bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Tobacco Budworm and Boll Weevil, 1988
Authors: Hopkins S. W. , Hopkins H. B. , Benedict J. H. , Pickel S. L.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near Austwell, Tex., to evaluate efficacy of Karate (3 formulations), Baythroid, and Guthion for tobacco budworm and boll weevil control. Treatments were compared in 5-row by 50-ft plots of cotton planted 28 Apr on 30-inch rows. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in randomized complete block. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized (38 psi) backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.4 gal total spray/acre through 2 size 3X hollow-cone nozzles/row. Heliothis spp. larvae (n = 50) were collected from the test plots and reared to adulthood for identification of species. Applications were made 17, 22, and 27 Jul. Twenty-five randomly selected squares or bolls/plot were inspected for the presence of tobacco budworm larvae and damage and boll weevil damage on 21, 26, and 29 Jul. Seed cotton was hand-harvested from a 6.8-ft section of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Cotton Pest Control, 1987
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F.
Published: March 2022

‘G&P 3774’ was planted 28 Apr and plots were in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plots were 8 rows wide and 40 ft long. A Hi-boy sprayer with tips every 20 inches calibrated for 6 gal/acre was used for insecticide application. Thrips were controlled with 0.1 lb (AI)/acre Bidrin 22 May. The insecticide test was applied 23 and 29 Jun. The test area was infested 22 Jun with TSSM by placing one infested bean plant in every 5 ft of row. D-vac samples were collected from 50 row-ft of each plot on 23 and 29 Jun, 1 and 7 d after first insecticide application, to evaluate early-season control. Presence of TSSM was determined by examining 25 leaves in the seventh node position from the terminal of the plants. These counts were made 6, 13, 21, and 27 Jul and 4 Aug and the percentage of infested leaves was calculated.
Chemical Suppression, 1988
Authors: Merchant Michael E. , Teetes George L.
Published: March 2022

Eight insecticide treatments, some as combinations, were evaluated for the suppression of Heliothis spp. in cotton at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm at College Station. Cotton was planted 6 Apr in 40-inch rows. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. Plots of 8 rows by 65 ft were sprayed with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 8 gal of solution/acre through 2 TX-6 hollow cone nozzles/row at 40 psi. Insecticides were applied 8 Jul (early application of Curacron only), 14 Jul, 21 Jul, and 29 Jul. Plant damage, insect abundance, and lint yield estimates were determined from randomly selected locations from the inner 6 rows of each plot. Estimates of egg and larval densities and terminal damage were made once within all plots prior to the first insecticide application. Estimates of insect damage were made by examining 50 randomly selected one-third-grown or larger squares and 50 soft bolls/plot on the day of, or the day before, insecticide application. In response to observed mite damage, a total of 15 randomly selected leaves from the upper and middle portions of the cotton canopy were collected from each plot and examined for the presence of motile adult mites.
Control of Rice Water Weevil, 1988
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

This field experiment was conducted on clay soil at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 treatments and 4 replicates. Each plot was 6 by 13 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent contamination among plots. Plots were fertilized 12 Apr with urea at 68 lb nitrogen/acre. Rice was broadcast seeded in each plot 12 Apr at 100 lb seed/acre. The plots were flooded 15 Apr and drained 24 h later. Thiobencarb at 4 lb (AI)/acre was applied 20 Apr as a preemergence herbicide. Rice emerged 24 Apr and was flush irrigated 25 Apr and 10 May. Propanil at 3.0 lb (AI)/acre and Bentazon at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre were applied 13 May. Urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre was applied 16 May. Plots were flodded 17 May and drained 20 May. The permanent flood was applied 28 May.
Control of Greenbug, 1988
Authors: Peters Leroy L. , Mayo Z B
Published: March 2022

The previous year’s crop was soybeans. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plots were 4 rows wide (30-inch spacing) and 30.8 ft long and were planted 19 May. The 2 center rows were used for data collection. Banded planting-time application of granules was made by applying a preweighed amount of granules (1.2 oz [AI]/1,000 row-ft) from a V-belt seeder into a bander mounted just in front of the planter presswheel. In-furrow planting-time application of granules (1.2 oz [AI]/1,000 row-ft) was made by applying a preweighed amount of granules from a V-belt seeder into the granule delivery tube mounted on the planter behind the seed tube. Emerged plants were counted 8 Jun. Insect population levels were determined by examining 5-10 plants on the stated dates. The heads were counted 26 Sep. Plots were harvested 19 Oct with a Massey 35 combine.
Velvetbean Caterpillar Control, 1988
Authors: Funderburk Joe , Brown Andrew , Maruniak Jim , Boucias Drion
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Gadsden County, Fla., and planted on 23 May. Plot size was 8 rows by 15 m with 0.76-m row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied 13 Sep, except for a treatment of the VBC nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV), which was applied on 28 Aug. All applications were made with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 3 D3 nozzles/row. Each treatment was applied at 36 psi at a rate of 25 gal/acre. Efficacy data were collected by taking 25 sweeps/plot with a 0.38-m-diam sweep net on each of 3 dates. The 2 center rows of each plot were not sampled, and yield estimates were made by harvesting 30 m of these rows on 7 Nov
Twospotted Spider Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Hammond Ronald B.
Published: March 2022

Thirty-six plots were established near Wooster, Ohio, using soybeans that had a severe infestation of TSSM. Plots measured 15 m by 1 row, with a single buffer row between plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 replicates and 12 treatments. Miticides were applied 3 Aug; another application was made 9 Aug for 2 of the treatments. Sprays were applied with a CO2 bicycle sprayer equipped with TX2 Spraying Systems nozzles that moved 1 ft/s. Sprays were applied at 40 psi for a rate of 20 gal/acre. On each of 5 evaluation dates, 5 leaves/plot were randomly removed from the upper third of the plant canopy and returned to the laboratory. Leaves were viewed under a dissecting microscope at 10 x magnification and rated for the presence of immature and adult mites. The rating scale was as follows: 0, no live mites observed; 1, a few mites seen, still very low numbers; 2, numerous mites present; and 3, heavy numbers obvious (>100 mites per leaf). Ratings of 0 or 1 indicated excellent control, 2 poor control, and 3 no control. Yield data for individual plots were not taken; average yields for the treated and untreated plots were taken.
Spider Mite Control, Trial 1, 1988
Authors: Ostlie K. , Chaddha S.
Published: March 2022

A severe infestation of TSSM provided an unusual opportunity to evaluate insecticide performance in Minnesota. Plots of 2 rows (30-inch spacing) by 15 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. A single border row separated adjacent plots to minimize effects of spray drift. Spider mites were present throughout the soybean canopy at stage R5.5 (beginning seed) with feeding injury readily visible below the top 2-3 leaves. Insecticides were broadcast 13 Aug in 30 gal water at 40 psi using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 8002 nozzles. The population in each plot was sampled 13, 18, and 23 Aug (0, 5, and 10 DAT). On each sampling date, TSSM were counted from 20 leaflets/plot (10 leaflets at the fourth node from the top and 10 leaflets at the seventh node from the top). Mites were removed from the leaflets with a mite-brushing machine. Leaf injury was visually estimated from 5 leaflets/plant (nodes 4-8 from the top) on 5 plants/plot. Plots were harvested 10 Oct, and yields were corrected to 13% moisture.
Control of Tobacco Insect Pests, 1988
Authors: Jackson D. Michael
Published: March 2022

Several formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki, thuringiensin ((β-exotoxin, ABG-6162A) and fenoxycarb (ABG-6231), were tested for field control of tobacco budworm and tobacco hornworm larvae on ‘Coker 176’ tobacco at Oxford, N.C. Six separate experiments were run. Orthene Tobacco Insect Spray (TIS) (75% soluble powder) was used as an insecticide standard. Tobacco was transplanted 10 May into 3 fields that had been treated with isopropalin (Paarlan, 1.68 kg [AI]/ha) and metalaxyl (Ridomil 2 EC, 0.56 kg [AI]/ha) for weed and disease control. Diphenamid (Enide 90 W, 4.48 kg [AI]/ha) was applied after transplanting (28 Jun) for additional weed control. Plants were placed on 55.9-cm centers with 1.22 m between rows. Single-row plots of 15 plants each were set up in randomized complete block designs with 5 replicates for each experiment. On 5 Jul, plants were cut off 10 cm above the ground. One sucker was allowed to regrow from each plant, and this regrowth was used in Experiments 5 and 6. Plants were infested with two 3-d-old tobacco budworm larvae (Experiments 1, 2, 4, and 5) or two 4-d-old tobacco hornworm larvae (Experiments 3 and 6) from laboratory colonies on 10, 24, 21, and 20 Jun, 29 Jul, and 3 Aug for Experiments 1-6, respectively. Plots were treated on 13, 27, 23, and 24 Jun, and 1 and 5 Aug. Spray applications were made by a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with an adjustable nozzle at a rate of 233.8 liters/ha with 4.1 X 105 pascals. Live larvae were counted 3 or 4 DAT. Plots in Experiments 1 and 2 were also checked at 7 DAT.
Control of Myzus Nicotianae, 1988
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Reed T. David , Barnes Martha L.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted near Blackstone, Va., in a field that had been transplanted on 9 May. Treatment units consisted of single 40-ft-long tobacco rows (4 ft between rows). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Adjacent plots were separated by single untreated border rows. Insecticide treatments were applied 14 Jul and 8 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer that delivered 24 gal/acre at 60 psi through 3 TX-10 nozzles/row. Weather conditions were clear and hot (92-95°F 14 Jul and 91-93°F 8 Aug) when treatments were applied. For the first 5 DAT daytime high temperatures ranged from 97 to 102°F. M. nicotianae between the fourth and sixth veins on the abaxial right halves of 4 upper leaves were counted on 10 plants/plot before treatment and at 3-d to 2-wk intervals after transplanting. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened within each plot. Leaves were cured, weighed, and graded for yield and value determinations. Count data were transformed to log10(x + 1) before application of ANOVA. Nontransformed means are presented.
Control of Tobacco Budworm, 1988
Authors: Southern P. Sterling , Browne Micou M.
Published: March 2022

Commercially grown tobacco was transplanted 13 May in Pender County, N.C., and 27 Apr in Sampson County. Because natural infestations were very light, 20 undamaged plants/plot were tagged and artificially infested with budworms from a culture maintained at North Carolina State University. A single 1-d-old larva was transferred from artificial diet to the bud of tagged plants using a camel's hair brush and allowed 24 h (Pender) and 96 h (Sampson) to become established before treatment. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Plots were 0.02 acres, 4 rows, separated laterally by a vacant row and on each end by 10-16-ft alleys. Insecticides were applied with a C02-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre through a single TG-3 nozzle (Pender, 24 Jun) or 16 gal/acre through a single TG-2 nozzle (Sampson, 13 Jun) at 60 psi. Tagged plants were examined for budworms at 3 and 13 DAT in Pender and at 4 and 10 DAT in Sampson. On the second date in each location, budworm damage was rated on all tagged plants. After final harvest and curing, tobacco was weighed and graded with the assistance of a government grader. Data were subjected to ANOVA. For analysis, budworm infestation was expressed as the proportion of plants infested and yield as lb/plot. In the table, infestation is presented as the percentage of plants infested.
Control of Black Twig Borers, 1988
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

Anthurium petioles with active galleries (identified by a live female at the entrance hole) were collected from a heavily infested field in Mt. View, Hawaii. Leaf petioles were cut 6-8 inches and placed in a Styrofoam holder. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates with 10 petioles/replicate. Insecticides were applied once 4 Oct using a hand-held pump sprayer. The number of petioles with female borer remaining at the entrance hole were recorded at 2, 4, and 7 DAT with a dissecting microscope. Mortality was determined at 7 DAT by dissecting the petiole and probing the mother borer for movement.
White Grub Control, 1988
Authors: Ali A. D. , Garcia J. M.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in a golf course fairway in Apple Valley, Calif. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plot size was 5 by 20 ft2 and granular formulations were shaken manually from a glass jar over the plots. Liquids were applied with a Solo backpack sprayer with a hollow-cone nozzle at 32 psi and a spray rate of 6 gal/1,000 ft2. Immediately after application, treatments were watered in with one-half inch of water. Pretreatment grub density was determined on 25 Apr by cutting 5 1-ft by 1-ft by 3-in. randomly selected sections in the sod in each plot and counting the number of grubs. Insecticide treatments were applied the same date. Posttreatment grub density was determined in the same manner on 25 May. Average thatch thickness was one-half inch; water pH was 7.2. The course was irrigated daily with one-quarter in. as normal.
Clover mite Control, 1988
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Pskowski Daniel J.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established on a uniformly growing turf area along an east facing wall on the campus of Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. Plots were 12 by 10 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 11 Apr, in early afternoon approximately 4 h after mowing. Treatments were sprayed using hand-operated compressed-air sprayers delivering 2 qt fluid/plot (4.2 gal/ 1,000 ft2). Evaluations were made 48 h after application with a D-vac suction sampler (1-ft-diam opening). Six samples were taken from each plot.
Aphicide Screening, 1988
Authors: Warkentin Dennis
Published: March 2022

Vegetative plants were grown in an 85°F greenhouse, 3/6-inch pot containing Metro Mix 500 media. All pots were transferred to an insectary colony of green peach aphids and held there until well infested, then returned to the greenhouse. A pretreatment count of all aphids on a 3-shoot sample from each pot was made, and treatments were assigned in such a way as to make the initial infestation levels approximately equal. There were 8 replicate pots/treatment in Test 1, 6 replicates/treatment in Test 2. Spray applications were made to the point of leaf wetness using hand-held mist bottles. Efficacy evaluations were made in the same manner as the pretreatment count at 3 posttreatment intervals.
Green June Reetle Control, 1988
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , McCutcheon T. W.
Published: March 2022

Two species of entomogenous nematodes were applied 23 Sep to a sheep pasture for control of green June beetle. Plot size was 10 by 10 ft and replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Treatments were applied in 2 liters water with a sprinkling can and irrigated within 20 min of application with 11.3 liters water (pH 8.14). Environmental and soil conditions at treatment time were as follows: air temperature, 79°F; ground surface RH, 84%; overcast during application with 0.5 inches of rain about 30 min after application; soil temperature (2 inches), 73°F; soil moisture, 23.4%; soil pH, 5.5; organic matter, 2.8%; rainfall during trial period, 3.88 inches. Treatments were evaluated at 38 DAT by treating the entire test area with Sevin SL at 6.0 lb (AI)/acre and counting beetle grubs on the surface of each plot 24 h later.
Control of Japanese Beetle, 1988
Authors: Redmond C. T. , Potter D. A.
Published: March 2022

Container-grown roses were trimmed before treatment to obtain uniform plant size. Blossoms were removed as they opened during the experiment. Five replicates were arranged in a randomized complete block on a golf course rough in Lexington, Ky. Roses were sprayed to run-off on 14 Jul and retreated 22 Jul. Temperature at the time of the treatments was 90° and 86°F, respectively. Plants were hand watered as needed. Four commercial Japanese beetle floral lures were placed on stakes around the plot to augment the unusually low beetle numbers. Injury was evaluated on 21, 25, and 28 Jul by visually estimating defoliation to the nearest 10%. Defoliation ratings were based on mean estimates of 3 independent observers. Data were subjected ANOVA following angular transformation, and means were separated by Tukey’s test.
Chokecherry, Efficacy of Insecticides Against Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Wayne County, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Chokecherry trees (1-3 m) growing near roadsides and having at least one active nest of eastern tent caterpillars were used to evaluate the efficacy of insecticides. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperture setting 3 for 30 s was used to deliver 600 ml of finished spray to the dominant tent and surrounding foliage in each of 3 single-tree replicates/treatment. Spray applications were made 11 May when conditions were sunny, 24°C, and 10-16 km/h breeze when larvae were 10-18 mm long. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 13, 15, 19, and 27 May (2, 4, 8, and 16 DAT) by visually examining the caterpillars associated with the dominant tent in the sprayed portion of the tree.
Chemical Control of Fall Webworm on Hardwood Trees, Wooster, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Trees infested with fall webworm growing on the campus of the Ohio State University Agricultural Research and Development Center were used to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against larvae 18-25 mm long. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on aperture setting 3 for 30 s was used to deliver 600 ml of finished spray to the dominant web and surrounding foliage in each of the 3 replicate trees/treatment. Spray applications were made 19 Aug under sunny skies, 22°C, and no breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated at 5, 8, and 14 DAT by visually examining nests and assessing larval mortality.
Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Insecticides Used for Gypsy Moth Control, Delaware County, 1987
Authors: Hall Richard W. , Fisher Susan W. , Barger Jack H.
Published: March 2022

Two-year-old potted white oak seedlings were sprayed with Sevin SL and Dimilin 25 W. Seedlings were permanently housed in a greenhouse where they were subjected to simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments. Gypsy moth (GM) bioassays were used to determine insecticide residual loss from SAR treatments. The experimental factors were as follows: Sevin and Dimilin applied at 0, 1 x, 2x the recommended rate (RR), 3 SAR treatments (0; pH 3.0; pH 4.2), and 40 replicates each. Trees were sprayed to run-off on 15 Aug (29°C, 59% RH, winds 5 mph) using a compressed-CO2 R&D Model TS backpack sprayer equipped with a 5500 adjustable-cone-tip nozzle opened one-quarter turn from full-closed at 206.8 kilopascals (kPa) pressure. SAR solutions were made by adjusting the pH of deionized water (modified to contain elements normally found in northeastern United States ambient rainfall) with 2 parts H2SO4 and 1 part HNO3 and were applied through β-fog nozzles at 90 kPa in chambers equipped with platforms 1.2 m diam, revolving at 2.4 revolution/min. SAR treatments began twice weekly on 16 Aug and continued for 18 wk. Each SAR event delivered 1.3 cm (0.5 inches) in 35 min (47 cm; 18.5 inches total). At 0, 2, 7, 14, 20, and 57 DAT, 5 leaves were harvested from each tree for use in GM (second instar) bioassays. Each leaf was placed in a plastic Petri dish (15 x 100 mm) at 31°C on a 15:9 (L:D) photoperiod with 3 GM larvae reared on an artificial diet. At each bioassay, GM larval mortality was determined after 24 h for Sevin. For Dimilin, after 24 h larvae were returned to Petri dishes that contained artifical diet; mortality was determined 7 d later.
Control of White Pine Cone Beetle on Eastern White Pine, 1986
Authors: Valenti Michael A. , Abrahamson Lawrence P. , Maynard Charles A.
Published: March 2022

An eastern white pine seed orchard managed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation in Cincinnatus, N.Y., was the site of this study. The orchard is located on a poorly drained silt loam soil, and pH ranges from 5.4 to 5.9. Of the 120 trees selected for the study, 60 received a carbofuran treatment and 60 received no treatment. Branches with immature second-year cones were flagged on each tree. An application of 5 oz of Furadan 15 G (15% AI carbofuran, by weight) per inch dbh was evenly distributed along the drip line of each treated tree on 12 Apr 1985. On 15 Oct 1985, 30 of the previously treated trees received a second application of carbofuran. The cones from marked branches were counted and periodically examined for damage and mortality by the cone beetle throughout the summers of 1985 and 1986.
Spruce Spider Mite Control in Colorado Blue Spruce Nursery Stock, Oregon, 1987
Authors: Regan Richard P. , Fisher Glenn C. , DeAngelis Jack D.
Published: March 2022

Field-grown, dryland Colorado blue spruce (2-2.5 m tall) grown in Marion County, Oreg., were used to evaluate the efficacy of selected miticides. Trees harbored overwintering eggs of SSM on the previous season’s growth. Six trees were selected for each treatment in a completely randomized design. A CO2 sprayer with 3 hollow-cone nozzles was used to apply treatments at the rate of 200 gal of solution/acre at 80 psi. On 1 Apr, prior to budbreak, the ovicides clofentezine and hexythiazox were applied. On 3 Jun all materials were applied to the current year’s growth (shoot length, 10-18 cm). Air temperature was 73-84°F and skies were sunny during the applications; no rain occurred for at least 2 DAT. Treatments were evaluated on 9 and 19 Jun and on 6 Jul by selecting 4 10-cm branch tips from the lower two-thirds of each tree. A stereomicroscope was used to count the number of motile SSM and eggs on each sample.
Spruce Spider Mite Control in Dwarf Alberta Spruce Nursery Stock, Oregon, 1987
Authors: Regan Richard P. , Fisher Glenn C. , DeAngelis Jack D.
Published: March 2022

One meter, container-grown, dwarf Alberta spruce were used to evaluate the efficacy of selected miticides. Trees harbored overwintering SSM eggs on the previous season’s growth. Six trees were selected for each treatment in a completely randomized design. A backpack sprayer with an adjustable hollow-cone nozzle was used to apply treatments at the rate of 100 gal of solution/acre at 40 psi. Clofentezine treatments were applied on 7 Apr; avermectin Bl and propargite were applied on 7 May. Air temperature was 64°F and skies were cloudy when the clofentezine treatment was applied; air temperature was 94°F and skies were sunny when propargite and avermectin Bl were applied. At 1 DAT, 0.5 inches of water was applied by overhead sprinkler irrigation. Treatments were evaluated on 14 Jul by selecting 4 2.5-cm branch tips from the lower half and northeast sides of each tree. Motile SSM and eggs were estimated by means of a stereomicroscope.
Toxicity of Insecticides and Other Agents, 1988
Authors: Yates J. R. , Hara A. H. , Hata T. Y.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted to determine the toxicity of 13 nonrestricted and 5 restricted insecticides, 3 detergents, volck oil, and Pinesol disinfectant to field-collected adult female crab spiders. Spiders attached to orb webs in the field were sprayed with the chemical agent to allow for full coverage without run-off. Applications were made with commercially prepared insecticide aerosols or with a trigger sprayer for the wettable powder and emulsifiable concentrate formulations, detergents, volck oil, and disinfectant. A different infested location in the field was used for each treatment to avoid contamination. Ten treated spiders were removed from their webs, placed in an 8-oz paper squat container, covered with organdy and secured with rubber bands. This constituted a replicate, and tests consisted of at least 3 replicates. Spiders sprayed with water served as the control treatment. Treated spiders were held in a laboratory at 22°C and 40% RH. Mortality was determined 24 h after treatment and corrected for natural mortality with Abbott’s formula. Moribund spiders were considered dead.
Residual and Contact Sprays, 1988
Authors: Price Richard , Blevins Laren , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

Two laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of PP-321 (cyhalothrin), Demon, Dursban, and Ficam for brown recluse spider control. Test 1 consisted of a residual study, and Test 2 involved spraying the spiders directly with the above chemicals. The surfaces or spiders were treated with a modified B & G sprayer, model 104-S. The sprayer was mounted on a motorized track. A spraying system MulTee-Jet fan nozzle 800067 was attached to the nozzle stand and transported by the motorized track. The nozzle was set at a height of 12 inches over the target area. The nozzle delivered 2.2 oz of finished spray/100 ft2 at 20 psi. The application speed was 2.5 ft/s. The sprayer design, speed of delivery, and amount of liquid applied was set to duplicate field application. Each treatment was replicated 10 times in a complete randomized block design. In Test 1, after spraying, treated plywood panels (4 by 4 by one-quarter inch) were allowed to dry for 24 h before spiders were placed on the treated surface. One spider was placed under a 1 oz plastic cup (1.1 inch2) and confined to the treated surface for 48 h. Mortality counts were made at 1, 4, 8, 24, and 48 h. Tests were conducted at 1, 7, and 14 DAT. In Test 2 spiders were placed in 10 oz plastic cups and sprayed directly with one of the candidate materials. They were removed immediately and transferred to the same type of untreated container. This was done so that the residual surface would not be a factor in control. Spider mortality was recorded at 1 h, 90 min, 4 h, 24 h, and 48 h after treatment. All mortality figures in both tests are cumulative from the first observation for that particular date to conclusion of the test on that date.
Response to Capture 2 EC, 1988
Authors: Magaro J. J. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

Edelson & Magaro (1988; Response of spider mites to Capture, 1987, Insecticide & Acaricide Tests, Vol. 13, p. 265) indicated that the LC50 for Tetranychus spp. collected from cotton in south Texas during 1987 was 15.4 ppm. Two source populations of carmine spider mite were compared in the 1988 test. One population was collected from a commercial corn field near Mercedes, Tex., in July and the other was collected from a cotton field in Mercedes in August. The corn field had not been treated previously with pesticides. The cotton field had been treated 6 times with cypermethrin (Ammo, 0.5 lb [AI]/acre) prior to collection of the mites. Disposable 50- by 9-mm Petri dishes were treated with a 15.4-ppm solution of Capture 2 EC according to methods discussed by Edelson & Magaro (1988). Twenty to thirty adult female mites were placed in each of 6 replicates treated with the LC50 dose and 20-30 adult females were placed in 6 untreated control dishes. The dishes were held at 25°C for 24 h and then the mites were examined to determine mortality. The mites were considered dead if they could not move more than one body length when prodded. The same techniques were used to test populations from each field.
Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Fouehe C. F. , Van Steenwyk R. A. , Vogel G. B.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on 28-yr-old ‘Hardy’ pear trees in a commercial orchard near Courtland, Calif. Five treatments were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate was an individual tree. Materials were applied on 6 Jul with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre. Control was evaluated by brushing 25 leaves/tree and counting all active mite stages under magnification on 1 Jul and at weekly intervals after application.
Insect and Mite Control, Highland, N.Y., 1988
Authors: Weires R. W. , Lawson D. Scott
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 8-tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained 4 ‘Bartlett’ and 4 ‘Bosc’ cultivars, spaced 12 by 18 ft., 12 ft. high, and 14 yr old. Treatments were applied by high-pressure handgun sprayer dilute to run-off at 350 psi using 1.9-3.1 gal/tree (380–623 gal/acre, depending on time of season and leaf canopy present). Treatments were applied at bud burst, 12 Apr; white bud, 1 May; petal fall, 16 May; and in cover sprays on 3 Jun, 19 and 20 Jun, 5 Jul, and 1 Aug. Applications for disease control over the entire block included Captan 50 W 2 lb/100 gal, on 27 May, 9 Jun, and 30 Jun. PP were evaluated by collecting 5 Bartlett spurs (25 leaves) from each plot on 19 May and 1 Jun, and thereafter 5 Bartlett shoots (25 leaves) from each plot on 14 Jun, 27 Jun, 11 Jul, 25 Jul, and 8 Aug. All live nymphs and eggs on each leaf were counted in the laboratory with a binocular scope. PRM populations were assessed by examining the same leaves used in most of the preceding PP samples. These leaves were viewed with the aid of a binocular scope and all live mites were counted. Insect injury and fruit finish were evaluated by examining 100 Bartlett fruits per plot (25 fruits/tree) which were harvested on 6 Sep. Fruit finish was rated using the following indexes: 0, 0-10% russet; 1, 10-40%; 2, 40-75%; 3, >75%. Rainfall was below normal during April, June, and August but above normal during July. Temperatures were above normal during June, July, and August. Pest pressure, especially from PP and PRM, was greater than usual early, but for PP was below normal after the intense heat of late June, which may have contributed to the population’s decline.
Grape Berry Moth Control, 19S8
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Howitt A.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to 8-yr-old ‘Concord’ grapevines at the research station. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized block design. Each replicate consisted of a single 40-ft row of 12 vines. Treatments were applied with a 32 TGM Meyer airblast sprayer traveling at 2.5 mph and delivering 50 gal/acre. Applications were made on the following dates: 27 Jun (petal fall), 8 Jul, 21 Jul, 2 Aug, 16 Aug, 30 Aug, and 12 Sep. For evaluation, 25 bunches/replicate were picked and evaluated in the field for the presence of GBM damage or webbing.
Insecticide Evaluation for Early Control, 1988
Authors: McLeod M. J. , Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted for the early control of the foliar form of grape phylloxera at Wooster, Ohio. The test consisted of 7 treatments. Insecticides were applied on 12, 17, 22, and 27 May and 1, 6, and 11 Jun. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replicates/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. Sprays were applied at the rate of 200 gal/acre (1870 liter/ha).
Bioassay and Avoidance (REPELLENCY) Evaluation of Adulticides, 1988
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Keularts J. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

Five insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against the Japanese beetle in an experimental vineyard of ‘Concord’ grapes at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 2 vines, with 4 replicates/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liter/ha) on 12 Jul using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. After treated foliage was dry, 10 grape leaves were removed at random from the outside canopy of each plot for use in the bioassay. Leaves were brought into the laboratory at 0, 2, and 6 DAT and placed inside ventilated 1-gal ice cream containers with 10 Japanese beetles. The containers were modified by placing plastic liners inside and cheesecloth over the top. A mortality count was made after holding beetles on treated foliage for 24 h. The insect holding room was maintained at 75°F (23°C) with 75% RH. In addition to the bioassay a reading of the number of live Japanese beetles present in the field plots was taken at 1, 2, and 6 DAT. This was done by counting the number of live beetles present on the grape foliage of each plot.
Acaricide Efficacy Against Citrus Mites on Citrus, 1988
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Smith D. A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied with a handgun using a truck-mounted sprayer at 350 psi on 8 and 9 Aug. About 2.6 gal (377 gal/acre) of finished spray was applied to each treatment tree. Water pH was 7.5. Twenty fruit were examined around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit using a 10 X hand lens, except on 5 and 12 Aug. Two 1-cm2 areas were counted adjacent to the stem end of each fruit during the preeount on 5 Aug, as the CRM were just migrating onto the fruit surface. The counts taken on 12 Aug consisted of a 1-cm2 area from adjacent to the stem and a 1-cm2 area on a shaded side of each fruit. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. Twenty leaves from the spring flush were picked at random from the perimeter of each sample tree at various intervals after spraying. Each 20-leaf sample was placed in a separate labeled paper bag and returned to the laboratory. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower leaf surfaces for living motile mites. The mite count on each leaf was recorded as one observation. No phytotoxicity was observed after treatment.
Spider Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Test plots were established south of Twin Falls, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was surface irrigated. Two tests were conducted using foliar sprays to control TSSM. In both tests the insecticides were sprayed with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer at 30 psi and hollow-cone nozzles to apply a broadcast spray. Each acre received 50 gal finished spray. Test 1 was applied 29 Jul. Individual plots were 3 rows (22-inch row spacing) by 25 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design along the upper edge of the field. Five treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times. In Test 2 the plots were 6 rows by 50 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design, with 3 rates of Capture and an untreated control replicated 6 times. Mites were counted approximately once each week by picking 6 leaves/plot from the middle rows (2 leaves each from the top, middle, and bottom of the plant canopy). The mites were brushed from the leaves and counted under a microscope. The data were subjected to ANOVA, and the means were separated using Newman-Keuls.
Control of Cabbage Pests in South Texas, 1988:
Authors: Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

‘Early Round Dutch’ cabbage was direct seeded in plots at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex., on 19 Feb 1987. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plots were 2 beds wide, 1 row/bed, and 40 ft long. Pest surveys were initiated 21 Mar and were conducted by counting all lepidopterous larvae and aphids on 3 randomly selected plants/plot. Surveys were conducted 6 DAT, and plots were treated 1 d after surveys whenever larval counts averaged greater than 0.3/plant or aphids averaged greater than 10/plant. Insecticide applications were made with a tractor-mounted spray boom with 4 nozzles/bed at 40 psi and a rate of 10 gal/acre until 26 Apr, at which time rates were increased to 20 gal/acre. Plots were rated for damage at head maturity by examining 10 plants/plot and noting the number of heads with insect-feeding damage and the number infested with larvae or aphids. Data from insect surveys were pooled across survey dates and subjected to ANOVA.
Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1989
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on 2 golf course fairways in Hancock and Jackson Counties with sandy loam soil on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Experimental design was a randomized completed block with 6 replications, 1,000 ft2 each. Treatments were made on 20 Jun in Jackson County and on 21 Jun in Hancock County. Granular formulation was applied with a ferti-lome hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Hudson knapsack sprayer using a hollow-cone nozzle at 30 psi, and a spray volume of 3 gal/ 1000 ft2. Immediately after application, treatments were watered in with 0.3 inch of water. Mole cricket density was determined by applying 2 gal of soapy water (2 fl oz liquid soap/gal water) to 4 ft2 of turf/plot. Pretreatment counts were made on 20 Jun and post-treatment counts were made on 27 Jun and 11 Jul.
Efficacy of Carbamate Insecticides on Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1989
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S.
Published: March 2022

Bendiocarb (Turcam) and carbaryl (Sevin, Sevimol), in three formulations each, were tested on 3 golf course roughs in Massachusetts. All test sites consisted of annual bluegrass (20-30%), Kentucky bluegrass (40- 50%), and perennial ryegrass (30-40%). Treatment plots were 8 × 8 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Flowable and wettable powder formulations were applied with watering cans using 3 qt water/plot (ca. 4 gal/1,000 ft2). Granular materials were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. At treatment time the following environmental conditions existed: TEST 1—air temperature, 48°F; soil temperature at two inch depth, 46°F; amount of thatch, 0.5-0.8 inch; water pH, 6.2; soil pH, 6.2; plots received 0.5 inch rain 12 hr after application; TEST 2—air temperature, 82°F; soil temperature at two inch depth, 79°F; amount of thatch, 1.0-1.2 inch; water pH, 7.4; soil pH, 5.6; plots received 0.3 inch irrigation 1 hr after application and 0.4 inch rainfall ca. 24 hr after application; TEST 3—air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature at two inch depth, 73°F; amount of thatch, 0.8- 1.2 inch; water pH, 6.8; soil pH, 6.7; plots received 0.4 inch irrigation 1 hr after application, 0.3 inch rain 24 hr after application, and 0.6 inch rain 48 hr after application. Posttreatment counts were made 30 to 45 DAT. Two sod samples of 1-ft2 each were taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Control of Bagworms on Chinese Junipers, 1989
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluated on Chinese junipers. The plants were 4 to 5 ft high and 10 to 15 ft wide and were located in Stillwater, OK. Spray applications were made on 29 Jul and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The plants were sprayed until runoff with a Hardi RY-15 backpack sprayer at 60 psi. The temperature and wind velocity was 86°F and 8-10 mph, respectively. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each replication at 3, 7 and 14 DAT. The larvae cases ranged from 1 to 1.5 inches in length.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control in North Carolina, 1989
Authors: Hobbs W. R. , Hain F. P.
Published: March 2022

A Christmas tree plantation of Virginia pines in Wayne Co., NC was selected to test an experimental growth regulator for efficacy. RH-5992, developed by Rohm and Haas Company, was tested using 2 application rates and was applied with spreader-sticker triton B-1956 (4 oz/100 gal). Guthion and Dimilin were used as standards. Using a randomized block design, 4 blocks of 25 trees were selected for each treatment and controls. The trees were sprayed on 12 Apr, about 10 d after peak flight of adults, with a hand pump sprayer to the point of run-off. The trees were evaluated on 30 May, 7 wk after treatment. The dead terminals were examined for tip moth and counted on treated and untreated trees, using 3 center trees of each block in the evaluation.
Control of Household Ants, 1989
Authors: Appel A. G.
Published: March 2022

Field tests were conducted in ant infested apartments to determine the efficacy of Combat ant bait in plastic bait stations. Bait station placement was dependent upon species specific foraging behavior. For species exhibiting strong to moderate trail following (Argentine, odorous house, thief, and acrobat ants), two bait stations were placed within 5 cm of the trail, approximately 0.5 m apart. The red imported fire ant showed no trail-following in apartments. Two baits were placed 0.5 m apart in areas with ant densities of ≥5 ants per 5 cm2. Bait efficacy was evaluated by determining the reduction in foraging activity 3 d after baiting and by determining if the colony was dead or alive. Foraging activity was determined during daylight hours by counting the number of ants crossing a line drawn across the foraging trail in 5 min, or by counting the total number of ants in a 30 by 30 cm area. Reduction in foraging activity was calculated as the % change in activity. Colonies were located and flagged prior to treatment. There were 10 replicate colonies of each ant species. Baits were examined for evidence of feeding 3 d after treatment.
Efficacy of Optimizer Ear Tags on Pyrethroid Resistant Horn Flies, Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, Nebraska, 1989
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J.
Published: March 2022

One-hundred and fifty crossbred cow/calf pairs were randomly selected for the study. Two groups of 50 cow/calf pairs were provided Optimizer (20% Diazinon) ear tags for horn fly control. Tags were applied at one tag/cow. A third group of 50 cow/calf pairs served as an untreated control. Calves were weighed and cows were ear tagged 30 May and placed in their respective pastures. Horn fly counts were recorded weekly by counting both sides of a cow with a minimum of 15 cows counted during each observation.
Efficacy of Yt-607-C3 Ear Tags for Controlling Horn Flies and Face Flies, West Central Research and Ex-Tension Center, North Platte, Nebraska, 1988
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J.
Published: March 2022

Y-Tex experimental YT-607-C3 ear tags were applied to 200 yearling heifers (one tag/head) 17 Jun. An untreated control group of 16 heifers was used as comparison. Fly counts were recorded on a weekly basis. Horn fly counts were made by counting the number of flies on both sides of an animal. Face fly counts were made by counting the total number of flies per face. A minimum of 15 heifers/group were counted at each counting date.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies with Experimental Diflubenzuron Boluses, 1988
Authors: Webb J. D. , Presley S. M. , Knapp F. W.
Published: March 2022

Two bolus formulations of 4.75 g (9.7% AI) flaked and powdered diflubenzuron were administered to beef cattle to test their efficacy against horn flies and face flies. Commercially available Vigilante° and methoprene boluses were used as standard treatments. Experimental diflubenzuron and Vigilante boluses were administered to cattle at the rate of 1 bolus/250 kg body weight. Methoprene boluses were administered at a rate of 1 bolus/300 kg body weight. Herd size ranged from 20-48 adult cattle/herd, and all herds were geographically located within 30 miles of each other. Two similar untreated herds were observed to compare treatment effectiveness. All treatments were administered between 20 May and 24 May. Horn fly numbers were estimated on one side of each animal, and face flies were counted on the head and face of the same animals.
Bioassay of Two Greenbug Strains with Parathion and Chlorpyrifos, 1989
Authors: Sloderbeck P. E. , Dick G. L.
Published: March 2022

A laboratory study was conducted to determine if 2 strains of greenbugs differed in their susceptibility to 2 commonly used insecticides, parathion and chlorpyrifos. Greenhouse colonies were established from greenbugs collected from sorghum fields in Gove County and Haskell County, Kansas during the summer of 1989. The greenbugs in the Haskell County field had survived aerial applications of 0.75 lb (AI)/acre of parathion on 19 Aug and 0.5 lb (AI)/acre of parathion plus 0.25 lb (AI)/acre of Cygon on 24 Aug. The greenbugs in the Gove County field had not received any known insecticide treatment in 1989. Stock solutions containing 5 mg (AI)/ml of technical chlorpyrifos or parathion were prepared using histological grade acetone. Serial dilutions of each stock solution were made to obtain solutions with from 500 to 0.005 jig^Aiyml. The interiors of 1-dram glass vials were coated with 0.2 ml of each solution to form a series of vials with 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 u.g (AI)/vial. Control vials were treated with 0.2 ml of acetone. The trial was conducted on 9 Nov. Ten late instar greenbugs were placed in each vial and each concentration was replicated 5 times (50 greenbugs/concentration or 350 greenbugs from each colony for each chemical). Mortality was recorded after 7 h. Aphids incapable of coordinated movement were counted as dead.
European Chafer Larvae Control, Michigan, 1991
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Papp C. M.
Published: March 2022

A grid of 3 ft × 3 ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was established at Blythefield County Club in Belmont, MI. The plots were placed on irrigated rough with sandy soil. Each insecticide treatment was replicated six times. Granular insecticides were applied with modified “salt” shakers. Insecticides were mixed with 1500 ml of water and applied at a rate of 137 ml/9 ft2 (175 gal/ acre) with a single nozzle, hand-held wand C02 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8003 flat fan nozzle. Several of the NTN 33893 treatments were applied in Jun and Jul prior to egg laying and the rest of the treatments were applied to second and third instar grubs in Aug. All treatments were applied between 10:00 am and 12:30 pm. The entomophagus nematodes from Biosys and the Triumph treatment were applied while the grass was wet with dew then hand irrigated with W of water applied through a watering can immediately after application. European chafer larvae were counted on 16 Sep by removing a 14 inch × 14 inch area from the center of each plot.