bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening of antibacterial and antifungal activities of selected Macedonian wild mushrooms
Authors: Nikolovska-Nedelkoska Daniela , Atanasova-Pancevska Natalija , Amedi Haris , Veleska Dafina , Ivanova Emilija , Karadelev Mitko , Kungulovski Dzoko
Published: May 2013

Regarding the development of novel safe antimicrobials of natural origin,
macrofungi became attractive for the researchers in the last decade. In this
study, antimicrobial potential of methanolic extracts of six wild
macromycetes (Boletus lupinus, Flammulina velutypes, Phellinus igniarius,
Sarcodon imbricatus, Tricholoma aurantium, Xerocomus ichnusanus) was
evaluated. In vitro antimicrobial activity was investigated by the
microdilution method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was
determined. Testing was conducted against eleven microorganisms, including
six strains of bacteria and five species of fungi. Extracts showed selective
antimicrobial properties while the activities depended both on the species of
microorganism and on the type and concentration of extract. The evaluated
extracts demonstrated antimicrobial activity, exhibiting more potent
inhibitory effects on the growth of bacteria than on fungi. The highest
antibacterial and antifungal activity was observed in methanolic extract of
polypore fungus P. igniarius.
Lichens in Serbian legislation
Authors: Ivancevic Boris , Matavulj Milan , Karaman Maja
Published: May 2013

In this paper an overview of official regulations on the protection of
lichens in the Republic of Serbia is presented, and provisions of individual
regulations are analyzed. Also, the effects of adopted regulations on the
protection of endangered species of lichens are discussed and general
measures to improve the protection of lichens in the future are proposed.
Finally, the need for further studies on lichens is suggested as a basis for
their effective protection and conservation.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida and Haemophilus parasuis isolates associated with porcine pneumonia
Authors: Nedbalcová Kateřina , Kučerová Zdeňka
Published: May 2013

Pasteurella multocidaandHaemophilus parasuispig isolates obtained in the Czech Republic were tested for their susceptibility against selected antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution method between 2008 and 2011. A low degree of resistance was observed for ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, tulathromycin, tilmicosin, florfenicol and enrofloxacin in 20 (6.0%), 15 (4.5 %), 2 (0.6%), 8 (2.4%), 13 (3.9%), 5 (1.5%) and 5 (1.5%)P. multocidaisolates as well as for tiamulin, gentamicin, tulathromycin, tilmicosin and ampicillin in 2 (2.4%), 2 (2.4%), 3 (3.6%), 3 (3.6%) and 6 (7.2%)H. parasuisisolates. In addition, moderate level of resistance to tiamulin was found in 60 (18.1%)P. multocidaisolates and high level of resistance for tetracycline was detected in 107 (32.2 %)P. multocidaisolates and in 23 (27.7 %)H. parasuisisolates. Differences between resistance rates ofP. multocidaandH. parasuiswere significant (P≤ 0.5) only for tiamulin. These data confirmed that antimicrobial resistance is not very widespread among current porcineP. multocidaandH. parasuisisolates in the Czech Republic.
Choroid plexus papilloma in an adult ewe – a case report
Authors: González Jose María , Lacasta Delia , Sanz Santiago , Climent María , Uixera Alicia , Ferrer Luís Miguel , Borobia Marta , Loste Araceli , Ramos Juan José
Published: May 2013

Primary neoplasms of the central nervous system have been rarely reported in sheep. A three-year-old Rasa Aragonesa ewe was admitted to the small ruminant external consultancy at the Veterinary Faculty of University of Zaragoza, Spain. Clinical, haematological and neurological examinations were performed. Neurological examination showed signs of ataxia, hyperextension of the right front limb and abnormal postural reactions. The animal was unable to stand and walk, even with help. Patellar and flexor reflexes were normal and superficial sensation was present but decreased. Humanitarian sacrifice was carried out one month later. Gross and histopathological findings revealed a choroid plexus papilloma located in the fourth ventricle of the brain. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first description of this neoplastic disorder in sheep.
Safety study of the Bio-10-SAD Bern strain of the rabies virus on the rhesus macaque monkey species
Authors: Vrzal Vladimír
Published: May 2013

Based on a WHO recommendation, residual pathogenicity of the Bio-10-SAD Bern rabies virus strain (component of the Lysvulpen por. ad us. vet. vaccine) was tested on rhesus macaque monkeys. Each of the ten monkeys, females, two years old, was administered orally 2 ml × 109 TCID50 of the Bio-10-SAD Bern rabies strain. The animals were monitored for 90 days. Subsequently, the animals were sacrificed and their brains were examined for presence of the vaccination rabies virus by the immunofluorescence and PCR methods. The occurrence of anti-rabies antibodies prior to and following administration of the vaccination rabies virus was also evaluated. No clinical signs of rabies were observed nor did any of the animals die of rabies following application of the virus. No rabies was detected in the study animals by post mortem examination. All of the 10 animals developed anti-rabies antibodies during the 90 days following administration of the rabies virus. It can be concluded, that Bio-10-SAD Bern virus administered at a dose equal to the tenfold maximum dose specified for field uses is safe to monkeys of the rhesus macaque species. This study is the first of its type performed in rhesus macaque monkey species.
The effect of the growth rate and meatiness of young gilts during rearing on the growth and development of their reproductive system
Authors: Kapelański Wojciech , Jankowiak Hanna , Bocian Maria , Grajewska Salomea , Dybała Jan , Cebulska Aleksandra
Published: May 2013

The effects of reproduction performance of sows may be subject to the degree of progress growth and development of their reproductive system. The aim of the study focused on the effect of the growth rate and meatiness on the potential fertility of gilts. In total, developmental stages of reproductive organs of gilts of two breeds Polish Large White (n = 100) and Polish Landrace (n = 100) were used. The animals were divided into three groups depending on their daily gains (≤ 850 g, 851 - 1000 g and > 1000 g). Feed efficiency was similar in each group, and amounted to 2.91, 2.57 and 2.34 kg/kg, respectively. Meat content in carcass demonstrated significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) between three groups for the Polish Landrace breed (61%, 61% and 59.2%, respectively). An adverse effect of a high growth rate was confirmed for uterine weight (P ≤ 0.05), vaginal and cervical length (P ≤ 0.01), total length of the uterine horns (P ≤ 0.01) and uterine capacity (P ≤ 0.01) mainly in the Polish Large White breed. Similarly to ovarian volume, ovarian weight showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.01; P ≤ 0.05), however disproportionately to the rate of growth. The most favourable properties have been demonstrated in the Polish Large White characterized by moderate growth rate (P ≤ 0.01). Research on the scope of the assessment growth and development of the reproductive system of prepubertal gilts is very limited. Thus, this study brings important data about factors affecting morphometrical characteristics of the uteri, ovaries and oviducts of gilts.
The use of image analysis as a new approach to assess behaviour classification in a pig barn
Authors: Costa Annamaria , Ismayilova Gunel , Borgonovo Federica , Leroy Toon , Berckmans Daniel , Guarino Marcella
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to develop an innovative method for measuring the activity level of pigs in a barn in real time. An infrared-sensitive camera was placed over two pens of the piggery, images were recorded for 24 h a day for eight days during the fattening period, and the activity and occupation indices were calculated every second in real time using software. In the laboratory, the recorded images were visually labelled to score the animals’ behaviour adopting the Martin and Bateson’s Scan sampling method, and to find a relation with the automatically measured activity index. Pigs’ behaviour was assigned in the following way, 0 - no activity, 1 - fighting or struggling, 2 - biting one another, 3 - abnormal behaviour as nuzzling or suckling one another (interacting pigs), 4 - feed assumption time. Pigs spent most of the time lying inactively (82–90% of the time), following a diurnal rhythm with peaks related to the feeding administration routine; fighting episodes occurred very rarely (0.05–0.10% of the time). Based on the analysis of the automatically measured group activity index compared to the manual labelling, a relation was found between the activity index and the behaviour types (no activity, nuzzling and feeding). The novelty presented in this study was the development of on-line tools to monitor farm animals continuously during their life, in a fully automatic way, with objective measures and criteria without imposing additional stress to the animals.
Semen quality, lipid peroxidation, and seminal plasma antioxidant status in horses with different intensities of physical exercise
Authors: Härtlová Helena , Rajmon Radko , Krontorádová Iva , Mamica Jiří , Zita Lukáš , Klabanová Petra , Černocký Antonín
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to compare markers of semen quality, sperm membrane damage, and the seminal plasma antioxidant activity in warmblood stallions with and without sport workload stress. Four stallions were used for breeding only (control) and four both for breeding and competition in jumping. Semen samples were collected at 14-day intervals (from June to August) from each stallion (5 ejaculates per stallion). Immediately after sperm collection, a conventional examination of the ejaculate was processed. Catalytic activities of enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanin aminotransferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and indicator of lipoperoxidation - F2αisoprostanes were measured in samples of seminal plasma. Contrary to basic semen quality indicators, the values of seminal plasma pH, aspartate aminotransferase and alanin aminotransferase were significantly (P< 0.05) impaired in the physically stressed stallions. Also, the level of F2αisoprostanes and the activity of superoxide dismutase were significantly (P <0.05) increased by stress. The antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathion peroxidase increased during the monitored period and reflected changes in F2αisoprostane concentration. We can conclude that even the conventional basic sperm indicators stay within the reference ranges of the biochemical indicators of seminal plasma such as pH or AST/ALT activity may be negatively influenced by sport workload stress. Increased concentrations of F2α isoprostanes indicate that lipoperoxidation can be a mechanism of cell membrane destabilization, which is counteracted by an increase of antioxidant enzyme activities. This is the first report of oxidative stress symptoms in normospermic equine semen in relation to stallion sport workload.
Content of nutrients and energy in pasture vegetation and their apparent digestibility in Old Kladruber horses
Authors: Straková Eva , Suchý Pavel
Published: May 2013

This study focuses on the determination of apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation nutrients in horses of the Old Kladruber breed through a balance indicator method (determination of acid insoluble ash). When evaluating the nitrogenous substances, their determination was based on the content of pure protein (sum of amino acids) which is more accurate than crude protein. There were differences in the chemical composition of dry matter from pasture vegetation and horse excrements. Regarding crude fat, crude fibre, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin, ash, P and Mg, the average values in dry matter of horse excrements were significantly (P≤ 0.01) higher; on the contrary, we found significantly (P≤ 0.01) lower mean values of nitrogen-free extract, organic matter and Ca ​​in the dry mass of pasture grass. The highest coefficient of apparent digestibility for organic nutrients was determined in the nitrogen-free extract (73%) followed with organic matter (71%), pure protein (68%), crude protein (65%) and crude fat (61%). In case of fibre and its fractions, the apparent digestibility coefficients decreased as follows: crude fibre (66%), neutral detergent fibre (66%), acid detergent fibre (63%) and acid detergent lignin (42%). Significantly lower values were determined for coefficients of apparent digestibility for minerals P (16%) and Mg (50%), which highlights the need for their regular supplementation in horses on pasture. This study extends the current state of knowledge regarding the apparent digestibility of pasture vegetation which is a prerequisite for optimal nutrition of horses.
Effect of dietary Salvia officinalis essential oil and sodium selenite supplementation on antioxidative status and blood phagocytic activity in broiler chickens
Authors: Ryzner Miroslav , Takáčová Jana , Čobanová Klaudia , Plachá Iveta , Venglovská Katarína , Faix Štefan
Published: May 2013

Selected indicators of the antioxidant status and blood phagocytic activity were investigated in broiler chickens fed diets enriched with essential oil from Salvia officinalis and/or sodium selenite for 5 weeks. Twenty four one-day-old Ross 308 hybrid broilers were randomly divided into four groups according to dietary treatments. The control group was fed unsupplemented basal diet, whereas the feeds of three treatment groups were supplemented with essential oil (0.05%), sodium selenite (0.4 mg Se/kg dry matter) or their combination, respectively. The intake of diets containing essential oil alone or together with Se significantly elevated (P < 0.05) the total antioxidant status in plasma. The combination of essential oil and sodium selenite added to the basal diet resulted in significant reduction (P < 0.05) of superoxide dismutase activity in erythrocytes, increased activities of glutathione peroxidase in liver (P < 0.001) and duodenal mucosa (P < 0.05) compared to the control. Higher malondialdehyde concentrations in kidney tissues (P < 0.01) of chickens supplemented with sodium selenite were reduced by addition of essential oil to their diet. Blood phagocytic activity was significantly (P < 0.001) increased in both groups supplemented with selenium. The presented results demonstrate that Salvia officinalis essential oil and sodium selenite jointly added to diets had a more positive effect on the antioxidant status of broilers than when both additives were administered separately.
Pathological aspects of experimental poisoning of goats by Stryphnodendron fissuratum pods (Fabaceae)
Authors: Mendonça Fábio S. , Albuquerque Raquel F. , Neto Joaquim Evêncio , Camargo Lázaro M. , Dória Renata G. S. , Freitas Sílvio H. , Lodi Luciano R. , Ubiali Daniel G. , Colodel Edson M.
Published: May 2013

Stryphnodendron fissuratum Mart. (Fabaceae) is an importantly toxic plant for livestock in Central-Western Brazil. Despite the recently published clinical descriptions of the poisoning, the gross and histopathological lesions of the disease needed to be better characterized. For this reason the pods of S. fissuratum were given orally to 10 young goats. The goats that received single doses of 10 g/kg, 20 g/kg and 40 g/kg and 4 fractioned doses of 5 g/kg, died poisoned. One goat that received a single dose of 10 g/kg recovered. Only those animals that received one dose of 5 g/kg did not become ill. At post mortem examination, the main lesions were associated with the digestive system and consisted of broken up epithelium and congestion of the mucosa of forestomachs and abomasum. Widespread areas of erosion and ulcerations were observed at the reticula and abomasal mucosa. Int these areas, the main lesions were neutrophil infiltration, vacuolization of the epithelial lining, swelling and dissociation of cells with cytoplasmic eosinophilia, pyknosis, karyorrhexis and nuclear karyolysis. In the central nervous system, the main lesions were identified in the brain of goats that received 20 g/kg and 40 g/kg of pods and consisted of spongiosis of the brainstem white matter. Based on these results, it was proved that the pods of S. fissuratum are acutely toxic for goats under the conditions of this experiment. The poisoning was characterized by damage to the organs of the digestive system and the central nervous system.
The impact of using lead pellets on lead contamination of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in the Czech Republic
Authors: Hutařová Zdeňka , Čelechovská Olga , Večerek Vladimír , Svobodová Zdeňka
Published: May 2013

The aim of the study was to assess the degree of lead contamination in mallards in the Czech Republic as a result of using lead shots for wildfowling. Two sites used for mallard hunting were chosen, namely a flood-control reservoir in Moravia and a small fishpond in Bohemia. Lead concentrations were determined in the tissues of 20 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) raised at those standing open water sites (n = 10 at each site) and killed there during the autumn hunting season with a steel shot. Control groups were made up of 20 mallards from the same breeding facility as experimental groups but raised in an enclosure without access to water (n = 10 at each site). Lead concentrations were determined in selected tissues (breast muscle, heart, liver, gizzard, kidney, feathers - quill base, lung, brain and humerus) by high resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry. The results showed elevated lead concentrations in all tissues of mallards compared with control in the reservoir in Southern Moravia. The highest lead concentrations (mg/kg) were found in the humerus (14.254 ± 4.525 and 5.083 ± 0.748 for experimental and control mallards, respectively). In contrast, lead concentrations in mallards from small fishpond in Southern Bohemia were lower compared to control. Similarly, the highest lead concentrations were found in the humerus (2.219 ± 0.349 and 8.930 ± 1.012 for experimental and control mallards, respectively). This study extends very limited information about lead contamination of wild ducks in the Czech Republic in connection with hunting activities.
Effects of storage temperature on biogenic amine concentrations in meat of uneviscerated pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)
Authors: Hutařová Zdeňka , Večerek Vladimír , Steinhauserová Iva , Maršálek Petr , Bořilová Gabriela
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to determine the hygienic quality of the pheasants reared for high-quality meat production by the biogenic amine concentrations in their meat. The content of biogenic amines was measured in the meat of sixty male pheasants killed by pithing and stored uneviscerated for 21 days under different storage temperatures (0 °C, 7 °C and 15 °C). The samples of breast and thigh muscles of pheasant were tested at weekly intervals. Biogenic amines were analysed by reverse phase liquid chromatography and detected by tandem mass spectrometry. Concentrations of biogenic amines (except spermin and spermidin) in thigh muscle were higher than in breast muscle. Highly significant difference (P < 0.01) was found in tyramine (5.80 mg/kg and 1.38 mg/kg for thigh and breast muscle, respectively), cadaverine (40.80 mg/kg and 14.43 mg/kg for thigh and breast muscle, respectively), putrescine (13.42 mg/kg and 3.16 mg/kg for thigh and breast muscle, respectively) and histamine (5.51 mg/kg and 1.70 mg/kg for thigh and breast muscle, respectively) concentrations after 21 days of storage at 15 °C. This study provides information on the dynamics of biogenic amine formation in pheasant meat during 21 days of storage at different temperatures. Based on our results, we can recommend storing pithed uneviscerated pheasants at 0–7°C for up to 21 days, or at 15 °C for up to 7 days. Concentrations of biogenic amines gained in our study can be helpful in evaluating freshness and hygienic quality of the pheasant game meat.
Concentration of some metals in the muscles of fish from selected lakes of Warmia and Mazury region (Poland)
Authors: Spodniewska Anna , Barski Dariusz
Published: May 2013

In view of very scarce and limited information concerning the content of heavy metals in tissues of fish from the lakes in north-eastern Poland, the aim of the study was to determine the content of some heavy metals in the muscle tissue of two fish species: bream (Abramis brama) (n = 60) and pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) (n = 60) caught in selected lakes of Warmia and Mazury region (Poland) in 2010 as well as to asses human health safety. The concentration of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in the muscle tissue of bream and pikeperch was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The mean concentration of toxic metals (Pb and Hg) in muscles of bream was 0.07 mg/kg and 0.03 mg/kg, respectively, and 0.10 mg/kg and 0.13 mg/kg in muscles of pikeperch, respectively. The mean concentration of Cu, Fe and Zn found in the muscles of bream was 0.33 mg/kg, 7.27 mg/kg and 6.12 mg/kg in muscles of pikeperch it was 0.21 mg/kg, 5.56 mg/kg and 6.02 mg/kg, respectively. It was found that the content of the analysed metals in fish muscles was low and did not exceed the values of limits admissible in the European Union. At the assumed mean and maximum concentration of Pb and Hg, the values of PTWI (provisional tolerable weekly intake) were not exceeded (i.e. 0.56% PTWI for Pb and 3.01% PTWI for Hg), therefore the consumption of fish originating from selected lakes of Warmia and Mazury does not constitute a threat to consumer health.
Recovery of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after subchronic nitrite exposure
Authors: Zusková Eliška , Máchová Jana , Velíšek Josef , Stará Alžběta , Svobodová Zdeňka , Kroupová Hana Kocour
Published: May 2013

The aim of the study was to assess the effect of elevated nitrite concentration on the haematological and biochemical profile of blood of rainbow trout and to evaluate the ability of fish to recover under varying conditions. Fish (n = 72) were exposed for 14 days to elevated nitrite concentration (1 mg·l-1). Thereafter the exposed fish were divided into four groups and monitored for 7 days in the following conditions: water containing 1 mg·l-1 NO2 (group E), water containing 1 mg·l-1 NO2- + 100 mg·l-1 Cl- (group R1), nitrite-free water with 100 mg·l-1 Cl- (group R2), or nitrite- and chloride-free water (group R3). Nitrite exposure was associated with a significant increase (P < 0.01) in methaemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and plasma nitrite concentration. During the subsequent 7 days these indices reached the control values in all recovery groups (R1–R3). Significant decrease (P < 0.01) in haematocrit and mean corpuscular volume was recorded during nitrite exposure of fish. These changes were eliminated by addition of chloride to the water. Other haematological and biochemical blood indices showed that all treatments resulted in moderate stress to fish with the least pronounced changes in group R1. Results of the present study confirmed that even low nitrite concentrations may cause physiological changes in rainbow trout and pointed to possible recovery treatments of fish impaired by nitrite exposure. One of the most important findings is that chloride added to the water leads to successful fish recovery even in the presence of nitrite.
Haematology of gynogenetic diploids of Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baerii Brandt
Authors: Fopp-Bayat Dorota , Wlasow Teresa , Ziomek Elzbieta
Published: May 2013

Haematological analyses were conducted in gynogenetic diploids and control diploids of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Gynogenetic diploid fish were obtained from Polish aquaculture after induction of meiotic gynogenesis based on application of UV-irradiated hybrid Siberian sturgeon × Russian sturgeon (A. gueldenstaedtii) sperm (for eggs activation) and heat shock for inhibiting the second polar body retention. A total of fifteen 30-month-old specimens of Siberian sturgeon from the gynogenetic diploid group and 12 specimens from the control diploid group were randomly sampled. There were no differences in the number of erythrocytes and haematocrit values between gynogenetic diploids and normal diploids of Siberian sturgeon. However, the percentage of normal erythrocytes was lower in the gynogenetic group of fish and the higher percentage of the atypical red blood cell forms (microcytes, sphaerocytes, erythrocytes with displaced nuclei and with divided nuclei) were observed in this group of fish. Additionally all the haemoglobin indices (haemoglobin concentration, the mean corpuscular haemoglobin and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration) were significantly reduced in gynogenetic diploids of Siberian sturgeon. These results could suggest depletion of oxygenation capacity of the blood of gynogenetic sturgeons. This is the first report of a haematological study in gynogenetic diploids of sturgeon fish.
Prostatic adenocarcinoma with renal metastases in a dog diagnosed by contrast enhanced ultrasound - case report
Authors: Feier Diana , Mircean Mircea , Purdoiu Robert Cristian , Gal Adrian , Papuc Ionel , Badea Radu
Published: May 2013

Prostate cancer in dogs belongs to the category of diseases that affect mainly elderly animals. Due to low frequency and slow development of this disease, the diagnosis and staging of these tumours present a challenge. The aim of this study was to highlight the role of contrast enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis and staging in a case report of prostate adenocarcinoma in Rottweiler aged 7 years. Conventional ultrasound examination of the dog revealed a profoundly altered structure of the prostate, the presence of masses in both the kidney and liver parenchyma with hepatic veins consistent with turgor, and also a hyperechoic content of the gallbladder. Optimization of the examination with contrast substance revealed a vascular pattern of malignancy both in the prostate and kidney, and has excluded any bile and kidney determinations. Pathological examination revealed a primary tumour in the form of an anaplastic prostate adenocarcinoma with multiple secondary determinations in the lung, kidney and bone. Ultrasound enhanced with intravenously administered contrast substance is an optimal imaging technique that provides real-time information on the vascular space replacement formations behaviour in prostate and kidney, with a role in the diagnosis and staging of prostate tumours.
Changes in serum dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, and 17β-oestradiol levels associated with disease and surgery in the horse
Authors: Ayala Ignacio , Martos Nieves
Published: May 2013

The aim of this work was to measure serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone and 17β-oestradiol in horses with various diseases and after surgery. We hypothesize that diseases and castration could potentially affect concentrations of steroid reproductive hormones. Blood samples were obtained from six groups of horses comprising a total of 119 horses (75 males and 44 females, 5–15 years old) with laminitis, acute abdominal syndrome, acute diseases, chronic diseases, after castration and healthy control. Hormone concentrations in serum were determined for each group using competitive enzyme immunoassay. Significant increases compared to control were found for dehydroepiandrosterone in horses with castration (P< 0.01), acute abdominal syndrome and acute diseases (P< 0.05). Besides, significant increases were observed for androstenedione in horses with laminitis, castration and acute diseases (P< 0.01), and in acute abdominal syndrome and chronic diseases (P< 0.05). Significant increases were also found for testosterone in horses with castration (P< 0.01) and with laminitis, acute abdominal syndrome and chronic diseases (P< 0.05). The lowest values of testosterone were found in the control group. Compared to control, 17b-oestradiol serum concentrations showed significant decreases (P< 0.01) in horses with laminitis, acute abdominal syndrome, acute and chronic diseases. Significant differences (P< 0.05) for the four studied hormones were found between males and females in each group. Our results showed that there were significant differences in steroid reproductive hormone concentrations in diseased horses and in those after surgery, compared to controls.
Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in healthy cats recorded with surface electrodes
Authors: Musteata Mihai , Neculae Irina , Armasu Mihaela , Balan Christiana B. , Solcan Gheorghe
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the brainstem auditory evoked potentials of seven healthy cats, using surface electrodes. Latencies of waves I, III and V, and intervals I–III, I–V and III–V were recorded. Monaural and binaural stimulation of the cats were done with sounds ranging between 40 and 90 decibel Sound Pressure Level. All latencies were lower than those described in previous studies, where needle electrodes were used. In the case of binaural stimulation, latencies of waves III and V were greater compared to those obtained for monaural stimulation (P < 0.01), and relatively unchanged for wave I (P > 0.05). Regardless of the sound intensity, the interwave latency was constant (P > 0.05). Interestingly, no differences were noticed for latencies of waves III and V when sound intensity was higher than 80dB SPL. This study completes the knowledge in the field of electrophysiology and shows that the brainstem auditory evoked potentials in cats using surface electrodes is a viable method to record the transmission of auditory information. That can be faithfully used in clinical practice, when small changes of latency values may be an objective factor in health status evaluation.
Anaesthesia and cardiopulmonary effects of tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine/tramadol and its effects on nitric oxide, plasma endothelin, 6-keto-PGF1α and thromboxanes B2 in miniature pigs
Authors: Lu De-Zhang , Fan Hong-Gang , Jiang Sheng , Tan Li-Juan , Yu Shi-Ming , Zhang Luan-Song , Ma Kun , Wang Hong-Bin
Published: May 2013

This study focused on anaesthesia and cardiopulmonary effects of tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine/tramadol in miniature pigs and its effects on endothelium-derived vasoactive factors. A total of 14 eight-month-old Chinese experimental miniature pigs were used in this study. Tiletamine-zolazepam (3.5 mg·kg-1), xylazine (1.32 mg·kg-1) and tramadol (1.8 mg·kg-1) were administered i.m.; blood pressure and heart rate were recorded. At the same time, blood was collected through precaval vein, and nitric oxide, endothelin, 6-keto-PGF1α and thromboxanes B2 were determined by colorimetry and radioimmunoassay. The mean times to dorsal recumbency, duration of immobilization, standing and walking were 2.26 ± 0.72, 87.57 ± 9.61, 25.63 ± 12.55 and 36.70 ± 14.53 min, respectively. Blood pressure was significantly changed at 10 and 80 min (P < 0.01), and the heart rate ranged from 89 to 134 bpm without episodes of severe bradycardia or tachycardia. Significantly positive correlation was observed between endothelin, thromboxanes B2 and blood pressure as well as the heart rate (P < 0.05). There was negative correlation between PGI2 and blood pressure as well as heart rate (P < 0.05). The results showed that endothelin, 6-keto-PGF1α and thromboxanes B2 participated in the changing of cardiopulmonary parameters which were caused by tiletamine-zolazepam-xylazine-tramadol anaesthesia in miniature pigs, and the 6-keto-PGF1α, ET and TXB2 concentrations in plasma participated in the changing of blood pressures during anaesthesia. Therefore, we can recommend tiletamine-zolazepam/xylazine/tramadol for anaesthesia in pigs, and this study also contributes to the evaluation of the effect of endothelium-derived vasoactive factors during anaesthesia.
Alfaxalone anaesthesia in the green iguana (Iguana iguana)
Authors: Knotek Zdeněk , Hrdá Anna , Knotková Zora , Trnková Šárka , Babák Vladimír
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate short-term intravenous anaesthesia with alfaxalone in green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Alfaxalone at a dose rate of 5 mg/kg was administered to thirteen adult male green iguanas via the ventral caudal vein following 24 h fasting. The induction time, tracheal tube insertion time, surgical plane of anaesthesia interval, and full recovery time were recorded. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure (measured indirectly), pulse rate, respiratory rate, SpO2 and ETCO2 were recorded. The induction time and tracheal tube insertion time was 41.54 ± 27.69 s and 69.62 ± 37.03 s, respectively. The time from the alfaxalone administration to the loss of toe-pinch reflex was 2.20 ± 1.47 min. Full activity was restored 14.23 ± 4.15 min after the initial alfaxalone administration. The respiratory rate increased significantly (P < 0.01) from 4.3. ± 3.2 to 6.8 ± 1.6 breaths per min and a gradual decrease of ETCO2 from 43.65 ± 10.54 to 26.58 ± 8.10 mmHg (P < 0.01) was noted from the second to the 13th min after alfaxalone administration. The pulse rate, SpO2 and blood pressure did not change significantly. Intravenous use of alfaxalone proved to be a suitable and safe form for short term anaesthesia in green iguanas.
Workplace Sexual Harassment in Hospitals
Authors: Shrestha Nira Singh
Published: May 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8140Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct.-Dec., 2012: 69-70
Gastric pH in patients premedicated with Esomeprazole or Famotidine undergoing routine surgery under general anaesthesia
Authors: Shrestha BR , Shrestha S , Moktan S , Shrestha OS
Published: May 2013

Background: Stress and anxiety in patients planned for surgery under anaesthesia may change pH of gastric secretion. Premedication of surgical patients with pH altering drugs may modify the pH favourably. With the advent of newer agents, premedication has been carried out with different agents. Most of the time choice of drug is made by the perioperative physician on his/her own. Objective: To study gastric pH in patients premedicated either with Esomeprazole or Famotidine. Methods: This is a randomized controlled double blind prospective study conducted in 150 patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists grade I and II posted for elective surgery under general anaesthesia. The patients enrolled in the study were randomly assigned to three groups having 50 patients in each. Group I (control group) did not receive any pH altering drug, Group II (Famotidine Group) received 40 mg of Famotidine and Group III (Esomeprazole Group) received 40 mg of Esomeprazole the night before surgery. The observer was totally blind about the groups or drugs given to the patients. On the day of surgery, after induction of anaesthesia gastric juice was obtained via nasogastric tube and was checked for pH using pH indicator paper. Results: The pH raised by Esomeprazole was statistically significant (p<0.001) when compared to that of control group or Famotidine group. The mean pH value in control group was less than 2.5 whereas the pH value was higher than 2.5 in patients premedicated with either Famotidine or Esomeprazole. Conclusions: Gastric pH is raised by Famotidine or Esomeprazole premedication prior to routine surgery, Esomeprazole being superior to Famotidine, p<0.001. Patients (84%) not premedicated with either of the drugs had pH less than 2.5. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8141 Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct.-Dec., 2012: 71-76
Autonomic nervous system evaluation in Type 2 diabetic patients and effect of its duration
Authors: Karki DB , Acharya S , Shrestha P , Pant S , Pokhrel A , Bista P
Published: May 2013

Introduction: Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system is common in diabetic patients. Presence of autonomic dysfunction should alert the physicians of its serious consequences that require timely preventive measures. Objectives: This study was done to fi nd out the autonomic nervous system involvement in Type 2 diabetic patients and to see its relation with the duration of diabetes. Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study. All consecutive diabetic patients of both genders attending Kathmandu Medical College and a private clinic, Temple of Healing were included. A battery of six well validated and accepted autonomic nervous system evaluation tests were done to evaluate the autonomic function in 245 Type 2 diabetic patients. Results: Prevalence of autonomic dysfunction was found to be 71.02% with 58.78% patients having mild autonomic dysfunction and 12.24% having moderate dysfunction. Severe autonomic dysfunction was detected in none of the patients. Parasympathetic dysfunction was much more common than sympathetic dysfunction (68.16% vs. 17.96%). No association was found between autonomic dysfunction and duration of diabetes. Conclusions: Autonomic dysfunction is very common in diabetics and can be detected by simple tests. Timely detection of autonomic dysfunction in diabetic patients is advised so that its preventive measures can be effective. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8142 Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct.-Dec., 2012: 77-83
The haemodynamic and ventilatory responses with I-gel, laryngeal mask airway and tracheal intubation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Maharjan SK
Published: May 2013

Background: Despite use of adequate medications and techniques, tracheal intubation induces haemodynamic stress response, which can be minimized by using supraglottic airway devices instead of tracheal tube in elective surgical cases with adequate oxygenation and ventilation. Objectives: To compare haemodynamic variables and ventilation parameters of I-gel and laryngeal mask airway with tracheal intubation during laparoscopic surgery. Methods: This is a prospective randomized comparative study among 90 cases of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class I and II, undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, who were equally divided into three groups of 30 patients each: I-gel group, Laryngeal mask airway group and Tracheal tube group. Randomization was done with pick up of cards from sealed envelope. Basal readings of heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure were recorded and these parameters were measured again before airway device placement, one, three and five minutes after airway manipulation, during carboperitoneum creation and before and after extubation. Oxygen saturation, end tidal CO2, airway pressure and inhaled and exhaled tidal volume and minute volume were monitored before, during and after carboperitoneum creation. Leak volume was calculated by deducing exhaled tidal volume from inhaled tidal volume. Statistical analysis (Analysis of variance test) was done to see the differences among the groups. Results: Haemodynamic perturbations were maximum with tracheal intubation and moderate with laryngeal mask airway while stable haemodynamics was observed with I-gel. Intra and inter-group comparison revealed significant differences after use of airway devices and after removal as well. Regarding ventilatory response, oxygenation and ventilation was well maintained with maximum airway pressure of mean ± SD: 20.11 ±3.46, 20.24 ±4.42, 19.05±4.82 cmH2O during carboperitoneum creation in I-gel, laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube group respectively and oxygen saturation of 98 to 100% and end tidal CO2 level of 31-35 mmHg. In all groups, minute volume was well maintained and leak volume of 18.88±12.40, 17.13±13.32 and 20.89±12.20 ml were recorded in I-gel, laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube group respectively during carboperitoneum creation. There was no statistically significant difference among the groups at any time regarding the monitored parameters. Conclusion: Among the three airway management devices used during general anaesthesia with positive pressure ventilation, I-gel produced least haemodynamic stress response, both supraglottic devices can be used with proper size and placement with acceptable haemodynamics and ventilation during laparoscopic surgery. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8143 Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct.-Dec., 2012: 84-90
Immediate impact of medical abortion on women's health and clients' satisfaction with medical abortion
Authors: Paudel N
Published: May 2013

Background: Medical abortion has been proved to be effective method for safe abortion. It is highly acceptable to women in a variety of settings, including where resources are limited. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the immediate impact of medical abortion on women’s health and clients’ satisfaction with medical abortion.  Methods: A descriptive study was conducted at Marie Stopes Center, Satdobato, Lalitpur. A total of 100 consecutive women visiting the center for medical abortion during 2010 September to 2010 October were included. Respondents were the women attending follow up visit following medical abortion using Mifepristone 200 mg orally followed by Misoprostol 800μg per vaginal after 24 hours of oral Mifepristone. Structured questionnaire was designed and interview method was used for data collection. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version16 was used to analyze the data. Results: The success rate of medical abortion was 91%. Most of the respondents did not have any problems besides the expected effects and side effects of the method such as bleeding, abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and headache. Majority (79%) of respondents was satisfied with medical abortion and 76% respondents said they would recommend this method to others in future. There was no significant relationship between information and counseling and client’s satisfaction with medical abortion. Conclusions: The immediate impact of medical abortion on women’s health is positive. It is a safe and easy method in termination of early pregnancy and most of the clients were satisfied with this method. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8144 Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct.-Dec., 2012: 91-95
A study of depression among patients of substance use disorder
Authors: Pradhan SN , Sharma SC , Shrestha MR , Shrestha S
Published: May 2013

Background: Depressive disorder is frequently found as a comorbidity among patients with substance abuse. Most of the time it is reported as underdiagnosed and a majority of patients go untreated. Many studies have indicated that comorbid depressive symptoms play a major role in the prognosis of substance use disorder and the relapse has been found to be greater in patients who have a comorbid depression. The present study seeks to determine the comorbidity of depression in cases with substance abuse and their sociodemographic characteristics. Objective: The current study is aimed to determine the relationship between various drug abusing patterns and comorbidity of depression with substance use disorders. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. The study was carried out in 42 patients, who were consecutively admitted in psychiatric ward of Kathmandu Medical College Teaching Hospital and Punarjeevan Hospital with the diagnosis of mental and behavioural disorder due to use of psychoactive substances, according to ICD-10. The study was carried out from 1st January 2010 to 30th December 2010. All patients were rated using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Results: Among all subjects, 31 (73.8 %) were found to be suffering from Depression among which 19 (45.2%) had mild to moderate depression and 12 (28.6%) had severe depression. Depression was seen among 80% of unemployed subjects, followed by 75% employed subjects and 68.8% students. In method of drug intake, 21 (50%) subjects used oral drugs, 12 (28.6%) subjects used intravenous route and 5 (11.9%) subjects used inhalational drugs. All patients using intravenous drugs were found to have depression. Among drugs abused, 22 (52.4%) patients used multiple substances like alcohol and cannabis, 11 (26.2%) patients used Heroin, 6 (14.3%) patients used drugs like Diazepam, Dextropropoxyphene, Nitrazepam and Promethazine, followed by 3 (7.1%) patients using Buprenorphine. Depression was found in 6 (54.54%) out of 11 subjects who used Heroin followed by 19 (86.63%) out of 22 subjects who were dependent on alcohol, cannabis and other substances. Conclusion: The result showed strong correlation between depressive symptoms and substance abuse, which draws attention to the need of taking into consideration the comorbidity and its management. Clinicians should routinely assess for depression in patients with substance abuse disorders. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8145 Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct.-Dec., 2012: 96-99
Laparoscopic findings in chronic pelvic pain
Authors: Bajracharya J , Shrestha NS , Karki C , Saha R
Published: May 2013

Background: Chronic pelvic pain is a common problem in reproductive age group women. Diagnosis of chronic pelvic pain needs multidisciplinary approach. Diagnostic laparoscopy is one of the investigations which can help in reaching the diagnosis. Objective: To know the etiology in chronic pelvic pain. Methods: This was a descriptive study done in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Kathmandu medical college teaching hospital from January 2010 to June 2012 (30 months). All the cases of laparoscopic surgery done for chronic pelvic pain were noted and details of these cases were analyzed regarding age, parity and laparoscopic findings. Results: Total 48 cases of Chronic Pelvic Pain underwent diagnostic laparoscopy during the study period. Mean age of cases were 33 years, ranging from 20-46yrs. Almost half of the cases 43.75% were of parity two. Laparoscopic finding was negative in 29.17% and pelvic pathology was present in 70.83% of the cases. Out of the pelvic pathology endometriosis was present in 55.88% followed by pelvic adhesions, pelvic congestion and pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic ectopic in 20.58%, 14.70%, 5.88%, 2.94% respectively. Conclusion: Diagnostic laparoscopy is a useful modality in the diagnosis of etiology and management of Chronic pelvic pain. In our study, Pelvic endometriosis was the most common pelvic pathology in cases of Chronic pelvic pain. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8146 Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct.-Dec., 2012: 100-102
Enteric Hepatitis: A case report
Authors: Nepal A , Acharya R , Ojha AR , Sah S
Published: May 2013

Enteric fever is a common cause of morbidity and hospital admission in developing countries. This can sometimes be complicated by rare complications like hepatitis. One should be careful when selecting antibiotics like ceftriaxone in such children which can cause biliary stasis. Our case of enteric hepatitis treated with ceftriaxone developed a prolonged jaundice with biliary stasis as a result of antibiotic therapy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8147 Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct.-Dec., 2012: 103-105
Mediastinal schwannoma: A case report
Authors: Shrestha DK , Singh DR
Published: May 2013

Schwannomas are neurogenic tumours arising from Schwann cells of neural sheath. The peak incidence of these tumours is in 30s to 50s of life, with men and women being equally affected. Schwannoma is an encapsulated tumour which distinguishes it from neurofi broma without encapsulation. With both Schwannoma and neurofi broma, surgical excision results in cure. Our patient, twenty year male, presented with mild, dull aching pain over right antero-lateral chest and non-productive cough associated with breathlessness on physical exertion. Computed tomography of the chest was suggestive of neurogenic tumour (differential diagnoses: ganglioneuroma/ganglioneuroblastoma). The mass was excised via open right posterolateral thoracotomy and was sent for histopathological examination after which he was diagnosed as having Mediastinal Schwannoma. Mediastinal schwannomas, although generally benign and asymptomatic, should be excised upon discovery to prevent the development of life-threatening complications. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v1i2.8148 Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 1, No. 2, Oct.-Dec., 2012: 106-109