bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon dots–cadmium sulfide quantum dots nanocomposite for ‘on–off’ fluorescence sensing of chromium(vi) ions
Authors: Patil Anisha B. , Chaudhary Pooja L. , Adhyapak Parag V.
Published: April 2024

This work involves fluorescent probe which is composed of carbon dots (CD) and cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QD) for the sensitive and selective fluorescence detection of chromium(vi) ions.
ProteoMutaMetrics: machine learning approaches for solute carrier family 6 mutation pathogenicity prediction
Authors: Huang Jiahui , Osthushenrich Tanja , MacNamara Aidan , Mälarstig Anders , Brocchetti Silvia , Bradberry Samuel , Scarabottolo Lia , Ferrada Evandro , Sosnin Sergey , Digles Daniela , Superti-Furga Giulio , Ecker Gerhard F.
Published: April 2024

Predict SLC6 mutation clinical pathogenicity by calculating the amino acid descriptors in different ranges with rationalization analysis of the prediction.
Superhydrophobic foam combined with biomass-derived TENG based on upcycled coconut husk for efficient oil–water separation
Authors: Liang Jiaming , Zhou Yajuan , Wu Qian , Zhu Zeying , Lin Keda , He Jinsheng , Hong Haihe , Luo Yuanzheng
Published: April 2024

Ocean ecological environments are seriously affected by oil spilling and plastic-debris, significantly reducing marine pollution via using biocomposite production from natural fiber reinforcement is a friendly way to deal with marine oil pollution.
Padlocking dihydrofurannulation for the control of small degree of helicity built on a fused-tetracyclic core
Authors: Gaucherand Arthur , Yen-Pon Expédite , García-López Diego , Naubron Jean-Valère , Chentouf Sara , Giorgi Michel , Humbel Stéphane , Jean Marion , Rodriguez Jean , Bonne Damien
Published: April 2024

An organocatalyzed enantioselective domino reaction has been developed for the synthesis of configurationally locked helically chiral fused tetracyclic cores. This methodology allows the modulation of the helicity in the final molecule.
Photovoltaic-driven Ni(ii)/Ni(iii) redox mediator for the valorization of PET plastic waste with hydrogen production
Authors: Wang Jianying , Li Xin , Zhang Ting , Chai Xinyu , Xu Mingze , Feng Menglei , Cai Chengcheng , Chen Zuofeng , Qian Xufang , Zhao Yixin
Published: April 2024

A decoupling strategy involving two independent electrochemical and chemical processes was developed for upcycling PET plastic waste.
Effect of surface viscoelasticity on top jet drops produced by bursting bubbles
Authors: Yang Zhengyu , Barbhai Sainath , Ji Bingqiang , Feng Jie
Published: April 2024

Our work investigates the dynamics of top jet drops from bubble bursting at the free surface of mixed protein–surfactant solutions, where surface viscoelasticity profoundly influences drop characterization.
Teleaudiology Services in Australia: A National Survey of Hearing Health Care Consumers Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kelsall-Foreman India , Bacusmo Eloise Anne Z. , Barr Caitlin , Vitkovic Jessica , Campbell Elissa , Coles Tony , Paton Mark , Penno Kathryn , Bennett Rebecca J.
Published: April 2024

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to investigate the perspectives of Australia-based hearing health care consumers regarding the (a) provision and utilization of teleaudiology services, (b) experiences with teleaudiology, and (c) barriers and enablers to future teleaudiology use.

Method:

A national prospective self-report online survey was completed between April and October 2020, amid COVID-19. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (closed-answer items) and content analysis (open-text responses). A total of 381 participants (
M
age
= 72.07 years ± 10.08, 142 females) were recruited from different states and territories of Australia.

Results:

Despite positive outcomes reported by those who undertook teleaudiology appointments during COVID-19, results indicate low-consumer teleaudiology uptake. It can be inferred that consumers were not aware of teleaudiology as an appointment option, clinicians/clinic staff had not informed and/or supported teleaudiology as an option, and biases existed that prevented teleaudiology being more widely adopted. It is unclear whether consumers who were eligible for government subsidies understood that teleaudiology appointments were reimbursed through government funding. Barriers to future teleaudiology uptake were largely related to concerns regarding confidentiality and privacy.

Conclusion:

Low consumer uptake of teleaudiology appointments appears to be driven by consumer preference for in-person services, which appears to be driven by lack of knowledge regarding the availability and effectiveness of teleaudiology.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25619808
Pedagogical Approaches to Cultural and Linguistic Diversity in Communication Sciences and Disorders Programs: A Nationwide Survey
Authors: Higby Eve , Castillo Maria Maria , Aranda Alexia , Nicholas Katrina , Datta Hia
Published: April 2024

Purpose:

This study investigates how instructors in communication sciences and disorders (CSD) programs teach about cultural and linguistic diversity (CLD) in general-content courses as well as those dedicated to CLD content with the goal of identifying ways of improving training of preservice clinicians to provide culturally responsive service delivery.

Method:

A survey was sent to 4,192 instructors in CSD programs at 295 institutions in the United States and Puerto Rico, of which 565 responded. The survey contained choice response questions and open-ended questions.

Results:

Curricular infusion as the sole strategy of CLD training has decreased since a similar survey was published by Stockman et al. (2008), while the number of programs that offer courses dedicated to CLD or use both strategies has increased. Dedicated CLD courses offer broader training in CLD issues and are considered more effective at preparing students to work with CLD populations. A number of challenges were identified, such as a lack of available resources or time to cover CLD issues.

Conclusions:

A combination of curricular infusion and dedicated CLD coursework is recommended to ensure sufficient training in CLD issues. The development of additional resources is needed to better support instructors in both general-content and CLD-dedicated courses. Finally, CLD training should engage students in challenging unjust systems and harmful ideologies and not just celebrate multiculturalism in order to provide culturally responsive service to all clients.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25587651
Physical properties of the southwest outflow streamer in the starburst galaxy NGC 253 with ALCHEMI
Authors: Bao Min , Harada Nanase , Kohno Kotaro , Yoshimura Yuki , Egusa Fumi , Nishimura Yuri , Tanaka Kunihiko , Nakanishi Kouichiro , Martín Sergio , Mangum Jeffrey G. , Sakamoto Kazushi , Muller Sébastien , Bouvier Mathilde , Colzi Laura , Emig Kimberly L. , Meier David S. , Henkel Christian , Humire Pedro , Huang Ko-Yun , Rivilla Víctor M. , van der Werf Paul , Viti Serena
Published: April 2024

Aims. The physical properties of galactic molecular outflows are important as they could constrain outflow formation mechanisms. In this work, we study the properties of the southwest (SW) outflow streamer including gas kinematics, optical depth, dense gas fraction, and shock strength through molecular emission in the central molecular zone of the starburst galaxy NGC 253.

Methods. We imaged the molecular emission in NGC 253 at a spatial resolution of 1.6″(∼27 pc at D ∼ 3.5 Mpc) based on data from the ALMA Comprehensive High-resolution Extragalactic Molecular Inventory (ALCHEMI) large program. We traced the velocity and velocity dispersion of molecular gas with the CO(1–0) line and studied the molecular spectra in the region of the SW streamer, the brightest CO streamer in NGC 253. We constrained the optical depth of the CO emission with the CO/13CO(1–0) ratio, the dense gas fraction with the HCN/CO(1–0), H13CN/13CO(1–0) and N2H+/13CO(1–0) ratios, as well as the shock strength with the SiO(2–1)/13CO(1–0) and CH3OH(2k–1k)/13CO(1–0) ratios.

Results. The CO/13CO(1–0) integrated intensity ratio is ∼21 in the SW streamer region, which approximates the C/13C isotopic abundance ratio. The higher integrated intensity ratio compared to the disk can be attributed to the optically thinner environment of CO(1–0) emission inside the SW streamer. The HCN/CO(1–0) and SiO(2–1)/13CO(1–0) integrated intensity ratios both approach ∼0.2 in three giant molecular clouds (GMCs) at the base of the outflow streamers, which implies a higher dense gas fraction and strength of fast shocks in those GMCs than in the disk, while the HCN/CO(1–0) integrated intensity ratio is moderate in the SW streamer region. The contours of those two integrated intensity ratios are extended in the directions of outflow streamers, which connect the enhanced dense gas fraction and shock strength with molecular outflow. Moreover, the molecular gas with an enhanced dense gas fraction and shock strength located at the base of the SW streamer shares the same velocity as the outflow.

Conclusions. The enhanced dense gas fraction and shock strength at the base of the outflow streamers suggest that star formation inside the GMCs can trigger shocks and further drive the molecular outflow. The increased CO/13CO(1–0) integrated intensity ratio coupled with the moderate HCN/CO(1–0) integrated intensity ratio in the SW streamer region are consistent with the picture that the gas velocity gradient inside the streamer may decrease the optical depth of CO(1–0) emission, as well as the dense gas fraction in the extended streamer region.
Phase angle dependence of the dust cross section in a cometary coma
Authors: Keiser F. , Markkanen J. , Agarwal J.
Published: April 2024

Context. Rosetta/OSIRIS took optical measurements of the intensity of scattered light from the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko over a wide range of phase angles. These data have been used to measure the phase angle dependent radiance profile of the dust coma.

Aims. We want to provide information about the column area densities of the dust coma as seen from Rosetta. This information in combination with the measured OSIRIS phase function can then be used to determine the scattering phase function of the dust particles.

Methods. We use a simple numerical model to calculate the dust density in the coma. For this we neglect all forces but solar gravitation and radiation pressure. As this cannot describe particles close to the surface of the comet, we assume starting conditions at a sufficient distance. We evaluate the column area density as observed from Rosetta/OSIRIS and compare the results for different spacecraft positions, dust sizes and surface activity distributions.

Results. We find the phase angle dependence of the column area density to be largely independent of particle size and spacecraft positions. The determining factor is the activity distribution across the surface, especially the activity on the night side. For models with no night side activity, we find the column area density at high phase angles to be roughly two orders of magnitude larger than at low phase angles.

Conclusions. The radiance profile measured from inside a cometary coma results from the combined effects of a phase angle dependent column area density and the scattering phase function. The radiance profile is therefore strongly dependent on the surface activity distribution, and - unless the dust emission is isotropic - any attempt to infer particle properties (as expressed through the scattering phase function) from such data must take into account and de-bias for this spatial variation of the dust column area density.
Dynamic investment strategies for a folk sports tourism destination under uncertain demand
Authors: Lv Xinjiao , Deng Bowen , Deng Kui
Published: April 2024

More research should shed light on discovering the optimal investment strategy for folk sports tourism destination (FSTD) projects. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a dynamic game model of FSTD considering the dynamic characteristics of FSTD investment, the mode of division of labor and cooperation between public and private operators, and the uncertainty of consumer demand. Public capital is responsible for constructing infrastructures such as venues, and private capital is responsible for services such as catering and accommodation. To promote the development of the FSTD project, the higher-level government subsidizes public investment. Consumer demand for the program is affected by factors such as the size of the two types of capital, the price and quality of services, and demand uncertainty. The study finds that the subsidy leads to an increase in the quantity of public investment and consumption demand, but private sector investment and the prices of both public and private projects are unaffected by the subsidy; the public sector’s net return varies in an inverted U-shape with the rate of subsidy, but the private sector’s net return rises monotonically. Demand disturbances widen the gap in the net returns of operators between the subsidized and unsubsidized scenarios.
„Unser größter Klimabeitrag besteht in der evidenzbasierten, erfolgreichen Therapie.“ – Interview mit Astrid Polzer
Authors: Palisi Anna
Published: April 2024

Der Klimawandel wirkt sich negativ auf die Gesundheit aus, und nur mit Hilfe aller lassen sich Erfolge beim Klimaschutz erzielen. Astrid Polzer – Dozentin für Planetary Health, Mitglied der Envi-ronmental Physiotherapy Association und der Bewegung Health for Future – gibt einen Einblick, wie Physiotherapeut*innen klimapositiv arbeiten können.
The Influence of Pedaling Frequency on Blood Lactate Accumulation in
Cycling Sprints
Authors: Haase Ralf , Dunst Anna Katharina , Nitzsche Nico
Published: April 2024

Anaerobic performance diagnostics in athletes relies on accurate measurements of
blood lactate concentration and the calculation of blood lactate accumulation
resulting from glycolytic processes. In this study, we investigated the impact
of pedaling frequency on blood lactate accumulation during 10-second maximal
isokinetic cycling sprints. Thirteen trained males completed five 10-second
maximal isokinetic cycling sprints on a bicycle ergometer at different pedaling
frequencies (90 rpm, 110 rpm, 130 rpm, 150 rpm, 170 rpm) with continuous power
and frequency measurement. Capillary blood samples were taken pre-exercise and
up to 30 minutes post-exercise to determine the maximum blood lactate
concentration.

Blood lactate accumulation was calculated as the difference between maximal
post-exercise and pre-start blood lactate concentration. Repeated measurement
ANOVA with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc t-tests revealed significant progressive
increases in maximal blood lactate concentration and accumulation with higher
pedaling frequencies (p<0.001; η2+>+0.782).

The findings demonstrate a significant influence of pedaling frequency on lactate
accumulation, emphasizing its relevance in anaerobic diagnostics. Optimal
assessment of maximal lactate formation rate is suggested to require a pedaling
frequency of at least 130 rpm or higher, while determining metabolic thresholds
using the maximal lactate formation rate may benefit from a slightly lower
pedaling frequency.
Patientenseitige Anliegen und palliativpsychologische Interventionen
im Rahmen eines stationären Palliativdienstes
Authors: Oberth Paula , Neuschulz Markus , Ernst Jochen , Schotte Dörte , Bercker Sven , Stehr Sebastian , Lehmann-Laue Antje , Mehnert-Theuerkauf Anja
Published: April 2024

Hintergrund Multiprofessionell besetzte stationäre Palliativdienste
ergänzen neben Palliativstationen die palliativmedizinische Versorgung in
Krankenhäusern. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Art und Häufigkeit
patientenseitiger Anliegen und palliativpsychologischer Interventionen im Rahmen
des palliativpsychologischen Arbeitens sowie die wahrgenommene Ergebnisqualität
in einem stationären Palliativdienst.

Methoden Im Rahmen einer prospektiven Begleitevaluationsstudie wurden
palliativpsychologische Interventionen des stationären Palliativdienstes im
Universitätsklinikum Leipzig untersucht. Es wurden die psychische Belastung
(Distress-Thermometer), die wahrgenommene Ergebnisqualität der
palliativpsychologischen Behandlung (aus Therapeutenperspektive) sowie
patientenseitige Anliegen und psychologische Gesprächsinhalte und Interventionen
erfasst. Die Daten wurden deskriptiv und regressionsanalytisch ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse Innerhalb eines Jahres wurden 355 Patienten im stationären
Palliativdienst psychologisch mitbegleitet, von denen 304 an der Studie
teilnahmen (Altersdurchschnitt 63,8 Jahre, 55% männlich, 89% onkologische
Erkrankung). Es wurden durchschnittlich 3 psychologische Gespräche geführt; 64%
der Patienten gaben eine hohe psychische Belastung an (M=6,5). Die häufigsten
patientenseitigen Anliegen und Gesprächsinhalte waren der Umgang mit Emotionen
(87%), Ressourcen (83%), konflikthafte Versorgungs- und Autonomiefragen (77%)
und Hoffnung (76%). Deutlich seltener waren spirituelle Anliegen (2%) oder das
Vermächtnis der Patienten (9%). Zu den am häufigsten genutzten
palliativpsychologischen Interventionen gehörten solche zur Unterstützung der
Krankheitsverarbeitung und – akzeptanz (74%) sowie emotional-entlastende
Interventionen (98%), wie z. B. aktives Zuhören (97%), emotionales Containment
(95%) und Normalisierung (75%). Mittels Regressionsanalyse zeigte sich, dass
eine onkologische (vs. nichtonkologische) Erkrankung, eine hohe Anzahl an
palliativpsychologischen Gesprächen und Interventionen, eine vollständige
Aufklärung bezüglich der palliativen Dimension sowie eine ungestörte
Kontaktaufnahme im Erstgespräch einen positiven Effekt auf die von den
behandelnden Psychologen wahrgenommene Ergebnisqualität der
palliativpsychologischen Arbeit hatten.
2-Hydroxyglutarate as an MR spectroscopic predictor of an IDH mutation in gliomas
Authors: Bauer Jochen , Raum Heiner N. , Kugel Harald , Müther Michael , Mannil Manoj , Heindel Walter
Published: April 2024

The mutated enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) 1 and 2 has been detected in various tumor entities such as gliomas and can convert α-ketoglutarate into the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2-HG). This neuro-oncologically significant metabolic product can be detected by MR spectroscopy and is therefore suitable for noninvasive glioma classification and therapy monitoring.

This paper provides an up-to-date overview of the methodology and relevance of 1H-MR spectroscopy (MRS) in the oncological primary and follow-up diagnosis of gliomas. The possibilities and limitations of this MR spectroscopic examination are evaluated on the basis of the available literature.

By detecting 2-HG, MRS can in principle offer a noninvasive alternative to immunohistological analysis thus avoiding surgical intervention in some cases. However, in addition to an adapted and optimized examination protocol, the individual measurement conditions in the examination region are of decisive importance. Due to the inherently small signal of 2-HG, unfavorable measurement conditions can influence the reliability of detection.
Cardiomyocyte Adaptation to Exercise: K+ Channels,
Contractility and Ischemic Injury
Authors: Fitts Robert H. , Wang Xinrui , Kwok Wai-Meng , Camara Amadou K. S.
Published: April 2024

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and
exercise-training (TRN) is known to reduce risk factors and protect the heart
from ischemia and reperfusion injury. Though the cardioprotective effects of
exercise are well-documented, underlying mechanisms are not well understood.
This review highlights recent findings and focuses on cardiac factors with
emphasis on K+ channel control of the action potential duration
(APD), β-adrenergic and adenosine regulation of cardiomyocyte function, and
mitochondrial Ca2+ regulation. TRN-induced prolongation and
shortening of the APD at low and high activation rates, respectively, is
discussed in the context of a reduced response of the sarcolemma delayed
rectifier potassium channel (IK) and increased content and activation of the
sarcolemma KATP channel. A proposed mechanism underlying the latter
is presented, including the phosphatidylinositol-3kinase/protein kinase B
pathway. TRN induced increases in cardiomyocyte contractility and the response
to adrenergic agonists are discussed. The TRN-induced protection from
reperfusion injury is highlighted by the increased content and activation of the
sarcolemma KATP channel and the increased phosphorylated glycogen
synthase kinase-3β, which aid in preventing mitochondrial Ca2+
overload and mitochondria-triggered apoptosis. Finally, a brief section is
presented on the increased incidences of atrial fibrillation associated with age
and in life-long exercisers.
Elective Induction of Labor following Prior Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Saucedo Alexander M. , Macones George A. , Cahill Alison G. , Harper Lorie M.
Published: April 2024

Objective Following the release of A Randomized Trial of Induction versus Expectant Management (ARRIVE) trial, the induction of labor at 39 weeks has increased in the United States. The risk of uterine rupture and optimal timing of elective induction in those patients with a prior cesarean delivery is not well-described, and they were not included in the original trial. We aimed to determine the risk of uterine rupture in those patients undergoing elective induction of labor with prior cesarean delivery.

Study Design This was a retrospective cohort of participants with prior cesarean delivery from 1996 to 2000. Participants were included if they had two or more prior cesareans. Participants were excluded if they had a history of an unknown prior incision, a classical incision, gestational age <39 weeks, any diabetes, chronic hypertension, twin gestation, collagen or vascular disease, or HIV. Those undergoing expectant management were compared with those undergoing elective induction with no medical or obstetrical indications for delivery. Analysis was performed at three gestational age groups: 39 weeks, 40 weeks, and 41 weeks. The primary outcomes were uterine rupture, rates of successful vaginal delivery, and a composite major morbidity risk. Multivariable logistic regression was performed.

Results At 39 weeks, 618 (10.3%) elective inductions were compared with 5,365 (89.7%) undergoing expectant management; uterine rupture occurred more frequently (13 patients [2.1%] vs. 49 patients [0.9%]; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–4.6) with fewer successful vaginal birth after cesarean [VBAC; 66.8 vs. 75%; aOR, 0.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.5–0.7]. The risk of uterine rupture was similar between groups at 40 weeks (5 patients [0.8%] vs. 21 patients [1.2%]; p = 0.387) and 41 weeks (7 patients [1.4%] vs. 2 patients (0.8%); p = 0.448).

Conclusion Patients undergoing elective induction of labor with a prior cesarean scar had an increased risk of uterine rupture when compared with expectant management at 39 weeks, with fewer successful VBAC.

Key Points
Recent Advances and Challenges in Electrocatalytic Carboxylation of CO2
Authors: Lu Chang-Hai , Song Ren-Jie , Wang Jie , Wei Zhen-Feng , Luo Yun-Xia
Published: April 2024

The electrochemical fixation of carbon dioxide onto organic matter has emerged as a promising approach in recent years. By combining the unique features of electrochemistry with the goal of carbon dioxide fixation, researchers aim to develop new strategies that can contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly synthesis of organic compounds. One advantage of electrochemical methods is their ability to provide both electrons and energy for chemical transformations. This allows for the direct conversion of carbon dioxide into valuable organic products, without the need for transition metal catalysts or harsh reaction conditions. As a result, electrochemical carbon dioxide fixation offers the potential for milder and more efficient processes compared to traditional methods. Scientists have made noteworthy progress in exploring different strategies for the fixation of carbon dioxide under electrochemical conditions. These strategies involve the activation of various types of chemical bonds, including C(sp2)–C(sp2), C(sp2)–H, C–X (X = halogen), and C(sp3)–X (X = S, C, O, N). This review aims to provide an overview of the current state of research on electrochemical carbon dioxide fixation into organic matter. It will discuss the different strategies employed, the key findings, and the challenges that remain to be addressed. By highlighting the recent advancements in this field, this review hopes to inspire further exploration and innovation in the area of electrochemical synthesis for carbon dioxide fixation.

1 Introduction

2 Electrocatalytic Monocarboxylation of CO2

2.1 Monocarboxylation of C(sp2)–C(sp2)

2.2 Monocarboxylation of C(sp2)–H

2.3 Monocarboxylation of C–X (X = Cl, Br, I)

2.4 Monocarboxylation of C(sp3)–X (X = S, C, O, N)

3 Electrocatalytic Dicarboxylation of CO2

4 Electrocatalytic Esterification of CO2

5 Conclusions
The Importance of Nonpharmacological Applications in the Management of Infections Caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Pediatric Patients: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Uygun Hatice , Sahinoglu Esra Pekpak , Oren Ayse Ceyda , Zer Yasemin , Kazaz Tanyeli Guneyligil , Bosnak Mehmet , Akbayram Sinan
Published: April 2024

Objective This study aimed to contribute to the literature by evaluating the clinical characteristics of children with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection, predisposing factors, and implementation of additional measures for disease control, with the goal of improving survival and reducing mortality in pediatric patients.

Methods Clinical data and microbiological test results of patients with S. maltophilia growth in cultures of samples from any biological site and clinical symptoms of systemic infection referred to the pediatric clinic of a tertiary university hospital between January 2021 and August 2023 were reviewed.

Results The study included 40 patients with a median age of 2.5 years (range 1–16 years). Medical devices were present in 26 patients (65%). Polymicrobial growth occurred in 16 patients (40%). Prior to the detection of S. maltophilia infection, 35 patients (87.5%) received broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. Death occurred in 11 patients (27.5%). In 2022, there were 23 cases of S. maltophilia infection, with the highest number occurring in March 2022 (9 cases per month). After that date, various nonpharmacological measures were implemented for all patients with confirmed infection, including strict contact isolation in single-occupancy, high-efficiency particulate air-filtered rooms.

Conclusion There were multiple risk factors for increased mortality in our study population. Despite these unfavorable factors, the mortality rate was low. Disease control was achieved through nonpharmacological interventions implemented alongside antimicrobial therapy, resulting in effective prevention of potential outbreaks. Implementation of nonpharmacological interventions alongside medical treatment can reduce mortality and improve survival in pediatric patients with S. maltophilia infection.
Psychological Aspects of Facial Palsy
Authors: Shamil Eamon , Noriega Maria , Moin Sarah , Ko Tsz Ki , Tan Denise Jia Yun , Meller Catherine , Andrews Peter , Lekakis Garyfalia
Published: April 2024

This article discusses the psychological effects of facial palsy (FP) in adults. FP is the abnormal functioning of facial muscles resulting from temporary or permanent damage of the facial nerves. Following facial paralysis, patients can develop motor and psychosocial functioning issues impacting quality of life. In addition, real or perceived judgment in social settings of those with FP increases the risk of low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression. Currently, most available research focuses on surgical patients and suggests a lack of psychological support throughout the affliction. A multidisciplinary approach when treating patients with FP can help improve the patient's quality of life.
Uneven internationalisation of higher education in the European Union: a case study of two universities in Czechia and Slovakia
Authors: Pleschová Gabriela
Published: April 2024

This article presents the rationale for having a symposium on internationalisation of higher education (IHE) and introduces the collection of articles. It details examples of two universities from Central Europe to illustrate uneven development in internationalisation, including the achievements in and barriers of internationalisation. The paper sets these examples into the context of existing publications on IHE and suggests that teaching faculty members are key for enhancing internationalisation, in particular their teaching abilities and commitment to support internationalisation. It warns that IHE may divide Europe into two profoundly different parts, contrary to the expectation of policy makers and experts. It concludes by recommending academic development as an effective way to increase academic teachers’ competences and willingness to advance internationalisation in higher education.
Device and material investigations of GaN enhancement-mode transistors for Venus and harsh environments
Authors: Xie Qingyun , Niroula John , Rajput Nitul S. , Yuan Mengyang , Luo Shisong , Fu Kai , Isamotu Mohamed Fadil , Palash Rafid Hassan , Sikder Bejoy , Eisner Savannah R. , Surdi Harshad , Belanger Aidan J. , Darmawi-Iskandar Patrick K. , Aksamija Zlatan , Nemanich Robert J. , Goodnick Stephen M. , Senesky Debbie G. , Hunter Gary W. , Chowdhury Nadim , Zhao Yuji , Palacios Tomás
Published: April 2024

This Letter reports the device and material investigations of enhancement-mode p-GaN-gate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) for Venus exploration and other harsh environment applications. The GaN transistor in this work was subjected to prolonged exposure (11 days) in a simulated Venus environment (460 °C, 94 bar, complete chemical environment including CO2/N2/SO2). The mechanisms affecting the transistor performance and structural integrity in harsh environment were analyzed using a variety of experimental, simulation, and modeling techniques, including in situ electrical measurement (e.g., burn-in) and advanced microscopy (e.g., structural deformation). Through transistor, Transmission Line Method (TLM), and Hall-effect measurements vs temperature, it is revealed that the mobility decrease is the primary cause of reduction of on-state performance of this GaN transistor at high temperature. Material analysis of the device under test (DUT) confirmed the absence of foreign elements from the Venus atmosphere. No inter-diffusion of the elements (including the gate metal) was observed. The insights of this work are broadly applicable to the future design, fabrication, and deployment of robust III-N devices for harsh environment operation.
Interaction between water and point defects inside volume-constrained α-quartz: An ab initio molecular dynamics study at 300 K
Authors: Choudhuri Deep , Rinehart Alex J.
Published: April 2024

Quartz-based minerals in earth’s crust are well-known to contain water-related defects within their volume-constrained lattice, and they are responsible for strength-loss. Experimental observations of natural α-quartz indicate that such defects appear as hydroxyl groups attached to Si atoms, called Griggs defect (Si-OH), and molecular water (H2O) located at the interstitial sites. However, factors contributing to the formation of Griggs and interstitial H2O defects remain unclear. For example, the role of point defects like vacancy sites (O2− and Si4+), and substitutional (Al3+) and interstitial (Li+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, etc.) ions has remained largely unexplored. Here, we performed ab initio molecular dynamics at 300 K to examine the energetics and structure of water-related defects in volume-constrained α-quartz. Several configurations were systematically interrogated by incorporating interstitial H2O, O2− and Si4+ vacancies, substitutional Al3+, and interstitial Li+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions within α-quartz. Interstitial H2O defect was found to be energetically favorable in the presence of Substitutional Al3+, and interstitial Ca2+, Mg2+, and Li1+. In the presence of O2− and Si4+ vacancies, H2O showed a strong tendency to dissociate into OH—to form Griggs defect—and a proton; even in the presence of substitutional and interstitial ions. These ions distorted the α-quartz lattice and, in the extreme case, disrupted long-range order to form local amorphous domains; consistent with experimental reports. Our study provides an initial framework for understanding the impact of water within the crystal lattice of an anhydrous silicate mineral such as quartz. We provide not only thermodynamic and process-related information on observed defects, but also provides guidelines for future studies of water’s impact on the behavior of silicate minerals.
Study on the single-event burnout mechanism of p-GaN gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Authors: Wang Xiaohu , Zheng Xuefeng , Lin Danmei , Zhang Hao , Cao Yanrong , Lv Ling , Wang Yingzhe , Hu Peipei , Liu Jie , Ma Xiaohua , Hao Yue
Published: April 2024

In this work, the single-event burnout (SEB) mechanism of p-GaN gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs has been studied systematically. The irradiation experiment was carried out based on Ta ions with high linear energy transfer of 75.4 MeV/(mg/cm2), a standard criterion for commercial space applications. It is clearly observed that both the drain current and gate current increase during the irradiation. With the increasing drain bias, the device burns out eventually. Technology computer-aided design simulation was used to explore the possible burnout mechanism. The local high electric field peak induced by the electron and hole redistribution was proposed to explain the permanent damage. When heavy ions impact the device, electron–hole pairs are formed. With the aid of a horizontal electric field across the channel, electrons and holes move toward the drain and gate, respectively. The accumulation of electrons and holes around the drain edge and gate edge induces the local high electric field, which is even higher than the intrinsic breakdown electric field of GaN and AlGaN. The scanning electron microscope results verified the proposed SEB mechanism. This research offers significant theoretical and experimental insights for evaluating the reliability of GaN power devices against high-energy single-event burnout in aerospace applications.
An efficient deep learning framework for mixed-type wafer map defect pattern recognition
Authors: Sheng Hao , Cheng Kun , Jin Xiaokang , Jiang Xiaolin , Dong Changchun , Han Tian
Published: April 2024

Defect detection on wafers holds immense significance in producing micro- and nano-semiconductors. As manufacturing processes grow in complexity, wafer maps may display a mixture of defect types, necessitating the utilization of more intricate deep learning models for effective feature learning. However, sophisticated models come with a demand for substantial computational resources. In this paper, we propose an efficient deep learning framework designed explicitly for mix-type wafer map defect pattern recognition. Our proposed model incorporates several crucial design elements, including lightweight convolutions, bottleneck residual connections, efficient channel attention mechanisms, and optimized activation functions, enabling it to learn spatial and channel features efficiently. We conduct evaluations on a real-world dataset containing 38 mixed-type defect patterns. The experimental results demonstrate that our framework maintains a high level of accuracy while possessing a compact parameter size and remarkably fast inference speed.
Magnetostriction measurements at milli-kelvin temperatures using a Fabry–Pérot interferometer
Authors: Blaauw-Smith Finnian J. , Trainor Luke S. , King Gavin G. G. , Lambert Nicholas J. , Hiraishi Masaya , Longdell Jevon J.
Published: April 2024

This paper demonstrates an optical technique to measure magnetostrictive strain in a cryogenic environment using a Fabry–Pérot resonator spaced by crystal samples. Optical measurement techniques are calibration-free and highly sensitive. This technique was used to measure the magnetostrictive strain of neodymium gallate at a temperature of 49 mK to be λ = 1.3 × 10−5 at 3 T, with a sensitivity of 3.0 × 10−8. We highlight the interesting properties of the crystal’s magnetic ordering. The sensitivity of this technique was limited by the wavemeter used to measure the laser frequency, and significant improvements in the sensitivity should be possible.
Structural and dielectric features of (Bi0.5Na0.5)1−xBaxTiO3 lead-free ferroelectric ceramics: An approach to the phase diagram
Authors: Moya B. R. , Iglesias-Jaime A. C. , Silva A. C. , Peláiz-Barranco A. , Guerra J. D. S.
Published: April 2024

(Bi0.5Na0.5)1−xBaxTiO3 lead-free ferroelectric ceramics were synthesized via the conventional solid-state reaction method. Structural and dielectric properties were investigated as a function of the doping concentration, considering x = 0, 2, 5, 8, 10, 12, 16, and 18 at. % Ba. The structural analyses were carried out from the x-ray diffraction technique, including the Rietveld refinement method, and Raman spectroscopy. Results confirmed the formation of the perovskite structure, revealing different crystalline symmetries, depending on the Ba2+ concentration: the single rhombohedral ferroelectric phase (R3c) for x = 0 and 2 at. %; coexistence of both rhombohedral ferroelectric (R3c) and tetragonal antiferroelectric (P4bm) phases for x = 5 at. % Ba; the single tetragonal antiferroelectric phase (P4bm) for x = 8 at. % Ba; coexistence of two tetragonal phases (antiferroelectric P4bm and ferroelectric P4mm) for x = 10 at. % Ba; and the single tetragonal ferroelectric phase (P4mm) for x = 12, 16, and 18 at. % Ba. The characteristics of the phases’ transition, investigated from dielectric analysis, revealed the presence of two dielectric anomalies, which indeed have been associated to different phases’ transitions, one of them showing relaxor-like characteristics. The obtained results offer new insights for a better understanding on the features of the phase diagram for the studied ceramic system, according to the different observed crystalline symmetries (ferroelectric and antiferroelectric) in a very wide doping concentration. In the light of the obtained results, a new phase diagram has been proposed considering a wider compositional range than those reported in the literature.
Effect of the presence of pinned particles on the structural parameters of a liquid and correlation between structure and dynamics at the local level
Authors: Patel Palak , Maitra Bhattacharyya Sarika
Published: April 2024

Pinning particles at the equilibrium configuration of the liquid is expected not to affect the structure and any property that depends on the structure while slowing down the dynamics. This leads to a breakdown of the structure dynamics correlation. Here, we calculate two structural quantities: the pair excess entropy, S2, and the mean field caging potential, the inverse of which is our structural order parameter (SOP). We show that when the pinned particles are treated the same way as the mobile particles, both S2 and SOP of the mobile particles remain the same as those of the unpinned system, and the structure dynamics correlation decreases with an increase in pinning density, “c.” However, when we treat the pinned particles as a different species, even if we consider that the structure does not change, the expression of S2 and SOP changes. The microscopic expressions show that the interaction between a pinned particle and a mobile particle affects S2 and SOP more than the interaction between two mobile particles. We show that a similar effect is also present in the calculation of the excess entropy and is the primary reason for the well-known vanishing of the configurational entropy at high temperatures. We further show that, contrary to the common belief, the pinning process does change the structure. When these two effects are considered, both S2 and SOP decrease with an increase in “c,” and the correlation between the structural parameters and the dynamics continues even for higher values of “c.”
Effect of phase transition on the piezoelectric properties of scandium-alloyed gallium nitride
Authors: Hirata Kenji , Ikemoto Yu , Uehara Masato , Yamada Hiroshi , Anggraini Sri Ayu , Akiyama Morito
Published: April 2024

In this study, the piezoelectric properties of scandium-alloyed gallium nitride (ScGaN), which is expected to be applied to microelectromechanical systems devices, are evaluated by first-principles calculations. The piezoelectric constant (d33) of GaN is found to increase by up to approximately 30 times upon the addition of 62.5 mol. % of Sc. The piezoelectric stress constant (e33) increases and the elastic constant (C33) decreases with increasing Sc content of ScGaN, driving the rise of d33. The improved piezoelectric properties of ScGaN compared with those of GaN are largely attributed to elastic softening, which is thought to be related to the transition from a wurtzite to hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) structure driven by the change in bonding states between atoms caused by the addition of Sc to GaN. The crystal orbital Hamilton population analysis suggests that addition of Sc to GaN results in the combination of weaker Sc–N and Ga–N bonding, which makes the crystal structure unstable. This weakened bonding is thought to be the main cause of the destabilization of the wurtzite structure and transition to the h-BN structure of ScGaN. The elastic softening associated with this structural transition leads to the dramatic improvement in piezoelectric properties.
Surface tension of aqueous electrolyte solutions. A thermomechanical approach
Authors: Budkov Yury A. , Kalikin Nikolai N. , Brandyshev Petr E.
Published: April 2024

We determine the surface tension of aqueous electrolyte solutions in contact with non-polar dielectric media using a thermomechanical approach, which involves deriving the stress tensor from the thermodynamic potential of an inhomogeneous fluid. To obtain the surface tension, we calculate both the normal and tangential pressures using the components of the stress tensor, recently derived by us [Y. A. Budkov and P. E. Brandyshev, J. Chem. Phys. 159, 174103 (2023)] within the framework of Wang’s variational field theory. Using this approach, we derive an analytical expression for the surface tension in the linear approximation. At low ionic concentrations, this expression represents the classical Onsager–Samaras limiting law. By utilizing only one fitting parameter, which is related to the affinity of anions to the dielectric boundary, we successfully approximated experimental data on the surface tension of several aqueous electrolyte solutions. This approximation applies to both the solution–air and solution–dodecane interfaces, covering a wide range of electrolyte concentrations.
DC electrical conductivity measurements of warm dense matter using ultrafast THz radiation
Authors: Ofori-Okai B. K. , Descamps A. , McBride E. E. , Mo M. Z. , Weinmann A. , Seipp L. E. , Ali S. J. , Chen Z. , Fletcher L. B. , Glenzer S. H.
Published: April 2024

We describe measurements of the DC electrical conductivity of warm dense matter using ultrafast terahertz (THz) pulses. THz fields are sufficiently slowly varying that they behave like DC fields on the timescale of electron–electron and electron–ion interactions and hence probe DC-like responses. Using a novel single-shot electro-optic sampling technique, the electrical conductivity of the laser-generated warm dense matter was determined with <1 ps temporal resolution. We present the details of the single-shot THz detection methodology as well as considerations for warm dense matter experiments. We, then, provide proof-of-concept studies on aluminum driven to the warm dense matter regime through isochoric heating and shock compression. Our results indicate a decrease in the conductivity when driven to warm dense matter conditions and provide a platform for future warm dense matter studies.
Propagon boundary scattering relaxed via crystalline host on multiphase germanium telluride
Authors: Donovan Brian F. , Warzoha Ronald J. , Gray Taylor L. , Getto Elizabeth , Leff Asher , Wilson Adam A. , Ruppalt Laura B. , Champlain James G.
Published: April 2024

The movement of heat through amorphous solids on an atomic level remains an outstanding question. Recent studies suggest that the primary thermal carrier in amorphous materials, propagons, essentially behaves like phonons. In this work, we provide experimental evidence that shows the interaction between propagons and phonons by utilizing the phase change chalcogenide germanium telluride. A series of ultra-long time-delay time-domain thermoreflectance measurements are used to analyze the scattering of vibrational thermal carriers at the boundaries of amorphous GeTe thin films relative to scattering across a crystalline-amorphous bilayer. We find that amorphous long wavelength propagons that would otherwise scatter can instead be hosted by a crystalline underlayer and its phonon population. This experimental evidence directly demonstrates propagon–phonon interactions in a clear experimental manner.
Photoinduced shortening of metallic bond in 1T′-ReS2 revealed by femtosecond electron diffraction
Authors: Li Jingjun , Yue Luye , Chen Zijing , Xiang Dao , Cao Jianming
Published: April 2024

Rhenium disulfide with a distorted crystal structure has recently attracted tremendous attention for its excitonic and highly anisotropic properties. While ultrafast spectroscopies have extensively probed the carrier response to photoexcitation, the associated lattice response has remained elusive. In this study, we utilize MeV femtosecond electron diffraction to unravel the intricate dynamics of lattice responses and energy flow post-photoexcitation. Combining with structure factor calculations, our investigation reveals the dominance of photoinduced shortening in the Re–Re metallic bond, driven by the strong electron–phonon coupling via the Ag8 mode, resulting in an anisotropic intensity change of Bragg reflections within the initial 0.2 ps. Subsequent stretching of the metallic bond, coupled with the concurrent lattice thermalization, enables the system to reach a new equilibrium within 20 ps. This comprehensive understanding of lattice responses in a nonequilibrium state provides unique insights into photoinduced dynamics in 1T′-ReS2 from a structural perspective.
Confinement effects of mandrel degradation in ICF target fabrication
Authors: Xin Yue , Yang Xinrui , Wan Chenxi , Wang Rui , Zhu Yu , Yi Yong , Zhang Zhanwen , Tang Yongjian , Chen Qiang , Wang Zhigang
Published: April 2024

Understanding and further regulating the degradation of mandrel materials is a key aspect of target fabrication in inertial confinement fusion (ICF). Here, a quasi-one-dimensional confinement model is developed using a series of single-walled carbon nanotubes with varying diameters (Dm), and the degradation of poly-α-methylstyrene (PAMS) as a typical mandrel material is investigated under such confined conditions by using the combined method of quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics. In comparison to the isolated system, the calculations show that confinement can decrease or increase the energy barriers of PAMS degradation, which directly depends on Dm. Following which a clear exponential relationship between the degradation rate of PAMS and its own density is derived, indicating that the density of PAMS can be used to regulate mandrel degradation. This work highlights the important effects of confinement on degradation and provides a valuable reference for further development of polymer degradation technologies in ICF target fabrication and other fields.