bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliable Estimation of the Proportion of Minor Stroke Due to Intracerebral Haemorrhage
Authors: Lovelock C. E. , Redgrave J. N. , Briley D. , Rothwell P. M.
Published: February 2009

Background

A previous hospital clinic-based study estimated that 3·5% of minor strokes are due to primary intracerebral haemorrhage, but the confidence intervals were wide. Moreover this figure may be an underestimate in older patients, who are less likely to be referred to secondary care, and who may have higher rates of intracerebral haemorrhage. Further studies are required to validate and increase the precision of this estimate and to determine any association with age, in order to plan appropriate services for minor stroke.

Method

We determined the frequency of intracerebral haemorrhage and haemorrhagic transformation of infarction in consecutive patients presenting with minor stroke (National Institute of Health Stroke Scal ≥ 3) in two separate cohorts: a population-based study (Oxford Vascular Study) scanned early with computed tomography, and a hospital-based stroke clinic cohort, scanned with magnetic resonance imaging. We then pooled these data in a meta-analysis with published data from similar studies identified from a systematic literature review. Results In the Oxford Vascular Study, of 334 cases with minor stroke (58% men, median age 75 years), 17 had intracerebral haemorrhage (5·1%, 95% confidence interval 3·2-8·0%) and four had haemorrhagic transformation of infarction (1·2%, 0·5-3·0%). In the hospital-clinic cohort, of 280 patients with minor stroke (59% men, median age 73 years), 15 had intracerebral haemorrhage (5·4%, 3·3-8·7%) and six had haemorrhagic transformation of infarction (2·1%, 1·0-4·6%). There was no trend for an increase in the frequency of intracerebral haemorrhage with age, with the lowest frequency in patients aged ≥85 years (0-3%). We identified only one previous study with a reliable estimate of the proportion of minor stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage, and in a pooled analysis including 842 patients, the overall frequency of intracerebral haemorrhage was 4·8% (4·5-5·0%).

Conclusion

We have shown that the proportion of minor stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage was very similar in a population-based cohort and a hospital clinic-based cohort using different imaging strategies, and that the frequency is independent of age. A frequency of between 4·5 and 5·0% appears to be a reliable estimate at all ages.
REPRINT: Good Laboratory Practice: Preventing Introduction of Bias at the Bench
Authors: Macleod Malcolm R. , Fisher Marc , O'Collins Victoria , Sena Emily S. , Dirnagl Ulrich , Bath Philip M. W. , Buchan Alistair , Worp H. Bart van der , Traystman Richard J. , Minematsu Kazuo , Donnan Geoffrey A. , Howells David W.
Published: February 2009

As a research community, we have failed to demonstrate that drugs that show substantial efficacy in animal models of cerebral ischemia can also improve outcome in human stroke. Accumulating evidence suggests that this may be due, at least in part, to problems in the design, conduct and reporting of animal experiments, which create a systematic bias resulting in the overstatement of neuroprotective efficacy. Here, we set out a series of measures to reduce bias in the design, conduct and reporting of animal experiments modeling human stroke.
Development of Stroke Care in Sri Lanka
Authors: Gunaratne Padma S. , Fernando Arjuna , Sharma Vijay K.
Published: February 2009

Sri Lanka is a small island off the south-eastern coast shores of India, 880 km north of the equator, in the Indian Ocean with an area of 65 525 sq km. Sri Lanka is a free, independent and sovereign nation (Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka) with an estimated population of 20 926 315 (July 2007) with a population density of 309 people per sq. km ( 1 ). Sri Lanka is a lower middle income developing nation with a gross domestic product of about $32 billion. This translates into a per capita income of $1600. Sri Lanka's literacy rate 91·8% ( 2 ), and life expectancy of 72 years rank well above those of India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan ( 3 ).
Tenuifolin, an extract derived from tenuigenin, inhibits amyloid‐β secretion in vitro
Authors: Lv J. , Jia H. , Jiang Y. , Ruan Y. , Liu Z. , Yue W. , Beyreuther K. , Tu P. , Zhang D.
Published: February 2009

Aim:  Previous studies have shown that tenuigenin, a crude extract of Polygala tenuifolia Willd. that is commonly used in traditional Chinese herbal medicine for memory loss, can reduce the secretion of Aβ from cultured cells. However, the mechanism underlying this effect and the active compound derived from tenuigenin is unknown. In this study, a purified component of tenuigenin, tenuifolin, was examined and revealed to be an effective compound in vitro.

Methods:  Aβ secretion from three sets of COS‐7 cells, each carrying a plasmid expressing a different form of APP was examined following the treatment with tenuifolin. Initially, tenuifolin was determined to have no inherent toxicity to either the transfected or wild type cells at the effective concentrations. Cells were then treated with 0.5–2.0 μg mL−1 tenuifolin for 12 h and their media were examined via an ELISA for Aβ1‐40 and Aβ‐42.

Results:  We found that treatment with 2.0 μg mL−1 tenuifolin significantly decreased Aβ secretion from COS‐7 cells without altering the ratio of Aβ1‐40 and Aβ‐42. This effect is most probably due to inhibition of the β‐site APP cleaving enzyme as Aβ secretion was not inhibited from cells expressing the C99 fragment.

Conclusion:  Tenuifolin is an effective compound from tenuigenin. We believe that this finding should lead the way for future experiments to determine the exact mechanism for tenuifolin’s effect on Aβ secretion.
Cycling the City: Movement, Meaning and Method
Authors: Spinney Justin
Published: February 2009

Conceptualisations of movement and mobility within geography are increasingly complicating reductive and sedentarist understandings that have tended to theorise mobility either as meaningless, or as the practical outcome of ‘rational’ decision makers. Until quite recently there has been a sedentarist bias in cultural geographic enquiry that has resulted in negative readings of mobility as insensate, polluting and harmful. Conversely, while transport geography has long explored people's daily mobility, it has used a primarily quantitative toolkit to explore the ‘rational’ reasons why movement occurs. The corollary of this has been an assumption that meaning is derived from points A and B, and an emphasis on explaining travel choice by eliciting linguistic accounts of movement. More recent research has begun to problematise such understandings and in doing so illuminate potential avenues of enquiry. Consequently, this review makes an argument for research into cycling to explore the content of the line between A and B in order to highlight the often fleeting and ephemeral meanings that can contribute significantly to what movement means. An essential part of this project is for research to focus on the ‘immaterial’ embodied and sensory aspects of mobility that have previously been neglected or marginalised. In order to realise these goals, this article also makes a case for broadening out the palette of methods used to study mobility and discusses the use of video as one possible way to provide more nuanced accounts of people's journeys.
Shelf‐Life Study of an Orange Juice–Milk Based Beverage after PEF and Thermal Processing
Authors: Sampedro F. , Geveke D.J. , Fan X. , Rodrigo D. , Zhang Q.H.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT:  The effect of thermal and pulsed electric field (PEF) processing on the shelf life of an orange juice–milk beverage (OJMB) was studied. The intensities of the treatments were selected to produce similar inactivation of pectin methyl esterase (PME), an enzyme responsible for the jellification and loss of fresh juice cloudiness. Physical properties (pH, °Brix, and color), microbial population, PME activity, and volatile compounds of the product were analyzed during a 4‐wk storage at 8 to 10 °C. The pH was not affected by any treatment but decreased during the storage in the untreated sample. The °Brix values were decreased by the 2 treatments. The thermal and PEF treatments initially inactivated PME activity by 90%. During storage, the PME activity remained constant in the 2 treated samples and decreased slightly in the untreated sample. The reductions in bacterial as well as yeast and mold counts were similar after the 2 treatments (4.5 and 4.1 log CFU/mL for thermal against 4.5 and 5 log CFU/mL for PEF). Based on the initial bacterial counts of the control, it was estimated that the shelf lives of the OJMB treated with thermal and PEF processing stored at 8 to 10 °C were 2 and 2.5 wk, respectively. Differences were observed in the color parameters of the OJMB between the 2 treatments in comparison with the control, with a higher difference observed in the thermally processed samples. The relative concentration of volatile compounds was higher in OJMB processed by PEF treatment than that in the thermally processed sample. During storage, the loss of volatile compounds was lower in the PEF sample while thermal and control samples had a similar rate of loss. For an OJMB, treatment with PEF achieved the same degree of microbial and enzyme inactivation as the thermal treatment, but better preserved color and volatile compounds.
An annotated checklist of the Orchidaceae of Laos
Authors: Schuiteman André , Bonnet Pierre , Svengsuksa Bouakhaykhone , Barthélémy Daniel
Published: February 2009

A checklist is presented of the orchid flora of Laos, enumerating 485 species in 108 genera. An estimate is given of the expected size of the orchid flora of Laos. Notes on habitat, global and local distribution, endemism, conservation, phenology, as well as a systematic overview complement the checklist.
Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms
Authors: Paerl Hans W. , Huisman Jef
Published: February 2009

Cyanobacteria are the Earth's oldest known oxygen‐evolving photosynthetic microorganisms, and they have had major impacts on shaping our current atmosphere and biosphere. Their long evolutionary history has enabled cyanobacteria to develop survival strategies and persist as important primary producers during numerous geochemical and climatic changes that have taken place on Earth during the past 3.5 billion years. Today, some cyanobacterial species form massive surface growths or ‘blooms’ that produce toxins, cause oxygen depletion and alter food webs, posing a major threat to drinking and irrigation water supplies, fishing and recreational use of surface waters worldwide. These harmful cyanobacteria can take advantage of anthropogenically induced nutrient over‐enrichment (eutrophication), and hydrologic modifications (water withdrawal, reservoir construction). Here, we review recent studies revealing that regional and global climatic change may benefit various species of harmful cyanobacteria by increasing their growth rates, dominance, persistence, geographic distributions and activity. Future climatic change scenarios predict rising temperatures, enhanced vertical stratification of aquatic ecosystems, and alterations in seasonal and interannual weather patterns (including droughts, storms, floods); these changes all favour harmful cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic waters. Therefore, current mitigation and water management strategies, which are largely based on nutrient input and hydrologic controls, must also accommodate the environmental effects of global warming.
Dropping Out of Sight: Social Anthropology Encounters Post‐modernism
Authors: Peace Ade
Published: February 2009

Notwithstanding the relatively self‐assured and self‐confident public image which social anthropology manages to maintain, there is little doubt that the discipline's encounter with post‐modern thought has resulted in a major assessment of long‐established methodological procedures. This paper provides a provisional ledger of the nature of that encounter. It is argued that not only does a critical eye need to be turned on some of the post‐modernists' current proposals, notably that of polyvocality; the discipline's collective legacy in the analysis of structures of power should not be weakened by the dubious post‐modern insistence on the fragmentary character of the contemporary world.
Motifs and Images in a Balinese Ritual Drama: Their Mythic References and ‘Metaphorical Truth’
Authors: Lovric Barbara
Published: February 2009

For insofar as dialectical thinking is thought about thought,… such self‐consciousness must be inscribed in the sentence itself. And insofar as dialectical thinking characteristically involves a conjunction of opposites or at least conceptually disparate phenomena, it may be truly said of the dialectical sentence what Surrealists said about the image, namely that its strength increases proportionately as the realities linked are distant and distinct from each other (Jameson 1971: 53–4).
The Foi and Heidegger: Western Philosophical Poetics and a New Guinea Life‐World
Authors: Mimica Jadran
Published: February 2009

James F. Weiner. The Empty Place. Poetry, Space and Being Among the Foi of Papua New Guinea.
Chronicle of Women: A Hongkong Story
Authors: Lilley Rozanna
Published: February 2009

In this paper I offer a feminist analysis of a theatrical production recently staged in Hongkong. I suggest that through a performative strategy of negotiating between compliance and resistance to normative constructions of Chinese/Hongkong womanhood, the show under consideration succeeds in giving us a highly nuanced representation of gendered colonial subjects. Many of these subtleties were erased by audience interpretations of the performance as an allegorical account of Hongkong/China relations framed by the issue of sovereignty transferral in 1997. Instead of seeing this as a negative process, I argue that critiques of patriarchy and political hegemony can andmustproductively interrupt one another in contemporary Hongkong.
Irony and Paradox in the Scottish Borderlands: Hill Sheep Farms and their Relations with the European Union and the United Kingdom
Authors: Gray John
Published: February 2009

The aim of this article is to analyse the relations between hill sheep farms of the Scottish borderlands and the centralised, supra‐local institutions of the United Kingdom and European Union. Heidegger's notion of the ontology of technology is used to describe a common reference world in which these relations are conducted. Taking a critical stance towards characterising these relations as simply domination/dependence or penetration/resistance to capitalism, the article argues that they are multivalent and paradoxical. Hill sheep farms are conceived as a complex social field with a specific social gravity of values and regulative principles (Bourdieu 1988, 1990) that refracts the effects of agricultural policies and programs of the UK and European Union. The analysis identifies how different agricultural programs of the UK government and the European Union target different dimensions of hill sheep farming including its natural resource base, its business practices, its family organisation and its relations to the agricultural market; how farmers strategically respond to these programs; and how, through these responses, farmers establish paradoxical relations with the United Kingdom and the European Union.
Indigenous Struggles and The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie1
Authors: Friedman Jonathan
Published: February 2009

The position taken in this paper is that the world capitalist system has certain Kafkaesque qualities that are dangerous for all social movements, including indigenous movements. It begins with an analysis of the ‘indigenous’ as a structure of modern national cosmologies as opposed to the real peoples classified into this category. It suggests that the relation between the global system and the construction of this cosmology can account for a great deal of what is happening in the current period of Fourth World struggles. In one sense it appears as if a real liberation from the system is under way for certain of these peoples, and the ideology of the struggle is one of exit, autonomy and self‐sufficiency. But liberation from one form of oppression can lead to another integrative process and new forms of class differentiation. Struggles for autonomy may lead to tribal capitalism or dependent class structures for reasons that are not at all obvious, not least to those engaged in the struggle themselves, and they may very well bring better conditions of existence to all involved. In a certain sense, Fourth World movements are an important aspect of the current transformation of the world system and not merely a reaction to it. The changing distribution of motivations that occur in the histories of such movements is the tricky problem, the lure of success and wealth and the fear of failure and marginalisation are motives that are built into the cultural structures of the system as it unfolds historically.
Did the Earth Move for You? The Social Seismology of a Natural Disaster in Maluku, Eastern Indonesia
Authors: Pannell Sandra
Published: February 2009

In 1968, the volcano on the island of Nila in the Banda Sea erupted causing the inhabitants of this island to take temporary refuge on the nearby islands of Serua and Teun. Some ten years later, after a period of prolonged volcanic inactivity, the residents of Nila left their island again. This time, however, they were escorted by the Indonesian Navy and their departure from the island to a recently cleared site in southern Seram was of a more permanent nature. To a casual observer, the 1978 exodus looked, for all intents and purposes, like an invasion. Officially, it was called an evacuation (evakuasi). In time, it would take on the appearance of the government‐initiated transmigration (trans‐migrasi) program. In this paper, I explore the social seismology of this natural disaster and argue that displacement in this context amounts to more than just a shift in geographical space. It shakes the very foundations of identity, engendering, as it does, tectonic movements in social memory, cultural knowledge and environmental practice. Notwithstanding the destabilising effects of state‐driven territorialisation, and its objectives of social order, political control and economic development, the people of Nila counteract this project of ‘humanitarian’ intervention through the enactment of their own political agendas, self‐fashioning exercises and strategies of environmental reshaping.
Performing Place: Staging Identity with the Kuranda Amphitheatre
Authors: Henry Rosita
Published: February 2009

This paper is part of a wider study exploring the politics of place and identity in Kuranda, the small North Queensland town in which my extended family has been settled for the past 25 years. I focus on activities associated with the Kuranda amphitheatre as an attempt by people in Kuranda to define their place and their community in the context of a shire in which they felt ‘out of place’. The amphitheatre is for Kuranda people more than just a venue for the performing arts. It is a place where ideas of ‘community’ get played out and contested, where place is performed, and where experiences of ‘the difference within’ are produced. I argue that, whether they be on the stage or off it, performances are not the mere reflection, nor even a representation, of given structurally and/or cognitively encoded identities. Rather, they are generative phenomena, experientially constitutive of such identities.
Self and Illness: Changing Relationships in Response to Life in the Community Following Prolonged Institutionalisation
Authors: Newton Liz
Published: February 2009

Increasingly since the 1950s mentally ill people in the Western world have been removed from institutional care. In this paper I am concerned primarily with the response of psychiatric patients to living in a ‘normal’ community environment, in particular the extent to which they are able to assume new social roles and identities after long periods of institutional care. I conclude that despite persistent mental illness, deinstitutionalised patients have developed new roles and new identities, a new sense of independence, new coping abilities and a capacity to articulate future goals and desires.

The findings are drawn from two and a half years fieldwork in an Australian capital city, where a group of long‐stay psychiatric in‐patients, who would not normally be considered for discharge, were given the opportunity to live in mainstream society. This accompanied the reduction of in‐patient beds and the eventual closure of a large psychiatric hospital as it amalgamated with another hospital nearby.
Random Mind: Towards an Appreciation of Openness in Individual, Society and Anthropology
Authors: Rapport Nigel
Published: February 2009

Gregory Bateson laid stress on treating anthropology as a ‘non‐specialist’ subject which would draw upon, and hence illuminate the interdependence of, all the human sciences in its endeavour to tackle what he called the `vast intricacies' of socio‐cultural complexity. What was called for was an ‘abductive’ project which would qualitatively or aesthetically identify certain vital `patterns' which connected different arenas of human experience. By this means, anthropology could hope to disinter specific sociological and psychological laws.

In the manner of Bateson, this paper sets out to describe and isolate one such law: the random workings of the individual human mind. These workings are considered abductively across a range of different but related discourses: ethnographic, aesthetic, political and moral.

It is argued that to appreciate the randomness of the individual mind is to gain important insight not only into the diversity of human culture and society but also the singularity of human being. An appreciation of human randomness and its ramifications, it is concluded, may serve as the basis not only of explanation but also a sense of moral value and beauty in anthropological analysis.
A Review from the Field
Authors: Mimica Jadran
Published: February 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Gilbert Herdt.
Sambia Sexual Culture: Essays from the Field.
Land Tenure and Naming Systems in Aboriginal Australia
Authors: Harvey Mark
Published: February 2009

Naming systems play a prominent role in discussions of land tenure by Aboriginal people. Reference to one area of land and its owners is most commonly in terms of name ‘X’, whereas reference to another area of land and its owners is most commonly made in terms of name ‘Y’. Much of the analytical literature examines how these names refer to groups of people. There is considerable dispute as to whether the reference of these names suffices to determine disjoint groupings of owners that can be described by the term ‘clan’.

This paper proposes that the analysis of linkages between names and areas of land should have priority over the analysis of linkages between names and groups of people. The evidence shows that the attachment of names to areas of land is more stable and consistent than their attachment to groups of people. There are differences in the ways that names attach to the landscape, and these differences are significant—they determine whether or not more than one name from the same system may be attached to an area of land.

This paper focuses on two areas of Australia: the northern Kakadu‐Oenpelli area and the Timber Creek area (both in the Northern Territory). It shows that naming systems identify disjunctive areas of land as the targets for claims of primary ownership in both areas. These disjunctive areas may reasonably be described with the translation term ‘estates’. In the northern Kakadu‐Oenpelli area, corresponding to these estates, there are disjunctive groupings of owners, which may be termed ‘clans’. However, groupings of owners are not clearly disjunctive in the Timber Creek area, and there is little motivation for using the term ‘clan’.

This paper proposes that this difference reflects a general pattern in Aboriginal Australia, with naming systems stably and consistently identifying ‘estates’ across much of the continent. They do not identify ‘clans’ with equivalent stability and consistency.
Surfing in the Third Millennium: Commodifying the Visual Argot
Authors: Lanagan David
Published: February 2009

The practice of surfing has often been at odds with the mores of wider society, to the point where surfers have been described in the media as rotten, long‐haired, unwashed drug addicts, or as jobless junkies. However, in recent years there has been an increase in the popularity of surfing and an increase in the consumption of surfing related commodities. This increase in popularity is largely due to the marketing practices of the business interests that are involved in surfing, which has appropriated its images and sold them to a rapidly expanding and lucrative market.

This paper will outline how the commodification of surfing's visual style, and the meanings that are symbolised by this development, have had a three‐fold effect on the sport. First, surfing has been shifted away from the beach into quite different contexts; second, surfing as understood by the wider society has been altered and; third, the commodifying practices of business interests have transferred the symbolic ownership of the sport from surfers to surfing capital.
Practical Nostalgia and the Critique of Commodification: On the ‘Death of Hockey’ and the National Hockey League
Authors: Moore Philip
Published: February 2009

This paper explores some uses of nostalgia in two accounts of ‘the death of hockey’ in the professional National Hockey League of North America. The two accounts examined offer critiques of the commodification of the game some 26 years apart, in 1972 and in 1998. The argument developed here is that nostalgia can be more than just a longing or a yearning for an unattainable golden era located some unspecified time in the past, when social life was well organised and clearly understood, but rather that nostalgia can also take on a tough critical edge when its practical uses are recognised and exploited. Couched as practical nostalgia, such interpretations of the past provide a vision that can be used as a way of creating a space for the development of a critique of the present and opening up possibilities for the future. In the public culture of hockey practical nostalgia can be used to articulate a theoretical approach for understanding the ongoing commodification of the game.
The Ritualisation of Abortion in Contemporary Vietnam
Authors: Gammeltoft Tine
Published: February 2009

Induced abortion was introduced in Northern Vietnam in the 1960s as part of socialist efforts to develop and modernise Vietnamese society. With approximately two million pregnancy terminations per year, Vietnam now has the highest abortion rate in the world. This article explores how unmarried urban youths seek to cope with the experience of abortion and the suffering it entails. It is argued that while some forms of suffering are officially recognised, glorified and heroised in Vietnam, the suffering that a premarital abortion involves is surrounded by shame, stigma and denial. The ‘ethos of suffering’ that dominates Vietnamese public culture makes it difficult for youths to find resolution for the emotional turmoil and moral dilemmas that abortion experiences give rise to. In this situation, many young people turn to ritual practice, seeking help and compassion from spiritual beings and powers. Young people's reactions to abortion indicate the presence in their daily lives of spiritual orientations deriving mainly from Buddhist traditions. The paper proposes that in order to understand how reproductive events are experienced in local worlds in and beyond Vietnam, more analytical attention needs to be paid to cosmological aspects of human procreation.
The Goddess, the Ethnologist, the Folklorist and the Cadre: Situating Exegesis of Vietnam's Folk Religion in Time and Place1
Authors: Taylor Philip
Published: February 2009

Vietnamese anthropology has been portrayed as a project in close alignment with the goals of a progressivist, culturally assimilationist and security‐oriented state. This paper explores unexpectedly positive assessments by anthropologists and folklorists of a recent popular upsurge in goddess worship, which many local scholars deem an example of local, time‐honoured and integrative cultural practice. Such assessments may be viewed in the context of state attempts to strengthen national identifications as a counterbalance to its policies of economic liberalisation and integration with the capitalist world. Yet there is more to these interpretations than a story of intellectuals following an official script. In particular, we can factor in the effects upon these commentators themselves of rapid social and cultural change, particularly in urban areas where the majority of them are based. The paper argues for the need to move beyond a view of the Vietnamese state as the only or most critical factor in the shaping of local intellectual responses to popular practice.
Anthropology and Indigenous Alterity
Authors: Austin‐Broos Diane
Published: February 2009

Book reviewed in this article:

Elizabeth Povinelli.
The Cunning of Recognition: Indigenous Alterities and the Making of Australian Multiculturalism.
Encountering the ‘Other’: Pilgrims, Tourists and Boatmen in the City of Varanasi
Authors: Doron Assa
Published: February 2009

Contemporary studies of tourism in the ‘Third World’ often focus on the farreaching economic, cultural and environmental consequences of tourism on local populations. Scholars have argued that guest/host interactions reflect a relation of domination in which, much like imperialism, wealthy Western tourists travel in search of the exotic Orient. The tourists are then served and catered to by local communities who are dependent on their business. Such polarities tend to privilege the ‘guests’ as the purveyors of change, while the creative and innovative practices of the host group are rendered invisible. In this paper, I examine the boatmen of Varanasi and their role as culture brokers, negotiating the sacred city for visitors who include pilgrims, domestic and foreign tourists. Concentrating mostly on the relationship between the boatmen and foreign tourists, I look at the multiple strategies and tactics that boatmen have developed to satisfy their needs and desires to their own advantage. Such techniques vary according to the visitors and their desired experience. Thus, the boatmen are quick to ‘tune in’ to those with whom they are dealing. Moreover, the close encounters that boatmen have with tourists enable them to view Western culture as well as their own local culture critically.
Forests as Spiritually Significant Places: Nature, Culture and `Belonging‘ in Australia
Authors: Trigger David , Mulcock Jane
Published: February 2009

The spiritual significance of forests is explored, based on interviews with people involved in disputes that led to the signing of the Western Australian Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) in 1999. Included are reflections from individuals involved in forestry, tourism, farming, and in the environmental conservation movement. Although the conflict between these groups has been emphasised in previous accounts of the RFA process, this analysis focuses on points of similarity, namely, ideas about Australian attachments to land. A significant proportion of interviewees compared their own feelings of spiritual or sentimental connection to the forests with the kind of attachments they thought Aboriginal Australians might have to their homelands. This leads us to consider feelings of belonging and attachment to place in relation to controversial debates about nature, culture and identity in settler‐descendant societies such as Australia. An understanding of such deeply held beliefs and values about land and identity provides insights into disputes over natural resource management.
The Nation‐State, Public Education, and the Logic of Migration: Chinese Students in Hungary
Authors: Nyíri Pál
Published: February 2009

Public education remains the nation‐state's foremost instrument of forging citizens. But the emergence of ‘international education’, a system explicitly based on the ideology of globality and outside the purview of national curricula, provides a way to circumvent the citizen‐making machine. This article, based on fieldwork among Chinese secondary school students in Hungary, considers the interaction between ‘international education’ and transnational migrants in a nation‐state whose public education, as the state itself, has little interest in the ‘integration’ of non‐natives.
The Articulation of Indigenous and Exogenous Orders in Highland New Guinea and Beyond
Authors: Rumsey Alan
Published: February 2009

One of the leading challenges for contemporary anthropology is to try to contribute to an understanding of the interaction between indigenous and exogenous socio‐cultural orders, especially at the frontiers of globalisation. Here I review three recent attempts to do so: (1) a model of structural transformation as developed by Marshall Sahlins; (2) a model of articulation as developed by James Clifford; (3) a model of ‘adoption’ proposed by Joel Robbins. As a test case for these models, I consider them in relation to some recent developments in local segmentary politics and verbal art in the Ku Waru region of Highland New Guinea. I show that all three models are in certain respects inadequate for understanding those developments, and offer some proposals as to what kinds of theory might be more adequate to the task.
The Never Ending Dance: Islamism, Kemalism and the Power of Self‐institution in Turkey
Authors: Houston Chris
Published: February 2009

Kemalism in Turkey is often presented as an exemplary case of paternalistic and authoritarian modernisation from above, and lauded or condemned for that very reason. Represented in these terms, certain analytic and political binaries are also activated: state versus society; world‐view versus life‐world; universality versus particularity; inauthenticity versus indigeneity; homogeneity versus heterogeneity/resistance. By contrast, in this paper I seek to sidestep these organising categories to focus on Kemalism and Islamism as rival forms of the same social imaginary signification, and not as shorthand for these polarities. Using a number of representative texts, I argue that the extravagance of Islamist resistance in Turkey post‐1980 brings to light the fantastical power of Kemalism itself, exposed as a project of the triumph of the will. This being the case, what has been written in anthropology about acts of ‘self‐institution’? The work of Nigel Rapport and Cornelius Castoriadis emphasises, in different ways, the arbitrariness and gratuity of social creation out of nothing or self‐institution. Pierre Bourdieu's work, on the other hand, is radically contrary to Rapport's in its structuralist elaboration of agency as guided action. My analysis of processes of change within both the Islamist and Republican social movements in Turkey from the early 1990s to the present seeks a temporary rapprochement, at least in this case, between Rapport's methodological individualism and Bourdieu's methodological holism.
Australian Indigenous Studies: A Question of Discipline
Authors: Nakata Martin
Published: February 2009

This paper is an early discussion of the ways we are approaching Indigenous Studies in Australian Universities. The focus is on how disciplinary and scholarly issues within Indigenous Studies can be interrogated and yet retain the necessary cohesion and solidarity so important to the Indigenous struggle. The paper contrasts Indigenous Studies pursued by Indigenous scholars to other disciplinary perspectives in the academy. Categories such as the Indigenous community and Indigenous knowledge are problematised, not to dissolve them, but to explore productive avenues. I identify one of the problems that Indigenous studies faces as resisting the tendency to perpetuate an enclave within the academy whose purpose is to reflect back an impoverished and codified representation of Indigenous culture to the communities that are its source. On the other hand, there is danger also in the necessary engagement with other disciplines on their own terms. My suggestion is that we see ourselves mapping our understanding of our particular Indigenous experiences upon a terrain intersected by the pathways, both of other Indigenous experiences, and of the non‐Indigenous academic disciplines. My intention is to stimulate some thought among Indigenous academics and scholars about the future possibilities of Australian Indigenous Studies as a field of endeavour.
Cannabis and Fantasies of Development: Revaluing Relations through Land in Rural Papua New Guinea
Authors: Halvaksz Jamon Alex
Published: February 2009

Over the past decade, marijuana has become a significant element within Papua New Guinea's communities, revealing an important connection to the broader political economy. For young men, fluctuating commodity prices, the intermittent exploitation of mineral wealth and a reluctant tourist economy only gives them a taste for development. Marijuana seems to offer its permanence. Somewhere between the harsh reality of local economic and ecological futures young men near the town of Wau (Morobe Province) imagine themselves as successful entrepreneurs in the emerging drug trade. In particular, I consider how young men imagine the planting of this illicit crop as mediating tensions between acting individually and acting communally. While most have yet to take action on these fantasies, they provide insight into the development aspirations of rural Papua New Guineans. In this paper, I examine these development fantasies as they speak to a broader political economy and transformations of local landscapes throughout rural Pacific communities.
Surfies versus Westies: Kinship, Mateship and Sexuality in the Cronulla Riot
Authors: Redmond Anthony
Published: February 2009

In the predominantly affluent and Anglo Sutherland Shire in southern suburban Sydney, neighbourhood and extended kinship ties continue to exert powerful forces shaping local identities. During the riot of 11 December 2005 these identities were brought into relief by being pitted against the Lebanese immigrant youth who have been spatially and morally separated from Anglo‐Australians. I argue that the strong homosociality exhibited in several different contexts by young Anglo‐Australian men (the barbecue area, a sports team's ‘gang bang’, the violent defence of a neighbourhood controlled beach) and young Lebanese Australian men (paternal cousin and fraternal solidarities, an infamous series of gang rapes, their response to the White riot at Cronulla) are forms of separation that produce particular kinds of male sexual, class and ethnic subjects. I propose that a study of the role of kinship and cohort relationships in Anglo‐Australian and Lebanese‐Australian male groups should include the nature of incestophobia as an essential component of the precipitating fantasies leading to the riot and the subsequent retaliation.
Material Poetics of a Malay House
Authors: Lundberg Anita
Published: February 2009

Material objects call to us and structure our being. They are not passive, while we are active—rather, they embroil us in their lives as much as we engage them. Hence, sociality is not solely a human function but necessarily involves environments and artefacts. The notion of material poetics is, in this sense, a mutually shaping matrix that affects social life and thought. This philosophy is explored through an encounter with a Malay house. The house is in many ways liminal—a place in which thought and image dwells. It is traditional, yet unique; it holds and expresses history, yet that history is elsewhere and legendary; is Malay but with Chinese decorations, which articulate hybridity; is specifically local, yet involved in national and international flows. It embraces both oscillation and direction. The house is made of wood. This paper takes up this element, showing how the wood not only shelters, but also leads us to venture out to a garden of trees and a dream of jungles where encounters with things, stories and myths subvert our normal categories and expectations. The house leads us places and clears things for us, leading us into a new social field.
Autoethnographic Challenges: Confronting Self, Field and Home
Authors: Voloder Lejla
Published: February 2009

Anthropologists working at ‘home’ or in realms of the familiar often share a considerable sense of connection with participants. In these contexts, the researcher's potential position as an ‘insider’ offers particular opportunities for utilising self as a key resource. Through my own fieldwork at ‘home’ in Melbourne as an ‘insider’ among Bosnian migrants, I was confronted with the challenge of using my self to understand others' experiences. In this paper I discuss the autoethnographic process and consider how its application enabled me to consciously understand my own experiences and utilise my experiential self to inform my study.
Mobility, Violence and the Gendering of HIV in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Lepani Katherine
Published: February 2009

The links between gender, sexuality and violence hold serious implications for HIV transmission and its social and economic effects. In Papua New Guinea, enduring and pervasive patterns of male sexual behaviour involving coercion, violence and gang rape are highly conducive to the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections and have a critical bearing on women's sexual autonomy and health. The realities of violence are intensified by the widespread view that women are responsible for the spread of the virus. This paper engages the theme of mobility to consider the fluid and dynamic character of gender relations and sexuality in contemporary Papua New Guinea, and to gain perspective on constructions of modern masculinity and the discursive representations of gender violence in the context of the escalating HIV epidemic.
Men ofKastomand the Customs of Men: Status, Legitimacy and Persistent Values in Lihir, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Bainton Nicholas A.
Published: February 2009

The changing nature of Lihirian masculinity in the context of large‐scale resource development is characterised by ingenuity, disjuncture and struggles for legitimacy. In this paper, I consider the various ways Lihirian masculinity is challenged and shaped by exogenous influences, how Lihirians appropriate particular aspects of modernity for their own purposes, and the ways in which certain Lihirian men have attempted to redefine masculine ideals according to neoliberal democratic values in their quest to modernise Lihir. This paper draws on fieldwork conducted in the Lihir Islands between 2003 and 2007.
Epitaxial growth of high-κ TiO2 rutile films on RuO2 electrodes
Authors: Fröhlich K. , Aarik J. , Ťapajna M. , Rosová A. , Aidla A. , Dobročka E. , Hušková K.
Published: February 2009

Polycrystalline and epitaxial RuO2∕TiO2∕RuO2 structures were prepared by a combination of metal organic chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition techniques. TiO2 layer grew in a rutile structure due to epitaxial growth on the RuO2 seed layer and exhibited high dielectric constant of 120. Equivalent oxide thickness as low as 0.5nm with a leakage current density of 6×10−6A∕cm2 at 0.8V bias voltage was obtained for the RuO2∕TiO2∕RuO2 capacitor structure epitaxially grown on (11¯02) sapphire substrate. Analysis of leakage currents revealed uneven distribution of defects in the TiO2 dielectric layer.
Thermal infrared detection using dipole antenna-coupled metal-oxide-metal diodes
Authors: Bean Jeffrey A. , Tiwari Badri , Bernstein Gary H. , Fay P. , Porod Wolfgang
Published: February 2009

This work focuses on dipole antenna-coupled metal-oxide-metal diodes, which can be used for the detection of long wave infrared radiation. These detectors are defined using electron beam lithography and fabricated with shadow evaporation metal deposition. Along with offering complementary metal oxide semiconductor compatible fabrication, these detectors promise high speed and frequency selective detection without biasing, a small pixel footprint, and full functionality at room temperature without cooling. Direct current current-voltage characteristics are presented along with detector response to 10.6μm radiation. The detection characteristics can be tailored to provide for multispectral imaging in specific applications by modifying device geometries.
Synthesis, structural and magnetic properties of epitaxial MgFe2O4 thin films by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Cheng J. , Lazarov V. K. , Sterbinsky G. E. , Wessels B. W.
Published: February 2009

Epitaxial MgFe2O4 thin films were synthesized by oxide molecular beam epitaxy at 300°C. Reflection high energy electron diffraction and transmission electron microscopy showed that the films were epitaxial with a (001) orientation. Magneto-optic Kerr effect and superconducting quantum interference device magnetization measurements revealed that films were ferrimagnetic with a saturation ellipticity of 5mdeg, and saturation magnetization of 120emu∕cm3, respectively. The ferrimagnetism was attributed to the formation of a partially inverted spinel structure with a cation site distribution of [Mg0.22+Fe0.83+][Mg0.82+Fe1.23+]O4.
Identification of Clinically Relevant Nonhemolytic Streptococci on the Basis of Sequence Analysis of 16S-23S Intergenic Spacer Region and PartialgdhGene
Authors: Nielsen Xiaohui Chen , Justesen Ulrik Stenz , Dargis Rimtas , Kemp Michael , Christensen Jens Jørgen
Published: February 2009

Nonhemolytic streptococci (NHS) cause serious infections, such as endocarditis and septicemia. Many conventional phenotypic methods are insufficient for the identification of bacteria in this group to the species level. Genetic analysis has revealed that single-gene analysis is insufficient for the identification of all species in this group of bacteria. The aim of the present study was to establish a method based on sequence analysis of the 16S-23S intergenic spacer (ITS) region and the partialgdhgene to identify clinical relevant NHS to the species level. Sequence analysis of the ITS region was performed with 57 NHS reference or clinical strains. Satisfactory identification to the species level was achieved for 14/19 NHS species included in this study on the basis of sequence analysis of the ITS region.Streptococcus salivariusandStreptococcus vestibularisobtained the expected taxon as the best taxon match, but there was a short maximum score distance to the next best match (distance, <10).Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, andStreptococcus pneumoniaecould not be unambiguously discriminated by sequence analysis of the ITS region, as was also proven by phylogenetic analysis. These five species could be identified to the group level only by ITS sequence analysis. Partialgdhsequence analysis was applied to the 11S. oralisstrains, the 11S. mitisstrains, and the 17S. pneumoniaestrains. All except one strain achieved a satisfactory identification to the species level. A phylogenetic algorithm based on the analysis of partialgdhgene sequences revealed three distinct clusters. We suggest that sequence analysis of the combination of the ITS region and the partialgdhgene can be used in the reference laboratory for the species-level identification of NHS.
InvasiveScytalidium dimidiatumInfection in an Immunocompetent Adult
Authors: Elinav Hila , Izhar Uzi , Benenson Shmuel , Admon Dan , Hidalgo-Grass Carlos , Polacheck Itzhack , Korem Maya
Published: February 2009

Scytalidium dimidiatum, a dematiaceous fungus, has been well established as an agent of dermatomycosis. There are few reports of invasive infection caused byS. dimidiatum; most infections occurred in immunocompromised hosts. We present an immunocompetent patient with pleuralS. dimidiatuminfection and review nine other published cases of invasiveS. dimidiatuminfections.