bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herstellung von Pickering‐Emulsionen und deren Stabilität
Authors: Rojas‐Reyna R. , Schwarz S. , Petzold G. , Heinrich G.
Published: April 2010

Ölhaltige Abwässer der Erdölförderung und deren Aufbereitung sind eine der schwerwiegendsten Bedrohungen der Umwelt. Die Zusammensetzung dieser Abwässer unterscheidet sich je nach der verarbeitenden Industrie und der Region deutlich. Um die Parameter, die den Prozess der Aufbereitung beeinflussen, grundlegend untersuchen zu können, ist die Entwicklung eines Modellsystems nötig. In dieser Studie wurde ein ölhaltiges Modellsystem, basierend auf einer Öl‐in‐Wasser Pickering‐Emulsion, entwickelt, charakterisiert und mit Hilfe von Polymeren destabilisiert. Das System enthält Kerosin, Blauton (Kaolinpartikel) und das Tensid Natriumdodecylsulfat. Für den Fest/Flüssig‐Trennprozess wurde Polydiallyldimethylammoniumchlorid (PD) und Chitosan (CH), jeweils mit verschiedenen Molmassen und Ladungsdichten, verwendet. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Polymermenge für die Destabilisierung mit kurzkettigen Polymeren wie PD1 und CH1 gering ist. Dagegen bewirken die hochmolekularen Produkte PD3 und CH2 eine hervorragende Klärung mit großen Flocken, was in Flockungstests gezeigt wurde.
The 5‐HT2Breceptor plays a key regulatory role in both neuroendocrine tumor cell proliferation and the modulation of the fibroblast component of the neoplastic microenvironment
Authors: Svejda Bernhard , Kidd Mark , Giovinazzo Francesco , Eltawil Karim , Gustafsson Bjorn I , Pfragner Roswitha , Modlin Irvin M.
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND:

Fibrosis is a cardinal feature of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI‐NETs) both in local peritumoral tissue and systemic sites (cardiac). 5‐HT, a commonly secreted NET amine, is a known inducer of fibrosis, although the mechanistic basis for it and growth factors regulating fibrosis and proliferation in the tumor microenvironment are unclear. We hypothesized that targeting 5‐HT2Breceptors on tumor cells would inhibit SI‐NET 5‐HT release and, thereby, fibroblast activation in the tumor microenvironment.

METHODS:

We studied the 5‐HT2Breceptor antagonist PRX‐08066 in NET cell lines (KRJ‐I, H720) and in the coculture system (KRJ‐I cells: fibroblastic HEK293 cells) using real time polymerase chain reaction, ELISA, Ki67 immunostaining, and flow cytometry‐based caspase 3 assays to assess antiproliferative and profibrotic signaling pathways.

RESULTS:

In the 5‐HT2Bexpressing SI‐NET cell line, KRJ‐I, PRX‐08066 inhibited proliferation (IC504.6x10−9M) and 5‐HT secretion (6.9 × 10−9M) and decreased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and profibrotic growth factor synthesis and secretion (transforming growth factor beta 1 [TGFβ1], connective tissue growth factor [CTGF] and fibroblast growth factor [FGF2]). In the KRJ‐I:HEK293 coculture system, PRX‐08066 significantly decreased 5‐HT release (>60%), Ki67 (transcript and immunostaining: 20%‐80%),TGFβ1,CTGF, andFGF2transcription (20%‐50%) in the KRJ‐I cell line. 5‐HT itself stimulated HEK293 proliferation (25%) and synthesis ofTGFβ1,CTGFandFGF2. PRX‐08066 inhibition of KRJ‐I function reversed these effects in the coculture system.

CONCLUSIONS:

Targeting the 5‐HT2Breceptor may be an effective antiproliferative and antifibrotic strategy for SI‐NETs because it inhibits tumor microenvironment fibroblasts as well as NET cells. Fibrosis and proliferation appear to be biologically interfaced neuroendocrine neoplasia domains. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Incidence of downstaging and complete remission after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high‐risk upper tract transitional cell carcinoma
Authors: Matin Surena F. , Margulis Vitaly , Kamat Ashish , Wood Christopher G. , Grossman H. Barton , Brown Gordon A. , Dinney Colin P. N. , Millikan Randall , Siefker‐Radtke Arlene O.
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND:

The authors evaluated the incidence of pathologic downstaging and complete remission (CR) in patients with high‐grade ureteral and renal pelvic transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) (upper tract TCC) who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery.

METHODS:

The study group comprised patients with biopsy‐demonstrated, high‐grade disease who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by nephrouterectomy from 2004 to 2008, during which time patients uniformly were considered for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The control group comprised patients with biopsy‐demonstrated, high‐grade disease who underwent initial nephroureterectomy from 1993 to 2004, when patients uniformly underwent initial surgery. Multiple clinical and pathologic features were evaluated, and the primary endpoint was pathologic tumor classification.

RESULTS:

One hundred seven patients in the control group underwent initial surgery, and 43 patients in the study group received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Baseline demographics were similar between the groups except for a higher rate of sessile tumor architecture in the study group (72.1% vs 49.5%; P = .018). There was significant downstaging in study group patients compared with the historic control group (P = .004). The incidence of tumors classified as pathologic T2 (pT2) or as pT3 or higher was significantly lower in the study group (pT2, 65.4% vs 48.8%; P = .043; pT3 or higher, 47.7% vs 27.9%; P = .029). Fourteen percent of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a pathologic CR.

CONCLUSIONS:

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was associated with a 14% CR rate and a significant rate of downstaging. While longer follow‐up is awaited for survival data to mature, the current data provide justification for the sustained support of trials using this strategy. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Global well‐posedness for compressible Navier‐Stokes equations with highly oscillating initial velocity
Authors: Chen Qionglei , Miao Changxing , Zhang Zhifei
Published: April 2010

In this paper, we prove global well‐posedness for compressible Navier‐Stokes equations in the critical functional framework with the initial data close to a stable equilibrium. This result allows us to construct global solutions for the highly oscillating initial velocity. The proof relies on a new estimate for the hyperbolic/parabolic system with convection terms. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RACAM: design and implementation of a recursively adjusting co‐allocation method with efficient replica selection in Data Grids
Authors: Yang Chao‐Tung , Yang I‐Hsien , Chen Chun‐Hsiang
Published: April 2010

Data Grids enable the sharing, selection, and connection of a wide variety of geographically distributed computational and storage resources for addressing large‐scale data‐intensive scientific application needs in, for instance, high‐energy physics, bioinformatics, and virtual astrophysical observatories. Data sets are replicated in Data Grids and distributed among multiple sites. Unfortunately, data sets of interest sometimes are significantly large in size, and may cause access efficiency overhead. A co‐allocation architecture was developed in order to enable parallel downloading of data sets from multiple servers. Several co‐allocation strategies have been coupled and used to exploit download rate by specifying among various client–server divides files into multiple blocks of equal sizes to link and address dynamic rate fluctuations. However, one major obstacle, the idle time of faster servers having to wait for the slowest server to deliver the final block, makes it important to reduce differences in finishing time among replica servers. In this paper, we propose a dynamic co‐allocation method, calledRecursively Adjusting Co‐Allocation Method(RACAM), to improve the performance of parallel data file transfer. Our approach reduces the idle time spent waiting for the slowest server and decreases data transfer completion time. We also provide an effective scheme for reducing the cost of reassembling data blocks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman Spectra of the Phycoviolobilin Cofactor in Phycoerythrocyanin Calculated by QM/MM Methods
Authors: Mroginski Maria A. , Kaminski Steve , Hildebrandt Peter
Published: April 2010

The Raman spectrum of the phycoviolobilin cofactor of the α‐subunit of phycoerythrocyanin was computed using a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method in order to evaluate the performance of the QM/MM approach for calculating the vibrational spectra of protein‐bound tetrapyrroles as found in phytochrome photoreceptors. A good overall agreement between the experimental and the calculated spectra was achieved. In addition, calculation of the vibrational properties of several snapshots extracted from a molecular dynamics simulation allowed us to investigate in detail the effect of the protein environment on the vibrational spectra. Heterogeneous broadening of most of the experimental bands could be reproduced in a satisfactory manner as the sum of individual spectra obtained by normal‐mode‐analysis (NMA). An exception is the bandwidth of the peak at 1646 cm−1, which is underestimated by the NMA sum as well as by the instantaneous normal mode analysis (INMA) approach.
A model for continuous quality control incorporating sample‐to‐sample assessment of optical alignment, fluorescence sensitivity, and volumetric operation of flow cytometers
Authors: Lawrie Denise , Coetzee Lindi M. , Glencross Deborah K.
Published: April 2010

Background:

Bead count rate (BCR) monitoring successfully identifies pipetting error during single platform CD4 enumeration. Despite rigorous prescribed quality control performed, preliminary data suggested that BCR outliers could also be attributed to occasional failure of flow cytometric volumetric operation. The aim of this report was to use counting beads in a model of continuous quality control (CQC) to monitor overall flow cytometric performance (laser alignment, fluorescence stability and volumetric operation).

Methods:

The proposed CQC model used FlowCheck™ and IMMUNOTROL™ blood controls daily. Extended monitoring of fluidics (FPV; beads and sheath only) and sample preparation (SPV; blood, IMMUNOPREP™ and beads) was done daily on five flow cytometers over five consecutive days prior to testing patient samples. Sample‐to‐sample CQC included monitoring BCR, selected time/fluorescence histograms (Time vs. Count; Time vs. Fluorescence and Forward Scatter vs. Fluorescence) and full peak coefficient of variation (FPCV) for 2000 samples tested.

Results:

Prescribed quality controls showed Half Peak CV values of <2% (FlowCheck) with Immunotrol within 0.5SD of the target means. Laser stability was confirmed (FPCV values <2%). However, fluidics (volumetric operation) fluctuated as indicated by a 3.2% BCR outlier rate of 2,000 samples tested (minus pipetting error) despite optimal fluidics performance verified at start‐up (FPV CV < 3%).

Conclusions:

Sustained laser stability was confirmed with Time vs. Fluorescence histograms, but Time vs. Count histograms were insufficient to detect intermittent volumetric failure. The proposed CQC model, incorporating BCR monitoring with time/fluorescence histograms and FPCV monitoring can identify all volumetric inconsistencies in real‐time. © 2010 Clinical Cytometry Society
Is infant holding‐side bias related to motor asymmetries in mother and child?
Authors: Scola Céline , Vauclair Jacques
Published: April 2010

Studies have revealed a preference for the left hemibody in infant holding in 65–85% of cases. Several investigations have linked this preference to maternal asymmetries. The main goal of the present study was to assess manual and hemispheric asymmetries in both mother and child and delineate their respective influence on holding‐side biases. Holding side was assessed by direct observation, and by use of a questionnaire within populations of mother–child dyads. Maternal asymmetries were handedness and hemispheric specialization for perceiving emotions. Infant asymmetries were fetal position, asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) at birth and handedness at 19 months of age. To that purpose a longitudinal study has been made with infants observed at 2 and 19 months of age. A significant relationship was found between maternal handedness and holding preferences, but no significant relation was obtained between hemispheric specialization and holding preferences. Fetal position in utero but not ATNR, was significantly related to holding‐side preferences. Finally, holding side at 2 months was significantly associated with infants' unimanual preferences. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 475–486, 2010.
Developmental motor function plays a key role in visual search
Authors: Yan Jin H. , Li Hong , Liao Yu
Published: April 2010

Adults often miss a disturbingly high percentage of rare targets in visual arrays. The mechanisms underlying this effect remain hotly debated. This study examines the effects of developing motor control on the speed and accuracy of visual search. Children detected targets that appeared rarely or frequently. Participants reported a target's presence or absence by either pressing a key or marking on recording sheets. The results replicated past reports of increased errors with reduced target prevalence in adults. A potential developmental trend in performance is linked to a measure of motor function. When the pressure to respond quickly was removed, search accuracy greatly improved for rare targets. A developmental account for the perceptual‐motor mechanisms of prevalence effect is discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 505–512, 2010.
Polyploidy‐Associated Genomic Instability in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Wang Yixing , Jha Ajay K. , Chen Rujin , Doonan John H. , Yang Ming
Published: April 2010

Formation of polyploid organisms by fertilization of unreduced gametes in meiotic mutants is believed to be a common phenomenon in species evolution. However, not well understood is how species in nature generally exist as haploid and diploid organisms in a long evolutionary time while polyploidization must have repeatedly occurred via meiotic mutations. Here, we show that the ploidy increased for two consecutive generations due to unreduced but viable gametes in the Arabidopsis cyclin a1;2‐2 (also named tardy asynchronousmeiosis‐2) mutant, but the resultant octaploid plants produced progeny of either the same or reduced ploidy via genomic reductions during meiosis and pollen mitosis. Ploidy reductions through sexual reproduction were also observed in independently generated artificial octaploid and hexaploid Arabidopsis plants. These results demonstrate that octaploid is likely the maximal ploidy produced through sexual reproduction in Arabidopsis. The polyploidy‐associated genomic instability may be a general phenomenon that constrains ploidy levels in species evolution.
Direct design from input/output data of a fault‐tolerant control system based on GIMC structure
Authors: Sakuishi Tsubasa , Yubai Kazuhiro , Hirai Junji
Published: April 2010

This paper deals with a method for the design of a fault‐tolerant control system based on the Generalized Internal Model Control (GIMC) structure, consisting of a standard outer loop feedback controller and an extra inner loop controller. The distinguishing feature of the GIMC structure is that controller design for performance and robustness may be performed separately. The outer loop controller is designed for nominal performance using some controller synthesis to meet the (nominal) control specification, while the inner loop controller is designed to make a trade‐off between robustness and performance. This feature is suitable for fault‐tolerant control. The outer loop controller is designed for the fault‐free case, and the inner loop controller for the fault‐time case. In the conventional methods, the inner loop controller is designed to maximize the robust stability margin without fault information. Therefore, the performance in the fault‐time case tends to become conservative. In this paper, the inner loop controller is directly designed from experimental data collected from the faulty system. Since the collected data contains information on the fault, conservativeness in the conventional methods is decreased. The inner loop controller is designed by Virtual Reference Feedback Timing (VRFT). VRFT is a method of direct design from input‐output data without identifying any models. Since the complexity of the controller can be specified by the designer, no complexity reduction is necessarily required, which is advantageous in implementation. The effectiveness of the proposed design method is confirmed by an experiment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(4): 53–62, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20929
EGF receptor activation during allergic sensitization affects IL‐6‐induced T‐cell influx to airways in a rat model of asthma
Authors: Tsuchiya Kimitake , Jo Taisuke , Takeda Naoya , Al Heialy Saba , Siddiqui Sana , Shalaby Karim Hamdy , Risse Paul‐André , Maghni Karim , Martin James G.
Published: April 2010

EGF receptor (EGFR) is involved in cell differentiation and proliferation in airways and may trigger cytokine production by T cells. We hypothesized that EGFR inhibition at the time of allergic sensitization may affect subsequent immune reactions. Brown Norway rats were sensitized with OVA, received the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor, AG1478 from days 0 to 7 and OVA challenge on day 14. OVA‐specific IgE in serum and cytokines and chemokines in BAL were measured 24 h after challenge. To evaluate effects on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), rats were sensitized, treated with AG1478, intranasally challenged, and then AHR was assessed. Furthermore chemotactic activity of BALF for CD4+ T cells was examined. The eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes in BAL were increased by OVA and only the lymphocytes were reduced by AG1478. OVA significantly enhanced IL‐6 concentration in BAL, which was inhibited by AG1478. However AHR, OVA‐specific IgE and IL‐4 mRNA expression in CD4+ T cells were not affected by AG1478. BALF from OVA‐sensitized/challenged rats induced CD4+ T‐cell migration, which was inhibited by both AG1478 treatment in vivo and neutralization of IL‐6 in vitro. EGFR activation during sensitization may affect the subsequent influx of CD4+ T cells to airways, mainly mediated through IL‐6.
Effect of Substituents on the Molecular Shapes of π‐Basic Macrotricyclic Receptors
Authors: Lélias‐Vanderperre Anne , Aubert Emmanuel , Chambron Jean‐Claude , Espinosa Enrique
Published: April 2010

Molecular recognition between receptor and substrate is optimized when these compounds show complementary shapes, sizes, and interacting moieties. A family of C3v‐symmetric macrotricycles 1–4 is presented that incorporate resorcinol‐ and mesitylene‐derived “walls” and “cap”, respectively. These compounds feature, in principle, a tetrahedral π‐basic cavity. This paper reports the effect of substituents in the “walls” and the “cap” on the shapes of the macrotricycles in solution (1H NMR), the solid state (X‐ray diffraction), and gas phase (calculations). Substitution of the lower position of the “walls” by Br (in 3) or MeS (in 4) has the same effect as ethyl substitution of the “cap” (in 2), that is, imparting high rigidity to the molecules and deforming their expected spherical shape to a cylindrical one.
Enzymatically Asymmetrised Chiral Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Complex Natural Product Analogues: The Synthesis of Dynemicin Analogues from 2‐(Quinolin‐4‐yl)propane‐1,3‐diol
Authors: Riva Renata , Banfi Luca , Basso Andrea , Gandolfo Valentina , Guanti Giuseppe
Published: April 2010

Full details of our synthetic approaches directed towards the enantioselective synthesis of new dynemicin analogues each containing a side‐arm (a “handle”) incorporating a protected alcohol are reported.
Association of two single‐isomer anionic CD in NACE for the chiral and achiral separation of fenbendazole, its sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites: Application to their determination after in vitro metabolism
Authors: Rousseau Anne , Gillotin Florian , Chiap Patrice , Crommen Jacques , Fillet Marianne , Servais Anne‐Catherine
Published: April 2010

A NACE method was developed for the separation of fenbendazole (FBZ), a prochiral drug giving rise to chiral (oxfendazole or OFZ) and nonchiral (FBZ sulphone or FBZSO2) metabolites. First, the effect of the nature and the concentration of CD as well as that of the acidic BGE on the enantiomeric separation of OFZ were studied. OFZ enantiomers were completely resolved using a BGE made up of 10 mM ammonium formate and 0.5 M TFA in methanol containing 10 mM heptakis(2,3‐di‐O‐acetyl‐6‐O‐sulfo)‐β‐CD and 10 mM heptakis(2,3‐di‐O‐methyl‐6‐O‐sulfo)‐β‐CD. Moreover, the NACE method was found to be particularly well suited to the simultaneous determination of FBZ, OFZ enantiomers, and FBZSO2. Thiabendazole was selected as an internal standard. The CD‐NACE potential was then evaluated for in vitro metabolism studies using FBZ as a model case. The OFZ enantiomers and FBZSO2 could be detected after incubation of FBZ in the phenobarbital‐induced male rat liver microsomes systems.
Batch and column removal of total chromium from aqueous solution using Sargassum polycystum
Authors: Senthilkumar R. , Vijayaraghavan K. , Jegan J. , Velan M.
Published: April 2010

A marine brown alga, Sargassum polycystum, showed high‐chromium biosorption capacity in batch and column mode of operation. The biosorbent performance was strongly influenced by equilibrium solution pH, with pH 2 as optimal condition for Cr biosorption. Isotherm experiments revealed that S. polycystum possessed a maximum chromium uptake of 69.4 mg/g at pH 2. The pseudo‐second order model was found to describe the chromium kinetic biosorption data with high‐correlation coefficients compared with pseudo‐first order model. Various thermodynamic parameters, such as ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°, were calculated, indicating that the present system was a spontaneous and endothermic process. A packed column was used to study the continuous chromium biosorption performance of S. polycystum. The biosorbent performance was evaluated at different bed heights (15–25 cm) and flow rates (5–15 mL/min). Favorable conditions for Cr biosorption were observed at the highest bed height (25 cm) and lowest flow rate (5 mL/min); at which the Cr uptake and percent removal were recorded as 29.1 mg/g and 63.3%, respectively. Mathematical modeling of column experimental data was performed, using nonlinear forms of the Thomas and modified‐dose‐response models; with the latter able to describe the breakthrough curves with high‐correlation coefficients. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Study on production of an auxiliary agent of coagulation using waste polystyrene foam and its application to remove phenol from coking plant effluent
Authors: Sun Hong , Zhang Ze , Song Limin
Published: April 2010

Waste of polystyrene foam was converted into an anion auxiliary agent of coagulation and was used for the removal of phenol from coking plant effluent. Waste of polystyrene foam was crushed into small pieces and immersed into a solution of 98% sulfuric acid to attach sulfonic groups to polymer chain, which were responsible for the exchange properties of the modified plastic into a water‐soluble polymer, polystyrene sulfate (PSS). The anion auxiliary agent of coagulation capacity was determined. The influences of pH, sedimentation time, and concentration of PSS on the treatment of phenol effluent from coking plant were studied in this article. Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and PSS were used as flocculants. The flocculation performance increased significantly with the concentration of PSS. When PSS in effluent increased from 5 to 20 mg/L, the removal rate of phenol increased from 27 to 96% by treating with PAC of 20 mg/L at 25°C, while the removal rate decreased from 96 to 86% when the PSS concentration was 60 mg/L. Although the flocculation effect of PAC was excellent, the floc was abundant, small, loose, and unstable, while PSS was less abundant and more stable. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Physicochemical characterization and use of wastes from stainless steel mill
Authors: Domínguez M.I. , Romero‐Sarria F. , Centeno M.A. , Odriozola J.A.
Published: April 2010

Several types of wastes are produced during the manufacture of stainless steel (slags, refractory bricks, and dust). Most of these wastes are not recycled but stored in security deposits or landfills depending on their environmental danger. This article reports the study of the physicochemical and mineralogical properties of stainless steel wastes. Their possible uses are also discussed. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Development and Evaluation of Gas Diffusion Layer Using Paraffin Wax Carbon for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Cindrella L. , Kannan A. M.
Published: April 2010

A gas diffusion layer (GDL) with carbon prepared from paraffin wax was developed for the first time to impart hydrophobicity and porosity for fuel cell application. It is also intended to reduce the non‐functional binder content in the microporous layer and to achieve optimum performance. The topography of the GDL was examined using 3D digital microscope. Membrane electrodes assemblies (MEAs) fabricated with GDLs of paraffin wax carbon (PWC) based microporous layer were evaluated in proton exchange membrane fuel cell between 50 and 100% RH conditions using H2 and O2 at ambient pressure. The fuel cell performance of the GDLs fabricated with Pureblack carbon was also evaluated under identical operating conditions for comparison. It was observed that the MEA with GDLs containing PWC showed excellent fuel cell performance at all RH conditions at 80 °C both with H2/O2.
Optimized nanosecond pulsed electric field therapy can cause murine malignant melanomas to self‐destruct with a single treatment
Authors: Nuccitelli Richard , Tran Kevin , Sheikh Saleh , Athos Brian , Kreis Mark , Nuccitelli Pamela
Published: April 2010

We have identified a new, nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) therapy capable of eliminating murine melanomas located in the skin with a single treatment. When these optimized parameters are used, nsPEFs initiate apoptosis without hyperthermia. We have developed new suction electrodes that are compatible with human skin and have applied them to a xenograft nude mouse melanoma model system to identify the optimal field strength, pulse frequency and pulse number for the treatment of murine melanomas. A single treatment using the optimal pulse parameters (2,000 pulses, 100 ns in duration, 30 kV/cm in amplitude at a pulse frequency of 5–7 pulses/sec) eliminated all 17 melanomas treated with those parameters in 4 mice. This was the highest pulse frequency that we could use without raising the treated skin tumor temperature above 40°C. We also demonstrate that the effects of nsPEF therapy are highly localized to only cells located between electrodes and results in very little scarring of the nsPEF‐treated skin.
Monitoring the efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in a murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis using L. major expressing GFP
Authors: Latorre‐Esteves Elena , Akilov Oleg E. , Rai Prakash , Beverley Stephen M. , Hasan Tayyaba
Published: April 2010

A murine model of cutaneous leishmaniasis with green fluorescent protein positive (GFP+) L. major enables the monitoring of parasitic load via measurements of GFP fluorescence intensity, allowing for a faster and more efficient way of monitoring the clinical outcome of photodynamic therapy (PDT). This model may provide new insights on the phototoxic aspects in PDT. Although PDT regimens may be somewhat different in humans, it is expected that the developed model will facilitate the optimization and clinical translation of PDT as a therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis and the eventual development of topical PDT treatments for other granulomatous infections. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Genetic and hormonal control of bone volume, architecture, and remodeling in XXY mice
Authors: Liu Peter Y , Kalak Robert , Lue YanHe , Jia Yue , Erkkila Krista , Zhou Hong , Seibel Markus J , Wang Christina , Swerdloff Ronald S , Dunstan Colin R
Published: April 2010

Klinefelter syndrome is the most common chromosomal aneuploidy in men (XXY karyotype, 1 in 600 live births) and results in testicular (infertility and androgen deficiency) and nontesticular (cognitive impairment and osteoporosis) deficits. The extent to which skeletal changes are due to testosterone deficiency or arise directly from gene overdosage cannot be determined easily in humans. To answer this, we generated XXY mice through a four-generation breeding scheme. Eight intact XXY and 9 XY littermate controls and 8 castrated XXY mice and 8 castrated XY littermate controls were euthanized at 1 year of age. Castration occurred 6 months prior to killing. A third group of 9 XXY and 11 XY littermates were castrated and simultaneously implanted with a 1-cm Silastic testosterone capsule 8 weeks prior to sacrifice. Tibias were harvested from all three groups and examined by micro–computed tomography and histomorphometry. Blood testosterone concentration was assayed by radioimmunoassay. Compared with intact XY controls, intact androgen-deficient XXY mice had lower bone volume (6.8% ± 1.2% versus8.8% ± 1.7%, mean ± SD, p = .01) and thinner trabeculae (50 ± 4 µm versus 57 ± 5 µm, p = .007). Trabecular separation (270 ± 20 µm versus 270 ± 20 µm) or osteoclast number relative to bone surface (2.4 ± 1.0/mm2 versus 2.7 ± 1.5/mm2) did not differ significantly. Testosterone-replaced XXY mice continued to show lower bone volume (5.5% ± 2.4% versus 8.1% ± 3.5%, p = .026). They also exhibited greater trabecular separation (380 ± 69 µm versus 324 ± 62 µm, p = .040) but equivalent blood testosterone concentrations (6.3 ± 1.8 ng/mL versus 8.2 ± 4.2 ng/mL, p = .28) compared with testosterone-replaced XY littermates. In contrast, castration alone drastically decreased bone volume (p < .001), trabecular thickness (p = .05), and trabecular separation (p < .01) to such a great extent that differences between XXY and XY mice were undetectable. In conclusion, XXY mice replicate many features of human Klinefelter syndrome and therefore are a useful model for studying bone. Testosterone deficiency does not explain the bone phenotype because testosterone-replaced XXY mice show reduced bone volume despite similar blood testosterone levels. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Long-term clinical outcome and carrier phenotype in autosomal recessive hypophosphatemia caused by a novel DMP1 mutation
Authors: Mäkitie Outi , Pereira Renata C , Kaitila Ilkka , Turan Serap , Bastepe Murat , Laine Tero , Kröger Heikki , Cole William G , Jüppner Harald
Published: April 2010

Homozygous inactivating mutations in DMP1 (dentin matrix protein 1), the gene encoding a noncollagenous bone matrix protein expressed in osteoblasts and osteocytes, cause autosomal recessive hypophosphatemia (ARHP). Herein we describe a family with ARHP owing to a novel homozygous DMP1 mutation and provide a detailed description of the associated skeletal dysplasia and carrier phenotype. The two adult patients with ARHP, a 78-year-old man and his 66-year-old sister, have suffered from bone pain and lower extremity varus deformities since early childhood. With increasing age, both patients developed severe joint pain, contractures, and complete immobilization of the spine. Radiographs showed short and deformed long bones, significant cranial hyperostosis, enthesopathies, and calcifications of the paraspinal ligaments. Biochemistries were consistent with hypophosphatemia owing to renal phosphate wasting; markers of bone turnover and serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) levels were increased significantly. Nucleotide sequence analysis of DMP1 revealed a novel homozygous mutation at the splice acceptor junction of exon 6 (IVS5-1G > A). Two heterozygous carriers of the mutation also showed mild hypophosphatemia, and bone biopsy in one of these individuals showed focal areas of osteomalacia. In bone, DMP1 expression was absent in the homozygote but normal in the heterozygote, whereas FGF-23 expression was increased in both subjects but higher in the ARHP patient. The clinical and laboratory observations in this family confirm that DMP1 has an important role in normal skeletal development and mineral homeostasis. The skeletal phenotype in ARHP may be significantly more severe than in other forms of hypophosphatemic rickets. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Adipose tissue and volumetric bone mineral density of older Afro-Caribbean men
Authors: Yerges-Armstrong Laura M , Miljkovic Iva , Cauley Jane A , Sheu YahTyng , Gordon Christopher L , Wheeler Victor W , Bunker Clareann H , Patrick Alan L , Zmuda Joseph M
Published: April 2010

Although low body weight is a risk factor for osteoporosis-related fractures, conflicting data exist for the association between adiposity and bone mineral density (BMD). Studies examining these relationships have measured body fat and BMD with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which cannot distinguish subcutaneous adipose tissue area (SAT) from total adiposity or trabecular from cortical bone. To investigate the relationship between adiposity and BMD further, we analyzed body composition and adipose tissue distribution by quantitative computed tomography (QCT) in 1829 Afro-Caribbean men aged 40 years and older from a population-based sample. Cortical volumetric BMD, muscle cross-sectional area, total adipose tissue area (TAT), and percentage SAT were measured at the proximal tibia. Trabecular volumetric BMD was measured at the distal tibia. We used analysis of covariance to test for associations between quartile of the adipose tissue measures and BMD, adjusting for anthropometric, health, and lifestyle factors. Higher TAT was associated with lower cortical BMD in both unadjusted and adjusted models (p < .001). Men with a higher percentage SAT had greater cortical BMD (p < .001). Similar associations were seen between percent SAT and trabecular BMD at the distal tibia. These results indicate that total adiposity is a potentially important correlate of bone mass in older men and that different fat depots may have opposing associations with bone mass. Additional research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between body fat distribution and bone mass. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Inhibiting gastric acid production does not affect intestinal calcium absorption in young, healthy individuals: A randomized, crossover, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Wright Matthew J , Sullivan Rebecca R , Gaffney-Stomberg Erin , Caseria Donna M , O'Brien Kimberly O , Proctor Deborah D , Simpson Christine A , Kerstetter Jane E , Insogna Karl L
Published: April 2010

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most potent gastric acid suppressing drugs available, and their use is widespread. An emerging concern about chronic PPI therapy is whether these drugs impair intestinal calcium absorption, resulting in a negative calcium balance and thereby potentially causing bone loss. The objective of this study was to evaluate the acute effect of the PPI esomeprazole or placebo on intestinal calcium absorption in healthy adults. Twelve young adults participated in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. There were two 3-week interventions that included a 14-day adjustment period (designed to stabilize calcium homeostasis) followed by 6 days of a diet containing 800 mg of calcium and 2.1 g/kg of protein (intervention). During the last 3 days of the adjustment period and throughout the intervention period, subjects consumed esomeprazole or placebo. Half the subjects underwent 24-hour continuous gastric acid pH monitoring. Intestinal calcium absorption was measured using dual-stable calcium isotopes at the end of each intervention. Treatment with esomprazole significantly increased gastric pH (mean pH on PPI 5.38 ± 0.13, mean pH on placebo 2.70 ± 0.44, p = .005). Neither calcium absorption (PPI 34.2% ± 2.4%, placebo 31.5% ± 2.1%, p = .24) nor urinary calcium (PPI 321 ± 38 mg/34 hours, placebo 355 ± 37 mg/34 hours, p = .07) differed between the PPI and placebo groups. It is concluded that short-term gastric acid suppression by PPIs does not attenuate intestinal calcium absorption in healthy young adults. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Reason for cautious optimism? two studies suggesting reduced stigma against suicide
Authors: Witte Tracy K. , Smith April R. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: April 2010

We present data from two studies that aimed to investigate stigma against suicide. In Study 1, we employed Milgram et al.'s (1965) “lost letter” technique. We predicted that fewer letters addressed to a fictitious organization with the word “suicide” in its name would be returned than letters addressed to fictitious heart disease or diabetes organizations, presumably due to stigma. Contrary to expectation, there were no differences in the percentage of letters returned for each condition, despite power to detect small effects. In Study 2 we compared scores on the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire (SOQ; Domino, Gibson, Poling, & Westlake, 1980) from a study published in 1988 (Domino, MacGregor, & Hannah, 1988) to scores from a study conducted 19 years later. Results demonstrated reduced stigma toward suicide, with the belief that suicide is morally bad exhibiting the largest change. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: 66:1–16, 2010.
Intimate partner violence relationship dissolution among couples with children: the counterintuitive role of “Law and Order” neighborhoods
Authors: Emery Clifton R. , Jolley Jennifer , Wu Shali
Published: April 2010

This study examined the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) relationship dissolution and neighborhood concentrated disadvantage, ethnic heterogeneity, residential instability, collective efficacy, and legal cynicism. Data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN) Longitudinal survey were used to identify 658 cases of IPV in Wave 1. A generalized boosting model (GBM) was used to determine the best proximal predictors of relationship dissolution from the longitudinal data. Controlling for these predictors, logistic regression of neighborhood characteristics from the PHDCN community survey was used to predict IPV relationship dissolution in Wave 2. Counterintuitively, the authors find that neighborhoods high in legal cynicism have a greater likelihood of IPV relationship dissolution, controlling for other variables in the logistic regression model. However, analyses did not find that IPV relationship dissolution was related to neighborhood concentrated disadvantage, ethnic heterogeneity, residential instability, and collective efficacy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predicting overt and covert antisocial behaviors: parents, peers, and homelessness
Authors: Tompsett Carolyn J. , Toro Paul A.
Published: April 2010

Parental deviance, parental monitoring, and deviant peers were examined as predictors of overt and covert antisocial behaviors. Homeless (N=231) and housed (N=143) adolescents were assessed in adolescence and again in early adulthood. Homelessness predicted both types of antisocial behaviors, and effects persisted in young adulthood. Parental deviance predicted only overt antisocial behaviors in adolescence, and was fully mediated by parental monitoring. Parental monitoring predicted both types of antisocial behaviors in adolescence, and was partially mediated by peer deviance. Parenting and peer influences did not consistently predict antisocial behaviors in adulthood. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Community gardening, neighborhood meetings, and social capital
Authors: Alaimo Katherine , Reischl Thomas M. , Allen Julie Ober
Published: April 2010

This study examined associations between participation in community gardening/beautification projects and neighborhood meetings with perceptions of social capital at both the individual and neighborhood levels. Data were analyzed from a cross‐sectional stratified random telephone survey conducted in Flint, Michigan (N=1916). Hierarchical linear and logistic regression analyses were used to study associations, controlling for individual and Census block group‐level confounders. At the individual level, household involvement in community gardening/beautification activities and in neighborhood meetings were associated with residents' perceptions of bonding social capital, linking social capital, and neighborhood norms and values. Household involvement in gardening/beautification and meetings had stronger associations with residents' perceptions of social capital than did neighborhood‐level involvement measures. Results suggest involvement in neighborhood meetings augment the individual and neighborhood‐wide perceptions of social capital associated with community gardening and beautification projects. Neighborhood community gardens' impact on neighborhood residents' perceptions of social capital can be enhanced by neighborhood‐wide meetings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solvent extraction studies of Sm(III) from nitrate medium and separation factors of rare earth elements with mixtures ofsec‐octylphenoxyacetic acid and 1,10‐phenthroline
Authors: Fan Shujuan , Song Naizhong , Jia Qiong , Liao Wuping
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND:Liquid–liquid extraction is widely used for the separation of rare earths, among which synergistic extraction has attracted more and more attention. Numerous types of synergistic extraction systems have been applied to rare earths with high extraction efficiency and selectivities. In the present study, mixtures ofsec‐octylphenoxyacetic acid (CA12, H2A2) and 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen, B) have been used for the extraction of rare earths from nitrate medium. The stoichiometry of samarium(III) extraction has been studied using the methods of slope analysis and constant molar ratio. The possibility of using synergistic extraction effects to separate rare earths has also been studied.

RESULTS:Mixtures of CA12 and phen display synergistic effects in the extraction of rare earth elements giving maximum enhancement coefficients of 5.5 (La); 13.7 (Nd); 15.9 (Sm); 24.5 (Tb); 45.4 (Yb) and 12.3 (Y). Samarium(III) is extracted as SmHA4B3with mixtures of CA12 and phen instead of SmHA4when extracted with CA12 alone. The calculated logarithm of the equilibrium constant is 6.0 and the thermodynamic functions, ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS, have been calculated as 4.3 kJ mol−1, − 33.7 kJ mol−1and 129.7 J mol−1K−1, respectively.

CONCLUSION:Mixtures of CA12 and phen exhibit synergistic effects on rare earth elements. Graphical and numerical methods have been successfully used to determine their stoichiometries. The different synergistic effects may provide the possibility of separating yttrium from heavy lanthanoids at an appropriate ratio of CA12 and phen. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Combined ozone pretreatment and biological processes for removal of colored and biorefractory compounds in wastewater from molasses fermentation industries
Authors: Battimelli Audrey , Loisel Denis , Garcia‐Bernet Diana , Carrere Hélène , Delgenes Jean‐Philippe
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND: The use of ozone combined with biological treatment was investigated for molasses fermentation wastewater containing highly concentrated, brown and biorefractory compounds. These persistent compounds, known as melanoidins, generate disposal issues: in the environment, the color is problematic for aquatic life; and in municipal wastewater treatment plants, the molecules are biorefractory.

RESULTS: This paper aims to evaluate the impact of ozone pretreatment, applied in the range 0.1 to 1 g g−1 consumed ozone doses, on both macroscopic physico‐chemical parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), color and UV absorbance, and batch aerobic biodegradability. Then, performances of ozone pretreatment are assessed in terms of biodegradability improvement in batch and semi‐continuous anaerobic processes and, also, in semi‐continuous denitrification as a potential carbon source. Ozonation applied at the ozone dose of 0.5 g O3 g−1 COD led to an increase in biodegradability in all bioreactors. On average, the pretreatment resulted in an increased biodegradable fraction from zero to 33% without noticeable toxicity on biomass. This ozone dose also achieved 45% nitrogen removal by biological denitrification.

CONCLUSION: Ozone pretreatment is a suitable technique for the biodegradability improvement of molasses fermentation wastewater, in aerobic, anaerobic and anoxic conditions. The pretreatment should be optimized in order to maximize the subsequent biodegradability. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Speciation of polyploid Cyprinidae fish of common carp, crucian carp, and silver crucian carp derived from duplicated Hox genes
Authors: Yuan Jian , He Zhuzi , Yuan Xiangnan , Jiang Xiayun , Sun Xiaowen , Zou Shuming
Published: April 2010

Recent studies on comparative genomics have suggested that a round of fish‐specific whole genome duplication (3R) in ray‐finned fishes might have occurred around 226–316 Mya. Additional genome duplication, specifically in cyprinids, may have occurred more recently after the divergence of the teleosts. The timing of this event, however, is unknown. To address this question, we sequenced four Hox genes from taxa representing the polyploid Cyprinidae fish, common carp (Cyprinus carpio, 2n=100), crucian carp (Carassius auratus auratus, 2n=100), and silver crucian carp (C. auratus gibelio, 2n=156), and then compared them with known sequences from the diploid Cyprinidae fish, blunt snout bream (Megalobrama amblycephala, 2n=48). Our results showed the presence of two distinct Hox duplicates in the genomes of common and crucian carp. Three distinct Hox sequences, one of them orthologous to a Hox gene in common carp and the other two orthologous to a Hox gene in crucian carp, were isolated in silver crucian carp, indicating a possible hybrid origin of silver crucian carp from crucian and common carp. The gene duplication resulting in the origin of the common ancestor of common and crucian carp likely occurred around 10.9–13.2 Mya. The speciations of common vs. crucian carp and silver crucian vs. crucian carp likely occurred around 8.1–11.4 and 2.3–3.0 Mya, respectively. Finally, nonfunctionalization resulting from point mutations in the coding region is a probable fate for some Hox duplicates. Taken together, these results suggested an evolutionary model for polyploidization in speciation and diversification of polyploid fish. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:445–456, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Posttraumatic nightmares and psychopathology in children after road traffic accidents
Authors: Wittmann Lutz , Zehnder Daniel , Schredl Michael , Jenni Oskar G. , Landolt Markus A.
Published: April 2010

Posttraumatic nightmares are considered as a reexperiencing symptom of the DSM‐IV posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis. Different types of posttraumatic nightmares, however, may differ in their relation to psychopathology. Thirty‐two children were longitudinally assessed 10 days, 2 months, and 6 months after traffic accidents. Occurrence and characteristics of nightmares were examined and their relation to psychopathology assessed. Thirty‐four percent of children reported posttraumatic nightmares during at least one assessment. Exact replicative nightmares at baseline assessment predicted PTSD symptoms 2 and 6 months postaccident, but not depressive symptoms. Exact replicative nightmares revealed the strongest cross‐sectional association with trauma‐specific psychopathology but not with depression. The authors conclude that posttraumatic nightmares—especially exact replicative ones—may be closely related to psychopathological mechanisms of posttraumatic stress in children.