J. , Rimkutė E.
Published: January 2019

The article provides a detailed overview of A. Gučas' activities and research, as well as a bibliography.
The order of global and local information processing in visual stimuli
Authors: Martišius V.
Published: January 2019

In the present report basing on the works of contemporary authors a conclusion is made that it is the global aspects of images that are maįnly available for the initial processing. When local and global dimensions are discriminably equal in some cases only global precedence is obtained at the small exposure duration. At the longer exposure duration both local and global interferences are demonstrated. Stritly discrete - models are not able to explain all experimental data. The processing of -local and global information is simultaneously completed at several processing levels.
The peculiarities of the attitude of chronic somotic patients towards their disease in the resort treatment process
Authors: Streikus Z. , Trimonytė A.
Published: January 2019

The paper analyses the attitude of chronic somatic patients towards their disease in the resort treatment process and its interrelationship with personality variables. Seven psychodiagnostic techniques were used with 250 chronic somatic patients. The data obtained revealed: inadequate attitude towards disease during the entire treatment process; more external locus control; high anxiety level; neurotic personality development; problems in interpersonal relations. The paper suggests the necessity of holistic approach to disease prevention and patient rehabilitation.
The peculiarities of neurotic children's families
Authors: Nasvytienė D.
Published: January 2019

The present paper reveals some aspects of the family environment of a neurotic child. 'I'wenty four families ( 38 persons ) of neurotic children have been studied. The experimental investigation has shown that neurotic children's parents tend to be hyperprotective, less punishing, lacking selfconfidence in children's upbringing and preferring feminine features of character in their children ( though the majority of neurotics were boys ) . It has also been pointed out that some personality traits and biographic data of the families such as the relatively late time of parenthood, the fact of on unwanted child, boys' education in the broken family are of certain significance.
Family psychotherapy of V. Satir
Authors: Chomentauskas G.V.
Published: January 2019

The article reviews the short biography of V. Satir and the major principles of fhis amily therapy.
Principles of existential experience group
Authors: Kočiūnas R.
Published: January 2019

Our preparatory programme for counsellors includes group training with special stress on the problems of personal authenticity, freedom, responsibility, choice-making, guilt, love, suffering, intimacy, and inner silence. The aim here shall be more experiential than discussion-based group life that reveals itself through the moments and the existential problems arising „here and now" as well as their manifestation in everyday life. Participants are oriented toward the very proceeding of the group process. Simultaneously a constant feedback of the process by means of sharing feelings, with attention at every moments on “What am I feeling now?”, coupled with the analysis of the dynamics taking place shall be provided. The main principle of the group experience is such: priority is given not to interpersonal, but to intrapersonal dynamics, i.e. to explore oneself. During the course of the group an attempt shall be made at “meeting with oneself” at multifarious “here and now” moments.
Information about ECHA conference
Authors: Grabauskaitė D.
Published: January 2019

The article presents information about ECHA conference “Problems of giftedness in the changing Europe”, major topics, presentations and research.
The role of practice in recognition of patterns of different complexity
Authors: Gurciniene Ona , Soliunas Alvydas , Vanagas Vygandas
Published: January 2019

We used backward masking to investigate the influence of pattern complexity on recognition accuracy in tachistoscopic experiments on human subjects. A rectangular frame of twelve line segments of equal length was used as a masking pattern (MP). The test patterns (TPs), which were nonverbal figures, were the parts of MPs composed by joining four, five, six, seven, and eight line segments. The TP was presented for 10 ms, and then the MP for 500 ms. The interstimulus interval was established for each subject individually as the shortest interval permitting a recognition accuracy of 50%-90%. Each subject took part in six to eight test trials. This approach enabled us to evaluate the role of learning. In the first test trial the smaller the number of line segments the pattern consisted of, the more accurately it was recognised by the subject. In the second and third test trials the subject recognised the figures which differed by number of line segments with more or less the same accuracy. In the subsequent trials the figures composed of six line segments were recognised more accurately then ones composed of four, five, seven, or eight line segments. The different results of the initial test trial and the subsequent ones led to the conclusion that the role of the features by which the figures were recognised had changed in the training process. The inexperienced subjects recognised the TPs by simple features (the number of line segments seemed to be the most important one) and the experienced subjects recognised them by more complex features.
Short review of theories and problems regarding intellect studies
Authors: Paulauskas Zilvinas
Published: January 2019

The aim of this article is to present a short review of the origin of “intellect” notion and evolution of treatment of this concept. The best-known theories of intellect such as structural theories - two-factorial and multifactorial (both theories of equivalent factors, both hierarchic factors) - and dynamic theories (theories of development of intelligence) or the intellect treatment by theory of information are presented in the first part of this paper. In the second part of the article the problem of measurement of intellect, the development of investigation of intelligence and indicators of intellectual abilities such as mental age, intelligence quotient and profile of intellect's structure is described. The last part of this paper deals with current studies in the physiological correlates of intellect and the most actual questions in creating the culture neutral tests.
Psychological mechanisms of deviant personality
Authors: Valickas Gintautas
Published: January 2019

The article deals with different aspects of development of deviant personality: 1. General mechanisms of the development of personality and its functioning in particular conditions. 2. The reciprocity between internal and external factors of development of personality. 3. Value system and self-esteem of personality and its role in development of deviant behaviour. The analysis of various data suggests that the striving to raise one's self-esteem is a general nonspecific factor, which may stimulate various forms of deviant behaviour. The main point in the development of positive self-esteem is the reorientation of personality to another (deviant) value system. Different means of neutralization of internal and external demand are analysed as the intermediate in the process of the reorientation of personality from prosocial to antisocial way of development.
On the problem of effects of divorce on children
Authors: Dovydaitytė M.
Published: January 2019

The present article describes the research on effects of parental divorce on children. Retrospective study of effects of divorce on children was conducted. The results indicate that children reactions to parental divorce are emotional and physical distancing from the situation, hypercompensation, delinquent behaviour patterns, and problems of communication with opposite sex as well as psychosomatic reaction. However divorce can be experienced as positive or neutral life event. If a child evaluates parent negatively the negative effects of divorce seem to be less. The most dramatically experienced effects on children are in loyalty conflict situation.
Values of Lithuanian managers
Authors: Bajoriūnienė J.
Published: January 2019

This work deals with the work-related values of Lithuanian managers. As values depend upon many different factors, we decided to find out which of these are the most important. According to G. Hofstede, the director of the Intercultural Collaboration Research Institute, national culture is especially important in understanding the success of management. E. H. Schein indicates organizational culture as no less important. This work hereby describes the work-related values of Lithuanian managers (indicated with Hofstede's Values Survey) and confirms Hofstede's conclusion that national culture has a stronger influence on values formation than organizational culture.
The structure of intellect: The comparison of WISC profiles of mentally retarded and learning-disabled children
Authors: Pukinskaitė R.
Published: January 2019

The present paper reveals the peculiarities of the structure of the intellect of mentally retarded pupils, learning-disabled pupils, and pupils with high achievements. The experimental investigation has shown a significant difference between all the groups in the WISC results of full-scaled scores, verbal and performance scores (p<0,05). The performance IQs of children with leaming disabilities were significantly higher than their verbal IQs. The profile of children with auditory - visual disorders has a tendency to become flatter (there is no significant difference between verbal IQs and performance IQs). The largest variability of WISC scaled scores appeared in the results of children with high achievements, and the smallest variability, in the results of mentally retarded children.
Motivation as a psychological factor of creativity
Authors: ALMONAITIENĖ J.
Published: January 2019

The article deals with the questions of creativity factors. Certain thinking abilities were considered for a while to be the main determinants of creativity, but the data of empirical research accumulated eventually contradicted this traditional standpoint. On the basis of the results of numerous investigations, the possibility was raised that a person's motivation (in the broad sense: motives, values, interests, etc.) may be an important determinant of creativity. This question was examined in the research presented in the article. The students who had exceptional achievements in, various real-life activities which demand creativity participated in the study and the original method of qualitative nature was used. It allowed for the inquiry of some new details of the content of such a creativity factor. The results showed that there were differences in more creative and less creative students' future plans, their attitudes towards their future careers, and the learning of various subjects. It appeared that intrinsic learning motives predominated among more creative students and extrinsic motives among less creative students.
Components of visual illusion
Authors: MARTIŠIUS V.
Published: January 2019

In the present article, based on the works of various authors, a conclusion is made that most visual illusions are caused by several mechanisms acting jointly. Special attention is given to Hoffman's ideas, showing how the Lie transformation group model could be applied to explain angle illusions. The modificed Hoffman's rule is as follows. ldentify the first infinitesimal operator generating the orbits corresponding to the distorted part of a figure. Identify the second infinitesimal operator generating the orbits along which the structure of the surrounding context is the simplest. Form a linear combination of these two operators, weighing the first operator mare strongly. This linear combination of infinitesmal operators will generate the illusion. The rule is a convenient mathematical instrument to describe the averaging (assimilation's) processes in producing angle illusions. The shortcomings of the rule are also discussed.
The problem of values in humanistic and existential psychology
Authors: LEPEŠKIENĖ VITALIJA
Published: January 2019

ln the article perspectives of the representatives of humanistic (C. Rogers, A. Maslow) and existential psychology (V. Frankl, R. May) towards the issue of values are discussed. Though the authors assert that values and individuals' relations to them are essential in human life, none of them gives an articulated definition of the concept. Representatives of humanistic and existential psychology strongly disagree about the locus of the values: A. Maslow maintains that values are of an intrinsic, biological nature while V. Frankl and R. May assert that values are not given to us by nature and are, rather, raised to us as tasks to be fulfilled. All the authors agree that failure to fulfill one's values leads to serious psychological disorders that are not pathological but rather a part of the human condition. A therapist's relation to his/her own values is claimed to be the crucial factor affecting his/her professional life as well as the process and content of therapy.
Lithuanian I-S-T version: Reliability and validity
Authors: Dragūnevičius Kęstutis , Gintilienė Gražina
Published: January 2019

This paper refers to the psychometric properties of IST-70 {Intelligence Structure Test). The aim of investigation was to evaluate the reliability and validity of A and B forms of IST-70 for the Lithuanian population of 12th grade children (sample of 295 schoolchildren). The obtained data show that there are significant differences between the results of Lithuanian 12th grade schoolchildren and German standardisation sample of the same age. Analysis of results show that some psychometric properties of IST-70 cannot meet strict psychometric criteria for tests. Item analysis show there are many of subtests which have non-discriminating items. Also there was found very little subtests of IST-70 met the criteria of reliability. Many correlational links were established between the results of subtests also. The factor analysis of results showed the A form of IST-70 has no theoretically clear factorial structure while the B form has two hypothetical factors: verbal material and nonverbal material. The origin of this factors still remains unexplained.
The empirical study of modal parameters of emotions in everyday life
Authors: Pacevičius Jonas
Published: January 2019

The method of longitudinal study of everyday emotions was used here. 77 Ss using special forms and experiment – based list of emotional terms had been registering their everyday emotions chronologically for two, three or four weeks. Individual and group data were obtained concerning the duration of four basic modalities of emotions (joy, anger, fear, grief) and tranquillity states, and their relations to the type of everyday activities. Inter-correlation analysis of modal and other emotional parameters (sign, intensity, stability) was carried out.
Comparison of risky decision-making and evaluation of riskiness of women and men
Authors: Endriulaitienė Auksė
Published: January 2019

It was noticed that there are not consistent findings about specificity in risky decision-making among women and men. For this reason, the research of gender differences in risky decision-making and the perception of risk was conducted. Two different techniques (paired-comparisons method and choosing risky or safe decision of problem situation) were used in order to find if men are more risk-taking than women and if they rate risky work situations in the same manner as women. The subjects were ninety working students from Lithuanian universities. The results were inconsistent. In some cases men were more risk-taking than women, but the ratings of risky work situations were very similar for both - men and women. The advantages and limitations of the research, possible reasons for inconsistent results were discussed and the suggestions for future research were given.
Assessment of suicidal risk in elderly
Authors: Rudytė Rasa , Sargautytė Rūta
Published: January 2019

The suicide rate is increasing in Lithuania, therefore it is very important to estimate the reasons of suicides in the target age groups. The aim of this study was to appraise the social environment, chronic illness and some demographic characteristics as the suicidal risk factors in elderly. The suicidal risk was assessed by Purpose in Life Test, Beck Hopelessness Scale, Chronic Illness Problem Inventory and a Semi-structured interview. Sixty chronically ill subjects from 60 to 80 years old were assessed, 30 of them residing privately or with their families, and other 30 - in governmental institutions for the care of elderly. The suicidal risk in the elderly was estimated as high. Various chronic illnesses caused problems in daily and social activity, interrupted relationships with family members and friends. Elderly residing in boarding houses experienced significantly lower feeling of the purpose in life, higher hopelessness level and more severe psychosocial problems. Singleness, absence of children and/or grandchildren decreased the psychological well-being and enhanced suicidal risk in elderly, especially those residing in boarding houses.
Constancy of colour perception: Background and contrast influence
Authors: Daugirdienė Aušra , Švegžda Algimantas , Vaitkevičius Henrikas , Viliūnas Vilius
Published: January 2019

Colour constancy was studied by asymmetrical matching procedure under 14 different illuminations. Two kinds of colour stimuli were used: real Munsell chips and simulated equivalent color patches presented on a Barco system. Eight subjects took part in the experiment. One of the 40 Munsell chips (T) under test illumination was presented for a short time - 3 s. After displaying of test (T) chip under the test illumination the subject had chose the such Munscll chip which color perceived under C illumination should be the same as the color of test (T) chip under test illumination. The variability of appearance of particular hues under different illuminations was calculated by measuring Brunswik ratio. It was found that the color constancy were maximal for chips which hues coincide with illumination hue and minimal for chips which hues are complementary for illumination hue. The pcrecived color depends both on a perceived color of background and on color difference betweenbackground and chip. The drift of background colour can not be explained by the adaptation (the observed drift was made quicker than adaptation process).
The contemporary view to creativity and the problems of it's measurement
Authors: Almonaitienė Junona
Published: January 2019

The article presents the attempt to evaluate the most common types of measures used to assess creativity according to the dominant contemporary theoretical approach to the phenomenon. Creativity is now usually considered to be the characteristic of behavior, but not the inner facture of an individual. Two main groups of the measures may be identified among most widely used instruments. The first group includes tests of divergent thinking, personality, attitude and interest inventories. These are psychometric instruments mainly and can be considered as objective. Yet, they measure only the inner correlates of creative behavior: divergent thinking abilities, personality traits etc. The implication that any of these could be one of the main factors influencing creative behavior lacks empirical evidence obviously. One who scores high on the tests often demonstrates any distinctive creative performance in real life. The second group includes such instruments as ratings by teachers, peers or supervisors, judgements of products, registration of indicators of eminence et al. Their distinctive factors in comparison with the first group is taking into consideration the real-life creative production. But here the problem of their objectivity arises acutely. It is not possible to establish fixed criteria for evaluation of product, or behavior, creativity. Thus, the problem of the measurement of creativity to be solved successfully requires creativity from the mea users themselves.
Factors describing functioning of management team
Authors: Dereškevičiūtė Edita , Chomentauskas Gintaras
Published: January 2019

The article presents the complex analysis of variables related with team effectiveness. We applied Input-process-output concept (J. E. McGrath) and P. Vinai, G. Hjelm model. P. Vinai, G. Hjelm's model describes the aspects of organizational functioning that are controlled and influenced by top management team: objectives, performance-output, resources, development and change, management, influence, external relations. In our research 17 top management teams from non-profit non-governmental organizations were assessed.According to our research data following input and process variables related with team effectiveness were determined: financial dependence, activity of members, external relations with sponsors, authorities, strategy, goals, administration and communication. Six factors describing team functioning were defined: I. Purposeful action, II. Communication, III. Conscious competence, IV. Planned activities versus resolution of financial problems, V. External orientation, VI. Structure. Regression analysis allowed to determine variables predicting team effectiveness - they are relations with other organizations (input variable), strategy, goals and communication (group processes).
The Lithuanian students‘ opinion concerning innovative behaviour and its correlation with the KAI test scores
Authors: Almonaitienė Junona , Lekavičienė Rosita
Published: January 2019

The investigation (2001) of the possibility to measure individual differences in creativity, problem solving and decision-making using the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory (KAI) showed that the mean score of the Lithuanian university students' sample was significantly lower than the general population mean scores in some other countries (UK, USA, Slovakia, etc.). Thus, the Lithuanian students were found to be more adaptive. The current study examined the possibility that the opinion concerning innovative behavior could cause such results. To check it 228 university students were asked to complete the test and to refer what kind of behavior was most useful for them up to now at school, in the university, at work and while trying to raise some money, and which they expect to be most useful in their future carrier. 70.6 percent of all the behavior examples named by respondents represented the adaptive behavior. Such qualities as being a steady plodder, thorough and patient were, and would be, according to them, most useful in various fields of activity. The innovative behavior was said to be most appropriate while trying to raise some money (41.7 percent of the mentioned behavior examples), but much less appropriate at school, university, or work (only 25.1, 28.5 and 17.7 percent accordingly). A significant correlation was found between the KAI score and the preferred innovative (r = 0.692, p < 0.01) or adaptive (r = -0.554, p < 0.01) behavior examples. As hypothesized, the KAI scores can be related to attitude, prior experience, and, thus, the social cultural environment on the whole.
Anchoring when the anchors and the answers belong to different semantic categories
Authors: Martišius Vaclovas , Černevičiūtė Rūta
Published: January 2019

By the investigation it was established that the anchors could affect the evaluations of the subjects, although the anchors and answers belonged to different semantic categories. The evaluations of the subjects having and not having professional knowledge differed significantly. It is likely that effective anchors changed the evaluation range of the subjects not having professional knowledge. The anchoring character of the subjects having professional knowledge dependent on the anchor size.
Hearing, personality, body
Authors: Šidlauskaitė Agota
Published: January 2019

In this issue of ‘Psychology’ two articles by Agota Šidlauskaitė are presented.
The first psychologist - Nobel prize laureate
Authors: Pacevičius Jonas
Published: January 2019

Information on D. Kahneman - the first psychologist to have been awarded the Nobel prize.