bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperative advertising and pricing in an O2O supply chain with buy‐online‐and‐pick‐up‐in‐store
Authors: Li Mengli , Zhang Xumei , Dan Bin
Published: May 2020

This paper investigates the effectiveness of cooperative advertising in an online‐to‐offline (O2O) supply chain where the manufacturer cooperates with the retailer to implement buy‐online‐and‐pick‐up‐in‐store (BOPS) strategy. Considering the coexistence of channel cooperation and channel competition after the implementation of BOPS, we investigate the impact of BOPS on equilibrium results. Then we study the optimal cooperative advertising and pricing strategy of the O2O supply chain. We also identify the effectiveness of cooperative advertising on the O2O supply chain and supply chain members. We find that the implementation of BOPS can partially substitute the incentive effect of cooperative advertising. In addition, convenience coefficient and commission rate, the two key factors of BOPS, have opposite impacts on optimal decisions in most conditions. Therefore, the optimal strategy depends on the balance of the above two factors. Furthermore, we find that cooperative advertising does not always benefit the O2O supply chain and its members.
Genetic variation in root development responses to salt stresses of quinoa
Authors: Nguyen Loc Van , Bertero Daniel , Nguyen Long Viet
Published: May 2020

Soil salinity has become a serious environmental abiotic stress limiting crop productivity and quality. The root system is the first organ sensing the changes in salinity. Root development under elevated salinity is therefore an important indicator for saline tolerance in plants. Previous studies focused on varietal differences in morphological traits of quinoa under saline stresses; however, variation in root development responses to salinity remains largely unknown. To understand the genetic variation in root development responses to salt stress of quinoa, we conducted a preliminary screening for salinity response at two salinity levels of a diverse set of 52 quinoa genotypes and microsatellite markers were used to link molecular variation to that in root development responses to salt stresses of represented genotypes. The frequency distribution of saline tolerance index showed continuous variation in the quinoa collection. Cluster analysis of salinity responses divided the 52 quinoa genotypes into six major groups. Based on these results, six genotypes representative of groups I to VI including Black quinoa, 2‐Want, Atlas, Riobamba, NL‐6 and Sayaña, respectively, were selected to evaluate root development under four saline stress levels: 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl. Contrasts in root development responses to saline stress levels were observed in the six genotypes. At 100 mM NaCl, significant differences were not observed in root length development (RLD) and root surface development (RSAD) of most genotypes except Black quinoa; a significant reduction was observed in this genotype as compared to controls. At 200 mM NaCl, significant reduction was detected in RLD and RSAD in all genotypes showing this as the best concentration to discriminate among genotypes. The strongest inhibition of root development was found for all genotypes at 300 mM NaCl as compared to lower saline levels. Among genotypes, Atlas of group III shows as a saline‐tolerant genotype confirming previous reports. Variation in root responses to salinity stresses is also discussed in relation to climate conditions of origins of the genotypes and reveal interesting guidelines for further studies exploring the mechanisms behind this aspect of saline adaptation.
Structural evolution at short and medium range distances during crystallization of a P2O5‐Li2O‐Al2O3‐SiO2 glass
Authors: Glatz Pauline , Comte Monique , Montagne Lionel , Doumert Bertrand , Cousin Fabrice , Cormier Laurent
Published: May 2020

Li2O‐Al2O3‐SiO2 (LAS) glass‐ceramics have important industrial applications and bulk nucleation is usually achieved by using nucleating agents. In particular, P2O5 is an efficient agent in glasses containing a low level of Al2O3 but its role in the first stages of nucleation is not well established. In this study, we combine structural investigations from local to mesoscales to describe the structural evolution during crystallization of LAS glass‐ceramics. Local environment is probed using 29Si and 31P MAS‐NMR, indicating organization of P in poorly crystallized Li3PO4 species prior to any crystallization. To better understand the detailed nanoscale changes of the glass structure, 31P‐31P DQ‐DRENAR homonuclear correlation experiments have been carried out, revealing the gradual segregation of P atoms associated with the formation of disordered Li3PO4. Small‐angle neutron scattering data also show the apparition of nanoscale heterogeneities associated with Li3PO4 species upon heating treatments and allow the determination of their average sizes. These new structural information enhance our understanding of the role of P in nucleation mechanisms. Nucleation is initiated by gradual change in P environment implying P segregation upon heating treatments, forming disordered Li3PO4 heterogeneities. The segregation of P atoms enables the precipitation of meta‐ and disilicate phases.
Effect of titanium chelating compound on hydration resistance of CaO material
Authors: Liu Shaokun , Wei Yaowu , Wang Jinhu , Li Nan , Chen Junfeng , Han Bingqiang
Published: May 2020

The hydration resistance of CaO materials prepared by Ca(OH)2 calcination with titanium chelating compounds is investigated in this paper. The crystalline phases and microstructure characteristics of sintered specimens were studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), define FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results showed that the hydration resistance of CaO samples was improved significantly, especially for samples with 9 wt% Ti chelating compound. The specimens with Ti chelating compound showed an increase in bulk density and a decrease in apparent porosity after heating when compared to the specimens without additive. The grain surface of CaO grain and the gaps between the CaO grain boundaries were covered with calcium phosphate glass phase, calcium phosphate showed two different shapes: irregular shape and rod shape. The formation and distribution of these two forms were the key factors that affecting the hydration resistance of CaO samples.
Containerless processing of metastable multiferroic composite in Ln‐(Mn, Fe)‐O system (Ln: Lanthanide)
Authors: Kuribayashi Kazuhiko , Shirasawa Shouta , Hayasaka You , Shiratori Suguru , Ozawa Shumpei
Published: May 2020

It has been known that the hexagonal structure with a space group of P63cm is stable in the LnMnO3 system (Ln: Lanthanoid) having rare‐earth elements with smaller ionic radii than that of Gd3+. The hexagonal LnMnO3 (h‐LnMnO3) that shows multiferroic properties such as ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism in one phase has attracted great interest in the field of electronic industry. Nevertheless, since h‐LnMnO3 shows antiferromagnetism as well as low magnetic transition temperature below 100 K, no materials for practical applications have been developed. As one of the solutions to this problem, a composite material composed of nano‐sized h‐LnFeO3 and ferromagnetic phases is expected. Based on this idea, we tried to synthesize multiferroic composites consisting of h‐LuFeO3 and Fe3O4 by containerless processing technique. However, the results showed that not only the composite structure of h‐LuFeO3 and Fe3O4 but also orthorhombic phase (o‐LuFeO3) and Fe2O3 were identified. These results suggest that it is necessary to improve the stability of h‐LnFeO3 and suppress the chemical reaction from Fe3O4 to Fe2O3. From this point, we tested samples in which one‐third of Fe ions was substituted by Mn ions. As a result, a fine composite structure composed of LuMn1/3Fe2/3O3 and MnFe2O4 was obtained.
The arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in comparison to the athletic heart
Authors: Mascia Giuseppe , Arbelo Elena , Porto Italo , Brugada Ramon , Brugada Josep
Published: May 2020

Intense exercise‐induced right ventricular remodeling is a potential adaptation of cardiac function and structure. The features of the remodeling may overlap with those of a very early form of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC): at this early stage, it could be difficult to discriminate ARVC, from exercise‐induced cardiac adaptation that may develop in normal individuals. The purpose of this paper is to discuss which exercise‐induced remodeling may be a pathological or a physiological finding. A complete evaluation may be required to identify the pathological features of ARVC that would include potential risk of sudden cardiac death during sport or, to avoid the false diagnosis of ARVC. The most recent expert assessment of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy focuses on endurance athletes presenting with clinical features indistinguishable from ARVC.
Evaluation of a novel esophageal retractor utilizing vacuum suction and mechanical force for deviating the esophagus
Authors: Houmsse Mahmoud , Daoud Emile G. , Joseph Matthew , Weiss Raul , Essandoh Michael
Published: May 2020

Background

Deviation of the esophagus prevents esophageal injury during atrial fibrillation ablation.

Objectives

This study is to evaluate, in animals, safety and effectiveness of a novel esophageal retractor that utilizes vacuum suction and mechanical force to deviate the esophagus.

Methods

Following general anesthesia, a radiopaque ruler was placed behind the animal perpendicular to the esophagus. The esophageal retractor was inserted and esophagram was completed. Suction force (280‐300 mm Hg) was applied to the distal aspect of the device that resulted in adherence of the esophagus in a circumferential manner. Then movement of a deflecting arm was used to deviate the esophagus. Four animal studies completed: (a) deviation distance and presence of trailing edge; (b) effect of 1 hour continuous suction and deviation upon esophageal cellular architecture; (c) impact on luminal esophageal temperature (LET) during high power ablation; and (d) compatibility of esophageal retractor with electroanatomic mapping system.

Results

The distance of deviation to the right (26.6 ± 2.5 mm) was higher than to the left (18.7 ± 2.3 mm; P < .01). There was no esophageal trailing edge in 65/68 deviations (96%). With continuous suction for 1 hour, pathology revealed small, <1mm, circular area of hyperemia in the esophageal mucosa. During high power ablation, the maximum increase in LET was 0.2°C. Finally, there was no interference between the device and electro‐anatomical mapping system.

Conclusion

In animal models, the esophageal retractor utilizing vacuum suction was successful at deviating the esophagus without significant trailing edge and with minor (1 mm) injury with prolonged continuous suction.
An upstream open reading frame regulates vasculogenic mimicry of glioma via ZNRD1‐AS1/miR‐499a‐5p/ELF1/EMI1 pathway
Authors: Wang Mo , Yang Chunqing , Liu Xiaobai , Zheng Jian , Xue Yixue , Ruan Xuelei , Shen Shuyuan , Wang Di , Li Zhen , Cai Heng , Liu Yunhui
Published: May 2020

Increasing evidence has suggested that gliomas can supply blood through vasculogenic mimicry. In this study, the expression and function of ZNRD1‐AS1‐144aa‐uORF (144aa‐uORF) and some non‐coding RNAs in gliomas were assessed. Real‐time quantitative PCR or Western blot was used to discover the expression of 144aa‐uORF, ZNRD1‐AS1, miR‐499a‐5p, ELF1 and EMI1 in gliomas. In addition, RIP and RNA pull‐down assays were applied to explore the interrelationship between 144aa‐uORF and ZNRD1‐AS1. The role of the 144aa‐uORF\ZNRD1‐AS1\miR‐499a‐5p\ELF1\EMI1 axis in vasculogenic mimicry formation of gliomas was analysed. This study illustrates the reduced expression of the 144aa‐uORF in glioma tissues and cells. Up‐regulation of 144aa‐uORF inhibits proliferation, migration, invasion and vasculogenic mimicry formation within glioma cells. The up‐regulated 144aa‐uORF can increase the degradation of ZNRD1‐AS1 through the nonsense‐mediated RNA decay (NMD) pathway. Knockdown of ZNRD1‐AS1 inhibits vasculogenic mimicry in glioma cells by modulating miR‐499a‐5p. At the same time, miR‐499a‐5p is down‐regulated and has a tumour‐suppressive effect in gliomas. In addition, ZNRD1‐AS1 serves as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) and regulates the expression of ELF1 by binding to miR‐499a‐5p. Notably, ELF1 binds to the promoter region of EMI1 and up‐regulates EMI1 expression, while simultaneously promoting vasculogenic mimicry in glioma cells. This study suggests that the 144aa‐uORF\ZNRD1‐AS1\miR‐499a‐5p\ELF1\EMI1 axis takes key part in regulating the formation of vasculogenic mimicry in gliomas and may provide a potential target for glioma treatment.
Identification of a TH2‐high psoriasis cluster based on skin biomarker analysis in a Chinese psoriasis population
Authors: Chen J. , Li C. , Li H. , Yu H. , Zhang X. , Yan M. , Guo Y. , Yao Z.
Published: May 2020

Background

Psoriasis is an immune‐mediated, chronic inflammatory disease with diverse phenotypes. However, its biological diversity has not been well‐characterized in Chinese psoriasis population.

Objectives

To characterize psoriasis biological heterogenicity using gene expression profiles of lesional skin biopsy specimens in a Chinese psoriasis population.

Methods

Lesional tissues and blood samples from Chinese psoriasis patients (n = 40), atopic dermatitis (AD) patients (n = 25) and age‐matched healthy controls (n = 19) were investigated by using real‐time PCR array, histological evaluation and flow cytometry. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering was performed using gene expression profiles of patients with psoriasis.

Results

Two distinct psoriasis clusters were identified. Both clusters indicated high TH17 activation. One cluster (n = 6 of 40 consecutive psoriasis patients) indicated a strong TH2 component in skin lesions, with early onset and low peripheral blood eosinophil level. Significantly higher IL‐4, IL‐13, IL‐25, IL‐31 and TSLP gene induction typified this cluster of psoriasis patients, even compared with AD patients. Both psoriasis clusters were characterized by neutrophilic microabscess formation. Histologically, the TH2 high psoriasis cluster indicated a low percentage of perivascular eosinophils.

Conclusions

Two distinct psoriasis clusters were identified. One presented early onset and a low eosinophil level, indicating TH17 polarization and a strong TH2 component. These results laid the foundation for further demonstrating the pathogenesis of psoriasis in Chinese population.
Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) susceptibility to indigenous Cameroonian Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) isolates
Authors: Membang Gertrude , Ambang Zachee , Mahot Hermine Claudine , Kuate Apollin Fotso , Fiaboe Komi Kouma Mokpokpo , Hanna Rachid
Published: May 2020

Management of the banana root borer (BRB), Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar; Coleoptera: Curculionidae), remains a challenge in banana and plantain production worldwide. Synthetic pesticides remain the most widely used solution while mycoinsecticides are increasingly being recommended. In this study, we selected indigenous isolates of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae collected from plantain fields in Cameroon, and tested them in the laboratory for their viability, pathogenicity and virulence against all C. sordidus life stages. Of 13 isolates initially screened for spore germination and pathogenicity to adult weevils in conidial suspension of 3.2 × 108 conidia/ml, eight isolates with high to moderate germination and highest weevil mortality were selected for dose–response bioassays with four concentrations per isolate: 3.2 × 102, 3.2 × 104, 3.2 × 106 and 3.2 × 108 conidia/ml. The virulent isolates from adult bioassays were tested with eggs, larva and pupae in conidial suspension of 3.2 × 108 conidia/ml. Isolates performance depended on insect life stage with significantly high pathogenicity and virulence against larval, pupa and adult stages. The Beauveria isolate BIITAC6.2.2 caused the highest mortality rates followed by MIITAC1.1.5. Lethal times and lethal concentrations were relatively low for the three M. anisopliae isolates and three B. bassiana isolates which were the best isolates in almost all insect life stages. Apart from being effective in multiple life stages, these isolates were transmitted horizontally from one stage to another when eggs and pupae were treated. The implication of these findings for integrated management of the BRB, and potential biopesticides development and commercialization are discussed.
Xylosandrus germanus in Central Europe: Spread into and within the Czech Republic
Authors: Fiala Tomáš , Holuša Jaroslav , Procházka Jiří , Čížek Lukáš , Dzurenko Marek , Foit Jiří , Galko Juraj , Kašák Josef , Kulfan Jan , Lakatos Ferenc , Nakládal Oto , Schlaghamerský Jiří , Svatoš Michal , Trombik Jiří , Zábranský Petr , Zach Peter , Kula Emanuel
Published: May 2020

Invasive organisms represent great threats to ecosystems and great challenges to forest management. In Europe, the black timber bark beetle (Xylosandrus germanus) is an invasive secondary pest that mostly attacks the logs of felled trees. We showed the invasion history for Europe and using many local surveys, we summarize the current distribution and other available information on X. germanus in the Czech Republic. We report that this species is distributed from the lowlands to the mountains in the Czech Republic; it is widespread in the eastern half of the country, where it is more abundant in the warmer south and southeast areas than in the cooler areas. Most (78%) of the known localities are at elevation below 400 m a.s.l. Although an ice storm greatly increased X. germanus abundance near the border with Austria, its high abundance did not result in damage to standing trees. Presence of X. germanus in the Czech Republic for over 10 years has not led to heavy tree infestation.
Spiral valve parasites of blue and common thresher sharks as indicators of shark feeding behaviour and ecology
Authors: Preti Antonella , MacKenzie Ken , Spivey Kate A. , Noble Leslie R. , Jones Catherine S. , Appy Ralph G. , Pierce Graham J.
Published: May 2020

This study documented the parasite faunas of the spiral valves of blue sharks Prionace glauca (L. 1758) and common thresher sharks Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) caught in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME) north of the Mexican border. The spiral valves of 18 blue and 19 thresher sharks caught in the CCLME from 2009 to 2013 were examined for parasites. Seven parasite taxa were found in blue sharks and nine in threshers. The tetraphyllidean cestode Anthobothrium sp. (78% prevalence) was the most common parasite in blue sharks, and the phyllobothriid cestode Paraorygmatobothrium sp. (90% prevalence) was the most common in threshers. An adult nematode of the genus Piscicapillaria was found in threshers for the first time and may be a new species. Adult individuals of Hysterothylacium sp. were found in both shark species. The adult acanthocephalan Rhadinorhynchus cololabis and remains of the parasitic copepod Pennella sp. – both parasites of Pacific saury, Cololabis saira – were found in the intestines of threshers, indicating recent feeding on saury. This study paves the way for a more comprehensive examination, including more samples and a wider variety of shark species, to provide a greater understanding of shark feeding behaviour and possibly provide information on shark population biology.
Report on fetal mummification in the scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini
Authors: Martins Mariana F. , Rolim Fernanda A. , Gadig Otto B.F.
Published: May 2020

This study describes the fetal mummification process in two embryos of a 310 cm total length scalloped hammerhead shark Sphyrna lewini caught in southeastern Brazil, in December 2017. Fourteen embryos were observed in total, in which two males in the left uterus presented different stages of mummification. Both mummified embryos were covered by an exudate (i.e., a mucous substance), indicating a hematic mummification process. All embryos were at the placentotrophic stage of development, indicating that they were close to parturition. An intrinsic characteristic is suggested as possible etiology for this condition, such as umbilical torsion, because both embryos were at different sizes and, therefore, at different development stages. In addition, the sample size did not allow the authors to presume any pollution effect once only one female was observed. Finally, fetal mummification and other embryonic development disorders might have populational impacts due to reduction in embryo survival and, consequently, recruitment. For this reason and considering that S. lewini is categorized as a “critically endangered species,” this study's results have conservational relevance.
Layperson and Dental Professional Perception When Evaluating Their Own Virtually 2D or 3D Simulated Esthetic Discrepancies
Authors: Revilla‐León Marta , Ashby Mark T. , Meyer Matthew J. , Umorin Mikhail , Barrington Jennifer J. , Zandinejad Amirali
Published: May 2020

Purpose

To analyze the perceptions of laypersons, dental students, and dentists regarding disparities of the maxillary dental midline and the occlusal plane (OP) when analyzing their own 2D or 3D clinical simulation.

Material and Methods

20 participants per group volunteered (N = 60). Intraoral and facial scans, and a photograph were obtained from each participant. Two simulation groups were created: 2D and 3D groups, which were subdivided into two subgroups. In the first subgroup, the OP was modified by 1‐degree increments without changing the maxillary midline. In the second subgroup, the OP was modified by the same increments, but the maxillary midline was altered to match the OP inclination. Participants were asked to rate the simulations on a 1‐to‐6 scale and a question survey. Ordinal logistic regression (OR) was used to analyze the ratings.

Results

Tilt of the OP had the strongest negative effect on the ratings which was further amplified by the dental midline inclination (OR = 0.122). Midline modification alone did not affect the ratings (OR = 0.744). 3D simulations had a stronger positive effect on the ratings compared to 2D simulations. For dental students, the positive rating effect of 3D simulations was similar to dentists. For laypersons, the positive rating effect of 3D simulations compared to the 2D simulations decreased relative to dentists. The survey revealed that 45% of the dentists, 80% of the students, and 50% of the laypersons preferred the 3D simulation.

Conclusions

The type of dimensional representation affected the esthetic perception of all participants. 3D simulations obtained higher esthetic ratings for the same esthetic discrepancy than 2D simulations. However, all participants’ ratings decreased with increased tilt of the OP and were further decreased with the inclination of the dental midline.
Peer Victimization of Maltreated Youth: Distinct Risk for Physically Abused Versus Neglected Children
Authors: O'Hara Mandy A.
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Although child abuse is associated with peer victimization in adolescence, few studies have assessed if maltreated children experiencing only neglect are at increased risk as well. The purpose of this study is to assess the risk of peer victimization for maltreated youth who have been physically abused versus neglected to guide targeted bully prevention efforts in schools.

METHODS

Utilizing LONGSCAN archived data collected between 1991 and 2012, children physically abused or neglected in the first 12 years of life were assessed for physically aggressive peer victimization at age 16, compared to nonmaltreated children, with a total sample size of 650 participants. Logistic regression analysis assessed odds of peer victimization based on maltreatment profile.

RESULTS

Children physically abused were twice as likely to experience physically aggressive peer victimization, compared to the nonmaltreated group. Children experiencing only neglect were not at greater odds of being physically victimized by peers.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates physically abused children's risk of problems with aggressive peer victimization, in contrast to children neglected who are not at increased risk. These results contribute to our understanding of risk of peer victimization, and can inform targeted bully prevention efforts in schools for the child with a history of maltreatment.
Maximizing surveillance through spatial characterization of marine mammal stranding hot spots
Authors: Olson Jennifer K. , Aschoff John , Goble Alice , Larson Shawn , Gaydos Joseph K.
Published: May 2020

Spatial analyses of marine mammal stranding data can be used to identify stranding patterns and improve surveillance and monitoring. Using ArcGIS and SaTScan, we analyzed 12 years (2002–2014) of dead beachcast marine mammals from San Juan County, Washington, to better understand patterns of carcass deposition. We plotted the locations for 631 dead marine mammals and aggregated strandings into 1,000 m segments of shoreline. “Hot spots” included beach segments with significantly higher carcass deposition according to the Getis‐Ord Gi* statistic in ArcGIS or beach segments that were encompassed by significant spatial clusters using the discrete Poisson model in SatTScan. We identified 52 hot spots for harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in ArcGIS and 62 hot spots in SaTScan with 81% agreement between methods. Carcass deposition showed a strong relationship with locations having high proximity to public pedestrian access points, suggesting increased reporting effort in those areas. Stranding frequency was also higher on beach segments with longer fetch and nearly level or gentle slopes. Beaches with these geomorphic characteristics, especially those without high proximity to public access, would be ideal locations to actively survey to improve high quality carcass collection during times of high expected mortality and limited resources.
Identification of intracerebral hemorrhage in the early‐phase of MM1+2C‐type sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease: A case report
Authors: Akagi Akio , Iwasaki Yasushi , Yamamoto Akihiro , Matsuura Hiroshi , Ikeda Toshimasa , Mimuro Maya , Riku Yuichi , Miyahara Hiroaki , Kitamoto Tetsuyuki , Yoshida Mari
Published: May 2020

We report a case of early‐phase sporadic Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (sCJD) complicated by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), classified as MM1 + 2C‐type based on autopsy. A 61‐year‐old Japanese man presented to our hospital with speaking difficulties including repeated usage of the same words. He was hospitalized on the seventh day after symptom onset, and diffusion‐weighted images on magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintense regions in the frontal cortex and caudate nucleus. On the 11th day after symptom onset, head computed tomography revealed ICH in the right occipital and parietal lobes. Routine laboratory evaluations and angiography revealed no cause of ICH. Myoclonus of the extremities and drowsiness were observed on the 15th day after symptom onset. He reached the state of akinetic mutism approximately two months after symptom onset. The cerebrospinal fluid test revealed positive real‐time quaking‐induced conversion and 14‐3‐3 protein. Electroencephalography revealed periodic sharp wave complexes. A clinical diagnosis of probable Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease was made according to the diagnostic criteria. After a relapse of pneumonia, he passed away on the 103rd day after symptom onset. Postmortem examination revealed ICH in the right posterior cingulate gyrus. No pathological change that might have caused ICH was obtained. Although the effect of sCJD on the onset of ICH is undeniable, the cause of ICH was unknown. Prion protein immunohistochemistry revealed the following results: (1) weak synaptic‐type deposits in the tissue rarefacted by ICH; (2) synaptic‐type deposits in the cerebral cortex, which showed fine vacuoles; and (3) perivacuolar‐type deposits in the inferior temporal gyrus and lingual gyrus, which showed frequent large confluent vacuoles. Although it could be considered MM1‐type sCJD clinically, this case was neuropathologically diagnosed as having MM1 + 2C‐type sCJD. It was shown that ICH may occur in early‐phase sCJD. To improve sCJD prognosis, treatment of complications and careful follow up are important. Furthermore, pathological diagnosis is indispensable for sCJD type diagnosis.
Ferroptosis contributes to developmental cell death in rice blast
Authors: Shen Qing , Liang Meiling , Yang Fan , Deng Yi Zhen , Naqvi Naweed I.
Published: May 2020

Ferroptosis, an iron‐dependent cell death process, was found to occur inMagnaporthe oryzae, and plays a key role in infection‐related development therein. Ferroptosis in the rice‐blast fungus was confirmed based on five basic criteria.

We confirmed the dependence of ferroptosis on ferric ions, and optimized ratio‐fluorescence imaging of C11‐BODIPY581/591as a precise sensor for lipid peroxides that mediate ferroptosis inM. oryzae. We uncovered an important regulatory function for reduced glutathione and NADPH oxidases in modulating the superoxide moieties required for ferroptotic cell death.

We found ferroptosis to be necessary for the developmental cell death of conidia during appressorium maturation in rice blast. Such ferroptotic cell death initiated first in the terminal cell and progressed sequentially to the entire conidium. Iron chelation or chemical inhibition of ferroptosis caused conidial cells to remain viable, and led to strong defects in host invasion byM. oryzae. Ferroptosis induction exclusively in the host severely constrained the invasive growth ofM. oryzae.

We found inter‐reliant and independent roles for ferroptosis and autophagy in controlling such precise cell death inM. oryzaeduring pathogenic differentiation. Our study provides significant molecular insights into the role of developmental cell death and iron homeostasis in fungal pathogenesis.
Atmospheric CO2 and VPD alter the diel oscillation of leaf elongation in perennial ryegrass: compensation of hydraulic limitation by stored‐growth
Authors: Baca Cabrera Juan C. , Hirl Regina T. , Zhu Jianjun , Schäufele Rudi , Schnyder Hans
Published: May 2020

We explored the effects of atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) on putative mechanisms controlling leaf elongation in perennial ryegrass.

Plants were grown in stands at a Ca of 200, 400 or 800 μmol mol−1 combined with high (1.17 kPa) or low (0.59 kPa) VPD during the 16 h‐day in well‐watered conditions with reduced nitrogen supply. We measured day : night‐variation of leaf elongation rate (LERday : LERnight), final leaf length and width, epidermal cell number and length, stomatal conductance, transpiration, leaf water potential and water‐soluble carbohydrates and osmotic potential in the leaf growth‐and‐differentiation zone (LGDZ).

Daily mean LER or morphometric parameters did not differ between treatments, but LERnight strongly exceeded LERday, particularly at low Ca and high VPD. Across treatments LERday was negatively related to transpiration (R2 = 0.75) and leaf water potential (R2 = 0.81), while LERnight was independent of leaf water potential or turgor. Enhancement of LERnight over LERday was proportional to the turgor‐change between day and night (R2 = 0.93). LGDZ sugar concentration was high throughout diel cycles, providing no evidence of source limitation in any treatment.

Our data indicate a mechanism of diel cycling between daytime hydraulic and night‐time stored‐growth controls of LER, buffering Ca and daytime VPD effects on leaf elongation.
Medicago truncatula Ferroportin2 mediates iron import into nodule symbiosomes
Authors: Escudero Viviana , Abreu Isidro , Tejada‐Jiménez Manuel , Rosa‐Núñez Elena , Quintana Julia , Prieto Rosa Isabel , Larue Camille , Wen Jiangqi , Villanova Julie , Mysore Kirankumar S. , Argüello José M. , Castillo‐Michel Hiram , Imperial Juan , González‐Guerrero Manuel
Published: May 2020

Iron is an essential cofactor for symbiotic nitrogen fixation, required by many of the enzymes involved, including signal transduction proteins, O2 homeostasis systems, and nitrogenase itself. Consequently, host plants have developed a transport network to deliver essential iron to nitrogen‐fixing nodule cells.

Ferroportin family members in model legume Medicago truncatula were identified and their expression was determined. Yeast complementation assays, immunolocalization, characterization of a tnt1 insertional mutant line, and synchrotron‐based X‐ray fluorescence assays were carried out in the nodule‐specific M. truncatula ferroportin

Medicago truncatula nodule‐specific gene Ferroportin2 (MtFPN2) is an iron‐efflux protein. MtFPN2 is located in intracellular membranes in the nodule vasculature and in inner nodule tissues, as well as in the symbiosome membranes in the interzone and early‐fixation zone of the nodules. Loss‐of‐function of MtFPN2 alters iron distribution and speciation in nodules, reducing nitrogenase activity and biomass production. Using promoters with different tissular activity to drive MtFPN2 expression in MtFPN2 mutants, we determined that expression in the inner nodule tissues is sufficient to restore the phenotype, while confining MtFPN2 expression to the vasculature did not improve the mutant phenotype.

These data indicate that MtFPN2 plays a primary role in iron delivery to nitrogen‐fixing bacteroids in M. truncatula nodules.
Regulation of electron transport is essential for photosystem I stability and plant growth
Authors: Storti Mattia , Segalla Anna , Mellon Marco , Alboresi Alessandro , Morosinotto Tomas
Published: May 2020

Photosynthetic electron transport is regulated by cyclic and pseudocyclic electron flow (CEF and PCEF) to maintain the balance between light availability and metabolic demands. CEF transfers electrons from photosystem I to the plastoquinone pool with two mechanisms, dependent either on PGR5/PGRL1 or on the type I NADH dehydrogenase‐like (NDH) complex. PCEF uses electrons from photosystem I to reduce oxygen and in many groups of photosynthetic organisms, but remarkably not in angiosperms, it is catalyzed by flavodiiron proteins (FLVs).

In this study, Physcomitrella patens plants depleted in PGRL1, NDH and FLVs in different combinations were generated and characterized, showing that all these mechanisms are active in this moss.

Surprisingly, in contrast to flowering plants, Physcomitrella patens can cope with the simultaneous inactivation of PGR5‐ and NDH‐dependent CEF but, when FLVs are also depleted, plants show strong growth reduction and photosynthetic activity is drastically reduced.

The results demonstrate that mechanisms for modulation of photosynthetic electron transport have large functional overlap but are together indispensable to protect photosystem I from damage and they are an essential component for photosynthesis in any light regime.
Modelling Category Inflation with Multiple Inflation Processes: Estimation, Specification and Testing1
Authors: Brown Sarah , Harris Mark N. , Spencer Christopher
Published: May 2020

Zero‐inflated ordered probit (ZIOP) and middle‐inflated ordered probit (MIOP) models are finding increasing favour in the discrete choice literature. We propose generalizations to these models – which collapse to their ZIOP/MIOP counterparts under a set of simple parameter restrictions – with respect to the inflation process. These generalizations form the basis of a new specification test of the inflation process in ZIOP and MIOP models. Support for our generalization framework is principally demonstrated by revisiting a key ZIOP application from the economics literature, and reinforced by the reassessment of an important MIOP application from political science. Our specification test supports the generalized models over the original ZIOP/MIOP ones, suggesting an important role for it in modelling zero‐ and middle‐inflation processes.
Salivary tumor necrosis factor‐alpha to detect the severity of erectile dysfunction: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: El‐Makaky Yasser , Abdalla Hawwam Soha , Hifnawy Tamer
Published: May 2020

Aim

This study aimed to provide evidence on the impact of chronic periodontitis (CP) on the severity of erectile dysfunction (ED) through the assessment of the salivary level of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α).

Methods

140 patients with chronic periodontitis and erectile dysfunction were enrolled in this study and then randomly allocated to the control group (70 participants received delayed periodontal treatment) or test group (70 participants were subjected to immediate periodontal therapy). The assessment of the clinical and serological outcomes was done at baseline and 3 months postoperatively. This included pocket depth (PD), visible plaque, clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), level of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and the severity of erectile dysfunction. Periodontal therapy consists of oral hygiene instructions and single‐visit scaling and root planing.

Results

There were no significant differences regarding the serological and clinical outcomes at baseline between the two groups (p > .05). At 3‐month follow‐up, the PD, BOP, CAL, and visible dental plaque means in the control group were significantly higher than those in the test group (PD: 4.94 ± 0.647 mm vs. 4.25 ± 0.619 mm; BOP: 49.03 ± 29.98 vs. 6.20 ± 7.14; CAL: 4.96 ± 0.631 mm vs. 4.31 ± 0.591 mm; visible dental plaque: 48.49 ± 30.07 vs. 5.83 ± 6.51) (p = .00). Compared with baseline findings, both groups showed significant reductions in TNF‐α in serum, salivary TNF‐α, and severity of erectile dysfunction (p < .001).

Conclusion

The non‐surgical periodontal therapy could significantly improve the severity of erectile dysfunction in addition to periodontal and serological parameters. Salivary TNF‐α could be used as a new diagnostic tool to detect the severity of erectile dysfunction.
Overactivation of the NF‐κB pathway impairs molar enamel formation
Authors: Yamada Akane , Kawasaki Maiko , Miake Yasuo , Yamada Yurie , Blackburn James , Kawasaki Katsushige , Trakanant Supaluk , Nagai Takahiro , Nihara Jun , Kudo Takehisa , Meguro Fumiya , Schmidt‐Ullrich Ruth , Liu Bigang , Hu Yinling , Page Angustias , Ramírez Ángel , Sharpe Paul T. , Maeda Takeyasu , Takagi Ritsuo , Ohazama Atsushi
Published: May 2020

Objective

Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a hereditary disorder characterized by abnormal structures and functions of the ectoderm‐derived organs, including teeth. HED patients exhibit a variety of dental symptoms, such as hypodontia. Although disruption of the EDA/EDAR/EDARADD/NF‐κB pathway is known to be responsible for HED, it remains unclear whether this pathway is involved in the process of enamel formation.

Experimental subjects and methods

To address this question, we examined the mice overexpressing Ikkβ (an essential component required for the activation of NF‐κB pathway) under the keratin 5 promoter (K5‐Ikkβ).

Results

Upregulation of the NF‐κB pathway was confirmed in the ameloblasts of K5‐Ikkβ mice. Premature abrasion was observed in the molars of K5‐Ikkβ mice, which was accompanied by less mineralized enamel. However, no significant changes were observed in the enamel thickness and the pattern of enamel rods in K5‐Ikkβ mice. Klk4 expression was significantly upregulated in the ameloblasts of K5‐Ikkβ mice at the maturation stage, and the expression of its substrate, amelogenin, was remarkably reduced. This suggests that abnormal enamel observed in K5‐Ikkβ mice was likely due to the compromised degradation of enamel protein at the maturation stage.

Conclusion

Therefore, we could conclude that the overactivation of the NF‐κB pathway impairs the process of amelogenesis.
Challenging the necessity of New Public Governance: Co‐production by third sector organizations under different models of public management
Authors: McMullin Caitlin
Published: May 2020

In this article, I answer two research questions: How do different models of public management define relationships between the state and the third sector? And how do these relationships influence how third sector professionals involve citizens in co‐production? I consider evidence from non‐profits in France, England and Quebec to illustrate how three varying models of public management (neo‐Weberian state in France, New Public Management in England, and New Public Governance in Quebec) structure the relationships between government and the third sector (based, respectively, on hierarchy and control, contracting and performance management, and partnership) and how these in turn impact non‐profits' co‐production activities with citizens. The article challenges the thesis that co‐production is most compatible with the model of NPG, demonstrating the variety of co‐production activities that occur in all three contexts and providing new insights into the contextual contingency of the barriers and enablers to co‐production between third sector professionals and citizens.
Oxidative Stress and Genotoxicity in Melanoma Induction: Impact on Repair Rather Than Formation of DNA Damage?
Authors: Douki Thierry
Published: May 2020

Keratinocytes and melanocytes, two cutaneous cell types located within the epidermis, are the origin of most skin cancers, namely carcinomas and melanomas. These two types of tumors differ in many ways. First, carcinomas are almost 10 times more frequent than melanomas. In addition, the affected cellular pathways, the mutated genes and the metastatic properties of the tumors are not the same. This review addresses another specificity of melanomas: the role of photo‐oxidative stress. UVA efficiently produces reactive oxygen species in melanocytes, which results in more frequent oxidatively generated DNA lesions than in other cell types. The question of the respective contribution of UVB‐induced pyrimidine dimers and UVA‐mediated oxidatively generated lesions to mutagenesis in melanoma remains open. Recent results based on next‐generation sequencing techniques strongly suggest that the mutational signature associated with pyrimidine dimers is overwhelming in melanomas like in skin carcinomas. UVA‐induced oxidative stress may yet be indirectly linked to the genotoxic pathways involved in melanoma through its ability to hamper DNA repair activities.
The Sequential Dominance Argument for the Independence Axiom of Expected Utility Theory
Authors: Gustafsson Johan E.
Published: May 2020

Independence is the condition that, if X is preferred to Y, then a lottery between X and Z is preferred to a lottery between Y and Z given the same probability of Z. Is it rationally required that one’s preferences conform to Independence? The main objection to this requirement is that it would rule out the alleged rationality of Allais and Ellsberg Preferences. In this paper, I put forward a sequential dominance argument with fairly weak assumptions for a variant of Independence (called Independence for Constant Prospects), which shows that Allais and Ellsberg Preferences are irrational. Hence this influential objection (that is, the alleged rationality of Allais and Ellsberg Preferences) can be rebutted. I also put forward a number of sequential dominance arguments that various versions of Independence are requirements of rationality. One of these arguments is based on very minimal assumptions, but the arguments for the versions of Independence which are strong enough to serve in the standard axiomatization of Expected Utility Theory need notably stronger assumptions.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DQB1*03:01:46 variant allele in a French hematopoietic stem cell donor
Authors: Dard Céline , Senoussi Ornella , Ferrari‐Lacraz Sylvie , Bardy Béatrice , Masson Dominique
Published: May 2020

HLA‐DQB1*03:01:46 differs from HLA‐DQB1*03:01:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at codon 142.3 in exon 3.
Characterization of the novel variant allele, HLA‐B*13:82, identified in a Chinese Han individual
Authors: He Liumei , Zou Hongyan
Published: May 2020

The novel HLA‐B*13:82 allele differs from the closest allele B*13:02:01:01 in exon 3.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DQB1*05:236N null allele in a French hematopoietic stem cell donor
Authors: Dard Céline , Senoussi Ornella , Elsermans Vincent , Bardy Béatrice , Masson Dominique
Published: May 2020

HLA‐DQB1*05:236N differs from HLA‐DQB1*05:03:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at codon 34.1 in exon 2.
Deconstructing Dominant Narratives of Urban Failure and Gentrification in a Racially Unjust City: The Case of Detroit
Authors: Doucet Brian
Published: May 2020

In Detroit, pockets of gentrification can be found amid larger processes of neighbourhood decline. Emerging gentrification is rapidly shifting the city’s dominant narrative from one of urban failure, to a comeback city. Both these interpretations, however, are problematic. In Detroit, race is central to understanding these narratives and the different meanings of gentrification. In this paper, I draw on in‐depth interviews with key visionaries and community leaders, all of whom share a broad concern for social justice. Two narratives that both challenge the dominant perspectives on Detroit become clear. The first sees gentrification is a necessary evil whose negative effects need to be carefully managed. The second is the perspective from many African American activists that gentrification is part of a continuum of racial discrimination. An analysis of these narratives helps to expose injustices, propose socially‐just solutions and politicise gentrification and its consequences, key elements of critical urban planning.
Mapping areas of asynchronous‐temporal interaction in animal‐telemetry data
Authors: Hoover Brendan A. , Miller Jennifer A. , Long Jed
Published: May 2020

Animal interactions are a crucial aspect of behavioral ecology that affect mating, territorial behavior, resource use, and disease spread. Commonly, animals will interact because of shared resources. Recent methods have used time geography to map landscape areas where interactions were possible. However, such methods do not identify areas of less direct interaction, like through smell or sight. These indirect or asynchronous interactions are also a crucial aspect of animal behavioral ecology and affect group behaviors such as leading/following hierarchies and joint resource use. Asynchronous interactions are difficult to map because they can occur in a synchronous space at asynchronous times, as well as in asynchronous spaces at a synchronous time. Here, we present a method termed the temporally asynchronous‐joint potential path area (ta‐jPPA) that maps areas of potential temporally asynchronous–spatially synchronous interactions. We used simulated data to statistically test ta‐jPPA and empirical data to demonstrate how ta‐jPPA can find patterns in habitat use.