bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The investigation of band gap and N chemical bond structure of N–TiO2 film prepared by N ion beam implantation
Authors: Liu Jindong , Zhao Shiping , Cui Yunxian , Wang Hualin , Liu Shimin , Jiang Weiwei , Liu Chaoqian , Wang Nan , Chai Weiping , Ding Wanyu
Published: September 2016

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) film was deposited by the direct current pulse magnetron sputtering technique. Then the surface of TiO2 film was implanted by the N ion beam at room temperature. Through this way, N-doped TiO2 (N–TiO2) film was obtained and the band gap of N–TiO2 film was decreased to 2.97 eV. XPS result revealed that N ion was doped into TiO2 film as Ti–N and Ti–NO bonds. N ion was substitutionally/interstitially doped into TiO2 crystal lattice and Ti–N bond was formed. N ion was doped into amorphous TiO2 and Ti–ON bond was formed. The polycrystal TiO2 film could result in that more N ion was substitutionally/interstitially doped into TiO2 crystal lattice, which could effectively narrow the band gap of N–TiO2 film. This work provides a potential N doping method which could be applied commercially.
BP Neural Network with Genetic Algorithm Optimization for Prediction of Geo-Stress State from Wellbore Pressures
Authors: Zhang Shike , Lv Jincheng , Yuan Xinsheng , Yin Shunde
Published: September 2016

Although lots of ways can be used to estimate geo-stress state, estimation of geo-stress state without knowing geomechanical parameters such as pore pressure, tensile strength and Poisson’s ratio, etc., still remains one of the most challenging tasks in geotechnical engineering. The main contribution of this paper is to present a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) with genetic algorithm (GA) optimization to predict the geo-stresses based on wellbore pressures of hydraulic fracturing tests during drilling. In the suggested hybrid model, the BPNN is used establish a mapping between the recording pressures and the geo-stress state. Also the GA is used to carry out the optimization of the weights and thresholds of BPNN model for improving accuracy of prediction. Finally, based on the record pressures in hydraulic fracturing (HF) tests, the BPNN model with genetic algorithm optimization successfully predicts the geo-stresses at the corresponding formation in the event that these parameters such as pore pressure, tensile strength and Poisson’s ratio are unavailable. In the meantime, the geo-stress state has been calculated using the theoretical formula by assuming pore pressure and tensile strength of rock mass are known. Then results from theoretical equation, BPNN and BPNN with GA optimization are compared, which shows that the degree accuracy of geo-stresses predicted by using GA-BPNN model is more obviously improvement than the predicted results by the basic BPNN model.
Measurement of Young’s Modulus and Internal Damping of Pork Muscle in Dynamic Mode
Authors: Chakroun Moez , Ghozlen Med Hédi Ben
Published: September 2016

Automotive shocks involve various tiers’ speed for different human body tissues. Knowing the behavior of these tissues, including muscles, in different vibration frequency is therefore necessary. The muscle has viscoelatic properties. Dynamically, this material has variable mechanical properties depending on the vibration frequency. A novel technique is being employed to examine the variation of the mechanical impedance of pork muscle as a function of frequency. A force is imposed on the lower surface of the sample and acceleration is measured on its upper surface. These two parameters are measured using sensors. The sample is modeled by Kelvin–Voigt model. These measures allow deducing the change in the mechanical impedance modulus (/[Formula: see text]/ [Formula: see text] /Force: Acceleration/) of pork muscle as a function of vibration frequency. The measured impedance has a resonance of approximately 60[Formula: see text]Hz. Best-fit parameters of theoretical impedance can be deduced by superposition with the experiment result. The variation of Young’s modulus and internal damping of pig’s muscle as a function of frequency are determined. The results obtained between 5[Formula: see text]Hz and 30[Formula: see text]Hz are the same as determined by Aimedieu and al in 2003, therefore validating our technique. The Young’s modulus of muscle increases with the frequency, on the other hand, we note a rating decrease of internal damping.
Constructing 1-cusped isospectral non-isometric hyperbolic 3-manifolds
Authors: Garoufalidis Stavros , Reid Alan W.
Published: September 2016

We construct infinitely many examples of pairs of isospectral but non-isometric [Formula: see text]-cusped hyperbolic [Formula: see text]-manifolds. These examples have infinite discrete spectrum and the same Eisenstein series. Our constructions are based on an application of Sunada’s method in the cusped setting, and so in addition our pairs are finite covers of the same degree of a 1-cusped hyperbolic 3-orbifold (indeed manifold) and also have the same complex length spectra. Finally we prove that any finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifold isospectral to the figure-eight knot complement is homeomorphic to the figure-eight knot complement.
Flexor Carpi Radialis to Palmaris Longus Tendon Transfer for Spontaneous Rupture of the Flexor Carpi Radialis Tendon—A Review of an Uncommon Finding and Surgical Technique for Operative Correction
Authors: Shearin Jonathan Winkworth , Walters Brian , Yang S. Steven
Published: September 2016

Spontaneous ruptures of the flexor carpi radialis tendon (FCR) are rare and associated with systemic inflammatory diseases, localized tendinopathy related to scaphotrapezial-trapezoidal arthritis, or chronic immunosuppression from corticosteroids. While most cases do not require operative intervention, some patients develop weakness, impaired range of motion, and persistent pain. Previously reported surgical options include synovectomy, tendon stump resection, and osteophyte removal. We describe a surgical technique for patients with persistent symptomatology following FCR rupture in which the FCR is transposed end-to-side to the palmaris longus tendon. Three cases using this technique are presented with follow-up of 4–9 months that were collected at Lenox Hill Hospital. All three patients did well regarding specific outcome measures: grip strength, range of motion, and functional activity. FCR transfer to palmaris is an alternative to other surgical options for the spontaneous rupture of the FCR tendon in patients who remain symptomatic despite a course of non-operative therapy.
Simultaneous Volar Dislocation of Distal Interphalangeal Joint and Volar Fracture-Subluxation of Proximal Interphalangeal Joint of Little Finger: A New Mechanism of Injury
Authors: Mozaffarian Kamran , Bayatpour Abdollah , Vosoughi Amir Reza
Published: September 2016

Simultaneous volar dislocation of distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and volar fracture-subluxation of proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of the same finger has not been reported yet. A 19-year-old man was referred due to pain on the deformed left little finger after a ball injury. Radiographs showed volar dislocation of the DIP joint and dorsal lip fracture of the middle phalanx with volar subluxation of PIP joint of the little finger. This case was unique in terms of the mechanism of injury which was hyperflexion type in two adjacent joints of the same finger. The patient was treated by closed reduction of DIP joint dislocation and open reduction and internal fixation of the PIP joint fracture-subluxation and application of dorsal external fixator due to instability. Finally, full flexion of the PIP joint and full extension of the DIP joint were obtained but with 10 degree extension lag at the PIP joint and DIP joint flexion ranging from 0 degree to 30 degrees. Some loss of motion in small joints of the fingers after hyperflexion injuries should be expected.
Does Graft on Flap Method Work on Sequela of Fingertip Amputation?
Authors: Sano Kazufumi , Ozeki Satoru
Published: September 2016

The graft on flap method, a useful option for the restoration of fresh fingertip amputation, was applied to the reconstruction of the short fingertip stumps resulting from the initial amputated stump plasties. As a modification, a nail bed graft from the big toe and a small cubic iliac bone graft were substituted for the lost tissues normally reduced as a composite graft in fresh cases. Upon follow-up ranging from 1 to 8 years, the grafted bone was found to have been resorpted in all cases. For the reconstruction of short fingertip stumps after the initial amputated stump plasties, acceptable results have not yet been achieved using the graft on flap method.
Effects of Low Incoming Turbulence on the Flow around a 5 : 1 Rectangular Cylinder at Non-Null-Attack Angle
Authors: Ricci M. , Patruno L. , de Miranda S. , Ubertini F.
Published: September 2016

The incompressible high Reynolds number flow around the rectangular cylinder with aspect ratio 5 : 1 has been extensively studied in the recent literature and became a standard benchmark in the field of bluff bodies aerodynamics. The majority of the proposed contributions focus on the simulation of the flow when a smooth inlet condition is adopted. Nevertheless, even when nominally smooth conditions are reproduced in wind tunnel tests, a low turbulence intensity is present together with environmental disturbances and model imperfections. Additionally, many turbulence models are known to be excessively dissipative in laminar-to-turbulent transition zones, generally leading to overestimation of the reattachment length. In this paper, Large Eddy Simulations are performed on a 5 : 1 rectangular cylinder at non-null-attack angle aiming at studying the sensitivity of such flow to a low level of incoming disturbances and compare the performance of standard Smagorinsky-Lilly and Kinetic Energy Transport turbulence models.
Bioenergy and Breast Cancer: A Report on Tumor Growth and Metastasis
Authors: Running Alice , Greenwood Mark , Hildreth Laura , Schmidt Jade
Published: September 2016

As many as 80% of the 296,000 women and 2,240 men diagnosed with breast cancer in the United States will seek out complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments. One such therapy is Healing Touch (HT), recognized by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) as a treatment modality. Using a multiple experimental groups design, fifty‐six six‐ to eight‐week‐old Balb/c mice were injected with 4T1 breast cancer tumor cells and randomly divided into intervention and positive control groups. Five days after tumor cell injection, mice in the intervention groups received HT either daily or every other day for 10 minutes by one HT practitioner. At 15 days after tumor cell injection, tumor size was measured, and metastasis was evaluated by a medical pathologist after necropsy. Tumor size did not differ significantly among the groups (F(3,52) = 0.75, p value = 0.53). The presence of metastasis did not differ across groups (chi‐square(3) = 3.902, p = 0.272) or when compared within an organ (liver: chi‐square(3) = 2.507, p = 0.474; lungs: chi‐square(3) = 3.804, p = 0.283; spleen: chi‐square(3) = 0.595, p = 0.898). However, these results did indicate a moderate, though insignificant, positive impact of HT and highlight the need for continued research into dose, length of treatment, and measurable outcomes (tumor size, metastasis) to provide evidence to suggest application for nursing care.
Effects of Berberine on NLRP3 and IL-1βExpressions in Monocytic THP-1 Cells with Monosodium Urate Crystals-Induced Inflammation
Authors: Liu Ya-Fei , Wen Cai-Yu-Zhu , Chen Zhe , Wang Yu , Huang Ying , Tu Sheng-Hao
Published: September 2016

Background.Urate crystals-induced inflammation is a critical factor during the initiation of gouty arthritis. Berberine is well known for its anti-inflammatory activity. However, the underlying effects of berberine on monosodium urate crystals-induced inflammation remain obscure.Objectives.This study is set to explore the protective effect and mechanism of berberine on monosodium urate crystals-induced inflammation in human monocytic THP-1 cells.Methods.The mRNA levels of NLRP3 and IL-1βwere measured by Real-Time PCR, and the protein levels of NLRP3 and IL-1βwere determined by ELISA, Western blot, and immunofluorescence.Results.The NLRP3 and IL-1βexpressions were significantly increased in model group compared to that in normal group (P<0.05). Meanwhile, there was significant reduction in the expressions of NLRP3 and IL-1βmRNA in groups 6.25 μM berberine and 25 μM berberine when compared with model group (P<0.05).Conclusions.Therefore, berberine alleviates monosodium urate crystals-induced inflammation by downregulating NLRP3 and IL-1βexpressions. The regulatory effects of berberine may be related to the inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome.
An Updated Analytical Structural Pounding Force Model Based on Viscoelasticity of Materials
Authors: Xue Qichao , Zhang Chunwei , He Jian , Zou Guangping , Zhang Jingcai
Published: September 2016

Based on the summary of existing pounding force analytical models, an updated pounding force analysis method is proposed by introducing viscoelastic constitutive model and contact mechanics method. Traditional Kelvin viscoelastic pounding force model can be expanded to 3-parameter linear viscoelastic model by separating classic pounding model parameters into geometry parameters and viscoelastic material parameters. Two existing pounding examples, the poundings of steel-to-steel and concrete-to-concrete, are recalculated by utilizing the proposed method. Afterwards, the calculation results are compared with other pounding force models. The results show certain accuracy in proposed model. The relative normalized errors of steel-to-steel and concrete-to-concrete experiments are 19.8% and 12.5%, respectively. Furthermore, a steel-to-polymer pounding example is calculated, and the application of the proposed method in vibration control analysis for pounding tuned mass damper (TMD) is simulated consequently. However, due to insufficient experiment details, the proposed model can only give a rough trend for both single pounding process and vibration control process. Regardless of the cheerful prospect, the study in this paper is only the first step of pounding force calculation. It still needs a more careful assessment of the model performance, especially in the presence of inelastic response.
The Influence of Irradiation and Accelerated Aging on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of the Graphene Oxide/Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene Nanocomposites
Authors: Huang Guodong , Ni Zifeng , Chen Guomei , Zhao Yongwu
Published: September 2016

Graphene oxide/ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (GO/UHMWPE) nanocomposite is a potential and promising candidate for artificial joint applications. However, after irradiation and accelerated aging, the mechanical and tribological behaviors of the nanocomposites are still unclear and require further investigation. GO/UHMWPE nanocomposites were successfully fabricated using ultrasonication dispersion, ball-milling, and hot-pressing process. Then, the nanocomposites were irradiated by gamma ray at doses of 100 kGy. Finally, GO/UHMWPE nanocomposites underwent accelerated aging at 80°C for 21 days in air. The mechanical and tribological properties of GO/UHMWPE nanocomposites have been evaluated after irradiation and accelerated aging. The results indicated that the incorporation of GO could enhance the mechanical, wear, and antiscratch properties of UHMWPE. After irradiation, these properties could be further enhanced, compared to unirradiated ones. After accelerated aging, however, these properties have been significantly reduced when compared to unirradiated ones. Moreover, GO and irradiation can synergistically enhance these properties.
Nutrition andHelicobacter pylori: Host Diet and Nutritional Immunity Influence Bacterial Virulence and Disease Outcome
Authors: Haley Kathryn P. , Gaddy Jennifer A.
Published: September 2016

Helicobacter pyloricolonizes the stomachs of greater than 50% of the world’s human population making it arguably one of the most successful bacterial pathogens. ChronicH. pyloricolonization results in gastritis in nearly all patients; however in a subset of people, persistent infection withH. pyloriis associated with an increased risk for more severe disease outcomes including B-cell lymphoma of mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) and invasive adenocarcinoma. Research aimed at elucidating determinants that mediate disease progression has revealed genetic differences in both humans andH. pyloriwhich increase the risk for developing gastric cancer. Furthermore, host diet and nutrition status have been shown to influenceH. pylori-associated disease outcomes. In this review we will discuss howH. pyloriis able to create a replicative niche within the hostile host environment by subverting and modifying the host-generated immune response as well as successfully competing for limited nutrients such as transition metals by deploying an arsenal of metal acquisition proteins and virulence factors. Lastly, we will discuss how micronutrient availability or alterations in the gastric microbiome may exacerbate negative disease outcomes associated withH. pyloricolonization.
Analysis of Peristaltic Motion of a Nanofluid with Wall Shear Stress, Microrotation, and Thermal Radiation Effects
Authors: Dhanapal C. , Kamalakkannan J. , Prakash J. , Kothandapani M.
Published: September 2016

This paper analyzes the peristaltic flow of an incompressible micropolar nanofluid in a tapered asymmetric channel in the presence of thermal radiation and heat sources parameters. The rotation of the nanoparticles is incorporated in the flow model. The equations governing the nanofluid flow are modeled and exact solutions are managed under long wavelength and flow Reynolds number and long wavelength approximations. Explicit expressions of axial velocity, stream function, microrotation, nanoparticle temperature, and concentration have been derived. The phenomena of shear stress and trapping have also been discussed. Finally, the influences of various parameters of interest on flow variables have been discussed numerically and explained graphically. Besides, the results obtained in this paper will be helpful to those who are working on the development of various realms like fluid mechanics, the rotation, Brownian motion, thermophoresis, coupling number, micropolar parameter, and the nondimensional geometry parameters.
Compartment Syndrome as a Result of Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome
Authors: Kyeremanteng Kwadwo , D’Egidio Gianni , Wan Cynthia , Baxter Alan , Rosenberg Hans
Published: September 2016

Objective. To describe a single case of Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome (SCLS) with a rare complication of compartment syndrome.Patient. Our patient is a 57-year-old male, referred to our hospital due to polycythemia (hemoglobin (Hgb) of 220 g/L), hypotension, acute renal failure, and bilateral calf pain.Measurements and Main Results. The patient required bilateral forearm, thigh, and calf fasciotomies during his ICU stay and continuous renal replacement therapy was instituted following onset of acute renal failure and oliguria. Ongoing hemodynamic (Norepinephrine and Milrinone infusion) and respiratory (ventilator) support in the ICU was provided until resolution of intravascular fluid extravasation.Conclusions. SCLS is an extremely rare disorder characterized by unexplained episodic capillary hyperpermeability, which causes shift of volume and protein from the intravascular space to the interstitial space. Patients present with significant hypotension, hemoconcentration, hypovolemia, and oliguria. Severe edema results from leakage of fluid and proteins into tissue. The most important part of treatment is maintaining stable hemodynamics, ruling out other causes of shock and diligent monitoring for complications. Awareness of the clinical syndrome with the rare complication of compartment syndrome may help guide investigations and diagnoses of these critically ill patients.
Almost and Nearly Isosceles Pythagorean Triples
Authors: Choi Eunmi
Published: September 2016

This work is about extended pythagorean triples, called NPT, APT, and AI-PT. We generate infinitely many NPTs and APTs and then develop algorithms for infinitely many AI-PTs. Since AI-PT(a,b,c)is ofa-b=1, we ask generally for PT(a,b,c)satisfying|a-b|=kfor anyk∈N. These triples are solutions of certain diophantine equations.
Meta-Analysis of the Association between Vitiligo and Human Leukocyte Antigen-A
Authors: Li Zhangjun , Ren Jianwen , Niu Xinwu , Xu Qingqiang , Wang Xiaopeng , Liu Yale , Xiao Shengxiang
Published: September 2016

Objective. The objective of this study was to systematically evaluate the association between vitiligo and human leukocyte antigen- (HLA-) A.Methods. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and reference lists were searched for relevant original articles.Results. Nineteen case-control studies comprising 3042 patients and 5614 controls were included, in which 33 HLA-A alleles were reported. Overall, three alleles (HLA-A⁎02,A⁎33, and Aw⁎31) were significantly associated with increased risk of vitiligo, two (HLA-A⁎09 and Aw⁎19) were associated with decreased risk, and the remaining 28 were unassociated. Twelve alleles, seven alleles, and 19 alleles were common to three ethnicities, both types of vitiligo, and both typing methods, respectively. In the subgroup analysis by ethnicity and typing methods, the association of six alleles and five alleles was inconsistent in three populations and both typing methods, respectively. In the subgroup analysis by clinical type, the association of all seven alleles was consistent in both types of vitiligo.Conclusion. The meta-analysis suggests that HLA-A⁎02,A⁎33, and Aw⁎31 are associated with increased risk of vitiligo, while HLA-A⁎09 and Aw⁎19 are associated with decreased risk of vitiligo. The association of some alleles varies in terms of ethnicity and typing methods.
Phosphate Solubilization Potential of Rhizosphere Fungi Isolated from Plants in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Elias Firew , Woyessa Delelegn , Muleta Diriba
Published: September 2016

Phosphorus (P) is one of the major bioelements limiting agricultural production. Phosphate solubilizing fungi play a noteworthy role in increasing the bioavailability of soil phosphates for plants. The present study was aimed at isolating and characterizing phosphate solubilizing fungi from different rhizospheres using both solid and liquid Pikovskaya (PVK) medium. A total of 359 fungal isolates were obtained from 150 rhizosphere soil samples of haricot bean, faba bean, cabbage, tomato, and sugarcane. Among the isolates, 167 (46.52%) solubilized inorganic phosphate. The isolated phosphate solubilizing fungi belonged to genera ofAspergillus(55.69%),Penicilliumspp. (23.35%), andFusarium(9.58%). Solubilization index (SI) ranged from 1.10 to 3.05. Isolates designated as JUHbF95 (Aspergillussp.) and JUFbF59 (Penicilliumsp.) solubilized maximum amount of P 728.77 μg·mL−1and 514.44 μg mL−1, respectively, from TCP (tricalcium phosphate) after 15 days of incubation. The highest (363 μg mL−1) soluble-P was released from RP with the inoculation of JUHbF95 in the PVK broth after 10 days of incubation. The present study indicated the presence of diverse plant associated P-solubilizing fungi that may serve as potential biofertilizers.
Ischemic Strokes: Observations from a Hospital Based Stroke Registry in Bangladesh
Authors: Bhowmik Nirmalendu Bikash , Abbas Aamir , Saifuddin Mohammad , Islam Md. Rashedul , Habib Rumana , Rahman Aminur , Haque Md. Amirul , Hassan Zahid , Wasay Mohammad
Published: September 2016

Background.Stroke is an important morbidity for low and middle income countries like Bangladesh. We established the first stroke registry in Bangladesh.Methods.Data was collected from stroke patients who were admitted in Department of Neurology of BIRDEM with first ever stroke, aged between 30 and 90 years. Patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhage, and posttrauma features were excluded.Results.Data was gathered from 679 stroke patients. Mean age was 60.6 years. Almost 68% of patients were male. Small vessel strokes were the most common accounting for 45.4% of all the patients followed by large vessel getting affected in 32.5% of the cases. Only 16 (2.4%) died during treatment, and 436 (64.2%) patients had their mRS score of 3 to 5. Age greater than 70 years was associated with poor outcome on discharge [OR 1.79 (95% CI: 1.05 to 3.06)] adjusting for gender, duration of hospital stay, HDL, and pneumonia. Age, mRS, systolic blood pressure, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and stroke severity explained the Barthel score.Conclusion.Mortality was low but most of patient had moderate to severe disability at discharge. Age, mRS, systolic blood pressure, urinary tract infection, pneumonia, and stroke severity influenced the Barthel score.
Planar Dual-Band Monopole Antenna with an Extended Ground Plane for WLAN Applications
Authors: Al-Zayed Ayman S. , Shameena V. A.
Published: September 2016

A compact planar microstrip-fed monopole antenna designed for dual-band operation is proposed for WLAN applications. The antenna is composed of a rectangular strip monopole in addition to an inverted-L parasitic element that is connected to the truncated ground plane of the microstrip feed. Besides exciting an additional band of operation, the parasitic element also improves the bandwidth of the band excited by the strip monopole. Several simulated parametric studies are conducted to investigate the effects of each geometrical parameter on the behavior of the antenna. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed antenna covers the 2.4 and 5.8 GHz bands utilized in WLAN. In both bands, the proposed antenna exhibits good impedance match, moderate gain (approximately 2 dBi), and sustainable omnidirectional-like radiation patterns in both principal planes. An equivalent circuit model of the antenna is also developed.
Melatonin in Retinal Physiology and Pathology: The Case of Age‐Related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Blasiak Janusz , Reiter Russel J. , Kaarniranta Kai
Published: September 2016

Melatonin, an indoleamine, is synthesized mainly in the pineal gland in a circadian fashion, but it is produced in many other organs, including the retina, which seems to be especially important as the eye is a primary recipient of circadian signals. Melatonin displays strong antioxidative properties, which predispose it to play a protective role in many human pathologies associated with oxidative stress, including premature aging and degenerative disease. Therefore, melatonin may play a role in age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), a disease affecting photoreceptors, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with an established role of oxidative stress in its pathogenesis. Several studies have shown that melatonin could exert the protective effect against damage to RPE cells evoked by reactive oxygen species (ROS), but it has also been reported to increase ROS‐induced damage to photoreceptors and RPE. Melatonin behaves like synthetic mitochondria‐targeted antioxidants, which concentrate in mitochondria at relatively high levels; thus, melatonin may prevent mitochondrial damage in AMD. The retina contains telomerase, an enzyme implicated in maintaining the length of telomeres, and oxidative stress inhibits telomere synthesis, while melatonin overcomes this effect. These features support considering melatonin as a preventive and therapeutic agent in the treatment of AMD.
The Analysis and Calculation Method of Urban Rail Transit Carrying Capacity Based on Express-Slow Mode
Authors: Ding Xiaobing , Zhang Shengrun , Liu Zhigang , Hu Hua , Xu Xingfang , Xu Weixiang
Published: September 2016

Urban railway transport that connects suburbs and city areas is characterized by uneven temporal and spatial distribution in terms of passenger flow and underutilized carrying capacity. This paper aims to develop methodologies to measure the carrying capacity of the urban railway by introducing a concept of the express-slow mode. We first explore factors influencing the carrying capacity under the express-slow mode and the interactive relationships among these factors. Then we establish seven different scenarios to measure the carrying capacity by considering the ratio of the number of the express trains and the slow trains, the station where overtaking takes place, and the number of overtaking maneuvers. Taking Shanghai Metro Line 16 as an empirical study, the proposed methods to measure the carrying capacity under different express-slow mode are proved to be valid. This paper contributes to the literature by remodifying the traditional methods to measure the carrying capacity when different express-slow modes are applied to improve the carrying capacity of the suburban railway.
Rapidly Progressive Spontaneous Spinal Epidural Abscess
Authors: Aycan Abdurrahman , Aktas Ozgür Yusuf , Guzey Feyza Karagoz , Tufan Azmi , Isler Cihan , Aycan Nur , Gulsen İsmail , Arslan Harun
Published: September 2016

Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is a rare disease which is often rapidly progressive. Delayed diagnosis of SEA may lead to serious complications and the clinical findings of SEA are generally nonspecific. Paraspinal abscess should be considered in the presence of local low back tenderness, redness, and pain with fever, particularly in children. In case of delayed diagnosis and treatment, SEA may spread to the epidural space and may cause neurological deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) remains the method of choice in the diagnosis of SEA. Treatment of SEA often consists of both medical and surgical therapy including drainage with percutaneous entry, corpectomy, and instrumentation.
Active Tuberculosis Case Finding in Port-au-Prince, Haiti: Experiences, Results, and Implications for Tuberculosis Control Programs
Authors: Delva Guesly J. , Francois Ingrid , Claassen Cassidy W. , Dorestan Darwin , Bastien Barbara , Medina-Moreno Sandra , Fort Dumesle St. , Redfield Robert R. , Buchwald Ulrike K.
Published: September 2016

Background. Haiti has the highest tuberculosis (TB) prevalence in the Americas with 254 cases per 100,000 persons. Case detection relies on passive detection and TB services in many regions suffer from poor diagnostic and clinical resources.Methods.Mache Chache(“Go and Seek”) was a TB REACH Wave 3 funded TB case finding project in Port-au-Prince between July 2013 and September 2014, targeting four intervention areas with insufficient TB diagnostic performance.Results. Based on a verbal symptom screen emphasizing the presence of cough, the project identified 11,150 (11.75%) of all screened persons as TB subjects and 2.67% as smear-positive (SS+) TB cases. Enhanced case finding and strengthening of laboratory services led to a 59% increase in bacteriologically confirmed cases in the evaluation population. In addition, smear grades dropped significantly, suggesting earlier case detection. Xpert® MTB/RIF was successfully introduced and improved TB diagnosis in HIV-infected, smear-negative clinic patients, but not in HIV-negative, smear-negative TB suspects in the community. However, the number needed to screen for one additional SS+ case varied widely between clinic and community screening activities.Conclusion. Enhanced and active TB case finding in Haiti can improve TB diagnosis and care. However, screening algorithms have to be tailored to individual settings, necessitating long-term commitment.
Effect of Heweianshen Decoction on Orexin‐A and Cholecystokinin‐8 Expression in Rat Models of Insomnia
Authors: Li Fagen , Li Shaodan , Liu Yi , Cao Ke , Yang Minghui
Published: September 2016

Objective. To study the effect of Heweianshen decoction (HAD) on orexin‐A and cholecystokinin‐8 (CCK‐8) expression in rat models of insomnia caused by injecting parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) intraperitoneally. Methods. Fifty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (10 rats in each group): blank group, model group, and low‐, medium‐, and high‐dose HAD‐treated groups. A rat model of insomnia was established by injecting intraperitoneally with PCPA (300 mg/kg body weight). Rats were given normal saline (10 mL/kg) or 5.25, 10.5, and 21 g/kg HAD by intragastric administration once a day for 6 days. After that, the rats were sacrificed to collect the hypothalamus for tests, using radioimmunoassay to detect the expression of orexin‐A and CCK‐8. Results. Heweianshen decoction reduced the expression of orexin‐A and increased the expression of CCK‐8 in the hypothalamus of rat model of insomnia. Conclusion. The therapeutic effect of HAD on insomnia is partially attributed to the decreased expression of orexin‐A and increased expression of CCK‐8.
Influence of Turbulence Model for Wind Turbine Simulation in Low Reynolds Number
Authors: Suzuki Masami
Published: September 2016

In designing a wind turbine, the validation of the mathematical model’s result is normally carried out by comparison with wind tunnel experiment data. However, the Reynolds number of the wind tunnel experiment is low, and the flow does not match fully developed turbulence on the leading edge of a wind turbine blade. Therefore, the transition area from laminar to turbulent flow becomes wide under these conditions, and the separation point is difficult to predict using turbulence models. The prediction precision decreases dramatically when working with tip speed ratios less than the maximum power point. This study carries out a steadiness calculation with turbulence model and an unsteadiness calculation with laminar model for a three-blade horizontal axis wind turbine. The validation of the calculations is performed by comparing with experimental results. The power coefficients calculated without turbulence models are in agreement with the experimental data for a tip speed ratio greater than 5.
New Trends of Digital Data Storage in DNA
Authors: De Silva Pavani Yashodha , Ganegoda Gamage Upeksha
Published: September 2016

With the exponential growth in the capacity of information generated and the emerging need for data to be stored for prolonged period of time, there emerges a need for a storage medium with high capacity, high storage density, and possibility to withstand extreme environmental conditions. DNA emerges as the prospective medium for data storage with its striking features. Diverse encoding models for reading and writing data onto DNA, codes for encrypting data which addresses issues of error generation, and approaches for developing codons and storage styles have been developed over the recent past. DNA has been identified as a potential medium for secret writing, which achieves the way towards DNA cryptography and stenography. DNA utilized as an organic memory device along with big data storage and analytics in DNA has paved the way towards DNA computing for solving computational problems. This paper critically analyzes the various methods used for encoding and encrypting data onto DNA while identifying the advantages and capability of every scheme to overcome the drawbacks identified priorly. Cryptography and stenography techniques have been analyzed in a critical approach while identifying the limitations of each method. This paper also identifies the advantages and limitations of DNA as a memory device and memory applications.
Capturing the Perceived Phantom Limb through Virtual Reality
Authors: Rogers Christian , Lau Jonathan , Huynh Denver , Albertson Steven , Beem James , Qian Enlin
Published: September 2016

Phantom limb is the sensation amputees may feel when the missing limb is still attached to the body and is still moving as it would if it still existed. Despite there being between 50 and 80% of amputees who report neuropathic pain, also known as phantom limb pain (PLP), there is still little understanding of why PLP occurs. There are no fully effective long-term treatments available. One of the struggles with PLP is the difficulty for amputees to describe the sensations of their phantom limbs. The sensations may be of a limb that is in a position that is impossible for a normal limb to attain. The goal of this project was to treat those with PLP by developing a system to communicate the sensations those with PLP were experiencing accurately and easily through various hand positions using a model arm with a user friendly interface. The system was developed with Maya 3D animation software, the Leap Motion input device, and the Unity game engine. The 3D modeled arm was designed to mimic the phantom sensation being able to go beyond normal joint extensions of regular arms. The purpose in doing so was to obtain a true 3D visualization of the phantom limb.
Synthesis and Characterization of Graphene Oxide-Modified Bi2WO6and Its Use as Photocatalyst
Authors: Hu Xiaoyue , Meng Xiangchao , Zhang Zisheng
Published: September 2016

A Bi2WO6photocatalyst modified with graphene was synthesized in a two-step template-free hydrothermal process. The prepared samples were characterized to explore their properties. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared samples were investigated by degrading dye model, Rhodamine B (RhB), under visible light irradiation. This showed that the modified Bi2WO6photocatalyst with 1.2 wt% of graphene greatly improved photocatalytic activity during the degradation of dye pollutants, compared to pure Bi2WO6. The enhancement can be interpreted as the integrated effects of ultrahigh charge carriers’ mobility and high adsorption of RhB on graphene. Additionally, effects including catalysts dosage amount, pH of RhB solution, and temperature of reactor on the photocatalytically degrading RhB were also studied and discussed.
Bearing Fault Diagnosis Based on Deep Belief Network and Multisensor Information Fusion
Authors: Tao Jie , Liu Yilun , Yang Dalian
Published: September 2016

In the rolling bearing fault diagnosis, the vibration signal of single sensor is usually nonstationary and noisy, which contains very little useful information, and impacts the accuracy of fault diagnosis. In order to solve the problem, this paper presents a novel fault diagnosis method using multivibration signals and deep belief network (DBN). By utilizing the DBN’s learning ability, the proposed method can adaptively fuse multifeature data and identify various bearing faults. Firstly, multiple vibration signals are acquainted from various fault bearings. Secondly, some time-domain characteristics are extracted from original signals of each individual sensor. Finally, the features data of all sensors are put into the DBN and generate an appropriate classifier to complete fault diagnosis. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of multivibration signals, experiments are carried out on the individual sensor with the same conditions and procedure. At the same time, the method is compared with SVM, KNN, and BPNN methods. The results show that the DBN-based method is able to not only adaptively fuse multisensor data, but also obtain higher identification accuracy than other methods.
The Study of Frost Occurrence in Free State Province of South Africa
Authors: Moeletsi Mokhele Edmond , Tongwane Mphethe , Tsubo Mitsuru
Published: September 2016

The study investigated the cessation, onset, and duration of light, medium, and heavy frost in Free State province of South Africa using minimum temperatures from 1960 to 2015. Trends in the frost indices were assessed using the Man-Kendall test. Onset of frost varied spatially with earlier onset over the northern, eastern, and southeastern parts. Areas of early onset also experience late cessation of frost resulting in shorter growing period of less than 240 days. The western parts have longer growing period exceeding 240 days due to earlier cessation of frost and relatively late onset of frost. Trends for the frost-free period (growing period) show contrasting negative and positive trends with isolated significant trends.
Key Challenges and Opportunities Associated with the Use of In Vitro Models to Detect Human DILI: Integrated Risk Assessment and Mitigation Plans
Authors: Atienzar Franck A. , Blomme Eric A. , Chen Minjun , Hewitt Philip , Kenna J. Gerry , Labbe Gilles , Moulin Frederic , Pognan Francois , Roth Adrian B. , Suter-Dick Laura , Ukairo Okechukwu , Weaver Richard J. , Will Yvonne , Dambach Donna M.
Published: September 2016

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major cause of late-stage clinical drug attrition, market withdrawal, black-box warnings, and acute liver failure. Consequently, it has been an area of focus for toxicologists and clinicians for several decades. In spite of considerable efforts, limited improvements in DILI prediction have been made and efforts to improve existing preclinical models or develop new test systems remain a high priority. While prediction of intrinsic DILI has improved, identifying compounds with a risk for idiosyncratic DILI (iDILI) remains extremely challenging because of the lack of a clear mechanistic understanding and the multifactorial pathogenesis of idiosyncratic drug reactions. Well-defined clinical diagnostic criteria and risk factors are also missing. This paper summarizes key data interpretation challenges, practical considerations, model limitations, and the need for an integrated risk assessment. As demonstrated through selected initiatives to address other types of toxicities, opportunities exist however for improvement, especially through better concerted efforts at harmonization of current, emerging and novel in vitro systems or through the establishment of strategies for implementation of preclinical DILI models across the pharmaceutical industry. Perspectives on the incorporation of newer technologies and the value of precompetitive consortia to identify useful practices are also discussed.
The Neurovascular Properties of Dental Stem Cells and Their Importance in Dental Tissue Engineering
Authors: Ratajczak Jessica , Bronckaers Annelies , Dillen Yörg , Gervois Pascal , Vangansewinkel Tim , Driesen Ronald B. , Wolfs Esther , Lambrichts Ivo , Hilkens Petra
Published: September 2016

Within the field of tissue engineering, natural tissues are reconstructed by combining growth factors, stem cells, and different biomaterials to serve as a scaffold for novel tissue growth. As adequate vascularization and innervation are essential components for the viability of regenerated tissues, there is a high need for easily accessible stem cells that are capable of supporting these functions. Within the human tooth and its surrounding tissues, different stem cell populations can be distinguished, such as dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human deciduous teeth, stem cells from the apical papilla, dental follicle stem cells, and periodontal ligament stem cells. Given their straightforward and relatively easy isolation from extracted third molars, dental stem cells (DSCs) have become an attractive source of mesenchymal‐like stem cells. Over the past decade, there have been numerous studies supporting the angiogenic, neuroprotective, and neurotrophic effects of the DSC secretome. Together with their ability to differentiate into endothelial cells and neural cell types, this makes DSCs suitable candidates for dental tissue engineering and nerve injury repair.
Can Transcutaneous CO2Tension Be Used to Calculate Ventilatory Dead Space? A Pilot Study
Authors: Lakshminarayana Pradeep H. , Geeti Adiba A. , Darr Umer M. , Kaufman David A.
Published: September 2016

Dead space fraction (Vd/Vt) measurement performed using volumetric capnography requires arterial blood gas (ABG) sampling to estimate the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2). In recent years, transcutaneous capnography (PtcCO2) has emerged as a noninvasive method of estimatingPaCO2. We hypothesized thatPtcCO2can be used as a substitute forPaCO2in the calculation ofVd/Vt. In this prospective pilot comparison study, 30 consecutive postcardiac surgery mechanically ventilated patients hadVd/Vtcalculated separately using volumetric capnography by substitutingPtcCO2forPaCO2. The meanVd/Vtcalculated usingPaCO2andPtcCO2was 0.48 ± 0.09 and 0.53 ± 0.08, respectively, with a strong positive correlation between the two methods of calculation (Pearson’s correlation = 0.87,p<0.05). Bland-Altman analysis showed a mean difference of −0.05 (95% CI: −0.01 to −0.09) between the two methods.PtcCO2measurements can provide a noninvasive means to measureVd/Vt, thus accessing important physiologic information and prognostic assessment in patients receiving mechanical ventilation.
Melanotic Neuroectodermal Tumor of Infancy with Involvement of the Superior Sagittal Sinus
Authors: Foster Kimberly A. , Choudhri Asim , Lingo Ryan , Boop Frederick
Published: September 2016

Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy (MNTI) is a rare lesion that typically manifests in the first year of life, most commonly involving the facial bones. We present 2 infants with MNTI involving the posterior skull with associated compression of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS). A review of the anatomical locations of MNTI is offered, and the implications of SSS involvement are described. This represents the first known description of MNTI with involvement of the posterior SSS.
Practical Considerations for the Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants
Authors: Trikha Rahul , Kowey Peter R.
Published: September 2016

Objectives: Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban are nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) approved for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). Phase-3 clinical trials demonstrated NOACs were as effective as warfarin in the prevention of stroke or systemic embolism and associated with decreased incidences of intracranial bleeding. Additionally, NOACs provide quicker onset of action, simpler dosing, more predictable pharmacokinetic profiles, and decreased food and drug interactions compared with warfarin. Despite the advantages of NOACs, the lack of knowledge may limit their use in clinical practice. Methods: A search was performed on the terms ‘atrial fibrillation' and ‘dabigatran', ‘apixaban', ‘edoxaban', or ‘rivaroxaban' to identify relevant papers; large randomized clinical trials, meta-analyses, and treatment guideline recommendations were given preference. Searches to identify registries, treatment guidelines, and meta-analyses relevant to patient subgroups were also employed. Results: Dosing recommendations, initiation of treatment, and applications in patients who undergo NVAF procedures, have mechanical heart valves, or experience other cardiovascular conditions such as myocardial infarction, previous stroke, and valvular heart disease are summarized. The NOAC-specific reversal approaches are also discussed. Conclusions: Several important factors should be considered regarding the adequate use of NOACs, especially in patients with renal impairment or cardiovascular conditions other than NVAF.
About ATMPs, SOPs and GMP: The Hurdles to Produce Novel Skin Grafts for Clinical Use
Authors: Hartmann-Fritsch Fabienne , Marino Daniela , Reichmann Ernst
Published: September 2016

Background: The treatment of severe full-thickness skin defects represents a significant and common clinical problem worldwide. A bio-engineered autologous skin substitute would significantly reduce the problems observed with today's gold standard. Methods: Within 15 years of research, the Tissue Biology Research Unit of the University Children's Hospital Zurich has developed autologous tissue-engineered skin grafts based on collagen type I hydrogels. Those products are considered as advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) and are routinely produced for clinical trials in a clean room facility following the guidelines for good manufacturing practice (GMP). This article focuses on hurdles observed for the translation of ATMPs from research into the GMP environment and clinical application. Results and Conclusion: Personalized medicine in the field of rare diseases has great potential. However, ATMPs are mainly developed and promoted by academia, hospitals, and small companies, which face many obstacles such as high financial burdens.