bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A method for defining wind turbine setback standards
Authors: Rogers Jonathan , Slegers Nathan , Costello Mark
Published: April 2011

Setback distances established by regulatory authorities to minimize the probability of blade fragment impact with roads, structures and infrastructure can often have a significant impact on wind farm development. However, these minimum distance requirements typically rely on arbitrary rules of thumb and are not based on a physical or probabilistic analysis of blade throw. The work reported here uses a probabilistic approach to evaluate the effectiveness of current standards and to propose a new technique for determining setback distances. This is accomplished through the use of a dynamic model of wind turbine blade failure coupled with Monte Carlo simulation techniques applied to three different wind turbines. It is first shown that common setback standards based on turbine height and blade radius provide inconsistent and inadequate protection against blade throw. Then, using a simplified dynamic analysis of a thrown blade fragment, it is shown that the release velocity of the blade fragment is the critical factor in determining the maximum distance fragments are likely to travel. The importance of release velocity is further verified through simulation results. Finally, a new method for developing setback standards is proposed based on an acceptable level of risk. Given specific wind turbine operational parameters and a set of failure probabilities, the new method leverages realistic blade throw modeling to produce setback standards with a valid physical foundation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Machine learning
Authors: Alpaydın Ethem
Published: April 2011

Machine learning is already a mature field with significant theoretical work and an impressive suite of applications. I will discuss learning algorithms together with some example applications, as well as the current challenges and research areas. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 195–203 DOI: 10.1002/wics.166

This article is categorized under:

Software for Computational Statistics > Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Pattern Recognition

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Knowledge Discovery

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Clustering and Classification
Information enhancement for data mining
Authors: Zhang Shichao
Published: April 2011

Information enhancement techniques are desired in many areas such as data mining, machine learning, business intelligence, and web data analysis. Information enhancement mainly includes the following topics: data cleaning, data preparation and transformation, missing values imputation, feature and instance selection, feature construction, treatment of noisy and inconsistent data, data integration, data collection and housing, information enhancement, web data availability, web data capture and representation, and the others. It is impossible to outline all the research topics in a single paper. In this study, we discuss the information enhancement for data mining with existing missing data imputation techniques. We first review the current research on imputing missing values, and then experimentally evaluate the techniques and demonstrate the efficiency of missing data imputation techniques to enhance information in the process of pattern discovery from datasets with missing values. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2011 1 284–295 DOI: 10.1002/widm.21

This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Data Concepts
Gene expression modular analysis: an overview from the data mining perspective
Authors: Pascual‐Montano Alberto
Published: April 2011

In this review, we discuss the main problems and state‐of‐the‐art solutions applied to the field of gene expression. Specific data analysis workflows have been developed in parallel with the technology and currently cover a very wide spectrum of methods and applications needed to give answers to a lot of scientific questions that this type of data are producing. Computer science and, more specifically, the data mining area is still benefiting from a large set of real‐case scenarios to apply and develop new ideas and tools for discovering biological knowledge and new information from this experimental data. In this article, we make the reader aware of the main problems that still persist and provide a description of the methodologies that are applied for classification, clustering, and functional exploration of gene expression data. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov2011 1 381–396 DOI: 10.1002/widm.29

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Biological Data Mining

Application Areas > Science and Technology

Technologies > Classification
Synthesis and Structure of Tetrameric Germa‐closo‐dodecaborate Silver Halides
Authors: Dimmer Jörg‐Alexander , Wesemann Lars
Published: April 2011

The reaction of germa‐closo‐dodecaborate with oneequivalent of silver halide AgX (X = Cl, Br) leads to the tetrameric1:1 adducts [Et3MeN]8[{AgCl(GeB11H11)}4] (1) and [Et3MeN]8[{AgBr(GeB11H11)}4] (2). A cubane‐like structure was determined in the solid state by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The compounds were characterized by crystal structure analysis, 11B NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
Darstellung und Reaktionen von Selenocarbonyldifluorid und seines cyclischen Dimeren 2,2,4,4‐Tetrafluor‐1,3‐diselenetan [l]
Authors: Haas A. , Koch B. , Welcman N.
Published: April 2011

Inhaltsübersicht. Das erstmals hergestellte B(SeCF3)3 zerfällt unter dem katalytischen Einfluß von Alkalifluoriden zu F2C=Se und BF3. In Anwesenheit von BF3 polymerisiert F2CSe bereits. bei −;80°C. Oberhalb 150°C depolymerisiert (F2CSe)n wieder zu F2C=Se und. Durch Halogenaddition an F2C = Se gewinnt man F2XCSeX (X = Cl, Br). Das in der Reihe Cl3–nFnCSeCl noch fehlende Cl2FCSeCl wird durch Umsetzung von CSe2, ClF und Cl2 synthetisiert. FnCl3–nCSeCl (n = 1. 2) liefert mit Zinn die entsprechenden symmetrischen Diselane, mit AgCN die Selenocyanate. Durch Halogenaustausch mit BX3 (X = Cl, Br) wird

umgewandelt. XC(S)Cl reagiert mit Hg(SeCF3)2 zu CF3SeC(S)X (X = F, Cl. CF3Se). Daraus werden durch Chloraddition die entsprechenden Sulfenylchloride synthetisiert. IR‐NMR‐ und Massenspektren der neu hergestellten Substanzen werden angegeben.

Preparation and Reactions of SeCF2 and its Cyclic Dimer 2,2,4,4‐Tetrafluoro‐1,3‐diselenetane

Abstract. B(SeCF3)3, prepared for the first time, decomposes under the influence of alkali metal fluorides to F2C=Se and BF3. In presence of BF3, SeCF2 polymerizes even at −80°C. Above 150°C (F2CSe)n depolymerizes to F2C = Se and

Halogen addition to F2C=Se produces F2XCSeX (X = Cl, Br). The compound Cl2FCSeCl could be synthesized by the reaction of CSe2 with ClF and Cl2. These selenenylchlorides react with tin producing the corresponding symmetric diselenides whereas with AgCN the selenocyanates are formed.

can be transformed to

through halogen exchange reaction with BX3 (X = Cl, Br). XC(S)Cl reacts with Hg(SeCF3)2 to give CF3SeC(S)X (X = F, Cl. CF3Se), from which the corresponding sulfenylchlorides can be synthesized by chlorine addition. I.r., n.m.r., and mass spectra of the newly prepared compounds are reported.
Über Sulfide der vierten Hauptgruppe vom Typ AIIBIVS3 und die Kristallstruktur des SnGeS31)
Authors: Fenner J. , Mootz R. D.
Published: April 2011

Inhaltsübersicht. Die Elemente der vierten Hauptgruppe bilden vier Sulfide vom Typ AIIBIVS3: SnGeS3, PbGeS3, SnSnS3, PbSnS3. Die Verbindungen lassen sich durch Reaktion der Elemente sowie der binären Sulfide darstellen. Es können gute Einkristalle erhalten werden. Auf Grund chemischer, physikalischer und struktureller Eigenschaften lassen sich die Sulfide in zwei Gruppen einteilen. Bestimmend hierfür ist das Element in der Oxydationsstufe +IV. Die Struktur der isotypen Verbindungen SnGeS3 und PbGeS3 wurde durch eine vollständige Röntgenstrukturanalyse des SnGeS3 bestimmt. Cherakteristisch für die Struktur sind Ketten aus eckenverknüpften GeS4‐Tetraedern, die über Sn‐Atome zu stark gewellten Schichten vernetzt sind.

Type AIIBIVS3 Sulfides of the Fourth Main Group and the Crystal Structure of SnGeS3

Abstract. The group IV elements form sulfides of the type AIIBIVS3: SnGeS3, PbGeS3, SnSnS3, PbSnS3. The compounds are formed through the reaction of the elements and of the binary sulfides. Good single crystals are obtained. The sulfides can be sorted into two groups due to their physical, chemical and structural properties. The element in the oxidation state +IV determines these properties. The structure of the isotypic compounds SnGeS3 and PbGeS3 was determined by a complete x‐ray structure analysis of SnGeS3. Characteristic for the structure are chains of GeS4 tetrahedra sharing to vertices each. The chains are linked into corrugated layers by the Sn atoms.
Die Schwingungsspektren von Ca3(VO4)2 und Ca3(AsO4)2[l]
Authors: Baran E. J.
Published: April 2011

Inhaltsübersicht. Die IR‐ und Raman‐Spektren von Ca3(VO4)2 wurden aufgenommen und an Hand der “Site‐Symmetrie”‐Regeln interpretiert. Auch das IR‐Spektrum des isostrukturellen Ca3(AsO4)2 wurde zu Vergleichszwecken untersucht.

The Vibrational Spectra of Ca3(VO4)2 and Ca3(AsO4)2

Abstract. The infrared and Raman spectra of Ca3(VO4)2 are reported and discussed with the aid of the “site symmetry” rules. For comparative purposes, the i.r. spectrum of the isostructural Ca3(AsO4)2 has been also analyzed.
Präparative und spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Dialkylthalliumverbindungen mit Tl‐N‐Bindung
Authors: Walther B. , Zschunke A. , Adler B. , Kolbe A. , Bauer S.
Published: April 2011

Inhaltsübersicht. Es wird über die Darstellung von primären und sekundären Dialkylthalliumamiden, R2Tl—NR′R″, berichtet und die neuen Verbindungen durch analytische und spektroskopische (H‐NMR, IR, MS) Methoden charakterisiert. Die verschiedenen Reaktionsmöglichkeiten der Tl—N‐Bindung werden erläutert.

Preparation and Spectroscopic Investigations on Dialkylthallium Compounds with Tl—N Bond

Abstract. The preparation of primary and secondary dialkylthallium amides, R2Tl—NR′R″, is reported and the new compounds are characterized by analytical and spectroscopic (1H‐n.m.r., i.r., m.s.) methods. Various possibilities of reactions of the Tl—N bond are discussed.
Zum Einfluß der Ringgröße auf die Struktur von Metallchelaten dreizähliger Liganden. II.; Stabilitätsmessungen an Chelaten pyridylsubstituierter Dialkylsulfide mit 3d‐Elementen
Authors: Uhlig E. , Hepp W.
Published: April 2011

Inhaltsübersicht. Es wird über die Komplexbildung zwischen Ionen der 3d‐Elemente und Bis[β‐pyridyl(2)‐äthyl]‐sulfid (3, 3‐py2S‐tri) und [Pyridyl(2)‐methyl]‐[β‐pyridyl(2)‐äthyl]‐sulfid (2, 3‐py2S‐tri) in wäßriger Lösung berichtet. 2, 3‐py2S‐tri bildet mit Kupfer(ii)‐ und Nickel(ii) 1, 1‐ nnd 1,2‐Komplexe, in denen es als dreizähliger Ligand fungiert. In den Komplexen M(2,3‐py2S‐tri‐H)3+ (M = Cu(II) oder Nickel(ii)) besetzen die Liganden 2,3‐py2S‐tri‐H+'zwei Koordinationsstellen und bilden Chelatfünfringe aus. Bei dem Liganden 3,3‐py2S‐tri konnten normale und protonierte 1,1‐Komplexe, im Falle des Kupfer(II) auch ein 1,2‐Komplex nachgewiesen werden. Für eine Komplexbildung zwischen Kobalt(ii) oder Zink(ii) und 2,3‐py2S‐tri oder 3,3‐py2S‐tri ergaben sich keine Hinweise. Aus sterischen Gründen sind die Komplexe des stärker basischen Liganden 3,3‐py2S‐tri instabiler als die des 2,3‐py2S‐tri.

The Influence of Ring Size on the Structure of Metal Chelates with Tridentate Ligands. II. Stability Measurements of 3d‐Metal Chelates with Pyridyl Substituted Dialkyl Sulfides

Abstract. The complex formation between ions of the 3d‐elements and bis[β‐pyridyl(2)‐ethy)]‐sulfide (3,3‐py2S‐tri) and [pyridyl(2)‐methyl]‐[β‐pyridyl(2)‐ethyl]‐sulfide (2,3‐py2S‐tri) was investigated in aqueous solution. 2,3‐py2S‐tri forms 1,1‐ und 1,2‐complexes with copper(II) and nickel(ii) acting as a tridentate ligand. In the complexes M(2,3‐py2S‐tri‐H)3+ (M = Cu(ii) or Ni(ii)) the ligand 2,3‐py2S‐tri‐H+ is bidentate forming a five‐membered chelate ring. With the ligand 3,3‐py2S‐tri normal and protonated 1,1‐complexes were detected, in the case of copper(ii) also a 1,2‐complex. No complex formation was observed between cobalt(ii) or zinc(ii) and 2,3‐py2S‐tri or 3,3‐py2S‐tri. From steric reasons the complexes of the higher basic ligand 3,3‐py2S‐tri are more instable than the those of the ligand 2,3‐py2S‐tri.
Untersuchungen über die Fähigkeit chelatbildender Ionenaustauscher zum Anionenaustausch [1]
Authors: Murr H. , Hering L. R.
Published: April 2011

Inhaltsübersicht. Chelite fungieren im hinreichend sauren Milieu als schwach basische bzw. sehr schwach basische Anionenaustauscher. Sie ergänzen damit die Reihe der bekannten Anionite mit pK′B‐Werten von 10 bis 14. Sehr schwach basische Anionen, u. a. Perchlorat, Perrhenat, Chromat und Jodid, werden mit hoher Selektivität gebunden. Von Interesse ist, daß diese Anionen bereits durch Ammoniak‐Lösung schnell und quantitativ desorbiert werden. In entsprechenden Abtrennungsversuchen konnten Jodid, Chromat und Perrhenat bis in den Spurenbereich quantitativ abgetrennt werden, wobei die Perrhenat‐Abtrennung bis zum halbtechnischen Verfahren ausgearbeitet werden konnte.

Investigations on the Ability of Chelite‐forming Ion Exchangers for Anion Exchange

Abstract. Chelites act as slightly basic or very slightly basic anion exchangers in a sufficiently acid medium. Thus they add to the series of known anionites with pK′Bvalues ranging from 10 to 14. Very slightly basic anions like Perchlorate, perrhenate, Chromate, and iodide are adsorbed with high selectivity. It is of interest that these anions are most readily and quantitatively desorbed by ammonia solution. It has been possible to separate iodide, Chromate, and perrhenate quantitatively up to the range of traces, whereby the perrhenate separation has been worked out to the semi‐technological process.
Brain and spine MRI features of Hunter disease: frequency, natural evolution and response to therapy
Authors: Manara Renzo , Priante Elena , Grimaldi Marco , Santoro Lucia , Astarita Luca , Barone Rita , Concolino Daniela , Di Rocco Maja , Donati Maria Alice , Fecarotta Simona , Ficcadenti Anna , Fiumara Agata , Furlan Francesca , Giovannini Irene , Lilliu Franco , Mardari Rodica , Polonara Gabriele , Procopio Elena , Rampazzo Angelica , Rossi Andrea , Sanna Graziolina , Parini Rossella , Scarpa Maurizio
Published: April 2011

Backgroud

Hunter disease is a rare X‐linked mucopolysaccharidosis. Despite frequent neurological involvement, characterizing the severe phenotype, neuroimaging studies are scarce.

Objectives

To determine frequency and severity of neuroradiological mucopolysaccharidosis‐related features; to correlate them with clinical phenotype; to evaluate their natural evolution and the impact of intravenous enzymatic replacement therapy (ERT).

Methods

Sixty nine brain MRI examinations of 36 Italian patients (mean‐age 10.4 years; age‐range 2.2‐30.8; severe phenotype in 22 patients) were evaluated. Twenty patients had multiple MRIs (median follow‐up 3.1 years, range 1–16.9): among them 15 had MRIs before and after ERT, six had repeated MRIs without being on ERT and five while on ERT. Perivascular, subarachnoid and ventricle space enlargement, white matter abnormality (WMA) burden, pituitary sella/skull/posterior fossa abnormalities, periodontoid thickening, spinal stenosis, dens hypoplasia, myelopathy, vertebral and intervertebral disc abnormalities were graded by means of dedicated scales.

Results

Perivascular spaces enlargement (89%), WMAs (97%), subarachnoid space enlargement (83%), IIIrd‐ventricle dilatation (100%), pituitary sella abnormalities (80%), cranial hyperostosis (19%), craniosynostosis (19%), enlarged cisterna magna (39%), dens hypoplasia (66%), periodontoid thickening (94%), spinal stenosis (46%), platyspondylia (84%) and disc abnormalities (79%) were frequently detected. WMAs, IIIrd‐ventricle dilatation and hyperostosis correlated with the severe phenotype (p < 0.05). Subarachnoid spaces and ventricle enlargement, WMAs and spinal stenosis progressed despite ERT, while other MR features showed minimal or no changes.

Conclusions

The spectrum of brain and spine MRI abnormalities in Hunter disease is extremely wide and requires a thorough evaluation. WMAs, atrophy/communicating hydrocephalus and spinal stenosis progress over time and might represent possible disease severity markers for new treatment efficacy assessment.
Shock, Adjust, Decide: Reproductive Decision Making in Cystic Fibrosis (CF) Carrier Couples—A Qualitative Study
Authors: Myring Jessica , Beckett William , Jassi Rupinder , Roberts Theresa , Sayers Richard , Scotcher Diana , McAllister Marion
Published: April 2011

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common recessive condition affecting the White British population. Facilitating reproductive decision making for couples at genetic risk for CF is an important aspect of genetic counseling practice in the UK. The purpose of this study was to explore the reproductive decision making process for 31 members of CF carrier couples (15 men and 16 women) with or without an affected child. The design involved a qualitative approach consisting of semi‐structured interviews and data analysis informed by grounded theory methodology. Sex and personal experience of CF were identified as factors that may influence reproductive decision making. Findings suggest these hypotheses: (1) CF carrier couples who have an affected child/pregnancy, are more likely to embark on another pregnancy than couples who have a healthy child from an at‐risk pregnancy, and (2) men and women play different roles in the reproductive decision making process. Data analysis resulted in development of a structured framework modeling the reproductive decision making process, which may be helpful in guiding genetic counseling with CF carrier couples and other at risk couples making reproductive decisions.
Protein Recovery in Aqueous Extraction Processing of Soybeans Using Isoelectric Precipitation and Nanofiltration
Authors: de Moura J. M. L. N. , Campbell K. , de Almeida N. M. , Glatz C. E. , Johnson L. A.
Published: April 2011

Isoelectric precipitation and whey nanofiltration were evaluated in recovering protein from skim fractions produced by enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction processing (EAEP) of extruded full‐fat soybean flakes. Countercurrent two‐stage EAEP was performed at 1:6 solids‐to‐liquid ratio, 50 °C, pH 9.0, and 120 rpm for 1 h to extract oil and protein from soybeans. Two protein recovery strategies were applied to skim fractions produced by different extraction treatments: Treatment 1 using 0.5% protease (wt/g extruded flakes) in both extraction stages; Treatment 2 using 0.5% protease only in the 2nd extraction stage; and Treatment 3 using no enzyme in either extraction stage. Protein recovery by using isoelectric precipitation was inversely related to the extent of hydrolysis with recoveries of 27, 61, and 87% of skim proteins from Treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Overall protein recoveries of 26, 54, and 57% of the original protein in the extruded full‐fat flakes were achieved when combining extraction treatments and isoelectric precipitation. Nanofiltering isoelectric wheys (500‐Da membrane) achieved protein retentate yields of 96.3, 94.5, and 91.8% (1.9–2.8 concentration factor) with permeate fluxes up to 1.35 kg/h m2. About 97, 98, and 99% of skim protein were recovered by isoelectric precipitation and whey nanofiltration for Treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Overall protein recoveries of 93, 87, and 65% of the protein in the extruded flakes were achieved for Treatments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Although high protein retentions were achieved, very low permeate fluxes were observed for whey nanofiltration.
Influence of Polydimethylsiloxane on the Formation of 4‐Hydroxynonenal in Soybean Oil at Frying Temperature
Authors: Gerde Jose A. , Hammond Earl G. , White Pamela J.
Published: April 2011

Soybean oils treated with 25 or 100 ppb polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a control with no PDMS were heated at 180 °C for 48 h. The decomposition of linoleate and tocopherols was monitored, as well as the changes in concentration of 4‐hydroxynonenal (HNE). HNE was rapidly formed at the beginning of the heating period in the control and in the oil containing 25 ppb PDMS. HNE reached a maximum concentration of 0.033 μmol/g oil and then began to slowly decline. The maximum HNE concentration was attained at 18 h in the control oil compared with 28 h in the oil with 25‐ppb PDMS. In the oil with 100‐ppb PDMS the HNE increased very slowly during the first 32 h after which the HNE increased faster, reaching 0.033 μmol/g oil at 46 h and showed no decline during the 48 h heating period. Thus, PDMS had a beneficial effect in preventing the formation of the toxic HNE.
Knowledge Hubs in the German Urban System: Identifying Hubs by Combining Network and Territorial Perspectives
Authors: Growe Anna , H. Blotevogel Hans
Published: April 2011

This paper identifies hubs of knowledge-based labour in the German urban system from two perspectives: the importance of a metropolitan region as a place and the importance of a metropolitan region as an organisational node. This combination of a network perspective with a territorial perspective enables the identification of hubs. From the functional perspective, hubs are understood as important nodes of national and global networks, established by flows of people, goods, capital and information as well as by organisational and power relations. From the territorial perspective, hubs are understood as spatial clusters of organisations (firms, public authorities, non-governmental organisations). The functional focus of the paper lies on knowledge-based services. Based on data about employment and multi-branch advanced producer service firms, four main types of metropolitan regions are identified: growing knowledge hubs, stagnating knowledge hubs, stagnating knowledge regions and catch-up knowledge regions. The results show an affinity between knowledge-based work and bigger metropolitan regions as well as an east-west divide in the German urban system.
Success rate, quality of life, and descriptive analysis after generalized endometrial ablation in an obese population
Authors: Fakih Mona , Cherfan Victor , Abdallah Eman
Published: April 2011

Objective

To describe the success rate of and the quality of life after global endometrial ablation in an obese population.

Methods

A follow‐up survey was mailed to 72 women who had undergone global endometrial ablation. The survey included a menorrhagia‐specific NovaSure endometrial ablation questionnaire. The mean follow‐up time was 2.5 years.

Results

Forty‐four women (61%) responded, with a mean body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) of 30.5. Overall, patients reported a decrease in missed social activities, in inability to perform activities of daily living, in missed work days, in bleeding tendencies, and in pain. The amenorrhea rate was 37%, and the success rate (those not requiring any further therapeutic treatment) was 86%. Patient satisfaction was 93%.

Conclusion

Global endometrial ablation improved quality of life for obese women with menorrhagia and had a high rate of satisfaction, even for patients not achieving amenorrhea. Patients with a BMI of more than 34 showed a trend toward failure and a higher rate of hysterectomy.
Experience with TachoSil in obstetric and gynecologic surgery
Authors: Santulli Pietro , Marcellin Louis , Touboul Cyril , Ballester Marcos , Darai Emile , Rouzier Roman
Published: April 2011

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of using TachoSil during obstetric and gynecologic surgery.

Methods

The retrospective cohort study, conducted at a French university hospital, included women who experienced perioperative bleeding requiring the use of TachoSil during 2007–2009. The following information was collected: patient age, indication for the use of TachoSil, need for a blood transfusion, type of surgery performed, postoperative course, and traceability of TachoSil.

Results

TachoSil was used in 84 women. The main indications for the surgical interventions requiring TachoSil were ovarian malignancy (n = 18), fibroma (n = 17), breast cancer (n = 11), and endometrial cancer (n = 10). In 16 women, TachoSil was applied to the uterine serosa, particularly after cesarean delivery or polymyomectomy; in 7 women, it was applied to the major vascular axis. Red cell packs were infused in 24 women during surgery (average 3 packs per woman). Three women required repeat surgery. The use of TachoSil was not recorded in the operative reports of 43 (51%) women.

Conclusion

The present findings confirm that the use of TachoSil in gynecologic and obstetric surgeries is effective and well tolerated. Measures to improve the traceability of TachoSil use are recommended.
Oral naproxen versus oral tramadol for analgesia after cesarean delivery
Authors: Sammour Rami N. , Ohel Gonen , Cohen Max , Gonen Ron
Published: April 2011

Objective

To compare the efficacies of oral naproxen and oral tramadol for pain relief after cesarean delivery, and to evaluate administration at fixed intervals versus on request.

Methods

In a prospective study, 120 women were randomized into 4 groups receiving either oral naproxen or oral tramadol at fixed intervals or on request. Pain was assessed at 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours after delivery, and adverse effects, mobility, breastfeeding, and the need for additional drugs for breakthrough pain were recorded.

Results

No difference in pain scores was observed at 6, 12, 24, or 48 hours among the 4 groups, between the 2 drugs, or between the 2 methods of administration. Women randomized to receive oral tramadol requested additional drugs for breakthrough pain more frequently. In addition, adverse effects were twice as common in the tramadol group as in the naproxen group, and more women in the tramadol group abandoned the study.

Conclusion

Although similar in terms of pain scores, oral naproxen might be more effective than oral tramadol for pain relief after cesarean delivery. Naproxen seemed to have a better adverse‐effects profile, and therefore might be more suitable for mothers. Administration at fixed intervals might be more efficacious than administration on request.
DEVELOPING PREDICTION EQUATIONS AND OPTIMIZING PRODUCTION OF THREE AM FUNGAL INOCULA UNDER ON-FARM CONDITIONS
Authors: SHARMA MAHAVEER P. , ADHOLEYA ALOK
Published: April 2011

The production potential of three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), AM-1004 (Glomus intraradices), AM-1209 (mixed indigenous AMF) and AM-1207 (Mycorise, commercial inocula), were examined separately in three fractions/forms (root-based, soil-based and mixture of roots + soil) at 40, 60, 80 and 105 days in raised beds. The beds were amended with organic matter to develop regression equations for predicting optimal AM production vis-à-vis time required for particular inocula using infectious propagules (IP) as the independent variable. The IP production observed in the system was found to vary among the different inocula used. AM-1004 and AM-1207 produced significantly higher propagule counts in root or soil-based samples and a mixture of both at 105 days as compared to AM-1209. Based on two-way ANOVA, irrespective of time, AM-1004 (root/soil-based) produced a significantly larger number of propagules, whereas propagules in the crude inoculum (roots + soil) of all three inocula were not significantly different. On the other hand, irrespective of AMF, significantly more propagules (in all forms) were observed at 105 days. Similarly, irrespective of time, AM-1004 produced significantly higher root colonization (MCP, mycorrhizal colonization percentage) in all three forms (roots: 65.95%; soil: 24.32; soil + roots: 58.03%). The MCP in roots was increased significantly with time of multiplication. However, there was not much improvement in the MCP of soil or in soil + roots fractions beyond 80 days. Further, prediction of the number of IP for the three AM inocula was mathematically derived separately from the Mitscherlish-Bray equation (Y=a–b*exp (–cD). Based on the maximum yield of propagules of the three inocula observed and fitted into equations, root-based AM-1004 and AM-1209 inocula were found to be more efficient in producing propagules in 65 days as compared to AM-1207, which produced propagules in 76 days. While comparing the overall combinations, AM-1004 and AM-1209 inocula used either as roots, soil or a mixture of both and have greater potential in producing more propagules in the shortest span of time. While taking into account the predicted values of AM-1209 crude inoculum, about 12 IP g−1substrate can be achieved in 72 days. Therefore, if a farmer uses crude inocula (having zero time IP of about 0.8/g substrate) of AM 1209, a total production of about 12.12 million IP/m3can be achieved in 72 days. These can be used for on-farm production.
Flow around a tall finite cylinder explored by large eddy simulation
Authors: KRAJNOVIĆ SINIŠA
Published: April 2011

The flow around a finite circular cylinder with a height-to-diameter ratio of 6 was studied using large eddy simulation (LES). The cylinder was mounted on a ground plane where a thin boundary layer with a thickness of only 7% of the cylinder's diameter was formed. The flow resulting from the present LES was used to present a detailed picture of both the instantaneous and the time-averaged flow. Among the results of the present study is the explanation for the formation of two time-averaged tip vortices from two pairs of instantaneous vortices. The main recirculation region on the cylinder's top was found to be one vortex with both legs attached to the top surface, in agreement with some previous investigations. The mean flow in the near wake region was found to contain two horseshoe vortices, one large arch vortex stretching from the cylinder's top and another vortex resulting from the flow moving down below the rear stagnation point on the cylinder. The instantaneous horseshoe vortex near the ground was found to be unsteady and changed shape over time. The time-averaged flow showed three complete horseshoe vortices, in agreement with previous knowledge. The downwash process above the free end into the near wake occurs at a rather constant angle with respect to the plane normal to the streamwise direction. The same angle was preserved in the inclination of the arch vortex in the time-averaged flow.
Analysis of the Kolmogorov equation for filtered wall-turbulent flows
Authors: CIMARELLI A. , DE ANGELIS E.
Published: April 2011

The analysis of the energy transfer mechanisms in a filtered wall-turbulent flow is traditionally accomplished via the turbulent kinetic energy balance, as in Härtel et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 6, 1994, p. 3130) or via the analysis of the energy spectra, as in Domaradzki et al. (Phys. Fluids, vol. 6, 1994, p. 1583). However, a generalized Kolmogorov equation for channel flow has recently been proven successful in accounting for both spatial fluxes and energy transfer across the scales in a single framework by Marati, Casciola & Piva (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 521, 2004, p. 191). In this context, the same machinery is applied for the first time to a filtered velocity field. The results will show what effects the subgrid scales have on the resolved motion in both physical and scale space, singling out the prominent role of the filter scale compared to the cross-over scale between production-dominated scales and inertial range, lc, and the reverse energy cascade region ΩB. Finally, we will briefly discuss how the filtered Kolmogorov equation can be used as a new tool for the assessment of large eddy simulation (LES) models. Classical purely dissipative eddy viscosity models will be analysed via an a priori procedure.
Canine filarial infections in Tuscany, central Italy
Authors: Magi M. , Guardone L. , Prati M.C. , Tozzini G. , Torracca B. , Monni G. , Macchioni F.
Published: April 2011

This study was conducted in order to investigate the epidemiology of filarial species in a region of central Italy (Tuscany) in dogs that did not undergo prophylaxis for filariasis. From 2007 to 2009, 630 blood samples were collected from 40 kennels throughout the regional territory. Samples were analysed with Knott's modified test and with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Dirofilaria immitis antigens, those positive for microfilariae were also subjected to histochemical staining for acid phosphatase activity to validate the identification of the species. An overall elevated prevalence of filariasis (23.2%) was found. Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens were found to be the dominant species, with similar prevalences (12.5% and 12.1% respectively), while Acanthocheilonema reconditum was less common (1.9%). Results of this study indicate that monitoring for filariasis should be kept at a high level. A constant monitoring of the canine sanitary status should also be carried out for the protection of human health, considering the zoonotic potential of filarial worms.
Free Association and Civil Society in Cuba, 1787–1895
Authors: QUIROZ ALFONSO W.
Published: April 2011

This study provides a new perspective on civil society in Cuba during the nineteenth century based on concrete information about multiple types of association in different regions of the island. Modern associations developed mainly to meet specific social and cultural needs, achieve legal autonomy from the state and exercise free association despite colonial constraints. This long-term evolution covers several periods of intersections between civil society and political spheres, framed primarily by non-violent constitutionalist and reformist struggles rather than armed separatist conflicts. These findings contradict prevalent interpretations that portray an endemically weak yet increasingly militant civil society. Instead, a growing, moderate, and progressively autonomous and diverse civil society contributed gradually to undermine colonial despotism and establish key bases for post-independence democracy.
The Production of Autonomy: Leadership and Community in Mayan Guatemala
Authors: EKERN STENER
Published: April 2011

The Mayan Indians of Guatemala share the burdens of local government by taking on a set of public duties, thereby maintaining community cohesion as well as political autonomy. This article analyses recent changes in thiscargosystem in a context defined by development, new representations of ‘Mayanness’, and multicultural politics. It shows how sovereignty – grounded in a distinct philosophy of leadership that generates meaningful self-rule – is crucial in facilitating political transformation towards more democratic arrangements at the cost of rule by the elders.
On a quasilinear system arising in the theory of superconductivity
Authors: Lieberman Gary , Pan Xing-Bin
Published: April 2011

We examine the regularity of the solution of a quasilinear system involving the curl of vector fields. This system arises in the mathematical theory of superconductivity. The C2+α regularity was obtained by Bates and Pan under the condition that Ω is simply connected and has no holes, and that the normal component of the curl of the boundary data vanishes. The aim of this paper is to remove these technical restrictions on the topology of the domain and on the boundary data. By carefully studying the related quasilinear Neumann problem, we obtain the C2+α regularity without assuming these technical conditions.
Low-dimensional compact embeddings of symmetric Sobolev spaces with applications
Authors: Faraci Francesca , Iannizzotto Antonio , Kristály Alexandru
Published: April 2011

If Ω is an unbounded domain in ℝN and p > N, the Sobolev space W1,p(Ω) is not compactly embedded into L∈(Ω). Nevertheless, we prove that if Ω is a strip-like domain, then the subspace of W1,p(Ω) consisting of the cylindrically symmetric functions is compactly embedded into L∈(Ω). As an application, we study a Neumann problem involving the p-Laplacian operator and an oscillating nonlinearity, proving the existence of infinitely many weak solutions. Analogous results are obtained for the case of partial symmetry.
Phr1 is required for proper retinocollicular targeting of nasal–dorsal retinal ganglion cells
Authors: VO BRADLY Q. , BLOOM A. JOSEPH , CULICAN SUSAN M.
Published: April 2011

Precise targeting of retinal projections is required for the normal development of topographic maps in the mammalian primary visual system. During development, retinal axons project to and occupy topographically appropriate positions in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and superior colliculus (SC). Phr1 retinal mutant mice, which display mislocalization of the ipsilateral retinogeniculate projection independent of activity and ephrin-A signaling, were found to have a more global disruption of topographic specificity of retinofugal inputs. The retinocollicular projection lacks local refinement of terminal zones and multiple ectopic termination zones originate from the dorsal–nasal (DN) retinal quadrant. Similarly, in the dLGN, the inputs originating from the contralateral DN retina are poorly refined in the Phr1 mutant. These results show that Phr1 is an essential regulator of retinal ganglion cell projection during both dLGN and SC topographic map development.
Inner and outer retinal mechanisms engaged by epiretinal stimulation in normal and rd mice
Authors: MARGALIT EYAL , BABAI NORBERT , LUO JIANMIN , THORESON WALLACE B.
Published: April 2011

Retinal prosthetic devices are being developed to bypass degenerated retinal photoreceptors by directly activating retinal neurons with electrical stimulation. However, the retinal circuitry that is activated by epiretinal stimulation is not well characterized. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were obtained from ganglion cells in normal and rd mice using flat-mount and retinal slice preparations. A stimulating electrode was positioned along the ganglion cell side of the preparation at different distances from the stimulated tissue. Pulses of cathodic current evoked action potentials in ganglion cells and less frequently evoked sustained inward currents that appeared synaptic in origin. Sustained currents reversed around ECl and were inhibited by blockade of α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-proprionate (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors with 2,3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-sulfamoyl-benzo(f)-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (NBQX), γ aminobutyric acid a/c (GABAa/c) receptors with picrotoxinin, or glycine receptors with strychnine. This suggests that epiretinal stimulation activates glutamate release from bipolar cell terminals, which in turn evokes release of GABA and glycine from amacrine cells. Synaptic current thresholds were lower in ON ganglion cells than OFF cells, but the modest difference did not attain statistical significance. Synaptic currents were rarely observed in rd mice lacking photoreceptors compared to normal retina. In addition, confocal calcium imaging experiments in normal mice retina slices revealed that epiretinal stimulation evoked calcium increases in the outer plexiform layer. These results imply a contribution from photoreceptor inputs to the synaptic currents observed in ganglion cells. The paucity of synaptic responses in rd mice retina slices suggests that it is better to target retinal ganglion cells directly rather than to attempt to engage the inner retinal circuitry.
Improving Emotion Regulation with CBT in Young Children with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Study
Authors: Scarpa Angela , Reyes Nuri M.
Published: April 2011

Background and Aims: This pilot study tested the efficacy of a developmentally modified CBT for young children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) to teach emotion regulation strategies for reducing anger and anxiety, commonly noted problems in this population. Method: Eleven 5–7 year-old children participated in a CBT-group while parents participated in psychoeducation. Children were randomly assigned to an experimental or delayed-treatment control group. Results: From pre- to post-treatment, all children had less parent reported negativity/lability, better parent reported emotion regulation, and shorter outbursts, and also generated more coping strategies in response to vignettes. Parents also reported increases in their own confidence and their child's ability to deal with anger and anxiety. Conclusions: This study suggests that young children with high functioning ASD may benefit from CBT to improve regulation of anger and anxiety, and parent training may improve parental self-efficacy. Future studies are needed to make conclusions about its efficacy.
Rumination in PTSD as well as in Traumatized and Non-Traumatized Depressed Patients: A Cross-Sectional Clinical Study
Authors: Birrer Eva , Michael Tanja
Published: April 2011

Background: Although rumination is a key process in the onset and maintenance of depressive symptoms and a powerful predictor of persistent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), little is known about the differences and similarities of rumination in these conditions. Previous research has not always differentiated between rumination and intrusive images. Aims: We sought to systematically evaluate rumination and to gather more information about the content and associated emotions in three patient groups (PTSD, and depressed with and without trauma; n = 65). Furthermore, we examined the interaction between rumination and another predominant intrusive cognition, intrusive image. Method: A multi-method assessment for rumination, including a rumination questionnaire and a rumination log (kept for one week), was employed. Results: Rumination was found to be complex and composed of subcomponents that are similar across the diagnostic groups. Rumination rarely stopped intrusive images and it made the participants feel worse. There were, however, also important differences: in PTSD, rumination always or often triggered intrusive images and the traumatized individuals (PTSD and depressed with trauma) ruminated more than non-traumatized depressed patients. Conclusions: The results corroborate the assumption of rumination being a transdiagnostic process, with similarities but also with important differences across diagnostic groups. Moreover, the findings support recent research on the intricate relationship between different types of intrusive cognitions.
Study of Obsessive Compulsive Beliefs: Relationship with Eating Disorders
Authors: Roncero María , Perpiñá Conxa , García-Soriano Gemma
Published: April 2011

Background: The relationship between Eating Disorders (ED) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) has been extensively studied in the last few years. However, little effort has been devoted to studying the link between these disorders with regard to their distorted beliefs. Aims: The first objective of the study was to analyze the differences in OCD-related beliefs among ED subtypes and the general population, controlling for age, Body Mass Index, and obsessionality. The second objective was to explore which OCD beliefs explain ED symptomatology. Method: Seventy-nine ED patients without OCD comorbidity, divided into diagnostic subtypes, and 50 community participants completed the Obsessive Beliefs Spanish Inventory-Revised and measures of ED and OCD symptomatology. Results: There were no differences found among clinical ED subtypes in obsessive beliefs, but the bulimia nervosa purgative subtype and binge eating groups obtained significantly different scores from the community group on Thought-Action-Fusion (TAF)-likelihood and TAF-moral, respectively. OCD symptomatology had the most important predictive effect on ED symptoms, followed by Overestimation of Threat, BMI and FPA-moral. Conclusions: The different patterns of beliefs among subtypes reflect what other studies have suggested about the relevance of the presentation of ED symptoms associated with restriction, purges and binge without purges. Our results agree with the transdiagnostic perspective of ED.
In-situ probes for patch antenna array calibration
Authors: Stark Alexander , Rohrdantz Benjamin , Johannsen Ulf , Jacob Arne F.
Published: April 2011

A novel calibration network for patch antennas is proposed. We introduce magnetically coupled in-situ probes, which excite the fundamental patch mode. In that way, finite array effects and mutual coupling are taken into account, providing the opportunity for accurate online calibration of active antenna terminals. The specific advantages of the approach are demonstrated for linearly polarized patch antennas. Realization aspects of the multilayer antenna are discussed and the effect of some fabrication imperfections are investigated. Measured S-parameters as well as radiation simulation results of a single patch with the integrated probes are presented. Based on simulation of antenna arrays with in-situ probes the calibration accuracy is given in theory.
Efficiency and linearity analysis of a burst mode RF PA with direct filter connection
Authors: François Brecht , Singerl Peter , Wiesbauer Andreas , Reynaert Patrick
Published: April 2011

Burst mode operation is proposed as an efficiency improving technique for power amplifiers. The core idea is to modulate the amplitude of the envelope signal into a series of square-wave pulses such that the width of the signal burst or the total amount of pulses are varied according to the envelope. The phase information is still contained by the timing of the pulses. This work presents the efficiency and linearity analysis of burst mode radio frequency (RF)/power amplifier (PA). In addition, the efficiency performance is compared when the burst mode RF power amplifiers (PA) is connected to a wideband load or a narrowband filter. It is shown that burst mode PAs are more efficient than the conventional Class B PAs. To achieve an even more favorable efficiency, a transmission line is inserted between the output of the switching RF PA and the filter to improve the filter's impedance characteristic. Additionally, the efficiency and linearity of the burst mode PA with and without transmission line has been studied and simulated thoroughly. To demonstrate the validity of the efficiency formulas and linearity considerations, a printed circuit board (PCB)-mounted burst mode PA using a laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor (LDMOS) transistor was fabricated. Measurements show a peak efficiency of 78% and 28.8 dBm of output power.
Growth of borehole breakouts with time after drilling: Implications for state of stress, NanTroSEIZE transect, SW Japan
Authors: Moore J. Casey , Chang Chandong , McNeill Lisa , Thu Moe Kyaw , Yamada Yasuhiro , Huftile Gary
Published: April 2011

Resistivity at the bit tools typically provide images of wellbore breakouts only a few minutes after the hole is drilled. In certain cases images are taken tens of minutes to days after drilling of the borehole. The sonic caliper can also image borehole geometry. We present four examples comparing imaging a few minutes after drilling to imaging from about 30 min to 3 days after drilling. In all cases the borehole breakouts widen with time. The tendency to widen with time is most pronounced within a few hundred meters below the seafloor (mbsf), but may occur at depths greater than 600 mbsf. In one example the widening may be due to reduced borehole fluid pressure that would enhance borehole failure. In the three other cases, significant decreases in fluid pressure during temporal evolution of breakouts are unlikely. The latter examples may be explained by time‐dependent failure of porous sediments that are in an overconsolidated state due to drilling of the borehole. This time‐dependent failure could be a consequence of dilational deformation, decrease of pore fluid pressure, and maintenance of sediment strength until migrating pore fluids weaken shear surfaces and allow spallation into the borehole. Breakout orientations, and thus estimates of stress orientations, remain consistent during widening in all four cases. In vertical boreholes, breakouts wider than those initially estimated by resistivity imaging would result in higher estimates of horizontal stress magnitudes. Because the vertical overburden stress is fixed, higher estimated horizontal stresses would favor strike‐slip or thrust faulting over normal faulting.