bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caveolin 1 is critical for abdominal aortic aneurysm formation induced by angiotensin II and inhibition of lysyl oxidase
Authors: Takayanagi Takehiko , Crawford Kevin J. , Kobayashi Tomonori , Obama Takashi , Tsuji Toshiyuki , Elliott Katherine J. , Hashimoto Tomoki , Rizzo Victor , Eguchi Satoru
Published: December 2013

Although AngII (angiotensin II) and its receptor AT1R (AngII type 1 receptor) have been implicated in AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysm) formation, the proximal signalling events primarily responsible for AAA formation remain uncertain. Caveolae are cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains that serve as a signalling platform to facilitate the temporal and spatial localization of signal transduction events, including those stimulated by AngII. Cav1 (caveolin 1)-enriched caveolae in vascular smooth muscle cells mediate ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17)-dependent EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) transactivation, which is linked to vascular remodelling induced by AngII. In the present study, we have tested our hypothesis that Cav1 plays a critical role for the development of AAA at least in part via its specific alteration of AngII signalling within caveolae. Cav1−/− mice and the control wild-type mice were co-infused with AngII and β-aminopropionitrile to induce AAA. We found that Cav1−/− mice with the co-infusion did not develop AAA compared with control mice in spite of hypertension. We found an increased expression of ADAM17 and enhanced phosphorylation of EGFR in AAA. These events were markedly attenuated in Cav1−/− aortas with the co-infusion. Furthermore, aortas from Cav1−/− mice with the co-infusion showed less endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses compared with aortas from control mice. Cav1 silencing in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells prevented AngII-induced ADAM17 induction and activation. In conclusion, Cav1 appears to play a critical role in the formation of AAA and associated endoplasmic reticulum/oxidative stress, presumably through the regulation of caveolae compartmentalized signals induced by AngII.
Triple band‐notched UWB antenna based on SIR‐DGS and fork‐shaped stubs
Authors: Zhang Chaozhu , Zhang Jing , Li Lin
Published: December 2013

A compact CPW‐fed triple band‐notched antenna for ultra‐wide bandwidth (UWB) application is presented. By introducing an stepped impedance resonator‐defected ground structure (SIR‐DGS) and fork‐shaped stubs, three sharp notches are achieved at frequencies of 3.5, 5.68 and 7.48 GHz. The proposed antenna working from 2.8 to 11.3 GHz with a voltage standing wave ratio of <2 is demonstrated, except for the selected notched bands. The main advantage of the antenna is that the frequency of the notched band can be tuned easily in a wide frequency range. A good agreement between the measurement and the simulation was achieved. The measurements confirm that the technique introduces negligible antenna radiation pattern distortion, except at the triple‐notched frequencies.
Clustering multi‐hop information dissemination method in vehicular ad hoc networks
Authors: Tian Daxin , Wang Yunpeng , Xia Haiying , Cai Fengtian
Published: December 2013

As a special case of mobile ad hoc networks, vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) have attracted great interest in the research community. With the help of wireless communication, many of the safety related and non‐safety related applications can be realised in VANETs. In the multi‐hop and dynamic topology networks, building and maintaining a route is very challenging. To disseminate information among the vehicles and the infrastructures efficiently, a position‐based clustering multi‐hop routing method is proposed. The method hierarchically organises VANETs based on the competitive learning Hebb neural network, which partitions the vehicles into clusters, and these clusters are represented by virtual cluster‐heads. The method is evaluated using NS2 and compared with typical ad hoc routing protocol Ad hoc On‐Demand Distance Vector, Distance Routing Effect Algorithm for Mobility. The simulation results prove that the method is efficient.
Principal component analysis‐based learning for preceding vehicle classification
Authors: Mangai Muthulingam Alarmel , Gounden Nanjappagounder Ammasai
Published: December 2013

This study presents a new scheme for cluster generation and classification of preceding vehicles from images. The proposed clustering algorithm models the distribution of vehicle images using ‘vehicle’ clusters. ‘Non‐vehicle’ clusters are generated by modelling the distribution of non‐vehicle images. The clusters are created using K ‐means clustering algorithm. Hierarchically related nested eigenspaces are acquired to reassign the patterns of each cluster. An appropriate classifier is obtained to classify the vehicles based on the ‘distance‐from‐feature‐space’ measurement. The eigenspaces of vehicle clusters together with non‐vehicle clusters are used for classification. The approach of modelling the distribution of vehicle and non‐vehicle images and the choice of the classifier used are investigated through experiments thoroughly. Comparison on the performance of the proposed scheme is made with that of MultiClustered Modified Quadratic Discriminant Function approach of categorising the preceding vehicles. The superior performance of the proposed scheme is clearly illustrated through the classification results.
Reliability of an in‐vehicle warning system for railway level crossings – a user‐oriented analysis
Authors: Öörni Risto
Published: December 2013

This study analyses the reliability of an in‐vehicle warning system developed in Finland during 2008–2010. The system is based on the positioning of trains using GPS, calculation of the states of level crossings on a server and in‐vehicle equipment that retrieves information about the states of level crossings from the server. Information about the reliability of the system is very relevant for accurate estimation of the impacts of the system and for estimating the potential for improvements to it. The study starts with a description of the system under analysis, continues by defining the concept of reliability and provides an estimate for the reliability of the system from the user point of view. To achieve this objective, the study defines the relevant concepts and describes a methodology for analysis of the reliability of the system. The main input to the analysis of reliability includes a brief overview of existing concepts related to the reliability of in‐vehicle ITS systems and empirical data obtained in a field test carried out in southern Finland. The analysis shows that the expected functionality has been achieved, but the reliability level of the pilot system needs improvement, especially reduction in the share of missed alarms.
Tunable antenna techniques for compact handset applications
Authors: Ali Shirook M. , Payandehjoo Kasra
Published: December 2013

Today's handset antenna needs to support many more bands complying with the standards specifications, yet still within the handset confined form factor. This study presents novel tunable antennas techniques. The antenna tuning here is achieved by loading the antenna aperture. Different loading types, topologies and placement options for optimised performance are investigated leading to design recommendations and guidelines. These are used in the successful design of two planar inverted‐F antenna‐based handset antennas with a low band tuning range of 620–950 MHz and a high band tuning range of 1.5–2.1 GHz. The designed tunable antennas are miniaturised in the process while maintaining very good radiation performance.
Investigating isomorphs with the topological cluster classification
Authors: Malins Alex , Eggers Jens , Royall C. Patrick
Published: December 2013

Isomorphs are lines in the density-temperature plane of certain “strongly correlating” or “Roskilde simple” liquids where two-point structure and dynamics have been shown to be close to identical up to a scale transformation. Here we consider such a liquid, a Lennard-Jones glass former, and investigate the behavior along isomorphs of higher-order structural and dynamical correlations. We then consider an inverse power law reference system mapped to the Lennard-Jones system [Pedersen et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 157801 (2010)]. Using the topological cluster classification to identify higher-order structures, in both systems we find bicapped square antiprisms, which are known to be a locally favored structure in the Lennard-Jones glass former. The population of these locally favored structures is up to 80% higher in the Lennard-Jones system than the equivalent inverse power law system. The structural relaxation time of the two systems, on the other hand, is almost identical, and the four-point dynamical susceptibility is marginally higher in the inverse power law system. Upon cooling, the lifetime of the locally favored structures in the Lennard-Jones system is up to 40% higher relative to the reference system.
Enhanced production of electron cyclotron resonance plasma by exciting selective microwave mode on a large-bore electron cyclotron resonance ion source with permanent magnet
Authors: Kimura Daiju , Kurisu Yosuke , Nozaki Dai , Yano Keisuke , Imai Youta , Kumakura Sho , Sato Fuminobu , Kato Yushi , Iida Toshiyuki
Published: December 2013

We are constructing a tandem type ECRIS. The first stage is large-bore with cylindrically comb-shaped magnet. We optimize the ion beam current and ion saturation current by a mobile plate tuner. They change by the position of the plate tuner for 2.45 GHz, 11–13 GHz, and multi-frequencies. The peak positions of them are close to the position where the microwave mode forms standing wave between the plate tuner and the extractor. The absorbed powers are estimated for each mode. We show a new guiding principle, which the number of efficient microwave mode should be selected to fit to that of multipole of the comb-shaped magnets. We obtained the excitation of the selective modes using new mobile plate tuner to enhance ECR efficiency.
Wetting kinetics of water nano-droplet containing non-surfactant nanoparticles: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Lu Gui , Hu Han , Duan Yuanyuan , Sun Ying
Published: December 2013

In this Letter, dynamic wetting of water nano-droplets containing non-surfactant gold nanoparticles on a gold substrate is examined via molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the addition of non-surfactant nanoparticles hinders the nano-second droplet wetting process, attributed to the increases in both surface tension of the nanofluid and friction between nanofluid and substrate. The droplet wetting kinetics decreases with increasing nanoparticle loading and water-particle interaction energy. The observed wetting suppression and the absence of nanoparticle ordering near the contact line of nano-sized droplets differ from the wetting behaviors reported from nanofluid droplets of micron size or larger.
Finite size effects in L1o-FePt nanoparticles
Authors: Lyberatos A. , Weller D. , Parker G. J.
Published: December 2013

Finite size effects on the temperature dependence of the uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, longitudinal and transverse susceptibilities and specific heat are examined for L1o-ordered FePt nanoparticles using an atomistic model based on an effective classical spin Hamiltonian. At low temperatures below criticality, we study the intrinsic uniaxial magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) K1 and its scaling with magnetization K1(T)∼Ms(T)δ and using Langevin dynamics simulations we show that the dependence of the exponent δ on the size L and aspect ratio of the grain arises from decomposition of the MAE into bulk and surface dependent terms. Monte Carlo simulations in the critical regime near the Curie temperature Tc, show that the temperature variation of the specific heat and longitudinal susceptibility is given by finite size scaling relations c=Lα/νc̃(L1/νϵ) and χ=Lγ/νχ̃(L1/νϵ), respectively, where ϵ=(T−Tc)/Tc is the reduced temperature, and the susceptibility scaling function χ̃ can be approximated by a Lorentzian. Our estimates of the critical exponents α,γ, and ν appear to be in agreement with the universality class of the 3D Ising model.
Performance characterization of fiber Bragg grating thermal response in space vacuum thermal environment
Authors: Jiang Junfeng , Song Luyao , Liu Tiegen , Zhang Jingchuan , Liu Kun , Wang Shuang , Yin Jinde , Zhao Peng , Xie Jihui , Wu Fan , Zhang Xuezhi
Published: December 2013

We investigated the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) thermal response in space vacuum thermal environment. The FBGs were packaged with 6061-T6 aluminum. The liquid nitrogen immersion experiment results show that its wavelength shift standard deviation is 0.76 pm for 217 h. The combination effect of vacuum and cryogenic temperature was studied by thermal cycling process in space environment simulator. The FBG sensors show accuracy better than 2% full scale, and the hysteresis errors are below 1%. It proves that these metal packaged FBG sensors can survive and meet the requirement of space measurement.
Probing non-adiabatic conical intersections using absorption, spontaneous Raman, and femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Patuwo Michael Y. , Lee Soo-Y.
Published: December 2013

We present the time-frame calculated photoabsorption spectrum (ABS), spontaneous Raman excitation profile (REP), femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) spectrum, and femtosecond stimulated Raman excitation profile (FSREP) results of a two-mode and three-mode, three-electronic-states model Hamiltonians containing conical intersections (CIs) along its two upper diabatic electronic states, e1 (dark) and e2 (bright), with and without coupling (nonadiabatic dynamics) along an asymmetric mode. For every electronic state in each model, there is one coupling mode and the rest of the modes are symmetric tuning modes. The CI appears in the Hamiltonian as off-diagonal entries to the potential term that couple the two upper states, in the form of a linear function of the coupling mode. We show that: (a) the ABS, REP, and FSREP for Stokes and anti-Stokes lines contain similar information about the e1 and e2 vibrational bands, (b) the FSRS spectra feature narrow stationary peaks and broader moving peaks contributed by the different resonant components of the third-order polarization terms from perturbation theory, and (c) a relatively strong and narrow stationary band of the allowed first overtone of the asymmetric coupling mode is observed in the Stokes FSREP in the e1 energy region with coupling to e2.
Proximity effect bilayer nano superconducting quantum interference devices for millikelvin magnetometry
Authors: Blois A. , Rozhko S. , Hao L. , Gallop J. C. , Romans E. J.
Published: December 2013

Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) incorporating thin film nanobridges as weak links have sensitivities approaching that required for single spin detection at 4.2 K. However, due to thermal hysteresis they are difficult to operate at much lower temperatures which hinder their application to many quantum measurements. To overcome this, we have developed nanoscale SQUIDs made from titanium-gold proximity bilayers. We show that their electrical properties are consistent with a theoretical model developed for heat flow in bilayers and demonstrate that they enable magnetic measurements to be made on a sample at system temperatures down to 60 mK.
Computing UV/vis spectra from the adiabatic and vertical Franck-Condon schemes with the use of Cartesian and internal coordinates
Authors: Götze Jan P. , Karasulu Bora , Thiel Walter
Published: December 2013

We address the effects of using Cartesian or internal coordinates in the adiabatic Franck-Condon (AFC) and vertical Franck-Condon (VFC) approaches to electronic spectra. The adopted VFC approach is a simplified variant of the original approach [A. Hazra, H. H. Chang, and M. Nooijen, J. Chem. Phys. 151, 2125 (2004)], as we omit any contribution from normal modes with imaginary frequency. For our test molecules ranging from ethylene to flavin compounds, VFC offers several advantages over AFC, especially by preserving the properties of the FC region and by avoiding complications arising from the crossing of excited-state potential surfaces or from the failure of the harmonic approximation. The spectral quality for our target molecules is insensitive to the chosen approach. We also explore the effects of Duschinsky rotation and relate the need for internal coordinates to the absence of symmetry elements. When using Duschinsky rotation and treating larger systems without planar symmetry, internal coordinates are found to outperform Cartesian coordinates in the AFC spectral calculations.
Spin-selective recombination reactions of radical pairs: Experimental test of validity of reaction operators
Authors: Maeda Kiminori , Liddell Paul , Gust Devens , Hore P. J.
Published: December 2013

Spin-selective reactions of radical pairs are conventionally modelled using an approach that dates back to the 1970s [R. Haberkorn, Mol. Phys. 32, 1491 (1976)]. An alternative approach based on the theory of quantum measurements has recently been suggested [J. A. Jones and P. J. Hore, Chem. Phys. Lett. 488, 90 (2010)]. We present here the first experimental attempt to discriminate between the two models. Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to investigate intramolecular electron transfer in the radical pair form of a carotenoid-porphyrin-fullerene molecular triad. The rate of spin-spin relaxation of the fullerene radical in the triad was found to be inconsistent with the quantum measurement description of the spin-selective kinetics, and in accord with the conventional model when combined with spin-dephasing caused by rotational modulation of the anisotropic g-tensor of the fullerene radical.
Measurement of surface temperature and emissivity of different materials by two-colour pyrometry
Authors: Raj Vinay C. , Prabhu S. V.
Published: December 2013

An experimental investigation is performed to substantiate the capability of a charge coupled device camera to measure local temperature and emissivity of different materials heated to temperatures above 500 °C by two-colour pyrometric technique using colorimetric method. Materials investigated are Inconel 718 with pyromark (high temperature paint), Inconel 718, stainless steel SS 304 and SS 316. Centerline temperature and emissivity distribution is obtained for target plates maintained at constant temperature by AC heating while complete temperature and emissivity distribution is provided for plates heated by flame impingement. The obtained results are compared with a calibrated infrared camera and thermocouples and the temperature distribution is found to be in close agreement. These results pertain to partially oxidized metal alloys covered in this study. Deviation in the measurement of emissivity can be attributed to its dependence on wavelength range, oxidation, and sensitivity of the image detector.
Anisotropic thermal anharmonicity of CdSiP2 and ZnGeP2: Ab initio calculations
Authors: Wei Lei , Zhang Guodong , Fan Weiliu , Li Yanlu , Yang Lei , Zhao Xian
Published: December 2013

The anisotropic thermal anharmonicity of CdSiP2 and ZnGeP2 has been studied by calculating the a- and c-axial Grüneisen parameters separately to cast light on the mechanism of anisotropic thermal expansivity of ABC2 chalcopyrite compounds. Both the Debye model and lattice dynamics theory were implemented to calculate the axial Grüneisen parameters. The variation of shear modulus, calculated from the Debye model, demonstrated normal behavior for ZnGeP2 but abnormal behavior for CdSiP2, and was thus assumed to be the most important parameter that determines anisotropic thermal anharmonicity. Using phonon frequency-based lattice dynamics, the axial mode Grüneisen parameters were calculated for not only the Γ-point but also for other K-points in the first Brillouin zone. The lowest B1 and B2 modes of both compounds were found to be new soft modes that were not observed in previous studies of volume-dependent mode Grüneisen parameters. The larger magnitude of these soft mode Grüneisen parameters of CdSiP2 was responsible for its greater abnormal axial thermal anharmonicity in the low-temperature range. The Grüneisen parameters became positive at 110 K for CdSiP2 and 80 K for ZnGeP2.
Edible oil structures at low and intermediate concentrations. I. Modeling, computer simulation, and predictions for X ray scattering
Authors: Pink David A. , Quinn Bonnie , Peyronel Fernanda , Marangoni Alejandro G.
Published: December 2013

Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are biologically important molecules which form the recently discovered highly anisotropic crystalline nanoplatelets (CNPs) and, ultimately, the large-scale fat crystal networks in edible oils. Identifying the hierarchies of these networks and how they spontaneously self-assemble is important to understanding their functionality and oil binding capacity. We have modelled CNPs and studied how they aggregate under the assumption that all CNPs are present before aggregation begins and that their solubility in the liquid oil is very low. We represented CNPs as rigid planar arrays of spheres with diameter ≈50 nm and defined the interaction between spheres in terms of a Hamaker coefficient, A, and a binding energy, VB. We studied three cases: weak binding, |VB|/kBT ≪ 1, physically realistic binding, VB = Vd(R, Δ), so that |VB|/kBT ≈ 1, and Strong binding with |VB|/kBT ≫ 1. We divided the concentration of CNPs, ϕ, with 0≤ϕ= 10−2 (solid fat content) ≤1, into two regions: Low and intermediate concentrations with 0<ϕ<0.25 and high concentrations with 0.25 < ϕ and considered only the first case. We employed Monte Carlo computer simulation to model CNP aggregation and analyzed them using static structure functions, S(q). We found that strong binding cases formed aggregates with fractal dimension, D, 1.7≤D≤1.8, in accord with diffusion limited cluster-cluster aggregation (DLCA) and weak binding formed aggregates with D=3, indicating a random distribution of CNPs. We found that models with physically realistic intermediate binding energies formed linear multilayer stacks of CNPs (TAGwoods) with fractal dimension D=1 for ϕ=0.06,0.13, and 0.22. TAGwood lengths were greater at lower ϕ than at higher ϕ, where some of the aggregates appeared as thick CNPs. We increased the spatial scale and modelled the TAGwoods as rigid linear arrays of spheres of diameter ≈500 nm, interacting via the attractive van der Waals interaction. We found that TAGwoods aggregated via DLCA into clusters with fractal dimension D=1.7−1.8. As the simulations were run further, TAGwoods relaxed their positions in order to maximize the attractive interaction making the process look like reaction limited cluster-cluster aggregation with the fractal dimension increasing to D=2.0−2.1. For higher concentrations of CNPs, many TAGwood clusters were formed and, because of their weak interactions, were distributed randomly with D=3.0. We summarize the hierarchy of structures and make predictions for X-ray scattering.
Nonlinear current-voltage characteristics due to quantum tunneling of phase slips in superconducting Nb nanowire networks
Authors: Trezza M. , Cirillo C. , Sabatino P. , Carapella G. , Prischepa S. L. , Attanasio C.
Published: December 2013

We report on the transport properties of an array of N∼30 interconnected Nb nanowires, grown by sputtering on robust porous Si substrates. The analyzed system exhibits a broad resistive transition in zero magnetic field, H, and highly nonlinear V(I) characteristics as a function of H, which can be both consistently described by quantum tunneling of phase slips.
Plasmonic off-axis unidirectional beaming of quantum-well luminescence
Authors: DiMaria Jeff , Dimakis Emmanouil , Moustakas Theodore D. , Paiella Roberto
Published: December 2013

Plasmonic off-axis unidirectional beaming of luminescence is demonstrated using nitride semiconductor quantum wells. The underlying mechanism involves the near-field excitation of surface plasmon polaritons on an ultrathin metal film, which are then diffractively scattered by an adjacent periodic array of asymmetric metallic nanoparticles. By tailoring the nanoparticles shape, we show that forward scattering can be suppressed in favor of backward diffraction (or vice versa), thereby enabling unidirectional beaming at geometrically tunable oblique angles. These nanostructures can be used to control the output light directionality of arbitrary planar luminescent devices, with a spatial resolution that would be unattainable with bulk optics.
Formation of nickel germanide on SiO2-capped n-Ge to lower its Schottky barrier height
Authors: Lin Guangyang , Tang Mengrao , Li Cheng , Huang Shihao , Lu Weifang , Wang Chen , Yan Guangming , Chen Songyan
Published: December 2013

In this Letter, NiGe/SiO2/n-Ge ohmic contacts were demonstrated with Ge, rather than Ni, diffusion through the ion-implanted SiO2 films to form NiGe. The equivalent Schottky barrier height reduced from 0.58 eV for NiGe/n-Ge to ohmic contact. The anomalous diffusion behavior and accumulation of Ge in the SiO2 near the NiGe/SiO2 interface can be explained by vacancy-enhanced Ge diffusion. It is proposed that the presence of vacancies and Ge atoms embedded in the SiO2 layer play a significant role in the current enhancement by generation of multiple levels in the SiO2 band gap.
Tunneling magnetoresistance tuned by a vertical electric field in an AA-stacked graphene bilayer with double magnetic barriers
Authors: Wang Dali , Jin Guojun
Published: December 2013

We investigate the effect of a vertical electric field on the electron tunneling and magnetoresistance in an AA-stacked graphene bilayer modulated by the double magnetic barriers with parallel or antiparallel configuration. The results show that the electronic transmission properties in the system are sensitive to the magnetic-barrier configuration and the bias voltage between the graphene layers. In particular, it is found that for the antiparallel configuration, within the low energy region, the blocking effect is more obvious compared with the case for the parallel configuration, and even there may exist a transmission spectrum gap which can be arbitrarily tuned by the field-induced interlayer bias voltage. We also demonstrate that the significant discrepancy between the conductance for both parallel and antiparallel configurations would result in a giant tunneling magnetoresistance ratio, and further the maximal magnetoresistance ratio can be strongly modified by the interlayer bias voltage. This leads to the possible realization of high-quality magnetic sensors controlled by a vertical electric field in the AA-stacked graphene bilayer.
An alternative model for photodynamic therapy of cancers: Hot-band absorption
Authors: Wang Jing , Chen Jiyao
Published: December 2013

The sulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS), a photosensitizer for photodynamic cancer therapy (PDT), has an absorption tail in the near-infrared region (700–900 nm) which is so-called hot band absorption (HBA). With the HBA of 800 nm, the up-conversion excitation of AlPcS was achieved followed by the anti-Stocks emission (688 nm band) and singlet oxygen production. The HBA PDT of AlPcS seriously damaged the KB and HeLa cancer cells, with a typical light dose dependent mode. Particularly, the in vitro experiments with the AlPcS shielding solutions further showed that the HBA PDT can overcome a self-shielding effect benefiting the PDT applications.
Exciton and biexciton dynamics in single self-assembled InAs/InGaAlAs/InP quantum dash emitting near 1.55 μm
Authors: Dusanowski Ł. , Syperek M. , Rudno-Rudziński W. , Mrowiński P. , Sȩk G. , Misiewicz J. , Somers A. , Reithmaier J. P. , Höfling S. , Forchel A.
Published: December 2013

Exciton and biexciton dynamics in a single self-assembled InAs/In0.53Ga0.23Al0.24As/InP(001) quantum dash emitting near 1.55 μm has been investigated by micro-photoluminescence and time-resolved micro-photoluminescence at T = 4.2 K. The exciton and biexciton fine structure splitting of ∼60 μeV, the biexciton binding energy of ∼3.5 meV, and the characteristic exciton and biexciton decay times of 2.0 ± 0.1 ns and 1.1 ± 0.1 ns, respectively, have been determined. The measurement of the biexciton and exciton cross-correlation statistics of the photon emission confirmed the cascaded relaxation process. The exciton-to-biexciton decay time ratio and a small fine structure splitting suggest carrier localization within the investigated quantum dash.
Impact of transparent electrode on photoresponse of ZnO-based phototransistor
Authors: Lee Seunghyup , Ahn Seung-Eon , Jeon Yongwoo , Ahn Ji-Hoon , Song Ihun , Jeon Sanghun , Yun Dong-Jin , Kim Jungwoo , Choi Hyung , Chung U-in , Park Jaechul
Published: December 2013

ZnO-based photo-thin film transistors with enhanced photoresponse were developed using transparent conductive oxide contacts. Changing the electrode from opaque Mo to transparent In-Zn-O increases the photocurrent by five orders of magnitude. By changing the opacity of each source and drain electrode, we could observe how the photoresponse is affected. We deduce that the photocurrent generation mechanism is based on an energy band change due to the photon irradiation. More importantly, we reveal that the photocurrent is determined by the energy barrier of injected electrons at the interface between the source electrode and the active layer.
Separation of Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit interactions using crystal direction dependent transport measurements
Authors: Ho Park Youn , Kim Hyung-jun , Chang Joonyeon , Hee Han Suk , Eom Jonghwa , Choi Heon-Jin , Cheol Koo Hyun
Published: December 2013

The Rashba spin-orbit interaction effective field is always in the plane of the two-dimensional electron gas and perpendicular to the carrier wavevector but the direction of the Dresselhaus field depends on the crystal orientation. These two spin-orbit interaction parameters can be determined separately by measuring and analyzing the Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations for various crystal directions. In the InAs quantum well system investigated, the Dresselhaus term is just 5% of the Rashba term. The gate dependence of the oscillation patterns clearly shows that only the Rashba term is modulated by an external electric field.
The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development: Forty Years in the Making
Authors: Linnér Björn-Ola , Selin Henrik
Published: December 2013

The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) was mandated to focus on: (i) institutional frameworks for sustainable development and (ii) the green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradiation. Analyzing the UNSCD from a historical perspective, we address three questions. First, what is the role of UN conferences on environment and development? Second, how were the UNCSD debates and outcomes connected to over forty years of environment and development cooperation? Third, how may the UNCSD shape ongoing efforts to forward the sustainable development agenda? We begin by summarizing the main arguments of supporters and critics of UN conferences. Next, we examines two sets of institutional frameworks issues: (a) institutional creation and reforms and (b) institutional complexity and participation. This is followed by an examination of two kinds of green economy issues: (1) state-centered economic debates and (2) human-development-focused debates. In the final section we examine opportunities and limitations for making progress on sustainable development. We argue that the UNCSD did little to advance institutional reforms, but that the initiative to formulate Sustainable Development Goals has the potential to significantly influence the sustainable development agenda.
Reaching the Limits? Developed Country Engagement with Sustainable Development in a Challenging Conjuncture
Authors: Meadowcroft James
Published: December 2013

This paper considers engagement with sustainable development in the rich industrialized countries since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, focusing particularly on environmental limits. It argues that while the idea of ‘limits’ is in one sense ubiquitous, contemporary societies are only beginning to come to terms with its implications. The discussion considers different understandings of environmental limits, explores the example of energy-related greenhouse gas emissions driving climate change, reflects on fruitful ways to approach environmental limits, and references recent ‘green growth’ and ‘green economy’ initiatives associated with Rio+20. It suggests that normative judgments are essential to give social and political meaning to environmental limits, and notes the importance of defining the positive social goods that are to be secured through the recognition of such limits. The paper particularly emphasizes the importance of securing absolute reductions in critical environmental loadings, because this is the side of the issue which tends to be obscured when sustainable development is reduced to a ‘quality-of-life’ agenda and severed from concerns with global equity.
Healthcare professional perspectives on quality and safety in New Zealand public hospitals: findings from a national survey
Authors: Gauld Robin , Horsburgh Simon
Published: December 2013

Background
Few studies have sought to measure health professional perceptions of quality and safety across an entire system of public hospitals. Therefore, three questions that gauge different aspects of quality and safety were included in a national New Zealand survey of clinical governance.

Methods
Three previously used questions were adapted. A total of 41040 registered health professionals employed in District Health Boards were invited to participate in an online survey. Analyses were performed using the R statistical environment. Proportional odds mixed models were used to quantify associations between demographic variables and responses on five-point scales. Relationships between other questions in the survey and the three quality and safety questions were quantified with the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results
A 25% response rate delivered 10303 surveys. Fifty-seven percent of respondents (95% CI: 56–58%) agreed that health professionals in their District Health Board worked together as a team; 70% respondents (95% CI: 69–70%) agreed that health professionals involved patients and families in efforts to improve patient care; and 69% (95% CI: 68–70%) agreed that it was easy to speak up in their clinical area if they perceived a problem with patient care. Correlations showed links between perceptions of stronger clinical leadership and performances on the three questions, as well as with other survey items. The proportional mixed model also revealed response differences by respondent characteristics.

Conclusions
The findings suggest positive commitment to quality and safety among New Zealand health professionals and their employers, albeit with variations by district, profession, gender and age, but also scope for improvement. The study also contributes to the literature indicating that clinical leadership is an important contributor to quality improvement.

What is known about the topic?
Various studies have explored aspects of healthcare quality and safety, generally within a hospital or group of hospitals, using a lengthy tool such as the ‘safety climate survey’.

What does this paper add?
We used a simple three-question survey approach (derived from existing measures) to measuring healthcare professionals’ perceptions of quality and safety in New Zealand’s public hospitals. In doing so, we also collected the first such information on this.

What are the implications for practitioners?
New Zealand policy makers and health professionals can take some comfort in our findings, but also note that there is considerable scope for improvement. Our finding that more positive perceptions of quality and safety were related to perceptions of stronger clinical leadership adds to the international literature indicating the importance of this. Policy makers and hospital managers should support strong clinical leadership.
Drastic neofunctionalization associated with evolution of the timezyme AANAT 500 Mya
Authors: Falcón Jack , Coon Steven L. , Besseau Laurence , Cazaméa-Catalan Damien , Fuentès Michaël , Magnanou Elodie , Paulin Charles-Hubert , Boeuf Gilles , Sauzet Sandrine , Jørgensen Even H. , Mazan Sylvie , Wolf Yuri I. , Koonin Eugene V. , Steinbach Peter J. , Hyodo Susumu , Klein David C.
Published: December 2013

Significance

The pineal gland is dedicated to the production of melatonin. Submammalian pineal glands can also detect light, and the retinas of many species can make melatonin. From this finding and others, it is seems that both tissues evolved from a common ancestral photodetector. A key factor driving their independent evolution may have been the evolution of melatonin synthesis and more specifically, the timezyme, a form of arylalkylamine
N
-acetyltransferase (AANAT) that plays a key role in controlling rhythmic production of melatonin. The current report indicates that the timezyme evolved from a primitive form of AANAT over 500 Mya in chordate evolution through a process of gene duplication followed by rapid neofunctionalization and that it was not a posthoc acquisition.
Celastrol increases glucocerebrosidase activity in Gaucher disease by modulating molecular chaperones
Authors: Yang Chunzhang , Swallows Cody L. , Zhang Chao , Lu Jie , Xiao Hongbin , Brady Roscoe O. , Zhuang Zhengping
Published: December 2013

Significance

Gaucher disease (GD) is one of the most prevalent inherited metabolic storage disorders of humans. GD results from mutations in the gene coding for glucocerebrosidase (GCase) that often lead to protein misfolding and premature degradation. This study demonstrates that the small molecule celastrol prevents mutant GCase degradation by targeting the assembly of a heat-shock protein chaperone complex. Additionally, celastrol reorganizes the expression pattern of chaperone genes. Specifically, celastrol up-regulates genes coding for Heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70), DnaJ homolog subfamily B members 1 and 9 (DNAJB1/9), and BAG family chaperone regulator 3 (BAG3). Celastrol stabilizes mutant GCase by specifically targeting BAG3. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying human disorders that result from abnormalities of protein stability.
The Development of Implicit and Explicit Memory
Authors: Rovee-Collier Carolyn , Hayne Harlene , Colombo Michael
Published: December 2013

This is the only book that examines the theory and data on the development of implicit and explicit memory. It first describes the characteristics of implicit and explicit memory (including conscious recollection) and tasks used with adults to measure them. Next, it reviews the brain mechanisms thought to underlie implicit and explicit memory and the studies with amnesics that initially prompted the search for different neuroanatomically-based memory systems. Two chapters review the Jacksonian (first in, last out) principle and empirical evidence for the hierarchical appearance and dissolution of two memory systems in animal models (rats, nonhuman primates), children, and normal/amnesic adults. Two chapters examine memory tasks used with human infants and evidence of implicit and explicit memory during early infancy. Three final chapters consider structural and processing accounts of adult memory dissociations, their applicability to infant memory dissociations, and implications of infant data for current concepts of implicit and explicit memory. (Series B)
Constructing the Self
Authors: Hardcastle Valerie Gray
Published: December 2013

Constructing the Self analyzes the narrative conception of self, filling a serious gap in philosophy and grounding discussion in other disciplines. It answers the questions:

What are the connections between our interpretations, selfhood, and conscious phenomenal experience?Why do we believe that our interpretations of our life-defining events are narrative in nature?From the myriad of thoughts, actions, and emotions which constitute our experiences, how do we choose what is interpretively important, the tiny subset that composes the self?

By synthesizing the different approaches to understanding the self from philosophy of mind, developmental psychology, psychopathology, and cognitive science, this monograph gives us deeper insight into what being minded, being a person, and having a self are, as well as clarifies the difference and relation between conscious and unconscious mental states and normal and abnormal minds. The explication also affords new perspectives on human development and human emotion. (Series A)
Becoming Human
Authors: Bejarano Teresa
Published: December 2013

What do the pointing gesture, the imitation of new complex motor patterns, the evocation of absent objects and the grasping of others’ false beliefs all have in common? Apart from being (one way or other) involved in the language, they all would share a demanding requirement – a second mental centre within the subject. This redefinition of the simulationism is extended in the present book in two directions. Firstly, mirror-neurons and, likewise, animal abilities connected with the visual field of their fellows, although they certainly constitute important landmarks, would not require this second mental centre. Secondly, others’ beliefs would have given rise not only to predicative communicative function but also to pre-grammatical syntax. The inquiry about the evolutionary-historic origin of language focuses on the cognitive requirements on it as a faculty (but not to the indirect causes such as environmental changes or greater co-operation), pays attention to children, and covers other human peculiarities as well, e.g., symbolic play, protodeclaratives, self-conscious emotions, and interactional or four-hand tasks.
Das Problem des Unendlichen im ausgehenden 14. Jahrhundert
Authors: Dewender Thomas
Published: December 2013

The focus of this book is on the theory of infinity in Lawrence of Lindores’ commentary on Aristotle’s “Physics”. Written shortly before 1400, Lindores’ text played an important role in disseminating the natural philosophy of John Buridan and his disciples in the 15th century. In the first part of this book, Lindores’ concept of science is discussed and a detailed analysis of his treatment of infinity and related topics (continuity, the eternity of the world) is given. Subsequently an assessment of his ideas from the point of view of modern mathematics is attempted and some interesting similarities between medieval theories of infinity and recent developments in mathematics are outlined. The second part contains the relevant questions from Lindores’ commentary (book I, qu. 1-5, 10; book III, qu. 13-18; book VI, qu. 9-10; book VIII, qu. 3), which are presented here for the first time in a critical edition based on all seven manuscripts of the text.

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Theorie des Unendlichen in dem kurz vor 1400 verfaßten Kommentar des Lorenz von Lindores zur „Physik" des Aristoteles, der im 15. Jh. eine wichtige Rolle spielte bei der Verbreitung der Naturphilosophie Johannes Buridans und seiner Schüler. Im ersten Teil des Buches wird die Wissenschaftstheorie Lindores’ in ihren Grundzügen dargestellt, danach werden seine Ausführungen zum Unendlichen und zu damit zusammenhängenden Themen (Struktur des Kontinuums, Ewigkeit der Welt) detailliert analysiert. Abschließend wird eine Bewertung dieser Theorien aus der Sicht der modernen Mathematik versucht, wobei sich bemerkenswerte Ähnlichkeiten zwischen mittelalterlichen Theorien des Unendlichen und neueren Entwicklungen in der Mathematik zeigen. Der zweite Teil bietet erstmals eine kritische Edition aller einschlägigen Quaestionen aus Lindores’ Physikkommentar (Buch I, qu. 1-5, 10; Buch III, qu. 13-18; Buch VI, qu. 9-10; Buch VIII, qu. 3) auf der Basis aller sieben Handschriften des Textes.
Eriugenas negative Ontologie
Authors: Weiner Sebastian Florian
Published: December 2013

Recently, there has been an upsurge of interest in the work Periphyseon of the early medieval philosopher John Scot Eriugena. Previous research has classified the book either as a piece of Neoplatonic philosophy or as part of the Latin dialectic tradition, which has led to one-sided interpretations. The present publication focuses instead on the philosophical claims defended in the Periphyseon itself, examines its originality and discusses the soundness of its argumentation. As a result, a hitherto unnoticed basic thought of the work has been uncovered, namely the concept of a negative ontology, according to which all substance is completely incomprehensible. This notion constitutes the greatest innovation of Eriugena’s thought. In keeping with his negative ontology, Eriugena downgrades the fourfold division of nature that he had presented at the beginning of his work. A critical survey of the current readings of Eriugena as a Neoplatonist and idealist completes this book.

In jüngerer Zeit rückt das Werk Periphyseon des frühmittelalterlichen Denkers Johannes Scottus Eriugena zunehmend in den Fokus der philosophischen Forschung. Die bisherigen Untersuchungen ordnen das Werk entweder der neuplatonischen Denkrichtung oder der lateinischen Dialektiktradition zu, und richten dementsprechend ihre Interpretation daran aus. Die vorliegende Veröffentlichung hingegen betrachtet vorrangig die Darstellung und Argumentation im Periphyseon selbst, prüft detailliert den Innovationsgehalt und die Überzeugungskraft der Aussagen. Als Ergebnis zeigt sich ein bislang ungesehener Grundgedanke des Werks, der einer negativen Ontologie. Diese Ontologie verneint jegliche Bestimmbarkeit aller Substanz. Sie macht die eigentliche Innovation in Eriugenas Denken aus. Im Hinblick auf diese löst er die zu Anfang des Werks präsentierte Vierteilung der Gesamtnatur wieder auf. Eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der bisherigen Einordnung Eriugenas als Neuplatoniker und Idealist rundet das Buch ab.
Game Localization
Authors: O'Hagan Minako , Mangiron Carme
Published: December 2013

Video games are part of the growing digital entertainment industry for which game localization has become pivotal in serving international markets. As well as addressing the practical needs of the industry to facilitate translator and localizer training, this book seeks to conceptualize game localization in an attempt to locate it in Translation Studies in the context of the technologization of contemporary translation practices. Designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to the topic of game localization the book draws on the literature in Game Studies as well as Translation Studies. The book’s readership is intended to be translation scholars, game localization practitioners and those in Game Studies developing research interest in the international dimensions of the digital entertainment industry. The book aims to provide a road map for the dynamic professional practices of game localization and to help readers visualize the expanding role of translation in one of the 21st century's key global industries.
Contexts in Translating
Authors: Nida Eugene A.
Published: December 2013

Contexts in Translating is designed to help translators understand the varieties of contexts and their importance for understanding a text and reproducing the meaning in another language. The contexts include the historical setting of writing a text, the cultural components that make a text unique, the types of audiences for which the translation is intended, and the most efficient and effective ways of producing a satisfactory representation of the source-language text. The structural levels of language are described, and the principal features of text organization are also explained. In addition, the main features of various books on translation are outlined, and a chapter on basic theories of translation is followed by a selective bibliography.