bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationalism, wicked issues and social determinants of health
Authors: Smith Richard
Published: September 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has provided the stark reality of a world without relationships, experienced by people and communities in lockdown. Relationalism contributes to cultural changes in business practice, procurement and commissioning, and it has the potential to contribute to long-standing and contemporary wicked issues. References to relationalism and climate change give an insight into opportunities to promote the international aims agreed in the Paris agreement by shared values and trust across the developed and developing countries, as demonstrated via the need for equity in access to vaccines between developed and less well developed countries.
Employment and support
Authors: Taylor Elizabeth , Morton Andrew , Dell Annie , Smith Richard
Published: September 2023

This chapter introduces the role of employment policy and employment support. Employment support brings with it a number of complex interactions with public health policy and provision. This goes beyond simply what the public sector does through Jobcentre Pluses, but also sees crucial (and now well-developed) roles for the private and charitable sectors in training, placing and developing those who need work. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic and those lessons that come from it, this intersection between public health and employment support will require further examination by researchers. Issues of health and safety at work have needed radical rethinking since 2020; the scandalous state of adult social care in Britain will also require huge investment in that sector’s workforce, both in terms of the quality of the sector’s skills base but also in recruiting the numbers needed. The role of local authorities in both of these areas, and others, is crucial. This role is explored in this chapter after a first section that provides a historical mapping of employment support policy and provision. A third section then draws focus onto a subject of contemporary importance for employment support: the UK ‘Shared Prosperity Fund’.
Volunteering and small charities
Authors: O’Lea Chris , Chadha Rita , Smith Richard
Published: September 2023

Emerging evidence from the voluntary sector in the UK provides an insight into the devastating impact of COVID-19 on charities’ finances, staff, volunteers and service provision. At the same time, many charities are reporting significant increases in demand for their services, with domestic violence, animal welfare, mental health and wellbeing, and homelessness charities being particularly affected in what has been described as a ‘perfect storm’ for the sector. It is smaller charities that are really feeling the brunt of these pressures. These charities often play a vital local role in addressing health and social care need and the social determinants of health, through local service provision, but also importantly as engines of human and social capital. This chapter examines the evidence around how charities – particularly through volunteering – play a significant role in addressing social determinants. It reviews the emerging evidence of the impact of the pandemic on charities, focused very much on the resulting effect on volunteering and also on the social determinants of health. Finally, it makes the case for significant changes in the way the central and local government uses its commissioning and procurement functions to ensure that the voluntary sector is not totally decimated by the pandemic.
Case study: A relationalism exemplar
Authors: Smith Richard
Published: September 2023

The Centre for Partnering is a collaboration of universities: University of Stirling, University of Northumbria (Newcastle Business School), Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford University (Blavatnik School of Government) and the University of Cardiff. Recently, the Centre for Partnering has been joined by ‘fuse’, involving the universities of Durham, Newcastle, Northumbria, Sunderland and Teesside, with a focus on public health.
The Centre for Partnering has established its own governance framework with an aim of delivering more effective partnering outcomes through the application of relationalism. In particular, this involves the identification of a number of relational dividends covering the functional, financial, social and emotional values that can arise.
Through the Centre for Partnering’s governance arrangements and the workings of its Discussion Groups/Forums a knowledge base has been compiled which will form part of the Centre for Partnering’s accreditation model.
Introduction
Authors: Andersen Kate
Published: September 2023

This chapter starts by introducing Universal Credit. It then outlines the Universal Credit conditionality regime for lead carers and explains the need to research this policy, particularly in light of pre-existing gender concerns. From there, it explains how Universal Credit has been introduced in the context of gendered austerity welfare reforms. The chapter continues by explaining the motivation for writing the book (including the desire to create awareness of the experiences and views of women affected by welfare reform). It proceeds by detailing how qualitative longitudinal research was employed to explore the impacts of the new conditionality regime on the lives of the participants. Lastly, it provides an overview of the book by giving a summary of each chapter.
Universal Credit and the new conditionality regime for mothers
Authors: Andersen Kate
Published: September 2023

This chapter starts by giving a brief overview of Universal Credit and discusses how this new benefit was introduced with the objective of reorienting the benefits system around paid work. It then explains that intensifying and expanding welfare conditionality was integral to this and that, numerically, women are disproportionately affected by the new conditionality regime for lead carers of children. The chapter continues by briefly outlining the history of welfare conditionality in the UK. It then details the new conditionality regime for lead carers within Universal Credit. The chapter ends by presenting concerns raised in the academic and grey literature about the new conditionality regime for lead carers and articulating the need for these concerns to be investigated.
Poverty and social exclusion in rural Britain: a review
Authors: Shucksmith Mark , Glass Jayne , Chapman Polly , Atterton Jane
Published: September 2023

This chapter reviews previous studies of rural poverty and social exclusion in Britain, Europe and North America as an essential underpinning for this research. The review starts by defining some of the key terms from this literature and then it moves on to review existing evidence on the extent of poverty and financial hardship in rural Britain and how these challenges have affected different demographic groups. It then reviews some of the specific factors contributing to rural poverty and discusses the reasons why poverty and hardship often remain ‘under the radar’ in rural areas. The review concludes by setting out the analytical framework for the approach taken in the research, which focuses on the interconnections between individuals’ experiences of hardship/wellbeing and the structural and external processes bringing changes.
East Perthshire: an accessible rural area in Scotland
Authors: Shucksmith Mark , Glass Jayne , Chapman Polly , Atterton Jane
Published: September 2023

East Perthshire is an accessible rural area, mostly within commuting distance of Perth, Dundee and the central belt. It includes expensive middle-class housing as well as some of the 20 per cent most deprived communities in Scotland. In-work poverty was rising, with the growth of insecure employment or self-employment making it hard to budget or save. This precarity in labour markets was exacerbated, rather than ameliorated, by increasing precarity in state welfare systems. The complexity and high risks of the benefit system were major factors in financial vulnerability and hardship, and this chapter details these deficiencies and their relation to rurality. Support came instead from numerous voluntary and community organisations. From foodbanks to advice services, from women’s refuges to care providers, these provided a ‘first port of call’ and a crucial signposting role towards other sources of help. They all face challenges of trying to provide services across a large rural area in the context of funding pressures and rising demand and need. Support also came for some from family and friends networks, especially in substituting for the state’s social care, childcare and eldercare services.
The North Tyne valley, Northumberland: a remote area of England
Authors: Shucksmith Mark , Glass Jayne , Chapman Polly , Atterton Jane
Published: September 2023

The Northumberland study area is another remote, sparsely populated rural area, but on the mainland and in England. Key industries include hill farming and forestry, with tourism growing in the last decade. Rural poverty is quite widespread in the area, with interviewees telling similar stories to those in Perthshire and Harris about their experiences with the welfare system. As in Perthshire, there is also a disparity in wealth, with agencies not always having a clear picture about the existence and needs of rural residents experiencing poverty. Something of a narrative of ‘loss’ exists, following the closures of railway lines in the 1950s, the loss of homes to Kielder Water reservoir in the 1970s–80s and the closure of Bellingham’s mart. Despite these challenges, people in the area have a ‘do it for themselves’ attitude if they want something to happen. There are many examples of enterprising work of voluntary and community organisations, leading to the development of an informal network of community volunteers who themselves bring another layer of connectedness to the support available to rural people experiencing financial hardship. This highlights the potential for organisations to link up with these individuals to help address the challenges of ‘reaching’ into rural areas.
Conclusions and policy implications
Authors: Shucksmith Mark , Glass Jayne , Chapman Polly , Atterton Jane
Published: September 2023

This chapter offers some closing reflections on the original contributions of this study to the understanding of poverty and social exclusion in rural Britain and on implications for policy and practice. It begins by reflecting on the main themes emerging from this study and highlights some of the new insights which have emerged. After reviewing previous studies’ suggestions for policy interventions, this chapter argues for an approach which combines person-based and place-based policy approaches to social exclusion in rural areas. Some of the most pressing policy challenges are then highlighted, including the cost of living crisis and the rural blindness of the UK welfare system, and practical opportunities for policy development to address these are proposed. The chapter ends by reflecting on issues of power and governance, and on the extent to which the framing of rural communities as self-reliant and resilient might facilitate the withdrawal of the state from rural areas and the abdication of its duty to rural citizens.
Inhabitation in Nature
Authors: David Clapham
Published: September 2023

Rejecting the assumption that housing and cities are separate from Nature, David Clapham advances a new research framework that integrates housing with the rest of the natural world. Demonstrating the wider context of human lives and the impact of housing on the non-human environment, the author considers the impact of current inhabitation practices on climate change and biodiversity. Showcasing the significant contribution that housing policy can make in mitigating environmental problems, this book will stimulate debate among housing researchers and policy makers.
Analysing inhabitation practices
Authors: David Clapham
Published: September 2023

The aim of this chapter is to provide more detail on the analytical and research processes involved in the inhabitation practices approach and to highlight some of the issues to be confronted in the choice of methods and evaluation criteria to employ. The key question to be addressed is how should inhabitation practices be studied and evaluated by academics, governments or housing agencies? The aim of the chapter is to outline some of the general issues involved and the choices available.
Consumption practices
Authors: David Clapham
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the consumption of houses with the aim of providing examples of the use of the concept of inhabitation practices in order to provide some guidance on the practical use of the concept and to illustrate the contribution that its application can make to the study of inhabitation and to housing policy. The chapter provides examples of the research topics that would be important to pursue, and to provide insight into the methods that could usefully be employed, in the hope that this will inspire the research that will contribute to goals such as climate change and to the health of Nature in general.
Researching and writing differently
Authors: Boncori Ilaria
Published: September 2023

While the first part of this book provided a framing background to advocate both the need for and the potential of researching and writing differently, this section will consider the many ways in which writing differently can be done with regards to the content, topics and sensibilities of academic writing. This chapter will provide an overview of Writing Differently, its various definitions and articulations. Exemplars will also be included to explore relevant conversations, with a particular focus on intersectional and interdisciplinary approaches.
Qualitative inquiry
Authors: Boncori Ilaria
Published: September 2023

This chapter considers epistemological approaches that can inform researching and writing differently, and outlines some of the qualitative research methods which lend themselves to the pursuit of a Writing Differently agenda (for example, ethnography, arts-based methods, poetic and narrative inquiry, visual and performative methods). Reflections and choices around methodologies and methods are important in guiding research. As such, writing differently and, through its critiques, the establishment of positionalities around methods, and what counts as ‘scientific’ or rigorous academic research, can be seen as both methodological and political issues linked to power and inclusivity. This chapter concludes with feminist approaches to data and citation practices.
Should I stay or should I go?
Authors: Bissett John
Published: September 2023

This is the opening ethnographic chapter of the book and immerses the reader in a world that is changing in that the estate is undergoing a process of physical and social change, where what was fixed for a period of years is now mutating into another form. We see how residents respond to such change and their positioning within a restricted and public housing field as they try to attain the best housing outcomes for themselves and their families. Residents who have spent their lives on the estate must decide now whether they will remain or whether they will leave and seek to move off the estate altogether. We meet two women, Michelle and Maxine, as they try to negotiate this process of transition. The reader gets a sense of the importance of place and the integral nature of it to the lives of residents and the emotional pull that it exerts in such times of change. We first get a sense here of the physics and architectonics of the place that is Bridgetown Estate and the critical places within the estate such as ‘the steps’ that still function as crucial places for talk and chat and the sharing of important information.
The food chain
Authors: Bissett John
Published: September 2023

In this chapter we meet a group of people for the first time and with whom the rest of the ethnography will engage. We get a sense of movement in and beyond the estate, of people walking and talking and sharing stories about their lives past and present. This chapter focuses on an activity and practice of visiting a religious house that happens once a week and all that goes with that visit. In this chapter we enter the world of the informal food bank and the practice of charity. The importance of the practices of sharing and solidarity among people who are struggling to put food on the table is central here. This visit and practice occurs on the same day each week and it is on this journey meet Rosy, Charlie, Steph, Tina and Teresa and others as they seek out resources that might make life a little bit less difficult. We begin to get an insight into their lives both past and present as they go to what they call ‘the other place’.
Class as the production of scarcity: wage, price, debt, food
Authors: Bissett John
Published: September 2023

In this chapter I make the case for the importance and significance of social class to the lives of public housing tenants. Class may well provide homologous conditions and solidarity, but it is also the great divider of society into those who work and those who benefit from those who work. The Bridgetown Estate is a microcosm of class in Ireland. Class originates and is sustained in relations between groups, much more than it is something based on static positions. I argue in this chapter that class is both materially and morally significant to the lives of the people of the Bridgetown Estate. The class system produces scarcity, lack, and inequality because the material production of the society is tethered to a profit-seeking capitalist model. There is therefore a strong connection between the ontology of the estate and the frameworks and epistemologies that are used to explain why things are the way they are. My argument is that estates such as the Bridgetown Estate are effectively vehicles and containers for class relations and class processes and that this understanding leads to a very different form of explanatory critique than one based on the deprivation–disadvantage paradigm.
Women and the affective domain of the Bridgetown Estate
Authors: Bissett John
Published: September 2023

Gender is a crucial axis that affects the lives of all residents of the Bridgetown Estate, but particularly the women who live there. As well as the economic, the political and the social, the affective domain of love and care and relations of interdependency play a significant role in the lives of residents. Despite the individualist drive of neoliberalism, there remains a core of solidarity and interdependence in the estate that attempts to ward off the worst of the capitalist patriarchal world. There are long-established practices of sharing and helping each other out. And yet, there is a price to be paid for what are hard lives, and this is evident in the breaking down of bodies, and sometimes minds, over the course of a life. This chapter engages with feminist theory of dependence and interdependence and connects it with the lives of women on the Bridgetown Estate. Being a working-class woman brings with it specific challenges and is an axis of inequality that needs specific analysis and attention in its own right.
Class geography: part of no part
Authors: Bissett John
Published: September 2023

This final chapter brings the reader back to the place that is the Bridgetown Estate and explores the relationship of the estate to the broader city, while returning at the end of the chapter to the phenomenology of place. The Bridgetown Estate was a product of an emerging ‘modern’ Ireland along with many other similar estates in the city. But, as well as being a local place for people to live in, the estate has always been connected to the city economically and culturally. The chapter makes a connection between class history and class geography and shows how the two are intimately connected. The city is a class text of buildings and streets, but too often we don’t read it properly or don’t know how to read it properly. The ‘production of space’, as Henri Lefebvre defines, it is closely related to processes that reflect the capitalist nature of the societies we live in. The landscape is organised according to capitalist principles of power and planning. The Bridgetown Estate reflects such processes in its constitution, conception and sheer physicality on the landscape. It is a class object located within a class geography.
Consciousness and Disruption in Critical Postcolonial Feminism
Authors: Naqvi Zainab Batul
Published: September 2023

This chapter sets out the foundation for the analysis of responses to polygamous marriage in English law and the courts undertaken in the book. Drawing from the insights of critical postcolonial feminist literature and critiques of orientalism and imperialism, a conceptual lens is created to shed light on the law and women’s experiences and attitudes around polygamy. Two tools are taken from critical postcolonial feminist approaches to advance understandings of polygamous marriage regulation in English law. The first is that of historical consciousness, which is applied to ensure the historical and wider social context of legal responses in this area are considered. The second entails the challenging or disruption of dominant narratives and discourses to build alternative accounts of polygamy and complicate the current legal approaches to polygamy, which are rooted in colonialist orientalism and imperialism.
Final Thoughts and Reflections
Authors: Naqvi Zainab Batul
Published: September 2023

This concluding chapter shares the key conclusions of the analysis of English legal and judicial responses to polygamous marriages undertaken in this book. The book is inspired by the insights of critical postcolonial feminist work that underline the need for an awareness of the context surrounding the law and women’s lives. This approach emphasises the importance of voices, especially the ones that are ignored and dismissed by the mainstream. For this reason, the women behind the stories shared in this book were foregrounded throughout. The critical approach taken in this book was also founded on the need to disrupt dominant stories in law, institutions and society around polygamy. The book shows how contemporary iterations of imperialism and orientalism operate to tell certain stories about polygamy, which we accept without question. So that these stories can be disrupted, questions need to be asked about where they came from and why they are accepted. The chapter concludes with a discussion of lingering questions and future directions for research in this area as well as the author’s personal reflections on their personal journey throughout this research project.
Setting the Stage: The Creation of the UN and Expectations for the Role of the UN Secretary-General
Authors: Ravndal Ellen J.
Published: September 2023

The chapter examines the founding of the UN and earlier precedents for the office of UN secretary-general from the League of Nations and the International Labour Organization. The chapter establishes that although the text in the UN Charter is sparse, ambiguity and autonomy were incorporated in the text primarily through the inclusion of article 99. Furthermore, the drafting process as well as the election of the first secretary-general, revealed competing ideas about what the secretary-general should be, and some of these ideas pointed to a more political conception of the secretary-general’s role. The office was political by design, but it remained unclear precisely what such a political role would mean in practice. Thus the first holder of the office would have room for manoeuvre in exploring the role and seeking to push for a more expansive role conception.
Advocating Global Interests: Trygve Lie’s Peace Plan, 1950
Authors: Ravndal Ellen J.
Published: September 2023

The chapter examines secretary-general Trygve Lie’s most high-profile intervention for peace; a 1950 proposal for a peace plan to end the Cold War. The plan and its presentation was a key early example of the UN secretary-general’s role as an advocate or ‘norm entrepreneur’ for global issues. Lie employed all the tools at his disposal to promote his peace plan: public speeches, distributing a memorandum to the member states, and embarking on a widely publicized ‘peace tour’ to appeal directly to world leaders and public opinion to support his plan. Ultimately, Lie’s peace plan must be classified largely as a failure. Less than a month after Lie’s return to New York from his tour, the Korean War broke out, putting an end to Lie’s peace plan. Yet although the plan itself did not succeed in ending the Cold War, the episode further served to solidify the procedural norms underlying an expanded UN secretary-general role.
Manufacturing Wealth: Industrial Policy and the Rise of the European Economy, 1350–1850s
Authors: Rössner Philipp Robinson
Published: September 2023

Chapter abstractWe return to policy and empirical or archival-based histories zooming in on a now all but forgotten type of business venture once characteristic of the preindustrial oeconomic landscape as a case in point: the very same large centralized workshop or manufactory (Manufaktur) that Smith had used in the opening chapters of the Wealth of Nations to illustrate his point about division of labour, stopping short of a full explanation of how the origin of the wealth of nations through the virtuous forces of manufacturing really came about (the difference between Smithian and cameralist development; just a nuance, but of world-historical dimensions). Since the 16th century it was consensual among European writers to see manufacturing or the crafting of things as a main source of national prosperity. Manufacturing embodied skills, value-added, curiosity, learning and creativity so much more so than other economic activities such as farming, finance or trade. Studying the history of industrial policy with a focus on Manufakturen or manufactories in the Germanies, Scotland, Sweden, Austria and France, the chapter surveys how discourses examined in Chapter 7 reflected back upon and interacted with medieval and early modern economic practices, providing the foundations for capitalism, industrialization and the wealth of nations.
State Capacity and Capitalism from Cain to Keynes: Money, Markets and Manufacturing
Authors: Rössner Philipp Robinson
Published: September 2023

This epilogue offers some afterthoughts, implications and reflections upon the wider remit of the book and its case within the Grand Scheme of Things. It situates industrial policy and a European culture of manufacturing growth within bigger millennial – and occasionally biblical – origin stories of Homo faber and the making of economic growth as a fall from grace, when Cain slew his brother only to become the forefather of industry. Stories of economic statecraft and state capacity are situated within a fresh look at the transnational histories of early modern political economy. What we commonly take as the vanguard or mainstream elements of modern political economy (often emanating from the French physiocrats and Scottish Enlightenment) represent rather an exceptional offshoot from a larger common ground of political economy, known by its misnomers such as ‘mercantilism’ or, less frequently, ‘cameralism’. These are unhappy labels in any case, but probably too useful to be easily got rid of.
Resources and Constraints in Eco-Conscious Households
Authors: Munro Kirstin
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides a description of the resources that the eco-conscious households interviewed for this book have available to them to get things done in everyday life, and a description of the factors that constrain them. Households draw upon a variety of resources to get things done in everyday life, but these resources can be simplified to three major overlapping categories: money, time, and know-how. However, these resources are not limitless. In particular, households describe making decisions on a foundation of limited time and limited money, with time constraints by far the most common concern of my informants. Households are also constrained by social and cultural norms, particularly around cleanliness. Finally, information about sustainability and sustainability practices can be difficult to find, and in some cases accurate information is not available at all.
Doing Their Own Research
Authors: Munro Kirstin
Published: September 2023

None of the eco-conscious parents of young children interviewed for this book grew up exactly the same way that they live now, so many of them had to spend considerable amounts of time and effort to learn about sustainability and new sustainable ways of getting things done in everyday life. They talk to friends and family members, they read books and websites, and they learn on the job as part of their waged work to gain practical know-how and to acquire information that helps them make more environmental choices. These efforts might be called “human capital acquisition”—investments in productivity-enhancing skills that involved a trade-off such as time or money that could have been used for some other purpose but that was dedicated to gaining skills and knowledge. Or, these efforts might be seen as gaining “competence” in theories of social practice. And these efforts to acquire know-how that is useful for bringing everyday life into alignment with pro-environmental values can be thought of as one component of the unwaged work that takes place in these eco-conscious households—an input into the household production process.
Social Networks and Migration
Authors: Ryan Louise
Published: September 2023

This book aims to advance qualitative social network analysis within migration studies through specific epistemological, methodological and empirical innovations. Developing my framework of telling network stories, I offer epistemological innovation to gain nuanced understandings of dynamic interpersonal relationships, the resources flowing between particular social ties and the relative social location of the actors within specific spatio-temporal contexts. Empirically innovative, this book brings together, for the first time, data generated over 20 years across my varied studies with migrants from diverse backgrounds. Focusing on London, I draw on research with migrants who migrated from the 1940s through to the 2010s. Exploring rich, qualitative data, I analyse how migrants forge new ties in new places, while simultaneously negotiating long-distance relationships transnationally. Particular attention is given to the field of employment and the role of networks in how migrants have accessed jobs and developed careers across various sectors of the labour market. Moreover, using mixed methods, including visualisation, as well as longitudinal methods from follow-up interviews, I employ methodological innovations to understand how networks of relationships evolve and change over time and through life courses, especially in the ageing process.
Introduction: Embarking on a Book about Networks
Authors: Ryan Louise
Published: September 2023

This chapter sets the scene for the book and describes how my interest in social network research emerged during the last two decades of my research career. The chapter outlines how the various projects that underpin the book emerged and also situates the work within my own networks of influential relationships. My own experiences as a migrant are not the focus of this book, but, adopting a reflexive approach, this chapter briefly considers how my own positionality has influenced the subject matter and approach of my research endeavours over the years. This introductory chapter explains the structure of the book and also presents the first of the short case studies or ‘thick descriptions’ that will be used throughout to provide rich qualitative insights into specific themes.
Conceptualising Migrant Networks: Advancing the Field of Qualitative Social Network Analysis
Authors: Ryan Louise
Published: September 2023

This chapter summarises how my research, as well as collaborations with colleagues, has sought to advance the field of qualitative SNA in migration studies, not simply as a methodology but as an epistemological approach informed by classic network theorists. While recognising some of the specificities of international migration, I argue that classic studies of social networks, involving non-migrants (for example, by Bott and Wellman), can add useful insights about how macro-structural contexts are mediated through relational ties. Drawing on these insights can help to avoid simplistic migrant exceptionalism. Building upon classic work, the chapter sets out my conceptual framework of ‘telling network stories’, which underpins this book. Moreover, I suggest how this approach can help to tackle some of the persistent challenges in how social networks are studied within migration research by, for example, going beyond the merely metaphorical use of the term ‘network’.
Social Networks and Stories of Arrival
Authors: Ryan Louise
Published: September 2023

Focusing on migrants’ stories of arrival, this chapter provides insights into dynamic interpersonal relationships, the resources flowing between them and their relative social location within specific social contexts. I seek to go beyond a narrow quantification of ties, and implied causality, at one end of the spectrum and a vague metaphorical notion of ‘network’ at the other end. Through the use of rich network stories, the chapter illustrates how to better understand entangled relationality, including negative ties, fleeting acquaintances, weak ties as well as strong kinship and friendship ties. Rather than direct causality, this approach suggests how actors’ migration decisions and processes are situated within diverse webs of social ties that offer varied and even, at times, contradictory influences.
Employment, Deskilling and Reskilling: Revisiting Strong and Weak Ties
Authors: Ryan Louise
Published: September 2023

Drawing upon the narratives of my diverse participants, this chapter looks across a wide range of employment from finance, to teaching and health care, to construction. In so doing, I explore how networks may operate differently across particular sectors of the labour market. In this way, I complicate the notion of ‘network consequences’ by going beyond assumptions of direct causality to explore stories of how social ties may operate indirectly to support employment strategies. Furthermore, using both in-depth interviews and network visualisation techniques, this chapter examines the meaning and dynamism of weak ties. In addition, bringing together the narratives of diverse participants from a wide range of origin countries, this chapter presents powerful stories of anti-migrant sentiment and workplace racism over many decades and how migrants narrate mobilising support and resources to navigate and challenge employment discrimination.
Evolving Networks in Place over Time: A Life Course Lens
Authors: Ryan Louise
Published: September 2023

This chapter contributes to growing interest in how migrants make and sustain new friends in new places, as well as how networks evolve in particular places over time, as part of dynamic processes of embedding. Drawing upon SNA concepts such as elasticity, homophily and propinquity, as well as a life course lens to analyse change over time, the chapter adds to understandings of the dynamic contexts, characteristics and constraints that influence migrant friendship formations. While much research on migrants’ relational ties focuses on transnationality, this chapter focuses on relationality in the local places where migrants live, study, work and socialise to understand how friendships are formed and sustained. Furthermore, rather than generalised and vague notions of ‘friends’, I apply the framework of telling network stories to understand how participants narrate the meaning and roles of close, trusting and enduring friendships, as well as negative ties.
Conclusion: Thoughts and Future Directions
Authors: Ryan Louise
Published: September 2023

In this concluding chapter, I begin by summarising the contribution of my epistemological, methodological and empirical approaches. I then briefly consider the implications of recent, ‘unsettling events’, including Brexit as well as the pandemic. The years in which I have been writing this book, 2020–22, have been defined by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and, of course, after years of heated debate, Brexit came into effect in January 2021. Other recent events including the war in Ukraine and the return to power of the Taliban in Afghanistan also shape migration flows. Drawing upon follow-up communication with some of my participants, I explore how their changing migration plans are shaped by relationality to significant others. Finally, I reflect upon possible future directions for my work and the application of my framework.
Property and Privacy: Objections and Possible Extensions
Authors: Keren-Paz Tsachi
Published: September 2023

This chapter defends the conceptualization of intimate images as property against the ‘inalienability’ and ‘proliferation of property rights’ critiques by referring to the ‘inalienability paradox’: unless inalienable rights are afforded the stronger remedies available to owners, the rights become more alienable. It then responds to the objection that treating intimate images as property will lead to an undesirable proliferation of quasi/property rights with respect to the same object: reduced alienability is in fact exactly the sought after result for NCIIs. Finally, the considerations relevant to NCII do not necessarily apply to other contexts such as defamation and copyright. In this sense, the argument defended here lends support to the policy move of departing from the EU horizontal approach towards contextual examination of the appropriate scope of intermediary liability. But it also supports a critique of the inverted hierarchy according to which copyright holders have greater rights against intermediaries than NCII victims, while the reverse rule is much more defensible. Nonetheless, the analysis will suggest that the recent move to a de facto strict liability of (certain) hosts under the recent Copyright-Digital Single Market Directive is consistent with general principles governing the liability of merchants selling stolen property.
The Policy Debate: Uniqueness of Harm from NCII
Authors: Keren-Paz Tsachi
Published: September 2023

This chapter defends platforms’ strict liability for NCII by pointing to the special policy considerations supporting such strict liability. I defend here a claim for ‘NCII exceptionalism’ so even if one believes that NTD (or possibly stay down) is an appropriate regime for other content, such as defamation and copyright, strict liability, and filtering duties are required and justified for NCII. The case is simple: on the one hand, the harm from NCII is serious and irreparable in a way that the harm from defamation and let alone from copyright is not. It is also systemic and gendered and a type of sexual abuse. On the other hand, the costs of a filtering duty backed by strict liability are much less significant in comparison to cases of copyright and defamation, in terms of both chilling valuable speech and the financial costs of sorting lawful images from unlawful ones.
The argument defended in this chapter both supports a vertical approach to intermediary liability for user content, and criticizes the ‘inverted hierarchy’, entrenched in US law and emerging in EU law, according to which internet intermediaries are more accountable for copyright infringing content than for breach of sexual privacy.
Scope of Liability for Breaches of Privacy
Authors: Keren-Paz Tsachi
Published: September 2023

This chapter addresses three foundational questions about the scope of liability for breach of privacy, relevant to determining whether the typical harms suffered by NCII are capable of being compensated by a misuse of private information (Privacy) claim: (1) Privacy ought to compensate for both the mere diminishing of control and for distress (and other consequential losses). This has bearing on debates in tort law and the law of remedies on the extent to which injury to autonomy ought to be an actionable in its own right. (2) Privacy (and not only defamation), ought to compensate for reputation loss. This relates to broader debates about the division of labour between different areas of law and claimant’s election; coherence, the relevance of dated authorities and law’s expressive potential. (3) The test for remoteness in Privacy is clarified with reference to some types of consequential losses such as loss of employment, loss of dependency due to a break of marriage, and losses from follow-up physical attacks or from suicide. (4) A fourth question is unique to viewers’ liability, and concerns apportionment of liability. Each viewer should be liable to a significant portion of the loss, but not to the entire loss.
Conclusion
Authors: Keren-Paz Tsachi
Published: September 2023

The chapter summarizes the main policy recommendations of the book: The harm from non-consensual intimate images (NCII) is caused also by platforms and viewers who should both be liable for breach of the claimant’s privacy. The harm from NCII is exceptional so liability should not necessarily be imposed for harm from other user generated content. In reality, hosts and viewers sell and buy the claimant’s images without the claimant’s consent, so they should be strictly liable for the ensuing harm, as those who sell and buy stolen chattel are liable to the original owner. Platforms should actively filter out non-consensual intimate images, regardless of their size. Similar to defences to criminal responsibility for child pornography, promptly deleting unsolicited NCII should prevent civil liability. Liability of each viewer should be to a significant amount, but should not extend to the entire loss.
Precarious Urbanism
Authors: Bakonyi Jutta , Chonka Peter
Published: September 2023

This book explores relationships between war, displacement and city-making. Focusing on people seeking refuge in Somali cities after being forced to migrate by violence, environmental shocks or economic pressures, it highlights how in-migrants are actively transforming urban space. Using first-hand testimonies and participatory photography, the book documents and analyses the micropolitics of urban camp management and infrastructure, evictions and nascent gentrification, and the networked labour of displaced populations that underpins growing urban economies. Central throughout is an emphasis on the political economy in which urbanization processes at the global margins are embedded. The book sheds light on this through, for example, analysing the commercialization of services and embedded forms of rentierism – all of which are contributing to the further financialization of poverty. Critical analysis is also provided of how the discursive figure of the ‘internally displaced person’ (IDP) is co-produced by various actors, including those involved in international interventions that problematize and attempt to find ‘durable solutions’ for displacement. The book argues that the IDP label exerts significant power in structuring socio-economic inequalities and the politics of group belonging within different Somali cities connected through protracted histories of conflict-related migration.
Histories of Conflict and Mobility: The View from the City
Authors: Bakonyi Jutta , Chonka Peter
Published: September 2023

This chapter examines the concept of displacement through a historical overview of the relationship between forced mobility and different phases and locations of violent conflict in Somalia. It outlines the historical and political context of the four cities under focus through the lens of personal experiences shared by research participants. The memories of research participants of the unfolding political fragmentation, and periods of instability in Somalia since the 1980s detail multiple reasons for flight and show how people were moving to – or back to, or between – the cities of Baidoa, Bosaso, Hargeisa and Mogadishu. Research participants describe experiences of forced mobility, how people found and negotiated places to settle in cities on arrival and their attempts to rebuild their lives in the urban environment. Although experiences of displacement and dynamics of urbanization across the four cities are diverse, the chapter shows how each city has been shaped by interrelated legacies of conflict and displacement. After a brief overview of political dynamics that have underpinned the construction, break-up and attempted reconstruction of the Somali state, the chapter focuses each of the four cities’ historical experiences of conflict-linked in-migration and the development of camp-like settlements in urban and peri-urban space.
Conclusion: Living at the Precarious Edges of Planetary Urbanization
Authors: Bakonyi Jutta , Chonka Peter
Published: September 2023

This conclusion ties together the analyses of the preceding chapters and further elaborates on how the findings speak to research undertaken in other global contexts where the displacement–urbanization nexus is prominent. It explains how moving back and forth between the urban settings and the wider relations in which emergent urban environments are entangled contributes to the analytical ‘worlding’ of cities at the global margins. The conclusion also reflects on how the book’s discussion of precarious urbanism could be interpreted in ongoing narrative contests around post-war urban reconstruction, and highlights how the issue of displacement connects contrasting discourses around both the violence and economic growth that underpin contemporary forms of camp urbanization in Somalia, Somaliland and beyond. It also reflects on limitations of the study and marks out important areas for future research, particularly in relation to the role of internationally supported state-building, the rise of new political actors and their influence on processes of camp urbanization.
Dealing, Music and Youth Violence
Authors: Alexander James
Published: September 2023

Dealing, Music and Youth Violence considers the issues of youth violence, drug dealing and drill music, through exploring the experiences of young people growing up on a South London housing estate over a ten-year period. During this time the experiences of the young people featured in this book changed considerably. Nearly all those who were involved in dealing and violence when the study started, are now working in legitimate jobs, with very little, if any connection to their criminal past. Yet, the neighbourhood remains a hot spot for youth violence as new groups of young people unfortunately find themselves involved in street violence. In considering this continuation, the book tracks the movement from an enforcement led to a public health approach to tackling youth violence. However, despite positive developments, many of the underlying causes of youth violence, such as inequality, social isolation, oppression and racism, persist. This along with concerns around desensitization due to growing up with violence, the dynamics of the attention economy and the monetization of drill music and violent online personas, child criminal exploitation and county lines means that young people are potentially more at risk of encountering violence today than they were ten years ago.