bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEEPAGE FLOW INTO FLORIDA LAKES1
Authors: Fellows Charles R. , Brezonik Patrick L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Direct measurements indicate that subsurface seepage in the littoral zone contributed 17.5 and 2.0 percent of the total hydraulic inputs, respectively, to Lakes Conway and Apopka, Florida. Two variations of seepage measuring devices were evaluated and gave relative standard deviations of 7 and 24 percent. Measurement inaccuracies were minimized by using large diameter (0.9 cm ID) plastic tubing. For a given transect perpendicular to shore, flow patterns were reproducible over time. Seepage flows ranged from 0 to 112 1/m2‐day and most were between 4 and 30 1/m2‐day. The detection limit was about 0.2 1/m2‐day for a one‐hour collection period. Seepage occured primarily within 30 m of shore and generally decreased exponentially with distance from shore. The shape of the bottom profile influenced flow patterns; lake bottoms with steeper slopes had higher flows that were compressed within a narrower zone. After a short‐term rain event at Lake Conway, seepage flows increased rapidly to 2.4 times the prerain flow for 1 h and decreased to near background within about 6 h.
A GROUND WATER RESOURCES STUDY OF A PACIFIC OCEAN ATOLL ‐ TARAWA, GILBERT ISLANDS1
Authors: Lloyd J. W. , Miles J. C. , Chessman G. R. , Bugg S. F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The geology and fresh ground water lens development in a typical Pacific atoll are described together with a method for hydrogeological investigation. The fresh water resources of such lenses are investigated using Tarawa as an example. It is shown that simple steady state solutions cannot be realistically applied, and that despite the paucity of hydrogeological data, which is considered typical of such islands, practical nonsteady state solutions allow resource assessments. The susceptability of lens resources to drought conditions is demonstrated.
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING PEAK WATER DEMAND OF MULTIFAMILY RESIDENCES1
Authors: Bobee B. , Boucher P. , Demard H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The importance of estimating peak water demands for determining the dimensions of pipe size and meters which provide household water to multifamily residences is examined. Several methods utilized in North America and Europe are examined. The analysis makes clear the necessity of studying the peak water demand through statistics based on local data concerning multifamily residences. For different periods of return, the peak demand of a given apartment building is related to its size (the number of apartments) in order to compare the results obtained with existing formula.

By use of Ridge‐regression technique, the relationship between peak water demand, and building size (number of apartments) and available pressure is established. It can be concluded that peak demand can be estimated with the square root of number of apartment units in the building and the cube root of water pressure.
MANY RESOURCES, MANY USES: A SYSTEM ANALYSIS APPROACH TO RENEWABLE RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Ashton Peter G. , Pickens James B. , Ohlander Coryell , Benninghoff Bruce
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Decisionmaking associated with the Nation's 1.7 billion acres of forest and range land has become increasingly complicated because of the rise in competition for resource use and in the awareness of environmental and social effects. This system analysis approach uses four models to synthesize pertinent masses of information into measures of economic, environmental, and social impacts. The system results can be used to help evaluate alternative national programs. The models are:

• The National Interregional Multiresource Use Model uses linear programming to allocate national and regional demands for renewable resource uses on the land base. This model minimizes operational costs of alternative programs while achieving environmental restraints, range production, sustained wood yield, and wilderness.

• The second model evaluates regional employment and earnings triggered by a national program.

• The third model, Futures Foregone, keeps count of future options lost in terms of the amount affecting citizens groups, rate of impact, and length of impact.

• The last model, Social Conflict, operates on the postulate that there will be proponents and opponents for any resource use and that some degree of conflict is inevitable. The model uses impact information including that generated from previous models and serves to quantify the amount and pattern of conflict.

The system serves to unify the four models in the context of evaluating cost effective alternatives against criteria of demands, environmental restraints, employment and income maintenance, minimizing loss of future options, and minimizing conflict patterns that damage community stability.
METABOLIC RESPONSES OF AQUATIC BACTERIAL POPULATIONS TO SELECTED INSECTICIDES1
Authors: Murray H. E. , Guthrie R. K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Indigenous bacterial populations from a fresh water reservoir were treated by adding five mg/1 Sevin or Malathion to the water at 23, 28, and 33 C. The degradation of Sevin was evidenced by the increased uptake of O2 as measured by Warburg manometry. The principal degradation product of Sevin, 1‐naphthol, appeared to stimulate metabolic activity of these populations to the same extent as the parent compound. The addition of Malathion to this system appeared, on the other hand, to suppress metabolic activity to some degree. Warburg manometry was shown to be a useful, rapid method for detecting effects of insecticides on aquatic microbial populations.
HYDROGEOLOGIC EVALUATION OF WETLAND BASINS FOR LAND USE PLANNING1
Authors: O'Brien Arnold L. , Motts Ward S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Wetlands occur in a variety of geologic, hydrologic, and topographic settings and exhibit diverse hydrogeologic characteristics. A wetland is more than an organic mat ‐ it is an element in a larger hydrogeologic system. Three distinct but related effects of wetlands are: modifying the character of runoff from a basin, influencing the discharge/recharge relationship with the underlying aquifer, and effecting the potential for ground water development in a wetland dominated basin. An important goal of wetland research is to define the diverse roles that wetlands play in the regional hydrology and to define the geologic, hydrologic, and topographic factors that will allow meaningful distinctions among wetlands. Geologic and hydrologic factors include character and thickness of surficial materials; bedrock type; hydrologic position; permeability of organic layer; transmissivity, quality, and hydrologic connection of wetland related aquifers; ground water outflow; and depth of standing water. Topographic factors are position in the drainage basin, relative size, and absolute size of wetlands. A wetland classification to aid hydrologists and land use planners is proposed using selected factors involving hydrologic position, topographic position, and geologic type.
PUBLIC EXPENDITURE PROGRAMS IN APPALACHIA AND THEIR IMPACT ON REGIONAL EMPLOYMENT1
Authors: Kim Ung Soo
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The reduction of regional unemployment requires a sufficient demand for regional labor and the demand pattern must parallel that of supply. Due to the interdependency of Appalachian economy with the rest of the Nation, the leakage of the final demand imposed on a subregion of Appalachia is substantial. The more capital intensive the investment the higher the leakage which will lead to less demand for labor in Appalachia. While water resource projects are generally longterm projects which aim at structural changes in a regional economy, consumption expenditures induced by welfare payments or public employment programs are basically temporary measures for the rescue of unemployment. Average consumption and private investment programs may impose on Appalachia a larger material demand but the demand for the total regional labor, off‐site and on‐site combined, is estimated to be less than that from water resource investments. The public expenditure program for combating regional unemployment must be discretionary based on its purpose and its potential to generate optimum demand for labor which will be created by the pattern of regional resource distribution and interindustrial and interregional interactions. An interregional I/O model is best suited for analysis of this type.
THE ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN WATER USE IN THE TUCSON BASIN, ARIZONA1
Authors: Griffin Adrian H. , Wade James C. , Martin William E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The ground water in the Tucson basin is being drawn faster than it is replenished by nature. The water table is falling, giving rise to several conflicts between water users in the basin. At present, several lawsuits are in progress, including an action by the Papago Tribe against some of the major water users in the basin. Largely because of these difficulties, the State Legislature has established a commission to make proposals for the reform of Arizona's ground water law. The pattern of water use in the basin will undoubtedly be changed by the outcome of the present litigation and the coming reform of Arizona's ground water law. This paper describes how water use in the basin might be affected by changes in the availability of water and gives an account of the effects that these changes in water use could have on the region's economy. The paper concludes that the water problems of the Tucson basin will have little effect on the region at large and that these problems are simply a matter for the Indians and the other water users in the basin to sort out amongst themselves.
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE RUNOFF CURVE NUMBER ESTIMATES FROM LANDSAT DATA1
Authors: Slack R. B. , Welch R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A widely used method of calculating storm runoff developed by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) uses storm rainfal and a curve number. A curve number is a quantitative descriptor of the land cover/soil complex and is commonly assigned based on information acquired from field surveys and interpretations of aerial photographs. Since these techniques are prohibitively expensive and time consuming for large watersheds, digital data from the Landsat‐1 satellite was used to estimate curve numbers for the Little River watershed near Tifton, Georgia, an area of about 125 square miles. A classification map of this area with four hydrologically important classes (agricultural vegetation, forest, wetland, and bare ground) was generated from the Landsat data. Since the soils data necessary for curve numbers were available for only about half the watershed, the missing soils data were interpolated from the vegetation patterns of the classification map. A modification of the SCS curve number table was developed and used to assign each pixel to a category. The average curve number for‘each of six subwatersheds and for the entire watershed was then computed and compared with SCS values for the same areas. Agreement was to within two curve number units.
WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS IN WEST CENTRAL IRAN USING LANDSAT DATA1
Authors: Akhavi Manouchehr S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Extensive investigations have been undertaken to determine the utility of Landsat data for detecting and analyzing hydrologic characteristics of an interior watershed of Iran that drains to Daryachehye‐Namak (salt lake). This interior playa serves as the terminus for surface water discharging to it from the Karaj, Shur, Saveh, and Ghom Rivers and ground water from their underlying aquifers. These drainage systems encompass heavily populated and industrial sectors of west central Iran, including Tehran. The result of this investigation demonstrates the applicability of Landsat data for mapping and monitoring water regimen as an aid in interpreting hydrologic conditions throughout this arid region. Fluctuation of water area in a playa lake, occupying the lowest part of this closed basin, was monitored on repetitive Landsat coverage. As the result of field investigations combined with optical and digital analyses of the Landsat data, fluctuating water depths were determined in order to estimate the volume of water present in this lake during various seasons. A comparison between stream discharge rates and the estimated volume of standing water make it possible to quantitatively evaluate the hydrologic regimen and to detect the significance of ground water discharge.
SURFACE HEAT LOSS AND FRAZIL ICE PRODUCTION IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER1
Authors: Shen Hung Tao
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The rates of ice production due to surface heat loss in open water reaches of the St. Lawrence River, between the Ogdensburg‐Prescott Boom and the Moses‐Saunders Dam, are analyzed for the past 20 winters. Simple statistical parameters for ice production rates and air temperature are determined. Regression analyses for relationships between surface heat loss rates and freezing degree days indicate that an excellent linear correlation exists between these two variables. The study also shows that it is important to consider other heat exchange components, such as the bed heat flux and viscous dissipation, in the total ice production analysis for the river reach.
RATES OF RECENT SEDIMENTATION IN LAKE PEPIN1
Authors: McHenry J. Roger , Ritchie Jerry C. , Cooper Charles M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Sedimentation rates since 1954 in Lake Pepin, as determined from the content of fallout cesium‐137 in the sediment profile, have exceeded 2.5 cm/yr in the upper part of the lake. These rates, although somewhat less than those of the previous half century (1895–1954), are sufficiently large that the upstream portion of Lake Pepin is threatened with conversion to a marsh within a century. The density of the sediments measured increased with depth in the sampled profile from 1.1 to 1.2 g/ml at the sediment surface to 1.4 to 1.5 g/ml at 2‐ or 3‐m depth. There was little or no change in the patterns of textural composition or density of the sediment profile with depth and age over the past 80 to 150 years.
DELIVERY OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND POLLUTANTS FROM NONPOINT SOURCES DURING OVERLAND FLOW1
Authors: Novotny Vladimir
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Delivery of sediment and particulate pollutants from diffuse sources is shown to be related to the loss of sediment carrying energy of runoff during the overland flow phase. The loss is caused by the termination of rainfall and by reduction of flow energy during the recession phase of the overland flow hydrograph. It has been demonstrated both by theoretical analyses and experimental measurements that the saturated sediment concentration in overland flow is a function of rainfall erosivity and the runoff flow rate. The hypotheses were verified by field measurements from a small homogeneous watershed.
A HISTORICAL JEWELPIECE ‐ DISCOVERY OF THE MILLENNIUM HYDROLOGICAL WORKS OF KARAJI1
Authors: Pazwash Hormoz , Mavrigian Gus
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Recent discovery of the millennium work of the Persian scholar Karaji marks his work as the oldest existent manuscript on ground water science. The title of the publication translates to “The extraction of hidden water (ground water) to the surface.” Content is startling, revealing that Karaji and other Persian scholars were familiar with present‐day concepts and principles inherent with the hydrological cycle, the classification of soils, the description of aquifers, and the search for ground water. Emphasis in the manuscript centers on the illustration of effective water search techniques, such as the study of the color of rock formations and the examination of roots of phreatophyte types of plants. The manuscript also describes instruments and devices employed in surveying and in the construction of qanats or underground conduits.
PERCOLATE WATER AND BROMIDE MOVEMENT IN THE ROOT ZONE OF EFFLUENT IRRIGATION SITES1
Authors: Tennyson Larry C. , Settergren Carl D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A bromide tracer was used to evaluate percolate water and ion movement in the upper 1.2 m of soil at a proposed sewage effluent irrigation site located in the Missouri Ozarks. Two plots representing Doniphan silt loam and Crider silt loam soils were sprinkler irrigated with local ground water at a rate of 7.62 cm/week from June through August 1976. Soil water potential, percent soil moisture by volume, and background levels of bromide in soil water, ground water, and precipitation were measured at the study plots. Bromide exchange properties and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soils were determined in the laboratory. During two selected time periods, irrigation water, was spiked with NaBr (5.0 mg/l Br). Bromide movement through the upper profile was quantified by soil water samples and post‐sampling neutron activation analysis. Soil moisture was near saturatin in both soils when the Br tracer was applied. Bromide concentrations above background levels (0.023 mg/l Br, Doniphan silt loam and 0.016 mg/l Br, Crider silt loam) were detected within 2.60 hours at 0.9 m in the Doniphan soil and within 3.75 hours at that depth in the Crider soil. The rate of Br movement in the profile was greater in both soils than the measured saturated hydraulic conductivity, Bromide concentrations above background levels were present in soil water from the study plots for a minimum of 21 days after irrigation with the Br tracer.
NORMALIZED AGRICULTURAL PRICES AND WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Miller Jon R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Short‐term fluctuations in agricultural markets necesitate adjustments in market prices for use in water resources planning. Two procudures for this price normalizing are described and evaluated. The linear treand and weighted average normalizing procedures perform reasonably well, except in cases of dramatic price oscillations.
RECREATIONAL ENHANCEMENT OF HIGH COUNTRY WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Labadie John W. , Shafer John M. , Aukerman Robert
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: There is considerable misconception about the dangers of opening to a recreating public in great need of additional open areas. A systematic procedure for identifying the factors essential to the selectio, planning, and management of reservoirs for recreation is described. A detailed case study conducted by an interdisciplinary project team is presented to demonstrate the feasibility fo maintaining storage levels in recreation‐conductive high country reseroirs without unduly injuring downstram water users. The idea is to trade water with reservoirs having less recreation potential. The optimal means of doing this is found via a river basin simulation model with quasi‐optimizing capability. Results of the case study show that this strategy is indeed feasible. Applicable to other areas may require analysis of tradeoffs if at least some damage to downstream users is unavoidable.
INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS CRITERIA FOR WATER SUPPLY PLANNING1
Authors: Minton Gary R. , Williams Richard , Murdock Thomas
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the selection and use of criteria for an institutional analysis of municipal water supply conducted in anchorage, Alaska. Although not universally acepted or used. evaluation criteria for most technical fields have been established either formally or informally. Cost‐benefit rtios, cost‐effectiveness, and environmental impacts are examples of technical evaluation criteria that can be quantified relatively easily (although poorly in some cases). The field of institutional analysis has evaluative criteria that are much less readily defined than those of technical fields, in part because many of the criteria are not quantifiable and in part because the area of the study is new.
A DIGITAL MODEL APPLIED TO GROUND WATER RECHARGE AND MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Lee Chin Y. , Qazi A. Raziq , Danielson Jeris A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Under Colorado's appropriative water right system, withdrawals by junior ground water rights must be curtailed to protect senior surface water appropriators sharing the same river system unless the ground water users replace the amount of their injury to the river under an approved plan for augmentation. Compensation of such injury with surface water may not only be expensive but unreliable in dry years. As an alternative, the curtailment of pumping may be obviated by recharging unused surface water into the aquifer when available and withdrawing it when needed. In order to manage such an operation, a practical tool is required to accurately determine that portion of the recharge water that does not return to the river before pumping for irrigation. A digital model was used for this purpose in a demonstration recharge project located in the South Platte River basin in northeastern Colorado. This paper summarizes the experiences gained from this project, the results of the digital model, the economic value of recharge, and the feasibility of the operation. It was determined through the use of the digital model that, with the given conditions in the area, 77 percent of the recharged water remained available for pumping. Economic analyses showed that water could be recharged inexpensively averaging about two dollars per acre foot.
IMPACT OF THERMAL STANDARDS ON POWER PLANT WATER CONSUMPTION1
Authors: Giaquinta Arthur R. , II Thomas E. Croley
Published: June 2007

Power plant water consumption (evaporative water loss) for various river temperature standards is presented for existing and proposed power plants located along the Missouri and Upper Mississippi Rivers in the MAPP geographical area. Thermodynamic and economic models are combined to evaluate the cooling related water consumption at various river thermal standards. The existing thermal standards and a number of other hypothetical thermal regulations including the extreme cases of no thermal standards and no allowable heated discharges are examined to show the dependence on thermal standards of power production related water consumption. A critical appraisal of the cost of thermal standards in terms of water consumption is thereby possible so that subjective assessments of the standards can proceed with full knowledge of the tradeoffs involved between the “water costs” of power production and environmental enhancement.
WATER MULTIPLIERS ‐ REGIONAL IMPACT ANALYSIS1
Authors: Ching C. T. K.
Published: June 2007

A significant research problem is the assessment of impacts associated with growth and/or decline in a regional economy. A relevant method for analyzing such problems is the Leontief input/output model. Associated with these models are economic multipliers measuring total changes in sales, income, and employment. In this paper, the author contends resource multipliers are equally relevant. The specific form of these multipliers are defined. Water multipliers for a two‐county region in central Nevada are presented and their uses described.
EMPHASIS ON DISTRIBUTION: STRATEGIES FOR SMALL SCALE WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND1
Authors: Arbhabhirama Anat , Angel Shlomo , Brewster Marcia R.
Published: June 2007

This paper discusses strategies for the development of water resources, emphasizing the delivery of reliable water supplies, for both domestic and production purposes, to every village and to every farmer. This necessitates a shift of emphasis from the construction of large storage reservoirs to the construction, operation, and maintenance of water distribution systems capable of reaching the largest number of farms, and a shift from projects that benefit the few, to projects that benefit the many. Water distribution in this context takes on three interrelated meanings: a geographical meaning, a technical meaning, and an economic meaning. The geographical meaning focuses on the spatial distribution of the recipient population as a key to identifying the proper distribution of water projects in physical space. The technical meaning relates to the physical distribution of water through canal systems to the farmers' fields. The economic meaning refers to the equitable distribution of benefits from water projects. The paper provides an illustration of the need for an emphasis on distribution, using the state of development of water resources in northeast Thailand as an example, with a proposed program for the further development of these resources. The northeast, the poorest region in the country, has been recognized by the Government of Thailand as a priority area for accelerated regional development efforts.
TEMPERATURE BEHAVIOR OF THE BLUESPOTTED SUNFISH ENNEACANTHUS GLORIOSUS (HOLBROOK), WITH AN EVALUATION OF THE INTERPRETATION OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR DATA1
Authors: Stauffer Jay R.
Published: June 2007

The bluespotted sunfish, Enneacanthus gloriosus (Holbrook), had a final temperature preferendum of 31.5 C. Fish acclimated to 30 C avoided 36 C. The analysis of acute temperature preference data and the relationship between final temperature preferendum and upper avoidance temperatures are discussed.
CONTINUOUS SIMULATION OF RECEIVING WATER QUALITY TRANSIENTS1
Authors: Medina Miguel A. , Buzun Jennifer
Published: June 2007

: This paper presents solutions to the one‐dimensional, transient conservation of mass equations for the coupled biochemical oxygen demand‐dissolved oxygen (BOD‐DO) reactions, based on the principle of superposition, for continuously discharging plane sources. The solutions are applied within the framework of a continuous simulation model to allow the derivation of water quality frequency curves and frequency histograms of consecutive hourly dissolved oxygen violations, for any desired standard. Receiving water response is determined for waste inputs from urban wet weather, dry weather, and upstream sources. An application to Des Moines, Iowa, and Des Moines River indicated that urban storm water impacts on the stream can be masked in the cumulative frequency curve representation, but the benefits of storm water control are clearly shown in frequency histograms of the duration of consecutive stream standard violations.
LOCAL FLOW ACCELERATIONS IN RIVERS1
Authors: van't Woudt Bessel D.
Published: June 2007

The geometry and formation of and the energy dissipation in flow accelerations in short steep reaches have been assessed, the latter as to its contribution to the energy expenditure in a long channel reach. An analysis of river gradients, aerial photos and additional field surveys has shown that flow accelerations can (1) originate naturally and sequentially from bars across a channel and nonsequentially from channel abandonment and channelside deposits and (2) be induced by a bankside groyne.
INCREASES IN SODIUM AND CHLORIDE IN THE MOHAWK RIVER, NEW YORK, FROM THE 1950'S TO THE 1970'S ATTRIBUTED TO ROAD SALT1
Authors: Peters Norman E. , Turk John T.
Published: June 2007

Regression analyses of major ion concentration in relation to specific conductance of water from the Mohawk River during two separate periods, 1951–53 and 1970–74, indicate statistically insignificant changes in the linear relationship of all constituents studied except chloride. Mean values and changes in the slopes of these relationships indicate that sodium and chloride have had consistently higher yields, in kilograms per square kilometer per year, than the other ions, although all ions show a general 20 percent increase in yields during the two decades. This general increase in ion yields is attributed to an accelerated transport rate of ions out of the basin as a result of a 19 percent increase in mean stream discharge. Transport rates of sodium and chloride have increased by 72 and 145 percent, respectively, in the Mohawk River since the early 1950's. Analysis of the sodium and chloride sources indicates rock salt used as a road deicei to be the primary source. This salt use accounts for 96 percent of the sodium transport increase and 69 percent of the chloride transport increase within the basin during the last two decades.
FLOOD EVENT MODELING ‐ A STUDY OF TWO METHODS1
Authors: Lowing M. J. , Mein R. G.
Published: June 2007

: Despite the advances in catchment modeling in recent years, engineers still face major problems in estimating flood flows. Application of unit hydrograph and runoff routing models to five United Kingdom catchments shows that either can be tuned to predict, on a test event, the routing effects of a catchment with equal accuracy. The larger remaining problem is the prediction of losses from rainfall and this study shows how alternative ways of describing the within event distribution of these losses can be an important factor controlling the success of the overall model. Other problems include the risks of extrapolation to larger events, baseflow separation methods, rainfall patterns, and inevitable errors in the data.
STREAM PHOSPHORUS EXPORTS FROM WATERSHEDS WITH CONTRASTING LAND USES IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO1
Authors: Hill Alan R.
Published: June 2007

: The export of dissolved molybdate reactive phosphorus (DMRP) from 22 watersheds in the Duffin Creek drainage basin near Toronto Ontario was measured over a 25‐month period. The annual average loss varied from 0.027 to 2.11 kg P/ha. Phosphorus levels in a number of watersheds were strongly influenced by effluent from a sewage treatment plant which contributed about 68 percent of the annual DMRP input to Duffin Creek. An analysis of 12 watersheds which did not contain major point pollution sources revealed that DMRP concentration and losses had a significant positive correlation with crop area and a strong negative association with forest, abandoned farm land, and area of sand + sandy loam soils. The causal relationships underlying these simple correlations are difficult to evaluate because of considerable multicollinearity between land use, soil, and topographic variables. Analysis of a mass balance for the downstream reaches of Duffin Creek indicated that there was considerable retention of phosphorus in the river channel particularly during summer low flows.
SEDIMENT TRANSPORT DURING A CONTROLLED RESERVOIR RELEASE1
Authors: Beschta Robert L. , Jackson William L. , Knoop Karla D.
Published: June 2007

The transport of bedload and suspended sediments and particulate organic matter was evaluated in Huntington Creek, Utah, during a controlled release of water from Electric Lake Reservoir from August 7–10, 1979. Effects of the release on channel geometry and riffle composition also were assessed. Bedload transport rates increased from zero to 1,650 and 1,500 kg/hr at two cross sections as discharge was increased from 0.4 to 4.9 m3/s; transport rates then decreased erratically as discharge was held constant. Cross section measurements and sediment size analysis indicate that flows were insufficient to transport riffle sediments. Rapid increases in the transport rates of suspended sediments and particulate organic matter also occurred during rising discharge and again decayed when discharge became constant. Suspended sediment concentrations for samples obtained with an automatic pumping sampler were generally less than those found for samples obtained with a DH‐48 sampler. Biological measurements still are needed to determine if such a release can improve fisheries habitat by removing fine sediments.
DESK TOP METHODOLOGY FOR MODELING BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND IN STREAMS1
Authors: Whipple William , Hunter Joseph V.
Published: June 2007

: The modeling of dissolved oxygen in streams is a widely used technique, upon which a great deal of money has been spent. This paper concludes that the standard methods of DO modeling by computer are unnecessarily complex, and that for some purposes, they can be replaced without loss of accuracy by desk top BOD models. Taking as an example, a set of data used in DO modeling, it is shown (a) that the data are grossly inconsistent, (b) that simultaneous gathering of data introduces errors in streams of long travel time, (c) that much more data as to pollutant concentrations should have been obtained, and (d) that 24‐hour DO data could have been dispensed with.
THE USE OF FLOOD POTENTIAL INDICES FOR FLOOD PEAK ESTIMATION ON UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Aron G. , Kibler D. F. , Tagliati C. J.
Published: June 2007

: The construction of a flood peak index map was attempted for use by hydrologists in the simple format of rainfall maps. Since flood peaks are highly dependent on watershed area, the effect of area was removed. By regression analysis flood peaks of 2.33 and 100‐year return periods were found to be proportional to watershed area to the 0.8 and 0.7 powers, respectively. Therefore, indices C2 33= Q2 33/A0.7 were completed at each gage and plotted on a Pennsylvania map. It was attempted to further remove some of the scatter by regression of C with several other watershed parameters like slope, percent forest cover, and watershed shape, but no significant correlation could be found. The index maps, drawn without attenuation of the scatter, can be used by hydrologists to compute flood peaks as Q = CAn (with n = 0.8 and 0.7 for the 2.33 and 100‐year flood peaks, respectively). Flood peak safety factors can be based on visual observation of the index variation in the vicinity of the location for which the flood peak estimate is needed.
A CARLSON‐TYPE TROPHIC STATE INDEX FOR NITROGEN IN FLORIDA LAKES1
Authors: Kratzer Charles R. , Brezonik Patrick L.
Published: June 2007

: A data base consisting of predominantly nitrogen limited Florida lakes from the National Eutrophication Survey (NES) was used to develop a trophic state index based on total nitrogen concentration. This index was compared with Carlson's (1977) index based on total phosphorus concentration, and the lesser of the two values for each lake was averaged with indices based on Secchi disk transparency and chlorophyll a concentration to assess the trophic state of the 40 Florida NES lakes.
EXTRA URBAN AND INTRA URBAN RAINFALL ENHANCEMENT BY A MEDIUM SIZED CITY1
Authors: Nkemdirim Lawrence C.
Published: June 2007

An experiment on urban effects of warm season rainfall of a moderately sized city and its downwind towns found no evidence of global enhancement. However, there are grounds for believing that the intra urban distribution of precipitation is influenced by urban variables among which air pollution and urban roughness are considered primary. The presence of an urban heat island did not appear to improve rainfall. On the contrary, it appears to be a factor in the relative aridity of the downtown sector of the city.
ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF A GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROJECT1
Authors: Tang John C. S. , Tanthimakabut Suchart
Published: June 2007

A ground water development project in the northern part of Thailand was appraised by means of benefit‐cost analysis. This is the first project in Thailand to develop ground water for irrigation purposes and it is also the first project which made use of an underground PVC pipe water distribution system. Results indicate that the project is economically feasible. In comparing different water distribution systems, it is also found that distribution by means of underground PVC pipes is more economical compared to an open ditch system if the life of the latter is relatively short and the rates of inflation are high.
GROUND WATER SEEPAGE IN LAKE WASHINGTON AND THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN, FLORIDA1
Authors: Connor Jody N. , Belanger Thomas V.
Published: June 2007

Direct ground water seepage measurements were made in Lake Washington, Florida, to determine the importance of seepage as a water and chloride source to the lake and upper St. Johns River. Over 200 seepage measurements were made in the lake and adjoining canals from July through December 1978. Results indicated that seepage into the shore areas of Lake Washington was an insignificant water source to the lake, representing 0.6 percent of the inputs, and was nearly balanced by ground water recharge in the midlake region. Drainage canals entering Lake Washington, however, exhibited high average seepage rates (17.7 L/m2‐day), over eight times the lake average (2.01 L/M2‐day). Discharge from the St. Johns River was the dominant factor in the water budget of Lake Washington and represented approximately 88 percent of the inputs during the study year. Although inputs from the drainage canals represented only 6.6 percent of the St. Johns River annual discharge, these canals represented 20.4 percent of the annual St. Johns River chloride loading and 62.1 percent of the river chloride loading during the five driest months of 1978. Evidence from this study indicates that rising levels of chloride in the river in recent years are largely attributable to ground water seepage in channelized areas, particularly in the headwaters. These chloride inputs assume greater importance during low water/low flow periods.
POTENTIAL IMPACT OF IRRIGATION ON WATER RESOURCES IN THE LITTLE WABASH BASIN OF ILLINOIS1
Authors: Eheart J. Way land , Libby Angela E.
Published: June 2007

The level of water demand for supplemental irrigation and the impact of such demand on water supplies were estimated, as a function of the price of corn (Zea Mays L.). The method of estimation was based on an economic analysis of irrigation practice which assumed constant irrigation costs, profit maximizing behavior on the part of irrigators, and which was deliberately structured to underestimate the level of irrigation water use. The analysis was applied to and used data from the Little Wabash basin in Illinois. No irrigation was predicted at a corn price below $3.50 per bushel. Between $3.50 and about $6.50 per bushel, irrigation was estimated to be profitable for a small region of the basin where acceptable groundwater was available. Above about $6.50 to $7.50, irrigation was found to be profitable in the remainder of the basin, where impoundment storage was required. The potential impact on the water resources of the basin is significant. For a corn price between $3.50 and about $6.50, the probability of a shortfall, defined as the event where the potential demand exceeds the supply, was estimated to be between 2 percent and 20 percent during the growing season. Above about $7.50, this probability was found to be about one‐third. The development of policies to control withdrawals for irrigation and other uses is endorsed.
SCS URBAN CURVE NUMBERS FROM A LANDSAT DATA BASE1
Authors: Jackson Thomas J. , Rawls Walter J.
Published: June 2007

Estimating the Curve Numbers used in the Soil Conservation Service hydrologic models is a tedious and costly task. Recent advances in remote sensing and data processing have led to the development of readily available land cover data bases for many areas of the United States. This study evaluated the potential of using a Landsat data base to make the Curve Number estimation process more cost‐effective and less tedious. Ten watersheds in the Washington, D.C., area were evaluated using a Landsat land cover data base developed by the U.S. Geological Survey. Results showed that these data can be useful. Predictions can be improved if ancillary data on residential lot size are included. It was concluded that this type of data base must be examined carefully before implementation.
A NOVEL CHLORAMINE COMPOUND FOR WATER DISINFECTION1
Authors: Burkett H. D. , Faison J. H. , Kohl H. H. , Wheatley W. B. , Worley S. D. , Bodor N.
Published: June 2007

A new chloramine agent, 3‐chloio‐4, 4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazolidinone, has been tested in a laboratory scale water treatment plant as to its efficacy in water disinfection. The agent seems to be equally effective as compared to chlorine gas in this application. The results of preliminary toxicity studies on the agent are very encouraging. The agent has a long shelf life both in water solution and in the solid state. Being a solid, the agent is clearly less hazardous to handle than chlorine gas. The agent appears to inhibit oxidative corrosion of metals as well. The agent is less likely to produce toxic halocarbons (e.g., chloroform) in water than is chlorine gas. Possibly most important from the standpoint of water disinfection, the agent is a “slow release” one for its positive chlorine, which provides prolonged bactericidal activity.
Reconstructed Stream Flow for the Salt and Verde Rivers From Tree‐Ring Data1
Authors: Smith Lawrence P. , Stockton Charles W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Salt and Verde Rivers of central Arizona provide the water supply for metropolitan Phoenix and a considerable acreage of irrigated agriculture. Rapid urbanization has caused concern over future water supply and aggravated flooding in the already flood‐prone Salt River Valley. Tree‐ring data were used as a proxy source to extend the annual and seasonal runoff records back to A.D. 1580 and thus to determine whether the period of record for annual discharge adequately represents the long term flow characteristics of the two rivers. Results show that several periods of extended low flow have occurred during the past 400 years, many of which were more severe then any comparable period since 1890. The low flow periods appear to have a recurrence interval of about 22 years. Also the gaged records contain an above average number of high seasonal and annual flows when compared to the entire 400 years. The reconstructions contain important implications for future water supply and flood potentials in the Salt River Valley.
USE OF A PREDICTIVE MODEL IN EVALUATING WATER CONSUMPTION CONSERVATION1
Authors: Lee Motoko Y. , Warren Richard D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The effectiveness of water conservation policies on reduction of water consumption was evaluated by use of a multiple regression predictive model. Data were obtained from eight Iowa communities, with regard to water consumption and water conservation policies adopted during the drought of 1977. The proposed model, which takes precipitation, temperature, month effects, and uniqueness of communities into account, is considered superior to the use of simple percent changes in evaluating the significance of reduction in water consumption due to conservation efforts. Among the variety of policies reviewed, mandatory policies with per capita restrictions were found to be most effective. However, voluntary conservation policies also resulted in significant reduction in some communities located in close proximity to other communities with severer water shortages. High credibility of local governments as to water shortage information was singled out as the most important factor in successful conservation by water resource policymakers of these communities. Use of the proposed predictive model for water consumption was demonstrated. Recommendations regarding future water conservation were made.
WATER USE DATA – WHO NEEDS IT?1
Authors: Schefter John E. , Moody D. W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper addresses problems in the design of a water use data base and valuation of water use data. An examination of the economic efficiency and distributional aspects of selected water management problems indicates that there are benefits to be obtained from water use information and, thus, there is a potential value to water use data. Water use information is viewed as being produced by combining water use data with other data in a modeling context suggested by theory relevant to the problem at hand, and a well designed water use data base will facilitate this synthesis. Data “needs” in the production of water use information via economic modeling are described to illustrate the relationship between theory and data. Some of the desirable characteristics of a water use data base and inadequacies of the existing water use data “base” are described. The fugitive nature of the water use data resource and a lack of understanding of both the information “production function” and the role of water use information in decisionmaking complicates the water use data valuation problem.
DETERMINISTIC MODELS FOR PREDICTING RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSUMPTION1
Authors: Power Neil A. , Volker Raymond E. , Stark Kevin P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Forecasts of future urban water demand traditionally have been made by the projection of historic trends in per capita consumption and population. This paper outlines the use of two deterministic models to forecast the residential component of urban water demand. The models incorporate specific representation of the activities which result in water consumption at each residence. Predictions of water use can then be made by modeling the changes expected in the number of these activities and the consumption for each such activity.
PHOSPHATE IN WATERS: II. PLANT AVAILABILITY OF LIGNITE FLY ASH EXTRACTED FORMS IN GREENHOUSE TRIALS1
Authors: Weeldreyer Paul D. , Fine Lawrence O.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Orthophosphate P was removed from municipal waste water, lake waters, and P‐spiked solutions by contact with fly ash from lignite burning electric power generating plants. The recovered ash was increased in total P content 3‐fold, and Bray No. 1 soluble P, 9‐fold. Phosphorus enriched ash so prepared was used in greenhouse trials with sand or soil as the major substrate material. Recovery of added P by barley plants ranged from 3 to 26 percent in the sand cultures and from 2 to 17 percent for soil cultures. Phosphorus contained in normal ash was partially available to barley under the conditions of these experiments. High B and the pozzolanic effect induced by ash reduced plant growth significantly.
FOCUSED AND DIFFUSE PATTERNS OF AQUATIC RECREATION BEHAVIOR1
Authors: Field Donald R. , Cheek Neil H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Recreation behavior can be examined by identifying characteristics of participants, activities, and places. Two distinct houschold types (social groups) were examined relative to their participation in water based recreation: households whose participation occurs exclusively in water based recreation, and those reporting participation in both water and nonwater activities. These households were compared in terms of preference for and specialization in water recreation, the relationship of water activity selected and resource (place) preference and intensity of participation in water activities. Attention by managers, planners, and social scientists to the interplay of participant group, activity, and place upon behavioral outcomes is important to the future development of recreation opportunities. It is one thing to design a facility for water based recreation; it is another to design a facility knowing the behavioral outcomes occurring and how they will be affected. Similarly, to implement a management strategy without knowing how behavior of participants will be modified as a result of the strategy can lead to failure of the management objective.
THE MILWAUKEE POLLUTION CASE ‐ IMPLICATIONS FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Donovan Michael , Job Charles A. , Sonzogni William C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Illinois v. Milwaukee Federal District Court decision is the most far reaching application yet of the federal common law of nuisance to interstate water pollution conflicts. Although a Federal Appelate Court recently rescinded part of the district court decision, Milwaukee must still upgrade its metropolitan sewage system to a level beyond that required by federal and state regulations. The improvements must be completed with or without federal aid. The case points out the apparent inability of the Clean Water Act, the most comprehensive federal legislation affecting the nation's water quality, to deal with certain interstate water quality conflicts. The Milwaukee decision could set a precedent for similar settlements elsewhere which may in turn affect the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's water quality clean up program. A more integrated, ecosystem conscious approach to management of shared water resources (e.g., the Great Lakes) would help reduce the need for court decisions like Illinois v. Milwaukee.