bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Mastitis in Dairy Heifers
Authors: Roberson Jerry R.
Published: March 2023

The objectives of this study were to: (1) determine the significance of Staphylococcus aureus in heifers, (2) determine the sources of S. aureus on dairies, and (3) determine the most likely sources of S. aureus mastitis in heifers. Heifers from 23 herds were studied during objective 1 and 700 heifers from 7 herds were studied for objectives 2 and 3. The body sites sampled from prepartum heifers were: teat skin, muzzles, vaginas, rectums, and lacteal secretions. Milk samples were obtained from all females at parturition (milk samples were obtained from pastpartum heifers prior to first milking). The environmental sites sampled were: air, bedding, nonbovine animals, dairy personnel, tools, housing, flies, water, feedstuffs, and equipment. A typing procedure was used to determine if the S. aureus isolate from a source was the same strain as the S. aureus isolate from a heifer's intramammary infection at parturition. The overall conclusions were: (1) S. aureus mastitis in heifers can be an important disease in most dairy herds regardless of the lactating herd prevalence of S. aureus, (2) measures to eradicate this disease in heifers are likely to fail because S. aureus appears to be ubiquitous even in herds with low prevalence of S. aureus mastitis, and (3) intramammary antibiotic therapy in prepartum heifers may be a justifiable control measure.
Pharmacokinetics of Ketoprofen in Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: DeGraves F. J. , Riddel G. M. , Schumacher J.
Published: March 2023

The efficacy and economics of antibiotic treatment of clinical coliform mastitis have been questioned. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have received a great deal of attention as an alternative to antibiotic treatment of clinical coliform mastitis. NSAID have been demonstrated to relieve clinical signs of experimentally induced mastitis. NSAID may improve the outcome of clinical coliform mastitis and improve milk out, appetite, and increase food and water consumption.

Ketoprofen is a propionic acid derivative with potent NSAID properties. Ketoprofen has been shown to have a very high therapeutic index and is labeled for veterinary use in horses in the USA Ketoprofen may be effective in reducing clinical signs of acute coliform mastitis, but has not been studied extensively in cattle. Pharmacokinetic, residue, efficacy, and safety studies are needed before ketoprofen can be used appropriately in cattle.

Ketoprofen was administered to clinically normal lactating Holsteins (1.5 mg/lb). Milk and blood was collected at 0, 5, 10, 15, 25, 40, 60, 90,120,240,360,480, and 720 minutes after ketoprofen administration. A computer polyexponential curve stripping program was used to fit ketoprofen concentration time data. Pharmacokinetic values for ketoprofen will be presented.
Art of Seeing
Authors: Reid David A.
Published: March 2023

Production of the highest possible quality milk is extremely important for today's dairy farm. There is increasing pressure from both regulatory and consumer interests in improving the quality of milk and the perception of the quality of milk that is available on dairy shelves for consumers. The veterinarian has been identified repeatedly in studies as being one of the most trusted advisors to dairy producers. Unfortunately, many dairy veterinarians have not become involved in the milk quality programs of their clients. If the veterinary profession does not become involved in this key area of profitability, then other individuals will become involved with your clients.
Immunologic and Other Strategies to Overcoine Fescue Toxicosis
Authors: Thompson F. N.
Published: March 2023

Tall fescue has desirable compositional characteristics, withstands heavy grazing and environmental stresses. However, animal performance (body weight gains and reproductive efficiency) is depressed in animals grazing this forage. The signs exhibited by affected animals are exacerbated by elevated environmental temperatures and humidity. Affected animals have long, rough hair coats, excessive salivation and avoid sunlight. Increased respiratory rates arid body temperatures are also observed. Relative to reproduction, milk yields and pregnancy rates are depressed. No microscopic or gross lesions are associated with the general syndrome of fescue toxicosis.
Evaluation of Morbidity and Mortality in Young Dairy Heifers After Vaccination with a Pasteurella haemolytica A 1 Leukotoxoid
Authors: Stevens R. D. , Ellis R. P. , Camden D. A.
Published: March 2023

Respiratory disease is the most common problem in weaned dairy young stock and Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A, serotype 1 is the organism most frequently isolated from the lungs of calves affected with severe, fibrinopurulent bronchopneumonia.
Comparison of Various Antibiotic Treatments in Cows Diagnosed with Toxic Puerperal Metritis
Authors: Smith B. L. , Donovan G. A. , Risco C. A. , Elliot J.
Published: March 2023

A field trial was conducted using Holstein cows to investigate the efficacy of various antibiotics in treating toxic puerperal metritis.
Effect of Multiple Postpartum Prostaglandin Treatments on the Fertility of Dairy Cattle at Risk of Endometritis
Authors: Kristula Michaela , Bartholomew Richard
Published: March 2023

This report focuses on the use of multiple doses of Prostaglandin to enhance fertility in animals at risk for endometritis. Cows at risk for endometritis were defined as those with retained placentas, assisted calvings, twins, or grossly abnormal uterine discharges. Cows were randomly assigned to a treatment group consisting of 3 injections of Prostaglandin F 2a • (PGF2a) given at approximately weekly intervals (3-10 days (d), 10-17 d, 17-24 d) postpartum and a control group consisting of a single injection of PGF2a given at 17-24 d postpartum. There was no added benefit of 3 injections of PGF2a given at approximately weekly intervals (3-10 d, 10-17 d, 17-24 d) compared to a single injection of PGF2a given at 17-24 d postpartum.
Reproductive Differences in Cows Treated with rBST Compared to Cows Not Treated
Authors: Keeter Andrew N. , Weaver Leon D. , Farver Thomas
Published: March 2023

Numerous studies have reported decreased reproductive performance associated with administration of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) to lactating dairy cows. However, most reports have been based on observations from studies conducted with small sample sizes or from target animal safety studies not designed to detect reproductive changes. This study was designed as a prospective clinical trial to provide more accurate measurement of reproductive changes associated with rBST use per label directions. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of rBST on the survivability of the conceptus conceived within 24 days prior to the initiation of rBST, as well as effects on heat detection, conception and pregnancy rates after initiation of rBST treatment.
A Field Study of Calves Persistently Infected with the Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus, Type I and II, in a Pennsylvania Dairy Herd
Authors: Drake T. R. , Castro A. E. , Hattel A. L. , Stoffregen W. , Smith A. , Crawford W. H.
Published: March 2023

An outbreak of bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus. infection with severe clinical manifestations occurred in seven herds of cattle primarily in Northwest PA during the spring of 1994. The acute deaths and respiratory disease with high morbidity and mortality occurring in these herds were atypical of known BVD infections which usually occur as mucosal disease or abortions.
The Interactive Video Network
Authors: Carmel D. K.
Published: March 2023

Continuing education programs for veterinarians must overcome many obstacles to succeed. These obstacles include program accessibility concerns (e.g., time away from practice, travel distance and cost of attending), and program caliber issues (e.g., relevancy, utility, and quality of the information presented). The Interactive Video Network (IVN) in Maryland provides a means for delivering continuing education programs that breaks through program accessibility barriers.
Dairy Cow Postpartum Disease
Authors: Kinsel Mark L.
Published: March 2023

Reproductive efficiency is the backbone of successful dairy production. The need to maximize the time a cow spends near peak milk production necessitates the production of a calf in each calendar year. Because gestation length is essentially fixed, cows must be rebred as quickly as possible to assure financial success. Inefficient reproductive performance is one of the most frequent and economically significant problems in dairy production.1,2 Consequently, the decision whether to breed, treat, or cull a dairy cow with reproductive disease is paramount to the success of a dairy. Considerable controversy exists concerning the impact of reproductive disease on cow performance and the benefits of various management interventions, especially the use of therapeutic agents, in combatting these diseases.
Metritis/Endometritis
Authors: Olson Jerry D.
Published: March 2023

If antimicrobials are to be used effectively for the treatment of metritis/endometritis, it is important to understand the bacteriology of the postpartum uterus. A wide variety of bacterial species have been isolated from the postpartum uterus. These isolates include grampositive and negative bacteria that have aerobic to fastidious anaerobic requirements. Isolation of fastidious obligate anaerobes from the postpartum uterus provides supporting evidence that the postpartum uterus is an anaerobic environment. Presence of fastidious anaerobic bacteria implies that antimicrobials should be selected that are active in an anaerobic environment. The bacterial species, frequency of isolation, and relative concentration of bacteria species change with time through the postpartum period. Most species of bacteria isolated from the uterus have little significance with the exception of clostridium, Actinomyces pyogenes, and gram-negative anaerobes. A pyogenes and gram-negative anaerobes are components of metritis in the early postpartum period as well as the primary cause of severe endometritis in the middle and late postparturm period. Clostridial organisms are frequently a component of severe postpartum metritis. Hartigan, et al., 1974, observed that intrauterine infections with A pyogenes invariably induced endometritis. Severity of the endometrial inflammation was determined by the duration of the infection and whenever the infection persisted for more than a week, severe endometritis developed. Gram-negative anaerobes like Fusobacterium necrophrum and Bacteroides spp act synergistically with A pyogenes, resulting in a more severe endometrial pathology than with A pyogenes alone.
Hormonal Management Of The Postpartum Cow
Authors: Hendry Ross A.
Published: March 2023

Our goal was to design a system to both improve the performance of the cow and to create a situation where I could personally do a postpartum evaluation sometime during the lactation, but eliminate a large portion of routine palpations because of the size of our herds and the management's lack of willingness to pay for the additional time.

Our program is really quite straightforward. We had developed a real appreciation for Fenprostalin, but as you know it is not on the market now. For years, we ran our program with 2cc of Fenprostalin within 12 hours of freshening if at all possible, but because it is very difficult to ascertain what portion of the fetal membranes were retained, we injected every cow.
Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association
Authors: Greer Terri
Published: March 2023

Virtually everyone, especially members of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) believe that animals should be treated humanely and with dignity. The PRCA values its animals and staunchly protects them with rules specifically designed to prevent cruelty or even unintentional mistreatment.

Humane treatment of PRCA animals, both in and out of the arena, is a fact well-documented by veterinarians and research studies.
Use of corticosteroids alone or combined with glucose to treat ketosis in dairy cows
Authors: Shpigel N. Y.
Published: March 2023

Relative efficacy of 4 treatments for ketosis in cows and factors affecting therapeutic success were evaluated in a clinical trial.

Full article published in Journal American Veterinary Medical Association (1996); 208, 1702-1704
Investigating Herd Problems and Production on Dairy Farms
Authors: Ruegg Pamela L.
Published: March 2023

Herd level assessments of productivity and health are a normal part of dairy practice. Many veterinarians undertake informal herd investigations when they discuss herd management issues with the farmer during herd visits. The objective of these informal herd investigations is no different than the objective of a formal herd investigation. After identification and confirmation of a problem, the primary objective of the veterinarian should be to focus on control of the current situation. When emergency situations are under control the next step is to identify key determinants of the problem. Finally, and most importantly, plans need to be put in place to prevent future problems. Epidemiologic techniques that have been developed for outbreak investigations can be modified and used to direct the investigation toward resolution.1,2,3,4
Practical Management of Prepartum Anionic Diets for Dairy Cattle
Authors: Kristula Michaela
Published: March 2023

Feeding anionic diets to prepartum dairy cows has become a common strategy to prevent parturient paresis. However, implementing anionic diets in the field is challenging. Feeding anionic salts will help prevent  parturient paresis (Block 1984, Dishington 1975, Oetzel et al 1988) and perhaps improve calcium homeostasis by increasing ionized calcium levels at parturition (Oetzel et al, 1988, Beede et al, 1992), but the mechanism of action of the anionic salts has not been clearly defined. Since the mechanism of action is not defined a number of questions arise during manipulation of the dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD).
Neonatal mortality in a pair of identical twin calves
Authors: Kelly D. F. , Rowan T. G.
Published: March 2023

Parturition was induced, on day 278 of pregnancy, of identical twin male Blonde d'Aquitaine calves; the parturition was assisted by gentle traction. The calves died approximately four minutes and eight hours after birth. Detailed post mortem examinations revealed soft tissue hemorrhage, fractured ribs and intrapulmonary amniotic material.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1993); 133, 475-476
Epidemiology of lameness in dairy cattle
Authors: Murray R. D. , Downham D. Y. , Clarkson M. J. , Faull W. B. , Hughes J. W. , Hughes F. J. , Merritt J. B. , Russell W. B. , Sutherst J. E. , Ward W. R.
Published: March 2023

Information from 37 dairy farms, in four regions of England and Wales provided data on 8991 lesions and the preventive trimming of 4837 cows' feet.
Lung Lesions in Feeder Cattle at Slaughter
Authors: Bryant Lonty K. , Perino Louis J. , Griffin D. Dee , Doster Alan R. , Dewey Catherine E. , Whittum Thomas E.
Published: March 2023

Decreased growth in beef calves with clinical pneumonia is reported in veterinary literature. Conversely, several studies found no impact on mean daily gain (MDG) between calves that develop clinical disease and those that do not. Explaining the published discrepancies concerning the effects of pneumonia on growth and performance is necessary to understand its true financial impact. Additional studies are needed to develop methods of detecting clinical or asymptomatic disease. Vaccine and pharmaceutical efficacy studies traditionally have been conducted using mortality and morbidity as the outcomes of interest. These are important parameters, but as pilot studies show,1 asymptomatic disease can be equally significant on calf growth and possibly carcass traits.

Evaluation of animal interaction with management, environment, and disease occurrence plus evaluation of lesions at slaughter should provide new information on disease development and may lead to a better understanding of the respiratory disease process and its cost. Standardized methods of recording and investigating each lesion's significance on calf growth and carcass traits are needed.
effects of induced parturition in dairy cows on the incidence of mortality in calves from commercial herds in south-western Victoria
Authors: Morton J. M. , Butler K. L.
Published: March 2023

The effects of induced parturition on calf morality rates were studied in 24 winter-calving, pasture-fed, dairy herds in south-western Victoria.
Effect of Modified Live Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Vaccination During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy in Beef Cows
Authors: Fleming Sherrill A.
Published: March 2023

Sixteen Brahman-Angus Fl cows (3 years old) were found to be negative for persistent BVDV infection by virus isolation on Buffy coat samples between approximately 180-270 days of gestation. Two weeks later cows were randomly assigned to vaccinate and nonvaccinate groups.
Determination of the Nutritional Requirements of the Calf's Gut
Authors: Nappert Germain , Zello Gordon A. , Naylor Jonathan M.
Published: March 2023

Treatment of diarrheic calves mainly relies on electrolyte solutions to replace the fluid lost in the scours. Antibiotics are also used, but they only work against a few of the many causes of scours. These treatments do not promote healing of the gut. Instead, they keep the calf alive so that the body can slowly heal itself. We have shown that scouring calves have damage to the lining of the gut and reduced absorption of nutrients. We know that holding animals off feed results in atrophy of the gut. If we knew which nutrients the gut uses, we could speed healing by adding the required nutrients to an electrolyte mix. The purpose of our study was to determine the intravenous nutritional requirements of the calf's gut by infusion of several potential nutrient and energy sources.
Dectomax Discovery
Authors: Rew Robert S.
Published: March 2023

Approximately 10 years ago, Pfizer Animal Health resolved to discover and develop a novel parasiticide active against internal and external parasites that was superior to currently marketed parasiticides in spectrum of activity and time of protection from reinfection. Several scientific teams of researchers were assembled to achieve this goal through a series of approaches including innovative fermentation research. These scientists discovered a series of key enzymes in a complex biochemical pathway that controlled the production of avermectins by Streptomyces auermitilis. Modification of one of these enzymes through mutational techniques allowed the scientists to alter the known end-products, and with subsequent novel substrate feeding, allowed them to create a series of novel avermectin analogs. Biological screens were then utilized to select the "best" analog against parasites in non-target and target hosts. Concomitant with the biological testing, pharmacokinetic profiles were generated to select the "best" formulation of the "best" analog for therapeutic activity and time of protection from reinfection. The end result was Dectomax, a novel endectocide for treatment and long-acting protection against economically important, internal and external parasites of cattle.
Equivalent Persistent Efficacy of Ivermectin, Abamectin, Doramectin and Moxidectin in Cattle
Authors: Ryan W. G. , Entrocasso C. , Gross S. , Kloeck A. , Grimshaw W. T. R. , Soll M. D.
Published: March 2023

As one of the major goals in strategic parasite control is to minimize the level of pasture contamination, post treatment fecal egg count (FEC) reduction provides a good indicator of the relative utility of anti-parasitic compounds under field conditions.
Efficacy of Monensin in the Prevention of Subclinical Ketosis in Lactating Dairy Cattle
Authors: Duffield Todd , Leslie K. L. , Sandals D. , Lissemore K. , Lumsden J. H. , McBride B. , Bagg R. , Dick P.
Published: March 2023

A field study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a monensin controlled release capsule (Rumensin CRC) for the prevention of subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cattle. A total of 1011 cows from 25 Holstein dairy herds in southern Ontario were enrolled in this trial. Allotment of treatment and placebo capsules were randomised within farm and the capsules were administered approximately 21 days prior to expected calving date.
JennyLynn Flow Simulator
Authors: Reid David A.
Published: March 2023

Accurate recordings of vacuum levels and vacuum fluctuations during milking provide the best means of demonstrating the adequacy of any milking system. However, anyone involved in on-farm testing of milking equipment realizes the challenge in picking the "right cow" to check during milk time evaluations. Simply having a stranger in the parlor or the barn with test equipment will often upset the normal milk letdown and interfere with the flow rate on some cows identified as fast milking individuals. The JennyLynn Flow Simulator was developed to allow testing to be done in a controlled situation where the flow rate is known and repeatable.

The artificial teat installed on the Jenny Lynn Flow Simulator has been fabricated to meet the ISO/DIS standards for artificial teats. These standards were certified by an ISO/DIS committee in a paper dated May 14, 1994. The test teat has a six (6) millimeter tube opening through the teat and extends 7 mm past the end of the teat with an additional thirty (30) millimeter extension of flexible hose which collapses during the closed phase of normal liner movement.
Comparative Efficacy Studies
Authors: Laudert Scott B. , Guthrie Carl A.
Published: March 2023

Six comparative efficacy studies were conducted to evaluate tilmicosin (TIL) and either long-acting oxytetracycline (LAO) (3 studies) or ceftiofur (CFT) (3 studies) for treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in newly received salebarn or ranch calves.
Evaluation of Herd Serum Antibody Titers
Authors: Compton Bob
Published: March 2023

The presence of antibodies in an animal at vaccination will impair the immune response elicited by a vaccine. Cattle that have not developed an acquired immune response (either by vaccination or natural infection) are susceptible to impairment at much lower levels of passively acquired antibody than cattle with acquired immunity.
Cellular and Humoral Response Following Challenge in Cattle Vaccinated with Inactivated Virus Vaccine
Authors: Chase Christopher C. L. , Braun L. , Frazer T. , Anderson S. , Hanson J. , Hurley David J.
Published: March 2023

The spectrum and duration of immunity from an inactivated bovine viral vaccine (Vira Shield? 5: Grand Laboratories, Freeman, SD) was evaluated in two studies.
Effects of a select direct-fed microbial gel effects of a select direct-fed microbial gel supplemented with different levels of vitamin E in neonatal Holstein calves
Authors: Vazquez Flores Sonia , Jardon Phillip W. , Goff Jesse P. , Crum Roger C.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to determine if an oral microbial gel supplemented with a natural source of vitamin E increased plasma concentrations of vitamin E in neonatal Holstein calves.
summary of four studies evaluating Doramectin compared to Ivermectin for gastrintestinal parasite control in grazing stocker beef cattle including effects on weight gain
Authors: Ballweber I. R. , Stuedemann J. A. , Smith L. L. , Yazwinski T. A.
Published: March 2023

Four studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of doramectin injectable administered to grazing yearling stocker cattle in the control of gastrointestinal nematodiasis over the subsequent summer or winter grazing period.
Comparative Performance of Feedlot Cattle with Nematode and Trematode Infections Treated with Doramectin or Ivermectin/Clorsulon Injectable Solutions
Authors: Johnson E. G. , Rowland W. K. , Zimmerman G. L. , Walstrom D. J.
Published: March 2023

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the performance effect of liver fluke and gastrointestinal nematode removal from infected cattle, under standard feedlot practices, following treatment with doramectin or ivermectin/clorsulon.
Effect of Trace Mineral Level and Source on Cow/Calf Performance and Immune Response
Authors: Schugel I. M. , Johnson A. B.
Published: March 2023

Zinc, copper and manganese are needed for proper production and immune response in the cow/calf herd. A series of experiments were conducted over a period of three years throughout the High Plains region evaluating the role of trace mineral level and source on cow and calf liver trace mineral status, immune response, reproduction parameters and growth.
Vaccination and Biosecurity Practices of Pennsylvania Dairy Producers
Authors: Rauff Yvette L. , Moore Dale A. , Sischo William M.
Published: March 2023

A 1994 outbreak of severe BVD in Pennsylvania prompted a study into the biosecurity and vaccination practices of dairy producers in the state. The objective of the survey was to determine how many herds might still be at risk for a disease for which a vaccine is available, such as BVD by assessing vaccination and biosecurity practices.
Cattle Hoofcare
Authors: Blowey R. W.
Published: March 2023

Lameness remains a major problem in cattle, particularly for dairy herds. Estimates of incidence vary from 10 to 50 cases per 100 cows per year, with the higher incidence being seen in cubicle-housed cattle. This paper outlines some of the common causes of lameness and the factors which can lead to an increased incidence. To appreciate the aetiology of lameness, it is necessary to understand the structure and function of the hoof.
The Forgotten Viruses
Authors: Ellis John A.
Published: March 2023

Bovine practitioners deal with viral diseases on a daily basis. These agents are well recognized as the primary pathogens in many practice situations. Although many viral agents have been isolated from cattle, those affecting the respiratory tract, bovine herpesvirus-1, and to a lesser extent, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, are generally considered to be the most economically important and the targets of prophylactic and research efforts. Economic losses due to bovine virus diarrhea virus associated reproductive disease and, more recently with high mortality subsequent to acute infection, have received much attention. The purpose of this brief review is to consider some of the other viral agents that have been isolated from cattle by highlighting recent research in the context of clinical concerns for the practitioner and client.
Ultrasonographic findings in cattle with pleuropneumonia
Authors: Braun U. , Pusterla N. , Flückiger M.
Published: March 2023

The clinical, ultrasonographic and radiographic findings in three cows and one bull with pleuropneumonia are described. All the animals had fever, indigestion, tachypnoea and abnormal lung sounds.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 141, 12-17
Responsible and Legal Drug Use in the Cattle Industry
Authors: Sundlof Stephen F.
Published: March 2023

In passing the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act, Congress conveyed the public's trust in your ability to use drugs responsibly. In the same light, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) intends to continue to view veterinarians as partners in protecting public health. It is our intent to develop regulatory enforcement programs which are commensurate with potential risk to public health. The more responsible veterinarians are with regard to on-label and extra-label drug use, the less FDA will need to focus its limited resources on such uses.

Veterinarians can meet these responsibilities by following some established principles.
Down Cows
Authors: Smith Bradford P. , Angelos John , George Lisle W. , Fecteau Gilles , Angelos Stephen , Van Metre David , House John K. , Hullinger Pam
Published: March 2023

Devices to aid and promote standing traditionally include hip lifters (hip clamp), slings and inflatable bags. While these devices help the less severely affected animals to stand temporarily, they frequently fail to allow for hours of comfortable standing, and they may even induce additional trauma in struggling animals. For these reasons, the use of water flotation was explored as a tool in the management of downer cows. The idea of water flotation is not new. Rasmussen reported on the use of a warm water flotation system in 1982.11
Oesophageal injury associated with the administration of an anthelmintic bolus to calves
Authors: Mannion P. A. , Jackson P. G. G. , White R. A. S. , Herrtage M. E.
Published: March 2023

Six of 18 calves from a suckler herd which were dosed with a sustained-release anthelmintic bolus, using appropriate equipment, developed clinical signs related to oesophageal perforation.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 331-334
Review of the Quebec Dairy Herds Health Improvement (A.S.T.L.Q.) Project
Authors: Bouchard Émile , DuTremblay Denis , Bigras-Poulin Michel
Published: March 2023

The main objective of the A.S.T.L.Q. Project was to create new tools for the practicing veterinarian in reaching diagnoses and suggesting treatments to individual herds. This requirement was expected to help the veterinarians in assisting the producers to improve the profitability of their business. The specific objectives of the research project were as follows:

1) To build a data bank in animal health for dairy cattle.2) From the data bank, to calculate health indices from associations between reproduction, production, disease and culling parameters.3) To compare herds with regard to the indices calculated and to classify them as "healthy" or "sick".4) To create tools (software, network, education ... ) to calculate and interpret the indices necessary to make a diagnosis in population medicine.
Laminitis in young dairy calves fed a high starch diet and with a history of bovine viral diarrhoea virus infection
Authors: Svensson C. , Bergsten C.
Published: March 2023

Six of the 33 calves born in a Swedish dairy herd during a period of four months developed laminitis when they were eight to 12 weeks old. The clinical signs included difficulty in rising, a stiff gait, overgrown claws and hemorrhages in the sole horn.

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 574-577
Pharmacokinetic Study of Plasma Calcium Concentration in Dairy Cows Following Four Oral Administrations at 12 Hour Intervals Around Calving of a Calcium Chloride Paste Formulation
Authors: Agger Nicolai , Katholm Joergen , Lomborg Kurt , Nygaard Bent , Rudebeck Kaj , Zangenberg Niels
Published: March 2023

Despite intensive research during the last decades, milk fever is still widespread among high yielding dairy cows with considerable negative economic impact for the farmer. Furthermore, subclinical milk fever occurs more frequently than clinical milk fever.1 The negative economic impact is intensified by an increased risk of secondary diseases following milk fever at the time when the cow is ready for milk production. The incidence of dystocia, uterine prolapse, retained placenta, ketosis, mastitis, and left displacement of the abomasum is greatly increased in milk fever cows compared with cows with normal parturition.2

Oral supplementation of calcium at strategic correct times around calving for the prevention of milk fever has been practised during the last 20-25 years.3 Several calcium products containing different calcium salts have been introduced over the years.4

This article describes a pharmacokinetic study of plasma calcium concentration following oral administration of a newly developed calcium paste product (BOVIVET® Calcium Paste, Jørgen Kruuse A/S) to third or fourth parturient Holstein cows. One cartridge of calcium paste consists of 180 g calcium chloride and 6 g magnesium chloride. The salts are distributed in and protected by a special two-component oil. By using this special oil formulation the caustic effect of calcium chloride on the mucosal wall of the gut is eliminated.5 This side effect is described for other calcium chloride formulations.6'7

The calcium paste formulation was developed in cooperation with the Royal Danish School of Pharmacy.
Post Mortem Investigation of Possible Mucosal Damages in Dairy Cows Following Four Oral Administrations at 12 Hour Intervals of a Calcium Chloride Paste Formulation
Authors: Agger Nicolai , Lomborg Kurt , Zangenberg Niels
Published: March 2023

It is well-known that the incidence of milk fever in dairy cows can be significantly reduced when gut absorption of approximately 50g calcium takes place 4 times with 12 hour intervals around calving.1,2,3 There are several different oral calcium formulations available containing different calcium salts, e.g., chloride, propionate, formiate, oxide, and carbonate. The amount of absorbed calcium following oral administration, however, is dependent on water- solubility of the different salts. 4 Calcium chloride is the most readily absorbed salt. The bioavailability of calcium propionate and formiate are inferior to calcium chloride. Consequently, a higher amount of administered calcium salts like calcium propionate or formia te is needed in order to get approximately 50g calcium absorbed from the gut. Calcium oxide and calcium carbonate are not water-soluble and therefore poorly absorbed.

It is also well-known that due to its caustic effect, calcium chloride in water or watery gel causes serious mucosal damages in the pharynx, esophagus, forestomachs and abomasum.5'6 Several of these products in Europe are withdrawn from the market due to the caustic effect of calcium chloride on the mucosa. A calcium chloride bolus with a protective layer of fat surrounding it is available in Scandinavia. However, serious consequences are reported following administration of the calcium bolus to calving cows with impaired or absent mobility of the digestive tract. In these cases the bolus or boli lie directly on the mucosa in either rumen or reticulum, and the caustic calcium chloride would be in direct contact with the mucosa. A fatal case report is published in the Danish Veterinary Journal.7

A water-in-oil emulsion, where the caustic calcium chloride is dissolved in water and protected by oil, has been on the market during the past 6-7 years. The mucosal damages are minimized following administration. Maladministration into the lungs, however, has been observed due to the viscosity of the product.8

In cooperation with the Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, a calcium chloride paste formulation (BOVIVET® Calcium Paste, Jørgen Kruuse A/S) has been developed. In this paste formulation 180g calcium chloride and 6g magnesium chloride are distributed in and protected by a special two-component oil preparation and filled on to a 255ml cartridge. During the production of the paste formulation the dry materials are sticked together with the fat part of the oil which is then covered by rape seed oil.

This publication describes an investigation of possible mucosal damages of the tongue, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, forestomachs and abomasum following oral administration of the calcium chloride paste formulation 4 times with 12 hours interval.
Missed Areas of Consultation in the Beef Cattle Production Cycle
Authors: Henry Steve
Published: March 2023

I was asked to tell what happened in swine in the last 20 years and how lessons learned might work for beef. My goal is to relate what's happened in the swine industry, what veterinarians' roles have been, and what I think will happen with the beef industry. I think it has to change.
Latest in Estrous Synchronization in Beef Cattle
Authors: Corah Larry
Published: March 2023

To effectively utilize artificial insemination in the beef cattle industry and achieve the genetic progress desired by many beef cattle producers, regulation of the estrous cycle is extremely important. In the past, extensive research has evaluated prostaglandins and progestin compounds such the SyncroMate B® implant system. More recently, extensive use of the MGA/prostaglandin synchronization system has been utilized with beef heifers.

Recent research has evaluated the potential of utilizing GnRH in combination with prostaglandin to synchronize estrus in cows and heifers. The following is a brief review of the research data collected to date.
Culled Cow Management
Authors: Spire Mark F.
Published: March 2023

The beef industry is becoming increasingly aware of the need to transform many of these slaughter cows into a value added product. Opportunities exist for a producer to develop a culled cow management program by identifying marketing options which allow marketing pounds of meat and by-products at the most opportune time for the greatest return. Key areas of such a program are maintenance of a quality assurance program, seasonal marketing flexibility, and cow weight.
Top Ten Uses of a pH Meter in Practice
Authors: Jardon Phillip M.
Published: March 2023

A pH meter can be a useful tool to a bovine veterinarian. Small sturdy pH meters that require only a few drops of sample are available.
Virulence, immunogenicity and reactivation of seven bovine herpesvirus 1.1 strains
Authors: Kaashoek M. J. , Straver P. H. , Van Rooij E. M. A. , Quak J. , Van Oirschot J. T.
Published: March 2023

Specific pathogen-free calves were inoculated intranasally with one of seven strains of bovine herpesvirus 1.1 (BHV1.1) to identify a highly virulent strain for use in vaccination-challenge experiments.

Full article presented at the XIX World Buiatrics Congress, Edinburgh, Scotland, July 8-12, 1996.
Salmonella Typhimurium DT104
Authors: Gay C. C. , Besser T. E. , Gay J. M. , Hancock D. D. , Rice D. , Pritchard L. C.
Published: March 2023

In the past four years there has been an increase in the reported prevalence of salmonellosis in dairy cattle in the Pacific Northwest. We have established that Salmonella typhimurium DT104 is responsible for much of this increase. S. typhimurium DT104 is emerging as a pathogen in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere in the United States and has importance for animal and human health.
Comparative Effectiveness of Carbicarb-R, Tribonate-R and Bicarbonate in the Treatment of Acidosis in Neonatal Calves
Authors: Berchtold J. , Hartmann H. , Hofmann W.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to compare the bufferingeffects of sodium-bicarbonate (NaHCO3), Carbicarb-R (equimolar sodium-bicarbonate and sodium-carbonate [Na2CO3]) and Tribonate-R (Tris buffer mixture) during i.v. treatment of acidosis in neonatal calves. Most alkalinizing agents such as bicarbonate, lactate or acetate are only effective after increased pulmonary elimination of CO2 produced in buffer reactions. These substances are not suitable and are even contraindicated in the therapy of primary respiratory or mixed respiratory-metabolic acidosis.
Priming the Immune System for IBR and BVD with One Dose of Killed Vaccine
Authors: Vaughn Michael , Sweiger Shaun
Published: March 2023

A field trial was conducted in a cow/calf operation to evaluate the SN titer response to BVD and IBR virus following vaccination with either one or two doses of vaccines. Group 1 received two doses of vaccine. The first dose of vaccine was given 3 weeks prior to weaning and contained killed fractions of IBR and BVD. The second dose was given at weaning and was a four-way modified live vaccine (mlv) (IBR,BVD ,BRSV,PI3). Group 2 received only one dose of 4-way mlv vaccine at weaning. Group 3 was not vaccinated and remained with the herd as sentinels. SN titer results were compared to see if the antibody response elicited by a mlv could be primed with one dose of killed vaccine.

The results from this trial indicate that one dose of killed vaccine, administered 3 weeks prior to a dose of mlv vaccine, effectively primed the immune response. The follow up dose of mlv vaccine administered at weaning elicited a rapid and elevated antibody titer response in Group 1 calves compared to Group 2 calves; an indication that priming had taken place.

The findings in this study support a vaccination program tailored for the cow/calf operation where a priming dose of killed vaccine is given before weaning, with a follow up immunizing dose of mlv vaccine given at weaning.
Rapid Determination of Acid-Base Status in Diarrheic and Healthy Calves with the Cardy Twin Waterproof pH Meter
Authors: Nappert G. , Clark C. R. , Baptiste K. E. , Munting J. , Naylor J. M.
Published: March 2023

A major problem with diarrheic calves is metabolic acidosis which can be difficult to accurately assess from physical findings. In our clinic, diarrheic calves that are mildly dehydrated can have mild to severe acidosis. The severity of acidosis in calves is influenced not only by the severity of dehydration, but also by the calf's age, and the amount and type of fluid therapy given.
Diagnostic Tool for Fescue Toxicosis
Authors: Thompson F. N. , Hill N. S. , Stuedemann J. A. , Dawe D. L.
Published: March 2023

Fescue toxicosis is the result of grazing endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum) infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). Most tall fescue pastures are endophyte-infected (E+) and this results in the presence of ergot alkaloids in the forage. As a result of these alkaloids in E+, rate of gain and calving rates are decreased (Stuedemann and Hoveland, 1988). Individual animals may express either peripheral necrosis ("fescue foot") or fat necrosis as variants of the toxicosis. Affected animals grazing E+ forage during the summer months particularly, appear stressed with increased respiratory rates, spend excessive time in a shaded or water cooled environment, and have rough hair coats.
Dairy Producer Opinions and Farm Practices Used to Assure Milk and Dairy Beef Quality
Authors: Wilson David J. , Hutchinson Lawrence J. , Sears Phillip M.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to assess dairy producer opinions, awareness, and farm practices relative to use of antibiotics on dairy farms and milk quality assurance. A secondary objective was to determine producers' familiarity with and completion of the Ten Point Milk and Dairy Beef Quality Assurance Program.
Repeated oestrus synchrony and fixed-time artificial insemination in beef cows
Authors: Penny C. D. , Lowman B. G. , Scott N. A. , Scott P. R.
Published: March 2023

The feasibility of breeding spring-calving, single-suckled beef cows without the use of natural service was investigated over two breeding seasons by using repeated oestrus synchrony and fixed-time artificial insemination (AI).

Full article published in Veterinary Record (1997) 140, 496-498
Beef Production Management, The Fecal Examination
Authors: Bliss Donald H. , Kvasnicks William G.
Published: March 2023

This column discusses the modified Wisconsin sugar flotation method for detecting worm eggs in cattle feces. This method is much more effective than other methods for detecting worm eggs in bovine feces.

Full article published in Compendium's Food Animal, Vol 19 (4), April 1997.
Recommendations for Recording and Presenting Selected Clinical Diseases of Dairy Cattle
Authors: Lissemore Kerry , Kelton David
Published: March 2023

As the North American dairy industry prepares for increased global competition, there is a growing interest in the recording of cattle health data, pertaining to diseases of economic significance. These data are needed to further investigate the genetic component of disease occurrence and resistance, to describe, compare and investigate disease occurrence on a national and regional basis, to modify management practices that promote animal health, and to monitor the health status of the national dairy herd. A major impediment to this initiative is the lack of national standards for disease definition and presentation. To deal with the confusion over mastitis case definition, the International Dairy Federation has recently proposed international guidelines for the recording and presentation of mastitis data.
Personnel Management
Authors: Simms John C.
Published: March 2023

After almost a quarter century since graduation from veterinary school, it is somewhat of a challenge to offer valuable information to an audience that does the same work that I do in a very similar work environment. The progression from employee to solo practitioner to partnership to multi- person practice is very familiar to many. We often advise the producers we serve to concentrate a lot of effort on managing feed costs because it is a significant cost of production. We should take our own advice and apply it to our own significant cost of doing business-payroll and personnel. I would like to share with you some ideas that I've done (some regrettably), ideas that are presently employed, and things I will do in the future (hopefully).

As with any large task, breaking it into manageable, smaller parts makes the whole project easier to deal with. These parts come in the form of questions that we must answer in order for present and prospective associates to understand the employers and the practice setting and mission more fully. Truthfully analyzing and answering these questions, then clearly conveying the answers to personnel, present and future, will save the practice management the drudgery of revolving door associates and spare the employees the unhappiness of involuntary career changes.
Surgical Restoration Of Breeding Bulls
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: March 2023

Injury or disease involving the reproductive tract of bulls is a significant cause of economic and genetic loss to cattle producers. An abattoir survey of 550 bulls in Northern Australia found that preputial (prolapse 3.1 %, abscess 0.54%, papillomatosis 0.18%) and penile injuries (persistent frenulum 0.36%, hematoma 0.54%, fractured penis 0.18%, abscess 0.18%) were common. Spitzer et al examined 862 yearling bulls and found that 109 failed breeding soundness examination. Abnormalities in the 109 yearling bulls included persistent penile frenulum (16.5%), fibropapilloma (1.8%), and penile abnormalities (1.8%). Chenoweth et al found breed differences in the occurrence of abnormalities of the reproductive tract. Herefords had larger and firmer seminal vesicles, Brahmans had testicular hypoplasia more frequently, Brahmans had smaller seminal vesicles, Shorthorn Hereford cross cattle had more preputial ulcerations, and Brahman cross cattle had preputial prolapse more frequently.
Serum transferrin in calves infected with Haemophilus somnus
Authors: McNair J. , Elliot C. , Bryson D. G. , Mackie D. P.
Published: March 2023

A competitive immunoassay, based on time-resolved fluorimetry, was developed and used to measure the serum concentration of transferrin in 10 calves with acute pneumonia induced by an experimental infection with Haemophilus suis.

Full article published in Veterinary Journal (1998) 155, 251.
Dystocia
Authors: Frazer Grant S.
Published: March 2023

Percutaneous fetotomy is the dissection or dismemberment of a fetus with a wire saw by sectioning through the skin, muscle and bone. Subcutaneous fetotomy is performed with chisels and hooks such that the fetal parts are removed while leaving the skin attached to the remainder of the fetus. This paper will review the percutaneous technique using the Utrecht method. To perform a successful fetotomy the obstetrician must have technical knowledge, have adequate training and experience, possess correctly designed instruments, and use copious amounts of lubricant.
Surgical Management and Decisions in Problem Birthing
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: March 2023

In this paper, several methods of handling problem birthing are discussed, including Cesarean Section, Emphysematous Calf, Uterine Laceration, and Uterine Amputation.
Cattle-to-cattle transmission of Mycobacterium bovis
Authors: Costello E. , Doherty M. L. , Monaghan M. L. , Quigley F. C. , O'Reilly P. F.
Published: March 2023

Twenty steers which were positive to the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test were divided into 10 groups of two, and each pair was housed in an individual loose-box for a year with one steer which was negative in the tuberculin test.

Full article published in Veterinary Journal (1998) 155, 245.