bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A measure of SRS/SRT plan quality: Quantitative limits for intermediate dose spill (R50%) in linac‐based delivery
Authors: Desai Dharmin D. , Cordrey Ivan L. , Johnson E. L.
Published: March 2022

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) of multiple cranial targets using a single isocenter on conventional C‐arm linear accelerators are rapidly developing clinical techniques. However, no universal guidelines for acceptable intermediate dose spill limits are currently available or widely accepted. In this work, we propose an intermediate dose spill guidance range for cranial SRS/SRT delivered on C‐arm linacs with MLC collimation for single PTV plans and single isocenter multiple target plans with PTV volumes in the range 0.02–57.9 cm3. We quantify intermediate dose spill with the R50% metric (R50% = volume of 50% of prescription isodose cloud / volume of PTV) and test the proposed range using three clinical data sets, containing both 6 MV and 10 MV beams, previously published by other authors. Our proposed lower limit of R50% (LowerR50%) and upper limit of acceptable R50% (UpperR50%) bound over 90% of the clinical data used in this study, yet still provide a challenging benchmark for optimization and plan assessment of linac‐based, MLC collimated SRS/SRT.
Impulsivity is associated with firing regularity in parkinsonian ventral subthalamic nucleus
Authors: Vissani Matteo , Micheli Federico , Pecchioli Guido , Ramat Silvia , Mazzoni Alberto
Published: March 2022

Impulsive–compulsive behaviors (ICB) are over‐represented in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Neurons in the ventral subthalamic nucleus (STN) might play a predominant role in the modulation of impulsivity. We characterized the firing regularity of 742 subthalamic neurons from 24 PD patients (12 ICB+ and 12 ICB‐) in an OFF medication state. We computed the firing regularity in the dorsal and ventral STN regions, and we compared their performance in discriminating ICB patients. Regularity of ventral neurons in ICB+ patients is higher and supports a significant discrimination between the two cohorts. These results substantiate a ventral location of neurons involved in impulsivity.
Early Relationships of a Low‐Energy Diet With Symptoms of Fibromyalgia
Authors: Stubbs Aaron , Harte Steve , Clauw Daniel J. , Williams David A. , McAfee Jenna , Miller Nicole , Brown Megan , Med Catherine Nay , Rothberg Amy , Schrepf Andrew
Published: March 2022

Objective

Previous studies have demonstrated that weight loss has been shown to improve pain in weight‐bearing joints, and more recent studies suggest that weight loss may be accompanied by improvements in pain in non–weight‐bearing regions. In previous work, we demonstrated that these symptoms improve substantially in patients with obesity undergoing 12 weeks of a very low‐energy diet (VLED) restricted to 800 kcal as part of a weight‐loss program. Preclinical models also have shown analgesic effects of calorie restriction. The purpose of the current observational study was to determine the time course and trajectory of improvement in pain and other symptoms, especially during the early phase of a VLED intervention, prior to major weight loss.

Methods

Participants were 195 individuals with obesity who had elevated levels of pain and associated symptoms at baseline (score of ≥4 on Fibromyalgia Survey Criteria) and completed a minimum of 3 weeks of a VLED intervention. The primary outcome was improvement in Fibromyalgia Survey Criteria at week 3. In secondary analyses, we created groups of those showing little/no improvement, moderate improvement, and high improvement (little/no improvement mean, 2.21; SD, 1.02; moderate improvement mean, 2.25; SD, 0.81; high improvement mean, 2.42; SD, 0.95; F2,189 = 1.01, P = 0.37), then compared baseline characteristics.

Results

A large proportion of study participants (72%) experienced symptom reductions of 30% or greater by week 3, but there were no differences in the amount of weight lost at this time point. Those who showed little or no improvement (less than 30%) had a higher body mass index at baseline and were more likely to report a diagnosis of depression (both P < 0.05).

Conclusion

This degree of improvement after 3 weeks of a VLED is encouraging. These findings help establish the temporal pattern of symptom improvement associated with caloric restriction and suggest that the palliative effects of this diet are at least partly due to the diet itself, rather than the weight loss that ensues.
Architectonisation: The Spatio‐Temporal Rhythms of Contemporary Sculptural Practices
Authors: Cotter Suzanne
Published: March 2022

Suzanne Cotter is Director of the Museum of Contemporary Art Australia. Here she explains some of the artistic installations and performances she curated while Director of the Alvaro Siza‐designed Serralves Museum of Contemporary Art in Porto, Portugal. She reflects on exhibitions she curated with three individual artists whose work engages with concepts of architecture as an aesthetic and social language of agency.
Heavyweight: Undermining Power Structures Through Spatial Destabilisation and Force Simulation
Authors: Halstead Jeffrey
Published: March 2022

Interdisciplinary artist, educator and practitioner Jeffrey Halstead’s artistic and spatial explorations reside in the effects of weight, the associated collapse of material and how gravity can be used to distort and challenge the collective power structures of traditional architectural space. Here he describes his rationale and some of the projects that have inspired him to think through alternative modes in contemporary formalism.
Rendering Representational Atmosphere Appropriating Formalisms Around Invisible Objects in Film
Authors: Lostritto Carl
Published: March 2022

We often assume that to render form is to solidify, materialise or bake designed digital geometry into a reality. There is another way. Rendering can be an act of form generation that depends on an object but represents everything but the object. Carl Lostritto, Associate Professor at Rhode Island School of Design, explains how other forms of representation can emerge from this phenomenon.
Rebellious Architecture: Bayou Reconstructed
Authors: McEwen V Mitch , Robinson Kristina Kay
Published: March 2022

Through redefined notions of collaboration, V Mitch McEwen and Kristina Kay Robinson intertwined their respective critical and creative works into the project R:R, exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York in 2021. McEwen, an Assistant Professor of Architecture at Princeton University, and Robinson, a New Orleans‐based writer, artist and curator, question given truths in the architectural, the cultural and the systemic, while envisioning alternative conditions of Black life in America.
Highly Active Oxygen Coordinated Configuration of Fe Single‐Atom Catalyst toward Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 into Multi‐Carbon Products
Authors: Lakshmanan Keseven , Huang Wei‐Hsiang , Chala Soressa Abera , Taklu Bereket Woldegbreal , Moges Endalkachew Asefa , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Huang Pei‐Yu , Lee Yao‐Chang , Tsai Meng‐Che , Su Wei‐Nien , Hwang Bing Joe
Published: March 2022

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2RR) into value‐added chemicals is a promising tactic to mitigate global warming. However, this process resists catalyst preparation, low faradaic efficiency (FE%) towards multi‐carbon products, and insights into mechanistic understanding. Indeed, it is demonstrated that this Fe single‐atom catalyst (Fe SAC) exists in three oxygen coordination of Fe–(O)3 configuration in Nafion coated functionalized multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (Fe‐n‐f‐CNTs), which is obtained via a simple ionic exchange method under ambient conditions. The electrochemical performance reveals that Fe SACs achieve an FE of 45% and a yield rate of 56.42 µmol cm−2 h−1 at −0.8 VRHE for ethanol. In situ X‐ray analysis reveals that the Fe SACs have variable electronic states and keeps close +3 of the oxidation state at the potential range of CO2RR. The catalytic feature reduces the reaction energy and induces the electrons transferred to the adsorbed products intermediates of *COOH and *OCHO, thus promoting CO. The carboxylic functional group on the CNTs stabilizes the Fe active sites via electrostatic interaction, verified by density functional theory calculations. The yield rate of Fe SACs indicates that the Fe single‐atom site can instantly provide a large CO to help conversion of CO2‐to‐C2 product on the CNTs.
Novel FeF2/Fe1–xS Nanoreactor‐Mediated Mitochondrial Dysfunction via Oxidative Stress and Fluoride Ions Overloaded for Synergistic Chemodynamic Therapy and Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Zhang Songtao , Jin Longhai , Liu Jianhua , Wang Yinghui , Zhang Tianqi , Liu Yang , Zhao Ying , Yin Na , Niu Rui , Xue Dongzhi , Yu Yong , Yang Yang
Published: March 2022

Selecting subcellular organelles as therapeutic targets have drawn great interest for cancer treatment. Herein, novel nanotheranostic agents FeF2/Fe1–xS nanorods modified by polyethylene glycol (FFSNRs‐PEG) are first synthesized for tumor microenvironments (TME) responsive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guided synergetic cancer therapy focused on the mitochondria. In TME, the Fe2+ and F− ions released from FFSNRs‐PEG can make mitochondrial damage via the production of toxic ·OH through Fenton reaction and activation of caspase‐3, resulting in apoptosis and cell death. Taking advantage of the strong absorption of FFSNRs‐PEG in the second biowindow (1000–1700 nm), the photothermal effect boosts the efficiency of Fenton reaction to achieve synergetic chemodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy under near‐infrared light (1064 nm) irradiation. In addition, benefiting from the self‐oxidation effect, the FFSNRs‐PEG can serve as a novel TME‐responsive contrast agent for T2‐weighted MRI. Overall, this work highlights an innovative “weapon” to realize TME‐responsive tumor diagnosis and synergetic therapies focused on the mitochondria.
3D Printed High‐Strength Supramolecular Polymer Hydrogel‐Cushioned Radially and Circumferentially Oriented Meniscus Substitute
Authors: Zhang Qian , Xu Ziyang , Zhang Xiaoping , Liu Changjun , Yang Rong , Sun Yage , Zhang Yahan , Liu Wenguang
Published: March 2022

Developing a meniscal replacement with reliable long‐term mechanical and functional support has faced a grand challenge due to difficulty in recapitulating the anisotropic microarchitecture and modulus. Herein, a high‐strength supramolecular polymer hydrogel‐cushioned biomimetic structured meniscus replacement is reported for the first time. The radially and circumferentially oriented poly(e‐caprolactone) (PCL) fiber framework is 3D printed to imitate collagen fibers in the native meniscus to provide circumferential tensile supports. Then, hydrogen bonding strengthened anti‐swelling poly(N‐acryloyl glycinamide) (PNAGA) hydrogel that replicates the function of proteoglycan in resisting axial compressive loads is infused into the 3D printed PCL framework, thus fulfilling a durable energy absorbing and cushion function, which far outperforms the performance of conventional polyacrylamide hydrogel. The PNAGA‐cushioned PCL construct can achieve Young's moduli of 20.15 ± 1.37 MPa in the circumferential direction and 10.43 ± 1.54 MPa in the radial direction, a compressive modulus of 1.11 ± 0.14 MPa as well as a tearing energy of 17.00 ± 2.07 kJ m−2. This 3D printed PCL‐PNAGA meniscus scaffold is implanted into rabbit knee joints for 12 weeks and in vivo outcome demonstrates the structural stability and efficient protection against wearing of the cartilage, meanwhile ameliorating the development of osteoarthritis.
Alloying Co Species into Ordered and Interconnected Macroporous Carbon Polyhedra for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Li Wei , Liu Bo , Liu Da , Guo Peifang , Liu Jing , Wang Ruirui , Guo Yanhui , Tu Xin , Pan Hongge , Sun Dalin , Fang Fang , Wu Renbing
Published: March 2022

Engineering non‐precious transition metal (TM)‐based electrocatalysts to simultaneously achieve an optimal intrinsic activity, high density of active sites, and rapid mass transfer ability for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) remains a significant challenge. To address this challenge, a hybrid composite consisting of FexCo alloy nanoparticles uniformly implanted into hierarchically ordered macro‐/meso‐/microporous N‐doped carbon polyhedra (HOMNCP) is rationally designed. The combined results of experimental and theoretical investigations indicate that the alloying of Co enables a favorable electronic structure for the formation of the *OH intermediate, while the periodically trimodal‐porous structured carbon matrix structure not only provides highly accessible channels for active site utilization but also dramatically facilitates mass transfer in the catalytic process. As expected, the Fe0.5Co@HOMNCP composite catalyst exhibits extraordinary ORR activity with a half‐wave potential of 0.903 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode), surpassing most Co‐based catalysts reported to date. More remarkably, the use of the Fe0.5Co@HOMNCP catalyst as the air electrode in a zinc–air battery results in superior open‐circuit voltage and power density compared to a commercial Pt/C + IrO2 catalyst. The results of this study are expected to inspire the development of advanced TM‐based catalysts for energy storage and conversion applications.
Dative Epitaxy of Commensurate Monocrystalline Covalent van der Waals Moiré Supercrystal
Authors: Bian Mengying , Zhu Liang , Wang Xiao , Choi Junho , Chopdekar Rajesh V. , Wei Sichen , Wu Lishu , Huai Chang , Marga Austin , Yang Qishuo , Li Yuguang C. , Yao Fei , Yu Ting , Crooker Scott A. , Cheng Xuemei M. , Sabirianov Renat F. , Zhang Shengbai , Lin Junhao , Hou Yanglong , Zeng Hao
Published: March 2022

Realizing van der Waals (vdW) epitaxy in the 1980s represents a breakthrough that circumvents the stringent lattice matching and processing compatibility requirements in conventional covalent heteroepitaxy. However, due to the weak vdW interactions, there is little control over film qualities by the substrate. Typically, discrete domains with a spread of misorientation angles are formed, limiting the applicability of vdW epitaxy. Here, the epitaxial growth of monocrystalline, covalent Cr5Te8 2D crystals on monolayer vdW WSe2 by chemical vapor deposition is reported, driven by interfacial dative bond formation. The lattice of Cr5Te8, with a lateral dimension of a few tens of micrometers, is fully commensurate with that of WSe2 via 3 × 3 (Cr5Te8)/7 × 7 (WSe2) supercell matching, forming a single‐crystalline moiré superlattice. This work establishes a conceptually distinct paradigm of thin‐film epitaxy, termed “dative epitaxy”, which takes full advantage of covalent epitaxy with chemical bonding for fixing the atomic registry and crystal orientation, while circumventing its stringent lattice matching and processing compatibility requirements; conversely, it ensures the full flexibility of vdW epitaxy, while avoiding its poor orientation control. Cr5Te8 2D crystals grown by dative epitaxy exhibit square magnetic hysteresis, suggesting minimized interfacial defects that can serve as pinning sites.
Magnon‐Coupled Intralayer Moiré Trion in Monolayer Semiconductor–Antiferromagnet Heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Yan , Kim Heejun , Zhang Wenjin , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Gao Yanlin , Maruyama Mina , Okada Susumu , Shinokita Keisuke , Matsuda Kazunari
Published: March 2022

Moiré fringe patterns created by stacking different 2D layered materials as artificial van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures have become a novel platform to study and engineer optically generated excitonic properties. The moiré patterns contribute to the formation of spatially ordered excitonic states (excitons and trions), which can be used in the quantum simulation of many‐body systems and ensembles of coherent quantum light emitters. The intriguing moiré excitonic properties are affected by and controlled via the interaction with magnetic elements. Here, a moiré excitonic system interacting with the magnetic elementary excitation of antiferromagnetic orders in MoSe2/MnPS3 vdW heterostructures is reported. The low‐temperature photoluminescence spectra with additional fine spectral structures on the low‐energy side, which are coupled magnon–trion peaks below the Néel temperature of MnPS3, are carefully investigated. The fine spectral structures with long lifetime and coherence time are assigned to intralayer trion–magnon complexes trapped in the moiré potentials (moiré trion–magnon complexes). These findings highlight the emergence of moiré trion–magnon complexes and provide a new way to explore novel quantum phenomena in moiré excitonic systems with magnetic functionalities.
A Molecular‐Switch‐Embedded Organic Photodiode for Capturing Images against Strong Backlight
Authors: Kang Mingyun , Hassan Syed Zahid , Ko Seong‐Min , Choi Changwon , Kim Juhee , Parumala Santosh K. R. , Kim Yun‐Hi , Jang Yun Hee , Yoon Jinhwan , Jee Dong‐Woo , Chung Dae Sung
Published: March 2022

When the intensity of the incident light increases, the photocurrents of organic photodiodes (OPDs) exhibit relatively early saturation, due to which OPDs cannot easily detect objects against strong backlights, such as sunlight. In this study, this problem is addressed by introducing a light‐intensity‐dependent transition of the operation mode, such that the operation mode of the OPD autonomously changes to overcome early photocurrent saturation as the incident light intensity passes the threshold intensity. The photoactive layer is doped with a strategically designed and synthesized molecular switch, 1,2‐bis‐(2‐methyl‐5‐(4‐cyanobiphenyl)‐3‐thienyl)tetrafluorobenzene (DAB). The proposed OPD exhibits a typical OPD performance with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of <100% and a photomultiplication behavior with an EQE of >100% under low‐intensity and high‐intensity light illuminations, respectively, thereby resulting in an extension of the photoresponse linearity to a light intensity of 434 mW cm−2. This unique and reversible transition of the operation mode can be explained by the unbalanced quantum yield of photocyclization/photocycloreversion of the molecular switch. The details of the operation mechanism are discussed in conjunction with various photophysical analyses. Furthermore, they establish a prototype image sensor with an array of molecular‐switch‐embedded OPD pixels to demonstrate their extremely high sensitivity against strong light illumination.
Template‐Guided C8‐BTBT/MAPbBr3/C8‐BTBT Heterostructures for Broadband Bipolar Phototransistors
Authors: Wang Zhongpu , Liu Jia , Liu Xiaosong , Jin Jiyou , Liu Hui , Peng Kang , Peng Zhisheng , Wei Haonan , Chu Weiguo , Fan Weimin , Yang Changchun , Sun Lianfeng , Li Yong Jun
Published: March 2022

Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) has had an unprecedented impact on the electronic industry and helped to usher in the digital revolution prominently. However, the critical part of BJT, p–n junction, is formed by carefully incorporating substitutional impurities in traditional bulk semiconductors and it is difficult to implement in nanostructured device. In this work, a floating‐base BJT device is demonstrated by growing C8‐BTBT/MAPbBr3/C8‐BTBT PNP heterostructure in liquid phase. Growth of two semiconductor microwires into a crisscross heterojunction is achieved through template‐guided printing and antisolvent crystallization method. The proof‐of‐concept phototransistor demonstrates broadband light absorption from ultraviolet (UV) to visible spectral region, which exhibits enhanced photoresponsivities of 1.28 A W–1 to UV and 0.425 A W–1 to visible light, respectively. In addition, the improved photoelectric amplification behavior of C8‐BTBT/MAPbBr3/C8‐BTBT phototransistor is observed by comparing with the performance of C8‐BTBT/MAPbBr3 two‐component photodiode. The maximal gain can reach up to ≈600 and can be maintained ≥200 at the positive bias. The device provides new attractive prospects in the investigation of integrated circuits based on micro‐structured semiconductors.
Atomic Layer Deposition of the Conductive Delafossite PtCoO2
Authors: Hagen Dirk J. , Yoon Jiho , Zhang Haojie , Kalkofen Bodo , Silinskas Mindaugas , Börrnert Felix , Han Hyeon , Parkin Stuart S. P.
Published: March 2022

The first atomic layer deposition process for a ternary oxide is reported, which contains a metal of the platinum group, the delafossite PtCoO2. The deposition with the precursors trimethyl‐Pt‐methylcyclopentadienyl, Co‐bis(N‐t‐butyl‐N′‐ethylpropanimidamidate), and oxygen plasma results in a process with a nearly constant growth rate and stoichiometric composition over a wide temperature window from 100 to 320 °C. Annealing of the as‐deposited amorphous films in an oxygen atmosphere in a temperature window from 700 to 800 °C leads to the formation of the delafossite phase. Very thin films show a pronounced preferred orientation with the Pt sheets being almost parallel to the substrate surface while arbitrary orientation is observed for thicker films. The conformal coating of narrow trenches highlights the potential of this atomic‐layer‐deposition process. Moreover, heterostructures with magnetic films are fabricated to demonstrate the potential of PtCoO2 for spintronic applications.
Guiding Graphene Derivatization for the On‐Chip Multisensor Arrays: From the Synthesis to the Theoretical Background
Authors: Rabchinskii Maxim K. , Sysoev Victor V. , Glukhova Olga E. , Brzhezinskaya Maria , Stolyarova Dina Yu. , Varezhnikov Alexey S. , Solomatin Maksim A. , Barkov Pavel V. , Kirilenko Demid A. , Pavlov Sergei I. , Baidakova Marina V. , Shnitov Vladimir V. , Struchkov Nikolai S. , Nefedov Denis Yu. , Antonenko Anastasiia O. , Cai P. , Liu Z. , Brunkov Pavel N.
Published: March 2022

Engineering the physics and chemistry of 2D materials is a key to unlock the potential of the advanced e‐nose technologies limited by the current semiconductor technologies. Herein, the adjustment of the graphene's morphology, physics, and gas sensing properties upon its carboxylation via the developed photochemical method is demonstrated. Formation of matrices of nanoscale holes yet with the retention of the lamellar structure of the graphene layer is signified upon the introduction of up to 9.5 at% of carboxyl groups. The impact of the applied carboxylation on the conduction mechanism and electronic structure is demonstrated. The appearance of a set of the localized states in the valence band is revealed, originating from the molecular orbitals of carboxyls as is signified by the proposed approach for the identification of electronic states in graphene chemical derivatives. Given holey structure, predominance of highly affine carboxyls, and lateral inhomogeneity, the enhanced detection and discrimination of various alcohols, acetone, and ammonia vapors at room temperature is demonstrated. The opposite chemiresistive response toward ammonia in the humid air is also experimentally revealed and justified by the performed density functional theory modeling on the effect of ammonia, water, and their mix on electronic structure, and resistivity of the carboxylated graphene.
2D Wavelength‐Polarization Dispersive Microspectroscope Based on a Hybrid Plasmonic Helical Nanostructure
Authors: Sun Zhiguang , Chen Huan , Zhang Zhenglong , Pan Lujun , Yang Yiming , Dong Bin , Fang Yurui
Published: March 2022

Microspectrometer features remarkable portability and integration and is prospected to provide quick detection tools to daily life and revolutionize research techniques. Due to the extremely finite footprint, microspectrometer can hardly analyze the polarization feature by placing a polarizer in the optical path as conventional spectrometers. Here, a novel 2D wavelength‐polarization dispersive microspectroscope based on a carbon nanocoil with plasmonic Au nanoparticles (Au/CNC) as a dispersive component is demonstrated. The unique 2D dispersion properties of Au/CNC are examined by microspectroscopic and Fourier spatial microscopic exploration. Au/CNC disperses light as wavelength to bands of different diffraction orders like a grating along the coil axis. The wavelength of the incident light can be obtained from the location of the signal lines in a relatively large visible‐near‐infrared wavelength range. Perpendicular to the coil axis, incident light is dispersed as polarization with bright and dark areas. Therefore, the left‐ and right‐circularly polarized light can be distinguished, and polarization orientation of linearly polarized light can be obtained. This effect provides a powerful microspectrometer that simultaneously analyzes wavelength and polarization features. Moreover, this potent tool can further evolve new revolutionary techniques via integration with other systems.
3D Microstructured Frequency Selective Surface Based on Carbonized Polyimide Films for Terahertz Applications
Authors: Hlaing May Zin , Karthikeyan Vaithinathan , Wu Wei , Chen Bao Jie , Ng Aaron Kubong , Chan Chi‐Hou , De Souza Maria Merlyne , Roy Vellaisamy A. L.
Published: March 2022

In recent years, frequency selective surface (FSS)‐based two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) carbon materials such as carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes, and carbon‐filled filaments are essential tools to design millimeter‐wave radomes, absorbers, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and antenna reflectors in gigahertz (GHz) regimes. Terahertz (THz) technologies are gaining attentions from medical imaging to security surveillance. In this work, a 3D microstructured FSS using carbon‐based polyimide as a precursor to enhance the resonant frequency at the THz range. Furthermore, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are embedded on 3D microsturctured carbonized polyimide (3D‐CPI) film to improve their FSS property through plasmonic effects. From the time domain spectroscopy measurements, 3D‐CPI FSS film shows band‐stop filter properties in the frequency range of 0.5–1.5 THz and with a maximum return loss (RL) of 40.5 dB (at the resonant frequency of 1 THz). The 3D‐CPI/AuNPs film demonstrates the highest RL of 43.7 dB at the higher excitation resonance frequency ≈1.06 THz due to the interaction of plasmonic electrons with scattered delocalized electrons in carbon, which induces the mechanisms for EMI shielding. The results will open insight into 3D plasmonic carbon microstructures as an EMI shielding material at THz frequency.
Stochastic Binding Dynamics of a Photoswitchable Single Supramolecular Complex
Authors: Su Dingkai , Zhou Shuyao , Masai Hiroshi , Liu Zihao , Zhou Ce , Yang Chen , Li Zhizhou , Tsuda Susumu , Liu Zhirong , Terao Jun , Guo Xuefeng
Published: March 2022

In this work, a real‐time precise electrical method to directly monitor the stochastic binding dynamics of a single supramolecule based on the host‐guest interaction between a cyclodextrin and an azo compound is reported. Different intermolecular binding states during the binding process are distinguished by conductance signals detected from graphene‐molecule‐graphene single‐molecule junctions. In combination with theoretical calculations, the reciprocating and unidirectional motions in the trans form as well as the restrained reciprocating motion in the cis form due to the steric hindrance is observed, which could be reversibly switched by visible and UV irradiation. The integration of individual supramolecules into nanocircuits not only offers a facile and effective strategy to probe the dynamic process of supramolecular systems, but also paves the way to construct functional molecular devices toward real applications such as switches, sensors, and logic devices.
All‐in‐One Process for Color Tuning and Patterning of Perovskite Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Junho , Seo Ki‐Won , Lee SeungJae , Kim Kyungmin , Kim Changjo , Lee Jung‐Yong
Published: March 2022

Although post‐synthetic anion exchange allows halide perovskite quantum dots to easily change the optical bandgap of materials, additional exchange of shorter ligands is required to use them as active materials in optoelectronic devices. In this study, a novel all‐in‐one process exchanging ligands and halide anions in film‐state for facile color tuning and patterning of cesium lead halide perovskite colloidal quantum dot (PeQD) light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) is proposed. The proposed all‐in‐one process significantly enhances the performances of PeQD LEDs by passivating the PeQD with shorter ligands. In addition, the all‐in‐one process is repeated more stably in the film state. Red, green, and blue LEDs with extremely narrow emission spectra using cesium lead bromide PeQDs and appropriate butylammonium halide solutions are fabricated. Furthermore, the proposed all‐in‐one process in film‐state facilitated rapid color change in localized areas, thereby aiding in realizing fine patterns of narrow widths (300 µm) using simple contact masks. Consequently, various paint‐over red/green/blue patterns in PeQD LEDs by applying halide solutions additively are fabricated.
Soil sampling depth impact on phosphorus yield response prediction in winter wheat
Authors: Reed Vaughn , Finch Bronc , Souza Joao , Watkins Patrick , Arnall Brian
Published: March 2022

Nutrient stratification of no‐till managed soil can affect soil test analysis levels of plant‐available phosphorus (P). Research has suggested sampling to different depths due to soil acidity, but little work has been conducted to investigate any change to sampling recommendations for immobile nutrients. The objective of this study was to determine the soil sampling depth that had the greatest relationship with yield response to fertilizer‐P. The depths sampled in this study were 0–5, 0–10, 0–15, 10–30, 5–10, 5–15, 10–15, and 15–30 cm. The results indicated that the top 15 cm of a soil profile had the greatest amount of Mehlich 3 extractable P (M3P) available and that the 5‐to‐10 and 5‐to‐15‐cm depths had the highest correlation with relative yield. Soil depths outside of the proposed root zone of winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) (15–30 cm) had the lowest correlation with yield response.
Differentiable Content Addressable Memory with Memristors
Authors: Pedretti Giacomo , Graves Catherine E. , Van Vaerenbergh Thomas , Serebryakov Sergey , Foltin Martin , Sheng Xia , Mao Ruibin , Li Can , Strachan John Paul
Published: March 2022

Memristors, Flash, and related nonvolatile analog device technologies offer in‐memory computing structures operating in the analog domain, such as accelerating linear matrix operations in array structures. These take advantage of analog tunability and large dynamic range. At the other side, content addressable memories (CAM) are fast digital lookup tables which effectively perform nonlinear Boolean logic and return a digital match/mismatch value. Recently, nonvolatile analog CAMs have been presented merging analog storage and analog search operations with digital match/mismatch output. However, CAM blocks cannot easily be inserted within a larger adaptive system due to the challenges of training and learning with binary outputs. Here, a missing link between analog crossbar arrays and CAMs, namely a differentiable content addressable memory (dCAM), is presented. Utilizing nonvolatile memories that act as a “soft” memory with analog outputs, dCAM enables learning and fine‐tuning of the memory operation and performance. Four applications are quantitatively evaluated to highlight the capabilities: improved data pattern storage, improved robustness to noise and variability, reduced energy and latency performance, and an application to solving Boolean satisfiability optimization problems. The use of dCAM is envisioned as a core building block of fully differentiable computing systems employing multiple types of analog compute operations and memories.
The Impact of Benzothiadiazole on the Optoelectronic Performance of Polymer/PC71BM Blend Films and Their Application in NIR Phototransistors
Authors: Ma Lanchao , Li Zhengang , Chen Bing , Xue Peiyao , Wang Zemin , Wu Yibo , Zhan Xiaowei , Liu Yunqi , Chen Xingguo
Published: March 2022

D‐A conjugated polymers P1 and P2 are synthesized by copolymerizing bisthiophene‐fused diketopyrrolopyrrole (4,11‐bis(2‐decyltetradecyl)‐7H,14H‐thieno[3',2':7,8]‐indolizino[2,1‐a]thieno[3,2‐g]indolizine‐7,14‐dione, BTI) with terthiophene and thiophene‐benzothiadiazole‐thiophene, respectively. Molecular packing is characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The film morphology is characterized by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. The vertical phase separation is characterized by XPS. The mechanism of film morphology formation is explained from intermolecular interaction, kinetics, and surface free energy. The spin‐coated films of polymers blended with PC71BM are served as semiconductor layers in near‐infrared (NIR) phototransistors. The impact of morphology on optoelectronic performance is analyzed. The mobility of organic field effect transistors based on P1 or P2 thin films remains constant with the addition of PC71BM with weight ratio being less than 50%. The main reason is that π–π stacking in both P1 and P2 thin films is at all directions and PC71BM does not disturb the charge percolation path. Benzothiadiazole in P2 enables stronger mutual attraction between P2 and PC71BM, and therefore large contact area between P2 and PC71BM forms in the heterojunction. The photoresponsivity improves by 2 times for NIR phototransistors based on P2/PC71BM when decreasing light intensity from 63 to 1.8 µW cm‐2. The above results suggest a feasible conjugated polymer design rule for high sensitivity NIR phototransistors.
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Incorporation of Indium and Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Improved ZnO‐Based DSSCs
Authors: Schol Peter R. , Zhang Wen‐Shan , Scharl Tobias , Kunzmann Andreas , Peukert Wolfgang , Schröder Rasmus R. , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: March 2022

A common goal in renewable energy research is the production of semiconductor layers with matching additives to gain desirable effects and advantages. Important examples are adjustment of the band gap, enhancing the conductivity, tailoring roughness of the semiconductor, or reducing the recombination rate of charge carriers. In this work a twofold approach is demonstrated. First, the intrinsic incorporation of indium into zinc oxide tunes the band gap of the semiconductor layer of the DSSCs. Second, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) as an extrinsic additive improves the charge transport capabilities. To better combine the SWCNTs with the semiconductor layer a protective ZnO shell is grown on the SWCNTs. A combination of current–voltage, incident photon to current efficiency, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic assays corroborates the positive effects of both additives on the cell performance. The effective charge‐carrier diffusion lengths are enhanced from 0.52 µm for pure ZnO to 5.12 µm for low SWCNT concentrations and 15 mol% of indium. This, as well as the increase in collection efficiency from 30.3% to 62.3% enables enhanced transport in these novel devices. A final device utilizing 0.1 wt% SWCNT@ZnO20nm and In15Zn85O yields a current density of 16.49 mA cm−2 and an efficiency of 4.46%.
Current approaches to management of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Authors: Goel Utkarsh , Usmani Saad , Kumar Shaji
Published: March 2022

Major developments in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) over the past decade have led to a continued improvement in survival. Significant progress has been made with deeper and longer remissions seen with newer treatment approaches—both for induction as well as maintenance therapy. The treatment approach to MM is guided by several factors including patient age, frailty, comorbidities, eligibility for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), and risk stratification into standard‐risk or high‐risk MM. High‐risk MM is defined by the presence of t(4;14), t(14;16), t(14;20), del (17p), TP53 mutation, or gain (1q). Transplant eligible patients should receive 4–6 cycles of induction followed by stem cell collection. Patients can then undergo ASCT, or continue induction therapy and shift to maintenance, delaying ASCT till first relapse. Transplant ineligible patients should receive induction therapy followed by maintenance. For induction therapy prior to ASCT, a proteasome inhibitor‐IMiD combination remains standard with monoclonal antibody‐based quadruplets preferred in high‐risk patients. Among transplant ineligible patients, those with standard‐risk MM should receive DRd continued until disease progression, while bortezomib containing regimens (VRd or VRd lite) can be considered for high‐risk patients. Finally, standard‐risk patients should receive lenalidomide maintenance after induction/ASCT, while proteasome inhibitor‐IMiD combinations should be used for high‐risk patients.
Using advanced racial and ethnic identity demographics to improve surveillance of work‐related conditions in an occupational clinic setting
Authors: Montoya‐Barthelemy Andre G. , Leniek Karyn , Bannister Emily , Rushing Marcus , Abrar Fozia A. , Baumann Tobias E. , Manly Madeleine , Wilhelm Jonathan , Niece Ashley , Riester Scott , Kim Hyun , Sellman Jonathan , Desai Jay , Anderson Paul J. , Bovard Ralph S. , Pronk Nicolas P. , McKinney Zeke J.
Published: March 2022

Background

Although racial and ethnic identities are associated with a multitude of disparate medical outcomes, surveillance of these subpopulations in the occupational clinic setting could benefit enormously from a more detailed and nuanced recognition of racial and ethnic identity.

Methods

The research group designed a brief questionnaire to capture several dimensions of this identity and collected data from patients seen for work‐related conditions in four occupational medicine clinics from May 2019 through March 2020. Responses were used to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of extant racial/ethnic identity data within our electronic health records system, and were compared to participants' self‐reported industry and occupation, coded according to North American Industry Classification System and Standard Occupational Classification System listings.

Results

Our questionnaire permitted collection of data that defined our patients' specific racial/ethnic identity with far greater detail, identified patients with multiple ethnic identities, and elicited their preferred language. Response rate was excellent (94.2%, n = 773). Non‐White participants frequently selected a racial/ethnic subcategory (78.1%–92.2%). Using our race/ethnicity data as a referent, the electronic health record (EHR) had a high specificity (>87.1%), widely variable sensitivity (11.8%–82.2%), and poorer response rates (75.1% for race, 82.5% for ethnicity, as compared to 93.8% with our questionnaire). Additional analyses revealed some industries and occupations disproportionately populated by patients of particular racial/ethnic identities.

Conclusions

Our project demonstrates the usefulness of a questionnaire which more effectively identifies racial/ethnic subpopulations in an occupational medicine clinic, permitting far more detailed characterization of their occupations, industries, and diagnoses.
A Bayesian perspective on Biogen's aducanumab trial
Authors: Temp Anna G. M. , Ly Alexander , van Doorn Johnny , Wagenmakers Eric‐Jan , Tang Yi , Lutz Michael W. , Teipel Stefan
Published: March 2022

This perspective is a companion to a recent editorial on the use of Bayesian analysis in clinical research. We aim to introduce and highlight the relevance and advantages that Bayesian inference offers to clinical trials using the data on the amyloid antibody aducanumab presented at a Food and Drug Administration hearing in November 2020 as an applied example. We apply Bayesian analysis of model plausibility and effect sizes based on simulated data of the two phase 3 trials of aducanumab in prodromal and mild dementia stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Bayesian analysis can quantify evidence in favor of, or against, the presence of an effect (i.e., provide evidence of absence), as well as assess the strength of the effect. This is in contrast to the binary conclusions provided by frequentist tests.
Photoluminescence and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Revealing Visible Emission of ZnO Quantum Dots
Authors: Kim Hong Hee , Lee Heebin , Kang Jeung Ku , Choi Won Kook
Published: March 2022

Both PL and EPR are simultaneously adopted to systematically elucidate the defect centers of green luminescence (GL) as well as the EPR peak g = 1.96 of ZnO and the relationship between them. The PL of ZnO QDs reveals that GL of 2.21–2.31 eV disappears at excitation wavelengths > 400 nm. This is related to the electronic transition from conduction band (CB), or shallow donor defect centers, to deep defects of VZn‐H complexes at ≈0.9 eV above the valence band (VB). The EPR peak g = 1.96 emerged only when irradiated with light shorter than 400 nm, which is explicitly correlated with the electrons trapped in the CB or the shallow donors participating in the GL. A spin‐spin relaxation time (T2) estimated from the peak‐to‐peak line width ΔHpp in the EPR signal is ≈17.5–52.5 ns, which is two orders of magnitude longer than known values for bulk or thin‐film ZnO.
Controllable Dispersive Wave Radiation from Pearcey Gaussian Pulses
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Li Haozhe , Wang Zhiteng , Chen Changshui , Zhang Lifu
Published: March 2022

The process of dispersive waves (DWs) emitted from unique Pearcey Gaussian (PG) pulses with both temporal and spectral asymmetric shapes in the anomalous dispersion region of optical fiber is investigated. In contrast to symmetric pulses such as fundamental soliton (Sech) or Gaussian, the radiation amplitude and energy conversion efficiency of DWs are significantly improved by adjusting the asymmetry of the spectral distribution and the temporal oscillation structure of PG pulses. It is shown that, for the case of PG pulses, the minimum value of third‐order dispersion parameter required for the emergence of DWs emission is nearly reduced 50% compared with the case of symmetric pulses. It is also shown that the radiation frequency of DWs emitted from PG pulses can be predicted by a modified phase matching condition. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with the numerical simulations. The impact of Raman scattering effects on the DWs emission is also disclosed. The results of this study clearly reveal the impact of the inherent behaviors of PG pulses on the DWs emission, which should be relevant for applications requiring broadband light sources based on the mechanism of DWs emission.
Structural Basis for the Prenylation Reaction of Carbazole‐Containing Natural Products Catalyzed by Squalene Synthase‐Like Enzymes
Authors: Nagata Ryuhei , Suemune Hironori , Kobayashi Masaya , Shinada Tetsuro , Shin‐ya Kazuo , Nishiyama Makoto , Hino Tomoya , Sato Yusuke , Kuzuyama Tomohisa , Nagano Shingo
Published: March 2022

Some enzymes annotated as squalene synthase catalyze the prenylation of carbazole‐3,4‐quinone‐containing substrates in bacterial secondary metabolism. Their reaction mechanisms remain unclear because of their low sequence similarity to well‐characterized aromatic substrate prenyltransferases (PTs). We determined the crystal structures of the carbazole PTs, and these revealed that the overall structure is well superposed on those of squalene synthases. In contrast, the stacking interaction between the prenyl donor and acceptor substrates resembles those observed in aromatic substrate PTs. Structural and mutational analyses suggest that the Ile and Asp residues are essential for the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions with the carbazole‐3,4‐quinone moiety of the prenyl acceptor, respectively, and a deprotonation mechanism of an intermediary σ‐complex involving a catalytic triad is proposed. Our results provide a structural basis for a new subclass of aromatic substrate PTs.
Hierarchically Nanostructured Solid‐State Electrolyte for Flexible Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Xu Mi , Dou Haozhen , Zhang Zhen , Zheng Yun , Ren Bohua , Ma Qianyi , Wen Guobin , Luo Dan , Yu Aiping , Zhang Luhong , Wang Xin , Chen Zhongwei
Published: March 2022

The construction of safe and environmentally‐benign solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) with intrinsic hydroxide ion‐conduction for flexible zinc–air batteries is highly desirable yet extremely challenging. Herein, hierarchically nanostructured CCNF‐PDIL SSEs with reinforced concrete architecture are constructed by nanoconfined polymerization of dual‐cation ionic liquid (PDIL, concrete) within a robust three‐dimensional porous cationic cellulose nanofiber matrix (CCNF, reinforcing steel), where plenty of penetrating ion‐conductive channels are formed and undergo dynamic self‐rearrangement under different hydrated levels. The CCNF‐PDIL SSEs synchronously exhibit good flexibility, mechanical robustness, superhigh ion conductivity of 286.5 mS cm−1, and decent water uptake. The resultant flexible solid‐state zinc–air batteries deliver a high‐power density of 135 mW cm−2, a specific capacity of 775 mAh g−1 and an ultralong cycling stability with continuous operation of 240 hours for 720 cycles, far outperforming those of the state‐of‐the‐art solid‐state batteries. The marriage of biomaterials with the diversity of ionic liquids creates enormous opportunities to construct advanced SSEs for solid‐state batteries.
Modification of Nitrate Ion Enables Stable Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Hou Li‐Peng , Yao Nan , Xie Jin , Shi Peng , Sun Shu‐Yu , Jin Cheng‐Bin , Chen Cheng‐Meng , Liu Quan‐Bing , Li Bo‐Quan , Zhang Xue‐Qiang , Zhang Qiang
Published: March 2022

The lifespan of high‐energy‐density lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is hindered by heterogeneous solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). The rational design of electrolytes is strongly considered to obtain uniform SEI in working batteries. Herein, a modification of nitrate ion (NO3−) is proposed and validated to improve the homogeneity of the SEI in practical LMBs. NO3−is connected to an ether‐based moiety to form isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) to break the resonance structure of NO3−and improve the reducibility. The decomposition of non‐resonant −NO3in ISDN enriches SEI with abundant LiNxOyand induces uniform lithium deposition. Lithium–sulfur batteries with ISDN additives deliver a capacity retention of 83.7 % for 100 cycles compared with rapid decay with LiNO3after 55 cycles. Moreover, lithium–sulfur pouch cells with ISDN additives provide a specific energy of 319 Wh kg−1and undergo 20 cycles. This work provides a realistic reference in designing additives to modify the SEI for stabilizing LMBs.
Quasi‐2D Bilayer Surface Passivation for High Efficiency Narrow Bandgap Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yu Danni , Wei Qi , Li Hansheng , Xie Junhan , Jiang Xianyuan , Pan Ting , Wang Hao , Pan Mengling , Zhou Wenjia , Liu Weimin , Chow Philip C. Y. , Ning Zhijun
Published: March 2022

The combination of comprehensive surface passivation and effective interface carriers transfer plays a critical role in high‐performance perovskite solar cells. A 2D structure is an important approach for surface passivation of perovskite film, however, its large band gap could compromise carrier transfer. Herein, we synthesize a new molecule 2‐thiopheneethylamine thiocyanate (TEASCN) for the construction of bilayer quasi‐2D structure precisely on a tin‐lead mixed perovskite surface. This bilayer structure can passivate the perovskite surface and ensure effective carriers transfer simultaneously. As a result, the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of the device is increased without sacrificing short‐circuit current density (Jsc), giving rise to a high certified efficiency from a credible third‐party certification of narrow band gap perovskite solar cells. Furthermore, theoretical simulation indicates that the inclusion of TEASCN makes the bilayer structure thermodynamically more stable, which provides a strategy to tailor the number of layers of quasi‐2D perovskite structures.