bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumer Response to Tomato Pomace Powder as an Ingredient in Bread: Impact of Sensory Liking and Benefit Information on Purchase Intent
Authors: Concha‐Meyer Anibal A. , Durham Catherine A. , Colonna Ann E. , Hasenbeck Aimee , Sáez Bárbara , Adams Michael R.
Published: November 2019

This study evaluated consumer acceptance and purchase intent (PI) for bread formulated with dried tomato pomace powder (DTPP). DTPP was used to substitute 5 or 10% by weight for a 50/50 mix of white and whole‐wheat flour used in a control bread. Consumers (n = 231) evaluated sensory attributes and PI on the breads, which were produced and presented as slices from a typical commercial sandwich loaf. Before answering PI questions, panelists were presented with information regarding the DTPP ingredient. Some received information on nutritional quality, some on sustainability impact, some both, some neither. This approach allowed the impacts of those messages on PI to be tested, along with impact of liking, price, and other factors. PI was analyzed using a fractional logistic model.

Statistically significant differences were observed in several sensory attributes, some favoring the DTPP ingredient with overall liking very similar for the 5% DTPP and control bread samples. Price and overall liking were highly significant variables effecting PI. DTPP proved to be an excellent ingredient to replace a portion of wheat flours to improve nutritional value of bread products.

Practical Application

This study shows that dried tomato pomace powder (DTPP) has potential application as an ingredient, since it improved nutritional content, appearance, and color appeal of wheat bread. Furthermore, food producers who are considering the use of byproducts in their product formulations should be encouraged by the finding that informed consumers were as willing to purchase the bread with the ingredient, as they were to purchase a typical comparable sandwich bread without it. Furthermore, both a nutrition message and a sustainability message can increase PI for the bread containing the byproduct relative to their PI toward the control bread.
The Phenolic Compounds, Metabolites, and Antioxidant Activity of Propolis Extracted by Ultrasound‐Assisted Method
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Zheng Shilian , Zeng Linhui , Deng Zeyuan , Zhang Bing , Li Hongyan
Published: November 2019

The influences of ultrasound‐assisted, pharmacopeia, and supercritical fluid extraction methods on bioactive compounds and biological activities of propolis were evaluated. Results showed that propolis extracted by ultrasound‐assisted method contained more phenolic compounds, and showed the highest total phenolic content (245.84 ± 6.41 mg GAE/g DW), total flavonoids content (198.82 ± 5.74 mg RE/g DW), and stronger in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH·: 1.03 ± 0.04 mmol Trolox/g DW, ABTS+·: 2.19 ± 0.05 mmol Trolox/g DW, and FRAP: 1.48 ± 0.12 mmol FeSO4/g DW) than those of pharmacopoeia and supercritical fluid methods. A total of 36 phenolic compounds were identified in propolis. Among them, quercetin, quercetin‐3‐methyl‐ether, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, luteolin‐methyl‐ether, and quercetin‐7‐methyl‐ether could only be found in ultrasound‐assisted and pharmacopoeia methods. Moreover, the phenolic compounds had the similar metabolic pathways in rats and were mainly metabolized by sulfation and glucuronidation pathways. Additionally, ultrasonic‐treated propolis have good in vivo antioxidant activity and could repair D‐galactose‐induced oxidative damage in rats. Therefore, ultrasound‐assisted method could replace pharmacopeia method to be considered as bioactive compounds extraction from propolis, taking into consideration of yield, short extraction time, and high antioxidant activity.
Targeting histone acetylation in pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy
Authors: Chelladurai Prakash , Boucherat Olivier , Stenmark Kurt , Kracht Michael , Seeger Werner , Bauer Uta‐Maria , Bonnet Sébastien , Pullamsetti Soni Savai
Published: November 2019

Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone post‐translational modifications (PTMs), have been known to regulate chromatin structure and lineage‐specific gene expression during cardiovascular development and disease. However, alterations in the landscape of histone PTMs and their contribution to the pathogenesis of incurable cardiovascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension (PH) and associated right heart failure (RHF) remain largely unexplored. This review focusses on the studies in PH and RHF that investigated the gene families that write (histone acetyltransferases), read (bromodomain‐containing proteins) or erase (histone deacetylases [HDACs] and sirtuins [SIRT]) acetyl moieties from the ε‐amino group of lysine residues of histones and non‐histone proteins. Analysis of cells and tissues isolated from the in vivo preclinical models of PH and human pulmonary arterial hypertension not only confirmed significant alterations in the expression levels of multiple HDACs, SIRT1, SIRT3 and BRD4 proteins but also demonstrated their strong association to proliferative, inflammatory and fibrotic phenotypes linked to the pathological vascular remodelling process. Due to the reversible nature of post‐translational protein acetylation, the therapeutic efficacy of numerous small‐molecule inhibitors (vorinostat, valproic acid, sodium butyrate, mocetinostat, entinostat, tubastatin A, apabetalone, JQ1 and resveratrol) have been evaluated in different preclinical models of cardiovascular disease, which revealed the promising therapeutic benefits of targeting histone acetylation pathways in the attenuation of cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, left heart dysfunction, PH and RHF. This review also emphasizes the need for deeper molecular insights into the contribution of epigenetic changes to PH pathogenesis and therapeutic evaluation of isoform‐specific modulation in ex vivo and in vivo models of PH and RHF.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.1/issuetoc
How do herbivorous insects respond to drought stress in trees?
Authors: Gely Claire , Laurance Susan G.W. , Stork Nigel E.
Published: November 2019

Increased frequency and severity of drought, as a result of climate change, is expected to drive critical changes in plant–insect interactions that may elevate rates of tree mortality. The mechanisms that link water stress in plants to insect performance are not well understood. Here, we build on previous reviews and develop a framework that incorporates the severity and longevity of drought and captures the plant physiological adjustments that follow moderate and severe drought. Using this framework, we investigate in greater depth how insect performance responds to increasing drought severity for: (i) different feeding guilds; (ii) flush feeders and senescence feeders; (iii) specialist and generalist insect herbivores; and (iv) temperate versus tropical forest communities. We outline how intermittent and moderate drought can result in increases of carbon‐based and nitrogen‐based chemical defences, whereas long and severe drought events can result in decreases in plant secondary defence compounds. We predict that different herbivore feeding guilds will show different but predictable responses to drought events, with most feeding guilds being negatively affected by water stress, with the exception of wood borers and bark beetles during severe drought and sap‐sucking insects and leaf miners during moderate and intermittent drought. Time of feeding and host specificity are important considerations. Some insects, regardless of feeding guild, prefer to feed on younger tissues from leaf flush, whereas others are adapted to feed on senescing tissues of severely stressed trees. We argue that moderate water stress could benefit specialist insect herbivores, while generalists might prefer severe drought conditions. Current evidence suggests that insect outbreaks are shorter and more spatially restricted in tropical than in temperate forests. We suggest that future research on the impact of drought on insect communities should include (i) assessing how drought‐induced changes in various plant traits, such as secondary compound concentrations and leaf water potential, affect herbivores; (ii) food web implications for other insects and those that feed on them; and (iii) interactions between the effects on insects of increasing drought and other forms of environmental change including rising temperatures and CO2 levels. There is a need for larger, temperate and tropical forest‐scale drought experiments to look at herbivorous insect responses and their role in tree death.
Patterns of fish community composition and biodiversity in riverine fish sanctuaries in Bangladesh: Implications for hilsa shad conservation
Authors: Kundu Goutam Kumar , Islam Md. Monirul , Hasan Md. Foijul , Saha Samapti , Mondal Gouri , Paul Bijoya , Mustafa Md. Ghulam
Published: November 2019

Understanding biodiversity and community composition is a prerequisite to sustainable exploitation and conservation of fisheries. We assessed the spatial and seasonal patterns of fish community composition and biodiversity in seasonal no‐take riverine sanctuaries in Bangladesh, which aim to conserve the anadromous hilsa shad (Tenualosa spp. and Hilsa keele). Fish samples were collected during monsoon, as well as pre‐ and postmonsoon, from five sites within two sanctuaries and one site in an open fishing area. Although total abundance was similar along the rivers, species richness was significantly higher at the open fishing site due to its connectivity to nearby habitats. The diversity apparently decreased in a downstream direction. Fish communities at two upstream sites were separated from other sites in multivariate space largely due to higher abundance of hilsa at downstream sites and presence of floodplain‐oriented species at the two upstream sites. Short body length and high trophic level at all sites indicated that fish communities were overexploited. Our results also indicated that riverine hilsa sanctuaries in Bangladesh are rich in fish species diversity and support several threatened species designated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Our study also suggested that since hilsa abundance shapes community patterns, it can therefore impact riverine ecosystem functioning in the sanctuary areas. The findings of this study can serve as an important baseline for future biodiversity assessment, conservation and impact assessment of conservation in rivers, and therefore help to establish multispecies ecosystem‐based management of riverine fisheries around the world.
The spatial frequency of climatic conditions affects niche composition and functional diversity of species assemblages: the case of Angiosperms
Authors: Fournier Bertrand , Vázquez‐Rivera Héctor , Clappe Sylvie , Donelle Louis , Braga Pedro Henrique Pereira , Peres‐Neto Pedro R.
Published: November 2019

Climatic conditions vary in spatial frequency globally. Spatially rare climatic conditions provide fewer suitable environments than common ones and should impose constraints on the types of species present locally and regionally. We used data on 467 North American angiosperms to test the effects of the spatial frequency of climatic conditions on ecological niche specialisation and functional diversity. We predicted that rare climates should favour generalist species that are able to inhabit a broader range of climatic conditions. Our results show that climate frequency filters species that differ in niche breadths and rare environments host species combinations with greater functional diversity. The proposed analytical approaches and hypotheses can be adapted to investigate different aspects of ecological assemblies and their biodiversity. We discuss different mechanisms regarding how spatial frequency of environments can affect niche composition and functional diversity. These should be useful while developing theoretical frameworks for generating a deeper understanding of its underpinnings.
The potential role of sensors in equine melanoma prevention
Authors: Kanellis V. G.
Published: November 2019

It is common knowledge that avoiding excessive ultraviolet light exposure is key to good sun safety practices in humans and horses. Photoprotection and avoiding excessive ultraviolet light exposure can reduce the risk of actinic damage, skin cancers and premature ageing. Accurate, cheap and self‐contained ultraviolet light sensor devices can measure parameters such as light intensity that in turn can be used to quantify the potential of light to cause harm. Knowledge of local light intensity is important because it can actively guide good sun safety practices. Other devices, called melanometers, can measure an individual’s skin sensitivity to ultraviolet light, quantify their tendency to sunburn and determine the degree of photoprotection required by that individual whilst outdoors. This article highlights the potential of the aforementioned devices and good sun safety practices to reduce the incidence and burden of skin cancers caused by excessive sunlight exposure in horses and other companion animals.
Annual booster vaccination and the risk of equine influenza to Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Gildea Sarah , Lyons Pamela , Lyons Rachel , Gahan Jacinta , Garvey Marie , Cullinane Ann
Published: November 2019

Background

Equine influenza (EI) outbreaks occurred among horses on four racing yards (two National Hunt, one Flat, one mixed National Hunt racing/breeding yard) in Ireland within a 4‐week period.

Objectives

To carry out a detailed analysis of racing yards affected in order to identify the source of infection and monitor virus spread among a vaccinated population.

Study design

Observational field study.

Methods

Epidemiological and vaccination data along with repeat clinical samples were collected from 118 horses on four premises.

Results

Failure to implement appropriate biosecurity measures following the introduction of new arrivals and the return of horses from equestrian events contributed to disease spread as did the movement of horses within premises. Mixing of racing and non‐racing populations with inadequate vaccination histories also facilitated virus transmission. The index case(s) on all premises was vaccinated in accordance with the Turf Club rules. Vaccine breakdown was observed across all products in 27/80 horses (33.8%) with an up‐to‐date vaccination record. Eighteen of the 27 (66.7%) horses had not received a booster vaccination within the previous 6 months and 10 (37%) horses were due annual booster vaccination at the time of developing clinical signs.

Main limitations

The interpretation of laboratory results followed a delay in veterinary intervention.

Conclusions

Annual booster vaccination should not be relied on as the sole preventative measure against EI. The findings of this study suggest that increasing the frequency of booster vaccinations may be beneficial particularly in young horses and that synchronised scheduling of vaccination regimes across racing yards may contribute to high‐risk periods for EI virus (EIV) transmission.
Growing‐season temperature and precipitation are independent drivers of global variation in xylem hydraulic conductivity
Authors: He Pengcheng , Gleason Sean M. , Wright Ian J. , Weng Ensheng , Liu Hui , Zhu Shidan , Lu Mingzhen , Luo Qi , Li Ronghua , Wu Guilin , Yan Enrong , Song Yanjun , Mi Xiangcheng , Hao Guangyou , Reich Peter B. , Wang Yingping , Ellsworth David S. , Ye Qing
Published: November 2019

Stem xylem‐specific hydraulic conductivity (KS) represents the potential for plant water transport normalized by xylem cross section, length, and driving force. Variation in KS has implications for plant transpiration and photosynthesis, growth and survival, and also the geographic distribution of species. Clarifying the global‐scale patterns of KS and its major drivers is needed to achieve a better understanding of how plants adapt to different environmental conditions, particularly under climate change scenarios. Here, we compiled a xylem hydraulics dataset with 1,186 species‐at‐site combinations (975 woody species representing 146 families, from 199 sites worldwide), and investigated how KS varied with climatic variables, plant functional types, and biomes. Growing‐season temperature and growing‐season precipitation drove global variation in KS independently. Both the mean and the variation in KS were highest in the warm and wet tropical regions, and lower in cold and dry regions, such as tundra and desert biomes. Our results suggest that future warming and redistribution of seasonal precipitation may have a significant impact on species functional diversity, and is likely to be particularly important in regions becoming warmer or drier, such as high latitudes. This highlights an important role for KS in predicting shifts in community composition in the face of climate change.
Contradictions concerning care: Female surgeons' accounts of the repression and resurfacing of care in their profession
Authors: Ainsworth Susan , Flanagan Stephanie
Published: November 2019

Surgery is a high‐status, distinctly embodied, profession, dominated by men and saturated with masculine ideals of individual heroism, manual skill and detachment. In this study, we focus on exploring how surgery both represses, but also requires, caring work, creating gendered contradictions for the women that enter its ranks. Based on interviews with eighteen female surgeons from Australia and New Zealand, we apply a ‘rationality of caring work’ lens to explore how they experienced these contradictions through training, socialization and in everyday interactions. Our findings show inter‐related mechanisms whereby female surgeons are required to become more independent and self‐reliant than comparable men, but also make up for the systemic lack of care shown to junior staff and students. In particular, their pregnancy and motherhood challenge the ideal of the detached, independent, heroic agent. We conclude by discussing how a ‘rationality of caring’ lens could help unpack the gendered contradictions women experience in other elite professions.
Great Auricular Neuralgia: Case Series
Authors: Duvall Jaclyn R. , Garza Ivan , Kissoon Narayan R. , Robertson Carrie E.
Published: November 2019

Background/Objective

The great auricular nerve (GAN) arises from C2‐C3 and provides innervation over the skin in the pre‐auricular region, jaw angle, posteroinferior pinna, and mastoid. Although damage to the GAN has been reported following trauma or procedures nearby this nerve course, neuralgia of this nerve is uncommon with knowledge based on a handful of case reports in literature. The objective of this study is to describe the presentation, treatment, and outcome of 13 cases of GAN neuralgia.

Methods

Case series. Retrospecive review of charts from 1994 to 2018 with diagnoses: “auricular neuralgia,” “auricular neuritis,” or “auricular neuropathy.” We included subjects with neuralgic pain within the distribution of the GAN, and excluded patients with atypical facial pain, GAN neuropathy, or unclear etiology.

Results

Of 79 charts, 13 patients met criteria (age at onset 11‐59; 11 women, 2 men). Pain was most often described as paroxysmal stabbing provoked by: turning the head (n = 7), touching the neck (n = 5), neck position during sleep (n = 2), jaw movement (n = 2), and other (n = 2). Seven patients received GAN blocks: all noted dramatic improvement in pain, including 3 who continued to receive serial blocks at our institution successfully for the next 2 to 5 years. Two patients successfully transitioned from GAN blocks to GAN stimulators. One patient with GAN lymphoma had resolution of pain following GAN resection.

Conclusion

GAN neuralgia should be considered in the differential for periauricular pain. GAN blocks or stimulators may be helpful for pain management.
Functional glycomics: Application to medical science and hepatology
Authors: Miyoshi Eiji , Kamada Yoshihiro , Suzuki Tadashi
Published: November 2019

Glycomics refers to the comprehensive analysis of glycans. Recent progress in glycotechnology enables the determination of a variety of biological functions of glycans. Among different glycosylation patterns, certain types of aberrant glycosylation are linked to cancer and/or inflammation, and thus have biological importance. Glycotechnology has been applied to many fields of medical science, including hepatology. In particular, dramatic changes in glycosylation are observed in the progression of liver diseases. As the liver produces so many serum glycoproteins, changes in glycosylation of these proteins might provide useful disease biomarkers. Furthermore, many patients with genetic diseases of glycosylation who have liver dysfunction have been found as a result from whole genome sequencing, and various kinds of glycotherapy have been developed, especially in immunotherapy. In this review, we describe our basic knowledge of glycobiology and discuss the application of these data to medical science, especially hepatology.
Favorable outcome of retreatment by direct‐acting antivirals for hepatitis C patients with daclatasvir plus asunaprevir combination therapy failure
Authors: Tojima Hiroki , Kakizaki Satoru , Takakusagi Satoshi , Hoshino Takashi , Naganuma Atsushi , Nagashima Tamon , Namikawa Masashi , Ueno Takashi , Shimada Yasushi , Hatanaka Takeshi , Takizawa Daichi , Arai Hirotaka , Sato Ken , Takagi Hitoshi , Uraoka Toshio
Published: November 2019

Aim

In patients with hepatitis C virus, treatment failure of daclatasvir plus asunaprevir combination therapy (DCV + ASV) seems to become intractable due to the induction of resistance‐associated substitutions. This study aimed to investigate the outcomes of retreatment with direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) in patients with DCV + ASV therapy failure, as well as changes in drug resistance mutations.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 44 patients re‐treated with DAAs after DCV + ASV failure between December 2015 and April 2018. All patients were analyzed for amino acid substitutions, and additional treatment regimens were selected based on the results and current treatment guidelines.

Results

The sustained virological response rate with second‐line treatment was 81.8% (36/44), and relapse occurred in five of 16 patients who received sofosbuvir/ledipasvir and three of seven patients who received DCV/ASV/beclabuvir. Third‐ and fourth‐line treatments were also tried in relapsed cases, and the overall sustained virological response rates were 90.9% (40/44) and 93.2% (41/44), respectively. A high rate of viral clearance was eventually observed. Before second‐line treatment, the prevalence of mutations in the NS5A and NS3/4A regions was 100% (44/44) and 86.4% (38/44), respectively. There was no significant increase in the number of amino acid substitutions in patients for whom second‐line treatment failed.

Conclusions

Amino acid substitutions were frequently observed in patients with DCV + ASV failure, but most patients achieved a sustained virological response after retreatment with DAAs. Although the spread of drug‐resistant viruses due to unsuccessful DAA treatment was a matter of concern, most cases of DCV + ASV failure were overcome with additional treatment.
Exploring the conceptual structure of the auditing discipline through co‐word analysis: An international perspective
Authors: Uyar Ali , Kılıç Merve , Koseoglu Mehmet Ali
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore the conceptual structure of the auditing discipline between 2000 and 2016, by synthesizing keywords cited in 2,119 articles published in 24 accounting and auditing journals, using co‐word analysis and social network analysis (SNA). We aimed to highlight dominant, fading, and emerging themes in the discipline across the periods and across continents. The main outputs of this study can be summarized as follows. The consistent decline in fragmentation, and the increase in connectedness, within the SNA showed that the auditing discipline became an increasingly tight and more cohesive network. While the generic keywords auditing and auditor were used far less frequently in the final period of the study, the keywords audit quality, audit fees, internal control, financial reporting quality, and continuous auditing were increasingly cited across the study periods. Moreover, regional analyzes unveiled similarities and differences between territories.
Characterisation of moisture migration of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) during storage and its relationship to quality deterioration
Authors: Cheng Shasha , Ranran Li , Yang Huimin , Wang Siqi , Lin Rong , Tan Mingqian
Published: November 2019

Water is a critical factor influencing the quality of mushrooms. This paper investigated the moisture migration of shiitake mushroom during storage using low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its relationship to quality deterioration. Three water components assigned as water in different cell compartments of cell wall, cytoplasm and vacuole were observed in shiitake mushroom matrix. As the prolonging of storage time, the right shift of immobilised water and left shift of free water led to the merge of these two peaks at the end of storage. The increase in peak area of water in cytoplasm and decrease in the peak area of water in vacuole indicated evident moisture migration from vacuole to cytoplasm. MRI images showed heterogeneous water distribution in shiitake mushroom, and the water migrated from centre to surface, then evaporated to the environment. Besides, the moisture migration might be related to the weight loss and textural softening of shiitake mushroom.
Gender Matters in Household Surveys
Authors: Alba Sandra , Wong Franz , Bråten Yngve
Published: November 2019

When a study of child health in Afghanistan produced an inconsistent result, Sandra Alba realised that men and women can give very different answers to the same questions. She consulted gender experts Franz Wong and Yngve Bråten to understand why
In and out of America: Ecological and species diversity in Holarctic giant silkmoths suggests unusual dispersal, defying the dogma of an Asian origin
Authors: Rubinoff Daniel , Doorenweerd Camiel
Published: November 2019

Aim

There is growing evidence that the North Atlantic Land Bridge may have had a significant, underappreciated, role in structuring northern hemispheric biodiversity. Understanding the biogeography of less vagile animals with specific habitat requirements could provide fine‐scale information about the duration and environmental conditions of both the North Atlantic Land Bridge and the Bering Land Bridge.

Location

Asia, Europe and North America.

Taxon

Saturnia giant silkmoths. The genus has a relictual distribution from the Neogene, with species and subgenera endemic to subregions across the Northern Hemisphere.

Methods

We sequenced six genes totalling 4,674 base pairs from representatives of all subgenera and augmented this with publicly available COI sequences to build a dataset covering 34 Saturnia species—about half of the described species. Datasets were subjected to phylogenetic, molecular dating and biogeographic analyses.

Results

We found that adding a ‘jump’ parameter to a dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC) model results in contradictory biogeographic inferences, with the jump dispersal model being more biologically plausible for Saturnia. We found that Saturnia has a much earlier origin in North America than previously thought, and from there colonized Europe. The most parsimonious scenario involves a relatively recent (19.6–11.7 Ma) transit across the North Atlantic Land Bridge, and subsequent dispersal across all of Eurasia. Without jump dispersal, Saturnia biogeography requires complex patterns of in situ extinction and recolonization followed by bursts of dispersal and speciation.

Main conclusions

Although it is difficult to verify the appropriate model through fossil data or tectonic histories, allowing jump dispersal in Saturnia moth biogeography invokes far fewer assumptions and indicates the use of both Beringia and the North Atlantic Land Bridge, suggesting the importance of the latter for other groups may be underestimated.
Neurocognitive risk markers in pediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Negreiros Juliana , Belschner Laura , Best John R. , Lin Sarah , Franco Yamin Diana , Joffres Yayuk , Selles Robert R. , Jaspers‐Fayer Fern , Miller Lynn D. , Woodward Todd S. , Honer William G. , Stewart S. Evelyn
Published: November 2019

Background

Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) has complex genetic underpinnings, particularly in its early‐onset form, which places siblings at a 10‐fold increased risk of developing the disorder. Examination for neurocognitive markers preceding pediatric OCD onset has not been conducted, although markers have been identified in adult OCD. This study compared neurocognition across groups of OCD‐affected youth (n = 87), unaffected siblings of those with early‐onset OCD (n = 67), and healthy controls (HC; n = 79).

Methods

A total of 233 participants aged 6–18 years old completed standardized neurocognitive tests of cognitive flexibility, decision making, planning, response inhibition, spatial working memory, attention, recognition nonverbal memory, and intelligence. They were administered the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule–Parent version (ADIS‐P) and completed self‐report anxiety and OCD questionnaires. Linear mixed‐effects models tested for differences between groups, adjusting for age, gender, IQ, state anxiety, and ethnicity, and accounting for random effects of family membership.

Results

OCD‐affected youth and unaffected siblings performed significantly worse on planning in comparison to HCs (Cohen’s d = 0.74; 95% CI = [0.11, 1.36]; Cohen’s d = 0.75; 95% CI = [0.12, 1.38], respectively; omnibus group effect p = .007). No other significant between‐group differences were identified.

Conclusions

Neurocognitive performance differences between groups identified planning as a preexisting trait marker of pediatric OCD, while no other domain presented as a marker of pediatric OCD. This differs from adult OCD, which is associated with broader cognitive impairments. Investigating longitudinal trajectories and predictive significance of neurocognition in those affected by, and at risk for, early‐onset OCD is warranted. Ideally, this will enhance individualized risk stratification and inform future prevention and early intervention strategies.
Fiscal Policy in a Currency Union at the Zero Lower Bound
Authors: COOK DAVID , DEVEREUX MICHAEL B
Published: November 2019

This paper constructs a two‐country core–periphery New Keynesian model of a currency union to address the interaction between the objectives of regionally directed fiscal policy constrained by a single currency and the aggregate use of fiscal policy in face of the zero lower bound (ZLB) on policy interest rates. We identify an optimal path of aggregate and relative fiscal policy responses to a negative region‐specific demand shock. Our results show that (i) in a monetary union, the optimal policy response to an asymmetric reduction in demand concentrated in the periphery always entails a relative shift of fiscal expenditure toward the worse‐affected regions, (ii) though no aggregate fiscal response is required outside the ZLB, and (iii) optimal union‐wide fiscal policy is expansionary at the ZLB. Therefore, optimal policy always entails an expansion in the periphery at the ZLB, but the optimal fiscal response in the core regions can be either expansionary or contractionary depending on the parameters of the model. However, (iv) fiscal expansion in the core is warranted if the periphery cannot implement an expansion due to constraints on public spending.
Improved outpatient haemodialysis adequacy using queued schedules
Authors: Nappo Robert W. , Ross Edward A.
Published: November 2019

Background

Although technical advances help achieve haemodialysis adequacy, we hypothesise remediable non‐therapy factors exacerbate patient dissatisfaction, non‐adherence to treatment time and failure to meet dialysis goals. Scheduling inefficiencies lead to the total time in the unit far greater than actual treatment time, impacting facility efficiency and patient frustration.

Objectives

We used queuing theorem principles to optimise schedules by incorporating timing and workflow for every dialysis process step to design a new schedule, rather than the whole‐shift blocks at baseline.

Design

The goals were to: (1) craft schedules that maximised efficiency and economics from a facility perspective, and (2) minimise total time in the dialysis unit from a patient viewpoint. As dialysis units are held to a national standard of urea clearance, reduction ratios (URRs) were measured for the 3 months before and after the new scheduling was implemented.

Results

Dialysis staff and process parameters were measured to craft queued schedules of staggered small groups of patients instead of baseline blocks of 2 large shifts, 24 each. A total of 65 patients changed to groups of 8, with entry‐to‐exit at 290 minutes for four hours treatments. The URRs improved from 72.8 ± 6.9 to 75.2 ± 5.4% (p < 0.001). Before implementation, only 89% of subjects reached the URR facility compliance target of 65%, and afterwards 97% (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Queuing theorem principles can be successfully adopted to optimise haemodialysis scheduling. The resultant staggered timing increases facility efficiency, minimises the long wait time dissatisfier, and is associated with improved URRs with more patients reaching target clearance thresholds.
Adults' and children's perceptions of barriers and facilitators of school‐aged children's physical activity in an inner‐city urban area
Authors: Duck Angela Allen , Robinson Jennifer C. , Stewart Mary W.
Published: November 2019

In the United States, obesity rates among children remain a pressing public health concern Compounding that, disparities exist with higher childhood obesity among minority and lower socioeconomic neighborhoods. Physical activity is associated with more favorable weight status in children and adolescents.

Purpose

This study aimed to identify and explore factors that influence physical activity in children in a low‐income neighborhood.

Design and Methods

An exploratory descriptive qualitative design was employed using Photovoice and focus group interviews to identify barriers and facilitators of physical activity.

Results

Eight adults and five children enrolled in the study. Photovoice was used to prompt discussions during the focus groups. Analysis of verbatim transcripts included constructed coding with categorization into themes. Four themes of (a) knowledge, (b) play, (c) opportunities and a changing environment, and (d) resources were identified. Among children, three themes from the children's focus group were identified as (a) knowledge, (b) play, and (c) environment. This study found both resource and knowledge challenges, as well as a strong commitment to providing physical activity opportunities.

Practice Implications

Continued efforts are needed to develop and implement physical activity interventions to reduce obesity and improve health among children in impoverished, urban areas.
In situ Pb‐Pb dating of silica‐rich Northwest Africa (NWA) 6594 basaltic eucrite and its constraint on thermal history of the Vestan crust
Authors: Liao Shiyong , Hsu Weibiao , Wang Ying , Li Ye , Tang Chipui , Mei Bao
Published: November 2019

Eucrites represent one of the major lithologies of the Vestan upper crust, which had experienced pervasive and intense thermal metamorphism. To better constrain the timing and mechanism of thermal metamorphism, we carried out in situ Pb‐isotope analysis of an unbrecciated basaltic eucrite NWA 6594 on the basis of detailed mineralogical and petrographic investigations. Zircon Pb‐Pb dating reveals that NWA 6594 emplaced before or at 4547 ± 11 Ma (95% confidence, MSWD = 1.3). Studies of silica minerals indicate that NWA 6594 had experienced intense thermal metamorphism after emplacement, followed by a late impact reheating and rapid cooling. Apatite grains yield a weighted mean Pb‐Pb age of 4523 ± 2 Ma (95% confidence, MSWD = 0.76). This age could not be attributed to slow cooling after the initial crystallization, but most likely related to an independent thermal event that induced thermal metamorphism. The protracted time lag (~24 ± 13 Myr) between zircon and apatite closure ages indicates that this thermal event is most probably induced by an intense impact event that was synchronous with the metal–silicate mixing event recorded by mesosiderites. HEDs may have experienced multiple stages of thermal metamorphism after emplacement. The late impact reheating occurred after thermal metamorphism, which caused crystallization of tridymite.
The presolar grain inventory of fine‐grained chondrule rims in the Mighei‐type (CM) chondrites
Authors: Leitner Jan , Metzler Knut , Vollmer Christian , Floss Christine , Haenecour Pierre , Kodolányi János , Harries Dennis , Hoppe Peter
Published: November 2019

We investigated the inventory of presolar silicate, oxide, and silicon carbide (SiC) grains of fine‐grained chondrule rims in six Mighei‐type (CM) carbonaceous chondrites (Banten, Jbilet Winselwan, Maribo, Murchison, Murray and Yamato 791198), and the CM‐related carbonaceous chondrite Sutter's Mill. Sixteen O‐anomalous grains (nine silicates, six oxides) were detected, corresponding to a combined matrix‐normalized abundance of ~18 ppm, together with 21 presolar SiC grains (~42 ppm). Twelve of the O‐rich grains are enriched in 17O, and could originate from low‐mass asymptotic giant branch stars. One grain is enriched in 17O and significantly depleted in 18O, indicative of additional cool bottom processing or hot bottom burning in its stellar parent, and three grains are of likely core‐collapse supernova origin showing enhanced 18O/16O ratios relative to the solar system ratio. We find a presolar silicate/oxide ratio of 1.5, significantly lower than the ratios typically observed for chondritic meteorites. This may indicate a higher degree of aqueous alteration in the studied meteorites, or hint at a heterogeneous distribution of presolar silicates and oxides in the solar nebula. Nevertheless, the low O‐anomalous grain abundance is consistent with aqueous alteration occurring in the protosolar nebula and/or on the respective parent bodies. Six O‐rich presolar grains were studied by Auger Electron Spectroscopy, revealing two Fe‐rich silicates, one forsterite‐like Mg‐rich silicate, two Al‐oxides with spinel‐like compositions, and one Fe‐(Mg‐)oxide. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopic investigation of a relatively large silicate grain (490 nm × 735 nm) revealed that it was crystalline åkermanite (Ca2Mg[Si2O7]) or a an åkermanite‐diopside (MgCaSi2O6) intergrowth.
Medical students’ experiences with goals of care discussions and their impact on professional identity formation
Authors: Wang Xuyi Mimi , Swinton Marilyn , You John J
Published: November 2019

Context

Goals of care (GoC) discussions occur amongst patients, family members and clinicians in order to establish plans of care and are invaluable aspects of end‐of‐life care. In previous research, medical learners have reported insufficient training and emotional distress about end‐of‐life decision making, but most studies have focused on postgraduate trainees and have been quantitative or have evaluated specific educational interventions. None have qualitatively explored medical students’ experiences with GoC discussions, their perceptions of associated hidden curricula, and the impacts of these on professional identity formation (PIF), the individualised developmental processes by which laypersons evolve to think, act and feel like, and ultimately become, medical professionals.

Methods

Using purposive sampling at one Canadian medical school, individual semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 18 medical students to explore their experiences with GoC discussions during their core internal medicine clerkship. Interviews were audiorecorded, transcribed and anonymised. Concurrently with data collection, transcripts were analysed iteratively and inductively using interpretative phenomenological analysis, a qualitative research approach that allows the rich exploration of subjective experiences.

Results

Participants reported minimal support and supervision in conducting GoC discussions, which were experienced as ethically challenging, emotionally powerful encounters exemplifying tensions between formal and hidden curricula. Role modelling and institutional culture were key mechanisms through which hidden curricula were transmitted, subverting formal curricula in doing so and contributing to participants’ emotional distress. Participants’ coping responses were generally negative and included symptoms of burnout, the pursuit of standardisation, rationalisation, compartmentalisation and the adaptation of previously held, more idealised professional identities.

Conclusions

GoC discussions in this study were often led by inexperienced medical students and impacted negatively on their PIF. Through complex emotional processes, they struggled to reconcile earlier concepts of physician identities with newly developing ones and often reluctantly adopted suboptimal professional behaviours and attitudes. Improved education about GoC discussions is necessary for patient care and may represent concrete and specific opportunities to influence students’ PIF positively.
ZafA‐mediated regulation of zinc homeostasis is required for virulence in the plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: López‐Berges Manuel S.
Published: November 2019

During infection, soilborne fungal pathogens face limiting conditions of different metal ions, including zinc. The role of zinc homeostasis in fungal pathogenicity on plants remains poorly understood. Here it is shown that the transcription factor ZafA, orthologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Zap1, functions as a key regulator of zinc homeostasis and virulence in Fusarium oxysporum, a cross‐kingdom pathogen that causes vascular wilt on more than 100 plant species and opportunistic infections in humans. Expression of zafA is induced under zinc‐limiting conditions and repressed by zinc. Interestingly, zafA is markedly up‐regulated during early stages of plant infection, suggesting that F. oxysporum must cope with limited availability of zinc. Deletion of zafA results in deactivation of high‐affinity zinc transporters, leading to impaired growth under zinc deficiency. Fusarium oxysporum strains lacking ZafA are reduced in their capability to invade and kill tomato plants and the non‐vertebrate animal model Galleria mellonella. Collectively, the results indicate that ZafA‐mediated adaptation to zinc deficiency is required for full virulence of F. oxysporum on plant and animal hosts.
Sustainability standards, multicriteria maximin, and viability
Authors: Doyen Luc , Gajardo Pedro
Published: November 2019

This paper deals with sustainability criteria and standards. The maximin criterion, as the highest performance that can be sustained over time, promotes intergenerational equity, a pivotal issue for sustainability. The viable control approach, by investigating trajectories and actions complying over time with various standards and constraints, provides major insights into strong sustainability. The present paper addresses the links between maximin and viability approaches in a multicriteria context. It first shows how “Pareto maximin” can be characterized through viability kernels. Such a result makes it possible to determine the trade‐offs and/or synergies between nonsubstitutable economic and ecological standards underlying strong sustainability. The second main result of the paper is to propose algorithms derived from the viability version of dynamic programming to approximate numerically Pareto maximin values, controls, and sustainability standards. Two examples relying on renewable resource management illustrate these analytic and numerical findings. In particular, synergies between sustainability standards of resource conservation, production or profitability are identified for overexploited stocks.
‘We try’ – how nurses work with patient participation in forensic psychiatric care
Authors: Magnusson Emilie , Axelsson Anna Karin , Lindroth Malin
Published: November 2019

Rationale

Patients in secure forensic psychiatric care have reduced autonomy because of the constraints imposed on them by compulsion laws. Thus, it is vital that nurses enable patient participation whenever possible. Patient participation, and it′s clinical use in forensic psychiatric care, is an understudied field.

Aim

To describe nurses’ experiences of their work with patient participation in forensic psychiatric care.

Methods

Managers at different secure forensic psychiatric institutions in the south of Sweden approved the study, and oral consent was retrieved from informants. Interviews guided by a semi‐structured interview guide were conducted with nine nurses from five different forensic psychiatric institutions and analysed with content analysis.

Findings

Nurses describe diverse understandings and abilities in an inflexible setting. This indicates that what participation is, and how to achieve it, is not the same for nurses as for patients. Moreover, patients have different abilities to participate, and the secure setting in itself is perceived as hindering participatory work. Still, participation is described as a crucial part of work that requires a caring relationship. Furthermore, nurses pronounce potentially excluding attitudes and strategies that may obstruct patient participation for all, and at the same time, they have a belief that improvement is possible.

Conclusion

Compulsory forensic psychiatric care is a complex care context that requires constant efforts from nurses to balance patients’ rights and needs with mandatory care. The very nature of this caring context appears to be a major obstacle when promoting patient participation. Nevertheless, nurses express that they do aim for patient participation, ‘they try’. From a patient's perspective, trying is not sufficient and a need for improvement is evident. The results can be of clinical interest in similar secure forensic psychiatric nursing settings, and a point of departure in future development of care striving for increased patient participation for all.