bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1980: “I’m Qualified To Be President and You’re Not”
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2023

Massachusetts Senator Edward Kennedy, youngest brother of John and Robert Kennedy, had every reason to believe in late 1979 that the Democratic nomination was his for the asking. After all, during every presidential contest since the death of his brother Robert, the press had proposed Teddy as prospective nominee, if not heir apparent. As important, in early October 1979, when party regulars were asking themselves the key question about the upcoming election—can this candidate win?—Gallup polls showed that Jimmy Carter’s approval rating had reached an all-time low of 29%. Gallup also reported that polled Democrats favored Teddy two to one as the party’s nominee.

Still, the spectre of assassination must surely have shadowed any discussion of Edward Kennedy’s presidential candidacy, and the horror of such a possibility must have given pause to those who might otherwise have freely encouraged Kennedy to run. But one other event from Kennedy’s past may also have played a part in his decision-making calculus. For the question remained whether or not—and to what extent—the public had forgotten or at least forgiven Kennedy for his actions of nearly ten years ago, when late on the night of July 18, 1969, a car he was driving plunged off a bridge on Chappaquiddick Island, resulting in the death of a young political aide, Mary Jo Kopechne, who was with him in the car.
1992: Taxes and Trust
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2023

Neither crime, furlough policies, or the death penalty played a major role in George Bush’s first term. Nor did water pollution. The campaign run on Willie Horton, a “revolving door” prison policy, and the pollutants in Boston Harbor had, in other words, failed to forecast Bush’s presidency. Although exit polls showed that most did not believe he would deliver on it, voters did remember the statement Bush repeated most often in the campaign of 1988: “Read my lips. No new taxes.” When, bowing to fiscal reality and political pressure, Reagan’s presumed heir reneged on that promise and the economy proved persistently sluggish, the incumbent entered the 1992 primaries as a hobbled candidate, vulnerable to the issues of taxes and trust.

The state of the nation and the sentiments of voters in January 1992 were not foreseen by the big-name Democrats, including 1988 contenders Rev. Jesse Jackson and Tennessee’s Senator Al Gore. For public reasons that varied and private motives that included the presumption that the incumbent was unbeatable, one major Democratic leader after another decided in Spring 1991 not to make the run in 1992. What they did not know but history would show was the ephemeral nature of Bush’s 90% approval ratings in the wake of the 100-hour Gulf War against Saddam Hussein. That fleeting period of popularity occurred when the president responded with force to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.
The Japanese System in the Golden Age
Authors: Tabb William K
Published: November 2023

“Whenever an economy or a sector of an economy adapts itself to a change in its data in the way which traditional theory describes, whenever, that is, an economy reacts to an increase in population by simply adding the new brains and hands to the working force in the existing employments, or an industry reacts to a protective duty by expansion within its existing practice or to a fall in its demand by a contraction within its existing practice, we shall speak of adaptive response.
Markers, Developmental Processes, and Schizophrenia
Authors: Cornblatt Barbara A , Dworkin Robert H , Wolf Lorraine E , Erlenmeyer-Kimling L
Published: November 2023

Clinical, self-report, and experimental studies have converged to implicate attention in the biology of schizophrenia. Clinically, impaired attention has consistently been described as a prominent characteristic of schizophrenia in the literature, beginning with the early descriptions of Kraepelin ( 1919). Phenomenologically, schizophrenic patients have described a distressing inability to focus on information in the environment (e.g., Freedman & Chapman, 1973).
Behavioral Research in Childhood Autism
Authors: Sigman Marian
Published: November 2023

The history of behavioral research in childhood autism parallels the history of developmental psychopathology. Efforts to understand autism have depended on the discovery of developmental concepts and principles of experimental design. For example, the characteristics of autistic children could not be identified until researchers realized the necessity of comparison groups matched on developmental level. The first purpose of this chapter is to elucidate some of the advances made in the discipline of developmental psychopathology as applied to questions about childhood autism.
Developmental Psychopathology: Concepts and Prospects
Authors: Rutter Michael
Published: November 2023

During the last two decades, developmental psychopathology research concepts and strategies have increasingly come to the fore as it has become evident that traditional approaches in both psychiatry and psy-chology have been limited in their ability to tackle certain key questions and because the prevailing major theories did not take account of many crucial features of development and of psychopathology (Cicchetti, 1989; Rutter, 1993a, in press-a; Rutter & Rutter, 1993; Sroufe & Rutter, 1984). Thus, much psychiatric research has been based on outdated disease concepts that have assumed single causes operating in a direct, one-step fashion.
Neuropsychological Aspects of Schizophrenia
Authors: Goldman Robert S , Axelrod Bradley N , Taylor Stephen F
Published: November 2023

Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by disruption in affective, cognitive, and social domains that results in generally poor ability to maintain adaptive functioning in the community. This disorder usually manifests itself between the ages of 18 and 25. It has a lifetime prevalence ranging from 0.5% to 1.0% of the population (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), with no apparent gender discrepancy. The current diagnostic formulation of schizophrenia emphasizes a core set of symptoms. Individuals with schizophrenia have abnormalities in perception, usually in the form of auditory hallucinations. Delusional ideation often characterizes the disturbed thought content in these individuals, while abnormalities in form of thought are seen in such symptoms as loosening of associations, tangential speech, thought blocking, and neurologistic speech. Additional characteristics can include flattened or inappropriate affect, lack of motivation, poor social interaction, as well as idiosyncratic mannerisms and behaviors.
Are We Not Men?
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: November 2023

In 1995, popular anxieties about black masculinity became evident in public reactions to the conclusion of the OJ Simpson trial and the Million Man March on Washington. The nation’s divided response to the OJ verdict, together with the controversy surrounding Louis Farrakhan’s call to black men to come together for a “day of atonement” brought issues of race and gender to the forefront of national debate. In his timely and incisive book Are We Not Men?, Phillip Brian Harper explores issues of race and representation and shows that ideas about black masculinity have always played a troubled role both in the formation of African-American identity and in the mass media at large. What is at stake when a picture of OJ Simpson is darkened on the cover of Time magazine? Why is AIDS still seen as a white gay disease when a quarter of deaths from AIDS from 1981-1991 were among black males? Using examples from a variety of cultural contexts, ranging from sports and pop music to literature and television, Harper investigates these questions in an effort to show the ways in which narrow definitions of black manhood have failed to acknowledge real differences within the African-American community--to grave social and political effect. He examines recent phenomena, such as reactions to ABC anchorman Max Robinson’s AIDS-related death and Magic Johnson’s HIV status, as well as the homophobia and chauvinism of the Black Arts movement of the ‘60s and ‘70s, the construction of black “crossover” identity from Motown and Diana Ross to Run-DMC and MTV and the way that “street” authenticity is incorporated into Michael Jackson’s choreography. He unravels the gender politics behind the “passing” novels of the Harlem Renaissance, scrutinizes black masculinity as seen through the eyes of the white protagonist of the 1961 autobiographical narrative Black Like Me and explores early representations of African Americans on television shows like “Julia” and “Room 222.” Upholding the recent success of drag performer RuPaul, who demonstrates the limits of traditional notions of black masculinity by openly defying them, Harper suggests that popular culture is able to transcend its own representations and points to a future in which “black male” is no longer a homogenizing term. An original, far-reaching and ultimately humane work of cultural criticism, Harper’s book argues convincingly that there are no innocent texts, and forces us to reexamine the culture that surrounds us. Are We Not Men? will find a wide audience among those interested in American and African-American cultural studies, gender studies and gay/lesbian studies.
Algebraic and Differential Topology of Robust Stability
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

In this book, two seemingly unrelated fields - algebraic topology and robust control - are brought together. The book develops algebraic/differential topology proceeding from an easily motivated control engineering problem, showing the relevance of advanced topological concepts and reconstructing the fundamental concepts of algebraic/differential topology from an application-oriented point of view. It is suitable for graduate students in engineering and/or applied mathematics, and academic researchers.
K-Theory Of Robust Stabilization
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, rather than mapping the uncertainty to the return difference matrix as we did in the previous chapter, we map the uncertainty to the return difference operator. To make it simple, assume that the system is open-loop stable and time-invariant. The crucial point is the equivalence between closed-loop stability and invertibility of the Toeplitz operator induced by the return difference, I+TLΔ. Mapping into an appropriate space of operators immediately leads to the so-called topological K-theory, which is probably the most significant development that has occurred in algebraic topology after 1960.
Singularity Over Stratified Uncertainty Space
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A
Published: November 2023

Originally the Morse theory was developed for real-valued functions defined on compact, differentiable manifolds [Morse 1925], [Milnor 1963]. Unfortunately, this does not lead us further than the multivariable phase margin problem where, typically,[ineq]. In many other structured stability problems, the set of uncertainties D x n is more complicated than a mere compact differentiable manifold. It suffices that the uncertainty manifold has a boundary for the “global” results of the previous chapter to fail, although the “local” results remain valid modulo some revisions. Early generalizations of the Morse theory to include the case of manifolds-with-boundary are due to Morse himself. This effort and other early attempts to extend the Morse theory have, more recently, crystallized around the so-called the Stratified Morse Theory [Goresky and MacPherson 1988]. The stratified Morse theory extends the classical Morse theory to the socalled stratified spaces, that encompass practically all sets of uncertainties encountered in robust stability. The idea of the stratified Morse theory, which comprises the case of an uncertainty manifold with boundary, is to decompose, or “stratify,” the space in a disjoint union of submanifolds, or “strata,” of varying dimensions.
Philosophy, the Emotions, and Psychopathology
Authors: Lyons William
Published: November 2023

It matters a great deal what theory of emotion is presumed by anyone involved in psychopathology. Putting this another way, I should make it clear that there can be no such things as free-standing or theory-neutral definitions, including those in psychopathology. Definitions always involve theory. Coming to an agreed definition, at least at its best, involves argument, evidence, and decision. Even to define such an ordinary, uncontroversial thing as a rabbit involves theorizing of a quite involved sort. To define rabbit (as does the Oxford English Dictionary [OED]) as “burrowing rodent of hare family, brownish grey in natural state” already presupposes a host of theoretical decisions, decisions such as what is to count as a rodent: “animal of the order Rodentia with strong incisors and no canine teeth” (says the OED). So, agreeing on what a rodent is depends on a decision about how we are to pick out orders, a decision about why having incisors and no canine teeth is to be considered a sufficiently salient difference so as to be the basis of an order, and so on.
Dyadic Interaction Regulation, Emotion, and Psychopathology
Authors: Krause Rainer , Steimer-Krause Evelyne , Merten, Jorg , Ullrich Burkhard
Published: November 2023

In our research we have been dealing with questions and problems usually centered around the psychoanalytic concepts of transference and countertransference. Laplanche and Pontalis (1972) define transference “as the process through which unconscious wishes are actualized with specific objects within the frame of specific types of relations, having been relevant for these objects” (p. 5 50). According to this definition transference must encompass strategies to create specific relationship patterns. In addition, according to this psychoanalytic assumption, these patterns should be repetitions of past experiences with significant others. Most, if not all, schools of psychotherapy would agree that mentally ill people can be characterized by high degrees of negentropy within their cognitive-affective organization. The related phenomena are called “Klischee” (Freud, 1912), schemas (Horowitz, 1994), or role relationship models (Horowitz, 1991).
Some Emotional Dynamics Underlying the Genesis of False Memory Syndrome
Authors: Rivera Joseph de
Published: November 2023

Two months after mailing the letter from which the above segment is excerpted, a turn of events led the woman who wrote it to stop seeing her therapist, to completely retract her accusation, and to reconcile with her family. Letters, such as the one excerpted above, have been received by thousands of bewildered families in the United States. They are a reflection of what has come to be called false memory syndrome, a disorder in which a person’s identity and relationship are centered about a belief in memories of traumatic experiences that are objectively false (Kihlstrom, in press).
Spherical Bubble Dynamics
Authors: Brennen Christopher E
Published: November 2023

Having considered the initial formation of bubbles, we now proceed to identify the subsequent dynamics of bubble growth and collapse. The behavior of a single bubble in an infinite domain of liquid at rest far from the bubble and with uniform temperature far from the bubble will be examined first. This spherically symmetric situation provides a simple case that is amenable to analysis and reveals a number of important phenomena. Complications such as those introduced by the presence of nearby solid boundaries will be discussed in the chapters which follow.
Revisions of Liberalism: Interdependence Theory
Authors: Crane George T , Amawi Abla
Published: November 2023

Modern liberalism has both affirmed and denied the theoretical project of international political economy. Neoclassical analysis essentially ignores the problem of how economics and politics interact, focusing exclusively on “pure economics.” On the other hand, John Maynard Keynes, with his ideas of macroeconomic aggregates and countercyclical state intervention, lays the analytic groundwork for a revised liberal IPE theory. Although Keynes himself did not fully develop the political side of the argument, his ideas have been incorporated and extended by interdependence theorists.

Keynesianism resonates in the work of Richard Cooper, one of the first to popularize the notion of interdependence. Cooper suggests that advances in transportation, communications, technology transfer, and the like have fundamentally altered the conditions of international economics. Most importantly, differences in comparative costs appear to be diminishing. This implies that the gains from trade seen by Smith and Ricardo may not be as obvious as they once were. Furthermore, global economic integration may thwart equilibrating world market forces: “in normal periods prospective imbalances in international payments ... are likely to be more frequent and of larger amplitude than they have been in the past.” In a manner similar to Keynes’s discussion of the difficulties of achieving domestic equilibrium, Cooper argues that new policies arc needed to address the unprecedented conditions of international interdependence.
The Components Of Action Systems: Subsystems And Their Interaction
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines how the particular relation between body and brain that has evolved in humans supports the dynamic processes discussed in the previous chapters. In the first chapter, I highlighted the motor-action controversy, and observed that the information processing metaphor treated movement as the output of a motor program organized into a command hierarchy. A more traditional chapter on the nervous system in a book on “motor” development would focus on the anatomy of the perceptual and motor systems relative to a kind of flowchart of input-output relations (e.g., Brooks, 1986; Ghez, 1985).
Selection And The Emergence Of Specialized Functions
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 5, I examined how the assembly of coordinative structures was an example of spontaneous pattern formation (biological morphogenesis). Morphogenesis of action is the process by which the microscopic degrees of freedom of the body self-assemble into macroscopic units. As we shall see in this chapter, there is also a fundamental question of “how” in all complex biological systems, the means by which coordinative structures become useful for special functions, i.e., to serve as special-purpose devices. In order to address this question, I discuss the significance of Darwinian selection on the self-organization evident in morphogenesis, with respect to both graph dynamics (the time scale of ontogeny and evolution) and parameter dynamics (the time scale of learning).
Conclusions And Directions
Authors: Goldfield Eugene C
Published: November 2023

In this book, I have presented a tapestry of ideas whose colors and textures derive from disciplines often outside the purview of scientists interested in human development: dynamic systems, developmental biology, and ecological psychology. These ideas were used as the foundation for a theory of the assembly and tuning of action systems during infancy. Earlier developmentalists, especially Piaget, recognized the importance of a theory of behavioral development with strong ties to physics and biology (see, e.g., his Biology and knowledge, 1971). Owing to training in biology at the beginning of this century, Piaget incorporated fundamental concepts from Darwin into his theory of behavioral development. As a young malacologist, Piaget studied variation in shell patterns. Later, when he applied biology to behavior, Piaget proposed that infant learning was based upon repetition of an action that led to an initial random event (i.e., a circular reaction).
Future Applications of PCR to Conservation Biology
Authors: Carter Deidre , Reynolds Rebecca , Fildes Nicola , White Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Since the first article on the polymerase chain reaction was published (Saiki et al., 1985), it has become possible to do experiments that could not be considered previously. Further advances in the method and its applications over the past nine years have extended PCRs utility to many new fields such as molecular archeology and conservation biology (White et al., 1989; Arnheim et al., 1990). In this article we review several recent modifications to the PCR technique that overcome some of its limitations and promise to make its use routine among conservation biologists by the end of the decade.
Conservation Genetics and Molecular Techniques: A Perspective
Authors: Hedrick Philip W
Published: November 2023

As the human population and human impact on natural areas has increased over the past few decades, there have been heightened threats to rare and endangered species throughout the world. Largely because of this trend, the rate of extinction has increased and there has been great public and scientific interest in trying to reverse the trend toward extinction of many rare and endangered species. Although the factors that appear to be important in ultimately causing extinction are thought to be multifold (e.g., Shaffer, 1981; Soule, 1986; Lande, 1988), in the scientific efforts in conservation biology, there has often been an emphasis on the importance of genetic factors in influencing extinction.
The History & Practice of Ancient Astronomy
Authors: Evans James
Published: November 2023

The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy combines new scholarship with hands-on science to bring readers into direct contact with the work of ancient astronomers. While tracing ideas from ancient Babylon to sixteenth-century Europe, the book places its greatest emphasis on the Greek period, when astronomers developed the geometric and philosophical ideas that have determined the subsequent character of Western astronomy. The author approaches this history through the concrete details of ancient astronomical practice. Carefully organized and generously illustrated, the book can teach readers how to do real astronomy using the methods of ancient astronomers. For example, readers will learn to predict the next retrograde motion of Jupiter using either the arithmetical methods of the Babylonians or the geometric methods of Ptolemy. They will learn how to use an astrolabe and how to design sundials using Greek and Roman techniques. The book also contains supplementary exercises and patterns for making some working astronomical instruments, including an astrolabe and an equatorium. More than a presentation of astronomical methods, the book provides a critical look at the evidence used to reconstruct ancient astronomy. It includes extensive excerpts from ancient texts, meticulous documentation, and lively discussions of the role of astronomy in the various cultures. Accessible to a wide audience, this book will appeal to anyone interested in how our understanding of our place in the universe has changed and developed, from ancient times through the Renaissance.
The Birth of Astronomy
Authors: Evans James
Published: November 2023

The oldest surviving works of Greek literature are the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, which were put into written form probably around the end of the eighth century B.C. Only a little younger is Hesiod’s Works and Days, which dates from about 650 B.C. When Homer and Hesiod were writing, the Greeks were just emerging from their dark age. Literacy had been gained, then lost in the convulsions of the twelfth century B.C., then regained. Historians turn to Homer and Hesiod for insight into the Greek societies about 700 B.c. —for insight into the Greeks’ economic life, their social organization, and their religious practices. We can profitably inquire of Homer and Hesiod just what the Greeks knew of astronomy.
Planetary Theory
Authors: Evans James
Published: November 2023

Figure 7.1 shows the constellation Leo on January 14, 1980. The two bright objects near the center of the photo are planets—Jupiter in right center, Mars in left center. To an untrained eye, observing on a single night, these planets are indistinguishable from stars. Thus, the two planets in figure 7.1 might seem to be a permanent part of the constellation Leo. Only if we carefully note the positions of the stars of Leo with respect to one another and watch them over a period of weeks or months will we notice anything strange. In figure 7.2, we see Mars and Jupiter in Leo about three months later, on April 10, 1980. In figure 7.2, Jupiter and Mars are again the brightest objects in the photo, Jupiter being a little lower than Mars. In the course of three months, Mars and Jupiter dramatically shifted their places with respect to the background stars.
Totem as Practically Reason: Revisiting the Rationality Debate
Authors: Bruner Jerome
Published: November 2023

Chapters 5 and 6 explored some of the cognitive implications of a thoroughly machine-mediated environment and the modularity schema it has produced. Perhaps the most striking thing about the modularity schema is that it has led to an odd coupling: a highly developed notion of rationality wed to an impoverished notion of meaning. The hyperrational orientation is inherent in the very notion of modularity, with its tendency to analyze reality into elementary units that are subject to rule-governed recombination and substitution.
Kwakiutl Animal Symbolism: Food for Thought
Authors: Bruner Jerome
Published: November 2023

It is no coincidence that the problem of totemism engaged so many important thinkers for so many years. Nor is it surprising that noted psychologists and philosophers joined anthropologists in trying to understand what totemistic classifications were all about. As we saw in the previous chapter, the interpretation of totemism depends inevitably on a stated or unstated theory of human classification and symbolization. And to theorize about symbols and classification is to propose a theory of mind. Important matters were at stake in how totemism was accounted for.

For generations of theorists, totemism was the battleground on which theories about the relation between culture and mind were waged. Totemism provided ample food for the most diverse thoughts about the mind. To some, the mystical totemic identifications between species suggested the workings of “prelogical” mental processes. To others, they represented repressed memories of a primal scene at the dawn of humanity. More recently, rationalists like Levi-Strauss found comfort in the universal taxonomic sensibility to which such classifications seemed to point.
When Models Collide: Cultural Origins of Ambivalence
Authors: Bruner Jerome
Published: November 2023

The last chapter considered a case of multiple cultural models for the same domain, in this case village space. Two Samoan spatial models, formally characterized as concentric and diametric dualism, provide for Samoans alternative ways to orient themselves within village settings. Though given conventional cultural form in Samoa, these alternative models are probably related to the basic differences between ego-centric and sociocentric spatial perception in all humans.

Not all cases of multiple models can be neatly explained by this sort of appeal to contextual dissociation. Alternative models, like those discussed in the preceding chapter, are usually allocated to different social contexts and become part of the complex rhetoric of cultural communication. But sometimes cultural models simply collide and are not rescued by context in the way alternative models are (D’Andrade and Strauss, 1992). In this chapter I want to look at what happens when cultural models come into direct conflict. As in the preceding chapter, the cases to be discussed are taken from my own Samoan fieldwork.
Analogical Transfer and the Work of Culture
Authors: Bruner Jerome
Published: November 2023

To study the place of culture in mind requires more than just a coordination of concepts from different disciplines. It also means relating models at very different levels of abstraction and organization. The notion that phenomena are ordered at different levels is a common assumption in all the sciences. To study the behavior of an object in motion is different from studying that object’s constituent molecules. Likewise, the study of animal behavior is not normally assumed to be reducible to the study of its cell behavior. The various disciplines and subdisciplines in the sciences are usually defined in terms of such distinctive levels of analysis, each with emergent properties (Polanyi, 1966).

Advances in science often require a bracketing of the consideration of how phenomena at one level of analysis (like neural networks) are related to phenomena at a higher level (concepts, for example) or a lower level (such as cells).
Boo!
Authors: Simons Ronald C
Published: November 2023

The startle reflex provides a revealing model for examining the ways in which evolved neurophysiology shapes personal experience and patterns of recurrent social interaction. In the most diverse cultural contexts, in societies widely separated by time and space, the inescapable physiology of the reflex both shapes the experience of startle and biases the social usages to which the reflex is put. This book describes ways in which the startle reflex is experienced, culturally elaborated, and socially used in a wide variety of times and places. It offers explanations both for the patterned commonalities found across cultural settings and for the differences engendered by diverse social environments. Boo! will intrigue readers in fields such as psychological anthropology, medical anthropology, general cultural anthropology, social psychology, cross-cultural psychiatry, evolutionary psychology, and human ethology.
Variations an a Theme Being Startled Makes One Ill
Authors: Simons Ronald C
Published: November 2023

Although startle has a benign and humorous aspect, it has a malignant one as well. For example, a persistent belief in a number of subcultures in the West is that if a pregnant woman is startled, the fetus she is carrying will.
Culture, Biology, and Individual Experience
Authors: Simons Ronald C
Published: November 2023

This book has presented a curious assemblage of material: a description and analysis of the startle-reflex and attention-capture; stories from the lives of people living in a variety of cultures; a discussion of fright illnesses; excerpts from novels, plays, poems, and newspapers; descriptive and historical discussions of latah; and briefer descriptions and discussions of a number of other culture-bound syndromes. Each of the pieces of data pre-sented might have been analyzed in many different ways, but here the emphasis has been on what they have in common.
Game Theory, Reproductive Skew, and Nepotism
Authors: Reeve Hudson Kern
Published: November 2023

Our understanding of the evolution of cooperative kin groups has been greatly advanced by kin selection models (Hamilton 1964, West-Eberhard 1975) and, more recently, by a melding of such models with game-theoretic models to explain and predict the outcomes of a variety of intragroup conflicts (Trivers&Hare 1976, Gra fen 1979, Emlen 1982, Vehrencamp 1983, Reeve 1991, Reeve&Ratnieks 1993, Reeve&Keller 1995, Mock et al., this volume). In this chapter, I focus on potential conflicts within kin groups over both the partitioning of reproduction and the expres sion of nepotism, the latter conflict arising when resolution of the former leads to reproductive sharing among group members.

In particular, I shall argue that new game-theoretic models are needed to shed light on two fundamental problems: (1) the joint evolution of reproductive partitioning and genetic composition of cooperative groups, especially when potential group-joiners have a choice of groups to join or residents have a choice of joiners to accept, and (2) the selective mechanisms underlying the surprising absence of within group nepotism in kin groups, most notably in social insect colonies.
C
Authors: Bunson Margaret
Published: November 2023

Cairo Calendar a text discovered in a papyrus that dates to the reign of ramesses ii (1290–1224 B.C.) of the 19th Dynasty. This was a calendar of lucky and unlucky days of the year. The good or bad fortune of a single day was determined by past events connected to that particular date, concerning the gods, omens, battles or prophecies recorded for that specific time period.
G
Authors: Bunson Margaret
Published: November 2023

Garf Husein a site below the First Cataract near the wadi alaki, where a temple of ramesses ii of the 19th Dynasty (c. 1290–1224 b.c.) was discovered. The shrine was dedicated to the Memphite god ptah and was built into a rocky cliff. A pylon led to a court where three porticos were stylishly decorated. The subterranean level contained a pillared hall and five sanctuaries designed in the form of crosses.
V
Authors: Bunson Margaret
Published: November 2023

Valley of the Kings (Biban el-Muluk) the desert necropolis on the west bank of the Nile opposite the ancient Egyptian capital of thebes. The 18th Dynasty, having cleared Egypt of the hyksos, the Asiatic invaders of the Second Intermediate Period (1640–1532 b.c.), began to build elaborate mortuary complexes of great splendor at Thebes. amenhotep i (1525–1504 b.c.) is credited with having devised the plan of separating the royal tombs from mortuary temples, but he was buried probably at Dra’Abu-el-Naga’. tuthmosis i, his successor, was the first king to have a tomb cut into the cliffs of the Valley of the Kings.
XYZ
Authors: Bunson Margaret
Published: November 2023

Xois the modern Sakha, located in the central Delta, a city of ancient Egypt. During the Second Intermediate Period the nobles from this region began the Xoite Dynasty (14th Dynasty), which ruled contemporaneously with the hyksos and Asiatic line and with the Theban dynasty in the south. Manetho listed 76 Xoite kings and 72 of the names were confirmed by the turin payrus. During the 20th Dynasty, in the reign of ramesses iii (1194–1163 b.c.), Xois was one of the towns overrun by the Libyan forces under the command of the meshwesh. Ramesses III defeated the Libyans and set Xois and its neighboring communities free of the foreign domination.
The Consequences of Cueing Subtle Appeals to Race
Authors: Reeves Keith
Published: November 2023

hat is a “subtle” campaign appeal? Subtlety in campaigns risks political ineffectiveness; only overt appeals are reliably heard. - Abigail Thernstrom, Whose Votes Count? Political unacceptability-the phrase is today’s conventional wisdom regarding the failure of black office-seekers to attract widespread electoral support among white voters. “Plainly some whites may ‘refuse’ to vote for particular black candidates. Not because they are non-white but because they are politically unacceptable,”1 is how Abigail Thernstrom puts it. “If Colin Powell clones ran in majority white districts in the South,” she adds, “would they win? The answer is of course.”2 Her unmistakable point is this: blacks go down to electoral defeat because they are on the wrong side of the political fence. Rarely, of course, is race accorded similar import as an explanation for whites’ often spirited resistance to the election of black office seekers.
B
Authors: Bunson Matthew
Published: November 2023

BAALBEK City in the province of Syria, near the cities of Tyre and Berytus, that boasted one of the Empire’s finest temple precincts and public buildings. In existence since before the 6th century B.c., when the first great temple structures were built, Baalbek figured in the stabilizing of the frontiers during the early years of the reign of AUGUSTUS (ruled 27 B.c.-14 A.D.). Marcus AGRIPPA reorganized the East and chose Baalbek and Berytus as two important Roman colonies. Henceforth Baalbek was a thoroughly Roman city in the midst of Syria, and its name was changed eventually to Heliopolis. Not only did Baalbek serve Roman interests in Syria, it also helped maintain a buffer against PARTHIA and PERSIA, a difficult task as the imperial frontier became weak. The new colonists brought their new gods, and the result was a spectacular series of buildings erected between the 1st and 3rd centuries A.D. Collectively, the edifices were called the Sanctuary of Jupiter. The Temple of Jupiter dominated the complex. Nearby rose the Temple of Bacchus, constructed in the 2nd century, which survives in remarkably good shape and so offers excellent archaeological and artistic details from the period. Known as Bacchus’s temple, but most likely the Temple of Venus Atargatis, it was heavily decorated and supported by Corinthian columns.
K
Authors: Bunson Matthew
Published: November 2023

KANUS, JULIUS (d. 40 A.D.) A Stoic philosopher during the reign of Gaius Caligula (37-41 A.D.). He was executed by the emperor as part of Caligula’s general per­ secution of philosophers in Rome, especially the Stoics. His friends included Antiochus of Seleucia and RECTUS. See also STOICISM. KNIGHTS See EQUITES. KNIVA (d. after 253 A.D.) King of the Goths during the middle of the 3rd century A.D. Kniva not only led his people in an invasion of the Roman Empire but succeeded in destroying an emperor. He appeared suddenly on the Danubian frontier in 249, commanding a massive force. While one column ravaged DACIA, he led another into MOESIA, dividing his army into two forces, one laying siege to Philippopolis and the other, with 70,000 men, assaulting Novae on the Danube. Turned aside by TREBONIANUS GALLUS, then the governor of Moesia, Kniva moved from Novae to NICOPOLIS in the south. Word of the crisis quickly drew Emperor Trajanus DECIUS and his son HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS to the Danubian threater. Decius surprised the Goths at Nicopolis (c. 249) and inflicted upon them a terrible defeat. Kniva retreated over the Haemus Mountains and, despite Decius’ attempts to prevent him, joined his troops at Philippopolis. The strategic situation was thus reversed when, at the small town of Beroca at the base of the Haemus Mountains, Kniva surprised the emperor and crushed him. Decius’ legions fled in disarray over the mountains to Moesia, where the emperor tried to reorganize.
The Desert Granivory Experiments at Portal
Authors: Brown James H
Published: November 2023

In 1977 D. W. Davidson, 0. J. Reichman, and I began experimental manipulations in the Chihuahuan Desert near the little town of Portal in southeastern Arizona to study interactions among seed-eating rodents and ants and between these consumers and the annual plants that supply their primary food resources. The study site comprises about 20 ha of relatively homogeneous desert shrub habitat and contains 24 plots, each 0.25 ha in area (50 X 50 m), that were randomly assigned to different treatments: removal of some or all rodent or ant species or addition of supplementary seeds. While the plots initially assigned to seed additions and some of the other treatments were changed to additional replicates of rodent and ant removal treatments in 1988, several plots have had all rodents, just kangaroo rats, or all ants removed continuously and other plots have served as unmanipulated controls for the entire 19-year period. In the nearly two decades that we have been manipulating and monitoring a selected group of organisms on a small patch of ground, we have learned a great deal about how they affect each other and how they respond to natural variation-chiefly in climate-in their environment. Numerous papers describing the responses of the desert community to these longterm “press” experiments (see Bender et al. 1984) have been published, but no major review and synthesis of the experimental research program has been written since Brown, et al.’s chapter in Diamond and Case’s Community Ecology (1986).
Experimental Compromise and Mechanistic Approaches to the Evolutionary Ecology of Interacting Daphnia Species
Authors: Leibold Mathew A , Tessier Alan J
Published: November 2023

The experimental approach has been tremendously useful in community ecology, but it has led to a codified design for experiments, which has been characterized as phenomenological by some critics (Dunham, this volume; Petraitis, this volume). In the conventional approach, investigators select a particular system (i.e., an assemblage at a particular place and time) and conduct perturbation experiments to determine if certain general processes occur (e.g., species removals to detect the occurrence of predation or competition). In some cases, multiple factors are manipulated to determine the “relative importance” of these factors on aspects of the community. This tradition of experiments has rapidly escalated, and standard means have been developed and improved to deal with a wide array of methodological, statistical, and inferential issues (Hurlburt 1984, Hairston 1989, Manly 1992, Underwood 1995). Whereas early experiments often suffered from an array of such problems (Table 5-1), more recent work reflects a greater awareness of these important issues. Improvements on the experimental approach, however, continue to deal poorly with what are perhaps the most important concerns: generality and extrapolation. Advances in these areas come at great cost.
Neotropical Forests: Status and Prediction
Authors: Mayne John C
Published: November 2023

The status of forests in Central America today is a result of millennia of exploitation. (Wiseman, 1978). Even the commonly used term, forest resources implies use and exploitation. Perhaps more important, it was not only the forest resources that were exploited but also the land on which they grew.
Food Crop Production Systems in Central America
Authors: Moreno Raúl A
Published: November 2023

The Central American isthmus is often treated as a single analytical unit from a geopolitical perspective. Nevertheless, from an ecological perspective, the region is so diverse that most generalizations lead to some degree of error. Several factors contribute to environ mental variability in the region. Most important, 70 percent of the area in agricultural production consists of highlands of different altitudes and relief. Both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans influence the climate of this mountainous agricultural region, another source of variability. The isthmus may well have the richest flora and fauna in the world because it serves as a bridge between the North and South American land masses.
La Pacífica, 40 Years of Farm Ecology
Authors: Hagnauer Werner
Published: November 2023

Hacienda La Pacifica is one of the few farms in the New World tropics that has been managed by using ecological principles over a long period of time and for which adequate records about the management experience and lessons learned have been maintained. This midsized cattle ranch in Guanacaste Province is located 4 kilometers west of Canas between the Rio Blano, Rio Tenorio, and Rio Corobici (figure 19.1) in the semiarid zone originally covered by tropical dry forest (Holdridge, 1967; see also Vargas, chapter 10). It has served as a research site for two generations of agricultural, biological, and social scientists.
Conclusion
Authors: Swisher Upton Hatch Marilyn
Published: November 2023

To balance the goals of preserving biodiversity and maintaining large segments of natural ecosystems with the needs and aspirations of a growing human population is a global challenge that is vividly illustrated by the experiences of Mesoamerica. The introduction to this volume discussed seven hypotheses, each of which brought into focus an unresolved issue for Mesoamerica’ s citizens and decision makers as they attempt to achieve the dual goals of development and resource preservation.
Darwinian Medicine and the Emergence of Allergy
Authors: Barnes Kathleen C , Armelagos George J , Morreale Steven C
Published: November 2023

Arelatively recent view within the paradigm of Darwinian medicine is that allergy is an adaptive response because it serves a defensive function in which cellular attack by toxins is minimized and potentially harmful substances are diluted and expelled from the body. Advocates of this particular hypothesis question the theory that IgE-mediated, immediate hypersensitivity is part of an earlier adaptive response to helminthic infestations, which in the absence of exposure to parasites (the antigens for which the system arguably may have evolved to combat) overreacts to common proteins (e.g., pollens, dust mite allergen) and subsequently manifests as allergic disease. We argue that the rise of allergy can in fact be best understood in part from this broader evolutionary perspective, and that IgE, one of the key players involved in the immediate-type allergic response, originated in mammals chronically exposed to helminthic parasites as an adaptive response. Within our theoretical framework, we contend that the immunological response probably did not produce widespread adverse health effects because of the coevolution of a check-and-balance mechanism by which the adverse effects of the hypersensitive state were controlled; specifically, IgG-blocking antibodies and possibly other mediators in the cytokine network minimized the systemic effects of the allergy cascade but at the same time allowed for a control of the worm load in chronically infested individuals. Thus, this mechanism was advantageous to both the host and pathogen, creating an acceptable level of symbiosis between the two.
Nonexploitation as a Rule of Thumb
Authors: Bailey James Wood
Published: November 2023

Exploitation in a Simple Game

A number of general empirical conditions obtain in virtually any world with which we are familiar. Our background knowledge will be shaped by these general conditions, and the moral intuitions we are likely to have will be thereby constrained. In this chapter I use an evolutionary model to show that even if our moral convictions are at their base utilitarian, many of our concrete moral judgments are just as “selfish” and “partial” as our ordinary moral intuitions and commonsense moral beliefs appear to be, insofar as they permit us to take greater heed of our own well-being than that of others. Thus the alleged gap between moral common sense and utilitarianism can begin to be narrowed. The aim here is to give not a comprehensive theory of the evolution of norms but rather a rational reconstruction of why it is that certain norms, which might appear to be ways of instantiating utilitarianism in the world, are in fact likely to be self-defeating.
The Problem of Redistribution
Authors: Bailey James Wood
Published: November 2023

What the Problem Is

Redistribution is a topic much discussed among theorists of justice but is not terribly prominent among utilitarians. Most of the debates on the subject over the last few decades have taken place between moral egalitarians of one kind or another, who believe in patterned principles of distribution and are willing to use the authority of the state to maintain them,1 and defenders of property rights as side constraints, who believe in historical principles of distribution.2 Utilitarians, perhaps because they are not committed in principle to either egalitarian patterns or historical entitlement, are thus not centrally involved in this dispute.
Mechanisms and Physiological Implications of Receptor-Mediated Inhibition of Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channels
Authors: Dunlap Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Synaptic integration and use-dependent plasticity are unique hallmarks of nervous system function. Investigations into the cellular mechanisms underlying these essential functions have uncovered myriad pathways, both pre-and postsynaptic, for controlling the flow of information through synapses. The mechanisms responsible for presynaptic inhibition are one case in point. The observation by Frank and Fuortes (1957) of a “remote inhibition” of synaptic transmission between primary afferents and a moto neurons in the spinal cord provided the first evidence for the existence of presynaptic modulatory mechanisms.