bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An electrostatic method for determining dust in wet gases
Authors: Patrick E. A. K.
Published: July 2007

A small electrostatic precipitator is described which enables the determination of the dust content of gases, including those which are inflammable and have dew points above room temperature, the majority of the dust particles concerned being below I micron in diameter. The precipitator tubes, electrical layout, and ancillary equipment arc described, and also the technique developed to avoid ignition of the gas, loss of dust by condensation in pipe‐lines, etc. Some examples of results obtained when using the precipitator to determine dust concentrations in producer gas with dew point 60° are given and discussed.
Improvements in an alum flocculation process, following difficulties with a domestic supply used as feed water for a high‐pressure boiler plant
Authors: Bevehidge J. P. , Cooke G. , Strafford N. , Wyatt P. F.
Published: July 2007

Water treatment troubles encountered in operating high‐pressure La Mont forced circulation boilers, recently installed in a large Huddersfield chemical factory, with a feed water consisting of 80% softened make‐up derived from a domestic supply, are outlined. The development of an improved pH‐controlled alum flocculation process is described, whereby these difficulties, which were due mainly to the presence of residual alumina in the town's water, have been overcome.
The composition of commercial palm oils. Part VI. Component acids and glycerides of a belgian congo palm oil (studied with the aid of low‐temperature crystallization)
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Meara M. L. , Roels O. A.
Published: July 2007

In the determination of the component acids of the palm oil, preliminary resolution (prior to ester‐fractionation) of the mixed acids by lead salt separation and by crystallization from solvents has been compared. The acids left in solution in acetone at —40° were shown to contain 2·4% of linolenic acid, the presence of which in palm oil has not been reported previously. Low‐temperature crystallization gives more precise data than lead salt separation for unsaturated acids, especially when these are present only in small proportions, but may give somewhat lower values for stearic and palmitic acids when the latter are present in quantity. The component acids of the palm oil were: myristic 2·4%, palmitic 41·6%, stearic 6·3%, hexadecenoic 1·8%, oleic 38·0%, linoleic 9·5%, and linolenic 0·4% (wt.).

The glyecrides in the neutral palm oil were resolved by systematic crystallization from acetone or ether at temperatures between —50° and +15° into six fractions which varied in iodine value from 95·1 to 11·0. The component acids and any fully‐saturated glyecrides present in the fractions were separately determined and the chief component glycerides were estimated to be: myristodiolein, palmitodiolein and oleopalmitolinolein (together) 37%, oleodipalmitin 33%, oleopalmitostearin 11%, oleomyristopalmitin, stearodiolcin and tripalmitin each about 5%, linoleodiolein 3%.
Concentration methods in spectrographic analysis. II. Recovery of trace constituents in plant materials and soil extracts by mixed organic reagents
Authors: Mitchell R. L. , Scott R. O.
Published: July 2007

A concentration method, employing precipitation by means of a mixture of 8‐hydroxyquinoline, tannic acid and thionalide, is described for the simultaneous recovery of Co, Ni, Mo, Cr, V, Be, Ge, Sn, Pb, Ti, and Zn, from solution in a form suitable for spectrographic analysis. Combined spectrographic and chemical errors seldom exceed ± 10% for individual determinations. The ranges covered arc 2–50 μg. for Co, Ni, Mo, Cr and V, and 5–100 μg, for the other elements except Zn, where the range is 0·2–4 mg. Details are given for the application of the method to the determination of trace constituents in plant materials and soil extracts. The use of other organic reagents in conjunction with 8‐hydroxyquinoline is also discussed.
The formulation of resorcinol‐formaldehyde adhestves
Authors: Hancock E. G.
Published: July 2007

After a brief review of previous work experiments are described showing the effect of formulation and conditions of production on the stability or shelf life of resortinol‐formaldehyde condensation products. Consideration is given at the same time to the best means of causing the condensation product to set to a strong cement. Examples are given, using an asbestos base laminated plastic, of the shear strength of lap joints from suitably formulated cements. The effect of immersion of these joints in boiling water, dilute acids and alkalis and the effect of exposing them to very dry and very humid atmospheres is described.
Effect of manganese on the short iodide method for copper
Authors: Pinkney E. T. , Dick R. , Young R. S.
Published: July 2007

An explanation is advanced for the inability of some laboratories to secure satisfactory results with the short iodide copper procedure in the presence of manganese. The precautions necessary to eliminate interference by manganese in this determination are listed.
The acylation of long chain aliphatic primary amines
Authors: Macgregor J. H. , Ward F.
Published: July 2007

A method of acylating long chain primary aliphatic amines is described. Representative series of N‐monoalkylstearamides, N,N′‐dialkyladipamides and N,N′‐dialkylsebacamides, in which each alkyl radical contains between 8 and 18 carbon atoms, have been prepared by acylating the long chain primary amine with the corresponding acid amide. The products are all wax‐like substances. The N,N′‐dialkyladipamides and N,N′‐dialkylsebacamidcs are extremely stable substances; they have relatively high melting points (60°‐145°) and may be used in place of some of the more expensive natural waxes.
The reaction of 5‐alkoxyacridines with bases and their salts
Authors: Barber H. J. , Wilkinson J. H. , Edwards V. G. H.
Published: July 2007

It has been shown that 5‐alkoxyacridines react with ammonium and primary amine salts under the relatively mild conditions employed for the conversion of imino‐ethers to amidines,1,2to give 5‐aminoacridines in good yield. Similar reactions occur with aminoacids but the salts of secondary bases do not react under these conditions. A number of examples are described and a probable reaction mechanism is suggested.
The preparation of levulinic acid on a semi‐technical scale
Authors: Hands C. H. G. , Whitt F. R.
Published: July 2007

A semi‐technical method of preparing crystalline levulinic acid by a process commencing with the hydrolysis of starch in 100 lb. batches is described. Details are also given of large all glass apparatus for evaporating solutions of crude levulinic acid without appreciable carbonization.
The manufacture of hydrogen sulphide. Part I. The reaction between hydrogen and pyrites
Authors: Clark L. M. , Spittle H. M.
Published: July 2007

The reaction between hydrogen and pyrites under suitable conditions gives good yields of hydrogen sulphide; practically the whole of the labile sulphur of pyrites can be removed from the ore, leaving ferrous sulphide. Under the conditions described in this paper, the rate of formation of hydrogen sulphide from pyrites increases to a maximum and then falls off according to the exponential law. The optimum conditions for the reaction are: (a) temperature of reaction should be 625‐650°, (b) space velocity of hydrogen should be 40‐50 volumes hydrogen per volume of pyrites at kiln temperatures of 625‐650°. Corrosion of plant materials is greatly diminished by using mild steel “servarized” by aluminium. Size of pyrites has little effect on reaction time if the lumps of ore are not greater than 1 1/2 in. More than 90% of the arsenic in pyrites is removed as arsenious sulphide, which passes over suspended in the exit gases.
The fungistatic properties of p‐aminobenzoic acid and related compounds. Part I. Growth curves obtained with aspergillus niger, penicillium roqueforti and byssochlamys fulva
Authors: Cavill G. W. K. , Vincent J. M.
Published: July 2007

A. niger, growing in the presence of p‐aminobenzoic acid and its lower alkyl esters, departs significantly from linearity in media of approximate pH 3 to 5, containing nitrate nitrogen. This effect is not observed where media are of pH 6 to 7 or nitrogen is supplied solely as the ammonium ion or the free para‐amino grouping is acetylated or with the corresponding ottho‐ or meta‐aminobenzoate. The non‐linear growth rates can be interpreted in terms of an initial phase, a phase of secondary inhibition and a period of outgrowth. Inhibition in the initial phase is appreciably less at higher pH levels.

P. roqueforti growing in the presence of esters of p‐aminobenzoic acid in media where pH rises during growth shows an accelerating curve. This effect is associated with a marked loss of inhibitory power at pH greater than about 5·7. A similar acceleration is seen with methyl N‐acctyl‐p‐aminobenzeate but has not been found with methyl p‐hydroxybenzoate. None of the free aminobenzoic acids departs from the linear growth curve with this organism.

B. fulva gives an acceleration in the presence of methyl p‐aminobenzoate under the same conditions of pH and nitrate nitrogen as cause secondary inhibition of A. niger. In contrast to the other two organisms the less acid media (pH 5 and 7) are relatively more inhibitory, this being associated with absence of acceleration such as is seen under the more acid conditions. The three aminobenzoic acids give linear growth curves.
The determination of surface active agents in solution
Authors: Barr T. , Oliver J. , Stubbings W. V.
Published: July 2007

An accurate direct titration method for the determination of anion and cation‐active compounds has been developed using new partition end points based on the solubility in organic solvents of complexes formed between anion‐active agents and methylene blue, and between cation‐active agents and bromophenol blue respectively. The new method has been compared with known methods.
The acid‐binding properties of long‐chain aliphatic amines
Authors: Smith E. Lester , Page J. E.
Published: July 2007

Long‐chain aliphatic tertiary amines such as methyldioctylamine can be used as anion exchangers. Tertiary amines are much more efficient as acid‐binders than primary or secondary amines. The acid‐binding efficiency of tertiary amines improves as the length of the carbon chain increases. Strong acids are extracted more readily than weak acids and can be removed from mixtures with weak acids. Methyldioctylamine and the anion‐exchange resin De‐acidite C have acid‐binding capacities of the same order. The technique can be used to remove mineral acids from acid hydrolysates of protein, but is not of much value for the extraction or purification of penicillin.
The determination of oxidized zinc in ores and concentrator products
Authors: Barker C. W. , Young R. S.
Published: July 2007

A satisfactory procedure is presented for the differentiation of sulphide zinc from oxidized zinc minerals. It depends on the selective solubility of the latter in a dilute sulphuric acid solution saturated with sulphur dioxide. This method has been very helpful in the analysis of a variety of complex zinc ores and concentrator products.
Molecular structure and its influence on the properties of phenolic resins
Authors: Megson N. J. L.
Published: July 2007

From a consideration of molecular dimensions and bond angles, it is deduced that a Novolak resin must consist of highly kinked, asymmetrical molecules. As a result, it is concluded that such a resin, when hardened with “hexa, “ will contain much less than the theoretically possible number of methylene cross‐links. A hardened resin will have a sponge‐like structure which can explain, partially, certain physical and chemical properties. Phenol‐methylene resins derived from formaldehyde are contrasted with phenol‐ethylene resins, which can have a symmetrical structure. An explanation is given of the good “tack” producing properties of Koresine, based on this symmetry. It is advocated that attention should be given to the synthetic method, as opposed to the analytical procedure hitherto used in investigating Novolaks. The importance of the synthetic approach is stressed, because of the comparative lack of information on crystalline intermediates. Finally, other methods of attack are outlined, including the desirability of determining the fine structure of simple phenol‐formaldehyde condensation products.
The seasonal variation in chemical constitution of some of the sub‐littoral seaweeds common to scotland. Part I. laminaria cloustoni
Authors: Black W. A. P.
Published: July 2007

It is well known that seaweed, vast quantities of which grow around the coast of Scotland, undergoes wide seasonal variation in chemical constitution, and it is important that this variation be known so that the weed can be harvested at the appropriate period. Monthly samples of Laminaria cloustoni have been collected at a definite spot and at a constant depth over a period of two years, the plants divided into stipe and frond and analysed separately for total ash, organic nitrogen, iodine, mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid. The results show that the wide seasonal variations in composition, previously recorded, are due almost entirely to variations in the composition of the fronds. Samples have also been taken at depths of 1/2 to 61/2 fathoms (L.W.) and the variation in composition with depth of immersion studied.
The seasonal variation in chemical constitution of some of the sub‐littoral seaweeds common to scotland. Part III. laminaria saccharina and saccorhiza bulbosa
Authors: Black W. A. P.
Published: July 2007

In previous communications, 1, 2 the seasonal variation in chemical constitution of the laminariales cloustoni and digitata over a period of two years was recorded. The present paper outlines the seasonal variation in ash, crude protein, iodine, mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid of L. saccharina for the same period. As with L. digitata, the samples were taken from two different localities, to find the effect of different degrees of exposure on the chemical constitution, and the stipes and fronds have been analysed separately. Samples of the annual saccorhiza bulbosa have also been analysed.
The use of the wurtz‐fittig reaction in the preparation of organo‐substituted silanes
Authors: Bassett E. A. , Emblem H. G. , Frankel M. , Ridge D.
Published: July 2007

The Wurtz‐Fittig reaction has been studied as a method for the industrial preparation of organo‐substituted silanes from silicon tetrachloride or silicochloroform. Since the principal products are SiR, or SiHR, compounds the reaction is not as flexible as alternative methods for the preparation of organo‐silicon compounds. The results show the reaction to be suitable for the laboratory preparation of alkyl silanes, but not for alkyl silanes, or nuclear substituted alkyl silanes. Evidence has been obtained for the formation of alkyl chlorosilanes as intermediate products, and of hexa‐alkyl disilanes as by‐products, during the preparation of alkyl silanes. The reaction will be difficult to adapt to large‐scale working.
Comparison of the gel setting properties of polyose from tamarind seed (tamarindus indica linn) with fruit pectins
Authors: Savur G. R. , Sreenivasan A.
Published: July 2007

A comparative study has been made of the jellying properties of tamarind seed polyose with those of certain fruit pectins in presence of varying amounts of sucrose and acid and it is shown that, with a concentration of the polyose about half that of fruit pectins, firm jellies are obtained under otherwise comparable conditions. The possibility of improving the texture of the polyose‐sugar‐acid jelly by pretreatment with mild acid or alkali or by methylation is indicated.
Studies in selective extraction and adsorption. III. The adsorption of acetone, butyl alcohol and 2:3‐butylene glycol from dilute solutions
Authors: Weizmann Ch. , Bergmann E. , Sulzbacher M. , Pariser E. R.
Published: July 2007

Technical fermentations, such as the acetone‐butanol fermentation and the 2: 3‐butylene glycol fermentation, yield products in the form of very dilute aqueous solutions. The volatile products may be isolated by adsorption on active carbon. In the case of 2 : 3‐butylene glycol the desorption has to be effected by solvent extraction, for which acetone is most suitable. In the case of acetone‐butanol, it is not only possible to adsorb the solvent mixture, as produced by fermentation, but also to isolate the two components separately by selective adsorption. The adsorbent bed can be re‐used, without decrease in its adsorptive capacity.
Mechanical stability of bitumen‐aggregate mixtures
Authors: Nijboer L. W.
Published: July 2007

The application of the triaxial test for the determination of the mechanical properties of bitumen‐aggregate mixtures is discussed, special stress being laid on the physical phenomena. An analysis of the resistance to plastic flow is given and the character of the physical magnitudes that describe this resistance is elucidated. The material is characterized as a viscous material showing a yield stress the value of which depends on the state of stress the material is subjected to. The influence of the presence of bitumen in the system is discussed and on the strength of test data a quantitative evaluation is given, taking into account not only changes in the properties of the bitumen, but also in the aggregate properties. This leads to a further analysis of the resistance of the material, with special emphasis on the function of the bitumen. A hypothesis is developed according to which the resistance of the material is partly due to the presence of bitumen adsorbed on the aggregate. As a consequence, the number of contact points between the aggregate particles greatly influences the properties of the material. The results of series of tests in which the composition of the mixtures is varied systematically make it possible to formulate the rules according to which the properties of the material are influenced by these variations. For comparison of the influence on the properties of the mix of bitumens showing variations in properties an arbitrary mix is chosen, the properties of which can be calculated from any other mix containing the same bitumen. Thus the influence of the bitumen on the properties of the mix can be described in a simple way. For the evaluation of the material for various applications a distinction is made between those applications in which the viscous properties of the material cannot be used to meet the external stresses and those in which such a contribution would lead to acceptable or even desirable deformations. Thus, for various applications, it is possible to design mixtures that meet certain mechanical demands. In this design use may be made of components of varying properties.
Fluorescein dyes derived from 2‐methylresorcinol
Authors: Burton H. , Kurzer F.
Published: July 2007

A homologue of fluorescein and a number of its derivatives have been prepared by the condensation of 2‐mcthylrcsorcinol with phthalic and substituted phthalic anhydrides. Bromination and iodination of 4 :5‐dimcthylfluorcsccin have given compounds corresponding to the dyes eosin and crythrosin.
The catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide on metal surfaces. Part I
Authors: Tolley G.
Published: July 2007

The rate of catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide on the surface of mild steel, aluminium sprayed and aluminized steel is reported. The effect of variation in temperature, gas velocity and concentration of sulphur dioxide has been measured. The presence of water vapour has been shown to inhibit catalytic oxidation on the surfaces tested. The catalytic activity of mild steel increases considerably upon exposure; aluminium sprayed specimens exhibit a maximum in catalytic activity after 7–12 hours' exposure with a decrease upon further exposure; aluminized specimens show constant catalytic activity. Coating steel with aluminium considerably reduces the rate of catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide.
Suppression of nitrification and denitrification during the determination of biochemical oxygen demand. Part I
Authors: Abbott W. E.
Published: July 2007

Methylene blue inhibits nitrification and denitrification during the incubation of effluents diluted with unchlorinatcd well water at 65° F. A modification of the dissolved oxygen absorption test for polluted waters is based on this finding.
The ultra‐violet absorption spectra of dehydrothio‐p‐toluidin and some of its derivatives
Authors: Edisbury J. R. , Hunter R. F. , Scott A. D.
Published: July 2007

The ultra‐violet absorption spectrum of a very pure specimen of dehydrothio‐p‐toluidine (4′‐amino‐2‐phcnyl‐6‐methyl benzthiazole), which was measured by photographic spectrophotometric technique and redetermined with a Beckman photoelectric spectrophotometer, shows a strong absorption band at 345 mμ. and a rudimentary band at 260 mμ. Acetylation and benzal condensation of the 4′‐amino group result in a shift of maximum to the region of shorter and longer wave length respectively, and substitution of a p‐NMc, group in the 4′‐benzylidcncaminc substituent results in a considerable increase in intensity accompanied by the appearance of a subsidiary maximum close to the rudimentary band in dehydrottuo‐p‐toluidine. Replacement of the 4′‐amino group by hydroxyl is accompanied by a shift of absorption to shorter wave length with loss of intensity, both of which arc further affected in the same direction by acetylation.
The catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide on metal surfaces. Part II. The reaction of sulphur dioxide and oxygen at a mild steel surface
Authors: Tolley G.
Published: July 2007

The rates of combination of sulphur dioxide and oxygen at a mild steel surface at various temperatures with dry and moist gases have been measured. Sulphide and sulphate formation is found to occur simultaneously, the sulphide being concentrated near to the surface of the basis steel. The rate of sulphate formation is greatest between 580° and 635° corresponding to the maximum catalytic activity of Fe Oa. Water vapour inhibits sulphide and sulphate formation, but increases the rate of oxidation.
A colorimetric method for the Estimation of Alginic acid in seaweed Specimens
Authors: Percival E. G. V. , Ross A. G.
Published: July 2007

A method is described for the estimation of alginic acid in seaseed samples, using the color reaction with carbazole and sulphuric acid, which can be applied on a micro scale, and is more rapid than the technique previously adopted.
The Insoluble matter of coal tar. II. Preliminary work on free carbon
Authors: Green S. J. , Thakur B.
Published: July 2007

The effect of previous conditions of preparation and storage of coal tars on the amount of fre carbon determined by insolubility in toluene has been investigated. Pressure is shown to have little effect but at atmospheric pressure there is progressive increase in free carbon. With rising temperature two effects occur, a reversible increased solubility and an irreversible increase in free carbon which predominates at higher temperatures. The Chemical nature of free carbon is examined and C1 and C2 are distinguished by their chemical and physical properties. A comparison is made of free carbon obtained by centriguging with that obtained by precipitation.

In undertaking a study of the occurrence and nature of I “free carbon” in coal tars it was considered desirable first to investigate the effect of time, temperature, pressure, etc., on the quantitative yield of free carbon, and then to consider the general chemical nature of the materials.
The chromatographic separation of N‐nitroso‐N‐ethylaniline and some of its nitro derivatives from propellant explosives
Authors: Parker C. A.
Published: July 2007

During an investigation into the ageing mechanism of propellent explosives stabilized with syin‐dicthyldiphcnylurea, methods were devised for the separate deterrmination of certain nitrosomines which had been identified as transformation products of the stabilizer. The methods involved the chromatographic separation of the compounds followed by their absorptiometric determination by means of thc α‐naphthylamine reaction. Application to a large number of cordite samples aged under various conditions has yielded information regarding the mechanism of the stabilization and the effect of various factors upon the distribution of the transformation products.
The insoluble matter of coal tar III. Some inorganic constitutents of free carbon
Authors: Green S. J. , Thakur B.
Published: July 2007

The inorganic constituents of coals are bricfly reviewed and their subsequent history during combustion and carbonization is considered. The cxamination is reported of the zinc‐pyridine complex obtained from a free carbon sample by extraction with water. Examination for other elements is described and the presence of lead, iron, cobalt, manganese and others indicated. The form in which these elements are present is discussed.
The microbiological control of sterile pharmaceutical producs
Authors: Coulthard C. E.
Published: July 2007

The production of sterile pharmaceuticals calls for careful training of the staff concerned and thorough bacteriological control of product, apparatus, premises and technique. This paper (given to the Microbiological Panel, March 10, 1948) discusses some aspects of a system for training and control of this kind.
Photosensitive adsorption of water vapour on wool. Part II
Authors: Bright N. F. H. , Carson T.
Published: July 2007

Further cxperimental work on the photosensitivity of the adsorption of water vapour on wool within the range of atmospheric relative humidity of 5–20% is described, and details are given of the differences in behaviour of samples conditioned on the adsorption and desorption isotherms. Details of discussions with the Wool Industries Research Association concerning the phenomenon are given, together with a suggested altemative electrostatic explanation of the phenomenon. Difficulties encountered in subsequent attempts to reproduce the earlier experiments are described. There appears to be some factor, at present unknown, which controls the appearance or non‐appearance of the effect.
Combustion in fuel beds
Authors: Arthur J. R. , Bancham D. H. , Thrinc M. W.
Published: July 2007

Experiments carried out at B.C.U.R.A. in 1939‐40 in connexion with a programme of work on producers for road transport threw doubt on the conventional “two‐zone” theory of producer beds taught in the text‐books. In particular, an overwhelming proportion of the fuel was consumed within the first few particle thicknesses. Temperature measurements and gas analyses of samples taken at a series of points throughout the bed gave evidence of an apparent increase in the total energy of the gases (per unit quantity of ingoing air) on passage through the bed. The only possible explanations are: (a) systematic errors in temperature measurements, (b) systematic errors in gas analyses such as would arise if energy in some latent form were yielded up to the sampling probes. Check measurements with suction pyrometers rendered (a) highly improbable. The most probable explanation was considered to be that carbon monoxide produced as a primary combustion product of the surface reaction between carbon and oxygen bums in the voids where it reacts with the surviving oxygen. Experiments in which air was streamed through a carbon tube at 850° showed that the oxygen removal and nearly the whole of the carbon consumption took place within a path‐length roughly equal to a single tube diameter. This length being quite insufficient for all the oxygen to reach the carbon surface (even with a certain degree of turbulence), this experiment is taken as providing substantial evidence as to the truth of the above working hypothesis. It appears, moreover, that mere thermal quenching is insufficient to “freeze” the reaction between CO and surviving oxygen. This would be at once intelligible if the reaction followed a “chain” mechanism as it does in vitro. Attempts were therefore made to inhibit the gas phase reaction by introducing small quantities of volatile chlorine‐containing materials with the ingoing air, which was carefully freed from moisture. Only minimal quantities of CO2, now appeared in the outgoing gases, and the oxygen survival and carbon consumption were now appreciable after path lengths of about 10 tube‐diameters. Finally, it was found possible to muse partial inhibition of CO2, formation by the use of solid inhibitors (clean fused silica) remote from the carbon surface. These results were obtained at temperatures such that no appreciable reduction of CO2, to CO would take place.

The above findings carry important implications in regard to technical fuel beds, which begin to function 85 producers after a path length equivalent to a single particle diameter has been traversed by the ingoing air. In particular it is ordinarily necessary to run with excess air since the physical mixing of the broad stream of producer gas with secondary air is otherwise incomplete. A burner which climates this disadvantage and gives combustion gas “by first intention” has been designed and is in the process of technical development.
Bismuth and arsenic electrodes
Authors: Dickinson H. O. , Rudge E. A.
Published: July 2007

The properties of bismuth and arsenic electrodes have been examined regarding their use for pH, measurement and as indicators in acid‐base titrations. It is shown that bismuth rod electrodes act as pH indicators over the range pH 5.0‐8.0. Arsenic electrodes arc retable over the range p,H 3.4‐9.0. Both electrodes may be used for titration work. The bismuth electrode is the more reliable as an end‐point indicator.
Is the adsorption of water vapour wool photosensitive?
Authors: Camposortega Carlos , Moncada Felix , Rowen John W.
Published: July 2007

The recent report by Bright and Carson,1 of the reversible action of tight on the adsorption of water vapour by wool is of unusual interest. This type of effect has not been hitherto observed in the many absorbate‐absorbent systems studied.2 Commenting on the report, Cssie stated that the existence of such a phenomenon was not inconsistent with his theory of adsorption.3,1‐ He thought it possible that the absorption of light could lead to 3 very small change in the energy of sorption on the localized sites. If this effect be a true one, there must exist a “light” adsorption isotherm and also a “dark” adsorption isotherm. However, our efforts to account for the apparent reversible shift in equilibrium lead to hypotheses which are highly improbable.

The experiments reported here were carried out in an attempt to confirm the work of Bright and Carson and to learn which wave lengths of light were involved. The results of a number of experiments were all negative, no reversible action of light was observed. Bright and Carson have stated in correspondence with us that they have since been unable to control the factor or factors required to reproduce the experiment previously reported. However, they feel that the phenomenon can exist and summarize their experiments with the statement that the appearance or non‐appearance is controlled by some factor not at present within our knowledge.
Protection of wool against insects by mitin FF and DDT
Authors: Burgess R.
Published: July 2007

This paper briefly reviews the activity of clothes moths and carpet beetles and methods of protecting woollen materials against them It describes the properties of Mitin FF and DDT and their effects on various stages of the insects.

A minute amount of Mitin‐treated wool suffices to kill moth larvae and newly‐hatched carpet beetle larvae. It repels older carpet beetle larvae, which find it unpalatable.

DDT kills adult clothes moths slowly by contact. It rapidly destroys newly‐hatched larvae, probably by contact alone, whereas death of older larvae is possibly due to combined contact and stomach poisoning. It repels and adversely affects half‐grown larvae of carpet beetles.
Estimation of 2 : 4‐dinitro‐α‐naphthol and martius yellow in woollen fabrics
Authors: Tewari C. N. , Gupta S. C. Das , Bera B. C.
Published: July 2007

A method is described for the estimation of dinitro‐1‐naphthol and Martius Yellow in woollen fabrics. Special features of the method consist in the Soxhlet extraction of the dye from fabrics, by alcohol, followed by quantitative reduction of “nitro groups” of the dye into amino groups by acidic titanium chloride solution while hot, the unreacted titanium chloride being estimated with a ferric salt in an inert atmosphere. From the mount of titanium chloride required for the reduction of “nitro” groups, corresponding amount of dinitro‐α‐naphthol is calculated according to the reactions involved:

R.NO2+6TiCl3+6HCl‐R.NH2+6TiCl1+2H2O TiCl3+FeCl3‐TiCl1+FeCl2

A spectrophotometric method o f analysis is also described.
Comparison of methods for determining surface area and other particle size data of fine powders, particularly welding electrode powders
Authors: Blake P. D.
Published: July 2007

This paper compares three methods for the determination of the surface area of fine powders : A, due to H. Heywood1; B, due to P. S. Roller2; and‐C, known as the modified method B. The hydrometer method of particle size determination in the subsieve range is described and the data obtained by this method from a study of standard welding electrode coating powders are used to compare the three methods. It is concluded that method C gives the closest approximation to an absolute determination of the surface area for data derived from the hydrometer method of particle size determination.
The fungistatic properties of p‐aminobenzoic acid and related compounds. Part II. Relative fungistatic activity
Authors: Cavill G. W. K. , Vincent J. M.
Published: July 2007

The fungistatic activity of the methyl to n‐amyl p‐amino‐benzoates and of the ortho, meta and para‐aminobenzoic acids and their methyl esters has been determined in the inhibition of the growth rate of Aspergillus niger, Byssochlamys fulva and Penicillium roqueforti. An increased inhibition of P. roqueforti in the presence of nitrate nitrogen, pH being maintained at about 3.5, has been noted and provision made to avoid this effect, as well as the complications mentioned in an earlier paper.

The data are treated (i) on the basis of the reciprocal of concentration required for 50% inhibition (I50); (ii) as related to an adsorption phenomenon. On the basis of I50 values there is a general increase in activity from the methyl to the amyl p‐amino‐benzoate, also the meta isomer is markedly less effective than the corresponding ortho‐ or para‐compound. The adsorption approach has proved of little use with P. roqucforti, but with B. fulva it seems to permit a useful analysis of the activity of the esters, particularly in terms of increasing biological adsorbability. The esters tested against A. niger do not give the same clear cut picture. With both B. fulva and A. niger the low I50 values of the meta isomer may be explained on the basis of the adsorption approach.
The oxidation of coal
Authors: Jones R. E. , Townend D. T. A.
Published: July 2007

The paper draws attention to the importance of the part played by peroxidic bodies or active oxygen in the weathering of coal; comparative investigations have been made with both coal and carbon, which are shown to behave similarly.

The initial reaction appears to involve chemisorption, which, in the presence of water, is followed by the formation of a coal‐or carbon‐oxygen‐water complex. The normal inherent wafer content of coals is a function of their internal surface; this is a minimum with coals containing c. 89 per cent carbon. The peroxygen content of coals shows a similar variation with carbon content.

The peroxygen complex is markedly unstable above approximately 70° c., a temperature long known to be critical in regard to spontaneous combustion of coal. Below it the complex is formed easily and remains relatively stable, little oxygen entering the coal substance; also the amount of ulmification remains very small. The small quantity of gaseous oxidation products consists chiefly of carbon monoxide with a less amount of CO2. Above 7°D c. the complex starts to break down, although with carbon it does not appear to be completely destroyed until 350°c. is reached. Oxidation above 70°C. is also marked by a big increase in the oxygen content of a coal, its general ulmification and in the yield of gaseous oxidation products; also carbon dioxide then preponderates over the monoxide. These observations were substantiated by means of gravimetric balances for the coal‐oxygen reaction at 50° and 90° c. The pressure changes at these two temperatures were also different; whereas a gradual fall in pressure was recorded at 50° c., at 90° c. a temporary rise in pressure occurred. The remarkable difference in the behaviour above and below this critical temperature is common to both coal and carbon, and in view of the ability of carbon to form a carbon‐oxygen‐water complex, it is evident that with both materials the overall oxidation is controlled by the rate of breakdown of the complex. Of paramount importance is the necessity for the presence of water; indeed, an explanation is now forthcoming of the classical experiments of C. J. Baker and H. B. Baker in 1887‐88, which demonstrated that dry carbon cannot be readily oxidized even at red heat.
The practical, problems of corrosion. Part XIII. The painting of wet steel surfaces
Authors: Mayne J. E. O. , Evans U. R.
Published: July 2007

The effect of mixing various inhibitors with sodium nitrite is described, the efliciency and probable mode of action of phosphates including mctaphosphnte, carbonate, sulphates and zinc salts being discussed. In general the radicals studied were those having insoluble ferric salts and reasonably soluble calcium and magnesium salts. Zinc salts were considered owing to the possibility that their cathodic action might rcinforcc the anodic action of nitrite. Sulphites were included in the experiments owing to their ready reaction with dissolved oxygen.
The preparation of acenaphthylene from acenaphthene. II. The vapour phase catalytic dehydro‐genation of acenaphthene
Authors: Kynaston Walter , Jones J. Idris
Published: July 2007

High yields of 93‐93% acenaphthylene are obtained (by vapour phase catalytic dehydrogenation of acenaphthene. The use of steam as a diluent for the acenaphthene vapour is particularly beneficial. The effect of certain operation variables on the degree of conversion has been studied; under certain conditions, both) naphthalene and α‐methyl naphtalene are present as by‐products. Suitable analytical methods for determining acenaphthylene in the crude product are described.
The preparation of diphenyl chloroarsine
Authors: Barker R. L. , Booth E. , Jones W. E. , Millidge A. F. , Woodward F. N.
Published: July 2007

Diphenylchloroarsine can be obtained in good yield in the laboratory by interaction of phenyldichloroarsine and phenylarsenoxide at 250‐300°C. in glass. In order to minimize dispropotrionation of the product into phenyldichloroarsine and triphenylarsine it is necessary to have present an excess of phenyldichloroarsine, most of which is recoverable.

Improvements have been made in the preparation of phenyl‐ at sonic acid from aniline and details are given of the reduction of the former to phenyldichlorarsine and to phenylarsenoxide.
Anti‐fouling compositions: Accuracy of leaching rate determinations
Authors: Barnes H.
Published: July 2007

1. An outline of the leaching rate method of studying antifouling compositions is given, together with a consideration of the sources of error in such work.

2. Details are given of the method used in the present investigation, in which a large number of compositions have been tested.

3. By the annlysis of variance technique the coefficient of variation for copper leaching rates is calculated from the data of a number of series of compositions.

Over an exposure period of 215 days for a representative series of cuprous oxidc compositions the C.V. is 13.6°. It is shown that the value increases with the cxposurc pcriod and it is suggested that this is due to an increase in the errors arising from the presence of fouling on the test slides. This is substantiated by the higher value obtained from a series with inadequate anti‐fouling properties, and by the lower value from a series always adequately antifouling.

4. The above values are compared with that obtained from a series of compositions based on phenarsazine chloride. An increase in the variability with the latter poison is ascribed to the more difficult and protracted analytical technique.

5. Analyses are given indicating the variability arising from laboratory work. These arc shown to be comparatively small compared with the total variability. It is therefore suggested that further refinements in the leaching rate technique are not necessary unless the errors arising from the composition and painting as well as from the ex osure conditions are brought under some more adequate control.
Diazotization of nitroaminoguanidine
Authors: O'Connor T. E. , Fleming G. , Reilly J.
Published: July 2007

Nitroaminoguanidine on diazotization yields nitroguanidine and nitroguanyl‐azide which may be isomerized to 5‐nitramine‐teuazole. Nitroguanyl azide acts as a dibasic acid when titrated with alkalis, as it is quantitatively isomerized to the dibasic nitramine‐tetrazole. Volumetric procedures for the estimation of the azide and its isomer are described.
The propagation of exothermic reactions in solid systems. Parti. Pre‐ignition reactions
Authors: Spice I. E. , Staveley L. A. K.
Published: July 2007

Compressed mixtures of iron and barium peroxide or iron and potassium dichromate are examples of systems capable of undergoing self‐propagating incandescent reaction when ignited. It has been found that in both of these systems a non‐incandescent reaction, called the pre‐ignition reaction, sets in at a measurable rate below the ignition temperature. This reaction has been shown to be a genuine solid‐solid reaction. Its kinetics have been investigated, and the part it plays in the propagation of the incandescent reaction is discussed.
The equilibrium between glucose and sulphurous acid
Authors: Vas K.
Published: July 2007

The apparent constants of equilibrium and velocity of the glucose + sulphurous acid reaction were measured under various conditions at 20° c. It was found that: (I) the value of the apparent equilibrium constant is mainly a function of pH; it is lowest between pH, 3 and 5·5 and increases rapidly in more acid or more alkaline regions. Changes in concentration of the reactants (glucose = 1‐40 g./100 ml.; SO2 = 130‐3500 mg./l.) seem to haw only a minor influence; (2) the apparent velocity constants of decomposition and of addition are functions of the pH only.

The almost complete parallelism between the dependence of these values upon pH in the case of the bisulphite compounds of both glucose and benzaldehyde suggests the same reaction mechanism.
The essential oil of Libocedrus bidwillii‐New Zealand Cedar
Authors: Batt R. D. , Hassell C. H.
Published: July 2007

The application of a highly efficient fractionating column to the analysis of essential oils has been studied through the use of a spiral gauze column in the re‐examination of the essential oil of Libocedrus bidwillii (New Zealand Cedar). The following fifteen constituents have been separated. l‐x‐pinene (24 ·8%); d‐sabinene (3·3%); myrcene (2·7%); ketone (C10 H16 O) (3·7%); limonene and dipentene (7·4%); p‐cymene (3·4%); terpinolene (0·7%) terpinen‐4‐01 (1·2%); unidentified tricyclic sesquiterpene (1·6%); unidentified sesquiterpene (3·7%); caryophyllene (3·0%); γ‐curcumene (18·4%); d‐cadinene (2·7%); green oil (5·8%); and tar (including hydrocarbon) (8·2%).
The estimation of radioactive strontium, barium, cobalt and iodine in river water
Authors: Duncan J. F. , Johss T. F. , Johnson K. D. B. , McKay H. A. C. , Maton W. R. E. , Pike E. W. A. , Walton C. N.
Published: July 2007

Methods have been developed for the estimation of radioactive strontium, barium, cobalt and iodine in river water down to 10−10–10−11 curie, I. The methods involve chemical separations for each element in turn, followed by pray counting under sufficiently sensitive conditions. The recommended chemical separations arc briefly as follows:

For combined strontium and barium.—The water sample is evaporated to 3 small bulk with the addition of sodium carbonate solution. The precipitated carbonates arc treated with 80% nitric acid, which dissolves everything but strontium and barium nitrates and 3 mainly siliceous residue. The mixed nitrates arc dissolved in water, and the carbonates precipitated for counting.

For strontium and barium separately.—The usual chromate method is employed.

For cobalt.—The water sample is evaporated down with nitric acid. Ammonium cobaltothiocyanate is extracted with a mixed amyl alcohol‐ether solvent. The cobalt is precipitated 3s ferrocyanide for counting.

For iodine.—The iodine is estracted from the water sample by means of carbon tetrachloride, and precipitated as silver iodide for counting.
Methods of determination of the silica and halogen contents of some organic compounds of silicon
Authors: Ridge D. , Todd M.
Published: July 2007

Methods of determination of the silica and halogen contents of some organic compounds of silicon, including volatile and moisture‐sensitive substances, arc described.
Pectin studies. IV. Consideration of gel strength and viscosity
Authors: Laxipitt L. H. , Money R. W. , Judge B. E.
Published: July 2007

Gel strength and viscosity studies have been carried out employing a series of pectins obtained by degrading citrus pectin by grinding for various times in 3 ball mill. As degradation increased, the quantity of material estimated as calcium pectate, but not contributing to gel formation, increased and the slope of the straight line representing the gel strength and square of the concentration relationship became less. It is shown that this slope bears a linear relationship to the limiting viscosity values for the pectin in aqueous solution and the nitro‐ester in acetone solution, and that it is proportional to the Young's modulus of the fibrils constituting the gel.
The ternary system, water‐methanol‐xylene, at 20°, 30° and 50°C
Authors: Hartley J.
Published: July 2007

A study has been made of the ternary system, water‐methanol‐xylene, at 20°, 30° and 50°c. The system exhibits density inversion of the conjugate solutions and the compositions of the conjugate phases of equal density have been determined.
The removal of acetylene from hydrocarbon gases
Authors: Bowen B. E. V. , Howlett J. , Wood W. L.
Published: July 2007

The presence of acetylene in gas mixtures from vapour‐phase cracking of petroleum is a complication in the use of hydroxy‐alkylamine solutions of cuprous salts for concentration of ethylene.1 Acetylene is frequently also a deleterious impurity in ethylene separated from such gases by other methods of gas separation. Two methods arc described for eliminating the acetylene from ethylene‐containing gases, one for ethylene fractions containing no more than traces of hydrogen, the other for mixtures containing hydrogen in substantial amounts. In the absence of hydrogen the acetylene impurity can be preferentially oxidized, using copper as catalyst, the small amount of residual excess oxygen which is necessarily added reacting with ethylene on the same catalyst and at the same temperature to give a gas free from both acetylene and oxygen. When hydrogen is present in amounts in excess of 4% (molar), small amounts of acetylene impurity, such as 0·5 to 1·0% (molar), can be preferentially hydrogenated without affecting the ethylene by the use of a reduced nickel‐chrome catalyst, the preparation of which is described. The efficiency of this catalyst is adversely affected by the presence of certain sulphur bodies.
Correspondence on a paper by Dr. T. T. Jones: Some preliminary investigations of the phenol‐formaldehyde reaction
Authors: Goldblum K. B.
Published: July 2007

In the article titled “Some preliminary investigations of the phenol‐formaldehyde reaction” by Dr. T. T. Jones (J. Soc. chem. Ind. 1946, 65, 264), this statement is made in the summary: “In alkaline media, dialcohols also seem to be produced more readily, as indicated by the fact that a first order rate law is obeyed until about 45% of the formaldehyde bas reacted.”