bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of GdBa2Cu3O6+x (GdBCO) precursor powder by spray‐drying a nitrate solution containing PEG
Authors: Camps Jaume , Farjas Jordi , Roura‐Grabulosa Pere , Calleja Albert
Published: February 2020

Several precursor powders, obtained after precipitation from metal nitrate solution containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) (inside a Pyrex glass reactor or by spray‐drying), and their thermal evolution to GdBa2Cu3O6+x (GdBCO) were analyzed by thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The amount of PEG had a crucial role in the BaCO3 content of the “Kjeldahl precursors,” but a minor effect on the degree of transformation to GdBCO at 900°C, which did not reach completion after 1 hour. In contrast, a low‐PEG spray‐dried powder led to almost 100% GdBCO in only 5 minutes. The high degree of cation dispersion reached by spray‐drying and the coexistence with a liquid phase can explain this short reaction time. The spray‐dried powder compares favorably with the mechanical mix of metal oxides and Ba carbonate that is commonly used as precursor powder for the synthesis following a solid‐state reaction.
Intralesional immunotherapy with purified protein derivative (PPD) for cryotherapy‐resistant warts
Authors: Kaimal Sowmya , Gopinath Hima , Premalatha Venkatesh
Published: February 2020

Background

Cryotherapy and immunotherapeutic modalities elicit nonspecific immune response against the human papillomavirus. There is a paucity of literature on the effects of a sequential shift to immunotherapy in cryotherapy‐resistant warts.

Aim

To study the efficacy of intralesional purified protein derivative (PPD) immunotherapy in cryotherapy‐resistant warts.

Methods

Patients with cryotherapy‐recalcitrant cutaneous warts were given intralesional injections of PPD into the index warts (oldest or largest) at 2‐week intervals until complete clearance or up to a maximum of six injections. The response in the treated index and distant warts was defined as complete, partial, and no response (<25%). Complete responders were followed up for another 3 months to check for recurrence.

Results

Twenty‐eight patients completed the study protocol. Of the eight patients with single warts, four (50%), one (12.5%), and three (37.5%) patients had complete, partial, and no response, respectively. Of the 20 patients with multiple warts, nine (45%) had complete clearance of all warts, two (10%) each had complete and partial response in the index wart, respectively, with no response of the distant warts, and seven (35%) had no response in all warts. Complete response was seen in an average of 3.1 injections (range 1–5). There was no recurrence at the follow‐up visit.

Conclusion

Immunotherapy with PPD has potential in producing regional and remote wart regression even in cryotherapy‐resistant warts. It is a safe and economical modality in children, multiple warts, and difficult‐to‐treat warts.
A curriculum for behaviour and oral healthcare management for dentally anxious children—Recommendations from the Children Experiencing Dental Anxiety: Collaboration on Research and Education (CEDACORE)
Authors: Costa Luciane R. , Bendo Cristiane B. , Daher Anelise , Heidari Ellie , Rocha Renata Sá , Moreira Ana Paula de Sousa Costa , Moura Larissa Silva , Banerjee Avijit , Newton J. Tim , Hosey Marie T.
Published: February 2020

Background

Dentists need training in the management of children's anxiety (DA), fear (DF) and behaviour management problems (DBMP) but little is known of their competence on this topic.

Aim

To report dentists’ opinions and attitudes about protective stabilisation and pharmacological techniques for the management of children with DA/DF/DBMP; to propose a postgraduate curriculum focussing on DA/DF/DBMP.

Design

A survey of 301 Brazilian dentists and later a modified Delphi process to outline the curriculum in two phases: (a) face‐to‐face discussions with 33 early career researchers mentored by six researchers, both from UK and Brazil; (b) online discussions by eight early and senior researchers on the knowledge, experience, and competencies necessary for a specialist in paediatric dentistry in Brazil that should be included in the core curriculum of postgraduate courses.

Results

Almost all (99.0%) of the survey respondents provide treatment to children with DA/DF/DBMP, and 91.2% do not systematically diagnose these conditions; 94.3% use protective stabilisation, and 20.0%‐30.0% have training in pharmacological techniques. The four‐domain framework supporting the proposed curriculum is as follows: DA/DF/DBMP assessment, non‐pharmacological and pharmacological approaches, and decision‐making.

Conclusion

Dental curricula should be customised to solve the misconceptions and promote a comprehensive and positive attitude to DA/DF/DBMP by paediatric oral healthcare practitioners.
Comparison of four different treatment strategies in teeth with molar‐incisor hypomineralization‐related enamel breakdown–A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Linner Thomas , Khazaei Yeganeh , Bücher Katharina , Pfisterer Jan , Hickel Reinhard , Kühnisch Jan
Published: February 2020

Background

There is little information available on the longevity of non‐invasive glass ionomer cement (GIC) and composite restorations as well as conventional composite and ceramic restorations placed on permanent teeth with enamel breakdowns due to molar‐incisor hypomineralization (MIH).

Aim

To compare the longevity of the abovementioned treatment procedures.

Design

Of 377 identified MIH patients, 118 individuals received restorative treatment and were invited for clinical examination, including caries and MIH status. Finally, survival data from 204 MIH‐related restorations placed on 127 teeth were retrospectively collected from 52 children, monitored between 2010 and 2018. Descriptive and explorative analyses were performed, including Kaplan‐Meier estimators and the Cox regression model.

Results

The mean patient observation time was 42.9 months (SD = 35.1). The cumulative survival probabilities after 36 months—7.0% (GIC, N = 28), 29.9% (non‐invasive composite restoration, N = 126), 76.2% (conventional composite restoration, N = 27) and 100.0% (ceramic restoration, N = 23)—differed significantly in the regression analysis.

Conclusions

Conventional restorations were associated with moderate‐to‐high survival rates in MIH teeth. In contrast, non‐invasive composite restorations, which were predominately used in younger or less cooperative children, were linked to lower survival rates.
Constrained shortest path tour problem: models, valid inequalities, and Lagrangian heuristics
Authors: Saraiva Rommel Dias , de Andrade Rafael Castro
Published: March 2020

The constrained shortest path tour problem (CSPTP) is an NP‐hard combinatorial optimization problem defined on a connected directed graph , where V is the set of nodes and A is the set of nonnegative weighted arcs. Given two distinct nodes , an integer value , and node disjoint subsets , , the CSPTP aims at finding the shortest trail from s to t while visiting at least one node in every subset , in this order. In this paper, we perform a comparative analysis between two integer programming (IP) models for the problem. We also propose valid inequalities and a Lagrangian‐based heuristic framework. Branch‐and‐bound algorithms from the literature, as well as a metaheuristic approach, are used for comparison. Extensive computational experiments carried out on benchmark data sets show the effective use of valid inequalities and the quality of bounds obtained by the Lagrangian framework. Because benchmark instances do not require a great computational effort of IP models in the sense that their optimality is reached at the root node of the CPLEX branch‐and‐cut search tree, we introduce new challenging CSPTP instances for which our solution approaches outperform existing ones for the problem.
Risk of bias assessments and reporting quality of systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials examining acupuncture for depression: An overview and meta‐epidemiology study
Authors: Luo Shanxia , Long Youlin , Xiao Wenzhe , Wang Xin , Chen Rui , Guo Qiong , Liu Jia , Shao Ruochen , Du Liang , Chen Min
Published: February 2020

Objectives

To assess the use of risk of bias (ROB) assessment tools and the reporting quality of ROB assessment results in systematic reviews (SRs) of acupuncture for depression, as well as to evaluate the ROB of depression‐related randomized controlled trials (RCT).

Methods

Embase, Medline, Chinese Journal Full‐Text Database (CJFD), VIP Chinese Technology Periodical Database, and WanFang Data Resource System of Digital Periodicals were searched from their inception to 24 November 2017. SRs of RCTs concerning acupuncture on depression were included. General characteristics and the information related to risk of bias in SRs were extracted. A descriptive analysis was used.

Results

Thirty‐nine SRs were included. Of these, two (5%) did not perform a ROB assessment, 18.9% did not report the ROB assessment results, and 62.2% did not report the assessment results of each ROB item. Text descriptions and tables were commonly used in reporting forms. Only 32.4% of SRs reported support for judgment. The reporting rate of ROB assessment results was low in all items (13.5%‐35.1%). Regarding RCTs, 59.7% used adequate randomization methods, 13.1% performed adequate allocation concealment, 12.5% performed adequate blinding of participants and personnel, 27.3% performed adequate blinding of the assessment outcomes, and 41.5% and 49.3% had a low ROB in terms of incomplete outcome data and selective outcome reporting, respectively.

Conclusion

For the SRs of acupuncture for depression, the selection of ROB assessment tools needs to be optimized. The reporting quality is poor, and the overall ROB of RCTs is high. Therefore, the results may not be reliable.
The osteology of the golden grey mullet Liza aurata (Teleostei: Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) including interactive three‐dimensional reconstructions
Authors: Thieme Philipp , Moritz Timo
Published: February 2020

Grey mullets are remarkably characterized by their overall uniform external morphology. Identifying species as well as positioning the Mugiliformes in a phylogenetic context is rather difficult. Most recently they were placed in the newly erected Ovalentaria, but more detailed relationships to potential sister taxa were not resolved. Studying the internal morphology, especially the osteology, might provide new insights into the evolution of the Mugiliformes as well as help clarify their phylogenetic position within the Ovalentaria. A detailed osteology of the golden grey mullet Liza aurata is presented. The use of cleared and stained specimens allowed for a complete examination of bony and cartilaginous structures, and a 3D reconstruction from a μCT data set provided additional information on the positional relationships of the bones. Following this, the data obtained were compared with different mugilid species, particularly with the flathead grey mullet Mugil cephalus. Several differences between these species could be identified, such as the position of the basisphenoid, the shape of the hyomandibular and the composition of the branchial arches. These characters might help in understanding the evolutionary changes happening within the mugiliforms and will provide the basis to study this taxon in detail, finally allowing the reconstruction of the body plan of grey mullets.
Transgene‐mediated skeletal phenotypic variation in zebrafish
Authors: Kimmel Charles B. , Wind Alexander L. , Oliva Whitney , Ahlquist Samuel D. , Walker Charline , Dowd John , Blanco‐Sánchez Bernardo , Titus Tom A. , Batzel Peter , Talbot Jared C. , Postlethwait John H. , Nichols James T.
Published: February 2020

When considering relationships between genotype and phenotype we frequently ignore the fact that the genome of a typical animal, notably including that of a fish and a human, harbours a huge amount of foreign DNA. Such DNA, in the form of transposable elements, can affect genome function in a major way, and transgene biology needs to be included in our understanding of the genome. Here we examine an unexpected phenotypic effect of the chromosomally integrated transgene fli1a‐F‐hsp70l:Gal4VP16 that serves as a model for transgene function generally. We examine larval fras1 mutant zebrafish (Danio rerio). Gal4VP16 is a potent transcriptional activator that is already well known for toxicity and mediating unusual transcriptional effects. In the presence of the transgene, phenotypes in the neural crest‐derived craniofacial skeleton, notably fusions and shape changes associated with loss of function fras1 mutations, are made more severe, as we quantify by scoring phenotypic penetrance, the fraction of mutants expressing the trait. A very interesting feature is that the enhancements are highly specific for fras1 mutant phenotypes, occurring in the apparent absence of more widespread changes. Except for the features due to the fras1 mutation, the transgene‐bearing larvae appear generally healthy and to be developing normally. The transgene behaves as a genetic partial dominant: a single copy is sufficient for the enhancements, yet, for some traits, two copies may exert a stronger effect. We made new strains bearing independent insertions of the fli1a‐F‐hsp70l:Gal4VP16 transgene in new locations in the genome, and observed increased severities of the same phenotypes as observed for the original insertion. This finding suggests that sequences within the transgene, for example Gal4VP16, are responsible for the enhancements, rather than the effect on neighbouring host sequences (such as an insertional mutation). The specificity and biological action underlying the traits are subjects of considerable interest for further investigation, as we discuss. Our findings show that work with transgenes needs to be undertaken with caution and attention to detail.
A new livebearing fish of the genus Limia (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) from Lake Miragoane, Haiti
Authors: Rodriguez‐Silva Rodet , Weaver Pablo F.
Published: February 2020

Limia islai, a new species of livebearing fish, is described from Lake Miragoane in south‐western Haiti on Hispaniola. The new species has a conspicuous barred pattern consisting of several (4–12) black bars along the body, ray 4p serrae of the gonopodium in males with 10 segments and origin of dorsal fin in females slightly behind the origin of the anal fin. Although the new species colour pattern is similar to that of the humpbacked limia Limia nigrofasciata Regan 1913, L. islai sp. nov. has exclusive morphological features, such as slender body, lack of hump anterior to dorsal fin in males and presence of specific features in the gonopodial suspensory, which allow an unambiguous diagnosis from L. nigrofasciata. L. islai further differs from L. nigrofasciata in reproductive behaviour since L. islai males rely on sneak copulations and gonopodial thrusting, whereas L. nigrofasciata display an elaborate courtship behaviour. The new species is also genetically distinct in both nuclear (Rh, Myh6) and mitochondrial (12S, ND2, D‐loop, Cytb) genes from other species in the genus showing reciprocal monophyly. The description of this new Limia species from Lake Miragoane confirms this lake as an important centre of endemism for the genus, with a total of eight endemic species described so far.
Resistin adipokin in atopic dermatitis patients: A clinical, biochemical, and genetic study
Authors: Farag Azza G. A. , Hammam Mostafa A. , Khaled Hesham N. , Soliman ShimaE , Tayel Nermin Reda , EL‐Shamendy Amira A. , Shehata Wafaa A.
Published: February 2020

Background/Objectives

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory chronic skin disorder. The etiology of AD is not fully understood. Therefore, we aimed by this study to shed light on the potential role of resistin in an etiopathogenesis of AD through investigation of resistin rs3745367 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and resistin serum levels, and their relation to leukocytic count in a sample of Egyptian patients having atopic dermatitis.

Methods

This case‐control study included 45 patients having AD and 40 controls. SCORAD index was assessed to evaluate the severity of AD. CBC, ELISA, and PCR‐RFLP were performed to detect leukocytic count, resistin serum level, and resistin rs3745367 SNP, respectively.

Results

Atopic dermatitis patients had significant low serum resistin concentrations (P = .036) and a significantly high frequency of leukocytosis (P = .003). Low resistin serum levels were significantly related to AD disease severity (P < .001) and the presence of leukocytosis (P < .001). Resistin rs3745367 GG genotype (P = .030), as well as its G allele (P = .019), was expressively associated with AD development, and both increased the risk of AD by 3‐ and 2‐fold, respectively. Resistin rs3745367 GG genotype was significantly linked to low resistin serum levels (P < .001), AD‐positive family history (P = .015), and the presence of leukocytosis (P < .001).

Conclusions

Resistin rs3745367 gene polymorphism may contribute to the development of AD. Resistin may have an immune‐modulating active character in the AD etiopathogenesis that could be mediated through its anti‐inflammatory effect. From this piece of work, we may suggest resistin as a new therapy to mitigate the pro‐inflammatory environment found in AD.
Oily sensitive skin: A review of management options
Authors: Hong Ji Yeon , Park Su Jung , Seo Seong Jun , Park Kui Young
Published: February 2020

Background

Due to the ever‐increasing demands for the personalized care, people seek for the tailored management according to the accurate identification of their skin type. The Baumann Skin Type Indicator, which was proposed by Leslie Baumann, is composed of four parameters: oily or dry, resistant or sensitive, pigmented or nonpigmented, and wrinkled or tight. Among these, oily sensitive skin experiences significant discomfort and resists ordinary treatment.

Aims

In this article, we will review the clinical manifestations, underlying pathogenesis and recommendations on treatment options that may be utilized to help patients with oily sensitive skin.

Patients/Methods

Literature search was conducted using PubMed. The literature concerning Baumann Skin Type Indicator and oily sensitive skin type were considered.

Results

Oily sensitive (OS)‐type skin is a complex of oily and sensitive skin that causes significant discomfort and undergoes stubborn resistance to treatments. Sebum dysfunction and hypersensitivity may play a key role in the development of sensitive skin. Considering the pathogenesis of OS‐type skin, treatment should focus on both seborrhea and hypersensitivity.

Conclusion

Clinicians can effectively treat the oily sensitive skin by understanding underlying pathogenesis of it. Further investigations are necessary to reach a consensus on the basic pathophysiology and optimal management guidelines for oily sensitive skin.
Escitalopram for recurrent isolated sleep paralysis
Authors: Hintze Jonathan P. , Gault Dominic
Published: February 2020

Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis can be very disturbing and provoke anxiety. The majority of patients can be treated conservatively with cognitive and behavioural therapies. However, some patients may benefit from a pharmacologic intervention. With only scant available evidence, there are currently no standardized pharmacologic treatment recommendations for recurrent isolated sleep paralysis. We report the first two cases of escitalopram used to successfully treat recurrent isolated sleep paralysis. Escitalopram, the most selective of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, generally improves subjective sleep quality, making it an appealing treatment option.
Current and future perspectives on the categorization of antimicrobials used in veterinary medicine
Authors: Watts Jeffrey L. , Sweeney Michael T. , Lubbers Brian V.
Published: February 2020

The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in human and veterinary bacterial pathogens has led to concerns regarding the use of antimicrobials in veterinary medicine. Consequently, regulatory agencies have developed procedures for assessing the risk associated with the use of a specific antimicrobial as part of the drug approval process. Due consideration for the importance (priority categorization) of the antimicrobial to human medicine is part of this risk assessment process. Additionally, nongovernmental organizations have developed antimicrobial categorization schemes to protect the use and effectiveness of these medicines. However, the goals and methods of the various categorization schemes vary, resulting in final categorizations that are different. Although harmonizing these schemes would bring clarity to antimicrobial resistance discussions and policy, it has the disadvantage of not accounting for regional antimicrobial resistance and use, potentially removing effective medicines from clinical use in situations where they are wholly appropriate. Antimicrobials should be classified in a One Health manner, where both physician and veterinarian share the responsibility for antimicrobial use. The purpose of this article is to summarize current antimicrobial categorization schemes using illustrative examples to highlight differences and provide perspectives on the impact of the current schemes and future directions.
In situ analysis of platinum group elements in equilibrated ordinary chondrite kamacite and taenite
Authors: Gilmour Cosette M. , Herd Christopher D. K.
Published: February 2020

Platinum group element (PGE) concentrations have been determined in situ in ordinary chondrite kamacite and taenite grains via laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS). Results demonstrate that PGE concentrations in ordinary chondrite metal (kamacite and taenite) are similar among the three ordinary chondrite groups, in contrast to previous bulk metal studies in which PGE concentrations vary in the order H < L < LL. PGE concentrations are higher in taenite than kamacite, consistent with preferential PGE partitioning into taenite. PGE concentrations vary between and within metal grains, although average concentrations in kamacite broadly agree with results from bulk studies. The variability of PGE concentrations in metal decreases with increasing petrologic type; however, variability is still evident in most type six ordinary chondrites, suggesting that equilibration of PGEs does not occur between metal grains, but rather within individual metal grains via self‐diffusion during metamorphism. The constant average PGE concentrations within metal grains across different ordinary chondrite groups are consistent with the formation of metal via nebular condensation prior to the accretion of ordinary chondrite parent bodies. Post‐condensation effects, including heating during chondrule‐formation events, may have affected some element ratios, but have not significantly affected average metal PGE concentrations.
Sclerenchyma cell thickening through enhanced lignification induced by OsMYB30 prevents fungal penetration of rice leaves
Authors: Li Weitao , Wang Kang , Chern Mawsheng , Liu Yuchen , Zhu Ziwei , Liu Jiang , Zhu Xiaobo , Yin Junjie , Ran Li , Xiong Jun , He Kaiwei , Xu Liting , He Min , Wang Jing , Liu Jiali , Bi Yu , Qing Hai , Li Mingwu , Hu Kun , Song Li , Wang Long , Qi Tuo , Hou Qingqing , Chen Weilan , Li Yan , Wang Wenming , Chen Xuewei
Published: February 2020

Broad‐spectrum resistance is highly preferred in crop breeding programmes. Previously, we have reported the identification of the broad‐spectrum resistance‐Digu 1 (bsr‐d1) allele from rice Digu. The bsr‐d1 allele prevents activation of Bsr‐d1 expression by Magnaporthe oryzae infection and degradation of H2O2 by peroxidases, leading to resistance to M. oryzae. However, it remains unknown whether defence pathways other than H2O2 burst and peroxidases contribute to the bsr‐d1‐mediated immunity.

Blast resistance was determined in rice leaves by spray and punch inoculations. Target genes of OsMYB30 were identified by one‐hybrid assays in yeast and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Lignin content was measured by phloroglucinol–HCl staining, and acetyl bromide and thioacidolysis methods.

Here, we report the involvement of the OsMYB30 gene in bsr‐d1‐mediated blast resistance. Expression of OsMYB30 was induced during M. oryzae infection or when Bsr‐d1 was knocked out or downregulated, as occurs in bsr‐d1 plants upon infection. We further found that OsMYB30 bound to and activated the promoters of 4‐coumarate:coenzyme A ligase genes (Os4CL3 and Os4CL5) resulting in accumulation of lignin subunits G and S. This action led to obvious thickening of sclerenchyma cells near the epidermis, inhibiting M. oryzae penetration at the early stage of infection.

Our study revealed novel components required for bsr‐d1‐mediated resistance and penetration‐dependent immunity, and advanced our understanding of broad‐spectrum disease resistance.
Keep a distance to be different: axillary buds initiating at a distance from the shoot apical meristem are crucial for the perennial lifestyle of Arabis alpina
Authors: Ponraj Udhaya , Theres Klaus
Published: February 2020

In many seed plants, perennialism is achieved through axillary buds and side shoots that remain vegetative. This work aimed to analyse the pattern of axillary bud (AB) formation in the perennial model plant Arabis alpina and to study the role of the LATERAL SUPPRESSOR (AaLAS) gene.

This study combines stereomicroscopic analysis with RNA sequencing to monitor the correlation between patterns of AB formation and gene expression. The role of AaLAS was studied using an RNA interference (RNAi) approach.

During vegetative development, ABs initiate at a distance from the shoot apical meristem (SAM), whereas after floral induction, they initiate adjacent to the SAM. Dormant buds are established before the onset of vernalization. Transcript profiles of ABs initiated at a distance differed from those in the SAM, whereas those of buds initiated in close proximity were similar. Knockdown of AaLAS leads to the loss of dormant buds and vegetative side shoots, strongly compromising the perennial life cycle.

AB formation is regulated differently during vegetative and reproductive development. New meristems that possess different gene expression profiles from those in the SAM are established at a distance from the SAM. AaLAS is essential for the perennial life cycle by modulating the establishment of dormant buds and vegetative side shoots.
Beyond the feedforward sweep: feedback computations in the visual cortex
Authors: Kreiman Gabriel , Serre Thomas
Published: February 2020

Visual perception involves the rapid formation of a coarse image representation at the onset of visual processing, which is iteratively refined by late computational processes. These early versus late time windows approximately map onto feedforward and feedback processes, respectively. State‐of‐the‐art convolutional neural networks, the main engine behind recent machine vision successes, are feedforward architectures. Their successes and limitations provide critical information regarding which visual tasks can be solved by purely feedforward processes and which require feedback mechanisms. We provide an overview of recent work in cognitive neuroscience and machine vision that highlights the possible role of feedback processes for both visual recognition and beyond. We conclude by discussing important open questions for future research.
Heterogeneity of fibroblasts from radicular cyst influenced osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction
Authors: Yang Jingwen , Xu Shuyu , Wang Hai‐Cheng
Published: February 2020

Aim

To analyze the heterogeneity of fibroblasts isolated from the fibrous capsules of radicular cysts and explore the effects of fibroblast subsets on bone destruction.

Methodology

Radicular cysts were divided into groups according to varying perilesional sclerosis identified by radiograph. Colony‐forming units (CFUs) were isolated from the fibrous capsules of cysts, by which Trap + MNCs were induced, and the expression of osteoclastogenesis‐related genes was compared among groups by real‐time PCR. The variances in gene profiles of CFUs were identified by principal component analysis, and then, CFUs were divided into subsets using cluster analysis. The induction of Trap + MNCs and related gene expression was compared among subsets, and osteoclastogenic induction was blocked by IST‐9 or bevacizumab. The fibroblast subsets in cysts were investigated by retrospective immunostaining with IST‐9, VEGF‐A, and CD34. A fibroblast subset that underwent gene editing by CRISPR/Cas was injected into the site of bone defects in animal models, and the in vivo effects on osteoclastogenesis were investigated.

Results

The fibroblast CFUs isolated from radicular cysts with perilesional unsclerotized cysts induced more Trap + MNCs than those with perilesional sclerotic cysts (p < .05). Most fibroblast CFUs from unsclerotized cysts belonged to Cluster 2, which induced more Trap + MNCs (p < .05) and highly expressed genes facilitating osteoclastogenesis; these results were different from those of Cluster 1 (p < .05), in which most CFUs were isolated from perilesional sclerotic cysts or controls (p < .05). The high expression of EDA + FN and VEGF‐A was investigated in both the fibroblasts of Cluster 2 and the fibrous capsules of unsclerotized cysts (p < .05), and the number of Trap + MNCs induced by Cluster 2 was decreased by treatment with IST‐9 and bevacizumab (p < .05). Consistently, EDA exon exclusion significantly decreased the osteoclastogenic induction of fibroblasts from Cluster 2 in vivo (p < .05).

Conclusion

The fibrous capsules of radicular cysts contain heterogeneous fibroblasts that can form subsets exhibiting different effects on osteoclastogenesis. The subset, which depending on the autocrine effects of EDA + FN on VEGF‐A, mainly contributes to the osteoclastogenesis and bone destruction of radicular cysts. The regulation of the proportion of subsets is a possible strategy for artificially interfering with osteoclastogenesis.
Paraptosis and Photodynamic Therapy: A Progress Report
Authors: Kessel David
Published: February 2020

Photodamage to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can initiate a death pathway termed paraptosis. The “canonical” model of paraptosis, initiated by certain drugs and other stimuli, requires a brief interval of protein synthesis, involves the action of MAP kinases and can be followed by biochemical markers. The latter include changes in expression of AIP‐1/Alix and IGF‐1R proteins and translocation of HMGB‐1 from nucleus to plasma membrane. There is also a report indicating that an enhanced level of autophagy can impair death by paraptosis. The pathway to paraptosis follows the canonical pathway when ER photodamage is minor (<LD50). When the extent of ER photodamage approaches LD90 levels, there are deviations from the “canonical” pathway: interfering with protein synthesis does not prevent paraptosis nor does a brief chilling of cells after irradiation, MAP kinases are not involved, and stimulation of autophagy was not cytoprotective. We had previously speculated that ER protein cross‐linking might potentiate paraptosis (Photochem. Photobiol. 95, 2019, 1239) but this appears to be incorrect. At higher PDT doses, substantial cross‐linking of a typical ER protein (BiP, binding immunoglobin protein, an HSP chaperone) was detected and paraptosis was impaired. This may relate to decreased mobility of cross‐linked proteins. Other pathways to cell death were then observed.
Morphological specialization of heterantherous Rhynchanthera grandiflora (Melastomataceae) accommodates pollinator diversity
Authors: Konzmann S. , Hilgendorf F. , Niester C. , Rech A. R. , Lunau K.
Published: February 2020

The tropical Melastomataceae are characterized by poricidal anthers which constitute a floral filter selecting for buzz‐pollinating bees. Stamens are often dimorphic, sometimes with discernible feeding and pollinating functions. Rhynchanthera grandiflora produces nectarless flowers with four short stamens and one long stamen; all anthers feature a narrow elongation with an upwards facing pore.

We tested pollen transfer by diverse foraging bees and viability of pollen from both stamen types. The impact of anther morphology on pollen release direction and scattering angle was studied to determine the plant's reproductive strategy.

Medium‐sized to large bees sonicated flowers in a specific position, and the probability of pollen transfer correlated with bee size even among these legitimate visitors. Small bees acted as pollen thieves or robbers. Anther rostrum and pore morphology serve to direct and focus the pollen jet released by floral sonication towards the pollinator's body. Resulting from the ventral and dorsal positioning of the short and long stamens, respectively, the pollinator's body was widely covered with pollen. This improves the plant's chances of outcrossing, irrespective of which bee body part contacts the stigma. Consequently, R. grandiflora is also able to employ bee species of various sizes as pollen vectors.

The strategy of spreading pollen all over the pollinator's body is rather cost‐intensive but counterbalanced by ensuring that most of the released pollen is in fact transferred to the bee. Thus, flowers of R. grandiflora illustrate how specialized morphology may serve to improve pollination by a functional group of pollinators.
International principles and standards for native seeds in ecological restoration
Authors: Pedrini Simone , Dixon Kingsley W.
Published: February 2020

The growing demand for native seeds in ecological restoration and rehabilitation, whether for mining, forest, or ecosystem restoration, has resulted in a major global industry in the sourcing, supply, and sale of native seeds. However, there are no international guidance documents for ensuring that native seeds have the same standards of quality assurance that are regular practice in the crop and horticultural industries. Using the International Principles and Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration as a foundation document, we provide for the first time a synthesis of general practices in the native seed supply chain to derive the Principles and Standards for Native Seeds in Ecological Restoration (“Standards”). These practices and the underpinning science provide the basis for developing quality measures and guidance statements that are adaptable at the local, biome, or national scale. Importantly, these Standards define what is considered native seed in ecological restoration and highlight the differences between native seeds versus seeds of improved genetics. Seed testing approaches are provided within a logical framework that outline the many different dormancy states in native seed that can confound restoration outcomes. A “pro‐forma” template for a production label is included as a practical tool that can be customized for local needs and to standardize reporting to end‐users on the level of seed quality and germinability to be expected in a native seed batch. These Standards are not intended to be mandatory; however, the guidance statements provide the foundation upon which regulatory approaches can be developed by constituencies and jurisdictions.
Support for the Deployment of Climate Engineering: A Comparison of Ten Different Technologies
Authors: Jobin Marilou , Siegrist Michael
Published: February 2020

Due to the renewed increase in CO2 emissions seen in recent years, the deployment of climate engineering technologies might become necessary if the global temperature increase is to be kept within 1.5 °C. If climate engineering is to be deployed, however, public support is required. The present study hence compared public support for a broad range of climate engineering technologies. Further, the factors that drive public support were investigated and compared across the technologies. In an online survey conducted in Switzerland, respondents (n = 1,575) were randomly allocated to the description of 1 of 10 climate engineering technologies, of which 7 were specific carbon dioxide removal measures and 3 were solar radiation management measures. The results show that the level of public support for afforestation was the highest. The levels of public support for the other climate engineering technologies were relatively similar, although a tendency for solar radiation management to have a lower level of support was identified. Across all the investigated climate engineering technologies, the perceived benefits were an important driver of public support. Additionally, for all the technologies but afforestation, a higher level of trust in industry/science/government increased the level of public support, whereas the factor perceived risks and tampering with nature was found to be a negative predictor of support. The present findings suggest that there are opportunities available for the deployment of several climate engineering technologies in combination with other mitigation measures. Communicating the benefits of such technologies might be an effective strategy in terms of fostering increased support.
Polyomavirus and cytomegalovirus infections are risk factors for grafts loss in simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant
Authors: Aziz Fahad , Jorgenson Margaret R. , Parajuli Sandesh , Zhong Weixiong , Hidalgo Luis G. , Djamali Arjang , Mandelbrot Didier , Odorico Jon , Sollinger Hans , Astor Brad C. , Mohamed Maha A.
Published: February 2020

Background

Published literature on predictors of polyomavirus (BKV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplant and their impact on allograft outcomes remain sparse. We hypothesize that BKV and CMV viremia infections decrease allograft survival in SPK. Identifying modifiable predictors of BKV and CMV may help tailor immunosuppression and improve allograft survival.

Methods

All SPK recipients at our institution between January 2000 and April 2016 were included (n = 757). Thirty‐nine recipients had BKV only and 25 had CMV only, and infection occurred at median follow‐up times of 217 and 163 days, respectively. Event density sampling was used to match recipients with BKV or CMV to up to 10 recipients without infection by age, sex, and HLA mismatch status, and these were followed for a median of 4.3 years after infection.

Results

Older age (HR 1.49 for each decade; 95% CI: 0.95, 2.35; P = .083) and tacrolimus use (HR 20.6; 95% CI: 2.37, 179.53; P = .006) were associated with increased incidence of BKV, but not CMV, infection. Both BKV and CMV infections were associated with increased risk of allograft failure for both pancreas (BKV [HR 2.17; 95% CI 1.47, 3.208; P = .000], CMV [HR 1.7; 95% CI 1.077, 2.687; P = .023]) and kidney (BKV [HR 2.65; 95% CI 1.765, 3.984; P = .000], CMV [HR 2.07; 95% CI 1.295, 3.308; P = .002]).

Conclusion

Older age at time of transplant and tacrolimus may help predict BKV infection in SPK recipients.
Histopathology and immunohistochemical analysis of 5‐fluorouracil and triamcinolone treated keloids in double‐blinded randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hietanen Kriistiina E. , Järvinen Tero A.H. , Huhtala Heini , Tolonen Teemu T. , Kaartinen Ilkka S.
Published: February 2020

Keloids are a major complication related to surgical wound healing and very challenging condition to treat. Many treatment options are available, but the efficacy of the treatment is poor in most of cases and some keloids do not respond to the treatment at all. We compared the efficacy of intralesional 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and triamcinolone (TAC) injections in a double‐blind randomized controlled trial (RCT). Forty‐three patients with 50 keloid scars were treated with either intralesional TAC or 5‐FU‐injections over 6 months. We wanted to find out whether biological features (cell density, cell proliferation rate, vascular density, myofibroblast numbers, steroid hormone receptor expression) in keloids could be used to predict the response to therapy and define the biological changes that take place in patients receiving a response. As there was no statistically significant difference in the remission rate between TAC and 5‐FU treatments, all patients were combined and analyzed as responders and nonresponders. Although responders have slightly more myofibroblasts than the nonresponders in their keloids in the pretreatment biopsy samples, we could not identify a single predictive factor that could identify those patients that respond to drug injections. The good clinical response to therapy is associated with the simultaneous reduction of myofibroblasts in the keloid. This study demonstrates that myofibroblasts are reduced in number in those keloids that were responsive to therapy, and that both 5‐FU and TAC injections are useful for keloid treatment.
Spatial association between primary Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection and exposure to dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al‐Ahmadi Khalid , Alahmadi Mohammed , Al‐Zahrani Ali
Published: February 2020

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) is an emerging zoonotic disease. Exposure to dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries) has been consistently considered the main source of primary human infection. Although Saudi Arabia reports the highest rate of human MERS‐CoV infection and has one of the largest populations of dromedary camels worldwide, their spatial association has not yet been investigated. Thus, this study aimed to examine the correlation between the spatial distribution of primary MERS‐CoV cases with or without a history of camel exposure reported between 2012 and 2019 and dromedary camels at the provincial level in Saudi Arabia. In most provinces, a high proportion of older men develop infections after exposure to camels. Primary human infections during spring and winter were highest in provinces characterized by seasonal breeding and calving, increased camel mobilization and camel–human interactions. A strong and significant association was found between the total number of dromedary camels and the numbers of primary camel‐exposed and non‐exposed MERS‐CoV cases. Furthermore, spatial correlations between MERS‐CoV cases and camel sex, age and dairy status were significant. Via a cluster analysis, we identified Riyadh, Makkah and Eastern provinces as having the most primary MERS‐CoV cases and the highest number of camels. Transmission of MERS‐CoV from camels to humans occurs in most primary cases, but there is still a high proportion of primary infections with an ambiguous link to camels. The results from this study include significant correlations between primary MERS‐CoV cases and camel populations in all provinces, regardless of camel exposure history. This supports the hypothesis of the role of an asymptomatic human carrier or, less likely, an unknown animal host that has direct contact with both infected camels and humans. In this study, we performed a preliminary risk assessment of prioritization measures to control the transmission of infection from camels to humans.
Hunter-gatherer multilevel sociality accelerates cumulative cultural evolution
Authors: Migliano Andrea B. , Battiston Federico , Viguier Sylvain , Page Abigail E. , Dyble Mark , Schlaepfer Rodolph , Smith Daniel , Astete Leonora , Ngales Marilyn , Gomez-Gardenes Jesus , Latora Vito , Vinicius Lucio
Published: February 2020

Hunter-gatherers from different bands form fluid social networks that facilitate cultural innovation through recombination of cultural traditions.
Toward ultimate nonvolatile resistive memories: The mechanism behind ovonic threshold switching revealed
Authors: Noé Pierre , Verdy Anthonin , d’Acapito Francesco , Dory Jean-Baptiste , Bernard Mathieu , Navarro Gabriele , Jager Jean-Baptiste , Gaudin Jérôme , Raty Jean-Yves
Published: February 2020

We reveal the microscopic origin of the ovonic threshold switching mechanism.
A chiral switchable photovoltaic ferroelectric 1D perovskite
Authors: Hu Yang , Florio Fred , Chen Zhizhong , Phelan W. Adam , Siegler Maxime A. , Zhou Zhe , Guo Yuwei , Hawks Ryan , Jiang Jie , Feng Jing , Zhang Lifu , Wang Baiwei , Wang Yiping , Gall Daniel , Palermo Edmund F. , Lu Zonghuan , Sun Xin , Lu Toh-Ming , Zhou Hua , Ren Yang , Wertz Esther , Sundararaman Ravishankar , Shi Jian
Published: February 2020

A switchable photoactive ferroelectric chiral one-dimensional perovskite is predicted and created.
The phase stability network of all inorganic materials
Authors: Hegde Vinay I. , Aykol Muratahan , Kirklin Scott , Wolverton Chris
Published: February 2020

Inorganic materials seen through the lens of complex network theory reveal insights into material reactivity.
In situ electrochemical conversion of CO
2
in molten salts to advanced energy materials with reduced carbon emissions
Authors: Weng Wei , Jiang Boming , Wang Zhen , Xiao Wei
Published: February 2020

Cathode-anode synergy in molten salt enables in situ CO
2
fixation, low-carbon metallurgy, and conversion of carbon bulk to CNT.
Light-induced assembly of living bacteria with honeycomb substrate
Authors: Tokonami Shiho , Kurita Shinya , Yoshikawa Ryo , Sakurai Kenji , Suehiro Taichi , Yamamoto Yasuyuki , Tamura Mamoru , Karthaus Olaf , Iida Takuya
Published: February 2020

Honeycomb substrate enables high-density light-induced assembly for enhancing energy conversion of electricity-producing bacteria.
Antiviral Properties and Mechanism of Action Studies of the Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Assembly Modulator JNJ-56136379
Authors: Berke Jan Martin , Dehertogh Pascale , Vergauwen Karen , Mostmans Wendy , Vandyck Koen , Raboisson Pierre , Pauwels Frederik
Published: February 2020

Capsid assembly is a critical step in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle, mediated by the core protein. Core is a potential target for new antiviral therapies, the capsid assembly modulators (CAMs). JNJ-56136379 (JNJ-6379) is a novel and potent CAM currently in phase II trials. We evaluated the mechanisms of action (MOAs) and antiviral properties of JNJ-6379
in vitro
. Size exclusion chromatography and electron microscopy studies demonstrated that JNJ-6379 induced the formation of morphologically intact viral capsids devoid of genomic material (primary MOA).
The M Protein of Streptococcus pyogenes Strain AP53 Retains Cell Surface Functional Plasminogen Binding after Inactivation of the Sortase A Gene
Authors: Russo Brady T. , Ayinuola Yetunde A. , Singh Damini , Carothers Katelyn , Fischetti Vincent A. , Flores-Mireles Ana L. , Lee Shaun W. , Ploplis Victoria A. , Liang Zhong , Castellino Francis J.
Published: February 2020

Group A
Streptococcus pyogenes
(GAS) is a human-specific pathogen that produces many surface factors, including its signature M protein, that contribute to its pathogenicity. M proteins undergo specific membrane localization and anchoring to the cell wall via the transpeptidase sortase A. Herein, we explored the role of sortase A function on M protein localization, architecture, and function, employing, a skin-tropic GAS isolate, AP53, which expresses a human plasminogen (hPg)-binding M (PAM) Protein. We showed that PAM anchored in the cell membrane, due to the targeted inactivation of sortase A, was nonetheless exposed on the cell surface and functionally interacted with host hPg. We demonstrate that M proteins, and possibly other sortase A-processed proteins that are retained in the cell membrane, can still function to initiate pathogenic processes by this underappreciated mechanism.
Differentiation of Community-Associated and Livestock-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates and Identification of
spa
Types by Use of PCR and High-Resolution Melt Curve Analysis
Authors: Ghorashi Seyed A. , Heller Jane , Zhang Quincy , Sahibzada Shafi
Published: February 2020

Infections due to methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) are present worldwide and represent a major public health concern. The capability of PCR followed by high-resolution melt (HRM) curve analysis for the detection of community-associated and livestock-associated MRSA strains and the identification of staphylococcal protein A (
spa
) locus was evaluated in 74 MRSA samples which were isolated from the environment, humans, and pigs on a single piggery. PCR-HRM curve analysis identified four
spa
types among MRSA samples and differentiated MRSA strains accordingly.