bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Twospotted Mites on Greenhouse Tomatoes, 1997
Authors: Hall Michael , Shelton Richard
Published: December 2017

Two trials were conducted for evaluating the efficacy of several miticides for control of twospotted mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on greenhouse tomatoes. The materials evaluated and the rates at which they were applied included Alert 2 SC (0.050, 0.075 lb [AI]/acre), Agri-Mek 0.15 EC (0.009 lb [AI]/acre), Savey 50 WP (0.095, 0.165 lb [AI]/acre), and Kelthane MF (0.37 lb [AI]/acre). Kelthane MF was substituted for Agri-Mek 0.15 EC in the 2nd trial. Plots were arranged in a RCB design. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with 6 plants per replication, for a total of 18 plants per treatment. Tomatoes of the ‘Match’ variety were used in the 1st trial, while tomatoes of the ‘Trust’ variety were used in the 2nd trial. Pre- and post-treatment counts were done by removing a leaflet from each of six plants per replication, for a total of 18 leaflets per treatment. The leaflets were removed from a leaf selected at random midway up the plant. The leaflets were taken back to the laboratory where the number of mites and eggs were counted. Treatment applications were made using a 3-gallon, hand-held compressed-air sprayer. The plants were sprayed to runoff, ensuring that both the upper and the lower leaf surfaces were thoroughly covered. Check plants were sprayed with water only.
Management of Whiteflies, Bugs, and Leafminers on Fresh Market Tomatoes, Fall 1996
Authors: Schuster David J. , Polston Jane E.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were set 4 Sep, 18 inches apart on raised beds on EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots were 3-21 -ft-long rows on 5-ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Spray treatments were applied with a high-clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 13, 18, 23, 30 Sept, 9, 14, 21, 28 Oct, 4, 18, 25 Nov, 2 and 9 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and was outfitted with orange Albuz™ ceramic nozzles. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 60 gpa was applied for the first six sprays (four nozzles), 90 gpa was applied for the seventh spray (six nozzles) and 120 gpa was applied for the remaining six sprays (eight nozzles). Admire treatments were applied in 4 oz water/plant on 4 Sep. All plots were sprayed weekly with Bacillus thuringiensis for control of army worm larvae. The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7-8th leaf from the top of one branch of each of 10 plants in the middle row of each plot on 30 Oct, 22 Nov, and 16 Dec. Numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs, and pupae of SLWF were counted and the data were averaged over all dates for analysis. All of the plants in the two outer rows of each plot were examined weekly for symptoms of virus. There are two viruses present which have nearly indistinguishable symptoms: tomato mottle virus (ToMoV), a geminivirus vectored by the SLWF, and potato virus Y (PVY), a potyvirus vectored by several species of aphids. All red ripe fruits were harvested from the middle 10 plants of the middle row of each plot on 12 Oct, 20 Nov, 4 and 17 Dec. The fruits were separated by the presence or absence of thrips and damage by the bugs SGS + LF. These fruits were counted and weighed. Each fruit was also rated 1-4 for increasing severity of irregular ripening (IRR), a disorder caused by SLWF feeding. The numbers of leafmines by LM were counted during a 2-min search of the middle row of each plot on 17 Dec. At the end of the experiment, a sample of three terminal leaflets was collected from each plant with ToMoV symptoms in the checks. The samples were frozen for later determination of the presence of ToMoV using nucleic acid spot hybridization and the presence of PVY using ELIS A.
Insect Management on Fresh Market Tomatoes, Spring 1997B
Authors: Schuster David J. , Polston Jane E.
Published: December 2017

On 12 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black plyethylene mulch. Plots were 3-27-ft-long rows on 5-ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. CGA-293343 25WG was applied with a high-clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 2, 18 Apr, 5, 9, 16, 23, 30 May, and 6 Jun. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and was fitted with eight Al-buz orange nozzles per row delivering 60 gpa for the first application, 90 gpa for the next two applications, and 120 gpa for the remaining 5 applications. The Admire treatment was applied on 31 Mar and the CGA-293343 2SC treatments were applied on 2 Apr in 4 oz water/plant. Because of a very heavy population of southern armyworm larvae, applications of Mattch and Xentari were alternated weekly. All control and yield data were collected on the middle 10 plants of the middle row of each plot. The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the 7th-8th leaf counting from the top of each often plants on 9, 16, 21, 29 Apr, 8, 13, 21, 28 May, 4 and 11 Jun. The numbers of crawlers (1st instar), sessile nymphs (2nd and 3rd instars) and pupae (4th instar or red eye nymphs) of the silverleaf whitefly were counted. All plants in each plot were examined weekly for symptoms of tomato mottle geminivirus (To-MoV) which is vectored by the silverleaf whitefly. All red ripe fruit were harvested on 27 May, 2 and 11 Jun and the fruit were separated by the presence of southern armyworm, thrips (fruit with five or more oviposition dimples on blossom end) and stink bug damage. Fruit were rated \-4 as follows for increasing severity of external symptoms of irregular ripening: ‘ 1’ = fruit without a pronounced yellow star at the blossom end; ‘2’ = a star at the blossom end radiating toward the calyx; ‘3’ or ‘4’ = <30% or >30% of the fruit surface unripened, respectively.
Efficacy of Soil Applied Insecticides for Control of Corn Rootworm Larvae in First-Year Corn Following Soybeans, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

A trial was established at Urbana, IL, to evaluate the efficacy of soil applied insecticides in a field of first-year corn following soybeans for control of corn rootworm larvae. Each treatment was applied to a single 65-ft-long row. A RCB designwith four replications was used. Included within each replication were two untreated check plots. Data collected from the untreated plots were averaged for the ANOVA. Granular insecticides applied at planting were metered through computer-controlled SmartBox (SBX) granular applicators or Noble units mounted on each row of the ALMACO four-row precision planter and applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter. Spring tines mounted behind each planter unit were used to incorporate the insecticide. All rates are specified as lb (AI)/acre based on 30-inch row spacing. Lorsban 4 E was applied in a band at planting with a single 80067 nozzle calibrated to deliver 3.3 gpa at 16 psi and 3.0 mph. Liquid treatments of Regent 4 SC 0.13 lb (AI)/acre and Regent 4 SC 0.095 lb (AI)/acre were applied using microtubes directed into the furrow and calibrated to deliver 1.0 gpa at 20 psi and mph.
Tufted Apple Bud Moth Control Tactics for Apple, 1997
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Krawczyk Grzegorz
Published: December 2017

Experimental and registered treatments were applied to replicated 12 to 15 tree plots in a RCB design. Each plot consisted of alternating trees of ‘Yorking’, and ‘Golden Delicious’. These trees were planted to a spacing of 18 X 25 ft and were 18 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver either 100 GPA at 2.4 mph or 50 GPA at 2.5 mph. All applications were made as complete sprays except for the second RH-2485 treatment and the Confirm treatments, which were applied as alternate row middle (ARM) applications. Spray timings were based on the accumulation of degree days from first sustained adult moth capture in a sex pheromone trap (13 May) in order to predict various percentages of egg hatch for each brood of TABM. TABM egg hatch data were generated from an adjacent block of apples where TABM egg hatch was monitored on a daily basis throughout the season. Degree day calculations were based on minimum and maximum developmental thresholds of 45°Fand91°F, respectively. Refer to the first table for a listing of treatments, gallonage, method and date of application, and degree day calculations. A routine schedule of fungicides (Benlate 50 DF, Penncozeb 75 DF, Rubigan 1 EC, and Ziram 76 WP) was maintained throughout the experiment. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree (cv. Yorking). Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the ERM, TSSM, and AF was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree (cv. Yorking), 100 leaves/treatment. The cumulative number of mite day s per leaf was calculated for certain treatments from 17 Jun to 12 Aug. The effect of sprays on the predator SP was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the same trees. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of tissue-feeding mines around the periphery of the trees at the end of each generation. On each sampling date, the total number of mines observed within 5 min regardless of their location on the tree were counted. The number of natural enemies of the spirea aphid were counted in a 5-min examination around the periphery of the center ‘Yorking’ tree. Shelters of the various leafrollers were counted in a 5-min examination of each plot tree on 22 Jul. All larvae were collected and returned to the laboratory for identification. Effectiveness of the treatments on fruit feeders on ‘Golden Delicious’ was assessed by scoring for injury a harvest sample of 100 fruit per tree from each of two center trees per replicate starting on 22 Sep and up to 25 dropped fruit per tree. For ‘Yorking’, injury was assessed on 200 picked fruit per tree from the 2 center trees in each replicate and up to 35 dropped apples per tree starting on 15 Oct. Pest pressure was moderate to heavy throughout the season.
Evaluation of Thrips Densities in At-Planting Seed and Soil Treatments on a Sharkey Clay Soil, 1997
Authors: Cook D. R. , Burris E. , Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Plots were replicated four times in a RCB design and were four rows (40 inch centers) X 45 ft. ‘StoneviUe 474’ cotton seed was planted on a Sharkey clay soil on 5 May at the rate of 4 seed/row ft. Cotton seed was planted with a John Deere 7100 series planter which was equipped with 10-inch seed cones mounted to replace the seed hoppers. Granular in-furrow treatments were applied with 8-inch belt-cone applicators mounted to replace the standard granular applicators. In-furrow spray treatments were applied with a CO2-charged spray system through 25015 nozzles (l/row) mounted in front of the press wheels. The spray tips were turned to spray across the furrow and calibrated to deliver 5 gpa finished spray. Control of thrips was assessed by randomly selecting 5 plants per plot at 7, 11, 16, 19, 23, 27, 31, and 35 days after emergence (DAE). Plant samples were washed to remove insects. Major past and/or secondary pest control was initiated in Jun and continued on an “as needed” basis through Aug. Percent open bolls was determined on 3 Sep. Samples of 25 bolls/plot were collected and ginned on a laboratory gin to determine lint percentage for each plot. These data were then used to determine lint yield. Plots were harvested on 19 Sep and 2 Oct. The center two rows were mechanically harvested using a John Deere spindle-type picker. Yields were con-verted to lb lint/acre.
Evaluation of an Insecticide Rescue Treatment Against Bollworm, 1997
Authors: Fife J. H. , Leonard B. R. , Torrey K. D. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

The efficacy of selected insecticide treatments was evaluated against an established infestation of BW at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station. Cotton seed was planted 29 May in plots consisting of 4 rows (40-inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 6 times. Applications were made with a high-clearance sprayer and CO2-charged system calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through Teejet TX-8 hollow-cone nozzles (2/row) at 47 psi. Insecticides were applied on 6 Aug. Treatments were evaluated using two methods. In the first, 5 BW larval infested bolls were removed from each plot 2 h after treatment, placed in 20-ml plastic vials, and transported to the laboratory. Mortality of BW larvae was determined at 2 DAT and 4 DAT. In the second procedure, a field sample of 100 random bolls was taken from each plot and examined for damage and live larvae at 5 DAT. Rainfall did not influence the efficacy of these treatments. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means were separated according to DMRT.
Evaluation of Selected In-Furrow Applied Insecticides/Nematicides, with and Without an Additional Foliar Insecticide Band, for Control of Thrips on Cotton, 1997
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Delta and Pine Land 51’ cotton was planted 2 May at the Virginia Tech Tidewater Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Suffolk, VA using a 36-inch row spacing. In-furrow treatments (IF) were applied at the time of planting using tractor-mounted inverted jars with lid holes calibrated to deliver exact amounts via gravity. Gaucho 480 seed treatment was applied commercially. The foliar band was applied in a 12- to 14-inch band over the row with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17.0 gpa at 22 psi through one 8004E flat-fan nozzle per row. A RCB design was used with 4 replicates. Plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Thrips injury to plants was visually rated on a 0 to 5 scale: 0 = no thrips induced plant injury, 1 = 10% injured leaves, no bud injury; 2 = 25% injured leaves, no bud injury; 3 = 75% injured leaves, and 0 to 25% buds injured; 4 = 90% injured leaves, and greater than 25% buds injured; and 5 = dead plants. Flowers were counted on 23 and 30 Jul, and open bolls were counted on 15 and 22 Sep in the 2 center rows of each plot. Yield was determined by harvesting the two center rows of each plot (80 row ft per plot) using a commercial 2-row John Deere cotton combine. Lint values were calculated as 37% of total plot weights, assuming 63% was seed and trash. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD, or Duncan’s New Multiple Range statistical procedures.
Evaluation of In-Furrow Insecticides for Control of Thrips on Cotton, 1997B
Authors: Howell Michael S. , Reed Jack T.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at the North Mississippi Research and Extension Center in Verona, Mississippi, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 4 rows wide (38-inch row spacing) by fifty feet long. Granula insecticides applied in-furrow at planting on 12 May were applied with belt-cone applicators. Liquid insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered plot applicator with a single 9001 VF flat-fan nozzle per row turned to direct the spray into the seed furrow and calibrated to apply 10 gpa at 2 mph. Five plants/plot were collected at random by cutting plants at ground level with scissors and gently placing them into Ziploc bags for transport to the lab. Thrips were then washed off from samples onto filter paper for counting. Adults were identified to species under a dissection miscroscope. During the thrips evaluation, there was a total of 10.81 inches of rainfall, and adequate rainfall continued throughout the growing season. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot, and calculating lb of seed cotton per acre based on measurement of the ac-tual area picked. Cotton was picked only once.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Aphids on Non-Transgenic Cotton, 1997
Authors: Howell Michael S. , Reed Jack T.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at North Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Verona, MS, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 4 rows wide (38-inch row spacing) by 50 ft long with 4 untreated rows between plots and a 10-ft planted buffer at the end of each plot. Insecticides were applied on 8 and 11 Jul with a high-clearance spray tractor equipped with two Spraying Systems TX4 hollow-cone nozzles per row and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 40 psi at 4 mph. Carrier of the insecticide was water. Samples were taken from 10 leaves per plot at each of two levels on the plant: upper (first fully expanded leaf), and mid (mainstem leaf located one-third down the plant). Aphids were counted on the underside of each leaf. Throughout the growing season, there was ad-equate rainfall for crop development. Yield (lb of seed cotton per acre) was determined by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot, and measuring the actual area picked.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Cotton Aphid on Cotton, 1997A
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Leonard B. R. , Fife J. H. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against cotton aphids in non-irrigated Bt cotton planted 1 May in Test 1 and 5 May in Test 2. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. No foliar insecticides were applied to the plots before the test was initiated. Prior to treatment, cotton plants with infestations of cotton aphids in the plant terminals (20/plot) were marked with plastic tags. Treatments were applied to Test 1 and 2 on 25 and 30 Jun, respectively. In both tests, insecticides were applied with a handboom and CO2-charged system calibrated to deliver 10 gpa through Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles (2/row) at 28 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling 10 tagged plant terminals (all apical shoot growth above and including the first fully expanded leaf) from each plot at 2 and 7 DAT. Treatments were evaluated in Test 1 on 27 Jun (2 DAT) and 2 Jul (7 DAT) and in Test 2 on 2 Jul (2 DAT) and 7 Jul (7 DAT). Cotton aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300-mesh wire sieves, backwashed into ruled filter paper (7 cm), and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. Plots, in both tests, received 0.11 and 1.98 inches rainfall on 29 Jun and 6 Jul, respectively. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means were separated according to DMRT.
Control of Mint Root Borer & Wireworms in Peppermint, 1993
Authors: Gillespie Robert L.
Published: December 2017

In 1993, the effect of Steinernema carpocapsae (Biovector) and chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 4 E) on MRB larvae and wireworms was evaluated in a center-pivot irrigated field near Royal City, WA, USA (Grant Co). A RCB design was used for treatments replicated 4 times. Plots were 12 ft by 25 ft. Treatments included a split application of nematodes at a rate of 1 billion nematodes/acre followed by a second application at the same rate, a single application of nematodes at a rate of 1 billion/acre and chlorpyrifos at a rate of 2 qt/acre. The last three treatments were made at the second application date. Application dates were 27 Sep 93 and 1 Oct 93. The evaluation involved pre- and post-treatment sampling to determine if the field population exceeded the economic threshold of 2 to 3 MRB larvae/ft2 and evaluate the effect of an entomopathogenic nematode and chlorpyrifos on MRB and wireworm post-treatment sample populations. Pre-treatment sampling for MRB larvae began 13 Sep and continued to 20 Sep 93. In each plot, all rhizomes from a randomly selected 1-ft2 subsample were split, inspected for larvae and the soil to a depth of 3 inches was sieved for MRB larvae and wireworms. The same procedure was used to evaluate MRB larval and wireworm sample populations post-treatment. Treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with a 4-nozzle attachment that produced a spray width of 6 ft. Screens were removed from the nozzles and treatments were applied at 25 psi to reduce nematode mortality as they passed through the spray nozzles. The application regime consisted of the following. On 27 Sep 93, 3 gal water was applied with the backpack sprayer to moisten the soil surface immediately before applying nematodes, 3 gal water was used to apply nematodes to the soil surface at a rate of 1 billion/acre, and another 3 gal was applied post-application to water nematodes into the soil. On a per-acre basis, this was approximately 1300 gal of water/acre. On 1 Oct 93, the backpack sprayer was used to apply nematodes (1 billion/acre) and chlorpyrifos at 2 qt/acre with 3 gal water. Another 3 gal was immediately applied to each plot following application of each treatment. One inch of water was then sprinkled on all plots using a center-pivot irrigation sprinkling system to wash the nematodes and water into the soil.
Cyhexatin (TD-2383-01) Test on Apple, 1997
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham M. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted, airblast sprayer to a 9 tree plot (3 rows of 3 trees) of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ applies replicated twice and arranged in a RCB design. This experiment was designed to test the material again against a population of ERM which had been shown to be resistant in field and laboratory trails conducted in the 1980s. Savey, which has only been registered for 2 yr in New York and has bee shown to be highly effective throughout the season against ERM, was used as a standard treatment. A single spray of each material was applied at pink (14 May). An untreated check plot was not treated with any acaricides throughout the season. Following the treatment, ERM were counted on 25 randomly selected leaves from trees in the middle row of each plot on 25 Jun, 8 Jul, 22 Jul, 6 Aug. Mites were removed from the leaves of these samples with a mite brushing machine. Data were transformed prior to analysis Log n (x + 1), and means were subjected to a Fisher’s Protected LSD Test (P ≤ 0.05).
Evaluation of Exp 61096A for Control of Rice Stink Bug in a Cage Study, 1997
Authors: Bernhardt J.L.
Published: December 2017

A field study was conducted to compare RSB control using EXP 61096A and a standard, methyl parathion. The experimental design was a RCB with 3 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7-inch spacing) by 15 ft. Rice was drill seeded in Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre on 6 May and emerged on 17 May. Nitrogen was applied in a 3-way split of 75 lb N/acre as urea on 16 Jun and 30 lb N/acre on 10 and 23 Jul. Permanent flood was established on 22 Jun. Rice was 50% headed (panicle emergence) on 6 Aug. Insecticides were applied on 25 Aug with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at 18 gpa. Three days to applications, adult RSB were hand collected from rice fields and placed in 5-gal plastic buckets with bouquets of heading rice and weed host plants in water. Host plants were changed at 3 d intervals. Shortly before applications, 3 RSB were placed in nylon tulle sleeve cages, 4 inches diam by 14 inches long. Cage tops were closed with twist ties. RSB were herded to one end where a string was tied around the cage, effectively keeping the RSB confined to one end. Within 15 min after each insecticide application, 3 sleeve cages were pulled over 2 rice panicles and flag leaves and held in place with twist ties around the plants. Sleeve cages with RSB were also placed in plots 24, 72, and 120 h after insecticide application. After 72 h of exposure, plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where RSB mortality was determined. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means separated by LSD.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Selected Insecticides, 1997
Authors: Bernhardt J.L.
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was a RCB with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Plot size was 9 rows (7-inch spacing) by 20 ft. Each plot was bound by levees. Foundation seed rice was treated with fipronil 75 FS by Celpril Industries (Manteca, CA). Treated and untreated rice was drill seeded by Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre on 13 May and emerged between 24 and 28 May. Cool, rainy weather extended the emergence period and contributed to 5 to 15% stand reduction in plots. Propanil (Stam M4) and thiobencarb (Bolero 8 E) at 3 and 2 lb (AI)/acre, respectively, were applied for weed control on 12 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a 3-way split of 90 lb N/acre as urea on 2 Jul and 30 lb N/acre on 23 and 31 Jul. Permanent flood was established on 27 Jun. Post-flood foliar treatments of Fury, Karate, and Dimilin were made with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at 18 gpa. On 18 and 23 Jul three 4X4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores with an average of 3 plants/core were removed from plots. Soil was washed from the plant roots into a 40-mesh screen. The screen was immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were removed. Plots were harvested with a Yanmar combine on 7 Oct. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Data were analyzed with an ANOVA and means separated with LSD.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Karate in a Drill-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture at Eagle Lake, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G. , Vawter J.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAES Western Area Operations at Eagle Lake. The experiment was designed as a RCB with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and was surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide and fertilizer. Plots were drill planted (7.5 inches between rows) on 15 Apr at 80 lb seed/acre. Soil type was Nada. Plots were fertilized at planting with 45 lb nitrogen/acre, 38 lb phospho-rus/acre, and 40 lb potassium/acre. Rice emerged through soil on 25 Apr. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 22 May (27 d after application of the permanent flood), plots were flush irrigated (24 h temporary flood then drain) as needed. On 24 Apr, plots were sprayed with Wham EZ at 1 qt/acre, Bolero 8 EC at 2 pt/acre and Facet 75 DF at 0.25 lb/acre. On 16 May, plots were sprayed with Wham EZ at 3 qt/acre, Facet 75 DF at 0.25 lb/acre, and Londax at 0.05 lb/acre. On 21 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 60 lb nitrogen/acre. On 24 May (2 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Karate at the rates shown in the table using a 4-nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 1.60 gpa. At the time of Karate application, adult RWW were present in the plots. On 5 Jun (14 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were treated with Furadan 3 G at 20 lb/acre using a handheld shaker jar. On 13 Jun, plots were sprayed with Londax at 0.05 lb/acre. On 25 Jun, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 lb nitrogen/acre; thus, total nitrogen applied during the entire growing season was 155 lb/acre. On each of 12 Jun and 25 Jun (21 and 34 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), 5, 4-inch-diam X 4-inch-deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. On 12 Jul, plots were sprayed with Sevin XLR Plus at 1 qt/acre to control rice stink bug. The middle 8 rows of each plot were harvested on 26 Aug (123 d from emergence of rice through soil). Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Preliminary Insecticide Test on Apple, 1997
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham M. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Dilute sprays were applied with a hand sprayer (450 psi) at pink (8 May), petal fall (2 Jun), and as cover sprays on 11 Jun, 24 Jun, 8 Jul, 22 Jul, 4 Aug, and 18 Aug. Treatments of the standard compounds Guthion and Lorsban were applied at pink, petal fall, and during the first through sixth cover sprays. Treatments of CM-007 alone and in combination with Silwet were applied at petal fall. DPX-MP062 30 WG (0.35 oz AI/100 gal) and (0.59 oz (AI)/100 gal) was applied at pink, petal fall, and during the 1st through 6th cover sprays. A mixture of DPX-MP062 30 WG (0.35 oz (AI)/100 gal) and Lorsban 50 W (5.3 oz (AI)/100 gal) was also applied at pink, petal fall, and 1C-6C. Agri-Mek 0.15 EC (0.05 oz (AI)/100 gal) and (0.10 oz (AI)/100 gal) was combined with oil (0.125%) and applied at first hatch of the first generation of CM (ca. 1C). After the initial treatment with Agri-Mek 0.15 EC, Guthion 50 W (4.0 oz (AI)/100 gal) was applied at 3C-6C. Treatments were replicated 3 times on single-tree plots (2 ‘McIntosh’ trees and 1 '‘Cortland’) and arranged in a RCB design. Damage from the first generation of CM was estimated by sampling 100 apples on each tree in each replication on 7 Jul. At harvest (8-10 Sep), 100 apples were collected from each tree in each replication and examined for in-sect damage. ERM and predaceous mites were sampled on 25 randomly selected leaves/replication on 21 Jul. The 1st generation of WALH was counted on 25 randomly selected fruit cluster spur leaves on 12 Jun and the second generation was counted on 50 randomly selected spur leaves on 28 Aug. First generation STLM tissue mines were counted on 25 fruit clusters from the trees in each replication on 11 Jul. Second generation STLM tissue mines were counted on 8-10 distal leaves on 20 randomly selected “hardened off” terminals/replication on 28 Aug. Foliar pest counts were transformed Logn (x + 1) and percentages of damaged and clean fruit were transformed Arcsin (Sqrt x) prior to analysis. Treatments means were subjected to a Fisher’s Protected LSD Test (P ≤ 0.05).
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Exp 61096A 100 Ec and Exp 60949A 1.5 G in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of fertilizer and insecticides. Or 2 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 113 lb nitrogen/acre and hand planted with 100 lb seed/acre. Fertilizer and seed were incorporated into dry League soil with a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flush irrigated (temporary flood for 24-48 h then drain). On 10 May, rice emerged through the soil. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 30 May (20 d after rice emergence through soil), rice was flush irrigated as needed. On 28 May, plots were sprayed with Facet 75 DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagrar at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied with a 2-person, 20 ft spray boom pressurized with CO2. Immediately before application of the permanent flood EXP 61096A 100 EC and EXP 60949A 1.5 G were applied at the rates in the table to selected plots. Granular insecticide was applied with a hand-held shaker jar. On 2 Jun (3 d after application of the permanent flood), EXP 61096A 100 EC and Karate 1 EC were applied at the rates in the table to selected plots. Liquid formulations of insecticides were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. On 16 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 and 30 lb nitrogen/acre, respectively; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 193 lb/acre. On each of 28 Jun and 9 Jul (29 and 40 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (22 Aug = 104 d from emergence) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted tc 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all data analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Sorghum Midge Suppression on Sorghum, 1997
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L. , Pendleton B. B.
Published: December 2017

The efficacies of 13 insecticides to control sorghum midge were evaluated at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Seed of 6 sorghum hybrids of different maturity rates was mixed together and planted 29 May on rows spaced 30 inches apart. Mixtures of hybrids of different maturity were used to simulate sorghum with nonuniform flowering as often occurs in fields of sorghum. Insecticide treatments were compared in plots 6 rows X 40 ft long, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied to the middle 2 rows of plots. Insecticides were applied between 0630 and 0930 h CDT by using a hand-held backpack sprayer with 4, TX-3 hollow cone nozzles at 35 psi, producing a finished spray volume of 4.9 gpa. Insecticides were applied on 24 (when 10-50% of the panicles were flowering), 28, and 31 Jul (when 95-100% of panicles were flowering). Just before the 1st application, 10 panicles per replication of each treatment were enclosed individually in clear plastic bags, and the panicles were cut and taken to a laboratory where the number of adult sorghum midges were counted. Prior to the 2nd and 3rd applications, 5 panicles per plot were visually inspected and the number of adult sorghum midges recorded. Data on kernel loss and grain yield were collected from the 2 treated rows of each plot. Panicles in these rows were visually rated for kernel damage based on a scale of 1-9, where 1 = 0-10% to 9 = 81-90% kernel loss. Panicles were hand harvested from 2, 8.75-ft sections of treated row per plot and mechanically threshed. Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD.
Comparison of Insecticides Against Oblr on Apple, 1997
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham M. , Smith C.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gallons of water/acre to 0.25 acre plots of apple trees in two orchards: (1) ‘Idared’ trees (Nesbitt orchard), which were 10 ft high, 12 ft wide and with rows 20 ft apart, (2) ‘Delicious’ trees (Buhr orchard), which were 10 ft high, 9 ft wide and with rows 20 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated once in each orchard. Six schedules of a mixture of Confirm 2F (4.5 oz (AI)/acre) and Latron B-1956 (16 oz/acre) were compared: (1) An initial spray was applied at the first catch of moths (20 Jun) followed by sprays on 1 Jul, 16 Jul and 30 Jul; (2) An initial spray was applied at the first catch of moths (20 Jun), followed by a spray at first hatch (1 Jul); (3) An initial spray was applied at first catch (20 Jun) followed by another spray on 16 Jul; (4) The initial spray was applied at the estimated mid-point of cumulative egg hatch (16 Jul), followed by a spray on 30 Jul; (5) The initial spray was applied at first hatch (1 Jul) followed by another spray at the estimated mid-point of cumulative egg hatch (16 Jul); (6) spray was applied at first hatch (1 Jul), followed by sprays on 16 Jul and 30 Jul. Also, Confirm 2°F (4.5 oz (AI)/acre) + summer oil, Confirm 2°F (4.5 oz (AI)/acre) and Confirm 2°F (3.0 oz (AI)/acre) 1 Latron B-1956 (16 oz/acre) were applied on 1 Jul, 16 Jul, and 30 Jul. Three treatments of Spinosad 2 SC were compared: (1) Spinosad 2 SC (1.0 oz (AI)/acre) applied at first hatch on (1 Jul), followed by additional sprays on 16 Jul and 30 Jul; (2) Spinosad 2 SC (1.25 oz (AI)/acre) applied at first hatch (1 Jul), and on 16 Jul and 30 Jul; (3) Spinosad 2 SC (1.0 oz (AI)/acre) plus Confirm 2°F (3.0 oz (AI)/acre) applied at first hatch (1 Jul), 16 Jul, and 30 Jul. Lorsban 50 W (24 oz (AI)/acre) was applied as a standard treatment at first hatch (1 Jul), 16 Jul, and 30 Jul. Check plots were not sprayed with insecticides during the test. Summer populations of larvae were compared by examining 20-50 growing terminals from each of five randomly selected trees/plot for live larvae on 29 Jul. Fruit damage from the first summer generation of larvae was estimated initially on 11, 12 Aug by sampling 100-200 apples from each of 4 randomly selected trees/plot. At harvest (30 Sep, Buhr orchard and 3 Oct, Nesbitt orchard), 200 apples were picked from each plot and OBLR damaged fruit was classified according to USDA grading standards into the categories of “Fancy”, #1 and culls.
Insecticidal Control of the West Indian Canefly-Small Plot Insecticide Test, 1997
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Woolwine A. E. , Ostheimer E. A. , Reagan T. E.
Published: December 2017

Insecticidal control of the WIC was evaluated in a RCB design (5 replications) of variety ‘CP 74-383’ first ratoon sugarcane at Glendale Plantation, Edgard, LA, during the summer of 1997. Treatments were randomly assigned to field plots 3 rows X 30 ft long. Each treatment was applied in water using a CO2 backpack sprayer with two 8004 T-Jet flat fan spray tips per row positioned to apply the spray upward into the whorl of the sugarcane plants. Output pressure was 32 psi and the sprayer was calibrated to deliver 16 gpa. Insecticide treatments were applied on 15 Sep and evaluated 18 and 25 Sep and 15 Oct by counting the number of live WIC per leaf (3rd leaf below the whorl) for 12 plants per plot.
Early Season Thrips Control and Impact on Aphid Population Densities in Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1997
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Crowe Bert D. , Taylor J. Delano
Published: December 2017

Flue-cured tobacco, variety K-326, was transplanted on 1 Apr 1997 at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station Bowen Farm. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service Guidelines and included a preplant tank mixture of Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, and Nemacur for nematode suppression. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 pounds per acre. Plots, 2 rows wide (44-inch row spacing) by 20 feet long, were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Plots were separated on each side with one fallow border row and at each end with an alley six feet wide. On 8 Apr, 21 Apr, and 15 May, seven insecticide treatments were applied using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 19.2 gpaat40psi. The number of live thrips and aphids on 2nd, 4th, 6th and 8th plant of the 2nd row was recorded from each plot prior to treatment (Pre-t) and weekly thereafter until 20 Jun. All plots were examined weekly for TSWV symptomatic plants, and the percent TSWV incidence was recorded. Plants no. 2 to 11 in the second row were harvested 4 times from 24 Jun to 30 Jul and cured. Cured samples were graded by USDA Graders and a grade index (1-99) was assigned to each sample based on equivalent grades-the higher the value, the higher the grade. All data were subjected to ANOVA and the means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05).
Control of Tobacco Hornworms with Foliar Insecticides 1997A
Authors: Sorenson C. E. , Stephenson A. S. , Clewis S. B. , Ratz C. E.
Published: December 2017

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of foliar applications of Orthene 75 SP, Tracer 4 SC, and Dipel 2X against tobacco hornworms in the field. Plots were established at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 9 May in a field with a Norfolk loamy sand soil. Individual plots were 4 rows (1.14 m apart) wide by 22 plants (ca. 13.7 m) long and were arranged in RCB design with 6 treatments (untreated check included) and 4 blocks. Tobacco was transplanted on 9 May with a 2-row transplanter. Treatments were applied on 16 Jul. Foliar treatments were applied using a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer. Materials were applied through a single nozzle (Spraying Systems D2-33) per row at a pressure of 60 psi and 12.5 gpa. At 5 and 9 days after treatment, homworm numbers were counted in all plots. Using this homworm abundance data, the average homworm number number was calculated. Homworm numbers were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100, was used to separate treatment means.
Control of Tobacco Hornworms with Foliar Insecticides, 1997B
Authors: Sorenson C. E. , Stephenson A. S. , Clewis S. B. , Ratz C. E.
Published: December 2017

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of foliar applications of Orthene 75 SP, Orthene 75 SP with Pheast 93.3 SP, Tracer 4 SC, and Tracer 4 SC with Pheast 93.3 WP against tobacco hornworms in the field. Plots were established at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 8 May in a field with a Norfolk loamy sand soil. Individual plots were 4 rows (1.14 m apart) wide by 22 plants (ca. 13.7 m) long and were arranged in a RCB design with 7 treatments (untreated check included) and 4 blocks. Tobacco was transplanted on 8 May with a 2-row transplanter. Treatments were applied on 10 Jul. Foliar treatments were applied using a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer. Materials were applied through a single nozzle (Spraying Systems D2-33) per row at a pressure of 60 psi and 12.5 gpa. At 5, 12, and 15 days after treatment, hornworm numbers were counted in all plots. Using this hornworm abundance data, the average horn-worm number was calculated. Hornworm numbers were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100, was used to separate treatment means.
High Pressure Liquid Injection of Imidacloprid for the Control of Mole Cricket Nymphs, 1997
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: December 2017

A field efficacy trial was performed to evaluate the timing and placement of imidacloprid (Merit 75 WP) applications for the control of mole cricket nymphs. Plots 16 ft X 70 ft were established on a heavily infested bermudagrass fairway at the Fox Squirrel Country Club in Brunswick Co, NC. Treatments were replicated four times and randomly assigned to the plots. The first insecticide treatments (egglay/hatch) were applied on 4 Jul. The 4-inch soil temperature on this date was 88°F. Air temperature was 93°F. Broadcast applications were made using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 30 gpa. Subsurface treatments were applied using a self-propelled SGI™ Subsurface Injection System to inject the liquid insecticide mixture to a depth of 1 inch using high-pressure (2800 psi) pulses. At this depth the equipment applies approximately 1.0 gal/100 ft2. Insecticides were injected every 4 inches in 4-inch strips to produce a 4-inch X 4-inch treatment pattern. According to the equipment’s designer, the insecticide spreads out below the soil surface into a circular treatment area approximately 1 inch in diam. The fairway irrigation system was used to apply 0.25 inch of water to the entire test site immediately after application. The same equipment was used again on 31 Jul to apply the subsurface treatment directed against early and midsize nymphs. Soil was moist at the time of application and the 4-inch soil temperature was 75°F. Soil at the test site was classified as a Kureb fine sand with a pH of 5.8 and 0.56% humic matter. Soapy water flush sampling of areas adjacent to the test indicate that the fairway population was approximately 85% SB and 15% SV. Plots were evaluated for fresh damage on 14, 20 Aug, and 10 Sep using the damage grid evaluation method of Mack and Cobb (1989). A m2 grid divided into nine subsections was placed randomly in each plot and a damage rating (0-9) given depending on the number of subsections in which fresh damage was observed. Five damage ratings were taken in each plot on each sampling date. Actual damage means are presented in the Table. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and Tukey’s Studentized Range Test.
Evaluation of RH-0345 and Imidacloprid for Green June Beetle Grub Suppression on a Golf Course Rough, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted in Wayne, PA. The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (50%) and creeping bentgrass (50%). Treatment plots were 7 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Tee-Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At the 1st treatment time (4 Jun), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 70° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 68° F; RH, 63%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 31.1% sand, 55.9% silt, 13.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 24.5%; organic matter, 10.1%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.3; time of treatment, early afternoon; and overcast skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water 4 hr after treatment. At the 2nd treatment time (15 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 81° F; soil temperature at 1 -inch depth, 79° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 78° F; RH, 90%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 31.1% sand, 55.9% silt, 13.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 30%; organic matter, 6.2%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.3; time of treatment, early afternoon; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. At the 3rd treatment time (12 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 69° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 74° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 73° F; RH, 85%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 31.1% sand, 55.9% silt, 13.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 23.6%; organic matter, 6.0%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.2; time of treatment, early afternoon; and cloudy skies. The experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water immediately after product dried. Post-treatment counts were made on 10 Sep. The total number of green June beetle larvae flushed to the surface following an application of Sevin 7.15 G over a 24-hr observation interval was recorded from each replicate.
Curative Treatments of Grubex and Mach-2 2.5 G to Manage Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area, located in Lancaster County, PA, consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (20%), annual bluegrass (10%), and perennial ryegrass (60%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (18 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 68° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 72° F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 71° F; RH, 88%; amount of thatch, 0.375-0.5 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 15.1; silt, 66.0; % clay, 18.9; organic matter, 4.0%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 18.8; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.4; application time, mid-morning; and skies partly cloudy. Immediately after treatment select treatments were irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. The entire experimental area was irrigated in 24 hr later with 0.25 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.