bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specialized Intelligences: A Novel Questionnaire with Subscales for Measuring Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Authors: Salahi AliAkbar , Gavzani Mohadeseh Aghabarari , Ebrahimiasl Sarieh
Published: October 2022

Howard Gardner’s theory argues that intelligence does not adequately encompass the large variety of abilities humans display, as it is traditionally defined. New findings about intelligence that change or expand over a lifetime indicate the need for new assessment methods. This
study aimed to construct and validate a specialized intelligences questionnaire (SIQ).This was a descriptive and exploratory study. A sample of 304 participants (median age=23) was recruited through non-random and available sampling from Tehran, Iran. Extensive expert opinions were used
to obtain the content validity of SIQ.The result of assessing content validity was confirmed (I-CVI = 0.857~1.000, S-CVI/UA = 0.819, and S-CVI/Ave = 0.970) and the concurrent validity with Gardner multiple intelligences questionnaire was 0.881. Two methods of Cronbach’s α coefficient
and halving the test were used to calculate the reliability of the test. The results showed 0.929 for Cronbach’s α, which indicated adequate reliability for the questionnaire. Then the test was halved and Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.765 (p=0.000) which suggests
good correlation for the questionnaire.Our findings indicate that SIQ possesses appropriate validity and reliability to measure the multiple intelligences. This is a valuable tool that can give insights to the future educational planning and decision making for education.
Thermal conduction mechanism of graphene-like carbon nitride structure (C3N)
Authors: Ren Guo-Liang , Shen Kai-Bo , Liu Yong-Jia , Liu Ying-Guang ,   School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Material Science and Engineering, Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China,   School of Energy, Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
Published: October 2022

As a new graphene-based two-dimensional semiconductor material, C3N has received extensive attention from researchers due to its excellent mechanical and electronic properties. Whether there is any difference in the phonon transport mechanism among different C3N structures remains to be further investigated. Therefore, four kinds of C3N structures with different patterns are constructed in this paper, and their thermal conduction mechanisms are studied by the non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) method. The research results are shown as follows. 1) Among these four patterns, the C3N (M3) with the perfect structure has the highest thermal conductivity, followed by M1, and M4 has the lowest thermal conductivity. 2) Moreover, the thermal conductivities of C3N with different patterns have obviously different size and temperature effects. When the sample length is short, the phonon transport is mainly ballistic transport, while diffusion transport dominates the heat transport when the sample length further increases. As the temperature increases, Umklapp scattering dominates the heat transport, making the thermal conductivity and temperature show a 1/T trend. 3) Comparing with M3 , the patterns of M1 and M4 have large phonon band gaps, and their dispersion curves are further softened. At the same time, regardless of low-frequency or high-frequency phonons, localized features appear in the M1 and M4 (especially the M4), which has a significant inhibitory effect on thermal conductivity. This paper provides an idea for the better design of thermal management materials.
Kunnskapsoppsummering og klassifisering av tiltaket: PMTO-foreldregrupper (2. utg.)
Authors: Adolfsen Frode , Reedtz Charlotte , Koposov Roman , Fossum Sturla
Published: October 2022

Bakgrunn

Denne artikkelen oppsummerer kunnskapen om effektene av PMTO-foreldregruppe (tidligere kalt TIBIR – Foreldregruppeintervensjonen) som intervensjon i TIBIR-programmet. Artikkelen er en revisjon av en tidligere beskrivelse av det samme tiltaket i Ungsinn, men er videreutviklet i henhold til Ungsinns nye kriterier og prosedyrer. Intervensjonen baserer seg på prinsippene fra Parent Management Training Oregonmodellen (PMTO), med det unntaket at i denne intervensjonen møtes foreldrene i grupper over 12 samlinger. Det deltar inntil 12 foreldre/foresatte i gruppene og gruppen ledes av to gruppeledere. Målgruppen for tiltaket er foreldre og foresatte til barn med begynnende atferdsproblemer, men tiltaket kan også tilbys til familier som har barn med identifiserte atferdsproblemer.

Metode

Følgende databaser ble gjennomsøkt etter litteratur om tiltaket: Embase, Medline, Psychinfo, Cochrane, Cristin, Nora, Scopus og Svemed.

Resultater

Tre studier som omhandlet PMTO–foreldregruppe ble identifisert og inkludert. Det er gjennomført tre norske studier; en effektstudie blant norske foreldre og to studier med henholdsvis foreldre med minoritetsbakgrunn og fosterforeldre.  Det foreligger en god beskrivelse av tiltaket i manualer, og tiltaket har en god teoretisk begrunnelse. Alle studiene er evaluert til å ha tilfredsstillende til god forskningsmetodisk kvalitet. Effektstørrelsene i de to studiene der disse er beregnet er i hovedsak små til moderate. Tiltaket har en god implementeringsstrategi og gode rutiner for å sikre at innholdet i tiltaket og effektene opprettholdes.

Konklusjon

Studiene som evaluerer tiltaket har relativt god forskningsmetodisk kvalitet, og effektstørrelser beregnet til små til store. Hovedfunnene i de inkluderte studiene trekker alle i retning av at barnas atferdsproblemer reduseres som følge av tiltaket, samt at foreldreferdigheter styrkes. Det antas derfor at tiltaket vil være nyttig for mange i målgruppen.

PMTO-foreldregruppe klassifiseres på evidensnivå 4 – som et tiltak med tilfredsstillende dokumentasjon på effekt.
Planting Cyperus esculentus augments soil microbial biomass and diversity, but not enzymatic activities
Authors: Duan Yulong , Ren Wei , Zhao Jianhua , Luo Chun , Liu Yang
Published: October 2022

The planting of Cyperus esculentus, a member of the grass family Cyperaceae which includes nut sedge weeds, is being increasingly promoted in northern China’s semi-arid and arid regions. Yet the effects of planting C. esculentus upon soil quality and soil microbial characteristics of sandy land remain unclear. This study examined the short-term (1 year) impact of this grass species on soil microbial biomass indices, enzymatic activities, and microbiome characteristics in the Horqin Sandy Land area of China. The results show that planting C. esculentus could increase microbial biomass in the form of carbon (MBC), nitrogen (MBN), and phosphorus (MBP), but it negligibly influenced the enzymatic activities of soil β-1,4-glucosidase (BG), cellobiohydrolase (CBH), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), and β-1,4-N-acetaminoglycosidase (NAG). Over 1 year, we found that planting C. esculentus significantly increased the soil bacterial richness and diversity of sandy land, yet also altered community composition of soil bacteria and eukaryotes in way that could promote their homogenization. In this respect, the relative abundances of Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria significantly decreased and increased, respectively; hence, they may be considered for use as important indicators of soil nutrient-rich conditions. Overall, the results could be explained by greater soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN), mainly derived from cumulative plant litter input to soils, which then increased the sandy soil’s C:N ratio. Future research should focus on exploring the long-term effects of planting C. esculentus on soil quality and soil microbial characteristics of sandy lands in China and abroad.
Reforms Needed to Modernize the US Food and Drug Administration’s Oversight of Dietary Supplements, Cosmetics, and Diagnostic Tests
Authors: Gottlieb Scott , McClellan Mark B.
Published: October 2022

This JAMA Forum discusses long-awaited reforms that could modernize the US Food and Drug Administration’s regulatory processes, promote innovation, and provide US consumers greater assurance that the products they use are safe and reliable.
Development of a Prediction Model for the Management of Noncommunicable Diseases Among Older Syrian Refugees Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lebanon
Authors: McCall Stephen J. , El Khoury Tanya , Salibi Noura , Abi Zeid Berthe , El Haddad Maria , Alawieh Marwan F. , Abdulrahim Sawsan , Chaaya Monique , Ghattas Hala , Sibai Abla M.
Published: October 2022

Importance

Older Syrian refugees have a high burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and economic vulnerability.

Objectives

To develop and internally validate a predictive model to estimate inability to manage NCDs in older Syrian refugees, and to describe barriers to NCD medication adherence.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This nested prognostic cross-sectional study was conducted through telephone surveys between September 2020 and January 2021. All households in Lebanon with Syrian refugees aged 50 years or older and who received humanitarian assistance from a nongovernmental organization were invited to participate. Refugees who self-reported having chronic respiratory disease (CRD), diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease (CVD), or hypertension were included in the analysis. Data were analyzed from November 2021 to March 2022.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was self-reported inability to manage any NCD (including CRD, CVD, diabetes, or hypertension). Predictors of inability to manage any NCD were assessed using logistic regression models. The model was internally validated using bootstrapping techniques, which gave an estimate of optimism. The optimism-adjusted discrimination is presented using the C statistic, and calibration of the model is presented using calibration slope (C slope).

Results

Of 3322 older Syrian refugees, 1893 individuals (median [IQR] age, 59 [54-65] years; 1089 [57.5%] women) reported having at least 1 NCD, among whom 351 (10.6% overall; 18.6% of those with ≥1 NCD) had CRD, 781 (23.7% overall; 41.4% of those with ≥1 NCD) had diabetes, 794 (24.1% overall; 42.2% of those with ≥1 NCD) had history of CVD, and 1388 (42.3% overall; 73.6% of those with ≥1 NCD) had hypertension. Among individuals with NCDs, 387 participants (20.4%) were unable to manage at least 1 of their NCDs. Predictors for inability to manage NCDs were age, nonreceipt of cash assistance, household water insecurity, household food insecurity, and having multiple chronic diseases, with an adjusted C statistic of 0.650 (95% CI, 0.620-0.676) and C slope of 0.871 (95% CI, 0.729-1.023). The prevalence of nonadherence to medication was 9.2%, and the main reasons for nonadherence were unaffordability of medication (40.8%; 95% CI, 33.4%-48.5%) and the belief that they no longer required the medication after feeling better (22.4%; 95% CI, 16.4%-29.3%).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study, the predictors of inability to manage NCDs among older Syrian refugees in Lebanon were mainly related to financial barriers. Context-appropriate assistance is required to overcome financial barriers and enable equitable access to medication and health care.
Association Between Osseointegration of Lower Extremity Amputation and Mortality Among Adults
Authors: Hoellwarth Jason Shih , Tetsworth Kevin , Oomatia Atiya , Akhtar Muhammad Adeel , Xu Haikun , Al Muderis Munjed
Published: October 2022

Importance

Transcutaneous osseointegration post amputation (TOPA) creates a direct linkage between residual bone and an external prosthetic limb, providing superior mobility and quality of life compared with a socket prosthesis. The causes and potential risks of mortality after TOPA have not been investigated.

Objective

To investigate the association between TOPA and mortality and assess the potential risk factors.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This observational cohort study included all patients with amputation of a lower extremity who underwent TOPA between November 1, 2010, and October 31, 2021, at a specialty orthopedic practice and tertiary referral hospital in a major urban center. Patients lived on several continents and were followed up as long as 10 years.

Exposures

Transcutaneous osseointegration post amputation, consisting of a permanent intramedullary implant passed transcutaneously through a stoma and connected to an external prosthetic limb.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Death due to any cause. The hypotheses tested—that patient variables (sex, age, level of amputation, postosseointegration infection, and amputation etiology) may be associated with subsequent mortality—were formulated after initial data collection identifying which patients had died.

Results

A total of 485 patients were included in the analysis (345 men [71.1%] and 140 women [28.9%]), with a mean (SD) age at osseointegration of 49.1 (14.6) years among living patients or 61.2 (12.4) years among patients who had died. Nineteen patients (3.9%) died a mean (SD) of 2.2 (1.7) years (range, 58 days to 5 years) after osseointegration, including 17 (3.5%) who died of causes unrelated to osseointegration (most commonly cardiac issues) and 2 (0.4%) who died of direct osseointegration-related complications (infectious complications), of which 1 (0.2%) was coclassified as a preexisting health problem exacerbated by osseointegration (myocardial infarction after subsequent surgery to manage infection). No deaths occurred intraoperatively or during inpatient recuperation or acute recovery after index osseointegration (eg, cardiopulmonary events). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with log-rank comparison and Cox proportional hazards regression modeling identified increased age (hazard ratio, 1.06 [95% CI, 1.02-1.09]) and vascular (odds ratio [OR], 4.73 [95% CI, 1.35-16.56]) or infectious (OR, 3.87 [95% CI, 1.31-11.40]) amputation etiology as risk factors. Notable factors not associated with mortality risk included postosseointegration infection and male sex.

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that patients who have undergone TOPA rarely die of problems associated with the procedure but instead usually die of unrelated causes.
Impact of Vaping Prevention Advertisements on US Adolescents
Authors: Noar Seth M. , Gottfredson Nisha C. , Kieu Talia , Rohde Jacob A. , Hall Marissa G. , Ma Haijing , Fendinger Nicholas J. , Brewer Noel T.
Published: October 2022

Importance

Understanding whether prevention advertisements reduce susceptibility to vaping is important owing to concerning levels of adolescent vaping.

Objective

To examine whether vaping prevention advertisements from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) national Real Cost campaign lead to lower susceptibility to vaping among adolescents.

Design, Setting, and Participants

For this 3-group randomized clinical trial with parallel assignment, participants were US adolescents aged 13 to 17 years who were susceptible to vaping or current e-cigarette users, recruited from online panels. Adolescents were randomized to 1 of 2 Real Cost vaping prevention trial groups (health harms– or addiction-themed advertisements) or to a control group (investigator-created neutral videos about vaping). Adolescents completed 4 weekly online surveys at visits 1 to 4 over a 3-week period. Data were analyzed from December 1, 2021, to August 25, 2022.

Interventions

Adolescents saw 3 randomly ordered 30-second video advertisements online at each of 3 weekly study visits (visits 1, 2, and 3).

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary trial outcome was susceptibility to vaping. Surveys also assessed susceptibility to smoking cigarettes to examine any spillover effects of vaping prevention advertisements on smoking outcomes. Both susceptibility measures had 3 items and ranged from 1 (indicating not susceptible) to 4 (indicating highly susceptible). The primary analyses compared Real Cost groups (combined) with the control group, while exploratory analyses compared the Real Cost groups with each other.

Results

Participants were 1514 adolescents (1140 [75.3%] boys; mean [SD] age, 15.22 [1.18] years), including 504 randomized to the Real Cost health harms group, 506 randomized to the Real Cost addiction group, and 504 randomized to the control group. Adolescents in the Real Cost groups (combined) had lower susceptibility to vaping at visit 4 than those in the control group (b = −0.21; 95% CI, −0.32 to −0.10). The Real Cost groups did not differ from one another on susceptibility to vaping (visit 4: b = −0.05; 95% CI, −0.17 to 0.07). Adolescents in the Real Cost groups (combined) also had lower susceptibility to smoking cigarettes than those in the control group (b = −0.21; 95% CI, −0.32 to −0.10). For both vaping and smoking, Real Cost groups had less positive attitudes (vaping: b = −0.27; 95% CI, −0.40 to −0.14; smoking: b = −0.23; 95% CI, −0.39 to −0.08) compared with the control group.

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that vaping prevention advertisements from the FDA Real Cost campaign led to lower adolescent susceptibility to vaping and had beneficial spillover effects on cigarette smoking outcomes. Tobacco prevention campaigns can help reduce youth tobacco use.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04836455
Comparison of Quality Measures From US Hospitals With Physician vs Nonphysician Chief Executive Officers
Authors: See Helen , Shreve Lacey , Hartzell Sarah , Daniel Sarah , Slonim Anthony D.
Published: October 2022

Importance

Patient experience and patient safety are 2 major domains of health care quality; however empirical data on the association of physician vs nonphysician chief executive officers (CEOs) with public and private quality measures are rare but critical to evaluate as hospitals increasingly seek out physician CEOs.

Objectives

To evaluate whether there is an association of CEO background with hospital quality and to investigate differences in hospital characteristics between hospitals with a physician CEO vs those with a nonphysician CEO.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used 2019 data from 3 sources (ie, the American Hospital Association [AHA] Annual Survey, the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems [HCAHPS], and the Leapfrog Hospital Safety Grades) to identify statistical differences in hospital characteristics and outcomes. Data were analyzed from April to December 2021 .

Main Outcomes and Measures

Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was used to examine the association of physician CEOs with hospital quality assessment outcomes while controlling for other confounding factors. Characteristics from the AHA Annual Survey database were assessed as potential confounders, including hospital control, bed size, region, teaching status, and patient volume.

Results

The AHA database contained 6162 hospitals; 1759 (29%) had HCAHPS ratings, 1824 (30%) had Leapfrog grades, and 383 (6%) had physician CEOs. A positive Spearman correlation coefficient was found between physician CEOs and HCAHPS patient willingness to recommend the hospital (ρ = 0.0756; P = .002), but the association between CEO medical background and Leapfrog safety grades or HCAHPS ratings did not reach a level of significance in the multivariable ordinal logistic regression models.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this study, a positive correlation was found between physician CEOs and HCAHPS patient willingness to recommend the hospital, but the multivariable analysis did not find an association between hospital physician CEOs and the examined quality and safety outcomes.
Incidence of Cutaneous Adverse Events With Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Inhibitors as Adjuvant Therapy in Patients With Cancer
Authors: Jfri Abdulhadi , Meltzer Rachel , Mostaghimi Arash , LeBoeuf Nicole , Guggina Lauren
Published: October 2022

Importance

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is among the most frequently activated pathways in human cancers. As the use of PI3K inhibitors for cancer treatment grows, there is increasing need for understanding the cutaneous effects associated with these therapies.

Objective

To systematically review the published literature reporting incidence of cutaneous adverse events with PI3K inhibitors and to provide pooled incidence estimates using meta-analysis.

Data Sources

This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guidelines. The literature search concerned entries through September 2021 in the following sources: PubMed, Cochrane registry, ClinicalTrials.gov, and evidence from the NHS UK and Trip medical database. To analyze PI3K inhibitors’ cutaneous adverse events incidence, only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were considered. The search strategy used the following keywords: (prevalence OR incidence OR epidemiology) and (phosphoinositide 3 kinase inhibitors OR PI3K inhibitors). No language restriction was applied. Analysis was conducted on July 1, 2022.

Study Selection

Studies included phase 2 and phase 3 RCTs that reported incidence of cutaneous adverse events associated with use of PI3K inhibitors.

Data Extraction and Measures

Data extracted included sex, medication name and class, sample size, rash incidence, and grade. The bias risk was assessed by the Cochrane tool for risk of bias assessment in RCTs.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was incidence of PI3K inhibitor cutaneous adverse events among the overall population and among subgroups. Effect sizes were calculated as odds ratios (ORs), with Peto ORs used to calculate outcome of incidence of severe. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic.

Results

The analysis found the incidence of PI3K inhibitor cutaneous events of any grade to be 29.30% in the intervention group, translating to a pooled odds ratio (OR) for incidence of cutaneous adverse events of any grades of 2.55 (95% CI, 1.74-3.75). Incidence of severe grade (grade ≥3) of rash in the intervention group was estimated to be 3.41%, yielding a pooled Peto OR of 6.36 (95% CI, 4.58- 8.83). Subgroup analyses revealed that the incidence of severe cutaneous adverse events (grade ≥3) was did not differ between classes of PI3K inhibitors.

Conclusions and Relevance

This systematic review and meta-analysis identified an overall incidence of PI3K inhibitor cutaneous adverse events of any grade to be 29.30% with a pooled OR of 2.55; (95% CI, 1.74-3.75). These findings clarify the risk of cutaneous adverse events associated with this important class of anticancer therapies.
A Cast of Shadow on Postoperative Radiotherapy for pIIIA-N2 Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer?
Authors: Canova Stefania , Arcangeli Stefano , Cortinovis Diego Luigi
Published: October 2022

This Viewpoint discusses 2 recent randomized clinical trials evaluating the role of mediastinal postoperative radiotherapy in patients with non–small cell lung cancer.
Association of Changes in Cancer Therapy Over 3 Decades With Risk of Subsequent Breast Cancer Among Female Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: Henderson Tara O. , Liu Qi , Turcotte Lucie M. , Neglia Joseph P. , Leisenring Wendy , Hodgson David , Diller Lisa , Kenney Lisa , Morton Lindsay , Berrington de Gonzalez Amy , Arnold Michael , Bhatia Smita , Howell Rebecca M. , Smith Susan A. , Robison Leslie L. , Armstrong Gregory T. , Oeffinger Kevin C. , Yasui Yutaka , Moskowitz Chaya S.
Published: October 2022

Importance

Breast cancer is the most common invasive subsequent malignant disease in childhood cancer survivors, though limited data exist on changes in breast cancer rates as primary cancer treatments have evolved.

Objective

To quantify the association between temporal changes in cancer treatment over 3 decades and subsequent breast cancer risk.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Retrospective cohort study of 5-year cancer survivors diagnosed when younger than 21 years between 1970 and 1999, with follow-up through December 5, 2020.

Exposures

Radiation and chemotherapy dose changes over time.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Breast cancer cumulative incidence rates and age-specific standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) compared across treatment decades (1970-1999). Piecewise exponential models estimated invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) risk and associations with treatment exposures, adjusted for age at childhood cancer diagnosis and attained age.

Results

Among 11 550 female survivors (median age, 34.2 years; range 5.6-66.8 years), 489 developed 583 breast cancers: 427 invasive, 156 DCIS. Cumulative incidence was 8.1% (95% CI, 7.3%-9.0%) by age 45 years. An increased breast cancer risk (SIR, 6.6; 95% CI, 6.1-7.2) was observed for survivors compared with the age-sex-calendar-year-matched general population. Changes in therapy by decade included reduced rates of chest (34% in the 1970s, 22% in the 1980s, and 17% in the 1990s) and pelvic radiotherapy (26%, 17%, and 13% respectively) and increased rates of anthracycline chemotherapy exposures (30%, 51%, and 64%, respectively). Adjusting for age and age at diagnosis, the invasive breast cancer rate decreased 18% every 5 years of primary cancer diagnosis era (rate ratio [RR], 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74-0.90). When accounting for chest radiotherapy exposure, the decline attenuated to an 11% decrease every 5 years (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.81-0.99). When additionally adjusted for anthracycline dose and pelvic radiotherapy, the decline every 5 years increased to 14% (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77-0.96). Although SIRs of DCIS generally increased over time, there were no statistically significant changes in incidence.

Conclusions and Relevance

Invasive breast cancer rates in childhood cancer survivors have declined with time, especially in those younger than 40 years. This appears largely associated with the reduced use of chest radiation therapy, but was tempered by concurrent changes in other therapies.
Trends and Characteristics of Industry Payments for Ophthalmology Research From 2014 to 2020
Authors: Kalva Praneeth , Kakkilaya Akash , Mekala Priya , Cavdar Irina Kim , Patel Monica , Kooner Karanjit S.
Published: October 2022

Importance

Characterizing industry-ophthalmology collaborations in research can highlight current areas of focus, improve transparency, and identify potential sources for conflicts of interest.

Objective

To assess the trends and characteristics in research payments reported from industry to ophthalmologists from 2014 to 2020.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used data from the Centers of Medicare & Medicaid Services’ Open Payments database (OPD), which contains public records of payments between industry and physicians, to identify all ophthalmologists who received industry payments for research purposes between 2014 and 2020. Industry funding was compared with public research funding by the National Eye Institute.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The value and distribution of payments, sponsoring manufacturers, and research products were assessed. Changes in aggregate and per individual-level funding were characterized using formal trend analysis.

Results

From 2014 to 2020, 2102 ophthalmologists were reported to have received $825 417 233 in industry research payments. Industry funding increased 203% from $62 924 525 in 2014 to $190 714 508 in 2020 (P = .01). Comparatively, total National Eye Institute research funding during the same period was $5 003 407 764 and increased 6.6% from $701 313 262 in 2014 to $747 929 556 in 2020 (P = .04). The share of all medical research funding from industry directed specifically toward ophthalmology research increased from 1.2% in 2014 to 3.2% in 2020 (P = .04). The distribution of industry payments was skewed, with the top 15 of 108 manufacturers accounting for 93.9% of funding. The top 10% of ophthalmologists (210) were reported to have received 65.7% of all research dollars ($542 299 121). The highest funded research products were anti–vascular endothelial growth factor agents, glaucoma treatments, and intraocular lenses.

Conclusions and Relevance

Although unequal in distribution, industry-funded research in ophthalmology is extensive and increasing in scope. Industry funding for research is less than that of public funding; however, industry funding increased faster between 2014 and 2020. Results of this study highlight the increasing importance of industry funding in ophthalmology research, but it may also present ethical challenges for clinicians collaborating with industry.
Nanoengineered Textiles for Outdoor Personal Cooling and Drying
Authors: Miao Dongyang , Wang Xianfeng , Yu Jianyong , Ding Bin
Published: October 2022

Owing to global temperature increases and frequent extreme weather events, outdoor personal comfort is becoming more critical to human health and sustainable development. Nanoengineered textiles for highly efficient outdoor personal cooling and drying have been rapidly developing in academia and industry over the past decades. Herein, the recent nanoengineered textile advancements, which allow effective and energy‐free personal cooling and drying in various outdoor environments, are reviewed. The techniques used for nanoengineered textiles, including nanoporous coating/laminating, direct nanofiber spinning, and nanomaterial coating/embedding, are comprehensively discussed. The detailed heat dissipation and water transport mechanisms are analyzed to provide insights into the synergistic effect of the personal cooling and drying processes, which can create a comfortable microenvironment for the human body. This review highlights the existing gaps in the practical applications and the perspectives on future developments to motivate the development of next‐generation nanoengineered textiles. This review of nanoengineered textiles for outdoor personal cooling and drying will further promote the improvement of outdoor space living quality and labor productivity, conducive to satisfying the increasing demands for health, safety, and sustainability.
Calcium Hydride‐Based Dressing to Promote Wound Healing
Authors: Gong Fei , Yang Nailin , Xu Jiachen , Yang Xiaoyuan , Wei Kailu , Hou Linqian , Liu Bo , Zhao He , Liu Zhuang , Cheng Liang
Published: October 2022

Wound microenvironment with excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) can significantly inhibit wound healing. Encouraged by hydrogen molecules (H2) with effective ROS scavenging and calcium hydride (CaH2) with sufficient H2 supply, the authors for the first time employed CaH2 as a therapeutic H2 donor and starch as a diluent to construct CaH2 pulvis dressing for wound healing treatment. It has been found that CaH2 by generating H2 exhibited excellent ROS scavenging performance, favorable for preserving the oxidative‐stress‐induced cell death. After being applied onto the skin wound, the CaH2 pulvis dressing with the unique ROS‐scavenging ability can accelerate skin wound healing in healthy/diabetic mice (small animal models) and Bama mini‐pigs (large animal model). Such CaH2 dressing can release H2 to relieve the inflammation levels, decrease the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, increase the infiltration of inflammation‐suppressive immune cells, and promote the regeneration of new blood vessels and collagens, thereby accelerating wound healing. This work highlighted that the integration of anti‐oxidation and anti‐inflammation functions based on CaH2 dressing endowed it with a promising possibility for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
A Conductive Bioengineered Cardiac Patch for Myocardial Infarction Treatment by Improving Tissue Electrical Integrity
Authors: Yin Qi , Zhu Ping , Liu Wei , Gao Zhongbao , Zhao Luming , Wang Chunlan , Li Siwei , Zhu Miaomiao , Zhang Qi , Zhang Xiao , Wang Changyong , Zhou Jin
Published: October 2022

Conductive scaffolds are of great value for constructing functional myocardial tissues and promoting tissue reconstruction in the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). Here, a novel scaffold composed of silk fibroin and polypyrrole (SP50) with a typical sponge‐like porous structure and electrical conductivity similar to the native myocardium is developed. An electroactive engineered cardiac patch (SP50 ECP) with a certain thickness is constructed by applying electrical stimulation (ES) to the cardiomyocytes (CMs) on the scaffold. SP50 ECP can significantly express cardiac marker protein (α‐actinin, Cx‐43, and cTnT) and has better contractility and electrical coupling performance. Following in vivo transplantation, SP50 ECP shows a notable therapeutic effect in repairing infarcted myocardium. Not only can SP50 ECP effectively improves left ventricular remodeling and restore cardiac functions, such as ejection function (EF), but more importantly, improves the propagation of electrical pulses and promote the synchronous contraction of CMs in the scar area with normal myocardium, effectively reducing the susceptibility of MI rats to arrhythmias. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a facile approach to constructing electroactive ECPs based on porous conductive scaffolds and proves the therapeutic effects of ECPs in repairing the infarcted heart, which may represent a promising strategy for MI treatment.
Broadband Nonlinear Optical Response of Indium–Zirconium Oxide in the Epsilon‐Near‐Zero Region
Authors: Ghobadi Hosein , Smirnov Yury , Korterik Jeroen P. , Alvarez‐Chavez Jose A. , Offerhaus Herman L. , Morales‐Masis Monica , De Leon Israel
Published: October 2022

Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) exhibit interesting linear and nonlinear optical properties in their epsilon‐near‐zero (ENZ) region. Studies so far have mostly focused on exploring the optical response of a limited number of these materials. It is therefore important to investigate new TCOs that could offer improved ENZ properties. This work reports for the first time measurements of the linear and nonlinear optical responses of polycrystalline indium‐zirconium oxide (IZrO) in the ENZ spectral region. The fabricated IZrO films exhibit high optical mobility (>60 cm2 V‐1 s‐1) and a broadening of the ENZ region due to a graded permittivity along the thickness, as suggested by spectroscopic ellipsometry. This in turn leads to a broadband nonlinear response with a full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum bandwidth as large as ≈260 nm, covering the entire spectral range of the C, L, and U optical telecommunication bands. This work introduces IZrO as a new, promising TCO that could be used for ultrafast and broadband modulation of light in the telecommunication region of the spectrum.
Disclosing Polycyclic Heterocycles: Synthesis of Furothienopyran and Pyranothienopyran Derivatives by Palladium Iodide Catalyzed Carbonylative Double Cyclization
Authors: Mancuso Raffaella , Russo Patrizio , Lettieri Melania , Santandrea Domenico , Cuocci Corrado , Gabriele Bartolo
Published: October 2022

Polycyclic heterocyclic derivatives have been synthesized in one step by a carbonylative double cyclization approach starting from readily available starting materials. The method is based on a regioselective 6‐endo‐dig heterocyclization – cyclocarbonylation sequence catalyzed by the PdI2/KI catalytic system under oxidative conditions, with CO (5–10 atm) as the carbonylating agent and O2 (from air, 35–70 atm) as the external oxidant and formation of water as benign coproduct. Starting from thiophenecarboxylic acids bearing an ω‐hydroxyalkynyl substituent in vicinal position, previously unknown 1H‐furo[3,4‐b]thieno[3,2‐d]pyran‐1,5(3H)‐diones, 4H‐furo[3,4‐b]thieno[2,3‐d]pyran‐4,8(6H)‐diones, 3,4‐dihydro‐1H,6H‐pyrano[4,3‐b]thieno[3,2‐d]pyran‐1,6‐diones, and 6,7‐dihydro‐4H,9H‐pyrano[4,3‐b]thieno[2,3‐d]pyran‐4,9‐diones were obtained in 45–86% yields over 21 examples. The structures of two representative products have been confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis.

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Mapping the Function of Whole‐Brain Projection at the Single Neuron Level
Authors: Zhou Wei , Ke Shanshan , Li Wenwei , Yuan Jing , Li Xiangning , Jin Rui , Jia Xueyan , Jiang Tao , Dai Zimin , He Guannan , Fang Zhiwei , Shi Liang , Zhang Qi , Gong Hui , Luo Qingming , Sun Wenzhi , Li Anan , Li Pengcheng
Published: October 2022

Axonal projection conveys neural information. The divergent and diverse projections of individual neurons imply the complexity of information flow. It is necessary to investigate the relationship between the projection and functional information at the single neuron level for understanding the rules of neural circuit assembly, but a gap remains due to a lack of methods to map the function to whole‐brain projection. Here an approach is developed to bridge two‐photon calcium imaging in vivo with high‐resolution whole‐brain imaging based on sparse labeling with the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP6. Reliable whole‐brain projections are captured by the high‐definition fluorescent micro‐optical sectioning tomography (HD‐fMOST). A cross‐modality cell matching is performed and the functional annotation of whole‐brain projection at the single‐neuron level (FAWPS) is obtained. Applying it to the layer 2/3 (L2/3) neurons in mouse visual cortex, the relationship is investigated between functional preferences and axonal projection features. The functional preference of projection motifs and the correlation between axonal length in MOs and neuronal orientation selectivity, suggest that projection motif‐defined neurons form a functionally specific information flow, and the projection strength in specific targets relates to the information clarity. This pipeline provides a new way to understand the principle of neuronal information transmission.
Mechanically Tuned Thermopower of Single‐Molecule Junctions
Authors: Fujii Shintaro , Montes Enrique , Cho Haruna , Yue Yi , Koike Masaaki , Nishino Tomoaki , Vázquez Héctor , Kiguchi Manabu
Published: October 2022

In this paper, the tuning of the thermopower with single‐molecule junctions of fullerene (C60), 4,4′‐bipyridine (BPY), and p‐phenylenediamine (PPD) using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM)‐based break junction technique is demonstrated. Single‐molecule junctions are prepared in a nanogap between a Au‐STM tip and a Au(111) electrode. Upon applying a temperature difference across the junction, a thermoelectric voltage is generated across it. By mechanically controlling the tip–electrode separation distance, the thermoelectric voltage of the junction is tuned. The absolute value of the thermopower decreases with decreasing tip–electrode separation distance for BPY and PPD, while it increases for C60. Atomistic simulations of the junction illustrate how this arises from shifts in the conduction orbital energies induced by the mechanical compression of the junctions.
Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation at Neutral pH–Deciphering the Rate Constraints for an Amorphous Cobalt‐Phosphate Catalyst System
Authors: Liu Si , Zaharieva Ivelina , D'Amario Luca , Mebs Stefan , Kubella Paul , Yang Fan , Beyer Paul , Haumann Michael , Dau Holger
Published: October 2022

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is pivotal in sustainable fuel production. Neutral‐pH OER reduces operational risks and enables direct coupling to electrochemical CO2reduction, but typically is hampered by low current densities. Here, the rate limitations in neutral‐pH OER are clarified. Using cobalt‐based catalyst films and phosphate ions as essential electrolyte bases, current–potential curves are recorded and simulated. Operando X‐ray spectroscopy shows the potential‐dependent structural changes independent of the electrolyte phosphate concentration. Operando Raman spectroscopy uncovers electrolyte acidification at a micrometer distance from the catalyst surface, limiting the Tafel slope regime to low current densities. The electrolyte proton transport is facilitated by diffusion of either phosphate ions (base pathway) or H3O+ions (water pathway). The water pathway is not associated with an absolute current limit but is energetically inefficient due to the Tafel‐slope increase by 60 mV dec−1, shown by an uncomplicated mathematical model. The base pathway is a specific requirement in neutral‐pH OER and can support high current densities, but only with accelerated buffer‐base diffusion. Catalyst internal phosphate diffusion or other internal transport mechanisms do not limit the current densities. A proof‐of‐principle experiment shows that current densities exceeding 1 A cm−2can also be achieved in neutral‐pH OER.
Recent progress in low‐cost noncovalently fused‐ring electron acceptors for organic solar cells
Authors: Bai Qingqing , Liang Qiming , Li Henan , Sun Huiliang , Guo Xugang , Niu Li
Published: October 2022

The power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic solar cells (OSCs) have improved considerably in recent years with the development of fused‐ring electron acceptors (FREAs). Currently, FREAs‐based OSCs have achieved high PCEs of over 19% in single‐junction OSCs. Whereas the relatively high synthetic complexity and the low yield of FREAs typically result in high production costs, hindering the commercial application of OSCs. In contrast, noncovalently fused‐ring electron acceptors (NFREAs) can compensate for the shortcomings of FREAs and facilitate large‐scale industrial production by virtue of the simple structure, facile synthesis, high yield, low cost, and reasonable efficiency. At present, OSCs based on NFREAs have exceeded the PCEs of 15% and are expected to reach comparable efficiency as FREAs‐based OSCs. Here, recent advances in NFREAs in this review provide insight into improving the performance of OSCs. In particular, this paper focuses on the effect of the chemical structures of NFREAs on the molecule conformation, aggregation, and packing mode. Various molecular design strategies, such as core, side‐chain, and terminal group engineering, are presented. In addition, some novel polymer acceptors based on NFREAs for all‐polymer OSCs are also introduced. In the end, the paper provides an outlook on developing efficient, stable, and low‐cost NFREAs for achieving commercial applications.
Data‐driven tools for the optimization of a pharmaceutical process through its knowledge‐driven model
Authors: Castaldello Christopher , Facco Pierantonio , Bezzo Fabrizio , Georgakis Christos , Barolo Massimiliano
Published: October 2022

The use of computationally demanding knowledge‐driven models to optimize a process might encounter substantial numerical challenges. Because a model is an abstraction and approximation of the process, calculating the exact model optimum might not be necessary because its industrial implementation is bound to be an approximate one. Here we are exploring an alternative optimization route through a surrogate model. Because one of the decision variables affecting the optimization is time‐varying, the Design of Dynamic Experiments is used to estimate the surrogate model. The process considered here is a freeze‐drying process widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. The model used is a stochastic model describing the process in great detail. It is shown that the proposed data‐driven route calculates the optimum in about 8 h, as opposed to 22 h for the knowledge‐driven model, while sacrificing only <15% in the computed value of the process performance.
Cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas: 2023 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Hristov Alexandra C. , Tejasvi Trilokraj , Wilcox Ryan A.
Published: October 2022

Disease Overview

Cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas are a heterogenous group of T‐cell neoplasms involving the skin, the majority of which may be classified as Mycosis Fungoides (MF) or Sézary Syndrome (SS).

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of MF or SS requires the integration of clinical and histopathologic data.

Risk‐Adapted Therapy

TNMB (tumor, node, metastasis, blood) staging remains the most important prognostic factor in MF/SS and forms the basis for a “risk‐adapted,” multidisciplinary approach to treatment. For patients with disease limited to the skin, expectant management or skin‐directed therapies is preferred, as both disease‐specific and overall survival for these patients is favorable. In contrast, patients with advanced‐stage disease with significant nodal, visceral or the blood involvement are generally approached with systemic therapies, including biologic‐response modifiers, histone deacetylase inhibitors, or antibody‐based strategies, in an escalating fashion. In highly‐selected patients, allogeneic stem‐cell transplantation may be considered, as this may be curative in some patients.
Achievements, Challenges, and Scope of Thirty Years of Work on the Biotransformation of Arenes and Their Synthetic Applications
Authors: Schapiro Valeria , Brovetto Margarita , Carrera Ignacio , Gamenara Daniela , González David , Pandolfi Enrique , Seoane Gustavo
Published: October 2022

This account describes the results of three decades of work on the production, chemistry, and synthetic applications of cis‐cyclohexadienediols obtained by biotransformation of arenes. These cis‐diols are valuable chiral building blocks, as they are enantiomerically pure, possessing good accessibility and high chemical versatility. Our work covers enzymatic and chemical aspects of the biotransformation, as well as synthetic applications of the resulting cis‐diols. We optimized the biotransformation procedure, described a computational model of TDO, designed new mutants, identified new metabolites, and disclosed new reactions of the Rieske dioxygenases. Also, the reactivity of the cis‐diol core was studied, with an emphasis in addition reactions, such as cycloadditions, osmylations, and electrophilic additions. Preparation of building blocks and bioactive natural products is described from the synthetic point of view, mostly concerning cyclitols, carbasugars, acetogenin and carbohydrates.
Neonatal and paediatric point‐of‐care ultrasound review
Authors: Pan Stephanie , Lin Carole , Tsui Ban C. H.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

Point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) examinations for children and newborns are different from POCUS exams for adults due to dissimilarities in size and body composition, as well as distinct surgical procedures and pathologies in the paediatric patient. This review describes the major paediatric POCUS exams and how to perform them and summarizes the current evidence‐based perioperative applications of POCUS in paediatric and neonatal patients.

Method

Literature searches using PubMed and Google Scholar databases for the period from January 2000 to November 2021 that included MeSH headings of [ultrasonography] and [point of care systems] and keywords including “ultrasound” for studies involving children aged 0 to 18 years.

Results

Paediatric and neonatal POCUS exams can evaluate airway, gastric, pulmonary, cardiac, abdominal, vascular, and cerebral systems.

Discussion

POCUS is rapidly expanding in its utility and presence in the perioperative care of paediatric and neonatal patients as their anatomy and pathophysiology are uniquely suited for ultrasound imaging applications that extend beyond the standard adult POCUS exams.

Conclusions

Paediatric POCUS is a powerful adjunct that complements and augments clinical diagnostic evaluation and treatment.
Programmed Iteration Controls the Assembly of the Nonanoic Acid Side Chain of the Antibiotic Mupirocin
Authors: Winter Ashley J. , Rowe Matthew T. , Weir Angus N. M. , Akter Nahida , Mbatha Sbusisiwe Z. , Walker Paul D. , Williams Christopher , Song Zhongshu , Race Paul R. , Willis Christine L. , Crump Matthew P.
Published: October 2022

Mupirocin is a clinically important antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens NCIMB 10586 that is assembled by a complex trans‐AT polyketide synthase. The polyketide fragment, monic acid, is esterified by a 9‐hydroxynonanoic acid (9HN) side chain which is essential for biological activity. The ester side chain assembly is initialised from a 3‐hydroxypropionate (3HP) starter unit attached to the acyl carrier protein (ACP) MacpD, but the fate of this species is unknown. Herein we report the application of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, chemical probes and in vitro assays to establish the remaining steps of 9HN biosynthesis. These investigations reveal a complex interplay between a novel iterative or “stuttering” KS‐AT didomain (MmpF), the multidomain module MmpB and multiple ACPs. This work has important implications for understanding the late‐stage biosynthetic steps of mupirocin and will be important for future engineering of related trans‐AT biosynthetic pathways (e.g. thiomarinol).