bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of gene therapy vs. corticotomy surgery in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Iglesias‐Linares A , Moreno‐Fernandez AM , Yañez‐Vico R , Mendoza‐Mendoza A , Gonzalez‐Moles M , Solano‐Reina E
Published: July 2011

To cite this article:
 Iglesias‐Linares A, Moreno‐Fernandez AM, Yañez‐Vico R, Mendoza‐Mendoza A, Gonzalez‐Moles M, Solano‐Reina E: The use of gene therapy vs. corticotomy surgery in accelerating orthodontic tooth movement Orthod Craniofac Res 2011;14:138–148

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Iglesias‐Linares A, Moreno‐Fernandez AM, Yañez‐Vico R, Mendoza‐Mendoza A, Gonzalez‐Moles M, Solano‐Reina E

Objective –  Alveolar corticotomy surgery is an adjunctive therapy for reducing orthodontic treatment duration. The activation pathways of bone resorption involved in the tooth movement (TM) process are directly linked to the receptor activator of the nuclear factor‐kB ligand (RANKL). Whether similar molecular pathways through RANKL, are shared by the acceleratory TM process (corticotomy‐induced or not), sustained acceleration would therefore be expected with transgenic overexpression of this factor. We hypothesize that maintaining transgenic overexpression of RANKL will accelerate TM under force over time rather than at the beginning of therapy only; this contrasts with the corticotomy procedure.

Material and Methods –  We transfected the pcDNA3.1(+)‐mRANKL transgene in vitro into NIH3T3 cells, then evaluated by PCR, Western blot and ex vivo resorption assay. Quantification of RANKL immunofluorescence, fluorescence‐based tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase+ (TRAP+) osteoclast counts and histological analyses of the bone resorption area were performed and clinically correlated after a 32‐day in vivo experiment comparing corticotomy and gene therapy.

Results –  In vitro experiments resulted in increased level of RANKL protein (46%, p < 0.05) and greater mineral resorption (39%, p < 0.05) compared to the controls. In vivo results showed increased RANKL immunoexpression for both corticotomy (twofold) and transfection groups (threefold) after 10 days. After 32 days, a similar result was obtained for the transfected group but not for the surgery group. These data correlate with the clinical effect of decelerating TM in the surgery group.

Conclusions –  Selective gene therapy with RANKL has been experimentally tested as an alternative method to corticotomy surgery, showing higher effectiveness than surgical methods used for acceleratory purposes in orthodontics.
Polymorphism of insulin‐like growth factor 1 gene is associated with breast muscle yields in chickens
Authors: SATO Shinichi , OHTAKE Tsuyoshi , UEMOTO Yoshinobu , OKUMURA Yumi , KOBAYASHI Eiji
Published: July 2011

Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF1) plays an important role in muscle development in chickens. In this study, an F2 chicken population of 362 individuals, obtained from an intercross between high breast muscle yield line males and low breast muscle yield (LB) line females, was constructed for investigating the associations between IGF1 gene and breast muscle yields. The IGF1 sequence was investigated in the grandparents. There were no differences in the exon sequences. However, sequence analysis of the IGF1 promoter revealed a known single nucleotide polymorphism (g.570C > A) in LB line grandparents. PCR – restriction fragment length polymorphism was used for screening the F2 population, which was evaluated for body weight (BW), carcass weight (CW), breast muscle weight (BMW), and breast fillet weight (BFW). Significant associations with the polymorphism were detected for BMW, BFW, BMW% and BFW%, although there were no associations between the polymorphism and BW or CW. The allelic effect on BMW, BFW, BMW% and BFW% acted in additive and dominance modes. We confirmed that the g.570C > A polymorphism is significantly associated with breast muscle yields in the F2 population. Therefore, this polymorphism in the IGF1 gene may help improve breast muscle yields by marker‐assisted selection.
Estimating the instantaneous velocity of randomly moving target swarms in a stratified ocean waveguide by Doppler analysis
Authors: Bertsatos Ioannis , Makris Nicholas C.
Published: July 2011

Doppler analysis has been extensively used in active radar and sonar sensing to estimate the speed and direction of a single target within an imaging system resolution cell following deterministic theory. For target swarms, such as fish and plankton in the ocean, and raindrops, birds and bats in the atmosphere, multiple randomly moving targets typically occupy a single resolution cell, making single-target theory inadequate. Here, a method is developed for simultaneously estimating the instantaneous mean velocity and position of a group of randomly moving targets within a resolution cell, as well as the respective standard deviations across the group by Doppler analysis in free-space and in a stratified ocean waveguide. While the variance of the field scattered from the swarm is shown to typically dominate over the mean in the range-velocity ambiguity function, cross-spectral coherence remains and maintains high Doppler velocity and position resolution even for coherent signal processing algorithms such as the matched filter. For pseudo-random signals, the mean and variance of the swarms’ velocity and position can be expressed in terms of the first two moments of the measured range-velocity ambiguity function. This is shown analytically for free-space and with Monte-Carlo simulations for an ocean waveguide.
Effects of spectral smearing and temporal fine-structure distortion on the fluctuating-masker benefit for speech at a fixed signal-to-noise ratio
Authors: Bernstein Joshua G. W. , Brungart Douglas S.
Published: July 2011

Normal-hearing listeners receive less benefit from momentary dips in the level of a fluctuating masker for speech processed to degrade spectral detail or temporal fine structure (TFS) than for unprocessed speech. This has been interpreted as evidence that the magnitude of the fluctuating-masker benefit (FMB) reflects the ability to resolve spectral detail and TFS. However, the FMB for degraded speech is typically measured at a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to yield performance similar to normal speech for the baseline (stationary-noise) condition. Because the FMB decreases with increasing SNR, this SNR difference might account for the reduction in FMB for degraded speech. In this study, the FMB for unprocessed and processed (TFS-removed or spectrally smeared) speech was measured in a paradigm that adjusts word-set size, rather than SNR, to equate stationary-noise performance across processing conditions. Compared at the same SNR and percent-correct level (but with different set sizes), processed and unprocessed stimuli yielded a similar FMB for four different fluctuating maskers (speech-modulated noise, one opposite-gender interfering talker, two same-gender interfering talkers, and 16-Hz interrupted noise). These results suggest that, for these maskers, spectral or TFS distortions do not directly impair the ability to benefit from momentary dips in masker level.
Temporal integration of loudness measured using categorical loudness scaling and matching procedures
Authors: Valente Daniel L. , Joshi Suyash N. , Jesteadt Walt
Published: July 2011

Temporal integration of loudness of 1 kHz tones with 5 and 200 ms durations was assessed in four subjects using two loudness measurement procedures: categorical loudness scaling (CLS) and loudness matching. CLS provides a reliable and efficient procedure for collecting data on the temporal integration of loudness and previously reported nonmonotonic behavior observed at mid-sound pressure level levels is replicated with this procedure. Stimuli that are assigned to the same category are effectively matched in loudness, allowing the measurement of temporal integration with CLS without curve-fitting, interpolation, or assumptions concerning the form of the loudness growth function.
JET AND HIGH PT MEASUREMENTS WITH THE ALICE EXPERIMENT
Authors:   FOR THE ALICE COLLABORATION, KLEIN-BÖSING CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2011

Since the beginning of 2010 the LHC provides p + p collisions at the highest center of mass energies to date, allowing to study high p T particle production and jet properties in a new energy regime. For a clear interpretation and the quantification of the medium influence in heavy-ion collisions on high p T observables a detailed understanding of these elementary reactions is essential. We present first results on the observation of jet-like properties with the ALICE experiment and discuss the performance of jet reconstruction in the first year of data taking.
PARTICLE IDENTIFICATION BY IONIZATION ENERGY LOSS IN THE CMS SILICON STRIP TRACKER
Authors:   FOR THE CMS COLLABORATION, GIAMMANCO ANDREA
Published: July 2011

The large sensitive volume of the Silicon Strip Tracker of CMS detector allows, for a typical track, up to 20 samplings of the specific energy loss by ionization, providing a powerful tool for particle identification at low βγ values. We report on the application to hadron identification in the first pp collisions recorded by the CMS detector at [Formula: see text] and 7 TeV and on applications to other CMS analyses, including the search for highly-ionizing exotic particles.
Glioblastoma-derived Leptin Induces Tube Formation and Growth of Endothelial Cells: Comparison with VEGF Effects
Authors: Ferla Rita , Bonomi Maria , Otvos Laszlo , Surmacz Eva
Published: July 2011

Background

Leptin is a pleiotropic hormone whose mitogenic and angiogenic activity has been implicated in the development and progression of several malignancies, including brain tumors. In human brain cancer, especially in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), leptin and its receptor (ObR) are overexpressed relative to normal tissue. Until present, the potential of intratumoral leptin to exert proangiogenic effects on endothelial cells has not been addressed. Using in vitro models, we investigated if GBM can express leptin, if leptin can affect angiogenic and mitogenic potential of endothelial cells, and if its action can be inhibited with specific ObR antagonists. Leptin effects were compared with that induced by the best-characterized angiogenic regulator, VEGF.

Results

We found that GBM cell lines LN18 and LN229 express leptin mRNA and LN18 cells secrete detectable amounts of leptin protein. Both lines also expressed and secreted VEGF. The conditioned medium (CM) of LN18 and LN 229 cultures as well as 200 ng/mL pure leptin or 50 ng/mL pure VEGF stimulated proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) at 24 h of treatment. Mitogenic effects of CM were ~2-fold greater than that of pure growth factors. Furthermore, CM treatment of HUVEC for 24 h increased tube formation by ~5.5-fold, while leptin increased tube formation by ~ 80% and VEGF by ~60% at 8 h. The mitogenic and angiogenic effects of both CM were blocked by Aca 1, a peptide ObR antagonist, and by SU1498, which inhibits the VEGF receptor. The best anti-angiogenic and cytostatic effects of Aca1 were obtained with 10 nM and 25 nM, respectively, while for SU1498, the best growth and angiogenic inhibition was observed at 5 μM. The combination of 5 μM SU1498 and Aca1 at 25 nM (growth inhibition) or at 10 nM (reduction of tube formation) produced superior effects compared with single agent treatments.

Conclusions

Our data provide the first evidence that LN18 and LN 229 human GBM cells express leptin mRNA and might produce biologically active leptin, which can stimulate tube formation and enhance proliferation of endothelial cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that a peptide ObR antagonist inhibits proangiogenic and growth effects of leptin on endothelial cells, and that the pharmacological potential of this compound might be combined with drugs targeting the VEGF pathway.
La fiscalité des ensembles de budget : quelques propositions
Authors: Bensaïd Jean , Fleurbaey Marc
Published: July 2011

Einige Vorschläge zur Besteuerung von Budgetglobalisierungen,

von Jean Bensaïd, Marc Fleurbaey.

In diesem Artikel soil aufgezeigt werden, daß ein Ansatz auf der Grundlage einer Budgetglobalisierung zu einer Steuerpolitik führen kann, die ehrgeizige Umverteilungsziele ohne Preisgabe der wirtschaftlichen Leistungsfähigkeit verfolgt. Aus einer solchen Analyse ergeben sich folgende Grundsätze:

- das Verfahren, das sich für die Besteuerung der Arbeitseinkünfte am besten eignet, ist die Besteuerung des Stundenlohnsatzes;

- Vermögens- und Arbeitseinküinfte sind getrennt zu besteuern;

- die Größe eines Haushalts muß bei der Besteuerung unabhängig von der Steuerprogression berücksichtigt werden; bei der Besteuerung von Ehepaaren ist zu unterscheiden zwischen Arbeitseinkünften und sonstigen Einkommen, wobei jedem Enepartner mindestens die Hälfte einer jeden Komponente des Gesamteinkommens zuzuweisen ist.
Une revue de la littérature sur les échelles d'équivalence
Authors: Lechene Valérie
Published: July 2011

Une revue de la littérature sur les échelles d'équivalence,

par Valérie Lechene.

La modélisation de l'effet des enfants sur les comportements économiques a donné lieu à une littérature abondante et controversée. Ceci provient d'une part de ce que la mesure du coût de l'enfant s'avère nécessaire pour répondre à de nombreuses questions économiques, et d'autre part, de ce que subsistent des ambiguïtés quant au champ d'application des modèles existant à l'heure actuelle. L'intégration des caractéristiques socio-démographiques à l'outil micro-économique conduit à la construction d'échelles d'équivalence, conçues comme des indices du coût des caractéristiques, et utilisées en analyse de la demande et pour la mesure du bien-être. Je présenterai le problème fondamental d'identification des échelles à partir de données de demande, et j'indiquerai ce que mesurent réellement les échelles d'équivalence. Enfin, je présenterai les modèles d'Engel, de Rothbarth, de Barten et de Prais et Houthakker, qui sont les principaux modèles utilisés.
Évolution du coût de l'enfant avec le budget des ménages : quelques résultats
Authors: Wittwer Jérôme
Published: July 2011

Évolution du coût de l'enfant avec le budget des ménages : quelques résultats,

par Jérôme Wittwer.

Le coût de l'enfant, tel qu'il est perçu par les échelles d'équivalence traditionnellement estimées, est supposé ne pas dépendre du niveau de vie des ménages (si ce n'est par l'influence de la structure du budget de consommation). Cette hypothèse ne découlant ni d'une exigence théorique ni d'une évidence factuelle, nous proposons dans cet article de la lever en estimant des coefficients d'échelle fonctions du budget des ménages. Ces estimations seront menées sur trois systèmes de demande répondant soit à l'approche de Barten soit à l'approche de Prais-Houthakker. Les résultats obtenus nous permettront de réfléchir sur la pertinence de la méthode d'estimation du coût de 1 enfant au coût réel.
Les stations routières dans la cité de Vienne : l'exemple d'Etanna et de Labisco
Authors: Bertrandy François
Published: July 2011

Évoquées par les itinéraires antiques, les stations d'Etanna et de Labisco n'ont jamais été identifiées avec certitude sur le terrain. À l'appui des sources archéologiques, épigraphiques et de la toponymie, on a l'occasion ici de mettre à plat toutes les données du dossier et de faire, pour le site d'Etanna, des propositions plausibles de localisation sur le territoire de la commune de Yenne, aux hameaux de Landrecin ou d'Étain. En ce qui concerne Labisco, on penche pour une station installée aux confins des limites des communes des Échelles et de Saint-Pierre-de-Genebroz. Il est suggéré enfin de ne pas être prisonnier des itinéraires antiques et de tenir compte des cheminements secondaires dans un contexte de montagnes.
Combined effects of internal heat generation and buoyancy force on boundary layer flow over a vertical plate with a convective surface boundary condition
Authors: Makinde O. D. , Olanrewaju P. O.
Published: July 2011

This paper considers the effect of buoyancy force and internal heat generation on laminar thermal boundary layer over a vertical plate with a convective surface boundary condition. We assumed that left surface of the plate is in contact with a hot fluid while a stream of cold fluid flows steadily over the right surface with a heat source that decays exponentially. Using a similarity variable, the steady state governing non‐linear partial differential equations have been transformed into a set of coupled non‐linear ordinary differential equations, which are solved numerically by applying shooting iteration technique together with fourth order Runge–Kutta integration scheme. The effects of Prandtl number, local Biot number, the internal heat generation parameter and the local Grashof number on the velocity and temperature profiles are illustrated and interpreted in physical terms. A comparison with previously published results on special case of the problem shows excellent agreement. From our results, an overshoot of fluid velocity within the boundary layer is observed due to combined effect of buoyancy force and internal heat generation, in addition, internal heat generation causes thickening of thermal boundary layer. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Swiss roll ensemble homogenization by full‐wave simulations
Authors: Michiels Bart , Bogaert Ignace , Fostier Jan , Zutter Daniël De
Published: July 2011

This paper investigates a magnetic metamaterial, built from so‐called Swiss rolls, by means of full‐wave simulations.After determining the resonance frequencies of a single Swiss roll, the macroscopic material parameters of an ensemble of Swiss rolls are determined byS‐parameter retrieval, using a bianisotropic model, that does not assume reciprocity a priori. As a result, the macroscopic permeability, permittivity, and magnetoelectric coupling coefficients are obtained as a function of frequency. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2268–2274, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26257
Low‐loss W‐band CPW bandpass filter using annular CPW branch‐line coupler with open load stubs
Authors: Van Hoang Nguyen , Anh Tuan Hoang , Kim Jin‐Ho , Baek Yong‐Huyn , Lee Sang‐Jin , Han Min , Chae Yeon‐Sik , Kim Sam‐Dong , Rhee Jin‐Koo , Jung Joo‐Ho , Park Young‐Wook
Published: July 2011

A W‐band coplanar waveguide (CPW) low‐loss annular branch‐line bandpass filter for planar integrated millimeter‐wave circuits is presented. It is designed by using the annular branch‐line coupler as a transversal filtering section by loading the coupled ports of the coupler with suitable open load stubs and taking the isolated port as the output node. The proposed W‐band bandpass filter shows very good performance, insertion‐loss of 0.7 dB with a 14.9% of 3 dB relative bandwidth at center frequency of 94 GHz and return loss is better than −27 dB at the center frequency. The designed and fabricated bandpass filter exhibits the good performance for monolithic integrated millimeter‐wave circuit applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2400–2403, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26264
Efficient time‐domain back projection algorithm for penetration imaging radar
Authors: Jeong Pilwon , Han Seunghoon , Kim Kangwook
Published: July 2011

This work describes an implementation method of the delay‐sum back projection (DSBP) algorithm that can be used in penetration imaging radar. DSBP is one of the synthetic aperture radar imaging algorithms that reconstruct the target image based on the round‐trip time of the electromagnetic (EM) signal between the antenna and the target. The round‐trip time is influenced by the EM signal path length and the refractive index of the medium. In this work, the EM signal path length is determined using an interpolation method. This method precalculates the EM signal path lengths for a number of discretized incident angles. Then, EM signal path lengths for arbitrary points are calculated by interpolating the precalculated path lengths. The proposed method is applied to both the simulated and measured data and shown to produce accurate images. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed and compared with other conventional methods. The results imply that the proposed method is flexible, accurate, and reasonably fast. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2406–2411, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26277
Simple two‐stage pulse compression for a SOA‐based fiber ring
Authors: Lin Kuen‐Cherng , Lin Gong‐Ru , Lin Yu‐Chan
Published: July 2011

A semiconductor‐optical‐amplifier‐based fiber ring of two‐stage pulse compression, especially with exploitation of the LEAF fiber, is presented. A 10‐Gbps clock pulse recovery is induced by injecting optical NRZ data stream into a semiconductor‐optical‐amplifier‐based fiber ring. The recovered return‐to‐zero clock pulse is further compressed by means of both the dispersion‐compensation to 5.6 ps and the LEAF‐ based soliton compression to 540 fs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2330–2332, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26281
Bandwidth enhancement of microstrip antennas by staggering effect
Authors: Mandal K. , Sarkar S. , Sarkar P. P.
Published: July 2011

A structure of staggered tuned microstrip antenna is designed and fabricated. Theoretical and experimental investigations are done on the structure. Both the results show that due to staggering effect bandwidth of the antennas has been enhanced. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:2446–2447, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26299
Influence of Material and Interface Properties on the Overall Behaviour of Particle Reinforced Steel with Focus on the Phase Transformation Capabilities of the Individual Components
Authors: Mehlhorn L. , Prüger S. , Soltysiak S. , Mühlich U. , Kuna M.
Published: July 2011

The influence of the volume content and the interface properties of ZrO2 particles on the overall response of a TRIP steel‐ZrO2 composite is investigated. Materials with three different zirconia contents and two different interface types, perfectly bonded and non‐cohesive, respectively, were considered, which led to six composite variants. The calulations of the material responses were performed using representative volumes of the composites and the finite element analysis (FEA). Uniaxial loading as well as biaxial loading was applied to the representative volume elements in order to study the influence of different loading conditions on the phase transformation behaviour.

The results indicate that the enrichment of the TRIP steel with zirconia particles leads to a significant strengthening effect in both uniaxial and biaxial loading provided the interface has cohesive properties. Regarding the non‐cohesive interface, a performance improvement could not be found compared to the pure TRIP steel because of the impossibility of transferring tensile stresses into the zirconia inclusions.
Imperfection for realistic image synthesis
Authors: Becket Welton , Badler Norman I.
Published: July 2011

Creating objects with surface imperfections is accomplished through texture specification and generation techniques. Based on fractal subdivision techniques and relatively simple distribution models, a wide class of surface imperfections may be generated, combined and rendered. The surface effects include scratches, splotches, smudges, corrosion, mould, stains and rust. A rule‐based system is used to position the various surface imperfections on the texture map, and a simple natural language interface is used to specify the kinds of imperfections and their generative parameters through adverbs and prepositional phrases. Results along some of the imperfection dimensions are illustrated.
Preparation and Crystal Structure of the Clathrate‐I Cs8–xGe44+y□2–y
Authors: Veremchuk Igor , Wosylus Aron , Böhme Bodo , Baitinger Michael , Borrmann Horst , Prots Yurii , Burkhardt Ulrich , Schwarz Ulrich , Grin Yuri
Published: July 2011

The clathrate‐I phase Cs8–xGe44+y□2–y (space group Pm$\bar{3}$n) was prepared by high‐pressure high‐temperature reactions of Cs4Ge4 and α‐Ge. Different reaction conditions were found to have a strong influence on the lattice parameter of the clathrate‐I phase ranging from 10.8070(2) Å to 10.8493(3) Å. A single crystal with composition Cs8Ge44.40(2)□1.60(2) was obtained from a sample with a = 10.8238(2) Å (niobium ampoule, p = 3.4 GPa, Tmax = 1400 °C). Structure analysis based on X‐ray single crystal data shows unambiguously an excess of germanium atoms with respect to the electron balanced composition Cs8Ge44□2 on basis of the Zintl concept.
Promoting Polyarchy
Authors: Robinson William I.
Published: July 2011

Promoting Polyarchy is an exciting, detailed, and controversial work on the apparent change in US foreign policy from supporting dictatorships to an 'open' promotion of 'democratic' regimes. William I. Robinson argues that behind the façade of 'democracy promotion', the policy is designed more to retain the elite-based and undemocratic status quo of Third World countries than to encourage mass aspirations for democratization. He supports this challenging argument with a wealth of information garnered from field work and hitherto unpublished government documents, and assembled in case studies of the Philippines, Chile, Nicaragua, Haiti, South Africa, and the former Soviet Bloc. With its combination of theoretical and historical analysis, empirical argument, and bold claims, Promoting Polyarchy is an essential book for anyone concerned with democracy, globalization and international affairs.
More Heat than Light
Authors: Mirowski Philip
Published: July 2011

More Heat Than Light is a history of how physics has drawn some inspiration from economics and also how economics has sought to emulate physics, especially with regard to the theory of value. It traces the development of the energy concept in Western physics and its subsequent effect upon the invention and promulgation of neoclassical economics. Any discussion of the standing of economics as a science must include the historical symbiosis between the two disciplines. Starting with the philosopher Emile Meyerson's discussion of the relationship between notions of invariance and causality in the history of science, the book surveys the history of conservation principles in the Western discussion of motion. Recourse to the metaphors of the economy are frequent in physics, and the concepts of value, motion, and body reinforced each other throughout the development of both disciplines, especially with regard to practices of mathematical formalisation. However, in economics subsequent misuse of conservation principles led to serious blunders in the mathematical formalisation of economic theory. The book attempts to provide the reader with sufficient background in the history of physics in order to appreciate its theses. The discussion is technically detailed and complex, and familiarity with calculus is required.
Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660
Authors: Zagorin Perez
Published: July 2011

Rebels and Rulers, 1500–1660 is a comparative historical study of revolution in the greatest royal states of Western Europe during the sixteenth and the first half of the seventeenth centuries. Revolution as a general problem and the causes and character of revolution in early modern Europe have been among the most widely discussed and debated topics in history and the social sciences since the 1940s. Although the subject of social and political unrest and revolution in the early modern period has received much attention, and despite the existence of a very large literature devoted to particular revolutions of the time, no one has attempted the broad comparative synthesis that is given by Professor Zarogin in this study. Volume II deals first with provincial rebellions in the French, English, and Spanish monarchies. The remaining chapters are devoted to a synoptic account of the French civil war or wars of religion, the Netherlands rebellion, the English revolution, and the Fronde. Rebels and Rulers is a comprehensive discussion of early modern revolution that contains an examination of the most significant revolutions of Western Europe in the period before 1789. It offers fresh understanding of both well-known and neglected revolutionary events and is the first work to consider the many diverse revolutions of this seminal epoch in comparative historical perspective.
Functional Integrals and Collective Excitations
Authors: Popov Victor Nikolaevich
Published: July 2011

This book describes the theory and selected applications of one of the most important mathematical tools used in the theoretical investigation of collective excitations in statistical physics, such as occur in superfluidity, superconductivity, plasma dynamics, superradiation, and in phase transitions. The author, who is a distinguished physicist and leading researcher in this area, begins with an introduction to functional integral techniques in equilibrium statistical thermodynamics, and discusses the expression of partition functions and Green functions in terms of functional integrals. Subsequent sections deal with the application of functional integrals in superfluid Bose systems, systems with Coulomb interaction, and superfluid Fermi systems. The final section considers the application of the concept of Bose-condensation of auxiliary fields to the theory of crystals, heavy atoms and also to the theory of model Hamiltonians (BCS and Dicke models).
Underemployment Equilibria
Authors: Drèze Jacques
Published: July 2011

This 1991 book is a selection of Jacques Drèze's work over the last decade on the topics of lasting unemployment, stagflation and unused capacity. At the theoretical level, the author has contributed to the formulation and analysis of general equilibrium models which allow for price rigidities and excess supply and lend themselves to econometric implementation, thus represents an attempt to integrate micro- and macroeconomics, and to use theory for empirical and policy purposes.
History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
Authors: Gregorovius Ferdinand
Published: July 2011

Ferdinand Gregorovius (1821–1891) was a celebrated German medieval historian. After studying philosophy and theology at the University of Königsberg, Gregorovius moved to Rome in 1852, and became immersed in researching the medieval history of the city. First published in 1872, his monumental study of medieval Rome was the first modern account of the subject, and became the standard reference. This English translation of the fourth German edition appeared between 1894 and 1902. In his work Gregorovius discusses the political, social and cultural changes in the city from 400 to 1534, making extensive use of primary sources. Gregorovius also includes the Renaissance in his study, showing how medieval thought and events influenced political and cultural life and thought during the Renaissance. Volume 6, Part 2 covers the period 1355–1420 and discusses the influence of Petrarch and neo-classicism on Roman culture.
George Eliot
Authors: Stephen Leslie
Published: July 2011

This volume was originally published as part of the English Men of Letters series in 1902. This series aimed to bring a critical framework for reading and analysing novels to the large literate audience which had emerged as the result of mass education campaigns in the nineteenth century. Written by eminent scholars and combining biographical details with literary criticism, the English Men of Letters series was extremely successful and occupied a distinctive position in British literary education in the early twentieth century. Written by Victorian scholar and critic Sir Leslie Stephen (1832–1904) this volume examines the life and literary achievements of George Eliot (1819–1880), the first woman novelist to be included in the series. Arranged around Eliot's published novels, the biographical discussion of her life detailing her domestic life and literary criticism of her works reveals late Victorian ideals concerning fiction and a respectable life.
My Home in Tasmania
Authors: Meredith Louisa Anne
Published: July 2011

Louisa Anne Meredith's account of her life in Tasmania was published in 1852. She was an experienced traveller, and this work is remarkable for being the first detailed account by a woman of life in the colony. Its shrewd observations and descriptive personal narrative make it an engaging read, as well as providing a valuable historical record. A keen botanist and artist, Meredith describes the island's natural life in great detail in beautiful and evocative passages. In Volume 2 she provides more anecdotes of her life, including descriptions of the animals she encounters and journeys made within the island. She also covers more social issues, looking at religion and custom in the colony among the settlers and the natives, and closing the book with an examination of Tasmania's industry and trades. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=merelo
Jihad in the West
Authors: Egerton Frazer
Published: July 2011

Militant Salafism is one of the most significant movements in politics today. Unfortunately its significance has not been matched by understanding. To begin to address this knowledge deficit this book argues that, rather than the largely unhelpful pursuit of individual 'root causes' offered in much of the literature, we would be better served by looking at the factors that have enabled and facilitated a particular political imaginary. That political imaginary is one that allows individuals to conceive of themselves as integral members of a global battle waged between the forces of Islam and the West, something that lies at the heart of militant Salafism. Frazer Egerton shows how the ubiquity of modern media and the prevalence of movement have allowed for a transformation of existing beliefs into an ideology supportive of militant Salafism against the West amongst Western Muslims.
Lévy Processes and Stochastic Calculus
Authors: Applebaum David
Published: July 2011

Lévy processes form a wide and rich class of random process, and have many applications ranging from physics to finance. Stochastic calculus is the mathematics of systems interacting with random noise. Here, the author ties these two subjects together, beginning with an introduction to the general theory of Lévy processes, then leading on to develop the stochastic calculus for Lévy processes in a direct and accessible way. This fully revised edition now features a number of new topics. These include: regular variation and subexponential distributions; necessary and sufficient conditions for Lévy processes to have finite moments; characterisation of Lévy processes with finite variation; Kunita's estimates for moments of Lévy type stochastic integrals; new proofs of Ito representation and martingale representation theorems for general Lévy processes; multiple Wiener-Lévy integrals and chaos decomposition; an introduction to Malliavin calculus; an introduction to stability theory for Lévy-driven SDEs.
Turbulence in the Atmosphere
Authors: Wyngaard John C.
Published: July 2011

Based on his 40+ years of research and teaching, John Wyngaard's textbook is an excellent up-to-date introduction to turbulence in the atmosphere and in engineering flows for advanced students, and a reference work for researchers in the atmospheric sciences. Part I introduces the concepts and equations of turbulence. It includes a rigorous introduction to the principal types of numerical modeling of turbulent flows. Part II describes turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. Part III covers the foundations of the statistical representation of turbulence and includes illustrative examples of stochastic problems that can be solved analytically. The book treats atmospheric and engineering turbulence in a unified way, gives clear explanation of the fundamental concepts of modeling turbulence, and has an up-to-date treatment of turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer. Student exercises are included at the ends of chapters, and worked solutions are available online for use by course instructors.
Convexity
Authors: Simon Barry
Published: July 2011

Convexity is important in theoretical aspects of mathematics and also for economists and physicists. In this monograph the author provides a comprehensive insight into convex sets and functions including the infinite-dimensional case and emphasizing the analytic point of view. Chapter one introduces the reader to the basic definitions and ideas that play central roles throughout the book. The rest of the book is divided into four parts: convexity and topology on infinite-dimensional spaces; Loewner's theorem; extreme points of convex sets and related issues, including the Krein–Milman theorem and Choquet theory; and a discussion of convexity and inequalities. The connections between disparate topics are clearly explained, giving the reader a thorough understanding of how convexity is useful as an analytic tool. A final chapter overviews the subject's history and explores further some of the themes mentioned earlier. This is an excellent resource for anyone interested in this central topic.
Sovereign Defaults before International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Waibel Michael
Published: July 2011

International law on sovereign defaults is underdeveloped because States have largely refrained from adjudicating disputes arising out of public debt. The looming new wave of sovereign defaults is likely to shift dispute resolution away from national courts to international tribunals and transform the current regime for restructuring sovereign debt. Michael Waibel assesses how international tribunals balance creditor claims and sovereign capacity to pay across time. The history of adjudicating sovereign defaults internationally over the last 150 years offers a rich repository of experience for future cases: US state defaults, quasi-receiverships in the Dominican Republic and Ottoman Empire, the Venezuela Preferential Case, the Soviet repudiation in 1917, the League of Nations, the World War Foreign Debt Commission, Germany's 30-year restructuring after 1918 and ICSID arbitration on Argentina's default in 2001. The remarkable continuity in international practice and jurisprudence suggests avenues for building durable institutions capable of resolving future sovereign defaults.
Crimes against Humanity
Authors: Bassiouni M. Cherif
Published: July 2011

This book traces the evolution of crimes against humanity (CAH) and their application from the end of World War I to the present day, in terms of both historic legal analysis and subject-matter content. The first part of the book addresses general issues pertaining to the categorization of CAH in normative jurisprudential and doctrinal terms. This is followed by an analysis of the specific contents of CAH, describing its historic phases going through international criminal tribunals, mixed model tribunals and the International Criminal Court. The book examines the general parts and defenses of the crime, along with the history and jurisprudence of both international and national prosecutions. For the first time, a list of all countries that have enacted national legislation specifically directed at CAH is collected, along with all of the national prosecutions that have occurred under national legislation up to 2010.
Study of nonproportionality in the light yield of inorganic scintillators
Authors: Singh Jai
Published: July 2011

Using a phenomenological approach, the light yield is derived for inorganic scintillators as a function of the rates of linear, bimolecular, and Auger processes occurring in the electron track initiated by an x ray or a γ-ray photon. A relation between the track length and incident energy is also derived. It is found that the nonproportionality in the light yield can be eliminated if either nonlinear processes of interaction among the excited electrons, holes, and excitons can be eliminated from occurring or the high density situation can be relieved by diffusion of carriers from the track at a faster rate than the rate of activation of nonlinear processes. The influence of the track length and radius on the yield nonproportionality is discussed in view of the known experimental results. Inventing new inorganic scintillating materials with high carrier mobility can lead to a class of proportional inorganic scintillators. Results agree qualitatively with experimental results for the dependence of light yield on the incident energy.
Chemical Constituents, Dietary Fiber, and γ‐Oryzanol in Six Commercial Varieties of Brown Rice from Taiwan
Authors: Lu Ting‐Jang , Chen Hsiao‐Ni , Wang Huei‐Ju
Published: July 2011

In the interest of promoting the consumption of whole grains, the chemical constituents (moisture, protein, ash, and fat) and biofunctional components (dietary fiber and γ‐oryzanol) were determined in six varieties of brown rice (five japonica and one indica) that are preferred in the form of polished rice by consumers in Taiwan. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in the chemical compositions of the samples for all the measured parameters. The Koshihikari variety had the highest contents of protein and crude ash. Crop year showed significant effects on the moisture content and partly on the protein, ash, and fat contents. The total dietary fiber content of the tested rice ranged between 5.1 and 10.0%, with Kaohsiung 145 having the highest content (P < 0.05). In all varieties, the content of insoluble dietary fiber was greater than that of soluble dietary fiber. The content (mg/100 g) of γ‐oryzanol ranged from 17.9 to 29.2 for the 2009 crop and from 24.5 to 41.3 for the 2010 crop. It showed that γ‐oryzanol was affected by crop year and variety. The japonica types had significantly higher γ‐oryzanol content (P < 0.05) than the indica type. Taikeng 9 and Tainan 11 had greater γ‐oryzanol content than the other rice varieties.
Impaired Function of the Tonoplast-Localized Sucrose Transporter in Rice, OsSUT2, Limits the Transport of Vacuolar Reserve Sucrose and Affects Plant Growth
Authors: Eom Joon-Seob , Cho Jung-Il , Reinders Anke , Lee Sang-Won , Yoo Youngchul , Tuan Pham Quoc , Choi Sang-Bong , Bang Geul , Park Youn-Il , Cho Man-Ho , Bhoo Seong Hee , An Gynheung , Hahn Tae-Ryong , Ward John M. , Jeon Jong-Seong
Published: July 2011

Physiological functions of sucrose (Suc) transporters (SUTs) localized to the tonoplast in higher plants are poorly understood. We here report the isolation and characterization of a mutation in the rice (Oryza sativa) OsSUT2 gene. Expression of OsSUT2-green fluorescent protein in rice revealed that OsSUT2 localizes to the tonoplast. Analysis of the OsSUT2 promoter::β-glucuronidase transgenic rice indicated that this gene is highly expressed in leaf mesophyll cells, emerging lateral roots, pedicels of fertilized spikelets, and cross cell layers of seed coats. Results of Suc transport assays in yeast were consistent with a H+-Suc symport mechanism, suggesting that OsSUT2 functions in Suc uptake from the vacuole. The ossut2 mutant exhibited a growth retardation phenotype with a significant reduction in tiller number, plant height, 1,000-grain weight, and root dry weight compared with the controls, the wild type, and complemented transgenic lines. Analysis of primary carbon metabolites revealed that ossut2 accumulated more Suc, glucose, and fructose in the leaves than the controls. Further sugar export analysis of detached leaves indicated that ossut2 had a significantly decreased sugar export ability compared with the controls. These results suggest that OsSUT2 is involved in Suc transport across the tonoplast from the vacuole lumen to the cytosol in rice, playing an essential role in sugar export from the source leaves to sink organs.
The morphology of gills of Haliotis tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Authors: Manganaro Mauro , Laurà Rosaria , Guerrera Maria C. , Lanteri Giovanni , Zaccone Daniele , Marino Fabio
Published: July 2011

Manganaro, M., Laurà, R., Guerrera, M.C., Lanteri, G., Zaccone, D. and Marino, F. 2011. The morphology of gills of Haliotis tuberculata (Linnaeus, 1758). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 93: 436–443.

Although the morphology of abalone gills has been studied by some authors, up to date no data are available about the gills of Haliotis tuberculata. This study was carried out, by light and electron microscopy, on 10 wild adult H. tuberculata. Gills lamellae produce an undulated surface increasing the area in contact with water. At the level of skeletal rods, we observed a joint‐like structure that allows a checked movement. The left ctenidium is always decidedly larger than the right, probably because of the enormous size of the shell muscle. The cilia permit oxygenated water that leaves the afferent border and is thrust away at the tips of the lamellae by the extremely long cilia. Ciliary movement may take part in sweeping mucous secretions to capture extraneous particles and remove them from the gills. Three types of mucous cells are distributed along the epithelium of the afferent and efferent zones of the gill filament. They seem to play a role in the cleansing of gills in coordination with the muscle contraction and ciliary movement. The presence of microvilli on particular cells reflects their role associated with the absorption of substances from the environment. A haemolymphatic vessel is located in the central zone of the gill filament. The backbone of the haemolymphatic vessel is a chitino‐like structure, which gives support to the gills.
Financial Openness and the Dutch Disease
Authors: Lartey Emmanuel K. K.
Published: July 2011

This paper studies the relationship between the degree of financial openness and Dutch disease effects of capital inflows in developing countries. The results reveal that an increase in financial openness leads to an appreciation of the real exchange rate. In particular, the study shows that an increase in inflow of foreign direct investments (FDI) results in an appreciation of the real exchange rate in more financially open countries only. The results also suggest that there is a trade‐off between the resource movement effect and the spending effect in more financially open economies following an increase in FDI inflows, such that the more the tradable sector expands relative to the nontradable sector, the greater is the real exchange rate appreciation.
Predictors of surgical‐orthodontic treatment duration of unilateral impacted maxillary central incisors
Authors: Ho KH , Liao YF
Published: July 2011

To cite this article:
 Ho KH, Liao YF: Predictors of surgical‐orthodontic treatment duration of unilateral impacted maxillary central incisors Orthod Craniofac Res 2011;14:175–180

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Ho KH, Liao YF

Objectives –  To determine independent predictors of duration of surgical‐orthodontic treatment of impacted maxillary central incisors.

Setting and Sample Population –  The Department of Dentistry at Show Chwan Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan. Eighty patients with unilateral osseous impacted maxillary central incisors receiving a surgical‐orthodontic treatment.

Material and Methods –  This is a retrospective observational study. Treatment duration and its predictors were abstracted from the patients’ charts and pre‐treatment cephalometric radiographs. Predictors included demographics, crown angle, crown height, crown depth, and root dilacerations.

Results –  The mean age of the cohort was 9.2 ± 2.3 years (6.4–20.6 years), and 60% were women. The mean orthodontic traction time was 8.0 ± 4.5 months (2.0–24.1 months). Using multiple linear regression analysis, the independent predictors of treatment duration for an impacted maxillary central incisor were age (β = 0.9, p < 0.001), crown height (β = −0.2, p < 0.05), and root dilacerations (β = 3.8, p < 0.001).

Conclusions –  Duration of surgical‐orthodontic treatment of an impacted maxillary central incisor varied widely. Predictors of longer treatment time were older age, high impacted tooth, and dilacerated incisors.