bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High Efficiency Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Assembled with Hierarchical Anatase Pine Tree‐like TiO2 Nanotubes
Authors: Roh Dong Kyu , Chi Won Seok , Jeon Harim , Kim Sang Jin , Kim Jong Hak
Published: July 2013

A facile and effective method to prepare hierarchical pine tree‐like TiO2 nanotube (PTT) arrays with an anatase phase directly grown on a transparent conducting oxide substrate via a one‐step hydrothermal reaction. The PTT arrays consist of a vertically oriented long nanotube (NT) stem and a large number of short nanorod (NR) branches. Various PTT morphologies are obtained by adjusting the water/diethylene glycol ratio. The diameter of the NTs and the size of the NR branches decreases from 300 to100 nm and from 430 to 230 nm, respectively, with increasing water content. The length of the PTT arrays could be increased up to 19 μm to significantly improve the charge transport and specific surface area. The solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (ssDSSC) assembled with the 19 μm long PTT arrays exhibit an outstanding energy‐conversion efficiency of 8.0% at 100 mW/cm2, which is two‐fold higher than that of commercially available paste (4.0%) and one of the highest values obtained for N719 dye‐based ssDSSCs. The high performance is attributed to the larger surface area, improved electron transport, and reduced electrolyte/electrode interfacial resistance, resulting from the one‐dimensional, well‐aligned structure with a high porosity and large pores.
Full characterization of the quantum linear‐zigzag transition in atomic chains
Authors: Silvi Pietro , De Chiara Gabriele , Calarco Tommaso , Morigi Giovanna , Montangero Simone
Published: July 2013

A string of repulsively interacting particles exhibits a phase transition to a zigzag structure, by reducing the transverse trap potential or the interparticle distance. Based on the emergent symmetryit has been argued that this instability is a quantum phase transition, which can be mapped to an Ising model in transverse field. An extensive Density Matrix Renormalization Group analysis is performed, resulting in an high‐precision evaluation of the critical exponents and of the central charge of the system, confirming that the quantum linear‐zigzag transition belongs to the critical Ising model universality class. Quantum corrections to the classical phase diagram are computed, and the range of experimental parameters where quantum effects play a role is provided. These results show that structural instabilities of one‐dimensional interacting atomic arrays can simulate quantum critical phenomena typical of ferromagnetic systems.
Preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces by cauliflower‐like polyaniline
Authors: Cui Jin‐Feng , Bao Xue‐Mei , Sun Han‐Xue , An Jin , Guo Jun‐Hong , Yang Bao‐Ping , Li An
Published: July 2013

Cauliflower‐like polyaniline (PANI) was successfully prepared using an interfacial polymerization method. By modification with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) using chemical vapor deposition method, the surface wettability of cauliflower‐like PANI can be tailored to be superhydrophobic with a water contact angle of 160.4°. The deposition of the low‐surface‐energy silicon coating originated from PDMS pyrolysis on the cauliflower‐like PANI was confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The changes in thermal stability and conductivity of the as‐prepared PANI before and after PDMS treatment were also investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and using a four‐probe method. Compared with nanofiber‐shaped PANI by electrodepositing polymerization, the PDMS‐treated cauliflower‐like PANI has superior surface wettability. Our study may open a new way for fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces by developing novel nanostructured PANI. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39767.
Equiratio cumulative distribution function matching as an improvement to the equidistant approach in bias correction of precipitation
Authors: Wang Lin , Chen Wen
Published: July 2013

Equidistant cumulative distribution function (CDF) matching has been used frequently in recent studies to bias‐correct raw modeled precipitation. However, this brief discussion shows that negative precipitation will result from applying this method. A feasible alternative to avoid this problem is to use equiratio CDF matching as proposed in this study. A real‐world assessment based on Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project 5 (CMIP5) confirms the effectiveness and robustness of equiratio CDF matching in systematically removing biases in modeled precipitation. Our conclusions here will require a re‐examination of the relevant literature in which equidistant CDF matching is used to bias‐correct precipitation.
Cancer immunogenicity, danger signals, and DAMPs: What, when, and how?
Authors: Garg Abhishek D. , Dudek Aleksandra M. , Agostinis Patrizia
Published: July 2013

Cancer immunosurvelliance usually leads to formation of cancer cells that have been “immunoedited” to resist anti‐tumor immunity. One of the consequences of immunoediting that is, reduced immunogenicity, is an important roadblock in revival of stable and long‐lasting anti‐tumor immune responses. Research done during the last decade has shown that emission by the dying cancer cells of immunomodulatory factors or damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which can act as danger signals, is a critical event in accentuating the immunogenicity of cancer cells, in response to a subset of anticancer treatments. Recent evidence has defined that an apoptotic cell death subroutine and its underlying biochemistry, which has been termed as “immunogenic cell death (ICD)” or “immunogenic apoptosis,” is required for the efficient emission of DAMPs and inciting anti‐tumor immunity. Here, we review the basic concepts of ICD, like cancer immunogenicity, danger signals, and DAMPs. Moreover, we discuss the emerging molecular links between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, induction of a viral response‐like gene expression, danger signals, and anti‐tumor immunity. We envisage that along with ER stress‐based trafficking of DAMPs (which is a “short‐range communicator” of danger), the accompanying induction of a viral response‐like gene expression and the secretion of anti‐tumorigenic cytokines may become a crucial signature of ICD induction by anticancer therapy. © 2013 BioFactors, 39(4):355–367, 2013
Zero‐Valent Iron Immobilized on Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation of Methylene Blue as Model Compound
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Wang Dong , Zhang Xingwen , Fan Pingping
Published: July 2013

This paper reported a novel ozone catalyst capable of working on acidic solution environments (labeled as CNTs‐Fe0), which was prepared by immobilizing zero‐valent iron particles onto the surface of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes. The catalytic effect of CNTs‐Fe0 during ozonation was studied in terms of, degradation of methylene blue as model compound and concentration profile of hydroxyl radicals (HO•). At pH 3, the production of HO• was sharply accelerated in the presence of CNTs‐Fe0 about 80 times compared to that obtained by plain ozone, resulting in the intensification of mineralization that was considered to occur mainly in the liquid bulk. In addition to the direct catalytic pathway, a carbon‐surface‐mediated Fenton‐like pathway possibly took place as another important route accounting for the catalytic activity of CNTs‐Fe0. The role of CNTs substrate during ozonation was evaluated, and it would act as an effective “promoter” rather than ozone catalyst for acidic pH around 3 where CNTs‐Fe0 optimally works.
Late‐emigrating trunk neural crest cells in turtle embryos generate an osteogenic ectomesenchyme in the plastron
Authors: Cebra‐Thomas Judith A. , Terrell Anne , Branyan Kayla , Shah Sonal , Rice Ritva , Gyi Lin , Yin Melinda , Hu Yusha , Mangat Gulnar , Simonet Jacqueline , Betters Erin , Gilbert Scott F.
Published: July 2013

Background: The turtle plastron is composed of a keratinized epidermis overlying nine dermal bones. Its developmental origin has been controversial; recent evidence suggests that the plastral bones derive from trunk neural crest cells (NCCs).Results:This study extends the observations that there is a turtle‐specific, second wave of trunk NCC delamination and migration, after the original NCCs have reached their destination and differentiated. This second wave was confirmed by immunohistochemistry in whole‐mounts and serial sections, by injecting DiI (1,1′, di‐octadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′,‐tetramethylindo‐carbocyanine perchlorate) into the lumen of the neural tube and tracing labeled cells into the plastron, and by isolating neural tubes from older turtle embryos and observing delaminating NCCs. This later migration gives rise to a plastral ectomesenchyme that expresses NCC markers and can be induced to initiate bone formation.Conclusions:The NCCs of this second migration have properties similar to those of the earlier NCCs, but also express markers characteristic ofcranialNCCs. The majority of the cells of the plastron mesenchyme express neural crest markers, and have osteogenic differentiation capabilities that are similar or identical to craniofacial ectomesenchyme. Our evidence supports the contention that turtle plastron bones are derived from a late emigrating population of cells derived from the trunk neural crest.Developmental Dynamics 242:1223–1235, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Self‐regulation,” a new facet of Hox genes' function
Authors: Sheth Rushikesh , Bastida Maria Félix , Kmita Marie , Ros Marian
Published: July 2013

Background: Precise temporal and spatial expression of the clustered Hox genes is essential for patterning the developing embryo. Temporal activation of Hox genes was shown to be cluster‐autonomous. However, gene clustering appears dispensable for spatial colinear expression. Generally, a set of Hox genes expressed in a group of cells instructs these cells about their fate such that the differential expression of Hox genes results in morphological diversity. The spatial colinearity is considered to rely both on local and long‐range cis regulation. Results: Here, we report on the global deregulation of HoxA and HoxD expression patterns upon inactivation of a subset of HOXA and HOXD proteins. Conclusions: Our data suggest the existence of a “self‐regulation” mechanism, a process by which HOX proteins establish and/or maintain the spatial domains of the Hox gene family and we propose that the functionally dominant HOX proteins could contribute to generating the spatial parameters of Hox expression in a given tissue, i.e., HOX controlling the establishment of the ultimate HOX code. Developmental Dynamics 243:182–191, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Y‐chromosome evidence supports asymmetric dog introgression into eastern coyotes
Authors: Wheeldon Tyler J. , Rutledge Linda Y. , Patterson Brent R. , White Bradley N. , Wilson Paul J.
Published: July 2013

Hybridization has played an important role in the evolutionary history of Canis species in eastern North America. Genetic evidence of coyote–dog hybridization based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is lacking compared to that based on autosomal markers. This discordance suggests dog introgression into coyotes has potentially been male biased, but this hypothesis has not been formally tested. Therefore, we investigated biparentally, maternally, and paternally inherited genetic markers in a sample of coyotes and dogs from southeastern Ontario to assess potential asymmetric dog introgression into coyotes. Analysis of autosomal microsatellite genotypes revealed minimal historical and contemporary admixture between coyotes and dogs. We observed only mutually exclusive mtDNA haplotypes in coyotes and dogs, but we observed Y‐chromosome haplotypes (Y‐haplotypes) in both historical and contemporary coyotes that were also common in dogs. Species‐specific Zfy intron sequences of Y‐haplotypes shared between coyotes and dogs confirmed their homology and indicated a putative origin from dogs. We compared Y‐haplotypes observed in coyotes, wolves, and dogs profiled in multiple studies, and observed that the Y‐haplotypes shared between coyotes and dogs were either absent or rare in North American wolves, present in eastern coyotes, but absent in western coyotes. We suggest the eastern coyote has experienced asymmetric genetic introgression from dogs, resulting from predominantly historical hybridization with male dogs and subsequent backcrossing of hybrid offspring with coyotes. We discuss the temporal and spatial dynamics of coyote–dog hybridization and the conditions that may have facilitated the introgression of dog Y‐chromosomes into coyotes. Our findings clarify the evolutionary history of the eastern coyote.
Implications of a temperature increase for host plant range: predictions for a butterfly
Authors: Audusseau Hélène , Nylin Sören , Janz Niklas
Published: July 2013

Although changes in phenology and species associations are relatively well‐documented responses to global warming, the potential interactions between these phenomena are less well understood. In this study, we investigate the interactions between temperature, phenology (in terms of seasonal timing of larval growth) and host plant use in the polyphagous butterfly Polygonia c‐album. We found that the hierarchy of larval performance on three natural host plants was not modified by a temperature increase as such. However, larval performance on each host plant and temperature treatment was affected by rearing season. Even though larvae performed better at the higher temperature regardless of the time of the rearing, relative differences between host plants changed with the season. For larvae reared late in the season, performance was always better on the herbaceous plant than on the woody plants. In this species, it is likely that a prolonged warming will lead to a shift from univoltinism to bivoltinism. The demonstrated interaction between host plant suitability and season means that such a shift is likely to lead to a shift in selective regime, favoring specialization on the herbaceous host. Based on our result, we suggest that host range evolution in response to temperature increase would in this species be highly contingent on whether the population undergoes a predicted shift from one to two generations. We discuss the effect of global warming on species associations and the outcome of asynchrony in rates of phenological change.
(π‐Allyl)Pd Complexes Containing N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Pseudohalogen Ligands – Synthesis, Reactivity toward Organic Isothiocyanates and Isocyanides, and Their Catalytic Activity in Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Couplings
Authors: Kim Hyun‐Kyung , Lee Jung‐Hyun , Kim Yong‐Joo , Nu Zheng Zhen , Lee Soon W.
Published: July 2013

Dinuclear (π‐allyl)palladium chlorides, [(π‐allyl)Pd(μ‐Cl)]2, were cleaved by N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) to give mononuclear (π‐allyl)palladium–NHC chlorides, [(π‐allyl)Pd(Cl)(NHC)] (1–6) [NHC = 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene (IPR), 1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐ylidine (SIPR), 1,3‐bis(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene (IMes)]. Complexes 1–6 were subsequently treated with aqueous NaN3, KSCN, KOCN, and CF3COOAg to produce the corresponding mononuclear (π‐allyl)palladium–NHC pseudohalogen complexes, [(π‐allyl)Pd(X)(NHC)] (X = N3, NCS, SCN, NCO, CF3COO) (7–30). These products could also be obtained by treating dinuclear pseudohalogen‐bridged Pd complexes, [(π‐allyl)Pd(μ‐X)]2, which were prepared by replacing the μ‐Cl ligand in [(π‐allyl)Pd(μ‐Cl)]2, with aqueous NaN3, KSCN, KOCN, or CF3COOAg, followed by cleavage with the NHCs. Reactions of [(π‐allyl)Pd(N3)(NHC)] with organic isothiocyanates (R–NCS) or CH3O(CO)C≡CO(CO)CH3 resulted in selective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition into the Pd–azido bond to give heterocyclic compounds. By contrast, analogous reactions of [(η3‐allyl)Pd(N3)(IPr)] with an organic isocyanide (R–NC: R = tert‐butyl, benzyl) gave the adduct [(η3‐allyl)Pd(N3)(IPr)]·(R–NC) as the only product or a mixture of the adduct and a dipolar cycloaddition product, [(η3‐allyl)Pd{CN4(R)}(IPr)], depending on the isocyanides used. Finally, a series of (π‐allyl)Pd–NHC pseudohalogen complexes, [(π‐allyl)Pd(X)(NHC)], exhibited high catalytic activity in Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions of aryl chlorides with arylboronic acids.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Dehydrogenation of C–C to C=C Bonds in the Synthesis of Pyridazinones
Authors: Liang Lei , Yang Guanyu , Xu Fengrong , Niu Yan , Sun Qi , Xu Ping
Published: July 2013

A simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of pyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones through copper‐catalyzed dehydrogenation of a single C–C bond of 4,5‐dihydropyridazin‐3(2H)‐ones to a C=C bond with oxygen as the terminal oxidant is described. Functional groups including hydroxy, carboxylic, bromo, chloro, cyano, nitro and alkoxy were all tolerated under the reaction conditions. Moreover, this methodology was applied to the preparation of a series of structurally similar N‐substituted 6‐phenylpyridazinone compounds containing fluorine. The dehydrogenation reactions exhibit good yields and selectivity.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Amino Alcohols from 1,2‐Diols by “Borrowing Hydrogen”
Authors: Eka Putra Anggi , Oe Yohei , Ohta Tetsuo
Published: July 2013

Enantioselective synthesis of β‐amino alcohols from 1,2‐diols by the use of [RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2/(S,R)‐JOSIPHOS catalysis was developed. Several 1,2‐diols were treated with secondary amines to afford the corresponding optically active β‐amino alcohols in up to 99 % yield with 77 % ee.
Initiation of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and estimates of total Antarctic ice volume in the earliest Oligocene
Authors: Wilson Douglas S. , Pollard David , DeConto Robert M. , Jamieson Stewart S.R. , Luyendyk Bruce P.
Published: July 2013

Reconstructions of Antarctic paleotopography for the late Eocene suggest that glacial erosion and thermal subsidence have lowered West Antarctic elevations considerably since then, with Antarctic land area having decreased ~20%. A new climate‐ice sheet model based on these reconstructions shows that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet first formed at the Eocene‐Oligocene transition (33.8–33.5 Ma, E‐O) in concert with the continental‐scale expansion of the East Antarctica Ice Sheet and that the total volume of East and West Antarctic ice (33.4–35.9 × 106 km3) was >1.4 times greater than previously assumed. This larger modeled ice volume is consistent with a modest cooling of 1–2°C in the deep ocean during the E‐O transition, lower than other estimates of ~3°C cooling, and suggests the possibility of substantial ice in the Antarctic interior before the Eocene‐Oligocene boundary.
A possible mechanism for the North Pacific regime shift in winter of 1998/1999
Authors: Jo Hyun‐Su , Yeh Sang‐Wook , Kim Cheol‐Ho
Published: July 2013

This study examines a possible mechanism for the North Pacific regime shift in the winter of 1998/1999. Since the 1976/1977 climate regime shift, the sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Pacific has exhibited a long‐term warming trend in the western and central regions, which is mainly due to the two regime shifts that occurred in the winter of 1988/1989 and 1998/1999, respectively. In particular, the 1998/1999 regime shift is characterized by a dipole‐like structure along 40°N where a significant warming is prominent in the southwestern and central North Pacific. The slow dynamic adjustments of SST and zonal wind to the meridional heat exchange through thermal advection may be responsible for the 1998/1999 regime shift. We also assert that an intrinsic multidecadal SST oscillation in the North Pacific contributes to the 1998/1999 regime shift. Furthermore, another possibility, which is associated with the oceanic teleconnection from the tropics to the midlatitude, is also briefly discussed.
Increased hepatic stiffness as consequence of high hepatic afterload in the fontan circulation: A vascular doppler and elastography study
Authors: Kutty Shaija S. , Peng Qinghai , Danford David A. , Fletcher Scott E. , Perry Deborah , Talmon Geoffrey A. , Scott Cynthia , Kugler John D. , Duncan Kim F. , Quiros-Tejeira Ruben E. , Kutty Shelby
Published: July 2013

Hepatic dysfunction is a recognized complication after Fontan palliation of congenital heart disease. We sought to quantitatively measure hepatic stiffness and vascular Doppler indices using ultrasound (US) and shear wave elastography (SWE) in a Fontan cohort. Subjects were prospectively recruited for echocardiography and real-time hepatic duplex US with SWE for hepatic stiffness (kPa). Doppler peak velocities, velocity time integral, resistive, pulsatility, acceleration indices (RI, PI, AI), and flow volume were measured in celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery, and main portal vein (MPV). A subset underwent cardiac catheterizations with liver biopsy. Correlations were explored between SWE, duplex, hemodynamic, and histopathologic data. In all, 106 subjects were studied including 41 patients with Fontan physiology (age 13.8 ± 6 years, weight 45.4 ± 23 kg) and 65 controls (age 15.0 ± 8.4 years, weight 47.9 ± 22 kg). Patients with Fontan physiology had significantly higher hepatic stiffness (15.6 versus 5.5 kPa,

P

< 0.0001), higher celiac RI (0.78 versus 0.73,

P

= 0.04) superior mesenteric artery RI (0.89 versus 0.84,

P

= 0.005), and celiac PI (1.87 versus 1.6,

P

= 0.034); while MPV flow volume (287 versus 420 mL/min in controls,

P

= 0.007) and SMA AI (829 versus 1100,

P

= 0.002) were lower. Significant correlation was seen for stiffness with ventricular end-diastolic pressure (

P

= 0.001) and pulmonary artery wedge pressure (

P

= 0.009). Greater stiffness correlated with greater degrees of histopathologic fibrosis. No significant change was seen in stiffness or other duplex indices with age, gender, time since Fontan, or ventricular morphology.

Conclusion :

Elevated hepatic afterload in Fontan, manifested by high ventricular end-diastolic pressures and pulmonary arterial wedge pressures, is associated with remarkably increased hepatic stiffness, abnormal vascular flow patterns, and fibrotic histologic changes. The MPV is dilated and carries decreased flow volume, while the celiac and superior mesenteric arterial RI is increased. SWE is feasible in this population and shows promise as a means for predicting disease severity on liver biopsy.
Case–case comparison of smoking and alcohol risk associations with Epstein–Barr virus‐positive gastric cancer
Authors: Camargo M. Constanza , Koriyama Chihaya , Matsuo Keitaro , Kim Woo‐Ho , Herrera‐Goepfert Roberto , Liao Linda M. ,   the Eurgast‐EPIC Group, Yu Jun , Carrasquilla Gabriel , Sung Joseph J.Y. , Alvarado‐Cabrero Isabel , Lissowska Jolanta , Meneses‐Gonzalez Fernando , Yatabe Yashushi , Ding Ti , Hu Nan , Taylor Philip R. , Morgan Douglas R. , Gulley Margaret L. , Torres Javier , Akiba Suminori , Rabkin Charles S.
Published: July 2013

Helicobacter pylori is the primary cause of gastric cancer. However, monoclonal Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) nucleic acid is also present in up to 10% of these tumors worldwide. EBV prevalence is increased with male sex, nonantral localization and surgically disrupted anatomy. To further examine associations between EBV and gastric cancer, we organized an international consortium of 11 studies with tumor EBV status assessed by in situ hybridization. We pooled individual‐level data on 2,648 gastric cancer patients, including 184 (7%) with EBV‐positive cancers; all studies had information on cigarette use (64% smokers) and nine had data on alcohol (57% drinkers). We compared patients with EBV‐positive and EBV‐negative tumors to evaluate smoking and alcohol interactions with EBV status. To account for within‐population clustering, multilevel logistic regression models were used to estimate interaction odds ratios (OR) adjusted for distributions of sex (72% male), age (mean 59 years), tumor histology (56% Lauren intestinal‐type), anatomic subsite (61% noncardia) and year of diagnosis (1983–2012). In unadjusted analyses, the OR of EBV positivity with smoking was 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–3.2]. The OR was attenuated to 1.5 (95% CI 1.01–2.3) by adjustment for the possible confounders. There was no significant interaction of EBV status with alcohol drinking (crude OR 1.4; adjusted OR 1.0). Our data indicate the smoking association with gastric cancer is stronger for EBV‐positive than EBV‐negative tumors. Conversely, the null association with alcohol does not vary by EBV status. Distinct epidemiologic characteristics of EBV‐positive cancer further implicate the virus as a cofactor in gastric carcinogenesis.
Marxist Critique?
Authors: Stachel John
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Ideology of/in the Natural Sciences Vol. 1: The Political Economy of Science Vol. 2: The Radicalisation of Science Edited by Hilary and Steven Rose
Asimov by the Armful
Authors: Motz Lloyd
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

The Beginning and the End by Isaac Asimov
Roulette
Authors: Wald George
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

The Game of Disarmament: How the United States and Russia Run the Arms Race by Alva Myrdal
On the Other Hand
Authors: Geschwind Norman
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Neuropsychology of Left‐Handedness edited by Jeannine Herron
Scientific Lives
Authors: Cohen I. Bernard
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Dictionary of Scientific Biography Charles Coulston Gillispie, Editor‐in‐Chief
Male and Female
Authors: DALY MARTIN , WILSON MARGO
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN SEXUALITY by Donald Symons

BEHAVIORAL SEX DIFFERENCES IN NONHUMAN PRIMATES by Gary Mitchell
Getting a Fix on Heroin Addiction
Authors: MILLMAN ROBERT B.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

THE HEROIN STIMULUS by Roger E. Meyer and Steven M. Mirin
Some of the President's Men
Authors: Smith Bruce L.R.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Science Advice to the President edited by William T. Golden
Innocence and Dominion
Authors: MURCHLAND BERNARD
Published: July 2013

THEOLOGY AND SCIENCE IN MUTUAL MODIFICATION by Harold Nebelsick

CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC CULTURE by Thomas F. Torrance

THE ROOTS OF ETHICS: Science, Religion, and Values edited by Daniel Callahan and H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr.
Ever Since Ellison
Authors: Florman Samuel C.
Published: July 2013

NETWORKS OF POWER Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930 by Thomas P. Hughes
The Dispossessed
Authors: Hanks Lucien M.
Published: July 2013

SONS OF THE MOUNTAINS Ethnohistory of the Vietnamese Central Highlands to 1954 by Gerald Cannon Hickey

FREE IN THE FOREST Ethnohistory of the Vietnamese Central Highlands, 1954–1976 by Gerald Cannon Hickey
Islands in the Stream
Authors: Diamond Jared
Published: July 2013

THE SECULAR ARK Studies in the History of Biogeography by Janet Browne
Conspiracy at St. Elizabeths
Authors: Chace William M.
Published: July 2013

THE ROOTS OF TREASON Ezra Pound and the Secret of St. Elizabeths by E. Fuller Torrey, M.D.
ON THE BARRICADES
Authors: Judson Horace Freeland
Published: July 2013

REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE by I. Bernard Cohen
OXYGEN UNBOUND
Authors: Winfree Arthur T.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Fire by John W. Lyons
ALONE TOGETHER
Authors: Hoare Michael Rand
Published: July 2013

POEMS OF SCIENCE: Edited by John Heath‐Stubbs and Phillips Salman Penguin Books

PERMUTATIONS: Readings in Science and Literature Edited by Joan Digby and Bob Brier William Morrow and Company

SONGS FROM UNSUNG WORLDS: Science in Poetry Edited by Bonnie Bilyeu Gordon Birkhaüser;
ROMANCING THE DINOSAURS
Authors: Ostrom John H.
Published: July 2013

THE DINOSAUR HERESIES New Theories Unlocking the Mystery of the Dinosaurs and Their Extinction by Robert T. Bakker
PHYSICS FOR MYSTICS
Authors: Crease Robert P. , Mann Charles C.
Published: July 2013

BEYOND THE QUANTUM by Michael Talbot

QUANTUM PHYSICS: ILLUSION OR REALITY? by Alastair I. M. Rae

THE SHAKY GAME Einstein, Realism, and the Quantum Theory by Arthur Fine

THE SOCIAL RELATIONS OF PHYSICS, MYSTICISM, AND MATHEMATICS Studies in Social Structure, Interests, and Ideas by Sal Restivo
NO END IN SIGHT
Authors: Guillen Michael
Published: July 2013

TO INFINITY AND BEYOND A Cultural History of the Infinite by Eli Moor
UPSTAIRS, DOWNSTAIRS
Authors: Cowley Geoffrey
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

The Secret House: 24 Hours in the Strange and Unexpected World in Which We Spend Our Nights and Days by David Bodanis Simon and Schuster
CONTINENTAL CROSSING
Authors: Laughlin William S.
Published: July 2013

THE GREAT JOURNEY The Peopling of Ancient America by Brian M. Fagan
THE SEAMY SIDE OF SCIENCE
Authors: Kanigel Robert , Cowley Geoffrey
Published: July 2013

BONES OF CONTENTION Controversies in the Search for Human Origins by Roger Lewin

EXPLORERS OF THE BLACK BOX The Search for the Cellular Basis of Memory by Susan Allport

INVISIBLE FRONTIERS The Race to Synthesize a Human Gene by Stephen S. Hall

NOBEL DREAMS Power, Deceit, and the Ultimate Experiment by Gary Taubes
ODD MEN OUT
Authors: Smith Bruce L. R.
Published: July 2013

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ADVICE TO THE PRESIDENT, CONGRESS, AND JUDICIARY Edited by William T. Golden
SURVIVAL OF THE SYNAPSES
Authors: Levine Daniel S.
Published: July 2013

NEURAL DARWINISM The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection by Gerald M. Edelman

THE INVENTION OF MEMORY A New View of the Brain by Israel Rosenfield
THE COLUMBUS CHRONICLES
Authors: Keegan William F.
Published: July 2013

THE LOG OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS Translated by Robert H. Fuson

THE DIARIO OF CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS'S FIRST VOYAGE TO AMERICA 1492–1493
UNACCOUNTABLE CONDUCT
Authors: Schlüter Michael A.
Published: July 2013

THE BREAKTHROUGH The Race for the Superconductor by Robert M. Hazen
COMIC RELIEF
Authors: Appelo Tim
Published: July 2013

LAUGHING MATTERS A Serious Look at Humour Edited by John Durant and Jonathan Miller
UNTIMELY REQUIEM
Authors: Margulis Lynn , Dobb Edwin
Published: July 2013

THE END OF NATURE by Bill McKibben
SHAPING NATURE
Authors: Volk Tyler
Published: July 2013

WONDERFUL LIFE The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History by Stephen Jay Gould

LIFE'S DEVICES The Physical World of Animals and Plants by Steven Vogel

INVENTION AND EVOLUTION Design in Nature and Engineering by M. J. French

DYNAMICS OF DINOSAURS AND OTHER EXTINCT GIANTS by R. McNeill Alexander
Books in Brief
Authors: Marschall Laurence A.
Published: July 2013

EMPIRES OF TIME: Calendars, Clocks, and Cultures, by Anthony F. Aveni;

THE PHYSICS OF BASEBALL, by Robert Kemp Adair;

FROZEN FAUNA OF THE MAMMOTH STEPPE: The Story Babe, by R. Dale Guthrie;
REVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
Authors: Shapin Steven
Published: July 2013

THE POLITICS OF EVOLUTION Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London by Adrian Desmond
A PARLIAMENT OF THE MIND
Authors: Roskies Adina L. , Wood Charles C.
Published: July 2013

CONSCIOUSNESS EXPLAINED by Daniel C. Dennett
Two Tales of the City
Authors: SCLAR ELLIOTT
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

New York, New York: How the Apartment House Transformed the Life of the City (1869–1930) by Elizabeth Hawes Alfred A. Knopf

722 Miles: The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York by Clifton Hood
Ground Zero
Authors: BERLINSKI DAVID
Published: July 2013

The Pleasures of Counting by T. W. Körner
Family Values
Authors: SMALL MEREDITH F.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape by Frans de Waal

Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals by Frans de Waal

Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence by Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson
The Secret Garden
Authors: BILGER BURKHARD
Published: July 2013

Eve's Herbs: a history of Contraception and Abortion in the West by John M. Riddle
The Big Flap
Authors: MARTIN LARRY D.
Published: July 2013

The Origin and Evolution of Birds by Alan Feduccia

The Rise of Birds: 225 Million Years of Evolution by Sankar Chatterjee

Taking Wing: Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Bird Flight by Pat Shipman
Circuitous Route
Authors: BROWN PETER G.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Topo Scout

Street Atlas USA, version 5.0

Microsoft Expedia Streets 98

Street Finder, 1998 edition

Road Trips Door‐to‐Door, 1998 edition

Microsoft Encarta Virtual Globe, 1998 edition
Industrial Light and Magic
Authors: WEINSTEIN NORMAN
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Turner and the Scientists by James Hamilton

J.M.W. Turner: Romantic Painter of the Industrial Revolution by William S. Rodner
Reversing LRP
5-Dependent Osteoporosis and SOST Deficiency–Induced Sclerosing Bone Disorders by Altering WNT Signaling Activity
Authors: Chang Ming-Kang , Kramer Ina , Keller Hansjoerg , Gooi Jonathan H , Collett Corinne , Jenkins David , Ettenberg Seth A , Cong Feng , Halleux Christine , Kneissel Michaela
Published: July 2013

The bone formation inhibitor sclerostin encoded by SOST binds in vitro to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 5/6 Wnt co-receptors, thereby inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, a central pathway of skeletal homeostasis. Lrp5/LRP5 deficiency results in osteoporosis-pseudoglioma (OPPG), whereas Sost/SOST deficiency induces lifelong bone gain in mice and humans. Here, we analyzed the bone phenotype of mice lacking Sost (Sost−/−), Lrp5 (Lrp5−/−), or both (Sost−/−;Lrp5−/−) to elucidate the mechanism of action of Sost in vivo. Sost deficiency–induced bone gain was significantly blunted in Sost−/−;Lrp5−/− mice. Yet the Lrp5 OPPG phenotype was fully rescued in Sost−/−;Lrp5−/− mice and most bone parameters were elevated relative to wild-type. To test whether the remaining bone increases in Sost−/−;Lrp5−/− animals depend on Lrp6, we treated wild-type, Sost−/−, and Sost−/−;Lrp5−/− mice with distinct Lrp6 function blocking antibodies. Selective blockage of Wnt1 class–mediated Lrp6 signaling reduced cancellous bone mass and density in wild-type mice. Surprisingly, it reversed the abnormal bone gain in Sost−/− and Sost−/−;Lrp5−/− mice to wild-type levels irrespective of enhancement or blockage of Wnt3a class-mediated Lrp6 activity. Thus, whereas Sost deficiency–induced bone anabolism partially requires Lrp5, it fully depends on Wnt1 class–induced Lrp6 activity. These findings indicate: first, that OPPG syndrome patients suffering from LRP5 loss-of-function should benefit from principles antagonizing SOST/sclerostin action; and second, that therapeutic WNT signaling inhibitors may stop the debilitating bone overgrowth in sclerosing disorders related to SOST deficiency, such as sclerosteosis, van Buchem disease, and autosomal dominant craniodiaphyseal dysplasia, which are rare disorders without viable treatment options. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Duskside relativistic electron precipitation as measured by SAMPEX: A statistical survey
Authors: Comess Max D. , Smith David M. , Selesnick Richard S. , Millan Robyn M. , Sample John G.
Published: July 2013

Evidence for duskside relativistic electron precipitation (DREP) within the Earth's outer radiation belt has historically been seen in a few sets of high altitude balloon data (MAXIS, MINIS, INTERBOA), and in satellite data. We present statistical evidence that the relativistic electron precipitation events from the outer radiation belt with e‐folding energies > 0.5 MeV are concentrated in the dusk‐to‐midnight sector, based on a survey of data collected by the SAMPEX satellite from 1992 to 2004. A correlation between spectral hardness and duskside MLT is observed in our sample, the largest studied to date. Out of 9380 precipitation events within the bounce loss cone, 1048 are observed to have exponentially falling spectra with e‐folding energies above 0.5 MeV (“hard events”) and 1648 events below 0.2 MeV. Of the hard events, 81% occur within 12 h to 24 h MLT, compared to only 37% of events having e‐folding energies below 0.2 MeV. With microbursts removed from this softer population the percentage of duskside events rises to 46%. The hard events occur at slightly elevated levels of geomagnetic activity (Ap and Dst) relative to softer nonmicroburst events, but these correlations are much weaker than for microbursts. The hard events are observed to peak in occurrence at L ~ 5.5, significantly higher than nonmicroburst softer events, even though the opposite might be expected from compression of the magnetosphere due to the more negative average Dst of the hard events. The hard events are most prevalent during the declining phase of the 11 year solar cycle.
Chemical characteristics and mineral composition of quinoa by near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: González Martín M Inmaculada , Wells Moncada Guillermo , Fischer Susana , Escuredo Olga
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been traditionally used as a foodstuff in the Andes and it has gained increasing interest in recent years owing to its high nutritional value. The potential of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for estimating chemical compounds in quinoa was studied because of the possibility of conducting direct measurement without prior sample treatment.

RESULTS

The use of NIRS technology with a remote reflectance fiber‐optic probe for the analysis of major compounds and mineral composition of 48 quinoa samples was studied. The calibration of the NIRS instrument was conducted using modified partial least squares (MPLS) analysis. This allowed the determination of protein (16.0–20.2 g 100g−1), crude fiber (1.8–3.1 g 100g−1), fat (4.4–7.5 g 100g−1), calcium (298.8–1164.5 mg kg−1), iron (0–948.5 mg kg−1) and phosphorus (2735.0–4543.3 mg kg−1). The correlation coefficients (RSQ) were 0.83 for protein, 0.73 for crude fiber, 0.93 for fat; 0.60 for calcium; 0.76 for iron and 0.75 for phosphorus. The robustness of the equations obtained was verified by external validation on unknown quinoa samples.

CONCLUSIONS

NIRS with fiber‐optic probe provides an alternative for the determination of chemical compounds of quinoa, faster and at lower cost, with results comparable with chemical methods. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of acidification, pasteurization, centrifugation and storage time and temperature on watermelon juice quality
Authors: Tarazona‐Díaz Martha Patricia , Aguayo Encarna
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Watermelon juice has gained increasing popularity among consumers as a rich natural source of functional compounds such as lycopene and citrulline. However, the final quality of the juice depends significantly on its acidification, pasteurization, centrifugation and storage time and temperature. In this study, these characteristics were assessed in watermelon juice pasteurized at 87.7 °C for 20 s and stored for up to 30 days at 4 or 8 °C.

RESULTS

The acidifier citric acid provided an adequate sensory quality, similar to natural watermelon juice. Centrifugation and pasteurization significantly reduced the red color, bioactive compounds (lycopene, antioxidant capacity and total polyphenols) and sensory quality of the juice, particularly when the storage time was extended and a temperature of 8 °C was used (P ≤ 0.05). All treated juices were microbiologically safe for up to 30 days when stored at 4 or 8 °C. In terms of sensory acceptability, only non‐centrifuged juices stored for up to 20 days at 4 °C remained above the commercial limit.

CONCLUSION

The present results suggest that using a non‐centrifugation process and a storage temperature of 4 °C yields a watermelon juice that better retains its sensory and functional qualities. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
The impact of column connection on band broadening in very high pressure liquid chromatography
Authors: Stankovich Joseph J. , Gritti Fabrice , Stevenson Paul G. , Guiochon Georges
Published: July 2013

A series of experiments was conducted to evaluate the degree of band broadening in very high pressure LC due to column connections. Different column manufacturers use slightly different designs for their column fittings. If the same column connections are repeatedly used to attach columns of different origins, different void volumes form between capillary tubes and column inlets. An Agilent Ultra Low Dispersion Kit (tubing id 75 μm) was installed on an Agilent Infinity 1290 ultra HPLC and used to connect successively an Agilent, a Phenomenex, and a Waters column. A series of uracil (unretained) samples were injected and eluted at a wide range of flow rates with a water/acetonitrile mixture as eluent. In order to determine the variance contribution from column connections as accurately as possible a nonretained probe compound was selected because the variance contribution from the column is the smallest for analytes, which have very low k values. Yet, this effect still has an impact on the resolution for moderately retained compounds (k > 2) for narrow‐bore columns packed with fine particles, since variance contributions are additive for linear chromatographic systems. Each injection was replicated five times under the same experimental conditions. Then NanoViper column connections (tubing id 75 μm) were used and the same injections were made. This system was designed to minimize connection void volumes for any column. Band variances were calculated as the second central moment of elution peaks and used to assess the degree of band broadening due to the column connections. Band broadening may increase from 3.8 to 53.9% when conventional metal ferrules were used to join columns to connection sites. The results show that the variance contribution from improper connections can generate as much as 60.5% of the total variance observed. This demonstrates that column connections can play a larger role than the column packing with respect to band dispersion.
Application of the numerical manifold method for stress wave propagation across rock masses
Authors: Zhao G. F. , Zhao X. B. , Zhu J. B.
Published: July 2013

In this paper, the numerical manifold method (NMM) is extended to study wave propagation across rock masses. First, improvements to the system equations, contact treatment, and boundary conditions of the NMM are performed, where new system equations are derived based on the Newmark assumption of the space–time relationship, the edge‐to‐edge contact treatment is further developed for the NMM to handle stress wave propagation across discontinuities, and the viscous non‐reflection boundary condition is derived based on the energy minimisation principle. After the modification, numerical comparisons between the original and improved NMM are presented. The results show that the original system equations result in artificial numerical damping, which can be overcome by the Newmark system equations. Meanwhile, the original contact scheme suffers some calculation problems when modelling stress wave propagation across a discontinuity, which can be solved by the proposed edge‐to‐edge contact scheme. Subsequently, the influence of the mesh size and time step on the improved NMM for stress wave propagation is studied. Finally, 2D wave propagation is modelled, and the model's results are in good agreement with the analytical solution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonuniform chain collapse during early stages of staphylococcal nuclease folding detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer and ultrarapid mixing methods
Authors: Mizukami Takuya , Xu Ming , Cheng Hong , Roder Heinrich , Maki Kosuke
Published: July 2013

The development of tertiary structure during folding of staphylococcal nuclease (SNase) was studied by time‐resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer measured using continuous‐ and stopped‐flow techniques. Variants of this two‐domain protein containing intradomain and interdomain fluorescence donor/acceptor pairs (Trp and Cys‐linked fluorophore or quencher) were prepared to probe the intradomain and interdomain structural evolution accompanying SNase folding. The intra‐domain donor/acceptor pairs are within the β‐barrel domain (Trp27/Cys64 and Trp27/Cys97) and the interdomain pair is between the α‐helical domain and the β‐barrel domain (Trp140/Cys64). Time‐resolved energy transfer efficiency accompanying folding and unfolding at different urea concentrations was measured over a time range from 30 μs to ∼10 s. Information on average donor/acceptor distances at different stages of the folding process was obtained by using a quantitative kinetic modeling approach. The average distance for the donor/acceptor pairs in the β‐barrel domain decreases to nearly native values whereas that of the interdomain donor/acceptor pairs remains unchanged in the earliest intermediate (<500 μs of refolding). This indicates a rapid nonuniform collapse resulting in an ensemble of heterogeneous conformations in which the central region of the β‐barrel domain is well developed while the C‐terminal α‐helical domain remains disordered. The distance between Trp140 and Cys64 decreases to native values on the 100‐ms time scale, indicating that the α‐helical domain docks onto the preformed β‐barrel at a late stage of the folding. In addition, the unfolded state is found to be more compact under native conditions, suggesting that changes in solvent conditions may induce a nonspecific hydrophobic collapse.
β‐Bulges: Extensive structural analyses of β‐sheets irregularities
Authors: Craveur Pierrick , Joseph Agnel Praveen , Rebehmed Joseph , de Brevern Alexandre G.
Published: July 2013

β‐Sheets are quite frequent in protein structures and are stabilized by regular main‐chain hydrogen bond patterns. Irregularities in β‐sheets, named β‐bulges, are distorted regions between two consecutive hydrogen bonds. They disrupt the classical alternation of side chain direction and can alter the directionality of β‐strands. They are implicated in protein‐protein interactions and are introduced to avoid β‐strand aggregation. Five different types of β‐bulges are defined. Previous studies on β‐bulges were performed on a limited number of protein structures or one specific family. These studies evoked a potential conservation during evolution. In this work, we analyze the β‐bulge distribution and conservation in terms of local backbone conformations and amino acid composition. Our dataset consists of 66 times more β‐bulges than the last systematic study (Chan et al. Protein Science 1993, 2:1574–1590). Novel amino acid preferences are underlined and local structure conformations are highlighted by the use of a structural alphabet. We observed that β‐bulges are preferably localized at the N‐ and C‐termini of β‐strands, but contrary to the earlier studies, no significant conservation of β‐bulges was observed among structural homologues. Displacement of β‐bulges along the sequence was also investigated by Molecular Dynamics simulations.
Evaluation of predictions in the CASP10 model refinement category
Authors: Nugent Timothy , Cozzetto Domenico , Jones David T.
Published: July 2013

Here we report on the assessment results of the third experiment to evaluate the state of the art in protein model refinement, where participants were invited to improve the accuracy of initial protein models for 27 targets. Using an array of complementary evaluation measures, we find that five groups performed better than the naïve (null) method—a marked improvement over CASP9, although only three were significantly better. The leading groups also demonstrated the ability to consistently improve both backbone and side chain positioning, while other groups reliably enhanced other aspects of protein physicality. The top‐ranked group succeeded in improving the backbone conformation in almost 90% of targets, suggesting a strategy that for the first time in CASP refinement is successful in a clear majority of cases. A number of issues remain unsolved: the majority of groups still fail to improve the quality of the starting models; even successful groups are only able to make modest improvements; and no prediction is more similar to the native structure than to the starting model. Successful refinement attempts also often go unrecognized, as suggested by the relatively larger improvements when predictions not submitted as model 1 are also considered. Proteins 2014; 82(Suppl 2):98–111. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.