bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emancipation in Western Europe, 1815–1870
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P
Published: November 2023

The peoples of Europe and their rulers sought peace and repose when the stormy generation of revolution and war ended in 1815. The Jews sought improved status as well. The era just ended had taken them far towards equality and rights, but German states and principalities which had been compelled to give these under Napoleonic dictation wished to turn back the clock. For more than a half-century following the French Revolution and Napoleon, obtaining emancipation and acceptance in the general society became the central concern of Jewish life in western and to a lesser extent eastern Europe.
Travail in Eastern Europe, 1815–1881
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P
Published: November 2023

The rift between west and east in European Jewry widened during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While the Jews in western Europe moved decisively towards emancipation and acculturation, those of eastern Europe lived under tsarist autocracy without personal liberty. Jews like others in Russia did not possess rights in general but lived in- stead under special laws which confined or deprived them in some way.
From War to War, 1914–1939
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P
Published: November 2023

The catastrophic wars from 1914 to 1945 which practically destroyed Europe came on unexpectedly. There was ample warning of the advent of the Second World War in 1939 to all who would see, but the European peoples before 1914 had little or no inkling of the explosion to come, and of course neither had the Jews. Only a few sophisticated diplomatic observers had forebodings. The murder of the Austrian Archduke Ferdinand, heir to the Habsburg throne, in Serbia on 28 June 1914 did not at first indicate that the continent would be a flame five weeks later.
Catastrophe, Recovery, and Triumph
Authors: Gartner Lloyd P
Published: November 2023

During the greatest, most destructive war of all ages there occurred the most immense disaster in Jewish history, in Winston Churchill’s words, ‘the greatest and most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world’. The Jews were marked out for annihilation as a German war aim, and the millions who were killed and their institutions and communities that were destroyed made the Second World War a Jewish defeat even though the Jews fought on the winning side.
Hollywood Cartoons
Authors: Barrier Michael
Published: November 2023

In Hollywood Cartoons, Michael Barrier takes us on a glorious guided tour of American animation in the 1930s, '40s, and '50s, to meet the legendary artists and entrepreneurs who created Bugs Bunny, Betty Boop, Mickey Mouse, Wile E. Coyote, Donald Duck, Tom and Jerry, and many other cartoon favorites. Beginning with black-and-white silent cartoons, Barrier offers an insightful account, taking us inside early New York studios and such Hollywood giants as Disney, Warner Bros., and MGM. Barrier excels at illuminating the creative side of animation--revealing how stories are put together, how animators develop a character, how technical innovations enhance the "realism" of cartoons. Here too are colorful portraits of the giants of the field, from Walt and Roy Disney and their animators, to Bill Hanna and Joe Barbera. Based on hundreds of interviews with veteran animators, Hollywood Cartoons gives us the definitive inside look at this colorful era and at the creative process behind these marvelous cartoons.
Beginnings, 1911-1930
Authors: Barrier Michael
Published: November 2023

The photographs, filled as they are with solemn young men (not many women) dressed in vests and ties, and working at desks in spartan settings, could have been taken in almost any New York office building in the twenties; they do not suggest an artistic undertaking. It ‘s only because the papers in front of these earnest toilers are drawings that their workplaces are recognizable as animated-cartoon studios rather than insurance companies.
Declines and Falls,1937-1942
Authors: Barrier Michael
Published: November 2023

When MGM set up its own cartoon studio, the core of its staff came from Harman-Ising: Bill Hanna and the animator Robert Allen as directors, Max Maxwell as the production manager, Allen ‘s brother Henry (“Heck”) as a writer, and Fred MacAlpin as the sound editor. They started working together in mid-1937 in a house across the street from where a building for the new studio was going up (to a plan in accordance with the wishes of the new staff). Hugh Harman believed that Hanna, Maxwell, and MacAlpin “really undercut us” by working for MGM secretly while they were still on the Harman-Ising payroll,2 but as with Harman himself when he left Walt Disney in 1928, Harman ‘s employees had seen in their boss ‘s behavior all the justification they might need for making a switch.
Warner Bros.,1945-1953
Authors: Barrier Michael
Published: November 2023

On 1 July 1944, Leon Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. for $700,000. He remained associated with the studio in a limited way by retaining 25 percent of the profits from the merchandising of the characters, but Edward Selzer, a Warner Bros. veteran with no animation experience (he had been in charge of the Warner trailer and title department for the previous seven years) took Schlesinger ‘s place at the head of the renamed Warner Bros. Cartoons, Inc. When Warners bought the cartoon studio, it acquired along with it the contracts of the directors and a few key writers and animators. Within a year, though, two of the four directors had been replaced. Frank Toshlin left in September 1944, after two years back on the staff, to direct stop-motion puppet films for the John Sutherland studio. He saw this change, Toshlin said many years later, as yet another step toward writing and eventually directing live-action films. Bob McKimson, promoted from Bob Clampett ‘s unit, took Toshlin ‘s job. By 7 May 1945, Clampett, too, was no longer a director of Warner Bros. cartoons; that was when a Selzer memorandum told the studio that Art Davis would be Clampett ‘s successor.
Power In The Highest Degree
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale
Published: November 2023

One of the most sweeping works of social criticism to appear in years, this work offers a bold theory of modern classes and a comprehensive portrait of the modern professional. Drawing on one of the largest studies ever undertaken, including interviews with over 1,000 professionals, the authors show how experts, claiming a monopoly on many types of knowledge, are radically transforming the economic and social order. This book demonstrates how this has resulted in many citizens becoming deeply insecure about their competence to manage private and public affairs without professional guidance. The authors make a case for a society that radically democratizes knowledge while retaining many non-exclusive aspects of professionalism.
Spinning Knowledge into Gold: Knowledge as Property
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale
Published: November 2023

No spider can weave its web or bird construct its nest without the knowledge to do the job. The lion that does not know how to trap its prey will starve. The same is true for humans. The silversmith cannot make buckles and the engineer cannot design bridges or computers without knowledge. Deprive the worker of knowledge and the work will grind to a halt as surely as by taking away his tools. Hunting and gathering skills were necessary for survival in early nomadic societies.
Experts Against Expertise: The Counter-Official Story
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale
Published: November 2023

A small but vocal minority of professionals dismisses objectivity as a false idol. In law, medicine, even the sciences, these heretics aim a steady volley of intellectual fire against their mainstream colleagues, arguing that rational discourse serves truth less than professional wealth and power. Biologist Steven Rose argues that scientific questions and theories inevitably reflect the priorities of government and corporate sponsors as well as the class, race, and gender of the investigators.
Power to the Server: Keeping Clients in Their Place
Authors: Derber Charles , Schwartz William A , Magrass Yale
Published: November 2023

A bulletin from the consumer organization HALT (Help Abolish Legal Tyranny) claims that the legal system rewards the legal professions first and foremost, at the expense of all of us who have no choice but to use that system or surrender our rights. The bars write the club rules, police the doors, and even protect its members from bad publicity when they go wrong.
The Agonistic Context of Early Greek Binding Spells
Authors: Faraone Christopher A
Published: November 2023

In later periods they are more often placed in underground bodies of water (e.g., wells, baths, fountains).8 Sometimes the findspot indicates the target of the curse in use; defixiones aimed at charioteers, for example, have been discovered beneath the starting gates and amidst the ruins of the spinae in late Roman hippodromes.9
Beyond Cursing: The Appeal to Justice in Judicial Prayers
Authors: Versnel H S
Published: November 2023

The text is written on lead and had obviously been deposited in the spring that is addressed in the opening line; both characteristics naturally reminded scholars of the defixiones discussed at the start of this volume. The text, however, has remained puzzling, and no satisfactory interpretation has been offered to date. How can we explain that the stolen possessions of a person are at the same time called the property (lit., “the affairs”) of a goddess? The text is also peculiar, because of, among other things, the double use of persequaris with two different objects and hence two different meanings. I want to show that the text of the ltalica tablet, as well as a number of related texts, cannot be understood if they are considered as defixiones in the traditional meaning of that term. Secondly I shall demonstrate that in this respect the isolation of Greek and Latin texts has been a hindrance, since it is only in comparison with the Greek material that many Latin “curse” texts can be correctly interpreted; but even then we have to look outside the limited domain of the defixiones.
Magic and Mystery in the Greek Magical Papyri
Authors: Betz Hans Dieter
Published: November 2023

The topic of magic raises expectations and questions pertaining to Religionswissen-schaft and Religionsgeschichte. One is reminded of the intense debates in the first thirty years of this century centering upon the relationship between magic and religion on the one hand and between myth and ritual on the other. The topic of magic was usually treated as subordinate to the larger issues mentioned above. A key problem in this debate was the definition of magic in order to distinguish it from religion, which itself was in no way easier to define. Implied in this distinction was another question, that of the nature of ritual and ritual’s relation to myth. In the course of these debates, the Greek mystery religions had become a focus of interest because there appeared to be sufficient evidence for arguing for or against various comprehensive theories concerning the fundamental problems of religion. Since the mystery cults consisted primarily of rituals, of first concern was the relationship to their corresponding myths. Later, similar questions were raised concerning Gnosticism. There was plenty of myth in Gnosticism; the question was whether there was any ritual and if so, what its role might be. Most of these issues are still being discussed today in one way or another, due to the dearth of evidence and problems of methodology.
Slavery in the “Best Poor Man’s Country”
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R
Published: November 2023

In 1811, ironmaster Colonel Thomas Bull of East Nantmeal Township, Chester County, registered with the county clerk a six-month-old black girl Haney. In doing this, Bull ensured that he could keep Haney as his servant until she reached age 28, which, if she did serve that long, would make her one of the last blacks in Pennsylvania to serve under terms of the state’s gradual abolition act of 1780. Bull, nearing age 70 at Haney’s birth, had carefully safeguarded ownership of his slaves under the act, which held that owners could retain permanently all slaves born before the law went into effect and keep for 28 years all babies born to slave mothers thereafter, as long as the masters registered the blacks with the county government. Colonel Bull had claimed ownership of two young men, Jem and Judge, in 1780, and apparently acquired one or more slave women soon after that date because he listed two boys and a girl in 1789, and another child in 1802. As far as we know, he freed none of his slaves born before 1780 or their children born thereafter.1
The First Emancipators
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R
Published: November 2023

William Southeby, a substantial, well-respected Philadelphia Friend, approached the Quaker-dominated Pennsylvania Assembly in 1712 with a bold request. He petitioned for the “Enlargement,” or general emancipation, of all slaves in the province. A septuagenarian, Southeby took up abolition toward the end of a lifetime in which he had prospered, served as a public official, and achieved recognition as a “weighty Friend.” With his antislavery crusade he risked losing status within both the Society of Friends and the larger society. Raised a Roman Catholic, he had settled in Maryland first in 1659 and then again in 1663, and became a Friend sometime before 1668. He was a farmer and boatwright on the Eastern Shore until 1684, when white Marylanders began to substitute black for white labor. Moving on, Southeby bought land first at Jones’s Creek in Kent County, Delaware, and then in Philadelphia. In 1684 he was named acting register general for Pennsylvania and sat on the Provincial Council. When he moved to Philadelphia he served as justice of the peace and in 1688 was elected a member of the Assembly. He purchased land, including frontage on the Delaware between Sassafras and Vine, and became a tallow chandler.1
The Legacy of Antislavery Reform
Authors: Nash Gary B , Soderlund Jean R
Published: November 2023

If the freedom road for black Pennsylvanians was twisted, narrow, and obstacle-filled, it would have been even more so without the work of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society. Few African-Americans emerging from bondage had the wherewithal or the legal knowledge to fight for the small gains the PAS laboriously extracted from a generally unsympathetic society and legal system. Yet the stance of the Society was ambiguous and paradoxical. Like the Society of Friends, who continued to provide most PAS members in the early nineteenth century, the PAS helped to end slavery in Pennsylvania and assisted hundreds of individual slaves by preventing their reenslavement and by wringing small advantages from a society dominated by and for whites. At the same time, however, the PAS cooperated in the creation of a new system of labor and social relations that exploited black labor and left those who had been unshackled little opportunity for upward movement in society. Their efforts went toward reforming their society by ridding it of perpetual and hereditary racial slavery; but they had little energy or imagination for restructuring their society so that former slaves could compete equally with white citizens.
The Development of the Band Theory of Solids, 1933-1960
Authors: Hoch Paul
Published: November 2023

At the core of the modern theory of solids is the idea that the conduction electrons in solids can be represented as occupying a series of energy bands that correspond to the electronic shells of atoms. This picture, as discussed in Chapter 2, grew out of Felix Bloch ‘s theory of conduction in metals (1928),1 although Bloch had considered only the ground-state band, limiting himself to a single electron in a fixed periodic potential and ignoring interactions between electrons. A number of workers clarified this “one-electron” model during the next three years, most notably, Peierls,2 Brillouin,3 and A.H. Wilson.4 They found the energy to be a multivalued function E(k) of the conduction electron ‘s wave vector k, whose values are restricted to the inside of a polyhedron, the Brillouin zone in three dimensions.
Mechanical Properties of Solids
Authors: Braun Ernest
Published: November 2023

The utility of metals is based on many of their properties, but pride of place is taken by the combination of strength and ductility that most metals possess. For unless metals could be shaped by pressing, rolling, or forging in a hot or cold state, their utility as general-purpose materials of construction for tools, weapons, machines, bridges, and buildings would be greatly impaired. The term ductility implies that the material can be permanently deformed-or shaped-by applying a force to it. This plastic deformation is distinct from elastic deformation, where strain follows stress but the material returns to its original shape when the external force is removed.
Specialists Against Specialization: Hellenism as Professional Ideology in German Classical Studies
Authors: Vopa Anthony J La
Published: November 2023

In the emergence of the academic professions that formed the core of the nineteenth-century GermanBildungsbiirgertum (educated middle class), the new discipline of classical studies (Altertumswissenschteft) had an obviously central significance. As the dominant group in the reformed Gymnasium, the practitioners of the discipline (the Philologenstand) commanded the narrow entryway to the university faculties. Their organization and production of scholarship offered the natural sciences as well as the humanities one of the earliest models for a research-based profession.
Public Office or Free Profession? German Attorneys in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Siegrist Hannes
Published: November 2023

The Lawyer Code of 1878 marks a caesura in the history of German attorneys between a period of a “professionalization from above” by the state and the modern era of the so-called open bar. Before the Rechtsanwaltsordmmg (Lawyer Code, RAO), individual German states treated those who represented clients in court and provided legal assistance and advice as a kind of public office. After 1878, the bar exhibited more clearly the characteristics of an autonomous profession.
The Making of the Modern Medical Profession, 1800-1914: Prussian Doctors in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Huerkamp Claudia
Published: November 2023

From a highly abstract perspective, the process of professionalization in countries that industrialized during the nineteenth century followed a relatively similar course with comparable results: medical professionals established themselves as experts with extensive professional autonomy based on specialized scientific training, which had been acquired at either a µniversity or a similar academic institution.
Psychology in Twentieth-Century Germany: Science and Profession
Authors: Astt Mitchell G
Published: November 2023

Whether the natural sciences are or are not professions might appear to be a nonissue in Germany, for the sciences were institutionalized there as university disciplines, hence as parts of the academic profession. Yet even commonly accepted accounts of the German universities as uniquely receptive of science recognize that the entry of experimental methods into the academic fold was not easy and followed no simple pattern.
Electronic Mechanisms
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z , Morawitz Hans , Wolf Stuart A
Published: November 2023

Up to this point we have focused on the phonon mechanism of super-conductivity. However, electron pairing can be created not only by phonon exchange but by exchange of other excitations as well. In this chapter we will discuss the electronic mechanism of superconductivity. The most common (but not unique) instance of such a mechanism arises in the presence of two groups of electronic states. Excitations within one of these groups serve as “agents” giving rise to pairing in the other group.
Magnetic Mechanisms
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z , Morawitz Hans , Wolf Stuart A
Published: November 2023

The basic idea that elementary excitations arising from magnetic degrees of freedom (magnons) may affect superconducting pairing between electrons predates the discovery of the superconducting cuprates by about two decades. It was considered in papers by Berk and Schrieffer [1] and Doniach and Engelsberg [2], who showed that incipient ferromagnetic order could suppress phonon-induced s-wave pairing. Pairing in 3He associated with nearly ferromagnetic spin fluctuations in the p-wave channel was proposed by Anderson and Brinkman [3]. For the heavy fermion materials, d-wave pairing due to nearly antiferromagnetic spin-fluctuations was proposed by Scalapino, Loh, and Hirsch [4, 6] and Miyake, Schmitt-Rink, and Varma [5].
High TcCuprates
Authors: Kresin Vladimir Z , Morawitz Hans , Wolf Stuart A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we are going to focus on a description of the high-transition-temperature cuprate superconductors. Their discovery stimulated much of the theoretical development that is described in the previous chapters. At the present time there are a large number of compounds in this family but the original discovery by Bednorz and Mueller [1] was a LaBaCuO compound with a transition temperature of about 30 K. These compounds were studied earlier in detail by Raveau and his coworkers [2b] who demonstrated that they were metallic. A breakthrough with a transition temperature above liquid nitrogen temperature was achieved in the compound YBa2Cu307 -x [3]. Since then the number of unique materials has risen to over 50. Some compounds have transition temperatures in excess of 100 K: BiSrCaCuO [4] including SrCaCuO [4b] and TlBaCaCuO [5]. All cuprates have one feature in common, namely CuO planes which form a quasi-2D layered compound.
Franklin and Bache
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

At the end of his seventy-year career as a journalist, Benjamin Franklin trained his grandson, Benjamin Franklin Bache, in his profession. After his grandfather's death, Bache brought the republican and Enlightenment ideas he had been taught to the heated party controversies of the 1790s. He became the leading Jeffersonian journalist of the period and was boycotted, physically assaulted, and eventually charged with seditious libel shortly before his death in 1798. Jeffery Smith vividly illustrates the intense ideological conflict of the period through this original study of Bache's education and career.
“Bulldozers on the Old Plantation”
Authors: Schulman Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Thomas Wallner was distressed. Surveying the South’s tumultuous mobilization for war in early 1942, the new president of the Southern States Industrial Council warned that “This war cannot possibly be won … for one fundamental reason and only one.” The national government, Wallner complained,”meaning primarily the President of the United States—still stubbornly persists in the attempt simultaneously to fight a foreign war and to wage an internal economic revolution.”
Persistent Whiggery: Federal Entitlements and Southern Politics
Authors: Schulman Bruce J
Published: November 2023

In a celebrated remark of December 1943, President Roosevelt replaced “Dr. New Deal” with “Dr. Win-the-War.” Few observers, then or later, realized that the President had not retired the old medic, but had dispatched him below the Mason-Dixon line to reorganize the economy of the South. Wage policy shaped a new workforce. It raised labor standards and eradicated the sweatshop, but also eliminated the jobs that had furnished employment to countless workers. At the same time, the federal government constructed thousands of new factories in the South, catalyzing economic diversification and enhancing the region’s allure lo private industry. No effort, however, so pointedly revealed the continued vitality of reform after 1938 as the proliferation of federal entitlements in the South and the principle of equalization in the disbursement of federal funds.
Homelessness and Social Policy
Authors: Blau Joel
Published: November 2023

Only 8 percent of the population is self-employed. For the vast majority of people, then, there are only two ways of getting money from a private pension or salary working for somebody else, or from a government social program. When workers in private industry get a bigger salary, the extra money either comes out of potential increases in managerial salaries, or from the profits of owners and stockholders. Similarly, when the government raises the salaries of public sector employees or increases social benefits to recipients, taxpayers must pay more to finance the additional cost. In both instances, the money that poor people do not get is money that someone else can get or keep. In both instances, some people benefit because they receive a larger share of the society’s total income. The first premise in any analysis of U.S. social policy is, therefore, that for the well-to-do at least, poverty is quite useful. There is nothing very startling about this premise. It is merely intended to demonstrate that the existence of each poor person is not a random event. The alternative view of poverty as a random event is deeply embedded in the American ethos. It assumes that people are poor either because poverty is the hand that life dealt them, or because they badly misplayed the hand they got. Under no circumstances are they ever poor so that others can be rich.
Surface Imaging by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Chiang S , Wilson R J
Published: November 2023

The knowledge of the structure of a surface is extremely important to the fundamental understanding of the chemical reactions that occur there. Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), atom diffraction, and ion channeling are some of the common experimental methods for studying surface structure. These methods are all indirect because calculations must be performed for model structures in order to fit the data. Periodic surface structures are also required in order to measure structures using some diffraction techniques. Other methods of measuring surface structure, such as photoemission and vibrational spectra, may be even less direct and more difficult to interpret. The measurement of the real-space image of a surface with atomic resolution is clearly very desirable for improved understanding of surface structure.
The Alphabet Enters Oral Greece
Authors: Robb Kevin
Published: November 2023

The history of Greek literacy commences with some scraps of alphabetic writing that are securely dated to no earlier than the eighth century before Christ. It culminates, or at least reaches a significant plateau, in mid-fourth-century Athens when the city’s major cultural institutions, notably the courts and formal education, have grown dependent on alphabetic literacy for their daily functioning. At either end of the long chronological spectrum—a span of 400 years—the facts have now emerged into reasonably clear light. Something approaching scholarly consensus about them may be detected in recent publications from historians of Greek literacy.
Mimesis Banished
Authors: Robb Kevin
Published: November 2023

The reform passages1 of Books II and III of Plato’s Republic have assumed an unusual role in this work. They have become the primary—but far from exclusive—evidence that as late as the composition of this dialogue, which is traditionally placed early in the second quarter of the fourth century, Athenian paideia was still wedded to the practices of an entrenched oral tradition.2
Peshat And Derash
Authors: Halivni David Weiss
Published: November 2023

This book offers a new explanation for the willingness of the early Sages to attribute to scripture meanings nowhere suggested in the text itself. Halvini contends that the consciousness of what is meant by the meaning of a biblical text differs from period to period. He documents his thesis with detailed analysis of an extensive variety of passages from talmudic and medieval literature.
The Meaning and History of the Noun Peshat
Authors: Halivni David Weiss
Published: November 2023

I suspect that the notions that exegesis is time bound and that rabbinic exegesis, though it generally did not prefer peshat over derash, did, however, move in the direction of less interference with the substantive meaning of the text, will encounter opposition from some quarters. It will be argued that despite the objections raised by some recent scholars against the traditional understanding of the noun peshat when it connotes a mode of interpretation, these scholars’ own interpretation of this noun leaves much to be desired. In the absence of a more satisfying substitute meaning, it may be argued, the accepted meaning remains regnant.
Introduction
Authors: Commins David Dean
Published: November 2023

A slice of the history of modem Islamic reform in Syria lies in the living room of a modest apartment in Damascus. Books, journals, manuscripts, and loose papers packed together on tall shelves line three walls. Hanging above the books on one wall are three portrait photographs that depict the heritage of a family central to the reform movement. On the left side is Mul;lammad Sa’1d al-QasimI, a bearded, whiteturbaned shaykh of some 50 years, pictured with a book open before him. In the middle stands his eldest son, Jamal al-Dm, another bearded shaykh wearing a robe and white turban, perhaps in his early 30s. On the right, Mul;lammad Sa’Id’s youngest son, Salal;l al-Dm, presents a different aspect: a young man with a thin mustache, dressed in European-style coat and trousers, starched white shirt, bow tie, and topped with a fez.
Salafi Interpretations of Islam: Reason and Unity in Qasim1
Authors: Commins David Dean
Published: November 2023

Controversial and commonplace ideas coexist in the salafis’ interpretations of Islam. For instance, all Muslim jurists would agree with the following statement by Jamal al-Dm al-QasimI: "Know that the basis of every religious ruling is the Book [the Quran] because it is the fundamental principle and source.... Every religious ruling must refer to it and issue from it, such that even the Prophetic Sunnah’s basis is the Book of God."1 However, QasimI’s arguments against adhering to the legal schools stirred violent opposition. The present discussion of salafism will concentrate on its distinctive, controversial features and on the salafis’ motives for espousing ideas that exposed them to persecution.
Salafi Interpretations of Islam: Society and Social Life in QasimI
Authors: Commins David Dean
Published: November 2023

In addition to redefining the qualifications and practices of the ulama, the salafis set out how ulama should relate to other social groups.1 Qasimi expressed his attitude toward the popular classes in his comments on innovations (bida’) in ritual, on Sufi orders, and on visits to saints’ tombs. He also partook in the debate that raged around 1900 in the Muslim world over the status of women. Apropos of the salafis’ program for a reunited Muslim community, we have seen how they opposed legal school prejudice. An examination of Qasimi’s attempts to bridge differences between Sunnis and Sh1’1s complements the discussion of legal schools and raises the question of whether he achieved a disinterested position on issues at the root of Sunni-Shi’I divisions or if he retained Sunni biases. We also consider how the salafis conceived of progress, their attitudes toward new inventions and imports from Europe, and the way they thought religion and progress buttressed each other.
The New Negro
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin
Published: November 2023

The decade of the 1920s, with the Great War over, was one of general liberation; everything seemed in flux. America was self-conscious about a newness and change which had actually begun in the years before America’s entry into the European war. This had been the theme of Van Wyck Brooks’s America’s Coming of Age (1915). Brooks announced that American arts and letters were at last free from the fetters of provincialism and Puritanism. The bracing winds from Europe had propelled the becalmed American culture and set it loose to find its own course. Van Wyck Brooks and the young intellectuals who had engaged in the prewar rebellion went into the war convinced that the day of American art and letters was at hand.1 Despite the disillusionment that followed wartime idealism, the 1920s continued some of this spirit of emancipation, innovation, and newness. The aura of the postwar decade, epitomized in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s “younger generation” and the Jazz Age, was reflected among Negro intellectuals too. They created the “New Negro.”
Art: The Black Identity
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin
Published: November 2023

It has been the fate of all Americans to struggle to accommodate the individual and his particular ethos to the broad general American culture. Black men and white men, immigrant and native, have been subject to crises of identity because the American Dream promises to include them all in a common culture which has not been realized. The problem is paradoxical. For the tradition of America is change, and the singular characteristic of its culture is vague indefiniteness. For the individual to define himself in terms of American experience has been therefore problematic. Identity could no more be taken for granted than could culture itself. The immigrant and his children tried to belong to the adopted culture: learn the language, drop old ways, adopt new styles and mannerisms. But, in time, the adopted mannerisms, life styles, language, and materialism became feeble substitutes for genuine culture. And third and fourth generations of immigrant families attempt to rediscover an ethnic tradition. The native American and his children have been no more secure. Constantly dislocated in the flux of an ever-changing society, they have tried to translate the uncertainties of newness into what has been understood as traditional. Foreign or native, one sooner or later would find comfort in ethnic identification.
Art: The Ethnic Province
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin
Published: November 2023

The depression brought an abrupt end to the vogue of Harlem. Hard times made people concentrate on the immediate, the mundane, the essentials of living, rather than on cultural concerns. The end of prohibition deprived Harlem of some of its exclusive appeal: nightlife, cabarets, illicit amusements. That could be had anywhere if one had the purse and spirit. The demise of the vogue of the Negro also ended that promoted culture called the “Harlem Renaissance.,. Self-conscious culture had to struggle for relevancy at a time when physical survival was a notable achievement. The industrial apparatus, the capitalistic system, the white man’s machine, however much despised, had never been doubted as the agent of automatic progress-the promise of American life. Economic collapse was, thus, far more shocking than could have been imagined. The intellectual dispossessed-white or black-could not avoid the mixed feelings of horror and glee that the monster was fallible after all. But the shock destroyed the easy optimism that had been assumed even among social critics. The naivete that nurtured the belief that black poets and writers, painters and sculptors, would emerge from the pages of Crisis and Opportunity or from the Harmon Foundation competitions as the new and genuine American culture seemed pathetically innocent as bread lines lengthened. It appeared that the Harlem Renaissance had been a false labor. Of course, Negro artists and writers continued under different sponsorship and promotion-sometimes by the W.P.A. and sometimes the Communist party.
Issues of Quality
Authors: Logan Charles H
Published: November 2023

Even if private prisons do prove to be less expensive, critics charge that this can come only at the cost of sacrifices in quality. Indeed, responsiveness to economic incentives, which proponents see as essential to competition on both cost and quality, is regarded by many opponents as the natural enemy of value. Achieving economy at the expense of quality is commonly referred to as “corner cutting.”Critics contend that corner cutting is an almost inevitable consequence of the pursuit of profits. “It’s impossible to make a profit and not cut those corners,”declares Stefan Presser, a Houston ACLU attorney.
Prologue In Search of the Volunteers
Authors: McAdam Doug
Published: November 2023

Every single thing that happened each day was new to me. I was being bombarded with information, bombarded with experiences ... and my little psyche just almost cracked.
America on the Eve of Freedom Summer
Authors: McAdam Doug
Published: November 2023

ALL OF our lives represent, in C. Wright Mills’ (1959) phrase, the “intersection of biography and history.” While we may be only dimly aware of the historical currents that are shaping our lives, we can rest assured they are.
The Biographical Roots of Activism
Authors: McAdam Doug
Published: November 2023

If People’s actions grow out of some confluence of history and biography, it is essential to understand the biographical side of the equation. In this case that means getting better acquainted with the Freedom Summer applicants.
Freedom High The Summer Of ‘64
Authors: McAdam Doug
Published: November 2023

For Most of the volunteers, Freedom Summer began not in Mississippi, but at the Western College for Women in Oxford, Ohio.There, in mid-June, the National Council of Churches sponsored two, week-long orientation sessions for volunteers accepted for work in Mississippi.
Taking Stock The Immediate Impact Of Freedom Summer
Authors: McAdam Doug
Published: November 2023

There Is an ignorance about Freedom Summer in contemporary America that bears no relationship to the impact the project had at the time. Nor can this ignorance be traced to any lack of attention accorded the project in 1964.
The Return of the Native
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

An incisive look at American Indian and Euro-American relations from the seventeenth century to the present, this book focuses on how such relations--and Indian responses to them--have shaped contemporary Indian political fortunes. Cornell shows how, in the early days of colonization, Indians were able to maintain their nationhood by playing off the competing European powers; and how the American Revolution and westward expansion eventually caused Native Americans to lose their land, social cohesion, and economic independence. The final part of the book recounts the slow, steady reemergence of American Indian political power and identity, evidenced by militant political activism in the 1960s and early 1970s. By paying particular attention to the evolution of Indian groups as collective actors and to changes over time in Indian political opportunities and their capacities to act on those opportunities, Cornell traces the Indian path from power to powerlessness and back to power again.
Toward a Supratribal Consciousness
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

When Christopher Columbus, sailing westward in 1492, concluded that he had struck the Indies and accordingly designated the peoples he encountered “los Indios,” he gave birth to a misnomer-”Indians” in English-that soon came to embrace all the native inhabitants of the Western Hemisphere. It was a label at odds not only with the geographical facts, but also, in its implied uniformity, with the subjective perceptions and sociological realities of the inhabitants themselves. As Hazel Hertzberg has pointed out, culturally the peoples of the Americas were more diverse than the Europeans.
Another World is Coming”
Authors: Cornell Stephen
Published: November 2023

Action is a contingent process. It is derivative of circumstance, shaped by the world in which it occurs. But it also can be productive of circumstance, a shaper of worlds, refashioning its limits even as it responds to them.
Discovering Eve
Authors: Meyers Carol
Published: November 2023

The biblical image of Eve has powerfully influenced ideas about women for the past two millennia. Yet, as Carol Meyers argues in Discovering Eve, the image of the first of women as subservient and dependent does not represent some irreducible historical truth. Rather, it represents the androcentric constructions of a group of urban elite males (including, most notably, the Apostle Paul and Rabbi Yohannan) who had a decisive effect on the founding of Judaeo-Christian traditions. Meyers produces convincing evidence, archaeological, scriptural, and sociological, that ancient Israelite woman fulfilled a role very different from that of the biblical Eve. The real Eve, she demonstrates, was a figure of some social substance, a strong and important figure in the social and familial milieux.
Eve as the Symbol of Women: Understanding the Task
Authors: Meyers Carol
Published: November 2023

Eve. We all think we know her and understand what she represents. Few come of age in the western world without having heard of Eden. It would be difficult to find anyone unfamiliar with the primeval couple, Eve and Adam. Nearly all of us have read, or have had read to us, the simple and powerful narrative of Genesis 2 and 3.
The Genesis Paradigms for Female Roles, Part II: Genesis 3:16
Authors: Meyers Carol
Published: November 2023

Perhaps no single verse of scripture is more troublesome, from a feminist perspective, than is the divine oracle to the woman in Genesis 3:16. Ever since the earliest translations of the Bible, which are contemporary with the oldest extant extrabiblical sources connecting Eve and Eden with sin and suffering, the verse has been rendered in a way that communicates two persistent beliefs about female existence: first, women are associated with severe pain in childbirth; second, they are portrayed in a relationship subordinate to men.
Organizational Expansion and Trans£ormation
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

The legalization of abortion in 1973 was a movement victory that fueled a growing countermovement and forced pro-choice organizations to defend abortion rights in new arenas. Had the anti-abortion movement failed to make any progress in the following years, it is doubtful that the pro-choice movement could have survived; threats to abortion rights proved to be critical to keeping the movement alive. But the countermovement won its first major victory in 1976 with Congressional passage of the Hyde Amendment banning federal funding of abortions. With this first important defeat, the pro-choice movement came to a second critical juncture. Paradoxically, the anti-abortion victory on government funding of abortions, together with other threatening events in the post-Hyde period (e.g., the election of anti-abortion President Ronald Reagan), was a boon to the prochoice movement.
The Reproductive Rights Movement
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Feminists alarmed by threats to abortion rights in the late 1970s and early 1980s did not want to engage in reactive, single-issue politics. Nor did they want to create formalized movement organizations led by professional leaders. They wanted, instead, to reclaim the offensive and fight for reproductive rights in the tradition of the younger branch of the women’s movement.
Victory and Survival, 1983-1989
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

On June 15, 1983, the Supreme Court reaffirmed Roe v. Wade by striking down most state and local restrictions limiting access to abortions. And on June 28, the Senate rejected a constitutional amendment that would have allowed Congress and the state legislatures to restrict abortions (see New York Times, July 10, 1983). With these events, the years of heightened threat to abortion rights that began with the anti-abortion victory on the Hyde Amendment came to an end. The Supreme Court would later open the way for another period of intensive attacks on abortion rights with its Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ruling in 1989, but in 1983 the abortion conflict entered a new phase during which threats to abortion rights were much less visible than in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
General Framework of Quaternionic Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Adler Stephen L
Published: November 2023

We proceed now to give the basic kinematic and dynamical framework of quaternionic quantum mechanics. In much of what follows there is a close analogy with the familiar framework of complex quantum mechanics, but there are a number of characteristic features of the quaternionic case that play a significant role in the sequel, and to which we alert the reader.
A Bit of Bolshevik Sociology: Workers Write About Their Jobs
Authors: Blumberg Paul
Published: November 2023

This is a book about the ingenious ways business cheats consumers in the marketplace. It is based on over 700 essays writ ten by workers in dozens of different kinds of enterprises who reveal the deceptions and tricks of the trade carried out at their place of work. The book was inspired in part by a footnote to twentieth century history. In the years following the Russian Revolution, the Bolshevik government, seeking to discredit capital ism and the former Czarist regime, encouraged workers to write their memoirs of life in Czarist factories, describing how their employers had cheated the public and exploited the workers, and contrasting their dreary lives in pre-revolutionary factories with their presumably brighter lives since the revolution.
Sexual Congress
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Moreover, the two are often further confused in the manuscript tradition because of the similarity of 𝒦 and β in certain hands. Since there is no difference between the two in actual usage, we may treat them as equivalent terms.
Autonomy, Prophecy, and Gender in Early Christianity
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: November 2023

When the pagan critic Celsus denigrated Christianity in the second century C.E. as a religion of women, children, and slaves, he articulated a connection between women and early Christianity that has only recently received serious and critical attention.1 As we have already seen, the association of women and religion was rampant in Greco-Roman antiquity, particularly the association of women with the wrong sorts of religion, such as “superstition.”2 By his equation of Christianity with women, children, and slaves, Celsus may have meant merely to confirm what elite, educated men already knew: obnoxious new religions are the provenance only of the intellectually and socially inferior. To take his observation as a useful historical datum would then be to miss the polemical effect of such calumny. Yet it is interesting to consider Origen’s refutation, less than a century later, of this particular accusation from Celsus. He does not deny that Christianity appeals to ‘“the foolish, dishonourable and stupid, and only slaves, women and little children.”‘ He merely asserts, “Not only does the gospel call these that it may make them better, but it also calls people much superior to them.”3 Origen’s reply might thus be taken to concede that many Christians did fall under Celsus’s unflattering rubric.