bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF WITHIN-PLANT DISTRIBUTION OF HELIOTHIS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) EGGS ON OVICIDE EFFICACY IN COTTON1
Authors: Farrar Robert R. , Bradley J. R.
Published: September 2017

The influence of within-plant distribution of Heliothis zea (Boddie) eggs on ovicide efficacy in cotton was investigated. Eggs were placed on different parts of cotton plants in the field, and an ovicide was applied as a broadcast spray. Eggs in more sheltered sites and lower on the plants suffered significantly lower mortality. Similar results were obtained using both methomyl and chlordimeform.
SENSITIVITY OF TUFTED APPLE BUDMOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) LARVAL INSTARS TO PHOTOPERIODIC INDUCTION OF DIAPAUSE AT 21C
Authors: Rock George C.
Published: September 2017

An examination of the sensitivity of the tufted apple budmoth, Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), larval instars to a diapause-inducing photoperiod at a constant 21C revealed that maximum expression of diapause occurred only when all five instars were exposed to a short daylength. No intermediate instar was found in which the developmental program could be switched from a diapause to a non-diapause one, or vice versa.
INNER CANOPY DEPOSITS OF MICROBIAL SPRAYS IN SOYBEANS1
Authors: Smith D. B. , Hostetter D. L.
Published: September 2017

Elcar® and Coax® suspensions were manually painted on soybean leaves or stems, pods and flowers in the field. Suspension deposits on stems, pods and flowers caused ca 7 × more mortality than deposits on leaves. In a second study, a 1 × suspension deposit on stems, pods and flowers caused approximately the same bioassay mortality (i.e. 58 vs 52%) as a 2 × deposit on soybean leaves. Data from equipment evaluations in the field indicated that a deflector shield mounted immediately in front of the spray boom and positioned to contact the upper 16 – 20 cm of the soybean plants caused higher Heliothis zea (Boddie) mortalities than other treatments evaluated.
ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF ADULT CARABIDAE IN FOUR SOYBEAN CROPPING SYSTEMS IN VIRGINIA
Authors: Ferguson H. J. , McPherson R. M.
Published: September 2017

Carabidae (Coleoptera) were monitored from pitfall trap catches in four soybean cropping systems in Westmoreland Co., Virginia during the summer of 1982. Harpalus pensylvanicus DeGeer, Poecilus chalcites Say, Amara spp., and Agonum octopunctatum Fabricius were the most commonly encountered among the 39 species collected. These four species were more abundant in drill-planted and double-cropped soybean fields which were conservation tillage systems as compared to conventionally plowed fields. Significantly more species per field and more carabids per trap were found during June than in later summer months. The Shannon-Weaver diversity and Berger-Parker dominance indices showed no significant differences in species diversity among the cropping systems. The total number of carabids present in soybeans is more important in comparisons than either species number of species evenness.
INFLUENCE OF STAND COMPOSITION ON LOCUST BORER (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) ATTACK RATES
Authors: Harman Dan M. , Rudolf Paul , Dixon Kenneth R.
Published: September 2017

Locust borer attack rates were studied in relation to stand mixtures in Appalachian Maryland. Current (active) attacks, as opposed to past attacks, were utilized to evaluate present stand composition. Current attack density increased with increased percent black locust on the plots. The trend was significant in 2 of 3 study areas (P < 0.05). Current and past attack density were not correlated with each other, nor was current attack correlated with indices of tree thrift or size.
COMPATIBILITY OF TWO FALL ARMYWORM PATHOGENS WITH THE PREDACEOUS BEETLE, CALOSOMA SAYI (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Young Orrey P. , Hamm John J.
Published: September 2017

Adult carabid beetles (Calosoma sayi DeJean) were allowed to feed on fall armyworm larvae [Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)] infected with either a nuclear polyhedrosis virus or a microsporidian protozoan (Vairimorpha sp.). Subsequent longevity of the beetles was monitored and fecal material was bioassayed to determine pathogen infectivity. Beetles fed infected larvae lived at least as long as beetles fed noninfected larvae. Both pathogens were highly infective when voided in beetle feces within 24 hours of ingestion. Concentration of pathogens and infectivity declined in subsequent fecal samples, with some infectivity detected in feces voided 13 – 15 days after consumption of infected larvae.
OBSERVATIONS ON A BRANCH PRUNER, PSYRASSA UNICOLOR (RANDALL) (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE), IN PECAN TREES
Authors: Solomon J. D.
Published: September 2017

Larvae of Psyrassa unicolor (Randall) tunneled basally in 2- to 4-mm-diameter pecan twigs for distances of 12 to 36 cm until intersecting a larger branch, which they girdled. Branches 10 to 50 mm in diameter and 0.6 to 3.6 m long were severed with a smooth concentric cut, and they fell from late January through May. Twenty-nine percent of the larvae were in the severed portion of the branch, 13% were in the branch stub, and the remaining larvae were dislodged and lost during the break. Branches pruned by P. unicolor were distinguished from those pruned by other species by the kind of girdle, time of year, and size of pruned branches.
VENOM APPARATUS OF TRYPOXYLON POLITUM SAY (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)
Authors: Gonzalez Jorge M. , Hermann Henry R.
Published: September 2017

The venom apparatus of Trypoxylon politum Say is very similar to that of the smaller Trypoxylon clavatum clavatum Say. The venom apparatus has paired filamentous venom glands and a poorly defined convoluted gland. The furcula is large and receives an extensive muscle supply from the oblong plate. Lancet valves are large and fill the sting bulb chamber. Gonoplacs are distinctly bilobed. The sting is strongly descendent.
NOTES ON BLOW FLY (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) SUCCESSION ON CARRION IN NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI
Authors: Goddard Jerome , Lago Paul K.
Published: September 2017

Blow fly succession on carrion was investigated in Lafayette County, Mississippi. Phaenicia caeruleiviridis, Phormia regina and Cochliomyia macellaria were dominant species from April through September and Cynomyopsis cadaverina, P. regina and Calliphora livida dominated during the cooler months (October through March). Although both fish and mammalian carrion were used, and baits were placed in different habitats, no differences between types of bait and types of habitat were observed. The use of P. caeruleiviridis and C. cadaverina as postmortum indicators is discussed.
APHELINUS PERPALLIDUS PARASITISM OF MONELLIA CARYELLA POPULATIONS IN FAR WEST TEXAS1
Authors: Bueno R. , Stone Jay D.
Published: September 2017

In 1981 and 1982, a survey was conducted to determine the impact of the parasite, Aphelinus perpallidus (Gahan), on populations of the blackmargined aphid, Monellia caryella (Fitch), in far west Texas. Parasitism did have a moderate impact on aphid populations in most of the orchards sampled in El Paso County. In 1981, peak percentage parasitism ranged from 6% in the Fabens orchard to 17% in the El Paso orchard. In 1982 peak percentage parasitism generally increased and ranged from 25% in the El Paso orchard to 30% in the Ysleta and Tornillo orchards. Further information on the phenology of A. perpallidus from each site is presented.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE LESSER MEALWORM, ALPHITOBIUS DIAPERINUS (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE) TO THE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES STEINERNEMA FELTIAE, S. GLASERI (STEINERNEMATIDAE) AND HETERORHABDITIS HELIOTHIDIS (HETERORHABDITIDAE)
Authors: Geden C. J. , Axtell R. C. , Brooks W. M.
Published: September 2017

The infectivity of Steinernema feltiae, S. glaseri and Heterorhabditis heliothidis for early-stage larvae, late-stage larvae, pupae and adults of the lesser mealworm were evaluated under different habitat conditions. When confined in petri dishes with nematode-treated filter paper, all beetle stages were highly susceptible to parasitism by S. feltiae, with LD50 values ranging from 9 to 56 nematodes per host Early-stage larvae (LD50 = 26) and pupae (LD50 = 36) were more susceptible than late-stage larvae (LD50 = 1,791) and adults (LD50 = 724) to H. heliothidis. Only adult beetles (LD50 = 714) were susceptible to S. glaseri. Late-stage beetle larvae were more susceptible to S. feltiae in rearing medium (LD50 = 24), broiler litter (LD50 = 2 58) and poultry manure (LD50 = 212) than to H. heliothidis, which caused less than 50% mortality at all dose rates in these substrates. Adults were less susceptible than larvae in these substrates, and mortality only exceeded 50% in litter treated with S. feltiae (LD50 = 971). Late-stage larvae were highly susceptible to both S. feltiae and H. heliothidis in sandy loam and clay soils, with LD50's ranging from 1 to 14 nematodes per larva. Pupal mortality was higher in sandy loam (S. feltiae LD50 = 46, H. heliothidis LD50 = 444) than in clay soil (S. feltiae LD50 = 95, H. heliothidis LD50 = 5,796).
CONSTRUCTION OF INEXPENSIVE, WALK-IN ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBERS FOR STUDYING INSECT-TEMPERATURE RELATIONSHIPS1
Authors: Bell M. C. , Luttrell R. G.
Published: September 2017

The construction of walk-in controlled environmental chambers that achieve high accuracy at low cost is described. These chambers are capable of maintaining air temperatures at 15 - 35° ± 0.5°C. Long term (weekly) humidity stability averages 75% RH at ±6%. The described units are useful for large-scale bioassay experiments.
PRIMARY HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES OF NANTUCKET PINE TIP MOTH, RHYACIONIA FRUSTRANA (COMSTOCK)1
Authors: Warren Lloyd O.
Published: September 2017

Nantucket pine tip moth (NPTM), Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), is a pest of several members of the genus Pinus, including commercial and ornamental species. A rather large parasitoid complex is associated with NPTM, but collecting and rearing techniques have not clearly defined the true or primary parasites attacking the NPTM. Incorrect associations may have been assumed. This report defines known primary hymenopteran parasites attacking NPTM including records for Arkansas.
LIFE HISTORIES OF MONOCHAMUS CAROLINENSIS AND M. TITILLATOR (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE) IN THE PIEDMONT OF NORTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Alya A. B. , Hain F. P.
Published: September 2017

Monochamus carolinensis (Olivier) and M. titillator (Fab.) have one to one and one-half generations per year in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Adults begin to emerge by the end of May and the flight period extends to early October. Both species go through a period of maturation feeding for about three weeks before they oviposit. The incubation period is about a week. In the field, pine logs remained attractive for ovipositing females for up to 42 days. Mortality from early-instar larvae to emerged adults averaged about 85%. None of 300 adults examined for the pine wood nematode Bursaphlenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) were infected.
HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS OF PECAN LEAFMINERS1,2
Authors: Heyerdahl Rod H. , Dutcher James D.
Published: September 2017

Thirty-seven hymenopterous parasitoids, representing the families Braconidae, Encyrtidae, Eulophidae, and Eupelmidae were reared from the larvae and pupae of each of the pecan leafminers Stigmella juglandifoliella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), Cameraria caryaefoliella (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), Phyllonorycter caryaealbella (Chambers) (Lepdioptera: Gracillariidae), and Coptodisca lucifluella Clemens (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae). Six of the parasitoids were secondary or hyperparasitoids, 10 were gregarious parasitoids and 4 were multiple parasitoids. Parasitoid exuviae and meconium in the host mine were useful diagnostic characteristics for distinguishing parasitoid species.
DISTRIBUTION OF BIOTYPE C AND E GREENBUGS1 ON WHEAT IN ARKANSAS2
Authors: Dumas B. A. , Mueller A. J.
Published: September 2017

Surveys were made in 1984 and 1985 to determine the distribution of greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), biotypes C and E on wheat in Arkansas. Results indicate that biotype C is the dominant greenbug biotype present on Arkansas wheat but that biotype E is also widely distributed throughout the wheat producing areas. The percent of biotype E varied from county to county (0.0 – 59.0%). Biotype E was detected in 24.9% of the samples taken during the two year survey of major wheat producing areas in Arkansas.
DEVELOPMENT OF HYLOBIUS PALES (HERBST)1 IMMATURES IN TWO TYPES OF PHLOEM MEDIA
Authors: Salom S. M. , Stephen F. M. , Thompson L. C.
Published: September 2017

Phloem sandwich and bark-wood slab media were compared as techniques for accurate observation and measurement of immature Hylobius pales (Herbst) development. Development was significantly slower in bark-wood slabs in the initial test This was probably due to higher phloem moisture content of this medium. After media use and handling skills had improved, overall development time was virtually the same in both media Phloem sandwiches were considered better for observing development of H. pales immatures because they permitted easy observation, were substantially cheaper to use, and provided results which were similar to those from bark-wood slabs.
DISCRIMINATION BY THE PUPAL PARASITE MUSCIDIFURAX ZARAPTOR1 FOR LIVE AND FREEZE-KILLED HOUSE FLY2 PUPAE3
Authors: Petersen J. J. , Pawson B. M. , Guzman D. R.
Published: September 2017

Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan and Legner was able to discriminate between live and freeze-killed house fly pupae at low parasite-to-host ratios (1:40) and preferred live hosts. As the parasite-host ratio and resulting rates of parasitism increased, a greater preference was shown for live hosts. However, high parasite-host ratios (1:5) where levels of parasitism reached the upper limits in live hosts (65 – 70%), discrimination disappeared suggesting that less suitable freeze-killed hosts were selected as hosts over previously stung but unparasitized live hosts. Freeze-killed house fly pupae may be useful in measuring natural Muscidifurax activity especially during periods of low natural host populations and may provide a ready host source in conjunction with parasite releases.
METHODS FOR REARING PHILONTHUS1 SPP. ASSOCIATED WITH CATTLE DROPPINGS2
Authors: Hunter J. S. , Fincher G. T. , Bay D. E.
Published: September 2017

A simple method for rearing four species of Philonthus beetles associated with cattle feces was developed which provided a continuous supply of adult beetles for experimentation. Also, an additional rearing procedure was developed that allowed observation of each life stage. The percent pupation and adult eclosion ranged from 88 - 92% and 83 - 88%, respectively, and the average time from egg to adult was approximately 14.5 days for each beetle species.
LABORATORY BIOLOGY OF TAENIOPODA EQUES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Whitman Douglas W.
Published: September 2017

The bionomics of the grasshopper Taeniopoda eques (Burmeister) were determined in the laboratory. Insects were reared on “regular,” artificial, and lettuce and oatmeal (LO) diets at 30°C. Larval growth parameters differed little between regular and LO diets, but adult females reared on regular diet oviposited earlier. Complete mortality occurred on the artificial diet. At 30°C on regular diet, larval development required ca. 35.5 days. Mating occurred following an additional 9.8 and 11.9 days for males and females respectively, and oviposition (of ca. 63 eggs/female) occurred on ca. day 25 of adult life, with subsequent ovipositions at ca. 12 day intervals. Freshly molted adult females (ca. 3.37 g, 69.5 mm) were larger than males (ca. 2.23 g, 58.9 mm), whereas preoviposition females (8.46 g) were substantially larger than same-age males (2.81 g). Parthenogenesis occasionally occurred in unmated females, producing female offspring. The methods given allow continuous culture of T. eques with ca. 40% egg hatch and 65% larval survival, in an eight month generation time.
PARASITIZATION OF MEADOW VOLES, MICROTUS PENNSYLVANICUS (ORD), BY AMERICAN DOG TICKS, DERMACENTOR VARIABILIS (SAY), AND ADULT TICK MOVEMENT DURING HIGH HOST DENSITY1
Authors: Carroll J. F. , Nichols J. D.
Published: September 2017

The numbers of host-seeking adult American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), in a sweet gum field in Maryland reflected changes in the population density of a host species, the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord), which within 1.5 yr fell from an estimated 157 to 8 voles on a 0.8 ha grid. During high vole density, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in tick burdens between sexes on an annual basis. Juvenile and subadult voles (< 33 g) harbored significantly fewer D. variabilis larvae and nymphs than did mature voles (> 33 g) on an annual basis. However, during periods of both peak host-seeking activity by D. variabilis larvae and nymphs and high host density nearly all the voles examined were infested. There was no evidence of a relationship between weight of adult voles and likelihood of parasitization by D. variabilis during months of moderate tick host-seeking activity. Of 163 adult D. variabilis recaptured ≥ one week after marking, 86 (52.7%) had moved > 3.8 m, 59 (36.2%) > 5.3 m.
CHECKLIST OF INSECT AND MITE SPECIES ATTACKING CONES AND SEEDS OF WORLD CONIFERS
Authors: Yates Harry O.
Published: September 2017

Listed alphabetically by order, family, genus, and species are 360 insect and mite species that attack flowers, cones, and seeds of world conifers. Synonyms, misspellings, invalid combinations, erroneous author names, and abbreviations of author names are listed exactly as published following the currently accepted species binomen. All species names listed are referenced to the cone and seed insect literature where that terminology appears.
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF THE TOXICITY AND REPELLENCY OF CORIANDER SEED TO FOUR SPECIES OF STORED-PRODUCT INSECTS1
Authors: Su Helen C. F.
Published: September 2017

Seed and oil of Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) were evaluated for their contact toxicity to adults of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Lasioderma serricome (F.), and Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val; and for their repellency to S. oryzae and T. confusum. The acetone extract of the seed was topically nontoxic to C. maculatus, slightly toxic to L. serricorne and T. confusum, and moderately toxic to S. oryzae at 40 μg/insect and higher at 48 hr after application. The oil was topically nontoxic to C. maculatus, L. serricome, and T. confusum, and was moderately toxic to S. oryzae at 30 μg/insect and higher.

Both the acetone extract and oil were repellent to S. oryzae when they were used to surface treat the wheat at dosages of 0.2, 0.1, and 0.05%, with the oil slightly more repellent than the extract at the 0.2% concentration. Both the extract and oil repelled T. confusum when the insects were exposed to the surface of the treated paper at concentrations of 600, 400, 200, and 100 μg/cm2, with the extract more effective than the oil
EVALUATION OF HERCON LAMINATED DISPENSERS BAITED WITH Z,Z-3,13-OCTADECADIEN-l OL ACETATE FOR SUPPRESSION OF THE GRAPE ROOT BORER, VITACEA POLISTIFORMIS (HARRIS), (LEPIDOPTERA: SESIIDAE), POPULATIONS IN GRAPES1
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Meyer John R. , Mayes R. L.
Published: September 2017

Z,Z-3,13-Octadecadien-l ol acetate (hereafter called Z,Z-ODDA), the major pheromone component of the peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa (Say), was evaluated in grape vineyards in Arkansas and North Carolina as a mating disruptant and population suppressant of the grape root borer (GRB), Vitacea polistiformis (Harris). An analysis of covariance was performed using the presence and absence of pheromone as the treatment grouping and the initial 1981 GRB emergence data from each plot as the covariate. The adjusted (least squares) mean number of GRB pupal skins per pheromone-treated plot in 1983 was significantly less (P = 0.088) than the number of skins counted in the check plots, indicating that the GRB density decreased two fold faster in the pheromone-treated plots than in the check plots. Field observations showed that the attractancy and eventual mating with calling GRB females by conspecific males was reduced to nearly zero in the plots air-permeated with Z,Z-ODDA. The GRB population decreased in all untreated plots except one where it actually increased. The decreases were attributed to low rainfall throughout the GRB egg hatch period whereas the increase in one plot was attributed to more rainfall and use of overhead irrigation.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOTHS' AND BUTTERFLIES' SCALE BASE
Authors: Khalaf Kamel T.
Published: September 2017

Examination of nonmarginal scales of anterior wings of Lepidoptera showed that those of the butterflies were auriculate basally and those of moths were cuneate.
EFFECT OF A STICKER ON THE TOXICITY OF PENNCAP-M® AND FURADAN® TO HONEY BEES1 WHEN THESE INSECTICIDES WERE SPRAYED ON FLOWERING ALFALFA23
Authors: Moffett Joseph O. , Harvey Jack , Cox Robert
Published: September 2017

Adding an experimental sticker did not markedly reduce the toxicity of either Furadan® (carbofuran) or Penncap-M® (a microencapsulated formulation of methyl parathion) to honey bees. When sprayed on flowering alfalfa, these insecticidal formulations killed large numbers of bees in colonies located on the borders of the sprayed fields.

In a related study, Penncap-M, without the sticker, killed colonies placed adjacent to the treated field 5 hr after this spray was applied. In contrast, colonies placed next to a field 5 hr after it was sprayed with a combination of both the experimental sticker and Penncap-M lost only 11% as many bees as the colonies placed next to the field that was sprayed with only Penncap-M.

In the Furadan-treated fields, the alfalfa foliage had 873 times more carbofuran residue per gram than the honey samples. Freshly collected pollen from pollen traps had 15 times more carbofuran, and dead bees had 6 times more carbofuran than the honey samples.

In the Penncap-M-treated fields, the alfalfa foliage had 356 times more methyl parathion than the dead bee samples. Pollen contained 21 times more parathion per gram than the dead bees. Honey from the Penncap-M-treated fields was not analyzed.
EFFECT OF FOOD AND PERHAPS LARVAL CROWDING ON DIAPAUSE INITIATION IN TUFTED APPLE BUD MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)1
Authors: Boyne J. V. , Rock G. C.
Published: September 2017

Larvae from a laboratory strain of tufted apple bud moth, Platynota idaeusali (Walker), were reared on semisynthetic diet and excised apple leaves while exposed to naturally-decreasing daylengths. Leaf-reared larvae showed a higher incidence of diapause than larvae reared on diet. The critical daylength for diapause induction in leaf- and diet-reared larvae occurred at ca. 14.8 and 14.3 h, respectively. Larvae reared on semisynthetic diet and exposed to naturally-decreasing daylengths were subjected to different levels of crowding. As the number of individuals reared together in the same container increased, the incidence of diapause increased. Separation of the effects of larval crowding from any possible effects of the quality of the semisynthetic diet on diapause induction was not attempted.
MORTALITY OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) FROM ABAMECTIN RESIDUES: EFFECTS OF HOST PLANT, LIGHT, AND SURFACTANTS
Authors: Mizell R. F. , Schiffhauer D. E. , Taylor J. L.
Published: September 2017

Residues of abamectin (avermectin, Avid), 15 ppm; abamectin + Leaf Act 80, 15 + 25 ppm; abamectin + Sunspray oil, 15 + 25 ppm, and a water control were evaluated for length of control of twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, on 3 host species: azalea, Rhododendron × ‘Red Ruffle’; lima bean, Phaseolus limensis var. limenus L. H. Bailey cv. ‘Henderson’ bush; and peach, Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. ‘Nemaguard’; and under sunlight and fluorescent light regimes.

Abamectin alone or in combination with the surfactants, 21 days post treatment, resulted in 42.6 – 91.8% and 88 – 93% mite mortality under sunlight and fluorescent light, respectively. No treatments on azalea or peach under sunlight caused > 37% mortality. Treatments caused similar mite mortality 1 day posttreatment under fluorescent light, but after day 1 treatments on peach caused < 62 % mortality while treatments on azalea caused < 46% mortality. The addition of oil increased mite mortality significantly on beans under sunlight at 14 days. At 21 days both Leaf Act 80 and oil increased mite mortality on bean compared to abamectin alone.
RESPONSE OF TRITICALE TO THE HESSIAN FLY (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Johnson J. W. , Buntin G. D. , Foster J. E. , Roberts J. J. , Raymer P. L.
Published: September 2017

Hessian fly infestation on triticale (X triticosecale Wittmack) has not been previously reported. Severe infestations on wheat in Georgia prompted the evaluation of triticale germplasm in the greenhouse to known biotypes of Hessian fly and in the field to natural populations. Susceptible triticale plants showed the same characteristics as susceptible wheat plants. ‘Beagle 82’, ‘Wytch’, and ‘Marta’, as well as several experimental lines, were highly resistant to biotype D Hessian fly. ‘M2A-Beagle’ and ‘Great Northern’ were the only entries highly resistant to biotype E, the predominant biotype population in the Southeast. The total number of flies per 30-cm row averaged 58 and 283 at Experiment and Plains, respectively. Morrison had the lowest percentage of infested tillers. ‘Jenkins’ and ‘Council’ were the most severely infested cultivars. Crosses have been made to determine the genetics of Hessian fly resistance identified in these studies.
EFFECTS OF MINERAL SALTS IN THE DIET OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FLOUR MOTH, ANAGASTA KUEHNIELLA (ZELLER)1
Authors: Boczek Jan H. , Wolska Krystyna , Davis Robert
Published: September 2017

Thirty-two different mineral salts were added individually to a diet of whole wheat flour to investigate their effects on population numbers, times of development and longevity of the Mediterranean flour moth, Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller). The effect upon the time of development varied from inhibitory to no effect to very stimulatory. All tested salts inhibited the egg-laying in P and F1 generations but egg laying completely stopped only with all the concentrations of sodium nitrate, NaNO3 in the diet of the P generation. No single anion or cation was found which would strongly affect this stored-product insect. The effect of each salt at each concentration was found to be different.
A NEW SPECIES OF DASYMUTILLA (HYMENOPTERA: MUTILLIDAE) FROM FLORIDA1
Authors: Manley Donald G. , Deyrup Mark A.
Published: September 2017

Dasymutilla mickeli, a new species of mutillid wasp, is described and illustrated. It was collected using Malaise traps and, based upon collection records, its distribution appears to be restricted to central Florida. It can be distinguished by its small size and color of the integument (black except for the ferruginous second abdominal segment).
FECUNDITY AND EGG HATCHABILITY OF TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE, TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) REARED ON NINE SOYBEAN GENOTYPES1
Authors: Wheatley Jo Ann Canal , Boethel David J.
Published: September 2017

Nine genotypes of soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, were tested for their effect on fecundity and egg hatchability of twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Fecundity of both virgin and mated females was significantly affected by soybean genotypes and by the mites' mating status. The cultivar ‘Tracy M’ demonstrated antibiosis to T. urticae by reducing egg production. Plant Introduction 227687, which has demonstrated resistance to soybean insects, did not inhibit egg production by mites. DSR 352 and PI 227687 were the most susceptible genotypes in the study. Mated females laid more eggs than virgin females. Hatchability of eggs was not affected by soybean genotype or mating status.
CHINCH BUG DAMAGE TO BERMUDAGRASS
Authors: Lynch R. E. , Some Solibo , Dicko Idrissa , Wells H. D. , Monson W. G.
Published: September 2017

Chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say), population densities and damage were recorded from bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., pastures in Tifton, GA. Field observations of chinch bug populations indicated they prefer and/or damage goosegrass (Eleusine indica [L.) Gaertn) > Texas panicum, (Panicum texanum [Buckl]) > bermudagrass ≥ crowfoot grass, (Dactyloctenium aegyptium) [L.]), pigweed, (Amaranthus sp.), or sicklepod, (Cassia obtusifolia [L.]). These results suggest initial chinch bug infestations originated on goosegrass and spread to bermudagrass. Laboratory assays using adult and nymphal chinch bugs showed a preference for goosegrass over other grasses and weeds in bermudagrass pastures. A laboratory assay of six bermudagrass varieties showed that Kenya 61 was most preferred and Tifton 292 the least preferred by chinch bug nymphs.
ESTIMATING THE NUMBER OF EGGS PER EGG MASS OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA, ON THREE TREE SPECIES IN THE SOUTHERN U. S.1,2
Authors: Goyer R. A. , Lenhard G. J. , Smith J. D. , May R. A.
Published: September 2017

Several parameters of forest tent caterpillars (FTC), Malacosoma disstria Hübner, were evaluated for estimating the number of eggs per mass on three tree species in the southern U. S. Egg mass length without its spumaline (protective) coating was the most highly correlated measurement with actual number of eggs per mass on water tupelo, Nyssa aquatica L., water oak, Quercus nigra L., and flowering dogwood, Cornus florida L. Fecundity was significantly higher on water tupelo in Louisiana than on water oak and flowering dogwood in South Carolina.
IMPORTANCE OF SAMPLING NYMPHS IN THE EVALUATION OF INSECTICIDES FOR THREECORNERED ALFALFA HOPPER (HOMOPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE) CONTROL
Authors: Sparks A. N. , Boethel D. J.
Published: September 2017

Results of field insecticide efficacy studies for control of the threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, indicated that sampling of nymphs allows for a more complete interpretation of efficacy test results than sampling of adults alone. Sampling of nymphs not only allows detection of activity against nymphs, but because of their relative immobility, it also allows better destinction between reinfestation versus development of populations within plots and better evaluation of residual activity. Of the insecticides evaluated, four pyrethroids (asana, cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, and fenvalerate) and an insect growth regulator (buprofezin) were found to provide the best control.
NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS TRANSMISSION BY INFECTED HELIOTHIS ZEA (BODDIE) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) PRIOR TO DEATH1
Authors: Ali M. I. , Young S. Y. , Yearian W. C.
Published: September 2017

The potential of Heliothis zea (Boddie) larvae infected with nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) to transmit the virus prior to their death was examined in the laboratory. In two separate tests fourth instar larvae were infected with NPV by either artificial diet surface treatment or virus treated soybean leaf disks. Each day NPV washed from the body surface of larvae, in larval feces and on the diet surface was bioassayed utilizing neonate H. zea. External contamination of the larvae with NPV resulted using the diet surface treatment technique but not with the leaf disk technique. Tests of surface contaminated larvae subsequently showed NPV contamination on the diet and in the feces. Bioassays revealed that progeny virus from infected larvae was not present on the body surface or in feces until late stages in the disease.
LONG TERM EFFECTS OF RICELAND AGRICHEMICALS ON POSTPARASITES AND ADULTS OF ROMANOMERMIS CULICIVORAX (NEMATODA: MERMITHIDAE)1,2
Authors: Walker T. W. , Meek C. L.
Published: September 2017

Field applications of selected riceland agrichemicals caused ≤ 22.8% mortality to Romanmermis culiciuorax up to 48 days posttreatment. Methyl parathion + benomyl + thiabendazole was responsible for the highest mortality. Most agrichemicals did not seriously inhibit parasitism of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae by F1 progeny of R. culicivorax, previously treated as postparasites and as adults.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF PREDATORS AND PARASITES ASSOCIATED WITH MONELLIOPSIS PECANIS BISSELL AND MONELLIA CARYELLA (FITCH) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDAE)1
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Estes P. M.
Published: September 2017

A survey of predators and parasites associated with the pecan aphids Monelliopsis pecanis Bissell and Monellia caryella (Fitch), revealed the presence of approximately 33 aphidophagous arthropod species. The most abundant predators included Chrysopa rufilabris Burmeister, C. quadripunctata Burmeister, Micromus posticus (Walsh), Coniopteryx simplicior Meinander, Olla abdominalis (Say), Coleomegilla maculata (Mulsant), Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Mineville, and Allograpta oblique (Say). Three parasite species were collected and two subsequently identified from aphid mummies, including Aphelinus perpallidus Gahan, and Alloxysta schlingeri Andrews. Predators were most abundant at times of greatest aphid abundance; parasite abundance varied. No directional or height preferences in tree canopies were noted for predators or parasites.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON CONTACT AND VOLATILE TOXICITIES OF APHICIDES AGAINST THE GREEN PEACH APHID, MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZER) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: McLeod Paul
Published: September 2017

Laboratory studies indicated positive temperature coefficients for 6 aphicides when applied directly to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on spinach, Spinacia cleracea L., leaves, at 32, 24, 16, or 8°C. At 32°C order of toxicity was RH7988 > pirimicarb > mevinphos > phosphamidon > acephate > dimethoate. Although the relative order of contact toxicity did not change as temperature was reduced, temperature coefficients varied from +5.15 for dimethoate to +1.47 for RH7988. Thus low temperature adversely affected contact activity of dimethoate more than RH7988. Mevinphos and pirimicarb were the only tested compounds that produced substantial GPA mortality through volatile activities. Furthermore, their effectiveness was reduced at low temperatures as indicated by positive temperature coefficients. Data from this study demonstrate the necessity of applying presently registered spinach aphicides, i.e., dimethoate and mevinphos, at warm temperatures. As additional aphicides become available for cool season crops such as spinach, this necessity may not be as critical.
EFFECTS OF ANTENNECTOMY AND A JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOG ON PHEROMONE PRODUCTION IN THE BOLL WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Dickens J. C. , McGovern W. L. , Wiygul G.
Published: September 2017

Aggregation pheromone production by male boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman can be stimulated by both antennectomy and topical application of a juvenile hormone analog (JHA, methoprene). Since JHA decreases sensitivity of antennal olfactory receptors, its effects on pheromone production may possibly be by either stimulating release of some blood-borne factor or decreasing antennal input.
SEASONAL DISPERSAL AND HOST PREFERENCE BY ADULT SHARPNOSED LEAFHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) IN NORTH CAROLINA WOODLANDS1
Authors: Whitney Susan P. , Meyer John R.
Published: September 2017

Scaphytopius spp. were sweep-sampled weekly from 20 April to 20 November 1984 in creeping blueberry, Vaccinium crassifolium Andrews, near a commercial blueberry field in North Carolina to establish migration patterns. Population growth curves of adults were compared to those of 5th-instar nymphs. Differences in curve patterns indicated adult dispersal from creeping blueberry during the first two generations and return in the 3rd generation. Adults were sampled in wild highbush blueberry, V. corymbosum L.; sheepkill, Kalmia angustifolic (Small); huckleberry, Gaylussacia frondosa (L.) Torrey & Gray; and creeping blueberry to determine inter-host dispersal and host preference. Analysis of variance on numbers of captured males showed significant differences between host species for S. magdalensis (Provancher), but none for S. verecundus (Van Duzee). The former species preferred sheepkill, highbush blueberry and huckleberry, while the latter was uniformly distributed among all four host species. It was recommended that sampling programs for wild S. magdalensis be conducted in huckleberry due to abundance of this host and ease of sampling.
MOVEMENT BETWEEN WILD AND CULTIVATED BLUEBERRY1 BY TWO SPECIES OF SHARPNOSED LEAFHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)2 IN NORTH CAROLINA3
Authors: Whitney Susan P. , Meyer John R.
Published: September 2017

Field-collected Scaphytopius spp. adults were marked with fluorescent pigment, released in a cultivated blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) field and an adjacent wooded site in Bladen Lakes State Forest, NC, and recaptured on yellow sticky traps. Of those S. magdalensis (Provancher) released in the wooded site, 17.3, 27.1 and 43.7% were recaptured in the wooded area during generations I-III, respectively. Of those S. magdalensis released in the cultivated field, recapture in the same field was 11.5 and 27.9% during the first two generations, but only 1.5% at the beginning of the 3rd generation. Adults apparently moved out of the wild habitat during the 1st generation and out of cultivated fields during the 3rd. This movement pattern was not found in S. verecundus (Van Duzee). First-generation S. magdalensis should be controlled during their flight into cultivated fields.
THE IMPACT OF CARBOFURAN APPLIED TO PECAN ORCHARD SOIL ON EMERGING PECAN WEEVIL ADULTS AND FOLIAGE FEEDING APHIDS AND MITES
Authors: Dutcher J. D. , Payne J. A.
Published: September 2017

Applications of a granular formulation of carbofuran to the soil beneath pecan trees at (16 and 32 kg actual insecticide per ha) to control adult pecan weevils as they emerged from the soil reduced pecan aphid populations and increased pecan leaf scorch mite populations. Pecan weevil damage was not decreased by the treatments and adults trapped from treated soil were similar to adults trapped from untreated pecans.soil with respect to fecundity and ability to damage pecans.
REFINEMENT OF A SPRAY TIMING TECHNIQUE FOR THE NANTUCKET PINE TIP MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Kudon Louis H. , Berisford C. Wayne , Dalusky Mark J.
Published: September 2017

Application of dimethoate on various spray dates enabled a refinement of a spray timing technique for control of the third generation of Nantucket pine tip moth. Two spray applications were necessary for adequate control but proper timing of the first application was found to be more critical. Optimal control was achieved when the first spray was applied at 520 degree days after the onset of male moth flight. Optimal dates generally coincided with peak egg densities.

Although a few eggs and early instar larvae were found after the completion of the third generation of tip moth, no extended survival, damage or other indication of a fourth generation was recorded.
LIFE CYCLE AND REPRODUCTION OF RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI (L.) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON WHEAT IN THE LABORATORY1
Authors: Foster J. E. , Stamenkovic S. S. , Araya J. E.
Published: September 2017

The life span and reproduction of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), was studied in chambers at 25 ± 0.5°C and a 12:12 hr light:dark cycle on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) cvs. Blueboy, Monon, Seneca, Knox 62, and Arthur 71, and oats (Avena sativa L.) cv. Clintland 64 (C64). The life cycle, wing formation, fecundity, and longevity of R. padi varied significantly among cultivars.

Apterae and alatae longevity were similar on the same cultivar. Wingless R. padi lived for 24.9–29.6 days on wheat cultivars and 33.1 days on C64 oats. The alatae lived for 26.6–28.3 days on wheats and 33.2 days on C64 oats. Differences in the longevity of alatae were highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) between C64 and the wheats Knox 62 and Seneca, as well as between Blueboy, Arthur 71, and Monon.

On wheat, the reproductive period lasted longer in wingless (24.9–29.6 days) than in winged (26.6–28.3 days) aphids. Clintland 64 oats were the most suitable host for R. padi (apterae and alatae mean progeny of 38.7 nymphs per famale). On wheat, progeny production ranged from 6.4 nymphs on Seneca to 24.0 on Blueboy. The least suitable hosts for R. padi were the Seneca and Know 62 cultivars. These cultivars showed a relative antibiosis type of resistance to the bird cherry-oat aphid. Selections from Seneca and Know 62 may be of use in wheat breeding programs for plant resistance against R. padi.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE LARVA OF GLYPHONYX BIMARGINATUS SCHAEFFER (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE)
Authors: Cheshire J. M. , Jones D. C.
Published: September 2017

Elaterid larvae of an unknown species were reared to adults and identified as Glyphonyx bimarginatus Schaeffer. The larva of G. bimarginatus is described and illustrated on the basis of cast larval skins and preserved specimens.
HISTOLOGY OF ANOMALOUS GROWTH AND ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS ASSOCIATED WITH MAINSTEM GIRDLING BY THREECORNERED ALFALFA HOPPER, SPISSISTILUS FESTINUS (SAY) (HOMOPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE) ON SOYBEAN1
Authors: Johnson M. P. , Mueller A. J. , Harris W. M. , Kim K. S.
Published: September 2017

Cell and tissue structure of undamaged soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, stems were compared with those from the swollen area immediately above (< 1 cm) threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), girdles. Examination of epoxy - resin embedded transverse sections from the swollen stems revealed growth that differed significantly from the normal dicot structure. The anomalous growth consisted of vascular bundles scattered in the secondary phloem surrounded by parenchyma cells. Examination of Paraplast® embedded transverse and longitudinal sections of adventitious root - like growths arising from or above the swollen hypocotyl area revealed normal root structure.
DISPERSAL RESPONSE OF TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH (ACARI: TETRANYCHIDAE) TO FENVALERATE AND PERMETHRIN RESIDUES ON SOYBEANS
Authors: Donahue D. H. , McPherson R. M. , Poe S. L.
Published: September 2017

The dispersal response of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, to fenvalerate and permethrin residues on soybeans was examined in the laboratory. Both fenvalerate and permethrin elicited a significant dispersal response compared to dispersal of cohorts exposed to distilled water. Similar results were obtained with both whole - plant and excised leaf techniques. Dispersal was partitioned into walkoff and spindown responses. Spindown was the most frequent dispersal behavior (58%) of T. urticae exposed to fenvalerate, while both spindown (33%) and walkoff (23%) were observed at about the same frequency with permethrin residues. An inexpensive petri dish assay technique was developed which allowed numerous observations with limited input of labor.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING BY THREECORNERED ALFALFA HOPPER NYMPHS (HOMOPTERA: MEMBRACIDAE) ON HYPOCOTYLS OF V1 AND V3 STAGE SOYBEAN PLANTS1
Authors: Johnson M. P. , Mueller A. J.
Published: September 2017

Hypocotyls of vegetative V1 and V3 stage soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill were subjected to feeding by third, fourth, and fifth instars of the threecornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say). Significant differences in feeding injury, plant responses, fresh and dry root weights, and plant stage development occurred due to fourth instar feeding on V1 stage plants. Most soybean plants responded to partial and complete girdles by producing swelling and/or adventitious roots above the girdle.
A STRAIN DIFFERENCE AND ABLATION EXPERIMENTS INVOLVING A DISPERSAL PHEROMONE IN THE GERMAN COCKROACH, BLATTELLA GERMANICA (DICTYOPTERA: BLATTELLIDAE)
Authors: Ross Mary H.
Published: September 2017

The results of bioassays involving a dispersal pheromone that is secreted by adult female German cockroaches are described. Males with excised antennae were unable to sense the dispersant. Repellency to males with excised maxillary palps did not differ significantly from that in the controls. Males of an insecticide - resistant field strain responded more strongly to the dispersant than males of a susceptible laboratory strain. Filter papers conditioned by crowded field strain females were more repellent than papers conditioned similarly by laboratory strain females.
EVALUATION OF SURVEY METHODS FOR ESTIMATING SORGHUM MIDGE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) DENSITIES IN GRAIN SORGHUM
Authors: Steward V. B. , Kring T. J. , Yearian W. C.
Published: September 2017

Six methods for sampling field populations of ovipositing sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola, in grain sorghum panicles were compared to an absolute sampling method. The methods evaluated were the visual, tap, remove, shake, beat-bucket, and grab. Population estimates obtained by visual examination were similar to absolute estimates when population density was low but significantly differed at mean midge densities above 9.2/panicle. The remaining sampling method density estimates were significantly less than the absolute method estimates. The visual examination method was relatively time efficient taking ca. one minute per panicle to complete. The effect of panicle compactness (open, medium, and compact) on the precision of the visual examination was investigated. Accuracy of the visual examination method significantly decreased as panicle compactness increased. This may be a result of either obstructed vision or increased density of midges with compactness or a combination of both.
LABORATORY EVALUATION OF DILL SEED EXTRACT IN REDUCING INFESTATION OF RICE WEEVIL IN STORED WHEAT1
Authors: Su Helen C. F.
Published: September 2017

Wheat was surface-treated with acetone extract of dill seed and exposed to rice weevils, Sitophilus oryzae (L.). At 2000 ppm, dill extract provided complete protection 1-day after treatment, and still provided 68.13% reduction of the F1 generation after treated wheat was stored for 52 weeks. One day after treatment, dosages of 1000 and 500 ppm reduced the F1 generation 81.86 and 21.99%, respectively, and the effect decreased rapidly.
SURVIVAL OF THE PUPAL STAGE OF THE SCREWWORM, COCHLIOMYIA HOMINIVORAX (COQUEREL) (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) IN SUBTROPICAL MEXICO
Authors: Thomas Donald B.
Published: September 2017

Survival of the screwworm pupal stage was studied under different ecological conditions over a 12-month period in southern Mexico. Survival (measured as successful adult eclosion) differed only slightly between the wet and dry seasons, but survival was highest (avg. 75%) in sheltered sites and lowest (avg. 23%) in exposed sites. High soil temperatures at exposed sites were probably responsible for high mortalities. Only during the cool months was there any survival at exposed sites. Moisture levels were of minimal influence, though high mortality from especially heavy rains may occur in sheltered sites.
SAMPLING WESTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER PUPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) USING BURLAP TRAPS
Authors: Shore Terry L.
Published: September 2017

Burlap wrapped around western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg., trees at breast height was used to trap pupae of the western hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria lugubrosa (Hulst). The number of pupae in the traps was highly variable and was not related to tree diameter or the surface area of the trap. There was a significant relationship between the number of viable pupae per trap and the number of healthy western hemlock looper eggs subsequently laid on lichen in the trees. Sample size requirements are presented.
WINTER SURVEY OF THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) FROM CERTAIN SUSPECTED AND CONFIRMED HOSTS OF TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS IN SOUTH TEXAS
Authors: Stewart J. W. , Cole Charles , Lummus Pat
Published: September 2017

A survey of peanut fields for thrips on selected and confirmed hosts of the tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was conducted from November 24, 1986 to April 6, 1987. Berlese separators were utilized to extract thrips from plant samples. The only known thrips vector of TSWV collected during this study was Frankliniella occidentalis. Adult and immature forms of F. occidentalis were common on several weed hosts throughout the winter months. Twelve additional species of thrips were collected during the course of this study.