bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The milk production of reindeer cows and the share of milk in the growth of reindeer calves
Authors: Varo Mikko , Varo Hannu
Published: July 2018

The milk quantities obtained from the reindeer cows in the present study are probably, due to technical difficulties in the milking, lower than the actual values. For this reason the figures on the milk producing ability, and the connection between the milk yield and other characteristics of the cow or its calf, are bound to be uncertain. The general composition of reindeer milk is in fair agreement with results reported by other researchers (Tables 1, 4 and 5). Individual differences in the milk producing ability could clearly be detected. The correlations between the milk quantity and the constituents were usually not significant. The association between the dam’s spring weight and the protein percentage was significant (r = —0.47**). The range of the calves’ weights at birth was to a large degree mainteined during the entire period of growth (Table 9). The weight and growth of the calves was clearly dependent on the weight or on the size of the dam. The results obtained did not indicate any connection between the milk production characteristics of the dams and the growth of the calves (Tables 11 and 12). The spring weight of the dam has a more decisive influence on the growth of the calf than the birth weight of the latter. The results obtained seem to indicate that in the breeding for growth capacity, selection on the basis of the weight or size of the dams os of conclusive importance. In spite of the individual variations existing in the milk producing ability of reindeer cows, the importance ofthe quantity and composition of the milk seems to be covered by the genetically determined growth factors. As the size of reindeer can be determined more easily than the weight, the combined measure, (body length + chest girth), seems tobe a more suitable basis for evaluation.
Effects of different sucrose levels on digestibility and mastication of hay and on yield and composition of milk in dairy cow
Authors: Syrjälä Liisa
Published: July 2018

In the trials two dairy cows were fed on 6 kg of timothy hay and 0, 1, 2 and 4 kg of pure beet sugar. Cr2O3 was used as tracer. If the sugar addition to the diet was 1 kg/cow/day, there was practically no effect on the digestibility of hay. When the sugar was increased to 2 kg/cow/day, the digestibility of hay decreased 11.7 %-units. In the case of the cell wall complex the corresponding decrease was 17 %-units. After having 4 kg sugar/day both cows stopped eating completely. A 2 kg sugar addition depressed also the mastication in the alimentary tract, whereas 1 kg of sugar had only a slight effect on it. The dry matter of milk decreased by about 1 %-units when 1 kg sugar was given to the cows the decrease being in the milk fat content. 2 kg of sugar produced no further effect. The sugar additions to the diet did not affect the contents of milk protein, ash and lactose.
Kananmunamassan pastöroinnista ja jäädyttämisestä
Authors: Holopainen Merimaija
Published: July 2018

Ulkomaisten tutkimusten mukaan munamassan vatkautuvuus huononee ja vaahdon ominaisvolyymi (ml vaahtoa/g massaa) pienenee kun massaa pastöroidaan tai jäädytetään. Kun samanaikaisesti kuitenkin vaahdon säilyvyys paranee tulee valmiin kakun volyymi yhtä suureksi raaka-aineen käsittelystä riippumatta. Edellä esitetyissä munamassoja käsittelevissä tutkimuksissa ei ole saatu esille mitään mainittavia eroja munien, pastöroimattomien tai pastöroitujen munamassojen vatkautuvuudessa, vaahdon ominaisvolyymissä tai vaahdon säilyvyydessä. Massan jäädyttäminen on sensijaan alentanut vaahdon ominaisvolyymiä mutta toisaalta parantanut huomattavasti vaahdon säilyvyyttä. Kun pastöroitua ja jäähdytettyä massaa varastoitiin –25°C:ssa alkoi vaahdon ominaisvolyymi pienentyä edelleen kolmannen säilytyskuukauden lopulla ja 8 kk:n kuluttua se oli pienentynyt noin puoleen siitä mitä oli pastöroidun jäädyttämättömän massan ominaisvolyymi, Pastöroimattomalla massalla tämä ominaisuus säilyi muuttumattomana. Mikrobiologisten tutkimusten perusteella voidaan pastöroimattoman massan sanoa olevan hygieenisesti erittäin arveluttavan tuotteen. Sensijaan pastöroitua ja 6°C:ssa säilytettyä massaa voidaan pitää terveydelle haitattomana vielä viidentenä päivänä valmistuspäivästä lukien. Nykyisin on siirrytty käyttämään 4°C:een säilytyslämpötilaa, joka kirjallisuustutkimusten perusteella varmistaa tuotteen säilyvyyttä. Natriumbentsoaatin lisäykset 0.05, 0.1 tai 0.2 paino% (bentsoehapoksi laskettuna) eivät vaikuttaneet tuotteen säilyvyyteen 6°C:ssa säilytettäessä.
Lajikkeen, korjuuajan ja -menetelmän vaikutus kevätvehnän itävyyteen ja itämiskypsymättömyyteen
Authors: Lallukka Ulla
Published: July 2018

Tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että jos kevätvehnä korjattiin maito täystuleentuneena menetelmin, joihin liittyi jälkituleentuminen ennen puintia, sato täytti itävyydeltään yleensä hyvälle kylvösiemenelle asetetut vaatimukset. Jos korjuu tapahtui menetelmin, joihin ei liittynyt jälkituleentumista, maitotuleentuneena korjatun viljan itävyys jäi erittäin alhaiseksi. Korjuun viivästyessä itävyys heikkeni yleensä jonkin verran. Tutkituista lajikkeista Norröna ja Svenno näyttivät kestäneen heikoimmin varhaisella tuleentumisasteella suoritettua puintia. Ylituleentuneena korjattaessa Norrönan itävyys heikkeni voimakkaimmin. Jyvien itämiskypsymättömyys 2—3 viikkoa korjuun jälkeen näytti olevan varhain korjatuissa koejäsenissä suurempi kuin täys- tai ylituleentuneina korjatuissa, etenkin jos korjuumenetelmään ei liittynyt jälkituleentumista. Itämiskypsymättömyys oli suurempi tähkäidäntää kestävillä kuin sille alttiilla lajikkeilla. Jyvien itämiskypsymättömyyteen näyttivät vaikuttavan myös tuleentumista edeltävän ajan sääolot. Itämiskypsymättömyys väheni kylvöaikaan mennessä niin, että vehnän itävyys silloin täytti kylvösiemenelle asetetut vaatimukset.
Fertilizing experiments with anhydrous ammonia at Kotkaniemi
Authors: Pessi Yrjö , Syvälahti Jorma , Leskelä Auvo , Ylänen Mikko
Published: July 2018

On spring cereals and in fertilization in connection with the sowing of winter cereals the effectiveness of ammonia is comparable to that of calcium ammonium nitrate. In tests that were arranged at Rikkihappo Oy’s experimental farm Kotkaniemi it was established that anhydrous ammonia given in connection with spring cereal fertilization and autumn cereal earthing is equal to CAN in effect. 16 tests were carried out during a period of five years using placement fertilization the soil being silty clay in most cases. Differences did not occur in the grain yield, the 1000-grain number hl-weight or in the protein content of the grain crop. Urea proved to be less effective than the two other fertilizers.
Simplified dissection as an aid in carcass evaluation on the landrace and Yorkshire breeds
Authors: Uusisalmi Unto
Published: July 2018

Information on carcass quality obtained from dissection and conventional carcass evaluation was studied on the Landrace and Yorkshire breeds. Progeny testing pigs (n = 196) were slaughtered at a weight of c. 90 kg. After conventional carcass evaluation, the carcass half was dissected. The objects of study were the most valuable parts of the half carcass (= ham + carré + back + fore back + shoulder + kidney fat) and its skin+fat and meat+bone components. The possibility of restricting the dissection to the ham and the back was also examined. By means of the least squares methods the following results were obtained: The effect of the slaughter weight on the skin+fat, the meat+bone and the valuable part was very significant. The variation due to age was not significant. The carcass quality on the gilts was better than that of the castrates. By stepwise multiple regression procedures estimations were derived for the skin+fat component, the meat+bone component and the most valuable part of the carcass. By dissection of the ham and the back more information was generally obtained about the slaughter quality of the most valuable part than was obtained by the conventional carcass evaluation. The index (= A/B x A/C x10) was calculated, in which A = weight of the meat+bone component, B = age in days and C = weight of the half carcass. The index correlated with the skin+fat component and its percentage as follows: r = —0.34**– –0.55***, and with the meat+bone component and its percentage: r = 0.77*** —0.78***. Possibilities of developing the index were examined.
Pomo- ja etu-ohrien tunnistaminen
Authors: Ulvinen Osmo
Published: July 2018

Pomo- ja Etu-ohrat eroavat selvästi sekä toisistaan että kaikista muista Suomessa viljeltävistä lajikkeista, joten niiden aitouden valvonta yhtenäisinä ja itsenäisinä lajikkeina on suhteellisen helppoa.
Influence of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the amino acid composition of spring wheat
Authors: Elonen Paavo , Aho Liisa , Koivistoinen Pekka
Published: July 2018

Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland decreased the protein content of spring wheat flour in five field experiments in the years 1967—70, by 16 ± 4 per cent on an average. The amino acid composition, however, was improved, because the proportion of lysine was increased by 6 ± 4 %. Accordingly, the content of lysine in flour was decreased by irrigation only by 10 ± 5 %. An increase of fertilizer nitrogen from 68 to 144 kg/ha increased the protein content of wheat flour by 19 ± 5 %, but the proportion of lysine in the amino acid composition decreased by 9 ± 4 %. Therefore, the lysine content in flour was increased by nitrogen fertilization only by 8 ± 5 %. It seemed as if urea and ammonium nitrate limestone would have had about the same effect on the quantity and quality of wheat protein. As a consequence of the reversed influences of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on the wheat protein it was possible, by means of irrigation and an additional nitrogen fertilization, to produce 65 per cent higher grain yields without any noteworthy changes in the contents of protein or amino acids.
Lämpötilan ja poutajakson vaikutus jauhosavikan (Chenopodium album L.) ja viljan väliseen kilpailuun
Authors: Erviö Leila-Riitta
Published: July 2018

Koe I. Tutkimukset, jotka koskivat keskenään kilpailevaa jauhosavikkaa ja kauraa osoittivat seuraavaa: 1. Jauhosavikka ja kaura kehittyivät huomattavasti nopeammin 24° kuin 12° C:ssa. Kumpikin laji tarvitsi 24° C:ssa alkukehitykseensä samat lämpötilasummat 2-lehtiasteelle saakka. Siitä eteenpäin kehittyäkseen jauhosavikka tarvitsi pienemmät lämpötilasummat kuin kaura. Lämpötilan ollessa 12° C kauran alkukehitykseen 2-lehtiasteelle saakka riitti pienempi lämpötilasumma kuin jauhosavikalle. Alhainen lämpötila hidasti enemmän jauhosavikan kuin kauran painon nousua. 2. Lajinsisäisen ja kauran kanssa tapahtuneen kilpailun vaikutuksessa jauhosavikan yksilönpainoon ei ilmennyt eroja. Kilpailu jauhosavikan kanssa pienensi kauran yksilönpainoa ja kokonaissatoa. 3. Jauhosavikan ja kauran puhtaat kasvustot tuottivat pinta-alayksiköltä lähes yhtäsuuret kuiva-ainesadot kuin näiden sekakasvusto. Jauhosavikan sato sekakasvustossa jäi pienemmäksi kuin kauran käsittäen keskimäärin 22.6 % kokonaissadosta. Koe II. Poutajakson vaikutusta keskenään kilpailevaan jauhosavikkaan ja vehnään selvittäneet tutkimukset osoittivat seuraavaa: 4. Poutajakso ei vaikuttanut jauhosavikkaan, mutta alensi vehnän yksilönpainoa ja kokonaissatoa sekä jauhosavikan ja vehnän sekakasvuston satoa. Vehnäsato pieneni voimakkaimmin, kun poutakausi sattui vehnän ollessa orasasteella. 5. Kilpailu jauhosavikan kanssa alensi vehnän yksilönpainoa ja kokonaissatoa. Jauhosavikan yksilönpainoa pienensi lajinsisäinen kilpailu enemmän kuin kilpailu vehnän kanssa. Jauhosavikan yksilönpaino lisääntyi kasvuaikana suhteellisesti enemmän kuin vehnän. Sen painonlisäys yksilöä kohti oli suurempi, vehnän taas pienempi seka- kuin puhtaassa kasvustossa. 6. Puhdas jauhosavikkakasvusto tuotti pienimmän ja vehnäkasvusto suurimman sadon pinta-alayksiköltä. Sekakasvuston sadosta jauhosavikan osuus oli keskimäärin 65.3 % ja vehnän 34.7 %. Vehnään nähden korkeampi valtauskerroin osoitti jauhosavikan tätä voimakkaammaksi kilpailijaksi.
A dynamic model for determining the optimum cutting schedule of Italian ryegrass
Authors: Pohjonen Veli
Published: July 2018

A quantitative approach to the determination of the optimum cutting schedule of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) was presented. Optimization was based on a dynamic growth model which included the concepts crop growth rate, development rate and proper growth rate. The proper growth rate measured the growth potential associated with the stages of development in the sward. The crop growth rate of Italian ryegrass was studied at the Arctic Circle Experiment Station during 1973 and 1974. The proper growth rate was determined from primary observations as the derivative of an ordinary logistic curve which passes through origin. The maximum theoretical daily growth of Italian ryegrass was calculated as approx. 300 kg • ha-1• day-1. The optimum cutting schedules using gradient method were sought for Italian ryegrass sward. First, the maximum total dry-matter yield was looked for. Then the maximization was extended to the case, when the yield was weighted with the digestibility of the dry-matter. The maximum yield was obtained when the sward was cut three times, and when the cuttings were concentrated into the latter half of the growing season. The yield of the optimum cutting schedule was not sensitive to small changes in the cutting dates. In the conditions of Finnish Lapland the optimum cutting schedule of Italian ryegrass was: first cut at the end of July, second cut at the end of August and the third cut at the end of September.
Kuivatun kanansonnan energia-, valkuais- ja kivennäisarvo märehtijöillä
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa , Suvitie Marjatta , Näsi Matti
Published: July 2018

Munivien kanojen kuivatun sonnan energia-, valkuais- ja kivennäisarvoa tutkittiin sulavuus- ja tasokokeella neljällä täysikasvuisella pässillä. Peruskokeessa rehuna oli ohra ja olki sekä tarpeelliset kivennäis- ja vitamiinitäydennykset. Toisessa kokeessa dieettiin sisältyi 13% kanansontaa, joka sisälsi typpeä 6.7 % k.a:sta. Energiansaanti vastasi ylläpitotarvetta. Raakaproteiinin ja monien kivennäisten saanti ylitti kanansontakokeessa normien mukaisen tarpeen. Kanansonnan orgaanisen aineen sulavuudeksi saatiin differenssinä laskien 62.8 % ja kokonaistypen sulavuudeksi 88.4%. Energia-arvoksi tuli 1.58 Mcal. ME tai 0.47 ry/kg k.a. ja N-arvoksi 650 g srv/ry. Typen ja useimpien kivennäisten suhteen eläimet olivat tasapainossa eikä dieettien välillä ilmennyt selvää eroa.
Seossuhteen ja kylvöajankohdan vaikutus ohran ja kevätrypsin kilpailuun
Authors: Erviö Leila-Riitta
Published: July 2018

Ohran ja Fenno-kevätrypsin välistä kilpailua selvittävät tutkimukset osoittivat, että ohra voimakkaampana kilpailijana pienensi puhtaaseen kasvustoon verrattuna rypsin yksilönpainoa ja kuiva-ainesatoa sekakasvustoissa, joissa seossuhde ohra—rypsi oli 75—25, 50-50, ja 25—75 %. Ohran yksilönpainoa pienensi tässä kokeessa lajinsisäinen kilpailu, mutta ei kilpailu rypsin kanssa. Suurimman yksilömääränsä ansiosta puhdas ohrakasvusto tuotti kuitenkin runsaamman sadon kuin ohra sekakasvustossa. Kokeessa II ohra pienensi rypsin yksilönpainoa ja kuiva-ainesatoa sitä enemmän, mitä myöhemmin tämä ohraan verrattuna kylvettiin. Sen sijaan rypsi ei vaikuttanut haitallisesti ohraan. Myös kasveille laskettu valtauskerroin osoitti ohran kevätrypsiä aggressiivisemmaksi kilpailijaksi molemmissa kokeissa. Ohraan verrattuna myöhäinen rypsin kylvö alensi tämän kilpailukykyä sitä enemmän, mitä myöhemmin kylvö tapahtui.
Kasvuolojen ja lannoituksen vaikutus siemenperunan sadontuottokykyyn ja sadon laatuun
Authors: Varis Eero
Published: July 2018

Hankkijan kasvinjalostuslaitoksella tutkittiin 1960-luvullausein eri aineistoin kasvutekijöiden vaikutusta siemenperunan käyttöarvoon. Kasvuolosuhteiden vaikutus oli pieni verrattuna lajikkeiden välisiin satoeroihin ja virustautien vaikutukseen. Maalajeista olivat turvemaa ja multava savi hietamaata parempia kasvualustoja. Maaperän korkea Ca- ja P-pitoisuus vaikuttivat edullisesti siemenen sadontuottokykyyn, pH:n ja K-pitoisuuden vaikutus oli negatiivinen. Lämpösumma ja syyskuun sademäärä korreloituivat negatiivisesti tärkkelyspitoisuuteen, leveysaste vaihtoehtoisena selittäjänä positiivisesti. Siemenen tärkkelyspitoisuus vaikutti hyvin lievästi positiivisesti sekä mukulasatoon että tärkkelyspitoisuuteen. Korjuuajan vaikutus ei ollut merkitsevä, joskin suunta oli aikaisen korjuun eduksi. Ravinteista oli positiivinen vaikutus typellä, fosforilla, magnesiumilla ja mangaanilla. Kaliumin vaikutus oli vaihteleva ja riippui käytetystä määrästä. Kalsiumilla ei ollut merkitseviä vaikutuksia. Siemenmukuloiden tärkkelyspitoisuus vaikutti edullisesti sekä satoon että tärkkelyspitoisuuteen. Mukuloiden N- ja P-pitoisuus selittivät merkitsevästi siemenerien välisiä satoeroja. Mukuloiden Ca-pitoisuus vaikutti positiivisesti tärkkelyspitoisuuteen.
Field experiments with bark humus MoDo-Mylla
Authors: Valdmaa Kalju
Published: July 2018

This preliminary 3-year field experiment with bark humus MoDo-Mylla revealed that an application of 28 tons d.m./ha of bark humus to a sandy soil increased the content of organic carbon by about 0.5 % and that application of 56 tons d.m./ha increased the organic content of the topsoil by about 1%. Corresponding increases in organic carbon were obtained following application of 30 and 60 tons d.m./ ha MoDo-Mylla to a clay soil. The largest yield increase resulting from bark humus was obtained in the first year on the clay soil in Uppland. This increase amounted to 81 per cent at 30 tons d.m./ha and 108percent at 60 tons d.m./ha, in comparison with treatments without bark humus. Positive effects were also obtained in the second year in oats, while in the third year (winter wheat) the yield was similar in all treatments. In the first year of the experiment on sandy soil in Dalarna there was no yield promoting effect from the bark humus, probably because the experiment had been laid out on a newly ploughed ley. Positive effects of the bark humus appeared in the second and third years in the potato yields which were 10 % and 5 % higher in the third year at 56 tons d.m./ha of MoDo-Mylla than in the treatment without MoDo-Mylla. No directly yield-promoting effects were noticed on the yield of straw. The determinations of bulk weight and 1 000-kernel weight revealed a clear trend towards increased kernel weight in the treatments with bark humus at both experimental sites. The chemical analyses of grain and straw show that on the clay soil the addition of MoDo-Mylla resulted in decreases in the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the grain and, in addition to these, calcium in the straw. On sand soil the situtation is the reverse for nitrogen and potassium as an increase in these nutrients can be obtained following an application of bark humus. These differences in the nutrient content are probably linked with the yield levels.
Suomen viljelysmaiden sinkkipitoisuudesta
Authors: Kurki Martti
Published: July 2018

2-n suolahappoon liukenevan sinkin pitoisuus on korkein aitosavimaissa ja sen jälkeen hiesumaissa. Kivennäismaan muuttuessa karkeammaksi sinkkipitoisuus alenee ollen alin hiekkamaissa. Kaikista maalajeista alimmat pitoisuudet ovat turvemaissa. Metsäturpeissa pitoisuudet ovat korkeammat kuin muissa turvelajeissa. Sinkkipitoisuus on pohjois-Suomessa alin johtuen siellä vallitsevista turvemaista ja karkeista kivennäismaista. Korkeimmat pitoisuudet ovat etelä ja lounais-Suomen savi- ja hiesualueilla.
Lietelannan kasvinravinnepitosuuksista
Authors: Kähäri Jorma
Published: July 2018

Tutkimuksessa on esitetty analyysitulokset 51 lietelantanäytteestä, joista oli naudan lantanäytteitä 31 kpl ja sian lietelantanäytteitä 20 kpl. Näytteet oli kerätty vuosina 1964—73 eri koeasemilta, meijereitten sikaloista ja yksityisiltä tiloilta. Sian ja naudan lietelannan pH-arvot ja vesipitoisuudet olivat keskimäärin lähes samansuuruiset. Sian lietelannan ravinnepitoisuudet olivat yleensä korkeampia ja pitoisuuksien vaihelu oli suurempi kuin naudan lietelannassa. Kaliumin, raudan ja mangaanin pitoisuudet kuiva-ainetta kohti olivat molemmissa lietelannoissa samansuuruiset. Sian lietelannan liukoisen typen prosenttinen osuus kokonaistypestä oli kolminkertainen ja naudan lietelannassa kaksinkertainen verrattuna parsinavetasta ja pihatosta talteen otettuun naudan lantaan. Sian lietelannan sisältämän typen määrä oli huomattavan korkea verrattuna kaliumin määrään. Saatujen lukujen perusteella voitiin todeta, että käytettäessä 40 000 kg lietelantaa hehtaaria kohti joutuu maahan kalsiumia, magnesiumia ja hivenravinteita keskimäärin peltokasvien 1—2 vuoden tarvetta vastaavat määrät. Tässä tutkimuksessa saadut lietelannan kasvinravinnepitoisuudet eivät näyttäneet poikkeavan merkittävästi muualla saaduista tuloksista.
The use of ultrasonics in phenotype testing of rams
Authors: Hellman Tapani , Ojala Matti , Varo Mikko
Published: July 2018

An experiment in developing phenotype testing of rams was begun in 1975. One of the investigated characteristics was the area of the MLD measured ultrasonically. The experiment consisted of 130 rams on two feeding levels. In one group the rams were fed both hay and concentrates ad libitum, while in the other group concentrates were restricted. 124 of the rams were ultrasonically photographed, 61 from the ad libitum and 63 from the restricted feeding group. Weights (5 mths), daily gains and areas of MLD were approximately 39.3 kg (s.d. 4.4), 249 g (42), 11.6 cm2 (1.35) and 33.1 kg (4.6), 182g (32) and 9.4 cm2 (0.96) respectively. The ultrasonic area of the MLD correlated 0.52 and 0.32 with the area measured from carcasss. As a rule the ultrasonic area of the MLD correlated positively with other measures of live animals and slaughter results, but correlations with measures of relative meatiness were almost all nonsignificant. In completing the information concerning dressing weight and quantity of meat given by live weight, the ultrasonic area of the MLD proved to be the best of the measures on live animals. The rams in this experiment came from all over Finland but the next stage will consist mostly of progeny of the rams now selected (the two best and the two medium ones from both groups). With progeny testing the success of selection based on phenotype will be checked.
Effects of percolating water with graduated acidity upon the leaching of nutrients and the changes in some chemical properties of mineral soils
Authors: Haman František
Published: July 2018

Leaching of nutrients and the changes in some chemical properties of surface soil layer treated with solutions of gradual acidity were followed under laboratory conditions. The 25-cm-high columns of three soils, (A – fine sand, B - loam, C - clay loam), placed in plastic tubes were treated with deionized water (pH 6) and with three solutions (pH 5, pH 4, pH 3) of sulphuric acid. The washed out were determined in the leachates collected into plastic bags. The largest amount of nitrogen found in the leachates was in the form of nitrate and this was proportional to the content of organic matter in the soils. The leached amount of NH4-N was considerably lower and like potassium it was negatively dependent upon the clay content in the soils. The concentrations of K, Ca and Mg in the leachates rose in relation to the declining pH of percolating solutions. Especially in soil A, acid solutions of pH 5 (and lower) washed out very effectively the cations. Soils Band C (with a higher content of clay particles) showed a higher resistance to K, Ca and Mg leaching. The acidified water influenced even the pH of the surface layer (0—7,5 cm) of soils in the columns. The most marked decrease in pH values was found in soil A after an application of the solution with pH 3. A decrease in the content of basic cations (Ca and Mg) was parallel to the acidification of the upper layer of the soils.
Sääolot ja niiden vaikutus kasvintuotantoon Etelä-Suomessa 1966—1976
Authors: Lallukka Ulla , Mukula Jaakko
Published: July 2018

Tutkimusjakson kasvukaudet olivat vuosina 1968, 1974 ja 1976 lukuunottamatta lämpimämpiä kuin pitkän ajanjakson (1930—1960) kasvukaudet keskimäärin. Erityisen lämpimiä olivat kesät 1972 ja 1973. Tarkastelunkohteena olevat kasvukaudet olivat keskimäärin kuivia, vain kesinä 1967 ja 1972 ajankohdan normaalisademäärät ylitettiin selvästi. Kasvukauden sateet ajoittuvat kuitenkin usein epäedullisesti sikäli että alkukesä on kuiva, mutta korjuukausi sateinen. Korjuukauden runsaiden sateiden aiheuttamista puintivaikeuksista ja sadon laadun heikentymisestä johtuvia satotappioita koettiin tutkimusjakson aikana Etelä-Suomessa erityisesti vuosina 1972 ja 1974. Kasvukauden aikana sattuneiden hallojen aiheuttamat vahingot jäävät maamme etelärannikolla yleensä vähäisiksi. Vuonna 1975 esiintyi kuitenkin harvinaisen ankaria keväthalloja syysrukiin tähkälletulovaiheessa ja ne aiheuttivat paikoin satovahinkoja. Jakson aikaisimmat syyshallat koettiin vuosina 1966 ja 1976. Nekin sattuivat kuitenkin vasta elokuun lopulla ja syyskuun alussa eivätkä siten Tikkurilan oloissa enää aiheuttaneet satovahinkoja peltokasveille. Talvehtivien kasvien kannalta vaikein oli runsasluminen talvikausi 1965/66, jolloin talvituhosienien aiheuttamat tuhot olivat yleisiä. Tutkimuksessa todettiin myös, että kylvöstä tuleentumiseen laskettu lämpötilasumma on kevätviljojen osalta tarkempi kasvuajan mitta kuin yleisesti käytössä oleva kasvupäivien lukumäärä.
Utilization of untreated and formaldhyde treated skimmilk powder and skimmilk powder-barley pellets by ruminants
Authors: Syrjälä Liisa , Syväoja Eeva-Liisa , Boman Marjatta
Published: July 2018

The utilization of spray-dried fat free milk powder in three different froms 1) untreated, 2) treated with formaldehyde (0.4 g formaldehyde/100 g crude protein) and 3) pelleted with barley meal (30 % milk powder and 70 % barley meal) was studied with three rumen-fistulated dairy cows according to a 3 x 3 Latin square. The effects of different treatments were investigated with respect to rumen fermentation, microbial determinations and milk and blood analyses. The basic feed in every diet consisted of hay, grass silage, barley, oats, mineral and vitamin mixtures. Feeding was according to nutrient requirement. In each diet 25 % of the DCP required for milk production was replaced with milk protein. The NH3 concentration in the rumen fluid was lowest on the pelleted diet followed by the formaldehyde treated and untreated skimmilk powder diets, the differences only being significant between the pelleted and untreated diets. The pH values were significantly higher on the pelleted diet than on the other diets. The VFA content of the rumen fluid was similar on the different diets. The total amount of rumen ciliates was highest on the untreated skimmilk powder diet and lowest on the pelleted diet. The quantity of bacteria was however lower on the untreated skimmilk powder diet than on the other diets. Bacteria constituted 72—88 % of the total microbe mass on the different diets. The total microbe mass consisted of the following percentages of rumen content on the different diets: untreated 3.3 %, formaldehyde treated 3.2 % and pelleted diet 2,9 %. No effects on the milk yields and blood contents were found with the different treatments of skimmilk powder. Milk protein-% was significantly higher on the untreated skimmilk powder diet than on the pelleted diet.
The nitrogen effect of peat addition in clay soil
Authors: Salonen Martti , Kähäri Jorma
Published: July 2018

The nitrogen effect of ligno Carex peat addition to heavy clay with a low content of organic matter was investigated in a pot experiment of eight years. The test plant was oats. The nitrogen effect proved to be very small. It was evident that the positive effect of an addition of peat to mineral soil, which in some cases can be very marked in field conditions, is mainly physical. Primarily it may be due to improved soil moisture conditions.
The development of agricultural production in Finland 1975—85
Authors: Kettunen Lauri
Published: July 2018

Forecasts of the production of main agricultural products until 1985 are based on an assumption that slightly lower targets for self-sufficiency of each product will be maintained in the future. Internal factors are also taken into account in estimating the evolution of agricultural production in the 1980's. Milk production is predicted to drop to 2910 mill. litres, beef production to 105 mill. kg. and egg production to 70 mill. kg. by 1985. Comsumption of pork is increasing and, therefore, the pork production is estimated to rise to 180 mill. kg. Similarly, the prospects for poultry meat are good as the production is forecasted to increase to 25 mill. kg. by 1985. There forecasts imply that the volume of agricultural production will remain quite stable. Since the yields in crop production are expected to increase by 1.5 per cent per year, overproduction would likewise seem to rise. However, the cultivated area has decreased and evidently will decrease further in the future due to policy measures aimed at curtailing the growth of production. Consequently the overproduction situation will not deteriorate very much from what it is at present.
Fungus diseases of field bean in Finland during 1975—1977
Authors: Ruokola Anna-Liisa , Vestberg Mauritz
Published: July 2018

During 1975—1977, studies were carried out on the fungus diseases of field bean and attempts were made to find, through seed-dusting trials, suitable methods for their control. The fungal flora in a total of 43 seed lots containing 140—200 seeds each were determined. In addition, plant samples collected from farms where field beans were under cultivation and field bean cultivar trials in seven localities were analysed. The weather conditions in the growing seasons of 1975 and 1977 were rather exceptional, the former being dry and warm and the latter rainy and cool. Ripe crops were obtained from the control experiments, in which the seeds of 3—4 field bean cultivars were dusted with thiram and benomyl preparations, only in 1975 and 1976. Ascochyta fabae Speg. was rare in all the seed samples apart from those from Länsi-Hahkiala, where the degree of infection varied, depending on the cultivar, from 1.3—20 %. Botrytis fabae Sard. was rare in the seeds, B. cinerea Pers. ex Fr. quite common in 1976 and especially in 1977. The frequency of the Fusarium fungi were very great on the seeds in 1977, F. culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc. and F. avenaceum (Fr.) Sacc. being the most common. A. fabae was quite common in the stand samples collected at Länsi-Hahkiala in 1975 and 1976. The chocolate spot-causing agents, B. fabae and B. cinerea, were relatively rare in all years except 1977, when some cultivars were heavily infested by B. cinerea.
Application of a semi-automatic micro-DBC analyzer system for screening basic amino acids in single grains
Authors: Saastamoinen Marketta , Tigerstedt P. M. A.
Published: July 2018

The micro-DBC method (dye binding capacity) developed for single seeds is based on the FP-9 Analyzer System, which was originally developed for medical research. With a few extra devices it was adapted for seed protein micro-DBC determination. With the new analyzing system it is possible to calculate the amount of acid orange 12 dye bound by a single grain, determined per unit weight of the grain. In the FP-9 Analyzer System, nine samples are handled simultaneously at all working stages. The system includes 9-tipped pipettes, a 9-tipped automatic diluter, scales, a grinder for 9 grains, a mixer for 8 x 9 samples and a centrifuge for 4 x 9 samples, and a photometer for 9 samples as well as a programmable desk calculator connected to it. The largest volume to be pipetted is 1 ml. Twentyone barley lines, donated by Dr. L. Munck, Carlsberg Laboratory, Denmark, were studied with the FP-9 Analyzer System. From each barley line, 4—12 grains were studied. The correlation coefficient (r) between their means and the results obtained by the macro-DBC system was 0.9600***. The coefficient of variation (C.V. %) within the barley lines was 4.74 —23.28 %. With homogeneous standard flour the coefficient of variation was 1.81 —3.79 % for eight cuvette blocks with 9 samples each. The micro-DBC system has been specially developed for plant breeding purposes. Screening of material can be carried out on single or half grains in segregating early generations (F2—F5). Thus the cultivation of large line materials can partly be avoided.
Preliminary studies on the conservation of whole sorghum and corn plant and sugar corn stover for silage
Authors: Setälä J. , Seppälä J. , Pulli S.
Published: July 2018

The whole corn plant and sugar corn stover were ensiled in stacks covered with plastics and soil. Sorghum was ensiled in tower silo. The amounts of fodder ensiled were 2 500 kg, 3 100 kg and 1400 kg, respectively. All silages were chopped with a precision chopper and ensiled without preservatives. The feeding values of the silages were determined with sheep according to 2 X 3 X 3 Latin square design. Urea (0.3 % of the fresh weight) was added to the silages before feeding. An intense secondary fermentation was found in all silages. The possible causes for this were the soil contamination of the fodder during harvesting and the effluent remained in the stack silages. The secondary fermentation decreased the sugar content of the silages and increased the fermentation losses especially in the corn silage. However, the quality of the silages was fairly good. Urea decreased the palatability of the silages and it would be better to add the urea to the silages before the ensiling. The energy and DCP values of the silages were quite modest. There were 0.63, 0.72 and 0.69 f.u./kg silage DM in sorghum, corn and corn stover silages, respectively The corresponding values for DCP were 75, 62 and 86 g/kg silage DM (urea included).
Maize for silage: I. Conservation of whole maize plant for silage with treatment of preservatives and urea before ensiling
Authors: Setälä J. , Seppälä J. , Pulli S.
Published: July 2018

Maize was harvested with a precision chopper and ensiled in five plastic tower silos, 1 500 kg fodder/silo. The silages and the ensiling methods were: 0.5 % urea per fresh weight (A), 1.0 % urea per fresh weight + Viher-acid 4 1/1000 kg of silage (B), 0.5 % urea per fresh weight + Viher-acid 4 1/1000 kg of silage (C). Viher-acid 4 1/1000 kg of silage (D) and silage without urea or preservatives (E). The dry matter content of the whole maize was 21 % and the crude protein content was 10.8 % in DM. The addition of urea increased the crude protein (N x 6.25) content in A- and C-silages to 17.7 percent and in B-silage to 24.9 percent. The quality of the silages was good, and some marks of butyric acid was found only in the silage ensiled without Viher-acid or urea. The addition of Viher-acid lowered the fermentation rate so that the sugar content of the corresponding silages was higher. The sugar content was higher (P < 0.01) and the content of lactic acid lower (P < 0.001) in the silage ensiled only with Viher-acid. Urea increased the content of lactic acid and the content of acetic acid of the silages. In the silages ensiled with urea the use of Viher-acid tended to lower the fermentation rate. The use of urea increased the NH3-N (P < 0.05) and the soluble N contents (P < 0.001) in the silages. In spite of the low dry matter content of the silages some enrichment of the urea in the lower parts of the silos was only found in the silage ensiled with 1 % of urea (P > 0.05) and Viher-acid. This was due to the larger effluent amount from the silo. The fermentation losses of dry matter were smallest in the silage D (3.9 %) and highest in the silage E (11.6 %) (P < 0.05). The losses in A-, B- and C-silages were 7.6 %, 4.7 % and 9.2 %, respectively. The use of urea decreased the fermentation losses.
Aspects of the metabolism of 14C-labelled compounds by cows on a protein-free feed with urea and ammonium salts as the sole source of nitrogen
Authors: Kreula Matti , Rauramaa Aino
Published: July 2018

In the feeding experiments performed at the Biochemical Research Institute with test cows (the so-called 0-cows) the biosynthesis of milk component from different energy sources and from urea used as the nitrogen source was studied. The basic idea was to elucidate the effect of various feed components and substances formed in rumen fermentation on the biosynthesis of milk components. In the studies preparations labelled with 15N and 14C were used. The feed of the test cows did not contain protein at all, the carbohydrates were hexose-based and fat in the form of oil was used very scantily. All the proteins required were synthesised by test cows in symbiosis with their rumen microbes from ammonium nitrogen which they obtained from urea and ammonium salts. Protozoa disappeared gradually from the rumen and the number of bacteria increased, becoming many tens of times the number in normally-fed cows. Of the substances labelled with 14C, stearic acid and acetic acid had the highest incorporation into the different milk components. Stearic acid is transferred to milk fat almost solely as such, but apparently is used for the formation of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids as well. Acetic acid also is incorporated mainly into fat, though it is transferred in considerable amounts also to the other milk components. Propionic acid is by nature gluconeogenetic and butyric acid lipogenic. The carbon of sucrose and lactic acid is incorporated fairly evenly into the various milk components. The studies suggest that there are only very small amounts of aromatic compounds in 0-cow tissues. According to the relative retention times the components of milk are synthesised from the different energy sources at various rates. The syntheses of citric acid and lactose are the most rapid, those of protein and fat the slowest. The feeding has a marked effect on the composition of the milk fat. On the basis of these experiments, the far-developed urea feeding does not seem to have any pronounced effect on the participation of the substances studied in the biosynthesis of milk.
Incorporation of 15N and 14C into amino acids of bacterial and protozoal protein in the rumen of the cow on urea-rich feed
Authors: Syväoja Eeva-Liisa , Kreula Matti
Published: July 2018

The utilization of the non-protein nitrogen and carbon of feed by rumen microorganisms for the synthesis of protein was studied by administering [U-14C] sucrose and 15NH4Cl to a cow on urea-rich, low-protein feed. By studying the labelling of the protozoa and bacteria and the amino acids isolated from them at intervals up to 48 hours afterwards, it was found that the bacteria synthesized amino acids from nonprotein nitrogen much more rapidly and effectively than the protozoa. Also the labelling of the carbon in the amino acids of the bacteria was more rapid than in the protozoa. In both protozoa and bacteria there was intracellular storage of [14C] sucrose. Of the bacterial amino acids the most vigorous 14C labelling was found in Glu, Arg, Lys, Val and Ala and the weakest labelling in Gly, His and Ser. Of the protozoal amino acids Ala, Asp, Glu, Leu and Lys had the highest labelling and Pro, Gly, His and Phe the lowest. In the bacterial protein the labelling of Pro and Arg was ten times that of the corresponding protozoal amino acids, and Asp, Ser and Ala four times. After the 15NH4Cl dose the half-life of 15N in the rumen fluid was estimated to be 3.3 h. Labelled ammonium nitrogen was about 11 —15 % of the bacterial nitrogen and 2—3 % of the protozoal nitrogen after 1 h. Of the protozoal amino acids Ala, Glu, Val, Asp and Met had the most vigorous labelling, and of the bacterial amino acids Glu, Asp, Ser, He and Tyr. The slowest incorporation of ammonium nitrogen was into His, Pro, Arg and Gly in both bacteria and protozoa. The labelling of the bacterial amino acids was approximately 7—8 times more vigorous than that of the protozoal amino acids. The labelling of Ala was only 4 times, and that of Val, Met and Glu 5 times more vigorous than with protozoal protein. The pathway of histidine synthesis seemed to be restricted in both bacteria and protozoa and therefore may be a limiting factor in protein synthesis, particularly in cows fed urea as the sole source of nitrogen. Of the 14C and 15N label given, 12.9 and 9 % respectively was secreted in the milk during the first 3 days; over the same period the 14C and 15N excreted in the faeces plus urine accounted for 16.9 and 44.3 % respectively of that administered.
The effect of mercury, quintozene and thiophanate-methyl on the yield of winter rye at the Kotkaniemi experimental farm during the years 1972—1978
Authors: Uoti Juhani
Published: July 2018

The spraying of the seedlings in the autumn with thiophanate-methyl gave the highest yield increase when there was snowmould present. In most cases the yield increase was obtained even in the absence of the disease. Seeddressing with this product also appeared very beneficial. The results of quintozene-spraying and mercury-seeddressing were not as good. The difficulty of finding the correct timing for quintozene-spraying limits its efficiency in practice.
Chemical weed control in winter wheat: Efficiency and economic return
Authors: Uoti Juhani , Juvankoski Tuomo
Published: July 2018

In field trials in Vihti during the years 1968—1978 the average yield increase in winter wheat obtained with chemical Weed control was 439 kg/ha with a yield level of 3 704 kg/ha. The moisture content in percentages was 1.2 % lower in the sprayed plots than in the unsprayed plots. The number and the dry weight of weeds was greatly reduced by the spraying. The producer price for the wheat being at present 1 mk/kg, the value of the yield increase for the farmer is 439 mk/ha, whereas the decrease of the moisture content saves in drying costs 36 mk/ha. When the spraying costs estimated at 153 mk/ha have been deducted from these figures, the net return for the farmer is 322 mk/ha.
A polyol mixture and molasses-treated beed pulp in the silage based diet of dairy cows: III The effect on the utilization of minerals
Authors: Tuori Mikko
Published: July 2018

The effect of sugar alcohol (polyol) mixture feeding on the utilization of Ca, Mg, Na, K and P was studied in a balance trial with 12 dairy cows. The cows were divided into 3 groups: Group I received a grain concentrate mixed with 26 % of polyoltreated beet pulp, Group II the concentrate mixed with 29 % of molasses beet pulp, and Group III only the grain concentrate. Cows were given 7—8 kg/d of concentrate, 2 kg/d of hay, and silage at almost ad lib. level. The intake of sugar alcohols was 484 g/d in Group I and total intake of sugars was 461, 736 and 435 g in Groups I, II and IIII, respectively. No polyols were secreted in the faeces, and in the urine only 0.7 % of the intake, most of which was xylitol, rhamnitol and arabinitol. Small amounts of polyols were also secreted in the urine of the molasses beet pulp group. There were no clear effects of polyol feeding on the apparent digestibility or utilization of minerals. However, the readily fermentable carbohydrates in the diet tends to increase the apparent absorption and utilization of magnesium. Secretion of potassium was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the polyol beet pulp group than in the molasses beet pulp group.
On the DBC protein content and on the amino acid contents in F5 lines of the barley line Hiproly
Authors: Saastamoinen Marketta
Published: July 2018

Two descendant groups of the barley line Hiproly and the parents, Hja c2661 and Hja c4003, were examined for variations in the DBC protein and amino acid contents. The frequency distributions of the DBC protein content in both descendant groups were unimodal and no effect of one gene was seen, even though the high lysine content of Hiproly is caused by one gene (lys). The means of the DBC protein contents in these F5 generations were 19.1 % and 19.0 %. Environmental factors have a great effect on the DBC protein content: environmental variances from the total variances were 93.84 % and 41.54 %. In the lines with the highest DBC protein contents there were generally more basic amino acids, phenylalanine and proline, than in the lines with the lowest DBC protein contents. Therefore, it appears that the lines with the highest DBC protein contents contain much albumins and prolamins. Also, the ratios of basic amino acids to proline indicated that the relationships between albumins and prolamins were nearly the same for all the lines. Thus, the high DBC protein content in many lines is really based on high amounts of albumins and prolamins at the same time. The present study indicated that Hiproly may be better than the Risø 1508 mutant of barley in breeding for the yielding capacity, because the lys gene of Hiproly does not seem to decrease the prolamin content.
The in vitro determination of the protein quality of rumen microorganisms of cows on urea-rich feed
Authors: Syväoja Eeva-Liisa , Kreula Matti
Published: July 2018

The amino acid composition, essential amino acid index (EAA-I), pepsin-pancreatin in vitro digestibility and pepsin-pancreatin-digest-residue-index (PPDR-I) of the rumen bacterial and protozoal protein of cows fed urea and ammonium salts as their sole source of nitrogen (0-cows) or as a partial source (ULP-cows), and of cows on normal protein-rich feed (NorP-cows), were determined. The amino acid compositions of the rumen bacteria showed very slight changes even though the diets were very different. The amino acid compositions of the pure bacterial strains isolated from the rumina differed slightly. The amino acid compositions of the rumen protozoa of the ULP- and NorP-cows differed only with respect to isoleucine and tyrosine. Protozoa could be found only occasionally in the rumen of the 0-cow, there being only two species. Their nutritional significance was obviously very small. When the nutritional quality of the microbial protein was studied on the basis of its amino acid composition it was found that the EAA-I of bacteria did not differ significantly. Neither did the EAA-I of protozoa differ. The pepsin-pancreatin in vitro digestibility of protozoa was higher on all the feeds than that of bacteria. The rumen bacterial in vitro digestibility with 0-cows differed from that of the ULP-samples but not from that of the NorP-samples. The digestibility of single amino acids, With the exception of diaminopimelic acid, glycine and alanine, did not differ from the digestibility of the total amino acids. The much larger number of bacteria in the rumen of 0-cows compared with those of ULP- and NorP-cows compensates in this way for the lower digestibility of bacterial protein in 0-cows. The PPDR-I of both bacteria and protozoa were well correlated with the in vitro digestibility.