bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Embryo fossilization is a biological process mediated by microbial biofilms
Authors: Raff Elizabeth C. , Schollaert Kaila L. , Nelson David E. , Donoghue Philip C. J. , Thomas Ceri-Wyn , Turner F. Rudolf , Stein Barry D. , Dong Xiping , Bengtson Stefan , Huldtgren Therese , Stampanoni Marco , Chongyu Yin , Raff Rudolf A.
Published: December 2008

Fossilized embryos with extraordinary cellular preservation appear in the Late Neoproterozoic and Cambrian, coincident with the appearance of animal body fossils. It has been hypothesized that microbial processes are responsible for preservation and mineralization of organic tissues. However, the actions of microbes in preservation of embryos have not been demonstrated experimentally. Here, we show that bacterial biofilms assemble rapidly in dead marine embryos and form remarkable pseudomorphs in which the bacterial biofilm replaces and exquisitely models details of cellular organization and structure. The experimental model was the decay of cleavage stage embryos similar in size and morphology to fossil embryos. The data show that embryo preservation takes place in 3 distinct steps: (
i
) blockage of autolysis by reducing or anaerobic conditions, (
ii
) rapid formation of microbial biofilms that consume the embryo but form a replica that retains cell organization and morphology, and (
iii
) bacterially catalyzed mineralization. Major bacterial taxa in embryo decay biofilms were identified by using 16S rDNA sequencing. Decay processes were similar in different taphonomic conditions, but the composition of bacterial populations depended on specific conditions. Experimental taphonomy generates preservation states similar to those in fossil embryos. The data show how fossilization of soft tissues in sediments can be mediated by bacterial replacement and mineralization, providing a foundation for experimentally creating biofilms from defined microbial species to model fossilization as a biological process.
Nosocomial Outbreak of Infection With Multidrug-ResistantAcinetobacter baumanniiin a Medical Center in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Hui-Lan , Tang Chih-Hsin , Hsu Yuan-Man , Wan Lei , Chang Ya-Fen , Lin Chiung-Tsung , Tseng Yao-Ru , Lin Ying-Ju , Sheu Jim Jinn-Chyuan , Lin Cheng-Wen , Chang Yun-Chieh , Ho Mao-Wang , Lin Chia-Der , Ho Cheng-Mao , Lai Chih-Ho
Published: December 2008

Objective.

To investigate a nosocomial outbreak of infection with multidrug-resistant (MDR)Acinetobacter baumanniiin the intensive care units at China Medical University Hospital in Taiwan.

Design.

Prospective outbreak investigation.

Setting.

Three intensive care units in a 2,000-bed university hospital in Taichung, Taiwan.

Methods.

Thirty-eight stable patients in 3 intensive care units, all of whom had undergone an invasive procedure, were enrolled in our study. Ninety-fourA. baumanniistrains were isolated from the patients or the environment in the 3 intensive care units, during the period from January 1 through December 31, 2006. We characterizedA. baumanniiisolates by use of repetitive extragenic palindromic–polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting. The clinical characteristics of the source patients and the environment were noted.

Results.

All of the clinical isolates were determined to belong to the same epidemic strain of MDRA. baumanniiby the use of antimicrobial susceptibility tests, REP-PCR, and RAPD fingerprinting. All patients involved in the infection outbreak had undergone an invasive procedure. The outbreak strain was also isolated from the environment and the equipment in the intensive care units. Moreover, an environmental survey of one of the intensive care units found that both the patients and the environment harbored the same outbreak strain.

Conclusion.

The outbreak strain ofA. baumanniimight have been transmitted among medical staff and administration equipment. Routine and aggressive environmental and equipment disinfection is essential for preventing recurrent outbreaks of nosocomial infection with MDRA. baumannii.
The Crucial Role of Catheters in Micrococcal Bloodstream Infections in Cancer Patients
Authors: Ramos Elizabeth Rocio , Hachem Ray , Youssef Souad , Fang Xiang , Jiang Ying , Raad Issam
Published: December 2008

Micrococcus bacteria are frequently isolated from blood cultures and could represent a cause of infections associated with medical devices, particularly in immunocompromised patients; however, there is a lack of information on the management of micrococcal bacteremia. We report what is, to our knowledge, the largest series of cases of micrococcal bacteremia ever studied and the great impact of catheter removal on its outcome.
Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Chlorhexidine Showers Before Elective Plastic Surgical Procedures
Authors: Veiga Daniela Francescato , Damasceno Carlos Américo Veiga , Veiga-Filho Joel , Figueiras Ricardo Góes , Vieira Roberto Bezerra , Garcia Edgard Silva , Silva Virgínia Vilasboas , Novo Neil Ferreira , Ferreira Lydia Masako
Published: December 2008

This randomized controlled trial was designed to assess the effect of preoperative chlorhexidine showers on skin colonization and postoperative infection rates associated with plastic surgical procedures involving the trunk. Chlorhexidine showers were effective in reducing skin colonization with coagulase-negative staphylococci and yeasts, but there was no difference in postoperative infection rates.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease in Taiwan: Distinguishing Between Community-Associated and Healthcare-Associated Strains
Authors: Lin Chung-Chih , Wang Jiun-Ling , Lin Chi-Ying , Chen Shey-Ying , Wang Jann-Tay , Wu Kwan-Dun , Chang Shan-Chwen
Published: December 2008

We reviewed genotyping and medical records of 53 patients with end-stage renal disease and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia in a medical center in Taiwan. In multivariate analysis, hospitalization within the previous year was independently negatively associated with infection with community-associated MRSA strains, and an increased number of years of dialysis predicted the recovery of patients infected with community-associated MRSA strains.
Effects of psychosocial group rehabilitation on social functioning, loneliness and well‐being of lonely, older people: randomized controlled trial
Authors: Routasalo Pirkko E. , Tilvis Reijo S. , Kautiainen Hannu , Pitkala Kalsu H.
Published: December 2008

Title.  Effects of psychosocial group rehabilitation on social functioning, loneliness and well‐being of lonely, older people: randomized controlled trial.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to explore the effects of psychosocial group nursing intervention on older people’s feelings of loneliness, social activity and psychological well‐being.

Background.  Older people’s loneliness is associated with low quality of life, and impaired health, increased use of health and social services and increased mortality. Previous intervention studies have achieved quite modest results.

Method.  A randomized controlled trial was conducted between 2003 and 2006 using a group intervention aimed at empowering older people, and promoting peer support and social integration. A total of 235 people (>74 years) suffering from loneliness met 12 times with professional leaders in groups. The UCLA Loneliness Scale and Lubben’s Social Network Scale were used at entry, after 3 and 6 months. Psychological well‐being was charted using a six‐dimensional questionnaire at baseline and 12 months later.

Findings.  A statistically significantly larger proportion of intervention group participants had found new friends during the follow‐up year (45% vs. 32%, P = 0·048), and 40% of intervention group participants continued their group meetings for 1 year. However, no differences were found in loneliness or social networks between the groups. Psychological well‐being score improved statistically significantly in the intervention groups [+0·11, 95% confidence interval (CI): +0·04 to +0·13], compared with the controls (+0·01, 95% CI: −0·05 to +0·07, P = 0·045). Feeling needed was statistically significantly more common in the intervention groups (66%) than in controls (49%, P = 0·019).

Conclusion.  New sensitive measurements of loneliness and social isolation are needed to measure fluctuations in feelings of loneliness and in social isolation.
Costly sexual harassment in a beetle
Authors: GAY LAURÉNE , EADY PAUL E. , VASUDEV RAM , HOSKEN DAVID J. , TREGENZA TOM
Published: December 2008

Abstract The optimal number of mating partners for females rarely coincides with that for males, leading to sexual conflict over mating frequency. In the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, the fitness consequences to females of engaging in multiple copulations are complex, with studies demonstrating both costs and benefits to multiple mating. However, females kept continuously with males have a lower lifetime egg production compared with females mated only once and then isolated from males. This reduction in fitness may be a result of damage caused by male genitalia, which bear spines that puncture the female’s reproductive tract, and/or toxic elements in the ejaculate. However, male harassment rather than costs of matings themselves could also explain the results. In the present study, the fitness costs of male harassment for female C. maculatus are estimated. The natural refractory period of females immediately after their first mating is used to separate the cost of harassment from the cost of mating. Male harassment results in females laying fewer eggs and this results in a tendency to produce fewer offspring. The results are discussed in the context of mate choice and sexual selection.
Unusual structural and chemical characteristics of the Dufour gland in the ant Meranoplus diversus
Authors: BILLEN JOHAN , DAVID MORGAN E. , DRIJFHOUT FALKO , FARNIER KEVIN
Published: December 2008

Abstract The Dufour gland of both queens and workers of Meranoplus diversus is very large. The reservoir is lined with flat epithelial cells, which usually contain smooth endoplasmic reticulum but also show the unusual accumulation of electron‐dense inclusions. Chemically, the gland contains an unusual mixture of long‐chain fatty acids and their derivatives, including hydrocarbons, ketones and amines with long‐chain substituents, hydroquinone, and sugars. Some of the substances identified are already known as insect defensive compounds against other arthropods.
Plasma and Follicular Fluid Fatty Acid Profiles in Dairy Cows
Authors: Renaville B , Bacciu N , Comin A , Motta M , Poli I , Vanini G , Prandi A
Published: December 2008

Contents

Composition of follicular fluid to which the preovulatory follicle is exposed may be one of the major factors determining subsequent fertility, as fatty acids are a precursor of hormones involved in dominance, ovulation and atresia mechanisms. The objective of this paper is to observe fatty acid profiles in various lipid classes according to estrogenic activity of follicles. For each of the 18 cows, we analysed plasma and follicular fluid fatty acid profiles of phospholipids, non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA), cholesteryl esters and triglycerides fractions. Follicles were classified as active (ratio oestrogen to progesterone E2/P4 > 1) and inactive (E2/P4 < 1). For seven cows, we get both types of follicles, six had only one active follicle and five cows had only one inactive follicle. The NEFA profile for palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, C20:3n6, arachidonic acid and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA; p < 0.001) is different between inactive and active follicles and plasma. Compared with active follicular fluid and plasma, follicular fluid of inactive follicles showed lower stearic acid, higher oleic acid, arachidonic acid and DPA (p < 0.05) in phospholipids. No significant differences were observed in the cholesteryl ester fraction, which is composted mainly of linoleic acid. Triglyceride concentrations were too low to get reliable results. This study suggests that follicles have a specific fatty acid metabolism depending on oestrogen activity.
Novel single nucleotide polymorphism of the VEGF gene as a risk predictor for gastroduodenal ulcers
Authors: Kim Yong Seok , Park Sang Woon , Kim Min Ho , Jang Eun Jeong , Park Ju Sang , Park Sang Jong , Baik Hyun Wook , Chung Gregory , Hahm Ki Baik
Published: December 2008

Background and Aim:  The gastroduodenal ulcer (GDU) mostly develops on the lesser curvature side of stomach and the anterior wall of duodenal bulb, irrespective of the etiologies including Helicobacter pylori infection, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alcohol, etc. However, a clear explanation as to why ulcers are prevalent in these areas has still not been given. The current study was designed to evaluate whether the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphism could predict susceptibility to GDU through deranged angiogenic activities.

Methods:  A large scale case‐control study based on known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of VEGF and another case control study based on the novel SNP of VEGF was performed through the SNP‐IT assay using the SNP stream 25 k system. A site‐directed mutagenesis and functional assay was executed to document the biological effect of a novel VEGF SNP on angiogenesis.

Results:  Even though the case‐control study between non‐ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) and gastric ulcer (GU) patients was done in 10 SNP of the VEGF gene including −2488C/T, −634G/C, −7C/T, 3436G/C, 6112C/A, 6894C/T, 9374G/A, 9812C/T, 13128C/T, and 13553C/T, the analysis showed no statistically significant association between NUD and GU. Denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis could identify two novel SNP of the VEGF gene, −1780T/C and IVS‐99 G/C, among which −1780T/C showed a very strong association between NUD and GDU, presenting with OR = 2.93 on codominant analysis (P < 0.001), OR = 8.62 on dominant analysis (P < 0.001), and OR = 3.21 on recessive analysis (P < 0.001). The promoter assay using a site‐directed mutagenesis and in vitro angiogenesis assay showed repressed transcription of the VEGF gene in gastric epithelial cells and defective tube formation in endothelial cells, both transfected with a plasmid containing −1780C/C mutant of VEGF gene.

Conclusion:  The novel VEGF polymorphism −1780T/C could significantly predict the predisposition to GDU after the exposure to etiologic risks, based on defective angiogenic activity.
Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide‐modified proteins in Helicobacter pylori‐associated atrophic gastric mucosa
Authors: Naito Yuji , Takagi Tomohisa , Okada Hitomi , Nukigi Yayoi , Uchiyama Kazuhiko , Kuroda Masaaki , Handa Osamu , Kokura Satoshi , Yagi Nobuaki , Kato Yoji , Osawa Toshihiko , Yoshikawa Toshikazu
Published: December 2008

Background and Aim:  Induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) may be involved in carcinogenesis of the stomach, because nitric oxide (NO) derived from iNOS can exert DNA damage and post‐transcriptional modification of target proteins. In the present study, we investigated the correlation between endoscopic findings and iNOS mRNA expression/NO‐modified proteins in the gastric mucosa.

Methods:  Fifty patients were prospectively selected from subjects who underwent upper gastrointestinal chromoendoscopy screening for abdominal complaints. The Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) status of patients was determined by anti‐H. pylori IgG antibody levels. We classified the mucosal area of the fundus as F0, fine small granules; F1, edematous large granules without a sulcus between granules; F2, reduced‐size granules with a sulcus between granules; and F3, irregular‐sized granules with extended sulcus between granules. Gastritis was graded using the visual analog scale of the Updated Sydney System. The expression of interleukin (IL)‐8 and iNOS mRNA was assayed in gastric biopsy specimens by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. NO‐modified proteins were analyzed by Western blotting using novel monoclonal antibodies against nitrotyrosine.

Results:  A total of 91.7% (11/12) of the F0 group was H. pylori‐negative, whereas 94.7% (36/38) of the F1‐3 groups was H. pylori‐positive. Spearman's analysis showed good correlation between the endoscopic grading and the score of chronic inflammation (r = 0.764) and glandular atrophy (r = 0.751). The expression of IL‐8 mRNA was significantly increased in F1, F2, and F3 cases compared with the F0 group, with no significant differences among them. iNOS mRNA was significantly increased in the F3 group compared with the other groups, with increased nitration of tyrosine residues of proteins.

Conclusion:  The proposed classification by chromoendoscopy is useful for screening patients for atrophic and iNOS‐expressing gastric mucosa with NO‐modified proteins in H. pylori‐associated atrophic gastric mucosa.
The influence of the eradication of Helicobacter pylori on gastric ghrelin, appetite, and body mass index in patients with peptic ulcer disease
Authors: Jang Eun Jeong , Park Sang Woon , Park Ju Sang , Park Sang Jong , Hahm Ki‐Baik , Paik So Ya , Sin Mi Kyung , Lee Eon Sook , Oh Sang Woo , Park Cheol Young , Baik Hyun Wook
Published: December 2008

Background and Aim:  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection has been known to influence the gastric leptin and ghrelin secretion, for which the exact pathogenic role has not been documented yet. This study was designed to investigate the influence of H. pylori eradication on plasma or gastric levels of ghrelin, body mass index (BMI), and resultant levels of appetite in patients with peptic ulcer disease.

Methods:  Twenty‐two patients with H. pylori‐associated active duodenal or gastric ulcer were treated with 7 weeks of antisecretory medication followed with 7 days of eradication regimen. The plasma and tissue ghrelin levels, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) mRNA, BMI, and appetite scale were checked before and after treatment. An additional endoscopic examination was conducted in 10 patients taking both ulcer treatment and H. pylori eradication.

Results:  Gastric ghrelin mRNA expression was significantly increased after either ulcer healing or H. pylori eradication, whereas gastric TNF‐α mRNA expression was decreased after ulcer treatment and H. pylori eradication. In parallel with these changes, the visual analog scales for hunger and prospective food consumption were significantly increased after ulcer healing and H. pylori eradication. An increase in BMI was not statistically related to ulcer healing and H. pylori eradication therapy. In the subgroup analysis of 10 patients performed with additional endoscopic examination, ulcer treatment was associated with increased plasma ghrelin level and tissue ghrelin expression irrelevant to H. pylori eradication.

Conclusion:  Restored tissue levels of ghrelin and improved status of appetite was achieved with gastric ulcer healing and H. pylori eradication.
What is the clinical significance of stromal angiogenesis in Barrett's esophagus?
Authors: Moriyama Nobuyuki , Amano Yuji , Mishima Yuko , Okita Koichi , Takahashi Yoshiko , Yuki Takafumi , Ishimura Norihisa , Ishihara Shunji , Kinoshita Yoshikazu
Published: December 2008

Background:  Enriched blood vessels occur in the stroma of Barrett's esophagus and are related to the ease of tumor invasion in the early stage of the cancer. Hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) is closely related with angiogenesis through expression of vascular endothelial growth factor. The aim of the present study was to determine the predictors for angiogenesis in Barrett's esophagus and evaluate their clinical significance.

Methods:  Between December 2003 and May 2004, 209 patients with endoscopically and histologically proven Barrett's esophagus were enrolled. Before endoscopic examination, all participants answered structured questionnaires for gastroesophageal reflux symptoms and drug usage. HIF‐1α and COX‐2 protein expressions, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis were investigated immunohistochemically in biopsy samples taken from the esophagus of each patient. The degree of angiogenesis was determined by CD34 immunostaining analysis. Predictors for angiogenesis were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results:  Sixty (28.7%) of the 209 enrolled patients with Barrett's esophagus had a high CD34 score. Factors proven as positive predictors for a high CD34 score were presence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms, reflux esophagitis, COX‐2 protein expression, and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) index. Administration of proton‐pump inhibitors and HIF‐1α protein expression were not predictors.

Conclusions:  Reflux esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms were positive predictors for enriched angiogenesis in the stromal portion of Barrett's esophagus, which has malignant potential because the epithelial cells express COX‐2 and have accelerated cellular proliferation.
Decreased levels of adiponectin in obese patients with gastroesophageal reflux evaluated by videoesophagography: Possible relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Iwasaki Eisuke , Suzuki Hidekazu , Sugino Yoshinori , Iida Tsutomu , Nishizawa Toshihiro , Masaoka Tatsuhiro , Hosoda Hiroshi , Kangawa Kenji , Hibi Toshifumi
Published: December 2008

Background:  Body mass index (BMI) and obesity are reportedly associated with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The present study was designed to investigate the effect of metabolic disorders including obesity on the levels of functional gastroesophageal reflux by videoesophagography.

Methods:  Twenty‐one patients with GERD‐associated symptoms were examined by videoesophagography. On their initial visit, all patients completed the Japanese version of the Carlsson‐Dent self‐administered questionnaire (QUEST). The findings of videoesophagography were evaluated by the X‐ray severity scores for gastroesophageal reflux (XRSS), which were defined for the total diagnosis of functional gastroesophageal reflux. Correlation between XRSS scores and physical or metabolic markers was evaluated.

Results:  The mean XRSS in the QUEST‐positive group (4.7 ± 0.6) was significantly higher than that in the QUEST‐negative group (3.3 ± 0.5, P < 0.05). XRSS correlated positively with BMI (P < 0.05) and waist circumference (P < 0.05), but negatively with high‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol (P < 0.05), serum adiponectin (P < 0.05) and active ghrelin (P < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, serum adiponectin level, BMI and triglyceride independently affected the XRSS.

Conclusion:  Videoesophagography is a useful diagnostic modality for the evaluation of patients with GERD symptoms. Functional gastroesophageal reflux is seen in obese patients, especially with decreased levels of adiponectin.
Increased pentosidine, an advanced glycation end‐product, in urine and tissue reflects disease activity in inflammatory bowel diseases
Authors: Kato Shingo , Itoh Kazuro , Ochiai Mitsuko , Iwai Atsuhiro , Park Yeongji , Hata Satoshi , Takeuchi Kyoko , Ito Masataka , Imaki Junko , Miura Soichiro , Yakabi Koji , Kobayashi Makio
Published: December 2008

Background:  Under inflammatory conditions with strong oxidative stresses, advanced glycation end‐products (AGE), carbonyl compounds, are produced. The concentration of pentosidine, an AGE, reportedly correlates with complications of diabetes mellitus and worsening of rheumatoid arthritis, but its role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is unclear.

Methods:  Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies against pentosidine, and 8‐OH‐2‐deoxyguanosine. The urinary concentration of pentosidine was also quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method.

Results:  Pentosidine expression was up‐regulated in the inflamed tissue of IBD. The expression of both pentosidine and 8‐OH‐2‐deoxyguanosine was similar and increased in the inflamed epithelium and infiltrating cells (neutrophils and lymphocytes). The urinary concentration of pentosidine in active ulcerative colitis was significantly greater than that in inactive ulcerative colitis (0.12 ± 0.15 vs 0.021 ± 0.011 µg/mg of Cr, P < 0.05), and was greater in active Crohn's disease than in inactive Crohn's disease (0.071 ± 0.086 vs 0.039 ± 0.023 µg/mg of Cr).

Conclusions:  The urinary pentosidine level correlated with the activity of ulcerative colitis and may be a marker for disease activity in ulcerative colitis.
Gene expression profiling in Helicobacter‐induced MALT lymphoma with reference to antigen drive and protective immunization
Authors: O'Rourke Jani L
Published: December 2008

We have previously shown that long‐term infection of BALB/c mice with gastric Helicobacter species results in the development of histopathological lesions that resemble those seen in patients diagnosed with gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. This paper describes analysis of this disease at the molecular level through the use of microarray technology and immunohistochemical staining. We were able to monitor the genetic changes in the gastric mucosa characterized by distinct transcriptional signatures and correlate these with histological changes as the infection progressed from a chronic inflammatory infiltrate through to MALT lymphoma. This model system also enabled us to further dissect the role of antigen presentation and prophylactic immunization in the disease process. Antimicrobial therapy to eradicate the antigen correlated with significant reduction in pathology and major changes in the gene expression profile. Subsequent reintroduction of the antigen resulted in rapid tumor development which correlated with an increase in aggressively proliferating cells and changes in the cellular composition of the tumor. The response in vaccinated animals showed that the protected animals exhibited a strikingly different transcriptional profile compared to those of non‐protected or control mice, indicating that the vaccination targeted the appropriate site leaving a long‐lasting signature. The genes which were most significantly up‐regulated included a number of adipocyte‐specific factors, such as fat‐cell specific cytokines and adipocyte surface markers. This study allowed for us to highlight the significance of antigen presentation in this disease and to hypothesis mechanisms associated with protective immunity.
Subclassification of superficial cardia cancer in relation to the endoscopic esophagogastric junction
Authors: Jin Longxue , Yoshida Masashi , Kitagawa Yuko , Saikawa Yoshiro , Takeuchi Hiroya , Wada Norihito , Kumai Koichiro , Kubota Tetsuro , Kitajima Masaki
Published: December 2008

Background:  The incidence of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia has been reported to be increasing, but the endoscopic characteristics of the mucosal background of the tumor remain unclear. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the location of the adenocarcinoma according to the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) and mucosal characteristics.

Methods:  Patients with superficial adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia diagnosed pathologically were enrolled and divided into the above‐EGJ group and the below‐EGJ group according to tumor location. The EGJ was judged as the lower end of the esophageal longitudinal vessels. We retrospectively reviewed endoscopic findings with respect to the classification of reflux esophagitis, hiatus hernia, valvular appearance of the cardia and the pattern of atrophic gastritis.

Results:  The incidence of reflux esophagitis in the above‐EGJ group and below‐EGJ group was 75.0% and 30.0%, respectively. The severity of hiatus hernia and the valvular appearance of the cardia of patients in the above‐EGJ group were worse than in the patients in the below‐EGJ group. The pattern of atrophic gastritis in the patients in the above‐EGJ group was the closed type, whereas patients in the below‐EGJ group had the open type.

Conclusion:  There were significant differences between cancers above or below the EGJ, so classification of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia according to location is recommended.
Is it possible to predict the procedural time of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer?
Authors: Goto Osamu , Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Kodashima Shinya , Ono Satoshi , Omata Masao
Published: December 2008

Background and Aim:  Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has been expected to be a possible curative treatment, especially for node‐negative early gastric cancer (EGC). We investigated the influential factors on the procedural time of gastric ESD with a Flex knife for the estimation.

Methods:  In 222 intestinal‐type EGC resected by ESD experts with established techniques, age, sex, location, circumference, gross type, tumor size, tumor depth, ulcerative findings, the period of ESD, the operator, and the experience of the operator were retrospectively analyzed. Predictors with a significant difference, as determined by multivariate analysis, were used to compose a predictive formula of procedural time.

Results:  Location, gross type, tumor depth, ulcerative findings, and tumor size were considered influential factors on the procedural time by univariate analysis. Location in the upper‐third of the stomach, presence of ulcerative findings, and > 20 mm in size were independent factors, as determined by multivariate analysis. Procedural time (min) was nearly equal to the maximal tumor size (mm) multiplied by 2.5, and an additional 40 min was required if the tumor was located in the upper‐third of the stomach or had ulcerative findings (in both situations, an additional 80 min was needed).

Conclusion:  The procedural time of ESD with a Flex knife for EGC can be predicted by tumor size, location, and existence of ulcerative findings. The estimation of procedural time may be very useful to determine the operation schedule.
Cancer patients’ barriers to pain management and psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the Barriers Questionnaire II
Authors: Valeberg Berit Taraldsen , Hanestad Berit Rokne , Klepstad Pål , Miaskowski Christine , Moum Torbjørn , Rustøen Tone
Published: December 2008

The Barriers Questionnaire II (BQ‐II) was developed to assess barriers to effective pain management. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the BQ‐II in a sample of Norwegian cancer patients. The BQ‐II was translated into Norwegian and pilot tested with eight oncology outpatients. Then, a convenience sample of 321 cancer patients from two different sites was recruited to maximize the number of questionnaires available for the psychometric analyses. Patients were included if they: were >18 years of age; had a diagnosis of cancer; and self‐reported pain and/or use of analgesics. Construct validity of the Norwegian version of the BQ II (NBQ‐II) was evaluated using an exploratory factor analysis. A seven‐factor solution was found that was more consistent with the original version of the BQ. Construct validity of the NBQ‐II was demonstrated through positive correlations between most of the subscale and total scores on the NBQ‐II and pain intensity and pain interference scores. Finally, Cronbach’s α coefficients of ≥0.7 for six of the seven subscales and 0.89 for the total scale demonstrated acceptable levels of internal consistency. In conclusion, the NBQ‐II demonstrated adequate psychometric properties. However, further revision and testing of the questionnaire should be performed to confirm the factor structure that was identified in this study.
Comparative Journal Ratings: A Survey Report
Authors: McLean Iain , Blais André , Garand James C. , Giles Micheal
Published: December 2008

The expert survey and bibliometric methods of assessing the quality of work in political science are complementary. This project builds on previous surveys of academic political science journals conducted among US political scientists. The current wave extends the survey to political scientists in Canada and the UK. Preliminary results suggest both similarities and differences across the three countries. These results matter for policy debate in any country that is considering channelling flows of funds to universities in proportion to the quality of their research, and in helping to supply objective evidence about the research quality of work submitted by candidates for academic appointments and promotions.
Treatment of Infantile Spasms: Medical or Surgical?
Authors: Shields W. Donald , Shewmon D. Alan , Chugani Harry T. , Peacock Warwick J.
Published: December 2008

Summary:Although infantile spasms were initially described in 1841, remarkably little progress has been made in understanding the pathophysiology of this “peculiar form of infantile convulsions.” Consequently, our ability to treat infantile spasms is limited. Infantile spasms are classified as a “generalized” seizure disorder in the international classification system, which suggests that the underlying brain abnormality causing the seizures also must be diffuse or generalized. As the classification suggests, there are many diffuse, or multifocal, brain disorders related to infantile spasms, e.g., inborn errors of metabolism, hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury, and developmental brain defects such as tuberous sclerosis or Aicardi's syndrome. On the other hand, infantile spasms have been reported in which a localized brain abnormality was present, e.g., tumor, stroke, and trauma. On rare occasions, removal of a tumor has resulted in cessation of the generalized infantile spasms. This finding suggests that focal cortical abnormalities can cause infantile spasms and that removing the abnormality can stop the seizures. At University of California, Los Angeles, the Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery Program has developed new approaches to the treatment of infantile spasms. The principal underlying concepts are (a) children with medically refractory infantile spasms may have an area of cortical defect (called the zone of cortical abnormality) that causes the seizures and (b) infantile spasms are usually generalized seizures. Thus, the goal of the surgical assessment is not the identification of the focus of seizure onset but rather the identification of the zone of cortical abnormality.
A Recent Perspective on Alcohol, Immunity, and Host Defense
Authors: Szabo Gyongyi , Mandrekar Pranoti
Published: December 2008

Background:  Multiple line of clinical and experimental evidence demonstrates that both acute, moderate, and chronic, excessive alcohol use result in various abnormalities in the functions of the immune system.

Methods:  Medline and Pubmed databases were used to identify published reports with particular interest in the period of 2000–2008 in the subject of alcohol use, infection, inflammation, innate, and adaptive immunity.

Results:  This review article summarizes recent findings relevant to acute or chronic alcohol use‐induced immunomodulation and its consequences on host defense against microbial pathogens and tissue injury. Studies with in vivo and in vitro alcohol administration are both discussed. The effects of alcohol on lung infections, trauma and burn injury, liver, pancreas, and cardiovascular diseases are evaluated with respect to the role of immune cells. Specific changes in innate immune response and abnormalities in adaptive immunity caused by alcohol intake are detailed.

Conclusion:  Altered inflammatory cell and adaptive immune responses after alcohol consumption result in increased incidence and poor outcome of infections and other organ‐specific immune‐mediated effects.
Role of Potassium Channel GeneKcnj10in Ethanol Preference in C57bl/6J and DBA/2J Mice
Authors: Zou Shicong B. , Weng Julia , Symons Melissa N. , Singh Shiva M.
Published: December 2008

Background: Inwardly‐rectifying potassium channel protein Kir4.1 is encoded byKcnj10which maps to a quantitative trait locus on chromosome 1 for the voluntary alcohol consumption phenotype in mice.Kcnj10brain expression differences have been established between ethanol‐preferring C57Bl/6J and ethanol‐avoiding BALB/cJ mice, but its differential expression in other tissues and strains have largely been overlooked. A nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism exists between C57Bl/6J and ethanol‐avoiding DBA/2J mice which changes amino acid 262 from threonine (C57Bl/6J) to serine (DBA/2J). ThisKcnj10SNP and its expression may serve as valuable markers in predicting the ethanol preference phenotype in mice.

Methods: The evolutionary divergence of the Kir gene family was characterized using phylogenetic analysis involving the 16 mouse Kir channels.Kcnj10expression differences in the brain, liver, lung, heart, spleen, kidney, testes, and muscle of male C57Bl/6J and DBA/2J mice at different developmental stages were examined using semiquantitative RT‐PCR analysis. A SNP analysis was conducted to assess the association ofKcnj10Thr262Ser SNP and the ethanol preference phenotype in F2 mice derived from the reciprocal crosses of the C57Bl/6J and DBA/2J strains.

Results: Evolutionary analysis supports gene duplication and genetic recombination as likely sources of diversity within the Kir gene family. Semiquantitative RT‐PCR analysis revealed significantly higherKcnj10expression in the brain, spleen, and kidney of both strains when compared to other tissues from the same strain. There were no significant differences in tissue‐specific mRNA levels between strains except in the testes. Genotype distributions of theKcnj10Thr262Ser SNP were different between low‐ and high‐drinkers. A significant difference in the average ethanol preference level of each genotype was also observed.

Conclusion: Our results suggest a role forKcnj10in ethanol preference determination in mice. However, further experiments are needed to establish if this association is due to the nonsynonymous SNP or other additional factors associated withKcnj10.
Survival in Elderly Persons with Down Syndrome
Authors: Coppus Antonia M. W. , Evenhuis Heleen M. , Verberne Gert‐Jan , Visser Frank E. , Oostra Ben A. , Eikelenboom Piet , Van Gool Willem A. , Janssens A. Cecile J. W. , Van Duijn Cornelia M.
Published: December 2008

The longer life expectancy now experienced by persons with Down syndrome (DS) makes it necessary to know the factors influencing survival in older persons with this syndrome. In a prospective longitudinal cohort study of dementia and mortality, 506 persons with DS aged 45 and older were followed for a mean of 4.5 years (range 0.0–7.6 years). Cognitive and social functioning were tested at baseline and annual follow‐up. The diagnosis of dementia was determined according to a standardized protocol. Cox proportional hazards modeling was used for survival analysis.

Relative preservation of cognitive and functional ability is associated with better survival in this study population. Clinically, the most important disorders in persons with DS that are related to mortality are dementia, mobility restrictions, visual impairment, and epilepsy but not cardiovascular diseases. Also, level of intellectual disability and institutionalization are associated with mortality.
Program at Home: A Veterans Affairs Healthcare Program to Deliver Hospital Care in the Home
Authors: Mader Scott L. , Medcraft Marijo C. , Joseph Carol , Jenkins Kay L. , Benton Nancy , Chapman Kathleen , Donius Maggie A. , Baird Carol , Harper Richard , Ansari Yasmin , Jackson Jim A. , Schutzer William
Published: December 2008

The Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center (PVAMC) participated in a research‐based National Demonstration and Evaluation Study of Hospital at Home Care for Elderly Patients. PVAMC continued hospital at home care in a modified form based on the results of that research phase and feedback from patients, families, and staff. The modified clinical program (referred to as Program @ Home) provided care for the same diagnoses (exacerbation of congestive heart failure, exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, community‐acquired pneumonia, cellulitis) but differed from the research‐based demonstration project in that it accepted patients of all ages, accepted early‐discharge patients from the hospital, and provided a less‐intensive physician and nursing model. In the first 42 months, 290 patients were admitted; 23% came from the emergency room, 54% were early hospital discharge, and the remainder came from an outpatient clinic or home care. Average length of stay was 3.2 days, and 37% were younger than 65. The results describe how a home hospital program has been integrated into the clinical care offerings of a managed care health system and how it supports inpatient, primary, emergency, and home care programs.
Successful Dissemination of a Community‐Based Strength Training Program for Older Adults by Peer and Professional Leaders: The People Exercising Program
Authors: Layne Jennifer E. , Sampson Susan E. , Mallio Charlotte J. , Hibberd Patricia L. , Griffith John L. , Das Sai Krupa , Flanagan William J. , Castaneda‐Sceppa Carmen
Published: December 2008

The objective of this longitudinal study was to determine the feasibility of a model for disseminating community‐based strength training programs for older adults through leadership training of laypersons or “peers” and health and fitness professionals. The intervention consisted of a progressive strength training, balance, and flexibility exercise program and a leader training and certification workshop. Feasibility was defined as 75% or more of individuals who completed leader training establishing or teaching at least two 12‐week strength training classes within 1 year. Program dissemination was quantified as the number of classes established between January 2005 and December 2006. Demographic characteristics and health status of leaders and program participants were evaluated. Two hundred forty‐four leaders (peers, n=149; professionals, n=95) were trained and certified. Seventy‐nine percent of all leaders (n=193) met the feasibility criteria of establishing or teaching strength training classes. There was no difference in the percentage of peer leaders (80%, n=119) and professional leaders (78%, n=74) who established or taught classes (P=.71) despite significant differences in their demographic and health profiles. Ninety‐seven self‐sustaining strength training classes were established in senior and community centers, and 2,217 older adults (women, n=1,942; men, n=275) aged 50 to 97 with multiple chronic medical conditions enrolled. In conclusion, training peer and professional leaders is a feasible and successful model for disseminating a community strength training program for older adults. Widespread dissemination of this program has significant public health implications for increasing physical activity participation by older adults.
From Silicon Valley to the Valley of Teotihuacan: The “Yahoo!s” of New Media and Digital Heritage
Authors: WEBMOOR TIMOTHY
Published: December 2008

This article examines the convergence of new media and archaeology, specifically cultural heritage management. I examine the events involving Yahoo!'s creation of a global, “electric anthropology archive.” This archive was part of the company's “mixed reality” time capsule project to transmit user‐generated digital contributions from the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Teotihuacan, Mexico. Working through the specifics of how this new media mogul operationalized the functionality of Web 2.0 at a cultural heritage site, I identify the salient components of what is new about this emerging technology (a “platform shift”) and how it parallels ethical and legal demands to open archaeology to greater public involvement (a “paradigm shift”). Considering the emerging centrality of users in new media, I examine the potential of new media for academic projects by discussing the integration of a wiki, a particular and defining type of new media, into the investigation of what constitutes heritage for locals at Teotihuacan. Current concerns in archaeology, such as the need to create and maintain digital databases as well as the granting of restrictive Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) over the material of the discipline, may be creatively and productively worked through by using such new media.
Contact sensitization to metals in Taiwan
Authors: Cheng Teh‐Yang , Tseng Yu‐Hsian , Sun Chee‐Ching , Chu Chia‐Yu
Published: December 2008

Background:  Correlation of several patient factors with contact sensitization to nickel, cobalt, chromate, and other metal allergens has not been reviewed in the Taiwanese population.

Objectives:  A retrospective analysis was performed to define the characteristics of patients with positive patch tests to metals in a tertiary referral medical centre between 1978 and 2003.

Patients and Methods:  Patch test data of 3559 patients at a medical centre in Taiwan from 1978 to 2003 were retrospectively analysed. Contact sensitization to metals was defined as a positive reaction to at least one of the metal substances in the patch test series. Chi‐squared test, Fisher’s exact test, and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis.

Results:  Female patients were more likely to have contact sensitization to metal allergens except chromate or mercurochrome. Patients who reacted to chromate were more likely to be male, with an occupational correlation, older age, and a site of predilection towards the extremities. Within the first and sixth decades of age, thimerosal and chromate were the leading causes of metal contact sensitization, respectively. Nickel was the major metal sensitizer among the other age groups.

Conclusions:  Several patient factors were characterized related to metal sensitization in the Taiwanese population. The sources of exposure were further discussed.
Low‐cobalt diet for dyshidrotic eczema patients
Authors: Stuckert Joseph , Nedorost Susan
Published: December 2008

Background:  Dyshidrotic eczema is a type of chronic intermittent dermatitis characterized by vesicles, dystrophic fingernail changes, and rarely bullae that affects the hands and feet. Many exogenous factors may trigger a flare including dermatophyte infections, contact irritants, and metal hypersensitivity. Although metal hypersensitivity does not play a role in all cases of dyshidrotic eczema, high oral ingestion of nickel and/or cobalt should be considered, regardless of patch test results.

Objective:  We updated and simplified existing published guidelines for low‐cobalt diets. A recent review of the literature showed that dietary cobalt restriction, a safe yet burdensome treatment option for dyshidrosis, is referenced to dated sources.

Methods:  We have analysed current data for the cobalt content in common food items.

Conclusion:  We propose a revised, point‐based diet that will eliminate much of the dietary cobalt (and nickel) and reduce dyshidrotic eczema flares.
Platination of telomeric sequences and nuclease hypersensitive elements of human c‐myc and PDGF‐A promoters and their ability to form G‐quadruplexes
Authors: Viglasky Viktor
Published: December 2008

Naturally occurring G‐rich DNA sequences that are able to form G‐quadruplex structures appear as potential targets for anti‐cancer chemotherapy, and therefore play an important role in cellular processes, such as cell aging, death and carcinogenesis. The telomeric regions of DNA and nuclease hypersensitive elements of human c‐myc and PDGF‐A promoters represent a very appealing target for cisplatin and may interfere with normal DNA function. Platinum complexes bind covalently to nucleobases, and especially to the N7 atom of guanines, and the four guanines of a G‐quartet have their N7 atoms involved in hydrogen bonding. Therefore, within a G‐quadruplex structure, only the guanines out of the stack of G‐quartets should react with electrophilic species such as platinum (II) complexes. Platinum complexes have significant influence on the formation of G‐quadruplexes. Results obtained by CD spectroscopy and temperature gradient‐gel electrophoresis clearly demonstrate that DNA platination significantly affects G‐quadruplex folding for telomeric sequences; the abundance of un/misfolded DNAs compared to the G‐quadruplex is proportional to the platinum concentration.