bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth, productive performance, and udder health of crossbred Holstein x Simmental cows and purebred Holstein cows
Authors: Knob Deise Aline , Alessio Dileta Regina Moro , Thaler Neto André , Mozzaquatro Fabrício Desconsi
Published: December 2018

The crossbreeding between dairy cow breeds has been used as an alternative to improve some characteristics such as milk composition, udder health, and reproductive aspects on dairy herds. The aim was to compare growth, milk yield and composition, and mammary gland health of crossbred Holstein x Simmental and purebred Holstein cows. Data were gathered from a farm located in Santa Catarina state, south of Brazil. Cow growth was assessed by weighing calves and heifers monthly. Yet for milk yield and udder health, data were taken from records of the official Dairy Herd Improvement Program carried out in the evaluated farm. These data were subjected to variance analysis using the MIXED procedure of SAS statistical software. Non-linear regressions were used to adjust the data to the growth curves. The crossbred Holstein x Simmental cows produced more milk than did purebreds (31.8 kg/day vs. 30.4 kg/day; p < 0.05), with higher contents of lactose (4.63% vs. 4.53%) and protein (3.14% vs. 3.03%), but no differences in fat content (3.00 vs. 2.96). Purebred cows had higher somatic cell score (SCS) 4.49 vs. 2.93 (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, no differences were found for the growth of calves and heifers. In conclusion, crossbred Holstein x Simmental cows have higher energy corrected milk as the Holstein ones, whit greater uncorrected milk yield only for cows with three or more lactations. Crossbreeds cows produce milk with better quality, indicated by lower SCS and higher solids content, besides showing a lower SCS and no differences regarding weight gain of calves and heifers.
Comportamento ingestivo de novilhos terminados em confinamento submetidos a padrões de fornecimento de energia
Authors: Moura Amanda Farias de , Alves Filho Dari Celestino , Brondani Ivan Luiz , Machado Diego Soares , Rodrigues Leonel Da Silva , Cardoso Gilmar Dos Santos , Adams Sander Martinho , Silva Mauren Burin da , Domingues Camille Carijo , Borchate Daniele
Published: December 2018

This study aimed to verify the effects of supplying different energy patterns on ingestive behavior of feedlot-finished cattle. Twenty-seven pure and crossbred Charolais or Nellore steers with an initial average age and weight of 22 months and 252.8 kg, respectively, were used. Three treatments were carried out, two of them with an increasing rate of concentrate in the diet during the finishing period (IT5 and IT10) and one with constant roughage to concentrate ratio (CT). The experimental design was a completely randomized design with three treatments, five periods, and nine replications. Feeding time was higher for CT (4.31 hours) when compared to IT5 (3.85 hours). Steers from the treatment IT10 remained longer in lying leisure (8.14 hours) when compared to the treatment CT (7.24 hours). A superiority of chewing per ruminated bolus was observed in IT10 (58.59 seconds) when compared to IT5 (54.11 seconds) whereas a higher number of ruminated bolus was observed in TC5 (534.68 ruminated bolus day?1) when compared to IT10 (473.77 ruminated bolus day?1). Animals from CT presented a higher dry matter intake (9.54 kg day?1) than those from IT10 (8.63 kg day?1). Steers from CT and IT5 showed a higher NDF intake (3.63 and 3.58 kg NDF day?1, respectively) when compared to IT10 (3.29 kg NDF day?1). The constant energy pattern increases feeding time and dry matter intake. The one of less vigorous growth increases the number of bolus ruminated per day, while the one of more vigorous growth increases idle time and chews per bolus and decreases the intake of neutral detergent fiber.
Capital humano e crescimento econômico: uma análise para o Paraná
Authors: Silva Jady Yumi Kuniwaki , Cunha Marina Silva da
Published: December 2018

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre capital humano e crescimento econômico para o Estado do Paraná de 2000 a 2010, utilizando dados em painel. A regressão para o Estado do Paraná e para maior parte das mesorregiões, sugere que o capital humano é significativo e positivo para explicar o crescimento econômico, sendo que o nível educacional que representa a proporção da PEA com ensino médio completo e superior incompleto, teve os maiores coeficientes. Portanto, é possível observar que o capital humano é fator relevante para o crescimento econômico paranaense.
Eficácia do fundo de participação dos estados e distrito federal para promoção do equilíbrio socioeconômico no Brasil: uma análise empírica para o período de 1993 a 2013
Authors: Santos Miriam Borges dos , Monte-mor Danilo Soares , Tardin Neyla
Published: December 2018

A fim de promover o equilíbrio socioeconômico entre os estados brasileiros, a Constituição Federal determinou que a repartição do Fundo de Participação dos Estados e do Distrito Federal - FPE - deve beneficiar regiões menos favorecidas. Este estudo objetiva analisar, por meio de modelos econométricos para dados em painéis, se o critério de partilha do FPE é eficaz em sua missão constitucional, ou se há evidências de uma versão do “paradoxo da abundância”. Os testes empíricos realizados em relação aos 27 estados da federação, de 1993 a 2013, indicam a incapacidade do FPE em promover o equilíbrio socioeconômico projetado, pois o crescimento econômico e a redução inicial da concentração de renda nos estados são revertidos no período subsequente à transferência dos recursos. Nesse caso, verifica-se que os repasses sem a implantação de regras eficazes para garantir avaliação de desempenho e prestação de contas podem incitar no médio prazo externalidades contrárias aos propósitos iniciais que fundamentam a distribuição do FPE.
A Rainbow of Creativity: Exploring Drag Queen Storytimes and Gender Creative Programming in Public Libraries
Authors: Naidoo Jamie Campbell
Published: December 2018

Recently, there has been an increase in public libraries initiating targeted and inclusive programming for rainbow families (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, or queer [LGBTQ+] caregivers with children or families with LGBTQ+ children). Specialized training programs have been offered to children’s librarians on how to create inclusive services and collections for rainbow families.1 As a result, many libraries in the United States and Canada have designed children’s library programs with LGBTQ+ themes and content, included among these is the drag queen storytime (DQS). A DQS generally includes a drag queen performer reading children’s books and sharing songs much like a traditional storytime program. Many of these programs often focus on creativity in general, as well as gender creativity, or include LGBTQ+ children’s literature as a way to normalize the experiences of rainbow families. Some public libraries market DQS programs for rainbow families while others promote these programs as an example of general inclusive programming for all families. DQS programs can be successful when used with all kinds of families, and many rainbow families appreciate a librarian’s meaningful gestures towards inclusivity.
A Place to Play: An Assessment of a Public Library’s Play Centers
Authors: Smallwood Stephanie , Birkenfeld Jeannine
Published: December 2018

Play is vital for early learning. It is not ‘recess’ or a ‘timeout’ from learning, rather it IS the way young children learn.” Because play is the foundation of early learning, the Springfield-Greene County (MO) Library District (SGCL) installed Racing to Read Play & Learn Centers with toys and accompanying activities in their children’s departments at all ten branches seven years ago. These centers have been well received, but SGCL staff wanted to determine the value to families in the community and the level of kindergarten readiness provided by the centers. A formal evaluation would help library staff learn how families used the centers, how they could be improved, and opportunities for center growth and development.
Reaching Deep Conceptual Understanding through Technology
Authors: Riegel Caitlin , Branker Maritza M.
Published: December 2018

Technology has been linked to increased student motivation in the twenty-first-century classroom (Rau, Gao, and Wu 2008). In addition to engaging students by using a familiar medium to present content, technology allows educators an opportunity to focus on reaching a deeper conceptual understanding. Specifically, educators teaching AP Calculus, a course designed to provide the same content as a college level calculus course, can use technology to promote understanding of material that high school standards do not mention as crucial, but are nonetheless considered fundamental and included in college textbooks. If AP students do not achieve a thorough conceptual understanding of content considered fundamental to calculus, the result may be a piecemeal view of the subject, a lessened appreciation for its applications, and a lack of preparation for postsecondary mathematics education (Bressoud 2004). Instructional technology can help teachers present material to meet the standards outlined by The College Board (2015), as well as provide students with content knowledge that will prepare them to meet collegiate expectations. When instructional technologies are used as contemporary tools and resources “aimed at deepening students' understanding of content” (Drijvers et al. 2010; Zazkis and Nunez 2015, p. 126) they can also increase deductive thinking by communicating, demonstrating, and explaining advanced conceptual material. Furthermore, instructional technology can connect with current pedagogy that emphasizes technology in education (ISTE 2008) when used as blended learning tools that teach “some fraction of the content through online sources” and implementing “non-lecture based activities” (Zazkis and Nunez 2015, p. 126). In all, the use of technology in calculus can provide a more holistic view of the mathematics without sacrificing class time needed to meet the standards.
Entre confrontation et coopération
Authors: Sirois Guillaume
Published: December 2018

Cet article examine le rôle des groupes d’intérêt du secteur culturel dans l’élaboration de politiques publiques et les relations qu’ils entretiennent avec le gouvernement dans un tel contexte. L’analyse est basée sur une étude de cas, soit le conflit qui a opposé ces groupes d’intérêt au gouvernement lors du dévoilement du premier plan d’action gouvernemental sur les langues officielles en 2003. À partir de documents d’archives et d’entrevues avec les principaux protagonistes du conflit, l’article dégage trois tensions qui marquent l’activité de ces groupes d’intérêt : une confusion entre l’intérêt public et les intérêts particuliers, une ambiguïté dans les relations avec le fonctionnariat et une rivalité entre les différents groupes d’intérêt. L’article permet ainsi de dégager une perspective critique sur l’action des groupes d’intérêt du secteur culturel et de mieux comprendre leurs rapports avec les membres de la communauté politique au sein de laquelle ils sont actifs.
Remote Control: Collaborative Scoring and the Question of Authorship
Authors: Kmet Nicholas
Published: December 2018

Perhaps the most interesting – and controversial – aspect of Hans Zimmer’s Remote Control Productions is the collaborative workflow that many of the film scores that pass through the Santa Monica studio are produced under. While Zimmer and business partner Steven Kofsky have taken great pains in interviews to emphasize the independence of composers working at the Santa Monica studio – Kofsky has said that “these composers are independent, have their own businesses, and secure their own movies” – the reality is one of frequent collaboration. The website for the studio’s parent company – a joint venture between Zimmer, Kofsky, and Lorne Balfe – advertises that “clients have access to over a dozen composers and music editors;” composer collaboration is clearly a prime selling point of Zimmer’s business.

An important side-effect of this process is that it has often become difficult – if not impossible – for scholars and enthusiasts to determine the authorship of individual cues within scores. It is not uncommon for as many as five composers – including some of the more prominent names at the studio – to be credited as providing additional music or filling other roles in the music department. This article examines the collaborative process practiced at Zimmer’s Remote Control Productions, and how it challenges traditional notions of authorship in relation to the Hollywood film score.
Un nouvel enjeu de santé publique au Canada
Authors: Spiwak12 Rae , Elias Brenda , Sareen Jitender , Chartier Mariette , Bolton James M. , Dubois Florence
Published: December 2018

Chaque année, dans le monde, entre 48 et 50 millions de personnes se retrouvent endeuillées à la suite d’un suicide. Au Canada seulement, ce sont 4 000 individus qui se suicident chaque année, laissant derrière eux un grand nombre de personnes qui doivent faire face au caractère traumatisant et complexe du suicide. Dans un contexte qui avait déjà vu la tentative de suicide être décriminalisée en 1972, la présente étude se penche sur ce qui apparaît désormais constituer une nouvelle problématique de santé publique : le soutien aux personnes endeuillées à la suite d’un suicide. Nous discuterons à cet égard de quelques acteurs clés qui ont influencé les politiques canadiennes sur le sujet : les tribunaux, la Constitution ou encore des groupes qui avaient un intérêt spécifique par rapport à cet enjeu. Les questions de santé associées à ce type de deuil de même que la question de la nécessité de l’intervention seront abordées. Enfin, divers aspects émergents de ces politiques qui demandent encore à être éclairés seront examinés, de même que la nécessité de distinguer les approches à court, moyen et long terme quand on intervient auprès de personnes touchées par ce type de deuil.
Notes sur le geste de commémorer autrement
Authors: Gagnon Simon-Olivier
Published: December 2018

Ces notes de recherche abordent le cas de la commémoration du 100e anniversaire de la crise de la conscription à Québec en 1918. Deux modes d’expression de la pratique commémorative y sont exposés, soit les modes d’expression traditionnels (communication scientifique, conférence publique, édification de statue ou création d’un lieu public) et les modes d’expression non-traditionnels qui mobilisent des jeux de langages inédits. Un commentaire d’illustrations de ce geste de commémorer autrement les événements de 1918 (pièce de théâtre, Jane’s walk et intervention en papier peint du « Banksy de Québec ») est présenté pour saisir en quoi les modes d’expression non-traditionnels permettent un renouvellement du commentaire historique et des conventions de la pratique commémorative.
Deep Reinforcement Learning on HVAC Control
Authors: Namatēvs Ivars
Published: December 2018

Due to increase of computing power and innovative approaches of an end-to-end reinforcement learning (RL) that feed data from high-dimensional sensory inputs, it is now plausible to combine RL and Deep learning to perform Smart Building Energy Control (SBEC) systems. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) revolutionizes existing Q-learning algorithm to Deep Q-learning (DQL) profited by artificial neural networks. Deep Neural Network (DNN) is well trained to calculate the Q-function. To create comprehensive SBEC system it is crucial to choose appropriate mathematical background and benchmark the best framework of a model based predictive control to manage the building heating, ventilation, and air condition (HVAC) system. The main contribution of this paper is to explore a state-of-the-art DRL methodology to smart building control.
An Overview of Quantum Key Distribution Protocols
Authors: Trizna Anastasija , Ozols Andris
Published: December 2018

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the objects of close attention and rapid progress due to the fact that once first quantum computers are available – classical cryptography systems will become partially or completely insecure. The potential threat to today’s information security cannot be neglected, and efficient quantum computing algorithms already exist. Quantum cryptography brings a completely new level of security and is based on quantum physics principles, comparing with the classical systems that rely on hard mathematical problems. The aim of the article is to overview QKD and the most conspicuous and prominent QKD protocols, their workflow and security basement. The article covers 17 QKD protocols and each introduces novel ideas for further QKD system improvement.
Biological soil crusts inhibit seed germination in a temperate pine barren ecosystem
Authors: Gilbert Jessica A. , Corbin Jeffrey D.
Published: December 2018

Abstract Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are known to affect plants’ germination and seedling establishment in arid ecosystems, but their ecological role in more mesic climates is not so well-known. We tested the effects of moss-crusted versus uncrusted soils on seed germination dynamics in a temperate pine barren ecosystem. We conducted a 35-day laboratory assay of seed germination on moss-crusted soils versus uncrusted soils from the Albany (NY) Pine Bush Preserve. We tested total seed germination and the number of days to 50% of total germination (T50) of two herbaceous perennial forb species in each soil type. Three and five times more seeds germinated on uncrusted soil than on crusted soil for bush clover (Lespedeza capitata) and wild lupine (Lupinus perennis), respectively. Seeds of both species also germinated approximately 10 days earlier on uncrusted soil than on crusted soil. This study, and others in similar habitats, show that BSCs in mesic climates can influence germination and other early life-history stages of plants. We hope that further study of the interactions between BSCs and vascular plants in mesic climates will contribute to our understanding of the ecology of BSCs outside the arid and semiarid climates where they are more extensively studied.
Paths to a Green World
Authors: Clapp Jennifer , Dauvergne Peter
Published: December 2018

This comprehensive and accessible text fills the need for a political economy view of global environmental politics, focusing on the ways key economic processes affect environmental outcomes. It examines the main actors and forces shaping global environmental management, particularly in the developing world. Moving beyond the usual academic emphasis on international agreements and institutions, it strives to integrate debates within the real world of global policy and the academic world of theory. The book maps out an original typology of four contrasting worldviews of environmental change—those of market liberals, institutionalists, bioenvironmentalists, and social greens—and uses these as a framework to examine the links between the global political economy and ecological change. This typology not only helps students understand and participate in debates about these worldviews but also provides a common language for students and instructors to discuss the issues across the social sciences. The book covers globalization and its consequences for the environment; the evolution of global discourse and global environmental governance; wealth, poverty, and consumption; the impact on the environment of global trade and trade agreements; transnational corporations and differential environmental standards; and the environmental effects of international financing, including multilateral lending and aid and bilateral and private finance. Brief, illustrative case studies appear throughout the text.
Structuring an Energy Technology Revolution
Authors: Weiss Charles , Bonvillian William B.
Published: December 2018

An argument for a major federal program to stimulate innovation in energy technology and a proposal for a policy approach to implement it.

America is addicted to fossil fuels, and the environmental and geopolitical costs are mounting. A public-private program—at an expanded scale—to stimulate innovation in energy policy seems essential. In Structuring an Energy Technology Revolution, Charles Weiss and William Bonvillian make the case for just such a program. Their proposal backs measures to stimulate private investment in new technology, within a revamped energy innovation system. It would encourage a broad range of innovations that would give policymakers a variety of technological options over the long implementation period and at the huge scale required, faster than could be accomplished by market forces alone. Even if the nation can't make progress at this time on pricing carbon, a technology strategy remains critical and can go ahead now.

Strong leadership and public support will be needed to resist the pressure of entrenched interests against putting new technology pathways into practice in the complex and established energy sector. This book has helped start the process.
Engineering a Safer World
Authors: Leveson Nancy G.
Published: December 2018

A new approach to safety, based on systems thinking, that is more effective, less costly, and easier to use than current techniques.

Engineering has experienced a technological revolution, but the basic engineering techniques applied in safety and reliability engineering, created in a simpler, analog world, have changed very little over the years. In this groundbreaking book, Nancy Leveson proposes a new approach to safety—more suited to today's complex, sociotechnical, software-intensive world—based on modern systems thinking and systems theory. Revisiting and updating ideas pioneered by 1950s aerospace engineers in their System Safety concept, and testing her new model extensively on real-world examples, Leveson has created a new approach to safety that is more effective, less expensive, and easier to use than current techniques.

Arguing that traditional models of causality are inadequate, Leveson presents a new, extended model of causation (Systems-Theoretic Accident Model and Processes, or STAMP), then shows how the new model can be used to create techniques for system safety engineering, including accident analysis, hazard analysis, system design, safety in operations, and management of safety-critical systems. She applies the new techniques to real-world events including the friendly-fire loss of a U.S. Blackhawk helicopter in the first Gulf War; the Vioxx recall; the U.S. Navy SUBSAFE program; and the bacterial contamination of a public water supply in a Canadian town. Leveson's approach is relevant even beyond safety engineering, offering techniques for “reengineering” any large sociotechnical system to improve safety and manage risk.
New Digital Media and Learning as an Emerging Area and "Worked Examples" as One Way Forward
Authors: Gee James Paul
Published: December 2018

A proposal to move the academic area of digital media and learning toward more coherence.

In this report, noted scholar James Paul Gee discusses the evolution of digital media and learning (DMAL) from its infancy as an “academic area” into a more organized field or coherent discipline. Distinguishing among academic areas, fields, disciplinary specializations, and thematic disciplines, Gee describes other academic areas that have fallen into these categories or developed into established disciplines. He argues that DMAL will not evolve until a real coherence develops through collaboration and the accumulation of shared knowledge. Gee offers a concrete proposal of one way scholars in DMAL could move the area forward to a more cohesive, integrated, and collaborative enterprise: the production of what he terms “worked examples.” In Gee's sense of a worked example, scholars attempting to build the new area of DMAL would publicly display their methods of valuing and thinking about a specific problem, proposing them as examples of “good work” in order to engender debate about what such work in DMAL might come to look like and what shape the area itself might take. The goal would not be for the proposed approach to become the accepted one but for it to become fodder for new work and collaboration. Gee concludes by offering a sample worked example that illustrates his proposal.
Meiotic drive of female-inherited supernumerary chromosomes in a pathogenic fungus
Authors: Habig Michael , Kema Gert HJ , Holtgrewe Stukenbrock Eva
Published: December 2018

Meiosis is a key cellular process of sexual reproduction that includes pairing of homologous sequences. In many species however, meiosis can also involve the segregation of supernumerary chromosomes, which can lack a homolog. How these unpaired chromosomes undergo meiosis is largely unknown. In this study we investigated chromosome segregation during meiosis in the haploid fungus Zymoseptoria tritici that possesses a large complement of supernumerary chromosomes. We used isogenic whole chromosome deletion strains to compare meiotic transmission of chromosomes when paired and unpaired. Unpaired chromosomes inherited from the male parent as well as paired supernumerary chromosomes in general showed Mendelian inheritance. In contrast, unpaired chromosomes inherited from the female parent showed non-Mendelian inheritance but were amplified and transmitted to all meiotic products. We concluded that the supernumerary chromosomes of Z. tritici show a meiotic drive and propose an additional feedback mechanism during meiosis, which initiates amplification of unpaired female-inherited chromosomes.
Acute effects of contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching of hip abductors and adductors on dynamic balance
Authors: Szafraniec Rafał , Chromik Krystyna , Poborska Amanda , Kawczyński Adam
Published: December 2018

Background

Balance control has been shown to play a fundamental role both in everyday life and many athletic activities. An important component of balance control is the somatosensory information gained from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs. The changes in the muscle-tendon unit stiffness could alter the ability to detect and respond promptly to changes of an unstable environment. One of the procedures affecting muscle stiffness is stretching, and contract-relax PNF stretching (CRS) is considered as one of the safest and most effective techniques. So far, there are no studies on the impact of CRS of hip adductor and abductor muscles on body balance. These muscle groups are responsible for maintaining mediolateral balance which is of particular interest, since it is more affected by ageing and disease and since its deterioration has been associated with an increased risk of falling. In light of the above, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a single dose of contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching of hip adductors and abductors on mediolateral dynamic balance.

Methods

The study involved 45 healthy individuals (age 19–23 years) assigned to the intervention group (IG) or the control group (CG). Balance testing was carried out before (Pre) and immediately after CRS in the intervention group or after 5-minute rest in the control group (Post). There were performed three repetitions of the CRS targeting the adductor and abductor muscles of the hip.

Results

Statistically significant differences between Pre and Post condition were observed only in the intervention group. The values of all measured variables defining the body’s dynamic balance were significantly lower immediately after the applied CRS, which indicates an improved body balance: Global Index (p = 0.0001), total area of sway (p = 0.0001), external area of sway (p = 0.00004), external time (p = 0.0004) and reaction time (p = 0.0003).

Conclusions

A single dose of contract-relax proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching of the hip adductor and abductor muscles improved mediolateral dynamic balance.
Culture and Regimes: The Democratizing Force of Emancipative Values
Authors: Welzel Christian
Published: December 2018

This essay argues that high‐quality democracy cannot persist in the absence of emancipative values, as much as autocracy cannot persist in their presence. Support for democracy, by contrast, is an altogether misleading indicator of a public's affinity to democracy because what support for democracy means depends entirely on emancipative values: In the presence of emancipative values, people support democracy out of a genuine appreciation of the freedoms that define democracy; but in the absence of emancipative values, people typically misunderstand democracy in authoritarian ways that revert the meaning of support for democracy into its own contradiction: support for autocracy, that is. Hence, autocracy is often more legitimate in people's eyes than the support ratings for democracy suggest. Accordingly, the prospects of democracy are bleak where emancipative values remain weak. These insights provide good reasons to consider emancipative values as a study object of foremost importance, if we are to understand the cultural foundations of democracy.
Higher Education and the Exponential Rise of Science: Competition and Collaboration
Authors: Powell Justin J.W.
Published: December 2018

How we collaborate and compete to find solutions to the problems and challenges of our age vastly impacts our individual and group success and well‐being. Interdependent, the institutions of education and science have dramatically expanded. Today, scientists in nearly all countries contribute to our shared stores of knowledge, with research universities the driving force behind unexpected pure exponential growth in scientific production. Competition—regional, national, organizational, and individual—has become more potent—with performance measures, comparative indicators, and formal evaluations continuously generated and used in decision‐making. Simultaneously, collaboration across institutional, disciplinary, organizational, and cultural boundaries expands the possibilities of discovery and produces the most influential science. Competition and collaboration at the nexus of higher education and science demand enhanced attention as they shape the future of scientific innovation and production, with its understudied yet increasingly incontrovertible effects on individuals and societies.
Morality
Authors: Carter Michael J. , Rich Jonathan W.
Published: December 2018

“Morality” represents normative expectations and codes of conduct regarding what is right or wrong, proper or improper, or appropriate or inappropriate in society. This entry discusses morality as it has been understood in sociology and related fields by addressing five general themes: (1) conceptions of morality in the classical era of sociology; (2) how morality is embedded in social institutions; (3) relationships among morality, power, and inequality; (4) morality as a practice that is embedded in everyday life via discourse, language, and narratives; (5) evolutionary perspectives on morality.
Pastiche
Authors: Matthews Christopher R.
Published: December 2018

This entry briefly explores the development of pastiche as an idea within postmodern cultural studies before examining its usage within sociological research. In redeploying pastiche to help understand social identities and hegemonic power, sociologists have departed in important ways from its original usage. In this way, they have developed a useful and nuanced account of social power that focuses on reflexive microsociological interactions as the basis from which social structures are recast, recreated, and potentially subverted.
Transmedia
Authors: Kidd Jenny
Published: December 2018

The term transmedia refers to the creation of rich and complex media storyworlds across multiple platforms. This approach has flourished within online and mixed media contexts where webs of content can be explored by (and coproduced with) curious audience members and fans. Emerging from media, culture, and communications contexts in the early years of the twenty‐first century, the term is increasingly being used to describe a broader suite of practices.
Clickbait
Authors: Kalveks Tatiana
Published: December 2018

“Clickbait” is a pejorative name for usually insubstantial online content that bears a hyperbolic headline. Clickbait appeals to the reader's “curiosity gap,” a disjunction between information the reader already knows, and information the reader wants to know. Associated with post‐truth media, clickbait emerged in the early millennium, driven by the rise of online advertising, and has stylistic implications offline, for example in political discourse and academic publishing.
Secondary Deviance
Authors: Conyers Addrain , Buchanan Molly
Published: December 2018

This entry describes an integral component to the labeling perspective: secondary deviance, a potential outcome that arises from social groups' reactions to individuals' deviant behaviors. Included in the entry is a brief account of the scholarly contributions that have gradually described and defined the processes for how labeling of individuals' primary deviance can counterproductively induce antisocial behaviors. As posited by key labeling scholars, three secondary deviance‐inducing processes include: labeled individuals' altered views of self, as well as diminished future access to prosocial opportunities (e.g., legitimate employment) or to prosocial groups (i.e., increased association with deviant peers).
Fitness Culture
Authors: Sassatelli Roberta
Published: December 2018

In contemporary western societies, the “fit body” has replaced body decoration as a potent symbol of status and character, both for men and women. Fitness gyms and health centers have become highly visible as the sites where such a body is produced. They are at the core of a much broader fitness culture, comprising a variety of commodities and are key institutions of contemporary consumer culture. Fitness culture has attracted contrasting diagnoses from within a host of disciplines, often corresponding to disciplinary specializations in the study of sport and physical activity at large. As a culturally prized practice, fitness is often framed as a response to collective issues such as poor health, obesity, or aging bodies, while as a fundamentally individualized consumer culture promoted by profit‐seeking commercial institutions it may not help us to ask the crucial questions. This seems to require a critical perspective on rationalized, urban living, commercial relations, and fitness activities which goes beyond the promotional sirens portraying fitness training inside a gym as a quick fix solution for body and soul.
Kinship
Authors: Nordqvist Petra
Published: December 2018

Culturally speaking, kinship is imagined as a “fixed” relationship based in nature. But sociological studies indicate that rather than understanding kinship as a “given” relationship, it is better understood as a relationship that is “done” in social life. This entry shows how people engage in “making” kinship happen, through everyday life, resuming or rejecting family responsibilities, and in families formed through new reproductive technologies.
Law, Sociology of
Authors: Thornhill Chris
Published: December 2018

This entry argues that the sociology of law was originally a core part of general sociology, but, partly for internal reasons, it lost importance after 1945. However, its recent fusion with global sociology has increased its significance, and it has again emerged as a key subfield of the social sciences.
Marriage
Authors: Scanzoni John
Published: December 2018

Updating Engels, the historical development of marriage is analyzed from pre‐patriarchy through patriarchy to the contemporary struggle between patriarchy and Enlightenment advocates. Advocates consist predominately of advantaged (well‐educated, upper‐middle‐class) persons (straight/gay) crafting egalitarian relationships (legal/nonlegal) blending sexual with emotional gratifications while optimizing access toproductionfor both genders and facilitating control overreproduction –especially by women. “Women's‐right” inproductionimplies that a girl/woman from all socioeconomic backgrounds/races/ethnicities would participate in educational/occupational experiences empowering her to become an economicallyautonomouswoman – able to provide her material needs and those of any dependents. “Women's‐right” inreproductionimplies women exercising ultimate control over its three facets–sexual enjoyment, contraception, and abortion/childbearing. Bringing less advantaged persons into this orbit implies empowering them to meet the stringent educational and occupational demands of the postindustrial era, as well as encouraging them to embrace both aspects of “women's‐right” based on the premise that doing so would help meet those stringent demands.
Matriarchy
Authors: Bakker J.I. (Hans)
Published: December 2018

There never has been a true matriarchy. Even as an ideal type model it is not very heuristic. The idea dates back to an outmoded way of thinking. We often use the term in a popular fashion, but it does not have analytical relevance for comparative historical sociological analysis. Knowing the history of the use of the term, however, does assist in understanding how the term patriarchy was originally used. The idea originally was that matriarchy was a stage of progressive evolution that preceded patriarchy. That idea has lingered in nonscholarly circles and is often used as a rhetorical device. The few examples of very small‐scale almost matriarchal situations do not justify viewing the concept as useful for historical study, despite the ideological use of the term in some feminist circles. Many societies, however, have been characterized by matrilineal descent and early gathering and hunting societies sometimes had a degree of cooperation. Hence, we also cannot necessarily posit patriarchy as the very first stage of an evolutionary chain of development.
Rustbelt
Authors: Hospers Gert‐Jan
Published: December 2018

Rustbelt areas have a glorious past but face an uncertain future. During their industrial heydays they used to be strong manufacturing centers, but since the second half of the twentieth century their position has been eroded in the global economy, leading to demographic and urban shrinkage. Today, Rustbelt areas are still recovering from the severe transformation processes they went through. Some revitalization strategies have paid off, but the growing inequality among residents continues to be a major issue.
An effective method to reduce the interplay effects between respiratory motion and a uniform scanning proton beam irradiation for liver tumors: A case study
Authors: Akino Yuichi , Wu Huanmei , Oh Ryoong‐Jin , Das Indra J.
Published: December 2018

Purpose

For scanning particle beam therapy, interference between scanning patterns and interfield organ motion may result in suboptimal dose within target volume. In this study, we developed a simple offline correction technique for uniform scanning proton beam (USPB) delivery to compensate for the interplay between scanning patterns and respiratory motion and demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique in treating liver cancer.

Methods

The computed tomography (CT) and respiration data of two patients who had received stereotactic body radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma were used. In the simulation, the relative beam weight delivered to each respiratory phase is calculated for each beam layer after treatment of each fraction. Respiratory phases with beam weights higher than 50% of the largest weight are considered “skipped phases” for the next fraction. For the following fraction, the beam trigger is regulated to prevent beam layers from starting irradiation in skipped phases by extending the interval between each layer. To calculate dose‐volume histogram (DVH), the dose of the target volume at end‐exhale (50% phase) was calculated as the sum of each energy layer, with consideration of displacement due to respiratory motion and relative beam weight delivered per respiratory phase.

Results

For a single fraction, D1%, D99%, and V100% were 114%, 88%, and 32%, respectively, when 8 Gy/min of dose rate was simulated. Although these parameters were improved with multiple fractions, dosimetric inhomogeneity without motion management remained even at 30 fractions, with V100% 86.9% at 30 fractions. In contrast, the V100% values with adaptation were 96% and 98% at 20 and 30 fractions, respectively. We developed an offline correction technique for USPB therapy to compensate for the interplay effects between respiratory organ motion and USPB beam delivery.

Conclusions

For liver tumor, this adaptive therapy technique showed significant improvement in dose uniformity even with fewer treatment fractions than normal USPB therapy.
Supersmooth Ta2O5/Ag/Polyetherimide Film as the Rear Transparent Electrode for High Performance Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ying Zhiqin , Chen Wei , Lin Yi , He Zhenfei , Chen Tian , Zhu Yudong , Zhang Xusheng , Yang Xi , Djurišić Aleksandra B. , He Zhubing
Published: December 2018

Although it exhibits great potential as the rear transparent electrode (RTE) material in semitransparent devices, the ultrathin silver film still faces some significant challenges, such as surface plasmonic effect induced optical loss, the conflict between conductivity and transmittance, and the band level mismatch at device interfaces. In this work, a novel combination of ZrAcac/PEI/Ag/Ta2O5 is employed as the RTE of the semitransparent perovskite solar cells in the planar inverted device structure of “indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO)/NiO
x
/MAPbI3/PC61BM/ZrAcac/PEI/Ag/Ta2O5.” Interface engineering with ZrAcac/PEI enables a significant increase in the device efficiency for 100 nm thick Ag electrode, from 17.48% to 18.84%. Ultrathin 9 nm Ag film coated on polyetherimide (PEI) exhibits a root‐mean‐square roughness of 0.7 nm and a sheet resistance of 8.7 Ω □−1, which results in the typical device conversion efficiency of 13.40% and an average transmittance (AT) of 43.75% in wavelength region from 500 to 1200 nm simultaneously. That remarkable enhancement in AT from 12.47% to 43.75% can be ascribed to the synergy effect of Ta2O5 and the ultrathin silver film in optics. The successful interface engineering of RTE paves an alternative and promising way for high performance semitransparent solar cells, and definitely broadens the scope of their applications.
Double‐blinded randomized controlled trial to evaluate a multimedia surgical care tour in improving patient satisfaction and knowledge after functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Ma Yue , Zeiger Josh , McKee Sean , Yang Anthony , Schaberg Madeleine , Del‐Signore Anthony , Govindaraj Satish , Iloreta Alfred
Published: December 2018

Background

Current delivery of patient education is done during the clinic visit, where physicians or clinic staff have limited time for each patient. One potential solution is to provide a multimedia surgical care tour delivered to patients throughout the perioperative period. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of this surgical care tour in enhancing patient knowledge and satisfaction after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).

Methods

A total of 121 patients were enrolled and a double‐blinded randomized controlled trial was initiated. Patients in the experimental group received 4 educational videos and automated reminders to take medications. The control group received a sham platform. Patients were randomized by MEDUMO software, and physicians, clinic staff, and patients were blinded. Patient satisfaction was measured by Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Surgical Care Survey Version 2.0. Patient knowledge was graded by the blinded surgeon and clinic staff. Fischer's exact test and 2‐tailed independent samples Student t test were used to compare the satisfaction and patient knowledge outcomes, respectively.

Results

Patients in the experimental group were more likely to answer “Yes, definitely” to “Did these pictures drawings models or videos help you better understand your condition and its treatment?” (95.7% vs 74.1%, p = 0.011). The mean ± standard deviation clinic staff assessment of patient knowledge was 3.04 ± 1.05 in the control group and 3.68 ± 1.41 in the experimental group (p = 0.043).

Conclusion

A multimedia surgical care tour was developed and has promising effects on patient satisfaction and knowledge after FESS.
Ein dreigliedriges cyclisches Phosphasilen
Authors: Heider Yannic , Willmes Philipp , Mühlhausen Daniel , Klemmer Lukas , Zimmer Michael , Huch Volker , Scheschkewitz David
Published: December 2018

Kleine ungesättigte Phosphorcyclen sind aufgrund ihrer Ringspannung und der zusätzlichen Funktionalitäten der Doppelbindung und des freien Phosphor‐Elektronenpaars vielseitige Reagenzien. Wir berichten hier über die Synthese und Isolierung des kleinstmöglichen, cyclischen Phosphasilens als stabiles Addukt mit einem N‐heterocyclischen Carben (NHC). Erste Reaktivitätsstudien zeigen, (a) dass der PSi2‐Ring mittels des freien Elektronenpaares am Phosphor ein kompetenter Ligand für das Fe(CO)4 Fragment ist und (b) dass die Abstraktion des NHCs mit BPh3 zu einer raschen Kopf‐Kopf‐ oder Kopf‐Schwanz‐Dimerisierung der PSi2‐Einheit führt. Die relativ leichte NHC‐Abspaltung deutet die Verfügbarkeit der P=Si‐Doppelbindung für weitere Manipulationen an.
Aerobic {Mo72V30} nanocluster‐catalysed heterogeneous one‐pot tandem synthesis of benzimidazoles
Authors: Khoshyan Ashkan , Pourtahmasb Mehrdad , Feizpour Fahimeh , Jafarpour Maasoumeh , Rezaeifard Abdolreza
Published: December 2018

A novel heterogeneous one‐pot protocol is developed for tandem aerobic synthesis of benzimidazoles through dehydrogenative coupling of primary benzylic alcohols and aromatic diamines co‐catalysed by Keplerate‐type {Mo72V30} polyoxometalate and N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI). The catalytic system also works well for the synthesis of benzimidazoles using benzaldehydes, as commonly used starting materials, in the absence of NHPI. The high activity of the solid nanocluster provides standard conditions avoiding current limitations of oxidation methods including high catalyst loadings. The spectral results and leaching experiments revealed that the nanocapsule preserved its structural integrity after being reused in consecutive runs.
Drag reduction of a zero‐pressure gradient boundary layer flow by surfactants
Authors: Cai Shu‐peng , Wang Zhi‐neng , Duan Chuan‐wei
Published: December 2018

To investigate drag reduction by a surfactant in a zero‐pressure gradient flat‐plate turbulent boundary layer flow, the velocities were measured by a two‐component laser Doppler velocimeter, and the buildup as well as relaxation of micelle shear‐induced structures in a simple shear flow was then analyzed by a strain‐controlled rheometer through applying and releasing a given constant shear strain rate. The surfactant was cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide mixed with sodium salicylate as a counterion in a molar ratio of 1:2 at 60 and 100 ppm by weight. It has been found that the drag reduction rate first increases and then decreases with decreasing wall shear stress in the streamwise direction for the two concentrations of solutions, which is totally different with that in a pipe flow. In addition, the drag reduction in a lower concentration solution boundary layer flow reaches the maximum earlier. Moreover, a shorter buildup time for the micelle shear‐induced structures makes the maximal drag reduction reach earlier in surfactant solution boundary layer flows.