bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Virulence with Antimicrobial Resistance among Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Hospital Settings in Bangladesh
Authors: Kawser Zannat , Shamsuzzaman S. M.
Published: May 2022

Introduction:

Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae are difficult to treat and associated with high mortality rates. Hence, this study was conducted to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern along with the distribution of virulence genes among isolated string test positive and negative strains.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 44 K. pneumoniae strains were isolated following standard microbiological methods from 350 different clinical samples from patients admitted to Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. String test was done to detect the hypermucoid phenotype. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern was determined by dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (except colistin and fosfomycin) among all isolates. Polymerase chain reaction was done to detect the hypervirulence genes (magA, rmpA, rmpA2 iutA, iroN).

Results:

In this study, 21/44 (47.73%) of the isolated K. pneumoniae were string test positive and distribution of the virulence genes except rmpA2 was higher among them. A total of 15/44 (34.09%) of the isolated K. pneumoniae were MDR, 10/44 (22.73%) were extensively drug resistant, 1/44 (2.27%) was pan drug resistant, and 14/44 (31.82%) were colistin resistant. Isolated organisms were highly resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and most sensitive to fosfomycin in this study. Although all the string test positive strains showed higher resistance rates than the string test negative ones toward most of the tested antibiotics, only the differences of resistance rates to amoxiclav and tigecycline among the two phenotypes were statistically significant.

Conclusion:

Our findings highlight the importance of surveillance of the AMR pattern of hypervirulent K. pneumoniae in clinical samples. Therefore, a response to check the global dissemination of this hypervirulent K. pneumoniae with resistance determinants is urgently needed.
Two Sisters with Mal de Meleda
Authors: Cebeci Dua , Karasel Seide , Bayraktaroglu Görgün
Published: May 2022

Mal de Meleda (MDM) is a rare autosomal recessive type of palmoplantar keratoderma that is characterized by transgradient keratoderma with scleroatrophy, pseudoainhum around the fingers, and perioral erythema. Its features may also include lichenoid lesions, brachydactyly, and nail dystrophy. The disease has high morbidity and significantly impairs quality of life. Here, we describe two sisters with typical clinical presentations of MDM and a history of consanguinity between the parents.
Stages of Concern of Medical Faculty toward Adoption of Competency-based Medical Education in India
Authors: Mahajan Rajiv , Virk Amrit , Saiyad Shaista , Kapoor Anil , Ciraj A. M. , Srivastava Tripti , Chhatwal Jugesh , Mondal Tanushree , Kukreja Sahiba , Kalra Juhi , Barua Purnima , Bhandary Shital , Singh Tejinder
Published: May 2022

Context:

Currently, a major curricular reform in the form of competency-based medical education (CBME) curriculum is being rolled out across all medical colleges in India. However, it is important to find out and address the concerns of faculty regarding various aspects of this new curriculum.

Aim:

To analyze the concerns of the faculty members of medical colleges in India in response to the changes emerging from the adoption and implementation of the new curriculum through the concerns-based adoption model by applying the stages of concern (SoC) questionnaire.

Methodology:

A multicentric, cross-sectional quantitative study involving faculty members currently working in medical colleges and with more than 2 years of teaching experience was conducted using SoC questionnaire (SoCQ). The questionnaire was delivered as Google Form.

Results:

Of the 744 faculty participants, 41.1% (306) of faculty belonged to the 31–40 years age group followed by the 41–50 years age group (267, 35.9%). Respondents rated their level of concern differently among the seven SoC - percentile scores were highest in Stage 0– awareness (94) and least in Stage 4– consequences (59). An appreciably higher percentile scores were seen at the consequences stage (63 vs. 54), collaboration stage (80 vs. 68), and refocusing stage (77 vs. 69) in those faculty members who were trained in curriculum implementation support program (CISP) compared to the untrained group. However; the SoCQ profiles of CISP trained and untrained faculty were very much similar. SoCQ profiles of holders of advanced training in medical education and non-holders were also the same.

Conclusion:

Almost after 2 years of well-planned introduction of the CBME curriculum in India, the generalized faculty profile is still suggestive of interested but non-user type for the adoption of CBME. However; compared to untrained faculty, CISP trained faculty is more concerned about the impact of CBME on students, collaborating with colleagues for its proper implementation and exploring more benefits from the implementation of CBME, indicating that more hand-holding is required for faculty development beyond CISP.
Case Report: Focal Myoclonus with a Striatal Lesion as a Presentation of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Authors: Kalita Jayantee , Chaudhury Sarvesh K. , Kumar Bishwanath , Jadhav Mahesh
Published: May 2022

Adult-onset subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is rare, and focal myoclonus as a presenting feature poses a diagnostic dilemma. We report an adult SSPE patient with unusual clinical and radiological features. A 20-year-old girl had jerky neck movement 9 months earlier, which progressed to left hemimyoclonus in 2 months and generalized frequent myoclonus and fall at 4 months. By 6 months, she was bedbound. On examination, her Mini-Mental State Examination score was 10, and patchy retinitis was observed around the macula. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed corpus striatal involvement and electroencephalography showed periodic discharges. Measles cerebrospinal fluid/serum immunoglobulin G index was 3.3 (normal < 1.3), confirming the diagnosis of SSPE. SSPE should also be considered in adults having focal myoclonus with corpus striatal lesion. EEG is helpful in the diagnosis.
Critique of “Judgment” in Gongsun Long’s “Zhiwu lun”
Authors: She Shiqin
Published: May 2022

This paper has attempted to characterize “Zhiwu lun” as the presentation of the incapacity of object-oriented knowledge to represent the realm of “things”, highlighting Gongsun Long’s epistemological and ontological value beyond a logical one. This paper proposes that only based upon this assumption does “Zhiwu lun” allow a thorough interpretation of “Mingshi lun”, whereby the intuitive function of “names” provides a better solution to the cognitive limits imposed by object-oriented (self-)consciousness. Methodologically, this paper mainly considers the Heidelberg School’s interpretation of Hölderlin’s critique of judgment in “Judgment and Being” to be both a complementary justification and reconstruction of the implicit structures of Gongsun Long’s view. This paper has presupposed the interpretation of Gongsun Long’s key concept of 指 as “judgment” in Hölderlin’s sense, in contrast to “things” (物) and “name” (名), then verified this hypothesis, as well as the relationships amongst these translations, by a close textual analysis and new translation of “Zhiwu lun”.
Comparing Logical Paradoxes through the Method of Sublation
Authors: Rošker Jana S.
Published: May 2022

This article addresses some basic methodological problems in the field of transcultural post-comparative studies of ancient logic by comparing the famous flying arrow paradox of Hui Shi (370–c. 310 BCE) with an apparently similar paradox attributed to Zeno of Elea (495–430 BCE). The article proceeds from a general introduction to the basic framework of semantically determined classical Chinese logic, to an illumination of Hui Shi’s specific contributions to the field, and finally to a preliminary explanation that emerges from a contrastive analysis of Zeno’s and Hui Shi’s respective views on the problem of motion and stasis as manifested in their corresponding paradoxes. The contrastive analysis, based on an exposition of some basic problems in the field of transcultural methodology and a description of the so-called sublation method, points to the importance of considering different paradigms and frames of reference in identifying differences between apparently similar theses.
Robert E. Allinson: The Philosophical Influences of Mao Zedong. Notations, Reflections and Insights
Authors: Ambrogio Selusi
Published: May 2022

This book is not merely a history of Mao’s thought, as it presents a philosophical inquest on its development. It is also a philosophical reflection on the state of contemporary Chinese society and culture employing Mao’s philosophical keys. What Allinson provides is a completely new narrative of the so-called Great Helmsman’s intellectual profile and all of 20th Chinese culture. This is the right book at the right moment for understanding China’s incredible growth and deep contradictions, but also the new Chinese diplomatic impatience towards unequal treatment on the international stage. Mao’s most unacceptable and dramatic decisions find a new coherency that, in this case, contradicts the thesis of the “banality of evil”. Allinson shows an excellent capacity to freely reflect with the thinker without lessening the tragic consequences of his political decisions. As the author states: “Mao represents a unique mixture between Plato’s philosopher king and Plato’s tyrant of the Republic” (p. 100).
Sexual reproductive health, NCDs and infectious diseases
Authors: K Tumwine James
Published: May 2022

NIL.
Cervical precancerous lesions at the Tchibanga Regional Hospital and the University Hospital in Gabon in 2018: smartphone as a screening tool for diagnosis
Authors: Ambounda Ledaga Nathalie , Honore Woromogo Sylvain , Emma Yagata-Moussa Felicite , Serge Mavoungou Audin , Noel Simo Tekem Vicky
Published: May 2022

Background: Cervical precancerous lesions are disorders that can induce discolouration changes. Their detection is difficult in remote areas in the absence of adequate equipment. The objectives were to evaluate Smartphone performance in diagnosing cervical precancerous lesions in Tchibanga, Gabon.

Methods: It was an interventional cross-sectional study to evaluate the validity and reliability of the smartphone as a tool for diagnosing atypical changes in the cervix. Study period was between July 1, 2017 to February 28, 2018 at the Tchibanga Regional Hospital (CHRT) and the University Hospital (CHU). The variability between examiners was determined according to Cohen's Kappa formula. The Gold standard test was the cytology.

Results: Compared to the examiner -1, the examiner - 2 found a high percentage of inflammations as atypical transformations: 15.3% versus 9%. With regard to smartphonic impressions, the examiner-1 found the normal impressions almost equal to that of the examiner-2, 72.9% versus 72.2%. The concordance between positive smartphonic impressions was 93.8% and 95.5% between negative smartphonic impressions, with k = 0.86.

Conclusion: In view of the above, the concordance between positive and negative smart phonic impressions was 93.8 and 95.5% with k = 0.86. The performance parameters being good, there is a need to use the smartphone as a tool for the diagnosis of precancerous lesions.

Keywords: Diagnosis; cervical precancerous lesions; Tchibanga; smartphone.
Human Papillomavirus types prevalence and their association with cervical dysplasia among HIV and non-HIV infected women attending reproductive health clinics in Eastern Kenya
Authors: James Kinotia Njue , Muturib Margaret , Kamauc Lucy , Lwembed Raphael
Published: May 2022

Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) causes over 99% of all cervical cancer globally. In 2019; it was responsible for 3,286 deaths in Kenya. Understanding the epidemiological distribution of HPV genotypes by cervical dysplasia and HIV infection is important in designing prevention strategy and management of cervical cancer.

Objective: To determine HPV genotypes prevalence and their distribution by cervical dysplasia, social-demographic and risk factors associated with cervical cancer among HIV-infected women aged 18-48 years seeking reproductive healthcare in Eastern Kenya.

Methods: Cervical specimens were obtained for cytology, HPV-genotyping, histology while social-demographic factors were collected using a questionnaire and analysed using Pearson chi-square test.

Results: 317 womencases: 161(50.8%); control 156(49.2%), mean age: 34.3, range 18-46 years were recruited. Thirteen HPV genotypes associated with cervical dysplasia were: CIN1{cases: HPV81[12(3.8%), HPV11[2(0.6%); control: HPV53 and HPV66[1(0.3%)}, CIN2 {cases: HPV11, HPV16, HPV661(0.3%), HPV816(1.9%) and single case1(0.3%) of HPV9, HPV11, HPV16, HPV44, HPV66, HPV81 HPV88, HPV53 and HPV58; control: HPV81[2(0.6%)} and invasive cancer {cases: HPV16[1(0.3%) and HPV81[3(0.9%); control: HPV16and HPV66[1(0.3%).

Conclusions: Cervical dysplasia was associated with more mixed-lr/hrHPV genotypes among HIV-infected than HIV-uninfected women. The finding adds to the pool of knowledge the epidemiological data required in determining the population at risk for cervical cancer.

Keywords: Human Papillomavirus; cervical dysplasia; HIV; Eastern Kenya.
Diagnosis and treatment of obstetrics disseminated intravascular coagulation in resource limited settings
Authors: C Okoye Helen , U Nwagha Theresa , O Ugwu Angela , E Menuba Ifeanyi , N Duru Augustine , O Ugwu Emmanuel , U Ezebialu Feanyichukwu , C Eze Stephen , O Ugwu Aloysuis
Published: May 2022

Background: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is one of the commonest causes of abnormal bleeding during pregnancy and puerperium. Its successful management is a challenging feat in resource limited settings (RLS).

Aim: To determine Obstetricians’ approach in diagnosing and treating obstetrics DIC in a RLS

Method: A semi-structured pre-tested 4-sectioned questionnaire was used to collect demographic data of Nigerian obstetricians and data on their practice in the diagnosis and treatment of obstetrics DIC.

Results: A total of 171 obstetricians responded. Preeclampsia was the most frequent cause identified (70.2%) followed by postpartum haemorrahge (58.3%). Platelet count determination was the test mostly used (95.9%) to make a diagnosis of DIC whereas, antithrombin assay was the least (20.6%) requested investigation. While about two-third would monitor the evolution of DIC, a little less than half of the obstetricians would not repeat laboratory testing more than every 2 days, reason mainly (61.8%) due to patient’s financial constraint. Almost three-quarter of them preferred fresh whole blood as the first line of treatment of DIC.

Conclusion: DIC remains a challenge in the obstetrics practice in RLS especially in investigations, monitoring and index of suspicion for non-overt DIC.

Keywords: Investigations; DIC; Obstetrician; diagnosis; treatment.
A comparative analysis on risk of pulmonary hypertension in children with Atrio-ventricular (AV) canal defect: a multi-centre study
Authors: Maduabuchi Chinawa Josephat , Onyinyechi Duru Chika , Tamunosiki Chinawa Awoere , Friday Chukwu Bartholomew
Published: May 2022

Objectives: This study is aimed at determining the risk of pulmonary hypertension in children with AV canal defect when comparedwith children with other congenital heart disease.

Methods: A descriptive study carried out in three institutions over a six-year period among children who presented with AV canal defect and their controls who presented with other congenital heart defects.

Results: A large proportion of the children with AV canal (77.5%) had pulmonary hypertension. Among the patients with pulmonary hypertension, 45.2% were males compared 54.8% females (χ2 = 3.2, p = 0.2). There was a positive correlation between pulmonary hypertension and size of VSD and ASD, although the correlation was not significant (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.01 and 0.4, p = 0.9 and 0.1 respectively). Children with AV canal defect had higher odds of developing most clinical symptoms and pulmonary hypertension than children with other congenital heart disease and this is statistically significant.

Conclusion: Majority of children with AV canal defect presented with pulmonary hypertension. These children present with higher odds of having pulmonary hypertension and clinical symptoms than children with other types of congenital heart disease.

Keywords: AV canal defect; pulmonary hypertension; children; odds.
Knowledge and indulgence in substance abuse among adolescents in Anambra state, South-East Nigeria
Authors: Ofiaeli Chioma Ogochukwu , Udigwe Bridget Ifeoma , Ndukwu Ifeyinwa Chizalu , Emelumadu Fidelia Obiageli
Published: May 2022

Background: Substance abuse is a growing societal problem with adolescents being at increased risk. The few studies in Nigerian adolescents have not factored in their knowledge base with regard to the concept of substance abuse.

Objectives: This study determined the indulgence in and knowledge of substance abuse and associated factors among adolescents.

Methods: This was a questionnaire based study involving 10 to 19year olds recruited from an adolescent summer camp in Anambra state, South-East Nigeria.

Results: The data of 276adolescents was analyzed, male–91, 33%, M: F = 1: 2. Mean age was 16.4 ± 1.4years. 13.8% (38) accepted they had abused substances in the past; 74.3% (205) had the correct knowledge of the meaning of substance abuse; 10.1% (28) admitted taking substances for pleasure. The substances taken included Alcohol (67.9%), Cigarette (25.0%), Tramadol (10.7%), Cocaine (7.1%), among others. Multiple substances were taken 28.6% of the time. Age category had no significant association with the abuse of substances (X2–2.656, p = 0.282). Stratified by age category, gender had a significant association with substance abuse in Late adolescence (n = 11; M–9, 81.8%; F–2, 18.2%; X2 = 6.893, p = 0.016) but not Mid-adolescence (n = 27; M – 10, 37.0%; F – 17, 63.0%; X2 = 0.749, p = 0.500).

Conclusion: An unacceptable proportion of the adolescents were already exposed to substances/drugs in spite of having suboptimal knowledge. Adolescents need to be educated on substance abuse and its dangers in order to curb this in the society.

Keywords: Drug abuse; adolescence; knowledge; Nigeria.
A mixed-methods, cross-sectional study of perceived stigma among Ugandans with epilepsy
Authors: Kaddumukasakaddumark@yahoo.co.uk Mark , Nalubwama Haddy , Blixen Carol , Sewankambo Nelson , Sajatovic Martha , Katabira Elly
Published: May 2022

Background: Epilepsy is associated with stigma and negatively impacts the lives of people living with epilepsy (PLWE) and their immediate families. More understanding of the stigma and discrimination experienced by PLWE in sub-Saharan Africa is needed.

Methods: In a cross-sectional, mixed methods study, forty- eight PLWE who met the study inclusion criteria were enrolled. In depth interviews and focus group discussions were conducted and were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Analysis was conducted using a thematic, constant comparative approach with an emphasis on dominant themes. Perceived stigma was measured using the Kilifi epilepsy stigma score. Associations between socio-demographic factors and Kilifi epilepsy stigma score were assessed.

Results: The median age of the study participants was 25 years, with median age (IQR) of epilepsy onset of 12 (6-18) years. The prevalence of high-perceived stigma was 31.9% (15/48). Seizure frequency was associated with high levels of perceived stigma (p-value of 0.038). Psychological abuse, rejections at home, places of employment and schools, poor relationships and intimacy and unmet engagements in social activities were cited as the perceived stigmatizing aspects among PLWE.

Conclusion: In this Ugandan sample perceived stigma remains unacceptably high and interventions to address it are urgently needed in our settings.

Keywords: Epilepsy; Stigma; Uganda.
The antimicrobial peptide alpha defensin correlates to type 2 diabetes via the advanced glycation end products pathway
Authors: El-Mowafy Mohammed , Elgaml Abdelaziz , Abass Naglaa , A Mousa Amany , N Amin Mohamed
Published: May 2022

Background: Diabetes is a serious health problem that results in high mortality rates worldwide. α-defensins are antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system that contribute to inflammation. However, data on serum levels of α-defensin in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes are limited.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the possible changes in α-defensin serum levels in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and to investigate its correlation with relevant biomarkers.

Methodology: Analysis of serum α-defensin levels in 47 type 2 diabetics with diabetic neuropathy, 19 type 2 diabetics with no complications and 19 healthy control subjects by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was established. Furthermore, measurement of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and fasting blood glucose (FBG) serum levels was performed, together with the lipid profile analysis.

Results: The serum levels of α-defensin were higher in patients with and without diabetic neuropathy in comparison to control subjects. In addition, there was a significant correlation between α-defensin serum levels and AGEs and FBG serum levels as well as with the body mass index.

Conclusions: α-defensins are significantly elevated in serum of type II diabetics, and correlate with AGEs serum levels indicating a crosstalk that may aggravate inflammation in type 2 diabetes.

Keywords: Alpha defensing; Advanced glycation end products; Hyperglycemia; Inflammation; Innate immunity; Type 2 diabetes.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF 23) and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) as markers of mineral bone disease among Nigerians with non-diabetic kidney disease
Authors: R Raji Yemi , O Ajayi Samuel , M Adeoye Abiodun , Amodu Olukemi , O Tayo Bamidele , L Salako Babatunde
Published: May 2022

Background: Excess cardiovascular burden in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been attributed to the occurrence of CKD–Mineral Bone Disease (CKD – MBD). This study aimed to determine the spectrum of CKD-MBD among Nigerians with CKD using Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF 23) and intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH).

Methods: Cross sectional survey of 105 patients with non-diabetic CKD and 104 controls. Information obtained were demographics, aetiology of CKD, features of CKD-MBD. Serum iPTH and FGF 23 were assayed.

Results: The mean ages were 48.7±15.3 vs 48.6±17.4 years while 54.7% and 45.2% were males for cases and controls, respectively. The mean plasma FGF 23 (392.8±35.3 vs 133.8±22.7 RU/mL and plasma iPTH (289±25.6 vs 118±10.8 ng/L, respectively. The frequency of elevated FGF 23 (45.7% vs 24.0%, p<0.01) and abnormal iPTH (53.3% vs 14.1%, p- 0.01) were higher in cases. The prevalence of MBD were (59.0% vs 14.4%, p<0.01) in cases and controls while dialysis status OR 2.94, 95% CI (1.2803–5.3645), and elevated FGF 23 OR, 1.87, 95% CI (1.1782–5.4291) were associated with CKD-MBD.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated high prevalence of CKD-MBD among patients with non-diabetic CKD while FGF23 and iPTH were useful assays in the diagnosis of CKD-MBD among Nigerians with CKD.

Keywords: CKD; mineral bone disease; diagnostic; FGF 23; parathyroid hormone.
Trauma unit admissions at the Ugandan National Referral Hospital: a descriptive study
Authors: Stone Luggya Tonny , Alenyo Ngabirano Annet , Sarah Richardson , Mabweijano Jackie , Osire John , Achieng Lilian , Nabulime Josephine , Bangirana Alex
Published: May 2022

Background: Injuries are a neglected epidemic globally accounting for 9% global deaths; 1.7 times that of HIV, TB and malaria combined. Trauma remains overlooked with key research and data focusing on infectious diseases yet Uganda has one of the highest rates of traumatic injury. We described demographics of patients admitted to Mulago Hospital’s Shock Trauma Unit within the Emergency Department.

Methods: This was a retrospective record review Trauma Unit admissions from July 2012 to December 2015. Information collected included: age, sex, time of admission, indication for admission and mechanism of trauma.

Results: 834 patient records were reviewed. The predominant age group was 18-35 with majority of patients being male. 54% of patients presented during daytime with 46% admitted in the evening hours or overnight. Mechanism of injury was documented in 484 cases. The most common mechanism was Road Traffic Accident (67.4%), followed by assault (12.8%) and mob violence (5.6%). The most common indication for admission was traumatic brain injury (84.5%), followed by haemodynamic instability (20.0%) and blunt chest injury (6.1%).

Conclusion: There’s a significant burden of high-acuity injury particularly among males with RTAs as the leading cause of admission associated with Traumatic Brain Injury as main admission indication.

Keywords: Emergency care; Trauma; Uganda; Traumatic Brain Injuries; Accidents, Injury.
Serum protein concentration and amino acid profile of HIV/HBV co-infected subjects on HAART in Plateau State, Nigeria
Authors: Uzoma Igwe Chidi , Emagba Ewuga Emmanuel , Onyedikachi Ujowundu Cosmas , Oparaji Onyeocha Ignatius , Adaku Onwuliri Viola
Published: May 2022

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are currently two important blood-borne human pathogens of major public health concern with high prevalence rates in Africa.

Objectives: The study assessed the impact of HIV and HBV mono- and co-infections on serum total protein, albumin, globulin fractions and plasma free amino acids concentrations.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on adult (25 – 64 years old) patients on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy attending AIDS Preventive Initiative in Nigeria Centre, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Plateau State, Nigeria. It involved 80 subjects; 20 HIV/HBV co-infected, 20 each of HIV and HBV mono-infected controls, and 20 seronegative controls.

Results: Signiﬁcant (p<0.05) increases in total protein and gamma globulin but a reduction in albumin concentrations were observed in the HIV/HBV co-infected group. Similarly, significant (p<0.05) increases in alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulin concentrations were observed in the mono- and co-infected groups compared to the seronegative control group. There were significant (p<0.05) increases in the glucogenic, aromatic and branched-chain amino acid concentrations of the HIV/HBV co-infected subjects.

Conclusion: The study suggests prognostic importance of alpha and gamma globulin fractions of serum protein as well as amino acid profile in the management of HIV/HBV co-infection.

Keywords: Total protein; albumin; globulin; amino acid; viral infection.
Factors associated with risky sexual behaviour among sexually experienced undergraduates in Osun state, Nigeria
Authors: Omisore Akinlolu , Oyerinde Ifeoluwa , Abiodun Omoniyi , Aderemi Zainab , Adewusi Titilayo , Ajayi Iseoluwa , Fagbolade Temitope , Miskilu Sukurat
Published: May 2022

Background: Risky sexual behavior (RSB) is common among youths which predispose them to sexually transmitted infections. This study sets out to identify the factors associated with RSB among undergraduates in Osun state.

Methods: The study design was descriptive cross sectional and a total of 550 respondents from two universities in Osun state were sampled using a multistage sampling technique, out of which data from 266 sexually experienced respondents was further analyzed. Data collected via a semi–structured self-administered questionnaire and analyzed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses.

Results: The 266 respondents consisted of 54.5% males and 45.5% females and larger percentage of them were in the age group 15-24years. Seven out of ten respondents (69.9%) were sexually active while 65.8% were involved in at least one RSB. Of the 266 respondents, 28.6% ever had concurrent multiple sexual partners, 15.8% used alcohol/drugs at last sex while 48.1% did not use condom at last sex. More males (71.7%), alcohol users (76.8%), drug users (78.0%), pornography watchers (82.7%), internet users (71.2%) respondents “not in good terms with mum” (86.7%) and “those whose mum doesn’t instruct them morally” (84.2%) were involved in RSB compared to their respective counterparts (p<0.05). However, there were no identifiable predictors of RSB on regression analysis.

Conclusion: Risky Sexual Behavior is prevalent among undergraduates with males being more involved, among other associated factors. Concerned stakeholders should engage youths via behavioral change communication strategies so as to significantly reduce their involvement in RSB.

Keywords: Behaviour; experienced; factors, risky; sexual undergraduates.
Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolated from children with acute diarrhoea at Rakai hospital, Southern Uganda
Authors: Masiga Fredrick , Kigozi Edgar , Florence Najjuka Christine , Kajumbula Henry , Patrick Kateete David
Published: May 2022

Background: Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is a leading cause of childhood diarrhoea. This study estimated the prevalence of DEC and DEC pathotypes among children with acute diarrhoea in Southern Uganda.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 267 children less than 5 years with acute diarrhoea, admitted to Rakai General Hospital in Southern Uganda. Faecal samples were collected from the children and processed for isolation of E. coli. The presence of DEC and the distribution of DEC pathotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction.

Results: A total of 102 (38.2%, 102/267) children had DEC of various pathotypes – enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) (14.2%); enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (6.7%); enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (6%); enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) (7.5%); enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) (3%); and cell-detaching E. coli (CDEC) (0.75%). The difference in the overall prevalence of DEC was not significant regarding HIV but individually, EAEC and CDEC were associated with HIV-positive status while ETEC was associated with HIV-negative status.

Conclusions: DEC is prevalent in children with acute diarrhoea in Southern Uganda and its identification in children should be considered among strategies for combatting childhood diarrhoea in Africa.

Keywords: Childhood diarrhea; Escherichia coli; Diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli (DEC); Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC); Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC); Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC); Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC); Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC); Rakai General Hospital; Uganda.
Train the trainer: improving health education for children and adolescents in Eswatini
Authors: McAdams E , Tingey B , Ose D
Published: May 2022

Background: Eswatini has the highest HIV prevalence in the world. One issue at the root of health in Eswatini is a lack of basic health knowledge among children and adolescents, which amplifies the likelihood of disease transmission and poor health outcomes.Objectives: To address the lack of basic health education and to improve health knowledge, we developed and evaluated a medical education program to train shepherds (train-the-trainer) who are supporting children and adolescents at local CarePoints.

Methods: To determine the change between pre-test scores and post-test scores, both a paired t-test and mixed-effects regression were performed.

Results: The program had 67 total participants, mostly female (67.2%), with an average age of 27.1 years. Following the medical education program, participants had a statistically significant increase in post-training scores. Years of prior schooling, age, and gender did not show a statistically significant effect on post-training scores.

Conclusion: Teaching basic health education knowledge to CarePoint shepherds is effective to increase their knowledge and awareness with respect to relevant health topics. This model of directed medical education could be expanded to other community members in Eswatini to bridge gaps in health knowledge and disease awareness. A similar model could be employed in other developing countries with limited health education and limited access to health information.

Keywords: Health Education for Children; Adolescents in Eswatini.
The Role of Agricultural Social Enterprise to Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptive Capacity to Climatic Stresses in Tanzania
Authors: Kulanga Stanley G , Pauline Noah M
Published: May 2022

This paper intended to ascertain the implications of agricultural social enterprise on the adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers to climatic stresses in the Kilolo District, Tanzania. The study used a sample of 90 households. Household questionnaires, focus group discussions (FGD), and key informant interviews were used to collect primary data for this study. Secondary data were collected through a review of literature relevant to this study. The content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data, whereas quantitative data were subjected to Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 20 for analysis. Microsoft Excel 2007 was used to analyse rainfall and temperature data trends of the study area. Findings revealed that the agricultural social enterprise found in the study area (i.e. One Acre Fund-OAF) enhanced the adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers since the services it provided to its clients positively influenced the functioning of the determinants of adaptive capacity and consequently led to the increase of average maize production per acre by 54.5%. This study concludes that agricultural social enterprises such as OAF have the potential to enhance smallholder farmers’ adaptive capacity to climatic stresses, however other stakeholders should come together to support this cause.

Keywords  Climatic stresses; Adaptive capacity; Social enterprises; Social entrepreneurship
Solar cells: Types, Modules, and Applications–A Review
Authors: Darwish Amira Abd-elfattah , Abdelmohsen Rana S. , Ahmed Mohamed , Megeed M.
Published: May 2022

The basic operating principle of photovoltaic (PV) devices is the conversion of solar irradiation into electricity. There are various applications of this principle in many countries such as Egypt, Nigeria and Denmark. Most of the solar PV projects are designed for street lighting, water pumping and water desalination. However, we hope about wide range of using the appropriate components and best technical procedures, standard PV projects with maximum performance output. The present systems now provide 20% to 40% only of the community's heat or lightness on annual basic needs. These include innovative and alternative ways to reduce material uses and module degradation, and opportunities to reuse and recycle PV panels at the end of their lifetime because of the installations of photovoltaic solar modules which are growing extremely very fast.  

Keywords: Solar cells; renewable energy; photovoltaic; free energy; solar panel cost; solar battery.
Using Constructed Wetlands to Remove Pathogenic Parasites and Fecal Coliforms from Wastewater in Dar es Salaam and Iringa, Tanzania
Authors: Zacharia Abdallah , Ahmada Wajihu , Outwater Anne H. , Ngasala Billy , Van Deun Rob
Published: May 2022

Wastewater treatment is a widely used health protection measure that can be applied to control the transmission of wastewater-related infectious diseases to communities exposed to wastewater. This study determined the efficiency of three full-scale constructed wetlands (CWs) in removing pathogenic parasites and fecal coliform (FC) bacteria from wastewater. Wastewater samples were collected from three CW systems located in the Dar es Salaam and Iringa regions of Tanzania. The modified Bailenger and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain techniques were used to detect and quantify parasites. The membrane filtration method was used to detect and quantify FC bacteria. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 20. Helminth (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Taenia spp.) eggs were completely removed by two CW systems. In all the systems, the removal of protozoa ranged from 99.8% to 100%. The mean concentrations of FCs in effluents ranged from 5 to 6 log units/100 mL. Effluents of all CW systems met the recommended parasitological quality requirements of the World Health Organization for the safe reuse of wastewater. FC effluents concentrations did not meet the local discharge standards of the Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Therefore, improvement to the CWs’ design, operation, and maintenance are required for the efficient removal of bacteria.

Keywords: helminth, protozoa, fecal coliform, wastewater treatment, constructed wetland
Assessment of Soil Quality along the Proposed Main Road through Ngorongoro and Northern Serengeti, Tanzania
Authors: Othman Othman C. , Kaswamila Abiud L. , Bevanger Kjetil , Mwakipesile Augustino , Haule Kelvin , Kihwele Emilian , Summay Gloria , Gereta Emmanuel
Published: May 2022

A new road through northern Serengeti National Park is proposed to be built. The purpose of this study was to collect baseline data on soils along the route of the proposed road before its construction. The physicochemical properties were used to characterize the soil before the construction of the proposed road. Levels of soil macro-elements mainly potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na), and physicochemical properties: electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic carbon (OC), soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), cation exchange capacity (CEC), phosphorus (P), aluminium (Al) were determined. Also, heavy metals: cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) were analyzed. This study was done on the eastern (Ngorongoro District) and western (Serengeti District) segments of the proposed road. The ranges in average values obtained for the physicochemical parameters and metal concentrations in the soils were: 0.05–0.57 mS/m for EC, 6.5–7.9 for pH, 0.71–1.23% for OC, 0.30–0.74 g/kg for TN, 1.23–2.12% for SOM, 20.6–79.7 mg/kg for available P, 0.27–2.08 meq/100-g for available K, 9.89–30.3 meq/100-g for available Ca, 0.29–0.67 meq/100-g for available Mg, 0.06–1.35 meq/100-g for available Na, 11.04–33.12 meq/100-g for CEC, 46702.9–63963.3 mg/kg for Al, BDL for Cd, 24.70–101.55 mg/kg for Cr, 27.31–34.96 mg/kg for Cu, 32390.8–42439 mg/kg for Fe, 18.06–22.19 mg/kg for Pb, 957.1–1458.9 mg/kg for Mn, BDL for Hg, 20.24–32.52 mg/kg for Ni and 96.09–124.14 mg/kg for Zn. These observed levels indicate that the soils before road construction are unpolluted, moderately fertile and within the specifications of good agricultural soil. On the western segment of the proposed road, the soil will need application of fertilizers for better agricultural usage.

Keywords:    Physicochemical properties; soil quality; total nitrogen; macro-elements; heavy metals.
Resource Efficient Advanced Metering Infrastructure Model
Authors: Kimambo Josephina , Ibwe Kwame S , Kalinga Ellen , Abdalla Abdi T.
Published: May 2022

Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) enables two-way communication between smart devices and utility control centers. This involves remote monitoring and control of energy consumption as well as other parameters in the electrical power network in real time. However, increasing technologies in AMI due to huge deployment of smart meters, integration of devices and application of sensors, demand a strong architectural model with the best network topology to guarantee efficient usage of network resources with minimal latency. In this work, a resource efficient multi-hop network architecture is proposed using hybrid media access protocols. The architecture combines queuing and random-access protocol to achieve optimal network performance. Numerical results show that the probability of delay incurred by an arbitrary smart meter depends on the mean and distribution of the queue switch over a period. It is also observed that for a single queued system, the throughput performance is equal to the existing hybrid method. As the number of smart meters increases to 500, the throughput of the proposed method improves by 10% compared to the existing method. Likewise, as the number of smart meters increases to 500, the delay reduced by 15% compared to the existing method.

Keywords: Advanced Metering Infrastructure; hybrid media access protocols; Smart Meter; Smart Grid; Power Network.
Geochemistry of Mafic-Intermediate Intrusive Rocks from the Twangiza-Namoya Gold Belt, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Trace Element Constraints on their Origin, Petrogenesis and Tectonic Setting
Authors: Chuwa Gerald L. , Kasanzu Charles H.
Published: May 2022

Bulk geochemical data for the Twangiza-Namoya Gold Belt, Democratic Republic of Congo, are presented in order to classify the rock assemblages, elucidate their petrogenesis and tectonic settings. Nb/Yb and Zr/Ti constraints reveal two suites for the rocks: sub-alkaline to andesitic basalts (Suite-1); and alkaline basalts (Suite-2).  Ratios of Ti/Zr = 22–70; Zr/Hf = 35–42; Nb/Ta = 12–13; Nb/Th = 1–2 and La/Nb = 2.4–3.8 suggest arc-generated mantle melts with crustal inputs and arc-fluids metasomatism for Suite-1. The samples have positive LILE and negative Nb, Ta, Ti anomalies, enrichments in the LREE over middle and HREE (La/Yb)CN = 3.6–8.9 with negative Eu anomalies (0.7–0.9) in Chondrite-normalized diagrams. Yb-Th/Ta and Ta/Yb-Th/Yb ratios suggest active continental margin settings, whereas Ta/Hf-Th/Ta and Nb/Yb-Th/Yb diagrams suggest a depleted MORB source. Ti/Zr, Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta, Nb/Th and La/Nb constraints for Suite-2 suggest MORB and oceanic plateau basaltic sources. REE patterns show enrichments in the LREE with negative to positive Eu anomalies (0.7– 1.3). Yb-Th/Ta and Ta/Yb-Th/Yb ratios suggest a within plate tectonic setting. It is suggested that Suite-2 rocks were sourced from mantle-derived melts with a composition between an enriched MORB to OIB.

Keywords: Twangiza-Namoya; Petrogenesis; Tectonic setting; Trace element ratios
Reproductive Potential of the Mackerel Scad, Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833) in the Coastal Waters of Tanzania
Authors: Sululu Joseph S , Lugendo Blandina R , Benno Benaiah L
Published: May 2022

This study investigated the reproductive biology of Decapterus macarellus locally known as ''Msumari", one of the most economically important scad fish along the coastline of Tanzania. Fish samples were collected from ring net artisanal fishers operating in Tanga and Bagamoyo coastal waters, monthly between April 2019 and September 2020. Findings indicated that D. macarellus spawns throughout the year with peaks in August at Tanga and September at Bagamoyo. Overall sex ratios (M: F) were 1:1.03 (Tanga) and 1:1.2 (Bagamoyo) in favour of females. The males and females of D. macarellus at Tanga attained the first maturity at 145.5 mm and 153.2 mm, respectively, whereas at Bagamoyo males attained first maturity at 149.9 mm and females at 156.9 mm. Batch fecundity was not statistically significant (U = 500.5; p = 0.73), with Tanga having mean values (± SE) of 46,105.9 ± 4243.4 ova and Bagamoyo 43,082 ± 2272.9 ova. Although this species appears to spawn all year round, management interventions such as seasonal closure and reduced fishing effort should be used during their spawning peaks to protect the spawners, recruits and ensure the species' long-term survival in the Tanzanian coastal waters.

Keywords: Scad; Decapterus macarellus; reproductive potential; ring net fishery; Tanzania.
Coating TiO2 Film Using the Spin Method of AISI 304 Stainless Steel and Investigation of the Structural Properties
Authors: VAROL ÖZKAVAK Hatice , ASIL UĞURLU Hatice
Published: May 2022

In this study, TiO2 ceramic oxide film with good passivity, low conductivity and good tribological properties was coated on stainless steel (AISI 304) material by sol gel spin coating method. The effect of annealing temperature and time on the structure of the coated TiO2 films was investigated. Ethyl acetoacetate (EAcAc), ethanol and as titanium source Tetra-n-butyl orthotitanate (TBT) was used for the coating process. In the TiO2 thin film coating process, 2600 rpm was chosen as the spin rotation speed. In order to examine the effect of annealing time and temperature on the coating structure, annealing was applied at treatment times of 1 and 1.5 hours and at processing temperatures of 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C. The structural properties of the coatings were investigated by XRD and SEM analysis. It was determined that the peaks obtained according to the analyzes were in the anatase and rutile phases. When the XRD results were examined, it was seen that the dominant peak was the Rutile (210) phase at all temperatures and times. In addition, parameters such as crystal size (D), dislocation density (δ) and strain (ε) were determined for the R(210) phase from XRD analysis. After the study, SEM analyzes were determined that the annealing temperature and time changed the surface morphology.
A Comparative Aerodynamic Analysis of NACA and NREL Aerofoils for Darrieus Turbines Using CFD
Authors: CELİK Yunus
Published: May 2022

The selection of the aerofoil plays a crucial role in achieving optimum power output, especially for the inherently low-efficient turbines, such as the Darrieus wind turbine. For this purpose, different aerofoils belonging to NACA and NREL families have been investigated in terms of the aerodynamic performance, comparatively. Although NREL aerofoils are mainly utilised for the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines, in the present study, their effect on the Darrieus type Vertical Axis Wind Turbine has been examined. In this point of view, the influence of the various aerofoils and their thickness on the turbine performance in different operating ranges have been evaluated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Furthermore, by considering the low and high tip speed ratios, the instantaneous blade torque coefficient, and the contours of the pressure coefficient for the selected aerofoils have been analysed to provide further understanding. The research findings show that the conventional aerofoils, such as NACA0015 and NACA0021, illustrate better power output at optimum and high tip speed ratios, while the NREL aerofoils, such as S814 and S825, are able to increase the torque generation at the relatively low tip speed ratio regions. Even though this situation makes the NREL aerofoil more desirable to design a self-starting Darrieus turbine, NREL aerofoils lost their advantages due to the higher efficiency loss at the higher tip speed ratios. In addition to this, the thicker aerofoils, such as NACA0021 and S814, yield more power output at the low tip speed ratio compared to their counterpart profiles as a result of the high pressure difference achieved between their suction and pressure sides.
BuddhistRoad Paper 7.3 "Dunhuang Buddhist Texts in Transition: A Note on the Chan Buddhist Material in P. 2104"
Authors: Sørensen Henrik H.
Published: May 2022

In this short essay, a single composite manuscript from Dunhuang has been selected for closer scrutiny with the purpose of identifying and discussing the Chan material it contains, as well as to account for the textual context in which it is found. To this end P. 2104 has been chosen, not only for its representational value but also because it features a variety of individual materials of considerable interest. A review of the contents of P. 2104 reveals that although the manuscript lacks an overall structure and is without inner coherence and organisational logic, it primarily consists of material relating to Esoteric Buddhist (Chin. mijiao 密教) ritual practices as well as Chan Buddhist (Chin. chanzong 禪宗) verses and didactical songs. The Chan material reflects what may be referred to as late Tang (618–907, 唐) to Five Dynasties (906–978, 五代) developments, and as such provides us with information on how a special type of Chan texts appeared in the transition between the later developments under the Tang and the period of formalisation and standardisation that characterises Chan Buddhism during the Northern Song (960–1126, 北宋). Lastly, it shows the manner in which Chan texts of this kind were used by practitioners living in Dunhuang during the Guiyijun (851–1036?, 歸義軍, Return-to-Allegiance Army) period.