bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous horns: clues to invasive squamous cell carcinoma being present in the horn base
Authors: Pyne John , Sapkota Devendra , Wong Jian Cheng
Published: May 2013

Background: Cutaneous horns usually develop on a keratinocytic base with the histopathology on a spectrum ranging from benign keratosis through to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Some features of horns are easily identified using dermatoscopy.

Objective: To investigate if specific clinical or dermatoscopy features of horns correlate with the histopathology in the base of the horn.

Methods: Consecutive horn cases (n=163) were assessed prospectively in vivo for horn height, terrace morphology and base erythema using a Heine Delta 20 dermatoscope. Cases with potentially confounding influences were excluded. A history of horn pain or pain on palpation was also recorded.

Results: Benign keratosis (n = 49), actinic keratosis (n = 21), SCC in situ (n = 37) and invasive SCC (n = 56) were recorded. An invasive SCC presenting as a horn as most likely to have a height less than the base diameter, 66% (37/56). Compared to the other study entities, invasive SCC tends to have less terrace morphology (P<0.05), a higher incidence of base erythema (P<0.05) and more pain (P<0.01).

Limitations: Data categories did not include anatomic site or horn growth rates. Excision selection bias favored the incidence of invasive SCC.

Conclusions: Horns presenting on an invasive SCC base are more likely to have a height less than the diameter of the base, not to have terrace morphology, to have an erythematous base and to be painful.
A tiny invasive melanoma: a case report with dermatoscopy and dermatopathology
Authors: Pellizzari Gary , Magee Jill , Weedon David , Rosendahl Cliff
Published: May 2013

We present a case of an early invasive melanoma (Breslow thickness 0.25 mm), 1.6 mm in diameter on the arm of a 38-year-old woman. She was under surveillance due to having multiple (>100) nevi, and the melanoma was assessed as a new lesion by the examining doctor. Clinically the lesion was hyperpigmented compared with surrounding nevi and dermatoscopically it had a clue of pseudopods/lines radial, but they were arranged in an arguably symmetrical circumferential pattern around a structureless blue-gray center. Generally melanomas are expected to be dermatoscopically asymmetrical, but we believe that this case illustrates the fact that small melanomas may be recognized by clues such as pseudopods/lines radial and dermatoscopic gray even when they have not yet developed unequivocal asymmetry.
On My Mind:Prepare for More Realistic Testing Results
Authors: Larson Matthew R. , Leinwand Steven
Published: May 2013

This article discusses the potential drop in reported state proficiency rates when the new CCSSM assessments are implemented. It also discusses the actions and important messages that need to be communicated and taken in light of this likelihood.
Informing Practice:Developing Algorithms for Adding and Subtracting Fractions
Authors: Johanning Debra I.
Published: May 2013

Research on how students add and subtract fractions indicates that students struggle to understand various algorithms.
Cartoon Corner: What about the Other 98%?
Authors: Smith Stephen P. , Spangler David
Published: May 2013

A cartoon involving percentages and 2% milk is coupled with a full-page activity sheet.
Palette of Problems
Authors: Rock David , Amidon Joel
Published: May 2013

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
A New Vision for Professional Development
Authors: Eley Peter M. , Charles Kelly J. , Leeks Latonya L.
Published: May 2013

Classroom observation presents evidence that using meaningful data and exciting presentations can help strengthen student interest in STEM fields.
Mathematical Explorations: The Bridge to Mathematics and Literature
Authors: Christy Donna , Payson Christine , Carnevale Patricia
Published: May 2013

Various works of literature are explored in light of the math that can be gleaned from their pages; includes activity sheets.
The Topography of The Female Self in Indian Therapeutic Cults
Authors: Carrin Marine
Published: May 2013

Anthropologists have stressed the relationship between symptoms of distress, ritual action and unwanted possession. The article stresses the importance of language and performance in two therapeutic cults in India. The crucial issue here involves showing how ritual becomes a means for either representing or manipulating special mental states. We see how individuals may use possession as a strategy to frame a reformulation of the self. Healing thus involves self-awareness.
Risquer de s’effacer
Authors: Almosnino Bruno
Published: May 2013

Alors que leur synagogue reste close presque toute l’année, qu’un programme immobilier les menace d’expropriation, qu’ils sont toujours trop peu nombreux à se sentir concernés, comment les membres de la communauté juive de Tarbes conçoivent-ils le devenir de leur présence ? La synagogue raconte la fragilité de ce groupe qui ne veut pas abandonner et tente de maintenir un projet dans son espace. L’article vise à repérer la gamme des positions adoptées en commun ou en privé, appuyées sur quelques aspects, ici mis en relief, de l’appartenance au judaïsme. De l’indignation à la résignation en passant par la nostalgie, on prétend encore s’animer dans un projet de synagogue, même si la ténacité peut ralentir un possible redéploiement.
Gnawa Confusion: The Fusion of Algeria’s Favorite French Band
Authors: Mark Andrew
Published: May 2013

Gnawa Diffusion was a successful musical group of first- and second-generation North African immigrants that achieved significant fame in North Africa, the Middle East and Europe during the last two decades. Based in France, though from Algeria, their politicized egalitarian message reached the world. Their musical skills, instrumentation, tastes and appeal to youth sounds, sentiments and meanings gave their globalized music a prominent place on the global stage. In their work Gnawa Diffusion addressed a panoply of political issues and sought to represent and reach their audience. Their greatest popularity came at the height and conclusion of the Algerian civil war. By parsing the meanings of the band’s name, this paper engages the events and cultures that informed Gnawa Diffusion, exploring the history of the Gnawa, the history of Algeria, and the relationships between France, North Africa and contemporary “French” music. Issues of cultural authenticity and representation are tightly layered within the band’s purposes and process of artistic production. Because Gnawa Diffusion was envisioned, organized and led by Amazigh Kateb Yassin, and because the band and media recognized him as the spokesperson and principal author for Gnawa Diffusion, Amazigh’s life story and words accompany this paper’s arguments and analysis. Through a selective sketch of the various musical consequences of the North African slave trade, the spread of Islam, the colonization of North Africa and the immigration of Algerians to France, we can begin to comprehend how these histories combined and harmonized through Gnawa Diffusion to form the new musical forms of a generation of people who seek to overcome their often divisive cultural heritage. In this case, the intent of the music challenges common notions of authenticity and thereby affirms it.
A publicação de erratas no jornalismo online: parâmetros éticos para uma discussão acerca de condutas mais adequadas
Authors: Vieira Lívia de Souza
Published: May 2013

O presente artigo tem como base o projeto de pesquisa aprovado no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Jornalismo da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC-2012). A partir da identificação das modalidades de comunicação do erro nos principais webjornais brasileiros e da análise de uma errata selecionada, o artigo pretende levantar reflexões para condutas mais adequadas e eficientes, contemplando princípios éticos do jornalismo, especialmente aqueles que convergem com o jornalismo online. Parte-se do princípio de que há uma deficiência nas modalidades atuais de publicação de erratas e uma necessidade de descobrir uma maneira pela qual o leitor seja informado com precisão sobre os fatos. Nesse contexto, compreende-se a errata como o instrumento que dá visibilidade ao erro jornalístico e deve ser utilizada todas as vezes em que a notícia necessitar de correção. Seu caráter é de prestação de contas com o público leitor, pois, agindo com transparência na admissão de erros, o veículo mantém sua credibilidade.
The Influence of Expertise on Maritime Driving Behaviour
Authors: Godwin Hayward J. , Hyde Stuart , Taunton Dominic , Calver James , Blake James I. R. , Liversedge Simon P.
Published: May 2013

We compared expert and novice behaviour in a group of participants as they engaged in a simulated maritime driving task. We varied the difficulty of the driving task by controllling the severity of the sea state in which they were driving their craft. Increases in sea severity increased the size of the upcoming waves while also increasing the length of the waves. Expert participants drove their craft at a higher speed than novices and decreased their fixation durations as wave severity increased. Furthermore, the expert participants increased the horizontal spread of their fixation positions as wave severity increased to a greater degree than novices. Conversely, novice participants showed evidence of a greater vertical spread of fixations than experts. By connecting our findings with previous research investigating eye movement behaviour and road driving, we suggest that novice or inexperienced drivers show inflexibility in adaptation to changing driving conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Efficient C‐3 Functionalization of Indoles with Benzylic and Allylic Alcohols under Co‐Catalyst, Acid, Base, Additive and External Ligand‐Free Conditions
Authors: Das Debjit , Roy Sujit
Published: May 2013

The bis(acetonitrile)palladium(II) chloride complex, PdCl2(MeCN)2, efficiently catalyzes the regioselective alkylation of indoles with various benzylic and allylic alcohols under moisture and air insensitive conditions. Notably the reaction does not require any other co‐catalyst, acid, base, additive, or external ligand.
Phosphorus‐Carbon Bond Formation: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of H‐Phosphinates and Other P(O)H‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Berger Olivier , Petit Christelle , Deal Eric L. , Montchamp Jean‐Luc
Published: May 2013

Two generally applicable systems have been developed for the cross‐coupling of P(O)H compounds with Csp2X and related partners. Palladium catalysis using a ligand/additive combination, typically either xantphos/ethylene glycol or 1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene/1,2‐dimethoxyethane, with diisopropylethylamine as the base, proved to be generally useful for the synthesis of numerous PC containing compounds. Routinely, 2 mol% of catalyst are employed (less than half the amount typically employed in most other literature reports). In most cases, excellent results are obtained with a variety of electrophiles (RX, where R=alkenyl, allyl, alkynyl, etc.). The full account of our studies is disclosed, including tandem hydrophosphinylation/coupling and coupling/coupling for doubly catalytic phosphorus‐carbon bond formation. The methodology compares favorably with any existing literature report. The use of an additive appears to be a generally useful strategy to control the reactivity of phosphinylidene compounds.
Cinchona Alkaloid‐Derived Thiourea‐Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Isocyanoacetates to Isatins: A Facile Access to Optically Active Spirooxindole Oxazolines
Authors: Zhao Mei‐Xin , Zhou Hao , Tang Wen‐Hao , Qu Wei‐Song , Shi Min
Published: May 2013

An efficient diastereo‐ and enantioselective [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of α‐aryl isocyanoacetates to isatins catalyzed by a quinine‐derived bifunctional amine‐thiourea‐bearing sulfonamide as multiple hydrogen‐bonding donor catalyst has been investigated. The corresponding adducts, which bear a spirocyclic quaternary stereocenter at the C‐3 position of the oxindole, were obtained in good yields (51–95%), high diastereoselectivities (up to >20:1 dr) and good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee).
Palladium‐Catalysed Regioselective Sequential C‐5 and C‐2 Direct Arylations of 3‐Acetylpyrroles with Aryl Bromides
Authors: Xu Yijing , Zhao Liqin , Li Yiqun , Doucet Henri
Published: May 2013

The PdCl(C3H5)(dppb)/KOAc system was found to be effective for the direct regioselective C‐5 arylation of 3‐acetylpyrroles with ortho‐substituted aryl bromides. This procedure has been found to be tolerant to a variety of functional groups at C‐2 of the aryl bromide such as methyl, formyl, nitrile, nitro, hydroxymethyl, chloro, fluoro or trifluoromethyl. The sequential direct C‐5 arylation followed by C‐2 arylation of such 3‐substituted pyrroles allows the synthesis of 2,5‐diaryl‐3‐acetylpyrroles in high yields.
Synthesis of Functionalized trans‐A2B2‐Porphyrins Using Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropane‐Derived Dipyrromethanes
Authors: Beyzavi M. Hassan , Nietzold Carolin , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich , Wiehe Arno
Published: May 2013

meso‐Substituted trans‐A2B2‐porphyrins bearing specific patterns of substituents are crucial building blocks in porphyrin‐based biomimetic systems and molecular materials and can be used for the construction of well‐defined porphyrin‐based architectures. A new stepwise and rational synthesis of functionalized trans‐A2B2‐porphyrins is reported in which for the first time donor–acceptor‐substituted cyclopropane precursors (d–a cyclopropanes) are exploited. The three presented d–a cyclopropanes are readily accessible in a multi‐gram scale and serve as aldehyde equivalents in the reaction with an excess of pyrrole to afford the corresponding dipyrromethanes (DPMs). The three DPMs were synthesized in yields of 60–74%. They are stable in purified form in the absence of light and air and were subsequently condensed with a wide range of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes bearing electron‐donating or electron‐withdrawing substituents followed by oxidation to form the corresponding trans‐A2B2‐porphyrins. Fourteen functionalized porphyrins were synthesized in yields of 14–31%, indicating the broad scope of the synthetic procedure. The possibility to introduce key functional groups is emphasized, which enables subsequent modification of these porphyrins with moieties inducing biological activity. Modification of the tetrapyrroles may occur by addition to one of the porphyrin peripheral double bonds, the use of substituents of the aryl groups or via the methoxycarbonyl group at two of the meso‐substituents. Three examples of porphyrins were converted into the corresponding 7,8‐dihydroxychlorins by osmium‐mediated dihydroxylation and one of the resulting chlorins was subjected to saponification to give a highly polar chlorin dicarboxylic acid. A 4‐bromophenyl‐substituted d–a cyclopropane was prepared by rhodium‐catalyzed cyclopropanation and then transformed into a DPM which was subsequently condensed to a porphyrin. Its Zn complex allowed a Heck reaction to afford the functionalized bis(alkenyl)‐substituted trans‐A2B2‐Zn‐porphyrin.
Zheda‐Phos for General α‐Monoarylation of Acetone with Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Li Pengbin , Lü Bo , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming
Published: May 2013

A new, readily available, and air‐stable monophosphine ligand, i.e., Zheda‐Phos, has been developed for the general and highly effective palladium‐catalyzed monoarylation of acetone with aryl chlorides. The reaction rate is of first‐order dependence with the aryl chloride.
Vegetable oil based fatty amide as hydrophobes in associative thickener
Authors: Pramanik Monoj , Mendon Sharathkumar K. , Rawlins James W.
Published: May 2013

A vegetable oil based high performance associative thickener has been designed and synthesized from a hydroxyl functional soybean oil derivative (hydroxyl value 159 mg KOH/g). An isocyanate‐terminated prepolymer was synthesized from polyethylene glycol (PEG) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and end‐capped with the hydroxyl functional soybean oil derivative to prepare a hydrophobically modified ethoxylated polyurethane (HEUR) thickener. The synthesis was monitored by infrared spectroscopy via the isocyanate peak at 2258–2270 cm−1. Thickener efficiency was tested with a commercial styrene–acrylic latex UCAR™ 443, an acrylic latex Acronal® Optive 130 and an alkyd emulsion WorléeSol® E 150W. High thickening efficiency was noted in the low shear region, e.g., 0.5 wt % HEUR loading with UCAR 443 increased viscosity from 0.66 P to 3.06 P at a shear rate of 1333 s−1. The effect of soybean oil fatty amide based rheology modifier as additive in coating was evaluated in terms of gloss, viscosity, sag resistance, and flow and leveling properties. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1530–1538, 2013
A New Set of Moral Dilemmas: Norms for Moral Acceptability, Decision Times, and Emotional Salience
Authors: Lotto Lorella , Manfrinati Andrea , Sarlo Michela
Published: May 2013

At the present time, the growing interest in the topic of moral judgment highlights the widespread need for a standardized set of experimental stimuli. We provide normative data for a sample of 120 undergraduate students using a new set of 60 moral dilemmas that might be employed in future studies according to specific research needs. Thirty dilemmas were structured to be similar to the Footbridge dilemma (“instrumental” dilemmas, in which the death of one person is a means to save more people), and thirty dilemmas were designed to be similar to the Trolley dilemma (“incidental” dilemmas, in which the death of one person is a foreseen but unintended consequence of the action aimed at saving more people). Besides type of dilemma, risk‐involvement was also manipulated: the main character's life was at risk in half of the instrumental dilemmas and in half of the incidental dilemmas. We provide normative values for the following variables: (i) rates of participants' responses (yes/no) to the proposed resolution; (ii) decision times; (iii) ratings of moral acceptability; and (iv) ratings of emotional valence (pleasantness/unpleasantness) and arousal (activation/calm) experienced during decision making. For most of the dependent variables investigated, we observed significant main effects of type of dilemma and risk‐involvement in both subject and item analyses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of fully synthetic promoters for high‐level gene expression in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Yim Sung Sun , An Seul Ji , Kang Misuk , Lee Jinho , Jeong Ki Jun
Published: May 2013

Corynebacterium glutamicum is an important industrial organism that is widely used in the production of amino acids, nucleotides and vitamins. To extend its product spectrum and improve productivity, C. glutamicum needs to undergo further engineering, including the development of applicable promoter system. Here, we isolated new promoters from the fully synthetic promoter library consisting of 70‐bp random sequences in C. glutamicum. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter, highly fluorescent cells were screened from the library by fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). Twenty potential promoters of various strengths were isolated and characterized through extensive analysis of DNA sequences and mRNA transcripts. Among 20 promoters, 6 promoters which have different strengths were selected and their activities were successfully demonstrated using two model proteins (antibody fragment and endoxylanase). Finally, the strongest promoter (PH36) was employed for the secretory production of endoxylanase in fed‐batch cultivation, achieving production levels of 746 mg/L in culture supernatant. This is the first report of synthetic promoters constructed in C. glutamicum, and our screening strategy together with the use of synthetic promoters of various strengths will contribute to the future engineering of C. glutamicum. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2959–2969. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MHD flow of blood through a dually stenosed artery: Effects of viscosity variation, variable hematocrit and velocity‐slip
Authors: Sinha A. , Misra J.C.
Published: May 2013

Of concern in the paper is a study on blood flow through a porous segment of an artery subject to the action of an external magnetic field. Effects of viscosity variation and variable hematocrit as well as velocity‐slip at the arterial wall have been duly taken care of in the study. A model has been developed to perform the study by using the principles of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). The model has been analysed theoretically by employing suitable mathematical methods. Analytical expressions have been derived for the velocity, minute expenditure of blood (volumetric flow rate), wall shear stress and pressure gradient. The said physical variables are computed by using a specific set of values of the various parameters involved in the analysis. This serves as an illustration of the validity of the mathematical model developed in the paper. The computational results are presented graphically. The study also provides important insight into the effects of slip velocity on blood velocity, wall shear stress and pressure gradient. The study further shows that the flow of blood in a porous artery is significantly influenced by the action of an external magnetic field.
Provenance and data differencing for workflow reproducibility analysis
Authors: Missier Paolo , Woodman Simon , Hiden Hugo , Watson Paul
Published: May 2013

One of the foundations of science is that researchers must publish the methodology used to achieve their results so that others can attempt to reproduce them. This has the added benefit of allowing methods to be adopted and adapted for other purposes. In the field of e‐Science, services – often choreographed through workflow, process data to generate results. The reproduction of results is often not straightforward as the computational objects may not be made available or may have been updated since the results were generated. For example, services are often updated to fix bugs or improve algorithms. This paper addresses these problems in three ways. Firstly, it introduces a new framework to clarify the range of meanings of ‘reproducibility’. Secondly, it describes a new algorithm, PDIFF, that uses a comparison of workflow provenance traces to determine whether an experiment has been reproduced; the main innovation is that if this is not the case then the specific point(s) of divergence are identified through graph analysis, assisting any researcher wishing to understand those differences. One key feature is support for user‐defined, semantic data comparison operators. Finally, the paper describes an implementation of PDIFF that leverages the power of the e‐Science Central platform that enacts workflows in the cloud. As well as automatically generating a provenance trace for consumption by PDIFF, the platform supports the storage and reuse of old versions of workflows, data and services; the paper shows how this can be powerfully exploited to achieve reproduction and reuse. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthropogenic global warming hypothesis: testing its robustness by Granger causality analysis
Authors: Triacca Umberto , Attanasio Alessandro , Pasini Antonello
Published: May 2013

In research into the main causes of recent global warming, the Granger causal link from anthropogenic forcings to global temperature has often been analyzed in a bivariate system, with an evidence of a causal effect of greenhouse gases on temperature as the final result. In the present paper, the robustness of these results are investigated by considering an auxiliary variable in the system. In particular, we include natural forcings and some patterns of natural variability, separately, as the third variable. Previous bivariate Granger results are shown to be robust. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does folding accommodate Europa's contractional strain? The effect of surface temperature on fold formation in ice lithospheres
Authors: Bland Michael T. , McKinnon William B.
Published: May 2013

On Europa, the mechanism by which contractional strains are accommodated remains a mystery. Subtle folds have been observed in the polar regions, but if folding is a dominant accommodation mechanism, ubiquitous large‐amplitude folds might be expected across Europa's surface. Here we use finite element modeling to show that fold growth rates are a strong function of surface temperature: warm temperatures result in lower rates, whereas cold temperatures result in higher rates. Combining diurnally averaged Europan surface temperatures derived from Galileo photopolarimeter‐radiometer data and new numerical simulations, we show that forming moderate‐amplitude folds requires roughly twice the contraction, or shortening, in Europa's equatorial latitudes relative to polar latitudes. Relatively large contractional strains in Europa's equatorial and midlatitudes can therefore be accommodated primarily through passive shortening without producing obvious folds. Lithospheric folding and/or passive shortening therefore remain plausible mechanisms for strain accommodation on Europa.
Monitoring European average temperature based on the E‐OBS gridded data set
Authors: van der Schrier G. , van den Besselaar E. J. M , Klein Tank A. M. G. , Verver G.
Published: May 2013

A European average temperature with monthly resolution is constructed based on the E‐OBS daily data set with near real‐time updates for monitoring. Taken together, the European average temperature and the associated gridded daily maps of surface temperature from the E‐OBS data set provide a detailed record of European climate variability and change since 1950. Both are based on validated station data provided by the European National Meteorological and Hydrological Services. A quantitative analysis of the uncertainty sources to the European average temperature indicates that the uncertainties due to urbanization, statistical interpolation, and the potential inhomogeneities in the input records to E‐OBS dominate the total uncertainty estimate. In the aggregation of the interpolation uncertainty from the daily to the monthly level and then to a European averaged value, the effective sample size and the effective spatial degrees of freedom are estimated to account for spatial and temporal coherency in the uncertainty estimates. The European average temperature shows that 7 years of the top 10 warmest years are from the period starting as recent as the year 2000 and a clear upward trend in annual average temperatures over the last few decades is visible. The most recent year in the top 10 coldest years is 1987. It also shows that warming in Europe is accelerating compared to the warming over the global land masses and to a lesser extent compared to the Northern Hemisphere land masses over the period 1980–2010.
The role of pelvic and perineal striated muscles in urethral function during micturition in female rabbits
Authors: Corona‐Quintanilla Dora L. , Zempoalteca René , Arteaga Lourdes , Castelán Francisco , Martínez‐Gómez Margarita
Published: May 2013

Aim

To evaluate the role of pelvic and perineal striated muscles on urethral function during micturition.

Methods

Pubococcygeus, or both bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles were electrically stimulated during the voiding phase of micturition, and bladder and urethral pressure were simultaneously recorded in urethane anesthetized female rabbits. Bladder and urethral function were assessed measuring urodynamic and urethral pressure variables obtained before and during the stimulation of muscles. Two‐tail paired t‐tests were carried out in order to determine significant differences (P < 0.05) between groups.

Results

Electric stimulation of the pubococcygeus during voiding decreased voiding efficiency and voided volume, whereas residual volume, the duration of voiding, the interval between bladder contraction and urethral resistance increased. Simultaneously, there was an increase in maximum urethral pressure, as well as an increase in the pressure to return to baseline and in the pressure required to close the urethra. Electrical stimulation of bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles increased voiding efficiency, voiding duration, and the maximal pressure in bladder. Meanwhile, the maximal urethral pressure, the time related to the rise of urethral pressure, and the urethral pressure required to close the urethra decreased.

Conclusions

The stimulation of pelvic and perineal muscles have opposing roles in urethral function during micturition. Pubococcygeus muscles facilitate urethral closure, while they inhibit bladder contraction. In contrast, bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles prevent urethral contraction while they promote bladder contraction. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:455–460, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disentangling the role of soil in structuring tropical tree communities at Tarap Hill Reserve of Bangladesh
Authors: Sarker Swapan Kumar , Sonet Sanjay Saha , Mohasinul Haque Md. , Sharmin Mahmuda
Published: May 2013

Tarap Hill Reserve, the largest upland reserve of Bangladesh, is situated along the Indo‐Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. It encompasses the last remaining patches of natural vegetation in the Northeastern Tarap Mountain System and harbors 87 % of the nationally declared red‐listed vascular plant species. Despite requiring high conservation priority, this is one of the least studied reserves in the tropics. In this study, we collected vegetation and soil (eight variables) data from 68 sample plots. We identified the tree communities by cluster analysis and verified them using the multi‐response permutation procedure and detrended correspondence analysis. Species richness, diversity, and compositional similarity between the communities were also estimated. In total, 116 tree species representing 69 genera were recorded within the four identified tree community types. Finally, canonical correspondence analysis with associated Monte Carlo permutation tests (499 permutations) was performed to explore the patterns of variation in tree species distribution explained by the soil variables. Soil phosphorus, organic matter content, and pH were most closely correlated with tree compositional variation. Thus, conservation strategies that take into account variations in these influential soil factors may aid in the conservation of trees in the reserve.
Bayesian Hierarchical Multivariate Formulation with Factor Analysis for Nested Ordinal Data
Authors: Savitsky Terrance D. , McCaffrey Daniel F.
Published: May 2013

This article devises a Bayesian multivariate formulation for analysis of ordinal data that records teacher classroom performance along multiple dimensions to assess aspects characterizing good instruction. Study designs for scoring teachers seek to measure instructional performance over multiple classroom measurement event sessions at varied occasions using disjoint intervals within each session and employment of multiple ratings on intervals scored by different raters; a design which instantiates a nesting structure with each level contributing a source of variation in recorded scores. We generally possess little a priori knowledge of the existence or form of a sparse generating structure for the multivariate dimensions at any level in the nesting that would permit collapsing over dimensions as is done under univariate modeling. Our approach composes a Bayesian data augmentation scheme that introduces a latent continuous multivariate response linked to the observed ordinal scores with the latent response mean constructed as an additive multivariate decomposition of nested level means that permits the extraction of de-noised continuous teacher-level scores and the associated correlation matrix. A semi-parametric extension facilitates inference for teacher-level dependence among the dimensions of classroom performance under multi-modality induced by sub-groupings of rater perspectives. We next replace an inverse Wishart prior specified for the teacher covariance matrix over dimensions of instruction with a factor analytic structure to allow the simultaneous assessment of an underlying sparse generating structure. Our formulation for Bayesian factor analysis employs parameter expansion with an accompanying post-processing sign re-labeling step of factor loadings that together reduce posterior correlations among sampled parameters to improve parameter mixing in our Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) scheme. We evaluate the performance of our formulation on simulated data and make an application for the assessment of the teacher covariance structure with a dataset derived from a study of middle and high school algebra teachers.
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of the Surface Active Properties of Novel Cationic Imidazolium Gemini Surfactants
Authors: Patial Pankaj , Shaheen Arifa , Ahmad Ishtiaque
Published: May 2013

New imidazolium gemini surfactants were synthesized by reaction of epichlorohydrin with long chain fatty alcohols furnishing products 2‐(alkoxymethyl)oxirane followed by their subsequent treatment with imidazole resulting in the formation of 1‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl‐3 alkoxy)propane‐2‐ol which on subsequent treatment with 1,2‐dibromoethane and 1,3‐dibromopropane resulted in the formation of title gemini surfactants:1,2‐bis(1(3‐alkoxy‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium)ethane bromide (7), 1,3‐bis(1(3‐alkoxy‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium)propane bromide (8), 1,2‐bis(1(3‐alkoxy‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium)ethane bromide (9), 1,3‐bis(1(3‐alkoxy‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium)propane bromide (10), 1,2‐bis (1(3‐alkoxy‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium)ethane bromide (11) and 1,3‐bis (1(3‐alkoxy‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐1H‐imidazol‐3‐ium)propane bromide (12). Their identification was based on IR, 1H‐, 13C‐NMR, DEPT, COSY and mass spectral studies. Their surface active properties were also evaluated on the basis of surface tension and conductivity measurements.
Interactions of Glycols with Dodecyl Isothiouronium Cationic Surfactant on the Surface Active Parameters
Authors: Hefni Hassan H. , Negm Nabel A.
Published: May 2013

Surface properties of the dodecyl isothiouronium cationic surfactant in a mixed solvent of water and polyethylene glycol of different molecular weights varied from ethylene glycol to polyethylene glycol‐600 were determined using surface tension and conductivity measurements. The results showed an increase in the surface properties including critical micelle concentration, effectiveness and efficiency, compared to the surfactant in pure water as the solvent. The interaction between the cationic surfactant and the glycols was described and the molecular weight of the different glycols was rationalized.
Acidolysis Reaction of Terebinth Fruit Oil with Palmitic and Caprylic Acids to Produce Low Caloric Spreadable Structured Lipid
Authors: Yanık Derya Koçak , Keskin Hasene , Fadıloğlu Sibel , Göğüş Fahrettin
Published: May 2013

The lipase (Lipozyme IM from Rhizomucor miehei) catalyzed acidolysis reaction of terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) fruit oil with caprylic and palmitic acid in hexane was investigated in a batch system. The effect of reaction conditions and relationship among them were analyzed and optimized by response surface methodology with a four‐factor five‐level central composite rotatable experimental design. The four major factors chosen were enzyme load (10–20 wt%), reaction time (12–20 h), reaction temperature (45–60 °C) and substrate mol ratio (TO:PA:CA, 1:2.3–4.1:1.15–2.05). Optimum reaction conditions for reaction time, temperature, enzyme load and substrate mole ratio were 12 h, 45 °C, 10 wt% and 1:4.1:2.05, respectively. The maximum yield of desired triacylglycerols (TAG) obtained at these optimum conditions was 50.87 %. Produced structured lipid had a caloric value which was 1.5 % lower than that of terebinth fruit oil. Its solid fat content was found comparable with commercially available margarines. The relative activity of lipase was well maintained in up to 10 repeated cycles.
Chemoenzymatic Method for Producing Stearidonic Acid Concentrates from Stearidonic Acid Soybean Oil
Authors: Ifeduba Ebenezer A. , Akoh Casimir C.
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study was to produce stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4n‐3) omega‐3 concentrates from 25 % SDA soybean oil (SDASO) by enzymatic acidolysis. Substrates were prepared by chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of SDASO. A 62 % SDA free fatty acid mixture (SDA‐FFA) was obtained by low temperature crystallization of the chemical hydrolyzate while partial hydrolysis of SDASO by non‐immobilized lipase AY 30 (Candida rugosa) yielded a 51 % SDA acylglycerol mixture (SDA‐GLY). Reaction conditions for acidolysis between SDA‐FFA and SDA‐GLY were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Incorporation of SDA into SDA‐GLY by immobilized Lipozyme RM IM (Rhizomucor miehei) and non‐immobilized Lipomod 34P‐LO34P (C. cylindracea [rugosa]) lipases were modeled under varying levels of the substrate molar ratio (Sr), temperature (T), and time (t). Optimal conditions for production of a 60 % SDA concentrate were predicted to be Sr = 4.8, T = 65 °C and t = 8 h for Lipozyme RM IM and Sr = 5.0, T = 43 °C and t = 48 h for Lipomod 34P‐L034P. The model was verified experimentally by gram scale synthesis under optimal conditions which resulted in the production of 59.98 and 58.98 % SDA concentrates (≥96 % triacylglycerols) by Lipozyme RM IM and Lipomod 34P‐L034P, respectively.
Middle Eocene Ostracoda from the Tadkeshwar Lignite Mine, Cambay Basin, Gujarat
Authors: Nagori M. L. , Khosla S. C. , Jakhar S. R.
Published: May 2013

Previous work on the fauna and flora of the Cambay shale underlying as well as inter-bedded within the lignite seams of Vastan lignite mine, Gujarat allows the shale to be assigned a Lower Eocene age. However, there is no record of occurrence of any fossil from the sedimentary beds succeeding the shale-lignite sequence that might fix upper age limit of the Cambay shale. We record a characteristic Middle Eocene ostracod assemblage from the Nummulitic marl/limestone, immediately overlying the shale-lignite sequence from the Tadkeshwar lignite mine close to the Vastan lignite mine. The assemblage comprises 22 species, many of which widely occur in the Middle Eocene beds of Kachchh, Rajasthan and adjacent areas of Pakistan.
Hydrogeophysical Investigations in a Typical Khondalitic Terrain to Delineate the Kaolinised Layer using Resistivity Imaging
Authors: Rao B. Venkateswara , Prasad Y. Siva , Reddy K. Srinivas
Published: May 2013

Investigation for high yielding water wells in the khondalitic terrain (graneti ferrous silliminite gnesiss) is mostly faced with the problem of identification of the extent of the depth of kaolinisation of the aquifer. The traditional Vertical Electrical Sounding survey, Seismic Refraction survey and Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic survey could not identify the kaolinisation of the aquifer in the present investigations. The Two Dimensional (2D) Resistivity and Induced Polarization (IP) Imaging surveys are attempted for the identification of kaolinised layer and depth of kaolinisation. Number of 2D Resistivity and IP Imaging profiles were conducted near Chipurupally in Vizianagaram district of Andhra Pradesh, India along successful and failed wells located within short distances. Resistivity and IP measurements were carried out using an ABEM SAS 4000 Terrameter. The resistivity and I.P. images have provided a clear view of the thickness of the highly weathered zone (kaolinised zone) at both successful and failed wells. The highly weathered zone is identified with the resistivity values below 25 ohm.m. The depth of highly weathered material at failed well is extended about 8-10 m more deeper than the successful wells at some places to as much as 20 m more deep at some other places. This extended deeper kaolinisation of the aquifer is responsible for failure of wells. Layers having resistivities between 25 – 65 Ohm.m are identified as aquifer layers which are composed of moderately weathered and fractured khondalitic suit of rocks (Garnti ferrous sillimanite/biotite gneiss). Layers with resistivities greater than 65 Ohm.m are interpreted to have basement characteristics belonging to the granite gneiss. Interestingly IP imaging has not provided any greater insights in delineating the kaolinistion of the aquifer when compared to resistivity Imaging, in fact resitivity imaging has shown greater depths of kaolinisation than IP Imaging.
Palaeoecological Implications of Corallinacean Red Algae and Halimedacean Green Algae from the Prang Formation of South Shillong Plateau, Meghalaya
Authors: Ghosh Amit K. , Sarkar Suman
Published: May 2013

The southwestern part of south Shillong plateau (Meghalaya, N-E India), designated as Sylhet Limestone Group is sub-divided into three lithounits i.e., Lakadong, Umlatdoh and Prang formations in ascending order. The Prang Formation is the youngest lithostratigraphic unit of the Sylhet Limestone Group and has been dated as Middle to early Upper Eocene based on the benthic foraminifera studies.

Thin section analysis of carbonate rocks from Prang Formation, exposed in the Bholaganj limestone quarry yielded a rich assemblage of calcareous algae. The coralline algal assemblage comprises both non-geniculate and geniculate forms. The green algae are represented by species of Halimeda belonging to the family Halimedaceae.

Palaeoecological interpretation based on diversity, growth-form analysis and taphonomic aspects of the algal assemblage indicate that in all probabilities the deposition of Prang Formation occurred in shallow, warm, shelf environment of normal salinity within the transgressive phase.
Encapsulation of exemestane in polycaprolactone nanoparticles: optimization, characterization, and release kinetics
Authors: Kumar Abhinesh , Sawant Krutika
Published: May 2013

This study was aimed at developing a polymeric drug delivery system for a steroidal aromatase inhibitor, exemestane (exe) intended for sustained targeted delivery of drug through intravenous route. Carboxylated polycaprolactone (cPCL) was synthesized by ring opening polymerization of caprolactone. Exe-loaded cPCL nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by interfacial deposition of preformed polymer and characterized. A 3-factor, 3-level Box–Behnken design was used to derive a second-order polynomial equation and construct contour and response plots for maximized response of percentage drug entrapment (PDE) with constraints on particle size (PS). The independent variables selected were ratio of exe/cPCL, amount of cPCL, and volume of organic phase. Polymerization of caprolactone to cPCL was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gel permeation chromatography. The prepared NPs were evaluated for differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in vitro release studies. Optimum formulation based on desirability (1.0) exhibited PDE of 83.96 % and PS of 180.5 nm. Check point analysis confirmed the role of the derived polynomial equation and contour plots in predicting the responses. Zeta potential of optimized formulation was −33.8 ± 2.1 mV. DSC studies confirmed the absence of any interaction between drug and polymer. TEM image showed non-aggregated and spherical shaped NPs. Drug release from NPs showed sustained release and followed Korsmeyer–Peppas model, indicating Fickian drug release. Thus, preparation of exe-loaded cPCL NPs with high PDE and desired PS suitable for providing passive targeting could be statistically optimized using Box–Behnken design.
Link prediction using a probabilistic description logic
Authors: Luna José Eduardo Ochoa , Revoredo Kate , Cozman Fabio Gagliardi
Published: May 2013

Due to the growing interest in social networks, link prediction has received significant attention. Link prediction is mostly based on graph-based features, with some recent approaches focusing on domain semantics. We propose algorithms for link prediction that use a probabilistic ontology to enhance the analysis of the domain and the unavoidable uncertainty in the task (the ontology is specified in the probabilistic description logic cr

$$\mathcal{ALC }$$
). The scalability of the approach is investigated, through a combination of semantic assumptions and graph-based features. We evaluate empirically our proposal, and compare it with standard solutions in the literature.
Consanguinity and Other Marriage Market Effects of a Wealth Shock in Bangladesh
Authors: Mobarak Ahmed Mushfiq , Kuhn Randall , Peters Christina
Published: May 2013

This paper uses a wealth shock from the construction of a flood protection embankment in rural Bangladesh coupled with data on the universe of all 52,000 marriage decisions between 1982 and 1996 to examine changes in marital prospects for households protected by the embankment relative to unprotected households living on the other side of the river. We use difference-in-difference specifications to document that brides from protected households commanded larger dowries, married wealthier households, and became less likely to marry biological relatives. Financial liquidity-constrained households appear to use within-family marriage (in which one can promise ex-post payments) as a form of credit to meet up-front dowry demands, but the resultant wealth shock for households protected by the embankment relaxed this need to marry consanguineously. Our results shed light on the socioeconomic roots of consanguinity, which carries health risks for offspring but can also carry substantial benefits for the families involved.
Predictive power of cell‐to‐cell variability
Authors: Li Bochong , You Lingchong
Published: May 2013

Much of our current knowledge of biology has been constructed based on population‐average measurements. However, advances in single‐cell analysis have demonstrated the omnipresent nature of cell‐to‐cell variability in any population. On one hand, tremendous efforts have been made to examine how such variability arises, how it is regulated by cellular networks, and how it can affect cell‐fate decisions by single cells. On the other hand, recent studies suggest that the variability may carry valuable information that can facilitate the elucidation of underlying regulatory networks or the classification of cell states. To this end, a major challenge is determining what aspects of variability bear significant biological meaning. Addressing this challenge requires the development of new computational tools, in conjunction with appropriately chosen experimental platforms, to more effectively describe and interpret data on cell‐cell variability. Here, we discuss examples of when population heterogeneity plays critical roles in determining biologically and clinically significant phenotypes, how it serves as a rich information source of regulatory mechanisms, and how we can extract such information to gain a deeper understanding of biological systems.
Development of Plate Infinite Element Method for Stress Analysis of Elastic Bodies with Singularities
Authors: Liu D. S. , Cheng K. L. , Zhuang Z. W.
Published: May 2013

A Plate Infinite Element Method (PIEM) formulation based on Reissner-Mindlin theory is proposed for the stress analysis of cracked plates under bending and tension. The validity of the proposed formulation is demonstrated by comparing the results obtained for the normalized Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) under various loading conditions with the solutions presented in the literature. Importantly, the proposed formulation enables the effects of different crack lengths to be analyzed without the need to re-mesh the computational domain for each simulation/analysis. Overall, the PIEM formulation provides an accurate and computationally-efficient means of analyzing a wide variety of plate bending problems.