bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Producing Social Class Representations
Authors: YODANIS CARRIE L.
Published: April 2003

Based on data from participant observation and in-depth interviews with women who live in a relatively homogeneous small, rural town, this article examines how women act to produce social class representations. By presenting symbols of socioeconomic positions, including behaviors, tastes, and values, during their work, the women in the town present themselves as working, middle, or upper class women. Through these representations, they secure a place within the town's subjective social class system.
Gender and the Meaning and Experience of Virginity Loss in the Contemporary United States
Authors: CARPENTER LAURA M.
Published: April 2003

This article draws on in-depth case studies of 61 women and men of diverse sexual identities to show how gender, while apparently diminishing in significance, continues to shape interpretations and experiences of virginity loss in complex ways. Although women and men tended to assign different meanings to virginity, those who shared an interpretation reported similar virginity-loss encounters. Each interpretation of virginity—as a gift, stigma, or process—featured unequal roles for virgin and partner, which interacted with gender differences in power to produce interpretation-specific patterns of gender subordination, only one of which consistently gave men power over women.
Alternative Therapies and Attention Deficit Disorder
Authors: MALACRIDA CLAUDIA
Published: April 2003

In response to controversies about Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Ritalin, many alternative therapies have proliferated in professional and lay circles. This study examines alternative therapy discourse and asks whether these texts offer any real challenge to traditional discourses of medicalized motherhood. Indeed, alternative therapies employ most of medicine's discursive strategies, portraying mothers as inadequate and responsible for their children's problems and positioning the child as both at risk and a danger to society. Furthermore, the speculative causal factors and the lengths to which mothers are encouraged to go in alternative therapy texts place a heavier burden on women than do traditional medical texts. Thus, while the medical treatment for ADD might be challenged, alternative therapy discourse supports the legitimacy of ADD as a diagnostic category, argues that its causes are personal and gendered, and claims that professional intervention remains the proper response.
Sexual Harassment and Masculinity
Authors: QUINN BETH A.
Published: April 2003

That women tend to see harassment where men see harmless fun or normal gendered interaction is one of the more robust findings in sexual harassment research. Using in-depth interviews with employed men and women, this article argues that these differences may be partially explained by the performative requirements of masculinity. The ambiguous practice of “girl watching” is centered, and the production of its meaning analyzed. The data suggest that men's refusal to see their behavior as harassing may be partially explained through the objectification and attenuated empathy that the production of masculine identities may require. Thus, some forms of harassment and their interpretations may more accurately be seen as acts of ignoring than states of ignorance (of the effects of the behavior or the law). Implications for anti-sexual harassment policies and training are explored.
Exceptions to the Rule
Authors: BETTIE JULIE
Published: April 2003

While most high school students will obtain future social class positions consistent with their class backgrounds, a handful of students are exceptions to this rule, being either upwardly mobile working-class students (on the college preparatory track) or downwardly mobile middle-class students (on the vocational track). Highlighting predominant patterns, research typically ignores such students precisely because they are exceptions to the rule. This article, based on ethnographic research among white and Mexican American high school girls in California's Central Valley, foregrounds the experience of upwardly mobile working-class students showing how race/ethnicity, class, and gender intersect in the lives of these young women, shaping their educational mobility. Using a comparative approach, this article examines the similarities and differences between white and Mexican American working-class girls' experiences of mobility. The article first describes the various contingencies leading to the girls' mobility, then explores their subjective experience of mobility, in both cases noting the girls' different experiences according to their race/ethnicity.
Supporting Poor Single Mothers
Authors: MOLLER STEPHANIE
Published: April 2003

This article examines the uneven welfare support accorded to Black and white women at the end of the twentieth century. The author analyzes the generosity of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) benefits in the 48 contiguous U.S. states in 1970, 1980, and 1990 to determine if the state is less supportive of Black than white women. The author argues that the race-biased policies and procedures implemented with the inception and expansion of the welfare state remained throughout the program, resulting in uneven levels of support for Black and white families. More specifically, the author demonstrates that the generosity of AFDC is lower in states with a larger proportion of Black single mothers and higher in states with a larger proportion of white single mothers. These findings are relevant in the current period because such institutionalized race inequalities perpetuate white privilege and Black women's poverty.
Negotiating the Color Line
Authors: ROCKQUEMORE KERRY ANN
Published: April 2003

Using 16 in-depth interviews drawn from a larger sample of Black/white biracial individuals, this article explores how gender shapes the microlevel process of racial identity construction. Skin color stratification within the Black community, combined with a low rate of marriageable men and high rates of interracial marriages among the most educated and affluent Black men, has created a social context that differentiates the interactional experiences of biracial men and women. The findings highlight the need for more complex theoretical conceptualizations of how gender shapes the way that women negotiate their racial identities in post-Civil Rights America.
“Who Protects and Serves Me?”
Authors: TEXEIRA MARY THIERRY
Published: April 2003

Researchers have given some attention to women law enforcement officers' experiences and perceptions of sexual harassment. Yet, few studies have determined how the interaction of gender and race affect African American women's perception of this workplace impediment. This article explores one group of women's experiences in a U.S. sheriff's department. Interview data gathered from 65 African American women who are active and former law enforcement officers provide a comprehensive examination of how African American women in nontraditional criminal justice occupations experience racialized sexual harassment. Differences in degree and frequency of harassment are found among the women in different cohorts based on their job tenure, marital status, and the race of their harassers.
No More Kin Care?
Authors: BREWSTER KARIN L. , PADAVIC IRENE
Published: April 2003

This article examines changes in employed African American mothers' use of relatives for child care. Data from nationally representative pooled cross sections show that the proportion of Black mothers relying on extended kin for care of their preschool-age children declined significantly between 1977 and 1994. Multivariate analyses reveal that the decline characterized all subgroups of employed African American mothers but was less pronounced for young, single, mothers living outside the South. Thus, by 1994, employed Black mothers who most needed relatives' child care support received it, while those who could manage without such help did so. This change suggests that African Americans' use of kin-provided support responds to shifts in broader social and economic conditions that affect the balance of resources and needs within extended families.
Asian American Women And Racialized Femininities
Authors: Pyke Karen D. , Johnson Denise L.
Published: April 2003

Integrating race and gender in a social constructionist framework, the authors examine the way that second-generation Asian American young women describe doing gender across ethnic and mainstream settings, as well as their assumptions about the nature of Asian and white femininities. This analysis of interviews with 100 daughters of Korean and Vietnamese immigrants finds that respondents narratively construct Asian and Asian American cultural worlds as quintessentially and uniformly patriarchal and fully resistant to change. In contradistinction, mainstream white America is constructed as the prototype of gender equality. Hence, Asian American and white American women serve in these accounts as uniform categorical representations of the opposing forces of female oppression and egalitarianism. The authors consider how the relational construction of hegemonic and subordinated femininities, as revealed through controlling images that denigrate Asian forms of gender, contribute to internalized oppression and shape the doing of ethnicity.
Commanding The Room In Short Skirts
Authors: Adams Natalie , Bettis Pamela
Published: April 2003

More than 3.5 million people participate in cheerleading in the United States, with 97 percent being female. A staple of American schools, American life, and popular culture, the cheerleader, however, has received scant attention in scholarly research. In this article, the authors argue that a feminist poststructuralist reading of cheerleading situates cheerleading as a discursive practice that has changed significantly in the past 150 years to accommodate the shifting and often contradictory meanings of normative femininity. They maintain that the ideal girl of the new millennium embodies both masculinity and femininity and that cheerleading offers a culturally sanctioned space for some girls to embody ideal girlhood. They argue that cheerleading is a gendered activity representing in some ways a liberatory shift in reconstituting normative femininity while simultaneously perpetuating a norm of femininity that does not threaten dominant social values and expectations about the role of girls and women in society.
Oedipus Wrecked?
Authors: Fischer Nancy L.
Published: April 2003

This article describes the meaning of incest in contemporary popular culture. The author explores how feminism and changes in systems of kinship and sexuality have affected present-day discourse on incest, comparing the significance of blood relations and notions of abuse in constructing incest. The author analyzes media commentaries on two contemporary incestuous events that generated publicity: Kathryn Harrison’s memoir of a sexual affair with her biological father and Woody Allen’s relationship with Soon-Yi Previn. The author explores how commentators framed incest as morally objectionable in reaction to these two cases. She argues that blood ties are prevalent, but are becoming less relevant to discussions of incest in popular culture, and that feminist constructions of incest as an exploitation of power relations have been powerful enough for individuals to apply this framework even when adults (rather than children) are involved.
Strong And Large Black Women?
Authors: Beauboeuf-Lafontant Tamara
Published: April 2003

This article questions the societal and cultural image of Black women as strong and suggests that this seemingly affirming portrayal is derived from a discourse of enslaved women’s deviance. In highlighting connections between perceived strength and physical size among Black women, the analysis extends current feminist theory by considering the ways in which the weight many strong African American women carry is reflective of the deviant and devalued womanhood that they are expected to embody both within and outside their culture.
Rethinking The Globalization Of Domestic Service
Authors: Cheng Shu-Ju Ada
Published: April 2003

This article examines the configuration of domestic service within local milieus under globalization. Using Taiwan as a case study, the author argues that the state continues to have an impact even in this age of global interdependence. The management of foreign domestics within employers’ households is not only important for labor control but also central to the state’s administration over alien subjects. The case of Taiwan calls attention to the necessity of bringing the state back into the analysis of gender and carework.
Globalization, Work Hours, And The Care Deficit Among Stockbrokers
Authors: Blair-Loy Mary , Jacobs Jerry A.
Published: April 2003

The authors study U.S. stockbrokers, workers directly affected by the technological and economic forces of globalization. Drawing on interviews with 61 brokers and managers in four firms, they find that competition from electronic communication networks and international markets has increased the pace of work for stockbrokers, spurred online and after-hours trading, and may prompt the major stock exchanges to establish later trading sessions known as extended-hours trading. These events are lengthening already long working days for brokers and contributing to a deficit of the time and energy they have to care for their families. These developments also reinforce gender inequality at home and in the workplace. The authors also find an alternative response to this globalization: The discount firm model, which creates the conditions for more gender balance in jobs and careers and thus the possibility for greater gender balance in the provision of care.
Multilateral Organizations And Early Child Care And Education Policies For Developing Countries
Authors: Rosemberg Fúlvia
Published: April 2003

This article describes and interprets the impact, particularly on women and children, of pressure by multilateral organizations on contemporary Brazilian early child care and education policies. Based on an analysis of macro data and documents, the author argues that this pressure is old, existing prior to the introduction of the concept of globalization into the vocabulary of the media and the social sciences. A first wave of pressure dates from the 1970s, during the cold war, and the second, beginning in the 1990s, resulted from the Washington Consensus. The central argument and supporting data presented in this article show that the early child care and education models put forward by multilateral organizations both perpetuate and are sustained by gender inequality and intersecting relations of class, race, and age domination.
Caregiving In Transnational Context
Authors: Spitzer Denise , Neufeld Anne , Harrison Margaret , Hughes Karen , Stewart Miriam
Published: April 2003

Migration often requires the renegotiation of familial and gender roles as immigrants encounter potentially competing values and demands. Employing ethnographic methods and including in-depth interviewing and participant observation, the authors explore the experiences of 29 South Asian and Chinese Canadian female family caregivers. Caregiving was central to their role as women and members of their ethnocultural community. The women were often engaged in paid labor that compressed the time available to fulfill their duties as caregivers. Women’s role in the transmission of cultural values that serve to shore up the boundaries of their ethnic community did not allow for significant renegotiation of their caregiving responsibilities despite disrupted family networks and increased demands. These caregiving arrangements are more costly to women in Canada than in their countries of origin.
Women’s Empowering Carework In Post-Soviet Azerbaijan
Authors: Najafizadeh Mehrangiz
Published: April 2003

The Republic of Azerbaijan has undergone major social, political, and economic transition since declaring independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. In this article, the author examines how this transition and the Nagorno-Karabakh War with Armenia have affected women’s caregiving roles and how women’s advocacy associations have emerged and function both as caregivers to Azeri women and as a mechanism for assisting Azeri women to be more effective caregivers to their own families and communities.
“Women Have No Tribe”
Authors: Upton Rebecca L.
Published: April 2003

The country of Botswana currently has one of the highest HIV infection rates in the world. Government and international aid agencies have undertaken initiatives to address the rapidly growing epidemic, but few measures address the current crisis of care as a key element in that process. In this article, the author uses case study data to highlight how women in Northern Botswana are affected by the increasing burden of caregiving to children who are orphaned as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In particular, she describes how the role of women as caregivers in communities has been transformed as a result of the HIV/AIDS crisis. She suggests that the intersecting cultural patterns of migration and reproduction are central to understanding the spread of the disease in the current emerging crisis of care.
Critical Thinking and Nursing Science: Judgment, or Vision?
Authors: Cody William K.
Published: April 2003

For decades, critical thinking has been widely regarded as a concept and process of central importance in the practice of nurses and in their education. Numerous nursing textbooks heavily emphasize the development of critical thinking skills in students. The attention given to critical thinking in nursing parallels a reform movement that has had an impact on virtually all fields. Close attention to the ways in which critical thinking is addressed in nursing, however, reveals a starkly delimited view of its meaning within the discipline. This article questions whether the vision of critical thinking as a cornerstone of practice in nursing may need to be expanded. The discussion centers on three points: nursing theories and frameworks as ways to enrich critical thinking in nursing practice; the inadequacy of the model of critical thinking as an individual, analytical process; and possibilities that are cocreated when critical thinking is conceived as a creative/constructive, relational/dialogical process.
Ethical Issues
Authors: Milton Constance L. , Pilkington F. Beryl
Published: April 2003

It is widely accepted that scientific merit and research ethics are closely related. And yet, while the ethical principles that guide research are uncontested, the meaning of scientific merit is open to interpretation based on one’s philosophical perspective and research tradition. When adherents of the natural science tradition use the criteria of that tradition to evaluate research situated in the human science tradition, misunderstanding and misjudgment will result. This unfortunate situation has negative implications for the flourishing of human science nursing and, ultimately, may deprive society of opportunities to benefit from humanistic practice aimed at enhancing the quality of life for recipients of healthcare. In such circumstances, it behooves nurses committed to human science nursing to continue to vigorously articulate and pursue their values and ethics concerning nursing research and healthcare.
Doctoral Education in Nursing: Seeking Clarity
Authors: Bunkers Sandra Schmidt
Published: April 2003

This column explores the issues of doctoral education in nursing by presenting an overview by Dr. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, professor and Niehoff Chair, Loyola University Chicago. After the overview are three interviews focusing on the doctor of philosophy, doctor of education, and doctor of nursing science programs in nursing with the following educators: Dr. Marcia Maurer, associate dean for academic affairs, Niehoff School of Nursing, Loyola University Chicago; Dr. Elaine La Monica Rigolosi, professor of nursing education and program coordinator of the Doctor of Education Degree in Nursing at Teachers College-Columbia University, New York, New York; and Dr. Carol Dashiff, professor and chair of graduate studies, the Doctor of Philosophy of Nursing Program at the University of Alabama School of Nursing in Birmingham. These educators reveal the strengths and concerns surrounding doctoral education in nursing today. The question is posed, “What is on the horizon for the future of doctoral education in nursing?”
Learning to Practice the Discipline of Nursing
Authors: Mitchell Gail J.
Published: April 2003

This column addresses the issues of teaching and growing the discipline of nursing. Experiences of two undergraduate nursing students highlight the benefits and opportunities that accompany the teaching of nursing theories in undergraduate programs. The 3rd-year baccalaureate students, Kendra Fitzsimmons and Elspeth Ferguson, submitted papers from their York University nursing program to help demonstrate key points in this column. Their papers show thoughtful critique and passionate belief in nursing as a discipline and a basic science. Kudos to them and the faculty who inspired them.
Having Courage: A Lived Experience of Human Becoming
Authors: Bournes Debra A.
Published: April 2003

The purposes of this research were to discover the structure of the experience of having courage and to contribute to knowledge about human becoming. Participants were 10 persons with spinal cord injuries. The Parse research method was used to answer the research question, What is the structure of the lived experience of having courage? The central finding of this study is the following structure: The lived experience of having courage is a fortifying tenacity arising with triumph amid the burdensome, while guarded confidence emerges with the treasured. The findings are discussed in relation to human becoming, relevant literature, and future research.
Living with Multiple Sclerosis: A Roy Adaptation Model-Based Study
Authors: Gagliardi Barbara A. , Frederickson Keville , Shanley Deborah A.
Published: April 2003

This Roy adaptation model-based study examined how people make sense of the experience of living with multiple sclerosis. Eighteen persons diagnosed with multiple sclerosis participated in three interviews over a period of 1 year. Content analysis of the interview transcripts and the researcher’s logs and analytic memos yielded five recurring themes that reflect the Roy model adaptive modes: we’re not completely the same (physiological mode), how I view my future (self-concept mode), let me tell you about my feelings (self-concept mode), how I see work (role function mode), and let me tell you about my life (interdependence mode).
Dilemmas of Long-Term Care
Authors: Huch Mary H. , Yang Asphodel C.
Published: April 2003

An aging population, the prevalence of chronic disease and functional disabilities, and changes in society have caused a greater demand for long-term care in Taiwan. The development of long-term care has gone through four stages: undeveloped, early beginning, expanding, and establishment. Problems in several areas including lack of care providers and facilities, expenses of care, and difficulty coordinating health and social services are issues that must be explored. Well-planned and managed long-term care services are an important task for the Taiwanese government to address so holistic care of elders can be provided in this new century.
Modeling of 3D Angle Interlock Woven Fabric Composites
Authors: Sheng Shang Zhong , van Hoa Suong
Published: April 2003

A three dimensional micromechanical modeling approach was previously developed for predicting elastic constants of 2D woven fabric composites [Sheng, S.Z. and Hoa, S.V. (2001). Three dimensional micromechanical modeling of woven fabric composites. Journal of Composite Materials, 35(19): 1701-1729.]. In this paper, the approach is extended for predicting elastic constants of 3D angle interlock woven fabric composites. The micro fabric geometry of general 3D woven composites is described by using a three dimensional geometric model first. Then a variational potential method is proposed to obtain the continuous integration transformation of the three-dimensional stiffness and compliance matrices associated with the micro fabric geometry for 3D woven fabric composites. Finally, elastic constants are obtained by using the method based on the fabric geometry for several 3D angle interlock woven fabric composites. Good agreement is shown between the present predicted results and experimental results available in the literature.
Dendritic Coupling Agents in GF/PP Composites
Authors: Bernhardsson Jonas , Shishoo Roshan
Published: April 2003

Investigations have been carried out to study the influence of dendritic polymers on the interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties of GF/PP thermoplastic composites based on continuous filament reinforcement. The dendritic polymer used in this work was an epoxy functional polymer with a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 g/mole. The reinforcing fibers were made from E-glass, the yarns in the fabrics were placed unidirectional and bonded together with thin polyester filaments. The effect of dendritic compatibiliser on the neat PP-resin was studied. The composite properties studied included DMTA, DSC, flexural strength, Charpy impact and SEM analysis. The results have shown that whereas the dendritic additive does not have any negative influence on the neat matrix properties it significantly affects the mechanical properties of the composites. The results of this preliminary study clearly demonstrate the positive effects of dendritic polymer additives as coupling agents in PP-matrices resulting in significantly improved mechanical properties.
Strength Simulation of Woven Fabric Composite Materials with Material Nonlinearity Using Micromechanics Based Model
Authors: Tabiei A. , Song G. , Jiang Y.
Published: April 2003

The objective of the current investigation is to predict failure strength of woven composites, which considers the 2D extent of woven fabric, based on micro-mechanics. The formulation has an interface with nonlinear finite element codes. At each load increment, global stresses and strains are communicated to the representative cell and subsequently distributed to each subcell. Once stresses and strains are associated to a subcell they can be distributed to each constituent of the subcell (i.e., fill, warp, and resin). Consequently, micro-failure criteria (MFC) are defined for each constituents of a subcell and the proper stiffness degradation is modeled. Different stages of failure such as warp transverse failure, fill transverse failure, failure of pure matrix in longitudinal and shear, shear failure in fill and warp, and fiber in fill and warp in longitudinal tension are considered. Good correlation is observed between the predicted and the experimental results presented in the published literature. This material model is suitable for implicit failure analysis under static loads and is being modified for explicit finite element codes to deal with problems such as crashworthiness and impact.
ADAP: A New Software for Automated Design and Structural Analysis of Plastic Pipelines
Authors: Farshad M.
Published: April 2003

This publication contains a short description of a new software ADAP (Automated Design and Analysis of Pipelines)developed by the author for the structural analysis and design of buried as well as freely laid gravity and pressure piping systems. It includes an overview of the design criteria, design procedure and the scheme for stress, deformation, and stability analysis. The software is based on the dimensioning guidelines including prEN1295; it goes, however, further in the sense that it includes the length effects. The results of ADAP include short-term and long-term stresses, strains, deformations, buckling loads, axial forces, safety factors, and pipe dimensions. Additionally, the dimensions of the pipe corresponding to desired safety factors can be determined. The worked example deals with the short-term and long-term stress, deformation and stability analysis of a PE-HD pressure pipeline.
On the Elastic-Plastic Response of a Large-Tow Triaxially Braided Composite
Authors: Zywicz Edward , O’Brien Michael J. , Nguyen Thao
Published: April 2003

The elastic-plastic response of a large-tow 0 / triaxially braided composite is numerically simulated to determine the elastic coefficients and post-yield behavior. The ratios of extensional to flexural effective Young’s moduli vary from 0.30 to 0.52 in the longitudinal direction and from 0.90 to 0.95 in the transverse direction. Measurements on a 2-ply 0 / 30 braid support these numerical trends. The onset of macro yield in uniaxial extension coincides with the experimental values in the longitudinal direction while it is nearly twice the experimental values in the transverse direction. In simple shear, matrix plasticity around the undulations facilitates local rotation of the braiders at the onset of macro yield. Under uniaxial flexure, modest stiffening occurs prior to strain softening in both the principal directions.
Vibration Welding Nylon 66 - Part I Experimental Study
Authors: Bates P. J. , MacDonald J. J. , Wang C. Y. , Mah J. , Liang H.
Published: April 2003

The strengths and failure mechanisms of vibration welded joints were studied using a central composite design of experiment. The experimental study focused on three aspects: material, joint geometry and welding process effects. Butt joints, T-joints and cup-plaque joints were made using unreinforced nylon 66 and 33% short glass fiber reinforced nylon 66. Reinforced nylon 66 exhibited lower butt and T-joint strengths than unreinforced nylon 66. Analyses of the fracture surface suggest that the lower strength for the reinforced compound is related to glass fiber bundling and orientation effects. Weld pressure appears to play the largest role in determining joint strength; lower pressure results in higher strengths. Although the nominal tensile stress on these joint geometries has been shown to be a useful screening tool, a more detailed mechanical analysis is required to understand the complex stress field existing in T- and cup-plaque joints. Such an analysis should allow a better design of real joints on industrial parts.
Media Selection During The Implementation Of Planned Organizational Change
Authors: Timmerman C. Erik
Published: April 2003

Although communication issues are central to processes of organizational change, a surprisingly small body of literature focuses on the use of communication media during the implementation process. This article integrates literature that addresses implementation approaches and phases with media selection research to provide a descriptive framework for understanding and predicting media use during planned change implementation. Propositions derived from conceptualizations of change approaches, phases of change, and the interactions between these constructs identify the media that are likely to be used by implementers throughout the implementation process. Further propositions suggest that the media used by implementers may recursively lead to reinforcement or modification of an implementation approach and may signal the development of a change across implementation phases. The article concludes by synthesizing the findings that emerge from the integration of these bodies of literature and describing implications for research and practice.
Communicating And Organizing In Time
Authors: Ballard Dawna I. , Seibold David R.
Published: April 2003

The authors propose a theoretical framework identifying how work group members’ experience of time is created and sustained through task-related communication structures. The model addresses 10 dimensions of time—separation, scheduling, precision, pace, present time perspective, future time perspective, flexibility, linearity, scarcity, and urgency—and proposes how three communication structures central to organizational work—coordination methods, workplace technologies, and feedback cycles—contribute to members’ temporal experience. The model incorporates the complex interplay among cultural, environmental, and individual factors as well. Testable propositions intended to guide future research are offered.
Dimensions of Scholarship and the Advancement of Nursing Science: Articulating a Vision
Authors: Rawnsley Marilyn M.
Published: April 2003

Nursing science, if defined as only the works emanating from the totality and simultaneity paradigms, cannot be said to have had a transformed nursing practice. Indeed, general acceptance of nursing theory as that which guides inquiry, education, and practice in nursing has not been achieved. In this column, the author calls for a more inclusive conceptualization of nursing science, beyond the acknowledged intradisciplinary paradigms. Nursing is posited as a human science with multiple paradigms, and two new paradigms are proposed. Finally, the author calls for an educational renaissance in nursing and establishment of a more scholarly trajectory toward entry into the profession.
Questions Commonly Asked About Research
Authors: Malinski Violet M.
Published: April 2003

In this column Drs. Jacqueline Fawcett, Beryl Pilkington, Callista Roy, Susan Taylor, and Elizabeth Geden answer three questions commonly posed about teaching research, the research critique, and the relationship of research and theory. Contributors independently provided their answers to the questions, so they did not have the opportunity to engage in dialogue with one another.
Structuring Meaning Through New Languaging: Going Beyond the Ethics of Caring
Authors: Milton Constance L.
Published: April 2003

This column presents a novel discussion of ethical assumptions culled from the philosophical assumptions and principles of Parse’s human becoming school of thought. Disciplinary opportunities for creating and using new language in nursing ethics are presented.
The Unfolding: Scenario Planning in Nursing
Authors: Vander Woude Diana , Damgaard Gloria , Hegge Margaret J. , Soholt Deb , Bunkers Sandra Schmidt
Published: April 2003

An interdisciplinary consortium organized a group to explore the meaning and the future of nursing in South Dakota using scenario planning. This column provides a general description of the four scenarios that emerged, some observations about how they might evolve, comments on their implications, and first-person stories, as told by fictitious residents. The process of scenario planning is connected to nursing science by explicating how five lessons of scenario planning are linked with Parse’s human becoming concepts of creative imagining, glimpsing the paradoxical, and affirming personal becoming.
Caring as Being in Nursing: Unique or Ubiquitous
Authors: Lewis Sheila M.
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this column is to explore ambiguities concerning the concept of caring as being in nursing and to consider if caring is unique to nursing or ubiquitous, present not only within other health disciplines, but as a potential choice for each person. Clarification is sought through an exploration of four pathways for thinking about caring as being-artistic endeavors, moving beyond self in caring relationships and spirituality, creating caring environments through caring-healing consciousness, and soulful caring consciousness. It is proposed that caring as being is an essential, but not necessarily unique, knowledge source within nursing.
Evaluation of Education Materials Using Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory
Authors: Wilson Feleta L. , Mood Darlene W. , Risk Joanna , Kershaw Trace
Published: April 2003

This article presents Orem’s self-care deficit nursing theory as the conceptual framework in the development, design, selection, and evaluation of appropriate written patient education materials for patients with low literacy skills. The model, which includes essential evaluation factors used in literacy research, offers nurses and other professionals a more comprehensive means to judge the suitability of health information and instructional materials. Nurses have a critical role in educating consumers and their families and for providing patients with useful information that will influence their decision-making and participation in care.
A Study of Yangsaeng and Dietary Practices Among Korean Women
Authors: Yang Jin Hyang , Shin Kyung Rim
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning and nature of the yangsaeng experience, a caring intervention, through the dietary practices among a group of Korean women. The participants were 14 generally healthy women between 30 and 74 years of age who were attending a class for homemakers or members of a women’s club. A phenomenological method was used to analyze the interview data. Ten essential themes emerged. The themes can be applied in developing Korean nursing caring interventions for facilitating dietary yangsaeng among Korean women. These are based on understanding of Korean culture rather than being dawn from Western concepts of nutrition and health promotion.
Accountability, Democratic Theory, and Higher Education
Authors: Dunn Delmer D.
Published: April 2003

Accountability defines the appropriate relationship between elected and nonelected officials. Herman Finer emphasized elected officials’, and Carl Friedrich emphasized nonelected officials’, professional values and knowledge to determine the actions of nonelected officials. The Higher Education Amendments of 1972 and more recent state-imposed requirements on higher education comply with classical definitions of accountability and responsibility. Neither Friedrich nor Finer provided a rich enough definition of what works in practice. The relationships between elected and nonelected officials include elements of both. This suggests that policy making can best occur with a blending of elected and nonelected officials’ values and preferences. Developing this kind of relationship in higher education will be especially challenging given the history of autonomy of higher education professionals, the difficulty of measuring effectively what higher education does, and the values of academic freedom that can speak truth to power no matter how painful that may be.
Substance Versus Politics: Through the Dark Mirror of Governance Reform
Authors: Leslie David W. , Novak Richard J.
Published: April 2003

This article explores recent initiatives by the states to reform governance of public higher education. It synthesizes theoretical and empirical literature to suggest that richer understanding might result from “qualitative heuristic” treatment of multiple case studies. It proposes that data be analyzed to weigh the main and residual effects of political and instrumental goals of key actors in reform. Five exploratory case studies of state governance reform are summarized. Political factors were found to outweigh instrumental factors in most of the cases. The authors conclude with a discussion of fluidity in the political environment, noting that solutions seem to be continuously moving targets.
The Politics of Higher Education: Toward an Expanded Research Agenda
Authors: McLendon Michael K.
Published: April 2003

The politics of higher education as a field of study suffers from acute underdevelopment. The challenge confronting politics of higher education researchers is one of stimulating a systematic and sustained scholarship that is topically, theoretically, and methodologically multidimensional. The purpose of this article is to suggest prospective research directions that correspond with each of three broad recommendations for organizing future research in this important area of inquiry: the need for a wider range of issue coverage, the need for a broadened and enriched theoretical perspective, and the need for improved analytic sophistication and rigor. Substantial emphasis in the article is placed on comparative approaches to research so as to take maximal advantage of the multiple political and policy “laboratories” afforded by American federalism.
Strategies for Treatment and Prevention of Acute Renal Failure
Authors: Stamatakis Mary K.
Published: April 2003

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a potentially life-threatening medical condition that often complicates the hospitalization of critically ill patients. A variety of therapeutic strategies has been studied for both preventing ischemic and nephrotoxic injury to the kidney and improving renal function in established ARF. This article summarizes the role of pharmacologic therapy in the treatment of ARF. Strategies to reduce extracellular fluid volume and preserve renal function with loop diuretics, low-dose dopamine, and renal replacement therapy will be discussed. The value of preventative therapy has increased, and identifying patients at high risk for development of ARF is critical. Modification of drug regimens, administration of less nephrotoxic medications, and volume expansion prior to nephrotoxin administration can minimize toxicity to the kidney. The search for new agents that can improve survival, decrease the need for renal replacement therapy, and hasten the recovery of renal function in ARF is ongoing.
Status of Hemodialysis of Drugs in 2002
Authors: Matzke Gary R.
Published: April 2003

Hemodialysis is a life-sustaining chronic therapy for individuals with end stage renal disease (ESRD). It is also frequently used for days to weeks for patients with acute renal failure who are awaiting the recovery of their kidneys from the acute toxic or traumatic event. Both populations of patients often require complex pharmacotherapeutic regimens, and it is not uncommon for them to be receiving 10 or more concomitant medications. Optimization of care for these patients is dependent on the selection of the most appropriate drug as well as dosage regimen design, which accounts for the influence of hemodialysis therapy on drug disposition. During the last 10 to 15 years there have been several significant changes in the prescribed dose of dialysis and the composition and size of dialyzers available for use. Furthermore, reuse of dialyzers, which was rare in the early 1980s, is now common; it is employed with over 70% of patients with ESRD. The new synthetic dialyzers, which are now used for over 60% of ESRD patients in the United States, are uniformly associated with dramatic improvements in drug removal; dialysis clearance increases of 3 to 10 fold were common for the few drugs evaluated. The influence of these changes in hemodialysis therapy on drug disposition are discussed in a quantitative fashion, and a conceptual framework for drug therapy regimen decision making is presented. For the majority of the drugs reviewed, however, there were no data in the literature regarding dialyzability with currently available dialyzers. The generation of dialyzability data for old and new pharmacotherapeutic agents with state of the art dialysis procedures is clearly needed.
Drug Metabolism Considerations in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Dowling Thomas C.
Published: April 2003

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive process leading to end stage renal disease and either dialysis or transplantation. Patients with CKD often have numerous comorbid conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and acid-base and electrolyte disorders that can lead to alterations in homeostasis. Changes in drug disposition including hepatic metabolism via phase 1 (ie, cytochrome P-450 enzymes) and phase 2 (ie, conjugation) pathways have been reported. Biotransformation of drugs and endogenous substances within the kidney itself may also be compromised in the presence of CKD. Reduced hepatic and renal clearance leads to systemic accumulation of the parent drug as well as active and toxic metabolites. Characterization of specific hepatic cytochrome (CYP) enzyme pathways in patients with CKD is an area of current research and will lead to an understanding of phenotypic and genotypic expression patterns of several key drug-metabolizing enzymes. The evolving knowledge of CYP enzymes and the alterations that can occur in CKD should allow clinicians to predict adverse consequences of drug therapy and thus prevent these events from occurring. The pharmacy practitioner can also provide important pharmacotherapy interventions in this special patient population, including dose individualization, therapeutic drug monitoring, and evaluation of therapeutic outcomes.
Nurturance
Authors: Sappington Julie Y.
Published: April 2003

In the theory of modeling and role modeling, the concept of nurturance is connected to holistic nursing practice. As nurturance is given and received within a context of unconditional acceptance, clients’ needs are fulfilled and they can move toward a healthier state. An exploration of the literature revealed several defining attributes that clarify the definition of the concept as it is used by Erickson, Tomlin, and Swain. Model, borderline, related, and contrary cases further illustrate the meaning of nurturance and its relationship to holistic care. In addition, methods of measuring nurturance are discussed. An analysis of the concept brings an increased understanding of how nurses can care for clients in a manner that respects the uniqueness and value of each individual. The result is a client who experiences growth and renewal of strength, allowing optimal healing to occur.
Complementary Health and Healing in Nursing Education
Authors: Richardson Silvana F.
Published: April 2003

This study is a description of the current status of complementary health and healing in undergraduate nursing education in the United States. A sample of 105 respondents from 202 baccalaureate nursing programs accredited by the Collegiate Commission on Nursing Education in fall 2001 completed an 11-item survey. Findings revealed the majority of nursing programs (77%) responding include content and/or experiential learning in complementary health and healing in the curriculum. A wide range of content related to mind-body healing, alternative medicine, herbal supplements, manual and energy healing, and environmental modalities is included. Experiential learning is incorporated less frequently than is didactic content. Use of a holistic nursing curriculum model facilitates the inclusion of nursing interventions that promote complementary health and healing. Integration of content and experiential learning can promote students’ critical thinking and communication skills, appreciation and honoring of diversity, self-care and healing practices, and leadership skills in addressing the public’s health needs.
Building a Caring Client Relationship and Creating a Quilt
Authors: Wolf Terri Pauser
Published: April 2003

The process of designing a quilt became a metaphor of developing a caring relationship for a nursing student as she came to understand caring theory and its application to practice. A clinical experience combined with reflective journaling and aesthetic expression in the form of a quilt gave the student a way of understanding and concretizing a relationship. With quilts representing comfort, warmth, and expression, the student saw a parallel with the nursing profession with its essence in caring. Houses are the main visual element in the quilt because house or home is important to the human spirit and was a key issue in this caring relationship. The 10 houses illustrate Jean Watson’s carative factors and the role Watson’s theoretical perspective played in the caring relationship. The human-like figures, the caring spirits, represent the nursing profession, and the colored squares symbolize the energy of caring.