bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perancangan Eco Heat Exchanger Type 1-2 Shell And Tube dan Pengaruh Jumlah Baffle Terhadap Transfer Panas
Authors: Wicaksono Chandra , Wijanarko Eky , Simanullang Oggi Hebernando , Tahad Aswar
Published: September 2019

Alat penukar panas atau heat exchanger berfungsi untuk mengubah temperatur suatu jenis fluida. Proses tersebut terjadi dengan memanfaatkan proses perpindahan kalor dari fluida bersuhu tinggi menuju fluida bersuhu rendah. Pertukaran panas terjadi karena adanya kontak, baik antara fluida terdapat dinding yang memisahkannya. Salah satu jenis dari alat penukar panas yag serin ditemui dalam industri adalah tipe 1-2 Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. Tipe ini berdasarkan aliran yang terjadi didalamnya dibedakan menjadi aliran searah (Co-Current) dan aliran berlawanan (Counter Current). Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk merancang alat penukar panas tipe 1-2 Heat Exchanger dalam skala pilot plant untuk mengetahui pengaruh jumlah baffle terhadap transfer panas. Penelitian ini membandingkan pengaruh transfer panas dengan variasijumlah baffle 2, 3 dan 4 buah. Hasil dari penelitian didapat menyatakan bahwa pengaruh jumlah baffle merupakan salah satu dari sebagian banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivats transfer panas.Kata Kunci : Heat Exchanger, Shell dan Tube, Transfer Panas
Pengujian Kualitas Susu Segar dengan Perbedaan Perlakuan Pemerahan Melalui Evaluasi Jumlah Mikroba dan Derajat Keasaman (pH)
Authors: Mulyati Lilis , Ardhani Fikri , Yusuf Roosena
Published: September 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan pemerahan terhadap jumlah mikroba dan derajat keasaman (pH) pada susu segar. Penelitian terdiri dari dua faktor perlakuan pemerahan yaitu prosedur pemerahan konvensional dan faktor pemerahan inovatif. Pengujian setiap sampel dilakukan dua kali, dengan selang waktu tiga jam setelah pengujian pertama dengan menempatkan sampel pada suhu ruangan (27,5 oC), setiap sampel dihitung jumlah total bakterinya menggunakan uji TPC (Total Plate Count) dan dianalisis menggunakan uji T. Hasil penelitian  menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata TPC menunjukan tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) pada prosedur pemerahan konvensional yaitu waktu 0 jam (1,80 ± 0,17) x 10⁶ CFU mL-1 dan waktu 3 jam  (2,6 ± 0,09) x 10⁶ CFU mL-1 pada prosedur pemerahan inovatif waktu 0 jam (1,5 ± 0,15) x 10⁶ CFU mL-1 dan waktu 3 jam (1,8 ± 0,17) x 10⁶ CFU mL-1 dan pH susu segar menunjukkan bahwa tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) pula pada prosedur pemerahan konvensional yaitu waktu 0 jam 6,6 ± 0,0 dan waktu 3 jam 6,6 ± 0,0. Pada prosedur pemerahan inovatif waktu 0 jam 6,67 ± 0,12 dan waktu 3 jam 6,70 ± 0,10. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa prosedur pemerahan inovatif  dapat menekan pertumbuhan bakteri pada susu saat proses pemerahan, namun total jumlah bakteri di Peternakan Sapi Terpadu masih melebihi batasan SNI yaitu 1 x 106 CFU mL-1
PRODUKSI RUMPUT MEKSIKO (Euchlaena mexicana) PADA MEDIA TANAM TOP SOIL DAN OVERBURDEN DENGAN PERLAKUAN PUPUK KOMPOS
Authors: Alimin Dida , Daru Taufan Purwokusumaning , Pujowati Penny
Published: September 2019

ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui 1) dosis pupuk kompos yang dapatmenghasilkan rumput meksiko tertinggi pada tanah top soil dan overburden, 2) produksi rumput yang ditanam pada tanah top soil dan overburden. Penelitian dilaksanakan mulai September 2016 sampai dengan Januari 2017. Penelitian dilakukan di Jalan Mugirejo RT. 14 Kelurahan Mugirejo, Kecamatan Sei Pinang Samarinda. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok, dengan dua media tanam, dimana masing-masing media tanam diberi dosis pupuk kompos yang berbeda dan diulangan sebanyak 5 kali. Parameter yang diamati adalah tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan, berat segar, dan berat kering tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan pemupukan kompos dengan dosis 300 g polybag-1 menghasilkan hijaun rumput meksiko lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hasil hijauan rumput meksiko pada perlakuan dosis yang lainnya pada media tanam top soil dan overburden. Produksi rumput meksiko yang ditanam pada media tanam top soil menghasilkan rata-rata hijauan sebesar 1.390 g polybag-1 dan pada media tanam tanah overburden menghasilkan hijauan 1.320 g polybag-1. Perlakuan pemberian dosis pupuk kompos yang berbeda menunnjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata pada parameter tinggi tanaman, berat segar, dan berat kering.Kata kunci : Rumput meksiko, top soil, tanah overburden, pupuk kompos ABSTRACTThe purpose of this research is to know 1) the dosage of compost fertilizer that can produce the highest grass of mexico on ta top soil and overburden media, 2) grass production planted on top soil and overburden soil. The study was conducted from September 2016 to January 2017. The study was conducted at Jalan Mugirejo RT. 14 Mugirejo Sub-district, Sei Pinang District of Samarinda. The experiment using Randomized Block Design. These treatments use two media planting with each planting medium given the dose of composted fertilizer. All Treatments were replicated by 5 times. The results showed that compost fertilizer treatment with dosage 300 g polybag-1 gave highest fresh weight compared with other treatments (0, 100, and 200 g polybag-1). The average yield of fresh weight of mexican grass planted on top soil was 1.390 gpolybag-1 and planted on overburden soil was 1.320 g polybag-1. Treatment of different doses of compost fertilizer showed a significant effect on the parameters of plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight.Keywords: Mexican grass, top soil, over burden soil, compost fertilizer
Analysis of Accessibility of Railway Transport for Residents of Large Urban Agglomerations
Authors: Kulikova E. B. , Madyar O. N. , Galitsky A. V.
Published: September 2019

The study is focused on improvement of passenger transportation by rail transport, its availability, quality of related services for residents of large agglomerations. Correlation of growth in speed of movement of passengers, distance of travel, range and quality of services provided by the carrier, as well as planning of passenger traffic and spatial urban development models are considered. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the improvement of passenger transportation by rail transport by assigning stops for long-distance passenger trains (including fast, speed and highspeed trains) in suburban areas of large agglomerations, since that aspect has not been yet sufficiently studied.

It is concluded that it is necessary to continue research on transportation needs of the population of the agglomerations, to identify the features and patterns of changes in passenger traffic, emerging and redeeming in the suburban areas of the largest cities. This will allow transportation companies to better understand the transport services market, to develop and offer new transportation products to the population. That approach can increase the attractiveness of rail transport and its availability for the population of many cities thanks to a significant reduction in weighted average costs and travel time expenditures for passengers.
On Interaction of School and University in the Framework of Engineering Education
Authors: Vinogradov V. V. , Kochneva L. F. , Platonova O. A.
Published: September 2019

The article discusses the problems that arise when engineering classes are organized in secondary schools with participation of universities, and ways to solve them. To strengthen the connection between the school and the university, it is necessary to use both methodological and technological capabilities. The analysis of topics close to the standard programs of higher engineering education, which have appeared recently in the school curriculum in mathematics, is carried out. Methods have been proposed for wider engagement of intellectual capacity of university staff by involving them in creation of teaching methods in schools and especially in the in-depth study of mathematics in engineering classes. The experience of a special mathematical seminar organized by university departments of mathematics for school teachers of engineering classes is considered.
Optimal Maintenance of DiscreteObjects on the Plane, in Space and in Given Boundaries of the Sphere
Authors: Gusev A. I. , Gusev S. A. , Milevsky A. S.
Published: September 2019

The authors of the article simulate a mathematical solution of problems associated with optimal distribution and maintenance of discrete objects belongng, particularly, to transport environment. Options for location from one to ten objects, which are intended to be in space, on a straight line or on the plane, within the boundaries of a sphere of a certain radius, are considered. The results of the study can be applied for planning residential areas, optimal location of public transport stop points on roads and of transport rescue services. Following the suggested model, similar calculations can be used for any aspect of human life.
History of Transport: Innovative Dimension of a Traditional Educational Course
Authors: Gorbunov A. A. , Fedyakin A. V. , Fedyakin I. V.
Published: September 2019

The article considers the current state and prospects for development of the history of transport as an academic discipline, the study of which is an integral part of training of specialists for the industry. Based on its understanding as of an interdisciplinary scientific field and integrative training course, the authors propose approaches to solving theoretical and methodological problems, and also show its significant heuristic potential, which allows to give answers to current challenges met by the transport sector. Special attention is paid to the issues of defining the boundaries of the subject field of the history of transport, the organic combination of the general transport and specific aspects met by the content of this academic discipline, as well as to the particularities of the global, national and regional levels of the genesis and evolution of transport.
The History of an Invention: Boris Rosing
Authors: Grigoriev N. D.
Published: September 2019

This invention is used daily by billions of earthlings. But the name of Boris Lvovich Rosing, a professor at St. Petersburg Institute of Technology, whose 150th birthday is celebrated this year, is not widely known. All modern TVs are still working on the principles invented by Rosing. In his diaries, his student, Vladimir Zvorykin, always pointed out that he had only implemented the idea of Rosing.
Regulation of the Relations in the Transportation Field based on Convergence of Private and Public Law
Authors: Borisova S. V.
Published: September 2019

The research attempts to substantiate a new approach to understanding of coordination and subordination relations in the field of transport. Restructuring processes inRussiahave resulted in the expansion of the area regulated by private law. and in the change of the ratio of application of private and public law in favor of private law. The prevailing functional approach to peculiarities of emerging relations should ensure connection of administration of the transport sector with economic practices, which are now a prevailing object of legal regulations. At the moment, the prerequisites have been created for distinguishing three types of corresponding organizational models: state, economic (for all modes of transport) and corporate (for example, regarding railway and air transport).
Transport and Logistics Platform for Multimodal Passenger Transportation
Authors: Dunaev O N. , Guts A. V.
Published: September 2019

The options for increasing the volume of passenger transportation by railway through development of a set of services with other modes of passenger transport based on multimodal transportation are considered as drivers of attraction of customers and of transport efficiency growth. Transport and logistics platform offering various kinds of transport and logistics services based on railway facilities is suggested as a tool for organizing multimodal routes. The suggestion is based on the analysis of commuter bus and rail flows inRussia, of profiling of customers of transportation services, of notions of platform and transport and logistics platform for passenger transportation, comprising its core elements, of the effects and risks of implementation of the concept. Particular attention is paid to possible contribution of the large-scale use of digital and IT-technology, global distribution systems, a set of criteria of assessment of satisfaction of a passenger with transport services is developed.
Bulk chemical composition of the mountainous meadowy brown soils of the Ukrainian Carpathians and processes of its transformation
Authors: Barannyk Andrii
Published: September 2019

The features of the bulk chemical composition of mountainous meadowy brown soils and anthropogenically-modified soils of the Svydovets and Chornogora arrays of the Ukrainian Carpathians are investigated. The ratio of the oxides content of the most important chemical elements of the mineral part of mountainous meadowy brown soils and parent material is determined. The basic transformation processes of the mineral part of the studied soils and parent material are established. The peculiarity of the bulk chemical composition of meadow brown soils is the high content of silicon oxides, and the high content of aluminum oxides and iron oxides. Their total content is within 94 %. This indirectly indicates a significant chemical homogeneity of the soil with the parent material. The relative accumulation of SiO2 in the upper genetic horizons of the soil profile is due to the physical disintegration of silicate rocks. Its relative bulk content is gradually reduced from 76.10–77.43 % to 72.28–76.93 % in the transition to a parent material. It was established, that the removal of sesquioxides beyond the boundary of the soil profile leads to the formation of a depleted soil profile on aluminum oxides and iron oxides, as we compare with unchanged parent material. Absolute values of the indicators of leakage factor of alkaline earth metals grow in the direction towards to the parent material. This indicates about intensive development of erosion processes in the upper part of the soil profile. This is due to the physical and chemical disintegration of aluminosilicates and the removal of compounds of disintegration into the lower soil genetic horizons. The analysis of the results of balance of bulk reserves of oxides testified, that during the formation of the mountainous meadowy brown soils of the Ukrainian Carpathians, oxides of trivalent metals (aluminum and iron) and compounds of alkaline earth metals are subjected to removal from the genetic horizons of the soil profile. Quantitative bulk chemical analysis didn’t show any significant differences in the material composition between the mountainous meadowy brown soils and the mountainous meadowy brown anthropogenically altered soil.
Key words: mountainous meadow brown soils, bulk chemical composition, Svydovets and Chornogora arrays, Ukrainians Carpathians.
Redox potential change of light grey forest surface-gleyed soils depending on the long-term anthropogenic impact
Authors: Havryshko Oleg , Olifir Yuriy , Partyka Tetiana
Published: September 2019

Influence of prolonged application of various fertilizer systems and periodic liming on the dynamics of redox potential (ROP) of light grey forest surface-gleyed soils under different crop rotations is presented in the research results. The obtained ROP indexes showed significant variability in variants of experiment depending on the fertilizer, lime and terms of determination in both fields of winter wheat and spring barley. The highest ROP values in variants with organo-mineral and mineral fertilizer systems with background of liming were observed in spring. They decreased during the period of maximum growth and development of winter wheat and spring barley together with the growth of microbiological activity and the intensity of CO2 release, and slightly increased before harvesting. It was established that the application of organo-mineral and mineral fertilizer systems with the background of liming with CaCO3 dose, calculated according to hydrolytic acidity, to the greatest extent increase ROP, especially during the period of intensive growth and development of plants. Compared to similar fertilizer system with the background of liming with a CaCO3 dose, calculated according to the pH- buffer capacity, it contributes to one-sided growth of oxidation processes and additional mineralization of humus. Thus, the organo-mineral fertilizer system with the application of 10 tons of manure per hectare of crop rotation and one norm of mineral fertilizers (N65P68K68) with the background of liming with CaCO3 dose, calculated according to the pH-buffer capacity (2.5 t/ha), contributes to rational use, preservation and fertility protection of light grey forest surface-gleyed soils, optimizing the redox potential during whole growing season of crops, and provides high yields. Studies have shown that during whole growing season of winter wheat and spring barley the lowest values of oxidation were obtained with the long-term use (for 50 years) of mineral fertilizer system with the introduction of one norm of mineral fertilizers only. It led to a decrease in the actual soil acidity to 4,03 pHKCl units and the increase of hydrolytic acidity to 5.11 mg-eq/100 g of soil. This once again emphasizes the importance of periodic liming of acid light grey forest surface-gleyed soils as a factor weakening the negative influence of mineral fertilizers. Key words: light grey forest surface-gleyed soils, redox potential, mineral fertilizers, manure, lime.
Aggrenic changes of the structural state of greyic luvic phaeozems of the Holohory-Kremenets range
Authors: Haskevych Oksana
Published: September 2019

The article describes the structural and aggregate state of Greyic Luvic Phaeozems of the Holohory-Kremenets Range. Comparison of structural and water resistance indicators for soils of different nature of use has been performed. In particular, the soils under forest vegetation, arable land and grassland were taken into account. All soils differ in the degree of anthropogenic load, primarily mechanical pressure, which is reflected in the change in the physical state of soils. According to the results of the analysis of the structural and aggregate soil composition, the indicators of water-resistance of the macrostructure of the arable layer of soils have been determined. Soils under forest vegetation and grassland have been established to be characterized by a close distribution of structural aggregates by fractions, in particular, the predominance of lumpy elements (62.27–76.80 % of air-dry aggregates). In the arable horizon of cultivated soils, the share of aggregates with the size of 10–0.25 mm (53.96 %) is increasing. Water-resistant aggregates of soils under forest and grassland are usually 10–0.25 mm in size (59.9–68.14 %), whereas in arable soils they make less than 0.25 mm. At the same time, arable Greyic Luvic Phaeozems are characterized by a higher coefficient of structurality in the arable and subsurface layer, while the water resistance index of the soil structure is lower compared with analogues under forest and herbaceous vegetation.
Key words: Greyic Luvic Phaeozems structural and aggregate soil composition, macrostructure, coefficient of structurality, water-resistance index, soil aggregates.
Grey forest soils in the different classification systems
Authors: Ivanyuk Halyna
Published: September 2019

According to various data, the area of grey forest soils in the world is 94–120.2 million ha, in Ukraine – 4.7–5.5 million ha (about 9 % of the country’s territory). The diversity of conditions for the formation of these soils, discussions about their genesis are the causes of different approaches to the classification of grey forest soils. The history of the classification of grey forest soils is analysed; the most common variants of their classification in Ukraine are presented. Seeking to find approximate equivalents, an attempt to find grey forest soils in the classification systems of different countries (Russia, Moldova, Bulgaria, Romania, Czech Republic, Poland, USA, Canada), as well as in the legend of the FAO-UNESCO map and the WRB has been made. To establish exact analogues of soils practically it is impossible due to different principles of classification’s construction. Modern soil classifications of different countries are as close as possible to WRB and “Soil Taxonomy”. The following names of grey forest soils are identified as the most grounded: light grey forest, grey forest and dark grey podzolic. The following equivalents of the WRB nomenclature (2014) for sub-types of grey forest soils are offered: light grey forest – Albic Luvisols, grey forest – Haplic Luvisols, dark grey podzolic – Luvic Greyzemic Phaeozems. To the names of analogues of these soils with gleyic properties, the qualifier “Gleyic” should be added before the name of the reference soil group. The urgent task for soil scientists of Ukraine is to create a new soil classification that would preserve the acquisitions of genetic soil science but took into account the world trends: the allocation of diagnostic horizons and features that have clearly defined quantitative boundaries. In the new classification, it is proposed to combine the light grey and grey forest soils by a separate group, dark grey podzolic soils to be grouped together in a group with podzolic chernozems. The need for such selection is confirmed by the study of the dark grey soils position in different classification systems of the world, most of which these soils are in the chernozemic type group (Mollisols, Phaeozems and Chernozems). Key words: classification, grey forest soils, Greyzems, Luvisols, Mollisols, Phaeozems.
Features of ontogenesis and geography of rendzic leptosols in the western Ukrainian region
Authors: Kyrylchuk Andriy
Published: September 2019

The article deals with theoretical and methodological principals of process-genetic approach concerning the study of ontogenesis and geography of soils at the regional level. Methods of geographical and genetic investigation of ontogenesis and geography of Rendzic Leptosols have been improved through the introduction of modelling techniques, soil chronological rows, and balance of substances and energy capacity evaluation of soil formation. Peculiarities of Rendzic Leptosols ontogenesis in natural and natural-anthropogenic landscapes with different biolithogenic conditions of soil formation have been established. Based on current investigations, a schematic map of the geography of rendzinas in Western Region of Ukraine has been made up. Particular approaches have been justified according to distinguishing such stages of ontogenesis of Rendzic Leptosols as an initial (primary) → perfect (development and improvement) → permanent (maturity and stability) → and evolution (self-development and quality changes). Chronological periodization of soil geographic investigations of rendzinas in the Western region has been achieved with periodization scheme of these studies made up. The analysis of energetic and thermodynamic properties of chronological rows of soil-forming rocks and Rendzic Leptosols of the Western region of Ukraine on different stages of their ontogenesis has been carried out. Parameters and indicators of elementary soil processes at different stages of rendzinas ontogenesis have been established. Formation peculiarities of morphological, physical, physical-chemical, and chemical properties of rendzinas on different stages of their ontogenesis have been shown. Consequently, characteristic features of rendzinas agrogenic transformation and scientifically based approaches towards usage and protection optimization of the investigated soils have been determined. Systematized and generalized pedochronologic information can be used to solve process-genetic, functional-geographical and classification-diagnostic problems, and tasks of rational application and protection of Rendzic Leptosols of Western Region of Ukraine. Suggested results of the research can be applied towards bonitet soil evaluation as well as monetary estimation of the land, and the development of territory organization projects, aiming at optimizing the soil-ecological condition of agricultural land. Obtained results are recommended for improving methods of soil-geographic and soil-agricultural zoning.
Key words: ontogenesis and geography of Rendzic Leptosols, elementary soil processes, stages of ontogenesis, agrogenic transformation.
Peculiarities of peaty soils of Predniestrian Pokuttya and Pregorgany Precarpathians
Authors: Kozak Iryna
Published: September 2019

Peaty soil is a unique specific formation and an important multifunctional element of the ecosystem, which as a result of the insufficient scientific grounding of use, degrades, losing its natural and economic value. The article deals with the study of peaty massifs of some districts in the Ivano-Frankivsk region, which allowed revealing their geographic peculiarities and characteristic features. The representative soil layers are identified and described, as well as the morphological characteristics of peat-marsh soils and unique for the area lowland peatland, which is located in the foothill part, is given. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the peaty soils of Predniestrian Pokuttya, which made it possible to monitor their indicators. As a result of the comparative study of the obtained current data and data from the studies conducted in the region in the 70–80s of the last century, the increase of phosphorus and decrease of potassium in soils which were withdrawn from agricultural use were traced. The topicality of this article is determined by lack of the thorough study of peaty soils deprived of intensive cultivation because they should be considered not as an object of agriculture, but as a peculiar holistic object and an important ecosystem element. Today peaty soils resource is used rather inefficiently – areas were overgrown with weeds and bushes, on the drained lands hydraulic engineering channels are destroyed, which leads to the erosion phenomena and is the cause of the fires. All these factors influenced the ecological state of peaty soils, and their biosphere functions began to vanish. The article provides the justification of the expediency of using ecological-landscape approach for the formation of highly productive and sustainable agro-landscapes, which involves the use of peaty massifs for nature-preservation and recreational purposes, which will save and restore a unique fauna-floristic world of peaty biogeocenosis. Solving the problem of the protection and effective use of peaty soils is a topical issue of the present day.
Key words: peaty soils, geographic spread, genetic horizons, monitoring, degradation, rational use.
Examining DACA Students’ Financial Experiences in College
Authors: Regan Erica , McDaniel Anne
Published: September 2019

This study aims to gain a greater understanding of the financial experiences of students with Deferred Action for Childhood Arrival (DACA) status enrolled in college. The study uses a data set that includes 317 self-identified DACA college students enrolled in 65 two- and four-year institutions nationwide, one of the largest samples of DACA students available. Results suggest that DACA students have higher levels of financial stress than their non-DACA counterparts but report similar levels of optimism about their own financial futures.
Patients experiences on the adverse effects associated with antiretroviral treatment in Piet Retief, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa
Authors: Simelane Portia , Amoateng Professor Achiampong Yaw
Published: September 2019

This study made use of primary data. This
qualitative study draws on 20 individuals, in-depth, face-to-face interviews
(individual) with both males and females patients
between the ages 15-49 years enrolled at Piet Retief Wellness Centre for antiretroviral treatment (ART) between the period 2010 and 2017 were used to obtain information
from patients who have defaulted treatment and those who have not defaulted
treatment.
Figuring Out Preference or Balancing Out Effort: Do Inferences From Incentives Undermine Post-Incentive Motivation?
Authors: Urminsky Oleg , Goswami Indranil
Published: September 2019

Do financial rewards undermine motivation by prompting people to infer from theirincentivized choices that they only did a task because of the incentive? We examine thisprediction of the overjustification hypothesis by manipulating the salience and availability ofinitial (i.e., pre-incentive) task attitudes in repeated choices between tasks. While remindingpeople about their initial task attitude prior to the incentive arrested post-incentivedisengagement, we fail to find persistent disengagement after an incentive ends, when initialattitudes are not salient. Contrary to the prediction of overjustification that the negative longerterm effects of incentives will be magnified when all of a person’s initial choices to do a taskwere incentivized, we also find no evidence of any post-incentive reduction in that case. Overall,our results contradict inferential accounts of post-incentive behavior and instead point to the roleof perceived effort and justification. We discuss implications for dynamic consumer responses topromotions.
Not All (Brand) Changes are Made Equal: Understanding Which Changes Impact Brand loyalty
Authors: Chen Stephanie , Urminsky Oleg
Published: September 2019

Some changes that brands make seem to impact brand loyalty, while other seem to havelittle influence. We propose that when a consumer is loyal to a brand, the consumer’sbeliefs about the cause-effect relationships that exist among that brand’s featuresinfluence which changes will negatively impact brand loyalty. Specifically, brand loyaltyis more harmed by changes to features that are perceived as more causally connected toother important features of a brand (i.e., more causally central), compared to changes inmore causally peripheral features. Across six studies, we demonstrate that changes tofeatures impact brand loyalty to the extent that the feature is seen as causally central. Weshow that manipulations that make a feature more causally peripheral decrease the impactof a change to that feature on brand loyalty. Further, we demonstrate that the impact ofcausal centrality on the brand loyalty response to change is mediated by perceiveddisruption to brand identity. Our results provide a new perspective on consumer loyalty,suggesting that maintaining brand identity is key to maintaining brand loyalty.
Perception of an object’s global shape is best described by a model of skeletal structure in human infants
Authors: Ayzenberg Vladislav , Lourenco Stella F.
Published: September 2019

Categorization of everyday objects requires that humans form representations of shape that are tolerant to variations among exemplars. Yet, how such invariant shape representations develop remain poorly understood. By comparing human infants (6-12 months; N = 82) to computational models of vision using comparable procedures, we shed light on the origins and mechanisms underlying object perception. Following habituation to a never-before-seen object, infants classified other novel objects across variations in their component parts. Comparisons to several computational models of vision, including models of high- and low-level vision, revealed that infants’ performance was best described by a model of shape based on skeletal structure. Interestingly, infants outperformed a range of artificial neural networks (ANNs), selected for their massive object experience and biological plausibility, under the same conditions. Altogether, these findings suggest that robust representations of shape can be formed with little language or object experience by relying on perceptually invariant skeletal structure.
Don’t Fear the Meter: How Longer Time Limits Bias Managers to Prefer Hiring with Flat Fee Compensation
Authors: Urminsky Oleg , Goswami Indranil
Published: September 2019

Time limits and deadlines are pervasive in organizational settings. Managers work undertime limits themselves and also manage time limits for others. While the motivationaleffect of time limits on individual and group performance has been studied extensively,little is known about how time limits shape people’s reasoning about others’ behavior anddecisions based on such reasoning. We investigate the effect of time limits on managers’beliefs about productivity and consequent contract choices for hiring temporary workersusing incentive-compatible games. We find a biased preference among managers forflat-fee (vs. time-metered) contracts, particularly under longer time limits, resulting inlost earnings for managers. The sub-optimal contract choices occur because of a bias inestimates of task completion time and are not explained by normative risk preferences orinformation conveyed by time limits. The bias is observed regardless of whether taskquality is fixed or variable, and persists for experienced managers.
Groups as institutions: The use of constitutive rules to attribute group membership
Authors: Noyes Alexander , Dunham Yarrow
Published: September 2019

Across four experiments we tested children’s (N = 229, aged 4-9) beliefs about what makes an individual a member of a group. One model (groups as institutions) predicts children believe groups are based in constitutive rules, i.e. collectively agreed-upon rules that ground membership. Another model (groups as social network) predicts children believe groups are based in patterns of social relationships. We tested whether and to what extent children rely on constitutive rules to attribute group membership. We found that young children can reason about constitutive rules as a means of becoming a group member, and their reasoning about constitutive rules is relatively sophisticated (Study 1-3). But, when constitutive rules are pitted against friendship, young children (4-5) prioritize friendship and older children (6-9) prioritize constitutive rules. Therefore, both models contribute to the understanding of children’s concepts of social groups across development.
Divergent meta-analyses do not present uniform evidence that violent video game content increases aggressive behaviour.
Authors: Drummond Aaron , Sauer James D.
Published: September 2019

Whether violent games increase aggression is a contentious issue. The relatively enduring disagreement in the literature about whether violent video games cause increased aggression is reflected in divergent meta-analyses. Though we applaud Mathur and VanderWeele (2019) for attempting to synthesise such divergent meta-analyses to determine an overarching view on the effects of violent media, we argue that their interpretation of the evidence is misguided. Underpinning the notion that the evidence, in general, favours a “violent game effect” lie two problematic assumptions: (a) that the analyses conducted within these meta-analyses are equally methodologically and statistically rigorous and therefore equally valid, and (b) that even tiny effects are veridical. Here, we show that the effects reported by Anderson et al. (2010) appear to overstate the evidence in favour of a relationship between violent game content and aggression, and that bias-corrected models produce only tiny effects (Hilgard et al., 2017). We then compare these smaller effects estimated by Hilgard et al. (2017) and Ferguson (2015) to show that they appear to be in close agreement. Finally, as a reminder that non-zero meta-analytic effect sizes do not guarantee that an effect is meaningful, we compare these effect sizes to the sizes of (significant) yet nonsense effects of Extra Sensory Perception to show that the effects of violent game content on aggression are so small that we should dismiss them as practically meaningless.
Go the whole nine yards? How extent of meat restriction impacts individual dietary experience
Authors: Asher Kathryn E , Peters Paul
Published: September 2019

There are a variety of approaches to addressing meat overconsumption including forms of meat restriction that vary by the degree of reductions and the type of meat reduced. This study examines three such diets—a vegetarian diet, a reduced-meat diet, and a chicken-free diet—with a focus on the differences in the lived dietary experiences of their adherents. These lived experiences are operationalized using a variety of measures: satisfaction with food-related life, social ties, convenience, social/personal life, health, cost, motivation, identity, perception of prevalence rates, length of diet adherence, and the theory of planned behavior (intentions, attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms). The data comes from an online survey of a cross-sectional, census-balanced sample of more than 30,0000 U.S. residents aged 18+ years sourced from Nielsen’s Harris Panel. The results showed meat reducers to be a larger group than previously suspected, with a third of American adults self-identifying as reducing their meat consumption, compared to one percent each who identify as a vegetarian or chicken avoider. The findings also demonstrated that a vegetarian diet had the strongest lived dietary experiences among American adults who are currently eating one of the meat-restricted diets. This research speaks to how the degree and type of meat restriction can impact an individual’s lived experience with their diet.
Machine Consciousness and the Global Workspace Theory
Authors: Haqiqatkhah MohammadHossein Manuel
Published: September 2019

The past century has seen a resurgence of interest in the study of consciousness among scholars of various fields, from philosophy to psychology and neuroscience. Since the birth of Artificial Intelligence in the 1950s, the study of consciousness in machines has received an increasing amount of attention in computer science that gave rise to the new field of machine consciousness (MC). Meanwhile, interdisciplinary research in philosophy, neuroscience, and cognitive science has advanced neurocognitive theories for consciousness. Among many models proposed for consciousness, the Global Workspace Theory (GWT) is a promising theory of consciousness that has received a staggering amount of philosophical and empirical support in the past decades. This dissertation discusses the GWT and its potentials for MC from a mechanistic point of view. To do so, Chapter 1 gives an overview of the philosophical study of consciousness and the history of MC. Then, in Chapter 2, mechanistic explanations and tri-level models are introduced, which provide a robust framework to construct and assay various theories of consciousness. In Chapter 3, neural correlates (and thereby, neurocognitive theories) of consciousness are introduced. This chapter presents the GWT in details and, along with its strengths, discusses the philosophical issues it raises. Chapter 4 addresses two computational implementations of the GWT (viz., IDA and LIDA) which satisfy specific goals of MC. Finally, in Chapter 5, one of the philosophical problems of MC, namely, the Frame Problem (FP), is introduced. It is argued that the architectures based on the GWT are immune to the FP. The chapter concludes that the GWT is capable of "solving" the FP, and discusses its implications for MC and the computational theory of mind. Chapter 6 wraps up the dissertation by reviewing the content.
Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan-Silica Membranes for Treating Hotel Wastewater Treatment as Affected by Mass of Poly Ethylene Glycol and Poly Vinyl Alcohol
Authors: Pinem Jhon Armedi , Indah Panjaitan Dessy Natalia , Siregar M. Rifai , Saputra Edy , Herman Syamsu
Published: September 2019

Chitosan-Silica blended membranes were an attractive choice for the purification process because their porous size and morphology provide higher selectivity. In this study, the synthesis and characterization of chitosan-silica membranes were carried out with a mass variation of Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG): 0,5; 2,5; 5 grams, Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA): 1, 2, 3 grams; and pressure 1, 2, 3 bars for the hotel wastewater treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine the characterization of chitosan-silica membranes obtained by SEM and tensile strength, and to determine the performance of membrane against the flux and rejection test with the effect of a mixture of PEG and PVA mass using raw materials in form of chitosan-silica. Tensile strength analysis showed that membrane with the highest tensile strength was 19,14 Mpa for PEG and 13,7 Mpa for PVA. The SEM test results showed a relatively small pore size of PEG 0,5 gram (0,061 ?m) and PVA 2 grams (0,0284 ?m). Flux and rejection results showed that membrane with 2,5 grams composition of PEG was the most effective in performance with the flux 18,19 L/m2.h and rejection elimination of BOD (50,76%), COD (46,09%) and TSS (48,00%). On the other hand, flux results showed that membrane with 3 grams composition of PVA was the most effective with the flux 20,13 L/m2.h and rejection elimination of BOD (62,84%), COD (64,73%) and TSS (38,40%). The characteristics of permeability, selectivity, and membrane pore statistics show that the silica membrane is an ultrafiltration membrane.
Technical and Vocational Education for Social Transformation and Justice
Authors: Gautam Suresh , Poudel Tikaram , Paudel Prakash Kumar
Published: September 2019

Editorial
Obstacles to Implementing the HPV Vaccine: Is it Worth Pursuing or Not?
Authors: Mohd Sopian Mastura , Tuan Din Sharifah Azdiana , Hussin Hasmah
Published: September 2019

Cervical cancer, along with breast, colorectal, and lung cancer, has become increasingly problematic in Malaysia. The prevalence of cervical cancer in Malaysia is projected to rise in younger women, and Malaysia views this prediction with concern and awareness of the need to take action to prevent the illness among those who are currently healthy. Providing free HPV vaccination is a way to lower the risk of developing cervical cancer among women in Malaysia. However, while Malaysia has been able to provide this vaccination at minimal or no cost, changes in socio-economic circumstances have stretched the demand. This review aims to highlight the probability of HPV vaccination acceptance and the reasons for it. An extensive literature review of acceptance, knowledge, attitude, practice, and decision making about HPV vaccination was performed to describe issues related to vaccination. The evidence presented herein can help identify ways to improve the HPV vaccination program in Malaysia.
Characteristics of the Epidemiological Situation of Measles in the Period of its Elimination in Republic of Moldova
Authors: Melnik A. A. , Bukova V. E. , Tsurcan L. P. , Furtuna N. I.
Published: September 2019

Relevance Measles continues to be one of the priorities of health care worldwide, due to it high contagiosity, still widespread, severity of the disease and complications. A high degree of population migration contributes to the spread of infection, i.e. global measles virus circulation, clinical change and late diagnosis, inadequate immunization coverage. Aim. Analysis of measles incidence in the Republic of Moldova in 2000–2018. and features of the epidemic process. Materials and Methods. Statistics on measles incidence and immunization coverage in 2000–2018 were used. 340 cases of measles registered in the country in 2018 were subjected to a detailed analysis Results There is a decrease in measles vaccination coverage, in 2017–87.1%. In the same year, the coverage with the first revaccination at 6–7 years was 92.4% and the second at 14–15 years is 94.9%, which is not enough to maintain epidemiological well-being. There are territorial differences in vaccination coverage. In 2018, imported cases of measles were in 62.5% from Ukraine, 25.0% from Russia and 12.5% from Romania. There have been isolated measles cases (14), and epidemic foci or outbreaks (7), with from 2 to 252 cases of measles. The largest measles outbreak in 2018 was registered among those who rest in a religious camp unvaccinated against measles. The average age of the diseased is 14 years, and in outbreaks with a significant number of cases (9 and more) within 7.9–14.9 years. In the age structure of the diseased, children from 1 to 10 years old prevail (66.1%), children under one year old make up 8,2%, teenagers 17,5% and adults 8.2%. Only 11.0% received one dose of measles vaccine, and 3.6% of the relevant age groups received two doses of vaccine. The reason is the refusal of vaccination for religious motive. In 196 (57.6%) cases, the diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory methods, and in the remaining 144 (42.4%) by clinical and epidemiological data. Conclusions Measles remains a childhood infection, but cases of the disease occur among adolescents (17.5%) and adults (8.2%). The uneven of vaccination coverage throughout the country, the low level of responsibility of the population, the increased incidence of measles in neighboring countries, the high level of population migration are risk factors for the importation and spread of measles.
Dependence of soil microbiota in apple tree plantations on moisture level and agrotechnical methods
Authors: Lavrinova V. A. , Polunina T. S.
Published: September 2019

Studies were conducted in the I. V. Michurin Federal Scientifi c Center and in its Middle Russian branch. For the fi rst time in the North-Eastern part of the Central black earth region, researches are being conducted to study the microbiota of the soil in the garden of pome crops. The aim of this research was to study the micromycetic composition of the soil in the agrocenosis of a multifactorial experience of an intensive apple orchard. Soil samples were taken in the space between rows and near-stem stripes on the sodding, in the space between rows and near-stem stripes on the fallow land. Experimental conditions: 1) control (natural conditions); 2) optimal moisture (irrigation, soil moisture 80 %); 3) waterlogging (irrigation, soil moisture 120 %). As a result of the conducted research, the dependence of the number of phytopathogenic and saprotrophic populations on the elements of agrotechnology was shown. The maximum number of the population was marked in the near-stem stripes on the fallow land and the minimal number was marked in the near-stem stripes on the sodding. The eff ect of moistening on the number of soil micromycetes was revealed. 80 % moisturized sodded space between rows and near-stem stripes, space between rows on fallow land at a humidity of 120 %, and near-stem stripes with 80 % moisture contained a high number of phytopathogens in relation to natural conditions. The greatest species diversity of the soil mycobiota was observed in the sodded near-stem stripes. A strong correlation was established from reverse close (r = -0.98) to positive close (r = 0.83) in relation to the phytopathogens and saprotrophs in the sodded row spacing; in the soil of the sodded near-stem stripes – from close negative (r = -0.90) to close positive (r = 0.92). It was noted that soil mites did not tolerate the over moistened soil, nematodes, on the contrary, were activated in soils with a humidity of 80 % and 120 % in sodded row spacing. The correlation between nematodes and soil mites in all variants remained strong (r = 0.86-0.97), closer in the control. The number of micromycete organisms in the soil was determined by a modifi ed fl otation method. In the course of research, 1 ml of distilled water was added at one of the stages, instead of a 0.1 % solution of potassium pyrophosphate; on the other, 29 ml of 0.1 % potassium pyrophosphate solution was added instead of 29 ml of distilled water.