bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quick Indicators Eliminate Confusion on Valve Size, Status
Authors: Wiesmann Don
Published: June 2018

To prevent confusion, the insides of valve stack lids are painted different colors to identify the diameter of the distribution lines and control valves. The color on the inside of the valve lid quickly indicates which valve to use to shut off a certain line. Distribution workers know the status of the valve immediately from the position of the access holes, and they know the size of the valve immediately from the color on the valve stack lid.
Read Your O&M Manual Before Equipment Fails
Authors: Schmidt Mark
Published: June 2018

In a water treatment plant, the operations and maintenance (O&M) manual contains the instructions that should be read before anything fails. O&M manuals should give an overview of the facility and describe process equipment operations, instrumentation and control, utility operations, laboratory procedures, record keeping guidelines, the maintenance program, emergency procedures, safety information, and guidelines for troubleshooting. Also discussed in the article is the importance of updating the manual.
Windsock Shows Which Way the Wind Is Blowing
Authors: Pastore Anthony C.
Published: June 2018

In case of a chlorine leak, it is very important to know which way the wind is blowing. Operators are trained to use windsocks to determine areas to be evacuated first in case of a chlorine leak.
In Search of Common Ground
Authors: Robb Maribeth
Published: June 2018

The struggle between the POU industry and water providers has existed almost as long as both groups have been operating in the same neighborhoods. Some of this ill‐will undoubtedly stems from inappropriate sales claims made during home sales demonstrations, but the problem runs far deeper. The first step the POU industry took was adoption of the Voluntary Industry Product Promotion Guidelines in 1986. The solution can begin with knowledgeable and fair selling of POU equipment coupled with acceptance of the industry as serving a purpose within the community. Then shared information, cooperation, or even harmony between POU and water utility professionals becomes a real possibility.
Start the New Year Right: Get Organized!
Authors: de Haas Robert
Published: June 2018

For small systems, keeping track of all that has to be done and when to do it can be a major headache. This article presents a template for creating a monthly‐yearly calendar/organizer to help make items that you can't afford to forget jump out at you.
Conversions Can Be as Easy as Tick‐Tack‐Toe
Authors: Seagren Eric A.
Published: June 2018

Presented in the article is a method called systematic dimensional analysis for converting units of measure. Basically, it's a way to cancel units of measure in fractions. A sample problem is presented, along with detailed instructions.
Valves Open and Close Easily With Operating Nut Driver
Authors: Flanagan Daniel
Published: June 2018

Opening and closing valves that are equipped with handwheels is often difficult and time consuming. To make this job easier, the handwheel can be adapted, using an operating nut driver. The operating nut driver is slipped over the spokes of the handwheel and two swivel latches are locked in place under the spokes. The square opening of a portable valve operator is then placed over the square nut on the operating nut driver, and the valve is ready for operation. Materials and instructions are listed.
Meeting Treatment Requirements of the Lead Rule
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

Corrosion control and source water treatment are the two primary means by which water systems will reduce lead and copper concentrations in tap water. Requirements of the US Environmental Protection Agency's lead and copper regulation for these treatment techniques are summarized in the article. This is the third in a series of articles on the lead and copper rule; other articles in the series appeared in the August, September, and November 1991 issues of Opflow.
Leak Detection Programs Save Water, Money
Authors:   AWWA Leak Detection and Water Accountability Committee
Published: June 2018

Leak detection programs can achieve many benefits, including the obvious advantage of reducing water losses. Repairing leaks saves money for the utility by reducing power costs to deliver water and chemical costs to treat water. Another not so obvious advantage is the expanded knowledge of the distribution system for operators and managers, which results in better service for customers. This article provides an introduction to reasons for leak detection efforts; an accompanying article (p. 1, 3) offers 12 steps to determine if a leak detection program is appropriate for your system.
Certification — Profiles of Four Innovative Programs
Authors: Chamberlain Kathleen
Published: June 2018

Certification agencies, especially those with mandatory programs, must make exams hard enough to weed out the unqualified. But at the same time, most agencies help states or provinces by offering training immediately before certification exams, and then later by encouraging additional training for already‐certified operators. The article discusses formal and informal programs, with case studies from Alberta, Canada; Ohio, Louisiana, and Nevada.
Polyphosphates Eliminate Rusty Water Complaints
Authors: Dollar Floyd
Published: June 2018

This article presents a case study of corrosion control in the Pacific Northwest. Though clean, much of the water in the Pacific Northwest is soft, has low mineral content, and is aggressive (corrosive) to metallic piping materials. Because of customer complaints about rusty water in areas served by unlined cast iron pipe, as well as concerns about lead leaching, the treatment department staff began investigating corrective actions that would provide long‐term or permanent solutions to corrosion in the distribution system. Polyphosphate addition reduced corrosion and suppressed lead and copper leaching. This article briefly describes the process of getting polyphosphate treatment approved by the state regulators and the city council, then goes into some detail to describe the two‐phase corrosion control operation. Phase one involved cleaning and flushing the mains and conducting a public information program to explain polyphosphates and to warn customers that the water would appear dirtier for the first three months of the program, while the cleaning and flushing was conducted. During flushing, a fairly large dose of polyphosphate was fed to soften the scale and corrosion so it could be flushed out. In the second phase, polyphosphate feed was reduced, the frequency of line flushing decreased, and monitoring of the behavior of the chemicals and of corrosion indicators began. Corrosion coupon loops were installed at the water treatment plants prior to phosphate feed points. A table shows the difference in lead levels before and after the corrosion control program; customer complaints before and after; and the cost of clean up and maintenance, as well as chemical costs. A second table shows the effects of various corrosion control treatments in regard to the lead rule.
Use Your Math Skills to Rescue Town From Crisis
Authors: Coleman Ken
Published: June 2018

Stressing math skills, the article presents a real‐life water supply problem and goes through the steps to solve it.
Auger, Great Ice‐Breaker, But Not Much Fun at Parties
Authors: Sarty Conrad
Published: June 2018

During the winter months, the Dartmouth, N.S., Water Utility has a problem operating valves in valve boxes that have become frozen with as much as 2 1/2 ft (.76 m) of ice. Gaining access to such valves is often a time‐consuming process repeated as frequently as 100 times a year. Using a steam‐generating machine (when available) to go through 2 1/2 ft (.76 m) of ice could take 20 min. Using a pry bar to smash out that much ice might take as long as 1 hour. In the meantime, four workers must wait for the valve to be shut off before they can get to work repairing a break. With a store‐bought auger, workers can break through the ice in as little as 10 minutes.
Are You Struggling With Math? Join the Crowd
Authors: Price Joanne Kirkpatrick
Published: June 2018

In this article, the author discusses the widespread negative response to math. The fact that distaste for math is so widespread indicates that there is something radically wrong with math education in general. The author suggests that there are many factors that may lead to problems in math and the resulting bad feelings about it. However, focusing on success, she lists and discusses the four factors ranked at the top of the list for success in math: teachers, motivation, aptitude, and a good foundation. This article kicks off a 13‐part monthly series addressing operator math.
Are Technical Conferences Worth Your Time and Money?
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

The article lists considerations which may help to decide whether or not to attend a technical conference. Items discussed include: registration, publications, costs, and special opportunities.
Plan Calls for Action, Not Reaction, During Emergencies
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

An emergency response plan can help you prepare for those inevitable crises. The plan should include two objectives. One is damage control‐‐the quick, effective restoration of service while avoiding unnecessary loss of water, property, and money. The other part of the plan is emergency preparedness. It's how you react at the start of trouble that spells the difference between a full‐blown emergency and a controlled event.
Stress Overload Symptoms Call for Coping Strategies
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

Serious accidents with dramatic and climactic effects are not the only costs associated with high levels of stress. The long‐term price of stress is usually more subtle than an accident but can be equally debilitating and costly to the organization and the individual. Individuals can better tolerate a stressor when they have a measure of control over their environment. The article lists several stress‐management techniques for directly or indirectly increasing the degree of control a person has in his or her life.
Taking Large Core Samples Made Easy With a Shop Vacuum
Authors: Cox William , Giron Jonathan J.
Published: June 2018

Core sampling filter media can be a difficult and time‐consuming task if a large amount of media must be removed. However, “wet‐or‐dry” vacuum cleaners can reduce the time and effort spent. This technique was developed in the process of obtaining core samples of anthracite coal from a full‐scale filter bed for a pilot‐plant project.
Part 6 — Two Methods of Unit Conversions
Authors: Price Joanne Kirkpatrick
Published: June 2018

When converting from one unit of measurement to another, it is sometimes unclear whether to multiply or divide by the number given in the conversion equation. You may use either of the two methods described in the article to help you decide whether to multiply or divide for any given conversion.
Grease Fitting Ensures Ratchet's Smooth Performance
Authors: Shigley Eli A. , Kirk Christopher W.
Published: June 2018

During routine maintenance and construction jobs, dirt, water, and sand kept clogging ratchet wrenches. A grease fitting added onto the side of the ratchet handle allows water, dirt, and sand to ooze out of all the normal openings of the tool during cleaning. Materials and construction information are listed in the article.
Lead, Copper, Cryptosporidium Hot Items on SSOS Line
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This article addresses two topics in response to phone calls received by the small system hotline. The first regards what to do if an operator can't find enough Tier 1 sites to satisfy the number of sampling sites required by the Lead and Copper Rule. The second concerns labs to analyze for Cryptosporidium and what can be done to control it.
Innovative Shifts Allow Time Off With Family
Authors: Patton Michael W.
Published: June 2018

Many water treatment plant operators work at facilities that are staffed 7 days a week, 24 hours a day. With this round‐the‐clock schedule, operators must work in shifts to handle ongoing plant operations. Shift work can cause feelings of isolation and alienation between workers and their families. Often, operators are required to work shifts that do not allow a Saturday and Sunday weekend off with family and friends. Detailed in the article is a shift schedule that allows operators every other weekend off.
Win Time Race With Computer Workhorse
Authors: Reynolds Lorraine , Houtrouw Ron
Published: June 2018

The uses and capabilities of computers continue to grow at an exponential rate. Operators can conduct well field modeling, develop “what if” scenarios involving plant operations, perform chemical usage studies and cost and productivity analyses, and a wide variety of other tasks. There is no doubt that by training operators to fully use computer technology, you will improve your overall plant operations. Learning how to use a computer is not difficult; in fact, it can be fun and quite satisfying. Many operators train themselves or attend evening classes. City of Pasco supervisors encourage operators to learn about computers with tuition reimbursement for completed classes. The cost of computer training is rapidly repaid by the employee's increased productivity and morale.
O&M—Key to Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

Distribution system maintenance, which is generally taken for granted by most customers, is one of the more challenging budget line items. Budget decisions are easier when they are based on complete and easily understood data. Remember, these records only show distribution requirements; they do not reflect customer satisfaction. There is no amount of money that can be budgeted to reflect the satisfaction of time saved, a job well done, and a community that trusts its drinking water supply is dependable and safe.
Track Common Taste and Odor Problems Using Handy Reference Guide
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

The article lists the question of the month from AWWA's SSOS Hotline. This month's question is on identifying the cause of taste and odor problems in water. The article discusses identifying risks and preventing problems.
Practice Drills for Detention Time, Fill Time, Pumping Rate Calculations
Authors: Price Joanne Kirkpatrick
Published: June 2018

This month's column presents practice problems and solutions for determining detention time, fill time, and pumping rate for storage tanks. As a “warm‐up” exercise, volume and flow rate conversion calculations are reviewed.
Small Community Beats PCE Contamination
Authors: Howell Mary
Published: June 2018

To many of us, life in a rural community means a healthy, pollution‐free environment‐‐clean streets, fresh air, and safe drinking water. Thoughts of chemical contamination seem out of place in such pleasant surroundings. But the flowered meadows and rippling creeks, which attract so many retirees and big‐city dropouts, may hide an environmental nightmare. The truth is communities of all sizes‐‐and the water systems that serve them‐‐are vulnerable to contamination. This article happens to focus on one small rural system located near Centralia, Washington, and what happened when they found extremely high levels of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) in their drinking water.
Maintenance Planning Can Help You Do Your Job Better
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

Sadly enough, since most distribution system and water operations occur silently, underground, maintenance is often treated as an afterthought. After a water quality problem, after a main break, after valves freeze…and on, and on. Whether you operate a large or small, public or private water system, your maintenance plan will have the same purpose. This is part II of a three part series on maintenance planning and operations.
Regs Change Use of Turbidity Measurements
Authors: Letterman Raymond
Published: June 2018

If a turbidity measurement is made for regulatory purposes, the reading should be reasonably close to that obtained if the sample had been tested at any other location where turbidity measurements are made for this purpose. To achieve this industry‐wide agreement, three factors must be considered: the design of the instruments, the material used to calibrate the instruments, and the technique used to make the measurement.
Corrosion Control Treatment: Are You Keeping Up?
Authors: Pontius Fred
Published: June 2018

Implementation of optimal corrosion‐control treatment is the principal lead control strategy in the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR). Meeting your deadlines for treatment implementation is especially important. Deadlines are the principal means of enforcement for the LCR. In other words, miss a deadline, and you're in violation. Many states have not yet adopted the LCR. In these cases, the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is the primary enforcement agency.
Seven Steps to Successful Water Savings
Authors: Nero Wendy
Published: June 2018

Water conservation is receiving a lot of attention these days. Water supply concerns, such as availability, quality, treatment requirements, sewer capacity, and environmental preservation, have projected conservation issues into the spotlight. These issues, coupled with a more knowledgeable and vocal public, suggest that conservation should be included in every utility's long term planning efforts. This article will help you plan an effective conservation program with realistic objectives using seven steps.
Cost of Being Unsafe Is More Than We Can Afford
Authors: Brown Randy
Published: June 2018

No amount of money can compensate for a worker's death or disability. As water suppliers, our main concern is to prevent needless accidents and injuries from occurring in the first place. The best way to do this is through a strong safety program. Besides protecting workers, a safety program can save a utility a lot of money. The article lists the costs incurred by a utility for unsafe practices.
Gadget Targets Customers' Pressure Problems
Authors: Nelson Ted I.
Published: June 2018

When customers call to report low water pressure, they usually insist that the problem is caused by the water district. Using this gadget, you can trace the source of the problem. Many times the problem is in the customer's home and, therefore, is their responsibility. Materials and construction information are included.
At First Sign of Midge Infestation, Seek Help
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks how midge flies infiltrate a water system, whether they are harmful, and how to get rid of them. The answer states that the presence of midges actually indicates a healthy surfce water source with good biological activity and are found world‐wide. The article discusses their life cycle and the fact that methods for controlling them depends on their species type, either parthenogenic or nonparthenogenic.
Hydrant Cap Reduces Injuries on Recreational Trails
Authors: McKay Kirk V.
Published: June 2018

It's summer and everyone is outside enjoying the mild weather. In our community, Shadow Hills Estates, California, we know it's also time to be on guard against the danger posed by single fire hydrants, located along our community's suburban equestrian trails. These hydrants can be dangerous if fallen upon by horses and their riders. We developed a protective safety cap for this type of hydrant to prevent injuries to equestrians, but it can also be used to protect injuries to bicyclists, skaters, hikers, and other recreational trail users. A list of materials and construction information is included in this article.
Use It—Don't Lose It: How Data Can Improve Operations
Authors: Pizzi Nick
Published: June 2018

Most treatment plant operators gather operating data in the usual way: make rounds, analyze samples, read pressure gauges and telemetry, and record the data on daily bench sheets. Some operators go on to summarize this information for plant and USEPA reports. And then, for most of us, it's promptly forgotten. A lot of time and effort was spent collecting these data. Why not use them to improve plant operations? With the right tools—like a personal computer and spreadsheet software—it is possible to use this information to spot important operating trends. The author demonstrates collecting and arranging data from the Lake County Bacon Road Water Treatment Plant and how it is used in analyzing operations.
Looking for a New Career Challenge? Try Safety
Authors: Brown Randy
Published: June 2018

Do you like people and genuinely care about the health and welfare of your co‐workers? Are you organized? Do you have a working knowledge of your utility? If you answered “yes” to these questions, then you are an excellent candidate for a career in safety. Safety professionals will be in demand for the remainder of the 1990s. Lowering injury and medical costs to the utility and protecting a reduced workforce will become paramount concerns. If you have never considered a career in safety, maybe it's time.
1995 Third Place Winner: No More Cold Showers With Leak Spray Suppressor
Authors: Enderby David , Chief Crew
Published: June 2018

There is nothing more refreshing after a long, exhausting excavation than a cold blast of water to the face—especially in the winter. This gadget—the leak spray suppressor—stores easily behind a truck seat and stops these unwelcome showers. The suppressor makes more manageable the job of excavating a main that cannot be shut down completely. The suppressor effectively controls the spray so that the excavation to the sides and under the main can be completed. A list of materials and construction information is included.
Contaminated Water Storage Tanks Create Health Concerns
Authors: Atkinson Robert
Published: June 2018

Data compiled in the summer of 1994 indicate that, like cross‐connections, elevated and ground storage tanks are a major source of drinking water contamination in the distribution system.
Public Involvement: Strategies to Build Support for Water Projects
Authors: Nero Wendy
Published: June 2018

In days gone by, water utilities only had to concern themselves with producing high quality, good‐tasting water and delivering it to their customers on demand. Even though that foundation of the water industry is largely unchanged, most would agree that times are different now. Water utilities, once mostly invisible to their customers, are now thrust into the public arena, whether or not they want to be there. Now more than ever, the public is interested in and wants to affect the way in which water utilities conduct their business.
Creating a Safe Way to Install Heavy Valves
Authors: Nielson Scott
Published: June 2018

The dangers of installing large valves are considerable and prompted the invention of the valve choker. Previously, installation required two or three people to lift and align an 800‐lb (400‐kg) valve, often in a wet, muddy hole. Keeping the valve in an upright position while bolting it to a flange surface was problematic, and supporting it by hand could result in crushed limbs or strained backs. The valve choker prevents these kinds of injuries and is a successful safety measure for all our valve installations. A list of materials and construction information is included.
Making a Simple Sampling‐Hydrant Vandal Guard
Authors: Klobukowski Steve
Published: June 2018

Our utility installed sampling hydrants in a wellfield located in a fairly remote area. The wellfield was frequently vandalized. Fearing that the newly installed hydrants would be damaged beyond repair, we encased the sampling hydrant with a piece of ductile‐iron pipe to provide protection.
Alum, Other Coagulants Used for Centuries
Authors: Hayes Jim
Published: June 2018

This article provides a brief history of the use of alum as a coagulant. Early coagulants such as crushed oyster shell, almonds, and cornmeal were used by ancient civilizations. The Egyptians practiced boiling and charcoal filtering of water as far back as 2000 BC. Although alum was not processed to any large extent until the mid‐1800s it soon became a household remedy and was used by early American settlers to clarify river water as they journeyed along the Santa Fe and Oregon Trails.
Filter Bed Depth Gauge Tracks Media Loss
Authors: Evenson James S. , Batzer Greg
Published: June 2018

Water system operators in Grand Forks, North Dakota, created a filter bed depth gauge to keep track of the amount of filter media that is lost. The gauge can be made of materials that are probably lying around the plant, is easy to use and more than adequate concerning accuracy.
Meter Jumper Replaces Second Pair of Hands
Authors: Markley Jim
Published: June 2018

The City of Coeur D'Alene Water Department has developed a meter jumper that replaces a meter on a temporary basis until the next working day when a crew is available to fix the setting. The jumper can be used to restore service in situations where meters cannot easily be reinstalled by one person.
3 Simple Steps to Effective Maintenance
Authors: Flynn Jim
Published: June 2018

A critical component of a utility's success is the performance of its maintenance program. The rising costs of equipment, supplies, materials, and spare parts, in addition to the high‐tech nature of modern water treatment and distribution equipment and processes, make a well organized and effective maintenance program a necessity. By following the three simple steps of effective maintenance presented in this paper, any utility, regardless of size, can reduce costs and downtime, maximize equipment reliability, and provide the highest level of customer service.
Where's the Money in the New SDWA?
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns new amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) that establish a state grant program for projects to improve water systems and, under Clean Water Act provisions, to protect water sources. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) will have more than $1.2 billion earmarked for this purpose in fiscal year 1997. The article discusses particulars of the amendments that include: specific guidance as to how these funds can be used; provisions of the state revolving loan funds; and, ramifications of failure to meet operator certification requirements. The article provides a table of DWSRF Capitalization Grants by State for FY 1997 that is based on potential FY 1997 appropriation of $1,275,000,000.
Simple Device Supports Backflow Assembly
Authors: Pruss Marion , Shaw Jimmy
Published: June 2018

This month's “Gimmick and Gadget” is a reduced pressure zone (RPZ) or backflow assembly support arm which was fabricated using a 4‐in. (100‐mm) riser clamp with mounting ears cut off. A 12‐in. (300‐mm) length of 1/2‐in. (10‐mm) round stock was then welded to the outer radius of the clamp at approximately a 15 degree angle. Next, the hook was cut from the 1/2‐in. × 6‐in. (200‐mm) turnbuckle. The threaded portion of the turnbuckle was then welded to the 1/2‐in. round stock. The final step was to cut the lower portion of the turnbuckle, the round eyelet, in half.
Standard Meter Setter Adapted Using PRV
Authors: Conklin James , Plummer Thomas M.
Published: June 2018

This article talks about how a unique field fix was used to service a new home because a tandem copper setter was not available. The senior pipe fitter adapted a standard copper meter setter to accommodate a 3/4‐in. (20 mm) individual pressure‐reducing valve. The project was the Seneca Nation of Indians Cattaraugus Reservation Regional Water System. The contractor was the Seneca Nation Force Account Crews.
Evaluation and Optimization—How Good is Good Enough?
Authors: Consonery Phil J. , Greenfield Donald N. , Lee Joseph J.
Published: June 2018

Since 1988, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection has conducted detailed evaluations of the state's surface water treatment plants. The ongoing program, called Filter Plant Performance Evaluation, is a method of determining the effectiveness of a water treatment plant in removing pathogens and pathogen‐sized particles from the incoming raw water. The evaluation process combines an onsite survey of filter plant operations and general physical conditions. Although the FPPE program evaluations capture a ‘snapshot’ of filter plant performance, they also entail a review of turbidity monitoring records to gain a long‐term picture. This article discusses this program, typical questions asked during filter plant performance evaluations, common problems in treatment, and evaluation tools of the future.
Optimization Using Partnership Guidelines
Authors: Pizzi Nick
Published: June 2018

In an effort to optimize water treatment plant operations, utility operators are turning to time‐tested techniques, such as those promulgated in the Partnership for Safe Water program, to help them set water quality goals, improve operations efficiency, and protect consumers from microbial risk. The Partnership was designed to encourage US water suppliers to survey their utilities to identify areas that will enhance the water system's ability to prevent entry of Cryptosporidium, Giardia, and other microbial contaminants into treated water and to voluntarily implement those actions that are appropriate for the system. This article describes how in the fall of 1995, the Cleveland Division of Water (CWD) joined the Partnership for Safe Water and began to implement self‐assessment techniques aimed at improving the overall finished water quality it produced and providing multiple barriers against microbial contamination.
Jar Testing Simultaneous Dosing Device
Authors: Mical Andy
Published: June 2018

When doing side‐by‐side performance testing of different cationic polymers, the results can be affected by the order in which the polymer is added. This article discusses the construction of a device to ensure that coagulants are added in the desired order. It lists the equipment and cost information as well as a detailed set of assembly instructions.
Small Systems May Have Monitoring Options
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This question asks about sampling and testing requirements for small systems, particularly in Vermont. The article presents the conditions that must be met to modify monitoring requirements, and points out that source water assessments qualify for available state revolving fund (SRF) money, which can be applied to the assessments and other relevant factors.
Know Your Responsibilities for HazMat Transport
Authors: Brown Randy
Published: June 2018

The US Department of Transportation (USDOT) is charged with safety in matters of transportation. This article lists USDOT requirements for transporting hazardous materials. It also lists procedures for receiving a shipment with hazardous materials. Emergency contact numbers in Canada, the United States, and Mexico are listed.
Arctic Birds Thrive in ‘Gin Clear’ Water Exhibit
Authors: McCarty Dave , Cooley Charley
Published: June 2018

When the Cincinnati Zoo wanted to ensure the health of several rare species of Arctic birds in the new Wings of the World exhibit, the staff first examined the purity of the bird's water habitat. This article talks about how staff addressed special equipment concerns to maintain proper conditions such as water quality, clarity, and temperature. It was necessary to find a water purification system that, without the use of chemicals, was highly effective at destroying bacteria, molds, and algae. The solution, a three‐step system that utilizes both ozone and ultraviolet disinfection, is discussed.
Particle Counters—Count on Them for Optimization
Authors: Engelhardt Terry
Published: June 2018

New remedies are constantly being applied to the treatment of drinking water. For monitoring effectiveness of old and new treatment techniques, particle counting quickly is becoming the most widely used tool. At one point in time, turbidity measurement was regarded as an effective monitoring tool, but turbidity in and of itself is no longer considered sufficient to achieve quality and cost‐control goals. The ability of particle counters to provide quantitative measurements have made it a perfect complementary tool. This article discusses particle counter sensors and computer software, costs for implementation, and things to keep in mind when selecting a particle counter.
GA Technology Analyzes Distribution System Problems
Authors: Frey Jeffery , Gransbury John
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how a number of water utilities in the United States and Australia have utilized a new optimization analysis technique to help them identify low‐cost system expansion and operating alternatives. The new technique, called genetic algorithm (GA) pipe network optimization, is summarized through the experiences of the Las Vegas Valley Water District, the Fort Collins‐Loveland Water District (Colorado), Sierra Pacific Power Co. (Nevada), and SA Water (South Australia). This article also provides advice to other water utilities interested in optimizing their distribution systems.
Water's Health Benefits Are Crystal Clear
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the health benefits of water. Topics include: the drinking water community's goal of minimizing risk, satisfying regulatory mandates, and avoiding disease; the biological advantages of drinking water; and, water quality.
Filter Media Cleaning—Alternative to Replacement
Authors: Jobb Brian
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how to regenerate filter media by means of chemical cleaning, thus eliminating the need for removal or replacement. It discusses the causes of fouling, outlines a typical filter wash procedure, states the benefits of air scour, and lists necessary precautions when using this method.
Nitrate Blending Calls for Careful Approach
Authors: Chalfant Chris
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the development of a plan for blending water to reduce contaminant concentrations. Such practice is an acceptable control method if appropriate safeguards are followed. Blending to reduce nitrate is acceptable, but more care is needed because of the acute hazard nitrate contamination poses. Elements of an acceptable plan include a description of blending facilities and controls, justification for the proposed blending ratio, and a blending monitoring plan.
Don't Wait for USEPA to Decide Certification
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks whether to wait to update certification until the new requirements are issued by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). USEPA is going to specify minimum standards for operators of community and nontransient noncommunity water systems. These standards will be developed in cooperation with the states, who will have two years to adopt and implement the guidelines from February 1999 when the guidelines are due to become final. If utilities wait until these rules go into effect, they may have to start at the beginning of the certification process. On the other hand, if operators decide to get recertified immediately, they may get credit for the time, study, and previous level of certification that they had.
Will We Breathe Easier Now?: OSHA's Revised Respiratory Protection Program
Authors: Brown Randy
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the revised respirator regulation 1910.134. It lists changes in definitions, staffing requirements, written program components, respirator selection, minimum requirements for medical evaluations of employees, fit testing, and record keeping. The regulation contains more information on dangerous atmospheres and breathing‐grade air that is not covered in this article. Two Web sites for obtaining more in‐depth information are listed.
Mudsucker Pump Truck Saves Strain on Backs
Authors: Enright Dick
Published: June 2018

This article describes a mudsucker pump truck, an invention created by welding a hand truck to the frame of the mudsucker. This device allows one person to easily move a mudsucker pump, especially when loading or unloading from a service truck. Details on construction, equipment and costs are given.
USEPA R&D Facility Open to Private Clients
Authors: Haught Roy
Published: June 2018

This article describes the US Environmental Protection Agency Test and Evaluation Facility in Cincinnati, Ohio. It is a multifaceted research resource in which a wide variety of water and waste treatment and other environmental protection technologies are conceived, designed, and evaluated in the laboratory and at pilot‐plant scale. Current studies include: small system package plants and point‐of‐use/point‐of‐entry units; distribution system simulators to evaluate the dynamics that influence water quality within water distribution infrastructure systems; and, remote telemetry and control of small drinking water package plant systems and distribution systems.
Wondering Where to Co for Safety Answers?
Authors: Brown Randy
Published: June 2018

This article lists several sources of information on safety and environmental issues. Organization names, staff contacts, phone numbers email addresses, and web sites are given. Private organizations, government sources, and publications are listed.
Water Heater Dip Tubes—Why All the Fuss?
Authors: Hutchins Danny T.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses problems with particulates in dip tubes and water heaters, providing insight on why and how the problems occur. Some practical solutions to dealing with the problem are offered.
Technical Assistance Centers to Help Small Systems
Authors: Joseph Joshua
Published: June 2018

Last year the US Environmental Protection Agency was allocated funding to establish six new small public water systems Technology Assistance Centers (TAC) across the nation. Individual grants of $400,000 each were awarded in fiscal year 1998 to five colleges and universities in Alaska, California, Illinois, Maryland, and Pennsylvania to develop programs, which are now up and running. This article outlines the objectives of each TAC and gives contact information.
Guarding Against Customer Complaints
Authors: Hall Susan , Miller Ellen C.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses informing the public about construction projects that might have some impact on their day‐to‐day living. A listing of communication steps to ensure that people are getting the information they need include: neighborhood meetings; customer mailings; bill stuffers; newsletters; media coverage; speakers bureau; signage; homeowners association newsletters; focus groups; and, web sites. Further communication techniques are discussed for when the actual construction begins.
Crypto Crisis Becomes Economic Opportunity
Authors: Cotton Cuyler
Published: June 2018

This article describes how, after years of living with illnesses associated with an inadequate water supply system, a small Ojibwa First Nation took charge of its own fate by pinpointing the problem and teaming with others to achieve a sophisticated water treatment solution. They then went on to create a company to provide sales and service of, and training for, advanced membrane systems to other First Nations.
Coating Innovations Address Fumes, Corrosion Issues
Authors: Ippoliti Anthony D.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the benefits of the various types of waterborne coatings, including acrylic coatings, epoxy coatings, and urethane coatings.
Employees' Bid Improves Competitive Edge
Authors: Atherton Terry L.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the experience that the Fort Wayne City Utilities (FWCU) had with improving efficiency to meet utility goals. Several methods of improvement were tried before finding a solution. A mock competition plan was developed and approved by the Fort Wayne Board of Public Works. To create the best proposal for contract management of the plant, an employee bid team (EBT) was established to compete against a simulated private bid team (PBT) comprised of consultants who had previously worked in a contract operations business. A core competitive team (CCT), which was composed of administration, union, and city council representatives, oversaw the competition.
Testing Your Enhanced Coagulation Endpoint
Authors: Pizzi Nick , Rodgers Maggie
Published: June 2018

Water treatment plants that currently employ coagulation strategies based solely on lowering the turbidity output of the finished product may find that they will need to rethink that practice. To control or minimize the production of DBPs, utility operations that use conventional filtration must operate with enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening to achieve total organic carbon percent removal levels specified in the rule. Utilities that cannot meet these criteria should know their enhanced coagulation endpoint. This article discusses how utilities can estimate their enhanced coagulation endpoint.
Certification Ensures System Integrity, Process Control
Authors: DeNileon Gay Porter
Published: June 2018

This article discusses operator certification and lists the minimum guidelines recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency for developing and implementing state programs for certification. Grandparenting, training, and reciprocity are discussed along with a partial list of “need‐to‐know” criteria for very small water systems. A state‐by‐state listing of drinking water certification contacts is given.
A Small Utility Evaluates, Improves Performance
Authors: Hegg Bob A. , Adams Stan , Valentine Tracy , DeMers Larry
Published: June 2018

This article describes the experience that Leavenworth, Washington, had with implementing a composite correction program (CCP), which focuses on optimizing performance of existing facilities and consists of two components: a comprehensive performance evaluation (CPE); and, comprehensive technical assistance (CTA). Objectives of the CCP were to achieve optimized performance goals and to regain filtration credit for the facility.
Common Customer Complaint: “My Hot Water Stinks”
Authors: Hack David J.
Published: June 2018

Non‐pathogenic anaerobic bacteria, such as Desulfuvibrio desulfuricans, form enzymes as a metabolic function that accelerate the sulfate‐reduction reaction. The subsequent production of hydrogen sulfide gas creates a distinctive rotten egg odor, which causes many customer complaints. Oxidation by chlorination, maintenance of chlorine residuals in the distribution system, cathodic protection, and ion exchange water softeners are discussed. Remedies for rotten egg odor include maintaining chlorine residuals, flushing distribution lines, killing bacteria with heat, replacing magnesium anode rods, and removing cathodic‐protection anodes.
Algae Control Solves Aesthetic Problems
Authors: Ramadan Turan
Published: June 2018

After years of taste and odor complaints, the Water Division for the city of Napa, California, implemented a program to evaluate and improve its water quality. The process included many phases, starting with studying the source water quality and understanding the various types of algae in the lake. Taste and odor panels provided weekly water quality feedback. This research identified algae as a major source of taste and odor problems in Napa's water supply. Based on this data, water division staff began to understand the environmental conditions of the lake and initiated testing of different chemical applications to optimize chemical reaction for the coagulation process. Treatment plant operational changes also were needed to help prevent or reduce the existence of algae growth. Napa's water quality program for controlling algae‐produced taste and odors is described in this article.
What's This Pink Stuff in My Bathroom?
Authors: Yarlott Nelson
Published: June 2018

This question of the month discusses a pink residue that appears on bathroom fixtures in the shower, sink, and along the water line in the toilet bowl. It is a naturally occurring airborne bacteria that produces a pinkish film on surfaces that are regularly moist, including toilet bowls, showerheads, sink drains, and tiles. Cleaning techniques and suggestions are given.
Steel Tank Reservoirs: Replacement Versus Rehabilitation
Authors: Irias Nicholas
Published: June 2018

This article discusses California's East Bay Municipal Utility District's program for rehabilitating its steel tank reservoirs. Design changes that have been incorporated in the last 75 years are listed, along with changes in coatings since the 1960s. Topics covered include: evolution of rehabilitation practices; increasing costs of recoating steel; increasing project timelines; re‐evaluating the economics of replacement versus rehabilitation; bolted steel tank considerations; and, resistance to vandalism.
Aspirator System for Ozone Sweeps Top Honors
Authors: Newell Frank
Published: June 2018

The Lincoln, Nebraska, Water System plant monitors ozone residuals from five remote processes operating under negative atmospheric pressure. The monitors were installed with individual electrically driven vacuum pumps. A vacuum source was required to draw the sample to the monitor. Venturi vacuum pumps, also known as aspirator pumps (with no moving parts), were discovered to provide enough vacuum and flow to the monitors, eliminating the electrical vacuum pumps and their costs and problems. An ozone sample system was devised, using the aspirator pumps instead of the vacuum pumps, and using air flow instead of electricity.
Contract Operations: Will It Work for Your Utility?
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about what issues should a small water system consider when hiring a private contractor for its water system operations. It was recommended that Request for Qualifications and Request for Proposal documents are developed first to fully specify what services are expected to fulfill the contract. The contract should be flexible enough for the Contract Operations contractor to be creative and address unforeseen situations. Also, whether the contract is for partial or complete service, all the details must be checked and nothing should be taken for granted.
Maintenance Programs Keep Operators Informed
Authors: Yarlott Nelson
Published: June 2018

This month's question addresses how to establish a process for managing a water system's assets and documenting the history of the system's equipment, facilities, and inventories. The process should address an overall facility record of the permanent components and structures. Four main records are needed ‐ a system atlas, as‐built plans, facility control cards, and logbooks. Every major component and structure in the system that requires routine maintenance or is electrical or mechanical should have a control card that states the make, model, serial number, and date of installation; the maintenance and repair work performed to‐date; and, the scheduling of future maintenance work. Last, there should be some sort of inventory to record all of the supplies used to maintain the system.
COMBAT Training Wins Utility Wars
Authors: Boyd A. Raymond
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how competition is the real issue behind privatization with the focus on basic tactics related to achieving and maintaining competitive prices by minimizing labor costs while maintaining or improving quality. The basic tactics include efficient crew size and daily operations, precise short‐term work plans, minimum supervision and staff, adequate standards and procedures, and proper tools, equipment, and materials.
Does Boiling Improve Water Quality and Taste?
Authors: Burlingame Gary , Tanjutco Alexis
Published: June 2018

This month's question considers the advantages of boiling tap water. A study done at Drexel University confirmed that a three‐minute rolling boil inactivated 10,000 Giardia cysts per mL. Results of another test done to see if the chlorine or chloramines residual, responsible for eliciting an odor, would dissipate after boiling the water. The test used 500mL of fresh tap water, clean beakers, a hot plate, and a colorimeter for chlorine residual measurement. In duplicate tests to ensure results, the water was boiled for one, three, and five minutes, cooled for about three hours, and the concentration of total chlorine was measured. Results are discussed.