bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant Properties and Effects on Nitric Oxide Release of Ethanolic Extracts of Some Selected Cameroonian Medicinal Plants
Authors: Béboy Sara Nathalie Edjenguèlè , Keumedjio Paulin Teko , Pechangou Sylvain Nsangou , Jignoua Yannick Sani , Chuisseu Dieudonné Pascal Djamen , Moundipa Paul Fewou
Published: January 2024

In the Southern region of Cameroon, some medicinal plants are used for the treatment of the male reproductive system disorders; including Palisota ambigua, Rauvolfia macrophylla, Terminalia superba, Pycnanthus angolensis, Pausynistalia yohimbe and Schumanniophyton magnificum. The aim of our study was to investigate the antioxidant properties of the ethanolic extracts of these plants, as well as their phytochemical constituents and their effects on nitric oxide release. Rat peritoneal macrophages were isolated and used to assess in vitro effects of plant extracts on nitric oxide release. Then, antioxidant properties of alcoholic extracts of the plants were screened through 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle test, total antioxidant capacity test and ferric reducing power test and lipid peroxidation inhibition test. Phytochemical constituents, total phenol and flavonoid contents were also investigated. Results showed that only the extracts of T. superba and P. yohimbe were found to be strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle free radical scavengers with low EC50 (8.40 [8.31, 8.53]; 17.73 [17.67, 17.74] µg of plant extract/mol 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyle). The plants extracts exhibited better inhibitions of the lipid peroxidation in concentration-dependent manner; especially R. macrophylla with an IC50 of 2.38 (2.13, 4.92) µg/mL. No significance difference was observed neither among the total phenolic nor flavonoids contents of the plant extracts. Extract of T. superba exhibited strong antioxidant properties. Though, the extracts of R. macrophylla and P. angolensis and S. magnificum were also able to protect against lipid peroxidation and free radicals. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, coumarins, glycosids in most of the plants extracts. These properties sustain their use for treatment of male infertility and erectile dysfunction.
Association Studies in Red Rice Mutant Lines of IRGA-318-11-6-9-2B
Authors: Nachiketha, T. K.  , Jakkeral Shridevi A. , Dushyanthakumar, B. M.  , Thippeshappa G. N. , Jayashree, S
Published: January 2024

Rice is the important cereal food crop. It provides 20% of the world's dietary energy and predominant dietary energy source. It is estimated that the demand for rice will be 137.30 million tonnes by 2050. In order to achieve this, the production per unit area needs to be increased by mutation in turn creating variation. Induced mutants were grown in the field during Kharif 2022 at the Zonal Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Brahmavar, Udupi District, Karnataka the results showed grain yield had positive correlations with several traits including number of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, panicle weight, spikelet fertility, flag leaf length and width but negative correlations with days to fifty per cent flowering, days to maturity, and plant height. Days to maturity, flag leaf length, plant height, panicle weight, number of productive tillers per plant per plant, number of grains per panicle, spikelet fertility and grain length showed a direct positive effect on grain yield. This indicated the effectiveness of direct selection for these traits in improvement of grain yield per plant. Days to fifty per cent flowering, flag leaf width, panicle length, test weight, number of filled grains per panicle, panicle length, and grain breadth had negative direct effects on grain yield per plant.
Foraging Behavior and Pollination Efficiency of Honey Bee Species on Apple Ber (Z. mauritiana Lamk.)
Authors: Yadav Vishesh , Jat Manoj Kumar , Yadav Sunita , Kumar Harish , Maanju Sunny , Yadav Pooja
Published: January 2024

The foraging behavior and pollination efficiency of honey bee species on Apple ber (Z. mauritiana Lamk.) were carried out in the Apple ber orchard situated at the Horticulture Experimental Area and P.G. Laboratory of the Department of Entomology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during 2022. The maximum foraging rate was observed in Apis dorsata (19.47 flowers per minute) and lowest foraging rate was observed in Apis florea (8.29 flowers/minute). The maximum mean foraging speed was observed in Apis florea 6.22 seconds for nectar reward and it was lowest in Apis dorsata (2.33 seconds) for pollen reward. The loose pollen grains (LPG) carrying capacity was highest for Apis dorsata (109584) followed by Apis mellifera (71827) and it was lowest for Apis florea (42806). The maximum Relative Pollination efficiency (RPE) was recorded in Apis dorsata (16.21) followed by Apis mellifera (14.45) and it was lowest in case of Apis cerana (4.90). It was observed that pollen (13.18) and nectar+pollen (13.05) foragers exhibited maximum and second maximum RPE, respectively.
Genetic diversity of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: Madhu Pattika , Nema Sushma , Singh Yogendra , Bhan Kanchan S. , Tantwai Keerti
Published: January 2024

Present study on the morphological characterization of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) was conducted at Maharajpur Vegetable Farm, Department of Horticulture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur. Utilizing 43 genotypes from different regions of Madhya Pradesh, the study aimed to enhance crop improvement programs by understanding genetic diversity. Present study was conducted on forty- three genotypes of chilli collected from Department of Horticulture, Department of Plant Breeding Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV), Jabalpur. Genotypes have harboured appreciable amounts of variation for morphological, growth and yield attributing traits were analyzed for Phenotypic co efficient of variance (PCV), Genotypic co efficient of variance (GCV) and heritability along with genetic advance. Genetic divergence through multivariate analysis using D2 statistics was done and clustering of forty-three genotypes was done using Tocher’s method of clustering analysis. GCV and PCV were resulted as moderate and high level whereas heritability coupled with Genetic advance were recorded as moderate to high level. 6 clusters formed in 43 genotypes using Mahalanobis D2.
Weed Management in Soybean through Post Emergent Herbicides
Authors: Shwetha B. N. , Anupama C. , Vishwanatha S. , Koppalkar B. G. , Kumar M. Vinay
Published: January 2024

Weed infestation is a complex and regular threat to soybean production all over the world. Successful weed control is most important factor for fruitful soybean production, because losses due to weeds have been one of the major limiting factors in soybean production. Hence a study was carried out using post emergent herbicides at College of Agriculture,Raichur.during kharif 2020 and 2021.The experiment was laid in randomized complete block design with three replications, and it consists of twelve treatments ( viz., Clorimuron ethyl @ 37.5 g a.i, Imazethapyr + Imazamox @ 100 g a.i, Propaquizafop + Imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i, Profoxydim (at three doses viz., 35, 55 and 75 g a.i and another three set of these doses were added with adjuvant @ 2ml/liter of water), Propaquizafop @ 75 g a.i., and weed free check and weedy checks were also maintained. Results were indicated that among the herbicide treatments, combi products viz.,Imazethapyr + Imazamox @ 100 g a.i, Propaquizafop + Imazethapyr @ 100 g a.i. suppressed the weed density effectively and increased the weed control efficiency (88.41 % and 84.14%) next to weed free check. Yield parameters like number of pods per plant, test weight and grain yield also recorded higher in Imazethapyr + Imazamox @ 100 g a.i. (31.93,82.19g and 1622 kg ha-1) among the herbicides tested. BC ratio was recorded significantly higher in Imazethapyr + Imazamox @ 100 g a.i.(3.29) and it was on par with weed free check(3.22). From this trial, it can be concluded that broad spectrum or combi products like Imazethapyr + Imazamox can be used as a effective post emergent herbicide in soybean to suppress both monocot and dicot weeds
Energy Evaluations of Several Weed Control Techniques that Undermine Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Planted in High Density
Authors: Yenpreddiwar M. D. , Nandeshwar B. C. , Mahatale P. V. , Gathe A. G. , Raut M. M.
Published: January 2024

The current study was carried out at the Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth. Akola, Cotton Research Center in Maharashtra, India, for the kharif season to assess the effectiveness of various weed management strategies in high density planting system (HDPS) cotton and also to assess the energy studies of different weed control methods used with HDPS cotton for two consecutive years (2015–16 and 2016–17). The results showed that among the other treatments, application of Pendimethalin 38.7 CS PE @ 1.25 kg a.i./ ha fbhoeing at 30 DAS and one hand weeding at 45 DAS significantly improved the energy output (84627 and 123742Mj ha-1), energy balance (73492 and 120656Mj ha-1), energy balance per unit input (6.6 and 10.8Mj ha-1) and energy output per unit input ratio (7.60 and 11), with weedy check (control), however, lower values were seen. As a result, cotton production with various weed control techniques under high density planting technique significantly improved energy output, energy balance per unit input, and energy output per unit input ratio realized that, efficient enough in terms of energy consumption as appropriate energy management (avoid excess energy input consumption) favors to maximize energy output, energy balance with higher cotton production in rainfed areas under high density planting system.
Aluminothermic Processes
Authors: Hall Fred W.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Basic Metallurgy

2.1.

Basic Thermochemistry

2.2.

Fundamental Reactions

2.3.

Auxiliary Reactions

2.4.

Fluxes

2.5.

Formation of Intermetallic Compounds

2.6.

Thermochemistry in Practice

3.

Commercial Production

3.1.

Pot Design and Construction

3.2.

Charge and Charge Preparation

3.3.

Feeding

3.4.

Further Processing

3.5.

Safety Precautions

4.

Other Uses of Aluminothermic Processes

5.

Possible Further Developments
Diagnostic Reagents
Authors: Litchfield William J. , Richards James C. , Wehrly John A. , Pierson‐Perry James F. , Liteplo Maria P.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Medical Significance1.2.Economic Significance1.3.Regulatory Controls1.4.Classifications of Diagnostic Reagents2.Reagents for General Clinical Chemistry2.1.STAT and Routine Testing2.2.Quantitation of Electrolytes2.3.General Chemistry Tests2.4.Quantitation of Serum Proteins and Enzymes2.5.Therapeutic Drug Monitoring2.6.Measurement of Hormones and Tumor Markers3.Immunodiagnostic Reagents3.1.Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies3.2.Radioimmunodiagnostic Reagents3.2.1.Radioimmunoassays3.2.2.Radioisotopic Dilution Assays3.2.3.Immunoradiometric Assays3.3.Reagents for Nonisotopic Homogeneous Immunoassays3.3.1.Latex Agglutination3.3.2.Enzyme‐Tagged Immunoassays3.3.3.Fluorescence‐Based Immunoassays3.3.4.Fluorescence Polarization3.3.5.Liposome‐Based Immunoassays3.4.Reagents for Nonisotopic Heterogeneous Immunoassays3.4.1.Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assays3.4.2.Sandwich Immunoassays3.4.3.Affinity Column Mediated Immunoassays3.4.4.Avidin and Biotin4.Microbiologic Reagents4.1.Collection, Transport, Processing Devices, and Reagents4.2.Growth‐Dependent Microbial Reagents4.3.Immunodiagnostic Reagents in Clinical Microbiology4.4.Monoclonal Antibody and Nucleic Acid Assays5.Coagulation Diagnostic Reagents5.1.Introduction to Hemostasis5.2.Screening Tests5.3.Specific Analytes5.3.1.Coagulation Factors5.3.2.Fibrinolytic Pathway5.3.3.Activators5.3.4.Inhibitors5.4.Platelets5.5.Control of Anticoagulant Therapy5.5.1.Oral Anticoagulants5.5.2.Heparin6.Reagents for Nuclear Medicine6.1.Nuclear Imaging (Radioscintigraphy)6.2.Detection Devices6.3.Radionuclides6.3.1.Selection Criteria6.3.2.99mTc6.3.3.Other γ‐Emitters6.3.4.Positron Emitters6.4.Diagnostic Radiopharmaceuticals6.4.1.Heart Imaging6.4.2.Brain Imaging6.4.3.Bone Imaging6.4.4.Lung Imaging6.4.5.Hepatobiliary Imaging6.4.6.Reticuloendothelial System6.4.7.Renal Imaging6.4.8.Malignant and Inflammatory Regions6.5.Experimental Agents6.6.Quality Control6.7.Dosimetry
Disperse Dyes
Authors: Hamprecht Rainer , Westerkamp Aloys
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Anthraquinone Dyes3.Azo Dyes3.1.Monoazo Dyes3.1.1.Aromatic Amines as Coupling Components3.1.2.Aromatic Hydroxy Compounds as Coupling Components3.1.3.Heterocyclic Compounds as Coupling Components3.1.4.Production of Monoazo Dyes3.2.Disazo Dyes4.Other Chromophores5.Production of Disperse Dyes6.Toxicology and Ecotoxicology7.Trade Names8.Economic Aspects
Dry Cleaning
Authors: Tirsell David C.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Solvent

3.

Process Description

4.

Aftertreatment
Epoxides
Authors: Sienel Guenter , Rieth Robert , Rowbottom Kenneth T.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Reactions of Epoxides2.1.Reactions with Compounds Containing Ionizable Hydrogen2.2.Reactions with Nitrogen or Phosphorus Compounds2.3.Rearrangements2.4.Other Reactions3.Production of Epoxides3.1.Epoxidation with Percarboxylic Acids3.2.Epoxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide3.3.Epoxidation with Hydroperoxides3.4.Epoxidation with Halohydrins3.5.Epoxidation with Oxygen3.6.Epoxidation by Other Methods4.Industrially Important Epoxides4.1.Epichlorohydrin4.2.Other Important Monoepoxides4.3.Functional Epoxides4.4.Diepoxides4.5.Polyepoxides5.Analysis6.Economic Aspects7.Toxicology
Ethanolamines and Propanolamines
Authors: Frauenkron Matthias , Melder Johann‐Peter , Ruider Günther , Rossbacher Roland , Höke Hartmut
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Ethanolamines2.1.Properties2.1.1.Physical Properties2.1.2.Chemical Properties2.2.Production2.3.Quality Specifications2.4.Uses2.5.Economic Aspects3.N‐Alkylated Ethanolamines3.1.Properties3.1.1.Physical Properties3.1.2.Chemical Properties3.2.Production3.3.Quality Specifications3.4.Uses and Economic Aspects4.Isopropanolamines4.1.Properties4.1.1.Physical Properties4.1.2.Chemical Properties4.2.Production4.3.Quality Specifications4.4.Uses5.N‐Alkylated Propanolamines and 3‐Alkoxypropylamines5.1.Properties5.1.1.Physical Properties5.1.2.Chemical Properties5.2.Production5.3.Quality Specifications5.4.Uses and Economic Aspects6.Storage and Transportation7.Environmental Protection8.Toxicology and Occupational Health8.1.General Aspects8.2.Ethanolamines8.3.N‐Alkyl‐ undN‐Arylethanolamines8.4.Propanolamines
Ethylene Glycol
Authors: Rebsdat Siegfried , Mayer Dieter
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Ethylene Oxide Hydrolysis4.1.1.Current Production Method4.1.2.Possible Developments4.2.Alternative Methods of Ethylene Glycol Production4.2.1.Direct Oxidation of Ethylene4.2.2.Synthesis from C1Units5.Environmental Protection and Ecology6.Quality Specifications and Analysis7.Storage and Transportation8.Derivatives8.1.Di‐, Tri‐, Tetra‐, and Polyethylene Glycols8.2.Ethers and Esters9.Uses10.Economic Aspects11.Toxicology and Occupational Health11.1.Ethylene Glycol11.2.Ethylene Glycol Derivatives
Fluorescent Dyes
Authors: Schwander Hansrudolf , Hendrix Paul
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Naphthalimide Dyes3.Coumarin Dyes4.Xanthene Dyes5.Thioxanthene Dyes6.Naphtholactam Dyes7.Azlactone Dyes8.Methine Dyes9.Oxazine and Thiazine Dyes10.Miscellaneous Fluorescent Dyes11.Special Uses12.Daylight Fluorescent Pigments12.1.Production12.1.1.Dyes for Daylight FluorescentPigments12.1.2.Pigment Matrices12.2.Quality Specifications12.3.Uses12.4.Toxicology
Foods, 1. Survey
Authors: Shipe W. Frank , Olentine Charles G.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.History of Food Production and Preservation3.Components and Their Reactions3.1.Water3.2.Proteins3.3.Lipids3.4.Carbohydrates3.5.Mineral Components3.6.Vitamins3.7.Enzymes3.8.Miscellaneous Components3.8.1.Flavor Components3.8.2.Natural Pigments3.8.3.Undesirable or Potentially Undesirable Constituents4.Food Law5.Documentation6.Feeds6.1.Feed Definitions6.2.Feed Utilization by the Animal6.3.Feed Components6.4.Processing6.5.Chemical Analysis6.6.Quality Control6.7.Survey of Common Feeds6.8.Storage and Transportation6.9.Economic Aspects
Glyoxylic Acid
Authors: Mattioda Georges , Christidis Yani
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production5.Toxicology
Hydrazine
Authors: Schirmann Jean‐Pierre , Bourdauducq Paul
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Raschig Process4.2.Olin Raschig Process4.3.Urea Process4.4.Bayer Ketazine Process4.5.Fisons Process4.6.Peroxide Process5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications7.Analysis8.Handling, Storage, and Transportation9.Uses10.Derivatives11.Economic Aspects12.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Hydrocarbons
Authors: Griesbaum Karl , Behr Arno , Biedenkapp Dieter , Voges Heinz‐Werner , Garbe Dorothea , Paetz Christian , Collin Gerd , Mayer Dieter , Höke Hartmut
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Saturated Hydrocarbons1.1.Physical Properties1.2.Chemical Properties1.3.Production1.3.1.From Natural Gas and Petroleum1.3.2.From Coal and Coal‐Derived Products1.3.3.By Synthesis and by Conversion of other Hydrocarbons1.4.Uses1.5.Individual Saturated Hydrocarbons2.Olefins2.1.Monoolefins2.1.1.Properties2.1.2.Production of Higher Olefins2.1.2.1.Production from Paraffins2.1.2.2.Oligomerization of Lower Olefins2.1.3.Uses of Higher Olefins2.1.4.Economic Aspects of Higher Olefins2.2.Dienes and Polyenes2.2.1.Low Molecular Mass 1,3‐Dienes2.2.2.Synthesis of Dienes and Polyenes by Oligomerization2.2.3.Synthesis of Dienes and Polyenes by Metathesis3.Alkylbenzenes3.1.Trimethylbenzenes3.2.Tetramethylbenzenes3.3.Penta‐ and Hexamethylbenzene3.4.Diethylbenzenes3.5.Triethylbenzenes and more highly Ethylated Benzenes3.6.Ethylmethylbenzenes (Ethyltoluenes)3.7.Cumene3.8.Diisopropylbenzenes3.9.Cymenes; C4‐ and C5‐Alkylaromatic Compounds3.10.Monoalkylbenzenes with Alkyl Groups >C103.11.Diphenylmethane4.Biphenyls and Polyphenyls4.1.Biphenyl4.2.Terphenyls4.3.Polyphenyls5.Hydrocarbons from Coal Tar5.1.Acenaphthene5.2.Indene5.3.Fluorene5.4.Fluoranthene5.5.Phenanthrene5.6.Pyrene6.Toxicology and Occupational Health6.1.Alkanes6.2.Alkenes6.3.Alkylbenzenes6.4.Biphenyls and Polyphenyls6.5.Hydrocarbons from Coal Tar6.5.1.Biological Effects6.5.1.1.Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity6.5.1.2.Mammalian Toxicity and Toxicokinetics6.5.1.3.Ecotoxicology6.5.2.Safety Regulations
Hydroquinone
Authors: Hudnall Phillip M.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Hydroperoxidation ofp‐Diisopropylbenzene4.2.Hydroxylation of Phenol4.3.Oxidation of Aniline4.4.Other Processes5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications and Analysis7.Uses8.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Hydroxycarboxylic Acids, Aliphatic
Authors: Miltenberger Karlheinz
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.General Characteristics2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Preparation4.Analysis5.Specific Aliphatic Hydroxycarboxylic Acids of Commercial Significance5.1.Glycolic Acid (Hydroxyacetic Acid, 2‐Hydroxyethanoic Acid)5.1.1.Preparation5.1.2.Uses5.1.3.Derivatives5.2.Hydroxypropionic Acids and β‐Propiolactone5.3.Hydroxybutyric Acids5.4.(R,S)‐Malic Acid [(R,S)‐Hydroxysuccinic Acid, (R,S)‐Hydroxybutanedioic Acid]6.Toxicology
Hypnotics
Authors: Wollweber Hartmund
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Amino Acids and Hormones Influencing Sleep1.2.Influence of Hypnotics on Sleep1.3.Requirements of Hypnotics1.4.Applications of Hypnotics1.5.Consumption of Hypnotics1.6.Classification and Evaluation of Hypnotics2.Sedatives, Antihistamines, and Tranquilizers3.Alcohols and Aldehydes4.Urethanes, Acyclic Urea Derivatives, and Amides5.Cyclic Carboxamides, Carboximides, Cyclic Urea Derivatives, and Related Compounds5.1.Barbituric Acids5.2.Piperidinediones5.3.Quinazolinones5.4.Benzodiazepines6.Other Hypnotics
Ice Cream and Frozen Desserts
Authors: Keeney Philip G.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Classification of Ice Cream Products3.Legal Aspects4.Economic Aspects5.Physical Structure6.Mix Composition6.1.Fats6.2.Nonfat Milk Solids6.3.Sweetener Solids6.4.Stabilizers and Emulsifiers7.Manufacture of Mix8.Freezing Mix to Produce Ice Cream8.1.Freezing as Mix Agitates8.2.Quiescent Hardening
Inclusion Compounds
Authors: Atwood Jerry L.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Classification2.1.Inorganic Hosts2.2.Organic Hosts2.3.Biochemical Inclusion3.Uses3.1.Zeolites3.2.Cyclodextrins
Indium and Indium Compounds
Authors: Felix Noël
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Resources and Raw Materials4.Production4.1.Production from Zinc Circuits4.2.Production from Lead Circuits4.3.Production from Tin Circuits4.4.Other Production Developments4.5.Refining5.Quality Specifications6.Analysis7.Indium Compounds8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Indole
Authors: Collin Gerd , Höke Hartmut
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Properties3.Production4.Derivatives5.Uses6.Toxicology
Insulation, Electric
Authors: Kamm Adolf , Schüller Karl Heinz
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties and Testing Methods2.1.Resistance to Tracking2.2.Volume Resistivity2.3.Surface Resistivity2.4.Relative Permittivity2.5.Dielectric Dissipation Factor2.6.Loss Index2.7.Breakdown Voltage2.8.Further Electrical Tests2.9.Mechanical and Thermal Properties3.Insulating Materials3.1.Inorganic Insulating Materials3.1.1.Insulating Materials Based on Natural Minerals3.1.1.1.Mica and Related Products3.1.1.2.Asbestos and Related Products3.1.2.Synthetic Inorganic Insulating Materials3.1.2.1.Porcelain3.1.2.2.Steatite3.1.2.3.Materials for Electrical Heat Engineering3.1.2.4.Alumina Ceramics3.1.2.5.Special Oxide Ceramics3.1.2.6.Insulating Materials Containing Titanium Oxide and Titanates3.1.2.7.Nonoxide Ceramics3.1.2.8.Glass3.2.Organic Insulating Materials3.2.1.Thermoplasts3.2.2.Thermosets3.2.3.Elastomers3.2.4.Polymer Processing3.3.Liquid Insulating Materials4.Selection of an Insulating Material
Isocyanates, Organic
Authors: Six Christian , Richter Frank
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Phosgenation of Free Amines4.2.Other Phosgenation Procedures4.3.Non‐Phosgene Processes5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications and Analysis7.Storage and Transportation8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Characteristics of juvenile sex offending against strangers: Findings from a non‐clinical study
Authors: Woodhams Jessica
Published: April 2004

Previous studies of the characteristics of juvenile sex offending have been restricted to clinical samples (with convicted offenders undergoing treatment or assessment), which have several inherent limitations. To overcome these limitations victim allegations made to the London Metropolitan Police, UK, in 2001, of sexual assault by juvenile stranger perpetrators were sampled. The study aimed to determine more accurately the alleged nature of sex offending by this type of juvenile offender (aged less than 18 years) and to determine what factors were associated with the most serious cases of this type of aggressive behaviour. The most common offence characteristics were identified, and relationships between suspect and offence/victim characteristics were statistically tested. Offence seriousness, as indicated by physical violence and the occurrence of penetration, was significantly associated with an assault by a team of offenders, a young victim, and older juvenile offenders. The potential for predicting offender characteristics from offence characteristics was examined. Estimated offender age was significantly predicted by the absence/presence of penetration. An older juvenile offender was predicted by a penetrative attack. Aggr. Behav. 30:243–253, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facile Photofabrication of Stable, Submicrometer‐Wide, Electrically Conductive Patterns
Authors: Keum C.‐D. , Fukuda T. , Matsuda H. , Tamada K.
Published: April 2004

A fabrication method for submicrometer‐wide electric conductive patterns using Ag nanoparticle/polymer composites on furan‐functionalized substrates (see Figure) is reported. A 180 nm wide (full width at half maximum) photofabricated pattern has been achieved, well below the wavelength of incident light. After annealing at 200 °C for 40 min, the pattern worked as an electric wire with a resistivity of ∼8 × 10–4 Ω cm.
From Giant Vesicles to Filaments and Wires: Templates for Conducting Polymers
Authors: Kros A. , Linhardt J. G. , Bowman H. K. , Tirrell D. A.
Published: April 2004

Conducting polypyrrole‐coated structures with lengths of several hundreds of micrometers and diameters varying from several micrometers to less then 150 nm have been formed using biomembrane templates (see Figure). The nanotubes can be attached between Au electrode surfaces, and are stable for at least a month. Possible applications exist in the fabrication of electronic devices, inter‐element wiring, and biosensors.
Zeolite ZSM‐5 with Unique Supermicropores Synthesized Using Mesoporous Carbon as a Template
Authors: Yang Z. X. , Xia Y. D. , Mokaya R.
Published: April 2004

A nanocasting route that utilizes well‐ordered mesoporous carbon as a solid template can be used to synthesize zeolite ZSM‐5 with unique supermicropores. By changing the nature of the mesoporous carbon template, the textural properties of the zeolite can be varied, and as the Figure shows, the mesoporous MZSM‐5 zeolites are made up of nanocrystallites.
Size‐Controlled Ni Nanocrystal Growth on Peptide Nanotubes and Their Magnetic Properties
Authors: Yu L. , Banerjee I. A. , Shima M. , Rajan K. , Matsui H.
Published: April 2004

In nature, peptides bind metals reproducibly and selectively via specific amino acid sequences, producing nanocrystals in controlled sizes and morphologies. A novel method of growing uniform nanocrystals directly on biological nanotubes by immobilizing synthetic Ni‐mineralizing peptides on the nanotubes is reported (see Figure). Control of the Ni nanocrystal size is a function of pH, enabling tunability of magnetic properties in the resulting nanotube.
A Simple Method for Spin‐Coating Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Films of Controlled Thickness and Porosity
Authors: Schmidt R. H. , Mosbach K. , Haupt K.
Published: April 2004

A new, robust technique for preparing highly selective molecularly imprinted films (see Figure) is presented. Spin‐coating is used to spread a pre‐polymerization mixture on a substrate, which is subsequently cured with UV light. Important aspects of this technique include the use of a novel polymeric porogen dissolved in a low‐volatility solvent to generate porous morphologies with enhanced binding capacities.
Nanoparticle Synthesis in Engineered Organic Nanoscale Reactors
Authors: Shchukin D. G. , Sukhorukov G. B.
Published: April 2004

In this review, the recent achievements in the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials inside the spatially confined volume of individual micro‐ and submicroreactors (emulsions, micelles, organized thin films, polyelectrolyte capsules, etc.) are presented. The advantages and shortcomings of each type of microreactor are discussed. Particular attention is paid to polyelectrolyte capsules as confined microreactors with controlled shell permeability and the possibility of shell engineering on the nanolevel, thus tailoring different functionalities. Nanomaterials synthesized inside a confined multifunctional microreactor have several advantages: i) absence of particle aggregates, ii) amorphous or metastable crystal phases, and iii) unique composite inorganic/inorganic and inorganic/organic structures.
Field Emission of Electron Anions Clathrated in Subnanometer‐Sized Cages in [Ca24Al28O64]4+(4e–)
Authors: Toda Y. , Matsuishi S. , Hayashi K. , Ueda K. , Kamiya T. , Hirano M. , Hosono H.
Published: April 2004

[Ca24Al28O64]4+(4e–) is a new inorganic electride, which is air‐stable even at ∼ 300 °C. Its electron field‐emission properties originate from electron anions encaged in subnanometer‐sized cages embedded in its crystal structure, and the emission current is controlled by Fowler–Nordheim field emission at high electric fields (see Figure). Field‐emission display devices demonstrate bright light emission clearly visible under ambient light (inset).
Direct Reductive Amination versus Hydrogenation of Intermediates –A Comparison
Authors: Tararov Vitali I. , Kadyrov Renat , Riermeier Thomas H. , Fischer Christine , Börner Armin
Published: April 2004

The direct reductive amination of acetophenone with benzylamine or piperidine was studied in comparison with the hydrogenation of possible intermediates like a corresponding imine or enamine. No common features in terms of productivity and stereocontrol (in the case of chiral catalysts) have been found for both processes. Hence evaluation of efficient, selective and enantioselective catalysts for direct reductive amination appears to be a separate task.
Developmental effects of von Hippel–Lindau gene deficiency
Authors: Vortmeyer Alexander O. , Yuan Quingyang , Lee Youn‐Soo , Zhuang Zhengping , Oldfield Edward H.
Published: April 2004

The histogenetic origin and the basis of the distribution of central nervous system (CNS) hemangioblastomas in the von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene syndrome, VHL disease, are unknown. To better understand hemangioblastoma histogenesis, we analyzed postmortem CNS tissues from four patients with well‐established diagnosis of VHL disease including development of characteristic tumors and positive family history. Numerous angiomesenchymal tumorlets, which resembled hemangioblastoma, but which also consistently showed distinct histological features, were distributed in the nerve roots, spinal cord, and cerebellum. Genetic analysis consistently showed deletion of the wild‐type VHL allele in these tumorlets. Most angiomesenchymal tumorlets were in the dorsal nerve roots; the anterior roots and cerebellum were less frequently affected. Tumorlet distribution was highly consistent in the four cases. In analogy to the wide morphological spectrum of lesions known to exist in VHL kidneys, nerve roots appear to harbor more wide‐spread and morphologically heterogeneous changes than previously appreciated. The abundance of tumorlets, associated with highly consistent morphology and topography, suggests a developmental origin of hemangioblastoma. Therefore, in VHL disease, inactivation of the VHL wild‐type allele appears necessary, but not sufficient, for the formation of tumor that produces symptoms and neurological disability.
Inhibition of nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay rescues the phenotype in Ullrich's disease
Authors: Usuki Fusako , Yamashita Akio , Higuchi Itsuro , Ohnishi Tetsuo , Shiraishi Tadafumi , Osame Mitsuhiro , Ohno Shigeo
Published: April 2004

Nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an mRNA surveillance system that eliminates aberrant mRNAs containing premature translation termination codons (PTCs). We evaluated the role of NMD in of Ullrich's disease. The patient has a frameshift mutation with a PTC in the collagen VI α2 gene causing the loss of collagen VI and functional defects in extracellular matrix (ECM). The pharmacological block of NMD caused upregulation of the mutant collagen VI α2 subunit, resulting in collagen VI assembly and partially functional ECM formation. Our results suggest that NMD inhibitors can be used as a therapeutic tool to rescue some human genetic diseases exacerbated by NMD.
The role of human left superior parietal lobule in body part localization
Authors: Felician Olivier , Romaiguère Patricia , Anton Jean‐Luc , Nazarian Bruno , Roth Muriel , Poncet Michel , Roll Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2004

Electrophysiological data in primates suggest that the superior parietal lobule integrates the position of the limbs to construct complex representations of postures. Although in humans the neural basis of these mechanisms remains largely unknown, neuropsychological studies have implicated left superior parietal regions. We devised a simple functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm aimed at exploring this hypothesis in healthy humans. Strong activation was obtained within the left but not the right superior parietal lobule, providing additional evidence that this structure may play a key role in body part localization processing.
Molecular epidemiology of spinocerebellar ataxia type 6
Authors: Craig Kate , Keers Sharon M. , Archibald Kate , Curtis Ann , Chinnery Patrick F.
Published: April 2004

We performed a population‐based clinical and molecular genetic study of spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) in the northeast of England. The minimum point prevalence of SCA6 was 1.59 in 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–2.14), and the number of individuals who either had SCA6 or are at risk of developing SCA6 was at least 5.21 in 100,000 (95% CI, 4.31–6.10), or 1 in 19,210. Microsatellite analysis of the CACNA1A gene indicated a founder effect for SCA6 within this region.
Iodine bactericidal action adsorbed in 2‐vinylpyridine copolymer networks
Authors: Jandrey Angela C. , de Santa Maria Luiz Claudio , de Aguiar Alcino P. , Aguiar Mônica R. M. P. , Mazzei José Luiz , Felzenszwalb Israel
Published: April 2004

In the present work, different kinds of porous copolymer networks based on 2‐vinylpyridine (2VP) and divinylbenzene (DVB) containing anchored iodine were prepared and evaluated for inactivating Escherichia coli in an aqueous medium. By using bacterial viability assays with E. coli (AB 1157, wild‐type), the iodine bactericidal effect was investigated at room temperature by elution through short columns filled with copolymer beads. Saline solutions containing bacterial cells at several contents (102 to 107 cells/mL) were eluted. After each elution, cell content viability was determined by plating these suspensions on nutritive agar plates, incubating them at 37°C for 24 h, and counting as colony‐forming units (CFUs). It was verified that the networks containing anchored iodine were completely bactericidal within a few minutes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 972–976, 2004
Rough set approach for attribute reduction and rule generation: A case of patients with suspected breast cancer
Authors: Hassanien Aboul‐Ella
Published: April 2004

Rough set theory is a relatively new intelligent technique used in the discovery of data dependencies; it evaluates the importance of attributes, discovers the patterns of data, reduces all redundant objects and attributes, and seeks the minimum subset of attributes. Moreover, it is being used for the extraction of rules from databases. In this paper, we present a rough set approach to attribute reduction and generation of classification rules from a set of medical datasets. For this purpose, we first introduce a rough set reduction technique to find all reducts of the data that contain the minimal subset of attributes associated with a class label for classification. To evaluate the validity of the rules based on the approximation quality of the attributes, we introduce a statistical test to evaluate the significance of the rules. Experimental results from applying the rough set approach to the set of data samples are given and evaluated. In addition, the rough set classification accuracy is also compared to the well‐known ID3 classifier algorithm. The study showed that the theory of rough sets is a useful tool for inductive learning and a valuable aid for building expert systems.
The university–industry knowledge relationship: Analyzing patents and the science base of technologies
Authors: Leydesdorff Loet
Published: April 2004

Via the Internet, information scientists can obtain cost‐free access to large databases in the “hidden” or “deep Web.” These databases are often structured far more than the Internet domains themselves. The patent database of the U.S. Patent and Trade Office is used in this study to examine the science base of patents in terms of the literature references in these patents. University‐based patents at the global level are compared with results when using the national economy of the Netherlands as a system of reference. Methods for accessing the online databases and for the visualization of the results are specified. The conclusion is that “biotechnology” has historically generated a model for theorizing about university–industry relations that cannot easily be generalized to other sectors and disciplines.
Long‐Range Stereocontrol in the Self‐Assembly of Two‐Nanometer‐Dimensioned Triple‐Stranded Dinuclear Helicates
Authors: Albrecht Markus , Janser Ingo , Houjou Hirohiko , Fröhlich Roland
Published: April 2004

A series of bisimine‐bridged dicatechol ligands 2‐H4–5‐H4 were synthesized and were used to prepare triple‐stranded dinuclear helicate‐type complexes with a length of up to more than 2 nm. X‐ray structural analyses of Na4[(2)3V2], Na4[(3)3Ti2], Na4[(4)3Ti2], and Na4[(5)3Ti2], as well as temperature‐dependent NMR investigations of Na4[(4)3Ti2] and Na4[(5)3Ti2] show that, in the case of the rigid linear ligands 2 and 3, and of the ligand 5, which possesses C2h symmetry in its idealized structure, homochiral helicates are diastereoselectively formed. Ligand 4, on the other hand, with idealized C2v symmetry, leads with surprisingly high selectivity to the formation of the heterochiral meso‐helicate. This is attributed to the ability of ligand 4 to adopt a less‐restricted conformation in the meso compound than in the helical complex. NMR investigations indicate that both complex units of Na4[(4)3Ti2] invert (ΛΔ→ΔΛ) simultaneously, while in the case of Na4[(5)3Ti2] a stepwise racemization proceeds.
Synthetic and Spectroscopic Investigation of N‐Acylated Sulfoximines
Authors: Hackenberger Christian P. R. , Raabe Gerhard , Bolm Carsten
Published: April 2004

N‐Acylated sulfoximines display unique chemical properties. Various derivatives have been synthesized and investigated by NMR and IR spectroscopy. The results of these studies suggest that the bond between the sulfoximine nitrogen atom and the carbonyl group has a less pronounced double‐bond character than the corresponding bond in an amide. This assumption is supported by the first X‐ray crystal structure of a sulfoximidoyl derivative. Ab initio calculations (MP2/6‐311++G**) provide further insight into the electronic nature of the N‐acyl fragment. Studies of the chemical behavior of N‐acylated sulfoximines indicate the presence of a highly electrophilic carbonyl group. Thus, the NC(O) bond can easily be cleaved under mild basic conditions, and the acidity of the hydrogen atoms α to the sulfoximine carbonyl group is high. As a consequence of the latter property, endo,endo‐sulfoximidoyl norbornene derivatives readily isomerize to their endo,exo counterparts, and sulfoximine‐containing pseudopeptides can easily epimerize at the stereogenic center next to the NC(O) carbonyl group.
Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Dendritic Polyglycerol Derivatives on Gold That Resist the Adsorption of Proteins
Authors: Siegers Conrad , Biesalski Markus , Haag Rainer
Published: April 2004

Highly protein‐resistant, self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of dendritic polyglycerols (PGs) on gold can easily be obtained by simple chemical modification of these readily available polymers with a surface‐active disulfide linker group. Several disulfide‐functionalized PGs were synthesized by N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide‐mediated ester coupling of thioctic acid. Monolayers of the disulfide‐functionalized PG derivatives spontaneously form on a semitransparent gold surface and effectively prevent the adsorption of proteins, as demonstrated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) kinetic measurements. A structure–activity relationship relating the polymer architecture to its ability to effectuate protein resistance has been derived from results of different surface characterization techniques (SPR, attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR‐IR), and contact‐angle measurements). Dendritic PGs combine the characteristic structural features of several highly protein‐resistant surfaces: a highly flexible aliphatic polyether, hydrophilic surface groups, and a highly branched architecture. PG monolayers are as protein resistant as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) SAMs and are significantly better than dextran‐coated surfaces, which are currently used as the background for SPR spectroscopy. Due to the higher thermal and oxidative stability of the bulk PG as compared to the PEG and the easy accessibility of these materials, dendritic polyglycerols are novel and promising candidates as surface coatings for biomedical applications.
Loss of heterozygosity on the X chromosome is an independent prognostic factor in ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Høgdall Estrid V. S. , Ryan Andy , Kjaer Susanne K. , Blaakaer Jan , Christensen Lise , Bock Johannes E. , Glud Eva , Jacobs Ian J. , Høgdall Claus K.
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND

Ovarian carcinoma (OC) is the fifth most frequent female cancer type and the fourth most frequent cause of death from cancer among women in Denmark. At the time they are diagnosed with OC, approximately 70% of patients have advanced disease. It is believed that loss of tumor suppressor gene activity plays an important role in the origin and progression of OC and other malignancies. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) may be detected in individuals heterozygous for an allele and is associated with loss of function of tumor suppressor genes.

METHODS

The polymorphic marker regions (TP53, CACNLB1, D18S58, DXS538, and DXS454) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction followed by separation using gel electrophoresis before LOH was identified. In total, 160 women with primary epithelial OC were included in the study.

RESULTS

Univariate analyses showed significant differences in survival between patients who had advanced OC with LOH or with retention using the microsatellite markers DXS454 (P= 0.04) and DXS538 (P= 0.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis that included all patients showed that DXS454 (relative hazard [RH] = 3.5;P= 0.002; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.6–7.8), radicality of primary surgery (RH = 5.5;P< 0.0001; 95% CI, 2.7–11.1), and serum tetranectin level (RH = 0.8;P= 0.009; 95% CI, 0.7–0.9) were independent prognostic factors for survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis restricted to patients with International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology Stage III–IV disease showed that DXS454 (RH = 3.4;P= 0.007; 95% CI, 1.4–8.1), radicality of primary surgery (RH = 5.4;P< 0.0001; 95% CI, 2.2–12.9), and serum tetranectin level (RH = 0.8;P= 0.042; 95% CI, 0.7–1.0) were independent prognostic factors.

CONCLUSIONS

LOH at DXS454 (Xq21‐q23) appeared to be correlated with reduced survival in patients with OC. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy using periareolar injection of radiocolloid for patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy–treated breast carcinoma
Authors: Shimazu Kenzo , Tamaki Yasuhiro , Taguchi Tetsuya , Akazawa Kenji , Inoue Tomoo , Noguchi Shinzaburo
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND

The feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) for patients with breast carcinoma have been investigated primarily for the situation in which the radiocolloid imaging agent is injected peritumorally. No such study has involved periareolar injection of radiocolloid, although the usefulness of this injection technique has been demonstrated in patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma who have not been treated with NAC. The objective of the current study was to determine the feasibility and accuracy of SLN biopsy using periareolar injection of radiocolloid for patients with breast carcinoma who were treated with NAC.

METHODS

Forty‐seven patients with AJCC Stage II or III breast carcinoma who were treated with NAC were enrolled in the study. All patients underwent SLN biopsy, which involved a combination of periareolar injection of radiocolloid (technetium 99m tin colloid) and peritumoral injection of isosulfan blue dye, followed by backup axillary lymph node dissection. SLN metastases were examined by hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis using an anticytokeratin antibody.

RESULTS

An SLN was identified successfully in 44 patients (94%). Twenty‐nine patients (66%) had positive SLNs. Fifteen patients had negative SLNs, and 4 patients had positive non‐SLNs. Thus, the false‐negative rate was 12.1% (4 of 33 patients). The false‐negative rate tended to be higher, although not statistically significantly so, among patients who had clinically positive axillary lymph nodes before and/or after NAC (15.8%; 3 of 19 patients) compared with patients who had clinically negative axillary lymph nodes both before and after NAC (7.1%; 1 of 14 patients).

CONCLUSIONS

SLN biopsy using periareolar injection of radiocolloid is feasible after NAC. In patients with clinically negative axillary lymph nodes both before and after NAC, SLN biopsy was capable of predicting axillary lymph node status with an accuracy comparable to the accuracy associated with SLN biopsy for patients with early‐stage carcinoma who have not been treated with NAC. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Prognostic significance of erythropoietin expression in human endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Acs Geza , Xu Xiaowei , Chu Christina , Acs Peter , Verma Ajay
Published: April 2004

BACKGROUND

Erythropoietin (Epo), which is induced by hypoxia, controls erythropoiesis and protects neurons from hypoxic damage. Hypoxia in malignant disease is associated with invasion, metastasis, and resistance to therapy. The authors recently demonstrated hypoxia‐stimulated expression of Epo and Epo receptor (EpoR) in human breast and cervical carcinomas, suggesting a role for autocrine Epo signaling in the hypoxic adaptations of carcinomas.

METHODS

The authors characterized the expression of Epo, EpoR, hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) by immunohistochemical methods using endometrial carcinoma samples from 107 women and benign endometrial samples from 59 women in various phases of the menstrual cycle. They then analyzed potential correlations of Epo and EpoR immunostaining and clinicopathologic tumor features with outcome.

RESULTS

In benign endometrial tissue samples, Epo and EpoR expression increased over the course of the cycle, with the highest levels observed in the late secretory phase. Epo expression in benign endometrial samples showed a negative correlation with ER and PR expression. The authors found Epo and EpoR expression in 95.3 % and 100% of endometrial carcinoma samples, respectively. Increased EpoR, but not Epo, expression in tumors was associated with advanced‐stage disease, lymphovascular invasion, lymph node metastasis, and loss of ER expression. Increased Epo expression was observed in perinecrotic tumor regions in a pattern similar to the HIF‐1α expression pattern. Increased Epo expression was significantly associated with adverse clinical outcome on both univariate and multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

Hypoxia‐inducible autocrine Epo signaling in endometrial carcinoma may contribute to tumor progression and increased aggressiveness. Increased Epo expression in endometrial carcinomas may be an independent prognostic and/or predictive factor. Cancer 2004. Published 2004 American Cancer Society.