bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A big-data analysis of political rhetoric relating the developments of the United States, China, and global powers
Authors: Carter Patrick , Wang Jeffrie , Chau Davis
Published: November 2020

Purpose

The similarities between the developments of the United States (U.S.) and China into global powers (countries with global economic, military, and political influence) can be analyzed through big data analysis from both countries. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether or not China is on the same path to becoming a world power like what the U.S. did one hundred years ago.

Design/methodology/approach

The data of this study is drawn from political rhetoric and linguistic analysis by using “big data” technology to identify the most common words and political trends over time from speeches made by the U.S. and Chinese leaders from three periods, including 1905-1945 in U.S., 1977-2017 in U.S. and 1977-2017 in China.

Findings

Rhetoric relating to national identity was most common amongst Chinese and the U.S. leaders over time. The differences between the early-modern U.S. and the current U.S. showed the behavioral changes of countries as they become powerful. It is concluded that China is not a world power at this stage. Yet, it is currently on the path towards becoming one, and is already reflecting characteristics of present-day U.S., a current world power.

Originality/value

This paper presents a novel approach to analyze historical documents through big data text mining, a methodology scarcely used in historical studies. It highlights how China as of now is most likely in a transitionary stage of becoming a world power.
The hemolymph of Biomphalaria snail vectors of schistosomiasis supports a diverse microbiome
Authors: Chevalier Frédéric D. , Diaz Robbie , McDew‐White Marina , Anderson Timothy J. C. , Le Clec'h Winka
Published: November 2020

The microbiome ‐ the microorganism community that is found on or within an organism's body ‐ is increasingly recognized to shape many aspects of its host biology and is a key determinant of health and disease. Microbiomes modulate the capacity of insect disease vectors (mosquitoes, tsetse flies, sandflies) to transmit parasites and disease. We investigate the diversity and abundance of microorganisms within the hemolymph (i.e. blood) of Biomphalaria snails, the intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the bacterial 16S V4 rDNA. We sampled hemolymph from five snails from six different laboratory populations of B. glabrata and one population of B. alexandrina. We observed 279.84 ± 0.79 amplicon sequence variants per snail. There were significant differences in microbiome composition at the level of individual snails, snail populations and species. Snail microbiomes were dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes while water microbiomes from snail tank were dominated by Actinobacteria. We investigated the absolute bacterial load using qPCR: hemolymph samples contained 2784 ± 339 bacteria/μl. We speculate that the microbiome may represent a critical, but unexplored intermediary in the snail–schistosome interaction as hemolymph is in very close contact with the parasite at each step of its development.
Do outliers matter? The predictive ability of average skewness on market returns using robust skewness measures
Authors: Bo Xu Chong , Han Jianlei , Liao Yin , Shi Jing , Yan Wu
Published: November 2020

We used robust skewness measures to revisit a recent theory that the average asymmetry (measured by the average monthly skewness values across firms) can negatively predict future market returns. Skewness measures employed in previous studies are moment‐based which are normally sensitive to outliers of returns. We thus consider a quantile‐based robust skewness measure and find that the predictive power of the average skewness to market returns no longer exists. Instead, we find a negative relation between the average expected (or ex‐ante) skewness and market returns, suggesting that investors’ average expectation on skewness can negatively predict market returns.
Ideology, Not Affect: What Americans Want from Political Representation
Authors: Costa Mia
Published: November 2020

How do citizens want to be represented by elected officials in an era of affective polarization? Contemporary narratives about American politics argue that people embrace elite expressions of negative partisanship, above and beyond representation on policy. Using three conjoint experiments, I examine how individuals weigh the relative value of substantive representation on issues, constituency service, and partisan affect. The findings challenge the notion that Americans are primarily motivated by their affective, partisan identities and demonstrate the value of policy congruence and service responsiveness in terms of perceptions of political representation. The implication is that people evaluate elected officials in ways that we would expect them to in a healthy, functioning representative democracy, rather than one characterized by partisan animus. Even if polarization is driven by “affect, not ideology,” citizens prioritize representational styles centered around the issues that matter to them.
In defense of dignity: Reflections on the moral function of human dignity
Authors: Árnason Vilhjálmur
Published: November 2020

This paper defends human dignity in two ways. First, by confronting the criticism that human dignity does not serve an important function in contemporary moral discourse and that its function can be sufficiently performed by other moral terms. It is argued that this criticism invites a danger of moral reductionism, which impoverishes moral discourse. The authority of moral philosophy to correct widely shared moral intuitions, rooted in experiences of grave injustices and wrongs, is questioned. Secondly, dignity is defended by showing what is needed to uphold it, both in theory and practice. It is argued, and demonstrated through examples, that human dignity as a universal value ascribed to human beings and the virtue of dignified action are intimately related. This is fleshed out in terms of Kant’s analysis of respect in the practical sense and of virtue as a commitment to the value of dignity as a constitutive end of our moral order. It is furthermore argued that theoretical attempts to ground respect for dignity in human capacities lead to a moral impasse. It is necessary to act as if every human being is worthy of respect. This practical approach requires institutions and specified moral obligations that are integral to the democratic ethos and the rule of law, which guarantees the equal status of human beings. This practical task requires that we consistently tease out and act on the implications of these principles rather than seek deeper justification for the equal worth of humans, articulated in the term human dignity.
Heterozygous PAX6 mutations may lead to hyper‐proinsulinaemia and glucose intolerance: A case–control study in families with congenital aniridia
Authors: Tian Wei , Zhu Xiao‐Rong , Qiao Chun‐Yan , Ma Ying‐Nan , Yang Fang‐Yuan , Zhou Zhen , Feng Jian‐Ping , Sun Ran , Xie Rong‐Rong , Lu Jing , Cao Xi , Zhou Jian‐Bo , Yang Jin‐Kui
Published: November 2020

Aim

PAX6 is a transcription factor involved in embryonic development of many organs, including the eyes and the pancreas. Mutations of PAX6 gene is the main cause of a rare disease, congenital aniridia (CA). This case–control study aims to investigate the effects of PAX6 mutations on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in families with CA.

Methods

In all, 21 families with CA were screened by Sanger sequencing. Patients with PAX6 mutations and CA (cases) and age‐matched healthy family members (controls) were enrolled. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed to detect diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Insulin and proinsulin secretion were evaluated.

Results

Among 21 CA families, heterozygous PAX6 mutations were detected in five families. Among cases (n = 10) from the five families, two were diagnosed with newly identified diabetes and another two were diagnosed with IGT. Among controls (n = 12), two had IGT. The levels of haemoglobin A1c were 36 ± 4 mmol/mol (5.57 ± 0.46%) and 32 ± 5 mmol/L (5.21 ± 0.54%) in the cases and the controls, respectively (p = 0.049). More importantly, levels of proinsulin in the cases were significantly higher than that of the controls, despite similar levels of total insulin. The areas under the curve of proinsulin in the cases (6425 ± 4390) were significantly higher than that of the controls (3709 ± 1769) (p = 0.032).

Conclusion

PAX6 may participate in the production of proinsulin to insulin and heterozygous PAX6 mutations may be associated with glucose metabolism in CA patients.
Management guideline for Werner syndrome 2020. 3. Diabetes associated with Werner syndrome
Authors: Takemoto Minoru , Kubota Yoshitaka , Taniguchi Toshibumi , Motegi Sei‐ichiro , Taniguchi Akira , Nakagami Hironori , Maezawa Yoshiro , Koshizaka Masaya , Kato Hisaya , Tsukamoto Kazuhisa , Mori Seijiro , Kuzuya Masafumi , Yokote Koutaro
Published: November 2020

Aims

To evaluate the characteristics of diabetes associated with Werner syndrome.

Methods

A literature search was done with search term “Werner syndrome” and “Diabetes”.

Results and Conclusions

Prevalence of diabetes is extremely high in Werner syndrome. Diabetes associated with Werner syndrome is classified as “accompanied with other diseases and conditions and the one occurring mainly in association with other genetic syndromes.” This type of diabetes is marked by accumulated visceral fat and high insulin resistance, despite low body mass index. Thiazolidine derivatives and metformin are effective for glycemic control. New antidiabetic drugs, such as dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists, could be potentially beneficial for patients with Werner syndrome. Furthermore, the establishment of diet therapy as well as exercise therapy is warranted. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 142–145.
Development of Molybdenum Isotopic Certified Reference Materials with SI‐traceable Property Values
Authors: Song Pan‐shu , Wang Jun , Ren Tong‐xiang , Zhou Tao , Wang Song , Zhou Yuan‐jing
Published: November 2020

Molybdenum isotopes have been widely studied and applied to various fields of Earth and planetary sciences in recent years. Inspired by the increasing demand for reliable and comparable measurement data, three molybdenum isotopic reference materials have been developed by the National Institute of Metrology (China), including one natural‐abundance iCRM (GBW 04504) and two isotopically enriched iCRMs of 97Mo (GBW 04505) and 100Mo (GBW 04506), respectively. The property values of isotope amount ratios and isotopic abundances of these iCRMs have been certified by fully calibrated mass spectrometry using a multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometer. The instrumental mass bias correction was performed using five synthetic isotope mixtures, which were gravimetrically prepared by all seven high‐purity molybdenum isotope materials. The determined absolute molybdenum isotopic compositions of GBW 04504, 04505 and 04506 are thus traceable to the SI units kilogram and mole. On the basis of the assessment in ISO Guide 35: 2017, these iCRMs exhibited sufficient homogeneity and stability for the application of molybdenum isotope‐ratio determinations. The δ98/95MoNIST SRM 3134 value of GBW 04504 was measured as −0.31 ± 0.07‰ (1sm) relative to the delta zero reference material NIST SRM 3134 (Lot No. 130418).
Different immune and functional effects of urban dust and diesel particulate matter inhalation in a mouse model of acute air pollution exposure
Authors: Shaw Odette M , Sawyer Gregory M , Hurst Roger D , Dinnan Hannah , Martell Sheridan
Published: November 2020

Increased global industrialization has increased air pollution resulting in 3 million annual deaths globally. Air pollutants could have different health effects, so specific models to identify the different immune effects are needed. The aim of this study was to determine the immune effects and lung function of acute exposure to two different pollution sources using a mouse model. Three intranasal challenges with either urban dust or diesel particulate matter resulted in significant (P < 0.001) immune cell infiltration into the lung, which was mostly because of an increased (P < 0.001) percentage of neutrophils. We found that exposure to either urban dust or diesel particulate matter significantly increased the lung tissue concentration of the neutrophil chemoattractant cytokine CXCL5 when compared with naïve controls. The urban dust challenge also significantly increased the concentration of the proinflammatory cytokine CCL20, but diesel particulate matter did not. The urban dust challenge significantly (P < 0.001) decreased tissue compliance and ability to stretch, and increased total airways constriction and lung tissue stiffness. In comparison, diesel particulate matter exposure slightly, but significantly (P = 0.022), increased tissue compliance and did not affect other lung function parameters. Although both urban dust and diesel particulate matter induced immune cell infiltration into the lung resulting in lung inflammation, their detrimental effects on cytokine production and lung function were quite different. This may be attributed to the variation in particulates that comprise these pollutants that directly interact with the lung tissue and consequently elicit a different functional response.
The influence of iodide on glass transition temperature of high‐pressure nuclear waste glasses
Authors: Jolivet Valentin , Morizet Yann , Hamon Jonathan , Paris Michael , Suzuki‐Muresan Tomo
Published: November 2020

The glass transition temperature (Tg) is a key parameter to investigate for application in nuclear waste immobilization in borosilicate glasses. Tg for several glasses containing iodine (I) has been measured in order to determine the I effect on Tg. Two series of glass composition (ISG and NH) containing up to 2.5 mol% I and synthesized under high pressure (0.5 to 1.5 GPa) have been investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The I local environment in glasses has been determined using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and revealed that I is dissolved under its iodide form (I−). Results show that Tg is decreased with the I addition in the glass in agreement with previous results. We also observed that this Tg decrease is a strong function of glass composition. For NH, 2.5 mol% I induces a decrease of 24°C in Tg, whereas for ISG, 1.2 mol% decreases the Tg by 64°C. We interpret this difference as the result of the I dissolution mechanism and its effect on the polymerization of the boron network. The I dissolution in ISG is accompanied by a depolymerization of the boron network, whereas it is the opposite in NH. Although ISG corresponds to a standardized glass, for the particular case of I immobilization it appears less adequate than NH considering that the decrease in Tg for NH is small in comparison to ISG.
Na2SO4 deposit‐induced hot corrosion of BN‐coated α‐SiC
Authors: Herweyer L. A. , Opila E. J.
Published: November 2020

BN coated α‐SiC was exposed to ~2.5 mg/cm2 of Na2SO4 for 0.75‐144 hours between 700°C and 1100°C in a 0.1% SO2‐O2 gaseous environment. A combination of SEM, EDS, ICP‐OES, XRD, and optical profilometry was used to determine that BN induced a previously unobserved form of Na2SO4 deposit‐induced hot corrosion of SiC below the melting temperature of Na2SO4 (Tm = 884°C). Above the melting temperature of Na2SO4 BN did little to alter the hot corrosion behavior of SiC, due to B2O3 volatility. Substrate attack below the melting temperature of Na2SO4 was found to result in rivulet recession features, whereas deep, localized pitting occurred above the melting temperature of Na2SO4. Initially, the mixture of Na2SO4 and BN led to the formation of a Na2O‐ and B2O3‐containing liquid silicate and accelerated corrosion which after prolonged exposure, resulted in the partial crystallization into a lath‐like tridymite and cristobalite mixture. Prolonged exposure resulted in a flattening of SiC consumption rates after exposure for several hours at 1000°C and after several days at 800°C, resulting in decreased SiC oxidation/corrosion kinetics.
Historical climatic instability predicts the inverse latitudinal pattern in speciation rate of modern mammalian biota
Authors: Morales‐Barbero Jennifer , Gouveia Sidney F. , Martinez Pablo A.
Published: November 2020

Evolutionary rate explanations for latitudinal diversity gradients predict faster speciation and diversification rates in richer, older and more stable tropical regions (climatic stability hypothesis). Numerous modern lineages have emerged in high latitudes, however, suggesting that climatic oscillations can drive population divergence, at least among extratropical species (glacial refugia hypothesis). This conflicting evidence suggests that geographical patterns of evolutionary rates are more complicated than previously thought. Here, we reconstructed the complex evolutionary dynamics of a comprehensive data set of modern mammals, both terrestrial and marine. We performed global and regional regression analyses to investigate how climatic instability could have indirectly influenced contemporary diversity gradients through its effects on evolutionary rates. In particular, we explored global and regional patterns of the relationships between species richness and assemblage‐level evolutionary rates and between evolutionary rates and climatic instability. We found an inverse relationship between evolutionary rates and species richness, especially in the terrestrial domain. Additionally, climatic instability was strongly associated with the highest evolutionary rates at high terrestrial latitudes, supporting the glacial refugia hypothesis there. At low latitudes, evolutionary rates were unrelated to climatic stability. The inverse relationship between evolutionary rates and the modern latitudinal diversity gradient casts doubt on the idea that higher evolutionary rates in the tropics underlie the current diversity patterns of modern mammals. Alternatively, the longer time spans for diversity to accumulate in the older and more stable tropics (and not high diversification rates) may explain the latitudinal diversity gradient.
Evaluation of facial artery course variations and depth by Doppler ultrasonography
Authors: Ten Barış , Kara Taylan , Kaya Tamer İrfan , Yılmaz Mustafa Anıl , Temel Gülhan , Balcı Yüksel , Türsen Ümit , Esen Kaan
Published: November 2020

Background

As deep nasolabial folds (NLF) are associated with facial aging, there is an increasing demand for esthetic correction with filler injections. Understanding the anatomy of the angular artery (AA) and facial artery (FA) around the NLF region is essential for ensuring the safety of dermal filler injections into the NLF. The purpose of this study was to provide detailed vascular anatomical information on the course and depth of AA and FA around NLF using Doppler ultrasound on live cases.

Methods

FA was observed from the origin level adjacent to the mandible corpus to the end of its terminal branch AA in 168 hemifaces of 84 cases with Doppler ultrasonography.

Results

We made a classification of the FA course based on the NLF. The minimum and maximum depths of the FA along its course were measured in 84 cases. The results showed that its course may be highly superficial (2.5 mm at the mandibular origin, 3.7 mm at the cheilion, 3.7 mm at the nasal ala) or it may follow a very deep course near the periosteum (15.0 mm at the mandibular origin, 18.7 mm at the cheilion, 23.5 mm at the nasal ala). FA depth was varied between 5.98 mm and 6.62 mm at the mandibular origin, between 8.36 mm and 9.20 mm at the cheilion, between 9.52 mm and 10.51 mm at the nasal ala at a 95% confidence interval.

Conclusions

This study suggests that there is no absolutely safe depth or region for nasolabial fold filler injections.
lncRNA RHPN1‐AS1 promotes the progression of endometrial cancer through the activation of ERK/MAPK pathway
Authors: Zhang Xian‐juan , Qi Guang‐tao , Zhang Xiao‐min , Wang Li , Li Fang‐fang
Published: November 2020

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the function of long noncoding RNA RHPN1 antisense RNA 1 (lncRNA RHPN1‐AS1) in the progression of endometrial cancer (EC) and its underlying molecular mechanisms.

Methods

The RHPN1‐AS1 expression was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) in EC tissues and cells. The cell clones, proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, migration and invasion in Ishikawa and HEC‐1A cells were respectively measured by colony formation assay, cell counting kit‐8 assay (CCK‐8) assay, flow cytometry, wound healing assay and transwell assay. In addition, the protein expressions in Ishikawa and HEC‐1A cells were measured using western blot and Immunofluorescence assay.

Results

Our data showed the RHPN1‐AS1 expression was significantly upregulated in both EC tissues and cells. The expression of RHPN1‐AS1 was significantly correlated with FIGO stage, histological grade, and lymph node metastasis. Additionally, silencing RHPN1‐AS1 could inhibit proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion, and also promote apoptosis in Ishikawa and HEC‐1A cells. Moreover, silencing RHPN1‐AS1 could markedly elevate the expressions of caspase‐3 and Bax, but reduce the Bcl‐2 expression in Ishikawa and HEC‐1A cells. We also found that silencing RHPN1‐AS1 could significantly inhibit the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK in Ishikawa and HEC‐1A cells. After U0126 pretreatment, the inhibition effect of silencing RHPN1‐AS1 on the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK was strengthened.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that RHPN1‐AS1 could facilitate cell proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as inhibit apoptosis via activating ERK/MAPK pathway in EC.
Effects of nonstarch polysaccharide hydrolase of plant protein‐based diets on growth, nutrient digestibility, and protease/amylase activities of Yellow River carp, Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Guan Dongyan , Wang Zhen , Han Haojun , Sun Huiwen , Li Yang , Wan Wenju , Wang Jiting
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nonstarch polysaccharide (NSP) hydrolase (primarily xylanase and β‐glucanase), present in plant protein‐based diets, on growth, nutrient digestibility, and protease/amylase activity of Yellow River carp, Cyprinus carpio var.. Six hundred fish were randomly allocated to four groups in five replicates and fed diets with different NSP enzyme levels (0, 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1%) for 56 days. The addition of 0.05 and 0.1% NSP enzymes to diets significantly improved the specific growth and protein efficiency rates and reduced the feed intake and feed conversion rates (p < .05). The apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, energy, crude fiber, crude ash, and some amino acids was also significantly improved with 0.05 and 0.1% NSP enzymes (p < .05). The protease activity of hepatopancreas in fish fed the diet with 0.1% NSP enzymes was significantly higher than that of the control diet (p < .05). For four sample‐collecting time points, except for 5 hr after feeding, the protease activity in the middle‐rear intestine of the 0.025% enzyme group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < .05). Addition of 0.025 or 0.05% NSP enzymes did not affect hepatopancreas amylase activity but increased the amylase activity of the front and middle‐rear intestines to a certain extent. However, a high dose of NSP enzymes (0.1%) inhibited hepatopancreas amylase activity. Determination of the effects of NSP enzymes on growth, nutrient digestibility, and endogenous enzyme activity indicated that the addition of 0.05% NSP enzymes in diets is optimal for Yellow River carp.
Leech blood‐meal invertebrate‐derived DNA reveals differences in Bornean mammal diversity across habitats
Authors: Drinkwater Rosie , Jucker Tommaso , Potter Joshua H. T. , Swinfield Tom , Coomes David A. , Slade Eleanor M. , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Lewis Owen T. , Bernard Henry , Struebig Matthew J. , Clare Elizabeth L. , Rossiter Stephen J.
Published: November 2020

The application of metabarcoding to environmental and invertebrate‐derived DNA (eDNA and iDNA) is a new and increasingly applied method for monitoring biodiversity across a diverse range of habitats. This approach is particularly promising for sampling in the biodiverse humid tropics, where rapid land‐use change for agriculture means there is a growing need to understand the conservation value of the remaining mosaic and degraded landscapes. Here we use iDNA from blood‐feeding leeches (Haemadipsa picta) to assess differences in mammalian diversity across a gradient of forest degradation in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. We screened 557 individual leeches for mammal DNA by targeting fragments of the 16S rRNA gene and detected 14 mammalian genera. We recorded lower mammal diversity in the most heavily degraded forest compared to higher quality twice logged forest. Although the accumulation curves of diversity estimates were comparable across these habitat types, diversity was higher in twice logged forest, with more taxa of conservation concern. In addition, our analysis revealed differences between the community recorded in the heavily logged forest and that of the twice logged forest. By revealing differences in mammal diversity across a human‐modified tropical landscape, our study demonstrates the value of iDNA as a noninvasive biomonitoring approach in conservation assessments.
Demographic analyses of marine and terrestrial snakes (Elapidae) using whole genome sequences
Authors: Ludington Alastair J. , Sanders Kate L.
Published: November 2020

The question of whether spatial aspects of evolution differ in marine versus terrestrial realms has endured since Ernst Mayr's 1954 essay on marine speciation. Marine systems are often suggested to support larger and more highly connected populations, but quantitative comparisons with terrestrial systems have been lacking. Here, we compared the population histories of marine and terrestrial elapid snakes using the pairwise sequentially Markovian coalescent (PSMC) model to track historical fluctuations in species’ effective population sizes (Ne) from individual whole‐genome sequences. To do this we generated a draft genome for the olive sea snake (Aiysurus laevis) and analysed this alongside six published elapid genomes and their sequence reads (marine species Hydrophis curtus, H. melanocephalus and Laticauda laticaudata; terrestrial species Pseudonaja textilis, Naja Naja and Notechis scutatus). Counter to the expectation that marine species should show higher overall Ne and less pronounced fluctuations in Ne, our analyses reveal demographic patterns that are highly variable among species and do not clearly correspond to major ecological divisions. At deeper time intervals, the four marine elapids appear to have experienced relatively stable Ne , while each terrestrial species shows a prominent upturn in Ne starting at ~4 million years ago (Ma) followed by an equally strong decline. However, over the last million years, all seven species show strong and divergent fluctuations. Estimates of Ne in the most recent intervals (~10 kya) are lowest in two of four marine species (H. melanocephalus and Laticauda), and do not correspond to contemporary range sizes in marine or terrestrial taxa.
Phenomenology and hermeneutics as a basis for sensitivity within health care
Authors: Damsgaard Janne Brammer
Published: November 2020

An educated healthcare professional or student is sensitive and able to make good judgements, understanding existential challenging issues. It is argued that the ideas within phenomenology and hermeneutics can function as a basis for comprehension. This article focuses on how choice of perspective and knowledge is of importance to what we do in practice. However, education does not consist of mere accumulation of knowledge and ways of explanation. We do not become competent practitioners by being able to reproduce philosophical ideas. These are merely perspectives by means of which we can seek to go beyond what we take for granted, or what we assume to know, thus enabling us to take a new direction understanding problems and issues that until now may have been hidden to us. In other words, understanding is of an existential character, whereas an observing healthcare professional must be aware and open to the mental aspects of life. It is therefore important to attune ourselves to being sensitive to and aware of experiences from our lifeworld, understanding what they imply. It is argued that literature provides insight into human nature through the written depiction of real or imagined experiences. To develop such narrative imagination, it is suggested that literature should be part of the curriculum of various educations. This is relevant to healthcare professionals who thereby can get an important insight into human nature and begin to develop the self‐awareness and sensitivity to others that is so central to care.
Historical virus isolate collections: An invaluable resource connecting plant virology’s pre‐sequencing and post‐sequencing eras
Authors: Jones Roger A. C. , Boonham Neil , Adams Ian P. , Fox Adrian
Published: November 2020

Many laboratories maintain historical collections of preserved plant virus isolates that store a wealth of untapped data, including original type isolates, studied in the pre‐sequencing era. Currently, many recently recognized virus species exist with no supporting reference sequences. Also, many virus sequences appear new when compared to available sequences, but, on sequencing pre‐sequencing era isolates, they may coincide. Such linkages allow access to data from previously determined biological and other parameters from pre‐sequencing era studies. These linkages are increasingly being found using high‐throughput sequencing, helping clarify virus taxonomy and improving understanding of virus ecology and evolution. Thus, mistakes can be avoided in naming viruses and in combining or separating them, as well as enabling identification of unknown viruses preserved long ago. With well‐established viruses, success in dating and other evolutionary studies, and discovery of changes in regional virus populations, both depend upon comparisons between recent and old isolate sequences covering the greatest possible time periods. Such studies help reveal the extent that human activities have influenced virus evolution and changed virus populations on a global scale. Sequencing virus genomes from herbarium specimens, archaeological specimens, or living plant collections can provide complementary data. By bringing context to newly detected viruses and supporting plant pest risk analyses, linking new virus discoveries to previously generated disease symptom, host range, virus transmission, and geographical distribution data has important implications for plant health regulation. Also, historical isolates can provide an invaluable resource facilitating biosecurity investigations involving virus introductions, entry pathways, and baseline surveillance.
Reactivity and recovery in romantic relationships following a trauma analog: Examination of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in community couples
Authors: Balderrama‐Durbin Christina , Wang Binghuang Alex , Barden Eileen , Kennedy Seigie , Ergas Dana , Poole Leanna Zeccola
Published: November 2020

Emotion regulation has important implications for individual and relationship health. Psychophysiological responses, such as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), can serve as a key indicator of emotion regulation processes subsequent to a stressor and may be the process by which couples confer health benefits. Moreover, partners in romantic relationships can mutually impact physiological states both during times of stress and times of support. The current study examined physiological reactivity through RSA during a laboratory stress‐induction (i.e., stressful‐film trauma analog) and recovery within the context of a romantic relationship. Sex, relationship health, and individual mental health indicators were examined as moderators of reactivity and recovery. Forty‐five (n = 90 individuals) community couples, primarily White (n = 75, 83.3%), heterosexual (n = 63, 70.0%), and dating (n = 67, 74.4%), were examined. Both partners' RSA were measured continuously through a series of baseline tasks, a stressful‐film task, and a post‐film interaction task. Reactivity and recovery trajectories were moderated by sex, study task (i.e., baseline, film, and post‐film), and individual mental health (ps < .05). Repeated‐measures actor partner interdependence modeling analyses revealed a strong self‐regulatory (i.e., actor) effect across all tasks as well as co‐regulation (i.e., partner effects) during the post‐film interaction task. Findings provided some evidence of stress transmission to the non‐exposed partner. This study offers initial evidence of self‐ and co‐regulation following a laboratory stress‐induction and potential predictors and moderations of the set point and stability of these regulatory dynamics. Implications and future directions are discussed.
Synthetic Microdata for Establishment Surveys Under Informative Sampling
Authors: Kim Hang J. , Drechsler Jörg , Thompson Katherine J.
Published: November 2020

Many agencies are investigating whether releasing synthetic microdata could be a viable dissemination strategy for highly sensitive data, such as business data, for which disclosure avoidance regulations otherwise prohibit the release of public use microdata. However, existing methods assume that the original data either cover the entire population or comprise a simple random sample, which limits the application of these methods in the context of survey data with unequal weights. This paper discusses synthetic data generation under informative sampling. To utilise design information in survey weights, we rely on the pseudo likelihood approach when building a hierarchical Bayesian model to estimate the distribution of the finite population. Then, synthetic populations are randomly drawn from the estimated finite population density. We present the full conditional distributions of the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for posterior inference with the pseudo likelihood function. Using simulation studies, we show that the suggested synthetic data approach offers high utility for design-based and model-based analyses while offering a high level of disclosure protection. We apply the proposed method to a subset of the 2012 U.S. Economic Census and evaluate results with utility metrics and disclosure avoidance metrics under data attacker scenarios commonly used for business data.
State-of-The-Art Cooling and Lubrication for Machining Inconel 718
Authors: De Bartolomeis Andrea , Newman Stephen T. , Biermann Dirk , Shokrani Alborz
Published: November 2020

Inconel 718 is the most used nickel superalloys with applications in aerospace, oil and gas, nuclear, and chemical industries. It is mostly used for safety-critical components where the condition of the surface is a significant concern. The combination of mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of Inconel 718 has made it a difficult-to-machine material. Despite recent advances in machining Inconel 718, achieving desired surface integrity with prescribed properties is still not possible. Different machining environments have been investigated for improving the machinability of Inconel 718 and enhance the surface integrity of machined components. This paper provides a new investigation and classification into recent advances in the machining of Inconel 718 regarding surface integrity, mostly concentrated on turning applications. The major findings and conclusions provide a critique of the state-of-the-art in machining environments for Inconel 718 together with future directions for research. Surface integrity has been evaluated in terms of surface topology as well as mechanical and microstructural properties. The impact of various cooling and lubrication methods has been investigated. It has been found that surface integrity is affected by the thermomechanical conditions at the cutting zone which are influenced by the cutting parameters, cutting tool, tool wear, and cooling/lubrication condition. The current technologies are incapable of delivering both productivity and sustainability while meeting surface integrity requirements for machining Inconel 718. High-pressure cooling has shown the potential to enhance tool wear at the expense of higher power consumption.
Radon Equilibrium Equivalent Concentration Uncertainty of Calibration System With Alpha Self-Absorption Consideration
Authors: Mostafa Mostafa Y. A. , Vasyanovich M. , Zhukovsky M.
Published: November 2020

The measurement of radon decay products level in dwellings or working places separately is not preferable. The estimation of radon equivalent equilibrium concentration (EECRn) is more simple and quick technique. In this work, the uncertainty of calibration system for EECRn measurements will present and the reduction will be suggesting. The calibration system for EECRn measurements was presented and described in previous work with gamma spectrometer as a reference measuring device. The influence of alpha particles absorption in filters materials and filter efficiency taken into account. The measurements of EECRn by gamma spectrometry and improved alpha radiometry are in good agreement and the systematic shift between average values is observed and resolved. The total standard uncertainty of EECRn measurements with gamma spectroscopy is 3.8%. About 71% of this total uncertainty value is related to the uncertainty of the count rate at full absorption peak with gamma spectroscopy. If the time between the end of sampling and gamma spectroscopy measurements reduced to 2000s not 4000 s, this value will reduce to 1.6% and the total standard uncertainty of EECRn will be 2.6%.
Development of Highly Efficient and Robust Ultra-Long Last Stage Blade for High Backpressure
Authors: Novak Ondrej , Bobcik Marek , Slama Vaclav , Rudas Bartolomej , Kellner Josef , Mestanek Petr , Hlous Jan , Simka Zdenek , Luxa Martin , Simurda David , Zivny Antonin , Macalka Ales , Ira Jiri
Published: November 2020

For modern steam turbines with large operating range and enhanced efficiency an ultra-long last stage rotor blade in a low pressure turbine part for high backpressure and 50 Hz fixed speed operation have been developed. An advanced design approach was used to create the blade shape with a high thermodynamic efficiency, high natural frequencies and a very high safety factor of average radial static stress in the blade span. Furthermore, the tip section of the bucket was improved to decrease a static tension and the hub section was refined to simplify the assembly. Tip and hub airfoils were experimentally validated in a supersonic wind tunnel. An advanced in-house procedure using numerical analysis to predict a potential danger of unstalled flutter was carried out for wide range of operating conditions.
Creating New Sport Opportunities for Girls: Resource Acquisition and Mobilization Across Competitive Environments
Authors: Dixon Marlene A. , Green B. Christine , Anderson Arden , Evans Peter
Published: November 2020

Adolescent sport participants, particularly girls, continue to drop out of sport at alarmingly high rates, which presents an opportunity for new sport programs to enter the marketplace to better cater to those participants. Starting new sport programs, however, presents significant challenges, including acquiring and mobilizing resources in innovative ways. Using theory in sport development and the resource-based view, the authors examined six emergent sport programs for girls within the United States and United Kingdom to identify the resources obtained and mobilized to create new and distinctive sport opportunities in a crowded marketplace. Following a case study approach, data from site visits and interviews with 137 individuals were analyzed using within- and across-case analysis. The findings reveal the resources needed to grow the programs, the ways in which those resources are attained, and strategies to mobilize resource bundles to maximize sport opportunities by differentiating programs from traditional, mainstream sport opportunities. The findings also highlight the distinctive opportunities and challenges for sport organizers in both top-down and bottom-up sport development systems. This study informs theory in sport development and provides insight for creatively designing and delivering sport opportunities that expand overall sport participation for adolescent girls.
Adverse Events Associated with Nifurtimox Treatment for Chagas Disease in Children and Adults
Authors: Berenstein A. J. , Falk N. , Moscatelli G. , Moroni S. , González N. , Garcia-Bournissen F. , Ballering G. , Freilij H. , Altcheh J.
Published: November 2020

Nifurtimox (NF) is one of the only two drugs currently available for Chagas disease (ChD) treatment. However, data on NF safety are scarce, and many physicians defer or refuse NF treatment because of concerns about drug tolerance.
Pharmacokinetics of Benznidazole in Experimental Chronic Chagas Disease Using the Swiss Mouse–Berenice-78 Trypanosoma cruzi Strain Model
Authors: de Jesus Suzana Marques , Pinto Leonardo , Moreira Fernanda de Lima , Nardotto Glauco Henrique Balthazar , Cristofoletti Rodrigo , Perin Luísa , Fonseca Kátia da Silva , Barbêdo Pauliana , Bandeira Lorena Cera , Vieira Paula Melo de Abreu , Carneiro Claudia Martins
Published: November 2020

Chronic Chagas disease might have an impact on benznidazole pharmacokinetics with potential alterations in the therapeutic dosing regimen. This study aims to investigate the influence of chronic
Trypanosoma cruzi
infection on the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of benznidazole in mice.
A Genome Epidemiological Study of SARS-CoV-2 Introduction into Japan
Authors: Sekizuka Tsuyoshi , Itokawa Kentaro , Hashino Masanori , Kawano-Sugaya Tetsuro , Tanaka Rina , Yatsu Koji , Ohnishi Asami , Goto Keiko , Tsukagoshi Hiroyuki , Ehara Hayato , Sadamasu Kenji , Taira Masakatsu , Shibata Shinichiro , Nomoto Ryohei , Hiroi Satoshi , Toho Miho , Shimada Tomoe , Matsui Tamano , Sunagawa Tomimasa , Kamiya Hajime , Yahata Yuichiro , Yamagishi Takuya , Suzuki Motoi , Wakita Takaji , Kuroda Makoto
Published: November 2020

This study aimed to evaluate the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genome sequences from COVID-19 cases and to characterize their genealogical networks to demonstrate possible routes of spread in Japan. We found that there were at least two distinct SARS-CoV-2 introductions into Japan, initially from China and subsequently from other countries, including Europe. Our findings can help understand how SARS-CoV-2 entered Japan and contribute to increased knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 in Asia and its association with implemented stay-at-home/shelter-in-place/self-restraint/lockdown measures. This study suggested that it is necessary to formulate a more efficient containment strategy using real-time genome surveillance to support epidemiological field investigations in order to highlight potential infection linkages and mitigate the next wave of COVID-19 in Japan.
Genome-Wide CRISPR-Cas9 Screen Reveals the Importance of the Heparan Sulfate Pathway and the Conserved Oligomeric Golgi Complex for Synthetic Double-Stranded RNA Uptake and Sindbis Virus Infection
Authors: Petitjean Olivier , Girardi Erika , Ngondo Richard Patryk , Lupashin Vladimir , Pfeffer Sébastien
Published: November 2020

When facing a viral infection, the organism has to put in place a number of defense mechanisms in order to clear the pathogen from the cell. At the early phase of this preparation for fighting against the invader, the innate immune response is triggered by the sensing of danger signals. Among those molecular cues, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is a very potent inducer of different reactions at the cellular level that can ultimately lead to cell death. Using a genome-wide screening approach, we set to identify genes involved in dsRNA entry, sensing, and apoptosis induction in human cells. This allowed us to determine that the heparan sulfate pathway and the conserved oligomeric Golgi complex are key determinants allowing entry of both dsRNA and viral nucleic acid leading to cell death.
Differences in terms of presentation and outcomes between patients with lung cancer as opposed to other solid organ cancer after infection with SARS-CoV-2: protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Chen Haisheng , Shi Jing , Shi Wenna , Xu Hengwei , Duan Cunxian , Fan Qing , Wang Yanhong , Li Hui
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Scholars believe that COVID-19 can be particularly lethal for patients with cancer. Some studies found that COVID-19 appears to be more lethal in patients with lung cancer than in other cancer patients. In order to take appropriate measures to balance a delay in lung cancer treatment against the risk for a potential COVID-19 exposure, we first need to know whether patients with lung cancer have special risks. We aim to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine differences in terms of presentation and outcomes between patients with lung cancer as opposed to other solid organ cancer after infection with SARS-CoV-2.

Methods and analysis

A comprehensive search of published original research studies will be performed in Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, WangFangData, CQVIP, COMPENDEX and CNKI. The medRxiv preprint server will also be searched for applicable studies (grey literature). Original research studies will be included if they include patients with: (A) laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and (B) confirmed solid cancer, and (C) measurable clinical presentation or outcome, such as mortality rate, intensive care unit admission rate, incidence of pneumonia. One author will conduct the electronic database searches, two authors will independently screen studies, two will extract data and two will assess study quality. If I² exceeds 60% for the pooled analysis, we will explore sources of heterogeneity in subgroups of studies. We will use fixed-effect, random-effects or mixed-effects models to estimate the relative risk or OR. If the data reporting allows, a subgroup analysis between non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer patients will be performed.

Ethics and dissemination

The proposed study will not collect individual-level data and, therefore, does not require ethical approval. We will submit our findings to a peer-reviewed scientific journal and will disseminate results through presentations at international scientific conferences.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42020190118.