bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Smoke Pollution
Authors: Repace James L
Published: November 2023

Inhaling the smoke from cigarettes, pipes, and cigars delivers nicotine to the brain more quickly and efficently than chewing tobacco leaf (Chapter l}. However, the practice of burning tobacco leaves indoors ex-poses other people to indoor air pollution from tobacco combustion products containing many chemicals known to be harmful to human health. Although society, in the interest of public health, has long imposed quality standards for food, water, and in-deed, for outdoor air, it has been slow to re-quire that the indoor air be of a quality that will prevent morbidity and mortality. In general, the same amount of contaminant deposited on the lung surface from inhaled air that we breathe has greater potential for harm than an equal amount ingested in food or water, due to differences in absorption efficiency between the pulmonary and gastro-intestinal membranes. For example, in a healthy adult, 5% of a gram of lead from a chip of accidentally ingested paint will be absorbed, while 95% of the same amount of lead inhaled as a fume from automobile exhaust will be absorbed.
Treating Nicotine Addiction in Patients with Other Addictive Disorders
Authors: Hurt Richard D , Eberman Kay M , Slade John , Karan Lori
Published: November 2023

The modern era of treatment for alcoholism has its origins in the founding of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) over 50 years ago. Formal treatment of alcoholism became more widely available in the 1960s, and the chemical dependence (CD) field now encompasses a full range of treatment services provided by tens of thousands of experts. In most CD treatment settings, the “pure alcoholic” has become a less frequent occurrence as more and more patients present with dependence on more than one drug. The special challenge of treating patients with multiple addictions has required intro-spection and change on the part of treatment providers who have met this challenge with the flexibility, understanding, and vigor necessary to provide effective treatment.
The Naturalist Conception of Moral Knowledge
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

A vision of future social order is …; based on a concept of human nature. If in fact man is an indefinitely malleable, completely plastic being, with no innate structures of mind and no intrinsic needs of a cultural or social character, then he is a fit subject for the “shaping behavior” by the state authority, the corporate manager, the technocrat, or the central committee. Those with some confidence in the human species … will try to determine the intrinsic human characteristics that provide the framework for intellectual development, the growth of moral consciousness, cultural achievement, and participation in a free community. Can there be moral knowledge? According to moral skepticism (not to be confused with moral relativism, discussed in the next chapter), there cannot be: Moral claims-claims about what is or is not (morally) good or bad, right or wrong, just or unjust-do not have truth value, they cannot bear the predicate true/false or any equivalent predicate, such as rationally acceptable/unacceptable
Making Law: The Problem of Coercive Legislation
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

As I noted in the introduction to this book, the moral culture of the United States is pluralistic. The existence of many different moral communities (including religious communities) in American society entails the existence of competing beliefs about human good, about what it is possible and most deeply satisfying for human beings-whether some human beings or all human beings-to be and to do. Those differences give rise to fundamental disagreements about many issues that engage legislators and other policymakers, like the issue of abortion. In politics, and therefore in law, moral discourse often runs out before agreement-consensus-is reached, especially in a morally pluralistic society like our own.
Clearing the Decks
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L
Published: November 2023

In 1600 the London physician William Gilbert, whose hobby was the study of lodestone, set the scene for understanding magnetism (Fig. 2-1). He was the first to confront the multi tude of superstitions that surrounded this phenomenon and performed several experiments that revealed some of the prop erties of magnets. His magnificent treatise was entitled “On the Magnet: Magnetic Bodies Also, and On the Great Magnet the Earth; a New Physiology, Demonstrated by Many Arguments and Experiments.” It is widely regarded as the first true work of modern science. In it he reported his greatest insight: that the earth was itself magnetic. Primarily, Gilbert undertook the work of sorting out the wheat of fact from the chaff of fiction about magnetism. He suggested new perspectives that might be useful if one were to arrive at a satisfactory explanation for the phenomenon.
Heinrich Hertz’s Grand Adventure
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L
Published: November 2023

The facts unearthed as a result of pure research was about to begin on a vast scale. Electricity was becoming widely available and its practical application was imminent. Arguments began to rage as to whether to use direct current or alternating current to supply homes and industry,although most physicists gave little thought to the commercial implications of their work. They continued to search for more comprehensive explanations for both electricity and magnetism, in particular within the context of the new science of electromagnetism.
The Spark that Bridged the Universe
Authors: Verschuur Gerrit L
Published: November 2023

In dingy and dark laborato ries in the nineteenth century, discoveries were made by Faraday and Zeeman that some day would allow astronomers to probe into the nature of magnetism in stars, between the stars, and in distant galaxies. And the spark that Hertz discovered in his happy experiment would someday allow astronomers to bridge the universe, to peer back to the very beginning of time.
Do Nerve Cells Belong in the Cell Theory?
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M
Published: November 2023

Although biologists quickly accepted Schwann’s formulation of the cell theory as a general proposition, there was plenty of room for exceptions to the rule. Foremost among these appeared to be the nervous system. The cell theory held that all cellular structures are formed from cells. Although Purkinje had suggested that the nerve fiber has its origin in the cell body, and Remark had asserted that this is so, it still remained to be demonstrated conclusively and in a variety of cells and species.
Ramón y Cajal: The Shock of Recognition
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M
Published: November 2023

Up to this point we have seen that the problem of the microscopic structure of the nerve cell had engaged many of the leading scientists of the nineteenth century; among them, Purkinje, Schwann, Kölliker, Helmholtz, Virchow, and His were particularly well known. These are among the greatest scientists of their respective countries, and among the founders of modern biology.
Confrontation in Stockholm
Authors: Shepherd Gordon M
Published: November 2023

In October 1906, Golgi and Cajal were informed by telegraph that they had jointly been awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for that year, “in recognition of their work on the ‘anatomy of the nervous system,” which had made them “the principal representatives and standard bearers of the modern science of neurology” (Golgi, Nobel Lectures, 1906: English translation, 1967).
The Nature of the Memory Trace
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: November 2023

Today, people think of creativity, intellect, and imagination as our highest intellectual achievements. Individuals who “simply memorize” things rarely receive our highest accolades, and some may even be scorned. Yet rote memory was revered in the ancient world. Poets, scholars, and theologians who could memorize long passages were honored, admired, and held in highest awe by their peers and the populace in general.
Clive: The Man Who Continues to have Just Woken Up
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

At the age of 46 yr Clive was an outstanding musician, a gifted musical scholar, and one of the world’s leading authorities on Renaissance music. Wilson and Wearing (1995) describe the enthusiastic and exhaustive manner in which Clive would conduct his research, the excitement he obtained from his musical studies, and the manner in which he was able to pass on this excitement to others. Historians of music agreed that Clive’s concerts of early music were researched in the minutest detail and were considered to be the “next best thing to going back in time.” For example, Clive would investigate all aspects of the original performance, including local pronunciation, the manner in which voices carried in the concert room, and the tones of voice used by singers. With the aid of dictionaries and tracts he translated whatever he required, from medieval church Latin as prOnounced in Renaissance Bavaria to sixteenth century Neapolitan dialect. For his part in the British Broadcasting Company’s wedding day celebration of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, Clive chose to reconstruct the 1568 wedding of Duke Wilhelm of Bavaria: he unearthed the original music, translated a contemporary account of its performance, and edited the original score.
Martin: A More Complete Human Being
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Martin was described by his parents as “laid back, quite modem, long hair, flower-power, very peaceful, kind, and gentle”. He did not like sports, having been hit on the cheek by a cricket ball when he was a boy and thereafter unwilling to play. He loved animals and abhorred fox hunting. After he left school, Martin went to work as an animal technician in the laboratories of a nearby university. He enjoyed it there as he was looking after the animals’ welfare. After a time he went for an interview at a bigger animal laboratory in Huntingdon. He became very upset at what he saw and decided he no longer wanted to be an animal technician.
Bill: Learning to Communicate With Symbols Five Years After a Stroke
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

I first saw Bill in 1979 when he was 62 yr old. He had sustained a severe left hemisphere stroke 2 yr earlier. For the first few months after the stroke Bill had been an inpatient at the rehabilitation center but by the time I arrived he was attending as an outpatient 3 days a week. He spent part of his time there doing woodwork and part doing gardening. Although hemiplegic with no movement at all in his right hand and arm, Bill walked competently with a leg brace. He had no speech but acknowledged people with a raised hand and appeared to know all the staff and patients. He knew his way around and was an independent selfsufficient man. I saw Bill regularly but had no formal contact with him until 3 yr later by which time he was 65 yr old and 5 yr post stroke.
Angela: improving the self-care skills of a woman with quadriplegia and dysarthria
Authors: Wilson Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Angela was 30 yr old, married to a farmer, and the mother of two boys-one 6 yr old and the other 3 yr old, when she succumbed to encephalitis. She felt unwell one morning, became worse during the day, went to bed early in the evening, and could not be roused the following morning. Her husband called for an ambulance and Angela was admitted to her local hospital. The following day she was sent to a hospital specializing in neurological diseases where she was diagnosed with brain-stem encephalitis. The virus was not identified but it did not appear to be herpes simplex encephalitis which Clive and Jason (Chapters 6 and 9) had. Angela was in a deep coma for 10 days and initially was not expected to live. She gradually emerged from the coma, but had quadriplegia and severe dysarthria. Thus, she had very little movement in any of her four limbs and her speech was unintelligible. The speech problem was caused by loss of muscular control and not by damage to the language areas in the cortex.
Thermal History Of The Asteroid Belt: Implications For Accretion Of The Terrestrial Planets
Authors: Gaffey M J
Published: November 2023

Asteroid surface compositions derived from the analysis of spectral and other remote-sensing data indicate that the planetesimals in the inner portions of the asteroid belt underwent strong postaccretionary heating that produced extensive melting and magmatic differentiation. The intensity of the heating process-or the susceptibility of the bodies to that process-fell off steeply with increasing heliocentric distance, from 100% igneous bodies at 2.0 A.U. to 0% at 3.5 .A.U. Radiometric ages of igneous meteorites and the limitations on the heating of small bodies make it probable that the heating of these planetesimals occurred during the first few million years of solar system history. It may have been produced by electrical induction during the T-Tauri phase of solar evolution or perhaps by decay of the shortlived radioisotope Al. Heating took place after the growth of these planetesimals to sizes comparable with those of the present asteroids. It seems probable that most-if not all-of inner solar system planetesimals underwent a similar strong early heating. Models of terrestrial planet formation, thermal evolution, and core-mantle segregation that involve accretion times of more than a few million years from a population of asteroid­ sized ( or larger) planetesimals should assume that the accreting population was composed primarily of differentiated objects with chondritic bulk compositions and hot interiors.
Applications of Pedigree Analysis to Animal Models for Complex Diseases
Authors: Maccluer Jean W
Published: November 2023

A major goal in genetic epidemiology is to understand the role of individual genes in disease susceptibility. As knowledge of the human gene map expands, research aimed at identifying and localizing disease genes will become increasingly successful. Single genes that affect a disease or a risk factor are often suggested first by formal genetic analysis, and later localized and characterized by molecular studies. Among the most obvious successes of this “top down” approach are single-gene disorders such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis. Another striking example is familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), whose autosomal codominant mode of inheritance was postulated years before the molecular basis of the defect was clarified (Khachadurian, 1964).
Numerical Modeling Of Convective Clouds General considerations
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A
Published: November 2023

Uses of numerical simulation

The observations of precipitating and nonprecipitating convective clouds, together with the theory of mixing in clouds presented in the preceding three chapters, show that the physical processes operating within real clouds are highly complex and nonlinear. Simple analytical techniques and laboratory experiments such as those discussed in Chapters 2 and 3 can­ not be expected to lend much insight into the nature of moist convective clouds. For this reason, most recent research on the dynamics and physics of cumulus convection has employed numerical simulation as a tool in understanding the behavior of convective clouds. As computers themselves be­ come increasingly powerful and as computational techniques become more refined, one may expect increased use of this technique.
Reading the Map: A Theory of Military-Industrial Places
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina
Published: November 2023

Why did this dramatic regional shift in military production occur? To track the development of the gunbelt and its constituent parts, we invite you on an odyssey through geographical space and historical time. As a guide for this journey, we need a road map. Geographers, like other travelers, use ordinary maps to find which highway to drive. But they also use an array of more specialized material that allows them to anticipate and interpret the landscape before them.
The Winning Transition Team: Props, Jets, and Avionics in New England
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina
Published: November 2023

Everyone knows that New England is really Old New England1-the quintessential traditional industrial region that made a successful transition to high-technology manufacturing and services. Highly urbanized, the first region of the United States to experience the Industrial Revolution, it successfully reversed a long-run industrialization trend: from 1968 to 1975, it lost 252,000 manufacturing jobs; from 1975 to 1980, it created 225,000 new ones. This remarkable rate of job creation-far more rapid than in the United States as a whole-was dominated by high-technology sectors.
Relative Efficiencies of Different Tree-Making Methods for Molecular Data
Authors: Nei Masatoshi
Published: November 2023

There are many different tree-making methods that can be used for molecular data (Nei, 1987a; Felsenstein, 1988). Each of these methods has some advantages and disadvantages, and the overall relative efficiencies of the methods in recovering the correct phylogenetic tree are still controversial. The major problem in studying the relative efficiencies is that the true tree is usually unknown for any set of real organisms or any set of real DNA sequences, so that it is difficult to judge which tree is the correct one. However, this problem can be avoided if we use computer simulation.
First-Grade Dialogues for Knowledge Acquisition and Use
Authors: Palincsar Annemarie Sullivan , Brown Ann L , Campione Joseph C
Published: November 2023

Increased attention to the dialectical relation between the individual and the social aspects in the acquisition of knowledge has led to a burgeoning of interest regarding collaborative learning. Whether propelled by Piagetian theory regarding the role of cognitive conflict in the presence of differing per spectives or Vygotskian theory regarding the internalization of dialogues initially experienced in social contexts, there is interest in how increasingly divergent classrooms can become learning communities-communities in which each participant makes significant contributions to the emergent understandings of all members, despite having unequal knowledge concerning the topic under study.
Generation and Transmission of Shared Knowledge in the Culture of Collaborative Learning: The Fifth Dimension_, Its Play-World, and Its Institutional Contexts
Authors: Nicolopoulo Ageliki , Cole Michael
Published: November 2023

One of the most central and distinctive principles of the Vygotskian perspective is that the formation of mind is essentially and inescapably a sociocultural process; consequently, it can be grasped only by situating individual development in its sociocultural context. However, as various scholars have recently pointed out-including the editors of this volume, as well as Wertsch (1985), Goodnow (1990), and Nicolopoulou (1991, 1993)-a great deal of the research that has associated itself with the ideas of Vygotsky has focused only on certain limited aspects of the social embeddedness of thought and intellectual development. In particular, with a few exceptions-among which we include some of our own earlier work (Newman, Griffin, & Cole, 1989; Nicolopoulou, 1989; Scribner & Cole, 1981)-it has tended to conceive of the “social” or interpsychological context of development exclusively in terms of face-to-face interaction in dyadic pairs (or, rarely, in small groups).
Cerebral Lateralization
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with one of the central issues of developmental neuropsychology: differential lateralization of behavioral functions between hemispheres. This topic has generated considerable dispute and mutually contradicto:ry theories. A recent critique of the research on hemispheric specialization (Efron 1990) points out that the initial studies using patients with lateralized lesions should be treated with caution because a functional deficit after such a lesion indicates that the damaged area “supports” the disturbed function, but does not necessarily imply that this function is “localized” in that area or even in that hemisphere. Efron warns that research with normal subjects, now opening a floodgate for new evidence, requires even more caution because the finding that a certain function, such as dichotic listening with verbal material, is performed better on the right side does not imply that the respective (in this case the left) hemisphere is specialized for this function; it shows merely a correlational ad vantage. The neural substrate remains unknown.
Newborn and Infant Assessment
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

In clinical settings, assessment of the infant contributes information for the early diagnosis of developmental problems and the treatment of young children. The findings also increase our understanding of the variety of treatments and environments that support or impede development and the degree to which individual abilities are able to tolerate changes in environmental experience. This field has expanded rapidly in the last 30 years and has emerged as an important subdiscipline in its own right. This expansion has been facilitated by innovative research techniques, improved technology, and the realization that infants are more responsive to environmental stimulation and are more able to process certain types of perceptual information than previously assumed (Lamb and Bornstein 1987).Biographical accounts of infants in their natural settings by their parents are an example of one of the earliest methods of infant assessment. Biographical sketches of their infant children were provided by Tiedemann in 1787, Taine in 1869 (Lamb and Bornstein 1982), and Darwin in 1877. In the United States, G. Stanley Hall (1904) is credited with initiating the normative study of child development, which formed the basis for norm-referenced assessment (scores based on norms derived from a representative part of the age group for whom the test is designed). He believed that an understanding of child development could help clarify the evolutionary development of the human species.
Classification, Epidemiology, and Research Designs
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Classification systems for disorders and diseases are of necessity designed for the convenience of the major disciplines involved. Psychiatry uses a system based on the psychiatric disorders, DSM-III-R (American Psychiatric Association 1987, replaced by DSM-IV in 1994). Psychologists and educators prefer to focus on intellectual functioning and impairment, adaptive abilities, or personality characteristics. For neurologists, the neurological disorders are the primary focus. A panel on developmental neurological disorders (National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke 1979) recommended a mixed system. Neuropsychological diagnostics can and does make use of all of these classification systems.Generally, classification systems have coped with the priorities of different disciplines by developing a multiaxial system (Rutter et al. 1988) that allows users to choose their own primary system while considering another system on a different axis in space. DSM-III-R lists the clinical psychiatric syndrome on axis 1, personality and developmental disorders on axis 2, physical disorders on axis 3, psychosocial stressors on axis 4, and adaptive functioning on axis 5. Intensive research has shown only moderate reliability and validity for all axes (Achenbach 1988). In addition, Tanguay (1984) suggested that DSM-III pays insufficient attention to developmental issues.
Anoxic Episodes
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

The maturing fetus and neonate are subject to alterations in the availability of oxygen and oxygenated blood during gestation, delivery, and the period immediately after birth. Maternal disease and cardiovascular difficulties, contractions of the uterus during delivery, the cutting of the umbilical cord, and numerous other conditions may interfere with normal oxygen supply. In most of these situations the reduction in oxygen is relatively minor, transient, and amenable to natural physiological and metabolic compensation without the risk of serious complications. However, a serious reduction in available oxygen (hypoxia) and a termination of oxygen supply (anoxia) are not uncommon perinatal complications. A systemic reduction in oxygen level decreases blood flow to local tissue and results in ischemia; therefore, the entire clinical picture is variably called anoxic ischemia, hypoxic ischemia, or hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). These terms are sometimes used interchangeably; we use “anoxic episode” as a general term. Anoxic episodes and their immediate consequences account for the greatest percentage of neurological difficulties encountered during the perinatal period. They are responsible, for example, for many of the convulsive disorders that occur in the neonatal period (Rose 1977), particularly when the episode falls into the moderate-to-severe category (Hill and Volpe 1989a).
Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the primary cause of death in childhood and adolescence, accounting for half of all deaths during those periods (Fenichel 1988). The emphasis in this chapter is on perinatal trauma and traumatic injuries during the first 2 years of life.Advances in obstetrical care and technology have resulted in steady reductions in the incidence of perinatal brain trauma at birth. Our understanding of the complexity of the neonatal period has also increased. Because of these advances, severe forms of perinatal mechanical trauma are rarer now. In addition, many neonates who do sustain injuries are now immediately subjected to rigorous intensive care that previously was unavailable. Care for the newborn has also become more sophisticated because of advances in diagnostic sophistication. Diagnostic imaging of the neonatal brain, such as by CT scan, has become invaluable in the early diagnosis of intracranial hemorrhage, permitting immediate intervention for a specific diagnosis that in earlier times might have been made only at autopsy.
Focal Neurological Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with some pediatric neurological disease processes that have not been discussed in previous chapters, such as brain tumors and cerebrovascular conditions. These conditions are not very common in infancy and early childhood, but they do pose a special challenge to the neuropsychologist, given both the tenuousness of the child’s neurological condition and the seriousness of concurrent secondary medical problems. Determining the integrity of mental functioning before and after surgical intervention, the influences of radiotherapy and chemotherapy on cognitive ability, and most important, arriving at useful prognostic statements concerning mental functioning are some of the tasks con fronting the neuropsychologist. Ris and Noll (1994) provide a current review of the existing studies and of the problems encountered in research.Childhood intracranial neoplasms represent a small but important minority of pediatric neurology cases. An annual incidence rate of 2.2 to 2.5/100,000 during the first decade of life has been estimated (Dennis et al. 1991a). Table 19-1 shows some of the most frequently observed childhood intracranial neoplasms. Intracranial tumors are typically defined by their cellular nature, as indicated below. It is also common to define these tumors further by their location (e.g., hemispheric, subcortical, cerebellar) and whether they originate above or below the tentorium, i.e., supratentorial neoplasms or infratentorial neoplasms.
Soft Neurological Signs and Their Significance
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Neurological soft signs are minimal and difficult-to-assess impairments of neurological functions. Historically, they have been described as indicators of mini mal brain damage (MBD) in children with a variety of different problems of behavior, emotion, and learning. The term was discarded in response to various investigations that showed that actual brain damage could not be demonstrated in a majority of these children (MacKeith and Bax 1963). However, the substitute term “minimal brain dysfunction” still survives; hundreds of publications on the subject, many of them critical, appear almost every year. The term has been used to refer to a syndrome that includes behavioral manifestations, such as fluctuations in behavior, intellect, attention, activity level, impulse control, and affect. Both the unitary nature and the meaningfulness of such a syndrome have been questioned seriously. Whether or not the term MBD is used, the significance of soft signs remains a major issue in child neuropsychology. This chapter reviews the concept of minimal brain dysfunction, the nature of soft neurological signs, the subgrouping of such signs, their possible etiology and measurement, and their meaning in the context of the neuropsychological evaluation of the child.
Introduction
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

For laypeople, moods are background feelings that last for a time and that often have no particular cause. Usually a mood is identified simply as “good” or “bad.” Sometimes moods are invoked as explanations for someone else ‘s unusual behavior. They may account for the fact that the individual is acting differently than expected in a given situation. Moods are so much a part of everyday life that much of the time little thought is given to them, and yet most people consider them to be important. From time to time, powerful moods appear to be more significant in controlling one ‘s life than events. At these times it seems that they not only influence feelings but most thoughts as well.
Structures in the Human Brain Participating in Visual Learning, Tactile Learning, and Motor Learning
Authors: Seitz Per E Roland Balazs Gulyas Rudiger J
Published: November 2023

Learning in a neurobiological context most often means the processing and storage of information. The information that is stored is stored in specific memory systems or, more specifically, in distributed memories, from which it can be retrieved by addressing the memories in a specific way. From studies of patients with cognitive memory deficits resulting from circumscribed lesions of the brain, it is known that the integrity of the hippocampal formation and adjacent parts of the medial temporal lobe, together with the midline and dorsal parts of thalamus, are important for the storage of visual and auditory events, patterns, and experiences, but these brain structures are themselves not part of the storage sites (Scoville & Milner, 1957; Squire & More, 1979). Patients with lesions of these structures have no trouble learning new motor skills (Corkin, 1968). This led to the hypothesis that storage and memory for motor skills and those for cognitive information make use of different anatomical brain structures, and a distinction was made between motor memory and cognitive (declarative) memories (Squire, 1987). Lesions of anatomical structures in the brain important for the generation of voluntary movements, such as the cerebellum, certain brain stem nuclei, and the motor cortical areas, impair the acquisition of motor skills (Brinkman & Porter, 1983; Sasaki & Gemba, 1982). But since motor skills can only be revealed through voluntary motor activity, lesions are unable to reveal if any distinction exists between anatomical structures participating in learning of a skill and those participating in the execution of the skill during learning and after learning has taken place.
The Anatomy of Long-Term Sensitization in Aplysia: Morphological Insights into Learning and Memory
Authors: Bailey Craig H , Chen Mary
Published: November 2023

Among the most difficult and profound problems facing both neurobiology and psychology is an understanding of the mechanisms that underlie learning and memory. Since the initial proposals of Ramony Cajal and others at the turn of the century, it has seemed almost axiomatic that learning must be expressed as a change in synaptic function and form (Cajal, 1894; Lugaro, 1899; Tanzi, 1893). However, prior to the last few decades there was little direct evidence to either support this hypothesis or to indicate precisely what aspects of synaptic change might be important for information storage. In recent years, the cellular specificity of several favorable higher invertebrates has proven useful for the analysis of behavioral problems and has enhanced our knowledge about the synaptic loci and mechanisms that are involved in the acquisition and retention of various elementary forms of learning and memory (Alkon, 1984; Byrne, 1987; Kandel & Schwartz, 1982). In this chapter we describe how a simple defensive behavior, the gill- and siphon-withdrawal reflex of the marine mollusc Aplysia californica, can be used as a model system for examining the contribution of individual synapses to the learning process. In particular, we will focus on a specific set of identified synapses to review morphological studies of learning and to explore the functional relationship between synaptic structure and the enduring changes in synaptic effectiveness that underlie long-term memory.
Goal Congruent (Positiue) and Problematic Emotions
Authors: Lazarus Richard S
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I deal with (1) emotions that result from goal congruence, in other words, the positive emotions; and (2) problematic emotions - that is, those presenting special uncertainties that make their status as emotions debatable. The positive emotions include happiness/joy, pride, love/affection, and relief. In contrast with the hyphens used in Chapter 6 to indicate different but closely related states, my use of slashes here between happiness and joy, and love and affection, means that I think these terms refer to nearly the same state.
John Locke: Acting on Natural Law Duties and the Problem of Civic Motivations
Authors: Sinopoli Richard C
Published: November 2023

What is it that motivates people in liberal societies to act morally and citizens to obey the laws of their states? We have, after all, goals and desires for ourselves and our immediate loved ones that could be furthered much of the time by passing the costs of citizenship on to others. Surely the state’s coercive powers play a part in our motivations. Yet, there must be more to civic motivation than coercion. A liberal polity could not survive, given the wide scope it grants to personal freedoms, if most people did not display sufficient allegiance to the regime and obedience to its laws most of the time.
Hans Krebs
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

This is the first volume of the definitive biography of Hans Krebs, one of the world’s foremost biochemists. It begins with the early work of Krebs in Germany, where, working with Otto Warburg, he discovered the urea cycle in 1932. This early achievement, coupled with the discovery of the citric acid cycle, are viewed as the foundations upon which the modern structure of intermediary metabolism is built. During the writing of this fascinating history, the author not only had access to a complete set of Krebs’ key laboratory notebooks, but to the man himself through five years of insightful interviews. Holmes captures Krebs’ activities at a level of intimacy that reveals scientific creativity at work. The story weaves together the investigative pathway with the professional and personal life of the investigator. The Krebs biography is certain to fascinate biochemists and historians of science alike.
The Brief Life of a School of Intermediary Metabolism
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

As his research flourished during 1932, Hans Krebs began to draw aspmng young investigators into his laboratory. One of the first to come was Theodor Benzinger. Born in Stuttgart in 1905, Benzinger studied science at the University of Tiibingen, and obtained his PhD there in 1927, with a thesis in descriptive geology. Just as he was completing his degree, he had a change of heart, and under the influence of a friend who was studying medicine, he decided to become a physician. Beginning again at Tiibingen, he finished his medical studies in Berlin, in 1931.
Love Is Not All You Need
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles
Published: November 2023

There is an actual phenomenon in life separate from justice that thinkers from a great variety of traditions identify as love.1 Some Christian traditions regard it as providing a way of social conduct that is separate from justice and superior to justice (although this exclusion may be unwitting). To understand the problem and the inadequacy of love without justice, we will describe how love appears as a distinct phenomenon. Genuine love gives expression to justice in order to complete love’s social task. We will, however, momentarily consider love apart from its natural and proper continuity with justice. This is where a two-kingdom approach ends as it applies love to one sphere of life and justice to another. It is where a critic of that tradition like Reinhold Niebuhr begins. The dualism is not proper as either a starting or an ending point. Love, however, is not identical with justice. It is helpful to see the phenomenon of love as it appears without justice to understand the inadequacy of a strategy that depends upon such love for social responsibility.
The Grace of the Common Life: Traditional Conservatism
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles
Published: November 2023

The key concerns that a Christian brings to political thought have now been developed. We have articulated criteria by which various political viewpoints can be critically analyzed from the standpoint of Christian theology. Now we will use these categories to evaluate major options in contempory political ideologies.
The Connections And Comparative Morphology Of Neurons
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Having examined the general morphology of neurons, and classified them according to the number, appearance, and function of their processes-which can be readily distinguished as either dendrites or axons-we shall now examine in more detail the morphology of these various processes, along with their functional relationships. In doing so, we shall see how fundamentally important this topic is for an understanding of the basic organization of the nervous system as a whole. We shall begin with dendrites and consider how they were viewed by our predecessors and how they appear to us today; what relationships were attributed to them in the recent past; and what we now believe. As always, such comparisons between the science of yesterday and today are instructive.
Functional Implications Of Neuronal Morphology And Connections
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

We have shown thus far that the nervous system is a vast collection of entirely independent neurons that simply contact one another. However, the electrical activity associated with a particular neuron varies qualitatively and quantitatively depending on its location and connections. Furthermore, the various shapes assumed by neurons also influence the intensity, direction, and distribution of neuronal impulses. Therefore, despite considerable diversity, it would seem that neurons must share a common physiology based on similar anatomical features and analogous relationships. In view of this, we shall now examine the physiology of the neuron in detail.
Structure Of The Gray Matter
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Spinal cord gray matter is a complex tissue with the following components: ( l) neurons with a long axon, (2) neurons with a short axon, (3) freely ending ramifications of collaterals arising in the white matter, (4) freely ending terminal arborizations of parent fibers in the white matter, (5) local collaterals (from spinal neuron axons before they leave the gray matter), (6) glial cells, (7) ependymal cells, and (8) capillaries. In this and the following chapters we shall examine all of the components just listed that have not already been considered.
The Central Process Of Spinal Ganglion Cells
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Immediately after forming, the central process of each spinal ganglion cell courses dorsally, emerges from dorsal regions of the ganglion, and (along with its congeners) forms the dorsal roots of the spinal cord. After entering this neural center at the level of the dorsolateral sulcus, the central process bifurcates within the dorsal funiculus into two branches, one ascending and the other descending. Historical Account of the Discovery of Dorsal Root Bifurcations. Before 1889, when our work on the spinal cord was published, the course of dorsal roots to the interior of the spinal cord was described in the following way by leading neurologists of the day, including Bechterew, Kahler,2 Edinger, Lenhossek, Obersteiner, and others.
Comparative Histology Of The Spinal Cord
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Now that we have considered the basic plan of the mammalian spinal cord, we should devote a few pages to an examination of this organ in lower vertebrates. The spinal cord mediates interactions between the various tissues and organs of the body. As a result, its shape, extent, and structure ought to conform to those parts with which it is most closely associated. Thus, we may assume in this comparative survey of the spinal cord that we shall encounter important changes in the way that the gray and white matter are distributed, in the number of cell groups, and in the morphology and function of neurons and nerve fibers; and we may assume that these changes result from adaptations to the size and arrangement of muscles and viscera, to the number of metameres and antimeres, to the sensory requirements of the skin and mucosae, and to differences in attack and defense mechanisms. These differences in neural organization necessarily imply the existence of corresponding functional differences. Thus, it follows that, although spinal mechanisms remain essentially the same, there is nevertheless room for variations in the number, speed, and complexity of reflexes in each type of vertebrate.
The Trigeminal Or Vth Cranial Nerve
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

The trigeminal nerve has two roots, one of which (sensory) is large, and the other (motor) small; they leave the central nervous system together along the sides of the pons (Fig. 276V). This very large root actually arises in the trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion and contains extremely thick fibers; it enters the pons just dorsolateral to the motor root. Trigeminal Ganglion. This ganglion, which is also known as the semilunar ganglion because of its shape, forms a swelling on the sensory root that lies along the anteromedial tip of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Three large branches leave the ganglion, hence the name trigeminal nerve; they include the ophthalmic nerve (of Willis), the maxillary nerve (or superior maxillary nerve), and the mandibular nerve (or inferior maxillary nerve).
The Pons
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

The pons (pons Varolii) is a large, irregular, transversely oriented mass of gray matter that lies ventral to, and surrounds, the pyramidal tract and is associated with the middle cerebellar peduncles. Because we have already dealt with its macroscopic appearance, we shall not consider this further.
Adolescent Development: Health Risks and Opportunities for Health Promotion
Authors: Crockett Lisa J , Petersen Anne C
Published: November 2023

Adolescence is typically viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, a time during which young people continue to develop the social and intellectual skills that will prepare them for adult roles and responsibilities. During this period, adolescents reach physical and sexual maturity, develop more sophisticated reasoning ability, and make important educational and occupational decisions that will shape their adult careers. These biological, cognitive, and psycho­ social changes provide a wealth of developmental opportunities for adolescents to engage in behaviors that lead to health risks, on the one hand, or to develop a healthy lifestyle, on the other. In this chapter, we focus on developmental changes that have implications for the kinds of health risks to which adolescents are exposed, their likelihood of participating in health-risking behaviors, and opportunities for health promotion. Health is construed broadly to include physical health, psychological well-being, and social role functioning (Perry &Jessor, 1985). From this perspective, the goal of health promotion is to facilitate the development of young people who are healthy, happy, and prepared to assume their place as adults in society.
Adolescent Health Promotion in the Twenty-first Century: Current Frontiers and Future Directions
Authors: Hamburg David A , Millstein Susan G , Mortimer Allyn M , Nightingale Elena O , Petersen Anne C
Published: November 2023

Adolescence is different than it once was. Although the dramatic biological changes that usher in this great transition are essentially the same as they have been for millennia, our society provides a very different context, even if we compare it to just a generation ago, and it is still changing rapidly. These changes offer remarkable opportunities, but they also complicate the tasks of adolescent development, particularly the ways in which behavior is shaped. This is a crucial time, since it is in these years that youngsters establish healthy lifestyles that are likely to endure throughout their adult years.
Chemical Equilibria And Kinetics In Soils
Authors: Sposito Garrison
Published: November 2023

This book clearly illustrates the limitations of using chemical thermodynamics to describe chemical phenomena in soils--especially with regard to kinetics and molecular mechanisms--and proposes that the quantitative description of soils is not complete without adequate characterization of the rates of the chemical reactions. The author, a renowned authority in the field, focuses on reactions in the soil solution and considers aqueous phase properties. He also cogently draws distinctions between thermodynamic chemical species and kinetic chemical species. This critical introduction to the use of chemical thermodynamics and kinetics for describing reactions in the soil solution will appeal not only to professionals but to students as well.
Ion Exchange Reactions
Authors: Sposito Garrison
Published: November 2023

This equality will provide a value of the Reference State electrochemical potential of Na• on the exchanger if µ(Na•, aq) can be measured. Now suppose that the same soil exchanger is put into contact with a solution of 50 mol m-3 NaCl at the same temperature and pressure. By hypothesis, the exchanger is still in its Reference State.