bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of an inactivated oil emulsion vaccine against hydropericardium syndrome in broilers
Authors: Roy P. , Koteeswaran A. , Manickam R.
Published: October 2010

Two inactivated vaccines were prepared against hydropericardium syndrome. The vaccine prepared from liver homogenate extracted with chloroform, inactivated with formalin and adjuvanted with liquid paraffin was highly effective against challenge in chickens aged three, five and seven weeks. Seroconversion following vaccination and challenge was assessed by the agar gel immunodiffusion test. The inactivated oil emulsion vaccine was highly effective against the syndrome in both experimental trials and field trials.
Serological surveillance of equine viral arteritis in the United Kingdom since the outbreak in 1993
Authors: Newton J. R. , Wood J. L. N. , Castillo‐Olivares F. J. , Mumford J. A.
Published: October 2010

Serological analysis of blood samples submitted to the Animal Health Trust showed that during 1995, 185 of 9203 unvacdnated horses (2.0 per cent) tested positive for antibodies to equine arteritis virus (EAV), and that during 1996,46 of 8851 unvaccinated horses (0.52 per cent) tested positive. During both years thoroughbreds were the predominant breed tested and only a small proportion of these (<0.3 per cent), consisting predominantly of imported mares, were seropositive. In contrast, among standardbred horses, from which samples were actively solicited in 1995,84 of 454 (18.5 per cent) were seropositive. Among standardbreds there was a difference in prevalence between types of horses, with 3.7 per cent of racing horses, 25 per cent of non‐radng horses and 41 per cent of stallions testing seropositive. Investigations of seropositive stallions identified during 1994 and 1995 demonstrated that clinically inapparent equine viral arteritis (EvA) had occurred previously in the uKC Of 50 seropositive stallions, nearly half were standardbreds and nearly all had been imported from either North America or the European Union. Whether 34 seropositive stallions were shedding virus in their semen was established either by test mating, by the serology of the covered mares, or by investigation by MAFF following the introduction of the Equine Viral Arteritis Order 1995. Nine of the stallions (26.5 per cent) were identified as presumptive shedders of EAV in semen and among specific breeds, viral shedding was identified in six of 15 (40 per cent) standardbreds and three of nine (33 per cent) warmbloods. In contrast with the outbreak of EVA in the UK in 1993, no signs of disease typical of EAV infection were reported during these investigations, even in mares test mated to stallions shedding the virus.
Atypical outbreak of caprine cryptosporidiosis in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Johnson E. H. , Muirhead D. E. , Windsor J. J. , King G. J. , Al‐Busaidy R. , Cornelius R.
Published: October 2010

An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred in goats ranging in age from two days to adult on a well‐managed closed farm. None of the other animals on the farm, including sheep, cows and buffalo, were affected. Morbidity approached 100 per cent in goats less than six months of age. Despite intensive supportive care, 238 goats died, ranging in age from two days to over one year. Cryptosporidia were detected in large numbers in the intestinal contents of dead animals and in faecal smears of animals with diarrhoea. Massive numbers of the organisms were also demonstrated histopathologically and by electronmicroscopy, and no other significant pathogens were detected. The outbreak was unique in terms of the extreme virulence of the organism, its apparent species‐specificity, and the shedding of the organism by animals over four weeks of age.
Current British veterinary attitudes to perioperative analgesia for cats and small mammals
Authors: Lascelles B. D. X. , Capner C. A. , Waterman‐Pearson A. E.
Published: October 2010

In March 1996, a questionnaire was sent to 2000 veterinary surgeons primarily involved in small animal practice to assess their attitudes to perioperative analgesic therapy in dogs, cats and other small mammals. This paper is concerned only with the data relevant to cats, analgesic monitoring, continuing education and, to a limited extent, small mammals. The veterinary surgeons considered that pain was a consequence of all the surgical procedures specified. Analgesics were administered by 94 per cent of them to cats undergoing orthopaedic surgery, by 72 per cent for the repair of a ruptured diaphragm, by 56 per cent for laparotomy, by 26 per cent for ovariohysterectomy, by 16 per cent for castration and by 39 per cent for dental work. Women and more recent graduates assigned higher pain scores to the procedures, and there was a significant correlation between the pain score and the number of veterinary surgeons who routinely gave analgesic, resulting in women and more recent graduates being more likely to treat the pain with analgesics. The majority of the veterinarians performed surgery on small mammals, but on average only 22 per cent gave perioperative analgesics, and the number giving analgesics varied with the species of small mammal. The perioperative monitoring of animals was largely delegated to nursing staff.
Ulcerative lymphangitis and coronet lesions in an Israeli dairy herd infected with Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Authors: Steinman A. , Elad D. , Shpigel N. Y.
Published: October 2010

An Israeli dairy herd which had experienced a severe outbreak of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infection in 1991 suffered a second outbreak in 1998, the first time since the disease was first recorded in Israel in 1986 that any herd had had a repeat outbreak. Between July and November 1998, 24 animals were affected. Initially, calves and heifers developed coronet and cutaneous limb lesions, and in total, 33 cutaneous lesions, half of which were located on the carpus, tarsus or distal limb, were recorded. The coronet lesions were associated with severe lameness. Thereafter, typical cutaneous body lesions appeared, mainly in cows. Ulcerative lymphangitis developed in four cases, all heifers. None of the affected animals showed any systemic clinical signs, their milk production was not affected, and no fever was recorded. In contrast with previous outbreaks in cattle in Israel, all the strains of Cpseudotuberculosis that were isolated were nitrate reductase‐positive.
Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (type I) in a dog
Authors: Olivry T. , Savary K C. M. , Murphy K M. , Dunston S. M. , Chen M.
Published: October 2010

In human patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, cutaneous subepidermal blistering can occur because of the production of antibodies specific for basement membrane antigens. This condition is referred to as bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (BSLE). A dog was diagnosed with BSLE because it because of the production of antibodies specific for basement membrane antigens. This condition is referred to as bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (BSLE). A dog was diagnosed with BSLE because it fulfilled the following criteria: (i) a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus by standard methods; (ii) an acquired, vesicular, erosive and ulcerative eruption; (iii) microscopical subepidermal vesicles with neutrophil‐predominant inflammation at the dermo‐epidermal junction; (iv) deposition of IgG at the epidermal basement membrane zone; and (v) circulating IgG autoantibodies against type VIl collagen. Anti‐collagen Vil type l‐BSLE therefore needs to be considered as a possible differential diagnosis for canine autoimmune subepidermal blistering diseases.
Lameness associated with the bicipital bursa in an Arab stallion
Authors: Booth T. M.
Published: October 2010

Severe, chronic lameness in the left forelimb of a five‐year‐old Arab stallion was localised to the bicipital bursa by local anaesthesia and gamma scintigraphy. Radiographic and ultrasonographic examinations of the proximal humeral tubercles and bicipital bursa revealed new bone produdion in the region of the intertubercular grooves and irregularities in the density of the soft tissues of the bicipital tendon and bursa. An endoscopic examination of the bicipital bursa with a standard arthroscope under general anaesthesia was a useful diagnostic procedure. The stallion was euthanased, and marked fibrocartilage fibrillation and formation of adhesions were found postmortem, confirming a diagnosis of chronic fibrinous bursitis.
Serotype and apx genotype profiles of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae field isolates in Korea
Authors: Min K. , Chae C.
Published: October 2010

A total of 100 field isolates of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae isolated from lung tissues of pigs with severe pleuropneumonia were serotyped by slide agglutination and precipitation tests. Polymerase chain reactions for apxICA, apxIICA, apxIIICA, apxIBD and apxIIIBD genes were used to determine their genotype prevalence. Serotypes 2 (56 isolates), 5 (28 isolates) and 6 (11 isolates) were the most common; only two isolates belonged to serotype 7, and three were untyped. Among the 97 isolates identified by serotype, 70 had the same apx genes as their respective serotype reference strains, but 27 did not have any of the apx genes present in the corresponding serotype reference strain. Among these 27 isolates, 10 were serotype 2, 12 were serotype 5, three were serotype 6 and two were serotype 7.
Immunohistochemical detection of PrP in the medulla oblongata of sheep: the spectrum of staining in normal and scrapie‐affected sheep
Authors: Ryder S. J. , Spencer Y. I. , Bellerby P. J. , March S. A.
Published: October 2010

Sections of the medulla oblongata from the brains of sheep were examined for prion protein (PrP) by immunohistochemistry. On the basis of the morphology and neuroanatomical distribution of the deposits, distinct disease‐associated patterns of PrP deposition were identified in scrapie‐affected sheep, suggesting at least four distinct phenotypes of scrapie. In addition, clearly defined patterns of PrP deposition, readily distinguished from the disease‐associated PrP deposits, were identified in some normal sheep from scrapie‐free flocks. In five sheep, believed to be preclinically affected by scrapie, PrP deposition of a disease‐specific type but of restricted distribution was identified, demonstrating the sensitivity of the technique for the diagnosis of scrapie. The neuroanatomical distribution of these early PrP deposits suggest that the route of entry of the scrapie agent into the brain is via parasympathetic motor neurons in the vagus nerve which innervate the gastrointestinal tract.
Pathology of natural Mycobacterium bovis infection in European badgers (Meles meles) and its relationship with bacterial excretion
Authors: Gavier‐Widen D. , Chambers M. A. , Palmer N. , Newell D. G. , Hewinson R. G.
Published: October 2010

Sixteen European badgers (Meles meles) from three statutory removal operations were studied. Samples of tracheal aspirate, pooled lymph nodes and urine were cultured for mycobacteria. Seven of the badgers were infected with Mycobacterium bovis and had tuberculous pulmonary lesions which varied in severity from extensive granulomatous consolidation to microgranulomas which were not detectable grossly. Tuberculous lesions were also observed in the upper respiratory airways, intestines, kidneys, spleen, liver, thymus, pleura and lymph nodes. One badger had tuberculous bite wounds. The histopathological characteristics of the tuberculous reactions and the associated tissue damage in various organs, together with the gross pathology, indicate that both mildly and severely infected badgers have the potential to excrete M bovis by several routes.
Isolation of Mycoplasma bovis from bovine clinical samples in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Byrne W. J. , McCormack R. , Egan J. , Brice N. , Ball H. J. , Markey B.
Published: October 2010

Mycoplasma bovis was detected in 134 (18 per cent) of 736 samples of bovine lung tissue collected from fatal pneumonia cases in the Republic of Ireland between April 1995 and December 1998. The cases occurred in 95 herds and recurred in four of them. Other respiratory pathogens were identified in 66 per cent of the M bovis ‐positive cases, with Pasteurelia species, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and parainfluenza 3 virus being most frequently detected. Mastitis and arthritis were less common clinical signs associated with M bovis infection; 22 cases of M bovis mastitis and five cases of M bovis arthritis were diagnosed in five herds.
Evaluation of fructosamine in dogs and cats with hypo‐ or hyperproteinaemia, azotaemia, hyperlipidaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia
Authors: Reusch C. E. , Haberer B.
Published: October 2010

The influence of various pathological conditions on fructosamine levels in normoglycaemic dogs and cats was investigated. The most frequent and most pronounced deviations were found in animals with hypoproteinaemia, in which fructosamine was significantly lower than in the controls. In 66 per cent of the dogs and 67 per cent of the cats with hypoproteinaemia the levels were below the reference range. In the dogs the concentration of fructosamine was correlated with the level of albumin, but in the cats it was correlated with the level of total protein. Dogs with hyperlipidaemia and azotaemia also had significantly lower levels of fructosamine; 38 per cent of those with hyperlipidaemia and 47 per cent of those with azotaemia had fructosamine levels outside the reference range. No significant changes in fructosamine were detected in dogs or cats with hyperproteinaemia or hyperbilirubinaemia, or in cats with hyperlipidaemia or azotaemia.
Inconsistent detection of PrP in extraneural tissues of cats with feline spongiform encephalopathy
Authors: Ryder S. J. , Wells G. A. H. , Bradshaw J. M. , Pearson G. R.
Published: October 2010

Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disease of cats, first reported in Great Britain in 1990, is believed to result from the consumption of food contaminated by the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The accumulation of PrP in non‐neural tissues of cats diagnosed as suffering from FSE was investigated by immunohistochemistry. In the majority of the cats no disease‐specific PrP was detected in lymphoid tissues. Small amounts of PrP were detected in the spleen of only two of 13 samples examined, in Peyer's patches of one of the two cases for which suitable material was available, but in the myenteric plexus of all four cats in which sections of intestine were examined. In addition PrP immunostaining was found in the kidney of all the cats with FSE whose kidneys were examined.
Evidence for the transmission of scrapie to sheep and goats from a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae
Authors: Caramelli M. , Ru G. , Casalone C. , Bozzetta E. , Acutis P. L. , Calella A. , Forloni G.
Published: October 2010

An accidental infection from a vaccine was suggested as the explanation for the sudden increase in outbreaks of scrapie in Italy in 1997 and 1998. This paper describes a recent outbreak of scrapie in sheep and goats which were exposed to the same vaccine. No ewes or goats had been imported into the herd since 1992, but a vaccine against Mycoplasma agalactiae had been administered twice, in 1995 and 1997. High rates of crude mortality and scrapie incidence were experienced by both species, all birth cohorts were involved and a large proportion of aged animals was affected. A pattern of brain lesions was observed, with slight differences between the sheep and goats, which was very similar to the pattern observed in animals previously exposed to the same vaccine but clearly different from that observed in the brains of sheep with scrapie in a flock not exposed to the vaccine. Regardless of their exposure status, genotype analysis of the sheep showed the presence of polymorphism only at codon 171. The patterns of both incidence and brain lesions provide evidence that the epidemic of scrapie was due to the use of the vaccine.
Electromyography under caudal epidural anaesthesia as an aid to the diagnosis of equine motor neuron disease
Authors: Kyles K. W. J. , McGorum B. C. , Fintl C. , Hann C. N. , Mayhew I. G. , Mauchline S.
Published: October 2010

Electromyography was used as an aid to the diagnosis of equine motor neuron disease in a conscious horse while it was under caudal epidural anaesthesia. A muscle biopsy was taken to confirm the diagnosis which was then supported by a postmortem examination.
Study of the behaviour, digestive efficiency and gut transit times of crib‐biting horses
Authors: McGreevy P. D. , Webster A. J. F. , Nicol C. J.
Published: October 2010

The spontaneous behaviour and the apparent digestibility of dry matter and fibre and transit times of digesta were compared in four normal horses and four crib‐biters. A technique was developed for measuring total gut transit times (TGTT) by using single‐stool analysis of the passage of radio‐opaque polyethylene markers. Longer TGTT were recorded in the crib‐biters than in the normal horses but the orocaecal transit times did not differ. The crib‐biters rested less than the normal horses.
Evaluation of the dosage of ivermectin in falcons
Authors: Lierz M.
Published: October 2010

Twelve groups of falcons, each containing three female gyrfalcon‐peregrine falcon hybrids (Falco rusticolusxFalco peregrinus) were injected intramuscularly with a single dose of ivermectin ranging from 0.2 mg/kg to 11 mg/kg bodyweight, and a control group was injected with water. Doses of ivermectin between 0.2 and 5 mg/kg failed to produce clinical signs of illness in the birds. Four birds which received either 6, 7 or 8 mg/kg showed slight clinical signs, and all the birds receiving 9 to 11 mg/kg showed more or less severe clinical signs of anorexia, apathy and sedation. Slight changes in the mean plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were detected in the group dosed with 5 mg/kg, and higher dosages caused marked changes in these enzymes as well as in the mean plasma activity of lactate dehydrogenase. The mean activity of AP decreased, and the activities of the other enzymes increased. A dosage of 2 to 3 mg/kg ivermectin is recommended as a safe and effective antiparasitic drug for falcons and it has been used successfully to treat infestations ofSerratospiculumspecies.
Non‐infectious factors associated with macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions in slaughter pigs from farrow‐to‐finish herds
Authors: Maes D. G. , Deluyker H. , Verdonck M. , de Kruif A. , Ducatelle R. , Castryck F. , Miry C. , Vrijens B.
Published: October 2010

A cross‐sectional epidemiological study was conducted in 150 randomly selected farrow‐to‐finish herds to investigate which non‐infectious factors might act as risk indicators for the prevalence and severity of macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions in slaughter pigs. Data were collected during herd visits through inspections of the pigs and through interviews with the farmers. Macroscopic lung lesions of pneumonia and pleuritis were recorded at slaughter from 25 pigs per herd, and microscopic lung lesions of lymphohistiocytic infiltration were recorded from 10 pigs per herd. The median herd level prevalences were 24 per cent for pneumonia, 16 per cent for pleuritis and 60 per cent for lymphohistiocytic infiltration. Pneumonia lesions were negatively associated with pleuritis lesions and positively associated with lymphohistiocytic infiltration. Pleuritis lesions were negatively associated with lymphohistiocytic infiltration. The prevalence and the severity of pneumonia lesions were increased by a high frequency of purchasing gilts and by a slaughter date in January to February. The presence of a growing unit also increased the severity of pneumonia. The prevalence and the severity of pleuritis lesions were higher when there were more pig herds in the municipality, and when there were poor biosecurity measures, and their prevalence was increased by a slaughter date in January to February, and their severity by a slaughter date in March to April. An increase in the airspace stocking density in the finishing unit also increased the prevalence of pleuritis. The prevalence and the severity of lymphohistiocytic infiltration in the lung tissue were higher in herds purchasing gilts. Pigs raised in pens with slatted floors were also at higher risk of more severe lesions of lymphohistiocytic infiltration.
Value of the pinnal‐pedal reflex in the diagnosis of canine scabies
Authors: Mueller R. S. , Bettenay S. V. , Shipstone M.
Published: October 2010

The potential value of the pinnal‐pedal scratch reflex as an aid to diagnosing canine scabies was assessed in 588 dogs with skin disease. The reflex was assessed by vigorously rubbing the tip of one earflap on to the base of the ear for five seconds, and it was considered positive if the ipsilateral hind leg made a scratching movement. A diagnosis of scabies was based on the dog's history, a physical examination and either positive skin scrapings or the complete resolution of pruritus and dermatitis after treatment with ivermectin or milbemycin, with no relapse for at least 12 months. Scabies was diagnosed in 55 of the dogs, allergic skin disease in 463, and 70 had other miscellaneous skin diseases. There was a positive pinnal‐pedal scratch reflex in 45 (82 per cent) of the 55 dogs with scabies. Forty (73 per cent) of the dogs with scabies had pinnal dermatitis, and 36 (90 per cent) of these had a positive pinnal‐pedal scratch reflex. There was a positive pinnal‐pedal scratch reflex in 33 (6.2 per cent) of the other 533 dogs. On the basis of these results, the specificity of testing for scabies by the pinnal‐pedal scratch reflex was 93.8 per cent, and the sensitivity was 81.8 per cent. The test's positive predictive value was 057 and its negative predictive value was 0.98.
Aetiology of reduced milk ejection in cows after transport and the use of a long‐acting analogue of oxytocin for prophylaxis
Authors: Riedl J. , Daffner B. L. , Kiossis E. , Stolla R. , Bruckmaier R. M.
Published: October 2010

Milk flow was recorded in 21 cows for three days after they were admitted to a large animal hospital. When the spontaneous flow of milk had stopped, a physiological dose (1 iu) of oxytocin was administered intravenously. Five of the cows were, in addition, treated with 0.35 mg of a long‐acting analogue of oxytocin (carbetocin) one hour before the first milking after they were admitted. In the 16 cows not treated with carbetocin, only about 30 per cent of the total milk yield was released spontaneously on the first day, and the injection of 1 iu of oxytocin released approximately another 60 per cent of the total milk yield. On the second day, the proportion of the total milk yield released spontaneously increased and the fraction released after the injection of 1 iu oxytocin decreased. In contrast, the five cows treated with carbetocin released on average 94 per cent of the total milk yield spontaneously during the first milking.
Evidence of infectious diseases in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) hunted in the waters of Greenland and by‐caught in the German North Sea and Baltic Sea
Authors: Wunschimann A. , Frese K. , Müiller G. , Baumgärtner W. , Siebert U. , Weiss R. , Lockyer C. , Heide‐Jørgensen M. P.
Published: October 2010

The pathological, microbiological and serological findings in harbour porpoises hunted in Greenlandic waters were compared with the findings in animals accidentally caught in fishing gear in the German North Sea and Baltic Sea. The body condition of the Greenlandic animals was good, whereas nine of 23 German harbour porpoises were moderately to markedly emaciated. Both groups were infested with parasites. In the Greenlandic animals parasitism of the aural peribullar cavity with Stenurus minor, of the liver and pancreas with Orthosplanchnus mironovi, of the lungs with Halocercus species and of the subcutaneous and mammary tissue with Crassicauda species was generally associated with a mild inflammatory response. No diseases associated with bacteria were identified in any of the Greenlandic harbour porpoises. In the porpoises from the German North Sea and Baltic Sea, parasites were present in the aural peribullar cavity (S minor ), liver (Campula oblonga ), first and second gastric compartment (Anisakis simplex) and in the lungs (Pseudalius inflexus and Torynurus convolutus ). Moderate to marked pulmonary parasitism and suppurative pneumonia, not observed in the Greenlandic porpoises, were present in 1 1 and 10, respectively, of the 23 German porpoises. The suppurative pneumonia was attributed to bacterial infection with β haemolytic streptococci and Escherichia coli var haemolytica. Four Greenlandic and 10 German porpoises had positive porpoise morbillivirus‐specific antibody titres suggesting that the virus was circulating in both populations.
Comparison of thelotomy and theloscopic triangulation for the treatment of distal teat obstructions in dairy cows ‐ a retrospective study (1994‐1998)
Authors: Hirsbrunner G. , Eicher R. , Meylan M. , Steiner A.
Published: October 2010

The medical records of 56 cows suffering from teat obstructions in the area of the rosette of Furstenberg were reviewed; 22 were treated by thelotomy and 34 by theloscopic triangulation and the long‐term results were reviewed by telephone conversations with the owners up to four years after the surgery. The milk flow at the fourth milking session after surgery was significantly better in the cows treated by theloscopy and, as a result, fewer of these cows required the teat sphincter to be cut. The cows treated by theloscopy also stayed in hospital for a significantly shorter period and suffered fewer episodes of mastitis.
Evaluation of the zootechnical parameters of vaccinating against swine enzootic pneumonia under field conditions
Authors: Pallarés F. J. , Gómez S. , Muñoz A.
Published: October 2010

A field test was carried out in different production systems to evaluate the effect of vaccination against swine enzootic pneumonia with an inactivated vaccine. A total of 13,691 pigs of four different genetic origins were used, of which 7351 were vaccinated and 6340 were used as controls. The animals were housed in 16 fattening units, in which the ‘one.site’, ‘two‐site’ and ‘three‐site’ production systems were represented. There were the following statistically significant differences in favour of the vaccinated animals: a 1.89 per cent lower mortality (P<0.001), a 0.09 lower feed conversion ratio (P<0.030), a 3.12 per cent lower cost per kilogram gained in fattening (P<0.031), a 4.02 per cent lower cost per kilogram of carcase (P<0.01 8), a 3.77 per cent lower cost of feed per kilogram gained in fattening (P<0.012) and a 56.75 per cent lower potential loss of profit per kilogram gained in fattening due to mortality (P<0.001). An analysis of variance of the effects of genetic origin, treatment and production system on the different parameters showed that only the treatment had any statistically significant effect on the percentage mortality (P<0.002), feed conversion ratio (P<0.030), cost per kilogram gained in fattening (P<0.019), cost per kilogram of carcase (P<0.020), cost of feed per kilogram gained in fattening (P<0.01 5) and potential loss of profit per kilogram gained in fattening due to mortality (P<0.002).
Coughing in thoroughbred racehorses: risk factors and tracheal endoscopic and cytological findings
Authors: Christley R. M. , Hodgson D. R. , Rose R. J. , Hodgson J. L. , Wood J. L. N. , Reid S. W. J.
Published: October 2010

A matched case‐control study was made of 100 thoroughbred horses which were coughing and 148 control horses which were free of clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. The variables identified by multivariable conditional logistic regression as being significantly associated with coughing included age (the risk decreased with age), the stage of training (horses in early training were at greatest risk), the time since the last race (horses that had never raced were at greatest risk) and the time since they were last transported (horses transported more than 14 days previously were more likely to cough than those transported within the last week). The coughing horses were significantly more likely to have high scores for upper and lower tracheal mucus and pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia. In addition, the tracheal aspirates of the coughing horses had increased odds of neutrophilia and were more likely to have intracellular bacteria than the control horses. However, a considerable proportion of the control horses had cytological and/or endoscopic evidence of airway inflammation.
Sick sinus syndrome in nine West Highland white terriers
Authors: Moneva‐Jordan A. , Corcoran B. M. , French A. , Dukes‐McEwan J. , Martin M. W. S. , Luis Fuentes V. , Hitchcock L. S. , Bonagura J. D.
Published: October 2010

Sick sinus syndrome is a clinical term used to describe the clinical signs of sinus node dysfundion. This paper describes the clinical data from nine West Highland white terriers, eight females and one male, in which a diagnosis of sick sinus syndrome was made. The most common clinical signs were episodic weakness and presyncope. Electrocardiographic findings included sinus bradycardia, sinus arrest with or without escape complexes, disturbances of atrioventricular conduction, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, or some combination of these dysrhythmias. The main radiographic changes were mild right‐sided cardiomegaly in five cases, and a slight increase in bronchial and interstitial markings in four, but there was no evidence of congestive heart failure in any of the dogs. Echocardiography revealed mild to moderate mitral endocardiosis in three cases with no other significant abnormalities. The dogs' responses to parenteral atropine were variable and were not necessarily related to their response to oral anticholinergic agents. Five of the dogs were initially treated with propantheline bromide, but in only two of them were the clinical signs controlled in the long term. Six of the dogs were successfully treated by the implantation of a transvenous pacemaker.
Clinical signs, histopathology and genetics of experimental transmission of BSE and natural scrapie to sheep and goats
Authors: Foster J. D. , Parnham D. , Chong A. , Goldmann W. , Hunter N.
Published: October 2010

This paper compares the clinical signs, histopathology, detection of PrPSc protein and PrP genetics of the transmission of BSE to sheep and goats, with the effects of the transmission of natural scrapie from a brain homogenate from a single sheep. After intracerebral and oral inoculations there were similarities in the clinical signs due to the two sources of infection, but there were differences in pathology at the end stage of disease and in the genotypes of the sheep which succumbed to the challenges. The incubation period of BSE was associated with the sheep PrP codon 171 genotype, but the natural scrapie source, despite inducing disease only in known susceptible genotypes, showed no clear association with PrP genotype.
Effect of different methods of administration of ivermectin on its efficacy against the shedding of gastrointestinal nematode eggs by gazelles
Authors: Ortiz J. , Ruiz de Ybañez M. R. , Goyena M. , Alonso F. , Abaigar T. , Espeso G. , Cano M.
Published: October 2010

Seven different methods of administering ivermectin to gazelles were compared: subcutaneous injection, direct oral administration, administration in individual feeds, administration in a herd feed, direct oral administration of a second ivermectin formulation, administration in individual water supplies, and administration in the herd's water supply. The first five treatments were effective, as monitored by faecal egg count reduction tests, and administration in individual feeds or in a herd feed avoided the need to capture the animals, with the attendant risk of mortality. Of the factors associated with the recipients (species, sex, age and inbreeding coefficient) age was the only significant factor for the efficacy of the treatment. Oral or subcutaneous, individual or collective, and direct or indirect administrations were equally satisfactory for the treatment of all the parasite groups studied. Only when parasitic problems were due to Nematodirus species did direct administration to individual animals appear to be preferable.
Treatment of irreducible caecocolic intussusception in horses by jejuno(ileo)colostomy
Authors: Boussauw B. H. S. , Domingo R. , Wilderjans H. , Picavet T.
Published: October 2010

Six of eight horses with caecocolic intussusception were treated successfully by jejuno‐ or ileocolostomy. The other two horses were euthanased during surgery. Four of the six horses survived long term, but two died within two‐and‐a‐half months, of problems related to the surgery. Compared with other techniques for treating caecocolic intussusception, jejuno‐ or ileocolostomy reduces surgical time and decreases the risk of abdominal contamination.
Analgesia of newborn lambs before castration and tail docking with rubber rings
Authors: Price J. , Nolan A. M
Published: October 2010

This study assessed the effects of suckled sucrose and parenteral carprofen treatment on behavioural measurements of discomfort and serum haptoglobin concentration in lambs following rubber ring castration and/or tail docking. Twenty‐eight male and 20 ewe lambs were allocated to either a male or ewe lamb control group (n=4) or to one of three male and two ewe lamb treatment groups (n=8). Male lambs in one treatment group received carprofen subcutaneously (0.5 mg/kg) 30 minutes before castration and docking. Lambs in all other treatment groups suckled sucrose or colostrum immediately before castration and/or tail docking. Behavioural measurements of discomfort were made following castration or tail docking in treatment groups and also in control animals which were not castrated or tail docked. Blood sampling of animals in treatment groups for analysis of serum haptoglobin, an acute phase protein used as an indicator of an acute inflammatory response, was performed before castration or docking and at 24 and 48 hours after castration or docking. Control lambs were blood sampled at 0, 24 and 48 hours following behavioural assessment. Neither suckled sucrose nor carprofen treatment altered discomfort behaviour associated with castration or tail docking. Haptoglobin levels following castration or tail docking remained close to the detection limits of the assay and were similar to those recorded in control animals.
Comparison of subcutaneous ivermectin and oral moxidectin for the treatment of notoedric acariasis in hamsters
Authors: Beco L. , Petite A. , Olivry T.
Published: October 2010

Thirty hamsters diagnosed with aNotoedresinfestation on the basis of their clinical signs and skin scrapings were allocated to three matched groups. The hamsters in group 1 received ivermectin at 400 μg/kg subcutaneously once a week for eight weeks, those in group 2 were treated with moxidectin at 400 μg/kg orally once a week, and those in group 3 were treated with moxidectin at the same dosage, but twice a week. The hamsters' skin lesions were scored weekly on the basis of the severity of crusting, erythema, scaling and excoriations at various sites. In all three groups the lesion scores were significantly lower after four and eight weeks, and there was no significant difference between the efficacy of the treatments. However, at the end of the treatment, skin scrapings were negative in only 60 to 70 per cent of the animals in each group.
Clinical and pathological observations on pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
Authors: Quintana J. , Segalés J. , Rosell C. , Calsamiglia M. , Rodríguez‐Arrioja G. M. , Chianini F. , Folch J. M. , Maldonado J. , Domingo M. , Canal M. , Plana‐Durán J.
Published: October 2010

The aim of this work was to characterise the lesions and agents present in clinically normal and clinically affected pigs on a farm during an outbreak of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMws), and to evaluate the diagnostic techniques for detecting porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV‐2) and other microorganisms. Four pigs in the early stage and 11 pigs in the late stage of the disease, and eight clinically normal pigs were necropsied. Samples of lymphoid tissue and serum were also obtained from 12 slaughter pigs from the same farm. The tissues were examined histopathologically, and in situ hybridisation, serology and PCR were used to detect porcine circovirus type 1 (Pcv‐1) and/or PCV‐2 in tissues and/or sera. The presence of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Aujeszky's disease virus (ADv) and porcine parvovirus (PPv) were also investigated. Characteristic microscopical lesions of PMWS were observed in the lymphoid tissues of the pigs in all three necropsied groups; the lesions were most common and severe in the pigs in the early stage of the disease, less so in the pigs in the late stage of the disease, and least in the clinically normal pigs. PCV‐2 infection was detected in all the necropsied pigs by in situ hybridisation and PCR. Only three pigs had the Pcv‐i genome in serum or lymph node tissue. In contrast, the slaughter pigs had no microscopical lesions and no PCV‐2 nucleic acid in their serum or tissues, and only one of them had the Pcv‐i genome in its serum. Immunohistochemical, serological and PCR studies revealed that PRRSV and ADV were also present on the farm during the outbreak.
Fertility parameters of dairy cows with cystic ovarian disease after treatment with gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone
Authors: Hooijer G. A. , van Oijen M. A. A. J. , Frankena K. , Valks M. M. H.
Published: October 2010

Fertility data were collected every four weeks for 10 years from 40 herds of Holstein‐Friesian dairy cattle. The data collected during 925 lactations from cows with cystic ovarian disease which were treated with 500 μg gonadorelin were compared with data from a control group of 13,869 normal lactations. The intervals between parturition and first insemination and between parturition and conception were significantly shorter (P<0.001) in the normal cows, but the interval between first insemination and conception was not. The overall conception rate tended to be higher (P<0.10) in the normal cows, but the conception rate after the first insemination was significantly higher (P<0.001) and the number of services per conception was significantly lower (P=0.008) in the normal cows.
Masking of two in vitro immunological assays forMycobacterium bovis(BCG) in calves acutely infected with non‐qctopathic bovine viral diarrhoea virus
Authors: Charleston B. , Hope J. C. , Carr B. V. , Howard C. J.
Published: October 2010

Acute infection of calves, previously vaccinated with bacille Calmette‐Guerin (BCG), with non‐cytopathic viral diarrhoea virus (BVDv) resulted in the temporary suppression of two in vitro assays used to monitorMycobacterium bovisinfection. Lymphocyte proliferation and interferon‐γ production by whole blood cultures containing purified protein derivatives prepared fromMycobacterium avium(PPD‐A) andM bovis(PPD‐B) were markedly suppressed. The implication is that acute infections of cattle with non‐cytopathic BVDV may temporarily compromise diagnostic tests forM bovisinfections and result in a failure to identify cattle with tuberculosis.
Duration of immunity in dogs after vaccination or naturally acquired infection
Authors: Coyne M. J. , Burr J. H. H. , Yule T. D. , Harding M. J. , Tresnan D. B. , McGavin D.
Published: October 2010

This paper reviews current scientific information about the duration of immunity induced in dogs by infection or vaccination. It describes the shortcomings of the methods used to measure the immune responses of dogs, and explains the need for basic studies on the nature of protective humoral and cellular responses, and standardised assays for the long‐term duration of immunity to pathogens other than rabies. The information is inadequate to warrant uniform recommendations on the ideal intervals for vaccination; each vaccine must be evaluated on the basis of its own merits and the characteristics of the disease it is intended to guard against.
Fenestration of the abaxial hoof wall and implantation of gentamicin‐impregnated collagen sponges for the treatment of septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint in cattle
Authors: Zulauf M. , Steiner A , Jordan P.
Published: October 2010

A novel surgical approach to the distal interphalangeal joint of cattle, through the abaxial hoof wall, for the treatment of septic arthritis is described. In seven cattle a rectangular piece of horn (15 × 40 mm) was excised from the abaxial hoof wall and the joint was lavaged with Ringer's solution. Infected and/or necrotic tissue was removed from the joint and gentamicin‐impregnated collagen sponges were introduced. The piece of horn was reattached, a rubber block was glued to the contralateral claw, and a bandage applied. Aftercare consisted of changes of bandage, systemic administration of antimicrobial drugs and box rest. At follow‐up, six of the cattle were sound but one cow which had been slaughtered five months after surgery had remained slightly lame.
Rapid test for the preclinical postmortem diagnosis of BSE in central nervous system tissue
Authors: Grassi J. , Simon S. , Crminon C. , Frobert Y. , Comoy E. , Trapmann S. , Schimmel H. , Hawkins S. A. C. , Wells G.A. H. , Moynagh J. , Deslys J. P.
Published: October 2010

The efficacy of a rapid test for detecting PrPSc in central nervous system tissue was evaluated for the postmortem diagnosis of BSE at different times during the course of the disease. One hundred and six samples of brain, at the level of the medulla oblongata, and spinal cord, derived from the experimental study of the pathogenesis of BSE carried out in Great Britain between 1991 and 1995, were examined. PrPSc was detected in the samples from most of the exposed animals killed 32 months or more after they had been exposed to the agent, and before the onset of clinical signs which were first recorded at 35 months. Comparisons with the results of histology, fibril detection, PrP immunohistochemistry and mouse bioassay indicated that the rapid test is at least as sensitive as these conventional confirmatory diagnostic methods and its result can be obtained more quickly.
Prediction of areas around the Mediterranean at risk of bluetongue by modelling the distribution of its vector using satellite imaging
Authors: Baylis M. , Mellor P. S. , Wittmann E. J. , Rogers D. J.
Published: October 2010

Bluetongue is an infectious disease of ruminants caused by a virus transmitted by biting midges, one species of which, Culicoides imicola, is the major vector in the Old World. Following an epizootic of African horse sickness, a related disease, in Iberia and Morocco between 1987 and 1991, C imicolawas trapped for two years at 44 sites in the affected region and models were developed for predicting the abundance of C imicolaat these sites. Discriminant analysis was applied to identify the best model of three levels of abundance from 40 Fourier‐processed remotely sensed variables and a digital elevation model. The best model correctly predicted the abundance level at 41 of the 44 sites. The single most important variable was the phase of the annual cycle of the normalised difference vegetation index. The model was used to predict the abundances of C imicolaelsewhere around the Mediterranean and predicted high levels of abundance in many areas recently affected by bluetongue, including the Balearics, Sardinia, Sicily, eastern Greece, western Turkey, Tunisia and northern Algeria. The model suggests that eastern Spain, the island of Ibiza, the provinces of Lazio and Puglia in Italy, the Peloponnese and parts of northern Algeria and Libya may be at risk of bluetongue in 2001.
Histological evidence of disease in wild stoats (Mustela erminea) in England
Authors: McDonald R. A. , Day M. J. , Birtles R. J.
Published: October 2010

Forty‐four free‐living stoats were collected from five game estates in England and examined for evidence of disease. All the macroscopic lesions were attributable to the trauma associated with being trapped or shot. There were no significant microscopic lesions in 27 (61 per cent) of the stoats. There was evidence of nematode parasitism in the intestines of six stoats (14 per cent), and in the lungs of five stoats (1 1 per cent), and of pulmonary granulomatous inflammation or microgranulomas in five stoats. In two of the stoats, blood‐filled cavities in the liver were suggestive of peliosis hepatis, possibly associated with infection by Bartonella species or with sublethal exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides.
Evaluation of a novel method for delivering a synthetic analogue of feline facial pheromone to control urine spraying by cats
Authors: Mills D. S. , Mills C. B.
Published: October 2010

Twenty‐two cats with a problem of urine spraying in the home were enrolled onto a double‐blinded placebo‐controlled study designed to evaluate the efficacy of feline facial pheromone (FFP) delivered continuously into the atmosphere in the home through an electrically heated diffuser for controlling the problem. The cats were randomly assigned to treatment or control groups according to a predetermined schedule and later analysis suggested that there were no significant differences in the demographic characteristics of the two groups. Compared with a baseline week during which no treatment was given, the mean level of spraying was significantly lower in the treated group after four weeks, but not significantly lower in the control group. The baseline level of spraying and the treatment, but not the week of treatment, were significant predictors of the amount of spraying during the trial. However, only the type of treatment given was a significant factor in the occurrence of new marks. Linear regression analysis suggested that there was a significant relationship between the amount of spraying and the duration of the use of FFP.
Testing of bulk tank milk from Northern Ireland dairy herds for viral RNA and antibody to bovine viral diarrhoea virus
Authors: Graham D. A. , German A. , McLaren I. E. , Fitzpatrick D. A.
Published: October 2010

Bulk tank milk samples collected from 929 Northern Ireland dairy herds were classified according to their geographical location, somatic cell count and milk yield. Each sample was tested by ELISA for antibody levels to bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BvDv) and the herds were assigned to four groups with increasing antibody levels. In nine herds (1 per cent) no antibodies were detectable in the milk samples (group 1) and they were detectable at low levels in the milk from 90 herds (9.7 per cent, group 2), at moderate levels in 369 herds (39.7 per cent, group 3), and at high levels in the remaining 461 herds (49.6 per cent, group 4). The testing of samples from 90 herds in groups 1 and 2 after an interval of 12 months showed that the annual incidence risk for new infections with BVDV was in the range 0.133 to 0.477. There were significant relationships (P<0.001) between the mean corrected optical density in the ELISA and herd location and somatic cell count, but not yield; the relationship with somatic cell count was linear (P<0.01). Forty‐three group 3 herds and 49 group 4 herds were selected at random and bulk milk samples were tested for BVDV by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. None of the group 3 herds was positive, but five group 4 herds were positive.