bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal fatigue in hot‐working tools
Authors: Sjöström Johnny , Bergström Jens
Published: July 2005

Hot‐working, in general, is one of the fundaments of the industrialised society and the hot‐work tool, which gives the part its basic shape, is one of the most essential elements. Most hot‐working tools are subjected to extreme temperature variations, which give rise to stresses and strains and may eventually lead to thermal fatigue.

Two hot forming applications have been studied, hot forging and die casting. Tools from these applications were examined to determine damage, material response, thermal fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Surface strain measurements during thermal fatigue testing were performed on the tool material to evaluate the surface mechanical strain levels during typical thermal cycling. Isothermal fatigue testing was also performed to determine the stress–strain response in the temperature interval 200–600°C. It was found that thermal fatigue crack initiation occurs within 1% of the tools life in both applications.
Steel research and development in the aspect for a sustainable society
Authors: Matsumiya Tooru
Published: July 2005

For the realization of a sustainable society, the number of environmentally friendly products introduced in the recent decades has increased in iron and steel products. Such products are compatible with environmental regulations, are preferable from the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) viewpoint and save energy when used in the final products because of their improved properties. Hydro‐forming technology simplifies the production process, of automotive parts and reduces the parts' weight, contributing to an improvement in the fuel consumption rate of automobiles. In the steel‐refining process, reduction of slag emission is a key issue and is accomplished by improvements in dephosporization efficiency and the recycling of the refining slag as in the multiple refining converter (MURC) process. Electromagnetic casting reduces the number of defects in hot coils produced from the slab cast by its application and has the possibility of eliminating the slab surface treatment, which saves energy. Control of non‐metallic inclusions and segregation are now utilized for the generation of steel properties more suitable for environmental concerns. Hydrogen gas generation by using coke oven gas and waste plastic recycling by using a coke oven also contribute toward creating a sustainable society.
Huang's Response
Authors: Huang Yasheng
Published: July 2005

Beamish and Delios write an eminently reasonable review. I agree that
the environment for private sector has improved. Selling
China describes some of these developments (pp. 202-204)
and predicts that the overall role of FDI will decline, which is exacdy what
happened. The FDI/domestic private investment ratio has fallen. This decline
is the other side of the mirror as the rising ratio: suppressing the
domestic private sector, everything else being equal, can raise this ratio;
supporting it can reduce this ratio. There are no logical or empirical
inconsistencies. I believe that I overstated the ideological rigidity of the
Chinese state and that I was vague in specifying the ideological
constraints. In the 1990s, the ideology was of an industrial policy kind,
rather than Communism.
Explaining Black‐White Disparity in Maltreatment: Poverty, Female‐Headed Families, and Urbanization
Authors: Schuck Amie M.
Published: July 2005

The purpose of the current study was to assess a structural level explanation of racial disparity in child maltreatment. Using data from Florida counties (1998–2001) and the 2000 census, the effects of poverty, concentrated poverty, and female‐headed families in poverty on Black, White, and the difference between Black‐White rates of child maltreatment were assessed (N= 67). Results suggested that the structural covariates of maltreatment vary by race and that differences in female‐headed families in poverty can explain some, but not all, of the Black‐White racial disparity in child maltreatment. Increasing programs that focus on reducing poverty among female‐headed Black families and the exposure of Black families to concentrated poverty should decrease some of the overrepresentation of Black children in the child welfare system.
Resources, Family Organization, and Domestic Violence Against Married Women in Minya, Egypt
Authors: Yount Kathryn M
Published: July 2005

I evaluate the influence of household wealth, women's socioeconomic dependence, status inconsistency, and family organization on physical abuse in the prior year and attitudes about wife abuse and divorce among 2,522 married women in Minya, Egypt. Household wealth is negatively associated with physical abuse. Women who are dependent on marriage because they have sons and less schooling than their husbands are more likely to have experienced physical abuse and to report marginally more tolerance for such abuse. Women who are isolated from natal or biological kin and living with marital relatives are more likely to have experienced physical abuse. Findings underscore the role of women's dependence and social isolation in enabling physical abuse among women of all economic classes.
ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS ISOLATED FROM FOODS INVOLVED IN HUMAN FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS THAT OCCURRED IN THE SOUTH OF BRAZIL, 1999–2000
Authors: GEIMBA M. P. , TONDO E. C. , BRANDELLI A.
Published: July 2005

Antimicrobial resistance was determined for 73 isolates of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from foods involved in human foodborne outbreaks that occurred in the South of Brazil, from 1999 to 2000. The isolates were individually tested against 10 antimicrobial agents using a disc diffusion method. Most isolates were susceptible to all drugs tested. No S. enteritidis isolates were resistant to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim or chloramphenicol. The predominant resistance observed was to streptomycin (S) (37%), gentamicin (GEN) (13.7%) and nalidixic acid (NAL) (13.7%), while intermediate resistance was observed most often for tetracycline (53.4%), neomycin (NEO) (30.1%) and GEN (15.1%). Resistance was verified in 40 isolates (54%), which were grouped in 15 different patterns. Multiple resistance was presented in 17 (23%) of the isolates, and one isolate exhibited resistance to four drugs (NEO, kanamycin, S and NAL), demonstrating the involvement of multiresistant S. enteritidis strains with foodborne outbreaks.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF RAZOR BLADE SHEAR, ALLO‐KRAMER SHEAR, WARNER‐BRATZLER SHEAR AND SENSORY TESTS TO CHANGES IN TENDERNESS OF BROILER BREAST FILLETS
Authors: CAVITT L.C. , MEULLENET J.‐F.C. , XIONG R. , OWENS C.M.
Published: July 2005

This study evaluated the ability of the razor blade (RB) shearing method and various other instrumental shearing methods as a means for developing models to predict tenderness in broiler breast fillets. Breast fillets were subjected to either shear analysis (razor, Allo‐Kramer or Warner‐Bratzler) or sensory evaluation (trained descriptive or consumer). The relationships between the instrumental and the descriptive sensory attributes exhibited coefficients of determination of 0.53 < R2 < 0.73 for initial hardness and chewdown hardness, while the relationships between the instrumental and the consumer sensory attributes of tenderness acceptability and intensity had coefficients of determination ranging between 0.71 < R2 < 0.97. For both descriptive and consumer sensory analyses, the instrumental shear tests performed similarly for predicting the tenderness of cooked broiler breast meat. The RB shear test for assessing meat tenderness had advantages, in that no sample cutting or weighing was required to execute the test nor was it excessively destructive, as only a small incision was made in the sample.
Stomatal Patterning and Differentiation by Synergistic Interactions of Receptor Kinases
Authors: Shpak Elena D. , McAbee Jessica Messmer , Pillitteri Lynn Jo , Torii Keiko U.
Published: July 2005

Coordinated spacing and patterning of stomata allow efficient gas exchange between plants and the atmosphere. Here we report that three ERECTA (ER)–family leucine-rich repeat–receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) together control stomatal patterning, with specific family members regulating the specification of stomatal stem cell fate and the differentiation of guard cells. Loss-of-function mutations in all three
ER
-family genes cause stomatal clustering. Genetic interactions with a known stomatal patterning mutant
too many mouths
(
tmm
) revealed stoichiometric epistasis and combination-specific neomorphism. Our findings suggest that the negative regulation of ER-family RLKs by TMM, which is an LRR receptor–like protein, is critical for proper stomatal differentiation.
Inferential Structure Determination
Authors: Rieping Wolfgang , Habeck Michael , Nilges Michael
Published: July 2005

Macromolecular structures calculated from nuclear magnetic resonance data are not fully determined by experimental data but depend on subjective choices in data treatment and parameter settings. This makes it difficult to objectively judge the precision of the structures. We used Bayesian inference to derive a probability distribution that represents the unknown structure and its precision. This probability distribution also determines additional unknowns, such as theory parameters, that previously had to be chosen empirically. We implemented this approach by using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques. Our method provides an objective figure of merit and improves structural quality.
Bioluminescent and Red-Fluorescent Lures in a Deep-Sea Siphonophore
Authors: Haddock Steven H. D. , Dunn Casey W. , Pugh Philip R. , Schnitzler Christine E.
Published: July 2005

Bioluminescence (light production) and fluorescence (re-emission of absorbed radiation as light) are found in an unaccountably diverse array of marine organisms, where their functions are largely unknown. Here we report a deep-sea siphonophore that twitches glowing lures to attract fish. This is rare evidence of bioluminescence used for prey attraction among nonvisual marine organisms. The lures also contain red fluorescent material that shifts the wavelength of emitted light. The existence of a red-luminescent invertebrate suggests that long-wavelength light plays a greater role in marine interactions than previously suspected.
Crossmodal Interactions Between Olfactory and Visual Learning in
Drosophila
Authors: Guo Jianzeng , Guo Aike
Published: July 2005

Different modalities of sensation interact in a synergistic or antagonistic manner during sensory perception, but whether there is also interaction during memory acquisition is largely unknown. In
Drosophila
reinforcement learning, we found that conditioning with concurrent visual and olfactory cues reduced the threshold for unimodal memory retrieval. Furthermore, bimodal preconditioning followed by unimodal conditioning with either a visual or olfactory cue led to crossmodal memory transfer. Crossmodal memory acquisition in
Drosophila
may contribute significantly to learning in a natural environment.
Following Their Instincts
Authors: Kingsland Sharon
Published: July 2005

Patterns of Behavior
. Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen, and the Founding of Ethology.
By Richard W. Burkhardt Jr.
. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2005. 648 pp. $80. ISBN 0-226-08089-7. Paper, $29, £20.50. ISBN 0-226-08090-0.

This history of ethology examines how theory, practice, place, and politics interacted to shape the developing discipline.
Is This How the West Won?
Authors: Balter Michael
Published: July 2005

Guns, Germs, and Steel
. Lions Television, London, for National Geographic Television and Films, Washington, DC. Three one-hour episodes. On PBS, Monday evenings, 11 to 25 July 2005.

In a three-part series based on his best-selling book, Jared Diamond explores how geography, technology, economics, and biology have interacted to shape the modern world.
Effects of Incubation Temperature on Growth and Production of Exopolysaccharides by an Antarctic Sea Ice Bacterium Grown in Batch Culture
Authors: Nichols Carol Mancuso , Bowman John P. , Guezennec Jean
Published: July 2005

The sea ice microbial community plays a key role in the productivity of the Southern Ocean. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) is a major component of the exopolymer secreted by many marine bacteria to enhance survival and is abundant in sea ice brine channels, but little is known about its function there. This study investigated the effects of temperature on EPS production in batch culture by CAM025, a marine bacterium isolated from sea ice sampled from the Southern Ocean. Previous studies have shown that CAM025 is a member of the genus
Pseudoalteromonas
and therefore belongs to a group found to be abundant in sea ice by culture-dependent and -independent techniques. Batch cultures were grown at −2°C, 10°C, and 20°C, and cell number, optical density, pH, glucose concentration, and viscosity were monitored. The yield of EPS at −2°C and 10°C was 30 times higher than at 20°C, which is the optimum growth temperature for many psychrotolerant strains. EPS may have a cryoprotective role in brine channels of sea ice, where extremes of high salinity and low temperature impose pressures on microbial growth and survival. The EPS produced at −2°C and 10°C had a higher uronic acid content than that produced at 20°C. The availability of iron as a trace metal is of critical importance in the Southern Ocean, where it is known to limit primary production. EPS from strain CAM025 is polyanionic and may bind dissolved cations such at trace metals, and therefore the presence of bacterial EPS in the Antarctic marine environment may have important ecological implications.
Long-Term Population Dynamics of Phototrophic Sulfur Bacteria in the Chemocline of Lake Cadagno, Switzerland
Authors: Tonolla Mauro , Peduzzi Raffaele , Hahn Dittmar
Published: July 2005

Population analyses in water samples obtained from the chemocline of crenogenic, meromictic Lake Cadagno, Switzerland, in October for the years 1994 to 2003 were studied using in situ hybridization with specific probes. During this 10-year period, large shifts in abundance between purple and green sulfur bacteria and among different populations were obtained. Purple sulfur bacteria were the numerically most prominent phototrophic sulfur bacteria in samples obtained from 1994 to 2001, when they represented between 70 and 95% of the phototrophic sulfur bacteria. All populations of purple sulfur bacteria showed large fluctuations in time with populations belonging to the genus
Lamprocystis
being numerically much more important than those of the genera
Chromatium
and
Thiocystis
. Green sulfur bacteria were initially represented by
Chlorobium phaeobacteroides
but were replaced by
Chlorobium clathratiforme
by the end of the study.
C. clathratiforme
was the only green sulfur bacterium detected during the last 2 years of the analysis, when a shift in dominance from purple sulfur bacteria to green sulfur bacteria was observed in the chemocline. At this time, numbers of purple sulfur bacteria had decreased and those of green sulfur bacteria increased by about 1 order of magnitude and
C. clathratiforme
represented about 95% of the phototrophic sulfur bacteria. This major change in community structure in the chemocline was accompanied by changes in profiles of turbidity and photosynthetically available radiation, as well as for sulfide concentrations and light intensity. Overall, these findings suggest that a disruption of the chemocline in 2000 may have altered environmental niches and populations in subsequent years.
Cloning and Sequencing of Two
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
Bicupin Oxalate Oxidase Allelic Isoforms: Implications for the Reaction Specificity of Oxalate Oxidases and Decarboxylases
Authors: Escutia Marta R. , Bowater Laura , Edwards Anne , Bottrill Andrew R. , Burrell Matthew R. , Polanco Rubén , Vicuña Rafael , Bornemann Stephen
Published: July 2005

Oxalate oxidase is thought to be involved in the production of hydrogen peroxide for lignin degradation by the dikaryotic white rot fungus
Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
. This enzyme was purified, and after digestion with trypsin, peptide fragments of the enzyme were sequenced using quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Starting with degenerate primers based on the peptide sequences, two genes encoding isoforms of the enzyme were cloned, sequenced, and shown to be allelic. Both genes contained 14 introns. The sequences of the isoforms revealed that they were both bicupins that unexpectedly shared the greatest similarity to microbial bicupin oxalate decarboxylases rather than monocupin plant oxalate oxidases (also known as germins). We have shown that both fungal isoforms, one of which was heterologously expressed in
Escherichia coli
, are indeed oxalate oxidases that possess ≤0.2% oxalate decarboxylase activity and that the organism is capable of rapidly degrading exogenously supplied oxalate. They are therefore the first bicupin oxalate oxidases to have been described. Heterologous expression of active enzyme was dependent on the addition of manganese salts to the growth medium. Molecular modeling provides new and independent evidence for the identity of the catalytic site and the key amino acid involved in defining the reaction specificities of oxalate oxidases and oxalate decarboxylases.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Alcohol Dehydrogenase from
Leifsonia
sp. Strain S749: a Promising Biocatalyst for an Asymmetric Hydrogen Transfer Bioreduction
Authors: Inoue Kousuke , Makino Yoshihide , Itoh Nobuya
Published: July 2005

To find microorganisms that could reduce phenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (PTK) to (
S
)-1-phenyltrifluoroethanol [(
S
)-PTE], styrene-assimilating bacteria (ca. 900 strains) isolated from soil samples were screened. We found that
Leifsonia
sp. strain S749 was the most suitable strain for the conversion of PTK to (
S
)-PTE in the presence of 2-propanol as a hydrogen donor. The enzyme corresponding to the reaction was purified homogeneity, characterized and designated
Leifsonia
alcohol dehydrogenase (LSADH). The purified enzyme had a molecular weight of 110,000 and was composed of four identical subunits (molecular weight, 26,000). LSADH required NADH as a cofactor, showed little activity with NADPH, and reduced a wide variety of aldehydes and ketones. LSADH catalyzed the enantioselective reduction of some ketones with high enantiomeric excesses (e.e.): PTK to (
S
)-PTE (>99% e.e.), acetophenone to (
R
)-1-phenylethanol (99% e.e.), and 2-heptanone to (
R
)-2-heptanol (>99% e.e.) in the presence of 2-propanol without an additional NADH regeneration system. Therefore, it would be a useful biocatalyst.
Identification and Characterization of Pathogenic
Yersinia enterocolitica
Isolates by PCR and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Thisted Lambertz S. , Danielsson-Tham M.-L.
Published: July 2005

Approximately 550 to 600 yersiniosis patients are reported annually in Sweden. Although pigs are thought to be the main reservoir of food-borne pathogenic
Yersinia enterocolitica
, the role of pork meat as a vehicle for transmission to humans is still unclear. Pork meat collected from refrigerators and local shops frequented by yersiniosis patients (
n
= 48) were examined for the presence of pathogenic
Yersinia
spp. A combined culture and PCR method was used for detection, and a multiplex PCR was developed and evaluated as a tool for efficient identification of pathogenic food and patient isolates. The results obtained with the multiplex PCR were compared to phenotypic test results and confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In all, 118 pork products (91 raw and 27 ready-to-eat) were collected. Pathogenic
Yersinia
spp. were detected by PCR in 10% (9 of 91) of the raw pork samples (loin of pork, fillet of pork, pork chop, ham, and minced meat) but in none of the ready-to-eat products. Isolates of
Y. enterocolitica
bioserotype 4/O:3 were recovered from six of the PCR-positive raw pork samples; all harbored the virulence plasmid. All isolates were recovered from food collected in shops and, thus, none were from the patients' home. When subjected to PFGE, the six isolates displayed four different NotI profiles. The same four NotI profiles were also present among isolates recovered from the yersiniosis patients. The application of a multiplex PCR was shown to be an efficient tool for identification of pathogenic
Y. enterocolitica
isolates in naturally contaminated raw pork.
Isolation and Detection of Enterovirus RNA from Large-Volume Water Samples by Using the NucliSens miniMAG System and Real-Time Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification
Authors: Rutjes Saskia A. , Italiaander Ronald , van den Berg Harold H. J. L. , Lodder Willemijn J. , de Roda Husman Ana Maria
Published: July 2005

Concentration of water samples is a prerequisite for the detection of the low virus levels that are present in water and may present a public health hazard. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid, standardized molecular method for the detection of enteroviruses in large-volume surface water samples, using a concentration method suitable for the detection of infectious viruses as well as virus RNA. Concentration of water was achieved by a conventional filter adsorption-elution method and ultrafiltration, resulting in a 10,000-fold concentration of the sample. Isolation of virus RNA by a silica-based RNA extraction method was compared with the nonmagnetic and magnetic NucliSens RNA isolation methods. By using the silica-based RNA extraction method in two out of five samples, enterovirus RNA was detected, whereas four out of five samples were positive following RNA isolation with magnetic silica beads. Moreover, estimated RNA levels increased at least 100 to 500 times. Furthermore, we compared enterovirus detection by an in-house reverse transcription (RT)-PCR with a novel commercially available real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) assay. We found that the rapid real-time NASBA assay was slightly less sensitive than our in-house RT-PCR. The advantages, however, of a commercial real-time NASBA assay, like the presence of an internal control RNA, standardization, and enormous decrease in turnaround time, makes it an attractive alternative to RT-PCR.
Changes in Race-Specific Virulence in
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. phaseolicola Are Associated with a Chimeric Transposable Element and Rare Deletion Events in a Plasmid-Borne Pathogenicity Island
Authors: Rivas Luis A. , Mansfield John , Tsiamis George , Jackson Robert W. , Murillo Jesús
Published: July 2005

Virulence for bean and soybean is determined by effector genes in a plasmid-borne pathogenicity island (PAI) in race 7 strain 1449B of
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. phaseolicola. One of the effector genes,
avrPphF
, confers either pathogenicity, virulence, or avirulence depending on the plant host and is absent from races 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 of this pathogen. Analysis of cosmid clones and comparison of DNA sequences showed that the absence of
avrPphF
from strain 1448A is due to deletion of a continuous 9.5-kb fragment. The remainder of the PAI is well conserved in strains 1448A and 1449B. The left junction of the deleted region consists of a chimeric transposable element generated from the fusion of homologs of IS
1492
from
Pseudomonas putida
and IS
1090
from
Ralstonia eutropha
. The borders of the deletion were conserved in 66
P. syringae
pv. phaseolicola strains isolated in different countries and representing the five races lacking
avrPphF
. However, six strains isolated in Spain had a 10.5-kb deletion that extended 1 kb further from the right junction. The perfect conservation of the 28-nucleotide right repeat of the IS
1090
homolog in the two deletion types and in the other 47 insertions of the IS
1090
homolog in the 1448A genome strongly suggests that the
avrPphF
deletions were mediated by the activity of the chimeric mobile element. Our data strongly support a clonal origin for the races of
P. syringae
pv. phaseolicola lacking
avrPphF
.
Differential Gene Expression for Investigation of
Escherichia coli
Biofilm Inhibition by Plant Extract Ursolic Acid
Authors: Ren Dacheng , Zuo Rongjun , González Barrios Andrés F. , Bedzyk Laura A. , Eldridge Gary R. , Pasmore Mark E. , Wood Thomas K.
Published: July 2005

After 13,000 samples of compounds purified from plants were screened, a new biofilm inhibitor, ursolic acid, has been discovered and identified. Using both 96-well microtiter plates and a continuous flow chamber with COMSTAT analysis, 10 μg of ursolic acid/ml inhibited
Escherichia coli
biofilm formation 6- to 20-fold when added upon inoculation and when added to a 24-h biofilm; however, ursolic acid was not toxic to
E. coli
,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Vibrio harveyi
, and hepatocytes. Similarly, 10 μg of ursolic acid/ml inhibited biofilm formation by >87% for
P. aeruginosa
in both complex and minimal medium and by 57% for
V. harveyi
in minimal medium. To investigate the mechanism of this nontoxic inhibition on a global genetic basis, DNA microarrays were used to study the gene expression profiles of
E. coli
K-12 grown with or without ursolic acid. Ursolic acid at 10 and 30 μg/ml induced significantly (
P
< 0.05) 32 and 61 genes, respectively, and 19 genes were consistently induced. The consistently induced genes have functions for chemotaxis and mobility (
cheA
,
tap
,
tar
, and
motAB
), heat shock response (
hslSTV
and
mopAB
), and unknown functions (such as
b1566
and
yrfHI
). There were 31 and 17 genes repressed by 10 and 30 μg of ursolic acid/ml, respectively, and 12 genes were consistently repressed that have functions in cysteine synthesis (
cysK
) and sulfur metabolism (
cysD
), as well as unknown functions (such as
hdeAB
and
yhaDFG
). Ursolic acid inhibited biofilms without interfering with quorum sensing, as shown with the
V. harveyi
AI-1 and AI-2 reporter systems. As predicted by the differential gene expression, deleting
motAB
counteracts ursolic acid inhibition (the paralyzed cells no longer become too motile). Based on the differential gene expression, it was also discovered that sulfur metabolism (through
cysB
) affects biofilm formation (in the absence of ursolic acid).
Gut Symbiotic Bacteria of the Genus
Burkholderia
in the Broad-Headed Bugs
Riptortus clavatus
and
Leptocorisa chinensis
(Heteroptera: Alydidae)
Authors: Kikuchi Yoshitomo , Meng Xian-Ying , Fukatsu Takema
Published: July 2005

The Japanese common broad-headed bugs
Riptortus clavatus
and
Leptocorisa chinensis
possess a number of crypts in the posterior region of the midgut, whose lumen contains a copious amount of bacterial cells. We characterized the gut symbiotic bacteria by using molecular phylogenetic analysis, light and electron microscopy, in situ hybridization, and PCR-based detection techniques. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S rRNA gene clones suggested that a single bacterium dominated the microbiota in the crypts of the both bug species. The predominant 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from different individuals and species of the bugs were not identical but were very similar to each other. Homology searches in the DNA databases revealed that the sequences showed the highest levels of similarity (96% to 99%) to the sequences of
Burkholderia
spp. belonging to the β subdivision of the class
Proteobacteria
. In situ hybridization with specific oligonucleotide probes confirmed the localization of the
Burkholderia
symbiont in the lumen of the midgut crypts. Electron microscopy showed that the lumen of the crypts was filled with rod-shaped bacteria of a single morphotype. Molecular phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the
Burkholderia
symbionts of the bugs formed a well-defined monophyletic group, although the group also contained several environmental
Burkholderia
strains. The phylogenetic relationship of the
Burkholderia
symbionts did not reflect the relationship of the host bug species at all. The sequences from
R. clavatus
and the sequences from
L. chinensis
did not form clades but were intermingled in the phylogeny, suggesting that horizontal transmission of the symbiont might have occasionally occurred between populations and species of the bugs.
Epizootiological Modeling of
Pandora neoaphidis
Mycosis Transmission in
Myzus persicae
Colonies Initiated by Primarily Infected Alates
Authors: Chen Chun , Feng Ming-Guang
Published: July 2005

Pandora neoaphidis
transmission was monitored within progeny colonies initiated by infected
Myzus periscae
alates individually flown for 1 to 5 h. Mycosis progress in the colonies was well fitted (
r
2
= 0.97) to a modified logistic or Gompertz model that included their flight distance, postflight survival time, premycosis fecundity, and primary infection rate as influential variables.
Genes Involved in Cyclic Lipopeptide Production Are Important for Seed and Straw Colonization byPseudomonassp. Strain DSS73
Authors: Nielsen Tommy H. , Nybroe Ole , Koch Birgit , Hansen Michael , Sørensen Jan
Published: July 2005

Survival in natural bulk soil and colonization of sugar beet seeds and barley straw residues were determined forPseudomonassp. strain DSS73 and Tn5mutants inamsY(encoding a peptide synthetase involved in production of the cyclic lipopeptide amphisin) andgacS(encoding the sensory kinase of the two-component GacA/GacS regulatory system). No differences in survival or growth in response to carbon amendment (citrate) were observed in bulk soil. However, both mutants were impaired in their colonization of sugar beet seeds and barley straw residues by an inoculum established in the bulk soil. The two mutants had comparable colonization phenotypes, suggesting that amphisin production is more important for colonization than othergacS-controlled traits.
Bacterial Diversity in Rhizospheres of Nontransgenic and Transgenic Corn
Authors: Fang Min , Kremer Robert J. , Motavalli Peter P. , Davis Georgia
Published: July 2005

Bacterial diversity in transgenic and nontransgenic corn rhizospheres was determined. In greenhouse and field studies, metabolic profiling and molecular analysis of 16S rRNAs differentiated bacterial communities among soil textures but not between corn varieties. We conclude that bacteria in corn rhizospheres are affected more by soil texture than by cultivation of transgenic varieties.
Distribution of Botulinum Toxin-Producing Clostridia in Soils of Argentina
Authors: Lúquez Carolina , Bianco María I. , de Jong Laura I. T. , Sagua María D. , Arenas Graciela N. , Ciccarelli Alberto S. , Fernández Rafael A.
Published: July 2005

We studied the presence of botulinum toxin-producing clostridia in 2,009 soil samples from five geographical regions of Argentina. The prevalence was 23.5%, and the distribution was not homogeneous among the regions. We observed a great multiplicity of serological types and a higher prevalence in nonvirgin soils than in virgin soils.
Identification and Functional Analysis of
Escherichia coli
Cysteine Desulfhydrases
Authors: Awano Naoki , Wada Masaru , Mori Hirotada , Nakamori Shigeru , Takagi Hiroshi
Published: July 2005

In
Escherichia coli
, three additional proteins having
l
-cysteine desulfhydrase activity were identified as
O
-acetylserine sulfhydrylase-A,
O
-acetylserine sulfhydrylase-B, and MalY protein, in addition to tryptophanase and cystathionine β-lyase, which have been reported previously. The gene disruption for each protein was significantly effective for overproduction of
l
-cysteine and
l
-cystine. Growth phenotype and transcriptional analyses suggest that tryptophanase contributes primarily to
l
-cysteine degradation.
Effect of Malnutrition on K+Current in T Lymphocytes
Authors: Fernández Rafael Godínez , Leehan Joaquín Azpiroz , Pastrana Reyna Fierro , Muñiz Rocío Ortíz
Published: July 2005

Severe malnutrition in children is frequently associated with infectious diseases. Animal models have been useful for studying the effects of malnutrition. One of the immunosuppressive mechanisms of malnutrition is inhibition of the activation of T lymphocytes. The voltage-dependent K(V) potassium channels are vital for the activation of T lymphocytes. The blockade of K(V) channels inhibits the activation of T lymphocytes. Malnutrition could affect the suitable synthesis of K(V) channels in T lymphocytes, producing changes in the magnitude and/or dependency of the voltage of the K+current. We reported a significant decrease in the K+current and activation to a 20 mV more positive membrane potential in T lymphocytes of rats with severe malnutrition. These results indicate that the diminution in the K+conductance by alteration of K(V) channels in severe malnutrition is one of the mechanisms that inhibit the activation of T lymphocytes.
Nuclear-Gene Targeting by Using Single-Stranded DNA Avoids Illegitimate DNA Integration in
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Zorin Boris , Hegemann Peter , Sizova Irina
Published: July 2005

Homologous DNA recombination (HR) allows the deletion (knockout), repair (rescuing), and modification of a selected gene, thereby rendering a functional analysis of the gene product possible. However, targeting of nuclear genes has been an inefficient process in most eukaryotes, including algae, plants, and animals, due to the dominance of integration of the applied DNA into nonhomologous regions of the genome. We have shown for the green alga
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
by repairing a previously introduced truncated aminoglycoside 3′-phosphotransferase gene,
aphVIII
, that single-stranded DNA can recombine with a homologous endogenous DNA region of interest. Nonhomologous DNA integration appeared to be more than 100-fold reduced compared with the use of double-stranded DNA, thus allowing isolation of the homologous recombinants. We propose that this method will be applicable to direct targeting of nuclear
C. reinhardtii
genes.
DISTILLABILITY AND POSITIVITY OF PARTIAL TRANSPOSES IN GENERAL QUANTUM FIELD SYSTEMS
Authors: VERCH RAINER , WERNER REINHARD F.
Published: July 2005

Criteria for distillability, and the property of having a positive partial transpose, are introduced for states of general bipartite quantum systems. The framework is sufficiently general to include systems with an infinite number of degrees-of-freedom, including quantum fields. We show that a large number of states in relativistic quantum field theory, including the vacuum state and thermal equilibrium states, are distillable over subsystems separated by arbitrary spacelike distances. These results apply to any quantum field model. It will also be shown that these results can be generalized to quantum fields in curved spacetime, leading to the conclusion that there is a large number of quantum field states which are distillable over subsystems separated by an event horizon.
SPINNING COSMIC STRINGS: A GENERAL CLASS OF SOLUTIONS
Authors: ÖZDEMİR N.
Published: July 2005

In this work, we give a general class of solutions of the spinning cosmic string in Einstein's theory of gravity. After treating same problem in Einstein–Cartan (EC) theory of gravity, the exact solution satisfying both exterior and interior space–times representing a spin fluid moving along the symmetry axis is presented in the EC theory. The existence of closed timelike curves in this space–time are also examined.
THERMODYNAMICS OF ABELIAN GAUGE FIELDS IN REAL HYPERBOLIC SPACES
Authors: BYTSENKO A. A. , MENDES V. S. , TORT A. C.
Published: July 2005

We work with N-dimensional compact real hyperbolic space XΓ with universal covering M and fundamental group Γ. Therefore, M is the symmetric space G/K, where G = SO 1(N, 1) and K = SO (N) is a maximal compact subgroup of G. We regard Γ as a discrete subgroup of G acting isometrically on M, and we take XΓ to be the quotient space by that action: XΓ = Γ∖M = Γ∖G/K. The natural Riemannian structure on M (therefore on X) induced by the Killing form of G gives rise to a connection p-form Laplacian 𝔏p on the quotient vector bundle (associated with an irreducible representation of K). We study gauge theories based on Abelian p-forms on the real compact hyperbolic manifold XΓ. The spectral zeta function related to the operator 𝔏p, considering only the coexact part of the p-forms and corresponding to the physical degrees of freedom, can be represented by the inverse Mellin transform of the heat kernel. The explicit thermodynamic functions related to skew-symmetric tensor fields are obtained by using the zeta-function regularization and the trace tensor kernel formula (which includes the identity and hyperbolic orbital integrals). Thermodynamic quantities in the high and low temperature expansions are calculated and new entropy/energy ratios established.
PLANAR AND NONPLANAR KONISHI ANOMALIES AND EFFECTIVE SUPERPOTENTIAL FOR NONCOMMUTATIVE ${\mathcal N}=1$ SUPERSYMMETRIC U(1)
Authors: ARDALAN FARHAD , SADOOGHI NÉDA
Published: July 2005

The Konishi anomalies for noncommutative [Formula: see text] supersymmetric U (1) gauge theory arising from planar and nonplanar diagrams are calculated. Whereas planar Konishi anomaly is the expected ⋆-deformation of the commutative anomaly, nonplanar anomaly reflects the important features of nonplanar diagrams of noncommutative gauge theories, such as UV/IR mixing and the appearance of nonlocal open Wilson lines. We use the planar and nonplanar Konishi anomalies to calculate the effective superpotential of the theory. In the limit of vanishing |Θp|, with Θ the noncommutativity parameter, the noncommutative effective superpotential depends on a gauge invariant superfield, which includes supersymmetric Wilson lines, and has nontrivial dependence on the gauge field supermultiplet.
BEKENSTEIN-SPECTRUM, TEMPERATURE AND SPECIFIC HEAT OF BLACK HOLES FROM CHAINS
Authors: KRAUSE AXEL
Published: July 2005

We study some consequences of a recently proposed description for a Schwarzschild black hole based on Euclidean [Formula: see text] brane pairs described in terms of chain-like excitations. A discrete mass-spectrum of Bekenstein-type is inferred and upon identification of the black hole mass with the chain's energy the leading corrections to both Hawking-temperature and specific heat of the black hole are obtained. The results indicate that for small black holes the evaporation process might be considerably altered.
TESTING INDEPENDENCE IN TIME SERIES VIA UNIVERSAL DISTRIBUTIONS OF PERMUTATIONS AND WORDS
Authors: CAMMAROTA CAMILLO , ROGORA ENRICO
Published: July 2005

We study probability distributions of permutations and binary words, which arise in symbolic analysis of time series and their differences. Under the assumptions that the series is stationary and independent we show that these probability distributions are universal and we derive a recursive algorithm for computing the distribution of binary words. This provides a general framework for performing chi square tests of goodness of fit of empirical distributions versus universal ones. We apply these methods to analyze heartbeat time series; in particular, we measure the extent to which atrial fibrillation can be modeled as an independent sequence.
DISSONANCE OF MULTIPLE DEVIL'S STAIRCASES
Authors: WANG XU-MING , QU SHI-XIAN , HE DA-REN
Published: July 2005

The multiple Devil's staircase reported by Qu, Wu and He in 1997 was composed of many tower-like structures. Each of which include two branches of the conventional complete Devil's staircases that connect the "single-exit" top and bottom steps. Their analytic conclusion show that all the conventional Devil's staircases are confined by two smooth curves with similar function forms W ∝ 1/ln ∊. These may be addressed as a kind of consonance. Our recent study found that it happens only in a few cases. Actually, in their system, 16 different kinds of tower branches exist in most parts of the parameter space. A lot of the steps lose the consonant property which are the so-called dissonant structures. The number of types of the corresponding dissonant branches is employed to describe the dissonance of the staircase. When the number of the discontinuous regions n, in the system develops, the dissonance of the staircase increases with 2n3- n rule. The numerical result shows that the conclusion is valid for a general discontinuous circle map.
NONLINEAR RESONANCE AND QUASI-PERIODIC SOLUTIONS FOR VENTILATION FLOWS IN A SINGLE OPENING ENCLOSURE
Authors: ZHENG ZUOHUAN , XU PENGCHENG , LI YUGUO , CHEN GUANRONG
Published: July 2005

This paper studies the nonlinear equation for ventilation flows in a single opening enclosure. Periodic solutions, the global attractive region, periods and amplitudes of the periodic solutions, and quasi-periodic solutions in the nonlinear equation are investigated.
HOPF BIFURCATION OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEM
Authors: LIU XUANLIANG , HAN MAOAN
Published: July 2005

Consider a three-dimensional system having an invariant surface and a weak focus of order k on the invariant surface. By using bifurcation techniques and analyzing the solutions of bifurcation equations, we study the spatial bifurcation phenomena near the weak focus and obtain the conditions for the existence of periodic orbits near the weak focus. An application of our results to a SIRS epidemiological model is given.
HOPF BIFURCATION CONTROL OF DELAYED SYSTEMS WITH WEAK NONLINEARITY VIA DELAYED STATE FEEDBACK
Authors: WANG ZAIHUA , HU HAIYAN
Published: July 2005

This paper presents a study on the problem of Hopf bifurcation control of time delayed systems with weak nonlinearity via delayed feedback control. It focusses on two control objectives: one is to annihilate the periodic solution, namely to perform a linear delayed feedback control so that the trivial equilibrium is asymptotically stable, and the other is to obtain an asymptotically stable periodic solution with given amplitude via linear or nonlinear delayed feedback control. On the basis of the averaging method and the center manifold reduction for delayed differential equations, an effective method is developed for this problem. It has been shown that a linear delayed feedback can always stabilize the unstable trivial equilibrium of the system, and a linear or nonlinear delayed feedback control can always achieve an asymptotically stable periodic solution with desired amplitude. The illustrative example shows that the theoretical prediction is in very good agreement with the simulation results, and that the method is valid with high accuracy not only for delayed systems with weak nonlinearity and via weak feedback control, but also for those when the nonlinearity and feedback control are not small.
ON SOME GLOBAL BIFURCATIONS OF THE DOMAINS OF FEASIBLE TRAJECTORIES: AN ANALYSIS OF RECURRENCE EQUATIONS
Authors: GU EN-GUO , RUAN JIONG
Published: July 2005

This paper is an attempt to give new results, by a computer-assisted study, on some global bifurcations that change the structure of the domain of feasible trajectories (bounded discrete trajectories having an ecological sense) which can be obtained by the union of all rank preimages of axes. Three two-dimensional recurrence equations (or maps) are analyzed. The two first maps are degenerated invertible maps (i.e. the inverses of them are well defined except a set of zero lebergue measure) for which the basins of attractor are obtained by the backward iteration of a stable manifold of a saddle fixed point belonging to the basin boundary, and the interior domains of feasible trajectories are given by the intersection between the basin of attractor and the first quadrant. The other is a noninvertible map which is investigated by the use of critical curves, a powerful tool for the analysis of global properties of two-dimensional maps.
STABILITY ANALYSIS OF A COLLOCATION METHOD FOR SOLVING THE RETARDED POTENTIAL INTEGRAL EQUATION
Authors: HARRIS P. J. , WANG H. , CHAKRABARTI R. , HENWOOD D.
Published: July 2005

This paper deals with the numerical solution of the retarded potential integral equation using a collocation type boundary element method. This method is widely used in practice but often suffers from stability problems. The purpose of the paper is to carry out a stability analysis of the numerical scheme and examine how any instability arises. This paper will then propose a method for overcoming this stability problem. A comparison with an exact solution demonstrates that the approach proposed here is effective for the case of a sphere.
A CFD APPROACH TO THE COMPUTATION OF THE ACOUSTIC RESPONSE OF EXHAUST MUFFLERS
Authors: BROATCH A. , MARGOT X. , GIL A. , DENIA F. D.
Published: July 2005

The study of the three-dimensional acoustic field inside an exhaust muffler is usually performed through the numerical solution of the linearized equations. In this paper, an alternative procedure is proposed, in which the full equations are solved in the time domain. The procedure is based on the CFD simulation of an impulsive test, so that the transmission loss may be computed and compared with measurements and other numerical approaches. Also, the details of the flow inside the muffler may be studied, both in the time and the frequency domains. The results obtained compare favorably with a conventional FEM calculation, mostly in the ability of the procedure to account for dissipative processes inside the muffler.
Osteogenic differentiation is inhibited and angiogenic expression is enhanced in MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on three-dimensional scaffolds
Authors: Jarrahy Reza , Huang Weibiao , Rudkin George H. , Lee Jane M. , Ishida Kenji , Berry Micah D. , Sukkarieh Modar , Wu Benjamin M. , Yamaguchi Dean T. , Miller Timothy A.
Published: July 2005

Osteogenic differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells in three-dimensional (3D) in vitro culture remains poorly understood. Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR techniques, we examined mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in murine preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells cultured for 48 h and 14 days on conventional two-dimensional (2D) poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) films and 3D PLGA scaffolds. Differences in VEGF secretion and function between 2D and 3D culture systems were examined using Western blots and an in vitro Matrigel-based angiogenesis assay. Expression of both alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin in cells cultured on 3D scaffolds was significantly downregulated relative to 2D controls in 48 h and 14 day cultures. In contrast, elevated levels of VEGF expression in 3D culture were noted at every time point in short- and long-term culture. VEGF protein secretion in 3D cultures was triple the amount of secretion observed in 2D controls. Conditioned medium from 3D cultures induced an enhanced level of angiogenic activity, as evidenced by increases in branch points observed in in vitro angiogenesis assays. These results collectively indicate that MC3T3-E1 cells commit to osteogenic differentiation at a slower rate when cultured on 3D PLGA scaffolds and that VEGF is preferentially expressed by these cells when they are cultured in three dimensions.