bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interesting discussion or tiresome bluster? Exploring the social norms of politics among young people on social media
Authors:   , Chapman Harry
Published: November 2021

This thesis explores the extent to which talking about politics on Facebook and Twitter is acceptable among young New Zealanders. To investigate the social norms of political discussion on social media, this research has utilised synchronous online focus groups with 27 young New Zealanders aged 16–24.  Participants were positive about the presence of politics on Facebook and Twitter, viewing the platforms as a good way of learning more about politics, although they held quite strong views about the way in which people expressed political views. Through utilising the features of social media platforms, participants had a number of ways of dealing with political material on social media they did not agree with or found offensive. Participants also said they sometimes complained about other people's online political behaviour, primarily offline to people who were not involved in the political conversation.  In investigating both Facebook and Twitter, this research has attempted to tease out differences between the norms of political talk on social media generally, versus the norms specific to each platform. Twitter was seen by participants as a more appropriate place for politics than Facebook, mostly because people's audiences on the respective platforms were very different.  This research has contributed towards a better understanding of an area which has not been well studied, especially outside of North America and Europe. It will be of interest to groups who want to engage young people on social media regarding political issues.
An investigation of foreign exchange risk management by exporting small and medium sized enterprises
Authors:   , Dang Vu
Published: November 2021

Previous studies on foreign exchange (forex) risk management have tended to focus on multinational enterprises; while how SMEs manage their forex risk is still largely unexplored. As small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are increasingly involved in international markets, they have become a new research setting on forex risk management. Given that SMEs have limited access to resources, skills and capabilities, internal hedging techniques could be favoured by SMEs. There is limited research on this matter, and the extant literature on forex management generally considers derivatives as major hedging techniques for large firms. This thesis primarily investigates how exporting SMEs manage forex risk. In addition, approaches to forex management could be changed as a firm becomes more experienced internationally. Following the basic principles of internationalisation theory, the thesis also examines the impact of the internationalisation degree of the firm on forex management decisions.   This thesis sheds new light on SMEs’ hedging practices by providing a better understanding of SMEs’ choices of forex risk management. Three research questions have been raised: (1) what determinants influence SMEs’ choice to hedge as a way of managing forex risk; (2) what strategies do SMEs use when they choose hedging to manage forex exposure; and (3) how does the degree of internationalisation impact the choice of forex management.  The thesis draws on two theoretical perspectives to help address these overarching questions. It extends the use of the resource-based view (RBV), and combines this with internationalisation theory. The setting of SMEs is a context for using the RBV. New Zealand and Australian exporting SMEs provide the sample for testing the hypotheses.   The contributions of this thesis are twofold. Firstly, the thesis identifies four determinants of forex risk strategy by exporting SMEs, i.e. degree of internationalisation (specifically, export ratio), forex exposure, perceived forex risk, and resources. Secondly, it extends the use of the RBV and the internationalisation theory in forex risk management of SMEs. In addition, the thesis uses a research approach combining an exploratory qualitative study and a main quantitative study.
An Exploratory Study into Entrepreneurial Motivation in Changing Contexts
Authors:   , Thom Dylan
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this research is to explore entrepreneurial motivation and its relationship to change. It does this through providing insight into what entrepreneurial motivation is, and how it is affected by change. An interpretative phenomenological approach is taken in the exploration of the nature of entrepreneurial motivation and change, in order to understand the phenomena in terms of the lived experience of seven entrepreneurs from New Zealand. The key finding in this research was that entrepreneurial motivation is an internal drive that provides entrepreneurs with the energy to deal with obstacles and push forward in an effort to satisfy their need for achievement. Some insights into the nature of entrepreneurial motivation across changing contexts are provided. An improved understanding of what entrepreneurial motivation is and how it is affected by change provides implications for both practitioners and scholars. This provides value in terms of predicting individual propensity and viability of entrepreneurship.
Microfinance and Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh: A Study of Competing Logics and Their Implications for Accounting and Accountability Systems
Authors:   , Tanima Farzana
Published: November 2021

This study explores the issues of microfinance and women’s empowerment in Bangladesh, and their implications for accounting and accountability systems. The topic is politically contentious. There are debates about what ‘women’s empowerment’ means, how it fits with the other stated objectives of microfinance, how the success of microfinance should be evaluated, whether women are actually being empowered through microfinance initiatives, and concerns about the accountability of microfinance institutions (Kilby, 2006; Rahman, 1999). My study examines these controversies, drawing and building on Mayoux (1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002) and the work of others on ‘competing logics’ evident in microfinance theory and practice. In particular, it compares and contrasts ‘economic’ and ‘social’ logics and explores their implications for how accounting and accountability systems are conceptualised and operationalised. In recognition of the dominance of economic logics in traditional accounting, it also responds to calls to develop more multi-dimensional accountings and ways of operationalising proposals for greater social accountability (Bebbington et al., 2007; Brown, 2009; Dillard and Roslender, 2011; Kilby, 2006, 2011; Kindon et al., 2007; Molisa et al., 2012). Through a participatory action research case study, my study focuses on the potential of dialogic accounting and accountability systems to address some of the problems and challenges identified in both gender and development studies and accounting literatures.
American foulbrood and its causative agent, Paenibacillus larvae, in New Zealand’s registered hives and apiaries
Authors:   , Graham Samantha Amy Montrose
Published: November 2021

Though the honey bee (Apis mellifera) is exposed to an extensive diversity of parasites and pathogens from multiple kingdoms, few are as devastating as American foulbrood. American foulbrood is a highly contagious bacterial disease, of which the causative agent (bacterium Paenibacillus larvae) infects honey bee brood through the ingestion of its spores, ultimately leading to the death of the infected larva and the collapse of the infected hive. Paenibacillus larvae’s genotypes (ERIC I-IV) exhibit differing ‘killing time’ of infected larvae, resulting in different larval and colony level virulence of the disease within hives.  American foulbrood is found in New Zealand’s registered hives, and poses a threat to the country’s apiculture industry. The first objective of this thesis was to perform a genetic analysis on New Zealand’s P. larvae field strains using the well-established methodology of rep-PCR with MBO REP1 primers. A total of 172 bacteria isolates were gathered from registered hives from 2011 to 2014 and examined. The MBO REP1 primer identifies the ‘beta’ genetic subgroups of P. larvae. By identifying beta subgroups, the ERIC genotypes that are present in New Zealand can also be concluded. The genetic analysis of P. larvae using rep-PCR is a first for New Zealand, and appears to be a first for Australasia. The second objective of this thesis was to conduct a temporal and geographical statistical analysis on American foulbrood infection rate trends in New Zealand’s national and regional, divided into seven regions, registered hives and apiaries from 1994 to 2013.  The genetic analysis of P. larvae detected three ‘beta’ genotypic subgroups: B, b, and Б. From these findings it was concluded that ERIC I and ERIC II are present in New Zealand. Previous to my findings, subgroup B and Б and ERIC II genotype had not been recorded outside of Europe. The statistical analysis reported that American foulbrood infection rates were significantly decreasing nationally. Results also reported that four of the seven regions’ infection rates were significantly decreasing, whilst three regions were significantly increasing.  Conclusions on the subgroups and genotypes present in New Zealand gives the first insight to the virulence and occurrence of P. larvae strains. Additionally, the use of rep-PCR for the genetic analysis of P. larvae enables this thesis to contribute to the increasing knowledge on American foulbrood. By examining the temporal and geographic dynamics of American foulbrood, the results allow for the evaluation of current management strategies and the most recent understanding on the national and regional infection rates of the disease.
Hegemony and mediations in melodrama of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema
Authors:   , Evans Dave
Published: November 2021

The influence of the mass media is a contentious issue, especially in regards to the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema in the mid-twentieth century. These melodramatic films have often been viewed by critics as instruments of hegemony. However, melodrama contains an inherent ambivalence, as it not only has a potential for imparting dominant messages but also offers a platform from which to defy and exceed the restraining boundaries imposed by dominant ideologies. An examination of a number of important Golden Age films, especially focussing on their contradictory tensions and their portrayals of modernity, illustrates this. The Nosotros los pobres series serves as an example of how melodramatic elements are incorporated into popular Mexican films and how melodrama could be used as an ideological tool to encourage the state’s goals. Similarly, the maternal melodrama Cuando los hijos se van uses the family to represent the processes of conflict and negotiation that Mexicans experienced as a result of modernization. Consistent with the reactionary nature of melodrama and its simultaneous suggestive potential, the film combines a Catholic worldview with an underlying allegory of moving forward. The issue of progress is also at the centre of a number of films starring iconic actor Pedro Infante, which offer an avenue for exploring what modernisation might mean for male identity in Mexico. His films show a masculinity in transition and how lower-class men could cope with this change. Likewise, the depiction of women in Golden Age film overall supports the stabilising goals of the 1940s Revolutionary government, while also providing some transgressive figures. Therefore, these films helped the Mexican audience process the sudden modernization of the post-Revolutionary period, which was in the state’s best interest; however, the masses were also able to reconfigure the messages of these films and find their own sense of meaning in them.
Understanding the Perceived Destination Image of New Zealand as Revealed in the Travel Blogs of Tourists from Mainland China
Authors:   , Tang Janet
Published: November 2021

This thesis examines the perceived destination image of New Zealand as revealed in travel blogs written by Mainland Chinese tourists. A qualitative method with an interpretivism paradigm was used to explore travel blogs written by Chinese tourists. A textual content analysis of 139 blog entries written by 36 Chinese bloggers indicates that the overall perceived destination image of New Zealand is positive among these tourists.   Chinese tourists are particularly impressed by the New Zealand landscape, the hospitality and lifestyle of New Zealanders, and customer service in i-SITEs. This study identified a holistic view of New Zealand, ‘the New Zealand Dream’, constructed by Chinese tourists. They dream of living in New Zealand, a destination that has been perceived to offer a simpler and more peaceful lifestyle compared to China. Additional findings indicate Chinese tourists welcome unfamiliarity related to landscape and lifestyle. However, tourists respond to unfamiliarity that may pose a threat such as unfamiliar driving conditions with a less welcoming attitude. Familiarity such as familiar language and food are, overall, welcomed and accepted. This study also identified neutrally-toned advice from Chinese bloggers which suggests that the blogs are not only an effective way to understand the Chinese market – their likes and dislikes – but also, potentially, a valuable information source for tourists reading the blogs. Based on the results, implications and recommendations for managers and practitioners in New Zealand’s tourism industry are discussed.
Using catch-per-unit-effort data to solve spatial problems in Orange Roughy abundance estimates
Authors:   , Schofield Max
Published: November 2021

This thesis describes a thorough analysis of the Andes Complex orange roughy fishery, which started in 1991 and continues to date. The Andes Complex orange roughy fishery displays a rapid initial decline in catch rate, followed by a prolonged period of relatively stable catch rate. This trend is the classic feature of a hyperdepletion catch rate. The trends in the observed Andes Complex orange roughy catch rates were explored through the development of eight modified Schaefer Surplus Production Models (SPM). Each model applied a hypothesis about a mechanism catalysing the observed trend of the fishery. The SPM was modified by either adding new information to the model, or an additional parameter. The fits of the modified models were optimised to elucidate values of unknown parameters in the SPM, and these were used to create estimated abundance indicies for each model. Then I compared each index to the observed abundance index (catch rate), derived following an Exploratory Analysis. The best candidate models, which had the smallest likelihoods, BIC values, and best visual fits, were those assuming population growth rate changed midway through the fishery, or that the population size decreased following habitat damage (from trawling).
At Home in the Quarry - A community engaging and landscape responsive approach to Medium Density Design within the Three Kings Quarry
Authors:   , Maxwell Vincent
Published: November 2021

The recently exhausted Three Kings Quarry in central Auckland suburbia is currently being prepared for housing development. As a suburb within New Zealand’s fastest growing city, housing pressure and intensification policies mean that higher density design will be a key focus of remediation. Medium Density Design is a relatively young model of higher density housing in New Zealand and has developed a strong negative stigma, engendered by the abundance of unresponsive medium density developments which struggle, both physically and visually, to connect with Auckland’s low density suburban culture. Plans to only partially fill the site have been met with opposition by the community as the quarry landscape is seen as an obstacle for connection within the suburb and unfit for human inhabitation. Because of these negative feelings towards both the quarry and medium density design, locals are anxious any development within the quarry will follow a similar Medium Density housing model that turns its back on its context and community while failing to connect to the Three Kings context.  This research argues that by designing with the slope and existing condition of the quarry, medium density design can produce a scheme that meets the desires of the community and builds a unique and relevant identity for Three Kings. This thesis proposes this can be achieved by acknowledging the significance of the industrial landscape and designing with landform features and environmental systems; through community focussed medium density design; and by taking advantage of opportunities of mass housing design on the slope. These issues are tackled on the urban scale through design of a master plan, as well as cluster and dwelling scale design proposals.
Korero Pukapuka, Talking Books: Reading in Reo Māori in the Long Nineteenth Century
Authors:   , Driver-Burgess Frith
Published: November 2021

The introduction of reading to New Zealand by missionaries in 1815 was a catalyst for enormous change in how Māori communicated and recorded information. Reading was quickly adopted by Māori, who learned in mission schools initially, and increasingly taught each other, both in formal educational contexts and informally in village settings across the country. Missionaries were concerned to promote reading as a means of communicating the Christian gospel, and much of the early material available to Māori readers in reo Māori was ecclesiastical or scriptural works. However, in 1842 the colonial government established the first reo Māori newspaper, the first of around forty titles which were produced over the period 1842-1932 by government, church and philanthropist, and Māori groups. Alongside news, speeches and other items, the niupepa included a wide range of texts that broadened the genres available in reo significantly. Many reports exist of Māori reading and writing in to the niupepa. Māori reading was, however, often carried out in conjunction with traditions of Māori debate and oral communication, which proved to be pragmatic approaches to the reading context of Māori in nineteenth century New Zealand.  Government-controlled niupepa in particular used translated texts, both in niupepa and bound separately, as a means of disseminating information on a ‘civilised’ life and urging Māori to take up European behaviours. Other niupepa, however, in particular the Anglican-Māori Te Pipiwharauroa, He Kupu Whakamarama and Te Toa Takitini and the Kotahitanga niupepa Te Puke ki Hikurangi, promoted reading as a means by which Māori could inform themselves, entertain themselves, and connect with other cultures. Rather than being subsumed by Pākehā culture, these niupepa writers aimed to enrich their lives as Māori by incorporating elements of what they read in the paper. Translated texts, reo Māori versions of originals from other languages, were certainly part of this change, with readers reporting their reflections on the text and its application in their lives. Although responses were varied to reading, with many Māori both reading and lacking interest in reading at the end of the long nineteenth century, a well-developed reading culture in te reo existed in New Zealand, Although reading was not engaged in by the whole population, it was, in many cases, highly respected and a part of daily and official life.
The Khovanov homology of knots
Authors:   , Le Gros Giovanna
Published: November 2021

The Khovanov homology is a knot invariant which first appeared in Khovanov's original paper of 1999, titled ``a categorification of the Jones polynomial.'' This thesis aims to give an exposition of the Khovanov homology, including a complete background to the techniques used. We start with basic knot theory, including a definition of the Jones polynomial via the Kauffman bracket. Next, we cover some definitions and constructions in homological algebra which we use in the description of our title. Next we define the Khovanov homology in an analogous way to the Kauffman bracket, using only the algebraic techniques of the previous chapter, followed closely by a proof that the Khovanov homology is a knot invariant. After this, we prove an isomorphism of categories between TQFTs and Frobenius objects, which finally, in the last chapter, we put in the context of the Khovanov homology. After this application, we discuss some topological techniques in the context of the Khovanov homology.
Imprisonment: Young Pacific womens' experiences of living with depression
Authors:   , Muaiava Aotearoa
Published: November 2021

Research has shown that depression is prevalent in adolescence. This descriptive phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of young Pacific Island (PI) women (17-25 years of age) living in New Zealand. Phenomenological interviewing was used to capture the lived experiences of depression with the aim of developing a deeper understanding of what it is like to be a young depressed PI woman. The essence of being depressed was imprisonment. Young PI women described how family and cultural pressures, experiences of failure and abuse led to their depression. They experienced rejection, being labelled, misunderstood and silenced by others and their circumstances and depression trapped them. The women managed their depression by finding their voice in writing journals, listening to music, reading bible scriptures, prayer and connecting to others with similar lived experience. The implications of the study are discussed in relation to improving parent education and culturally relevant support for young PI women. Recommendations for future research include developing approaches to research that include a more specific cultural and gender focus.
Advanced NMR methodologies in rock core analysis
Authors:   , Liu Huabing
Published: November 2021

¹H NMR techniques have gained extensive acceptance in petrophysics for the evaluation of fluid-saturating reservoir rocks. This thesis presents the development of new NMR methods regarding the reserves (determination of pore length scales and surface relaxivities), productivity (estimates of permeability) and recovery of fluids (resolves of saturation evolution) in rocks.  Traditionally, pore lengths are evaluated from the ground relaxation eigenmodes of spin-bearing molecules in pore space. This evaluation is not straightforward since it is affected by surface relaxivity. Here, we use an approach to determine pore length from detecting the high relaxation eigenmodes, in which way the eigenvalue spectrum directly scales to the pore size distribution. Based on this, we extend this approach for the use with low-field NMR spectrometers and 2D NMR eigenmode correlation methods. Surface relaxivity can be further extracted from these 2D correlation maps, which is in agreement with an independent NMR measurement.  Permeability is generally estimated from surface relaxation via empirical pore-network models. However, for heterogeneous rocks a single (or averaged) permeability value may not be adequate. Therefore, we measure surface relaxation in conjunction with MRI techniques. Permeability profiles can then be obtained from spatially resolved relaxation maps yielding local connectedness between adjacent slices. The results are confirmed by the comparison of brine-permeability measurements.  MRI experiments of fluids in rocks at reservoir-like conditions may yield optimized recovery strategies of reservoir fluids. In this context we combine MRI with diffusion-relaxation correlation measurements during flooding intervals. The results provide substantial information, such as flooding front and saturation profiles of immiscible fluids discriminated by fluid type.
Tātai Kōrero i Ngaro, Tātai Kōrero e Rangona: Legitimation and the Learning of Curriculum Mathematics in an Indigenous Māori School
Authors:   , Tweed Brian
Published: November 2021

In this thesis, the learning of conventional curriculum mathematics in indigenous Māori schools is conceptualised as a site of struggle within the wider context of a national New Zealand education system. For example, the research literature documents the effects of inadequate mathematics education resources, detrimental impacts on the nature of traditional Māori language and cultural practices, and concerns about under-achievement of Māori students in mathematics and access to powerful societal knowledge. The thesis aims to uncover a causal mechanism for the struggle with mathematics education in one Māori school.  Empirical data about mathematics learning activities are examined using a theoretical perspective strongly influenced by Dialectical Critical Realism. The methodological frameworks are based on Basil Bernstein’s sociology of education, Systemic Functional Linguistics and Legitimation Code Theory. Using these theoretical and methodological tools, empirical data are related to deeper-level ontological determinations which underpin practices in the Māori school.  The major conclusion of the thesis is that struggle derives from two conflicting ontological determinations about the nature of a person. Mathematics education tends to construe people, and create subjectivities, in terms of their knowledge. The ethos of the Māori school considered in this thesis tends to construe people, and create subjectivities, in terms of their genealogically-embedded, unique, material and spiritual natures.  Based on this conclusion, the thesis indicates some potential consequences and future developments of mathematics education in Māori schools. These developments may be thought of in general terms as a disengagement from current relations with mathematics education, an establishment of autonomy, and a re-engagement with mathematics on different terms.
Oioi
Authors:   , Partsch Nicolette
Published: November 2021

A screenplay.
Bridging the physical and virtual with mobile media
Authors:   , Lam Steven
Published: November 2021

This thesis examines how mobile technologies can contribute towards bridging physical and virtual space through interactive, and location-specific, media experiences. Building on a research analysis of contextual discussions and precedents, it is noticeable that there is a discord between physical and virtual space usage as they are often utilised in different situational settings. This thesis therefore develops a mobile application as a wider investigation into how the physical setting and live data can be used to achieve a better link for contextualised content between the physical and virtual in urban areas. It explores this by making a location specific media experience, where the limits of the physical space are incorporated as boundaries in the virtual environment. Further to this, live data is used to influence the dynamics of the environment so that conditions are reflective of the physical world. These investigations are utilised with Augmented Reality, providing an end application that allows the viewer to physically explore urban space within an interactive mobile media experience. This approach offers a new perspective in urban space exploration and mobile media design, highlighting that contextual significance in media experiences are important aspects to consider and design for. Ultimately, such approaches may lead to larger narratives and experiences encompassing entire cities, or other diverse geographies.
‘A Man’s Environment’? The Petone Workingmen’s Club and Masculinity in New Zealand after 1945
Authors:   , Braid Nicola
Published: November 2021

My thesis, in the broadest terms, looks at New Zealand men’s understanding of themselves and their work. My study is based on oral history interviews with male members of the Petone Workingmen’s Club in Lower Hutt, Wellington. This thesis has two purposes: to compare men’s experiences with wider understandings of class, work and masculinity in New Zealand during the post-World War II period, and to complicate the assumptions about masculinity that have gone somewhat unexplored in historiography.  This study takes a thematic approach to men’s experience, but weaves elements of oral history and historiography throughout. Chapter three looks at the Petone Workingmen’s Club as a masculine and working-class space; while Chapter four continues to examine men’s memories and masculinities, this time in the context of an interview. Finally, Chapter five observes the place of education, leisure, and particularly work, in men’s narratives to add greater depth to histories of work, class and masculinity in New Zealand.  My interviews found that studies of New Zealand men have neglected the role that class, gender and historical changes have had in affecting men’s understanding of themselves and their lives. This thesis hopes to complicate, as well as add value to, the limited scholarship that exists surrounding masculinity in New Zealand, particularly among working-class men.
He kōpara e kō nei i te ata / Māori language socialisation and acquisition by two bilingual children: A case-study approach
Authors:   , Hunia Tessa Maraea
Published: November 2021

This thesis investigates natural Māori language socialisation and acquisition by two under-three-year-old children within bilingual settings in Aotearoa New Zealand, in which they were learning two languages simultaneously – te reo Māori (Māori language), the endangered indigenous heritage language, and English, a dominant world language.  The thesis explores how Māori language socialisation occurred for the two children, and documents the emergence of Māori grammatical structures in their productive language. In this longitudinal, qualitative case-study, data were gathered by regularly video-recording the children while they interacted with their families. Analysis of input- and productive-language data revealed that whereas English was the principal ambient language for both children at home and in the community, the language used directly with Child 1 was predominantly Māori, and with Child 2 was predominantly English. Analysis confirmed that Child 1 chose Māori as a principal first productive language, while Child 2 chose English.  Since the focus of the study was on te reo Māori, data gathered from Child 1 across 39 months were analysed from a language socialisation perspective. Wortham’s (2005) notion of “socialisation trajectory” was used to trace four “trajectories” as the child progressed towards cultural communicative practices such as the pūkana ‘wide eyes’ form of eye-talk, and towards kinship roles. She navigated, and sometimes diverged from, the expectations and guidance of her extended family (whānau), while accumulating participant roles and whānau values and responsibilities. Each trajectory was closely interwoven with the others, and also with the child’s language-acquisition trajectory, and thus contributed to her becoming an L1-Māori speaker. Linguistic analysis of the child’s “first words”, “first combinations” and “first sentences” revealed the emergence of Māori grammatical structures in her productive language, and led to a new “Phrasal acquisition of te reo Māori” hypothesis.  The findings direct attention to the important contribution, not only of the language environment but also of a rich, many-faceted process of cultural socialisation, in enabling a child to become a proficient communicator within her whānau and an L1-speaker of te reo Māori. The findings therefore contribute to a deeper and broader understanding of natural socialisation and acquisition of te reo Māori, and also carry important implications for the revitalisation of this, and other, endangered languages of the world.
Remnant of the Past? An Investigation into the Past, Present and Future Role of Archaeology in New Zealand Museums
Authors:   , Shirley Brenden
Published: November 2021

Museum archaeology is a subject that has received little attention from local academics and museum professionals. This is despite the fact that it continues to be perceived as a foreign subject that most New Zealanders find difficult to relate to. This dissertation takes an exploratory approach in understanding what has to be considered in future efforts to connect museums and their wider communities with archaeology. Rather than reiterating what the literature has previously confirmed, this research examines the perspective of archaeological interpreters, namely museum and heritage professionals. This provides an avenue for examining how archaeological content is perceived by museums, how this can be conveyed to the public and its potential benefits and limitations.  This research was developed around a qualitative methodology that collated data from interviews with practitioners from a range of backgrounds: archaeologists, museum curators, heritage site mangers and Maori studies. An examination of some of the educational programs and resources currently provided by New Zealand museums and heritage sites was undertaken to recognise opportunities already established. A critical observation of exhibition practice provided additional insight into the physical context of archaeological interpretation and display methods.  Key findings from this research found that many of the issues and opportunities are interrelated and not always exclusive to archaeology. Museums are continuing to move away from specialised curation and instead, favouring the development of multidisciplinary, thematic narratives. As a result, they now rely on the support of outside institutions and consultants to provide this perspective. The dissertation concludes by arguing for a multidisciplinary framework where subjects like archaeology recognise the museum’s potential as a hub for providing relatable experiences across the various disciplinary perspectives available and as an opportunity to promote and the wider exploration of cultural landscapes in their region. This research makes a contribution to the academic analysis of museum and archaeology in New Zealand by encouraging a more inclusive dialogue around the role museums can play in the future of public archaeology. Engagement within the wider heritage and indigenous communities is required to establish a greater level of cultural agency and awareness for these issues and allows for further involvement in site management and cultural interpretations This can ultimately produce a more personal connection and understanding of archaeology in general.
Differential safety liability of road and rail
Authors:   , King Murray Alexander
Published: November 2021

Rail safety is closely controlled, but there is less supervision of the actual road, its construction and condition. Safety is the responsibility of the road user, not the provider. This is a feature of the common law, including the rule that no liability attaches to road omissions, and of legislation governing road and rail. It has its roots in the many centuries of highway development. New Zealand legislation has few safety duties for road owners, but very comprehensive and strict obligations for railways. This is also true internationally, except that in some jurisdictions there are enhanced controls on road. Health and safety laws may not cover the public safety aspects of roads, but they do cover all aspects of railways. The imbalance increases the cost and reduces the effectiveness of rail. Potential reforms of the law are proposed.
Playing the Game and Pulling the Fingers: Working for and against the modern University
Authors:   , Guthrie O.D.
Published: November 2021

Todays’ universities are constantly evolving, and yet they are deeply traditional institutions that bring together often contradictory agendas, with multiple roles and expectations for those working within. I look towards the academics within these universities in order to get a better understanding of what happens when the personal meets the institutional. By reflecting on my time as a student, and talking with thirteen New Zealand academics and post-graduates who in various ways challenge dominant ideas around academia, I aim to broaden and disrupt the academic imagination. Rather than think of this project as an academic study on academia, I like to think of it as me, a student, re-telling the stories of academics; seeking their wisdom, tactics and gaining inspiration from their ability to ‘do’ academia their way, even in today’s tight confines.
The contested space of post-conflict development: Reflections of New Zealand Defence Force Personnel on working at the nexus of security and development in Afghanistan
Authors:   , Morris Samantha
Published: November 2021

The distinction between the soldier and the humanitarian in insecure environments is increasingly being challenged. The deployment of military units, such as Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) to Afghanistan (2001-2013), combine traditional civil and military objectives. These deployed units are tasked with enhancing security and governance, while facilitating reconstruction and development. Critics of the PRT model suggest that by allowing military units to conduct development work, a line is blurred between apolitical humanitarian activities and politicised military intervention, placing civilian practitioners at risk. Further, military organisational culture and identity are suggested to be incompatible with non-warfighting tasks.  Adopting a feminist post-structural approach, I draw on the emergent security-development nexus literature in addition to post-development scholarship, to suggest that the fidelity of such critiques to a concrete distinction between security and development marginalises the experiences of those military personnel already engaged in development practice. The reflections of ten New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) personnel deployed with the New Zealand PRT in Bamiyan Province Afghanistan (2003-2013) are explored in this thesis.  This research concludes that personnel communicate multiple coexisting understandings of both security and development. These understandings inform their perspectives on their role as development facilitators, and shape their practice in the field. Personnel exercise agency to pursue development objectives not accounted for by the activities of the PRT. This exercise of agency is informed by personnel’s understandings of what development means, and is often explained with reference to their identity as both New Zealanders, and soldiers. Personnel draw on this New Zealand-Military identity to reconcile their position as responsible for guaranteeing security and facilitating development.
Ordered Questions Bias Eyewitnesses and Jurors
Authors:   , Michael Robert
Published: November 2021

Eyewitnesses play an important role in the justice system. But suggestive questioning can distort eyewitness memory and confidence, and those distorted beliefs influence jurors (Loftus, 2005; Penrod & Cutler, 1995). Recent research, however, hints that suggestion is not necessary. Simply changing the order of a set of trivia questions altered people's beliefs about their accuracy on those questions (Weinstein & Roediger, 2010, 2012). I wondered to what degree eyewitnesses' beliefs—and in turn the jurors who evaluate them—would be affected by this simple change to the order in which they answer questions. Across a number of experiments in Part 1 of my thesis, I show that the order of questions matters: Eyewitnesses reported higher accuracy and were more confident about their memory when questions seemed initially easy than when they seemed initially difficult. In addition, jurors' beliefs about eyewitnesses closely matched those of the eyewitnesses themselves. But why does the order of questions matter? How does this simple rearrangement produce these alarming effects? Across a number of experiments in Part 2 of my thesis, I explore the extent to which the data are consistent with an explanation where eyewitnesses rapidly form an impression of their performance that is resistant to change. Taken together, these findings have implications for eyewitness metacognition and for eyewitness questioning procedures.
Self-efficacy and engagement as predictors of student programming performance: An international perspective
Authors:   , Kanaparan Geetha
Published: November 2021

High attrition and failure rates are a common phenomenon in introductory programming courses and are a major concern since course instructors are not able to successfully teach novice programmers the fundamental concepts of computer programming and equip them with skills to code solutions to programming problems. Existing solutions that attempt to minimise the high failure and attrition rates have had little impact on improving the performance of the novice programmers. However, the behaviour of the novice programmer has received little attention from introductory programming course instructors although the literature on learning theory suggests that self-efficacy and engagement are two behavioural factors that affect a student’s performance. This study fills the gap in existing research by examining the effect of programming self-efficacy on the engagement of novice programmers, and the effect of their engagement on their programming performance.  A research model that proposes a link between programming self-efficacy and the indicators of engagement that are specific to the context of introductory programming courses, and a link between the indicators of engagement to the programming performance of the novice programmer was developed. A three-phased mixed methods approach which consists of two survey questionnaires and focus groups was used to validate the research model. Data was collected in New Zealand and in Malaysia with 433 novice programmers participating in the survey questionnaires while 4 focus groups were held to refine and validate the indicators of engagement in introductory programming courses. The findings of the focus groups confirmed that participation, help-seeking, persistence, effort, deep learning, surface learning, trial and error, interest, and enjoyment were indicators of engagement while gratification emerged as a new indicator of engagement in introductory programming courses.  The data from the survey questionnaires were analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). This study found that the programming self-efficacy beliefs of novice programmers had a strong influence on their engagement behaviour with the exception of help-seeking, while effort, enjoyment, deep learning, and surface learning were predictors of programming performance. These findings have implications for introductory programming course instructors and the recommendations emerging from this study include making clear behavioural expectations, designing courses which stimulate and support effective behaviour, and making novice programmers aware of the engagement behaviour that does not lead to better programming performance. This study contributes to the theory of teaching computer programming, and to the practice of designing and delivering introductory programming courses.
A selection from the war diaries of Dan Davin
Authors:   , McLean Tom
Published: November 2021

This thesis is an edited selection from Dan Davin's wartime diaries, running from 1940-1941 and covering training in England, travel through Egypt, and fighting in Greece and Crete.  The selection is a scholarly edition combining the two extant versions of the diaries (Davin's original manuscript and a typescript copy he made some years later) with heavy annotation.  The diaries themselves are examined in two ways; as a historical record, showing the lives of many New Zealand soldiers; and as an attempt to explore how the inchoate material of the diaries is transformed into Davin's later fiction.  The first draws particular interest from Davin's perspective as both a junior officer, with an account of events from below, and a self-conscious outsider who after escaping provincial New Zealand feels he has returned to its traveling manifestation. He observes with a sense of detachment from his counterparts and from responsibility for events outside his own sphere of command. This gives new insight into what has become part of national mythology.
Private finance and governance of REDD+ projects in Indonesia
Authors:   , Dixon Rowan
Published: November 2021

This thesis explores the role of private finance within REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation) programmes in Indonesia. Since its debut in 2007 as a potential investment opportunity, enterprising and innovative private sector actors have moved to establish REDD+ projects within a voluntary carbon market, while the United Nations Convention on Climate Change continues negotiations to establish a comprehensive global mechanism. These profit-seeking actors have invested millions of dollars developing REDD+ projects within a rapidly evolving voluntary market that has emerged alongside the turmoil of global climate change negotiations. This dynamic market context brought about a wide variety of expressions of REDD+ in Indonesia, which this research seeks to untangle and illuminate. The thesis yields insights into the workings of market environmentalism, and complicates widespread notions of ‘private finance’ as a homogenous and predictable category of actor.  In order to better understand the emergent REDD+ industry in Indonesia, and the role of private finance in shaping it, this research draws on the global value chain (GVC) framework to analyse processes of commodification and governance within REDD+ projects and ‘supply chains’. This approach identifies key private finance actors, and explores why they are involved across motivations for social, environmental and financial outcomes. It also reveals REDD+ projects as a produced commodity and provides insight into the multiple ways they are valued. The research thus highlights how private finance actors evaluate REDD+ commodities as they engage with them. These logics, and the profit-seeking rationale of private finance actors, are seen to have important governance implications in shaping the characteristics of REDD+ projects and the networks of actors involved in them. However, simultaneously, the malleable and selective characteristics of the REDD+ commodity itself shapes certain governing implications of private finance. This thesis contributes to debates concerning the commodification of nature within market environmentalism and the neoliberalisation of nature, providing insights into the nature and agency of private finance.