bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abstract WP90: Activate Protein C Analog Protects Ischemic Injury of Subcortical White Matter in Mice
Authors: Wang Yaoming , Zhao Zhen , Montagne Axel , Griffin John H , Zlokovic Berislav
Published: October 2018

Subcortical white matter stroke constitutes up to 30% of all stroke subtypes, occurs initially as silent infarcts in the white matter (WM), and contributes significantly to the development of vascular dementia. Activated protein C (APC) is a plasma serine protease that is capable of antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and cell-signaling activities. 3K3A-APC, a recombinant variant of APC with reduced (>90%) anticoagulant activity, engineered to reduce APC-associated bleeding risk while retaining normal cell-signaling activity, has shown benefits in preclinical models of ischemic stroke with big infarcts involving large brain arteries and gray matter. A multicenter Phase 2 randomized clinical trial has enrolled 110 patients to assess the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of human recombinant 3K3A-APC in acute ischemic stroke patients following endovascular thrombolysis (NCT02222714). In this study, subcortical WM stroke model was induced by vasoconstrictor N5-(1-iminoethyl)-L-ornithine, dihydrochloride (L-Nio). L-Nio (Calbiochem) was injected into subcortical WM of the anterior cingulum (AC) of the corticolimbic circuit or the subcortical white matter ventral to the mouse forelimb motor cortex using the Neurostar motorized ultra-precise small animal stereotaxic instrument (Model 963SD). Mice received 0.2 mg/kg intravenously of recombinant murine 3K3A-APC or saline at 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after stroke. The results indicate that 3K3A-APC significantly reduces the lesion volume and protected blood brain barrier damage 3 days after stroke, and improves remote memory function 4 weeks after stroke, compared to vehicle. These results demonstrate that 3K3A-APC might be an effective treatment for white matter stroke.
Abstract WP93: Long-term Use of the Grip Strength and Automated Von Frey Tests in the Mouse Photothrombotic Model of Stroke
Authors: Alamri Faisal F , Al Shoyaib Abdullah , Biggers Abbie , Jayaraman Srinidhi , Guindon Josée , Karamyan Vardan T
Published: October 2018

Improvement of impaired neurological function(s) is a primary endpoint in experimental stroke recovery studies, making the choice and nature of the functional tests crucial for proper execution and interpretation of such studies. Currently, there are a limited number of neurological tests which reliably evaluate functional deficit in mice over a long period of time after stroke. In this study, we evaluated the applicability of forepaw grip strength and automated von Frey tactile sensitivity tests to assess forelimb dysfunction following stroke in the mouse photothrombotic model and compared them with two widely-used tests, grid-walking and cylinder, for up to 21 days after stroke. Three month-old, CD-1 male mice were randomly subjected to photothrombotic stroke or sham surgery in the sensorimotor cortex (n = 10/group). Neurological assessments were conducted 3 days before and 1, 7, 14 and 21 days after stroke in a blinded manner. Grip strength was measured using Mark-10 digital force gauge at peak tension operation mode and performance of each forepaw to hold a grasped wire was evaluated. In the automated von Frey test, the forelimb withdrawal threshold was measured using the same force gauge, attached to a plastic tip, at peak compression operation mode. The cylinder test was used to determine forelimb symmetry in exploratory rearing in a clear cylinder, whereas the grid-walking test was used to measure the number of forelimb footfaults of mice walking on a metallic grid. Our results indicate that while the length of time required to conduct the two new tests is comparable to that of the grid-walking and cylinder tests, the data from the new tests is obtained and ready for analysis upon completion of the testing session. In addition, our observations indicate that the automated von Frey test detected substantial and sustained deficit in the withdrawal threshold of the mice on all evaluation days after stroke, whereas the forepaw grip strength test was only marginally sensitive to document functional impairment. Our data demonstrate that the automated von Frey tactile sensitivity test is a time efficient and sensitive method which can be used together with other established tests to evaluate long-term functional outcome in the mouse photothrombotic stroke model.
Abstract WP99: Fingolimod Promotes Functional Recovery via Neuroprotection, Angiogenesis and Neurogenesis in Diabetic Stroke Mice
Authors: Li Wanlu , He Tingting , Jiang Lu , Song Yaying , Ma Yuanyuan , Zhang Zhijun , Yang Guo-Yuan , Wang Yongting
Published: October 2018

Introduction:
Diabetes is a risk factor for stroke. Fingolimod is a small molecule drug approved by FDA in 2010 for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. It has been shown that fingolimod reduced inflammatory infiltration and brain edema, as well as exhibited neuroprotective effects after ischemic stroke. In this work, we investigated the effects of fingolimod on diabetic stroke mice in the acute and post-acute stages.

Methods:
Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (150mg/kg) injection. For acute phase studies, adult male ICR mice underwent 1-hour transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) (n=55), and received intraperitoneal injection of fingolimod (1mg/kg) immediately after reperfusion. Death rate, neurological score, brain infarction, edema, and blood brain barrier permeability were evaluated at 24 hours after MCAO. The number of CD3+ T cells in peripheral blood was analyzed by flow cytometry. Cellular apoptosis, tight junction changes and inflammatory cell infiltration were measured by immunofluorescence staining. To investigate the long-term function of fingolimod, mice (n=25) were treated with fingolimod (1mg/kg) immediately after reperfusion after 1-hour tMCAO. Neurobehavioral outcomes, brain atrophy, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis were evaluated at 14 days after tMCAO.

Results:
At 24 hours after tMCAO, mice mortality was reduced by fingolimod treatment. Fingolimod reduced the number of TUNEL positive cells and inflammatory cell infiltration, as well as lowered the mRNA level of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-α. However, it caused aggravated edema which is accompanied by reduced ZO-1 and occludin level, and raised AQP4 expression. In the post-acute stage, fingolimod improved the functional recovery and reduced brain atrophy. The numbers of nestin and DCX/BrdU positive neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone and CD31/BrdU positive angiogenic microvessels were increased in fingolimod treated group.

Conclusion:
Fingolimod reduced the mortality of diabetic stroke mice in the acute phase through neuroprotection and anti-inflammation, and promoted the functional recovery in post-acute phase by promoting neurogenesis and angiogenesis.
Liochlaena sichuanica—a new species from the Tibetan Spur and diversification in Liochlaena (Jungermanniaceae, Marchantiophyta)
Authors: BAKALIN VADIM , VILNET ANNA , MA WEN ZHANG
Published: October 2018

Liochlaena sichuanica is described using an integrative taxonomy approach including morphological, geographical and molecular phylogenetic studies. The species is characterized by dioicous sexuality, distinctly papillose leaf surface and large cells in the midleaf. This is the third known taxon in the genus and, with the limited data in hand, also has a narrow geographic distribution. It may represent a diploid derivative of L. subulata, as does L. lanceolata, but with a narrower area of distribution that seems to be restricted to the northern part of the southeastern spur of the Tibetan Plateau. The distribution of Liochlaena sichuanica could be treated both as the result of recent speciation and as the result of a drastic decrease in area.
Hyastenus verreauxii A. Milne-Edwards, 1872, a synonym of Hyastenus elatus Griffin & Tranter, 1986: lectotype designation and reversal of precedence (Crustacea: Brachyura: Majoidea: Epialtidae)
Authors: LEE BEE YAN , AHYONG SHANE T. , LOW MARTYN E. Y. , NG PETER K. L.
Published: October 2018

The majoid spider crab, Hyastenus verreauxii A. Milne-Edwards, 1872 (family Epialtidae), was described based on the material from “Nouvelle-Hollande” (= Australia) in the “Collection du Muséum”, that is, the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN). It was noted by A. Milne-Edwards (1872: 250) that the species is morphologically similar to H. diacanthus (De Haan, 1839) but differs in having a less developed hepatic region, as well as longer and straighter pseudorostral spines. Miers (1879: 26) synonymised H. verreauxii under H. diacanthus with no detailed explanation, and Miers (1886: 56) noted that this species “is probably a variety of Hyastenus diacanthus”. Haswell (1880: 442; 1882: 20) identified Australian specimens as H. diacanthus and listed H. verreauxii as its junior synonym. Ortmann (1893: 55) followed the consensus but regarded H. verreauxii as a subspecific taxon (“var.”) of H. diacanthus. Serène & Lohavanijaya (1973: 53) treated H. verreauxii as a synonym of H. diacanthus. However, none of these authors provided a detailed explanation for the decision to synonymise this species nor was the type examined. This species has not been treated by subsequent workers.
Geographic variation and taxonomy of red-tailed Gymnophthalmus (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from Amazonian Savannas
Authors: RECODER RENATO SOUSA , VECHIO FRANCISCO DAL , MARQUES-SOUZA SERGIO , TEIXEIRA MAURO JR. , SILVA-DA-SILVA MAIUME , SANTOS-JR. ALFREDO P. , RIBEIRO SÍRIA , BARRIO-AMORÓS CESAR , RODRIGUES MIGUEL TREFAUT
Published: October 2018

Gymnophthalmus represents a challenging group for systematics of microteiid lizards. Due to scarcity of exemplars and molecular data, the taxonomy of the genus has been unstable, and six of its eight species are considered part of a poorly-delimited complex of unisexual and bisexual species. Unnamed populations of red-tailed Gymnophthalmus from savanna enclaves in Amazon, similar to G. vanzoi but with differences in color pattern, have been noted in the literature. Here, we used molecular and morphological data to test the taxonomic status of the Central Amazonian red-tailed Gymnophthalmus (G. sp.). Our molecular analysis recovered a close relationship between G. vanzoi and G. sp. from Central Amazon, with minimal divergence. Samples were similar in scale counts but presented significant variation in color pattern and morphometry. Despite the geographic isolation, individuals of both populations cannot be fully differentiated based on morphology. Thus, our results suggest that G. vanzoi has a wider distribution, including the Central Amazonian red-tailed Gymnophthalmus and likely morphologically similar populations from other enclaves of Amazonian savannas, which may have been isolated recently. Based on our comparative analysis, we highlight some characters proved useful for differentiating Brazilian Gymnophthalmus and discuss some prospects for the taxonomy of the genus.
Mobile Complex Care Plans to Enhance Parental Engagement for Children With Medical Complexity
Authors: Ming David Y. , Jackson George L. , Sperling Jessica , Gray Megan , Wyman Roth Noelle , Spears Tracy , Parente Victoria , Bosworth Hayden
Published: October 2018

Care plans can reduce care fragmentation for children with medical complexity (CMC); however, implementation is challenging. Mobile health innovations could improve implementation. This mixed methods study’s objectives were to (1) evaluate feasibility of mobile complex care plans (MCCPs) for CMC enrolled in a complex care program and (2) study MCCPs’ impact on parent engagement, parent experience, and care coordination. MCCPs were individualized, updated quarterly, integrated within the electronic health record, and visible on parents’ mobile devices via an online portal. In 1 year (September 1, 2016, to August 31, 2017), 94% of eligible patients (n = 47) received 162 MCCPs. Seventy-four percent of parents (n = 35) reviewed MCCPs online. Forty-six percent of these parents (n = 16) sent a follow-up message, and the care team responded within 8 hours (median time = 7.2 hours). In interviews, parents identified MCCPs as an important reference and communication tool. MCCPs for CMC in a complex care program were feasible, facilitated parental engagement, and delivered timely communication.
Sensorless balance method for the spindle system of computer numerical control gear grinding machine
Authors: Li Yong , Zhou Shaoping
Published: October 2018

Background:

Spindle imbalance vibration of the computer numerical control grinding machine may result in dramatic effects on tool wear, surface finish, and form-holding of the products, which makes the balancing procedure very essential during their manufacturing process. Although the spindle residual vibration in a single direction can be suppressed effectively by the commonly used commercial balance systems, some real-world application results show that most of these balance systems cannot reduce the spindle residual vibration in horizontal, vertical, and axial direction simultaneously.

Methods:

To overcome this issue, the limitation of commonly used influence coefficient method–based spindle balance method is discussed first. After that, a novel balance method is experimentally proposed for the spindle vibration control using the position fluctuation information between the carriage and guideway of the servo-axis. In this method, the position fluctuation information between the carriage and guideway and the key phase information are practically measured using the built-in linear scale and spindle servomotor encoder, respectively, in which the position fluctuation information between the carriage and guideway can be considered as an integrated representation of the spindle imbalance vibration. Combined with the influence coefficient method, the imbalance vibration presenting in the horizontal, vertical, and axial direction of the spindle can be suppressed simultaneously and effectively.

Results and Conclusions:

A field balancing experiment is carried out on a high-precision computer numerical control gear grinding machine. Experiment results demonstrate that, compared with the commonly used commercial balancing system, the proposed method can not only reduce the residual vibration amplitude at the objective balancing speed effectively but also reduce the residual vibration amplitude more than 50% simultaneously in each direction during the whole run-down process.
Trends in Performance of WASSCE Candidates in the Science and Mathematics in Ghana: Perceived Contributing Factors and the Way Forward
Authors: Abreh Might Kojo , Owusu Kofi Acheaw , Amedahe Francis Kodzo
Published: October 2018

The trends in students’ performance in science and mathematics at secondary school level were examined within a decade-long interval in Ghana. Using West African Examinations Council (WAEC) data from approximately 20% of schools countrywide, it was observed that the results did not provide a definitive pattern. Factors such as teachers’ inability to complete between 50% and 75% of the curricula, insufficient-time to enact and complete the curriculum, lack of enough qualified teachers, and use of poor teaching approaches accounted for the trends. This study in Ghana has implications in teacher recruitment deployment in general as well as duration of secondary education globally to examine their efficacy.
Raising the floor: New directions in public and private enforcement of labor standards in the United States
Authors: Fine Janice , Bartley Tim
Published: October 2018

Low-wage work in the US and many other places continues to be characterized by precarious and dangerous conditions, vulnerable immigrant workforces, and problems of misclassification and wage theft. Several recent initiatives are seeking to demonstrate that conditions can be greatly improved even when governments lack the capacity to broadly enforce the law on the books. In co-enforcement approaches, for instance, municipal governments are enlisting worker and community organizations to improve enforcement of wage and hour laws. Similarly, some private regulatory initiatives are taking ‘worker-driven’ approaches that favor enforcement by locally trusted organizations rather than unreliable ‘checklist auditing’. In this article, we examine one exemplary case of each approach in the US – namely, the Seattle Office of Labor Standards and the Fair Food Program in Florida. Comparing these initiatives reveals a convergence on civil society linkages, locally grounded monitoring capacities, and enforceable penalties. The cases differ in their bases of power and the expected role of the state, though the latter difference is perhaps not as stark as it initially seems. The comparison also suggests some challenges and opportunities for extending these models into new settings.
Collective bargaining, minimum wages and public procurement in Germany: Regulatory adjustments to the neoliberal drift of a coordinated market economy
Authors: Sack Detlef , Sarter EK
Published: October 2018

This article analyses different types of labour clauses in public procurement regulation that have been enacted in Germany, a coordinated market economy that has experienced a ‘neoliberal drift’ including the decline of the traditional governance of labour and contracting out. Based on an analysis of relevant regulations adopted by the 16 Germany federal states, the article corroborates insights into the prominent role of left parties advocating for labour clauses in public procurement on a much broader empirical foundation than previous research. It adds to scholarly knowledge by revealing that the relative comparative advantage of regions with lower wage levels inhibits labour clauses in federal political systems. It finds that centre-right parties are willing to stipulate certain labour clauses in order to protect small-and medium-sized enterprises, which are core parts of their electoral support base.
Shakespearean hospitalities in Sir Thomas More
Authors: Purkis James
Published: October 2018

The manuscript play Sir Thomas More contains three pages that may be in Shakespeare’s hand. It is a play replete with instances, and the language, of hospitality. Beginning with the titular character’s plea for universal hospitality to a group of rioting Londoners seeking the removal of ‘strangers’, I trace how the play is pulled between contemporary hospitable discourse’s collapse of the difference between host and guest and the necessity of recognizing the host’s authority. Such a model of competing commonality and sovereignty may offer a ground for rethinking the supposed discontinuity of Shakespeare’s part in the play’s revision.
Researching post-war British Shakespearean productions
Authors: Olive Sarah
Published: October 2018

Recent years have seen an impetus to collect and disseminate oral theatre criticism in Shakespeare studies, which is traditionally spontaneous and ephemeral. One manifestation of this is the Theatre Archive Project (TAP), which focuses on post-war Britain (1945–68). This article offers an overview of the TAP’s content in relation to professional Shakespeare productions. Moreover, it articulates some of the pleasures and challenges of using the TAP. Outlining these is intended to benefit researchers considering using the project’s materials but also the project itself as it continues to collect, digitize and share material.
In Mendacio Veritas
Authors: Hall Sam Gilchrist
Published: October 2018

In 1 & 2 Henry IV and Henry V, Shakespeare casts himself as a Cretan Liar, a historian, of sorts, who boldly declares: ‘All historians are liars!’ Before examining the use and abuse of history in Henry V, this article analyses the multiple levels of mendacity at work in 1 & 2 Henry IV, paying close attention to the Cretan lies of Falstaff and Rumour. Whereas any account of the past is necessarily truncated and ideologically mediated, this article contends that Shakespeare’s history writing, which takes into account its own intrinsically dishonest nature, is not without a paradoxical sort of veracity.
‘Subtle sleights’
Authors: Angus Bill
Published: October 2018

In early modern England, a proliferation of metadramatic devices coincides with an increasing awareness of the ubiquity of the informer. Richard Edwards’s Damon and Pythias (1564) registers forms of oversight associated with informers in its metadramatic structures. 1564 also witnesses an expansion of the Privy Council’s anti-recusant policy, and thus the work of informers. The many instances of characters standing aside to observe others suggest that the informer figure both permeates the conditions of early modern dramatic production and haunts the vagaries of reception. Edwards’s drama offers a solution to this perceived abuse of authority in the form of classical amity.
Puttenham’s failed design
Authors: Cano-Echevarría Berta
Published: October 2018

Despite the popularity of Renaissance pattern poetry, this verse form was neglected in the English poetical tradition. I suggest that this lack of recognition may be explored by looking into its presentation as an oriental import, which chose to ignore its relationship with classical Greek models. The inspiration for George Puttenham’s shift of attribution from the West to the East in his Arte of English Poesie can be explained by the early modern fascination with travel writing and by Puttenham’s knowledge of the work of a fellow literary theorist, Richard Willes, and his novel poetical compositions.
Considerations for Preclinical Safety Assessment of Adeno-Associated Virus Gene Therapy Products
Authors: Assaf Basel T. , Whiteley Laurence O.
Published: October 2018

Progress in understanding the molecular bases of human health and disease in recent decades has flourished making it possible for the field of gene therapy (GT) to offer new possibilities for treating, and even curing, a plethora of medical conditions such as monogenic disorders and metabolic diseases. GT is a therapeutic intervention to genetically alter or modify living cells by means of gene delivery achieved using either viral vectors or nonviral vectors, with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors constituting market-share majority. Although GT is conceptually attractive, adverse and even fatal iatrogenic complications have marred the initial enthusiasm of clinical successes. The properties of investigational AAV-based GT may pose safety concerns unique from those of small molecule drugs and other macromolecular biologics, such as ectopic or unregulated expression of the transgene, long-term persistence, and off-target distribution. Herein, we discuss considerations in the design of a comprehensive preclinical safety program for AAV-based GT prior to administration in humans.
Sending States and the Making of Intra-Diasporic Politics: Turkey and Its Diaspora(s)
Authors: Adamson Fiona B.
Published: October 2018

The multiple politics and identities of many contemporary diasporic configurations raise a number of important conceptual issues for the study of diaspora politics, including what counts as a “diaspora,” how do particular “diasporas” emerge, and what shapes their politics? This article discusses conceptual and substantive splits in the burgeoning social science literature on diasporas and suggests the value of analyzing the politics and policies of sending states as crucial factors in both “diaspora-shaping” and “diaspora-generating” processes. It presents an extended case study of the emergence of diaspora groups connected with contemporary Turkey, situating Turkey’s “New Diaspora Policy” in its historical context. The article concludes by suggesting that the proposed framework allows for a deeper theorization of the relationship between identity categories and political action, thus shedding light on the conceptual puzzle of what constitutes a diaspora.
Espoused and Enacted Values in an Organization: Workforce Implications
Authors: Gopinath Mohan , Nair Aswathi , Thangaraj Viswanathan
Published: October 2018

It would seem logical that in a perfect world, a corporation’s espoused values would match its enacted values, This match of two sets of values is also known as ‘value congruence’, a situation where the organizational values are in tune with the employees’ values. However, there are many ways by which an organization can create a tension between its espoused and practiced values. The two main reasons relate to how it conducts its business and how it treats its employees. It was observed from the Espoused Value Analysis survey that only 40 per cent of the respondents perceive the employees in their organization are aware of the vision, mission and values. The findings also suggest that when behavioural integrity is boosted, then commitment to the espoused values of the organization is enhanced. Hence, it is inferred that there is significant gap between espoused and enacted values within the sample organizations chosen for the study. Despite this lack of awareness in values, 61 per cent of the employees felt their organization does not adopt unethical means to achieve business goals. The value congruence depends on how an organization deploys its value system, practices behavioural integrity and closes the perceived gaps.
Interobserver agreement and the effects of ethnicity on observational coding of affect
Authors: Babcock Julia C. , Banks Josilyn C.
Published: October 2018

Objectives:

The Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF) is a reliable system for coding observed affect but few studies have tested its generalizability and susceptibility to bias.

Methods:

The current study compared highly trained African American and Caucasian coders’ scores when coding the same videos of African American and Caucasian American couples.

Results:

While it was hypothesized that Caucasian Americans may code African America couples as being more aggressive and less positive based on stereotypes, results revealed a significant Ethnicity of Coder × Ethnicity of Couple interaction on the “neutral” code only. Both African American and Caucasian coders tended to rate out-group couples as being less neutral and showing less interest than in-group couples. No other emotion was identified as being over-coded in lieu of neutral, however.

Conclusion:

Results suggest a subtle bias in SPAFF coding. Adding a diversity component to the SPAFF training and recruiting diverse coders is recommended.
Comparison of four meta-heuristic algorithms for optimal design of double-layer barrel vaults
Authors: Kaveh Ali , Ilchi Ghazaan Majid , Mahjoubi Soroush
Published: October 2018

Barrel vaults are effective semi-cylindrical forms of roof systems that are widespread for multipurpose facilities including warehouse, rail station, pools, sports center, airplane hungers, and community centers because of providing long-span and economical roof with significant amount of space underneath. In the present study, size optimization of double-layer barrel vaults with different configurations is studied. Four recently developed algorithms consisting of the CBO, ECBO, VPS, and MDVC-UVPS are employed and their performances are compared. The structures are subjected to stress, stability, and displacement limitations according to the provisions of AISC-ASD. The design variables are the cross-sectional areas of the bar elements which are selected from steel pipe sections. The numerical results indicate that the MDVC-UVPS outperforms the other algorithms in finding optimal design in all examples.
The future of knowledge brokering: perspectives from a generational framework of knowledge management for international development
Authors: Cummings Sarah , Kiwanuka Suzanne , Gillman Helen , Regeer Barbara
Published: October 2018

Knowledge brokering has a crucial role in the field of international development because it is able to act as a cognitive bridge between many different types of knowledge, such as between local and global knowledge. Much of the research on knowledge brokering has focused on knowledge brokering between research, policy and practice, rather than looking at its wider implications. In addition, there appears to be no literature on the future of knowledge brokering, either within or outside the development sector. Given the apparent absence of literature on the future of knowledge brokering, a discussion group was held with experts in the field of knowledge management for development (KM4D) in April 2017 to consider their opinions on the future of knowledge brokering. Their opinions are then compared to the generational framework of KM4D, developed in a series of iterations by researchers in mainstream (non-development) knowledge management (KM) and KM4D researchers. In this framework, five generations of KM4D with different key perspectives, methods and tools have been identified. Based on the inputs from the experts in the discussion group, the future of knowledge brokering practice in international development appears to resemble practice-based, fourth generation KM4D, while there is some evidence of the emergence of fifth generation KM4D with its more systematic, societal perspective on knowledge. Given that the Sustainable Development Goals are providing a universal framework which is relevant to both organizational and societal KM4D, a new systemic conceptualization of KM4D is proposed which brings both of these strands together in one integrated framework linked to the SDGs. The SDGs also support the call for a new knowledge brokering practice with a greater emphasis on brokering knowledge between organizational and societal actors.
Information behaviour of rural smallholder farmers in some selected developing countries: A literature review
Authors: Phiri Austine , Chipeta George T , Chawinga Winner D
Published: October 2018

The literature from some selected developing countries has demonstrated that rural smallholder farmers need various information sources in pursuit of their goals of increasing production and improving their living standards. According to the sampled studies, the majority of smallholder farmers access information on crop production. Smallholder farmers are aware of information sources despite challenges faced in accessing and using information. The majority of smallholder farmers access information through personal experiences, family members and friends. Despite access to various information sources, the literature has shown that smallholder farmers face various challenges in accessing and using information sources. The major challenges reported by the literature are lack of mobility, lack of finances, lack of rural information centres, and lack of visits by extension officers. The review has highlighted the lack of literature on the information behaviour of smallholder farmers in Malawi despite the fact that the country is an agricultural economy. The review is adapted from the Masters of Library and Information Science (MLIS) thesis authored by Austine Phiri at Mzuzu University.
Dental age assessment on panoramic radiographs: Comparison between two generations of young Finnish subjects
Authors: Birchler Flavia A. , Kiliaridis Stavros , Combescure Christophe , Julku Johanna , Pirttiniemi Pertti M. , Vazquez Lydia
Published: October 2018

Objective

To analyse the accuracy of a meta-analysis-based dental age assessment (DAA) method in Finnish paediatric patients and to compare the dental development between two generations of Finnish children.

Methods

Panoramic radiographs of Finnish Caucasian healthy children from two generations (early: born 1981–1984; subsequent: born 1996–2008) were analysed. All developing teeth on the left maxilla and mandible as well as the third permanent molars were analysed following Demirjian’s classification. For each patient, dental age was calculated and compared with chronological age. Dental maturation patterns between the two groups were compared.

Results

The study included 200 Finnish Caucasian healthy children from two generations (early: aged 7–13 years; subsequent: aged 6–15 years). In the early generation, DAA underestimated the chronological age by a mean of 3.15 years. The underestimation was only 0.11 years in patients < 10 years, but 3.86 years in patients ≥ 10 years. In the subsequent generation, the dental age was overestimated by a mean of 0.34 years; by 0.40 years in patients < 10 years and by 0.08 years in patients ≥ 10 years.

Conclusions

The present DAA method is applicable to current Finnish children. Differences in dental development between two generations of Finnish children were detected.
Establishing the Interlayer Structural Response for Unbonded Concrete Overlays of Existing Concrete Pavements
Authors: Sachs Steven G. , Vandenbossche Julie M. , Tompkins Derek , Khazanovich Lev
Published: October 2018

An improved mechanistic empirical design procedure for unbonded concrete overlays of existing concrete pavements (UBOLs) should account for the effect of the interlayer on the structural response of the pavement. One approach is to use the Totsky model to characterize the interlayer. The Totsky model treats the interlayer as a bed of springs between two plates and is currently incorporated into the rigid pavement finite element software ISLAB. A difficulty encountered in implementing this model is that there are currently no guidelines as to what the interlayer k-value should be for different types of interlayers. The interlayer can be constructed of new or aged asphalt (open or dense graded) or a nonwoven geotextile fabric. To establish the k-values that accurately characterize each of these materials, an ISLAB model of a laboratory test was created so the k-values could be established by matching the measured and calculated difference between the deflections in the overlay and existing pavement. To supplement the use of the laboratory data in establishing the Totsky interlayer k-value, an analysis was carried out using falling weight deflectometer (FWD) data from UBOLs at the Minnesota Road Research Facility (MnROAD). Analyses were then performed to determine if the difference between k-values for different interlayer materials are statistically significant, and if the results from the laboratory analysis match those obtained from the MnROAD field data. The Totsky k-value recommended for use when modeling the response of an UBOL with an asphalt interlayer is 3500 psi/in and 425 psi/in for a fabric interlayer.
Generative dialogue: A concept analysis
Authors: Petta Koralia , Smith Robert , Chaseling Marilyn , Markopoulos Christos
Published: October 2018

The emerging concept of generative dialogue is accompanied by strong claims for its benefit. A literature review identified six dominant models of generative dialogue across the range of disciplines of education, business studies, counselling and psychology. Through the analysis, commonalities and differences between the different models are identified, with an ultimate goal of providing an overarching description of those crucial attributes that make generative dialogue and its implementation beneficial as a management tool in education.
Drilling of micro-holes on titanium alloy using pulsed Nd:YAG laser: Parametric appraisal and prediction of performance characteristics
Authors: Chatterjee Suman , Mahapatra Siba Sankar , Bharadwaj Vijay , Choubey Ambar , Upadhyay Brahma N , Bindra Kushvinder S
Published: October 2018

Laser drilling is a preferable method in drilling micro and slender holes because of its non-physical contact between the tool and the workpiece leading to elimination of the problems like chatter and vibration. In this article, an experimental investigation of the laser drilling process is carried out on thin sheet (0.5 mm) of titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) using pulsed Nd:YAG laser. The study investigates the effect of laser parameters such as laser energy, pulse repetition rate, pulse width and gas pressure on hole quality characteristics, namely, circularity at entry and exit, taper and spatter area. Taguchi’s L27 orthogonal array is adopted for conducting the experiments to establish significance of control parameters on the performance measures with less number of experimental run. Analysis of variance shows that laser energy and pulse width significantly influence on circularity, taper and spatter area. Optimal parameter setting for all the performance measures is suggested. Statistically valid empirical models relating hole quality characteristics with laser parameters have been developed based on least square regression analysis. Backpropagation artificial neural network is used predict the output responses considering laser process parameters as inputs. A mean square error within 5% for both the training and testing data suggests the adequacy and robustness of the proposed artificial neural network model. Variation of performance measures with respect to process parameters is predicted through the well-trained artificial neural network model. The pattern of variation exhibits good agreement with the main effect plots obtained through Taguchi method. Artificial neural network model produces mean relative error of 0.001, 0.001, 0.0437 and 0.0234 for circularity at entry, circularity at exit, taper and spatter area, respectively, when compared with experimental values. Since small values of mean relative error are obtained, the proposed artificial neural network model can be satisfactorily used for prediction of quality characteristics of laser micro-drilled holes.
Performance analysis of differential geometric guidance law against high-speed target with arbitrarily maneuvering acceleration
Authors: Li Ke-Bo , Su Wen-Shan , Chen Lei
Published: October 2018

The interception of high-speed target with an arbitrary maneuvering acceleration causes serious troubles to the guidance and control system design of airborne missile. A novel guidance law based on the classical differential geometry curve theory was proposed not long ago. Although it is believed and numerically demonstrated that this differential geometric guidance law (DGGL) is superior to the classical pure proportional navigation (PPN) in intercepting high-speed targets, its performance has not been thoroughly analyzed. In this paper, using the Lyapunov-like approach, the performance of DGGL against the high-speed target with an arbitrary but upper-bounded maneuvering acceleration is well studied. The upper bounds of the LOS rate and commanded acceleration of DGGL are obtained, and conditions that guarantee the capture of this type of maneuvering target are also presented. The nonlinear relative dynamics between the missile and target is taken into full account. Finally, the proposed theoretical findings are demonstrated by numerical simulation examples.
Chimpanzee Cooperation Is Fast and Independent From Self-Control
Authors: Rosati Alexandra G. , DiNicola Lauren M. , Buckholtz Joshua W.
Published: October 2018

Large-scale cooperation is a hallmark of our species and appears to be unique among primates. Yet the evolutionary mechanisms that drove the emergence of humanlike patterns of cooperation remain unclear. Studying the cognitive processes underlying cooperative behavior in apes, our closest living relatives, can help identify these mechanisms. Accordingly, we employed a novel test battery to assess the willingness of 40 chimpanzees to donate resources, instrumentally help others, and punish a culpable thief. We found that chimpanzees were faster to make prosocial than selfish choices and that more prosocial individuals made the fastest responses. Further, two measures of self-control did not predict variation in prosocial responding, and individual performance across cooperative tasks did not covary. These results show that chimpanzees and humans share key cognitive processes for cooperation, despite differences in the scope of their cooperative behaviors.
The impact of active labour market policies on the well-being of the unemployed
Authors: Rose Damaris
Published: October 2018

Asking whether social policies can alter the experience of unemployment, this article systematically evaluates whether participation in active labour market policies (ALMPs) influences the well-being of the unemployed. With consistently high unemployment rates in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, scholars have started to examine the impact of ALMP schemes on a variety of tangible economic outcomes, but place little focus on their sociological and psychological impacts. Using a novel panel survey, the IZA Evaluation Dataset, I employ a propensity score matching approach combined with difference-in-differences to address selection on both observables and unobservables. Consistent with my theoretical predictions, I find evidence that ALMP programmes that are most like regular employment, namely wage subsidies and subsidized self-employment, have the strongest impact on the well-being of the unemployed. Looking at regional and gender differences indicates interesting effect heterogeneity.
Improving poverty reduction in Europe: What works best where?
Authors: Leventi Chrysa , Sutherland Holly , Tasseva Iva Valentinova
Published: October 2018

This article examines how income poverty is affected by changes to the scale of tax-benefit policies and which are the most cost-effective policies in reducing poverty or limiting its increase in seven diverse EU countries. We do that by measuring the implications of increasing/reducing the scale of each policy instrument, using microsimulation methods while holding constant the policy design and national context. We consider commonly applied policy instruments with a direct effect on household income: child benefits, social assistance, income tax lower thresholds and a benchmark case of rescaling the whole tax-benefit system. We find that the assessment of the most cost-effective instrument may depend on the measure of poverty used and the direction and scale of the change. Nevertheless, our results indicate that the options that reduce poverty most cost-effectively in most countries are increasing child benefits and social assistance, while reducing the former is a particularly poverty-increasing way of making budgetary cuts.
Visualizations of bibliographic information: A user experience study
Authors: Salaba Athena , Merčun Tanja
Published: October 2018

Bibliographic information was presented using five different prototype systems, including four different visualizations of FRBR-based bibliographic information and one more traditional bibliographic information system. This study reports user performance and perceptions using the same tasks across the different visualizations. Users include undergraduate students of a large university in the USA. The study’s methodology is based on a continuation of a study testing the same prototype interfaces in Slovenia, with a number of modifications. The findings show visualization displays performing better on a number of measures than the traditional library catalog interface. A comparison of results highlights some of the differences in findings between the two groups of users. The paper concludes with a discussion on the implications for the design of future bibliographic information interfaces.
Perceptual Determinants of Executive Compensation: Survey-Based Evidence from India
Authors: Gill Suveera , Kohli Manika
Published: October 2018

Ensuring effective and fair determination of executive compensation is complex, though equally essential for protecting the interests of shareholders and in creating long-term corporate value. The present study attempts to unravel the perceptions of executives and investors in terms of the determinants on which executive compensation ought to be based in the context of corporate India. The main research instrument is a quantitative questionnaire through which the responses of 74 top executives and 55 investors have been examined. Results highlight statistically significant mean differences in the perception of executives and investors with regards to the determinants of executive compensation. Further, the underlying dimensions representing pay determinants vary for executives and investors with the former regarding corporate governance and human capital as important, while the latter emphasising on the primacy of ownership and leverage. The article offers valuable insight as it proposes a comprehensive set of determinants of executive compensation by integrating multiple theoretical perspectives.
Optimal design of a bio-inspired self-healing metal matrix composite reinforced with NiTi shape memory alloy strips
Authors: Poormir Mohammad Amin , Khalili Seyed Mohammad Reza , Eslami-Farsani Reza
Published: October 2018

Utilizing smart materials such as shape memory alloys as reinforcement in metal matrix composites is a novel method to bio-mimic self-healing. This study aims to investigate the influence of design factors of a self-healing metal matrix composite by employing the Taguchi method for designing of the experimental procedure. Three design factors, each in three levels, were studied simultaneously according to L-9 standard Taguchi orthogonal array to determine the optimal level of each factor in mechanical properties enhancement with a reduced number of experiments. Composite specimens were fabricated from Sn-13 wt.% Bi alloy as matrix and nickel–titanium shape memory alloy strips as reinforcement with gravity casting process. Matrix alloy was melted and casted in a preheated metallic mold in which SMA strips were installed in various quantities (one, two, or three strips) and different pre-strains (0%, 2%, or 6%). After fabrication of the specimens, a tensile test was conducted until fracture to specify mechanical properties. Then, specimens were placed in a furnace in three different temperatures (170°C, 180°C, and 190°C) to activate the shape memory effect of strips and achieve crack closure and healing. Specimens were tensile tested again after healing to calculate the amount of healed properties and healing efficiency. Results show that using three strips with 6% of pre-strain and applying 190°C healing temperature can maximize the ultimate tensile strength efficiency. Also, the existence of one strip, 0% pre-strain, and 190°C healing temperature creates the best circumstances for healing ductility.
Assessment of Bony Subfibular Impingement in Flatfoot Patients Using Weight-Bearing CT Scans
Authors: Jeng Clifford L. , Rutherford Tyler , Hull Michael G. , Cerrato Rebecca A. , Campbell John T.
Published: October 2018

Background:

Lateral hindfoot pain in patients with flatfoot deformity is frequently attributed to subfibular impingement. It remains unclear whether this is primarily due to bony or soft-tissue impingement. No studies have used weight-bearing CT scans to evaluate subfibular impingement.

Methods:

Patients with posterior tibial tendonitis were retrospectively searched and reviewed. Subjects had documented flatfoot deformity, posterior tibial tenderness, weight-bearing plain radiographs, and a weight-bearing CT scan. CT scans were evaluated for calcaneofibular impingement on the coronal view and talocalcaneal impingement on the sagittal view. The distance between these structures was measured, along with the sinus tarsi volume. In the second part of this study, 6 normal volunteers underwent weight-bearing CT scans on a platform that held both feet in 20 degrees of varus, followed by 20 degrees of valgus. The same measurements were performed.

Results:

Thirty-five percent of flatfoot patients with posterior tibial tendonitis had bony impingement between the fibula and calcaneus on the coronal view. Thirty-eight percent had bony impingement between the talus and calcaneus on the sagittal view. Subjects with bony impingement based on CT scan had significantly higher talonavicular abduction angles on plain radiographs than those without impingement. Sinus tarsi volume decreased by more than half when the subtalar joint moved from varus to valgus in normal controls.

Conclusion:

Bony subfibular impingement in patients with flatfeet was less common than previously reported. Accurate diagnosis of bony impingement may be useful for surgical decision-making.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective comparative study.