bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood Lactate and Oxygen Debt After Exhaustive Work at Different Oxygen Tensions.
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , DOBELN W. V. , NIELSEN MARIUS
Published: December 2008

On the International High Expedition to Chile Edwards (1936) found that the maximum lactate concentration after exhaustive work was much lower than at sea level. In the present experiments with acute changes of the oxygen tension in the inspired air the following results were found.

At a decreased oxygen tension the capacity for work was lowered, but the maximum lactate concentration was, practically, the same or —in one type of work—higher than in normal air. Also the oxygen debt was practically the same as in normal air.

In pure oxygen the capacity for work was increased but the maximal blood lactate concentration was practically the same as in normal air.

A lowering of the alkaline reserve by ingestion of NH4C1 corresponding to the decrease found at altitudes from 3.7 to 6.0 km had no effect on the capacity for work or on the maximum blood lactate concentration and oxygen debt after exhaustive work.

According to these results it seems doubtful that the failing ability to accumulate large amounts of lactic acid at high altitudes is the effect of a useful acclimatization, but that it is due rather to a progressive weakening of the subjects making them less able to perform anaerobic work.
Studies on the Destruction and Cumulation of Folium Digitalis Purpureae and Folium Digitalis Lanatae in Guinea‐pigs.
Authors: ELMQVIST ADA , RYDIN HAKAN
Published: December 2008

Experiments were made with guinea‐pigs on the destruction and cumulation of alcoholic extracts of folium digitalis purpureae and lanatae on the basis of Fraenkel's procedure as well as that of Hatcher‐Brody.

It was found that the lanata extract was eliminated more rapidly and was less cumulative than the pupurea extract.

The guinea‐pigs showed a particularly marked capacity for the destruction of digitalis. The cumulation, under our experimental conditions, does not seem to have been due to any storage of digitalis in the organism.
Differences between Autonomic and Somatic C fibres to Stimulation with Constant Currents.
Authors: von EULER CURT
Published: December 2008

Afferent and efferent unmyelinated fibres have been compared with respect to their tendency to react with repetitive impulse discharges to stimulation with constant currents.

Stimulation with constant currents of the efferent C fibres in the lower part of the vagus nerve of the cat does not initiate a repetitive discharge with strengths up to more than 4 times the rheobase.

On the other hand C fibres of dorsal root origin are extremely sensitive to stimulation with constant currents of just supra‐rheobasic strength.

Peripheral vasodilatation can be elicited by local heating of the peripheral stump of the dorsal roots.

The difference between the afferent and efferent C fibres with respect to stimulation by constant currents agrees with their differential thermal sensitivity.
Changes in the Carbon Dioxide Combining Power after Injection of Dialyzed Casein Digest.
Authors: WRETLIND. K. A. J.
Published: December 2008

The changes of the carbon dioxide combining power in rabbits after injection of a dialyzed enzymatic casein hydrolyzate (Amino‐sol) were studied, and the following results were obtained.

Injection of a neutral solution of casein digest causes a slight alkalosis.

At a pH‐value of 5.1 no change in the CO., combining power can be observed in blood samples taken 5 minutes after the injection.

An amino acid solution with a pH‐value of 4 causes a fall of the C02 combining power 5 minutes after the injection. Thirty minutes after the injection this fall is completely neutralized.

The pH‐value of casein digest for intravenous use should lie between pH 5.1 and 4.0.

The above‐stated pH‐values are applicable only to casein digest with a buffer curve of the type here described. The degree of buffer action in this case is comparatively small between pH 8 and 4.

These results indicate that products formed in the metabolism of intravenously injected casein digest tend to induce a slight alkalosis.
The Effect of Alcohol and Some Drugs on the Capacity for Work
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING , BØJE OVE
Published: December 2008

Alcohol, caffeine, cocaine, strychnine and nitroglycerin a. o. are used as “doping” in competitive sports. In the present paper the effect of these substances has been tried in controlled work experiments on normal, non‐fatigued athletes. It was found that none of them could increase the ability to perform maximal muscular work, lasting about 15. sec or about 5 minutes, with the possible exemption of caffeine in the longer work.
On the Formation of Ammonia in the Kidneys During Acidosis
Authors: RYBKRG CARL
Published: December 2008

A description is given of a modification of the method of Folin and Bell for the determination of ammonia in urine by means of permutite.

It is demonstrated that both in man and dog the formation of ammonia during acidosis reaches a rather well defined maximum independent of the degree and duration of the acidosis. In man this maximum is reached after about 4 days, and the formation of ammonia continues at a high rate some time after cessation of the acidosis.

In dogs the formation of ammonia attains its maximum in the course of a few hours.

The pH in human urine is lowest in the initial stage of the acidosis and increases with increasing formation of ammonia.
Some Investigations on the Carbon Dioxide Tension of the Urine in Man
Authors: RYBERG CARL
Published: December 2008

The carbon dioxide tension of the urine has been determined under different conditions; the hydrogen ion concentration has thereby been kept constant during each experiment.

At pH = ca. 6.5 and with a large diuresis p in the urine was ca. 15 mm higher than in the alveolar air.

At pH> 7.0 the difference between pco in urine and in alveolar air was still larger, from 20 to 70 mm, and it was found to decrease with increasing diuresis. When the diuresis was less than 250 ml per hour no relation could be found between diuresis and carbon dioxide tension in the urine.

It is pointed out that on account of the great diffusibility of COa one would a priori expect the carbon dioxide tension in the urine to be almost equal to that in the blood. This is found not to be the case in alkaline urine, and to account for this two possible explanations are advanced: either, that the equilibrium between [HCOj] and [C02j is established only after the urine has reached the collecting ducts, or, that the tubuli function differently, in such a way that some of them produce an acid urine even during alkalosis.

If the former theory is accepted, we are forced to the conclusion that the cells of the tubuli supply hydrogen ions to the urine even during alkalosis and that the urine becomes alkaline by the transformation of bicarbonate to carbon dioxide.
Cardiovascular and Respiratory Changes in Man During Oxygen Breathing
Authors: ALVERYD ALV , BRODY SAM
Published: December 2008

The effect upon respiration, pulse frequency and blood pressure in man during the inhalation of 100 % oxygen at atmospheric pressure has been studied.

Expiration volume. In all cases an increase, averaging 15.4 %.

Respiration frequency. In all cases an inconsiderable increase.

Vital capacity. In most cases a decrease, averaging 3.03 %.

Pulse frequency. In all cases an almost immediate decrease, averaging 9.1 %.

Blood pressure. In most cases a decrease in pulse pressure. The diastolic blood pressure showed a statistically significant increase of, on an average, 5.7 %. The systolic pressure was almost constant.

No toxic symptoms were observed during these experiments.
Pharmacological Properties of Sorbide Dinitrate
Authors: GOLDBERG LEONARD
Published: December 2008

The effect of sorbide dinitrate (SDN) has been examined in animals and man and compared to mannide dinitrate (MDN).
Studies on the Influence of Exercise on the Serum Iron in Man
Authors: BIÖRCK GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

An attempt was made by duplicate determinations of serum iron in 13 cases (6 males, 7 females), who did severe exercise, and another 13 controls (6 males, 7 females), who did no exercise, to investigate the fate of serum iron during and after exercise. Owing to great individual variations in both directions and a correspondingly great standard deviation no significant changes were observed, neither in the groups, nor between them.
The Phosphate Metabolism in the Hypophyseal‐Diencephalic System and Ovaries of Rats Determined by Means of P32
Authors: BORELL U. , WESTMAN A. , ÖRSTRÖM A.
Published: December 2008

In the present study experiments were made on rats to demonstrate by means of radioactive phosphorus the phosphate turnover in the tuber cinereum, adenohypophysis and ovaries during the phases of the reproductive cycle. The following results were obtained.

Tuber cinereum. The phosphate turnover reaches its peak during prooestrus. During the following phases it is markedly depressed.

Adenohypophysis. The phosphate turnover is considerably greater than in the tuber cinereum. Also in the adenohypophysis maximum metabolic activity was observed during prooestrus.

Ovary. The phosphate turnover is most intense during prooestrus and dioestrus.

These observations lend further support to the assumption that, from the functional point of view, the hypophyseal and diencephalic systems should be looked upon as a unity.
On the Possible Significance of the Lymphoid Organs for the Production of Serum Proteins in the Rat.1
Authors: ANDREASEN ERIK , BING JENS , GOTTLIEB OLE , HARBOE NIELS
Published: December 2008

By means of subtotal extirpation (comprising until 90 per cent.) of the lymphoid organs in the rat an attempt has been made to throw some light upon the possible connexion between these organs and the formation of serum proteins. In the early period after the operations an unspecific, slight increase of the serum globulin and a corresponding decrease of the serum albumin was demonstrated. After cessation of the mesenchymal reactions due to wound healing the serum proteins were found within the normal range. This seems to dispose of the organoid lymphoid tissue (thymus, lymph nodes and spleen) as an essential factor in the production of serum proteins.
Polarity of Dark‐Adapted Retinal on/off‐Elements as a Function of Wave‐Length
Authors: GERNANDT BO
Published: December 2008

The micro‐electrode technique and the eye of the fully dark‐adapted cat have been used for measurements of off/on‐ratios and polarities of retinal elements tested with red, green and blue light.

With red stimuli anodal and cathodal elements are distributed symmetrically over the off/on‐ratios, but, if the latter be determined with green or blue light, elements of lower off/on‐ratio tend to be cathodal those of higher off/on‐ratio anodal.

The results are correlated with the relative values for the off/on‐ratios in the three wave‐lengths.
A Method for the Determination of Arginine in Urine and Serum with Remarks on the Excretion of Arginine in Humans
Authors: JOHNSEN VALBORG KOEFOED
Published: December 2008

A method is described for determining arginine in urine and serum colorimetrically after adsorption in 70 % alcoholic solution on an alkaline column of A1203 and subsequent eluation with 1/10 n HC1.

A few experiments regarding the reabsorption of arginine in the renal tubules are reported.
Determination of Benzoyl‐Glycuronic Acid in Urine
Authors: BORGSTRÖM. BENGT
Published: December 2008

The paper contains a description of a method of determining benzoyl‐glycuronic acid in urine. The method is based on direct determination of the benzoic acid to be found in the benzoyl‐glycuronic acid after previous hydrolysis. After the introduction of a correction for hydrolysis of hippuric acid, the method can be considered practically specific as regards the determinations of benzoyl‐glycuronic acid in urine.
A New Method for the Investigation of the Curarizing Effect of Tarions Substances, with some Practical Applications. (Investigation of the Effect of Chloroform and Nitrous Oxide.)
Authors: NÆSS KNUT
Published: December 2008

The purpose of the present paper is to describe a new technique for investigating the curarizing effect of various substances, and moreover to demonstrate some of its practical applications.

In connection with a review of the previous methods in this field, some comments are offered on their theoretical and practical disadvantages.

In the introduction the terms “partial and complete curarizing effect” are accurately defined.

The new method is based on the phenomenon discovered by WEDENSKY, viz. the relation between the frequencies of the impulses transmitted by the motor endplate and the stage of cura‐rization.

Using a stepwise increasing curarization the increasing effect of curare (Intocostrin) on the function of the neuro‐muscular junction may be followed in the myograms produced by indirect stimulation at various frequencies. This is demonstrated by an experiment.

As an example of the applicability of the technique an experiment is reported, in which the relatively strong curarizing effect of chloroform is demonstrated, and in the same experiment the synergism between chloroform and curare is shown.

Finally it is demonstrated that nitrous oxide in the concentrations usually employed has no curarizing effect, neither alone nor in conjunction with curare. Moreover it is shown that ether at low concentrations has a very strong effect when employed with curare.
The Limits of Error of the Assay of Pregnant Mares' Serum Gonadotropin by the Ovarian Weight Methol
Authors: JACOBSOHN DORA
Published: December 2008

The precision of the assay of pregnant mares' serum gonadotropin with the ovarian weight method is determined. With the material and method employed for the investigation presented, the limits of error of the assay are ± 15% or less (P = 0.05), when a number of 30 to 45 animals are used each for the standard and the unknown preparation.

 The susceptibility of the rats' ovary is variable. Therefore the potency of a preparation should be determined by simultaneously testing the standard and the unknown.

 A design for the assay is described. The design should be made with due regard to the level of precision required.
The Functional Organization of the Peripheral Autonomic Innervation.1
Authors: HILLARP NILS‐ÅKE
Published: December 2008

The reaction of the glantlular cells in the submaxillary and sub‐lingual glands of the rat has been cytologically investigated on indirect stimulation, before and after partial sympathetic or parasympathetic denervation. A clear explanation of the results obtained could be presented on the basis of neuro‐secretory units in these glands. On the other hand a diffusion of the chemical mediators according to the view of Cannon and Rosenblueth seems not to have any significant importance for the innervation. Thus the present results support the conception concerning the functional organization of the peripheral autonomic nervous system advanced in a previous paper.
A Further Note on Optical Specificity in Methylation Processes
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

A study is made of optical specificity effects in the methylation of ethanol amine and dimcthyl ethanol amine to choline with methionine as methyl donator. It is found that d‐methionine is considerably more efficient as methyl donator than the I‐form. The significance of this fact is briefly discussed.
Effects of Antihistamine Compounds on the Adrenaline Liberation from the Suprarenals
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , MUREN ANDERS
Published: December 2008

Antihistamine compounds (antergan, antistine, benadryl, neoantergan, 929 F and pyribenzamine) antagonize the action of histamine on the adrenal medulla.

 This antagonism is specific. The adrenaline releasing effect of acetylcholine, KC1, or bile salts is not abolished by antihistamine drugs.

 Antergan, benadryl, neoantergan and pyribenzamine injected into the central stump of the coeliac artery cause an output of adrenaline from the suprarenals.
A Simplified Method for Estimating the Histaminolytic Activity of Plasma in Pregnancy.1
Authors: WICKSELL FINN
Published: December 2008

A modification of Ahlmark's method for the determination of histaminolytic activity of plasma during pregnancy is described. It is demonstrated that the lengthy and drastic chemical treatment of the plasma samples may be omitted.

In principle the method described consists of three steps:

 Incubation at 37° C of a mixture containing plasma, histamine and Tyrode's solution.

 Withdrawal of samples at certain intervals and arrestment of histaminolysis by heating these samples to boiling point.

 Biological assay of the undecomposed histamine on isolated gut from a guinea‐pig.

Histaminolytic activities as low as 0.006 γ/ml/h may be detected with this method. The error is 12–17 per cent.
Accumulation in the Canine Lymph During Reactive Hyperaemia of a Substance Contracting the Guinea Pig's Out Which is Not Histamine
Authors: CARLSTEN ARNE , KAHLSON GEORG , WICKSELL FINN
Published: December 2008

In reactive hyperaemia on anaesthetized dogs the following observations were made:

 Ultrafiltrates and extracts from lymph emerging from regions during reactive hyperaemia after restriction of the circulation did not contain histamine in higher concentration than corresponding samples obtained during unrestricted circulation; in both instances the histamine content of the lymph was below that which can be detected by available methods.

 Reactive hyperaemia did not cause an increase in the histamine concentration of venous plasma emerging from regions subjected to circulatory arrest.

 The histaminolytic activity of lymph was not changed by reactive hyperaemia.

 After repeated periods of arrest of the circulation and subsequent reactive hyperaemia an agent which contracts the guinea‐pig's ileum accumulated in the lymph. Some pharmacological properties of this agent are described.
Observations on Histamine and Histaminolysis in Pregnancy.1
Authors: WICKSELL FINN
Published: December 2008

No changes were found to take place in the histamine content of plasma or urine during parturition. In agreernent with earlier investigators urine was found to contain histamine in a free form and also in a conjugated form, from which it can be liberated through acid hydrolysis.

 The histarninolytic activity of placenta is very high. Inspite of this histamine is present in this organ. Contrary to what is thecase in maternal plasma the histaminolytic power of foetal plasma is low. No decrease in the histamine c, ontent takes place when foetal plasma flows through the placenta. The histamine content of maternal and foetal plasma is of the same order. Histamine seems t o be present in the plasma in a form which is ultrafilterable but not attacked by the histaminase.

 The size of the flare of the triple response caused by intra‐dermal injections of histamine is of the same order in pregnant and non‐pregnant women.
The Histamine Sensitivity of Smooth Muscles in Pregnant Guinea‐Pigs
Authors: WICKSELL FINN
Published: December 2008

A method for using the guinea‐pig's urinary bladder as an in vivo test for histamine is described.

 The sensitivity to histamine of the bronchi and the urinary bladder is tested in male, virginal female and pregnant guinea pigs. These experiments do not indicate that there is any decrease in histamine sensitivity of smooth muscles in pregnancy which can be correlated with the increased histaminolytic activity of plasma.
Further Investigations on the Transformation of Histidine and Related Substances to Creatine by Animal Tissue in Vitro
Authors: STEENSHOLT GUNNAR
Published: December 2008

An investigation is made of the transformation of imidazole lactic acid, urocanic acid and imidazole acetic acid to creatine by rat muscle tissue in vitro. The rate of transformation of imidazole acetic acid is much smaller than that of the other imidazole acids and of histidine. The presence of certain methyl donators does not influence the yield of creatine, and it is concluded that guanidine acetic acid does not form an intermediary step in the process. The pH optimum is determined and the effect of certain inhibitors is studied. The possible interpretations of these findings are briefly discussed.
On the Presence of Erythropoietins in the Plasma from Sheep Fetuses During the Latter Half of Gestation
Authors: BONSDORFF EVA
Published: December 2008

In order to demonstrate the presence of erythropoietins in foetal plasma, the following experiments were performed.

 Controls. Plasma from pregnant ewes and adult, non‐pregnant sheep was injected intraperitoneally into 6 rabbits, immunized against sheep plasma. The adult plasma caused a slight eythro‐cytosis and reticulocytosis on the 1st day after injection, which was on the 2nd day replaced by erythropenia, with a normal percentage of reticulocytes.

 Plasma from 5 sheep foetuses aged from 71 to 121 days was injected into 8 immunized rabbits. An erythrocytosis was observed on the 2 first days after injection, and a remarkable increase in the percentage of reticulocytes took place. The red cell values were decreased below the initial level on the 4th and 5th day, though never as low as in the control group on corresponding days. The reticulocytosis lasted for 4 days. The increase in the red cells and reticulocytes compared to that in the control group was found statistically significant.

It is concluded, that the fontal plasma near term is more active in promoting erythrocytosis than adult plasma. The active substance contained in the plasnia probably has a rôle in stimulating the foetuses' bone marrow.
Effect of Dihydroergotamine on the Oxygen Consumption. Experiments on Cats
Authors: MOHME ELLA
Published: December 2008

The effect of dihydroergotamine (DHE) on the oxygen consumption has been investigated by the author in experiments on cats. When about 30 minutes have elapsed after the injection of DHE in a dosage of 25 γ per kg of the body‐weight, the effect sets in. About 50–110 minutes after the injection the oxygen consumption falls on an average by 9.0 per cent. The fall of the oxygen consumption is attributed to an inhibition of the normal activity of the sympathetic system.
Ischaemic Paralysis of a Uniform Nerve
Authors: FRANKENHAEUSER B.
Published: December 2008

The ischaemic blocking of a sensory nerve (the surd nerve) in the rabbit was investigated. The survival time was determined by recording sensory impulses elicited by stimulating skin receptors.

In amputation and trachea clamp experiments the survival time as longer in short stretches of ischaemic nerve than in long stretches. This difference was shoirn to be due to oxygen leakage. In tourniquet experinients, where oxygen leakage was prevented, long and short stretches survived for equal times. Thus no gradient in sensitivity to ischaemia in the sural nerve v‐as found. The questions of temperature gradient in the leg, of pressure of the tourniquet upon the nerve and of end organ paralysis were all investigated and shown to be without effect upon ischaemic paralysis in the conditions of these experiments.

In spite of the fact that no gradient in ischaemia‐sensitivity in the nerve was found, the proximal part of the surd area responded some 3–7 minutes longer than the distal.

Fibres from slomly adapting receptors were blocked later than fibres from hair touch receptors, although the conduction rates of “hair touch fibres” were shown to overlap completely those of “slowly adapting fibres”.

The findings in the present paper are compared with earlier investigations.
The Action of Salyrgan on Skin Permeability ‐Salyrgan as a Spreading Factor
Authors: EDLUND T. , LINDERHOLM H.
Published: December 2008

A spreading factor activity of intravenously and locally injected salyrgan2 was demonstrated. The increased spreading was also exhibited by dead, locally treated, rabbits up to about 1 hour after death.

The spreading factor activity of sailorman is discussed in relation to some of the extra renal effects of the drug, and it was concluded that most of these effects may be attributed to a spreading activity of the drug.
Pharmacological Properties of Some New N‐substituted Barbituric Acid Derivatives
Authors: SANDBERG FINN
Published: December 2008

In a new series of ultra short‐acting barbiturates of the general formula R1 CO‐NH C CO R2 CO‐N CH2 COOC2H5 no definite relationship was found between chemical structure and pharmacological efficiency in rats. There was no correlation between the properties potency, toxicity, duration of action, incidence and induction time. They are independent qualities and must lie treated separately.

The logarithm of the time for duration of action showed normal distribution and all calculations were performed on logarithmic values. The non‐reactors formed a group, significantly separated from those where narcosis succeeded.

Hexobarbitone (Evipan) was used as a reference standard and it was injected into all animals to control that there was no heterogeneity.

The significance of the differences in the qualities examined between two derivatives was tested by t‐analysis.

Table I give the details of the results obtained.
The Total Quantity of Hemoglobin in Man and its Relation to Age, Sex, Bodyweight and Height
Authors: SJÖSTRAND TORGNY
Published: December 2008

According to a method already described the total quantity of hemoglobin has been determined on 17 boys and 21 girls between the ages of 8 and 17, on 174 men between the ages of 18 and 57 and on 92 women between 17 and 70.

In the case of the male material the total quantity of hemoglobin increased with age and broadly speaking with physical growth up to the age of 22. In the female material — as in the male —the quantity of hemoglobin increased up to the ages of 12 to 13, but after this, the increase was considerably less up to the age of 20, after which it remained constant.

In the male material the quantity of hemoglobin showed a manifest increase in relation to the bodyweight during the years of puberty and up to the age of 22, but in the female material there was a relative decrease from the age of 12 to 20.

The average quantity of henloglobin in the adult man was 1.16 % of the bodyweight and 0.86 % in the adult woman.

Even previous to the years of puberty the sexes showed a difference concerning the total quantity of henioglobin in relation to the bodyweight but none in relation to age.

The quantity of hemoglobin did not increase with the increase of weight after physical growth had ceased, at least as regards the female material.

The quantity of hemoglobin showed good correlation with the height during the years of development, though there was only slight correlation in the case of men and women. As regards the surface area of the body the total quantity of hemoglobin showed only slightly better correlation than to the bodyweight in men and women. but it was less in children.

Broadly speaking the blood volume showed the same variability as the total quantity of hemoglobin, except that the difference between the sexes, in adults, was about 10% lower as regards the blood volunie than it was concerning the quantity of hemoglobin.

The size of the error which the niethod adopted has, in that part of the carbon inonoxide is bound estravascularly inter alia to the myoglobin is discussed and the total hemoglobin determinations of some chronic Cases of anemia are given as a further proof of the smallness of this error, which is reckoned as being from 2 to 3%.

The significance of the seemingly hormonal effect on the hemoglobin production under and after puberty is also discussed.

A grant has been received from the Therese and Johan Anderssons Foundation for these investigations.
The Food Sparing Effect of Liver Extracts on Rats
Authors: ÅGREN GUNNAR , NILSSON TAGE
Published: December 2008

The administration of small amounts of a liver extract to young rats significantly increased the weight gain per g food eaten.
The Variation in Activity of Apodehydrogennaes During Insect Metamorphosis
Authors: AGRELL IVAR
Published: December 2008

The activity of some apodehydrogenases has been determined during the entire metamorphosis period of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala Meig. by use of the methylene blue technique.

The minimum in oxidative metabolism occurring during the metamorphosis is traced back to a similarly changed activity of the apodehydrogenases.

The malic dehydrogenase occupies a central position in the oxidative metabolism.

Reasons are put forward for the acceptance of a “tricarboxylic acid cycle” operating in the investigated insect.
All “Adrenergic Blocking” Substance (Dibenzyl‐β‐Chloro‐Ethyl Ethyl Ammonium Bromide) of High and Rapid Activity in Animal Experiments.
Authors: NYHAN EBBE , ÖSTLUND ERIC
Published: December 2008

The rapid action and high activity of a new quaternary derivative of the Dibenamine series, dibenzyl‐β‐chloroethyl ethyl ammonium bromide, as an adrenergic blocking substance, is demonstrated in experiments in rabbits and cats. The specific action develops immediately after intravenous injection of the agent and consists of a fall in blood pressure and a rapid blockade against the pressor activity of even great doses of epinephrine. The duration of the action is several hours. The toxicity of the new compound is favourable in comparison to its slowly acting congener, Dibenamine. The new compound also has a considerable antihistaminic property. The observations give rise to some statements concerning the structure‐activity relations. The rapid action and high activity of the new agent in comparison to Dibenamine seems to. make the quaternary derivative very suitable in animal experiments, when an adrenergic blockade is wanted. The possibilities of clinical application will be discussed later.
The Action of Ovarian Hormones on the Mammary Glands of Rabbits and Bats with the Hypophysial Stalk Transected
Authors: JACOBSOHN DORA
Published: December 2008

The mode of the stimulating action of estrogens on lactation is studied on rabbits and rats with the hypophysial stalk transected.

In each of 7 stalk‐transected rabbits 100 μg of estradiol benzoate every fourth day result in lactation.

10 stalk‐transected rats are treated with doses of estradiol benzoate varying from 1 to 250 μg. In 2 rats receiving 10 μg estradiol benzoate every fourth day the mammary glands showed marked secretion. With lower or higher doses only slight or no changes are observed in the remaining 8 rats.
The Distinction by Means of Tracers Between Active Transport and Diffusion
Authors: USSING HANS H.
Published: December 2008

It is shown that for a free ion diffusing through a membrane the ratio between the flux in one direction and the simultaneous flux in the opposite direction is independent of the structure of the membrane. This ratio , which can be evaluated through tracer experiments, is equal to the ratio between the electrochemical activities of the ion on the two sides of the membrane.

Deviations from the equation indicate that the ion does not diffuse in the free state only, but, in part at least, as a component of some other moving particle in the membrane. Complex formation for instance as a part of an active transport mechanism brings about deviations from the above equation.

The diffusion of iodide through the isolated surviving frog skin is studied by means of the radioactive I131. I‐ diffuses inwards faster than outwards under all conditions studied. Nevertheless, no active transport of I‐ need be postulated since the potential difference across the skin is somewhat higher than required to explain the difference in diffusion rate.

Both influx and outflux of I‐ show a negative correlation to the potential difference, so that high P. D. values are found only when the I‐ permeability is low.
Calculation of Cardiac Output by Estimation with Dilution Method
Authors: CYVIN K.
Published: December 2008

A new formula for calculation of cardiac output by dilution method is developed by means of integration of the area included under the exponential curve. An analogous one is proposed for calculation of mean circulation time.
A Pressor Reflex from the Peripheral Vagus Nerve
Authors: von EULER CURT
Published: December 2008

Galvanic stimulation of the peripheral end of the cut vagus in the neck has been shown to elicit a pressor response in cats.

This effect is shown to be a reflex. The pathway is concluded to be as follows: (a) afferent vagal fibres conducting antidromic‐ally towards the heart, (b) transmission to afferent fibres running via the stellate ganglion to the dorsal roots, (c) intraspinal tracts up to the vasomotor centre, (d) on the effector side mainly via the splanchnic nerves.

The directly stimulated vagal fibres are shown to belong to the thinnest fibre groups, mainly of the C class.
A Method of Determining the Undamped Natural Frequency and the Damping in Over‐damped and Slightly Underdamped Systems of One Degree of Freedom by Means of a Square‐Wave Impact.
Authors: WARBURG ERIK
Published: December 2008

The method only requires determinations of the amplitude for the full deflection (the static amplitude) and the coordinates to two points of the movement produced by a square‐wave impact.

The method requires few computations only.

A method has been evolved of determining the undamped natural frequency and the degree of damping for oscillating systems of one degree of freedom which are overdamped or slightly underdamped.

A table has been calculated which gives the time taken for a system of a known degree of damping and natural undamped frequency to reach 98 per cent, of its full deflection when influenced by a square‐wave impact.
The Effect of Ether Anesthesia on the Function of the Motor Endplate and on the Contractility of the Muscle Cell.
Authors: NÅSS KNUT
Published: December 2008

The effect of ether anesthesia on the motor endplate and on the contractility of the striated muscle cell is investigated. From the experimental results the following conclusions are drawn:

Ether exhibits a considerable depressing effect on the function of the motor endplate. The effect is subject to individual variations. A concentration of ether, only slightly exceeding that corresponding to the cessation of respiration, usually produces a “complete curarization”. Even low, subnarcotic concentrations may ordinarily exert a distinct effect in the motor endplate, when a higher frequency of stimulation is used.

A period of 30 to 45 minutes elapses before a maximal effect of a uniform administration of ether in the motor endplate is obtained. This is probably due to the slow transfer of ether from the blood to the muscle.

The contractility of the muscle cells is slightly or not at all affected under ether anesthesia, when an average frequency of stimulation is used. With respect to the higher and lower frequencies a distinct inhibition occurs already at a stage corresponding to surgical anesthesia.

The direct excitability of the muscle cells decreases somewhat during anesthesia. The latter effects are stronger than those of curare, compared with the effect of the two substances in the motor endplate.

The myograms recorded under the influence of ether essentially remind of the corresponding myograms recorded during an increasing curarization. There is, however, some differences.

By a co‐operation of ether and curare a potentiating effect of the substances in the motor endplate takes place.

The slight differences of the curve forms and the potentiating effect indicate a somewhat different mechanism of action of ether and curare in the motor endplate.
Turnover of Phosphatides.
Authors: ELLIOTT GRACE DE C. , HEVESY G.
Published: December 2008

The extent of incorporation of intracellular orthophosphate P of the liver phosphatides of the rat decreases with increasing age. While it amounts to 12 per cent per hour for the liver phosphatides of a 4‐day‐old rat, the corresponding figure for a 1.5‐year‐old rat is 6, intermediate figures being obtained for rats of intermediate age.

The calculation of the “rate of turnover” from the ratio of the end value of the specific activities of phosphatide P and the mean value of the specific activities of orthophosphate P during the experiment supplies, in experiments lasting 4 hours or less almost identical figures with those obtained when, according to ZILVERSMIT et al., the calculation is based on the change of the specific activity of phosphatide P with time.

Keplacement of the specific activities of liver inorganic P by corresponding values of ATP P2,3 of the liver leads to very similar turnover rate values.

The ratio of the turnover rate of the phosphatides of the total liver tissue, the mitochondria, and the cell nuclei of the liver is found to be 1: 0.67: 0.42.

The percentage of P32 administered present in 1 mg liver phosphatide P of the rat, which is as high as 0.121 after the lapse of 1 day, declines to 0.00066 after the lapse of 84 days.

The lower limit of the turnover of kidney phosphatides is not markedly dependent on the age of the rat and amounts to about 5 per cent in the course of 1 hour. Lower and with the age of the rat decreasing values are obtained for the spleen phosphatides. The percentage rate of incorporation of orthophosphate P per hour for a three‐month‐old rat can be estimated to be about 4.

The senior author wants to express his thanks to the Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse for their kind support of this investigation. Our thanks are due Miss Gudrun Dreyfus for very effective assistance.
The Content of Adenosinetriphosphate and Creatine Phosphate in Uterine Muscle of Rats and Rabbits.
Authors: WALLAS OTTO , WALAAS EVA
Published: December 2008

The content of acid soluble phosphate compounds in uterine muscle of rats and rabbits have been determined.

Relatively low content of adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (PC) were found in uterine muscle. The mean values of ATP were about 2 mg per 100 g and of PC about 1 mg per 100 g wet muscle tissue. The content of ATP was approximately 1/20 and of PC 1/50 of these substances in skeletal muscle.

Injection with estradiolbenzoate or estradiolbenzoate + progesterone had no significant effect on the content of ATP and PC in uterine muscle.

A slight increase in tbe content of ATP of uterine muscle was found during the last part of pregnancy in rats, of marginal statistical significance.

The results have been discussed in relation to physiological activity. It has been suggested that the low content of phosphate compounds may be of importance to the time factor and the force in uterine muscle contraction.
The Effect of Estrogenic Hormone on the Content of Calcium and Magnesiusm in Uterus.
Authors: WALAAS OTTO
Published: December 2008

The effect of estrogenic hormone on the content of calcium and magnesium in uterus and uterine muscle has been studied.

Injection of estrogenic hormone in amounts of 50 micrograms and 400 micrograms estradiolbenzoate to castrated rats gave a statistically significant increase in the content of magnesium in the uterus, and also a rise in the ratio Mg/Ca.

In uterine muscle of immature rabbits no significant difference in the content of calcium and magnesium was found after injection of 150 micrograms estradiolbenzoate + 3.0 mg progesterone compared with the content after injection of 150 micrograms estradiolbenzoate.

Uterine muscle has a lower content of magnesium, a lower Mg/Ca ratio and a higher content of calcium than skeletal muscle.

The significance of the results has been discussed in relation to physiological activity.
The Effect of d‐Tubocurarine on the Mono‐ and Polysynaptic Relfex of the Spinal Cord Including a Comparison with the Effect of Strychnine.
Authors: NÆSS KNUT
Published: December 2008

The effect of intravenous injection of d‐tubocurarine on monoand polysynaptic reflexes of the spinal cord of cats has been investigated. Doses, which from a clinical point of view were very large had no effect on these reflexes. Already small doses of strychnine gave a characteristic increase of the polysynaptic reflex, augmented by further injections. With very large doses of strychnine a selective depression of the monosynaptic reeponse appeared while the polysynaptic reflexes still increased.
Selective Removal of the Nerve Discharge component from the Cochlear Potential during Anoxia.
Authors: BORNSCHENIN H. , GERNANDT BO
Published: December 2008

The relationship between the cochlear and the action potentials of the ear during oxygen deprivation was studied by simultaneously recording the two potentials by means of electrodes in the apical part of the cochlea (third turn). The experimental animals were 12 guinea pigs under not too deep urethane anesthesia. In only 9 of 17 operated ears both potentials were strong enough to be studied and compared. It was found that:

During incipient hypoxia, the hump in the composite curve representing the action potential disappears before the amplitude of the cochlear potential decreases. During the recovery phase, the action potential reappears only after complete restitution of the cochlear potential.

Repeated, successive anoxia experiments are always followed by complete restitution of the cochlear potential, whereas the action potential gradually disappears, provided that the anoxia is not carried too far. This provides a simple method of eliminating the action potential without affecting the cochlear potential, a technique suitable for cochlear potential threshold measurements.

When the action potential reappears in the recovery phase of hypoxia, there is a transient phase difference of about 0.2 msec., which after some minutes is no longer present. This difference is attributable to a temporary prolongation of the latent period of the action potential. The effect of hypoxia on the latent period of the action potential is equivalent to that obtained by a reduction of stimulus intensity.
Motor Responses of Gastro‐Intestinal Tract and Bladder to Topical Stimulation of the Frontal lobe, Basal Ganglia and Hypothalamus in the Cat.
Authors: STRÖM GUNNAR , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

Motor responses from the gastro‐intestinal tract were produced by topic stimulation in the anterior sigmoid gyms and the genual gyrus of the frontal lobe, in a region including the putamen, the globus pallidus and the lobus olfactorius anterior, and of hypothalamic structures at the infundibular and mamillary levels.

Bladder contractions were obtained on topic stimulation in the genual gyms of the frontal lobe, the anterior part of the nucleus caudatus and in other basal regions shown to yield gastro‐intestinal responses.
The Influence of Saccharin on the Blood‐Sugar
Authors: JØRGENSEN HENRY
Published: December 2008

It is shown that saccharin and other sweetening agents may produce a slight fall of the blood‐sugar value; the phenomenon is not a constant one, it occurs more frequently after washing the mouth with the solution than after drinking it. No reaction was observed after administration of saccharin by duodenal tube. It is supposed that the reaction is released via the gustatory nerves.
Osmotic Regulation in the Frog, Kana Esculenta (L.), at Low Temperatures
Authors: JØRGENSEN C. BARKER
Published: December 2008

When frogs in water are transferred from room temperature to low temperatures, e.g. 2–3° C, the body water increases rapidly in amount until a new equilibrium is established within some few days. Further weight increase, e.g. increase in body water may occur at a low rate. This slow working part of the water retention goes parallel to a salt accumulation brought about by active uptake of NaCl through the skin from the surrounding water.

Injected water is also rapidly eliminated by the kidneys in frogs living at low temperatures. Salt administered in form of hypertonic solution of NaCl is, however, not eliminated by the kidneys. The water and salt accumulation demonstrated in frogs at low temperatures is therefore probably caused by an inability of the kidney to excrete the salt taken up through the skin, the resulting hypertonicity of the blood being counteracted by retention of some of the water entering through the skin.
The Effect of Auto‐Transfusion of “Work‐Blood” on the Pulmonary Ventilation
Authors: ASMUSSEN ERLING‐ , NIELSEN MARIUS
Published: December 2008

Experiments were carried out in which blood was trapped in the legs by means of pneumatic cuffs immediately after 10 minutes of heavy work (1,340 mkg per minute) and not released until 15 minutes after cessation of work.

The effect of this auto‐transfusion of “work blood” was a pronounced increase in the pulmonary ventilation, which prior to the release had returned to a value not much above the resting value. Control experiments showed that this increase only to a minor degree was caused by the concomitant transitory changes in alveolar CO2 pressure and arterial blood pressure. Breathing of pure oxygen diminished the increase in ventilation caused by the auto‐transfusion considerably.

The results from these experiments, therefore, are in good agreement with the conclusion arrived at in earlier experiments, viz. that the blood during heavy work contains specific substances produced under anaerobic conditions in the working muscles and with a pronounced stimulatory effect on the ventilation.
Comparative Tests of the Creatinine and Thiosulphate Clearance in Kittens
Authors: EFFERSØE POUL
Published: December 2008

It has been shown earlier that at low plasma‐thiosulphate concentrations the thiosulphate clearance of adult cats may be up to twice as high as the creatinine clearance, but that with an increasing plasma‐thiosulphate concentration this difference approximates 0. The most probable explanation is that the tubuli of adult cats can secrete thiosulphate. As no such difference has been observed in man, dog or rabbit, and as it is possible that the difference is due to differences in diet, tests were made on five kittens, two to eight weeks old, which had Received nothing but milk. Conditions were found to be exactly the same for both kittens and adult cats.
On Proteins in Regenerating Rat Liver. II. Proteolytic Enzymes
Authors: NORBERG BO
Published: December 2008

Cathepsin, exopolypeptidase (LGG) and dipeptidase (LG) have been studied in regenerating rat's liver after partial hepatectomy. Owing to the immediate strain of the operation, the activity of these enzymes diminishes somewhat. But during the regeneration fresh quantities of enzymes are produced, on the whole, as quickly as liver‐substance. Functions in vivo for these enzymes are therefore assumed.
The Relationship of the Total Hemoglobin or Total Blood Volume to the Pulse Frequency and Filling Rate of the Left Ventricle in Standing Position
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , LÖNROTH HENRIK , RUDHE ULF , SJÖSTRAND TORGNY
Published: December 2008

A statistical analysis, with correlation determination with several variables, of a test group consisting of 101 men, women, and children, indicates that a correlation exists between the pulse frequency in erect and supine positions, and the difference thereof, on the one hand and the total hemoglobin and the height on the other. A high correlation exists between the ratio of height to total hemoglobin and the pulse frequency in standing position.

Electrokymographic records of the diastolic filling of the left ventricle show that the filling rate is decreased in the erect position especially in tall subjects with average or lower than an average hemoglobin values, and that this is closely bound to the amplitude of the blood displacement.

The observations made are in agreement with the hypothesis that the pulmonary blood vessels function as a blood depot, the content of which is dependent on the total blood volume and the blood contents of the systemic circulation, and that this function has a relative significance for the filling and stroke volumes of the left ventricle as well as for the adaptation of the circulation to changes of position and physical work.