bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developmental expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), amphoterin and sulfoglucuronyl (HNK‐1) carbohydrate in mouse cerebellum and their role in neurite outgrowth and cell migration
Authors: Chou Denise K. H. , Zhang Jinghua , Smith Frances I. , McCaffery Peter , Jungalwala Firoze B.
Published: September 2004

Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) has been proposed as a signal transduction receptor to promote neurite outgrowth and cell migration, by its interaction with a neurite outgrowth promoting protein, Amphoterin. Amphoterin has been shown to interact with sulfoglucuronyl carbohydrate (SGC). The developmental expression of RAGE, Amphoterin and SGC was studied in pre‐natal and post‐natal mouse cerebellum to establish their cellular and subcellular localization and function. The amount of RAGE in the cerebellum increased with age. RAGE was expressed pre‐natally in the external germinal layer and post‐natally in the plasma membranes of the granule neurons of the external and internal granule cell layers and in Purkinje cells. Immunocytochemical analysis by high magnification confocal microscopy showed that RAGE was co‐expressed with Amphoterin and SGC in the cell surfaces of granule neurons. This co‐localization of RAGE, Amphoterin, and SGC was confirmed in isolated and cultured granule neurons and in migrating granule neurons in explant cultures. Anti‐RAGE antibodies inhibited neurite outgrowth and cell migration in explant and slice cultures, similar to anti‐Amphoterin and anti‐SGC antibodies shown previously. The results suggest that RAGE could act as a signaling molecule for neurite outgrowth and cell migration by its interaction with Amphoterin and that of Amphoterin with SGC.
Molecular aging of tau: disulfide‐independent aggregation and non‐enzymatic degradation in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Watanabe Atsushi , Hong Won‐Kyoung , Dohmae Naoshi , Takio Koji , Morishima‐Kawashima Maho , Ihara Yasuo
Published: September 2004

Smearing from high‐molecular‐mass regions to low‐molecular‐mass regions on western blot is the most striking observation of the tau making up paired helical filaments in brain tissues affected by Alzheimer's disease. Because our previous study showed site‐specific deamidation/isomerization in the smeared tau in vivo, a feature of protein aging, recombinant tau was subjected to prolonged (up to 90 days) in vitro incubation. Carboxymethylated tau at ∼50 kDa gradually disappeared and was converted to dimers and to high‐ and low‐molecular‐mass smearing. In addition, the same site‐specific deamidation/isomerization as previously identified in the smeared tau in vivo emerged. Most importantly, tau was spontaneously degraded, generating fragments that start from bulky residues next to asparaginyl residues. This spontaneous degradation of tau probably represents non‐enzymatic cleavage through the formation of succinimide intermediates. Similar degradation products starting from the bulky residues next to asparaginyl residues were found in the smeared tau in vivo partially purified from the homogenates from Alzheimer's disease brains.
Apoptotic cell death influences the signaling activity of the amyloid precursor protein through ShcA and Grb2 adaptor proteins in neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells
Authors: Venezia Valentina , Russo Claudio , Repetto Emanuela , Salis Serena , Dolcini Virginia , Genova Francesca , Nizzari Mario , Mueller Ulrike , Schettini Gennaro
Published: September 2004

The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is an ubiquitous receptor‐like molecule involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP and some of its C‐terminal proteolytic fragments (CTFs) have been shown to be phosphorylated and to interact with cytosolic phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain containing proteins involved in cell signaling and vesicular transport. Among others, the interaction between tyrosine‐phosphorylated CTFs and ShcA‐Grb2 adaptors is highly enhanced in AD brain. Here we have identified in SH‐SY5Y neuroblastoma cells an interaction between APP holoprotein and the adaptor Grb2. Upon activation of apoptotic cell death this interaction is rapidly degraded, APP is partially cleaved and the complex APP/Grb2 is replaced by a new complex between CTFs and ShcA that still involves Grb2. The formation of these complexes is regulated by beta‐site APP‐cleaving enzyme 1 and influences the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase p44/42 extracellular signal‐regulated kinase as well as the level of apoptotic death of the cells. These data suggest a dual role in cell signaling for APP and its CTFs in neuroblastoma cells, in a manner similar to that previously reported for other tyrosine kinase receptor, through a tightly regulated coupling with alternative intracellular adaptors to control the signaling of the cell.
Structural determinants for membrane trafficking and G protein selectivity of a mouse olfactory receptor
Authors: Katada Sayako , Tanaka Motonari , Touhara Kazushige
Published: September 2004

The G protein‐coupled olfactory receptor (OR) superfamily plays a critical role in recognizing a broad range of odorants. Each OR appears to recognize odorants based on similarities in molecular structures such that mOR‐EG, a mouse OR, binds eugenol, vanillin, and some other structurally related odorants. Only a few ORs, however, have been characterized functionally due to the difficulties in expressing ORs in heterologous cells. In this report, we demonstrate roles of the N‐ and C‐terminal domains as key elements in the functional expression and signal transducing activity of an OR. Disruption of the N‐terminal glycosylation site of the mOR‐EG completely impaired its membrane trafficking to the cell surface. Functional expression of the mOR‐EG was greatly enhanced by addition of extra N‐terminal glycosylation sequences. Addition of a C‐terminal epitope‐tag or C‐terminal truncation significantly reduced the odorant‐response activity, although the receptors were properly targeted to the plasma membrane. Analysis of a series of truncated ORs revealed a region in the C‐terminus that was crucial for the receptor activity. Replacement of the C‐terminal portion of the mOR‐EG with that of rhodopsin disrupted the coupling to Gαs but not to Gα15, demonstrating that the C‐terminus is involved in regulating G protein specificity. These results suggest that glycosylation of the N‐terminal portion is critical for OR expression and membrane trafficking, while the C‐terminal portion plays a role in defining proper conformation, which, in turn, specifies the G protein selectivity of the OR. This information helps clarify the mechanisms that regulate membrane trafficking and G protein interaction of the OR superfamily.
Potentiation of myelin proteolipid protein (Plp) gene expression is mediated through AP‐1‐like binding sites
Authors: Dobretsova Anna , Kokorina Natalia A. , Wight Patricia A.
Published: September 2004

The myelin proteolipid protein (Plp) gene is expressed in oligodendrocytes and encodes the most abundant protein found in mature CNS myelin. Expression of the gene is dynamic and peaks during the active myelination period of CNS development. The surge in Plp gene activity during this period has been purported to be mediated by a positive regulatory region located within the first intron. This region, designated ASE for antisilencer/enhancer, is located approximately 1 kb downstream of exon 1 sequences and encompasses nearly 100 bp. However, neither the critical nucleotides within this region, nor the associated DNA‐binding proteins have been identified. In the present study, DNase I footprinting analysis demonstrated widespread protection of the region on both the coding and non‐coding strands suggesting that multiple transcription factors are likely involved. Targeting of putative DNA‐protein binding sites contained within the ASE by gel shift, transfection and mutagenesis studies revealed the importance of several AP‐1‐like binding sites in governing high levels of Plp gene expression in oligodendrocytes. Our results suggest that factors, which bind to these sites, form the core of a multiprotein complex that assembles on the ASE and ultimately affects the temporal regulation of the gene in oligodendrocytes.
Fetal alcohol exposure alters neurosteroid levels in the developing rat brain
Authors: Caldeira Jerri C. , Wu Yan , Mameli Manuel , Purdy Robert H. , Li Pui‐Kai , Akwa Yvette , Savage Daniel D. , Engen John R. , Valenzuela C. Fernando
Published: September 2004

Neurosteroids are modulators of neuronal function that may play important roles in brain maturation. We determined whether chronic prenatal ethanol exposure altered neurosteroid levels in the developing brain. Rat dams were exposed to: (i) a 5% ethanol‐containing liquid diet that produces peak maternal blood alcohol levels near the legal intoxication limit (approximately 0.08 g/dL); (ii) an isocaloric liquid diet containing maltose‐dextrin instead of ethanol with pair‐feeding; (iii) rat chow ad libitum. Neurosteroid levels were assessed in offspring brains using radioimmunoassay or gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry techniques. A prenatal ethanol exposure‐induced increase in pregnenolone sulfate levels, but not dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels, was evident at the earliest time point studied (embryonic day 14). This effect lasted until post‐natal day 5. Levels of other neurosteroids were assessed at embryonic day 20; pregnenolone levels, but not allopregnanolone levels, were elevated. Pregnenolone sulfate levels were not altered in the maternal brain. Neither pregnenolone nor pregnenolone sulfate levels were significantly altered in the fetal liver, placenta and maternal blood, indicating that the effect of ethanol is not secondary to accumulation of peripherally‐produced steroids. Fetal ethanol exposure has been shown to decrease both cellular and behavioral responsiveness to neurosteroids, and our findings provide a plausible explanation for this effect.
A mathematical model for designing and sizing sow farms
Authors: Plà L. M. , Babot D. , Pomar J.
Published: September 2004

A semi‐Markov model and its application for designing and sizing swine facilities are presented. Swine production is becoming more and more specialised. Hence the sizing of a farm producing piglets is the main strategic decision of farmers who invest in sow production, since a farm comprises different facilities with different possible sizes. The classical approach is simple but the resulting design assumes some security margins without considering variations in sow performance or in the management policy. The model presented here has revealed differences with respect to the classical approach. As a result, the Markov chain approach is useful to determine more accurately the capacity, improve farm design and reduce housing cost.
Tax impact on multi‐stage mean‐variance portfolio allocation
Authors: Osorio M.A. , Gülpınar N. , Rustem B. , Settergren R.
Published: September 2004

We investigate the sensitivity to tax change of multi‐stage portfolio allocation over a discrete time investment horizon. Special taxation rules within wrappers grouped a number of risky assets are integrated with multi‐stage linear or quadratic stochastic programming in the mean‐variance framework. The uncertainty on the returns of assets is specified as a scenario tree generated by a simulation‐based approach. We adjust different values on capital gains tax under different asset bounds and risk levels. The tax impact in the yearly reallocation of the investments for a typical case with an annual fixed withdrawal that utilizes completely the option of taper relief is also explored. Our computational results show that taxes, combined with other effects such as risk and investment upper bounds, have a significant performance impact on portfolio allocation as well as diversification over wrappers. Yet, investment strategies can be made robust to changes in taxation.
ANTICOAGULANT EFFECTS OF LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN IN HEALTHY CATS
Authors: Alwood AJ , Downend AB , Brooks MB , Slensky KA , Fox JA , Simpson SA , Waddell LS , Otto CM
Published: September 2004

Objectives: 1) Validate a chromogenic assay to measure Factor Xa inhibitory activity (anti‐Xa activity) in normal feline plasma and following administration of low molecular weight heparins and unfractionated heparin. 2) Compare the effects of two commercially available low molecular weight heparins (LMWH), unfractionated heparin (UFH), and placebo on TEG, anti‐Xa activity, PT/aPTT, PCV/TS and platelet count in healthy cats.

Methods: Our study consisted of two phases: 1) the evaluation of a commercially available chromogenic anti‐Xa assay (Rotachrom Heparin, Diagnostic Stago) for use in cats, and 2) the evaluation of hemostatic effects of LMWH in healthy cats. Phase 1: The anti‐Xa assay was validated for use in cats using feline plasma and serial dilutions of the plasma spiked with UFH, enoxaparin, and dalteparin. Phase 2: Five healthy cats were included in a randomized Latin Squares model crossover‐design to compare the effects of UFH and LMWH in cats. The cats then received one of the following subcutaneously: 1) 250 IU/kg UFH QID, 2) 100 IU/kg dalteparin BID, 3) 1 mg/kg enoxaparin BID, 4) 0.25 mL/kg 0.9% saline (placebo) QID. A minimum of a two‐week washout period separated each treatment period. Each drug was administered for 5 days. Blood samples were obtained to measure anti‐Xa, TEG, PT/aPTT, platelet count, and PCV/TS on Days 1, 3, 5, and 6 of each treatment cycle. Samples were collected at time 0 on each sample day for all parameters and on select days at hours 4, 8, and 12 for anti‐Xa and TEG.

Results: Preliminary results using the validated anti‐Xa assay (from the first part of this study) demonstrate that LMWH treatment results in peak anti‐Xa activity at the 4‐hour sampling time that returned toward baseline by 8 hours (in 5/6 cats treated with LMWH thus far). Similar anticoagulant effects were noted in the TEG parameters of cats receiving LMWH (i.e., peak effects were noted at 4 hours). Analysis of current data by linear regression identifies a relationship between anti‐Xa measurements and TEG parameters for cats treated with all heparin therapies (p<0.001). A similar relationship exists between anti‐Xa and aPTT.

Conclusions: Preliminary results suggest an anticoagulant effect of LMWH in cats that may not be uniform across individuals. Anti‐Xa activity or TEG may provide useful tools for monitoring LMWH.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF HYPERKALEMIA IN DOGS AND CATS
Authors: Tag TL , Day TK
Published: September 2004

Objective: To demonstrate whether ECG changes induced by hyperkalemia correspond with previously described changes.

Design: Prospective

Animals: Eighteen dogs and 22 cats with serum potassium levels >5.5 mEq/L as the result of various disease processes.

Procedure: Once hyperkalemia was documented, the following data were collected: ECG (n=40), total magnesium (mg/dl) (n=18), total calcium (mg/dl) (n=31), and venous blood gas (n=20). Animals were divided into 5 groups based on expected ECG's changes associated with hyperkalemia (mEq/L): Group 1‐ 5.5–6.5; Group 2‐ 6.6–7.0; Group 3‐ 7.1–8.5; Group 4‐ 8.6–10.0; Group 5‐ >10.0. ECG's were interpreted to determine if the rate, rhythm and changes in the P‐QRS‐T complex were similar to those previously reported.

Results: Twelve ECGs demonstrated changes previously described, while 28 did not: Group 1 (n=7)‐ 1/7; Group 2 (n=2)‐ 0/2; Group 3 (n=14)‐ 4/14; Group 4 (n=6)‐ 3/6; Group 5 (n=11)‐ 4/11. Many ECG abnormalities not previously described were also identified such as atrioventricular dissociation and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Blood gas analysis revealed acidemia (19/20) with severe acidemia (pH<7.2) in the majority (16/19). Hypocalcemia was documented (5/13) and most of these patents (4/5) were in Group 5. Hypermagnesemia was documented in the majority of patients (10/18), though not in one particular group.

Clinical Implications: It is difficult to establish typical ECG changes in patients with hyperkalemia, which represents a departure from the historical description. Hypocalcemia may be involved with ECG changes and arrhythmias in Group 5. Hypermagnesemia causes electrocardiographic abnormalities similar to those described with hyperkalemia and therefore does not explain the results of this study. There likely are complex interactions with electrolytes and acid base abnormalities that affect ECG formation.
General session abstracts RESULTS OF LAMINECTOMY WITHOUT METHYLPREDNISOLONE SODIUM SUCCINATE (MPSS) FOR ACUTE THORACOLUMBAR DISK DISEASE IN 51 NON‐AMBULATORY DOGS
Authors: Bush WW , Tiches DM , Kamprad CM , Barr CS , Murtaugh RJ
Published: September 2004

The administration of MPSS is advocated both for limiting spinal cord injury from Hansen Type I intervertebral disk protrusion (T1‐IVD) and from the potential surgical trauma associated with laminectomy. Recent studies suggest that treatment with MPSS does not significantly alter functional outcome and is associated with significant complications including gastrointestinal bleeding, pancreatic necrosis, and increased rates of infection. The purpose of this prospective study was to report the results of laminectomy without MPSS treatment in non‐ambulatory dogs with T1‐IVD. The study group involved dogs weighing less than 15 kg that had a laminectomy between T11‐T12 and L4‐L5 for T1‐IVD. Dogs included had not been treated with MPSS, were unable to walk but able to sense “deep pain”. The dogs were evaluated post‐operatively for the ability to walk (stand and advance pelvic limbs), pain (reaction to paraspinal palpation or movement), and incontinence (dribbling urine/feces or failure to completely void urine). Fifty‐one dogs met the inclusion criteria. Prior to surgery 0% of the dogs could walk (26 paralyzed, 25 paretic), and 98% were painful. Incontinence was not assessed or was unknown in most cases. Ten days following surgery, 90% were walking, 98% were pain‐free, and 82% were fully continent. By 6 weeks, 100% were walking, 6% were painful, and 86% fully continent. By 16 weeks, 96% were pain‐free, and 88% were fully continent. These results obtained with laminectomy alone are comparable or superior to reports of those with MPSS administration and suggest that MPSS is not necessary for a successful outcome in dogs receiving laminectomy for T1‐IVD.
RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF HUMAN ALBUMIN USE IN CRITICALLY ILL DOGS
Authors: Chan DL , Rozanski EA , Freeman LM , Rush JE
Published: September 2004

Hypoalbuminemia and decreased colloid osmotic pressure (COP) are common in critically ill dogs. Hypoalbuminemia has been shown to negatively impact outcome. Treatment strategies to raise COP include the use of both natural and synthetic colloids. To date there is no comprehensive evaluation of human albumin (HA) use in dogs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the use of 25% HA in critically ill dogs. The medical records of all dogs receiving HA between January 2003 and March 2004 were reviewed using a standardized data sheet for signalment, diagnoses, Survival Prediction Index (SPI), dose of HA administered, amount of crystalloid fluid administered prior to HA administration, length of hospitalization (LOH), complications, and outcome. Additionally pre‐ and post‐HA administration values for serum albumin (SA), blood COP, and total solids (TS) were evaluated. Thirty‐seven dogs received HA. Thirty of the 37 dogs (81%) underwent surgery and 13 of 37 (39%) dogs were diagnosed with septic peritonitis. Other diagnoses included trauma, wounds, neoplasia, gastric ulcer, and pancreatitis. The median SPI of all dogs was 0.53 (range 0.06–0.82). Median dose of HA used was 1.5 g/kg (range 0.38–3.64 g/kg). Median dose of crystalloid fluids administered prior to HA administration was 6.23 ml/kg/hr (range 1.2–45.4 ml/kg/hr). Median LOH was 5 days (range 1–16 days). Mild complications were encountered in 9 of 37 (24%) dogs and included prolonged clotting times (n=3), increased breathing effort (n=3), vomiting (n=2), and fever (n=1). Of the 37 dogs in the study, 21 (57%) survived, 10 (27%) died, and 6 (16%) were euthanized. After HA administration, median SA increased from 1.5 g/dl (range 1.0–2.1 g/dl) to 2.8 g/dl (range 1.5–4.4 g/dl) (p<0.001), median COP increased from 11 mmHg (range 6.8–13.8 mmHg) to 14.4 mmHg (range 11–26.9 mmHg) (p<0.001), and median TS increased from 2.9 g/dl (range 0.9–4.6 g/dl) to 4.0 (range 2.8–6.2) (p<0.001). When compared to non‐survivors, survivors had higher post‐HA administration SA (p=0.008), higher net COP increase (p=0.032), and received higher dosages of HA (p=0.046). Pre‐treatment SA, COP, or the development of complications during administration did not impact LOH or outcome. In this retrospective study, HA administration effectively increased SA, TS and COP in critically ill dogs and was associated with relatively few complications. Future studies are warranted to further evaluate the potential benefits of HA administration.
RAPID MILLER'S KNOT METHOD FOR EMERGENCY LUNG LOBE REMOVAL
Authors: Crowe DT
Published: September 2004

A simple and rapid technique for the emergency removal of lung lobes was developed. It has been used successfully in 2 cats and 10 dogs without complications being recognized in any, with a minimum follow‐up of four months. The purpose of this abstract is three‐fold: 1) To briefly describe how the technique was done; 2) To describe the results of the use of the technique in these 14 emergency cases; and 3) Provide recommendations for the continued use of the technique in emergency cases.

Method: The lung lobe requiring removal was selected and elevated; soft connective tissues around the lung lobe base were separated from the main pedicle using a fine curved scissors. With mild traction applied, 3 curved Halstead or Kelly hemostatic forceps were applied across the entire pedicle, one right after the other except for a break between the last 2 distal clamps. The lung lobe was removed by cutting the entire pedicle with a Metzenbaum scissors between the distal most clamps. The tips of the scissors were tilted slightly to produce a “tissue bumper” of 1–3 mm above the distal most hemostatic forceps left. A Miller's knot of 3–0 to 2–0 polypropylene (cats and very small dogs) and 0 to 1 polypropylene (medium to large dogs) was applied around the entire pedicle under the clamps and tightened as the proximal most clamp was loosened briefly (flashed). The ends of the suture were continued to be carried around the pedicle in the direction they were coursing and then tied. A third ligation of the polypropylene was completed in large pedicles or where added security was deemed necessary such as in cases with a torn lung lobe due to trauma.

Results: The procedure was used in emergency lung lobectomy in 2 cats involving 3 lobes and in 10 dogs. The reasons for emergency lobectomy were lung consolidation in 4 dogs (involving 6 lobes), trauma with severe tears or openings in 4 dogs (involving 6 lobes), a leaking congenital bulla in 1 dog, and 1 abscess/foreign body (wooden stick). Time taken to perform a lobectomy with this technique ranged from 3–7 minutes. No leaks or complications with the pedicle have been observed in any of the cases. Because only limited dissection is needed to perform the lobectomy, the author recommends this method over conventional lobectomy where artery, bronchus and vein are all managed individually.
PRESENTATION LABORATORY VALUES, ADMINISTRATION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE AND OUTCOME OF CATS TREATED FOR DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS
Authors: Fertig AJ , Rudloff E , Kirby R , Thamm DH
Published: September 2004

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication in the cat, carrying a mortality rate as high as 26% during initial hospitalization. In humans, the presenting laboratory values can be correlated with the length of hospitalization and survival. To our knowledge, no studies of this kind can be found in the veterinary literature. The objective of this study was to compare the duration of therapy and clinical outcome of cats with DKA based on laboratory values, and whether or not administration of sodium HCO3 had an impact on survival.

Only completed medical records of cats treated at the Animal Emergency Center for DKA from January 1998 to January 2004 were reviewed. All patients received a standardized protocol for treatment of DKA. Data collected included presenting blood glucose level, presenting venous blood gas values, whether or not bicarbonate therapy was administered, length of hospitalization, and survival. Median duration of hospitalization of survivors was calculated using the Kaplan‐Meier product limit method, and comparisons between groups performed using the log‐rank test. Differences in laboratory values between survivors and non‐survivors were compared using a one‐sided unpaired t‐test and Fisher's exact test.

Twenty medical records fit the study criteria. There were 12 male and 8 female cats, of which 14 were released to owner care and 6 died in the hospital (5 euthanized). Median duration of hospitalization among survivors was 4.5 days. There was a trend toward increased hospital stay in cats presenting with a blood glucose >269 mg/dL (3 days versus 5 days; p=0.0685). There was a trend for nonsurvivors to have pCO2 <21.5 mmHg (p=0.063), and K+<3.65 mmol/L (p=0.063). Eight cats presented with HCO3 <10 mmol/L. Of these, 2 were administered sodium HCO3.

In conclusion, there was no statistically significant correlation between presenting laboratory values and outcome of cats with DKA. Those presenting with a pCO2<21.5 mmol/L or K+<3.65 mEq/L may have a greater chance for morbidity. There does not appear to be an association between sodium HCO3 administration and outcome in these cats. Additional case evaluations would provide greater power in confirming the validity of these preliminary results.
USE OF SODIUM NITROPRUSSIDE (SNP) FOR TREATMENT OF FULMINANT CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF) IN DOGS WITH MITRAL REGURGITATION
Authors: Greer RJ , Lichtenberger M , Kirby R
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the management and outcome of 10 cases of severe fulminant mitral regurgitation (MR) treated with SNP at the Animal Emergency Center between June of 1997 and August of 2000. The presence of acute respiratory distress with echocardiograph findings consistent with mitral regurgitation; no response to oxygen, lasix, and nitroglycerine ointment after 2–4 hours; and radiographic evidence that over 75% of the lung fields were involved defined dogs with severe fulminant MR. SNP was started at a dose of 1 μg/kg/min. The dogs were monitored every 15 min by Doppler blood pressure, mucous membrane color, capillary refill time, respiratory rate, and auscultation of the lungs for respiratory crackles were recorded. If the blood pressure remained above 90 mmHg systolic and increased lung sounds were present, the dose of SNP was increased by 1 μg/kg/min every 15 min until respiratory crackles were reduced. These dogs were then maintained on that dose of SNP during what was called the ‘maintenance period’. During this maintenance period, they were evaluated for signs of respiratory distress and blood pressure monitoring was recorded every 2 hours. The dogs were started on an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor during the maintenance period, and slowly tapered off the SNP. If the blood pressure decreased below 90 mmHg systolic, the dose of SNP was reduced to the previous dose. Eight dogs survived to discharge, one dog died 1 hour after starting SNP, and one dog was euthanized after 2 hours of SNP treatment. In the 8 dogs that survived, respiratory distress improved within 2 hours in 7 dogs (mean: 1.69, median: 2, range: 1.15–2) at a SNP dose of 1–3 μg/kg/hr (mean: 1.75, median: 1.5 and range: 1–3). Respiratory distress improved in one dog within 6 hours on SNP at a dose of 5 μg/kg/hr. In the survival group, SNP was maintained for 9–20 hours (mean: 14, median: 13 and range: 9–22). The taper of SNP occurred over 2–3 hours (mean: 4.2, median: 3 and range: 0–14) in 7 of the dogs that survived. One dog was tapered over 14 hours due to periodic episodes of hypotension and respiratory distress. The results suggest that use of SNP for treatment of dogs with CHF secondary to MR resulted in improvement in respiratory distress in 8 of the 10 dogs evaluated, and may be an effective alternative therapy for dogs with severe refractory CHF due to MR.
Equine abstracts HELICOPTER RESCUE – TO FLY OR NOT TO FLY
Authors: Gimenez Rebecca M. , Gimenez Tomas , Baker Janice
Published: September 2004

Improved options for the successful transport of horses trapped in inaccessible areas (floodwater, steep ravines, etc.) during a disaster or emergency are available to practitioners using helicopter assets and the Anderson Sling™. Horses present a particularly difficult problem to remove from the rescue environment of a wide flooded area, or difficult steep terrain far from access by vehicles or heavy equipment. Due to their fractious and fearful nature, they may fight any effort to walk, climb or swim them to safety, and those attempts are inherently very dangerous for the rescuer(s). Unfortunately, many disaster or emergency scenarios may occur in areas not conducive to the use of other options (barge, rescue glide, simple vertical lift sling). Veterinary practitioners on scene should have familiarity with helicopter sling‐load operations.

The use of cargo nets, inappropriate home‐made slings, and inadequate equipment has contributed to disastrous efforts by well‐intentioned rescuers. There have even been desperate attempts at sling loading of cattle by roping the horns or one leg and transporting them into a waiting truck for removal from public lands.

The Anderson Sling™ has been successfully used for helicopter operations in multiple emergencies and training demonstration flights, and is the only Equine Sling recommended for this purpose. Although it was originally intended for clinical use in long‐term recovery cases, it has become the industry standard for helicopter operations with equines because of its demonstrated safety margin, design and strength. In clinical use, leg straps further distribute the animal's weight to the legs, but are not necessary in rescue lifts. In some states, there are Large Animal Rescue Teams associated with the Veterinary School, the State Emergency Management Association, or local private Equine Ambulance Services that may have equipment and personnel trained in helicopter sling‐loading. This is a specialty interest that requires prior coordination, significant planning, and training of all personnel involved.
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EQUINE RESCUE GLIDE
Authors: Gimenez Rebecca M. , Gimenez Tomas , Stafford Keith
Published: September 2004

The Rescue Glide Sked provides a practical means of moving a recumbent, non‐ambulatory or injured horse from the site of an accident. Horses with serious injuries, displaying severe malnutrition or neurological symptoms, can be easily moved out of a stall or even down a trail to a horse ambulance for transport to a veterinary facility. It is a specialty cut piece of 8′× 4′ recycled polypropylene with tie‐down straps and steel attachment points for winch loading into an equine ambulance. A horse must be fully sedated during transport on the rescue glide to prevent further injury to itself or rescuers. Moving a recumbent horse is very difficult due to the weight of the animal, often causing damage to the head and eyes, and with many safety concerns for the rescuers (struggling, kicking). It may take 8 to 10 people to move a horse just a few feet, especially uphill or on high friction surfaces. Benefits of the Rescue Glide include that the plastic reduces the friction of the weight of the animal on the ground surface, so fewer people are needed to move the animal. The tough resilient plastic is flexible so it goes easily over obstacles such as logs, roots, or through ditches. It folds up around the animal's body to get through a standard stall door or tight spaces as might be encountered on a trail. The Glide may be attached to a winch, ropes pulled by human rescuers, or even vehicle (ATV, car, etc.)

The practical use of the Rescue Glide has been demonstrated in numerous situations including severe limb injuries, neurological compromise, geriatric, recumbent/unable to rise, severe neglect/malnutrition, and recovery/removal of dead large animals. The equipment has been used at race tracks and riding competition events for transport of animals into ambulances, as well as by veterinary rescue response teams in trail riding accidents, pasture accidents, and severe trailer injuries.

The Rescue Glide, in conjunction with an equine ambulance trailer, provides a safe and suitable means of transport of large animals to veterinary facilities and should be a part of the equine practitioner's emergency equipment.
RESPIRATORY MECHANICS AND DIFFUSION CAPACITY IN AWAKE, ADULT LLAMAS: CLINICAL APPLICATIONS IN CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE
Authors: Lascola Kara , Hoffman Andrew , Oura Trish , Mazan Melissa , Bedenice Daniela
Published: September 2004

The purpose of this study was to establish reference values of respiratory mechanics and diffusion capacity in awake llamas for the interpretation and diagnosis of respiratory disease in critically ill camelids. The following procedures were performed in 10 healthy adult llamas (2–9 years; 100–204 kg): Respiratory Inductive Plethysmography and Pneumotachography (RIP) for the assessment of thoraco‐abdominal synchrony and airflow obstruction (Hoffman, J Appl Physiol 2001;91: 2767–75), diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) and functional residual capacity (FRC) via helium dilution, esophageal balloon‐pneumotachography to determine pulmonary resistance (RL) and dynamic compliance (Cdyn), as well as Monofrequency Forced Oscillatory Mechanics (FOM) (Young, J Appl Physiol 1994;76:2467–72) to establish respiratory system resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) at the oscillatory frequencies of 1,2,3,5 and 7 Hz. RIP was further performed in 3 camelid patients to determine the cause of respiratory failure.

The results of conventional lung mechanics, FOM (1 Hz), DLCO and FRC in healthy llamas are listed in the table below. Rrs at 1 Hz (closest to breathing frequency) was positively correlated with RL (P=.05). The calculated mean resonant frequency was 3.37 (+/−0.68) Hz. RIP results showed a peak difference between plethysmographic flow (V'sum) and nasal flow (V'n) of 2.61 (+/−1.02) during expiration (PEsf), and 2.48 (+/−1.04) during inspiration (PIsf). The area difference between V'sum and V'n was 0.05 (+/−0.14) and 0.05 (+/−.04) during the first 25% of expiration (SFEx) and inspiration (SFIx), respectively. Noninvasive evaluation of respiratory mechanics in clinical patients was essential to establish severity, type and progression of respiratory disease, especially in camelids presenting for upper airway obstruction, pulmonary disease or thoraco‐abdominal asynchrony.

TV
 [L]
PIF
 [L/s]
PEF
 [L/s]
FRC/ kg
 [ml/kg]
DLCO
 [ml/min/ mmHg]
Cdyn
 [L/ cmH2O]
RL
 [cmH2O/ L/s]
Rrs(1 Hz)
 [cmH2O/ L/s]
Xrs(1 Hz)
 [cmH2O/ L/s]

Mean
0.98
2.13
2.00
39.18
10.70
1.44
1.48
2.40
−1.17

SD
0.28
0.61
0.75
11.45
3.37
0.75
0.57
0.93
0.46
ASSESSMENT OF BLOOD PRESSURE IN CATS PRESENTED WITH URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Malouin A , Milligan JA
Published: September 2004

Introduction: The biochemical consequence of acute obstructive uropathy can alter the hemodynamic profile. The objectives of this study were to determine the arterial blood pressure at presentation of male cats with acute urethral obstruction and to correlate these measurements with concurrent metabolic abnormalities.

Study Design: Prospective research study in a private small animal after‐hours emergency clinic. The subjects were client owned male cats presented with acute urethral obstruction and no other known concurrent disease.

Measurements: Indirect oscillometric blood pressure measurements of urethral obstructed male cats were obtained at admission prior to blood sampling and treatment. Data recorded and studied: mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), physical examination parameters, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, potassium, phosphorus, total calcium and magnesium concentration, venous pH, electrocardiogram lead II, and urine volume in bladder.

Results: Twenty‐eight cats were included in the study. Using normal values for MAP in cats, the results fell into 2 groups: normotensive (MAP 90–140 mmHg) and hypertensive (MAP>140 mmHg). Seventy‐one percent (20/28) were considered normotensive (mean 113±14.6 mmHg). Twenty‐nine percent (8/28) were considered hypertensive (mean 154±9.8 mmHg). In the normotensive group, the mean body temperature was 37.6±1.5°C, the mean heart rate was 179±42.2/min, and 64% (9/20) had an abnormal cardiac rhythm. In the hypertensive group, the mean body temperature was 38.3±0.6°C, the mean heart rate was 219±18.0/min, and all had normal cardiac rhythm. In the normotensive group, the serum biochemical abnormalities were more severe. Sixty percent of the normotensive casts (12/20) were azotemic (BUN>34 mg/dl) with a mean of 114±95.2; 58% (11/19) were hypercreatinemic (>2.2 mg/dl) with a mean of 8.9±7.9, and 55% (11/20) were hyperkalemic (>4.2 mEq/L) (mean 6.2±7.9). Within the hypertensive cats group, 50% (4/8) were mildly azotemic (BUN – mean 49±24.4 mg/dl); 50% (4/8) were hypercreatinemic (mean 2.9±1.95 mg/dl), and only 1/8 was hyperkalemic (mean 3.9±0.6 mEq/L). The volume of urine in the bladder at the time of presentation did not seem to be significantly different between the 2 groups (94.7±57.1 ml in the normotensive group vs. 83.8±26.7 ml in the hypertensive group).

Conclusions: The results suggest that cats with acute urethral obstruction and a normal mean arterial pressure at presentation were more likely to have severe azotemia, hypercreatinemia and hyperkalemia.
Race/ethnicity and untreated dental caries: the impact of material and behavioral factors
Authors: Reid Britt C. , Hyman Jeffrey J. , Macek Mark D.
Published: September 2004

Abstract –  Objective:  To use nationally representative data, group variables into categories of material and behavioral factors, and assess their relative contribution to racial/ethnic variation in untreated caries.

Methods:  Participants were from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), aged 20–50 years. Material factors were income, education, employment status, dental insurance status, and urban residence. Behavioral factors were marital status, tobacco use, alcohol use, obesity, and social support. All models were additionally adjusted for age, gender, and quartile of missing teeth. The outcome was three or more carious teeth.

Results:  Non‐Hispanic blacks and Mexican‐Americans displayed excess risk of untreated caries compared with non‐Hispanic whites when adjusted for age, sex, and missing teeth (adjusted odds ratios 1.73 and 1.69, respectively). The addition of behavioral factors to this model resulted in virtually no changes in the adjusted odds ratios for race/ethnicity and untreated caries. When material factors were added to the basic model the excess risk for untreated caries among non‐Hispanic blacks was reduced by approximately 21% and that of Mexican‐Americans was no longer statistically significant compared with non‐Hispanic whites (adjusted odds ratios 1.36 and 0.83, respectively).

Conclusions:  Much of the excess risk for untreated dental caries among non‐Hispanic blacks and Mexican‐Americans compared with non‐Hispanic whites was eliminated when material factors were controlled, while no risk reductions were observed when behavioral factors were controlled. Addressing material factors may provide greater reductions in untreated caries disparities than behavioral interventions, and these risk reductions may vary with racial/ethnic group.
The relationship between dental caries and dental fluorosis in areas with moderate‐ and high‐fluoride drinking water in Ethiopia
Authors: Wondwossen Fantaye , Åstrøm Anne Nordrehaug , Bjorvatn Kjell , Bårdsen Asgeir
Published: September 2004

Abstract –  Objective:  The aim of the study is to assess the relationship between caries and dental fluorosis in Ethiopian children living in Rift Valley areas known for endemic fluorosis.

Method:  A total of 306 children (12–15 years old), selected from areas with moderate (0.3–2.2 mg/l), or high (10–14 mg/l) fluoride concentration in the drinking water were interviewed and examined for caries and dental fluorosis. Scorings were recorded according to the DMF system, and the Thylstrup‐Fejerskov (TF) Index.

Results:  Prevalence of dental fluorosis (TF‐score ≥1) was 91.8% (moderate area) and 100% (high‐fluoride area). The corresponding caries prevalence and mean DMFT in the areas were 45.3% versus 61.6%, and 1.2 versus 1.8, respectively. Age and severity of dental fluorosis were found to be independent predictors for DMFT ≥1. When compared with 12‐year olds with TF‐scores 0–4, odds ratios were 3.0 (95% CI 1.6–5.7) and 2.0 (95% CI 1.2–3.2) if TF‐scores were ≥5 and age 13–15 years, respectively. A positive relationship between caries and fluorosis was observed across tooth types in both areas. The percentage of children with DMFT ≥1 was highest in groups with TF‐score ≥5 in the second molar, followed by the first molar.

Conclusion:  The present findings indicate that the second molar is the tooth most severely affected by dental fluorosis and dental caries. Dental caries increased with increasing severity of dental fluorosis, both in moderate‐ and high‐fluoride areas. Thus, a positive relationship between dental caries and dental fluorosis was observed across various tooth types, in both areas.
Effective use of fluorides for the prevention of dental caries in the 21st century: the WHO approach
Authors: Petersen Poul Erik , Lennon Michael A.
Published: September 2004

Abstract –  Despite great improvements in the oral health of populations across the world, problems still persist particularly among poor and disadvantaged groups in both developed and developing countries. According to the World Oral Health Report 2003, dental caries remains a major public health problem in most industrialized countries, affecting 60–90% of schoolchildren and the vast majority of adults. Although it appears that dental caries is less common and less severe in developing countries of Africa, it is anticipated that the incidence of caries will increase in several countries of that continent, due to changing living conditions and dietary habits, and inadequate exposure to fluorides. Research on the oral health effects of fluoride started around 100 years ago; the focus has been on the link between water and fluorides and dental caries and fluorosis, topical fluoride applications, fluoride toothpastes, and salt and milk fluoridation. Most recently, efforts have been made to summarize the extensive database through systematic reviews. Such reviews concluded that water fluoridation and use of fluoride toothpastes and mouthrinses significantly reduce the prevalence of dental caries. WHO recommends for public health that every effort must be made to develop affordable fluoridated toothpastes for use in developing countries. Water fluoridation, where technically feasible and culturally acceptable, has substantial advantages in public health; alternatively, fluoridation of salt and milk fluoridation schemes may be considered for prevention of dental caries.
Preventing tobacco use in Norwegian dental practice
Authors: Lund Marianne , Lund Karl Erik , Rise Jostein
Published: September 2004

Abstract –  Objectives:  To determine dentists’ and dental hygienists’ intervention activity towards patients who smoke or use snus (oral moist snuff), and to establish which factors impede interventions and cause variations in approach.

Methods:  A questionnaire was mailed to a sample of 1500 dentists (response rate: 68%) and all dental hygienists in the country (522 in all; response rate: 61%).

Results:  Dental hygienists conversed with patients on smoking habits on average 18 min/week, while the dentists spent 13 min doing the same. The issue of snus‐use was discussed, on average, for 3 min. In eight of 10 consultations with patients suffering from tobacco‐induced disorders in the oral cavity, the dentists/dental hygienists raised the subject of smoking habits with the patient. In cases without visible tobacco‐induced symptoms, inquiries were made concerning smoking habits in three of 10 dentist consultations and four of 10 consultations with dental hygienists. For first‐time consultations, six of 10 were queried concerning their smoking habits by their dentist, while dental hygienists enquired in seven of 10 cases. Self‐reported skills, perceived barriers and attitudes explained far more of the variance in intervention impact than background variables. There were moderate differences between dentists and dental hygienists.

Conclusions:  There is room for improvement in smoking and snus‐use prevention efforts in the dental sector. If staff is to be rid of their misconceptions regarding the efficacy of intervention, it is important to inform them about the encouraging results at the population level.
Automated apparatus for quantitation of social approach behaviors in mice
Authors: Nadler J. J. , Moy S. S. , Dold G. , D. Trang  , Simmons N. , Perez A. , Young N. B. , Barbaro R. P. , Piven J. , Magnuson T. R. , Crawley J. N.
Published: September 2004

Mouse models of social dysfunction, designed to investigate the complex genetics of social behaviors, require an objective methodology for scoring social interactions relevant to human disease symptoms. Here we describe an automated, three chambered apparatus designed to monitor social interaction in the mouse. Time spent in each chamber and the number of entries are scored automatically by a system detecting photocell beam breaks. When tested with the automated equipment, juvenile male C57BL/6J mice spent more time in a chamber containing a stranger mouse than in an empty chamber (sociability), similar to results obtained by the observer scored method. In addition, automated scoring detected a preference to spend more time with an unfamiliar stranger than a more familiar conspecific (preference for social novelty), similar to results obtained by the observer scored method. Sniffing directed at the wire cage containing the stranger mouse correlated significantly with time spent in that chamber, indicating that duration in a chamber represents true social approach behavior. Number of entries between chambers did not correlate with duration of time spent in the chambers; entries instead proved a useful control measure of general activity. The most significant social approach behavior took place in the first five minutes of both the sociability and preference for social novelty tests. Application of these methods to C57BL/6J, DBA/2J and FVB/NJ adult males revealed that all three strains displayed tendencies for sociability and preference for social novelty. To evaluate the importance of the strain of the stranger mouse on sociability and preference for social novelty, C57BL/6J subject mice were tested either with A/J strangers or with C57BL/6J strangers. Sociability and preference for social novelty were similar with both stranger strains. The automated equipment provides an accurate and objective approach to measuring social tendencies in mice. Its use may allow higher‐throughput scoring of mouse social behaviors in mouse models of social dysfunction.