bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The varying impact of type, timing and frequency of exposure to childhood adversity on its association with adult psychotic disorder
Authors: Fisher H. L. , Jones P. B. , Fearon P. , Craig T. K. , Dazzan P. , Morgan K. , Hutchinson G. , Doody G. A. , McGuffin P. , Leff J. , Murray R. M. , Morgan C.
Published: February 2010

Background

Childhood adversity has been associated with onset of psychosis in adulthood but these studies have used only general definitions of this environmental risk indicator. Therefore, we sought to explore the prevalence of more specific adverse childhood experiences amongst those with and without psychotic disorders using detailed assessments in a large epidemiological case-control sample (AESOP).

Method

Data were collected on 182 first-presentation psychosis cases and 246 geographically matched controls in two UK centres. Information relating to the timing and frequency of exposure to different types of childhood adversity (neglect, antipathy, physical and sexual abuse, local authority care, disrupted living arrangements and lack of supportive figure) was obtained using the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire.

Results

Psychosis cases were three times more likely to report severe physical abuse from the mother that commenced prior to 12 years of age, even after adjustment for other significant forms of adversity and demographic confounders. A non-significant trend was also evident for greater prevalence of reported severe maternal antipathy amongst those with psychosis. Associations with maternal neglect and childhood sexual abuse disappeared after adjusting for maternal physical abuse and antipathy. Paternal maltreatment and other forms of adversity were not associated with psychosis nor was there evidence of a dose–response effect.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that only specific adverse childhood experiences are associated with psychotic disorders and only in a minority of cases. If replicated, this greater precision will ensure that research into the mechanisms underlying the pathway from childhood adversity to psychosis is more fruitful.
Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks
Authors: HALPERN BENJAMIN S. , LESTER SARAH E. , KELLNER JULIE B.
Published: February 2010

No-take marine reserves are widely recognized as an effective conservation tool for protecting marine resources. Despite considerable empirical evidence that abundance and biomass of fished species increase within marine reserve boundaries, the potential for reserves to provide fisheries and conservation benefits to adjacent waters remains heavily debated. This paper uses statistical and population models to evaluate published empirical data on adult spillover from marine reserves and shows that spillover is a common phenomenon for species that respond positively to reserve protection, but at relatively small scales, detectable on average up to 800 m from reserve boundaries. At these small scales, local fisheries around reserves were likely unsustainable in 12 of 14 cases without the reserve, and spillover partially or fully offsets losses in catch due to reserve closure in the other two cases. For reserves to play a role in sustaining and replenishing larger-scale fished stocks, networks of reserves may be necessary, but as few exist this is difficult to evaluate. The results suggest reserves can simultaneously meet conservation objectives and benefit local fisheries adjacent to their boundaries.
Brain Nonoxidative Carbohydrate Consumption is Not Explained by Export of an Unknown Carbon Source: Evaluation of the Arterial and Jugular Venous Metabolome
Authors: Rasmussen Peter , Nyberg Nils , Jaroszewski Jerzy W , Krogh-Madsen Rikke , Secher Niels H , Quistorff Bjørn
Published: February 2010

Brain activation provokes nonoxidative carbohydrate consumption and during exercise it is dominated by the cerebral uptake of lactate resulting in that up to ∼1 mmol/ 100 g of glucose equivalents cannot be accounted for by cerebral oxygen uptake. The fate of this ‘extra’ carbohydrate uptake is unknown, but it may be that brain metabolism is balanced by a yet-unidentified substance(s). This study used a nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics approach to plasma samples obtained from the brachial artery and the right internal jugular vein in 16 healthy young males to identify carbon species going to and from the brain. We observed a carbohydrate accumulation of 255±37 μmol/100 g glucose equivalents at exhaustion not accounted for by the oxygen uptake. Although the cumulated uptake was lower than earlier observed, the results show that glucose and lactate are responsible for the majority of the carbon exchange across the brain. Even during intense exercise associated with the largest nonoxidative carbohydrate consumption, the brain did not show significant release of any other metabolite. We conclude that during exercise, the surplus carbohydrate uptake by the brain cannot be accounted for by changes in the NMR-derived plasma metabolome across the brain.
The consequences of mitochondrial amyloid β-peptide in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Muirhead Kirsty E. A. , Borger Eva , Aitken Laura , Conway Stuart J. , Gunn-Moore Frank J.
Published: February 2010

The Aβ (amyloid-β peptide) has long been associated with Alzheimer's disease, originally in the form of extracellular plaques. However, in the present paper we review the growing evidence for the role of soluble intracellular Aβ in the disease progression, with particular reference to Aβ found within the mitochondria. Once inside the cell, Aβ is able to interact with a number of targets, including the mitochondrial proteins ABAD (amyloid-binding alcohol dehydrogenase) and CypD (cyclophilin D), which is a component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Interference with the normal functions of these proteins results in disruption of cell homoeostasis and ultimately cell death. The present review explores the possible mechanisms by which cell death occurs, considering the evidence presented on a molecular, cellular and in vivo level.
Influence of the electron cross-field diffusion in negative ion sources with the transverse magnetic field and the plasma-electrode bias
Authors: Kuppel S. , Matsushita D. , Hatayama A. , Bacal M.
Published: February 2010

The physical mechanisms involved in the extraction of H− ions from the negative ion source are studied with a PIC 2D3V code. The effect of a weak magnetic field transverse to the extraction direction is taken into account, along with a variable bias voltage applied on the plasma electrode (PE). In addition to previous modeling works, the electron diffusion across the magnetic field is taken into account as a simple one-dimensional random-walk process. The results show that without PE bias, the value of the diffusion coefficient has a significant influence upon the value of the extracted H− current. However, the value of this coefficient does not affect qualitatively the mechanism leading to the peak of extracted H− ion current observed for an optimum value of the PE bias.
MIVOC method with temperature control
Authors: Takasugi W. , Wakaisami M. , Sasaki N. , Sakuma T. , Yamamoto M. , Kitagawa A. , Muramatsu M.
Published: February 2010

The Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chiba at the National Institute of Radiological Sciences has been used for cancer therapy, physics, and biology experiments since 1994. Its ion sources produce carbon ion for cancer therapy. They also produce various ions (H+–Xe21+) for physics and biology experiments. Most ion species are produced from gases by an 18 GHz electron cyclotron resonance ion source. However, some of ion species is difficult to produce from stable and secure gases. Such ion species are produced by the sputtering method. However, it is necessary to reduce material consumption rate as much as possible in the case of rare and expensive stable isotopes. We have selected “metal ions from volatile compounds method” as a means to solve this problem. We tested a variety of compounds. Since each compound has a suitable temperature to obtain the optimum vapor pressure, we have developed an accurate temperature control system. We have produced ions such as F58e9+, Co9+, Mg5+, Ti10+, Si5+, and Ge12+ with the temperature control.
Photoreflectance and photoluminescence study of GaInNAsSb layers lattice matched to InP
Authors: Kudrawiec R. , Sarmiento T. , Poloczek P. , Misiewicz J. , Harris James S.
Published: February 2010

The optical properties of GaInNAsSb layers lattice matched to InP substrates and annealed at various temperatures were studied by photoreflectance (PR) and photoluminescence (PL) in the temperature range of 10–300 K. For the as-grown layer, the energy gap has been found to shift to red by 230 meV upon the incorporation of 2.2% N and 6.5% Sb into the In0.53Ga0.47As host and achieve a band-gap emission wavelength of ∼2.18 μm at 10 K. This redshift is reduced to 180 meV due to postgrowth annealing, which is necessary to improve the optical quality of GaInNAsSb alloys. Analyzing the intensity of the PL emission, the broadening of the PR resonances, and the Stokes shift between PR and PL the optimal annealing temperature for the GaInNAsSb layer has been found to be ∼700 °C for the annealing time of 60 s. PR and PL spectra for a GaInNAsSb layer annealed at this condition were measured in the temperature range of 10–300 K. The temperature dependence of E0 (i.e., the fundamental transition in GaInNAsSb layer) and E0+ΔSO (i.e., the optical transition between the spin-orbit split-off band and the conduction band) transitions has been fitted by the Varshni and Bose–Einstein formulas. The Varshni and Bose–Einstein parameters have been found to be close to the parameters of narrow band-gap III-V semiconductors.
Diagnostic experiments at a 3 MeV test stand at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (United Kingdom)
Authors: Gabor C. , Faircloth D. C. , Lee D. A. , Lawrie S. R. , Letchford A. P. , Pozimski J. K.
Published: February 2010

A front end is currently under construction consisting of a H− Penning ion source (65 keV, 60 mA), low energy beam transport (LEBT), and radio frequency quadrupole (3 MeV output energy) with a medium energy beam transport suitable for high power proton applications. Diagnostics can be divided either in destructive techniques such as beam profile monitor, pepperpot, slit-slit emittance scanner (preferably used during commissioning) or nondestructive, permanently installed devices such as photodetachment-based techniques. Another way to determine beam distributions is a scintillator with charge-coupled device camera. First experiments have been performed to control the beam injection into the LEBT. The influence of beam parameters such as particle energy and space-charge compensation on the two-dimensional distribution and profiles will be presented.
Multiscale modeling of interaction of alane clusters on Al(111) surfaces: A reactive force field and infrared absorption spectroscopy approach
Authors: Ojwang J. G. O. , Chaudhuri Santanu , van Duin Adri C. T. , Chabal Yves J. , Veyan Jean-Francois , van Santen Rutger , Kramer Gert Jan , Goddard William A.
Published: February 2010

We have used reactive force field (ReaxFF) to investigate the mechanism of interaction of alanes on Al(111) surface. Our simulations show that, on the Al(111) surface, alanes oligomerize into larger alanes. In addition, from our simulations, adsorption of atomic hydrogen on Al(111) surface leads to the formation of alanes via H-induced etching of aluminum atoms from the surface. The alanes then agglomerate at the step edges forming stringlike conformations. The identification of these stringlike intermediates as a precursor to the bulk hydride phase allows us to explain the loss of resolution in surface IR experiments with increasing hydrogen coverage on single crystal Al(111) surface. This is in excellent agreement with the experimental works of Go et al. [E. Go, K. Thuermer, and J. E. Reutt-Robey, Surf. Sci. 437, 377 (1999)]. The mobility of alanes molecules has been studied using molecular dynamics and it is found that the migration energy barrier of Al2H6 is 2.99 kcal/mol while the prefactor is D0=2.82×10−3 cm2/s. We further investigated the interaction between an alane and an aluminum vacancy using classical molecular dynamics simulations. We found that a vacancy acts as a trap for alane, and eventually fractionates/annihilates it. These results show that ReaxFF can be used, in conjunction with ab initio methods, to study complex reactions on surfaces at both ambient and elevated temperature conditions.
Deterministic tuning of slow-light in photonic-crystal waveguides through the C and L bands by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Chen Charlton J. , Husko Chad A. , Meric Inanc , Shepard Ken L. , Wong Chee Wei , Green William M. J. , Vlasov Yurii A. , Assefa Solomon
Published: February 2010

We demonstrate digital tuning of the slow-light regime in silicon photonic-crystal waveguides by performing atomic layer deposition of hafnium oxide. The high group-index regime was deterministically controlled (redshift of 140±10 pm per atomic layer) without affecting the group-velocity dispersion and third-order dispersion. Additionally, differential tuning of 110±30 pm per monolayer of the slow-light TE-like and TM-like modes was observed. This passive postfabrication process has potential applications including the tuning of chip-scale optical interconnects, as well as Raman and parametric amplification.
Insights into the reactive ion etching mechanism of nanocrystalline diamond films as a function of film microstructure and the presence of fluorine gas
Authors: Yoon Ju-Heon , Lee Wook-Seong , Park Jong-Keuk , Hwang Gyu Weon , Baik Young-Joon , Seong Tae-Yeon , Jeong Jeung-hyun
Published: February 2010

Inhomogeneous etching of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films, which produces nanopillars during reactive ion etching process, is problematic to the microfabrication of NCD films for the sensor and actuator applications. Thus, its origin was investigated for various initial microstructures of the NCD films, SF6/O2 gas ratios during etching, and plasma powers. The etched NCD film surface roughness became more pronounced (leading to larger pillar diameters and heights) for larger initial microstructural features (larger grain and cluster sizes), particularly at low plasma powers. The surface roughening was significantly reduced with the addition of SF6, almost disappearing at SF6/O2 of 5% to 10%. These results indicate that the etch rate was locally enhanced at the interfaces between grains or clusters, and the etch rate disparity between intragranular and intergranular (or cluster) carbons increased with decreasing ion energy, implying a chemical reaction rate-limited etching mechanism. The role of SF6 could be explained to reduce the energy barrier for the chemical reaction of intragranular carbons. Here we suggest that the etching rate is limited by an energy barrier that could be reduced by defect generation during ion bombardment or by catalytic radicals.
Quasi-Coulomb explosion of multicomponent laser cluster plasma
Authors: Andreev A. A. , Nickles P. V. , Platonov K. Yu.
Published: February 2010

An analytical distribution function is developed that describes the influence of a light ion component on the explosion of a spherically symmetric, charged cluster composed of two species, when the cluster is irradiated by an ultrashort, intense laser pulse. It is shown that the energy distribution of light ions can be used for diagnostics of the initial density profile of the plasma cluster. The evolution of the energy distribution of light ions is investigated as a function of their number in the cluster. It is possible to create a quasimonoenergetic distribution of the light ions at a specific proportion of the light ions and the degree of ionization of the heavier ion component. Analytical calculations of the explosion of 50 nm water clusters exposed by ultrashort and intense laser pulses are in good agreement with Particle-In-Cell simulations.
Thickness-dependent in situ studies of trap states in pentacene thin film transistors
Authors: Fiebig Matthias , Beckmeier Daniel , Nickel Bert
Published: February 2010

In this letter, we present in situ transport measurements of pentacene thin film transistors, particularly investigations of the evolution of mobility, threshold voltage, and hysteresis during the deposition of pentacene with submonolayer precision. We observe both, a strong positive shift of the threshold voltage and a reduction in the hysteresis up to a nominal pentacene film thickness of four monolayers. In addition to previously published volume electron trap states that account for the threshold voltage shift, we suggest that the existence of shallow pentacene trap states located at the free pentacene surface explains the reduction of the hysteresis.
Focusing of intense laser beam by a thin axially magnetized plasma lens
Authors: Ghorbanalilu M.
Published: February 2010

Focusing of intense laser beams by a thin magnetized plasma slab is investigated. A thin plasma slab is used as an optical element. The focal length is the distance between the plasma lens and the laser beam focus point. The external magnetic field is applied along the direction of the laser field propagation. The nonlinear current density induced in the plasma lens is derived up to the third order of perturbation and the evolution of the spot size for a Gaussian beam profile is determined by making use of the variational principle approach method. It is shown that the axially magnetic field decreases the minimum spot size and increases the focal length significantly.
Size consistency of explicit functionals of the natural orbitals in reduced density matrix functional theory
Authors: Lathiotakis N. N. , Gidopoulos N. I. , Helbig N.
Published: February 2010

We report a size-inconsistency problem for several functionals within reduced density matrix functional theory. Being explicit functionals of the natural orbitals and occupation numbers, instead of the one-body reduced density matrix, many of the approximate functionals are not invariant under unitary transformations in the subspace of degenerate occupation numbers. One such transformation mixes the degenerate natural orbitals of identical independent subsystems, delocalizing them. Noninvariance under this transformation results in size inconsistency for some of the approximations while others avoid this pathology by favoring orbital localization.
On the nature of B—Ccarbene bonding in a stable neutral diborene
Authors: Liu Z.
Published: February 2010

We report the bonding interactions within [R(H)BB(H)] and [R] (R≕C(NHCH)2) as a ligand in a newly synthesized stable neutral diborene. By using theoretical analyses, we have found the nature of the BCcarbene bonding, and, more importantly, the key to realize multiple bonds for chemical elements. With character of almost equal covalency and ionicity, the stabilizing orbital interaction term, ΔEorb, of BCcarbene, is mainly given by σ-symmetry orbital interactions; the donor-acceptor interaction is weak and contributes small to ΔEorb. In the weak donor-acceptor interaction, the B→Ccarbene π backdonation is stronger than the B←Ccarbene σ donation. Thus, in effect, the bond emerges in the B(δ+)Ccarbene(δ−) dipole. Inspection of the correlation lines of the orbital correlation diagram for the BCcarbene bonding indicates that the strength of the bonding orbitals in the central BB unit is weakened due to the coordination of the carbenes, and the center is unstabilized by the carbene ligand. This is contrary to the conventional view on the mechanism of coordination and the Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model. However this unstabilizing effect should be responsible for the stability of the BB double bond in the stable neutral diborene. This is because the very short bond lengths arising from multiple bonds will lead to a very strong Pauli repulsion, and, ultimately, destruction of chemical bonds. It can therefore be concluded that, actually, to prevent the very short bond lengths is the true reason for the successful realization of multiple bonds for main-group elements such as boron.
Improved local oxidation of silicon carbide using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Jo Yeong-Deuk , Seo Soo-Hyung , Bahng Wook , Kim Sang-Cheol , Kim Nam-Kyun , Kim Sang-Sig , Koo Sang-Mo
Published: February 2010

The atomic force microscopy-based local oxidation (AFM-LO) of silicon carbide (SiC) is extremely difficult in general, mainly due to their physical hardness and chemical inactivity. Herein, we report the strongly enhanced AFM-LO of 4H-SiC at room temperature without the heating, chemicals or photoillumination. It is demonstrated that the increased tip loading force (∼>100 nN) on the highly doped SiC can produce a high enough electric field (∼8×106 V/cm) under the cathode tip for transporting oxyanions, thereby leading to direct oxide growth on 4H-SiC. The doping concentration and electric field profile of the tip-SiC sample structures were further examined by two-dimensional numerical simulations.
Quantum hydrodynamics of electron gases
Authors: Slavchov Radomir , Tsekov Roumen
Published: February 2010

Electron gases in metals are described as quantum charged Newtonian viscous fluids experiencing Ohmic Darcy friction on the solid lattice ions as well. The dispersion relation of the electron acoustic waves is derived, which shows the existence of new quantum diffusion processes. The electric double layer near a metal surface is studied, which exhibits a new quantum oscillatory-decaying behavior different from the Friedel oscillations.
Identifying and correcting non-Markov states in peptide conformational dynamics
Authors: Nerukh Dmitry , Jensen Christian H. , Glen Robert C.
Published: February 2010

Conformational transitions in proteins define their biological activity and can be investigated in detail using the Markov state model. The fundamental assumption on the transitions between the states, their Markov property, is critical in this framework. We test this assumption by analyzing the transitions obtained directly from the dynamics of a molecular dynamics simulated peptide valine-proline-alanine-leucine and states defined phenomenologically using clustering in dihedral space. We find that the transitions are Markovian at the time scale of ≈50 ps and longer. However, at the time scale of 30–40 ps the dynamics loses its Markov property. Our methodology reveals the mechanism that leads to non-Markov behavior. It also provides a way of regrouping the conformations into new states that now possess the required Markov property of their dynamics.
Thermodynamic pressures for hard spheres and closed-virial equation-of-state
Authors: Bannerman Marcus N. , Lue Leo , Woodcock Leslie V.
Published: February 2010

Hard-sphere molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results, with six-figure accuracy in the thermodynamic equilibrium pressure, are reported and used to test a closed-virial equation-of-state. This latest equation, with no adjustable parameters except known virial coefficients, is comparable in accuracy both to Padé approximants, and to numerical parameterizations of MD data. There is no evidence of nonconvergence at stable fluid densities. The virial pressure begins to deviate significantly from the thermodynamic fluid pressure at or near the freezing density, suggesting that the passage from stable fluid to metastable fluid is associated with a higher-order phase transition; an observation consistent with some previous experimental results. Revised parameters for the crystal equation-of-state [R. J. Speedy, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 10, 4387 (1998)] are also reported.
Statistics of tethered self-avoiding chains under spherical confinement and an external force
Authors: Laachi Nabil , Dorfman Kevin D.
Published: February 2010

We compute the partition function of self-avoiding chains tethered inside a confining sphere using Monte Carlo simulations on a three-dimensional lattice. Two cases are considered: (i) single-tethered chains with one end anchored and one end free and (ii) double-tethered chains where both ends are tethered at a distance equal to the diameter of the sphere. The self-avoidance, confinement, and tethering constraints dramatically decrease the number of allowed configurations when compared with an unconstrained random coil, thereby affecting the sampling method used in the Monte Carlo procedure. The effect of an external applied force and the bias it introduces in the partition function are also investigated. Our method involves a decomposition of the partition function into the product of several terms that can be evaluated independently. For short chains, we demonstrate the validity of our approach through a direct evaluation of the partition function using an exact enumeration of the appropriate paths on the lattice. In the case of long chains, scaling laws for the behavior of the partition function are identified.
Flatband voltage control in p-metal gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor by insertion of TiO2 layer
Authors: Maeng W. J. , Kim Woo-Hee , Koo Ja Hoon , Lim S. J. , Lee Chang-Soo , Lee Taeyoon , Kim Hyungjun
Published: February 2010

Titanium oxide (TiO2) layer was used to control the flatband voltage (VFB) of p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors. TiO2 was deposited by plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PE-ALD) on hafnium oxide (HfO2) gate dielectrics. Comparative studies between TiO2 and Al2O3 as capping layer have shown that improved device properties with lower capacitance equivalent thickness (CET), interface state density (Dit), and flatband voltage (VFB) shift were achieved by PE-ALD TiO2 capping layer.
Communications: Adsorption of element 112 on the gold surface: Many-body wave function versus density functional theory
Authors: Zaitsevskii Andréi , van Wüllen Christoph , Titov Anatoly V.
Published: February 2010

The applicability of the relativistic density functional theory (RDFT) with conventional generalized gradient and hybrid exchange-correlation functionals to the description of the interactions of element 112 (Cn) and its lighter homolog Hg with a gold surface is assessed. The comparison of Cn–Au (Hg–Au) bond properties for two simple models of adsorption complexes on Au(111) surface obtained by RDFT and accurate many-body calculations indicates a strong underestimation of binding energies by conventional RDFT schemes. This effect provides a possible explanation of the discrepancies between the RDFT-based theoretical and experimental data concerning the thermochromatographic registration of the α-decay chain element 114→Cn.
Impact of shark-feeding tourism on surrounding fish populations off Moorea Island (French Polynesia)
Authors: Vignon Matthias , Sasal Pierre , Johnson Ryan L. , Galzin René
Published: February 2010

Shark feeding is widespread throughout tropical, subtropical and temperate marine ecosystems and gives rise to controversy because there is little consensus regarding its management. There are few comprehensive reports that consider how shark feeding with bait might impact local fishes, despite the development of this practice during the last few decades. Although shark feeding might theoretically have parasitological effects on local non-target fish species in the vicinity of feeding areas, this aspect has never been investigated. During an extensive parasitological survey conducted between 2005 and 2007, a total of 1117 fish belonging to six common grouper and snapper species were sampled throughout the entire north coast of Moorea Island (French Polynesia), encompassing three localities where feeding has occurred frequently since the 1990s. Parasites exhibited no spatial patterns except for the infections on the blacktip grouper (Epinephelus fasciatus). On this species, the prevalence of larval cestodes that parasitise sharks as adults and the intensity of their infestation were significantly higher around shark-feeding localities compared with non-shark-feeding localities. Our results suggest for the first time that although long-term shark feeding has parasitological implications, the impacts appear limited, only involve cestode larvae from one host species and do not seem to affect the health of the fish we studied.
Topographic organization of macaque area LIP
Authors: Patel Gaurav H. , Shulman Gordon L. , Baker Justin T. , Akbudak Erbil , Snyder Abraham Z. , Snyder Lawrence H. , Corbetta Maurizio
Published: February 2010

Despite several attempts to define retinotopic maps in the macaque lateral intraparietal area (LIP) using histological, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging methods, the degree to which this area is topographically organized remains controversial. We recorded blood oxygenation level–dependent signals with functional MRI from two macaques performing a difficult visual search task on stimuli presented at the fovea or in the periphery of the visual field. The results revealed the presence of a single topographic representation of the contralateral hemifield in the ventral subdivision of the LIP (LIPv) in both hemispheres of both monkeys. Also, a foveal representation was localized in rostral LIPv rather than in dorsal LIP (LIPd) as previous experiments had suggested. Finally, both LIPd and LIPv responded only to contralateral stimuli. In contrast, human studies have reported multiple topographic maps in intraparietal cortex and robust responses to ipsilateral stimuli. These blood oxygenation level–dependent functional MRI results provide clear evidence for the topographic organization of macaque LIP that complements the results of previous electrophysiology studies, and also reveal some unexpected characteristics of this organization that have eluded these previous studies. The results also delineate organizational differences between LIPv and LIPd, providing support for these two histologically defined areas may subserve different visuospatial functions. Finally, these findings point to potential evolutionary differences in functional organization with human posterior parietal cortex.
Positive allosteric modulators of the human sweet taste receptor enhance sweet taste
Authors: Servant Guy , Tachdjian Catherine , Tang Xiao-Qing , Werner Sara , Zhang Feng , Li Xiaodong , Kamdar Poonit , Petrovic Goran , Ditschun Tanya , Java Antoniette , Brust Paul , Brune Nicole , DuBois Grant E. , Zoller Mark , Karanewsky Donald S.
Published: February 2010

To identify molecules that could enhance sweetness perception, we undertook the screening of a compound library using a cell-based assay for the human sweet taste receptor and a panel of selected sweeteners. In one of these screens we found a hit, SE-1, which significantly enhanced the activity of sucralose in the assay. At 50 μM, SE-1 increased the sucralose potency by >20-fold. On the other hand, SE-1 exhibited little or no agonist activity on its own. SE-1 effects were strikingly selective for sucralose. Other popular sweeteners such as aspartame, cyclamate, and saccharin were not enhanced by SE-1 whereas sucrose and neotame potency were increased only by 1.3- to 2.5-fold at 50 μM. Further assay-guided chemical optimization of the initial hit SE-1 led to the discovery of SE-2 and SE-3, selective enhancers of sucralose and sucrose, respectively. SE-2 (50 μM) and SE-3 (200 μM) increased sucralose and sucrose potencies in the assay by 24- and 4.7-fold, respectively. In human taste tests, 100 μM of SE-1 and SE-2 allowed for a reduction of 50% to >80% in the concentration of sucralose, respectively, while maintaining the sweetness intensity, and 100 μM SE-3 allowed for a reduction of 33% in the concentration of sucrose while maintaining the sweetness intensity. These enhancers did not exhibit any sweetness when tasted on their own. Positive allosteric modulators of the human sweet taste receptor could help reduce the caloric content in food and beverages while maintaining the desired taste.
100 MeV Ag ions irradiation effects on the optical properties of Ag0.10(Ge0.20Se0.80)0.90 thin films
Authors: Kumar Akshay , Tripathi S K , Kulriya P K , Tripathi A , Singh F , Avasthi D K
Published: February 2010

This paper reports the effect of 100 MeV Ag swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation with fluences ranging from 1 × 1011 to 1 × 1013 ions cm−2 on the optical properties of Ag0.10(Ge0.20Se0.80)0.90 thin films. It has been observed that the SHI irradiation changes the refractive index (n) and the oscillator strength (E
d). The data on the dispersion of the refractive index, n(λ), have been determined using the single-effective-oscillator model. We observed an increase in E
d and refractive index (n) at lower ion fluence (1 × 1011 ions cm−2), followed by the reversal in the trend at higher fluences. The optical gap
has been determined by Tauc's plot. The values of
decrease with ion fluence. Results have been explained in terms of the structural changes in thin films.
Integrable maps with non-trivial topology: application to divertor configurations
Authors: Kroetz T. , Roberto M. , Caldas I.L. , Viana R.L. , Morrison P.J. , Abbamonte P.
Published: February 2010

We explore a method for constructing two-dimensional area-preserving, integrable maps associated with Hamiltonian systems, with a given set of fixed points and given invariant curves. The method is used to find an integrable Poincaré map for the field lines in a large aspect ratio tokamak with a poloidal single-null divertor. The divertor field is a superposition of a magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium with an arbitrarily chosen safety factor profile, with a wire carrying an electric current to create an X-point. This integrable map is perturbed by an impulsive perturbation that describes non-axisymmetric magnetic resonances at the plasma edge. The non-integrable perturbed map is applied to study the structure of the open field lines in the scrape-off layer, reproducing the main transport features obtained by integrating numerically the magnetic field line equations, such as the connection lengths and magnetic footprints on the divertor plate.
Three-dimensional edge transport simulations for DIII-D plasmas with resonant magnetic perturbations
Authors: Frerichs H. , Reiter D. , Schmitz O. , Evans T.E. , Feng Y.
Published: February 2010

The impact of resonant magnetic perturbations on plasma edge transport at DIII-D is investigated with the EMC3-EIRENE code. The code includes a self-consistent fluid treatment of particle, parallel momentum and energy transport for the plasma as well as recycling and kinetic neutral particle transport. It is shown that the magnetic field structure is reflected in the plasma structure as well, both in the patterns of particle and heat loads on the divertor target and in a 3D spatial modulation of plasma parameter in the X-point region and near the midplane on the high field side. In particular, a very strong, toroidally and poloidally localized increase in electron density and temperature outside the separatrix is found. The presented findings of target loads are consistent with earlier 3D heat transport modelling results at DIII-D, but not with heat flux measurements, while reasonable agreement is found for the particle flux. The poloidal modulations introduced by short magnetic flux tubes are consistent with observations and 3D modelling results at TEXTOR and we demonstrate that even for this rather simple flux tube geometry it is necessary to include the full 3D plasma and neutral transport.
Influence of different DED base mode configurations on the radial electric field at the plasma edge of TEXTOR
Authors: Wingen A. , Spatschek K.H.
Published: February 2010

The influences of resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) on the poloidal rotation at the edge of a tokamak are investigated. Specific results are displayed for the tokamak TEXTOR with the dynamic ergodic divertor (DED). The latter can be operated in three different base mode configurations, namely 12/4, 6/2 and 3/1. The base mode configurations distinguish themselves by resonating with different island chains and having distinctly different penetration depths. Calculations predict a strong influence of the DED base mode configurations on the strength of the poloidal plasma rotation. The interpretation of the results emanates from the electron and ion drift motions in partially stochastic magnetic fields. Generally, RMPs cause incomplete magnetic chaos; the latter influences the drift motion of electrons and ions differently. By virtue of the formed ambipolar electric field, the poloidal plasma rotation is directly connected via the radial force balance. With increasing current in the DED perturbation coils the electron and ion last closed drift surfaces as well as internal drift surfaces break up differently for each species. These break-ups, as well as the changes in the poloidal rotation in dependence on the electron and ion temperatures, are investigated in detail.
High-efficiency four-wave mixing in a five-level atomic system based on two-electromagnetically induced transparency in the ultraslow propagation regime
Authors: Wang Zhi-Ping , Zhang Shuang-Xi
Published: February 2010

We have analyzed a five-level Λ-configuration four-wave mixing (FWM) scheme for obtaining high-efficiency FWM based on the two-electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in the ultraslow propagation regime. We find that the maximum FWM efficiency is nearly 30%, which is orders of magnitude larger than previous schemes based on the two-EIT. Our scheme allows the possibility for new technological applications such as nonlinear spectroscopy at very low light intensity, quantum single-photon nonlinear optics and quantum information science.
12 Dante:Paradiso
Authors: Casey John
Published: February 2010

Must any account of heaven be insipid? Dante's contemplative heaven, focused on the vision of God, though abstract and allegorical, is a poem of ascent that always has reference to human experience. Dante's evocation of states of bliss, often expressed through images of light, is explored, as is his attempt, in poetry, to put forth Aquinas's account of the risen soul needing to be completed by the resurrected body. A discussion follows of T. S. Eliot's description of Paradiso as following “the logic of “sensibility.” The poem is a synthesis of Christian ascetic tradition with the Aristotelian philosophy of mind, of emotion with intellect, of love with will.
The Four Strategic Decisions in Transparency
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Chapter 5 takes an in-depth look at how transparency will affect the four essential strategic questions that all corporate leaders and investors need to address to maximizing returns: what to own, or where to focus ownership; what business model is best; how to beat new competitive threats—and what these will be like; and what marketplace strategy best utilizes the new dynamics in mass markets.
Managing the Power Nodes
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

This chapter provides the definition and detailed description for each of the 12 Power Nodes, with real-world examples based on the author's experience or the experience of other successful companies. Chapter 13 also discusses how investors or companies can find, acquire or create these power nodes
The Four Rules Templates and How to Use Them
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

Chapter 14 introduces the The Four Rules for Maximizing Profits in Transparency Method and presents a series of step-by-step templates for evaluation and action plans that should be implemented by any business leader or investor who is seriously interested in extraordinary returns. Chapter 15 through 18 contain the operating instructions for implementation of the Four Rules and for using power nodes. These guidelines are illustrated with many specific examples that successful companies have used, as well as with lessons from avoidable mistakes.
The Four Rules Method
Authors: de Kuijper Mia
Published: February 2010

How will transparency and a new understanding of profit power affect the investor's pursuit of maximum realized returns? Transparency will define a new set of valuation challenges as well as open an immense new set of investment opportunities for investors. The declining cost of information and its two inevitable consequences have enormous implications for investors, and many of the changes will be truly exciting. Our Four Rules for Maximizing Profits Method allows business leaders to conduct evaluations and create action plans that will yield significant increases in value. This same method supplies investors with a fresh approach to value investing in transparency. Investors who study the Four Rules templates will have all the grounding necessary to analyze which companies have the greatest inherent value in transparency. In this chapter, we will provide specific templates to help investors evaluate what returns they may realize. The Four Rules and the templates are of use primarily to those investors who are commonly referred to as value investors or fundamental investors, and to investors who are considering taking equity or equity-linked investments in companies. Hence, this book adds new perspectives to update the Intelligent Investor by Benjamin Graham for the age of transparency.
1 Introduction: Still More Questions than Answers
Authors: Jagust William , D’Esposito Mark
Published: February 2010

Brain imaging has become widely applied to the study of aging because of substantial advances in technology and the diffusion of this technology throughout the world of human neuroscience. These advances together with better clinical characterization and more sophisticated molecular approaches now permit us to better understand relationships between brain aging and brain disease. In this setting, the concept of “normal aging” may become better defined by our ability to clearly characterize chemistry, anatomy, and physiology of the aging brain using multimodal approaches. Future directions for this cognitive neuroscience of aging will be the detection of presymptomatic forms of age-related disease, understanding how different diseases interact in normal older people, and the definition of age-related processes that are independent of disease and that affect specific cognitive, anatomic, and neurochemical systems.
5 Dopaminergic Modulation of Cognition in Human Aging
Authors: Li Shu-Chen , Lindenberger Ulman , Nyberg Lars , Heekeren Hauke R. , Bäckman Lars
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews evidence from recent studies applying a wide range of imaging methods and computational approaches to investigate age-related neurochemical changes that affect neuronal signal transduction. Specifically, we focus on age-related impairments in the dopamine (DA) systems and their relations to cognitive deficits in late life. Other neurotransmitter systems—most notably acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and glutamate—also undergo alterations during the adult life course. Thus far, however, the DA systems have attracted most attention and there is mounting evidence that DA is a key neurotransmitter in the context of cognitive aging. Molecular imaging methods for assessing age-related decline in pre- and post-synaptic markers of the dopaminergic systems as well as more recent genomic imaging, multimodal imaging, and computational neuroscience approaches to investigate how dopaminergic modulation affects cognitive aging are particularly highlighted.
10 Imaging Cognitive Decline in Aging: Predicting Decline with Structural Imaging
Authors: Kaye Jeffrey
Published: February 2010

The focus of this chapter is predicting cognitive decline or dementia in normal older people using structural imaging. Key questions addressed include the following: What are the major methods, both clinical and imaging, that may help us to predict decline? What underlying pathologies do structural changes preceding decline suggest are developing in the brain? What is the evidence from structural studies that anatomical changes are present before behavioral ones or precede the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia? Does imaging provide information about the pace of future decline? What are the limitations of these studies? Finally, what are the implications of structural imaging outcomes for application to the conduct of treatment studies and future research?
13 Functional Imaging with FDG-PET in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Herholz Karl
Published: February 2010

Assessment of regional cerebral glucose metabolism by FDG-PET at the resting state is a standard functional technique to assess cerebral function. An increasing body of evidence indicates that substantial impairment of FDG uptake in temporo-parietal association cortices is a reliable predictor of rapid progression to dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The definition of affected and reference regions, the methods for quantitative analysis, and other methodological issues that are relevant for use of the method in clinical studies are being addressed. Effects of aging, the selection of normal controls, and interaction with age and genetic risk factors are important factors that also need to be considered in designing and interpreting studies.
21 Databasing the Aging Brain
Authors: Darrell John , Horn Van , Toga Arthur W.
Published: February 2010

Large-scale archives of primary neuroimaging data of older populations are an essential element for contemporary research into normal and disease processes associated with aging. In this chapter, we describe the role of digital atlases of the human brain in aging research and how these resources are created, point to several such formal atlases that may be used for neuroimage data processing, as well as discuss why atlases require periodic revision. We also discuss neuroimaging data repositories related specifically to aging and to age-related disease, the role of databases in making inferences concerning functional activation, and their potential for data mining, meta-analysis, and model construction.
5 Restorative Justice, Gendered Violence, and Indigenous Women
Authors: Stubbs Julie
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews debates about the use of Restorative Justice (RJ) for gendered violence, such as domestic violence or family violence. It identifies theoretical and empirical limitations to the capacity of generic models of RJ to promote victim interests for offences related to violence against women. Part 2 considers gendered violence in Indigenous communities and notes that research and commentary often fails to recognize Indigenous women’s needs and interests. It concludes that the best way forward is to move beyond oppositional contrasts between RJ and criminal justice to develop hybrid models that adopt anti-subordination as a principle, supported by the requisite resources to protect that end, in working towards safe and just outcomes.