bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on Thymocyte Subpopulations in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Sandberg G. , Olsson Margareta
Published: August 2009

Guinea pig serum was shown to be cytotoxic against a subpopulation of autologous thymocytes. The sensitive cells belonged to the population of small, high-density cells, constituting the majority of cortical thymocytes. In this respect, the activity resembled that of some heterologous sera tested (rat, rabbit) and allogeneic serum. The same population was also particularly reactive in rapid early (RE) migration [Sandberg, 1981] induced by rat serum. Human serum differed from other tested sera both as regards cytotoxicity and RE migration. The cytotoxic effect of autologous serum was demonstrated at 4°C, whereas it was absent at 37 °C. The latter is in contrast to the cold reactive thymocytotoxic autoantibodies previously described in some mouse strains, and it is also in contrast to thymocytotoxic factors in heterologous serum. In all tested sera, the activity was completely inhibited by incubation at 56 °C for 30 min. The results may be relevant for the understanding of normal cell death in the thymus, and are discussed in relation to lymphocytotoxic autoantibodies in various disease states in man and animals.
Experimental Beryllium-Induced Lung Disease
Authors: Barna Barbara P. , Deodhar Sharad D. , Gautam Savita , Edinger Mark , Chiang Theresa , McMahon James T.
Published: August 2009

In previous studies, we found that endotracheal administration of beryllium oxide (BeO) produced cell-mediated immunity and granulomatous lung disease in strain 2 but not strain 13 guinea pigs. This report describes phenotypic and functional studies of bronchial lavage cells from both guinea pig strains after BeO exposure. In BeO-treated strain 2 animals, the percentage of T (ER+)3 lymphocytes was significantly (p < 0.05) elevated above normal by 2 weeks after BeO exposure, while T lymphocytes were not increased in strain 13. Giant cells containing crystalline material in fused, coalesced phagolysosomes were observed in treated animals of both strains. BeO-exposed strain 2 alveolar macrophages (AM) demonstrated enhanced killing of Listeria monocytogenes and enhanced chemiluminescence, while AM of strain 13 had responses below controls. Findings support the presence of BeO-induced cellular immunologic activity in strain 2 animals and, on the other hand, suggest BeO toxicity to lavage cells in strain 13.
The Role of Monocytes and Responder Cells in Suppression of Antigen-Specific T Cell Proliferation in Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Alevy Yael G. , Mueller Kathleen R. , Anderson Joseph R. , Hutcheson Patricia S. , Slavin Raymond G.
Published: August 2009

The response of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to the antigen tetanus toxoid (TT) in patients with chronic renal failure being maintained on hemodialysis was examined. We have found that: (1) the response of patients’ unfractionated PBL to TT is markedly suppressed when compared to the response of control PBL; (2) the response of patients’ purified T cells and T4+ cells to TT co-cultured with 5% autologous monocytes is suppressed when compared to the response of comparable control cultures; (3) the response of patients’ purified T lymphocytes co-cultured with 5 % autologous monocytes is significantly enhanced over the response of patients’ unfractionated PBL, and (4) the suppressed proliferation of patients’ PBL to TT is not reversed by hemodialysis. Thus, the presence of suppressor monocytes and the inability of the responding T cells and accessory monocytes to react to antigen contribute to the suppressed antigen-specific T cell proliferation observed in chronic renal failure patients. These results are relevant to the suppressed cell-mediated immunity observed in uremia.
Immune Responses to a Hapten-Carrier Conjugate in Splenectomized and BCG-Treated Guinea Pigs
Authors: Neveu P.J.
Published: August 2009

The effects of splenectomy on antibody synthesis and delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions were studied in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-treated guinea pigs injected intravenously with an hapten-carrier complex. Splenectomy was performed either before BCG treatment or between BCG treatment and immunization. Splenectomy had no effect on anti-hapten anaphylactic antibody synthesis whatever time it was performed. On the contrary, splenectomy abolished DH reactions to the carrier when performed after the BCG treatment, but not before. These results suggested that splenectomy leads to the depletion of macrophages activated by BCG which are efficient in antigenic presentation to the T lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity.
Species-Restriction of Rat Lymphoid Cell Migration Inhibitory Factor
Authors: Whitacre Caroline C. , Miller Katherine C. , Paterson Philip Y.
Published: August 2009

Migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was produced by lymphoid cells of Lewis rats in response to infection with Bacille Calmette Guèrin (BCG), mixed lymphocyte reaction or concanavalin A stimulation. It was found that rat lymphokine-containing supernatants demonstrate a definite species specificity, in that MIF activity is observed only when rat indicator cells and not when guinea-pig indicator cells are used. A comparative study of MIF activities, using rat peritoneal exudate cells, revealed that all three methods stimulated MIF production by either spleen or lymph node cells. Only infection with BCG induced peripheral blood leukocytes to elaborate MIF. In all cases, rat MIF inhibited rat peritoneal exudate cells but not guinea-pig peritoneal exudate cells. Possible explanations for the species specificity of rat MIF including a role for receptor carbohydrate moieties and fibronectin are discussed.
Studies on the Development of Tuberculin Sensitivity in Immunized Guinea Pigs with Demonstration of a Close Relationship between Results of Skin Tests and the Lymphocyte Transformation Technique
Authors: Hasløv Kaare , Closs Otto , Møller Susanne , Bentzon Michael W.
Published: August 2009

The development of tuberculin sensitivity in groups of guinea pigs immunized with living BCG vaccine or with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis suspended in oil (TB) was measured by skin tests and lymphocyte transformation (LT) tests with tuberculin PPD. LT tests on lymphocytes from peripheral blood (PBL) and lymph nodes (LNL) and skin tests were carried out on different groups of guinea pigs for 1 year following immunization. Three ways of expressing the LT results were considered, i.e. as stimulation index, iΔcpm and uncorrected cpm values. Since neither of the first two methods were equally applicable to all of the data, we decided to express the data as geometric means of cpm values for stimulated and control cultures, respectively. For both immunogens the sensitivity measured by PBL LT and skin tests showed a closely parallel development; LNL reactivity appeared earlier and remained at a higher level than PBL reactivity. Antibody levels in the guinea pigs were measured using a radioimmunoassay technique, were found to be dependent on the immunization period and not correlated to the cellular immunity.
Deficiency of the Autologous Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
Authors: Canonica Giorgio Walter , Croci Rita , Bagnasco Marcello , Ferrini Silvano , Cosulich Maria Elisabetta , Ferrini Omero , Giordano Giulio
Published: August 2009

The proliferative response of T lymphocytes when cocultured with autologous non-T cells in the absence of any other stimulating substance has been termed the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR). The AMLR has been shown to be impaired in several autoimmune disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren’s syndrome, and primary biliary cirrhosis. In this study we report marked deficiency in the AMLR in two autoimmune disorders: Hashimoto’s and Graves’ diseases. This impaired AMLR, probably related to previously described T cell subset imbalances, provides further evidence of altered interactions between the immunocompetent cellular subsets in patients with these pathological conditions. Additional preliminary observations suggest defective allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions as well.
Allergen- and Anti-IgE-Induced Histamine Release from Whole Blood
Authors: Tanizaki Yoshiro , Komagoe Haruki , Morinaga Hiroshi , Kitani Hikaru , Goda Yoshinori , Kimura Ikuro
Published: August 2009

The release of histamine by allergen and anti-IgE from whole blood was observed in 34 asthmatic subjects with a positive skin test to house dust. The time course of histamine release showed that the release by allergen and anti-IgE peaked after 15 min incubation. There was no significant difference in the time course of the release from whole blood between allergen and anti-IgE. Anti-IgE-induced histamine release correlated to a certain extent with the serum IgE level. Histamine release by house dust, on the other hand, correlated with the radioallergosorbent test score. A striking difference was present in the dose-response slope between allergen and anti-IgE. The maximum percent release correlated with the dose-response slope by allergen, but not by anti-IgE. The amount of histamine release induced by anti-IgE paralleled the amount of the release by house dust in the cases sensitive to the allergen; less sensitive basophils to anti-IgE were less sensitive to house dust.
Lymphocyte Transformation Test in Diagnosis of Nickel Allergy
Authors: Nordlind K.
Published: August 2009

Different lymphocyte separation procedures, Percoll and Ficoll-Paque density sedimentation and gravity sedimentation, were tested in order to get optimal results in the lymphocyte transformation test in diagnosis of nickel allergy. Percoll at both investigated times, 3 and 6 days, gave the highest lymphocyte DNA synthesis response to nickel sulfate in nickel-allergic subjects and the most significant difference against control subjects. With all tested separation procedures there was an overlap between the patient and control group as regards the individual responses.
Accessory Cell Response to Rye Grass Pollen Extract in Mice, Guinea Pigs and Man
Authors: Cook R.M. , Moran D.M.
Published: August 2009

The ability of murine, guinea-pig and human accessory cells to function in antigen presentation has been assayed by a T-cell proliferative response to adherent cells pulsed with rye grass pollen extract. A population of phagocytic, esterase-positive, plastic-adherent splenocytes from non-immune Balb/c mice briefly incubated with solubilized rye antigen were capable of stimulating syngeneic T lymphocytes from immune mice in an antigen-specific manner. Accessory cell function was H-2 restricted and required la-positive cells. Treatment with a monoclonal anti-la antibody impaired proliferation, whereas the presence of polyclonal rabbit anti-rye antibody increased activity. Guinea-pig peritoneal and alveolar adherent cells pulsed with up to 1 mg/ml antigen increased the response of rye-immune lymph node T cells in vitro. Proliferation was dose-dependent, despite < 0.1% of the available antigen being cell-associated, and could be inhibited by treating the accessory cells with trypsin, sodium iodoacetate and chloroquine. Adherent human peripheral blood cells treated with rye antigen supported the proliferation of non-adherent and nylon wool-enriched mononuclear cells obtained from both grass pollen-sensitive donors and from individuals lacking either detectable serum IgE antibody or a positive skin test to rye antigen.
Heterophile Antibodies in Sera of Patients with Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Authors: Tamura T. , Merino F. , Kano K. , Ramirez-Duque P. , Milgrom F.
Published: August 2009

Sera of 6 patients with Chediak-Higashi syndrome and sera of their mothers were studied for heterophile antibodies. Sera of 5 patients as well as 5 sera of their mothers contained antibodies against trypsinized bovine erythrocytes, tissue sediments of guinea pig kidney or high molecular weight glycoprotein (HMWGP) of bovine erythrocyte stromata. The antibodies combining with HMWGP in enzyme immunoassay belonged to IgM and IgG classes. Although none of the sera had significant titer of agglutinins against sheep erythrocytes, on the basis of absorption and inhibition studies, these antibodies seemed to belong to the Han-ganutziu-Deicher group of antibodies.
Effect of a Lymphocyte-Derived Pro-Inflammatory Factor on Carrageenan Pleurisy in the Rat
Authors: Bates M.B. , Bechara G.H. , Sedgwick A.D. , Sin Y.M. , Mackay A.R. , Willoughby D.A.
Published: August 2009

An intravenous injection of a lymphocyte pro-inflammatory factor (LpIF), obtained from rat spleen, restored diminished fluid and cellular responses in carrageenan pleurisy in leucopenic animals. A similar filtrate of bone marrow cells had no restorative properties. Previous results from elsewhere indicated a single pro-inflammatory activity on the fluid component of inflammation. We propose that LpIF has a more significant effect by influencing both components of inflammation and suggest that the discrepancy may be due to the different models used.
Crossed Radioimmunoelectrophoretic Analysis of Cultivated Rye (Secale cereale) Pollen Allergens
Authors: Renck B. , Einarsson R.
Published: August 2009

Cultivated rye pollen extracts were characterized by means of. crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE). 32 antigens were identified in CIE and among these 16 were radiostained in CRIE analysis of a rye pollen sensitive patient panel. Crossed line immunoelectrophoresis revealed that some of the rye pollen antigens were immunological partially identical with antigens of wheat flour and rye fluor.
Flow Cytometric Detection of Histamine Binding to Lymphocytes
Authors: Ruby Janet C. , Martin Leon , Muller Konrad
Published: August 2009

Using flow cytofluorimetry histamine binding was demonstrated by 90–100% of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cells were labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate-human albumin-histamine (FITC-HA-His) and analysed using a Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter (FACS-II). A parallel control FITC-HA conjugate and blocking with both free histamine and histamine bound to albumin were used to establish specificity. The binding of histamine could be blocked with both H1 and H2 type histamine antagonists. Nylon wool separated T and B lymphocyte subpopulations showed the same high proportions of histamine binding cells.
Evaluation of a Rapid Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for IgG Antibodies to Aspergillus fumigatus in the Serological Diagnosis of Allergic Aspergillosis
Authors: Khan Z.U. , Richardson M.D. , Warnock D.W.
Published: August 2009

A range of 6 somatic and culture filtrate antigens of Aspergillus fumigatus were evaluated in a rapid ELISA procedure for anti-A. fumigatus IgG where the component incubation times had been reduced to 10 min. Sera from patients with allergic aspergillosis, patients with suspected allergic aspergillosis, and asthmatic patients with or without A. fumigatus precipitins were tested. For all antigens, levels of anti-A. fumigatus IgG were higher in patients with allergic aspergillosis than in the other 3 groups. Low levels of specific IgG were, however, detected in asthmatic patients who had no precipitins against A. fumigatus. None of the antigen preparations enabled all patients with proven or suspected allergic aspergillosis to be separated from the other 2 groups of asthmatic patients. Positive-negative discrimination in ELISA was achieved by the inclusion of 10 pools of precipitin test-negative sera from the 50 asthmatics without A. fumigatus precipitins. The number of sera that were classed as positive in ELISA ranged from 9 to 15 in the allergic aspergillosis group, depending on the antigen used; in the suspected aspergillosis group, the number of positive reactions ranged from 1 to 8, while in the asthmatics with precipitins, the number ranged from 0 to 2.
Inhibition of Primary and Secondary IgE-Response by a Schistosome-Derived Inhibitory Factor
Authors: Langlet C. , Mazingue C. , Dessaint J.P. , Capron A.
Published: August 2009

Schistosome-derived inhibitory factor (SDIF) previously shown to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation, markedly decreased the primary IgE response of rats immunized with dinitrophenylated ovalbumin (DNP-OVA) when injected either simultaneously or shortly after antigen administration. No effect however was observed when SDIF was injected before the immunization. An inhibition of non-IgE anti-DNP antibodies was also found in SDIF-treated rats although the decrease was lower than with IgE antibody. IgE responses of both low and high IgE responder rats were reduced but a lower dose of SDIF was required in the case of high IgE responder Brown Norway rats. When SDIF was only given at the time of priming, the secondary IgE response was no longer modified. However, the administration of SDIF together with the second injection of the antigen induced marked decrease in the secondary IgE response. The effects of SDIF on primary and secondary IgE responses could be attributed to the inhibitory activity of the parasite-derived factor on lymphocyte proliferation. The observed inhibition of secondary IgE antibody responses confers to SDIF a pharmacological interest in allergic diseases.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Akoğlu T. , Johnson P.M. , Holborow E.J.
Published: August 2009

Leucocyte migration inhibition (LMI) by paired samples of autologous serum and synovial fluid IgG as well as homologous IgG and also heat-aggregated forms of all three IgGs was studied for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and compared with the response to these antigens by leucocytes from healthy individuals. Autologous and homologous serum IgGs did not markedly affect leucocyte migration, whereas synovial fluid IgGs caused occasional pronounced LMI with autologous (rheumatoid) leucocytes. Although aggregated IgG produced LMI in both RA patients and controls, the means of the migration indexes were significantly different between both groups. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from RA patients and healthy controls were also cultured with both native rheumatoid and normal IgG; only supernatants from RA cells incubated with rheumatoid IgG showed LMI activity, in contrast to the other culture supernatants. These results indicate that LMI to native IgG in RA may represent a form of specific cell-mediated immunity, although LMI to aggregated IgG might be explained by non-specific factors.
Effects of Compound 48/80 and Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine on Isolated Guinea Pig Airways
Authors: Burka John F.
Published: August 2009

Compound 48/80 and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), but not concanavalin A and dextran, contract isolated guinea pig tracheal spirals and lung parenchymal strips. fMLP induced a brief histamine-independent contraction of parenchymal strips. Tracheal contraction by fMLP was only observed in the presence of indomethacin, suggesting the involvement of a bronchoconstrictor lipoxygenase product of arachidonic acid (AA). Contractions induced by compound 48/80 were prolonged, were not dependent on extracellular calcium and were partly inhibited in the first 10 min by mepyramine, and after this by phenidone. Indomethacin enhanced contractions of trachea but inhibited contractions of parenchyma. Thus, histamine only contributes to the early part of compound 48/80-induced airway contractions, and lipoxygenase-derived AA products contribute after that. Bronchoconstrictor cyclooxygenase products may also contribute to parenchymal contractions. Compound 48/80 contracts the airways in a similar manner to antigen and thus may provide a useful model to examine mediator release and airway smooth muscle contraction.
Comparison of Histamine Release Assay and RAST Inhibition as Tools for Allergen Extract Standardization
Authors: Maasch H.J. , Fischer B. , Wahl R. , Wahn U.
Published: August 2009

We compared allergen-induced histamine release (HRA) from actively sensitized human leukocytes and RAST inhibition (RI) for their capacity to measure the activity of allergen extracts. Four different grass pollen preparations were investigated for their allergenic activities by employing leukocytes and sera from 13 patients sensitive to grass pollen allergens. We could demonstrate that both test systems detect differences in allergenic activities of the preparations with similar accuracy and reproducibility. HRA is more sensitive than RI but shows greater variability of the results. Pooling of sera from individual patients diminishes individual sensitivities in RI. By this means the precision of RI is further increased. As reagents for RI can be standardized and stored under stable conditions, RI can be performed at different times and different laboratories under identical conditions. For these reasons, RI seems to be more suitable for routine standardization of allergen extracts than HRA.
Natural Killer Activity in Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Authors: Merino Fernando , Cruz Irama
Published: August 2009

Studies were performed to determine the role of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis. Analysis of a possible correlation between in vitro NK cell activity and in vivo susceptibility to Leishmania mexicana infection showed that there is no relationship between the degree of NK reactivity to YAC-1 lymphoma cells and in vivo leishmania growth. It was also observed that spleen lymphoid cells from mice with high NK activity did not cause an increase in isotope release by the macrophage permanent cell line J774G8-1 previously infected with the parasite and supporting its growth. Mice infected with L. mexicana manifested an increased NK activity to YAC-1 cells but not to leishmania-infected J774G8-1 tumor macrophages. The lack of effect of NK cell activity is discussed with regard to the role of NK cells in immune mechanisms to intracellular parasites.
Independence of Complement on in vitro Immune Phagocytosis of Plasmodium falciparum Parasitised Erythrocytes by Human Monocytes and Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Celada Antonio , Cruchaud André , Perrin Luc H.
Published: August 2009

Monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal blood donors phagocytosed preferentially Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells (IRBC) in presence of sera from individuals living in areas endemic for malaria. Total complement or factor B heat inactivation of immune or normal serum does not alter opsonic activity directed against IRBC.
Modulation of IgE Response by Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Astorquiza M.I. , Sayago S.
Published: August 2009

The effect of the administration of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on the IgE response was studied. RF mice were immunized with OA in aluminum hydroxide gel and PHA was injected 1 or 2 days before the immunization in doses of 80 or 1 µl. Results show that PHA injected on day –1 induces suppression and PHA administered on day –2 induces some stimulation in the IgE response. This effect is independent of the PHA doses used and does not affect the anti-OA hemagglutinin production.
Sequential Changes of the Five Immunoglobulin Classes and Other Responses in Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Bahna Sami L. , Heiner Douglas C. , Horwitz Charles A.
Published: August 2009

Serum total IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE concentrations, heterophil antibody titer, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific antibodies titer, and hematologic changes were studied longitudinally in 19 patients with EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis who were followed up for 1.5–34 months. In 9 patients, the changes in these variables were compared with baseline data on a pre-illness serum sample. All 5 immunoglobulins (Ig) showed a significant rise during the acute illness followed by a drop during convalescence, and a gradual ‘normalization’ within several months to a year. On the average, IgE peaked to 276% during the first week, IgM to 176% at about 10 days, IgA to 154% at 15–20 days, IgG to 135% at 10–15 days, and IgD to 141% during the first 2 months after onset. IgE and IgM levels were significantly suppressed during convalescence by an average of about 40 and 25% of pre-illness level, respectively. A relationship was noted between Ig rise and the increase in circulating atypical lymphocytes. The data clearly demonstrate the polyclonal nature of Ig production during the acute phase of EBV-induced mononucleosis, with a striking and early reactivity of IgE.
Effect of Cyclic AMP-Elevating Agents on Human Spontaneous IgE Synthesis in vitro
Authors: Strannegård Örjan , Strannegård Inga-Lisa
Published: August 2009

The cyclic AMP (cAMP)-elevating substances dibutyryl-cAMP (dbcAMP), isoproteronol and theophylline were found to suppress the spontaneous in vitro IgE synthesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) from patients with atopic dermatitis, when added at high concentrations (10––3–10––4M) to the IgE-producing cell cultures. In contrast, low concentrations of the substances (10––8–10––12M) significantly enhanced IgE production. This enhancement was probably due to effects of cAMP on T cells since pretreatment of allogeneic MNC or T cells with dbcAMP abrogated their suppressive effect or resulted in enhancement of IgE synthesis in coculture experiments. Likewise, pretreated T cells from atopies stimulated the IgE production of autologous B cells more than did untreated T cells. These findings may possibly have bearing on the pathogen-esis of the atopic diseases, which are associated with abnormalities of the cyclic nucleotide metabolism.
Distribution of Membrane-Associated Actin in Sheep Lymphocytes
Authors: Mèly-Goubert B. , Dudler L. , Miyasaka M.
Published: August 2009

Using the DNAase I inhibition assay, we titrated two forms of actin, monomeric (G) and total (G + F) actin of various populations of lymphocytes in adult and fetal sheep. Lymphocytes leaving a lymph node always showed higher actin activities than lymphocytes resident in the lymph node at the time of examination. T cells had significantly higher actin activities than B cells. A subpopulation of T cells which is present in the blood but not in the lymph showed much lower activities than total T cell populations in the blood or efferent lymph. Thymocytes showed the lowest actin activities among the lymphoid cell populations examined. A proposal is made that DNAase I inhibitions per cell can be considered as an intrinsic parameter of lymphocyte recirculating abilities.
Comparative Studies on Tree Pollen Allergens
Authors: Vik H. , Sørnes S. , Elsayed S.
Published: August 2009

The major allergen of birch pollen (BV45) was conjugated to 2–0-methoxy polyethylene glycol-4,6-dichloro-5-triazine (mPEG). Three molecular weight variants of 4,000, 6,000 and 20,000 daltons, respectively, of the activated PEG were used. The modified preparations were labelled by 125I and both the native and the radiolabelled protein conjugates were purified by gel filtration chromatography. The relative molecular weights of the purified two peaks were preliminarily estimated by high performance liquid chromatography (two populations of ≥ 100,000 or 20,000 daltons). The amino acid composition of the acid hydrolysates of the three conjugated proteins indicated that 5 residues of lysine were modified by mPEG. Other charged amino acid side chains could also be bound to the activated PEG. The immunochemical properties of the copolymers were studied. The immunogenicity and antigenicity were examined by immunizing rabbits with 125I-mPEG 4,000 daltons BV45 and 125I-mPEG 20,000 daltons BV45 and subsequently crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The clearence of the radiolabelled protein showed normal pattern. A sharp decline in the radioactivity could be measured. At days 10–12, the remaining radioactivity was below 2%. Preliminary studies showed that the modified proteins were immunogenic in rabbits. The findings were demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the 125I-mPEG 4,000, 6,000 or 20,000 daltons BV45 and the corresponding autoradiographs. Apparently, the immunogenicity and antigenicity of the preparations were qualitatively unaltered. The allergenicity of the modified preparation was measured in vitro by RAST and RAST inhibition. The results indicated that the allergenic reactivity of the preparation was reduced by at least 25%. Similar results were shown in vivo by skin prick test (SPT) and PK technique. The reduced allergenic reactivity is likely to be attributed to masking of the immunoreactive determinants of the allergen by attachment to an inert net of polyethylene glycol. These studies showed that conjugation of the major allergen of birch pollen (BV45) resulted in a reduction of the allergenicity. Although the immunogenic and antigenic reactivities seemed qualitatively unaltered, a similar reduction could not be excluded. The data provide an experimental model for the modification of tree pollen allergens, suitable for further application on the manipulation of antibody synthesis in animals.
In vitro Studies Involving Histamine and Lysosomal Enzyme Release from Human Peripheral Leukocytes with Different Human Serum Albumin (HSA) Preparations
Authors: Ring J.
Published: August 2009

Various batches of differently prepared human serum albumin (HSA) were tested for their capacity to induce in vitro release of histamine or lysosomal enzymes from peripheral human leucocytes. While there was little effect of most of the native preparations tested, some batches showed significant release of histamine or lysosomal enzymes after heating to 70 °C. HSA preparations produced by heat ethanol fractionation never induced significant release reactions. It is concluded that the mode of production and the selection of stabilizing agents might influence reactions of HSA with mediator-secreting cells.
Age-Dependent Changes of the Fcγ-Receptor-Mediated Functions of Human Monocytes
Authors: Fülöp T. , Fóris G. , Wórum I. , Leövey A.
Published: August 2009

The age-dependent alterations of phagocytosis and age-dependent cell change (ADCC) activity through Fey receptors of human monocyte monolayers using anti-D human IgG-coated 51Cr-labeled human red blood cells were determined. 40 healthy aged subjects of both sexes (age: 60–85 years) and 20 healthy young people of both sexes (age: 18–25 years) were studied. The phagocytosis increased significantly with aging in both sexes, whereas a decrease in ADCC activity was found.
Transduction of Effector-Suppressor T Cells by an Antigen-Specific Suppressor T Cell Factor and Lyt-1+,2+,3+ T Cells
Authors: Tokuhisa Takeshi , Okumura Ko , Taniguchi Masaru , Tada Tomio
Published: August 2009

The cellular consequences in the suppression of IgG antibody formation initiated by an antigen-specific suppressor T cell factor (TsF) were investigated. The initial step of the suppression is the production of TsF by Lyt-2+,3+ T cells (Tsi) which activates Lyt-1+,2+,3+ acceptor T cells in the nylon wool-adherent T cell population. The activated Lyt-1+,2+,3+ T cells further generate a new effector-suppressor T cell (Tse) that belongs to the Lyt-2+,3+ T cell subset in the culture of nylon-adherent T cells with antigen. The Tse thus induced directly suppresses the responses mounted by B cells and nylon column-purified helper T cells in the absence of TsF. The origin of Tse was further examined by utilizing Lyt congeneic mice. The result indicates that Lyt-1+,2+,3+ acceptor T cells themselves do not differentiate into Lyt-2+,3+ Tse with losing Lyt-1 phenotype but facilitate the transduction of Tse from a preexisting precursor pool. These cellular interactions strongly suggest that Lyt-1+,2+,3+ T cells play a decisive role in an amplification of immunoregulation.
Suppression of IgE Antibody Response by Preadministration of Antigen-Pulsed Spleen Cells
Authors: Kojima Naoshi , Mabuchi Ayako , Yokomuro Kozo , Kimura Yoshitami
Published: August 2009

Intravenous administration of syngeneic spleen cells (SPC), briefly pulsed with antigen in vitro, resulted in a profound state of IgE antibody unresponsiveness. One of the mechanisms of this unresponsiveness is responsible for an immediate tolerance which is induced without any suppressor cells. Characteristics of this immediate tolerance were investigated. Administration of antigen-pulsed spleen cells 4 h before the immunization, suppressed the production of IgE antibody triggered by the subsequent immunization. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide had no effect on this rapid suppression, and this suppressive state could not be transferred to normal syngeneic recipients by the injection of spleen cells from the tolerant mice used in our experiment. These observations suggest that suppressor cells do not play an important role in immediate tolerance. The extent of this immediate tolerance induced by the injection of antigen-pulsed SPC depends on the number of antigen-pulsed SPC and the dose of antigen to which SPC had been exposed. Injection route of antigen-pulsed SPC has a great influence on the induction of immediate tolerance. The order of suppressive extent is intravenous, > intraperitoneal > subcutaneous. This suppression is specific to the antigen pulsed to SPC. Carrier-specific T cells are the major target of suppression in immediate tolerance. Antigen-pulsed T cells induce immediate tolerance most effectively in the subpopulations of SPC.
Induction of Long-Term Heart Allograft Survival in the Rat by Rabbit ATG
Authors: Mjörnstedt Lars , Olausson Michael , Hedman Lars , Lindholm Leif , Brynger Hans
Published: August 2009

A rat model for induction of transplantation tolerance, by antithymocyte globuline (ATG) as sole immunosuppressive agent, was studied. Vascularized heart allografts were employed. The conditions for establishment of long-term surviving (LTS) grafts were investigated as well as some of the characteristics of the tolerant state. The tolerance-inducing effect of ATG was found to be reproducible and dose-dependent. Treatment before grafting was essential. Preimmunization of the recipient inhibited the tolerance induction, while thymectomy seemed to have the opposite effect. The differences in survival of second allografts, third party or syngeneic to the first, indicated a largely strain-specific tolerance that most probably was the result of a changed host reactivity and for its induction strictly depended on presence of the graft. There were microscopical signs of rejection in the LTS grafts, while almost no such changes could be found in second allografts from the same donor strain, transplanted to the LTS-bearing recipients.
Leukocyte Sensitization against Synovial Components in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Blocking by Pregnancy Serum
Authors: Appelboom Thierry , Persellin Robert H.
Published: August 2009

The leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) test in arthritis can serve as an in vitro model for investigating cellular cooperation between mononuclear cells sensitized by cytophilic IgG rheumatoid factor(s) present in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) serum, normal synovial components, and polymorphonuclear cells. Since inflammatory and immunologic responses are altered during pregnancy, we studied the effect of pregnancy serum on the LAI. The adherence of normal leukocytes once sensitized in RA serum is inhibited by a synovial extract, but when these leukocytes are exposed to pregnancy serum prior to sensitization with RA serum, the cells are unresponsive to subsequent stimulation by the synovial extract (p < 0.01). This blocking effect on sensitization is only present in serum obtained after the first trimester of pregnancy and can be detected even at serum dilutions of 1:100. Leukocytes obtained directly from pregnant subjects, washed, and then incubated with RA serum failed to react. Since pregnancy serum has been shown to mask certain cell membrane receptors, it is possible that our results are due to the blocking of IgG rheumatoid factor binding to mononuclear cells. This finding could contribute to the subsidence during pregnancy of some disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Intestinal Resistance to Cholera Toxin in Mouse
Authors: Lange Stefan , Lönnroth Ivar , Nygren Håkan
Published: August 2009

Mice were immunized perorally with cholera toxin (CT), cholera B-subunit (CB), or buffer as control. The response of anti-CT antibodies of the IgG, IgA and IgM class in bile, IgA being predominating, were similar in both immunized groups. The same number of anti-CT containing plasma cells (ACC) were determined in the intestinal lamina propria of CT – as well as of CB-immunized mice 20 days after the last immunization, while ACC at day 4 in the CB group were 50% higher than in the CT group. In contrast to the vigorous antibody response to CT in both groups of immuniced mice, only animals immunized with CT displayed resistance to CT-induced intestinal hypersecretion and to CT stimulation of adenylate cyclase. The CB-treated group responded to CT with fluid accumulation and enzyme activation similar to controls. The results suggest that intestinal resistance to CT in mouse is due to desensitization of adenylate cyclase rather than to CT-neu-tralizing antibodies.
Isotype IgE Class-Specific Suppression in the Biozzi ‘High’ and ‘Low’ Lines of Mice
Authors: Hirano Takao , Mouton Denise , Biozzi Guido , Ovary Zoltan
Published: August 2009

The suppression of the production of IgE antibody was investigated with the Biozzi 'High' and 'Low' lines of mice. Using the adoptive transfer method formerly experimented with SJL mice (donor I immunized with 0.2 µg dinitrophenylated ovalbumin, donor II hyperimmunized with 10 µg keyhole limpet hemocyanin and donor III being unimmunized mice) IgE suppression was observed in recipients irradiated with 600 R only with the 'Low' line.
First Case of Acquired Functional CI INH Deficiency: Association with Angioedema during Churg and Strauss Vasculitis
Authors: Pasquali Jean-Louis , Christmann Daniel , Modert Fernand , Belval Patrice Challan , Storck Daniel , Hauptmann Georges
Published: August 2009

This report deals with the first case of acquired functional CI INH deficiency with normal anti-genic CI INH level which was detected in a young girl with angioedema and Churg and Strauss vasculitis. This complement abnormality was associated with slightly depressed levels of CH50, C4 and C2, but a normal level of C3, and high levels of total IgE and IgM rheumatoid factors. Finally, most of these abnormalities dis-apeared after corticosteroid therapy and clinical improvement.
Studies on Thymocyte Subpopulations in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Sandberg G. , Söder O.
Published: August 2009

78% of guinea pig thymocytes formed rosettes after 1 h incubation with rabbit erythrocytes. They were separated from nonrosetting cells by layering over a Percoll solution and centrifugation. The nonrosetting cells (RE-) contained a large proportion of spontaneously DNA synthesizing cells as well as cells able to cooperate in a proliferative response to the mitogenic lectins concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin. In contrast, cells which responded to a thymocyte growth factor were rosette forming (RE+). Proliferating thymus cells were earlier shown to reside in a low density population called la. Here we show that, whereas both RE+ and RE–– cells of population la contain proliferating cells, only the RE+ respond to the growth factor. Thus, the formation of ‘early’ rosettes can form the basis for enrichment of thymocyte growth factor responsive cells and the simultaneous separation of these from mitogen reactive cells.
Non-Cytotoxic Alloantibodies Defined by the EA Rosette Inhibition Assay
Authors: Mason Robert J. , Macleod Alison M. , Power David A. , Stewart Keith N. , Shewan Gordon , Catto Graeme R.D.
Published: August 2009

Sera from both transfused individuals and pregnant women mediated inhibition of Fc-rosette formation. Both normal blood B lymphocytes and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells were used as targets. Inhibition was not related to the presence or absence of lymphocytotoxic antibodies. When tested against a panel of B lymphocytes these sera displayed selective reactivity in keeping with the recognition of allospecific determinants. No association between the target antigen(s) and classically defined MHC-coded structures was evident. Heteroantibodies to both class I and class II MHC structures as well as β2-microglobulin also mediated FcR blockade. However, unlike the alloantisera tested, these antibodies displayed no restriction in their reactivity toward individual target cells.
Platelets and Bronchospasm
Authors: Page C.P. , Paul W. , Morley J.
Published: August 2009

The intrathoracic accumulation of radiolabelled platelets and concomitant changes in airway resistance have been recorded continuously in anaesthetised guinea pigs. Platelet-activating factor (PAF-acether) and antigen (in sensitised animals) elicited dose-related intrathoracic accumulation of platelets that could be associated with an increase in airway resistance. Maximal increases in airway resistance preceded maximal increases in platelet accumulation. Low doses of antigen could elicit substantial platelet accumulation, without detectable changes in lung function. It is concluded that physical obstruction of the pulmonary vasculature is not the sole determinant of platelet-dependent bronchoconstriction.
Inhibition of IgE-Mediated Histamine Release from Human Basophils and Mast Cells by Fenoterol
Authors: Marone G. , Ambrosio G. , Bonaduce D. , Genovese A. , Triggiani M. , Condorelli M.
Published: August 2009

Fenoterol, a β2-adrenergic agonist recently introduced to treat asthmatic disorders, inhibits antigen-induced histamine release from human basophil leukocytes and lung mast cells in a dose-dependent fashion. The dose-response inhibition curve is paralleled by a fenoterol-induced increase in the cAMP levels of human leukocyte preparations. The relationship between the effect of fenoterol and cAMP level is supported by the finding that the β2-adrenergic agonist only inhibits the first stage of antigen-induced histamine release and not the release caused by the Ca2+ ionophore, A23187. Propranolol, a competitive antagonist of β2-adrenergic receptor, blocks the inhibition of release and the cAMP accumulation caused by fenoterol. Finally, theophylline, a cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, synergistically potentiates the inhibitory effect of fenoterol on histamine release and the accumulation of cAMP. These data suggest that fenoterol may modulate the in vivo release of the mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions via the activation of β2-adrenergic receptor linked to adenylate cyclase on human basophils and mast cells.
Adjuvant Requirements for Protective Immunization of Mice Using a Trypanosoma cruzi 90K Cell Surface Glycoprotein
Authors: Scott M.T. , Bahr G. , Moddaber F. , Afchain D. , Chedid L.
Published: August 2009

A wide range of adjuvants including alhydrogel, saponin, Corynebacterium parvum, DDAB, Pfizer CP-20,961, oil adjuvants and several MDP analogues have been compared for their adjuvant activity in protecting mice against lethal Trypanosoma cruzi infection following immunization with a T. cruzi 90K cell surface glycoprotein. Only saponin was found to be effective. Promotion did not correlate with the ability to promote a particular Ig isotype; however, saponin was unique in its ability to promote cell-mediated immunity against the 90K glycoprotein.
The Passage of Maternal Dietary Proteins into Human Breast Milk
Authors: Kilshaw Peter J. , Cant Andrew J.
Published: August 2009

Samples of breast milk and serum were taken from 29 women at various stages of lactation before and after they had ingested 1 raw egg and half a pint of cow’s milk. The samples were analysed for cow’s milk and egg proteins using a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. β-Lactoglobulin, ovalbumin (OA) and ovomucoid were detected in breast milk from 10 out of 19, 13 out of 22 and 7 out of 9 women, respectively, in concentrations ranging from 110 pg/ml to 6.4 ng/ml. Maximum levels in breast milk were attained 4 or 6 h after ingestion and in serum 1–2 h earlier. The OA in breast milk was of normal molecular size (43,500 daltons) and indistinguishable from native OA in the radioimmunoassay. Gel filtration of whole breast milk or high molecular weight fractions at pH 2.6 failed to reveal additional OA, suggesting that immune complexes were not present. In serum, OA was detected both in its native form and in immune complexes. The possible significance of these antigens in the suckling infant is discussed.
Inhibition of Anaphylactic Histamine Release and Pulmonary Distress in Rats by Nonspecific IgE
Authors: Butchko G.M. , Aspinall R.L. , Smith W.G.
Published: August 2009

Myeloma IgE, obtained from ascitic fluid of rats previously inoculated with the IgE-producing cell line IR-162, was administered in prophylactic and therapeutic regimens to rats passively and actively sensitized to ovalbumin. Administration of myeloma IgE prior to passive sensitization resulted in ∼95% inhibition of anaphylactic histamine release and significant protection from anaphylactic pulmonary distress. Myeloma IgE treatment prior and subsequent to active sensitization brought about a 70–80% inhibition of anaphylactic histamine release. A similar pattern of protection was seen in animals that received 5 but not 3 weekly myeloma IgE treatments subsequent to active sensitization. These findings indicate that treatment with nonspecific IgE prior to sensitization is effective in blocking anaphylactic reactions but competition with cell-bound IgE in sensitized animals requires prolonged administration of relatively large quantities of ‘nonsense’ IgE.
Histamine Release from Mast Cells during Phagocytosis and Interaction with Activated Neutrophils
Authors: Coble B.I. , Lindroth M. , Molin L. , Stendahl O.
Published: August 2009

Histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells was evaluated during interaction with IgG, C3b-bi and Concanavalin A-opsonized yeast particles and activated neutrophils. In contrast to others we could show no phagocytic uptake of yeast particles attaching to Fc, or Concanavalin A receptors on the mast cell. Attached yeast particles opsonized with C3b/bi were also poorly ingested (< 10% of the attached particles). Neither could we detect any significant histamine release. If, however, neutrophils were added to the mast cell-yeast particle complex, histamine release was induced particularly in the presence of Concanavalin A-yeast.We furthermore showed that phorbol myristate acetate-activated neutrophils and eosinophils initiated mast cell degranulation and histamine release. This release is not dependent on myeloperoxidase, but on other oxidative metabolites, since myeloperoxidase-deficient neutrophils also induce histamine release. These experiments show that mast cells exposed to immune complexes and activated neutrophils or eosinophils may augment the inflammatory response.
Distribution of Radiolabelled Lymph Cells in Lymph Nodes and the Migratory Properties of Blood Lymphocytes in Sheep
Authors: Chin G.W. , Hay J.B.
Published: August 2009

The results found in this study supported the concept of lymphocyte populations with preferential migratory pathways. Preferential localization of lymphocytes in lymph nodes could not explain the non-random lymphocyte migration patterns observed in sheep. The migration of lymphocytes isolated from the blood was similar to that of lymphocytes in the efferent lymph of a subcutaneous lymph node, but was different from the migration of lymphocytes isolated from efferent intestinal lymph. The subcutaneous lymph node did not need to be selective for lymphocytes which entered from blood. However, there must be a selective entry of a population of lymphocytes with preference for migrating through mesenteric lymph nodes into efferent intestinal lymph in order to observe the differential lymphocyte migration patterns exhibited by the lymphocytes in the efferent intestinal lymph of sheep.