bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection among Students of a Private Tertiary Institution in South-Western Nigeria
Authors: Enitan Seyi Samson , Adebola Olayimika Kehinde , Adejumo Esther Ngozi , Itodo Grace Elejo , Ileoma Emmanuel , Oluremi Adeolu Sunday , Omotola Damilola
Published: June 2019

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem and account for a substantial proportion of liver diseases worldwide.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence rate of Hepatitis B and C virus infection among undergraduate students of Babcock University.

Methodology: The blood samples of 200 participants (96 males and 104 females) were randomly collected and screened using rapid serological methods. HBV markers were determined using a HBV 5 in 1 Panel cassette (Innovita Biological Technology Co., Ltd., China); while antibody to HCV was detected using anti-HCV test strip (Blue Cross Bio-Medical Co., Ltd., China). The demographic and clinical information of the participants were collected using structured questionnaires.

Results: Out of the 200 participants screened, 3 (1.5%) were positive for HBsAg, 10 (5.0%) were positive for HBsAb, 3 (1.5%) were positive for HBcAb, 2 (1.0%) were positive for HBeAb and none (0%) was positive for HBeAg. 2 (2.1%) of the 96 males screened were positive for HBsAg, while only one (1%) out of the 104 females screened was positive for HBsAg. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the number of male and female students positive for HBsAg. On the basis of age distribution, data show that 3 (2.7%) out of the 110 students that were 16-20 years old were positive for HBsAg, while students in the other age groups were negative for HBsAg. Risk factors associated with infection include: tattooing, history of blood transfusion and shared sharp objects. Interestingly, zero prevalence rate (0%) of HCV mono-infection, as well as HBV/HCV co-infection was recorded in this current study.

Conclusion: The outcome of this study showed that a low prevalence rate of HBV mono-infection exists among undergraduate students of Babcock University, therefore the on-going public health campaign programme against Hepatitis B and C should be sustained.
Homotopy Analysis Decomposition Method for the Solution of Viscous Boundary Layer Flow Due to a Moving Sheet
Authors: Alao S. , Oderinu R. A. , Akinpelu F. O. , Akinola E. I.
Published: June 2019

This paper investigates a new approach called Homotopy Analysis Decomposition Method (HADM) for solving nonlinear differential equations, the method was developed by incorporating Adomian polynomial into Homotopy Analysis Method. The Adomian polynomial was used to decompose the nonlinear term in the equation then apply the scheme of homotopy analysis method. The accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method was validated by considering algebraically decaying viscous boundary layer  flow due to a moving sheet. Diagonal Pade approximation was used to get the skin friction. The obtained results were presented along with other methods in the literature in tabular form to show the computational efficiency of the new approach. The results were found to agree with those in literature. Owing to its small size of computation, the method is not aected by discretization error as the results are presented in form of polynomials.
Effect of Ripening Stages on Shelf Life and Quality of Pitaya Fruits during Storage
Authors: Soares Sobral Raquel Rodrigues , Dos Santos Rayane Carneiro , Oliveira de Jesus Mariana , Santos Alves Pablo Fernando , Mizobutsi Gisele Polete , Xavier Nunes Valtânia , Soares Aguiar Flavia , Almeida Paraizo Eliene , Souza Aguiar Maryelle Cristina , Mizobutsi Edson Hiydu
Published: June 2019

Aims: The study objective was to determine the harvest point of red pitaya produced in the north of Minas Gerais, Brazil, according to physical and chemical changes during refrigerated storage.

Study Design: The experiment was conducted through a completely randomized design in a 3 x 5 factorial scheme composed of three treatments (ripening stages) and five post-harvest assessment days (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20), with four repeats of four fruits per experimental unit.

Study Place and Duration: The experiment was conducted in a cold chamber at the State University of Montes Claros, Brazil, between July and August 2018.

Methodology: The following quality parameters were assessed: fruit fresh mass, length and diameter at harvest point, color, firmness, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, total sugars, reducing and non-reducing, pH and amide, during storage.

Results: There was no significant difference for fresh mass, length and diameter as a function of ripening stages. Ripening stages 2 and 3 presented higher soluble solid content means.

Conclusion: Considering the conditions of northern Minas Gerais, harvest should happen at stages 2 or 3, when fruits have a brighter red hue, that is, are more attractive and of easier identification by producers. In addition, pitayas at these stages have higher soluble solid contents and reduced pulp acidity during storage in relation to fruits harvested at S1.
NTFP Utilization and Its Impact on Poverty Reduction among Rural Women in Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Adedayo A. G. , Falade O. I.
Published: June 2019

Poverty among rural women in Nigeria is high and widespread. Exploitation of NTFPs possesses great potentials in reducing poverty among rural women in Nigeria. This is because NTFPs provide income that is significant to the income of rural women. This paper therefore examines the impact of NTFP utilization on poverty reduction among rural women in Ondo State, Nigeria. Five local government areas (LGAs) out of 18 LGAs in the study area were purposively selected. Four rural communities were randomly selected from each sampled LGA making a total of 20 villages in the study area. 15 rural women were randomly selected in each sampled community to make a total of 300 respondents. Semi-structured questionnaire were used to get information on the income realized from NTFPs. The results showed that rural women utilize NTFPs for household consumption and to generate income. The results also showed that 22.3% of the respondents earned more than USD278 per annum from the exploitation of NTFPs. Chi- square tests (p< 0.05) shows that age of rural women has a significant association with the income earned from the exploitation of NTFPs. The results further showed that 73% of the respondents earned more than 50% of their income from the exploitation of NTFPs. Rural women are however faced with some problems in the utilization of NTFPs in the study area. These include insect attack, bad weather and poor roads. These problems can be solved through repair of rural roads, improved forestry extension and provision of boots to rural women.
Isolation and Identification of Microorganisms Associated with Bioremediation of Oil Spilled Site in Bodo West, Rivers State, Nigeria.
Authors: Bodo Tombari , Kingdom David Lekpa , Gbidum Gimah Batombari
Published: June 2019

The samples collected from an oil spilled sites in Bodo West in Gokana Local Government of Rivers State in Nigeria were isolated to identify microorganisms associated with bioremediation. The population of about 311 different forming colonies were recorded in the study area; out of which 18 distinctive colonies were identified based on their morphological observation. From the selected isolates, 10 of them were assumed to be degraders because they form maximum clear zones on the mineral salt media. The results of the analysis show that notable number of microorganism of which seven bacteria and seven fungi were isolated and identified. The bacteria are Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus lactic, Streptococcus epidemidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Clostridium sprogenes, Aerococcus viridems, and Bacillus anthracis. The fungi are Articulosspara inflate, Dendospora erecta, Aspergillus niger, Liodioderium Species, Geotichrum albdum, Aspergillus funigatus and Sreptothric atrax. On the strength of the result, it is inferred that microorganisms are associated with bioremediation and can be used for environmental and petroleum cleanup exercise in an oil spilled site.
An Overview of Different Synthetic Routes for the Synthesis of Phthalazine Derivatives
Authors: Singh Smita , Kumar Nitin
Published: June 2019

This review paper describes the different synthetic routes used for the synthesis of substituted phthalazine derivatives. Phthalazines have been used as building blocks for the synthesis of a new molecule with heterocyclic structure. These new molecules are highly useful in medicinal chemistry for the researchers leading to the further development of new molecules which have potency and effectiveness to produce a desired pharmacological response.
(((2S,3R)‐2,3‐Diphenylaziridin‐1‐yl)imino)‐
λ
4‐sulfanone
Authors: Saito Fumito
Published: November 2024

image

[3003056‐18‐3]

C
14
H
12
N
2
OS

(MW 256.32)

InChI = 
1S/C14H12N2OS/c17‐18‐15‐16‐13(11‐7‐3‐1‐4‐8‐11)14(16)12‐9‐5‐2‐6‐10‐12/h1‐10,13‐14H/t13‐,14+,16?

InChIKey = 
NPPOMHKZTUKVAS‐MZBDJJRSSA‐N

(reagent used as an –S(O)– building block donor for the synthesis of sulfoxides and sulfinamides

1

)

Physical Data:
mp 74–75 °C (decomposed).

Solubility:
soluble in benzene, chloroform, DMSO, ether, THF, and toluene.

Form Supplied in:
white to pale yellow solid, not commercially available.
cis
‐Stilbene is a typical impurity.

Analysis of Reagent Purity:
reagent purity determined by
1
H NMR spectroscopy.

Preparative Methods:
prepared in three steps from commercially available
cis
‐stilbene and
N
‐aminophthalimide. The preparation of
cis
‐2,3‐diphenyl‐1‐aziridinamine

2

is carried out by oxidative cyclization

3

and hydrazinolysis. The free hydrazine is treated with thionyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine to yield the sulfinylhydrazine (
1
). After workup, (
1
) is in high purity and used without further purification. Impure samples cannot typically be upgraded by any traditional methods.

image

Handling, Storage, and Precautions:
store neat, refrigerate, inert atmosphere. Can be stored for at least one month at −20 °C. At room temperature, a sample gradually changes into a sticky solid over a week, likely because of the formation of
cis
‐stilbene.
Reactive Extrusion of Polymers
Authors: Tzoganakis Costas , Zhu Shuihan , Mai Chau
Published: November 2024

An extensive review of the polymer reactive extrusion (REX) literature is provided with emphasis on the use of twin‐screw extruders. Elements highlighted include innovative REX processes involving free radicals as well as catalytic reaction types. An effort is made to group all recent research activities into two broad categories. The first one includes applications of REX in the traditional area of polyolefin modifications while the second one covers numerous studies in the recently exploding area of multicomponent sustainable plastic products, including blends and composites.
Unlocking the Potential of Hybrid Nanocomposite Hydrogels: Design, Mechanical Properties and Biomedical Performances
Authors: Li Anqi , Nicolas Julien , Mura Simona
Published: November 2024

Hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels consist of the homogeneous incorporation of nano‐objects in a hydrogel matrix. The latter, whether made of natural or synthetic materials, possesses a microporous, soft structure that makes it an ideal host for a variety of polymer and lipid‐based nano‐objects as well as metal‐ and silica‐based ones. By carefully choosing the composition and the proportions of the different constituents, hybrid hydrogels can display a wide array of properties, from simple enhancement of mechanical characteristics to specific bioactivity. This review aims to provide an overview of the state of the art in hybrid hydrogels highlighting key aspects that make them a promising choice for a variety of biomedical applications. Strategies for the preparation of hybrid hydrogels are discussed by covering the selection of individual components. The review will also explore the physico‐chemical and rheological characterization of these materials, which is essential for understanding their structure and function, ultimately satisfying specifications for the intended use. Successful examples of biomedical applications will also be presented, and the main challenges to be met will be discussed, with the aim of stimulating the research community to exploit the full potential of these materials.
Nano‐Biosensors for mRNA‐Based Cell Sorting Using Intracellular Markers at the Early Stage of Cell Reprogramming
Authors: Song Yang , Soto Jennifer , Lin Xiao , Hoffman Tyler , Hu Erin , Zhu Ninghao , Zarubova Jana , Wu Yifan , Tian Jing , Wong Pak Kin , Li Song
Published: November 2024

Cell reprogramming and manufacturing have broad applications in tissue regeneration and disease treatment. However, many derived cell types lack unique cell surface markers for protein‐based cell sorting, making it difficult to isolate these cells from mixed populations. Additionally, there is a need to identify and isolate cells of interest at the early stages of cell expansion. To address this challenge, a nucleic acid‐based gold nanorod (NAGNR) fluorescent biosensor was engineered to detect the mRNA expression of intracellular markers for cell sorting. Its application is demonstrated in isolating induced neuronal (iN) cells from dermal fibroblast populations during the early stages of cell reprogramming. Cell sorting based on the mRNA of the neuronal transcriptional factor Ascl1 resulted in an enrichment of iN cells from 3% to 72%, and additional sorting with the transcriptional factor Scn2 further increased iN enrichment. Moreover, NAGNR biosensors can be used in conjunction with protein marker‐based cell sorting. NAGNR‐sorted iN cells show a functional response to electrical stimulation in a co‐culture of iN cells and muscle cells. These findings demonstrate that NAGNR‐based cell sorting offers great potential for cell identification and isolation at an early stage of cell reprogramming and manufacturing.
Advanced Hierarchical Lithiophilic Scaffold Design to Facilitate Synchronous Deposition for Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Jiang Jinlong , Wang Didi , Liu Huakun , Wu Kuan , Yang Xianzhong , Shi Yaru , Zhao Bing , Jiang Yong , Sun Xueliang , Zhang Jiujun , Dou Shixue , Wu Chao
Published: November 2024

Localized deposition behavior tends to induce the growth of lithium dendrite and hinder the the full utilization of lithium storage space, significantly impeding the practical application of 3D conductive hosts. Here, a novel synchronous deposition mode is proposed for the first time through hierarchical structure design of 3D Li host. The top‐down gradually enhanced lithiophilicity and conductivity of 3D scaffold provide sufficient driving force for Li+ to migrate downward, promoting synchronous Li deposition within the entire space of the host. Notably, the novel deposition mode has been theoretically and experimentally validated through finite element simulation and in situ optical microscopy, respectively. The meticulously designed strategy not only maximizes the utilization of the entire 3D scaffold space but also prevents the formation of Li dendrites under high current rate. Consequently, the symmetric Li//Li cell exhibits a long‐term cycling lifespan over 3700 h with a low overpotential of 15.6 mV, together with a Coulombic efficiency as high as 99.5% over 300 cycles at 3 mA cm−2. The full cell paired with LiFePO4 cathode demonstrates a cycling lifespan of 1000 cycles with a capacity retention rate of 91.6%. The proposed synchronous deposition strategy opens up a new paradigm for the design and construction of 3D hosts for dendrite‐free Li metal anode.
Doping Ti into RuO2 to Accelerate Bridged‐Oxygen‐Assisted Deprotonation for Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Hu Wei , Huang Bolong , Sun Mingzi , Du Jing , Hai Yang , Yin Wen , Wang Xiaomei , Gao Wensheng , Zhao Chunyang , Yue Ya , Li Zelong , Li Can
Published: November 2024

The development of efficient and durable electrocatalysts for the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential for advancing renewable hydrogen energy technology. However, the slow deprotonation kinetics of oxo‐intermediates, involving the four proton‐coupled electron steps, hinder the acidic OER progress. Herein, a RuTiOx solid solution electrocatalyst is investigated, which features bridged oxygen (Obri) sites that act as proton acceptors, accelerating the deprotonation of oxo‐intermediates. Electrochemical tests, infrared spectroscopy, and density functional theory results reveal that the moderate proton adsorption energy on Obri sites facilitates fast deprotonation kinetics through the adsorbate evolution mechanism. This process effectively prevents the over‐oxidation and deactivation of Ru sites caused by the lattice oxygen mechanism. Consequently, RuTiOx shows a low overpotential of 198 mV at 10 mA cm−2geo and performance exceeding 1400 h at 50 mA cm−2geo with negligible deactivation. These insights into the OER mechanism and the structure‐function relationship are crucial for the advancement of catalytic systems.
Yarn‐to‐Yarn Surface Area and Roughness as Structural Engineering Tools for Optimizing the Electrical Output of Triboelectric Nanogenerators: Geometrical and Experimental Verification
Authors: Bakhtiyari Simin , Bagherzadeh Roohollah , Ezazshahabi Nazanin , Jahanshahi Amir , Van Langenhove Lieva , Malengier Benny
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the performance of woven triboelectric nanogenerators (W‐TENGs) fabricated with different fabric patterns, specifically plain, twill, and hopsack weaves, using wool and polyester yarns. It is intended to enhance the electrical output and efficiency of W‐TENGs for potential applications in wearable electronics by optimizing the weaving pattern. Results indicate that W‐TENGs with twill 2/2 and hopsack 2/2 patterns exhibit superior electrical outputs, attributed to their higher contact surface area and roughness. The twill 2/2 pattern demonstrates the highest electrical output, generating an open‐circuit voltage of 4.7 V, a short‐circuit current of 4 µA, and a transferred charge of 0.35 µC. This study also highlights the critical role of surface area and dielectric material roughness in determining the output performance of triboelectric structures. A theoretical model is developed to calculate the real contact surface area of the woven fabrics with different patterns. Statistical analysis reveals significant relationships between surface roughness parameters and electrical performance. Dynamic testing under varying contact forces and frequencies demonstrates the practical applicability and robustness of the W‐TENGs. Furthermore, the devices exhibit excellent durability, maintaining stable performance over extended periods. This research provides new insights into fabric design strategies for optimizing energy harvesting in wearable devices.
Recent Developments in Synthetic Methodologies for Isochromenes
Authors: Carvalho Marcelo H. R. , Martins Guilherme M. , Amarante Giovanni W. , De Castro Pedro P.
Published: November 2024

Isochromenes, oxygen‐containing bicyclic compounds, have gained significant attention in organic synthesis due to their versatile reactivity and prominence in biologically active natural products. This review highlights recent developments in the synthesis of isochromenes, with a focus on efficient and selective methodologies. Traditional metal‐catalyzed intramolecular ring‐closure reactions have been the cornerstone for isochromene formation, but recent efforts have expanded to include new strategies that enhance functionalization and scalability. By examining key advancements in the field, this article provides a critical assessment of the current state of the art involving isochromene synthesis and its ongoing challenges.
Photoinduced Methylthio Radical Generation from Methylthiophosphonium Salt
Authors: Tang Wenxin , Li Xuening , Su Xiaodi , Yang Zhusheng , Wang Gongjun , Sheng He , Gong Wei , Tan Fang , Liu Qiang , Chen Xiangyu
Published: November 2024

The production of methylthio radical typically relies on gaseous methanethiol or dimethyl disulfide. Herein, we present a new and straightforward method for the photogeneration of methylthio radical from methylthiophosphonium salt, enabling the synthesis of methylthiophenanthridines via charge transfer complex strategy. In this approach, the methylthiophosphonium salt acts as the electron acceptor, while 2‐isocyanobiaryls serve as the electron donors. This strategy is distinguished by its simplicity in both conditions and operation, and can be extended for the generation of various alkyl(aryl)thio radicals.
Lone Pair‐Electrons‐ and Aromaticity‐Dependent Optical Nonlinearity Responses of (ƞ5‐Cp)Fe(η5‐P5), Fe(ƞ5‐P5)2, and [Fe(η4‐P4)2]2− Ferrocene Analogs
Authors: Omri Nabil , Bu Yuxiang
Published: November 2024

Driven by their unique electronic structures and geometries, quantum chemistry and wavefunction analyses are conducted to explore the effects of aromaticity and lone pair‐electrons on the linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) responses of four ferrocene analogs. Aromaticity indicators reveal that the stability of (η5‐Cp)Fe(η5‐P5) and [Fe(η4‐P4)2]2− is primarily due to their σ‐aromaticity. In contrast, Fe(η5‐P5)2 exhibits π‐aromaticity, characterized by significant diamagnetic ring currents and electron delocalization facilitated by both out‐of‐plane and in‐plane π‐conjugation, distinguishing it from planar systems like C18. Fe(η5‐P5)2, with the largest surface area (234.60 Å2), displays the strongest van der Waals (vdW) attraction in its central region (−0.95 kcal/mol), surpassing that of [Fe(η4‐P4)2]2−. Further analysis of second‐order NLO responses underscores the critical role of cyclo P4 and cyclo P5 lone pair‐electrons in enhancing polarization anisotropy and optical nonlinearity. Fe(η5‐P5)2 achieves maximum NLO dispersion at γxxxx(λ = 588 nm), showing a 12‐fold increase over Fe(ƞ5‐Cp)2 in the static regime. Real‐space function analyses, hyperpolarizability density, and tensor maps further support these findings, emphasizing the potential of cyclo P5 lone pair‐electrons for the development of high‐performance NLO materials.
Moderately Solvating Electrolyte with Fluorinated Cosolvents for Lean‐Electrolyte Li–S Batteries
Authors: Kim Ilju , Kim Sejin , Cho Hannah , Jung Jinkwan , Kwon Hyeokjin , Kim Dongwoo , Shin Yewon , Kim Hee‐Tak
Published: November 2024

To surpass the energy density limit of current Li–S batteries, attaining a long lifespan under lean‐electrolyte conditions is imperative. The persistent challenge involves suppressing electrolyte decomposition while facilitating sulfur electrode reaction. In this study, the solvating power of 1dimethoxy ethane is fine‐tuned, the main solvent, using fluorinated ether cosolvents via H–F interactions. As the fluorination degree of the cosolvent increases, the coordination of anions around the Li‐ion increases, and the solubilities of Li polysulfides decrease. By systematically varying the solvating power, moderately solvating electrolytes are prepared that can effectively suppress the dissolution of Li polysulfides without hindering the redox kinetics. The moderately solvating electrolytes induce uniform Li deposition and reduce electrolyte decomposition owing to the formation of anion‐derived solid electrolyte interphase. An assembled pouch‐type Li–S battery containing an electrolyte with an optimized solvation power delivers 405 Wh kg−1 at an E/S ratio of 2.0 µL mgs−1 with a lifespan of over 80 cycles. This study suggests a strategy to finely tune the Li+ solvation structure for achieving well‐balanced performances of sulfur cathodes and Li‐metal anodes under lean‐electrolyte conditions.
Photochemical Synthesis of Polycyclic Phosphonium Salts as Efficient Anticancer and Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Li Jianqing , Zhuang Zeyan , Dong Xiaobin , Zhao Zujin , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: November 2024

Phosphorus‐containing functional materials have diverse applications in optoelectronics and bioscience owing to their unique properties. However, polycyclic π‐conjugated phosphonium salts have been rarely explored due to their complex synthesis. In this work, a facile and efficient method for constructing polycyclic π‐conjugated phosphonium salts (TBPIMe derivatives) is proposed, based on the photocyclization of phosphindolium salts (TPPIMe derivatives). Systematic experimental and theoretical investigations reveal the changed photophysical and photochemical properties when TPPIMe derivatives are converted to TBPIMe derivatives. Notably, the novel polycyclic π‐conjugated phosphonium salt p‐MOTBPIMe exhibits improved reactive oxygen species generation ability and much stronger specific affinity toward DNA than phosphindolium salts p‐MOTPPIMe. Moreover, in vitro experiments demonstrate that p‐MOTPPIMe can also be efficiently converted into p‐MOTBPIMe under 405 nm laser irradiation in living cells, accompanied by the migration from cytoplasm to nucleus to enhance the photodynamic effect. Additionally, p‐MOTBPIMe shows superior antibacterial activity against not only Gram‐positive drug‐resistant bacteria but also fungi, by leveraging both dark and light cytotoxicity. This work opens up a new chemical toolkit for novel polycyclic π‐conjugated phosphonium salts, which are promising for developing advanced theranostic agents with satisfactory accuracy and efficacy.
Do large language models “understand” their knowledge?
Authors: Venkatasubramanian Venkat
Published: November 2024

Large language models (LLMs) are often criticized for lacking true “understanding” and the ability to “reason” with their knowledge, being seen merely as autocomplete engines. I suggest that this assessment might be missing a nuanced insight. LLMs do develop a kind of empirical “understanding” that is “geometry”‐like, which is adequate for many applications. However, this “geometric” understanding, built from incomplete and noisy data, makes them unreliable, difficult to generalize, and lacking in inference capabilities and explanations. To overcome these limitations, LLMs should be integrated with an “algebraic” representation of knowledge that includes symbolic AI elements used in expert systems. This integration aims to create large knowledge models (LKMs) grounded in first principles that can reason and explain, mimicking human expert capabilities. Furthermore, we need a conceptual breakthrough, such as the transformation from Newtonian mechanics to statistical mechanics, to create a new science of LLMs.
Somatic Symptoms Are Associated With Elevated Blood Pressure and Epstein–Barr Virus Antibodies Among Shuar of the Ecuadorian Amazon
Authors: Tallman Paula S. , Seligman Rebecca A. , Madimenos Felicia C. , Liebert Melissa A. , Cepon‐Robins Tara J. , Snodgrass J. Josh , McDade Thomas W. , Sugiyama Lawrence S.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

This study tests the hypothesis that self‐reported somatic symptoms are associated with biomarkers of stress, including elevated blood pressure and suppressed immune function, among Shuar adults living in the Ecuadorian Amazon.

Methods

Research was conducted in three Shuar communities in the Upano Valley of the Ecuadorian Amazon and included the collection of biomarkers and a structured morbidity interview. Participants self‐reported somatic symptoms such as headaches, body pain, fatigue, and other bodily symptoms. We examined whether the number of somatic symptoms reported was associated with measures of immune (Epstein–Barr virus [EBV] antibodies) and cardiovascular (blood pressure) functioning in 97 Shuar adults (37 women, 60 men; ages 18–65 years). Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to examine the relationships among somatic symptoms and stress biomarkers, controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), active infection, level of education, and income.

Results

Controlling for relevant covariates, Shuar adults reporting the highest level of somatic symptoms (three symptoms) were more likely to exhibit elevated systolic (β = 0.20, p = 0.04) and diastolic blood pressure (β = 0.23, p = 0.03), in comparison to adults reporting no symptoms. Shuar adults reporting two symptoms, compared to no symptoms, were more likely to exhibit elevated EBV antibody concentrations (β = 0.34, p = < 0.01).

Conclusions

These preliminary findings demonstrate that somatic symptoms reported by Shuar men and women are associated with physiological measures widely associated with chronic psychosocial stress. These findings complement the cross‐cultural literature in medical anthropology documenting the close connection between the expression of somatic symptoms and stressful life circumstances and highlight the important role that human biologists can play in exploring biocultural phenomena.
Dr. Peter Emil Becker and the Third Reich: Correspondence
Authors: Becker Tilman
Published: November 2024

Peter Emil Becker was a German neurologist who is remembered for his studies of muscular dystrophies. Becker muscular dystrophy and Becker myotonia are named after him. His biography appeared in the American Journal of Medical Genetics in 1985. Later, an article by Frank Hill in the same journal was focusing on the role of Becker in the Third Reich. The article by Hill makes conjectures about the involvement of Becker in the T4 Euthanasia Program based on an incorrect interpretation of literature references and by artificially constructing connections of Becker to this program. This needs to be corrected. The “Nazi Past” of Becker was investigated very thoroughly in an article in the Journal of Child Neurology. Peter Emil Becker had no leading positions in Nazi organizations nor was he involved in Nazi crimes. He did not praise the leader state, like other researchers in his field did. A thorough inspection of his work shows that he was avoiding national socialistic topics such as racial biology and eugenics. But to further his academic career, however, he became a member of Nazi organizations.
In Silico Molecular Docking and In Vitro Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel 2‐(4‐(3‐(4‐formylphenoxy)propyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐N‐Phenylacetamides
Authors: Al‐Salehi Mohammed A. , Rajani Dhanji P. , Patel Hitendra M. , Trivedi Jignesh H.
Published: November 2024

A series of new 2‐(4‐(3‐(4‐formylphenoxy)propyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐N‐phenylacetamides was successfully designed and synthesized via the click reaction. The alkyne agent 4‐(pent‐4‐yn‐1‐yloxy) benzaldehyde was prepared from 4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde and 5‐chloropent‐1‐yne. Meanwhile, the 2‐azido‐N‐phenylacetamides were obtained by the azidation of 2‐chloro‐N‐phenylacetamides which were formed from aromatic amine and chloroacetyl chloride. The novel compounds were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H/13C NMR, HRMS, MS, and elemental analysis, and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii, Carbapenem resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecium and Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus bacterial strains, as well as Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger fungal strains. Some of the compounds revealed significant potential activity compared to the reference drugs. Compound 4 h showed the highest activity (MIC=133 μM, 106 μM, 133 μM, 106 μM) against Ac. Baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), respectively, as antibacterial and against Candida albicans (MIC=534 μM) and Aspergillus niger (MIC=1,068 μM) as antifungal. Using in silico molecular docking and ADMET studies, the compounds with the highest potential activity were examined. The results showed strong receptor site binding affinity and indicated promising antimicrobial potential.
ADNI Biomarker Core: A review of progress since 2004 and future challenges
Authors: Shaw Leslie M. , Korecka Magdalena , Lee Edward B. , Cousins Katheryn A Q , Vanderstichele Hugo , Schindler Suzanne E. , Tosun Duygu , DeMarco Mari L. , Brylska Magdalena , Wan Yang , Burnham Samantha , Sciulli Alexandria , Vulaj Amberley , Tropea Thomas F. , Chen‐Plotkin Alice , Wolk David A. ,   the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

We describe the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) Biomarker Core major activities from October 2004 to March 2024, including biobanking ADNI cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), plasma, and serum biofluid samples, biofluid analyses for Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers in the Biomarker Core and various non‐ADNI laboratories, and continuous assessments of pre‐analytics.

RESULTS

Validated immunoassay and mass spectrometry‐based assays were performed in CSF with a shift to plasma, a more accessible biofluid, as qualified assays became available. Performance comparisons across different CSF and plasma AD biomarker measurement platforms have enriched substantially the ADNI participant database enabling method performance determinations for AD pathology detection and longitudinal assessments of disease progression.

DISCUSSION

Close collaboration with academic and industrial partners in the validation and implementation of AD biomarkers for early detection of disease pathology in treatment trials and ultimately in clinical practice is a key factor for the success of the work done in the Biomarker Core.

Highlights

Describe ADNI Biomarker Core biobanking and sample distribution from 2007 to 2024.

Discuss validated mass spectrometry and immunoassay methods for ADNI biofluid analyses.

Review collaborations with academic and industrial partners to detect AD and progression.

Discuss major challenges, and progress to date, for co‐pathology detection.

Implementation in the ATN scheme: co‐pathology and modeling disease progression.
Coordination‐Driven Crosslinking Electrolytes for Fast Lithium‐Ion Conduction and Solid‐State Battery Applications
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Xue , Guan De‐Hui , Ma Xin‐Yue , Yuan Xin‐Yuan , Zhu Qing‐Yao , Deng Hao‐Tian , Wang Huan‐Feng , Xu Ji‐Jing
Published: November 2024

Rechargeable batteries paired with lithium (Li) metal anodes are considered to be promising high‐energy storage systems. However, the use of highly reactive Li metal and the formation of Li dendrites during battery operation would cause safety concerns, especially with the employment of highly flammable liquid electrolytes. Herein, a general strategy by engineering coordination‐driven crosslinking networks is proposed to achieve high‐performance solid polymer electrolytes. Through the coordination of metal‐organic polyhedra (MOPs) with cellulose‐based copolymers, the Li+‐conducted hypercrosslinked MOP (CHMOP‐Li) polymer network is capable of enabling the rapid transport of Li+. In addition to the high Li+ conductivity (1.02×10−3 S cm−1 at 25 °C), CHMOP‐Li electrolyte also exhibits a high Li+ transference number (0.75) and a wide electrochemical stability window. Benefiting from the thermally stable and mechanically strong CHMOP‐Li electrolyte film, the short‐circuiting of the symmetric batteries is prevented even after 3200 h of cycling and a high specific energy of 300 Wh kg−1 is achieved for the Li‐metal battery. The solid‐state Li−O2 batteries fabricated with CHMOP‐Li electrolyte also show good cycling performance (500 cycles) and high discharge capacity (15740 mAh g−1). The proposed coordination‐driven crosslinking strategies offer an alternative route to design high‐performance next‐generation sustainable battery chemistries.
Small‐Molecule Benzo‐Phenoselenazine Derivatives for Multi‐Subcellular Biomolecule Profiling
Authors: Jia Han , Han Jinghua , Qi Yajing , Liu Jie , Ting Leung Yuen , Tung Yau Hei , Chu Yuanyuan , Wang Tong , Fung Yi‐Man Eva , Wang Yi , Li Ying
Published: November 2024

Elucidating the subcellular localization of RNAs and proteins is fundamental to understanding their biological functions. Genetically encoded proteins/enzymes provide an attractive approach to target many proteins of interest, but are limited to specific cell lines. Although small‐molecule‐based methods have been explored, a comprehensive system for profiling multiple locations in living cells, comparable to fusion‐protein techniques, is yet to be established. In this study, we introduce a novel proximity labeling strategy employing a suite of small molecules derived from benzo‐phenoselenazine (e.g., selenium‐containing Nile Blue [SeNB]), which achieves proximity labeling through singlet oxygen generation upon near‐infrared light activation in the presence of propargylamine. These SeNB compounds allow for selective labeling of RNAs and proteins within living cells, exhibiting a distinct preference for organelle membranes, which are systematically investigated via in vitro, computational, and in cellulo examinations. Our findings highlight the capabilities of SeNB derivatives as wash‐free and genetics‐free approaches to illuminate the subcellular localization of biological molecules with deep penetration and high spatial resolution. Moreover, SeNB derivatives are capable of elucidating inter‐organelle interactions at the molecular level, as evidenced by proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, thus holding significant potential for advancing our understanding of cellular processes related to disease progression and therapeutic development.
Imidazolium‐Quaternized Poly(2,6‐Dimethyl‐1,4‐Phenylene Oxide)/Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework‐67 (ImPPOZIF‐67) Composite Membranes for Methanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Letsau Thabakgolo T. , Mabuchi Takuya , Msomi Phumlani F.
Published: November 2024

A membrane is the powerhouse of a fuel cell, and it is responsible for transport of ions from anode to cathode, thereby producing electricity in the process. In this work, a series of anion exchange membranes based on imidazolium‐quaternized poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (ImPPO) functionalized with different wt.% of zeolitic imidazolate framework‐67(ZIF‐67) (1%, 3%, and 5%) were fabricated and evaluated for application in methanol fuel cells. The AEMs had a contact angle in the range of 59.6°–74.6°, water uptake in the range of 29.4%–69.7% at 25°C, 31.2%–79.5% at 60°C, and 51.6%–86.5% at 80°C. Ion exchange capacity (IEC) ranges from 0.66 mmol/g to 1.12 mmol/g, and ion conductivity (IC) from 1.39 mS/cm to 3.11 mS/cm. The best‐performing membrane, ImPPO3%ZIF‐67, shows IEC of 1.12 mmol/g, IC of 3.11 mS/cm, a slight conductivity loss of 35.4% after 120 h in 2 M KOH, and a peak power density of 196.8 mW/cm2.
Wet‐Spun Alginate Monofilaments Reinforced With Cellulose Nanocrystals Obtained From Cotton Waste
Authors: Kreutzfeld Victor , da Silva Lucas S. , Valle Rita de Cassia S. C. , Bierhalz Andrea C. K.
Published: November 2024

The textile industry generates large amounts of cotton waste, which poses an environmental problem regarding disposal. This study aimed to extract cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from cotton waste for application as a reinforcing agent in alginate (ALG) monofilaments produced by wet spinning. The impact of the type of waste (bleached or dyed) and CNCs content (1%, 3%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) on the properties of nanocomposite filaments was examined. Results showed that rod‐like shape CNCs, stable suspensions, and high yields (> 80%) were obtained from both wastes. The presence of dye did not affect the thermal behavior or the crystallinity index (CrI) of the CNCs, which was 87%. Analysis of the morphology revealed that the addition of CNCs increased the irregularities of the filaments' microstructure. Filaments with dyed CNCs presented better mechanical properties than those from bleached waste, with optimal results at 5% CNCs. At this content, the tensile strength reached 166.7 MPa, and Young's modulus was 6.04 GPa, representing an increase of over 400% compared to pure ALG filament. In conclusion, this study suggests that intrinsically colored and resistant ALG–CNC filaments can be developed from cotton waste without needing pre‐treatment, contributing to the textile sector's sustainability.
Fluorinated Polyimide/CaCu3Ti4O12 Composite Films With High Energy Density for High‐Temperature Dielectric Capacitor
Authors: Liu Man , Shi Chuandong , Qin Hongmei , Xiong Chuanxi , Yang Quanling
Published: November 2024

The demand for dielectric capacitor materials has significantly increased, owing to the need for highly efficient operation at elevated temperatures amidst the rapid advancements in modern electronics. In this contest, fluorinated polyimide (FPI)/CaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO) composite films have been successfully fabricated through a straightforward blending approach. The modified CCTO (mCCTO) is prepared by first hydroxylation CCTO and subsequently by grafting KH550 onto its surface, a strategy aimed at enhancing the interfacial compatibility with FPI. The synergistic effect of the high dielectric constant and good dispersibility of CCTO inorganic fillers underscores the significant role of filler dispersibility in enhancing the high‐temperature capacitive performance of polymer composite materials. The dielectric constant of FPI‐mCCTO composite films containing 9 wt.% mCCTO reached 8.5 at 150°C, more than double that of pure FPI (3.0). Furthermore, the FPI‐0.09‐mCCTO composite films exhibited the highest discharge energy density of 4.92 J·cm−3 at 355 MV·m−1. This facile approach provided a viable strategy for fabricating high‐temperature dielectric materials for electrical energy storage.
Evolution of Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Materials and their Impact on Display Technology
Authors: Banerjee Shrestha , Singh Piyush , Purkayastha Pradipta , Kumar Ghosh Sujit
Published: November 2024

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have revolutionized display and lighting technologies, offering unparalleled design, device flexibility, vibrant colors, and energy efficiency. In this comprehensive review we elucidate the evolution of OLED technology, summarizing its progression from the fundamental principles of fluorescence (1st generation) and phosphorescence (2nd generation) to the emergence of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) (3rd generation), hyper fluorescence (4th generation), and exceptional future generation OLEDs. This review highlights the development and challenges of early‐generation OLEDs, scrutinizing their mechanisms, emitters, and limitations. As TADF OLEDs mark a significant paradigm shift, we explore their enhanced efficiency and potential for cost‐effective production without the involvement of toxic heavy metals. Building upon this foundation this review explores the burgeoning concepts of hyper‐fluorescence and future‐generation OLEDs, poised to push the boundaries of color purity, efficiency, and operational stability. This consolidated comprehensive exploration described herein may provide enormous information for designing future‐generation OLED materials for sustainable development.
A Problem‐Solving Tool for Single‐Case Design Selection in Practice
Authors: Colombo Richard A. , Wallace Michele
Published: November 2024

Single‐case designs can rule out confounding variables with a variety of procedures which can be tailored to various contexts; thus, giving a practitioner the confidence in decision‐making. Currently, some decision‐making tools exist to help users with research questions; however, these tools may be less suited for the practice setting. This study aimed to develop and describe a problem‐solving tool to assist clinicians in selecting SCDs in practice. After receiving survey results indicating the tool's potential utility, the tool was developed with input from subject matter experts and then evaluated in a preliminary study with six participants. All participants—either junior‐status behavior analysts or graduate students in a behavior analytic program—reported feeling more confident in their selections and noted that the tool and table helped them consider additional factors relevant to the practice context. The implications of this tool within a supervisory model are discussed.
One Person, Two Identities: The Problem of Legal Gender Recognition of a Transgender Person in Europe
Authors: Rzewuski Maciej
Published: November 2024

The legal recognition of the gender status of transgender people in Europe (and indeed worldwide) is undoubtedly a complex and multifaceted issue, which has prompted academics and legal practitioners to raise numerous scientific questions and seek answers thereto. The gravity of this issue is heightened by the fact that the daily functioning of a transgender person in society as a person of registered (assigned at birth) sex that is incongruent with their self‐perception exposes them to constant and conspicuous distress (the so‐called gender dysphoria), often manifested in various forms of discrimination. The role of every European state should be to eliminate, or at least minimize, such distress and the risk of discrimination. One of the ways to attain these specified objectives may very well be the eponymous procedure of legal gender recognition for transgender people. This article was conceived with the perspective of human rights in mind. Consequently, its primary assertion is that the aim of every proceeding (be it judicial or administrative) concerning gender recognition is the realization of comprehensive protection of rights and freedoms for a transgender person. An additional aim of the present article is to attempt to facilitate the task of judges who adjudicate cases involving gender recognition, officials who process applications for changes in civil status records, and attorneys who represent transgender people in matters pertaining to changing a person's name and gender marker on identity documents.
The Role of Objective Financial Situation and Psychological Outlook in the Relationship Between Personal Life Shocks and Financial Well‐Being
Authors: Bell Jordan , Jurgenson Jesse , Warmath Dee
Published: November 2024

Existing research examines the relationship between personal life shocks and financial well‐being primarily through the lens of objective markers of the individual's financial situation (e.g., liquidity). Little attention has been paid to the relative roles of these objective markers and more intuitive or affect‐based factors in how an individual makes sense of their financial situation post‐shock. Using longitudinal data from 1745 Australian adults, we take a dual‐process perspective to examine the roles of objective financial situation and psychological outlook as explanations for the association between the experience of a personal life shock and change in the current and future dimensions of financial well‐being. We found that the experience of a personal life shock (i.e., job loss, health emergency, occurrence of any personal shock) is associated with a decrease in present and future financial well‐being. Objective financial situation significantly mediated the association for present and future financial well‐being, while psychological outlook significantly mediated the association only for future financial well‐being. These findings suggest that an individual relies primarily on analytical, deliberative thought, especially when making sense of their situation, for their sense of current money management stress. For expected future financial security, they are more likely to use dual‐process thought, although analytical, deliberative thought plays a larger role than intuitive, affect‐based thought. These results suggest that the typical individual relies on relevant information (i.e., objective facts) in assessing their financial well‐being, an inherently subjective assessment. However, more intuitive considerations (i.e., psychological outlook) play a role when the individual attempts to anticipate their future state.