bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF DENSITY EFFECT ON TSUNAMI BORE FORCES ON VERTICAL WALLS
Authors: Arikawa Taro , Taniguchi Naoki , Takakura Riku , Enomoto Yota , Matsutomi Hideo
Published: September 2023

In the tsunami generated by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, black tsunamis were identified in many locations. According to Kise and Arikawa (2020), in the areas where samples were obtained, the seawater was found to be mixed with silt components by about 10 percent. They also reported that a large impulsive wave pressure might be generated when the silt-mixed seawater acted on a vertical wall as a bore. Although there have been many studies on the mechanism of impulsive wave pressure in bore-shaped tsunamis (e.g., Co and Yeh, 2018), the effects of sand and silt mixing have rarely been investigated. Therefore, in this research, bore-shaped tsunami pressure experiments with sand and silt in various states of density were conducted to clarify the mechanism of impulsive pressure on a vertical wall and to verify the effect of density on impulsive pressures.
STOCHASTIC BOUNDARY UNCERTAINTY IN MEAN WAVE OVERTOPPING RATE ESTIMATES
Authors: Kalligeris Nikos , Gallien Timu
Published: September 2023

Accurate backshore flood prediction requires quantifying overtopping volumes. Wave overtopping can be predicted through empirical formulas (e.g., EurOtop), neural networks or numerical modeling. The first two methods are easy to implement and provide rapid estimates for engineering design. However, empirical estimates reflect average overtopping rates, cannot resolve impulsive individual wave overtopping volumes or infragravity energy, and may differ from observational or numerical estimates by an order of magnitude (e.g., Gallien, 2016). Numerical models present an attractive alternative, however, predictions in phase-resolving models for spectral boundary conditions (BCs) vary due to the stochastic transformation to the time-domain, leading to significant errors in overtopping estimates when the prediction uncertainty is not accounted for. The purpose of this study it to derive an analytical formula for the coefficient of variation of the mean overtopping rate, applicable to all cases for which overtopping volumes are Weibulldistributed. Theory is used to provide guidance on estimating the uncertainty of numerical modeling predictions given the number of simulated waves.
REDESIGN OF TUTUKAKA MARINA FOR TSUNAMI RESILIENCE
Authors: Borrero Jose C. , Brown Rob , O'Neill Sam , Lease Dylan , Stephenson Roger
Published: September 2023

Tutukaka Harbor is located on the east coast of New Zealand, approximately 140 km north of Auckland. At the head of the harbor is Tutukaka Marina which is a popular focal point for maritime recreation and an important economic driver for the area. Tutukaka Harbor is a well-known tsunami ‘hot spot’ as the irregularly shaped harbor is known to amplify incident tsunami energy due to resonance (Borrero and O’Neill, 2019). The objective of this study is to investigate a possible reconfiguration of the entrance to Tutukaka Marina to reduce the severity of tsunami induced currents. Over the years, breakwaters have been constructed narrowing the entrance to the marina. While the breakwaters are effective in blocking wind and swell wave energy, they have had the unintended consequence of enhancing tsunami induced currents forced through the narrow (60 m wide) gap.
ANALYSIS AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF A TANGENT BORED PILE WALL AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO CONVENTIONAL BREAKWATERS
Authors: Garcia Elias A. , Dita Andrei Raphael P. , Cruz Eric C. , Santos Jose Carlo Eric L.
Published: September 2023

Based on existing construction practices, and the difficulty of sourcing rock armor materials in the Philippines, an alternative to conventional rubble mound breakwaters was considered for a beach resort development in Cebu, Philippines. A tangent bored pile wall, consisting of circular piles placed diametrically along a specified alignment, was analyzed and designed as a breakwater. It relies on pile embedment depth and soil friction for stability, unlike conventional breakwaters which rely on the weight of the armor rocks and the interlocking of individual armor units.
ARMOURSTONE PARAMETERIC DESIGN AND PATTERN PLACEMENT
Authors: Gildas Colleter , Colleter Esther
Published: September 2023

Rock armouring is an efficient and economical method of stabilising coastal structures. The hydraulic stability under wave actions of graded rock armour in two or more layers has been the subject of model studies, field analysis, and design formulas that can estimate the quantity of damage on the armour for given wave action. Engineering principles1 typically consider random placement, distributed armour graded, permeability constraints, and controlled stone interlocking. These four conflicting parameters interact in various ways. Design formula and practical experience in the laboratory and the field show that random amourstones are not entirely stable: some proportions of rocks are likely to be displaced over time.
SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT PREDICTION USING TRANSFER LEARNING
Authors: Obara Yuki , Nakamura Ryota
Published: September 2023

Wave prediction needed for maritime construction is generally performed by numerical models. This method, however, requires a high-performance computer and a large cost of computational resources. With the development of neural networks, which can compute at a low cost, the use of neural networks in wave prediction has recently been studied. However, because a large amount of training data is required for neural network tasks using scarce datasets, it is difficult to predict wave conditions accurately. Fan et al. (2020) reported that using LSTM model for prediction of significant wave height (Hs) was higher accuracy than conventional neural network model. Additionally, they recommended using at least 2 years of training data for 6h predictions, that is, an excessively small amount of data is not presumed to predict sufficiently Hs. Therefore, we propose a wave prediction method using transition learning. Transfer Learning is the method of transferring trained knowledge from one model to another. In this study, we investigate whether transfer learning can be used to improve the performance of Hs prediction by transferring the knowledge learned at Sakata port, which has a large amount of training data, to the coast of Yamagata, which has a scarce one.
A PREDICTIVE EQUATION FOR WAVE SETUP THROUGH THE USE OF GENETIC PROGRAMMING
Authors: Dalinghaus Charline , Coco Giovanni , Higuera Pablo
Published: September 2023

As the sea level rises, coastal flooding is predicted to increase worldwide. One of the processes contributing to estimating coastal flooding is wave setup (combined with swash), which accounts for the effect of breaking waves on water levels. Defined as the superelevation of the mean water level due to breaking waves (Longuet-Higgins and Stewart, 1964), wave setup prediction has been a research topic of interest for decades. However, empirical predictors still show considerable scatter, making this component the one with the largest uncertainty when estimating flooding levels. At the same time, more data has become available, opening the possibility of using data-driven models, such as machine learning, a powerful tool that has already been applied to predict a variety of coastal processes. Our work aims to develop a new, robust and reliable wave setup predictor through the use of an evolutionary-based genetic programming technique. To develop the algorithm, we use a dataset compiled by Stockdon et al. (2006), containing 491 measurements from 10 field experiments representing different beach and wave conditions.
THE OCCURRENCE OF EXTREME WAVE HEIGHT IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL RANDOM WAVEFIELD IN COASTAL AREA
Authors: Lyu Zuorui , Mori Nobuhito , Kashima Hiroaki , Tajima Yoshimitsu
Published: September 2023

As the water waves come to the coastal area, the variation in dispersion relation due to the spatial inhomogeneity brings about the deformation of the wave shape. With the local bathymetry effect, the propagation of the wave experiences a complicated evolution process, including the reflection, wave shoaling and breaking, etc. Considering the directional spreading effect and wave refraction becomes indispensable when it comes to a two-dimensional (2D) problem in the random wavefield. Mori et al. (2011) indicated that the distribution of maximum wave height in deep-water is decided by the directional dispersion. In this research, we aim to discuss the occurrence of maximum wave height in the 2D wave evolution in the coastal area. It helps to estimate better extreme events in the prevention work of coastal hazards. To simulate the 2D propagation, we develop a nonlinear model as an extension work of Lyu et al. (2021), which considers the high order harmonic interactions of irregular waves before the breaking in surf zone.
MODELING INFRA-GRAVITY WAVES USING SCHISM-WWMIII BASED ON IMPROVED FORMULAS AND COUPLING APPROACH
Authors: Wang Jinghua , Liu Philip L.-F.
Published: September 2023

The two-way coupled phase-resolved long wave (LW) model and phase-averaged spectrum wave (SW) model is often employed to simulate the coastal flooding due to superimposed astronomical high tides and storm surges. This study suggests an alternative approach by proposing a new formula for the radiation stresses (RS) term to consider the IG waves. The new formula becomes space-time dependent, and it can reduce to the original form of RS and that corresponding to the ‘surf-beats’ (Longuet-Higgins and Stewart, 1964). The new formula is programmed and implemented in the model suite SCHISM-WWMIII (Zhang, et al., 2016), which is used to simulate short wave groups induced bound and free long waves on variable water depth. The good agreement between numerical results and theoretical predictions (Liu, 1989) indicates that the new formula and coupling approach can be accurately used to describe the scattering of the IG waves in coastal waters.
SHYTCWAVES: A STOP-MOTION HYBRID TC-INDUCED WAVES METAMODEL
Authors: Vloten Sara O. van , Ripoll Nicolás , Cagigal Laura , Pérez-Díaz Beatriz , Rueda Ana , Méndez Fernando J.
Published: September 2023

Waves produced by tropical cyclones (TCs) can be estimated using numerical models and non-stationary simulations forced with vortex-type time-varying wind fields. However, dynamical simulations are time and computationally demanding at regional-scale domains since high temporal resolutions are required to correctly simulate wave propagation. Early warning systems, as well as risk induced assessments, would benefit from fast and accurate estimates of the wave climate induced by close-to-real tracks geometry. For this reason, the objective of the proposed methodology is to obtain a tool capable of estimating the spatial and temporal variability of directional wave spectra produced by TCs at regional scale in deep waters using a hybrid approach, and statistical techniques, to reduce CPU time effort. SHyTCWaves is a metamodel that provides estimates of the directional wave spectra produced by TCs, which can be used as boundary conditions for local-scale models at nearshore coastal areas, in addition to providing faster than dynamically simulated TC forecast predictions.
TRANSITION OF TSUNAMI-LIKE LONG WAVES FROM A BASIN INTO A CHANNEL WITH OUTFLOW JET
Authors: Salemink-Harry Samuel , Harry Yeh
Published: September 2023

Intrusion into rivers is an important aspect of the tsunami hazard. Tsunamis change their waveform and amplitude when they pass through a river mouth, and tend to increase the mean water level for a long duration of time once they have intruded the river (Tolkova et al., 2015). Understanding the ocean-to-river transition of a tsunami is crucial for predicting tsunami effects upstream, although the transition processes are complicated by a variety of factors such as bathymetry, river discharge, vegetation, and man-made structures like jetties and seawalls. To identify key fundamental mechanisms for the tsunami intrusion into rivers, we conduct laboratory experiments of tsunami-like long waves transitioning from a wide basin (ocean) into a narrow channel (river).
THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES ACTIVE IN TROPOCAL CYCLONE WAVE GENERATION
Authors: Young Ian , Tamizi Ali
Published: September 2023

In tropical and subtropical regions tropical cyclones represent the major extreme meteorological events, generating winds in excess of 40m/s and significant wave heights above 10m. Such systems are characterized by a well-formed translating vortex wind field with a calm eye and winds that spiral in toward the center of the storm. Despite the apparent complexity of the forcing wind field, observations of waves in tropical cyclones show that there are many similarities to waves generated in relatively simple cases with approximately constant unidirectional winds (Tamizi and Young 2020. It has often been speculated (Tamizi and Young 2020) that this is because nonlinear wave–wave interactions play a dominate role in defining the tropical cyclone directional wave spectrum and hence the significant wave height, as they do for more simple wave generation cases. Despite this speculation and the many observational studies of tropical cyclone wave spectra, no study has yet been able to demonstrate the role of nonlinear wave–wave interactions in tropical cyclones. Firstly, the observational database from buoys and remote sensing systems are summarized. A third generation spectral wave model is then used to model typical tropical cyclones and the role played by each of wind input, dissipation and nonlinear interactions is investigated in detail.
EFFICIENTLY FORECASTING 2-DIMENSIONAL SPECTRA INSIDE SHELTERED PORTS USING SPECTRAL AND PHASE-RESOLVING WAVE MODELS
Authors: Suhr Jacob , Bhautoo Prema Shree , Harkin Jarrod , Womersley Timothy James
Published: September 2023

Ports today are grappling with the impacts of increasing ship sizes and increasingly frequent and more extreme weather events. Under these conditions, being able to predict navigation, handling, and mooring risks accurately, is becoming more crucial to safe and efficient port operations. This is especially important in ports subject to complex wave transformations. Traditionally, in order to capture the various wave transformation processes accurately from offshore to nearshore areas, the coupling of a Spectral wave (SW) and Boussinesq wave (BW) model has been required. Unfortunately, the very high computational costs of BW modelling have inhibited running such models in forecast mode. In response to this highly technical challenge, DHI have developed a transformative method for concatenating outputs from SW and BW models, enabling modelers to forecast 2D Spectra accurately, both inside and outside a sheltered port basin in a computationally efficient manner.
NOWCASTING INFRAGRAVITY WAVE HEIGHT WITHIN A HARBOUR USING AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Authors: Williams Benjamin
Published: September 2023

Infragravity (IG) waves, sometimes known as “long waves” “low frequency waves” or “subharmonic gravity waves” are waves that are forced in deeper water through subharmonic interactions of sea and swell wave components. These waves are typically quite small (a few centimetres to decimetres) but can excite harbour seiching and amplification due to resonance. This can cause vessels to surge and sway at their berth, straining mooring lines and making loading and unloading difficult. This paper describes the design, training and application of a Bayesian regularized Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to accurately predict (“nowcast”) IG wave height outside and inside Port Kembla from deep-water swell wave spectral characteristics measured at Port Kembla Waverider Buoy (PKWRB), NSW coast (Williams, 2019).
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTOUR ESTABLISHMENT BASED ON OPENLY AVAILABLE EMODNET WAVE AND WIND DATA FOLLOWING HEFFERNAN AND TAWN METHODOLOGIES
Authors: Bach Joachim S.
Published: September 2023

In this paper, I present methodologies and routines for inference of environmental contours based on openly available data from the European EMODnet service, specifically wind and wave timeseries from oil platform 6200146. The conditional marginal distribution models, known as environmental contours, is established based on measured wind and wave heights, at platform 6200146 located in the North Sea. The data is provided through the openly available data platform, EMODnet. The environmental contour model is established by fitting univariate distributions to each data-series independently, whereafter an extremal dependence structure is established following methodologies outlined in (Janet E. heffernan, 2004).
AUTOMATIC WAVE MODEL CALIBRATION USING SURROGATE MODELS
Authors: Solari Sebastián , Alonso Rodrigo
Published: September 2023

Alonso and Solari (2017) presented an approach for the automatic calibration of a third-generation wave model, using the significant wave height error as the objective function. Alonso and Solari (2021) extended the methodology, incorporating a spectral error as the objective function and the use of the maximum dissimilarity algorithm to minimize the number of sea states used for calibration without losing representativeness. It was found that the use of the spectral error does not necessarily guarantee an improvement in Hs results. Furthermore, calculation times were still too long for the general application of the method. The objective of this work is twofold: (1) to introduce the use of surrogate models in the automatic calibration algorithm to speed up computation times, and (2) to explore a wide spectrum of objective functions for model calibration.
CROSS-SHORE TRANSFORMATION OF BOUND AND FREE INFRAGRAVITY WAVES OFF THE DUTCH COAST
Authors: Rutten Jantien , Tissier Marion , Zhang Xinyi , Reniers Ad , Wiechen Paul van , Vries Sierd de , Rijnsdorp Dirk , Mol Jan Willem , Wilmink Rinse
Published: September 2023

Infragravity (IG) waves are key drivers for coastal erosion and thus need to be properly included in process-based modelling of coastal hazards. Uncertainties remain regarding the offshore boundary conditions for these long waves. Typically, only bound IG waves are included at the boundary, which means that the possible contribution of free IG waves, such as those radiated from distant coastlines, is neglected. Recent studies however suggest that incoming free IG waves could be significant, particularly in semi-enclosed basins such as the North Sea where they could contribute to coastal hazards (e.g., Reniers et al., 2021, Rijnsdorp et al. 2021). The objective of this work is to improve the understanding of the incoming IG wave field along the Dutch coast. We will quantify how bound and free IG waves develop in intermediate water depths and assess in which conditions (onshore directed) free IG waves become significant.
CHANNEL WAVE REFRACTION EFFECT ON MOORED LNG CARRIERS
Authors: Molen Wim van der , Garber Sean , Zed Matthew , Flynn Jan
Published: September 2023

The Karratha Gas Plant (KGP), operated by Woodside, is located in Mermaid Sound on the North West Shelf of Australia and contains three loading jetties in open water. Mermaid Sound is protected from swells from the Southern Indian Ocean by several islands to the west. As a result, swells enter the Sound from the north. The bathymetry in the Sound is relatively flat but waves refract along the slopes of the navigation channel to the KGP terminal. A single uni-directional swell spectrum close to the alignment of the channel was previously assumed to assess the moorings and agreed well with measured mooring line forces (Van der Molen et al., 2003). However, after the Pluto LNG Plant was developed to the south-west of KGP and operated with a dedicated channel, more westerly waves were observed by local pilots. Such waves were not consistently captured at the wave buoy that is permanently deployed near the terminal and so were not easily characterised. The objective of the study described in this paper was to determine the origin of these westerly waves and the effect on the vessel’s response at berth.
FREQUENCY DISPERSION IN DEPTH-INTEGRATED MODELS THROUGH MACHINE LEARNING SURROGATES
Authors: McCann Maile , Lynett Patrick , Ebrahimi Behzad
Published: September 2023

Boussinesq- type wave models have the accuracy to resolve wave propagation in coastal zones, having the ability to capture nearshore dynamics that include both nonlinear and dispersive effects for relatively short waves. The accuracy of Boussinesq type models over their counterparts which utilize the non- linear shallow water (NLSW) equations provides a clear advantage in studying nearshore processes. However, the computational expense of finding the Boussinesq solution over the NLSW solution hinders fast and/ or real time simulation using Boussinesq type models.
FUTURE PREDICTION OF WIND VELOCITY AND SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT IN THE COMPLETELY ICE-FREE ARCTIC OCEAN UNDER RCP8.5 SCENARIO
Authors: Aoki Yudai , Nakamura Ryota , Mäll Martin
Published: September 2023

The summer sea ice extent in the Arctic Ocean has decreased by several million square kilometers over the past decades highly likely due to anthropogenic global warming (Walsh, 2014). In the Arctic Ocean, the decrease in sea ice increases the open water area (and period), which potentially leads to the development of more energetic wave conditions (Wang et al., 2015). In the summertime Arctic Ocean, the maximum wind speed and the maximum significant wave height have been on a long-term upward trend as the sea ice extent has decreased (Waseda et al., 2018). In addition, changes in wind speed will contribute significantly to changes in the wave height in the future Arctic Ocean (Khon et al., 2014). Thus, it is becoming more important to study the sea surface wave heights in the Arctic area under possible future scenarios. The aim of this study is (1) to develop a method to assess wind and wave conditions over the Arctic Ocean and (2) to predict them under global warming considering the RCP 8.5 scenario.
MODELING OF WIND-WAVE GROWTH IN STRONG WIND CONDITIONS BASED ON PHASE-RESOLVING WAVE MODEL
Authors: Sato Shoko , Mori Nobuhito , Shimura Tomoya , Miyashita Takuya
Published: September 2023

Recently, coastal disaste have occurred by typhoons passing through bays, such as Typhoon Jebi in 2018 and Typhoon Hagibis in 2019 (Mori et al.(2019), Shimozono et al.(2020)). The current wave model cannot simultaneously account for the development of wind waves due to strong winds and wave deformation due to topography. This study aims to develop a phase-resolving wave model that considers the development of wind waves in shallow water under strong wind conditions. A wave development term that considers the local wave deformation is introduced into the phase-resolving wave model. XBeach (Roelvink et al., 2009) a numerical model based on the nonlinear long wave equation with nonhydrostatic pressure term, is used to calculate the waves in coastal areas. The wave development term is introduced, and the wave development process is optimized based on sensitivity experiments.
Concepções pós-críticas de trabalho docente: as influências na produção acadêmica da Educação Física
Authors: Almeida Idayany , Sacardo Michele Silva
Published: September 2023

Este texto é parte dos resultados de uma investigação cuja temática foi analisar as concepções de trabalho docente nas teses e dissertações dos Programas de Pós-Graduação em Educação Física do Brasil. O objetivo geral deste texto é apresentar as concepções pós-críticas sobre o trabalho docente advindos da análise da produção acadêmica em Educação Física. Conclui-se que a “epistemologia da prática” e o movimento do “professor reflexivo” se manifesta em 76% das investigações sobre trabalho docente. Necessita-se contribuir com as concepções críticas sobre trabalho docente para consolidação do sentido histórico da ação educativa.
Razão autocrática: apresentação de um complexo ideológico para a industrialização hiper-tardia brasileira (1930-1945)
Authors: Sartoretto Leonardo
Published: September 2023

O artigo realiza uma leitura imanente de obras específicas de Alberto Torres, Oliveira Vianna e Azevedo Amaral para demonstrar a existência de um complexo ideológico elaborado processualmente por estes autores. No centro desse conjunto doutrinário de representações, articulando elementos de uma razão corroída, está a intenção de transformação do capitalismo brasileiro. Analisando-o pela chave de leitura dialético-concreta, sua desmistificação é indicada, apontando que, como matriz ideopolítica de Vargas, forneceria elementos para alcançar o estágio especificamente capitalista, a industrialização.
A judicialização do percentual mínimo de impostos para o ensino pelos governos estaduais no STF (1988-2020)
Authors: Souza Fábio Araujo de
Published: September 2023

Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa cujo objeto é a judicialização do percentual mínimo de impostos para o ensino pelos governos estaduais, no âmbito do Supremo Tribunal Federal, no período de 1988 a 2020. De abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, a pesquisa é desenvolvida por meio de análise documental e de artigos científicos sobre o tema. Como resultado, constatou-se que as decisões do Supremo, em sua maioria, entendem que o percentual mínimo acima dos 25% previstos pela Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988, quando de iniciativa do Poder Legislativo, é inconstitucional, sobretudo por limitar a ação do Poder Executivo estadual na elaboração da sua proposta orçamentária.
A educação popular a partir dos escritos jornalísticos de Antonio Gramsci (1916-1918)
Authors: Schlesener Anita Helena
Published: September 2023

A partir dos escritos de Gramsci selecionados da produção teórica de 1916 a 1918, este artigo apresenta algumas reflexões sobre a natureza da educação popular. A importância da organização política da classe trabalhadora para se fundir em torno de um projeto de sociedade e como o pertencimento de classe se constrói pela educação e pela cultura. A educação transcende os limites da escola e se produz ao longo da organização política, nos sindicatos, partido e outras instituições de organização popular como os Conselhos de Fábrica. A importância de o movimento popular produzir um programa escolar concreto a ser contraposto às políticas públicas educacionais como uma das condições para a construção de uma autonomia política. A partir do contexto histórico de Gramsci, delineamos a relação entre cultura e luta de classes, a importância da cultura popular e as características da educação popular a fim de mostrar seu significado político e a sua atualidade.
Via Campesina, práticas educativas e a construção do internacionalismo
Authors: Ribeiro Ellen Cristine dos Santos , Moraes Betânea Moreira de , Rabelo Josefa Jackline
Published: September 2023

O artigo, de natureza teórico-bibliográfica, analisa a contribuição educacional engendrada pela Via Campesina na construção do internacionalismo. Para tanto, apresentou-se o processo histórico que culminou na organização da maior organização camponesa em escala mundial, bem como seus princípios de luta e formas de atuação, a fim de examinar os pressupostos educacionais que regem suas práticas educativas. Foi possível constatar que, ao educar os sujeitos campesinos em contraposição ao modelo hegemônico de educação, por meio de práticas solidárias e cooperativas, o movimento soma forças e avança em direção da construção de um internacionalismo potencialmente revolucionário, especialmente nas lutas sociais do campo na América Latina, a exemplo do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST).
Maintenance of Certification (MOC)—Benefit vs Burden
Authors: Uprety Dipesh , West Howard “Jack”
Published: September 2023

This Viewpoint examines the demands of maintenance of certification (MOC) requirements from the ABIM on balance with the projected benefits to quality of patient care.
Intravitreal Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Inhibitor Therapy in Denmark and 5-Year Projections
Authors: Thinggaard Benjamin Sommer , Pedersen Frederik , Grauslund Jakob , Stokholm Lonny
Published: September 2023

This cohort study examines the use of intravitreal injections of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor in Denmark from 2007 through 2022 and forecasts future demand for this therapy.
Animal Testing in the Twenty‐First Century: A Review of Traditional Methodologies and Insights into Improving Outcomes by Optimizing Study Designs
Authors: Green Steven M. , Stump Donald G.
Published: September 2023

Toxicity testing with animal test subjects is at an interesting crossroads. The many advances in alternative testing methods and computational toxicology models (amongst others) are leading the charge in replacing testing in laboratory animals. However, mandated animal testing for the European Union (EU) REACH regulation, along with its burgeoning cousins around the world has resulted in an enormous increase in animal testing. Hampering the ability to address this increase in testing is the current state of industrial toxicology, where company consolidation, closure of industry‐owned laboratories, and generally tighter budgets have resulted in staff with younger toxicologists that are less prepared for the mass conduct of animal studies. This challenge is exacerbated by current academic training which is focused far more on subcellular methods and “‐omics” than the whole animal models of decades past. Rather than simply rehashing the minutia of guideline study designs, the goal of this chapter is to provide various approaches that toxicologists can use in a method of “holistic toxicity testing” to greatly improve the chances of conducting a high‐quality study by limiting mistakes and omissions and also by conducting testing in such a way that studies conducted today can improve studies conducted in the future.
Effects of Shift Work on Toxicology and Carcinogenesis
Authors: Zarbl Helmut
Published: September 2023

The existence of biological clocks that control many of our daily activities and physiological functions has always been part of tacit knowledge. Biological clocks tuned to the earth's 24‐h light/dark cycles are a fundamental property of all life on earth. We now understand that essentially every cell in our body has a free‐running molecular clock with an intrinsic periodicity of ∼24 h. These peripheral clocks are synchronized by a central timekeeper in the brain whose periodicity is determined by the amount of light entering the eyes. The central pacemaker coordinates peripheral clocks with the earth's rotation cycle. Social activities, occupations, and environmental exposures (e.g., light pollution, working at night, stress, conflict, illness, social pressures, chemical exposures, noise, and lifestyle) that disrupt biological clocks affect the quality of our sleep, our sense of well‐being, as well as our ability to function, perform tasks and learn. More importantly, chronic circadian disruption negatively impacts our health and susceptibility to chronic diseases and aging. An estimated 20–30% of the modern workforce is employed in jobs that require working night shifts associated with circadian disruption, putting a significant fraction of the workforce at increased risk of poor performance, errors, accidents, and decreased quality of life and health. To address this increasing public health issue, toxicologists, industrial hygienists, and occupational health clinicians must understand mechanisms by which exposures disrupt biological clocks, and use this knowledge to develop and implement targeted preventive, interventions, and mitigation strategies to reduce risks.
Formaldehyde Exposure and Human Health Risks
Authors: Sonawane Babasaheb , Kancherla Jayaram
Published: September 2023

This chapter primarily focuses on the human health effects of formaldehyde inhalation exposure. It summarizes significant published findings and recently peer‐reviewed health risk assessments of national and international organizations on formaldehyde exposure including current regulatory standards.

Formaldehyde is a flammable gas at room temperature and is found in consumer products and used in manufacturing processes, such as resins in composite wood products. Environmental exposure to formaldehyde can occur via inhalation, dermal, and ingestion routes. The most common route of formaldehyde exposure is inhalation resulting from breathing formaldehyde‐contaminated air. Formaldehyde enters the environment from natural and anthropogenic combustion sources, industrial on‐site releases, and off‐gassing of products containing formaldehyde. Acute and chronic exposures to formaldehyde through home furnishings, environmental contamination, cosmetics, and indoor and outdoor air pollution poses potential public health risks. Epidemiological, clinical, and experimental animal studies have shown that formaldehyde exposures are associated with potentially adverse human noncancer health outcomes. The epidemiologic evidence has shown an association between formaldehyde exposure and nasopharyngeal cancer as causal in human studies. Positive associations between formaldehyde exposure and lymphohematopoietic cancers have been reported for chemical workers, embalmers, anatomists, and pathologists. The mode(s) or mechanism(s) of formaldehyde exposure and reported cancers are not well understood; however, its exposure has been shown to be associated with the key events related to carcinogenicity.
Differential impact on motor unit characteristics across severities of adult spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Kelly Kristina Marie , Mizell Jordan , Bigdeli Ladan , Paul Samuel , Tellez Marco Antonio , Bartlett Amy , Heintzman Sarah , Reynolds Jerold Everett , Sterling Gary Brent , Rajneesh Kiran Francis , Kolb Stephen James , Elsheikh Bakri , Arnold William David
Published: September 2023

Objective

To test the hypotheses that decomposition electromyography (dEMG) motor unit action potential (MUAP) amplitude and firing rate are altered in SMA; dEMG parameters are associated with strength and function; dEMG parameters are correlated with traditional electrophysiological assessments.

Methods

Ambulatory and non‐ambulatory adults with SMA on nusinersen and healthy controls were enrolled. MUAPs were decomposed from multielectrode surface recordings during 30‐s maximum contraction of the abductor digiti minimi (ADM). Isometric strength, upper limb function, patient‐reported function, and standard electrophysiologic measures of the ADM (compound muscle action potential [CMAP], single motor unit potential [SMUP], motor unit number estimation [MUNE]) were collected.

Results

dEMG MUAP amplitudes were higher in ambulatory versus control and non‐ambulatory groups and were higher in controls versus non‐ambulatory SMA. In contrast, dEMG firing rates were higher in ambulatory versus non‐ambulatory and control groups but similar between non‐ambulatory and control. dEMG parameters showed moderate to strong positive correlation with strength and function whereas CMAP and MUNE better correlated with function than strength. SMUP did not correlate with strength, function, or dEMG MUAP amplitude. dEMG parameters show overall good test–retest reliability.

Interpretation

dEMG provided reliable, noninvasive measure of MUAP amplitude size and firing rate and revealed divergent patterns across disease severity in adults with SMA. Firing rate enhancement, as seen in milder SMA, may provide a therapeutic avenue for improving function in more severe SMA, where firing rates appear preserved. MUAP amplitude size and firing rate, quantified with dEMG, may be promising monitoring biomarker candidates for noninvasive assessment of SMA.
Can liver tests promote reduced drinking or abstinence?
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: September 2023

ADAW read two articles recently that prompted the question: Can doctors use liver tests such as AST (aspartate aminotransferase test) to communicate to patients that they need to reduce drinking? Or that complete abstinence is needed for the liver to repair itself?
How one OTP determines buprenorphine dosing
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: September 2023

We asked Elizabeth Wilson, M.D., medical director of West Midtown Medical Group, an opioid treatment program in New York City, how the program determines the dosing of buprenorphine for patients. Here are her responses.
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Co‐Free (Fe40Ni30Cr20Al10)100−xTix High‐Entropy Alloys
Authors: Liu Junchen , Jiang Zhenfei , Chen Weiping , Fan Haolun , Fu Zhiqiang
Published: September 2023

In this work, microstructural evolution and mechanical behavior of Co‐free (Fe40Ni30Cr20Al10)100−x
Ti
x
(x = 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 at%) high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) are investigated. All as‐cast HEAs consist of face‐centered‐cubic (FCC)‐ and body‐centered‐cubic (BCC)‐structured phases, wherein the BCC‐structured phase is composed of disordered BCC (A2) and ordered BCC (B2) phases. The HEAs show FCC dendrite and BCC inter‐dendrite microstructure when x ≤ 4. As the Ti content increases to 6 and 8 at%, the microstructure evolves from dendrite structures to complex lamellar structures, leading to a significant loss in ductility. With the increase of Ti, the strength is enhanced with the sacrifice of ductility. The (Fe40Ni30Cr20Al10)96Ti4 alloy exhibits promising combinations of strength and ductility, displaying a yield strength of 680 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 1132 MPa, and a total elongation of 16.6%. The simple FCC + BCC dendrite microstructure and optimal content of the BCC‐structured region containing A2 + B2 phases are responsible for the excellent tensile properties of the as‐cast (Fe40Ni30Cr20Al10)96Ti4 HEA. In this work, it is suggested that good combinations of strength and ductility of low‐cost Co‐free FeNiCrAl‐based HEAs can be achieved by tailoring Ti addition.
Laminated Polymer‐Encapsulated Halide Perovskite Photoconductors
Authors: Huisman Bas A. H. , Bordoni Camilla , Ciavatti Andrea , Sessolo Michele , Fraboni Beatrice , Bolink Henk J.
Published: September 2023

Herein, a simple, solvent‐free method to fabricate polymer‐encapsulated halide perovskite photoconductors is described. Dry mechanochemical synthesis is used to prepare CsPbBr3 in the presence of poly(butyl methacrylate) (PBMA). The resulting composite powder is then heated and pressed into a free‐standing disk with a thickness controlled by a metallic spacer ring. The disk can be laminated on a glass substrate patterned with interdigitated electrodes, resulting in a planar photoconductor device. The best photoconductive performance is obtained for disks that consist of 75 wt.% CsPbBr3 in PBMA, reaching a detectivity of ≈2 × 1011 Jones. Moreover, by adjusting the thickness of the disk, narrowband detectors can be obtained due to charge collection narrowing. Depending on the thickness of the pressed disk, the position and width of the detectivity peak can be tuned. At last, the disks are tested as possible absorber materials for X‐ray detectors, where ow detection limit, and fast and linear response are measured for perovskite‐polymer disks with 50 wt.% perovskite content. This work shows a simple and versatile approach toward the fabrication of halide perovskite photodetectors, which can be carried out in air and without the use of solvents.
High‐Performance Blue Perovskite Films and Micro‐Arrays for Light‐Emitting Diodes with Ionic Liquid Interlayer
Authors: Kim Min‐Seong , Sadhukhan Priyabrata , Myoung Jae‐Min
Published: September 2023

Metal halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention for light‐emitting diode (LED) applications due to their desirable optoelectronic properties including high brightness and color purity. However, the performance of blue perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs) remains inferior to their red and green counterparts. Herein, an ionic liquid (IL), specifically 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate is introduced as the interlayer on the hole transport layer (HTL). This IL demonstrates a strong interaction with the perovskite emissive layer, resulting in effective defect passivation and a shallower valence band maximum. Consequently, nonradiative recombination is reduced, and hole injection is enhanced. Additionally, a soft lithography method employing a transfer process is successfully developed that enables precise micropatterning of the perovskite light‐emitting layer. Through these advancements, the IL‐modified PeLED exhibits pure blue emission at 470 nm with a maximum luminance of 891 cd m−2 and an impressive maximum EQE of 8.3%. Furthermore, the micro PeLED with an IL interlayer achieves a maximum luminance of 400 cd m−2 and a maximum EQE of 3.9%.
Prussian Blue Analogues Cathodes for Nonaqueous Potassium‐Ion Batteries: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Shu Wenli , Han Chunhua , Wang Xuanpeng
Published: September 2023

Recently, potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged as a new energy storage system, offering a complementary solution to lithium‐ion batteries due to their cost‐effectiveness and significantly high theoretical energy density, making them suitable for large‐scale grid energy storage applications. The critical challenge PIBs face is the scarcity of appropriate high‐capacity cathode materials. Among the various contenders, Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) stand out. The appeal of PBAs arises from their simple synthesis, economic viability, and a stable, open framework conducive to the insertion/extraction of large‐size K+. This review aims to provide an overview of current research progress on PBAs as cathode materials in nonaqueous PIBs. A comprehensive examination of the crystal structure and electrochemical reaction mechanisms of PBAs is undertaken, with a focus on prevalent optimization strategies in PIBs. Subsequent sections delve into designing and developing potassium‐based full cells architectures incorporating PBAs. The discourse culminates in a discussion on the requirements for transitioning PBAs PIBs from a laboratory setting to commercial production, aiming to chart a course for the development of advanced PIBs.
Designing Organic and Hybrid Surfaces and Devices with Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition (iCVD)
Authors: Gleason Karen K.
Published: September 2023

The initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) technique is an all‐dry method for designing organic and hybrid polymers. Unlike methods utilizing liquids or line‐of‐sight arrival, iCVD provides conformal surface modification over intricate geometries. Uniform, high‐purity, and pinhole‐free iCVD films can be grown with thicknesses ranging from >15 µm to <5 nm. The mild conditions permit damage‐free growth directly onto flexible substrates, 2D materials, and liquids. Novel iCVD polymer morphologies include nanostructured surfaces, nanoporosity, and shaped particles. The well‐established fundamentals of iCVD facilitate the systematic design and optimization of polymers and copolymers. The functional groups provide fine‐tuning of surface energy, surface charge, and responsive behavior. Further reactions of the functional groups in the polymers can yield either surface modification, compositional gradients through the layer thickness, or complete chemical conversion of the bulk film. The iCVD polymers are integrated into multilayer device structures as desired for applications in sensing, electronics, optics, electrochemical energy storage, and biotechnology. For these devices, hybrids offer higher values of refractive index and dielectric constant. Multivinyl monomers typically produce ultrasmooth and pinhole‐free and mechanically deformable layers and robust interfaces which are especially promising for electronic skins and wearable optoelectronics.
A Practical Approach Toward Highly Reproducible and High‐Quality Perovskite Films Based on an Aging Treatment
Authors: Zou Yuqin , Bai Xinyu , Kahmann Simon , Dai Linjie , Yuan Shuai , Yin Shanshan , Heger Julian E. , Schwartzkopf Matthias , Roth Stephan V. , Chen Chun‐Chao , Zhang Jianping , Stranks Samuel D. , Friend Richard H. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter
Published: September 2023

Solution processing of hybrid perovskite semiconductors is a highly promising approach for the fabrication of cost‐effective electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, challenges with this approach lie in overcoming the controllability of the perovskite film morphology and the reproducibility of device efficiencies. Here, a facile and practical aging treatment (AT) strategy is reported to modulate the perovskite crystal growth to produce sufficiently high‐quality perovskite thin films with improved homogeneity and full‐coverage morphology. The resulting AT‐films exhibit fewer defects, faster charge carrier transfer/extraction, and suppressed non‐radiative recombination compared with reference. The AT‐devices achieve a noticeable improvement in the reproducibility, operational stability, and photovoltaic performance of devices, with the average efficiency increased by 16%. It also demonstrates the feasibility and scalability of AT strategy in optimizing the film morphology and device performance for other perovskite components including MAPbI3, (MAPbBr3)15(FAPbI3)85, and Cs0.05(MAPbBr3)0.17(FAPbI3)0.83. This method opens an effective avenue to improve the quality of perovskite films and photovoltaic devices in a scalable and reproducible manner.
Probing the Interface Evolution in Co‐sintered All‐Phosphate Cathode‐Solid Electrolyte Composites
Authors: Malaki Michael , Haust Johannes , Beaupain Jean Philippe , Auer Henry , Beyer Andreas , Wätzig Katja , Kusnezoff Mihails , Volz Kerstin
Published: September 2023

To achieve cohesive interfaces of solid components in next‐generation Li‐ion batteries (LIBs) composed of oxide cathodes and solid electrolytes (SEs) high‐temperature sintering is necessary which leads to material degradation and phase decompositions. Thermochemically compatible components can address these issues. In this work, advanced electron microscopy techniques are employed to investigate the structural and chemical evolution taking place at the interfaces between a LiFePO4 (LFP) cathode and an in‐house optimized Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) SE co‐sintered between 650 °C – 850 °C. While the LFP particles exhibit excellent structural stability, the LATP particles phase transforms at elevated temperatures. At 650 °C, FeLi anti‐site defect is observed at the LFP grain boundaries. Between 750 and 850 °C, the LATP (R‐3c) transforms into two orthorhombic phases (Pbca and Pbcn) of the type Li1.3+xAl0.3FexTi1.7‐x(PO4)3 depending on Fe substitution while forming the cohesive interfaces. The discharge capacity of the composite decreases from 148 mAh g−1 at 650 °C to 130 mAh g‐1 at 850 °C confirming that the new phases are still electrochemically active. This study provides a spatially resolved insight into the formation of cohesive interfaces highlighting the advantage of employing components with similar anionic structures for further improvements in LIBs.