bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preliminary geochemical and Nd isotopic investigations of Archean volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of the Yathkyed greenstone belt, Kivalliq region, Northwest Territories
Authors: Sandeman H A , MacLachlan K , Relf C
Published: March 2017

Geochemical and Nd isotopic data for nine mafic supracrustal rocks from the upper and lower tectonostratigraphic units of the Yathkyed greenstone belt are presented. All are tholeiitic except one calc-alkaline andesite from the upper unit. Incompatible-element
plots demonstrate that seven samples have flat, parallel patterns comparable to modern MORB, but exhibit increased light-rare-earth-element enrichment and variable development of minor Nb and Ti troughs with decreasing Mg number. The remaining three rocks are light-rare-earth-element enriched and
have variably developed Nb and Ti troughs. Two sedimentary rocks from the lower unit have flat rare-earth-element patterns similar to those of the basalts. Nd isotopic data indicate that most samples are isotopically juvenile, having eNd values ranging from +3.4 to +0.5, only slightly lower than
depleted mantle. Two samples, one each from the upper and lower units, may have been contaminated by older crustal material.
Geochemical and Sm-Nd isotopic study of Paleoproterozoic basaltic and gabbroic rocks of the Hurwitz Group, Kaminak Lake area, Kivalliq region Northwest Territories
Authors: Hemmingway C J , Sandeman H A
Published: March 2017

Basaltic and gabbroic rocks of the Ameto Formation comprise part of the Paleoproterozoic Hurwitz Group and are considered to be 2111 Ma, based on their correlation with Hurwitz Group gabbros southwest of the study area. Volcanic rocks are locally pillowed and
are interlayered with mudstone, siltstone, and diamictite, all cut by gabbroic sills. Igneous rocks preserve variably developed foliations and a low-grade metamorphic mineral assemblage implying deformation and metamorphism at greenschist facies. Major-, trace-, and rare-earth-element geochemical
data demonstrate a homogeneous suite of tholeiitic basalts with affinities to both continental and volcanic-arc tholeiites. The gabbroic rocks are intrusive equivalents of the basalts. Values of eNd(2.111 Ga) range from -0.54 to +0.25 and yield TDM ages of 2598 to 2508 Ma. The combined data
suggest that parental magmas were at least in part derived from a metasomatically enriched mantle source and that metasomatism occurred immediately after accretion of the Neoarchean Kaminak greenstone belt.
Properties of samples containing natural gas hydrate from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well, determined using Gas Hydrate And Sediment Test Laboratory Instrument (GHASTLI)
Authors: Winters W J , Pecher I A , Booth J S , Mason D H , Relle M
K , Dillon W P
Published: March 2017

As part of an ongoing laboratory study, preliminary acoustic, strength, and hydraulic conductivity results are presented from a suite of tests conducted on four natural-gas-hydrate-containing samples from the Mackenzie Delta JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas
hydrate research well. The gas hydrate samples were preserved in pressure vessels during transport from the Northwest Territories to Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where multistep tests were performed using GHASTLI (Gas Hydrate And Sediment Test Laboratory Instrument), which recreates pressure and
temperature conditions that are stable for gas hydrate. Properties and changes in sediment behaviour were measured before, during, and after controlled gas hydrate dissociation. Significant amounts of gas hydrate occupied the sample pores and substantially increased acoustic velocity and shear
strength.
JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 gas hydrate research well, Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada: interactive data viewer
Authors: Dallimore S R , Laframboise R R , Fotiou M J , Medioli B E
Published: March 2017

System requirements:
Operating System: Windows NT 4.0, Windows 95 or 98
Processor: Pentium 166 MHz
RAM: 32 megabytes
Hard-disk space: Approximately 22 megabytes free disk space required for installation
CD-ROM: 8x (faster speeds reduce image load times in library)
Video: 1024 x 768 screen resolution / 24-bit True Colour / 4 megabyte video card/15 inch monitor; 17 inch recommended
Audio: Sound card & speakers

System configurations that do not meet these recommended settings will still operate, but certain components may exhibit reduced responsiveness or slower performance.
Permafrost and surficial materials along a north-south transect: observatoins from the Norman Wells pipeline
Authors: Burgess M ME , Lawrence D E
Published: March 2017

The Norman Wells pipeline, the first completely buried oil pipeline in permafrost in Canada, traverses 869 km of the discontinuous permafrost zone from Norman Wells, Northwest Territories to Zama, Alberta. Observations of permafrost and terrain conditions were
recorded during the excavation of the 1.2 m deep pipeline trench. These records provide a unique detailed transect of near-surface permafrost extent, ice content, and sediment characteristics over terrain both newly cleared for the pipeline project as well as previously cleared right-of-ways. Frozen
to unfrozen transitions average about two per kilometre, increasing to four or five transitions per kilometre in southern peatlands. Frozen ground distribution ranges from about 80% of right-of-way length at the north end to about 30% at the south end, although locally there is wide
variation. Visible ice is present in essentially all permafrost encountered, averaging about 20% by volume but commonly up to 40%.
Hudson Strait Quaternary sediments and late glacial and deglaciation history: a discussion and summary
Authors: MacLean B , Andrews J T , Gray J T , Hall F R , Hardy I , Jennings A E , Manley W F , Pfeffer W T , Vilks G
Published: March 2017

Thick, multisequence deposits of ice-contact sediments in the deep floors of Eastern and Western basins and on the seaward side of the sill at the entrance to Hudson Strait attest to the magnitude of glacial ice streams in Hudson Strait. Some of these are thought
to have extended to the shelf edge and to be a source of Heinrich events in the Labrador Sea and North Atlantic Ocean. Later south-to-north ice advances across Eastern basin onto southeastern Baffin Island were less far-reaching seaward. The sediment record in the floor of Eastern basin and on its
northern and northwestern flanks show that the basin was occupied by a grounded and progressively thinning ice sheet during the time of the Noble Inlet advance recognized on southeastern Baffin Island. Chronological data and similarities in the marine-terrestrial ice-sheet behaviour patterns suggest
that this was one and the same ice sheet. Three potential sources for this advance are examined: Baffin Island, a Hudson Strait ice stream, and Quebec
Geological Survey of Canada's Atlantic Margin Subsurface Micropaleontology Studies - history, facts, and figures
Authors: Thomas F C
Published: March 2017

Over 30 years of commercial hydrocarbon drilling exploration on the Canadian Atlantic Margin has provided the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) with a priceless collection of micropaleontological samples and data from the thick J urassic-Quatemary sedimentary
wedge underlying our continental margin. This material has allowed a small cadre of GSC scientists and technicians to document and correlate, using standardized methods of preparation and study, the micropaleontological assemblages found in the offshore wells. There has also developed a better
understanding of the evolutionary history of individual microfossil taxa and whole benthic assemblages, as well as regional correlations with other microfossil groups. Such studies have helped unravel the tectonic and sedimentary history of the economically important hydrocarbon basins in the
region. The state of micropaleontological knowledge of Canadian Atlantic Margin wells, including lists of wells sampled and studied is described, and a comprehensive listing of GSCproduced literature on the subject is provided.
Drilling and operations overview of the Mallik 2002 Production Research Well Program
Authors: Takahashi H , Fercho E , Dallimore S R
Published: March 2017

Three wells, named JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 3L-38, 4L-38, and 5L-38, were drilled through gas hydrate layers at depths of approximately 900 - 1100m beneath 600mof permafrost on a line at 40 m spacing, at the Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories, Canada.
Coring, logging, various scientific experiments, and production testing were performed over a 79 day period from December 25, 2001 to March 14, 2002.

The Geological Survey of Canada co-ordinated the research program among the participants from five countries. The Japan National Oil Corporation along with Japan Petroleum Exploration Co. co-ordinated the operation. JAPEX Canada Ltd. acted as the legal operator in Canada, with Canadian Petroleum
Engineering Inc. as consultants.

All scheduled programs were completed within the limited window of one winter season, a result of the careful planning, efficient logistical preparation during the previous summer, and well organized daily activities throughout the operation.
Mallik Data and Information System - development of a scientific data exchange platform
Authors: Löwner R , Conze R
Published: March 2017

The Mallik Data and Information System facilitates acquisition, integration, and dissemination of interdisciplinary data and provides a secure, accessible archive of quality controlled scientific results during the Mallik 2002 Gas Hydrate Production Research Well
Program. Three main components comprise the system: 1) a specifically created Mallik Data and Information System (Mallik DIS) used for on-site data acquisition, including a digital scanner, which produced a catalogue of digital core images; 2) the data warehouse, a powerful database and archive,
providing members of the Mallik science teams with access to project data sets via Internet; and 3) the web portal of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program information network allowing for interactive retrieval, visualization, and integration of the separate data
sets.
Real-time gas analysis at the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Wiersberg T , Erzinger J , Zimmer M , Schicks J , Dahms E
Published: March 2017

The composition and depth distribution of gaseous components within the permafrost sedimentary setting of Mallik (Northwest Territories,Canada) were studied on-line during drilling of the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 4L-38 and 5L-38 wells and during a thermal
production test at Mallik 5L-38.

Decomposition experiments on gas-hydrate-bearing drill cores, carried out on site, as well as on-line mud-gas analysis while drilling yielded high methane concentrations, low helium concentrations, and high CH4/(C2H6+C3H8) ratios for gas hydrate. Based on these parameters, several
gas-hydrate-bearing layers could be identified during drilling.

During the thermal production test, short-duration variations in the gas concentrations were detected for CO2, He, and higher hydrocarbons. The variations in CO2 correlate positively with the temperature of the circulating brine due to the high solubility of CO2 that is strongly temperature
dependent. The variations in the helium and hydrocarbon concentrations correlate directly and can be explained by heterogeneity in the gas composition of the stimulated horizon.
Organic geochemistry of gas, gas hydrate, and organic matter from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Waseda A , Uchida T
Published: March 2017

Gases and organic matter from the 1166 m deep JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate research well in the Mackenzie Delta were characterized using basic geochemical techniques. Gases shallower than 500m are interpreted to be microbial. Gases between 550m
and 850m are mixtures of microbial and thermogenic gases. Gases deeper than 890 m, which include a gas-hydrate-bearing zone
between 890 m and 1108 m, are thermogenic. The C1/(C2+C3) ratios show significant variation within the gas-hydrate-bearing zone. The sediments are immature for hydrocarbon generation through the entire well. The thermogenic gases below 890 m are, therefore, not generated in situ, but have migrated
from much deeper, mature zones. The organic matter is mainly composed of type III terrigenous kerogen. Biomarker data suggest that the sediments were deposited in bay or estuary environments.
Composition and origin of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons in the gas-hydrate-bearing sediments from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Zhu Y , Rao Z , Wu B
Published: March 2017

Forty-eight samples of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments were collected from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well for measurement of solvent-extractable organic compounds and 'extraction' gases. The n-alkanes, triterpenoids, and
steroid hydrocarbons were identified from the solvent-soluble organic matter. The n-alkane distribution patterns confirm that the organic matter is mainly derived from higher land plants. An observed feature of both mature and low-maturity compounds in the gas hydrate zone was the odd-even
predominance pattern in the distribution of n-alkanes, steroids, and triterpenoids. The mature compounds probably migrated from much deeper, thermally matured sediments, whereas low-maturity compounds were generated from in situ organic matter, particularly lignite. The extraction gases from the gas
hydrate zone contain methane, ethane, propane, and n-butane. Higher concentrations of hydrocarbon gases were observed in the gas hydrate intervals. The carbon isotopic compositions of methane and the molecular ratios are those of a typical thermogenic gas.
High-resolution isotope geochemistry of the gas-hydrate-free gas transition in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Ethier A , Clark I D , Dallimore S R , Matsumoto R , Middlestead P
Published: March 2017

Drillcore from the gas hydrate-free gas transition zone in the Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well was subsampled at a 2 cm resolution and pore waters were vacuum extracted. Variations in major-ion geochemistry and ?18O values are retained at the 2
to 3 cm scale, with trends developing at scales greater than 20 cm. Above the transition, d18O (-14 ± 1.0%ø) and chloride (278 ± 97 mmol/L) values suggest a precursor pore water of roughly 50% seawater and low-d18O freshwater, and have an inverse correlation due to pore-water
freshening during gas hydrate decomposition. Below the transition, excess chloride (622 ± 125 mmol/L) and low d18O (-11.4 ± 3.3%ø) values suggest downward diffusion of solutes following gas hydrate formation. The low d18Ofreshwater is glacial meltwater infiltrating along permeable
sediment units during periods of glaciation and low sea level. Sulphate anomalies indicate the presence of readily oxidized sulphide minerals from sulphate reduction prior to gas hydrate growth.
Organic carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, and d34S compositions of pyrite and pore waters in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Chen Y F , Matsumoto R , Tomaru H , Anton D
Published: March 2017

A geochemical study of the gas-hydrate-bearing sediments and interstitial waters was undertaken from 890m to 1150m in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSCet al. Mallik 5L-38well. The d34S values of interstitial water sulphates (+16.7%ø to +35.9%ø), and sedimentary pyrite
(+3.8%ø to +35.1%ø) indicate that high sulphate concentrations in interstitial waters and pyrite formations were controlled by the incursion of seawater and burial diagenesis. Four depositional environmental zones were defined based on organic carbon-nitrogen ratios (3.3 - 44.9),
organic-carbon to total-carbon ratios (0.4 - 1.0), organic-carbon to pyrite-sulphur ratios (0.5 - 10.3), and d34S values: 1) 890 - 930 m, a fluvial-plain, storm-dominated environment, 2) 930 - 1000 m, marsh and shallow-marine deposits from a lower delta-plain environment, 3) 1000 - 1070 m, an upper
delta plain - swamp with minimal marine influence, and 4) 1070 - 1150 m, a mixture of freshwater and marine environments of a lower-upper delta-plain setting. These environmental zones are consistent with facies models inferred from lithological features.
Scanning electron microscope imaging of grain structure and phase distribution within gas-hydrate-bearing intervals from JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38: what can we learn from comparisons with laboratory-synthesized samples?
Authors: Stern L A , Kirby S H , Durham W B
Published: March 2017

Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy provides an excellent means for examining phase distributions, grain morphologies, and grain contacts within gas-hydrate-bearing samples of both natural and laboratory origin. Here, recovered samples from JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et
al. Mallik 5L-38 are imaged, and comparisons are made between the geometrical arrangement and appearance of the gas hydrate ± ice
phase and arrangements, grain contacts, and textures displayed by pure gas hydrate and gas hydrate - sediment aggregates grown and tested in the laboratory. Many gas hydrate ± ice sections in Mallik samples occur as smooth, dense material surrounding isolated macropores, whereas other closely
juxtaposed sections display highly mesoporous textures. The possible origins of the mesoporosity are evaluated, and likewise the origin of ice mixed with the gas hydrate, both of which influence interpretations of physical-property measurements. Lastly, the authors image lab-synthesized methane
hydrate+quartz aggregates using phase proportions comparable to those displayed by Mallik material from sand intervals, and discuss the implications of strength measurements made on the synthetic samples.
JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well downhole well-log and core montages
Authors: Collett T S , Lewis R E , Dallimore S R
Published: March 2017

The JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well was an integral part of a field experiment to test the physical response of a gas hydrate deposit to various advanced production methods. As part of this effort, the Mallik 5L-38 well was
the focus of an advanced, downhole, geophysical-logging program. Because gas hydrate is unstable at surface pressure and temperature conditions, a major emphasis was placed on the downhole-logging program to determine the in situ physical properties of the gas-hydrate-bearing sediments. This effort
included the compilation of 'well-log montages' that display downhole log data obtained from the gas-hydrate-bearing sedimentary interval (891 - 1107 m) in the Mallik 5L-38 well. Also shown are numerous reservoir parameters, including gas hydrate saturation and sediment-porosity log traces
calculated from available downhole well-log and core data.
Sonic attenuation in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Guerin G , Goldberg D , Collett T S
Published: March 2017

The JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate research well was drilled to 1166 m through about 200 m of subpermafrost gas-hydrate-bearing sediments under the Mackenzie Delta, Canada. An extensive logging program was completed to characterize in situ the
physical properties of the sediments where gas hydrate fills as much as 80% of the pore space. Analysis of sonic logging waveform show that the presence of gas hydrate increases sonic attenuation in agreement with previous results in the Mallik 2L-38 well. When applied to the Mallik 5L-38 well
attenuations, the relationships between gas hydrate saturation and attenuation derived in the Mallik 2L-38 well provide concentrations in agreement with other estimates, showing that sonic attenuation can be used to quantify gas hydrate deposits. We use an improved model for wave propagation in
frozen porous media to simulate these results and to understand the interaction between the gas hydrate and the host sediments.
Assessments of gas hydrate concentrations estimated from sonic logs in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate research production well
Authors: Lee M W , Collett T S
Published: March 2017

The amount of in situ gas hydrate in the pore spaces of sediments penetrated in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 well in the Mackenzie Delta, Canada, has been calculated from various well logs including compressional-wave velocity, shear-wave velocity,
electrical resistivity, and nuclear magnetic resonance porosity logs. Gas hydrate concentrations estimated from acoustic logs compare
favorably to estimates from resistivity and nuclear magnetic resonance porosity logs in sandy intervals; however, gas hydrate concentrations estimated from acoustic and nuclear magnetic resonance porosity logs differ noticeably within shaly intervals. Acoustic, resistivity, and nuclear magnetic
resonance-derived gas hydrate concentrations are as much as 80 - 90% of pore space in clean sandstone intervals. The Poisson's ratio of gas-hydrate-bearing sediments is slightly higher than corresponding non-gas-hydrate-bearing sediments and the effect of gas hydrate on elastic velocities is
dominated by the pore-filling characteristic and does not appear to cement sediment grains in this lithological setting.
Multi-offset vertical seismic profiling: an experiment to assess petrophysical-scale parameters at the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Milkereit B , Adam E , Li Z , Qian W , Bohlen T , Banerjee D , Schmitt D R
Published: March 2017

Multi-offset vertical-seismic-profiling (VSP) techniqueswere employed in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 3L-38 observation well to image the gas hydrate zones in the immediate vicinity of the Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well. Conventional
vertical-seismic-profiling - common-depth-point (VSP-CDP) transforms of the reflected wave field and resonance-scattering analysis from three-component VSP data provide information about lateral distribution of the gas hydrate and the internal structure of the gas hydrate zone. Compressional-wave
velocities beneath the permafrost and within the gas hydrate zone averaged 2040 m/s and 2470 m/s, respectively. Within the gas hydrate zone, shear-wave velocities averaged 1100 m/s. At the Mallik well site, the gas hydrate zone is characterized by strong perturbations in compressional-wave
velocities. The resonance-scattering analysis and full wave-form sonic logs from the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC Mallik 2L-38 and JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 wells indicate that important lateral variations in gas hydrate distribution must exist near the top of the gas hydrate zone, at about 900 m
depth.
Ray-based cross-well tomography for P-wave velocity, anisotropy, and attenuation structure around the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Bauer K , Haberland C , Pratt R G , Hou F , Medioli B
E , Weber M H
Published: March 2017

Cross-well seismic data from the Mallik 2002 project were analyzed using ray-based tomographic reconstruction algorithms. Images of the P-wave velocity, the P-wave anisotropy, and the P-wave attenuation (Qp-1) structures are reconstructed from the picked arrival
times and from ray-path - averaged attenuation values. The reconstructed horizontal velocities are generally 10 to 20% faster than the vertical
velocities. The reconstructed isotropic P-wave velocities correspond to the average of the horizontal and vertical velocities. The reconstructions image the delta-front - shallow-marine Mackenzie Bay Sequence and the underlying fluviodeltaic Kugmallit Sequence. The tomograms are dominated by the
effects of the gas hydrate deposits, which cause elevated seismic velocities. The location of laminated silt is correlated with increased velocity anisotropy. A combination of high velocities and strong attenuation (Qp<15) is observed in sediments with the highest gas hydrate saturation,
which provides constraints on models for the microscopic structure of the deposits.
Temperature field of the Mallik gas hydrate occurrence - implications on phase changes and thermal properties
Authors: Henninges J , Schrötter J , Erbas K , Huenges E
Published: March 2017

Three 1200 m deep wells, spaced at 40 m, were equipped with permanent fibre-optic sensor cables. The variation of temperature within a continental, permafrost-associated gas hydrate occurrence was measured deploying the distributed temperature-sensing technology.
Analysis of the transient temperature changes induced by the drilling and completion of the wells indicates that the base of the ice-bearing
permafrost and the base of the gas hydrate occurrences is 604 - 609 ± 3.5 m, and 1108 - 1109 ± 3.5 m, respectively. Twenty-one months after the completion of the boreholes, the well temperatures are within ± 0.1°C of equilibrium with the formation temperature. The analysis of the
geothermal gradient shows that high gas hydrate saturations within the pore space have only a minor effect on the bulk-rock thermal conductivity compared to changes in lithology.
Thermal conductivity of sediments within the gas-hydrate-bearing interval at the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Wright J F , Nixon F M , Dallimore S R , Henninges J , Côté M
M
Published: March 2017

Three separate techniques were employed to investigate the thermal conductivity of unconsolidated sediments within the gas-hydrate-bearing reservoir at the Mallik gas hydrate production research site. A miniature needle probe was used to obtain
thermal-conductivity measurements of quartz sand and a core specimen recovered from the Mallik reservoir. Measurements were obtained for various pore-water phases relevant to the Mallik geological setting, including pore occupancy by liquid water, gas hydrate, and ice. Measured thermal
conductivities were compared to the predictions of an empirical model, which generates estimates of thermal conductivity based on the prescribed physical properties of sediments. Finally, calculations based on ground-temperature data and an estimate of the local geothermal heat flux identified
distinct zonal variations in thermal conductivity within the broader gas-hydrate-bearing interval in the
Mallik reservoir. These zonal variations are clearly related to variations in sediment character, rather than to the presence or absence of gas hydrate.
Comparing the sensitivity of permafrost and marine gas hydrate to climate warming
Authors: Taylor A E , Dallimore S R , Hyndman R
D , Wright F
Published: March 2017

Finite-element geothermal models were used to compare the sensitivity of arctic subpermafrost gas hydrate at the Mallik borehole to temperate marine gas hydrate located offshore southwestern Canada. Considering the thermal signal alone accompanying the end of the
last ice age, a 30 m gas-hydrate-bearing layer (porosity 51%, hydrate saturation 20%) at the base of gas hydrate stability 13.5 ka ago in the temperate marine environment would have disappeared by the present. In contrast, the same gas-hydrate-bearing layer underlying permafrost would
persist until at least 4 ka after present, even with contemporary climate warming. These longer times for subpermafrost gas hydrate arise from thawing pore ice at the base of permafrost, at the expense of dissociation of the deeper gas hydrate. Overlying permafrost thus buffers the dissociation of
underlying gas hydrate from climate surface warming.
Overview of thermal-stimulation production-test results for the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Hancock S H , Collett T S , Dallimore S R , Satoh T , Inoue T , Huenges E , Henninges J , Weatherill B
Published: March 2017

The thermal-stimulation test conducted on the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well in March of 2002 was designed to increase the in situ temperature of a portion of a well defined and constrained gas hydrate reservoir above the
gas hydrate stability point,while maintaining constant pressure. Data collected, including surface and downhole instrumentation readings and data from advanced logging and seismic programs, were then used to calibrate numerical gas hydrate reservoir simulation models and determine the kinetic and
thermodynamic properties of the in situ gas hydrate.

The thermal-stimulation test was successful: bottomhole temperature was increased to greater than 50°C during the test; gas from dissociated gas hydrate was produced, sampled, and flared at surface; and significant amounts of real-time downhole temperature and pressure data, as well as other
scientific measurements, were obtained.
Analysis of the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate thermal-production test through numerical simulation
Authors: Kurihara M , Ouchi H , Inoue T , Yonezawa T , Masuda Y , Dallimore S R , Collett T
S
Published: March 2017

The results of the thermal-production test on the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well were analyzed, based on all data acquired during the test, using the numerical simulator coded especially for gas hydrate reservoirs. The
reservoir model was constructed as a series of grid blocks, including thosemimicking thewellbore, to rigorously simulate themovement of circulated water and produced fluids, aswell as temperature and pressure. The modelwas then tuned through historymatching, not only by simply adjusting reservoir
parameters but also by introducing the concept that part of the circulating hot water might have invaded the reservoir; this resulted in the excellent agreement between observed and simulated performances. Using the history-matched reservoir model, sensitivity simulation and prediction of future
performances were conducted to examine the effects of uncertain reservoir parameters and the gas hydrate dissociation/production methods on the recovery of gas from the Mallik reservoir.
Analysis and interpretation of the thermal test of gas hydrate dissociation in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well
Authors: Moridis G J , Collett T S , Dallimore S R , Inoue T , Mroz T
Published: March 2017

The objectives of this study were to 1) analyze the data from a field test of thermally induced dissociation of gas hydrate in the JAPEX/JNOC/GSC et al. Mallik 5L-38 gas hydrate production research well; 2) validate and calibrate the numerical model; and 3)
determine important parameters describing gas hydrate behaviour and dissociation. The initial conditions and properties of the gas hydrate deposit were determined using supporting geological and geophysical data. Direct measurements provided the necessary boundary conditions. The numerical model was
calibrated against the cumulative volumes of produced gas, a process that increased confidence in the model. Two possible scenarios of thermal dissociation, using unadjusted and smoothed data, are proposed to interpret the field-test results. The parameters of the dominant physical processes are
estimated by inverse modelling (history matching). Their results compare favourably with previously published data. Additionally, estimates of long-term production are made, and an alternative well configuration is proposed to substantially increase gas production.
Bedrock and surficial geology of the general area around Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec and Ontario
Authors: Veillette J J , Paradis S J , Buckle J
Published: March 2017

Rouyn-Noranda is located in the Abitibi Subprovince that contains the Abitibi Greenstone Belt, the largest granite-greenstone terrane in the world, comprised primarily of Archean sedimentary and volcanic sequences intruded by granitoids. About 70% of Canadian
gold mines are located in this important mining camp. The region discussed herein lies within a radius of about 100 km from Rouyn-Noranda and covers the area of several smelter studies that are based on the sampling of glacial and lake-bottom sediments. Thick glacial, glaciofluvial, and
glaciolacustrine deposits cover a large part of the Abitibi Greenstone Belt and regional studies have revealed a complex glacial history characterized by a sequence of shifting ice flows ending with convergent flows toward a major interlobate deglaciation landform, the Harricana Moraine. Glacial
transport of materials from distant source areas is of special significance for the geochemical study of surficial deposits and lake-bottom sediments in the Abitibi - Témiscamingue region. The fine fraction of till and glaciolacustrine silt and clay in the western part of the region may contain
calcareous rock flour 'imported' from the carbonate rocks of the Hudson Platform to the northwest; these deposits are devoid of carbonate material in the eastern part of the region. In examining the geochemistry of soils, lake sediments, and peat, the interpretation of element distribution patterns
around the smelter at Rouyn-Noranda must consider not only the distribution of bedrock types, but also the effects of glacial transport on the geochemistry, carbonate content, and pH of glacially transported surficial materials.
Regional distribution and mobility of copper and lead in soils near the Horne copper smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec
Authors: Henderson P J , Knight R D
Published: March 2017

Regional sampling of the humus,B, andChorizons of glacial soils from 106 siteswithin a 100 km radius of the copper smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, has provided an extensive database on soil geochemistry and other physical properties both from sites within the
area of metal contamination and from sites showing little anthropogenic enrichment. Using this database, the distribution and mobility of two smelter-derived trace metals, copper and lead, was examined with respect to parent material, soil horizon, and wind patterns for the area. Copper is the
primary smelter product and is concentrated in local mineralized deposits.Lead is a smelter emissionwith lowconcentrations in the local bedrock and soils.Geochemical results indicate that both emitted metals are enriched in humus in the vicinity of the smelter and decrease in concentration with
distance and that a higher percentage of emitted copper is retained in humus than lead. Sequential analyses of humus show that chemical phases in which the metals are retained vary depending on the element and distance from the smelter, but both copper and lead are retained primarily in the labile
phase associated with soluble organic material at sites within 10 km. Leaching from humus into lower compartments of the soil horizon depends on parent material and distance from the smelter. At sites near the smelter, evidence supports metal retention in the B horizon of soils developed on
glaciolacustrine sediment and metal migration downward through the C horizon for soils on diamicton.
Geochemistry of snow around the copper smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec: comparison of 1998 and 2001 surveys
Authors: Kliza D A , Bonham-Carter G F , Zdanowicz C
Published: March 2017

Two snow surveys were conducted (1998 and 2001) in the region surrounding the copper smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec.
Total loading rates of metals per year (ng/cm²/a) were determined for a large suite of elements, of which 13 (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Sb, S, Ag, Ni, Al, Mg, Fe, Mn) are reported on here. The spatial distributions of loading rates of smelter-derived metals from both survey years show a bull's-eye
pattern centred on the smelter, skewed northeast and southeast of the smelter as a consequence of the prevailing wind directions. Most element patterns can be divided into two parts, a proximal part close to the smelter with high loading rates dominated by deposition of smelter-emitted metals and a
distal part in which loading rates approach an ambient background level and metals are predominantly from non-smelter sources. The radius of the area obviously affected by metal emissions is usually about 50 km. The differences in deposition rates for smelter-derived metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cd)
between the two sampling years may be explained in part by changes in reported emissions between 1998 and 2001.
All samples were thawed and filtered. Dissolved and particulate fractions were analyzed separately. The proportion of total metal in dissolved form provides an indication of potential bioavailability. It differs among elements, between years for the same element (due to changes in filter size), and,
for some elements, with distance from the smelter.
Physico-chemical characterization of airborne particulate impurities deposited in snow around a copper smelter, Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec
Authors: Zdanowicz C , Kliza D , Paktunc D , Bonham-Carter G F
Published: March 2017

Two snow surveys were conducted (1998 and 2001) in the region surrounding the copper smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec. Total loading rates of metals per year (ng/cm²/a) were determined for a large suite of elements, of which 13 (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Sb, S,
Ag, Ni, Al, Mg, Fe, Mn) are reported on here. The spatial distributions of loading rates of smelter-derived metals from both survey years show a bull's-eye pattern centred on the smelter, skewed northeast and southeast of the smelter as a consequence of the prevailing wind directions. Most element
patterns can be divided into two parts, a proximal part close to the smelter with high loading rates dominated by deposition of smelter-emitted metals and a distal part in which loading rates approach an ambient background level and metals are predominantly from non-smelter sources. The radius of
the area obviously affected by metal emissions is usually about 50 km. The differences in deposition rates for smelter-derived metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Cd) between the two sampling years may be explained in part by changes in reported emissions between 1998 and 2001. All samples were thawed and
filtered. Dissolved and particulate fractions were analyzed separately. The proportion of total metal in dissolved form provides an indication of potential bioavailability. It differs among elements, between years for the same element (due to changes in filter size), and, for some elements, with
distance from the smelter.
Effects of sample drying on phase distribution of elements in lake-sediment cores
Authors: Hall G E M , Vaive J E , Pelchat P , Bonham-Carter G F , Kliza D
A , Telmer K
Published: March 2017

The application of a sequential extraction scheme provides information on the phase association of elements in a sample, such phases being described, for example, as 'exchangeable/adsorbed', 'amorphous Fe/Al oxides', and 'soluble organics'. It is therefore
critical to maintain the chemistry of a sample from the time of collection to its analysis and during its preparation for analysis. This paper focuses on the redistribution of elements amongst five operationally defined phases that occurs on air drying of the sample. Two lake-sediment cores ('Green'
and 'Gravel Pit' lakes) were sampled at 1 cm intervals and divided into two sets immediately prior to sequential leach analysis of the 'wet' sample; the other set was air dried. Most of the 39 elements determined in the 'Green' Lake sediment showed, on drying, a redistribution to more labile forms,
such as Fe where increases in the oxide phases were observed with a concomitant decrease in the crystalline forms of Fe reporting to the final aqua regia digestion. These changes are generally small in magnitude, but they can change the shape of the element profile down the core for an affected
leach, which in turn could lead to misinterpretation of the sequential leach data. Surprisingly, S did not show any changes on drying, suggesting that the kinetics of oxidation are reasonably slow and that storage of the sample is more important to avoid than drying. The different behaviour shown by
the two cores indicates that redistribution of elements on sample drying is both element- and matrix-dependent.
Distinction des accumulations de métaux provenant de sources géogènes et anthropiques aux environs de la fonderie Horne : la dendrogéochimie en tant qu'outil de surveillance environnementale
Authors: Savard M M , Bégin C , Parent M , Marion J , Smirnoff A , Hou X , Tassé N , Sharp Z
Published: March 2017

One of the main challenges in environmental research in Canada is to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic accumulations of potentially toxic metals in mining regions. In this paper, we evaluate a new environmental monitoring tool that combines
dendrochronology with natural (Ca, Mg, Ca/Mn, delta-2H, delta-13C) and anthropogenic (Cd, Pb, 206Pb/207Pb) geochemical tracers. Spruce trees and soil horizons were sampled at a control site in the Hudson Bay region and near the Horne smelter, which has been in operation in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec,
since 1928.
The delta-2H and delta-13C values from trees near the smelter show major changes immediately after 1928. These changes are due to the presence of atmospheric SO2 that generates a rapid response in the foliar system. Cadmium and lead concentrations show a major increase starting in 1944 that
coincides with a decrease in the 206Pb/207Pb ratios. Smelter activities likely caused these changes and the 14-year delay in response may be due mainly to the buffering effect of soils. The 206Pb/207Pb ratios indicate that growth rings contain at least three categories of lead, i.e. natural lead
derived from the mineral soil horizons, industrial lead from Canadian and American urban areas, and mining lead typical of the Abitibi sulphides emitted by the smelter. This new use of natural and anthropogenic tracers allows us to recognize the succession of atmospheric and pedogeochemical
transformations related to industrial activities in a mining area.
Smelter emissions deposited in the environment around the Horne smelter, Quebec: comparison of regional snow, peat, soil, and lake-sediment and lake-water surveys
Authors: Bonham-Carter G F , Henderson P J , Kliza D A , Kettles I M
Published: March 2017

Regional patterns in the concentration of smelter-emitted metals in snow, the surfaces of ombotrophic peat hummocks, the humus horizon of soil, lake water, and lake sediment around the copper smelter at Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, are generally similar. They are all
approximately circular, centred on the smelter, and elongated somewhat toward the east due to the prevailing wind directions. Typically, the footprint extends on average about 65 km from the smelter, perhaps 5 kmmore than this toward the east and 5 kmless toward the west. The pattern is anisotropic,
but weakly so. The ratio of (Cu+As)/(Al+Fe) is a useful indicator for source apportionment. The value of the ratio, which changes as a function of distance from the smelter, reflects the mixing and dilution of emissions with non-smelter dust and aerosols. Snow and peat measurements allow the
deposition rates of metal (mass/unit area/time) to be modelled as a function of distance from the smelter, and the integration of this model over a radial area permits the determination of metal tonnages in the smelter-centred anomaly. The proportions of emissions accounted for within 150 km of the
smelter are as follows: Cu, 25 to 50%; Pb, 10 to 20%; Zn, 25%; As, 5%; and Cd, 20 to 25%. Metals in excess of these proportions are likely transported outside the immediate smelter footprint and beyond 150 km, but deposition of smelter-emitted metals becomes so small and so mixed
with metals from other sources that it impossible, from these data, to discriminate between smelter and non-smelter sources.
Distribution, transport, and sources of metals in marine sediments near a coastal lead smelter in northern New Brunswick
Authors: Parsons M B , Cranston R E
Published: March 2017

Significant variations in metal concentrations occur in marine sediments collected from Chaleur Bay, an estuary located between northern New Brunswick and Quebec's Gaspésie. The bay receives metals from many sources including a lead smelter, a mercury-cell
chlor-alkali plant, and numerous mined and unmined base-metal deposits. This study examines the dispersal patterns of metals released to the bay from natural and anthropogenic sources, and the processes that collect and redistribute these elements in the marine environment. Bottom sediments were
collected from 124 sites in the bay, at distances up to 100 km away from the smelter. The ranges in metal and metalloid concentrations of 918 sediment subsamples are as follows, in mg/kg: As, 2.8 to 74; Cd, 0.02 to 69; Cu, 3.4 to 200; Hg, <0.01 to 2.4; Pb, 0.3 to 2000; and Zn, 22 to 3200.
Dispersion of smelter effluents and atmospheric emissions by wind and/or nearshore currents has resulted in an area of elevated As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn concentrations in surficial sediments within approximately 10 to 20 km of the smelter. The concentrations of most metals decrease sharply with
increasing distance from the smelter; however, Pb concentrations exceed background levels in surface sediments throughout the bay. In sediments adjacent to the smelter, metal levels are highest at approximately 5 to 10 cmdepth and decrease toward the sediment surface, which may reflect the
significant reduction in smelter emissions since the mid-1970s. Lead isotope ratios suggest that the surface enrichment of Pb throughout the bay is mainly derived from smelter emissions and historical leaded gasoline combustion.
Geographic location conversion tool
Authors: Lepard D W
Published: March 2017

This Windows application converts geographic coordinates between any pair of ten systems; latitude and longitude as well as different grid and map projection systems. The grid systems supported are Township and Range, British Columbia's NTS-based grid system,
the Canada Lands system, the UTM system, and the UTM-based Military system. The projections supported are Mercator, Lambert, Polyconic, and Albers. Transformations can be done in either the NAD27 or NAD83 datums. Note that the Twp Rge grids are assumed to be the same in each datum with the
NAD83 coordinates being obtained by application of NTV2 on the NAD27 coordinates. To use the tool the user (1)enters a location and defines its coordinates system on the input source screen, (2)defines the desired output system on the output destination screen, and (3)selects the find button. The
application then calculates the location in the destination system. For File I/O the user is first given a screen with a choice of Long or Short Record format, then a screen to select the comma delimited input File.

Records are of form:
{source},identifier,{destination}
and required quantities not specified default to the screen value. The output file has the same name as the input file except the extension is changed to '.new'. The application is a Delphi (Trade Mark) run-time module for Windows XP and 95/98/00.