bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ConvoSense: Overcoming Monotonous Commonsense Inferences for Conversational AI
Authors: Finch Sarah E. , Choi Jinho D.
Published: May 2024

Mastering commonsense understanding and reasoning is a pivotal skill essential for conducting engaging conversations. While there have been several attempts to create datasets that facilitate commonsense inferences in dialogue contexts, existing datasets tend to lack in-depth details, restate information already present in the conversation, and often fail to capture the multifaceted nature of commonsense reasoning. In response to these limitations, we compile a new synthetic dataset for commonsense reasoning in dialogue contexts using GPT, ℂonvoSense, that boasts greater contextual novelty, offers a higher volume of inferences per example, and substantially enriches the detail conveyed by the inferences. Our dataset contains over 500,000 inferences across 12,000 dialogues with 10 popular inference types, which empowers the training of generative commonsense models for dialogue that are superior in producing plausible inferences with high novelty when compared to models trained on the previous datasets. To the best of our knowledge, ℂonvoSense is the first of its kind to provide such a multitude of novel inferences at such a large scale.
Arctic September Sea Ice Concentration Biases in CMIP6 Models and Their Relationships with Other Model Variables
Authors: Frankignoul Claude , Raillard Lea , Ferster Brady , Kwon Young-Oh
Published: May 2024

The models that participated in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) exhibit large biases in Arctic sea ice climatology that seem related to biases in seasonal atmospheric and oceanic circulations. Using historical runs of 34 CMIP6 models from 1979 to 2014, we investigate the links between the climatological sea ice concentration (SIC) biases in September and atmospheric and oceanic model climatologies. The main intermodel spread of September SIC is well described by two leading EOFs, which together explain ∼65% of its variance. The first EOF represents an underestimation or overestimation of SIC in the whole Arctic, while the second EOF describes opposite SIC biases in the Atlantic and Pacific sectors. Regression analysis indicates that the two SIC modes are closely related to departures from the multimodel mean of Arctic surface heat fluxes during summer, primarily shortwave and longwave radiation, with incoming Atlantic Water playing a role in the Atlantic sector. Local and global links with summer cloud cover, low-level humidity, upper or lower troposphere temperature/circulation, and oceanic variables are also found. As illustrated for three climate models, the local relationships with the SIC biases are mostly similar in the Arctic across the models but show varying degrees of Atlantic inflow influence. On a global scale, a strong influence of the summer atmospheric circulation on September SIC is suggested for one of the three models, while the atmospheric influence is primarily via thermodynamics in the other two. Clear links to the North Atlantic oceanic circulation are seen in one of the models.
Characterizing the 2010 Russian Heat Wave–Pakistan Flood Concurrent Extreme over the Last Millennium Using the Great Eurasian Drought Atlas
Authors: Cook Benjamin I. , Cook Edward R. , Anchukaitis Kevin J. , Singh Deepti
Published: May 2024

During summer 2010, exceptional heat and drought in western Russia (WRU) occurred simultaneously with heavy rainfall and flooding in northern Pakistan (NPK). Here, we use the Great Eurasian Drought Atlas (GEDA), a new 1021-yr tree-ring reconstruction of summer soil moisture, to investigate the variability and dynamics of this exceptional spatially concurrent climate extreme over the last millennium. Summer 2010 in the GEDA was the second driest year over WRU and the largest wet–dry contrast between NPK and WRU; it was also the second warmest year over WRU in an independent 1015-yr temperature reconstruction. Soil moisture variability is only weakly correlated between the two regions, and 2010 event analogs are rare, occurring in 31 (3.0%) or 52 (5.1%) years in the GEDA, depending on the definition used. Post-1900 is significantly drier in WRU and wetter in NPK compared to previous centuries, increasing the likelihood of concurrent wet NPK–dry WRU extremes, with over 20% of the events in the record occurring in this interval. The dynamics of wet NPK–dry WRU events like 2010 are well captured by two principal components in the GEDA, modes correlated with ridging over northern Europe and western Russia and a pan-hemispheric extratropical wave train pattern similar to that observed in 2010. Our results highlight how high-resolution paleoclimate reconstructions can be used to capture some of the most extreme events in the climate system, investigate their physical drivers, and allow us to assess their behavior across longer time scales than available from shorter instrumental records.
Near-Inertial Response of a Salinity-Stratified Ocean
Authors: Chaudhuri Dipanjan , Sengupta Debasis , D’Asaro Eric , Farrar J. Thomas , Mathur Manikandan , Ranganathan Sundar
Published: May 2024

We study the near-inertial response of the salinity-stratified north Bay of Bengal to monsoonal wind forcing using 6 years of hourly observations from four moorings. The mean annual energy input from surface winds to near-inertial mixed layer currents is 10–20 kJ m−2, occurring mainly in distinct synoptic “events” from April–September. A total of fifteen events are analyzed: Seven when the ocean is capped by a thin layer of low-salinity river water (fresh) and eight when it is not (salty). The average near-inertial energy input from winds is 40% higher in the fresh cases than in the salty cases. During the fresh events, 1) mixed layer near-inertial motions decay about two times faster and 2) near-inertial kinetic energy below the mixed layer is reduced by at least a factor of three relative to the salty cases. The near-inertial horizontal wavelength was measured for one fresh and one salty event; the fresh was about three times shorter initially. A linear model of near-inertial wave propagation tuned to these data reproduces 2); the thin (10 m) mixed layers during the fresh events excite high modes, which propagate more slowly than the low modes excited by the thicker (40 m) mixed layers in the salty events. The model does not reproduce 1); the rapid decay of the mixed layer inertial motions in the fresh events is not explained by the linear wave propagation at the resolved scales; a different and currently unknown set of processes is likely responsible.
Enhancing Lymph Node Yield in Gastric Cancer Resection: Impact of Back Table Dissection on Number of Lymph Node Examined
Authors: Wong Harry J. , Rawal Rushil , Tseng Joshua , Phillips Edward , Gangi Alexandra , Burch Miguel
Published: May 2024

Introduction

During gastric cancer resection, back table dissection (BTD) involves examination and separation of lymph node (LN) packets from the surgical specimen based on LN stations, which are sent to pathology as separately labeled specimens. With potential impact on clinical outcomes, we aimed to explore how BTD affects number of LNs examined.

Methods

A retrospective review of a gastric cancer database was performed, including all cases of gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy from January 2009 to March 2022. Back table dissection and conventional groups were compared using Mann-Whitney U and Fisher’s exact tests. Multiple linear regression modeling was used to identify potential predictors of number of LN examined.

Results

A total of 174 patients were identified: 39 (22%) BTD and 135 (78%) conventional. More patients in the BTD group underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy (62% vs 29%, P < .05). Compared to the conventional group, the BTD group had a greater number of LNs examined (42 [26-59] vs 21[15-33], median [IQR], P < .001), lower LN positivity ratio (.01 vs .07, P = .013), and greater number of LNs in patients with BMI >35 (32.5[27.5-39] vs 22[13-27], P = .041). A multiple linear regression model controlling for age, BMI, preoperative N stage, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgeon experience, and operative approach identified BTD as a significant positive predictor of number of LN examined (β = 19.7, P = .001).

Conclusion

Back table dissection resulted in improved LN yield during gastric cancer resection. As a simple technical addition, BTD helps enhance pathology examination and improve surgeon awareness, which may ultimately translate to improve oncologic outcomes.
Frontiersmen in imperial Delhi: Regulating Afghans and their moneylending, 1912–49
Authors: Sharma Priyanka
Published: May 2024

This article traces the complex regulatory efforts directed at Afghans in colonial Delhi to control or distance them from the imperial capital. To the colonial authorities, the Afghan moneylenders who operated within the expanding new imperial capital, providing their services to government employees as well as the growing population, appeared as a new problem in the city. The colonial authorities viewed the Afghan moneylender as a typical ‘goonda’ contributing to disorder. The imperial and provincial administration discussed the possibilities of deportations, extended extraordinary legislation (Goonda Act, 1937) and used high-handed practices to deal with this ‘menace’. Being foreign subjects, the Afghans resisted these regulatory measures by involving the Afghan consulate to defend their socio-economic rights in British India. The need to avoid friction with the Afghan government amidst tensions at the frontier was an enduring consideration when dealing with Afghan moneylenders, especially after the creation of the new nation-state of India.
Impact of Goods and Service Tax on MSME Sector: A Study Using Artificial Neural Network and Multivariate Analysis of Variance
Authors: Bhalla Neba , Kaur Inderjit , Sharma Rakesh Kumar
Published: May 2024

Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) is one the vital sector of the developing economy. Changes in fiscal policy directly impact this sector the most. The present article aims to examine the impact of the recent Indian indirect system tax overhaul, that is, Goods and Service Tax (GST), on the MSME sector. We have employed multivariate analysis of variance and multi-layer perceptron neural network on the extensive data set for 60 months from April 2015 to March 2020. The empirical findings state that a significant increase has been observed in the MSMEs’ export, revenue generation and gross domestic product in the post-GST era. The findings may aid the emerging economies that are planning to alter tax systems to boost the MSME sector at the international level.

JEL Codes: H20, L00, B22, C01, C45
Dynamic design of hazardous chemical storage in high-rise R&D building based on numerical simulation
Authors: Zhang Shiqing , Zhang Mingguang , Cao Yun
Published: May 2024

With the increasing demand for research on hazardous chemicals in high-rise research and development (R&D) buildings, the use of a large number of flammable chemicals increases the fire risk significantly. Therefore, the research on the storage of hazardous chemicals in high-rise R&D buildings becomes more and more important. This paper presents a maximum dynamic design method for hazardous chemical storage. A set of fire risk indicators has been established in the research, including temperature, carbon monoxide concentration, and visibility. The representative hazardous chemicals are selected through the investigation of the distribution and quantity of hazardous chemicals. Through numerical simulation of high-rise building fire with different stocks of dangerous chemicals and evacuation simulation of different fire floors, the time when the risk factors of fire occurrence reach the critical threshold of human body (ASET) and the necessary time for human evacuation (RSET) are obtained. By adjusting the amount of hazardous chemicals stored, the time to reach the hazardous critical threshold (RSET) and the time to evacuate (ASET) are changed accordingly. When RSET < ASET, the storage capacity of hazardous chemicals in the high-rise R&D building meets the target requirements. In the case study, ethanol was selected as the representative substance, and numerical simulation and example calculation were carried out on a 16-story R&D building. The amount of ethanol stored on each floor was calculated. Among them, the eighth layer has the largest ethanol storage capacity (1.81 L/m2) and the ninth layer has the smallest ethanol storage capacity (0.89 L/m2).
Satisfaction With Primary Care Among the Foreign-Born and the General Population in Finland: A Survey-Based study
Authors: Kieseppä Valentina , García Velázquez Regina , Vehko Tuulikki , Castaneda Anu , Kuusio Hannamaria
Published: May 2024

Foreign-born people have been found to be less satisfied with health care than native populations across countries. However, studies on differences in satisfaction with treatment between different foreign-born groups are lacking. This study explores differences in satisfaction with primary health care between the foreign-born population from different regions of origins and the general population of Finland. The study uses survey data on foreign-born population (n = 2708) and general population (n = 6671) living in Finland who report using health services. Satisfaction with experienced respect for privacy during treatment, benefit of treatment and smoothness of treatment are predicted by region of origin using logistic regression. Almost all foreign-born groups were less likely to consider treatment appointments beneficial as compared to the general population. Some foreign-born groups (people from Southeast Asia and South and Central Asia) were more satisfied with smoothness of care compared to general population. People from East Asia were less likely than the general population to consider that their privacy had been respected during the examinations and treatment. While we made the positive finding of high overall satisfaction with treatment, we also found important differences between groups. In particular, appointments were found less useful among the foreign-born population. Perceived unusefulness of treatment might lead to underuse of health care, which might result in accumulation of untreated health problems. The results point toward potential development points in the health care system. Addressing these issues might help decrease health disparities between population groups.
Socio-Economic Attainment for SCs, STs, and OBCs in India
Authors: Deb Surajit
Published: May 2024

This contribution makes the 20th part of the Social Change Indicators series. In this analysis, we attempt to compare aspects of social and economic attainments for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes across states in India.
Multiple Adjectival Modification in Old and Middle English: A Reconfiguration of a Constructional Network
Authors: Grabski Maciej
Published: May 2024

The present article looks at patterns of Old and Middle English multiple adjectival modification (asyndetic and conjoined) and interprets their interrelations in the framework of Construction Grammar. This study contributes to previous research by offering a systematic, corpus-based comparison of formally related adjectival structures, which are analyzed from a usage-based perspective and then mapped onto the language network organized according to domain-general cognitive principles. The results indicate constructional change between Old and Middle English, which can be accounted for in terms of the reconfiguration of horizontal-relatedness links (which are based on contrast and alternation) and the resulting change in the vertical-inheritance structure. More broadly, the study confirms that any violations of the well-established Principle of No Synonymy in language may be explained in a diachronic perspective and with reference to general principles of language processing.
Understanding How Immersive Media Enhance Prosociality: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Canet Fernando , Sánchez-Castillo Sebastián
Published: May 2024

The aim of this article is to present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on the relationship between immersive media and prosociality, specifically in the discipline of social issues. The search was conducted in January 2023 and included research published up to and including 2022. Both parts of the review consider 43 studies. For the meta-analysis, by combining these studies we obtained a total sample size of 5,390 participants. This systematic literature review mainly explores the types of immersive technology that have been used to create the immersive media stimuli considered in the studies and the types of mediated experiences elicited by these productions. Separate meta-analyses were also conducted to explore the moderating role of these variables. The results demonstrate that immersive media can have a significant positive impact on prosociality with a medium effect size. However, this effect can be moderated by the type of immersive experience elicited and by the prosocial outcome being evaluated.
AI or Human? Finding and Responding to Artificial Intelligence in Student Work
Authors: Fisk Gary D.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Recent innovations in generative artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have led to an educational environment in which human authorship cannot be assumed, thereby posing a significant challenge to upholding academic integrity.

Statement of the problem

Both humans and AI detection technologies have difficulty distinguishing between AI-generated vs. human-authored text. This weakness raises a significant possibility of false positive errors: human-authored writing incorrectly judged as AI-generated.

Literature review

AI detection methodology, whether machine or human-based, is based on writing style characteristics. Empirical evidence demonstrates that AI detection technologies are more sensitive to AI-generated text than human judges, yet a positive finding from these technologies cannot provide absolute certainty of AI plagiarism.

Teaching implications

Given the uncertainty of detecting AI, a forgiving, pro-growth response to AI academic integrity cases is recommended, such as revise and resubmit decisions.

Conclusion

Faculty should cautiously embrace the use of AI detection technologies with the understanding that false positive errors will occasionally occur. This use is ethical provided that the responses to problematic cases are approached with the goal of educational growth rather than punishment.
Sliding mode tension control for the yarn winding process with extended state observer
Authors: Chen Peng , Cheng Yun , Yuan Yinlong , Hua Liang
Published: May 2024

In the textile industry, yarn tension control is directly related to product quality and production efficiency. Addressing the nonlinearities, uncertainties, and external disturbances encountered by tension control systems, this work initially establishes a mathematical model to describe the dynamic characteristics of yarn tension. Building upon this foundation, a yarn tension sliding mode control strategy based on an extended state observer (ESO) is proposed. This strategy employs the ESO to estimate and compensate for system uncertainties and disturbances. Subsequently, a sliding mode controller is designed for the compensated system, utilizing hyperbolic tangent functions for the reaching law, thereby enhancing the dynamic performance of the yarn tension control system. The stability of the controller is analyzed using Lyapunov theory. Recognizing the complexity of controller parameter tuning, an improved grey wolf optimizer (GWO) is introduced for further adjustment and optimization of the controller parameters. Finally, comparative simulations demonstrate that the designed controller maintains rapid response and high-precision dynamic characteristics even in the presence of external disturbances and noise. This underscores the promising application prospects of the proposed method in practical systems.
Incorporating Microdebrider Use in a Community-Based Thyroidectomy Practice
Authors: Conti Keith R. , Ohlstein Jason F. , Brown David M. , Bedrosian Jeffrey C. , Yen David M.
Published: May 2024

Objectives: Substernal goiters often require surgery, yet their location presents challenges. Most can be removed via transcervical approach, but extent and relationship to mediastinal structures can merit consideration of sternotomy and assistance of colleagues. Despite widespread use in sinus surgery and previous literature reports, microdebrider use to facilitate transcervical removal of substernal goiters has not been broadly adopted. Our objective was to report our experience with use of the soft tissue shaver to facilitate substernal goiter deliver through a cervical incision in a community-based thyroidectomy practice. Methods: We reviewed thyroidectomy cases performed by a general otolaryngologist (D.M.Y.) in a community setting from January 2017 through December 2019. Four patients required microdebrider use for intracapsular debulking of substernal goiter to allow for transcervical removal. We discuss pre- and perioperative considerations, present computed tomography (CT) and operative images, review surgical technique, and report estimated blood loss (EBL), surgical time (T), complications, and length of stay. Results: Average EBL was 237.5 ml (range 100-500 ml). Average T was 137 minutes (range 121-170 minutes). No patients required sternotomy. One patient developed postoperative hematoma requiring evacuation and cautery of a bleeding site. No other complications were encountered, all patients were discharged after overnight observation. Conclusions: The microdebrider can be safely utilized by general otolaryngologists to facilitate transcervical removal of substernal goiters. Adoption of this familiar tool for a different surgical application can reduce the need for sternotomy, assistance of colleagues, or referral to a tertiary care center, with associated decrease in risk, morbidity, surgical time, length of stay, and cost, and improved patient convenience and satisfaction.
On the Defensive: Identity, Language, and Partisan Reactions to Political Scandal
Authors: Ekstrom Pierce D. , Gonzales Marti Hope , Williams Allison L. , Weiner Elliot , Aguilera Rafael
Published: May 2024

We investigated how individuals judge politicians embroiled in scandal. Drawing on social identity and realistic group conflict theory, we predicted that beyond an overall ingroup bias, partisans would be particularly forgiving of in-party politicians who denied or justified their misconduct rather than apologize for it. By insisting that they did nothing wrong, these politicians defend the public image of their party and signal their commitment to partisan goals. We find qualified support for this prediction across three experiments. Participants did not respond negatively to in-party politicians who apologized but did react more positively to those who denied or justified wrongdoing (relative to silence). These accounts worked only for in-party politicians and were more effective for those whose misconduct furthered their party’s agenda or whose seat was high-status or pivotal for party goals. In intergroup contexts like politics, people may accept explanations for misconduct that they would otherwise find offensive.
What Makes a Community Age Friendly? Policymakers Emphasize Physical Over Social Factors
Authors: Chattopadhyay Jacqueline
Published: May 2024

Public policy serves older Americans well but also skirts major challenges—one being many communities’ “age (un)friendliness.” This paper investigates whether local government policymakers in the United States emphasize some “domains” of age friendliness over others, of those defined by the World Health Organization, when describing local-level services for older adults. It finds they do but that they give all eight domains some attention and give infrastructure domains more attention than social and informational domains. These results suggest that policymakers are supportive of age friendliness overall.
Stressful Life Events in Impulsive and Non-impulsive Suicide Attempters: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Supritha  , Mruthyunjaya N.  , Matkar Abhay , Shashidhara H. L.  , Sandeep M. R.
Published: May 2024

Background:

Suicide is a significant public health issue, yet it can be avoided with prompt, evidence-based, and frequently inexpensive interventions. There are distinctions between the profiles of impulsive suicide attempters (ISA) and non-impulsive suicide attempters (NISA), and a significant number of suicide attempts are impulsive. A thorough multisectoral suicide prevention strategy is necessary for an effective national response.

Methods:

This observational cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary healthcare center in Karnataka. Sixty inpatients above the age of 18 years with an alleged history of suicide attempts were enrolled in the study. Their stressful life events in the past year were assessed using the Presumptive Stressful Life Events Scale (PSLES). Impulsive and non-impulsive attempters were considered based on the time gap between the suicidal ideation and the suicidal attempt with the presence or absence of plans regarding the act. They were compared using appropriate inferential statistical tests.

Results:

The majority of the suicide attempts were impulsive (63.3%). The ISA and NISA did not differ in socio-demographic characteristics except for age and family type, with impulsive attempters being more common at younger ages than the non-impulsive attempters ( p = .02). The majority of ISA were from joint families (44.7%), while 72.7% of NISA were from nuclear households ( p = .04). Compared to ISA, NISA recollected a higher number of stressors.

Conclusion:

The ISA and NISA differ in aspects of age, family type, and stressors. Characteristic distinctions between ISA and NISA should be recognized and understood in order to design policies for suicide prevention and minimize morbidity and mortality. Exploring and addressing the stressors and helping patients to overcome them through better coping skills helps in suicide prevention.
Superhydrophobic modified electrodeposited copper surface for fog harvesting
Authors: Nasrollahikateb Elizee Sanaz , Asjadi Fatemeh , Lajevardi Seyed Ahmad
Published: May 2024

The superhydrophobic copper surfaces were fabricated by electrodeposition of copper followed by surface modification with stearic acid (SA). The electrodeposition of copper for 90 s at a voltage of 1.2 V, was identified as the optimum condition via contact angle measurement and used for further investigation. In the next step, the study explored the influence of the solution concentrations and the duration of the modification process. A 0.01 molar SA solution rendered the surface superhydrophobic after 24 h, while 0.1 and 0.25 molar solutions of SA achieved this in 10 min, with the latter exhibiting a larger contact angle(158 ± 2°), and a sliding angle of 3.5°. Fog harvesting experiments demonstrated nucleation, growth, and droplet merging on a superhydrophobic surface. The efficiency of the superhydrophobic surface was calculated to be 4.6 g/cm2. h which is approximately 50% larger than polished surface.
High is good enough: Gender agreement and relative clause attachment in L2 auditory processing
Authors: Vergara Daniel , Socarrás Gilda
Published: May 2024

This study contributes to the limited research on gender agreement processing of complex syntactic structures in the auditory modality. By examining learners at varying stages of second language (L2) development, we aim to identify the linguistic factors that facilitate this process. First language English – second language Spanish learners listened to temporarily ambiguous Spanish sentences containing relative clauses. In each case, the ambiguity could be resolved through gender agreement between an adjective and one of two competing nouns with gender mismatches. We assessed participant accuracy through aural comprehension questions. Our findings indicate that determiners and proficiency impact learners’ accuracy in the task. Specifically, they highlight the role of determiners in gender agreement processing in the absence of duplications as well as the impact of proficiency on the processing of noun endings with marked feminine gender. Additionally, we identify a pattern of increased accuracy in gender agreement processing in high attachment cases. We argue that this pattern challenges first language (L1) transfer assumptions and provides evidence of a ‘good enough’ processing strategy. This strategy relies on syntactic hierarchy and emerges as a response to complex task demands.
The effectiveness of out-of-hours palliative care telephone advice lines: A rapid systematic review
Authors: Johansson Therese , Chambers Rachel L. , Curtis Thomas , Pask Sophie , Greenley Sarah , Brittain Molly , Bone Anna E. , Laidlaw Lynn , Okamoto Ikumi , Barclay Stephen , Higginson Irene J. , Murtagh Fliss E.M. , Sleeman Katherine E.
Published: May 2024

Background:

People with palliative care needs and their carers often rely on out-of-hours services to remain at home. Policymakers have recommended implementing telephone advice lines to ensure 24/7 access to support. However, the impact of these services on patient and carer outcomes, as well as the health care system, remains poorly understood.

Aim:

To evaluate the clinical- and cost-effectiveness of out-of-hours palliative care telephone advice lines, and to identify service characteristics associated with effectiveness.

Design:

Rapid systematic review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42023400370) with narrative synthesis.

Data sources:

Three databases (Medline, EMBASE and CINAHL) were searched in February 2023 for studies of any design reporting on telephone advice lines with at least partial out-of-hours availability. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool, and quantitative and qualitative data were synthesised narratively.

Results:

Twenty-one studies, published 2000–2022, were included. Most studies were observational, none were experimental. While some evidence suggested that telephone advice lines offer guidance and reassurance, supporting care at home and potentially reducing avoidable emergency care use in the last months of life, variability in reporting and poor methodological quality across studies limit our understanding of patient/carer and health care system outcomes.

Conclusion:

Despite their increasing use, evidence for the clinical- and cost-effectiveness of palliative care telephone advice lines remains limited, primarily due to the lack of robust comparative studies. There is a need for more rigorous evaluations incorporating experimental or quasi-experimental methods and longer follow-up, and standardised reporting of telephone advice line models and outcomes, to guide policy and practice.
Optimal cerebral perfusion pressure in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and its relation to perfusion deficits on CT-perfusion
Authors: Malinova Vesna , Kranawetter Beate , Tuzi Sheri , Moerer Onnen , Rohde Veit , Mielke Dorothee
Published: May 2024

Preservation of optimal cerebral perfusion is a crucial part of the acute management after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). A few studies indicated possible benefits of maintaining a cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) near the calculated optimal CPP (CPPopt), representing an individually optimal condition at which cerebral autoregulation functions at its best. This retrospective observational monocenter study was conducted to investigate, whether “suboptimal” perfusion with actual CPP deviating from CPPopt correlates with perfusion deficits detected by CT-perfusion (CTP). A consecutive cohort of aSAH-patients was reviewed and patients with available parameters for CPPopt-calculation, who simultaneously received CTP, were analyzed. By plotting the pressure reactivity index (PRx) versus CPP, CPP correlating the lowest PRx value was identified as CPPopt. Perfusion deficits on CTP were documented. In 86 out of 324 patients, the inclusion criteria were met. Perfusion deficits were detected in 47% (40/86) of patients. In 43% of patients, CPP was lower than CPPopt, which correlated with detected perfusion deficits (r = 0.23, p = 0.03). Perfusion deficits were found in 62% of patients with CPPCPPopt (OR 3, p = 0.01). These findings support the hypothesis, that a deviation of CPP from CPPopt is an indicator of suboptimal cerebral perfusion.
Notions of Care Labor Are Antithetical to Profitable Labor
Authors: Flores-Robles Grace , Gantman Ana P.
Published: May 2024

We argue that women in the care workforce face a wage penalty because care work is perceived as something that people, especially women, are meant to do out of love (and for free). We focus on care labor, which is aligned with stereotypes about women's natural abilities as caregivers, to show that low wages cannot be explained by counter-stereotypic behavior alone. Instead, low wages in care labor can be explained by a perceived love versus money tradeoff. This tradeoff exists not only because of intrinsic rewards and fears of commodifying care but because of the idea that trading love for money amounts to trading the sacred for the profane. In other words, care workers are underpaid because many people, either implicitly or explicitly, perceive the very act of making money as counter to care, a stereotypically-feminine form of work. This stereotypical association contributes to the gender pay gap more generally because it implies that the work women are suited for is work that should be done for free. We expand on this idea with future directions and practice implications, which include building communal spaces for care workers to facilitate communication and organizing around higher pay and better working conditions.
Development and Validation of the Online Sexual Objectification Experiences Scale Among College Women
Authors: Cary Kyla M. , Maas Megan K. , Bowles Ryan P.
Published: May 2024

In this study, we developed and psychometrically evaluated the Online Sexual Objectification Experiences Scale (OSOES). We collected data from 816 emerging adult college women across two samples. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed three factors: Unwanted Sexual Advances (example item: “How often have you received unwanted messages online asking about your sexual experience?”), Negative Appearance Commentary (example item: “How often has another person insulted you by calling you unattractive online?”), and Indirect Sexual Objectification (example item: “How often have you read a sexual comment posted to a photo of another woman's body online?”). OSOES scores were internally consistent and were strongly correlated with scores of self-objectification, body surveillance, and body shame. OSOES subscale scores also provided evidence of incremental validity in predicting self-objectification and objectified body consciousness above and beyond offline interpersonal sexual objectification. We hope that findings from the present study and the OSOES can be used by researchers, clinicians, and educators to understand the frequency of online sexual objectification experiences among women and as a result, work to mitigate harmful outcomes. Additional online materials for this article are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/DOI:10.1177/03616843241250295
Widespread Vascularization and Correlation of Glycosaminoglycan Accumulation to Tendon Pain in Human Plantar Fascia Tendinopathy
Authors: Merkel Max F.R. , Svensson Rene B. , Jakobsen Jens R. , Mackey Abigail L. , Schjerling Peter , Herzog Robert B. , Magnusson S. Peter , Konradsen Lars , Krogsgaard Michael R. , Kjær Michael , Johannsen Finn E.
Published: May 2024

Background:

Plantar fasciitis is a painful tendinous condition (tendinopathy) with a high prevalence in athletes. While a healthy tendon has limited blood flow, ultrasound has indicated elevated blood flow in tendinopathy, but it is unknown if this is related to a de facto increase in the tendon vasculature. Likewise, an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is observed in tendinopathy, but its relationship to clinical pain is unknown.

Purpose:

To explore to what extent vascularization, inflammation, and fat infiltration were present in patients with plantar fasciitis and if they were related to clinical symptoms.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Biopsy specimens from tendinopathic plantar fascia tissue were obtained per-operatively from both the primary site of tendon pain and tissue swelling (“proximal”) and a region that appeared macroscopically healthy at 1 to 2 cm away from the primary site (“distal”) in 22 patients. Biopsy specimens were examined with immunofluorescence for markers of blood vessels, tissue cell density, fat infiltration, and macrophage level. In addition, pain during the first step in the morning (registered during an earlier study) was correlated with the content of collagen and GAGs in tissue.

Results:

High vascularization (and cellularity) was present in both the proximal (0.89%) and the distal (0.96%) plantar fascia samples, whereas inconsistent but not significantly different fat infiltration and macrophage levels were observed. The collagen content was similar in the 2 plantar fascia regions, whereas the GAG content was higher in the proximal region (3.2% in proximal and 2.8% in distal; P = .027). The GAG content in the proximal region was positively correlated with the subjective morning pain score in the patients with tendinopathy (n = 17).

Conclusion:

In patients with plantar fasciitis, marked tissue vascularization was present in both the painful focal region and a neighboring nonsymptomatic area. In contrast, the accumulation of hydrophilic GAGs was greater in the symptomatic region and was positively correlated with increased clinical pain levels in daily life.

Clinical Relevance:

The accumulation of GAGs in tissue rather than the extent of vascularization appears to be linked with the clinical degree of pain symptoms of the disease.
Pull-out performance of plastic and steel fibers recycled from waste
Authors: Ojeda Juan P , Mercante Irma T , de Borbón Fernanda M , Zerbino Raúl , Torrijos María C , Giaccio Graciela
Published: May 2024

Recycled fibers are of interest to produce fiber reinforced cement composites while reducing some environmental impacts such as waste disposal and raw materials consumption. In this paper, four plastic and three steel fibers obtained from waste were studied. The aim of this article was to characterize their pull-out response. Recycled steel fibers were recovered from tires, while one plastic fiber was produced from straps and three fibers were fabricated from PET bottles with different shapes to compare the effects of geometry. Recycled steel fibers showed higher adhesion and strain energy density than plastic ones. The adhesion and elastic modulus of these recycled steel fibers are of interest for fiber reinforced mortar and concrete applications, while plastic fibers could contribute to improve cohesion and to mitigate shrinkage cracking at early ages.
Underwater dissimilar friction stir lap welding of aluminum alloy and CFRTP
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Sun Yibo , Liu Yong , Guan Kainan , Wei Xiao , Yang Xinhua
Published: May 2024

With the rapid development of the transportation and electronic equipment industries, the demand for robust joining technology for metal/polymer has become imperative, especially in the pursuit of lightweight solutions. Underwater welding is one of the methods to reduce the formation of holes and other welding defects, which is conducive to improve the quality and strength of joints. In this study, the underwater friction stir lap welding (UFSLW) of 6061-T6 Al alloy and carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) joints is investigated. The welds are evaluated by optical microscope (OM) image, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) of the fracture, tensile, and hardness analysis. Research reveals that the presence of cracks and tunnel defects similar to those in air FSLW (AFSLW) is reduced in the underwater welding process. From the microscopic result analysis, the rapid dissipation of frictional heat and substrate viscosity in the cooling medium of circulating water in the stirring zone reduces the interaction between Al alloy and molten CFRTP, which leads to the rapid transformation of the plasticized material into a solid state and reduces the formation of thick stacked layer. In addition, finer Al alloy fragments are obtained in the welding zone due to the fast cooling rate. Ultimately, the maximum tensile strength of 32.12 MPa is achieved, which is 10.76% higher than that of the same welding parameters in air. Based on UFSLW technology, the joint strength of this study is 69% higher than that of Al alloy and polymer joints, which demonstrates enormous application potential and opens up new prospects for the joining technology of dissimilar materials.
Parental Allyship for Children With Dyslexia: A Conceptual Lens on Disability Experience
Authors: Leslie Rachel , Brown Alice , Larsen Ellen
Published: May 2024

Current understandings of disability experience are centered around individuals who hold the disability identity and membership in the marginalized group. This perspective does not include the experiences of disability allies, such as parents, who act alongside their children to support their access and engagement in the education setting. This partial perspective is of concern because it does not reflect the depth and complexity of disability experience for those in allyship roles. This paper builds on current understandings of disability experience by introducing an emerging conceptual lens that defines and describes the nature of disability experience for those acting in allyship roles. Attention is focused on children with dyslexia and their parents to illustrate this conceptual lens. Extending on ecological models of interactions and understandings of subjective experience, the authors highlight how the proximity of the parental experience to the child’s dyslexic identity shapes parental allyship and present a lens of disability experience that includes primary, vicarious, and primary adjacent experience. The proposed conceptual lens offers researchers and educators an opportunity to view disability experience and allyship from an alternative perspective, and in doing so, consider a broader understanding of disability experience and allyship that would potentially provide insights into parent–school partnerships.
Dissociation As a Mechanism of Risk for Interpersonal Victimization Among Adolescent Girls
Authors: Kouri Nicole A. , Simon Valerie A. , Partridge Ty
Published: May 2024

Childhood interpersonal violence exposure (IVE) is associated with repeated victimization in adolescence and adulthood. Research suggests dissociation, a psychological phenomenon characterized by alterations and disruptions to consciousness, memory, and perceptions of the environment, and out-of-body experiences, increases the risk of revictimization. Self-report data from a longitudinal study of 92 violence-exposed adolescent girls from a large, urban area were analyzed to assess whether dissociation predicts polyvictimization or exposure to multiple types of interpersonal violence across adolescence. Participants’ mental and interpersonal health was assessed at four in-person laboratory visits scheduled across 3.5 years (i.e., T1–T4). IVE included direct or indirect victimization experienced at home, school, the neighborhood, or town, such as child maltreatment, domestic violence, peer victimization, dating aggression, and community violence. Polyvictimization was operationalized as a composite score of the different types of IVE endorsed by the participant or caregiver. A random-intercept cross-lagged panel model was used to test the bidirectional relationships between dissociation and polyvictimization longitudinally. Cross-lagged regressions were analyzed to determine whether dissociation and polyvictimization predicted subsequent dissociation symptoms and polyvictimization. Concurrent and previous dissociation significantly accounted for polyvictimization at T2, T3, and T4. Polyvictimization did not significantly predict future dissociation symptoms. The results from this study provide support for dissociation’s unique contribution to polyvictimization among violence-exposed girls, making it an important target for clinical assessment and treatment.
A Computed Tomographic Study of the Molar Teeth of Babyrousa spp.
Authors: Macdonald Alastair A. , Ziehmer Bianca , Kitchener Andrew C. , Gelang Magnus , Åblad Björn , Lintonsson Ruth , von Pückler Kerstin , Schaub Sebastian , Kiefer Ingmar , Schwarz Tobias
Published: May 2024

A photographic and computed tomography (CT) scanning study was carried out on 295 molar teeth of 18 adult male Babyrousa babyrussa skulls and 8 skulls of Babyrousa celebensis including seven adult males and one adult female. The occlusal morphology of the permanent maxillary and mandibular molar teeth of B. babyrussa was very similar to that of B. celebensis. Most B. babyrussa maxillary molar teeth had six roots, with small numbers of teeth having four, five or seven roots. A similar pattern was suggested in B. celebensis. Mandibular molar teeth had between four and eight roots. Tooth roots of maxillary and mandibular first and second molar teeth were largely tapering, rod-like structures. The roots of the right and left maxillary third molar teeth had a more complex arrangement; some were inserted almost vertically into the maxilla; others were orientated in a more distal direction. The mesial and distal roots were splayed in appearance. The right and left mandibular third molar tooth roots retained elements of the open ‘C’ shape and were generally orientated distally. The pulp chambers were arched to fit under the main cusps in all molar teeth. Pulp canals were variable in number.
Prediction of performance parameters of a hermetic reciprocating compressor under different discharge lift limiter heights by machine learning
Authors: Bacak Aykut , Çolak Andaç Batur , Dalkılıç Ahmet Selim
Published: May 2024

The research examines the complex correlation between discharge valve properties in severe temperature circumstances, ranging from 54.4°C to −23.3°C, in accordance with ASHRAE operational guidelines. The design parameters include examining valve thicknesses of 0.127, 0.152, 0.178, and 0.2 mm, together with lengths of 14.722, 16.222, and 17.722 mm, at compressor speeds of 1300, 2100, and 3000 rpm. An artificial neural network (ANN) is used to replicate the output properties of a hermetic reciprocating compressor, which include the ratio of cooling capacity to compression power and volumetric efficiency. One hundred and eleven numerically recorded datasets are used to train the developed ANN model. The model is trained using 77 datasets, validated using 17 datasets, and tested using 17 datasets. The LM-type ANN approach is used to train the multilayer perception neural network, which consists of a hidden layer with 15 neurons. Given the proximity of the margin of deviations (MoDs) to the 0% deviation line, the variances between the ANN and fluid-structure interaction outcomes for the cooling capacity to compression power ratio and volumetric efficiency are insignificant. The average figures for the MoD output have been calculated as −0.18% and 0.06, respectively. Not only do the data points lie on the line, indicating a 0% error, but they also fall inside the interval, indicating a 10% error. In addition, the mean squared error and correlation coefficient values for the ANN model that was created are 2.04E-03 and 0.99853, respectively.