bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new stoma for an older person—An association with quality of life and physical function: A systematic review
Authors: Neuberger Lydia , Braude Philip , Weeks Kayleigh , Braude Peter , Halliday Ruth , McCarthy Kathryn , Carter Ben
Published: May 2022

Background

Older people are more likely to have a stoma postabdominal surgery than younger people. Few studies have examined the effect of a stoma on older people. The aim of this review was to explore the effect of a stoma on functional independence of an older person. We explored secondary outcomes of poststoma formation length of hospital stay, quality of life and factors affecting stroma independence.

Methods

An exploratory systematic review was developed by our multidisciplinary group including an expert patient, colorectal surgeon, stoma nurse, physiotherapist, geriatrician, and methodologist. Four databases were searched including studies with participants 60 years old or older, who had undergone abdominal surgery for any pathology resulting in an abdominal stoma.

Results

We identified 857 studies, of which we included 25 in the final review incorporating 6972 participants (average age 67.4 years). There was a strong association between presence of stoma and (1) worse physical function (standardized MD = 0.7; 95% CI 0.21–1.19; I2 = 95) and (2) worse quality of life (standardized MD = 1.61; 95% CI 0.5–2.72, I2 = 98). The same effect was seen in fecal ostomy and urinary diversion. Few studies measured stoma independence and only one examined factors affecting this. No studies examined length of stay.

Conclusions

Stoma have a negative association with the physical function and quality of life of older people. Future studies should focus on identifying modifiable factors that may affect physical function, quality of life, and stoma independence.
Endpoints and viewpoints on spatial neglect
Authors: McIntosh Robert D. , Ishiai Sumio
Published: May 2022

In this issue of the Journal of Neuropsychology, Abe and Ishiai (2022) report an experiment designed to probe the subjective experience of line bisection in neglect. A re‐analysis of their data can also offer insights into how best to characterise neglect performance for this and other tasks. We show that sensitive measures of neglect can be obtained by quantifying the difference in the influence (or ‘weighting’) that each endpoint has on the response. The right endpoint is dramatically more influential than the left in people with neglect performing line bisection and endpoint reproduction tasks. This supports the view that neglect may limit the ability to simultaneously represent two locations, so that the response is determined primarily with respect to the right endpoint. We also discuss Abe and Ishiai's conclusion that bisection responses in neglect are accompanied by the subjective experience of a complete line extending equally to either side of the chosen midpoint.
How organizational cultures shape social cognition for newcomer voices
Authors: Duan Jinyun , Lin Xiaoshuang , Wang Xiaotian , Xu Yue
Published: May 2022

Drawing on cue consensus theory and status characteristics theory, we argue that the consensus between newcomer voice (challenging vs. supportive) and organizational culture (individualistic vs. collectivistic) leads to observers' social cognition of warmth or competence. Based on two survey studies and two experiment studies, we found that individualistic organizational culture strengthens the positive relationship between challenging voice and perceived competence and that voice constructiveness mediates this moderating effect. We also found that collectivistic organizational culture strengthens the positive relationship between supportive voice and perceived warmth, and prosocial motivation mediates this moderating effect. Focusing on consistent cues between voice and organizational culture, our research contributes to the voice literature, answering when and how both newcomer challenging voice and supportive voice can lead to perceived warmth and competence. Our results offer both theoretical implications and practical insights for employees and organizations.
“She will control my son”: Navigating womanhood, English and social mobility in India
Authors: Highet Katy
Published: May 2022

Through its colonial, class‐ and caste‐based history, English in India has come to be seen as a powerful resource that opens doors for those who ‘have’ it and holds back those who do not. For women, English ostensibly offers various promises in addition to employment: progressiveness and ‘empowerment’; and the potential for upward mobility through marriage. Yet, the conversion of English capital for English‐speaking Indian women proves to be intensely complex in practice, as many find themselves forced to navigate between shifting moral regimes attached to ‘tradition’ and ‘modernity’. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in an NGO in Delhi that offers free English training to ‘disadvantaged youth’, this paper explores how English capital is managed by young women striving to attain middle classness through English, and how their class, caste and gender positionings are negotiated across particular time‐space configurations as they seek to become English speakers.
The dark side of business model innovation: An empirical investigation into the evolvement of customer resistance and the effectiveness of potential countermeasures
Authors: Heidenreich Sven , Freisinger Elena , Landau Christian
Published: May 2022

In the past decade, a core assumption of research on business model innovation (BMI) has been its beneficial character. However, studies have shown that potentially disrupting BMI is not immune to failure. Still, studies that investigate the causes of BMI failures are lacking. This article shifts the focus to the dark side of BMI by using a demand‐side approach, which cross‐fertilizes on the new product development (NPD) research stream of passive innovation resistance. We argue that BMI, like any other type of innovation, imposes change on the customer, which endangers the status quo. As a result, passive innovation resistance evolves, potentially disrupting continuous adoption. Thus, the main goal of the current study is to investigate whether and how BMI evokes negative effects of passive innovation resistance on customers' adoption behavior (Study 1) and to determine which marketing instruments can be used as countermeasures (Study 2). Our findings confirm that passive innovation resistance is a strong inhibitor of continuous BMI adoption. However, the detrimental effects of passive innovation resistance on continuous BMI adoption can be attenuated by employing benefit comparisons or testimonials in business model (BM) announcements. From a theoretical perspective, this study enhances the current knowledge on how stable customer predispositions affect the adoption process of BMI. By so doing, our study confirms the applicability of passive innovation resistance beyond the NPD domain but also sheds light on differences in the cause‐effect mechanism between BMI and product innovation contexts. From a managerial perspective, this study equips managers with effective countermeasures to passive innovation resistance that should reduce the probability of BMI failure.
Sociodemographic disparities in preterm birth and low birthweight in the State of Georgia: Results from the 2017‐2018 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System
Authors: Kondracki Anthony J. , Reddick Bonzo , Smith Betsy E. , Geller Pamela A. , Callands Tamora , Barkin Jennifer L.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

To update the overall prevalence of preterm birth (PTB) (<37 weeks gestation) and low birthweight (LBW) (<2,500 g) in the State of Georgia, including rural and urban counties.

Methods

A sample was drawn from the 2017‐2018 Georgia Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS). In the complete‐case data of singleton births (n=1,258), we estimated the weighted percentage prevalence of PTB, LBW, early/late PTB, and moderately/very LBW subcategories in association with maternal sociodemographic characteristics, and the prevalence stratified by rural/urban county of residence. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) of PTB and LBW adjusting for selected covariates. Logistic regression results from multiple imputation by chained equations (MICE) were used for comparison.

Findings

The overall rate for PTB was 9.3% and 6.8% for LBW and among them, 2.3% were early PTB, 7.0% were late PTB, 5.4% were moderately LBW (MLBW), and 1.3% were very LBW (VLBW). Non‐Hispanic Black women had the highest prevalence of PTB, LBW, early PTB, MLBW, and VLBW, as well as PTB and LBW in urban counties and LBW in rural counties. The odds of PTB (aOR 1.38; 95% CI: 0.81, 2.35) and LBW (aOR 2.68; 95% CI: 1.32, 5.43) were also higher among non‐Hispanic Black relative to non‐Hispanic White women and among women who received adequate‐plus prenatal care compared to inadequate prenatal care.

Conclusions

Socioeconomic and health disparities created by disadvantage should be a focus of state policy to improve neonatal outcomes in the State of Georgia.
Effectiveness of FastFung agar in the isolation of Malassezia furfur from skin samples
Authors: Atsü Nilhan , Ergin Çağrı , Caf Nazlı , Türkoğlu Zafer , Döğen Aylin , İlkit Macit
Published: May 2022

Background

Lipophilic basidiomycetous yeasts of the Malassezia genus can cause various skin diseases, such as seborrheic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor, folliculitis and atopic dermatitis, and even life‐threatening fungemia in newborns and immunocompromised individuals. Routine mycological media used in clinical practice do not contain sufficient lipid ingredients required for the growth of Malassezia species. A recently developed medium, FastFung agar, is promising for culturing fastidious fungal species.

Methods

In this study, we compared FastFung agar and mDixon agar for culturing Malassezia species from nasolabial fold and retroauricular specimens of 83 healthy individuals and 187 and 57 patients with acne vulgaris and seborrheic dermatitis, respectively.

Results

Malassezia species were identified using conventional tests and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry. In total, 96 of 654 samples (14.6%) contained Malassezia species. The total isolation rate was significantly higher in patients with seborrheic dermatitis (40.4%) than in healthy volunteers (21.7%; p < .05), and the rate of M. furfur isolation was significantly higher for patients with acne vulgaris (13.9%) and seborrheic dermatitis (24.6%) than for healthy individuals (1.5%; p < .05). FastFung agar was superior to mDixon agar in M. furfur isolation (p = .004) but showed similar performance in the case of non‐M. furfur species (p > .05). Among cultured Malassezia species, perfect agreement between mDixon agar and FastFung agar was found only for M. globosa (κ = 0.90).

Conclusion

Our results indicate that FastFung agar favours the growth of Malassezia species and should be useful in clinical mycology laboratories.
Encouraging healthier grocery purchases online: A randomised controlled trial and lessons learned
Authors: Bunten Amanda , Shute Becky , Golding Sarah E. , Charlton Caroline , Porter Lucy , Willis Zachary , Gold Natalie , Saei Ayoub , Tempest Bethan , Sritharan Nilani , Arambepola Rohan , Yau Amy , Chadborn Tim
Published: May 2022

Online supermarket platforms present an opportunity for encouraging healthier consumer purchases. A parallel, double‐blind randomised controlled trial tested whether promoting healthier products (e.g. lower fat and lower calorie) on the Sainsbury's online supermarket platform would increase purchases of those products. Participants were Nectar loyalty membership scheme cardholders who shopped online with Sainsbury's between 20th September and 10th October 2017. Intervention arm customers saw advertisement banners and recipe ingredient lists containing healthier versions of the products presented in control arm banners and ingredient lists. The primary outcome measure was purchases of healthier products. Additional outcome measures were banner clicks, purchases of standard products, overall purchases and energy (kcal) purchased. Sample sizes were small due to customers navigating the website differently than expected. The intervention encouraged purchases of some promoted healthier products (spaghetti [B = 2.10, p < 0.001], spaghetti sauce [B = 2.06, p < 0.001], spaghetti cheese [B = 2.45, p = 0.001], sour cream [B = 2.52, p < 0.001], fajita wraps [B = 2.10, p < 0.001], fajita cheese [B = 1.19, p < 0.001], bakery aisle products (B = 3.05, p = 0.003) and cola aisle products [B = 0.97, p < 0.002]) but not others (spaghetti mince, or products in the yogurt and ice cream aisles). There was little evidence of effects on banner clicks and energy purchased. Small sample sizes may affect the robustness of these findings. We discuss the benefits of collaborating to share expertise and implement a trial in a live commercial environment, alongside key learnings for future collaborative research in similar contexts.
Social communication therapy for children at risk for neurodevelopmental difficulties: Protocol for a clinical trial
Authors: Godoy Priscilla B. G. , Shephard Elizabeth , Argeu Adriana , Silveira Leticia R. , Salomone Erica , Aldred Catherine , Green Jonathan , Polanczyk Guilherme V. , Matijasevich Alicia
Published: May 2022

Exposure to adverse environments are risk factors for neurodevelopmental problems in childhood. Children exposed to such environments may benefit from interventions that target social communication abilities, since these are protective factors for healthy neurodevelopment. This randomized controlled trial will test the efficacy of Paediatric Autism Communication Therapy (PACT) in improving social communication development in young children at risk for neurodevelopmental difficulties living in poverty in Brazil. Participants will be 160 children aged 2–4 years with lower‐than‐average social communication abilities and their primary caregivers. Child–caregiver dyads will be recruited from public childhood education centers in impoverished urban regions of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Lower‐than‐average social communication abilities will be defined by standard scores (≤84) on the socialization and/or communication domains of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Child–caregiver dyads will be randomized to receive 12 sessions of the PACT intervention (n = 80) or 5 months of community support as usual plus psychoeducation (n = 80). The primary outcome (parent–child interaction) and secondary outcomes (parent‐reported social communication abilities and neurophysiological activity during a live social interaction) will be measured pre‐ and postintervention. This study may lead to new interventions for vulnerable young children in Brazil and better understanding of the neural mechanisms of PACT.
Decreased moderate admission hypothermia in extremely preterm newborns
Authors: Harada Shinji , Iwatani Sota , Itani Hiromi , Yang Kyung Ok , Shimizu Shoki , Yoshimoto Seiji
Published: May 2022

Background

Admission temperature is inversely correlated with mortality and morbidity risk in extremely preterm newborns (EPNs). As almost all EPNs require advanced resuscitation at birth, we improved a simple and comprehensive management protocol to reduce admission hypothermia. This study reports the changes over the past 15 years in the rate of admission hypothermia in all EPNs. It clarified the distribution of admission temperature and the risk factors for developing admission hypothermia in recent EPNs.

Methods

This single‐center study retrospectively analyzed the EPNs delivered at our institution between January 2006 and December 2020. The comprehensive management protocol, including warming equipment, plastic wrapping, aluminum‐polyethylene sheet, and room temperature, was applied to avoid heat loss during resuscitation. On admission, the rectal temperature was measured and defined as moderate (32.0–35.9 °C) or mild (36.0–36.4 °C) hypothermia.

Results

Overall (n = 432), the rate of admission with moderate hypothermia decreased from 48% in 2006 to 8% in 2020. In the recent evaluation of 80 EPNs delivered in 2017–2020, 10 (13%) and 26 (33%) had moderate and mild hypothermia on admission, respectively. Extremely preterm newborns with moderate‐to‐mild hypothermia had a significantly smaller gestational age and lower birthweight than those without hypothermia. No significant differences in the other perinatal and environmental risk factors were observed between EPNs with and without hypothermia.

Conclusions

Our comprehensive management protocol reduced the rate of moderate hypothermia on admission in EPNs to only 13%. However, eliminating mild hypothermia remains a challenge and requires continuous improvement, especially in smaller EPNs.
Relationship between preoperative anxiety and onset of delirium after cardiovascular surgery in elderly patients: focus on personality and coping process
Authors: Fukunaga Hiroe , Sugawara Hiroko , Koyama Asuka , Okamoto Ken , Fukui Toshihiro , Ishikawa Tomohisa , Takebayashi Minoru , Sekiyama Kaoru , Hashimoto Mamoru
Published: May 2022

Background

Postoperative delirium is associated with increased mortality. Therefore, it is important to manage delirium during the entire perioperative period. Preoperative anxiety is associated with poor prognosis in postoperative patients who have undergone cardiovascular surgery. This study aims to investigate the relationship between preoperative anxiety and onset of delirium after cardiovascular surgery in elderly patients (aged 65 years or older), considering the individual psychological characteristics, such as personality and stress coping skills in response to anxiety, as confounding factors.

Methods

This prospective study included patients aged >65 years in a preoperative state before undergoing cardiovascular surgery. Subjects were divided into two groups based on whether they experienced postoperative delirium, or not. We compared clinical and demographic factors, preoperative psychiatric and psychological factors, and intraoperative and perioperative physical factors between the control and delirium groups. Multiple imputations were used to account for missing data.

Results

Out of 168 subjects enrolled in this study, 26 (15.5%) developed postoperative delirium. Univariate analysis showed significant differences in age (P = 0.027), cognitive function (P = 0.007), agreeableness (P = 0.029), and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation‐II (APACHE‐II) score (P = 0.023) between the delirium and control groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis did not identify a significant association between preoperative anxiety and the onset of postoperative delirium. However, age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.114, P = 0.018), agreeableness (OR = 0.555, P = 0.008), and the APACHE‐II score (OR = 1.227, P = 0.008) were identified as risk factors for postoperative delirium.

Conclusion

Agreeableness, one of the personality traits associated with preoperative anxiety, appears to be involved in the development of postoperative delirium as an independent psychological factor, regardless of age or physical factors.
Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with sustained neurocognitive function during a prolonged inhibitory control task in young adults: An ERP study
Authors: Wu Chih‐Han , Nien Jui‐Ti , Lin Chi‐Yen , Li Ruei‐Hong , Chu Chien‐Heng , Kao Shih‐Chu , Chang Yu‐Kai
Published: May 2022

Although beneficial associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function have been established, whether cardiorespiratory fitness is related to behavioral and neuroelectric indices of performance during a prolonged inhibitory control task remains unknown. Young adults, categorized into High and Low Fitness groups, completed a 60‐min Stroop task, while the N1 and P3 components of event‐related potentials were measured. The results showed that the High Fitness group demonstrated shorter response times, regardless of the Stroop task congruency or time‐on‐task, than Low Fitness group. The High Fitness group also exhibited larger P3 amplitudes than the Low Fitness group, but no differences in N1 amplitudes were observed. These findings suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness during young adulthood has beneficial effects on task performance and attention allocation during an inhibitory control task, and these benefits can be sustained for 60 min.
A Unifying Framework for Flexible Excess Hazard Modelling with Applications in Cancer Epidemiology
Authors: Eletti Alessia , Marra Giampiero , Quaresma Manuela , Radice Rosalba , Rubio Francisco Javier
Published: May 2022

Excess hazard modelling is one of the main tools in population-based cancer survival research. Indeed, this setting allows for direct modelling of the survival due to cancer even in the absence of reliable information on the cause of death, which is common in population-based cancer epidemiology studies. We propose a unifying link-based additive modelling framework for the excess hazard that allows for the inclusion of many types of covariate effects, including spatial and time-dependent effects, using any type of smoother, such as thin plate, cubic splines, tensor products and Markov random fields. In addition, this framework accounts for all types of censoring as well as left truncation. Estimation is conducted by using an efficient and stable penalized likelihood-based algorithm whose empirical performance is evaluated through extensive simulation studies. Some theoretical and asymptotic results are discussed. Two case studies are presented using population-based cancer data from patients diagnosed with breast (female), colon and lung cancers in England. The results support the presence of non-linear and time-dependent effects as well as spatial variation. The proposed approach is available in the R package GJRM.
Catheter salvage using revision for a peritoneal dialysis catheter with intractable exit site and/or tunnel infections
Authors: Kang Seok Hui , Cho Kyu Hyang , Kim A Young , Do Jun Young
Published: May 2022

Background

In case of intractable exit site and/or tunnel infections, peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter removal and re‐insertion are recommended. Previous studies have reported the possibility of catheter salvage before removal, but they were either case‐series or had a small sample size.

Methods

We identified all incident patients with PD who underwent revision at a tertiary medical center. In intractable exit site and/or tunnel infections, we tried catheter revision using a method with cuff shaving, using an original catheter, and creating a new tunnel. Revision success was defined as complete remission over more than 1 month after revision. We evaluated the infection‐free and catheter survival rates.

Results

In total, 52 patients with PD underwent revision. The median age at the time of revision in the patients undergoing PD was 51 (21) years. There were 43 (82.7%) cases of revision success. Infection‐free survival rates at 6 and 12 months were 57.0% and 35.1%, respectively. Catheter survival rates at 12 and 36 months were 72.5% and 56.2%, respectively.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated that catheter revision can be a useful bridging method for original catheter salvage before catheter removal in intractable exit site and/or tunnel infections.
Person matters in impersonality
Authors: Berro Ane , Odria Ane , Fernández Beatriz
Published: May 2022

The Basque impersonal is a detransitivized construction where the internal argument is the only overt argument and the external argument, although semantically present, does not have any morphological reflex. This article argues that, despite its intransitive shape, the impersonal involves a particular kind of Voice projection that we termdefective. For case and agreement, being defective means having no uninterpretable ϕ features and no Case to assign. However, a silentpersonpronoun is introduced in its specifier position, and thus, there are two arguments within VoiceP. The two arguments compete to value the ϕ features of the next functional head, namely T. With this analysis we account for the main properties of the impersonal, such as the syntactic activeness of the implicit external argument and the person constraint on the internal argument.
Heimatobjekte: A Pedagogy Based on Material Culture to Promote Intercultural Competence
Authors: Lynn Claudia Baska , Strair Margaret
Published: May 2022

The World‐Readiness Standards (The National Standards Collaborative Board, 2015) and the Can‐Do Statements (ACTFL, 2017) promote intercultural competence and understanding through relating cultural products to perspectives and practices. In response, numerous world languages curriculum proposals have convincingly demonstrated these entanglements. The primary investigative focus, however, often rests on perspectives and practices while casting products into a mostly supportive role. Yet products are ubiquitous, tenaciously situated at the nexus of language and cultural activities. Drawing on interdisciplinary, material‐culture‐based perspectives, the curriculum intervention described in this article outlines an instructional module for an intermediate German course that promotes intercultural competence by guiding learners in object inquiry to decode, relate, and transform the untranslatable concept ofHeimat.
Imagination as a Tool for Participation in Communities for Middle‐School German Students
Authors: Heidt Marium Abugasea
Published: May 2022

With the goal of exploring a motivating way to approach world language teaching and learning in order to promote lifelong language learning, this article reports on a year‐long, collaborative action research study of two middle‐school German classes that used an imagined communities curriculum. The curriculum, co‐constructed with the classroom teacher, provided a way for the teacher to address the required content while helping students feel more connected with other target language speakers. Study findings show that students' feelings of connection to the target community were influenced by their perceived similarities or cultural differences with German speakers, their perceived language abilities, and their opportunities to communicate with, or be in proximity to, German speakers. Compared to their experiences with a conventional curriculum the year before, 36 of the 41 students found that the imagined‐communities‐infused curriculum activities helped them feel greater connection with, or ability to relate to, other speakers of German.
Impact of COVID‐19 on living donor liver and kidney transplantation programs in Japan in 2020
Authors: Kuramitsu Kaori , Yamanaga Shigeyoshi , Osawa Ryosuke , Hibi Taizo , Yoshikawa Mikiko , Toyoda Mariko , Shimata Keita , Yosuke Ebisu , Ono Minoru , Kenmochi Takashi , Sogawa Hiroshi , Natori Yoichiro , Yano Harumi , Chen‐Yoshikawa Toyofumi , Yoshida Kazunari , Fukumoto Takumi , Yuzawa Kenji , Egawa Hiroto
Published: May 2022

Background

Although many transplant programs have been forced to suspend living donor transplants due to the emergence of coronavirus disease (COVID‐19), there are relatively few real‐time databases to assess center‐level transplant activities. We aimed to delineate the actual impact of COVID‐19 on living donor transplant programs and the resumption process in Japan.

Methods

In a nationwide survey, questionnaires were sent to 32 liver transplant programs that had performed at least more than one case of living donor liver transplantation in 2019 and 132 kidney transplant programs that had performed more than one living donor kidney transplantation in 2018.

Results

Thirty‐one (96.9%) and 125 (94.7%) liver and kidney transplant programs responded, respectively. In the early pandemic period, 67.7% (21/31) of liver programs and 29.8% (37/125) of kidney programs were able to maintain transplant activities similar to those during the pre‐pandemic period. After temporal suspension, 58.1% of kidney programs resumed their transplant activity after the number of local COVID‐19 cases peaked. Establishing institutional COVID‐19 screening, triage, and therapeutic management protocols was mandatory to resume transplant activity for 64.5% and 67.7% of liver and kidney programs, respectively. In the future wave of COVID‐19, 67.7% of liver programs would be affected by institutional COVID‐19 intensive care unit‐bound patient numbers, and 55.7% of kidney programs would stop if hospital‐acquired severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection spreads.

Conclusions: This nationwide survey revealed for the first time how living donor liver and kidney

transplant programs changed in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic in a country where living donor transplantations are predominant.
miR398b and AtC2GnT form a negative feedback loop to regulate Arabidopsis thaliana resistance against Phytophthora parasitica
Authors: Gou Xiuhong , Zhong Chengcheng , Zhang Peiling , Mi Liru , Li Yilin , Lu Wenqin , Zheng Jie , Xu Junjie , Meng Yuling , Shan Weixing
Published: May 2022

Oomycetes are diploid eukaryotic microorganisms that seriously threaten sustainable crop production. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) and corresponding natural antisense transcripts (NATs) are important regulators of multiple biological processes. However, little is known about their roles in plant immunity against oomycete pathogens. In this study, we report the identification and functional characterization of miR398b and its cis‐NAT, the core‐2/I‐branching beta‐1,6‐N‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase gene (AtC2GnT), in plant immunity. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function assays revealed that miR398b mediates Arabidopsis thaliana susceptibility to Phytophthora parasitica by targeting Cu/Zn‐Superoxidase Dismutase1 (CSD1) and CSD2, leading to suppressed expression of CSD1 and CSD2 and decreased plant disease resistance. We further showed that AtC2GnT transcripts could inhibit the miR398b–CSDs module via inhibition of pri‐miR398b expression, leading to elevated plant resistance to P. parasitica. Furthermore, quantitative reverse transcription PCR, RNA ligase‐mediated 5′‐amplification of cDNA ends (RLM‐5′ RACE), and transient expression assays indicated that miR398b suppresses the expression of AtC2GnT. We generated AtC2GnT‐silenced A. thaliana plants by CRISPR/Cas9 or RNA interference methods, and the Nicotiana benthamiana NbC2GnT‐silenced plants by virus‐induced gene silencing. Pathogenicity assays showed that the C2GnT‐silenced plants were more susceptible, while AtC2GnT‐overexpressing plants exhibited elevated resistance to P. parasitica. AtC2GnT encodes a Golgi‐localized protein, and transient expression of AtC2GnT enhanced N. benthamiana resistance to Phytophthora pathogens. Taken together, our results revealed a positive role of AtC2GnT and a negative regulatory loop formed by miR398b and AtC2GnT in regulating plant resistance to P. parasitica.
Improving donor retention following a temporary deferral: A cluster randomized controlled trial of deferral educational materials
Authors: Gemelli Carley N. , Kruse Sarah P. , Thijsen Amanda , Van Dyke Nina , Karki Surendra , Davison Tanya E.
Published: May 2022

Background

Providing educational materials to deferred donors has been shown to increase their understanding about their deferral and knowledge about their return. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of educational materials in increasing the retention of deferred donors.

Study Design and Methods

A three‐arm cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted, with the following conditions: (a) Incenter Brochure plus Email; (b) Email Only; (c) Control. The Incenter Brochure plus Email condition also included a guided conversation led by staff at the point of deferral. Donors were followed up for 3 months after their deferral had ended to determine if they had attempted to donate.

Results

Compared with the Control condition, donors in the Incenter Brochure plus Email condition had increased odds of return at 3 months after their deferral ended (OR: 1.16; 95% CI 1.00–1.33). Subgroup analysis highlighted that novice (OR: 1.38; 95% CI 1.04–1.83) and established donors (OR: 1.36; 95% CI 1.13–1.64) had increased odds of return if they received the incenter materials. Donors who were deferred to maintain their well‐being (OR: 1.28; 95% CI 1.03–1.60) and donors with a prior deferral history (OR: 1.55; 95% CI 1.15–1.55) had increased odds of return if they received the incenter materials. No significant differences were found between the Email Only and Control conditions.

Discussion

This trial demonstrates the benefits of providing onsite educational materials to donors at the point of deferral. This is a simple, effective strategy to increase the return behavior of donors within 3 months of their deferral ending.
Las dinámicas familiares en torno a los juegos sociales online: el caso Fortnite
Authors: Albarello Francisco Javier , Velasco Ossandón Adriana , Castro Sánchez Mariángeles , Novoa Echaurren Ángela , Novaro Hueyo María Victoria , Narbáis Francisco
Published: May 2022

Durante la última década, los juegos sociales online (JSO) se han popularizado e integrado a nuestra vida cotidiana, generándose posturas contrapuestas sobre sus posibles efectos en las personas y sus vínculos. Considerando que niños y jóvenes son usuarios activos de estas plataformas, las dinámicas familiares se han visto afectadas por su irrupción en el hogar. Este artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio de casos que exploró las dinámicas familiares generadas en torno al uso de Fortnite. La investigación se desarrolló en el año 2019, en dos países —Argentina y Chile—, donde se realizaron 82 entrevistas semiestructuradas para profundizar en la realidad de las familias en las que uno o más integrantes juegan Fortnite. Un abordaje cualitativo temático permitió concluir que el uso de este JSO complejiza las dinámicas familiares, siendo una de las problemáticas más comunes la preocupación de los padres por la calidad de la mediación ejercida.
Three-Dimensional Ship Hull Encoding and Optimization via Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Wang Yuyang , Joseph Joe , Aniruddhan Unni T. P. , Yamakawa Soji , Barati Farimani Amir , Shimada Kenji
Published: May 2022

Design and optimization of hull shapes for optimal hydrodynamic performance have been a major challenge for naval architectures. Deep learning bears the promise of comprehensive geometric representation and new design synthesis. In this work, we develop a deep neural network (DNN)-based approach to encode the hull designs to condensed representations, synthesize novel designs, and optimize the synthetic design based on the hydrodynamic performance. A variational autoencoder (VAE) with the hydro-predictor is developed to learn the representation through reconstructing the Laplacian parameterized hulls and encode the geometry-drag function simulated through computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Two data augmentation techniques, Perlin noise mapping and free-form deformation (FFD), are implemented to create the training set from a parent hull. The trained VAE is leveraged to efficiently optimize from massive synthetic hull vessels toward the optimal predicted drag performance. The selected geometries are further investigated and virtually screened under CFD simulations. Experiments show that our convolutional neural network (CNN) model accurately reconstructs the input vessels and predicts the corresponding drag coefficients. The proposed framework is demonstrated to synthesize realistic hull designs and optimize toward new hull designs with the drag coefficient decreased by 35% comparing to the parent design.
Adherence to mHealth and Paper-Based Versions of Lifestyle-Integrated Functional Exercise: A Secondary Analysis of Data From the PreventIT Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Yang Yang , Boulton Elisabeth , Taraldsen Kristin , Mikolaizak A. Stefanie , Pijnnaples Mirjam , Todd Chris
Published: May 2022

The European Commission Horizon 2020 project—PreventIT—evaluated two approaches to delivering Lifestyle-Integrated Functional Exercise (LiFE) programs for maintaining older adults’ physical function: the paper-based adapted LiFE and mobile health device delivered enhanced LiFE. A self-reported method was used to measure users’ monthly adherence over 12 months. This analysis aimed to explore young seniors’ adherence patterns between enhanced LiFE and adapted LiFE groups. Results showed that adherence level decreased with time in both groups. The enhanced LiFE group had slightly higher adherence than the adapted LiFE group during most of the 12 months. However, the overall adherence levels were not significantly different during either intervention or follow-up periods. Monthly self-reported adherence measurement can help to understand users’ adherence comprehensively. The comparable adherence levels between both groups indicate mobile health could be an alternative to delivering home-based physical activity for young seniors. However, this feasibility study was not powered to detect differences between groups.
Injuries in Judo Athletes With Disabilities: Prevalence, Magnitude, and Sport-Related Mechanisms
Authors: Kons Rafael Lima , Athayde Marina Saldanha da Silva , Antunes Lara , Lopes Jaqueline Santos Silva , Detanico Daniele
Published: May 2022

Context: The participation of judo athletes with disabilities in competitions has increased over the years as well as the burden of sports-related injuries and illnesses in this population. However, there is limited knowledge about sports-related injuries in judo athletes with different disabilities. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of injuries in judo athletes with disabilities, considering the different impairment groups, magnitude of injury (ie, mechanism, nature, and severity of injury), and specific body parts. Design: Cross-sectional study (level of evidence, 3). Setting: Brazilian Judo athletes with disabilities. Patients: Fifty-one judo athletes with disabilities (15 men and 36 women) participated in this study. Main Outcome Measures: Data were obtained from an adapted injury report form. The prevalence of injuries was assessed, considering type of impairment, body parts, mechanisms, and severity as well as differences between male and female athletes, with the significance level set at P < .05. Results: The results demonstrated a high prevalence of injuries in female athletes with visual impairment (n = 11, 73.3%) and male athletes with amputations (n = 14, 38.8%). A high prevalence was found in the national group, especially for male athletes (n = 29, 80.5%). Among athletes who had injuries, 69.4% (n = 12) of male and 80.0% (n = 25) of female athletes’ injuries occurred due to direct contact with other athletes, and 72.2% (n = 26) of male and 86.6% (n = 13) of female athletes’ injuries were in the training environment. The magnitude of injuries ranged from moderate to severe for male and female athletes. The knee (n = 25, 49.0%) and shoulder (n = 12, 23.5%) were the body parts most affected by injuries in both male and female athletes. Conclusion: A large percentage of judo athletes with disabilities reported experiencing an injury during the previous 2 years; percentages were greater in athletes with visual and physical impairment. Moreover, most injuries occurred in the knee or shoulder, during training, and in direct contact with other athletes and were of severe magnitude.
Reaching Movements With Limb-Based Visual Feedback
Authors: Zahed Fatemeh , Berniker Max
Published: May 2022

Reaches in experimental settings are commonly found to be straight. This straightness is robust to physical, but not visual, perturbations. Here, we question whether typical visual feedback contributes to this finding by implicitly promoting straight movements. To do so, we replaced the conventional feedback depicting the hand’s location with feedback depicting the limb’s orientation. Reaching movements with three different visual feedback conditions were examined. In the final condition, the subject’s arm was depicted as two rotating links, and targets were depicted as two links indicating a desired arm posture. We found that by replacing standard cursor feedback, reaches became curved and arched to the target. Our findings further demonstrate that depicted feedback influences movements, and feedback depicting the limb, in particular, may elicit curved reaches.
Subcellular organization of viral particles during maturation of nucleus-forming jumbo phage
Authors: Chaikeeratisak Vorrapon , Khanna Kanika , Nguyen Katrina T. , Egan MacKennon E. , Enustun Eray , Armbruster Emily , Lee Jina , Pogliano Kit , Villa Elizabeth , Pogliano Joe
Published: May 2022

Many eukaryotic viruses assemble mature particles within distinct subcellular compartments, but bacteriophages are generally assumed to assemble randomly throughout the host cell cytoplasm. Here, we show that viral particles of
Pseudomonas
nucleus-forming jumbo phage PhiPA3 assemble into a unique structure inside cells we term phage bouquets. We show that after capsids complete DNA packaging at the surface of the phage nucleus, tails assemble and attach to capsids, and these particles accumulate over time in a spherical pattern, with tails oriented inward and the heads outward to form bouquets at specific subcellular locations. Bouquets localize at the same fixed distance from the phage nucleus even when it is mispositioned, suggesting an active mechanism for positioning. These results mark the discovery of a pathway for organizing mature viral particles inside bacteria and demonstrate that nucleus-forming jumbo phages, like most eukaryotic viruses, are highly spatially organized during all stages of their lytic cycle.
The AI Economist: Taxation policy design via two-level deep multiagent reinforcement learning
Authors: Zheng Stephan , Trott Alexander , Srinivasa Sunil , Parkes David C. , Socher Richard
Published: May 2022

Artificial intelligence (AI) and reinforcement learning (RL) have improved many areas but are not yet widely adopted in economic policy design, mechanism design, or economics at large. The AI Economist is a two-level, deep RL framework for policy design in which agents and a social planner coadapt. In particular, the AI Economist uses structured curriculum learning to stabilize the challenging two-level, coadaptive learning problem. We validate this framework in the domain of taxation. In one-step economies, the AI Economist recovers the optimal tax policy of economic theory. In spatiotemporal economies, the AI Economist substantially improves both utilitarian social welfare and the trade-off between equality and productivity over baselines. It does so despite emergent tax-gaming strategies while accounting for emergent labor specialization, agent interactions, and behavioral change. These results demonstrate that two-level, deep RL complements economic theory and unlocks an AI-based approach to designing and understanding economic policy.
Cascading rupture of a megathrust
Authors: Elliott Julie L. , Grapenthin Ronni , Parameswaran Revathy M. , Xiao Zhuohui , Freymueller Jeffrey T. , Fusso Logan
Published: May 2022

Understanding variability in the size and location of large earthquakes along subduction margins is crucial for evaluating seismic and tsunami hazards. We present a coseismic slip model for the 2021
M
8.2 Chignik earthquake and investigate the relationship of this earthquake to previous major events in the Alaska Peninsula region and to interseismic coupling. Stress changes from the 2020
M
7.8 Simeonof event triggered the Chignik event, and together, the earthquakes partially filled an unruptured section along a 3000-km subduction margin that has experienced a series of ruptures along almost its entire length over the past century. Variations in coupling and structural characteristics may make the region more prone to nucleating
M
7 to
M
8 events rather than larger
M
> 8.5 earthquakes. Stress changes and rupture areas suggest that the two recent earthquakes may be part of an 80-year-long rupture cascade and may have advanced seismic hazard in the region.
The 2021 western North America heat wave among the most extreme events ever recorded globally
Authors: Thompson Vikki , Kennedy-Asser Alan T. , Vosper Emily , Lo Y. T. Eunice , Huntingford Chris , Andrews Oliver , Collins Matthew , Hegerl Gabrielle C. , Mitchell Dann
Published: May 2022

In June 2021, western North America experienced a record-breaking heat wave outside the distribution of previously observed temperatures. While it is clear that the event was extreme, it is not obvious whether other areas in the world have also experienced events so far outside their natural variability. Using a novel assessment of heat extremes, we investigate how extreme this event was in the global context. Characterizing the relative intensity of an event as the number of standard deviations from the mean, the western North America heat wave is remarkable, coming in at over four standard deviations. Throughout the globe, where we have reliable data, only five other heat waves were found to be more extreme since 1960. We find that in both reanalyses and climate projections, the statistical distribution of extremes increases through time, in line with the distribution mean shift due to climate change. Regions that, by chance, have not had a recent extreme heat wave may be less prepared for potentially imminent events.
An orthologous gene coevolution network provides insight into eukaryotic cellular and genomic structure and function
Authors: Steenwyk Jacob L. , Phillips Megan A. , Yang Feng , Date Swapneeta S. , Graham Todd R. , Berman Judith , Hittinger Chris Todd , Rokas Antonis
Published: May 2022

The evolutionary rates of functionally related genes often covary. We present a gene coevolution network inferred from examining nearly 3 million orthologous gene pairs from 332 budding yeast species spanning ~400 million years of evolution. Network modules provide insight into cellular and genomic structure and function. Examination of the phenotypic impact of network perturbation using deletion mutant data from the baker’s yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, which were obtained from previously published studies, suggests that fitness in diverse environments is affected by orthologous gene neighborhood and connectivity. Mapping the network onto the chromosomes of
S. cerevisiae
and
Candida albicans
revealed that coevolving orthologous genes are not physically clustered in either species; rather, they are often located on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome. The coevolution network captures the hierarchy of cellular structure and function, provides a roadmap for genotype-to-phenotype discovery, and portrays the genome as a linked ensemble of genes.
Teenage drinking and adult neuropsychiatric disorders: An epigenetic connection
Authors: Teague Collin D. , Nestler Eric J.
Published: May 2022

Targeted epigenetic remodeling in the rat amygdala reverses the effects of adolescent alcohol consumption on excessive drinking and anxiety-like behavior in adulthood.