bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Irish Constitution ‘from below’: squatting families versus property rights in Dublin, 1967–71
Authors: Murray Thomas
Published: September 2017

Thomas Murray’s chapter draws on a critical social theory of law and a range of qualitatively rich primary sources to incorporate heretofore neglected social movement voices into a more complex account of constitutional development in Ireland. The chapter concentrates on the political practices and discourses at stake in a single moment of conflict when property rights were contested from below, specifically the squatting campaigns of the Dublin Housing Action Committee (D.H.A.C.) in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Murray aims to open up a broader terrain of debate about constitutional development and judicial power in Ireland than conventional studies of case-law, legislation or parliamentary politics would suggest.
Administrative action, the rule of law and unconstitutional vagueness
Authors: Doyle Oran
Published: September 2017

Oran Doyle’s chapter argues that more needs to be done to instantiate the rule of law ideal: administrative action potentially undermines the rule of law, since individuals may have no opportunity to tailor their activities to legally binding directives before they are issued. The chapter notes that there are tentative indications in the case law that the courts may recognise a new constitutional doctrine constraining legislative grants of administrative power. Doyle critically assesses the emergence of this doctrine and seek to influence its development, disentangling it from a confusing association with the rule against the delegation of legislative power. Notwithstanding the absence of any clear textual basis, the chapter argues that recognition of this doctrine would be a legitimate exercise of judicial power.
Article 16 of the Irish Constitution and judicial review of electoral processes
Authors: Prendergast David
Published: September 2017

David Prendergast’s chapter looks past the referendum cases to examine judicial development of Article 16, which provides for the composition of, and election to, Dáil Éireann, Ireland’s lower house of parliament. The chapter first introduces a way of thinking about democracy to ground the evaluation of Article 16 case law that follows. The chapter gives an overview of Article 16, rejecting the view that it is a ‘total code’ for Dáil elections. Finally, the chapter defends the restrained yet occasionally creative path the courts have taken under Article 16. Prendergast concludes the courts’ work can be overall characterised as seeking to protect the electoral process, but not perfect it. The chapter concludes that the courts have embraced a role guarding Ireland’s democracy that illustrates in practice the idea that judicial review of electoral processes can be acceptable in democratic terms.
Social and economic rights in the Irish courts and the potential for constitutionalisation
Authors: Smyth Claire-Michelle
Published: September 2017

Claire Michelle Smyth’s chapter examines the question of socio-economic rights in the Irish Constitution. She argues that it is possible to identify the avenues for constitutionalisation of socio-economic rights without the need for express incorporation by way of referendum. Beginning with an overview of the case which cements the status of social and economic rights in the Irish Constitutional order, this chapter examines the potential of reinvigorating the doctrine of unspecified rights, utilising the power of Article 45 and analysing the legitimacy of the Supreme Court’s reasoning to refuse judicial intervention. It concludes that Irish courts need to re-evaluate their stance and embrace the value of social and economic rights and to actively engage with their obligation to protect and vindicate the personal rights of the citizen.
‘On the very Verge of legitimate Invention’: Charles Bonnet and William Blake’s illustrations to Robert Blair’s The Grave (1808)
Authors: Erle Sibylle
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses William Blake’s response to Johann Caspar Lavater’s Essays on Physiognomy (1789­98) and awareness of Charles Bonnet’s ideas about the afterlife in order to highlight the complexity of Blake’s illustrations to the new edition of Robert Blair’s The Grave published by R. H. Cromek in 1808. Blake was extremely fond of drawing souls. It is, however, often impossible to tell a rendering of living soul from a dead one. This chapter examines Blake’s relationship with the Gothic’s preoccupation with death and dying and explains, via the European context, how the impact of Blake’s images supersedes the Gothic and visual quality of language of Blair’s text. Blake’s drawings of the spiritual are not spontaneous sketches but evidence for his awareness of Lavater’s physiognomical theory and specifically the European debate about the immortality of the soul.
Entranced by death: Horace Smith’s Mesmerism
Authors: Wyse Bruce
Published: September 2017

Blending aspects of the religious novel with Gothic motifs, Horace Smith’s 1845 novel Mesmerism: A Mystery employs mesmerism to make its case for a radical transvaluation of death. Prematurely spiritualised by mesmeric treatment, the protagonist Jane Harvey attains a preternatural awareness of the liminal space between life and death, and, in the novel’s affirmative re-conception of the Death and the Maiden motif, she repeatedly encounters a mysterious phantom that proves to be the mildly uncanny yet enticing embodiment of death itself. The text evokes the ‘mistaken terror of death’ in order to dispel it and enthusiastically affirms both the Evangelical ‘good death’ and what Phillipe Ariès calls the ‘beautiful death’. However, in its disproportionate emphasis on death per se, and its polemical drive to reconceive death as ‘The Universal Friend’, the novel flirts with the heterodoxy that its personified Death is the principal redeemer of humankind.
The annihilation of self and species: the ecoGothic sensibilities of Mary Shelley and Nathaniel Hawthorne
Authors: Schell Jennifer
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that Shelley and Hawthorne adapt traditional Gothic imagery to environmental contexts in order to create two distinctly different ecoGothic visions of the extinction of humanity. Drawing on ideas advanced by ecocritics, conservation biologists, and psychoanalytic thinkers, this chapter describes the historical context and emotional import of extinction science and its impact on Shelley and Hawthorne. Taking up The Last Man and “The Ambitious Guest,” respectively, the chapter contrasts Shelley’s view of nature as a indiscriminate force that slaughters millions of innocent humans, with Hawthorne’s view of nature as a vengeful force that punishes a small, symbolically significant group of sinful humans. It concludes by noting that it was Hawthorne’s brand of ecoGothic writing, not Shelley’s, that eventually became immensely popular with late-twentieth-century writers and filmmakers.
Afterdeath and the Bollywood Gothic noir
Authors: Mishra Vijay
Published: September 2017

This chapter maps the received tradition of the Gothic on to the Bollywood Gothic noir. The tradition, it is argued, as it comes to India, is mediated by both the literary Gothic and the pervasive power of the Hollywood film and Gothic noirs. The form that the Bollywood Gothic noir takes is a function of a compromise as the received Western literary and filmic Gothic is deployed to articulate a specifically Hindu narrative of reincarnation. Whereas the idea of an afterdeath in the Western Gothic carried as its basic affect the concept of the uncanny and was alarmingly anti-redemptive, reincarnation narrative postulated that the uncanny was a pre-given capable of recall. However, the presence of the filmic and the literary Gothic as part of a world-literary system now disturbs the seamless and affirmative narrative of Hindu reincarnation by introducing the darker side of karmic retribution.
‘I’m not in that thing you know … I’m remote. I’m in the cloud’: networked spectrality in Charlie Brooker’s ‘Be Right Back’
Authors: Kirk Neal
Published: September 2017

‘Be Right Back’ (Black Mirror 2011-ongoing) fictionalises the possibility of reconstructing a deceased loved one based on posts to online social media sites as a means of managing grief. This chapter reads the episode according to a new theoretical framework, ‘networked spectrality’, which considers the relevant historical, technical, social, and political dynamics of digital networks as they relate to the concept of haunting. By paying attention to the affordances of networked publics, including the problems of context collapse in mediated social interactions, networked spectrality helps explore the significance of Ash as an enduring multiplicity of haunting and the uncanny in the lives of Martha and their daughter. As an allegory of contemporary media use, networked spectrality offers an approach to consider the implications of mediated remains and technical persistence in a society that tends to identify and articulate such encounters as spectral.
Introduction
Authors: Chance Helena
Published: September 2017

This book presents a history of the factory gardens and parks movement in Britain and the United States, from its origins in the early Industrial Revolution, to its zenith in the years preceding the Second World War and concludes with an overview of the evolution of corporate landscapes from the second half of the twentieth century to the present. Industrialists attempted to assuage the effects of mass production by embracing the historical, cultural and metaphorical meanings of gardens to refine corporate culture and to redefine industry as progressive and responsible. Industry contributed distinctively and significantly to gardening culture and to opportunities for outdoor recreation in the first half of the twentieth century. Analysing factories from the point of view of landscape has produced a significant new interpretation of factory design, society and culture, which draws out the meanings of time and space in the factory that are not related to the production line. The discussion draws on empirical evidence underpinned by sources from a broad disciplinary base, including areas of research within architectural, art, photographic, landscape and garden histories; cultural geography, social history, philosophy, gender studies and social science.
From model factory to modern factory
Authors: Chance Helena
Published: September 2017

Initiatives to make gardens and parks at factories were a part of the wider public health and urban planning reforms taking place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In landscaping their factories and providing recreation space, industrialists contributed significantly to driving forward and funding environmental reform, although being privately owned and managed, they were subject to specific design considerations and rules of use. The First World War and its aftermath catalysed the importance of healthy and high-quality environments to industrial stability and progress, and the ‘Factory Garden Movement’ accelerated in the 1920s, inspired by a need to attract and to satisfy a more independent and demanding workforce. The key case studies are the Cadbury Chocolate factory in Bournville, UK; the National Cash Register Company factory, ‘The Cash’, in Dayton, Ohio, USA and Shredded Wheat and Spirella Corsets, companies that had factories in both nations.
Designing the company Arcadia
Authors: Chance Helena
Published: September 2017

Rowheath Park at Bournville (from 1921) and the Hills and Dales Park, the Old Barn Club and Old River Park, made for NCR employees between 1906 and 1939, are highly significant to the history of corporate landscapes in terms of their scale and the sophistication of their designs in a factory context. A comparison of these parks, designed by landscape architects Cheals of Crawley, and the Olmsted Brothers respectively, reveal differences in the cultural, symbolic and stylistic approaches to landscape design in the two nations, including what it was possible to achieve in the suburban landscapes of Britain and the United States and in the beliefs, desires and expectations of the factory worker and his patriarch in what the landscape could provide for them. In context of corporate recreation, the scale and sophistication of these gardens and parks were astonishing and unprecedented. Their landscape architects succeeded in projecting local and national landscape identities through design, thus creating spaces that heightened employees’ sense of belonging to the region and to the corporate community.
‘The Most Beautiful Factory in the World’: the power of the garden image
Authors: Chance Helena
Published: September 2017

An analysis of the extensive collections of photographs, illustrations, films and ephemera in company archives provides a fresh perspective on the factory gardens and parks. By means of illustrated lectures, publications and factory tours, in which the landscapes featured prominently, industrialists presented their enterprises as places of status, community, opportunity, health and hygiene and their products as authentic and modern. The landscapes and their representations defined this utopianist portrayal of working conditions and labour, and motivated myths about the commodities they produced. The advertising and packaging images from the early twentieth century of the companies discussed here are now iconic in the history of marketing and advertising, for it was largely through effective publicity that they became household names.
Factory gardens and parks: profits or perks?
Authors: Chance Helena
Published: September 2017

Corporate landscapes were designed for their potential to improve the quality of working life and they became powerful symbols of ideal conditions in industry. However, the suggestion that gardens are ‘an ideal’ in social and welfare reform presents a paradox because the corporate garden is a space both liberating and controlling. Power relations and structures between labour and capital and between men and women in the use and management of the gardens and recreation grounds were complex. The privately owned grounds were subject to regulations and management expectations, but power operates in society from the ‘bottom up’ as well as ‘top down’ and as Henri Lefebvre and others have argued, power can be found in the spaces between dominant power structures. Therefore some employees therefore benefited from the opportunities afforded by the gardens and recreation grounds, while others resented them for replacing fair wages and did not use them. The potential benefits to employees depended on many factors and so are difficult to evaluate. The value of factory gardens to industry is therefore more clearly seen in its contribution to profitability through public relations, rather than in an increase in the job satisfaction of the workforce.
Have Islamic aid agencies a privileged relationship in majority Muslim areas? The case of post-tsunami reconstruction in Aceh
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the question of “cultural proximity”, i.e. the proposition that a Faith Based Organization can have a privileged access to beneficiaries who share the same religious culture. It was based on a visit in 2007 to Aceh province in Indonesia, to observe the contribution of Islamic charities to reconstruction after the Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004. Special attention was given to the rebuilding of houses and schools, in which several other international NGOs experienced serious local difficulties. The conclusion was that a common religion can be an advantage, but not so much as to outweigh the importance of technical proficiency, especially in the heated political climate that prevailed during this period. As well as describing the mainly successful work of Islamic Relief Worldwide, Muslim Aid, and the Turkish Red Crescent, the chapter also notes that official international evaluations of the huge aid flows after the tsunami gave little credit to local organizations, notably the Muhammadiyah.
The Islamic Charities Project (formerly Montreux Initiative)
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This is a personal account of a mediation or conflict resolution project (2005–2013), funded by the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (Political Division IV) in which the author took part as an adviser. The aim of this exercise in “track two diplomacy” was to help remove unjustified obstacles from Islamic charities. It did not succeed in surmounting all the challenges it faced, partly as a result of political turbulence in the post 9/11 years. In particular, not enough trust was generated between the US Treasury and the charities of the Gulf states to facilitate mediation. The chapter concludes, however, by forecasting that future efforts of a similar kind will be made to bring Islamic charities fully into the international aid system. Materially well-off Muslims have the resources to alleviate poverty and suffering, while the overseas aid budgets of the major Western nations are under pressure. Moreover, a “humanitarian vacuum” is created in complex zones of conflict such as Syria, when bona fide Islamic charities are absent for political reasons and the field is left open for extremist groups. The growth of research on Islamic charities will help give substance and credibility to future interventions.
Puripetal force in the charitable field
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This Chapter, published by Depends on timing. the journal Asian Ethnology, is a theoretical exercise, inspired by Mary Douglas’s classic anthropological text Purity and Danger, that sets out to clarify the wide range of relationships between religions and humanitarian traditions as ideological movements, taking Islam as an instance. It postulates that the concept of the “sacred” is a special case of boundary maintenance or “purism”. Metaphorically, “puripetal force” (a neologism) is defined as a tendency common to all ideological systems, a resistance to social entropy or anomie. An explanatory model is proposed that accommodates forms of concentrated purism such as (within Islam) Wahhabi-Salafism and (within humanitarianism) the legacy of Henry Dunant, founder of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Specific Islamic charities and welfare organizations interact differentially with both religious and humanitarian traditions. Meanwhile, US government policy towards charities sometimes seems dominated by an urge to peer into purity of motives. Finally, it is suggested that the model could equally be applied to Christian and other religious traditions, with the concluding thought that the common ground between the institutions of international humanitarianism and religious traditions is currently expanding.
Confessional cousins and the rest: the structure of Islamic toleration
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

Adducing some insights from cultural anthropology, this Chapter compares and contrasts the histories of the Christian and the Islamic traditions of religious toleration, considering in particular the blurring of the distinction between “People of the Book” and “pagans” or “polytheists”. It argues that each tradition has strengths and weaknesses if we consider them as contributions to a humanism acceptable to people today who subscribe to various religious beliefs or to none. Christendom was guilty historically of worse religious intolerance than Islam, yet it also engendered a humanistic respect for “primitive” belief systems. Islam institutionalized the concept of People of the Book, which gave a qualified recognition to its “confessional cousins”, but it excluded “pagan” cultures unless they agreed to convert. Yet Islam was also capable of flexibility when a small Muslim court in India ruled over a vast non-Muslim population. An extended prefatory note reviews the progress of scholarship since the first publication of this text in Anthropology Today in 2005, and asks whether it is necessary to modify the suggestion that Muslim social scientists are inhibited from choosing to study non-monotheistic cultures. The conclusion reached ten years later is that there are at least some major exceptions.
What makes Islam unique?
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This Chapter first appeared as the lead article in the Times Literary Supplement on 10 September 2014. It is a review of the historian Michael Cook’s Ancient Religions, Modern Politics: The Islamic case in comparative perspective and Akeel Bilgrami’s Secularism, Identity, and Enchantment. According to Cook, Islam has a greater tendency towards politicization than other religions, whereas Akeel Bilgrami is more disposed to find fault with Western policies than with Islam. Bilgrami underlines the need to listen to reformist voices from within Islam rather than the voices of outside critics. This leads the Chapter into a brief consideration of the prospects for large-scale institutional reform instigated by Muslims themselves, as opposed to sporadic reformist initiatives that do not crystallize into organized movements.
Tariq Ramadan
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This review of Tariq Ramadan’s The Arab Awakening: Islam and the new Middle East was published in the Times Literary Supplement, 12 October 2012 – at a time when there were still hopes that the “Arab Awakening” would lead to a new era of progress in the Middle East. It attempts to elucidate Professor Ramadan’s complex intellectual position – where his loyalty to Islamic orthodoxy clashes with the humanities as they are understood in the West – and in particular his relationship to the Muslim Brothers, which is more critical than is often assumed. At the same time it defends Ramadan against unjust criticisms and salutes his personal courage. A prefatory note adds up-to-date information about some of Ramadan’s political interventions since 2012.
Mona Siddiqui
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This review of Mona Siddiqui’s Christians, Muslims, and Jesus (Yale University Press) was published in the Times Literary Supplement on 29 January 2014, under the heading “Abraham’s children”. As well as being a senior academic in religious studies, Siddiqui is well known to the British public as a frequent contributor to the “Thought for the Day” religious slot in the early morning “Today” programme broadcast by the BBC’s Radio Four. SIddiqui makes an important contribution to comparative theological debate by comparing and contrasting the roles of Jesus (Isa) and Mary (Maryam) in the New Testament and the Qur’an, and more broadly in the two religious traditions as they evolved. She also reflects on the specifically Christian semiotics of the Cross. The Chapter ventures some further reflections on how the two traditions may be compared along broader lines.
Akbar Ahmed
Authors: Benthall Jonathan , Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This Chapter was published as a guest editorial in Anthropology Today, 29: 4, August 2013, under the title “Foregrounding the Muslim tribal periphery”. This book is arguably the finest of Professor Akbar Ahmed’s many publications, blending a literary and religious sensibility with political and historical analysis – a model for engaged anthropology. It can be read on two levels. It is a political indictment of the disproportionate victimization of Muslim tribespeople by remotely controlled military weapons – a policy which risks leading to a cycle of revenge. But the drone is also a metaphor for the current age of globalization, “something which comes from nowhere, destroys your life and goes away”, while the prickly, tenacious “thistle” is an image that captures the essence of tribal societies (an image borrowed from Tolstoy’s posthumous novel Hadji Murad).
Yusuf al-Qaradawi
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This Chapter was originally the entry in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics (2014). on Yusuf al-Qaradawi, the Egyptian-born Islamic scholar who took up residence in Qatar. It sets out to present a fair and balanced portrait of this contentious figure, regularly voted among the world’s foremost public intellectuals and (when the article was written) the most influential religious authority in the Sunni Muslim world, not least because of the formidable network of institutions that he helped to create, including charities; but also because of his forceful oratory, media skills, and many publications. A prefatory note provides up-to-date information on controversies involving Qaradawi, as the spiritual leader of the Muslim Brotherhood, that have erupted since the article was first published.
Religion and violence
Authors: Benthall Jonathan , Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This Chapter reflects on the alleged special association between religion in general and violence – an association rebutted by both authors under review, David Martin (in Religion and Power: No logos without mythos) and Karen Armstrong (in Fields of Blood: Religion and the history of violence). It was first published in the Times Literary Supplement on 10 December 2014, under the heading “Poplars in the marsh”. These two very different authors also agree that violent resistance is an inevitable response to policies that oppress large populations. The Chapter goes on to consider briefly the exorbitant reworking of Wahhabism that underpins the so-called Islamic State (Isis), and finally the obstacles that beset all attempts to found non-violent movements.
Afterword
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: September 2017

The level of turbulence in the Middle East is higher than at any time since the Suez Crisis of 1956, especially aggravated by ISIS’s ‘management of savagery’ (Chapter 17).1 Since the consequences of alliances may not be visible to the various parties, there is a risk of escalation as in 1914. In August 2013, the political analyst Edward Luttwak voiced the opinion that a prolonged stalemate in the Syrian civil war was the only outcome that would not be damaging to American interests. He added that this option was ‘tragic’ (...
Under the gun: Northern Ireland’s unique history with DDR
Authors: Gallaher Carolyn
Published: September 2017

Research on decommissioning usually falls within a larger literature on disarmament-demobilization-reintegration (DDR). Although much of the literature on DDR treats it as a single process, some scholars have narrowed in on the process of disarmament (or decommissioning as it was called in Northern Ireland). This work makes several assumptions. First, a process for disarmament is usually an integral part of most peace processes. Second, international third parties are crucial to the process. Third, failure to decommission quickly or in full faith is usually a sign that violence between parties will resume. This chapter argues that decommissioning in Northern Ireland’s peace process does not conform to theoretical expectations about the role of decommissioning. In Northern Ireland peace makers avoided establishing a detailed process for decommissioning because many worried such details would thwart a deal. Though the failure to decommission did have political consequences—the power sharing Assembly at the centre of the Agreement was shuttered for several years—it did not lead a resumption of violence between parties. Rather, delays in the process contributed to spikes in internal violence.
The role of licit and illicit transnational networks during the Troubles
Authors: Gupta Devashree
Published: September 2017

From the beginning of the Troubles, groups in Northern Ireland deliberately sought and made use of transnational allies to further their political goals and gain strategic advantages vis-à-vis their opponents. Organizations on both sides of the conflict turned to external allies, including diaspora groups, like-minded movements, and groups with ideological affinities for accessing resources, expanding and practicing their tactical repertoires, and strengthening their claims to legitimacy. While the existence of this transnational dimension of the Troubles is well documented, the differences among cross-border networks—how they were structured, how they functioned, and their impact on the dynamics of the conflict—are less well understood. Drawing on social movement theory, particularly work on transnational advocacy networks, coalition formation, and diffusion, this chapter compares the structure and function of two types of cross-border networks that resulted: licit ties that publicly connected two or more groups, and illicit ties that allowed groups to forge secretive connections with potential allies.
Northern Ireland and the EU: applying a theory of multi-level governance
Authors: Murphy Mary C.
Published: September 2017

Chapter eight analyses the relevance of the theory of multi-level governance (MLG) to explain the role of the European Union (EU) in Northern Ireland and contends that the EU successfully engages Northern Ireland as a region of a member state without threatening that state’s sovereignty or power. The EU has increasingly become successful because of its accommodation with the British state, and the British state allows the EU as a mechanism to reconcile communities in Northern Ireland. MLG emphasises the multi-level nature of EU politics and attaches significance to the role played by subnational units and supranational institutions in the policy process. The model also proposes new forms of governance which offers a specific conception of EU politics based on an altered relationship between state and non-state actors, where the latter have become increasingly influential. The MLG model may not fully capture some of the internal constraints, complexities, and divisions which are characteristic of Northern Ireland’s recent political experience and which are reflected in its evolving relationship with the EU.
The Illusion of Validity and the Power of “Negative Thinking”
Authors: Kabat Geoffrey C.
Published: September 2017

Often our view of a problem is limited by our preconceptions, and we may fail to see other aspects that are crucial to its solution. This is true of attention to factors that may affect our health. There is widespread confusion about what are the real threats that can affect our health. On some issues, there is debate within the scientific community, whereas, on other issues, misconceptions are rampant in the wider society. These controversies can only be clarified by a critical assessment of the available scientific evidence, guarding against bias and preconceptions.
Introduction
Authors: Dimitrijević Marko , Mistele Timothy
Published: September 2017

Describes how Dimitrijević started investing in frontier markets, defines what a frontier market is, and gives a roadmap for the rest of the book.
Frontier Markets Are the New Emerging Markets
Authors: Dimitrijević Marko , Mistele Timothy
Published: September 2017

Traces the path of evolution of yesterday’s frontier markets into today’s mainstream emerging markets and describes how today’s frontier markets are on a similar path.
The Young and the Restless
Authors: Dimitrijević Marko , Mistele Timothy
Published: September 2017

Highlights frontier markets’ favorable demographics—large, young populations—and the one-time demographic dividend of modernization.
“Can You Hear Me Now?”
Authors: Dimitrijević Marko , Mistele Timothy
Published: September 2017

Discusses the integration of today’s frontier markets into the global economy and how technology and education in particular will accelerate this integration.
Do-It-Yourself Investing in Frontier Markets
Authors: Dimitrijević Marko , Mistele Timothy
Published: September 2017

Discusses do-it-yourself frontier markets equity investing for self-directed investors.
Special Situations in Distressed Debt
Authors: Dimitrijević Marko , Mistele Timothy
Published: September 2017

Addresses investing in special situations in frontier distressed debt.
Megatrends in Frontier Markets
Authors: Dimitrijević Marko , Mistele Timothy
Published: September 2017

Discusses megatrends that will inevitably drive major changes in frontier markets in the coming years and that may provide exciting investment opportunities.
“What must a Jewish Thinker Be?”
Authors: Hammerschlag Sarah
Published: September 2017

Raises the central issues of the book by using Derrida’s speech at the 1998 Colloque des intellectuels juifs de langue française as a means to lay out Derrida’s relation to Levinas, focusing particularly on the role or irony for each and how it intervenes in their respective relations to philosophy, religion and literature.
Levinas, Literature, and the Ruin of the World
Authors: Hammerschlag Sarah
Published: September 2017

Provides historical contextualization by considering debates over the status of religion and literature in postwar France. Also situates Levinas's position on literature here in relation to contemporary debates on literature between Sartre, Jean Wahl, Maurice Blanchot, and Georges Bataille and considers his wartime writings about literature as well as his own literary attempts. Finally considers Levinas's relation to postwar Catholicism, particularly to Emmanuel Mounier and Gabriel Marcel.
Paul and Gnostic Dogma
Authors: DeConick April D.
Published: September 2017

Paul’s interaction with Gnostic Spirituality in his authentic letters, including Colossians and Ephesians; his radical antinomianism and universalism. Engages the movie, “Dogma.”
Gnostic Altered States
Authors: DeConick April D.
Published: September 2017

Initiatory structure of Gnostic initiation; therapeutic goals of Gnostic initiation; ritual practices and positive cognitive changes. Engages the movie, "Altered States."
What shall we do with the Piers?
Authors: Webster Nancy , Shirley David
Published: September 2017

Introduces the reader to the earliest stages of the Park’s conception and development – from the closing of the dilapidated piers along the Brooklyn Heights waterfront in 1983 to the announcement of the Port Authority’s plans to open the abandoned property to commercial development in 1984.
The Coalition
Authors: Webster Nancy , Shirley David
Published: September 2017

Traces the formation of the Brooklyn Bridge Park Coalition (BBPC), a focused and proactive non-profit organization, which proposed and aggressively promoted the initial concept for a public park to be constructed on the abandoned waterfront property and actively negotiated with borough, city and state leadership for the use and development of the shoreline going forward.
The “13 Guiding Principles”
Authors: Webster Nancy , Shirley David
Published: September 2017

Describes the ongoing public confrontations between the BBPC, the Port Authority, and local officials that ultimately resulted in a set of guiding principles for future park development.
Banging their Cups on the High Chair
Authors: Webster Nancy , Shirley David
Published: September 2017

Covers the aggressive and successful attempt of BBPC leadership to solicit public support for the Park from a range of public officials and institutions (including Governor Cuomo; Mayor Giuliani; the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation; the State UDC; and local elected officials), and the 1996 Financial Feasibility Study for a self-sustaining park, conducted by the BBPC with $250,000 in funding secured by Assemblywoman Eileen Dugan and State Senator Martin Connor.
Tearing Down the Barbed Wire
Authors: Webster Nancy , Shirley David
Published: September 2017

Describes an intensive period of planning and construction – and the beginning of an equally intensive period of controversy and public debate. The introduction of new financial strategies, reports of findings from structural, economic and environmental impact studies, and the public presentations of a revised Master Plan and the General Project Plan of the newly recruited architectural design team generated disillusion and dissent among some representatives of the community (including a number of early supporters).
Reading the Mahavamsa
Authors: Scheible Kristin
Published: September 2017

Vamsa is a dynamic genre of Buddhist history filled with otherworldly characters and the exploits of real-life heroes. These narratives collapse the temporal distance between Buddha and the reader, building an emotionally resonant connection with an outsized religious figure and a longed-for past. The fifth-century Pali text Mahāvamsa is a particularly effective example, using metaphor and other rhetorical devices to ethically transform readers, to stimulate and then to calm them.
Reading the Mahāvamsa advocates a new, literary approach to this text by revealing its embedded reading advice (to experience samvega and pasada) and affective work of metaphors (the Buddha's dharma as light) and salient characters (nagas). Kristin Scheible argues that the Mahāvamsa requires a particular kind of reading. In the text’s proem, special instructions draw readers to the metaphor of light and the nagas, or salient snake-beings, of the first chapter. Nagas are both model worshippers and unworthy hoarders of Buddha’s relics. As nonhuman agents, they challenge political and historicist readings of the text. Scheible sees these slippery characters and the narrative’s potent and playful metaphors as techniques for refocusing the reader’s attention on the text’s emotional aims. Her work explains the Mahāvamsa’s central motivational role in contemporary Sri Lankan Buddhist and nationalist circles. It also speaks broadly to strategies of reading religious texts and to the internal and external cues that give such works lives beyond the page.
Relocating the Light
Authors: Scheible Kristin
Published: September 2017

Pāli is not typically considered a language that allows for much literary flourish, but literary moves are made nonetheless: patterns and rhetorical structures introduced in the first chapter determine how the rest of the historical narrative is literarily conveyed. This chapter argues that structurally significant patterns manifest in the proem itself are what determine the narrative arc of the text, and further explores the metaphor of light as it is employed in the story, paying attention to the way the proems had set up the reader to perceive the transformative richness and practical potential of such metaphors. By exploring this metaphor of light we will see how a certain pattern is developed whereby the physical space of Laṅkā is transformed to a lamp of the dhamma, a cetiya for the future remembrance and representation of the Buddha through relic veneration, while individual hearers are transformed ethically, resulting in the moral community primed for the responsibility of the dhamma. Just as a lamp is primed with oil to effectively receive the flame, so the reader of the Mahāvaṃsa is primed for the full, transformative force of the text by the proem and by the narrative strategies employed.
Philosophies of Immanence and Transcendence
Authors: Allen Amy
Published: September 2017

This paper embarks from the argument that both Derrida and Habermas made similar kinds of “performative contradiction” objections to Foucault's argument in History of Madness. This can be connected with a larger claim: both Derrida and Habermas can be considered thinkers of transcendence. Within the notion of transcendence offered by Habermas are elements which can be compared with Derrida's notions of the trace, l’avenir and messianicity without messianism. By contrast with both, Foucault is a thinker of immanence—of the historical a priori or what Deleuze would call the immanent transcendental. This paper argues that both Derrida and Habermas misunderstand the nature of Foucault's project in History of Madness. Both construe it as what Habermas would call a rejection of Enlightenment reason or what Derrida calls a revolution against reason—and perhaps this could be connected to their own philosophical assumptions about transcendence. Neither succeeds in fully factoring the degree to which Foucault’s project is contingent and historical. Foucault is best understood as undertaking a history of a form of rationality, and this is to be differentiated from a critique of Reason as such.
A Dynamic Businessman’s Aristocracy
Authors: Hood Clifton
Published: September 2017

Chapters 5 and 6 both examine the Gilded Age of the late nineteenth century. The single most momentous change to hit the upper class during this period was the enlargement and enrichment of the city’s elites. These pressures had existed to a degree before the Civil War, but rapid economic growth heightened their intensity and made them the central feature of upper-class life in the second half of the nineteenth century. Families like the Vanderbilts and Rockefellers accumulated fortunes that dwarfed those of the Astors and Lorillards from earlier in the century, widening the income gap within the upper class as well as between it and middle- and lower-class New Yorkers. As a result of the structural instabilities caused by the dynamic urban economy and the lack of a titled American ruling class, along with the cultural strains caused by the nation’s democratic ethos, the upper class of New York City has throughout its existence been prone to thoroughgoing social and cultural changes. The intensification of these demographic and economic pressures in the second half of the nineteenth century raised concerns within that upper class about the sources of its legitimacy and the need for more coherent and restrictive social and cultural codes.
The Ways of Millionaireville
Authors: Hood Clifton
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores continues the main themes of the chapter 5. It analyzes the efforts of the Gilded Age upper class to exclude unsuitable outsiders and raise its own standards and define its legitimacy via an examination of a new upper-class neighborhood that emerged in this period, the upper class’ embrace of the European aristocracy, its pursuit of genealogy, and the creation of the Four Hundred as an ultra-exclusive social grouping. However, the chapter also investigates how the Gilded Age upper class provided vital leadership that improved urban economic and cultural infrastructures, including the Metropolitan Opera and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Conclusion
Authors: Hood Clifton
Published: September 2017

In June 2010, 18-year old Justin Hudson used his delivery of the graduating speech at Hunter College High School to challenge admissions standards there that had resulted in declining numbers of African-American and Latino students. In his speech, Hudson questioned the very idea of merit that had emerged in the 1970s, an understanding that rested on the two pillars of achievement and diversity that were the foundation of anti-elitism. In pinpointing the social and economic basis of hereditary meritocracy, Hudson attacked the legitimacy of the anti-elitist elite. He identified the central flaw with the present-day understanding of merit by condemning elites for distorting and privileging merit to the point that it reinforced instead of democratizing hierarchies. Ironically, anti-elitism had become the basis of a new upper class.
Consuming the Other
Authors: Lindenfeld Laura , Parasecoli Fabio
Published: September 2017

Analyses food films that invite audiences to visit the homes of ethnic others as vicarious tourists. The Joy Luck Club (Wang, 1993), Soul Food (Tillman 1997), Tortilla Soup (Ripoll, 2001), What’s Cooking (Chadha, 2000), and My Big Fat Greek Wedding (Zwick, 2002) operate as forms of mediated culinary tourism. While the previous chapters focus predominantly on the ambivalent representations and treatment of femininity and masculinity, this chapter suggests that mainstream food films carefully appeal to the ethnic groups they represent while offering them as object of culinary tourism of mainstream white audiences through the presentation of familiar—although vaguely exotic—food. The films provide an unstable means of educating audiences about the foodways of different ethnic groups in the U.S., as they reiterate stereotypes and lace ethnicity with expectations and biases, also in terms of gender and class.
The Pirates of Phoenicia
Authors: Carlen Joe
Published: September 2017

Roughly two thousand years later, a tribe of “middlemen and merchants” transformed a small strip of land in modern-day Lebanon into the hub of intercontinental trade. Considered one of the ancient world’s most entrepreneurial and inventive cultures, the merchant-sailors of Phoenicia connected Africa, Europe, and Asia Minor into a network of trade so vast and profitable that their success was marveled at by Ezekiel and other authors of the Old Testament. The chapter also highlights more recent discoveries pertaining to this vanished civilization of seaborne merchants, such as its conversion of a sparsely populated Sicilian island into the site of a thriving wine-making and trading industry.
The Reluctant Romans
Authors: Carlen Joe
Published: September 2017

The entrepreneurial experience in Rome is an insightful illustration of enterprise as practiced under unfavorable and, at times, even hostile, conditions. While Roman nobility and slaveowners steered clear of the "dirty work" of entrepreneurship, slaves and former slaves, many of whom were foreigners, eagerly climbed the entrepreneurial ladder. The chapter describes how, in some instances, the ladder led not only out of bondage but to great wealth and even a measure of respectability.
Western Europe and a “New World” of Profit
Authors: Carlen Joe
Published: September 2017

The extraordinary impact of the heyday of European colonialism (16th to 19th centuries) is unquestionable: Of the four continents that were relatively unknown to the West prior to colonialism, three—Australia, North America, and South America—were entirely transformed in the image of their colonizers. As this chapter demonstrates, not only were European entrepreneurs the primary beneficiaries of colonialism but, in many vital respects, their countries’ settlement of “new” territories would not have been possible without entrepreneurial labor and capital.
The Land of (Entrepreneurial) Opportunity
Authors: Carlen Joe
Published: September 2017

From Cornelius Vanderbilt to Henry Ford and all the way to Bill Gates, America's history since her independence is replete with astonishing entrepreneurs who changed not only U.S. society but the entire world in profound and irreversible ways. The chapter highlights some of history’s most noteworthy American entrepreneurs, some of whom, like the slave turned inventor-entrepreneur Andrew Beard, are not well-known by the modern business reader. In this manner, the chapter illustrates how, to a great extent, America been molded by entrepreneurship and its attendant marvels and perils.
Flattening the World and Colonizing Space
Authors: Carlen Joe
Published: September 2017

Thomas Friedman’s 2005 bestseller The World is Flat described how a number of momentous technological and geopolitical developments converged to “flatten” the world. According to Friedman, this analogy represents how these changes have helped level the economic playing field, enabling remote and economically stagnant regions of the world to participate more equally in an interconnected global economy. As this chapter explains, although this “flattening” was instigated by American entrepreneurs eager for quicker access to foreign markets and labor, it has since accelerated through the efforts of a widening circle of entrepreneurs throughout the developing world. Rising living standards in several sub-Saharan African countries, for example, are a direct consequence of these entrepreneurial efforts, as are less positive changes in other regions. Beyond the current transformation of our own planet, the chapter also describes how, through the nascent space tourism industry, modern entrepreneurs may be leading humanity towards our most significant transformation yet.
Introduction
Authors: Marshik Celia
Published: September 2017

The commodity becomes our uncanny double, evermore vital as we are evermore inert.

Hal Foster, Compulsive Beauty

Readers of modernist fiction find few characters more marginalized and abject than Mrs. Dalloway’s Doris Kilman. Highly educated and deeply religious, the all-but-unloved and-unlovable woman tutors Richard and Clarissa Dalloway’s daughter, Elizabeth, and “year in year out” wears “a green mackintosh coat.”...