bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
解析工程造价咨询企业发展全过程工程咨询的策略
Authors: 张 森 , 吴 静
Published: March 2020

近年来,工程造价咨询企业出现了同质化、门槛低等一系列问题,直接影响工程造价咨询企业的稳定持续发展。全过程工程咨询发展显得尤为重要。本文首先分析了工程造价咨询企业发展全过程工程咨询的必要性,紧接着分析了全过程工程咨询发展的可行性,最后探讨了全过程工程咨询发展策略,旨在推动工程造价咨询企业转型、持续发展。笔者作为河南兴达工程咨询有限公司的一员,以个人视角围绕工程造价咨询企业发展全过程工程咨询,提出自身几点拙见。
M-φ曲线在异形桥塔抗震验算中的应用
Authors: 苑 鹏宇
Published: March 2020

M-φ曲线是表征构件延性性能的特征曲线,在抗震分析中被广泛应用。对于常规结构M-φ曲线在抗震分析中主要用于三方面的计算。第一方面是计算桥墩的允许位移,第二方面是计算结构屈服后的等效屈服刚度,第三方面是计算多柱墩推导分析中的极限曲率。除此以外对于非规则桥梁M-φ曲线主要用于评价结构的弹塑性状态。本文涉及桥梁为自锚式悬索桥,桥塔出于景观考虑为异形结构。本例结合具体工程阐述M-φ曲线的计算原理,并对异形桥塔E2地震作用下的最大弯矩值进行验算。
基于乡村振兴战略背景下村镇规划与建设研究
Authors: 贾 维
Published: March 2020

对于乡村振兴与城乡统筹发展计划来说,村镇规划工作属于最重要的组成部分。基于新时期背景下,做好村镇建设的经济工作。要将生态文明发展作为基础,进一步确定村镇的发展规模,以此加快现代化建设的脚步。本文从乡村振兴战略背景下村镇规划与建设的重要意义展开探究,并以此为依据,提出分类推进规划与建设工作、落实生态环境保护工作、强化基建工作等几个方面的措施。希望有效缩减城乡发展差异,创造出更高的社会价值与经济价值。
Cluster de Sintomas e Câncer na Pesquisa em Enfermagem: Revisão Sistemática
Authors: Fábregas Boeira Samyra , Mendonça Guimarães Raphael , Da Rocha Acioli Lorena , Andrade Conceição Stipp Marluci
Published: March 2020

Introdução: Nos últimos anos, o câncer tornou-se um problema de saúde publica mundial. O conceito de clusters de sintomas, estudo dos sintomas por padrões de sintoma agrupados por características em comum, tem se tornado importante na pesquisa em Enfermagem Oncológica e vem sendo usado em estudos sobre sintomatologia em cancer. Objetivo: Realizar revisão sistemática sobre o uso de clusters de sintomas na pratica de Enfermagem em Oncologia. Método: Foi realizado levantamento nas bases de dados MEDLINE, cujas chaves de busca foram “symptom cluster or symptom clusters”, “oncology or cancer” e “nursing”. Resultados: Os artigos selecionados apontam o crescimento de estudos sobre clusters de sintomas; e o papel fundamental da Enfermagem na avaliação e intervenção do impacto causado pelos clusters. Conclusão: A identificação de clusters vem, segundo os artigos, contribuindo no tratamento e na prática clínica. Portanto, a Enfermagem oncológica tem o papel fundamental em garantir que os clusters de sintomas sejam utilizados na gestão dos cuidados.
РОЗРАХУНКОВІ МОДЕЛІ ДЛЯ АНАЛІЗУ ЕФЕКТИВНИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ТРИВИМІРНИХ НАНОКОМПОЗИТІВ ІЗ СИСТЕМАМИ ВКЛЮЧЕНЬ
Authors: ГНІТЬКО В.І. , ДЕГТЯРЬОВ К.Г. , СТРЕЛЬНІКОВА О.О. , ТОНКОНОЖЄНКО А.М.
Published: March 2020

Для опису механічних властивостей тривимірних композитів та нанокомпозитів використовуються підходи, засновані на співвідношеннях механіки суцільного середовища. За припущеннями лінійної пружності розглянуті механічні властивості композиційних матеріалів та нанокомпозитів. Застосовуються умови ідеального контакту і некласичні умови Гуртіна-Мердока для опису нанорозмірного контакту між матрицею та включеннями на поверхні розділу, яка розглядається як еластична мембрана з власними пружними характеристиками та заданим поверхневим натягом. Розглянуті різні типи представницьких комірок. Для числової симуляції механічних властивостей композитних та нанокомпозитних матеріалів використовуються методи скінченних та граничних елементів. У тривимірному формулюванні здійснено порівняння результатів, отриманих при використанні методу скінченних елементів (гексагональний репрезентативний об’ємний елемент) і методу граничних елементів (циліндричний репрезентативний об’ємний елемент). Метод скінченних елементів застосовано для визначення напружено-деформованого стану різних репрезентативних об'ємних елементів тривимірних нанокомпозитів. Розглядаються матриці у вигляді куба та циліндра скінченних розмірів та неоднорідності у вигляді куль, сфер, циліндрів, волокон та трубок. Базовані на МСЕ розрахункові моделі поширено на опис ефективних пружних властивостей композитів з розподіленими нановключеннями з випадковою та впорядкованою орієнтаціями. Метод скінченних елементів застосовано для визначення НДС різних репрезентативних об'ємних елементів тривимірних нанокомпозитів. Досліджено вплив форми і відносних розмірів неоднорідностей та матриць репрезентативного об’єму на ефективні модулі пружності нанокомпозитів. Отримані моделі створюють інформативну базу для технологій синтезування нанокомпозитів з вдосконаленими деформаційними і міцнісними характеристиками.
ВИМУШЕНІ КОЛИВАННЯ РІДИНИ В КОАКСІАЛЬНИХ ОБОЛОНКАХ
Authors: УСАТОВА О.О. , КРЮТЧЕНКО Д.В.
Published: March 2020

В наш час існує багато невирішених проблем стосовно міцності коаксіальних оболонок, частково наповнених ідеальною нестисливою рідиною. Тому у зв’язку з цим, виникає необхідність розгляду задач, пов’язаних із дослідженням динамічної взаємодії коаксіальних оболонки з рідиною. Задачі нестаціонарного деформування таких оболонок є найменш дослідженими і потребують більшої уваги. Визначивши область інтегрування в задачах стосовно коаксіальної оболонки, можна застосувати інтегрування за часом системи рівнянь Нав’є–Стокса, яка описує поведінку ідеальної і в’язкої рідини, але виникає утруднення, а саме коли рідина є нестисливою або слабо стислива − в такому випадку не використовують прямий спосіб інтегрування за часом. Використовуючи метод граничних елементів, можна розв’язати відповідну крайову задачу. Зауважимо, що рух рідини є безвихровим, і це дозволяє нам використовувати потенціал швидкостей, який задовольняє рівнянню Лапласа та граничним умовам, як на жорстких поверхнях оболонки, так і на вільній поверхні рідини, оскільки рух об’єму рідини повністю визначається рухом поверхонь, що його обмежують. Опис поведінки рідини з вільною поверхнею може бути зведений до сукупності залежностей, які представляють собою умови кінематичного і динамічного характеру. Кінематичні умови можна розглядати як механічні зв'язки, які накладають обмеження на варіації невідомих, динамічні граничні умови випливають з варіаційного принципу Гамільтона– Остроградського як природні. Тиск рідини буде задовольняти рівнянню Коші– Лагранжа. Стінки оболонки можна вважати абсолютно твердими. Власні частоти коливання рідини значно менші, ніж власні частоти коливання пружної оболонки з рідиною. Впливом поверхневого натягу можна знехтувати, тобто вплив поверхневого натягу на коливання рідини вважаємо малим. Проведено розрахунки, які дають можливість визначити частоти і форми плескання рідини в коаксіальних оболонках. Розглянуті вимушені коливання рідини під дією горизонтальних гармонічних, імпульсних та сейсмічних навантажень.
HUBUNGAN KARAKTERISTIK STAF DAN TIM KERJA DENGAN KEPUASAN KERJA PERAWAT DI RUMAH SAKIT TIPE B TAHUN 2015
Authors: Hayat Nahrul Nahrul
Published: March 2020

Karakteristik staf dan tim kerja yang berbeda-beda dalam menyelesaikan suatu pekerjaan akan mengalami penurunan atau peningkatan kepuasan kerja. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat hubungan karakteristik staf dan tim kerja dengan kepuasan kerja. Desian penelitin deskriptif analitik dengn pendekatan cross sectional, teknik pengambilan sampel simple random sampling dengan jumlah sampel 217 responden. Hasil penelitian. Karakteristik staf  berjenis kelamin perempuan 95%, umur >30 tahun 60%, berpendidikan vokasional 86,43%, dan lama bekerja >5 tahun 67,14%. Tim kerja sebagian besar tidak baik (kerjasama 57,86%, kepercayaan 56,43, dan kekompakan 73,57%) dan 56,42% tidak puas dengan pekerjaan. Analisa Bivariat menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna antara kerjasama, kepercayaan, kekompakan dengan kepuasan kerja (P < 0,05). Analisa multivariat hubungan yang paling bermakna adalah  kekompakan dengan nilai OR 33,678. Manajemen Rumah Sakit diharapkan dapat menciptakan hubungan interpersonal yang baik dalam tim kerja sehingga tercipta kepuasan kerja yang tinggi.

Staff Characteristics and team work vary in finishing a job to be decreased or increased job satisfaction. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship characteristics of the staff and team work and job satisfaction. Desian research is conducted with less analytic descriptive cross sectional study, the sampling technique is simple random sampling with a sample of 217 respondents. Research result. Characteristics staff 95% female, age> 30 years 60%, 86.43% vocational education, and long working> 5 years 67.14%. Most of the work team is not good (cooperation 57.86%, 56.43 belief, and compactness 73.57%) and 56.42% were not satisfied with the work. Bivariate analysis showed a significant association between co-operation, trust, teamwork and job satisfaction (P <0.05). Multivariate analysis of the most significant relationship is compactness with OR 33.678. Hospital management is expected to create good interpersonal relationships in work teams so as to create job satisfaction is high.
Neither a Hoax nor Art: Politics
Authors: Regaldo Fernanda , Marquez Renata , Andrés Roberto , Cançado Wellington
Published: March 2020

On a Saturday morning in May 2013, a sign indicating a public work was installed on Padre Belchior Street, in central Belo Horizonte. According to the sign, in just a couple of days the busy street would become a construction site in which the main goal would be to undo four asphalted lanes and bring back instead the late Leitão stream – an urban stream which four decades ago was channeled and covered with concrete, giving place to a roadway. Three days later, the sign was no longer in place and the Federal Police had began to investigate the authors of the "fictitious project" for improper use of government logos. This article recovers this story in order to discuss the relationship between the proccesses that mark how cities are constructed, public participation and urban interventions.
Systemic Triangulation, a Tool for Complex Urban Diagnosis. The Case of Horsh Beirut
Authors: Stephan Joumana , Chbat Nada
Published: March 2020

Perceived as a complex system, public space could be examined through the means of complexity thinking. Complexity thinking not only offers a new urban terminology delivering interesting insights on the city and its public space, it also offers new tools that could deepen our understanding of their major issues. In this paper, the complex case of Horsh Beirut is diagnosed with one of these tools: Systemic Triangulation. As a trans disciplinary tool for relational diagnosis, Systemic Triangulation acknowledges the inscription of urban problems in structural, functional and dynamic continuums, establishing the relationships between them, and projecting interactions between the system and its environment. This paper searches for the implication of this method, based on non-linear representations of urban reality, in public space design and management. And explores to what extent the systemic approach could give us fresh answers on classic urban problems such as dysfunctional green public spaces and spatial segregation.
A New Park for Shanghai
Authors: Roca Estanislau , Aquilué Inés
Published: March 2020

This article summarizes the urban proposal of the team led by Professor Estanislau Roca, consisting of professors and students of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia (UPC), for the International Student Urban Design Competition for Shanghai Railway Station presented in 2015 at the Haishang Cultural Center in Shanghai. Harvard University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Tongji University, Cardiff University, Southeast University of Nanjing and UPC participated in the competition. The UPC team won a second ex aequo prize with MIT.
The UPC proposal represents the urban redevelopment of an extensive area located in the heart of the city of Shanghai, where the creation of a park comprising about 40 hectares was conceived. The park is designed to form a vast new space in the city, in an area covered by railroad tracks east of the Shanghai Railway Station, which form a great barrier that divides the Zhabei District into two disconnected parts.
In the framework of the Shanghai Master Plan 2020–2040, the metropolitan scale is reflected at the local level. The proposal reinforces the continuity of green and blue through strategies that connect the new park with other existing open urban spaces and rivers. Furthermore, it enhances ecological continuity and stimulates regeneration. The project contributes to improving problems with air pollution while at the same time making the currently adopted measures more economically sustainable.
Conceived from a holistic perspective, the idea is modelled on a harmonious, inclusive, friendly, smart, accessible, sustainable city networked through the state-of-the-art technology that is essential for such complex urban transformations. What is more, it rigorously pursues economic viability throughout each stage of implementation by guaranteeing that each phase finances itself while maintaining the ledger in a positive balance.
The Product of Two Functions Using Positive Linear Operators
Authors: Holhoş Adrian
Published: March 2020

In this paper we estimate the speed of convergence of the difference $L_n(fg)-(L_n f)\cdot (L_n g)$ towards 0, where $(L_n)$ are positive linear operators used in the approximation of continuous functions. We also study in what conditions the formula ${L'_n}(fg)-f {L'_n}g-g {L'_n}f \to 0$ holds true.
Comparison of Rate of Infection during Hydroxyapatite and Allogenic Bone Graft Used In Jaw Cyst: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Mamun Showkat , Haider Ismat Ara , Nasiruddin - , Rahman Tarin , Islam Sheikh Mohammad Jahidul , Diba Farah
Published: March 2020

Background: Post-operative infection can occur after bone grafting among patietns with jaw cyst.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare the rate of infection as postoperative outcomes after hydroxyapatite and allogenic bone graft among jaw cyst patients.

Methodology: This randomized clinical trial was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh from July 2006 to June 2008. Patients presented with radicular and dentigerous cyst and relatively non infected cystic lesion were selected as study population. The study population were divided into two groups designed as Group A treated with with allogenic-bone graft and Group B treated with hydroxyapatite alloplastic material after enucleation of the cystic lesion. The rate of infection was recorded after surgery in both group A and B.

Result: A total number of 28 patients were recruited for this study of which 14 patients were treated with hydroxyapatite crystals bone graft in group A and 14 patients were treated with allogenic bone graft in group B. Post-operative infection was not found in group A and 5(35.7%) in group B (p<0.05). Infection occurred in 1(20.0%) case in one side intact and 4(80.0%) in both side lost. Infection was found in 1(20.0%) case and 4(80.0%) cases in average and poor oral hygiene status respectively.

Conclusion: In conclusion more infection occurs in allogenic bone graft group than the group treated with hydroxyapatite alloplastic material

Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases 2019;6(2):29-33
Clinical Spectrum and Subtype Distribution Lymphoma : A Single Center, Hospital Based Analysis
Authors: Akter Mafruha , Khan Mohiuddin  Ahmed , Nazneen Shahela , Haq Qauzi Smita , Khan Abdullah Al Zubayer
Published: March 2020

Introduction: Lymphoma is a heterogeneous group of hematological malignancy that varies in different subtypes according to geography, age, race and ethnicity. In this study, the different subtype of lymphoma according to WHO lymphoid tumor classification and clinical features of Non Hodgkins lymphoma will be analyzed and discussed at a tertiary care Hematology center.

Objectives: Our aims and objective is to observe and share the single center experience of specifically Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and to contribute in formation of national lymphoma registry in future to enhance the care of potentially curable lymphomas.

Materials and Method: A retrospective analysis of 226 diagnosed lymphoma cases were conducted at DMCH Hematology center from January 2016 to September 2017( total 21 months period). Data were reviewed and analyzed using simple frequency and percentage. Protocol was approved by institutional ethical review board (IRB) of DMCH.

Result: The mean age of NHL is 43 ( 12-90) years with majority of patients were in 31-55 years age group and M:F is 3:1. The mean age of HL is 30 (range 4-60) years without bimodal peak observed. Mixed cellularity classical HL were found higher than nodular sclerosis HL. Majority of NHL were B cell NHL ( 86.25%) and remaining were T cell NHL (13.75%). The most common variant found was aggressive diffuse large B cell lymphoma(DLBCL) (48%), followed by peripheral T cell lymphoma PTCL (~13%) and very aggressive lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) (11%), low grade follicular Lymphoma (11%) and others ( ~17%). 70% NHL had nodal presentation and 30% had extra nodal involvement with GIT and CNS most commonly involved. Extra nodal presentations were more observed in DLBCL and LBL. Majority (75%) of NHL presented at advanced stage with B symptoms observed in 86% and variable IPI score. In DLBCL cell of origin was detected as non-GCB in 25(41%), GCB in 04( 6%) and unclassifiable in 03(5%) cases according to Han’s algorithm, and cell of origin was not detected in remaining cases.

Conclusion: This is a small scale retrospective study, this can lead raising awareness of doing large scale national data registry for various lymphoma patients. The thorough clinical and diagnostic information about lymphoma is necessary for better management and outcome.

J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2020; 38(1): 23-28
Potentiality of Underutilized Crop Dioscorea Spp.: A Source of Nutraceutical
Authors: Jahan FN , Rahim MA , Bokhtiar SM , Samanta AK
Published: March 2020

Good Health and Well-being is one of the important goals in the current decade of twenty first century. The people of current generation prefer the consumption of plant sourced bioactive molecules over the modern medicines because the former has no side effects and residue free. In order to mitigate the food requirement of growing global population during the previous century, the green revolution technologies focused on fewer crops leading to negligence of several important crops; popularly known as underutilized or neglected crops. In the list of underutilized crops, Dioscorea spp. occupies significant niche as it is rich in several phytochemicals and could be grown under multiple stress conditions faced by the modern agricultural practices. Besides, it has been known as prominent member under age old practices of “traditional health care system” to treat several malaises of human being during the early date of civilization. The tubers and bulbils of the Dioscorea spp. are rich in saponins, tannin, flavonoids, sterols, polyphenols, and glycosides in addition to its higher contents of basic essential nutrients such as protein, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals etc. Further, its tubers are staple food for indigenous people of several Asian and African countries. Therefore, the Dioscorea spp. signifies as an important crop both to the next generation population as well as underprivileged class of people in the coming decade for good health wellbeing and food security.

SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 1-13 (2019)
Biological Diversity Of Farm Animals In Bangladesh: A Review
Authors: Hamid MA
Published: March 2020

The present study attempts to examine the scenario of farm animal’s genetic diversity and their distribution pattern in Bangladesh. The major components of farm animals in Bangladesh are cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, chicken and duck which are being raised in a mixed farming system integrated with crop agriculture. The biological diversity most of farm animals is of native origin. Cattle and chicken are the two major species which are being manipulated genetically either through inclusion of exotic blood and/or import of live animals and birds. Buffalo, goat, sheep and duck are also being crossed to some extent with exotic germplasms. Other species like pigeon, quail, and guinea fowl are also available in the country. This paper has also shown the population and list of different breed/type of farm animals available in Bangladesh which helps to meet the public priorities such as, their production and reproduction, their management practices, their survivability etc.

SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 15-29 (2019)
Management Of Thrips And Pod Borers Using Chemicals, Botanicals And Biopesticides In Mungbean
Authors: Islam KN , Khan MMH , Latif MA , Uddin MM , Islam MM
Published: March 2020

The experiment was conducted to find out effective control measure against thrips and pod borers of mungbean by various means, including chemicals, botanicals and biopesticide. The mungbean variety, BARI Mung-6 was grown in the field and six treatments viz., T1 [Azadirachtin (Bioneem plus 1EC)], T2 [Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt. powder)], T3 [Spinosad (Tracer 45SC)], T4 [Chlorpyrifos + Cypermethrin (Nitro 505EC)], T5 [Thiamethoxam + Chlorantraniliprole (Voliam flexi 300SC)] and T0 [Untreated control (water spray)] were set in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The insecticidal treatment options showed significantly different performance against thrips (Megalurothrips distalis), gram pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera) and legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata) on mungbean. The lowest population of thrips, gram pod borer and legume pod borer was found in Voliam flexi 300SC treated plot which showed maximum percent reduction of these pests. The lowest percent pod infestation by pod borers observed by the same treatment. Bioneem plus showed the intermediate results considering all the parameters. The maximum yield (1254.50 kg ha-1) and the highest marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR) (6.68) were obtained from Voliam flexi 300SC. Considering effectiveness and marginal benefit cost ratio, Voliam flexi 300SC was more effective among treatments for controlling thrips and pod borers of mungbean followed by Nitro 505EC.

SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 79-91 (2019)
Stress Tolerant Rice And On-Farm Seed Production Ensure Food Security And Livelihood To Small And Marginal Farmers Of Sundarbans (Indian Site)
Authors: Chattopadhyay K , Gayan S , Mondal I , Mishra SK , Mukherjee Ak , Reddy JN , Marndi BC , Sarkar RK
Published: March 2020

Natural calamities have adverse effects on the life of marginal and small farmer practicing rice cultivation in Sundarban areas. Through discussion and questionnaires opinion of farmers were obtained that was applied to mitigate the problem of rice cultivation. Rice varieties tolerant to stagnant flooding, submergence and salinity had great promise to improve food security and livelihoods of the poor farmers of Sundarban area. The study revealed that small and marginal farmers accepted the new varieties very readily if seeds were produced locally. Informal seed systems had better promise for small and marginal farmers live in fragile ecosystem of Sundarban.

SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 127-139 (2019)
Prevalence Of Fungal Diseases In Medicinal Plants In Northern Region Of Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman MA , Moni ZR , Hussen MA , Ansari TH
Published: March 2020

A season wise survey was conducted on the fungal diseases of some important cultivated medicinal plants in two consecutive years 2014 and 2015 in the northern region of Bangladesh. Eleven fungal diseases namely root rot (Fusarium solani) and leaf blight (Alternaria alternata) of Ashwagandha, leaf spot (Curvularia lunata) and collar rot (Fusarium oxysporium) of Alovera, powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.) and root rot (Fusarium oxysporium) of Tulsi, collar rot (Fusarium oxysporium) and leaf spot (Collettotrichum gloeosporioides) of Kalmegh, tuberous rot (Fusarium solani) and stem rot (Fusarium oxysporium) of Satamuli, and root rot (Fusarium solani) of Basak were recorded. Most of the diseases were found in the rainy season’s comparative to other seasons. Among all the above-mentioned diseases, the powdery mildew (Erysiphe sp.) of Tulsi was found mainly in winter season. With the spreading of these fungal diseases on medicinal plants could be a set back to the industry associated with the formulation of its medicinal products. Therefore, this work may encourage other researchers to study these diseases further for development of proper management.

SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 197-212 (2019)
Farming Practices And Livelihood Status Of Non-Saline And Saline Households In Southern Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin MT , Erskine W , Dhar AR , Shishir MI , Neogi MG
Published: March 2020

The study examined the farming practices and livelihood status of farm households in seven districts of Southern Bangladesh. Majority of the farmers in non-saline and saline areas followed the cropping pattern of Fallow – Aman rice – Pulses and Fallow – Aman rice – Fallow, respectively. Cropping intensity was higher in non-saline areas (220.0%) compared to saline areas (101.7%). Profitability of major crops was much higher in non-saline areas compared to saline areas. Based on the poverty indicators, the proportion of deprived households was 41.7 and 56.0% in non-saline and saline areas, respectively. The study recommended that in saline areas, rain water reservoirs should be developed in cooperative way and availability of electricity use should be facilitated to use light irrigation pumps in the crop field from the nearest fresh water reservoir. In addition, canal reform should be done and leasing arrangement of water canals should be stopped to get farmers’ access for irrigation purpose. Moreover, salt-tolerant and short duration pulse and wheat should be introduced in order to improve livelihood of saline farm households in Bangladesh.

SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 227-238 (2019)
Assessment Of The Dairy Animal Feeding System Of Western Nepal: A Synthesis Of Focus Group Discussions
Authors: Paudel TP , Pokharel BR , Shrestha BS
Published: March 2020

Livestock, the dairy sector in particular, has traditionally contributed to the Nepalese economy and livelihoods even though vegetarian centered food habits predominate. Despite a long chain of observations, discussions, and interventions, this sector has not realized substantial improvement. An International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) developed tool, Feed Assessment Tool (FEAST), has been deployed to precisely analyze the livestock feeding system in the Kapilvastu, Palpa and Arghakhachi districts of Nepal. A large proportion of the populations, especially the youth segment, have migrated, and as a result the area under agricultural production is ever decreasing. The typical crop production pattern does not reflect any dominance of fodder crops, which limits the availability of feed and posesa serious threat to the expansion of commercial dairy enterprises. Additional barriers to increased productivity include a limited supply of labor, competition for resources (i.e. labor, land) with rice production and the significant number of indigenous dairy animals in the national herd. Policy barriers that include unaffordable credit, limited access to inputs and inadequate government support further hinder potential growth of the dairy sector of this region. A dairy focused program to utilize the land and other resources to commercialize the dairy sector in order to tap the potential of this geography could be the only alternative to contribute toward meeting the national objective of making the country self-sufficient in milk and its products by 2020.

SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 253-266 (2019)
Farmers’ Fertilizer Application Gap In Ricebased Cropping System: A Case Studyof Nepal
Authors: Baral BR , Pande KR , Gaihr YK , Baral KR , Sah Sk , Thapa YB
Published: March 2020

Low adoption of improved agricultural practices is one of the major challenges to improve food security. A case study was carried out to assist the farmer’s fertilizer application gap in rice cultivation in Nepal. To collect data a household survey was conducted in 2017 by selecting 90 households randomly from rice growing pocket area of Banke district of Nepal. The rates of fertilizers use were assessed in relation to farm size, crop variety, irrigation etc. The applications of both organic and mineral fertilizers vary highly by farmer type. Small and medium farmers applied twice the amount of organic manure compared to large farmers. For inorganic fertilizer use, large farmers applied higher amounts of nitrogen (N) fertilizer compared to medium and small farmers. Across farmer types, a higher amount of N and P fertilizers was used for hybrid varieties than inbred varieties and in irrigated fields than in rainfed fields. The use of potassium (K) fertilizer was low and not affected by farmer type or variety. Overall, farmers used a lower amount of N and K and a higher amount of P than the recommendation. The imbalanced use of fertilizers was associated with poor access to agricultural extension services. Variations of fertilizer use among farmers and the role of extension in the adoption of improved practices are still underresearched, and hence this study exposes the need to investigate indepth knowledge, determinants of fertilizer use and role of extension education. Results from this study could be important to develop an innovative extension program using multiple channels to increase farmers’ access to and awareness regarding balanced use of fertilizers to increase soil fertility and crop productivity.

SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 267-277 (2019)
Çarlık Rusya’sı ve Sovyetler Döneminde Azerbaycan’da Yaşayan Dağ Yahudilerinin Dinî ve Sosyal Durumları
Authors: OSMANLI Cabir , GÜÇ Ahmet
Published: March 2020

Özet
Bu makalede ilk önce Dağ Yahudilerinin Çarlık Rusya’sı döneminde etnik halk olarak tanınarak ticari, siyasi ve sosyal alanlardaki faaliyetlerini tespit etmek için resmî kayıtlara alınmaları konu edinilmiştir. Daha sonra devlet politikası gereği veya toplumun talebi üzerine yerleşim yerlerinin değiştirilmesi, farklı bölgelerdeki dindaşlarıyla dinî ve kültürel irtibatlarının devam ettirilmesi ile birlikte toplum içerisinde okuma yazma bilen bazı kesimlerin siyonist faaliyetler içerisinde bulunmaları araştırılmıştır. Çarlık Rusya’sının dağılmasından sonra Kafkasya’da kurulan, iki senelik ömründe önemli yeniliklere imza atan Azerbaycan Demokratik Halk Cumhuriyeti döneminde Dağ Yahudilerinin sosyal ve siyasi durumlarından söz edilmiştir. Makalenin sonlarına doğru Sovyetlerin kurulma tarihinden, dağılmasına kadarki dönemde dinî ve kültürel baskılardan, Kafkasya’daki farklı etnik kökenlerin “Tat” halkı şeklinde tek çatı altında birleştirilmeye zorlanmaları ve başka ülkelere veya bölgelere göç etme zorunda bırakılmaları incelenmiştir.
Boring worms (Sipuncula and Annelida: Polychaeta): their early impact on Eastern Tropical Pacific coral reefs
Authors: Cardona-Gutiérrez MF , Londoño-Cruz E
Published: March 2020

The form, condition, and survival of coral reefs depends on the balance between construction and destruction. Natural processes such as bioerosion can cause this balance to lean towards destruction, threatening these ecosystems. Polychaetes and sipunculids are members of the boring community; however, knowledge of their identity and role in the bioerosive process and their capacity to remove calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the coral reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) is scarce. To tackle this problem, 5 experimental units of Pocillopora spp. branches were deployed in 4 reef zones (back-reef, reef-flat, reef-front, reef-slope) at 2 reefs (La Azufrada, Playa Blanca) for 2 time periods (P1: 6 mo, P2: 9 mo; n = 80) in Gorgona National Natural Park, Colombia. All worms (polychaetes and sipunculids) were identified and net removal and bioerosion rate were determined. In total, 137 worms were found: 64.2% in La Azufrada and 35.8% in Playa Blanca. There were no significant effects of reef, reef-zone, or duration of exposure (6 vs. 9 mo) for either net removal of CaCO3 or bioerosion rate. Irrespective of reef or exposure duration, average net removal was 0.022 and 0.027 g during P1 and P2, and 0.032 and 0.018 g at La Azufrada and Playa Blanca, respectively. Average bioerosion rate, also irrespective of reef or exposure duration, was 2.553 and 2.011 g kg-1 yr-1 for P1 and P2, and 2.839 and 1.807 g kg-1 yr-1 at La Azufrada and Playa Blanca, respectively. The trend between periods was opposite for net removal and bioerosion rate, which indicates a decelerating impact of worms on the coral substrate as time passes. We suggest that, regardless of the small size of the boring worms, their role in CaCO3 removal is very important. The information provided here—species involved and amounts removed—is key in understanding the bioerosion process in ETP coral reefs.
Interlaboratory study of the method for direct determination of volatile compounds in alcoholic products using ethanol as internal standard
Authors: Charapitsa Siarhei V. , Sytova Svetlana N. , Korban Anton L. , Sobolenko Lidia N. , Egorov Vladimir V. , Leschev Siarhei M. , Cabala Radomir , Yilmaztekin Murat , Cabaroglu Turgut
Published: March 2020

A collaborative interlaboratory study of the method of direct determination of volatile compounds in spirit drinks and alcoholic products was performed. The proposed method employs ethanol, the major volatile component of an alcoholic product, as an internal standard. For the experiment realization, 9 laboratories from 4 countries – Belarus, Czech Republic, Turkey, Russia – were supplied with standard solutions for gas chromatographic measurements. Five aqueous ethanol 40 % (v/v) standard solutions containing target compounds in concentrations ranging from 10 to 400 mg/L of absolute alcohol were gravimetrically prepared and delivered to the participants. The interlaboratory study was evaluated according to the ISO 5725 standards and the «EuroChem» guide. The repeatability limits (within-laboratory precision) varied between 0.4 and 7.5 % for all samples and compounds, showing a sufficiently high repeatability of the method. The reproducibility limits (between-laboratory precision) were found to vary within a satisfactory range of 0.5–10.0 %. Precision of the method was well within the range predicted by the Horwitz equation for all analytes. In the study experimental estimation of trueness was performed for the first time. Analysis of the obtained results showed that the bias of the method is insignificant at the significance level 5 %. The experimentally determined concentrations of the analytes compared well to the gravimetrical values, thus showing very satisfactory accuracy of the method. The results of the interlaboratory study confirmed that the method «ethanol as internal standard» is robust and reliable and can be used as a standard method for the determination of volatile compounds in water-ethanol samples. Moreover, this method can be validated in any one laboratory without performing additional experimental studies based on the results obtained by validation of the traditional method.
Analysis of the low-molecular weight antioxidants of transgenic plants Nicotiana tabacum under abiotic stress conditions
Authors: Pristupa Kristina V. , Kukulianskaya Tatsiana A. , Khramtsova Elena A.
Published: March 2020

We conducted a comparative analysis of biochemical parameters of non-transgenic and transgenic Nicotiana tabacum, plants cultivated in heavy metal polluted soils. Transgenic plants had in their genome a bacterial acdS-gene encoding the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACC-deaminase) enzyme. The introduction of elevated concentrations of copper, chromium, and lead ions into the soil promotes induction of the acdS-gene expression and an increase in ACC-deaminase activity in transgenic plants. It was shown that the content of phenolic compounds (flavonoids), ascorbic acid, the total antioxidant activity of plants increased under abiotic stress.
A Church for Scotland? The Free Church and Scottish Nationalism after the Disruption
Authors: Mallon Ryan
Published: March 2020

The 1843 Disruption of the Church of Scotland, which split the national church in two, was one of the most important events in Victorian Britain. The evangelical ministers who seceded from the Kirk to form the Free Church of Scotland did so in protest against the British state's intrusion in the church's affairs. The anti-English and patriotic rhetoric of the Disruption has led historians such as David Bebbington to argue that it represented something close to a nationalist movement. This paper questions this claim by assessing the nationalist characteristics of the Disruption and their role in shaping the political ‘unionist-nationalism’ of the mid-nineteenth century. It examines the kind of nationalist sentiment, if any, evident at the Disruption, the role of Free Church members in the National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights, the short-lived proto-nationalist pressure group, and the nationalism of the Free Church minister James Begg, who called for Home Rule for Scotland in 1850. By assessing the influence of the Disruption's constructionist critique of the union on political nationalism, the paper argues that the religious nationalism evident in 1843 failed to translate to a political context in the mid-nineteenth century. The new religiously pluralist environment of the post-Disruption period saw the Free Church turn inwards and begin to focus upon its own denominational fortunes as a single Scottish national identity was replaced by a variety of competing confessional identities, each with their own claim to nationhood.
Look who's talking! Varieties of ego-dissolution without paradox
Authors: Fink Sascha Benjamin
Published: March 2020

How to model non-egoic experiences – mental events with phenomenal aspects that lack a felt self – has become an interesting research question. The main source of evidence for the existence of such non-egoic experiences are self-ascriptions of non-egoic experiences. In these, a person says about herself that she underwent an episode where she was conscious but lacked a feeling of self. Some interpret these as accurate reports, but this is questionable. Thomas Metzinger (2004, p. 566, 2018), Rocco Gennaro (2008), and Charles Foster (2016, p. 6) have hinted at the self-defeating nature of such statements if we take them to be genuine reports: Apparently, the reporter (a) explicitly denies her existence during the selfless experience, but (b) implicitly affirms her existence as a witness to that selfless experience in order to give a first-person report about it. So the content of such a report conflicts with the pragmatics of reporting. If all self-ascriptions of non-egoic experiences are self-defeating in this way, then they cannot count as evidence for the existence of non-egoic experiences. Here, I map out why such strong conclusions do not directly follow: What look like self-ascriptions of non-egoic experiences may occur for a number of reasons. Only some explanations for such utterances rely on a change in consciousness. Of those that do rely on a change in consciousness, only one (total ego-dissolution) is incoherent. But its alternatives do not lead to contradictions. I argue that the most likely change in phenomenality that leads to self-ascriptions of non-egoic experiences is not one where a felt self disappears, but where it expands.
Minimal phenomenal experience
Authors: Metzinger Thomas
Published: March 2020

This is the first in a series of instalments aiming at a minimal model explanation for conscious experience, taking the phenomenal character of “pure consciousness” or “pure awareness” in meditation as its entry point. It develops the concept of “minimal phenomenal experience” (MPE) as a candidate for the simplest form of consciousness, substantiating it by extracting six semantic constraints from the existing literature and using sixteen phenomenological case-studies to incrementally flesh out the new working concept. One empirical hypothesis is that the phenomenological prototype of “pure awareness”, to which all such reports refer, really is the content of a predictive model, namely, a Bayesian representation of tonic alertness. On a more abstract conceptual level, it can be described as a model of an unpartitioned epistemic space.
Being for no-one
Authors: Letheby Chris
Published: March 2020

Can there be phenomenal consciousness without self-consciousness? Strong intuitions and prominent theories of consciousness say “no”: experience requires minimal self-awareness, or “subjectivity”. This “subjectivity principle” (SP) faces apparent counterexamples in the form of anomalous mental states claimed to lack self-consciousness entirely, such as “inserted thoughts” in schizophrenia and certain mental states in depersonalization disorder (DPD). However, Billon & Kriegel (2015) have defended SP by arguing (inter alia) that while some of these mental states may be totally selfless, those states are not phenomenally conscious and thus do not constitute genuine counterexamples to SP.

I argue that this defence cannot work in relation to certain experiences of ego dissolution induced by potent fast-acting serotonergic psychedelics. These mental states jointly instantiate the two features whose co-instantiation by a single mental state SP prohibits: (a) phenomenal consciousness and (b) total lack of self-consciousness.

One possible objection is that these mental states may lack “me-ness” and “mineness” but cannot lack “for-me-ness”, a special inner awareness of mental states by the self. In response I propose a dilemma. For-me-ness can be defined either as containing a genuinely experiential component or as not. On the first horn, for-me-ness is clearly absent (I argue) from my counterexamples. On the second horn, for-me-ness has been defined in a way that conflicts with the claims and methods of its proponents, and the claim that phenomenally conscious mental states can totally lack self-consciousness has been conceded. I conclude with some reflections on the intuitive plausibility of SP in light of evidence from altered states.
MicroRNA Let-7i Is a Promising Serum Biomarker for Post-stroke Cognitive Impairment and Alleviated OGD-Induced Cell Damage in vitro by Regulating Bcl-2
Authors: Wang Zhan-Qiang , Li Kuo , Huang Jie , Huo Tian-Tian , Lv Pei-Yuan
Published: March 2020

Background

The mechanism of post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) has not been explained. We aimed to investigate whether miR-let-7i participates in the PSCI and illuminates its underlying role in oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD)-induced cell apoptosis.

Methods

Blood samples from 36 subjects with PSCI and 38 with post-stroke cognitive normality (Non-PSCI) were collected to evaluate the differential expression of miR-let-7 family members, using qRT-PCT analysis. Spearman correlation was performed to estimate the correlation between the miR-1et-7i level and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with OGD was used to induce cell apoptosis in vitro. Effects of miR-let-7i on OGD-induced cell apoptosis was estimated after transfection. The target gene of miR-let-7i was analyzed by dual luciferase reporter gene assay.

Results

The expression of miR-let-7i was up-regulated in PSCI patients compared with Non-PSCI (p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with MoCA score (r = −0.643, p < 0.001). When exposed to OGD, SH-SY5Y cells showed significant apoptosis accompanied by miR-let-7i up-regulation. In OGD-treated cells, miR-let-7i up-regulation was accompanied by cell apoptosis, while down-regulation showed the opposite effect. Luciferase reporter assay showed that Bcl-2 was a target gene of miR-let-7i. Western blot showed that miR-let-7i up-regulation promoted Bcl-2 expression, while qRT-PCR showed that miR-let-7i had no effect on Bcl-2 expression.

Conclusion

miR-let-7i was overexpressed in PSCI patients and it could be used as a diagnostic biomarker for PSCI. We illuminated the potential mechanism that miR-let-7i alleviated OGD-induced cell damage by targeting Bcl-2 at the post-transcriptional level.
Bi-Objective Dynamic Multiprocessor Open Shop Scheduling: An Exact Algorithm
Authors: Abdelmaguid Tamer F.
Published: March 2020

An important element in the integration of the fourth industrial revolution is the development of efficient algorithms to deal with dynamic scheduling problems. In dynamic scheduling, jobs can be admitted during the execution of a given schedule, which necessitates appropriately planned rescheduling decisions for maintaining a high level of performance. In this paper, a dynamic case of the multiprocessor open shop scheduling problem is addressed. This problem appears in different contexts, particularly those involving diagnostic operations in maintenance and health care industries. Two objectives are considered simultaneously—the minimization of the makespan and the minimization of the mean weighted flow time. The former objective aims to sustain efficient utilization of the available resources, while the latter objective helps in maintaining a high customer satisfaction level. An exact algorithm is presented for generating optimal Pareto front solutions. Despite the fact that the studied problem is NP-hard for both objectives, the presented algorithm can be used to solve small instances. This is demonstrated through computational experiments on a testbed of 30 randomly generated instances. The presented algorithm can also be used to generate approximate Pareto front solutions in case computational time needed to find proven optimal solutions for generated sub-problems is found to be excessive. Furthermore, computational results are used to investigate the characteristics of the optimal Pareto front of the studied problem. Accordingly, some insights for future metaheuristic developments are drawn.
Antibody-Drug Conjugate Using Ionized Cys-Linker-MMAE as the Potent Payload Shows Optimal Therapeutic Safety
Authors: Wang Yanming , Liu Lianqi , Fan Shiyong , Xiao Dian , Xie Fei , Li Wei , Zhong Wu , Zhou Xinbo
Published: March 2020

Monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) is the most popular and widely used cytotoxin in the development of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). However, current MMAE-based ADCs are all constructed using cleavable linkers, and this design concept still has insurmountable drawbacks. Their potential instabilities and lipophilic MMAE-induced “bystander effect” inevitably increase the toxicity to normal tissues. Herein, we overturn previous negative views of MMAE-based ADCs with non-cleavable linkers and propose using ionized L-Cysteine (Cys)-linker-MMAE as a novel payload, which can ingeniously enrich and enter tumor cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis of antibodies while its lower permeability helps to avoid further off-target toxicity. We demonstrate that Cys-linker-MMAE maintains high potency similar to free MMAE at the tubulin molecular level and can also be efficiently released in target cells. As a result, the preferred ADC (mil40-15) not only exhibits ideal plasma stability and maintains potent cytotoxicity as MMAE (IC50: 10−11 M), but also shows improved safety with lower bystander toxicity (IC50: 10−9 M), its maximum tolerated dose approaching the level of the naked antibody (160 mg/kg). This study indicated that Cys-linker-MMAE has the potential as a potent payload for ADCs, which is expected to provide novel strategies for the development of MMAE-based ADCs.