bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internet Banking and Financial Customer Preferences in Turkey
Authors: Yıldırım İsmail
Published: September 2016

The first online banking service was introduced in Turkey by Is Bank in 1998. However, the number of internet users has been increasing rapidly in Turkey, the number of online banking users did not increase with a similar pace. Although banks are taking measures for the security of online banking transactions, many financial consumers are still concerned about the security of these transactions therefore preferring not to use online banking. This study reveals the development of internet banking in Turkey and consumer percentages. Previous research on the factors affecting the usage of e-banking are also addressed in this study. It was found that the majority of these studies focus on the correlation between the security concerns which result in avoiding to use internet banking.
Towards Fully De-Materialized Check Management
Authors: Frati Fulvio , Damiani Ernesto , Santacesaria Claudio
Published: September 2016

Banks worldwide are putting a big effort into de-materializing their processes, in order to streamline the processes and thus reducing overall costs. In this chapter, the authors describe how the de-materialization can be a big opportunity for banks, describing the European context. Furthermore, the de-materialization of check handling is taken as example, proposing a review of existing technologies and describing the advantages that a real framework can give to the users and to the bank systems.
The Influences of Privacy, Security, and Legal Concerns on Online Banking Adoption
Authors: Alkhatib Khalid , Alaiad Ahmad
Published: September 2016

Business globalization and the rising new technology enforced traditional banking to head towards online banking services, which facilitates customers to obtain access to their accounts from their business sites and personal computers to online banking services. The objective of this chapter is to construct a framework of adoption of online banking and represent the major influences of privacy, security, and legal concerns on online banking adoption. Furthermore, the chapter reveals the main challenges in the development of online banking system. The adoption of online banking can decrease the operating expenses and offer good and rapid services to their customers. The framework factors have been classified as facilitators and barriers of adoption of online banking. Performance expectancy, effort expectancy and social influence have been classified as facilitators whereas security concerns, privacy concerns and legal concerns have been classified as barriers. The results revealed various significant suggestions for online banking service providers, designers and developers.
Anytime Anywhere Any-Amount Anybody to Anybody Real-Time Payment (5A-RTP)
Authors: Biswas Ranjit
Published: September 2016

This chapter introduces about a Proposal to any bank of any country for fast but secured transfer of money anytime anywhere any-amount by anybody to anybody on the spot with confirmation from the payee on the spot. The work here is on a new method of real time payment system, which is highly secured and fast, and 100% technology-based without any paper format or paper work of the bank. This breaking scheme is entitled as “5A-RTP scheme” where ‘5A' stands for Anytime Anywhere Any-amount Anybody to Anybody and ‘RTP' stands for Real-Time Payment. There is no paper-work at all. It is completely secured, realization of payment (debit + credit) happens immediately very fast, without any man-hour or manpower of the bank. It is claimed that 5A-RTP scheme, if incorporated in all the banks in any country, will give the country a huge momentum of customers' satisfaction, huge momentum in country's growth and economic progress. The revolutionary breakthrough in 5A-RTP scheme is that it dominates each of the existing banking instruments and facilities like Cheque, Pay-order, Draft, ATM machine, Credit Card, Debit Card, Internet Banking, Mobile Banking, Traveller's Cheque, etc. The 5A-RTP scheme may even slowly cause a natural death of the existing Cheque and Draft facilities from the country because of its huge application potential, in particular in vast countries like China, India, Brazil, USA, UK, etc.
Numbers Can Restrict Results?
Authors: Jamil George Leal
Published: September 2016

This chapter intends to evaluate how mixed researches are significant knowledge producers for business management. A discussion is conducted about the trade-off around the success and restrictions offered by the dominance of quantitative methods, especially when there is interest to study supply management and logistics. Quantitative methods are essential for any kind of management, but, as more dynamics in market competition produces more complex scenarios, qualitative answers are needed, along its approaches to formulate new questions that will help organizational decision-makers to apply knowledge for their planning activities. This chapter will explore three main points: 1) how the excessive concentration on quantitative methods can restrict managerial views; 2) how any organization can apply qualitative methods to enrich results observed from quantitative, resulting in better, more sustainable decisions; and 3) how qualitative and quantitative methods, associated, can implement this approach in real cases, with an overview of mixed scientific research methodologies.
Strategic Information Management
Authors: Lazzareschi Vitor H. , Brito Mônica S.
Published: September 2016

This article discusses a new methodology proposed for strategic information management focusing on reports optimization for stakeholders. Thus, it is expected that this format will help to mitigate information duplicity risks, rework, compliance costs, agility and support for the existing policies and processes aiming to set the foundation for a process of integrated information management as a “core business” service oriented applications and business processes that can, thereby, extract greater value to its shareholders.
The Impact of ICT on Supply Chain Agility and Human Performance
Authors: Loya Valeria Martínez , Alcaraz Jorge Luis García , Reza José Roberto Díaz , Gayosso Deysi Guadalupe Marquez
Published: September 2016

Supply Chain (SC) has become a key element for companies to increase their productivity and competitiveness. However, the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has also played an important role in the performance of these companies. Therefore, this chapter analyzes three latent variables in order to know the importance of ICT in both supply chain agility and the performance of human resources. Information was obtained from a questionnaire administered in the maquiladora industry in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico. A structural equation model is generated to understand the relationships among latent variables, and three hypotheses are raised based on such interactions. Finally, results indicate that supply chain agility and the performance of human resources are directly linked to the use of information and communication technologies.
Information and Knowledge Management Perspective Contributions for Fashion Studies
Authors: Jamil George Leal , Jamil Cecília Carvalho
Published: September 2016

In this chapter a focus on practical organizational aspects is considered: how to understand the development of concrete, objective processes such as logistics and supply chain management for fashion production and commercialization, with the help of information and knowledge management (IKM). For this study, some restrictive fundamentals are applied. The basic methodological aspect is to consider a “collection” as a line of artifacts of clothing produced according fashion concepts and propositions, resulting in several tangible products – as the clothing itself, complementary accessories, usage-oriented implementations – and intangible factors – such as image, communication messages, brand, artistic and cultural propositions, among many others (Sauro, 2009; Godart et al., 2015). It is a remarkably complex result, resulting from an intense creative process that receives internal and external influences, regarding organizational boundaries, which has to be limited to a focus for a particular study, as it is considered for this chapter. It is important also to mention that “collection” as referred here, approaches mainly clothing, although the term is also related to several other artifacts and products, such as shoes, jewelry, particular accessories, etc.
Information Management Systems in the Supply Chain
Authors: Sousa Maria José , Cruz Rui , Dias Ivo , Caracol Carla
Published: September 2016

This chapter analyzes the importance of technologies as drivers for managing supply chains. The focus will be on the advantages of the use of information technologies to improve company's efficiency to be competitive and for the reduction of costs, improvement of operations, improvement of relationships with customers, suppliers and partners, shortening of delivering times, streamlining and optimization of business processes and operations. The use of new technologies contributes to improve efficiency of supply chain management: raw material suppliers, component manufacturers, finished product manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers. Technologies allow an integrated approach to planning, control and monitoring of product flows, from suppliers to end users. They aim at improve customer service at reduced overall costs, and leads to the development of important relationships with logistics providers, suppliers, and customers in order to enhance information exchange and the coordination of business activities, which are the key advantages of an integrated supply chain with the collaboration among all the participants in the value chain.
Evaluating Teacher Education Programs for Philology Students
Authors: Presadă Diana , Badea Mihaela
Published: September 2016

The chapter will deal with the process of training philology students for their future careers as language and literature teachers in the compulsory education system of Romania. Based on the concurrent model, their training implies studying at the same time for the Bachelor's and Master's degree and a teaching qualification. An analysis of the transformations undergone by Romanian teacher training education in the last twenty years may enable an exchange of opinions among the researchers concerned with the improvement of the field. The chapter will offer a chronological analysis of the process of training philology undergraduate and graduate students paying particular attention to the creation and development of new programs at academic level.
Prospects and Challenges of Social Studies Teachers Professional Development in Nigeria
Authors: Oyewo Adetola Elizabeth , Umoh Samuel Uwem
Published: September 2016

Social Studies as a subject was introduced in several countries to meet certain specific needs and aspirations of the people. In Britain for instance, Social Studies was introduced into the school curriculum after the first and second world wars, as a panacea for social problems (Edinyang & Ubi, 2013). While in America, Social Studies was introduced with the intent of social competency and citizenship education (Adeshina, 2013, 2010). Social Studies is called different names in different countries, such as cultural studies, oriental studies, environmental education/studies, citizenship education or social science (Amos, 2014). In this chapter Social Studies in Nigeria is discussed with a focus on teacher education and professional development.
Personality and Education
Authors: Vorkapić Sanja Tatalović
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this chapter is to sensitize the public about the importance of research on personality in the process of teaching and learning, regardless of whether it refers to the personality/temperament of children or teachers. By analysing the personality of teachers, the job-fit theory and different theoretical models of personality and temperament in psychology are showcased. With the aim of a better understanding of the moderator's role of personality in the context of education, a systematic review of relevant studies is presented within Croatian cultural context. Finally, an empirical study is presented which was conducted on future preschool teachers who evaluated their personality as well as their best and worst teachers' personalities. It was determined that there are significant differences in estimated personality traits of the best and worst teachers. Finally, further guidance in exploring the role of personality in education was provided, with an emphasis on methodological aspects and some specific scientific research designs.
A Multimedia Tool for Teacher Education and Professional Development
Authors: Rodgers Wendy J. , Kennedy Michael J. , Alves Kat D. , Romig John E.
Published: September 2016

This article describes a tool that can be used in teacher education called Content Acquisition Podcasts (CAPs). CAPs are short multimedia vignettes designed to teach targeted, specific concepts. They are developed in accordance with design principles that are intended to reduce learners' cognitive load (Mayer, 2009). CAPs are simple to create and can be made with readily-available software; this accessibility and their flexible design makes them extremely versatile. They can easily be incorporated into flipped or blended classes. In this article, the authors explain how CAPs are created, describe three ways to integrate CAPs into teacher education and professional development, and explore how CAPs can begin to address the challenges of preparing teachers for a complex working environment.
Gamified - Blended Learning Professional Development: A Descriptive Case Study
Authors: Vu Phu , Knoell Christopher Michael , Nebesniak Amy , Strawhecker Jane
Published: September 2016

This descriptive case aimed to examine a new model of job-embedded and on-going professional development using both blended learning and gamification approach as a delivery method. Qualitative and quantitative data collected for the study were from different sources to ensure the validity and reliability of the findings. The quantitative data findings indicated that participating in the PD first module impacted both the teachers learning of effective mathematics teaching, as well as their mathematical content knowledge. Furthermore, they planned to implement what they learned from the PD into their classroom teaching. Qualitative data findings identified three common themes emerging from the data analysis including awareness of high quality resources, students' engagement through the use of games and technology, and tasks to promote students' mathematical thinking.
Patterns of Practice and Teacher Identity
Authors: Husbye Nicholas E. , Alovar Yolanda , Song King
Published: September 2016

The increasing diversity of public school students presents challenges both to institutions of teacher education as well as professional development providers as mainstream educators must now be versed in skills and techniques that result in rigorous and effective learning for English learners (ELs). This chapter presents insights from a university-run professional development program for pre- and in-service teachers closely examining the ways one participant engaged in a variety of practice-based identities within her classroom as a result of her participation in the professional development program. These practice-based identities include the tool collector, content monomath, and polymath, with each bring particular strengths to the classroom for ELs. This work suggests a need to consider the ways in which professional development participants conceptualize themselves as they make sense of their own educational experience as well as to provide insight into the most meaningful elements of such an experience.
Evaluation of Master's Programs in English Language Teaching (ELT)
Authors: Ozturk Rukiye Ozlem , Mede Enisa
Published: September 2016

This chapter aims to evaluate the English Language Teaching (ELT) master program offered by the Graduate School of Educational Sciences at a foundation (non-profit, private) university in Istanbul, Turkey. Specifically, it investigates the preferences of the students about joining this particular program as well as analyzes their perceptions along with the ones shared by the course instructors and program coordinator. The sample population comprised fifty students, five instructors and one program coordinator. Data were obtained through a questionnaire and reflective essays. The findings revealed that the master program was effective regarding the content of the program as well as the role of instructors which contributed to the professional development. However, the range of elective courses and balance between course loads needed more consideration for the redesign of the existing program. Findings are discussed in relation to program design and evaluation in English language teaching master's programs.
ASPECTOS PSICOSSOCIAIS DA VELHICE LGBT
Authors: Araújo Ludgleydson Fernandes de
Published: September 2016

A população idosa composta por lésbicas, gays, bissexuais e transgêneros (LGBT) vem aumentando nas últimas décadas não somente pela redução da mortalidade na infância e vida adulta, mas pelo melhor acesso aos serviços de saúde (Kimmel, 2015). Apesar dos avanços das leis que garantem iguais direitos as pesssoas de diferentes orientações sexuais, as pessoas idosas LGBT ainda é uma categoria pouco visível entre os pesquisadores da Geriatria e da Gerontologia. Deste modo, a presente resenha apresentará o livro “The lives of LGBT older adults: understanding challenges and resilience” que foi organizando pelas pesquisadoras americanas Nancy A. Orel (Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH) e a Christine A. Fruhauf (Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Colorado State University), trata-se de uma publicação pioneira e alvissareira que busca preencher a escassez de publicações versando sobre a velhice e o processo de envelhecimento das pessoas LGBT.
Interfacial Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium to Copper Sheet Joints by Electromagnetic Pulse Welding
Authors: Kwee Irene , Faes Koen
Published: September 2016

This study investigated joining of Al to Cu sheets by electromagnetic pulse welding, which is a solid-state welding process that uses electromagnetic forces to join materials. The interfacial morphology and mechanical properties of the Al/Cu joints were analysed and related to the welding process parameters and weld properties. The centre section of the Al/Cu joints evolved from a non-welded to a welded zone. The welded zone started with a wavy interface, consisting of thick interfacial layers with defects and evolved to a relatively flat interface without an interfacial layer. The interfacial layer thickness is determined by both the discharge energy and the stand-off distance. A higher tensile force, up to 4.9 kN, was achieved at a higher energy and a lower stand-off distance of 2 mm. The tensile force is directly related to the weld width, since a higher tensile force is achieved for a higher weld width. In addition, the presence of interfacial layers can contribute to a small extent to a higher tensile force.
Pull-Out Strength of Screws in Screw Chases: Part 1
Authors: LaBelle James C. , Kissell J. Randolph , Dolby Tanya A.
Published: September 2016

This paper presents test results and a proposed pull-out strength equation for tension-loaded screws installed in chases in extruded aluminum profiles. The screws are perpendicular to the extrusion's length. This connection is commonly used to resist outward wind load on glass in curtain walls and skylights. Two types of chase, each with 1/4 in. (6.35 mm) diameter 300 series stainless steel screws were used: a flat chase with AB tapping screws (1/4-14; 14 threads per 25.4 mm) and F tapping screws (1/4-20; 20 threads per 25.4 mm), and a longitudinally ribbed chase with UNC-thread machine screws (1/4-20). The extrusions included six cross-section shapes (three with flat chases and three with ribbed chases) and three alloy-tempers. Pull-out tests of 150 single screws were conducted. The Aluminum Design Manual [1] does not include pull-out strength equations for screws in chases; this research was intended to develop such equations. Pull-out strength increased with an increase in engaged length of screw threads with the chase. The shape and dimensions of the chase also affected the pull-out strength.
Advances and Potentials in Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Bergmann Jean Pierre , Grätzel Michael , Schürer René , Regensburg Anna , Weigl Markus
Published: September 2016

Within the last decade, Friction Stir Welding (FSW) has increasingly been gaining relevance for joining nonferrous metals, especially aluminum alloys. Possible applications range from the aerospace and automotive sector up to manufacturing electrical components. Compared to conventional fusion welding processes, FSW offers numerous advantages, as it for example does not require shielding gas or filler material. However, FSW is still not applied or taken into account during the product development process in proportion to its potential. This is mainly caused by the lack of data in order to evaluate the process economically and differentiate it to other processes like arc and laser welding, also regarding technological factors. Therefore, this investigation focusses on the possibilities and limits when joining wrought and cast aluminum alloys, like EN AW-6082 T6, EN AW-7075 T651 and AlSi11Mg0,3, respectively, by FSW compared to MIG. The weld quality of the samples is characterized by tensile testing, hardness measurements and microstructure analysis. Furthermore, an approach to reduce the process forces by using FSW tools with reduced diameters and respectively adjusted process parameters is presented.
The Use of Cold Spray to Repair Corroded AA6005A-T6 Used for Bolt-Channel Joints
Authors: Bossio Antonio , Bitondo Ciro , Carangelo Anna , Formisano Antonio , Monetta Tullio , Landolfo Raffaele , Mazzolani Federico M. , Bellucci Francesco
Published: September 2016

The cold spray technology is an innovative technique used to coat metallic and non-metallic substrates for protection from corrosion and/or to improve surface functionalities. It is well known that surface degradation (i.e. corrosion) is not merely an aesthetic issue; its consequences may affect the structural behaviour and the usability of structures or parts of them. This paper addresses the use of cold spray technology as a potential innovative tool for the repair of an extruded 6005A-T6 aluminium alloy item. The specimens investigated have a complex geometry and are used for a new kind of bolt-channel joints to secure the passenger seats to the frame of buses. In order to simulate environmental degradation, samples were exposed to aerated synthetic seawater for 15, 60 and 240 days and, subsequently, cold spray coated using a pure aluminium powder. Results acquired show that layers obtained using Cold Spray process are effective against corrosion, restore volume and geometry shape of corroded metals components without showing visible traces of the repair.
Production Routes for Impact Extruded Aluminum Parts for the Automotive Industry
Authors: Wimmer Alexander , Schwarz Bernhard
Published: September 2016

In the past months due to decreasing fuel prices the brisance of light weight design got lost, however climate change is still continuing and there is an increasing demand for aluminum parts for mobile applications. There is a strong rivalry between well-known materials such as aluminum, steel and plastic, however technical progress features new materials such as carbon fiber laminates (CFK). New competitors in North America and China are increasing the cost pressure, which requires further process optimizations. In this work different fabrication methods for impact extruded parts are analyzed and economical and technological aspects are compared. A comparison between traditional and state-of-the-art production routes is done. Based on an input-output analysis the alternatives are compared by economic and ecologic aspects, allowing a substantiated examination. Through the comprehensive analysis, options for technological optimizations are revealed to attenuate disadvantages of alternatives with economic advantages, ensuring technological leadership.
Proposal for an Empirical Evaluation of Rotation Capacity of RHS Aluminium Alloy Beams Based on FEM Simulations
Authors: Castaldo Paolo , Nastri Elide , Piluso Vincenzo
Published: September 2016

The aim of this work is the development of an empirical relationship for evaluating the rotation capacity of RHS aluminium alloy beams, for temper T4 and T6. The proposed relationships are based on the numerical results coming from an extensive parametric analysis performed by means of FE code ABAQUS for different materials, which gain insight into the influence of all the geometrical and mechanical parameters affecting the ultimate behaviour. In particular, the influence of the materials strain hardening, flange slenderness, web stiffness, shape factor and moment gradient the on the plastic behaviour of such beams has been investigated. Successively, by means of monovariate and multivariate non linear regression analyses, empirical relationships are provided in order to predict the rotation capacity of RHS aluminium alloy beams starting from their geometrical and mechanical properties. This paper is focused on this issue.
Design and Performance Testing of a Skylight in Qatar
Authors: Naqash Muhammad Tayyab , Formisano Antonio , De Matteis Gianfranco
Published: September 2016

The current paper deals with an overview on façade industry with the purpose to be useful for the engineers involved in the structural and architectural design of curtain walls.The research activity has been based on both the structural calculation and the experimental test on the Le Boulevard skylight in Doha (Qatar), measuring 36m by 18m in plan, located at a height of about 42 m and subjected to a wind load of 1.7 KPa. The skylight, composed of steel rectangular curved tubes, glass and aluminium sandwich panels, is designed for a basic wind speed of 25 m/s as per Qatar Construction Standards. Two types of steel frames have been designed, one to support both the glazing and aluminium sandwich panel, and another to transfer all the loads to the main structure. Subsequently, a performance testing on a specimen extracted from the skylight has been performed. The test was carried out by Aluminium Technology Auxilliary Ind. (ALUTEC) on a specimen having length and width of 6.625 m and 3.315 m, respectively. The assessment procedures have been carried out following the “ASTM E283”, “ASTM E331” and “ASTM E330” standards. The results of the test have been found within the acceptable limits for the skylight components specified by the standards and required by the project specification.
FE Simulation of Residual Welding Stresses: Aluminium and Steel Structural Components
Authors: Knoedel Peter , Gkatzogiannis Stefanos , Ummenhofer Thomas
Published: September 2016

One of the decisive criteria in the selection of material between steel and aluminium could be the welding RS (residual stresses), which play an important role for the fatigue behavior of the structures under cycling loading. In the current paper simulations in commercial FE software ANSYS were carried out, in order to calculate the welding RS field for three different materials: structural steel S355 and the aluminum grades EN AW-6060 and EN AW-5754. In the case of EN AW-6060 influence of recrystallization on the yield strength of the HAZ (heat affected zone) was taken into consideration.
Resistances of I-Section to Internal Forces Interactions
Authors: Balaz Ivan , Kovac Michal , Živner Tomáš , Kolekova Yvona
Published: September 2016

Comparison of the formulae taken from 5 Eurocode parts EN 1993-1-1 [1], EN 1993-1-3 [2], EN 1993-1-5 [3], EN 1999-1-1 [4] and EN 1999-1-4 [5] valid for calculation of resistance of I-section under bending moment – shear force interaction. An attempt to create basis for harmonization of different rules used in EN 1993 Design of steel structures and EN 1999 Design of aluminium structures. The rules concerning verification of metal I-section resistance under bending moment – shear force interaction could be simplified and harmonized in the above five parts of metal Eurocodes. Eurocodes interaction formulae are compared with formulae given in Czech [6] and Slovak [7] standards and interaction formulae given in [13 – 18]. Results of large parametric study authors published in papers [8 – 12, 19].The resistance of the I-section to interaction of bending and torsion internal forces [20 – 22] which is missing in the current Eurocodes is analyzed too. New approach is proposed.
The Use of Structural Aluminum for the Design of Large Span Roofs: The Case of the “Cubierta De Oviedo”
Authors: Faggiano Beatrice , Iovane Giacomo , Ricci Alessia , Squillace Antonino , Astarita Antonello , Passeggio Francesco , Canteli Alfonso Fernández , Mazzolani Federico M.
Published: September 2016

The architectural artwork “Cubierta de Oviedo” is located in the Buenavista building complex, it being the movable roof of the City of Oviedo (Asturie, Spain) conference centre. The original design and realization was by the archistar Santiago Calatrava (2004-11). The structure is made in steel. Since the testing of the structure, it was not possible to open the roof. From this occurrence, the idea to design the cubierta in structural aluminum seemed to be a challenge, due to the lowest weight of aluminum as respect to steel. In this perspective, the study focuses on the design of the main beam, spanning 134m total length, with 110m cantilever length, in the most unfavorable condition of open roof. The more appropriate aluminum alloy 7075 has been selected, according to the required mechanical properties. Considering the large height (4.20m) of the cross section, which is a special welded box section, for connecting the component elements, the Friction Stir Welding innovative technique is examined and proposed. The EC9 design codes for aluminum structures is applied with some adaptations due to the peculiarities of the structure. A comparison of steel and aluminum solutions is then presented, in terms of internal forces, mechanical efficiency, deformability, weight and costs, it evidencing the advantages of aluminum for large span roofs.
Bearing Length on Cold-Formed Sections
Authors: Norlin Bert , Höglund Torsten
Published: September 2016

The effective bearing length of trapezoidal sheeting on cold formed sections at inner supports is 10 mm according to EN 1999-1-4 (aluminium) and EN 1993-1-3 (steel). In the original design provisions the effective bearing length on Z-sections was the actual width of the loaded flange. In order to find out the appropriate effective bearing length, FEM calculations were made on simply supported beams with C-, Z-and Sigma-cross-section. Contact elements between the trough of the trapezoidal sheeting and the loaded flange of the beam made it possible to evaluate the contact area. This area and the stresses in the trapezoidal sheeting show that the effective bearing length is very small for C-sections. For Z-sections and for Sigma sections with large folds in the web the contact area is the flange width, unless the flange width versus profile height is large and the plate thickness is small.
(Low-Cycle-) Fatigue Design According to DIN EN 1999-1-3 State of the Art and Current Research
Authors: Radlbeck Christina , Rengstl Mathias , Pessel Senta , Mensinger Martin
Published: September 2016

DIN EN 1999-1-3 presents a comprehensive framework for fatigue design of aluminum structures. Various structural details and joints are included. For safety checks against High-Cycle Fatigue, three design concepts are available: Safe-Life-Design, Damage-Tolerant-Design and Design assisted by Testing. Respective safe-life-design lines are based on a databank including results from stress controlled Wöhler fatigue tests. The phenomenon of Low-Cycle-Fatigue (<105 cycles) is treated in Annex F, giving design regulations for selected structural details. Thereby, the influence of different alloys and thus different yield strength values is not considered. In addition, plasticizing effects under high stress ranges are neglected. In general, engineers face the following questions: Which cycle numbers require (Low-Cycle-) fatigue design and thus where is the limit for static design? Furthermore, how to define the maximum allowable stress range? Respective answers are investigated in a current research project carried out by the Chair of Metal Structures, TU Munich.In this contribution, the state of the art of fatigue design according to DIN EN 1999-1-3 is presented. European design concepts are discussed in view of available data and new developments in research, quality control, fabrication of specimen as well as testing techniques. The focus is then laid on Low-Cycle Fatigue. A new concept, including the influence of alloy type and the effects of plasticizing, is worked on. To this purpose an extensive testing program has started, including a large number of strain-controlled-tests.
Recent Development of Codes for Design of Aluminum Structures in Canada
Authors: Walbridge Scott , Beaulieu Denis , Mazzolani Federico M.
Published: September 2016

In 2011, a new chapter was added to the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CAN/CSA S6) [1] enabling the design of aluminum bridge components and structures in Canada. In 2016, activities are well underway, which will result in significant modifications to the Canadian aluminum structures code: “Strength Design in Aluminum” (CAN/CSA S157) [2] and the Canadian code for welding of aluminum structures: “Welded Aluminum Construction” (CAN/CSA W59.2) [3]. This paper discusses the philosophies employed in the development and modernization of these design codes and highlights some of the major changes to these codes. In the case of CAN/CSA S6, the new aluminum chapter was basically written from scratch. However, a practical approach was employed of using material from existing codes, where appropriate (including CAN/CSA S157, the AASHTO Bridge Design Specification [4], the U.S. Aluminum Design Manual [5], and the Eurocode [6]), and organizing the chapter to resemble as closely as possible the chapter for steel bridge structures, so that designers would be relatively comfortable with the new material. In the case of CAN/CSA S157, a significant reorganization of the code contents will be occurring in the latest edition, in order to bring it closer to the Canadian steel structures code (CAN/CSA S16) [7] where possible, again to make the code more user friendly. In the case of the aluminum welding code (CAN/CSA W59.2), changes are being considered to allow the use of technologies such as friction stir welding (FSW) and post-weld treatments (e.g. peening, grinding) for improving fatigue performance. This work is being done with input from Canadian industry experts and academics, in consultation with international experts from the U.S. and Europe. It is expected that this work will lead to substantially improved design codes, resulting in significant benefits in terms of the economics and safety implications of designing aluminum structures in Canada.
Accelerated Biodeterioration Test for the Study of Cementitious Materials in Sewer Networks: Experimental and Modeling
Authors: Grandclerc Anaïs , Gueguen-Minerbe Marielle , Nour Issam , Dangla Patrick , Chaussadent Thierry
Published: September 2016

Important deteriorations have been observed in concrete sewers, due to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production. Hydrogen sulfide environment involves the selection of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (bacteria able to oxidize the reduced sulfur compounds) in contact with the cementitious materials. These biological reactions lead to a local production of sulfuric acid and, as a consequence, to the dissolution of cement matrix and its mineralogical transformations (gypsum and ettringite formation). This phenomenon disturbs the sewer system and leads to expansive works of rehabilitation. As a consequence, a project was initiated in order to propose more efficient solutions. The main objectives of this project are to set up an accelerated test and to develop an associated model. To date, experimental studies and some improvements of the model previously setting up were performed. The first study describes the impact of several parameters, including type of cementitious materials, on hydrogen sulfide adsorption. These abiotic tests involve monitoring hydrogen sulfide concentration as a function of time. This experiment was realized in a hermetic chamber with five types of mortars (cast with calcium aluminate cement (CAC), blended Portland cement (CEM III, CEM IV and CEM V) and super sulfated cement (SSC)) and under different relative humidity. The second study is deterioration state of mortars characterization, thanks to some analyses (SEM – EDX). After three months of exposition, different types of sulphur species are observed on mortar surfaces, which vary with the nature of mortar. All these experiments allow providing improvements to model previously setting up. Abiotic tests measurements are used to determine mathematical law, which modelises hydrogen sulphide adsorption on each type of cementitious material.
Outdoor Exposure Test of Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials
Authors: Nakamura Eisuke , Kurihara Yuki , Koga Hirohisa
Published: September 2016

An outdoor exposure test was conducted to investigate the resistances of concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to carbonation and chloride ingress at three outdoor exposure testing sites in Japan. The test results indicated that concrete specimens containing larger amounts of SCMs exhibited larger carbonation depths but the carbonation rates decreased as the testing period was extended. Additionally, the resistance to chloride ingress was improved by the use of SCMs in cases where the carbonation depths were negligible. Concrete specimens containing high-volume SCMs, however, showed inverse chloride profiles due to large carbonation depths; chloride contents were low in zones of carbonation but large beyond these zones. The resistance to carbonation was found crucial for preventing reinforcement corrosion induced by not only carbonation but also incidental chloride ingress in concrete containing high-volume SCMs.
Influence of Curing Temperature on Strength Development of Concrete
Authors: Aarre Tine , Kaasgaard Martin
Published: September 2016

With the aim to test the applicability of the commonly used maturity concept introduced by Freiesleben et al [1] to modern concrete and to investigate the impact of the curing history on the compressive strength of laboratory samples cured at elevated temperatures, four concretes with different binder compositions (a pure CEM I 42.5N, CEM I 42.5N with fly ash, CEM I 52.5N with fly ash and a CEM III/B) were cured and tested at temperatures ranging from 5 to 60 °C.To test the maturity concept, the development of the compressive strength of samples cured at temperatures ranging from 5 to 60 °C were tested at maturities ranging from 1 to 28 days.To test the impact of curing history at elevated temperatures on the compressive strength, concrete samples were cured at 60°C using two different temperature scenarios: (1) at a constant temperature of 60 °C and (2) at gradually increasing temperature from the casting temperature to the maximum temperature of 60 °C.It was found that the commonly used maturity concept is still applicable to modern concrete although the activation energy is dependent on the binder composition. Concerning the impact of curing history it was found that at 28 days of maturity, the strength of concrete cured at constant temperature of 60 °C was significantly lower than that of concrete cured at 20 °C. For the concrete exposed to gradually increasing temperature up to 60 °C, only a slight decrease in strength was observed for the pure cement concretes while the strength of the binder systems with fly ash increased.
Design of Massive Casting Controlling Early Age Properties of Concrete
Authors: Bertagnoli Gabriele , La Mazza Dario , Mancini Giuseppe , Tondolo Francesco
Published: September 2016

The design of concrete structures exposed to environmental attack requires serious attention for concrete durability. Early age cracking due to autogenous deformations should be avoided.In this work the study of the structural effects of hydration heat and rheological behaviour of a massive concrete casting is presented. The object of the study is a skyscraper foundation slab. Aim of the work is the numerical simulation of what occurs to the structure during the hardening, in order to avoid unforeseen autogenous cracking and therefore the choice of a tailor-made concrete mixture able to fulfil the performance criteria.Non-linear finite element coupled thermal and mechanical analyses have been performed taking into account: hydration heat generation and dispersion, dimension and sequence of the casting, evolution of concrete mechanical properties in time during the hardening reaction, creep and differential shrinkage.
Siloxanes in Concrete: From Manual Application of Water-Proofing Treatments to Mix-Design Addition for Concrete Hydrophobicity
Authors: Ferrara Liberato , Pattarini Andrea
Published: September 2016

Manually applied waterproofing treatments with siloxane based emulsions are quite common for slabs exposed to rain and/or ponding water. This study has started first of all with the assessment of such a manually applied treatment, employing a commercially available siloxane based product. Reference has been made to capacity of such a treatment to reduce capillary absorption of water both in the case of un-cracked and cracked normal strength concrete specimens. The study has further evolved showing the potential of the siloxane based emulsion, when added into the mix as a partial replacement of the total mixing water (10% by weight in this case) to create a hydrophobic concrete, featuring highly reduced values of capillary absorption of water, even without the manual application of any surface treatment. The obtained results are interesting and very promising and pave the way to spread the use of such a simple technology for improving the durability characteristics of the concrete imperviousness, which would be no longer subjected e.g. to the UV light induced aging and deterioration of the manually applied films.
Effect of Limestone Fillers on Ca-Leaching and Carbonation of Cement Pastes
Authors: Phung Quoc Tri , Maes Norbert , Jacques Diederik , de Schutter Geert , Ye Guang
Published: September 2016

Because of its environmental and economic benefits, part of cement is replaced by limestone fillers (LS). However, the effect of LS on the chemical degradation of cement-based materials is still unclear. In this study, accelerated leaching and carbonation were applied on cement pastes to study the effects of LS replacement on the degradation rates and microstructural alterations of degraded materials. Ammonium nitrate solution was used to accelerate the leaching process, while carbonation was speeded up by applying an elevated pressure gradient of pure CO2 on samples with 65% relative humidity. The carbonation rate was characterized by phenolphthalein carbonation depth and CO2 uptake, while leaching rate was quantified by phenolphthalein leaching depth and Ca-leached amount. Leached/carbonated samples were analyzed by a series of post-analysis techniques to characterize the microstructural and mineralogical changes. Results showed that, for a similar w/c ratio, a higher LS replacement resulted in lower leaching rate. For carbonation, LS replacement promoted the CO2 uptake despite similar carbonation depth. Furthermore, LS replacement led to less C-S-H carbonation compared to samples without LS.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete in Compression Exposed to Sulfuric Acid
Authors: Hasan Muttaqin , Husin Saiful , Nursaniah Cut
Published: September 2016

This paper presents the degradation of compressive strength and stiffness of concrete after immersed in 2,5 % sulfuric acid solution. The durations of immersion are 0, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. After the immersion, ultrasonic pulse velocity and compression tests are performed on the specimens. The relative dynamic elastic modulus, compressive strength and its initial stiffness decrease with increasing the duration of immersion, as a result of the increasing microcracks in the concrete. The strain at peak stress increases with increasing the duration of immersion. The degradation of compressive strength, the degradation of initial stiffness and the value of strain at peak stress of damaged concrete are formulated as a function of relative dynamic elastic modulus. A simple mathematical expression for stress-strain relationship of concrete damaged by sulfuric acid is proposed and stress-strain curves at different level of damage are compared.
Evaluation of Additional Protection Methods to Control Reinforcement Corrosion
Authors: Bolzoni Fabio , Beretta Silvia , Brenna Andrea , Diamanti Maria Vittoria , Lazzari Luciano , Ormellese Marco , Pedeferri Maria Pia
Published: September 2016

The prevention of reinforcement corrosion is primarily achieved by using high quality concrete, adequate concrete cover and suitable casting and curing. Additional prevention methods are adopted when severe environmental conditions occur on structures requiring very long service life. While existing standards, EN 206 or Eurocode 2, adopt prescriptive approach, performance based methods can improve the evaluation of the service life and enable the comparison of available design options. The reliability of the prediction is very important and even widely used models (e.g. fib Model Code) still have open questions. In this paper different additional protection are evaluated: corrosion inhibitors, stainless steel rebars, concrete coatings. A simplified approach is used, considering that the serviceability limit state, i.e. initiation of corrosion in chloride containing environments, can be modeled through the analytical solution of the 2nd Fick’s law of diffusion. The main factors influencing corrosion initiation (critical chlorides concentration, chlorides diffusion coefficient, surface chloride concentration, concrete cover) are represented by distribution of values and the probability distribution of service life is evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation.
Performance Based Specifications for Durability of Mass Concrete Blocks Subjected to Harsh Arabian Gulf Marine Environment
Authors: Muhammad K. Rahman , Zaki Al Omran , Mohammed Ibrahim , Fahad Al Nahdi , Mohammed S. Barry
Published: September 2016

Concrete structures in the Eastern region of Saudi Arabia are exposed to the harsh Arabian Gulf environment, and they suffer from deterioration due to accelerated corrosion of the reinforcing steel resulting in reduced service life. The service life of reinforced concrete structures in this environment is strongly affected by the quality of concrete. The resistances of concrete to chloride penetration, the chloride threshold for corrosion initiation and corrosion rate of the reinforcing steel are critical in ensuring long-term durability of concrete structures. In order to ensure that the concrete functions in the harsh environment for which it is expected to meet the service life requirement, the concrete must be designed for durability performance. A prescriptive concrete specification emphasizing on limits on mix parameters is generally ineffective for durability issues. A performance based specification based on concrete quality represented by durability indices and compliance criteria measured on cast-in-place concrete provides a framework for the contractor and ready-mix concrete supplier to produce a structure meeting the stipulated service life by the client. This paper presents the results of experimental investigations conducted for mass-concrete blocks used in the quay walls off the coastline on a reclaimed land. For long-term durability, a concrete mix in which 50% and 70% of cement was replaced by ground blast furnace slag was used to cater for the durability performance requirements.