bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disability in migraine: Multicountry results from the Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes – International (CaMEO-I) Study
Authors: Katsarava Zaza , Buse Dawn C , Leroux Elizabeth , Lanteri-Minet Michel , Sakai Fumihiko , Matharu Manjit S , Adams Aubrey Manack , Carr Karen , Fanning Kristina M , Lipton Richard B
Published: August 2024

Background

Few studies of migraine have evaluated migraine disability across multiple countries using the same methodology.

Methods

This cross-sectional, web-based survey was conducted in 2021–2022 in Canada, France, Germany, Japan, UK and USA. Respondents with migraine were identified based on modified International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition, criteria. Headache features (Migraine Symptom Severity Score (MSSS, range: 0–21), presence of allodynia (Allodynia Symptom Checklist, ASC-12)) and migraine burden (Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4), Migraine-Specific Quality of Life questionnaire version 2.1 (MSQ v2.1), Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire) were evaluated.

Results

Among 14,492 respondents with migraine across countries, the mean ± SD MSSS was 15.4 ± 3.2 and 48.5% (7026/14,492) of respondents had allodynia based on ASC-12. Of all respondents living with migraine, 35.5% (5146/14,492) reported moderate to severe anxiety and/or depression symptoms. Mean ± SD MSQ v2.1 Role Function–Restrictive, Role Function–Preventive and Emotional Function domain scores were 60.7 ± 22.9, 71.5 ± 23.0 and 65.1 ± 27.2, respectively. The WPAI mean ± SD percentages of respondents who missed work or worked impaired as a result of migraine were 6.8 ± 18.1% and 41.0 ± 30.1%, respectively.

Conclusions

For every country surveyed, migraine was associated with high levels of symptom severity, with allodynia and with substantial burden.
Negative Pain Thoughts Questionnaire Short Form (NPTQ-SF) Scores and Outcomes After Arthroscopic Meniscectomy
Authors: Johnson Brian , Bonamer John , Thomson Cameron , Figueras Jorge , Shah Nihar , Sabbagh Ramsey Samir , Kuechly Henry , Newyear Brian , Narendran Nakul , Grawe Brian
Published: August 2024

Background:

Pain is multifactorial, and pain intensity has been shown to be influenced by patients’ thoughts. The Negative Pain Thoughts Questionnaire Short Form (NPTQ-SF) can be used to quantify unhelpful negative cognitive biases about pain, but the relationship between negative pain thoughts and orthopaedic surgery outcomes is not known.

Purpose:

To evaluate the prevalence of negative pain thoughts in patients undergoing arthroscopic meniscectomy using the NPTQ-SF survey and assess the relationship these thoughts have to knee function, general health, pain, and satisfaction before and after surgery.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

In total, 146 patients undergoing arthroscopic meniscectomy were administered the 4-item NPTQ-SF, 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) questionnaire, and visual analog scale pain survey preoperatively between July 2021 and August 2022. The same surveys were completed at a minimum of 3 months and no later than 1 year postoperatively by 92 patients confirmed to have undergone meniscectomy.

Results:

NPTQ-SF scores were correlated with IKDC, SF-12, and satisfaction score preoperatively and at least 3 months postoperatively (mean, 108.5 ± 43.7 days). Preoperative NPTQ-SF scores were significantly negatively correlated with postoperative IKDC ( R = −0.284), SF-12 ( R = −0.266 and −0.328), and visual analog scale pain ( R = 0.294) scores, while a relationship with postoperative satisfaction did not reach statistical significance ( P = .067). Patients with a preoperative NPTQ-SF score >8 were less likely to achieve a Patient Acceptable Symptom State on the postoperative IKDC questionnaire (39% vs 63%; P = .03). Patients with a history of a psychiatric or chronic pain diagnoses have worse NPTQ-SF, SF-12, and IKDC scores pre- and postoperatively.

Conclusion:

The level of negative pain thoughts in patients undergoing meniscectomy is related to knee function, general health, and pain. Patients with a high level of negative pain thoughts are less likely to achieve a favorable outcome from meniscectomy, with a score ≥8 representing a clinically significant threshold for preoperative screening.
Feasibility and Potential Diagnostic Value of Noncontrast Brain MRI in Nonsedated Children With Sturge-Weber Syndrome and Healthy Siblings
Authors: Juhász Csaba , Behen Michael E. , Gjolaj Nore , Luat Aimee F. , Xuan Yang , Jeong Jeong-Won
Published: August 2024

Background

Postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), obtained under anesthesia, is often used to evaluate brain parenchymal and vascular abnormalities in young children, including those with Sturge-Weber syndrome. However, anesthesia and contrast administration may carry risks. We explored the feasibility and potential diagnostic value of a noncontrast, nonsedate MRI acquisition in Sturge-Weber syndrome children and their siblings with a wide range of cognitive and behavioral functioning.

Methods

Twenty children (10 with Sturge-Weber syndrome and 10 healthy siblings; age: 0.7-13.5 years) underwent nonsedate 3-tesla (T) brain MRI acquisition with noncontrast sequences (including susceptibility-weighted imaging) prospectively along with neuropsychology assessment. All images were evaluated for quality, and MRI abnormalities identified in the Sturge-Weber syndrome group were compared to those identified on previous clinical pre- and postcontrast MRI.

Results

Nineteen participants (95%) completed the MRI with good (n = 18) or adequate (n = 1) quality, including all children with Sturge-Weber syndrome and all 5 children ≤5 years of age. The Sturge-Weber syndrome group had lower cognitive functions than the controls, and both groups had several children with behavioral issues, without an apparent effect on the success and quality of the MR images. Susceptibility-weighted imaging detected key venous vascular abnormalities and calcifications and, along with the other noncontrast sequences, provided diagnostic information comparable to previous clinical MRI performed with contrast administration under anesthesia.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the feasibility and the potential diagnostic value of a nonsedate, noncontrast MRI acquisition protocol in young children including those with cognitive impairment and/or behavioral concerns. This approach can facilitate clinical trials in children where safe serial MRI is warranted.
Leveraging CO2 laser cutting for enhancing fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printed PETG parts through postprocessing
Authors: Sabri Hashem , Mehrabi Omid , Khoran Mohammad , Moradi Mahmoud
Published: August 2024

In this study, the experimental investigation of the laser cutting process of polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) sheets fabricated by the fused deposition modeling (FDM), was studied. The PETG sheets, with dimensions of 50 × 100 mm and thicknesses of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 mm, were fabricated using the FDM technique. Then, postprocessing laser cutting of the PETG sheets was undertaken by utilizing a 120-watt CO2 laser cutting. Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the influence of laser power (75–105 W), sheet thickness (2.5–7.5 mm), and cutting speed (4–10 mm/s) on the upper kerf width (UKW), lower kerf width (LKW), the ratio of UKW to LKW (ratio), and upper heat affected zone (HAZ) of the cutting kerf wall. The kerf wall was photographed byusing an optical microscope; and the kerf geometry dimension values were measured by ImageJ software. The results showed that all three parameters of sheet thickness, cutting speed, and laser power have impact on the kerf geometry characteristics. The reduction in the cutting speed and rise in the laser power increased the UKW and LKW, due to the increase in laser input heat. Furthermore, by increasing the sheet thickness and laser power and decreasing the cutting speed, the ratio decreased. Considering the minimum speed of 4 mm/s and maximum power of 105 W in the PETG sheet with a thickness of 7.5 mm, the highest values of the UKW and LKW were 336.6 and 582.2 μm, respectively. The HAZ decreased as power was reduced and speed was increased. The minimum HAZ value of 118 μm was achieved at a maximum speed of 10 mm/s with a sheet thickness of 7.5 mm.
Numerical simulation of rock fracture characteristics under combined action of impact and splitting
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , Liu Bingyan , Feng Lv
Published: August 2024

In this paper, a discontinuous rock breaking method under combined action of impact and splitting is presented. A dynamic model of rock splitting was established to study the fracture law of rock under impact pressure, with granite as the medium. Firstly, a numerical simulation of the rock splitting under static pressure was conducted. The applicability of the dynamic model was verified by comparison with the experimental results. On this basis, the numerical simulations of rock impact splitting with single frequency and multi frequency were carried out by different loading modes. The stress and damage, crack, splitting force and element failure were analyzed by comparing with static pressure splitting, and the “failure abrupt point”, which can be used as a direct evaluation index of rock impact splitting effect, was proposed. The results indicate that the rock can be completely broken only when the loading pressure reaches 3 MPa in the case of static pressure, while just 1.8 MPa for impact splitting. The required pressure of rock breaking by impact splitting is 60% of that by static pressure splitting, which greatly reduces the requirement on pressure. For single frequency impact splitting, frequency 35 Hz and 25 Hz have the best rock breaking effect, and 40 Hz has a better cracking effect. For multi frequency, the alternating frequency of 30 Hz and 40 Hz has the best effect.
What factors influence patient autonomy in healthcare decision-making? A systematic review of studies from the Global South
Authors: Akhtar Muhammad Umair , Bhatti Muhammad Esswan , Fredericks Salim
Published: August 2024

Background

The principle of respect for autonomy (PRA) is a central tenet of bioethics. In the quest for a global bioethics, it is pertinent to ask whether this principle can be applied as it is to cultures and societies that are devoid of the Western sociopolitical historical pressures that led to its emergence. Relational autonomists have argued for a more inclusive approach to patient autonomy which takes into account factors such as interdependency and social relations. However, at the outset of any relational approach, it is necessary to identify underlying factors that influence patient autonomy in non-Western cultures.

Objective

To conduct a review of the literature to uncover the mechanisms through which social, cultural, and religious factors influence and impact the application of the PRA in healthcare decision-making in non-Western cultures and societies.

Methods

We conducted a systematic review through a comprehensive search of three major electronic databases of biomedical sciences. Returned citations were imported to Covidence, full texts were assessed for eligibility, included articles were thoroughly reviewed and data was synthesized. PRISMA guidelines were followed.

Results

Our search retrieved 590 non-duplicate results, 50 of which were included after screening and full-text eligibility checks. The included studies were predominantly qualitative in nature, with few quantitative, mixed-methods, and review studies included. Our synthesis of data identified nine key factors that influenced patients’ autonomous decision-making through cultural, social, religious, or intersectional pathways.

Conclusion

Two main conclusions emerge from this review. Firstly, there is a notable dearth of bioethical research examining the influence of diverse factors on patients’ inclination towards different conceptions of autonomy. Secondly, the analysis of prevalent collectivist cultures and deference of autonomy adds value to the solution-oriented relational autonomy debate. This raises questions regarding how decision-making can be truly autonomous in the presence of such large-scale factors, warranting further attention.
Home Health Staff Knowledge and Experience of Delirium and Delirium Superimposed on Dementia in Older Adults
Authors: Shrestha Priyanka , Fick Donna Marie , Doan William , Akter Nahida
Published: August 2024

Previous studies have shown delirium is common in the home setting and can indicate a medical emergency. Many older adults come into the hospital or ER with delirium. However, little is known about the recognition of delirium by home health workers and community nurses. The purpose of this study is to explore the experience of home health (HH) staff caring for an older adult with delirium or delirium superimposed on dementia (DSD), with a focus on capturing rich details of these experiences and their knowledge of recognition and management of delirium. Utilizing story circle methodology, this qualitative study recruited 18 home health care workers from rural Pennsylvania to share their personal experiences in caring for older adults with delirium or DSD. Participants highlighted six key themes: (i) Noticing delirium as a sudden change in behaviors, (ii) Knowing the person with dementia, (iii) Potential causes of delirium, (iv) Fear of delirium and lack of protection for HH staff, (v) Lack of specific protocol and barriers, and (vi) Managing delirium collaboratively with HH staff and family. The findings emphasize the critical role of HH staff in early delirium detection and the necessity of family involvement in patient care. However, the study also highlights the need for improved training and standardized protocols to enhance HH staff’s ability to manage delirium effectively. Addressing these gaps is essential to improve patient outcomes and the quality of care provided in home health settings.
Understanding post-hospitalised patients’ experiences of long-COVID – the PELCO study
Authors: Milne Alice , Arnold David , Moore Andrew
Published: August 2024

Despite significant advances in long COVID research, many aspects of the condition remain unknown. There is a persisting need for further research to improve the management of long COVID symptoms. This study aimed to explore the experiences and psychological needs of patients who were previously hospitalised with COVID-19, and who subsequently developed long COVID symptoms. Twelve patients with long COVID were interviewed between October 2021 and June 2022. Transcripts were analysed thematically. An overarching theme of ‘ Existential Crisis’ was developed, incorporating three interconnecting sub-themes: ‘ Facing Psychological Threat’, ‘ Seeking Legitimisation’ and ‘ Forging a Path Through Uncertainty’. Findings suggest that the psychological impact of emergency hospitalisation for COVID-19 can be severe, particularly for those with ongoing long COVID symptoms, and that early psychological intervention should be available. Our findings also suggest the importance of further planning for future pandemics to ensure the presence of patient advocates during hospitalisation at points of critical decision-making.
Link workers’ and clients’ perspectives on how social prescribing offers a social cure for loneliness
Authors: Hayes Shaun , Sharman Leah , McNamara Niamh , Dingle Genevieve
Published: August 2024

Social prescribing is a healthcare model designed to reduce loneliness and improve individuals’ health by addressing unmet social needs. The present study adopted the Social Cure framework to provide an understanding of the psychosocial processes involved in helping participants to engage with social activities, from both the link workers’ and clients’ perspectives. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 link workers ( Mage = 40.12; 87% female) and 15 clients ( Mage = 55.33; 73% female, 7% non-binary) of social prescribing programmes across Australia and the transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three overarching themes were identified: (1) Breaking Down Barriers, (2) Finding Fit with Others, and (3) Rebuilding a Sense of Self. These findings communicate how social prescribing addressed the psychosocial barriers of clients, and how joining groups that fostered positive shared social identities resulted in meaningful improvements to clients’ well-being.
The stability analysis of a dynamical system equipped with a piezoelectric energy harvester device near resonance
Authors: Amer T. S. , Bahnasy Taher A. , Abosheiaha H. F. , Elameer A. S. , Almahalawy A.
Published: August 2024

In this work, the influence of a piezoelectric device on the planar motion of a two-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) dynamical system is examined. This system comprises a nonlinear damping spring pendulum (SP), whose pivot point moves on a Lissajous curve at a constant angular velocity in an anticlockwise direction amidst the influence of external forces and moments. The second kind of Lagrange’s equations is used to derive the governing system of equations of motion (EOM), which is transformed into a dimensionless form. Up to the third approximation, the novel asymptotic solutions of this system are obtained using the multiple scales technique (MST). The numerical solutions of the EOM are obtained applying the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. The comparison between both solutions, the asymptotic solutions and the numerical ones reveals great agreement between them, which in turn indicates the accuracy of the used perturbation technique. The solvability criteria are established once the generated secular terms are eliminated, and all resonance cases are subsequently categorized. In light of the system’s adjusted phases, the modulation equations for two of these cases are simultaneously investigated. Graphically, numerous plots depicting the time histories of the achieved solutions are examined, and the nonlinear stability analyses of the modulation equations are investigated in accordance with the steady-state solutions. The outputs of the energy harvesting (EH) device are scrutinized to investigate and analyze the influences of damping coefficients, excitation amplitudes, and different frequencies. Multiple regions of stability and instability are delineated within the frequency response curves (FRC), illustrating the impact of varying parameters on the dynamic behavior of the system. The obtained results are considered significant due to their practical applications in our lives. It can be utilized for medical applications, charging electrical gadgets, powering sensors, smartphones, and other gadgets. It also powers keyless entry systems, patient monitors, airbag sensors, fish and depth finders, and audible alarms like smoke alarms.
Cardiogenic shock secondary to immune checkpoint inhibitor associated myocarditis
Authors: Lee Kuan Ken , Bain Tanith , Flapan Andrew
Published: August 2024

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the treatment for multiple cancers and are increasingly used in recent years, but they can cause potentially life-threatening cardiac toxicity. We report a case of a 64-year-old gentleman who presented to the Emergency Department with symptoms of fatigue and breathlessness whilst receiving treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor, pembrolizumab, for cholangiocarcinoma. He was found to be in cardiogenic shock with an abnormal electrocardiogram and elevated cardiac troponin at presentation. Echocardiogram demonstrated severely impaired right and left ventricular function. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography and invasive coronary angiography excluded pulmonary embolism and acute myocardial infarction, respectively, and he was diagnosed with immune checkpoint inhibitor associated myocarditis. He was treated with high-dose methylprednisolone and a dobutamine infusion. Within days, his troponin and C-reactive protein levels decreased, and his left ventricular function improved. He was established on heart failure therapies and discharged from hospital 12 days later.
Trust, respect, and training: Principles of care for service professionals supporting adults with intellectual disabilities in community residential programs
Authors: DeCarsky Ryan , Evans Heather D , Kaufman Hannah , Johnson Kurt , Harniss Mark
Published: August 2024

Background: Adults with intellectual disabilities in community residential programs receive services from direct support professionals (DSPs) intended to facilitate community engagement. As part of a rate study for Washington State’s Developmental Disabilities Administration on community residential services, adults in these programs were asked to provide their perspective on the quality and effectiveness of their care.

Method: Twenty-five adults with intellectual disabilities were interviewed focusing on daily activities, staffing, and living situations. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed for dominant themes.

Results: Participants emphasized the desire for trustworthy, caring, and respectful DSPs; DSPs trained in behavioral management techniques made participants feel safe and supported. Nearly all participants called for greater staffing stability.

Conclusions: People living in community residential programs are profoundly impacted by the stress and uncertainty of DSPs facing limited resources and high staff turnover. Stable, consistent support makes it easier for participants to engage in community integration.
Role of inhibitory control in adults’ mathematical equivalence knowledge
Authors: Grenell Amanda , Fyfe Emily R.
Published: August 2024

Previous research has shown that naïve views of math and science concepts coexist with more formal views. The current study extended this finding to the domain of mathematical equivalence and tested whether inhibitory control relates to using more formal views over naïve ones. In the current study, we report two experiments in which undergraduate students ( n = 125 for Study 1 and n = 184 for Study 2) completed a priming task involving inhibitory control and math items, an inhibitory control flanker measure, and a comprehensive mathematical equivalence assessment. We found quantitative and qualitative evidence that adults hold both naïve operational views and formal relational views of equivalence across multiple measures and under timed and untimed conditions. In contrast to our hypotheses, we did not find evidence to support a strong association between individual differences in inhibitory control and mathematical equivalence knowledge. The results call into question the role of this domain-general cognitive skill in contributing to adults’ expression of naïve operational thinking.
Microvascular remodeling after autologous stem cell transplant in an overlap of systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus: A case report
Authors: Mumtaz Sehreen , Balistreri Lisa M , Abril Andy , Ayala Ernesto , Butendieck Ronald R , Berianu Florentina
Published: August 2024

Microvascular remodeling and capillary repopulation can occur after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) in patients with systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We aim to report evidence for microvascular remodeling after autologous HSCT as observed by nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC). We describe a rare occurrence of features consistent with systemic sclerosis and SLE in a 33-year-old female with a complex clinical course refractory to conventional treatments, ultimately requiring autologous HSCT. We performed NVC before and after HSCT using optical video and light microscopy. At the microvascular level, morphologic changes in the capillary vascular bed were observed after HSCT. Pretransplant damage in capillary structure was noted as evidenced on NVC with architectural loss, ramifications, capillary drop, and decreased density. Posttransplant NVC revealed an increase in capillary density with evidence of microvascular remodeling. Further studies on the clinical use and impact of microvascular remodeling on disease progression are needed and looking into the application of NVC scoring to assess clinical response would be meaningful.
Transfusion-Transmissible Infections Among Blood Donors in a Regional Hospital in Ghana: A 6-Year Trend Analysis (2017-2022)
Authors: Hadfield Priscilla Yeboah , Vechey Godwin Adjei , Bansah Emmanuel , Nyahe Morkporkpor , Khuzwayo Nelisiwe , Tarkang Elvis Enowbeyang
Published: August 2024

Background

This study determined the trends of transfusion-transmissible infections (TTIs) among blood donors in a regional hospital in Ghana from 2017 to 2022.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 6339 blood donor records. Data were analyzed using STATA version 17.0 at the 0.05 significance level.

Results

The prevalence of TTIs was 31.4% in 2017, 13.8% in 2018, 20.4% in 2019, 9.5% in 2020, 9.6% in 2021, and 11.7% in 2022. There were significant associations between hepatitis C virus (HCV), Syphilis, and sex (OR = 2.06; 95% CI [1.29-3.30]; P = .003) and (OR = 2.28; 95% CI [1.48-3.54]; P < .001), respectively. Blood donors aged 20-29 were more likely to be infected with hepatitis B virus (OR = 1.96; 95% CI [1.28-2.99]; P = .002). Blood donors aged 40-49 had higher odds of infection with HCV (OR = 3.36; 95% CI [2.02-5.57]; P < .001) and Syphilis (OR = 3.79; 95% CI [2.45-5.87]; P < .001).

Conclusion

The study highlights the need to implement targeted prevention strategies for donors with a higher TTI prevalence.
Independent Risk Factors Associated With Venous Thromboembolism After Knee Arthroscopy: A Retrospective Study of 222 Patients
Authors: Wu Jinlong , Huangfu Xiaoqiao , Yan Xiaoyu , Dong Shikui , Xie Guoming , Zhao Song , Xu Caiqi , Xu Junjie , Zhao Jinzhong
Published: August 2024

Background:

A serious complication after knee arthroscopy is venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). However, asymptomatic VTE is frequently undetected.

Purpose:

To (1) report the incidence of VTE after knee arthroscopy using ultrasound examination and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) and (2) discover the independent risk factors of VTE after knee arthroscopy and determine the corresponding cutoff values of these indicators.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Included were 222 patients (115 male) who underwent arthroscopic knee procedures between October 2022 and January 2023. Baseline characteristics, blood test results, and VTE assessments were collected. During the 2-week follow-up, routine lower extremity vascular ultrasound was applied for DVT measurement, with CTPA evaluation for suspected PE. Patients were allocated into VTE and no-VTE groups, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze baseline data. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between binary variables and the presence of postoperative VTE. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was further performed to determine the independent risk factors of VTE.

Results:

Of the 222 patients, 37 (16.7%) had DVT and 1 (0.5%) had both DVT and PE. Compared to the no-VTE group, the VTE group was significantly older, with more female patients; higher body mass index (BMI) and postoperative D-dimer level; and higher rates of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, varicose veins of the lower extremity, and abnormal postoperative fibrin degradation product level ( P≤ .043 for all). Notably, operative time >20 minutes was not significantly associated with postoperative VTE ( P = .513). The independent risk factors for VTE included age >32 years (odds ratio [OR], 20.71 [95% CI, 4.40-97.47]; P < .001), BMI >23 kg/m2 (OR, 3.52 [95% CI, 1.11-11.14]; P = .032), hyperlipidemia (OR, 6.81 [95% CI, 1.86-24.88]; P = .004), and postoperative D-dimer level >0.63 mg/L (OR, 34.01 [95% CI, 7.36-157.07]; P < .001).

Conclusion:

The incidence of VTE after knee arthroscopy was 16.7% at the 2-week follow-up. Age >32 years, BMI >23 kg/m2, hyperlipidemia, and postoperative D-dimer >0.63 mg/L were independent risk factors of postoperative VTE within 2 weeks after knee arthroscopy. For patients with knee arthroscopy, the cutoff value of postoperative D-dimer for VTE was found to be 0.63 mg/L for timely intervention.
Trimethylamine N-oxide: a meta-organismal axis linking the gut and fibrosis
Authors: Jang Jae Woong , Capaldi Emma , Smith Tracy , Verma Priyanka , Varga John , Ho Karen J.
Published: August 2024

Background

Tissue fibrosis is a common pathway to failure in many organ systems and is the cellular and molecular driver of myriad chronic diseases that are incompletely understood and lack effective treatment. Recent studies suggest that gut microbe-dependent metabolites might be involved in the initiation and progression of fibrosis in multiple organ systems.

Main body of the manuscript

In a meta-organismal pathway that begins in the gut, gut microbiota convert dietary precursors such as choline, phosphatidylcholine, and L-carnitine into trimethylamine (TMA), which is absorbed and subsequently converted to trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) via the host enzyme flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) in the liver. Chronic exposure to elevated TMAO appears to be associated with vascular injury and enhanced fibrosis propensity in diverse conditions, including chronic kidney disease, heart failure, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and systemic sclerosis.

Conclusion

Despite the high prevalence of fibrosis, little is known to date about the role of gut dysbiosis and of microbe-dependent metabolites in its pathogenesis. This review summarizes recent important advances in the understanding of the complex metabolism and functional role of TMAO in pathologic fibrosis and highlights unanswered questions.
Mitochondria: a new intervention target for tumor invasion and metastasis
Authors: Zhou Quanling , Cao Tingping , Li Fujun , Zhang Ming , Li Xiaohui , Zhao Hailong , Zhou Ya
Published: August 2024

Mitochondria, responsible for cellular energy synthesis and signal transduction, intricately regulate diverse metabolic processes, mediating fundamental biological phenomena such as cell growth, aging, and apoptosis. Tumor invasion and metastasis, key characteristics of malignancies, significantly impact patient prognosis. Tumor cells frequently exhibit metabolic abnormalities in mitochondria, including alterations in metabolic dynamics and changes in the expression of relevant metabolic genes and associated signal transduction pathways. Recent investigations unveil further insights into mitochondrial metabolic abnormalities, revealing their active involvement in tumor cell proliferation, resistance to chemotherapy, and a crucial role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis. This paper comprehensively outlines the latest research advancements in mitochondrial structure and metabolic function. Emphasis is placed on summarizing the role of mitochondrial metabolic abnormalities in tumor invasion and metastasis, including alterations in the mitochondrial genome (mutations), activation of mitochondrial-to-nuclear signaling, and dynamics within the mitochondria, all intricately linked to the processes of tumor invasion and metastasis. In conclusion, the paper discusses unresolved scientific questions in this field, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation and novel perspectives for developing innovative strategies targeting tumor invasion and metastasis based on mitochondrial biology.

Graphical Abstract
Anti-rollover Artificial Potential Field Motion Planning Method of an Autonomous Heavy Truck Optimised by Game Theory
Authors: Jin Zhilin , He Shaowei
Published: August 2024

Anti-rollover is a critical factor to consider when planning the motion of autonomous heavy trucks. This paper proposed a method for autonomous heavy trucks to generate a path that avoids collisions and minimizes rollover risk. The corresponding rollover index is deduced from a 5-DOF heavy truck dynamic model that includes longitudinal motion, lateral motion, yaw motion, sprung mass roll motion, unsprung mass roll motion, and an anti-rollover artificial potential field (APF) is proposed based on this. The motion planning method, which is based on model predictive control (MPC), combines trajectory tracking, anti-rollover APF, and the improved obstacle avoidance APF and considers the truck dynamics constraints, obstacle avoidance, and anti-rollover. Furthermore, by using game theory, the coefficients of the two APF functions are optimised, and an optimal path is planned. The effectiveness of the optimised motion planning method is demonstrated in a variety of scenarios. The results demonstrate that the optimised motion planning method can effectively and efficiently avoid collisions and prevent rollover.
Topography Modeling of Surface Grinding Based on Random Abrasives and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Zhang Yanbin , Gong Peng , Tang Lizhi , Cui Xin , Jia Dongzhou , Gao Teng , Dambatta Yusuf Suleiman , Li Changhe
Published: August 2024

The surface morphology and roughness of a workpiece are crucial parameters in grinding processes. Accurate prediction of these parameters is essential for maintaining the workpiece’s surface integrity. However, the randomness of abrasive grain shapes and workpiece surface formation behaviors poses significant challenges, and accuracy in current physical mechanism-based predictive models is needed. To address this problem, by using the random plane method and accounting for the random morphology and distribution of abrasive grains, this paper proposes a novel method to model CBN grinding wheels and predict workpiece surface roughness. First, a kinematic model of a single abrasive grain is developed to accurately capture the three-dimensional morphology of the grinding wheel. Next, by formulating an elastic deformation and formation model of the workpiece surface based on Hertz theory, the variation in grinding arc length at different grinding depths is revealed. Subsequently, a predictive model for the surface morphology of the workpiece ground by a single abrasive grain is devised. This model integrates the normal distribution model of abrasive grain size and the spatial distribution model of abrasive grain positions, to elucidate how the circumferential and axial distribution of abrasive grains influences workpiece surface formation. Lastly, by integrating the dynamic effective abrasive grain model, a predictive model for the surface morphology and roughness of the grinding wheel is established. To examine the impact of changing the grit size of the grinding wheel and grinding depth on workpiece surface roughness, and to validate the accuracy of the model, experiments are conducted. Results indicate that the predicted three-dimensional morphology of the grinding wheel and workpiece surfaces closely matches the actual grinding wheel and ground workpiece surfaces, with surface roughness prediction deviations as small as 2.3%.
Extended reality training for mass casualty incidents: a systematic review on effectiveness and experience of medical first responders
Authors: del Carmen Cardós-Alonso María , Otero-Varela Lucía , Redondo María , Uzuriaga Miriam , González Myriam , Vazquez Tatiana , Blanco Alberto , Espinosa Salvador , Cintora-Sanz Ana María
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Mass casualty incidents (MCI) are unforeseeable and complex events that occur worldwide, therefore enhancing the training that medical first responders (MFRs) receive is fundamental to strengthening disaster preparedness and response. In recent years, extended reality (XR) technology has been introduced as a new approach and promising teaching technique for disaster medicine education.

Objective

To assess the effectiveness of XR simulation as a tool to train MFRs in MCIs, and to explore the perception and experience of participants to these new forms of training.

Design

Systematic review.

Methods

This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the “Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses” (PRISMA) statement. Four databases were searched (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and LILACs) using a comprehensive search strategy to identify relevant articles, and MetaQAT was used as a study quality assessment tool. Data from included studies was not pooled for meta-analysis due to heterogeneity. Extracted data was synthesised in a narrative, semi-quantitative manner.

Results

A total of 18 studies were included from 8 different countries. Studies encompassed a variety of participants (e.g., nurses, paramedics, physicians), interventions (virtual, mixed and augmented reality), comparators (comparison between two groups and single groups with pre-post evaluation), and outcomes (effectiveness and MFR perception). The synthesis of data indicated that XR was an effective tool for prehospital MCI training by means of improved triage accuracy, triage time, treatment accuracy, performance correctness and/or knowledge acquired. These XR systems were well perceived by MFRs, who expressed their interest and satisfaction towards this learning experience and emphasized its usefulness and relevance.

Conclusion

This research supports the usefulness and significance of XR technology that allows users to enhance their skills and confidence when facing forthcoming disasters. The findings summarize recommendations and suggestions for the implementation, upgrade and/or assessment of this novel and valuable teaching method.
Analysis of association of bandage contact lens with serious vision-threatening diseases and their management
Authors: Siegel Helena , Böhringer Daniel , Rhein Kilian , Kladny Anne-Marie Shirley , Reinhard Thomas
Published: August 2024

Background

Bandage contact lenses are important aids for aftercare following ocular surgery and for a wide variety of ocular surface conditions. However, bandage contact lenses also bear the risk of fostering microbial infections of the cornea. We herein report the safety profile of bandage contact lenses from a comprehensive review of medical records in a tertiary care eye hospital in Germany.

Methods

We identified 638 consecutive patients who had been prescribed at least one bandage lens during the past 10 years. For these, we performed a computerized search for the following adverse events: (1) endophthalmitis, (2) emergency keratoplasty and (3) vision loss of at least 2 lines according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS). We manually assessed the relatedness of each event to the bandage lens. Events later than 100 days following the bandage lens prescription were not considered to be related to bandage contact lenses.

Results

We observed 267 adverse events, with 120 occurring within 100 days after bandage lens prescription. This left a total of 18 endophthalmitis events, 21 penetrating keratoplasties and 81 eyes with vision loss of at least 2 ETDRS lines (for individual review of relatedness). Only two episodes of endophthalmitis could be linked to bandage lens wear. All other adverse events were due to causative conditions that had already been present prior to bandage contact lens insertion.

Conclusions

Severe adverse events after bandage contact lens wear are not uncommon because lenses are used in patients suffering from preexisting ocular conditions. However, severe adverse events were almost never caused by the bandage contact lenses directly in our hands. We therefore conclude that bandage contact lenses are safe given proper ophthalmological supervision.
Exploring the ambiguity in the anatomical terminology among Dental professionals
Authors: Chotvorrarak Kanet , Arayapisit Tawepong , Matthayomnan Lalida , Thampibul Panupong , Gaewkhiew Piyada
Published: August 2024

Background

Anatomical terms in medical literature have been used with varying meanings, leading to confusion in clinical practice. This study aims to investigate the ambiguity of anatomical terms in clinical dentistry.

Methods

Dentists who have undergone specialised training with at least one year of clinical experience were recruited to participate in the study. They were requested to localize specific terms on a skull and provide explanations based on their experience or opinion. All data were recorded, and then descriptive statistics were used for analysis.

Results

Seventy-eight participating dentists gave their consent and were eligible to study. For each anatomical term presented to dentists at least two meanings were provided, with some terms having up to eight interpretations. While most meanings were consistent with medical or dental literature, some responses revealed new interpretations not documented in textbooks.

Conclusions

Dentists expressed anatomical terms with diverse meanings, possibly influenced by their various subspecialties. It is crucial to acknowledge this variability to prevent confusion. Emphasizing the consistent use of anatomical terms among dental professionals in the future is essential.
What happens at two? Immunisation stakeholders’ perspectives on factors influencing sub-optimal childhood vaccine uptake for toddlers in regional and remote Western Australia
Authors: Carlson Samantha J. , Tomkinson Sian , Hannah Adam , Attwell Katie
Published: August 2024

Background

In Western Australia (WA), children aged 24 months living regionally or remotely (non-urban) have suboptimal vaccine uptake. As there has not yet been a systematic approach to understanding the facilitators and barriers to childhood vaccination in regional and remote WA, this study aimed to understand the views of key immunisation stakeholders regarding barriers and solutions.

Methods

Drawing on the World Health Organization’s “Tailoring Immunization Programmes” approach, we undertook a qualitative study with three forms of data collection: (1) semi-structured interviews with immunisation experts within Australia’s immunisation system, (2) a semi-structured focus group with immunisation coordinators and health workers working in regional or remote WA, and (3) member checking with senior staff from WA Health. Data from the interviews and focus group was deductively analysed using the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) model on NVivo 20.

Results

There was no clear consensus on the typical under-vaccinated child in country WA. A range of barriers were identified: lack of awareness of the vaccine schedule, difficult access to vaccination services, a shortage in a workforce able to have meaningful conversations with vaccine hesitant parents, ineffective reminder systems, and the rapid spread of misinformation. Participants described previous efforts used to improve vaccine uptake, and felt the following would improve uptake: better access to vaccine clinics, building capacity of Aboriginal Health Workers, and vaccine reminders.

Conclusion

This is the first time the facilitators and barriers to routine childhood vaccine uptake in country WA has been explored. Addressing some of these barriers may see an increase in uptake.
A review of selective indoor residual spraying for malaria control
Authors: Irish Seth R. , Nimmo Derric , Bharmel Jameel , Tripet Frederic , Müller Pie , Manrique-Saide Pablo , Moore Sarah J.
Published: August 2024

Background

Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is one of the most effective malaria control tools. However, its application has become limited to specific contexts due to the increased costs of IRS products and implementation programmes. Selective spraying—selective spray targeted to particular areas/surfaces of dwellings—has been proposed to maintain the malaria control and resistance-management benefits of IRS while decreasing the costs of the intervention.

Methods

A literature search was conducted to find (1) studies that assessed the resting behaviour of Anopheles mosquitoes and (2) studies that evaluated the impact of selective spraying on entomological and malaria outcomes. Additional articles were identified through hand searches of all references cited in articles identified through the initial search. A cost model was developed from PMI VectorLink IRS country programmes, and comparative cost analysis reports to describe the overall cost benefits of selective IRS.

Results

In some studies, there appeared to be a clear resting preference for certain Anopheles species in terms of the height at which they rested. However, for other species, and particularly the major African malaria vectors, a clear resting pattern was not detected. Furthermore, resting behaviour was not measured in a standardized way.

For the selective spray studies that were assessed, there was a wide range of spray configurations, which complicates the comparison of methods. Many of these spray techniques were effective and resulted in reported 25–68% cost savings and reduced use of insecticide. The reported cost savings in the literature do not always consider all of the IRS implementation costs. Using the IRS cost model, these savings ranged from 17 to 29% for programs that targeted Anopheles spp. and 18–41% for programmes that targeted Aedes aegypti.

Conclusions

Resting behaviour is generally measured in a simplistic way; noting the resting spot of mosquitoes in the morning. This is likely an oversimplification, and there is a need for better monitoring of resting mosquitoes. This may improve the target surface for selective spray techniques, which could reduce the cost of IRS while maintaining its effectiveness. Reporting of cost savings should be calculated considering the entire implementation costs, and a cost model was provided for future calculations.
Characterization of two melanoma cell lines resistant to BRAF/MEK inhibitors (vemurafenib and cobimetinib)
Authors: Kot Magdalena , Simiczyjew Aleksandra , Wądzyńska Justyna , Ziętek Marcin , Matkowski Rafał , Nowak Dorota
Published: August 2024

Background

BRAF (v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1)/MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) inhibitors are used for melanoma treatment. Unfortunately, patients treated with this combined therapy develop resistance to treatment quite quickly, but the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not yet fully understood. Here, we report and characterize two melanoma cell lines (WM9 and Hs294T) resistant to BRAF (vemurafenib) and MEK (cobimetinib) inhibitors.

Methods

Cell viability was assessed via the XTT test. The level of selected proteins as well as activation of signaling pathways were evaluated using Western blotting. The expression of the chosen genes was assessed by RT-PCR. The distribution of cell cycle phases was analyzed by flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy was used to take photos of spheroids. The composition of cytokines secreted by cells was determined using a human cytokine array.

Results

The resistant cells had increased survival and activation of ERK kinase in the presence of BRAF/MEK inhibitors. The IC50 values for these cells were over 1000 times higher than for controls. Resistant cells also exhibited elevated activation of AKT, p38, and JNK signaling pathways with increased expression of EGFR, ErbB2, MET, and PDGFRβ receptors as well as reduced expression of ErbB3 receptor. Furthermore, these cells demonstrated increased expression of genes encoding proteins involved in drug transport and metabolism. Resistant cells also exhibited features of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cells as well as reduced proliferation rate and elevated cytokine secretion.

Conclusions

In summary, this work describes BRAF/MEK-inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells, allowing for better understanding the underlying mechanisms of resistance. The results may thus contribute to the development of new, more effective therapeutic strategies.