bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Displacements and Velocities Produced by the Diffraction of a Pressure Wave by a Cylindrical Cavity in an Elastic Medium
Authors: Baron M. L. , Parnes R.
Published: October 2011

An infinitely long cylindrical cavity in an infinite elastic homogeneous and isotropic medium is enveloped by a plane shock wave whose front is parallel to the axis of the cavity. The displacement and velocity fields produced by the diffraction of the wave by the cavity are determined by means of an integral transform technique. Expressions for the radial and tangential components of the displacements and velocities are derived, and numerical results are presented for these quantities at the cavity boundary. Results for the mean (rigid-body component) motion of the cavity boundary are also presented. The problem is considered for pressure waves with a step distribution in time. The results may be used as influence coefficients to determine, by means of Duhamel integrals, the velocity and displacement fields produced by waves with time-varying pressure.
An Experimental Determination of the Minimum Reynolds Number for Instability in a Free Jet
Authors: Viilu Andrus
Published: October 2011

The critical Reynolds number for instability of a circular jet is found to lie between 10.5 and 11.8. This result was obtained experimentally, observing a jet of water into water.
Finite Deformations of a Rigid Perfectly Plastic Arch
Authors: Onat E. T. , Shu L. S.
Published: October 2011

The quasi-static postyield deformation of a rigid-plastic arch in the presence of geometry changes is considered. The problem is formulated in terms of a series of boundary-value problems concerned with rates of stress and velocities. In the present simple case, the consideration of the rate problem associated with the yield-point state of the structure enables one to construct a closed-form solution which describes the entire deformation history of the arch. However, the principal aim of the present study is to stress the central role played by the rate problem in the investigation of the finite deformation of structures.
Some Corrections to the Linearized Response of a Constant-Temperature Hot-Wire Anemometer Operated in a Low-Speed Flow
Authors: Rose W. G.
Published: October 2011

An equation is obtained for the instantaneous response of a constant-temperature hot-wire anemometer having a linearized output. The result includes the second-order effects of variations in fluid temperature and in flow direction. Corrected equations for outputs in terms of mean velocity, turbulent-intensity components, and shear stress are derived from the instantaneous response.
Effects of a Magnetic Field on Natural Convection in a Toroidal Channel
Authors: Concus Paul
Published: October 2011

The problem of the natural convection of an electrically and thermally conducting fluid within a long, narrow, vertical toroidial channel centered in a large block of an electrically and thermally conducting solid is analyzed. A uniform horizontal magnetic field is applied to the fluid, and the bottom of the solid block is maintained at a higher fixed temperature than the top. The laminar, steady-state, single-cell convective motion of the fluid is considered and an approximate solution is found for the heat-transfer rate between the bottom and top surfaces of the block in the limiting cases of small and large Hartmann number. A numerical example is given for liquid sodium in which the application of a magnetic field of a few hundred gauss is shown to reduce the rate of heat transfer significantly.
On the Stress Concentration in Multiple Notches
Authors: Nishioka Kunio , Hisamitsu Nobuyoshi
Published: October 2011

The two-dimensional photoelastic investigation has been made on the effect of plate width, pitch, and depth of notch on the stress-concentration factor in a finite plate, which is for the single and multiple notches of any depth, under pure bending. Thus the stress-concentration factor, the effective notch depth, and the reduction of stress concentration caused by multiple notches were clarified.
A Swirling Round Turbulent Jet: 1—Mean-Flow Measurements
Authors: Rose W. G.
Published: October 2011

A swirling jet of air is generated for this work by flow issuing from a rotating pipe into a reservoir of motionless air. At the pipe discharge, the flow is roughly a fully developed, turbulent pipe flow in solid-body rotation. Owing to the very rapid decay of the swirl, measurements are confined to a region extending from the pipe discharge out to a distance of 15 pipe diameters. Mean-velocity magnitudes and mean directions are the primary results; in addition, one turbulence intensity component is included. All velocities and intensities were measured with a constant-temperature hot-wire anemometer having a linearized response, and all mean values were determined by electronic integration. Contrasted with the nonswirling jet, the jet with swirl spreads at a larger angle, entrains reservoir fluid more rapidly, and consequently displays a more rapid reduction of mean-velocity and growth of turbulence intensity. In its gross features, at large distances from the orifice, the measured swirling jet agrees with the predictions of “weak-swirl” analyses.
Transient Capillary Rise in Reduced and Zero-Gravity Fields
Authors: Siegel Robert
Published: October 2011

Experimental information is given on the transient “capillary” rise of water into vertical tubes subjected to reduced and zero-gravity fields. The tubes ranged in internal diameter from 0.075 to 1.295 in. The response in a low-gravity environment is of interest in studying the behavior of liquid systems for space vehicles. An approximate analysis is presented to aid in the interpretation of the data and predict the transient rise. Photographs are given which illustrate the behavior in short tubes where the water is able to move beyond the top of the tube during part of the zero-gravity period.
A Modification of the Coulomb-Mohr Theory of Fracture
Authors: Paul Burton
Published: October 2011

The inability of the Coulomb-Mohr theory of fracture to explain the main features of compression, tension, and torsion tests on brittle materials is pointed out. It is shown that the introduction of suitably chosen tension cut-offs and “friction angles” removes this deficiency and leads to a satisfactory explanation of the fracture stresses and angles of fracture for these three simple tests. The modified Coulomb-Mohr theory is a three-parameter theory, but all three parameters in principle can be obtained from only two simple tests. It is shown that in the case of cast iron there is an extremely close relationship between cohesive resistance in shear and nominal ultimate strength in single or double shear. The modified theory fits the data of Coffin, Cornet, and Grassi on biaxial fracture of cast iron very well. The three-dimensional fracture surface is described and used to explain some apparently anomalous points in the experimental data. Finally, a hypothesis is advanced which explains the appearance of concavities in the yield locus for certain classes of materials.
The Effect of Shear and Normal Forces on the Fully Plastic Moment of a Beam of Rectangular Cross Section
Authors: Neal B. G.
Published: October 2011

The value of the fully plastic moment of a beam is known to be reduced by both normal and shear forces, and their separate effects have been studied in some detail, but little attention has been paid to the reduction caused by normal and shear forces acting simultaneously. This problem is discussed with reference to a cantilever beam of rectangular cross section subjected to both shear and normal forces at the free end. Upper and lower bounds to the collapse load are determined, and the results are presented in the form of interaction relations between the shear and normal forces and the bending moment at the clamped end of the cantilever at collapse.
Uniqueness in the Optimum Design of Structures
Authors: Hu T. C. , Shield R. T.
Published: October 2011

A procedure was developed previously [1] for the determination of the optimum design of a sandwich shell or structure. The uniqueness of the optimum design obtained by this procedure is investigated and it is shown that all optimum designs admit a common collapse mode. This result is used to prove the uniqueness of minimum-weight designs obtained in previous work.
Diffraction of a Pressure Wave by a Cylindrical Cavity in an Elastic Medium
Authors: Baron M. L. , Matthews A. T.
Published: October 2011

An infinitely long cylindrical cavity in an infinite elastic homogeneous and isotropic medium is enveloped by a plane shock wave whose front is parallel to the axis of the cavity. An integral transform technique is used to determine the stress field produced in the medium by the diffraction of the incoming shock wave by the cavity. Expressions for the radial stress σrr, the hoop stress σθθ, and the shear stress σrθ are derived as inversion integrals, and numerical results are presented for the time-history of the hoop stress σθθ at the boundary of the cavity. The amplifications of the hoop-stress concentration factors due to the dynamic loading are noted. The problem is considered for pressure waves with a step distribution in time. These results may be used as influence coefficients to determine, by means of Duhamel integrals, the stress field produced by waves with time-varying pressures.
Natural Frequencies of Vibration of Fixed-Fixed Sandwich Beams
Authors: Raville M. E. , Ueng En-Shiuh , Lei Ming-Min
Published: October 2011

In this paper, the problem of the determination of the natural frequencies of vibration of fixed-fixed sandwich beams is analyzed by an energy approach in which the Lagrangian multiplier method is utilized to satisfy the boundary conditions of the problem. The solution is in the form of a rapidly converging infinite series. Experimental results are given for 21 sandwich beams having different dimensions and physical constants. Corresponding theoretical results, obtained by means of a digital computer, are in close agreement with the experimental results.
Bowing of Cryogenic Pipelines
Authors: Flieder W. G. , Loria J. C. , Smith W. J.
Published: October 2011

The design of propellant loading systems for present-day missiles involves the design of pipelines that can carry cryogenic fluids and requires an additional consideration beyond the conventional analyses for flexibility and dead weight. Because of varying flow conditions and boil-off, these cryogenic lines experience varying fill levels and concomitant temperature gradients which cause these lines to bow; i.e., to assume a uniform curvature of circular arc. If constrained, the thermal-stress distributions which are generated by the temperature gradients will have superposed on them additional stresses, which result from the action of the support constraints. This combination of stresses may be critical and/or the loads on the supports may be excessive. The following analysis investigates these bowing effects, thermal stresses, and indicates the support problems entailed.
Linearized Transonic Flow About Slender Bodies at Zero Angle of Attack
Authors: Maeder P. F. , Thommen H. U.
Published: October 2011

The simple linearized transonic flow theory as originally proposed by Oswatitsch and Keune [1] and by the present authors [2] is improved by considering and partially correcting its error. In this manner a theory which is easy to apply and which should be valid for a great number of smooth bodies is obtained. This improved theory predicts shock waves in the lower transonic regions. It is applied to a number of significant body and airfoil shapes and its predictions are compared with experiments and results of other theoretical investigations.
Surface Oscillations of a Rotating Liquid
Authors: Miles J. W. , Troesch B. A.
Published: October 2011

The free oscillations of a fluid in a rotating, axially symmetric container are investigated under the assumption that the equilibrium motion of the fluid be a rigid-body rotation. Gravitational forces are neglected. The resulting boundary-value problem leads to an elliptic or hyperbolic partial differential equation, depending on the frequency/angular velocity ratio. The problem is solved for a cylindrical container and discussed exhaustively. Due to the Coriolis force, there exist modes with the radial velocity component vanishing inside the fluid (“nodal cylinders”), besides the usual nodes in axial and azimuthal direction. The oscillations in the neighborhood of critical container dimensions are analyzed. Numerical results are presented in graphs.
On a Restricted Class of Coupled Hill’s Equations and Some Applications
Authors: Hsu C. S.
Published: October 2011

A class of systems of coupled Hill’s equations is studied. It is shown that for systems of equations in this class, completely decoupled Hill’s equations may be obtained and the stability of the solutions may be studied in a very much simpler manner. Several physically significant problems are treated to demonstrate the nature of the method.
Analysis for Calculating Lateral Vibration Characteristics of Rotating Systems With Any Number of Flexible Supports: Part 2—Application of the Method of Analysis
Authors: Guenther T. G. , Lovejoy D. C.
Published: October 2011

A description is given of computer programs based on Part 1 of this paper, and some of the results of using those programs are presented.
A Novel Method for Quantifying In-Vivo Regional Left Ventricular Myocardial Contractility in the Border Zone of a Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Lee Lik Chuan , Wenk Jonathan F. , Klepach Doron , Zhang Zhihong , Saloner David , Wallace Arthur W. , Ge Liang , Ratcliffe Mark B. , Guccione Julius M.
Published: October 2011

Homogeneous contractility is usually assigned to the remote region, border zone (BZ), and the infarct in existing infarcted left ventricle (LV) mathematical models. Within the LV, the contractile function is therefore discontinuous. Here, we hypothesize that the BZ may in fact define a smooth linear transition in contractility between the remote region and the infarct. To test this hypothesis, we developed a mathematical model of a sheep LV having an anteroapical infarct with linearly–varying BZ contractility. Using an existing optimization method (Sun et al., 2009, “A Computationally Efficient Formal Optimization of Regional Myocardial Contractility in a Sheep With Left Ventricular Aneurysm,” J. Biomech. Eng., 131(11), pp. 111001), we use that model to extract active material parameter Tmax and BZ width dn that “best” predict in–vivo systolic strain fields measured from tagged magnetic resonance images (MRI). We confirm our hypothesis by showing that our model, compared to one that has homogeneous contractility assigned in each region, reduces the mean square errors between the predicted and the measured strain fields. Because the peak fiber stress differs significantly (∼15%) between these two models, our result suggests that future mathematical LV models, particularly those used to analyze myocardial infarction treatment, should account for a smooth linear transition in contractility within the BZ.
Characterization of a DHA-1-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain Involved in an Outbreak and Role of the AmpR Regulator in Virulence
Authors: Hennequin Claire , Robin Frédéric , Cabrolier Nadège , Bonnet Richard , Forestier Christiane
Published: October 2011

A clonal strain of
Klebsiella pneumoniae
producing the plasmid-encoded cephalosporinase DHA-1 was isolated from four patients admitted to the teaching hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, France, in 2006. It was responsible for severe infections in three of the patients; the fourth was colonized only in the gastrointestinal tract. The strain had at least two plasmids encoding resistance to antibiotics (quinolones, aminoglycosides, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides, and trimethoprim), as shown by disk diffusion assay, and harbored only a few genes for virulence factors (
wabG
and
mrkD
), as shown by PCRs. DHA-1 synthesis is regulated by an upstream, divergently transcribed gene,
ampR
, which is also involved in the expression of virulence factors in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. To investigate the role of AmpR in
K. pneumoniae
, we cloned the wild-type
ampR
gene from the DHA-1 clonal isolate into a previously characterized
K. pneumoniae
background plasmid-cured strain, CH608.
ampR
was also introduced into a CH608 isogenic mutant deleted of
ampD
, in which AmpR is present only in its activator form, resulting in constitutive hyperproduction of the β-lactamase. We showed that
ampR
was involved in the upregulation of capsule synthesis and therefore in resistance to killing by serum. AmpR also modulated biofilm formation and type 3 fimbrial gene expression, as well as colonization of the murine gastrointestinal tract and adhesion to HT-29 intestinal epithelial cells. These results show the pleiotropic role of
ampR
in the pathogenesis process of
K. pneumoniae
.
Surface Lipoprotein PpiA of Streptococcus mutans Suppresses Scavenger Receptor MARCO-Dependent Phagocytosis by Macrophages
Authors: Mukouhara Tadashi , Arimoto Takafumi , Cho Kasei , Yamamoto Matsuo , Igarashi Takeshi
Published: October 2011

Streptococcus mutansis associated with the initiation and progression of human dental caries and is occasionally isolated from the blood of patients with bacteremia and infective endocarditis. For the pathogen to survive in the infected host, surface lipoproteins ofS. mutansare likely to play important roles in interactions with the innate immune system. To clarify the role that a putative lipoprotein, peptidyl-prolylcis/trans-isomerase (PpiA), ofS. mutansplays in the macrophage response, we investigated the response of THP-1-derived macrophages toS. mutanschallenge. The deletion of the gene encoding Lgt eliminated PpiA on the cell surface ofS. mutans, which implies that PpiA is a lipoprotein that is lipid anchored in the cell membrane by Lgt. Human and murine peritoneal macrophages both showed higher phagocytic activities for theppiAandlgtmutants than the wild type, which indicates that the presence of PpiA reducesS. mutansphagocytosis. In addition, infection withS. mutansmarkedly induced mRNAs of macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) and scavenger receptor A (SR-A) in human macrophages. In particular, transcriptional and translational levels of MARCO in human macrophages infected with theppiAmutant were higher than those in macrophages infected with the wild type. Phagocytosis ofS. mutansby human macrophages markedly decreased after treatment with anti-MARCO IgG. These results demonstrate that theS. mutanslipoprotein PpiA contributes to suppression of MARCO-mediated phagocytosis of this bacterium by macrophages.
Comparison of growth–climate relationships between northern red oak and white oak across eastern North America
Authors: LeBlanc David C. , Terrell Mark A.
Published: October 2011

The objective of this study was to evaluate growth–climate associations for northern red oak ( Quercus rubra L.) across much of its geographic range in eastern North America and to compare these associations with those of white oak ( Quercus alba L.). Tree-ring and climate data were obtained for a total of 82 sites, including 51 sites where both oak species were sampled. Northern red oak radial growth was most strongly and spatially consistently correlated with site water balance variables for the early growing season (May through July). Correlations with prior year autumn and winter precipitation were also identified at a smaller number of sites. The phenology of growth–climate correlations was virtually identical between northern red oak and white oak, although there was modest evidence that correlations were stronger for white oak. These results support the hypothesis that species with similar wood anatomy, geographic distribution, and habitat preferences may have similar growth–climate relationships. This suggests that functional groups of tree species may be defined a priori based on existing knowledge of their wood anatomy and ecology.
COLD DENSE BARYONIC MATTER AND COMPACT STARS
Authors: LEE HYUN KYU , RHO MANNQUE , SIN SANG-JIN
Published: October 2011

Probing dense hadronic matter is thus far an uncharted field of physics. Here we give a brief summary of the highlights of what has been so far accomplished and what will be done in the years ahead by the World Class University III Project at Hanyang University in the endeavor to unravel and elucidate the multifacet of the cold dense baryonic matter existing in the interior of the densest visible stable object in the universe, i.e. neutron stars, strangeness stars and/or quark stars, from a modest and simplified starting point of an effective field theory modeled on the premise of QCD as well as from a gravity dual approach of hQCD. The core of the matter of our research is the possible origin of the ~ 99% of the proton mass that is to be accounted for and how the "vacuum" can be tweaked so that the source of the mass generation can be uncovered by measurements made in terrestrial as well as space laboratories. Some of the issues treated in the program concern what can be done — both theoretically and experimentally — in anticipation of what's to come for basic physics research in Korea.
A HÖLDER–YOUNG–LIEB INEQUALITY FOR NORMS OF GAUSSIAN WICK PRODUCTS
Authors: DA PELO PAOLO , LANCONELLI ALBERTO , STAN AUREL I.
Published: October 2011

An important connection between the finite-dimensional Gaussian Wick products and Lebesgue convolution products will be proven first. Then this connection will be used to prove an important Hölder inequality for the norms of Gaussian Wick products, reprove Nelson hypercontractivity inequality, and prove a more general inequality whose marginal cases are the Hölder and Nelson inequalities mentioned before. We will show that there is a deep connection between the Gaussian Hölder inequality and classic Hölder inequality, between the Nelson hypercontractivity and classic Young inequality with the sharp constant, and between the third more general inequality and an extension by Lieb of the Young inequality with the best constant. Since the Gaussian probability measure exists even in the infinite-dimensional case, the above three inequalities can be extended, via a classic Fatou's lemma argument, to the infinite-dimensional framework.
INFERENCE OF S-SYSTEM MODELS OF GENE REGULATORY NETWORKS USING IMMUNE ALGORITHM
Authors: NAKAYAMA TOMOYOSHI , SENO SHIGETO , TAKENAKA YOICHI , MATSUDA HIDEO
Published: October 2011

The S-system model is one of the nonlinear differential equation models of gene regulatory networks, and it can describe various dynamics of the relationships among genes. If we successfully infer rigorous S-system model parameters that describe a target gene regulatory network, we can simulate gene expressions mathematically. However, the problem of finding an optimal S-system model parameter is too complex to be solved analytically. Thus, some heuristic search methods that offer approximate solutions are needed for reducing the computational time. In previous studies, several heuristic search methods such as Genetic Algorithms (GAs) have been applied to the parameter search of the S-system model. However, they have not achieved enough estimation accuracy. One of the conceivable reasons is that the mechanisms to escape local optima. We applied an Immune Algorithm (IA) to search for the S-system parameters. IA is also a heuristic search method, which is inspired by the biological mechanism of acquired immunity. Compared to GA, IA is able to search large solution space, thereby avoiding local optima, and have multiple candidates of the solutions. These features work well for searching the S-system model. Actually, our algorithm showed higher performance than GA for both simulation and real data analyses.
ON GENERALIZED (σ, τ)-BIDERIVATIONS IN RINGS
Authors: Ashraf Mohammad , Nadeem-ur-Rehman  , Ali Shakir , Rahman Mozumder Muzibur
Published: October 2011

Let σ, τ be automorphisms of a ring R. In the present paper many concepts related to biadditive mappings of rings, viz. σ-left centralizer traces, symmetric generalized (σ, τ)-biderivations, σ-left bimultipliers and symmetric generalized Jordan (σ, τ)-biderivations are studied. Many results related to these concepts are given. It is established that every symmetric generalized (σ, τ)-biderivation of a prime ring of characteristic different from 2, can be reduced to a σ-left bimultiplier under certain algebraic conditions. Further, it is shown that every symmetric generalized Jordan (σ, τ)-biderivation of a prime ring of characteristic different from 2 is a symmetric generalized (σ, τ)-biderivation.
ON THE REGULARITY CRITERIA FOR THE GENERALIZED VISCOUS MHD EQUATIONS
Authors: Chen Xiaochun , Gala Sadek
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we consider regularity criteria for solutions to the 3D generalized MHD equations with fractional dissipative term -(-Δ)αu for the velocity field and -(-Δ)βb for the magnetic field. For the case α = β, it is proved that if the velocity field belongs to [Formula: see text] with 0 ≤ r < α or the gradient of velocity field belongs to [Formula: see text] with 0 ≤ r ≤ α on [0, T], then the solution remains smooth on [0, T].
A CONSTRUCTION FOR TOPOLOGICAL EXTENSIONS
Authors: Ramkumar S. , Moorthy C. Ganesa
Published: October 2011

A construction for all Hausdorff compactifications given in the article [2] is analysed further to obtain other topological extensions, namely, regular extensions and normal extensions. The method is also applied to derive and to study convex compactifications.
KNITTED SEMILATTIC STRUCTURE OF REGULAR ${\cal H}^\dag$-CYBER GROUPS
Authors: Su Yu , Kong Xiangzhi
Published: October 2011

We consider regular [Formula: see text]-cyber groups in the class of [Formula: see text]-abundant semigroups. By using knitted semilattice of semigroups, we give some structure theorems for regular [Formula: see text]-cyber groups, right quasi-normal [Formula: see text]-cyber groups and normal [Formula: see text]-cyber groups. Our main result generalizes a classical theorem of Petrich- Reilly on normal cryptic groups from the class of regular semigroups to the class of generalized abundant semigroups and also entriches a recent result of Guo-Shum on left cyber groups.
Comparison of regression model, feed-forward neural network and radial basis neural network for software development effort estimation
Authors: Dave Vachik S. , Dutta Kamlesh
Published: October 2011

Accurate estimation of software development parameters such as effort, cost, and schedule is very important for effectively managing software development projects. Several software development effort estimation models have been developed in the last few decades. Determining, which is the best estimation model is difficult to decide for a software management team. In this paper we have compared Neural Network models and regression model for software development effort estimation. The comparison reveals that the Neural Network (NN) is better for effort prediction compared to regression analysis model. Further, we have compared two Neural Network models - Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN) and Radial Basis Neural Network (RBNN). The evaluation of the models is based on Mean Magnitude Relative Error (MMRE), Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) and Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE). The experimental results show that the RBNN model exhibits better prediction ability than FFNN.
Assessment of maintainability metrics for object-oriented software system
Authors: Dubey Sanjay Kumar , Rana Ajay
Published: October 2011

Many organizations assess the maintainability of software systems before they are deployed. Object-oriented design has been shown to be a useful technique to develop and deliver quality software. Objectoriented metrics can be used to assess the maintainability of a software system. Various software metrics and models have been developed and described. This paper provides a review of this literature and the related state-of-the-art. It also proposes a maintainability model that is based on the analysis of the relationship between object-oriented metrics and maintainability.
Approach for reducing menu access time by enabling bidirectional cursor movement within nested menu(s)
Authors: Jain Ajay
Published: October 2011

There is a time value associated with the action an application user must perform to traverse menu items to reach a specific option. The time value increases when menu options are arranged within multiple nested menus. This work proposes a new menu layout that helps reduce the time required to traverse menus, especially those with multiple levels of nesting. This work also includes the results of a statistical experiment that measures the time taken to traverse using the suggested approach. The results are compared with the time taken to traverse using the traditional menu layout. Experimental data (under pre-defined assumptions) seems to significantly favor the proposed approach. The work presents data samples, assumptions, and limitations of the proposed approach.
BIXSAN
Authors: V. Sharath Chandra , Selvakumar S.
Published: October 2011

Proliferation of social networking sites, and web applications which deliver dynamic content to the clients have increased the user created HTML content in the World Wide Web. This user-created HTML content can be a notorious vector for Cross-Site Scripting,(XSS) attacks. XSS attacks have the ability to target websites, steal confidential information of the users, and hijack their accounts, etc. XSS attacks are launched to exploit the vulnerabilities of the poorly developed application code and data processing systems. In particular, improper validation of user created content and un-sanitized custom error messages introduce vulnerability for XSS attacks. It is a challenging task for any security mechanism to filter out only the harmful HTML content and retain safe content with high fidelity and robustness. This has motivated us to develop a mechanism that filters out the harmful HTML content, and allows safe HTML. The existing solutions to XSS attack include use of regular expressions to detect the presence of dynamic content and client side filtering mechanisms such as Noscript and Noxes tool. The drawbacks of these solutions are low fidelity and disallowing of benign HTML. In order to overcome these drawbacks BIXSAN, a Browser Independent XSS SANitizer for prevention of XSS attacks is proposed in this paper. BIXSAN includes the proposition of three pronged strategy. These strategies are as follows: Firstly the use of complete HTML parser is proposed rather than approximating the behavior of parser. The advantage of using complete HTML parser is that it offers high fidelity. Secondly the use of modified browser, viz., JavaScript Tester is proposed to detect the presence of JavaScript for filtering it out. Thirdly, identification of static tags is proposed for allowing the benign HTML. Further, BIXSAN includes the proposition of a parse tree generator at client side browser to reduce the anomalous behavior of browsers. BIXSAN was experimented in various browsers such as Opera, Netscape, Internet Explorer (IE), and Firefox and found to work for all the browsers. From the experiments conducted it has been found that the proposed BIXSAN prevents the injection of XSS attack code successfully. Further, it has been verified that BIXSAN reduces the anomalous behavior of browse.
Book Review: 'Learning in the Cloud' by Mark Warschauer
Authors: Quinn Clark
Published: October 2011

Mark Warschauer has investigated efforts to improve education through the use of technology, and he distills those lessons for us in his new book, "Learning in the Cloud: How (and Why) to Transform Schools with Digital Media."
Underneath the hood
Authors: claffy kc
Published: October 2011

I recently published this essay on CircleID on my thoughts on ICANN's recent decision to launch .XXX and the larger new gTLD program this year. Among other observations, I describe how .XXX marks a historical inflection point, where ICANN's board formally abandoned any responsibility to present an understanding of the ramifications of probable negative externalities ("harms") in setting its policies. That ICANN chose to relinquish this responsibility puts the U.S. government in the awkward position of trying to tighten the few inadequate controls that remain over ICANN, and leaves individual and responsible corporate citizens in the unenviable yet familiar position of bracing for the consequences.
Development of Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship Models for Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of 2-Aryl Propionic Acid NSAIDs
Authors: Li Chen-Wen , Yang Sheng-Yong , He Rui , Tao Wan-Jun , Yin Zong-Ning
Published: October 2011

We developed the quantative structure-property relationships (QSPRs) models to correlate the molecular structures of surfactant, cosurfactant, oil, and drug with the solubility of poorly water-soluble 2-aryl propionic acid nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (2-APA-NSAIDs) in self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs). The compositions were encoded with electronic, geometrical, topological, and quantum chemical descriptors. To obtain reliable predictions, we used multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) methods for model development. The obtained equations were validated using a test set of 42 formulations and showed a great predictive power, and linear models were found to be better than nonlinear ones. The obtained QSPR models would greatly facilitate fast screening for the optimal formulations of SEDDS at the early stage of drug development and minimize experimental effort.
Toxicological Characterization of the Inorganic and Organic Arsenic Metabolite Thio-DMAVin Cultured Human Lung Cells
Authors: Bartel Marc , Ebert Franziska , Leffers Larissa , Karst Uwe , Schwerdtle Tanja
Published: October 2011

We synthesised and toxicologically characterised the arsenic metabolite thiodimethylarsinic acid (thio-DMAV). Successful synthesis of highly pure thio-DMAVwas confirmed by state-of-the-art analytical techniques includingH1-NMR, HPLC-FTMS, and HPLC-ICPMS. Toxicological characterization was carried out in comparison to arsenite and its well-known trivalent and pentavalent methylated metabolites. It comprised cellular bioavailability as well as different cytotoxicity and genotoxicity end points in cultured human A549 lung cells. Of all arsenicals investigated, thio-DMAVexerted the strongest cytotoxicity. Moreover, thio-DMAVdid not induce DNA strand breaks and an increased induction of both micronuclei and multinucleated cells occurred only at beginning cytotoxic concentrations, indicating that thio-DMAVdoes not act via a genotoxic mode of action. Finally, to assess potential implications of thio-DMAVfor human health, further mechanistic studies are urgently necessary to identify the toxic mode of action of this highly toxic, unusual pentavalent organic arsenical.
Electrostatic Potential in High-Temperature Superconducting Cuprates: Extended Ginzburg-Landau Theory
Authors: Karmakar Madhuparna
Published: October 2011

The electrostatic potential and the associated charge distribution in the vortices of high- superconductors involving mixed symmetry state of the order parameters have been studied. The work is carried out in the framework of an extended Ginzburg-Landau (GL) theory involving the Gorter-Casimir two-fluid model and Bardeen's extension of GL theory applied to the high- superconductors. The properties are calculated using the material parameters relevant for the high- cuprate YBCO.
Role of Delay on Planktonic Ecosystem in the Presence of a Toxic Producing Phytoplankton
Authors: Khare Swati , Misra O. P. , Singh Chhatrapal , Dhar Joydip
Published: October 2011

A mathematical model is proposed to study the role of distributed delay on plankton ecosystem in the presence of a toxic producing phytoplankton. The model includes three state variables, namely, nutrient concentration, phytoplankton biomass, and zooplankton biomass. The release of toxic substance by phytoplankton species reduces the growth of zooplankton and this plays an important role in plankton dynamics. In this paper, we introduce a delay (time‐lag) in the digestion of nutrient by phytoplankton. The stability analysis of all the feasible equilibria are studied and the existence of Hopf‐bifurcation for the interior equilibrium of the system is explored. From the above analysis, we observe that the supply rate of nutrient and delay parameter play important role in changing the dynamical behaviour of the underlying system. Further, we have derived the explicit algorithm which determines the direction and the stability of Hopf‐bifurcation solution. Finally, numerical simulation is carried out to support the theoretical result.
Outpatient Appointment Scheduling with Variable Interappointment Times
Authors: Chew Song Foh
Published: October 2011

Healthcare currently consumes 17% of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product and is expected to reach 20% within the coming decade. Confronted with such high costs, sharp demand, and limited capacity, many hospitals now are vying for shorter lengths of stay and are transferring services from inpatient to outpatient facilities. This paper seeks to develop a methodology for constructing effective outpatient appointment scheduling systems. The objective of these appointment systems is to minimize the average total cost function describing total costs incurred by patient waiting and by staff idle time and overtime. In the paper, we will establish that the average total cost function exhibits a unimodal curve. The lowest point of the curve essentially means the lowest average total cost. We will next develop a simulation‐based heuristic algorithm for finding an outpatient schedule near the lowest point. In the paper, we present numerical examples using the heuristic based upon a set of predetermined unit costs. Specifically, we find the near optimal interappointment times for schedules, where there are two and three patients in each block, respectively. The current work does not consider possible no shows and walk‐ins. Future work will undertake these issues.
Assessment and Treatment of Abuse Risk in Opioid Prescribing for Chronic Pain
Authors: Jamison Robert N. , Serraillier Juliana , Michna Edward
Published: October 2011

Opioid analgesics provide effective treatment for noncancer pain, but many physicians have concerns about adverse effects, tolerance, and addiction. Misuse of opioids is prominent in patients with chronic back pain and early recognition of misuse risk could help physicians offer adequate patient care while implementing appropriate levels of monitoring to reduce aberrant drug-related behaviors. In this review, we discuss opioid abuse and misuse issues that often arise in the treatment of patients with chronic back pain and present an overview of assessment and treatment strategies that can be effective in improving compliance with the use of prescription opioids for pain. Many persons with chronic back pain have significant medical, psychiatric and substance use comorbidities that affect treatment decisions and a comprehensive evaluation that includes a detailed history, physical, and mental health evaluation is essential. Although there is no “gold standard” for opioid misuse risk assessment, several validated measures have been shown to be useful. Controlled substance agreements, regular urine drug screens, and interventions such as motivational counseling have been shown to help improve patient compliance with opioids and to minimize aberrant drug-related behavior. Finally, we discuss the future of abuse-deterrent opioids and other potential strategies for back pain management.
Imbalanced Dopaminergic Transmission Mediated by Serotonergic Neurons in L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia
Authors: Navailles Sylvia , De Deurwaerdère Philippe
Published: October 2011

L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) are one of the main motor side effects of L-DOPA therapy in Parkinson's disease. The review will consider the biochemical evidence indicating that the serotonergic neurons are involved in the dopaminergic effects of L-DOPA in the brain. The consequences are an ectopic and aberrant release of dopamine that follows the serotonergic innervation of the brain. After mid- to long-term treatment with L-DOPA, the pattern of L-DOPA-induced dopamine release is modified. In several brain regions, its effect is dramatically reduced while, in the striatum, its effect is quite preserved. LIDs could appear when the dopaminergic effects of L-DOPA fall in brain areas such as the cortex, enhancing the subcortical impact of dopamine and promoting aberrant motor responses. The consideration of the serotonergic system in the core mechanism of action of L-DOPA opens an important reserve of possible strategies to limit LIDs.
COP9 Signalosome Regulates Autophagosome Maturation
Authors: Su Huabo , Li Faqian , Ranek Mark J. , Wei Ning , Wang Xuejun
Published: October 2011

Background—

Autophagy is essential to intracellular homeostasis and is involved in the pathophysiology of a variety of diseases. Mechanisms regulating selective autophagy remain poorly understood. The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a conserved protein complex consisting of 8 subunits (CSN1 through CSN8), and is known to regulate the ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, it is unknown whether CSN plays a role in autophagy.

Methods and Results—

Marked increases in the LC3-II and p62 proteins were observed on Csn8 depletion in the cardiomyocytes of mouse hearts with cardiomyocyte-restricted knockout of the gene encoding CSN subunit 8 (CR-Csn8KO). The increases in autophagosomes were confirmed by probing with green fluorescent protein–LC3 and electron microscopy. Autophagic flux assessments revealed that defective autophagosome removal was the cause of autophagosome accumulation and occurred before a global ubiquitin-proteasome system impairment in Csn8-deficient hearts. Analyzing the prevalence of different stages of autophagic vacuoles revealed defective autophagosome maturation. Downregulation of Rab7 was found to colocalize strikingly with the autophagosome accumulation at the individual cardiomyocyte level. A significantly higher percent of cardiomyocytes with autophagosome accumulation underwent necrosis in CR-Csn8KO hearts. Long-term lysosomal inhibition with chloroquine induced cardiomyocyte necrosis in mice. Rab7 knockdown impaired autophagosome maturation of nonselective and selective autophagy and exacerbated cell death induced by proteasome inhibition in cultured cardiomyocytes.

Conclusions—

Csn8/CSN is a central regulator in not only the proteasomal proteolytic pathway, but also selective autophagy. Likely through regulating the expression of Rab7, Csn8/CSN plays a critical role in autophagosome maturation. Impaired autophagosome maturation causes cardiomyocytes to undergo necrosis.
Veto Players, Nuclear Energy, and Nonproliferation: Domestic Institutional Barriers to a Japanese Bomb
Authors: Hymans Jacques E.C.
Published: October 2011

The basic insight of the “veto players” literature from comparative politics—the more veto players, the more policy rigidity—has been nearly absent from the study of nuclear proliferation. Yet, when states need mutual agreement among a large number of veto players, this greatly lengthens the odds against radical nuclear policy change. The veto players perspective helps to explain the historical resilience of Japan's fifty-year pursuit of a complete nuclear fuel cycle for exclusively peaceful purposes. Although a long line of Japan observers have focused on statements by Japanese politicians suggesting the possibility of redirecting some of the country's large nuclear estate toward military ends, Japan's traditional nuclear policy has in fact become increasingly entrenched over the years, given the rising number of institutionalized veto players in its nuclear policymaking arena. This point is relevant not only to the long-standing question of whether Japan will acquire nuclear weapons, but also to the post-Fukushima disaster question of whether Japan will exit the nuclear field entirely.
Cooling of Entrained Parcels in a Large-Eddy Simulation
Authors: Yamaguchi Takanobu , Randall David A
Published: October 2011

The relative importance, for cloud-top entrainment, of the cooling rates due to longwave radiation, evaporation, and mixing was assessed through analysis of the results produced by a Lagrangian parcel-tracking model (LPTM) incorporated into a large-eddy simulation model. The LPTM predicts each parcel’s trajectory over time, using the resolved velocity simulated by the host model. An LPTM makes it possible to identify entrained parcels; this is almost impossible to do in an observational study.

A nocturnal stratocumulus cloud was simulated over 4h using a 5-m horizontal grid spacing and a 2.5-m vertical grid spacing. At the start of the last hour of the simulation, over 40 million parcels were placed near the top of the inversion layer and then tracked. Parcel histories were analyzed to identify entrained parcels.

Entrainment occurs in cloud holes, which occur in dry regions of sinking air. Entrainment into the mixed layer is regulated by buoyancy, which requires parcels to be precooled in the inversion layer, prior to entrainment. A mixing fraction analysis was used to separate the cooling due to longwave radiation, evaporation, and mixing. Results show that radiative and evaporative cooling are of comparable importance, but that mixing is by far the dominant cooling mechanism. The radiative cooling rate is strongly inhomogeneous, and only weak radiative cooling is found in regions of entrainment. Therefore, the entrained parcels experience less than the horizontal-mean radiative cooling. Although radiative cooling maintains the boundary layer turbulence, its direct effect on buoyancy of entrained parcels is modest.
How Total Precipitable Water Vapor Anomalies Relate to Cloud Vertical Structure
Authors: Forsythe John M. , Dodson Jason B. , Partain Philip T. , Kidder Stanley Q. , Vonder Haar Thomas H.
Published: October 2011

The NOAA operational total precipitable water (TPW) anomaly product is available to forecasters to display percentage of normal TPW in real time for applications like heavy precipitation forecasts. In this work, the TPW anomaly is compared to multilayer cloud frequency and vertical structure. The hypothesis is tested that the TPW anomaly is reflective of changes in cloud vertical distribution, and that anomalously moist atmospheres have more and deeper clouds, while dry atmospheres have fewer and thinner clouds. Cloud vertical occurrence profiles from the CloudSat 94-GHz radar and the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) are composited according to TPW anomaly for summer and winter from 2007 to 2010. Three geographic regions are examined: the North Pacific (NPAC), the tropical east Pacific (Niño), and the Mississippi Valley (MSVL), which is a land-only region. Cloud likelihood increases as TPW anomaly values increase beyond 100% over MSVL and Niño. Over NPAC, shallow boundary layer cloud occurrence is not a function of TPW anomaly, while high clouds and deep clouds throughout the troposphere are more likely at higher TPW anomalies. In the Niño region, boundary layer clouds grow vertically as the TPW anomaly increases, and the anomaly range is smaller than in the midlatitudes. In summer, the MSVL region resembles Niño, but boundary layer clouds are observed less frequently than expected. The wintertime MSVL results do not show any compelling relationship, perhaps because of the difficulties in computing TPW anomaly in a very dry atmosphere.