bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Η αγωγή δημιουργικών μαθητών εξασφαλίζει την ποιότητα στην εκπαίδευση και γαλουχεί πολίτες με καινοτόμες ιδέες
Authors: Κονιδάρη Αικατερίνη
Published: October 2016

Η δημιουργικότητα μυεί τους μαθητές στην ευελιξία της σκέψης, την εφευρετικότητα και την καινοτομία. Η αποκλίνουσα νόηση,  όντας ελεύθερη πνευματική διεργασία, συνεισφέρει στη μεταγνώση-μέσω των επιτυχημένων συσχετισμών- και  συντελεί στη συνέχιση της μάθησης και στη μεταβίβαση του γνωστικού αντικειμένου και σε άλλους τομείς. Η καλλιέργεια της δημιουργικότητας ενθαρρύνει τη δοκιμή και την αυτενέργεια, αποδεσμεύοντας τις δυνάμεις της φαντασίας. Είναι μια   δια βίου διαδικασία που προάγει τόσο το άτομο όσο και το σύνολο. Το σχολείο θεωρείται ότι είναι ο τόπος όπου σφυρηλατείται  ο χαρακτήρας δίνοντας τη δυνατότητα στο άτομο να αναλάβει πρωτοβουλία. Προωθείται, όμως, η δημιουργικότητα  μέσα από την αγωγή; Κατά πόσο οι ίδιοι οι εκπαιδευτικοί συμβάλλουν και με ποια μέσα;  Η ενσωμάτωση της μοντέρνας τεχνολογίας αλλά και ο εμπλουτισμός του σχολικού προγράμματος αποτελούν καίρια ζητήματα για την ποιότητα της εκπαίδευσης. Η αγωγή μέσω μοντέλων δημιουργικότητας είναι ο βασικός πυρήνας από όπου ξεκινά  η εκπαιδευτική διαδικασία. Αν η εκπαίδευση  καταπνίγει τη δημιουργικότητα, οι μαθητές καταλήγουν να είναι  επιφυλακτικοί, παθητικοί δέκτες. Τελικά, επιζητούμε  μαθητές και κατά επέκταση αυριανούς πολίτες, χαρακτηριζόμενους από αδράνεια ή ευέλικτους και εφευρετικούς  με ιδέες καινοτόμες; Πώς λοιπόν η γαλούχηση ατόμων με δημιουργικότητα υπήρξε ανέκαθεν πρωταρχικός σκοπός καθώς επίσης και το ζητούμενο της εκπαίδευσης;
Η παιδική λογοτεχνία βασικός άξονας δράσης και προβληματισμών. Πως η Φαντασία και η Νόηση προάγουν τη δημιουργική παραγωγή Λόγου και τη θεμελίωση δημοκρατικών συμπεριφορών. Εμπειρική Προσέγγιση
Authors: Κουκουλιάντα Ευμορφία
Published: October 2016

Στη σύγχρονη εποχή, που μεταβάλλεται με γρήγορους ρυθμούς και δεδομένης της παγκόσμιας ανθρωπιστικής κρίσης πιστεύουμε, πως η εκπαίδευση καλείται να σπάσει το μέταλλο της απαισιοδοξίας και να  εκπαιδεύσει  τους μελλοντικούς πολίτες με τέτοιο τρόπο, ώστε να έχουν δημιουργικό πνεύμα , κριτική σκέψη και πλούσιες αρετές για να αντιμετωπίζουν τις νέες καταστάσεις που θα συναντούν .

Στο νηπιαγωγείο θα μπορούσαμε να πούμε ότι  ασχολούμαστε περισσότερο με την κατανόηση πολλών πραγμάτων και όχι μόνο με την απόκτηση πολλών γνώσεων χωρίς την άμεση σύνδεσή τους με την πραγματικότητα που βιώνουν τα παιδιά.. Όμως για να γίνει κάποιος ενεργητικός πρέπει πρώτα να γίνει  παθητικός με την έννοια ότι θα απορροφηθεί από ό,τι γίνεται μέσα στην τάξη και θα συγκεντρώσει σ΄ αυτό υπερβολικά το ενδιαφέρον και την προσοχή του με αποτέλεσμα ξαφνικά να ξεσπάσει η δημιουργικότητά του.

Αυτό μπορεί να πραγματοποιηθεί μόνο μέσα σ’ ένα μαθησιακό περιβάλλον πλούσιο σε ερεθίσματα και εμπειρίες, όπου το παιδί θα βιώνει το δημοκρατικό ήθος μέσα από σχέσεις συνεργατικές και πνεύμα ομαδικότητας και αλληλοσεβασμού.

Το άρθρο  στηρίζεται στην καθημερινή διδακτική εμπειρία στο χώρο του νηπιαγωγείου. Παρουσιάζεται  το πώς μέσα από γλωσσικές δραστηριότητες, που αναδύονται από κείμενα της παιδικής λογοτεχνίας αναπτύσσεται η φαντασία, ερεθίζεται το συναίσθημα, οργανώνεται η συλλογιστική σκέψη, προάγεται ο λόγος και τροποποιείται τελικά και η συμπεριφορά του παιδιού, πετυχαίνονται την ολόπλευρη ανάπτυξή του..

Η επικοινωνία και η συμβίωση –κυρίαρχα προβλήματα στη σύγχρονη κοινωνία- των παιδιών μεταξύ τους και με τη νηπιαγωγό γίνονται γέφυρα μεταξύ της σκέψης και της δράσης και μέσα από κατάλληλες στρατηγικές μορφώνεται η καρδιά και το πνεύμα του μικρού παιδιού και του αυριανού πολίτη.
Εφαρμογή της θεωρίας της Πολλαπλής Νοημοσύνης στη διδασκαλία των Φυσικών Επιστημών
Authors: Μαυρόπουλος Αβραάμ
Published: October 2016

NO AB
Σχολικός εκφοβισμός και μαθητές με ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες
Authors: Παγούνη Μαρία , Αντωνίου Αλέξανδρος-Σταμάτιος
Published: October 2016

Ο σχολικός εκφοβισμός με αποδέκτες τους μαθητές με ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες συνιστά μια ιδιαίτερη περίπτωση εκφοβισμού η οποία ακόμη δεν έχει μελετηθεί επαρκώς σε διεθνές επίπεδο. Γιατί, όμως, οι μαθητές με ειδικές εκπαιδευτικέςειδικές εκπαιδευτικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες αποτελούν ομάδα-στόχο του σχολικού εκφοβισμού; Είναι ακριβώς οι ιδιαίτερες ανάγκες τους που τους στοχοποιούν ή η όποια διαφορετικότητά τους από τους μαθητές της τυπικής ανάπτυξης; Αποτελεί η έλλειψη κοινωνικού δικτύου εντός του σχολείου προβλεπτικό παράγοντα μιας τέτοιας κατάστασης; Στην παρούσα εργασία θα επιχειρηθεί μια προσέγγιση στο συγκεκριμένο ζήτημα από την πλευρά των μαθητών. Παρουσιάζονται τα χαρακτηριστικά και οι μορφές του σχολικού εκφοβισμού με αποδέκτες τους μαθητές με ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες, καθώς και οι επιπτώσεις που έχει σε αυτούς τους μαθητές. Ειδικότερα, οι μαθητές με νοητικές ή σωματικές δυσλειτουργίες εμπλέκονται ως θύματα αρκετά συχνά σε περιστατικά σχολικού εκφοβισμού, τα οποία συνδέονται κατά βάση με την αναπηρία τους. Σε γενικές γραμμές, θα μπορούσε να υποστηριχθεί ότι ο βαθμός αναπηρίας αυξάνει και τις πιθανότητες εκφοβισμού. Από την άλλη πλευρά, οι μαθητές με ήπιες μαθησιακές δυσκολίες είναι δυνατόν να λαμβάνουν και ρόλο θύτη σε ανάλογα περιστατικά. Επιπρόσθετα, ο σχολικός εκφοβισμός που εμπλέκει χαρισματικούς μαθητές σχετίζεται με τη δυσκολία που συχνά παρουσιάζουν προς μια φυσιολογική κοινωνική ένταξη εντοπίζοντας ωστόσο χαρισματικούς μαθητές και στους δύο ρόλους θύματος/ θύτη. Συνεπώς, βασικός στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι να επισημανθεί το εύρος και οι διαφορετικές εκφάνσεις του σχολικού εκφοβισμού προς τους μαθητές με ειδικές εκπαιδευτικές ανάγκες παρουσιάζοντας τα ευρήματα των σχετικών πρόσφατων ερευνών στο διεθνή χώρο.  
Η σχέση του σχολικού εκφοβισμού με την οικογενειακή κοινωνικοποίηση του εφήβου
Authors: Ρεντίφης Γεράσιμος
Published: October 2016

Από το 1978, οπότε και εκδόθηκε το βιβλίο του Olweus «Aggression in the Schools», το φαινόμενο του σχολικού εκφοβισμού εγείρει το ενδιαφέρον πολλών ερευνητών σε διάφορες χώρες. Ξεκινώντας από τη Σκανδιναβία, η μελέτη του σχολικού εκφοβισμού εξαπλώθηκε σε πολλές χώρες της Δυτικής Ευρώπης, στις Η.Π.Α., στην Αυστραλία, στην Ιαπωνία, στη Ν. Ζηλανδία σε μια προσπάθεια αντιμετώπισης, αλλά και πρόληψης των διαστάσεων του φαινομένου, το οποίο ταλανίζει τη σχολική ζωή.  Ο βασικός σκοπός της ανακοίνωσης είναι αφού διερευνηθούν οι μορφές και οι συνέπειες του σχολικού εκφοβισμού, να εξεταστεί η σχέση του σχολικού εκφοβισμού κατά την εφηβεία με την κοινωνικοποίηση την οποία αποκτά ο έφηβος στο πλαίσιο της οικογένειας  και να  εκτιμηθεί η σοβαρότητας του εν λόγω φαινομένου, προκειμένου να καταγραφούν μέτρα πρόληψης και αντιμετώπισης εντός και εκτός της σχολικής μονάδας και της οικογένειας. Ο ρόλος της οικογένειας, του σχολείου και κατ’ επέκταση του εκπαιδευτικού είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντικός και ουσιώδης και δια της παρούσας εργασίας θα εξεταστεί η σχέση του σχολικού εκφοβισμού με την κοινωνικοποίηση, την οποία λαμβάνει το παιδί στο πλαίσιο του οικογενειακού περιβάλλοντος. Τέλος θα επιχειρήσουμε να αναδείξουμε ότι η διαμόρφωση μιας προληπτικής πολιτικής με τη συμμετοχή όλων των εμπλεκόμενων μελών της οικογένειας, της σχολικής κοινότητας και της πολιτείας είναι ο αποτελεσματικότερος τρόπος αντιμετώπισης αυτών των συμπεριφορών.
Η συνεισφορά των νευροεπιστημών στο πεδίο της Ειδικής Αγωγής
Authors: Βλάχος Φίλιππος
Published: October 2016

Στην εργασία αυτή επιχειρούμε να αναδείξουμε πως οι πρόσφατες νευροεπιστημονικές έρευνες έχουν συνεισφέρει στο πεδίο της ειδικής αγωγής. Σκοπός μας είναι να αναδείξουμε πως οι σύγχρονες νευροαπεικονιστικές και ηλεκτροφυσιολογικές τεχνικές έχουν συμβάλλει: α) στη μελέτη και την κατανόηση των ιδιαίτερα περίπλοκων διαδικασιών που υποστηρίζουν την ανάπτυξη της μάθησης, β) στη διερεύνηση των αιτίων των αναπτυξιακών διαταραχών, γ) στη διαμόρφωση ή/και τον έλεγχο θεωριών για τις αναπτυξιακές διαταραχές, δ) στην πρώιμη ανίχνευση παιδιών που βρίσκονται σε κίνδυνο για την εμφάνιση αναπτυξιακών διαταραχών και ως εκ τούτου στην έγκαιρη έναρξη της παρέμβασης, ε) στη μελέτη των επιδράσεων διαφορετικών εκπαιδευτικών προγραμμάτων στην εγκεφαλική λειτουργία, και στ) στη σύγκριση εκπαιδευτικών παρεμβάσεων και στην αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων  τους.
Temporal variation in the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera community in response to environmental drivers in a subtropical stream
Authors: Schmitt Rafael , Siegloch Ana Emília , Lemes da Silva Aurea Luiza , Lisboa Leonardo Kleba , Petrucio Mauricio Mello
Published: October 2016

Aquatic insects are important elements in the ecological dynamics of lotic systems and their distribution in these environments can be driven by several environmental factors. Based in this assumption the aim of this study was to evaluate which environmental variables act as structural driver of the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT) community. We hypothesize that community structure will display strong temporal alterations due to characteristics in subtropical regions. We evaluated the effect of water temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, depth, current velocity and rainfall on the distribution of EPT community. The insects were sampled using the litter bags incubation in a third-order subtropical stream located on Santa Catarina Island, Southern Brazil. The abundance of EPT was monitored for 24 months between January 2012 and December 2013. We identified 530 EPT specimens belonging to 11 families and 20 genera.  The community showed a significant variation along the monitored time, mainly attributed to Trichoptera order. In addition to the results of this work the Ecnomidae family, Austrotinodes and Neotrichia genera represent new records for Santa Catarina State. Environmental variables varied significantly during the study time and depth and rainfall were the mainly environmental drivers acting under the community structure. We also observed a negatively correlation among rainfall and EPT community, especially to Trichoptera, which showed a strong temporal variation. In this study the EPT community displays a strong temporal variation along the monitored time, mainly attributed to rainfall events, characteristic of subtropical region. We also suggest that body adaptations also have an influence in the EPT community structure, once under flood event conditions these adaptations may offer advantage or disadvantage to invertebrate establishment, as pointed in the Trichoptera order.
Hypodontia, Microdontia and Tooth rotation: A rare clinical triad
Authors: Kaur Pushappreet
Published: October 2016

Hypodontia, microdontia and rotations are developmental dental anomalies resulting from genetic and epigenetic disturbances during tooth initiation, morphogenesis and eruption stages; with variable effects on function and dentofacial esthetics depending upon their severity. Hypodontia and microdontia may occur in syndromic or isolated non-syndromic forms based on presence or absence of congenital defects. This article briefly reviews hypodontia, microdontia and tooth rotation; and discusses a rare case presenting combination of these anomalies along with a possible treatment proposal.
Effect of Riboflavin/UVA Collagen Cross-linking on Central Cornea, Limbus and Intraocular Pressure. Experimental Study in Rabbit Eyes
Authors: Kozobolis Vassilios , Gkika Maria , Sideroudi Haris , Tsaragli Efthymia , Lydataki Stylliani , Naoumidi Irini , Giatromanolaki Alexandra , Mikropoulos Dimitrios , Teus Miguel , Labiris Georgios
Published: October 2016

The Purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of riboflavin/ultraviolet-A-induced collagen cross-linking (CXL) on central cornea, limbus and intraocular pressure (IOP). This was an animal experimental study. The right corneas of 10 rabbits were ultraviolet-A irradiated (3 mW/cm2 for 30 minutes) after de-epithelialization and instillation of 0.1% riboflavin / 20% Dextran drops. Left corneas served as controls. Samples were examined histologically one month postoperatively. Before and after treatment, IOP measurements were recorded bilaterally. At central cornea of eyes underwent CXL keratocyte repopulation, normal arrangement of collagen fibres and a statistically significant change in fibres diameter were detected, compared to controls. At limbus area, there were not any significant histological differences after CXL. There was no statistically significant difference between pre- and postoperative IOP in all eyes.
Thyroid Gland Metastasis from Cancer of the Uterine Cervix: An Extremely Rare Case Report
Authors: Celik Suleyman Utku , Besli Dilara , Sak Serpil Dizbay , Genc Volkan
Published: October 2016

The thyroid gland is a relatively uncommon site for a metastatic disease, although it is richly supplied with blood. The metastases may originate from various primary sites, mainly kidney, lung, head and neck, and breast. Thyroid metastasis from cervical carcinomas is extremely rare; and only a few cases have been previously reported in the literature. In patient with thyroid nodules and an oncological history, the possibility of thyroid metastasis should be seriously considered. Despite the rarity of the metastasis of cervical carcinoma to the thyroid, it is difficult to say appropriate treatment approach for these lesions. When managing such patients, decision-making should balance the possibility of gaining long-term survival against estimation of the aggressiveness of the disease and its possible complications. Here, a case of thyroid metastasis from a squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix presenting with cervical mass and difficulty in swallowing and its treatment is reported.
Comparison of total polyphenols content and antioxidant potential of wines from ‘Welschriesling’ and ‘Sauvignon Blanc’ varieties during ageing on fine lees
Authors: Lužar Jasna , JUG Tjaša , JAMNIK Polona , KOŠMERL Tatjana
Published: October 2016

Phenolic compounds are key components of wine, since they contribute to wine characteristics such as colour, astringency and bitterness. They also act like antioxidants, with mechanisms involving free-radical scavenging that could prevent cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The aim of the present work was to compare the obtained results of total polyphenols content and antioxidant potential (AOP) of several white wines (welschriesling and sauvignon blanc) during ageing on fine lees. The total polyphenols content decreased in average for 16.1 % in welschriesling wines and for 18.7 % in sauvignon blanc wines in the period of three months of wine ageing on lees. In the same period AOP of wines decreased in average for 16.0 % in welschriesling wines and for 8.0 % in sauvignon blanc wines. Expectedly, the samples with added oak chips in grape must had higher antioxidant potential than others.
Land Sensitivity Analysis of Degradation using MEDALUS model: Case Study of Deliblato Sands, Serbia
Authors: Kadović Ratko , Bohajar Yousef Ali Mansour , Perović Veljko , Simić Snežana Belanović , Todosijević Mirjana , Tošić Sonja , Anđelić Milosav , Mlađan Dragan , Dovezenski Una
Published: October 2016

This paper studies the assessment of sensitivity to land degradation of Deliblato sands (the northern part of Serbia), as a special nature reserve. Sandy soils of Deliblato sands are highly sensitive to degradation (given their fragility), while the system of land use is regulated according to the law, consisting of three zones under protection. Based on the MEDALUS approach and the characteristics of the study area, four main factors were considered for evaluation: soil, climate, vegetation and management. Several indicators affecting the quality of each factor were identified. Each indicator was quantified according to its quality and given a weighting of between 1.0 and 2.0. ArcGIS 9 was utilized to analyze and prepare the layers of quality maps, using the geometric mean to integrate the individual indicator map. In turn, the geometric mean of all four quality indices was used to generate sensitivity of land degradation status map. Results showed that 56.26% of the area is classified as critical; 43.18% as fragile; 0.55% as potentially affected and 0.01% as not affected by degradation. The values of vegetation quality index, expressed as coverage, diversity of vegetation functions and management policy during the protection regime are clearly represented through correlation coefficient (0.87 and 0.47).
Changes in increment of trees diameters on plant-soil treatment system after long-term irrigation with domestic sewage
Authors: Pawęska Katarzyna , Kuczewski Krzysztof
Published: October 2016

Carbon dioxide sequestration and its long-term immobilisation in biomass is recently an extremely significant problem. Its greatest reserves occur in forests growing all over the globe. A human being, through their conscious action, ought to affect, among other things, the amount of carbon dioxide discharged into the atmosphere and its rational management. Here, quite a good solution seems to be the immobilisation of CO2in biomass of plants, and in particular, in trees, characterised by their longevity, which are used most frequently for that purpose.

Such carbon dioxide management allows for its several-decade immobilisation within living plants, while a further processing of wood mass allows for halting it for consecutive years in products manufactured. Additionally, in the case when within a selected land planted with trees the effluent irrigation is being carried out, simultaneous sewage treatment is also an advantage. By using plants characterised by intense increment in biomass within facilities, also biogens occurring in effluents may be effectively removed.

In the analysed case, sewage treatment consisted in entry of household sewage into a prepared surface which was previously subject to mechanical purification. All the sections were sown with grass mixture and plantings of poplar were used. Observations were made during the period of 17 years. The effluents entered onto the surface of the sections and the effluents outflowing from the facility were subject to a physicochemical analysis in order to determine the operational efficiency of a plant - soil treatment system. Also, a threefold inventory of a forest stand was made in order to determine the increment in trees.

The last inventory was made in 2014. Based on dendrological characteristics, the average volume of wood mass obtained from the land irrigated with effluents was assessed.

A rational management of effluents on the grounds without any central drainage allows for a parallel solution to some problems. First of all, purification of effluents in a natural environment by closing the matter cycle, and additionally contributing to the limitation of carbon dioxide emission by its halting in plant biomass.
Characteristics, behaviors and association between Human African Trypanosomiasis and HIV seropositivity among volunteer blood donors in a semi-rural area: A survey from Kikwit, the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Ndilu Lefils Kasiama , Ekila Mathilde Bothale , Mayuma Donald Fundji , Musaka Alain , Wumba Roger , Aloni Michel Ntetani
Published: October 2016

Blood safety is a major element in the strategy to control the HIV epidemic. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and the associated factors of a positive HIV test among blood donors and its association between Human African Trypanosomiasis in Kikwit, the Democratic Republic of Congo. A cross-sectional study was conducted between November 2012 and May 2013. An anonymous questionnaire was designed to extract relevant data. The average mean age of participants was 30 years. The majority were man (67.8%). The overall prevalence of HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human African trypanosomiasis was respectively 3.2%, 1.9%, 1.6%, 1.3% and 1.3%. Alcohol intake, casual unprotected sex, not using condoms during casual sex, sex after alcohol intake and seroprevalence of human African trypanosomiasis were significantly associated with a positive HIV test result ( p<0.05). In this study, sexual risk behaviors were the major risk factors associated with positive HIV tests in blood donors living in Kikwit. It is important to raise awareness about HIV and voluntary blood donation in response to some observations noted in this study such as the low educational level of the blood donors, the low level of knowledge of HIV prevention methods.
Linguistic Justice, van Parijs, and Esperanto
Authors: Gobbo Federico
Published: October 2016

In the European and world-wide scenario of linguistic justice offered by van Parijs (2011), it is argued that we need one lingua franca only and that the only suitable candidate is English. In order to sustain his argument, the author has to reject three known alternatives against the English-only scenario. The second alternative is Esperanto. Van Parijs argues that there are some inner defects in the Esperanto language, and therefore Esperanto is not suitable for the role of world-wide lingua franca. This paper offers counterarguments based on the evidence of facts, showing that if nowadays Esperanto is only a lesser-used language the reason is not in the inner traits of the language, rather in geopolitical decisions. I argue that in the most probable global scenario English still plays the actual major role, but along with other cultural languages being regional lingua francas.
A nonlinear decomposition attack
Authors: Roman’kov Vitaliĭ
Published: October 2016

This paper introduces a new type of attack, termed a nonlinear decomposition attack, against two known group-based key agreement protocols, namely, protocol based on extensions of (semi)groups by endomorphisms introduced by Kahrobaei, Shpilrain et al., and the noncommutative Diffie–Hellman protocol introduced by Ko, Lee et al. This attack works efficiently in the case when finitely generated nilpotent (more generally, polycyclic) groups are used as platforms. This attack is based on a deterministic algorithm that finds the secret shared key from the public data in both the protocols under consideration. Furthermore, we show that in this case one can break the schemes without solving the algorithmic problems on which the assumptions are based. The efficacy of the attack depends on the platform group, so it requires a more thorough analysis in each particular case.
Weighted generalized Drazin inverse in rings
Authors: Mosić Dijana , Djordjević Dragan S.
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we introduce and investigate the weighted generalized Drazin
inverse in rings. We also introduce and investigate the weighted EP elements
Investigation on the conversion of rapeseed oil via supercritical ethanol condition in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst
Authors: Hoang Dung , Bensaid Samir , Saracco Guido , Pirone Raffaele , Fino Debora
Published: October 2016

This article presents an environmentally friendly approach for the conversion of rapeseed oil via supercritical ethanol condition, with and without the presence of a solid catalyst, to produce biodiesel. The experiment was conducted in a batch reactor at various temperatures, reaction times, and ethanol to oil molar ratios. The evolution of process was followed by high performance liquid chromatography to determine accurately and quickly the content of final reaction mixture in a single analysis. The results show that the highest biodiesel yields of 93% (with ZnO) and 88% (with CaO) were obtained after the reaction time of 60 min at a temperature of 270°C. This process has high potential in minimizing the production cost of biodiesel due to its simplicity and technical advantage.
Structural characteristics of milled wood lignin (MWL) isolated from green liquor (GL) pretreated poplar (Populus deltoides)
Authors: Tan Xu , Jiang Bo , Yang Yiqin , Min Douyong , Jin Yongcan
Published: October 2016

Pretreatment is one of the key steps for the utilization of lignocellulosic biomasses via biorefinery. Green liquor (GL) pretreatment has been considered as an effective approach to improve the subsequent enzymatic saccharification. For the better understanding of the structural changes of lignin in GL pretreatment, milled wood lignin (MWL) samples isolated from untreated and GL-pretreated poplar by the Björkman method were characterized by means of gel permeation chromatography (GPC), alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation (NBO), Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and quantitative 13C and 2D heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (HSQC NMR). The results indicate that the average molecular weight of MWLs decreased after GL pretreatment. Surprisingly, more guaiacyl-propane units are extracted under mild alkaline conditions than syringyl-propane units, which results in a higher condensation degree and higher S/G ratios of MWLs isolated from GL-pretreated poplars. The amount of β–O–4 structures decreased, while the β–β and β-5 structures increased after GL pretreatment. The structure of esterified p-hydroxybenzoic acid was detected in poplar MWL sample and it degraded obviously after GL pretreatment.
Stress relaxation of composites made of polypropylene and organo-montmorillonite modified wood flour during water immersion
Authors: Liu Ru , Cao Jinzhen , Chen Yu
Published: October 2016

Wood flour (WF) was modified with sodium-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) to form an organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) inside WF at different OMMT concentrations from 0.25 to 1%. The modified WF was blended with polypropylene (PP) to produce PP/WF composites at a weight ratio of 1:1 by compression molding. The composites were immersed in water and their stress relaxation behaviors were investigated at 26, 40, and 60°C, respectively. Results: (1) All composites show stress relaxation with increasing compression testing time, indicating that they have pronounced rheological properties. (2) The stress relaxation becomes more severe with increasing temperature and water immersion time. (3) OMMT improves the stiffness of the composites with slower stress relaxation, and the PP/WF0.5% OMMT seems to perform best among all.
Freie Märkte? Zur Konzeption von Konnektivität, Wettbewerb und Markt im vorklassischen Wirtschaftsdenken und die Lektionen aus der Geschichte
Authors: Rössner Philipp Robinson
Published: October 2016

Freier Wettbewerb, Konnektivität und ungehinderter Austausch gelten seit der Ausformung des klassisch-liberalen, manchmal auch als ‚modern? bezeichneten Wirtschaftsdenkens um 1750 als Erfolgsrezept für Wirtschaftswachstum und Wohlstand innerhalb einer zunehmend vernetzten Welt. Dass es aber Handelsschranken und bewusst-steuernd in den Wirtschaftsprozess eingreifende Staaten (bzw. Obrigkeiten) gewesen sind, welche in der Regel die entscheidenden langfristigen ökonomischen Transformationsprozesse wie Industrialisierung, Globalisierung oder gar Europas Große Divergenz begünstigt, wenn nicht gar verursacht haben, ist von der Forschung bislang weder in Erwägung gezogen noch gebührend analysiert worden. Im Rückgriff auf Diskurse in der präklassischen Ökonomik, vor allem der Merkantilisten und Kameralisten, in Kombination mit einer Synopse des empirischen Materials aus diversen europäischen Kontexten der Frühen Neuzeit wird in einem ersten Abschnitt die Rolle der Staaten und Obrigkeiten als zentrale Akteure der Schaffung wettbewerbsfähiger Ökonomien diskutiert (I), bevor ein weiterer Abschnitt die diskursive Figuration von Wettbewerb im Schriftgut zwischen Mittelalter und Neuzeit kritisch neu beleuchtet (II). Ein dritter Abschnitt widmet sich empirisch dem Verhalten auf und der Regulation von Märkten, unter konkretem Rückgriff auf Maßnahmen, die traditionell dem Bereich der „Guten Policey“ zugeordnet werden (III). Der Beitrag konkludiert, dass das moderne Paradigma des „freien Marktes“ in doppelter Hinsicht eine Chimäre ist; zum einen schließen sich geregeltes und gleichgewichtiges Marktverhalten und Freiheit gegenseitig aus; zum anderen hat der „freie Markt“ der modernen (neoklassischen) Theorie seine Wurzeln entgegen der landläufigen Ansicht im sogenannten merkantilistischen bzw. – für die deutschen Länder – dem Kameralismus und kameralistischen Wirtschaftsdenken (mit Wurzeln in der Spätscholastik).
Use of Iranian Milkweed Seed Oil to Increase Oxidative Stability of Olive Cultivar Roghani Oil
Authors: Azizpour Mehran , Najafzadeh Mahmoud , Yolmeh Mahmoud , Sangatash Masoomeh Mehraban
Published: October 2016

This study aimed to evaluate fatty acid composition and physicochemical properties of Iranian milkweed seed oil (IMSO) and olive cultivar Roghani oil (OCRO). The extraction yield and unsaturated fatty acids content of IMSO were 21.9 % (dry basis) and 65 %, respectively. The monounsaturated fatty acids/polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio, calculated oxidizability, peroxide value, unsaponifiable matter, total tocopherol content, total phenolic content, total sterol, wax content, carbonyl value, conjugated diene value and oxidative stability index of IMSO and OCRO were measured. The results indicated that oxidation stability (OS) of IMSO (6.46 h) was significantly higher than OS of OCRO (5.53 h). In addition, application of IMSO to OCRO resulted in higher OS that was the greatest after 10 % addition of IMSO.
Performance of Different OCDMA Codes with FWM and XPM Nonlinear Effects
Authors: Rana Shivani , Gupta Amit
Published: October 2016

In this paper, 1 Gb/s non-linear optical code division multiple access system have been simulated and modeled. To reduce multiple user interference multi-diagonal (MD) code which possesses the property of having zero cross-correlation have been deployed. The MD code shows better results than Walsh-Hadamard and multi-weight code under the nonlinear effect of four-wave mixing (FWM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM). The simulation results reveal that effect of FWM reduces when MD codes are employed as compared to other codes.
Enhanced Performance Analysis of Inter-aircraft Optical Wireless Communication Link Using Array of Photodetectors
Authors: Singh Mehtab
Published: October 2016

This paper investigates the impact of various parameters on the performance of inter-aircraft optical wireless communication (IaOWC) link. Also, an improved performance analysis of a 2.5 Gbps IaOWC link using an array of photodetectors at the receiver terminal has been reported. The results show an increase in the SNR and total power of the received signal at a link distance of 100 km by deploying a photodetector array at the receiver terminal.
All-Optical Half-Adder Circuit Based on Beam Interference Principle of Photonic Crystal
Authors: Swarnakar Sandip , Kumar Santosh , Sharma Sandeep
Published: October 2016

Now a day’s photonic crystals (PhCs) are in trends for designing of various integrated circuits like combinational and sequential circuits. The designing of all-optical half adder circuit based on beam interference principle, using T-shaped square lattice with silica dielectric rods in air background, is proposed. This design is a combination of two structures: one part of it works as AND gate and other part works as XOR gate. This structure is simulated using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and verified numerically using PWE band solver and also using MATLAB.
Non-androgen secreting adrenocortical carcinoma in preadolescence: a case report and literature review
Authors: Narumi Hiroko , Hasegawa Shunji , Waki Kazuyuki , Fukuda Ken , Ohnishi Yuji , Ichimura Takuya , Fujimoto Yousuke , Katsura Shunsaku , Kawano Hiroo , Ikeda Eiji , Okada Satoshi , Ohga Shouichi
Published: October 2016

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy in childhood. Affected children with ACC mostly present with virilization, but not the pure form of Cushing’s syndrome. A 9-year-old Japanese girl was hospitalized, because of the unstable emotions and excessive weight gain. She was diagnosed as having Cushing’s syndrome and a left adrenal tumor. The adrenalectomy led to the pathological diagnosis of ACC without metastasis. There was no mutation of
Pregnancy outcomes regarding maternal serum AFP value in second trimester screening
Authors: Bartkute Karolina , Balsyte Dalia , Wisser Josef , Kurmanavicius Juozas
Published: October 2016

Aim:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of α-fetoprotein in maternal serum (MS-AFP) as a marker for diverse pregnancy outcomes.

Methods:

The study was based on pregnancy and delivery data from 5520 women between 1999 and 2014 at University Hospital of Zurich (UHZ). Inclusion criteria: both MS-AFP and pregnancy outcome were known for the same pregnancy. Pregnancy outcomes and characteristics such as fetal malformation, intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) and intrauterine growth retardation as well as maternal age, weight before pregnancy, gestational age (GA) at delivery, newborn weight, length and head circumference were analyzed with respect to the MS-AFP value. MS-AFP value was categorized into three groups: elevated MS-AFP>2.5 multiples of the median (MoM), normal 0.5–2.49 MoM and decreased <0.5 MoM.

Results:

Newborn weight (g) and length (cm) were significantly lower in the elevated MS-AFP (P<0.001) group, and infants had 1 week lower GA at delivery (P<0.05). In the group of elevated MS-AFP (n=46), 26.1% of pregnancies were significantly related to adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as fetal malformations, fetuses small for gestational age (SGA) and IUFD. Adverse pregnancy outcomes of 5.6% were registered in the group of normal MS-AFP and 7.3% in the group of low MS-AFP (P<0.05).

Conclusion:

MS-AFP level in the second trimester is still an important indicator of fetal surface malformations; however, ultrasound still outweighs as a screening method. Nevertheless, pregnant women with elevated MS-AFP values and with no sonographically detected fetal malformations should additionally receive the third trimester ultrasound examination to exclude other possible complications of pregnancy.
The Long and Winding Road – Path Towards Facilitation of Development in the WTO: Reflections on the Doha Round and Beyond
Authors: Lee Yong-Shik
Published: October 2016

The current multilateral trading system under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) displays a substantial development gap in the regulatory and institutional frameworks. The Doha Round negotiations, which was initiated to promote development interests under the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), have not been concluded for over 14 years, raising doubts about the ability of the WTO system to promote development interests effectively. While the Doha Round was sluggish for a number of years, regional trade agreements, which currently include every WTO Member, have been proliferated, creating significant implications for developing countries. This article examines the development of the Doha Round, analyzes the causes of its impasse, and explores its future prospects. The article also discusses the development gap in the current trading system and advances reform proposals to fill the gap in the system.
Practical Aspects of Log-ratio Coordinate Representations in Regression with Compositional Response
Authors: Fišerová Eva , Donevska Sandra , Hron Karel , Bábek Ondřej , Vaňkátová Kristýna
Published: October 2016

Regression analysis with compositional response, observations carrying relative information, is an appropriate tool for statistical modelling in many scientific areas (e.g. medicine, geochemistry, geology, economics). Even though this technique has been recently intensively studied, there are still some practical aspects that deserve to be further analysed. Here we discuss the issue related to the coordinate representation of compositional data. It is shown that linear relation between particular orthonormal coordinates and centred log-ratio coordinates can be utilized to simplify the computation concerning regression parameters estimation and hypothesis testing. To enhance interpretation of regression parameters, the orthogonal coordinates and their relation with orthonormal and centred log-ratio coordinates are presented. Further we discuss the quality of prediction in different coordinate system. It is shown that the mean squared error (MSE) for orthonormal coordinates is less or equal to the MSE for log-transformed data. Finally, an illustrative real-world example from geology is presented.
Crystal structure of 1,2,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine, C14H16N2
Authors: Li Zhong-Yan , Yuan Xian-You , Yuan Lin , Zhang Min
Published: October 2016

C14H16N2, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 32.300(3) Å, b = 7.2653(6) Å, c = 10.4316(10) Å, β = 102.133(5)°, V =2393.3(4) Å3, Z = 8, R
gt(F) = 0.0464, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1411, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of (E)-1-(2-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)hydrazinyl)phthalazine hydrochloride–ethanol (1/1), C15H17ClN4OS
Authors: El-Faham Ayman , Ghabbour Hazem A.
Published: October 2016

C15H17ClN4OS, triclinic, P1̅ (no. 2), a = 7.5069(2) Å, b = 9.4329(3) Å, c = 11.9723(4) Å, α = 81.6963(11)°, β = 78.2307(9)°, γ = 86.700(1)°, V = 820.91(4) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0621, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.1923, T = 100 K.
The crystal structure of 3-((1R,2S)-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium-2-yl)pyridin-1-ium tetrachloridocobaltate(II) monohydrate, C10H18Cl4CoN2O
Authors: Reiss Guido J. , Sergeeva Alena
Published: October 2016

C10H18Cl4CoN2O, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 7.0057(3) Å, b = 7.4317(3) Å, c = 29.2510(13) Å, V = 1522.93(11) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0356, wRref(F2) = 0.0737, T = 110 K.
Effect of the variation of the gating system on the magnetic properties of injection molded pole-oriented rings
Authors: Kurth Katharina H. , Drummer Dietmar
Published: October 2016

The demand for contactless and wear-free sensor systems for the measurement of different physical values, such as angle, position, or speed has increased over the past years and opened up new application areas for magnetically sensitive sensors. Polymer bonded magnets can be used as signal transmitters in these sensor applications. In general, a high precision and good repeatability of the magnetic field is required, whereas in particular, a high peak flux density and accurate pole length of each pole is demanded for precise measurement. These polymer bonded magnets can be produced economically using the injection molding process with an integrated magnetization of the particles, such that a second magnetization step is unnecessary. This article addresses the influences of the gating system on the magnetic properties of multipolar bonded rings. Further, the particle orientation as well as filler content at different locations, and along the pathway are investigated. It was evaluated that the gating system significantly influences the pole length accuracy, as well as the peak flux density. However, differences in the filler orientation and content cannot be analyzed quantitatively.
The Soaking Resistance of Electronic Storage Media
Authors: Iraci Joe
Published: October 2016

In a disaster event involving water, the length of time that collection materials remain wet is a critical factor in determining whether a successful recovery is possible. There is a substantial knowledge base for the water immersion resistance of traditional information carriers such as paper documents but not for electronic storage media. In this study, floppy diskettes, VHS videotapes, optical discs, and flash media, were immersed in different water baths for various time intervals. The baths consisted of two different sources of tap water, a more corrosive tap water solution, and artificial seawater. Most electronic media survived well in clean tap water but problems occurred with some CDs and VHS tapes. More damage became evident with electronic storage media when the immersion bath was more corrosive. For some media, such as optical discs, whether damage occurred was likely linked to the manufacturing quality of the media. Drying methods were also explored. Air-drying was determined to be the best method for recovering wet electronic storage media. Freeze-thaw-air drying and vacuum freeze-drying methods can destroy CDs and DVDs and should be avoided. If wet materials cannot be recovered and dried promptly, it was established that storage in cool water reduces deterioration significantly.
Eurobonds: A Quantitative Approach
Authors: Baglioni Angelo , Cherubini Umberto
Published: October 2016

The structural model of sovereign credit risk introduced in an earlier paper by the authors is applied here to measure the impact of introducing Eurobonds. Tranching (i. e. splitting the public debt into a senior and a junior tranche) is coupled with a cross-guarantee among eurozone countries and with a cash transfer. We show that Eurobonds can reduce the overall cost of servicing the public debt for some (high debt) countries in the euro area without increasing the cost for other countries. Moreover, they are likely to give governments an incentive to curb their deficits, due to the higher marginal cost of debt.
Consequences of Different Eurobond Proposals
Authors: Schäfer Hans-Bernd , Bigus Jochen
Published: October 2016

We analyze various Eurobond proposals and show that they have different effects on moral hazard, interest rates, international transfer payments and the necessity for European fiscal centralization. On closer inspection, these consequences are more diverse than the discussion on Eurobonds so far suggests. For instance, Eurobonds might increase rather than decrease marginal interest rates in weaker countries. Some proposals lead to international transfer payments while others do not. Some require changes to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, others require changes to national constitutions, and others yet require both. Some proposals, while not necessitating such legal change, may still have mutual advantages for the issuing states.
Contagion in the EMU – The Role of Eurobonds with OMTs
Authors: Favero Carlo A. , Missale Alessandro
Published: October 2016

We find strong evidence of country interdependence in the pricing of default risk, which suggests that a crisis can easily propagate from countries with weak fiscal fundamentals to other fiscally sounder member States. Interest rate interdependence differs between countries with high interest rates – high yielders – and countries with low interest rates – low yielders –. The former countries are linked through global spreads; i. e. they are exposed to the interest rate spreads (over Germany) of other troubled countries to a degree which increases with fiscal proximity. Low yielders with sounder fiscal fundamentals are partially immune from the high interest rates of fiscally weak member States but are still exposed to the risk of a euro break-up that is priced in Quanto CDS. This “euro risk” factor is a main driver of the interest rate spreads of low yielders until August 2012. More importantly, our case study of Italy shows that the impact of the global spread variable is dominated by changes in market sentiment, a sign that the Italian 2011–2012 crisis had the characteristics of a debt run more than a crisis of fundamentals. This evidence suggests that Eurobonds would be justified as an instrument for crisis prevention in the absence of a “lender of last resort”. With the announcement of OMTs, the ECB seems to have taken such role upon itself, mainly as a response to the risk of a euro break-up. We show that OMTs led to a significant fall in the impact effect of the global spread variable in the Italian case. The ECB’s ability to buy member States’ bonds reduces the risk of a self-fulfilling debt run but also deprives Eurobonds of their role in crisis prevention. Proposals to introduce Eurobonds to finance investment projects and expenditures related to the security and refugee crisis appear more realistic.
Is there Life in the Old Dog Yet? Observations on the Political Economy and Constitutional Viability of Common Debt Issuing in the Euro Area
Authors: Amtenbrink Fabian , Repasi René , De Haan Jakob
Published: October 2016

Departing from a political economy analysis of the benefits of common debt issuance by the Eurozone member states, we examine to what extent the various proposals for Eurobonds may be considered admissible under EU law and exemplary national (constitutional) laws, including those of Germany, Estonia, France, Ireland and Poland, from which one can deduce general national constitutional requirements applicable in all Eurozone member states. The medium and long-term potential gains from increased Eurozone stability and improved fiscal discipline must be traded off against the considerable legal and political obstacles of implementing any of these proposals. Yet key to the success of any common debt issuance is the effective dealing with the legacy debt of the Eurozone member states.
Eurobonds Past and Present: A Comparative Review on Debt Mutualization in Europe
Authors: Esteves Rui Pedro , Tunçer Ali Coşkun
Published: October 2016

This paper reviews the economic and historical literature on debt mutualization in Europe with reference to pre-1914 guaranteed bonds and the current Eurobonds debate. We argue that, notwithstanding the differences in scale and nature, debt mutualization solutions similar to Eurobonds were tried before, and the closest historical examples to the present debate are the pre-1914 guaranteed bonds. We highlight three key characteristics of debt mutualization, which are apparent both in the current debate and in history: moral hazard, debt dilution and conditionality. We show that the fears about short-run dilution and moral hazard were not unknown to pre-1914 market participants. These problems were partly addressed by mechanisms of conditionality such as international financial control. The historical evidence suggests that the dilution of outstanding obligations may be overplayed in the current debate. On the contrary, creditors’ moral hazard (ignored in current debt mutualization proposals) was as problematic as the usual debtor’s moral hazard –especially when the groups of countries guaranteeing the bonds and the creditor nations did not overlap entirely.
Negatives Rechtsbewußtsein
Authors: Lautmann Rüdiger
Published: October 2016

Auf dem Hintergrund von Mobilisierung und Responsivierung des Rechts wird ein Konzept ‚Rechtsbewußtsein‘ entwickelt und in seinen handlungstheoretischen Dimensionen präzisiert. In einer qualitativen Analyse von Daten aus nondirektiven Interviews und Gruppendiskussionen werden Ausprägungen des Rechtsbewußtseins beschrieben, die zwischen Frauen und Männern differieren. Als geschlechtstypisch akzentuiert erweisen sich: die kognitive Distanz zum Recht, die subjektiven Theorien über Recht, das Anspruchsbewußtsein, die instrumentell/expressive Orientierung auf Recht, die Ego-vs.-Alter-Richtung juristischer Investition, der Eingriffsbereich von Recht, die Bevorzugung von Aushandeln statt juristischen Entscheidens, die Rezeption struktureller Merkmale von Recht, die Handlungsautonomie im Recht, die Neigung zur Anmeldung oder zum Verzicht, die Zuschreibung von juristischer Kompetenz, der Zugang zur Rechtsberatung sowie einige Inkonsistenzen im Rechtsbewußtsein. Abschließend werden Orientierungshypothesen zur Erklärung der Befunde formuliert.
Verwaltungssprache und Bürgerinteressen: Sprachbarrieren im Publikumsverkehr in ihrer Bedeutung für Rechtsinanspruchnahme und Rechtsausschöpfung. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Oberwindung
Authors: Albrecht Richard , Reidegeld Eckart
Published: October 2016

Vor dem Hintergrund der zunehmenden Abhängigkeit der Bevölkerung von öffentlich organisierten Sozialleistungen, der Verrechtlichung und politischen Gestaltung sozialer Verhältnisse, wird auf das Problem der Vollzugsdefizite von Sozialleistungen hingewiesen, Ansätze zur Erklärung von Vollzugsdefiziten werden dargestellt. Die Frage nach dem Stellenwert der Verwaltungssprache für diese Zusammenhänge wird konzeptionell und anhand empirischer Forschungsergebnisse diskutiert. Auf der Folie dieser Vorüberlegungen werden sprach- und handlungstheoretische Konzepte entfaltet, die bei praktischer Anwendung und entsprechend dem Stellenwert der Verwaltungssprache geeignet sind, Vollzugsdefizite im Verwaltungshandeln zu vermindern und somit den Bürgerinteressenten dienen können. Abschließend werden die Grenzen derartiger Strategien hervorgehoben und notwendige ergänzende Maßnahmen zur Verminderung von Vollzugsdefiziten im und durch das Verwaltungshandeln angesprochen.