bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Microplastics on Living Organisms and their Trophic Transfer: An Ecotoxicological Review
Authors: Anjum Farhan , Azam Azeem , Faseeh Hamza , Bano Rabia , Latif Maryam , Fahid Ata ul Mustafa
Published: January 2024

Plastic is used by individuals within many different fields, including the automotive, packaging, cosmetics, textile and apparel, agricultural and fisheries sector and industries. Nevertheless, it has become a hazard to our ecosystem due to its extended degradation and decadences in nature, unceasing rise in manufacture and consumption with the increasing human population. Microplastics (MPs) can enter in both soil and aquatic environments through a variety of channels, including surface runoff, storm water runoff, river flow, and wastewater discharge. As a possible hazard to aquatic life, the existence and consumption of MPs has drawn significant attention from throughout the world. These tiny plastic particles absorb various substances and emit harmful additives, serving as sinks for dangerous substances and enhancing their bioavailability, toxicity, and movement. Additionally, the trophic transfer or bioaccumulation of MPs in a variety of aquatic creatures poses a significant concern. MPs have the potential to seriously harm aquatic life, including reduced eating efficiency, physical side effects, impaired gill function, oxidative stress, neurological damage, suppression of immunity and developmental disruption.
Ameliorative Effects of Orange Juice on Sodium Fluoride Induced Gastro-Hepatic Toxicity in Mice
Authors: Fahid Ata ul Mustafa , Azam Azeem , Anjum Farhan , Faseeh Hamza , Bano Rabia , Kausar Sana , Ur Rehman Attiq , Latif Maryam
Published: January 2024

Floride toxicity has been under discussion and investigations when taken in excess amounts. Floride leaching into the water bodies as a result of industrialization is a common issue facing most of the developing countries like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh etc. This leached fluoride has the ability to cause a myriad of disorders when incorporated in animal bodies. Objective: To find out the ameliorative effect of orange juice against toxic effects of sodium fluoride influencing damaging effect on liver and stomach. Methods: The mice were divided in six groups. The control group was only Nestle’s water, while different concentrations of sodium fluoride (2.50µg/g, 5.00µg/g and 7.50µg/g body weight) were prepared and administered orally in mice for 30 days. Then all treated groups were supplied with fresh natural orange juice for next 30 days to test its ameliorative potential. Results: The data revealed the significant reduction of body weight (p<0.001), stomach length, stomach diameter (p < 0.05) while hepato- somatic and gastro-somatic index increased (p < 0.05) in treated groups as compared to control group after sodium fluoride administration. Morphological studies revealed different abnormalities in treated groups such as spots on the liver and stomach, swelling of stomach, constriction of fundic and cardiac regions and lobes of liver. Conclusions: This study clearly revealed that sodium fluoride is potentially toxic to organs of albino mice, especially liver and stomach and that orange juice demonstrated ameliorative potential against the toxicity due to sodium fluoride.
Body Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Carps under the Influence of Ammonium Nitrate and Feed Supplementation
Authors: Ramzan Javaria , Abbas Tahir Muhammad Asif , Khan Rimsha , Kulachi Sumaira , Mahmood Sajid , Hayat Sikandar
Published: January 2024

Aquaculture plays a significant role in the food requirements of an increasing population. Fertilization, composition of diet and its feeding rates affect the fish meat quality. Objectives: To observe the body composition and fatty acid profile of carps towards rice polish and maize gluten supplementation in ammonium nitrate fertilized ponds. Methods: Two earthen ponds containing total 55 fishes were selected with each pond stocked with Rohu (Labeo rohita), Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Mori (Cirrhinus mrigala) at the final ratio of 2:1:1 respectively. Ammonium nitrate and rice polish was the feed in pond 1 while ammonium nitrate and maize gluten were the feed in pond 2. Results: Proximate analysis of fish meat samples showed that Labeo rohita showed maximum moisture contents in P1 (78.51%) and minimum in P2 (77.27%) in Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. Maximum crude protein was recorded as (17.93%) in L. rohita, under P2 whereas minimum crude protein was observed in P1 (16.81%) in L. rohita. C. mrigala remained well-known with minimum fat contents (1.71%) in P2 but maximum (1.96) in Labeo rohita in P2. H. molitrix gave the major ash contents of (1.85%) in P1 as compared to other experimental fish species. Highest position of carbohydrate contents in P1 was occupied by H. molitrix. The most abundant fatty acids recovered were monounsaturated fatty acids (37%) followed by polyunsaturated fatty acids (33%) and saturated fatty acids (29%). Conclusions: The body composition and fatty acid profile of carps varies depending upon their diet and feeding rate.
Growth Enhancement in Labeo rohita by replacing Conventional feed with Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleifera) Powder
Authors: Nawaz Muhammad , Ayyoub Tanvir Muhammad , Ammar Muhammad , Majid khan Abdul , Imran Muhammad , Rehman Iqra
Published: January 2024

Aquaculture enhancement is the need of time to encounter the food demand of the tremendously increasing population. Conventional animals and plants are equally important for human consumption, so examination of other little-researched nutritious plants such as Moringa oleifera (Lam) is necessary as an alternative source of aquaculture food protein that may be cost-effective. Objectives: To investigate the growth response of Labeo rohita species with the addition of M. oleifera leaves in conventional food and assessment of economic return and prospects to increase the farmer’s income. Methods: The current study was planned to observe the growth response and biomass production in Labeo rohita (Rohu) with increased economic returns while feeding at different doses of MOL (i-e. 0%, 10%, and 20% inclusion in conventional feed using MOL). The present study was designed in earthen ponds at Wains Agricultural Farm, UC-52, Shah Sadiq Nehang, Shorkot tehsil, Jhang district, Pakistan for 10 weeks (February to April 2018). Results: It was observed that a 10% inclusion of MOL powder in conventional fishmeal produce batter biomass as compared to other doses. At the end of the 10th week, L. rohita produced 65.16 g body weight with 10% inclusion whereas a 63.20 g increase was observed with a conventional diet. Conclusions: It was inferred that aggregate saving was about 13% when fish was fed with MOL powder diet. Thus, the present study proved a cost-effective approach for fish farming in developing countries like Pakistan.
Influence of Different Levels of Cyanazine on Blood Picture of Labeo rohita
Authors: Ayesha Sidra , Hayat Sikandar , Alyas Sobia , Mahmood Sajid , Tahir Muhammad Asif Abbas , Suleman Shahid
Published: January 2024

The freshwater fish Labeo rohita is found in Asian countries and around the world. Cyanazine herbicide produce extensive threat to freshwater fishes and used to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. Subsequently, freshwater ecosystem was facing potential risk due to extensive application of this herbicide. Objective: To find the toxic effects of cyanazine on hematological parameters of Labeo rohita. Methods: For this purpose, fish was divided into four groups. Ten fish were introduced into each group. The group 1 was taken as control group. The group 2, 3 and 4 were treated groups and exposed to different concentration of cyanazine 3µgL-1, 6µgL-1 and 8µgL-1 respectively. Results: The current study showed that WBC, RBC, HGB and HCT increased while the MCV, MCH, MCHC and PLT decreased significantly. Conclusions: Hematological parameters of L. rohita were significantly affected by exposure to Cyanazine. These alterations indicate that Cyanazine can potentially disrupt the fish's hematological balance, which could have implications for its overall healt
Chrysomya rufifacies: Developmental Analysis Over Range of Temperature
Authors: Iftikhar Anwaar , Farooq Rida , Ali Muhammad , Mumtaz Mehvish , Maqsood Ruhma , Akhtar Mubeen , Wahab Muddasar , Aslam Sadaf , Munir Mariyam , Yaqoob Fatima
Published: January 2024

Forensic entomology deals with the study of insects used in criminal investigations. Insects are drawn from the beginning to the decaying carcass and deposit their eggs. Forensic investigators can easily identify the cause of death, the postmortem index, and any changes in the posture of the dead body by observing the insect larval growth and population. Objective: To increase students' interest in pursuing careers related to forensic entomology, this study aims to determine the usefulness and viability of forensic entomology in Pakistan. This also creates an understanding of insects' lifestyles, awareness about beneficial insects, and the development of critical thinking. Forensic entomology plays a role in situations where the body has been dead for a while. Methods: The Maggot Blow Fly (Chrysomya rufifacies) was studied to determine the time since death using insects as evidence. The research at the University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan focused on the fly's life cycle and development under different temperature conditions. The aim was to establish the accuracy of using the fly and its life cycle to estimate postmortem interval. Results: The following conditions were observed: temperature (humid) 190˚C–230˚C and cold temperature (dry) 160˚C–220˚C. Room temperature includes Cold Temperature (Humid) at 230˚C -280˚C and Dry at 220˚C - 260˚C. Conclusions: Chrysomya rufifacies employed in this study have shown that the growth cycle is affected by changes in temperature, and these characteristics may be used to predict the minimal period of death.
Estimation of Lipid Profile in CCl4 Induced Toxicity in Albino Rats
Authors: Ahmad Khan Muhammad Khalil , Murtaza Sana , Baig Mirza Fahad , Khan Muhammad Javed , Mahnoor .
Published: January 2024

The combination of chlorine and chloroform in the presence of light produces carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a colorless, volatile, non-inflammable liquid. It is a clear liquid with a sweet odor that can be perceived at low levels and does not occur naturally. It poses a significant hazard to one's health and is also one of the leading sources of toxicity in critical organs such as the lungs, kidneys, liver, and brain. Objectives: To determine the lipid profile with CCl4-induced in albino rats. Methods: The research was conducted at the University of Okara, Department of Zoology. The experiment was conducted at the animal home of the Department of Zoology, University of Okara. Albino Rats were the intended targets. There were two groups created: a control group and an experimental group. To test the harmful effect on the lipid profile, the rats were fed 30 per cent diluted carbon tetrachloride, with normal saline as a control group. This was accomplished through a 12-day trial. Sampling or dissection was done after 12 days to determine serum Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Rats were dissected, and their hearts were punctured to obtain a blood sample and organs. After sampling was taken by puncturing the Rats' hearts, the samples were examined by a machine called Micro-Lab 300. Results: Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, and LDL levels were higher than usual. Conclusions: The study indicated that CCl4 has a toxic effect on the lipid profile of rats.
New suid remains of genus Propotamochoerus from the Siwaliks of Pakistan
Authors: Nadeem Amir
Published: January 2024

Siwaliks of Pakistan are highly fossiliferous and are well-known worldwide for vertebrate fossil excavations.  Objective: A field survey was conducted to recover some new fossils from different geological formations visible around the village Hasnot of district Jhelum. Methods: The targeted area was surveyed, and the different formations around the village were keenly examined by the naked eye or by using a magnifying glass when and where needed. Results: New dental remains of the genus Propotamochoerus (Mammalia, Suidae) have been found and described from the Middle Miocene Siwalik beds around Hasnot. The material consists of an isolated tooth, the left third mandibular molar. The genus Propotamochoerus was comprised of small to large-sized suids. Its remains were reported from the Lower to the Middle Siwaliks. The presently described material, i.e., a lower third molar of the left side, sheds a great deal of light on the fundamental dental characteristics of this genus. Conclusions: The recovered material is assigned to the species Propotamochoerus salinus (Pilgrim) based on its morphological assessment. This material can potentially enhance the prevalent knowledge of the species reported from the surroundings of the Salt Range of the Siwaliks of Pakistan.
Seasonal Distribution of Copepods as Influenced by Physicochemical Parameters in Khanki Headworks, Pakistan
Authors: Raza Muhammad Ahsan , Roohi Nabila , Ahmad Husna , Iqbal Muhammad Amir
Published: January 2024

Copepods are tiny aquatic animals. Their role in aquatic food chains is very crucial as they are involved in organic matter circulation and energy transfer between different trophic levels. They are important source of food for fish larvae and zooplanktivorous fish. Objective: To assess the influence of environmental variables on the abundance, diversity and seasonal variations of planktonic copepods in Khanki Headworks, Pakistan. Methods: For the analysis of environmental variables monthly water samples from four selected sites were collected for a period of one year (February 2021 to January 2022). Environmental variables were analyzed in laboratory by following standard procedures. Month wise samples of copepods were collected with planktonic net (mesh size: 37µm) from four locations (each with 3 sub-sites). Results: In total, 7 species of Copepods belonging to 4 genera were identified from February 2021 to January 2022. Mesocyclops was observed as the most diverse genus (4 species), while Mesocyclops edax was the most prevalent copepod species. Population density and biodiversity were highest in June and minimum in January. Shannon-Weaver diversity index described greater diversity among copepod species in June. Pearson correlation and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that electrical conductivity (EC), temperature, turbidity, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were important environmental variables affecting the biodiversity and density of copepods. Conclusions: This investigation elucidated that physicochemical parameters generally regulate the population dynamics of Copepods.
Protective Potential of Ashwagandha, Against Pyrifluquinazon Induced Hepato-And Nephrotoxicity in Albino Mice
Authors: Ur Rehman Attiq , Andaleeb Shagufta , Azam Azeem , Faseeh Hamza , Anjum Farhan , Bano Rabia
Published: January 2024

Globally, due to rise in dependence on the agricultural sector for food supply, the use of insecticides i.e., “Chemicals used to kill insects”, has been increasing day by day. One of these is Pyrifluquinazon. The emerging concern is that after field spray, this insecticide has the tendency to be incorporated into surface water and become a part of the food chain and so becomes toxic for both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Objective: To investigate the protective potential of Ashwagandha against damaging effect of Pyrifluquinazon (PQZ) on liver and kidney of mature and healthy male albino mice. Methods: Albino mice were divided into four groups, each group contained five mice. First group was control, supplied with water while, three were treated groups (Dose, Dose + Antidote and Antidote group respectively) to check protective potential of Ashwagandha against PQZ induced hepato and nephrotoxicity in mice. The dose group was supplied with PQZ while Dose + Antidote group with PQZ and Ashwagandha as an antidote while the Antidote group was supplied with Ashwagandha. This was accomplished for 20 days trial. Blood sampling and dissection was done at 20th day. Blood sample were taken using intra cardiac sampling method for biochemistry while liver and kidney were separated from each group for histopathological studies. Results: The liver function test and kidney function were normal and indicated restoration of their normal function. Histopathological findings also revealed regeneration in damaged areas of liver and kidney tissues. Conclusions: The Findings of this study clearly revealed the protective potential of Ashwagandha against PQZ induced hepato and nephrotoxicity.
Relationship Between Job Satisfaction and Burnout Among Nurses
Authors: Nadeem Sehar , Saddique Humaira , Jabeen Rubina
Published: January 2024

Over the last spans burnout and job satisfaction were highly momentous in nursing. Burnout and job satisfaction is a psychosomatic issue that appears in difficult personal relations as sections of their work environment Objective: To explore the relationship between job satisfaction and burnout among nurses. Methods: A descriptive correlational study design was used to determine the relationship between job satisfaction and burnout in nurses. The study sample is 133 staff nurses. A convenient sampling technique is used to collect data from nurses of Jinnah Hospital Lahore. The study took approximately 9 months. Data analysis were done through SPSS version 21.0. Results: The majority of nurses were found to be unsatisfied with their jobs. It was observed that staff nurses' job burnout and its element existed. Most of the nurses were higher levels of depersonalization and emotional weariness compared to low accomplishment when it came to burnout components, particularly concerning emotional exhaustion. The biggest percentage of nurses experienced severe burnout and low levels of job satisfaction. The KMO, Bartlett’s test, Cronbach alpha, correlations, ANOVA, coefficients, and value have been checked the validity and reliability in our context. The value shows negative and significant results. Which also identified a substantial negative association between job satisfaction and burnout. Conclusions: Most nurses are facing significant levels of burnout and low level of job satisfaction. It recommended recently created techniques to overcome burnout and enhance job satisfaction, ultimately improving healthcare.
A Qualitative Exploratory Study on Absenteeism among Nursing Students in a Private Nursing College
Authors: Sultana Razia , Maqsood Sidra , Shakeel Amtul , Mubarak Zunaira , Majeed Sughra , Zafaf Zaryab
Published: January 2024

Nurses play an important role in the provision of frontline patient care. Absenteeism among nurses is common, and has an impact on patient care output. Nursing students' academic success and professional growth depend on their ability to attend class. Attendance is an essential for the effective training of nurses. Objective: To explore the perception of nursing students regarding factors of absenteeism and its possible solution in a private nursing institute. Methods: A qualitative exploratory study design was conducted among 16 participants who recruited purposively. Semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data from the enrolled fourth year BS Nursing students. Transcription, coding, categorization of data help in the formulation of sub-themes and themes about absenteeism. Results: The analysis of qualitative data revealed four major themes. First themes as individual factors of absenteeism (sickness, family commitments, transport problems etc.) accompanied by institutional and clinical factors. The last theme pertaining to possible solutions of absenteeism proposed by nursing students in the form of semester break, provision of sick leave and leave for family responsibilities. Conclusions: The study found three factors, i.e., individual, institutional and clinical related factors that lead to nursing student’s absenteeism from classroom lectures. Besides, it was found that student absenteeism was solved by allowing the students to go on holidays after every semester examination and student facilitation in case of any illness/family issues as suggested by students in interviews.
Factors Influencing Women's access to Healthcare Services in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Saxena Sachi , Arsh Aatik , Ashraf Syed , Gupta Noopur
Published: January 2024

Gender inequalities in accessing healthcare services, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are consistently reported in the literature. Financial constraints and greater distance from healthcare facilities are the most reported barriers to the limited accessibility of women to healthcare services in these countries. However, these two barriers are not specific to women as men living in these countries also face these barriers, then why do gender disparities exist in accessing healthcare services? Objective: To explore this question, we conducted this study to identify factors influencing women’s access to healthcare services in LMICs. Methods: A review article was conducted in September 2023. PubMed, CINHAL, EMBASE and HMIC databases were searched. Additional searching was performed in Google Scholar. Qualitative studies published from the earliest record to August 2023 which reported barriers to women’s access to healthcare services in LMICs were included. Results: Results showed that individual-level factors that influence women’s access to healthcare services in LMICs include economic status and knowledge and beliefs, inter-personal level factors include social norms and support from family and friends, community-level factors include support from community members and transportation facilities while system-level factors that influence women’s access to healthcare services include the availability of healthcare services and providers, the role of the medical fraternity, health insurance coverage, availability and implementation of effective policies and evidence-based practice and research. Conclusion: The review identified a wide range of individual, interpersonal, community and system-level barriers that hinder women residing in LMICs from accessing appropriate healthcare services. There is a need to develop cost-effective, culturally appropriate approaches, guidelines, and policies to improve women’s access to healthcare services in LMICs.
Determination of Nurse’s Attitude and Practices about Gynaecological Examination at Tertiary Health Care Hospital
Authors: Naheed Rashida , Parveen Shagufta , Akhtar Shamim , Ali Muhammad , Mazhar Rida
Published: January 2024

Gynaecological examination on a regular basis is a vital component of any woman's health. The gynaecologist will examine the breasts, the internal and external reproductive organs, and any associated conditions. Nurses are crucial, especially prior to this examination. They should explain the procedure to the females and how it is carried out, as well as provide any additional preparation instructions that may be needed. Objective: To determine the nurse’s attitude and practices regarding gynaecological examination. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at tertiary health care sector. A convenient sampling technique was used to recruit the study participants in OBS/Gynae unit of the hospital. The sample size for this study was 90 and data collected from nurses of age 22 to 45 years and willing to participate. Data were collected through adopted questionnaires. The data were analysed through SPSS-24.0. Results: Majority of the nurses have uncertain attitude about the best timing of gynaecological examination (82%), spread of infection during this procedure (75%) and early detection of cancer (78%). Moreover, nurses did not take complete history of the females (83%) and had not used understandable language (88%). More than 70% nurses are incompetent in their practices during gynaecological examination. Conclusions: The current study concludes that majority nurses have negative attitude and incompetent practices towards gynaecological examination. Therefore, educational workshop and training should be arranged to promote positively and enhance the practices of nursing during gynaecological examination.
Barriers in Implementing Evidence-Based Practice among Nurses at Tertiary Care Hospitals of Lahore
Authors: Aslam Samia , Farooq Zambeel , Azam Sana , Naheed Fizzah , Yaqoob Rebecca
Published: January 2024

Evidence-based practice is a technique used in solving clinical issues regarding patient care by integrating well-designed evidence. It also takes into account patient preferences to promote quality of care and improve patient outcomes. Objectives: To identify the barriers in implementing evidence-based practice among nurses and to identify personal and organizational obstacles in implementing EBP. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional quantitative study design was used. Total sample size was 116 staff nurses of the tertiary care hospital with experience more than three years. The study was conducted at two tertiary care hospitals of Lahore; Jinnah hospital, Lahore, Fatima Memorial hospital, Lahore. Results: The findings showed that biggest barrier in implementing EBP are lack of health care facilities to empower nurses with EBP environment (72.4%). Conclusions: This study concluded that financial situation of country which leads to inadequate health care resources and equipment’s for EBP implementation. Identifying the barriers that affect the implementation of EBP can become a stepping stone for the commencement of discussion concerning the elimination of these barriers from the healthcare sector and finding ways to resolve existing problems.
Satisfaction of Undergraduate Nursing Students Regarding their Clinical Placement: A Focus Group Study
Authors: Noreen Nazia , Tu Nisa Warda , Shah Asif , Sultan Amir
Published: January 2024

A crucial component of nursing students' education for providing high-quality and secure patient care is their clinical experience. Regarding this, it is crucial that student nurses are satisfied with their practical experiences. Student nurses' experiences in clinical placements can offer valuable insights for the development of successful nursing education programmed. Objective: To determine how satisfied undergraduate nursing students are with their clinical rotation. Methods: The study design used for the project was qualitative descriptive exploratory research. The sample size of the study was 30 BSN students of final year that were selected through purposive sampling technique, divided into 6 groups, where each group contain 5 students and attended semi-structure focus group interview using interview guide. The study setting was 2 nursing institutes of Peshawar i.e., post-graduate college of nursing, and institute of nursing sciences. Data were analyzed through content analysis, and the study was approved from ethical review board of institute of nursing sciences Khyber medical university Peshawar. Results: The data analysis identified four primary categories: theory to practical environment in the placement, poor clinical supervision, lack of orientation for clinical placement and inappropriate mentor-ship in clinical placement. Conclusions: To facilitate students’ clinical practice during their clinical hours, they must acquire pertinent knowledge, skills, and competency. The combination of theoretical and practical work is known as nursing practice, and theory without practice is seen as blind knowledge. In clinical settings, one cannot provide quality care if there is not a quiet and sound environment.
Assessment of the Organizational Commitment among Nurses
Authors: Ishaq Muhammad , Bibi Afsha , Khaliq Fazal , Ali Tahir , Ahmed Hussain , Mahmood Saqib , Gulzada Muhammad
Published: January 2024

Organizational commitment is the extent to which a person may be identified with their membership in a particular organization. Objective: To assess the organizational commitment among nurses. Methods: Utilizing a cross-sectional research approach, this study examined organizational commitment among registered nurses employed in several tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan, and enrolled in the Post RN program at Horizon School of Nursing and Health Sciences in Karachi, Pakistan. This study included 71 nurses in total. Three elements of overall organizational commitment are measured by the Organizational Commitment Scale (OCS), established by Balfour and Wechsler in 1996. Results: Study findings show that 35.2% of respondents reported great pride in their affiliation with the company, demonstrating high loyalty and job satisfaction. In addition, 40.8% of respondents strongly agreed with the importance of the organization's values. Moreover, the findings also show that 8.5% demonstrated low commitment, and 60.6% fell into the moderate commitment category. Meanwhile, 31.0% exhibited high commitment. Conclusions: The study revealed a diverse spectrum of commitment levels, with a substantial majority demonstrating moderate commitment. Addressing this issue should be a priority for the organization, focusing on recognizing and appreciating employees' efforts to enhance overall satisfaction and foster a more supportive work environment.
Evaluation of Hemodialysis Complications among Children with Chronic Kidney Disease at District Head Quarter Hospital, Nankana Sahib
Authors: Naheed Rashida , Akhtar Shamim , Perveen Shagufta , Perveen Razia , Mazhar Rida
Published: January 2024

A patient with chronic kidney disease depends on hemodialysis to mechanically remove fluid, electrolytes, and waste products from the blood. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a universal matter of concern that affects around 15% of the population globally. Objective: To evaluate hemodialysis complications among children with chronic kidney disease. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out at the renal department of DHQ hospital. The duration of study was six months from April to September, 2023. The sample size was 45 children on hemodialysis with kidney disease. A purposive sampling technique was used. Data were gathered through self-administrated questionnaire. Data were analyzed through SPSS-25.0 and results were presented in the form of frequencies tables. Results: Majority of the participants suggested that initiation of hemodialysis lead to cardiovascular problems (72%), anemia (83%), and metallic taste (79%) in children. Moreover, majority of them complained about skin problem and itching as an adverse effect (78%). Other complications as indicated by participants are headache, restlessness, vertigo, nausea and vomiting (86%). Conversely, some subjects did not considered the hypertriglyceridemia (27%), gastric problems (31%), sleep problems (24%) and muscular pain (34%) as the result of initiation of hemodialysis procedure. Conclusions: Findings of present study suggested the most common complications of hemodialysis are hemodynamic instability, anemia and hypertension/hypotension, skin problems and itching. Other complications of hemodialysis as indicated by participants are headache, restlessness, vertigo, nausea, vomiting and decease concentration in children. However, most of the participants have limited understanding about additional complications of hemodialysis.
Association of Clinical Caring Competencies of Nursing Students with Academic Performance: A Multi-Institutional Study
Authors: Farooqui Shaista , Iqbal Zafar , Saifoor Shabana , Ziaullah . , Khan Sheraz , Ahmed Fayaz , Sultan Amir , Iqbal Javed , Shah Azizullah , Anwar Nasir
Published: January 2024

Nursing students work closely with patients, therefore clinical assignments are regarded as an essential component of nursing education. Objective: To analyze the clinical caring competencies of undergraduate nursing students. Methods: The study design was cross-sectional descriptive having a sample size of 122 students. The nursing students' information was gathered after one months of clinical duties. Three categories, each using a seven-point Likert scale, were used to collect the data. The questionnaire was validly and reliable, while informed consent was taken from each participant and data analysis was performed through SPSS 22.0. Results: The majority of participants was male (87%) in the study, while the maximum number of students belong to age group 18–21 age range (52.7%), and all the students belong to 4th semester. The majority of the students’ academic performance was good (51.1%), followed by average performers (37.4%), and poor performers (11.5%). In all the three domains of clinical competencies the score of patience was high 3.7 ± 0.89, followed by courage domain 3.5 ± 0.88 and cognitive domain 3.4 ± 0.59. Conclusions: There was significant difference between gender groups in cognitive and patience domain while no significant difference in courage domain, while between age groups there were no significant difference between cognitive and patients while there was significant difference in courage domain. The study also established that courage a patient is strongly positive correlated with cognitive domain while negative weak with age, gender and GPA.
Effects of Early Mobilization on Pain Among Children Post Appendectomy at Children Hospital Lahore
Authors: Manzoor Faiza , Afzal Muhammad , Sarwer Hajra , Mahy-Ud-Din Gulam
Published: January 2024

Early mobilization means interval starting with initial physiologic mobilization and continuing through the hospital stay. Mobilization includes the activities that help critical patients to move, and ambulate with or without assistance using a walker and/or support from staff. Objective: To assess the effect of Early Mobilization on pain and wound healing among children post appendectomy. Methods: A randomized control study was conducted from December 2022 to August 2023 at the Children hospital Lahore. The target population consisted of children undergone appendectomy at Children hospital Lahore. A random sample of n=26 was recruited. Validated tool was used for data collection from participants to assess the pain in the control and interventional group. Initially, Pre-assessment was conducted to obtain pain scores, then the intervention as early mobilization was provided to the interventional group while the control group was observed with usual care. After the intervention in the post assessment, the data were collected from the control and interventional group to compare the effect of intervention. Results: The study results revealed that after the intervention, the assessment at 1st follow-up showed somewhat significant difference in control and interventional group scores of pains. A significant mean difference was found on pain between control and interventional group scores at the 2nd follow up where z (-2.056) =, p value=0.040. Conclusions: Overall, these findings suggest that early mobilization intervention has a positive and statistically significant impact on reducing mean pain scores.
Frequency of Congenital Muscular Torticollis in Children
Authors: Surriya Shabah , Maqbool Naila , Jamil Muskan , Amin Komal , Sohail Wajahat , Ullah Fahad
Published: January 2024

Congenital muscular torticollis (CMT) is identified by unilateral contracture of sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), resulting in lateral flexion of neck with rotation of chin to the opposite direction. Objective: To determine frequency of CMT in children presenting at Children Hospital, Lahore. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R), Children Hospital and University of Child Health Sciences (CH & UCHS), Lahore from June 2022 to December 2022 and included 179 children who reported at Department of PM&R with CMT. The data were collected using a self-constructed Torticollis questionnaire and analyzed using International Business Machines Corporation Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 23 (IBM SPSS V-23.0). Results: Out of 179 patients, 103 (57.5%) were male and 76 (42.5%) were female. Associated problems like head tilt 102 (57.0%), rotation deficits 99 (55.3%), craniofacial asymmetry 67 (37.4%), fibrotic mass 68 (38.0%) and flat spot on either side of head 56 (31.3%) were seen. A significant association was found between age and torticollis present at birth (p-value=0.012). Conclusions: CMT is more common among children with age less than one year. Most of the cases were delivered by vaginal delivery with a history of infection and difficult delivery. It is important to investigate the long-term effects of continuing head tilt on cervical spine and secondary complications of CMT.
Nanotechnology-based Approaches for Efficient Wound Monitoring and Healing
Authors: Tahir Arqam , Zainab Laraib , Naheed Aleesha , Ahmad Qureshi Hafsa , Bibi Hafiza Sonia , Khalid Aisha , Tehreem Nimra
Published: January 2024

Wound healing is a complex physiological process consisting of several biological and immunological mechanisms which are mutually inclusive. Wounds are commonly categorized as acute and chronic wounds. Acute wound healing is dynamic and chronic wound healing proceeds in a prolonged and irregular manner; thus, it calls for proper management. Certain problems associated to wound healing have triggered the researchers to come up with a promising approach and so nanotechnology-based approaches have evolved as a driving force in wound healing. Nanotechnology has led to the fabrication of nanoparticles, biomolecule loaded dressings and smart dressings to accelerate the wound healing. Nanobiosensors are also being developed which can monitor wound conditions with great precision and incredible sensitivity. This review concentrates on novel nanoscale approaches for instance, nanoparticles such as gold, silver, polystyrene, chitosan, zinc peroxide and nanomaterials such as nano-sensors, nanoflares, nanofibers, etc. for effective wound monitoring and healing. The efficacy of nanomaterial based therapeutic agents in wound healing has been expressed herein. The significance of nanoscale systems in wound healing in terms of anti-microbial activity, angiogenesis, drug delivery, collagen deposition and stem cell delivery has also been addressed.
Monkey Pox: An Emerging Outbreak
Authors: Saeed Hafiza Arshi , Perveen Aqsa , Haidar Ayesha , Fatima Hafiza Rida , Atique Rameen , Aslam Maria , Naveed Areesha , Sharif Javeria , Samad Abdul
Published: January 2024

Monkeypox is a viral disease, with very rare cases. It has gained attention because of its similarities to smallpox. It was diagnosed in 1958 for the first time in monkeys and then later this disease effected people of Africa who were living in the western and central parts of Africa. The virus is liable for monkeypox, an orthopoxvirus, and is generally transmitted to people through contact with animals such as rodents, monkeys, and different wildlife. Human-to-human transmission can occur, mainly in localized outbreaks. Although monkeypox is sporadic and typically considered a zoonotic disease, it has caused epidemics in Central and West Africa. These outbreaks are often connected to close touch with infected animals, especially in rural communities. Some common symptoms include rash, fever, and pustules. While the mortality rate of this disease is 1-10% which is less than small pox. Treatment includes addressing signs such as fever, pain, and skin lesions. Patients may also require hospitalization, especially if they develop extreme complications, and have to be isolated to prevent human-to-human transmission. Research into antiviral medicinal drugs and vaccines is ongoing; however, in September 2021, no licensed monkeypox-specific antiviral drugs or vaccines were available. Preventing monkeypox generally includes decreasing the risk of exposure to the virus. Key preventive measures include people in endemic regions reducing contact with animals that carry the virus, including rodents and monkeys. This review provides an overview of monkeypox, focusing on its epidemiology, treatment, and prevention strategies.
Nanomedicine Redefining Cancer Therapeutics: The Evolution of Precision Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Mehboob Riffat
Published: January 2024

With the advent of nanomedicines including drug delivery carriers such as nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, and micelles, there has been a paradigm shift in the sphere of cancer treatment. These nano-biosystems have been the focus of scientific research in recent years due to their biocompatibility, low toxicity, higher retention time, bioavailability and higher targeted efficiency as compared to conventional therapeutics such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. These conventional therapies not only target cancerous cells but negatively affect neighboring health cells as well comprising the individuals’ immune health. Therefore, nanomaterials have been considered the foremost strategy to combat different types of cancer. To facilitate delivery and provide a “stealthy character” to nanomaterials, biomimetic (cell-derived) surface coatings and encapsulations have been developed. Red blood cell mimetic nanoparticles have been designed to successfully inhibit the growth and metastasis of breast carcinoma. Similarly, HeLa cell membrane-derived vesicles of GdTPP/ZnTPP porphyrin nanocomposites have been utilized for photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cervical carcinoma [1]. In addition, ferritin-based and vault-protein nanocarriers have been designed using recombinant engineering techniques to overcome the barriers of multidrug resistance and in-vivo drug delivery reducing immune response and increasing the effectiveness of anticancerous drugs. These functionalized nanocarriers have been reported against glioma, melanoma, hepatocarcinoma, adenocarcinoma and lung cancer [2]. A considerable number of nanomedicines have passed clinical trials and been approved for commercial use by various regulatory organizations. The most recent being the NanoTherm, an EMA-approved nanomedicine for glioblastoma, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer. It is a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle covered with aminosilane [3]. With precision, efficacy, and promise for both patients and clinicians, nanomedicine is a sign of a new era in cancer therapies. Harnessing the potential of nanomedicine demands teamwork, innovation, and transforming ground-breaking research into game-changing clinical applications as we navigate this rapidly changing landscape. With the goal of bringing targeted, personalized cancer treatments closer to reality, this editorial seeks to highlight the unmatched potential of nanomedicine in transforming drug delivery paradigms.
Descriptive Analysis of Neonatal Mortality during May 2023 at Holy Family Hospital Rawalpindi
Authors: Zeb Shazia , Fatima Farzana , Shahid Rizwana , Hafeez Yumna , Sattar Sumera , Arshad Minahil
Published: January 2024

Although child mortality has substantially been declined due to stringent efforts for achieving the set targets meant to attain health related Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015, yet the reduction in neonatal mortality has been noted at comparatively slower pace. Considerable neonatal deaths have also been reported in South Asan regions of the globe. Objective: To analyze neonatal mortality in terms of place of delivery, antenatal booking and maternal as well as medical causes of death. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was done during May 2023 to determine various attributes of neonatal mortality like delivery site and antenatal visits. In addition to maternal factors contributing to neonatal mortality, post-delivery mortality reasons were also recorded. Data were entered and analyzed by using Microsoft Excel 2016. Results: Out of 100 neonatal mortalities about 88.5% were early neonatal deaths. 21% and 79% were home and hospital delivered neonates respectively. Of the 49 booked cases, 35% were delivered in private hospitals while 25.5% of the remaining non-booked cases were delivered in private healthcare facilities. Approximately 47% and 53% were preterm and full-term births respectively. 35.6% neonates died of bacterial sepsis while 22% and 19% neonates succumbed to respiratory distress syndrome and intrauterine hypoxia respectively. Conclusions: There were considerable early neonatal deaths and majority died of bacterial sepsis and respiratory distress syndrome.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Among Stroke Patients in Khairpur
Authors: Jamali Yasir Akbar , Ahmad Jawad , Hussain Mushtaq , Arbani Rashid Ali , Mangrio Wali Muhammad , Lal Sham
Published: January 2024

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with a high likelihood of ischaemic cerebral stroke. Patients with HCV-related stroke tend to be younger, have fewer traditional risk factors, and have elevated levels of systemic inflammation. Objective: To investigate the correlation between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and their functional outcome of stroke. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 157 individuals diagnosed with all types of strokes. Every patient underwent meticulous history collection and comprehensive clinical and neurological assessment. HCV infection was diagnosed using a quantitative HCV RNA assay. Results: Out of the 157 patients, 15 (29.4 %) had Hepatitis B, and thirty-six (70.6 %) had hepatitis C, with an overall prevalence of 51 (32.5%). Among the male patients, HBV and HCV were present in 8 (27.6%) and 21 (72.4%), respectively, with an overall prevalence of 29 (56.9%) (Table 2). Similarly, among female patients, HBV and HCV were present in 7 (31.8%) and 15 (68.8%) patients, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 22 (43.1%). Conclusions: An increased prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) has been noted in patients who have experienced a stroke.
Bioengineering of the Optimized Biosynthesis of Commercially Vital Carotenoids- Techno-Advanced Applications
Authors: Perveen Ishrat , Abbas Naaz , Bukhari Bakhtawar , Saleem Yasar , Mazhar Sania , Nawaz Shaista , Syed Quratulain , Imam Abidi Syed Hussain , Riaz Sana , Akram Fatima
Published: January 2024

Beta-carotene, a carotenoid found in plants, fungi, and algae, is a crucial antioxidant and anti-cancer agent. It is primarily derived from plants, algae, and microbes, but this method has drawbacks like high costs and low productivity. The growing demand for carotenoids has led to large-scale industrial manufacturing. However, extracting and synthesizing these chemicals can be costly and technical. Microbial synthesis offers a cost-effective alternative. Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering technologies have been used in various studies for the optimization of pathways for the overproduction of carotenoids. Four metabolic components are involved in carotenoid biosynthesis, central carbon (C), isoprene supplement, and cofactor metabolism. Metabolic engineering is a potential solution to enhance β-carotene production. This article explores the biochemical routes, methods used by natural microbial species, and metabolic engineering potential of microbial organisms for β-carotenoids production. Currently, Escherichia coli, certain euglena and yeast species are the primary microorganisms used in metabolic engineering, offering minimal environmental impact, cost-effective manufacturing, and high yield.