bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reversible Self-Assembly of Backbone-Thermoresponsive Long Chain Hyperbranched Poly(N-Isopropyl Acrylamide)
Authors: Liu Ting-Ting , Tian Wei , Song Yan-Li , Bai Yang , Wei Peng-Li , Yao Hao , Yan Hong-Xia
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we mainly described the reversible self-assembly of a backbone-thermoresponsive, long-chain, hyperbranched poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) (LCHBPNIPAM) in aqueous solution. Here, we revealed a reversible self-assembly behavior of LCHBPNIPAM aqueous solution derived from temperature. By controlling the temperature of LCHBPNIPAM aqueous solution, we tune the morphology of the LCHBPNIPAM self-assemblies. When the solution temperature increased from the room temperature to the lower critical solution temperature of PNIPAM segments, LCHBPNIPAM self-assembled from multi-compartment vesicles into solid micelles. The morphology of LCHBPNIPAM self-assemblies changed from solid micelles to multi-compartment vesicles again when the temperature decreased back to the room temperature. The size presented, at first, an increase, and then a decrease, tendency in the heating-cooling process. The above thermally-triggered self-assembly behavior of LCHBPNIPAM aqueous solution was investigated by dynamic/static light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance in D2O, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. These results indicated that LCHBPNIPAM aqueous solution presents a reversible self-assembly process. The controlled release behaviors of doxorubicin from the vesicles and micelles formed by LCHBPNIPAM further proved the feasibility of these self-assemblies as the stimulus-responsive drug delivery system.
Spatio-Temporal Variation and Impact Factors for Vegetation Carbon Sequestration and Oxygen Production Based on Rocky Desertification Control in the Karst Region of Southwest China
Authors: Zhang Mingyang , Wang Kelin , Liu Huiyu , Wang Jing , Zhang Chunhua , Yue Yuemin , Qi Xiangkun
Published: January 2016

The Grain to Green Program (GTGP) and eco-environmental emigration have been employed to alleviate poverty and control rocky desertification in the Southwest China Karst region. Carbon sequestration and oxygen production (CSOP) is used to indicate major ecological changes, because they involve complex processes of material circulation and energy flow. Using remote sensing images and weather records, the spatiotemporal variation of CSOP was analyzed in a typical karst region of northwest Guangxi, China, during 2000–2010 to determine the effects of the Chinese government’s ecological rehabilitation initiatives implemented in 1999. An increase with substantial annual change and a significant increase (20.94%, p < 0.05) in variation were found from 2000 to 2010. CSOP had a highly clustered distribution in 2010 and was correlated with precipitation and temperature (9.18% and 8.96%, respectively, p < 0.05). CSOP was significantly suppressed by human activities (p < 0.01, r = −0.102) but was consistent with the intensity of GTGP (43.80% positive). The power spectrum of CSOP was consistent with that of the gross domestic product. These results indicate that ecological services were improved by rocky desertification control in a typical karst region. The results may provide information to evaluate the efficiency of ecological reconstruction projects.
Body-Based Gender Recognition Using Images from Visible and Thermal Cameras
Authors: Nguyen Dat , Park Kang
Published: January 2016

Gender information has many useful applications in computer vision systems, such as surveillance systems, counting the number of males and females in a shopping mall, accessing control systems in restricted areas, or any human-computer interaction system. In most previous studies, researchers attempted to recognize gender by using visible light images of the human face or body. However, shadow, illumination, and time of day greatly affect the performance of these methods. To overcome this problem, we propose a new gender recognition method based on the combination of visible light and thermal camera images of the human body. Experimental results, through various kinds of feature extraction and fusion methods, show that our approach is efficient for gender recognition through a comparison of recognition rates with conventional systems.
From Athletes to Astrophysicists: Gender Differences in Patterns and Predictors of Career Aspirations in Pre-Adolescence
Authors: Perry Brea , Morris Edward , Link Tanja , Leukefeld Carl
Published: January 2016

This paper adds to research on girls’ growing educational advantage by examining gender differences in career paths. Using baseline data from an intervention study (TRY-IT!) targeting 265 sixth-graders in Title I schools, our research traces adolescent career aspirations by gender, race and class. Additionally, we investigate whether girls and boys exhibit differential sensitivity to environmental risk and protective factors that shape career and educational aspirations. We find that the career choices of boys vary more widely by social context, including socioeconomic status, race, and academic resources. Specifically, among youth with fewer social and academic advantages, girls aspire to more practical careers and careers which require higher levels of educational attainment relative to boys. The findings reveal how sources of inequality such as race and class shape gendered aspirations and complicate gender inequality. We reason that boys’ choices are more volatile and socially contingent because of the emphasis on high-status careers as a signifier of masculinity.
Voluntary Turnover: A Means of Reducing Perceived Job Insecurity? A Propensity Score Matching Procedure Applied on Swiss Data
Authors: Lebert Florence
Published: January 2016

The investigation of job insecurity has been a growing field of research. However, little is known about the strategies employees adopt to reduce job insecurity. Former research has shown that employees who perceive high job insecurity tend to engage in voluntary turnover. Yet, we do not know whether such a strategy is successful in reducing perceived job insecurity. Based on the Swiss Household Panel (SHP), a general population survey in Switzerland, a propensity score matching procedure is applied to investigate whether voluntary turnover successfully reduces feelings of job insecurity for employees who previously perceived an above-average level of job insecurity. Assuming that individual and family conditions are important factors explaining the success of this strategy it is distinguished between men and women with high, equally shared, or low financial responsibilities and of different age and educational groups. The results show that voluntary turnover indeed reduces perceived job insecurity. Whereas the individual factors do not moderate this relationship, the level of financial responsibilities does: employees who equally share financial responsibilities with their partners are most successful in reducing perceived job insecurity through voluntary turnover. The use of a propensity score matching procedure has proven fruitful as the bias caused by differing pre-turnover characteristics can be reduced considerably.
Effects of Short-Term Dynamic Constant External Resistance Training and Subsequent Detraining on Strength of the Trained and Untrained Limbs: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Costa Pablo , Herda Trent , Herda Ashley , Cramer Joel
Published: January 2016

Short-term resistance training has been shown to increase isokinetic muscle strength and performance after only two to nine days of training. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three days of unilateral dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) training and detraining on the strength of the trained and untrained legs. Nineteen men were randomly assigned to a DCER training group or a non-training control group. Subjects visited the laboratory eight times, the first visit was a familiarization session, the second visit was a pre-training assessment, the subsequent three visits were for training sessions (if assigned to the training group), and the last three visits were post-training assessments 1, 2, and 3 (i.e., 48 h, 1 week, and 2 weeks after the final training session). Strength increased in both trained and untrained limbs from pre- to post-training assessment 1 for the training group and remained elevated at post-training assessments 2 and 3 (p ≤ 0.05). No changes were observed in the control (p > 0.05). Possible strength gains from short-term resistance training have important implications in clinical rehabilitation settings, sports injury prevention, as well as other allied health fields such as physical therapy, occupational therapy, and athletic training.
Sustaining without Changing: The Metabolic Rift of Certified Organic Farming
Authors: McGee Julius , Alvarez Camila
Published: January 2016

Many proponents of organic farming claim that it is a sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture due to its reliance on natural agro-inputs, such as manure based fertilizers and organic pesticides. However, in this analysis we argue that although particular organic farming practices clearly benefit ecosystems and human consumers, the social context in which some organic farms develop, limit the potential environmental benefits of organic agriculture. Specifically, we argue that certified organic farming’s increased reliance on agro-inputs, such as organic fertilizers and pesticides, reduces its ability to decrease global water pollution. We review recent research that demonstrates the environmental consequences of specific organic practices, as well as literature showing that global organic farming is increasing its reliance on agro-inputs, and contend that organic farming has its own metabolic rift with natural water systems similar to conventional agriculture. We use a fixed-effects panel regression model to explore how recent rises in certified organic farmland correlate to water pollution (measured as biochemical oxygen demand). Our findings indicate that increases in the proportion of organic farmland over time increases water pollution. We conclude that this may be a result of organic farms increasing their reliance on non-farm agro-inputs, such as fertilizers.
An Approach for R&D Partner Selection in Alliances between Large Companies, and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs): Application of Bayesian Network and Patent Analysis
Authors: Lee Keeeun , Park Inchae , Yoon Byungun
Published: January 2016

The enhanced R&D cooperative efforts between large firms and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been emphasized to perform innovation projects and succeed in deploying profitable businesses. In order to promote such win-win alliances, it is necessary to consider the capabilities of large firms and SMEs, respectively. Thus, this paper proposes a new approach of partner selection when a large firm assesses SMEs as potential candidates for R&D collaboration. The first step of the suggested approach is to define the necessary technology for a firm by referring to a structured technology roadmap, which is a useful technique in the partner selection from the perspectives of a large firm. Second, a list of appropriate SME candidates is generated by patent information. Finally, a Bayesian network model is formulated to select an SME as an R&D collaboration partner which fits in the industry and the large firm by utilizing a bibliography with United States patents. This paper applies the proposed approach to the semiconductor industry and selects potential R&D partners for a large firm. This paper will explain how to use the model as a systematic and analytic approach for creating effective partnerships between large firms and SMEs.
Does the Sustainable PPI Investments Promote Financial Market’s Sustainable Development?
Authors: Fu Tong , Chen Hongzhang , Choi Yongrok
Published: January 2016

Since the late 1980s, most developing countries adopt a policy of attracting investments for Private Participation in Infrastructure (PPI) projects. With a perspective of sustainability, this paper offers a first attempt to examine whether the sustainable PPI investments promote financial market development. First, we demonstrate how the PPI policy enlargers the size of financial markets and then fosters the liquidity of financial markets in the static and dynamic conditions. Using the data from 33 developing countries during 1997–2012, we discover the significant promotion effect of PPI investments on the development of financial markets in the dimensions of size and liquidity. Additionally, we confirm the significant mediator effect of financial market size for the positive relationship between PPI investments and financial market liquidity. Both the promotion effect and mediation effect are robust to different control variables and estimation techniques used.
Modeling Climate and Management Change Impacts on Water Quality and In-Stream Processes in the Elbe River Basin
Authors: Hesse Cornelia , Krysanova Valentina
Published: January 2016

Eco-hydrological water quality modeling for integrated water resources management of river basins should include all necessary landscape and in-stream nutrient processes as well as possible changes in boundary conditions and driving forces for nutrient behavior in watersheds. The study aims to assess possible impacts of the changing climate (ENSEMBLES climate scenarios) and/or land use conditions on resulting river water quantity and quality in the large-scale Elbe river basin by applying a semi-distributed watershed model of intermediate complexity (SWIM) with implemented in-stream nutrient (N+P) turnover and algal growth processes. The calibration and validation results revealed the ability of SWIM to satisfactorily simulate nutrient behavior at the watershed scale. Analysis of 19 climate scenarios for the whole Elbe river basin showed a projected increase in temperature (+3 °C) and precipitation (+57 mm) on average until the end of the century, causing diverse changes in river discharge (+20%), nutrient loads (NO3-N: −5%; NH4-N: −24%; PO4-P: +5%), phytoplankton biomass (−4%) and dissolved oxygen concentration (−5%) in the watershed. In addition, some changes in land use and nutrient management were tested in order to reduce nutrient emissions to the river network.
Le Brachypode dans l'enfrichement des soulanes de l'Ariège (Haut-Couserans - Pyrénées centrales)
Authors: Vabre Jacques
Published: January 2016

Brachypodium en el proceso de vuelta al yermo en las solanas de Ariège (Haut Couserans, Pirineo central). En las solenas del Pirineo central (Haut Couserans) la disgregación del sistema agropastoril acarreó el abandono y la vuelta de los espacios agrícolas al yermo. Aquello es percibido y analizado como la manifestación ecológica del abandono social. Con la cartografía sistémica y los análisis multifactoriales se puede elaborar una tipología de los yermos basada, concretamente, en la abundancia/preponderancia del brachypodium pinnatum. Esta planta euritópica, adoptada como indicador del abandono de cultivos, es objeto de un análisis específico que permite situar el « elemento- planta » en el geosistema. Una aproximación histórica desemboca en la elaboración de un « modelo de evolución con bifurcaciones » desde los pastos deteriorados hasta el matorral o el monte bajo.
Dynamique physique récente de versants des hautes terres cévenoles (Espérou-Lingas) et occupation humaine
Authors: Muxart Tatiana , Billard Armelle , Cohen J. , Cosandey Claude , Denèfle Michelle , Fleury A. , Guerrini Marie-Claude
Published: January 2016

The recent physical dynamic of the slopes of the upper Cévennes in relation to their human occupation. This research on the physical dynamic of slopes in the Esperou-Lingas highlands is a part of the overall analysis of the farming, forestry and pastoral system, in the Cévennes intermediate altitude mountain (Massif Central). The investigations are particularly concerned with ecological and landscape changes occuring as one result of the human activities. Palynological and sedimentological studies of the deposits found on the floor of the small valley of the Airette, in association with radiocarbon datings and analysis of historical documents, lead to a tentative reconstruction of land use cycles between agriculture and grazing. They demonstrate important erosion and removal of soils and surficial sediments along the slopes and the accumulation of a thick mineral and organic deposit on the floor of (the small valley since the Middle Ages deforestation.
La population toulousaine de 1875 à 1982
Authors: Coppolani Jean
Published: January 2016

La población de la aglomeración de Toulouse de 1972 a 1985. Examen de las variaciones de su distribución espacial entre dichos censos. El último, aunque imperfecto, confirma las tendencias observadas anteriormente : crecimiento más rápido de los suburbios ; mayor diferenciación según las edades, las categorías socioprofesionales, los niveles de renta ; envejecimiento general.
De la cartographie de la végétation à la naissance d'un cru : le «Côtes de la Malepère» (Aude)
Authors: Astruc H. , Calmet J. , Delpoux Marcel , Guitard R. , Jacquinet J.-C. , Vilotte C.
Published: January 2016

Sur la base d'études bioclimatiques pédologiques et phytogéographiques la rénovation du vignoble de la Malepère (Aude) est en cours. Le carignan, cépage méditerranéen traditionnel, est remplacé par des cépages adaptés à l'hétérogénéité écologique de cette région de transition entre le Languedoc méditerraéen et le Lauragais plus atlantique. La mosaïque de terroirs — un terroir = un sol + un bioclimat + un cépage — définie scientifiquement, produit désormais des vins de qualité. L'application à d'autres régions et à d'autres cultures de la méthode utilisée ici est justifiée par la réussite socio-économique qui a suivi les réussites techniques (viticoles et œnologiques) .
Le froid de janvier 1985 et les grands hivers passés dans le sud-ouest de la France
Authors: Avila Fernand , Avila Maryvonne
Published: January 2016

La vague de froid de janvier 1985 dans les Landes et le Sud-Ouest a été exceptionnelle. Par sa rigueur et sa durée, elle peut se comparer à l'hiver 1709 qui fut à l'origine de la disparition d'une partie du massif forestier landais. Les grands hivers sont rares dans la région, mais ils sont réels puisqu'il y en a eu 4 pour les 30 dernières années : 1956, 1962-63, 1985 et 1987. C'est dire qu'il faut en tenir compte pour mieux orienter les choix économiques.
1986 dans les Pyrénées orientales : deux perturbations méditerranéennes aux effets remarquables
Authors: Vigneau Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2016

1986 en los Pyrénées Orientales : Impacto notable de dos perturbaciones mediterráneas. Con frecuencia las regiones mediterráneas reciben precipitaciones que resultan de sistemas perturbados muy distintos de los « norvégiens », precipitaciones a veces de gram magnitud. Dos de estas perturbaciones que, en 1986, afectaron el Pirineo Oriental, causaron graves inconvenientes e importantes daños. Una, de nieve significó durante varios días, la paralización de gran parte de la región, incluso en zonas de poca altura. La segunda fue accompañada de un chaparrón de intensidad récord a orillas del mar. El estudio de estas situaciones enseña de qué depende el paso de una situación corriente a una catástrofe. También permite analizer detalladamente los funcionamientos muy dispares de sistemas que sin embargo, relevan del mismo tipo aerológico.
La restauration des terrains en montagne, vue des Pyrénées
Authors: Charry Jean-Claude
Published: January 2016

Dans les Pyrénées, après l'extinction rapide des risques dans la plupart des périmètres, la restauration des terrains en montagne s'est concentrée, jusqu'à présent, sur quelques sites spectaculaires où les problèmes sont permanents. Actuellement, la décentralisation, le vieillissement des aménagements et les nouvelles demandes de sécurité amènent à réorienter les conditions de l'action vers un renforcement des compétences au niveau des vallées.
Un torrent oublié mais catastrophique en Haute-Ariège
Authors: Antoine Jean-Marc
Published: January 2016

Le Val d'Ariège, entre Tarascon et Ax-les-Thermes, a connu une intense activité torrentielle ; elle est attestée par les archives au cours de la période XVII-XIXe siècle et on peut en retrouver les traces dans la stratigraphie des cônes de déjection. La chronologie établie à partir des sources montre une réapparition cyclique des phénomènes torrentiels, qui se concentrent en véritables crises érosives à la fin du XVIIe, XVIIIe et XIXe siècle. Le torrent du Lagal, au Castelet, est représentatif de cette histoire catastrophique : il a connu une quinzaine de paroxysmes torrentiels en deux siècles et possède un cône important avec une stratigraphie montrant, sur plusieurs mètres d'épaisseur, la succession des phases de calme et de crise. Après 70 ans d'accalmie, le torrent qui avait été un peu oublié a rappelé en 1985 la menace qu'il fait peser, ainsi que plusieurs autres, sur des villages et un axe fréquenté.
Single-molecule magnet behavior in 2,2’-bipyrimidine-bridged dilanthanide complexes
Authors: Yu Wen , Schramm Frank , Pineda Eufemio Moreno , Lan Yanhua , Fuhr Olaf , Chen Jinjie , Isshiki Hironari , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Wulfhekel Wulf , Ruben Mario
Published: January 2016

A series of 2,2’-bipyrimidine-bridged dinuclear lanthanide complexes with the general formula [Ln(tmhd)3]2bpm (tmhd = 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate, bpm = 2,2’-bipyrimidine, Ln = Gd(III), 1; Tb(III), 2; Dy(III), 3; Ho(III), 4 and Er(III), 5) has been synthesized and characterized. Sublimation of [Tb(tmhd)3]2bpm onto a Au(111) surface leads to the formation of a homogeneous film with hexagonal pattern, which was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The bulk magnetic properties of all complexes have been studied comprehensively. The dynamic magnetic behavior of the Dy(III) and Er(III) compounds clearly exhibits single molecule magnet (SMM) characteristics with an energy barrier of 97 and 25 K, respectively. Moreover, micro-SQUID measurements on single crystals confirm their SMM behavior with the presence of hysteresis loops.
OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY OF SDSS J004054.65-0915268: THREE POSSIBLE SCENARIOS FOR THE CLASSIFICATION. A z ∼ 5 BL LACERTAE, A BLUE FSRQ, OR A WEAK EMISSION LINE QUASAR
Authors: Landoni M. , Zanutta A. , Bianco A. , Tavecchio F. , Bonnoli G. , Ghisellini G.
Published: January 2016

The haunt of high-redshift BL Lacerate objects is day by day more compelling to firmly understand their intrinsic nature and evolution. SDSS J004054.65-0915268 is, at the moment, one of the most distant BL Lac candidates, at z ∼ 5. We present a new optical-near-IR spectrum obtained with ALFOSC-NOT with a new, custom designed dispersive grating aimed to detect broad emission lines that could disprove this classification. In the obtained spectra, we do not detect any emission features and we provide an upper limit to the luminosity of the C iv broad emission line. Therefore, the nature of the object is then discussed, building the overall spectral energy distribution (SED) and fitting it with three different models. Our fits, based on SED modeling with different possible scenarios, cannot rule out the possibility that this source is indeed a BL Lac object, though the absence of optical variability and the lack of strong radio flux seem to suggest that the observed optical emission originates from a thermalized accretion disk.
WISE PHOTOMETRY FOR 400 MILLION SDSS SOURCES
Authors: Lang Dustin , Hogg David W. , Schlegel David J.
Published: January 2016

We present photometry of images from the Wide-Field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) of over 400 million sources detected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We use a “forced photometry” technique, using measured SDSS source positions, star–galaxy classification, and galaxy profiles to define the sources whose fluxes are to be measured in the WISE images. We perform photometry with The Tractor image modeling code, working on our “unWISE” coaddds and taking account of the WISE point-spread function and a noise model. The result is a measurement of the flux of each SDSS source in each WISE band. Many sources have little flux in the WISE bands, so often the measurements we report are consistent with zero given our uncertainties. However, for many sources we get 3σ or 4σ measurements; these sources would not be reported by the “official” WISE pipeline and will not appear in the WISE catalog, yet they can be highly informative for some scientific questions. In addition, these small-signal measurements can be used in stacking analyses at the catalog level. The forced photometry approach has the advantage that we measure a consistent set of sources between SDSS and WISE, taking advantage of the resolution and depth of the SDSS images to interpret the WISE images; objects that are resolved in SDSS but blended together in WISE still have accurate measurements in our photometry. Our results, and the code used to produce them, are publicly available at http://unwise.me.
OBSERVATION OF TWO NEW L4 NEPTUNE TROJANS IN THE DARK ENERGY SURVEY SUPERNOVA FIELDS
Authors: Gerdes D. W. , Jennings R. J. , Bernstein G. M. , Sako M. , Adams F. , Goldstein D. , Kessler R. , Hamilton S. , Abbott T. , Abdalla F. B. , Allam S. , Benoit-Lévy A. , Bertin E. , Brooks D. , Buckley-Geer E. , Burke D. L. , Capozzi D. , Rosell A. Carnero , Kind M. Carrasco , Carretero J. , Cunha C. E. , D’Andrea C. B. , Costa L. N. da , DePoy D. L. , Desai S. , Dietrich J. P. , Doel P. , Eifler T. F. , Neto A. Fausti , Flaugher B. , Frieman J. , Gaztanaga E. , Gruen D. , Gruendl R. A. , Gutierrez G. , Honscheid K. , James D. J. , Kuehn K. , Kuropatkin N. , Lahav O. , Li T. S. , Maia M. A. G. , March M. , Martini P. , Miller C. J. , Miquel R. , Nichol R. C. , Nord B. , Ogando R. , Plazas A. A. , Romer A. K. , Roodman A. , Sanchez E. , Santiago B. , Schubnell M. , Sevilla-Noarbe I. , Smith R. C. , Soares-Santos M. , Sobreira F. , Suchyta E. , Swanson M. E. C. , Tarlé G. , Thaler J. , Walker A. R. , Wester W. , Zhang Y. ,   The DES Collaboration
Published: January 2016

We report the discovery of the eighth and ninth known Trojans in stable orbits around Neptune’s leading Lagrange point, L4. The objects 2014 QO441 and 2014 QP441 were detected in data obtained during the 2013–14 and 2014–15 observing seasons by the Dark Energy Survey, using the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) on the 4-m Blanco telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. Both are in high-inclination orbits (18.°8 and 19.°4, respectively). With an eccentricity of 0.104, 2014 QO441 has the most eccentric orbit of the 11 known stable Neptune Trojans. Here we describe the search procedure and investigate the objects’ long-term dynamical stability and physical properties.
THE OFFSET AND HOST LIGHT DISTRIBUTIONS OF LONG GAMMA-RAY BURSTS: A NEW VIEW FROM HST OBSERVATIONS OF SWIFT BURSTS
Authors: Blanchard Peter K. , Berger Edo , Fong Wen-fai
Published: January 2016

We present the results of an extensive Hubble Space Telescope imaging study of 105, mostly Swift, long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) spanning

, which were localized using relative astrometry from ground- and space-based afterglow observations. We measure the distribution of LGRB offsets from their host centers and their relation to the underlying host light distribution. We find that the host-normalized offsets of LGRBs are more centrally concentrated than expected for an exponential disk profile,

= 0.63, and in particular they are more concentrated than the underlying surface brightness profiles of their host galaxies and more concentrated than supernovae. The fractional flux distribution, with a median of 0.78, indicates that LGRBs prefer some of the brightest locations in their host galaxies but are not as strongly correlated as previous studies indicated. Importantly, we find a clear correlation between offset and fractional flux, where bursts at offsets

exclusively occur at fractional fluxes

, while bursts at

have a uniform fractional flux distribution. This indicates that the spatial correlation of LGRBs with bright star-forming regions seen in the full sample is dominated by the contribution from bursts at small offset and that LGRBs in the outer parts of galaxies show no preference for unusually bright regions. We conclude that LGRBs strongly prefer the bright, inner regions of their hosts, indicating that the star formation taking place there is more favorable for LGRB progenitor production. This indicates that environmental factors beyond metallicity, such as binary interactions or IMF differences, may operate in the central regions of LGRB hosts.
THE EFFECTS OF GRAIN SIZE AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS ON THE FORMATION OF INTERSTELLAR ICE MANTLES
Authors: Pauly Tyler , Garrod Robin T.
Published: January 2016

Computational models of interstellar gas-grain chemistry have historically adopted a single dust-grain size of 0.1 micron, assumed to be representative of the size distribution present in the interstellar medium. Here, we investigate the effects of a broad grain-size distribution on the chemistry of dust-grain surfaces and the subsequent build-up of molecular ices on the grains, using a three-phase gas-grain chemical model of a quiescent dark cloud. We include an explicit treatment of the grain temperatures, governed both by the visual extinction of the cloud and the size of each individual grain-size population. We find that the temperature difference plays a significant role in determining the total bulk ice composition across the grain-size distribution, while the effects of geometrical differences between size populations appear marginal. We also consider collapse from a diffuse to a dark cloud, allowing dust temperatures to fall. Under the initial diffuse conditions, small grains are too warm to promote grain-mantle build-up, with most ices forming on the mid-sized grains. As collapse proceeds, the more abundant, smallest grains cool and become the dominant ice carriers; the large population of small grains means that this ice is distributed across many grains, with perhaps no more than 40 monolayers of ice each (versus several hundred assuming a single grain size). This effect may be important for the subsequent processing and desorption of the ice during the hot-core phase of star formation, exposing a significant proportion of the ice to the gas phase, increasing the importance of ice-surface chemistry and surface–gas interactions.
IMPLICATION OF FORMATION MECHANISMS OF HC5N IN TMC-1 AS STUDIED BY 13C ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION
Authors: Taniguchi Kotomi , Ozeki Hiroyuki , Saito Masao , Sakai Nami , Nakamura Fumitaka , Kameno Seiji , Takano Shuro , Yamamoto Satoshi
Published: January 2016

We observed the J = 9 − 8 and 16 − 15 rotational transitions of the normal species and five 13C isotopologues of HC5N to study its formation mechanisms toward the cyanopolyyne peak in Taurus Molecular Cloud-1, with the 45-m radio telescope of the Nobeyama Radio Observatory. We detected the five 13C isotopologues with high signal-to-noise ratios between 12 and 20, as well as the normal species. The abundance ratios of the five 13C isotopologues of HC5N are found to be 1.00:0.97:1.03:1.05:1.16 (±0.19) (1σ) for [H13CCCCCN]:[HC13CCCCN]:[HCC13CCCN]:[HCCC13CCN]:[HCCCC13CN]. We do not find any significant differences among the five

isotopologues. The averaged [HC5N]/[13C isotopologues] abundance ratio is determined to be 94 ± 6 (1σ), which is slightly higher than the local interstellar elemental 12C/13C ratio of 60–70. Possible formation pathways are discussed on the basis of these results.
IGRINS NEAR-IR HIGH-RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY OF MULTIPLE JETS AROUND LkHα 234*
Authors: Oh Heeyoung , Pyo Tae-Soo , Yuk In-Soo , Park Byeong-Gon , Park Chan , Chun Moo-Young , Pak Soojong , Kim Kang-Min , Oh Jae Sok , Jeong Ueejeong , Yu Young Sam , Lee Jae-Joon , Kim Hwihyun , Hwang Narae , Kaplan Kyle , Pavel Michael , Mace Gregory , Lee Hye-In , Le Huynh Anh Nguyen , Lee Sungho , Jaffe Daniel T.
Published: January 2016

We present the results of high-resolution near-IR spectroscopy toward the multiple outflows around the Herbig Be star LkHα 234 using the Immersion Grating Infrared Spectrograph. Previous studies indicate that the region around LkHα 234 is complex, with several embedded young stellar objects and the outflows associated with them. In simultaneous H- and K-band spectra from HH 167, we detected 5 [Fe ii] and 14 H2 emission lines. We revealed a new [Fe ii] jet driven by radio continuum source VLA 3B. Position–velocity diagrams of the H2 1−0 S(1) λ2.122 μm line show multiple velocity peaks. The kinematics may be explained by a geometrical bow shock model. We detected a component of H2 emission at the systemic velocity (V
LSR = −10.2 km s−1) along the whole slit in all slit positions, which may arise from the ambient photodissociation region. Low-velocity gas dominates the molecular hydrogen emission from knots A and B in HH 167, which is close to the systemic velocity; [Fe ii] emission lines are detected farther from the systemic velocity, at V
LSR = −100–−130 km s−1. We infer that the H2 emission arises from shocked gas entrained by a high-velocity outflow. Population diagrams of H2 lines imply that the gas is thermalized at a temperature of 2500–3000 K and the emission results from shock excitation.
THE OFF-CENTERED SEYFERT-LIKE COMPACT EMISSION IN THE NUCLEAR REGION OF NGC 3621
Authors: Menezes R. B. , Steiner J. E. , Silva Patrícia da
Published: January 2016

We analyze an optical data cube of the nuclear region of NGC 3621, taken with the integral field unit of the Gemini Multi-object Spectrograph. We found that the previously detected central line emission in this galaxy actually comes from a blob, located at a projected distance of 2.″14 ± 0.″08 (70.1 ± 2.6 pc) from the stellar nucleus. Only diffuse emission was detected in the rest of the field of view, with a deficit of emission at the position of the stellar nucleus. Diagnostic diagram analysis reveals that the off-centered emitting blob has a Seyfert 2 spectrum. We propose that the line-emitting blob may be a “fossil” emission-line region or a light “echo” from an active galactic nucleus (AGN), which was significantly brighter in the past. Our estimates indicate that the bolometric luminosity of the AGN must have decreased by a factor of ∼13–500 during the past ∼230 yr. A second scenario to explain the morphology of the line-emitting areas in the nuclear region of NGC 3621 involves no decrease of the AGN bolometric luminosity and establishes that the AGN is highly obscured toward the observer but not toward the line-emitting blob. The third scenario proposed here assumes that the off-centered line-emitting blob is a recoiling supermassive black hole, after the coalescence of two black holes. Finally, an additional hypothesis is that the central X-ray source is not an AGN, but an X-ray binary. This idea is consistent with all the scenarios we proposed.
STRUCTURE OF THE ACCRETION DISK IN THE LENSED QUASAR Q2237+0305 FROM MULTI-EPOCH AND MULTI-WAVELENGTH NARROWBAND PHOTOMETRY
Authors: Muñoz J. A. , Vives-Arias H. , Mosquera A. M. , Jiménez-Vicente J. , Kochanek C. S. , Mediavilla E.
Published: January 2016

We present estimates for the size and the logarithmic slope of the disk temperature profile of the lensed quasar Q2237+0305, independent of the component velocities. These estimates are based on six epochs of multi-wavelength narrowband images from the Nordic Optical Telescope. For each pair of lensed images and each photometric band, we determine the microlensing amplitude and chromaticity using pre-existing mid-IR photometry to define the baseline for no microlensing magnification. A statistical comparison of the combined microlensing data (6 epochs × 5 narrow bands × 6 image pairs) with simulations based on microlensing magnification maps gives Bayesian estimates for the half-light radius of

lt-day, and p = 0.95 ± 0.33 for the exponent of the logarithmic temperature profile

. This size estimate is in good agreement with most recent studies. Other works based on the study of single microlensing events predict smaller sizes, but could be statistically biased by focusing on high-magnification events.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE ELECTRIC CURRENT DURING THE FORMATION AND ERUPTION OF ACTIVE-REGION FILAMENTS
Authors: Wang Jincheng , Yan Xiaoli , Qu Zhongquan , Xue Zhike , Xiang Yongyuan , Li Hao
Published: January 2016

We present a comprehensive study of the electric current related to the formation and eruption of active region filaments in NOAA AR 11884. The vertical current on the solar surface was investigated by using vector magnetograms (VMs) observed by HMI on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory. To obtain the electric current along the filament's axis, we reconstructed the magnetic fields above the photosphere by using nonlinear force-free field extrapolation based on photospheric VMs. Spatio-temporal evolutions of the vertical current on the photospheric surface and the horizontal current along the filament's axis were studied during the long-term evolution and eruption-related period, respectively. The results show that the vertical currents of the entire active region behaved with a decreasing trend and the magnetic fields also kept decreasing during the long-term evolution. For the eruption-related evolution, the mean transverse field strengths decreased before two eruptions and increased sharply after two eruptions in the vicinity of the polarity inversion lines underneath the filament. The related vertical current showed different behaviors in two of the eruptions. On the other hand, a very interesting feature was found: opposite horizontal currents with respect to the current of the filament's axis appeared and increased under the filament before the eruptions and disappeared after the eruptions. We suggest that these opposite currents were carried by the new flux emerging from the photosphere bottom and might be the trigger mechanism for these filament eruptions.
ON THE BEAM INDUCED QUASI-INSTABILITY TRANSFORMATION OF THE DAMPED APERIODIC MODE IN THE INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM
Authors: Kolberg U. , Schlickeiser R. , Yoon P. H.
Published: January 2016

Highly relativistic electron–positron pair beams considerably affect the spontaneously emitted field fluctuations in the unmagnetized intergalactic medium (IGM). In view of the considered small density ratio of beam and background plasma, a perturbative treatment is employed in order to derive the spectral balance equations for the fluctuating fields from first principles of plasma kinetic theory that are covariantly correct within the limits of special relativity. They self-consistently account for the competing effects of spontaneous and induced emission and absorption in the perturbed thermal plasma. It is found that the presence of the beam transforms the growth rate of the dominating transverse damped aperiodic mode into an effective growth rate that displays positive values in certain spectral regions if beam velocity and wave vector are perpendicular or almost perpendicular to each other. This corresponds to a quasi-instability that induces an amplification of the fluctuations for these wavenumbers. Such an effect can greatly influence the cosmic magnetogenesis as it affects the strengths of the spontaneously emitted magnetic seed fields in the IGM, thereby possibly lowering the required growth time and effectivity of any further amplification mechanism such as an astrophysical dynamo.
SHADOW OF A COLOSSUS: A z = 2.44 GALAXY PROTOCLUSTER DETECTED IN 3D Lyα FOREST TOMOGRAPHIC MAPPING OF THE COSMOS FIELD
Authors: Lee Khee-Gan , Hennawi Joseph F. , White Martin , Prochaska J. Xavier , Font-Ribera Andreu , Schlegel David J. , Rich R. Michael , Suzuki Nao , Stark Casey W. , Fèvre Olivier Le , Nugent Peter E. , Salvato Mara , Zamorani Gianni
Published: January 2016

Using moderate-resolution optical spectra from 58 background Lyman-break galaxies and quasars at

within a 11.′5 × 13.′5 area of the COSMOS field (

projected area density or

mean transverse separation), we reconstruct a 3D tomographic map of the foreground Lyα forest absorption at 2.2 < z < 2.5 with an effective smoothing scale of

comoving. Comparing with 61 coeval galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts in the same volume, we find that the galaxy positions are clearly biased toward regions with enhanced intergalactic medium (IGM) absorption in the tomographic map. We find an extended IGM overdensity with deep absorption troughs at z = 2.45 associated with a recently discovered galaxy protocluster at the same redshift. Based on simulations matched to our data, we estimate the enclosed dark matter mass within this IGM overdensity to be

, and argue based on this mass and absorption strength that it will form at least one z ∼ 0 galaxy cluster with

, although its elongated nature suggests that it will likely collapse into two separate clusters. We also point out a compact overdensity of six MOSDEF galaxies at z = 2.30 within a

radius and Δz ∼ 0.006, which does not appear to have a large associated IGM overdensity. These results demonstrate the potential of Lyα forest tomography on larger volumes to study galaxy properties as a function of environment, as well as revealing the large-scale IGM overdensities associated with protoclusters or other features of large-scale structure.
NEPTUNE’S DYNAMIC ATMOSPHERE FROM KEPLER K2 OBSERVATIONS: IMPLICATIONS FOR BROWN DWARF LIGHT CURVE ANALYSES
Authors: Simon Amy A. , Rowe Jason F. , Gaulme Patrick , Hammel Heidi B. , Casewell Sarah L. , Fortney Jonathan J. , Gizis John E. , Lissauer Jack J. , Morales-Juberias Raul , Orton Glenn S. , Wong Michael H. , Marley Mark S.
Published: January 2016

Observations of Neptune with the Kepler Space Telescope yield a 49 day light curve with 98% coverage at a 1 minute cadence. A significant signature in the light curve comes from discrete cloud features. We compare results extracted from the light curve data with contemporaneous disk-resolved imaging of Neptune from the Keck 10-m telescope at 1.65 microns and Hubble Space Telescope visible imaging acquired nine months later. This direct comparison validates the feature latitudes assigned to the K2 light curve periods based on Neptune's zonal wind profile, and confirms observed cloud feature variability. Although Neptune's clouds vary in location and intensity on short and long timescales, a single large discrete storm seen in Keck imaging dominates the K2 and Hubble light curves; smaller or fainter clouds likely contribute to short-term brightness variability. The K2 Neptune light curve, in conjunction with our imaging data, provides context for the interpretation of current and future brown dwarf and extrasolar planet variability measurements. In particular we suggest that the balance between large, relatively stable, atmospheric features and smaller, more transient, clouds controls the character of substellar atmospheric variability. Atmospheres dominated by a few large spots may show inherently greater light curve stability than those which exhibit a greater number of smaller features.
Evidence-Based Practice Guideline: Changing the Practice of Physical Restraint Use in Acute Care
Authors: Lach Helen W. , Leach Kathy M. , Butcher Howard K.
Published: January 2016

Physical restraints continue to be used in acute care settings, despite the challenges and calls to reduce this practice. The current guideline on restraint use is updated with evidence that includes critical care settings and issues related to restraint use in acute care units. Nurses play a significant role in the use of restraints. Factors such as nurse's knowledge and patient characteristics combined with the culture and resources in health care facilities influence the practice of physical restraint use. Nurses can identify patients at high risk for restraint use; assess the potential causes of unsafe behaviors; and target interventions in the areas of physiological, psychological, and environmental approaches to address those unsafe behaviors. Members of the interdisciplinary team can provide additional consultation, and institutions can provide resources and education and implement monitoring processes and quality improvement practices to help reduce the practice of physical restraint use. [
Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 42
(2), 17–26.]
Challenges in Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty: Addressing Glenoid Bone Loss
Authors: Seidl Adam J. , Williams Gerald R. , Boileau Pascal
Published: January 2016

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) was designed for the treatment of elderly patients with cuff tear arthropathy. Because of its success, the indications for RSA have expanded beyond cuff tear arthropathy to include acute fractures, fracture sequelae, massive rotator cuff tears, inflammatory arthritis, and revision shoulder arthroplasty. Consequently, the number of RSAs performed has increased steadily. Glenoid bone loss is not uncommon in patients undergoing primary or revision RSA. Failure to appreciate and address glenoid bone loss during RSA can lead to improper baseplate positioning and early failure or complications such as dislocation or scapular notching. The authors present a review of the current literature as well as recommended strategies for characterization of glenoid bone loss and preferred surgical techniques for addressing bone loss during RSA. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(1):14–23.]
Exploring Dimensions of the Media Dream
Authors: McCraty Rollin , Schafer Stephen Brock
Published: January 2016

The earth's magnetic fields are carriers of biologically relevant information that connects all living systems. The electromagnetic coupling of the human brain, cardiovascular and nervous systems, and geomagnetic frequencies supports the hypothesis that the mediated reality of electromagnetic bandwidths can be correlated with bio-energetic and geomagnetic frequencies. Understood as bio-energetic functions (Thinking, Feeling, Sensing, & Intuiting), the media-sphere becomes measurable according to principles of coherency (measured as heart-rate variability, HRV) and principles of Jungian dream analysis (compensation and dramatic structure). It has been demonstrated that the rhythmic patterns in beat-to-beat heart rate variability reflect emotional functions, permeate every bodily cell, and play a central role in the generation and transmission of system-wide information via the electromagnetic field. So, the “media dream” becomes susceptible to psychological analysis leading to a better understanding of unconscious cognitive archetypal patterns of contextual collectives.
The Collective Unconscious as Culprit
Authors: Suter Beat
Published: January 2016

This chapter shows the attempt to use narrative projections of the unconscious in video games (and film) for transgressing into a virtual world. It demonstrates the conceptual development from C.G. Jung's theories via Joseph Campbell and Hollywood's screenwriters to Video Game mythologies. It shows that a visual approach by game artists often leads to stereotypical implementation of archetypes and archeplot in video games that illustrates a lack of reflection and flexibility of mind and creativity. It further shows that a conscious implementation of individual patterns and archetypes as seen in Adventure Games and recent Indie Games may obtain narrative depth for a game and contribute to exploring the collective unconscious in new media. Gaming is rapidly changing and aims towards the ideal of a Holodeck. New Virtual Reality experiments and gadgets prepare the ground for new ways to engage in imagined (conscious and unconscious) realities. The chapter concludes with an example of an attempt to build a virtual dream world with the project Birdly (2014) and Oculus Rift.