bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparability in skeletal maturation research
Authors: Moore William M.
Published: February 2006

Comparability is a fundamental issue in skeletal maturation research. Since the introduction of the first edition of the Greulich‐Pyle Atlas and the Tanner‐Whitehouse method, a number of methodologic reports have appeared regarding potential sources of error, reliability and replicability in the assessment of skeletal maturity from hand‐wrist radiographs. Some of these reports are mentioned and two recent examples of methodologic studies are cited. Maximum reliability of skeletal assessments can be expected only when there is strict adherence to carefully standardized investigative procedures. Technical as well as human factors must be taken into account to insure minimal variation in findings within and between laboratories over time. Single or serial skeletal radiographs uniformly taken on properly identified subjects constitute a valuable permanent record of biologic maturation. while the film image can be considered as objective evidence of skeletal maturity, a subjective element is introduced in observing and reporting the presence or absence of particular ossification centers, or rating an ossification pattern against a standard. Intra‐ and interobserver skeletal maturity assessment replicability relates to such factors as motivation, training, assessment method, and quality control procedures. Suggestions are presented to facilitate comparability in skeletal maturation research, including the possibility of preparation and distribution of sets of standardized skeletal radiographs for periodic determination and improvement of assessor reliability.
Assessment of skeletal age in short and tall children
Authors: Sproul A. , Peritz E.
Published: February 2006

Skeletal age assessment has been carried out on 843 children between the ages of 31 and 122 months, selected as the tallest 2.5%, shortest 2.5% and median 5% of the Child Health and Development Studies population. Skeletal age was read from a roentgenogram of the left hand and wrist individually for each of the 30 ossification centers with reference to the Greulich and Pyle Atlas, second edition. The readings were performed blind, by one observer and a 20% sample was read a second time blind to determine the replicability of the assessments.

Duplicate readings were within two months of each other in mean bone age and almost always within nine months of each other for individual centers.

Estimates of weighted mean bone age vary considerably with stature. Mean bone ages of Negro children tend to be higher than those of White children; those of Chinese and Japanese boys tend to be lower than those of White boys. Generally, similar differences were found with respect to the estimated mean ages of onset of ossification for the ulna, lunate, scaphoid, trapezium and trapezoid.
Skeletal maturation of children in Shiraz, Iran
Authors: Forbes Anne P. , Ronaghy Hossein A. , Majd Massoud
Published: February 2006

Hand‐wrist radiographs were made of 4,551 Shiraz school children and well babies of known age who were also weighed and measured. Medical examinations were not made and selection was biased in favor of the advantaged child because the urban standard of living is higher than the rural in Iran and because the poorest children may not attend elementary school and never attend high school. Nevertheless, height, weight and bone age fell rapidly below the tenth Iowa percentile by the age of two years and did not begin recovery until the age of six years. The distribution of the bone ages in each group was symetrical, not bi‐modal. Bone age offered no advantage over height age as an index of development but analysis of the radiographs provided evidence that the retardation was pathologic rather than genetic. Ossification of individual epiphyses was recorded in 3,333 hands and a marked discrepancy between carpal and phalangeal bones, with the carpal bones most retarded, was documented. A high incidence of pseudoepiphyses was noted.
Skeletal development of non‐institutionalized children with low intelligence quotients
Authors: Haas Jere D. , Hunt Edward E. , Buskirk Elsworth R.
Published: February 2006

Children of both sexes with mild mental retardation show delays in skeletal maturation and cortical bone growth, but boys in general are more affected than girls. Skeletal age for both sexes is below normal in the younger age groups, but approaches normality at adolescence. None of the measures of IQ is significantly correlated with any of the regional measures of skeletal age in the hand‐wrist. The approach toward normality of skeletal development in this population at adolescence is reflected in their normal time of first appearance of the adductor sesamoid.

Anomalies of the hand‐wrist reflect irregularities in comparing normal and low‐IQ children. Only brachymesophalangy V displays significantly higher frequencies in the low‐IQ groups. Due to the cross‐sectional nature of the study and the different methods of classifying anomalies, little can be said about the other comparisons.

Growth in cortical bone reflects a consistent trend for both the humerus and second metacarpal. While measures of total diameter and total cross‐sectional area do appear to be below normal standards, the measures of the marrow do not. This finding accounts for a decreased cortical bone thickness and cross‐sectional area in the low‐IQ sample.

All measures of the humerus correlate significantly with two IQ scores in the boys and all three scores in the girls. Measures of the total metacarpal and marrow area show significant correlations with the three IQ scores among low‐IQ boys, while only measures of total metacarpal area show significant correlations with verbal IQ in low‐IQ girls. The degree of mental deficiency, then, is only irregularly associated with deficits of bone size for age.
The evolution of the hallucial tarsometatarsal joint in the anthropoidea
Authors: Lewis O. J.
Published: February 2006

Changes in the hallucial tarsometatarsal joint, which forms the fulcrum for the grasping hallux, have played a significant role in primate evolution. Comparative studies suggest that one of the morphological novelties heralding the attainment of a monkey grade of structure was the incorporation of the prehallux within this joint. Such a joint is found in the extant Ceboidea and, paradoxically, the Hylobatidae. Hallux and prehallux then form a composite distal articular surface; the proximal surface on the medial cuneiform is completed inferomedially by a convex facet for the prehallux. Divergence of the hallux into the attitude of opposition is accompanied by conjunct rotation, screwing these joint components into a stable, close‐packed position. Suppression of the prehallux is accompanied by clear osteological indicators — the absence of prehallux facets on the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform. This modification of the joint is a feature of cercopithecoid evolution, and has also occurred in the hominoid line, after divergence of the ancestral gibbons and apparently after theDryopithecus (Proconsul)stage. The cladistic relationships indicated by these morphological changes are in striking accord with recent results on primate evolution at the molecular level.
The contribution of size and shape variation to patterns of sexual dimorphism of the human femur
Authors: Van Gerven Dennis P.
Published: February 2006

The present research was undertaken to determine the relationship between patterns of generalized intrapopulational variation determined from principal components analysis and patterns of sexual dimorphism determined from Student's t and discriminant function analysis. The analysis was based upon 17 measurements of 97 femurs from a Middle Mississippian Amerindian population. The results of the principal components analysis indicated that the 17 original measurements could be represented as four principal component variates. Inspection of component loadings lent support to the contention that the first principal component reflected variation in general size while components two to four reflected variation in femoral shape.

Analysis of the relationship between principal component loading and male‐female differences reflected in Student's t demonstrated a high (0.97) positive correlation between absolute magnitude of loading in the first principal component and magnitude of Student's t. As a result, discriminant analyses of the femur, utilizing univariate criteria for the inclusion of variables, have been biased in the direction of size variation. Subsequent stepwise discriminant function analyses demonstrated that an adequate discriminant model must reflect all dimensions of morphological variation at the intrapopulational level.
A multivariate dental sexing technique
Authors: Ditch Larry E. , Rose Jerome C.
Published: February 2006

This paper presents a method of sexing skeletal remains using dental measurements. A base sample from a population is sexed with reference to the postcranial skeleton and the dental measurements (buccal‐lingual and mesial‐distal diameters) are analyzed by the discriminant function technique. A linear function is derived, which will classify by sex the remaining portion of the population.
Carpal fusions in children of four South African populations
Authors: Levine Errol
Published: February 2006

The incidence of carpal fusions was determined from radiographs of both hands of 2,250 Pretoria schoolchildren aged 72 to 191 months. The group included White, Negro, Coloured and Indian subjects.

Of the many possible varieties of carpal fusion, only lunato‐triquetral fusion and capitate‐hamate fusion were encountered.

No examples of lunato‐triquetral fusion were encountered in children less than ten years of age. In Pretoria Negroes aged 10 to 15 years, the incidence of lunato‐triquetral synostosis is 4.57%, while Pretoria Coloureds show an incidence of 1.51%. This type of fusion was not noted in the White or Indian populations. Two examples of capitate‐hamate synostosis were encountered in Pretoria Negroes. The available evidence suggests that these two varieties of carpal fusion may be added to the list of discrete traits varying in frequency from population to population and probably reflecting different underlying gene frequencies.

No significant sex difference in incidence of lunato‐triquetral fusion was noted in the present study. Lunato‐triquetral fusion is about twice as commonly bilateral as unilateral in occurrence.
Head form and climatic stress
Authors: Beals Kenneth L.
Published: February 2006

Empiric evidence indicates that the general distribution of the cephalic index is explicable in terms of climatic adaptation. Based on a sample of 339 populations, the magnitude of the index is statistically different between zones of predominantly dry heat, wet heat, wet cold and dry cold. There is an inverse relationship between the mean cephalic index and temperature. It is argued that the occupation of cold climates is one of the circumstances increasing the frequency of brachycephaly through time.
Implications of relative robusticity in the Olduvai Metatarsus
Authors: Archibald J. David , Lovejoy C. Owen , Heiple Kingsbury G.
Published: February 2006

The relative robusticity of the metatarsals in OH‐8 is reviewed in light of the normal variation in metatarsal robusticity in Pan and Homo. The pattern in OH‐8 is found to be fully commensurate with a striding gait.
A method for subclassifying the interdigital patterns: A comparative study of the palmar configurations
Authors: Plato C. C. , Wertelecki W.
Published: February 2006

A method for subtyping the interdigital patterns is introduced, which is based upon the direction of the main line terminations as well as the presence of accessory triradii. The palmar patterns of several population samples from our files representing the Caucasians, Negroes, Miconesians and New Guinean groups are evaluted in terms of the introduced calssification and the results demonstrate a number of differences between the major racial groups. In additin, the thenar/I and hypothenar patterns are subtyped according to the classifications of Cummins and Midlo. These data also indicate the inadequacy of the general open/arch, vestige, loop, whorl identification of the plamar patterns. It is hoped that more data will be studied along these lines for establishment of more accurate frequencies among the various racial groups.
Differential sexual dimorphism in bone diameters of subjects of European and African ancestry
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Nagy Jerrold M. , Sandusky Sam T.
Published: February 2006

The 1,589 low‐income adult subjects of primarily African ancestry (American Negroes or “Blacks”) showed systematically less sexual dimorphism in total subperiosteal area (TA), medullary area (MA) and cortical area (CA) than did 4,379 low‐income adult subjects of European derivation (“Whites”). These systematic findings have implications both to the sexing of skeletal remains from diverse populations and to an understanding of population divergences in bone remodeling.
Serum cholinesterase activities and inhibition profiles of nonhuman primates
Authors: Becker Charles E.
Published: February 2006

Serum cholinesterase activities and inhibition profiles of 169 chimpanzees, 15 gorillas, 26 orangutans, seven gibbons, and 12 rhesus monkeys were determined. Mean values of activities against benzoylcholine (μmols/min/ml) and dibucaine, fluoride, and Ro 2‐0683 numbers (percentage inhibition of benzoylcholine hydrolysis) are: chimpanzee, 2.276, 80, 64, and 97; gorilla, 9.403, 82, 71, and 96; orangutan, 0.747, 94, 6, and 98; gibbon, 0.071, 89, 7, and 94; and rhesus monkey, 0.859, 95, 10, and 99, respectively. Sernylan numbers were determined of the last 100 chimpanzee serums collected and of each of the gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, and rhesus monkey serums. Mean values of Sernylan numbers are: chimpanzee, 80; gorilla, 81; orangutan, 95; gibbon, 94; and rhesus monkey, 96. The chimpanzee and the gorilla have dibucaine, fluoride, Ro 2‐0683, and Sernylan numbers within the range found in men who are homozygotes for the usual cholinesterase (genotype E1uE1u). No cholinesterase variant was found in any chimpanzee or gorilla. The orangutan, gibbon, and rhesus monkey have inhibition profiles that resemble one another, with higher dibucaine and Sernylan numbers and much lower fluoride numbers than the chimpanzee or the gorilla. The results of the inhibition tests suggest that the African apes, chimpanzee and gorilla, are related more closely to man than are the Asian apes, orangutan and gibbon.
Comparison of the increase in body size between 1899 and 1970 in a specially selected group with that in the general population
Authors: Malina Robert M.
Published: February 2006

Height and weight data for varsity football players from 1899 to 1970 were analyzed for evidence of a secular trend in such a specialized sample. Recent football teams ('61–'70) are, on the average, 2.6 inches (6.6 cm) taller and 35.3 pounds (16.05 kg) heavier than the teams at the turn of the century (1899–1910). The estimated trend over the 70 year span was 0.37 inches (0.94 cm) per decade for stature and 5.04 pounds (2.29 kg) per decade for weight. Unfortunately, it is not possible to partition these trends and obtain separate estimates for the “secular” effects and for those effects that might be attributed to “recruiting practices.” The observed trend for stature in football players corresponds with the upper limit of the estimated range for adult secular trend data for stature from Western European countries, and is greater than that reported for American young adult males both in college and in the general population.
The role of basicranial synchondroses in flexure processes and ontogenetic development of the skull base
Authors: Michejda Maria
Published: February 2006

The contribution of the basicranial synchondroses in the growth of neurocranial length and ontogenetic development of the cranial base were investigated. The study concentrated on the midsphenoidal synchondrosis and its delayed fusion in nonhuman primates when compared to man, and on the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis. The mode and time of fusion of both growth centers were observed, and their role in the ontogenetic growth changes (flattening processes) of the cranial base were established. The chondrogenic ossification of midsphenoidal and spheno‐occipital synchondroses was studied on 20 skulls of Macaca mulatta females, ranging in age from newborn specimens to those 24 months old. The technique of in vivo tetracycline bone labeling was used for histologic evaluation of the material. Different chondrogenic growth patterns were observed in both synchondroses. The endochondral activity of the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis increased with age, from a nonactive narrow cartilaginous column in the neonatal specimen to a broad band with high chondrogenic ossification in the 24‐month‐old specimens. This growth center contributes to elongation of the posterior portion of the cranial base and is a secondary factor in its flexion.

The midsphenoidal synchondrosis seems to be the primary factor in the mode of flexure of the cranial base in Macaques. This growth center is very active in the first ten months of life but later exhibits cessation of chondrogenic activity and long remains unfused. The first signs of fusion were observed as late as 72 months of age. At the same time, the continuous process of cranial base flattening showed the first signs of tapering off.
Automated anthropometry
Authors: Prahl‐Andersen B. , Pollmann A. J. , Raaben D. J. , Peters K. A.
Published: February 2006

Automated anthropometric equipment has been developed and is described with some technical details.

The automated data registration offers the possibility of recording anthro‐pologic measurements in an efficient way. Manpower, time and errors are reduced to a minimum.
Diet and attrition in the natufians
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: February 2006

There is a high correlation between the rate of dental attrition and the physical consistency of the diet. Hypotheses concerning types of diet and methods of food preparation in prehistoric populations may therefore be tested by comparing attrition rates in the specimens under investigation with standards derived from groups of known dietary status. For such comparisons the age factor is of paramount importance, but difficult to assess accurately in fragmentary skeletal material. The use of attrition gradients rather than mean attrition scores provides an age independent method for comparison of attrition rates. When Natufian specimens from three different sites (Kebara, El Wad and Eynan) were compared by this method, significant differences in the gradient of attrition were found at one site, Kebara. The incidences of caries and periodontal disease were also lower at this site, and taken in conjunction with the low level of attrition were considered to relate to differences in the vegetable content of the diet between the individuals recovered from Kebara and those recovered from El Wad and Eynan.
On the systematic bias in skeletal sexing
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M.
Published: February 2006

Comparison of a large series of sexed adult skeletal populations and a similar series of adult pre‐industrial peoples shows that there is a regular and systematic bias in the sexing of adult skeletons. This bias, which is about 12% in favor of males, is due to the nature of secondary sex characteristics in bone. It should be corrected in skeletal series before demographic analysis is made of them. Application of this knowledge and the same data to problems of age‐specific male and female mortality rates is inconclusive, but points to an area for important future investigation. Application to the fossil record confirms some ecological ideas about human evolution.
Blood pressure of Amerindians from Surinam
Authors: Glanville E. V. , Geerdink R. A.
Published: February 2006

Blood pressures of members of the Trio and Wajana tribes from Surinam have been analysed in relation to age, stature and weight. The sample is representative of a group living in a hunting and gathering economy but beginning to come into jarring contact with an alien culture. Diastolic pressure does not alter significantly with age in adults of either sex. There is a small but significant increase in systolic pressure with age in adult females but in males there is an apparent decrease. This decrease is probably an artifact of the cross‐sectional survey approach. The high pressure in some young adults is discussed with reference to psychosocial stress. Mean blood pressures are given for children from five years of age onwards.
Electromyography of knuckle‐walking: Results of four experiments on the forearm of Pan gorilla
Authors: Tuttle Russell , Basmajian John V. , Regenos Eleanor , Shine Glenn
Published: February 2006

Preliminary results of electromyographic (EMG) studies on the forearm of a gorilla provisionally support the hypothesis that special closepacked positioning mechanisms may characterize the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints II–V in extant knuckle‐walkers (chimpanzees and gorillas).

We recommend that once the bony features, related to these close‐packed positions are clearly identified, they may be employed strategically to discern evidence of a knuckle‐walking heritage in the hands of extant hominoids, including man, and to trace the history of knuckle‐walking in available fossils.

This report contains results of the first successful employment of indwelling fine‐wire electrode techniques to elucidate problems on the functional and evolutionary biology of great apes.
Size reduction associated with brachymesophalangia‐5: A possible selective advantage
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Nagy Jerrold M. , Poznanski Andrew K. , McCann Mary B.
Published: February 2006

Subjects with brachymesophalangia‐5 (the short middle segment trait of the fifth digit) are systematically reduced in the length of the second metacarpal and in stature, by approximately 0.5 standard deviations, in contrast with unaffected individuals or unaffected siblings of affected propositi. There is conclusive evidence for axial and appendicular length reduction in affected individuals, and the smaller body size associated with brachymesophalangia‐5 may confer a selective advantage during growth under conditions of chronic caloric or protein‐calorie malnutrition.
Histological examination of experimentally mummified tissues
Authors: Zimmerman Michael R.
Published: February 2006

Tissue mummified by desiccation can be examined histologically after rehydration with Ruffer's solution, and a number of natural mummies have been studied by this technique. In order to study the efficacy of the rehydration process, and to evaluate the degree of artefact introduced, normal human tissues were desiccated, rehydrated, and examined histologically. There was generally good preservation of architecture and moderate preservation of cellular detail, with some organ specific variability. The prospect of an atlas of mummified pathological lesions is discussed, as an aid to the determination of disease patterns in prehistoric populations.
Polymorphism of erythrocyte G‐6‐PD in the baboon
Authors: Gourdin D. , Vergnes H. , Bouloux C. , Ruffie J. , Gherardi M.
Published: February 2006

Blood samples from several populations of baboons (genus Papio) were examined for G‐6‐PD variants. Several G‐6‐PD phenotypes were detected by starch gel electrophoresis. The so‐called fast variant phenotypes of G‐6‐PD in baboons differ from human variant phenotypes in several physicochemical constants.
Third molar agenesis in a trihybrid Brazilian population
Authors: Crispim J. , Trigueiro K. G. , De Sá e Benevides Filho F. R. , Salzano F. M.
Published: February 2006

The frequency of missing third molars is about eight per cent per quadrant in a sample of 490 males of the mixed White/Negro/Indian population of Natal, Brazil. Absence of the four third molars appears in two per cent of the individuals of the sample. The degree of asymmetry for the trait was not marked. No differences were observed when the persons were separated on morphological grounds as Whites or Negroids suggesting that these segregants may be genetically homogeneous in relation to this and other characteristics.
Affinities of the Swartkrans 847 hominid cranium
Authors: Clarke R. J. , Howell F. Clark
Published: February 2006

Further evidence of the presence of a second hominid species at the Swartkrans locality was obtained in 1969 when the SK.847 specimen was discovered by us to represent the same individual as the SK.80 maxilla. The SK.847 specimen had previously been regarded as robust australopithecine, whereas the latter was first attributed to Telanthropus capensis and subsequently to a species of the genus Homo. Recent criticism of our interpretation of these remains has not evaluated and analyzed critically the primary fossil evidence. Instead it relies on a strict adherence to an as yet unsubstantiated hypothesis that posits only a single hominid species at any point in space and time in the Cenozoic history of Hominidae.
Population studies on Southwestern Indian tribes V. Tooth morphology as an indicator of biological distance
Authors: Sofaer J. A. , Niswander J. D. , MacLean C. J. , Workman P. L.
Published: February 2006

The value of phylogenetic comparisons between populations based on tooth morphology depends on a knowledge of the extent to which the observed morphological variation is genetic in origin. This knowledge can be derived unequivocally only from the analysis of family data. However, in the absence of such knowledge the ability of tooth morphology to distinguish biological differences can be evaluated directly by testing its discriminating power in practice on populations between which the degrees of genetic difference are already known. The results of such an evaluation show that different degrees of subjectivity of scoring are associated with different characters, but that moderately good correspondence between known genetic differences and differences based on tooth morphology can be achieved when characters showing the least subjectivity of scoring are used.
A population genetic study of cleft chin in India
Authors: Bhanu B. Vijaya , Malhotra K. C.
Published: February 2006

The paper reports data on cleft chin in 900 individuals from Kerala. The results of all surveys in India in which the cleft chin was observed have been tabulated. Gene frequency analysis has been attempted. Wide variations in gene frequencies were found for the gene cl. The major racial groups in India tend to follow definite trends. The trait varies from dimples to furrows, and is independent of age but reveals sex differences. A plea is made to collect more family, twin and population data.
Models of race and cline
Authors: Brues Alice M.
Published: February 2006

Computer models have been constructed to depict in the form of two‐dimensional maps the effect of local selection on gene frequencies, particularly where partial barriers to gene flow are present at some points in an area.

It was found that small amounts of uniform gene flow between foci of contrasting selection tend to produce evenly spaced isogenes, giving a “clinal” pattern. The interposition of partial barriers causes isogenes to become closer together in the region of the barriers and to become parallel to the barriers. A corollary result is that in the region of the barriers the isogene systems for different genes tend to become parallel to one another even though the exact foci of active selection for the genes do not coincide. This resembles a “racial” rather than “clinal” trait distribution.

It was further observed that if a focus of active selection was peripheral in position (i.e., far from a genetic barrier) a clinal pattern extended across the area it affected between it and the barrier. If such a focus lies close to the barrier, the area it affects becomes rather uniform in gene frequency, with the “hinterland” approximating the gene frequency of the focus of active selection.

On the basis of these models interpretation of the distribution of cold‐adapted Mongoloid traits, and of the distribution of skin color across Europe and Africa, are suggested.
Multivariate analysis of anthropometric data and classifications of British Columbian natives
Authors: Hall Roberta L. , Macnair Peter L.
Published: February 2006

Anthropometric data collected in native populations of British Columbia in the late 19th century by Franz Boas were analyzed by two multivariate techniques. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to test physical classificatory units devised by Boas and an ad hoc classification based on local cultural units. Both were found to have some empirical validity. Mahalanobis' D (Mahalanobis, '30) was computed between pairs of local groups, for both sexes. From these a matrix of differences was prepared and diagrams drawn to illustrate phenetic relationships among samples. By this means one cluster of groups, Interior B.C. peoples, could be distinguished and other local samples appeared distinctly different from each other. It was concluded that in the absence of genealogical data by which to identify local populations, local cultural units are preferable to more inclusive units for making empirical comparisons and classifications.
Chromosomes of lemuriformes. I. A chromosome complement of Lepilemur mustelinus (I. Geoffroy 1851)
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Hamilton Andrew E. , Bergeron Jan A.
Published: February 2006

The diploid chromosome number of two specimens of Lepilemur mustelinus (I. Geoffroy 1851) is 2N = 20. All of the chromosomes, except the Y chromosome, are metacentric or submetacentric; the Y chromosome is acrocentric and is the shortest chromosome in the complement. Satellites on autosomal pair 5 provide marked chromosomes for the animals studied and may be a marked pair for the species.
Biochemical variation of hair keratins in man and non‐human primates
Authors: Hrdy Daniel , Baden Howard P.
Published: February 2006

Human hair from various racial groups was investigated using the following techniques: amino acid analysis, acrylamide gel electrophoresis, x‐ray diffraction studies, stress‐strain analysis. Each of these techniques yielded identical results for all samples, indicating that the variables producing phenotypic differences in human hair form are probably not on the level of primary or secondary biochemical structure. Hair samples of a variety of primates were examined electrophoretically, with each taxonomic family investigated exhibiting a different pattern. These biochemical results are consistent with accepted primate phylogeny.
A reconsideration of the Fontéchevade fossils
Authors: Trinkaus Erik
Published: February 2006

Reconstructions of the Fontéchevade fossils normally depict them as adults without neandertaloid brow ridges. A reconsideration of the size of the frontal sinus, the interorbital breadth, and the frontal squamous thickness of the gracile Fontéchevade I fragment suggests that it could represent either an adolescent or an adult. Similarly, a reconstruction of the Fontéchevade II cranium indicates that it could equally possess or lack a supraorbital torus. Unfortunately, absolute proof of either reconstruction is not available, and therefore, the evolutionary significance of the fossils is uncertain.
Relationships between lengths of long bones among recent Americans and early medieval Alamannic Germans
Authors: Huber N. M. , Jowett D.
Published: February 2006

Relationships between lengths of long bones in early medieval Alamanns and in recent white Americans do not differ significantly. Lacking evidence of any differences between the contribution of trunk length to stature in the two samples, formulas for estimating stature based on relationships of bone lengths to stature in an American sample thus appear applicable to the Alamannic material.
Forty‐five Northern Irish families: A cephalometric radiographic study
Authors: Brown W. A. B.
Published: February 2006

The individual bones that are identifiable from lateral skull radiographs have been analysed for the parents and growing children of 45 families. There were at least four children in each family and altogether there were 95 sons and 102 daughters. The youngest child was not less than seven years of age. Traced outlines were made of the bones and 24 linear and angular measurements were made; the raw data were transformed into scores to overcome differences due to age and sex. Analyses of variance of within and between families showed that for all the variables, the scores for persons in different families were significantly less similar, (P < 0.001), than scores to be found within families. Correlations were then computed for each variable between the mothers and fathers, the mothers and sons, the mothers and daughters, the fathers and sons, the fathers and daughters, brothers and sisters, paired brothers and paired sisters. It was found that there were no statistically significant correlations between the mothers and fathers, but for all the other combinations that were examined there were many correlations significant at a 0.1% and 1.0% level.
Osteoporotic bone loss in two prehistoric Indian populations
Authors: Perzigian Anthony J.
Published: February 2006

To examine the demineralizing effects of the ageing process on the human skeleton, a photon absorptiometric method was employed which measured bone mineral mass. Rates and amounts of demineralization were compared in two prehistoric Indian populations: Indian Knoll (dated between 2500 and 2000 B.C.) of the Archaic Period and Pete Klunk (dated between 50 B.C. and 250 A.D.) of the Middle Woodland or Woodland or Hopewell Period. The former was exclusively a hunting and gathering group while the latter supplemented its hunting and gathering with part‐time agriculture. Archaeological and osteometric data suggest that Hopewell had a more nutritionally adequate and reliable diet than Indian Knoll.

By regression slope analysis it was shown that, as in modern populations, trabecular and female rates of loss are greater, respectively, than cortical or male rates. Hopewell males and females lost bone at a faster rate than Indian Knoll males and females. When amounts of demineralization in these two groups were compared to that of a contemporary group, the Indian Knoll and contemporary populations were found to lose the same amount while Hopewell lost the greatest amount. It is suggested from these comparisons that dietary sufficency does not contribute significantly to skeletal maintenance during ageing.
The dating of Lantian man and his significance for analyzing trends in human evolution
Authors: Aigner Jean S. , Laughlin William S.
Published: February 2006

The Lantian fossil hominid cranium from Southern Shensi Province, China, provides the earliest record of Homo erectus in northern east Asia, and is morphologically the most primitive specimen in the entire world. Importantly, the Kungwangling Lantian cranium (calvarium plus face), with associated stone tools in good geologic and paleontological context, is demonstrably both earlier and more primitive than the Choukoutien I remains. Faunal and palynological evidence support a mid‐Mosbachium equivalent age (some 700,000 years). These facts are not recognized in the original Chinese reports.

The Chenchiawo Lantian mandible, like the Choukoutien I remains, is attributable to the Holstein‐equivalent in China (some 300,000 years ago), and therefore should no longer be temporally associated with the Kungwangling Lantian cranium. However, that the mandible may be morphologically associated with either calls attention to the relative independence of the mandible in human evolution. A comparative study of some modern Mongoloid populations in which very large mandibles may or may not be associated with a scaphoid keel or sagittal elevation depending upon the size and shape of the cranium demonstrates the relative autonomy of the mandible.

Continuing selection pressure for a masticatory complex with large jaws provides another point of continuity between East Asian fossil and modern Mongoloid hunting populations such as Eskimos and Aleuts.

A number of morphological features of the cranium, especially vault thickness, cranial capacity and reinforcement system, conform to expectation and confirm a general trend of reduction in vault thickness and reinforcement system with increase in cranial capacity over time within the single human species.
Age factor and the pattern of change in craniofacial structures
Authors: Israel Harry
Published: February 2006

Today special emphasis is being placed upon the understanding of human aging and this study is an attempt to shed light on the craniofacial complex during the later years. Postcranial skeletal alteration is clear and it is now evident that cranial and facial structures are no exception to the aging process. The longitudinal information presented here indicates continuing overall growth from early adulthood to later life. The cranium thickens and the skull diameter increases. Endocranial dimensions enlarge as well. This suggests larger overall skull size and expansion of the cranial cavity. The visceral cranial structures also participate in the continuing growth process. Enlargement in all areas seems to be of similar magnitude except for skull thickness, sella turcica, and frontal sinus. The size increase in these three structures is greater than in other segments examined. In essence, the craniofacial complex is in a state of growth throughout life. The entire system is involved in a process of symmetrical enlargement.
Hypodontia: Prevalence amongst Jewish populations of different origin
Authors: Eidelman Eliecer , Chosack Aubrey , Rosenzweig Kurt A.
Published: February 2006

The teeth of 10,371 male and 11,013 female Israel Jews were examined. Prevalence of all hypodontia was 4.60% with no significant difference between the sexes; 2.11% lacked upper lateral incisors, the females having a significantly higher prevalence than males. Second premolars were missing in 1.87% of the population, with no significant differences between the sexes. Missing lower incisors was diagnosed in 0.68% of the children, with a higher prevalence in males. Prevalence of missing lower incisors was similar in the Ashkenazi and in the non‐Ashkenazi. The teeth most frequently missing in descending order were the upper lateral incisors and the lower second premolars.
Possible metabolic constraints on human brain weight at birth
Authors: Epstein Herman T.
Published: February 2006

Having humans born with adult‐size brains would entail only a small and readily evolved increase in the size of the human female birth canal. The explanation for the present size of the human brain at birth is then plausibly based on the upper limit of brain that can be nourished by present human nutritional strategies. This limit turns out to be about 10% of the body weight of the newborn infant, in agreement with the actual value.
Some genetic traits in Solomon Island populations. II. Hand clasping, arm folding, and handedness
Authors: Rhoads John G. , Damon Albert
Published: February 2006

Among 1,438 persons in four Solomon Island populations, handclasp showed no age, sex, or tribal differences. The percentage of R‐claspers (right thumb on top), 66.4, exceeded those previously reported for Caucasian and Mongoloid peoples and resembled those for Oceanic and African samples. Handclasp was associated with handedness but not with armfold; it showed no assortative mating and no simple form of inheritance. Armfold showed an age association (more R‐folders among the youngest children), but none with sex or tribe, no assortative mating, and no pattern of inheritance. Its frequency, 41.4%, resembled those of populations around the world. Left handedness, 2.8% over all four tribes, paralleled contact with Western culture.
Some genetic traits in Solomon Island populations. III. Relative toe length
Authors: Papadopoulos Cathleen C. , Damon Albert
Published: February 2006

Among 1,605 Solomon Islanders from four tribes, there was no sex difference in relative length of the first and second toes. In three of the tribes, longer first toes were slightly more frequent in persons over the age of 45. The percentages of longer first toes in the groups as a whole were 60.5% for Baegu, 66.4% for Nasioi, and 72.1% for Kwaio. These frequencies, resembling those reported for white Americans, Europeans, and single small samples of New Caledonians and Vietnamese, were much below those for Africans. The fourth tribe, the Lau, had only 37.1% with a longer first toe, the lowest percentage reproted so far around the world. No simple mode of single‐gene inheritance was apparent, and polygenic inheritance is proposed.
On the estimation of some demographic characteristics on a prehistoric population from the American Southwest
Authors: Bennett Kenneth A.
Published: February 2006

After a general discussion of some of the limitations and assumptions inherent in paleodemographic studies, a method for the estimation of average life expectancy when only deaths by age are known is described and applied to the remains from Point of Pines, a prehistoric Western Pueblo population from the American Southwest. It was found that the method was not applicable to these data in its entirety, since there were considerable differences in mortality shapes between this prehistoric group and those summarized in the U. N. Model Life Tables. It is suggested that a range of average life expectancy can be calculated when the intrinsic rates of natural increase vary, and these are given for the Point of Pines data.
Economic impact on tooth emergence
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Nagy Jerrold M. , Sandusky Sam T. , Trowbridge Frederick
Published: February 2006

As shown in nearly 10,000 Negro and White boys and girls between 4.5 and 16.5 years of age, poverty‐level children (with an income‐to‐needs ratio of 1.0) tend to be delayed in permanent tooth emergence as compared with those approximating median per‐capita income. For boys, a per‐capita income difference of $2200 was associated with a 0.15 standard deviation difference in emergence timiing of 28 permanent teeth.
Aegyptopithecus endocasts: Oldest record of a pongid brain
Authors: Radinsky Leonard
Published: February 2006

Incomplete endocasts of Aegyptopithecus, one of the oldest known pongids. indicate that by 26 to 28,000,000 years ago the pongid brain was advanced over that of most prosimians in having relatively more visual cortex, relatively smaller olfactory bulbs and a well developed central sulcus, and in being relatively larger. The brain of Aegyptopithecus was more primitive than that of modern anthropoids in having a relatively smaller frontal lobe. The brain of Aegyptopithecus was relatively long and low, like that of Alouatta, but unlike that of most other anthropoids; that difference in shape may be the result of allometric factors, or may reflect retention of primitive cranial features in Aegyptopithecus.
Semi‐natural and enclosed groups of Macaca mulatta: A behavioral comparison
Authors: Drickamer Lee C.
Published: February 2006

Differences in aggression and grooming frequencies between enclosed and semi‐natural groups of Macaca mulatta were studied quantitatively. Group composition, group densities and time of day were held constant. Results indicated that semi‐natural monkey groups were significantly more aggressive, while enclosed groups exhibited significantly higher grooming frequencies. These results raise the question: Do alterations in behavioral frequencies lead to changes in social behavior patterns and group social organization?
Adaptive significance of small body size under poor socio‐economic conditions in southern Peru
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Sanchez Jorge , Pallardel Danilo , Yanez Lizandro
Published: February 2006

The relationship of variations in parental body size to offspring survival has been studied in a population of poor socio‐economic conditions (“Barriada”) in the southern highland of Peru. Parents of small body size, especially mothers, had significantly greater per cent offspring survival than parents with larger body size. In other words, the offspring survival effectiveness of subjects of small body size was greater than that of subjects of large body size. It is postulated that the greater offspring survival effectiveness associated with small parental body size may reflect possible adaptive responses to poor socio‐economic conditions.
Interactive use of computer models in teaching population genetics
Authors: Appleton D. R.
Published: February 2006

A technique using a computer with a graphical display unit to teach students the effects of genetic drift, selection and migration is described. Both diallelic and triallelic loci are discussed. The Fokker‐Planck equation is used as the mathematical model of the genetic system, and its validity as an approximation in this context is demonstrated by an investigation into selection at the ABO locus.

An appendix contains a derivation from the Fokker‐Planck equation of the formula used in the paper for the gene frequency distribution at a multiallelic locus in equilibrium under selection and migration.
A method of deriving subgroups of a population: A study of craniofacial taxonomy
Authors: Hirschfeld W. J. , Moyers R. E. , Enlow D. H.
Published: February 2006

Subgroups within a population are often difficult to discover and describe except by subjective methods. In this study, cluster analysis (numerical taxonomy) methods were used on selected craniofacial measurements obtained from 308 North American White children of both sexes in the age range 6–18 to derive categories of skeletal facial types.

Two different cluster analysis approaches were used in conjunction with a separate overall evaluation of facial balance, an independent measure of maxillo‐mandibular relationship (AB/FOP), and a traditional classification (Angle). The categories derived rest on corroborative and overlapping evidence from each of those methods.

The categories were examined to determine if it is possible to classify a sample by means of cluster analysis, the size and discreteness of each class, how they compare with the Angle classification of the same sample, and the percentage of individuals that may be identified unequivocally by this classification scheme.

Five categories were obtained. Labeled Category A — Category E, they show some correspondence to the Angle Classes I, II, and III, but categories A, B, and C appear to be subgroups, heretofore undetected, of Angle Class II. Categories D and E correspond to Angle Classes I and III, respectively. The categories are more realistic and informative than the Angle classes. Each category is reported along with its distinguishing skeletal characteristics.
Occlusal surface pattern of the lower molars and the second deciduous molar among the living Polynesians
Authors: Suzuki Makoto , Sakai Takuro
Published: February 2006

The occlusal surface pattern of the lower molars and the second deciduous molar among the Polynesians living in Western Samoa was studied on plaster casts. The following are the characteristic traits of this race. The occlusal surface pattern of the first and second lower molars falls within the range of variation of the Mongoloid racial group. In general, the variation of the furrow pattern is remarkable, but the tendency of reduction of number of cusps is not conspicuous.

The frequency of C6 in the lower molars and C7 in m2 is far higher than in any other population, but the frequency of C7 in M1 or M2 is not noticeably different.
The interpolation of isolated fossil foot bones into a discriminant function analysis—a reply
Authors: Day M. H.
Published: February 2006

In a recent note (Oxnard, '72) on the interpretation of the results of interpolating fossils into a discriminant function analysis it was suggested that the wrong conclusions had been drawn from the analyses. It is shown here that these criticisms stem from an incomplete understanding of the aims of the original work and of the biological interpretation put upon the statistical analyses.