bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The relationship of Physaloptera maxillaris (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) to skunk (Mephitis mephitis)
Authors: Lincoln Robert C. , Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

In skunk (Mephitis mephitis Schreber), stomach worms (Physaloptera maxillaris Molin 1860) detach from the stomach wall and feed on stomach contents. There was no evidence that worms feed on gastric mucosa as previously suggested for some related species. This feeding behavior is probably characteristic of the Physalopterinae. Experimental studies, as well as examination of wild skunk throughout the year, showed that development of worms is markedly influenced by the diet of the host. Larvae grew and eggs were produced in 65–76 days in skunk given an adequate diet. Larvae persisted but failed lo grow in skunk deprived of food for up to 70 days. In regions where the host must occasionally endure extended periods of food deprivation (e.g. during winter), small larvae (probably the third stage) persist in the stomach while other stages are passed out. These small larvae are apparently able to survive on stored food reserves and are resistant to periods of food deprivation. Larvae which have persisted throughout winter months in skunk begin to grow in the spring when food becomes available. Worms begin to produce numerous eggs which are passed in the faeces of the skunk in midsummer when intermediate hosts are abundant.
Morphology and histology of the antenna of the male eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Albert P. J. , Seabrook W. D.
Published: August 2008

The number and distribution and the morphology of the various receptors on the male antenna of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), are described, using histological techniques and scanning electron microscopy. Receptors described include Böhm bristles, four types of sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, sensilla coeloconica, and sensilla styloconica. Except for the sensilla chaetica, generally more receptors are found on the male than on the female antenna.
Stress and in vitro lymphocyte stimulation by phytohemagglutinin in Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep
Authors: Hudson R. J.
Published: August 2008

The blastogenic effect of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on peripheral lymphocytes from six Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep was examined for 3 months following their establishment in captivity. Lymphocytes survived well in culture for 6 days and responded to PHA with morphologic transformation to blastoid cells which were readily identifiable by fluorescent microscopy following acridine orange staining. Transformation of lymphocytes from animals at the time of initial establishment was low but as the animals adjusted to captivity, transformation increased markedly. These observations appeared to reflect predominantly cellular changes since serum samples collected throughout the study did not differ in their ability to support transformation.
Effects of growth inhibitors on development of the reproductive system of the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus (Cephalobidae)
Authors: Boroditsky J. M. , Samoiloff M. R.
Published: August 2008

The effects of inhibitors of ribonucleic acid (RNA), protein, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis on growth and gonad development during synchronized post embryonic development of the free-living nematode Panagrellus redivivus was examined. Actinomycin D (AMD) and actidione blocked growth and gonad development at each stage but to different degrees, while hydroxyurea had slight inhibitory effects on growth but stopped gonad differentiation. Fourth-stage larvae placed in AMD or actidione failed to undergo gonad differentiation. Hydroxyurea blocked the morphological organization of the gonad but had little if any effect on growth; a high level of cell proliferation is evident while gonad differentiation is never achieved. Renewal of DNA synthesis in the fourth molt is required to complete development. The uncoupling of growth and gonad development as a result of inhibition with AMD and actidione suggests that macromolecular information for division and proliferation of the gonad is laid down quite early, while the informational synthesis for differentiation occurs quite late.
Induction of precocious sexual development in female pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha)
Authors: Funk James D. , Donaldson Edward M. , Dye Helen M.
Published: August 2008

Acceleration of ovarian maturation was achieved in immature pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) with injections of chinook (spring) salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) gonadotropin alone, and in combination with estradiol 17β. Oocytes containing yolk globules were evident in fish treated three times per week with 1.0 μg/g body weight salmon gonadotropin in combination with 1.5 μg/g body weight estradiol 17β for 126 days. After 168 days they were also seen in salmon treated with the same dosage of salmon gonadotropin alone. Estradiol 17β alone, at a dosage of 15 μg/g body weight, or in combination with salmon gonadotropin, inhibited vitellogenesis. Formation of oocytes 2 mm in diameter required [Formula: see text] months of treatment with 1.0 μg/g body weight salmon gonadotropin in combination with 1.5 μg/g body weight estradiol 17β, and 9 months of injections with 1.0 μg/g body weight gonadotropin alone. Few large yolky oocytes were developed by any of the treatments. Large numbers of preovulatory corpora atretica were observed in all treated fish.Only a small amount of histochemically demonstrable Δ5-3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was present in ovaries from pink or chinook salmon juveniles treated for 3 months with various dosages of salmon gonadotropin.
Dracunculus lutrae n. sp. (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) from the otter, Lutra canadensis, in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Crichton Vincent Frederick Joseph , Beverley-Burton Mary
Published: August 2008

Over the interval 1969–1971, carcasses of 1147 mammals taken in Ontario, Canada, were examined for guinea worm. Dracunculus lutrae n. sp., was recovered from otter Lutra canadensis (Schreber). Dracunculus insignis (Leidy 1858) Chandler 1942, was found in raccoon Procyon lotor (L.), mink (Mustela vison Schreber), and fisher (Martes pennanti (Erxleben)). Female worms identified, in the absence of males, as Dracunculus sp. were found in muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus (L.), opossum (Didelphis marsupialis L.), and short-tailed weasel (Mustela erminea L.) from Ontario and a single badger (Taxidea taxus (Schreber)) from Manitoba.Dracunculus lutrae n, sp. is distinguished from other species of Dracunculus which parasitize mammals (namely D. medinensis (Linnaeus 1758), D. insignis, and D. fuelleborni Travassos 1934), by the greater length of males, greater length of spicules and gubernaculum, presence of three pairs of preanal papillae, and the arrangement in two transverse rows of papillae immediately posterior to the anus. A brief redescription of D. insignis from raccoon and mink is given. The taxonomic status of the species of Dracunculus parasitizing mammals is briefly discussed.
The geographic distribution of freshwater Hirudinoidea in Canada
Authors: Davies R. W.
Published: August 2008

The distribution for each species of freshwater leech (Hirudinoidea) is described and discussed on a province or territory basis. The hosts for those species recorded as temporary parasites are listed. One hundred and eight new species records are listed including 28 records new to the province or territory. Percymoorensis lateralis is recorded in Canada for the first time, and the first record of freshwater leeches in the Yukon made.
Temperature-dependent enzyme kinetics during avian ontogeny: malate dehydrogenase in the common crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) and the pintail (Anas acuta)
Authors: Aleksiuk Michael
Published: August 2008

The electrophoretic patterns and temperature-dependent kinetics of cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase from liver of juvenile and adult representatives of the common crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), an altricial species, and the pintail (Anus acuta), a precocial species, were examined. Starch gel electrophoresis revealed two major isoenzymes in each case. The isoenzymes of the juvenile and adult crow exhibit different electrophoretic mobilities, while those of the juvenile and adult pintail exhibit identical mobilities. Assay temperature has no statistically significant age-specific or species-specific effects on several kinetic properties of malate dehydrogenase. In all cases, the Michaelis constant (Km) of oxaloacetate for malate dehydrogenase remains fairly stable below 15 °C, but increases three- to four-fold from 15 ° to 45 °C. Values of activation energy vary between 12.1 and 15.0 kcal/mol. Q10 values for reaction velocities at minimum Km substrate levels are about 1.0 between 30° and 40 °C. The adaptive significance of the observed effects is discussed in relation to poikilothermic stages of the early posthatching ontogeny of birds.
The effect of temperature, age and density of gametocytes, and changes in gas composition on exflagellation of Leucocytozoon simondi
Authors: Roller N. R. , Desser S. S.
Published: August 2008

The rate of initiation of exflagellation of microgametocytes of Leucocytozoon simondi was studied in relation to temperature, age and density of gametocytes, and changes in gas composition. Observations were made in vitro through examination of fresh blood, and thin blood films were prepared at appropriate intervals. An inverse relationship between temperature and the time required for initiation of ex-flagellation was demonstrated. There was a decrease in the time required for initiation of exflagellation as the temperature increased from 15 to 26C. Between 26 and 40C exflagellation usually occurred in 1–1½ min. Exflagellation at 40C, which approximates the body temperature of the host, indicates that a drop in temperature per se is not necessary for the initiation of exflagellation. Gametocytes appear to be capable of exflagellation for about 5 days postmaturity. Differences in density of parasitemia do not affect the time for initiation of exflagellation. The presence of O2 and a decrease in CO2 are important stimuli for exflagellation. The effect of the above factors on the initiation of exflagellation is discussed in relation to the uptake of infected blood by the simuliid vector of the parasite, and compared with the situation in related Haemosporina
The harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus, (Erxleben 1777). XIV. The gross and microscopic structure of the middle ear
Authors: Ramprashad F. , Corey S. , Ronald K.
Published: August 2008

The large, heavy ossicles of Pagophilus groenlandicus are firmly attached to the epitympanic wall by a single fold of epitympanic mucosa. The epithelium of the middle ear mucosa is pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Large cavernous sinuses are present below the dense collagenous fibers of the submucosa. The cavernous sinuses are prominent around the promontory and the medial wall of the tympanic orifice of the auditory tube, and also in the tympanic sulcus of the tympanic membrane. The distension of the cavernous tissue may aid in hearing.The wall of the auditory tube consists of thick collagenous and elastic fibers. The medial wall is a thick fibrous block of connective tissue. Hyaline cartilage forms the central core of the thick fibrous medial wall of the auditory tube. The robust wall of the tube makes it unlikely that the tube wall is collapsed by the increase pressure in the nasopharynx during diving. Pressure equilibration during diving may be achieved by the opening of the nasopharyngeal orifice by muscular contraction. The closing of the tube may be achieved by the elasticity in the tube wall.
Studies on the parasites of Chiroptera. III. Helminths from various bat species collected in British Columbia
Authors: Webster W. A. , Casey G. A.
Published: August 2008

Eighty-two bats comprising the genera Eptesicus, Lasionycteris, Lasiurus, Myotis, and Plecotus collected in British Columbia were examined for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites. Helminths from 24 specimens of Eptesicus fuscus, 11 of Lasionycteris noctivagans, 1 of Lasiurus cinereus, 7 of Myotis californicus, 31 of M. lucifugus, and 3 of M. volans longicrus are listed. Some aspects of the parasitism encountered are discussed.
Molting and opposition of Neomesomermis flumenalis (Welch, 1962) Nickle, 1972, a mermithid parasite of blackflies
Authors: Ebsary Barry A. , Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

Rearing techniques and the development of the free-living stages of Neomesomermis flumenalis at different temperature regimes are described and compared with the development of other mermithid parasites of the Simuliidae. Optimal developmental temperatures were found to be 12 °C; temperatures of 22–24 °C were lethal to the worms; eggs embryonated but did not hatch after maintenance at 3–7 °C for 120 days.
Disc-electrophoretic identification of prolactin in the cichlid teleosts Tilapia and Cichlasoma and densitometric measurement of its concentration in Tilapia pituitaries during salinity transfer experiments
Authors: Clarke W. Craig
Published: August 2008

The prolactin band was identified after disc electrophoresis of pituitaries from Tilapia mossambica and Cichlasoma labiatum. Electrophoresis coupled with a densitometric procedure was validated as a means of measuring the prolactin content of Tilapia pituitaries during salinity transfer experiments. Transfer of T. mossambica from seawater or 33% sea water to fresh water was followed by a sharp decline in both plasma sodium and pituitary prolactin levels. One week after transfer, there was a recovery of sodium levels to normal, although pituitary prolactin concentrations had not yet reached the level found in fully acclimated freshwater fish. Pituitary prolactin levels in T. grahami were reduced by more than 50% on the day after transfer from Lake Magadi (alkaline–saline) water to fresh water. No such depletion of pituitary prolactin followed a transfer from 100% seawater or from fresh water to 33% seawater, indicating that this response is specifically linked to the secretion of prolactin for osmoregulation in fresh water. The molecular weight of Tilapia prolactin was estimated at 17 000 by means of electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate.
A comparison of faecal and stomach contents analysis in the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
Authors: Neal B. R. , Pulkinen D. A. , Owen B. D.
Published: August 2008

The food preferences of 14 specimens of Microtus pennsylvanicus were studied by the quantitative assessment of plant cuticular fragments in the stomachs and faeces. Paired comparisons of stomach with faecal observations indicated that sedges and dicotyledons were considerably underrated, grasses were generally slightly overrated, and unidentifiable fragments were considerably more abundant in the faecal samples. About half of the sedge and dicotyledon cuticular fragments appeared to be lost between the stomach and colon sampling sites. It was concluded that most of these fragments were rendered unidentifiable, but some were probably completely digested. Stomach and faecal samples provided similar estimates of food preferences when few sedges and dicotyledons were observed, but were markedly different when sedges and dicotyledons formed a substantial proportion of the diet. A simple correction factor was used to compensate for differences in the digestibility of the different food items. The corrected faecal observations were very similar to the stomach observations.
Ionic regulation in the Pacific edible crab, Cancer magister (Dana)
Authors: Engelhardt F. R. , Dehnel P. A.
Published: August 2008

Regulation in blood and urine of chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium was determined for the crab, Cancer magister, collected from an estuarine environment and adapted to hypo- and hypersaline conditions. Seasonal differences in regulation were found, demonstrating seasonal acclimation. In all instances except magnesium, ions were regulated hypertonically in dilute media, and summer-adapted animals were the greater regulators. In concentrated media, ions differed with regard to the degree of regulation. Regulation of magnesium is strongly hypotonic. Size was determined not to be a factor in the regulation of ions.
Myxosporida in macrourid fishes of the North Atlantic
Authors: Yoshino Timothy P. , Noble Elmer R.
Published: August 2008

Myxosporidan parasites inhabiting some macrourid fishes from the North Atlantic are surveyed. Myxosporida recovered were Myxidium coryphaenoidium Noble, 1966, in the gall bladders of Macrourus rupestris from Norway and Nezumia bairdi from Greenland; Davisia newfoundlandia n. sp. and Zschokkella parasiluri Fujita, 1927, in the kidney of Macrourus berglax from Newfoundland; Auerbachia sp. in the gall bladder of M. berglax from Newfoundland and Iceland; and Leptotheca coelorhyncha n. sp. in the gall bladder of Coelorhynchus coelorhynchus from Ireland.Myxidium coryphaenoidium appears to be the most widely distributed myxosporidan species in macrourids, occurring in both the Atlantic and Pacific. They are known to inhabit waters from 400 to 3960 m in depth. Of the macrourids studied to date, 14 of 19 (73.7%) Macrourus berglax harbored three species of Myxosporida; 27 of 48 (56.3%) M. rupestris, two of four (50.0%) Nezumia bairdi, and two of seven (28.6%) Coelorhynchus coelorhynchus, each harbored one species of Myxosporida. Relatively high incidences of infections are suggestive of dense host populations, but little is known about population densities in deep benthic waters. A brief discussion of the geographic distribution of M. berglax and M. rupestris is included. Previously reported myxosporidan parasites from macrourids are mentioned.
The life cycle of Hunterella nodulosa Mackiewicz and McCrae, 1962 (Cestoidea: Caryophyllidea)
Authors: Mudry Dwight R. , Arai Hisao P.
Published: August 2008

The life cycle of Hunterella nodulosa Mackiewicz and McCrae, 1962 is described. Eggs contain oncospheres after 15–16 days at 20 °C. The pattern of growth in size and organ development of procercoids in experimentally infected Limnodrilus udekemianus is described. Catostomus commersoni was successfully infected with procercoids from experimental infections, and development of adults was followed for 50 days. The pattern of growth in size and organ development for adult H. nodulosa is illustrated.
Population dynamics of Hunterella nodulosa (Cestoidea: Caryophyllidea) in Alberta
Authors: Mudry Dwight R. , Arai Hisao P.
Published: August 2008

Incidence, intensity, and population size distribution of 5669 individuals of Hunterella nodulosa from 646 of Catostomus commersoni were examined. Incidence of infection increased with fish weight up to about 50 g. In fish above 50 g the incidence was found to remain fairly constant at about 70%. Intensity of infection was directly proportional to fish weight. No seasonal changes in incidence and intensity were observed. Seasonal changes in frequency distribution of worm size classes indicated a seasonal infection cycle.
Effets de l'anesthésie par le gaz carbonique chez la drosophile : éclatement du tube digestif et mortalité des jeunes adultes
Authors: David J. , Huot L.
Published: August 2008

Carbon dioxide anaesthesia of young Drosophila adults, when the wings just begin to be expanded, results in a distension of the flies followed by a precocious mortality. This sensitive period, which lasts less than 2 h can be explained by a physical mechanism. As most insects do, the fly swallows air for expanding its wings. CO2, which diffuses rapidly through the permeable cuticle, penetrates into the air bubble contained in the midgut, increases considerably its volume, induces the rupture of the gut wall, and the swelling of the abdomen. Mortality is probably due mainly to the rupture of the digestive tube, but other organs may also be altered. Similar data could probably be observed in many species of insects.
Lungworms in the Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep of western Canada
Authors: Uhazy Leslie S. , Holmes John C. , Stelfox John G.
Published: August 2008

In 58 sets of lungs from bighorns from western Alberta or eastern British Columbia, 91% were infected with Protostrongylus stilesi, and 38% were infected with P. rushi. Four of the five sheep free of P. stilesi were lambs. Lungs from nine near-term fetuses were negative for lungworms.All but 1 of 409 field-collected fecal samples from the same ranges contained larvae of Protostrongylus spp.; counts of larvae per gram of dry feces suggest a clumped distribution of lungworms. Analysis of monthly samples from one herd indicated a significant seasonal variation, with high numbers of larvae shed by bighorns on winter range. The use of fecal analyses in assessing severity of infection and the evolutionary significance of the clumped distribution of lungworms are discussed.
Uptake of dissolved glucose and glycine by Pisidium, a freshwater bivalve
Authors: Efford Ian E. , Tsumura Kanji
Published: August 2008

Pisidium casertanum takes up glucose and glycine from low concentrations in the surrounding water. The rate of uptake increases with concentration and temperature, and is highest in smaller animals and in the summer. The carbon is lost rapidly from the body as both respired CO2 and as soluble organic material. Some is held in the animal. Under natural conditions, it appears unlikely that dissolved organic material plays a significant role in the energetics of these bivalves.
The harp seal, Pagophilus groenlandicus (Erxleben, 1777). XXV. Ultrastructure and metabolic adaptation of skeletal muscle
Authors: George J. C. , Ronald K.
Published: August 2008

An electron microscopic study of the structure of three skeletal muscles, pectoralis major, psoas, and longissimus dorsi, of the harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) was carried out. Two types of fiber, the dark and the light comparable to the red (type 1) and the white (type 2) of other vertebrate skeletal muscles, were recognized while a third, the intermediate type, could be clearly distinguished only in the pectoralis major. All the fiber types contained considerable amounts of glycogen, while large aggregations of mitochondria and lipid droplets were seen only in the dark fibers.The intermyofibrillar matrix in the fibers of the pup (< 3 months) muscle was found to be more extensive than that of the adult muscle. The dark fibers in M, longissimus dorsi of both the pup and the adult appeared to have higher mitochondrial density than those of the other two muscles studied, thereby indicating that this muscle had a greater capacity for aerobic metabolism than M. psoas, which in turn had a larger population of mitochondria than M. pectoralis major. Though the presence of large mitochondrial aggregations and lipid droplets suggests the possibility of fat being used as fuel for muscular energy, it is postulated that the seal muscle is basically geared for anaerobic use of carbohydrate as an adaptation for the animal's diving habit. However, aerobic metabolism of carbohydrate and of a limited amount of fat may be used during surface swimming. It is also suggested that the mitochondrial aggregations and lipid droplets in the dark fibers of both adult and pup muscles represent an adaptation for thermogenesis comparable to that of the brown adipose tissue.
Oxygen consumption of Limnocalanus macrurus Sars (Calanoida, Copepoda) in relation to environmental conditions
Authors: Roff J. C.
Published: August 2008

The oxygen consumption of Limnocalanus macrurus and its relationship to a number of environmental parameters were determined on specimens from two arctic lakes, both in the laboratory and in situ. The Q10 from 0 to 10 °C was 1.93 and from 5 to 15 °C was 2.20. The respiration rate increased shortly after capture of the animals and then declined to steady levels within 6 h after capture. Experimental population densities within the range of 0.1 to 2 animals/ml had no effect on the adult respiration rate nor did the volume of the respiratory container. Experiments carried out in situ showed no relationship between depth of incubation and respiration rate, and did not differ significantly from the laboratory respiration rates.The upper lethal temperature was about 18 °C but animals could briefly withstand exposure to 21 °C. Lethal oxygen concentration was dependent on temperature, being about 0.8 mg/liter at 0 °C. The relationship of these lethal levels to the distribution of the species is discussed.
Monogenetic trematodes from the Bay of Quinte Area, Ontario. V. Two additional species of Urocleidus Mueller, 1934, emended Mizelle and Hughes, 1938
Authors: Hanek George , Fernando C. H.
Published: August 2008

Urocleidus attenuatus Mizelle, 1941 from the gills of Lepomis gibbosus (L.) and U. chautauquensis (Mueller, 1938) Mizelle and Hughes, 1938 from the gills of Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque) are reported from the Bay of Quinte area, Ontario. Both these monogeneans are recorded for the first time in Canada. Furthermore the finding of U. attenuatus from L. gibbosus represents a new host record. Comprehensive measurements are given.
Prevalence of oral papilloma-like lesions in coyotes in Alberta
Authors: Nellis Carl H.
Published: August 2008

Five of 279 coyotes from central Alberta had papilloma-like lesions on their lips and (or) tongues.
Parental calls and the approach behavior and distress vocalization of young domestic chicken
Authors: Cowan P. J.
Published: August 2008

Auditory discrimination learning of parental calls from different individual hens by young domestic chicken was demonstrated for both approach behavior and distress vocalization. Using cinematography, it was tested whether individual parental calls, after training, affect the instantaneous speed, orientation, and direction of movement of a chick during, or the latency of, an approach response. The familiar parental call causes an earlier (at onset more directly oriented towards) but initially slower, approach response than a novel call. This result is discussed in terms of arousal habituation.
Retina of the South American lungfish, Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger
Authors: Ali M. A. , Anctil Michel
Published: August 2008

The characteristic feature of the retina of Lepidosiren paradoxa is the hugeness (20–25 μm) and sparse-ness of the cells which compose it. The epithelial layer is well pigmented. The visual cells may be classified into rods and single cones which possess a large oil droplet and a smaller paraboloid. Neither the epithelial pigment nor the visual cells show retinomotor responses. Landolt's clubs arising from the bipolar cells and terminating amidst the epithelial cell processes are present and resemble those of another Dipnoan, Protopterus. The ratio of photoreceptor, bipolar, and ganglion cells is about 2:2:1, indicating a very low degree of summation. There is no noticeable difference among the dorsal, vental, temporal, and nasal regions of the retina. The similarity of this retina to that of other dipnoans and urodeles is briefly discussed. It appears as if the growth of the eye were arrested (neoteny) during the evolution of this genus because of the insignificant role of vision in its life.
The effect of snow cover on the social behavior of bighorn rams and mountain goats
Authors: Petocz Ronald G.
Published: August 2008

The social behavior of bighorn rams (Ovis canadensis canadensis) and mountain goats (Oreamons americanus) were studied quantitatively under different snow regimes in two winters. It was found that snow cover has little noticeable effect on the intensity of social behavior for mountain sheep during the rutting season. Thick snow cover reduces the total number of social behavior patterns per ram during the postrut; among mountain goats the number of social behavior patterns per individual remains consistently high. The thickness of the snow cover effects circumstantial changes in the function of specific behavior patterns among rams. Under extreme snow conditions, rams begin to exhibit rarely seen aggressive behavior. During deep snow, both species show an increase in overt aggressive behavior and a reduction in dominance displays. Under conditions of low snow and favorable weather rams increasingly engage in clashing, dominance displays, and appeasement behavior and reduce aggressive bulling.
Macroinfauna of northern New England marine sand. I. The biology of Mancocuma stellifera Zimmer, 1943 (Crustacea: Cumacea)
Authors: Gnewuch W. T. , Croker R. A.
Published: August 2008

Mancocuma stellifera is found in nearshore subtidal sands from the Gulf of St. Lawrence south to Cape Ann. Massachusetts, with abundance as high as 4000/0.1 m2 in coastal New Hampshire habitats. The species has two generations yearly, with maximum recruitment during June and early fall. Pre-copulatory behavior with opposed orientation of the sexes is unique for the Cumacea. Seasonal distribution data from New Hampshire and Maine to a depth of 7 m below MLW level showed over 90% of the population shallower than the 4-m depth, and abundance maxima at 1–2 m. Manca stages and older juveniles made up most of the population at 5- to 7-m depths during summer months, with manca stages the predominant life stage in night surf plankton tows during peak recruitment. SCUBA and laboratory observations indicated that the species burrows in superficial sand where it is an epistrate and detritus feeder.
Etude histologique du tégument et de l'effet de divers acaricides chez le tétranyque à deux points
Authors: Bostanian N. J. , Morrison F. O.
Published: August 2008

Scanning electron micrographs indicate that the entire surface of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is covered by cuticular outgrowths. The exact function of these outgrowths is unknown.The ultrastructure of the epicuticle appears to consist of two layers. The procuticle is also divided into two distinct layers. An external layer: the exocuticle, 0.24 μ in between epicuticular outgrowths and 0.60 μ through the epicuticular outgrowths. An internal layer: the endocuticle, is lamellar and 0.47 μ thick.The epidermis is continuous throughout the entire adult life of the mite and very rich in spherical globules of lipoid material. The epidermal cells of mites killed by phosphamidon are completely disorganized and possibly this is due to the uncontrolled loss of water brought about by the death of the epidermal cells. Externally such mites appear greatly shrivelled.Dicofol, Galecron® (N′-(4-chloro-o-tolyl)-N,N-dimethylformamidine), Morestan® (6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclique S,S-dithiocarbonate), and Plictran® (tricyclohexyltin hydroxide) killed the mites but did not cause any epidermal lesions, nor did these compounds shrink the mites.
Effect of dietary sugars on tissue lipid and carbohydrate in developing honeybee larvae
Authors: Tsao W.
Published: August 2008

Changing the sugar concentration in the diet of laboratory-reared honeybee larvae to simulate that of the natural diet for worker larvae induced sugar patterns similar to those found in natural worker larval haemolymph but not in the fat body. Feeding a low-sugar-level diet to larvae in the incubator showed changes in haemolymph sugar concentration similar to those found in natural worker larvae. This indicates that the changes in sugar concentrations around the third and the fourth molts are not the consequence of the changes of the dietary-sugar level but are regulated by an endogenous system. Addition of sugar to the early larval diet in the incubator showed changes in sugar concentration resembling those found in natural queen larvae. This indicates that the high level of sugar in the early diet is a factor inducing the development of the endogenous system in queen larvae. High sugar level in the early diet decreased tissue carbohydrate concentration but increased tissue lipid concentration which may be essential for the maturation of the reproductive system in queen larvae.
Cordon and spine ultrastructure of the waterfowl parasite Echinuria uncinata (Rudolphi 1819) Soloviev 1912 (Spirurida: Nematoda)
Authors: Kennedy Edmund , Welch H. E. , Dick T. A.
Published: August 2008

Cordons and spines of Echinuria uncinata are cuticular elaborations that have similar ultrastructure and consist of three distinct layers of material. Cordons arise from two pseudolabia and extend posteriorly. The probable functions of the cordons are rasping, collecting food particles, and passing them to the mouth. Spines are probably used for attachment in the movement of the nematode through host tissue.
Studies in the mode of action of royal jelly in honeybee development. IX. The carbohydrates and lipids in the haemolymph and the fat body of developing larvae
Authors: Tsao W. , Shuel R. W.
Published: August 2008

No qualitative difference between honeybee queens and workers was found in the haemolymph sugars during their postembryonic development. Trehalose was the chief sugar and accounted for 95% of the total carbohydrates in both castes; glucose was the only other significant sugar. Sugar concentrations varied widely both with stage of development and caste. Different caste patterns of variation in fat body glycogen, trehalose, and glucose were observed. Glycogen concentration increased in queen larvae after they were sealed in their cells. Tissue lipid concentrations were higher in queens than in workers and increased in queens after larvae were sealed in their cells. The rapid reproductive development in queens during the short pupal period may be related to their ability of accumulating large food reserves.
Influence of date of egg production and diet on pheasant chick development
Authors: Thomas V. G. , Bailey E. D.
Published: August 2008

Ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus cokhicus) chicks were hatched at weekly intervals for 14 weeks from eggs laid by hens fed two diets of different protein and energy levels. Chicks from each hatch were subjected to two different nutritional planes by feeding them a control diet yielding 2.91 kcal of metabolizable energy per gram and 23.7% protein, and an experimental diet yielding 1.88 kcal of metabolizable energy per gram and 14.3% protein. Weight of the chicks at hatching, and three indices of growth, increase in body weight, length of the tarsal bone, and length of the seventh primary feather, were taken during the first 3 weeks of life. Weights of day-old chicks and their rates of development were unrelated to the chronology of egg production, the sex of chicks, and the diets fed to the parent hen. Differences between rates of development of the chicks were attributed to differences between the amount of protein and energy metabolized from their diets.
Morphological types in Haemonchus contortus (Nematoda) populations in Ontario sheep
Authors: Slocombe J. Owen D.
Published: August 2008

Populations of Haemonchus contortus in 40 sheep near Guelph, Ontario, were examined for the prevalence of various vulvar cuticular processes. The sheep were submitted to the Ontario Veterinary College for necropsy from April to September in each of the years 1968 to 1972. More than 74% of the adult female worms in each sheep were "smooth" or without a vulvar process. "Knobbed" (with a knob-like projection), and "linguiform" (with a pendulous expansion or flap) types consisted of no more than 9 and 20% of the population respectively. There was no seasonal variation between these major morphological forms, but there was a seasonal trend in subgroups of the "linguiform" type.
Morphology and description of Helicotylenchus crassatus n. sp. (Nematoda: Hoplolaimidae) from eastern Canada
Authors: Anderson R. V.
Published: August 2008

A new plant parasitic species of the genus Helicotylenchus Steiner, 1945, common to eastern Canada, is described and illustrated. Helicotylenchus crassatus can be distinguished from closely related species by the sclerotization of the head skeleton, size and position of the anterior cephalid, and thickness of the vagina. The morphology and diagnostic value of the head skeleton, hypodermal commissures, vulva, vagina, vaginal sphincter, and oviduct are discussed.
The fine structure of Verson's glands in molting larvae of Calpodes ethlius (Hesperiidae, Lepidoptera)
Authors: Lai-Fook Joan
Published: August 2008

The three cells which make up Verson's glands in Calpodes undergo drastic changes as they produce the cuticular linings and the secretions of the glands. The duct cell secretes only the typical cuticular duct. The saccule cell produces both the atypical cuticular saccule and dense granules which are discharged just before ecdysis. The secretory cell is much enlarged by vacuoles which remain separate until they too are discharged before ecdysis. Dense granules are also produced by the secretory cell. During deposition of the cuticular duct and saccule, their lumina arc packed with cell processes containing microtubules, which appear to arise from centrioles. Isolation and residual bodies appear in both the saccule and secretory cells even before discharge of their secretions.
Metamorphosis of the pretarsus in Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thripidae) and Haplothrips verbasci (Osborn) (Phlaeothripidae) (Thysanoptera)
Authors: Heming B. S.
Published: August 2008

During the propupal and pupal stages of Frankliniella fusca and Haplothrips verbasci, each leg consists of coxa, femur, and tibiotarsus.The adult pretarsus, tarsomeres, and tibial gland of F. fusca arise during the pupal stage through morphogenesis of the distal tibiotarsal epidermis. These structures become functional at the time of adult emergence on the completion of cuticle deposition. Most leg epidermal cells degenerate soon thereafter.The imaginal tarsal depressor muscle develops during the pupal and pharate adult stages through fusion and differentiation of myoblasts originating elsewhere in the body. Myofibrils of the larval pretarsal depressor muscle disappear during the propupal stage but reappear during the pupal and pharate adult stages with a different, adult configuration.At the larval–propupal apolysis, the larval restraining tendons detach at both ends from the larval cuticle, contract, and, throughout metamorphosis, nestle between the epidermis of unguitractor apodeme and tibiotarsus. During the pupal stage the tendons rotate transversely 90° and grow laterally through addition of new material to their sides.In H. verbasci, completion of these events requires an additional pupal stage.Leg metamorphosis in thrips is compared with that occurring in other insects and additional remarks are made on the origin of holometabolism in Thysanoptera.Chez la pronymphe et la nymphe de Frankliniella fusca et d'Haplothrips verbasci, chaque patte est constituée d'une coxa, d'un fémur et d'un tibio-tarse.
Characters for determining the sex of cutworms and other noctuid larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Hinks C. F. , Byers J. R.
Published: August 2008

External structures were found which permitted the accurate determination of males, or females, or both in the larvae of each of 40 species of noctuids.In males, the developing genitalia arise from a pyriform histoblast attached to the ventral cuticle near the anterior margin of the ninth abdominal segment. The cuticle is invaginated into this structure, which is visible externally as a slit, or as a depression, but it is often obscure. In some species the invaginated cuticle is strongly melanized, and consequently very distinct, but in most it is either colorless or too variable to be useful as the definitive sexual character.In females there is one pair of ovoid histoblasts attached to the ventral cuticle in each of the eighth and the ninth abdominal segments. Externally, the cuticle corresponding to these areas of attachment is modified; usually the cuticular sculpturing is reduced or absent, about, and sometimes beyond, these areas. Each area is usually recessed and forms a more or less distinct pit. These structures proved reliable for sexing larvae and in every species were located between the ventral and subventral setae in the eighth and ninth abdominal segments.
Effects of partial exposure to lethal temperature on heterogeneously acclimated fish
Authors: Fahmy Fahmy K.
Published: August 2008

Brook trout were acclimated either homogeneously, by exposing the whole body to the same temperature, or heterogeneously, by exposing the head and tail concurrently to two different temperatures in a divided chamber. After acclimation, one end of the fish was exposed to a lethal temperature (27.5C) while the other end was subjected to either 10 or 20C. The lethal response of any region of the fish varies with the acclimation temperature. For a heterogeneously acclimated fish, the cold-acclimated region when exposed to the lethal temperature reflected a mean body temperature effect, but when the warm-acclimated region was the one exposed, the time to death almost coincided with that of a fish wholly warm-acclimated and similarly exposed to the lethal temperature. When the head was exposed, death took place more rapidly when the tail region was at 20C than when it was at 10C. When the tail was exposed, death was slower when the head was at 20C than when it was at 10C. It is suggested that the tissue exposed responds according to its individual level of thermal acclimation.
The effects of temperature and photoperiod on diapause development in the eggs of four species of Lestes (Odonata: Zygoptera)
Authors: Sawchyn W. W. , Church N. S.
Published: August 2008

Lestes disjunctus, L. unguiculatus, and L. dryas diapause late in embryogenese when the embryo is almost fully formed. Lestes congener enters diapause just before blastokinesis. Lestes disjunctus, L. unguiculatus, and L. congener undergo a primarily temperature-controlled phase of diapause development, which proceeds most rapidly at 10 °C. In the field it is completed in most eggs by the end of October in L. disjunctus and L. unguiculatus, and by the end of November in L. congener. Subsequent development in L. disjuncius and L. unguiculatus is inhibited by photoperiods shorter than 12 to 14 h. There apparently is some overlap between the temperature- and photoperiod-controlled phases. The inhibitory effects of short photoperiods gradually disappear during the winter. In L. congener there is no significant photoperiod-controlled second phase of diapause. Diapause development in L. dryas probably is similar to that in L. disjunctus and L. unguiculatus.
The oxygen consumption of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) after removal or autotransplantation of the pituitary gland
Authors: Johansen P. H. , Gomery J. D.
Published: August 2008

After either pituitary removal or pituitary autotransplantation, the routine oxygen consumption of goldfish is reduced significantly from control levels. A similar pattern appears to be reflected by the oxygen consumption of white muscle tissue.
Summer food and feeding of the ruddy duck in Manitoba
Authors: Siegfried W. R.
Published: August 2008

The food and feeding habits of adult and juvenile ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis) in southwestern Manitoba were studied during June–August 1971. Animal material predominated in the diets of the birds. The basic diets of adult males and females, as well as ducklings of all ages, were similar. Larval and pupal midges (Tendipedidae), especially Chironomus, constituted the main food item. The quantity of grit in the gizzards increased with the age of the ducklings. There was no significant difference between the average quantities of grit retained by male and female adult birds. Ruddy ducks, of all ages, forage almost exclusively by diving and straining food organisms from the soft muddy ooze on the bottoms of ponds. Foraging ruddy ducks appear to select areas relatively rich in midge larvae.
A note on some Monogenea (Trematoda) from Albertan fishes
Authors: Arai Hisao P. , Chien Shih-Ming
Published: August 2008

Four monogenetic trematodes—Tetraonchus monenteron, Cleidodiscus brachus, Dactylogyrus albertensis, and D. banghami—are reported from the gills of fishes of southern Alberta.
Observations on the biology and laboratory rearing of Pseudostenophylax edwardsi (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)
Authors: Anderson N. H.
Published: August 2008

The limnephilid caddis fly Pseudostenophylax edwardsi (Banks) was reared through a complete generation in mass culture and as individuals from egg to pupa. Observations of the egg masses, larval duration, case construction, feeding, and adult behavior are discussed. P. edwardsi is apparently univoltine in the field but completed two generations within a year at 15 °C. Diapause of final-instar larvae apparently occurred with a short-day photoperiod.As P. edwardsi females will mate and oviposit in the laboratory, it is probable that continuous culture methods can be developed for this species. The larvae can be easily reared. Potential advantages of P. edwardsi as a laboratory test organism for bioassay procedures and behavioral studies are suggested.
The rat parietal cell: canaliculi and tubulovesicles
Authors: Leeson Thomas S.
Published: August 2008

The cytological features of the gastric parietal cell of the rat have been described using light and electron microscopy of material fixed either directly or after previous rapid freezing. Appearances have been correlated with the secretory cycle and particular emphasis placed on the conformation and interrelation of cytoplasmic tubulovesicles and intracellular canaliculi. The possible continuity of these membrane systems and their importance in acid secretion have been discussed in relation to the effectiveness of rapid freezing in preservation of vital relations. It is concluded that rapid freezing before chemical fixation does produce material which more accurately reflects vital appearances than does routine chemical fixation; and further evidence is provided for the theory of membrane flow during the secretory cycle of the parietal cell. Further, the possibility of membrane breakdown and reformation during the cycle is discussed.
Behaviour of a compound ascidian
Authors: Mackie G. O.
Published: August 2008

Recordings from Distaplia colonies show large electrical signals correlated with siphon contractions and arrest of the branchial cilia. These pulses occur rhythmically at 2- to 4-s intervals during sustained ciliary arrest. There is no coordination of the ciliary control pacemakers of adjacent zooids.Strong stimulation of one zooid leads to contractions and ciliary arrest in adjacent zooids. The response is transmitted slowly (<1 cm/s) and the latency is very variable. Interaction between zooids may be mechanical.Distaplia shows no photic sensitivity.
Antigenic components in haemolymph of some reduviids (Hemiptera, Reduviidae)
Authors: Perassi Ruth , Cerisola José A.
Published: August 2008

The antigenic composition of haemolymph from some reduviids was studied by means of immunochemical methods.No differences were detected between haemolymph from Triatoma infestans and Triatoma platensis. On the other hand, important qualitative and quantitative differences were observed in the antigenic composition of the haemolymph from Triatoma phyllosoma pallidipenis, Triatoma spinolai, Triatoma rubrovaria, Triatoma vitticeps, Rhodnius prolixus, and Rhodnius neglectus with respect to Triatoma infestans.