bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Death, a Rare Complication of Cranioplasty in Emergency: A Case Report
Authors: Sahoo Nandakishore , Bhat Sudarshan , Rangan Mohan
Published: January 2022

Cranioplasty is a reconstructive procedure which is performed to restore the calvarial integrity with either a stored autologous bone flap or a custom synthetic prosthesis. It is performed to protect the brain and as a cosmetic procedure. It has been shown to improve patient’s functional outcome. This procedure has been performed as early as <14 days postdecompressive craniectomy. Cranioplasty in emergency which is a variant of secondary cranioplasty is rarely indicated after decompressive craniectomy. Complication rate associated with cranioplasty is relatively high. Infection, convulsions, and epidural haematoma are frequent complications of cranioplasty which are not life threatening. Fatal complications associated with this procedure are not well documented and that could be among one of the reason that death, as a complication following cranioplasty is substantially low. Here, a case of unexpected death of a 37-year-old female postcranioplasty which was performed as an emergency procedure is reported. She was a previous case of right mid one-third parasagittal meningioma who developed severe sinking skin flap syndrome after three months of parasagittal craniectomy. The patient was operated under general anaesthesia for reconstruction of the residual calvarial defect. However, the patient developed bacterial meningitis and on the 16th day postcranioplasty procedure, she died of cardiac arrest. The procedure had otherwise been uneventful and it was speculated that infection and cerebral oedema postcranioplasty might have been the cause of death.
Effective Dose of Streptozotocin to Induce Diabetes Mellitus and Variation of Biophysical and Biochemical Parameters in Albino Wistar Rats
Authors: Padugupati Suhasini , Ramamoorthy S , Thangavelu Kumar , Sarma DVHS , Jamadar Deepak
Published: January 2022

Introduction: There is a need to develop diabetic animal model, to have a better understanding of the complications of diabetes mellitus. The dose of Streptozotocin (STZ) to induce diabetes mellitus in animals is important as it may lead to inadequate induction of diabetes or mortality. Intravenous injection of STZ in adult Wistar rats, leads to the degeneration in Langerhans islet β-cells and induces experimental diabetes mellitus in 3-5 days. Aim: To optimise the dose of STZ to create a diabetic animal model with sustained hyperglycaemia and to compare the changes in body weight, serum glucose and C-peptide levels between non diabetic and diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental animal study was conducted at animal house, Pal amur Bioscience Pvt., Ltd. The sample size included 30 albino Wistar rats divided into five groups T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4 with six rats in each group (three males and three females). Group T0 was the control, while STZ at different concentrations were administered intraperitoneally in group T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Blood samples were drawn from retro-orbital plexus of animals and blood glucose, C-peptide levels along with the body weight was checked on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day. The F statistics, one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the different groups. Denny’s test was used to compare the control group versus different test groups. Results: When compared with the control group T0 on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day, the test group T1 had no variation in the body weight. On the other hand groups T2, T3 and T4 had variations in the body weights. Initially there was increase in the weight, later here was a gradual decrease in the body weight when compared to the control group. Hyperglycaemic profile (blood glucose level >120 mg/dL) was achieved in group T1, T2, T3 and T4 after 7 days. High mortality rate was observed in group T4 followed by group T3. Group T2 had persistent hyperglycaemia while group T1 had reversible hyperglycaemic profile. The C-peptide levels were gradually decreased in the test groups and it was statistically significant (p-value <0.0001). Conclusion: Intraperitoneal dose of STZ of 55 mg/kg created diabetic animal model with persistent hyperglycaemia. However, dose above increased the mortality rate and below failed to create diabetic animal model.
Protective Effect of Yerba Mate on Rats Fed on High Cholesterol Diet- An Experimental Study
Authors: Aboelnaga Shimaa Mohammad Hussain , Balouch Fahmida khatoon Zahid
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Yerba mate tea, a concoction made from the leaf extracts of the tree Ilex paraguariensis, is a broadly consumed non alcoholic beverage in Latin America which is gaining rapid introduction into the world market. Aim: To explore the influence of Yerba Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) powder and beverage on induced hypercholesterolemic rats. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out for a duration of one year from February 2020 to January 2021 at University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia, on 48 male Albino rats divided into six subgroups; Control (-) group: group fed a basal diet. Rats in the other five groups fed on basal diet containing 2% cholesterol+0.25% bile salts for two weeks to induce hypercholesterolemia. Then those rats were subdivided into: control(+)group:groupthatremainedhypercholesterolemic.Yerba Mate Powdered (YMP) 15% group: fed on hypercholesterolemic diet+YMP15%; YMP 10% Group: fed on hypercholesterolemic diet+YMP10%; Yerba Mate Beverage (YMB) 15% group: fed on a hypercholesterolemic diet+YMB 15%; and YMB 10% group: fed on a hypercholesterolemic diet+YMB 10%. Results: It was found that, with increasing the amount of Yerba Mate powder or beverage, the total cholesterol, triglycerides, Low Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (LDL-C), Aspartate Transaminase (ALT), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), urea nitrogen and glucose levels decreased significantly (p<0.05) and the best result belonged to the group of rats that fed on Yerba Mate 15% powder. Conclusion: It can be concluded that, supplementation with high percentage of Yerba Mate powder (15%) exerts a positive impact on the lipid profile and other biochemical parameters in hypercholesterolemic rats.
Study on Association of Serum Uric Acid and Calcium with Insulin and its Resistance in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Authors: Nayak Saffalya , Rattan Roma , Mandal Manmath Kumar , Mohapatra Debjyoti
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial pathological condition associated with insulin resistance and insulin deficiency. Uric acid and calcium have shown inconsistent association with occurrence of diabetes. Aim: To evaluate the role of uric acid and calcium in development of T2DM. Materials and Methods: This was a case-control study conducted in Department of Biochemistry from March to November 2019 in Sriram Chandra Bhanja, Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, Odisha, India. A 180 subjects undertaken with the objective of finding any association of serum uric acid and calcium with insulin and its resistance in newly diagnosed T2DM cases. Newly diagnosed T2DM patients were taken as cases. Age and sex matched healthy individuals were taken as controls. Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), serum insulin, serum uric acid and ionised calcium were measured in autoanalyser and insulin resistance was calculated using Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA- IR). Other confounding risk factors for T2DM like Body Mass Index (BMI), family history was taken into account. Results: A significant positive correlation of serum uric acid with serum insulin (p=0.029) and its resistance (p=0.032) in cases. Serum calcium was negatively associated with insulin and its resistance in both cases and controls. Regression models showed serum uric acid as a strong independent risk factor for levels of insulin and its resistance. Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that regular evaluation of serum uric acid and calcium should be done in those who are at risk of developing T2DM. Larger prospective studies will be required for definite assessment.
Comparison of Cardiopulmonary Fitness among Obese and Non Obese School Children
Authors: Arora Gaurav , Khodnapur Jyoti P , Patil Satish G , Patil Sumangala M
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Childhood obesity is now rising as a significant health problem. In India, some studies showed a rising trend in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children. This shocking rise in childhood obesity often accounts for increased intake of high calorie foods and decreased physical activity. In addition, non communicable diseases like diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and cancer are more common in obesity. Aim: To assess the relationship between cardiopulmonary fitness and Body Mass Index (BMI) in school going adolescents between 12 to 16 years. Materials and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional observational study conducted from March 2018 to March 2019. The study included 60 healthy students (between 12 to 16 years) full sample size divided into two groups and four subgroups. After the general physical examination and history taking, participants’ selection made in line with pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Anthropometric and body composition parameters were recorded. Using the modified Harvard’s Step test, cardiopulmonary fitness parameters like Physical Fitness Index (PFI) and Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) of each subject were calculated by applying the concerned formulae. All statistical analysis has been done by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 16.0. Results: Total 60 apparently healthy students included 30 males and 30 females. Mean age was 14.93±0.96 years in Group I (normal weight boys, n=15) and 14.47±1.41 years in Group II (overweight/obese boys, n=15). Also mean age was 14.93±0.59 years in Group III (normal weight girls, n=15) and 15.27±0.59 years in Group IV (overweight/obese girls, n=15). Pearson correlation showed a significant negative correlation between BMI and PFI (r=-0.504, p-value <0.001) also between BMI and VO2max (r=-0.459, p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Appropriate measures should be taken to enhance cardiopulmonary fitness among school children who are the wealth of the country at the school and community levels.
Management of Unilateral Multiple Impacted Molars- An Interdisciplinary Approach of a Rare Clinical Case
Authors: Gopalakrishnan S , Kamal . , Karthikeyan . , Narayan V Keerthi , Gomathy D
Published: January 2022

Impaction of first, second and third molars at once comprise a rare clinical scenario with diverse therapeutic approaches and possess a great challenge for the dentist. Early detection of the eruption disturbances helps to manage and produce optimal outcomes. Here, the authors reported a case of 17-year-old male patient who reported with the chief complaint of pain in his lower left back tooth region with difficulty in mouth opening and chewing that revealed impacted mandibular left first, second and third molar on radiographic investigation. A proper decision making is required to satisfy the patient and also get an effective result. As the patient had severe pain in the left side of the jaw near the angle of the mandible, surgical removal of the impacted molars was planned and performed using extra oral submandibular approach. Following the removal of the teeth, implants were placed in the extracted site supported by bone graft material and fixed orthodontic appliance therapy was carried out to correct the supra- erupted upper molars on the left side and arch expansion screw with upper Hawley’s appliance was given to expand the maxillary arch to aid in appropriate occlusion. Restoration of the implant was done after one year of orthodontic treatment using ceramic crowns. The combined surgical, orthodontic and periodontal interdisciplinary approach helped the patient to gain proper occlusion and satisfactory masticatory function.
A Cross-sectional Comparative Study of hs-CRP Levels between Non Diabetic and Diabetic Patients of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Sahu Rajesh , Kumar Ratan , Dutta Jusmita , Yadav Gayatri
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterised by persistent airflow limitation and is a global health issue with high social and economic burden. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a major global metabolic disorder affecting approximately 300 million individuals worldwide. Accordingly, chronic low grade systemic inflammation is probably one of the common denominators between COPD and T2DM. Aim: To evaluate the status of systemic inflammation in COPD patient with/without T2DM, using quantitative serum high sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) and Total Leucocyte Count (TLC). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year from May 2019 to April 2020 on 100 patients of COPD patients attending outpatient department. Either known patients of COPD or patients with complains of chronic cough was evaluated with chest x-ray and pulmonary function test (spirometry) after thorough history and physical examination. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease-GOLD guidelines a grading system for COPD was used for assessing severity. For assessing diabetes, criteria adopted from American Diabetes Association (ADA) i.e., symptoms of diabetes plus random plasma glucose >200 mg/dL (11.1 mMol/L). Venous blood samples were obtained to perform quantitative hs-CRP estimation by immune turbidimetry method as a marker of systemic inflammation. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0 of International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation, California, United States of America (USA). Results: The T2DM was present in 40% COPD patients. The frequencies of T2DM in patients with GOLD stages I, II, III, and IV were 16%, 45%, 28%, and 11%, respectively. The mean hs-CRP levels for diabetic group was 5.45±1.07 mg/L, which was significantly higher (p<0.05) than 2.26±0.69 mg/L that of non diabetic group. Conclusion: Present study concluded that the inflammatory process is a definite pathophysiological factor that has a significant link between COPD and T2DM and can be evaluated using a marker like hs-CRP level and TLC.
Study on Microbiome of Chronic Non Healing Diabetic Ulcers with Special Reference to Biofilm and Multidrug Resistant Strains
Authors: Ramaprabha P , Ramani CP , Kesavan R
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Diabetic Foot Ulcers (DFU) represent a silent epidemic and are the leading cause of 80% of non traumatic lower-limb amputations. Anaemia in diabetes may have adverse effects on systemic diseases and predict the progression of diabetes complications. Biofilms act as a mechanical barrier to antimicrobials and immune system cells and contribute to Multidrug Resistance (MDR). Aim: To determine the bacteriome and mycobiome of diabetic ulcers and the associated biofilm formation and anti-microbial resistance profile of the pathogens. Also, to determine the molecular characterisation of biofilm-forming resistant isolates by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 150 diabetic patients with non healing ulcers and was chosen and studied from January-December 2019. Pus and tissue bit samples were processed as per standard microbiological procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed as per Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Biofilm formation was detected by the tissue culture plate method. Molecular characterisation of resistant pathogens was done by PCR. Variables were expressed as proportions or percentages. Results: Out of 150 diabetic patients, 17.3% of patients underwent amputation. A 90% of patients were associated with anaemia. Most ulcers were polymicrobial in nature. Predominantly isolated pathogens were Pseudomonas aeruginosa 37 (17.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus 33 (15.2%) among aerobic bacteria, Peptostreptococcus 10 (4.6%) among the anaerobes and Candida albicans 20 (9.2%) in fungus. Gram negative bacteria showed high sensitivity to piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, and gram positive cocci to vancomycin and linezolid. A 82% of bacterial isolates and 50% of fungal isolates were biofilm producers. Staphylococcus aureus was a strong biofilm producer. On molecular characterisation, blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaNDM-1, blaOXA-23, mecA genes were present in resistant biofilm-forming isolates. Conclusion: Polymicrobial wound infection and biofilm formation in DFU confers antibiotic resistance and contributes to Multidrug Resistant Organisms (MDRO’s). However, proper antibiotic surveillance and antibiotic policy, and preventive strategies can curtail the spread of resistant strains.
Quality of Marginal Seal at the Root Dentine- Margin Elevation Material Interface in Proximal Box Elevation Technique for Adhesive Indirect Aesthetic Restorations- A Systematic Review
Authors: Saeralaathan Sindhu , Arumugam Chakravarthy , Kuzhanchinathan Manigandan , Ganesh Arathi
Published: January 2022

Introduction: A subgingivally extending proximal carious defect can be adequately restored with an adhesive indirect aesthetic restoration only when the proximal margins can be raised coronal to the Cementoenamel Junction (CEJ) using various Margin Elevation Materials (MEM). This approach is commonly referred to as the Proximal Box Elevation (PBE) technique. However, there is a lack of evidence in the literature regarding the quality of the marginal seal at the root dentine- MEM interface when using PBE technique. Aim: The purpose of this systematic review was to summarise the available evidence on the the quality of the marginal seal at the root dentine- MEM when using the PBE technique during the placement of adhesive indirect aesthetic restorations. Materials and Methods: Comprehensive electronic search was performed in PubMed Central, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar from their inception to January 2021 at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (SRIHER) between May 2020 to January 2021. Full text articles published in english language which have performed an indirect restoration with and without PBE technique were included in the review. A total of 249 articles were screened initially in the review. The main keywords used were: “PBE”, “Cervical Margin Relocation (CMR)”, “Deep Margin Elevation (DME)” and “coronal margin relocation”. The review protocol followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The risk of bias assessment of the included studies was performed independently. Results: A total of 9 in-vitro studies were included in the present systematic review. Resin based composites of different viscosities seemed to perform adequately as MEM. It may be prudent to perform the margin elevation in multiple layers. Self etch adhesives had a better marginal seal than the total etch adhesives. Regarding the effect of indirect restoration on the marginal seal at the root dentine- MEM interface, there was no conclusive evidence. PBE may provide a congenial environment for predictable and efficient bonding of indirect adhesive aesthetic restorations. Conclusion: Based on the moderate quality of evidence from the included articles in this systematic review, it can be concluded that while performing a PBE technique, the quality of marginal seal at root dentine- MEM interface is satisfactory under in-vitro conditions.
Advanced Chairside Diagnostic Aids for Periodontal Diagnosis- A Review
Authors: Ivaturi Meghana Sri Sai , Bhat Amitha Ramesh , Potdar Raksha Suneel
Published: January 2022

Periodontitis is an infection driven inflammatory disease caused by dental plaque accumulation that in turn causes microbial alterations which may lead to drastic consequences in the periodontium in susceptible individuals. Hence, the rationale of periodontal therapy is predominantly focused on the elimination or reduction of these periodontal pathogens. Despite following a wide range of preventive measures, controlling periodontal disease is challenging and treatment is usually initiated mostly after lesions become clinically detectable and tissues undergo irreversible damage. Microbiological diagnostic tests aid in the early detection of these lesions when they are still reversible giving an opportunity for non-invasive treatment. Microscopy, bacterial culture, immunological assays like Evalusite, Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridisation (FISH), Oraquick, enzymatic assays like Perioscan, Periogard, Pocketwatch, Periocheck, Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) dipstick test, Biolise, and molecular biology techniques like Polymerase Chain Reactions (PCR), Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP), 454 Pyrosequencing, Supported Oligonucleode Ligation and Detection (SOLiD) have been among the techniques employed. Some of these diagnostic aids were solely for scientific purposes, while others were adapted and updated for therapeutic use. The current paper focuses on the practical utility of the rapidly expanding plethora of microbiological diagnostic aids highlighting the concerns surrounding their applications in periodontal diagnosis.
Prophylactic Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy and its Implications in Development of Pre-eclampsia: A Case-control Study
Authors: Singh Lakbir , Thakur Ajit , Khan Fayyaz Mukarab , Misra Minakshi , Singh Saurabh
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Pre-eclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy and is associated with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Increased iron and ferritin concentration is associated to a higher risk of pre-eclampsia and prophylactic iron supplementation can sometimes be harmful to pregnant women who are otherwise not iron deficient. Aim: To analyse serum iron, serum ferritin, serum Transferrin Receptor (sTFR) levels, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) among iron supplemented pre-eclamptic cases and normotensive pregnant controls. Materials and Methods: This prospective, observational, case- control study was conducted in Jaipur National University Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre (JNUIMSRC), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India for a period of one year from (February 2019-January 2020). A total of 200 pregnant females, all on iron supplementation during the course of their pregnancy, 100 in pre-eclampsia group (case group); 100 in normotensive group (control group), in third trimester and between 18- 45 years of age were enrolled in the study. Serum iron, serum ferritin, sTFR and TIBC were estimated using fully automated analysers. Results: Median Interquartile Range (IQR) of serum ferritin levels in cases were higher than the controls [41 (30-70) vs 24 (17-44); p<0.001]. Serum ferritin in cases were also found to correlate positively with systolic (r=0.37, p=0.001) Blood Pressure (BP) whereas TIBC correlated negatively with diastolic BP (r=-0.238, p-value=0.017). The median IQR differences of TIBC values among cases and controls were insignificant {485 (404-523) vs 493 (448- 544)} and differences of median IQR of sTFR values among cases and controls were significant {8.5 (7-9) vs 8.9 (8-10)}. Subjects with serum feritin levels >40 ng/mL had three times increased risk of PE (Odds ratio=3, 95% Cl=1.571-5.157). Conclusion: Elevated serum ferritin, decreased sTFR levels and correlation of Ferritin and TIBC to BP in pre-eclampsia compels us to put cautionary remarks over testing these parameters before continuing with iron supplements. This may prevent a possible iron related added complications in pre-eclampsia and help clinicians decide about restricting/lowering iron supplement doses in case a situation of iron overload arise.
Analysis of Errors in a Clinical Laboratory of a Tertiary Care Hospital, Odisha, India
Authors: Aggarwal Kavita , Jhajharia Sumit , Pradhan Tapaswini , Acharya Viyatprajna , Patra Saurav , Mahapatra Sri Krushna
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Medical and laboratory errors can be caused due to many reasons, including communication problem, inadequate training of the staff members, improper identification. Quality indicators can help in objective measurement of errors in various crucial steps. Aim: To determine the nature and frequency of preanalytical, some of the analytical and postanalytical errors in the clinical laboratory with the help of quality indicators. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study and data was collected for preanalytical, some of analytical and postanalytical errors from December 2020 to May 2021, from the central laboratory and were classified under various quality indicators. MS Excel was used to analyse the data and descriptive statistics such as number and percentage were used to present the data. Results: Out of the total 677,887 samples received from both Outpatient Department (OPD) and Inpatient Department (IPD) in the central laboratory for clinical chemistry, preanalytical error was found in 482 samples (0.071%) and most common was haemolysis and billing errors. Out of total 677,887 samples received repeat testing was done in 287 samples (0.042%), Turnaround Time (TAT) exceeded in total 2,29,629 samples (33.87%) and transcription errors/amended report were seen in 41 (0.006%). Conclusion: Sample haemolysis, billing errors, insufficient sample and clotted sample are the most common preanalytical errors encountered in clinical laboratory. The TAT was exceeded in one third of the samples. These errors can be minimised by repeated training, annual competency assessment and more automation in preanalytical phase.
Knowledge and Attitude about Stem Cells and their Potential Applications in Field of Medicine among Medical Students of Arar, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Aftab Tehreem , Khyzer Ehtisham
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The use of stem cell has opened new avenues in the management and cure of diseases in modern era. They have enabled us to achieve remissions and cure in malignancies. They have enormous ability of stimulating the repair process in diseased and damaged tissue. As the medical specialists are a reliable source of information, so their knowledge and approach are vital in counselling the patients regarding the use of stem cells as an advanced treatment option. Aim: To assess the knowledge and attitude level about stem cells and their therapeutic applications among medical undergraduates. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out for a period of six months from January 2021 to June 2021. It included 150 MBBS students (2nd to final year) of Northern Border University (NBU), Arar, Saudi Arabia. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data after obtaining informed consent. It included 15 statements to assess knowledge and 10 statements about attitude. The total knowledge and attitude scores were calculated for each student and classified as poor, moderate or high score. The knowledge and attitude scores were correlated using Pearson’s correlation. Results: Majority of the participating students were males (63.3%) with mean age of 23.62±1.5. Adequate knowledge about stem cells was observed in 65.3% of students while 10% had excellent knowledge. An overall positive attitude was reported with a mean score of 36.9±3.71. There was a low positive relationship between knowledge and attitude scores with p-value <0.001 and Pearson’s score(r) of 0.396. Conclusion: The study indicates an overall good knowledge and positive approach towards stem cell use in medicine among medical undergraduates. It is suggested to organise comprehensive training sessions and update the curriculum regarding recent developments in stem cell research to further enhance students’ awareness and attitude.
Volunteering Motivations of Medical Undergraduates for Community Service at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital- A Qualitative Study
Authors: Vijayalakshmi UB , Chandrasekhar V , Rao P Srinivasa
Published: January 2022

Introduction: There are very few studies from Western countries and almost none from India, that have tried to understand the factors influencing students’ motivation to volunteer for community service and much less on medical student’s motivation to volunteer for community service. Aim: To identify the factors that influence motivation of medical students to volunteer for community service. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study was done over a period of two weeks in November 2017. The study participants were medical students of a private medical college from Southern India. Semi-structured interviews were conducted using an interview guide based on a standardised motivation to volunteer inventory. Data was collected till data saturation was reached, which was 20 students. The interviews were conducted in privacy. Verbatim notes were taken and the interview was also recorded after taking consent from the participants. The data was transcribed and triangulation done. The data was analysed using the thematic analysis approach. Results: The main motives were enhancement and career motives. Value was not the main motive. Two other motives emerged, that were curiosity and relief from boredom. Conclusion: The study shows that the main motives behind volunteerism were enhancement and career. This was the first such study from India to the best of our knowledge which has enquired into the motives behind volunteerism in medical students.
The Effects of Traditional Ceremonies and Early Marriages on Girls’ Access to Secondary Education in Kilolo District, a Case of Public Secondary Schools
Authors: Abdallah Ahmed Ally , Kinemelo Mafanikio , Msambila Amos Ansigary
Published: January 2022

This study aimed to explore the effects of traditional ceremonies and early marriages on girls’ access to secondary education in Kilolo District Council; A case of public secondary schools. The study employs both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The cross-sectional design was employed to the study. The population of this study was secondary school students in the selected wards of Kilolo District; teachers, ward educational officers, and ward executive officers as key informants. A random sample technique used to randomly select of 108 respondents who were secondary school’s students while purposive sampling technique adopted to the selected 12 key informants for this study. A questionnaires, interview and Focused Group Discussions (FGD) were used to explore information from the respondents. The Quantitative data were analyzed by using descriptive through the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 while Qualitative data were divided into themes and then subjected to content analysis to supplement quantitative data. The study findings revealed that, lowering academic performance, increase number of school droppers and lowering attendance were among the effects of traditional ceremonies and early marriages on girls’ access to secondary education at Kilolo District. Basing on the study findings, it is recommended that, the government and other stakeholders should take appropriate actions to those people who forced girl’s students to engaged in traditional ceremonies and early marriage with enforcement of law relating with the particular incidents, while at the same time, education on the effects of harmful cultural practicing including early marriage should be disseminating to all over the societies so as to reduce the persistence of the problem with advocacy for girls right in accessing education at all level.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Red Onion Skin Extract Derivatives as Oilfield Scale Inhibitors
Authors: Una Dominica , Appah Dulu , Joseph Amieibibama , Akaranta Onyewuchi
Published: January 2022

With growing awareness of the environmental impact of some conventional production chemicals and concerns about the depletion of non-renewable natural resources, increased efforts are being made to use renewable and non-toxic materials in the oilfield. In this study, a potential green scale inhibitor was developed from the skin of red onions and evaluated for calcium sulphate, calcium carbonate and barium scale inhibition. Based on the different extraction processes utilized, two products were obtained and characterized using FTIR and SEM and evaluated using a static jar test procedure. The FTIR results confirmed the bands that make up the major constituents (quercetin) and other important compounds, which supports the present study. Laboratory evaluation show that ROSE can efficiently inhibit calcium sulphate scale and barium sulphate scales with a good inhibition rate of greater than 75% at an optimum dosage. Effect of temperature and dosage on inhibition performance revealed that ROSE is stable at higher temperatures and can effectively inhibit calcium and barium sulphate scales at nearly the same rate without degradation but requires additional dosage to produce same result for calcium carbonate scale. Also, the effect of time reveals that scale inhibitor performs a continuous CaSO4 and CaCO3 inhibition. Not only does ROSE perform excellently in the laboratory condition as a green scale inhibitor, but it also show a relatively close performance rate when compared to an existing commercial inhibitor which indicate that ROSE has a high potential for use in the oil industry.
Comparison of Hemoglobin (Hb) and Hematocrit (HCT) Value in Normal and Cancer Patients- An In-vitro Study
Authors: Vabushana V. Jaya , Sinduja Palati , Priyadharshini R.
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Hemoglobin is the molecule in Red blood cells (RBC) that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide gas from the tissues back to the lungs. The hematocrit is the ratio of the quantity of Red blood cells to the amount of these components together, called blood. The hematocrit measures the amount of red blood cells compared to the whole blood volume (red blood cells and plasma). The research is required to find out whether the cancer affects the traditional Hb and HCT value.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the difference between the normal and cancer patient’s Hb and HCT values.

Materials and Methods: A Total of 20 samples were included in this study. Divided into two groups of normal and cancer patients. The details of Hemoglobin and Hematocrit values were noted down from the routine Complete blood count analysis and regression analysis is done through SPSS version 23.

Results: The results showed that there is significant difference between the Hemoglobin and Hematocrit value between normal and cancerous patients. Comparison of Hemoglobin and Hematocrit value in normal and cancer patients showed mean value of the Hb in control patients as 13.9g/dl with a standard deviation of 1.4 and in squamous cell carcinoma as 12.97g/dl with a standard deviation of 2.6 and the mean value of the HCT in the control group is 40.5% with a standard deviation of 3.9 and in the cancer group it is 39.0 with a standard deviation of 7.7. with a significant difference between Hb and HCT level with a p value <0.05

Conclusion: The study found that there is a significant difference between the Hemoglobin and Hematocrit value among Squamous cell carcinoma compared to normal patients. As the therapy for cancers target the bone marrow, proliferative cells, the hematological parameter analysis is necessary to know the prognosis of the cancer individual.
Lumbar Stenosis with Necrosis of Foot a Diagnostic Approach
Authors: Deshmukh Mansi , Telang Priyanka , Thorat Rupali
Published: January 2022

Lumbar stenosis is characterised by decrease in spinal canal, neural foramina, lateral nerve .with the narrowing or compression which results in pain and progressive loss. The main objective of the review was to present etiology, pathogenesis and most importantly its clinical presentation along with the necrosis of foot . Study shows that lumbar stenosis can show its improvement by surgical Lumbar decompression and endoscopy.
Case Report on Mucormycotic Osteomyelitis of Maxilla
Authors: Nasare Paras R. , Teltumde Archana
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The upper jaw is formed by the maxilla, one of the basic bones of the face. It is a crucial viscerocranium structure that aids in the creation of the palate, nose, and orbit. The upper teeth are held in place by the alveolar process of the maxilla, which is vital for mastication and speaking. Because of its substantial vascular supply, maxillary necrosis is uncommon compared to mandible necrosis [1]. Maxillary necrosis can be caused by bacterial infections like osteomyelitis, viral infections like herpes zoster, or fungal infections like mucormycosis, as well as trauma, radiation, and other factors [2]. Long-term use of antibiotics or corticosteroids, on the other hand, may result in an opportunistic infection. Mucormycosis is a fungal infection that mostly affects immunocompromised persons. These fungi are widespread in many people, although the symptoms have been linked to a weakened immune system. Mucormycosis is a life-threatening illness that frequently affects immunocompromised individuals due to diabetic ketoacidosis, neutropenia, organ transplantation, and elevated blood iron levels.

Clinical Findings: The patient have a complaint of discomfort in the upper left side of the jaw was rapid in start, dull hurting, intermittent in character, and worse on mastication. A radiating headache on the left side is also a complaint.

Diagnostic Evaluation: CRP - 12.48 m/ L, Calcium 8.1 mg/dl, KFT-Ser (urea – 29 mg/dl, Creatinine 0.4 mg/dl, Sodium 138 mmol/L, Potassium -4.3 mmol/L, Albumin 2.6 g/dl,) Urine exam routine Pus cells 1-2 cells, urine albumin nil, Crystal 3-4 calcium oxalate Crystal, 2D echo was done on dated 31/5/21, MRI was done,  Cardiac call was done.

Therapeutic Intervention: If not recognised and treated early, fungal osteomyelitis is more invasive than bacterial osteomyelitis. Treatment is given to the patient as a follow-up.

Debridement of necrotic tissue on a local level. Antibiotics - Tab Augmentine 625 mg, Tab paracetamols 500 mg, Inj T. T 0.5 ml in a single dosage, Antifungal treatment, and Betadine gargle twice a day.

Conclusion: On 04/06/2021, a 58-year-old male was hospitalised to AVBR Hospital's Oral Surgery Ward 35 after being diagnosed with Mucormycotic Osteomyelitis of the Maxilla. The patient is being counselled on how to proceed with his treatment.
Nanobot: Artificial Intelligence, Drug Delivery and Diagnostic Approach
Authors: Jitendra Gupta , Reena Gupta , Abhishek Tankara
Published: January 2022

The design, construction, and programming of robots with overall dimensions of less than a few micrometres, as well as the programmable assembly of nanoscale items, are all part of nanorobotics. Nanobots are the next generation of medication delivery systems, as well as the ultimate nanoelectromechanical systems. Nano bioelectronics are used as the foundation for manufacturing integrated system devices with embedded nano biosensors and actuators in the nanorobot architectural paradigm, which aids in medical target identification and drug delivery. Nanotechnology advances have made it possible to create nanosensors and actuators using nano bioelectronics and biologically inspired devices. The creation of nanobots is fascinated by both top-down and bottom-up approaches. The qualities, method of synthesis, mechanism of action, element, and application of nanobots for the treatment of nervine disorders, wound healing, cancer diagnosis study, and congenital disease were highlighted in this review. This method gives you a lot of control over the situation and helps with sickness diagnosis.
Atherogenic Plasma Index Levels of Colon Cancer Patients after Chemotherapy
Authors: Gundogdu Utku Donem , Çoban Funda Karabag
Published: January 2022

Objectives: Despite newly developed treatment modalities, colorectal cancer is still the leading cause of cancer deaths. In recent years, studies have been carried out to suggest that lipid metabolism may play a role in cancer development and metastasis.

Methods: Lipid metabolism both in conventional chemotherapy. It has also been found that it plays a central role in resistance to targeted therapies. In our study, we planned to compare the atherogenic plasma index levels of patients diagnosed with colon cancer before chemotherapy and in the month of chemotherapy.

Results and Conclusions: Evaluating the effect on the atherogenic plasma index after chemotherapy, we thought that lipid-regulating treatments would contribute to both cancer development and disease control.
Emoxipine Modulates Concentration-Dependent Effects of Cytarabine and Cyclocytidine on Activation of Human T Cells
Authors: Nizheharodava Darya B. , Kvasyuk Eugenii I. , Zafranskaya Marina M. , Sysa Aliaksei G. , Zhukovets Tatyna N. , Lemiasheuski Viktar O.
Published: January 2022

Title: Emoxipine modulates concentration-dependent effects of cytarabine and cyclocytidine on activation of human T cells.

Introduction: Both cytarabine and cyclocytidine are used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Well known that cytarabine and other related cytosine-based nucleoside analogues are being toxic to tumor cells by increasing levels of cellular oxidative stress as it could be abrogated by antioxidants. However, very little is known both about both the effects of combinations of antimetabolites with antioxidants on the cytotoxic innate and adaptive immune cells and whether lymphocytes toxicity affects its anticancer efficiency.

Aim: To estimate effects of cytarabine and cyclocytidine with emoxipine on in vitro activated human T cells at concentrations reached during in vivo treatment with high doses, conventional doses and low doses.

Materials and Methods: T cells derived from blood donors were activated in vitro in cell culture medium alone or supplemented with cytarabine 0.1-10.0 μM or cyclocytidine 0.1-10.0 μM. Cell characteristics were assessed by flow cytometry.

Results: Only cytarabine 1.0-10.0 μM had both antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects. Additionally, these cytarabine concentrations increased the γIFN-producing by CD3+CD4+ T cells and did not affect the release of this cytokine by CD3+CD8+ T cells. In contrast, the lowest concentration (0.1 μM) did not have or showed minor antiproliferative or cytotoxic effects, did not alter the release of γIFN. Cyclocytidine did not affect viability of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells but decreased the proliferative capacity of activated normal T cells in dose-dependent manner. Additionally, cyclocytidine  altered the percentage of γIFN-producing proliferative CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T cells for any concentration tested (0.1, 1.0, 1 and 10.0 μM) meanwhile highly suppressed the number of the whole amount of CD3+CD8+ cells and did not affect the release of cytokines by CD3+CD4+ T cells.

The study of the expression of the CD107a marker showed a significant stimulating effect of 10 µm of citarabine on the activation of subpopulations of T-lymphocytes (CD3+) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CD3+CD8+).
Evaluation of Antioxidant and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Potential of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Stevia rebaudiana
Authors: Rishikesan M. , Gayathri R. , Priya V. Vishnu , Selvaraj J. , Kavitha S.
Published: January 2022

Background: Stevia rebaudiana is a shrub-like plant that belongs to the sunflower family and is commonly referred as stevia.It is 1000 times sweeter than sugar even at a very low concentration. Xanthine oxidase is an enzyme that generates oxygen species and catalyzes the production of uric acid from purine metabolism.Overproduction of uric acid results in a  clinical condition called gout. The aim of this study is to explore the phytochemicals, antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory potential of methanolic leaf extract of stevia rebaudiana.

Methods: Methanolic leaf extract of Stevia rebaudiana was prepared by the Hot Percolation method. Phytochemical screening was done to analyse the presence of various phytochemicals. The leaf extract was tested for its antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory potentials. The data were analyzed statistically by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant.

Results: It was observed that the methanolic leaf extract of Stevia rebaudiana has significant antioxidant potential (Ic50 of = 310 μg/ml) as well as xanthine oxidase inhibitory potentials(Ic50 of = 270 μg/ml) and the activity increased in a dose dependent manner as compared to that of standard (Vitamin C and Allopurinol respectively).

Conclusion: The study proves the antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibitory efficacy of Stevia rebaudiana and throws light on the prospects of drug formation against oxidant activity and gout formation.
Impact of Glyphosate Exposure on Glycogen Metabolic Enzymes in the Liver of Adult Male Rats
Authors: Prakasam N. Vishal , Gayathri R. , Priya V. Vishnu , Selvaraj J. , Kavitha S.
Published: January 2022

Background: Glyphosate is a broad spectrum herbicide and desiccant. Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases resulting due to  deficiency in insulin secretion. Chronic hyperglycemia will lead to long term damage and failure of different organs like eyes, kidneys, nerves etc. Liver is the major site for gluconeogenesis and a lot of glycolytic enzymes will be involved. Expression of Glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase, the glycolytic enzymes are studied in this research.

Aim: To determine whether glyphosate exposure is detrimental to the glycogen metabolic enzymes (Glycogen synthase and phosphorylase) in the liver of adult male rats.

Materials and Methods: The following study was done on albino rats of wistar strain, and was approved by the institutional animal ethics committee. They were fed with a rat pellet diet. In our study the rats were divided into 4 groups with 6 rats in each and were subjected to glyphosate orally with different dosage in each group and mRNA expression analysis of glycogen related enzymes was done after a span of 16 weeks. The data were analyzed statistically by a one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test was used to see the statistical significance among the group. The results with p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically  significant.

Results: The present result showed that the  mRNA expression of glycogen synthase significantly reduced (P<0.05)  and mRNA expression of glycogen phosphorylase activity increased significantly with an increased  dose of glyphosate (P<0.05) to that of control.

Conclusion: Exposure to glyphosate causes detrimental changes in the glycolytic enzymes glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase leading to diabetes.
NADH/NAD+ binding and linked tetrameric assembly of the oncogenic transcription factors CtBP1 and CtBP2
Authors: Erlandsen Heidi , Jecrois Anne M. , Nichols Jeffry C. , Cole James L. , Royer William E.
Published: January 2022

The activation of oncogenic C‐terminal binding Protein (CtBP) transcriptional activity is coupled with NAD(H) binding and homo‐oligomeric assembly, although the level of CtBP assembly and nucleotide binding affinity continues to be debated. Here, we apply biophysical techniques to address these fundamental issues for CtBP1 and CtBP2. Our ultracentrifugation results unambiguously demonstrate that CtBP assembles into tetramers in the presence of saturating NAD+ or NADH with tetramer to dimer dissociation constants about 100 nm. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements of NAD(H) binding to CtBP show dissociation constants between 30 and 500 nm, depending on the nucleotide and paralog. Given cellular levels of NAD+, CtBP is likely to be fully saturated with NAD under physiological concentrations suggesting that CtBP is unable to act as a sensor for NADH levels.