bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
C14O2 ASSIMILATION IN LILIUM REGALE WITH REFERENCE TO γ-METHYLENEGLUTAMIC ACID
Authors: Wickson Margaret E. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: October 2017

It was found that γ-methyleneglutamic acid, γ-methylglutamic acid, and their keto-acid analogues are natural constituents of Lilium regale. These compounds were not present in the seed but appeared soon after germination. It was shown that, in seedlings, these compounds are not formed from atmospheric carbon dioxide either in the light or in the dark. This was shown also for excised leaves under a variety of conditions. In entire young plants a synthesis of γ-methyleneglutamic acid was demonstrated in the bulbs and roots. The keto-acid analogue was synthesized in all parts of the plant including the leaves. The results suggest that the accumulation of γ-methyleneglutamic acid in leaves is through transport from the subterranean organs of the plant where it is synthesized.
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF PHAGOCYTIC STIMULATION ON MICROBIAL DISEAS: VI. SOME FACTORS DECREASING PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY OF MONOCYTES AGAINST TUBERCLE BACILLI, STRAIN BCG
Authors: Kátó László , Gözsy Béla
Published: October 2017

An antihistamine if present in a concentration of 0.1 to 100 μgm. per ml. decreased considerably the in vitro phagocytic activity of normal monocytes. The stimulated phagocytic activity of monocytes by histamine or 1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropyl-bicyclo-decapentane was antagonized by the antihistamines. Monocytes withdrawn from antihistamine treated animals showed a markedly lesser phagocytic activity than monocytes from untreated animals. The results are discussed from the point of view of the mechanism of action of 1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropyl-bicyclo-decapentane in experimental tuberculosis.
KINETIC STUDIES ON THE HYDROLYSIS OF BENZOYLCHOLINE BY HUMAN SERUM CHOLINESTERASE
Authors: Kalow W. , Genest K. , Staron N.
Published: October 2017

Benzoylcholine stands out from other known substrates of serum cholinesterase because of its high apparent affinity for this enzyme combined with a rapid rate of destruction. The reaction kinetics of the hydrolysis of benzoylcholine can be studied by ultraviolet spectrophotometry, since the absorbance decreases in proportion to the concentration of substrate. Kinetic data obtained by measuring initial reaction rates, and by analyzing continuous hydrolysis curves, are the same within the range of experimental error. The enzymatic data are compatible with the assumption that in the presence of high substrate concentrations a complex consisting of esterase and two substrate molecules is formed. This complex is hydrolyzed more slowly than the complex containing one molecule of substrate which is formed at low concentrations of benzoylcholine. Alkaline hydrolysis of benzoylcholine follows the kinetics of a first order reaction.
LIPOTROPIC DOSE–RESPONSE STUDIES IN RATS: COMPARISONS OF CHOLINE, BETAINE, AND METHIONINE
Authors: Young R. J. , Lucas C. C. , Patterson Jean M. , Best C. H.
Published: October 2017

Dose–response curves have been obtained showing the effects, in weanling rats, of graded doses of choline, betaine, and methionine, respectively, when added to a hypolipotropic diet. A comparison of the lipotropic activity made on the steep portions of the dose–response curves showed that at all liver fat values from normal to 27%, the ratio of betaine to choline necessary to produce a given level of fat was 3: 1. Essentially similar ratios were observed in the prevention of hemorrhagic kidney lesions and in the stimulation of growth. Methionine, at the lower doses, was as effective as betaine, on a molar basis, in maintaining a given level of liver fat. However, the higher levels of methionine were not as efficient. Methionine at the highest dosage used did not bring the liver fat entirely within the normal range.
THE OCCURRENCE OF ACETYLCHOLINE IN THE HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA L.
Authors: Chefurka W. , Smallman B. N.
Published: October 2017

The occurrence of acetylcholine in the heads of houseflies has been demonstrated. After a preliminary purification by paper electrophoresis, acetylcholine was identified by paper chromatography, paper electrophoresis, pharmacological methods, and by its reaction with hydroxylamine – ferric chloride. The base was also isolated as a reineckate, converted to the perchlorate, and its infrared spectrum shown to be identical with reagent acetylcholine.
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF RAPID HEMORRHAGE ON HEMODYNAMICS IN THE DOG
Authors: Waud Russell A. , Waud Douglas R.
Published: October 2017

Dogs were anesthetized by the intravenous injection of sodium pentobarbital. Viscosity, hematocrit, blood pressure, cardiac index, stroke output, cardiac output, heart rate, peripheral resistance, red blood cell count, blood volume/body surface area, cell volume/area, plasma volume/area, plasma protein, hemoglobin, specific gravity of whole blood, cell size, color index, and sedimentation rate were determined in 16 dogs, before and following hemorrhage, and in seven controls. The following points were demonstrated: following hemorrhage the viscosity, hematocrit, blood pressure, stroke output, minute output, blood volume, and cell volume were markedly decreased. The decrease in blood volume, by limiting the venous return, was probably the cause of the decreased minute output and fall in blood pressure; this, by reducing the capillary flow, deprived the tissues of an adequate supply of oxygen. There was no significant change in the heart rate. The total peripheral resistance (T.P.R.) was greatly increased. The fall in hematocrit indicates a hemodilution which was probably the main factor in reducing the viscosity. It would appear that the decreased blood volume was the primary cause of the fall in blood pressure following hemorrhage and that a lowering of viscosity was not a large factor. There was no significant change following hemorrhage in the cardiac index, color index, cell size, white cell count, specific gravity of plasma, or sedimentation rate.
FATTY ACID INHIBITION OF CHOLESTEROL SYNTHESIS
Authors: Wood J. D. , Migicovsky B. B.
Published: October 2017

Fatty acids inhibit cholesterol synthesis by rat liver homogenates. Inhibition occurs with acids containing either an even or an odd number of carbon atoms in the chain, and with saturated and unsaturated acids, the inhibition increasing with the degree of unsaturation of the acid. In the case of acids with an even number of carbon atoms the inhibition increases with chain length to a maximum at 12 carbons after which a rapid decrease occurs. The presence of fatty acid during cholesterol synthesis increases the acetate incorporated into fatty acids to a slight extent. This increase is small compared with the decrease in the amount incorporated into cholesterol. A possible mechanism for the inhibition is discussed.
QUANTITATIVE CONCEPTS RELATED TO PROTHROMBIN AND AUTOPROTHROMBIN I ACTIVITY
Authors: Seegers Walter H. , Johnson Shirley A. , Penner John A.
Published: October 2017

It has been discovered that Russell viper venom can be combined with autoprothrombin I and calcium ions for the activation of purified prothrombin to thrombin provided a small amount of Ac-globulin is also in the reaction mixture. This observation has been utilized for developing a quantitative assay for autoprothrombin I concentration. Conditions are arranged so that the yield of thrombin from a purified prothrombin substrate is quantitatively related to the amount of autoprothrombin I in the reaction mixture. Normal human plasma contains about 21 units of autoprothrombin I, and serum contains about 39 units. It is estimated that about 8% of the prothrombin of plasma is converted to autoprothrombin I when blood clots in a test tube. By addition of purified platelet factor 3 to freshly drawn blood, the conversion of prothrombin to autoprothrombin I may involve more than two thirds of the prothrombin; and, by addition of thromboplastin to freshly drawn blood, about 50% of the prothrombin can be converted to autoprothrombin I. It is estimated that the autoprothrombin I concentration of plasma is from 1 to [Formula: see text] mgm. %
METABOLISM OF ADRENAL STEROIDS IN THE MOUSE: 1. OBSERVATIONS ON 20α-DIHYDROCORTICOSTERONE AND CORTICOSTERONE IN THE PLASMA OF MICE TREATED WITH CORTICOTROPIN
Authors: Southcott C. M. , Bandy H. E. , Newsom S. E. , Darrach Marvin
Published: October 2017

Plasma levels of corticosterone and 20α-dihydrocorticosterone increase in the mouse following the administration of corticotropin. These are the two most abundant C21Δ4-3-keto adrenal steroids in mouse plasma. The evidence indicates that some, if not all, of the circulating 20α-dihydrocorticosterone represents a tissue metabolite of corticosterone. A procedure is outlined for the synthesis of 20α-dihydrocorticosterone.
EFFECT OF ASCORBIC ACID ON THE PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM OF THE ADRENAL GLAND
Authors: Nicholls Doris
Published: October 2017

Brief exposure of rats to a cold environment increased the incorporation of inorganic P32 into the inorganic P, 20-min. hydrolyzable P, and total acid-soluble P of the adrenal gland. This increase was abolished by the administration of sodium ascorbate. Similar quantities of sodium succinate were without effect. The effect of ascorbate was largely due to the fact that it increased the phosphorus metabolism of the adrenals of rats maintained at room temperature. ACTH increased the incorporation of P32 into the acid-soluble P fractions of the adrenal of hypophysectomized rats. This effect of ACTH was greatly increased by sodium ascorbate. These results confirm the suggestion of Dugal that sodium ascorbate may potentiate the effect of ACTH.
THE METABOLISM OF THE ERYTHROCYTE: XIV. METABOLISM OF NUCLEOSIDES BY THE ERYTHROCYTE
Authors: Rubinstein David , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: October 2017

Adenosine, added to blood, undergoes deamination in the red cells with the formation of inosine. The latter undergoes phosphorolysis to yield hypoxanthine and presumably ribose-1-phosphate. The pentose phosphate is metabolized to lactate yielding ATP in the process. The adenosine deaminase and the purine riboside phosphorylase of the red cell occur in the stroma-free hemolyzate. No adenine is formed from adenosine in the blood, nor is adenine metabolized by the erythrocyte. Xanthosine, guanosine, and inosine, added to blood, follow the same metabolic pathway as adenosine and their metabolism brings about a comparable degree of resynthesis of ATP and other organic phosphate esters and formation of lactate. The experimental evidence indicates that the phosphorolysis of the nucleoside is not the rate-limiting reaction in the metabolism of these compounds in the red blood cell.
HYDROLYSIS OF GLYCEROLPHOSPHATIDES BY PLASTID PHOSPHATIDASE C
Authors: Kates Morris
Published: October 2017

Studies of the influence of structural variation in the glycerolphosphatide molecule on the hydrolysis of this class of compounds by plastid phosphatidase C showed that the presence of both fatty acid ester groups is necessary for enzymatic reaction; that release of nitrogenous bases occurred, in the presence of ethyl ether, from phosphatidyl cholines, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl serine; and that a phosphatidyl choline was hydrolyzed more rapidly than the corresponding phosphatidyl ethanolamine or phosphatidyl serine. The rate of hydrolysis of phosphatidyl choline was influenced greatly by the chain length and degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids. The corresponding phosphatidic acid formed in the hydrolysis of (dipalmitoyl)- or (dipalmitoleyl)-lecithin by carrot phosphatidase C was isolated. Studies on the hydrolysis of crude soybean phosphatide by phosphatidase C showed that both choline and ethanolamine were liberated in the absence of ethyl ether, at an optimum pH of 4.8; in the presence of ether, the rate of liberation of each base was increased, and the pH optimum was between 4.8 and 6. Soybean phosphatide probably contains a substance that stimulates the enzymatic hydrolysis.
THE ENZYMATIC REDUCTION OF TETRAZOLIUM SALTS BY AMINES
Authors: Lagnado J. R. , Sourkes T. L.
Published: October 2017

An enzyme system effecting the dehydrogenation of amines has been detected in rat brain and liver suspensions by the use of tetrazolium dyes as terminal electron acceptors. Kinetic data on this system are presented and the evidence for requirement of a cofactor is described. Thus, after washing or dialysis, rat brain suspensions have a considerably lowered tetrazolium reducing activity, which can be restored by addition of boiled extracts of rat liver, rat brain, pig liver, or baker's yeast. The heat-stable cofactor in pig liver and rat brain which is necessary for the activity of the tetrazolium reducing system is dialyzable. Pig liver extracts lose their cofactor activity on ashing. The nature of the electron transporting system active in amine dehydrogenation is discussed and the properties of the tetrazolium reducing and the amine oxidase systems are compared.
THE FORMATION OF 2-PYRROLECARBOXYLIC ACID FROM HYDROXY-D- AND ALLOHYDROXY-D-PROLINE
Authors: Letellier G. , Bouthillier L. P.
Published: October 2017

Evidence is presented for the identity of chemically prepared 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid and the metabolite formed in rat and human tissues from hydroxy-D-proline and allohydroxy-D-proline. 2-Pyrrolecarboxylic acid is not an intermediate in the biological degradation of natural hydroxyproline.
CHOLINE DEFICIENCY IN THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Young R. J. , Lucas C. C.
Published: October 2017

Young guinea pigs (4–6 days of age) fed a choline-deficient diet grew slowly and died within 3 to 4 weeks, at which time the livers showed only traces of stainable fat. Animals fed the diet supplemented with choline grew at the rate of 5.5 to 6.0 g. per day. Guinea pigs transferred from a complete diet to a choline-deficient diet after 3 to 4 weeks suffered an immediate retardation in growth but no mortality occurred (up to 6 weeks). A decrease in total body fat was noted. After 4 weeks, stainable fat was present in the liver. A small but definite increase in total liver fat occurred at 6 weeks. The guinea pig, like the chick, is unable to place the first methyl group on the ethanolamine moiety of choline, but betaine plus monomethylaminoethanol was as effective as choline in overcoming a deficiency of the latter.
THE MECHANISM OF SCHRADAN ACTIVATION BY LIVER MICROSOMES
Authors: O'Brien R. D.
Published: October 2017

The mechanism by which schradan is converted to a powerful anticholinesterase by fortified liver homogenates has been studied. A scheme is proposed involving the production from DPNH of hydrogen peroxide, which then oxidizes an unknown microsomal factor with the aid of catalase. The factor in turn oxidizes schradan. The evidence for this proposal is that all the factors involved are present in the preparations that oxidize schradan and that, in general, appropriate additions can replace the endogenous factors. However, difficulties are introduced by the very low efficiency of the over-all system.
METABOLISM OFDL-3,4-DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE-α-C14IN BOVINE ADRENAL HOMOGENATE
Authors: Pellerin Joseph , D'Iorio Antoine
Published: October 2017

The metabolism of DL-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine-α-C14(DL-DOPA) by beef adrenal medulla homogenates has been investigated. Following incubation seven radioactive zones appeared on the chromatograms. Five of these substances have been identified using admixture chromatography: DOPA, DOPA-pyridoxal phosphate Schiff base, dopamine, noradrenaline, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. Conversion of DL-DOPA to noradrenaline varied from 5 to 14% when calculated on the initial radioactivity of the DOPA incubated. No radioactive adrenaline, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine, isoprenaline, homovanillic acid, or epinine was detected.
THE ANTIACCELERATOR EFFECT OF VERATRAMINE ON THE ISOLATED PERFUSED HEART OF THE CAT
Authors: Murnaghan Maurice F.
Published: October 2017

When isopropylarterenol was continuously infused in the isolated perfused heart of the cat, the heart rate remained at a steady elevated level for more than 2 hours. Veratramine selectively antagonized the accelerator effect of isopropylarterenol, and the dose required to cause a 50% reduction in acceleration (I50) was determined. The mean I50 value in 13 experiments (mean of the 13 individual I50 values) is 0.415 micromolar (μM) with fiducial limits of 0.182–0.648. Cardiac irregularities, arising from the sinoauricular node, occurred in seven out of 13 experiments after the administration of veratramine. The results indicate that in this preparation coronary flow is related to amplitude but is independent of heart rate.
A NOTE ON THE INFRARED SPECTRA OF α-GEPHALINS
Authors: Baer Erich
Published: October 2017

Null
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS DENATURANTS ON THE HAEMOGLOBINS OF ADULT AND CORD BLOOD: I. COMPARATIVE RATES OF DENATURATION
Authors: White F. D. , Kerr Audrey
Published: October 2017

At room temperature and pH 8.5, the effects of concentrated solutions of urea, nicotinamide, guanidine, sodium benzoate, and sodium salicylate upon the haemoglobins of adult and cord blood have been followed spectrophotometrically. In all cases the reaction curves were similar to those of alkali denaturation, but differed in the rates of reaction and failure to show any marked difference in rate between adult and cord blood. In no instance was the rate for cord blood greater than the corresponding rate for adult blood. 'The velocity constants for these experimental conditions have been calculated.Except in the case of the nicotinamide reaction, absorption curves of the reaction products before and after reduction with sodium dithionite showed differences from the corresponding curves of alkali denaturation at pH 11.9. It is suggested this may indicate varying degrees of denaturation.
PRESSOR RESPONSIVENESS FOLLOWING ACUTE ELEVATION OF SODIUM IN THE RAT
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Webber W. A. , Jamieson J. D. , Friedman Constance L.
Published: October 2017

In order to test the effects of various ions on pressor responsiveness, groups of adult rats were infused with solutions containing sufficient sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium to elevate the plasma concentration of these ions. The infusions were completed within 5 minutes and in no case was more than 0.5 ml. injected. The test solutions used were sodium acetate, potassium citrate, calcium chloride, and magnesium sulphate. Control solutions of ammonium acetate, ammonium sulphate, sodium chloride, and sucrose were also infused. In no case was the amount of salt infused sufficient to affect the blood pressure during the infusion. The blood pressure response to 1 γ of norepinephrine or to 20 mU. of pitressin was recorded before infusion and again at the end of the infusion. A significant effect was observed only with sodium acetate. This consisted of a profound suppression of the ordinary pressor response to both norepinephrine and pitressin. The effect was not due to the acetate ion and hence may be specifically referable to the high plasma sodium. These results support our previous conclusions that pressor responsiveness and sodium mobility are causally connected.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE PURIFICATION OF ANTITHROMBIN AND HEPARIN COFACTOR
Authors: Monkhouse F. C. , Clarke D. W.
Published: October 2017

Recently a concentrate of antithrombin and heparin cofactor was obtained from beef plasma by adsorption with aluminum hydroxide, elution with phosphate buffer, and subsequent fractionation with ammonium sulphate. The material obtained contained alpha globulin and albumin. Various electrophoretic techniques have now been employed in an effort to separate and purify antithrombin and heparin cofactor from the concentrates. Patterns obtained on starch and on paper indicate that both antithrombin and heparin cofactor are found with the alpha globulins or associated lipoproteins. The most active fractions have been obtained by the use of a vertical curtain electrophoretic apparatus. In terms of activity per mg. of nitrogen, antithrombin has been purified 7.5-fold and heparin cofactor 130-fold over the concentrates prepared by ammonium sulphate fractionation of phosphate eluates.
THE RELEASE OF CATECHOLAMINES FROM THE ISOLATED CHROMAFFINE GRANULES OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA USING SULPHYDRYL INHIBITORS
Authors: D'Iorio Antoine
Published: October 2017

The influence of five sulphydryl inhibitors has been tested on isolated chromaffine granules of bovine adrenal medulla. The two mercury derivatives p-chloromercuribenzoic acid and p-choloromercuriphenylsulphonic acid exert a marked releasing activity on the catecholamines, ATP, and proteins of these granules. Three other compounds, iodosobenzoic acid, N-ethyl maleimide, and bis(2-succinylaminophenyl) disulphide, exert a similar action but to a lesser degree.Addition of glutathione to the incubation medium prevents the action of p-chloromercuribenzoic acid but does not reverse it.
A TOXICOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDY OF ω-FLUORO COMPOUNDS
Authors: Parker J. M. , Walker I. G.
Published: October 2017

A series of ω-fluoro compounds have been examined for their toxicity to mice and their ability to cause accumulation of citric acid in vivo. It was found that the toxic members did cause citric acid accumulation. Since fluoroacetate causes citric acid accumulation, it was concluded that the activity of these compounds and their effect on citric acid levels is in agreement with the hypothesis that these compounds were degraded to a fluoroacetyl derivative. The findings suggested that mice can degrade to fluoroacetate, compounds containing the following terminal radicals: amine, nitro, nitrile, thiocyanate, isothiocyanate, mercaptan, fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, tosylate, mesylate, 2-ketone, sulphonyl chloride, 1-alkyne, ether, substituted urea, aldehyde, and carboxyl. When compared on a molar basis several of the toxic compounds containing four or more carbon atoms were more toxic than fluoroacetate. 6-Fluorohexylamiue and 6-fluorohexanoic acid, which were representative of this type of compound, were investigated in this regard. These compounds, like fluoroacetate, were not immediately reactive but appeared to be converted to the toxic end-product more efficiently. In the dog, death from 6-fluorohexylamine was due to respiratory failure.
THE EFFECT OF MAMMARY TRAUMA ON SPAYING ATROPHY OF THE UTERUS IN THE RABBIT, GUINEA PIG, AND RAT
Authors: Höhn E. O.
Published: October 2017

Uterine atrophy following spaying was significantly reduced in 22 rabbits in which six nipples were ligated at the time of ovariectomy, in comparison with 22 controls merely ovariectomized. A possible bias in these results due to variation of relative uterine weight with body weight was avoided, as was the possible effect of pseudopregnancy.Sensitivity of uterine segments to acetylcholine was more frequent among the nipple-ligated than the control animals; but this sensitivity was not obviously associated with high individual uterine weights, and the group difference observed is of doubtful significance.No obvious effect of nipple ligation on vaginal and mammary epithelial development was observed but the large uteri of some of the experimental animals showed myometrial and some endometrial development in the uterine horns.India ink injections into four nipples per rabbit or insertion of six ligatures through the skin of the back did not significantly reduce postspaying uterine atrophy. In ovariectomized rats and guinea pigs, nipple ligation produced no effect on uterine weight in comparison with controls merely ovariectomized. In the rats, vaginal smears indicated an uninterupted anoestrus in animals of both groups, for 4 weeks following the operations.The investigators who originally described the effect of nipple ligation in ovariectomized rabbits concluded that the mechanism underlying this effect was entirely humoral. Their experiments bearing on this point are regarded as inconclusive and it is suggested here that nipple trauma may influence one of the endocrines by a nervous mechanism, this endocrine in turn acting on accessory sex organs such as the uterus.
REANIMATION OF RATS AFTER CARDIAC AND RESPIRATORY ARREST DUE TO LOW BODY TEMPERATURE
Authors: Hunter John
Published: October 2017

In confirmation of the report by Andjus (1951) it has been found possible to reanimate rats that have been cooled to 2°–3 °C. and maintained at this temperature for periods up to 1 hour without cardiac or respiratory activity. The accumulation of metabolic carbon dioxide within the sealed vessel is an important part of the procedure if subsequent reanimation is to be attained. When the carbon dioxide is absorbed during the cooling phase, the animals remain active, their fall in body temperature is delayed and they do not recover from the hypothermia.Preliminary rewarming of the chest was unnecessary in the reanimation procedures described but rapid rewarming of the animal seems advantageous. The animals do not recover unless they are ventilated artificially when they are being rewarmed.
THE ROLE OF THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN THE DISAPPEARANCE PATTERN OF EVAN'S BLUE DYE (T-1824) FROM CIRCULATING PLASMA
Authors: Greve Doreen M. , Hamilton Lyle H.
Published: October 2017

The disappearance of Evan's blue dye (T-1824) from plasma of dogs and rabbits has been followed for 4 hours in normal and T-1824 pretreated animals. One group of rabbits was pretreated with Thorotrast and the T-1824 disappearance studied for 1 hour. In both species of animals the disappearance pattern consisted of an early rapid fall in plasma dye concentration (Phase I) which was followed by a slower disappearance rate (Phase II). Phase I lasted approximately 30 minutes in dogs and slightly longer in rabbits and was curvilinear on a semilogarithmic plot. The disappearance rate during this period was markedly reduced by reticuloendothelial system (RES) blockade induced by pretreatment with T-1824 or Thorotrast. Phase II was characterized by a linear disappearance rate on semilogarithmic plot. It was more rapid in rabbits than in dogs and was unaffected in either species by RES blocking agents. The findings suggested that the RES was involved only in the first phase of T-1824 removal from plasma and that T-1824 was as effective as Thorotrast in blocking granulopexic activity of the RES.
THE SEPARATION OF OESTROGENS FROM AVIAN DROPPINGS
Authors: Hurst R. O. , Kuksis A. , Bendell J. F.
Published: October 2017

Excretion of oestriol and oestrone by the hen and of oestriol, oestrone, and oestradiol by the rooster is indicated by chromatographic analyses and color tests on the neutral and phenolic steroid fractions of extracts of the droppings of sexually active domestic fowl. No evidence for the excretion of androgens was obtained. An unknown component of the neutral fraction reacted with ethanolic potassium hydroxide to produce a pink color and was found only in the extracts of droppings from the male fowl.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF PROXIMAL AND DISTAL TUBULAR DAMAGE ON THE ACTION OF DESOXYCORTICOSTERONE AND ALDOSTERONE
Authors: Nicholson T. F.
Published: October 2017

The proximal tubules of the left kidney in dogs were damaged by the injection of 0.5% racemic sodium tartrate into the left renal artery. In other experiments the distal tubules were damaged by the injection of 0.05% mercuric chloride up the left ureter. In animals with proximal tubular damage, intravenous infusions of desoxycorticosterone or aldosterone which produced a significant drop in sodium excretion from the normal kidney had no effect on the amount of sodium excreted by the damaged kidney. In animals with distal tubular damage the effect of these hormones on the damaged kidney was as great as on the normal kidney.
SITES OF FORMATION OF PLASMA PHOSPHOPROTEIN AND PHOSPHOLIPID IN THE ESTROGENIZED COCKEREL
Authors: Vanstone W. E. , Dale D. G. , Oliver W. F. , Common R. H.
Published: October 2017

Estrogen increased plasma Ca, but not plasma total protein, phosphoprotein P, or phospholipid P, in functionally hepatectomized cockerels. Estrogen increased all four plasma constituents in sham-operated cockerels. Functional hepatectomy of the estrogenized cockerel abolished incorporation into plasma phosphoprotein of injected orthophosphate labelled with P32, and reduced but did not abolish incorporation of P32into plasma phospholipid. These observations are submitted as direct evidence that plasma phosphoprotein in the estrogenized cockerel is exclusively hepatic in origin.
THE REASON FOR THE SHAPE OF THE DISTENSIBILITY CURVES OF ARTERIES
Authors: Roach Margot R. , Burton Alan C.
Published: October 2017

It is characteristic of arteries that they do not obey Hooke's law, but resist further stretch more strongly, the more they are stretched. It appears that this might be due to the combination of elastin fibers in the elastic laminae, with the much less distensible collagenous libers in the media and adventitia, more and more of which reach their 'unstretched length' as distension is increased. This has been verified on human iliac arteries, from autopsy, by comparing the 'elastic diagrams' (tension vs. circumference) before and after differential digestion of collagen by formic acid, and digestion of elastin by crude trypsin (containing an elastase). This proved that the resistance to stretch at low pressures was almost entirely due to elastin fibers, that at physiological pressures due to both collagenous and elastin fibers, but dominantly to collagen, and that at high pressures almost entirely due to collagenous fibers. In future work on the effect of age on the elasticity of iliac arteries, the initial slope of the elastic diagram can be taken as an index of the state, or number, of the elastin fibers, and the final slope as an index of the state, or number, of collagenous fibers.
THE UTILIZATION OF ACETATE BY LIVER AND ADIPOSE TISSUE OF GROWTH HORMONE TREATED RATS OF DIFFERENT AGES
Authors: Perry W. F. , Bowen Helen F.
Published: October 2017

The effect of growth hormone on the in vitro incorporation of C14acetate into fatty acids, carbon dioxide, and cholesterol by liver and adipose tissue from young, adult, and old rats was studied.In all three age groups of animals, growth hormone was found to depress the incorporation of acetate into fatty acids by liver slices but the CO2production was unaffected. In both young and old animals growth hormone did not significantly alter the incorporation of acetate into fatty acids and CO2by preparations of adipose tissue, but did result in a decline in the fat content of the adipose tissue. It was noted that the CO2production from acetate was much less with adipose tissue from old rats than with similar preparations from young rats.Incorporation of acetate into cholesterol was unaffected by growth hormone in young and old animals but was significantly increased in liver slices from adult animals.
STUDIES ON THE SULPHUR METABOLISM OF TISSUES CULTIVATED IN VITRO: III. INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CYSTEINE, METHIONINE, CYSTEAMINE, AND CYSTAMINE
Authors: Morgan Joseph F. , Morton Helen J.
Published: October 2017

Previous studies on the sulphur amino acid requirement of freshly-explanted chick embryonic heart tissues cultivated in vitro in completely synthetic media have been extended. The essential requirement for L-cystine has been found to be replaceable by L- but not by D-cysteine. In the presence of L-cysteine, the supplementary methionine requirement was found to be satisfied equally by the L- or D-isomer. Of eight derivatives and metabolites of cysteine studied, only cysteamine showed any significant ability to replace cysteine or cystine. The activity of cysteamine was exhibited only in the presence of methionine. High levels of cysteamine were found to be strongly toxic and the toxicity could be reversed specifically by L-cysteine. Significantly less reversal of the cysteamine toxicity was effected by L-cystine, while other sulphydryl and disulphide compounds were ineffective. Cystamine was also found to be toxic to the tissue cultures and its toxicity could be reversed completely by L-cysteine and incompletely by L-cystine.
THE FATE OF ASSIMILATED C14O2IN THE SUGAR BEET LEAF STUDIED BY DISPLACEMENT WITH C12O2
Authors: Burma D. P. , Mortimer D. C.
Published: October 2017

Disks of sugar beet leaf that had assimilated C14O2in light for 10 to 30 seconds were exposed to C12O2in light or darkness, or in combinations of both for periods of 4 to 25 minutes. The changes in distribution of C14among the compounds soluble in 80% ethanol were examined as a function of time for each "flush" treatment. In light, most of the C14ultimately accumulates in sucrose, while phosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate, sugar phosphates, glycine, and serine have more transitory roles. In dark, sucrose is formed much more slowly than in light while alanine becomes the main repository of C14. In light following darkness, the accumulation of C14in alanine is reversed in favor of its accumulation in sucrose, with the sugar phosphates acting as intermediates. In dark following light, the converse does not occur; sugar phosphates and alanine lose, rather than gain, C14, and sucrose shows little tendency to be metabolized. It is suggested that one of the factors directing the course of these interconversions is the level of light-produced phosphate bond energy needed for sucrose synthesis.
THE EXTRACTION AND ASSAY OF THE TYROSINASE FROM FROG SKIN: A STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE MELANOPHORE-STIMULATING HORMONE ON THE SYNTHESIS OF THE ENZYME
Authors: Purvis John L. , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: October 2017

A soluble (microsomal) preparation of tyrosinase was obtained from frog skin (Rana pipiens) by pretreatment of strips of dorsal skin with trypsin. The relatively high activity of the enzyme towards tyrosine compared with that against dopa and other catechols would indicate that the enzyme is predominantly of the nature of a monophenolase. The rate of oxidation of D-tyrosine is about one-third that obtained with L-tyrosine. The activity of the enzyme (measured by oxygen consumption of the system) with dialyzed preparations could be increased up to fivefold by the addition of cupric ions. The enzyme is inhibited in the presence of copper-binding agents such as diethyldithiocarbamate. Highly purified specimens of intermedin had no effect on the production or turnover of tyrosinase in the frog skin, nor was there any effect on the tyrosinoxidase. There was little difference in the activity of the tyrosinase in light- or dark-adapted frogs, or in frogs which had received a series of injections of intermedin. The tyrosinase activity of the skin is subject to a large seasonal variation. The activity is about ten times greater during the period September to November than in the earlier period of the year.
A DEVICE TO FACILITATE THE TUBE-FEEDING OF SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: Gillespie R. J. G. , Lucas C C.
Published: October 2017

A device is described that simplifies the tube-feeding of rats.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF A NINHYDRIN-POSITIVE URINARY COMPONENT RECENTLY REPORTED IN HYPOPHOSPHATASIA
Authors: Fraser Donald , Lucas C. C.
Published: October 2017

In 1955, the occurrence of a hitherto unreported ninhydrin-positive substance in the urine and plasma of infants suffering from hypophosphatasia was described. Evidence published at that time and subsequently suggested that the material might be phosphorylethanolamine, but the isolation and unequivocal identification of the substance has not been reported.The present paper describes the isolation of a small amount of the previously unidentified compound from the urine of the heterozygous father of a seriously affected infant. The melting point, mixed melting point, X-ray diffraction pattern, infrared absorption spectrum, and N: P ratio establish the identity of the substance to be phosphorylethanolamine. Proof that this compound occurs in hypophosphatasia provides a logical basis for further study of the metabolic importance of this substance.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON CHLORPROMAZINE: 2. EFFECTS OF CHLORPROMAZINE ON INCORPORATION INTO PROTEINS, AND BREAKDOWN OF GLYCINE-1-C14BY ISOLATED RAT BRAIN CORTEX
Authors: Lindan O. , Quastel J. H. , Sved S.
Published: October 2017

Glycine is decomposed in rat brain cortex to yield carbon dioxide. This process, in which C14O2is formed from glycine-1-C14, is markedly stimulated by the presence of 10 mM glucose, the rate of production of C14O2being increased at least threefold. The presence of succinate exercises a much smaller stimulation of C14O2formation. The addition of KCl (0.1 M) or of 2,4-dmitrophenol (0.025 mM), whilst stimulating the rate of oxygen uptake, does not increase the rate of C14O2formation from glycine-1-C14. The addition of K+tends to diminish the rate. The process of glycine-1-C14breakdown to C14O2is almost insensitive to chlorpromazine, under the given experimental conditions, until relatively high concentrations (e.g. 0.6 mM) are used. The presence of chlorpromazine, however, brings about an inhibition of the rate of glycine-1-C14incorporation into rat brain cortex proteins, an inhibition of 20% being recorded at a concentration of the drug (0.2 mM) that has little or no effect on the respiration of the brain or on the rate of breakdown of glycine-1-C14into C14O2. Glycine incorporation into brain cortex proteins is a process relatively sensitive to chlorpromazine, the magnitude of inhibition being of the same order as that brought about by amytal at similar concentrations. It is suggested that chlorpromazine brings about its effects by an uncoupling of phosphorylation from oxidation in brain cortex slices.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF GLUCAGON TO THE ALPHA CELL OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Bencosme Sergio A. , Mariz S. , Frei J.
Published: October 2017

The relationship of the morphology of the alpha cell and the amount of glucagon present in the pancreas of dogs and rabbits treated with drugs reputed to be toxic for the alpha cell has been further investigated. A summary is given of several experiments dealing with the lack of alpha cell damage in several species following the administration of drugs reputed to be toxic for the alpha cell. It is concluded that glucagon is produced by the alpha cell of the pancreas, and that much of the confusion on this subject probably results from a failure to recognize the technical difficulties involved in obtaining accurate morphological definition of the structure of the alpha cell at the time the tissue was excised from the body.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14 COMPOUNDS: V. GERMINATION STUDIES WITH LABELLED WHEAT SEEDS
Authors: McConnell W. B.
Published: October 2017

Radioactive wheat seeds, obtained by injecting acetate-C14 into the stems of the parent plants, were germinated in the absence of light and nutrient and the fate of the carbon-14 was observed. Carbon respired as carbon dioxide had a higher specific activity than any of the major seed components except protein. Variations were found in the patterns by which material was transferred from the kernel to new tissue as reflected in a comparison of the activity of various components. Glutamic acid was the most active compound isolated either from the original seeds or from the new tissues. This observation, together with similarities noted in the intramolecular distribution of carbon-14 in glutamic acid of new tissue and seed residues, indicated that glutamic acid was reutilized for the biosynthesis of seedling protein. Changes in the labelling of glutamic acid during transfer to new tissue are qualitatively in accord with the idea that at least some of the amino acid is used after re-entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
INFLUENCE OF VITAMIN D ON CALCIUM RESORPTION AND ACCRETION
Authors: Migicovsky B. B.
Published: October 2017

The absorption of calcium through the intestinal mucosa of the chick has been shown to come under the influence of vitamin D within 2 to 4 hours after vitamin D administration.A technique is described for the measurement of calcium accretion and resorption rates in the toe bone of a chick. The effect of vitamin D on the rates of accretion and resorption was determined, and it is concluded that vitamin D affects the accretion rate, which in turn could bring about an increase in the resorption rate per bone. It cannot be stated whether the action of the vitamin D on the bone is direct or indirect.
THE INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF LIVER AND KIDNEY SARINASE
Authors: Adie Peter A. , Tuba Jules
Published: October 2017

The cells of the liver and kidneys from three species known to be comparatively susceptible to sarin (rabbit, guinea pig, and monkey) and two species known to be less susceptible (rat and mouse) have been fractionated into their cell constituents (nuclei, mitochondria, microsomes, and non-particulate fraction). Each fraction has been tested for sarinase activity. The non-particulate fraction had the highest activity, the microsomes the second highest, the mitochondria the third highest, and the nuclei the lowest. The significance of the differences found in the distribution of sarinase activity in the cell fractions is discussed.Monkey cell fractions were also tested with ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate (tabun) as the substrate. The results were similar to those obtained with sarin, suggesting that the same enzyme was responsible for the hydrolysis of both substrates.
THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CELL WALL CARBOHYDRATES: IV. FURTHER STUDIES ON CELLULOSE AND XYLAN IN WHEAT
Authors: Neish A. C.
Published: October 2017

D-Glucose-1-C14, D-glucose-6-C14, D-mannose-1-C14, D-galactose-1-C14, D-glucuronolactone-1-C14, D-glucuronolactone-6-C14, potassium D-gluconate-6-C14, and L-arabinose-1-C14 were administered to wheat shoots. The cellulose and xylan were isolated after a 5 hour period of metabolism. Glucose was more readily converted to cellulose and xylan than any of the other compounds tested. The distribution of C14 in the glucose and xylose isolated from the polysaccharides indicates that xylan was formed from the aldohexoses and glucuronolactone by processes involving loss of carbon-6. L-Arabinose, unlike D-xylose and D-ribose, was converted to xylan with little rearrangement of the pentose skeleton.
POLYGLYCERYLPHOSPHORIC ACIDS: I. SYNTHESIS OF BIS(L-α-GLYCERYL) PHOSPHORIC ACID
Authors: Baer Erich , Buchnea Dmytro
Published: October 2017

Bis(L-α-glyceryl) phosphoric acid has been prepared by synthesis. It was obtained by phosphorylating D-acetone glycerol with phenylphosphoryl dichloride in the presence of pyridine, and freeing the intermediate product, bis(acetone L-α-glyceryl) phosphoric acid phenyl ester, of its protective groups by catalytic hydrogenolysis and mild acid hydrolysis.
ANTICOAGULANT EFFECT OF INCUBATED FIBRINOGEN
Authors: Triantaphyllopoulos D. C.
Published: October 2017

Sterile fibrinogen rendered non-clottable by incubation was mixed with fresh plasma and the thrombin time determined. An appreciable prolongation was observed. The incubated fibrinogen was then fractionally precipitated with ammonium sulphate. The material precipitated between 25 and 50% ammonium sulphate saturation, when added to freshly drawn but still unclotted blood, or native plasma, prevented its coagulation. This action could be reversed by an approximately fivefold dilution with distilled water and addition of calcium chloride and thrombin, thus excluding fibrinolysis as the cause of the anticoagulant effect. Determinations of the respective coagulation factors showed that no decrease occurred in prothrombin, factor VII, plasma thromboplastin component, and fibrinogen. On the other hand a statistically significant decrease in factor V was observed when calcium was present.
WEIGHTS AND COMPOSITION OF MUSCLES OF WARM- AND COLD-ACCLIMATED RATS
Authors: Heroux O.
Published: October 2017

After cold acclimation at 6 °C. white rats have a smaller muscle mass than control animals of the same age kept at 30 °C. Water and protein determinations in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles as well as in the whole muscular mass revealed that the reduction in the muscle mass after cold acclimation is a real tissue difference due to a reduced protein deposition and not only a water content difference. Apparently red and white fibers are equally affected in their growth by the prolonged cold exposure. Measurements of number and size of muscle fibers in soleus cross sections strongly suggest that protein deposition had been reduced in the same proportion in both muscle fibers and connective tissue.
METABOLIC AVAILABILITY OF ENERGY OF INGESTED ETHYL ALCOHOL
Authors: Gillespie R. J. G. , Lucas C. C.
Published: October 2017

Over 50 years ago Atwater and Benedict reported that the energy available from alcohol in metabolism is the same as that obtained in the bomb calorimeter. Mitchell suggested in 1935 that only about 75% is available for physiological purposes. The rate of growth of young rats is proportional to calorie intake (until this becomes optimal) when all other essential dietary factors are supplied in adequate amount. By taking advantage of this fact we have re-established that all the energy of ethanol found by bomb calorimetry is available in metabolism.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,5-DIKETOGLUCONIC ACID DECARBOXYLASE
Authors: Datta A. G. , Hochster R. M. , Katznelson H.
Published: October 2017

2,5-Diketogluconic acid decarboxylase has been purified from extracts of Acetobacter melanogenum. This paper reports the method of purification, the properties of the purified enzyme, and some properties of the reaction product. A crystalline o-nitrophenylhydrazone derivative of the decarboxylation product has been obtained.
ABSORPTION OF MIXTURES OF SUGARS BY ISOLATED SURVIVING GUINEA PIG INTESTINE
Authors: Riklis E. , Haber B. , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2017

In the presence of mixtures of glucose and fructose, at a concentration of, or below, 14 mM, additive rates of sugar transport by the isolated surviving guinea pig intestine are found. At a concentration of 28 mM, or above, the rate of transport of glucose is maximum and no additive rates with mixtures of glucose and fructose at such concentrations are obtained. The rate of transport of sugar from the intestine in the presence of sucrose is that to be expected from the hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose in the intestine. The increase of concentration of potassium ion to 15.6 meq./liter accelerates the rate of sugar transport from sucrose as well as from, glucose–fructose mixtures. The rate of galactose transport by the isolated surviving guinea pig intestine is inhibited 80% in the presence of an equivalent concentration (14 mM) of glucose. Fructose, at this concentration, has no inhibitory effect on the rate of galactose transport. Mannose (14 mM) and D-glucosamine (14 mM) effect 30% inhibitions of galactose transport. Sucrose (14 mM) is highly inhibitory (67%) to galactose transport, this probably being due to glucose formation in the intestine. Lactose (14 mM) is also apparently inhibitory (46%) to galactose transport, but it is possible that this inhibition is partly due to isotopic dilution by galactose obtained by lactose breakdown. These results are discussed in relation to the phosphorylation hypothesis of sugar transport in the intestine.
THE SECRETION OF LITHIUM IN SALIVA
Authors: Burgen A. S. V.
Published: October 2017

Lithium was secreted in the saliva at a higher concentration than it was present in the plasma. The saliva/plasma ratio was independent of the plasma concentration, but inversely related to the rate of saliva secretion. No significant concentration of lithium in the gland tissue occurred.
LIBERATION OF HEXOSAMINE, HEXURONIC ACID, AND HYDROXYPROLINE FROM TISSUES BY RESIN HYDROLYSIS
Authors: Anastassiadis P. A. , Common R. H.
Published: October 2017

Excess sulphonated polystyrene resin (Dowex-50, 200–400 mesh) suspended in 0.05 N hydrochloric acid has been found suitable as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of tissue samples preparatory to the determination of hexosamine, hexuronic acid, and hydroxyproline. This technique protected hexuronic acid from destruction during hydrolysis sufficiently well to permit of its determination. The resin used in hydrolysis has been used also for separation of sugars and hexuronic acid from hexosamine and hydroxyproline by differential elution.