bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reducing the energy consumption of lifting machines
Authors: Barbashov Nikolay , Polyantseva Anastasia
Published: May 2024

Modern lifting machines have the ability to recover braking energy and therefore have high energy efficiency. However, the control systems of such machines are of considerable complexity and require the use of storage devices if they work in closed energy supply systems. The paper presents methods for increasing the efficiency of lifting devices at an early stage of design by partial balancing in order to equalize the load during ascent and descent. The technical solutions that can improve the efficiency of modern lifts and shaft elevator systems are presented.
Testing the operation of the developed swirling scrubber
Authors: Ganieva Sabokhat , Khudoyberdiyeva Nazora , Jalilov Razzoq
Published: May 2024

The article presents a study on the intensification of gas purification from solid particles using the hydrodynamic effect of centrifugal forces. An effective vortex dust collector design has been developed and is being implemented in production for cleaning from harmful impurities. The results of tests conducted at the facility to determine the efficiency of dust collection in a vortex apparatus with a tangential inlet of gas and liquid flow at various operating parameters are presented. The study found that the efficiency of the device increases with an increase in dust concentration. In the vortex apparatus, the efficiency of dust collection increases significantly with an increase in the axial flow velocity, which is characterized by an increase in centrifugal force and separation factor. The optimal operating modes of the developed vortex apparatus have been established in terms of the efficiency of dust collection.
Factors of reducing import dependence of hightech enterprises using artificial intelligence
Authors: Zhukov Aleksandr , Berkutova Tatiana , Zhurenkov Denis , Kashtanov Victor , Lyutova Elena , Kartsan Igor
Published: May 2024

The article presents the analysis of definitions in the field of technological sovereignty, technological independence, import independence, import substitution. Based on the study of different authors' points of view, the authors substantiate the composition and structure of factors to reduce import dependence of high-tech enterprises. Two groups of factors are identified: internal and external. The article considers the possibilities of using artificial intelligence technologies to overcome modern challenges and solve the problems of enterprise adaptation in the conditions of strategic sanctions restrictions.
Improving the characteristics of atomized fuel jets for automotive engines
Authors: Khakimov Jamshid , Musabekov Zakirjon , Rakhmatova Firuza
Published: May 2024

The fuel supply system is one of the most critical components of a diesel engine. The processes of fuel injection, atomization, and mixing are crucial in determining the efficiency, power output, economic performance, and environmental impact of the diesel engine's operation. Furthermore, with the deteriorating environmental conditions in major cities, the toxicity levels of diesel exhaust emissions have become a priority concern. The mathematical model of the injected fuel jet's development and combustion enables the direct calculation of various indicators related to the engine's operating process. The value of these results lies in the fact that numerical modeling allows for the investigation of the influence of injection characteristics, fuel supply timing and duration, as well as combustion chamber design parameters on the indicator diagram and cycle efficiency across a wide range of engine speed and load conditions.
Improving the operational reliability of membranes and bellows with fluorinated surfactants
Authors: Amirkhanov Evgeny , Bazhin Vladimir , Rasulov Zainutdin , Rozhkov Mikhail , Sokolova Viktoriia , Litvina Polina , Yakushev Adel
Published: May 2024

One of the characteristic properties of organofluorine compounds is their low surface energy. In this regard, surfactants containing perfluoroalkyl groups, as a rule, are much more effective than their nonfluorinated analogues. The unique character of fluorinated surfactants is also determined by their pronounced oleophobic properties. Surfaces treated with fluorinated surfactants are not only water-repellent, as in the case of their hydrocarbon analogues, but also benzo- and oil-repellent. Fluorotensides are highly resistant to oxidants and aggressive substances (acids, alkalis, chlorine, etc.). They also have high temperature resistance, withstand oxygen shock, have a solidification temperature of up to -160 °C, do not change properties at a dose rate of up to 108 rad. The applications of surfactants are extremely diverse. One of the methods of increasing the wear resistance of friction pairs is the method of surface treatment of friction pairs with fluorotensides. Fluorotensides are multicomponent systems that include organofluorine surfactants in various solvents and regulatory additives. In Russia, brands of fluorotensides have been created that surpass foreign samples in many respects, which has significantly expanded the scope of their application.
Environmental safety of main gas pipelines
Authors: Saparov Berdibay , Bigulaev Alexandr , Gurbanov Ramil
Published: May 2024

Analysis of the causes of accidents indicates the prevailing influence of corrosion factors on the structural reliability of main gas pipelines. During operation, main pipelines are exposed to the in-pipe pressure of the pumped product and ground electrolytes, which leads to corrosion-mechanical damage. Moreover, these factors can act in the most unfavorable combinations. This combined action reduces the durability of the material. This leads to much faster destruction of the pipe metal. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor not only general corrosion damage, but also local damage, which, when subjected to mechanical stress, can become a source of corrosion crack. The article discusses the main factors influencing the environmental safety of main gas pipelines, as determining the required level of quality at the time of operation.
Development of a model for diagnosing rotor conditions in the parallel connection of synchronous generators with the network
Authors: Boboqulov Javokhir , Narzullayev Bobur
Published: May 2024

This article introduces a model for diagnosing rotor angular changes in generators when integrating synchronous generators into the grid. The model addresses issues like leakage currents, reverse moments, and stator bushing short circuits caused by rotor angle changes during parallel addition of large-capacity synchronous generators. Its unique approach simplifies precise synchronization during parallel connection and enables continuous graphical monitoring of rotor angle changes through computer programs. Experimental results from 110 MW synchronous generators at "Navoi Thermal Power Plant" JSC validate the model's effectiveness. It is designed to resolve rotor angle change challenges when integrating synchronous generators of varying capacities into existing power plants, ensuring uninterrupted electricity supply and optimizing technical and economic performance. The model aims to enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs for electricity consumers.
Shape of contact between deformable material and elastic rollers
Authors: Khurramov Shavkat , Sattorova Shodiyona , Turdibekova Risolat , Chorshanbiev Zafar
Published: May 2024

The study is devoted to the analysis of the contact shape in a symmetrical roll module for the case when changes in the thickness of the material and the roller coating at each point of the contact zone occur in the vertical direction of the strip of material. A mathematical model of the shape of contact between a deformable material and elastic rollers is developed. Particular types of mathematical models of the contact shape are obtained in cases where the material being processed is absolutely elastic, elasticviscous, and plastic. It was revealed that the shape of the contact depends primarily on the geometric and deformation properties of the strip of material being processed and the roller coating, and the deformation rate.
Formation of innovative infrastructure in the context of project-oriented management of the oil and gas industry
Authors: Kinash Iryna , Tarayevska Lesya , Petryna Mariya , Stavnycha Nataliia , Ivanchuk Taras , Bleikher Oleh
Published: May 2024

Innovative infrastructure of oil and gas enterprises involves the use of modern technologies, systems, and approaches aimed at improving efficiency, safety, environmental sustainability, and competitiveness in the production and operation of oil and gas. This study investigates the creation of a project-oriented supervisory company in the oil and gas industry in the context of innovative development, which is relevant and promising. The key challenges faced by consulting firms in the oil and gas industry and possible strategic directions for their resolution, which will require supervisory firms to be more flexible, innovative, and strategic in their approaches, considering the specifics of the industry and the needs of clients were identified. The study also develops a tree of problems for the creation of a project-oriented supervisory company in the oil and gas industry and determines that this direction is sufficiently relevant and necessary for the formation of innovative infrastructure of oil and gas enterprises. It gives an assessment of the economic efficiency of creating a project-oriented supervisory company based on the analysis of both basic methods – payback period and return on investment. The study’s calculations confirm the feasibility of creating a project-oriented supervisory company as an innovative infrastructure that will support the development of oil and gas structures for both the country as a whole and individual enterprises.
Impact of smoothing interpolations on the non-conventional machining of pockets
Authors: Msaddek El Bechir , Bouaziz Zoubeir , Baili Maher
Published: May 2024

Smoothing curves have been used in computer aided design software for years. This is the reason why machinists very early wondered about the possibilities of creating toolpaths directly generated from this type of mathematical curves. In addition, in recent research work, we have shown that the non-uniform rational Bspline interpolation is the most favorable towards high-speed machining of complex shapes. As a result, we are thinking of simulating by this type of interpolation the pocket recess machining strategies proposed by a computer aided manufacturing software, currently developed in linear and circular interpolations only. In this article we propose a study of the influence of the parameters of Bspline curves on the hollowing out of pockets by smoothing initial cutting methods. To do this, we chose the smoothing of the zigzag method by Bspline and NURBS while varying the order and the discretization parameters to know the impact on the dynamics of the high-speed machining mechanism and on the non-conventional machining precision. This work has shown that parametric curves are favored for this type of machining provided that this tool is mastered.
Transition agroécologique du système alimentaire : un enjeu de santé globale
Authors: Duru Michel
Published: May 2024

L’agriculture et l’alimentation sont au cœur de défis interdépendants : épuisement des ressources naturelles, pollutions, érosion de la biodiversité, dérèglement climatique, augmentation des maladies chroniques et infectieuses. De nouvelles approches intégratrices basées sur la santé sont nécessaires pour dépasser les approches « en silo » qui ne considèrent pas les multiples interdépendances entre la santé des humains, des animaux et l’environnement. Nous proposons le concept d’« Une seule santé » basé sur les interdépendances entre les santés humaine, animale, environnementale en distinguant pour cette dernière la santé des agroécosystèmes (échelle locale) et celle du « système Terre » (écosystèmes non cultivés, eau, atmosphère). De cette façon, il est possible de traiter explicitement des relations entre le système alimentaire, du champ à l’assiette, et les quatre domaines de santé, et ainsi de penser les changements à opérer pour relever les défis contemporains locaux et planétaires.
L’intégration culture-élevage, une opportunité pour l’élevage et la transition agroécologique des systèmes agricoles
Authors: Stark Fabien , Ryschawy Julie , Grillot Myriam , Jouven Magali , Martin Guillaume , Moulin Charles-Henri , Puech Thomas , Moraine Marc
Published: May 2024

L’élevage, dans ses formes dites « industrielles », est aujourd’hui largement critiqué pour ses impacts environnementaux. Pour autant, d’autres formes d’élevage plus vertueuses existent, et l’élevage peut s’avérer indispensable pour répondre aux enjeux de production alimentaire, de fourniture de services écosystémiques et de dynamiques socioterritoriales, pour autant qu’il s’intègre dans un paysage agricole diversifié. L’agroécologie nous invite à mieux valoriser la diversité cultivée et élevée dans les exploitations et dans les territoires. L’intégration culture-élevage correspond aux pratiques agricoles à même d’exploiter les synergies entre composantes animales et végétales de cette diversité, à travers le bouclage des cycles de nutriments (fertilisation, alimentation) et les complémentarités fonctionnelles (lutte biologique, désherbage). Ces pratiques déployées au sein d’exploitations diversifiées et/ou entre exploitations spécialisées d’un territoire permettent ainsi de réduire la dépendance aux intrants (aliments achetés, fertilisants chimiques, phytosanitaires, carburants pour la mécanisation) et d’améliorer l’efficience d’utilisation des ressources. Elle peut également accroître la résilience en diluant les risques liés aux aléas (climatiques, économique), et améliorer la productivité du milieu par la diversité des produits. Pour autant, ces pratiques ne font pas (encore) partie du modèle agricole dominant et leur développement nécessitera de lever certains freins techniques, territoriaux et socioéconomiques qui, à défaut d’être rédhibitoires, en limitent aujourd’hui le déploiement.
Is Stimulated Thyroglobulin Before Radioiodine Therapy a Useful Tool
in Predicting Response to Initial Therapy in Patients with Differentiated
Thyroid Carcinoma?
Authors: Jaeger Fabiana , Eidt Laura Berton , Guidolin Kamille , Landenberger Giullia Menuci Chianca , Bündchen Cristiane , Golbert Lenara , Mattevi Vanessa Suñé , Meyer Erika Laurini de Souza
Published: May 2024

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is an important tool to evaluate the persistence and
recurrence risk in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). We aimed to evaluate the
correlation between pre-radioiodine therapy stimulated Tg (pre-RAI Tg) levels
and the first response to treatment evaluation, and to establish a cut-off
pre-RAI Tg threshold for predicting an initial excellent response. Retrospective
cohort study of DTC patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and radioiodine
therapy. Response to therapy was evaluated 6 to 24 months after initial therapy,
and patients were classified as: excellent response (ER); indeterminate response
(IndR) and incomplete response (IncR). Total patients: 166 among which 85.5%
female with mean age of 47.6 ± 13 years. The ER had a significantly lower
pre-RAI Tg in comparison to IndR (p<0.001) and IncR (p<0.001), and pre-RAI
Tg were different between the IndR and IncR (p=0.02). A cut-off pre-RAI Tg value
at 7.55ng/ml was obtained by receiver operating characteristics curve for
differentiating ER from IndR and IncR. The area under curve was 0.832 (95% CI
0.76–0.91). In multivariate analysis, ATA low-risk (RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.06–2.43,
p=0.025) and Tg below 7.55ng/ml (RR 2.17, 95% CI 1.52–3.10, p<0.001) were
associated with ER. After a median of 7.4-year follow-up, 124 (74.7%) patients
were allocated into ER, 22 (13.2%) into IndR, and 20 (12%) into IncR. In
conclusion, pre-RAI Tg predicts first evaluation of treatment response. Pre-RAI
Tg cut-off was a key predictor of initial excellent response to therapy and may
be an important tool in the follow-up of DTC patients.
A new through-the-scope clip with anchor prongs is safe and successful for a variety of endoscopic uses
Authors: Guardiola John J. , Rex Douglas K. , Thompson Christopher C. , Mosko Jeffrey , Ryou Marvin , Peetermans Joyce , Rousseau Matthew J , von Renteln Daniel
Published: May 2024

Background and study aims Endoscopic through-the-scope clips (TTSC) are used for hemostasis and closure. We documented the performance of a new TTSC with anchor prongs.

Patients and methods We conducted a prospective case series of the new TTSC in 50 patients with an indication for endoscopic clipping at three hospitals in the United States and Canada. Patients were followed for 30 days after the index procedure. Outcomes included defect closure and rate of serious adverse events (SAEs) related to the device or procedure.

Results Fifty patients had 56 clipping procedures. Thirty-four procedures were clipping after endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) in the colon (33) or stomach (1), 16 after polypectomy, two for hemostasis of active bleeding, and one each for fistula closure, per-oral endoscopic myotomy mucosal closure, or anchoring a feeding tube. Complete defect closure was achieved in 32 of 33 colon EMR defects and 21 of 22 other defects. All clips were placed per labeled directions for use. In 41 patients (82.0%), prophylaxis of delayed bleeding was reported as an indication for endoscopic clipping. There were three instances of delayed bleeding. There were no device-related SAEs. The only technical difficulty was one instance of premature clip deployment.

Conclusions A novel TTSC with anchor prongs showed success in a
range of defect closures, an acceptable safety profile, and low incidence of technical
difficulties.
Sleep Debt and Insulin Resistance: What's Worse, Sleep Deprivation or Sleep Restriction?
Authors: Souza Jorge Fernando Tavares , Monico-Neto Marcos , Tufik Sergio , Antunes Hanna Karen Moreira
Published: May 2024

Objective To evaluate which condition of sleep debt has a greater negative impact on insulin resistance: sleep deprivation for 24 hours or 4 hours of sleep restriction for 4 nights.

Materials and Methods In total, 28 healthy male subjects aged 18 to 40 years were recruited and randomly allocated to two groups: sleep deprivation (SD) and sleep restriction (SR). Each group underwent two conditions: regular sleep (11 pm to 7 am) and total sleep deprivation for 24 hours (SD); regular sleep (11 pm to 7 am) and 4 nights of sleep restriction (SR) (1 am to 5 am). The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed, and baseline glucose, insulin, free fatty acids (FFAs), and cortisol were measured. In addition, the area under the curve (AUC) for glucose and insulin, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and the Matsuda Index (Insulin Sensitivity Index, ISI) were calculated.

Results Glucose and insulin had a similar pattern between groups, except at the baseline, when insulin was higher in the sleep debt condition of the SR when compared with the SD (p < 0.01). In the comparison between regular sleep and sleep debt, the SD had a higher insulin AUC (p < 0.01) and FFAs (p = 0.03) after sleep deprivation, and insulin and the insulin AUC increased (p < 0.01 for both), while the ISI decreased (p = 0.02) after sleep restriction in the SR. In baseline parameters covariate by the condition of regular sleep, insulin (p = 0.02) and the HOMA-IR (p < 0.01) were higher, and cortisol (p = 0.04) was lower after sleep restriction when compared with sleep deprivation.

Conclusion Sleep restriction for 4 consecutive nights is more detrimental to energy metabolism because of the higher insulin values and insulin resistance compared with an acute period of sleep deprivation of 24 hours.
Register-based distribution of expressions of modality in COCA
Authors: Zhou Jiangping , Xia Yanhua
Published: May 2024

This research scrutinizes expressions of modality at both word and clause ranks. Expressions at the former rank encompass modal verbal operators, modal adjuncts, and modal nominalizations, and expressions at the latter rank encompass ‘explicit subjective’ orientation such as I think and ‘explicit objective’ orientation, such as it is possible. These latter expressions are designated as interpersonal metaphors of modality within the framework proposed by Halliday. Previous studies delimited the distribution of expressions of modality either at word rank or at clause rank; in addition, they undertheorized the relationship between this distribution of modality and formality of registers because the register is testified to be an influential factor in the distribution of expressions of modality. This study, drawing on such statistical methods as variation analysis and correlation analysis, explored the distribution of expressions of modality at both word and clause ranks across registers with different degrees of formality by employing the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The findings are summarized as follows. First, registers in COCA employ expressions of modality with low and/or median values to judge the proposition at issue for the purpose of entertaining other varying voices. Second, in more formal registers, language users seem to prefer modal nominalizations to modal verbal operators and modal adjuncts at word rank, and ‘explicit objective’ orientation to ‘explicit subjective’ orientation at clause rank. In doing so, they could efficiently conceal the commentators’ subjective meaning, and thus, the objectivity of propositions is highlighted. This study will shed light on the full understanding of the distribution of expressions of modality across registers and the application of such theory as interpersonal metaphor of modality in SFL.
Exploring the green edge: the role of market orientation and knowledge management in achieving competitive advantage through creativity
Authors: Zhang Zhen
Published: May 2024

This study examines the interconnectedness between Green Market Orientation (GMO) and Green Knowledge Management (GKM) in connection to Green Competitive Advantage (GCA) within Chinese green businesses. This research also focuses on the mediating influence of Green Creativity (GC). Drawing on the Knowledge-Based View (KBV), we examine how GMOs and GKM improve enterprises’ green creativity and subsequent green competitive advantage. Using a comprehensive survey of 325 environmentally conscious Chinese companies and an advanced PLS-SEM analysis, our findings offer several important insights. Our findings reveal that GMOs substantially affect both GC and GCA, highlighting their crucial role in fostering a company’s innovative green capabilities and competitive position. Concurrently, GKM positively affects GC and GCA, emphasizing the importance of effectively using and leveraging green knowledge within businesses. Furthermore, we observe the mediating role of GC in the relationships between GMO and GCA, as well as GKM and GCA. This finding underscores the need to promote GC to maximize the advantages of market orientation and knowledge management in attaining a green competitive advantage. These results not only add to the existing KBV theoretical framework, but they also have important implications for managers because they show how important it is to fully incorporate green practices into an organization’s strategy in order to gain a sustainable competitive advantage.
Rain and potential evapotranspiration are the main drivers of yield for wheat and barley in southern Australia: insights from 12 years of National Variety Trials
Authors: Barrett-Lennard Edward G. , George Nicholas , D’Antuono Mario , Holmes Karen W. , Ward Phillip R.
Published: May 2024

Context Water is widely assumed to be the factor most limiting the growth of annual crops in rainfed environments, but this is rarely tested at sub-continental scale. Aims Our study aimed to determine the key environmental and management variables influencing the yield of wheat and barley in the grain-production regions of southern Australia, using data from National Variety Trials. Methods We used generalised additive models to determine the importance of climatic and management variables on wheat and barley grain yield. We determined the effects of the best one, two or three variables and their interactions. Key results The aridity index, defined as the ratio of cumulative rainfall to potential evapotranspiration, was the single strongest determinant of grain yield for both crops. Model performance was further improved by separating the aridity index into pre-seasonal and seasonal components. Interestingly, other variables that might be expected to influence yield, such as nitrogen fertilisation and extreme temperatures, had relatively minor effects. A comparison between data collected over two 6-year periods showed that there had been yield gains and increased water-use efficiency with time, especially in wetter environments. Conclusions Our findings illustrate the importance of water availability for grain production in this region and suggest opportunities for benchmarking and yield prediction through use of readily available climate data. Implications Our study reinforces the importance of factors such as water-use efficiency and drought tolerance as goals for cultivar development and agronomic research in wheat and barley. It also highlights the potential of National Variety Trial data as a resource for understanding grain production systems and climate resilience. Further work could explore the value of additional variables and improved weather data.
Incentive for farmers to save water by confirming the rights to agricultural water in the Yellow River Basin
Authors: Rong Lili , Cheng Xin , Xu Chenghao
Published: May 2024

Context Explore the incentive for farmers to save water by confirming the rights of agricultural water in the Yellow River Basin. Aims To explore the incentives of water-rights confirmation in agriculture and its transmission mechanism for water conservation among farmers and explore the incentive measures for farmers to save water. Methods Quantitative research method. Key results Water-rights confirmation in agriculture influences farmers’ willingness to conserve water and the amount of investment in water conservation through security effects, credit effects and transaction effects. Conclusions The deepening of agricultural water ownership will increase farmers’ willingness to save water and their investment amount. Implications Clarify the transmission mechanism of agricultural water rights for farmers’ water saving.
Alligator gar as a centenarian species: extending lifespan estimates using bomb radiocarbon and laser ablation–accelerator mass spectrometry
Authors: Andrews Allen H. , Daugherty Daniel J. , Wertnik Melina , Welte Caroline , Smith Nathan G. , Buckmeier David L. , Riecke Dennis
Published: May 2024

Context The potential lifespan of alligator gar (Atractosteus spatula) is currently unknown. A previous study applied bomb radiocarbon (14C) dating to establish ages >60 years, but maximum age was limited by the rise of bomb-produced 14C in the 1950s. Aims An exceptionally large specimen (2.6 m, 148 kg) was captured in Mississippi and otolith growth zones revealed an age estimate of 95 years. This specimen provided an opportunity to apply new technology to validate the lifespan of alligator gar. Methods Developments in accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) led to technology that measures 14C continuously from carbonates (laser ablation-AMS), as opposed to single sample 14C analysis. Key results Use of laser ablation AMS on the 2.6-m alligator gar otolith, and two smaller fish aged >60 years, supported ages that were older than original estimates by 5–20 years. Conclusions Our study indicates that alligator gar age can be underestimated for the largest fish, maximum recorded length is 2.6 m based on a historical photograph, and lifespan is at least 75–95 years with support for an age of 100 years for the 2.6-m fish. Implications An increase in lifespan of this magnitude would affect our understanding of population dynamics and recovery efforts.
Albatrosses employ orientation and routing strategies similar to yacht racers
Authors: Goto Yusuke , Weimerskirch Henri , Fukaya Keiichi , Yoda Ken , Naruoka Masaru , Sato Katsufumi
Published: May 2024

The way goal-oriented birds adjust their travel direction and route in response to wind significantly affects their travel costs. This is expected to be particularly pronounced in pelagic seabirds, which utilize a wind-dependent flight style called dynamic soaring. Dynamic soaring seabirds in situations without a definite goal, e.g. searching for prey, are known to preferentially fly with crosswinds or quartering-tailwinds to increase the speed and search area, and reduce travel costs. However, little is known about their reaction to wind when heading to a definite goal, such as homing. Homing tracks of wandering albatrosses (
Diomedea exulans
) vary from beelines to zigzags, which are similar to those of sailboats. Here, given that both albatrosses and sailboats travel slower in headwinds and tailwinds, we tested whether the time-minimizing strategies used by yacht racers can be compared to the locomotion patterns of wandering albatrosses. We predicted that when the goal is located upwind or downwind, albatrosses should deviate their travel directions from the goal on the mesoscale and increase the number of turns on the macroscale. Both hypotheses were supported by track data from albatrosses and racing yachts in the Southern Ocean confirming that albatrosses qualitatively employ the same strategy as yacht racers. Nevertheless, albatrosses did not strictly minimize their travel time, likely making their flight robust against wind fluctuations to reduce flight costs. Our study provides empirical evidence of tacking in albatrosses and demonstrates that man-made movement strategies provide a new perspective on the laws underlying wildlife movement.
Zoom out: An intervention on the virtual learning environment improves minority students’ grades in two field experiments in Israel
Authors: Endevelt Kinneret , Halperin Eran , Porat Roni
Published: May 2024

Closing the achievement gap for minority students in higher education requires addressing the lack of belonging these students experience. This paper introduces a psychological intervention that strategically targets key elements within the learning environment to foster the success of minority students. The intervention sought to enhance Palestinian minority student’s sense of belonging by increasing the presence of their native language. We tested the effectiveness of the intervention in two field experiments in Israel (n > 20,000), at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic when all classes were held via Zoom. Lecturers in the experimental condition added a transcript of their names in Arabic to their default display (English/Hebrew only). Our findings revealed a substantial and positive impact on Palestinian student’s sense of belonging, class participation, and overall grades. In experiment 1, Palestinian student’s average grade increased by 10 points. In experiment 2, there was an average increase of 4 points among Palestinian students’ semester grade. Our intervention demonstrates that small institutional changes when carefully crafted can have a significant impact on minority populations. These results have significant implications for addressing educational disparities and fostering inclusive learning environment.
Did private election administration funding advantage Democrats in 2020?
Authors: Lal Apoorva , Thompson Daniel M.
Published: May 2024

Private donors contributed more than $350 million to local election officials to support the administration of the 2020 election. Supporters argue these grants were neutral and necessary to maintain normal election operations during the pandemic, while critics worry these grants mostly went to Democratic strongholds and tilted election outcomes. How much did these grants shape the 2020 presidential election? To answer this question, we collect administrative data on private election administration grants and election outcomes. We then use advances in synthetic control methods to compare presidential election results and turnout in counties that received grants to counties with similar election results and turnout before 2020. While Democratic counties were more likely to apply for a grant, we find that the grants did not have a noticeable effect on the presidential election. Our estimates of the average effect on Democratic vote share range from 0.03 to 0.36 percentage points. Our estimates of the average effect of receiving a grant on turnout range from 0.03 to 0.14 percentage points. Across specifications, our 95% CIs typically include negative effects and all fail to include effects on Democratic vote share larger than 0.58 percentage points and effects on turnout larger than 0.40 percentage points. We characterize the magnitude of our effects by asking how large they are compared to the margin by which Biden won the 2020 election. In simple bench-marking exercises, we find that the effects of the grants were likely too small to have changed the outcome of the 2020 presidential election.
Cryo-EM structures elucidate the multiligand receptor nature of megalin
Authors: Goto Sawako , Tsutsumi Akihisa , Lee Yongchan , Hosojima Michihiro , Kabasawa Hideyuki , Komochi Koichi , Nagatoishi Satoru , Takemoto Kazuya , Tsumoto Kouhei , Nishizawa Tomohiro , Kikkawa Masahide , Saito Akihiko
Published: May 2024

Megalin (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2) is a giant glycoprotein of about 600 kDa, mediating the endocytosis of more than 60 ligands, including those of proteins, peptides, and drug compounds [S. Goto, M. Hosojima, H. Kabasawa, A. Saito,Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.157, 106393 (2023)]. It is expressed predominantly in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, as well as in the brain, lungs, eyes, inner ear, thyroid gland, and placenta. Megalin is also known to mediate the endocytosis of toxic compounds, particularly those that cause renal and hearing disorders [Y. Horiet al.,J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.28, 1783–1791 (2017)]. Genetic megalin deficiency causes Donnai–Barrow syndrome/facio-oculo-acoustico-renal syndrome in humans. However, it is not known how megalin interacts with such a wide variety of ligands and plays pathological roles in various organs. In this study, we elucidated the dimeric architecture of megalin, purified from rat kidneys, using cryoelectron microscopy. The maps revealed the densities of endogenous ligands bound to various regions throughout the dimer, elucidating the multiligand receptor nature of megalin. We also determined the structure of megalin in complex with receptor-associated protein, a molecular chaperone for megalin. The results will facilitate further studies on the pathophysiology of megalin-dependent multiligand endocytic pathways in multiple organs and will also be useful for the development of megalin-targeted drugs for renal and hearing disorders, Alzheimer’s disease [B. V. Zlokovicet al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.93, 4229–4234 (1996)], and other illnesses.
The evolution of sex roles: The importance of ecology and social environment
Authors: Fresneau Nolwenn , Pipoly Ivett , Gigler Dóra , Kosztolányi András , Székely Tamás , Liker András
Published: May 2024

Males and females often have different roles in reproduction, although the origin of these differences has remained controversial. Explaining the enigmatic reversed sex roles where males sacrifice their mating potential and provide full parental care is a particularly long-standing challenge in evolutionary biology. While most studies focused on ecological factors as the drivers of sex roles, recent research highlights the significance of social factors such as the adult sex ratio. To disentangle these propositions, here, we investigate the additive and interactive effects of several ecological and social factors on sex role variation using shorebirds (sandpipers, plovers, and allies) as model organisms that provide the full spectrum of sex role variation including some of the best-known examples of sex-role reversal. Our results consistently show that social factors play a prominent role in driving sex roles. Importantly, we show that reversed sex roles are associated with both male-skewed adult sex ratios and high breeding densities. Furthermore, phylogenetic path analyses provide general support for sex ratios driving sex role variations rather than being a consequence of sex roles. Together, these important results open future research directions by showing that different mating opportunities of males and females play a major role in generating the evolutionary diversity of sex roles, mating system, and parental care.
Dual role of the peptide-loading complex as proofreader and limiter of MHC-I presentation
Authors: Brunnberg Jamina , Barends Martina , Frühschulz Stefan , Winter Christian , Battin Claire , de Wet Ben , Cole David K. , Steinberger Peter , Tampé Robert
Published: May 2024

Antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules is essential for surveillance by the adaptive immune system. Central to this process is the peptide-loading complex (PLC), which translocates peptides from the cytosol to the endoplasmic reticulum and catalyzes peptide loading and proofreading of peptide-MHC-I (pMHC-I) complexes. Despite its importance, the impact of individual PLC components on the presented pMHC-I complexes is still insufficiently understood. Here, we used stoichiometrically defined antibody–nanobody complexes and engineered soluble T cell receptors (sTCRs) to quantify different MHC-I allomorphs and defined pMHC-I complexes, respectively. Thereby, we uncovered distinct effects of individual PLC components on the pMHC-I surface pool. Knockouts of components of the PLC editing modules, namely tapasin, ERp57, or calreticulin, changed the MHC-I surface composition to a reduced proportion of HLA-A*02:01 presentation compensated by a higher ratio of HLA-B*40:01 molecules. Intriguingly, these knockouts not only increased the presentation of suboptimally loaded HLA-A*02:01 complexes but also elevated the presentation of high-affinity peptides overexpressed in the cytosol. Our findings suggest that the components of the PLC editing module serve a dual role, acting not only as peptide proofreaders but also as limiters for abundant peptides. This dual function ensures the presentation of a broad spectrum of antigenic peptides.
Locus coeruleus integrity is related to an exploitation-based decision-making bias in older adulthood
Authors: Turner Gary R. , Hewan Patrick , Wearn Alfie , van Dooren Roel , Wyatt Lindsay , Leppert Ilana R. , Baracchini Giulia , Hughes Colleen , Williams Kayla M. , Sylvain Elisabeth , Tremblay-Mercier Jennifer , Poirier Judes , Villeneuve Sylvia , Tardif Christine , Spreng R. Nathan ,   for the PREVENT-AD Research Group, Aumont-Rodrigue Gabriel , Badawy Mohamed , Baillet Sylvain , Bailly Julie , Baril Andree-Ann , Bohbot Veronique , Boisvert Lianne , Breitner John C.S. , Chakravarty Mallar , Collins Louis , Cunningham Nolan-Patrick , Dadar Mahsa , Das Samir , Dauar-Tedeschi Marina , Dery Christine , Ducharme Simon , Élie Marie Josée , Evans Alan , Fajardo Valdez Alfonso , Fonov Vladimir , Gallago Jonathan , Geddes Maiya R. , Hoge Rick , Hudon Louise , Ituria-Medina Yasser , Javanray Mohammadali , Jean Gabriel , Labonte Anne , Lalancette Marc , Munter Lisa-Marie , Bruneau Laurence Maligne , Menes Julien , Mohammediyan Bery , Multhaup Gerhard , Capota Eugenia Nita , Ourry Valentin , Picard Cynthia , Poirier Judes , Qiu Ting , Quesnel Marc James , Rajah Natasha , Raoult Jean-Michel , Remz Jordana , Rosa-Neto Pedro , Soucy Jean-Paul , Spreng R. Nathan , St-Onge Frederic , Sylvain Elisabeth , Tardif Christine , Tremblay-Mercier Jennifer , Tullo Stephanie , Vachon-Presseau Etienne , Villeneuve Sylvia , Yakoub Yara
Published: May 2024

Optimal decision-making balances exploration for new information against exploitation of known rewards, a process mediated by the locus coeruleus and its norepinephrine projections. We predicted that an exploitation-bias that emerges in older adulthood would be associated with lower microstructural integrity of the locus coeruleus. Leveraging in vivo histological methods from quantitative MRI-magnetic transfer saturation—we provide evidence that older age is associated with lower locus coeruleus integrity. Critically, we demonstrate that an exploitation bias in older adulthood, assessed with a foraging task, is sensitive and specific to lower locus coeruleus integrity. Because the locus coeruleus is uniquely vulnerable to Alzheimer’s disease pathology, our findings suggest that aging, and a presymptomatic trajectory of Alzheimer’s related decline, may fundamentally alter decision-making abilities in later life.
Microstructural contribution to the magnetic anisotropy in Fe

1
−
x

Ga
x
thin films: correlation between crystallographic texture and magnetic response
Authors: Ramírez G A , Moya Riffo A E , Ambrosio L , Gómez J E , Goijman D , Rodríguez L M , Fregenal D E , Bernardi G C , Butera A , Milano J
Published: May 2024

In this study, we present a systematic analysis of the relation between the structural properties and magnetic anisotropies of as-grown and heat-treated polycrystalline Fe

1
−
x

Ga
x
(0.11 

<
x
<

 0.19) thin films deposited on glass and Si(100) substrates. The results show that the crystallographic texture of the films has a significant impact on the evolution of the magnetic anisotropies. The samples grown on glass do not exhibit a preferred texture while, for samples grown on Si(100), the appearance of a weak in-plane fourfold magnetic anisotropy is reported. Such anisotropy is enhanced and better defined in the heat treated samples. Via a phenomenological model we show that this anisotropy has a microstructural origin. These findings demonstrate the possibility of tuning magnetic anisotropies by growing on different substrates and/or performing thermal treatments, which in turn reinforces the possibility of developing smart magnetic switching materials for electronic applications.
Detection of defect-induced luminescence in epoxy-based insulation materials via phase-resolved photon counting method
Authors: Fan Xianhao , Liang Fangwei , Luo Hanhua , Zhang Xinyu , Huang Zhengyong , Li Chuanyang , He Jinliang
Published: May 2024

Electroluminescence (EL) has shown promise in detecting micro-defects in epoxy-based insulation materials. Understanding the various luminescence mechanisms caused by defects is crucial for improving the characterization and analysis of insulation defects. In light of this, this study proposes a photon counting-based approach to investigate the impact of defects on the entire evolutionary process of the luminescence mechanism. A phase-resolved photon counting (PRPC) method is proposed to examine the polarity and periodicity of photon counting results influenced by defects. Additionally, a simulation model based on the finite element method is established to analyze how defects modify the distribution of electric field and space charges. Observations suggest that the PRPC-based approach holds promise for advancing the defect analysis of epoxy insulation used in gas-insulated equipment.
Cyclostationarity and real order derivatives in roller bearing fault detection
Authors: Karioja K , Nikula R-P , Nissilä J
Published: May 2024

Various methods are used in the field of machine diagnostics for recognizing cyclostationarity in signals. The real order derivatives of vibration signals, however, have been rarely reported from the perspective of their effect on the performance of cyclostationarity detection methods. In this paper, we use real order derivatives together with spectral correlation, spectral coherence and squared envelope. Our results suggest that adjusting the order of derivative can enhance the analysis outcome of spectral correlation and squared envelope in particular. Remarkably, the results also suggest that squared envelope, when used alongside real-order derivatives, may replace spectral correlation and spectral coherence. This approach allows obtaining results with reduced computational power, making it advantageous for applications like industrial edge computing, where cost-effective hardware is crucial.
Trapping and recapturing single DNA molecules with pore-cavity-pore device
Authors: Xu Wei , Ma Chaofan , Wang Gang , Fu Fangzhou , Sha Jingjie
Published: May 2024

Single-molecule detection technology is a technique capable of detecting molecules at the single-molecule level, characterized by high sensitivity, high resolution, and high specificity. Nanopore technology, as one of the single-molecule detection tools, is widely used to study the structure and function of biomolecules. In this study, we constructed a small-sized nanopore with a pore-cavity-pore structure, which can achieve a higher reverse capture rate. Through simulation, we investigated the electrical potential distribution of the nanopore with a pore-cavity-pore structure and analyzed the influence of pore size on the potential distribution. Accordingly, different pore sizes can be designed based on the radius of gyration of the target biomolecules, restricting their escape paths inside the chamber. In the future, nanopores with a pore-cavity-pore structure based on two-dimensional thin film materials are expected to be applied in single-molecule detection research, which provides new insights for various detection needs.
Current sharing in double-sided REBCO tapes
Authors: Xue Shengchen , Li Yi , Zhu Lingfeng , Sarangi Bhabesh , Sandra Jithin Sai , Rong Jian , Mai Nghia , Chen Siwei , Chavda Atik , Sambangi Umesh , Peram Jithin , Parthiban Prakash , Selvamanickam Venkat
Published: May 2024

Current sharing between RE–Ba–Cu–O (REBCO, RE = rare earth) tapes within a high-temperature superconducting coil or cable is important to avoid damage from uncontrolled quench of superconducting devices operating at high currents. Current sharing between REBCO tapes is found to be limited by the contact resistivity between adjacent tapes, which is about 20x higher in the REBCO-facing-substrate (face-to-back) configuration that is commonly used in devices compared to a REBCO-facing-REBCO (face-to-face) configuration. Double-sided REBCO tapes always offer face-to-face contacts between adjacent tapes, and this benefit of excellent current sharing has been validated in experiments wherein an artificial defect is introduced in one tape in a 2-ply tape stack. Additionally, current sharing between the two REBCO layers within one double-sided REBCO tape has also been investigated. Slotting of the double-sided tapes, wherein slots through the insulating buffer stack are filled with a conductive material, has been found to significantly enhance the current sharing from one REBCO layer to the opposite layer.
A Serendipitous Observation of the Recently Discovered Cataclysmic Variable TUVO-21acq
Authors: Valencic Lynne A. , Weaver Kimberly A. , Kuntz K. D. , Cann Jenna M. , Pfeifle Ryan W.
Published: May 2024

The recently discovered non-magnetic cataclysmic variable TUVO-21acq was serendipitously observed in a quiescent state during an XMM-Newton observing campaign for the starburst galaxy NGC 4945. Data from this campaign was combined with archival serendipitous XMM observations to examine its X-ray and UV/optical characteristics. TUVO-21acq was found to have X-ray flux F
X(0.4–3.0 keV) ∼ 1.3 × 10−14 erg s−1 cm−2 and features similar to other quiescent dwarf novae, with X-ray luminosity L
X(0.4–3.0 keV) ∼ 8 × 1030 erg s−1 and a white dwarf mass

M

WD

=

0.78

−
0.27

+
0.37

M

⊙

. Its UV/optical spectrum was variable between observations, possibly due to changes in the accretion disk or the visibility of the bright spot.