bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The determination of the shelf‐life of pasteurized and non‐pasteurized sardine (Sardina pilchardus) marinades stored at 4 °C
Authors: Kilinc Berna , Cakli Sukran
Published: February 2005

In this study the shelf‐life of sardine marinades was investigated. After the marination process, sardine fillets were packed into glass jars with 2% citric acid, 4% sodium chloride and spices. The effect of pasteurization at 70 °C for 20 min on the shelf‐life of the sardine marinades was determined. At the end of 6 months storage the differences between thiobarbituric acid, free formaldehyde (FA(ex)), free and bound formaldehyde (FA(dest)) and peroxide value of pasteurized and non‐pasteurizated marinades were not significantly (P > 0.05) different, while the difference between total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine, pH, total plate count and lactic acid bacteria count of pasteurized and non‐pasteurized marinades were. The shelf‐life of both pasteurized and non‐pasteurized sardine marinades was found to be 5 months at 4 °C.
Implementation of quality control methods (physico‐chemical, microbiological and sensory) in conjunction with multivariate analysis towards fish authenticity
Authors: Arvanitoyannis Ioannis S. , Tsitsika Efthymia V. , Panagiotaki Panagiota
Published: February 2005

Nowadays authenticity of foods and fish in particular has become of crucial importance because of high number of adulteration cases. Authenticity control has gained ground thanks to the development of several rapid physico‐chemical and microbiological methods aiming at distinguishing one species from another based on solid scientific evidence. It has been proven that despite the precision and accuracy of robust analytical and protein and DNA‐based techniques, detection of authenticity could not be claimed without resorting to multivariate analysis. This review summarizes both the most advanced and state of the art used techniques for detecting fish and seafood authenticity (both in terms of species and geographical origin). Another issue reported in this review is the preservation of fish and seafood through the implementation of old and novel techniques (ice, modified atmosphere packaging). Several informative tables were included in this paper referring to the employed quality control and sensory analysis methods and multivariate analysis for fish and seafood.
Time‐dependent characteristics of Herschel–Bulkley fluids from edible powders
Authors: Sikora Marek , Tomasik Piotr , Schilling Christopher H. , Sady Marek
Published: February 2005

Herschel–Bulkley shear thinning fluids were produced by blending saturated aqueous solutions of sucrose with one of the following edible powders: potato starch, wheat flour, maize flour, cocoa powder and milk powder. In each case, plasticity only occurred over a narrow range of proportions of saturated sucrose solution to edible powder. This proportion was crucial in controlling storage changes and textural properties. Bingham yield stresses increased with storage time and this was attributed to the competition for water between saccharides in the saturated solutions and components of the admixed powders. Dissolution of the components of the admixed powders was thought to be a key factor in determining the rate of change of textural properties such as hardness, fracturability, adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness, resilience and stringiness.
Effects of interesterified vegetable oils and sugar beet fibre on the quality of Turkish‐type salami
Authors: Javidipour Issa , Vural Halil , Özbaş Özen Ö. , Tekin Aziz
Published: February 2005

Turkish‐type salami is an emulsion type product that is only shelf stable at chilling temperature. The use of three interesterified vegetable oils (IVOs) prepared from either palm, cottonseed or olive oil (IPO, ICO and IOO, respectively) together with 2% sugar beet fibre (SBF) (<425 μm) was studied in the production of Turkish‐type salami. These compounds were used to modify the fatty acid composition and increase the dietary fibre content of the traditional product. Beef fat (10%) was replaced by one of the IVOs at either 60 or 100%. The addition of SBF significantly increased (P < 0.05) the total dietary fibre content and water‐holding capacity of salamis. Incorporation of IVOs improved the nutritional content of the product because it altered the fatty acid composition. It was found that total or partial replacement of beef fat by IVOs, as well as the presence of 2% SBF, did not lead to significant changes in appearance, colour, texture, flavour or sensory score. The use of IVO and SBF as fat substitutes could be used to obtain a low fat product with high dietary fibre and a modified fatty acid composition.
Preharvest application of methyl jasmonate increases fruit quality and antioxidant capacity in raspberries
Authors: Wang Shiow Y. , Zheng Wei
Published: February 2005

The effects of preharvest methyl jasmonate (MJ) application on fruit quality, flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity in black raspberry cv. Jewel (Rubus occidentalis L) and red raspberry cv. Autumn Bliss (Rubus idaeus subsp.) were studied under field condition. Raspberries treated with MJ had higher soluble solids content, total sugars, fructose, glucose, sucrose and lower titratable acids (TAs), malic acid and citric acid than untreated fruit. MJ also significantly enhanced the content of flavonoids and the antioxidant capacities in the fruit. The cv. Jewel had higher soluble solids and lower TAs compared with the cv. Autumn Bliss. On the basis of fresh weight of fruit, ‘Jewel’ also had significantly higher anthocyanin, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity than ‘Autumn Bliss’.
The irradiation of spices, packaging materials and luncheon meat to improve the storage life of the end products
Authors: Al‐Bachir Mahfouz
Published: February 2005

Spices and packaging materials were exposed toγ‐irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy. Luncheon meat was prepared with irradiated or non‐irradiated spices and packaged in irradiated or non‐irradiated packaging materials. Packaged luncheon meat was treated with 2 kGy. Irradiated and non‐irradiated packaged luncheon meat were kept in a refrigerator (1–4 °C) for 12 months. Microbiological, nutritive and chemical characteristics of luncheon were evaluated after processing and during storage; whereas, sensory quality was evaluated only after irradiation.γ‐Irradiation decreased the microbiological counts of spices, packaging materials and packed products and increased its shelf‐life. No significant differences in moisture, protein, fat, pH value, total acidity, lipid peroxide and volatile basic nitrogen were observed as a result of irradiation. Sensory evaluation showed that all the combinations of treated luncheon meats were acceptable. However, the taste, odour, appearance and texture scores of irradiated packaged products were significantly lower than those of non‐irradiated samples.
The decrease in pesticides in fruit and vegetables during commercial processing
Authors: Chavarri Ma Jesús , Herrera Antonio , Ariño Agustín
Published: February 2005

Samples of tomatoes, peppers, asparagus, spinach and peaches were exposed to three insecticides (acephate, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin), three ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides (mancozeb, maneb, propineb) and the tetramethyldithiocarbamate fungicide thiram to study the effect of commercial processing on the residues. In most cases, canning operations led to a gradual decrease in residue levels in the finished products, particularly through washing, blanching, peeling and cooking processes. The results indicated that washing plus blanching led to more than 50% loss in pesticide residues, except for in peaches. Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs) were completely removed from tomatoes and spinach by washing followed by hot water blanching. The total amount of pesticide removed by all of the combined canning operations ranged from 90 to 100% in most products. Pepper retained 61% of chlorpyrifos but these residues disappeared during 3‐month storage of finished cans. Acephate showed a surprising tenacity in peaches, as 11% of the original residues were still present in 2‐year stored cans.
The kinetics of polyphenol degradation during the drying of Malaysian cocoa beans
Authors: Kyi Tin Mar , Daud Wan Ramli Wan , Mohammad Abu Bakar , Wahid Samsudin Mohd. , Kadhum Abdul Amir Hassan , Talib Meor Zainal Meor
Published: February 2005

The main objective of the study was to determine the kinetics of the polyphenol oxidation reaction in cocoa beans during air drying at various air temperatures and humidities. The temperatures used were between 40 and 60 °C and the relative humidities were between 50 and 80%. The higher the temperature and relative humidity of the drying air, the lower the amount of polyphenol residue in the cocoa beans, because of enzymatic oxidation of polyphenols. At higher drying temperatures, non‐enzymatic oxidation of polyphenols could also occur. Computer simulation results gave rate constants for the polyphenol oxidation reaction (k1) and the condensation reaction (k2), at various air conditions, in the range of 0.055–0.200 and 0.136–0.155 h−1 respectively. The activation energies obtained for the polyphenol oxidation reaction were in the range of 27 800–30 312 J K−1 mol−1. The reaction kinetics of the enzymatic browning reaction fitted a pseudo first‐order reaction.
Relationship of QT interval duration with carotid intima media thickness in a clinically healthy population undergoing cardiovascular risk screening
Authors: STROHMER B. , PICHLER M. , IGLSEDER B. , PAULWEBER B.
Published: February 2005

Objectives.  To investigate the relationship between cardiac repolarization (QT interval duration) and intima media thickness (IMT) of the carotid arteries as surrogate measures of subclinical atherosclerosis.

Design.  Prospective study with consecutive subjects enrolled in the SAPHIR program (Salzburg Atherosclerosis Prevention Program in Subjects at High Individual Risk).

Setting.  The analysis of the material was performed at the departments of medicine and neurology of a university hospital.

Subjects.  The study cohort comprises a population‐based sample of 1199 clinically healthy subjects (851 men and 348 women; age 39–66 years). Exclusion criteria were cardiovascular disease, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, bundle branch block and use of medication affecting QT interval duration.

Main outcome measures.  IMT of common (CCA) and internal carotid arteries (ICA) was measured by B‐mode ultrasound. QT interval duration was determined in the resting 12‐lead electrocardiogram by an automatic analysis program. The QT intervals were corrected for heart rate with five standard equations (QTc‐Bazett, ‐Fridericia, ‐Framingham, ‐Hodges and ‐Rautaharju) and tested for their relationship with carotid IMT after adjustment for clinical and metabolic variables.

Results.  Females had higher heart rates than males (64 ± 10 b min−1 vs. 60 ± 9 b min−1, P < 0.0005), with longer mean QT (410 ± 28 ms vs. 404 ± 28 ms, P = 0.003) and QTc intervals in all correction formulae (P < 0.0005). Significant correlations between QT/QTc and ICA IMT (r =0.14–0.16) were found in males. In the general linear model the association between QTc (except for Bazett) and ICA IMT remained significant after adjusting for age, BMI and further cardiovascular risk factors. In females the crude correlations between QT/QTc and ICA IMT were lower than those with CCA IMT. Only the correlation between uncorrected QT and CCA IMT (r = 0.15, P = 0.006) remained significant after adjustment for covariates.

Conclusions.  The results of the present study demonstrate that QT and QTc prolongation are in part associated with IMT of carotid arteries, which is an established risk marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. In men the data support the hypothesis of an association between QTc and ICA IMT. In women a statistically significant relationship was found between the uncorrected QT interval and CCA IMT. These findings suggest that differences in carotid IMT and ventricular repolarization between genders might be related to hormonal and nonhormonal effects.
Holotranscobalamin – a first choice assay for diagnosing early vitamin B12 deficiency?
Authors: HVAS A.‐M. , NEXO E.
Published: February 2005

Objectives.  The performance of holotranscobalamin (holoTC) was compared with the other markers of vitamin B12 deficiency, and the influence of age, renal function, and thyroid status was examined.

Design and interventions.  We examined 937 individuals not treated with vitamin B12 but in whom vitamin B12 deficiency was suspected because of a plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) above 0.28 μmol L−1 within the past 4 years. Besides laboratory tests, a structured interview and a neurological examination were performed amongst 534 individuals. Amongst these, 140 individuals qualified for a randomized trial (MMA 0.40–2.00 μmol L−1). They were randomized to injections with vitamin B12 or placebo and re‐examined after 3 months.

Setting.  One university hospital in Aarhus, Denmark.

Results.  The ROC curves indicate that holoTC (AUC: 0.90) compared favourable with plasma vitamin B12 (AUC: 0.85) for identifying individuals likely to have vitamin B12 deficiency (MMA ≥0.75 μmol L−1 and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) ≥15 μmol L−1), and further that holoTC (AUC: 0.91) might replace combined testing with plasma vitamin B12 and the metabolites. No association was observed between the biochemical markers and symptoms and signs possibly related to vitamin B12 deficiency. HoloTC, TC saturation, plasma vitamin B12, MMA, and tHcy were significantly associated with plasma creatinine (all with P < 0.001). Only tHcy was significantly associated with thyroid stimulating hormone (P =0.02).

Conclusions.  HoloTC shows promise as first‐line tests for diagnosing early vitamin B12 deficiency.
Difference in survival after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest between the two largest cities in Sweden: a matter of time?
Authors: HOLLENBERG J. , BÅNG A. , LINDQVIST J. , HERLITZ J. , NORDLANDER R. , SVENSSON L. , ROSENQVIST M.
Published: February 2005

Background.  Dramatic differences in survival after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) reported from different geographical locations require analysis. We therefore compared patients with OHCA in the two largest cities in Sweden with regard to various factors at resuscitation and outcome.

Setting.  All patients suffering an OHCA in Stockholm and Göteborg between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2001, in whom cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was attempted were included in this retrospective analysis.

Results.  All together, 969 OHCA in Stockholm and 398 in Göteborg were registered during the 18‐month study period. There were no differences in terms of age, gender, and percentage of witnessed cases or percentage of patients who had received bystander CPR. However, the percentage of patients with ventricular fibrillation (VF) at arrival of the ambulance crew was 18% in Stockholm versus 31% in Göteborg (P < 0.0001). The percentage of patients who were alive 1 month after cardiac arrest was 2.5% in Stockholm versus 6.8% in Göteborg (P = 0.0008). Various time intervals such as cardiac arrest to calling for an ambulance, cardiac arrest to the start of CPR and calling for an ambulance to its arrival were all significantly longer in Stockholm than in Göteborg.

Conclusion.  Survival was almost three times higher in Göteborg than in Stockholm amongst patients suffering an OHCA. This is primarily explained by a higher occurrence of VF at the time of arrival of the ambulance crew, which in turn probably is explained by shorter delays in Göteborg. The reason for the difference in time intervals is most likely multifactorial, with a significantly higher ambulance density in Göteborg as one possible explanation.
Nt‐proANP in plasma, a marker of salt sensitivity, is reduced in type 2 diabetes patients
Authors: MELANDER O. , FRANDSEN E. , MAGNUSSON M. , GRUBB A. , JOVINGE S. , GROOP L.
Published: February 2005

Objective.  We recently showed that plasma concentration of N‐terminal atrial natriuretic peptide (Nt‐proANP) is strongly directly related to salt sensitivity. The aims of the present study were to test (i) whether plasma concentration of N‐terminal brain natriuretic peptide (Nt‐proBNP) is related to salt sensitivity and (ii) whether Nt‐proANP, as a marker of salt sensitivity, differs between type 2 diabetes patients and nondiabetic subjects without a history of coronary heart disease.

Methods.  Nt‐proBNP was determined in 30 Swedish normal subjects with heredity for primary hypertension and salt sensitivity was defined as the difference between mean arterial blood pressure after 1 week on a high‐salt diet (240 mmol day−1) and 1 week on a low‐salt diet (10 mmol day−1). Nt‐proANP was measured in 253 patients with type 2 diabetes and in 230 nondiabetic subjects aged 40–70 years, all without a history of coronary heart disease.

Results.  Amongst the 30 subjects, in whom salt sensitivity was directly measured, Nt‐proBNP was not correlated with salt sensitivity (R = −0.18, P = 0.35). Nt‐proANP (median, interquartile range) was lower in patients with type 2 diabetes (505, 387–661 pmol L−1) than in nondiabetic subjects (536, 421–696 pmol L−1) (P = 0.02). In a multiple regression analysis heart rate (P < 0.00001), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.02) and diabetes status (P = 0.02) were inversely related whereas age (P < 0.00001), cystatin C (P = 0.0006), hypertension treatment (P = 0.002) and female sex (P = 0.006) were directly related to ln(Nt‐proANP).

Conclusion.  In contrast to Nt‐proANP, Nt‐proBNP is not related to salt sensitivity. Salt sensitivity, as estimated by Nt‐proANP, seems to be reduced in type 2 diabetes.
Pathogen inactivation technology: cleansing the blood supply
Authors: KLEIN H. G.
Published: February 2005

Abstract. Klein HG (The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Pathogen inactivation technology: cleansing the blood supply (Review).J Intern Med2005;257: 224–237.

The calculated residual infectious risk of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) from blood transfusion is extremely low. However, the risk of bacterial contamination remains and a variety of other agents including emerging viruses, protozoa and tick‐borne agents threaten blood supplies and undermine public confidence in blood safety. Traditional methods of donor screening and testing have limited ability to further reduce disease transmission and cannot prevent an emerging infectious agent from entering the blood supply. Pathogen inactivation technologies have all but eliminated the infectious risks of plasma‐derived protein fractions, but as yet no technique has proved sufficiently safe and effective for traditional blood components. Half‐way technologies can reduce the risk of pathogen transmission from fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. Traditional methods of mechanical removal such as washing and filtration have limited success in reducing the risk of cell‐associated agents, but methods aimed at sterilizing blood have either proved toxic to the cells or to the recipients of blood components. Several promising methods that target pathogen nucleic acid have recently entered clinical testing.
Bolus injection of Ringer's solution and dextran 1 kDa during induction of spinal anesthesia
Authors: Ewaldsson C‐A. , Hahn R. G.
Published: February 2005

Background:  Arterial hypotension following induction of spinal anesthesia is difficult to prevent with infusion fluids. In a randomized, unblinded and controlled study we evaluated whether a rapid fluid administration planned according to volume kinetic analysis is followed by a more stable blood pressure.

Methods:  Spinal anesthesia was induced in 75 surgical patients, using one of three different fluid regimens: intravenous ‘bolus injection’ of 5 ml kg−1 of Ringer's acetate over 3 min, 2 ml kg−1 of low‐molecular weight (1 kDa) dextran over 3 min, or a constant‐rate infusion of 15 ml kg−1 of Ringer's acetate over 40 min (controls). The kinetics of the fluid was studied in five patients in each group and also in eight volunteers.

Results:  The decrease in mean arterial pressure averaged 28%, 27% and 26%, respectively, and was fully developed 16 min after the induction. The height of the block, but not the fluid programme, correlated with the hypotension. Nausea or near‐fainting associated with marked hypotension or bradycardia was recorded in none, five (20%) and two (8%) of the patients, respectively. Both bolus injections were followed by translocation of fluid from the peripheral tissues to the bloodstream, which maintained the plasma dilution at about 10% for at least 30 min until surgery began.

Conclusion:  A brisk infusion of Ringer's solution or dextran 1 kDa over 3 min was followed by the same decrease in arterial pressure as a longer and 3–5‐times larger infusion of Ringer's solution over 40 min during induction of spinal anesthesia.
Preemptive effect of intravenous ketamine in the rat: Concordance between pain behavior and spinal fos‐like immunoreactivity
Authors: Lee I‐H. , Lee I‐O.
Published: February 2005

Background:  The purpose of this study was to compare behavioral antinociceptive responses with spinal fos‐like immunoreactivity (FLI) for a intravenous ketamine injection between pre vs. postformalin administration in rats.

Methods:  Sprague‐Dawley rats (250–300 g) were prepared to receive either saline or ketamine. All rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, pretreatment and post‐treatment group. Formalin (5%) 100 µl was injected into the hindpaw. Pain related behavior and FLI in the lumbar spinal cord was examined.

Results:  Flinches of phase 2 were 239.3 (22,8), 118.6 (7,5) (P < 0.05 vs. control and post‐treatment group), and 186.7 (16,6) in the control, pre and, post‐treatment groups, respectively. Fos‐like immunoreactivity expression was significantly correlated with phase 2 flinching behavior (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Pretreatment with intravenous ketamine inhibits inflammatory pain behavior and FLI expression following a formalin injection in rats, suggesting that pretreatment of ketamine plays an important role in preemptive analgesia.
High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation in adults with traumatic brain injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: David M. , Karmrodt J. , Weiler N. , Scholz A. , Markstaller K. , Eberle B.
Published: February 2005

Background:  This study observed adverse events of rescue treatment with high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in head‐injured patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

Methods:  Data of five male patients with ARDS and traumatic brain injury, median age 28 years, who failed to respond to conventional pressure‐controlled ventilation (PCV) were analyzed retrospectively during HFOV. Adjusted mean airway pressure at initiation of HFOV was set to 5 cm H2O above the last measured mean airway pressure during PCV. Frequency of pulmonary air leak, mucus obstruction, tracheal injury, and need of HFOV termination due to increased intracranial pressure, decreased cerebral perfusion pressure, or deterioration in PaCO2 were analyzed.

Results:  During HFOV we found no complications. We recorded 390 datasets of intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure and PaCO2 simultaneously. Intracranial pressure increased (>25 mmHg) in 11 of 390 datasets, cerebral perfusion pressure was reduced (<70 mmHg) in 66 of 390 datasets, and PaCO2 variations (<4.7 kPa; >6.0 kPa) were observed in eight of 390 datasets after initiation of HFOV. All these alterations were responsive to treatment. PaO2/FIO2‐ratio improved in four patients during HFOV.

Conclusion:  High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation appears to be a promising alternative rescue treatment in head‐injured patients with ARDS if continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure and PaCO2 are provided, in particular during initiation of HFOV.
Less local pain on intravenous infusion of a new propofol emulsion
Authors: Liljeroth E. , Åkeson J.
Published: February 2005

Background:  Local pain at the site of intravenous (iv) injection of propofol remains a considerable problem in clinical anaesthesiology, and particularly so in infants. The aim of the present study was to compare the influence of two different emulsions of propofol on local pain following iv administration.

Methods:  Eighty adult patients (ASA I–II) scheduled for ear‐nose‐throat or plastic surgery were randomly allocated into two study groups: A and B. A 1.0‐mm teflon cannula (BD, Helsingborg, Sweden) was inserted into a dorsal vein on each hand. Each patient was given two 3.0‐ml iv bolus injections of two different propofol emulsions of 10 mg ml−1 over 2 s, one in each cannula, at 5‐min intervals. The first study drug administered was Diprivan® (AstraZeneca, Södertälie, Sweden) in group A (n = 34) and Propofol‐Lipuro (Braun, Melsungen, Germany) in group B (n = 39). Each patient was then asked by a blinded investigator to score maximal pain intensity on a visual analogue scale (VAS).

Results:  The maximal intensity of propofol‐induced local pain was significantly (P < 0.0001) lower after Propofol‐Lipuro than after Diprivan®– median 1 (25th percentile: 0; 75th percentile: 2) range 0–6 vs. 3 (0; 5) 0–9 VAS units.

Conclusion:  The considerably lower intensity of local pain found to be associated with iv administration of the new drug formula Propofol‐Lipuro indicates that emulsions of propofol based on medium‐ and long‐chain triglycerides have a clinical advantage over traditional ones for induction of anaesthesia.
Pre‐anesthetic presence of an injured dam influences pups' locomotor behavior during emergence from anesthesia in rats
Authors: Arai Y‐C. P. , Ueda W. , Al‐Chaer E. D.
Published: February 2005

Background:  Pre‐anesthetic mother–infant interaction is an important factor for smooth emergence of pediatric anesthesia. In many mammalian species, disruptions of the mother–infant relationship cause psychological and behavioral changes. This study was to investigate whether or not pre‐anesthetic presence of an injured dam has an impact on locomotor behavior of rat pups.

Methods:  We used a video‐tracking system to test the effects of pre‐anesthetic relations between pups and their dams on pups' locomotor behavior during emergence from general anesthesia, in 40 3‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley male rats. Pups were divided into two groups: pups housed with a dam (n = 20) and those housed with an injured dam (n = 20). Pups were anesthetized with 1.2% halothane for 30 min. At emergence, we recorded their locomotor behavior for 15 min.

Results:  Pre‐anesthetic manipulation to dams significantly increased the distance traveled by pups. However, the manipulation did not cause any difference in the maximum velocity.

Conclusion:  Pre‐anesthetic presence of an injured dam influenced pups' locomotor behavior at emergence from anesthesia.
Tube tip in pharynx (TTIP) ventilation: Simple establishment of ventilation in case of failed mask ventilation
Authors: Kristensen M. S.
Published: February 2005

Background:  Mask ventilation occasionally fails. Alternative readily available and simple methods to establish ventilation in these cases are needed.

Methods:  Retrospective description of cases in which a new technique, tube tip in pharynx (TTIP) ventilation, was employed for restoring ventilation in case of failed facemask ventilation during induction of anaesthesia. The technique involves a standard endotracheal tube and can be performed single‐handed: A standard endotracheal tube was placed via the mouth with the tip in the pharynx and the cuff was inflated. By placing the fourth and fifth fingers below the ramus of the mandible, the third finger below the lower lip, the second finger above the upper lip and on one side of the nose and the first finger on the other side of the nose, an open airway is restored. Chin lift is inherent in the grip, thus contributing to opening of the airway.

Results:  In all four cases of failed mask ventilation the anaesthetist could establish an open airway and subsequent ventilation without the need for an assistant. There were no indications of gastric insufflation.

Conclusion:  The TTIP technique established ventilation in all four patients after abandoned facemask ventilation. The technique only involves one person and an endotracheal tube and warrants to be included in the armamentarium of anaesthetists.

Further prospective studies are needed to refine the technique and delimit its indications.
Behavioural differences between individuals and two populations of stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: Bell A.M.
Published: February 2005

Behavioural syndromes are correlations between behaviours in different functional contexts. Behavioural syndromes are attracting the attention of evolutionary biologists because they mean that different behaviours might not be free to evolve independently of one another. In a landmark study,Huntingford (1976)showed that individual stickleback which were bold toward predators were also aggressive toward conspecifics and active in an unfamiliar environment. Here, I revisited the activity‐aggression‐boldness syndrome in stickleback and tested the hypothesis that correlations between behaviours might act as evolutionary constraints. I measured a suite of behaviours on wild‐caught individuals and their offspring from two different populations and calculated heritabilities and genetic correlations between the different behaviours. I found that these behaviours were phenotypically and genetically correlated in one population but not another. On average, boldness and aggression were negatively related to each other across the populations. These results suggest that behavioural syndromes don't always act as evolutionary constraints.
Testing alternative mechanisms of evolutionary divergence in an African rain forest passerine bird
Authors: Smith T. B. , Calsbeek R. , Wayne R. K. , Holder K. H. , Pires D. , Bardeleben C.
Published: February 2005

AbstractModels of speciation in African rain forests have stressed either the role of isolation or ecological gradients. Here we contrast patterns of morphological and genetic divergence in parapatric and allopatric populations of the Little Greenbul,Andropadus virens, within different and similar habitats. We sampled 263 individuals from 18 sites and four different habitat types in Upper and Lower Guinea. We show that despite relatively high rates of gene flow among populations,A. virenshas undergone significant morphological divergence across the savanna–forest ecotone and mountain–forest boundaries. These data support a central component of the divergence‐with‐gene‐flow model of speciation by suggesting that despite large amounts of gene flow, selection is sufficiently intense to cause morphological divergence. Despite evidence of isolation based on neutral genetic markers, we find little evidence of morphological divergence in fitness‐related traits between hypothesized refugial areas. Although genetic evidence suggests populations in Upper and Lower Guinea have been isolated for over 2 million years, morphological divergence appears to be driven more by habitat differences than geographic isolation and suggests that selection in parapatry may be more important than geographic isolation in causing adaptive divergence in morphology.
Trade‐off between male and female allocation in the simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum sp.
Authors: Schärer L. , Sandner P. , Michiels N. K.
Published: February 2005

Sex allocation theory for simultaneous hermaphrodites assumes a direct trade‐off between the allocation of resources to the male and female reproductive functions. Empirical support for this basic assumption is scarce, possibly because studies rarely control for variation in individual reproductive resource budgets. Such variation, which can have environmental or genetic sources, can generate a positive relationship between male and female investment and can thus obscure the trade‐off. In this study on the hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum sp. we tried to control for budget effects by restricting food availability in a standardized way and by using an inbred line. We then manipulated mating group size in a two‐way design (two group sizes × two enclosure sizes) in order to induce phenotypic variation in male allocation, and expected to find an opposing correlated response in female allocation. The results suggest that we only managed to control the budget effects under some conditions. Under these the sex allocation trade‐off emerged. Under the other conditions we found a strongly positive correlation between male and female allocation. We discuss possible causes for the observed differences.
Crossing the taxonomic divide: conflict and its resolution in societies of reproductively totipotent individuals
Authors: HART A. G. , RATNIEKS F. L. W.
Published: February 2005

Reproduction in groups may be unequal, with one or a few individuals monopolizing direct reproduction assisted by nonbreeding helpers. In social insects this has frequently led to a pronounced queen‐worker dichotomy and a loss of reproductive totipotency among workers. However, in some invertebrate and all vertebrate societies, all or most individuals remain reproductively totipotent. In these groups, conflicts of interest over reproduction are potentially greatest. Here, we synthesize previous analyses of reproductive conflict, aggression and breeder replacement in haplodiploid societies of totipotent individuals and extend them to cover diploid (vertebrate) examples. We test predictions arising from this approach using the best‐studied invertebrate (Dinoponeraqueenless ants) and vertebrate (naked mole‐rat,Heterocephalus glaber) examples, although in principle our analysis applies to all similar groups. We find that premature replacement of a parent breeder by nonbreeders (overthrow) is rare. Dominant coercive control of nonbreeders by the breeder is often unnecessary and honest signalling of breeder vitality can maintain group stability and resolve conflicts over reproduction. We hope that by providing an explicit transfer of social theory between ants and naked mole‐rats we will stimulate further cross‐taxonomic studies that will greatly broaden our understanding of sociality.
Hybrid incompatibility is consistent with a hybrid origin ofHeliconius heurippaHewitson from its close relatives,Heliconius cydnoDoubleday andHeliconius melpomeneLinnaeus
Authors: Salazar C. A. , Jiggins C. D. , Arias C. F. , Tobler A. , Bermingham E. , Linares M.
Published: February 2005

Shared ancestral variation and introgression complicates the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships among closely related taxa. Here we use overall genomic compatibility as an alternative estimate of species relationships in a group where divergence is rapid and genetic exchange is common.Heliconius heurippa, a butterfly species endemic to Colombia, has a colour pattern genetically intermediate betweenH. cydnoandH. melpomene: its hindwing is nearly indistinguishable from that ofH. melpomeneand its forewing band is an intermediate phenotype between both species. This observation has lead to the suggestion that the pattern ofH. heurippaarose through hybridization. We present a genetic analysis of hybrid compatibility in crosses between the three taxa.Heliconius heurippa × H. cydnoand femaleH. melpomene × maleH. heurippayield fertile and viable F1hybrids, but maleH. melpomene × femaleH. heurippacrosses yield sterile F1females. In contrast, Haldane's rule has previously been detected betweenH. melpomeneandH cydnoin both directions. Therefore,H. heurippais most closely related toH. cydno, with some evidence for introgression of genes fromH. melpomene.The results are compatible with the hypothesis of a hybrid origin forH. heurippa. In addition, backcrosses using F1hybrid males provide evidence for a large Z(X)‐chromosome effect on sterility and for recessive autosomal sterility factors as predicted by Dominance Theory.
The geographic selection mosaic for squirrels, crossbills and Aleppo pine
Authors: MEZQUIDA E. T. , BENKMAN C. W.
Published: February 2005

The interactions between many species are structured in a geographic mosaic of populations among which selection is divergent. Here we tested the hypothesis that such a geographic selection mosaic arises for common crossbills (Loxia curvirostra) feeding on seeds in the cones of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) because of geographic variation in the occurrence of European red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris). On the Iberian Peninsula, Sciurus exerted directional selection favouring larger cones with larger scales, which has caused cones there to be larger than in the Balearic Islands where Sciurus are absent. Moreover, cones on the Iberian Peninsula are so large that they are apparently little used by the relatively small‐billed crossbills on the Peninsula; selection by Sciurus seems to have made the cones so difficult to feed on that crossbills rely mostly on the seeds of other conifers. Where crossbills are present but Sciurus are absent (Mallorca Island), cones were smaller as a result of relaxation of selection by Sciurus. However, cones on Mallorca had proportionally thicker scales in comparison to where both Sciurus and crossbills are absent (Ibiza Island), presumably as an adaptation against crossbill predation. Here crossbills specialize on Aleppo pine, have relatively large bills and have apparently coevolved in an arms race with Aleppo pine. These results suggest that Sciurus has influenced both the geographic selection mosaics for crossbills and conifers and the adaptive radiation of crossbills in Eurasia much like Tamiasciurus has done in the North America.
The evolution of generalization? Parasitoid flies and the perils of inferring host range evolution from phylogenies
Authors: STIREMAN J. O.
Published: February 2005

It is widely assumed that high resource specificity predisposes lineages toward greater likelihood of extinction and lower likelihood of diversification than more generalized lineages. This suggests that host range evolution in parasitic organisms should proceed from generalist to specialist, and specialist lineages should be found at the ‘tips’ of phylogenies. To test these hypotheses, parsimony and maximum likelihood methods were used to reconstruct the evolution of host range on a phylogeny of parasitoid flies in the family Tachinidae. In contrast to predictions, most reconstructions indicated that generalists were repeatedly derived from specialist lineages and tended to occupy terminal branches of the phylogeny. These results are critically examined with respect to hypotheses concerning the evolution of specialization, the inherent difficulties in inferring host ranges, our knowledge of tachinid‐host associations, and the methodological problems associated with ancestral character state reconstruction. Both parsimony and likelihood reconstructions are shown to provide misleading results and it is argued that independent evidence, in addition to phylogenetic trees, is needed to inform models of the evolution of host range and the evolutionary consequences of specialization.
The evolutionary genetics of egg size plasticity in a butterfly
Authors: STEIGENGA M. J. , ZWAAN B. J. , BRAKEFIELD P. M. , FISCHER K.
Published: February 2005

The evolution of phenotypic plasticity requires that it is adaptive, genetically determined, and exhibits sufficient genetic variation. For the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana there is evidence that temperature‐mediated plasticity in egg size is an adaptation to predictable seasonal change. Here we set out to investigate heritability in egg size and genetic variation in the plastic response to temperature in this species, using a half‐sib breeding design. Egg size of individual females was first measured at a high temperature 4 days after eclosion. Females were then transferred to a low temperature and egg size was measured after acclimation periods of 6 and 12 days respectively. Overall, additive genetic variance explained only 3–11% of the total phenotypic variance, whereas maternal effects were more pronounced. Genotype–environment interactions and cross‐environmental correlations of less than unity suggest that there is potential for short‐term evolutionary change. Our findings strengthen the support for the adaptive nature of temperature‐mediated plasticity in egg size.
Evolutionary traction: the cost of adaptation and the evolution of sex
Authors: HADANY L. , FELDMAN M. W.
Published: February 2005

The advantage of sexual reproduction remains a puzzle for evolutionary biologists. Everything else being equal, asexual populations are expected to have twice the number of offspring produced by similar sexual populations. Yet, asexual species are uncommon among higher eukaryotes. In models assuming small populations, high mutation rates, or frequent environmental changes, sexual reproduction seems to have at least a two‐fold advantage over asexuality. But the advantage of sex for large populations, low mutation rates, and rare or mild environmental changes remains a conundrum. Here we show that without recombination, rare advantageous mutations can result in increased accumulation of deleterious mutations (‘evolutionary traction’), which explains the long‐term advantage of sex under a wide parameter range.
Identification of discriminant factors after treatment of resistant and susceptible banana leaves with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense culture filtrates
Authors: Companioni B. , Mora N. , Díaz L. , Pérez A. , Arzola M. , Espinosa P. , Hernández M. , Ventura J. , Pérez M. C. , Santos R. , Lorenzo J. C.
Published: February 2005

Among the most important crops in developing countries are banana and plantain. However, the production is threatened by increasingly virulent forms of Fusarium wilt, and therefore, intensive breeding programmes are being carried out worldwide. As conventional field studies of banana resistance to this disease are time‐consuming and destructive, an easy‐to‐do procedure was previously developed to differentiate field‐grown resistant and susceptible banana cultivars at leaf level. Such a procedure involved the in vitro treatment of fungal culture filtrates on to field‐grown adult leaves and the measurement of lesion areas 48 h later. The present report includes measurements of other indicators such as biochemical compounds. The cultivar ‘Gross Michel’ (susceptible) and cv. ‘FHIA‐01’ (resistant) leaves were treated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 culture filtrates. Evaluations were performed 48 h after leaf treatment. Compared with culture medium‐treated leaves (control treatment), fungal metabolites produced leaf lesions, decreased freephenolic contents and increased protein levels in both cultivars. In ‘FHIA‐01’, the culture filtrate increased contents of cell wall‐linked phenolics and the pool of aldehydes (except malondialdehyde). Fungal metabolites did not cause variations in peroxidase activity, chlorophyll pigment contents or malondialdehyde level in any cultivar. The use of Fisher's linear discriminant analysis to differentiate resistant and susceptible banana cultivars in breeding programmes is also a novel aspect of this report. Such an estimation was performed from a data matrix that included the effects of the fungal metabolites (leaf lesion area and levels of free and cell wall‐linked phenolics, aldehydes, except malondialdehyde, and proteins) on banana leaves of seven cultivars (four susceptible and three resistant).
Genetic variation, heritability and genetic correlations for forage quality and yield traits of Mediterranean tall fescue germplasm
Authors: Annicchiarico P. , Romani M.
Published: February 2005

Higher ruminant intake potential and in vivo digestibility as indicated by lower neutral and acid detergent fibre (NDF and ADF), respectively, and higher crude protein (CP), may be valuable targets in tall fescue breeding. Some 105 full‐sib families from a diallel cross of Mediterranean parent germplasm were grown in a heated greenhouse simulating the temperature pattern of a Mediterranean environment, to estimate genetic parameters for NDF, ADF, CP and dry matter (DM) yield in one autumn and one winter harvest. Family x harvest interaction was large for NDF and ADF, moderate for CP and absent for DM yield. Additive genetic variance was mostly larger than specific genetic variance, and tended to be small for quality traits and large for DM yield. Narrow‐sense heritability was low for CP and ADF in autumn and moderate to fairly high in the remaining cases. Predicted gains per selection cycle never exceeded 5% for quality traits while being greater than 10% for DM yield. An inverse genetic correlation between DM yield and any quality trait emerged in the presence of sizeable genetic variation.
Combining ability of non‐adapted sources for male‐fertility restoration in Pampa CMS of hybrid rye*
Authors: Miedaner T. , Wilde P. , Wortmann H.
Published: February 2005

Hybrid rye breeding and seed production relies on the cytoplasmic male sterility‐inducing Pampa (P)‐Cytoplasm. High levels of restoration were recently found in non‐adapted rye accessions from Argentina (Pico Gentario, Pastoreo Massaux) and Iran (IRAN IX). To analyse their relative superiority, five seed‐parent lines in P cytoplasm were crossed with five inbred lines of these sources and four adapted restorer lines. The 45 F1 hybrids were tested for male‐fertility restoration in three locations. Significant (P = 0.01) general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA respectively) for male‐fertility restoration were found. The non‐adapted restorer lines were able to restore all seed‐parent lines similarly, resulting in hybrids with 55‐90% pollen shedding (mean 78%) compared with 2‐74% pollen shedding (mean 44%) when adapted restorer lines were used. Significant (P = 0.05) SCA effects were detected in 11 of 45 combinations, nine of them were crosses with adapted pollinator lines. Non‐adapted restorer lines showed a high phenotypic stability of male‐fertility restoration across locations. Introgression of these exotic sources into the adapted restorer gene pool by repeated backcrossing should result in environmentally stable male fertility in Pampa‐based rye hybrids.
Isozyme electrophoretic characterization of 29 related cultivars of lily (Lilium spp.)
Authors: Arzate‐Fernandez A.‐M. , Mejía‐González C.‐O. , Nakazaki T. , Okumoto Y. , Tanisaka T.
Published: February 2005

Isozyme banding patterns (IBPs) were studied for cultivars of lily (Lilium spp.) by means of horizontal starch‐gel electrophoresis (SGE). An array of continuous histidine‐citrate buffer systems at eight ranges of pH and four extraction buffers were tested. On the basis of this survey, the extraction buffer two (Eb‐2) and the buffer system E at pH 7.7 were found to be suitable for detection of lily isozymes. Using the SGE technique, IBP in catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), esterase (EST; EC 3.1.1.1), malate dehydrogenase (MDH; EC 1.1.1.37), malic enzyme (MAL; EC 1.1.1.40), peroxidase (POX; EC 1.11.1.7), phosphoglucomutase (PGM; EC 2.7.5.1), phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI; EC 5.3.1.9) and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD; EC 1.1.1.44) were assayed. In total 29 cultivars were tested in this study: nine were analysed for all eight enzyme systems, 16 cultivars for seven systems, three for six, and one for five enzyme systems. Some IBP were identified as section‐specific biochemical markers. Eight enzymes systems were analysed by constructing a dendogram using the unweighted pair group method, arithmetic average (UPGMA) cluster analysis. The analysis indicated that the lily cultivars could be separated from other Lilium species, except for two L. x formonlogi cultivars:‘Hakuba’ and ‘Hakuko’ which could not be distinguished from each other by the isozyme patterns assayed here. This study shows that isozymes can provide useful biochemical markers for lily cultivar identification and to estimate the phylogenetic relationships among those cultivars.