bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonionic surfactant amides as soil wetting agents
Authors: Micich T. J. , Linfield W. M.
Published: July 2007

Isomeric hydroxyethyl tertiary amides, RCONR′CH2CH2OH, where R and R′ are 7‐ 8 carbon linear or branched aliphatic groups, were oxyethylated to form polydisperse adducts containing 5‐ 20 moles of ethylene oxide. The adducts RCONR′(E.O.)xH were free of unreacted amide and contained minimum ester contaminant where R and R′ were branched. Ester content of the adducts does not change with time, but the monomer does revert to amide on standing. All series of adducts showed good wetting at intermediate chain lengths but instantaneous wetting only at short chain lengths where both R and R′ were branched. Good water solubility occurred at the intermediate chain length while maximum surface activity was found for short chain lengths corresponding to a hydrophile‐ lipophile balance of ~9. All adduct series were excellent wetting agents for cotton skeins and a burned over sandy loam. For this soil the adducts effectively promote wetting at 0.01% level.
The relationship of biochemical and morphological information in the central nervous system: The problem of sampling
Authors: Prensky Arthur L.
Published: July 2007

The histology of the central nervous system (CNS) is complex, consisting of membranes derived from a number of cell types as well as specialized membranes associated with structural modifications of the neuron. The cell structure, and thus the membrane content, of the CNS varies with age and from area to area; in no instance is it possible to isolate a single cell type without special microdissection techniques. Neurological disease often involves specific areas of the CNS attacking one or all of the cellular elements in that region. In other instances, damage may be wide‐spread, but at the histological level it may be restricted to a single cell type or even to a single membrane. The latter situation is particularly applicable to diseases that attack the myelin sheath.

The biochemical investigation of changes in the lipid content of the brain resulting from neurological disease is hampered not only by the morphological complexity of nervous tissue, but by the tendency of destructive processes to be accompanied by proliferation of other cellular elements, both during the acute phase of disease and during the process of repair, which may mask significant abnormalities. Thus, in order to decide which changes in the structural lipids of the diseased brain are meaningful, a knowledge of the histopathology of the disorder is essential. When the morphological changes that accompany a neurological disorder are known, one may choose an appropriate tissue sample for study. Isolation of specific structural or functional subunits of the CNS, dissection of small groups of cells, isolation of single cells and separation of specific membranes are techniques available to sample nervous tissue. These are discussed, and their applicability to the biochemical study of specific neurological diseases is evaluated.
Carbon isotopic evidence for the role of lipids in petroleum formation
Authors: Silverman S. R.
Published: July 2007

Data available on stable carbon isotope ratios (C13/C12) are reviewed. It is concluded that data for modern and ancient natural carbonaceous materials reveal consistently low C13/C12 ratios for substances of biologic origin as opposed to the ratios for inorganic carbonate minerals deposited in the oceans. Ratios, of modern marine organisms are about 1% higher than those of terrestrial organisms. The average C13/C12 ratio of modern marine organisms is also about 1% higher than that of ancient organic matter in marine sediments. A similar relation exists between the ratios of terrestrial organisms and those of petroleums and other noncoaly organic matter genetically related to nonmarine sediments. Coals of all ranks have the same range of isotope ratios as those noted for terrestrial plants.

Lipid fractions of organisms have consistently lower C13/C12 ratios than do the whole organisms. The average difference between nonlipid and lipid materials for all organisms studied is about 0.5% and ranges in individual species from as little as several hundredths to more than 1.5%. This suggests that petroleums and other noncoaly organic matter in ancient sediments are derived from lipids, or at least from certain components of the lipid fraction. In contrast, coal deposits apparently are derived from whole plants or from the cellulosic fraction of land plants, which is the major nonlipid constituent, of plant tissues.

The isotopic compositions of narrow distillation fractions of petroleums suggest that the lowmolecular‐weight hydrocarbon components of the gas and gasoline fractions are formed by decomposition of higher‐molecular‐weight compounds during the post‐depositional history of petroleum. Concurrently with the formation of low‐boiling compounds, these transformation processes initiate the polymerization reactions responsible for the formation of some of the most complex petroleum components, such as the asphaltenes. New data obtained from distillates of Colombian crude oil are reported in this paper. The fraction with an average boiling point of 450C and average molecular weight of 420 had the lowest C13/C12 ratio. This suggests that the fraction, which includes the boiling range of typical triterpenoids, contains a major proportion of the primary components from which the light and heavy ends of petroleum are derived. This implication is supported by other geochemical information, including the distribution of optical activity in petroleum fractions and the identification of specific petroleum components which are structurally related to lipid components of modern organisms.
Alkanes in aqueous systems. II. The accommodation of C12−C36n‐alkanes in distilled water
Authors: Peake Eric , Hodgson G. W.
Published: July 2007

The accommodation of n‐alkanes in the C12to C36range in distilled water was measured as a function of hydrocarbon supply, settling time, filtration pore‐size, and mode of introduction. Accommodation levels for individual hydrocarbons generally fell in the range of 0.01 to 100 mg/liter; liquids were accommodated to a greater extent than solids. Settling times of many days sharply reduced the measured accommodation, as did millipore filtration. The accommodation of a given n‐alkane showed a strong dependence on the supply of the n‐alkane in the equilibrating aqueous system.

Binary mixtures showed a limited effect of one alkane on another except in the case of mixtures of a liquid alkane and a solid alkane, in which the presence of the liquid greatly enhanced the accommodation of the solid. Similarly supply ratios were reproduced for accommodated liquid alkanes except in those systems where the supply alkanes separated into co‐existing liquid and solid phases with compositions as determined by the phase rule for the particular hydrocarbon system. The accommodated alkane composition was the same as that of the liquid hydrocarbon phase. The same pattern was observed for fused mixtures of n‐alkanes in the C12to C36range, and on long‐term settling there was an over‐all, clearcut tendency for preferential accommodation of n‐alkanes in the C16to C20range at the expense of alkanes with both higher and lower carbon numbers.
Optical rotation of petroleums
Authors: Rosenfield William D.
Published: July 2007

Although oils and oil distillates are usually dextrorotatory, some levorotations can be measured in lower boiling distillates. Fractional distillation of a Colombia crude oil of Eocene age showed that optical rotation is maximal at an average molecular weight of 464. The rotatory power of petroleum reflects the extent to which its composition has been transformed during geochemical maturation. Optical rotations thus can be correlated with the degree of maturity in much the same way as can such other compositional features as aromatic character or content of steroid‐like substances, which are demonstrable in petroleums.

The optical activity of petroleum is gradually degraded by maturational influences, and a decreasing trend in rotatory power is recognized in a comparison of oils produced from rocks of progressively greater geologic age. The optical rotation of dark crude oils can be measured in a polarimeter of suitable photometric sensitivity. The measurements extend geochemical application of oil polarimetry, which was restricted formerly to oil distillates and decolorized oils.
The determination of doubly labeled artificial soil in detergency studies
Authors: Gordon B. E. , Shebs W. T. , Bonnar R. U.
Published: July 2007

A liquid scintillation method for the determination of carbon‐14 and tritium labeled soil on white fabric has been developed. The method involves the use of an external standard to determine the counting efficiency for each isotope. The requirement that these determinations be made on swatches of fabric complicates the analysis because of their variable antiquenching effect. The method has been appied to cotton, Dacron, nylon, and Dacron/cotton.

A computer program has been written which accepts the raw counting data and performs all necessary calculations, printing out the data in a convenient form. The great convenience of the method has encouraged its application to large scale screening studies without sacrificing the precision, accuracy, or selectivity normally associated with small model systems.
Biodegradation of LAS benzene rings in activated sludge
Authors: Swisher R. D.
Published: July 2007

Effluents from continuous flow and from fill and draw activated sludge cultures were analyzed quantitatively for benzene ring content by ultraviolet spectroscopy, with appropriate correction for interference by nitrate ion. C12 LAS mixture and two of its components in pure form, 3‐phenyl‐ and 6‐phenyldodecane‐p‐sulfonates, all showed approximately 90% ring biodegradation under a variety of conditions once acclimation had occurred. When feeds to 3‐phenyl and 6‐phenyl acclimated cultures were interchanged, the characteristics 100% primary biodegradation (methylene blue analysis) proceeded without interruption. However, ring degradation was impaired for 4–7 days until reacclimation was accomplished. Biochemical implications are discussed.
The role of detergent in automatic dishwashing performance
Authors: Gray F. W. , Richter V. J. , Odioso R. C.
Published: July 2007

The ability of automatic dishwashing products to perform satisfactorily in mechanical machines is dependent upon a number of factors, including machine design and composition of product. Although most leading dishwashers are highly satisfactory for food‐soil removal, the detergent composition and its usage can affect performance characteristics.

In this paper the objectionable tendency of automatic dishwashing detergent compositions to cause glassware spotting or filming, fading of fine china decoration, and silverware discoloration is considered. The means to minimize these deficiencies are presented.
Rate of reaction of hexahalocyclopentadienes with long‐chain olefins
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Fuller G. , Applewhite T. H.
Published: July 2007

Second‐order rate constants were calculated for the Diels‐Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and hexabromocyclopentadiene with various unsaturated fatty esters and a model alkene. Diene concentrations during reaction were determined by measurement of ultraviolet absorption at 322 mμ (hexachlorodiene) or 346 mμ (hexabromodiene). Steric factors in the specific perhalodiene used and, particularly, the structure of the olefins were shown to have pronounced effects on the rate of reaction of these highly substituted dienes
Modified procedures for determination of free and total gossypol pigments
Authors: Deacon B. D.
Published: July 2007

The inclusion of hydrochloric acid and thiourea in the gossypol blanks in present official AOCS methods for free and total gossypol produced equivalent absorbances identical to those obtained in the AOCS procedure for gossypol in oils. The treatment relieved the darkening of reagent blanks and allowed the same calibration data to be used for all three methods. Aniline was the reagent in each.
Esterification rates of some saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with glycerol
Authors: Hartman L.
Published: July 2007

Esterification rates of eight commonly occurring fatty acids were studied at 180C using equivalent and equimolar amounts of glycerol with and without a cosolvent. The esterification with equivalent amounts of glycerol without cosolvent followed second order kinetics and proceeded at a similar rate for all acids examined. Esterifications with equimolar amounts of glycerol were kinetically complex and their speed depended on the solubility of glycerol in individual fatty acids.
Sulfonated branched chain fatty acids and esters
Authors: Micich T. J. , Diamond E. A. , Bistline R. G. , Stirton A. J. , Ault W. C.
Published: July 2007

In continuation of work reported a year ago describing branched chain fatty acids, a series of monosodium methyl 2‐sulfo‐2‐alkylalkanoates [RR'C (SO3Na) CO2CH3] were synthesized. The surface active properties of these compounds were evaluated and compared with the corresponding disodium 2‐sulfo‐2‐alkylalkanoates [RR'C (SO3Na)CO2Na]. Alkaline hydrolysis rates show that the sodium methyl esters are stable. Relative to the disodium salts, these compounds exhibit better wetting properties and more stable foams.
Castor‐based derivatives: Synthesis of some acrylate esters
Authors: Nelson Jane S. , Applewhite Thomas H.
Published: July 2007

Acrylate esters of various hydroxy acid derivatives obtainable from castor oil have been synthesized and characterized. Synthetic methods evaluated include acid‐ and base‐catalyzed alcoholysis of methyl acrylate, esterification with acrylic acid, acrylyl chloride, or acrylic anhydride, and esterification with ॆ‐chloropropionyl chloride or anhydride followed by dehydrohalogenation. The two‐step esterification‐dehydrohalogenation procedure gives most satisfactory yields and purity. Preparation, purification, and characterization of the compounds are described and the various synthetic methods are evaluated.
Variability in seed oil composition of 43Linum species
Authors: Yermanos D. M.
Published: July 2007

Analyses of the seed oil of 43Linum species showed great variability in fatty acid composition. The species can be grouped in two broad categories on the basis of seed oil composition: 1) Those with high linolenic, low linoleic and low oleic acid content, and 2) Those with high linoleic, low linolenic and low oleic acid content. A positive correlation was observed between iodine value and linolenic acid content, and a negative correlation between linolenic and linoleic acid content. There was no correlation between fatty acid composition and chronosome number.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil. II. Copper‐chromium catalysts
Authors: Koritala S. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

Soybean oil was partially hydrogenated at 170 and 200C with 0.5 and 0.1% copper‐chromium catalysts, respectively. The reaction proceeded selectively at both temperatures, although selectivity was better at the lower temperature. Both commercial and laboratory‐prepared catalysts reduced the linolenic acid to less than 1% and with selectivity ratios (KLe/KLo) ranging from 6 to 13. Since stearate did not increase, linoleate selectivity (KLo/KOl) was extremely high. About 80% or more of the original linoleic acid remained in the hydrogenated products as measured by the alkali‐isomerization method. More conjugated dienes were formed at 200 than at 170C.
Lipids extracted from soy products by different procedures
Authors: Melton S. L. , Moyers R. E. , Playford C. G.
Published: July 2007

Lipids in soybean defatted meal, concentrate and isolate were extracted by four procedures: (a) a Soxhlet extract by chloroform‐methanol; (b) a Soxhlet extraction by benzene/ethanol; (c) a short extraction by chloroform/methanol; and (d) a short extraction by hexane/ethanol. Procedure 2 extracted more lipid than Procedure 1 from the isolate and meal. Both Soxhlet procedures extracted more lipid than Procedure 3 from the meal only, and more lipid than Procedure 4 from all products. Percent lipid on dry matter basis ranged for the meal, 1.56 to 4.52; concentrate 0.90 to 1.44; and isolate, 0.28 to 0.96. Lipids extracted from each product by Procedures 3 and 4 were fractionated quantitatively into (a) neutral lipids, (b) polar lipids except lecithin, and (c) lecithin. Fatty acid (C12–C20) composition of each lipid fraction was determined, and attempts were made to identify lipids. The larger amount of lipid in any product extracted by either Procedure 3 or 4 was in Fraction 1. Linoleic acid was the most abundant acid found in any lipid fraction. Significantly more oleic acid was found in Fractions I and II Concentrate lipids than in the same fractions of meal or isolate lipids. A number of lipids were found in Fractions I and II, but the only lipid in Fraction III was lecithin.
Effect of heat treatments on the volatile composition of coconut oil
Authors: Pai J. S. , Lomanno S. S. , Nawar W. W.
Published: July 2007

Fresh coconut oil was heated under different conditions for 48 hr at 180 C. The heat treatments included heating in vacuo, heating in air and heating in air and water. The samples were distilled under high vacuum and the volatiles thus obtained were analyzed by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. In all heated samples, a series of n‐alkanes and I‐alkenes, n‐alkanals, methyl alkanones, alkenals, gamma‐and delta‐lactones, methyl and ethyl esters and free fatty acids were identified. The relative amounts of these compounds varied with the type of heat treatment to which the coconut oil was subjected.
Catalytic hydrogenation of vegetable oils I‐hydrogenation of soybean oil catalyzed by Rh‐ and Ir‐complexes
Authors: Fragale C. , Gargano M. , Gomes T. , Rossi M.
Published: July 2007

The rate and selectivity found for the hydrogenation reaction of soybean oil using a series of soluble rhodium and iridium‐phosphine complexes can be correlated to the number of phosphine ligands coordinated to the metal. This study shows the possibility of obtaining a wide range of products by varying the reaction time and the catalyst composition. For example, a low stearate content can be obtained using IrCl(C8H12)PPh3, whereas a low double‐bond conjugation can be obtained with |Rh(C8H12)(PPh3)2|BPh4.
Nutritive value of defatted seed cake ofCleome viscosa
Authors: Rukmini C. , Deosthale Y. G.
Published: July 2007

Defatted seed cake ofCleome viscosa was analysed for protein, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. It was found to be a fairly good source of protein and other nutrients. The most limiting amino acid of the protein in the defatted seed cake was tryptophan. Like otherCapparidaceous plants, seeds ofCleome viscosa contained thioglucosinolates. The concentration of which in defatted seed cake before and after detoxification was 3 and 0.12 mg per 100 g. Except for the loss of B‐complex vitamins, on detoxification the nutrient composition of the defatted cake remained unaltered. Rats fed diets based on defatted cake containing the toxic compounds lost weight, but those fed detoxified cake showed improved growth. However, the relative protein value (RPV) of the processed cake was poor and suggested the presence of other antinutritional factors.
Laboratory‐scale continuous hydrogenation: Cooper catalysis
Authors: Snyder Janet M. , Scholfield C. R. , Mounts T. L.
Published: July 2007

Soybean oil was partially hydrogenated with copper catalyst in an isothermal, concurrent, flow type reactor to reduce linolenate content. Reaction proceeded at one atmosphere outlet pressure; the parameters of temperature, catalyst concentration and oil flow rate (residence time) were varied. The reactor was designed to permit sampling at points along its length. Intermediate and final samples were analyzed to give total characterization of the partially hydrogenated oil. Data thus obtained were used to model and simulate the continuous hydrogenation kinetics. Linolenate selectivity is high and variations in reaction parameters appeared to have little effect. Specific isomerization values were increased as catalyst concentration increased but were unaffected by temperature and oil flow rate. Conjugated diene formation went through a maximum as the hydrogenation proceeded. Results of the copper‐catalyzed continuous hydrogenations were compared to those of batch hydrogenations using the same reaction parameters.
Low level sodium borohydride determination in organic media using a triarylmethyl carbonium ion
Authors: Rudie Cynthia N. , Demko Paul R.
Published: July 2007

Sodium borohydride reductions in organic solvents are used extensively for organic syntheses and for the purification of bulk organic chemicals such as alcohols, esters, amides, etc., to reduce impurities which impart color, odor, or instability to these products. A simple analytical technique based on titration has been developed to determine part per million levels of sodium borohydride in organic media.
The seed lipids of the palm family
Authors: Opute Fred Idiem'
Published: July 2007

The majority of palms, represented byElaeis guineensis, contained mainly neutral lipids (triglycerides) in their seed fats with lauric and myristic acids as the major acids. In certain others, symbolized by theRaphia palms, polar lipids dominated, with the unsaturated acids, oleic and linoleic acids constituting the major fatty acids. Contrary to established belief, lauric and myristic acids were not the principal fatty acids in all palms.
New amphoteric surfactants containing a 2‐hydroxyalkyl group: I preparation and properties of N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐N‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)‐β‐alanines
Authors: Takai M. , Hidaka H. , Moriya M.
Published: July 2007

A series of new amphoteric surfactants, sodium salts of N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐N‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)‐β‐alanines (Na‐HAA) was prepared by adding methyl acrylate to N‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)‐ethanolamine and subsequent saponification. Neutralization with HCl gave N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐N‐(2‐hydroxyalkyl)‐β‐alanines, and the addition of ethylene oxide to Na‐HAA gave oxyethylated drivatives. The structures of these compounds prepared were confirmed by infrared spectra, proton magnetic resonance spectra, elementary analyses, etc. Solubility in water, surface tension, foaming power, and critical micelle concentration were determined.
Effect of Red Chili Consumption on Postoperative Symptoms During the Posthemorrhoidectomy Period: Randomized, Double‐blind, Controlled Study
Authors: Gupta Pravin J.
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study was to determine whether there was any relation between consumption of chilies and postoperative symptoms after hemorrhoidectomy in patients with grade III or IV hemorrhoidal disease. A total of 60 patients were randomly assigned to receive antibiotics and analgesics alone (control patients) or daily consumption of 3 g of chili powder along with identical antibiotics and analgesics (chili group). The evaluation of symptoms—pain, anal burning, pruritus, bleeding—during the postoperative period was assessed by means of patients’ self‐questionnaires. A global score for evaluating each postoperative symptom was compared between the two groups at the 1‐week follow‐up. No significant difference in age, sex distribution, or grade of disease was noted between the two groups at baseline. The incidence of posthemorrhoidectomy symptoms was higher in the group consuming chilies during the first postoperative week. The global score for postoperative pain (14.60 for the chili group vs. 7.97 for the control group, p < 0.001) and for anal burning (12.90 for the chili group vs. 7.82 for the control group, p < 0.0001) were significant. Although bleeding (6.95 in the control group and 7.57 in the chili group, p < 0.81) and pruritus (8.06 in the control group and 8.75 in the chili group, p < 0.69) were more common in the chili group, the difference did not achieve statistical significance. This study shows that consumption of 3 g of red chilies per day during the postoperative period after hemorrhoidectomy increases the intensity of typical postoperative symptoms, stool frequency, and the consumption of analgesics.
Modeling the foodweb in coastal areas: a case study of Ringkøbing Fjord, Denmark
Authors: Håkanson Lars , Bryhn Andreas C.
Published: July 2007

This work utilizes the CoastWeb model, a foodweb model for coastal areas that also includes a mass‐balance model (CoastMab) for phosphorus and many abiotic/biotic interactions, to study the development in Ringkøbing Fjord, Denmark, from 1985 to 2004. This shallow coastal lagoon has an area of 300 km2 and a mean depth of 1.9 m. The water exchange between the lagoon and the North Sea is regulated by a sluice. In 1996 there was a major regime shift in this lagoon with drastic reductions in chlorophyll‐a concentrations, significant increases in water clarity (Secchi depth) and major changes in the number and biomass of clams as well as in macrophyte cover. Regime shifts is a “hot” topic in aquatic ecology and in this work the CoastWeb model is used as a tool to understand and quantify the causes behind this regime shift. The CoastWeb model is general and can also be used for other coastal areas. The basic model calculates monthly production values and changes in biomasses of ten functional groups of organisms (phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, herbivorous, and predatory zooplankton, benthic algae, macrophytes, jellyfish, zoobenthos and prey and predatory fish) and in Ringkøbing Fjord, also for clams (Mya arenaria). In spite of its complexity, the model is relatively simple to use, since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps or monitoring programs. The model includes much abiotic/biotic feedback and it can also be used to address other causes for regime shifts other than the changes in salinity and nutrient inflow, which have caused the changes in Ringkøbing Fjord. The model has previously been tested for more than 20 smaller coastal areas and was shown to predict variations in foodweb characteristics very well. The focus of this paper is on temporal variations within one well‐studied coastal area. The paper compares modeled values to empirical data for Ringkøbing Fjord and discusses fundamental ecosystem features such as regime shifts and compensatory effects in a way that is not practically feasible without the use of quantitative models.
Cryopreservation of Composite Tissue Transplants
Authors: Rinker Brian , Cui Xiangdong D. , Gao Dayong Y. , Fink Betsy F. , Vasconez Henry C. , Cibull Michael L.
Published: July 2007

Composite tissue allotransplantation holds great promise for upper extremity reconstruction but is limited by donor part availability. Cryopreservation may increase the availability of donor parts and even reduce antigenicity. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the viability of cryopreserved composite tissues and to demonstrate the feasibility of microvascular isotransplantation of cryopreserved composite flaps. Twenty epigastric flaps were harvested from Lewis rats. Ten flaps were analyzed fresh. Ten flaps were perfused with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)/trehelose cryoprotectant agent (CPA), frozen by controlled cooling to −140°C, and stored for 2 weeks. Flaps were evaluated by factor VIII endothelial staining and MTT tetrazolium salt assay. For the in vivo phase, 30 flaps were harvested. Ten were transplanted fresh to isogenetic recipient animals, ten were perfused with CPA and transplanted, and ten were cryopreserved for 2 weeks, thawed, and transplanted. All cryopreserved samples displayed intact vascular endothelia on factor VIII staining. On MTT analysis, the epithelial viability index for the cryopreserved samples was not significantly different from fresh controls ( p=0.12). All freshly transplanted flaps (10/10) were viable at 60 days. Nine of ten flaps in the perfused/transplanted group were viable at 60 days. Survival of cryopreserved/transplanted flaps ranged from 5 to 60 days. The skin and vascular endothelial components of composite tissue flaps appear to retain their viability after cryopreservation. The in vivo studies demonstrate that the long-term survival of cryopreserved composite tissue transplants is feasible and support an indirect injury, rather than direct injury from freezing or cryoprotectant agents, as the mechanism of flap loss.
Psychometric properties of multigroup ethnic identity measure (MEIM) scores with Australian adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups
Authors: Dandy Justine , Durkin Kevin , McEvoy Peter , Barber Bonnie L. , Houghton Stephen
Published: July 2007

The present study investigated the reliability and factor structure of scores on a 12‐item version of Phinney's multigroup ethnic identity measure with an Australian sample from diverse cultural backgrounds. Participants were 485 students aged between 10 and 15 years. The results generally supported the reliability of the ethnic identity scale scores and suggested a two‐factor structure of ethnic identity consisting of Affirmation/Belonging, and Exploration. Results concerning the other group orientation scale were mixed. Scores for this scale showed lower internal reliability and its inclusion in confirmatory factor analysis models with the ethnic identity scale showed only mediocre fit. Recommendations for future research include further investigations of the factor structure within ethnic identity as derived from social identity and developmental perspectives.
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Patients' and Health Professionals' Views of Recovery After Hospital Discharge
Authors: Dunckley Maria , Ellard David , Quinn Tom , Barlow Julie
Published: July 2007

Background: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is effective in relieving symptoms and reducing mortality but some patients report no improvement or a decline in quality of life and hence do not experience a good recovery after surgery. Little published research has explored patients' and particularly health professionals' views on barriers and facilitators to recovery or the processes by which these factors affect recovery.

Aims: To identify post-discharge facilitators and barriers to recovery after CABG.

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 patients who had previously undergone elective, isolated, first-time CABG and with 10 health professionals experienced in caring for these patients.

Results: Thematic analysis identified the following themes: person characteristics, including the impact on recovery of anxiety, depression, optimism and determination; rehabilitation classes; social support; and the effect of surgery. Findings indicate a complex relationship between the various barriers and facilitators to recovery and explore possible processes by which these influences on recovery operate.

Conclusions: Findings have indicated areas where health professionals can intervene to aid patients' long-term recovery, and thereby maximise the benefits of CABG, by providing information, support and reassurance particularly to patients who appear anxious and/or depressed.
Heregulin‐induced epigenetic regulation of the utrophin‐A promoter
Authors: Basu Utpal , Gyrd-Hansen Mads , Baby Santhosh M. , Lozynska Olga , Krag Thomas O.B. , Jensen Claus J. , Frödin Morten , Khurana Tejvir S.
Published: July 2007

Utrophin is the autosomal homolog of dystrophin, the product of the Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) locus. Utrophin is of therapeutic interest since its over‐expression can compensate dystrophin's absence. Utrophin is enriched at neuromuscular junctions due to heregulin‐mediated utrophin‐A promoter activation. We demonstrate that heregulin activated MSK1/2 and phosphorylated histone H3 at serine 10 in cultured C2C12 muscle cells, in an ERK‐dependent manner. MSK1/2 inhibition suppressed heregulin‐mediated utrophin‐A activation. MSK1 over‐expression potentiated heregulin‐mediated utrophin‐A activation and chromatin remodeling at the utrophin‐A promoter. These results identify MSK1/2 as key effectors modulating utrophin‐A expression as well as identify novel targets for DMD therapy.
Identification of a calmodulin‐regulated autoinhibited Ca2+‐ATPase (ACA11) that is localized to vacuole membranes in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lee Sang Min , Kim Ho Soo , Han Hay Ju , Moon Byeong Cheol , Kim Cha Young , Harper Jeffery F. , Chung Woo Sik
Published: July 2007

In plant cells, the vacuole functions as a major calcium store. Although a calmodulin‐regulated Ca2+‐ATPase (ACA4) is known to be present in prevacuolar compartments, the presence of an ACA‐type Ca2+‐ATPase in the mature vacuole of a plant cell has not been verified. Here we provide evidence that ACA11 localizes to the vacuole membrane. ACA11 tagged with GFP was expressed in stable transgenic plants, and visualized in root cells and protoplasts by confocal microscopy. A Ca2+‐ATPase function for ACA11 was confirmed by complementation of yeast mutants. A calmodulin binding domain was identified within the first 37 residues of the N‐terminal autoinhibitory region.
Phosphorylation of CDC25C at S263 controls its intracellular localisation
Authors: Esmenjaud-Mailhat Charlotte , Lobjois Valérie , Froment Carine , Golsteyn Roy M. , Monsarrat Bernard , Ducommun Bernard
Published: July 2007

CDC25C phosphatase is a key actor in cell cycle progression that controls the activation of CDK1‐cyclin B at mitosis. Its activity is known to be highly regulated by a number of signalling pathway‐activated kinases resulting in its phosphorylation on multiple residues. In this study, we have purified CDC25C from cells and have used a proteomic approach to identify new regulatory phosphorylations. Here, we report the identification by mass spectrometry of a peptide monophosphorylated on serine 263. We demonstrate by cell imaging that mutation of S263 to alanine leads to a nuclear accumulation of CDC25C that is further reinforced by leptomycin‐B. We propose that phosphorylation at S263 is part of the regulatory mechanism that modulates nuclear import of CDC25C, thus preventing cytoplasm to nucleus shuttling.
Palmitoylcarnitine regulates estrification of lipids and promotes palmitoylation of GAP‐43
Authors: Nałęcz Katarzyna A. , Szczepankowska Dorota , Czeredys Magdalena , Kulikova Natalia , Grześkiewicz Stanisław
Published: July 2007

Palmitoylcarnitine was previously shown to promote differentiation of neuroblastoma NB‐2a cells. It was also observed to increase palmitoylation of several proteins and to diminish incorporation of palmitic acid to phospholipids, as well as to affect growth associated protein GAP‐43 by decreasing its phosphorylation and interaction with protein kinase C. The present study was focused on influence of palmitoylcarnitine on palmitoylation of GAP‐43 and lipid metabolism. Althought palmitoylcarnitine did not significantly affect the total phospholipids and fatty acid content, it increased incorporation of palmitate moiety to triacylglicerides and cholesterol esters, with a decrease of free cholesterol content. The presence of palmitoylcarnitine significantly increased the amount of covalently bound palmitate to GAP‐43, which can regulate the signal transduction pathways.
Evidence for cellular uptake of recombinant hepatitis C virus non‐enveloped capsid‐like particles
Authors: Tsitoura Panagiota , Georgopoulou Urania , Pêtres Stéphane , Varaklioti Agoritsa , Karafoulidou Anastasia , Vagena Dimitra , Politis Constantina , Mavromara Penelope
Published: July 2007

Although the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an enveloped virus, naked nucleocapsids have been reported in the serum of infected patients, and most recently novel HCV subgenomes with deletions of the envelope proteins have been identified. However the significance of these findings remains unclear. In this study, we used the baculovirus expression system to generate recombinant HCV capsid‐like particles, and investigated their possible interactions with cells. We show that expression of HCV core in insect cells can sufficiently direct the formation of capsid‐like particles in the absence of the HCV envelope glycoproteins and of the 5′ untranslated region. By confocal microscopy analysis, we provide evidence that the naked capsid‐like particles could be uptaken by human hepatoma cells. Moreover, our findings suggest that they have the potential to produce cell‐signaling effects.
A single Gly114Arg mutation stabilizes the hexameric subunit assembly and changes the substrate specificity of halo‐archaeal nucleoside diphosphate kinase
Authors: Ishibashi Matsujiro , Tatsuda Shuhei , Izutsu Ken-ichi , Kumeda Kouko , Arakawa Tsutomu , Tokunaga Masao
Published: July 2007

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase from extremely halophilic archaeon (HsNDK) requires above 2 M NaCl concentration for in vitro refolding. Here an attempt was made to isolate mutations that allow HsNDK to refold in low salt media. Such a screening resulted in isolation of an HsNDK mutant, Gly114Arg, which efficiently refolded in the presence of 1 M NaCl. This mutant, unlike the wild type enzyme, was expressed in Escherichia coli as an active form. The residue 114 is in close proximity to Glu155 of the neighboring subunit in the three dimensional hexameric structure of the HsNDK. It is thus possible that the attractive electrostatic interactions occur between Arg114 and Glu155 in the mutant HsNDK, stabilizing the hexameric subunit assembly.
Serum CA125 level before the development of ovarian cancer
Authors: Kobayashi H. , Ooi H. , Yamada Y. , Sakata M. , Kawaguchi R. , Kanayama S. , Sumimoto K. , Terao T.
Published: July 2007

Background

Little is known about the natural history of ovarian cancer with respect to the change of serum CA125 level.

Methods

The Shizuoka Cohort Study on Ovarian Cancer Screening (SCSOCS) Trial contains approximately 100,000 data on serum tumor marker CA125 prospectively obtained from more than 70,000 women. We reviewed the clinical charts and collected serum samples 2 months to 9.4 years prior to the surgery were available.

Results

In 396 (95%) of the 419 patients with ovarian cancer, one serum sample was present before the diagnosis (mean, 4.1 years). The change of CA125 level before the diagnosis of ovarian cancer could be clearly separated into two groups according to the length of the following intervals: 47% (107/228) of patients with non‐serous‐type ovarian cancers develop secondarily from slightly elevated CA125 level (35 < CA125 < 65 U/ml), with a mean interval of 3.8 years. On the other hand, 75% (126/168) of patients with serous‐type ovarian cancer seem to develop suddenly from a normal CA125 level (CA125 < 35 U/ml), with a mean interval of 1.4 years (p = 0.011).

Conclusions

The slightly elevated CA125 level is typically present many years before the diagnosis especially in patients with non‐serous‐type ovarian cancer. However, serous‐type ovarian cancer may exhibit a rapid progression possibly through de novo carcinogenesis.
Molar gas ratios of air entrapped in ice: A new tool to determine the origin of relict massive ground ice bodies in permafrost
Authors: Cardyn Raphaelle , Clark Ian D. , Lacelle Denis , Lauriol Bernard , Zdanowicz Christian , Calmels Fabrice
Published: July 2007

The molar ratios of atmospheric gases change during dissolution in water due to differences in their relative solubilities. We exploited this characteristic to develop a tool to clarify the origin of ice formations in permafrost regions. Extracted from ice, molar gas ratios can distinguish buried glacier ice from intrasedimental ground ice formed by freezing groundwaters. An extraction line was built to isolate gases from ice by melting and trapping with liquid He, followed by analysis of N2, O2,, Ar, 18OO2 and 15NN2, by continuous flow mass spectrometry. The method was tested using glacier ice, aufeis ice (river icing) and intrasedimental ground ice from sites in the Canadian Arctic. O2/Ar and N2/Ar ratios clearly distinguish between atmospheric gas in glacial ice and gases from intrasedimental ground ice, which are exsolved from freezing water. δ15NN2 and δ18OO2 in glacier ice, aufeis ice and intrasedimental ground ice do not show clear distinguishing trends as they are affected by various physical processes during formation such as gravitational settling, excess air addition, mixing with snow pack, and respiration.
Acute, sublethal and combination effects of azadirachtin andBacillus thuringiensistoxins onHelicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae
Authors: Singh G. , Rup P. J. , Koul Opender
Published: July 2007

The efficacy of neem (1500 ppm azadirachtin (AI)), Delfin®WG™, a biological insecticide based on selected strain ofBacillus thuringiensisBerliner (Bt) subspecieskurstaki, and Cry1Ac protein, either individually or in combination, were examined against first to fourth instarHelicoverpa armigera(Hübner) larvae. Using an oral administration method, various growth inhibitory concentrations (EC) and lethal concentrations (LC) were determined for each bioagent. Combinations of sublethal concentrations of Bt spray formulation with azadirachtin at EC50or EC95levels not only enhanced the toxicity, but also reduced the duration of action when used in a mixture. The LC20and LC50values for Cry1Ac toxin were 0.06 and 0.22 μg ml−1, respectively. Bt–azadirachtin combinations of LC50+EC20and LC50+EC50result in 100% mortality. The mortality also was significant in LC20+EC20and LC20+EC50mixtures. These studies imply that the combined action is not synergistic but complimentary, with azadirachtin particularly facilitating the action of Bt. The Bt spray–azadirachtin combination is more economical than combinations that involve isolating the toxic protein, as the Bt spray formulations can be combined in a spray mixture with neem. These combinations may be useful for controlling bollworm populations that have acquired resistance to Bt as they may not survive the effect of mixture. Azadirachtin may be useful as a means of reducing the endotoxin concentrations in a mixture, to promote increased economic savings and further reduce the probability of resistance development to either insect control agent.
Molecular phylogeny of Fordini (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Pemphiginae) inferred from nuclear gene EF-1 α and mitochondrial gene COI
Authors: Zhang H.C. , Qiao G.X.
Published: July 2007

The tribe Fordini is a fascinating group because of its complicated life history, primary host specificity and gall-forming characteristic. Different species produce galls with different morphology on different parts of the host plants. The EF-1α-based, COI-based and combined sequences-based phylogenetic trees with three algorithms MP, ML and Bayes all strongly suggest that Fordini is a monophyletic group with two clades corresponding to two subtribes, Fordina and Melaphidina, each also monophyletic. Some important morphological characters and primary host plants of aphids were mapped onto the phylogenetic tree to analyse the division of subtribes and to uncover at which level the aphids correspond to their primary hosts,PistaciaandRhus. Results suggest that the division of subtribes in Fordini is closely related to host selection of aphids. The evolution of gall morphology and the probable driving force behind it in this tribe were also discussed. The Fordini aphids seem to have evolved towards a better ability to manipulate their host plant, induce strong sinks and gain high reproductive success. Galls in this tribe evolved mainly along two directions to attain this goal: (i) by enlarging the gall from small bag to spherical, even big cauliflower-like, and changing the galls' location or forming two galls in their life cycle (Fordina); (ii) by moving the gall position from midrib, petiole of the leaflet, and eventually to the common petiole of the compound leaf (Melaphidina).
A review of the species of Mesopolobus (Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) associated with Ceutorhynchus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) host-species of European origin
Authors: Baur H. , Muller F.J. , Gibson G.A.P. , Mason P.G. , Kuhlmann U.
Published: July 2007

Four species of Mesopolobus Westwood were reared as parasitoids of Ceutorhynchinae hosts in Europe during surveys in 2000–2004. An illustrated key is given to differentiate the four species, M. gemellus Baur & Muller sp. n., M. incultus (Walker), M. morys (Walker) and M. trasullus (Walker), plus M. moryoides Gibson, a parasitoid of the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), in North America. Pteromalus clavicornis Walker is recognized as a junior synonym of M. incultussyn. n., and Pteromalus berecynthos Walker (also a junior synonym of M. incultus) is considered a correct original spelling. For Disema pallipes Förster (a junior synonym of Mesopolobus morys), a lectotype is designated. Mesopolobus morys is for the first time accurately associated with the seed weevil Ceutorhynchus turbatus (Schultze), a potential agent for classical biological control, of hoary cress, Lepidium draba L. (Brassicaceae), in North America. Mesopolobus gemellus is associated with another seed weevil, Ceutorhynchus typhae (=C. floralis) (Herbst), in pods of shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Brassicaceae). Implications of the host–parasitoid associations are discussed relative to the introduction of species to North America for classical biological control of the cabbage seedpod weevil.
The current and future potential geographical distribution of the oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis(Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Stephens A.E.A. , Kriticos D.J. , Leriche A.
Published: July 2007

The oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel), is a major pest throughout South East Asia and in a number of Pacific Islands. As a result of their widespread distribution, pest status, invasive ability and potential impact on market access,B. dorsalisand many other fruit fly species are considered major threats to many countries. CLIMEX™ was used to model the potential global distribution ofB. dorsalisunder current and future climate scenarios. Under current climatic conditions, its projected potential distribution includes much of the tropics and subtropics and extends into warm temperate areas such as southern Mediterranean Europe. The model projects optimal climatic conditions forB. dorsalisin the south-eastern USA, where the principle range-limiting factor is likely to be cold stress. As a result of climate change, the potential global range forB. dorsalisis projected to extend further polewards as cold stress boundaries recede. However, the potential range contracts in areas where precipitation is projected to decrease substantially. The significant increases in the potential distribution ofB. dorsalisprojected under the climate change scenarios suggest that the World Trade Organization should allow biosecurity authorities to consider the effects of climate change when undertaking pest risk assessments. One of the most significant areas of uncertainty in climate change concerns the greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. Results are provided that span the range of standard Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios. The impact on the projected distribution ofB. dorsalisis striking, but affects the relative abundance of the fly within the total suitable range more than the total area of climatically suitable habitat.