bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leasing as an effective tool for agricultural financing: within the example of Armenia
Authors: Mhitaryan Aram
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Through the decades’ Armenian agriculture doesn’t have sufficient growth. Technologies and methodology used by farmers are not sufficient for modern production creation. Financing system of rural areas are less effective as lack of stable income and low-price collateral doesn’t let banking institutions to actively finance the sector. The main purpose of this study is to define problems of agricultural financing and determine leasing as an effective tool for agricultural financing. Methodology of this study is based on quantitative analysis among farmers and other borrowers to take out leasing role in financing process and other relevant issues. Empirical data analysis of different countries’ experience and survey among local rural habitants were made to identify the most effective tools of agricultural financing. As a result, lack of effective financial and technological assistance has identified as an obstacle of agricultural development in Armenia. The importance of agriculture in the development of the country's economy was substantiated. The importance of public awareness in increasing the applicability of leasing has been identified. As a scientific novelty, the thesis of leasing as an effective financial tool for agricultural lending has been proven. The specifics of leasing efficiency for agricultural lending are explained. Absence of collateral as the only advantage of leasing was rejected.
On strategizing the economic accessibility of products and food aid to the population
Authors: Samygin Denis
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Target. Explore the issue of strategic planning related to new strategic and national food security objectives. The emphasis is placed on economic accessibility as an integral element, balancing together with the physical and environmental accessibility of products in the system of three aspects of food security. At the present stage, the level of economic accessibility achieved is subject to dangerous risks and threats of decline, which constitute social challenges due to the drop in real incomes of the population and the increase in prices of basic food. Based on the synthesis of existing regulatory acts and planned bills, it was revealed that today the influence of these challenges forces the executive and legislative authorities to adopt a package of measures to mitigate food risks, including the justification for the need to introduce food certificates to poor citizens. Methods. Scientific and theoretical generalization and analytical calculations of Rosstat data taking into account decile (10 %) population groups in terms of average per capita disposable income. Statistical groupings of regions by natural and economic conditions, conducted by the author to assess and take into account their impact on economic availability of products. Scientific novelty. To increase the financial and economic validity of food support measures, the author proposes a methodology for strategic planning of food assistance to the population, the essence of which is based on the balance between the amount of support and the cost of rational consumption of products. Results. The results of the calculations indicate that 40 per cent of the population with the lowest per capita income has an urgent need for food assistance. By statistical grouping of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation according to the cadastral value of 1 hectare of farmland, it is justified that the focus of support for increasing the economic availability of products will increase if the natural and economic characteristics of the regions of residence of citizens are taken into account in the calculations.
Memorándum ético de nuestra estabilización
Authors: Redacción Consejo de
Published: May 2021

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Efectos sociales del desarrollo económico
Authors: Perpiñá Rodríguez Antonio
Published: May 2021

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Llamamiento a la conciencia española
Authors: Redacción Consejo de
Published: May 2021

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La encrucijada del paro
Authors: Sánchez Gil, S. J. M.
Published: May 2021

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La enseñanza, problema social
Authors: Arroyo, S. J. Millán
Published: May 2021

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Peacekeepers’ Autonomy and Military Authority
Authors: Boda Mihály
Published: May 2021

This article considers the problem of conciliation of military authority and peacekeepers’ autonomy. At first glance there is a tension  between authority and autonomy in many areas of human life like religion, political life, national soldiering and even peacekeeping  missions. The core of this tension is the practical contradiction between authority, which implies reason for controlling the behaviour  of others, and the autonomy of the others, which involves reason for self-governing. This article proposes a distinction in  peacekeepers’ autonomy between professional and moral autonomy, and suggests a way of explaining away the tension. The  essential part of the solution is the claim that peacekeepers’ professional autonomy involves ‘building the moral community’ between  the formerly hostile sides of a conflict within the confines of international military hierarchy. From this claim I draw the conclusions  that the concept of military authority is part of the concept of peacekeepers’ professional autonomy, and that due to the content of  peacekeepers’ professional autonomy, peacekeepers’ special moral autonomy is extended as compared to civilian moral autonomy.
„Szegény a koldus, ha király is a neve” : Koldulás és bírói gyakorlata a Kbtk. tükrében
Authors: Bódiné Beliznai Kinga
Published: May 2021

A koldulás problematikája Európa-szerte szorosan kötődött a szegénység, a szegénygondozás kérdéseihez, a „szegény” fogalom felölelte a koldusokat, a vándorlókat, a beteg, család nélkül élő felnőtteket, valamint az árvákat és a családból kiesett, magukra maradt gyermekeket is. A rendi korszak felfogásában a koldusok, csavargók, munkakerülők elsősorban a társadalomra veszélyes emberek, akikkel kapcsolatban számos jogszabály született. Ezek a jogszabályok elsősorban rendészeti, igazgatási vonatkozásban foglalkoztak a koldulással (és ezzel párhuzamosan a csavargással), valamint annak akár büntetőjogi következményeivel is. Kialakult a koldusok osztályozásának rendszere is. E szerint voltak javíthatatlan, munkaképtelen, valamint eseti koldusok. Magyarországon a 19. század második felétől a szegénypolitika alapvető jellemzője volt, hogy az állam döntően a magánjótékonyságra, illetve a községekre hárította a szegénység, ezzel együtt a koldulás kezelését. A koldulás társadalomra veszélyesebb eseteit az 1879. évi XL. tc., a magyar büntető törvénykönyv a kihágásokról rendelte büntetni.
Kína növekvő befolyása a világgazdaságban
Authors: Bihari Katalin
Published: May 2021

A 21. századi világrendnek Kína nélkülözhetetlen pillérévé vált. Az elmúlt évtizedben az tapasztalható, hogy Peking egyre erőteljesebben bekapcsolódik a globális folyamatokba, és mind gazdasági, mind politikai szempontból vezető szerepre törekszik. Jelen cikk áttekintést nyújt arról, hogy milyen stratégiát követ Kína gazdasági és geopolitikai pozíciójának erősítése érdekében.Kína nagyhatalmi törekvéseinek egyik központi eleme a 2015-ben létrejött úgynevezett Belt and Road Kezdeményezés, amelyet szintén bemutatok a tanulmányban, csakúgy, mint a Peking nagyhatalmiambícióinak megvalósítását célzó nemzetközi intézményrendszert. Az elemzés az említett intézkedések eredményei mellett azt is vizsgálja, hogy milyen tényezők akadályozzák Kína további előretörését a világgazdasági versenyben.
Beszerzéssel kapcsolatos oktatási háló feltérképezése
Authors: Erdei-Derschner Katalin
Published: May 2021

A tanulmány egy olyan kutatási eredményt mutat be, amelynek fő célja elsődlegesen az Egyesült Királyság területén működő egyetemeken található beszerzési és közbeszerzési oktatási háló feltérképezése, beleértve az oktató intézményeket, tanszékeket, tananyagok felépítését, kötelező és ajánlott olvasmányokat, kapcsolódó oktatókat, azok kapcsolatát és kutatói tevékenységét. A felépített adatbázis fontossága abban rejlik, hogy a vállalatok, szervezetek részéről nagy igény mutatkozik felsőfokú képzettséggel rendelkező beszerzési szakemberek iránt, ezért a beszerzésben rejlő oktatási potenciált nagynak tekinthetjük. A kutatás 31 egyetem 53 képzését foglalja magában. A felépített adatbázis fontossága abban rejlik, hogy a vállalatok, szervezetek részéről nagy igény mutatkozik felsőfokú képzettséggel rendelkező beszerzési szakemberek iránt, ezért a beszerzésben rejlő oktatási potenciált nagynak tekinthetjük. A kutatás 31 egyetem, 53 képzését öleli át.
Arab Youth Migration to the European Union
Authors: Sulaiman Saqer
Published: May 2021

Migration from Arab countries to European countries started many decades ago. It has been driven by a variety of push–pull factors. The two main factors are economic deterioration and political instability. Many young people migrated to escape unemployment, poverty and poorworking conditions. Others fled the effects of war and conflicts. This paper reviews Arab youth migration to European countries, its drivers, and the way it impacts the origin countries, host countries and the immigrants. Despite some negative implications of migration on the origin countries such as education cost and deprivation of the country from the potential capacity of skilled people, the benefits of these countries are rather clear and include remittances, knowledge and experience transfer. However, mitigation of Arab youth migration challenges is not an easy task; it needs new governmental approaches to reduce unemployment rates, as well as the active involvement of youth in economic and political life.
Endogenous Household Classification: Russian Regions
Authors: Nartikoev A. R. , Peresetsky A. A.
Published: May 2021

In order to study the structure of society, sociologists usually distinguish several homogeneous social groups, or classes. The most common division consists of three groups: upper, middle and lower classes. Such a partition is traditionally based on a subjective (exogenous) criteria adopted by a particular researcher. In this paper, the distribution of households in Russian federal districts is modeled as a mixture of three lognormal distributions. The mixing proportions (probabilities) of the mixture components and the corresponding distribution parameters are modeled as functions of the individual characteristics of households. The result is an endogenous decomposition of household sample into three clusters (lower, middle, upper). This classification allows analyzing the difference between regions and the patterns of intergroup dynamics in the period 2014—2018. The approach used in this work has demonstrated great flexibility in analyzing the distribution of income, the dynamics of this distribution over time, as well as a migration between relatively homogeneous clusters. The use of mixture density function with endogenously determined probabilities allows for precise detection of the effects of the income heterogeneity determinants within each cluster.
The global financial safety net: Evolution of the anti-crisis function in the global financial architecture
Authors: Vinokurov E. Y. , Levenkov A. S.
Published: May 2021

In the global financial architecture, the functions of anti-crisis support and macroeconomic stabilization are performed by the institutions of the global financial safety net (GFSN). The volume of available financing within the framework of GFNS has grown 10 times over the past decade and reached the equivalent of 4% of world GDP. The literature’s standard understanding of a system of national reserves, swap agreements, regional financial mechanisms, and the IMF requires enlargement. The article proposes the concept of an enlarged global financial safety net, namely by including two new elements — multilateral development banks and bilateral financial support. The manifestations of this phenomenon in many regions of the world are shown in the activities of the largest international development banks and at the level of macroeconomic stabilization financing by individual donor countries, including during the current COVID crisis.
The global financial cycle: Notion, empirical evidence and policy implications
Authors: Stolbov M. I.
Published: May 2021

The article deals with the notion of the global financial cycle proposed by H. Rey and her co-authors. The driving forces of the global financial cycle are discussed along with the findings of the empirical papers testing this concept. It is shown that recognizing US monetary policy shocks as a major driver of the global financial cycle does not undermine the validity of the well-known “trilemma”: using the floating exchange rate regime still partly cushions developing and emerging market economies from external shocks. Its effect can be reinforced if macroprudential policy measures or partial restrictions on capital mobility are also applied. The review concludes by discussing possible extensions to the concept of global financial cycle.
Features of the usage of antibiotics in herpetology
Authors: Chuliuk W. I.
Published: May 2021

The article summarizes the literature data on the frequency and causes of diseases of reptiles, the peculiarities of their infection with bacterial microorganisms, the use of antimicrobial drugs and the development of antibiotic resistance. It should be noted that the use of antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs in veterinary herpetology has its own characteristics, due primarily to the peculiarities of thermoregulation and metabolism in reptiles, the nature of the pathogenic microflora inherent in these animals. In reptiles, infection with gram-negative microorganisms is more common: enterobacteria (salmonella, Escherichia coli, Proteus) and gram-positive bacteria (staphylococci and streptococci), as well as saprophytes belonging to the group of spore-forming microorganisms. Some species of actinomycetes show quite pronounced pathogenic activity as well. Reptiles suffer from salmonellosis or are salmonella carriers. In such cases, conditions are created for the potential infection of humans with salmonella, most often infecting children and the elderly who come into contact with sick reptiles. Other anthropozoonoses (eschiriosis, leptospirosis, chlamydia, campylobacteriosis, streptococcal and staphylococcal infections, fungal infections, etc.) are dangerous as well. Antibiotics were prescribed to sick reptiles “at the beginning” of the development of veterinary herpetology. The effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs depends on many factors (species, age and sex of reptiles, their physiological state: temperature, metabolic rate, the presence of underlying and comorbidities, the type of bacteria that infect reptiles and their resistance to antibacterial drugs, etc.). Unlike mammals, reptiles have a portal venous system of the kidneys, which is represented by a system of veins, through which much of the venous blood from the back of the body enters the portal vein of the kidneys, which breaks down into a system of capillaries isolated many toxic compounds, including antibiotics. Thus, the portal venous system of the kidneys, together with the portal venous system of the liver play an important role in the metabolism and excretion of most antibiotics. Taking into account the potential nephrotoxicity of antibiotics and the possibility of their rapid excretion from the body (due to the presence of the portal venous system of the kidneys), most herpetologists recommend parenteral administration of drugs to reptiles in the front of the body. Thus, when choosing and using antibacterial drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases of reptiles should take into account a number of morpho-functional features of reptiles, sensitivity of microorganisms to antibiotics, choose the right dose, frequency, method and place of administration, consider the possibility of complications.
Research of factors affecting high sanitary and hyianic quality milk production (risk assessment for milk production)
Authors: Karavansky M. O. , Rud V. O. , Tarasenko L. O.
Published: May 2021

Dairy cattle breeding in Ukraine is set the task that require a radical restructuring of the industry, bringing it out of a difficult crisis situation in order to increase the production of valuable food for the population and raw materials for industry The dairy industry is a very important part of all agricultural production. The socio-economic development of the state as a whole depends on the current situation in milk production. Quality milk must meet the requirements not only for physicochemical parameters (acidity, density, mass fraction of dry matter, protein, fat), but above all be safe, ie meet the current requirements for levels of contamination with microorganisms, the number of somatic cells, maximum permissible levels toxic elements, mycotoxins, residual amounts of antimicrobials, drugs and other substances. The quality and safety of cow's milk as a raw material is a global and unresolved issue for our country. The quality of milk cannot be improved in the process of its processing, so the milk quality management system at the enterprise should be focused on high-tech processes of its production, primary processing with the use of preventive measures. At present, the issue of high-quality milk production in Ukraine is urgent. Despite the trend, the population's demand for quality dairy products is increasing every year, so the issue of increasing the productivity of the dairy herd and milk quality through the use of modern high-tech conditions of keeping and milking. Therefore, the identification of factors influencing the process of milk production in farms is aimed at solving quality and safety problems and provides information on how to better and more effectively control hazards in the overall process.
Preventive efficacy of trace elements chelates in poultry farming (review)
Authors: Sakara V. S. , Melnyk A. Yu. , Kharchenko A. V.
Published: May 2021

Trace elements in the body of the bird are in small quantities, but their role in productivity remains important. In order to get a quality carcass at the slaughterhouse, you need a constant supply of nutrients and, last but not least, microelements. Zinc and Manganese are essential trace elements that affect the growth and development of birds. And their deficiency in the body has a negative effect on the productivity of birds. In the diet of broilers trace elements are mainly added with a premix in the form of inorganic salts (sulfates, carbonates). However, these micronutrient compounds in the body of the bird are insufficiently absorbed, and increasing the dose of their introduction can cause toxicosis. Therefore, in order to prevent microelementosis, it is more appropriate to use organic compounds (chelates), which have a much higher level of bioavailability and less release into the environment. This review article describes the prophylactic efficacy of Zinc and Manganese chelates in micronutrient deficiencies in broiler chickens and laying hens. With a deficiency of a particular trace element develop metabolic disorders and other pathologies (perosis, etc.). Based on the presented data, it can be concluded that the use of organic forms of trace elements in poultry feeding is a better alternative to inorganic sources, as they can be used in smaller quantities. But due to their greater bioavailability, they are better absorbed, which has a positive effect on the productivity of broilers. Since knowledge about the use of chelated forms of trace elements in comparison with inorganic forms (salts, sulfates, etc.) in the diet of poultry is still poorly understood, it is necessary to further conduct research to prevent micronutrient deficiencies in these compounds.
Human–wildlife interactions and people’s attitudes towards conservation: a case study from Central Kerala, India
Authors: Govind S. K. , Jayson E. A.
Published: May 2021

This paper studies the human–wildlife interaction in Central Kerala, India, and attempts to understand local people’s attitude toward wildlife and conservation. Data were collected from April 2009 to March 2014. A structured questionnaire survey was carried out among people living in the fringe areas of the forest (n = 210). Self–reported household crop loss was modelled as a function of agricultural, demographic and environmental factors. Wild pig (Sus scrofa) (57.1 %) was the main crop foraging species, followed by Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) (12.9 %). It was reported that 36 % of farmers’ annual income was lost due to crop foraging by wild animals. Leopard (Panthera pardus) (69.76 %), Indian rock python (Python molurus) (13.95 %), dhole (Cuon alpinus) (9.3 %) and stray dogs (6.97 %) were responsible for the attacks on livestock. The factors that influenced crop loss according to the farmers were the extent of agriculture land that they owned (coefficient = 0.968), the distance to reserve forest from crop fields (–0.009), and age of respondents (0.78). Due to people’s awareness concerning the importance of wildlife, reports on human–wildlife interaction in the newspapers and strict enforcement of wildlife laws, people’s attitude towards conservation of wildlife was good, and they were not taking any negative precautions against wild animals.
MODELING THE LOT CARGOES TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM IN CITIES
Authors: Nefyodov V. , Pavlenko O.
Published: May 2021

The share of the transport component that is taken into account in the prices formation for final products reaches 50%, so the cost transport services has a great impact on the final goods price, and the need to carry out transportation in a tight time frame, take into account minimal costs require the emergence of new scientifically methods of their organization.
The research purpose is to build the lot cargoes automobile transportations in cities system model. The research object is the lot cargoes automobile transportations in cities process.
As the analysis result of lot cargoes automobile transportations rational technology formation in the cities, such basic problem at the transportation process organization is allocated - it is irrational transportation routes. It leads to a large overall truck mileage, as well as low transportation speed, which is unacceptable in the current competition.
During the literature sources analysis, the most popular existing transportation routing methods were considered, by means of which in research it is planned to carry out transport routes building in cities and it was found out that the routes developed by means of these methods have average links.
As the existing criteria analysis result of lot cargoes automobile transportations rational technology formation in the cities the transportations cost is chosen as a criterion. After analyzing the all modeling methods advantages and disadvantages, taking into account the scientific literature recommendations, it was decided to use mathematical modeling due to its results versatility and accuracy. After formalizing the research object, developed a model of "white box", in which for the selected input parameters (delivery points number, car load, the average consignment size delivered to one point) built the lot cargoes automobile transportations rational technology formation in the cities mathematical model, at which the transportation cost will be minimal.
EVALUATION OF MACRO FACTORS FOR E-COMMERCE DEPLOYMENT IN THE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES AND UKRAINE: POTENTIAL AND LIMITATIONS
Authors: Rossolov A. , Voronko V.
Published: May 2021

This paper presents the analytical study results revealing the key factors for e-commerce deployment. We focused on macro level of the considered topic. Firstly, we defined that e-commerce deployment is closely related to current trend in population urbanization. We revealed a significant increase in urban population and along with that the e-commerce revenue grew up as well in last ten years. This trend has a positive dynamic. Given that secondly, the e-commerce deployment has forced the environmental pollution due to automobile transport utilization when the low consolidated home deliveries are implemented. We defined that this negative impact has to be leveled by a significant reduction of two- and three-wheels vehicles usage till 2040. Moreover, the light vans and trucks usage with fossil energy sources should be reduced till 2055 as well. Besides this policy, we observed that the technological measures can be implemented, namely in urban transportation. Thus, a two-echelon supply chain can be introduced allowing to make the parcel deliveries more consolidated. This should provide a reduction in vehicle mileage travelled resulting in more sustainable transportation. Special attention in this study has been made to analysis an e-commerce deployment in a developing economy. Ukraine has been considered as a case study. We revealed a significant growth in purchase number and commodities range bought in the internet in last seven years. As e-commerce can be implemented via several delivery channels, we have determined that for Ukraine the post office-based delivery option is more popular than a home delivery. We revealed a non-linear growth of opened new post offices within Ukraine area. Along with that we determined the same picture for parcels number delivered during last seven years. Having a such trend we can state that e-commerce deployment is inclined by a list of macro factors and has a great potential for Ukraine economy. In these conditions the transportation engineers and decision makers should unite their activity to promote the sustainable delivery services.
DETERMINATION OF THE REGULARITIES IN THE RANDOM PARAMETERS OF THE TRIPS MADE USING THE MICROMOBILITY VEHICLES
Authors: Svichynska O. , Serhiienko K.
Published: May 2021

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the current usage of micromobility vehicles by the population in the world and Ukraine. It is appeared to be that these vehicles are a quite widespread mean of travelling for short distances.
This way of travelling became even more actual during the restrictions on the trips by public transport caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Micromobility vehicles are the real alternative to trips by foot or transport because they allow users to travel safely, independently and in the fresh air as well as control the social distance and decrease the contacts compared to public transport.
Also, the paper presents the questionnaire developed by the authors, and the results of the intermediate survey which allowed determining the type of micromobility vehicle (e-bike, e-scooter, electric unicycle, bicycle, etc.), age of the respondents, travel speed, and the distance which the respondents are ready to cover.
During the survey, it was determined that most people choose e-scooters while e-bikes are not so widely used. The maximal travelling speed appeared to be equal to 50 km/h, and the maximal trip length – 5 km.
The recorded trip lengths allowed defining the trip length distribution for all cities under study and, particularly, for the city of Kharkiv. The trip length distribution appeared to be normal that was confirmed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-square test at the significance level of 5%. Also, the survey results show that there exists a demand for trips by micromobility vehicles, and it is necessary to research this demand and take it into account during transport modelling.
The overall authors’ goal is the estimation of the demand for the trips by micromobility vehicles which will allow researchers to take these trips into account when developing or correcting transport models. Therefore, it will support the development of the city infrastructure taking into account the needs of the users of micromobility vehicles. In future, it will improve traffic safety for all road users.
Generally, the paper is devoted to the actual issues related to the level of service and safety of road users under the conditions of the growing demand for the use of the means of micromobility.
INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS IN THE TRANSPORT PROCESS
Authors: Stepanov О. , Venger А.
Published: May 2021

The article is devoted to the consideration of the concept of "Intelligent transportation system" – ITS in modern society. The main world concepts of ITS development, which are aimed at the organization of road traffic in order to comply with road safety, are analyzed. The authors concluded that ITS is the most effective way to qualitatively solve road safety problems.
CHANGES IN THE PARAMETERS OF FUNCTIONING OF INTERCITY PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Authors: Dolia О. , Dolia K.
Published: May 2021

The speed of communication on any route, directly and indirectly through the function of redistribution of traffic volumes, causes an increase in the number of movements, traffic volumes, transport work, in the network of the appropriate type, at the same time the values of the medium system coefficient of passenger capacity use and the number of vehicles may vary both in the direction of the increase and vice versa. The results of the calculations of the basic parameters of the functioning of intercity passenger route systems for various values of the speed of communication on intercity railway routes established the appropriate mathematical model for determining the parameters of this passenger communication.
RESEARCH OF METHANE PRODUCTION PROCESS FROM BIOGAS AND PYROLYSIS GAS
Authors: Shafarenko M. , Vorobyova O.
Published: May 2021

The article investigates the separation process of biogas and the pyrolysis gas by application of membrane technology. The urgency of the problem of purification of industrial, agricultural, distillery waste or waste water by means of biological fermentation in anaerobic conditions of organic substances is indicated. If it is not possible to biodegrade waste, use pyrolysis or gasification. Pyrolysis gas, unlike biogas, has hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The process of separating methane from leaving impurities is much more economical than the process of removing impurities to obtain methane.
Although for more than a hundred years mankind has known about the principles of gas diffusion and mass transfer through polymer films. But only in the last 40 years, membranes have begun to be used on an industrial scale in gas purification. With a membrane unit, a high methane production efficiency (> 96%) can be achieved. The lack of mechanical complexity and their modular design, which allows them to scale easily to provide significant flexibility, are increasingly gaining attention from the industry.
The paper was proposed setting circuit for isolating methane and its operation is described.
As a result of the research carried out, graphical dependencies were obtained at the stages: absorption (volume fraction of dissolved methane from the circulation ratio of the absorber), adsorption (absorption capacity of the membrane packing over time) and regeneration (the rate of desorption of the absorber from the membrane packing versus time). Using these dependencies, it is possible to calculate the flow rate of the absorber that is used in the absorption process and to determine the number of membrane elements for the membrane apparatus.
The effect of intellectual capital on the Total quality management of higher education and scientific research institutions in Baghdad
Authors: ABDUALDAEM ALI ABDULSALAM
Published: May 2021

The purpose and goal of the research revolve around the diagnosis of intellectual capital as the logical indicator to study an effective human resource management practice and its influential role in determining the overall quality management of higher education institutions and scientific research in Baghdad.

       To achieve the purpose of the research, an upgraded standard questionnaire was used to collect data and distribute it to the selected sample in a statistical manner from the study population of (5) institutions affiliated with the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research in Baghdad. A sample of (83) faculty and employees in the community of the researched institutions were targeted. They are known for their competence, experience and expertise within the elite measurements in managing human resources qualified for serious and efficient work. The extraction of results was based on the statistical package (SPSS), using the statistics of the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, Spearman correlation coefficient and multiple regression, and statistical tests represented by (t, F).

      According to the results extracted and analyzed, a set of conclusions related to the extent to which the intellectual capital has a distinct role in the development of total quality management in the areas of top management, continuous improvement and strategic planning for quality related to the implementation of the comprehensive strategy of the institutions of the Ministry of Higher Education in Baghdad. Certainly, the results reached to show the moderation of the availability of the necessary infrastructure to enhance the intellectual capital in higher education institutions in Baghdad, which requires an effective review of their organizational structures, as well as attracting and creating client and human capital, as they constitute an added value for developing mental and knowledge maturity For the elite teachers and distinguished employees who possess the ability to think, analyze, create, innovate, and employ knowledge, experience and skill in the field of learning and education.

        Among the most prominent recommendations reached by the research is that it is of the utmost importance for the institution's department of the Ministry of Higher Education in Baghdad to evaluate and evaluate their intellectual assets of teachers and employees, and to develop a strategic plan that includes identifying their current and future needs for human capital from teachers and employees with scientific competence and holders of experience certificates and awards Scientific and patents.
Trends of Women's Economic Empowerment in Iraq for the Period 1990-2018
Authors: Rasooli Mohammed Majeed
Published: May 2021

This research aims to study the economic, social, and political reality of Iraqi women by identifying the obstacles and diagnosing their empowerment trends in various fields, assessing the extent of their participation in economic activity, and re-achieving balance between women and men by reducing the gender gap between them and reducing the percentage of female unemployment to the lowest possible level. Is achieved by enhancing confidence in Iraqi women by enacting laws and making decisions that allow them to access resources freely. The researcher used the descriptive and analytical method to deal with information and data related to the research topic over a specific period (1990-2018), using local, Arab, and international reports issued by the United Nations and the World Bank, and the Iraqi Ministry of Planning surveys - the Central Bureau of Statistics and previous studies. Among the researcher's findings in the research conclusion is the necessity of empowering Iraqi women by facilitating their possession of an academic qualification that would increase their skills and confidence in themselves and facilitate their involvement in the labour market. Moreover, amend laws that hurt women working in the government and private sectors and activate the media. In addition to activating positive media for women and society to accept her as a right partner with men in all fields of life and work firmly and complete transparency to enforce criminal laws against perpetrators of violence against women in all its forms.
Comparative Study for the Early Detection of the most Important Factors Leading to Preeclampsia
Authors: Dawood Al-Marsuomy Aseel Mubdir , Subhi Fadhel Mustafa Mohammed
Published: May 2021

The aim of this research is to determine the most important and main factors that lead to Preeclampsia. It is also about finding suitable solutions to eradicate these factors and avoid them in order to prevent getting Preeclampsia. To achieve this, a case study sample of (40) patients from Medical City - Oncology Teaching Hospital was used to collect data by a questionnaire which contained (17) reasons to be investigated. The statistical package (SPSS) was used to compare the results of the data analysis through two methods (Radial Bases Function Network) and (Factorial Analysis). Important results were obtained, the two methods determined the same factors that could represent the direct reason which causes Preeclampsia. But the first method of analysis was more precise and accurate in identifying these factors. Concerning both methods, the focus was on the factors of (following a good nutritious diet, a dysfunction in the placenta, and suffer from high blood press before pregnancy) had a major effect on their potential susceptibility to Preeclampsia.
Модель системи оборони України
Authors: Тимошенко Р. І. , Павліковський А. К. , Лобко М. М.
Published: May 2021

У статті на основі аналізу вітчизняного законодавства розглядаються питання оборони, системи оборони, моделі системи оборони України, її сутність, побудова з використанням системного підходу. Розкриваються поняття «оборона України», «система оборони», «модель системи оборони України». Сформовано структурно-описовий обрис «моделі системи оборони України».

Проаналізовані, узагальнені й наведені характерні риси моделей системи оборони деяких інших держав світу.

Визначаються складові та їхні функції, структура моделі системи оборони України, відношення, зв’язки та взаємодія між її елементами під час виконання покладених функцій і завдань оборони.

Ініціюється наукова дискусія із залученням науковців, фахівців, експертів щодо подальшого реформування і розвитку системи оборони України та формування її перспективної моделі.

Автори мають намір продовжити публікацію низки статей, присвячених розвитку системи оборони, певних складових та формування її перспективної моделі, що має забезпечити підвищення рівня обороноздатності держави.
Методичний підхід до мобілізаційного планування національної економіки
Authors: Волотівський П. Б. , Кутовий О. П.
Published: May 2021

Ефективна система планування в державі не може бути створена і застосована без запровадження стратегічного планування. Стратегічне планування з ієрархічної точки зору є основою будь-якого планування.

Стратегічне мобілізаційне планування в Україні тривалий час взагалі було зняте з порядку денного. Два десятиліття мирного розвитку України (до 2014 р.) негативно позначилися на увазі держави до проблем мобілізаційної підготовки. З початком агресії Російської Федерації проти України перед нашою державою постало питання щодо термінової організації оборони держави, зміцнення її обороноздатності та мобілізаційних спроможностей.

Внесення змін та доповнень в існуючі закони та інші нормативні акти суттєво не підвищили рівень мобілізаційної готовності держави, особливо її національної економіки. Сьогодні потрібне відновлення ефективного функціонування системи мобілізаційної підготовки в Україні, насамперед національної економіки, органів державної влади, інших державних органів, органів місцевого самоврядування.

У Стратегії національної безпеки України, затвердженій Указом Президента України від 14 вересня 2020 р. № 392/2020, серед шляхів зміцнення бойового потенціалу Збройних Сил України, інших сил оборони визначене завдання щодо модернізації системи мобілізаційної підготовки та мобілізації України (стаття 60, розділ ІV). Реалізація цього завдання Стратегії має здійснюватися через розроблення відповідних планів, програм, бюджетів та процедур, які можна розглядати як середньострокові й короткострокові плани (програми) реалізації стратегії.

У статті автори пропонують методичний підхід до розробки мобілізаційного плану національної економіки України в сучасних умовах.
Оборонна реформа в Україні: основні підсумки та перспективи
Authors: Руснак І. С. , Телелим В. М.
Published: May 2021

У статті на основі аналізу діяльності Міністерства оборони, керівництва Збройних Сил України, інших органів військового управління розглядаються результати й підводяться перші підсумки започаткованої оборонної реформи в Україні, рівень досягнення визначених стратегічних цілей зазначеної реформи.

Висвітлюються умови, проблеми і труднощі під час проведення оборонної реформи.

Наводяться погляди на продовження реформ на засадах принципів і стандартів НАТО, перспективи розвитку Збройних Сил України, інших складових сил оборони для підвищення рівня обороноздатності держави й забезпечення національної безпеки та оборони, стримування і гарантованої відсічі збройній агресії Російської Федерації.
Щодо першочергових заходів удосконалення організації державного управління оборонним сектором економіки України
Authors: Рижих В. М. , Богуцький П. П.
Published: May 2021

У статті запропоновано та розглянуто першочергові заходи щодо вдосконалення управління оборонно-промисловим комплексом України для ефективного розвитку оборонного сектору економіки, забезпечення національної безпеки, вирішення завдань зміцнення обороноздатності держави. Зосереджено увагу на пріоритетних завданнях, які підлягають вирішенню центральним органом виконавчої влади у сфері ОПК – Міністерством з питань стратегічних галузей промисловості України, запропоновано утворення дорадчих органів у складі міністерства – Державної комісії з питань оборонно-промислового комплексу, Ради генеральних і головних конструкторів зі створення техніки для потреб оборони та безпеки держави, розвитку економіки і соціальної сфери (Ради) з визначенням пріоритетних напрямів діяльності, які мають реалізовувати у складі Ради відповідні науково-технічні секції. Розкрито особливості впровадження нової системи організації діяльності наукових установ та виробничих підприємств оборонних галузей промисловості, підготовки та впровадження документів стратегічного планування розвитку ОПК, а також вирішення фінансових, інвестиційно-інноваційних завдань, прийняття необхідних організаційних та нормативно-правових актів.
Докторська спеціалізована вчена рада Центрального науково-дослідного інституту Збройних Сил України: 20 років плідної роботи
Authors: Романченко І. С. , Дейнега О. В.
Published: May 2021

У статті проведений ретроспективний аналіз діяльності докторської спеціалізованої вченої ради Центрального науково-дослідного інституту Збройних Сил України протягом двадцяти років, починаючи з 1999 р. Наведені дані щодо кількісних та якісних показників роботи Ради за період, що досліджується. Кількісна оцінка захищених в Раді дисертацій проведена за такими показниками: загальна кількість захищених дисертацій; розподіл захищених дисертацій за науковими спеціальностями; розподіл кількості захистів за рік протягом періоду, що досліджується; відсотковий розподіл здобувачів наукового ступеня кандидата і доктора наук за місцем основної роботи; віковий діапазон здобувачів наукового ступеня кандидата і доктора наук. Якісна оцінка захищених у Раді дисертацій проведена за такими показниками: розподіл захищених дисертацій за підпунктами паспортів наукових спеціальностей; середня кількість посилань у роботах, які захищалися в Раді за рік, на дисертації, що були захищені за попередній період функціонування Ради.
EVOLUCIJA POJMA STRATEGIJE IN NJEGOVO POVEZOVANJE S POLITIKO
Authors: VUK PAVEL
Published: May 2021

V prispevku na podlagi zgodovinskega in kritičnega pristopa različnih pomembnejših teoretikov k razvoju strategije pojasnjujemo evolucijo pojma strategije, zlasti pa, zakaj in kako je njegov pomen povezan s človekovo naravo in tudi političnim vedenjem. Spoznanja raziskave kažejo dvoje, in sicer, da se je v zgodnjem zgodovinskem obdobju strategija snovala predvsem zaradi človekovih potreb po varnosti, v sodobni strateški misli, ko je ta potreba prerasla v širše politično vprašanje družbe, pa se je razumevanje strategije vse bolj povezovalo s politiko in njenim vplivom na proces oblikovanja in uresničevanja strategije.

Ključne besede strategija, taktika, politika.

Abstract
Based on the historical and critical approaches of various important theorists to the development of strategy, this paper aims to explain the evolution of the concept of strategy, especially why and how its meaning is related to the human nature and the political behaviour. The research has shown two things. Firstly, that in the early historical period the strategy was designed mainly due to the human need for security, and, secondly, that in the modern strategic thought when these needs grew into a broader political issue of the society, the understanding of strategy was increasingly being related to the politics and its impact on the design and implementation of strategy.

Key words strategy, tactics, politics.
DELOVANJE SLOVENSKE VOJSKE V ČASU EPIDEMIJE COVIDA-19
Authors: KREMŽAR KOVAČ TANJA
Published: May 2021

V prispevku je predstavljen pojav epidemije covida-19 v Republiki Sloveniji, s poudarkom na delovanju Slovenske vojske. Opisujemo odziv Slovenske vojske na epidemijo in postopke ter procese, ki jih je izvajala na svojih nalogah tako doma kot v mednarodnih operacijah in na misijah v tujini, ter omogočila dodatno podporo državi in državljanom pri spoprijemanju z novim virusom. Poudarek je na postopkih in procesih, vodenih v Vojaški zdravstveni enoti, za spremljanje epidemioloških razmer. Delovanje Slovenske vojske, ki se navezuje na delovanje njihovih zdravstvenih enot med epidemijo covid-19, primerjamo z nekaterimi drugimi oboroženimi silami.
Ključne besede covid-19, epidemija, virus, Slovenska vojska, Vojaška zdravstvena enota.

Abstract
The article presents the phenomenon of the COVID-19 epidemic in the Republic of Slovenia with focus on the activities of the Slovenian Armed Forces. It describes the response of the Slovenian Armed Forces to the epidemic, and the procedures and processes applied as part of its missions at home and in international operations and missions abroad. These activities provided additional support to the state and its citizens in dealing with the new virus. The emphasis is put on the procedures and processes of the Military Medical Unit aimed at monitoring the epidemiological situation. Additionally, the epidemic-related activities of the Slovenian Armed Forces and its medical units are compared to the activities of several other armed forces.
Key words COVID-19, epidemic, virus, Slovenian Armed Forces, Military Medical Unit
DIRECT ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT BY THE PEOPLE: THE CASE OF TURKEY
Authors: YILMAZ Hasan
Published: May 2021

Hukuk devleti, hukuk kurallarına bağlı ve vatandaşlarına her türlü hukuki güvenceler sağlayan devlet olarak bilinmektedir. Demokratik hukuk devleti ise temel hak ve özgürlükler başta olmak üzere vatandaş haklarını korumakla yükümlüdür. Demokrasinin en önemli özelliği, halkın kendi egemenlik hakkını demokratik ilkeler yoluyla bir yapıya, kuruma veya kuvvete devretmesidir. Demokrasi anlayışının bu bağlamda odaklandığı alan temel hak ve özgürlükleri sağlamak, korumak ve geliştirmek olmalıdır.
Demokrasinin uygulandığı rejimlerde kuvvetlere (erk) birer görev yüklenmiştir. Yasama üyeleri olan milletvekilleri halk tarafından demokratik yöntemlerle seçilerek parlamento çatısı altında toplanmaktadır. Yasama kuvveti egemenlik ve demokrasi kavramları bağlamında halk adına toplumsal yaşamı düzenleyici kuralları düzenler ve kararlar almaktadır. Yürütme üyeleri ise yasama organının oluşturduğu kurallar ve düzenlemeleri uygulamaktan sorumludur. Yürütmenin başı Cumhurbaşkanı devleti temsil eder ve hükümet etme görevini üstlenmektedir. Yargı erki ise kanunları hukuka uygun olarak uygulamak görevini üstlenmiştir.
Anayasa’nın 8. Maddesine göre yürütme yetkisi ve görevi, Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından Anayasa ve kanunlara uygun olarak kullanılır ve yerine getirilir. Türkiye’de 2014 yılındaki 12. Cumhurbaşkanlığı seçimleri tarihe geçmiştir. 2007 yılında TBMM’de yaşanan 367 krizi sonrasında yapılan referandum ile Cumhurbaşkanı’nın doğrudan halk tarafından seçilmesi kabul edilmiştir. Böylelikle 2014 yılında ise bir ilk yaşanmış ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin 12. Cumhurbaşkanını belirlemek için seçmen sandığa giderek oyunu kullanmış ve ülkesinin Cumhurbaşkanını TBMM’deki temsilcileri yoluyla değil doğrudan kendisi seçmiştir. Bu çalışmada, sistematik derleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Türkiye’de Cumhurbaşkanını doğrudan halkın seçmesinin demokrasi lehine bir adım olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır