bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Women’s Participation in Turkey through Digital Storytelling
Authors: Şimşek Burcu
Published: January 2018

This paper explores the process of introducing Digital Storytelling (DST) workshop practice to Turkey through a project called “Digital Stories from Amargi Women”, which was part of my Ph.D. research in the Creative Industries Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, Australia. In the resulting dissertation, I examined the potential of Digital Storytelling workshop practice as a means to promote agency and self-expression in a feminist activist organization (such as Amargi Women), focusing in particular on whether or not Digital Storytelling can be used as a change agent – as a tool for challenging the idea of a single public sphere in ways that make it more inclusive of women’s participation. In order to explore the issue in depth, my thesis engaged with feminist scholarship’s critiques of the public/private dichotomy, as well as the concept of gender. The conducted workshops, the resulting digital stories, and in-depth interviews were analyzed to seek connections between these topics and narrative identity. The results indicated that the participating women defined new activist usages for digital stories, as well as their overall activated networking habits in the DST workshop settings. Digital Stories from Amargi Women became the first Digital Storytelling project that aimed to enable women’s participation in Turkey through facilitating a co-creative environment where the participants could share their stories and learn digital skills that they could make use of after the workshops.
The Committee on Public Information: A transmedia war propaganda campaign
Authors: Benson Krystina
Published: January 2018

This article summarises a PhD dissertation of the same name. It develops an understanding of how propaganda entered journalism and popular culture in the United States during World War I through an examination of materials created by the Committee on Public Information (CPI). Three CPI divisions were studied: The Division of News, the Four Minute Men, and the Division of Pictorial Publicity. The methodology of archival contextualisation was created, bringing together the methods of close reading, discourse-historical contextualisation, and Piercian semiotics. A summary of relevant literature is interspersed with thematic historical developments that impacted the relationship between propaganda, journalism and popular culture. This review outlines a gap in knowledge about the archival materials as well as the relationship between propaganda, journalism and popular culture from this period. A discussion about how the expectations of persuasion, truth and amusement relate to each other when mediated in culture, using Lotman’s concept of the semiosphere further develops an understanding of propaganda as a cultural system in relation to other cultural systems – in this case, journalism and popular culture. Findings from the study include that the CPI created a transmedia war propaganda campaign, which enabled propaganda to successfully draw entertainment value from popular culture and credibility from journalism in order to influence public opinion.
Entertainment Architecture: Constructing a framework for the creation of an emerging transmedia form
Authors: Konzal Woitek
Published: January 2018

The topic of this research is a novel entertainment form currently emerging from the youngest human communication technology, the Internet. This form, products based on it, and the conceptual framework describing it are all referred to as Entertainment Architecture (‘entarch,’ for short). Entarch is classified as Internet-native transmedia entertainment — it fully utilises the unique communicative characteristics of the Internet and is not based on just one medium. A number of entarch examples are explored through ‘immersive’ textual analysis — a new mode of textual analysis required for research into this kind of entertainment. As a secondary priority, entarch is related to the movie — which is chosen as an exemplary existing entertainment form finding itself in a radically uncertain formal, business, and industrial environment, and accordingly is struggling financially. Throughout, formal, business, and industrial consequences of the emergence of Entertainment Architecture are explored.

This research is an example of applied cultural science, as it treats culture as a source of innovation and a complex dynamic system with technological as well as human characteristics. It analyses the dynamics of cultural change in the context of business development, consumer experience, and economic evolution — with an intrinsically transdisciplinary methodology.
Creativity for sustainable development?
Authors: Polynczuk-Alenius Kinga
Published: January 2018

Environmental degradation is one of the main challenges facing the modern world. Transition to sustainable development is often cited as a strategy to contain the situation. Arguably, nation-states cannot manage this shift alone. Therefore, individuals are urged to participate in the process of transition to sustainable development by acting sustainably in their capacity as consumers and citizens. Sustainable consumption is an essential way for consumers to contribute to sustainable development. This article examines the roles that the creative input of consumers in the zero-waste brand community on Facebook might play for consumers. The focus is placed on the two theoretical possibilities: manifestation of environmental citizenship and means of self-expression. Drawing on the ideas of individualisation of responsibility and political consumerism, the article explores the creative input of consumers in the zero-waste brand community as a potentially political form of advocacy for sustainable consumption and development. The article concludes that the creative input of consumers in the zero-waste brand community might be viewed as an impact-oriented pro-environmental behaviour, whose role is a combination of manifestation of environmental citizenship and means of self-expression. As such, it fits better with the framework of depoliticised alternative hedonism than political consumerism.
Becoming Homebaked
Authors: Jones Samantha
Published: January 2018

This paper examines the democratic co-production between the artist Jeanne Van Heeswijk, the Liverpool Biennial, local citizens and its local and global social network of members, as together they develop alternatives to cultural and economic regeneration. In a neighbourhood that has suffered from over a decade of stalled regeneration programmes, Homebaked is located on the high street just a few steps from the famous Liverpool Football Club. It was set up as the first UK urban Community Land Trust (CLT) to design customised housing, support social enterprises, enhance the wellbeing of the community and open a co-operative community-run bakery. Homebaked’s principle is one of creating value, both social and monetary, which stays within the neighbourhood and is invested back into its communities. With the economic support through its extensive social network implemented through its Kickstarter campaign, the local and worldwide members of Homebaked have learned how to take matters into their own hands. Drawing on over four years of embedded PhD research, 24 Notebooks and personal experience as a volunteer and CLT board member, this paper aims to make visible the continuous shifts between a tentative agonistic framework between art biennial, artist and creative citizens as cultural co-producers, as they challenge and influence local economic drivers. The paper questions if artists and biennial, with their local and international communities, are capable of creating an ‘agonistic public sphere’ (Mouffe, 2007), where they can address one another in the co-production of new cultural and economic infrastructures to create social change.
Creative Citizenship – two journeys, one destination
Authors: Hargreaves Ian , Hartley John
Published: January 2018

This paper is a representation of a live, audio-visual keynote address given at the Creative Citizens Conference in London (September 2014), co-presented by Hargreaves (IH) and Hartley (JH). It seeks to combine (i) autobiographical narrative storytelling – two of them, in fact; with (ii) an attempt to build concepts, themes and strategies out of that narrative, and how the two stories did indeed arrive at ‘one destination’; and (iii) plentiful use of visual prompts, combined with part-scripted, part-improvised dialogic commentary. This approach was risky on the day; it is even harder to render into two dimensions, not least because a vital element, the audience, cannot be represented in that format. Nevertheless, we offer the ‘paper’ as a record of how two intersecting lives and careers were both drawn to the ‘Creative Citizens’ idea, not only as a research problem but also as a component of the speakers’ own practice – one as a high profile journalist turned academic; the other as an academic with interests in alternative models of journalism. We think that our bio-trajectories are relevant to the way that the research project led by Hargreaves has been tackled.
Questionnaire Investigation on the Needs at Fuji City and its Sensibility Analysis Utilizing Bayesian Network
Authors: Aburai Tsuyoshi , Okubo Akane , Suzuki Daisuke , Takeyasu Kazuhiro
Published: January 2018

Shopping streets at local city in Japan became old and are generally declining. In this paper, we handle the area rebirth and/or regional revitalization of shopping street. We focus on Fuji city in Japan. Four big festivals are held at Fuji city. Many people visit these festivals including residents in that area. Therefore a questionnaire investigation to the residents and visitors is conducted during these periods in order to clarify residents and visitors’ needs for the shopping street, and utilize them to the plan building of the area rebirth and/or regional revitalization of shopping street. These are analyzed by using Bayesian Network. Sensitivity analysis is also conducted. As there are so many items, we focus on “The image of the surrounding area at this shopping street” and pick up former half and make sensitivity analysis in this paper. The analysis utilizing Bayesian Network enabled us to visualize the causal relationship among items. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis brought us estimating and predicting the prospective visitors. These are utilized for constructing a much more effective and useful plan building. We have obtained fruitful results. To confirm the findings by utilizing the new consecutive visiting records would be the future works to be investigated.
De beperkte reikwijdte van het Smallsteps-arrest
Authors: Spinath I.
Published: January 2018

De beperkte reikwijdte van het Smallsteps-arrest

Op het eerste gezicht lijkt het Smallsteps-arrest een aardverschuiving voor de voorbereide doorstart. Op het tweede gezicht is het effect slechts zeer beperkt.
Het special committee naar Amerikaans model bij openbare biedingen
Authors: Hezer P.L.
Published: January 2018

Het special committee naar Amerikaans model bij openbare biedingen

Deze bijdrage bespreekt het special committee vanuit zowel juridisch als praktisch perspectief, mede op basis van empirisch onderzoek. Hierbij wordt aandacht besteed aan de ontwikkeling van het special committee in de VS. Doel is richtsnoeren te geven voor het gebruik van special committees bij openbare biedingen op Nederlandse beursvennootschappen.
The Curricular Ethics Bowl
Authors: Merrick Allison , Green Rochelle , Cunningham Thomas , Eisenberg Leah , Hester D. Micah ,   Society for Ethics Across the Curriculum
Published: January 2018

Responding to research indicating unsettling results with regard to the ability of University students to recognize and reflect on questions of morality, this paper aims to discuss these issues and to introduce a promising mode of ethics instruction for overcoming such challenges. The Curricular Ethics Bowl (CEB) is a method of ethics education and assessment for a wide range of students and is a descendent of the Medical Ethics Bowl (MEB) (Merrick et al., “Introducing the Medical Ethics Bowl”). We seek in this article to show the similarities of CEB to MEB and to distinguish this model from the Intercollegiate Ethics Bowl (ICEB) sponsored by the Association for Professional and Practical Ethics (Landenson 2001). The CEB institutionalizes this mode of ethics education at the program, rather than at the individual course level, and shows advantages over other ethics curricula.
La Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada sur les pensionnats autochtones
Authors: Roussel Jean-François
Published: January 2018

La Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada (CVR) a traité abondamment du rôle des Églises dans le système des pensionnats autochtones et de leurs responsabilités pour surmonter cet héritage. La théologie est interpellée elle aussi par le rapport final de la CVR et par les implications de la « réconciliation ». Après avoir résumé l’histoire des pensionnats et expliqué l’origine de la CVR, nous rendons compte de ses résultats. Nous exposons les demandes que la CVR adresse spécifiquement aux Églises et aux coalitions oecuméniques. Nous examinons certaines critiques et mises en garde exprimées avant et pendant la CVR concernant le projet de réconciliation, les risques liés au mandat de la CVR et les aspects communicationnels des audiences. Nous engageons ensuite une réflexion théologique sur le thème de la réconciliation. En conclusion, nous proposons quelques pistes de réflexion pour le travail de la théologie après la CVR.
Les Églises, la théologie et les Autochtones
Authors: Andraos Michel
Published: January 2018

Le rapport final de la Commission de vérité et réconciliation (CVR) du Canada, et son Appels à l’action, ont porter à l’attention des théologiennes et théologiens la responsabilité éthique et théologique des églises et la théologie aux peuples autochtones, non seulement au Canada, mais aussi dans l’ensemble du continent et au-delà. Selon la CVR, la réconciliation exige la prise de responsabilité pour le passé et pour un nouveau départ basé sur le respect mutuel et une nouvelle relation décolonisée. Inspiré par le cadre analytique des penseurs décoloniaux, cet article soulève quelques questions à la théologie et aux églises et plaide en faveur de re-imaginer la relation avec les peuples autochtones. Une théologie en dialogue avec les mouvements de la résurgence des peuples autochtones et leur littérature, l’article soutient, pourrait ouvrir de nouvelles possibilités pour l’émergence d’une théologie décolonial qui contribuerait à la transformation des églises et leurs relations avec les Autochtones.
Le salut comme réconciliation
Authors: Richard Jean
Published: January 2018

L’article traite de notre réconciliation avec les Premières Nations du Canada. Nous nous situons là du côté de l’offensant face à l’offensé. Une première partie se réfère donc à Karl Jaspers dans son opuscule sur La culpabilité allemande, où il montre comment l’ouverture de la conscience à la culpabilité amorce un processus de purification et de réconciliation. D’un point de vue théologique, il en va de même chez Paul Tillich, où la conscience de l’aliénation conduit à la réconciliation avec Dieu dans le Christ. Ce qu’on trouve, chez saint Paul, appliqué à la réconciliation des deux peuples, les Juifs et les Grecs. Dans une troisième partie, l’article fait voir comment le conflit entre « Blancs » et « Amérindiens » consiste dans la polarité entre l’enracinement communautaire et l’universalisme des Lumières. La réconciliation souhaitée devra donc se faire par l’union de ces deux pôles dans toute existence humaine, communautaire aussi bien que personnelle. Une dernière partie porte sur la polarité et la réconciliation des deux types de religions : religion cosmique et religion de l’alliance avec un Dieu personnel.
La réconciliation comme mission
Authors: Brouillette André
Published: January 2018

Dans un décret présentant une vision de sa mission lors de la 35e congrégation générale, en 2008, la Compagnie de Jésus a choisi de manière singulière la notion théologique de réconciliation comme principe intégrateur. S’inscrivant dans une généalogie de décrets sur la mission depuis les années 1960, ce décret sur la réconciliation comme mission harmonise à frais nouveaux les notions de service de la foi et de promotion de la justice, qui avaient marqué la 32e congrégation générale (1974-75) et ses suites parfois conflictuelles, tout en en renforçant l’aspect holistique par l’ajout d’un troisième terme : la création. La notion de réconciliation fournit le cadre d’une relecture originale des fondements bibliques, historiques, spirituels et existentiels de la mission de cet ordre religieux, sur fond des tensions habitant le monde moderne. Au final, une nouvelle géographie de la mission se dégage, qui assigne une valeur différenciée aux frontières et aux agents de réconciliation qui y oeuvrent. L’usage très circonstancié de la notion de réconciliation pour rendre compte de la mission d’une communauté religieuse met ainsi en lumière la plasticité et la fécondité du concept même de réconciliation.
Les alliances interethniques en Afrique de l’Ouest
Authors: Loua Zaoro Hyacinthe
Published: January 2018

En Afrique de l’Ouest, l’alliance est un concept clé des relations sociales ou mieux des relations intercommunautaires et interethniques. L’introduction de ces « alliances interethniques » dans les processus de réconciliation sociopolitique permet de rejoindre non seulement les protagonistes des conflits, mais aussi les autres communautés qui leur sont liées par des alliances. Car la véritable réconciliation n’est possible que lorsqu’on est capable de se remettre en question, d’aller au-delà des liens biologiques, ethniques et régionaux pour dire la dure vérité aux frères et aux soeurs de même sang, voire aux géniteurs. Mais l’usage de ces alliances exige réactualisation et adaptation en vue d’en faire une « nouvelle stratégie » de réconciliation sociopolitique en Afrique de l’Ouest. Les acteurs de réconciliation ne devraient-ils pas dialoguer avec la sagesse des traditions religieuses locales ?
Rôle de la femme dans la société et dans l’Église
Authors: Tshibilondi Ngoyi Albertine
Published: January 2018

L’auteure examine le rôle de la femme africaine dans un continent marqué par les conflits, les guerres et le pillage de ses ressources naturelles. La population, et particulièrement les femmes confrontées à cette violence multiforme, aspire à la paix durable en Afrique. Elle s’interroge sur les actions concrètes et l’engagement de la communauté internationale, des États, des Églises, des communautés chrétiennes pour relever le défi de la paix, de la justice et de la réconciliation en Afrique.

Cette étude montre l’implication et la responsabilité des femmes dans la société africaine, précoloniale et dans une Afrique mondialisée en s’inspirant souvent du cas de la République démocratique du Congo. Malgré leur marginalisation, les Africaines sont créatrices et actrices incontournables dans tous les secteurs socio-économique, politique, culturel et religieux. L’auteure remet en question les mécanismes de subordination qui, dans un système patriarcal, freinent leur pleine participation dans l’Église comme dans la société. Elle souligne le rôle que les chrétiennes africaines dotées d’une solide formation humaine et théologique jouent et pourront davantage jouer dans l’Église en tant qu’actrices de paix, de justice et de réconciliation à la lumière du 2e synode africain. Le défi majeur qui reste à relever est celui de redéfinir, de façon nouvelle, leur place et leur prise de décision dans un partenariat hommes-femmes dans l’Église, en vue de la justice et la réconciliation durables du continent.
Entre le devoir de pardonner et le droit de ne pas pardonner
Authors: Demasure Karlijn , Nadeau Jean-Guy
Published: January 2018

Les auteurs abordent la question du pardon à partir de l’expérience des victimes d’abus sexuels qui la posent souvent d’une façon très aiguë. Le christianisme tient généralement le pardon pour un devoir chrétien, fondé sur une théologie qui considère la réconciliation comme le coeur de l’histoire de salut. Le Nouveau Testament porte un appel à pardonner qui ne peut être nié. Par contre, celui-ci ne va pas nécessairement sans condition ni en faisant abstraction du contexte de la faute ou de la relation. Opérant une étrange inversion de la dynamique du pardon, la psychologie considère de son côté les bienfaits du pardon pour celui ou celle qui le donne plus que pour celui ou celle qui le reçoit. La psychologie connaît aussi les longs cheminements et les impasses du pardon dont la théologie ne saurait faire abstraction. Cela appelle une théologie qui soit plus sensible à la justice et qui approche avec plus de retenue la question du pardon et de la réconciliation. Comme l’amour, le pardon est un don et il ne peut être forcé.

Le pardon n’est pas une obligation dont il faudrait se culpabiliser ou culpabiliser les victimes, souvent les plus faibles, de ne pas y répondre. Si la grâce de Dieu permet de pardonner là où la volonté et le pouvoir humains touchent à leurs limites, peut-être y a-t-il aussi une grâce qui permet de retenir le pardon jusqu’à ce que quelque chose change, voire une grâce qui permet de faire justice pour que la vie se poursuive en abondance.
Global opportunities for mariculture development to promote human nutrition
Authors: Liu Owen R , Molina Renato , Wilson Margaret , Halpern Benjamin S
Published: January 2018

An estimated two billion people worldwide currently suffer from micronutrient malnutrition, and almost one billion are calorie deficient. Providing adequate nutrition is a growing global challenge. Seafood is one of the most important sources of both protein and micronutrients for many, yet production from wild capture fisheries has stagnated. In contrast, aquaculture is the world’s fastest-growing food production sector, and now supplies over half of all seafood consumed globally. Mariculture, or the farming of brackish and marine species, accounts for roughly one-third of all aquaculture production and has received increasing attention as a potential supplement for wild-caught marine fisheries. By analyzing global patterns in seafood reliance, malnutrition levels, and economic opportunity, this study identifies where mariculture has the greatest potential to improve human nutrition. We calculate a mariculture opportunity index for 117 coastal nations by drawing on a diverse set of seafood production, trade, consumption, and nutrition data. Seventeen primary variables are combined into country-level scores for reliance on seafood, opportunity for nutritional improvement, and opportunity for economic development of mariculture. The final mariculture opportunity score identifies countries with high seafood reliance combined with high nutritional and economic opportunity scores. We find that island nations in Southeast Asia and the Caribbean are consistently identified as countries with high mariculture opportunity. In other regions, nutritional and economic opportunity scores are not significantly correlated, and we discuss the implications of this finding for crafting appropriate development policy. Finally, we identify key challenges to ameliorating malnutrition through mariculture development, including insufficient policy infrastructure, government instability, and ensuring local consumption of farmed fish. Our analysis is an important step towards prioritizing nations where the economic and nutritional benefits of expanding mariculture may be jointly captured.
The Meandering Margin of the Meteorological Moist Tropics
Authors: Mapes Brian E. , Chung Eui Seok , Hannah Walter M. , Masunaga Hirohiko , Wimmers Anthony J. , Velden Christopher S.
Published: January 2018

Bimodally distributed column water vapor (CWV) indicates a well‐defined moist regime in the Tropics, above a margin value near 48 kg m−2 in current climate (about 80% of column saturation). Maps reveal this margin as a meandering, sinuous synoptic contour bounding broad plateaus of the moist regime. Within these plateaus, convective storms of distinctly smaller convective and mesoscales occur sporadically. Satellite data composites across the poleward most margin reveal its sharpness, despite the crude averaging: precipitation doubles within 100 km, marked by both enhancement and deepening of cloudiness. Transported patches and filaments of the moist regime cause consequential precipitation events within and beyond the Tropics. Distinguishing synoptic flows that cross the margin from flows that move the margin is made possible by a novel satellite‐based Lagrangian CWV tendency estimate. Climate models do not reliably reproduce the observed bimodal distribution, so studying the moist mode's maintenance processes and the margin‐zone air mass transformations, guided by the Lagrangian tendency product, might importantly constrain model moist process treatments.
MLT Plasmapause Characteristics: Comparison Between THEMIS Observations and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Verbanac Giuli , Bandić Mario , Pierrard Viviane , Cho Junghee
Published: January 2018

We perform a statistical comparison of the global behavior of the THEMIS observed and simulated plasmapause in the geomagnetic equatorial plane. Simulation is based on the interchange instability mechanism. Analyzing plasmapause positions (LPPs) from the period July 2008 to December 2012, we derived formation and propagation characteristics of the main plasmapause, which reflect the most probable global plasmapause behavior. The results suggest a global eastward azimuthal plasmapause propagation and a radial plasmapause motion limited to the 21–07 MLT sector. The formation of the plasmapause takes place with the highest probability at postmidnight. It is likely that the erosion occurs in a range of MLTs simultaneously. On the dayside, the plasmapause moves almost entirely azimuthally. We suggest that the plasmapause propagates azimuthally with a mean angular velocity close to the corotation speed at all MLTs, at least during periods of lower geomagnetic activity. The results also show that the experimental plasmapause characteristics are in accordance with the interchange instability mechanism. Along with the proposed suggestions for future works, this study contributes to making a further step toward resolving some of the long‐lasting, unresolved issues related to plasmapause dynamics.
Nonlinear Wave‐Particle Interaction: Implications for Newborn Planetary and Backstreaming Proton Velocity Distribution Functions
Authors: Romanelli N. , Mazelle C. , Meziane K.
Published: January 2018

Seen from the solar wind (SW) reference frame, the presence of newborn planetary protons upstream from the Martian and Venusian bow shocks and SW protons reflected from each of them constitutes two sources of nonthermal proton populations. In both cases, the resulting proton velocity distribution function is highly unstable and capable of giving rise to ultralow frequency quasi‐monochromatic electromagnetic plasma waves. When these instabilities take place, the resulting nonlinear waves are convected by the SW and interact with nonthermal protons located downstream from the wave generation region (upstream from the bow shock), playing a predominant role in their dynamics. To improve our understanding of these phenomena, we study the interaction between a charged particle and a large‐amplitude monochromatic circularly polarized electromagnetic wave propagating parallel to a background magnetic field, from first principles. We determine the number of fix points in velocity space, their stability, and their dependence on different wave‐particle parameters. Particularly, we determine the temporal evolution of a charged particle in the pitch angle‐gyrophase velocity plane under nominal conditions expected for backstreaming protons in planetary foreshocks and for newborn planetary protons in the upstream regions of Venus and Mars. In addition, the inclusion of wave ellipticity effects provides an explanation for pitch angle distributions of suprathermal protons observed at the Earth's foreshock, reported in previous studies. These analyses constitute a mean to evaluate if nonthermal proton velocity distribution functions observed at these plasma environments present signatures that can be understood in terms of nonlinear wave‐particle processes.
The Magnetic Field Structure of Mercury's Magnetotail
Authors: Rong Z. J. , Ding Y. , Slavin J. A. , Zhong J. , Poh G. , Sun W. J. , Wei Y. , Chai L. H. , Wan W. X. , Shen C.
Published: January 2018

In this study, we use the magnetic field data measured by MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging from 2011 to 2015 to investigate the average magnetic field morphology of Mercury's magnetotail in the down tail 0–3 RM (RM = 2,440 km, Mercury's radius). It is found that Mercury has a terrestrial‐like magnetotail; the magnetic field structure beyond 1.5 RM down tail is stretched significantly with typical lobe field 50 nT. A cross‐tail current sheet separating the antiparallel field lines of lobes is present in the equatorial plane. The magnetotail width in north‐south direction is about 5 RM, while the transverse width is about 4 RM. Thus, the magnetotail shows elongation along the north‐south direction. At the cross‐tail current sheet center, the normal component of magnetic field (10–20 nT) is much larger than the cross‐tail component. The lobe‐field‐aligned component of magnetic field over current sheet can be well fitted by Harris sheet model. The curvature radius of field lines at sheet center usually reaches a minimum around midnight (100–200 km) with stronger current density (40–50 nA/m2), while the curvature radius increases toward both flanks (400–600 km) with the decreased current density (about 20 nA/m2). The half‐thickness of current sheet around midnight is about 0.25 RM or 600 km, and the inner edge of current sheet is located at the down tail about 1.5 RM. Our results about the field structure in the near Mercury's tail show an evident dawn‐dusk asymmetry as that found in the Earth's magnetotail, but reasons should be different. Possible reasons are discussed.
Temporal Variability of Atomic Hydrogen From the Mesopause to the Upper Thermosphere
Authors: Qian Liying , Burns Alan G. , Solomon Stan S. , Smith Anne K. , McInerney Joseph M. , Hunt Linda A. , Marsh Daniel R. , Liu Hanli , Mlynczak Martin G. , Vitt Francis M.
Published: January 2018

We investigate atomic hydrogen (H) variability from the mesopause to the upper thermosphere, on time scales of solar cycle, seasonal, and diurnal, using measurements made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics satellite, and simulations by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model‐eXtended (WACCM‐X). In the mesopause region (85 to 95 km), the seasonal and solar cycle variations of H simulated by WACCM‐X are consistent with those from SABER observations: H density is higher in summer than in winter, and slightly higher at solar minimum than at solar maximum. However, mesopause region H density from the Mass‐Spectrometer‐Incoherent‐Scatter (National Research Laboratory Mass‐Spectrometer‐Incoherent‐Scatter 00 (NRLMSISE‐00)) empirical model has reversed seasonal variation compared to WACCM‐X and SABER. From the mesopause to the upper thermosphere, H density simulated by WACCM‐X switches its solar cycle variation twice, and seasonal dependence once, and these changes of solar cycle and seasonal variability occur in the lower thermosphere (~95 to 130 km), whereas H from NRLMSISE‐00 does not change solar cycle and seasonal dependence from the mesopause through the thermosphere. In the upper thermosphere (above 150 km), H density simulated by WACCM‐X is higher at solar minimum than at solar maximum, higher in winter than in summer, and also higher during nighttime than daytime. The amplitudes of these variations are on the order of factors of ~10, ~2, and ~2, respectively. This is consistent with NRLMSISE‐00.
An Assessment of Tropospheric Water Vapor Feedback Using Radiative Kernels
Authors: Liu Run , Su Hui , Liou Kuo‐Nan , Jiang Jonathan H. , Gu Yu , Liu Shaw Chen , Shiu Chein‐Jung
Published: January 2018

Water vapor feedbacks on different time scales are investigated using radiative kernels applied to the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder and Microwave Limb Sounder satellite observations, as well as the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 model simulation results. We show that the magnitude of short‐term global water vapor feedback based on observed interannual variations from 2004 to 2016 is 1.55 ± 0.23 W m−2 K−1, while model‐simulated results derived from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 runs driven by observed sea surface temperature range from 0.99 to 1.75 W m−2 K−1, with a multimodel mean of 1.40 W m−2 K−1. The long‐term water vapor feedbacks derived from the quadrupling of CO2 runs range from 1.47 to 2.03 W m−2 K−1, higher than the short‐term counterparts. The systematic difference between short‐term and long‐term water vapor feedbacks illustrates that care should be taken when inferring long‐term feedbacks from interannual variabilities. Also, the magnitudes of the short‐term and long‐term feedbacks are closely correlated (R = 0.66) across the models, implying that the observed short‐term water vapor feedback could be used to constrain the simulated long‐term water vapor feedback. Based on satellite observations, the inferred long‐term water vapor feedback is about 1.85 ± 0.32 W m−2 K−1.
Response of Surface Temperature to Afforestation in the Kubuqi Desert, Inner Mongolia
Authors: Wang Liming , Lee Xuhui , Schultz Natalie , Chen Shiping , Wei Zhongwang , Fu Congsheng , Gao Yunqiu , Yang Yanzheng , Lin Guanghui
Published: January 2018

In this study, micrometeorological observations in a shrub ecosystem and an adjacent poplar plantation forest ecosystem in the Kubuqi Desert, Inner Mongolia, China, are used to evaluate the theory of intrinsic biophysical mechanism (IBPM) and to investigate the biophysical effects of afforestation. Results indicate that after forcing energy balance closure to the observed fluxes, the IBPM theory agrees very well with the observed temporal variations in the surface temperature and with the observed temperature difference between the paired sites at the half‐hourly time scale. Afforestation activity in this dryland landscape has a cooling effect (−0.5 ± 0.2 K) in the daytime in all the seasons and a warming effect (0.2 ± 0.1 K) in the nighttime during the winter, spring and, autumn but a cooling effect (−1.0 ± 0.3 K) in the summer at night. These temperature changes are decomposed into contributions from changes in surface albedo, surface roughness, Bowen ratio, and ground heat flux. Comparison is made between the IBPM theory and the theory of the decomposed temperature metric.
Seasonal Variability of Xe‐133 Global Atmospheric Background: Characterization and Implications for the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty
Authors: Generoso S. , Achim P. , Morin M. , Gross P. , Le Petit G. , Moulin C.
Published: January 2018

Global simulations of the atmospheric dispersion of worldwide industrial Xe‐133 releases have revealed a large spatial and day‐to‐day variability of the resulting so‐called Xe‐133 atmospheric background. Most stations of the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the Comprehensive nuclear‐Test‐Ban Treaty Organization actually detect Xe‐133 regularly. Measured levels are explained by a varying combination of local and distant industrial sources and can interfere with discrimination of nuclear test signatures. Therefore, a better understanding of the Xe‐133 atmospheric background is needed. In this study, a validated 2 year simulation data set and a 4 year measurement data set of Xe‐133 activity concentrations have been analyzed in order to characterize possible seasonal variations of the Xe‐133 atmospheric background due to atmospheric circulation, with a focus on (i) global distributions, (ii) occurrences of detections by the IMS network, and (iii) time series of monthly averages at IMS stations. Results show a larger spatial extent of the atmospheric background during winter months, which translates into a larger number of detections on the IMS network during winter months for both hemispheres. Some IMS stations present a significant seasonal variability in terms of levels, or both in terms of levels and origins. However, not all IMS stations are subject to seasonal variations, given their location with respect to sources and large‐scale atmospheric circulation. In addition, a first set of predicted information about expected levels of atmospheric background at IMS stations not yet operational is provided, given the current knowledge of sources.
Parameterization Interactions in Global Aquaplanet Simulations
Authors: Bhattacharya Ritthik , Bordoni Simona , Suselj Kay , Teixeira João
Published: January 2018

Global climate simulations rely on parameterizations of physical processes that have scales smaller than the resolved ones. In the atmosphere, these parameterizations represent moist convection, boundary layer turbulence and convection, cloud microphysics, longwave and shortwave radiation, and the interaction with the land and ocean surface. These parameterizations can generate different climates involving a wide range of interactions among parameterizations and between the parameterizations and the resolved dynamics. To gain a simplified understanding of a subset of these interactions, we perform aquaplanet simulations with the global version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model employing a range (in terms of properties) of moist convection and boundary layer (BL) parameterizations. Significant differences are noted in the simulated precipitation amounts, its partitioning between convective and large‐scale precipitation, as well as in the radiative impacts. These differences arise from the way the subcloud physics interacts with convection, both directly and through various pathways involving the large‐scale dynamics and the boundary layer, convection, and clouds. A detailed analysis of the profiles of the different tendencies (from the different physical processes) for both potential temperature and water vapor is performed. While different combinations of convection and boundary layer parameterizations can lead to different climates, a key conclusion of this study is that similar climates can be simulated with model versions that are different in terms of the partitioning of the tendencies: the vertically distributed energy and water balances in the tropics can be obtained with significantly different profiles of large‐scale, convection, and cloud microphysics tendencies.
Use of Flood Seasonality in Pooling‐Group Formation and Quantile Estimation: An Application in Great Britain
Authors: Formetta Giuseppe , Bell Victoria , Stewart Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

Regional flood frequency analysis is one of the most commonly applied methods for estimating extreme flood events at ungauged sites or locations with short measurement records. It is based on: (i) the definition of a homogeneous group (pooling‐group) of catchments, and on (ii) the use of the pooling‐group data to estimate flood quantiles. Although many methods to define a pooling‐group (pooling schemes, PS) are based on catchment physiographic similarity measures, in the last decade methods based on flood seasonality similarity have been contemplated. In this paper, two seasonality‐based PS are proposed and tested both in terms of the homogeneity of the pooling‐groups they generate and in terms of the accuracy in estimating extreme flood events. The method has been applied in 420 catchments in Great Britain (considered as both gauged and ungauged) and compared against the current Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH) PS. Results for gauged sites show that, compared to the current PS, the seasonality‐based PS performs better both in terms of homogeneity of the pooling‐group and in terms of the accuracy of flood quantile estimates. For ungauged locations, a national‐scale hydrological model has been used for the first time to quantify flood seasonality. Results show that in 75% of the tested locations the seasonality‐based PS provides an improvement in the accuracy of the flood quantile estimates. The remaining 25% were located in highly urbanized, groundwater‐dependent catchments. The promising results support the aspiration that large‐scale hydrological models complement traditional methods for estimating design floods.
Serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) protein in human colostrum
Authors: Sack George H. , Zachara Natasha , Rosenblum Nadine , Talbot C. Conover , Kreimer Simion , Cole Robert , McDonald Thomas L.
Published: January 2018

Proteins of the serum amyloid A (SAA) family have been remarkably conserved in evolution. Their biologic function(s) are not fully defined but they are likely to be a part of primordial host defense. We have detected a ∼ 12‐kDa protein reacting with antibodies against serum amyloid A (SAA) in human colostrum by western blotting. Mass spectrometry identified the reactive species as SAA1, previously identified as a prominent member of the acute‐phase response in serum. Our finding SAA1 in human colostrum contrasts with bovine, caprine and ovine colostrum where a species corresponding to putative SAA3 is uniformly present. SAA1 protein in human colostrum presumably contributes to neonatal protection.
Advocacy
Authors: Yazan Bedrettin , Rudolph Nathanael
Published: January 2018

This entry presents a critical discussion of the concept of advocacy with respect to the inequitable professional relations stemming from the discourse of native speaker in the global field of English language teaching (ELT). It attempts to capture the intricacies of various apprehensions of advocacy in ELT that are based on different worldviews. Conceptualizing advocacy as part of ELT practitioners' professional identities, this entry highlights the need for the efforts of advocacy as agentive and transformative action to address inequitable relations in ELT as a profession. Finally, it provides some pedagogical implications for advocacy as individual and organizational efforts, particularly regarding the ways for individuals and organizations to transform identities to integrate advocacy and agency as part of who they are personally and professionally.
Discrimination and Discriminatory Practices Against
NNESTs
Authors: Kiczkowiak Marek , Wu Ana
Published: January 2018

Since the native speaker fallacy, or the view that native English speakers (NS) are the ideal teachers, vastly superior to non‐native speakers (NNS) appeared in the research, many studies have shown that students do not necessarily value teachers based on their mother tongue, and that both NSs and NNSs have strengths and weaknesses in their individual contexts when it comes to teaching English. This entry will summarize how the NS fallacy legitimizes discriminatory practices against both native English‐speaking teachers (NESTs) and non‐native English‐speaking teachers (NNESTs), discuss its implications, and suggest what can be done to achieve a greater equality in the TESOL profession.
Identity and
NNESTs
Authors: Yazan Bedrettin
Published: January 2018

This entry presents a critical discussion of non‐native English speaker teachers' (NNESTs) professional identities traditionally defined on the basis of these teachers' linguistic competence. It attempts to capture the complexities of NNESTs' identity development by centering on the impacts of dominant English language teaching (ELT) discourses, English language learning experiences, and professional contexts. Conceiving of identity formation as a situated, dynamic, and ever‐shifting process with numerous ebbs and flows, it highlights NNESTs' negotiation of meanings for self‐designation and external recognition. It also presents some pedagogical implications of their identities, particularly about the ways NNESTs can adopt empowered agentive identities as ELT practitioners, via transformative tools of narrative.
NNEST Lens: Implications and Directions
Authors: Mahboob Ahmar
Published: January 2018

After defining the non‐native English‐speaking teacher (NNEST) lens, this entry situates the NNEST movement within the larger critical movement in the social sciences. It outlines the development of the field and reviews some of the key threads of research in this area. The entry then considers how the NNEST lens can be used to critically review and encourage inclusive research in TESOL, teacher education, linguistics, and applied linguistics.
Declarative Versus Procedural Knowledge
Authors: Salaberry M. Rafael
Published: January 2018

Declarative and procedural memory systems underlie two distinct types of knowledge, labeled declarative and procedural knowledge. The distinction between these memory/knowledge systems is useful in understanding how second language (L2) learners process L2 input data and how they convert such information into intake for their evolving interlanguage.
Deductive Versus Inductive Teaching
Authors: Fleming Douglas
Published: January 2018

This entry outlines the connections between inductive and deductive approaches to grammar instruction. It frames this issue by briefly noting how these concepts have been utilized in general education, the connections these approaches have to implicit and explicit instruction and their relationship to interface positions. A case is made for the centrality of this issue through a more detailed examination of how key theoretical and research considerations have been dealt with in the history of the field. A discussion of the concrete pedagogical implications concludes this entry.
Discovery‐Based Instruction
Authors: Tomlinson Brian
Published: January 2018

Discovery‐based instruction has recently attracted significant attention in the field of L2 teaching. For the past 35 years, discovery‐based instruction has been an important part of the author's teaching of English as an L2 in many different countries. This has involved “educating” students and other teachers in an approach that is unconventional and demanding but principled, and potentially very rewarding too. It is an approach based on educational principles that advocate experiential learning and on theories of language acquisition that focus on the importance of the learner's noticing how his/her target language is actually used and achieving psychological readiness for acquisition. From samples of language provided by their teacher or found by themselves, the learners are asked to find out how the target language is used. This entry defines discovery‐based instruction, specifies the theoretical principles on which it is based, and describes and exemplifies different ways in which it can be used.
Errors Versus Mistakes
Authors: Nassaji Hossein
Published: January 2018

The accuracy of learner language and what factors affect it have long been a topic of interest and importance in the field of SLA. To study this phenomenon, in the literature, a distinction has often been made between
errors
and
mistakes
. Errors are defined as deviations that are competence‐based and occur as a result of a lack of knowledge. Mistakes, however, are performance‐related and occur even though the learner has the knowledge. This entry discusses this distinction and examines its theoretical, empirical, and pedagogical significance.
Input Versus Intake
Authors: Wong Wynne
Published: January 2018

Two essential constructs for understanding second language acquisition (SLA) areinputandintake. While related, these constructs are not the same. Scholars agree that input is a necessary ingredient for SLA, but the nature of intake is less clear. Furthermore, a consensus is lacking in regards to the mechanisms that are involved in the conversion of input to intake. This entry reviews how input and intake have been conceptualized in SLA research, discusses different perspectives on how input becomes intake, and concludes with pedagogical implications.