bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short-Lived Cages Restrict Protein Diffusion in the Plasma Membrane
Authors: Goiko Maria , de Bruyn John R. , Heit Bryan
Published: October 2016

The plasma membrane is a heterogeneous environment characterized by anomalous diffusion and the presence of microdomains that are molecularly distinct from the bulk membrane. Using single particle tracking of the C-type lectin CD93, we have identified for the first time the transient trapping of transmembrane proteins in cage-like microdomains which restrict protein diffusion. These cages are stabilized by actin-dependent confinement regions, but are separate structures with sizes and lifespans uncorrelated to those of the underlying actin corral. These membrane cages require cholesterol for their strength and stability, with cholesterol depletion decreasing both. Despite this, cages are much larger in size and are longer lived than lipid rafts, suggesting instead that cholesterol-dependent effects on membrane fluidity or molecular packing play a role in cage formation. This diffusional compartment in the plasma membrane has characteristics of both a diffusional barrier and a membrane microdomain, with a size and lifespan intermediate between short-lived microdomains such as lipid rafts and long-lasting diffusional barriers created by the actin cytoskeleton.
Neonatal imitation predicts infant rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) social and anxiety-related behaviours at one year
Authors: Kaburu Stefano S. K. , Paukner Annika , Simpson Elizabeth A. , Suomi Stephen J. , Ferrari Pier F.
Published: October 2016

The identification of early markers that predict the development of specific social trajectories is critical to understand the developmental and neurobiological underpinnings of healthy social development. We investigated, in infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), whether newborns’ capacity to imitate facial gestures is a valid predictive marker for the emergence of social competencies later in development, at one year of age. Here we first assessed whether infant macaques (N = 126) imitate lipsmacking gestures (a macaque affiliative expression) performed by a human experimenter in their first week of life. We then collected data on infants’ social interactions (aggression, grooming, and play) and self-scratching (a proxy indicator of anxiety) at 11–14 months when infants were transferred into a new enclosure with a large social group. Our results show that neonatal imitators exhibit more dominant behaviours, are less anxious, and, for males only, spend more time in play at one year old. These findings suggest that neonatal imitation may be an early predictor of infant sociality and may help identify infants at risk of neurodevelopmental social deficits.
Genetic dissection of host immune response in pneumonia development and progression
Authors: Smelaya Tamara V. , Belopolskaya Olesya B. , Smirnova Svetlana V. , Kuzovlev Artem N. , Moroz Viktor V. , Golubev Arkadiy M. , Pabalan Noel A. , Salnikova Lyubov E.
Published: October 2016

The role of host genetic variation in pneumonia development and outcome is poorly understood. We studied common polymorphisms in the genes of proinflammatory cytokines (IL6 rs1800795, IL8 rs4073, IL1B rs16944), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL10 rs1800896, IL4 rs2243250, IL13 rs20541) and toll-like receptors (TLR2 rs5743708 and rs4696480, TLR4 rs4986791, TLR9 rs352139, rs5743836 and rs187084) in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) (390 cases, 203 controls) and nosocomial pneumonia (355 cases, 216 controls). Experimental data were included in a series of 11 meta-analyses and eight subset analyses related to pneumonia susceptibility and outcome. TLR2 rs5743708 minor genotype appeared to be associated with CAP/Legionnaires’ disease/pneumococcal disease. In CAP patients, the IL6 rs1800795-C allele was associated with severe sepsis/septic shock/severe systemic inflammatory response, while the IL10 rs1800896-A allele protected against the development of these critical conditions. To contribute to deciphering of the above results, we performed an in silico analysis and a qualitative synthesis of literature data addressing basal and stimulated genotype-specific expression level. This data together with database information on transcription factors’ affinity changes caused by SNPs in putative promoter regions, the results of linkage disequilibrium analysis along with SNPs functional annotations supported assumptions about the complexity underlying the revealed associations.
Electric Field-aided Selective Activation for Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Lee Heesoo , Chang Ki Soo , Tak Young Jun , Jung Tae Soo , Park Jeong Woo , Kim Won-Gi , Chung Jusung , Jeong Chan Bae , Kim Hyun Jae
Published: October 2016

A new technique is proposed for the activation of low temperature amorphous InGaZnO thin film transistor (a-IGZO TFT) backplanes through application of a bias voltage and annealing at 130 °C simultaneously. In this ‘electrical activation’, the effects of annealing under bias are selectively focused in the channel region. Therefore, electrical activation can be an effective method for lower backplane processing temperatures from 280 °C to 130 °C. Devices fabricated with this method exhibit equivalent electrical properties to those of conventionally-fabricated samples. These results are analyzed electrically and thermodynamically using infrared microthermography. Various bias voltages are applied to the gate, source, and drain electrodes while samples are annealed at 130 °C for 1 hour. Without conventional high temperature annealing or electrical activation, current-voltage curves do not show transfer characteristics. However, electrically activated a-IGZO TFTs show superior electrical characteristics, comparable to the reference TFTs annealed at 280 °C for 1 hour. This effect is a result of the lower activation energy, and efficient transfer of electrical and thermal energy to a-IGZO TFTs. With this approach, superior low-temperature a-IGZO TFTs are fabricated successfully.
Mechanisms underlying heterologous skin scaffold-mediated tissue remodeling
Authors: Mimura Kallyne K. O. , Moraes Andréia R. , Miranda Aline C. , Greco Rebecca , Ansari Tahera , Sibbons Paul , Greco Karin V. , Oliani Sonia M.
Published: October 2016

Biocompatibility of two newly developed porcine skin scaffolds was assessed after 3, 14, 21 and 90 days of implantation in rats. Both scaffolds showed absence of cells, preservation of ECM and mechanical properties comparable to non-decellularised skin before implantation. Host cell infiltration was much prominent on both scaffolds when compared to Permacol (surgical control). At day 3, the grafts were surrounded by polymorphonuclear cells, which were replaced by a notable number of IL-6-positive cells at day 14. Simultaneously, the number of pro-inflammatory M1-macrophage was enhanced. Interestingly, a predominant pro-remodeling M2 response, with newly formed vessels, myofibroblasts activation and a shift on the type of collagen expression was sequentially delayed (around 21 days). The gene expression of some trophic factors involved in tissue remodeling was congruent with the cellular events. Our findings suggested that the responsiveness of macrophages after non-crosslinked skin scaffolds implantation seemed to intimately affect various cell responses and molecular events; and this range of mutually reinforcing actions was predictive of a positive tissue remodeling that was essential for the long-standing success of the implants. Furthermore, our study indicates that non-crosslinked biologic scaffold implantation is biocompatible to the host tissue and somehow underlying molecular events involved in tissue repair.
Molecular signatures associated with cognitive deficits in schizophrenia: a study of biopsied olfactory neural epithelium
Authors: Horiuchi Y , Kondo M A , Okada K , Takayanagi Y , Tanaka T , Ho T , Varvaris M , Tajinda K , Hiyama H , Ni K , Colantuoni C , Schretlen D , Cascella N G , Pevsner J , Ishizuka K , Sawa A
Published: October 2016

Cognitive impairment is a key feature of schizophrenia (SZ) and determines functional outcome. Nonetheless, molecular signatures in neuronal tissues that associate with deficits are not well understood. We conducted nasal biopsy to obtain olfactory epithelium from patients with SZ and control subjects. The neural layers from the biopsied epithelium were enriched by laser-captured microdissection. We then performed an unbiased microarray expression study and implemented a systematic neuropsychological assessment on the same participants. The differentially regulated genes in SZ were further filtered based on correlation with neuropsychological traits. This strategy identified theSMAD 5gene, and real-time quantitative PCR analysis also supports downregulation of the SMAD pathway in SZ. The SMAD pathway has been important in multiple tissues, including the role for neurodevelopment and bone formation. Here the involvement of the pathway in adult brain function is suggested. This exploratory study establishes a strategy to better identify neuronal molecular signatures that are potentially associated with mental illness and cognitive deficits. We propose that the SMAD pathway may be a novel target in addressing cognitive deficit of SZ in future studies.
Social stress in adolescents induces depression and brain-region-specific modulation of the transcription factor MAX
Authors: Resende L S , Amaral C E , Soares R B S , Alves A S , Alves-dos-Santos L , Britto L R G , Chiavegatto S
Published: October 2016

MAX is a conserved constitutive small phosphoprotein from a network of transcription factors that are extensively studied in tumorigenesis and whose functions affect cell proliferation, differentiation and death. Inspired by its higher expression during development and in regions involved in emotional behaviors, we hypothesized its involvement in cerebral changes caused by early-life stress. We studied the effects of repeated social stress during adolescence on behaviors and on MAX and its putative partner MYC. Thirty-day-old C57BL/6 male mice underwent brief daily social defeat stress from an adult aggressor for 21 days. Following social stress episodes and housing in social groups after each defeat, adolescent mice exhibit depressive-like, but not anxiety-like behaviors and show higher MAX nuclear immunoreactivity in hippocampal (HC) but not prefrontal cortical (PFC) neurons. Conversely, MAX immunoreactivity is lower in the striatum (ST) of defeated adolescents. The positive correlation between MAX and MYC levels in the PFC revealed disruptions in both the HC and ST. The changes in MAX protein levels are not due to differential gene expression or protein degradation in those regions, suggesting that posttranscriptional modifications occurred. These findings indicate that repeated, brief social defeat in adolescent male mice, combined with group housing, is a useful protocol to study a subtype of depression that is dissociated from generalized (non-social) anxiety. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an association between dysregulation of the MAX-MYC network in the brain and a behavior, suggesting a novel approach for exploiting the neuroplasticity associated with depression.
The impact of the morphology of the carbon support on the activity and stability of nanoparticle fuel cell catalysts
Authors: Tuaev Xenia , Rudi Stefan , Strasser Peter
Published: October 2016

The key to enhanced fuel cell catalyst durability is a balance of the support's surface area and the respective pore size.
Stiffness of pancreatic cancer cells is associated with increased invasive potential
Authors: Nguyen Angelyn V. , Nyberg Kendra D. , Scott Michael B. , Welsh Alia M. , Nguyen Andrew H. , Wu Nanping , Hohlbauch Sophia V. , Geisse Nicholas A. , Gibb Ewan A. , Robertson A. Gordon , Donahue Timothy R. , Rowat Amy C.
Published: October 2016

This work determines the invasive potential of pancreatic cancer cells, and its relationship to deformability using three independent mechanotyping methods.
Synthesis of a glucose oxidase-conjugated, polyacrylamide-based, fluorescent hydrogel for a reusable, ratiometric glucose sensor
Authors: Kim Yongkyun , Namgung Ho , Lee Taek Seung
Published: October 2016

New emission color-changeable hydrogels containing glucose oxidase were synthesized to be used in glucose sensing.
Synthesis of a new cationic non-conjugated polymer for discrimination of microbial pathogens
Authors: Wang Yaokun , Chen Hui , Li Meng , Hu Rong , Lv Fengting , Liu Libing , Wang Shu
Published: October 2016

The detection of pathogens plays a crucial role in clinical applications.
Hydrothermal synthesis of titanate nanotubes from TiO2 nanorods prepared via a molten salt flux method as an effective adsorbent for strontium ion recovery
Authors: Dhandole Love Kumar , Ryu Jungho , Lim Jeong-Muk , Oh Byung-Taek , Park Jung Hee , Kim Byoung-Gyu , Jang Jum Suk
Published: October 2016

TNT-2D material prepared via molten salt NRs for efficient Sr2+ adsorption.
An enzyme-mediated in situ hydrogel based on polyaspartamide derivatives for localized drug delivery and 3D scaffolds
Authors: Cheng Xu , Liu Jia , Wang Lei , Wang Ruoli , Liu Zhilan , Zhuo Renxi
Published: October 2016

An enzyme-mediated in situ hydrogel based on polyaspartamide derivatives is prepared for localized drug delivery and 3D scaffolds.
Metal-free oxidative esterification of acetophenones with alcohols: a facile one-pot approach to α-ketoesters
Authors: Guo Shiyu , Dai Zhongxue , Yang Zhao , Zhu Ning , Wan Li , Li Xin , Liu Chengkou , Fang Zheng , Guo Kai
Published: October 2016

A novel oxidative esterification method for the synthesis of α-ketoesters has been developed, which is a facile one-pot approach to α-ketoesters from acetophenones with alcohols, especially under metal-free conditions with broad substrate scope.
Theoretical study of the mechanism of two successive N-methylene C–H bond activations on a phosphine-tethered N-heterocyclic carbene on a triruthenium carbonyl cluster
Authors: Yan Jing , Han Zhe , Zhang Dongju , Liu Chengbu
Published: October 2016

DFT calculations clarify the mechanism details of successive N-methylene C–H bond activations on N-heterocyclic triruthenium carbene complexes.
Study of novel pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives as selective TgCDPK1 inhibitors: molecular docking, structure-based 3D-QSAR and molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Ma Shaojie , Zhou Shengfu , Lin Weicong , Zhang Rong , Wu Wenjuan , Zheng Kangcheng
Published: October 2016

We explored the structural features that have an impact on TgCDPK1 activity and TgCDPK1/Src selectivity by multi-computational methods with different statistical models.
Preparation of vertically aligned carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite membranes and the flash welding effect on their supercapacitor properties
Authors: Zhang Jinrui , Li Xiaoyan , Wang Xia , Qiu Biwei , Li Zhoujing , Ding Jie
Published: October 2016

A vertically aligned SWNT/PANi membrane was fabricated by electric-filtration coupling and subsequent flash-welding method, exhibiting higher mechanical and supercapacitance properties.
Multi-band luminescent ZnO/ZnSe core/shell nanorods and their temperature-dependent photoluminescence
Authors: Yang Xu , Yang Qin , Hu Zhigao , Zhang Wu , Li Hui , Li Lequn , Qiu Yining , Xu Ning , Wu Jiada , Sun Jian
Published: October 2016

Aligned heterostructured ZnO/ZnSe core/shell nanorods are capable of emitting multi-band luminescence which shows a strong temperature dependence.
Silica-supported ultra small gold nanoparticles as nanoreactors for the etherification of silanes
Authors: Wang Cui , Lin Xijie , Ge Yuzhen , Shah Zameer Hussain , Lu Rongwen , Zhang Shufen
Published: October 2016

Ultra-small Au–SiO2nanoparticles worked as nanoreactors for the etherification of silanes with high selectivity and reusability.
Thermoelectric properties of the spin-polarized half-metallic ferromagnetic CsTe and RbSe compounds
Authors: Reshak A. H.
Published: October 2016

The thermoelectric properties of the spin-polarized half-metallic ferromagnetic CsTe and RbSe compounds are investigated based on the calculated spin-polarized electronic band structures.
Direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide with no ionic halides in solution
Authors: Blanco-Brieva G. , Montiel-Argaiz M. , Desmedt F. , Miquel P. , Campos-Martin J. M. , Fierro J. L. G.
Published: October 2016

We efficiently obtain 10 wt% H2O2 solutions by direct synthesis without using ionic bromide promoters.
Eu2+ luminescence in Ca3Si2O7 and spectral widening and tuning of Eu2+ emission color (orangish-red to green) by crystal chemical substitution
Authors: S. Kasturi , V. Sivakumar
Published: October 2016

The newly synthesized solid solution is capable converting the near UV or blue ray in to orangish-yellow to green.
Aqueous interfacial gels assembled from small molecule supramolecular polymers
Authors: Groombridge Alexander S. , Palma Aniello , Parker Richard M. , Abell Chris , Scherman Oren A.
Published: October 2016

The successful self-assembly of a stimuli-responsive aqueous supramolecular hyperbranched polymer from small molecules and the macrocyclic host cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) is reported. This self-healing supramolecular network can act as a soft matter barrier at liquid–liquid interfaces.
Highly active mixed-valent MnOxspheres constructed by nanocrystals as efficient catalysts for long-cycle Li–O2batteries
Authors: Zhang Sanpei , Wen Zhaoyin , Lu Yang , Wu Xiangwei , Yang Jianhua
Published: October 2016

We demonstrate a low-cost and facile strategy to synthesize mixed-valent MnOxspheres constructed from nanocrystals (~5 nm), containing MnII, MnIII, and MnIVspecies. Such highly active mixed-valent MnOxspheres with high surface area greatly improve the performance of Li–O2batteries.
A trifunctional multi-walled carbon nanotubes/polyethylene glycol (MWCNT/PEG)-coated separator through a layer-by-layer coating strategy for high-energy Li–S batteries
Authors: Luo Liu , Chung Sheng-Heng , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: October 2016

Through a layer-by-layer coating strategy, a “buffer zone” created between the coating layers plays a critical role in retarding polysulfide diffusion.
Microfluidic generation of alginate microgels for the controlled delivery of lentivectors
Authors: Madrigal Justin L. , Stilhano Roberta S. , Siltanen Christian , Tanaka Kimberly , Rezvani Sabah N. , Morgan Ryan P. , Revzin Alexander , Han Sang W. , Silva Eduardo A.
Published: October 2016

Microgels fabricated through distinct microfluidic procedures encapsulate and release functioning lentivectors in a controlled manner.
Gestion orthodontique de l’inclusion de la seconde molaire
mandibulaire
Authors: Mah Michael , Takada Kenji
Published: October 2016

Introduction : L’inclusion de la deuxième molaire mandibulaire peut être
identifiée comme une malocclusion nécessitant un traitement orthodontique visant à éviter
d’éventuelles complications de type atteinte carieuse ou parodontale de la première
molaire adjacente. D’autres complications concernent la résorption des racines de la
molaire adjacente ou l’évolution radiculaire de la deuxième molaire mandibulaire à
proximité du nerf alvéolaire dentaire inférieur. Matériels et Méthodes :
Cette étude vise à distinguer les niveaux de sévérité de l’inclusion de la seconde
molaire mandibulaire et à évaluer les différentes options thérapeutiques envisagées pour
le traitement de cette inclusion dentaire. Les différents traitements abordés dans cette
étude sont l’extraction de la deuxième molaire en vue de sa substitution par la troisième
molaire mandibulaire, l’extraction de la seconde prémolaire afin d’encourager le
désenclavement spontané de la deuxième molaire, le repositionnement chirurgical de la
deuxième molaire combiné à l’extraction de la troisième molaire et enfin l’exposition
chirurgicale de la seconde molaire mandibulaire combinée à un traitement orthodontique
visant à redresser son axe d’éruption. Conclusion : En fonction de la
sévérité de l’inclusion, la plupart des molaires incluses peuvent être corrigées de façon
prévisible avec des arcs NiTi ou des ressorts auxiliaires en compression ou de
redressement. Dans certains cas, MM2 peut être sévèrement incluse à proximité du nerf
alvéolaire inférieur. Dans ce cas, l’utilisation de mini-vis a montré des résultats
satisfaisants pour redresser l’axe de molaires sévèrement incluses.
Influence of MgO underlayers on the structure and magnetic properties of FePt-C nanogranular films for heat-assisted magnetic recording media
Authors: Shiroyama T. , Varaprasad B. S. D. Ch. S. , Takahashi Y. K. , Hono K.
Published: October 2016

In order to optimize the nanogranular structure of FePt-C for heat-assisted magnetic recording media, we investigated the influence of MgO underlayers on the growth of FePt grains in the FePt-C layer. The FePt-C layer was deposited by using the alternating sputtering method, by which FePt and FePt-C layers were alternately deposited. To understand the growth mechanism of the FePt-C layer on the MgO underlayers deposited under various conditions, detailed plan-view and cross sectional transmission electron microscopy observations were made for different film thicknesses. We found that columnar FePt grains grow only when the deposition conditions of the MgO underlayer are optimal. Direct TEM observation of the growth process of the FePt-C layer revealed that the number density of nuclei is sufficient in the initial stage of the film deposition; however, coarsening of the grains after grain impingement causes a substantial decrease in the number density of the FePt grains.
Room temperature formation of Hf-silicate layer by pulsed laser deposition with Hf-Si-O ternary reaction control
Authors: Hotta Yasushi , Ueoka Satoshi , Yoshida Haruhiko , Arafune Koji , Ogura Atsushi , Satoh Shin-ichi
Published: October 2016

We investigated the room temperature growth of HfO2 layers on Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The laser fluence (LF) during HfO2 layer growth was varied as a growth parameter in the experiments. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) was used to observe the interface chemical states of the HfO2/Si samples produced by various LFs. The XPS results indicated that an interface Hf-silicate layer formed, even at room temperature, and that the thickness of this layer increased with increasing pulsed LF. Additionally, Hf-Si bonds were increasingly formed at the interface when the LF was more than 2 J/cm2. This bond formation process was related to decomposition of HfO2 to its atomic states of Hf and O by multiphoton photochemical processes for bandgap excitation of the HfO2 polycrystalline target. However, the Hf-Si bond content of the interface Hf-silicate layer is controllable under high LF conditions. The results presented here represent a practical contribution to the development of room temperature processing of Hf-compound based devices.
Transition Metal-Promoted Arylation: An Emerging Strategy for Protein Bioconjugation
Authors: Malins Lara R.
Published: October 2016

Transition metal-mediated arylation chemistry is emerging as a powerful tool for the selective modification of native peptides and proteins, providing new opportunities in the field of bioconjugation. This highlight paper will summarize recent methodologies for the regio- and chemoselective arylation of select proteinogenic side chains and backbone amide N–H bonds within unprotected peptides and proteins. The importance of the metal–ligand complex in achieving tunable selectivity and the inherent benefits of arylation as a mode of covalent protein modification will be highlighted.
Children’s word knowledge
Authors: Goldsmith Peggy
Published: October 2016

In regard to language learning, whether it be in listening, speaking, reading or writing, children appear to be genuinely interested In meaning in their world. When it comes to a knowledge of words to be used in any of the processes mentioned, children are interested in their use, their meaning and in connecting new words with old words or ideas.

Numerous studies have investigated the development of children’s word knowledge up to year 4 or approximately age 10 (e.g. Read, 1971; Beers and Henderson, 1977; Zutell, 1979; Gentry, 1981). There are, however, only a few studies involving upper primary and secondary students. This paper looks at literature on children’s word knowledge (including spelling) development up to year 4 and beyond, and includes a table of researched and hypothesized stages in children’s development in orthographic awareness and in word knowledge. An outline of the author’s theory of children’s development in word knowledge is given.
Et à votre avis ...?
Authors: Rolin-Ianziti Jeanne , McCarthy Brian
Published: October 2016

Et Á votre avis...? is a text for second and third year students of French which is being prepared and piloted at the University of Wollongong. This articles provides background to the project (the approach to the text, the selection and organization of material) as well as details of tasks performed by the students in the exploitation of the linguistic and cultural components of the authentic material on which the work is based.
Event progression in Gooniyandi texts
Authors: McGregor William
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this paper is to explore the way in which the sequence of referent events underlying the story is expressed in narrative texts in Gooniyandi (Kimberley, Western Australia). It is shown that narratives are structured in at least two partially independent ways: in terms of story units, which constitute minimal stories (Prince, 1973)t and in terms of Complication^Peripetia Denouement. Despite the perhaps universality of these properties, there remain problems of interpretation for non-Aborigines resulting in part from differences in the types of event that constitute acceptable realizations of these functions in the different cultures.
Anaphora in children’s Warlpiri
Authors: Bavin Edith L.
Published: October 2016

The paper examines developmental aspects relating to how Warlpiri children introduce referents and maintain reference in narrative. Comparisons are made with the three levels of development proposed by Karmiloff-Smith, based on her work on cohesion in narrative with French- and English-speaking children. Examples are presented from children’s narratives to illustrate that Warlpiri children under six generally use ellipsis of core arguments without introducing the participants, while older children use ellipsis anaphorically, that is only after introducing the participants. The strategies for marking inter-sentence relations develop over a few years. Once the child is able to organize a narrative around a theme, there can be more flexibility in structuring the narrative.
The national policy on languages
Authors: Blanco Joseph Lo
Published: October 2016

This article is an introduction to and a brief overview of the National Policy on Languages. It traces the development of the Policy, concentrating on some major contributing factors. It then describes the content of the Policy and assesses its present status and future prospects.
Language and social identity
Authors: McNamara T.F.
Published: October 2016

The study of language attitudes and language maintenance and shift in intergroup settings has not always been related to an explicit model of the intergroup situation itself. Such a model is available in Tajfel’s Social Identity Theory. This paper explores the potential of the model for predicting and explaining language maintenance and shift among immigrant and indigenous groups in Australia. The theory forms the basis of a study of the maintenance of modern Hebrew among immigrants from Israel in Melbourne, and is used to reinterpret the findings of several other recent Australian studies.
Looking at language in bilingual education
Authors: Nicholas Howard
Published: October 2016

This paper examines the place of language descriptions in the evaluation of bilingual education. Based on a partial analysis of data derived from the third year of a study of a Macedonian/English bilingual education program in a primary school in Melbourne, the paper suggests that the variation between children both in the forms of language which they use and in the way In which they express the knowledge available to them will have to be one of the major features of the analysis. The paper examines the varying relations between conceptual awareness and the forms of expression used by some of the children. The paper argues for a framework of the description of language development which takes account of the variation within and between individuals.
Determining the influence of instruction on L2 speech processing
Authors: Pienemann Manfred
Published: October 2016

In this article it is claimed that there is a set of universal speech processing constraints which applies to all types of second language acquisition. These constraints define the range of possible hypotheses about the structure of the L2 which a learner can create at a given stage of development and cannot be overridden by formal instruction or by other alterations in the linguistic input.

These claims, however, do not imply that all types of language acquisition are identical or that teaching has no influence whatsoever on the way a second language develops in a formal context. It has been shown elsewhere (cf. Pienemann, 1984, 1985, 1987a) that under certain conditions teaching can influence formal L2 development. These demonstrable positive effects of teaching, however, remain inside the variational margin left open by the processing constraints.

The present paper reports on the interlanguage development of one learner of German as a second language, selected from a broader longitudinal study of one year’s duration. It was found that the learner’s word order development was identical to the natural development of German as a second language despite the progression intended in the teaching. A similar result was obtained in the development of verbal morphology. It is also shown that agreement marking is acquired at the same time as specific word order rules.
Participative research
Authors: Burton Jill
Published: October 2016

This article describes the methodology underlying the National Curriculum Project. This project, established in response to recommendations of the Committee of Review of the Adult Migrant Education Program (AMEP), is expected to generate curriculum guidelines and teacher support resources for AMEP teachers in Australia by mid-1988. The participation of all levels of the AMEP workforce – professional, administrative and support – is advocated for a project involving research and resources provision for teachers who are responsible for all aspects of the learner-centred, needs-based curriculum process of the AMEP.
Process, outcome and language education
Authors: Moore Helen
Published: October 2016

This paper explores the differences and common ground in the process writing approach and the procedural or process approaches to language teaching put forward by various British applied linguists. Although some important differences exist between the two “process approaches”, particularly in the role of research data as a basis for proposing teaching methods, they have a common view of teaching and learning. This paper argues that, despite giving some useful insights, these approaches devalue, in varying degrees, teaching, meaning and group relations. It is concluded that Australian educators would do well to be less dependent on proposals emanating from overseas and to take their own and others’ theorizing and practices more seriously.
An overview of the genre-based approach to the teaching of writing in Australia
Authors: Hammond Jennifer
Published: October 2016

A significant educational development that has occurred in Australia in recent years has been the emergence of the genre-based approach to the teaching of writing. The theoretical basis of this approach lies in the systemic, functional model of language developd by M.A.K. Halliday and others. Thus it is an approach to writing which focuses on the relationship between written texts and the contexts in which written texts are produced.

This paper traces the development of the genrebased approach. It discusses the meaning of the term “genre”, and describes the contribution of people such as Kress, Martin, Rothery and Christie to the theoretical development of the approach. It also describes some of the educational programs that have been developed to implement the genrebased approach.

It is argued in this paper that the most significant contribution of the genre-based approach to writing is the development of an explicit understanding of the role of language in the educational context and a linguistic description of the major genres that children are expected to learn as they learn to write. It is in this area, that is, making the role of language explicit, that the genre-based approach differs most from other approaches such as the “growth model” of English teaching and “process writing” which have been influential in recent years.
The morning news genre
Authors: Christie Frances
Published: October 2016

This paper aims to demonstrate how Halliday’s Functional Grammar (1985) may be used to illuminate educational questions, more specifically to illuminate the study of classroom discourse. Portion of a text from the lower primary school is examined. It is in fact drawn from a Morning News learning activity. It is argued that we can identify a “curriculum genre” in such a text, and that this has certain characteristic elements, giving it a particular schematic structure. These elements are identified, and two aspects of the functional grammar – namely, Theme and transitivity – are used with a view to proving the presence of the schematic structure. Through the examination, it is argued that the meanings children are constrained to make in the Morning News situation are of a limited kind, revealing a great deal about the limitations of much early childhood education.
Generic strategies in press journalism
Authors: Van Leeuwen Theo
Published: October 2016

This paper proposes a three-tiered approach to genre analysis. A system of generic stages is derived from configurations of options from the systems of transitivity, mood, theme, conjunction, reference and tense. Generic structures, motivated by context-specific generic strategies, are, in turn, derived from generic stages. The approach is applied to a small corpus of press articles dealing with the relation between parents and children.
Language and gender research in Australia
Authors: Pauwels Anne
Published: October 2016

In this article research on the relationship between language and gender in Australian society Is surveyed. Three main areas are discussed: gender differencies in the use of Australian English; the issue of sexism in Australian language use; and the role of gender in the maintenance of languages other than English (Aboriginal and immigrant languages). The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the recent developments in and further tasks for Australian language gender research.
North Australian kriol – historical perspectives and new directions
Authors: Harris John
Published: October 2016

The extensive massacre of Aboriginal people in the Roper River region of the Northern Territory resulted in drastic language disruption. The settling of remnants of many language groups at the Roper River mission led to the creation of Kriol. Now, after five generations, it is the primary language of many thousands of people.

Bible translation and bilingual education programs have been highly significant in raising the status of Kriol. Its future seems assured, particularly as it increasingly becomes associated with Aboriginal identity and political aspirations.
The Australian corpus project
Authors: Peters Pam , Collins Peter , Blair David , Brierley Alison
Published: October 2016

The functional variants of International English are often differently distributed in the different regional standards. With evidence from the corpus of Australian English, this has already been shown for lexical variants such as will/shall, maybe/perhaps etc. In this paper evidence from the Australian corpus is used to discuss a number of variables in

a) morphology

b) the system of conjunction

c) the system of quantifiers.

The redistribution of morphological variants-edl-t (as in burned/burnt), and -wards(s) (as in downward(s)) showed a tendency to assign different grammatical roles to each variant. Among the conjunctions, apart from individual differences the most interesting finding was the higher level overall in the use of subordinating conjunctions, when Australian newspaper data was compared with the equivalent in Britain or America. A possible explanation for this invokes the Hallidayan principle that subordination is actually more common in speech than in writing. The suggestion is that Australian press reporting approximates more closely to spoken than to written norms of language. But on the quantifiers a few/several the corpus provides no support for a new popular use of several, to mean vaguely large number.
How to keep healthy in seventeen languages
Authors: Chesher Theresa G.
Published: October 2016

This paper describes the development of interpreting and translating within the Health Services of New South Wales. Examples are provided of purposes and contexts in which translation and interpreting are used. Some of the difficulties involved in interpreting and translating in this context are described. Criteria for selecting material for various kinds of interpretation or translation are provided.
Translating metaphors
Authors: Crofts Marjorie
Published: October 2016

Implicit in every metaphor is a comparison involving 5 parts: like a is to b, so x is to y. When translating into languages in which metaphors are seldom or never used, some or all of these parts must be made explicit to make the metaphor understood. Metaphors may be categorized as 1) incidental, 2) repeated, 3) extended, 4) thematic and 5) symbolic; the importance of retaining them being progressively greater from 1) to 5). We may 1) leave the metaphor literal, 2) render it a simile, 3) make explicit one or more of the parts, 4) use a cultural substitute or 5) drop the metaphor and translate the meaning. Making all 5 parts explicit may skew the focus or result in unnatural style.
The development of comparisons and contrasts
Authors: Phillips Joy
Published: October 2016

This paper examines the development of comparisons and contrasts in young L1 children and in L2 adults. It explores the similarities and differences in categories, lexicogrammatical realizations and functions. It was found that similarities existed in extent and effect, in categories and some realizations, and in some minor functions Against these similarities, differences were found in order of development of the categories, in importance of categories, in one category, in realizations and in major functions. The paper concludes with an investigation of implications for (i) teaching; and (ii) the L1-L2 “similarity/difference?” debate.
Pitch features of classroom French intonation
Authors: McCarthy Brian
Published: October 2016

Using fundamental frequency measurements taken from mingograph traces, the direction and range of pitch movements were studied in a series of utterances produced by native speakers of French and by a group of (near-) beginner students of that language. Results were also compared to the Delattre models for major and minor continuation and finality.

Analysis of the native speakers allows us to determine the extent to which the pattern of pitch movement is a function of the speaking context. It is then possible to see additional differences occurring when the task is performed by foreign language learners.

Our most significant findings relate to differences between the utterances of free conversation and those occurring in controlled contexts (oral reading, repetition, drill responses), and to a certain blurring of the distinction between major and minor continuation in student speech.
Towards a re-definition of the role of the teacher of English as a Second Language to adults
Authors: Karin Hawkins
Published: October 2016

In the current climate of English as a Second Language (ESL) teaching in Australia, there is an increasing stress on the greater direct participation of teachers in curriculum and materials development, including assessment and evaluation. The paper considers Stenhouse’s notion of Teacher as Researcher and its application in the ESL context. It raises questions for the ongoing re-examination of the role of the ESL teacher.
The Australian Language Levels (ALL) project – a response to curriculum needs in Australia
Authors: Scarino Angela , McKay Penny
Published: October 2016

The Australian Language Levels (ALL) Project is a national project funded jointly by the Curriculum Development Council, Canberra and the S.A. Education Department. It has been set up to develop an organizational framework and curriculum guidelines which will permit all those involved in language education (teachers, syllabus planners, advisers, curriculum writers) to work together to bring about curriculum renewal in language teaching in Australia.

This paper examines the curriculum implications of the complexity of the language situation in Australia and the processes through which the ALL Project is responding to curriculum needs in the languages field on a national scale.
Second language curriculum renewal
Authors: Stern H.H. , Harley Birgit
Published: October 2016

Many different patterns of curriculum design have been proposed in recent years. Few of them have gone beyond the drawing board and been implemented in language programs. The Canadian Association of Second Language Teachers, which has recognized as a particular current Canadian problem, the teaching of French in non-immersion settings throughout Canada (so-called ‘Core French’), has launched a three-year project to improve the teaching of Core French through curriculum renewal. The project has adopted one such syllabus design model, that of a multidimensional second language curriculum. The project operates through six task forces and several regional committees. The paper/symposium is concerned with aspects of the rationale of the project, the design and rationale of the curriculum, the
Student contributions to the development of computer-aided language learning programs
Authors: Burston Jack L. , Dejean de la Batie Bernadette , Hurst Alastair , Monville-Burston Monique
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this paper is to assess the effect of student contributions to the development of a computer-aided language learning program for French. As part of a scheduled fortnightly summary review session, students are directly involved in an evaluation of the effectiveness of the grammar presentations and error response handling in the lessons. Detailed student feedback on the operation of the French CALL programs is analyzed relative to its effect upon such factors as the perceived usefulness of the program, degree of voluntary student usage and learner strategies in lesson taking.
Grammatical feedback in a computer-based editing task
Authors: van Els Theo J.M. , de Graauw Kees P.H.M. , Stortelder Maria W.W.
Published: October 2016

An editing-test tests general language competence. The testee has to delete randomly inserted new words from an otherwise complete and perfect text. The project reported on is an evaluation of a series of lessons in Dutch as a second language of which explicit grammatical feedback is the main feature. The lessons consist of texts adapted as editing-tests, entirely administered and controlled by microcomputer. The feedback provided mainly refers to rules formulated in the pupils’ grammar, which is stored in the microcomputer. The paper provides information on the feedback – its contents and its instructional design – and, in particular, on the main results obtained.
The development of comprehension in early childhood
Authors: Eisikovits Edina
Published: October 2016

This paper reports the early stages of a longitudinal study of one child’s development of language comprehension, focussing on the period 9-14 months.

The nature of the comprehension process is discussed as are the methodological problems involved in investigating this process in pre-speech children.

The analysis of data explores the development of early word meanings, and relational meanings.

It is seen that language comprehension far outstrips production during this period. Although the child can express only a very limited range of meanings, he can understand and respond to a wide range of meanings of increasing complexity, including object and action terms, and relationships between them.

It is suggested that the rapid growth of comprehension during this period grows out of contextualized interactional routines shared between child and caretaker.
Lexical expansion
Authors: Phillips J.A.
Published: October 2016

The case study reported here grew out of a study of the development of comparisons and contrasts in young children’s language (Phillips, 1988). The data source was Halliday (1984). The expansion of one child’s lexicon in one domain of special interest to him was charted from 1; 6 to 2; 6 with the aim of revealing the role played by comparing-and-contrasting as an organizing principle. The case study served to throw light on language-cognition debate.
C.L.L. Revisited – addressing socio-cultural factors in language learning
Authors: Wajnryb Ruth
Published: October 2016

This article deals with the methodology of Community Language Learning (C.L.L.) from a cultural and discourse perspective. It seeks to demonstrate how C.L.L. can be exploited effectively in the classroom as a means of addressing the socio-cultural dimension of language learning and teaching. The original C.L.L. model (Charles Curran’s) is examined, and a modified version described and analyzed. The central feature of counselling strategies is highlighted and illustrated, demonstrating the importance of negotiating rather than imposing meaning. The article then explores how C.L.L. is effective in reaching a number of short-term goals: e.g. text repair; learning about socio-cultural conventions and learning to use language appropriate to these conventions; exposing incidents of language failure and reasons for these. The importance of the teacher’s understanding of discourse conventions is underlined. Finally C.L.L. is reviewed in terms of both its weaknesses and strengths.
The design of a writing course for the teaching of Business English in Guangzhou Institute of Foreign Trade in China
Authors: Shuhuai Yu
Published: October 2016

This paper is an attempt to find an answer to the question of how to design a writing course for the teaching of Business English at Guangzhou Institute of Foreign Trade (GIFT) in China. Such a question implies a critical review of the practice of Business English teaching at GIFT and of some contemporary foreign language teaching theories. It is argued that the basic criterion for a Business English course design is that the specification of the language required by the learner defines the course content, and that the categories of the business communicative function can become the framework of a writing course in business English.