bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genes Associated With Breast Cancer Metastatic to Bone
Authors: Smid Marcel , Wang Yixin , Klijn Jan G.M. , Sieuwerts Anieta M. , Zhang Yi , Atkins David , Martens John W.M. , Foekens John A.
Published: April 2006

Purpose

The biology of tumors relapsing to bone is poorly understood. In this study, we initiated a search for genes that are implicated in tumors relapsing to bone in breast cancer.

Patients and Methods

We analyzed 107 primary breast tumors in patients who were all lymph node negative at the time of diagnosis and all had experienced relapse. Total RNA isolated from frozen tumor samples was used to gather gene expression data using oligo microarrays.

Results

A panel of 69 genes was found significantly differentially expressed between patients who experienced relapse to bone versus those who experienced relapse elsewhere in the body. The most differentially expressed gene, TFF1, was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in an independent cohort (n = 122; P = .0015). Our differentially expressed genes, combined with a recently reported gene set relevant to tumors relapsing to bone in an animal model system, pointed to the involvement of the fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway in preference of tumor cells that relapse to bone. Given that patients who experience relapse to bone may benefit from bisphosphonate therapy, we developed a classifier of 31 genes, which in an independent validation set correctly predicts all tumors relapsing to bone with a specificity of 50%.

Conclusion

Our study identifies a panel of genes relevant to bone metastasis in breast cancer. The subsequently developed classifier of tumors relapsing to bone could, after thorough confirmation on an extended number of independent samples, and in combination with our previously developed high-risk profile, provide a diagnostic tool for the recommendation of adjuvant bisphosphonate therapy in addition to endocrine therapy or chemotherapy.
The Impact of State Community Benefit Laws on the Community Health Orientation and Health Promotion Services of Hospitals
Authors: Ginn Gregory O. , Moseley Charles B.
Published: April 2006

This study examined the effect of state community benefit laws and guidelines on the community health orientation and the provision of hospital-based health promotion services in hospitals. The sample included all not-for-profit and investor-owned acute-care hospitals in the United States during the year 2000. Multiple regression procedures were used to test the effect of community benefit laws and type of ownership while controlling for organizational and environmental variables. The results of these procedures indicated that, on average, not-for-profit hospitals in the ten states with community benefit laws/guidelines reported significantly more community health orientation activities than did not-for-profit hospitals in the forty other states. The results of the multiple regression procedures also indicated that, on average, the investor-owned hospitals in the ten states with laws/guidelines reported significantly more community health orientation activities than did the investorowned hospitals in the forty other states. The study found that community benefit laws had the effect of decreasing ownership-related differences in reported community health orientation activities. Further, Levene's test of equality of variance showed that the not-for-profit hospitals in community benefit states exhibited significantly lower variance in the community health orientation activities when compared with the not-for-profit hospitals in non-community benefit states. However, none of the statistical tests supported the hypotheses that community benefit laws compelled or induced hospitals to offer significantly more health promotion services. The study concluded that coercive measures such as community benefit laws were effective in compelling not-for-profit hospitals to report increased community orientation activities, and it also concluded that the mimetic pressures associated with these laws were effective in inducing investor-owned hospitals to report increased community orientation activities.
Chiral Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hetero Diels-Alder Reaction of (E)-2-Oxo-1-phenylsulfonyl-3-alkenes with Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Wada Eiji , Yasuoka Hiroshi , Kanemasa Shuji
Published: April 2006

(E)-2-Oxo-1-phenylsulfonyl-3-alkenes are effectively activated with the aid of a catalytic amount of chiral titanium reagents in hetero Diels-Alder reactions with vinyl ethers to produce (2R,4R) or (2R,4S)-2,4-cis-2-alkoxy-4-substituted-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans in highly endo- and enantioselective manners. The resulting cycloadducts are transformed to 5-substituted (5R)-2-phenylsulfonyl-2-cyclohexen-1-ones which are useful as new chiral building blocks.
Cation Radicals of Hexyl-substituted Oligothiophenes in Solution. Comparison with Poly[3-(long alkyl)thiophenes]
Authors: Sato Masa-aki , Hiroi Masao
Published: April 2006

Hexyl-substituted oligothiophenes (sexi-, novi-, duodeci-, and quindecithiophenes) were oxidized with two equivalents of FeCl3 in dichloromethane. The visible-near IR and ESR spectra of the solutions showed that oxidized species in the oligothiophenes were cation radicals and were spread over thiophene rings between 6 and 8. The absorption spectra of the solutions were similar to those of poly[3-(long alkyl)thiophenes] in oxidized states in solution.
Structure of Perfluorinated Ionomer Membranes Incorporating Organic Cations
Authors: Inaba Minoru , Osa Yumi , Yao Takeshi , Ogumi Zempachi
Published: April 2006

The structure of perfluorinated ionomer membranes (Nafion®) incorporating large organic cations, tetraethylammonium (TEA+) and 1,1′-dialkyl-4,4′-bipyridinium cations (CnV2+, n = 3 and 8), is studied using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). For TEA+- and C3V2+-form membranes, the SAXS maxima show the presence of the ionic clusters as large as those for Na+-form (ca. 4 nm in diameter). For C8V2+-form membranes, the intercluster distance expanded to a value larger than that for H+-form after the ion-exchange reaction for 5 days. However, the water content and cluster size decreased significantly after the ion-exchange reaction for 50 days or boiling treatment.
Anion Effect on the Current Efficiency During the Preparation of Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Solution by Electrolysis
Authors: Yagi Osamu , Shimizu Shumpei
Published: April 2006

Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) of high quality without corrosive ions were prepared by the electrolysis of the solution containing tetramethylammonium hydrogencarbonate (TMAC). Current efficiency varies by the anion of the tetramethylammonium salts and best with hydrogencarbonate among sulfate, chloride, and formate salts.
Lipase-Catalyzed Polymerization of Divinyl Adipate with Glycols to Polyesters
Authors: Uyama Hiroshi , Kobayashi Shiro
Published: April 2006

Enzymatic polymerization of divinyl adipate with four glycols was carried out catalyzed by three kinds of lipase. The polymerization with 1,4-butanediol by Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase in i-propyl ether at 45 °C for 48 h produced a corresponding polyester with molecular weight of 6700 in 50% yield. With ethylene glycol, 1,6-hexanediol or 1,10-decanediol as a glycol, the corresponding polyester was also obtained, however, its molecular weight decreased, compared with that of 1,4-butanediol.
Structure and Thermolysis of a 1,4,2-Oxatellurazole, a Novel Tellurium Containing Heterocycle
Authors: Minoura Mao , Kawashima Takayuki , Okazaki Renji
Published: April 2006

A novel tellurium containing heterocycle, 1,4,2-oxatellurazole, was characterized by X-ray crystallographic analysis which showed a remarkably small C-Te-C bond angle (79.4°), and its thermolysis afforded the corresponding ketone and isonitrile derived from an intermediary isotellurocyanate in a manner of 1,3-dipolar cycloreversion.
Efficient Photoelectrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide on a p-Type Silicon (p-Si) Electrode Modified with Very Small Copper Particles
Authors: Hinogami Reiko , Mori Tomohiro , Yae Shinji , Nakato Yoshihiro
Published: April 2006

The photoelectrochemical reduction of CO2 was performed with p-type silicon (p-Si) electrodes modified with very small Cu particles. Hydrocarbons such as methane and ethylene were produced together with CO and HCOOH similar to the case of a Cu-metal electrode, but at potentials ca. 0.4 V more positive than the Cu-metal electrode, clearly showing that the photovoltage generated in the p-Si is effectively utilized for the CO2 reduction. On the contrary, p-Si electrodes coated with continuous Cu layers as well as naked p-Si electrodes showed no such photo-shifts in potential.
Exploratory and Mechanistic Studies of the Trimerization Reaction of Benzoylacetylenes in the Presence of a Secondary Amine
Authors: Matsuda Kenji , Nakamura Nobuo , Iwamura Hiizu
Published: April 2006

A variety of benzoylacetylenes are trimerized to give the corresponding 1,3,5-tribenzoylbenzenes when heated with a catalytic amount of diethylamine. A large amount of diethylamine gives γ-(diethylamino)propenoylbenzene at the expense of 1,3,5-tribenzoylbenzene, verifying a Michael-addition/trimerization/elimination-type mechanism for the formation of the benzene ring.
Synthesis of Poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)/Poly(ethylene oxide) Diblock Copolymer Endcapped with Sugar Moiety for Cell-Specific Biomaterials
Authors: Cho Chong-Su , Chung Sook-Ja , Goto Mituaki , Kobayashi Akira , Akaike Toshihiro
Published: April 2006

AB block copolymers consisting of poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)(PBLG) as component A and poly(ethylene oxide) as component B were prepared containing [O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)]-d-gluconamide or [O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-d-gluconamide. From the circular dichroism measurements in solution state as well as infrared measurements in solid state, it was found that they had α-helical structure in both states as same as for the PBLG homopolymer. From adhesion of hepatocytes to the copolymer in vitro, it was found that lactose-carrying PBLG/PEO block copolymer had about 80% of adhesion within 2 h.
Diene-transmissive Hetero Diels-Alder Reactions of Bis(silyloxy) Cross-conjugated Trienes with Azodicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Tsuge Otohiko , Hatta Taizo , Yakata Kenshi , Maeda Hironori
Published: April 2006

The first example for the diene-transmissive hetero Diels-Alder reaction of two bis(silyloxy) cross conjugated trienes, 3-benzylidene- and 3-(methoxymethylene)-2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-1,4-pentadiene, is presented by the reactions with azodicarbonyl compounds such as diethyl azodicarboxylate and triazolinediones. The cross type of the diene-transmissive reaction is also described.
Direct Oxygenation of Benzene and Its Analogues into Phenols Catalyzed by Oxovanadium(IV) Complex with Combined Use of Molecular Oxygen and Aldehyde
Authors: Hata Eiichiro , Takai Toshihiro , Yamada Tohru , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: April 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount of oxovanadium(IV) complexes coordinated by 1,3-diketone-type ligands, benzene and its analogues are directly oxygenated into phenols by combined use of molecular oxygen and crotonaldehyde at room temperature.
Application of Photochromic 5-Dimethylaminoindolylfulgide to Photon-Mode Erasable Optical Memory Media with Non-Destructive Readout Ability Based on Wavelength Dependence of Bleaching Quantum Yield
Authors: Matsui Fumio , Taniguchi Hitoshi , Yokoyama Yasushi , Sugiyama Kazuhiro , Kurita Yukio
Published: April 2006

Bleaching quantum yield of 5-dimethylaminoindolylfulgide in a PMMA film decreased as the wavelength of irradiating visible light became longer, and the quantum yield was close to zero at the wavelength longer than 750 nm, where the colored species of the fulgide still has the absorption. By taking advantage of this observation, a photon-mode erasable optical memory media having non-destructive readout ability was constructed. Continual readout was possible for more than one hundred thousand times.
A New Oxidation of 3-Bromocamphor to Camphorquinone
Authors: Hattori Kazuyuki , Yoshida Takashi , Rikuta Ken-ichi , Miyakoshi Tetsuo
Published: April 2006

3-Bromocamphor was oxidized in DMSO by bubbling air in the presence of sodium iodide to give camphorquinone quantitatively. The oxidation was found to proceed under mild conditions by a radical mechanism.
Atomic Force Microscopic Observation of Plasma Polymerized Film. Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, Hexamethyldisiloxane, and Pyrrole as the Monomers
Authors: Tazaki Michiko , Aizawa Hiroyuki , Homma Terutake
Published: April 2006

Atomic force microscopic observations of plasma polymerized thin films of the three monomers, hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyldisiloxane, and pyrrole, were made. The polymerization processes under fixed plasma conditions were followed with the reaction time. The differece of the polymerization rate between these monomers was clearly obtained by AFM observation.
Convenient Synthesis of Dehydrooligopeptides Containing α-Dehydroamino Acid Residue Alone
Authors: Shin Chung-gi , Koshimizu Masao , Yonezawa Yasuchika
Published: April 2006

Convenient synthesis of dehydropeptides containing only α-dehydroamino acid was accomplished by the fragment condensation and β-elimination.
Novel Chemical Modification of Myoglobin by an Alcohol-Responsive Phenylboronic Acid Function
Authors: Nagasaki Takeshi , Kimura Onari , Hamachi Itaru , Shinkai Seiji
Published: April 2006

A novel method for modification of myoglobin by an alcohol-responsive phenylboronic acid function has been developed. A modified myoglobin can form a stable complex with poly(vinyl alcohol) in high pH region. The spectroscopic examination indicates that the complexation makes the modified myoglobin more stable against some denaturing factors than native myoglobin.
Chemical speciation of heterogeneously reduced Pu in synthetic brines
Authors: Ding Mei , Conca James L. , Auwer Christophe Den , Gabitov Rinat I. , Hess Nancy J. , Paviet-Hartmann Patricia , Palmer Phillip D. , LoPresti Vin , Conradson Steven D.
Published: April 2006

X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy has been used to determine the speciation of Pu precipitates prepared by the heterogeneous reduction of Pu(VI) with Al and Fe in 5 M NaCl and an ERDA-6 brine, a simulant from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in Carlsbad, New Mexico. NaOCl was added to some of these solutions to determine its effect on Pu speciation. Analysis of the PuLIIIspectra showed that all solids consisted of PuO2+x-y(OH)2y·zH2O, compounds with characteristics identical to those prepared by hydrolysis and with Pu-O and Pu-Pu distances identical to those treated at elevated temperature. Additionally, reduction with Al gave compounds with different site distributions than reduction with Fe, and reduction with Al or the addition of NaOCl appeared to suppress the formation of oxo groups and their associated Pu(V) sites.
The Respect for Bill Reid Pole
Authors: JONAITIS ALDONA
Published: April 2006

The Respect for Bill Reid Pole. An online exhibition of the Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia and the Virtual Museum of Canada. ALDONAJONAITIS
Ara Irititja: Protecting the Past, Accessing the Future—Indigenous Memories in a Digital Age
Authors: CHRISTEN KIMBERLY
Published: April 2006

Ara Irititja: Protecting the Past, Accessing the Future—Indigenous Memories in. Digital Age. digital archive project of the Pitjantjatjara Council.KIMBERLYCHRISTEN
Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas
Authors: FELDHOUSEN KRISTY
Published: April 2006

Creativity and Resistance: Maroon Cultures in the Americas. An online exhibition of the Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, Smithsonian Institution.KRISTYFELDHOUSEN
Bodies of Cultures: A World Tour of Body Modification
Authors: HERTZ CARRIE
Published: April 2006

Bodies of Cultures:. World Tour of Body Modification. An online exhibition of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.CARRIEHERTZ
The Potter's Eye: Art and Tradition in North Carolina Pottery
Authors: ABRAHAMS SARAH
Published: April 2006

The Potter's Eye: Art and Tradition in North Carolina Pottery.. MARKHEWITT AND NANCY SWEEZY. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. 296 pp.
Stitching Beauty: Kuna Indian Textiles from Panama
Authors: CASHMAN RAY
Published: April 2006

Stitching Beauty: Kuna Indian Textiles from Panama. Birmingham Museum of Art. September 25, 2005‐December 31, 2005.
Art of the Ancestors: Antique North American Indian Art
Authors: BERLO JANET CATHERINE
Published: April 2006

Art of the Ancestors: Antique North American Indian Art. GEORGE E.SHAW, WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY STEVEN C. BROWN, BENSON L. LANSFORD, and BILL MERCER. Aspen, CO: Aspen Art Museum, 2004. Distributed by the University of New Mexico Press. 179 pp.
A Western Legacy: The National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum
Authors: SMITH LAURA E.
Published: April 2006

A Western Legacy: The National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum. STEVEN L.GRAFE, SUSAN HALLSTEN MCGARRY, CHARLES E. RAND, RICHARD C. RATTENBURY, AND DONALD W. REEVES. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005. 256 pp.
Commuter Services in the Boston Area, 1835–1860
Authors: Kennedy Charles J.
Published: April 2006

In the late 1840's, under the leadership of the Boston and Maine management, the seven steam railroads in Boston promoted the development of suburbs by lowering fares and providing frequent commuter trains. By 1855 the volume of commuter traffic was of sufficient magnitude and the fares so low as to depress the earning power of the seven roads. When the managements attempted to offset increases in wages and material costs with higher commuter fares, the commuters on one line dramatically and successfully staged a revolt. The policy of deliberately developing commuter service as a by-product not only stimulated the urban development of Greater Boston but also influenced the philosophy of railroad management itself.
A Note on Continuity of Enterprise
Authors: Cole Arthur H.
Published: April 2006

If an “index of continuity” for business enterprise could be constructed, it would show a distinct rise over the years. Reasons for and significance of this trend are examined, and distinctive mortality rates in various kinds of enterprises are identified. Appropriate data, however, have only recently begun to be recorded. With a sound statistical base, some form of enterprise life insurance may be possible; indeed, certain starts have already been made in this direction.
Early History of A Railway Organization
Authors: Jenks Leland H.
Published: April 2006

The more deeply scholars probe the evolution of management methods and structure, the earlier are antecedents of modern practice detected. The 1882 report on the Pennsylvania Railroad organization exhibits a highly refined conceptualization of big business administration and must stand as a significant milepost in the history of management. Here are to be found many of the ideas and even some of the terminology to which much more recent birth dates have hitherto been ascribed.
The Private Companies and A Public-Power Paradox
Authors: Nelson W. Stewart
Published: April 2006

The Nebraska public-power paradox is more than a case study of the elimination of private enterprise. It illustrates how, in a seemingly homogeneous economic setting, familiar social, political, economic, and geographic factors can blend uniquely to produce a nonconformist entity, explicable only in terms of its history.
Business History: Some Major Challenges
Authors: Walton Clarence C.
Published: April 2006

Substantial gains made within the past score years in clarifying the nature and scope of business history afford ample grounds for confidence that this academic youngster will assuredly develop into a vigorous adult. Such high optimism can be sustained, however, only if this small guild of practitioners develops and administers appropriate intellectual booster shots necessary for its continued health. At the moment it does appear that business history is vulnerable to a large number of afflictions. To put the matter more specifically, business historians as a group give the impression of being sharply divided on issues where agreement might reasonably be expected at this stage of the field's development. Signs of a recent shift from emphasis on decision-making, innovation, and administration to a stress on a vaguely defined “general environment” fueled concern.
Communication Between the Academician and the Businessman
Authors: Perry Glen
Published: April 2006

Many years ago, when I was a reporter on the now defunct New York Sun, I was informed by the city editor that I had been assigned to cover the Westminster, the World Series of dogdom, at Madison Square Garden. While I liked dogs, and got along pretty well with them, I knew nothing whatever about the fine points of judging, and said so.
A Journal for Company Histories and Entrepreneurial Biography
Authors: Treue Wilhelm , Wolff Klaus H.
Published: April 2006

The following article served to introduce the first issue of Tradition, a German journal of business history, in October, 1956. It constitutes a review of business history generally, with particular reference to progress and ideas in Germany, notes of efforts in other Continental countries, and comparative references to American progress. Guideposts are set up both for the journal and for scholars active in the field. These illustrate certain unique problems facing German historians, but at the same time emphasize the existence of broad agreement among business historians on basic goals and operating methods. Reprinted in translation through the courtesy of Tradition and of Professor Wilhelm Treue, Editor.
ABC and SRDS: The Evolution of Two Specialized Advertising Services
Authors: Myers Kenneth H.
Published: April 2006

The advertising industry generated remarkably prompt responses, at both the institutional and individual level, to the opportunities and problems of growth. Once associationist activities had achieved a measure of industry self-regulation and self-analysis, individual entrepreneurs stepped in to offer specialized services that grew in value as the professional status of the parties concerned became established and differentiated.
The Small City Industrialist, 1900–1950: A Case Study of Norristown, Pennsylvania
Authors: Soltow James H.
Published: April 2006

Historians of the entrepreneur and of the firm encounter great difficulty in finding comparative data against which to measure their subject. Empirical studies such as this one, dealing in broad yet specific terms with the ebb and flow of enterprise in a community, provide a workable guide to what constitutes typical patterns of business development.
The Tempo of Mercantile Life in Colonial America
Authors: Cole Arthur H.
Published: April 2006

This study of the working habits of early American businessmen focuses on long-forgotten details that help clarify methods of the day and suggest that business in colonial times had not yet become an end in itself nor a dominant means for self-expression.
The Lobdell Car Wheel Co., 1830-1867
Authors: Livesay Harold C.
Published: April 2006

While the growth of American railroads and textile mills from their beginnings through the Civil War has been extensively studied, much less attention has been given to smaller manufacturing firms which grew at the same time from job-shops to major units in the industrial structure. This paper studies one such firm, whose growth was a function of the skills of its proprietors, the benefits of its location, and the demand for manufactured items created by the growth of agricultural and transport sectors of the economy.
A Manufacturer in Wartime: Du Pont, 1860–1865
Authors: Hancock Harold B. , Wilkinson Norman B.
Published: April 2006

The problems and experiences of the largest American powder producer form an interesting case study of the effects of the Civil War upon business.
Business History in Holland
Authors: Klompmaker H.
Published: April 2006

To facilitate fruitful conceptualization and research in business history among scholars throughout the world, the Review presents the second in a series of reports by our International Correspondents. These reports will supplement the American activities regularly recorded in our pages. It is our hope that comparative studies of common problems and the exchange of data and ideas will thus be encouraged.
The 500 Largest American Industrials in 1917
Authors: Navin Thomas R.
Published: April 2006

In the manner of the Creole tradesmen of Louisiana, whose lagniappe to their patrons is legendary, the Editor offers a similar bonus to readers of the Review. Instead of trifling presents added to a purchase, however, our lagniappe will be notes and documents illustrative of the evolution of business enterprise.
The Origins of British-Based Multinational Manufacturing Enterprises
Authors: Stopford John M.
Published: April 2006

Professor Stopford explores the patterns of British direct investment in overseas manufacturing in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, paying special attention to the quality of Victorian entrepreneurship and the opportunities and problems presented by the Empire and then the Commonwealth.
Public Policy and Private Choice: Mass Transit and the Automobile in Chicago between the Wars
Authors: Barrett Paul
Published: April 2006

Public policy, grounded in the conception of urban transit as a private business and of the automobile as a public good, played a crucial role in the decline of public transportation and the triumph of the automobile in Chicago.
Rockefeller's Right-hand Man: Frederick T. Gates and the Northwestern Mining Investments
Authors: Fell James E.
Published: April 2006

As the careers of men like J. P. Morgan and Andrew Carnegie illustrate so well, one of the most important elements of entrepreneurship is the ability to select talented lieutenants. This aspect of John D. Rockefeller's career is less well known, particularly in respect to his private investments. Dr. Fell takes one of Rockefeller's minor projects and demonstrates that the sagacity and perseverance of a lieutenant, Frederick T. Gates, meant the difference between a near-total loss and a remarkably profitable investment.
The Relationship of Records Management Activities to the Field of Business History
Authors: Brichford Maynard
Published: April 2006

A leading archivist describes the nature and functions of professional records management and suggests some relationships between those activities and business history. If future historians are to have useful records for research, present-day scholars need to be informed about and interested in the work of records managers.
Work Injuries and Adversary Processes in Two New England Textile Mills
Authors: Gersuny Carl
Published: April 2006

Whatever the shortcomings of “no-fault” employee compensation laws, such as the one passed in Massachusetts in 1911, Professor Gersuny shows that such laws were a great improvement over what had prevailed. Working with formerly confidential files, he shows that an “adversary relationship” had existed between the employer and his insurance company, on the one hand, and often pitifully maimed employees on the other. With few exceptions, all of the advantages were on the side of the employer, and the rights of employees to more than token compensation were routinely trampled upon.
Business Records at the Harvard Business School
Authors: Bartoshesky Florence
Published: April 2006

The preservation and study of unpublished business records has long been one of business history's most distinctive contributions to scholarship. To provide a forum for archivists and historians to share their knowledge of specific archival collections, the Review has commissioned a series of essays on archival history and research opportunities. In this essay, the first in the series, Ms. Florence Bartoshesky, curator of manuscripts and archives at the Harvard Business School's Baker Library, reviews the history of this major collection of business records.
Local Manufacturing in the Antebellum South and Midwest
Authors: Cohn Raymond L.
Published: April 2006

It has been a long time since clichés like “cotton was king” have satisfied historians as an answer to the question of why the American South did not develop a manufacturing industry at least as vigorous as that of the Midwest in the antebellum years. Professor Cohn thinks that the South may well have done just that, and presents an analysis based on location theory that supports such a conclusion.
Growth of the Multidivisional Corporation: The Genstar Case
Authors: Laureyssens Julienne M.
Published: April 2006

Genstar Ltd. of Canada provides a superb case study of the relationship between the strategy a corporation chooses to pursue and the organizational form which it adopts. Genstar had originally operated as a holding company. But its managers came to understand that the advantages that form provided were outweighed by the problems it posed given both the general goals of Genstar's parent, the Société Générale de Belgique, and the particular opportunities and obstacles presented by the Canadian business environment since World War II. The result was the adoption of the multidivisional form.
The Informal Social Control of Business in Britain: 1880–1939
Authors: Boswell Jonathan
Published: April 2006

Professor Boswell here discusses how informal social control was exercised over business conduct in the six decades from 1880 to World War II. He seeks to explain why some firms were more responsive to the public than others.
Maritime Enterprise in the New Republic: Investment in Baltimore Shipping, 1789–1793
Authors: Gilbert Geoffrey
Published: April 2006

By systematically analyzing ship registry documents it is possible to illuminate shipholding practices at major American ports in the early national era. In this article, Professor Gilbert focuses on shipholding in Baltimore in the period just prior to the late eighteenth century European war-induced shipping boom. He finds the port's foreign trade to be largely controlled by Baltimore residents. Merchants owned by far the largest percentage of the shipping, while mariners constituted an important, albeit secondary, investor group. Sole ownership of vessels was more extensive in Federalist Baltimore than in colonial Boston or Philadelphia. More detailed comparisons of shipowning practices among the major United States ports, Gilbert concludes, await further research.
Paternalism and Pink Collars: Gender and Federal Employee Relations, 1941–50
Authors: Rung Margaret C.
Published: April 2006

Women substantially increased their presence in Washington, D.C.'s federal civil service during World War II. Accordingly, agency administrators struggled to define and address the “needs” of these new government women. This article analyzes the crucial role that gender played in the renegotiation of management strategies and policies during the 1940s. It examines the popularization of the human relations school of management in federal agencies and reveals how gendered concepts of authority impacted the employment prospects of female civil servants. The war provided an opportunity for some managers to promote a more “feminine” interpretation of human relations, but as this article demonstrates, that interpretation rested upon stressing the difference between male and female workers. In addition, postwar conservatism allowed for a reassertion of more hierarchical, “masculine” approaches to employment management in the civil service.
Global Perspectives on Modern Business
Authors: Galambos Louis
Published: April 2006

The dominant paradigm in business history has for many years been the synthesis developed by Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. Like most paradigms that define a field of scholarship, Chandler's has attracted swarms of devotees and critics, and for some years, it was customary to perform a ritual bow toward his work in the first or second paragraph of any article appearing in theBusiness History Review. This was true whether the substance of the article appeared to support or contradict Chandlers concept of the development of modern private enterprise.
Pioneering Foreign Direct Investment in British Manufacturing
Authors: Godley Andrew C.
Published: April 2006

This article analyzes all known cases of foreign direct investment in British manufacturing prior to 1890. From 1890 onwards the bulk of foreign entrants were industrial goods producers. Before 1890, the pioneering entrants were mostly consumer goods manufacturers. The article demonstrates that, with one monumental exception, these pioneers were narrowly focused, driven entirely by a concern about enhancing access to the British market. Typically they failed. The one exception was the Singer Manufacturing Company. This investment was of an entirely different nature. Singer's commitment was large and non-reversible from almost the very beginning, and was predicated on an awareness of the possibility of using Britain as an export platform. Its consequence was the emergence of Singer as the world's first modern multinational enterprise and as one of the world's largest firms by 1900.
Merchants as Business Groups: British Trading Companies in Asia before 1945
Authors: Jones Geoffrey , Wale Judith
Published: April 2006

Merchants formed an important component of British foreign direct investment before 1945. Locating in parts of Asia, Latin America and other developing economies, they often diversified into non-trading activities, including the ownership of plantations. This article examines three such British firms active initially in Asia, though with operations also in North America, Europe, and Africa. Often regarded as handicapped by managerial failings, especially from the early twentieth century, the authors cast these firms as more entrepreneurial and possessing greater managerial competencies than has been suggested. The article argues that their business strategies continued to evolve in the interwar years and that, when viewed as business groups, their organizational forms were robust, though considerable diversity in the performance of the three British firms can be observed. This evidence is shown to have implications for wider debates about the competencies of British management as a whole.
The Nineteenth-Century American Trade Card
Authors: Hale Margaret E.
Published: April 2006

Industrialization, urbanization, and commercial expansion following the Civil War altered the social and economic landscape in America and contributed to the rapid development of new consumer markets. Manufacturers began to vie aggressively for consumer spending. It was the advertising trade card that met the need for an effective national advertising medium, heralding the arrival of an extraordinary variety of manufactured goods newly available to the American public.
Democrats' 1916 Tariff Commission: Responding to Dumping Fears and Illustrating the Consumer Costs of Protectionism
Authors: Schnietz Karen
Published: April 2006

The 1916 Tariff Commission, created to provide expert analyses of tariffs, is an example of Progressive-Era reliance on technical analysis. However, the Commission was motivated not only by a desire to improve technical understanding of tariffs, but also by distinctly political goals. President Woodrow Wilson and Treasury Secretary McAdoo adopted this Republican invention in response to pressure to prevent potential foreign “dumping” after the First World War. Congressional Democrats supported the Tariff Commission for this and an additional reason: they hoped Commission analyses of the consumer welfare costs of protectionism would undermine future electoral support for Republican high-tariff candidates.
Corporate Restructuring and Investment Horizons in the United States, 1976–1987
Authors: Hall Bronwyn H.
Published: April 2006

Many observers of the corporate restructurings that reached major proportions in the United States in the 1980s have believed that the market for corporate control had a serious negative impact on companies' long-term investment, which in turn contributed to the United States's decline in global competitiveness. In the following study, the author looks carefully at the effects of financial restructurings on investment, especially at expenditures on R&D, in a large set of companies categorized according to their level of technology and the length of their investment horizon. She then compares the U.S. situation with that in the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan. She concludes that, though many such events occasioned no change at all in investment strategies, restructuring pressures and declines in investment tended to concentrate in certain industries. She also finds that investment decisions were usually rational, given high interest rates and a tax environment that favored debt over equity.
Strategy and Structure in the Textile Industry: Spencer Love and Burlington Mills, 1923-1962
Authors: Wright Annette C.
Published: April 2006

Shrewd product selection allowed Spencer Love to build Burlington Mills into a large profitable firm in what most observers regarded as a declining industry, textiles. Using integration, diversification, and a multidivisional structure, he then attempted to have Burlington dominate its industry just as a few other large corporations controlled steel, automobiles, and chemicals. In textiles, however, powerful forces constrained and sometimes defeated these strategies. After the emergence of artificial and synthetic fibers, textile mills became dependent on large yarn manufacturers in the chemical industry such as Du Pont and Celanese. In addition, large size and diversification did not always protect a company's profits, and forward integration into the volatile women's garment industry proved to be especially dangerous. In the end, Love concluded that Burlington should remain a weaving and knitting company; when he died in 1962, textiles remained an industry in which small, specialized firms survived alongside the corporate giants.
Business History Holdings at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania
Authors: Little Cynthia J.
Published: April 2006

In this essay, Cynthia Little gives a brief overview of the collections of interest to business historians available at the Histical Society of Pennsylvania.
A Historian Looks Ahead; The Future of Christianity in the Light of its Past
Authors: Latourette Kenneth Scott
Published: April 2006

What can the past tell us of the future of Christianity? Prophecy is notoriously fallible, especially for far distant years. Historians have seen so many predictions disproved by the event that they are wary of venturing upon the dangerous role of forecasters. Yet trends have a way of continuing. We may not be able to depict with accuracy the details of things to come. We may, however, by observing the directions which movements have been taking in the recent past and by noting the forces which are operating to modify them be able to foretell the main courses which they are to follow for the decades immediately before us. Certainly those who essay to shape policies must attempt such analyses. By their knowledge of the past historians should be of assistance in providing both facts about what has transpired and conjectures to aid in plotting the paths to be pursued.
Ecclesiastical Legislation on Education, A. D. 300-1200
Authors: Pride Ellen Perry
Published: April 2006

The story of learning in the Middle Ages has been patiently reconstructed from a great many sources, and one of its principal themes has rightly been the preeminent service of the Christian Church in the preservation of classical writings, the stimulation of thought, and the instruction of its members. The distinction is not always carefully drawn, however, between the enthusiasm felt by clerical individuals and the institutional policies of the Church. A detailed enumeration and analysis of its official pronouncements about education may qualify the general impression and, by eliminating certain misconceptions, leave a clearer path for tracing the rise of schools after the barbarian invasions. The legislation will not reveal the whole attitude of the ecclesiastics, since the Middle Ages were less likely to define their institutions than we are, but it provides an indication that should not be minimized.
Peter Chelčický the Spiritual Father of theUnitas Fratrum
Authors: Spinka Matthew
Published: April 2006

Among the outstanding figures of the period of the “flowering of the Czech Reformation,” Peter Chelčický occupies a prominent, and in some respects à unique, position. Although not as well known as John Hus, from certain points of view Peter is more important, certainly more original, than the great Czech Reformer, insofar as in his radical biblicism he went far beyond the latter. Moreover, his influence lived on in the Unity of Brethren and affected the course of history more than Utraquism did. His unyielding and unequivocal insistence on the separation of church and state, and to a somewhat less degree his pacifism, raised him to the rank of a pioneer of the future types of Christianity.
Music in the Lutheran Church before and at the time of J. S. Bach
Authors: Schoenbohm Richard
Published: April 2006

Those who had once experienced the power and blessedness of the Gospel as revealed by Luther felt that he had restored to them a lost treasure greater than all worldly riches. So it is in the work of Luther that we find the roots of Lutheran church music. The story of carrying over the old in music and tracing its influence in the new era is an unending maze of facts and conjectures, none the less interesting, however. This new church body would become distinctive in its music. It would substitute for the ritualistic and even pantomimical where every feature of the architecture, of the altar, and environment, as well as the liturgie services, symbolized religion, a new vitality, direct interest, and instructiveness. This would mean a breaking away from that form of church services where reverence is voiced by every appeal to eye and ear, where one would feel himself verily to be in the House of Prayer and before the throne of the Holy One.
The Struggle for Religious Liberty
Authors: Bainton Roland H.
Published: April 2006

A sketch of the struggle for religious liberty during the course of the last four hundred years will be attempted in this paper. Attention will first be focussed on the theories and factors affecting persecution and tolerance on the part of both Catholics and Protestants. Then the administrative aspects of the subject will be considered alike from the broader standpoint of the structure of the church and of the state and from the more specific angle of the handling of dissent by political authority. Finally brief consideration will be devoted to residual and perennial problems of constraint and freedom.
Trinitarianism Versus Antitrinitarianism in the Hungarian Reformation
Authors: Toth William
Published: April 2006

The left-wingers of the Protestant Reformation, harassed and persecuted by Catholics and Protestants alike, sought shelter where best they could. While the constantly threatening shadow of the Turkish campaigns made the kingdom of Hungary a most uninviting place of refuge, nevertheless large numbers of the persecuted, particularly Anabaptists, pressed their way into Hungary and attempted to establish colonies of their own. The unsettled state of religious affairs offered some hope of existence, perhaps of ultimate triumph of their views. However, the persecuting arms of the law of 1548 reached out to suppress them along with the sacramentarians: “they must be driven far away from everybody's estates … and they or any others must no longer be permitted within the boundaries of the kingdom.”
The Significance of Isaac Watts in The Developement of Hymnody
Authors: Cousland Kenneth H.
Published: April 2006

On November 25, 1948, the churches of the English speaking world celebrated the bicentenary of the death of Isaac Watts. In the sifting process of two hundred years it is possible to view his contribution in perspective; and as one seeks to estimate what is permanent and abiding in his work, one becomes convinced that he is an important figure by any standard, and in the field of hymnology he is outstanding.
Barbarian and Greek—and Church History
Authors: Buckler F. W.
Published: April 2006

The subject I have chosen for my Address tonight is the present plight of Church History, its causes, and a possible cure. It is an old story. Thirty years ago, the late Professor H. M. Gwatkin wrote:

Church History has not always had a bad name in England. It was as respectable as any other till it was covered with reproach by the partizanship and credulity of the Tractarians. Whatever service they did by calling attention to the subject was far outweighed by the scandal of their uncritical methods and unhistorical dogmas. The reproach is not yet done away, for the literature with which the successors of that school have flooded the country is little better than a dream. Its writers often have their merit; but their fundamental dogmas compel them to set aside the plainest facts of history and human nature. So the outsiders who take their ideas of the subject from its professed experts are still too much inclined to set it aside with sarcastic politeness, or by way of reaction to rush into excesses of scepticism.
The Swedish Church on the Delaware
Authors: Bergendoff Conrad J. I.
Published: April 2006

In his equally delightful and informative book, The Dutch and Swedes on the Delaware, Christopher Ward suggests that American history might have turned out differently if stormy weather had not driven the Mayflower off its course and thus landed the Pilgrims north of Cape Cod instead of in Delaware Bay. “Speculations,” Ward writes, “as to the effect of a kindlier climate, a more generous soil, upon the character of the English immigrants, of the Puritans, who followed them, and of their descendants—could lead to divers conclusions. One thing is certain however; if the Pilgrim Fathers had spent that first winter in Delaware Bay, they would have had a better time.”
The Social Basis of the German Reformation
Authors: Holborn Hajo
Published: April 2006

One of the intrinsic weaknesses of our historical studies is that we can understand the past only by utilizing analogies to our age. What we comprehend of past events or personalities most readily is the features which they seem to have in common with our own forms of life, and it is from these associations that we take our cue in exploring the past. We know how fallacious this method can be, since a closer study of the historical landscape possibly reveals that what we regarded as a landmark had actually little significance in its own age and what we believed a resemblant factor was nothing but a superficial similarity. So we have very often to burn the bridges over which we entered into the territory of the past.
The Mayhew Controversy
Authors: Hooker Richard James
Published: April 2006

Somewhere in the complicated pattern of colonial fears that were aroused by legislation, actual or proposed, during the fifteen years preceding the American Revolution, an indeterminate space must be found for the so-called Mayhew Controversy. Coming into the open in 1763, this anti-Anglican outbreak drew its life from roots which stretched profusely into the past. This study aims not only to describe the various sources of the controversy, but also to point out several of its more interesting characteristics.
Allied Military Government Policy and the Religious Situation in Germany
Authors: Knappen M. M.
Published: April 2006

If it be assumed that in any survey of the religious situation in post-war Europe, reconstruction and the struggle against Stalinist communism are the two main themes, Germany is deserving of attention on both counts. By the end of the war, approximately fifty per cent of the church's physical property in cities of more than thirty thousand people had been destroyed. The Nazi penetration into the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the Evangelical Church and practically all the minor Protestant sects also presented a reconstruction problem of major proportions. In the matter of communism, Germany at the crossroads of East and West was soon subjected to a determined leftist drive, conducted in the guise of anti-fascism, to remake its society on an anticlerical and irreligious pattern.