bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technical Note: Monitoring streamflow generation processes at Cape Fear
Authors: Tauro Flavia , Petroselli Andrea , Fiori Aldo , Romano Nunzio , Rulli Maria Cristina , Porfiri Maurizio , Palladino Mario , Grimaldi Salvatore
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Hillslope processes are fundamental for the comprehension of the hydrological response of natural systems. However, their complexity demands real time and continuous observations. In this paper, we assess the feasibility of studying streamflow generation processes at Cape Fear, a "hybrid" hillslope plot at University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy. Cape Fear is a 7 × 7 m2 confined soil-filled wood-sided plot, whose water fluxes can be continuously monitored. The plot design is simple, yet versatile to test hypotheses on the hydrological response of hillslope areas. The suitability of the plot for investigating runoff generation and hillslope processes is presented through a demonstrative experiment in the case of a natural rainfall event. A combination of traditional and innovative measurement techniques confirms that runoff onset is due to saturation overland flow. Future studies will address the influence of diverse land covers and spatial pathways evolution on the response at the hillslope scale.
FLOWSTAR-Energy: a high resolution wind farm wake model
Authors: Stidworthy Amy , Carruthers David
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A new model, FLOWSTAR-Energy, has been developed for the practical calculation of wind farm energy production. It includes a semi-analytic model for airflow over complex surfaces (FLOWSTAR) and a wind turbine wake model that simulates wake-wake interaction by exploiting some similarities between the decay of a wind turbine wake and the dispersion of plume of passive gas emitted from an elevated source. Additional turbulence due to the wind shear at the wake edge is included and the assumption is made that wind turbines are only affected by wakes from upstream wind turbines. The model takes account of the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer, which means that the effect of atmospheric stability is included. A marine boundary layer scheme is also included to enable offshore as well as onshore sites to be modelled. FLOWSTAR-Energy has been used to model three different wind farms and the predicted energy output compared with measured data. Maps of wind speed and turbulence have also been calculated for two of the wind farms. The Tjaæreborg wind farm is an onshore site consisting of a single 2 MW wind turbine, the NoordZee offshore wind farm consists of 36 V90 VESTAS 3 MW turbines and the Nysted offshore wind farm consists of 72 Bonus 2.3 MW turbines. The NoordZee and Nysted measurement datasets include stability distribution data, which was included in the modelling. Of the two offshore wind farm datasets, the Noordzee dataset focuses on a single 5-degree wind direction sector and therefore only represents a limited number of measurements (1,284); whereas the Nysted dataset captures data for seven 5-degree wind direction sectors and represents a larger number of measurements (84,363). The best agreement between modelled and measured data was obtained with the Nysted dataset, with high correlation (0.98 or above) and low normalised mean square error (0.007 or below) for all three flow cases. The results from Tjæreborg show that the model replicates the Gaussian shape of the wake deficit two turbine diameters downstream of the turbine, but the lack of stability information in this dataset makes it difficult to draw conclusions about model performance. One of the key strengths of FLOWSTAR-Energy is its ability to model the effects of complex terrain on the airflow. However, although the airflow model has been previously compared extensively with flow data, it has so far not been used in detail to predict energy yields from wind farms in complex terrain. This will be the subject of a further validation study for FLOWSTAR-Energy.
Um ovo azul e outro rosa: pedagogia Kinder e a construção visual dos gêneros e das infâncias
Authors: Baliscei João Paulo , Maio Eliane Rose , Calsa Geiva Carolina
Published: September 2016

Em 2013, a marca Kinder lançou produtos nas versões “azul” e “rosa”, com as palavras “meninos” e “meninas” estampadas em sua embalagem. Quais as representações que o Kinder Ovo cria sobre masculinidade e feminilidade? Para discutir sobre essa temática, realizamos uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, cujo objetivo é problematizar a constituição de gênero pelas representações e discursos promovidos por artefatos culturais infantis. Utilizamos o Image Watching para investigar o corpus da pesquisa, integrado por 13 imagens do que aqui chamamos de “Pedagogia Kinder”, que apresenta às crianças pós-modernas modos restritos de viverem suas infâncias e suas identidades de gênero. Palavras-chave: Educação, Estudo da Cultura Visual, Estudos Culturais
I like your image. Políticas da afetividade e da cultura de arquivo na rede
Authors: Zafra Remedios
Published: September 2016

A cultura-rede é um cenário marcado pela convivencia e construção de mundo e subjetividade por meio das telas dos aparatos tecnológicos, num contexto em que prevalece o visual. Na cultura-rede configuram-se novos habitats de relação, de onde se desdobram condicionantes biopolíticos para ser e poder ser. Considerando as contradições emergentes, destaca-se o tempo atual como um período de reflexão e mutação dos vínculos afetivos e políticos, na direção da construção coletiva do comum e do que importa.Palavras-chave: cultura-rede, afetividade, cultura de arquivo, visual.
Imagens e deslocamentos: fotografias como enunciação de saberes, culturas e afetos
Authors: Negreiros Mendes Geoésley José , Pinto Passos Mailsa Carla , Guedes Caputo Stela
Published: September 2016

Este artigo discute a proposta de duas exposições fotográficas no âmbito de um Seminário Internacional de Educação. Temos como objetivo dialogar tanto com as imagens que essas fotografias nos dão a conhecer, quanto com as propostas dos pesquisadores realizadores dos projetos fotográficos, do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). A primeira, que consiste em pesquisa de mais de 20 anos sobre a criança no universo religioso do Candomblé, e a segunda com fotos produzidas por 12 estudantes de Guiné Conacri, material produzido no âmbito de uma pesquisa de Mestrado.Palavras-chave: Imagens fotográficas, cotidiano, redes educativas
Determination in the District Area Galunggung Sukaratu as Strategic Areas Amusement
Authors: Bustomi Thomas
Published: September 2016

This study entitled “Determining Region Galunggung in District Sukaratu As Strategic Area Nature”. The purpose of this policy is to increase the activity of the business world in the tourism sector in KGG - KS so as to improve the regional economic growth both on a district or on a regional scale Tasikmalaya regency. The method used in this research is action research (action research) using a qualitative approach. Results of the study were divided into four categories: problem identification, determination of the terms of problem solving, determination of alternative policy formulation and determination of the alternative selected as the end result of this policy formulation. Official data are not obtained, shall be carried out exploration data / information through other means in order to identify the problems become whole / full. In this research, a lack of data / information that is experienced by the researchers can be overcome because there is input from the community although its accuracy is lower. Meanwhile, the establishment of technical provisions troubleshooting is done based on a reference from the rules of the policy object. Each process / stages of policy formulation are not always able to generate a specific output. Determination of the technical provisions of Resolution “or the theory of public policy referred to as” the evaluation criteria Resolution “is one very important part in the process of policy formulation.
African Musical Hybridity in the Colonial Context: An Analysis of Ephraim Amu’s “Yɛn Ara Asase Ni”
Authors: Terpenning Steven Spinner
Published: September 2016

This essay describes how the creative hybridity of “Yɛn Ara Asase Ni,” a choral composition by Ephraim Amu, contributed to the emergence of national consciousness in Ghana. Originally composed for a colonial holiday in 1929, this piece spread through schools, radio broadcasts, and live performances, and was heard throughout the country around the time of independence. Based on postcolonial theory, secondary sources, archival research, and interviews, I present a history and analysis of “Yɛn Ara Asase Ni” that demonstrates how it disrupted colonial categories, such as religion and culture, and prepared the way for an independence movement informed by Pan-Africanism and Christianity.
Integrated Use of Geological, Geophysical, Radiocarbon and Stable Isotopes Data for Tracing the Conduit Flow Paths in a Small Karstic Aquifer: Poocher Swamp Freshwater Lens, South Australia
Authors: Somaratne Nara , Mann Simon
Published: September 2016

An integrated approach combining lithological logs, downhole geophysics, electromagnetic survey and the distribution of radiocarbon (14C) and the stable isotopes of water molecules (18O) were used to identify the conduit flow paths of a small freshwater lens. Lost circulation zones, where drilling fluid flows into geological formation instead returning up the annulus recorded during water well drilling, were considered as the major fracture zones. The presence of high porosity zones within boreholes were identified using caliper, gamma and neutron logs. These methods were used to identify the depth intervals at which cavities and the existence of conduit porosity within the boreholes. Transient electromagnetic (TEM) method was used to investigate resistivity anomalies in the profiles along nine pre-determined lines across the freshwater lens. Resistivity anomalies were related to borehole information and other surface features such as sinkholes. Low resistivity zones of the TEM tomography sections had excellent correlation to fracture zones identified during well drilling, and downhole geophysical logs. Similarly, high resistivity zones in the profiles correlate well with the zones of cemented or recrystallized limestone identified from the lithological logs. The interpreted resistivity anomaly accurately depicts depth to watertable at 15-18 m, presence of main fracture zone at 20-25 m, presence of possible conduits flow paths and the cemented or recrystallized limestone below 35 m depth. The 14C, 13C and 18O signatures of the groundwater confirm the presence of conduits and potential pathways of preferential flows. This investigation illustrates the effectiveness using an integrated approach to trace the conduit flow paths in karst aquifers. The information gained from the study is currently being used for the management of the freshwater lens.
Ethnic Identity, Discrimination, and School Social Adjustment among Canadian Youth
Authors: Darwich Lina , McClure Robyn , Hymel Shelley
Published: September 2016

The study examined the relation between ethnic regard, a component of ethnic identity, and discrimination, and their contribution to school social adjustment among 340 Canadian youth in grades 8-9. Furthermore, the study examined how the connection between ethnic regard and school social adjustment varies as a function of ethnic group membership. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that higher levels of ethnic regard were linked to higher levels of adjustment at school. However, further analyses showed that youth reporting high levels of ethnic regard and frequent discrimination may be more vulnerable in their schools. Additionally, youth of different ethnic groups had varied experiences. For youth of Vietnamese backgrounds, for example, a stronger sense of ethnic regard contributed to better social adjustment at school. These results, similar to previous studies, suggest that the research on the buffering effects of different components of ethnic identity remains equivocal.
An Assessment of Water Accessibility in the Kuvukiland Informal Settlement of Tsumeb in Namibia
Authors: Enkono Angula Nahas , Mosimane Alfons W
Published: September 2016

Challenges of water supply in informal settlements have been observed in different parts of the world. This study evaluates accessibility to water in the Kuvukiland informal settlement. The study employed two methods: a semi structured questionnaire and in-depth interviews. Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from 50 respondents in the Kuvukiland informal settlement, and the in-depth interviews were carried out with five key informants. The findings suggest that access to water in informal settlements is a challenge, because more than half of the population in Kuvukiland live more than a kilometre from the water points. Further findings also show that affordability is a critical issue, because the more than half of the population are unemployed, and as a result they cannot afford to pay for water. Finally the findings are that, water supply in Kuvukiland does not follow an integrated water resource management approach. In addition, there is poor community involvement, and stakeholder participation is weak.
Managing Risks in Public Private Partnerships (PPP) in Housing in Nigeria: Methodological Perspective
Authors: Sanda Yakubu Nehemiah , Anigbogu Natalia A. , Molwus Jurbe Joseph
Published: September 2016

It is generally accepted that effective risk management is key to successful project management. However, relevant questions pertinent to risk management can only be answered satisfactorily when the appropriate research methodology is adopted. This paper presents the research methodology adopted for a doctoral research aimed at managing risks in Public Private Partnerships in housing in Nigeria. The paper adopted the research ‘onion’ as a guide in the designing the research. The study outlines the research philosophy, approach, strategy, choice, time horizon and techniques and procedures for conducting the research and at the same time tries to justify those choices based on the nature of the research and the research questions as recommended in research methodology literatures. The paper contributes by highlighting justifications for the adoption of research methods to address the research objectives.
Global Climate Change Risk and Mitigation Perceptions: A Comparison of Nine Countries
Authors: Hagen Bjoern , Middel Ariane , Pijawka David
Published: September 2016

To broaden our understanding of global climate change (GCC), this article presents results from an ongoing longitudinal research project that investigates public GCC risk perceptions in nine countries focusing on different perceptions important in policy formulation. A key goal of the study is to understand which nations express similar or different viewpoints with respect to explanatory factors such as threat perceptions, hazard experience, socio-demographics, knowledge of climate change, and other factors found in the environmental hazards literature. Despite many variances in GCC perceptions among the surveyed national populations, the analysis shows that some differences are marginal, while others allow the grouping of countries based on different perception factors. Survey results reveal a high degree of uncertainty with regards to climate change dimensions including risk, science, knowledge, and policy approaches to mitigate GCC.
Determinants of Households’ Land Allocation for Crop Production in Uganda
Authors: Mwaura Francis M. , Adong Annet
Published: September 2016

Using UNHS 2005/6 and 2009/10 data, we examined various cropping and land allocations patterns practiced by farming households in Uganda, and their implications on government plan of prioritizing some crops for expansion and zoning. On average, households were observed to cultivate 1.7 ha despite having ownership right to 1.58 ha. A decrease in total cultivated area across all the twelve sub-regions was observed between 2005 and 2009. Over time, only the proportions of land allocation to sweet potato and bean are increasing. Fractional multinomial logit model estimates showed that significant factors that influence share of land allocated to crops include household location within sub-regions, size of cultivated land, distance to output markets and education levels of household head. Efforts to commercialize agriculture through prioritized expansion and zoning of certain crops should also target breaking the current culture of diversified cropping patterns on small sizes of land.
A new species of Charinus Simon, 1892 (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae) from Israel and new records of C. ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959)
Authors: Miranda Gustavo S. , Aharon Shlomi , Gavish-Regev Efrat , Giupponi Alessandro P.L. , Wizen Gil
Published: September 2016

A new species of Charinus is described from Israel and new localities for C. ioanniticus are reported. Charinus israelensis sp. nov. is a cave dwelling species with extremely small median eyes, no median tubercle and reduced lateral eyes. It is similar to C. ioanniticus, which occurs in nearby areas, but can be differentiated by the shape of the carapace, the number of pedipalp spines and the development of the eyes. A detailed comparison is made between the two species, including pictures, drawings and scanning electron micrographs. Charinus ioanniticus is reported here from several new localities in Israel and Turkey. Identification keys to the Charinus species groups and to the species of the bengalensis group are provided.
The Spectrum of Histologic Findings in Hepatic Outflow Obstruction
Authors: Gonzalez Raul S. , Gilger Michael A. , Huh Won Jae , Washington Mary Kay
Published: September 2016

Context.—Cardiac hepatopathy and Budd-Chiari syndrome are 2 forms of hepatic venous outflow obstruction with different pathophysiology but overlapping histologic findings, including sinusoidal dilation and centrilobular necrosis.

Objective.—To determine whether a constellation of morphologic findings could help distinguish between the 2 and could suggest the diagnoses in previously undiagnosed patients.

Design.—We identified 26 specimens with a diagnosis of cardiac hepatopathy and 23 with a diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with trichrome were evaluated for several distinctive histologic findings.

Results.—Features common to both forms of hepatic outflow obstruction included sinusoidal dilation and portal tract changes of fibrosis, chronic inflammation, and bile ductular reaction. Histologic findings significantly more common in cardiac hepatopathy included pericellular/sinusoidal fibrosis and fibrosis around the central vein. Only centrilobular hepatocyte dropout/necrosis was significantly more common in Budd-Chiari, regardless of duration.

Conclusions.—The finding of pericellular/sinusoidal fibrosis in cardiac hepatopathy compared with Budd-Chiari is not unexpected, given the chronic nature of most cardiac hepatopathy. Portal tract changes are common in both forms of hepatic outflow obstruction and should not deter one from making the diagnosis of hepatic outflow obstruction. Fibrosis along sinusoids and around the central vein may be suggestive of cardiac hepatopathy in biopsies from patients without a prior diagnosis.
Number of Lymph Nodes in Primary Nodal Basin and a “Second Look” Protocol as Quality Indicators for Optimal Nodal Staging of Colon Cancer
Authors: Lisovsky Mikhail , Schutz Shannon N. , Drage Michael G. , Liu Xiaoying , Suriawinata Arief A. , Srivastava Amitabh
Published: September 2016

Context.—Evaluation of 12 or more lymph nodes (LNs) is currently used as a quality indicator for adequacy of pathologic examination of colon cancer resections.

Objective.—To evaluate the utility of a focused LN search in the immediate vicinity of the tumor and a “second look” protocol in improving LN staging in colon cancer.

Design.—Lymph nodes were submitted separately from the primary nodal basin (PNB) and secondary nodal basin (SNB) defined as an area less than 5 cm away and an area greater than 5 cm away from the tumor edge, respectively, in 201 consecutive resections (2010–2013). One hundred sixty-eight consecutive tumors (2006–2009) were used as a control group. A second search was performed in all cases that were N0 after the first search.

Results.—In cases that were N0 after the first search, 20.9 ± 10.8 LNs were collected from the PNB, compared to 8.5 ± 9.1 from the SNB. Positive LNs were found in N+ tumors in the PNB in all cases but in only 9% (4 of 46) of SNBs (P < .001). A second search increased node count by an average of 10 additional LNs. In 5 of 114 cases (4.4%), N0 after the first search converted to N+ after a second search that yielded 1 to 4 positive LNs, all of which were in the PNB.

Conclusions.—Emphasis on the number of LNs examined from the PNB and a “second look” protocol improve nodal staging.
Pioneering Your Future: Achieving Greatness as a Young Professional
Authors: Smitherman Julie
Published: September 2016

The author discusses how she pioneered through the industry after receiving her degree, working three jobs and volunteering wherever possible to gain experience in the professional world.
Rehabilitate for Longer‐Lived Systems
Authors: Selvakumar Ariamalar
Published: September 2016

The range of available water main rehabilitation technologies, including many new to the market, is growing. Water supply network managers should clearly define their needs and have a clear understanding of the appropriate technologies to meet those needs.
Use C‐Factor Testing to Improve Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Liu Charlie J.
Published: September 2016

Smooth pipe walls ensure maximum flow capacity for water transmission and distribution. C‐factor testing is an effective, noninvasive way to determine distribution system efficiency.
Doublesnap Simplifies Duplicate Sample Testing to Ensure Compliance
Authors: Lane R. Scott
Published: September 2016

The Doublesnap device allows quicker ozone level sampling times, provides precise results on the duplicate sample, and works more neatly and easily than trying to crack two ampules in rapid succession. Because the device enables closer values on the duplicates, the utility's sampling process requires less explanation to governing authorities.
Profesinio tapatumo stiprinimo praktika: vilniečių profesinė diena
Authors: Šidiškienė Irma
Published: September 2016

Remiantis lauko tyrimais ir medijoje skelbtų reportažų analize, straipsnyje siekiama išnagrinėti profesinės dienos (šventės idėjos ir struktūros) poveikį profesinio tapatumo stiprinimui. Tyrimas rodo, jog standartizuotas šventimas, leidęs apimti platesnį profesijos narių ratą, šventę labiau užtvirtino, o dienos paminėjimas neformaliu lygmeniu, t. y. tarp bendradarbių ir ypač šeimos rate, užtikrino profesinės dienos gyvybingumą. Minėjimų datos stipriai susaistytos su ideologija, istorine atmintimi, tačiau tyrimas rodo, kad dabar dauguma vilniečių neakcentuoja, nežino ir visiškai nesidomi, kodėl buvo pasirinkta konkreti data profesinės dienos minėjimui.
Quantitative imaging reveals real-time Pou5f3–Nanog complexes driving dorsoventral mesendoderm patterning in zebrafish
Authors: Perez-Camps Mireia , Tian Jing , Chng Serene C , Sem Kai Pin , Sudhaharan Thankiah , Teh Cathleen , Wachsmuth Malte , Korzh Vladimir , Ahmed Sohail , Reversade Bruno
Published: September 2016

Formation of the three embryonic germ layers is a fundamental developmental process that initiates differentiation. How the zebrafish pluripotency factor Pou5f3 (homologous to mammalian Oct4) drives lineage commitment is unclear. Here, we introduce fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to assess the formation of Pou5f3 complexes with other transcription factors in real-time in gastrulating zebrafish embryos. We show, at single-cell resolution in vivo, that Pou5f3 complexes with Nanog to pattern mesendoderm differentiation at the blastula stage. Later, during gastrulation, Sox32 restricts Pou5f3–Nanog complexes to the ventrolateral mesendoderm by binding Pou5f3 or Nanog in prospective dorsal endoderm. In the ventrolateral endoderm, the Elabela / Aplnr pathway limits Sox32 levels, allowing the formation of Pou5f3–Nanog complexes and the activation of downstream BMP signaling. This quantitative model shows that a balance in the spatiotemporal distribution of Pou5f3–Nanog complexes, modulated by Sox32, regulates mesendoderm specification along the dorsoventral axis.
External driving synchronization in a superconducting quantum interference device based oscillator
Authors: Zhao Jie , Zhao Peng , Yu Haifeng , Yu Yang
Published: September 2016

We propose an external driving, self-sustained oscillator based on superconducting resonators. The dynamics of the self-sustained oscillator can be described by a Duffing–van der Pol like equation. Under external driving, the self-sustained oscillator presents synchronization phenomena. We analytically and numerically investigate the synchronization regions, and the results show that the synchronization bandwidth can be quickly adjusted in situ by the external weak magnetic field in sub-nano seconds. Moreover, the system can re-stabilize in about 10 ns with a certain sudden change of driving frequency or the critical current of the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). These advantages allow the potential applications of self-sustained oscillators in timing reference, microwave communication and electromagnetic sensing.
Being Professional and Being Human. Professional’s Sensemaking in the Context of Close and Frequent Interactions with Citizens
Authors: Harrits Gitte Sommer
Published: September 2016

In classic theories on professions and professionalism, the relationship between professionals and citizens are typically seen as based on formal, scientific knowledge and expertise and thus as functionally specific. This conception may, however, be too simplistic for professionals working in close and frequent interactions with citizens. The article therefore theoretically discusses the assumption of a functional specific relationship and the possibility of other ways (e.g., personal and emotional) that professionals can relate to citizens. Further, the article explores the professional-citizen relationship seen from the side of welfare professionals, by exploring sensemaking with regard to professional identities, roles, and discretion making. The analysis demonstrate how most professionals combine a logic based on formal knowledge and training with a personal, relational, and emotion-based logic when describing their work and the relationship to citizens. Implications for our theoretical and normative understanding of professionalism are discussed.
No Third Parties. The Medical Profession Reclaims Authority in Doctor-Patient Relationships
Authors: Larsen Lars Thorup
Published: September 2016

A key aspect of the classic doctor-patient relationship is the idea that doctors exert a professional authority through medical expertise while also taking care of the patient. Some professional organizations have held that “no third parties” should come between doctor and patient, be it governments or corporations. The sanctity of medical authority has also met resistance, and doctors are often said to face more demanding patients today with their own information about diagnoses. This article concerns how the medical profession reacts faced with challenged authority. Do they seek to reestablish a classic authority position or develop an alternative relationship with citizens? The analysis compares approximately 1.000 editorials in American, British and Danish medical journals from 1950 to the present. The analysis shows that all medical professions see their authority challenged by third parties, but some react defensively while others try to rethink the authority relation between professionals and citizens.
A Graphical User Interface for Scattering Analysis of Electromagnetic Waves Incident on Planar Layered Media
Authors: Mirala A. , Abdolali A.
Published: September 2016

This paper introduces a MATLAB-based Graphical User Interface (GUI) which could help electromagnetics engineers and researchers who are interested in designing layered media for various applications. The paper begins with presenting the analysis method the program employs, continues by encountering specific considerations and techniques of implementation, and ends with providing different numerical examples. These examples show good efficiency of the program for analysis of diverse problems.
RBioplot: an easy-to-use R pipeline for automated statistical analysis and data visualization in molecular biology and biochemistry
Authors: Zhang Jing , Storey Kenneth B.
Published: September 2016

Background

Statistical analysis and data visualization are two crucial aspects in molecular biology and biology. For analyses that compare one dependent variable between standard (e.g., control) and one or multiple independent variables, a comprehensive yet highly streamlined solution is valuable. The computer programming language R is a popular platform for researchers to develop tools that are tailored specifically for their research needs. Here we present an R package RBioplot that takes raw input data for automated statistical analysis and plotting, highly compatible with various molecular biology and biochemistry lab techniques, such as, but not limited to, western blotting, PCR, and enzyme activity assays.

Method

The package is built based on workflows operating on a simple raw data layout, with minimum user input or data manipulation required. The package is distributed through GitHub, which can be easily installed through one single-line R command. A detailed installation guide is available athttp://kenstoreylab.com/?page_id=2448. Users can also download demo datasets from the same website.

Results and Discussion

By integrating selected functions from existing statistical and data visualization packages with extensive customization, RBioplot features both statistical analysis and data visualization functionalities. Key properties of RBioplot include:

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Fully automated and comprehensive statistical analysis, including normality test, equal variance test, Student’s t-test and ANOVA (with post-hoc tests);

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Fully automated histogram, heatmap and joint-point curve plotting modules;

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Detailed output files for statistical analysis, data manipulation and high quality graphs;

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Axis range finding and user customizable tick settings;

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High user-customizability.
Accuracy of conventional identification methods used for Enterobacteriaceae isolates in three Nigerian hospitals
Authors: Jesumirhewe Christiana , Ogunlowo Peter Oladejo , Olley Mitsan , Springer Burkhard , Allerberger Franz , Ruppitsch Werner
Published: September 2016

Background

Enterobacteriaceae are ubiquitously present in nature and can be found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals as commensal flora. Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are increasingly reported and are a threat to public health implicating a need for accurate identification of the isolates to species level. In developing countries, identification of bacteria basically depends on conventional methods: culture and phenotypic methods that hamper the accurate identification of bacteria. In this study, matrix-assisted desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique was compared to conventional identification techniques.

Materials and Methods

In total, 147 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were collected from March to May 2015 from three medical microbiology laboratories of hospitals in Edo state, Nigeria, after being tested according to the individual laboratories standard operating procedures. All isolates were stored at −20°C until tested centrally by MALDI-TOF MS.

Results

One hundred and forty five (98.6%) isolates had a MALDI Biotyper best score > or =2.0, indicating a secure genus and probable species identification; and 2(1.36%) isolates had a best score <2.0 indicating probable genus identification. Isolates with best scores of > or =2.0 comprised nine genera and 10 species, respectively. A total of 57.2% and 33.1% of isolates identified had agreement between MALDI-TOF MS and conventional techniques for identification at genus and species level, respectively, when analyzing bacteria with MALDI Biotyper best scores > or =2.0.

Conclusion

The results of our study show that the applied conventional identification techniques for Enterobacteriaceae in the investigated Nigerian hospitals are not very accurate. Use of state-of-the-art identification technologies for microorganisms is necessary to guarantee comparability of bacteriological results.
Surgery of the Elderly Patient
Authors: Karakoc Derya
Published: September 2016

The world population is becoming older. As many diseases that require surgery also increase with age, surgeons have to become familiar with special issues that are unique to elderly patients requiring surgery. This review highlights the perioperative care of the elderly patient.
Mercury isotope compositions across North American forests
Authors: Zheng Wang , Obrist Daniel , Weis Dominique , Bergquist Bridget A.
Published: September 2016

Forest biomass and soils represent some of the largest reservoirs of actively cycling mercury (Hg) on Earth, but many uncertainties exist regarding the source and fate of Hg in forest ecosystems. We systematically characterized stable isotope compositions of Hg in foliage, litter, and mineral soil horizons across 10 forest sites in the contiguous United States. The mass‐independent isotope signatures in all forest depth profiles are more consistent with those of atmospheric Hg(0) than those of atmospheric Hg(II), indicating that atmospheric Hg(0) is the larger source of Hg to forest ecosystems. Within litter horizons, we observed significant enrichment in Hg concentration and heavier isotopes along the depth, which we hypothesize to result from additional deposition of atmospheric Hg(0) during litter decomposition. Furthermore, Hg isotope signatures in mineral soils closely resemble those of the overlying litter horizons suggesting incorporation of Hg from litter as a key source of soil Hg. The spatial distribution of Hg isotope compositions in mineral soils across all sites is modeled by isotopic mixing assuming atmospheric Hg(II), atmospheric Hg(0), and geogenic Hg as major sources. This model shows that northern sites with higher precipitation tend to have higher atmospheric Hg(0) deposition than other sites, whereas drier sites in the western U.S. tend to have higher atmospheric Hg(II) deposition than the rest. We attribute these differences primarily to the higher litterfall Hg input at northern wetter sites due to increased plant productivity by precipitation. These results allow for a better understanding of Hg cycling across the atmosphere‐forest‐soil interface.
The role of metabolism in modulating CO2 fluxes in boreal lakes
Authors: Bogard Matthew J. , del Giorgio Paul A.
Published: September 2016

Lake CO2 emissions are increasingly recognized as an important component of the global CO2 cycle, yet the origin of these emissions is not clear, as specific contributions from metabolism and in‐lake cycling, versus external inputs, are not well defined. To assess the coupling of lake metabolism with CO2 concentrations and fluxes, we estimated steady state ratios of gross primary production to respiration (GPP:R) and rates of net ecosystem production (NEP = GPP‐R) from surface water O2 dynamics (concentration and stable isotopes) in 187 boreal lakes spanning long environmental gradients. Our findings suggest that internal metabolism plays a dominant role in regulating CO2 fluxes in most lakes, but this pattern only emerges when examined at a resolution that accounts for the vastly differing relationships between lake metabolism and CO2 fluxes. Fluxes of CO2 exceeded those from NEP in over half the lakes, but unexpectedly, these effects were most common and typically largest in a subset (~30% of total) of net autotrophic lakes that nevertheless emitted CO2. Equally surprising, we found no environmental characteristics that distinguished this category from the more common net heterotrophic, CO2 outgassing lakes. Excess CO2 fluxes relative to NEP were best predicted by catchment structure and hydrologic properties, and we infer from a combination of methods that both catchment inputs and internal anaerobic processes may have contributed this excess CO2. Together, our findings show that the link between lake metabolism and CO2 fluxes is often strong but can vary widely across the boreal biome, having important implications for catchment‐wide C budgets.
A drought index based on actual evapotranspiration from the Bouchet hypothesis
Authors: Kim Daeha , Rhee Jinyoung
Published: September 2016

Global drought assessment has mainly depended on precipitation‐based drought indices that may also take into account potential evapotranspiration (ETp). In this study, we combined the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) estimated from the Bouchet hypothesis and the structure of the Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index to develop a fully ET‐based drought index, the Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (SEDI). We found that SEDI, without using precipitation data, produces results that are consistent with the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for drought identification in the South‐Central United States. We also found a competitive performance of SEDI through comparisons between the Vegetation Health Index with SEDI, PDSI, and SPI. We suggest the high applicability of the SEDI based on the Bouchet hypothesis as an independent drought index for regions with strong land‐atmosphere coupling or as an alternative drought index to fully precipitation‐dependent indices for assessing agricultural droughts.
Investigation of triggering of poleward moving auroral forms using satellite‐imager coordinated observations
Authors: Wang Boyi , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Zou Ying , Lyons Larry R. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Frey Harald , Mende Stephen
Published: September 2016

Poleward moving auroral forms (PMAFs) are thought to be an ionospheric signature of dayside magnetic reconnection. While PMAFs are more likely to occur when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is southward, how often PMAFs are triggered by changes in solar wind parameters is still an open question. To address this issue, we used one of the Automatic Geophysical Observatories all‐sky imagers in Antarctica and the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) B and C satellites, which can give solar wind measurements much closer to the subsolar bow shock than by Wind or ACE, to examine if PMAFs occurred in association with IMF orientation changes. We identified 60 PMAFs in conjunction with THEMIS B and C during 2008, 2009, and 2011 and 70% of events show reduction of Bz before PMAF onset indicating that IMF southward turning plays an important role in triggering a majority of PMAFs. In contrast, the magnitude of the IMF Bz reduction in OMNI data was smaller and the reduction occurred in a slightly smaller percentage of events (40–60%). This suggests that solar wind structures that missed the L1 point or evolution of solar wind between the L1 point and THEMIS may be important for identifying IMF changes responsible for transient dayside reconnection. Additionally, 17 PMAFs that did not have substantial IMF southward turnings are correlated well with foreshock events, indicating that foreshock phenomena may also play a role in triggering PMAFs.
Ionospheric total electron content: Spatial patterns of variability
Authors: Lean J. L. , Meier R. R. , Picone J. M. , Sassi F. , Emmert J. T. , Richards P. G.
Published: September 2016

The distinctive spatial patterns of the ionosphere's total electron content (TEC) response to solar, seasonal, diurnal, and geomagnetic influences are determined across the globe using a new statistical model constructed from 2‐hourly TEC observations from 1998 to 2015. The model combines representations of the physical solar EUV photon and geomagnetic activity drivers with solar‐modulated sinusoidal parameterizations of four seasonal cycles and solar‐modulated and seasonally modulated parameterizations of three diurnal cycles. The average absolute residual of the data‐model differences is 2.1 total electron content unit, 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2 (TECU) (9%) and the root‐mean‐square error is 3.5 TECU (15%). Solar and geomagnetic variability, the semiannual oscillation and the diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations all impact TEC most at low magnetic latitudes where TEC itself maximizes, with differing degrees of longitudinal inhomogeneity. In contrast, the annual oscillation manifests primarily in the Southern Hemisphere with maximum amplitude over midlatitude South America, extending to higher southern latitudes in the vicinity of the Weddell Sea. Nighttime TEC levels in the vicinity of the Weddell Sea exceed daytime levels every year in Southern Hemisphere summer as a consequence of the modulation of the diurnal oscillations by the seasonal oscillations. The anomaly, which is present at all phases of the solar cycle, commences sooner and ends later under solar minimum conditions. The model minus data residuals maximize at tropical magnetic latitudes in four geographical regions similar to the ionosphere pattern generated by lower atmospheric meteorology. Enhanced residuals at northern midlatitudes during winter are consistent with an influence of atmospheric gravity waves.
Ridge asymmetry and deep aqueous alteration at the trench observed from Rayleigh wave tomography of the Juan de Fuca plate
Authors: Bell Samuel , Ruan Youyi , Forsyth Donald W.
Published: September 2016

Using Rayleigh wave tomography of noise‐removed ocean bottom seismometer data from the Cascadia Initiative, we illuminate the structure of the upper mantle beneath the Juan de Fuca plate. Beneath the Juan de Fuca ridge, there is strong asymmetry, with a pronounced low‐velocity zone in the 25–65 km depth range. Extending to the west from the spreading axis, this anomaly has velocities low enough to indicate the presence of melt. The asymmetry in velocity structure and the much greater abundance of seamounts on the west flank of the ridge suggest that dynamic, buoyant upwelling is important, perhaps triggered by thermal or compositional anomalies beneath Axial Seamount. In contrast, there is no evidence for asymmetry in the axial zone or lower than expected velocities beneath the Gorda ridge. On the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca ridge, the shear velocity in the 25–65 depth range is higher than expected; the lithosphere appears to be colder and thicker than predicted by standard plate cooling models, perhaps caused by the downwelling counterpart of the upwelling on the west side of the ridge. Close to the trench, there is a sharp decrease in shear velocity. We interpret this as aqueous alteration caused by hydrothermal circulation through deep normal faults associated with bending of the plate. Beneath the Astoria and Nitinat fans, where abyssal plain sediment is thickest, the velocity decrease is much smaller, which is consistent with a thick sediment cap that prevents hydrothermal alteration of the plate.
Viscous anisotropy of textured olivine aggregates: 2. Micromechanical model
Authors: Hansen Lars N. , Conrad Clinton P. , Boneh Yuval , Skemer Philip , Warren Jessica M. , Kohlstedt David L.
Published: September 2016

The significant viscous anisotropy that results from crystallographic alignment (texture) of olivine grains in deformed upper mantle rocks strongly influences a large variety of geodynamic processes. Our ability to explore the effects of anisotropic viscosity in simulations of these processes requires a mechanical model that can predict the magnitude of anisotropy and its evolution. Unfortunately, existing models of olivine textural evolution and viscous anisotropy are calibrated for relatively small deformations and simple strain paths, making them less general than desired for many large‐scale geodynamic scenarios. Here we develop a new set of micromechanical models to describe the mechanical behavior and textural evolution of olivine through a large range of strains and complex strain histories. For the mechanical behavior, we explore two extreme scenarios, one in which each grain experiences the same stress tensor (Sachs model) and one in which each grain undergoes a strain rate as close as possible to the macroscopic strain rate (pseudo‐Taylor model). For the textural evolution, we develop a new model in which the director method is used to control the rate of grain rotation and the available slip systems in olivine are used to control the axis of rotation. Only recently has enough laboratory data on the deformation of olivine become available to calibrate these models. We use these new data to conduct inversions for the best parameters to characterize both the mechanical and textural evolution models. These inversions demonstrate that the calibrated pseudo‐Taylor model best reproduces the mechanical observations. Additionally, the pseudo‐Taylor textural evolution model can reasonably reproduce the observed texture strength, shape, and orientation after large and complex deformations. A quantitative comparison between our calibrated models and previously published models reveals that our new models excel in predicting the magnitude of viscous anisotropy and the details of the textural evolution. In addition, we demonstrate that the mechanical and textural evolution models can be coupled and used to reproduce mechanical evolution during large‐strain torsion tests. This set of models therefore provides a new geodynamic tool for incorporating viscous anisotropy into large‐scale numerical simulations.
Weakest winter South China Sea western boundary current caused by the 2015–2016 El Niño event
Authors: Zhao Ruixiang , Zhu Xiao‐Hua
Published: September 2016

During the winter of 2015–2016, the strongest El Niño event of the twenty‐first century occurred. At the same time, volume transport (VT) time series of the South China Sea western boundary current (SCSWBC) exhibited a minimum value of 3.7 Sv (1 Sv = 1 × 106 m3 s−1) toward the southwest, indicating the weakest strength ever recorded in boreal winter (from November to February). The South China Sea (SCS) cyclonic gyre, inferred from the satellite‐derived surface absolute geostrophic current, was significantly reduced. It was considered that the weakened wind stress curl (negative anomaly) over the SCS resulting from an anticyclone over the Philippine Sea played an essential role. The anticyclone arose from a Rossby‐wave response to a negative sea surface temperature anomaly in the northwest Pacific. This idea is further supported by composite analysis, which shows that during El Niño (La Niña) winter, negative (positive) wind stress curl anomalies prevail in the Philippine Sea and the SCS; thus, the wind stress curl over the SCS is reduced (strengthened), leading to a weaker (stronger) SCS cyclonic gyre and SCSWBC. The mean VT of SCSWBC is 4.7 Sv (5.6 Sv), which is smaller (larger) than 5.2 Sv in normal years. This study provides robust observational evidence from long‐term in situ volume transport monitoring that El Niño can have a significant impact on the SCSWBC through an atmosphere‐bridged teleconnection.