bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality dimensions and social variables – predictors of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in adolescence
Authors: Ivanović Miroljub , Ivanović Uglješa
Published: January 2018

Introduction. The aim of the study was to examine the contribution of personaltraits and social variables to the prediction of the frequency of cigarette andalcohol use in adolescents.Methods. Two questionnaires: Big Five Inventory (BFI) and Role of Parentsand Friends questionnaire were used in the pertinent sample of fourth-gradeelementary school students (N = 268), 18 ± 1.76 years of age. The calculatedCronbach’s alpha coefficient indicated a satisfactory internal consistency ofthe applied measuring instruments.Results. Approximately 70% of adolescents did not smoke cigarettes, and 64%of them did not consume alcohol. Correlation analysis showed statisticallysignificant connection between several variables. The results of hierarchicalregression analysis, with the p < 0.01, showed that predictors explained 26%of total criterion variance (the frequency of cigarette smoking), and 27% oftotal criterion variance (the frequency of alcohol consumption), respectively.Thereat the following variables had statistically significant independentcontribution to cigarette smoking: gender, neurosis, openness to experiences,cigarette smoking – parents and friends’ reaction to cigarettes, while the bestpredictors of alcohol consumption among adolescents were agreeableness,alcohol consumption – friends, and friends’ reaction to alcohol consumption.Conclusion. The obtained data provided an important insight into the significanceof insufficiently explored relations between social factors and personalitytraits and cigarette and alcohol use among adolescents.
Absolute and relative knowledge of ordinal position
Authors: Kao Tina , Jensen Greg , Michaelcheck Charlotte , Ferrera Vincent P , Terrace Herbert S
Published: January 2018

For more than 100 years, psychologists have struggled to determine what is learned during serial learning. The method of derived lists is a powerful tool for studying this question. In two experiments, we trained human participants to learn implicit lists by the Transitive Inference (TI) method. We then tested their knowledge of ordinal position of those items. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with pairs of photographic stimuli from five different 5-item training lists by presenting adjacent pairs of items from one list on every trial. Participants were then tested on pairs of items drawn from different lists, in which each item maintained its original ordinal position as it had during training. In Experiment 2, a different group of participants was trained on the same five 5-item lists as that of Experiment 1. However, the order of the items in the derived lists of Experiment 2 was changed systematically. In this latter experiment, the acquisition rate for the derived lists varied inversely with the degree of change of ordinal position. We explain these results by using a model in which participants learn to make positional, as well as transitive inferences, allowing them to infer the relative and absolute position of each item during testing on derived lists.
Discrete stochastic marine metapopulation disease model
Authors: Bidegain Gorka , Ben-Horin Tal
Published: January 2018

Some marine microparasitic pathogens can survive several months outside the host in the water column to make contact with hosts or to be absorbed or filtered by hosts. Once inside, pathogens invade the host if they find suitable conditions for for reproduction within the host. This transmission from the environment occurs via pathogens released from infected animals and dead infected animals. Some recent modeling studies concentrated on the disease dynamic imposed by this complex interaction between population and water column at the host-pathogen level in single populations. However, only when a marine disease can be understood at the metapopulation scale effective approaches to management will become routinely achievable. In this paper we explore the disease dynamics at the metapopulation applying a stochastic version. The discrete-time disease model in this paper investigates both spatial and temporal dynamics of hosts and waterborne pathogens in a three patch system. This metapopulation with a patch providing infective particles and susceptible and infected individuals by dispersal tries to imitate the effect of current forces in the ocean on the passive dispersal of organisms. The model detects system behaviors that are not present in single population continuous-time and deterministic models.
Lyonet’s gland of the tomato fruitworm, Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Paudel Sulav , Mikó István , Deans Andy , Rajotte Edwin , Felton Gary
Published: January 2018

The Lyonet’s gland is a widespread accessory labial gland in Lepidoptera. Albeit its function is ambiguous, the Lyonet’s gland arguably plays an important role in silk production. Our knowledge on the Lyonet’s gland in heliothine species is limited; it is apparently missing from H. armigera and Heliothis virescence, whereas reduced in size in H. zea. Using confocal microscopy and brightfield imaging, we show that the Lyonet’s gland in Helicoverpa zea is present and the size is relatively enlarged relative to other lepidopterans.
Mutations in L-type amino acid transporter-2 support SLC7A8 as a novel gene involved in age-related hearing loss
Authors: Espino Guarch Meritxell , Font-Llitjós Mariona , Murillo-Cuesta Silvia , Errasti- Murugarren Ekaitz , Celaya Adelaida M , Girotto Giorgia , Vuckovic Dragana , Mezzavilla Massimo , Vilches Clara , Bodoy Susanna , Sahún Ignasi , González Laura , Prat Esther , Zorzano Antonio , Dierssen Mara , Varela-Nieto Isabel , Gasparini Paolo , Palacín Manuel , Nunes Virginia
Published: January 2018

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is the most common sensory deficit in the elderly. The disease has a multifactorial etiology with both environmental and genetic factors involved being largely unknown. SLC7A8/SLC3A2 heterodimer is a neutral amino acid exchanger. Here, we demonstrated that SLC7A8 is expressed in the mouse inner ear and that its ablation resulted in ARHL, due to the damage of different cochlear structures. These findings make SLC7A8 transporter a strong candidate for ARHL in humans. Thus, a screening of a cohort of ARHL patients and controls was carried out revealing several variants inSLC7A8, whose role was further investigated by in vitro functional studies. Significant decreases in SLC7A8 transport activity was detected for patient’s variants (p.Val302Ile, p.Arg418His, p.Thr402Met and p.Val460Glu) further supporting a causative role for SLC7A8 in ARHL. Moreover, our preliminary data suggest that a relevant proportion of ARHL cases could be explained by SLC7A8 mutations.
Putting Fundamentalism to Work
Authors: Watt David Harrington
Published: January 2018

This introductory chapter considers the analyses of fundamentalism that were produced by a group of scholars associated with the highly influential Fundamentalism Project, which was sponsored by the American Academy of Arts and Science and housed at the University of Chicago in the late 1980s and early 1990s. These analyses are among the most sophisticated interpretations of fundamentalism that have ever been presented. Writer Karen Armstrong relied on them heavily as she was formulating her ideas about fundamentalism, as have many other writers and scholars. The influence the Fundamentalism Project has exerted on the way Americans think about fundamentalism is almost impossible to exaggerate. But for all its influence, the Fundamentalism Project was an odd enterprise in several important respects.
Zenith
Authors: Watt David Harrington
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how the concept of fundamentalism was reinvented; it was made far less specific and far more elastic and was transformed into a category that was broad enough to accommodate movements that could be found in many different religious traditions. Increasingly, fundamentalism was thought of as a global phenomenon rather than one that was limited to North American Protestantism. The chapter cites Bernard Lewis' 1990 article, “The Roots of Muslim Rage,” a text that encapsulates the arguments of a thinker who played an important role in shaping how Americans thought about Islamic fundamentalism. It also explores two important scholarly articles that reveal some of the ways scholars used global fundamentalism during and after the era when the scholarly study of global fundamentalism was at its zenith.
The Future of Fundamentalism
Authors: Watt David Harrington
Published: January 2018

This concluding chapter discusses how the fundamentalist/nonfundamentalist binary is a problematic concept to rely on. It is a dichotomy that reinforces the tendency to divide the world into heroes and villains. Getting rid of the words “fundamentalists” and “fundamentalism” will not solve the problem. The problem is not with the words, but with the assumptions, hopes, and habits of mind upon which they rest. If tomorrow everyone were to stop talking about fundamentalism and begin talking about something like “reactionary religious groups” or “bad religion,” there would be no progress. The problem is not with the term per se but with the category itself and with the desire to name a dangerous other. It is about a desire to sort humanity into two groups: those who are virtuous and those who are not.
“To Qualify its Students for Personal Success”
Authors: Dorn Charles
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the rise of commercialism in American higher education. Popularly known as Stanford University, Leland Stanford Junior University was exceptional both because of the Stanfords' thirty-million-dollar endowment—the largest gift in the history of higher education up to that time—and because it represented the commercial fortune one couple could amass as a result of changes to the nation's political economy during the second half of the nineteenth century. Thus, when Stanford University opened to students in 1891, it served as a conspicuous manifestation of commercialism's rise in American higher education. Indeed, Stanford University's founding grant reflected the rise of a social ethos of commercialism in higher education when it stated that the institution's central “object” was “to qualify its students for personal success.” While scientific and technological advances increased the number of professions from which students could choose, the industrial age accelerated the growth of a commercial society.
Adventures in the Wilderness
Authors: Young Terence
Published: January 2018

This chapter traces the emergence of recreational camping during the summers of 1869 and 1870. During this “rush,” thousands of campers first headed out from America's northeastern cities to the wilder areas of central New York's Adirondack Mountains. At the forefront of this multitude was an unexpected leader, William H. H. Murray, a well-known Congregationalist minister. Murray served in a succession of increasingly prosperous and prestigious churches in Connecticut and Massachusetts between 1864 and 1878. During these years, Murray developed a reputation as a church leader, a public defender of temperance, and an eloquent, engaging speaker. At the same time, however, Murray became notorious for his outdoor sporting activities, which were met with resistance at each of his new churches.
In Search of Consensus and Fellowship
Authors: Johnson-Weiner Karen
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses how, despite their common origin in the Anabaptist movement and Jacob Ammann's break with the larger Mennonite movement, today's Amish are ethnically and religiously diverse. The Swiss Amish began to arrive nearly a century after the first German immigrants had reached North America, and although they identified as Amish, the Swiss Amish immigrants differed in many ways from their German Amish counterparts. These new Swiss Amish settlers were more progressive than either earlier Amish immigrants or their newly arriving German counterparts. Moreover, few Swiss Amish leaders attended the nineteenth-century Diener-Versammlungen, which helped to define the Old Order Amish as distinct from more progressive Amish churches. The Swiss churches have acquired a reputation for stubbornness, and their communities have been shaped by internal conflict.
Of Power and Promises
Authors: McMahon Patrice C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides evidence of what can only be called the “NGO revolution.” It documents the growth of NGOs and measures their power. This chapter not only describes how NGOs have changed as they have grown in number, but it explains what is new about their behavior in the post-Cold War period and how their involvement in post-conflict countries differs from the past. This chapter also exposes the disjuncture between the discourse Western actors use when they talk about peacebuilding and international assistance and the realities on the ground. With their numbers, money, and access, it is clear that NGOs had significant sway in Bosnia's rebuilding. Yet, there is little evidence that the NGO boom had much to do with empowering locals or advancing peace.
Small fluorescent molecules for monitoring autophagic flux
Authors: Iwashita Hidefumi , Sakurai Hajime Tajima , Nagahora Noriyoshi , Ishiyama Munetaka , Shioji Kosei , Sasamoto Kazumi , Okuma Kentaro , Shimizu Shigeomi , Ueno Yuichiro
Published: January 2018

We have developed two types of fluorescent probes, DALGreen and DAPGreen, for monitoring autophagy, that exhibit fluorescence upon being incorporated into autophagosomes. DALGreen enhances its fluorescence at acidic pH, which is favorable for monitoring late‐phase autophagy, whereas DAPGreen remains fluorescent with almost constant brightness during the autophagic process. With these probes that stain autophagosomes as they are being formed, the real‐time change of autophagic phenomena of live cells may be traced, which is an advantage over conventional approaches with small molecules that stain mature autophagosomes. The use of both dyes allows monitoring of the membrane dynamics of autophagy in any type of cell without the need for genetic engineering, and therefore, will be useful as a tool to study autophagic phenomena.
GABA
A

Receptors
Authors: Ernst Margot , Steudle Friederike , Bampali Konstantina
Published: January 2018

GABA
A
(gamma‐aminobutyric acid) receptors are fast‐acting, ligand‐gated anion channels that are the major mediators of inhibitory neurotransmission in the mammalian central nervous system as well as essential elements in many nonneuronal cells. A large number of receptor subtypes arise from many subunit classes and isoforms and their respective splice variants. They share many structural and functional attributes with the other members of the pentameric ligand‐gated ion channel superfamily. At this time, the precise number and structures of native receptor subtypes are still not known. GABA
A
receptor subtype activity is additionally regulated by phosphorylation as well as being modulated allosterically by a variety of small molecules including benzodiazepines, chemically very diverse plant compounds, endogenous and synthetic neuroactive steroids and many more. Genetic or adaptive alterations in subunit primary structures, expression or receptor function have been implicated in many phenotypes.

Key Concepts

Nineteen mammalian GABR genes and their splice isoforms encode GABA
A
receptor subunits that are assembled into glycosylated homo or heteropentameric GABA‐gated anion channels, constituting the largest family of mammalian ligand‐gated ion channels.

Expression of GABR genes is tightly regulated during development, uniquely different for individual cell types and modulated by internal and environmental stimuli ranging from hormonal status to factors such as temperature, stress or many medications.

Genetic findings imply altered GABA
A
receptor signalling to be a contributing factor to many different phenotypes including diverse epilepsies, addiction risks and many more.

GABA
A
receptor subunits share a common domain organisation with all other members of the pentameric ligand‐gated ion channel superfamily comprising a large extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain of four transmembrane helices (M1–M4) and an intracellular domain that is highly variable and contains a multitude of regulatory and protein–protein interaction sites.

On each pentamer, depending on its subunit composition, one to five agonist binding sites and many allosteric binding sites exist that impart on each GABA
A
receptor subtype a uniquely distinct pharmacological profile.

The transient kinetic properties of GABA
A
receptors depend on the subunit composition, absence or presence of allosteric modulators such as neuroactive steroids and the phosphorylation state of the individual subunits.

Synaptic GABA
A
receptors are clustered at the postsynaptic membrane and mediate phasic inhibition, namely a fast response to presynaptic GABA release.

Extrasynaptic GABA
A
receptors that are located away from synapses mediate tonic inhibition and are continuously activated by varying low concentrations of GABA, and thus regulating neuronal excitability.
Hypersensitive Response in Plants
Authors: Camagna Maurizio , Takemoto Daigo
Published: January 2018

The hypersensitive response (HR) is a type of programmed cell death, which is part of the plant's defence response against pathogen attack. In the best of cases, this strategy isolates the pathogens from nutrients during the early steps of infection, causing them to starve before they are able to cause damage. The ability to suppress HR is a major factor for determining whether a pathogen manages to successfully infect a plant. For this reason, HR represents a promising target for improving the overall resistance of crops against pathogens. Attempts to do so are, however, hampered by our lack of understanding how HR is regulated. Signals from the PAMP‐ and effector‐triggered immunity pathways, as well as ROS and phytohormone signals all converge on HR, making it a particularly difficult system to study.

Key Concepts

Hypersensitive response is highly complex because of the involvement of many actors.

Because of HR, many pathogens starve before they can damage the plant.

Signals from PTI, ETI, ROS and phytohormones converge on HR.

HR is not an intracellular event, but instead receives input from distant tissues as well.

In contrast to early findings, HR is not restricted to the ETI response.

How ROS is involved in the HR signalling pathway is still not sufficiently understood.

Hypersensitive response often serves as a first line of defence against pathogens, which overcome the preinvasion defences.
Self‐Powered Water‐Splitting Devices by Core–Shell NiFe@N‐Graphite‐Based Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Liu Peitao , Gao Daqiang , Xiao Wen , Ma Lei , Sun Ke , Xi Pinxian , Xue Desheng , Wang John
Published: January 2018

Development of highly efficient and low‐cost multifunctional electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and the hydrogen evolution reaction is urgently required for energy storage and conversion applications, such as in Zn–air batteries and water splitting to replace very expansive noble metal catalysts. Here, the new core–shell NiFe@N‐graphite electrocatalysts with excellent electrocatalytic activity and stability toward OER and ORR are reported and the Ni0.5Fe0.5@N‐graphite electrocatalyst is applied as the air electrode in Zn–air batteries. The respective liquid Zn–air battery shows a large open‐circuit potential of 1.482 V and a small charge–discharge voltage gap of 0.12 V at 10 mA cm−2, together with excellent cycling stability even after 40 h at 20 mA cm−2. Interestingly, the all‐solid‐like Zn–air battery thus derived shows a highly desired mechanical flexibility, whereby little change is observed in the voltage when bent into different angles. Using the same Ni0.5Fe0.5@N‐graphite electrode, a self‐driven water‐splitting device, which is powered by two Zn–air batteries in‐series, is constructed. The present study opens a new opportunity for the rational design of metal@N‐graphite‐based catalysts of core–shell structures for electrochemical catalysts and renewable energy applications.
Photoacoustic‐Enabled Self‐Guidance in Magnetic‐Hyperthermia Fe@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Theranostics In Vivo
Authors: Zhou Ping , Zhao Heng , Wang Quan , Zhou Zhiguo , Wang Jing , Deng Guang , Wang Xiyou , Liu Qian , Yang Hong , Yang Shiping
Published: January 2018

Magnetic nanoparticles have gained much interest for theranostics benefited from their intrinsic integration of imaging and therapeutic abilities. Herein, c(RGDyK) peptide PEGylated Fe@Fe3O4 nanoparticles (RGD‐PEG‐MNPs) are developed for photoacoustic (PA)‐enabled self‐guidance in tumor‐targeting magnetic hyperthermia therapy in vivo. In the αvβ3‐positive U87MG glioblastoma xenograft model, the PA signal of RGD‐PEG‐MNPs reaches its maximum in the tumor at 6 h after intravenous administration. This signal is enhanced by 2.2‐folds compared to that of the preinjection and is also 2.2 times higher than that in the blocking group. It demonstrates the excellent targeting property of RGD‐PEG‐MNPs. With the guidance of the PA, an effective magnetic hyperthermia to tumor is achieved using RGD‐PEG‐MNPs.
Understanding Biomolecular Crystallization on Amyloid‐Like Superhydrophobic Biointerface
Authors: Wu Qian , Gao Aiting , Tao Fei , Yang Peng
Published: January 2018

The crystallization of proteins and peptides at an interface is an important process in natural and synthetic systems. However, a comprehensive understanding about this process is extremely rare, and the screening on crystallization conditions guided by current knowledge is often empirical and requires laborious work. In this paper a new crystallization pathway that a superhydrophobic proteinaceous platform, to deliver a compatible biointerface, can preferentially induce crystallization of proteins and peptides are addressed. Unlike conventional recognition that the depinning based on a Cassie model followed by a transition to Wenzel model governs the matter of crystallization on superhydrophobic surface, a different opinion that mere Wenzel model from the beginning can induce biomolecular crystallization on superhydrophobic biointerface through the concentration effect is presented. The existence of protein‐based biointerface behaves as a key to achieve high‐quality protein crystals, as the replacement of the biointerface with a common silica‐based superhydrophobic surface leads to poorly crystallized objects. Such “Like Crystallizes Like” route is further applied to crystallize amyloid peptides on this superhydrophobic biointerface.
Distributed Feedback Lasers Based on MAPbBr3
Authors: Pourdavoud Neda , Mayer André , Buchmüller Maximilian , Brinkmann Kai , Häger Tobias , Hu Ting , Heiderhoff Ralf , Shutsko Ivan , Görrn Patrick , Chen Yiwang , Scheer Hella‐Christin , Riedl Thomas
Published: January 2018

Hybrid perovskite semiconductors hold great promise as low‐cost, yet high performance gain media for lasers. Distributed feedback (DFB) resonator structures are a key to unlock low laser threshold levels, which are essential on the way to the first electrically operated perovskite laser diode. Here, the first DFB lasers based on methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) thin films, with a linear photonic grating imprinted into the MAPbBr3 active layers is presented. High‐Q Bragg resonator gratings with a periodicity of 300 nm are directly patterned by thermal nanoimprinting into thin films of MAPbBr3 at a temperature as low as 100 °C. A notable effect of the imprinting process is a substantial flattening of the initially very rough polycrystalline perovskite layers to layers consisting of large crystals on the order of tens of microns with a surface roughness of 0.6 nm. The smooth surface affords a significantly lowered threshold for the onset of amplified spontaneous emission due to reduced scattering. In optically pumped DFB laser structures, very low lasing thresholds of 3.4 µJ cm−2 are achieved. It is foreseen that these results will influence research on perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices beyond lasers, e.g., light emitting diodes and solar cells.
Dynamic Actuation of Soft 3D Micromechanical Structures Using Micro‐Electromechanical Systems (MEMS)
Authors: Jayne Rachael K. , Stark Thomas J. , Reeves Jeremy B. , Bishop David J. , White Alice E.
Published: January 2018

Direct laser writing (DLW) is an advanced fabrication technique that allows users to create complex 3D microstructures from polymer precursors. These microstructures can be integrated with micro‐electromechanical systems (MEMS) actuators. MEMS actuators provide a convenient platform for interacting with the intricate microstructures, either to characterize their mechanical properties or cause them to deform. Structures are fabricated directly onto electrostatic comb drives and chevron thermal actuators that are produced using a commercial foundry process. By applying a voltage to the MEMS actuators, highly controlled deformation of these microstructures is observed. Mechanical behaviors of microstructures produced with different materials and fabrication conditions are compared. MEMS–DLW integration is a convenient approach to characterizing the mechanics of DLW microstructures and may well lead to a new class of dynamic 3D devices for applications ranging from tissue engineering to imaging.
Proximity Effect through Chiral Molecules in Nb–Graphene‐Based Devices
Authors: Sukenik Nir , Alpern Hen , Katzir Eran , Yochelis Shira , Millo Oded , Paltiel Yossi
Published: January 2018

Molecular electronics focuses on the application of molecular building blocks for the fabrication of nanoscale electronic devices. The molecules offer nanosized repeatable structures that are critical for electronic components. In this work, a monolayer of chiral molecules is used to mediate the proximity effect between Nb, which is a conventional superconductor, and graphene. The conductance spectra of an Nb/chiral‐molecule monolayer/graphene device exhibit split peaks terminated by side dips at temperatures well below the critical temperature of Nb. Such features cannot be accounted for by conventional superconductivity but are compatible with the emergence of an anisotropic chiral p‐wave triplet state. This scenario gains support by fitting the spectra to a corresponding theoretical model and by a unique dependence of the peak height on the direction of an applied magnetic field. In general, these results provide clear evidence for a proximity effect through organic molecules, particularly with chiral molecules that are known to support spin‐selective transport. As a result, the presented device architecture may be useful in both electronic and spintronic circuits.
Preferential Orientation of Crystals Induced by Incorporation of Organic Ligands in Mixed‐Dimensional Hybrid Perovskite Films
Authors: Wang Rui , Tong Yu , Manzi Aurora , Wang Kun , Fu Zhendong , Kentzinger Emmanuel , Feldmann Jochen , Urban Alexander S. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Frielinghaus Henrich
Published: January 2018

Organic–inorganic perovskites demonstrate great potential for optical applications due to their intriguing optical and optoelectronic properties. Dedicated efforts have been carried out to understand the energy landscape and charge carrier mobilities for perovskite materials. In order to further boost these materials toward large‐scale applications, an alternative “bottom‐up” route for the understanding about correlation between the morphology of high‐quality planar films and their optical properties is essential. Here, mixed‐dimensional bromide‐based hybrid perovskite thin films are prepared from a simple one‐step solution processing route using mixtures of methylammonium bromide (MABr) and octylammonium bromide (OABr). Grazing incidence scattering data statistically reveal that the development of thin‐film morphology as well as crystal orientation depends on the orientation of the OABr crystallites. This study opens up further insight into the morphology of perovskite thin films. In combination, the occurrence of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) in perovskite films with low ASE thresholds with values approaching 17.8 µJ cm−2 is demonstrated and appears to be closely correlated to the tailored morphology, highlighting its importance for realizing optical gain media.
Alkene‐Zipper Catalyzed Selective and Remote Retro‐ene Reaction of Alkenyl Cyclopropylcarbinol
Authors: Bruffaerts Jeffrey , Vasseur Alexandre , Marek Ilan
Published: January 2018

Reminiscent of biological systems, the increasingly popular concept of remote activation allows a greater strategic synthetic flexibility for the development of novel synthetic organic methodologies. In this Communication, we report that commercially available ruthenium (II)‐based “alkene zipper catalyst” enables the selective transformation of a large variety of ω‐alkenyl cyclopropylcarbinols into stereodefined unconjugated (E)‐acyclic aldehydes bearing a quaternary stereocenter through an isomerization followed by a retro‐ene reaction. To unravel this peculiar catalytic property of the “alkene zipper” and shed some light on the mechanism, a series of control experiments were performed.

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Advanced Architectures and Relatives of Air Electrodes in Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Pan Jing , Xu Yang Yang , Yang Huan , Dong Zehua , Liu Hongfang , Xia Bao Yu
Published: January 2018

Zn–air batteries are becoming the promising power sources for portable and wearable electronic devices and hybrid/electric vehicles because of their high specific energy density and the low cost for next‐generation green and sustainable energy technologies. An air electrode integrated with an oxygen electrocatalyst is the most important component and inevitably determines the performance and cost of a Zn–air battery. This article presents exciting advances and challenges related to air electrodes and their relatives. After a brief introduction of the Zn–air battery, the architectures and oxygen electrocatalysts of air electrodes and relevant electrolytes are highlighted in primary and rechargeable types with different configurations, respectively. Moreover, the individual components and major issues of flexible Zn–air batteries are also highlighted, along with the strategies to enhance the battery performance. Finally, a perspective for design, preparation, and assembly of air electrodes is proposed for the future innovations of Zn–air batteries with high performance.
Glass‐Type Polyamorphism in Li‐Garnet Thin Film Solid State Battery Conductors
Authors: Garbayo Iñigo , Struzik Michal , Bowman William J. , Pfenninger Reto , Stilp Evelyn , Rupp Jennifer L. M.
Published: January 2018

Ceramic Li7La3Zr2O12 garnet materials are promising candidates for the electrolytes in solid state batteries due to their high conductivity and structural stability. In this paper, the existence of “polyamorphism” leading to various glass‐type phases for Li‐garnet structure besides the known crystalline ceramic ones is demonstrated. A maximum in Li‐conductivity exists depending on a frozen thermodynamic glass state, as exemplified for thin film processing, for which the local near range order and bonding unit arrangement differ. Through processing temperature change, the crystallization and evolution through various amorphous and biphasic amorphous/crystalline phase states can be followed for constant Li‐total concentration up to fully crystalline nanostructures. These findings reveal that glass‐type thin film Li‐garnet conductors exist for which polyamorphism can be used to tune the Li‐conductivity being potential new solid state electrolyte phases to avoid Li‐dendrite formation (no grain boundaries) for future microbatteries and large‐scale solid state batteries.
Thermal–Electric Nanogenerator Based on the Electrokinetic Effect in Porous Carbon Film
Authors: Liu Kang , Ding Tianpeng , Li Jia , Chen Qian , Xue Guobin , Yang Peihua , Xu Ming , Wang Zhong Lin , Zhou Jun
Published: January 2018

Converting low‐grade thermal energy with small temperature gradient into electricity is challenging due to the low efficiency and high cost. Here, a new type of thermal–electric nanogenerator is reported that utilizes electrokinetic effect for effective harvesting thermal energy. The nanogenerator is based on an evaporation‐driven water flow in porous medium with small temperature gradient. With a piece of porous carbon film and deionized water, a maximum open‐circuit voltage of 0.89 V under a temperature difference of 4.2 °C is obtained, having a corresponding pseudo‐Seebeck coefficient of 210 mV K−1. The large pseudo‐Seebeck coefficient endows the nanogenerator sufficient power output for powering existing electronics directly. Furthermore, a wearable bracelet nanogenerator utilizing body heat is also demonstrated. The unique properties of such conversion process offer great potential for ultra‐low temperature‐gradient thermal energy recovery, wearable electronics, and self‐powered sensor systems.
Role of Biochar Products towards Environmental Management and Technologies: A Brief Review
Authors: Butt Fatima Imran , Yaqub Ghazala , Khurshid Faiza
Published: January 2018

Biochar products are not structurally homogenous material but consist of a wide range of heterogeneous elements and chemical structures. This erroneous conception is generally based on the parent material (biomass) and the pyrolysis conditions while covering numerous forms of black carbon. These characteristics lead to a wide spectrum of particle sizes, electrical conductivities, and surface areas among the different products. Biochar products are known to have environmental benefits by connecting the charring biomass to the soil, a step towards environmental management and technology also applied in land administration. Suspected advantages consist of increased soil fertility and crop yield. This paper determines the applicability of biochar products for environmental management and technology, its impacts and effects on soil and soil biota. Various techniques used in the production of biochar are discussed as well as the manufacturing costs on small, medium, and large scales.
Carotid artery stenting followed by open heart surgery in 323 patients: One‐year results and influencing factors
Authors: Dong Hui , Che Wuqiang , Jiang Xiongjing , Peng Meng , Zou Yubao , Xiong Hongliang , Chen Yang , Xu Bo , Yang Yuejin , Gao Runlin
Published: January 2018

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate 1‐year results and influencing factors of carotid artery stenting (CAS) before open heart surgery (OHS).

Background

Currently, the clinical outcomes and influencing factors of CAS followed by OHS still remain controversial.

Methods

Three hundred twenty‐three consecutive patients scheduled for CAS and OHS were enrolled in this study. The primary endpoint was a composite of major stroke, myocardial infarction, or death within 1 year after CAS.

Results

The incidence of the primary endpoint was 5.6% (18/323). The Cox regression analysis revealed that an interval of ≤5 days between CAS and OHS (HR, 4.85, 95% CI, 1.87–12.58; P = 0.001), congestive heart failure (HR, 4.08, 95% CI, 1.45–11.51; P = 0.008), and renal insufficiency (HR, 4.56, 95% CI, 1.28–16.32; P = 0.020) could independently predict the incidence of the primary endpoint. The rate of the primary endpoint from CAS to 30 days after OHS was 4.6% (15/323). An interval of ≤5 days between CAS and OHS (OR, 4.51, 95% CI, 1.52–13.36; P = 0.007) and congestive heart failure (OR, 5.32, 95% CI, 1.63–17.43; P = 0.006) were identified as independent risk factors for the primary endpoint rate from CAS to 30 days after OHS by logistic regression analysis.

Conclusions

CAS followed by OHS is a safe and effective treatment for patients with concomitant carotid and cardiac disease within 1‐year follow up. The interval between CAS and OHS, congestive heart failure, and renal insufficiency could obviously influence the 1‐year results.
Impact of Hydrophobic Organohybrid Silicas on the Stability of Ni2P Catalyst Phase in the Hydrodeoxygenation of Biophenols
Authors: Dierks Michael , Cao Zhengwen , Manayil Jinesh C. , Akilavasan Jeganathan , Wilson Karen , Schüth Ferdi , Rinaldi Roberto
Published: January 2018

Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignocellulose‐derived pyrolysis oils offers an option to produce fuel substitutes. However, catalyst deactivation and stability constitute a significant issue. Herein, the dependence of stability and activity of Ni2P/SiO2 HDO catalysts on the support surface polarity is addressed in detail. The support surface polarity was adjusted by copolymerizing tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with different types and amounts of organosilanes by a sol–gel process in the presence of nickel nitrate and citric acid. After thermal treatment under an inert atmosphere, Ni/SiO2 precursors were formed. They were converted into Ni2P/SiO2 catalysts by using NaH2PO2 as a PH3 source. The catalyst surface polarity was characterized by inverse gas chromatography measurements of the free energy of methanol adsorption, and specific and dispersive surface energies derived from polar and nonpolar probe molecule adsorption. The correlation between catalyst performance and support surface polarity indicates that, to prevent deactivation of the catalyst by water under reaction conditions, the affinity of the support towards polar substances must be decreased below a threshold value.
Crystal‐Plane‐Dependent Activity of Spinel Co3O4 Towards Water Splitting and the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Liu Qianfeng , Chen Zhiping , Yan Zhao , Wang Yao , Wang Erdong , Wang Sheng , Wang Shudong , Sun Gongquan
Published: January 2018

Insights into the relationship between the crystal planes of metal oxides and the catalytic activity of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are essential for developing efficient renewable energy technologies. Herein, spinel Co3O4 nanomaterials were synthesized controllably with the specified morphologies of nanocubes, nanosheets, and nanoplates with different exposed planes of {100}, {110}, and {111}, respectively. The effects of the crystal planes of Co3O4 on the activity for the OER, ORR, and HER were subsequently investigated in alkaline media. Different electrocatalytic performances are possibly attributed to the abundance ratios of Co3+/Co2+ over the different exposed planes. The surface Co3+ ions exhibit higher activity for the OER and HER, whereas the surface Co2+ ions exhibit better performance for the ORR; moreover, higher electroconductivity enhances the polarization current for ORR and HER except OER.
Understanding expert practices in order to control expert activities: The case of trading
Authors: Jardat Rémi , Meric Jérôme , Sfez Flora
Published: January 2018

Experts are important actors of organizational control. Nevertheless, experience suggests that they must be controlled as well. This is particularly the case for traders in financial institutions. We first identify the limits of traditional control patterns when the managing the activities of experts is at stake. Hyperspecialization, which is the ability to act within different logics and multiple time horizons, suggests that multidimensional representations of these activities be adopted and made explicit, which has the potential to prevent such activities from turning problematic. By examining bank risks and conducting additional interviews with actors from bank trading services, we recommend that multiple components of complexity be preserved when dealing with expert‐related operational risks, instead of reducing this complexity to a single concept. Such an approach implies to turn back expertise against itself. Copyright © 2017 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐Photon Fluorescence Imaging and Therapy of Cancer Cells with Anisotropic Gold‐Nanoparticle‐Supported Porous Silicon Nanostructures
Authors: Chaix Arnaud , Rajoua Khalil , Stojanovic Vanja , El Cheikh Khaled , Bouffard Elise , Brocéro Anthony , Garcia Marcel , Maynadier Marie , Morère Alain , Gary‐Bobo Magali , Favier Frédéric , Durand Jean‐Olivier , Cunin Frédérique
Published: January 2018

In this work, we prepared porous silicon (pSi) nanostructures decorated with gold nanoparticles, as probes for cell tissue imaging under two‐photon excitation. We also demonstrated that the Au/pSi nanosystems induced cytotoxicity and phototoxicity under two‐photon excitation.
A Guide to Robust Statistical Methods in Neuroscience
Authors: Wilcox Rand R. , Rousselet Guillaume A.
Published: January 2018

There is a vast array of new and improved methods for comparing groups and studying associations that offer the potential for substantially increasing power, providing improved control over the probability of a Type I error, and yielding a deeper and more nuanced understanding of data. These new techniques effectively deal with four insights into when and why conventional methods can be unsatisfactory. But for the non‐statistician, the vast array of new and improved techniques for comparing groups and studying associations can seem daunting, simply because there are so many new methods that are now available. This unit briefly reviews when and why conventional methods can have relatively low power and yield misleading results. The main goal is to suggest some general guidelines regarding when, how, and why certain modern techniques might be used. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bring students together to create strong bonds to your university
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: January 2018

Jerry Price, Ph.D., first became invested in student affairs as a graduate resident advisor. As dean of student affairs at Chapman University, Price has helped boost his institution's first‐to‐second‐year retention rate from 86 percent to a consistent retention rate in the low‐to‐mid‐90‐percent range. He shared strategies for increasing first‐year retention, as well as for facilitating an atmosphere of critical thinking when tackling tricky topics on campus.
Flow cytometric method for scoring rat liver micronuclei with simultaneous assessments of hepatocyte proliferation
Authors: Avlasevich Svetlana L. , Khanal Sumee , Singh Priyanka , Torous Dorothea K. , Bemis Jeffrey C. , Dertinger Stephen D.
Published: January 2018

The current report describes a newly devised method for automatically scoring the incidence of rat hepatocyte micronuclei (MNHEP) via flow cytometry, with concurrent assessments of hepatocyte proliferation—frequency of Ki‐67‐positive nuclei, and the proportion of polyploid nuclei. Proof‐of‐concept data are provided from experiments performed with 6‐week old male Crl:CD(SD) rats exposed to diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or quinoline (QUIN) for 3 or 14 consecutive days. Non‐perfused liver tissue was collected 4 days after cessation of treatment in the case of 3‐day studies, or 1 day after last administration in the case of 14‐day studies for processing and flow cytometric analysis. In addition to livers, blood samples were collected one day after final treatment for micronucleated reticulocyte (MN‐RET) measurements. Dose‐dependent increases in MNHEP, Ki‐67‐positive nuclei, and polyploidy were observed in 3‐ and 14‐day DEN studies. Both treatment schedules resulted in elevated %MNHEP for QUIN‐exposed rats, and while cell proliferation effects were subtle, appreciable increases to normalized liver weights were observed. Whereas DEN caused markedly higher %MNHEP when exposure was extended to two weeks, QUIN‐induced MNHEP were slightly increased with protracted dosing. Parallel microscopy‐based MNHEP frequencies were highly correlated with flow cytometry‐based measurements (four study/aggregate R2 = 0.80). No increases in MN‐RET were seen in any of the four studies. Collectively, these results suggest liver micronuclei are amenable to an automated scoring technique that provides objective analyses and higher information content relative to conventional microscopy. Additional work is needed to expand the number and types of chemicals tested, identify the most advantageous treatment schedules, and test the transferability of the method. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:176–187, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification and Therapeutic Intervention of Coactivated Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase, Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2, and Ephrin Type‐A Receptor 5 Kinases in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Wang Xin , Zhang Minmin , Ping Fangfang , Liu Hongchun , Sun Jingya , Wang Yueqin , Shen Aijun , Ding Jian , Geng Meiyu
Published: January 2018

Though kinase inhibitors have been heavily investigated in the clinic to combat advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), clinical outcomes have been disappointing overall, which may be due to the absence of kinase‐addicted subsets in HCC patients. Recently, strategies that simultaneously inhibit multiple kinases are increasingly appreciated in HCC treatment, yet they are challenged by the dynamic nature of the kinase networks. This study aims to identify clustered kinases that may cooperate to drive the malignant growth of HCC. We show that anaplastic lymphoma kinase, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, and ephrin type‐A receptor 5 are the essential kinases that assemble into a functional cluster to sustain the viability of HCC cells through downstream protein kinase B–dependent, extracellular signal–regulated kinase–dependent, and p38‐dependent signaling pathways. Their coactivation is associated with poor prognosis for overall survival in about 13% of HCC patients. Moreover, their activities are tightly regulated by heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Thereby Combined kinase inhibition or targeting of heat shock protein 90 led to significant therapeutic responses both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: Our findings established a paradigm that highlights the cooperation of anaplastic lymphoma kinase, fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, and ephrin type‐A receptor 5 kinases in governing the growth advantage of HCC cells, which might offer a conceptual “combined therapeutic target” for diagnosis and subsequent intervention in a subgroup of HCC patients.