bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crosslinking of peanut allergen Ara h 2 by polyphenol oxidase: digestibility and potential allergenicity assessment
Authors: Wu Zhihua , Lian Jun , Han Yuanlong , Zhou Ningling , Li Xin , Yang Anshu , Tong Ping , Chen Hongbing
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Peanut is one of the eight major food allergens. Its allergen, Ara h 2, can be recognized by over 90% of serum IgE samples from peanut‐allergic patients. Therefore, reducing the allergenicity of Ara h 2 is especially important.

RESULTS

In the present study, polyphenol oxidase (PPO), a protein cross‐linking reaction catalyst that acts on tyrosine residue, was used to modify Ara h 2. After crosslinking, the microstructure, digestibility, IgG binding capability and IgE binding capability of Ara h 2 were analyzed. Cross‐linking decreased the potential allergenicity of Ara h 2 by masking the allergen epitope, while the antigenicity of Ara h 2 changed slightly. After crosslinking, the apparent diameter of Ara h 2 was altered from 300 to 1700 nm or 220 nm, indicating that polymerization could either be inter‐ or intramolecular. Regarding digestibility, crosslinked Ara h 2 was relatively more easily digested by gastric fluid compared with the untreated Ara h 2, but much more difficult in the intestinal fluid.

CONCLUSION

The crosslinking reaction catalyzed by PPO, as a non‐thermal process, may be beneficial for avoiding food allergy. The reaction could mask allergen epitopes, decreasing the allergenicity of Ara h 2. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Recurrent laryngeal nerve recovery patterns assessed by serial electromyography
Authors: Paniello Randal C. , Park Andrea M. , Bhatt Neel K. , Al‐Lozi Muhammad
Published: November 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Following acute injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) is increasingly being used to determine prognosis for recovery. The LEMG findings change during the recovery process, but the timing of these changes is not well described. In this canine study, LEMGs were obtained serially following model RLN injuries.

Study Design

Animal Study.

Methods

Thirty‐six canine RLNs underwent crush (n = 6), complete transection with reanastomosis (n = 6), half‐transection half‐crush (n = 5), cautery (n = 5), stretch (n = 5), inferior crush (n = 4), or inferior transection with reanastomosis (n = 5) injuries. Injuries were performed 5 cm from cricoid or were 5 cm further inferior. Under light sedation, LEMG of thyroarytenoid muscles was performed monthly for 6 months following injury. At 6 months, spontaneous and induced vocal fold motion was assessed.

Results

Except for the stretch injury, the remaining groups showed very similar recovery patterns. Fibrillation potentials (FPs) and/or positive sharp waves (PSWs; signs of bad prognosis) were seen in all cases at 1 month and lasted on average for 2.26 months (range = 1–4 months). Motor unit potentials of at least 2+ (scale = 0–4+; signs of good prognosis) were seen beginning at 3.61 months (range = 2–6 months). The stretch injury was less severe, with 3 of 5 showing no FPs/PSWs at 1 month; all recovered full mobility. Ten of the 36 thyroarytenoid muscles (27.8%) had 1 electromyograph showing both bad prognosis and good prognosis signs simultaneously at 2 to 4 months postinjury.

Conclusions

LEMG can be used to predict RNL recovery, but timing is important and LEMG results earlier than 3 months may overestimate a negative prognosis.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 126:651–656, 2016
Clinical observations and molecular variables of patients with hearing loss and incomplete partition type III
Authors: Choi Byung Yoon , An Yong‐Hwi , Song Jae‐Jin , Koo Ja‐Won , Lee Jun Ho , Oh Seung Ha , Chang Sun O. , Kim Chong Sun , Park Joo Hyun
Published: November 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

To analyze the clinical manifestations and genetic features of patients with hearing loss (HL) and incomplete partition (IP) type III malformation, and to evaluate speech performance after cochlear implantation (CI) in these patients.

Study Design

Individual retrospective cohort study.

Methods

Of 206 probands with inner ear malformations (IEMs), we constructed a homogeneous cohort of 11 genetically documented IP type III (DFNX2). Mutations affecting POU3F4 were classified as extension (n = 2), truncation (n = 3), large genomic deletion (n = 2), or missense substitution (n = 4). Postoperative outcomes were rigorously assessed with focus on POU3F4 genotypes and compared with 80 age‐matched implantees without IEMs.

Results

HL in our cohort was prelingual in onset irrespective of degree. Serviceable hearing was obtained by wearing conventional hearing aids in three, and eight subjects required CI. No correlation was found between mutation types and initial auditory phenotype. As for the eight cochlear implantees, average Categories of Auditory Perception score was <1 preoperatively and 3.9 at 2 years post‐CI. Speech performances improved over the first 3 months postoperatively in a manner comparable to implantees without IEMs. However, it then tended to slow down until 1 year postoperatively, leading to worse scores at 2 years than implantees without IEMs. Furthermore, this was more evident in those with a truncation or deletion mutation.

Conclusions

CI surgeons should be aware that postoperative auditory performance may be not as good in IP type III patients as in patients without IEMs. In particular, our study implies that certain types of POU3F4 mutations may have poorer prognoses than other types after CI.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:E123–E128, 2016
Impact of patient‐related factors on the outcomes of office‐based injection laryngoplasty
Authors: Sardesai Maya G. , Merati Albert L. , Hu Amanda , Birkent Hakan
Published: November 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

In‐office percutaneous injection laryngoplasty (IL) is a common treatment for glottal insufficiency. The objective of this prospective study was to determine if voice outcomes from IL are affected by age, gender, or initial disease severity.

Study Design

Prospective case series.

Methods

Consecutive adult patients undergoing awake injection laryngoplasty were recruited from a subspecialty laryngology clinic. Voice Handicap Index (VHI‐30); Consensus Auditory‐Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE‐V); and Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia and Strain (GRBAS) Dysphonia Scale were evaluated prior to and 2 months after injection. Patients who had more severe disease were defined as those patients with greater initial perception of handicap, with a VHI score greater than 60.

Results

Thirty‐five subjects were enrolled, and 27 (16 male; mean age 61.6 ± 13.2 years) had complete data. No impact from age or gender was seen on outcomes from IL as measured by VHI‐30 (P = 0.397 for age; P = 0.764 for gender), CAPE‐V (P = 0.675 for age, P = 0.975 for gender), or GRBAS (P = 0.213 for age, P = 0.983 for gender). Patients with poorer initial VHI tended to have more significant improvement (P = 0.002), which may represent a ceiling effect.

Conclusions

In this prospective clinical study, age and gender did not affect outcome in IL. Patients with more severe disease appeared to have greater improvement.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:1806–1809, 2016
Serial changes of cytokines and growth factors in peripheral circulation after right lobe donor hepatectomy
Authors: Sasturkar Shridhar Vasantrao , David Paul , Sharma Shreya , Sarin Shiv Kumar , Trehanpati Nirupama , Pamecha Viniyendra
Published: November 2015

Cytokines and growth factors have prominent roles in liver regeneration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological markers of liver regeneration in healthy donors undergoing right lobe donor hepatectomy for living donor liver transplantation. Twenty‐five voluntary liver donors were enrolled. Peripheral blood samples were taken a day before the operation and on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 3, 7, 14, and 42. Levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin (IL) 6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), thrombopoietin (TPO), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1), interferon (IFN) α, and IFNγ were monitored. The remnant liver volume (RLV) before surgery and regeneration liver volume (RgV) on POD 14 were calculated on computed tomography (CT). RgV/RLV ratio was correlated with the remnant‐liver‐volume‐to‐body‐weight ratio (RLVBWR). Inverse correlation was observed between RgV/RLV and RLVBWR (r
2 = 0.61; P < 0.001). There was a significant rise of HGF on POD 1 (P = 0.001), POD 7 (P = 0.049), and POD 14 (P = 0.04). TNF‐α was elevated on POD 1 (P = 0.004). The levels of IL 6 (P < 0.001) and TPO (P < 0.001) were higher from POD 1 to POD 42. IFNα was higher on POD 14 (P = 0.003) and POD 42 (P = 0.001). There was a significant fall of IFNγ on POD 1 (P = 0.01) and increase on POD 14 (P = 0.04). The levels of TGF‐β1 were higher on POD 14 (P = 0.008) and on POD 42 (P = 0.002). In conclusion, HGF, IL 6, TNF‐α, and TPO are involved in the early phase, whereas TGF‐β1 and IFN are involved in the termination phase of liver regeneration. Liver regeneration was observed to be higher in donors with low RLVBWR. Liver Transpl 22:344–351, 2016. © 2015 AASLD.
Altered incubation temperatures between embryonic Days 7 and 13 influence the weights and the mitochondrial respiratory and enzyme activities in breast and leg muscles of broiler embryos
Authors: Krischek Carsten , Janisch Sabine , Naraballobh Watcharapong , Brunner Ronald , Wimmers Klaus , Wicke Michael
Published: November 2015

Altering incubation temperature during embryogenesis has an impact on chicken embryo growth, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood; the present study was performed to address these changes. Broiler eggs were incubated at low (36.8°C), control (37.8°C), and high (38.8°C) temperatures between Embryonic Day (ED) 7 and 10 or ED 10 and 13, which cover critical periods of embryonic myogenesis. The embryos were then dissected immediately after treatment on ED 10 or 13 to assess body, liver, and heart weights as well as to analyze breast and leg muscle fibers for their mitochondrial respiratory activity (MRA). Breast muscle samples were additionally used to evaluate the activity of enzymes involved in energy metabolism and cell‐cycle progression. ED‐10 embryos incubated at 38.8°C showed elevated weights (body, liver, and heart), MRA, and activities of lactate dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase compared to the ED‐10 embryos incubated at 36.8°C. Similarly, the ED‐13 embryos incubated at 38.8°C showed elevated body weight, MRA, and activities of glycogen phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, and cytochrome oxidase compared to their 36.8°C counterparts. Embryos incubated at the normal temperature (37.8°C), however, showed variable differences from those incubated at 38.8°C versus 36.8°C. Cell‐cycle enzyme activities were not impacted by the different temperature treatments. Thus, an increase or decrease in the incubation temperature during embryonic broiler myogenesis results in altered embryo activity, muscle energy metabolism, and activity‐dependent muscle growth. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 71–78, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Position and orientation measurement of susceptibility markers using spectrally selective spin‐echo projections
Authors: Karimi Hirad , Dominguez‐Viqueira William , Cunningham Charles H.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To develop an accurate technique for simultaneously measuring the position and orientation of interventional devices using a projection‐based spectrally selective refocusing pulse sequence.

Methods

Projections along physical axes using spectrally selective excitation were acquired to track a catheter. A 9F passive tracking device capable of generating controllable susceptibility artifacts using susceptibility materials (titanium and graphite) was attached to the catheter. A library of projections for different orientations of the device with respect to the main magnetic field were simulated offline. Cross‐correlations with these templates were computed to determine the orientation and position of the device. A phantom study was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the tracking technique. The tracking technique was also evaluated in vivo in the carotid artery of a pig.

Results

Simultaneous and accurate measurement of position and orientation of the tracking device was obtained in the phantom and in vivo studies with reasonable temporal resolution. For the phantom study, the average of absolute errors in the Z‐, Y‐, and X‐axes are 0.37, 0.76, and 0.85 mm, respectively. The mean absolute error and standard deviation of orientation measurement are 1.5 and 1.1 degrees, respectively.

Conclusion

This positioning technique, in conjunction with a controllable tracking device, can provide accurate tracking of interventional devices in MR‐guided interventions. Magn Reson Med 76:1563–1573, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Coronary endothelial function assessment using self‐gated cardiac cine MRI and k‐t sparse SENSE
Authors: Yerly Jérôme , Ginami Giulia , Nordio Giovanna , Coristine Andrew J. , Coppo Simone , Monney Pierre , Stuber Matthias
Published: November 2015

Purpose

Electrocardiogram (ECG)‐gated cine MRI, paired with isometric handgrip exercise, can be used to accurately, reproducibly, and noninvasively measure coronary endothelial function (CEF). Obtaining a reliable ECG signal at higher field strengths, however, can be challenging due to rapid gradient switching and an increased heart rate under stress. To address these limitations, we present a self‐gated cardiac cine MRI framework for CEF measurements that operates without ECG signal.

Methods

Cross‐sectional slices of the right coronary artery (RCA) were acquired using a two‐dimensional golden angle radial trajectory. This sampling approach, combined with the k‐t sparse SENSE algorithm, allows for the reconstruction of both real‐time images for self‐gating signal calculations and retrospectively reordered self‐gated cine images. CEF measurements were quantitatively compared using both the self‐gated and the standard ECG‐gated approach.

Results

Self‐gated cine images with high‐quality, temporal, and spatial resolution were reconstructed for 18 healthy volunteers. CEF as measured in self‐gated images was in good agreement (R2 = 0.60) with that measured by its standard ECG‐gated counterpart.

Conclusion

High spatial and temporal resolution cross‐sectional cine images of the RCA can be obtained without ECG signal. The coronary vasomotor response to handgrip exercise compares favorably with that obtained with the standard ECG‐gated method. Magn Reson Med 76:1443–1454, 2015. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Gibbs‐ringing artifact removal based on local subvoxel‐shifts
Authors: Kellner Elias , Dhital Bibek , Kiselev Valerij G. , Reisert Marco
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To develop a fast and stable method for correcting the gibbs‐ringing artifact.

Methods

Gibbs‐ringing is a well‐known artifact which manifests itself as spurious oscillations in the vicinity of sharp image gradients at tissue boundaries. The origin can be seen in the truncation of k‐space during MRI data‐acquisition. Correction techniques like Gegenbauer reconstruction or extrapolation methods aim at recovering these missing data. Here, we present a simple and robust method which exploits a different view on the Gibbs‐phenomenon: The truncation in k‐space can be interpreted as a convolution of the underlying image with a sinc‐function. As the image is reconstructed on a discretized grid, the severity of the ringing artifacts depends on how this grid is located with respect to the edge and the oscillation pattern of the function. We propose to reinterpolate the image based on local, subvoxel‐shifts to sample the ringing pattern at the zero‐crossings of the oscillating sinc‐function.

Results

With the proposed method, the artifact can simply, effectively, and robustly be removed with a minimal amount of image smoothing.

Conclusions

The robustness of the method suggests it as a suitable candidate for an implementation in the standard image processing pipeline in clinical routine. Magn Reson Med 76:1574–1581, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
External calibration of the spectral coverage for three‐dimensional multispectral MRI
Authors: Kaushik S. Sivaram , Marszalkowski Cathy , Koch Kevin M.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

By combining images created at distinct frequency offsets from the Larmor frequency, three‐dimensional (3D) multispectral imaging (3D‐MSI) sequences help overcome the large spatial frequency dispersion caused by metal implants. This frequency dispersion, however, varies with the implant size, orientation, and composition. Using a MAVRIC 3D‐MSI acquisition, we sought to prospectively calibrate the spectral coverage needed for 3D‐MSI scans. This calibration should offer a significant improvement to image quality, and reduce the scan time.

Methods

The 24 spectral bins from the calibration scan were used to generate a map of frequency offsets around the implant. The magnitude image was used to remove any outliers in the associated frequency offset map, and this processed map was used to determine the cutoff frequency offset and, hence, number of spectral bins. This approach was tested in 13 subjects, by retrospectively reconstructing MAVRIC‐SL images with fewer spectral bins. Subsequently, the spectral coverage for MAVRIC‐SL images was prospectively calibrated in six subjects, and based on the cutoff frequency offset, these images were acquired with fewer spectral bins.

Results

With fewer spectral bins, both retrospectively and prospectively calibrated MAVRIC‐SL images adequately delineated the implant boundary.

Conclusion

Incorporating this calibration procedure into future 3D‐MSI exams will help improve image signal‐to‐noise ratio, reduce scan time, and significantly improve clinical workflow when imaging near orthopedic implants. Magn Reson Med 76:1494–1503, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Stimulant use following the publicity of cardiovascular safety and the introduction of patient medication guides
Authors: Chen Chih‐Ying , Bussing Regina , Hartzema Abraham G. , Shuster Jonathan J. , Segal Richard , Winterstein Almut G.
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To explore changes in stimulant utilization and pre‐treatment electrocardiography (ECG) screening in response to cardiovascular (CV) safety concerns.

Methods

Two source populations were established from Florida Medicaid Fee‐for‐service beneficiaries between 2001 and 2008: approximately 44 571 newly diagnosed attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder patients and 33 000 new stimulant users. Time‐series design and Joinpoint analysis were used to describe monthly trend changes in stimulant initiation, persistence, dosing, and pre‐treatment ECG screening.

Results

Initial and maintenance daily dose declined 6 mg (95% confidence interval [CI] −14 to −1.9) methylphenidate (MPH) equivalent dose from a steady 27 mg after Canada withdrew Adderall XR in February 2005; the trend rebounded to a daily dose of 23 mg, after the remarketing of Adderall XR and a debate in the US over issuing a boxed warning on stimulant CV safety in early 2006. Monthly initiation increased 3.9% (CI −1.0 to 9.1) after the boxed warning debate to 54 per 100 patients per month (CI 44 to 68), but declined 2.4% (CI −3.6 to −1.2) after requirement of medication guides in February 2007. Monthly ECG screening increased 3.2% (CI 2.3 to 4.2) after Adderall XR withdrawal and further increased 13% (CI 4 to 23) after the American Heart Association recommended pre‐treatment ECG screening to 40 per 100 patients per month (CI 17 to 48).

Conclusions

The first signal of stimulant CV safety concerns was followed by varying responses depending on the outcome measure used, suggesting that patients and physicians responded at different times after the publicity of safety concerns. Clinical consequences of the changes are uncertain. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fs Laser‐Induced Plasmas from Energetic Polymers: Towards Micro‐Laser Plasma Thruster Application
Authors: Palla Papavlu Alexandra , Urech Lukas , Lippert Thomas , Phipps Claude , Hermann Jörg , Wokaun Alexander
Published: November 2015

The micro‐laser plasma thruster (μ‐LPT) is a device aimed at orienting and repositioning small satellites above the atmosphere. These devices are based on IR diode lasers utilized for the ablation of polymers and production of thrust for the control of the satellite motion. In this work, different polymer systems, i.e., poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), glycidyl azide polymer (GAP), and poly(vinyl nitrate) (PVN) with two absorbers, i.e., carbon nanoparticles (C) and an IR‐dye (IR), have been investigated for an application in μ‐LPT. The properties of a plasma produced by the irradiation of GAP + C, GAP + IR, PVC + C, and PVN + C with 100 fs laser pulses has been investigated by time‐resolved plasma imaging and time and space resolved plasma emission spectroscopy.
Using magnetic levitation for 2D and 3D self‐assembly of cubic silicon macroparticles
Authors: Woldering Léon A. , Been Auke J. , Alink Laurens , Abelmann Leon
Published: November 2015

Today's micro‐ and nano‐fabrication is essentially two‐dimensional, with very limited possibilities of accessing the third dimension. The most viable way to mass‐fabricate functional structures at the nano‐scale, such as electronics or MEMS, with equal feature sizes in all directions, is by three‐dimensional self‐assembly. Up to now, three‐dimensional self‐assembly has mainly been restricted to crystals of polymer spheres. We report on two‐ and three‐dimensional self‐assembly of silicon cubes, levitated in a paramagnetic fluid. We demonstrate the benefits of templating and study the effect of a change in hydrophilicity of the cubes. These experiments bring us one step closer to three‐dimensional self‐assembly of anisotropic, semiconducting units, which is a crucial milestone in overcoming the scaling limits imposed by contemporary 2D microfabrication.

magnified image

Levitated assembly of silicon cubes.

(© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Low cost, high throughput and centimeter‐scale fabrication of efficient hybrid perovskite solar cells by closed space vapor transport
Authors: Li Guijun , Ho Jacob Y. L. , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: November 2015

Hybrid perovskite solar cell is a fast‐growing photovoltaic technology. Here, we present a method based on the closed space vapor transport deposition, which has the potential for large‐scale production due to its low cost, high throughput, and large‐area uniformity. We demonstrate CH3NH3PbI3 solar cells with high power conversion efficiencies of 16.2%. Furthermore, the large area devices have high efficiency of 13.8% and good uniformity in a large substrate of 3 cm × 3 cm. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synoptic and mesoscale processes supporting vertical superposition of the polar and subtropical jets in two contrasting cases
Authors: Winters Andrew C. , Martin Jonathan E.
Published: November 2015

Observational studies have shown that the tropopause characteristically exhibits a three‐step Pole‐to‐Equator structure, with each break between steps in the tropopause height associated with a jet stream. While the two jet streams, the polar and subtropical jets, typically occupy different latitude bands, their separation can occasionally vanish, resulting in a relatively rare vertical superposition of the two jets. A cursory examination of several historical and recent high‐impact weather events over North America and the North Atlantic suggests that superposed jets are a component of their evolution. This study examines the processes that support the production of a polar/subtropical jet superposition during two such events; the 18–20 December 2009 Mid‐Atlantic Blizzard and the 1–3 May 2010 Nashville Flood.

Given that ageostrophic transverse circulations and convection have both been shown to be capable of restructuring the tropopause within a single jet environment, the analysis focuses on the role these same processes play within the more complex double‐jet environment. The results demonstrate that ageostrophic transverse circulations play a primary role in the production of a superposition during the December 2009 case by placing subsidence, and a downward protrusion of high potential vorticity (PV) air, between the two jet cores, thereby contributing to the production of the single, steep tropopause wall characteristic of the superposed jet environment. Furthermore, convection fundamentally influences the existence and structure of the subtropical jet stream in both cases, through its associated latent heat release and irrotational outflow as well as the geostrophic adjustment process that responds to upper‐tropospheric mass deposition from convection on the anticyclonic shear side of the jet.
Chemical treatment on corn cob by acrylic acid and its reinforced soy protein isolated/corn cob biocomposite films
Authors: Husseinsyah Salmah , Yeng Chan Ming , Mann Tan Kah
Published: November 2015

Soy protein isolate (SPI) was mixed with 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% of corn cob by solvent casting method. The SPI/corn cob biocomposite films were tested for tensile, morphological, thermal, and enzymatic biodegradation properties. The result demonstrated that, as corn cob content increases, the tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and thermal stability of biocomposite films increased, but elongation at break and enzymatic biodegradability decreased. Nevertheless, the treated SPI/corn cob biocomposite films with acrylic acid showed improvement in tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity, thermal properties, and resistance to biodegradability by enzyme over the untreated SPI/corn cob biocomposite films. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:68–74, 2018. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers
Monitoring of Changes in Composition of Soybean Oil During Deep‐Fat Frying with Different Food Types
Authors: Zhang Qing , Saleh Ahmed S. M. , Shen Qun
Published: November 2015

Changes in the composition of soybean oil during deep‐fat frying with wheat dough (WD) and chicken breast meat (CBM) were comparatively investigated using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The amounts of saturated fatty acids (FAs) and short‐chain FAs were increased. The amount of unsaturated FAs was decreased as the processing time increased. An increase in the amount of tetradecanoic acid and 9‐cis‐hexadecanoic acid was observed during the CBM frying only. The FTIR spectrum of frying oil was analyzed by extracting the entire information as the area ratios based on vibration absorptions of the specific functional groups. Changes in content of functional groups, namely cis C=C, trans C=C, C=O, C–O, O–H, and C–H, were studied by the FTIR‐based method. Based on the changes in the content of FAs and functional groups, soybean oil fried with CBM degraded more quickly than that fried with WD. Moreover, good linear correlations between the change in contents of functional groups and the mass percentages of FAs were also observed. The FTIR‐based method could be used in real time to monitor the quality of frying oil during the deep‐fat frying.
Stability of Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions with Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) By‐Products
Authors: Guiotto Estefania N. , Capitani Marianela I. , Nolasco Susana M. , Tomás Mabel C.
Published: November 2015

Emulsifiers and stabilizers play an important role in emulsion stability. Optical characterization and droplet size distribution of oil‐in‐water emulsions formulated with different types and concentrations of modified sunflower lecithin [phosphatidylcholine (PC) enriched lecithin and deoiled sunflower lecithin], with or without chia mucilage (0.75 % wt/wt), have been evaluated as a function of storage time at 4 ± 1 °C. Emulsions with PC‐enriched lecithin (without chia mucilage) exhibited the highest stability at the different concentrations because of the high PC/phosphatidylethanolamine ratio in comparison to Control lecithin. The addition of 0.75 % wt/wt mucilage contributed to obtain stable emulsions for all type and concentrations of emulsifiers studied, mainly with PC‐enriched lecithin due to the reduction of the mobility of oil particles by the formation of a tridimensional network.
Role of Water and Selected Minor Components on Association Colloid Formation and Lipid Oxidation in Bulk Oil
Authors: Kittipongpittaya Ketinun , Panya Atikorn , Decker Eric A.
Published: November 2015

This study investigated the influence of water content in combination with selected minor components including oleic acid, stigmasterol, α‐tocopherol, and Trolox on their association colloid formation as well as their impact on lipid oxidation in bulk corn oil. First, surface activity of each minor component was evaluated by determining the ability of these components to lower the interfacial tension between bulk oil and water. All components but α‐tocopherol were able to decrease interfacial tension of stripped oil. Second, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of each minor component was determined in bulk oil with no water added and in the presence of 1000 ppm of water. In the bulk oil without extraneous water, we could not determine the CMC of minor components in the range of concentrations studied. However, in the presence of 1000 ppm of water, only stigmasterol could form association colloids at the CMC of 20 mmol/kg oil. Last, the effect of water content (400 and 1000 ppm) and minor components on lipid oxidation in bulk oil was studied by following the lipid hydroperoxides and hexanal formation during storage at 55 °C. Different water content did not significantly impact the lag time of lipid oxidation compared with the control. Interestingly, water caused prooxidant by decreasing the lag time of lipid hydroperoxides and hexanal formation in bulk oil containing oleic acid, stigmasterol, and Trolox compared with the control of each system. On the other hand, there was not significant impact of water on the antioxidant activity of α‐tocopherol, a lipid soluble antioxidant in bulk oil. This study highlights the impact of water content on the surface activity of minor components as well as on the oxidative stability in bulk oil.
Variable reproducibility in genome‐scale public data: A case study using ENCODE ChIP sequencing resource
Authors: Devailly Guillaume , Mantsoki Anna , Michoel Tom , Joshi Anagha
Published: November 2015

Genome‐wide data is accumulating in an unprecedented way in the public domain. Re‐mining this data shows great potential to generate novel hypotheses. However this approach is dependent on the quality (technical and biological) of the underlying data. Here we performed a systematic analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing data of transcription and epigenetic factors from the encyclopaedia of DNA elements (ENCODE) resource to demonstrate that about one third of conditions with replicates show low concordance between replicate peak lists. This serves as a case study to demonstrate a caveat concerning genome‐wide analyses and highlights a need to validate the quality of each sample before performing further associative analyses.
Contract governance and buyer–supplier conflict: The moderating role of institutions
Authors: Bai Xuan , Sheng Shibin , Li Julie Juan
Published: November 2015

Drawing on contract governance literature and institutional theory, this study investigates the differential effects of output‐ and behavior‐based contract governance on buyer–supplier conflict in supply chains. The authors develop a contingent perspective to examine how institutional factors moderate the impact of contract governance. The findings, from an empirical study of buyer–supplier dyads in China, show that an output‐based contract is negatively, whereas a behavior‐based contract is positively, related to buyer–supplier conflict. The effects of a contract are moderated by two primary institutional factors: legal enforceability and unilateral government support. These findings have important implications for supply chain research, public policy, and managerial practice.
Promoting Inquiry-Oriented Teacher Preparation in Social Studies through the Use of Local History
Authors: Crocco Margaret S. , Marino Michael P.
Published: November 2015

The educational reform movement in social studies has focused on constructivist and inquiry-oriented approaches to the teaching of history. Since many social studies teacher education students have had little experience with such approaches in their own schooling, special attention needs to be given to these topics within teacher preparation programs if they are to be implemented in schools. One pathway for accomplishing this is through investigations of local history. This article presents an exploratory qualitative research study investigating pre-service teachers' understanding of inquiry and the impact of a set of lessons in a methods class using local history in the service of inquiry-oriented learning. The results suggest that local history can be an effective tool for stimulating interest in and a deeper understanding of inquiry-oriented teaching.
Adverse Clinical Effects of Botulinum Toxin Intramuscular Injections for Spasticity
Authors: Phadke Chetan P. , Balasubramanian Chitra K. , Holz Alanna , Davidson Caitlin , Ismail Farooq , Boulias Chris
Published: November 2015

Objective:The adverse events (AEs) with botulinum toxin type-A (BoNTA), used for indications other than spasticity, are widely reported in the literature. However, the site, dose, and frequency of injections are different for spasticity when compared to the treatment for other conditions and hence the AEs may be different as well. The objective of this study was to summarize the AEs reported in Canada and systematically review the AEs with intramuscular botulinum toxin injections to treat focal spasticity.Methods: Data were gathered from Health Canada (2009-2013) and major electronic databases.Results: In a 4 year period, 285 AEs were reported. OnabotulinumtoxinA (n=272 events): 68% females, 53% serious, 18% hospitalization, and 8% fatalities. The type of AEs reported were – muscle weakness (19%), oropharyngeal (14%), respiratory (14%), eye related (8%), bowel/bladder related (8%), and infection (5%). IncobotulinumtoxinA (n=13): 38% females, 62% serious, and 54% hospitalization. The type of AEs reported were – muscle weakness (15%), oropharyngeal (15%), respiratory (38%), eye related (23%), bowel/bladder related (15%), and infection (15%). Commonly reported AEs in the literature were muscle weakness, pain, oropharyngeal, bowel/bladder, blood circulation, neurological, gait, and respiratory problems.Conclusion:While BoNTA is useful in managing spasticity, future studies need to investigate the factors that can minimize AEs. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of the AEs can also improve guidelines for BoNTA administration and enhance outcomes.
Report of the Canadian Neurological Society Manpower Survey 2012
Authors: Kirby Sarah , Weston Lyle E. , Barton Jason J.S. , Buske Lynda , Chauhan Tara S.
Published: November 2015

Background: The Canadian Neurological Society commissioned a manpower survey in 2012 to assess Canadian neurological manpower and resources.Methods: Surveys were sent electronically to all Canadian neurologists with available email addresses. Responses were analysed for effects of physician gender, age, geographic location (eastern or western Canada) or type of practice (academic, community). Questions focused on work patterns, neurologic conditions treated, access to or performance of procedures, and service and manpower issues.Results: A total of 694 of 854 neurologists in Canada were surveyed and 219 (32%) responded. Respondents were 70% male with mean age of 50 years. Neurologists worked an average of 57 hours/week and saw a mean of 40 patients per week. There were significant differences in number of patients seen, types of practice, and areas of neurological specialization between community and academic neurologists. Fifty percent of neurologists report shortages of neurologists in their community, particularly of general adult neurologists. Wait times for neurological services exceeded international standards for consultations and also were longer than Canadian averages for other specialists. More community (18%) than academic (5%) neurologists planned to retire within the next 5 years.Conclusions: The demand for neurological services continues to outstrip resources despite the increased number of neurologists. Impending retirement of community neurologists will exacerbate manpower issues unless adequate numbers of trainees choose general neurologic practice in the community as a career.
Impact of Host Heterogeneity on the Efficacy of Interventions to ReduceStaphylococcus aureusCarriage
Authors: Chang Qiuzhi , Lipsitch Marc , Hanage William P.
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

Staphylococcus aureusis a common cause of bacterial infections worldwide. It is most commonly carried in and transmitted from the anterior nares. Hosts are known to vary in their proclivity forS. aureusnasal carriage and may be divided into persistent carriers, intermittent carriers, and noncarriers, depending on duration of carriage. Mathematical models ofS. aureusto predict outcomes of interventions have, however, typically assumed that all individuals are equally susceptible to colonization.

OBJECTIVE

To characterize biases created by assuming a homogeneous host population in estimating efficacy of control interventions.

DESIGN

Mathematical model.

METHODS

We developed a model ofS. aureuscarriage in the healthcare setting under the homogeneous assumption as well as a heterogeneous model to account for the 3 types ofS. aureuscarriers. In both models, we calculated the equilibrium carriage prevalence to predict the impact of control measures (reducing contact and decolonization).

RESULTS

The homogeneous model almost always underestimatesS. aureustransmissibility and overestimates the impact of intervention strategies in lowering carriage prevalence compared to the heterogeneous model. This finding is generally consistent regardless of changes in model setting that vary the proportions of various carriers in the population and the duration of carriage for these carrier types.

CONCLUSIONS

Not accounting for host heterogeneity leads to systematic and substantial biases in predictions of the effects of intervention strategies. Further understanding of the clinical impacts of heterogeneity through modeling can help to target control measures and allocate resources more efficiently.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.2016;37(2):197–204
Should Alcohol-Based Handrub Use Be Customized to Healthcare Workers’ Hand Size?
Authors: Bellissimo-Rodrigues Fernando , Soule Hervé , Gayet-Ageron Angèle , Martin Yves , Pittet Didier
Published: November 2015

We evaluated whether the volume of alcohol-based handrub used by healthcare workers affects the residual bacterial concentration on their hands according to hand size. Bacterial reduction was significantly lower for large hands compared with small hands, which suggests a need for customizing the volume of alcohol-based handrub for hand hygiene.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(2):219–221
Show the money first! Recent public attitudes towards the EU in Italy
Authors: Conti Nicolò , Memoli Vincenzo
Published: November 2015

In the recent past, attitudes towards the EU have become problematic in many member states. Even those countries that traditionally were more optimistic have actually experienced important declines in their popular backing of the European integration process. We examine the public attitudes towards the EU that have recently emerged in Italy, a country where support for EU membership has declined substantially. Making use of recent data and novel research techniques, the article sheds light on the explanatory power of different theoretical perspectives to explain these attitudes. Utilitarianism has emerged as the key explanatory factor, whereas other theories appear much less relevant in the Italian context.
Presidentialization and the politics of coalition: lessons from Germany and Britain
Authors: Poguntke Thomas , Webb Paul
Published: November 2015

Introduzione

In this article, we seek to re-consider the ‘presidentialization of politics’ argument in the light of recent developments in Germany and the United Kingdom. The experiences of coalition government suggestprima faciegrounds for the erosion of the presidentialization process in each country. Germany has operated with a Grand Coalition in which domination of the executive by the Chancellor would seem less likely, whereas the long history of single-party governments in the United Kingdom gave way to a rare experiment in coalitional power sharing between 2010 and 2015, circumstances which should limit prime ministerial power. However, it is our contention that the presidentialization thesis retains its purchase in these two countries. German Chancellors and British prime ministers have been increasingly able to mobilize power resources, which allow them to govern more independently of their own parties and their coalition partners, and this seems to hold across a variety of political circumstances.
The personal party: an analytical framework
Authors: Calise Mauro
Published: November 2015

Introduzione

After sharing, through its various steps of evolution, the form and status of a corporate body, the party organization is falling prey to the virus of personalization, which is invading so many realms of contemporary life. Italy provides the clearest example of this cross-national trend with Silvio Berlusconi’s personal party. As a media tycoon and one of the wealthiest men in the world, Berlusconi could rely on a skilled professional apparatus as well as on huge financial means to set up, in a few months, a vote-generating machine and become a Prime Minister. His party model has been widely imitated, by both center-right and center-left organizations, with variations and deviations. This article presents an overview of the development of personal parties in Italy and an analytical framework based on Max Weber’s types of personal power.
Experimental study of rotating-disk boundary-layer flow with surface roughness
Authors: Imayama Shintaro , Alfredsson P. Henrik , Lingwood R. J.
Published: November 2015

Rotating-disk boundary-layer flow is known to be locally absolutely unstable at $R>507$ as shown by Lingwood (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 299, 1995, pp. 17–33) and, for the clean-disk condition, experimental observations show that the onset of transition is highly reproducible at that Reynolds number. However, experiments also show convectively unstable stationary vortices due to cross-flow instability triggered by unavoidable surface roughness of the disk. We show that if the surface is sufficiently rough, laminar–turbulent transition can occur via a convectively unstable route ahead of the onset of absolute instability. In the present work we compare the laminar–turbulent transition processes with and without artificial surface roughnesses. The differences are clearly captured in the spectra of velocity time series. With the artificial surface roughness elements, the stationary-disturbance component is dominant in the spectra, whereas both stationary and travelling components are represented in spectra for the clean-disk condition. The wall-normal profile of the disturbance velocity for the travelling mode observed for a clean disk is in excellent agreement with the critical absolute instability eigenfunction from local theory; the wall-normal stationary-disturbance profile, by contrast, is distinct and the experimentally measured profile matches the stationary convective instability eigenfunction. The results from the clean-disk condition are compared with theoretical studies of global behaviours in spatially developing flow and found to be in good qualitative agreement. The details of stationary disturbances are also discussed and it is shown that the radial growth rate is in excellent agreement with linear stability theory. Finally, large stationary structures in the breakdown region are described.
Clovis and Folsom age estimates: stratigraphic context and radiocarbon calibration
Authors: Taylor R. E. , Haynes C. Vance , Stuiver Minze
Published: November 2015

The events to do with peopling the New World archaeologically represented by ‘Clovis’ and ‘Folsom’ have been — tantalizingly — beyond the range of radiocarbon calibration. Now calibration extends further, one can ask if the aburptness of Clovis, of Folsom, and of the transition between them are realities. A calibrated chronology for those sites where the stratigraphic security is best shows these in truth are rapid human affairs.
The earliest colonization of Europe: the short chronology revisited
Authors: Dennell Robin , Roebroeks Wil
Published: November 2015

Long-running discussions about when Europe was first colonized have recently been fuelled by new discoveries from the Iberian peninsula, which reports hominid occupation by 800,000, or even by 1.8 million years ago. The proceedings of the important Tautavel workshop (1993), published as The earliest occupation of Europe (Roebroeks & van Kolfschoten (ed.) 1995), are now central. This new assessment takes forward ANTIQUITY'S notice by Roebroeks & van Kolfschoten of 1994 (68: 489–503).
Fontana Nuova di Ragusa (Sicily, Italy): southernmost Aurignacian site in Europe
Authors: Chilardi S. , Frayer D. W. , Gioia P. , Macchiarelli R. , Mussi M.
Published: November 2015

Fontana Nuova di Ragusa, a small rock-shelter in southeast Sicily, was thoroughly excavated by Bernabò Brea in 1949. In the far south of Europe — Sicily is nearly on a latitude with Africa — it has continuing importance as marking a southern geographical limit of Aurignacian settlement, and as proof of humans crossing the strait into island Sicily.
The Chinese Northern frontier: reassessment of the Bronze Age burials from Baifu
Authors: Csorba Mrea
Published: November 2015

All across the thousands of kilometres of northern central Asia — from the Baltic Sea to the Yellow Sea — burials have been key to the later prehistoric sequence. The immediate subjects of this article are three late Bronze Age burials from North China; rich and well-preserved with weaponry and horse fittings, with agate and rush matting, they tell also of the world outside China, for into one of the daggers is cast the full-face image of a Caucasian male, complete with handlebar moustache.
Exploring the topography of mind: GIS, social space and archaeology
Authors: Llobera Marcos
Published: November 2015

The later-prehistoric linear ditches that divide the chalk landscape of Wessex, south England, are markers in an area. It is a topographic space. The ditches seem to be placed with a view to their visibility in the landscape. It is a human topographic space. A GIS study of the ditches' place, in terms of what a human sees in moving acros undulating ground, goes beyond that environmental determinism which underlies many GIS studies.