bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Long-Term Effects of Early and Recent Maternal Employment on a Child’s Academic Achievement
Authors: Baum Charles L.
Published: May 2004

More children today are being raised in households with mothers who work for pay compared to a generation ago, when most mothers did not engage in marketplace work. This demographic change is important because it could affect children. In this article, the effects of early and recent maternal employment on a child’s academic development are identified as measured by high school grades. Results suggest that whereas early maternal employment does not have an effect, recent maternal employment (during a child’s adolescent years) significantly decreases grades. Results also show that the effects of maternal employment do not differ for boys and girls.
Predictors of Negative Spillover from Family to Work
Authors: Dilworth Jennie E. Long
Published: May 2004

Prior research has inconsistently documented the gendered nature of negative spillover between the domains of home and work. Little is known about predictors of negative spillover for employed mothers and fathers. Using the 1997 wave of the National Study of the Changing Workforce, this study’s purpose was twofold: to determine if a difference exists in negative spillover for working mothers and fathers and to identify shared and unique predictors of spillover for both groups. Findings reveal that more working mothers than fathers in the sample experienced negative family-to-work spillover. Time spent performing household chores and caring for children by respondent and spouse did not predict negative spillover for mothers, although caring for a sick child was a significant predictor for fathers. Marital satisfaction was not a significant predictor of spillover, whereas family life satisfaction was one of the strongest predictors for both mothers and fathers.
Marital Status, Marital Process, and Parental Resources in Predicting Adolescents’ Emotional Adjustment
Authors: Vandervalk Inge , Spruijt Ed , De Goede Martijn , Meeus Wim , Maas Cora
Published: May 2004

This study examined the relationship between adolescent emotional adjustment and the family environment (i.e., family status, family process, and parental resources). This was done by way of multilevel analyses, with a sample of 2,636 parent-child couples of both intact and divorced families. The results indicated that adolescent emotional adjustment was clearly based on the family as well as on the individual. We found support for the hypothesis that growing up both in postdivorce families and in intact families with a low marital quality related negatively to adolescent emotional adjustment. Our hypothesis that parental resources, in the form of parental support, parent-adolescent relationship, and parental psychological health, partly mediate the negative association between low marital quality and divorce on one hand and youngsters’ adjustment on the other hand was also confirmed. Growing up in postdivorce families was especially detrimental for the emotional adjustment of girls.
Maybe I Do
Authors: Stanley Scott M. , Whitton Sarah W. , Markman Howard J.
Published: May 2004

Explanations for the risks associated with premarital and nonmarital cohabitation (e.g., higher rates of breakup and divorce, lower relationship satisfaction, and greater risk for violent interaction) have focused on levels of conventionality, including attitudes about commitment to the institution of marriage. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the role of interpersonal, not institutional, commitment. In a national random sample (United States), premarital and nonmarital cohabitation were associated with lower levels of interpersonal commitment to partners, suggesting links to further understanding of risk in these relationships. Premarital cohabitation was particularly associated with less committed and less religious males. Prior findings associating cohabitation with lower levels of happiness and religiosity, and higher levels of negative interaction (for men) were replicated.
Treatment Services Received in the Casaworks for Families Program
Authors: Mckay James R. , Gutman Marjorie , Mclellan A. Thomas , Lynch Kevin G. , Ketterlinus Robert
Published: May 2004

This article presents information on treatment services received by women participating in an initial multistate evaluation of CASAWORKS families. Results indicated most women received services to address medical, employment, basic needs, alcohol and drug, family, and psychiatric problems during the first six months of the program. The clients also had frequent contact with their case managers and were retained in the program for an average of 222 days. Considerable variation was observed across sites in the percentage of clients who received various services and the number of sessions they received. In Cox regressions, shorter retention in the program was predicted by referral to program from Child Protective Services or parole/probation, social conflicts, employment, and marijuana use at baseline, whereas a history of suicide attempts was associated with longer retention. Longer retention was associated with better alcohol use outcomes but was unrelated to employment or drug use outcomes.
The Internet’s Impact on Policy Evaluation
Authors: Bozeman Barry
Published: May 2004

As with all media, the Internet structures and frames information, rewarding some information search and decision behaviors while punishing others and, thereby, strongly influences evaluation research results and possibilities. Now that the Internet is for many evaluators the information medium of choice, the impacts of the medium on evaluation deserve careful attention. The objective of this article is to lay groundwork for a theory of the impact of the Internet on evaluation and policy analysis. Questions addressed include the following: (a) What is the impact of the Internet on the evaluator’s professional role, work norms, and work habits? (b) Does the use of the Internet affect who is an evaluator or the meaning of professional evaluation? and (c) How does evaluation via Internet affect the technical quality and credibility of evaluation? A key thesis is that the Internet compresses information in the sense that it is not always easy to distinguish among information resources and, especially, the authority of the information provider and the nature of the knowledge warrant. On one hand, the Internet’s information compression seems to hold potential for the democratization of evaluation. On the other hand, the diminished ability to make quality distinctions about evaluation-relevant information may undercut the legitimacy of evaluation.
Nonvocal Ventilated Patients Perceptions of Being Understood
Authors: Carroll Stacey M.
Published: May 2004

This metasynthesis presents an enlarged interpretation and understanding of nonvocal mechanically ventilated patients’experiences with communication. Peplau’s interpersonal relations theory provided the theoretical framework for the metasynthesis. The final sample included 12 qualitative studies, for a total of 111 participants. The data, methods, and theoretical frameworks were critically interpreted. Commonthreads detected across study participants’individual experiences were synthesized to form a greater understanding of nonvocal ventilated patients’ perceptions of being understood. Five overarching themes were divided into two groups. The first group of themes was categorized as the characteristics of nonvocal ventilated patients’communication experiences. Nonvocal individuals were often not understood, which resulted in loss of control and negative emotional responses. The second group of themes was categorized as the kind of nursing care desired by nonvocal patients in order to be understood. Nonvocal patients wanted nursing care that was delivered in an individualized, caring manner. This facilitated positive interpersonal relations between the patient and the nurse. Findings are discussed in relation to the current state of knowledge on this topic.
Marriage, Impairment, and Acceptance in Persons With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Harrison Tracie , Stuifbergen Alexa , Adachi Eishi , Becker Heather
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between marital status, marital concern, perceived impairment, health-promoting behaviors, and acceptance of disability using cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a sample of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). We hypothesized that the quality and stability of the marital relationship would influence people’s ability to accept their disability and protect from accumulation of impairment over time. Furthermore, men and women would receive dissimilar benefits from marriage. These hypotheses were considered with repeated measures analysis, Pearson correlations, and independent sample t tests of data obtained from a longitudinal study of persons with MS. The findings indicate that acceptance of disability and perceived impairment increase significantly over time for men and women. For men, being married was associated with a greater acceptance of disability and less perceived impairment. Men were more concerned than the women about how MS affected their sexual relationships.
Cultural and Ethnic Differences in Content Validation Responses
Authors: Evans Bronwynne C.
Published: May 2004

Eight instruments to evaluate grant interventions aimed at increasing recruitment and retention of Hispanic/Latino and American Indian nurses were developed for a Nursing Workforce Diversity Grant. This article compares expert reviewer responses during content validation of these instruments with (a) current literature and (b) seven filmed intervals of Hispanic/Latino and American Indian nurses speaking about their educational experiences. White reviewers responded differently to certain items than did Hispanic/Latinoand American Indian reviewers (or reviewers closely affiliated with such persons). Responses of Hispanic/Latino and American Indian experts were aligned with one another but not alignedwith the responses of White experts, who also agreed with one another, prompting literature and film comparisons with their responses. Faculty development may be needed to help teachers uncover their assumptions about students of color, acquire knowledge about cultural perspectives, recognize institutional racism, and attain the skills necessary to develop and implement a curriculum of inclusion.
Chimera Veil of “Iranian Woman” and Processes of U.S. Textual Commodification: How U.S. Print Media Represent Iran
Authors: Roushanzamir Elli Lester
Published: May 2004

This research explores how U.S. print media construct a specific commodified version and vision of Iran by using consistent and iconic images of Iranian women. The text for analysis comprises print media reports from 1995 to 1998, including a range of stories from serious news to fashion and other entertainment. The method, critical textual analysis, uses verbal and visual evidence to interrogate the social, ideological practices involved. Findings suggest that almost without exception, stories, whatever their actual content, are anchored by the graphic illustrations of Iranian women, veiled in the apparently impenetrable black chador. These visuals help fund a new ideological perspective, one that has been recovered and refurbished from the rich past of Orientalist discourse. But this version is a finely polished pastiche that relies on visually ambiguous veiled women seemingly indistinguishable from the familiar and yet unmistakably new: Iran itself is gendered female. That veil, prolific of meaning, parsimonious of form, is a global product symbol.
Between the Hero and the Shadow: Developmental Differences in Adolescents’ Perceptions and Understanding of Mythic Themes in Film
Authors: Zehnder Sean M. , Calvert Sandra L.
Published: May 2004

This study engages theories of film and myth in culture through an experimental study of high school and college students’ perceptions of a forty-three-minute edited episode of a heroic action film. Participants were tested for their understanding of program themes as well as for their selection of role models. The authors find significant differences in younger and older adolescents’ understanding of heroic themes, mythic archetypes, and other abstract program messages about the duality of human existence (i.e., we have both good and evil qualities). This study provides a developmental perspective to the semiology of myth, thereby contributing to theories of media, culture, and child development.
Friend or Foe? Towards a Critical Assessment of Direct Payments
Authors: Spandler Helen
Published: May 2004

Direct payments enable individuals to purchase their own care rather than have directly provided services. This article unpacks the complexities involved in the implementation of direct payments by addressing the need to reconcile the strong evidence of their benefits with emerging concerns about the wider consequences of their implementation. One practice that highlights the conflicts at the heart of direct payments is the employment of personal assistants. While directly employing personal assistants offers maximum benefit for recipients, it also produces the strongest concerns. Therefore, an understanding of the context of direct payments, specifically the practice of employing personal assistants, is used to explore these complexities in greater depth. The discussion concludes by arguing for a more critical awareness of the wider context in which direct payments are being developed in order to understand how this context can open up or limit opportunities for greater self-determination. It suggests a number of factors that need to be addressed to ensure that direct payments continue to be a progressive strategy. These include reconciling conflicting ideologies such as those advocating individual choice and/or collective provision; the need for political action to secure adequate resources; and the development of alternative strategies such as cooperatives to address the collective needs of direct payment recipients and workers.
Having it Both Ways
Authors: McNay Lois
Published: May 2004

As an alternative to post-structural accounts of ‘performative’ agency (e.g. Judith Butler), Habermasian feminists (Seyla Benhabib and Maria Pia Lara) propose the idea of the narrative self. The concept of narrative is seen as a way of bridging the gap between the formalism of Habermas’s idea of communicative ethics and the dispersion that arises from the post-structural critique of the subject. The idea of the narrative self undoubtedly yields an active and creative account of agency. However, I argue that the attempt to reconcile a narrative concept of the self within a theory of communicative ethics results in a limited understanding of identity and agency in the context of the systemic reproduction of gender inequalities.
Global–Local Amazon Politics
Authors: Zhouri AndrÈa
Published: May 2004

The Amazon rainforest is one of the most important topics of transnational activism. Based on the assumption that the consumption of timber in the Northern hemisphere is largely responsible for deforestation, campaigners have focused on the global timber trade. From a strategy of boycotting tropical timber in the 1980s, environmentalists shifted their approach to one influenced by a discourse on ‘sustainable development’ in the 1990s. Believing that they could persuade loggers to use less predatory practices, the mainstream NGOs developed a certification scheme in association with timber companies known as the FSC – Forest Stewardship Council. Since then, the NGOs have gained influence over international policies. The focus on the so-called ‘Amazon forestry vocation’, however, may lead to doubtful results when sustainability of local societies and ecosystems is considered. This article discusses some dimensions of the new Amazon policies that are driven by a global market perspective and which may consequently render local and diverse cultures invisible.
Transnationalism and the New Religio-politics
Authors: Stolow Jeremy
Published: May 2004

This article develops a theoretical framework for analysing the growing public prominence, and rising influence, of transnational religious movements on the contemporary world stage, with specific reference to the case of Agudat Israel, a prominent ‘ultra-Orthodox’ Jewish organization. It first considers the place of ‘religion’ within the context of the historical emergence of the world system of modern nation-states, addressing some of the conceptual ambiguities associated with the ideas of national vs transnational religious formations. The article then provides a historical sketch of the European Jewish encounter with modernity, focusing on the rise of transnational movements like Agudat Israel. Lastly, the article situates Jewish Orthodoxy within a comparative framework for the study of transnational religio-politics. The article concludes by asking whether transnational religious movements might be trapped within the instrumental logic of state governmentality they claim to oppose, and if so, with what consequences.
Perceptions of Parents and Partners and Men’s Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Oliver Luis E. , Whiffen Valerie E.
Published: May 2004

Recent years have shown a marked growth in the literature examining the interpersonal context of depression. However, relatively little is known about the relational correlates of depression in men. The present study examined the relationships among men’s recollections of childhood rejection by parents, their adult attachment security in current romantic relationships, and self-reported depressive symptoms. A mediational model of the associations between the childhood and adulthood variables was evaluated in a community sample of men. This model hypothesized that childhood rejection is linked to depressive symptoms through an impact on adult attachment security. Perceived parental rejection, childhood physical abuse, and insecure adult attachment were all correlated with depressive symptoms at the zero-order level, and path analysis supported the mediational model. Adult attachment insecurity fully mediated the link between perceived maternal rejection and higher levels of depression. In addition, paternal rejection was directly associated with adult depressive symptoms. These findings underscore the importance of the interpersonal context in understanding men’s emotional functioning.
Toward a Descriptive Model of Parent–Offspring Communication about Alcohol and Other Drugs
Authors: Miller-Day Michelle , Dodd Ann H.
Published: May 2004

This study examined the narratives of 75 parent–offspring pairs who were asked to relate their shared drug prevention conversations. A descriptive model of parent–offspring drug talks (PODT) was developed to address the form, content, and function of parent–offspring discourse about drugs and drug use. Additionally, two temporal approaches to socializing conservative drug use norms were identified – targeted socialization and integrated socialization. Over two-thirds of the respondents reported integrating ongoing socialization efforts into the fabric of their everyday lives in contrast to more targeted one-shot ‘drug talks.’
The Effect of Communication Quality and Quantity Indicators on Intimacy and Relational Satisfaction
Authors: Emmers-Sommer Tara M.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the effect of communication quality and quantity indicators on relational satisfaction and intimacy. Individuals were asked to record all of their interactions with their same-sex friend or romantic partner on a daily basis for a week. A total of 79 participants took part in the study. Results indicated that communication quality indicators explained more variance in both relational satisfaction and intimacy than did communication quantity indicators; however, quantity indicators explained significant variance above and beyond quality indicators for intimacy. Regarding individual communication quality and quantity indicators, the communication quantity indicator of total time in face-to-face interaction related to experiencing intimacy in a relationship. The communication quality indicators of satisfaction with interactions, smooth, and activity related to experiencing relational satisfaction, as did the communication quantity indicator of the total number of face-to-face interactions. Conclusions are drawn regarding the impact of quality and quantity communication in close relationships.
Policing and Repression: Military Involvement in the Policing of French and German Industrial Areas, 1889-1914
Authors: Johansen Anja
Published: May 2004

Interpretations of protest policing in France generally see the extensive military involvement before the First World War as resulting from particularly serious challenges to the Republican regime and from successive governments seeking to repress strikes and demonstrations with unrestricted force. This article observes that these interpretations are strangely at odds with the situation in Imperial Germany where the army was rarely mobilized against strikers and demonstrators. However, in Germany major strikes and political protests involved many more people than in France. Moreover, German public authorities were generally much less concerned than their French counterparts about public opinion and about the political consequences of bloody confrontations between troops and protestors. By linking the use of troops in France to the introduction of preventive policing measures, this article proposes a reconsideration of the connection between the extent of military involvement in protest policing and the degree of violent policing.
The Effectiveness of Training for New Business Creation
Authors: Henry Colette , Hill Frances M. , Leitch Claire M.
Published: May 2004

In the last couple of decades there has been a growing interest in the role that small and new businesses can play in economic development. Despite this growth there is still a relative paucity of rigorous empirical research that attempts to assess the impact of initiatives, including those education and training programmes designed to support new business creation. In particular, the lack of longitudinal studies and studies employing control groups, has been noted in the literature. The research reported in this article, which was conducted in Ireland, represents an attempt to overcome such methodological deficiencies. The study presents some evidence that a range of qualitative and quantitative outcomes may emanate from training programmes directed at aspiring new business owners, which are worthy of further investigation. The limitations of the study are acknowledged, recommendations for further research are made and implications for policy makers and training providers are highlighted.
Training and Learning – Outcomes, Not Outputs
Authors: Simmonds Penny
Published: May 2004

Presents comments on selected findings of the Business Information Resources Survey 2004 in light of the experiences of the Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals (CILIP), which felt particularly satisfied that it emerged from the survey as the most popular training organization as it spent the first two years of its existence (following its creation from the merger between the Library Association (LA) and the Institute of Information Scientists (IIS)) trying to achieve this goal. The survey also confirms one of CILIP’s own findings, that the relevance/appropriateness of a topic is what determines the success of a course rather than the place or the price. It is the appropriateness of the programme that has attracted professionals from the special library sector, at the expense of traditional training sources such as Aslib and TFPL, and caused it to increase its profile significantly over the past two years. Although the BIR survey highlighted the fact that people want skills, not accreditation, many do find it rewarding to receive recognition for their commitment to continuing professional development (CPD) and this is why CILIP plans to introduce a new Framework of Qualifications, in March 2005, to enable more people to gain accreditation for their skills, knowledge and expertise.
Shaping Evaluation Practice through Consultation and Debate: Implications for Information Programmes
Authors: Khadar Ibrahim
Published: May 2004

Contribution to a special issue on ‘Developing Evaluation Practice in the Information Sector’. Reviews the key messages from six international workshops dealing with evaluation strategies and methods in the development community. The main issues highlighted relate to: (1) strategies for institutionalizing evaluation in development organizations; (2) the debate surrounding the evaluation goals of accountability and learning; (3) clarification of evaluation concepts and terms; (4) review of evaluation frameworks; and (5) an ‘Evaluation Road Map for Information’ (ERMi), proposed by the author. Concludes that the workshop proceedings constitute a wealth of new ideas and knowledge on evaluation practice. Recommends the testing and use of ERMi as an operational model for planning evaluation exercises.
Tourism and Tourist Information in Eritrea
Authors: Bahta Samuel Ghile
Published: May 2004

Reports on a survey designed to find out the role of tourist information in increasing tourist visits to Eritrea. The use of promotional channels like the Internet, magazines, brochures and others has been limited and tourist information about Eritrea was generally scarce. Shortage of funds and trained manpower were among the main challenges faced by travel agencies in promoting Eritrean attractions. The few information sources used by the Ministry of Tourism and by travel agencies were not easily accessible and not adequately detailed. They were also not effective in removing the negative perceptions of tourists about the political stability, health facilities and crime in the country. The information sources had done little to motivate tourists to visit the country. Eritrea should not promote its tourism industry before improving the tourism infrastructure.
Strategies by LIASA to Develop Library Services and the Profession in South Africa
Authors: Tise Ellen R.
Published: May 2004

Paper presented at the World Library and Information Congress, 69th IFLA General Conference, Berlin, Germany, 1–8 August 2003. Provides an overview of library and information services in South Africa; the historical background of library associations in South Africa and their current position; issues facing library and information services in South Africa; strategies adopted by the Library and Information Association of South Africa (LIASA) to develop the profession and library and information services in South Africa, and the way forward. The big question is, can library associations assist in bringing about social change?
Past the Posts
Authors: Murdock Graham
Published: May 2004

This article takes issue with three central ideas in contemporary writing on communications and change – postmodernity, the ‘digital revolution’ and cultural globalization – arguing that they overvalue the ‘new’ and take insufficient account of historical continuities, structural inequalities and the scale and scope of economic restructuring. It suggests that analysis needs to start from the globalization of capitalist imperatives and its shifting relations to state logics and go on to explore the variable and contradictory ways this process is reconstructing communications systems as industries, cultural formations and everyday resources.
Everything New is Old Again: Technology and the Mistaken Future
Authors: Waltz Scott B.
Published: May 2004

The political contours of social actions appear not only in the relationships between cultural actors but in the artifacts that surround them. This is increasingly the case as digital technology becomes the vehicle for education. This article focuses on the rhetoric that accompanies such educational technology. All too often, both the hype and the criticism surrounding technology in education implicitly accept that digital machines and media represent the impending future. However, if technology is understood as the instantiation of enduring social relations, then it must always represent the sociopolitical configurations of the past, however recent that past is. Seen in this light, technology does not drive change so much as it resists it. Technology becomes a tool of maintenance, not innovation. This article spins out how this might be the case and accompanies the arguments with concrete instances of how this is being played out in public schooling.
Terrorism, Civil Liberties, and Preventive Approaches to Technology: The Difficult Choices Western Societies Face in the War on Terrorism
Authors: Jürgensen Arnd
Published: May 2004

This article explores public policy alternatives to the current war on terrorism. Western society’s vulnerability to terrorism has been dealt with primarily by expanding the law enforcement and surveillance authority of governments at the expense of the freedoms and civil liberties of the public. This approach threatens to undermine the prerequisites to meaningful democratic institutions. An alternative public policy might target high-risk technologies (civilian airlines, nuclear reactors, etc.) as the source of vulnerability to terrorism, thereby protecting civil liberties by reducing or eliminating the use of such technologies.
Totally Model-Free Learned Skillful Coping
Authors: Dreyfus Stuart E.
Published: May 2004

The author proposes a neural-network-based explanation of how a brain might acquire intuitive expertise. The explanation is intended merely to be suggestive and lacks many complexities found in even lower animal brains. Yet significantly, even this simplified brain model is capable of explaining the acquisition of simple skills without developing articulable rules for behavior or a model of the skill domain or an explicit identification of which observables in the environment are necessary for skillful behavior. Furthermore, no memories of prior experiences during the learning phase are explicitly stored and accessed during behavior. The explanation thus calls into doubt many conventional and intuitively reasonable assumptions concerning the learning and production of intuitive expertise.
Skill Acquisition and the Loss of Appropriate Technology
Authors: Vanderburg Willem H.
Published: May 2004

The five-stage skill-acquisition model developed by Stuart Dreyfus is revisited as an integral part of culture acquisition. This examination sheds light on the role intuitive knowledge plays during the 4th and 5th stages. When modern technology becomes universal and detaches itself from culture, this intuitive knowledge changes. This accounts for the loss of technologies that were socially appropriate and environmentally sustainable.
Predictors of Maternal and Early Adolescent Attitudes Toward Children’s Nurturance and Self-Determination Rights
Authors: Peterson-Badali Michele , Morine Stephany L. , Ruck Martin D. , Slonim Naomi
Published: May 2004

Children’s rights to nurturance and self-determination have been included in social policy agendas for many years. Children’s and parents’ attitudes concerning children’s rights are likely an important determinant of whether rights on paper actually serve to protect the well-being of children, yet there is little research on factors associated with support for children’s rights. This study examined maternal (parenting style, sociopolitical attitudes) and child (emotional autonomy, role in family decision making) characteristics associated with attitudes toward children’s nurturance and self-determination rights. Maternal responsiveness was related to child support for both nurturance and self-determination rights and maternal endorsement of self-determination, whereas demandingness was negatively related to support for self-determination and children’s involvement in family decision making. Maternal conservatism was negatively related to mothers’ support for nurturance and self-determination rights. Support for self-determination rights, child participation in family decision making, and children’s emotional autonomy were positively related. Implications and limitations of findings are discussed.
New and Dis-Improved: On the Evaluation and Use of Less Effective, Less Expensive Medical Interventions
Authors: Kent David M. , Fendrick A. Mark , Langa Kenneth M.
Published: May 2004

The innovation and diffusion of new technologies is in large measure responsible for the persistent rise in the cost of health care. The increasing cost of health care, in turn, will make cost-saving technologies more attractive. When cost-saving technologies lead to better or equivalent outcomes, their acceptance will not be controversial. However, the necessary conditions for the development and clinical acceptance of cost-saving technologies that might diminish the quality of health care have not been systematically considered. Indeed, as the clinical research enterprise has been focused almost entirely on quality-improving (or quality-neutral) innovations, new concepts may need to be introduced for quality-reducing innovations. Although the development of such therapies would, at least in some circumstances, increase overall societal benefits, replacing a standard therapy with a less effective one may conflict with deeply held values, such that conventional cost-effectiveness benchmarks might not apply. In addition, from a clinical research perspective, there are considerable ethical and methodologic hurdles that might impede the development of less expensive, less intensive therapies. In this article, using a hypothetical scenario, the authors consider economic, ethical, and research design issues concerning the innovation and diffusion of less effective, less expensive therapies and introduce 2 concepts—”decremental cost-effectiveness” and “acceptability trials”—that may in part provide a research framework for the study of “new and dis-improved” therapies.
The Effect of Numerical Statements of Risk on Trust and Comfort with Hypothetical Physician Risk Communication
Authors: Gurmankin Andrea D. , Baron Jonathan , Armstrong Katrina
Published: May 2004

Objective. To contribute to the debate about whether numeric statements of risk ought to be included in risk communications. Design. Subjects (n = 115) completed a questionnaire involving a physician risk communication and 4 scenarios, each of which described a patient with symptoms and signs potentially suggestive of cancer. Each scenario was presented in 3 risk communication versions (a verbal version and 2 numeric versions) in a within-subject 4 × 3 design. Subjects rated their trust in and comfort with the information and their belief that the physician distorted their risk level. Results. Subjects were significantly more trusting of (t =4.0, P < 0.001) and comfortable with (t =3.4, P = 0.001) the risk information, less likely to believe that the physician minimized the risk in the numeric versions than verbal versions (t =4.3, P < 0.0001), and just as likely to believe that the physician exaggerated the risk in the 2 versions (P = 0.588). Conclusions. Including a numeric statement of risk in a risk communication can increase trust and belief in and comfort with the risk information.
Learning Styles of On-Campus and Off-Campus Marketing Students: The Challenge for Marketing Educators
Authors: Morrison Mark , Sweeney Arthur , Heffernan Troy
Published: May 2004

Using the Solomon-Felder Learning Styles Index, the authors examine how learning styles of marketing students differ across on-campus and off-campus teaching modes, as well as across various sociodemographic variables. In addition, they identify learning segments for each teaching mode using cluster analysis. This enables more accurate targeting of teaching styles to the learning needs of each of the main student segments. Three student segments are identified in each sample. While some similarities between segments exist across teaching modes, distinct differences are found implying a need to tailor teaching strategies differently for on-campus and off-campus students. The relationship between student preferences for teaching techniques and learning styles is also examined. The teaching preferences of many off-campus students is suggestive of incongruence in the teaching approach of typical off-campus courses and indicates a need to develop innovative approaches to teaching students using this mode of study.
Virtual Communities and the Assessment of Online Marketing Education
Authors: Peltier James W. , Drago William , Schibrowsky John A.
Published: May 2004

Online education has created a “virtual community” learning environment. Effective assessment of this new learning environment is paramount to providing quality education and may provide insights to effective management of virtual communities in the business world. A model of online education effectiveness is proposed and then empirically investigated. Dimensions included in this model are student-to-student interactions, student-to-instructor interactions, instructor support and mentoring, information delivery technology, course content, and course structure. Measures of these dimensions were then analyzed and found to be significant predictors of the variance in students’ evaluations of the global effectiveness of the online educational experience.
Why Do Undergraduate Marketing Majors Select Marketing as a Business Major? Evidence from Australasia
Authors: Pappu Ravi
Published: May 2004

This research examines the reasons behind marketing majors’ decision to select marketing as a major, where students have the option to select more than one major toward their undergraduate degree. Results of surveys conducted at two universities, one in Australia and one in New Zealand, provide some new findings as well as extending findings from earlier studies. This research complements existing studies on the topic by providing empirical evidence from Australasia. The results also suggest that marketing is the most popular first-choice major for Australasian marketing majors.
Achieving Marketing Curriculum Integration: A Live Case Study Approach
Authors: Elam Elizabeth L. R. , Spotts Harlan E.
Published: May 2004

Movement toward more active, experiential learning pedagogies is a trend that has found increasing interest in the last decade. The reasons for this interest include creating a more involving and interesting experience for the student, creating a more memorable experience, and facilitating more effective and durable learning. This article discusses an innovative, team-based experiential learning project, oriented around a live case study. While live case studies have been used for some time, what is unique about this exercise is the use of a live case as an integrating project for three separate marketing courses. This large, integrative project provided students with real-life interactions between business entities that they would eventually face upon entry into the workforce. Important factors to consider in the design of integrative experiences such as this one are discussed.
Landing Strategies in Honeybees and Applications to Uninhabited Airborne Vehicles
Authors: Chahl J. S. , Srinivasan M. V. , Zhang S. W.
Published: May 2004

An application of insect visuomotor behavior to automatic control of landing is explored. Insects, being perhaps more reliant on image motion cues than mammals or higher vertebrates, are proving to be an excellent organism in which to investigate how information on optic flow is exploited to guide locomotion and navigation. We have observed how bees perform grazing landings on a flat surface and have deduced the algorithmic basis for the behavior. A smooth landing is achieved by a surprisingly simple and elegant strategy: image velocity is held constant as the surface is approached, thus automatically ensuring that flight speed is close to zero at touchdown. No explicit knowledge of flight speed or height above the ground is necessary. The feasibility of this landing strategy was tested by implementation in a robotic gantry. We also outline our current efforts at exploring the applicability of this and related techniques to the guidance of uninhabited airborne vehicles (UAVs). Aspects of the algorithm were tested on a small UAV using real imagery to control descent rate.
Advanced Sonar with Velocity Compensation
Authors: Kleeman Lindsay
Published: May 2004

Robotics research is dependent on intelligent, fast, accurate, reliable, and cheap sensors. Sonar sensing can fulfill these requirements. Moreover, sonar physics provides robotics researchers with a natural selection capability for landmark detection in navigation problems. This paper presents a new sonar system that produces accurate measurement and on-the-fly single cycle classification of planes, corners, and edges. The paper shows how double pulse coding of the transmitted pulse can be exploited to simultaneously reject interference and perform classification. On a moving platform, the velocity of the sonar sensor affects range and bearing measurements and is dependent on the target type. These effects are analyzed in the paper. Effects of rotation are also considered. The analytical results derived in the paper for velocity-generated deviations in sonar range and bearing estimates are compared with experimental data. The experiments show that the deviations are evident at speeds encountered in mobile robot research. Compensation of these effects can be achieved using the analytical expressions derived in the paper, the sonar information of range, bearing and target classification, and odometry measurements.
Optimal Design and Modeling of Spatial Parallel Manipulators
Authors: Miller Karol
Published: May 2004

Parallel manipulators offer much higher rigidity and smaller mobile mass than their serial counterparts, thus allowing much faster and more precise manipulations. The main disadvantage of parallel robots is their small workspace in comparison to serial arms of similar size. Furthermore, the manipulability of parallel robots is often poor in some regions of the (already small) workspace. Another problematic issue is effective modeling of parallel robot dynamics, often needed for control algorithms. Dynamic algorithms developed for serial robots or general closed-loop mechanisms cannot be easily applied to parallel robots when the objective is real-time, dynamicmodelbased control. Therefore, in this work we investigate how to design parallel manipulators so that their workspace size and manipulability are maximized, and how to model parallel robot dynamics effectively. We develop a new performance index that combines measures of manipulability and workspace size, and a kinematic optimization process yielding a design that delivers the best compromise between manipulability and space utilization. Two examples are considered: the New University of Western Australia Robot (NUWAR) and the Linear Delta robot. Our experience in optimal design studies shows that the exhaustive search minimization algorithm is effective for as many as four independent design variables and presents a viable alternative to advanced non-linear programming methods. We develop a method based on Hamilton’s canonical equations to solve both the inverse and direct problems of dynamics for parallel robots. The method uses carefully chosen dependent coordinates, called here the coordinates of the extended space. The approach is shown to be computationally more efficient than the more common acceleration-based methods.
Science Migrations
Authors: Jankovic Vladimir
Published: May 2004

This paper presents the history of Belgrade numerical weather prediction models as ‘assemblages’ shaped by the cognitive, social and material circumstances of Tito’s Yugoslavia. It looks at how local researchers customized their model to suit the Balkan weather, IBM computers and socialist science policy, and how they managed to ‘export’ the product internationally. Accommodating the lack of computing power and mountainous topography, the model at first attracted the users with similar concerns. When it was later tested at the US National Meteorological Center, it showed a skill and potential for rapid improvement that led to its implementation in the USA and other national weather services. The success of the Eta model illustrates the ways in which a regional research travels into an ‘alien’ institutional and cognitive territory and how it bears upon the issues of the production and circulation of technoscientific knowledge. It is argued that the difference between the perceptionsof international ‘frontier’ technoscience and the local ‘backwater’ adaptation is that the former implies a representational notion in which what matters is a black-boxed ‘fund’ of knowledge, while the latter implies an agenda in which what matters is exactly that – what matters locally.
Manufacturing Desire:
Authors: Fishman Jennifer R.
Published: May 2004

The process of bringing new drugs to market interweaves commercialism, science, clinical medicine, and governmental regulation. Through their authority and public persona as medical experts, academic clinical trial researchers studying these pharmaceuticals are integral to this process, serving as mediators between producers (the pharmaceutical companies) and consumers (clinicians and patients) of new drugs through a complex set of exchange networks. Using examples from my ethnographic research on the search for pharmaceuticals to treat what has become known as female sexual dysfunction, this paper explores the links academic researchers make with drug manufacturers and consumer markets. Academic researchers have become an integral aspect of drug development, not only by conducting clinical trial research, but also by participating in a number of other activities that assist pharmaceutical companies in identifying and creating new markets. In this paper, I examine how researchers attend professional meetings where they present clinical trial data, lecture at continuing medical education conferences, and offer themselves as ‘experts’ to raise awareness about disorders and their treatments. Modifying a sociology of technology approach, this paper focuses on the actors in the social network who mediate the junctions between technological producers and consumers. This extends work in this area through theorizing the linkages between exchange networks, commodification techniques, and technoscientific developments.
Attention to ‘Details’:
Authors: Greene Jeremy A.
Published: May 2004

This paper provides a sketch of the emerging role of the pharmaceutical salesman, or ‘detail man’, in the growth years of the American post-World War II pharmaceutical industry. Using training manuals, trade literature, in-house company newsletters, memoirs, and a variety of other published sources, the paper follows the delicate tactics employed by salesmen and their managers in their attempts to recast drug salesmanship as a ‘professional service’ fulfilling vital functions within medical education. As they worked to legitimate their presence in the nation’s hospitals and clinics, particular emphasis was given to precise management of the etiquette of doctor–salesman interaction. Ultimately, the techniques employed by mid-century salesmen and their managers were to prove successful in generating a widespread acceptance of the industry representative within the clinical spaces of hospital and clinic. Indeed, many of the practices of market research and market strategy employed across the pharmaceutical industry today have their origins in the practices of the individual detail man. Exploration of the postwar pharmaceutical salesman as an overlooked historical ‘type’ provides significant insights into the intersection of medicine and the consumer marketplace during the later 20th century.