bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technical note: “Bit by bit”: a practical and general approach for evaluating model computational complexity vs. model performance
Authors: Azmi Elnaz , Ehret Uwe , Weijs Steven V. , Ruddell Benjamin L. , Perdigão Rui A. P.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. One of the main objectives of the scientific enterprise is the development of well-performing yet parsimonious models for all natural phenomena and systems. In the 21st century, scientists usually represent their models, hypotheses, and experimental observations using digital computers. Measuring performance and parsimony of computer models is therefore a key theoretical and practical challenge for 21st century science. “Performance” here refers to a model's ability to reduce predictive uncertainty about an object of interest. “Parsimony” (or complexity) comprises two aspects: descriptive complexity – the size of the model itself which can be measured by the disk space it occupies – and computational complexity – the model's effort to provide output. Descriptive complexity is related to inference quality and generality; computational complexity is often a practical and economic concern for limited computing resources. In this context, this paper has two distinct but related goals. The first is to propose a practical method of measuring computational complexity by utility software “Strace”, which counts the total number of memory visits
while running a model on a computer. The second goal is to propose the “bit by bit” method, which combines measuring computational complexity by “Strace” and measuring model performance by information loss relative to
observations, both in bit. For demonstration, we apply the “bit by bit” method to watershed models representing a wide diversity of modelling strategies (artificial neural network, auto-regressive, process-based, and
others). We demonstrate that computational complexity as measured by “Strace” is sensitive to all aspects of a model, such as the size of the model itself, the input data it reads, its numerical scheme, and time stepping. We further demonstrate that for each model, the bit counts for computational complexity exceed those for performance by several orders
of magnitude and that the differences among the models for both computational complexity and performance can be explained by their setup and are in accordance with expectations. We conclude that measuring computational complexity by “Strace” is practical, and it is also general in the sense that it can be applied to any model that can be run on a digital computer. We further conclude that the “bit by bit” approach is general in the sense that it measures two key aspects of a model in the single unit of bit. We suggest that it can be enhanced by additionally measuring a model's descriptive complexity – also
in bit.
Analysis of the surface mass balance for deglacial climate simulations
Authors: Kapsch Marie-Luise , Mikolajewicz Uwe , Ziemen Florian A. , Rodehacke Christian B. , Schannwell Clemens
Published: March 2021

Abstract. A realistic simulation of the surface mass balance (SMB) is essential for simulating past and future ice-sheet changes. As most state-of-the-art Earth system models (ESMs) are not capable of realistically representing processes determining the SMB, most studies of the SMB are limited to observations and regional climate models and cover the last century and near future only. Using transient simulations with the Max Planck Institute ESM in combination with an energy balance model (EBM), we extend previous research and study changes in the SMB and equilibrium line altitude (ELA) for the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets throughout the last deglaciation. The EBM is used to calculate and downscale the SMB onto a higher spatial resolution than the native ESM grid and allows for the resolution of SMB variations due to topographic gradients not resolved by the ESM. An evaluation for historical climate conditions (1980–2010) shows that derived SMBs compare well with SMBs from regional modeling.
Throughout the deglaciation, changes in insolation dominate the Greenland SMB. The increase in insolation and associated warming early in the deglaciation result in an ELA and SMB increase. The SMB increase is caused by compensating effects of melt and accumulation: the warming of the atmosphere leads to an increase in melt at low elevations along the ice-sheet margins, while it results in an increase in accumulation at higher levels as a warmer atmosphere precipitates more. After 13 ka, the increase in melt begins to dominate, and the SMB decreases. The decline in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation after 9 ka leads to an increasing SMB and decreasing ELA. Superimposed on these long-term changes are centennial-scale episodes of abrupt SMB and ELA decreases related to slowdowns of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) that lead to a cooling over most of the Northern Hemisphere.
The case of a southern European glacier which survived Roman and medieval warm periods but is disappearing under recent warming
Authors: Moreno Ana , Bartolomé Miguel , López-Moreno Juan Ignacio , Pey Jorge , Corella Juan Pablo , García-Orellana Jordi , Sancho Carlos , Leunda María , Gil-Romera Graciela , González-Sampériz Penélope , Pérez-Mejías Carlos , Navarro Francisco , Otero-García Jaime , Lapazaran Javier , Alonso-González Esteban , Cid Cristina , López-Martínez Jerónimo , Oliva-Urcia Belén , Faria Sérgio Henrique , Sierra María José , Millán Rocío , Querol Xavier , Alastuey Andrés , García-Ruíz José M.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Mountain glaciers have generally experienced an accelerated retreat over the
last 3 decades as a rapid response to current global warming. However,
the response to previous warm periods in the Holocene is not well-described
for glaciers of the southern Europe mountain ranges, such as the Pyrenees.
The situation during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (900–1300 CE) is
particularly relevant since it is not certain whether the southern European
glaciers just experienced significant ice loss or whether they actually
disappeared. We present here the first chronological study of a glacier
located in the Central Pyrenees (NE Spain), Monte Perdido Glacier (MPG),
carried out by different radiochronological techniques and a comparison with
geochemical proxies from neighbouring palaeoclimate records. The chronological
model evidences that the glacier persisted during the Roman period and the
Medieval Climate Anomaly. The apparent absence of ice in the past
∼ 600 years suggests that any ice accumulated during the
Little Ice Age has since ablated. This interpretation is supported by
measured concentrations of anthropogenic metals, including Zn, Se, Cd, Hg
and Pb, which have concentrations well below those typical of industrial-age ice measured at other glaciers in Europe. This study strengthens the general
understanding that warming of the past few decades has been exceptional for
the past 2 millennia.
Pemanfaatan Tepung Tulang Ikan Cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis) sebagai Sumber Kalsium dan Fosfor untuk Meningkatkan Nilai Gizi Biskuit
Authors: Daeng Ruslan A.
Published: March 2021

Pengelolaan limbah dari industri perikanan di Maluku Utara belum optimal dilakukan sehingga menimbulkan dampak yang kurang baik terhadap lingkungan, padahal limbah tersebut dapat diolah lebih lanjut menjadi berbagai produk yang memiliki nilai ekonomis.  Limbah pengolahan ikan seperti kepala, tulang, sisik dan kulit biasanya dibuang dan tidak dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat atau   industri perikanan. Limbah yang dihasilkan berupa padatan dan cairan cukup besar pada umumnya berkisar antara 40-50% dari berat total ikan, tergantung jenis ikan yang diolah. Biskuit adalah jenis yang terbuat dari adonan keras melalui proses fermentasi atau pemeraman, berbentuk pipih yang mengarah kepada rasa asin dan relatif renyah, serta bila dipatahkan penampang potongannya berlapis-lapis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memanfaatkan limbah ikan cakalang berupa tulang yang akan dijadikan sebagai tepung untuk ditambahkan ke dalam bahan pembuatan biskuit dan untuk mengetahui mutu sensori dari produk biskuit meliputu kenampakan, bau, rasa dan tekstur. Sedangkan manfaat penelitian adalah untuk menambah informasi tentang pemanfaatan limbah hasil perikanan yaitu  limbah tulang ikan cakalang yang ditambahkan ke dalam bahan pembuatan biscuit. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Juni sampai Agustus 2018 di Laboratorium Teknologi Hasil Perikanan (THP) Kampus A, Universitas Muhammadiyah Maluku Utara (UMMU) Kelurahan Sasa Kota Ternate Selatan dan di Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) untuk uji kimia. Dari hasil penilitian dapat disimpulakan bahwa darai hasil uju kimia menunjukan bahwa hasil kadar air (2,01%, 2,38%), kadar abu (1,01%, 2,83%), dan kadar lemak (22,00%, 22,94%) memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap biscuit tepung tulang ikan cakalang, sedangkan protein, karbohidrat by difference, kalsium dan fosfor memberikan pengaruh tudak nyata terhadap biscuit tepung tulang ikan cakalang.
Peramalan Cuaca Menggunakan Metode Rantai Markov
Authors: Nurhamiddin Fauziah , Sulisa Fadli M.
Published: March 2021

Peramalan cuaca merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, karena dapat mempengaruhi aktifitas yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat. Peramalan  cuaca mengacu pada rangkaian aktivitas yang dilakukan untuk menghasilkan sekumpulan informasi mengenai kondisi cuaca. Salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan dalam memodelkan kondisi-kondisi yang tidak pasti tersebut yaitu dengan rantai markov (Markov Chain).  Rantai Markovmerupakan proses acak di mana semua informasi tentang masa depan terkandung di dalam keadaan sekarang. Pada penelitian ini penulis mengggunakan data cuaca harian yang terjadi pada tanggal 12- 18 desember 2017 di Stasiun BMKG Kota Ternate. Data cuaca tersebut didasarkan pada kategori kondisi cuaca Cerah, Berawan,  Hujan Ringan dan Hujan, serta kategorikan lagi berdasarkan waktu perubahan cuaca yang terjadi yaitu di pagi hari, siang hari, sore hari dan malam hari. Dari hasil peramalan menggunakan metode rantai markov diperoleh data cuaca harian yang cukup bervariasi, namun cuaca yang paling dominan terjadi dalam satu minggu yaitu hujan ringan dengan probabilitas rata-rata di atas 0,433 atau 43,3% dan hujan dengan probabilitas rata-rata di atas 0,427 atau 42,7%.
Analisis Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Terjadinya Penyakit Dermatitis di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kecamatan Hiri Tahun 2020
Authors: Utami Sri Rahayu , Supriyatni Nani , Andiani Andiani
Published: March 2021

Dermatitis merupakan salah satu penyakit kulit yang disebabkan oleh peradangan dan iritasi hingga menyebabkan kulit terasa gatal (NIH, 2019). Penyakit ini ditandai dengan hadirnya kemerahan, pembengkakan, hingga pengerasan permukaan kulit. Peradangan dermatitis biasanya disebabkan oleh adanya kontak langsung zat kimia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Analisis Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Terjadinya Penyakit Dermatitis Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kecamatan Hiri Tahun 2020. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu observasional dengan pendekatan case control study. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat yang menderita Dermatitis diwilayah kerja puskesmas Kecamatan Pulau Hiri tahun 2020 dengan jumlah 281 kunjungan. Sampel dalam penenelitian ini sebanyak 106 responden, yang di peroleh dengan mengunakan metode observasional dengan pendekatan case control study. Hasil analisis dalam penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa ada hubungan pengetahuan responden dengan kejadian penyakit Dermatitis (0,000), tidak ada hubungan antara suhu dengan terjaidnya penyakit Dermatitis (0,697), ada hubungan antara kelembapan dengan kejadian penyakit dermatitis (0,001), ada hubungan antara personil hygene dengan kejadian penyakit dermatitis di wilayah kerja puskesmas pulau hiri (0,000). Di harapkan bagi peneliti selanjutnya dapat mengembangkan penelitian ini dengan variabel yang berbeda dan jumlah sampel yang lebih besar dengan selalu memperhatikan kesalahan- kesalahan agar dapat menginformasikan yang belum terjawab pada penelitian sebelumnya.
PERFIL EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DE PACIENTES IDOSOS ATENDIDOS EM UM PRONTO-SOCORRO
Authors: Silva Karla Rona da , Martins Cristiano Inácio , Souza Fernanda Gonçalves de , Faria Shirlei Moreira da Costa , Fernandes Marina Lanari , Camargos Mirela Castro Santos
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: descrever o perfil epidemiológico do paciente idoso atendido em um pronto-socorro referência para politraumatizado. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo e transversal a ser realizado em um pronto-socorro de referência em politraumatismo. Compor-se-á a amostra pelos os idosos, isto é, os pacientes com idade igual e superior a 60 anos atendidos no período de 2009 a 2019. Armazenar-se-ão os dados em planilha do programa Excel 2010®, submetendo-os à análise descritiva pelo software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, versão 19. Resultados esperados: espera-se contribuir com evidenciação científica sobre a demanda de acesso à saúde nos serviços de urgência e emergência por essa população, além de atender às prioridades investigativas propostas pelo Ministério da Saúde.
Pengaruh Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility, Karakter Eksekutif, Profitabilitas Dan Corporate Governance Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur
Authors: Irmawati Ika , Nasaruddin Fadliah , Junaid Asriani
Published: March 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk Menguji pengaruh kecerdasar emosional dan pengaruh karakteristik personal seseorang, dalam hal ini auditor terhadap kualitas audit yang dihasilkan oleh auditor di Kantor Akuntan Publik di Makassar. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah survei, yaitu meode pengumpulan data premier dengan memberikan pernyataan-pernyataan kepada responden, sehingga informasi akan dikumpulkan dari sebagian populasi untuk mewakili seluruh populasi untuk memperoleh bukti empiris atas pengaruh kecerdasan emosional dan karakteristik personal auditor terhadap kualitas audit. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian hipotesis, ditemukan bahwa kecerdasan emosional berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kualitas audit, sedangkan karakteristik personal auditor berpengaruh negati dan tidak signifikan terhadap kualitas audit.
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of emotional intelligence and the influence of a person's personal characteristics, in this case the auditor on the quality of audits produced by the auditor at the Public Accountant Office in Makassar. The method used in this study is a survey, which is the method of collecting premier data by giving statements to respondents, so that information will be collected from a portion of the population to represent the entire population to obtain empirical evidence of the influence of emotional intelligence and auditor's personal characteristics on audit quality. Based on the results of hypothesis testing, it was found that emotional intelligence has a positive and significant effect on audit quality, while the personal characteristics of the auditor have a negative effect and are not significant on audit quality.
Perlindungan Hukum Bagi Konsumen Terhadap Perusahaan Leasing Yang Melakukan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum Di Kota Makassar
Authors: Nabila Sarifa , Sampara Said , Abbas Ilham
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis bentuk perlindungan hukum bagi konsumen terhadap perusahaan leasing yang melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum. Serta menganalisis faktor-faktor efektivitas yang mempengaruhi penegakan hukum bagi perlindungan konsumen terhadap perusahaan leasing yang melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum. Hasil yang diperoleh penulis dalam melakukan penelitian ini adalah Perlindungan Konsumen terhadap perusahaan Leasing yang melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum terbagi menjadi dua yakni bentuk preventif dan represif. Penegakan hukum sengketa konsumen tidak lepas dari tiga faktor yaitu Substansi Hukum, Struktur Hukum dan Kultur Hukumnya yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan prosesnya. Adapun diantaranya ialah ketentuan yang kontradiktif dan rumusannya tidak jelas serta tegas, terlalu banyak peranan lemabaga yang terlibat dalam penegakan hukum UUPK,  tidak adanya pedoman operasioanl, dan pelaku usaha tidak melaksanakan putusan BPSK dengan sukarela.

This study aims to determine and analyze the form of legal protection for consumers against companies leasing that commit acts against the law. As well as analyzing the factors that influence law enforcement for consumer protection agains tcompanies leasing that commit acts against the law. The results obtained by the author in conducting this research are consumer protection against companies leasing that commit acts against the law is divided into two, namely preventive and repressive forms. Law enforcement of consumer disputes cannot be separated from three factors, namely Legal Substance, Legal Structure and Legal Culture which affect the success of the process. Among them are contradictory provisions and the formulation is not clear and firm, there are too many roles of institutions involved in UUPK law enforcement, there are no operational guidelines, and business actors do not voluntarily implement BPSK decisions.
Pengaruh Kompetensi SDM, Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi organisasi terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Makassar
Authors: Odja Maryam , Hamzah Nasir , Arifin Zainal
Published: March 2021

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan: (1) Untuk Mengetahui dan Menganalisis Pengaruh Kompetensi SDM terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Makassar.. (2) Untuk Mengetahui dan Menganalisis Pengaruh Teknologi Informasi terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Makassar. (3). Untuk Mengetahui dan Menganalisis pengaruh Komuniksi organisasi Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Makassar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Analisis deskriptif dan analisis Regresi Linier Berganda, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 100 responden. Berdasarkan hasil analisis regresi linier berganda, maka Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1). Kompetensi SDM berpengaruh positif dan signifikan Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Makassar (2) Teknologi Informasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Makassar (3). Komunikasi organisasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kota Makassar.

This research was conducted with the aim of: (1) To identify and analyze the influence of HR competence on the performance of the Makassar City Environmental Service employees. (2) To identify and analyze the effect of information technology on the performance of the Makassar City Environmental Service staff. (3). To Know and Analyze the influence of organizational communication on Employee Performance of the Environmental Service of Makassar City. The research method used in this research is descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis, with a sample size of 100 respondents. Based on the results of multiple linear regression analysis, the results show that (1). Human resource competencies have a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance of the Makassar City Environmental Service 2) Information Technology has a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance of the Makassar City Environmental Service (3). Organizational communication has a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance of the Makassar City Environmental Servicet.
Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran Terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan Trans Studio Makassar
Authors: Hijriah Mira , Nurnajamuddin Mahfud , Serang Serlin
Published: March 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran Terhadap Kepuasan Pengunjung Pada Trans Studio Makassar. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan deskriptif dan eksplanatori dengan metode kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah regresi berganda dengan bantuan program SPSS V. 16, untuk sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 116 orang pelanggan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Harga berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan Trans Studio Makassar; produk berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan Trans Studio Makassar; promosi berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan Trans Studio Makassar.; distribusi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan Trans Studio Makassar; people (orang) berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan Trans Studio Makassar; proses berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan Trans Studio Makassar dan bukti fisik berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan Trans Studio Makassar.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the Effect of Marketing Mix on Visitor Satisfaction at Trans Studio Makassar. The research approach used is descriptive and explanatory approaches with quantitative and qualitative methods. The research method used is multiple regression with the help of the SPSS V. 16 program, for the sample in this study were 116 customers. The results showed that: Price had a positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction in Trans Studio Makassar; the product has a negative and insignificant effect on Trans Studio Makassar customer satisfaction; promotion has a negative and insignificant effect on Trans Studio Makassar customer satisfaction; distribution has positive and significant effect on customer satisfaction of Trans Studio Makassar; people (people) positive and not significant effect on customer satisfaction Trans Studio Makassar; the process has a positive and not significant effect on Trans Studio Makassar customer satisfaction and physical evidence has a positive and significant effect on Trans Studio Makassar customer satisfaction.
Closing the Gap: Increasing Student Voice on Campus to Improve Understanding of a General Education Program's Goals
Authors: Hopkins Daniel , Bieter John
Published: March 2021

This article traces the efforts made by Boise State's General Education program—University Foundations—and an undergraduate researcher to improve understanding of general education on campus. Undergraduate students often struggle to understand general education's goals. In order to improve this understanding, University Foundations committed itself to increasing the student voice on campus. It began by adding three different pieces of experiential learning—an undergraduate research team, a mentor program, and reflection in capstone courses—to build the student voice within the program. University Foundations then changed the language of the program to make it more accessible, created mottos to help in understanding general education's purpose, and made presentations to student and faculty groups. This would lead to further presentations that explained the purpose of general education to the universal freshman seminar course. Finally, University Foundations founded an annual faculty summit to help instructors better understand and articulate the purpose of general education to their students. By adding and sustaining the student voice, University Foundations worked to close the gap in understanding of the program's goals.
U-Pb Dating on Hydrothermal Rutile and Monazite from the Badu Gold Deposit Supports an Early Cretaceous Age for Carlin-Type Gold Mineralization in the Youjiang Basin, Southwestern China
Authors: Gao Wei , Hu Ruizhong , Hofstra Albert H. , Li Qiuli , Zhu Jingjing , Peng Keqiang , Mu Lan , Huang Yong , Ma Jianwen , Zhao Qiang
Published: March 2021

The Youjiang basin on the southwestern margin of the Yangtze block in southwestern China is the world’s second largest Carlin-type gold province after Nevada, USA. The lack of precise age determinations on gold deposits in this province has hindered understanding of their genesis and relation to the geodynamic setting. Although most Carlin-type gold deposits in the basin are hosted in calcareous sedimentary rocks, ~70% of the ore in the Badu Carlin-type gold deposit is hosted by altered and sulfidized dolerite. Although in most respects Badu is similar to other Carlin-type gold deposits in the province, alteration of the unusual dolerite host produced hydrothermal rutile and monazite that can be dated.

Field observations show that gold mineralization is spatially associated with, but temporally later than, dolerite. In situ secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) U-Pb dating on magmatic zircon from the least altered dolerite yielded a robust emplacement age of 212.2 ± 1.9 Ma (2σ, mean square of weighted deviates [MSWD] = 0.55), providing a maximum age constraint on gold mineralization. The U-Th/He ages of detrital zircons from hydrothermally mineralized sedimentary host rocks at Badu and four other Carlin-type gold deposits yielded consistent weighted mean ages of 146 to 130 Ma that record cooling from a temperature over 180° to 200°C and place a lower limit on the age of gold mineralization in the basin.

Hydrothermal rutile and monazite that are coeval with gold mineralization have been identified in the mineralized dolerite. Rutile is closely associated with hydrothermal ankerite, sericite, and gold-bearing pyrite. It has high concentrations of W, Fe, V, Cr, and Nb, as well as growth zones that are variably enriched in W, Fe, Nb, and U. Monazite contains primary two-phase fluid inclusions and is intergrown with gold-bearing pyrite and hydrothermal minerals. In situ SIMS U-Pb dating of rutile yielded a Tera-Wasserburg lower intercept age of 141.7 ± 5.8 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.04) that is within error of the in situ SIMS Th-Pb age of 143.5 ± 1.4 Ma (2σ, MSWD = 1.5) on monazite. These ages are ~70 m.y. younger than magmatic zircons in the host dolerite and are similar to the aforementioned U-Th/He cooling ages on detrital zircons from hydrothermally mineralized sedimentary host rocks. We, therefore, conclude that the Badu Carlin-type gold deposit formed at ca. 144 Ma. The agreement of the rutile and monazite ages with the U-Th-He cooling ages of Badu and four other Carlin-type gold deposits in the Youjiang basin suggests that ca. 144 Ma is representative of a regional Early Cretaceous Carlin-type hydrothermal event formed during back-arc extension.
Preliminary Physical and Mathematical Model of the Recoil Operated Firearm within the Bolt Recoil Period
Authors: SZUPIEŃKO Damian , WOŹNIAK Ryszard B.
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a preliminary physical and mathematical model which describes the specific action of an automatic, short recoil operated firearm with an accelerator. The model includes the characteristic stages of the automatic action for a short recoil operated firearm (during one half of a single shot cycle), which enables simulation and assessment of the effect of the firearm’s system design parameters on the recoil velocities in specific recoil assembly components.
Concept for the Construction and Application of a Counter-UAV Defence System
Authors: WOJTYRA Damian , WACŁAWIK Kamil , KRENC Ksawery , DŁUGOŃ Marcin
Published: March 2021

This paper describes a concept for the construction and application of the Counter-UAV Defence System as developed by the Polish consortium of Zakłady Mechaniczne “Tarnów” S.A. (ZMT) and Military University of Technology (MUT). The article describes a system designed to counteract unmanned aerial vehicles, which consists of a multi-barrel machine gun and a radiolocation system. The Counter-UAV Defence System enables the combating of aerial targets, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
Delayed Blowback Operation Firearms in the Small Arms Classification
Authors: MORAWSKI Mateusz , ZAHOR Mirosław
Published: March 2021

This paper presents the general principle of operation of delayed blowback small arms, their classification by the applied blowback delay, and a discussion of the existing designs. An analysis was carried out to rate the specific design solutions. The results of this work will be used in further investigations into and testing of delayed blowback firearms.
Developing a Decision-Making Capacity Assessment Clinical Pathway for Use in Primary Care: a Qualitative Exploratory Case Study
Authors: Charles Lesley , Torti Jacqueline MI , Brémault-Phillips Suzette , Dobbs Bonnie , Tian Peter GJ , Khera Sheny , Abbasi Marjan , Chan Karenn , Carr Frances , Parmar Jasneet
Published: March 2021

Background
With an ageing population, the incidence of dementia will in­crease, as will the number of persons requiring decision-making capacity assessments. For over 10 years, we have trained family physicians in conducting decision-making capacity assessments. Physician feedback post-training, however, has highlighted the need to integrate the decision-making capacity assessment process into the primary care context. The purpose of this study was to develop a decision-making capacity as­sessment clinical pathway for implementation in primary care.
Methods
A qualitative exploratory case-study design was used to ob­tain participants’ perspectives regarding the utility of a visual algorithm detailing a decision-making capacity assessment clinical pathway for use in primary care. Three focus groups were conducted with family physicians (n=4) and allied health professionals (n=6) in two primary care clinics in Alberta. A revised algorithm was developed based on their feedback.
Results
In the focus groups, participants identified inconsistencies and a lack of standardization regarding decision-making capacity assessments within primary care, and provided feedback regarding a decision-making capacity assessment clinical pathway to make it more applicable to primary care. Participants described this pathway as appealing and straight­forward; they also made suggestions to make it more primary care-centric. Participants indicated that the presented pathway would improve teamwork and standardization of decision-making capacity assessments within primary care.
Conclusions
Use of a decision-making capacity assessment clinical path­way has the potential to standardize decision-making capacity assessment processes in primary care, and support least in­trusive and least restrictive patient outcomes for community-dwelling older adults.
The SIMARD-MD is not an Effective Driver Screening Tool for Determining Fitness-To-Drive
Authors: Crizzle Alexander M. , Mullen Nadia , Mychael Diane , Meger Natasha , Toxopeus Ryan , Gibbons Carrie , Ostap Simeon , Dubois Sacha , Bédard Michel
Published: March 2021

Background

Studies have reported poor sensitivity and specificity of the Screen for the Identification of Cognitively Impaired Medically At-Risk Drivers, a modification of the DemTech (SIMARD-MD) to screen for drivers with cognitive impair­ment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the SIMARD-MD can accurately predict pass/fail on a road test in drivers with cognitive impairment (CI) and healthy drivers.

Methods

Data from drivers with CI were collected from two compre­hensive driving assessment centres (n=86) and compared with healthy drivers (n=30). All participants completed demo­graphic measures, clinical measures, and a road rest (pass/fail). Analyses consisted of correlations between the SIMARD-MD and the other clinical measures, and a receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve to determine the predictive ability of the SIMARD-MD.

Results

All healthy drivers passed the road test compared with 44.2% of the CI sample. On the SIMARD-MD, the CI sample scored significantly worse than healthy drivers (p < .001). The ROC curve showed the SIMARD-MD, regardless of any cut-point, misclassified a large number of CI individuals (AUC=.692; 95% CI = 0.578, 0.806).

Conclusions

Given the high level of misclassification, the SIMARD-MD should not be used with either healthy drivers or those with cognitive impairment for making decisions about driving.
A Short History of Long-Term Care in Nova Scotia*
Authors: Mah Jasmine , Gallup Benjamin
Published: March 2021

The needs of older adults living in long-term care in Nova Scotia and across Canada are frequently ignored. There is historical precedent for this, as the voices of the poor and vulnerable have been under-represented throughout history. This paper aims to summarize the history of long-term care in Nova Scotia, Canada from its 17th-century origins to the end of the 20th century. The influences of key events, poli­cies and concepts are examined chronologically: the systems implemented in Nova Scotia by French and later British colonists, the movement to delineate between categories of poor, the rise and fall of workhouses, and the development of social welfare legislation in Canada in the 20th century. Additionally, the surprisingly persistent stigmatization of poverty and dependence, and social versus health framing for older adult care, are all discussed. The authors hope that, by reflecting on the evolution of long-term care, this may result in better understanding of why contemporary problems are entrenched in our institutions. Through this understanding, tangible solutions might become more feasible.
Design and Validation of an Instrument for Evaluating the Social Capital of Faculty Members
Authors: Pournik Omid , Ghalichi Leila
Published: March 2021

Background: Social capital refers to the degree and quality of connections in a certain community. The effect of social capital on productivity, absenteeism, and health of employees is reported by studies conducted in a variety of work environments. Objectives: The current study aimed to, firstly, provide a better understanding of social capital conceptualized by the faculty members in Iran and, secondly, developing an instrument for its evaluation. Methods: In this mixed-method study, initially, a search was performed to identify relevant literature for determinants of social capital at the workplace. Then, a semi-structured interview was performed with faculty members and experts. Afterward, a group of experts evaluated the obtained list of subscales and commented on the degree of relevance, importance, and grouping. Then, the questionnaire was developed based on the finalized list of determinants and expert opinions. Ten faculty members evaluated the questionnaire, comprised of 38 items, and after obtaining their approval, the questionnaire was completed by 32 faculty members from different universities. Results: Identified determinants were categorized into five categories of ability and tendency to participate in workplace activities, trust in the workplace, social cohesion, access to information, and participation in groups and networks. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a structure corresponding to the theoretical dimensions previously extracted, and Cronbach’s alpha ranged from 0.724 to 0.959. Conclusions: According to our findings, the social capital of faculty members can be evaluated by measuring ability and willingness to participate in workplace activities, trust and social cohesion in the workplace, access to workplace information, and membership in work-related groups and networks. We also provided a 38-item questionnaire for its evaluation, with acceptable internal consistency and conformity with the theoretical constructs.
Depression Symptoms and Sleep Quality During COVID-19 Outbreak in Iran: A National Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Torkian Samaneh , Akhlaghi Elham , Khosravi Vahid , Etesami Reza , Ahmadi Ali , Khanjani Narges , Rouhi Vajihe
Published: March 2021

Background: Coronavirus 2019 is a new infectious disease that has been declared by the World Health Organization as a global pandemic. This pandemic may have psychological effects on populations. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the quality of sleep and depression in the Iranian community during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This nationwide cross-sectional web-based study was conducted from April 19 to May 12, 2020 in Iran. The data collection tools were the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Depression Center for Epidemiologic Studies’ Depression Scale questionnaires. Each province in Iran was assumed as a cluster, and generalized estimating equations models were used to determine the demographic variables that were related to depression symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak. Results: In this study, 73.5% and 41.4% of the participants had poor sleep quality and had depression symptoms, respectively. Perceived income, hours spent outdoors, the number of people with COVID-19 that were acquainted with, and a history of depression significantly were related to sleep quality. Also, gender, age, having a child, education level, economic status, and a history of depression were significantly associated with having depression symptoms. Conclusions: Most participants had poor sleep quality, and less than half had depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. These problems can disturb daily routines, cut social ties, and increase worries and fears of the future. Interventions are necessary to reduce psychological problems in Iran.
The Rejection of Consequentializing
Authors: Muñoz Daniel ,   Journal of Philosophy Inc.
Published: March 2021

Consequentialists say we may always promote the good. Deontologists object: not if that means killing one to save five. “Consequentializers” reply: this act is wrong, but it is not for the best, since killing is worse than letting die. I argue that this reply undercuts the “compellingness” of consequentialism, which comes from an outcome-based view of action that collapses the distinction between killing and letting die.
Incivility experienced by nursing students in relations with nurses during clinical practice
Authors: Hwang Yoon Young , Chu Min Sun
Published: March 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the meaning of incivility experienced by nursing students in relations with nurses during clinical practice.Methods: This is a descriptive qualitative study that included thirty participants using convenience sampling in universities in S, J, Ch, and C provinces. Data saturation was achieved and methodological rigor was established. Qualitative content analysis was used to inductively determine categories.Results: The four categories derived from analysis were ‘left alone at clinical field’, ‘treated as an assistant’, ‘not respected as a person’ and ‘ignored future dreams’.Conclusions: Nursing students continue to carry out repetitive, low-risk tasks, for which they are not properly trained due to the lack of practical guidance in clinical practice. During clinical practice, they are not respected as persons by nurses and are negatively influenced by nurse professionals. A solution to this requires organic cooperation and policy preparation at universities and hospital sites to improve practical training of nursing students.
A relação entre marcadores inflamatórios e depressão: uma revisão da literatura
Authors: Almeida Davi Benevides , Mota Stéphanie Chrystine Balestro , Mesquita Dara da Silva , Honório Júnior José Eduardo Ribeiro
Published: March 2021

A depressão é uma doença psiquiátrica que está cada vez mais persistente no mundo todo. Foi descrita pela primeira vez na Antiguidade e está até hoje tendo uma grande incidência de casos. Não se sabe ao certo sua fisiopatologia, porém nota-se cada vez mais que é um mal de causa multifatorial. A partir de muitos estudos realizados, já se sabe que existe uma diminuição na quantidade de neurotransmissores, como serotonina e dopamina, em relação a pacientes saudáveis. Esses neurotransmissores influenciam nossas emoções, aprendizado, humor e atenção e sua falta pode gerar o humor triste persistente. Seguindo essa lógica, estudos mais recentes demostram um aumento da quantidade de marcadores inflamatórios, como citocinas, interleucinas e PCR (proteína C-reativa), que podem atrapalhar o metabolismo de vitamina B, por exemplo, o que reduz a distribuição de serotonina, prejudicando o prognóstico de pacientes diagnosticados com transtorno depressivo. Em tais estudos, a presença exacerbada desses marcadores inflamatórios, principalmente IL-6, PCR, TNF e IL-1β, tem sido relacionada à existência de sintomas depressivos, como fadiga e sono prejudicado. Porém, em estudos contrários à teoria que relaciona a desregulação imunitária à depressão, a inflamação é explicada como fator decorrente de comportamentos associados a comorbidades relacionadas à depressão, como obesidade e doenças cardiovasculares. No que tange ao tratamento da depressão, os antidepressivos são utilizados em larga escala, sendo prescritos também para outras doenças. O uso inadequado e em excesso de tal medicamento é frequente e pode ocasionar diversos efeitos colaterais, como alta cardiotoxicidade, o que, segundo estudos, pode levar ao aumento dos marcadores inflamatórios sistêmicos, conforme o tipo de medicamento. Nesses estudos, o uso de antidepressivos tricíclicos (ADTs) resultariam em altos níveis de marcadores inflamatórios. Em contrapartida, outros estudos contrários demonstram que o uso de inibidores seletivos de recaptação de serotonina (ISRS) estaria relacionado à redução dos níveis de marcadores inflamatórios. Diante dessas divergências, novos estudos são feitos, a fim de relacionar o aumento no número de marcadores inflamatórios ao desenvolvimento da depressão, que deve ser investigado para ser utilizado como biomarcador clínico para depressão, contribuindo para o diagnóstico, monitoramento, prognóstico e tratamento da doença de forma eficaz.
Cranial ornamentation in the Late Cretaceous nodosaurid ankylosaurHungarosaurus
Authors: Ősi Attila , Magyar János , Rosta Károly , Vickaryous Matthew
Published: March 2021

Bony cranial ornamentation is developed by many groups of vertebrates, including ankylosaur dinosaurs. To date, the morphology and ontogenetic origin of ankylosaurian cranial ornamentation has primarily focused on a limited number of species from only one of the two major lineages, Ankylosauridae. For members of the sister group Nodosauridae, less is known. Here, we provide new details of the cranial anatomy of the nodosauridHungarosaurusfrom the Santonian of Europe. Based on a number of previously described and newly identified fragmentary skulls and skull elements, we recognize three different size classes ofHungarosaurus. We interpret these size classes as representing different stages of ontogeny. Cranial ornamentation is already well-developed in the earliest ontogenetic stage represented herein, suggesting that the presence of outgrowths may have played a role in intra- and interspecific recognition. We find no evidence that cranial ornamentation inHungarosaurusinvolves the contribution of coossified osteoderms. Instead, available evidence indicates that cranial ornamentation forms as a result of the elaboration of individual elements. Although individual differences and sexual dimorphism cannot be excluded, the observed variation inHungarosauruscranial ornamentation appears to be associated with ontogeny.
Wielopoziomowe przekształtniki energoelektroniczne – topologie, zasada działania, metody modulacji
Authors:   Politechnika Rzeszowska, Katedra Elektrotechniki i Podstaw Informatyki, Czmil Anna
Published: March 2021

In this paper selected issues concerning topological structure, operation and control as well as modulation methods used in multilevel converters are presented. There is reviewed general topologies of multilevel converters, which include Diode-Clamped Converters, Capacitor-Clamped Converters, Cascade Converters and Hybrid Converters. The general structure of a multilevel converter consisting of several stages depending on its application and topology is described. In the structure of operation, the stages of Outer Control Loop, Inner Control Loop, DC voltage stabilization and modulation are specified. Next, the division of modulation methods used in multilevel converters is presented and a detailed description of selected modulation methods is made. In the further part of the article the modulation methods were described in detail, i.e. the Level-Shifted Carrier Modulation Technique and Phase-Shifted Carrier Modulation Technique were used to present the analysis of power losses in multilevel converters.
PANORAMA DOS SISTEMAS E MODELOS CONTEMPORÂNEOS DE AVALIAÇÃO DE LIVROS ACADÊMICOS
Authors: França Cláudio , Oddone Nanci
Published: March 2021

Situado no contexto da comunicação científica e da avaliação da produção acadêmica, o presente estudo propõe mapear e descrever os sistemas e modelos contemporâneos de avaliação de livros acadêmicos. Ao longo da pesquisa constatou-se que a avaliação da qualidade e do impacto dos livros encontra-se em situação ainda incipiente face à avaliação de artigos e periódicos científicos. No entanto, observaram-se alguns esforços no sentido de construir metodologias específicas para avaliar os livros produzidos no âmbito acadêmico. A fase inicial do estudo foi dedicada à identificação e ao mapeamento de plataformas, sistemas, aplicativos e outras iniciativas correntes, por meio de pesquisa documental de natureza exploratória durante a qual foram consultados especialistas, sistemas governamentais, ferramentas de busca, grupos de pesquisa, além da mineração e do exame de referências localizadas em documentos que remetiam a métodos de avaliação de livros. O exame desses documentos e de artigos publicados sobre o tema ensejou a elaboração de uma matriz de coleta de dados utilizada para organizar os sistemas e modelos identificados de acordo com um grupo de variáveis: tipologia da avaliação, técnicas utilizadas para reunir informações sobre as obras, produto gerado e tipo de impacto mensurado. Os resultados evidenciaram a existência de 24 modelos e sistemas de avaliação, a maioria envolvendo iniciativas comerciais, e outros resultantes de projetos de cientistas e grupos de pesquisa e de modelos institucionais e governamentais cujo principal interesse reside na avaliação da atividade científica de países e regiões. Embora apresentem variações nos indicadores aferidos e nos métodos de avaliação, a maioria (71%) dos modelos se dedica essencialmente a avaliar indiretamente a qualidade e o impacto dos livros acadêmicos, tendência que dificulta a observação de outros aspectos característicos dos livros, que envolvem indicadores de natureza multidimensional, como os socioculturais.
Controlled Interfacial Reactions and Superior Mechanical Properties of High Energy Ball Milled/Spark Plasma Sintered Ti–6Al–4V–Graphene Composite
Authors: Zhou Yue , Dong Longlong , Yang Qinghao , Huo Wangtu , Fu Yongqing , Yu Jiashi , Liu Yue , Zhang Yusheng
Published: March 2021

Ball milling process has become one of the effective methods for dispersing graphene nanoplates (GNPs) uniformly into matrix; however, there are often serious issues of structural integrity and interfacial reactions of GNPs with matrix. Herein, GNPs/Ti‐6Al‐4V (GNPs/TC4) composites are synthesized using high energy ball milling (HEBM) and spark plasma sintering. Effects of ball milling on microstructural evolution and interfacial reactions of GNPs/TC4 composite powders during HEBM are investigated. As ball milling time increase, particles size of TC4 is first increased (e.g., ≈104.15 μm, 5 h), but then decreased to ≈1.5 μm (15 h), which is much smaller than that of original TC4 powders (≈86.8 μm). TiC phases are in situ formed on the surfaces of TC4 particles when ball milling time is 10Thinsp;h. GNPs/TC4 composites exhibit 36–103% increase in compressive yield strength and 57–78% increase in hardness than those of TC4 alloy, whereas the ductility is reduced from 28% to 7% with an increase of ball milling time (from 2 to 15 h). A good balance between high strength (1.9 GPa) and ductility (17%) of GNPs/TC4 composites is achieved when the ball milling time is 10 h, attributing to the synergistic effects of grain refinement strengthening, solid solution strengthening, and load transfer strengthening from GNPs and in situ formed TiC.