bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Southern City in the North
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on the treatment of African Americans in New York. They endured segregation, exclusion, and debasement at all levels of American society—from work and housing to religion, health, and legal protection. In a nation sharply divided between states that allowed human bondage and those that did not, most in this city with close economic ties to the South were deeply racist. This state existed from the time of the city’s founding. Throughout the 1700s, New Yorkers regularly bought and sold slaves, with the state finally abolishing slavery in 1827. Yet despite increasingly widespread abolitionary efforts, slavery grew in some parts of the country in the years between the Great Fire and the Civil War. As if flourished in the south, there were numerous Black ministers and leaders in New York and the north like the restaurateur Thomas Downing who fought for the end of slavery and for the better treatment of African Americans.
The Approaching Storm
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses how, even as the Civil War loomed on America's horizon, prosperity seemed to be on the march in New York. Beginning in the late 1850s, Central Park experienced its slow birth in the new uptown. By then, the city had become the cultural, religious, educational, and mercantile center of the Western hemisphere, and, given its large number of newspapers and magazines, a major communications link between East and West. Though New York might be thriving, the country was coming apart at the seams: the slavery divide had grown much wider. In May of 1854, Congress enacted the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which ended the geographic division set in place by the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Now popular sovereignty determined whether an incoming state would be free or slave, a move that only amplified division and tension over the issue of slavery. Indeed, the belief that the South would secede from the Union over slavery continued to grow, and with the election of Abraham Lincoln as president, states starting with South Carolina left and formed the Confederate States of America.
Universal Love
Authors: Krishek Sharon
Published: February 2022

When Kierkegaard speaks about the morality of love, he demands that it be not only unselfish but also universal. Romantic love, however, is essentially selective and exclusive, that is, not universal. Does this make romantic love essentially immoral? Endorsing universal love as a desirable ideal, this chapter explores what it means, and what it takes, to love universally. It argues that inasmuch as love is a joyful compassionate caring for an individual, and given the accessibility of the neighbor’s individual essence, it is the structure of the double movement of faith that makes the encounter with any neighbor love. Establishing the feasibility of universal love, the chapter demonstrates that the demand for universal love amounts to requiring that any interaction with a human being be that of love. And if so, romantic love is compatible with the demand for universality and hence does not pose any threat to morality.
The Philosophy of Logic
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: February 2022

what exactly are these logical This essay is the text of a retiring presidential address to the Association for Symbolic Logic. For a number of historical and sociological reasons, the largely mathematical membership of the Association is aware of the three great schools in the philosophy of mathematics at the turn of the 20th century—Platonism, Formalism, and Intuitionism—but unfamiliar with any school of thought in the philosophy of logic. This address was an effort to introduce the range of philosophical views about logic by rough analogy with the big three about mathematics. Along the way, it sketches the positions of Kant, the 19th-century German scientific materialists, Frege, Mill, early Wittgenstein, Carnap, Ayer, Quine, and Putnam, with gestures toward Descartes, Bolzano, and Russell, and ends with a second-philosophical alternative.
Reconsidering Reparations
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O.
Published: February 2022

Christopher Columbus’s voyage changed the world forever because the era of racial slavery and colonialism that it started built the world in the first place. The irreversible environmental damage of history’s first planet-sized political and economic system is responsible for our present climate crisis. Reparations call for us to make the world over again: this time, justly. The project of reparations and racial justice in the twenty-first century must take climate justice head on. The book develops arguments about the role of racial capitalism in global politics, addresses other views of reparations, and summarizes perspectives on environmental racism.
Disco’s Dead/Not Dead
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

Triggered by the infamous “Disco Demolition” night at Comiskey Park in Chicago on July 12, 1979, at which a near riot accompanied the exploding of a crate of disco records, a backlash made the word “disco” a punchline overnight. Major labels dropped disco artists and producers, and mainstream musicians who had jumped on the bandwagon just as quickly threw themselves off. But in the gay enclaves of the Castro and elsewhere, people continued to dance. Dance music in gay clubs began incorporating aspects of rock, punk, and new wave into the music’s style while retaining the proud legacy of disco at its core. The “Disco Sucks” movement caused changes that were already occurring in dance music to accelerate, and in San Francisco, the arrival of DJs like Bobby Viteritti allowed for the evolution of the San Francisco sound, wholly electronic and more energetic than disco had ever been.
From Servant to Savant
Authors: Geoffroy-Schwinden Rebecca Dowd
Published: February 2022

From Servant to Savant exposes the fundamental role that the French Revolution played in the emergence of modern professional musicianship and music historiography. Like other arts and trades in Old Regime Paris, music professionalized under a system regulated by legal permissions called privilèges. Musicians learned to work within the privilege system to elevate their legal and social status by the eve of Revolution. But the Revolution’s Abolition of Privilege on August 4, 1789, overthrew this feudal order and set in its place a modern property regime requiring strict delineation between public and private property. From Servant to Savant reveals the profound musical consequences of this reckoning. Before the Revolution, music was an activity that required permission, after, it was an object that could be possessed. Everyone seemingly hoped to gain something from owning music—musicians claimed it as their unalienable personal expression while the French nation sought to enhance imperial ambitions by appropriating it as the collective product of cultural heritage and national industry. Musicians capitalized on these changes to protect their professionalization within new laws and institutions yet excluded those without credentials from their elite echelon. As musicians and the government negotiated the place of music in a reimagined French society, new epistemic and professional practices constituted three lasting values of musical production: the composer’s sovereignty, the musical work’s inviolability, and the nation’s supremacy. From Servant to Savant thus demonstrates how the French Revolution set the stage for the emergence of so-called musical Romanticism and its legacies, which continue to haunt musical institutions and industries.
Legal Privilège and Musical Production
Authors: Geoffroy-Schwinden Rebecca Dowd
Published: February 2022

This chapter details the ways in which legal privileges (privilèges) dictated musical production in Old Regime Paris, from concert performances to music printing and publishing, and even technological innovation. An influx of privileges from the Crown by the early eighteenth century stratified musicians into classes coterminous with their legal and social status. While some musicians found corporate privileges in guilds, others obtained it individually in privileged institutions like the Académie Royale de musique (the Opéra). Before the French Revolution began in 1789, musicians from Jean-Baptiste Lully and François Couperin le grand to François-Joseph Gossec earned expanded legal rights, professional autonomy, and institutional authority through the many channels forged by “musical privilege.” This chapter thus uncovers how privilege, as the dominant infrastructure through which musical production took place under the Old Regime, yielded a paradoxical professionalization among musicians.
Private Property: Music and Authorship
Authors: Geoffroy-Schwinden Rebecca Dowd
Published: February 2022

This chapter traces the transformation of musicians’ Old Regime droit d’auteur into personal property rights after the French Revolution’s Abolition of Privilege on August 4, 1789. By following both intellectualist and materialist motivations for the emergence of these rights, the chapter reveals how revolutionary debates among composers, arrangers, printers, publishers, performers, and theater entrepreneurs were deeply entwined with changing conceptions of musical genius, originality, and sovereignty. These interconnections caused complications and contradictions that were ultimately codified into the very first laws that were established to protect music as a private property, including the Le Chapelier Laws and the 1793 “Declaration of the Rights of Genius.” Expanded legal rights are a hallmark of professionalization. The chapter argues that the discourses around these new laws and the material conditions of musical production established contributed to the nineteenth-century reverence for the composer’s sovereignty and the musical work’s inviolability.
National Industry: Music as a “Useful” Art and Science
Authors: Geoffroy-Schwinden Rebecca Dowd
Published: February 2022

This chapter illuminates another form of property that music took on during the Revolution—a national industry that extracted and processed natural resources like air, wood, and metal into a profitable economy regulated by invention patents and financial rewards. Consequently, music joined a national domain of public goods that individuals could not possess. Conservatory faculty capitalized on music’s affinities with applied sciences like engineering, mining, and surgery, to align themselves with the nation’s new industrial agenda when their original political mission receded during the late 1790s. As musical production entwined with technical education, technological innovation, and scientific experimentation, the Conservatory’s faculty members participated in the regulation of France’s music industry through their newfound position at the heart of French music training and accreditation. Another crucial aspect of musicians’ professionalization, the standardization of tools and techniques, therefore arose in relation to revolutionary proprietary debates. The chapter concludes with a new reading of the Conservatory’s method books based on this appraisal of music as a national industry in revolutionary France.
Behind the Curtain: A Glimpse into the World of Intellectual Property
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 4 covers intellectual property (IP), a term often misused by academics. Academics accustomed to the free exchange of ideas and results can easily erode their ability to commercialize by failing to understand the legal environment within which protection occurs. The chapter focuses on what constitutes IP and why it is of interest, the critical criteria for obtaining IP, and the advantages and obligations IP affords in the marketplace. The patent process is outlined, with an emphasis on utility patents that dominate in academia. We describe steps in the process and associated timelines, as well as roles of the inventor, tech transfer officers, and patent attorneys. The chapter concludes with a short description of the costs associated with filing and prosecuting patent applications, as well as maintenance fees for those that issue.
PROFILE: Ashim Mitra
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

Ashim Mitra was a senior faculty member in the School of Pharmacy at the University of Missouri—Kansas City (UMKC). An expert on treatment of eye diseases, Mitra was a star, attracting substantial funding from the National Institutes of Health, state and nonprofit grants, and industrial funding. He had extensive experience with commercialization, and by 2017 had been a named inventor on 11 issued patents. He also served on the University’s patent committee, which made recommendations about technologies the institution should prioritize for commercialization....
Introduction
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: February 2022

Chapter 1 explains why mass incarceration has failed to improve public safety and makes the case for expanding our understanding of public safety and how it can be achieved. The chapter also shows that the criminal legal system response to lawbreaking has continued to intensify in recent years even as many states have enacted reforms aimed at reducing prison populations and incarceration rates have declined modestly. And although the policies and practices that have fueled the expansion of the justice system are routinely justified as crime-fighting measures, research shows that mass incarceration is a short-sighted, ineffective, costly, inhumane, and overly narrow approach to public safety. The remainder of the chapter provides an overview of the book. Part I explores three underrecognized dynamics that are working to bolster mass incarceration. Part II identifies three broad policy and political changes that would notably reduce the scale and power of the criminal legal system and racial inequities in it while also addressing the social problems to which it is a failed response.
The (D)evolution of White Supremacist Violence and the Mismeasurement of Terrorism
Authors: Byman Daniel
Published: February 2022

White supremacists today are often violent, but they are rarely able to achieve their expansive political objectives. White supremacists face a variety of problems: they often find it difficult to recruit without being discovered; they are usually broke, and as a result cannot sustain their organizations; the decentralization of the movement makes it difficult for them to follow any strategy and leads to constant infighting; and, in most countries, law enforcement and weak popular support limit their activities. Governments are able, if they try, to fight white supremacist violence effectively. Nevertheless, they are able to kill many people, and many strands of the movement are more violent than in the past. The threat of terrorism, moreover, should be measured beyond the lives lost. White supremacists often have a more profound political and psychological impact than their numbers suggest.
Computation as Implementation
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: February 2022

Many accounts of computation associate it with the implementation of some abstract structure such as an automaton, algorithm, or program. This chapter focuses on David Chalmers’s account. Chalmers develops an account of implementation as a response to the so-called triviality results, which indicate that every physical object performs every computation, and he goes on to identify computation with implementation. The chapter presents a nuanced approach to Chalmers’s account. On the positive side, it suggests that his notion of implementation successfully circumvents the dire consequences of the triviality results. Additionally, it agrees that the implementation of some formalism is necessary for computing. On the negative side, it argues that implementation (in Chalmers’s sense) is not sufficient for computation. Many physical systems—such as rocks, stomachs, and hurricanes—do not compute, even when they implement a formalism of some sort.
Teaching Methods and Teacher Behaviors
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides a justification for establishing new teaching methods associated with technology-based music instruction (TBMI). It contains descriptions of personal dispositions that are often found, or are desirable, in teachers in this setting, including a willingness to experiment and ask for help; a focus on musical fundamentals; a desire to teach non-traditional music students; a deep knowledge, or willingness to acquire this knowledge, of software and hardware; and an interest in fostering creativity. The chapter contains descriptions of the physical layouts of some example TBMI classrooms and analyses of their strengths and weaknesses. It also includes a discussion of pacing and lesson design in TBMI.
Teacher Preparation Considerations
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: February 2022

When music departments do not offer a technology course specifically for music teaching, pre-service music teachers are often required to take courses in information technology or education departments that focus on general educational technology without having a content area emphasis. Frequently the activities in such courses are not directly related to the specific and unique skills a music teacher will need. This chapter addresses the traditions of pre-service music teacher preparation and how they relate to technology-based music instruction. Included are models of teacher preparation that might be considered with a focus on preparation based on Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK).
The Politics of Security Governance
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre
Published: February 2022

Chapter 2 elaborates the theoretical argument. It defines the concept of security governance and lays out an approach to measuring variation. It discusses the political tradeoffs that arise around security governance due to the importance of security forces for consolidating authority after civil war. The chapter then outlines a framework for examining how these tradeoffs affect security governance, focusing on how political networks and revenue sources shape the political costs, benefits, and risks of decisions to institutionalize security governance or maintain informal forms of control. It then examines how the roles and influence of external actors vary with internal political dynamics. It concludes with observable implications for the empirical analysis.
Refiguring Exodus
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Part III travels carte blanche across disciplines, centuries, genres, and languages, often stressing the remaindering of sacred thoughts in secular and profaned images of art. Chapter 9 tracks, first, the mobility of selected terms, the typology of figures and motifs, and the associative rationales or syncretistic legends that allowed the Red Sea Passage to come to stand for The Event or The Exodus. And second, the explanatory ground for the significant alteration around 1800 in the terms of bohème. The material shows how the syncretistic typology became a repetitive and divisive stereotyping of divided peoples.
Proverbs on the Path to the Absolute
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Chapter 15 presents a philosophy of proverbial wisdom written into and out of the spirit of the dialectic. Its colors are black, white, and grey. The proverbial wisdom engages what the ancients called contraries: binaries of values and qualities twisted and turned in the pursuit of truth and knowledge. In its middle, the chapter reads from Hegel’s two great prefaces, to the Phenomenology of Spirit and to the Philosophy of Right. In one preface, we meet cows and cats in a contest of black with grey; in the other, the owl of Minerva in a contest with a pure dove, presumably white. The philosophical issue is monochromatic formalism, that is, a tendency of a theory, associated with a picturing of a freedom, to give, in contrary senses, nothing away.
Hume’s “Two Definitions” of Cause and the Ontology of “Double Existence”
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

This essay provides an interpretation of Hume’s “two definitions” of causation. It argues that the two definitions of causation must be interpreted in terms of Hume’s fundamental ontological distinction between perceptions and (material) objects. Central to Hume’s position on this subject is the claim that, while there is a natural tendency to suppose that there exist (metaphysical) causal powers in objects themselves, this is a product of our failure to distinguish perceptions and objects. Properly understood, our idea of causation involves no suggestion that there is anything more to causation among objects themselves than constant conjunction. A new appendix is added, discussing the relevance of this interpretation to the recent debate concerning Hume’s “causal realism.”
Hume’s Lucretian Mission
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

Hume’s famous and influential contributions to the philosophy of religion pursue two broad themes that have deep links with his general skeptical and naturalistic commitments throughout his philosophy as a whole. The first is his skeptical critique of the philosophical arguments and doctrines of various (Christian) theological systems. The second is his naturalistic account of the origins and roots of religion in human nature. Taken together, these two themes serve to advance Hume’s “Lucretian mission,” which was to discredit and dislodge the role of religion in human life. This chapter considers the criticism that Hume’s entire Lucretian mission is fundamentally misguided and misconceived as judged in terms of his own claims and hypotheses concerning religion. Drawing from Hume’s writings on this subject, the chapter provide a set of replies and responses to these criticisms.
Hume’s Skepticism and the Problem of Atheism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

David Hume was clearly a critic of religion. It is still debated, however, whether or not he was an atheist who denied the existence of God. According to some interpretations he was a theist of some kind and others claim he was an agnostic who simply suspends any belief on this issue. This chapter argues that Hume’s theory of belief tells against any theistic interpretation—including the weaker, “attenuated” accounts. It then turns to the case for the view that Hume’s criticisms of theism were limited to the “soft” skeptical (agnostic) aim of discrediting theist arguments, and show that he was committed to a “harder” skeptical view that denies the theist hypothesis (in all its forms). On the basis of this account, the chapter concludes by way of showing that Hume’s atheistic commitments, so interpreted, are entirely consistent with his mitigated skeptical principles.
“True Religion” and Hume’s Practical Atheism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

Atheists agree that the religious hypothesis is false but may still disagree about the practical significance of this conclusion. Some claim that for the good of society we need to retain and accommodate religion in some preferred or more benign form (e.g., “true religion” of some kind). Others argue that the atheist should eradicate all traces of religion. Hume, this essay argues, rejects both these proposals. The first proposal, he maintains, mistakenly supposes that there is some benign and constructive form of religion available to the masses that will effectively support and sustain ethical life. The second proposal fails to acknowledge the extent to which religious propensities are, in various ways, an inescapable feature of human life and society. In the final analysis, both these proposals rest on optimistic assumptions that Hume rejects. The practical atheism that Hume defends is founded on a more pessimistic understanding of the human predicament.
Hume’s Legacy and the Idea of British Empiricism
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

Hume’s legacy over the past two centuries has been structured primarily around the idea of “British Empiricism.” This way of categorizing Hume’s philosophy has largely shaped the way in which Hume’s key problems and contributions have been received and criticized. It is evident, nevertheless, that this general interpretation of Hume’s philosophy, as constructed around the idea of British Empiricism, is both philosophically and historically unconvincing. A more accurate and adequate interpretation of Hume’s philosophy, it is argued, rests with his fundamental concern with problems of religion and his irreligious aims and objectives. There is, therefore, a disconnect between (accurate) interpretation and (actual) legacy as it relates to Hume’s philosophy. The appropriate response to this situation is one that both challenges the accuracy and adequacy of this dominant interpretation, while, at the same time, giving due weight to Hume’s philosophical contributions and achievements as understood through the lens of “British Empiricism.”
The Classical Education of W. E. B. Du Bois
Authors: Withun David
Published: February 2022

W. E. B. Du Bois’s education was steeped in classical languages and literature. The philosophy of Plato and Cicero, classical mythology, and classical rhetorical forms first encountered in his student years marked Du Bois’s work, thought, and style throughout his life. Du Bois’s classical education, however, also presented him with the challenge that would later form the basis of much of his treatment of classical literature in his later writing, namely, that he found a passion for the tradition of received canonical texts and thought, but simultaneously found himself excluded from full participation in it because of the racist ideas of his contemporaries. The central role of classics in Du Bois’s education also provides the background for a more complete understanding of Du Bois’s later conflict with Booker T. Washington. This chapter discusses that background by positioning Du Bois as a simultaneous critic and defender of the classical tradition.
Disaffiliation
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh
Published: February 2022

This chapter offers a detailed examination of the narratives of individuals who left Goenka’s Vipassana movement after years of intense commitment. The analysis is done in light of the recent developments in religious disengagement literature. Through detailed linguistic analysis of a case study, the chapter argues that Vipassana disaffiliation narratives are characterised by an ambivalent language, which involved the participants’ ongoing convictions about the transformative efficacy of the technique and a certain doubt about their own abilities to progress towards enlightenment. Despite this characteristic, many facets of Vipassana disaffiliation narratives corresponded with the existing literature on religious disengagement, even though the process of conversion was tacit for these individuals.
Disaffiliation Trajectories
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores (1) drifters in samsara and (2) pursuers of the gateless gate as two common Vipassana disaffiliation trajectories. The chapter argues that deconversion or migration outside of the movement’s universe of discourse is a rare exit pattern in this movement. It shows that in the vast majority of cases the participants’ search for an alternative universe of discourse post exit did not land them outside the Buddhist tradition; that, in fact, the language and reasoning of most participants remained close to that of the movement. The chapter contextualises this claim by borrowing from Bromley’s (1998a; 1998b) tripartite typology, which asserts that organisations that occupy a low-tension position in their host environment are likely to exert control over the exit process and its narrative and consequently the departing members tend to reaffirm the goals and values of the group.
Deconversion
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores deconversion as a rare exit pattern from Goenka’s Vipassana movement. Through a detailed exploration of a single case study, this chapter explores the narrator’s attempt to flee the movement’s universe of discourse. The chapter introduces the term ‘authenticity talk’ to refer to a style of discourse that functions both as (1) a recourse for self-reconstruction post exit, and (2) a rhetoric that provided the narrator with a sense of autonomy, empowerment, and self-validation. The chapter argues that the disengagement literature takes authenticity talk at face value and mistakenly conceives of it as an actual motive behind exit.
Concluding Discussions
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides a general discussion of the study at hand, disengagement in the context of tacit conversion. It summarises the main arguments of the book and highlight its contribution to the existing body of knowledge. Most notably, the chapter raises questions about the normative participant-recruitment approach in conversion studies, arguing that a simple reliance on the informants’ identification or rejection of categories fails to encompass the tonalities of conversion in the contemporary spiritual landscape. Lastly, the chapter address the major limitations and implications of this research for current scholarship such as study of unbelief and nonreligion and conclude this book with several recommendations for future research.
Introduction
Authors: Johansen Robert C.
Published: February 2022

If the United States worked with like-minded governments to implement the peacebuilding insights of peace and security research, they probably could prevent war and build sustainable peace with enhanced justice, human rights, and economic well-being for all, as well as avert environmental destruction. Instead, policymakers continue traditional “political realist” policies that have caused unnecessary wars and other security losses, because the unprecedented security challenges are more amenable to enhanced global governance than to national military power. These challenges require an “empirical realism” that would initiate a global grand strategy for human security, designed to implement the correlates of peace, rather than continue a national grand strategy focused on maximizing military power. The proposed strategy pursues policies that are safe to implement today while enabling a gradual transformation of the international system tomorrow. Citizens and policymakers committed to sufficient global governance to serve the common good can turn this vision into reality.
Developing a Security-Enhancing Strategy
Authors: Johansen Robert C.
Published: February 2022

The best way to increase US national security is to maximize the effectiveness of the correlates of peace rather than merely to maximize US military power. A synthesis of peace research and security studies identifies the main correlates as addressing all nations’ security fears; emphasizing human security no less than national security; entrenching positive reciprocity in all relationships; implementing equity in political, economic, and environmental affairs; expanding the rule of law in the international community; and building democratic global governance to enable formation and enforcement of laws essential for human security and institutionalizing peace. Replacing current US grand strategy for national security, advocated by political realists, with a global grand strategy for human security, recommended by empirical realists, is more likely to yield sustainable security with lasting peace, environmental protection, economic justice, and human rights for the United States and all nations. Extensive evidence confirms that such change is possible.
Learning Italian
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

The seventeenth-century translation of the Book of Common Prayer was re-edited in 1733 by the Scot Alexander Gordon and in 1796 (with a few slight amendments) by the two Italians Antonio Montucci and Luigi Valetti. The most likely reason for the decision to republish this text was the idea of using this translation of the Book of Common Prayer as a “reading text” for mastering the Italian language. New editions were published in 1820 by the bookseller-publisher Giovanni Battista Rolandi—a political exile who had settled in London—and, starting in 1821, as part of the polyglot editions published by Samuel Bagster. These early nineteenth-century editions of the Book of Common Prayer seem to have chiefly focused on the commercial success of a text with a large target audience of the English bound for Italy on the Grand Tour.
Deep Economy
Authors: Tran Jonathan
Published: February 2022

Chapter 5 discusses Dayspring Partners, Redeemer’s for-profit software company. It portrays Dayspring and Redeemer as part of a microecology of economic redistribution, situated within BVHP, San Francisco, and beyond, ecosystems comprised of communities, biotic ecologies, histories of injustice, and so on. The chapter imagines God’s mercy and justice coursing through these ecosystems as they participate within the larger ecology of God’s divine economy. Imagining itself participating within this larger ecosystem, Dayspring enacts radical practices of redistribution in both the company’s internal ecology and its relationships with its BVHP neighbors. This account of “deep economy” (developed within the traditions of Christian political theology, scripture, and doxology) positions liberation against racial capitalism, and its CEO’s particular biography exemplifies an ellipse of joyful dispossession over against racial capitalist exploitation. The chapter highlights an analogy between racism and environmental predation.
Rise University Preparatory and the Politics of Hope
Authors: Tran Jonathan
Published: February 2022

Picking up a leitmotif appearing throughout the book, Chapter 6 focuses specifically on the fraught relationship between Asian Americans and education. Using two examples from San Francisco, it traces the lines of a specific script for being Asian American, one that involves opportunity hoarding and immigrant identity formation. It presents Rise Preparatory, Redeemer’s neighborhood school, as the attempt by the school’s Asian American founders to flip the script (from exploitation to dispossession) on Asian American identity. The chapter’s second half assesses Rise Prep’s BVHP aspirations by comparing it to another BVHP school committed to racial justice. The failure of that school’s mission and the harms it brings to black children invites appeals to abolition as an answer to persistent antiblackness. An extended engagement with Afropessimism raises the question of political hope, quietude, and responsibility. The chapter concludes with a reflection on the alienations of racial identity.
Comparative Historical Analysis I
Authors: Bulutgil H. Zeynep
Published: February 2022

This chapter presents the historical analysis of France and Spain beginning with the seventeenth century. It analyses both the relatively early emergence and success of secular movements in France compared to Spain and studies the variation over time within each case. The analysis shows that the timing and volume of Enlightenment ideas and the existence of associational hubs largely account for the difference in the timing and robustness of political parties with a secularizing agenda in the two cases. Moreover, due to the earlier emergence of secularism as a political movement in France, by the 1870s, political parties with an anti-clerical agenda were sufficiently organized to successfully compete with their rivals and implement reforms. In contrast, in Spain such organizations appeared later and, once in place, had to contend with both religious political mobilization and with internal divisions among the secular parties along ethnic and class lines.
Toward a Decolonial Sociology for Music Learners
Authors: Rosabal-Coto Guillermo
Published: February 2022

This chapter begins by asking: Why should issues of colonization matter to music education? Next, it challenges readers to consider traditional Euro-American music education from the perspective of the colonized. After providing a thorough overview of foundational concepts for decolonization, it guides readers through an itinerary to address music learning socialization in Latin America. From the perspective of a learner and teacher as well as colonist and colonized, the chapter concludes by introducing postcolonial institutional ethnography as a method for investigating unexamined colonialism in institutional music education.
Expanded Archives
Authors: Kim Jihoon
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the ways in which the interactive platforms of the World Wide Web and mobile media transform and expand the formation of memory in traditional documentary cinema. It focuses on interactive documentaries (i-docs), a variety of web-based or locative documentary projects that furnish users with the experience of interacting with their textual elements to various degrees. In order to complement the weaknesses of the existing studies on i-docs, this chapter develops the concept of “performative archive.” This refers to the ways in which i-docs dismantles the traditional idea of documentary cinema as the stable and organized repository of memory objects, records, or testimonies by activating intersections of two types of performativity: the user’s different degrees of performative engagement with i-docs’ audiovisual and textual elements, and the digital platforms’ automatic performativity. The differing operations of the performative active are discussed in relation to the three subgenres—hypertextual, participatory, and experiential—of the i-doc.
Harun Farocki and COVID-19
Authors: Kim Jihoon
Published: February 2022

The afterword of this book rehearses the five horizons of documentary expansion that have been enabled by the various applications of digital technologies and non-theatrical experiential platforms. It starts with remapping Harun Farocki’s postcinematic media installation projects in the twenty-first century, proposing how his subject matters, ideas, and techniques are seen to engage and illustrate the five expanded fields of documentary: expanded image, vision, apparatus, archive, and activism. This is also the case not merely with the corpus of a single director or artist, but also with a corpus of interconnected media practices aimed to engage and document the most urgent crisis of the world. The global pandemic of COVID-19 has stimulated the documentary impulse, yet it has also suspended the professional, full-fledged production of documentary moving images. The practices of data visualization, citizens’ vlogging, and drone cinematography, then, have been fulfilling that impulse, therefore situating themselves as examples of “pandemic media” or “disaster media.”
The Car-tographies of Adventure
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: February 2022

Part Two of the book turns to consider another Silk Road, that of adventure and travel. This chapter begins by explaining how the idea gains popularity in Europe in the 1930s as a depiction of grand adventures by car and cross-cultural encounters. The discussion shows how a historical framing of boundless regions and cultures in dialogue converges with the motifs common to modern travel cultures, resulting in regions and events separated by centuries being dissolved into a seamless geocultural Silk Road. Depictions of “traveling the Silk Road” told in film, image, and text fold the past and the present back on one another, where modern travelers proclaim to follow the iconic sojourners of previous centuries, namely Marco Polo.
Closed Worlds, Open Minds
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: February 2022

Chapter 6 turns to the decades after World War II to show how politics and conflicts, as well as shifting borders and technologies of mobility, have defined the routes of modern Silk Road adventures. The discussion focuses on the narratives of Central Asia that emerge in Western journalism and travel writing in the Cold War period and how they contribute to the mysticism of the Silk Road. It finishes by examining the first years of mass tourism, beginning with Japanese tourists visiting Silk Road sites in China in the 1980s. This is followed by a discussion of the development of Silk Road heritage tourism in the republics of Central Asia in the post–Cold War period.
Metaphors of Power
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: February 2022

Part Four of the book enters the terrain of geopolitics. This chapter explains why a number of governments take up the Silk Road to orient foreign policies from the 1990s onward. To understand what’s at stake here, it returns to some key metaphorical concepts that have shaped geopolitical analysis in the past century or so, notably Heartland and Rimland. It will be argued that such terms have not merely reflected the realities of a particular period but have actively contributed to their formulation. This provides the basis for understanding what norms, values, and ideas are being advanced through the “Silk Roads of the twenty-first century.”
Cosmic Artistry in Ovid and Plato
Authors: Kelly Peter
Published: February 2022

This chapter reads Ovid’s Metamorphoses and Fasti next to Plato’ vision of cosmogony, especially in the Timaeus. Its aim is not to demonstrate that Ovid is a Platonist or that the Platonic dimensions of Ovid’s works form part of a more general eclecticism; instead, it argues that Ovid reads or misreads the dialogues in order to question the interrelationship between myth and natural philosophy and that, in doing so, Ovid picks up a playful or even subversive voice within the dialogues that has the potential to deconstruct the Platonizing tradition as it is being written. Ovid finds (or invents) in Plato’s dialogues not only a model for creationist cosmogony, but a deep obsession with the relationship between writing and how the world is brought into existence.
Arguments against Denying Protection
Authors: Snow Ned
Published: February 2022

This chapter considers theoretical objections. It responds to the following three arguments against denying intellectual property protection for reasons of morality: first, denying protection in many instances may actually increase the output of the undesired work; second, laws other than intellectual property can better address the moral problems at issue; and third, the government should not interfere with the laissez-faire market approach of letting the public decide the moral worth of an intellectual creation. This chapter contends that although each argument raises valid points, none implies that the law should extend protection to immoral intellectual creations. The chapter concludes that despite these arguments, specific conditions may warrant denial of protection.
Works Involving Unlawful Conduct
Authors: Snow Ned
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the exceptional situation in which a court should refuse to enforce rights to a patent or copyright—namely, where intellectual works involve unlawful activity. This chapter explains the equitable doctrine of unclean hands, which allows courts to refuse to enforce rights to such works. It recites the relevant case law that supports the application of this doctrine in the intellectual property context. It also argues that two specific situations should trigger this doctrine: namely, unlawful activity during the creative process and unlawful activity in the exercise of rights. Finally, this chapter proposes other factors that should be relevant in a court’s discretionary decision of whether to apply unclean hands in an intellectual property lawsuit.
The Rise of the Occupation Constitution
Authors: Thornhill Chris
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines antinomies in the construction of political sovereignty expressed in constitutional law and international law in the state-building processes of the nineteenth century. It argues that the legal orders that framed early constitutional states reflected a limited understanding of war, in which warfare was perceived, in narrow legal terms, as a simple sovereign function. This concept of war obscured the actual conjunctures of military violence at this time, and it often triggered patterns of irregular military mobilization, in which classical forms of sovereign statehood were unsettled. This chapter then considers how, after 1945, many states began to organize their sovereignty more effectively. They did so by directing their constitutional systems towards a revised concept of warfare, acquiring features of an occupation constitution. The occupation constitution, fusing national constitutional law, international human rights law, and international humanitarian law, is central to many modern constitutions.
“Abuse of Executive Power” versus Simply Bad Policy (or Maladministration) and Why the Distinction Matters
Authors: Grover Sonja C.
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the distinction between “abuse of Executive and/or congressional power” versus “maladministration” and argues that in the democratic context the former cannot properly be collapsed as but a subset of the latter. It is contended that such abuse of power involves a violation of the public trust based on egregious violation(s) of the fundamental human rights of an individual or collective and is hence ultra vires. Selected US judicial rulings are examined that “call out” the executive under Donald Trump for abuse of power in the handling of undocumented minors in US immigration detention during the COVID-19 pandemic. Also discussed is the US Supreme Court decision in Plyler v. Doe, which placed the protection of the basic human rights of undocumented children within US jurisdiction as central to the analysis as to whether the Texas legislature had acted beyond its jurisdiction in denying the children’s right to access education.
America’s Foreign Policy under Donald Trump
Authors: Mansbach Richard W.
Published: February 2022

This chapter is a description and analysis of crucial foreign-policy issues in the four years of Donald Trump’s presidency. During this period, the United States largely abandoned the liberal global order, which it had led and protected since World War II. It has also alienated allies and maligned their democratic leaders even while the president has praised US foes and their authoritarian leaders. The chapter integrates crucial issues such as arms control, climate change, and trade with key states such as Russia, China, Europe, and Iran and examines the impact of these policies. In sum, America’s foreign policy since the 2016 presidential election has diverged from that of Trump’s predecessors while significantly increasing the dislike of the US globally but especially among those countries with which America had shaped deep military, political, and/or economic links, thereby establishing a more dangerous world.
China’s “Belt and Road Initiative”: A Research Study of a Multifaceted Policy
Authors: Lin Xiaoqing Diana , Matwijkiw Anja , Matwijkiw Bronik , Woo Su Yun
Published: February 2022

This chapter is an attempt to provide an interdisciplinary approach and appraisal. Methodologically, the chapter combines law with several disciplines in cultural studies, namely, history, ethics, and philosophy. The overarching objective is to provide a succinct overview of the development of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) while, at the same time, homing in on some of the main themes and topics that have attracted attention, either as concerns, or challenges, or controversies, or all of these. In the course of this examination, the chapter also endeavors to consider the various goals and strategies, with a view to an assessment of their impact.