bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sample size and optimal design for logistic regression with binary interaction
Authors: Demidenko Eugene
Published: July 2007

There is no consensus on what test to use as the basis for sample size determination and power analysis. Some authors advocate the Wald test and some the likelihood‐ratio test. We argue that the Wald test should be used because the Z‐score is commonly applied for regression coefficient significance testing and therefore the same statistic should be used in the power function. We correct a widespread mistake on sample size determination when the variance of the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) is estimated at null value. In our previous paper, we developed a correct sample size formula for logistic regression with single exposure (Statist. Med. 2007; 26(18):3385–3397). In the present paper, closed‐form formulas are derived for interaction studies with binary exposure and covariate in logistic regression. The formula for the optimal control–case ratio is derived such that it maximizes the power function given other parameters. Our sample size and power calculations with interaction can be carried out online at www.dartmouth.edu/∼eugened. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterizing the functional MRI response using Tikhonov regularization
Authors: Vakorin Vasily A. , Borowsky Ron , Sarty Gordon E.
Published: July 2007

The problem of evaluating an averaged functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response for repeated block design experiments was considered within a semiparametric regression model with autocorrelated residuals. We applied functional data analysis (FDA) techniques that use a least‐squares fitting of B‐spline expansions with Tikhonov regularization. To deal with the noise autocorrelation, we proposed a regularization parameter selection method based on the idea of combining temporal smoothing with residual whitening. A criterion based on a generalized χ2‐test of the residuals for white noise was compared with a generalized cross‐validation scheme. We evaluated and compared the performance of the two criteria, based on their effect on the quality of the fMRI response. We
found that the regularization parameter can be tuned to improve the noise autocorrelation structure, but the whitening criterion provides too much smoothing when compared with the cross‐validation criterion. The ultimate goal of the proposed smoothing techniques is to facilitate the extraction of temporal features in the hemodynamic response for further analysis. In particular, these FDA methods allow us to compute derivatives and integrals of the fMRI signal so that fMRI data may be correlated with behavioral and physiological models. For example, positive and negative hemodynamic responses may be easily and robustly identified on the basis of the first derivative at an early time point in the response. Ultimately, these methods allow us to verify previously reported correlations between the hemodynamic response and the behavioral measures of accuracy and reaction time, showing the potential to recover new information from fMRI data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opportunities and tripwires for foreign investors in Eastern Europe
Authors: Estrin Saul , Meyer Klaus E.
Published: July 2007

This article discusses how the local environment influences the strategic decisions of foreign investors entering Central and Eastern Europe. The current economic transition of the region offers unique opportunities arising from virgin markets and low labor costs. Foreign businesses have been eager to exploit the former, often pursuing first‐mover advantages. However, the underlying structural problems of the economies in transition inhibit the development of business: in adapting to the new market environment, firms are in a process of fundamental restructuring. Moreover, the privatization process in the region creates both opportunities and obstacles for entry by acquisition. While the institutional framework is developing toward Western models, it remains incomplete. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
China: Economic reforms and WTO accession
Authors: Chartier Charles
Published: July 2007

Since its opening to the world in 1978, China has grown in excess of 9 percent and is now generally considered to be the third biggest economy in the world. It is aggressively pursuing admission to the World Trade Organization (WTO), but the United States remains at cross‐purposes due to the closed nature of its markets and numerous violations of international agreements. In an effort to shed light on these issues, this article reviews the historical context, recent economic reforms, and challenges to deeper global integration in the post‐Deng era. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The European Monetary Union
Authors: Claes Willy
Published: July 2007

The final stage of the European Monetary Union (EMU) is approaching; the single currency goes into effect on January 1, 1999. The article discusses the far‐reaching ramifications of the euro in the context of the international monetary system. Current challenges facing the implementation of the new currency are addressed such as unemployment, high budget deficits, and general skepticism both EU members and non‐members have expressed. The argument is made that acceptance and widespread use of the single currency will provide a framework for a deeper economic and political integration across Europe. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Competing successfully in a global economy
Authors: Bersticker Albert C.
Published: July 2007

This commentary discusses the need for an internationalist approach in today's competitive global markets. Albert C. Bersticker, Chairman and CEO of Ferro Corporation, a US multinational in operation since 1919, draws upon his experience at the helm of a successful and growing manufacturing operation and gives several important lessons for strategic and competitive management of an international corporation. Bersticker elucidates the challenges facing today's global business manager, and puts the overall mission of any company doing business overseas into an appropriate context. Being aware of both the risks and benefits of competing in an ever‐changing world is the key to success in the global economy according to the author. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Entering central and eastern Europe: Risks and cultural barriers
Authors: Brouthers Keith D. , Brouthers Lance Eliot , Nakos George
Published: July 2007

Scholars have argued that the slow pace of Western investment in Central and Eastern Europe may be caused by two entry barriers: cultural influences and high international risks. This study examines the influence of culture and international risks on the entry mode choices of Western European firms entering Central and Eastern European markets since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1990. Evidence from 227 Western European companies shows that, for firms entering Central and Eastern Europe, investment risk perceptions are important determinants of mode choice while culture and contractual risk have only minimal influence. Managerial implications are also discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cultural dimensions of Russia: Implications for international companies in a changing economy
Authors: Bradley Thomas L.
Published: July 2007

The collapse of the Soviet Union has presented international companies with an opportunity to invest in the new Russian marketplace. The successful implementation of ventures in Russia has been difficult. The ability to understand the local cultural characteristics has been a key element in this difficulty. This study examines the cultural dimensions of a factory in Yoshkar‐Ola Russia. The cultural values of both the factory workers and the managers indicate little differences between their cultural values. An examination of the individual cultural dimensions is provided relative to the Russian workplace. A comparison between Germany, Japan, and the United States and Russia regarding their cultural values is analyzed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
YVR: The development of Vancouver international airport as an air gateway to North America
Authors: Gunn Han Beng
Published: July 2007

When the completed transcontinental Canadian Pacific railroad reached its western terminus at Vancouver in 1884, a major international trade route was established. Steamships soon began crossing the Pacific with cargoes of wheat and lumber and the city became Canada's gateway to the Pacific. With the advent of the age of air travel–despite the relatively modest beginnings of its international airport–the city in turn became the country's aviation gateway. In recent years, however, Vancouver International Airport has set its sights toward even more lofty goals. This article traces the development of the airport, and how a combination of factors including a favorable geographical location, an air treaty between the United States and Canada, and the resurrection of a near‐bankrupt airline through partnership with a major American air carrier, are helping its ambitions to be a gateway to North America. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A counterpoint assessment of Vancouver international airport as a gateway to North America
Authors: Mathews J. Scott
Published: July 2007

The essential issue here is does the trans‐Pacific market need a hub at Vancouver, and if so, can Vancouver position itself to meet that need. Critical to arriving at an appropriate answer will be understanding the changing trans‐Pacific market, the applicable regulatory environments, the airlines in the market, and the competing hub airports. Although Vancouver's location and its history place it in a favorable position, success is far from a foregone conclusion. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Islamic finance: A growing international market
Authors: Hamwi Bassel , Aylward Anthony
Published: July 2007

This article discusses the growth of Islamic banking and finance institutions over recent years and the IFC's activities in Islamic funds, leasing, and infrastructure finance. The major Islamic financial product types are described in terms of the corresponding debt and equity‐like contracts in use in western banking and finance practice. Islamic leasing and funds are well adapted to many of the constraints facing borrowers and lenders in the developing regions of the Islamic world and also provide both borrowers and investors with Sharia‐based financial claims. Viewing Islamic Sharia‐based products as a means of providing scarce contractual governance services that improve the risk‐return equation facing investors in a competitive international capital market, the future growth prospects for Islamic products sector are assessed to be significant. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Islamic banks at the threshold of the third millennium
Authors: Kahf Monzer
Published: July 2007

Before they can compete in the third millennium environment, today's Islamic banks need a considerable rethinking of their future policies and a serious effort to restructure themselves. Islamic finance offered by these banks, however, represents a new dimension in the banking industry. The Islamic financing modes, actually practiced by conventional banks in several countries, are finding their way to mainstream banking. These new modes of financing are now becoming a part of the international financial market. They will not only survive, but probably be enhanced by the globalization and deregulation of the banking industry, regardless of the specifically Islamic banks' ability to stand the forthcoming competition after regulatory and geographical barriers are torn down. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Involving Islamic banks in central bank open market operations
Authors: El‐Gamal Mahmoud A.
Published: July 2007

A variety of existing and proposed alternative government papers are acceptable to some Islamic Banks and not to others, due to differences of opinion among Islamic Jurists on the admissibility of various contracts. This overview article discusses: (i) the relevant aspects of Islamic law which govern the sale and resale of government papers; and (ii) various government papers that are accepted in practice by some Islamic banks in Islamic countries, and their effectiveness in carrying out open market operations (OMOs). The policy prescription arising from the paper is the need for Central Banks to engage in reverse financial engineering, to issue government papers which target banks would accept. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Financial engineering in Islamic finance
Authors: Iqbal Zamir
Published: July 2007

The objective of this article is to examine the scope of financial innovation and engineering within an Islamic financial system. The article concludes that, contrary to common belief, Islamic finance provides the basic building blocks that can be used to construct more complex instruments that will enhance liquidity and offer risk management tools. With the introduction of asset securitization and swap transactions conforming to Islamic principles, the issues of secondary markets and risk management can be addressed. The first section discusses the significance of innovation in Islamic financial markets. The second section discusses the process of introducing new products in the market and their scope. The third section illustrates an Islamic form of asset securitization as an example of financial engineering. The fourth section evaluates the structure of a commodity swap transaction to determine its validity. And finally, the fifth section concludes the discussion. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Risk and return of mudarabas: Empirical evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Uppal Jamshed Y.
Published: July 2007

As a response to the Islamic prohibition on debt financing, innovative financial institutions (mudarabas or modarabas) offer alternative financing instruments based on profit and loss sharing contracts. The article analyzes the theoretical risk and return characteristics of such instruments. An empirical exercise examines the risk and return profiles of mudaraba certificates in Pakistan and compares these with those of equity and debt securities. The analysis shows that mudaraba certificates have characteristics which would classify them as equity securities rather than debt securities. One implication of our results is that the cost of capital would be higher for firms which are forced to substitute debt with mudaraba financing. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Integrating Islamic and conventional project finance
Authors: Ebrahim Muhammed‐Shahid
Published: July 2007

This article analyzes the traditional modes of Islamic project financing in light of modern financial engineering. The vehicles elaborated include debt, hybrid, and equity instruments. The first category includes the Qardh Hasan (benevolent loan), Murabahah (mark‐up), Ijara (leasing), and Islamic income/revenue bond facilities; the second incorporates the classical Mudharabah (profit‐sharing) contract; while the third category comprises the Musharakah (equity) vehicle. The Mudharabah contract can be synthetically created as a combination of a Cost‐plus (Murabahah) facility and an Option (Al‐ikhtiyarat) instrument to endogenously determine the profit sharing parameter. It is malleable in two‐dimensions depending on the financial goals and the risk profile of the investor. Securitization of the Mudharabah facility avoids the controversy of Bai' al‐dayn bi al‐dayn (sale of one set of debt security with another). Finally, the design of financial contracts via variants of Mudharabah securities such as income bond and participating bond is illustrated in a numerical example. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The trillion‐dollar enterprise: An interview with Booz.Allen & Hamilton's Vice Chairman, Cyrus F. Freidheim, Jr.
Authors: Anwar Syed Tariq
Published: July 2007

The Trillion‐Dollar Enterprise: How The Alliance Revolution Will Transform Global Business by Cyrus F. Freidheim, Jr. (Reading, Massachusetts: Perseus Books; 1998. pp. xiii + 253. ISBN 0‐7382‐0004‐2, Price: $25.00) is an interesting, timely, and provocative book that uncovers the alliance revolution and other forms of cooperative activities taking place in global business. The work is one of the first genuine attempts to share many years of a groundbreaking research at Booz.Allen & Hamilton on corporate networks, interorganizational alliances, and cooperative activities of global companies. The concept of the trillion‐dollar enterprise that Freidheim convincingly puts forward provides a refreshing and new addition to the lexicon of global business. In this interview with Thunderbird International Business Review's Book Editor, Syed Tariq Anwar, Freidheim describes the trillion‐dollar enterprise, its place in the twenty‐first century, and its future impact on world industries. Freidheim predicts that the trillion‐dollar enterprise will change the way companies do business in the domestic and international markets. Alliances, corporate networks, and megaventures will be the name of the game in the future, eventually bringing new types of companies and competitive environments that will have a lasting effect on multinational corporations (MNCs) as well as consumers. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of moisture content of oil type sunflower seed on fungal growth and seed quality during storage
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Chapman G. W. , Wilson R. L.
Published: July 2007

Oil‐type hybrid sunflower seed exposed to relative humidities of 65%, 84% and 93% in environmental chambers at 10 C attained equilibrium moisture contents (mc) of 7.5±0.2%, 10.1±0.2% and 13.4±0.5% and were stored under these conditions for up to 60 weeks (wk). At 7.5% mc, germinability of seed changed very little during storage, but at 10.1% mc and 13.4% mc, germination significantly decreased during storage. At 7.5% mc, free fatty acid (FFA) levels in extracted oil did not change significantly during 60 wk of storage. However, at 10.1% mc, FFA increased significantly during 40 wk of storage and were significantly correlated with the invasion of seed by the storage fungusAspergillus (r=0.81) At 13.4% mc, FFA increased significantly during storage and were positively correlated with the invasion of seed byAspergillus andPenicillium and negatively correlated with germination percentage. Invasion of surface‐disinfected seed by fungi decreased from 83% to ca 66% of total seed during storage at 7.5% mc. The predominant fungus wasAlternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. A previously unreportedAlternaria sp., morphologically similar toA. ricini (Yoshii) Hansford andA. macrospora, was isolated from 9% of the seed. At 10.1% mc, fungal invasion also decreased for 24 wk and then began increasing again. At 24 wk of storage,Aspergillus began invading the seed. At 13.4% mc, 100% of the seed were invaded with fungi within 8 wk of storage. TotalAlternaria rapidly decreased during storage: and after only 4 wk of storage, the seed were invaded by bothAspergillus andPenicillium. After 24 wk of storage, the predominant genus wasAspergillus, followed byPenicillim andAlternaria. Other fungi invading the seed wereCladosporium, Phoma, Mucor, Rhizopus and several unidentified fungi.
Residual amounts of chlorophylls and pheophytins in refined edible oils
Authors: Usuki R. , Suzuki T. , Endo Y. , Kaneda T.
Published: July 2007

The quantities of chlorophyll (CHL) A and B, and pheophytin (PHY) A and B in 10 kinds of refined edible oils were estimated by the fluorometric method. The results revealed that CHL and PHY were present in commercial edible oils. PHY A showed the highest content at ca. 67% in total pigments. Compositional ratios of CHL and PHY were similar in different kinds of plant oils. Through the analysis of rapessed oils at every refining step, we determined that PHY is not formed during oil refining. In the autoxidation of soybean oils to which various amounts of CHL mixtures had been added, the peroxide value of tested oils increased in proportion to the total chlorophyll content. In addition, the compositional changes of the 4 components during autoxidation were investigated.
Temperature dependence of the solubility areas for W/O microemulsions with nonionic/anionic surfactants
Authors: Friberg Stig E. , Fang Jia‐Hwa
Published: July 2007

The solubitity areas were determined at 30, 50 and 75 C for W/O microemulsions of water and decane stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate or hexaethylene glycol dodecyl ether in combination with pentanol. The results showed no pronounced changes when the ionic surfactant was partly replaced with the nonionic one and revealed an excellent temperature stability in the range 30–75 C for the W/O microemulsions.
A greasy soil hard surface cleaning test
Authors: Johnson Morris A.
Published: July 2007

A laboratory screening test for greasy soil removal from hard surfaces using lard, vegetable shortening and vegetable oil darkened with finely divided charcoal on white, latex‐painted masonite wallboard is described. Cleaning by a wet sponge in the Gardner apparatus is measured by reflectometer. Statistical evaluation of results based on comparisons of 8 competitive cleaners is documented. Curves showing performance vs concentration of cleaners are given.
Copper catalysts in the selective hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils: IV. Copper on silica gel, phase composition and preparation
Authors: Johansson L. E.
Published: July 2007

Phase composition of a copper on silica gel catalyst was studied with X‐ray diffraction analysis. Activity measurements showed three periods of activity, the first two of which were ascribed to a copper surface subjected to reduction and the third one to the reduced form of the catalyst. Hydrogenation reaction over Cu/SiO2 catalyst has a complex pressure dependence with a rate maximum at 6 atm in the low pressure range. Preparation of the catalyst was studied. On the basis of a proposed reaction model, a catalyst mixture was prepared and tested with good results. In rapeseed oil hydrogenation, Cu/SiO2 catalysts were shown to be superior to copper chromite catalysts. In soybean oil the two types of catalyst were rather equivalent.
Phospholipids of three xerophytic cucurbit seed oils
Authors: Goodman L. A. , Berry J. W.
Published: July 2007

The composition of seed phospholipids was determined in three species of xerophytic cucurbits,Cucurbita digitata Gray,C. foetidissima HBK andApodanthera undulata Gray. The phospholipid fractions were isolated using silicic acid chromatography and quantitated by colorimetric analysis. The component phospholipids were separated using thin layer chromatography. All three species contained phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol as their major component phospholipids. Analysis by gas liquid chromatography of fatty acids in total phospholipid samples revealed linoleic acid as the major component and myristic acid in significant amounts in each species. Small amounts of conjugated unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids of each species were determined by ultraviolet spectrometry. Close similarities in the composition of specific phospholipids were found in all species.
Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters with high accuracy and reliability. V. Validation of theoretical relative response factors of unsaturated esters in the flame lonization detector
Authors: Bannon Cecil D. , Craske John D. , Hilliker Audrey E.
Published: July 2007

Because unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are subject to autoxidation, it is virtually impossible to obtain and maintain high purity standards. Accordingly, it is not possible to determine flame ionization detector response factors by the usual technique of analyzing standard mixtures of known composition. In an alternative approach, the response factors of methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl arachidonate and methyl 4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoate relative to methyl stearate were estimated by determining the peak areas before and after quantitative hydrogenation in the presence of an internal standard. The estimates showed excellent agreement in all cases with the theoretical factors predicted by Ackman and Sipos and thus constitute an independent and unambiguous proof that the theoretical factors are highly accurate for all olefinic unsaturated FAME. Whereas it is common practice to determine an empirically derived correction factor for each FAME by analyzing standard mixtures of known composition, the thesis is now proposed that, for both saturated and olefinic unsaturated FAME, the proper approach to accurate analysis requires that peak areas be corrected using the theoretical response factors as the only correction factors. If the correct result cannot be obtained when analyzing a primary standard of saturated FAME, it is an indication of faulty technique or equipment, and the only acceptable resolution of the problem is to locate and correct the fault(s).
Application of silylation to soaps, alcohols and amines in aqueous solutions
Authors: Valdez David , Darrell Iler H.
Published: July 2007

Gas chromatographic analysis of many surfactants has been limited due to tailing and adsorption of the analyte on the stationary phase of the column by polar groups such as hydroxyl and amine functionalities. Silylation of these surfactants reduces these unfavorable interactions by replacement of the active hydrogen with a silyl group Si−(CH3)3. Although silylation generally is avoided in aqueious solutions some surfactants have been silylated successfully in aqueous solutions. These include fatty acids and their hydroxamine soaps, fatty and other alcohols, fatty amines, and some inorganic acids. Quantitative results have been confirmed by stoichiometric, gas chromatographic and infrared data.
Integrating a formal method into a software engineering process with UML and Java
Authors: Möller Michael , Olderog Ernst-Rüdiger , Rasch Holger , Wehrheim Heike
Published: July 2007

We describe how CSP-OZ, a formal method combining the process algebra CSP with the specification language Object-Z, can be integrated into an object-oriented software engineering process employing the UML as a modelling and Java as an implementation language. The benefit of this integration lies in the rigour of the formal method, which improves the precision of the constructed models and opens up the possibility of (1) verifying properties of models in the early design phases, and (2) checking adherence of implementations to models.

The envisaged application area of our approach is the design of distributed
reactive systems
. To this end, we propose a specific UML
profile
for reactive systems. The profile contains facilities for modelling components, their interfaces and interconnections via synchronous/broadcast communication, and the overall architecture of a system. The integration with the formal method proceeds by generating a significant part of the CSP-OZ specification from the initially developed UML model. The formal specification is on the one hand the starting point for
verifying
properties of the model, for instance by using the FDR model checker. On the other hand, it is the basis for generating
contracts
for the final implementation. Contracts are written in the Java Modeling Language (JML) complemented by CSP
jassda
, an assertion language for specifying orderings between method invocations. A set of tools for runtime checking can be used to supervise the adherence of the final Java implementation to the generated contracts.
The politics of filmmaking: An investigation of the Central Film Censorship Committee in the mid-1930s
Authors: Chaoguang WANG
Published: July 2007

Threatened by the thriving leftwing film industry, the Nationalist Party became more conservative. They set up the Central Film Censorship Committee as an important link in the system of film censorship, further tightening the control over film production. It was a substitute for the former Film Censorship Committee under the Ministries of Education and Interior. The committee achieved its original goals, but the result of its work did not fully conform to the party’s initial expectations.
Physical Behavior of Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Using Nanoindentation and Microhardness Tests
Authors: Fang Te-Hua , Wang TongHong , Liu Chien-Hung , Ji Liang-Wen , Kang Shao-Hui
Published: July 2007

In this paper, the mechanical response and deformation behavior of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) were investigated using experimental nanoindentation and Vickers hardness tests. The results showed the contact angle for the nanoporous AAO specimen was 105° and the specimen exhibited hydrophobic behavior. The hardness and the fracture strength of AAO were discussed and a three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) was also conducted to understand the nanoindentation-induced mechanism.
Analysis of boundary bubbling solutions for an anisotropic Emden–Fowler equation
Authors: Wei Juncheng , Ye Dong , Zhou Feng
Published: July 2007

We consider the following anisotropic Emden–Fowler equation

\mathrm{∇}(a(x)\mathrm{∇}u) + ɛ^{2}a(x)e^{u} = 0\:\text{in }\Omega ,\:u = 0\:\text{on }\partial \Omega ,

]where

\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{2}

is a smooth bounded domain and

a

is a positive smooth function. We study here the phenomenon of boundary bubbling solutions which
do not exist
for the isotropic case

a≡ \textit{constant}

. We determine the localization and asymptotic behavior of the boundary bubbles, and construct some boundary bubbling solutions. In particular, we prove that if

\bar x \in \partial \Omega

is a strict local minimum point of

a

, there exists a family of solutions such that

ɛ^{2}a(x)e^{u}\:dx

tends to

8\pi a(\bar x)\delta _{\bar x}

in

\mathcal{D}^{′}(\mathbb{R}^{2})

as

ɛ\rightarrow 0

. This result will enable us to get a new family of solutions for the isotropic problem

\mathrm{\Delta }u + ɛ^{2}e^{u} = 0

in rotational torus of dimension

N⩾3

.
Existence and asymptotic behaviour of standing waves for quasilinear Schrödinger–Poisson systems in \( R^{3} \)
Authors: Kavian Otared , Benmlih Khalid
Published: July 2007

In this work we are concerned with existence and asymptotic behaviour of standing wave solutions in the whole space

\mathbb{R}^{3}

for the quasilinear Schrödinger–Poisson system

\begin{align*}
&−\frac{1}{2}\mathrm{\Delta }u + (V + \widetilde V)u + \omega u = 0,\\
&−\mathrm{div}\left[\left(1 + ɛ^{4}|\mathrm{∇}V|^{2}\right)\mathrm{∇}V\right] = |u|^{2}−n^{ \ast },
\end{align*}

when the nonlinearity coefficient

ɛ > 0

goes to zero. Under appropriate, almost optimal, assumptions on the potential

\widetilde V

and the density

n^{ \ast }

we establish existence of a ground state

(u_{ɛ},V_{ɛ})

of the above system, for all
ɛ
sufficiently small, and show that

(u_{ɛ},V_{ɛ})

converges to

(u_{0},V_{0})

, the ground state solution of the corresponding system for

ɛ = 0

.
Partial continuity for elliptic problems
Authors: Foss Mikil , Mingione Giuseppe
Published: July 2007

We prove the partial Hölder continuity for solutions to elliptic systems and for minimizers of quasi-convex integrals, under the assumption of continuous coefficients. The proof relies upon an iteration scheme of a decay estimate for a new type of excess functional measuring the oscillations in the solution and its gradient. To establish the decay estimate, we use the technique of

\mathcal{A}

-harmonic approximation, based on Duzaar and Steffen's

\mathcal{A}

-harmonic approximation lemma [F. Duzaar, K. Steffen, Optimal interior and boundary regularity for almost minimizers to elliptic variational integrals, J. Reine Angew. Math. (Crelles J.) 546 (2002) 73–138].

Nous prouvons la continuité Hölderienne partielle pour des solutions de systèmes elliptiques ou pour des minimiseurs d'intégrales quasi-convexes, sous réserve que les coefficients soient continus. La preuve consiste en un schéma itératif d'estimations de décroissance pour un nouveau type de fonctionnelles d'excès servant à mesurer les oscillations de la solution et de son gradient. Afin d'établir les estimations de décroissance, nous utilisons la technique de l'approximation

\mathcal{A}

-harmonique, basée sur le lemme d'approximation

\mathcal{A}

-harmonique de Duzaar et Steffen [F. Duzaar, K. Steffen, Optimal interior and boundary regularity for almost minimizers to elliptic variational integrals, J. Reine Angew. Math. (Crelles J.) 546 (2002) 73–138].
Variable actin dynamics requirement for the exit of different cargo from the trans‐Golgi network
Authors: Lázaro-Diéguez Francisco , Colonna Cecilia , Cortegano Miguel , Calvo María , Martínez Susana E. , Egea Gustavo
Published: July 2007

Efficient post‐Golgi trafficking depends on microtubules, but actin filaments and actin‐associated proteins are also postulated. Here we examined, by inverse fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, the role of actin dynamics in the exit from the TGN of fluorescent‐tagged apical or basolateral and raft or non‐raft‐associated cargoes. Either the actin‐stabilizing jasplakinolide or the actin‐depolymerising latrunculin B variably but significantly inhibited post‐Golgi traffic of non‐raft associated apical p75NTR and basolateral VSV‐G cargoes. The TGN‐exit of the apical‐destined VSV‐G mutant was impaired only by latrunculin B. Strikingly, the raft‐associated GPI‐anchor protein was not affected by either actin toxin. Results indicate that actin dynamics participates in the TGN egress of both apical‐ and basolateral‐targeted proteins but is not needed for apical raft‐associated cargo.
Harbouring Traditions in East Timor: Marginality in a Lowland Entrepôt
Authors: McWILLIAM ANDREW
Published: July 2007

Drawing on the literature of networks and marginality, this paper explores the social history of the small trading port of Com on the northeast coast of Timor. Com's marginality, as I define it, is constituted as a remote outpost of inter-island and trans-local trade networks of the Indonesian archipelago, and reproduced in its contemporary isolation from centres of economic power and processes of the global market. The paper draws on narrative traditions and documentary evidence to chart Com's fluctuating historical fortunes and contemporary cultural practices. In the fragile post-independence environment of Timor Leste, the resident population of Com is once again looking towards a creative engagement with external others in the hope of renewed prosperity.
Plant Capitalism and Company Science: The Indian Career of Nathaniel Wallich
Authors: ARNOLD DAVID
Published: July 2007

The career of the Danish-born botanist Nathaniel Wallich, superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden from 1815 to 1846, illustrates the complex nature of botanical science under the East India Company and shows how the plant life of South Asia was used as a capital resource both in the service of the Company's economic interests and for Wallich's own professional advancement and international reputation. Rather than seeing him as a pioneer of modern forest conservation or an innovative botanist, Wallich's attachment to the ideology of ‘improvement’ and the Company's material needs better explain his longevity as superintendent of the Calcutta garden. Although aspects of Wallich's career and botanical works show the importance of circulation between Europe and India, more significant was the hierarchy of knowledge in which indigenous plant lore and illustrative skill were subordinated to Western science and in which colonial science frequently lagged behind that of the metropolis.
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors block erythrocyte invasion and intraerythrocytic development of Babesia bovis in vitro
Authors: NAKAMURA K. , YOKOYAMA N. , IGARASHI I.
Published: July 2007

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are essential for the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. A number of chemicals, which selectively inhibit the CDK activities, have been synthesized for the development of anti-cancer drugs. This report describes the inhibitory effect of purine derivatives known to be CDK inhibitors on the asexual growth of Babesia bovis. The 4 compounds, roscovitine, purvalanol A, CGP74514A, and CDK2 Inhibitor II, showed significantly suppressive effects on the in vitro growth of B. bovis. Three (roscovitine, purvalanol A, and CDK2 Inhibitor II) showed an inhibitory effect on the early stages of intraerythrocytic development of B. bovis. CGP74514A (CDK1-specific inhibitor) blocked the erythrocyte invasion by merozoites. Our data suggest the chemotherapeutic potential of the CDK inhibitors for babesiosis, and the target molecules of the compounds would participate in the process of successful erythrocyte invasion or intraerythrocytic development of B. bovis.
Emerging Gender Regimes and Policies for Gender Equality in a Wider Europe
Authors: PASCALL GILLIAN , LEWIS JANE
Published: July 2007

This article addresses some implications for gender equality and gender policy at European and national levels of transformations in family, economy and polity, which challenge gender regimes across Europe. Women's labour market participation in the west and the collapse of communism in the east have undermined the systems and assumptions of western male breadwinner and dual worker models of central and eastern Europe. Political reworking of the work/welfare relationship into active welfare has individualised responsibility. Individualisation is a key trend west – and in some respects east – and challenges the structures that supported care in state and family. The links that joined men to women, cash to care, incomes to carers have all been fractured. The article will argue that care work and unpaid care workers are both casualties of these developments. Social, political and economic changes have not been matched by the development of new gender models at the national level. And while EU gender policy has been admired as the most innovative aspect of its social policy, gender equality is far from achieved: women's incomes across Europe are well below men's; policies for supporting unpaid care work have developed modestly compared with labour market activation policies. Enlargement brings new challenges as it draws together gender regimes with contrasting histories and trajectories. The article will map social policies for gender equality across the key elements of gender regimes – paid work, care work, income, time and voice – and discuss the nature of a model of gender equality that would bring gender equality across these. It analyses ideas about a dual earner–dual carer model, in the Dutch combination scenario and ‘universal caregiver’ models, at household and civil society levels. These offer a starting point for a model in which paid and unpaid work are equally valued and equally shared between men and women, but we argue that a citizenship model, in which paid and unpaid work obligations are underpinned by social rights, is more likely to achieve gender equality.
The Influence of Dynamic Perspectives on Poverty Analysis and Anti-Poverty Policy in the UK
Authors: ALCOCK PETE
Published: July 2007

This article provides an overview of the academic debates and recent research on the dynamic perspective on poverty and anti-poverty policy. Renewed theoretical interest in dynamic analysis is discussed in the context of the more general debate about the roles of structure and agency in social relations. This is followed by a brief outline of some of the new empirical datasets now available for longitudinal research, in particular in the UK. The implications of dynamic analysis for our understanding of poverty are summarised, followed by a discussion of the impact of this on anti-poverty policy, again drawing largely on the UK, and some specifically English, developments. The article concludes that dynamic analysis and the role of agency has had a significant impact on both academic debate and policy intervention on poverty, but that this should not be interpreted as leading to an abandonment of policies for structural reform aimed at redistributing resources to the poor.
Editorial
Authors: PAHL JAN , WINCUP EMMA
Published: July 2007

This is the first number of the Journal of Social Policy to be put together by the new editorial team, so we are taking this opportunity to introduce ourselves to you and to say something about our plans for the journal. The editorial team is based in the School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research at the University of Kent and consists of Professor Jan Pahl and Dr Emma Wincup (joint editors), and Jane Dennett (administrator).
Social Policy Digest Online
Authors: Bennett Fran , Jones Ken
Published: July 2007

The Social Policy Digest went online in the summer of 2003. This means that the Digest, which used to be printed as part of the Journal of Social Policy, is now only available via the web.
The acquisition of gender marking by young German-speaking children: Evidence for learning guided by phonological regularities
Authors: SZAGUN GISELA , STUMPER BARBARA , SONDAG NINA , FRANIK MELANIE
Published: July 2007

The acquisition of noun gender on articles was studied in a sample of 21 young German-speaking children. Longitudinal spontaneous speech data were used. Data analysis is based on 22 two-hourly speech samples per child from 6 children between 1 ; 4 and 3 ; 8 and on 5 two-hourly speech samples per child from 15 children between 1 ; 4 and 2 ; 10. The use of gender marked articles occurred from 1 ; 5. Error frequencies dropped below 10% by 3 ; 0. Definite and indefinite articles were used with similar frequencies and error rates did not differ in the two paradigms. Children's errors were systematic. For monosyllabic nouns and for polysyllabic nouns ending in -el, -enand-ererrors were more frequent for nouns which did not conform to the rule that such nouns tend to be masculine. Furthermore, children erred in the direction of the rule overgeneralizingder. Correct gender marking was also associated with adult frequency of noun use. The present data is evidence for the early use of phonological regularities of noun structure in the acquisition of gender marking.
Seasonal influenza in the United States, France, and Australia: transmission and prospects for control
Authors: CHOWELL G. , MILLER M. A. , VIBOUD C.
Published: July 2007

Recurrent epidemics of influenza are observed seasonally around the world with considerable health and economic consequences. A key quantity for the control of infectious diseases is the reproduction number, which measures the transmissibility of a pathogen and determines the magnitude of public health interventions necessary to control epidemics. Here we applied a simple epidemic model to weekly indicators of influenza mortality to estimate the reproduction numbers of seasonal influenza epidemics spanning three decades in the United States, France, and Australia. We found similar distributions of reproduction number estimates in the three countries, with mean value 1·3 and important year-to-year variability (range 0·9–2·1). Estimates derived from two different mortality indicators (pneumonia and influenza excess deaths and influenza-specific deaths) were in close agreement for the United States (correlation=0·61,P<0·001) and France (correlation=0·79,P<0·001), but not Australia. Interestingly, high prevalence of A/H3N2 influenza viruses was associated with high transmission seasons (P=0·006), while B viruses were more prevalent in low transmission seasons (P=0·004). The current vaccination strategy targeted at people at highest risk of severe disease outcome is suboptimal because current vaccines are poorly immunogenic in these population groups. Our results suggest that interrupting transmission of seasonal influenza would require a relatively high vaccination coverage (>60%) in healthy individuals who respond well to vaccine, in addition to periodic re-vaccination due to evolving viral antigens and waning population immunity.
The Amplatzer® Membranous VSD Occluder and the vulnerability of the atrioventricular conduction system
Authors: Fischer Gunther , Apostolopoulou Sotiria C. , Rammos Spyros , Schneider Martin B. , Bjørnstad Per G. , Kramer Hans Heiner
Published: July 2007

Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects with the Amplatzer® Membranous VSD Occluder has yielded promising initial results, but disturbances of conduction, including complete heart block, have been reported. We report our experience with the Amplatzer occluder in 35 patients with a median age 4.5 years, the defects being sized angiographically at 4.4 plus or minus 1.1 millimetres, with a range from 3 to 8 millimetres, and the size of the occluder varying from 4 to 12 millimetres. Over a median follow-up of 2.5 years, the rate of complete closure was 87% and 91%, at 1 and 2 years respectively, while 2 patients required surgical closure of the defect subsequent to the insertion of the device. Persistent regurgitation across the tricuspid valve related to the occluder was observed in 3 patients, and in 6 patients across the aortic valve. Abnormalities of conduction related to the procedure were noted in 7 patients, one-fifth of the cohort. The disturbances were transient in 1 patient, but permanent in 6, in one of the latter progressing after 6 months from left bundle branch block to intermittent Mobitz II second-degree atrioventricular block in association with expansion of the occluder. We conclude that transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects with the Amplatzer occluder is effective with limited complications, but the incidence of immediate and progressive disturbances of conduction related to the proximity of conduction tissues to the rims of the occluder stress the importance of larger and longer studies to assess the safety of this procedure.
Phyloclimatic Modelling Can Estimate Ancestral Areas
Authors: Yesson Chris , Culham Alastair
Published: July 2007

Ancestral area selection is traditionally based on geographic patterns analyzed alongside phylogenetic data. The approach assumes consistent climate and will only select areas from within present day distributions. The combination of observed distribution and inferred climate preferences have been used to determine the potential distribution of species in the past, present and future. The heritability of environmental niches, based on climate preferences, has been demonstrated, and ancestral niches have been reconstructed using phylogenetic techniques. These techniques can be combined to estimate ancestral areas. Ancestral area selection via environmental preference differs from traditional methods, as areas which are outside the current observed distribution can be selected if they are environmentally suitable. We present an example using the carnivorous plants Drosera (Droseraceae). We reconstruct the climatic preferences of lineages to model ancestral environmental niches. These ancestral niches are explored to determine the limits of distribution within contemporaneous palaeo-climate scenarios suggested by a temporally calibrated phylogeny. The patterns of palaeo-climate support a restricted Southern Australian distribution that offers a more plausible explanation of the current centre of diversity in South-Western Australia than do models based only on present day climates.