bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MiR‐17‐5p promotes cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting p21
Authors: Chen Chun , Lu Zenghong , Yang Jie , Hao Weichao , Qin Yujuan , Wang Huiyan , Xie Congying , Xie Raoying
Published: October 2016

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may act as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes in various types of cancers. Previous studies have indicated that miR‐17‐5p is involved in the initiation and development of human tumors. However, its mechanism and function in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain largely unclear. In this study, we evaluated the expression profiles of miR‐17‐5p and p21 in NPC cell lines and tissues by quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). For the analysis, we have established a stable overexpression or depletion of miR‐17‐5p NPC cell lines for analyzing the effects of cell proliferation by MTT, colony formation, and cell cycle assay. A nude mice xenograft model was used to verify the tumor growth in vivo. MiR‐17‐5p was overexpressed, whereas the expression of p21 was downregulated in NPC cell lines and tissues. The miR‐17‐5p expression level was inversely correlated with the p21 mRNA level in NPC samples. Furthermore, analysis of 2−ΔΔCt value in 81 NPC patients suggested that the elevated expression level of miR‐17‐5p or the downregulated expression level of p21 was significantly correlated with tumor size (T classification) and tumor stage, and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed a correlation between miR‐17‐5p or p21 expression level and overall survival times in 81 NPC patients. MiR‐17‐5p promoted cell growth in vivo and in vitro by directly targeting p21. Our results indicate that miR‐17‐5p can promote the occurrence of NPC and it may serve as a potential novel diagnostic maker or therapeutic target for NPC in the future.
Positioning of second‐line treatment for advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma
Authors: Pericay Carles , Rivera Fernando , Gomez‐Martin Carlos , Nuñez Inmaculada , Cassinello Alejo , Imedio Esteban Rodrigo
Published: October 2016

Tumors of the upper gastrointestinal tract are increasing in incidence; yet, approaches to the treatment of advanced gastric and/or gastroesophageal junction cancer vary widely, with no internationally agreed first‐line regimens. Recent clinical trials have shown that second‐line treatment is now possible for selected patients with advanced disease, and current data suggest that the combination of ramucirumab plus paclitaxel may become a standard of care in the second‐line setting for metastatic gastric cancer. Several prognostic factors have been identified for overall survival in the second‐line setting; this emphasizes the need for careful sequencing of all treatments to ensure that individual patients receive optimum care. This article reviews published data on the treatment of advanced gastric cancer, with a particular emphasis on second‐line chemotherapy, and suggests treatment sequences based on current understanding.
Gender mobility in the countertransference: An autoethnographic investigation
Authors: Ivey Gavin
Published: October 2016

Aims

The primary aim of this study was to investigate a psychotherapist's countertransference experience of gender mobility in response to a patient using projective identification to maintain a rigidly defended sexual identity. A secondary aim was to explore the utility of autoethnography as a psychotherapy research method, with a specific focus on understanding the complexities of countertransference experience.

Method

The therapist's experience of gender mobility in response to the deployment and withdrawal of a female patient's projective identification is systematically tracked using thick description of session vignettes and autoethnographic self‐analysis.

Findings

Autoethnography provides a viable form of practice‐led qualitative research, particularly useful in exploring countertransference experience. The contribution of the therapist's historical subjectivity and cultural positioning undercuts the asocial depiction of projective identification as largely the patient's creation. The therapist's own gender‐related conflicts are activated and contribute to the patient's projective evacuation of gendered self‐representations. The gendered complexity of the psychotherapeutic interaction defines not only defended identity, but also the therapeutic reclamation of projected self aspects in the course of treatment. Both patient and therapist experience an enlarged repertoire of sex and gender possibilities as a result of successful psychotherapy.

Implications for practice

Gender mobility in the countertransference experience requires considerable self‐analysis in order to determine the therapist's unconscious contribution to the projective identification process. Awareness of the social context informing the therapist's gender construction can assist in facilitating countertransference understanding. Therapists’ openness to their gendered multiplicity is critical in aiding patients who manifest some form of gender or sexual orientation conflict.
A prospective evaluation of a standardized strategy for the use of a polymeric everolimus‐eluting bioresorbable scaffold in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction: Rationale and design of the BVS STEMI STRATEGY‐IT study
Authors: Ielasi Alfonso , Varricchio Attilio , Campo Gianluca , Leoncini Massimo , Cortese Bernardo , Vicinelli Paolo , Brugaletta Salvatore , di Uccio Fortunato Scotto , Latib Azeem , Tespili Maurizio
Published: October 2016

Objectives

To assess the feasibility and the clinical results following a prespecified bioresorbable vascular scaffold (Absorb BVS) implantation strategy in ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients.

Backgrounds

Concerns raised about the BVS safety in STEMI setting because a not negligible thrombosis rate was reported within 30 days and 12 months after implantation. Technical procedural issues related to the structural BVS features were advocated as probable causes for the thrombotic events.

Methods

This is an investigators‐owned and ‐directed, prospective, nonrandomized, single‐arm multicenter registry intended to obtain data from 500 consecutive STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI with BVS (1.1 or GT1) following a prespecified implantation protocol. The study is recorded in ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier: NCT02601781.

Results

The primary endpoint is a device‐oriented composite end‐point (DOCE) of cardiac death, any myocardial infarction clearly attributable to the intervention culprit vessel and ischemic‐driven target lesion revascularization within 30 days after the index procedure. The DOCE will be assessed even at 6‐month, 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions

This will be the first study investigating the feasibility and the early‐ and long‐term clinical impact of a prespecified BVS implantation protocol in thrombotic lesions causing STEMI. Here, we describe the rationale and the design of the study. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A case of veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe respiratory failure in a superobese patient
Authors: Belliato Mirko , Cremascoli Luca , Aliberti Anna , Pagani Michele , Pellegrini Carlo , Iotti Giorgio Antonio
Published: October 2016

Key Clinical Message

After risk assessment, veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been achieved in a superobese adult patient as a bridge to recovery of respiratory failure, despite the weight‐related difficulties. Early v‐v ECMO implantation could be considered to support and to conduct weaning both from sedation and from invasive mechanical ventilation, with the goal to perform physiokinesitherapy during awake ECMO.
3 D Ordered Macroporous Alumina–Carbon Nanocomposite Supported Platinum Nanoparticles as Effective and Reusable Catalysts for Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Yang Ting , Lou Lan‐Lan , Yu Wenjun , Feng Yajun , Li Hao , Yu Kai , Liu Shuangxi
Published: October 2016

The three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous alumina‐carbon composite materials were firstly prepared through a surfactant‐assisted colloidal crystal template method and applied to support Pt nanoparticles. The results of SEM, XRD, TEM, and N2 sorption analyses revealed that these composite materials possessed highly ordered macroporous structures with meso‐ and micropores within the skeletons of macropores and that the Pt nanoparticles were well dispersed on these materials with a very narrow size distribution. These prepared Pt nanocatalysts were evaluated in the asymmetric hydrogenation of ethyl pyruvate after chiral modification with cinchonidine. Excellent catalytic activity and enantioselectivity were achieved. More importantly, these catalysts exhibited extraordinary stability and reusability during the reaction and could be reused at least 26 times without significant loss in catalytic activity and enantioselectivity.
Bioelectrochemical Systems as a Multipurpose Biosensing Tool: Present Perspective and Future Outlook
Authors: Grattieri Matteo , Hasan Kamrul , Minteer Shelley D.
Published: October 2016

Microbial bioelectrocatalysis, the process of utilizing an intact microorganism for catalyzing redox reactions, has been rapidly expanding over the last 15 years. Although microbial bioelectrocatalysis has been primarily studied for power generation and wastewater treatment, this Minireview will focus on the use of bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) for biosensing applications. This will include sensors for water quality, corrosion, and toxic shock. We will also discuss the transition of BESs to photo‐BESs and discuss their recent applications in sensing. Finally, we will discuss the future outlook for microbial bioelectrocatalysis for biosensing applications.
Aqueous Dispersions of Graphene from Electrochemically Exfoliated Graphite
Authors: Sevilla Marta , Ferrero Guillermo A. , Fuertes Antonio B.
Published: October 2016

A facile and environmentally friendly synthetic strategy for the production of stable and easily processable dispersions of graphene in water is presented. This strategy represents an alternative to classical chemical exfoliation methods (for example the Hummers method) that are more complex, harmful, and dangerous. The process is based on the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and includes three simple steps: 1) the anodic exfoliation of graphite in (NH4)2SO4, 2) sonication to separate the oxidized graphene sheets, and 3) reduction of oxidized graphene to graphene. The procedure makes it possible to convert around 30 wt % of the initial graphite into graphene with short processing times and high yields. The graphene sheets are well dispersed in water, have a carbon/oxygen atomic ratio of 11.7, a lateral size of about 0.5–1 μm, and contain only a few graphene layers, most of which are bilayer sheets. The processability of this type of aqueous dispersion has been demonstrated in the fabrication of macroscopic graphene structures, such as graphene aerogels and graphene films, which have been successfully employed as absorbents or as electrodes in supercapacitors, respectively.
Real‐Time NMR Studies of Oxyamine Ligations of Reducing Carbohydrates under Equilibrium Conditions
Authors: Baudendistel Oliver R. , Wieland Daniel E. , Schmidt Magnus S. , Wittmann Valentin
Published: October 2016

Ligation reactions at the anomeric center of carbohydrates have gained increasing importance in the field of glycobiology. Oxyamines are frequently used in labeling, immobilization, and bioconjugation of reducing carbohydrates. Herein, we present a systematic investigation of these ligation reactions under aqueous conditions. A series of four unprotected monosaccharides (glucose, N‐acetylglucosamine, mannose, and 2‐deoxyglucose) and one disaccharide (N,N’‐diacetylchitobiose) was reacted with three primary and one secondary oxyamine. We monitored the concentrations of the starting materials and products by 1H NMR spectroscopy and determined reaction times and equilibrium yields. Our experiments show that the outcome of the ligation reaction is not only dependent on the sugar and oxyamine used but also strongly on the reaction conditions. In the case of glucose, lowering the pH from 6 to 3 led to steadily increasing reaction rates, whereas the yields were decreasing at the same time. Variation of the temperature did not only influence the product ratio in equilibrium but can also have a strong impact on the equilibrium yield. In the case of reactions of a primary oxyamine, increased temperatures led to a higher proportion of acyclic products. Reaction of the secondary oxyamine with glucose unexpectedly led to lower yields at higher temperatures.
3‐tert‐Butyl‐Substituted Cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienes as Isobutane Equivalents in the B(C6F5)3‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydro‐tert‐Butylation of Alkenes
Authors: Keess Sebastian , Oestreich Martin
Published: October 2016

Cyclohexa‐1,4‐dienes with a tert‐butyl group at C3 are shown to function as isobutane equivalents when activated by the strong boron Lewis acid tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. The hitherto unprecedented transfer hydro‐tert‐butylation from one unsaturated hydrocarbon to another is achieved with 1,1‐diarylalkenes as substrates, thereby presenting itself as a new way of incorporating tertiary alkyl groups into carbon frameworks. Transient carbocation intermediates give rise to competing reaction pathways that could not be fully suppressed.
Perfluoroalkylation of Alkenes by Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Behrends Ilona , Bähr Susanne , Czekelius Constantin
Published: October 2016

The activation of perfluoroalkyl iodides by the frustrated Lewis pair tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and tri‐tert‐butylphosphine is described. By abstraction of both a fluorine and an iodine atom, an iodophosphonium fluoroborate salt is formed. In the presence of alkenes the corresponding iodoperfluoroalkylation products are generated regioselectively. First mechanistic investigations support a radical mechanism.
A Cationic Phosphapyramidane
Authors: Lee Vladimir Ya. , Sugasawa Haruka , Gapurenko Olga A. , Minyaev Ruslan M. , Minkin Vladimir I. , Gornitzka Heinz , Sekiguchi Akira
Published: October 2016

Pyramidanes C[C4R4] constitute a novel class of highly strained and reactive polyhedral clusters that attracted a great deal of attention of both theoreticians and experimentalists. Although well‐studied from the theoretical viewpoint, pyramidanes were synthetically inaccessible, and only very recently their very first isolable representatives have been described. In this Communication, we report on the synthesis and structural studies of the cationic pyramidane with the Group 15 element at the apex, namely, phosphapyramidane, an isoelectronic analogue of the neutral pyramidanes of the Group 14 elements.
Continuous Flow Homolytic Aromatic Substitution with Electrophilic Radicals: A Fast and Scalable Protocol for Trifluoromethylation
Authors: Monteiro Júlia L. , Carneiro Paula F. , Elsner Petteri , Roberge Dominique M. , Wuts Peter G. M. , Kurjan Katherine C. , Gutmann Bernhard , Kappe C. Oliver
Published: October 2016

We report an operationally simple and rapid continuous flow radical C−C bond formation under Minisci‐type reaction conditions. The transformations are performed at or below room temperature employing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as reagents in the presence of an FeII catalyst. For electron‐rich aromatic and heteroaromatic substrates, C−C bond formation proceeds satisfactorily with electrophilic radicals including .CF3, .C4F9, .CH2CN, and .CH2CO2Et. In contrast, electron‐poor substrates exhibit minimal reactivity. Importantly, trifluoromethylations and nonafluororobutylations using CF3I and C4F9I as reagents proceed exceedingly fast with high conversion for selected substrates in residence times of a few seconds. The attractive features of the present process are the low cost of the reagents and the extraordinarily high reaction rates. The direct application of the protocol to dihydroergotamine, a complex ergot alkaloid, yielded the corresponding trifluoromethyl ergoline derivative within 12 seconds in a continuous flow microreactor on a 0.6 kg scale. The trifluoromethyl derivative of dihydroergotamine is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of migraines.
Catalytic Enantioselective Aza‐Reformatsky Reaction with Cyclic Imines
Authors: De Munck Lode , Vila Carlos , Muñoz M. Carmen , Pedro José R.
Published: October 2016

A catalytic highly enantioselective aza‐Reformatsky reaction with cyclic aldimines and ketimines for the synthesis of chiral β‐amino esters with good yields and excellent enantioselectivities is reported. A readily available diaryl prolinol is used as a chiral ligand, ZnMe2 as a zinc source and ethyl iodoacetate as reagent in the presence of air atmosphere. The reaction with cyclic ketimines generates a quaternary stereocenter with excellent levels of enantioselectivity. Furthermore, five‐membered N‐sulfonyl ketimines were used as electrophiles with good enantiomeric excesses, under the optimized reaction conditions. Moreover, several chemical transformations were performed with the chiral β‐amino esters.
KOH‐Activated Porous Carbons Derived from Chestnut Shell with Superior Capacitive Performance
Authors: Jiang Man , Zhang Jingli , Xing Lingbao , Zhou Jin , Cui Hongyou , Si Weijiang , Zhuo Shuping
Published: October 2016

Porous carbons (PC) were prepared from a waste biomass named chestnut shell via a two‐step method involving carbonization and KOH activation. The morphology, pore structure and surface chemical properties were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 sorption, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The carbons have been evaluated as the electrode materials for supercapacitors by a two‐electrode system in 6 mol/L KOH electrolyte. Benefiting from the porous texture, high surface area and high oxygen content, the PCs derived from chestnut shell have exhibited high specific capacitance of 198.2 (PC‐1), 217.2 (PC‐2) and 238.2 F·g−1 (PC‐3) at a current density of 0.1 A·g−1, good rate capability of 55.7%, 56.6% and 54.9% in a range of 0.1–20 A·g−1 and high energy density of 5.6, 6.1 and 6.7 Wh·kg−1, respectively. This is believed to be due to electric double layer capacitance induced by the abundant micropores and extra pseudo‐capacitance generated by oxygen‐containing groups. At a power density of 9000 Wh·kg−1, the energy density is 3.1, 3.5 and 3.7 Wh·kg−1 for PC‐1, PC‐2 and PC‐3, respectively, demonstrating the potential of the carbons derived from chestnut shells in energy storage devices.
Anthracene Modified by Aldehyde Groups Exhibiting Aggregation‐Induced Emission Properties
Authors: Peng Zhe , Wang Zhi , Tong Bin , Ji Yingchun , Shi Jianbing , Zhi Junge , Dong Yuping
Published: October 2016

In order to get an easy way to achieve the transformation from aggregation‐caused quenching luminophores (ACQphores) to aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), we took aldehyde groups as the modifying group to decorate anthracene. The fluorescence performances of 9‐anthraldehyde (AnA) and 9,10‐anthracenedicarboxaldehyde (AnDA) in solution and aggregated state were studied. We found out that the aldehyde group can transform anthracene with aggregation‐caused quenching properties to AIEgen. The single‐crystal structures analysis of AnA and AnDA showed that their structure characteristics are responsible for the AIE properties of AnA and AnDA. On one hand, the aldehyde group can cause steric effects to lower intermolecular π‐π packing style in aggregated state. On the other hand, intermolecular H‐bonding interactions can restrict the intramolecular rotation and suppress internal charge transfer. These results may supply a new simple method for the transformation from ACQphores to AIEgens on the point of the molecular design.
Preparation of FePd‐RGO Bimetallic Composites with High Catalytic Activity for Formic Acid Electro‐Oxidation
Authors: Li Nanting
Published: October 2016

FePd‐RGO composites through the growth of uniformly dispersed iron‐palladium bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanosheets were prepared by a two‐step method. The firstly formed Fe is used as the seed for the subsequent Pd growth. The formation of Fe NPs on RGO in the first step is performed by an in‐situ reduction reaction with the reducer ethylene glycol under oil bath at 180°C. NPs in the as‐prepared FePd‐RGO have an average particle size of 6.5 nm, and Pd is added to one side of Fe which leads to the formation of Fe‐Pd bimetallic interfaces. As compared with the commercial Pd black at the same loading, the composites have higher electro‐catalytic activity, better electrochemical stability and higher resistance to CO poisoning for formic acid electro‐oxidation.
Design, Synthesis, and Insecticidal Activities of Novel Pyranoside Derivatives Targeting at Potential Second Calcium Channel IP3 Receptor
Authors: Wu Changchun , Li Yuxin , Liu Ming , Liu Jingbo , Hua Xuewen , Zhang Dongkai , Xiong Lixia , Yang Na , Wang Baolei , Li Zhengming
Published: October 2016

In order to search for potent and environmental friendly insecticides with new modes of action, a series of pyranoside derivatives mimicking D‐myo‐inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) were designed and synthesized according to the bioisosteric approach. The biological assay indicated that most of the new compounds showed moderate to good insecticidal activities against oriental armyworm (Mythimna separata) and diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Especially, compound 5g displayed 80% larvicidal activity against oriental armyworm at 50 mg/L. Meanwhile, 5a showed 100% and 70% larvicidal activities against diamondback moth at 50 and 25 mg/L, respectively. To further explore the mode of action, calcium imaging technique was applied to study the effects of 5a, 5g, and 5i on the intracellular calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) in central neurons isolated from Spodoptera exigua. The results indicated that the tested compounds released stored calcium ions from endoplasmic reticulum.
A New Fluorescent Chemodosimeter for Hg2+ with High Selectivity and Sensitivity in Water
Authors: Yang Dengchen , Li Meng , Chen Chuanfeng
Published: October 2016

A new fluorescent chemodosimeter based on tetrahydro[5]helicene imide was synthesized, and it showed high selectivity and sensitivity toward Hg2+ ions over other different tested metal ions in water. The response time was within 0.5 min, and the detection limit of the chemodosimeter for Hg2+ was estimated to be 2.0 × 10−8 mol•L−1. The Hg2+ promoted deprotection of dithioacetal groups of 1, which induced water‐soluble fluorescent chemodosimeter 1 to form a water‐insoluble aldehyde precursor.
Nitrous Oxide and Methane Emissions in Spring Maize Field in the Semi‐Arid Regions of Loess Plateau
Authors: Jiang Jishao , Wang Rui , Wang Zhiqi , Guo Shengli , Ju Xiaotang
Published: October 2016

A 2‐year field study was conducted to measure nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) in a rain‐fed spring maize cropland in the Loess Plateau, P. R. China, and to determine the effects of optimized nitrogen (N) fertilization practices on urea‐derived N2O emission factor (EF), grain yield, net greenhouse gas (NGHG) emission, and net greenhouse gas intensity (NGHGI). Five treatments were considered, including control (CK), conventional N fertilization (Con), optimal N fertilization (Opt), optimal N fertilization plus nitrification inhibitor (Opt + DCD), and optimal N fertilization with slow release urea (Opt + SR). Soil acted as a small sink for atmospheric CH4. Nitrogen fertilization and heavy rainfall events (>40 mm) were the main factors controlling N2O emissions. The annual mean EF ranged from 0.12 to 0.55%. Compared to conventional N fertilizer, nitrification inhibitor decreased the annual cumulative N2O, NGHG, and NGHGI emissions by 45, 52, and 48%, respectively, without decreasing grain yield. In conclusion, nitrification inhibitor addition was the most effective practice to reduce N2O emissions in the rain‐fed regions of Loess Plateau.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Soilwater Storage Along Regional Transect on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Jia Xiaoxu , Shao Ming'an , Zhao Chunlei , Zhang Chencheng
Published: October 2016

Knowledge of the spatiotemporal variability of soil water storage (SWS) is important for vegetation restoration and water resources optimization in semi‐arid areas. This study investigated the spatiotemporal characteristics of SWS in the 0–5 m profile and identified representative sites for reliably estimating the mean SWS along regional transect of the Loess Plateau. Mean relative difference and the associated standard deviation (SDRD) were used to assess temporal stability (TS) of profile SWS. The time‐averaged mean SWS in the 5‐m profile generally decreased from south to north following the decreasing rainfall gradient, with a mean value of 704 mm. Spatiotemporal analysis showed that temporal variations in SWS decreased with increasing soil depth, while the spatial variations increased. Comparisons of SDRD and the number of time‐stable locations with SDRD <5% among various depths indicated that TS increased with increasing soil depth. The representative sites identified for the transect well reflected mean SWS of the five soil layers, and the accuracy of estimation increased with increasing soil depth. The TS of SWS patterns was controlled by precipitation, temperature, clay content, field capacity, soil organic carbon, elevation, slope gradient, and normalized difference vegetation index in the study area. This study demonstrates the feasibility of directly estimating the patterns of SWS using TS analysis on a large scale, which might be comprehensively controlled by the combined effects of climate, soil, topography, and vegetation.
Linear Inviscid Damping for a Class of Monotone Shear Flow in Sobolev Spaces
Authors: Wei Dongyi , Zhang Zhifei , Zhao Weiren
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we prove the decay estimates of the velocity andH1scattering for the two‐dimensional linearized Euler equations around a class of monotone shear flow in a finite channel. Our result is consistent with the decay rate predicted by Case in 1960. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electron backscatter diffraction beyond the mainstream
Authors: Nolze Gert , Hielscher Ralf , Winkelmann Aimo
Published: October 2016

We present special applications of electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) which aim to overcome some of the limitations of this technique as it is currently applied in the scanning electron microscope. We stress that the raw EBSD signal carries additional information which is useful beyond the conventional orientation determination. The background signal underlying the backscattered Kikuchi diffraction (BKD) patterns reflects the chemical composition and surface topography but also contains channeling‐in information which is used for qualitative real‐time orientation imaging using various backscattered electron signals. A significantly improved orientation precision can be achieved when dynamically simulated pattern are matched to the experimental BKD patterns. The breaking of Friedel's rule makes it possible to obtain orientation mappings with respect to the point‐group symmetries. Finally, we discuss the determination of lattice parameters from individual BKD patterns. Subgrain structure in a single quartz grain. The increased noise level in the left map reflects the lower precision of a standard orientation determination using band detection by the Hough transform. The right map results from the same experimental raw data after orientation refinement using a pattern matching approach. The colors correspond an adapted inverse pole figure color key with a maximum angular deviation of about 2° from the mean orientation.
Porphyrin‐Sensitized Evolution of Hydrogen using Dawson and Keplerate Polyoxometalate Photocatalysts
Authors: Panagiotopoulos Athanassios , Douvas Antonios M. , Argitis Panagiotis , Coutsolelos Athanassios G.
Published: October 2016

Hydrogen evolution using photocatalytic systems based on artificial photosynthesis is a major approach toward solar energy conversion and storage. In the polyoxometalate‐based photocatalytic systems proposed in the past, middle/near UV light irradiation and noble‐metal catalysts were mainly used. Although recently polyoxometalates were sensitized in visible light, photosensitizers or catalysts based on noble metals, and/or poor activity of polyoxometalates were generally obtained. Here we show the highly efficient [turnover number (TON)=215] hydrogen evolution induced by the zinc(II) mesotetrakis(N‐methyl‐pyridinium‐4‐yl)porphyrin (ZnTMPyP4+) sensitization of a series of polyoxometalate catalysts (two Dawson type, P2Mo18O626− and P2W18O626− anions, and one Keplerate {Mo132} cluster) in a visible‐light‐driven, noble‐metal‐free, and fully water‐soluble system. We attributed the high efficiency for hydrogen evolution to the multi‐electron reduction of polyoxometalates and found that: (a) both Dawson polyoxometalates exhibit higher hydrogen evolution efficiency upon ZnTMPyP4+ sensitization in relation to the direct photoreduction of those compounds; (b) the P2Mo18O626− anion is more efficient (TON=65 vs. 38, respectively) for hydrogen evolution than the P2W18O626− anion; and (c) the high nuclearity Keplerate {Mo132} cluster exhibits the highest efficiency (TON=215) for hydrogen evolution compared with the polyoxometalates studied.
Semiconductor‐Based, Solar‐Driven Photochemical Cells for Fuel Generation from Carbon Dioxide in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Yehezkeli Omer , Bedford Nicholas M. , Park Eunsol , Ma Ke , Cha Jennifer N.
Published: October 2016

There has been active interest to identify new methods to reduce CO2 into usable fuel sources. In this work, we demonstrate two types of photo‐electrochemical cells (PECs) that photoreduce CO2 directly to formate in aqueous solutions both in the presence and absence of external bias or additional electron sources. The photocathodes were either a CuFeO2/CuO electrode or a bilayer of CdTe on NiO, whereas the photoanode was a bilayer of NiOx on CdS. The PECs were characterized by using both electrochemistry and spectroscopy, and the products formed from CO2 reduction were characterized and quantified by using 1H NMR spectroscopy and ESI‐MS. In addition, an organohydride catalyst was tested in conjunction with the PECs, which not only showed a significant gain of 85 times in CO2 reduction (27 μm formate without the catalyst, 2.3 mm formate with it) compared to the NiO/CdTe photocathode system but could also generate methanol under an external bias (10 μm).
Prevalence of human papillomavirus, Epstein‐Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus in fine needle aspirates from lung carcinoma: A case–control study with review of literature
Authors: Gupta Parikshaa , Haldar Dipanjan , Naru Jasmine , Dey Pranab , Aggarwal Ashutosh Nath , Minz Ranjana Walker , Aggarwal Ritu
Published: October 2016

Background

Oncogenic viruses have recently been allied with lung carcinoma, however, the causal association has not been established till date. The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of high‐risk Human papillomavirus (HPV; subtypes 16, 18, 31, 33 and 45), Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) in lung carcinoma using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on fine needle aspirates.

Methods

Fine needle aspirates of patients with lung carcinoma were included as cases. The control samples included normal lung tissue, collected at the time of medico legal autopsies. DNA was extracted from samples of both cases and controls and analysed by PCR for the presence of HPV, EBV and CMV.

Results

A total of 5/73 (6.8%) cases demonstrated the presence of HPV. Of these, 3 were positive for HPV‐16 and one each for HPV‐18 and HPV‐45. A significant association of HPV with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (P = 0.01) was observed. Two cases were positive for EBV; however, the difference was not statistically significant for EBV (P = 0.5) as well as CMV. None of the controls were positive for HPV, EBV or CMV.

Conclusion

We conclude that fine needle aspirates can serve as reliable sample for PCR based detection of viruses. A significantly higher prevalence of HPV in lung cancer and a significant association with SCC was observed, thereby, indicating a positive link between HPV and etiopathogenesis of lung carcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:987–993. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytological features of inflammatory pseudotumor‐like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of spleen: A case report
Authors: Hang Jen‐Fan , Wang Lei‐Chi , Lai Chiung‐Ru
Published: October 2016

Here, we present the first cytological report of a primary splenic inflammatory pseudotumor‐like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma. The 57 year‐old male was incidentally found with a 2.2 cm well‐demarcated splenic nodule. A sonography guided fine needle aspiration of the lesion was performed. The cytologic smears revealed loosely cohesive fragments of oval to spindle cells in a background of prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. The cells showed sparse chromatin, distinct nucleoli, syncytial cell borders, and occasional cytoplasmic processes. On the liquid‐based preparation, several histiocyte‐like cells with emperipolesis phenomenon were noted. Scant large atypical cells with prominent, cherry‐red nucleoli were found on the cell block sections. The initial cytologic interpretation was “atypical cells cannot exclude classical Hodgkin lymphoma.” The subsequent partial splenectomy showed an inflammatory pseudotumor‐like follicular dendritic cell sarcoma. The tumor cells were positive for CD21, CD35, smooth muscle actin, and EBER in situ hybridization. The cytologic differential diagnoses are briefly discussed. The knowledge of this rare entity, awareness of its cytomorphology, and proper ancillary tests would be helpful for correct cytologic diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:230–234. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Write case notes clearly, concisely, objectively, and in a timely manner
Authors: Bedrossian Louise
Published: October 2016

There is probably little in the job of disability services providers that is both more important and less exciting than writing student contact/case notes. It tends to be the last task addressed and with the least enthusiasm. But keeping accurate and current case notes, in addition to other documentation, is critical to delivering quality service to students and to our institutions.
On being a mentor, short term or long term
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: October 2016

I happened to be in Chicago during the months that the Van Gogh Bedrooms exhibit was at the Art Institute. I like to view art alone, out of deference to the artist and the artwork, and for my own spiritual feelings the viewing usually evokes.
DNA typing for personal identification of urine after long‐term preservation for testing in doping control
Authors: Aoki Kimiko , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Ueki Makoto
Published: October 2016

When the tampering of a urine sample is suspected in doping control, personal identification of the sample needs to be determined by short tandem repeat (STR) analysis using DNA. We established a method for extracting DNA from urine samples stored at −20 °C without using any additives or procedures, which is consistent with how samples are required to be managed for doping control. The method, using the Puregene® Blood Core kit followed by NucleoSpin® gDNA Clean‐up or NucleoSpin® gDNA Clean‐up XS kit, does not need any special instrument and can provide a purified extract with high‐quality DNA from up to 40 mL of urine suitable for STR analysis using an AmpFlSTR® Identifiler® PCR amplification kit. Storing urine at −20 °C is detrimental to the stability of DNA. The DNA concentration of preserved urine could not be predicted by specific gravity or creatinine level at the time of urine collection. The DNA concentration of a purified extract (10 μL) was required to be >0.06 ng/μL to ensure a successful STR analysis. Thus, the required extraction volumes of urine preserved for 3–7 years at −20 °C were estimated to be 30 mL and 20 mL to succeed in at least 86% of men and 91% of women, respectively. Considering the long half‐life of DNA during long‐term preservation, our extraction method is applicable to urine samples stored even for 10 years, which is currently the storage duration allowed (increased from 8 years) before re‐examination in doping control. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tissue‐selective expression of a conditionally‐active ROCK2‐estrogen receptor fusion protein
Authors: Samuel Michael S. , Rath Nicola , Masre Siti F. , Boyle Sarah T. , Greenhalgh David A. , Kochetkova Marina , Bryson Sheila , Stevenson David , Olson Michael F.
Published: October 2016

The serine/threonine kinases ROCK1 and ROCK2 are central mediators of actomyosin contractile force generation that act downstream of the RhoA small GTP‐binding protein. As a result, they have key roles in regulating cell morphology and proliferation, and have been implicated in numerous pathological conditions and diseases including hypertension and cancer. Here we describe the generation of a gene‐targeted mouse line that enables CRE‐inducible expression of a conditionally‐active fusion between the ROCK2 kinase domain and the hormone‐binding domain of a mutated estrogen receptor (ROCK2:ER). This two‐stage system of regulation allows for tissue‐selective expression of the ROCK2:ER fusion protein, which then requires administration of estrogen analogues such as tamoxifen or 4‐hydroxytamoxifen to elicit kinase activity. This conditional gain‐of‐function system was validated in multiple tissues by crossing with mice expressing CRE recombinase under the transcriptional control of cytokeratin14 (K14), murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV) or cytochrome P450 Cyp1A1 (Ah) promoters, driving appropriate expression in the epidermis, mammary or intestinal epithelia respectively. Given the interest in ROCK signaling in normal physiology and disease, this mouse line will facilitate research into the consequences of ROCK activation that could be used to complement conditional knockout models. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:636–646, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Generation and characterization of mice bearing null alleles of nradd/Nrh2
Authors: Unsain Nicolas , Dorval Genevieve , Sheen Jae Hyung , Barker Philip A
Published: October 2016

The Neurotrophin receptor associated death domain gene (Nradd/Nrh2/Plaidd) is a type I transmembrane protein with a unique and short N‐terminal extracellular domain and a transmembrane and intracellular domain that bears high similarity to the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR/Ngfr). Initial studies suggested that NRADD regulates neurotrophin signaling but very little is known about its physiological roles. We have generated and characterized NRADD conditional and germ‐line null mouse lines. These mice are viable and fertile and dońt show evident abnormalities. However, NRADD deletion results in an increase in the proportion of dorsal root ganglion neurons expressing p75NTR. The NRADD conditional and complete knockout mouse lines generated are new and useful tools to study the physiological roles of NRADD. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:605–612, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessing spatiotemporal relationships between wildfire and mountain pine beetle disturbances across multiple time lags
Authors: Nelson Michael F. , Ciochina Mark , Bone Christopher
Published: October 2016

Native bark beetles and wildfire are among the most prominent natural disturbances in the conifer forests of western North America. Using multiple approaches and scales, researchers have sought to understand how each disturbance may, or may not, influence the subsequent likelihood or severity of the other disturbance. Our objectives were to complement existing research on the linkage of mountain pine beetle and wildfire disturbances by combining large‐scale spatial data at variable temporal resolutions to characterize the discrepancy between observed and expected overlap areas of fire and beetle disturbances. Multiple time lags, differing by 1‐yr intervals, spanning the 30‐yr period 1984–2014 in theU.S.states of Washington and Oregon were examined for wildfire following bark beetle epidemics and for beetle epidemics following wildfire. We used existing spatial data sets of wildfires and insect pest disturbances to perform overlay analyses to characterize the two relationships. We also compared years of peak vs. non‐peak fires, as well as the influence of several individual, large disturbances. We found a clear association of increased bark beetle epidemic shortly after wildfire. The evidence of an association between increased fire extent and severity following bark beetle epidemics was less straightforward, although it suggested that the nature of the observed patterns varied with fire severity. In some cases, individual disturbance seasons or events were highly influential on the overall trends. Variability in the results highlights the challenges of quantifying landscape‐level relationships among disturbance types and supports the existing calls for further analyses with additional ecological variables.
The extra mile: Ungulate migration distance alters the use of seasonal range and exposure to anthropogenic risk
Authors: Sawyer Hall , Middleton Arthur D. , Hayes Matthew M. , Kauffman Matthew J. , Monteith Kevin L.
Published: October 2016

Partial migration occurs across a variety of taxa and has important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Among ungulates, studies of partially migratory populations have allowed researchers to compare and contrast performance metrics of migrants versus residents and examine how environmental factors influence the relative abundance of each. Such studies tend to characterize animals discretely as either migratory or resident, but we suggest that variable migration distances within migratory herds are an important and overlooked form of population structure, with potential consequences for animal fitness. We examined whether the variation in individual migration distances (20–264 km) within a single wintering population of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) was associated with several critical behavioral attributes of migration, including timing of migration, time allocation to seasonal ranges, and exposure to anthropogenic mortality risks. Both the timing of migration and the amount of time animals allocated to seasonal ranges varied with migration distance. Animals migrating long distances (150–250 km) initiated spring migration more than three weeks before than those migrating moderate (50–150 km) or short distances (<50 km). Across an entire year, long‐distance migrants spent approximately 100 more days migrating compared to moderate‐ and short‐distance migrants. Relatedly, winter residency of long‐distance migrants was 71 d fewer than for animals migrating shorter distances. Exposure to anthropogenic mortality factors, including highways and fences, was high for long‐distance migrants, whereas vulnerability to harvest was high for short‐ and moderate‐distance migrants. By reducing the amount of time that animals spend on winter range, long‐distance migration may alleviate intraspecific competition for limited forage and effectively increase carrying capacity. Clear differences in winter residency, migration duration, and risk of anthropogenic mortality among short‐, moderate‐, and long‐distance migrants suggest fitness trade‐offs may exist among migratory segments of the population. Future studies of partial migration may benefit from expanding comparisons of residents and migrants, to consider how variable migration distances of migrants may influence the costs and benefits of migration.
Photolabile Ruthenium(II)–Purine Complexes: Phototoxicity, DNA Binding, and Light‐Triggered Drug Release
Authors: Chan Hazel , Ghrayche Joy B. , Wei Jianhua , Renfrew Anna K.
Published: October 2016

Photoactivated chemotherapy is gaining increasing interest as a potentially selective treatment of cancer, and bacterial and viral infections. In this approach a therapeutic can be administered as a nontoxic prodrug and then converted to its active form in the diseased tissue by the localized application of light. Here we report the first example of a photolabile ruthenium prodrug that releases a purine ligand when irradiated with visible light. A series of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes were prepared with the anticancer agent 6‐mercaptopurine as a ligand. The nature of the polypyridyl ligand was found to strongly influence the properties of the complexes, including absorbance maxima, photostability, and the binding mode of 6‐mercaptopurine. The lead complex is stable in solution in the dark but releases 6‐mercapoturine when irradiated with visible light, leading to a significant increase in toxicity towards breast cancer cells.
Experimental investigation of an air heating system using different types of heat exchangers incorporated with an evacuated tube solar collector
Authors: Kumar Amit , Yadav Avadhesh
Published: October 2016

In this article, the thermal performance of a solar air heating system is experimentally investigated. In this system, an evacuated tube solar water heater is connected to a heat exchanger with connecting pipes. The evacuated tubes are used to produce hot water. This hot water flows to the heat exchanger through connecting pipes, the flow of hot water occurs due to thermosyphon phenomenon. Hot air is generated by passing ambient air through the heat exchanger. Three different types of heat exchanger viz. type‐I, type‐II and type‐III have been used. The height of the heat exchangers has been varied from 1050 mm to 1800 mm to evaluate the effect of height variation on the natural circulation flow rate of hot water. The maximum measured temperature difference between the hot air and the ambient air achieved was 10.7°C which was obtained with the heat exchanger type‐II at the height of heat exchanger from ground level of 1550 mm. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 232–247, 2017
Interface‐preserving level‐set reinitialization for DG‐FEM
Authors: Utz Thomas , Kummer Florian , Oberlack Martin
Published: October 2016

This paper presents a contribution to level‐set reinitialization in the context of discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods. We focus on high‐order polynomials for the discretization and level set geometries, which are comparable to the element size. In contrast to hyperbolic and geometric reinitialization techniques, our method relies on solving a nonlinear elliptic PDE iteratively. We critically compare two different variants of the algorithm experimentally in numerical studies. The results demonstrate that the method is stable for nontrivial test cases and shows high‐order accuracy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.