bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explaining Modes of Participation: A Dynamic Test of Alternative Rational Choice Models
Authors: Bäck Hanna , Teorell Jan , Westholm Anders
Published: February 2011

Rational choice accounts of political participation identify two major solutions to ‘the paradox of participation’: collective incentives and selective incentives. Prior findings regarding the viability of these solutions are seemingly inconclusive and contradictory. One important reason for this could be that the applicability of these solutions varies across participatory modes. In this article, a first attempt is made to develop a theoretical answer to the question of why this may be the case. The predictions are then tested across four different modes of participation, using longitudinal data that eliminate or reduce the biases inherent in cross‐sectional designs. The results show different types of incentives to strike with distinctly variable force across different modes of participation. Most importantly, whereas electoral modes of participation (voting and party activity) are affected by selective incentives only, the non‐electoral modes (contacting and manifestations) are the consequence of both collective and selective incentives.
THE FORMATION OF INFLATION PERCEPTIONS: SOME EMPIRICAL FACTS FOR EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Lein Sarah M. , Maag Thomas
Published: February 2011

This paper investigates how households form their perceptions of consumer price inflation. Using data from the harmonized European Union consumer survey, we find that inflation perceptions are inefficient and highly heterogeneous, yet contemporaneously related to the actual rate of inflation. Consequently, we estimate how often households update their beliefs usingCarroll's (2003)epidemiological model. Our results indicate that inflation perceptions are generally less responsive to new information than expectations. Unlike studies on expectations, we cannot confirm that a constant fraction of the population updates information every month. Also, the cross‐sectional heterogeneity of perceptions is higher than implied by infrequent updating alone.
DOES THE ECB HAVE A TIME‐INCONSISTENCY PROBLEM? A NOTE
Authors: Pierdzioch Christian , Stadtmann Georg
Published: February 2011

A standard time‐inconsistency model of monetary policy, extended to include a time‐varying natural rate of unemployment, implies cointegration between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate. An application of the model to data for the EMU countries does not yield strong evidence of cointegration. In addition, the sign of the estimated coefficient of cointegration is not in line with a sign restriction imposed by the time‐inconsistency model.
DOES SIZE MATTER? THE INFLUENCE OF FIRM SIZE ON WORKING CONDITIONS, JOB SATISFACTION AND QUIT INTENTIONS
Authors: García‐Serrano Carlos
Published: February 2011

Using a detailed survey on Spanish workers, this paper investigates the relationship between firm size and working conditions, the extent to which firm size differences in workers' job satisfaction can be accounted for by differences in their work environment and the impact of firm size on workers' quit intentions. The results indicate that: (1) employees in larger firms face a worse work environment; (2) working in large firms significantly reduces job satisfaction when no controls for working conditions are included, but taking them into account makes differentials across size categories statistically insignificant; and (3) no systematic differences exist in intentions to quit across firm size categories, irrespective of conditioning on wages.
DELAYED OVERSHOOTING AND REAL EXCHANGE RATE PERSISTENCE IN AN IMPERFECT INFORMATION MODEL
Authors: Hoffmann Mathias , Søndergaard Jens , Westelius Niklas J.
Published: February 2011

Recent studies have pointed out that monetary shocks in sticky price models cannot generate real exchange rates that exhibit delayed overshooting and are highly persistent. This paper demonstrates that such exchange rate dynamics can be generated by incorporating incomplete information about the true nature of the monetary shock into a standard New Keynesian model of a small open economy.
Defending the boundaries of science: AIDS denialism, peer review and the Medical Hypotheses saga
Authors: Nattrass Nicoli
Published: February 2011

This paper explores the boundary work undertaken by HIV scientists and activists against the journal Medical Hypotheses over its lack of peer review. Their action was sparked by the publication of an article by Peter Duesberg claiming that HIV does not cause AIDS and that antiretrovirals do more harm than good. Precisely because such ‘AIDS denialism’ can undermine HIV prevention and treatment interventions, as was demonstrably the case in South Africa under President Mbeki, the episode raised questions about when, in the interests of public health, the boundaries of legitimate scientific debate may be drawn to exclude unreasonable and unscholarly arguments. The paper argues that normative concerns motivated the complaints which resulted in the publisher withdrawing Duesberg’s paper and imposing editorial policy changes on Medical Hypotheses. Concerns were raised about the implications for academic freedom of this boundary work in defence of peer review as a core practice in science. The paper concludes, however, that Duesberg’s freedom to write what he likes remains intact, but that if he wants his work to carry the imprimatur of science, he now has to subject it to peer review.
Modernisation as a professionalising strategy: the case of critical care in England
Authors: Green Judith , Durand Mary Alison , Hutchings Andrew , Black Nick
Published: February 2011

There has been broad agreement about how to characterise the processes of ‘modernisation’ of the public sector in welfare societies, but rather less consensus on the impact of this modernisation on professionals. This paper takes critical care in England as a case study to explore how professionals in one setting account for the changes associated with modernisation. In contrast to reports from other arenas, critical care professionals were positive about the processes and outcomes of ‘modernisation’ in general, and there was a surprising lack of nostalgia in their accounts of organisational changes. However, joking comments suggested considerable scepticism about the initiatives explicitly associated with the national organisation that was charged with ‘modernising’ critical care, the Modernisation Agency. We suggest that the relative optimism of staff is in part explained by historical and political contingencies which meant that critical care, as a relatively new clinical specialty, benefited in tangible ways from modernisation. Further, all staff groups were able to attribute gains, rather than losses, in autonomy and authority to the modernisation of critical care. Their accounts suggest that modernisation can be a professionalising strategy, with responses to change being neither resistant nor compliant, but sceptically strategic.
Investigating early modern Ottoman consumer culture in the light of Bursa probate inventories1
Authors: KARABABA EMINEGÜL
Published: February 2011

This study investigates the development of early modern Ottoman consumer culture. In particular, the democratization of consumption, which is a significant indicator of the development of western consumer cultures, is examined in relation to Ottoman society. Sixteenth‐ and seventeenth‐century probate inventories of the town of Bursa combined with literary and official sources are used in order to identify democratization of consumption and the macro conditions shaping this development. Findings demonstrate that commercialization, international trade, urbanization which created a fluid social structure, and the ability of the state to negotiate with guilds were possible contextual specificities which encouraged the democratization of consumption in the Bursa context.
A workforce design model: providing energy to organizations in transition
Authors: Halm Barry J.
Published: February 2011

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine the change in performance realized by a professional services organization, which resulted in the Life Giving Workforce Design (LGWD) model through a grounded theory research design. This study produced a workforce design model characterized as an organizational blueprint that provides virtuous values to an open system in such a way to generate boundless energy to coordinate, motivate and stimulate human capital in accomplishing organizational objectives. The model represents an organizational strategy and structure that builds upon four primary disciplines – liberating leadership, authentic engagement, appreciative culture and sustainable systems – and encompasses each discipline's corresponding operational practices. The operational practices were formulated to operationalize the model and to provide specific actionable tasks that would be meaningful to managerial practitioners. The potential utility and adaptability of the LGWD model and its related practices provides an organizational configuration maximizing the proficient use of human capital in the advancement of managerial objectives.

The LGWD suggests that a collaborative correlation of the four disciplines, through the activation of operational practices, assists in the creation of a workforce that is self‐engaging and an organization that is effective, productive, and successful. The main conclusions of this study are that specific organizational characteristics and conditions inspire human capital to flourish and contribute in organizational effectiveness. The model advocates that effective and efficient use of human capital is a prerequisite to improving corporate performance as measured by enhanced revenues, increased operating profits, improved employee retention, and superior client relations.
Constructing rapid transformation: sustaining high performance and a new view of organization change
Authors: Wolf Jason A.
Published: February 2011

The focus of this issue of the IJTD on organization development reinforces the importance of a continuing exploration of change. This is even more significant when considering that change is not only unavoidable but is also occurring with greater speed. Models of planned change may no longer be sufficient to address the needs of today's organizations.

Through an exploration of what supports and sustains high performance in health‐care organizations, the researcher made an unanticipated discovery. In following a process of generative theory development, a new perspective of how to engage and lead change in organizations emerged. Taking a constructionist view of change and focusing on an appreciative perspective of releasing energy in inquiry has led to the researcher proposing a model of rapid transformation. The model suggests an opportunity to change the way in which change itself is led. It offers an alternative view in which declaration through discourse, generation through inquiry and action through engagement lead to an upward spiral of opportunity. It is this opportunity for continuous and transformational change in organizations in which rapid transformation becomes possible.
Professional development through self‐directed expatriation: intentions and outcomes for young, educated Eastern Europeans
Authors: Felker Julie A.
Published: February 2011

This article explores the experiences of young, well‐educated Eastern Europeans who have moved to Western Europe in search of opportunities for professional development, opportunities that, for the most part, are not available in their home countries. The focus of this paper is on the resulting outcome of downskilling, where these individuals work in positions well below their levels of education and capability. Based on 22 in‐depth interviews with workers living in Ireland, England, the Netherlands, Poland and the Czech Republic, the study offers two major findings. First, although self‐directed expatriates move to host countries specifically for professional development opportunities, they do little to research on their career and employment options prior to moving to the host country. Second, organizations are not fully utilizing the available human capital offered by Eastern Europeans, suggesting untapped opportunities to achieve competitive advantage through human capital.
The Bones of the Body Politic: Thoughts on the Savorgnan de Brazza Mausoleum
Authors: BAZENGUISSA‐GANGA RÉMY
Published: February 2011

This essay examines three examples of political treatment of the dead (specifically their bones) in the Republic of the Congo: the return of the remains of its capital's founder, Savorgnan de Brazza; the disappearance of the body of André Matswa, hailed by the people as their messianic ‘saviour’ guardian; and finally, the treatment of unidentified victims of the various armed conflicts that occurred during the years 1990–2002. These events can be analysed through the prism of two different historical perspectives: in terms of the moyenne durée, the treatment of Matswa's bones paved the way for the subsequent occurrences by creating a precedent; in the context of the ‘present of history’, the construction of a Brazza mausoleum is contemporaneous with official denial of the presence of human remains scattered across the capital city of Brazzaville as a result of armed conflicts. The comparative analysis of these historical configurations posits a set of circumstances whereby the bones become a symbolic buttress of the capital. The historical puzzle here is to understand how that which came together in claiming Matswa's bones becomes, in the context of democratization of the regime, an aesthetic sense of the ‘beauty of death’ as expressed by people when they see the shrine as their country's finest architectural accomplishment. Through the splendour of the monument, this aesthetic sense articulates the denial of the presence of the nameless dead.

L'auteur examine trois types de traitement politique des morts (en particulier leurs os) dans l'ordre républicain congolais : le retour des ossements du fondateur de sa capitale, Savorgnan de Brazza, la disparition du corps d'André Matswa, Sauveur messianique tutélaire institué par les gouvernés et, enfin, les dépouilles des anonymes de différents conflits armés durant les années 1990–2002. Deux configurations historiques rendent intelligibles ces pratiques : lorsqu'il est analysé dans la moyenne durée, le traitement des os du Sauveur inaugure et fonde les autres occurrences et en assure la reproduction. Dans le présent de l'histoire, la construction du mausolée est contemporaine de la dénégation officielle de la présence d'os disséminés dans la ville lors des conflits armés. L'analyse comparative de ces configurations historiques reconstruit le dispositif par lequel les os constituent une des armatures symboliques de Brazzaville, la capitale. L'énigme historique consiste ici à comprendre comment ce qui s'est noué lors de la réclamation des os du Sauveur acquiert, dans le cadre de la démocratisation du régime, un sens esthétique de «beauté du mort» que les habitants expriment lorsqu'ils considèrent le mausolée comme la plus belle prouesse architecturale du pays. Ce sens esthétique articule, à travers l'éclat du monument, la dénégation de la présence des morts anonymes.
Slumdog Cities: Rethinking Subaltern Urbanism
Authors: ROY ANANYA
Published: February 2011

This article is an intervention in the epistemologies and methodologies of urban studies. It seeks to understand and transform the ways in which the cities of the global South are studied and represented in urban research, and to some extent in popular discourse. As such, the article is primarily concerned with a formation of ideas —‘subaltern urbanism’— which undertakes the theorization of the megacity and its subaltern spaces and subaltern classes. Of these, the ubiquitous ‘slum’ is the most prominent. Writing against apocalyptic and dystopian narratives of the slum, subaltern urbanism provides accounts of the slum as a terrain of habitation, livelihood, self‐organization and politics. This is a vital and even radical challenge to dominant narratives of the megacity. However, this article is concerned with the limits of and alternatives to subaltern urbanism. It thus highlights emergent analytical strategies, utilizing theoretical categories that transcend the familiar metonyms of underdevelopment such as the megacity, the slum, mass politics and the habitus of the dispossessed. Instead, four categories are discussed — peripheries, urban informality, zones of exception and gray spaces. Informed by the urbanism of the global South, these categories break with ontological and topological understandings of subaltern subjects and subaltern spaces.

Intervenant sur les aspects épistémologiques et méthodologiques des études urbaines, cet article cherche à comprendre et à modifier les modalités d'analyse et de représentation des villes des pays du Sud dans la recherche urbaine et, jusqu'à un certain point, dans le discours populaire. Pour ce faire, l'attention est portée sur une formation d'idées, ‘l'urbanisme subalterne', qui vise la conceptualisation de la ‘mégacité', avec ses espaces subalternes et ses classes subalternes. Parmi ceux‐ci, le ‘taudis' (slum) omniprésent est le plus saillant. Contredisant les textes apocalyptiques et dystopiques sur ce lieu, l'urbanisme subalterne apporte des récits du taudis vu comme un cadre d'habitation, de source de revenu, d'auto‐organisation et de réflexion politique. Les écrits explicatifs dominants sur la mégacité sont ainsi mis en question de façon cruciale, voire radicale. Toutefois, l'article s'intéresse aux limites de l'urbanisme subalterne et à ses alternatives. Il met donc en avant des stratégies analytiques nouvelles, avec des catégories théoriques qui transcendent les métonymes habituels du sous‐développement comme mégacité, taudis, politique de masse et habitus des défavorisés. Quatre catégories sont présentées à la place: périphéries, informalité urbaine, zones d'exception et espaces gris. Reposant sur l'urbanisme des pays du Sud, elles dérogent aux conceptions ontologiques et topologiques des sujets subalternes et des espaces subalternes.
Apologizing for Who I Am
Authors: PETTIGROVE GLEN , COLLINS JORDAN
Published: February 2011

abstract

Philosophical discussions of apologies have focused on apologizing for wrong actions. Such a focus overlooks an important dimension of moral failures, namely, failures of character. However, when one attempts to revise the standard account of apology to make room for failures of character, two objections emerge. The first is rooted in the psychology of shame. The second stems from the purported social function of apologies. This paper responds to these objections and, in so doing, sheds further light both on why we apologize (when we are in the wrong) and on why we accept apologies (when others are).
Treating inflammation in childhood neurodegenerative disorders
Authors: LIM MING
Published: February 2011

Inflammation of the central nervous system is a prominent feature in many childhood neurodegenerative conditions, with various studies demonstrating the upregulation of the innate and adaptive immune system. Recent evidence also suggests that this inflammatory process can contribute to further neurodegeneration. Furthermore, immunosuppression in mouse models of a few lysosomal storage disorders has demonstrated that attenuation of this immune response can influence the clinical and neuropathological progression. However, there are significant challenges before this finding translates to patient care. Treating inflammation in neurodegenerative conditions requires the identification of the time point when inflammation becomes pathogenic, after which the safest therapeutic strategies are required to target the various components and confounders of inflammation. Nevertheless, as the progress made towards effective gene‐, cellular‐, and enzyme‐based therapy in most of these disorders has been disappointing, treating pathogenic inflammation may offer the clinician another therapeutic strategy in managing these devastating disorders.
Territorial dynamics of Mexican Ant‐thrushes Formicarius moniliger revealed by individual recognition of their songs
Authors: KIRSCHEL ALEXANDER N. G. , CODY MARTIN L. , HARLOW ZACHARY T. , PROMPONAS VASILIS J. , VALLEJO EDGAR E. , TAYLOR CHARLES E.
Published: February 2011

The ability to monitor interactions between individuals over time can provide us with information on life histories, mating systems, behavioural interactions between individuals and ecological interactions with the environment. Tracking individuals over time has traditionally been a time‐ and often a cost‐intensive exercise, and certain types of animals are particularly hard to monitor. Here we use canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) to identify individual Mexican Ant‐thrushes using data extracted with a semi‐automated procedure from song recordings. We test the ability of CDA to identify individuals over time, using recordings obtained over a 4‐year period. CDA correctly identified songs of 12 individual birds 93.3% of the time from recordings in one year (2009), while including songs of 18 individuals as training data. Predicting singers in one year using recordings from other years indicated some instances of variation, with correct classification in the range of 67–88%; one individual was responsible for the great majority (66%) of classification errors. We produce temporal maps of the study plot showing that considerably more information was provided by identifying individuals from their songs than by ringing and re‐sighting colour‐ringed individuals. The spatial data show site fidelity in males, but medium‐term pair bonds and an apparently large number of female floaters. Recordings can be used to monitor intra‐ and intersexual interactions of animals, their movements over time, their interactions with the environment and their population dynamics.
Membrane cholesterol content plays a key role in the neurotoxicity of β‐amyloid: implications for Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Abramov Andrey Y. , Ionov Maksim , Pavlov Evgeny , Duchen Michael R.
Published: February 2011

Beta amyloid (βA) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of the most common and devastating neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The mechanisms of βA neurotoxicity remain controversial, but include dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and oxidative stress. A large body of data suggest that cholesterol plays a significant role in AD. In mixed cultures containing hippocampal neurons and astrocytes, we have shown that neurotoxic βA peptides (1–42 and 25–35) cause sporadic cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]c) signals in astrocytes but not in neurons, initiating a cascade that ends in neuronal death. We now show, using the cholesterol‐sensitive fluorescent probe, Filipin, that membrane cholesterol is significantly higher in astrocytes than in neurons and mediates the selective response of astrocytes to βA. Thus, lowering [cholesterol] using mevastatin, methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin or filipin prevented the βA‐induced [Ca2+]c signals, while increased membrane [cholesterol] increased βA‐induced [Ca2+]c signals in both neurons and astrocytes. Addition of βA to lipid bilayers caused the appearance of a conductance that was significantly higher in membranes containing cholesterol. Increasing membrane [cholesterol] significantly increased βA‐induced neuronal and astrocytic death. We conclude that a high membrane [cholesterol] promotes βA incorporation into membranes and increased [Ca2+]c leading to cell death.
Mitochondrial peptidase IMMP2L mutation causes early onset of age‐associated disorders and impairs adult stem cell self‐renewal
Authors: George Sunil K. , Jiao Yan , Bishop Colin E. , Lu Baisong
Published: February 2011

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) are proposed to play a central role in aging and age‐associated disorders, although direct in vivo evidence is lacking. We recently generated a mouse mutant with mutated inner mitochondrial membrane peptidase 2‐like (Immp2l) gene, which impairs the signal peptide sequence processing of mitochondrial proteins cytochrome c1 and glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase 2. The mitochondria from mutant mice generate elevated levels of superoxide ion and cause impaired fertility in both sexes. Here, we design experiments to examine the effects of excessive mitochondrial ROS generation on health span. We show that Immp2l mutation increases oxidative stress in multiple organs such as the brain and the kidney, although expression of superoxide dismutases in these tissues of the mutants is also increased. The mutants show multiple aging‐associated phenotypes, including wasting, sarcopenia, loss of subcutaneous fat, kyphosis, and ataxia, with female mutants showing earlier onset and more severe age‐associated disorders than male mutants. The loss of body weight and fat was unrelated to food intake. Adipose‐derived stromal cells (ADSC) from mutant mice showed impaired proliferation capability, formed significantly less and smaller colonies in colony formation assays, although they retained adipogenic differentiation capability in vitro. This functional impairment was accompanied by increased levels of oxidative stress. Our data showed that mitochondrial ROS is the driving force of accelerated aging and suggested that ROS damage to adult stem cells could be one of the mechanisms for age‐associated disorders.
Retrospective evaluation of postoperative nasotracheal tubes for oxygen supplementation in dogs following surgery for brachycephalic syndrome: 36 cases (2003–2007)
Authors: Senn David , Sigrist Nadja , Forterre Franck , Howard Judith , Spreng David
Published: February 2011

Objective –To assess the utility of nasotracheal tubes in postoperative oxygen supplementation in dogs following corrective surgery for brachycephalic syndrome.

Design –Retrospective study 2003–2007.

Setting –University teaching hospital.

Animals –Thirty‐six client‐owned dogs that underwent corrective surgery for brachycephalic syndrome.

Interventions –None.

Measurements and Main Results –Medical records were reviewed for animals that underwent surgical interventions for brachycephalic syndrome including palatoplasty, ventriculectomy, and rhinoplasty. Data collected included signalment, presenting complaints, analgesic and surgical interventions, type of supplemental oxygen therapy, complications and mortality occurring during hospitalization. A nasotracheal tube (NTT) was placed in 20 dogs at the end of surgery; 16 dogs received other forms of oxygen supplementation (8) or no oxygen supplementation (8) during recovery. The total number of postoperative complications was similar in both groups (8/20 dogs with NTTs and 7/16 in those without NTTs). However, respiratory distress was observed in 5 dogs without NTTs but was not observed in any dog while an NTT was in place. One dog in each group died postoperatively.

Conclusion –Placement of an NTT was found to be easy and may offer benefit in dogs with brachycephalic syndrome as a noninvasive means of delivering oxygen. The use of NTT may minimize severe postoperative morbidity, in particular by reducing postoperative respiratory distress.
Acute aldicarb toxicity in dogs: 15 cases (2001–2009)
Authors: Anastasio John D. , Sharp Claire R.
Published: February 2011

Objective
–
To describe the common clinical signs, laboratory abnormalities, treatment, and prognosis associated with acute aldicarb toxicosis in dogs.

Design
–
Retrospective observational study from 2001 to 2009.

Setting
–
Urban referral hospital.

Animals
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Fifteen client‐owned dogs.

Interventions
–
None.

Measurements and Main Results
–
The most common clinical signs associated with acute aldicarb toxicosis were vomiting, ptyalism, diarrhea, and tremors. Of the 15 dogs, 11 were admitted to the hospital for treatment, 2 were euthanized at presentation and 2 were discharged against medical advice following minimal treatment and lost to follow‐up. Laboratory abnormalities included lactic acidosis and hyperglycemia in 12 and 9 patients, respectively. Treatment of hospitalized dogs included induction of emesis with apomorphine (4 dogs), activated charcoal (5), IV fluids (11), atropine (7), methocarbamol (3), diazepam (1), pralidoxime (1) and diphenhydramine (1). Ten of 11 hospitalized dogs survived to discharge; 1 was euthanized following a respiratory arrest after 36 hours of hospitalization. One patient received mechanical ventilation and treatment for pneumonia before discharge from the hospital. The median duration of hospitalization was 22 hours (range 12–168 h).

Conclusions
–
Acute aldicarb toxicosis carries a good prognosis for survival and hospital discharge with treatment. Supportive care should be considered for at least 18–24 hours to monitor for response to therapy and development of respiratory failure.
The nun apothecaries of Renaissance Florence: marketing medicines in the convent
Authors: STROCCHIA SHARON T.
Published: February 2011

Using unpublished archival sources, this essay analyses the development of convent pharmacies in sixteenth‐century Florence and situates them in a changing medical and political landscape. These female‐run apothecary shops shed light on several important issues for historians of Renaissance medicine and society: the nature and extent of women's medical agency; the acquisition and transmission of specialized knowledge outside a university or guild setting; the regulation of unofficial practitioners by guild and state authorities. By producing and marketing drugs to the public, Renaissance religious women both augmented the medical resources available in Italian urban society and acquired roles of public significance beyond the spiritual realm. I analyse the roots of convent pharmacies in new social welfare initiatives circa 1500, then consider their products, clientele, business practices and methods of training new practitioners. Finally, I ask how convent pharmacies were regulated and why they were protected by early Medici dukes. I argue that Florentine convent pharmacies remained vigorous entities throughout the sixteenth century despite tighter enclosure provisions and professionalizing aspirations, partly because contestations over their status enabled Cosimo I de' Medici and his successors to advance their personal authority within a centralizing state.
Intrathecal Deep Digital Flexor Tenectomy for Treatment of Septic Tendonitis/Tenosynovitis in Four Horses
Authors: Marsh Chad A. , Watkins Jeffery P. , Schneider Robert K.
Published: February 2011

Objective:To describe partial removal of the intrathecal component of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) in horses with chronic septic DDF tendonitis and tenosynovitis unresponsive to conventional therapy, and to report long‐term outcome.

Study Design:Case series.

Animals:Horses (n=4).

Methods:Four horses with chronic septic DDF tendonitis and tenosynovitis were treated by surgical tenectomy of the intrathecal component of the DDFT, followed by stabilization in casts and subsequent corrective shoeing. All horses were previously managed unsuccessfully with combinations of conventional therapy consisting of systemic antibiotics, through and through tendon sheath lavage/open drainage, regional limb perfusions, tenoscopy with debridement and transection of the palmar/plantar annular ligament, and intrathecal antibiotics.

Results:Time from initial injury/diagnosis to tenectomy ranged from 10 to 210 days. Mean hospitalization time after surgery was 82 days. Long‐term follow‐up (>1.5 years; mean, 3.8 years) was available. All 4 horses were able to walk comfortably at pasture and were used as broodmares.

Conclusions:Intrathecal tenectomy is a viable surgical procedure for treatment of chronic septic tenosynovitis of the digital sheath that is complicated by septic tendonitis of the DDFT.
In VitroEffect of Ventriculocordectomy Before Laryngoplasty on Abduction of the Equine Arytenoid Cartilage
Authors: Perkins Justin D. , Meighan Hazel , Windley Zoë , Troester Susanne , Piercy Richard , Schumacher Jim
Published: February 2011

Objective:To determine whether ventriculocordectomy (VCE) performed before prosthetic laryngoplasty (PL) results in increased rima glottidis size compared with PL alone.

Study Design:Experimental study.

Animals:Equine cadaver larynges (n=13).

Methods:Right arytenoid cartilages were maximally abducted using a standard PL technique. Standard PLs were then performed on the left side and the force required to maximally abduct the left arytenoid cartilage recorded (Fmax). Photographs were taken of the rima glottidis at zero force and at five equal levels of force up to Fmax. The force applied was released, left VCE performed, and photographs repeated. Arytenoid left:right angle quotients (LRQ) and glottic cross‐sectional area ratios (CSAR) were calculated at each force level in each condition (PL and VCE‐PL).

Results:Mean LRQ and CSAR for both PL and VCE‐PL increased with increasing force, initially rapidly before plateauing at ∼50% of Fmax. LRQ and CSAR were significantly greater for VCE‐PL than for PL (P<.001). When VCE was performed before PL, 12% less force was required to achieve an LRQ of 0.8, and 45% less for a CSAR of 0.8.

Conclusions:In vitro, VCE performed before PL enables the arytenoid cartilage to be abducted to a greater degree for a given PL suture force.
A randomized clinical trial comparing granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor administration sites for mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells for patients with hematologic malignancies undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Renfroe Heather , Arnold Mike , Vaughn Louette , Harvey R. Donald , Hamilton Ellie , Lonial Sagar , Khoury H. Jean , Kaufman Jonathan L. , Lechowicz Mary Jo , Flowers Christopher R. , Waller Edmund K.
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND: A study was undertaken to investigate whether granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) injection in lower adipose tissue–containing sites (arms and legs) would result in a lower exposure and reduced stem cell collection efficiency compared with injection into abdominal skin.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We completed a prospective randomized study to determine the efficacy and tolerability of different injection sites for patients with multiple myeloma or lymphoma undergoing stem cell mobilization and apheresis. Primary endpoints were the number of CD34+ cells collected and the number of days of apheresis. Forty patients were randomly assigned to receive cytokine injections in their abdomen (Group A) or extremities (Group B). Randomization was stratified based on diagnosis (myeloma, n = 29 vs. lymphoma, n = 11), age, and mobilization strategy and balanced across demographic factors and body mass index.

RESULTS: Thirty‐five subjects were evaluable for the primary endpoint: 18 in Group A and 17 in Group B. One evaluable subject in each group failed to collect a minimum dose of at least 2.0 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. The mean numbers of CD34+ cells (±SD) collected were not different between Groups A and B (9.15 × 106 ± 4.7 × 106/kg vs. 9.85 × 106 ± 5 × 106/kg, respectively; p = NS) after a median of 2 days of apheresis. Adverse events were not different between the two groups.

CONCLUSION: The site of G‐CSF administration does not affect the number of CD34+ cells collected by apheresis or the duration of apheresis needed to reach the target cell dose.
How Many and What Kind? The Role of Strategic Orientation in New Product Ideation*
Authors: Spanjol Jelena , Qualls William J. , Rosa José Antonio
Published: February 2011

Existing studies on the role that strategic orientation plays in companies' innovation efforts primarily focus on identifying the relationship between strategic orientation and innovation performance for launched new products. In contrast, this article investigates how the different types of strategic orientation (i.e., customer, competitor, and technology orientations) influence the front end of innovation. Specifically, this research examines how strategic orientation relates to new product ideation outcomes such as ideation volume (i.e., how many new product ideas are generated) and ideation novelty (i.e., how innovative ideas are). The model developed in this study includes both direct effects of strategic orientation on new product ideation and indirect effects on ideation, mediated by an organization's market search behavior targeted at uncovering new product ideas. A survey of 182 marketing and technical managers, whose responses are analyzed with partial least squares (PLS), reveals that firms characterized by a competitor orientation search their markets significantly more for new product ideas than firms marked by a technology or customer orientation. An emphasis on market search behavior, in turn, leads to significantly greater quantities of new product ideas generated by the firm. Neither a competitor nor a customer orientation significantly enhances the novelty of new product ideas, which is augmented only by technology orientation. The data also reveal that product ideation novelty is significantly enhanced by a technology orientation regardless of the level of market turbulence faced by the innovating firm. Together, these findings suggest that market orientation may have a greater influence on the implementation and commercialization stages of new product development than on new product ideation.
Tacit Knowledge, Lessons Learnt, and New Product Development
Authors: Goffin Keith , Koners Ursula
Published: February 2011

New product development (NPD) is a complex activity that is dependent on knowledge and learning. Much of the knowledge generated in NPD is tacit; it is difficult to express, connected with problem solving, and dependent on the interactions within teams. Post‐project reviews (PPRs) are recognized as a highly effective mechanism for stimulating learning in NPD teams but, surprisingly, neither the typical “lessons learnt” that emerge from PPRs nor the role of tacit knowledge in NPD learning have previously been studied. To address this gap, five in‐depth case studies were conducted at leading German companies. Three main sources of data were used: interviews with experienced NPD personnel using repertory grid technique, inspection of company process and project documentation, and observations of PPR discussions. Systematic coding of the qualitative data was conducted by two researchers working in parallel and verified through checks involving independent researchers. The coding process identified the lessons learnt and also the usage of metaphors and stories (which signifies tacit knowledge generation).

The lessons that NPD personnel perceive to be the most important were identified from the repertory grid data. These included: knowing how to deal with project budgets, solving technical problems, meeting schedules, resource management, and managing organizational complexity. Four lessons learnt appear to be particularly closely linked to tacit knowledge: dealing with project budgets, problem solving, coping with time schedules, and coping with changes in product specifications. Data triangulation showed that the five companies did not capture many lessons in their reports on PPRs. In addition, it appears that the learning that was related to tacit knowledge was not captured for dissemination.

Although the results from our exploratory sample cannot be generalized, there are some important implications. The results indicate that R&D managers should capitalize on the tacit knowledge within their organizations through mentoring (to transfer the lessons that are most closely linked to tacit knowledge), and encouraging the use of metaphors and stories to transfer key NPD knowledge. Future research needs to verify the results using a larger sample, focus on how NPD professionals learn, and identify the mechanisms that facilitate the transfer of tacit knowledge and project‐to‐project learning.

Tacit knowledge is a popular management concept but one that is poorly understood, as empirical evidence to demonstrate the validity of the theoretical concepts is sadly lacking. This provides a unique opportunity for NPD scholars—they have the ideal arena in which a deeper understanding of tacit knowledge can be generated.
Evaluating Government's Policies on Promoting Smart Metering Diffusion in Retail Electricity Markets via Agent‐Based Simulation*
Authors: Zhang Tao , Nuttall William J.
Published: February 2011

In this paper, we develop an agent‐based model of a market game in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the U.K. government's 2008–2010 policy on promoting smart metering in the U.K. retail electricity market. We break down the policy into four possible policy options. With the model, we study the impact of the four policy options on the dynamics of smart metering diffusion and suggest policy implications. The context of the paper is a practical application of agent‐based simulation to the retail electricity market in the United Kingdom. The contributions of the paper are both in the areas of policymaking for the promotion of innovation diffusion in the electricity market and in methodological use of agent‐based simulation for studying the impact of policies on the dynamics of innovation diffusion.
Cross‐Functional Integration of R&D, Marketing, and Manufacturing in Radical and Incremental Product Innovations and Its Effects on Project Effectiveness and Efficiency
Authors: Brettel Malte , Heinemann Florian , Engelen Andreas , Neubauer Steven
Published: February 2011

Previous research commonly emphasizes the positive effects of cross‐functional integration on performance measures. However, cross‐functional integration is a highly complex phenomenon which does not allow general conclusions in terms of performance impacts. Therefore, the present study assesses the impact of integrating the R&D, marketing, and manufacturing functions on the effectiveness and efficiency of new product development (NPD) projects. A multi‐functional design is applied that considers three functions, including manufacturing, which has been often neglected in prior research on cross‐functional integration. Further, the study distinguishes between two phases of the NPD process, namely the development and commercialization phases. In building the sample care was particularly taken to include a sufficient number of highly innovative NPD projects to cover the full range in terms of project innovativeness. This allows assessing the moderating role of project innovativeness on the effects of cross‐functional integration on NPD performance.

A research model incorporating these ideas is theoretically developed and empirically validated by means of survey data. One hundred and eighteen NPD project managers participated in the survey (50 incremental and 68 radical innovation projects). Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the research model. More concretely, partial least squares (PLS) was used as the most accepted variance‐based approach.

Generally, the findings emphasize that the relationships between various facets of cross‐functional integration and performance measures are highly complex. The integration between R&D and marketing positively impacts efficiency, but not effectiveness across different types of projects. Further, the impact of integration between marketing and R&D depends on the process stage and the degree of innovativeness. Findings regarding the integration between R&D and manufacturing show a strong positive impact on efficiency in the development phase. With respect to the integration between marketing and manufacturing, no significant effects on the performance dimensions can be observed for radical NPD projects. Overall, a positive impact of integration between these departments on effectiveness in the commercialization phase emerges.
The Impact of Product Modularity on New Product Performance: Mediation by Product Innovativeness
Authors: Lau Antonio K. W. , Yam Richard C. M. , Tang Esther
Published: February 2011

In light of problem solving, system complexity, and dominant design theories, some researchers suggest that modular product design promotes product innovation through experimenting with many alternative approaches simultaneously. This leads to rapid trial‐and‐error learning and accelerates new product introduction. However, others argue that modular product design inhibits innovation because common modules can be overly reused, the degree of freedom for innovation is limited due to module compatibility, and knowledge sharing among module teams is weakened. There is no conclusive argument regarding the relationships between product modularity and new product performance, or between product innovativeness and new product performance.

This article fills this gap by investigating the relationships of these three important constructs through an empirical study. Data were collected from 115 companies in the electronics industry. The findings show that there is an inverted U‐shaped relationship between product modularity and product innovativeness. The results also reveal a lack of direct relationship between product modularity and new product performance, but discover an indirect relationship between the two mediated by product innovativeness. Manufacturers should closely monitor the negative impacts of modularity, as extreme modularity can reduce product innovativeness. If there are any signs of diminishing product innovativeness, problems with poor communication across module teams, or excessive design alternatives, the manufacturers should stop further modularizing their products. Alternatively, manufacturers can take steps to reduce the negative effects of modularity. For instance, manufacturers can develop ways to strengthen communication among module teams. They can also use a set of design rules to reduce the number of design alternatives systematically or a design method to balance product commonality and differentiation during the development processes.
Service versus Manufacturing Innovation*
Authors: Ettlie John E. , Rosenthal Stephen R.
Published: February 2011

This article describes how service and manufacturing firms are different when it comes to innovation, based on a survey of firms in both sectors. Overall, four of the five hypotheses developed for comparative study of new offerings were supported by the analyses of 38 new products and 29 new services. First and foremost, there appear to be real differences between how manufacturing and services approach the innovation process, primarily because of the way organizations formalize development of new offerings in these two sectors. Manufacturing is more likely to report the need for new strategies and structures when products are new to the industry or new to the firm. However, services are more likely to convert novelty into success. Services are significantly more likely to have a short beta testing process and to exploit general manager (internally sourced) ideas for new offerings as an alternative to formal innovation structures. However, manufacturing and services exhibit a similar tendency to exploit customer (externally sourced) ideas for new offerings.

The potential contribution of this study is to point the direction for future work in the nascent research stream of service innovation, highlighting areas where there appear to be fundamental differences between the innovation process in services and other sectors of the economy. Key differences appear to be the alternative ways services formalize the innovative process, the unique way services test customer concepts, and the combined role of general managers and professionals in the development process. These differences have managerial implications. Working closely with customers, service managers should proceed with their own unique approach to the innovative process, especially with respect to prototyping and beta testing. Senior managers in service organizations should participate in the ideation process for successful new service offerings, as part of their strategy‐making responsibilities.