bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical studies on the herring (Clupea harengus). VI.—Carbonyl compounds formed during the heat processing of herring
Authors: Hughes R. B.
Published: November 2006

Herring were cooked at 100° under a stream of nitrogen and the resulting vapour passed through a solution of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine. the main components of the resulting mixture of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones were shown to be the derivatives of acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, 2‐methylbutyraldehyde and acetone.
Studies on protein hydrolysis. V.—Anaphylactoid shock in guinea pigs, produced by casein degradation products
Authors: Bertok E. I. , Baker B. E.
Published: November 2006

The anaphylactoid shock in guinea pigs, produced by enzymic casein hydrolysates, has been determined by in vivo tests and by the Schultz‐Dale technique. Hydrolysates with low transmittances are more prone to produce anaphylactoid reaction than those with high transmittances. A study has been made of the possible conditions of manufacture that might affect the properties of the hydrolysates. Factors, such as efficiency in the filtration processes, drying temperature and purity of the casein, may play an important part in the degree to which casein hydrolysates can produce anaphylactoid reactions.
Recent laboratory tests of insecticides against locusts
Authors: Maccuaig R. D. , Yeates Maureen N. D. B.
Published: November 2006

The LD50 and time for action on locusts are recorded for a number of insecticides.
Evaluation of cereal protein quality for chicks by three different biological techniques
Authors: Butterworth M. H.
Published: November 2006

An evaluation of the protein and energy value of wheat, barley and maize when fed in conjunction with wheat offals was made. The Gross Protein Value test, and two methods of estimating protein and energy retention, one the conventional balance technique and the other body analysis, were used. For protein and energy provision, the cereals were of equal value when fed in this way. The values obtained by the two methods of determining protein retention varied significantly and this is discussed. The relative accuracy of the several methods is also discussed together with the validity of the Gross Protein Value test.
Histamine, tryptamine and tyramine in grass silage
Authors: Macpherson H. T.
Published: November 2006

The occurrence of histamine, tryptamine and tyramine in grass silage has been confirmed. Quantitative determination indicates that these amines are present in greater concentration at higher pH, and that the amounts of histamine and tyramine in particular may be considerable.
Chemistry of waterlogged soils. I.—Changes in oxidation‐reduction potentials of two soils on submergence; Influence of pH and organic matter
Authors: Rodrigo D. M. , Pollard A. G.
Published: November 2006

When normally dry soils were submerged in water, the pH increased and Eh decreased in both soil and supernatant liquid, equilibrium values being attained in 80 days. This also occurred if the soil was treated with acid or compost was added, although the initial and final values were different. The iron content of the supernatant liquid was very low, but that in the ‘drained soil solution’ increased with fall of pH and Eh.
Starch‐gel electrophoresis of cereal proteins
Authors: Elton G. A. H. , Ewart J. A. D.
Published: November 2006

Starch‐gel electrophoresis has been found to be a valuable tool for the investigation of cereal proteins. Eight wheat varieties have been compared using aluminium lactate buffer of low pH. Although the albumin and globulin patterns appear to be very similar, there are significant differences among the patterns arising from the gluten proteins. It is thought that these differences may be sufficiently marked to give rise to variations in protein quality.

Comparison of wheat with barley, maize, oats and rye shows that profound differences exist between the patterns. Most of the proteins of the four last‐named cereals are less soluble. Bands lying in the mobility range corresponding to wheat gluten arc less marked in rye, present only in small quantities in barley, and undetectable in maize and oats.
Composition of tomato fruit. III.—Juices from whole fruit and locules at different stages of ripeness
Authors: Winsor G. W. , Davies J. N. , Massey D. M.
Published: November 2006

Changes in the composition of tomato fruit during ripening have been studied with particular reference to titratable acidity, sugars and soluble solids. The analyses were made on juices expressed from whole fruit, and also on free juices from the locules.

The content of sugars and of total solids in juices from whole fruit, and of sugars in the locular juices, increased from the mature green to the orange‐red or red stages of ripening.

The acidity of the juices decreased progressively as orange and red pigments developed in the outer walls, the highest values in the locules generally occurring in the mature green fruit whereas for whole fruit a maximum was found at the first appearance of yellow areas in the malls.

Storage of orange‐red tomatoes at room temperature for 6 days caused a significant decrease in sugars and titratable acidity in the expressed juices.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. XII.—Effect of malting conditions on malting losses and total amylase activity
Authors: Novellie L.
Published: November 2006

The losses sustained in malting Kaffircorn are much higher than those in barley malting, and are greatly increased at high moisture levels. A true increase in amylase activity results from increasing the moisture content during malting; the rise in diastatic power in the later stages of malting is not therefore due to high malting losses.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. XIII.—Variation of diastatic power with variety, season, maturity and age of grain
Authors: Novellie L.
Published: November 2006

The effect of season, maturity at harvest, and storage on the diastatic power developed during malting has been studied for some common South African varieties of kaffircorn. Storage of the grain for somewhat over a year has been found to increase its potential for developing diastatic activity.
Physico‐chemical studies on agricultural sprays. IV.—The retention of spray liquids on leaf surfaces
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L.
Published: November 2006

The retention of spray liquids has been measured on the surface of leaves of various plants. Various spray liquids, having a range of wetting abilities, were used and the retention was measured both by spraying the surface up to the point of spray run‐off, thus giving a measure of the maximum retention, and by spraying the surface to beyond run‐off conditions.

For any given surface, the maximum retention was related to the theoretical retention factor, which was calculated from the values of the dynamic advancing and receding contact angles of the spray liquid on the solid surface and from the surface tension of the spray liquid. After spraying beyond run‐off, the theoretical retention factor will predict the relative levels of retention with reasonable accuracy.

This agreement between measured and theoretical retention has enabled the retention theory to be used to study the importance of many of the variables that govern spray retention in practice. These variables are discussed.
Composition of tomato fruit. V.—Comparison of the differently coloured areas of the walls of ‘blotchy’ tomatoes
Authors: Winsor G. W. , Davies J. N. , Massey D. M.
Published: November 2006

A comparative study has been made of some components of the green and red areas of the walls of ‘blotchy’ tomatoes. The juices expressed from the green areas showed a significantly lower titratable acidity than those from the red areas, and had a lower content of sugars and nitrogenous compounds. Juices from the green areas also contained less soluble solids, as determined by oven‐drying, and had lower refractive indices.

The content of ethanol‐soluble total sugars and free and total acids was significantly lower in the green than in the red areas. The proportion of alcohol‐insoluble solids was higher in the green areas.

The results are discussed in relation to the changes in composition previously found during ripening. Some aspects of the results suggest that ‘blotchy’ cannot merely be attributed to delayed ripening in the affected areas.
Simple vacuum distillation procedure for determination of the volatile carbonyl content of autoxidising edible fats
Authors: Lea C. H. , Swoboda P. A. T.
Published: November 2006

A vacuum distillation procedure is described which, when applied to 10 g. of fat, will recover quantitatively added aliphatic aldehydes ranging in volatility from propanal to dodecanal at a concentration of 0.1 μmole/g. With autoxidising fats the method estimates, more directly than chemical tests for rancidity in present use, the class of substances responsible for rancid and reverted off‐flavours.
The volatile oil of Pseudowintera colorata. III
Authors: Corbett R. E.
Published: November 2006

Four additional sesquiterpenoid constituents of the oil have been identified as α‐gurjunene, α‐santalene, β‐elemene and calamenene.
Influence of tetracycline antibiotics on the spoilage of herring (C. Harengus)
Authors: De Silva N. N. , Hughes R. B.
Published: November 2006

The effect of two antibiotics (chlor‐ and oxy‐tetracycline) on the spoilage of whole iced herring is studied. Spring and summer herring were improved (taste panel assessment, determination of total volatile bases) by the antibiotics, but autumn herring were unaffected. This is attributed to a seasonal variation in the nature of the bacterial flora present on the fish. Peroxide values were higher for oil from treated compared with that from untreated fish, but the production of free fatty acids and volatile fatty acids was not affected. The production of some free amino‐acids was higher in the treated compared with the untreated fish. An attempt is made to explain these results.
Phosphorus compounds of oats. III.—Composition of ‘phytin’ from oats and other cereals
Authors: Ashton W. M. , Evans C.
Published: November 2006

Samples of ‘phytin’ isolated from different cereals were not identical in composition. Moreover phytin fractions obtained from a given hydrochloric acid extract of wheat bran, oats, barley or rye varied considerably, and evidence is presented to show that magnesium is more strongly held than calcium. More calcium was precipitated from solution by oat than by wheat phytate, suggesting that this may be one reason for the observation that oats are more rachitogenic than wheat.
Estimation of calcium and phosphorus requirement in laying hens by balance techniques
Authors: Hurwitz S. , Griminger P.
Published: November 2006

Balance studies with Leghorn hens in good production were conducted to estimate their calcium and phosphorus requirement. The requirement, defined as the dietary level of calcium that maintained calcium equilibrium and optimum shell thickness, was found to be 3 g./hen/day. Percentage calcium retention (% retention) at high levels of calcium intake was a linear function of the reciprocal of calcium intake, the slope being equal to absolute calcium retention, but at levels below the requirement % retention increased at a decreasing rate. In the zone of calcium requirement % retention was 50‐55.

Phosphorus excretion behaved as a linear function of phosphorus intake. The failure of the extrapolation method to estimate endogenous phosphorus excretion in the laying hen is discussed. Phosphorus requirement, defined by phosphorus equilibrium, was found to be between 0.24 and 0.36 g./hen/day.

Measurements of plasma alkaline phosphatase and plasma inorganic phosphorus substantiated the respective requirements for calcium and phosphorus as determined by balance studies.
The shade and fertiliser requirements of cacao (Theobroma cacao) in Ghana
Authors: Cunningham R. K. , Arnold P. W.
Published: November 2006

Experiments to examine the shade and nutrient requirements of cacao

In this paper cacao applies to the tree and cacao to the dried, fermented beans

are described and preliminary results are presented. A significant response to phosphate was obtained under shade when pests, diseases and weeds were controlled. Removing shade results in highly significant increases in yield with a positive interaction between increased light and applied nutrients. Fertilised, unshaded cacao gave yields double that previously considered to be the maximum for Amelonado cacao. The application of these results to farmers' shaded cacao and to a more intensive system of growing the crop without shade are discussed. Attention is drawn to the dangers of removing shade and to the importance of associated factors such as pest distribution, incidence of weeds, adverse dry season effects and soil degradation.
After‐cooking blackening in potatoes. I.—Introduction and analytical methods
Authors: Hughes J. C. , Ayers J. E. , Swain T.
Published: November 2006

A description is given of the analytical methods used to investigate the rǒle that certain chemical factors (citric acid, orthophosphoric acid, chlorogenic acid, total phenols and iron) play in after‐cooking blackening of potatoes. An objective method for measuring the intensity of discoloration in the tubers is also described.
Insecticidal activity of pyrethrum extract and its four insecticidal constituents against house flies. II.—Synergistic activity of piperonyl butoxide with the four constituents
Authors: Sawicki R. M.
Published: November 2006

The toxicity to female house flies, 5‐6 days old, of the four insecticidal constituents of pyrethrum, combined with piperonyl butoxide at six ratios (from 10 : 1 to 1 : 20 w/w), was determined by a measured drop technique. The order and magnitude of the toxicities of the synergised constituents (relative to synergised pyrethrum extract) vary with the amount of synergist present. At 1 : 8 (pyrethroid/piperonyl butoxide) the relative toxicities of the four constituents were: pyrethrum extract, 1.0 (1.0); pyrethrin I, 1.31 (0.85); cinerin I, 1.28 (0.53); pyrethrin II, 0.90 (1.37); cinerin II, 0.58 (0.49). (The relative toxicities of the constituents alone are given in brackets.) At this ratio, the synergistic factors of the four constituents were: pyrethrin I, 18; cinerin I, 27; pyrethrin II, 6; cinerin II, 14; pyrethrum extract, 10. The possible explanations for differences of the extent to which the constituents are synergised are discussed.
Treatment of meats with ionising radiations. IX.—Inactivation of liver autolytic enzymes
Authors: Rhodes D. N. , Meegungwan C.
Published: November 2006

The irradiation of liver slices with 2 MeV electrons at 0° had no effect upon the phospholipase or lipase activity of the tissue at doses less than 6 Mrad. Proteolytic activity was reduced at doses as low as 0.1 Mrad and was 50% inhibited at 3.0 Mard. Considerable proteolytic and lipolytic activity remained after irradiation with 40 Mrad.
Insecticidal activity of pyrethrum extract and its four insecticidal constituents against house flies. IV.—Knock‐down activities of the four constituents
Authors: Sawicki R. M. , Thain E. M.
Published: November 2006

The knock‐down activities of pyrethrins I and II and cinerins I and II were studied on house flies (Musca domestica L.) by a measured drop technique. Unanaesthetised flies held by suction during dosage were inspected at frequent intervals for 5 h. The tests were done at 20† with the materials tested dissolved in n‐dodecane.

The relative toxicities of the materials, measured at ED50 differed at different times after treatment; 4 min. and 2 h. after treatment they were, respectively : pyrethrum extract, 1.0, 1.0; pyrethrin II, 1.98, 1.58; cinerin II, 0.69, 0.51; pyrethrin I, 0.60, 1.07; cinerin I, 0.50, 0.64. The KD50 end‐points were : pyrethrin II, 10 min.; cinerin II, 11 min.; pyrethrum extract, 13 min.; pyrethrin I, 17 min.; cinerin I, 20 min. At KD50 end‐point the relative toxicities and the relative speeds of knock‐down (given in brackets) were: pyrethrum extract, 1.0 (1.0); pyrethrin II, 2.16 (1.30); pyrethrin I, 0.72 (0.76); cinerin II, 0.66 (1.18); cinerin I, 0.55 (0.65). The relative toxicities of pyrethrin II and cinerin II decreased with the passage of time after treatment because flies recovered sooner from them than from pyrethrin I and cinerin I.

Possible reasons are discussed for the differences in the order of the relative toxicities of the constituents when determined by different methods.
Composition of the unsaponifiable material in tung oil
Authors: Shone G.
Published: November 2006

The unsaponifiable matter of an Aleurites montana tung oil (Nyasaland) has been examined and found to contain some 46% of Δ5‐stigrnasten‐3βT‐ol, 9% of α‐tocopherol, 36% of y‐tocopherol, 3% of tocopherol artifact and 0.16% of carotenoid pigment (determined on the original oil). No evidence for the previously reported presence of α‐glyceryl ether or squalene to the extent suggested by former workers was found.
The use of gas liquor in agriculute
Authors: Tod Henry
Published: November 2006

A method of sampling commercially‐treated grassland is described and the yield‐responses following the application of gas liquor and other fertilisers are discussed. Investigations on the scorch effect of the liquor are reported and further developments in its use in agriculture are given in outline.
An antibiotic complex (A4788) containing Streptothricin and having activity against powdery mildews
Authors: Lumb M. , Chamberlain N. , Cross T. , Macey P. E. , Spyvee J. , Uprichard J. M. , Wright R. D.
Published: November 2006

A number of Streptomyces strains producing streptothricin‐like antibiotics have been examined, and their products compared with known members of this group. Circular paper chromatography has indicated that these antibiotics are mixtures of up to six components with high antibacterial and antifungal activity. Components separated by column chromatography and tested against powdery mildews on plants showed eradicant and protective action. Very high antimildew activity was found in a major component D and also in component F which corresponded to streptothricin. More detailed work showed that some of these components could be fractionated further. Details of the cultures and methods of fermentation and extraction are given.
Triphenyltin acetate residues on potato leaves in blight spraying trials
Authors: Lloyd G. A. , Otaci C. , Last F. T.
Published: November 2006

Spraying the potato variety Ulster Supreme with triphenyltin acetate delayed the spread of Phytophthora infestans in 1960 and increased the gross yield of tubers from 13.5 in the unsprayed controls to 16.3 tons/acre. The sprayed plants also had fewer infected tubers and consequently the net weight of healthy tubers was increased by 3.8 tons/acre.

A method for measuring triphenyltin acetate residues on celery was adapted to measure residues on potato leaves and tubers. The top and bottom leaves of plants had 31 and 36 p.p.m. of triphenyltin acetate immediately after the crop was sprayed; 2 weeks later the residues were 10 and 12 p.p.m. Tubers had < 0.3 p.p.m. which was indistinguishable from the apparent content of tubers from unsprayed plants.
The effects of cultivation on aeration, drainage, and other soil factors important in plant growth
Authors: Hawkins J. C.
Published: November 2006

This paper examines the value of cultivation experiments in which crop yields are taken as a measure of the effects of different tillage treatments The soil properties important in plant growth, which can be influenced by cultivation, are discussed together with the problems of measuring these properties in the field. In particular, the importance of cultivations in water movement, the resistance of soil to root penetration and in aeration are considered. Experiments to measure the oxygen consumption of soils and plant root systems under near‐field conditions are briefly described and a method outlined of measuring the rates of diffusion of gases in soil in situ. Results are given of some preliminary experiments to examine the effects of soil physical conditions on oxygen consumption.
Chemical and biological evaluation of some protein feeds for poultry
Authors: Ascarelli I. , Gestetner B.
Published: November 2006

A number of chemical and biological methods have been tested as indexes of protein quality in three of the most important protein supplements used in the nutrition of non‐ruminant animals.

For the evaluation of fish meals, the simplified modification of Bender's Net Protein Utilisation (KPU) method for rats was successfully adapted to chickens, and the necessary regression of water on nitrogen content was calculated for 14‐day‐old Leghorn cockerels. No satisfactory correlation was found between hydroxyproline content and NPU value of fish meals. The usefulness of the determination of available lysine to test overheating is confirmed.

In soya‐bean meal the best method is the dye (Cresol red) absorption method, which could differentiate all degrees of heating and showed a very good correlation with biological results. Methods based on measurement of antitryptic or urease activity also showed satisfactory correlation with nutritive value of underheated or properly heated meals but they could not detect overheating. Improvement of methionine availability by heating was clearly shown. Available lysine was markedly reduced only by overheating.

In cottonseed meal, normal processing caused changes which could be shown, e.g., by liberation of amino‐groups in tryptic digests or by determination of available lysine, but nutritional differences between various commercial meals could not be found by these methods. Results of biological tests with cottonseed meal, soya‐bean meal and mixtures of the two showed the advantage of the nse of mixed rations in comparison with the use of cottonseed meal only.
Drying and storage of npk granular fertilisers based on superphosphate and containing urea as a plant nutrient
Authors: Jewell R. E.
Published: November 2006

In an investigation of the properties of NPK fertilisers which contain urea as a plant food, the effects of free moisture, free acidity, urea content and temperature on their stability during storage have been studied.

It is concluded that to ensure complete stability of NPK fertilisers (N 10, P2O5, 10, K,2O 18%) containing superphosphate and urea (2‐15%).

Other conclusions are that (a) losses of nitrogen during storage are negligible, and that (b) insoluble phosphates formed during storage are in ‚available’︁ forms as determined by the neutral ammonium citrate test.

a maximum granule temperature of 70°G is preferable during the drying process, although temperatures up to 90°G could be tolerated if the drying time is limited to about 15 min.

for incorporation with urea, ammonium sulphate is somewhat preferable to ammonium nitrate, as it gives a more stable product

the fertilisers should be stored at 35° or lower.
Accumulation and distribution of nickel in wheat treated with nickel salts
Authors: Hoffman I. , Carson R. B. , Forsyth F. R.
Published: November 2006

The use of inorganic nickel salts for rust control in wheat results in the deposition of nickel in the flour, feed and bran portions, the contents found being lowest in the flour, higher in the feed portion and highest in the bran. Levels of application which were effective against rust gave moderate nickel residues in feed and bran but negligible amounts in flour. Nickel sulphate hexahydrate was generally superior to the chloride and nitrate salts. Application of nickel solutions to wheat results in more than a mere surface deposition on the grain.
Results of trials in trinidad and jamaica with a pyrethrins/piperonyl butoxide emulsion to protect stored cocoa beans from insect infestation
Authors: Brooke J. P. , Breese M. H. , McFarlane J. A.
Published: November 2006

Laboratory and field experiments are described in which emulsions containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide were applied to cocoa beans for the prevention of insect infestation during storage. The laboratory experiments demonstrate excellent control of Lasioderma. serricorne for up to 6 months' storage. In field tests in Trinidad, some protection against Ephestia cautella and Tribolium castaneuni is indicated. In field tests in Jamaica, the treatment had no effect against E. cautella or L. serricorne.

Initial fumigation is necessary and the quality of cocoa beans will have considerable bearing upon the effectiveness of the treatment. Under practical conditions of storage in the tropics the treatment will give fumigated beans some protection against subsequent infestation by E. rautella or T. castaneurm but it will not control an existing infestation in cocoa.
Residues of trichlorphon (neguvon) in milk after dermal application to cattle
Authors: Wickham J. C. , Flanagan P.
Published: November 2006

The probability that trichlorphon may be used to control warbles in dairy cattle has raised the question of whether milk from treated animals will contain any harmful residues. Results from bioassays show that, when applied as a dermal wash at a maximum of 2 pints of 2% solution or 1 pint of 4% solution per animal, the level of insecticide present in the milk does not at any time exceed 0.4 p.p.m. and if more than 6 h. has elapsed after treatment, the level is generally about 0.1 p.p.m. It is considered that this level does not present a hazard to any consumer. The presence of open warble holes does not materially affect the amount of trichlorphon secreted in the milk.
Free radicals in lyophilised food materials
Authors: Munday K. A. , Edwards M. L. , Kerkut G. A.
Published: November 2006

Food materials dried by the accelerated freeze drying (A.F.D.) process have been tested for free radicals and the concentration and properties of the free radicals compared with those in fresh heart muscle. In fresh muscle at 77° K, the free‐radical concentration was between 2.0 and 5.2 × 1015 per g. of tissue; A.F.D. minced beef 8.28 × 1015; A.F.D. herring 6.47 × 1014; A.F.D. maize 1.78 × 1014; A.F.D. rat cake 1.30 × 1014. No free radicals were detected in either the minced beef or maize before A.F.D. processing; nor could free radicals be detected in a quick‐frozen (−15° c) sample of minced beef stored some weeks. There is a higher concentration of free radicals when the lipid content of the food is high. The free‐radical concentration increased in A.F.D. food in the presence of air and oxygen and also when it was heated to 100° c. The addition of water to A.F.D. food reduced the free‐radical concentration to undetectable levels.
Effect of sodium chloride on the growth of certain yeasts of marine origin
Authors: Ross Sheena S. , Morris E. O.
Published: November 2006

The effects of sodium chloride on the ability to grow, on growth rate, and on optimum cell yield of certain species of yeasts from marine fish have been investigated. These yeasts fall into two definite groups depending on the concentration of salt which permits optimum growth; within each group minor differences in response are observed. Debaryomyces spp. are shown to possess greater halo‐tolerance than most of the other genera and, further, yeasts of marine origin are usually more halo‐tolerant than corresponding species of terrestrial origin. As the concentration of salt increases to 8.0% w/v the duration of the lag phase increases, that of the log phase decreases, and the growth rate remains constant. Further investigations reveal that a complex organic nitrogen source can stimulate growth and increase the maximum salt‐tolerance.
Effect of castration on composition of the depot fats of monozygous twin cattle
Authors: Dahl Olle
Published: November 2006

Castration of male monozygous twin cattle slaughtered at 25 months of age is followed by a slight increase of the iodine value of perinephric, mesenteric and subcutaneous fats. This increase is due to a somewhat higher content of oleic acid and a lower content of stesric acid in the steer fats than in the corresponding bull fats. The steers tend to deposit a slightly yellower external fat than the bulls.

Apart from castration, very great differences between the fatty acid composition of external and internal fats were observed.
Protein denaturation in frozen fish. VII.—Effect of the onset and resolution of rigor mortis on denaturation
Authors: Love R. M.
Published: November 2006

Pre‐rigor frozen cod were found to be less denatured than post‐rigor material under a wide range of conditions, ‚denaturation’︁ being loss of salt‐solubility of the proteins. Pre‐rigor frozen cod only became less soluble in salt solution than post‐rigor fish when the muscle was able to contract freely on thawing out. This occurred when bits, of the order of 1 g., or thin strips were thawed quickly. If the fragments were thawed slowly, or if whole fillets or entire fish were used, the contraction did not take place and the protein was not affected.

The salt‐solubility of fresh pre‐rigor muscle (‚never‐frozen’︁) was always low compared with that of post‐rigor muscle, and it was found that if pre‐rigor muscle went into rigor as fillets, not as whole fish, i.e., was free to contract, the salt‐solubility remained low indefinitely.
Fermentation studies on wet herbage
Authors: McDonald P. , Stirling A. C. , Henderson A. R. , Whittenbury R.
Published: November 2006

Two experiments are described in which the fermentation changes in ensiled wet herbage were studied. In the first experiment Lolium italicum, containing 19.6% of soluble carbohydrate, was used in four silos. Water was added in two silos during filling to reduce the dry matter content from 21.5%; to 17.0%. Although all four silages were well preserved the gaseous losses occurring in the ‚wet silages’︁ were almost three times those obtained from the drier materials. The addition in one treatment of a small amount of soil (0.1%) during filling did not affect adversely the fermentation changes.

In the second experiment, Dactylis glomerata containing 6.2% of soluble carbohydrate was ensiled with and without the addition of water. In this experiment 2% molasses was added to two silos as an additional treatment. The resultant silages were not well preserved although the addition of molasses and water produced a silage of lower pH value than when water alone was added.
Insecticidal activity of pyrethrum extract and its four insecticidal constituents against house flies. V.—knock‐down activity of the four constituents with piperonyl butoxide
Authors: Sawicki R. M.
Published: November 2006

The paralysis (knock‐down) and the subsequent recovery or death of female house flies treated by a measured drop method was studied with each of the four active constituents of pyrethrum extract alone and in the presence of piperonyl butoxide (1 part of pyrethroid + 10 parts of piperonyl butoxide) in n‐dodecane as solvent at 20°.

Knock‐down was faster, lasted longer and the knock‐down end‐point was reached later when the flies were treated with the constituents in the presence of piperonyl butoxide. The synergist increased the overall efficiency of the constituents, probably because it inhibited the recovery mechanism of the flies. The effect of the synergist was least during the first few minutes after treatment; the synergistic factor increased most rapidly during the first 2 h, after treatment.

Piperonyl butoxide changed the order and the magnitude of the relative toxicities from those obtained with the constituents alone. Four min. after treatment, when the effect of the synergist was very slight, the order of the relative toxicities of the mixtures, pyrethrin II, cinerin II, pyrethrin I, cinerin I, was the same as for the constituents alone. Three h. later it changed to (constituents alone in brackets) pyrethrin I (pyrethrin II), cinerin I (pyrethrin I), pyrethrin II (cinerin I), cinerin II (cinerin II) and it was the same at death (24 h. after treatment). Cinerin I and pyrethrin I were synergised most, cinerin II and pyrethrin II least, both during knock‐down and at death.
Variation in nodulation characteristics in s.100 nomark white clover (trifolium repens L.)
Authors: Jones D. Gareth
Published: November 2006

The nodulation of S.100 Nomark white clover inoculated with an effective rhizobial strain was investigated. There was a wide range of variation in total numbers, size and weight of nodules and in the degree of symbiotic effectiveness, as indicated by the growth of the plants in a nitrogen‐free medium.

The time taken to form the first nodule ranged from 4 to 16 days. Earliness of nodule formation and total nodule weight were significantly correlated with harvest dry weight, but there was no correlation between total nodule numbers per plant and harvest dry weight.
Changes in amount of myosin extractable from cod flesh during storage at −14°
Authors: Connell J. J.
Published: November 2006

Quantitative aspects of the extraction from fresh and cold‐stored cod flesh of myosin as free as possible of actomyosin have been examined. A method for extraction of a large proportion of reasonably pure myosin has been standardised and used to study the changes in extractability of this protein during cold‐storage of cod flesh. It appears that 70‐80% of the myosin becomes non‐extractable at a rate similar to that at which the total myofibrillar protein of the flesh becomes non‐extractable. The remainder becomes non‐extractable at a very much slower rate. The implications of these findings in the mechanism of cold‐storage deterioration in texture are discussed.
Contamination of bagged whole ginger after surface treatment with two synthetic contact insecticides
Authors: McFarlane J. A. , Donegan L.
Published: November 2006

Standard size hessian sacks containing whole ginger were sprayed with aqueous dispersions of DDT water‐dispersible powder (one application: estimated deposit 800 mg./sq. ft.) or malathion water‐dispersible powder (six, monthly applications: estimated total deposit 1400 mg./sq. ft.), and stored in a warehouse in Jamaica. Insecticide residues in surface samples taken after 5 weeks (upper side) and 31 weeks (lower side) did not exceed 14 and 17 p.p.m, respectively for DDT and z and 5 p.p.m. respectively for malathion. High amounts of residual DDT were apparently correlated not only with length of storage but also with restricted ventilation during storage. Such a correlation was not apparent in the case of malathion.

It is concluded that DDT should not be used for the protection of large stacks of bagged whole ginger without further investigation, but that malathion used at normal rates over a 6‐month period would not cause significant contamination.
Stability of erythrosine in artificially coloured canned cherries
Authors: Dickinson D. , Raven T. W.
Published: November 2006

when cherries coloured with erythrosine are stored in plain cans, fluorescein is readily formed by interaction of the tin‐iron couple present. This does not occur in lacquered cans.
Phosphorus in calcareous soils. II.—Determination of the organic phosphorus content of calcareous soils and its relation to soil calcium carbonate content
Authors: Gupta M. B. Sen , Cornfield A. H.
Published: November 2006

The organic phosphorus content of 33 calcareous soils (0.1‐52.4% CaCO3,) was determined by the ignition method and by hydrogen peroxide oxidation. Mean values for organic phosphorus expressed as a percentage of the total phosphorus were 14.5% and 15.6% for the two methods respectively, although a few individual soils showed wide differences. Organic phosphorus as n percentage of total phosphorus was significantly correlated with % CaCO3 in the soils.
Further evaluation of proteins for the growing chicken by the carcass retention method
Authors: Fisher H. , Summers J. D. , Wessels J. P. H. , Shapiro R.
Published: November 2006

In this study are reported further net protein values (SPV) of protein sources used either commercially or in the laboratory with the growing chicken. A dehulled soya meal was a better protein source than non‐dehulled meal. Dried beef prepared in the laboratory gave one of the highest NPV yet determined in our laboratory. When a commercial fish or meat meal was used as a supplement to a maize‐soya‐lucerne protein combination, the former protein significantly improved the KPV of the mixture, whereas the latter did not. Safflower protein, when supplemented with the limiting amino‐acids, methionine and lysine, supported excellent growth but the XPV was much inferior to those of other proteins that supported equivalent growth.
Fatty acid composition of the milk fat of the eland antelope (taurotragus oryx)
Authors: Cmelik S. H. W.
Published: November 2006

The acetone‐soluble milk fat of the eland has been analysed. The saturated and mono‐unsaturated fatty acids have been separated and determined quantitatively by reversed‐phase paper chromatography in the system undecane‐acetic acid. Polyunsaturated acids, both conjugated and non‐conjugated, are also present in small quantities. A glyceride identical with palmito‐distearin has been isolated.
Photometric methods in bacteriology
Authors: Powell E. O.
Published: November 2006

The elementary features of light‐scattering by small particles are described and illustrated by examples relevant to bacteriological practice. A number of specialised applications are reviewed.
Electrophoretic analysis of flour proteins. II.—gluten
Authors: Koenig V. L.
Published: November 2006

An investigation of the electrophoretic composition of the gluten proteins in acidic and basic buffers was undertaken. Three main components predominated, although at different distributions, when gluten was analysed in acidic and basic buffers. In addition, there were small amounts of other components—probably some ‘salt‐soluble’ proteins trapped in the gluten. Acidic and basic extracts of the residues from the extraction of flour with o‐IM‐sodium chloride yielded components similar to those appearing in gluten. Basic and acidic extracts of flour yielded components similar to those appearing in gluten, and in addition, the ‘salt‐soluble’ proteins and polysaccharides. Adjustment to acid pH of alkaline extracts of flour and the above‐mentioned extraction residues did not give electrophoretic patterns identical with those of acidic extracts.

Electrophoretic enantiography was best in the acid buffers. Sodium chloride‐hydrochloric acid buffers approached phosphate and aluminium lactate buffers in excellence. Dispersions of gluten in cupric ammonium sulphite were also analysed electrophoretically.

Electrophoretic analyses of gluten from flour defatted with butanol and butanol‐ether differed little from those of gluten from intact flour. There was, however, a difference in the electrophoretic analysis of gluten obtained from flour exhaustively extracted with a series of lipid solvents.
Drying of seaweeds and other plants. V.—through‐circulation drying of ascophyllum nodosum in a semi‐continuous dryer
Authors: Merritt J. H. , Young E. Gordon
Published: November 2006

The drying of the common rockweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, has been studied on a semi‐commercial scale by through‐circulation in a semi‐continuous dryer of original design to determine optimum conditions. A feasible loading for fresh rockweed of 8°% initial moisture content was approximately 6° Ib./sq. ft./tray with air flow up to 8° Ib. of dry air/min./sq. ft. At temperatures from 120° to 21° F heat consumptions of 1200–2000 B.Th.U./lb. of water evaporated were recorded. The yield of alginate was unaffected by the temperature employed, but discoloration of the powdered weed and of the extracted product occurred in direct proportion to it. The coefficient of viscosity of the alginate was approximately inversely proportional to the temperature of drying.
Citrus essential oils. III.—evaluation of sicilian natural lemon oils
Authors: Slater C. A.
Published: November 2006

An examination of the infra‐red spectra of the oxygenated fractions of Sicilian natural lemon oils has made possible a new method of evaluation which agrees very closely with the results obtained by classical methods of analysis and organoleptic testing. In addition, methods are suggested for the detection of adulteration of natural lemon oils.
Note on tyrosine production in frozen stored liver
Authors: Lawrie R. A.
Published: November 2006

The degree of autolysis does not appear to be as significant a factor in the formation of tyrosine crystals on the surface of frozen liver as loss of moisture.
Seasonal variations in cod liver oil
Authors: Dewitt K. W.
Published: November 2006

The iodine value of cod liver oil varies regularly in an annual cycle over a range of 20–30 units. Maximum values occur in winter, an abrupt fall takes place in March, when the cod spawns, and the unsaturation slowly increases again during the summer period of intensive feeding.

These changes in iodine value correspond to complementary changes in the total polyunsaturated fatty acids and the total monoenoic acids, the saturated fatty acids of the oil remaining virtually constant throughout the cycle.
Relationship between ‘antitryptic factors’ of some plant protein feeds and products of proteolysis precipitable by trichloroacetic acid
Authors: Bielorai Rachel , Bondi A.
Published: November 2006

A correlation exists between the level of antitryptic factors present in pancreatic digests and the amount of nitrogen precipitable from those digests by trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Large amounts of TCA‐precipitable nitrogen were obtained from digests of raw soya‐bean meal (RSBM), medium amounts from those of toasted soya‐bean meal (TSBM) and sunflower meal, whereas animal protein feeds and cottonseed meal lacked such a fraction. The quantity of TCA‐precipitable fraction obtainable from a pancreatic digest of TSBM or sunflower meal depends on the ratio between inhibitors and enzyme present in the assay mixture.

Heavy TCA precipitates were also obtained from the intestinal contents of chickens which had been fed RSBM. This may be taken as evidence for the stability of this fraction during in vivo digestion. On the other hand, TCA yields only very slight precipitates when added to intestinal contents of chickens fed fish meal, cottonseed meal, TSBM or sunflower meal. The proteolytic enzymes secreted into the intestine are apparently sufficient to overcome the moderate amounts of inhibitors present in TSBM or sunflower meal.
Effects of alpha‐amylases on pregelatinised starches, as measured by the amylograph
Authors: Pomeranz Y. , Shellenberger J. A.
Published: November 2006

Eleven starches, pregelatinised under standardised conditions in the Amylograph, were subjected to the action of various amounts of fungal, bacterial and malt‐α‐amylases. On an equal basis of dextrinogenic activity, malt amylases showed highest liquefying properties for each of the starches; fungal amylase was lowest, and bacterial amylase was comparable with malt amylase.

Comparison of liquefaction by equal amounts of α‐amylase showed that the highest susceptibility to enzymic action was exhibited by waxy cereal starches.
Hypomagnesaemia in sheep. Some inconsistencies
Authors: Hemingway R. G. , Ritchie N. S.
Published: November 2006

Attention is drawn to the wide variation in plasma‐magnesium values found amongst individual ewes in 12 flocks of sheep. The overall mean value for 389 ewes around lambing time was 1.7 mg. of Mg/100 ml. with a standard deviation of about ± 0.4. Extreme hypomagnesaemia is frequently encountered with no sign of clinical tetany. Neither age of ewe nor number of lambs suckled had consistent depressive effects. Individual responses to oral magnesium supplementation are extremely varied. Results obtained in one set of circumstances cannot be applied to other conditions especially if the contrast is between housed and grazing ewes.
Potassium‐magnesium antagonism in soils and crops
Authors: Welte E. , Werner W.
Published: November 2006

After a general review of the most important antagonisms between magnesium and other cations, some special results from intensive pot experiments concerning the K/Mg antagonism are discussed. It is shown that it is only in soils absolutely deficient in Mg that the K/Mg antagonism has to be considered in respect to practical fertilisation. It is important to correct a deficiency in soil‐magnesium by application of magnesium fertiliser.
Soil and herbage potassium levels in relation to yield
Authors: Hemingway R. G.
Published: November 2006

Results are given in respect of dry matter yields and potassium contents of an experiment where herbage was cut four times per annum over a three‐year period. A combination of nitrogen and potassium was essential for maintaining yields and 2 cwt. of muriate of potash/annum was not fully adequate if 12 cwt. of ammonium sulphate were applied each year. Additions of potassium to depleted plots in the third year of the experiment produced large and rapid improvements in yield.

Progressive removals of potassium in the cut herbage were reflected in corresponding falls in exchangeable soil potassium. The mean release of non‐exchangeable potassium over the three‐year period was 2.7 mg./100 g. of soil which was only 22% of the initial exchangeable potassium value.

Potassium concentrations in the herbage fell to as low as 0.4% K on the plots receiving nitrogen only and to about 1.1% K where nitrogen and potassium were given. The progressive falls in concentrations of the herbage potassium were related to the cumulative removals of potassium in the cut herbage for these treatments, but not for those plots which had received either no fertiliser or potassium only.
Some effects of different soils on composition and growth of sugar beet
Authors: Goodman P. J.
Published: November 2006

Plants from plots with different soil type and with and without nitrogenous fertiliser were harvested at 2–4 weekly intervals during 1960 and 1961 and analysed for N, P, K and Na.

The uptake and distribution of the elements are discussed in relation to the yields obtained on the different soils. The effect of nutrients on yield was exercised to a large extent through leaf area duration. The yield of different centres and years was closely related to N‐supply as measured by N‐uptake.

The silty loam had a high nutrient status, including a sodium level equivalent to 3 cwt. of salt/acre/year, while the oolitic limestone soil had limited K and P availability. On the clay‐with‐flints, in 1960, potassium was a limiting factor, while in 1961 nitrogen was limiting. Nitrogen application was found to limit availability of P to roots.

Losses, particularly of Na and K from roots, were found towards the end of the growth period, and may be important in relation to juice purity, particularly if they can be encouraged by cultural practice.
Distribution of major and trace elements in some common pasture species
Authors: Fleming G. A.
Published: November 2006

Four common grasses and one clover were grown in a randomised block field experiment. All species were separated into heads, leaves and stems and analysed for a number of major and trace elements, with a view to providing information for subsequent work on more specific problems of nutrition. The results are discussed and some suggestions made for future research.