bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Keramik/Metall‐Friktionspaarungen unter ungeschmierter Gleitbeanspruchung bei kurzzeitiger Belastung
Authors: Poser K. , Schneider J. , Zum Gahr K.‐H.
Published: October 2004

Über einen zweistufigen Laserprozess wurde eine Randschichtmodifizierung einer handelsüblichen Al2O3‐Keramik in einer Dicke von 200 ‐ 400 μm durch Zugabe von TiN bzw. TiN und ZrO2 durchgeführt. Als Referenzkeramiken wurden je eine handelsübliche Al2O3‐ und SSiC‐Keramik eingesetzt. Die tribologische Charakterisierung in einem Stift‐Scheibe‐Prüfstand erfolgte im ungeschmierten, einsinnigen Gleitkontakt gegen GG25‐ und 100Cr6‐Gegenkörper. Neben dem metallischen Gegenkörper wurden als Versuchsparameter die Gleitgeschwindigkeit und die relative Luftfeuchte von 20 % bis 80 % bei Raumtemperatur variiert.

Alle Paarungen zeigten tendenzmäßig einen abfallenden Wert der Reibungszahl mit zunehmender Gleitgeschwindigkeit, wobei die Paarungen mit den randschichtmodifizierten Oxidkeramiken eine bessere Reibungszahlkonstanz als die mit der monolithischen Al2O3‐Keramik aufwiesen. Der volumetrische Verschleißkoeffizient der Paarungen mit den lasermodifizierten Keramiken war kleiner als der der Referenzpaarungen mit den monolithischen Keramiken Al2O3 bzw. SSiC. Ein Einfluss der relativen Luftfeuchte trat bis zu einer Gleitgeschwindigkeit von 4 m/s auf. Das Reibungs‐ und Verschleißverhalten wurde durch die Überlagerung von mechanischen Wirkmechanismen, insbesondere abrasiver Prozesse, und tribochemischen Reaktionen bestimmt
The sarcolemma in the largemyd mouse
Authors: Reed Patrick W. , Mathews Katherine D. , Mills Kathleen A. , Bloch Robert J.
Published: October 2004

In the Largemyd mouse, dystroglycan is incompletely glycosylated and thus cannot bind its extracellular ligands, causing a muscular dystrophy that is usually lethal in early adulthood. We show that the Largemyd mutation alters the composition and organization of the sarcolemma of fast‐twitch skeletal muscle fibers in young adult mice. Costameres at the sarcolemma of the tibialis anterior muscle of Largemyd mice contain reduced levels of several membrane cytoskeletal proteins, including dystrophin and β‐spectrin. In the quadriceps, longitudinally oriented costameric structures tend to become thickened and branched. More strikingly, proteins of the dystrophin complex present between costameres in controls are absent from Largemyd muscles. We propose that the absence of the dystrophin complex from these regions destabilizes the sarcolemma of the Largemyd mouse and thereby contributes to the severity of its muscular dystrophy. Thus, the positioning of sarcolemmal proteins may have a profound effect on the health of skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve, 2004
Reflection and refraction of SH‐waves at a corrugated interface between two monoclinic elastic half‐spaces
Authors: Kaur Jatinder , Tomar S. K.
Published: October 2004

A problem of reflection and transmission of shear wave incident upon a corrugated interface between two monoclinic solid half‐spaces have been investigated. Rayleigh's method of approximation is used to investigate the reflection and transmission coefficients for first and second approximation of the corrugation. For a special interface, closed‐form expressions of these coefficients for the first order approximation of the corrugation are obtained. It is found that these coefficients are functions of amplitude of corrugation, elastic parameters of the media, frequency of the incident wave and angle of incidence. The numerical computations are performed for a specific model and the results obtained are presented graphically. It is found that the reflection and transmission coefficients are strongly influenced by the corrugation and the elastic properties of the media. Results of some earlier workers in this field have been reduced as particular case from the present formulation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hemmstoffe von Beta‐Adrenozeptoren: Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede
Authors: Griffin Perry Paige , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred , Stark Holger
Published: October 2004

Nach den bisher vorliegenden Studien kommen zusätzlichen Effekten der β‐Blocker (z.B. β1‐Selektivität, zusätzliche α1‐blockierende Wirkung) häufig eine untergeordnete Bedeutung zu. So konnten lebensbedrohliche, ventrikuläre Arrhythmien (Kammerflimmern) bei Post‐Infarkt‐Patienten, die einen nicht‐selektiven β‐Blocker erhielten, deutlich besser vorgebeugt werden, als bei jenen, die mit einem β1‐selektiven β‐Blocker therapiert wurden. Auffällig ist auch, dass positive Effekte bezüglich der Prognoseverbesserung bei chronischer Herzinsuffizienz bisher nur für β‐Blocker ohne partial‐agonistische Aktivität und für lipophile Verbindungen nachzuwei‐sen waren. Als eine mögliche Erklärung wird eine fehlende Penetration der Blut/Hirn‐Schranke hydrophiler β‐Blocker angeführt, da zur antifibrillatorischen Wirkung von β‐Blockern insbesondere die Dämpfung zentraler sympathischer Impulse beiträgt. Es bleibt anzumerken, dass die β‐Blocker‐Therapie bei der Herzinsuffizienz keine Heilung der Erkrankung bedeutet, wohl aber die Prognose vieler Patienten nachhaltig positiv beeinflussen kann. βBlocker sind heute ein fester Evidenz‐basierter Bestandteil zahlreicher Behandlungen.
Beta‐Adrenozeptorblocker in Neurologie und Psychiatrie: Weiter Einsatzgebiete
Authors: Soyka Dieter , Soyka Michael
Published: October 2004

Während der klinischen Anwendung von Propranolol bei kardiovaskulären Indikationen wie arterieller Hypertonie und Angina pectoris gaben einige Patienten, bei denen eine Komorbidität mit Migräne bestand, eine deutliche Reduzierung ihrer Migräneattackenfrequenz an, Anlass für erste systematische Therapiestudien mit Propranolol bei Migräne.
Therapie von HIV‐Infektionen – mit HIV?
Authors: Winckler Thomas
Published: October 2004

Forscherteams der amerikanischen Firma VIRxSYS und der Universität von Pennsylvania in Philadelphia versuchen eine neuartige Gentherapie für HIV‐infizierte Patienten. Dazu nutzen sie HIV‐basierte Gentherapie‐Vektoren und untersuchen dabei auch die generelle Frage nach der Sicherheit HIV‐basierter Vektoren für gentherapeutische Anwendungen.
Den Duftstoffen auf der Ferse
Authors: Dingermann Theo , Züdorf Ilse
Published: October 2004

Den Nobelpreis für Medizin 2004 teilen sich Richard Axel und Linda B. Buck für ihre Entdeckungen zu den Geruchsrezeptoren und der Organisation des olfaktorischen Systems.
Neues zum Metabolismus mit den Isoenzymen des Cytochroms P450
Authors: Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: October 2004

Cytochrom P450 ist verantwortlich für den Metabolismus einer großen Zahl von endogenen Substanzen sowie von Arzneistoffen und Giften.
Organic–inorganic polymeric nanocomposites involving novel titanium tetraisopropylate in polyethylene–octene elastomer
Authors: Liao Hsin‐Tzu , Wu Chin‐San
Published: October 2004

The new nanocomposites, by means of an in situ sol–gel process consisting of metallocene polyethylene–octene elastomer (POE) and titanium tetraisopropylate (TTIP), were investigated. In addition, the acrylic acid grafted POE (POE‐g‐AA) was studied as an alternative to POE. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) spectrometer, an X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), an Instron mechanical tester, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize and examine the samples. The results indicate that the POE‐g‐AA/TiO2 hybrid could have a positive effect on the properties of the POE/TiO2 hybrid because the carboxylic acid groups of acrylic acid should act as coordination sites for the titania phase to form a TiOC chemical bond. The strength of interfacial bonding between the polymer chains and the ceramic phase depended on the amount of TiO2, as shown by the change in glass‐transition temperature (Tg) with TiO2 content. The result of mechanical and thermal tests showed that both the tensile strength and the Tg increased to a maximum value and then decreased with an increasing of TiO2 because excess particles (e.g., greater than 10 wt % TiO2) might cause separation or segregation between the organic and inorganic phases. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4272–4280, 2004
Influence of herbicide‐resistant canola on the environmental impact of weed management
Authors: Brimner Theresa A , Gallivan Gordon James , Stephenson Gerald R
Published: October 2004

The growth of herbicide‐resistant canola varieties increased from 10% of the canola area in Canada in 1996, when the technology was first introduced, to 80% in 2000. From 1995 to 2000, the amount of herbicide active ingredient applied per hectare of canola declined by 42.8% and the Environmental Impact (EI) per hectare, calculated using the Environmental Impact Quotient for individual herbicides and the amounts of active ingredients applied, declined 36.8%. The amount of herbicide active ingredient per hectare applied to conventional canola was consistently higher than that applied to herbicide‐resistant canola each year between 1996 and 2000. Similarly, the EI of herbicide use per hectare in conventional canola was higher than that of herbicide‐resistant canola during the same time period. Since 1996, herbicide use has shifted from broadcast applications of soil‐active herbicides to post‐emergence applications of herbicides with broad‐spectrum foliar activity. The decline in herbicide use and EI since the introduction of herbicide‐resistant varieties was due to increased use of chemicals with lower application rates, a reduced number of applications and a decreased need for herbicide combinations. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Search for substrate‐based inhibitors fitting the S2′ space of malarial aspartic protease plasmepsin II
Authors: Kiso Aiko , Hidaka Koushi , Kimura Tooru , Hayashi Yoshio , Nezami Azin , Freire Ernesto , Kiso Yoshiaki
Published: October 2004

Plasmepsin (Plm) has been identified as an important target for the development of new antimalarial drugs, since its inhibition leads to the starvation of Plasmodium falciparum. A series of substrate‐based dipeptide‐type Plm II inhibitors containing the hydroxymethylcarbonyl isostere as a transition‐state mimic were synthesized. The general design principle was provision of a conformationally restrained hydroxyl group (corresponding to the set residue at the P2′ position in native substrates) and a bulky unit to fit the S2′ pocket. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlated increase of ε2‐ and ε1‐conductivity energies under strain‐induced metal–insulator transition in n‐Ge(Sb)
Authors: Budzulyak S. I. , Gorin A. E. , Ermakov V. M. , Kolomoets V. V. , Machulin V. F. , Suss B. B. , Venger E. F. , Bigoja O. D.
Published: October 2004

The essential increase of the activation energies of the both ε2‐conductivity and ε1‐conductivity in uniaxially strained highly‐doped monocrystalline n‐Ge(Sb) was found in the pressure range 0–2.5 GPa and at temperature 4.2–70 K. A remarkable increase of the known value of the metal‐insulator (MI) transition critical concentration of antimony dopant in germanium was obtained and explained by the electron effective mass increase because of appreciable strain‐induced energy bands transformation. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural properties, infrared reflectivity, and Raman modes of SnO at high pressure
Authors: Wang X. , Zhang F. X. , Loa I. , Syassen K. , Hanfland M. , Mathis Y.‐L.
Published: October 2004

We have investigated the high‐pressure behavior of the ‘lone‐pair’ compound SnO using monochromatic synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, synchrotron far‐ and mid‐infrared reflection measurements, and Raman spectroscopy. The litharge‐type ambient pressure structure is observed up to at least 20 GPa, though with indications for a small distortion above 15 GPa. Changes in interatomic distances are determined via full Rietveld refinements of diffraction patterns. SnO is found to undergo a semiconductor to metal transition near 5(1) GPa; the transition is attributed to the closure of the indirect fundamental gap. The mode Grüneisen parameters of zone‐center Raman mode frequencies are reported. The results are discussed in light of related experimental and theoretical studies of structural, dynamical, and electronic properties of SnO. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of P–T pre‐treatment on thermopower of Czochralski‐grown silicon at high pressure
Authors: Shchennikov Vladimir V. , Ovsyannikov Sergey V. , Misiuk Andrzej , Shchennikov Vsevolod V.
Published: October 2004

For the first time the thermoelectric power of high‐pressure phases of Czochralski‐grown silicon (Cz‐Si) single crystals has been investigated. From the dependence on pressure of the thermopower the phase transitions in Si have been established. The influence of gas pressure (up to 1.5 GPa) and temperature (450–650 °C) pre‐treatment on thermoelectric properties of high‐pressure phases of Si with tetragonal, orthorhombic and simple hexagonal structures is discussed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of Xipamide metabolite in human urine by high‐performance liquid chromatography/diode‐array detection, high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Kim Yunje , Han Kyungjin , Paeng Ki‐Jung
Published: October 2004

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2004; 18: 2505–2512
Quantitative ARXPS investigation of systems with ultrathin aluminium oxide layers
Authors: Kozłowska M. , Reiche R. , Oswald S. , Vinzelberg H. , Hübner R. , Wetzig K.
Published: October 2004

Angle‐resolved x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) is a non‐destructive method to investigate the near‐surface structure of specimens with a flat surface. For interpretation of the electron intensities emitted from different depth regions, model calculations are necessary. Based on an earlier algorithm we have developed a program for ARXPS studies of thin multilayers.

In our model calculation the sample structure is treated as consisting of several layers (one to three) on the substrate, whereas the top layer can be incomplete. Emitted electrons are assumed to be attenuated exponentially in the layers. Different atomic volumes, electron attenuation lengths (including consideration of elastic scattering) and assumptions on stoichiometry are taken into account for the particular layers.

As an application of our model calculations we present a study of a set of Al samples that were oxidized by different methods, i.e. natural and plasma oxidation (plasma obtained by electron cyclotron resonance). The oxide layers produced by plasma oxidation were protected by a 2 nm thick Co film, before exposing the samples to the air. Additionally, in order to check our results of the ARXPS model calculation, x‐ray reflectometry (XRR) analysis was used. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaktionen von NaAlH4 mit primären Silylphosphanen und ‐arsanen: Synthese und Kristallstruktur eines cyclischen Natriumphosphanylalanats und eines polycyclischen Natriumarsanylalanats
Authors: von Hänisch Carsten , Rolli Birgit
Published: October 2004

Natriumaluminiumhydrid reagiert mit H2PSiMe3 im molaren Verhältnis 1:4 zu der Verbindung [H2Al{P(SiMe3)2}2Na(dme)2] (1). Zentrales Strukturmotiv dieser Verbindung ist ein viergliedriger AlP2Na‐Ring, dessen Phosphoratome überraschenderweise zwei Silylsubstituenten aufweisen. Wird NaAlH4 mit dem primären Silylarsan H2AsSiiPr3 in THF umgesetzt, so bildet sich die ionische Verbindung 2, in der cyclische [(H2Al)3(AsSiiPr3)3]3‐‐Anionen sowohl über die freien Elektronenpaare der Arsenatome als auch über Hydridliganden an die Natriumgegenionen koordinieren.
Silyl‐functionalized Silsesquioxanes: New Building Blocks for Larger Si‐O‐Assemblies, including the First Si‐Si‐Bonded Silsesquioxanes
Authors: Gießmann Stephan , Fischer Axel , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: October 2004

Novel silyl‐functionalized silsesquioxane building blocks have been prepared by treatment of Cy7Si7O9(OH)3 (1, Cy = c‐C6H11) with hexachlorodisilane or hexachlorodisiloxane, respectively, in the presence of triethylamine. Reactions in a 1:1 molar ratio afforded the trichlorosilyl‐functionalized silsesquioxane derivatives Cy7Si8O12SiCl3 (2) and Cy7Si8O12OSiCl3 (3). Related bis(silsesquioxanes), (Cy7Si8O12)2 (4) and (Cy7Si8O12)2O (5) are accessible in a similar manner by employing a 2:1 molar ratio of the reactands. Compound 1 also served as a starting material in the preparation of the partially closed silsesquioxane cages Cy7Si7O11(OH)SiMe2 (6) and Cy7Si7O11(OH)Si(OEt)2 (7), while the related condensation product Cy7Si7O10(OSiMe3) (9) was made by AlCl3‐catalyzed elimination of water from Cy7Si7O9(OH)2OSiMe3 (8). The molecular structure of 9 was determined by X‐ray diffraction.
Allylic Peroxidations with Bis(2‐pyridylimino)isoindolato‐Cobalt and ‐Iron Complexes
Authors: Meder Markus B. , Siggelkow Bettina A. , Gade Lutz H.
Published: October 2004

Several novel substituted bis(2‐pyridylimino)isoindolato (BPI) cobalt(II) and iron(II) complexes [M(BPI)(OAc)(H2O)] (M = Co: 1 ‐ 6, Fe: 7) have been synthesized by reaction of bis(2‐pyridylimino)isoindole derivatives with the corresponding metal(II) acetates. Reaction of 1‐6 with 1.5 ‐ 2 molar equivalents of t‐BuOOH gave the corresponding alkylperoxocobalt(III) complexes [Co(BPI)(OAc)(OOtBu)] (10 ‐ 15). Using an aqueous solution of t‐BuOOH (70 %), cyclohexene was selectively catalytically oxidized to the dialkylperoxide cyclohex‐2‐ene‐1‐t‐butylperoxide.
From Kocher to Allgöwer: The International Society of Surgery/La Société Internationale de Chirurgie
Authors: Nyhus Lloyd M.
Published: October 2004

Conclusion

The saga of the Society—from Kocher to Allgöwer‐rings with true accomplishment. As we near the end of our first complete century, we can look back with a sense of satisfaction. At the same time we must recognize that there still is much to do.

I wish to paraphrase the words of Kocher's 1905 inaugural address:
Basic study on hepatic resection under partial perfusion cooling
Authors: Hamamoto Isao , Hossain Mohammad Akram , Okada Setsuo , Wakabayashi Hisao , Maeba Takashi , Tanaka Satoshi
Published: October 2004

To improve liver quality after reperfusion following partial hepatectomy under total or partial cooling of the liver (HPC), a new perfusion solution containing 100 mM l‐histidine (KM solution) was developed. The livers of Lewis rats were removed and perfused for 2 hours at 20°C with lactated Ringer's (LR) solution (group A) or the KM solution (group B). They were reperfused with rat blood at 37°C at a perfusion pressure of 5 cmH2O while monitoring the portal and peripheral tissue blood flows. At the end of reperfusion, bile production, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) secretion, and tissue adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was measured. Recovery of portal and peripheral tissue blood flows of the group B livers after reperfusion were significantly better than those of group A. Viability of the group B livers, assessed by bile production, tissue ATP value, and LDH release, was preserved better than that of group A livers. In situ total liver perfusion with LR (group C) and KM (group D) solutions for 1 hour at 20°C followed by partial hepatectomy of the left lateral lobe was performed. The 1‐week survivals of the group C and D rats were 25% and 100%, respectively (p<0.05). It was concluded that KM solution is suitable for HPC.
Pyogenic liver abscess: Studies of therapy and analysis of risk factors
Authors: Mischinger Haus‐Jörg , Hauser Hubert , Rabl Hans , Quehenberger Franz , Werkgartner Georg , Rubin Randy , Due Ernst
Published: October 2004

Experience with 46 patients diagnosed with liver abscesses over a 13‐year period was reviewed to ascertain the impact of percutaneous versus surgical drainage. In most of the cases the abscesses were liagnosed by sonography or computed tomography. The most common pathogenetic mechanism was ascending biliary tract infection. Of the 46 total patients, 27 were primarily treated surgically, whereas 19 underwent percutaneous drainage. In the surgical group five (18.5%) patients required reoperation. Percutaneous drainage failed in four patients (21.1%). Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that a high APACHE II score, low hemoglobin level, and high serum bilirubin level were significant predictors of a complicated clinical course. Death was related more closely to the overall condition of the patient, as expressed by a high APACHE II score, and the underlying disease (malignancy) than to the mode of therapy.
Significant prognostic factors by multivariate analysis of 3926 gastric cancer patients
Authors: Kim Jin‐Pok , Kim Young‐Woo , Yang Han‐Kwang , Noh Dong‐Young
Published: October 2004

Univariate and multivariate analyses of 3926 selected gastric cancer patients collected between 1981 and 1991 were made to confirm several clinicopathologic prognostic factors and to evaluate the effectiveness of postoperative immunochemotherapy with OK‐432, 5‐FU, and mitomycin C in stage III gastric cancer. Five‐year survival rates for each category of prognostic variables were obtained; and in the univariate analysis, most of the factors (including age, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, location of primary tumor, histologic differentiation, and gross type except for sex) showed some significance. Multivariate analysis was conducted and verified significant prognostic factors. Depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis were found to be the most powerful factors (p<0.001); gross type, location, and histologic differentiation were additional significant factors (p<0.05). For postoperative treatment, immunochemosurgery was most effective in stage III patients (p<0.05). In conclusion, we may predict a prognosis for gastric cancer more precisely on the basis of these independent prognostic factors, and immunochemosurgery may be a valuable means to treat advanced gastric cancer.
Total gastrectomy for cancer: Is reconstruction or a gastric replacement reservoir essential?
Authors: Mendes de Almeida António Castro , Medina Dos Santos Noel , José Aldeia Fernando
Published: October 2004

Malnutrition is a frequently observed complication of total gastrectomy. Does the mode of reconstructing the alimentary tract bear part of the responsibility? We assessed our experience from January 1975 to 1992 to analyze this issue. A series of 64 total gastrectomy patients [40 men, 24 women; aged 59±11 (SD) years] were considered. Preoperative and periodic follow‐up evaluations were prospectively documented: upper gastrointestinal series, endoscopic examination, complete blood count, serum and liver biochemistry profiles, serum proteins, tranferrin, serum iron and calcium, iron‐binding capacity, oral glucose tolerance test, ultrasonography or computed tomography, actual and ideal body weight and performance (AJCC/UICC) assessments. Symptoms were classified by means of Cuschieri's scoring system. Esophageal mucosal changes (edema, hyperemia, erosions, ulcerations) were documented on endoscopy. There were 36 of 58 operative survivors who had no evidence of tumor recurrence and were available for long‐term evaluation (12–132 months). An RY loop had been constructed in 25 patients, 5 with a Hunt pouch; 9 had an isoperistaltic jejunal interposition (IJI), 4 with a Kock pouch: and 2 bad a Braun loop. A 60 to 70 cm long jejunal limb was always utilized. Statistical analyses were obtained by means of the Student t‐test and the equality of medians test. Progressive malnutrition was observed in patients with the Braun (omega) loops, both patients displaying persistent esophagitis and dietary restrictions. Both recovered ideal body weight after remedial surgery that transformed the omega loop into an RY loop. Both RY and IJI loops effectively prevented alkaline esophagitis. The observed increase in body weight was 4.5±2.4 kg in 25 RY loop patients and 4.0±2.6 kg in the 9 IJI patients (not significant), with no significant benefit being observed in patients with newly created gastric “replacements.” It was concluded that (1) a technically correct and adequate reconstruction is not followed by significant levels of malnutrition; (2) a simple RY loop is the most suitable method in most instances for total gastrectomy for cancer; (3) an IJI is not justifiable on a routine basis; (4) additional pouches are of questionable value; and (5) omega loops are undesirable.
Selective use of ERCP in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Rieger Roman , Sulzbacher Herwig , Woisetschläger Rudolf , Schrenk Peter , Wayand Wolfgang
Published: October 2004

With the advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCH) various strategies have been proposed for the management of common bile duct (CBD) stones. In a consecutive series of 1140 patients subjected to LCH, preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was attempted in 128 patients (11.2%) and successfully accomplished in 121 (94.5%). Based on the prediction of CBD stones by laboratory tests, ultrasonography, and intravenous cholangiography, prelaparoscopic ERCP was performed in 106 patients (9.3%). CBD stones were identified in 56 patients and benign papillary stenosis in 5 patients (57.5%). Of these 61 patients, 58 (95%) were treated by endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) and stone extraction followed by LCH after a mean interval of 1.6 days. Three patients with failure of endoscopic ductal stone extraction required open CBD exploration. In 39 of the 106 patients (36.8%) ERCP was negative for ductal stones but revealed unexpected ampullary and pancreatic cancer in two cases. Six patients (of the 106) with preoperative ERCP cannulation failure (5.7%) were managed either by LCH and intraoperative cholangiography or by open CBD exploration. In 22 of the 1140 total patients (1.9%) ERCP was performed at various intervals after LCH. Retained CBD stones were found in eight patients, and ES and ductal clearance was achieved in all eight. There was no mortality among the entire surgical group who underwent perioperative ERCP/ES. Including two cases of ES‐related pancreatitis, the overall morbidity was 5.5% (7 of 128). Perioperative ERCP/ES in conjunction with LCH is an attractive approach for patients with cholecystocholedocholithiasis, at least until laparoscopic ductal clearance becomes a standard procedure.
Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in hyperplastic parathyroid glands from patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I
Authors: Komatsu Makoto , Tsuchiya Shin‐ichi , Matsuyama Ikuo , Kaneko Sayuri , Suzuki Yoshitaka , Ito Nobuo , Hanamura Naoshi , Seki Tatsuyuki , Kobayashi Shinya , Kuroda Takai
Published: October 2004

Primary hyperparathyroidism was investigated using the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from the immunohistochemical viewpoint with an anti‐bFGF antibody in hyperplastic parathyroid glands of patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN‐I) and of patients with non‐MEN. The results corresponded well with the data from the DNA analysis. Twenty‐five hyperplastic parathyroid glands from 11 patients with MEN‐I and 38 glands from 20 patients with non‐MEN primary hyperparathyroidism were stained immunohistochemically according to the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex procedure. When 50% or more of the cells appeared uniformly stained, it was judged positively stained. In addition, 18 hyperplastic parathyroid glands from patients with MEN‐I patients and 24 hyperplastic parathyroid glands from non‐MEN patients were also analyzed for DNA using flow cytometry. The ratio of positively stained hyperplastic parathyroid glands was 72% in MEN‐I patients and 18% in non‐MEN patients. The difference between the two groups was significant (p<0.01). The nodules consisted of oxyphilic cells in 7 of 25 hyperplastic parathyroid glands from MEN‐I patients and in 10 of 38 hyperplastic parathyroid glands from non‐MEN patients, and all the cells were positive for bFGF. There was no significant correlation between bFGF staining and the DNA ploidy pattern. bFGF possibly plays a role in the development of parathyroid gland hyperplasia, especially in MEN‐I patients. The increase of oxyphilic cells may be correlated with the expression of bFGF.
Potential anti‐atherogenic cell action of the naturally occurring 4‐O‐methyl derivative of gallic acid on Ang II‐treated macrophages
Authors: Oliveira Maria V.Bizerra , Badia Eric , Carbonneau Marie-Annette , Grimaldi Paul , Fouret Gilles , Lauret Celine , Léger Claude L.
Published: October 2004

We have recently established that the blood concentrations of gallic acid (GA), a polyphenolic component naturally found in food, and its O‐methyl derivatives are very low (practically ⩽1 μM) in physiological (postprandial) condition. Using acellular oxidant systems and macrophage‐differentiated promonocytes (MDPs) THP‐1, we show here that the direct and indirect (through depressing effect on the superoxide cell production) antioxidant properties of these components were not effective at these concentrations. In contrast, 4‐O‐methyl GA was the most efficient component to depress AT1R and CD36 mRNA expression in Ang II‐treated MDPs, suggesting a strong inhibition of Ang II‐triggered pro‐atherogenic mechanisms of foam cell formation.
Simulating search behaviour of fish towards bait
Authors: Vabø Rune , Huse Geir , Fernö Anders , Jørgensen Terje , Løkkeborg Svein , Skaret Georg
Published: October 2004

Search by olfaction is common in many aquatic animals, and this feature is exploited by the fishing industry, which has a long tradition in the use of longlines, pots, and other kinds of baited gear. Here we discuss a range of possible search strategies that fish might apply when searching for prey; this in order to improve our understanding of fish movement dynamics towards baited gear. Various search strategies were investigated using an individual-based behavioural model. The search phase was divided into plume-search (search for relevant stimuli) and bait-search (search when an olfactory stimulus has been encountered). The search strategies were evaluated based on their efficiency in providing guidance to the goal (plume or bait). The model was developed based on previous tagging studies of cod (Gadus morhua L.). The results for plume-search show that when the landscape is considered to be continuous, strategies based on moving at an angle against the current performed better than strategies moving straight into the current, or “random walk”-based strategies. When it is assumed that the fish is constrained to a home range, the results are reversed so that “random walk”-based strategies perform better than the “counter current” strategies. For bait-search the “counter current” strategies performed much better than strategies based on gradient-search, which rarely resulted in contact with the bait.
Late-glacial and Holocene vegetation and climatic history of the Cass Basin, central South Island, New Zealand
Authors: McGlone Matt S. , Turney Chris S.M. , Wilmshurst Janet M.
Published: October 2004

Lithology, pollen, macrofossils, and stable carbon isotopes from an intermontane basin bog site in southern New Zealand provide a detailed late-glacial and early Holocene vegetation and climate record. Glacial retreat occurred before 17,000 cal yr B.P., and tundra-like grassland"shrubland occupied the basin shortly after. Between 16,500 and 14,600 cal yr B.P., a minor regional expansion of forest patches occurred in response to warming, but the basin remained in shrubland. Forest retreated between 14,600 and 13,600 cal yr B.P., at about the time of the Antarctic Cold Reversal. At 13,600 cal yr B.P., a steady progression from shrubland to tall podocarp forest began as the climate ameliorated. Tall, temperate podocarp trees replaced stress-tolerant shrubs and trees between 12,800 and 11,300 cal yr B.P., indicating sustained warming during the Younger Dryas Chronozone (YDC). Stable isotopes suggest increasing atmospheric humidity from 11,800 to 9300 cal yr B.P. Mild (annual temperatures at least 1°C higher than present), and moist conditions prevailed from 11,000 to 10,350 cal yr B.P. Cooler, more variable conditions followed, and podocarp forest was completely replaced by montane Nothofagus forest at around 7500 cal yr B.P. with the onset of the modern climate regime. The Cass Basin late-glacial climate record closely matches the Antarctic ice core records and is in approximate antiphase with the North Atlantic.
Field-based nutritional response evaluation of the intolerant white lupin (Lupinus albus) cultivar Lucyanne to a lime-amended soil
Authors: KERLEY S. J. , SHIELD I. F. , SCOTT T. , STEVENSON H.
Published: October 2004

Two field experiments examined the nutritional responses of the white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) agronomic cultivar Lucyanne to lime-amended soil. In the first, plots and boundaries of a pre-existing lime-rate experiment were sampled in 1993. The maximum shoot dry matter production occurred between soil pH 4·9 and 7·2. Whole-shoot Al concentrations increased below soil pH 4·9, and plants died at pH 4·4. Although dry matter production declined in soil above pH 7·2, no chlorosis or plant death was seen. Only the whole-shoot soluble Ca concentration changed from neutral to alkaline pH soil: it was greatest when grown in the alkaline-pH soil. In the second experiment, plants were grown in neutral pH or limed soil in 2000. Shoots were divided into specific tissue types and analysed for Fe III and Fe II, as well as soluble and insoluble Ca fractions. When sampled in April after over-wintering, the higher Ca concentration in the limed compared with neutral-pH soil-grown plants was due mainly to insoluble Ca. No plants were chlorotic and no differences between the treatments in the concentrations of either form of Fe were found. In June no plants were chlorotic, however the concentrations of both total and soluble Ca fractions were greater in the limed than the neutral-pH soil-grown plants, and there was more stem Fe III and less leaf Fe II in these plants. The present study shows that the cultivar Lucyanne is not a reliable crop plant above pH 7·2, and the loss of shoot dry matter can be attributed to nutritional responses at a sub-chlorotic level of stress.
Dry-matter partitioning and radiation-use efficiency in cowpea cultivars (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cvs TC-9-6 and M-28-6-6) during consecutive seasonal courses in the Orinoco llanos
Authors: SAN JOSÉ J. J. , MONTES R. A. , NIKONOVA N. , VALLADARES N. , BUENDIA C. , MALAVE V. , BRACHO R.
Published: October 2004

Field work on rainfed cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cvs TC-9-6 and M-28-6-6) was conducted in the Orinoco lowlands to explain the changes in dry-mass partitioning and radiation-use efficiency (RUE) as compared with other cultivars over four consecutive seasons. Growth features were assessed in early-maturing, prostrate-canopy (TC-9-6), and medium-maturing, erect-canopy (M-28-6-6) cowpeas. These cultivars were sown in consecutive middle-wet and late-wet seasons in double peak rainfall conditions. Dry mass accumulation by cultivars was assessed as a function of leaf-area duration and the efficiency with which radiation was converted into dry mass throughout the season (i.e. radiation-use efficiency). Cultivar differences in canopy architecture and duration of leaf area had a minor effect on the total dry mass production. In the early-maturing TC-9-6, RUE for a middle-wet and a late-wet season was 0·90±0·04 and 0·65±0·05 g/MJ, respectively. In the medium-maturing M-28-6-6, the values were 0·97±0·05 and 0·72±0·03 g/MJ, respectively. A season with rainfall below 100 mm had a negative effect on phenology and RUE. When average rainfall was above 100 mm, the total dry mass accumulation was not affected by differences in cultivars and seasons. The rate of harvest index (HI) changes was negatively related to pod-filling duration. The changes in assimilation distribution depended on the process of partitioning as modulated by the limited pod-sink and the photosynthate supply. However, the photosynthate source was not depressed by the sink activity of the pod-filling. Partitioning to non-reproductive sinks was maintained. M-28-6-6 with high dry-mass production and delayed senescence did not effectively divert a large amount of assimilate to pod-filling. Pod sink activity in cowpea was limited by genotype. Harvest index in M-28-6-6 decreased with the increasing dry mass. The final HI and rate of linear increase in HI differed between cultivars and were lower in M-28-6-6. The results of the present work in the Orinoco lowlands are relevant for a wide range of savannahs with a late wet season.
The effect of planting date and nitrogen management on yield and quality of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: GHOSH M. , MANDAL B. K. , MANDAL B. B. , LODH S. B. , DASH A. K.
Published: October 2004

Growth environment and plant nutrition are two important factors influencing growth, yield and quality of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). The present study was conducted at Kalyani, India to determine the effect of two planting dates and four fertilizer levels on different aromatic rice cultivars during the dry seasons of 1995/96 and 1996/97, while nine cultivars were evaluated during the wet seasons of 1996 and 1997. Thermal and photoperiodic conditions significantly influenced the vegetative (leaf area index and light extinction co-efficient) and reproductive (filled spikelets/panicle) growth of the crop. Delayed planting (23 February) significantly reduced the grain yield by 0·88 t/ha, amylose content by 0·5% and duration by 10 days; but increased the summed heliothermal units (17806 v. 18505). Thus, the cultivars became less efficient (27%) in heat use with delay in planting from 2 to 23 February. Relative availability of NH4+-N from urea and Azolla influenced the crop growth (leaf area index [LAI], tiller production and leaf chlorophyll content) and nutrient uptake. Supply of inorganic N either alone or in conjunction with Azolla significantly increased grain yield (18–41%) and protein content (0·1–0·7%) over 15 t/ha of Azolla alone. However, combined application of Azolla and urea lowered the amylose content below that achieved by application of either substance alone. Correlation studies among quality attributes indicated that long-grained varieties had lower head rice recovery (r=−0·69) due to more breakage during milling and greater test weight (r=0·93).
Forsaking God: a theological argument for Christian lamentation
Authors: Boulton Matthew
Published: October 2004

In this essay I argue that lament, as the primary liturgical witness to divine absence in times of human need, functions in worship as a discipline of negation and disruption through which what might be termed the God of glory – the God installed by liturgical gestures of ‘praise’ – is opposed and denied, in effect forsaking God by clinging to God's promise over and against God. To spell out this argument, I turn first to Psalm 22, then to the choreography of Holy Week, contending that in proper Christian worship and life, the doxology of triumph (‘hosanna’) is transformed via lamentation into an eschatological form of praise (‘hallelujah’).
Response to Watson and Hunsinger
Authors: Jenson Robert W.
Published: October 2004

This is the Scottish Journal of Theology's second attention to my two volumes of systematic theology. The first time, when asked to respond, I did so only abruptly. This time, I am obligated to be more forthcoming.
Monarchy and economy in Tertullian's Adversus Praxeam
Authors: McCruden Kevin B.
Published: October 2004

This essay explores the deeper theological presuppositions foundational to Tertullian's defense of the Logos-theology in the Adversus Praxeam. After providing a brief description and historical contextualization of the monarchian argument that Tertullian opposes, this essay then explores the unique manner in which Tertullian attempts to redefine the notion of the divine monarchy through a renewed understanding of the divine economy. This essay proposes that Tertullian reflects upon the notion of the economy in a decidedly internal fashion, emphasizing the inner relations within the depths of the divine, in order both to preserve the idea of the Father's invisibility, and to steer away from a model of the economy as historically conceived.
Hal Drake's Constantine and the Bishops
Authors: Clark Elizabeth
Published: October 2004

The subtitle of Drake's book, ‘The Politics of Intolerance’, provides an apt starting place. First, ‘Politics’: it is Drake's contention that many earlier scholars’ investigations of Constantine have run amok by adopting largely theological perspectives, by worrying whether Constantine was ‘sincere’ in his Christian profession. Indeed, much in Constantine's practices and discourse (such as we can recover them) suggested to previous commentators that he had little understanding of theological niceties, and that his Christian commitment was to some degree feigned. Drake argues that we should rather look to the political problems that Constantine faced and the policy options available to him. (For one, Diocletian's persecution had proved a massive and costly failure: where to go from there?) If ‘politics’ is the arena in which we assess Constantine, scholars should investigate social processes, not theological puzzles. We have been using the wrong map: ‘political symptoms’ should not be treated with ‘theological remedies’ (465). Public policy studies, in particular, is the field to which we should turn.
Conflation and conflict in Brazilian popular music: forty years between ‘filming’ bossa nova in Orfeu Negro and rap in Orfeu
Authors: GRASSE JONATHON
Published: October 2004

Popular music plays important roles in two related films portraying Brazilian slum life. Based on a 1953 play by Vinícius de Morais, Marcel Camus's 1959 film Orfeu Negro, and a 1999 feature by Brazilian director Carlos Diegues titled Orfeu, augment traditional samba styles with bossa nova and rap, respectively. Interpreting musical style as allegorical texts within fictive landscapes, this paper examines conflation and conflict among musical meanings, Brazilian social histories, and discursive identities marking the twentieth century. Broad aspects of Brazilian political and socio-cultural development are implicated, such as authoritarianism, the politics and sociology of race, technological advances, mass media, and modes of modernisation. Here, bossa nova and rap engage society through reflexive and generative interpretations within a narrative designed to illustrate connections between processes of innovative, trans-national cultural production, myths of national identity, social change, and the powerful role of popular music in film.
A ‘JOURNALL’ OF MATTERS OF STATE HAPPENED FROM TIME TO TIME AS WELL WITHIN AND WITHOUT THE REALME FROM AND BEFORE THE DEATH OF KING EDW THE 6TH UNTILL THE YERE 1562 CERTAYNE BRIFE NOTES OF THE CONTROVERSY BETWENE THE DUKES OF SOMERSET AND DUKE OF NOR[T]HUMBERLAND
Authors: Adams Simon , Archer Ian W. , Bernard G.W.
Published: October 2004

Acknowledgements

Editorial practice

Introduction

A ‘Journall’ of Matters of State […]

Certayne Brife Notes […]
Willensfreiheit als erlernte Selbstkommentierung
Authors: Tetens Holm
Published: October 2004

Zusammenfassung. Willensfreiheit ist schon methodologisch mit den experimentellen Wissenschaften vom Menschen nicht zu vereinbaren. Hinter der traditionellen Sicht der Willensfreiheit steht aber eine Tatsache, die erklärt werden muss: Jeder von uns kommentiert sein eigenes Verhalten ständig in der Sprache der Alltagspsychologie. Diese Selbstkommentare sind Imitationen der Kommentare des eigenen Verhaltens durch äußere Beobachter. Problematisch bleibt, in welchem Sinne die Selbstkommentare verhaltenswirksam sind.
Paraxial ray tracing for atmospheric wave propagation
Authors: Virieux J. , Garnier N. , Blanc E. , Dessa J.‐X.
Published: October 2004

Ray tracing for sonic wave propagation in a two‐dimensional atmosphere structure is performed in the presence of spatially variable wind by using an Hamiltonian approach. Paraxial ray tracing is deduced by first‐order perturbations. Using standard atmospheric data or illustrative models, we test numerically the Hamiltonian approach. The ray tracing allows accurate estimation of trajectories and associated travel‐times as well as stable and accurate amplitude variations along a ray. Lateral variations of both sonic and wind velocity are important for quantitative evaluation of acoustic waves. Gradients of the wind field must be taken into account for precise quantification of ray trajectories and, consequently, for the localization of ground impacts, a key element for any micro‐barometric recording station.
Correlation of electrical conductivity and structural damage at a major strike‐slip fault in northern Chile
Authors: Hoffmann‐Rothe A. , Ritter O. , Janssen C.
Published: October 2004

Large‐scale strike‐slip fault zones are often imaged as electrically conductive structures in the brittle crust. However, the relationship of conductivity and internal architecture of the fault zone remains largely unclear. This paper presents results of a study designed to compare the record of structural deformation across a fault zone with its electrical conductivity image. Two high‐resolution magnetotelluric profiles trend perpendicularly across the West fault, a branch of the Precordilleran fault system in northern Chile. The magnetotelluric and geomagnetic response functions in the frequency range from 1000 Hz to 0.1 Hz clearly image a fault zone conductor (FZC) about 350 m wide and 1500 m deep, trending along the surface trace of the fault. The position of the FZC and its geometric properties (width, dip) correlate with a region of intense fluid alteration and the orientation of fault‐related damage elements (minor faults, fractures). According to estimates of fluid salinity and rock porosity, the conductivity anomaly results from meteoric water penetrating into a permeable zone. This suggests that the increase in electrical conductivity is causally related to a mesh of minor faults and fractures, acting as a pathway for fluids. The FZC reflects the central and most fractured part of the damage zone. In view of similar published magnetotelluric studies, we infer a dependency of a fault's state of activity and the characteristics of the FZC such as its conductance, width, and depth extent. Ongoing deformation is the controlling factor for maintaining a permeable and electrically conductive fracture network.