bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of flow conditions and foam parameters on pressure drop and heat transfer in flow of fluids through channels filled with metal foams
Authors: Dyga Roman , Płaczek Małgorzata , Witczak Stanisław
Published: November 2018

This paper reports the results of research into air, water and oil flow through pipes filled with open-cell metal foams, which form a material with a considerable potential for application in the design of process equipment. This study applied three metal foams with various geometrical parameters. The objective of the experiments involved the measurement of pressure drop within a relatively large range of the variability of the flow conditions. On the basis of data from the literature and analysis of the results of experiments, an assessment was undertaken concerned with the influence of the geometrical parameters of the foams as well as velocities and fluid properties on the flow regime and pressure drop. The results demonstrate that the theory concerned with the fluid flow through porous media has a limited application with regard to metal foams due to the considerable turbulence of the flow through such foams. If flow occurs in other conditions than laminar regime, the permeability of metal foams is relative not only to the geometrical structure of the foams but also depends on the properties and velocity of the fluid. The present study demonstrated that the assessment of the flow regime can apply the modified Reynolds number in which the characteristics dimension is defined on the basis of the parameters accounting for the geometrical foam structure. Three flow regimes were distinguished – laminar flow, transient Forchheimer and transient Froud flow. The ranges corresponding to the occurrence of the particular flow regimes were subsequently determined.
Identifying synchronization between flow boiling inside two parallel minichannels using joint recurrence plots
Authors: Grzybowski Hubert , Gruszczyńska Iwona , Mosdorf Romuald
Published: November 2018

In this study the flow boiling inside two parallel tubes with a diameter of 1 mm was analysed in order to determine synchronization level between the channels. An experimental setup was built to investigate the pressure and temperature oscillation in parallel minichannels. During the experiments, the two-phase flow patterns were recorded by high speed camera and also the presence of vapour in channel outlet was measured by laser-phototransistor sensor. Various types of two-phase flow instabilities were observed in investigated the system. Experiment was carried out for various heat rate and mass flux. The method of identifying synchronization between flow boiling between parallel channel will be presented on measurement data recorded for heat rate q equal to 50.15 W and the average mass flux ṁ equal to 38.8 kg/m2s. The signal was subjected to a nonlinear analysis based on the joint recurrence plot (JRP) method. The JRP method was carried out in order to determine synchronization level between signals from parallel channels. Results of pressure and laser-phototransistor oscillation analysis shows that during flow boiling phase synchronization and phase shift between the channels can be detected using appropriate RQA indicators.
The influence of the numerical solver selection on the nozzle impulse flow simulation results
Authors: Młynarczyk Przemysław
Published: November 2018

Numerical simulations are currently used for different applications in a various fields of science. Certain solutions are not as obvious as the others while the results can give very valuable conclusions. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is one of the tools that can be used to solve different problems related with the mass and heat transfer. Nowadays it is already known that the impulse flow simulation allows to determine pressure pulsation attenuation parameters by a given geometry. However, the nozzle shape optimization method strongly depends on the numerical results obtained from the impulse flow simulation. In commercial CFD software Ansys-Fluent the obtained results depends strongly on the chosen numerical methods, especially the spatial discretization method. This is the reason to use other software as a benchmark. Alternative software FlowVision was used to perform the impulse flow simulation for the same geometries to compare the results. As there is a different problem definition in both systems the calculations, accuracy and results differ from each other. The paper describes the numerical differences between solvers. Article contains discussion about obtained results and includes hints how to avoid mistakes when user change software, especially in solving unusual CFD problems.
Transient free convection in an inclined square porous cavity filled with a nanofluid using LTNE and Buongiorno’s models
Authors: Sheremet Mikhail , Pop Ioan
Published: November 2018

The combined effect of Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis and cavity inclination angle on natural convective heat transfer in an inclined porous enclosure has been studied numerically. Fluid containing nanoparticles of low concentration circulates inside the cavity under the effect of the buoyancy force. Governing equations with corresponding boundary conditions formulated using the non-dimensional stream function and vorticity variables have been solved by the finite difference method. An influence of the cavity inclination angle, Darcy and Nield numbers on nanofluid flow and heat transfer has been investigated. It has been found that high Nield numbers illustrate more equilibrium temperature distribution inside the porous cavity.
A computational investigation of the hydrodynamics of the Badush dam in northern Iraq
Authors: Saeedrashed Younis Saida , Benim Ali Cemal
Published: November 2018

A computational analysis of the hydrodynamics of the Badush dam in Iraq is presented, which is planned to be reconstructed as a repulse dam, to prevent the Mosul city, in case of a failure of the Mosul dam. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is applied in combination with Geometric Information System (GIS) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM). In the first part of the study, a hydrologic study of a possible Mosul dam failure is performed, predicting the important parameters for a possible flooding of Mosul city. Here, a two-dimensional, depth-averaged shallow water equations are used to formulate the flow. Based on GIS and DEM, the required reservoir size and the water level of the Badush dam are predicted, for its acting as a repulse dam. Subsequently, a computational model of the reconstructed Badush dam is developed, combining the proposed construction with the local geographic topology to achieve a perfect fit. Finally, the water flow through the bottom outlets and stilling basin of the proposed dam is calculated by an unsteady, three-dimensional CFD analysis of the turbulent, free-surface flow. The CFD model is validated by comparing the predictions with measurements obtained on a physical model, where a quite satisfactory agreement is observed.
Modeling of the heat transfer process in an air heat pump fanless evaporator
Authors: Kopeć Piotr , Niezgoda-Żelasko Beata
Published: November 2018

This paper analyses the mixed convection process in a fanless evaporator of an air heat pump. The text of the paper shows the authors’ experimental studies results of the temperature distribution and the local values of heat transfer coefficients on the outer surface of vertical tubes with longitudinal fins for the case of mixed convection and fins of a specific shape of their cross-section (prismatic, wavy fins). The experimental studies include the air velocities wa=2,3 m/s and the temperature differences between air and the refrigerant inside the heat exchanger tubes which is ΔT=24-40K. The results obtained were used for verification of CFD modeling of the heat transfer process for the discussed case of heat transfer and the geometry of the finned surface. The numerical analysis was performed for: the temperature distribution along the fin height, the tube perimeter and height, the distribution of local heat transfer coefficients on the finned tube perimeter and along its height. The simulated calculations were used to verify the method of determination of fin efficiency.
Review of audit calculation activities on the applicability of CFD software to nuclear safety problems
Authors: Lee Gong-Hee
Published: November 2018

The Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS) is tasked with the technical supporting for approving the safety of specific components or design modifications in nuclear power plant. When a licensee submits analysis to the Nuclear Safety & Security Commission (NSSC) for acceptance, KINS staff reviews this analysis and sometimes conducts independent audit calculations. Though recently licensing applications supported by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software are increasing for nuclear safety problems, there is no CFD software which obtains a licensing from the domestic regulatory body until now. Additionally, there is no domestic regulatory guideline for the comprehensive evaluation of CFD software. Therefore, from the nuclear regulatory perspective, it is necessary to perform the systematic assessment and prepare the domestic regulatory guideline for checking whether valid CFD software is used for nuclear safety problems. In this paper, regulatory audit calculation activities on the applicability of CFD software to nuclear safety problems was briefly explained.
Numerical prediction of steady state temperature based on transient measurements
Authors: Pelińska-Olko Ewa , Lewkowicz Marek
Published: November 2018

We show how to use numerical analysis of short-time range experimental data for predicting the limit steady-state value of the investigated parameter. In this article the approach has been applied to a specific, although typical, thermal problem: determining the average steady-state temperature of a heater in the convective and radiative heat exchange with the environment. First, we describe a heat exchange experiment aimed at obtaining temperature experimental data in both short and long time range. Then we present a methodology for applying two methods, i.e., neural networks and least squares approximations, for obtaining predictions about the steady-state temperature values based on short time experimental data. The aim of the study is to compare the predictions to each other and to the long time experimental values, with the aim of determining the applicability range of the two methods.
Pipeline heating and cooling
Authors: Sobota Tomasz , Taler Dawid , Lubecki Szczepan
Published: November 2018

The work aims to determine the undetermined temperature distribution of the medium and the pipeline wall using the finite difference method. Time courses of the temperature of the flowing medium and pipeline walls caused by a step change in temperature of the medium at the pipeline inlet, obtained by the numerical method, were compared with the courses calculated using strict analytical formulas. The numerical method of determining transient courses of the temperature of medium and pipeline wall can be used in the analysis of heating and cooling of heating or power pipelines with any changes in time of mass flow of the flowing medium or temperature of the medium at the inlet to the pipeline.
Modeling of the boiler economizer
Authors: Trojan Marcin , Granda Mariusz
Published: November 2018

The boiler economizer is a tube heat exchanger located in the final part of the convective duct. In the economizer, water flowing into the boiler is preheated by flue gases. The paper presents the boiler economizer mathematical model with distributed parameters, which can be used to simulate its operation. The developed mathematical model makes it possible to determine temperatures of the tube and working medium of the boiler economizer. In addition, the non-linear mathematical model of the entire boiler allows to analyze the influence of ash fouling of individual boiler heating surfaces on the economizer operation. The proposed model can also be used for monitoring heat and flow parameters of the economizer in on-line mode.
Cyclone furnace as a way for mercury removal from lignite
Authors: Zarzycki Robert , Wichliński Michał
Published: November 2018

The power plants will have to meet the requirements regarding permissible Hg emission levels by 2021. A particularly unfavourable situation is observed for front of lignite, which contains more mercury than hard coal, and in addition its combustion also causes more CO2 emissions. The paper presents the proposal to use the cyclone furnace in the process of heat treatment for the process of the release of mercury from lignites. The structure and methods of operation of the cyclone furnace were presented. The paper also discusses the methodology of the process of numerical modelling of combustion and gasification of coal dust. The results showed that changing a fuel stream fed to the cyclone furnace allows for controlling the temperature and degree of fuel devolatilization. This leads to heating of the fuel to the desired temperature due to the expected level of mercury removal from the fuel. This is very important especially in the case of fuels containing significant amounts of moisture, such as lignite. The experiments performed in the study confirmed the results of numerical calculations for heating fuel and showed the possibility of over 90% removal of mercury from the fuel. The results confirmed the laboratory workplace rotary kiln.
Modelling pricing, vertical co-op advertising and quality improvement in a non-cooperative three-echelon supply chain using game theory approach
Authors: Shoeleh Razieh , Seifbarghy Mehdi , Pishva Davar
Published: November 2018

Vertical cooperative (co-op) advertising is one of the well-known mechanisms for coordination of supply chains. Vertical co-op advertising is a financial agreement in which a member of the chain pays certain percentage (i.e. cooperation rate) of a subsequent member’s advertisement cost. Since increasing the number of echelons and decision variables in supply chain problems increase the modelling and computational complexity, most researchers study vertical co-op advertising in a two-level supply chain including a manufacturer and a retailer. This paper investigates the problem by considering price and quality levels as additional decision variables in a three-echelon supply chain consisting of one supplier, one manufacturer, and one retailer. The ultimate goal is to show supply chain managers the importance of product quality as well the role of local advertisement in positively influencing market demand on top of the traditional approach of speed and efficiency optimization. Using game theory approach, power of the manufacturer is assumed to be higher than or equal to those of others in the chain. Five different relationships between players are considered in five non-cooperative games (named as G1–G5) and equilibrium solutions are extracted for each. The results show that the manufacturer prefers to play Stackelberg with the retailer and the supplier rather than be in conflict with them in Nash game. Such preference can lead manufacturer towards high quality and cost-efficient product/service via efficient advertisement in our complex network of business firms.
Characterisation of Victims Of Violence in the A & E Department and Analysis of the Acceptance of a Medico-Legal Expertise Centre After its Implementation vs. Multi-Year Consolidation
Authors: Latz David , Bergermann Anja , Jungnitsch Jeannie , Grassmann Jan Peter , Schiffner Erik , Gahr Britta , Tank Anne , Windolf Joachim , Ritz-Timme Stefanie , Graß Lilly , Jungbluth Pascal
Published: November 2018

Background People who have become victims of domestic or public violence often suffer long-term physical, psychological and social impairment. Due to physical injury, the first contact with the health care system is frequently an A & E Department. Thus, physicians and especially surgeons play a key role in detecting victims of domestic or public violence. The specific needs of victims are adequate medical treatment of injuries, forensic documentation, as well as interdisciplinary medical support to prevent further morbidity and violence. To take this into account, so-called expertise centres for victims of violence have been established at several locations in Germany in recent years. In this study: I. We tried to define the characteristics of victims of domestic and public violence to ensure better identification by physicians/surgeons. II. We elucidate the acceptance and effectiveness of such an expertise centre one year after its implementation and for a period of three years (2007 – 2009) and for a follow-up period of three years (2014 – 2016) after establishment.

Material and Methods Patients were prospectively classified as victims of violence by the attending physician at the A & E Department and further treatment was initiated by the expertise centre for victims of violence. Medical reports from the A & E Department were analysed anonymously and compared with the number of patients of the expertise centre for victims of violence who had been referred from A & E Department.

Results Orthopaedic and trauma surgery is the main referring discipline for the expertise centre for victims of violence. 0.9% of patients (2007 – 2009) and in the follow-up period (2014 – 2016) even 1.6% of patients were identified as victims of violence. However, the acceptance of such a centre fell from 22.2% (2007 – 2009) to 17.2% (2014 – 2016).

Conclusion Physicians and especially trauma surgeons are responsible for identifying victims of domestic or public violence and ensuring further treatment. Accordingly, it is crucial that the expertise centre should characterise the victims of violence and be aware of their different needs, if the expertise centre is to be accepted. The results of this study indicate that interdisciplinary training and close cooperation between traumatology and legal medicine are the main prerequisites for continuous improvement in the treatment of victims of violence.
Avulsion Fractures of the Ischial Tuberosity and Resulting Ischiofemoral Impingement – a Case Report with Literature Review
Authors: Rutetzki Kim , Palm Hans-Georg , Friemert Benedikt , Riesner Hans-Joachim , Schwarz Winfried , Stuby Fabian , Lang Patricia ,   und die AG Becken III der DGU®
Published: November 2018

Introduction Apophyseal avulsion fractures of the ischial tuberosity are rare injuries and therefore often not diagnosed in a timely manner. Healing may then result in massive hypertrophic ischial tuberosity. This can cause ischiofemoral impingement symptoms. Due to the low incidence and scarce literature, the optimal treatment and surgery is unclear.

Materials and Methods A literature search was carried out using the online medical database “PubMed”. The findings of the literature were then applied to a clinical case of delayed diagnosis of the apophyseal avulsion fracture of the ischial tuberosity.

Results There is no gold standard in the literature for the treatment of avulsion fractures on the ischial tuberosity. Nearly 90% are treated conservatively and a fragment dislocation of more than 2 cm is often the indication for surgical care. However, the surgical procedures described are very diverse. An ischiofemoral impingement symptom may result from excessive ossification of the ischial tuberosity, bringing the ischiofemoral distance to the critical limit of 2 cm.

Conclusions The timely correct diagnosis and initiation of a therapy is crucial for the later outcome of the patient. Ischiofemoral impingement symptoms may be the indication of bony displacement of the ischial tuberosity as a result of injury. Therapy is then surgical with partial resection of the ischial tuberosity and plate osteosynthesis.
Multiple Synchronous Tuberculous Aneurysms
Authors: D'cruz Reuban , Chan Dexter , Ho Pei
Published: November 2018

The authors report a case of a 35-year-old woman with a medical history of recently diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis presenting with chest and back discomfort. Chest radiograph demonstrated a bulky hilar mass, and computed tomography revealed multiple saccular aneurysms in the thoracic aorta, multiple fusiform aneurysms in the coronary arteries, left renal and splenic arteries, and right internal iliac pseudoaneurysms. Surgical management of the mycotic aneurysms was indicated in view of symptomatology. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) and ascending aortic replacement with aortic valve suspension and coil embolization of right iliac artery pseudoaneurysm were performed. The coronary artery aneurysms were managed with surveillance.
Large scale parallelization in stochastic coupled cluster
Authors: Spencer J. S. , Neufeld V. A. , Vigor W. A. , Franklin R. S. T. , Thom A. J. W.
Published: November 2018

Coupled cluster theory is a vital cornerstone of electronic structure theory and is being applied to ever-larger systems. Stochastic approaches to quantum chemistry have grown in importance and offer compelling advantages over traditional deterministic algorithms in terms of computational demands, theoretical flexibility, or lower scaling with system size. We present a highly parallelizable algorithm of the coupled cluster Monte Carlo method involving sampling of clusters of excitors over multiple time steps. The behavior of the algorithm is investigated on the uniform electron gas and the water dimer at coupled-cluster levels including up to quadruple excitations. We also describe two improvements to the original sampling algorithm, full non-composite, and multi-spawn sampling. A stochastic approach to coupled cluster results in an efficient and scalable implementation at arbitrary truncation levels in the coupled cluster expansion.
Complex plume stoichiometry during pulsed laser deposition of SrVO3 at low oxygen pressures
Authors: Wang Jun , Rijnders Guus , Koster Gertjan
Published: November 2018

To control the pulsed laser deposition synthesis, knowledge on the relationship between the plasma plume and the grown thin film is required. We show that the oxidation of species in the plasma plume still affects the SrVO3 growth even at low oxygen partial pressures. Optical emission spectroscopy measurements for the plasma plume at different growth conditions were correlated with the film properties determined by Atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transport. At reducing oxygen pressures, the background argon pressure can affect the oxidation in the plasma plume, which in turn controls the growth kinetics, stoichiometry, and electrical properties of the films.
The formation mechanism of globally biaxial strain in He+ implanted silicon-on-insulator wafer based on the plastic deformation and smooth sliding of buried SiO2 film
Authors: Miao Dongming , Wu Shujing , Dai Xianying , Zhao Tianlong , Hao Yue
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we proposed an approach to obtain a globally biaxially strained silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer, and the strain mechanism was discussed. By this process, both biaxially tensile and compressive strained SOI (sSOI) can be obtained. The strain introduced into the SOI layer is mainly contributed by the plastic deformation of the buried SiO2 film caused by annealing with the deposition of a high-stress SiN film. Furthermore, He+ implantation at the interface between SiO2 and the substrate Si layer is confirmed to effectively enhance the strain by the sliding of the buried SiO2 at the SiO2-substrate Si interface. Raman spectroscopy shows that the strain of the He+ implanted sSOI has a significant enhancement of more than 300% compared with the unimplanted sSOI.
Resolution-of-identity accelerated relativistic two- and four-component electron dynamics approach to chiroptical spectroscopies
Authors: Konecny Lukas , Kadek Marius , Komorovsky Stanislav , Ruud Kenneth , Repisky Michal
Published: November 2018

We present an implementation and application of electron dynamics based on real-time time-dependent density functional theory (RT-TDDFT) and relativistic 2-component X2C and 4-component Dirac–Coulomb (4c) Hamiltonians to the calculation of electron circular dichroism and optical rotatory dispersion spectra. In addition, the resolution-of-identity approximation for the Coulomb term (RI-J) is introduced into RT-TDDFT and formulated entirely in terms of complex quaternion algebra. The proposed methodology was assessed on the dimethylchalcogenirane series, C4H8X (X = O, S, Se, Te, Po, Lv), and the spectra obtained by non-relativistic and relativistic methods start to disagree for Se and Te, while dramatic differences are observed for Po and Lv. The X2C approach, even in its simplest one-particle form, reproduces the reference 4c results surprisingly well across the entire series while offering an 8-fold speed-up of the simulations. An overall acceleration of RT-TDDFT by means of X2C and RI-J increases with system size and approaches a factor of almost 25 when compared to the full 4c treatment, without compromising the accuracy of the final spectra. These results suggest that one-particle X2C electron dynamics with RI-J acceleration is an attractive method for the calculation of chiroptical spectra in the valence region.
Adsorption and diffusion of sulfur on the (111), (100), (110), and (211) surfaces of FCC metals: Density functional theory calculations
Authors: Bernard Rodríguez Christopher R. , Santana Juan A.
Published: November 2018

We have studied the adsorption and diffusion of sulfur at the low-coverage regime of 0.25 ML on the (111), (100), (110), and (211) surfaces of Ni, Cu, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, and Au using density functional theory calculations. Sulfur adsorbed preferentially on three-fold or four-fold high-coordination sites over most of the studied surfaces. On the Ir(110), Pt(110), and Au(110) surfaces, sulfur is more stable on the two-fold sites. Calculations of the minimum energy diffusion pathway show that the energy barrier for the surface diffusion of sulfur depends on the orientation and nature of the metal surfaces. On the (100), sulfur shows the highest diffusion energy, ranging from 0.47 eV in Au(100) to 1.22 eV in Pd(100). In the (110) surface, the diffusion of sulfur is along the channel for Ni, Cu, Rh, Pd, and Ag, and across the channel for Ir, Pt, and Au. In the case of the (211) surfaces, the diffusion is preferentially along the terrace or step-edge sites. Our work provides data for the adsorption of sulfur on many surfaces not previously reported. The present work is a reference point for future computational studies of sulfur and sulfur-containing molecules absorbed on face center cubic metal surfaces.
Genetically encodable bioluminescent system from fungi
Authors: Kotlobay Alexey A. , Sarkisyan Karen S. , Mokrushina Yuliana A. , Marcet-Houben Marina , Serebrovskaya Ekaterina O. , Markina Nadezhda M. , Gonzalez Somermeyer Louisa , Gorokhovatsky Andrey Y. , Vvedensky Andrey , Purtov Konstantin V. , Petushkov Valentin N. , Rodionova Natalja S. , Chepurnyh Tatiana V. , Fakhranurova Liliia I. , Guglya Elena B. , Ziganshin Rustam , Tsarkova Aleksandra S. , Kaskova Zinaida M. , Shender Victoria , Abakumov Maxim , Abakumova Tatiana O. , Povolotskaya Inna S. , Eroshkin Fedor M. , Zaraisky Andrey G. , Mishin Alexander S. , Dolgov Sergey V. , Mitiouchkina Tatiana Y. , Kopantzev Eugene P. , Waldenmaier Hans E. , Oliveira Anderson G. , Oba Yuichi , Barsova Ekaterina , Bogdanova Ekaterina A. , Gabaldón Toni , Stevani Cassius V. , Lukyanov Sergey , Smirnov Ivan V. , Gitelson Josef I. , Kondrashov Fyodor A. , Yampolsky Ilia V.
Published: November 2018

Bioluminescence is found across the entire tree of life, conferring a spectacular set of visually oriented functions from attracting mates to scaring off predators. Half a dozen different luciferins, molecules that emit light when enzymatically oxidized, are known. However, just one biochemical pathway for luciferin biosynthesis has been described in full, which is found only in bacteria. Here, we report identification of the fungal luciferase and three other key enzymes that together form the biosynthetic cycle of the fungal luciferin from caffeic acid, a simple and widespread metabolite. Introduction of the identified genes into the genome of the yeast
Pichia pastoris
along with caffeic acid biosynthesis genes resulted in a strain that is autoluminescent in standard media. We analyzed evolution of the enzymes of the luciferin biosynthesis cycle and found that fungal bioluminescence emerged through a series of events that included two independent gene duplications. The retention of the duplicated enzymes of the luciferin pathway in nonluminescent fungi shows that the gene duplication was followed by functional sequence divergence of enzymes of at least one gene in the biosynthetic pathway and suggests that the evolution of fungal bioluminescence proceeded through several closely related stepping stone nonluminescent biochemical reactions with adaptive roles. The availability of a complete eukaryotic luciferin biosynthesis pathway provides several applications in biomedicine and bioengineering.
Quantifying the risk of hemiplasy in phylogenetic inference
Authors: Guerrero Rafael F. , Hahn Matthew W.
Published: November 2018

Significance

Convergent evolution provides key evidence for the action of natural selection. The process of convergence is often inferred because the same trait appears in multiple species that are not closely related. However, different parts of the genome can reveal different relationships among species, with some genes or regions uniting lineages that appear unrelated in the species tree. If changes in traits occur in these discordant regions, a false pattern of convergence can be produced (known as “hemiplasy”). Here, we provide a way to quantify the probability that hemiplasy occurs and contrast it with the probability of convergence. We find that hemiplasy is likely to explain many apparent cases of convergent evolution, even when the fraction of discordant regions is low.
Mechanism of the E2 to E1 transition in Ca
2+
pump revealed by crystal structures of gating residue mutants
Authors: Tsunekawa Naoki , Ogawa Haruo , Tsueda Junko , Akiba Toshihiko , Toyoshima Chikashi
Published: November 2018

Ca
2+
-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SERCA1a) pumps two Ca
2+
per ATP hydrolyzed from the cytoplasm and two or three protons in the opposite direction. In the E2 state, after transferring Ca
2+
into the lumen of sarcoplasmic reticulum, all of the acidic residues that coordinate Ca
2+
are thought to be protonated, including the gating residue Glu309. Therefore a Glu309Gln substitution is not expected to significantly perturb the structure. Here we report crystal structures of the Glu309Gln and Glu309Ala mutants of SERCA1a under E2 conditions. The Glu309Gln mutant exhibits, unexpectedly, large structural rearrangements in both the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains, apparently uncoupling them. However, the structure definitely represents E2 and, together with the help of quantum chemical calculations, allows us to postulate a mechanism for the E2 → E1 transition triggered by deprotonation of Glu309.
Engineered occluded apo-intermediate of LacY
Authors: Smirnova Irina , Kasho Vladimir , Kaback H. Ronald
Published: November 2018

Significance

The alternating access mechanism underlying stoichiometric symport of a galactoside and an H+is mediated by LacY, a paradigm for the major facilitator superfamily, the largest family of membrane transport proteins. Although the mechanism includes multiple sequential conformational changes, only two alternative structures with a hydrophilic cavity open-inward to the cytoplasm or open-outward to the periplasm are available. As shown here, an empty occluded conformation of LacY with both cavities closed is stabilized by cross-linking double-Cys replacements across the cytoplasmic cavity. An occluded apo-intermediate is an obligatory component of the symport cycle, and LacY with a cross-linked cytoplasmic cavity provides insight into the nature of this conformer.
The power of English
Authors: Šinkūnienė Jolanta
Published: November 2018

The use of I and we in research writing has been acknowledged as one of the most
powerful means to mark author stance, however there are substantial differences in personal pronoun preferences
depending on the disciplinary and cultural background of the writer. This chapter investigates the use of personal
pronouns in linguistic research articles written by Lithuanian scholars in English and in Lithuanian, and by British English speakers in English. The results suggest that most Lithuanian scholars choose a more explicit author
stance expression when they write in English, even though the frequencies and some functions of I and
we in the English speakers’ texts tend to be different from those in the Lithuanian
scholars’ articles.
Hybrid rhetorical structure in English Sociology research article abstracts
Authors: Lorés-Sanz Rosa
Published: November 2018

Research article abstracts play a significant role in our globalised scientific world, where findings are disseminated
in English. This study aims to identify and analyse the rhetorical patterns which characterise English abstracts in
Sociology, a discipline traditionally dominated by Anglophone writers. Three corpora will be explored and contrasted:
abstracts written in English as L1, in English as a Lingua Franca (ELF), and English abstracts translated from
Spanish. Thirty texts will be analysed in each case. Features such as the frequency of moves and phraseology
indicating rhetorical structure may illustrate the general level of hybridity that academic texts in English show
internationally and can be interpreted as “innovative patterns of use”, as described in ELF literature (Jenkins, Cogo, & Dewey, 2011).
Epistemic stance and authorial presence in scientific research writing
Authors: Wang Jingjing , Jiang Feng (Kevin)
Published: November 2018

In this study, we investigate hedges, boosters and self-mentions as main expressions of epistemic positioning and how
much they are projected by explicit authorial presence in the research writings by Chinese PhD students and expert
writers across four science disciplines. Results show that PhD science students used considerably more hedges,
boosters and self-mentions than journal article writers. They exhibit an obvious preference for certain epistemic
resources and an avoidance to hedge or boost their/others’ claims in their academic writings. The results are
discussed with regard to different cultures, disciplines and writer groups, and pedagogical implications on L2
research writing instructions are also raised at the end of the chapter.
Exploring ELF manuscripts
Authors: Mur-Dueñas Pilar
Published: November 2018

A great deal of academic knowledge is produced in English by and for peers from different linguacultural backgrounds.
It is the aim of this paper to study written scholarly English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) communication, focusing
specifically on a lexico-grammatical structure, the anticipatory it pattern, fulfilling an
interpersonal (attitudinal and epistemic) function. Its use in the Sci-ELF corpus (University of Helsinki, Finland),
will be compared to its use in a corpus of ENL RAs of the SERAC (Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain). The analysis focuses
on its overall frequency of use, and that of its subpatterns, the functions (attitudinal, hedging, boosting), and the
lexical choices made. The analysis will contribute to a much needed description of written academic ELF discourse.
What is negative in Haitian Creole? Negative Concord Items, sentential, constituent and expletive negation
Authors: Déprez Viviane
Published: November 2018

Negative sentences in Creole languages, provocatively claimed to be the world ‘simplest languages’ (Mc Whorter 2001), commonly present a puzzling multiplicity of redundant negative expressions with a single negative interpretation that appear to systematically violate logical compositionality. An intriguing solution to this puzzle proposes that, contrary to appearances, negation is entirely abstract in Creoles, i.e. solely represented by a phonologically null operator dubbed NEG (Homer 2013; Zeijlstra 2004 and following) and has, de facto, no actual direct morpho-phonological exponent. On this, view, not only expressions like pèsonn `nobody’ or anyen `nothing’ are not negative, but neither is the morpheme pa. Revisiting Haitian Creole negative dependencies on the basis of novel data drawn from a corpus of Haitian writings and internet data, this paper critically reviews this approach, showing that it makes a number of incorrect predictions, both with respect to the distribution of Negative Concord items (NCIs) as well as with the morpheme pa, especially on its so called ‘expletive negation’ use, which is investigated here for the first time. The paper argues for a less radical solution that brings Haitian negative dependencies in line with other classic NPI dependencies, claiming that Haitian NCIs are in fact strong NPIs that can be licensed by sentential negation under reconstruction. The puzzle, hence, receives a different solution, keeping with the idea that NCI are non-negative expressions, but also with the more concrete view that pa is the core negation morpheme in Haitian.
A lexicalist account of negation and negative concord in Mauritian
Authors: Henri Fabiola
Published: November 2018

This paper provides a descriptive and theoretical account of negation and negative concord in Mauritian within a constraint-based framework. It is argued that sentential negation is canonically preverbal but appears postverbally with neg-raising verbs, and that only the former participates in negative concord. Mauritian is moreover identified as a strict concord language notwithstanding the particular behavior of the NCI zame, which can appear without pa in preverbal positions. The idiosyncrasies of both NCIs and sentential negation in Mauritian are formalized by exploiting a lexicalist account within the SBCG framework.
Licensing negation and negative concord in Atlantic Creoles
Authors: Prescod Paula
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the distribution of a selection of negative dependent indefinites in Atlantic Creoles in general and Vincentian in particular and their syntactic behavior in the presence of sentential negation. It is posited here that the syntactic behavior of indefinites can be partially accounted for under the negative-first principle (Jespersen 1917: 5; Horn 1989: 73). The negative concord phenomenon is also governed by the same principle. With specific reference to Vincentian, it is shown, however, that the negative-first principle needs to be expanded to embrace an analysis supporting two underlying principles. Firstly, there should be one negative concord item (NCI) per clause and secondly, an NCI like nobadi ‘nobody’ can only have scope over the clause if it is in a prominent syntactic position within the verb phrase, i.e. immediately following the verb.
Negation and negative concord in Guinea-Bissau Kriyol (in comparison with Portuguese, substrate-adstrate languages and other Portuguese Creoles)
Authors: Kihm Alain
Published: November 2018

Unlike its Portuguese source, Guinea-Bissau Kriyol is a strict negative concord (NC) language, meaning that everything that can be negative in a negative sentence must be negative: cf. Ningin ka bindi nada {nobody neg sell nothing} ‘Nobody sold anything’. Portuguese, in contrast, is a partial NC language: NC only obtains if no negative word precedes the negator: cf. O João não vendeu nada {the John neg sold nothing} ‘John didn’t sell anything’ vs. Ninguém vendeu nada {nobody sold nothing} ‘Nobody sold anything’.

The present article attempts to account for this difference. First, it shows it cannot be directly ascribed to the influence of the languages Kriyol is mostly in contact with (Mandinka, Manjaku, Wolof) as they have anti-NC grammars in which generic nouns meaning ‘person’ or ‘thing’ are used in negative contexts with the meaning of negative polarity items such as anybody and anything. The transition from partial to strict NC is therefore likely to be an internal process, the main cause of which is identified as a change in the lexical category of the negator. Whereas Portuguese não is an adverb, Kriyol ka is a polarity marker belonging to the verbal complex along with TMA markers. (This is where contact languages may have interfered.) Formalizing the data in a linear syntax framework allows one to show how such a lexical difference will result in the observed syntactic difference, as well as to propose a few tentative generalizations about the possible occurrence of partial NC as a type, next to the more widespread strict NC (Kriyol), no-NC (Standard English), and anti-NC (Mandinka).
Negation in Palenquero
Authors: Schwegler Armin
Published: November 2018

This study offers an up-to-date (synchronic) overview of Palenquero predicate negation, and seeks to explain how and why it has recently begun to undergo change, especially among the younger generations. Earlier descriptions (e.g., Dieck 2000, 2002, Schwegler 1991a, 1996a) revealed that Palenquero features a complex variable system in which the negative marker nu ‘not’ can be placed either before or after the verb, or both (embracing negation), as in: (1) nu + VERB, (2) nu + VERB + nu, and (3) VERB + nu. Scholars have been in general agreement that all three strategies express the same propositional content, but there has been dispute as to underlying causes for the variable selection between these strategies. Sections 1 and 2 of this article provide a fresh look at the issue, and defend the hypothesis (pace Schwegler 1991a but contra Dieck 2000, 2002) that subtle contextually-derived conditions rather than morphosyntactic considerations best explain the selection and felicity of a given negation strategy. This discussion in turn will help explain certain aspects of negative concord, including the behavior of Spanish-derived negative polarity items like Pal. nunka ‘never’, tampoko ‘(n)either’, and so forth.
Community Service-learning for Spanish Heritage Learners
Authors: Lowther Pereira Kelly
Published: November 2018

This book proposes community service-learning as a critical pedagogy that connects learners and communities to address key challenges in heritage language education. The book’s purpose is two-fold: to fill a crucial gap in empirical research on community service-learning in the heritage language context, as well as to provide language educators and practitioners essential guidelines for designing community service-learning courses, with particular attention paid to the characteristics and needs of Spanish heritage language learners. This book presents compelling evidence demonstrating the central role community service-learning plays in developing heritage language learners’ identities, connections to the heritage language community, language attitudes, and social, cultural, and sociolinguistic awareness. Importantly, this book also addresses the often-overlooked perspectives of community partners and liaisons. As the first original research monograph on community service-learning for Spanish heritage language learners, this pioneering book will undoubtedly aid students, instructors and administrators across all levels of language education.
The Discourse of Online Sportscasting
Authors: Chovanec Jan
Published: November 2018

This book offers the first comprehensive linguistic analysis of live text commentary, one of the most innovative online genres of modern news media. The study focuses on written sports commentaries in online newspapers that enable partial real-time audience involvement in the media text. Adopting an approach from interactional pragmatics, the book identifies the genre’s characteristic micro-linguistic features as well as its unique narrative structure. Live text commentary is shown to be a hybrid and multimodal text format – an internally complex form of media communication that combines elements of live spoken broadcasting, blogging, informal conversation and online chat. It aims to inform as well as entertain the audience: by using humour, banter and real or staged dialogue it seeks to create a sense of community among its readers – sports fans. The book will be of interest to many scholars in linguistic pragmatics, discourse analysis and social sciences, as well as to all others interested in modern online genres, news media and sports discourse.
The individual and the group from a corpus perspective
Authors: Barlow Michael
Published: November 2018

The connection between the individual and the group has been a recurring issue since the earliest investigations into the nature of language. The contribution made here is to provide some empirical data on individual differences in the production of phrases and constructions. For this purpose, we examine some aspects of the speech of five White House press secretaries. The results show that individual speakers reuse favoured constructions and routines, leading to a clear disparity in the frequency of common lexical and grammatical patterns among the different press secretaries. Investigating the extent of idiolectal variation provides a baseline for assessing corpus results based on aggregate data and for understanding the connection between the individual and the group.
Epistemic must in an English-Swedish contrastive perspective
Authors: Aijmer Karin
Published: November 2018

Must in English and måste in Swedish do not mean quite the same thing and they have different formal and functional properties as can be shown from a translation perspective. They occur for example with different frequencies in the two languages. Must is mainly epistemic while the deontic meaning predominates with måste. Several factors play a role for the semantic-pragmatic function of must such as the degree of speaker certainty and the type and source of evidence. It is shown that must is used both to express the speaker’s stance and with hearer-appeal in situations where the hearer is assumed to know more than the speaker. Måste is closely associated with certainty and with inferential meaning.
Translating fictional characters – Alice and the Queen from the Wonderland in English and Czech
Authors: Čermáková Anna , Mahlberg Michaela
Published: November 2018

In this chapter, we propose a novel theoretical framework for the literary translation of fictional characters. This framework develops the cognitive corpus linguistic notion of mind-modelling to account for process-, product- and function-oriented aspects of literary translation. We use the examples of Alice and the Queen from Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland to compare character cues across the English original and a Czech translation. The character cues we focus on are reporting verbs. Reporting verbs, as part of the presentation of fictional speech, form a central component of narrative fiction and so provide an ideal evidential basis for our theoretical framework. The translation shifts we found through our comparison of source and target text specifically include gendered uses of reporting verbs. By approaching the target text as both a translation and a reading of the text in its own right we are able to view translation shifts as a reflection of shifts in the mind-modelling of fictional characters.
Analogy
Authors: Fischer Olga
Published: November 2018

This paper investigates and surveys the role played by analogy in language learning and processing, and its position in models of change such as grammaticalization and diachronic construction grammar. I will illustrate the importance of analogy by looking at Hermann Paul’s Prinzipien der Sprachgeschichte (1880), indicating that his ideas on how languages are learned and change are closely connected and pervaded by analogical notions. These ideas have recently become current again, after long neglect within linguistic models since the 1950s, and now form the basis for experiments and recent work in cognitive science. The presence of analogy in change will be highlighted through a review of a number of recent diachronic studies, where I will argue that analogy helps to explain the development of the new constructions there investigated.*