bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electoral Politics in Pakistan (Elections 2013): A Case Study of District Muzaffar Garh
Authors: Khan Fariha Khalid , Musarrat Razia
Published: December 2014

Elections make a fundamental contribution to democratic governance. In democracies political decisions are made directly by the citizens of the country. Elections serve as forum for the discussion of public issues and facilitate the expression of public opinion. Electoral politics is a figurative form of political participation. Success and failure of political institutions depends upon the political awareness of people and the process of electoral politics is the subject of free, fair and transparent elections. Like her counterparts Pakistan has election process defined by constitution. The electoral process in Pakistan was not regular and transparent but last three elections 2002, 2008 and 2013 were held according to the constitution.  In Pakistan elections and political process are dominated by the political personalities. Although there are multiparty system but people mostly preferred two main parties like PPP and PML-N but it is positive that third party PTI was emerged in country as third largest party of Pakistan. The study focuses on the 2013 elections and behavior of people of district Muzaffar Garh of Punjab. The purpose of this study is to observe the electoral politics at micro level in Pakistan.
USO DE AISLAMIENTOS ENDOFÍTICOS DE Trichoderma spp., PARA EL BIOCONTROL DEL MAL DE PANAMÁ (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense) RAZA 1 EN VITROPLANTAS DE BANANO DEL CULTIVAR GROS MICHEL (AAA) EN CONDICIONES DE INVERNADERO
Authors: Hernández Álvaro José Caballero , Pocasangre Enamorado Luis Ernesto , Casanoves Fernando , Avelino Jacques , Tapia Fernández Ana Cecilia , Luis Ortiz Juan
Published: December 2014

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue seleccionar aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp., para el biocontrol de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense raza 1. Se evaluaron los tres aislamientos más patogénicos FOC2, FOC4, FOC8 obtenidos del criobanco del Laboratorio de Fitopatología del CATIE, en una prueba de antibiosis y posteriormente se procedió a realizar la prueba de biocontrol con veinte aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp. y dos aislamientos FOC2 y FOC4 en vitroplantas de Gros Michel (AAA) en condiciones de invernadero. Por medio de la técnica de cocultivo veinte aislados de Trichoderma spp., inhibieron el crecimiento radial de FOC hasta en un 53,46%. En el bioensayo de biocontrol, los aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp., presentaron un mínimo porcentaje de incidencia con 37,5% del tratamiento TJ5, en comparación al testigo absoluto que no presentó incidencia. Así mismo los tratamientos TC9, TP3 y TCL1 redujeron desde un 92% hasta 90% los síntomas externos en comparación a los testigos referenciales. Los síntomas internos del cormo se redujeron hasta un 74% por el tratamiento TC9. Adicionalmente se detectó que plantas protegidas con los aislamientos endofíticos de Trichoderma spp., promovieron el crecimiento vegetativo de la planta en peso de la raíz y follaje. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/calera.v13i20.1620
DIVERSIDAD DE AVES EN OCHO COMUNIDADES DEL TERRITORIO MISKITU INDIAN TASBAISKA KUM, RESERVA DE BIOSFERA BOSAWAS, NICARAGUA
Authors: Garmendia Zapata Miguel , Noguera Talavera Álvaro , Toval Herrera Nelson , Chévez Tania , Castillo Velia
Published: December 2014

La introducción de ganado en las áreas tradicionalmente agrícolas en el territorio Miskitu Indian Tasbaiska Kum ha influido en una modificación en su orden territorial para dar cabida a éste nuevo rubro por parte de sus habitantes. Es comúnmente conocido que la ganadería es una de las actividades productivas más incompatibles con el bosque y la conservación de los elementos dentro de éste último, pero la rotación de las áreas de cultivo y pastoreo, y el uso de sistemas silvopastoriles podría reducir el impacto hacia los ambientes naturales. Con este estudio se plantea determinar la diversidad biológica de avifauna en los sistemas silvopastoriles ubicados en las cercanías de ocho comunidades del territorio Miskitu Indian Tasbaiska Kum, con el fin de determinar su potencial para preservar aves, en especial, aves de importancia para la conservación nacional. Para lograr los objetivos se realizó conteos de aves mediante el uso de puntos de conteo por comunidad, en las áreas donde suele llevarse a pastorear al ganado. En el estudio se invirtieron tres días por comunidad y se realizaron al menos dos observaciones por día, una entre las 06:00-10:00 y otra entre las 16:00 – 18:00. Con los datos obtenidos se calculó diferentes parámetros de diversidad biológica. Como resultado se observó un total de 423 individuos los cuales están agrupados en 67 especies y 27 familias. Las especies de aves más abundantes fueron: Brotogeris jugularis, Ramphocelus passerinii y Amazona auropaliata. Las comunidades Amarrana, Shiminka y Yakalpanani son las que registraron los mayores valores de los parámetros de biodiversidad. Se determinaron 14 especies en algún grado de conservación según la lista de los apéndices de CITES para Nicaragua y las listas del Sistema Nacional de Vedas 2012, entre éstas se incluyen Brotogeris jugularis y Amazona au- ropaliata, las cuales resultaron también abundantes. La comunidad que concentró la mayor cantidad de aves en algún estado de conservación fue Yakalpanani. Las especies de plantas asociadas con la mayor diversidad de aves fueron especies de estadíos tempranos de sucesión como: Cecropia peltata, Inga sp, Guazuma ulmifolia y Muntingia calabura. Aunque Yakalpanani es una de las comunidades más grandes, comparado con Boca de Plis, la ubicación de su área de pastoreo entre masas boscosas conservadas ha garantizado que los parámetros de diversidad biológica hayan resultado significativamente mayores en ésta, dado a una conectividad hasta el momento poco irrumpida. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/calera.v13i20.1622
EVALUACIÓN DE VARIABLES DASOMÉTRICAS DE REBROTES EN Eucalyptus camaldulensis DEHNH, EN LA FINCA EL PLANTEL, NINDIRI, MASAYA
Authors: Reyes Flores Francisco Giovanni , Membreño Morales Juan José , Chávez Lovo Yelsy Adlleris
Published: December 2014

El estudio de evaluación de la capacidad de rebrote de Eucaliptus camaldulensis Dehnh, tuvo como objetivo evaluar el comportamiento de los rebrotes en plantaciones a través de la aplicación de tratamiento silviculturales de poda en áreas que han sido aprovechadas. La metodología consistió en establecer un recorrido de campo en la plantación de eucalipto en la unidad experimental finca El Plantel, con el propósito de seleccionar áreas para el establecimiento de parcelas en áreas que habían sido aprovechadas anteriormente. Una vez seleccionadas las parcelas se procedió a la selección de los rebrotes, de los cuales se dejaron los más vigorosos y que tuviesen un fuste recto, se seleccionaron los tres mejores ejes de los tocones. La toma de datos en el campo se realizó evaluando las siguientes variables: altura del tocón mayor de 20 cm, altura del tocón menor de 20 cm, diámetro del tocón de15 cm, y diámetro del tocón entre 15 a 20 cm. Los tratamientos silviculturales tuvieron influencia en el incremento del crecimiento en diámetro y altura en los rebrotes, la limpieza de la maleza, eliminación de lianas y raleo de rebrotes, favoreciéndolos al no existir competencia para los rebrotes seleccionados. De acuerdo al análisis estadístico t-Studen la variable tocón menor de 20 cm de altura, es la mejor variable para la realización de futuro manejo de rebrotes. La sobrevivencia en las parcelas establecidas independientemente de las cuatro variables que se aplicaron, es buena según la clasificación utilizada en el experimento. Se recomienda seguir aplicando tratamientos silviculturales para un mejor rendimiento en el crecimiento tanto en diámetro y altura de los rebrotes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/calera.v13i20.1623
ADOPCIÓN DEL PASTO Brachiaria brizantha CIAT 6780 CV MARANDÚ EN CUATRO MUNICIPIOS DE MATAGALPA, NICARAGUA
Authors: Blandón Jorge , Hernández Néstor , Rivera Karina , Mendieta-Araica Bryan
Published: December 2014

La ganadería bovina constituye un rubro muy importante en la sociedad nicaragüense, esta se basa principalmente en pastos y forrajes, lo que la vuelve frágil ante los cambios en distribución del hato ganadero, malas prácticas pecuarias y cambio climático. Como una alternativa para mejorar los sistemas de producción se ha investigado mucho en las gramíneas del género Brachiarias, sin embargo, si no hay adopción de las mismas, todo esfuerzo es en vano. Este estudio identificó que los factores socioeconómicos más importantes en los municipios de Matiguás, Rio Blanco, Muy Muy y Paiwas para la adopción del pasto Marandú son: Presencia de proyectos en la zona, topografía, resistencia del pasto a la sequía, asistencia técnica, nivel de escolaridad y que en productores donde confluyan estos factores la probabilidad de adopción es del 95%. Para llegar a estos resultados se hicieron encuestas a 130 productores de los municipios mencionados y se analizaron mediante un modelo logit, donde la variable independiente era adopción y las dependientes se agruparon en características del productor, del sistema, del pasto y factores externos. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/calera.v13i20.1633
NICARAGUA: POTENCIAL FARO REGIONAL PARA EL DISEÑO Y EVALUACIÓN DE AGROECOSISTEMAS AGROECOLÓGICOS
Authors: Salazar-Centeno Dennis
Published: December 2014

En este artículo se expresa la imperiosa necesidad de convertir los sistemas de producción convencionales en fincas agroecológicas como alternativa para que la nueva empresa agraria garantice la implementación de buenas prácticas productivas y de manufactura que contribuyan a ofrecer productos de calidad e inocuos y servicios con un enfoque de calidad total. Desde esta perspectiva, la Universidad Nacional Agraria oferta un programa de formación de talentos humanos a diferentes niveles en agroecología, que consta de cinco grandes proyectos. También, se expresa el andamiaje jurídico nacional actual para implementar la política de la producción agroecológica y orgánica, así como los pasos para el diseño y evaluación de sistemas agroecológicos del presente siglo, cuyos tópicos son: grupos y características de agro ecosistemas, tipos de agro ecosistemas complejos o diversificados, biodiversidad a considerar para el diseño de sistemas diversificados sostenibles en el trópico, ejes a considerar para el diseño de sistemas diversificados sostenibles en el trópico que incluya un manejo integral de los recursos naturales, procesos para el diseño de sistemas diversificados sostenibles en el trópico, pasos y herramientas para el diseño de sistemas diversificados sostenibles en el trópico oferentes de bienes y servicios a la sociedad, ejemplos de sistemas diversificados sostenibles en el trópico oferentes de bienes y servicios, desafíos para el diseño de sistemas diversificados sostenibles en el trópico y la evaluación de sistemas diversificados sostenibles. El propósito es fomentar una agricultura resiliente al cambio climático, productiva y eficiente (energética, económica y biodiversa), pero también que garantice la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/calera.v13i20.1634
The Challenge of Empirical Method to Labour Law Theory and Practice
Authors: Deakin Simon F.
Published: December 2014

The Challenge of Empirical Method to Labour Law Theory and Practice

The aim of the paper is to consider the significance for labour law theory and practice of empirical research into the operation and effects of this branch of law. It will be argued that empirical research has an important role to play in the methodology of labour law, even if it is ancillary, much of the time, to doctrinal approaches. Secondly, and relatedly, the paper will address the historical role of empirical research in the shaping of labour law as a field distinct from both private law and public law, and, in particular, as transcending the categories of property and contract that were inherited from the individualist private law of the nineteenth century. The third and last theme of the paper is that of the role of empirical research in addressing contemporary issues of labour law doctrine and policy.
Hoe beelden eren: zoektocht naar betekenisgeving
Authors: Vanderveen Gabry
Published: December 2014

How images honor: A search for meaning

Images can honour and dishonour people. But they only do so when that specific meaning is assigned to the image. This article shows that the meaning of images is dynamic and subjective in nature, using three analytical dimensions: content, format and context. These three dimensions are explored in two series of images: painted portraits of deceased American soldiers and photographs of posters of Palestinian suicide bombers. Whether these images are honouring or dishonouring the people portrayed depends on the viewer who constructs their meaning. This not only gives the creator and distributor a (moral) responsibility, but the viewer as well.
Trauma en eer: een explosieve mix
Authors: van Ee Elisa
Published: December 2014

Trauma and honour: an explosive mix

Honour-related emotions such as shame, guilt, anger, distrust and pride play a critical role in regulating the response to a traumatic event and the severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Crimes with the intent to cause harm to a person include, to a greater or lesser extent, a component to overpower and humiliate. Such traumatic experiences can, especially in more collectivist cultures, lead to a complex mix of posttraumatic guilt and shame. In order to restore honour, posttraumatic shame or guilt can lead to violence. Together with posttraumatic stress symptoms such as flashbacks and hyperarousal it may even lead to excessive violence.
Handhaving in de nieuwe Omgevingswet
Authors: Stoové M.C. , Biezeveld G.A.
Published: December 2014

Handhaving in de nieuwe Omgevingswet: Meer dan de zinnen verzetten?

In dit artikel wordt het wetsvoorstel voor de Omgevingswet beoordeeld op de aspecten van handhaving. Auteurs betogen dat de regering onvoldoende lering heeft getrokken uit fouten in het verleden. Daardoor laat de Omgevingswet een kans liggen op een fundamentele koerswijziging in de handhaving van het omgevingsrecht.
Milieuaansprakelijkheid en zorgplichten in de Omgevingswet
Authors: van der Veen G.A.
Published: December 2014

Milieuaansprakelijkheid en zorgplichten in de Omgevingswet: Oratie Rijksuniversiteit Groningen

Deze bijdrage is de licht aangepaste schriftelijke versie van de rede uitgesproken bij de openbare aanvaarding van het ambt van bijzonder hoogleraar Milieurecht aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op 14 oktober 2014. De auteur gaat in op de samenloop van grondslagen om milieuschade te verhalen bij de burger zoals milieuaansprakelijkheid, algemene zorgplichten en bijzondere wettelijke regelingen. In het wetsvoorstel voor de Omgevingswet blijft deze veelheid aan instrumenten bestaan.
Biomass measurement of living Lumbriculus variegatus with impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Sammer Martina , Laarhoven Bob , Mejias Ernest , Yntema Doekle , Fuchs Elmar C. , Holler Gert , Brasseur Georg , Lankmayr Ernst
Published: December 2014

Impedance spectroscopy is a useful tool for non-invasive and real time measurements of cell suspensions and a variety of biological tissues. The objective of this study was the investigation of the dielectric properties of living aquatic worms (Lumbriculus variegatus) using impedance spectroscopy in a frequency range between 100 Hz and 10 MHz. We demonstrate a linear relation between the worm biomass and the phase response of the signal thereby providing a quick and precise method to determine the biomass of aquatic worms in situ. Possible applications for non-destructive online biomass monitoring of aquatic worms and other aqueous organisms are discussed. Furthermore, we show that groups of worms fed different diets can be distinguished by the method presented. These results reveal a close relationship between the nutritional composition of the worms and the measured phase response. We also demonstrate that the phase response at 90 kHz does not depend on the worm size. In contrast, the response function for the signal at 440 Hz reveals a linear correlation of average individual worm size and phase. Therefore, we conclude that the measured phase response at 90 kHz qualifies as a measure of the total amount of worm biomass present in the measuring cell, whereas the phase measurement at 440 Hz can be used to estimate the average individual worm size.
Introducción
Authors: Velasco Honorio , López García Julián
Published: December 2014

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Otra vez sobre el sincretismo
Authors: Gutiérrez Estévez Manuel
Published: December 2014

Este texto es una nueva reflexión sobre el sentido del sincretismo entre pueblos indígenas de América. Frente a la opinión extendida de que estos pueblos son el ejemplo más claro de sincretismo, se defiende la idea de que las sociedades indígenas no han formado culturas sincréticas sino que las distintas tradiciones presentes en ellas (la cristiana y la «pagana») están claramente diferenciadas y cumplen funciones distintas.
Los nuevos escenarios rurales: de la agricultura a la multifuncionalidad
Authors: Aguilar Criado Encarnación
Published: December 2014

Este texto analiza los principales elementos de transformación de la sociedad rural europea como consecuencia de los efectos de la modernización agrícola de mediados del siglo XX. Los principios que actualmente caracterizan a la nueva ruralidad fueron construidos a partir de ellos. El argumento central de este texto es que los cambios operados en la sociedad rural deben relacionarse con el contexto macroeconómico y social en el que está inmersa, rompiendo por tanto con la clásica dicotomía rural-urbano. De la misma forma, la transformación de esta realidad social aparece vinculada con los paradigmas científicos desde los que se ha estudiado. La evolución de la sociedad rural ha tenido una fuerte incidencia en la trayectoria seguida por los Estudios Rurales, cuyos principales fundamentos son igualmente analizados.
Retóricas de la autenticidad en el capitalismo avanzado
Authors: Frigolé Joan
Published: December 2014

El texto analiza la relación entre la retórica de la autenticidad en los medios de comunicación y los cambios que el capitalismo avanzado impuso en la producción y el mercado de bienes. Ideología de autenticidad y cultura son conceptos fundamentales para entender el proceso de producción de autenticidad. Cultura significa aquí modelos conceptuales, específicamente los de patrimonio y biodiversidad, que han contribuido a descubrir nuevas fuentes de valor y nuevos valores, que devienen nuevos bienes materiales o inmateriales. El texto analiza también los significados de autenticidad para su conversión en un término analítico.
The String Task Not Just for High School
Authors: Isler Isil , Marum Tim , Stephens Ana , Blanton Maria , Knuth Eric , Gardiner Angela Murphy
Published: December 2014

Engage your students in functional thinking—an important precursor to algebra—with this classroom activity.
The effect of various physical exercise modes on perceived psychological stress
Authors: Magalhaes M
Published: December 2014

Background. Stress is an integral part of daily living, but chronic activation of the stress response without the ability to express the physical response results in overloading of the physiological and psychological systems. Objective. To decrease perceived stress by means of one known and/or one relatively unknown physical activity, namely aerobic exercise and somatic awareness exercise. Methods. This investigation made use of a quantitative, comparative, experimental research design over an 8-week period using pre- and post-tests. Participants were measured for psychological stress using a perceived stress scale. The participants were divided into those who were physically untrained and those who participated in exercise training programmes. Results. There were five groups in total. The physically untrained individuals were divided into four groups: a somatic awareness exercise group (n=9); an aerobic exercise group (n=15); a combination group taking part in both somatic awareness and aerobic exercise (n=8); and a control group (n=15). The 5th group contained individuals who participated in physical exercise prior to entering the programme; they were given somatic awareness exercise (n=9) in addition to their existing physical exercises. An independent samples t-test revealed significant changes for perceived stress in the aerobic, somatic, combination and exercise groups, with a 95% confidence level in comparison with the control group. Conclusion. Various physical modes such as aerobic exercise, somatic awareness training and a combination of the two may be used to decrease one’s perceived stress in moderately to highly stressed individuals who are sedentary or who are physically active
Faat Kine and the Feminism of the Old Man
Authors: Harrow Kenneth W.
Published: December 2014

Faat Kine (2000), c’est l’anti-Xala (1974) : ce film tardif semble complètement renverser les structures et la pensée à l’oeuvre dans la production antérieure, et l’on peut se demander pourquoi Sembène rompt ainsi avec sa critique du capitalisme. Dans Faat Kine, l’auteur aborde en effet les impératifs féministes dans le cadre d’une économie libérale qui limite la libération à une égalité consentie dans un imaginaire phallocentrique : en somme, « un féminisme à l’ancienne ». De façon plus générale, Faat Kine comprend un élément mélodramatique, et dans ce cadre, une opposition binaire et manichéenne entre le bien et le mal qui ne fait pas dans le détail mais verse plutôt dans le déterminisme : nous sommes exposés au tableau misérabiliste d’un ordre injuste, mais cela permet en dernier ressort de prendre conscience de notre opposition à la patriarchie : ce sont là tout à la fois la finalité et les limites de l’idéologie du film.
Des ateliers et des arbres
Authors: Bell Kirsty
Published: December 2014

Très active dans le monde des beaux-arts, l’écrivaine québécoise Louise Warren est une figure importante de l’écriture contemporaine sur l’art et des pratiques interartistiques dans le domaine littéraire. Dans Le Livre des branches. Dans l’atelier d’Alexandre Hollan, trente-sept fragments écrits rendent compte du séjour de l’écrivaine dans l’atelier de Hollan, en l’absence de l’artiste. Accompagnés de photographies qui évoquent la présence de l’artiste tout en attestant son absence, les écrits explorent l’affect, l’imaginaire et le mystère qui informent le regard que Warren pose sur l’atelier et les toiles de Hollan. Cette étude du Livre des branches s’intéresse aux recoupements entre divers aspects fondamentaux de l’ouvrage : les fragments, les photographies, les arbres et les renvois au pictural. L’analyse se penche notamment sur les multiples façons dont ces recoupements nourrissent la conception de l’art développée par Warren.
Hubert Robert et la notion de crise
Authors: Wall Anthony J.
Published: December 2014

Le comité éditorial d’Arborescences tient à remercier chaleureusement Anthony J. Wall, qui a bien voulu présenter, dans le présent essai, la version écrite et remaniée d’une conférence qu’il a donnée au Département d’études françaises de l’Université de Toronto en mars dernier.

L’essai d’Anthony J. Wall se donne à lire comme une agréable et savante exploration de l’oeuvre picturale d’Hubert Robert, une déambulation gracieusement philosophique à travers quelques-unes des nombreuses toiles et représentations qui ont fait la renommée de ce peintre des Lumières. En mettant à profit la notion bakhtinienne de chronotope, le critique s’applique à souligner la puissance des temps et des espaces rendus visibles par l’oeuvre de Robert ; il cherche à rendre compte de « la capacité de ses paysages peints à se transformer en véritables regards philosophiques sur le passage du temps dans l’espace ».
Le verbal et l’iconique
Authors: Colas-Blaise Marion
Published: December 2014

Il s’agit, dans cet article, de réinterroger l’opposition chère à Barthes entre la fonction d’ancrage et la fonction de relais du texte verbal dans un ensemble multimédial et plurisémiotique. Nous nous proposons ainsi, dans un premier temps, d’étudier les contraintes que le genre du monument aux morts fait peser sur l’entrejeu des inscriptions verbales sur le socle du monument luxembourgeoisGëlle Fra(« femme en or ») (fonction de relais) et de la sculpture allégorique qui l’orne à son sommet. Dans un deuxième temps, nous visons à montrer comment les fonctions de relais et d’ancrage du verbal, à condition d’être réaménagées, permettent de rendre compte de la multiplicité des significations de l’installation artistiqueLady Rosa of Luxembourgde Sanja Iveković qui, sur le mode de la subversion, réénonce le monument aux morts dans un lieu public. Dans un troisième temps, il importe de s’interroger sur le rôle joué par les documents verbo-visuels qui, au moment de la mise en exposition de l’installation au musée, témoignent de la réception de celle-ci par le public. Établissant un parallèle entre la mise en exposition et l’« exécution » d’une oeuvre allographique, nous montrons que la fonction de relais, dûment repensée, permet de rendre compte du devenir (autre) de l’installation.
Diagnosis and Management of Plantar Fasciitis
Authors: Thompson John V. , Saini Sundeep S. , Reb Christopher W. , Daniel Joseph N.
Published: December 2014

Plantar fasciitis, a chronic degenerative process that causes medial plantar heel pain, is responsible for approximately 1 million physician visits each year. Individuals with plantar fasciitis experience pain that is most intense during their first few steps of the day or after prolonged standing. The authors provide an overview of the diagnosis and management of a common problem encountered in the primary care setting. Routine imaging is not initially recommended for the evaluation of plantar fasciitis but may be required to rule out other pathologic conditions. Overall, plantar fasciitis carries a good prognosis when patients use a combination of several conservative treatment modalities. Occasionally, referral to a specialist may be necessary.J Am Osteopath Assoc.2014;114(12):900-906 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2014.177
Laser Doppler Flowmetry in Manual Medicine Research
Authors: Zegarra-Parodi Rafael , Snider Eric J. , Soo Park Peter Yong , Degenhardt Brian F.
Published: December 2014

Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) is commonly used in combination with reactivity tests to noninvasively evaluate skin sympathetic nerve activity and skin microvascular function. In manual medicine research, LDF has been used as a marker for global peripheral sympathetic nervous system function, but these results should be considered with caution because skin sympathetic nerve activity physiology is often overlooked. Another limitation of LDF in manual medicine research is the processing of LDF recordings. Two methods have been suggested: the time-domain analysis and the frequency-domain analysis. Standardization is required for data collection and processing in either domain to accurately interpret these changes in skin blood flow that occur after manual procedures. For physiologic studies using LDF, the authors recommend the use of noninvasive reactivity tests (positive controls) to evaluate the different mechanisms involved in overall skin blood flow changes and to compare the magnitude of these changes with those specifically elicited by manual procedures.
J Am Osteopath Assoc.2014;114(12):908-917 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2014.178
Visible and near UV light-induced scattering of LiNbO3:Fe crystals and material characterization
Authors: Ellabban Mostafa A.
Published: December 2014

We present an experimental study of reconstructing parasitic gratings that produce simultaneous wide-angle polarization-anisotropic and -isotropic light induced scattering. The gratings were recorded in lithium niobate crystals doped with iron (LiNbO3:Fe) using an ordinary-polarized pump beam in the visible and the near UV spectral ranges. The reconstruction was performed at different readout angles, wavelengths and linear polarization states. The main features of reconstructing the parasitic gratings at different readout conditions are qualitatively explained by a simple phenomenological model based on the Ewald sphere construction. The obtained results and the scattering pattern were applied to determine the birefringence, its sign and further to estimate the relative contribution of diffusion and bulk photovoltaic effect to the photorefractive effect, as well as the ratios of product of the Pockels and the photovoltaic tensors components that contribute to the readout of the gratings at different readout polarizations.
Nonisothermal viscous sintering of volcanic ash
Authors: Wadsworth Fabian B. , Vasseur Jérémie , von Aulock Felix W. , Hess Kai‐Uwe , Scheu Bettina , Lavallée Yan , Dingwell Donald B.
Published: December 2014

Volcanic ash is often deposited in a hot state. Volcanic ash containing glass, deposited above the glass transition interval, has the potential to sinter viscously both to itself (particle‐particle) and to exposed surfaces. Here we constrain the kinetics of this process experimentally under nonisothermal conditions using standard glasses. In the absence of external load, this process is dominantly driven by surface relaxation. In such cases the sintering process is rate limited by the melt viscosity, the size of the particles and the melt‐vapor interfacial tension. We propose a polydisperse continuum model that describes the transition from a packing of particles to a dense pore‐free melt and evaluate its efficacy in describing the kinetics of volcanic viscous sintering. We apply our model to viscous sintering scenarios for cooling crystal‐poor rhyolitic ash using the 2008 eruption of Chaitén volcano as a case example. We predict that moderate linear cooling rates of > 0.1°C min−1 can result in the common observation of incomplete sintering and the preservation of pore networks.
Educational Language Policy and Planning
Authors: Johnson David Cassels , Pratt Kristen L.
Published: December 2014

Educational language policy
—variously referred to as language education policy, language‐in‐education policy, and language policy in education—refers to a focus on educational contexts within language policy and planning (LPP) research, primarily in K‐12 settings, but might also include informal educational activities and socialization in homes and communities. This work focuses on how language policy creation, interpretation, and appropriation in schools impact educational processes and pedagogy, with particular attention to opportunity for minority and Indigenous language users.
Pragmatic Inference
Authors: Grundy Peter
Published: December 2014

While semanticists study sentence meaning, pragmaticists or pragmaticians (both terms are in use) study speaker meaning, or what a speaker intends to communicate, a meaning which goes far beyond what is literally encoded in the sentences she utters. As Atkinson, Kilby, and Roca say, pragmatics is the study of “the distinction between what a speaker's words (literally) mean and what the speaker might mean by his words.”
Sperber,Dan
Authors: Allott Nicholas
Published: December 2014

Dan Sperber is a social and cognitive scientist whose research is about culture, cognition, and communication. His work has had considerable impact on anthropology, evolutionary psychology, and philosophy of language and mind as well as linguistic pragmatics. He has written books on symbolism and anthropological knowledge, and one in which he develops his own naturalistic account of culture, the theory of the epidemiology of representations.
Task‐Based Learning: Research Methods
Authors: Révész Andrea
Published: December 2014

Over the past two decades, the field of instructed second language acquisition (SLA) research has witnessed a growth of interest in the use of pedagogic tasks as a means of promoting second language (L2) learning. Underlying this line of research has been the increasingly accepted theoretical assumption that tasks generate optimal conditions for L2 learning by providing a platform for both the cognitive and social processes hypothesized to facilitate second language development in instructed settings. More recently, interest in researching pedagogic tasks has additionally been fueled by the rising popularity of task‐based language teaching (TBLT) among second language educators worldwide.
Parvalbumin expression and distribution in the hippocampal formation of Cebus apella
Authors: Torres Laila Brito , Araujo Bruno Henrique Silva , Marruaz Klena Sarges , de Souza Janaina Sena , Sousa Bolivar Saldanha , Silva Sérgio Gomes da , Cabral Francisco Romero , Cavalheiro Esper Abrão
Published: December 2014

New World primates play an important role in biomedical research. However, the literature still lacks information on many structural features of the brain in these species, particularly structures of the hippocampal formation that are related to long‐term memory storage. This study was designed to provide information, for the first time, about the distribution and number of neurons expressing parvalbumin‐immunoreactivity (PV‐I) in the subregions of the hippocampal formation in Cebus apella, a New World primate species commonly used in biomedical research. Our results revealed that for several morphometric variables, PV‐I cells differ significantly among the subregions CA1, CA2, CA3, and the hilus. Based upon our findings and those of other studies, we hypothesize that the proportional increase from monkeys to humans in PV‐I cell density within CA1 is a factor contributing to the evolution of increased memory formation and storage. Am. J. Primatol. 77:449–461, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improvement of mechanical properties of natural fiber–polypropylene composites using successive alkaline treatments
Authors: Marques Maria de Fátima V. , Melo Renato P. , Araujo Rafael da S. , Lunz Juliana do N. , Aguiar Vinícius de O.
Published: December 2014

The use of natural fibers (NFs) in polymer composites for structural applications has increased greatly in the last years, owing to their abundance and biodegradability. In this work, an innovative and simple successive alkali treatment has been developed to improve the mechanical properties of NFs/polypropylene (PP) composites. Three different cellulosic fibers (curauá, jute, and flax) were used, with a fixed proportion of 10 wt %. The fibers were immersed several times in a 5 wt % NaOH solution. Thermogravimetric analysis data showed an improvement in thermal properties of the fibers, as well as the increase of the crystallinity degree was measured by X‐ray diffraction. By Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, disappearance of characteristics peaks of hemicelluloses and lignin was observed. Finally, mechanical behavior of the NF/PP composites was examined, using dynamic mechanical analysis. The results revealed that the curauá/PP mechanical properties were significantly improved, showing the positive effect of the successive alkali treatments. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41710.
Brief Report: Association of HLA–DRB1*01 With IgA Vasculitis (Henoch‐Schönlein)
Authors: López‐Mejías Raquel , Genre Fernanda , Pérez Belén Sevilla , Castañeda Santos , Ortego‐Centeno Norberto , Llorca Javier , Ubilla Begoña , Remuzgo‐Martínez Sara , Mijares Verónica , Pina Trinitario , Calvo‐Río Vanesa , Márquez Ana , Sala‐Icardo Luis , Miranda‐Filloy José A. , Conde‐Jaldón Marta , Ortiz‐Fernández Lourdes , Rubio Esteban , Luque Manuel León , Blanco‐Madrigal Juan M. , Galíndez‐Aguirregoikoa Eva , González‐Vela M. Carmen , Ocejo‐Vinyals J. Gonzalo , Escribano Francisca González , Martín Javier , Blanco Ricardo , González‐Gay Miguel A.
Published: December 2014

Objective

IgA vasculitis (Henoch‐Schönlein) (IgAV), formerly called Henoch‐Schönlein purpura, is the most common vasculitis in children, but it is not rare in adults. Increased familial occurrence supports a genetic predisposition to IgAV. In this context, an association with the HLA–DRB1*01 phenotype has been suggested in Caucasian individuals with IgAV. However, data on the potential association of IgAV with HLA–DRB1*01 were based on small case series. We undertook this study to further investigate this potential association by performing HLA–DRB1 genotyping in the largest series of IgAV patients ever assessed for genetic studies in Caucasians.

Methods

We assessed 342 Spanish patients with IgAV as well as 303 controls matched for sex and ethnicity. IgAV patients were required to fulfill the classification criteria described by Michel et al as well as the American College of Rheumatology 1990 classification criteria. HLA–DRB1 alleles were determined using the polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific oligonucleotide probe method.

Results

We found a statistically significant increase in the frequency of the HLA–DRB1*01 phenotype in IgAV patients compared with controls (43% versus 27%; P < 0.001) (odds ratio 2.03 [95% confidence interval 1.43–2.87]). This was due to the increased frequency of the HLA–DRB1*0103 allele in IgAV patients compared with controls (14.3% versus 2.0%; P < 0.001) (odds ratio 8.27 [95% confidence interval 3.46–23.9]). These results remained statistically significant after Bonferroni adjustment. In contrast, a statistically significant decrease in the frequency of the HLA–DRB1*03 phenotype, due to the presence of the HLA–DRB1*0301 allele, was observed in IgAV patients compared with controls (5.6% versus 18.2%; P < 0.001) (odds ratio 0.26 [95% confidence interval 0.14–0.47]), even after Bonferroni adjustment. No association of HLA–DRB1 with specific features of the disease was found.

Conclusion

Our study confirms an association of IgAV with HLA–DRB1*01 in Caucasians. There also appears to be a protective effect against the development of IgAV in Caucasians carrying the HLA–DRB1*03 phenotype.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Magnetic Properties of the Spin‐1/2‐Based Honeycomb NaNi2BiO6‐δ and Its Hydrate NaNi2BiO6‐δ·1.7H2O.
Authors: Seibel Elizabeth M. , Roudebush John H. , Ali Mazhar N. , Ross K. A. , Cava R. J.
Published: December 2014

The title compounds are prepared by deintercalation of Na3Ni2BiO6 and characterized by powder XRD, single crystal XRD, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermoelectric Transport in Cu7PSe6 with High Copper Ionic Mobility.
Authors: Weldert Kai S. , Zeier Wolfgang G. , Day Tristan W. , Panthoefer Martin , Snyder G. Jeffrey , Tremel Wolfgang
Published: December 2014

The copper ion conducting argyorite‐type title compound is synthesized from the elements (evacuated quartz ampule, 1323 K, 3 h, and 773 K, 72 h) and its thermoelectric transport properties are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: The Application of a Structurally Simple, Recyclable, and Large‐Scale L‐Prolinamide Catalyst for Asymmetric Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Guan Zhi , Luo Yuan , Zhang Bao‐Qiang , Heinen Krystal , Yang Da‐Cheng , He Yan‐Hong
Published: December 2014

A bifunctional catalyst having a trans‐cyclohexane and a proline amide moiety is developed and successfully applied to the asymmetric aldol condensation of cyclic ketones with aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Activation of Carboxylic Acids in Asymmetric Organocatalysis.
Authors: Monaco Mattia Riccardo , Poladura Belen , Diaz de Los Bernardos Miriam , Leutzsch Markus , Goddard Richard , List Benjamin
Published: December 2014

The heterodimeric association of carboxylic acids with chiral phosphoric acid catalysts is proposed as a new activation principle for organocatalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Fluorination of Alkyl C—H Bonds via Photocatalysis.
Authors: Kee Choon Wee , Chin Kek Foo , Wong Ming Wah , Tan Choon‐Hong
Published: December 2014

The work presents a novel method to generate N‐radicals via triplet‐triplet energy transfer catalyzed by anthraquinone.
ChemInform Abstract: A Copper‐Mediated Oxidative N‐Cyanation Reaction.
Authors: Teng Fan , Yu Jin‐Tao , Jiang Yan , Yang Haitao , Cheng Jiang
Published: December 2014

The oxidative coupling of sec‐amines (I), (IV), and (VI) with CuCN gives rise to a series of N‐cyanation products in moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Design Aspects of Metal‐Free Nitrogen‐Based Catalysts and Their Influence on the Yield in the Henry Reaction.
Authors: Yao Qiong Ji , Khong Duc Thinh , Gao Qi , Judeh Zaher M. A.
Published: December 2014

A series consisting of thirteen bisisoquinoline and bis(isoquinolin‐1‐yl)methane catalysts is prepared and evaluated in the metal‐free Henry reaction of (Ia).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of α‐Hydroxy Carboxylic Acids from the Corresponding α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Stuhr‐Hansen Nicolai , Padrah Shahrokh , Stroemgaard Kristian
Published: December 2014

An efficient and improved procedure is developed for the title synthesis.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of β‐Cyanopropan‐1‐one Derivates by Domino Reaction.
Authors: Dong Hong‐Ru , Dong Wang‐Jun , Li Rong‐Shan , Hu Yi‐Ming , Dong Heng‐Shan , Xie Zhi‐Xiang
Published: December 2014

A novel KF‐catalyzed tandem nucleophilic addition is developed for the synthesis of polysubstituted β‐cyanopropan‐1‐ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of C—C Bonds in Epoxides Leading to Aryl Ketones.
Authors: Gu Lijun , Jin Cheng , Zhang Hongtao , Zhang Lizhu
Published: December 2014

A new, synthetically valuable selective C—C bond cleavage reaction is discovered, allowing for transformation of 2,3‐disubstituted epoxides into ketones with loss of one carbon atom.
ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Free Regioselective Aminocarbonylation of Alkenes.
Authors: Liu Huizhen , Yan Ning , Dyson Paul J.
Published: December 2014

A simple and general method for the selective aminocarbonylation of alkenes is developed furnishing N‐arylcarboxamides in good yield and selectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Direct N‐Arylation of N‐Arylsulfonamides Using Diaryliodonium Salts in Water.
Authors: Geng Xu , Mao Song , Chen Liangshun , Yu Jianjun , Han Jianwei , Hua Jianli , Wang Limin
Published: December 2014

In some cases, better yields are obtained in dichloromethane as solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective and Efficient Oxidation of Sulfides with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by a Chromium Substituted Keggin Type Polyoxometalate.
Authors: Afrasiabi Roozbeh , Farsani Mostafa Riahi , Yadollahi Bahram
Published: December 2014

The novel protocol allows the conversion of sulfides into the corresponding sulfones without affecting functional groups such as hydroxyl or C‐C double bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide Based Palladium Nanocomposites and Their Catalytic Applications in Carbon—Carbon Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Lee Minjae , Kim Bo‐Hyun , Lee Yuna , Kim Beom‐Tae , Park Joon B.
Published: December 2014

Highly active Pd or PdO nanoparticles are dispersed on graphene and graphene oxide by an impregnation method combined with thermal treatments in H2 and O2 gas flows, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: A New and Versatile Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Oxetan‐3‐yl Methyl Alcohols.
Authors: Boyd Scott , Davies Christopher D.
Published: December 2014

The synthesis of pharmaceutically significant title compounds from readily available malonates allows access to a range of oxetanes.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxy‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1H‐pyrrol‐2(3H)‐ones with Broensted Acid‐Catalyzed Condensation—Cyclization Reactions of β‐Enamino Esters and Ethyl Trifluoropyruvate.
Authors: Pei Qing‐Lan , Cui Bao‐Dong , Han Wen‐Yong , Wu Zhi‐Jun , Zhang Xiao‐Mei , Yuan Wei‐Cheng
Published: December 2014

The reaction, when carried out under optimized conditions A), affords a mixture of the desired ring system and a condensation product.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Spiropyrrolidines and Spiropyrrolizidines from Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Klochkova I. N. , Shchekina M. P. , Anis'kov A. A.
Published: December 2014

Asymmetric cross‐conjugated unsaturated ketones (VII) are used as dipolarophiles in 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Tetrazole‐5‐thiols and 5,5′‐Disulfandiylbis(2‐alkyl‐2H‐tetrazoles).
Authors: Vorona S. V. , Artamonova T. V. , Kitchenko K. A. , Zevatskii Yu. E. , Myznikov L. V.
Published: December 2014

2‐Alkyltetrazole‐5‐thiols such as (V) and (X) are synthesized and readily oxidized to the corresponding disulfides.
ChemInform Abstract: Deproto‐Metalation Using Mixed Lithium—Zinc and Lithium—Copper Bases and Computed CH Acidity of 2‐Substituted Quinolines.
Authors: Mongin Florence , et al. et al.
Published: December 2014

The deproto‐metalation of the title compounds is studied, as evidenced by subsequent interception by iodine.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Five Membered Heterocyclic Frameworks via [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction in an Aqueous Micellar System.
Authors: Singh Mandavi , Singh Shyam Babu , Fatma Shahin , Ankit Preyas , Singh Jagdamba
Published: December 2014

Novel dihydropyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines (IV) and dihydropyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinolines (VI) are synthesized from isoquinoline or quinoline, phenacyl bromides, and dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates in micellar medium (water/CTAB) under DBU catalysis.
ChemInform Abstract: Participation of Compact Planar 1,3,5‐Tri(buta‐2,3‐dien‐1‐yl)‐1,3,5‐triazinane‐2,4,6‐trione in Pd(0) Catalyzed Seven Component Cascade Reactions Delivers Novel Tunable Molecular Architecture.
Authors: Gueltekin Zeynep , Elboray Elghareeb E. , Aly Moustafa F. , Abbas‐Temirek Hussien H. , Shepherd Helena J. , Grigg Ronald
Published: December 2014

The novel trisallenyl triazinetrione (III) participates in seven component Pd‐catalyzed stereoselective cascade reactions with a combination of aryl iodides (V) and primary or secondary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Allylation of Hypophosphorous Acid and H‐Phosphinic Acids with Primary Allylic Amines.
Authors: Wu Xue‐Song , Zhou Meng‐Guang , Chen Yan , Tian Shi‐Kai
Published: December 2014

Optimized conditions render possible the efficient allylation of hypophosphorous acid and H‐phosphinic acids with various primary amines.
ChemInform Abstract: A Phenyldilactone, Bisnorsesquiterpene, and Cytotoxic Phenolics from Maytenus senegalensis Leaves.
Authors: Okoye Festus Basden Chiedu , Debbab Abdessamad , Wray Victor , Esimone Charles Okechukwu , Osadebe Patience Ogoamaka , Proksch Peter
Published: December 2014

The new secondary metabolite maysedilactone (I) is isolated together with 10 new compounds from the title leaves.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Synthesis of Spirolactone Annulated Bicyclo[2.2.2]octanes: Tricyclic Core of Yaoshanenolides.
Authors: Das Beauty , Mobin Shaikh M. , Singh Vishwakarma
Published: December 2014

This describes the syntheses of compounds, e.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidant‐Free Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions via Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: He Ke‐Han , Li Yang
Published: December 2014

Review: [8 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylideneindoleninium Ions and Alkylideneindolenines: Key Intermediates for the Asymmetric Synthesis of 3‐Indolyl Derivatives
Authors: Wang Liang , Chen Yuye , Xiao Jian
Published: December 2014

Review: [54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Cyano‐N‐(4‐sulfamoylphenyl) Acetamide as a Synthon in Heterocyclic Synthesis
Authors: Gouda Moustafa A.
Published: December 2014

Review: 20 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Six‐membered Ring Systems: Pyridine Benzo Derivatives
Authors: Kishbaugh Tara L. S.
Published: December 2014

Review: papers published in 2012 on advances in the synthesis and reactions of pyridins and their benzo derivatives; 144 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hidden and Hastatic Orders in URu2Si2
Authors: Flint Rebecca , Chandra Premala , Coleman Piers
Published: December 2014

Review: 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Research Developments of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ma Yingzhuang , Wang Shufeng , Zheng Lingling , Lu Zelin , Zhang Danfei , Bian Zuqiang , Huang Chunhui , Xiao Lixin
Published: December 2014

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding Ionic Liquids from Theoretical Methods
Authors: Zahn Stefan , Brehm Martin , Bruessel Marc , Holloczki Oldamur , Kohagen Miriam , Lehmann Sebastian , Malberg Friedrich , Pensado Alfonso Sanmartin , Schoeppke Matthias , Weber Henry , et al. et al.
Published: December 2014

Review: 130 refs.