bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refine Energy Efficiency in LTE Networks: A Proposal for Reducing Energy Consumption through NFV and SDN Optimization
Authors: Baban Nabil
Published: February 2025

With the rapid proliferation of mobile data traffic and the expansion of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) networks, energy consumption has become a significant concern for telecom operators and service providers. Current LTE infrastructure, designed for optimal performance, often disregards the energy efficiency of network operations, leading to increased operational costs and environmental impact. This paper deals with the issue of energy wastage that is abundant in LTE networks through the alliance of Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) technologies. NFV and SDN have been concentrated on enlarging network flexibility and lessening delay; however, there has not been much consideration given to their power to boost energy efficiency. The fundamental problem that will be covered in this paper is high power consumption, which is tied to regular LTE networks that are inflexible and demand many resources. One of the principal contributions of this paper is the development of an innovative optimization model that effectively addresses 4G technologies by integrating Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and Software-Defined Networking (SDN). This model is designed to provision network resources, scale network functions, and facilitate intelligent traffic routing. It possesses the capability to dynamically modify network configurations in real-time based on current traffic conditions, thereby minimizing energy consumption while maintaining an acceptable level of Quality of Service (QoS). The proposed design employs multi-objective optimization techniques aimed at reducing energy usage and achieving a balance among various parameters related to network performance. The framework is validated using simulation scenarios that compare energy consumption and network performance between traditional and proposed models. The results prove that the proposed NFV-SDN integrated model is highly energy efficient, with network performance equal to or better than before. This paper proposes an innovative technique for the reduction of energy consumption in LTE networks towards environmentally sustainable and cost-effective management of the next-generation mobile network.
Temperature and spinosad-induced modulation of antioxidant enzyme activity and gene expression of adaptive stress-related genes in Ceratitis capitata
Authors: Fouda Maged , Negm Amira , Germoush Mousa , Mahmoud Shaymaa
Published: February 2025

Background:
Environmental changes and rising temperatures have intensified the emergence of insect species as significant agricultural pests. Understanding the physiological and molecular responses of these pests to heat stress is essential for developing effective pest management strategies.

Aim:
To investigate the antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression profiles of Ceratitis capitata under heat stress, spinosad exposure, and their combination to understand adaptive mechanisms and potential pathways for pest control.

Methods:
In this study, adult Ceratitis capitata were collected from grapes (Vitis mustangensis), mangoes (Mangifera indica), and yellow guava (Psidium guajava) cultivated in Egypt during June, July, and August 2023. Laboratory experiments assessed antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, POD, MDA, and GST) and gene expression levels of heat-shock protein 70, cytochrome P450, CYP6a9, and metallothionein. Adults were exposed to three conditions; high temperature (40°C); spinosad at its LC50 (3.2 µg/mL) at 25°C, and combined spinosad exposure and high temperature.

Results:
Heat stress significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the expression of stress-response genes in C. capitata. Spinosad exposure induced moderate increases in these activities, suggesting a detoxification response. The combined treatment of spinosad and heat stress amplified these effects, indicating a synergistic stress response.

Conclusion:
These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying C. capitata’s heat tolerance and suggest potential pathways for pest control interventions under climate change.
First molecular detection of Eimeria spp. in domestic goats from Java Island, Indonesia
Authors: Dewi Dias , Nugraheni Yudhi , Awaludin Aan , Ninditya Vika , Priyowidodo Dwi , Nurcahyo Raden , Ekawasti Fitrine , Prastowo Joko
Published: February 2025

Background:
Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria species (spp.) is a significant global health concern in goats leading to gastrointestinal illness. This condition causes clinical manifestations, including weight loss and diarrhea, resulting in worldwide economic losses. Subclinical symptoms can manifest during Eimeria infection. Neglecting this disease can lead to severe morbidity and mortality. Therefore, addressing caprine coccidiosis is imperative.

Aim:
This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular identification related to the natural infection of Eimeria spp. in domestic goats originating from Java Island, Indonesia.

Methods:
In total, fecal samples from 289 domestic goats were obtained across five provinces on Java Island, Indonesia: East Java, Central Java, D. I. Yogyakarta, West Java, and Banten. Morphological examinations were performed using the modified Whitlock method and saturated sugar flotation. Molecular assays targeting the 18S ribosomal ribonucleic acid have been employed for spp.-specific confirmation. Statistical analysis was performed using the Wilson binomial proportion and chi-square methods implemented in the online software.

Results:
A total of 92.7% (268/289) of fecal samples tested positive for Eimeria spp. Phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated that Eimeria christenseni and E. arloingi closely resembled the reference sequences from China, Australia, and other countries.

Conclusion:
This study identified Eimeria christenseni and Eimeria arloingi as the goat-infecting spp. of Eimeria present on Java Island. The specific and accurate molecular identification conducted in this study will contribute to improved coccidiosis control and the development of effectiveness.
Neuroprotection effect of bovine umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium on the rat model of Alzheimer’s disease mediated by upregulation of BDNF and NGF and downregulation of TNF-α and IL-1β
Authors: Wihadmadyatami Hevi , Zulfikar Muhammad , Herawati Herawati , Karnati Srikanth , Saragih Golda , Aliffia Dinda , Pratama Dyah , Handayani Nurrahmi , Kustiati Ulayatul , Tirtosari Dewi , Tjahjono Yudy
Published: February 2025

Background:
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDD) are distinguished by impairment and depletion of nerve cells; one of the most common NDDs is Alzheimer's Disease (AD), which can appear in early onset or late onset. In recent years, the secretome or conditioned medium of mesenchymal stem cells provides new hope for improving conditions and preventing AD. One of the secretomes is bovine umbilical mesenchymal stem cells conditioned medium (BUMSC-CM), where BUMSC is predicted to promote neuronal proliferation potentially.

Aim:
This study analyzes the therapeutic efficiency of conditioned medium or secretome produced from BUMSC-CM in treating neurodegeneration in animal models of AD.

Methods:
Five groups consisting of twenty-five male rats were assigned: untreated (Group A, n=5), positive control group given normal saline 1 ml/100 g BW (Group B, n=5), AD rats model followed by Donepezil treatment (Group C, n=5), AD rats model with BUMSC-CM 0.2 ml/kg BW post-TMT induction (Group D, n=5), and AD rats model with BUMSC-CM 0.5 ml/kg BW post-TMT induction (Group E, n=5). Brain samples were analyzed for neuronal density using cresyl violet staining. The expression and activity of BDNF were analyzed by ELISA, in addition IL-1β, TNF-α, and NGF were analyzed by qPCR. Interactions between the main substances of BUMSC-CM and beta-amyloid protein were visualized using in silico molecular docking.

Results:
Our result demonstrated that BUMSC-CM with the dosage of 0,5 ml/kg BW significantly increased BDNF concentration. We also found that BUMSC-CM with dosage 0.2 ml/kg BW and 0.5 ml/kg BW down-regulated IL-1β and TNF-α and upregulated NGF expression. Additionally, the number of neurons in AD rats post-treated with BUMSC-CM was significantly increasing. Furthermore, the amino acids in BUMSC-CM, including isoleucine, leucine, and valine, bind to amyloid beta protein via interactions that are hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonded.

Conclusion:
In this study, the neuroprotective potential of BUMSC-CM was demonstrated by its ability to upregulate BDNF and NGF while downregulating IL-1β and TNF-α. Additionally, BUMSC-CM showed potential to promote neuron proliferation in the hippocampus regions of a rat AD model. The main constituents in BUMSC-CM adhere to amyloid beta protein, hence diminishing the likelihood of neurodegenerative disorders, specifically AD.
Tissue integrity and healing response in hypoestrogenic animal model treated by mesh implantation with addition of mesenchymal stem cell secretome
Authors: Dewi Tri , Noviana Deni , Priosoeryanto Bambang , Gunanti Gunanti , Subangkit Mawar
Published: February 2025

Background:
Pelvics organ prolapse increases in prevalence and incidence in older women and hypoestrogenic conditions. Treatment with native tissue surgery has a fairly high recurrence rate. Mesh-augmented surgery is one of the most promising treatments for pelvic organ prolapse, with high effectiveness and low recurrence. Mesh-augmented surgery has a side effect of tissue erosion. The addition secretome is expected improving tissue integrity and reduce tissue erosion.

Aim:
This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding the umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell secretome on preventing tissue inflammatory responses, improving tissue integrity, and accelerating wound healing.

Methods:
A total of 32 female New Zealand white rabbit hypoestrogenic model were divided into two groups: the control group with normal mesh and the secretome group with artificial mesh. Hypoestrogenic models were created using the bilateral ovariectomy method. Mesh implantation was performed using a surgical method on hypoestrogenic rabbits. The animals were euthanized on days 7, 14, 28, and 90 after mesh implantation. Histopathology parameters were included angiogenesis formation, fibroblast number, and collagen deposition area.

Results:
The results of this study showed that the number of angiogenesis, fibroblast, and collagen deposition data in the Secretome group showed higher significantly (p<0.05) than those in the Control group on days 7, 14, 28, and 90 post mesh implantation. The formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) in the secretome group demonstrated a mean value of 9.81±2.2 compared to 0.37±0.03 in the control. The number of fibroblasts in the secretome group averaged 151.00±8.14, in contrast to 34.00±13.37 in the control group. Collagen formation in the secretome group was also higher, with a mean value of 80.02±6.71 compared to 59.49±4.61 in the control group over 90 days of observation.

Conclusion:
Administration of secretomes from umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells improved tissue integrity and accelerated wound healing.
Molecular identification of tetracycline resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates from internal organs of swine sold on Abakaliki, Nigeria
Authors: Ugbo Emmanuel , Effendi Mustofa , Ugbo Agatha , Tyasningsih Wiwiek , Agumah Bernard , Raharjo Hartanto , Khairullah Aswin , Ogba Rebecca , Ekawasti Fitrine , Yanestria Sheila , Moses Ikechukwu , Riwu Katty
Published: February 2025

Background:
Swine is one of the major sources of protein to humans worldwide, antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli has become a global public health challenge affecting both humans and livestock due to presence of tetracycline resistance genes.

Aim:
This study focused on molecular identification of tetracycline resistance genes (tet A and B) in E. coli isolates from internal organs of swine sold in a slaughterhouse at Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

Methods:
A total of 75 internal organs of swine samples were collected from slaughterhouses. Standard microbiological procedures were employed to evaluate the samples bacteriologically. Using the disk diffusion method, antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted on E. coli against specific classes of antibiotics, and the multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) was calculated. The Polymerase Chain Reaction was utilized for the molecular identification of the tetracycline resistance genes, specifically tet A and B.

Results:
Out of the 75 samples analyzed, 24/75 were positive for E. coli with an overall prevalence of 24/75 (32.0%). The small intestine and colon had higher percentages of E. coli isolates 6/15 (40.0%). However, E. coli isolates were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin which ranged from 20.0% to 75.0% and susceptible to gentamycin, and ciprofloxacin at a range of 75.0% to 100.0%. Exactly 8 (33.3%) isolates were both multidrug and tetracycline resistant. The presence of tet A 6/8 (75.0%); tet B 5/8 (62.5%); tet A and B 4/8 (50.0%) were reported.

Conclusion:
Multidrug and tetracycline resistance genes have been observed in E. coli isolated from internal organs of swine and is of public health concern.
Histopathological effects of repeated 14-day administration of rizatriptan benzoate in a nitroglycerin-induced migraine rabbit model
Authors: Saadi Raghad , Jawad Zainab , Khalaf Omar , Muhsain Siti
Published: February 2025

Background:
Migraine is one of multiple attack neurological conditions that causes moderate to severe headaches with no defined pathophysiology and few animal models.

Aim:
Establishing an animal model that reproduces migraine-like action is important in medical research to identify the mechanism underlying this disorder. Additionally, it facilitates the availability and reliability of new models that may act as human surrogate models.

Method:
Rabbits were divided into four groups. Negative group, migraine group, rizatriptan- nitroglycerin group, and rizatriptan group. The frequency of head scratching and the histopathological changes in the brain, liver, kidney, and heart for groups were evaluated in all groups.

Results:
The behavioral characteristic of head scratching was significantly increased in the NTG group (50.4±3.8) compared with the control group (9.2±1.3) after 30 min of the experiment. Moreover, animals treated with rizatriptan benzoate (Riza) 10 mg/kg/orally for 14 days followed by NTG injection showed a significant decrease in the head scratch action (16.8 ± 2.3 and 17.6±3.3) than the animals of NTG group (50.4±3.8 and 43.6±2.3) after 30 min and 60 min, respectively. Further, animals treated with Riza alone showed no statistical differences in the head scratches (7.8±1.3, 9.2±0.8, 10.6±1.1 and 9.6±1.3, respectively) during the 120 min of the experiment, compared with the control group. Histopathological alterations in the brain of rabbits that received NTG showed severe diffuse dilated and engorged blood vessels. These changes were also recorded in the liver and kidney of this group. This marked vasodilation of blood vessels and central and portal veins confirms the successful induction of migraine in the rabbit model. In contrast, animals treated with Riza for 14 days demonstrated substantially less vascular dilation following NTG injection. No significant pathological lesions were observed in animals treated with Riza.

Conclusion:
The current study successfully established a rabbit model of migraine using a single dose of NTG to induce migraine -like behavior. Moreover, pre-treatment with rizatriptan benzoate for fourteen days significantly reduced the symptoms of migraine and histopathological changes in different organs.
Efficacy of a gelatin-based hemostatic sponge and hydroxyapatite-chitosan nanocomposites (nHAp/CS) on regeneration of radial bone defects in rabbits
Authors: Elmeshreghi Taher , Seddawy Fathy , Gomaa Mohamed , Ezzeldein Shimaa , Raouf Mustafa
Published: February 2025

Background:
Bone-graft substitutes are a frequently employed method for the clinical reconstruction of osseous bone defects, and research on synthetic biomaterials is currently ongoing. Absorbable hemostatic gelatin sponge and hydroxyapatite-chitosan nanocomposites (nHAp/CS) have gained popularity in recent years because of their inherent characteristics: osteogenesis, osteoconductivity, osteoinductivity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 1) a gelatin-based hemostatic sponge (Surgispon) and 2) a combination of a weight ratio of 75/25 nHAp/CS composite with a Surgispon for osteogenic potential in the treatment of full-thickness segmental osseous defects in the radius of rabbits.

Methods:
The 18 New Zealand rabbits had 10-mm-induced segmental diaphyseal defects of the left limb radius and were randomly allocated into three groups: group I left the defects untreated (control group); group II used a Surgispon; and group III had a weight ratio of 75/25 nHAp/CS composite wrapped with a Surgispon. Quantitative evaluation of the bone repair at the defect site in each group (n = 6), radiographic, gross, computed tomography (CT), and histopathological examinations were performed at 6 weeks (n = 3) and 12 weeks (n = 3) postoperatively.

Results:
The quantitative statistical analysis of various evaluation methods at 6 weeks post-implantation demonstrated that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (P > 0.05). The statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between group II and group I while group III and group I, were evident 12 weeks post-operatively.

Conclusion:
The findings of the radiographic, macroscopic, CT, and histopathological analyses firmly demonstrate that the combination of a 75/25 weight ratio composite of nHAp/CS with Surgispon is more effective than Surgispon alone in its ability to significantly increase bone formation. This could provide a prospective option for treating segmental bone defects.
Effects of experimental hepatic steatosis on apelin and various biochemical parameters in male white rabbits
Authors: Juwary Rana , Kattan Muntaha
Published: February 2025

Background:
Hepatic steatosis is the second most prevalent liver disease following viral hepatitis, and its incidence is increasing rapidly, posing a significant threat to human health.

Aim:
The research aimed to identify natural treatment methods that reduce the risk of experimental hepatic steatosis with triton by answering the following questions:
1. Do polyphenols extracted from strawberries reduce the risk of experimental hepatic steatosis in rabbits?
2. Do omega-3 extracted from almonds reduce the risk of experimental hepatic steatosis in rabbits?
3. Is giving Omega-3,Vit. E considered the optimal treatment for hepatic steatosis?

Methods:
This study aimed to assess the effects of strawberry polyphenols, omega-3 from almonds, omega-3, and vitamin E on reducing the risk of Triton-induced liver steatosis. The experiment involved 100 male rabbits (10-12 months old, 1150-1350 g) divided randomly into the following 10 groups: control group , Triton (300 mg/kg body mass) group, strawberry polyphenols group, strawberry polyphenols with Triton group, almond Omega-3 group, almond Omega-3 with Triton group, strawberry polyphenols with almond Omega-3 group, strawberry polyphenols with almond Omega-3 with Triton group, Omega-3, Vit. E group, and Omega-3 , Vit. E with Triton group. Dosing occurred daily for 4 months.

Results:
The results of the study indicated a significant increase in the levels of TG, TC, LDL-c, and VLDL-c in the group of rabbits treated with Triton compared with the other groups, while these parameters decreased in the groups treated with strawberry polyphenols, omega-3 from almonds, omega-3, and vitamin E. In addition, the levels of HDL-c, PON-1 activity, and apelin concentration decreased in the group treated with Triton but increased in the groups receiving strawberry polyphenols, omega-3 from almonds, omega-3, and vitamin E, at a probability level (P≤0.01).

Conclusion:
These results suggest that polyphenols extracted from strawberries, Omega-3 extracted from almonds, and Omega-3, Vit. E is a suitable treatment for hepatic steatosis.
Impact of dietary inclusion of bile acid and fat percent on growth, intestinal histomorphology, immune-physiological and transcriptomic responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Yuan Yi , Omar Amira , Emam Wasseem , Mohamed Radi
Published: February 2025

Background:
Bile acids (BAs) are made from cholesterol in the liver and are then coupled with taurine or glycine before being expelled by the hepatocyte. BAs are very important for emulsification of dietary fat for easy nutrients absorption processes.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of dietary bile acid (BA) supplementation and dietary fat percent on the growth performance, morphology of intestine, immune-physiological responses, and transcriptomic responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).

Methods:
Using diets containing three different inclusion levels of fat (5%, 7%, and 9%) with or without BA supplementation (0.4 g/kg) fish were fed for 90 days.

Results:
BA supplementation significantly (P < 0.05) improved growth performance and feed utilization, with fish-fed BA-supplemented diets exhibiting higher final weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio. Dietary fat levels also significantly affected growth performance, with higher fat levels leading to higher final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate. BA supplementation also positively (P < 0.05) affected intestinal morphology, immune response, and antioxidant capacity. Fish-fed BA-supplemented diets had higher intestinal villus height, lysozyme activity, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, and lower malonaldehyde concentration. Gene expression analysis revealed that BA supplementation upregulated (P < 0.05) the expression of antioxidant-related genes (SOD, GPX, and CAT), growth-related genes (GHr1 and IGF1), and intestinal mucin gene (MUC2) while downregulating (P < 0.05) the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and pro-inflammatory genes (IL-1β and TNF-α).

Conclusion:
BA dietary supplementation accompanied with 7 % fat can be a valuable tool for improving Nile tilapia's growth performance, feed utilization, intestinal health, immune function, and antioxidant capacity.
Frozen semen quality of Pasundan bulls with different individual variations
Authors: Baharun Abdullah , Pertiwi Pirda , Rahmi Annisa , Rachmadanti Natashya , Handarini Ristika , Iskandar Hikmayani , Samsudewa Daud , Maulana Tulus , Said Syahruddin , Darussalam Imam , Nurcholis Nurcholis , Arifiantini Raden
Published: February 2025

Background:
Pasundan bulls are one of Indonesia's indigenous cattle breeds. The quality of frozen semen is essential for the success of artificial insemination (AI), as individual variations in parameters such as sperm motility, viability, and membrane integrity greatly influence reproductive outcomes.

Aim:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of frozen semen from Pasundan bulls with different individual variations.

Methods:
Frozen semen from eight Pasundan bulls were obtained from the West Java Regional Artificial Insemination Center (RAIC). Sperm motility was assessed using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA; SpermVision®, Germany). Sperm viability and abnormalities were determined by eosin-nigrosine staining. Plasma membrane integrity was evaluated using the hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test, acrosome integrity was assessed using fluorescein isothiocyanate-propidium iodide (FITC-PNA-PI), and protamine deficiency was measured using chromomycin A3 fluorescence staining.

Results:
Significant individual variations (p < 0.05) were found across all parameters of frozen semen quality, except for sperm abnormalities, which showed no significant differences (p > 0.05).

Conclusion:
The results indicate that individual variations significantly impact all quality parameters of frozen semen from Pasundan bulls, with the exception of sperm abnormalities. A comprehensive evaluation of individual bulls is therefore essential for producing high-quality frozen semen.
Sensitivity of specimen type for diagnosing foot-and-mouth diseases in cattle using one-step real-time polymerase chain reaction (3D gene)
Authors: Siswani Siswani , Hatta Mochammad , Muflihanah Muflihanah , Muhiddin Nurul , Ekawasti Fitrine , Damayanti Rini , Ahmad Riza , Intan Putri , Fitriana Fitriana , Desem Muhammad , Rinendyaputri Ratih
Published: February 2025

Background:
Indonesia is currently experiencing a foot and mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in livestock, caused by the foot and mouth disease virus. FMDV is easily spread to cause outbreaks in new geographical locations. Identifying Foot and mouth diseases virus infection through early diagnostic testing is important to track and prevent the spread of FMD in Indonesia. The use of appropriate samples is a crucial step in a study or survey to provide accurate results for diagnosis.

Aim:
The aim of our study was to evaluate the sensitivity of relevant oral mucosal epithelial swab, hypersalivation swabs, and blood plasma specimen samples for FMDV diagnosis using one-step RT-PCR (3D).

Methods:
Sampling was carried out by judgment or purposive, namely selecting animals that showed symptoms of the disease. A total of 109 samples were collected consisting of 3 types of oral mucosal epithelial swab specimens, hypersalivation swabs, and blood plasma collected from each cow reported as suspected FMD in 8 districts in South Sulawesi were tested for FMDV using one step RT-PCR (3D).

Results:
FMDV infection in oral mucosal epithelial swabs (ct=28.9), saliva (ct=30.62), and blood plasma (ct=37.17) compared to controls used from the Farma Veterinary Center (ct=29.10) using RT PCR (3D gene). These results indicate that the sensitivity value of oral mucosal epithelial swab specimens is the same as positive controls, even more sensitive, then when compared to saliva or blood plasma specimens. Sensitivity depends on the CT value for each RT PCR test and should be preferred in crucial situations if possible.

Conclusion:
These findings indicate that using oral mucosal epithelial swab specimens are more sensitive to be used as superior samples for FMDV detection using RT-PCR (3D) as a powerful tool for early detection to enable faster and effective treatment.
Evaluation of factors affecting the physiological levels of copper and iron in sheep and cattle in some areas of Diyala Governorate, Iraq
Authors: Hussein Al , Hameed Marah , Jalil Waleed , Ezzy Ali
Published: February 2025

Background:
Trace minerals are important components of many physiological functions, including growth, development, and the immune response.

Aim:
Evaluation of copper and iron status in sheep and cattle in some areas of Diyala governorate, Iraq.

Methods:
One hundred blood samples were collected, 50 from sheep and 50 from cattle in order to measure the levels of copper and iron in the serum.

Results:
In sheep, serum level of copper significantly increased among females in comparison to males, while among cattle, serum level of copper significantly decreased in females in in comparison with males. The level of iron showed significant increase in females in comparison with males. Serum levels of copper was increased with age of more than one year accordingly in comparison with sheep at the first year of life or less than a year. Among cattle, the age plays no significant role in the level of copper. The levels of copper and iron were significantly increased among pregnant ewes compared with non-pregnant. The levels of copper were significantly increased in lambing in comparison with pregnant and non-pregnant ewes in value of copper. The level of iron was significantly decreased in lambing sheep in comparison with pregnant and non-pregnant sheep. The levels of copper and iron showed no significant changes between pregnant and non-pregnant cows. Sheep from Abu Saida showed significant increase in serum levels of copper and iron in comparison with those from Baqubah and Saadia cities. Cows with good body score have significant increase in serum levels of copper and iron in comparison with those of medium and poor body score. There was no linear correlation between iron and copper levels in serum and the studied parameters for cows and sheep

Conclusion:
The levels of copper and iron in the body of sheep and cattle are affected by age, gender, pregnancy and soil composition.
Molecular characterization and associated risk factors of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis in bovine calves and humans in Menoufia governorate, Egypt
Authors: Ramzy Gehad , Mousa Walid , Zaghawa Ahmed , Nayel Mohamed , Elsify Ahmed , Eissa Nourhan , Seida Ashraf , Gaidan Osama , Salama Akram
Published: February 2025

Background:
Cryptosporidium is a common intestine anthroponotic protozoan parasite that affects humans and other animals all over the world. Many different kinds of vertebrates have their gastrointestinal epithelium infected by the ubiquitous, obligatory parasites of Cryptosporidium spp. In humans, those with weakened immune systems, including those with AIDS, are most affected. Particularly prevalent in developing nations, cryptosporidiosis poses further difficulties for the underfunded public health system. Humans frequently harbor a number of Cryptosporidium species, whose prevalence varies according to socioeconomic level and level of animal husbandry.

Aim:
The present study was conducted to ascertain the prevalence of Cryptosporidium bovis and associated relevant risk factors of contracting cryptosporidiosis in calves and humans in Menoufia governorate, Egypt. In addition, a phylogenetic analysis was performed for additional molecular identification in order to study the evolution of the parasite and comprehend the mechanism of cryptosporidiosis evolution in the selected governorate.

Methods:
Using direct wet smear, sedimentation technique, simple faecal flotation technique, and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique, parasitological analysis was conducted on faecal samples from 156 diarrhoec calves and 125 humans in Menoufia governorate PCR and phylogenetic analysis were further used.

Results:
Based on the microscopical examination, the prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 19.2% in humans and 64.1% in calves.‎ A statistical correlation was found between the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in calves of American breeds, their early age, and the predominant warm climate. In the analyzed calves, the study was unable to detect any statistically significant difference between the type of diarrhoea and increased infection. In terms of people, the study found no significant correlation between the sex of the people under inquiry whereas a significant association was revealed among contracting cryptosporidiosis in young people, during warm climates, and among diarrhoea sufferers. PCR application produced a 4% positive result. Following phylogenetic analysis, the Cryptosporidium parvum species was identified from the PCR-positive samples.

Conclusion:
Different transmission trajectories were proposed by cluster analysis, and it was possible to put into consideration the role of calves for zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis to humans.‎
Effect of a feed supplement containing probiotics on fecal score and clinical parameters in dogs with chronic kidney disease and intestinal disorders: A pilot study
Authors: Perondi Francesca , Lippi Ilaria , Bruni Natascia , Lonigro Nicol , Martello Elisa
Published: February 2025

Background:
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in dogs is often accompanied by dysbiosis and abnormal gut microbiota composition, leading to gastrointestinal issues. Probiotics, including Lactobacillus acidophilus, Enterococcus faecium, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have shown promise in maintaining a healthy gut microbiota in both healthy and CKD animals.

Aim:
This pilot double-blinded, randomized controlled study aimed to assess the effects of a feed supplement containing these probiotics on clinical parameters and fecal consistency in dogs with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and pronounce intestinal disorders.

Methods:
Eight dogs with CKD were randomly assigned to receive the supplement (TRT, n=4) or placebo (CTR, n=4) alongside a renal commercial complete dietetic feed and another supplement specific for CKD for 50 days. Clinical parameters, such as body condition score (BCS) and fecal score (FS), were regularly monitored.

Results:
The dogs in the TRT group exhibited improvements in fecal consistency and clinical parameters compared with the CTR group.

Conclusion:
The feed supplement under investigation appears beneficial for improving clinical condition, gut health, and stool quality in dogs with CKD. Future studies with larger sample sizes and microbiota analyses are needed to gain a better understanding of the potential benefits of this supplement in managing CKD in dogs.
Morphometric and richness analysis of free-living and parasite taxa-invading street wetlands in Port Said, Egypt
Authors: Rashed Hadeer , Elmajdoub Layla , Fayad Eman , Almaaty Ali
Published: February 2025

Background:
Protists and helminths are considered the main organisms invading different cultures, especially aquatic organisms. Morphometric characteristics remain the most trustworthy descriptors of species identification or, more broadly, pattern recognition.

Aim:
This study aimed to provide morphological descriptions of the most prevalent Protista and helminths found in various street wetlands in Port Said, Egypt.

Methods:
This study collected three water samples per area each month. The samples were sent to the Parasitology Laboratory at Port Said University, Egypt. The samples were analyzed in two ways according to organism size. Large helminths were observed within 24 h using a microscope, and their movements were recorded. Protists and helminth eggs were isolated by filtering water through a 0.45 μm cellulose acetate filter, followed by centrifugation. The isolated organisms were counted and imaged.

Results:
Nine dominant organisms were identified in the collected samples, including five parasitic species (Protoopalina sp., Balantidium coli, Entamoeba sp., Fasciola sp., and Haemonchus sp.) and four free-living species (Paramecium sp., Euplotes sp., Echiniscus sp., and Aeolosoma sp.). Protoopalina sp. was the most abundant parasite (17.5%), exhibiting a cylindrical, elongated shape (97.3–139µm in length, 30–48µm in width). Euplotes sp. were the free-living organisms (17%), measuring 59.7–66.5 µm in length and 32.1–42.5µm in width, featuring cirri and dark bristles. Paramecium sp., with lengths between 161 and 256 µm, was spindle-shaped and had visible contractile vacuoles. B. coli trophozoites measured 60–107µm in length and 46.5–83.3µm in width, with a large posterior macronucleus. Haemonchus sp. larvae were about 700 µm long, with a distinct tail filament assisting their complex movement.

Conclusion:
The street wetlands in the surveyed area contain various free-living and pathogenic taxa. There is a need to link the presence of these organisms to physicochemical analyses. Future studies should prioritize broader geographic sampling, the integration of molecular techniques, and the exploration of host-parasite relationships.
The impact of autogenous bone grafts on the regeneration of radial bone defects in rabbits compared to autogenous advanced platelet-rich fibrin plus
Authors: Elmeshreghi Taher , Seddawy Fathy , Gomaa Mohamed , Raouf Mustafa , Ezzeldein Shimaa
Published: February 2025

Background:
Bone grafts are an established treatment performed for managing segmental bone defects resulting from tumors, infections, high-energy trauma, congenital deformities, and nonunion.

Aim:
To determine the regenerative potential following the sole implantation of rib, coccygeal, and A-PRF+ autografts to repair radial bone defects in rabbits.

Methods:
Radial mid-shaft defects of 10 mm were created on the left limb of 24 rabbits. The animals were randomly assigned to four groups based on the type of defect filling: control (no filler), A-PRF+, coccygeal, and rib. Diagnostic imaging modalities, including x-rays and computed tomography (CT), with macro- and micro-histopathological examinations, were employed for postoperative assessment at 6 weeks (n = 3) and 12 weeks (n = 3), respectively.

Results:
The statistical analysis of quantitative bone formation scores of diagnostic imaging and histopathology at 6 weeks postoperatively demonstrated fundamental significance differences between the rib and control groups and the coccygeal and control groups (p < 0.05). The radiographic scoring method at 6 weeks indicated a statistically significant difference between the rib and A-PRF+ groups (p< 0.01), in addition to the coccygeal and A-PRF+ groups (p< 0.01). In the CT evaluation, a significant difference was observed between the rib and A-PRF+ groups (p< 0.05). All A-PRF+ quantitatively assessed methods exhibited no statistically significant difference between the A-PRF+ and control groups at 6 weeks postoperatively. At 12 weeks, the A-PRF+, coccygeal, and rib groups presented substantial differences from the control group as evidenced by x-rays, CT scans, and both macro- and micro-histopathological analyses.

Conclusion:
The implantation of autograft rib and coccygeal bone to treat radial bone defects proved a significantly enhanced capacity for promoting bone ingrowth. Also, coccygeal vertebrae serve as a viable alternative source for bone autografts in veterinary surgery. The efficacy of A-PRF+ enhanced osseous regeneration in treated radial bone defects, but it remained inferior to rib and coccygeal autografts.
Hospital-acquired catheter-associated urinary tract infections in critical care unit dogs with high rates of multidrug-resistant organisms
Authors: Aponrat Pojchanicha , Detkalaya Osathee , Phlongtong Naruemon , Eksatit Natnicha , Kananub Suppada , Kaewmongkol Sarawan , Kaewmongkol Gunn
Published: February 2025

Background:
Urethral catheterization in the critical care unit often compromises the urinary tract’s defense mechanisms of canine patients and potentially leads to hospital-acquired systemic infection. Clinical signs of hospital-acquired catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are frequently absent in critical dogs.

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between urinalysis results and CAUTIs in critical care unit dogs and assess the impact of prior antibiotic treatment for underlying diseases and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Methods:
Twenty-eight dogs underwent urethral catheterization in the critical care unit of Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. Bacterial cultures and drug sensitivity tests were performed immediately after catheter placement (day 0), 3, and 7 and before removal. A positive urine culture was defined as ≥104 CFU/mL. Urinalysis parameters included urine pH, urinary specific gravity (USG), proteinuria, bacteriuria, pyuria, and hematuria. Only dogs with culture-negative results on day 0 were included. Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism version 10.0.2. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess the probability of being free from CAUTIs over time.

Results:
No significant association was observed between urine cultures and urinalysis parameters, catheterization duration, breed, sex, neutering status, or age. Dogs pretreated with antibiotics exhibited CAUTI-free periods longer than previously reported. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that CAUTI-free probabilities were 92.8% at 3 days, declining to 60.7% by 7 days and 53.6% at 10 days. Alarmingly, 80% of the isolates (12/15) were multidrug resistant organisms (MDRO) organisms resistant to ≥3 antimicrobials. A high incidence of hospital-acquired CAUTIs was detected in 13 out of 28 cases (46.4%). The dogs with CAUTIs stayed longer in the hospital than the dogs without CAUTIs.

Conclusion:
Routine urinalysis is unreliable for predicting hospital-acquired CAUTIs. The high rate of MDRO among critical care dogs underscores the urgent need for judicious antibiotic use and the need for enhanced diagnostic methods in critical care settings. This study proposes that serial bacterial cultures combined with modified urine sediment examinations can better manage CAUTI detection and reduce the growth of MDROs in veterinary practice.
Infection rate of canine parvovirus in dogs presented at private veterinary clinics in Baghdad city
Authors: Oleiwi Khalid , Hussein Mohammed , Fahad Omar , Abdulrazzaq Sura
Published: February 2025

Background:
Canine parvovirus is the primary etiology of hemorrhagic diarrhea and mortality in puppies worldwide.

Aim:
This study was designed to investigate canine parvovirus in dogs in Baghdad by rapid testing.

Methods:
Rectal swabs were collected from 864 dogs presenting at sixteen private veterinary clinics with clinical signs including vomiting, anorexia, nausea, and regurgitation. All dogs were subjected to detailed clinical, physical, and laboratory investigations from early October 2021 until April 2023.

Results:
A total of 127 dogs were positive for parvovirus using the rapid test. The total infection rate of CPV was 14.69%, with a higher infection rate recorded in dogs less than six months and three months of age at 44.09% and 41.73%, respectively. A significant infection rate was reported in male dogs compared with female dogs, and the Terrier breed showed a higher infection rate than the other breeds included in this study. Fever was present in 78.33% of infected dogs as well as another clinical signs related to CPV infection. The infection rate was 71.65% in vaccinated dogs and 28.35% in unvaccinated dogs. After the treatment steps, 87.4% of the infected dogs recovered, and 12.6% of the infected dogs die.

Conclusion:
CPV is circulating in dogs in Baghdad City, and unvaccinated dogs young than 6 months were most susceptible to the virus.
Anti-nephrotoxic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficiency of Nigella sativa ethanolic extract against CCl4-induced nephrotoxicity in rats
Authors: Alrashdi Barakat , Ashry Mahmoud , Germoush Mousa , Fouda Maged , Farid Ibrahim , Massoud Diaa , Shaldoum Fayez , Moneim Ahmed , Rab Ali , Mahrous Mohamed , Gadelmawla Mohamed , Askar Hussam
Published: February 2025

Background:
Exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induces acute and chronic kidney damage alongside oxidative stress in rats.

Aim:
This study examines Nigella sativa ethanolic extract's (NEE) potential barriers against CCl4-induced nephrotoxicity.

Methods:
Wistar albino male rats weighing between 150 and 200g were acclimatized and randomly divided into four groups, each comprising 10 animals. The control group consisted of healthy rats; the second group received oral administration of 200 mg/kg NEE for six weeks; the third group received intraperitoneal injections of CCl4 at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg twice weekly for six weeks; and the fourth group received both oral NEE and CCl4.

Results:
Results indicate that NEE significantly mitigated renal degeneration induced by CCl4, evidenced by notable reductions in creatinine, urea, urea nitrogen, uric acid, potassium, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, renal NO, MDA, and DNA fragmentation, coupled with substantial increases in kidney SOD, GPx, GSH, and CAT levels. Additionally, CD4, Albumin, Sodium, Calcium, Immunohistochemistry, and Histopathological analyses revealed marked regenerative effects.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, NEE exhibits anti-nephrotoxic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, with a likely mediation by its antioxidant constituents. The radical scavenging activity, particularly the high phenolic content of its active component, suggests NEE's potential efficacy as a nephroprotective supplement.
Combined extracts of Curcuma longa and Curcuma zedoaria ameliorates cisplatin-induced kidney damage in rats
Authors: Intan Putri , Alegantina Sukmayati , Fajri Hidayatul , Ekawasti Fitrine , Isnawati Ani , Lienggonegoro Lisa , Nikmah Uly , Sunarno Sunarno , Mariya Sela , Sutardi Lina , Setiyono Agus , Handharyani Ekowati
Published: February 2025

Background:
Cisplatin is a highly effective chemotherapeutic drug. However, it is associated with various side effects, including kidney damage, due to its nephrotoxic properties.

Aim:
This study aimed to evaluate the renoprotective potential of the combined extract of Curcuma longa and Curcuma zedoaria in reducing nephrotoxicity by examining its effects on TNF-α, KIM-1, and Caspase-3 levels.

Methods:
Twenty-five rats were divided into normal control groups (NS), cisplatin control groups (CIS), and three treatment groups that received doses of the combined extract at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (CUR100, CUR200, and CUR400), respectively on day 1-20. All groups, except the NS group (receiving normal saline i. p.), received intraperitoneal cisplatin (1 mg/kg) on days 7 and 14 of the 20-day extract treatment.

Results:
Compared with the rats in the CIS group, rats given the combined extract had a considerable gain in body weight and decreased TNF-α, KIM-1, and caspase-3 expression levels. Histopathological examination revealed that the extract group experienced less kidney damage than the CIS group. The combined extract, administered at 200 mg/kg, dexertedthe most apparent protective effect, decreasing renal TNF-α, KIM-1,, and caspase 3.

Conclusion:
The combined extract of Curcuma longa and Curcuma zedoaria has the potential to be a therapeutic agent for reducing nephrotoxicity by suppressing TNF-α, KIM-1, and caspase-3 levels. Further research is required to determine the potential of this combination therapy in humans.
Application of real-time PCR for analysis canine meat (Canis lupus familiaris) in goat’s satay for halal authentication study
Authors: Lestari Lily , Aini Wan , Laksitorini Marlyn , Erwanto Yuny , Hastuti Agustina , Abidin Mohammad , Hidayah Nurulia , Budikafa Muhammad , Rohman Abdul
Published: February 2025

Background:
Canine meat (CM) is one of the non-halal meats prohibited for consumption by the Muslim community. Due to low price compared with beef, CM is typically used as meat adulterants in halal-food based products such as Satay and meatballs to get the economic profits.

Aim:
The objective of this study was to design a novel species-specific primer in combination with real-time polymerase chain reaction for analysis of Canine’s DNA for halal authentication analysis.

Methods:
A Primer targeting the D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA was designed and subjected to validation procedure by assessing some performance characteristics including specificity, amplification efficiency (E), sensitivity, repeatability and linearity describing the correlation between concentration of Canine’s DNA (x-axis) and quantification cycle (Cq) in y-axis. The designed primer was specific over other meat DNAs applying the annealing temperature (Tm) of 57.8 °C.

Results:
RT-PCR method produced an acceptable amplification efficiency (E) of 109.7% with the coefficient of determination (R2) for the correlation between Cq and log DNA concentration of 0.999. The sensitivity of developed method provides limit of detection (LOD) value of 31.25 pg/µL. The precision of analytical method is acceptable with relative standard deviation (RSD) value of 2%. The method with designed D-loop primer was successfully applied for detection and quantification of Canine’s DNA in food products. There are no amplification profiles for Canine DNA in marketed goat’s satay products.

Conclusion:
RT-PCR combined with novel primer targeting D-loop provide a specific and accurate analytical tool for identification of CM for halal authentication studies.