bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Younger Patients with Accommodative Esotropia
Authors: liu xianjie , Chen Yutong , Ma Xiaoli
Published: March 2019

Background: Accommodative esotropia (AET) is a common disease during childhood. In this literature review, we analyze and discuss the different methods of treatment for Accommodative esotropia.
Methods: Articles about accommodative esotropia from 2007 to 2017 were retrieved from the PubMed database. We study the articles by title/abstract/all fields, after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, finally 9 articles were retained. We compared the effectiveness between these approaches to treatment.
Results: All the refraction methods had an effectivity rate of > 50%. The bifocal lenses group showed a higher failure rate (15.58%) than the single-vision lenses group (5.19%). Extraocular muscle surgery can significantly decrease deviation in patients who have AET with a high AC/A ratio (95.24%,71.30%,78.40%). After Botulinum toxin injection, the residual deviation was significantly lower than that before the injection (90.44%) and this rate held stable until 12 months after the injection (85.71%) and then decreased to 71.43% at 18 months. The effectivity rate in the prism builders group (surgery with prism group) was significantly higher than that in the prism non-builders group 100% vs. 56.25%). In this review, the average rate of Amblyopia in the accommodative esotropia patient is 41.36%.
Conclusions：All the treatment were full or partly effective for accommodative esotropia patients. Early intervention using effective methods of treatment can improve accommodative esotropia patients’ alignment and improve their quality of life. Amblyopia is common in patients with partly accommodative esotropia.
Keyword: Accommodative esotropia, Treatment, High AC/A ( accommodative convergence to accommodation ratio ), Amblyopia.
Comparison of subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes with CRVO and BRVO
Authors: Tang Fen , Xu Fan , Zhong Haibin , Zhao Xin , Lv Mingliang , Yang Ke , Shen Chaolan , Huang Hui , Lv Jian , Zeng Siming , Li Min , Chen Qi
Published: March 2019

Backgroud: To evaluate the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in eyes with macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion（RVO），and to investigate the short-term response after a single intravitreal Ranibizumab injection. What is more, to compare the SFCT and SFCT change in eyes with central RVO (CRVO) and branch RVO (BRVO).
Methods: The observational case series had collected treatment-naïve patients with unilateral macular edema secondary to RVO retrospectively (19 CRVO and 17 BRVO). They had received at least one intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) injection after newly diagnosed. The SFCT values before IVR and after 2 weeks of IVR were collected and analyzed. Paired t test was performed to compare the difference between RVO eye and its unaffected fellow eye, and to compare the SFCT change between before IVR and after 2 weeks of IVR. In further, the SFCT and SFCT change in eyes with CRVO and BRVO were also evaluated with independent t test.
Results: Mean SFCT in CRVO eyes at the onset was 326.03±30.86 μm, which was significantly greater than that in contralateral fellow eyes (p<0.01, paired t test), and decreased to 294.15±30.83 μm rapidly after 2 weeks of IVR (p<0.01, paired t test). Similarly, the SFCT in BRVO eyes was significant thicker than its contralateral eyes at the onset, and reduced after IVR. However, our findings showed that there was no significant difference on the SFCT at the onset and SFCT change after IVR between CRVO eyes and BRVO eyes.
Conclusions: The SFCT in eyes with macular edema secondary to RVO (CRVO or BRVO,respectively) was significantly greater than that in fellow eyes, and decreased significantly within a short time in response to a single IVR injection. It indicated choroid was involved in the progress of macular edema secondary to RVO. Our study collected recent-onset and treatment- naïve patients, it may help to elucidate the conflicting results of SFCT in RVO eyes reported by previous studies. In further, the study first showed that the SFCT may have no relationship with RVO subtypes. However, further study is need to investigate the exact relationship between SFCT and RVO subtypes.
Choroidal neovascularization emerged right from the focal choroidal excavation in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy post half-dose photodynamic therapy: A case report
Authors: Liu Yang , Wang Xin , Zhu Min , Xu Gezhi , Li Lei
Published: March 2019

Background: Focal choroidal excavation (FCE) is a common concurrent disease with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was able to cease the course of CSC with efficacy and safety. To retrospectively observed and followed up a special course in eyes with CSC and concurrent FCE treated by a half-dose of PDT.
Case presentation: In this case report analysis, two eyes with CSC and concurrent FCE treated with half-dose PDT, were followed up with monthly retinal fundus examinations. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and ophthalmic fundus examination were examined, including fundus photos, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and angiography. In Case 1, a 46-year-old female has been diagnosed as CSC and concurrent FCE. The baseline BCVA was 10/20. After a half-dose of PDT, complete resolution of SRF was achieved at one-month with stable BCVA. At three months, the patient complained of obvious metamorphosis. Multimodal images confirmed the existence of CNV, derived from the FCE, inside the zone of PDT irradiation. The development of CNV stopped promptly one month post the injection of ranibizumab. In Case 2, a 39 year-old male was diagnosed as bilateral CSC. The BCVA was 8/20 (od), and 16/20 (os). The multimodal images showed classic CSC manifestation in left eye, but atypical manifestation in right eye with subtle SRF and FCE. Post half-dose treatment, the SRF in left eye completely resolved at three-months, and the BCVA improved to 24/20. However, a lesion of CNV grew in the FCE after one month in right eye, with decreased BCVA, 4/20. One month post-injection of ranibizumab, obvious regression was witnessed, with improved BCVA, 6/20. The CNV proceeded to be a scar two months after injection. The BCVA maintained at 8/20.
Conclusions: In this study, type II CNV was induced in two cases of CSC concurrent with FCE in 3 months post half-dose PDT. The CNV grew right from the FCE, inside the zone of PDT irradiation.
دينامكية جمعية نهضة العلماء فى إثبات أوائل الشهور القمرية بإندونسيا
Authors: Hefni Wildani
Published: March 2019

As a largest muslim organization in Indonesia, NU has been admitted as an innovative pioneer of both hisāb and ru’yat studies which has also been academically necessary in the history of hisab and rukyat studies in Indonesia. According to NU’s perspective, the year of 1984 was officially pointed to become the beginning of hisāb and ru’yat movement which is symbolized by the establishment of Lajnah Falakiyah (the agency of Islamic astronomy study) of Nahdlatul Ulama. This research aims at knowing the extent of the dynamical discourse of NU in the development of hisāb and ru’yat inquiry in Indonesia which its result has shown that within 1984-2000 there was a strained relation between NU and Indonesian government in understanding the concept of Islamic lunar month as it can be seen in a lot of differences in the determination of the initial and final month of qamariah. Meanwhile, in the aftermath of 2000s, the relation between both has dynamically walked in the effort of unification in determining the beginning and end of qamariah month.
Construction of Versatile N-Heterocycles from in situ Generated 1,2-Diaza-1,3-dienes
Authors: Chen Zhangpei , Meng Lingxin , Ding Zhiqiang , Hu Jianshe
Published: March 2019

N-Heterocyclic architectures are omnipresent in many bioactive natural
products, synthetic drugs, and materials science, thus have evoked a vast research interest
of academic, as well as industrial chemists. Recently, several efficient methods have been
developed for the preparation of various nitrogen-containing compounds with in situ generated
1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes from the easily available precursors including α -haloketohydrazones,
α-hydroxyl ketohydrazones, thiadiazole dioxides or their analogues, and
other simple hydrazones. These methods are considered powerful tools in the synthesis of
five-, six- and seven-membered ring heterocyclic compounds with good to excellent levels
of conversions and selectivities. This review mainly summarizes recent advances on the
chemistry of construction of versatile N-heterocycles from in situ generated 1,2-diaza-1,3-
dienes and presents an extensive summary of the application scopes and limitations of the corresponding cyclization
reactions. Moreover, enantioselective approaches are also covered.
Mechanism and Treatment of Rituximab Resistance in Diffuse Large Bcell Lymphoma
Authors: Zou Linqing , Song Guoqi , Gu Siyu , Kong Lingling , Sun Shiqi , Yang Li , Cho William C.
Published: March 2019

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype B non-Hodgkin lymphoma in adults. After rituximab being introduced to treat DLBCL, the current first-line treatment is R-CHOP regimen. This regimen greatly improves patient's prognosis, however, relapsed or refractory cases are commonly seen, mainly due to the resistance to rituximab. Although a large number of experiments have been conducted to investigate rituximab resistance, the exac mechanisms and solutions are still unclear. This review mainly explores the possible mechanisms oft rituximab resistance and current new effective treatments for rituximab resistance in DLBCL.
A Binary Classifier for the Prediction of EC Numbers of Enzymes
Authors: Cui Hao , Chen Lei
Published: March 2019

Background:

Identification of Enzyme Commission (EC) number of enzymes is quite important
for understanding the metabolic processes that produce enough energy to sustain life. Previous
studies mainly focused on predicting six main functional classes or sub-functional classes, i.e., the first
two digits of the EC number.

Objective:

In this study, a binary classifier was proposed to identify the full EC number (four digits) of
enzymes.

Methods:

Enzymes and their known EC numbers were paired as positive samples and negative samples
were randomly produced that were as many as positive samples. The associations between any
two samples were evaluated by integrating the linkages between enzymes and EC numbers. The classic
machining learning algorithm, Support Vector Machine (SVM), was adopted as the prediction engine.

Results:

The five-fold cross-validation test on five datasets indicated that the overall accuracy, Matthews
correlation coefficient and F1-measure were about 0.786, 0.576 and 0.771, respectively, suggesting
the utility of the proposed classifier. In addition, the effectiveness of the classifier was elaborated
by comparing it with other classifiers that were based on other classic machine learning algorithms.

Conclusion:

The proposed classifier was quite effective for prediction of EC number of enzymes and
was specially designed for dealing with the problem addressed in this study by testing it on five datasets
containing randomly produced samples.
The Combination of the CIGB-300 Anticancer Peptide and Cisplatin Modulates Proteins Related to Cell Survival, DNA Repair and Metastasis in a Lung Cancer Cell Line Model
Authors: Rodríguez-Ulloa Arielis , Ramos Yassel , Sánchez-Puente Aniel , Perera Yasser , Musacchio-Lasa Alexis , Fernández-de-Cossio Jorge , Padrón Gabriel , López Luis J.G. , Besada Vladimir , Perea Silvio E.
Published: March 2019

Background:

CIGB-300 is a pro-apoptotic peptide that abrogates CK2-mediated phosphorylation, and can elicit synergistic interaction in vitro and in vivo when combined with certain anticancer drugs.

Objective:

The combination of CIGB-300 with cisplatin is studied through data mining and expressionbased proteomics to reveal the molecular basis of this interaction. Cisplatin resistance-associated proteins, which have also been reported as CK2 substrates, were first identified by bioinformatic analyses.

Methods:

Data from these analyses suggested that the cisplatin resistance phenotype could be directly improved by inhibiting CK2 phosphorylation on specific substrates. Furthermore, 157 proteins were differentially modulated on the NCI-H125 lung cancer cell line in response to CIGB-300, cisplatin or both drugs as determined by LC-MS/MS.

Results:

The expression of 28 cisplatin resistance-associated proteins was changed when cisplatin was combined with CIGB-300. Overall, the proteins identified are also related to cell survival, cell proliferation and metastasis. Furthermore, the CIGB-300 regulated proteome revealed proteins that were initially involved in the mechanism of action of CIGB-300 and cisplatin as single agents.

Conclusion:

This is the first report describing the protein array modulated by combining CIGB-300 and cisplatin that will support the rationale for future clinical settings based on a multi-target cancer therapy.
Identification of Novel Breast Cancer Genes based on Gene Expression Profiles and PPI Data
Authors: Yang Cheng-Wen , Cao Huan-Huan , Guo Yu , Feng Yuan-Ming , Zhang Ning
Published: March 2019

Background:

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies, and a threat to female health all over the world. However, the molecular mechanism of breast cancer has not been fully discovered yet.

Objective:

It is crucial to identify breast cancer-related genes, which could provide new biomarker for breast cancer diagnosis as well as potential treatment targets.

Methods:

Here we used the minimum redundancy-maximum relevance (mRMR) method to select significant genes, then mapped the transcripts of the genes on the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network and traced the shortest path between each pair of two proteins.

Results:

As a result, we identified 24 breast cancer-related genes whose betweenness were over 700. The GO enrichment analysis indicated that the transcription and oxygen level are very important in breast cancer. And the pathway analysis indicated that most of these 24 genes are enriched in prostate cancer, endocrine resistance, and pathways in cancer.

Conclusion:

We hope these 24 genes might be useful for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment for breast cancer.
Protein Subcellular Localization Prediction based on PSI-BLAST Profile and Principal Component Analysis
Authors: Yao Yuhua , Li Manzhi , Xu Huimin , Yan Shoujiang , He Pingan , Dai Qi , Qi Zhaohui , Liao Bo
Published: March 2019

Background:

Prediction of protein subcellular location is a meaningful task which attracts
much attention in recent years. Particularly, the number of new protein sequences yielded by the highthroughput
sequencing technology in the post genomic era has increased explosively.

Objective:

Protein subcellular localization prediction based solely on sequence data remains to be a
challenging problem of computational biology.

Methods:

In this paper, three sets of evolutionary features are derived from the position-specific scoring
matrix, which has shown great potential in other bioinformatics problems. A fusion model is built
up by the optimal parameters combination. Finally, principal component analysis and support vector
machine classifier is applied to predict protein subcellular localization on NNPSL dataset and Cell-
PLoc 2.0 dataset.

Results:

Our experimental results show that the proposed method remarkably improved the prediction
accuracy, and the features derived from PSI-BLAST profile only are appropriate for protein subcellular
localization prediction.
A Novel bis-indole Alkaloid from the Flowers of Rauvolfia yunnanensis Tsiang and its Antihypertension Activity
Authors: Wang Haibo , Liu Xikui
Published: March 2019

:

A novel bis-indole alkaloid was isolated from the flowers of Rauvolfia Yunnanensis Tsiang.
Its structure was elucidated as 10,11´- dimethoxy-11,10´-bis-[N(a)-methyl deacetyldeformyl- 1,2-
dihydro akuammiline(2β)] (1) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques
as well as HRESI-MS and comparison with data from the literature. The bis-indole alkaloid displayed
more potent antihypertension activity and much lower hepatotoxicity in vivo than Reserpine.
K2CO3 Promoted Cascade Reaction for the Preparation of 1H-Imidazol-4- yl-1-amine Derivatives
Authors: Xu Wei , Yao Hao , Zhang Xing , Peng Changjiang , Li Ling , Zhang Yuanyuan , Qian Shan , Yang Lingling , Wang Zhouyu
Published: March 2019

:

A K2CO3 promoted efficient one pot two-step method for the preparation of 1H-imidazol-4-
yl-1-amine derivatives has been developed. A series of second amines with an imidazole group were
obtained with 56%-91% yields by the K2CO3 promoted amination of acetates and nitrogen deprotection
of the imidazole process.
Glucosides from the Fresh Flowers of Juglans regia L. and Their Biological Evaluation
Authors: Wang Haibo , Liu Xikui
Published: March 2019

The chemical investigation of the EtOAc extract of the fresh flowers of Juglans regia L. resulted
in a new α-tetralonyl glucoside (1) and two known glucosides (2-3). The structure of the new
compound was determined by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis and HRESIMS.
The biological evaluation of the obtained glucosides showed that compound 1 and 3 displayed good
antioxidant and antibacterial activities. These two compounds were identified as the main functional
molecules in the fresh flowers of Juglans regia L.
Synthesis of First Generation Dendron, GABA Caged Bis-1,2 -(4- acetylphenylethynyl)-4,5-dimethoxybenzene for Photorelease Study
Authors: Barrella André , Rene Nia H. , Ali Kisha J. , Kang Jeonghee , Lee Jong I.
Published: March 2019

First generation dendron bis-1,2-(4-acetylphenylethynyl)-4,5-dimethoxybenzene with a
photo cleavable linkage to (t-butyloxycarbonyl-γ-aminobutyric acid (t-Boc-GABA) was synthesized
for photo release study to apply for drug delivery. Both the divergent method from the core, 1,2-
dimethoxybenzene and the convergent method from p-hydroxyacetophenone were not successful to
generate the final dendron product. The dendron with caged GABA was successfully synthesized via
the convergent method by attaching the model drug GABA on p-hydroxyacetophenone before the final
Sonogashira coupling on 1,2-dimethoxybenzene according to the modified convergent method.
The History of the Glycosidase Inhibiting Hyacinthacine C-type Alkaloids: From Discovery to Synthesis.
Authors: Carroll Anthony W. , Pyne Stephen G.
Published: March 2019

Background:

The inherent glycosidase inhibitory activity and potentially
therapeutic value of the polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloids containing a
hydroxymethyl substituent at the C-3 position have been well documented. Belonging to
this class, the naturally occurring hyacinthacine C-type alkaloids are of general interest
among iminosugar researchers. Their selective micromolar α -glycosidase inhibitory
ranges (10 – 100 μM) suggest that these azasugars are potential leads for treating type II
diabetes. However, the structures of hyacinthacine C1, C3 and C4 are insecure with
hyacinthacine C5 being recently corrected.

Objective:

This review presents the hyacinthacine C-type alkaloids: their first discovery to
the most recent advancements on the structures, biological activities and total synthesis.

Conclusion:

The hyacinthacine C-type alkaloids are of exponentially increasing interest and will undoubtedly
continue to be reported as synthetic targets. They represent a challenging but rewarding synthetic feat for the
community of those interested in accessing biologically active iminosugars. Since 2009, ten total syntheses
have been employed towards accessing similarly related products but only three have assessed the glycosidase
inhibitory activity of the final products. This suggests the need for an accessible and universal glycosidase
inhibitory assay so to accurately determine the structure-activity relationship of how the hyacinthacine C-type
alkaloids inhibit specific glycosidases. Confirming the correct structures of the hyacinthacine C-type alkaloids
as well as accessing various analogues continues to strengthen the foundation towards a marketable treatment
for type II diabetes and other glycosidase related illnesses.
Alkynes as Privileged Synthons in Selected Organic Name Reactions
Authors: Heravi Majid M. , Dehghani Mahzad , Zadsirjan Vahideh , Ghanbarian Manijheh
Published: March 2019

Background:

Alkynes are actually basic chemicals, serving as privileged synthons for planning new organic reactions for assemblage of a reactive motif, which easily undergoes a further desirable transformation. Name reactions, in organic chemistry are referred to those reactions which are well-recognized and reached to such status for being called as their explorers, discoverers or developers. Alkynes have been used in various name reactions. In this review, we try to underscore the applications of alkynes as privileged synthons in prevalent name reactions such as Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddtion via Click reaction, Sonogashira reaction, and Hetero Diels-Alder reaction.

Objective:

In this review, we try to underscore the applications of alkynes as privileged synthons in the formation of heterocycles, focused on the selected reactions of alkynes as a synthon or impending utilization in synthetic organic chemistry, which have reached such high status for being included in the list of name reactions in organic chemistry.

Conclusion:

Alkynes (including acetylene) are an unsaturated hydrocarbon bearing one or more triple C-C bond. Remarkably, alkynes and their derivatives are frequently being used as molecular scaffolds for planning new organic reactions and installing reactive functional group for further reaction. It is worth mentioning that in general, the terminal alkynes are more useful and more frequently being used in the art of organic synthesis. Remarkably, alkynes have found different applications in pharmacology, nanotechnology, as well as being known as appropriate starting precursors for the total synthesis of natural products and biologically active complex compounds. They are predominantly applied in various name reactions such as Sonogashira, Glaser reaction, Friedel-crafts reaction, Castro-Stephens coupling, Huisgen 1.3-dipolar cycloaddtion reaction via Click reaction, Sonogashira reaction, hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. In this review, we tried to impress the readers by presenting selected name reactions, which use the alkynes as either stating materials or precursors. We disclosed the applications of alkynes as a privileged synthons in several popular reactions, which reached to such high status being classified as name reactions. They are thriving and well known and established name reactions in organic chemistry such as Regioselective, 1,3-dipolar Huisgen cycloaddtion reaction via Click reaction, Sonogashira reaction and Diels-Alder reaction.
Possible Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets for the Management of Cervical Cancer
Authors: Sharma Sombeer , Deep Aakash , Rana Avtar C. , Yadav Monu , Sharma Arun K.
Published: March 2019

Introduction:

Cervical cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the world due to unusual extension of cervical cell. Cervical cancer occurs due to exposure of HPV (Human papillomavirus). According to WHO, it is the 4th most ordinary cancer in women. In 2018, approx 6.6% of population was affected around the world and 570,000 new cases were reported. In low and middle-income countries, 90% of cervical cancer deaths occur.

Methods:

Despite various factors that cause cervical cancer are included exposure to HPV, dysregulation of CASPASE enzyme, elevated expression of IAPs (Inhibitor apoptotic protein), E6 and E7 gene of HPV, inhibition of p53, BAK, p16 upregulation, CDK-inactivation causing cervical cancer, role of VEGF, role of estrogen and its receptor in cervical cancer.

Results:

Cervical cancer can be screened by Pep test. There are various therapies that can be used to treat cervical cancer. As these therapies have various side effects, so the world is moving to herbal formulations to treat cervical cancer.

Conclusion:

In this study, we will discuss cervical cancer, its cause, symptoms, pathophysiology and treatments. Early screening and detection can help in reducing the overall burden of cervical cancer in the near future.
Central Nervous System Neoplasms in Hong Kong: An Inscription of Local Studies
Authors: Pu Jenny K.S. , Kwong Dora L.W.
Published: March 2019

:

A registry of brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumor patients in Hong Kong
comprising of data from both public and private neurosurgical practices (with approximately 98%
patients of Chinese origin), suggested geographical or racial variations in disease incidence. The
data confers the finding of a comparatively lower incidence rate of meningioma and malignant
gliomas as in other parts of Southeast Asia.

:

With data suggesting epidemiological difference, the treatment response, particularly in highgrade
glioma, was studied. Patients suffering from glioblastoma (GBM) in Hong Kong received
the standard of care, which involves safe, maximal resection followed by the Stupp regime.
5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-based fluorescence-guided surgery was found to be feasible and
safe to adopt in the treatment of local WHO Grade III & IV gliomas patients. Survival benefit was
seen in a group of patients using extended adjuvant temozolomide (TMZ) treatment for newly
diagnosed GBM as compared to those treated with the standard 6 cycles. Salvage therapies with
either single agent bevacizumab or bevacizumab plus irinotecan appeared to be effective treatment
options in Hong Kong patients with recurrent malignant glioma, with a good associated 6-
month progression-free survival (PFS) rate which was comparable to previously published overseas
data in this disease type in the same overall population.
Development of Mucosal Immunity: Functional Interactions with Mucosal Microbiome in Health and Disease
Authors: Gómez-Duarte Oscar G. , Ogra Pearay L.
Published: March 2019

The mucosal surfaces and the skin are the primary sites of interactions between the
mammalian host and the external environment. These sites are exposed continuously to the diverse
components of the environment, including subcellular, unicellular and multicellular organisms,
dietary agents and food products; and numerous other soluble or cellular air or water borne
products. The development of innate and adaptive immunity in the mucosal surfaces and the skin
are the principal mechanism of mammalian defense evolved to date, in order to maintain effective
homeostatic balance between the host and the external environment. The innate immune functions
are mediated by a number of host specific Pathogen Recognition Receptors (PRR), designed to
recognize unique Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMP), essential to the molecular
structure of the microorganism. The major components of specific adaptive immunity in the
mucosal surfaces include the organized antigen-reactive lymphoid follicles in different inductive
mucosal sites and the effector sites of the lamina propria and sub-epithelial regions, which contain
lymphoid and plasma cells, derived by the homing of antigen sensitized cells from the inductive
sites. The acquisition of environmental microbiome by the neonate in its mucosal surfaces and the
skin, which begins before or immediately after birth, has been shown to play a critical and complex
role in the development of mucosal immunity. This report provides an overview of the mammalian
microbiome and highlights its role in the evolution and functional development of immunologic
defenses in the mucosal surface under normal physiologic conditions and during infectious and
non-infectious inflammatory pathologic states associated with altered microbiota.
Effect of Supplementation of Amaranth Flour on Various Quality Attributes and Antioxidant Activities of Bread
Authors: Mukhtar Huma , Gull Amir , Ganaie Tariq A. , Rather Sajad A. , Masoodi Farooq A. , Ganie Shaiq
Published: March 2019

Background:

The present investigation was carried to develop amaranth based wheat flour bread. Products were developed by using different levels of amaranth flour and wheat flour in the ratio of 0:100,5:95, 10:90 and 15:85 respectively.

Methods:

Physico-chemical, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and physical properties of amaranth supplemented bread were evaluated.

Results:

Results revealed an increase in moisture content from31.41 -33.35%, ash content 0.95- 1.52%, protein content 12.19% -13.23%, fat content 2.21% -2.81% and crude fiber 1.13-1.74%, and decrease in nitrogen free extract, alkali water retention capacity 52.11-47.35% and 137.66-112.00% respectively. Also it was observed that amaranth flour supplemented bread showed decrease in total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and FRAP assay with increase in substitution level. Color evaluation showed increase in L* and a* value of bread crust, while as bread crumb shows decrease in b* and L* value respectively. Nutritional evaluation revealed that among the samples tested 85% wheat flour and 15% amaranth flour supplemented bread was rated best as it was also evident from nutritional analysis.

Conclusion:

Maximum substitution of wheat flour with amaranth flour were 10% in terms of desirable bread quality attributes. The composite breads would serve as functional food, because of its high nutritional value than whole-wheat bread.
Impact of Storage and Packaging Material on the Nutritional, Product Properties and Microbial Count of Extruded Snacks
Authors: Wani Sajad A. , Bhat Tariq A. , Ganie Nawaz A. , Kumar Pradyuman
Published: March 2019

Background:

The extrusion cooking is the most widely used process so the development and consumption of extruded snack products having health and nutritious benefits would help increase the health status of the population.

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of storage days on physical, microbial activity and sensory characteristics of extruded snacks and kinetics of extruded snacks.

Methods:

Extruded snacks were produced by extrusion cooking at optimized conditions of temperature, moisture and screw speed of 110°C, 12% (db) and 200 rpm. The products were packed in lowdensity polyethylene (LDPE) and laminated pouches (LP) and were stored at an accelerated temperature condition of 40 ± 2°C. The storage stability in terms of quality parameters such as moisture, hardness, bulk density, color, lateral expansion, sensory characteristics and total plate count was investigated.

Results:

An increase (p≤0.05) in the value of moisture, bulk density, a*, and total plate count was observed during the storage period, whereas hardness, L*, b*, ΔE and sensory characteristics showed significant (p≤0.05) decreased order with storage period. No significant effect on the lateral expansion of the extruded product was observed. A significant decrease in total carbohydrate, fat and protein content was found during the storage period. The average sensory score and microbial analysis suggested that extruded snacks packed in LDPE pouches can only be acceptable up to the 60th day and extruded snacks packed in LP can be acceptable to more than 90th day. The kinetics of color and hardness suggest first order kinetics.

Conclusion:

Overall investigation suggested that extruded snacks were more stable in the LP as compared to LDPE pouches.
Effect of Liquid Smoke Extract on the Oxidative Stability, Benzopyrene and Sensory Quality of Calabrese Sausage
Authors: Schwert Rodrigo , Verlindo Roberto , Soares Juliana M. , Silva Patricia F. , Cansian Rogerio L. , Steffens Clarice , Treichel Helen , Valduga Eunice
Published: March 2019

Background:

Liquid smokes treatment eliminated most problems associated to the traditional method, besides providing uniformity of flavour and colour in meat products.

Objective:

This work evaluate the effects of liquid smoke treatment in the oxidative stability and content benzo(a)pyrenes, compared to the traditional smoking treatment in Sausage type Calabrese.

Methods:

Samples treated with liquid smoke were evaluated every 7 days, during 28 days of storage at 20°C.

Results:

High lipid oxidation was observed in runs increased by liquid smoke dilution (1:3) at 28 days of storage. The product was characterized as moderately rancid, with malonaldehyde values of 0.44 mgMA.kg-1. Concentrations of benzo(a)pyrenes in sausages with liquid and traditional smoke treatment were less than 0.12 and 0.19 μg.kg-1, respectively.

Conclusion:

In this way, the use of liquid and traditional smoke with temperature control ~300°C for a smoke generation are promising and safe approaches for obtaining low levels of benzo(a)pyrenes, lipids and protein oxidation in Sausage type Calabrese.
Functional Meat Products: The New Consumer's Demand
Authors: Khajavi Maryam Z. , Abhari Khadijeh , Barzegar Fatemeh , Hosseini Hedayat
Published: March 2019

In recent years, special attention of consumers to health and nutrition has led to the
development of “functional foods” which is a new approach to accomplish a healthier status,
therefore, reducing the risk of diseases. Changing consumer demand has influenced meat products as
an important functional food. Several approaches have been proposed to produce functional meat
products through reduce/deletion of some component such as fat and sodium or adding a component
such as probiotics or fortification. Manufacturing low-fat meat products is achievable through replacement
of fat with carbohydrate or protein-based replacers, water and vegetable oils. It is also
possible to reduce sodium chloride in meat products by reducing the size of crystals and full or partial
replacement of sodium chloride with other chloride salts. Among various strains of probiotic to
incorporate in meat products, spore former probiotics such as Bacillus spp. is the most reasonable
choice due to their stability during processing. Despite the desirable elevation of the nutritional value
of food, it should be taken into consideration that manipulation of the formulation can cause many
technological difficulties or/and may negatively impact sensory properties of food due to unacceptable
and undesirable changes. The empiric evidences represented that taste, as a major factor in sensory
features, is dramatically fundamental for functional food acceptance by consumers. In this review,
the major aspects that should be considered in the context to retain sensory and textural attributes of
meat-based functional foods are discussed.
Image Reconstruction with the Fourier Coefficients for Magnetic Induction Tomography
Authors: Wang Jingwen , Wang Xu , Yang Dan , Wang Kaiyang
Published: March 2019

Background:

Image reconstruction of magnetic induction tomography (MIT) is a typical
ill-posed inverse problem, which means that the measurements are always far from enough.
Thus, MIT image reconstruction results using conventional algorithms such as linear back projection
and Landweber often suffer from limitations such as low resolution and blurred edges.

Methods:

In this paper, based on the recent finite rate of innovation (FRI) framework, a novel image
reconstruction method with MIT system is presented.

Results:

This is achieved through modeling and sampling the MIT signals in FRI framework, resulting
in a few new measurements, namely, fourier coefficients. Because each new measurement
contains all the pixel position and conductivity information of the dense phase medium, the illposed
inverse problem can be improved, by rebuilding the MIT measurement equation with the
measurement voltage and the new measurements. Finally, a sparsity-based signal reconstruction
algorithm is presented to reconstruct the original MIT image signal, by solving this new measurement
equation.

Conclusion:

Experiments show that the proposed method has better indicators such as image error
and correlation coefficient. Therefore, it is a kind of MIT image reconstruction method with high
accuracy.
Chemical Variability of Atractylis gummifera Essential Oils at Three Developmental Stages and Investigation of Their Antioxidant, Antifungal and Insecticidal Activities
Authors: Mejdoub Kenza , Mami Imane R. , Belabbes Rania , Dib Mohammed El A. , DJabou Nassim , Tabti Boufeldja , Benyelles Nassira G. , Costa Jean , Muselli Alain
Published: March 2019

Background:

Atractylis gummifera is a cosmopolitan species that is particularly abundant in
the Mediterranean regions. It has been used to treat many diseases, including intestinal parasites, ulcers,
snakebite poisoning, hydrops and drowsiness. As part of our research program on natural compounds
with biological activities, the objective of this study was to determine for the first time the chemical
composition and biological activities of essential oils of Atractylis gummifera during beginning of the
vegetative cycle (March), beginning of the flowering stage (April) and full bloom (May/June).

Methods:

The essential oils were obtained by means of hydrodistillation and its components were analyzed
using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The antioxidant properties were
evaluated using two different methods i) Radical scavenging activity (DPPH) and ii) β-carotene bleaching
assay. Whereas, the antifungal activity of the essential oils was investigated against five plant fungi.
The fumigation toxicity of essential oils was evaluated against adults of Bactrocera oleae better known
as the olive fly.

Results:

The essential oil produced from the plant taken at the beginning of the vegetative cycle
(March) had a high level of non-terpenic aliphatic compounds. On the other hand, the essential oil obtained
during the period from the beginning of the flowering stage (April) showed that its proportion of
non-terpene compounds decreased and that of sesquiterpene compounds increased. Finally, the essential
oils obtained during the period from full bloom (May/June) consisted mainly of acetylene compounds
such as carlina oxide and 13-methoxy carlina oxide. The results showed that essential oils from plants at
full bloom presented interesting antioxidant and antifungal properties, while essential oil produced from
plants at the beginning of the vegetative cycle (Mars) and at the beginning of the flowering stage (April)
had better insecticidal activity.

Conclusion:

The data presented here constitutes new findings in the field of the chemical characterization
and biological potential of A. gummifera.
Innovative Configurations of Sample Preparation Techniques Applied in Bioanalytical Chemistry: A Review
Authors: Locatelli Marcello , Tartaglia Angela , Piccolantonio Silvia , Di Iorio Luigi Alessandro , Sperandio Elena , Ulusoy Halil Ibrahim , Furton Kenneth G. , Kabir Abuzar
Published: March 2019

Background:

Recently, in all fields of analytical chemistry, increased attention has been
paid to extraction procedures and instrumental methods, which are easily scalable and are able to automate
in order to improve the “high-throughput” capability.

Introduction:

The main goal of these applications relates to an improvement of the precision in the
quantitative analysis, reduction of different sources of errors, decrease the analysis time and, in general,
improve the analytical performances. Often these points can be in contrast to each other, not allowing
to achieve the expected result but forcing a compromise between the objectives of the method
and the analytical performance.

Methods:

In this review, following the evolution of the (micro)extraction procedures and instrument
configurations, the recent procedures used in bioanalytical chemistry are critically evaluated. The
aim of this paper is providing an overview of the approaches available in order to perform on-line
coupling of various extraction techniques with chromatographic methods for the analysis of different
compounds in various samples. Furthermore, a comparison between off-line and on-line systems, advantages
of on-line systems applied on major extractive techniques and future perspectives are described.

Result:

The extraction methods suitable for on-line coupling covered in this review are: liquid-liquid
extraction (LLE), solid phase extraction (SPE), solid phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid-
liquid microextraction (DLLME), microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS), supercritical fluid
extraction (SFE) and fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE).

Conclusion:

An overview of the micro-extraction techniques mentioned above was provided, making
a comparison between them and focusing attention on future perspectives.
Recent Applications of High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography and Derivative Spectrophotometry in Pharmaceutical Analysis
Authors: Gackowski Marcin , Koba Marcin , Mądra-Gackowska Katarzyna , Kośliński Piotr , Kruszewski Stefan
Published: March 2019

At present, no one can imagine drug development, marketing and post-marketing without
rigorous quality control at each stage. Only modern, selective, accurate and precise analytical methods
for determination of active compounds, their degradation products and stability studies are able to assure
the appropriate amount and purity of drugs administered every day to millions of patients all over
the world. For routine control of drugs simple, economic, rapid and reliable methods are desirable. The
major focus of current scrutiny is placed on high-performance thin layer chromatography and derivative
spectrophotometry methods, which fulfill routine drug estimation’s expectations [1-4]. The present
paper reveals state-of-the-art and possible applications of those methods in pharmaceutical analysis
between 2010 and 2018. The review shows advantages of high-performance thin layer chromatography
and derivative spectrophotometry, including accuracy and precision comparable to more expensive and
time-consuming methods as well as additional fields of possible applications, which contribute to resolving
many analytical problems in everyday laboratory practice.
Preparation and Thermal Analysis of Flame-retardant Chitosan Thin Films on Ammonium Polyphosphate Treated Reconstituted Tobacco Sheet
Authors: Zhu Xiaolan , Shao Ning , Li Dongliang , Xue Fang , Hou Li , Gao Yun
Published: March 2019

Background:

Burning temperature is one of the most important factors affecting the
chemical structure of the smoke and the addition of reconstituted tobacco sheet to cut tobacco has been
widely used by the tobacco industry to reduce the cost of cigarettes and the health risks of smoking.

Methods:

A flame retardant film, made from chitosan and ammonium polyphosphate, has been coated
on the surface of the reconstituted tobacco sheet substrate by Layer-by-Layer and spray coating
techniques. The thermal degradation properties and flame retardancy of these reconstituted tobacco
sheets were analyzed by TG-FTIR and micro-scale combustion calorimetry.

Results:

It was found that the reconstituted tobacco sheet with the ratio of chitosan (5%) and ammonium
polyphosphate (3%) film coating showed significant reductions in the peak heat release rate
(50.7%), total heat release (35.8%) and the highest temperature in the temperature distribution diagram
(77°C). The main gases released during the pyrolysis of these reconstituted tobacco sheet samples
were H2O, CO2, CO, NH3, carbonyl compounds and the presence of film coating changed the
formation of evolved volatile products and formed less gaseous products except NH3 during the
thermal decomposition process.

Conclusion:

The coating film can greatly enhance the char forming ability and reduce the flammability
of reconstituted tobacco sheet, and therefore, reduce the health risks of smoking with the addition
of these reconstituted tobacco sheets.
Review on Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Food (Beverages, Fruits and Vegetables) and Drug Interactions: Mechanism and Safety
Authors: Yadav Yogesh C. , Pathak Kamla , Pathak Devender
Published: March 2019

Background:

The therapeutic potency and efficacy of drugs can be affected by a patient’s dietary habit. The food composition and their nutritional value interact with drugs that lead to alteration of the therapeutic response of drugs in patients.

Objective:

This present review is an attempt to illustrate clinical reports of food-drug interaction. Further, it also highlights specific interaction mechanism(s) and the safety thereof.

Methods:

Through the search engine “Scopus”; literature on recent advances in food and drug interactions includes almost all therapeutic categories such as antimicrobials, antiviral, antifungal, antihistamines, anticoagulants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and drugs acting on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system.

Results:

Preclinical and clinical studies that have been conducted by various researchers affirm significant drug-food interactions across the various therapeutic categories of drugs. Preclinical studies have documented the effects of food, milk products, alcohols, fruit and vegetables on the drug absorption, metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. The clinical studies on fruits/vegetables and drugs interactions report significant alteration in therapeutic response.

Conclusion:

Based on the preclinical and clinical reports, it can be concluded that the interaction of food with drug(s) significantly alters their therapeutic potential. The inputs from clinical practitioners to elucidate potential risk of food-drug interaction need to be intensified in order to prevent adverse clinical consequences.
Formulation and in vitro Evaluation of Hesperidin-Phospholipid Complex and its Antioxidant Potential
Authors: Kalita Bhupen , Patwary Bhargab Nath
Published: March 2019

Background:

The recent trend of herbal drug delivery has been focused on developing
novel drug delivery carriers to address problems related to solubility, oral bioavailability, skin permeation
and stability. The phyto-phospholipid complex (phytosomes®) technology has been used to
overcome the problems associated with many conventional herbal extracts.

Aim:

The present work aimed to formulate phospholipid-complex of the flavanoid Hesperidin to
enhance its dissolution leading to enhanced oral bioavailability.

Method:

The complex was prepared by refluxing various molar ratios of hesperidin and PC followed
by solvent evaporation. The prepared complexes were evaluated for saturation solubility,
partition co-efficient and drug content. The free drug and phospholipid complexes were analyzed in
DSC. Surface morphology of the prepared complexes was viewed using SEM images. Selected
formulations were subjected to in vitro drug release study. Antioxidant effect was examined by free
radical scavenging method.

Results:

Solubility and partition coefficient of the prepared complexes were improved in comparison
to free drug. Based on the results of solubility, partition coefficient and drug content, formulation
F2 was selected as an optimized batch. DSC thermograms confirmed the formation of phospholipid
complex. Free Hesperidin and Hesperidin-phospholipid complex (F2) showed 46.9 % and
78.20 % of drug release, respectively, at seven hours phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The optimized
formulation showed concentration-dependent anti-oxidant property.

Conclusion:

Results of the present study suggested that the phospholipid complex of Hesperidin
possesses the antioxidant potential and may be of potential use for improving the dissolution of
hesperidin and hence oral bioavailability.