bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncovering the Synergy: Karnataka Government's Collaboration with Third Sector Organizations (TSOs) for Rural Development and Support during Covid-19
Authors: Bharathi, T. N.  , Ganapathy M.S. , Siddayya  , Sree Lakshmi, A.
Published: March 2024

Aims: Third sector organisations comprises of charities, social enterprises, and voluntary groups supporting communities at local level. The study has focused on the relationship between the State and Third Sector Organizations (TSOs) in delivering services to impoverished rural community.
Study Design:  Mention the design of the study here.
Place and Duration of Study: Thirty TSOs were chosen from Kolar, Chikkaballapur, and Tumakuru districts, encompassing a variety of entities including NGOs, SHGs, and primary-level cooperatives, which collectively constitute the third sector comprising charities, social enterprises, and voluntary groups supporting local communities. The data pertains to the year 2021-22.
Methodology: To achieve the specific objectives of the study, descriptive statistics were employed to assess the service delivery dynamics between the State and TSOs.
Results: The findings revealed that during the unprecedented times of the COVID-19 pandemic, Third Sector Organizations (TSOs) have played a crucial role in extending support to communities in various spheres. Despite the challenges posed by the pandemic, TSOs extended educational support to 1,687 individuals, representing 2.06 per cent of the total beneficiaries. A significant majority (83.33%) of these organisations actively participated in implementation of Government-supported projects, maintaining a two-way relationship with the government (73.33%). The organisations had also taken financial help from Government in the form of funds (70 %), grants (33.33 %), and subsidies (33.33 %). The study also revealed that majority (66.67 %) of the organizations were having political interference in TSO. Furthermore, a substantial majority (90%) of the organizations anticipated timely financial support from the Government.
Conclusion: The study underscores the indispensable role of Third Sector Organizations (TSOs) in bolstering impoverished rural communities, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite challenges, TSOs actively engage in government-supported projects, fostering a symbiotic relationship. However, concerns persist regarding political interference within TSOs, highlighting the need for safeguarding their autonomy. Overall, the findings emphasize the necessity of consistent and timely financial support from the government to sustain TSO initiatives effectively. The study recommended the necessity of providing punctual financial support from the government to encourage TSOs in enhancing their service delivery to the rural poor.
Effect of Cattle Urine and Humic Acid on Growth of Nutmeg Grafts
Authors: Debaje Prashant P. , Gawankar M. S. , Nike H.P. , Haldavanakar P. C. , Khandakar R. G. , Haldankar P. M.
Published: March 2024

The experiment was conducted at AICRP Oil Palm, College of Horticulture, Mulde, Sindhudurg under Dr. B. S. K. K. V. Dapoli, during the year 2020-2023 to assess the Effect of Cattle urine and humic acid spray sprays on growth of nutmeg grafts. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three  replications with eight different treatments of foliar application, cattle urine spray at (15% ,25%), and Humic acid spray at (0.4) and drenching, cattle urine drench at (15%, 25%), Humic acid drench at (0.2, 0.6), and Control (No spray), are applied on nutmeg grafts after 45 days of grafting up to 135 days and different growth parameter observation were recorded up to highest survival and saleable percentages. The best results was obtained from treatment T-7 (0.4% Humic acid spray) record significantly highest survival (95%), saleable percent (97.67%) along with highest height (15.85cm), girth (24.21mm), number of leaves (24.21), leaf length (15.85cm), leaf area (44.35cm2) and tap root in T-7  length (20.60cm).The highest cost benefit ratio were recorded significantly highest in T-7 hence for the excellent growth of nutmeg grafts in Konkan region  of Maharashtra  0.4% humic acid spray is recommended.
Ameliorative Potentials of Persea americana Mill (Avocado) Seed Extract on Acetaminophen-induced Hepatic Insufficiency in Rats
Authors: Ogbonnaya Enyinnaya A. , Belonwu Donatus C. , Ezim Ogechukwu E. , Umeh Uzoma
Published: March 2024

Aim: The ability of ethylacetate extract of Persea americana Mill (avocado) seed to ameliorate the hepatotoxic effect of acetaminophen in rats was assessed.
Methodology: Thirty experimental rats were placed in 6 groups of 5 animals per group. Two animal groups received distilled water and the drug vehicle, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Four other groups received acetaminophen (750 mg/kg bw/day) in DMSO for 3 days with 3 of the 4 groups receiving, after 3 days of acetaminophen administration and for 11 days, Persea americana seed extracts (150-, 350 mg/kg bw) and silymarin (200 mg/kg bw). Animals were sacrificed and both serum and liver tissue analysed for markers of liver integrity (AST, ALT, ALP), liver function (total protein, albumin, total cholesterol, triglyceride), antioxidant status (SOD, Catalase) and liver architecture.
Results: The result showed induction of hepatotoxicity by acetaminophen with increased AST, ALT, ALP and decreased SOD and CAT activities. Hepatotoxicity was also observed as increase in total and conjugated bilirubin and decrease in total cholesterol and triglyceride. Administration of Persea americana seed ethylacetate extract reversed the status of the parameters towards normal (except for AST, total protein and albumin). Also the liver architecture which hitherto revealed inflammation, fatty changes and hepatocyte necrosis also reversed to mild inflammation to normal histology. The action of the extract was dose dependent and its effectiveness comparable to silymarin (200 mg/kg bw).
Conclusion: The ethylacetate extract of Persia americana showed ameliorative effect against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity at higher dose, with potentials to reverse disruptions in liver integrity and function, and restore balance in endogenous antioxidant system.
Diversity of Hymenopteran Parasitoids in different Crop Ecosystems
Authors: Darshan R  , Hegde Jayalaxmi Narayan
Published: March 2024

Surveys were carried out in different districts viz., Shivamogga, Davangere and Chitradurga of Karnataka to collect and document hymenopteran parasitoids parasitizing insect pests attacking different crop ecosystems. A total of 42 hymenopteran parasitoids species represented by 33 genera belonged 12 families were documented from a collection of 1379 specimens from different stages viz., egg, larva, pupa and adult stage of host insects from different host plants viz., rice, maize, cabbage, cotton, coconut, brinjal, cashew, crape jasmine, tobacco, field bean, soybean, arecanut, cocoa, okra and pongamia. Among them, maximum parasitoids species (20) were collected from larval stage of host insects with per cent species composition of 47.62. Among the families, Braconidae was found most dominant (comprised of 23.81%), followed by Eulophidae (16.67%), Encyrtidae and Scelionidae (each with 14.29%). Alpha and beta diversity were computed for the three zones. Species diversity in terms of richness, evenness and abundance of hymenopteran parasitoids were calculated and compared during study period using Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson diversity index, Margalef’s diversity index, Menhinick’s index and Evenness. Species diversity was high in Shivamogga district as evidenced by Shannon-Wiener index (2.49), Simpson diversity index (0.88), Margalef’s index (4.09) and Menhinick’s index (1.22) and Evenness (0.46), followed by Davanagere district with respect to Shannon-Wiener index (1.69) Simpson’s diversity index (0.75), Margalef’s index and Menhinick’s index (2.27 and 0.90), respectively, while evenness was 0.24 and Chitradurga district with respect to Shannon-Wiener index (1.34) Simpson’s diversity index (0.54), Margalef’s index and Menhinick’s index (2.12 and 0.59), respectively.
Influence of Integrated Nutrient Management Practices on Soil Fertility and Yield of Fodder Maize in Chennai
Authors: Ananthi, T  , Shree J. Shilpa
Published: March 2024

Field experiments were conducted to study the influence of fodder maize (Zea mays L.) by adopting different bulky organic manures and fertilizer levels on the soil fertility status and fodder yield of maize. The study was conducted during rabi season of 2019 and 2020 at the Department of Agronomy, Madras Veterinary College, Chennai. An experiment was laid out in split plot design. Main plots consisted of different organic manure treatments viz., No manure, farm yard manure (25 t ha-1), vermicompost (12 t ha-1) and poultry manure (12 t ha-1). Sub plots consisted of varying level of fertilizer treatments viz., No fertilizer, 125% RDF, 100% RDF, 75% RDF. The blanket recommendation of fertilizer to fodder maize is 60 kg N ha-1: 40 kg P2O5 ha-1: 20 kg K2O ha-1. The organic manures were applied as per the N equivalent basis to inorganic nutrient recommendation. The results revealed that all the soil parameters, green and dry fodder yield were significantly affected with the application of organic manures and fertilizer levels. Organic sources of nutrients tended to improve soil physico-chemical properties viz., bulk density, water holding capacity, porosity and organic carbon. The highest organic carbon content was noticed with the application of poultry manure (0.50 %) followed by poultry manure. The post harvest available soil nutrients was high in fodder maize grown with poultry manure along with 125% recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer to fodder maize recorded higher soil available nitrogen (109.48 kg ha-1), phosphorus (15.46 kg ha-1) and potassium (118.65 kg ha-1). Significantly higher green and dry fodder yield of maize was recorded with application of poultry manure along with 75 % recommended dose of fertilizer. Hence, application of organic manures specifically poultry manure along with low level of fertilizer improved the soil fertility and thus increased the green fodder yield of maize.
Assessment of Nutritional Potentials and Economic Significance of Sesame Seed Meal (Sesamum indicum) in the Diet of Growing Snails (Archachatina marginata)
Authors: Popoola, Y. A.  , Ajijola, S.  , Idowu, A. B.  , Oladele-Bukola, M. O.  , Ajayi, S. R  , Popoola, K. A.  , Omole, A. J.
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this study was to assess the economic effects of replacing the groundnut cake meal portion of the diet with sesame seed meal (SSM) on the performance traits, carcass analysis, and cost benefits of the feeding strategy. One hundred and twenty snails, weighing an average of 175±2.7g, were divided into four dietary regimens at random and reproduced three times. Each replication had ten snails in it, following a completely randomized design. Four diets were formulated to contain SSM at 0% (SSM1) Control, 50% (SSM2), 75% (SSM 3), 100% (SSM 4) as replacement for soybean meal fraction in the diet of growing snails. The diets were formulated to contain about 24% crude protein and energy of 2400 kcal/kgME. Data were collected on Feed intake, weight gain, shell length, thickness and width, Feed conversion ratio and cost per weight gain. The findings indicate that the different inclusion levels of SSM in the diet had a significant impact on the mean total feed intake (P<0.05). The feed intake and mean total weight gain showed similar trends. (P<0.05) was the greatest mean weight gain. The ratio of feed intake to weight gain, or feed conversion ratio (FCR), was essentially constant across all treatments. The diet with the highest level of SSM4 (100%) inclusion had the lowest cost per weight (CPW) gain (N170.61), while the control diet with 0% SSM1 inclusion had the highest CPW gain (N221.88). It is however interesting also to note that as feed intake (kg) increases, CPW (N) gain reduces. The dressing percent (DP) of the snail was significantly influenced by the dietary treatments.
Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Species Using Selected 3rd Generation Cephalosporins Antibiotics Against Humans and Poultry Faeces in South West, Nigeria
Authors: Ipinlaye J. O. , Oluyege A. O. , Adewunmi F. A.
Published: March 2024

Introduction: Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates are among the most common bacterial pathogens associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) where animals are known to be the major reservoir of NTS despite improvements in hygiene and sanitation.
Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of non-typhoidal salmonella species from humans and poultry faeces in Ido-Ekiti using selected 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics. Study Location and Duration: The study was carried out at Federal Teaching Hospital Ido Ekiti for 3months between July 2023 and September 2023.
Methodology: A total of 300 faecal samples were collected (100 from humans and 200 from poultry) by random sampling and analyzed by enriching on Selenite F broth and cultured on XLD agar using standard method. Faecal samples were identified using morphology, microscopic and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility test determined using disc diffusion method.
Results: The prevalence of NTS in human and poultry sources were 9% and 11.5% respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed high resistance rates to 3rd generation Cephalosporins antibiotics among the poultry isolates, especially to Cefuroxime, Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone at 86.9%, 65.2% and 82.6% respectively while Ceftazidime at 88.9% only had an high resistance from human samples as compared to the poultry samples.
Conclusion: The study confirmed that poultries in Ido Ekiti are likely major sources of resistant NTS, and this poses a potential hazard to the public, especially those living close to the poultry and those rearing them.
Soil Health Management in Direct Seeded Rice: Exploring Nutrient Dynamics and Soil Microbial Communities
Authors: Sangeetha C. , Mohanty Lalita Kumar , Laxman T. , Ratnam Kobagapu Mani , Chouhan Deepak , Kalaiselvi P. , Kurdekar Akshay Kumar , Lytand Wankasaki
Published: March 2024

Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) has emerged as a sustainable alternative to traditional transplanting methods, offering water and labor savings. However, the shift to DSR practices raises questions about soil health management. This review delves into the intricate relationship between nutrient dynamics and soil microbial communities in DSR systems. The review elucidates the impact of DSR on nutrient cycling, discusses the alterations in soil microbial diversity and functions, and explores strategies to enhance soil health in DSR. By addressing these aspects, the review offers insights into the complexities of DSR from a soil health perspective and highlights research gaps for future exploration.
Geometric effects of mixing in 2D granular tumblers using discrete models
Authors: Cisar Stephen E. , Ottino Julio M. , Lueptow Richard M.
Published: March 2007

Discrete models are an effective method to study mixing of granular materials in a variety of cases. We study the mixing of monodisperse granular materials in 2D tumblers rotating in the avalanching regime using two different discrete models. First, we develop a cellular automata (CA) model based on comparing the heights of columns of particles in the CA grid that results in irregular avalanching and mixing of particles. Second, we use a model based on mapping of wedge regions that has been shown to reproduce experimental results. We compare mixing of like particles in tumblers of various shapes and fill fractions using both models. Mixing rates for half‐full tumblers demonstrate a strong dependence on the symmetries of the tumbler shape. More than half‐full tumblers give rise to a core of unmixed particles with a shape that changes with fill fraction. This results in multiple extrema in the mixing rate depending on the fill fraction. Mixing is fastest for low fill fractions, and triangular tumblers provide the quickest mixing. While the wedge and CA models produce quantitatively similar results, the cellular automata model is substantially more flexible and typically runs in an order of magnitude less time. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 53: 1151–1158, 2007
Innentitelbild: A Nucleoside That Contains a Rigid Nitroxide Spin Label: A Fluorophore in Disguise (Angew. Chem. 15/2007)
Authors: Barhate Nivrutti , Cekan Pavol , Massey Archna P. , Sigurdsson Snorri Th.
Published: March 2007

Ein einzelnes Nucleosid als Sonde für zwei komplementäre spektroskopische Techniken: S. Th. Sigurdsson et al. schildern in der Zuschrift auf S. 2709 ff. die Synthese von DNA mit einer starren Nitroxid‐Spinmarkierung. Das modifizierte Nucleosid bildet ein stabiles Basenpaar mit Guanin, wobei die Spinmarkierung in der großen Furche zu liegen kommt. Die Starrheit des Nitroxids ermöglicht genauere Messungen von Abständen und Bewegungen in Nucleinsäuren (links), und seine Reduktion liefert eine fluoreszierende Sonden‐DNA (rechts).
Cover Picture: Formation of Gels and Liquid Crystals Induced by Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt and π–π* Interactions in Luminescent σ‐Alkynyl Platinum(II) Terpyridine Complexes (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 15/2007)
Authors: Camerel Franck , Ziessel Raymond , Donnio Bertrand , Bourgogne Cyril , Guillon Daniel , Schmutz Marc , Iacovita Cristian , Bucher Jean‐Pierre
Published: March 2007

Platinum soft wires can be created by linking amphiphilic alkyne platforms to planar PtII terpyridine units. The cover picture shows fibers formed from the stacking of such complexes through Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt and π–π interactions that give rise to deep‐green gels and liquid‐crystalline materials with near‐IR phosphorescence. In their Communication on page 2659 ff., R. Ziessel and co‐workers describe how the fibers are organized on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite substrates (observed by AFM; background).
Rotationsfähigkeit von verbundlos vorgespannten Segmenttragwerken
Authors: Möller Juliane , Stempniewski Lothar
Published: March 2007

Der Einsatz von verbundlos vorgespannten Segmentträgern mit Trockenfugen ermöglicht kurze Bauzeiten und aufgrund der Demontierbarkeit ein nachhaltiges Bauen. Für eine wirtschaftliche Dimensionierung der Segmente wird ein Öffnen der Fugen im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit zugelassen, so dass sich das Trag‐ und Verformungsverhalten deutlich von der monolithischen Bauweise unterscheidet. Nach DIN 1045‐1 sind bisher Schnittgrößenumlagerungen in Segmenttragwerken mit Trockenfugen nicht zulässig. Experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen zeigen jedoch, dass unter Beachtung der Lage der Fuge zu einem plastischen Gelenk die Rotationsfähigkeit von Segmenttragwerken für Schnittgrößenumlagerungen ausreichend ist. Es werden der Einfluss der Biege‐ und Schubschlankheit auf die Rotationsfähigkeit von Segmenttragwerken und ein Vorschlag zur Schnittgrößenermittlung mit Umlagerung vorgestellt.
Probleme bei der Berechnung von Stahlbetonkonstruktionen mittels dreidimensionalen Gesamtmodellen
Authors: Rombach Günter A.
Published: March 2007

In der Praxis werden für die Berechnung von Stahlbetontragwerken immer häufiger dreidimensionale Finite‐Elemente‐Modelle des gesamten Tragwerkes (Gesamt‐ oder Gebäudemodelle) verwendet, wobei teilweise auch das stofflich nichtlineare Materialverhalten des Betons berücksichtigt wird. Dabei wird oftmals den Ergebnissen des Rechenprogramms blind vertraut. Aus Zeitgründen unterbleiben die unbedingt notwendigen Kontrollen ebenso wie eine übersichtliche Dokumentation der wesentlichen Rechenergebnisse. Diese Entwicklung bietet Anlass zur Sorge im Hinblick auf die Tragsicherheit der Bauwerke. In diesem Beitrag werden an einer relativ einfachen Tragstruktur, einer Bogenbrücke, die Schwierigkeiten erläutert, welche bei komplexen FEBerechnungen auftreten können. Es wird verdeutlicht, dass eine automatische, programminterne Bemessung von Stahlbetontragwerken nicht möglich ist. Die Ausführungen sollen dazu dienen, dem Tragwerksplaner die Notwendigkeit einer eingehenden Prüfung der Ergebnisse zu vermitteln.
Hochfester Beton im Eisenbahnwesen: Dieser Bericht erschien auch in der niederländische Fachzeitschrift “Cement”, Heft 6/2006
Authors: de Bruijn Jos , van der Vaart Frank , van der Veen Cor
Published: March 2007

Brücken im Eisenbahnwesen wurden bisher vorwiegend aus Stahl gebaut. Beim Entwurf neuer Brücken und beim Ersetzen vorhandener Brücken fällt die Entscheidung meist wieder zugunsten von Stahlbrücken aus, weil diese i. A. eine geringere Bauhöhe haben als Brücken aus herkömmlichem Beton. Mit hochfestem Beton scheint es jedoch möglich zu sein, Brücken mit einer vergleichbaren Bauhöhe zu konzipieren, die eine gute Alternative zu Stahlbrücken darstellen können. Im Eisenbahnbereich wurde hochfester Beton allerdings noch nicht angewendet. Deshalb wurden hierzu Untersuchungen durchgeführt.
Intraoperative diagnosis and treatment of parathyroid cancer and atypical parathyroid adenoma
Authors: Ippolito G , Palazzo F F , Sebag F , De Micco C , Henry J F
Published: March 2007

Background

Distinction of parathyroid cancer from atypical parathyroid adenoma (APA) at operation is difficult. The aim of this study was to determine whether parathyroid cancer and APA have different operative findings and long-term outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective review was undertaken of patients with suspicious or malignant parathyroid tumours treated between 1974 and 2005. Parathyroid cancer was defined as a lesion with vascular or tissue invasion, and APA as a neoplasm with broad fibrous bands, trabecular growth, mitosis and nuclear atypia.

Results

Twenty-seven patients with suspicious or malignant parathyroid tumours were identified. After histological review, parathyroid cancer was confirmed in 11 patients (group 1) and 16 tumours were classified as APA (group 2). The clinical presentation and operative findings of the two types of tumour were indistinguishable. At initial surgery, seven patients in group 1 underwent en bloc resection, and four had parathyroidectomy. Four of the seven patients who had en bloc resection had recurrences. No recurrences were observed in the other seven patients in group 1 at a median follow-up of 65 months. In group 2, eight patients had en bloc resection and eight had parathyroidectomy; no patient had recurrence at a median follow-up of 91 months.

Conclusion

Operative findings cannot distinguish APA from parathyroid cancer reliably. Without evidence of macroscopic local invasion, the value of en bloc resection at initial surgery remains debatable.
Epidemiological study of the relationship between volume and outcome after abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery in the UK from 2000 to 2005
Authors: Holt P J E , Poloniecki J D , Loftus I M , Michaels J A , Thompson M M
Published: March 2007

Background

The aim was to assess the relationship between hospital volume and outcome after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery in the UK.

Methods

Hospital Episode Statistics (2000–2005) were classified as elective, urgent or ruptured AAA repair. Analysis was by modelling of mortality rate, complication rate and length of hospital stay with regard to the annual operative volume, after risk adjustment.

Results

There were 112 545 diagnoses, or repairs, of AAAs, of which 26 822 were infrarenal aneurysms. The mean mortality rate was 7·4, 23·6 and 41·8 per cent for elective, urgent and ruptured AAA repair respectively. Elective AAA repair undertaken at high-volume hospitals showed volume-related improvements in mortality (P < 0·001). Patients were discharged from hospital earlier (P < 0·001). The critical volume threshold was 32 elective AAA repairs per year. For urgent repair, patients at high-volume hospitals had a reduced mortality rate (P = 0·017) with an increased length of stay (P = 0·041). There was no relationship between volume and outcome for ruptured AAA repairs.

Conclusion

Increased annual volumes were associated with significant reductions in mortality for elective and urgent AAA repair, but not for repair of ruptured AAAs.
Randomized clinical trial comparing bipolar coagulating and standard great saphenous stripping for symptomatic varicose veins
Authors: Lorenz D , Gäbel W , Redtenbacher M , Weissenhofer W , Minzlaff M , Stengel D
Published: March 2007

Background

Typical side-effects of saphenous stripping for symptomatic varicose veins include painful thigh haematomas, which a new bipolar coagulating electric vein stripper (EVS) may reduce.

Methods

In a randomized, single-blind trial at three vascular centres, 99 patients were assigned to EVS and 101 to conventional stripping. The primary outcome was postoperative pain at rest and following physical exercise (climbing stairs). Haematomas were quantified by ultrasonography. Further endpoints were duration of postoperative compression, sick leave and quality of life (measured by the Chronic Lower Limb Venous Insufficiency Questionnaire (CIVIQ) and Short Form 36 (SF-36®)).

Results

Mean resting visual analogue scale for pain 24 h after surgery was 1·6 in the EVS group and 3·3 in the conventional stripping group (mean difference 1·7, 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1·4 to 1·9, P < 0·001). Mean ratings following exercise were 3·3 and 5·5 (mean difference 2·3, 95 per cent c.i. 2·0 to 2·6, P < 0·001) respectively. No patient in the EVS group had a measurable thigh haematoma, compared with 74 patients after conventional stripping (P < 0·001). The EVS significantly decreased the length of compression therapy and sick leave, and produced superior CIVIQ and SF-36 ratings.

Conclusion

The EVS was safe and effective in avoiding painful haematomas following varicose vein surgery.
Prevention of venous thromboembolism in surgical patients with breast cancer
Authors: Patiar S , Kirwan C C , McDowell G , Bundred N J , McCollum C N , Byrne G J
Published: March 2007

Background

No randomized trial has yet studied venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis in patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer.

Methods

Relevant articles were identified using Medline searches. Secondary articles were identified from the reference lists of key papers.

Results and conclusion

The absence of randomized trials comparing different methods of VTE prophylaxis with controls makes an evidence-based consensus among breast cancer surgeons difficult. Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) and graduated compression (GC) are effective in reducing VTE without the haemorrhagic complications associated with heparin; their effects are additive. The authors suggest the following strategy. All patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer should receive both IPC and GC, with heparin reserved for those at very high risk. A controlled trial should randomize women to receive heparin or not, and all women should have both IPC and GC. The primary endpoints should be the development of VTE and/or haemorrhagic complications.
Trends in the surgical management of Klatskin tumours
Authors: Khan A Z , Makuuchi M
Published: March 2007

Outcomes are improving
The Cochrane Collaboration and systematic reviews
Authors: Clarke M
Published: March 2007

Addressing information overload
Facile and Efficient Synthesis of Lactols by a Domino Reaction of 2,3‐Epoxy Alcohols with a Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagent and Its Application to the Synthesis of Lactones and the Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐Tanikolide
Authors: Fujioka Hiromichi , Matsuda Satoshi , Horai Mai , Fujii Eri , Morishita Maiko , Nishiguchi Natsuko , Hata Kayoko , Kita Yasuyuki
Published: March 2007

The domino reaction of 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐alcohol derivatives, namely tetrasubstituted 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐alcohols and 2‐ or 3‐alkyl trisubstituted 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐alcohols, with PhI(OCOCF3)2 in the presence of H2O is described in detail. In this reaction, several types of lactol derivatives can be directly obtained from the 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐alcohol derivatives in a single operation. The obtained lactols were successively converted into the corresponding lactones. This reaction is applicable to the construction of optically active lactone compounds. The asymmetric total synthesis of (+)‐tanikolide, an antifungal marine natural product, has been effectively achieved by using this reaction.
Cover Picture: Design of Original Bioactive Formulations Based on Sugar–Surfactant/Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Catanionic Self‐Assemblies: A New Way of Dermal Drug Delivery (Chem. Eur. J. 11/2007)
Authors: Consola Sabrina , Blanzat Muriel , Perez Emile , Garrigues Jean‐Christophe , Bordat Pascal , Rico‐Lattes Isabelle
Published: March 2007

An original catanionic assembly based on a sugar‐derived surfactant and a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) is described by I. Rico‐Lattes et al. in their Full Paper on page 3039 ff. These catanionic vesicles provided a bioactive formulation for the dermal administration of NSAIDs. This original formulation showed very interesting benefits. It improved the anti‐inflammatory activity of the NSAID in vivo and it ensured a slower diffusion of the NSAID through the skin.
Gemcitabine and vinorelbine combination chemotherapy for patients with advanced soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Dileo Palma , Morgan Jeffrey A. , Zahrieh David , Desai Jayesh , Salesi Jeanine M. , Harmon David C. , Quigley M. Travis , Polson Kathleen , Demetri George D. , George Suzanne
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND.

Single‐agent gemcitabine and vinorelbine have activity in treatment of patients with soft‐tissue sarcomas. The combination of gemcitabine plus vinorelbine has activity against several forms of metastatic carcinoma with acceptable toxicity. This study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of gemcitabine plus vinorelbine in advanced soft‐tissue sarcoma.

METHODS.

A single academic center performed this phase II trial. Eligible patients had unresectable or metastatic soft‐tissue sarcomas, Eastern Cooperative Group performance status of 0–2, adequate organ function, and ≤1 prior regimen. Gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 was given over 90 minutes on Days 1 and 8 of a 21‐day cycle after administration of vinorelbine 25 mg/m2. Dosing schedule was modified for toxicity (doses constant but administered on Days 1 and 15 of a 28‐day cycle). Dose reductions were allowed if unacceptable toxicities recurred.

RESULTS.

The study accrued 40 patients, and 248 dosing cycles were administered (range, 1–32). No treatment‐related deaths occurred. Of 9 episodes of grade 4 toxicities, 8 were hematologic. Of 38 episodes of grade 3 toxicity, 24 were hematologic. Clinical benefit was seen in 25% of patients and was defined as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or stable disease (SD) at >4 months. There has been 1 CR lasting >1 year in a patient with high‐grade pleomorphic spindle‐cell sarcoma.

CONCLUSIONS.

Gemcitabine given by a fixed‐dose rate of infusion combined with vinorelbine was associated with clinically meaningful rates of disease control in patients with advanced soft‐tissue sarcoma. Toxicity was acceptable. This study contributed to data that have supported the administration of fixed‐dose rate gemcitabine‐based drug regimens in soft‐tissue sarcomas. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Long‐term responses in patients with recurring or refractory B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma treated with yttrium 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan
Authors: Witzig Thomas E. , Molina Arturo , Gordon Leo I. , Emmanouilides Christos , Schilder Russell J. , Flinn Ian W. , Darif Mohamed , Macklis Roger , Vo Katie , Wiseman Gregory A.
Published: March 2007

BACKGROUND.

Radioimmunotherapy with radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies to CD20 produces a high response rate in patients with recurring non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but the durability of those remissions is not well defined.

METHODS.

Data on patients with recurring NHL treated with yttrium Y 90 ibritumomab tiuxetan in 4 clinical trials were reviewed to identify patients with a long‐term response, defined as a time to progression of 12 months or longer.

RESULTS.

Long‐term responses were seen in 37% (78/211) of patients. At a median follow‐up of 53.5 months (range, 12.7–88.9) the median duration of response was 28.1 months and the median time to progression was 29.3 months. A third of these patients had been treated with at least 3 previous therapies, and 37% of them had not responded to their last therapy. The findings in patients with follicular lymphoma (n = 59) were similar to those in the overall population of long‐term responders. The estimated overall survival at 5 years was 53% for all patients treated with 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan and 81% for long‐term responders.

CONCLUSIONS.

A single dose of 90Y ibritumomab tiuxetan can produce durable responses and prolonged overall survival in a substantial number of patients in whom previous therapies have failed. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Ligand‐Exchange Processes on Solvated Lithium Cations: Acetonitrile and Hydrogen Cyanide
Authors: Pasgreta Ewa , Puchta Ralph , Zahl Achim , van Eldik Rudi
Published: March 2007

Solutions of LiClO4 in solvent mixtures of acetonitrile and water, or acetonitrile and nitromethane, were studied by 7Li NMR spectroscopy. Measured chemical shifts indicate that the Li+ cation is coordinated by four acetonitrile molecules. In the binary water/acetonitrile mixture, water coordinates more strongly to Li+ than acetonitrile such that addition of water immediately leads to the formation of [Li(H2O)4]+. The solvent‐exchange mechanism for [Li(L)4]+ (L = CH3CN and HCN) was studied by using DFT calculations (RB3LYP/6‐311+G**). This process was found to follow a limiting associative mechanism involving the formation of relatively stable five‐coordinate intermediates. The suggested mechanisms are discussed with reference to available experimental and theoretical data. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Supramolecular, Calixarene‐Based Complexes That Release NO Gas
Authors: Wanigasekara Eranda , Leontiev Alexander V. , Organo Voltaire G. , Rudkevich Dmitry M.
Published: March 2007

Calix[4]arenes and nanotubes based on them convert NO2/N2O4 gases into nonvolatile NO+ species and encapsulate them. In a one‐electron reduction scheme with hydroquinone, the complexed NO+ transforms into NO gas. While NO is released, calixarenes are regenerated and can be loaded again. Supramolecular materials for generation, storage and release of NO can be potentially created, with high‐capacity calixarene nanotubes holding a special promise. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
On the dynamic properties of asymmetric wall‐frame structures
Authors: Rutenberg A. , Glück J. , Reinhorn A.
Published: March 2007

An efficient approximate hand method is proposed for the evaluation of the dynamic properties of asymmetric wall‐frame structures. The approximation is based on a two‐degree‐of‐freedom zeroth order solution of the coupled differential equations of motion. The restrictions on the structural geometry of the building imposed in a previous paper1 are relaxed and the accuracy of the approximation is made dependent on the similarity between the mode shapes of the uncoupled lateral and torsional systems.
On the stability of columns subjected to non‐stationary random or deterministic support motion
Authors: Ahmadi Goodarz , Mostaghel Naser
Published: March 2007

The dynamic stability of an elastic column subjected to random or deterministic support motion is studied via the Liapunov method. The definitions of mean square stability and the related theorems are presented. Several criteria regarding the stability of the equilibrium state of the column are established. It is shown that if the static axial loading is less than the Euler critical load and the base acceleration is absolute integrable in the mean for random motion of the support or simply absolute integrable for deterministic motion of the base, the equilibrium state of the column is stable.
A two degree of freedom model for the dynamics of offshore structures
Authors: Taylor R. Eatock
Published: March 2007

As a means towards an understanding of the structural dynamics of deepwater gravity platforms, the dynamic response of a linear two degree of freedom spring‐mass‐damper system is studied herein. The mathematical model represents dynamic interaction between structure and foundation. Particular attention is paid to the influence of wave force distribution. Transfer functions are obtained for the response to sinusoidal waves, and resonant magnification factors are plotted for a range of structural and loading parameters. It is concluded that the response even of this simple idealization is far from straightforward.
Torsional spectrum for earthquake motions
Authors: Tso W. K. , Hsu T.‐I
Published: March 2007

A computational scheme is presented to construct torsional spectra due to the rotational component of seismic ground motions. The rotational component of ground motion is estimated from the measured earthquake acceleration records. In contrast to previous studies, no differentiation of acceleration records is involved in the present scheme. The torsional spectrum of the 1940 El Centro earthquake is computed and compared with previous results. An average and a mean plus one standard deviation torsional spectrum is presented for design purposes. These spectra are results based on four historical records (1934 El Centre, 1940 El Centro, 1949 Olympia and 1952 Taft) normalized to the 1940 El Centro intensity.
Dynamic response of tipping core buildings
Authors: Meek J. W.
Published: March 2007

When subjected to major earthquakes, core‐stiffened buildings may begin to tip. That is, the overturning moment on the core's footing becomes so large that the footing breaks contact with the ground and begins to rock. A method is described for including the effects of tipping in the analysis of multistorey core‐braced structures. Curves are presented which summarize the maximum response to both pulse and earthquake excitations; these data are elucidated via a typical design example. By comparison to fixed‐base behaviour, tipping greatly reduces the base shear and moment. This makes possible a more economical design. However, attention must be devoted to avoiding potential soil‐mechanics problems associated with the wobbling behaviour of the tipping core.
The dynamics of offshore gravity platforms: Some insights afforded by a two degree of freedom model
Authors: Taylor R. Eatock , Duncan P. E.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents some findings of an investigation into the dynamic behaviour of offshore gravity platforms excited by waves. Results obtained from a finite element model are presented in the form of dynamic magnification factor curves for two structures typical of current concrete platform designs. In order to facilitate interpretation of these results a simple two degree of freedom model is developed and the equivalent results presented. These are found to be very similar to those obtained from the more detailed idealization, and it is therefore concluded that the principal mechanisms involved in the dynamic behaviour of offshore gravity structures are adequately represented in the simple model. Several useful insights into this behaviour are then achieved by closer examination of the two degree of freedom configuration.
Vibration studies and tests of a suspension bridge
Authors: Abdel‐Ghaffar A. M.
Published: March 2007

The natural frequencies of the San Pedro‐Terminal Island Suspension Bridge were fairly accurately determined by measuring traffic‐excited vertical vibrations with sensitive seismometers mounted at various locations on the bridge. The Fourier amplitude spectrum of the recorded vertical movements was computed and plotted. The measurements revealed a wide band of natural frequencies. The results for the vertical and torsional natural frequencies were correlated with the computed frequencies. The results of the field measurements showed reasonable agreement with the computed values. Finally, further recommendations toward obtaining better results were also indicated.
Rheological properties of magnetic fluids and their microstructural background
Authors: Odenbach S. , Pop L. M. , Zubarev A. Yu.
Published: March 2007

Beyond the changes exerted by magnetic fields on the flows and properties of suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles, the change of their viscous behavior attracts ongoing research interest since nearly four decades. Within this contribution we'll review the general rheological features of ferrofluids and will present theoretical explanations on microstructural basis providing an insight in the mechanisms leading to a magnetic field dependence of ferrofluid's rheology. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Internal solitary waves in a variable medium
Authors: Grimshaw Roger
Published: March 2007

In both the ocean and the atmosphere, the interaction of a density stratified flow with topography can generate large‐amplitude, horizontally propagating internal solitary waves. Often these waves are observed in regions where the waveguide properties vary in the direction of propagation. In this article we consider nonlinear evolution equations of the Kortewegde Vries type, with variable coefficients, and use these models to review the properties of slowly‐varying periodic and solitary waves. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gender and irrigation: overview of issues and options
Authors: Van Koppen Barbara , Hussain Intizar
Published: March 2007

In an overview of the evolving debates on gender and irrigation in the past two decades, this paper argues that the success of today's policy attention on a blanket policy on gender and irrigation is at the same time its weakness. Two key variations need to be specified for any gender policy to become sufficiently specific to have any teeth. First, gender issues critically differ in female/dual farming systems and male farming systems. Second, water for productive and domestic uses need to be recognized and developed in an integrated way, for both men and women. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agricultural water management pathways to breaking the poverty trap: case studies of the Limpopo, Nile and Volta river basins
Authors: Hussain Intizar , Gichuki Francis , Louw M. Adrian , Andah Winston , Moustafa Mohamoud
Published: March 2007

Faced with a large and rapidly increasing population, declining resource base per person, low and stagnant agricultural productivity levels and slow economic growth, most African countries are caught up in a poverty trap. The situation is alarming in sub‐Saharan Africa where the poverty situation continues to worsen, and the region remains home to 300 million of the world's extremely poor and hungry. This paper contributes to the present debate and efforts to identify strategies and interventions that can effectively contribute to breaking the poverty trap in the region. The paper provides an overview of population growth, malnutrition, income distribution and poverty for countries in three case study basins – the Limpopo, Nile and Volta basins. With discussions on the contribution of agriculture to national income and employment generation, the paper explores relationships between agricultural growth, employment growth and poverty alleviation. The paper examines the potential for expansion in irrigation for vertical and horizontal expansion in agricultural productivity. Factors constraining such potential, in terms of increasing resource scarcity and degradation, and poor governance and week institutions, are also outlined. The paper argues that the effective entry point, to enhance agricultural productivity and to catalyse agricultural and rural economic growth for effective poverty alleviation, is increased public investments in land and water resources development and management. Based on experiences and lessons learnt from Africa and Asia, the paper presents linkages of how land and water‐induced agricultural growth would lead to regional economic growth and poverty alleviation in the case study basins. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct and indirect benefits and potential disbenefits of irrigation: evidence and lessons
Authors: Hussain Intizar
Published: March 2007

This paper is a part of the multi‐country study carried out by the author at the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in collaboration with national partners in six Asian countries (Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Vietnam) during 2001–2002. Based mainly on primary data collected from 5400 households in 26 irrigation systems, the study examines in detail the benefits and potential disbenefits of irrigation. The results indicate that irrigation benefits vary widely across systems, and depend on a range of factors including local conditions, system management, irrigation policy, and broader economic and political factors. The study suggests that indirect irrigation benefits could be larger than direct benefits through the multiplier effect. The distribution of irrigation benefits also varies widely by type of the benefit and the socio‐economic status of the beneficiaries. The direct benefits generally accrue to landholders while a significant part of the indirect benefits accrue to the landless and small farmers, positively contributing to their livelihoods. Further, the overall benefits of irrigation are large when irrigation‐ improving interventions, investments in infrastructure, improvements in system management and service delivery to farmers, are implemented in an integrated manner.

On the other hand, the paper also suggests that irrigation can also lead to some negative or adverse social, health and environmental impacts. Such potential disbenefits of irrigation include displacement of people as a result of new irrigation development, public health risks from water‐related diseases, irrigation‐induced land and water degradation, loss of biodiversity and river health risks from increased river water withdrawals for irrigation. Often, negative social and environmental consequences adversely affect the poor more than the non‐poor people. Most potential adverse impacts of irrigation are not due to irrigation water per se, but due to inadequacies and ineffectiveness of institutions and management to address them. Moreover, many of the potential adverse impacts can be avoided or minimized with effective planning, design and management of the projects.

This paper develops and offers a generic typology of direct and indirect benefits and potential disbenefits of irrigation that can be used to identify and influence different types of irrigation benefits and disbenefits for enhancing net benefits to the poor. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does groundwater irrigation reduce rural poverty? Evidence from Indian states
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A.
Published: March 2007

Groundwater irrigation has become a dominant source of irrigation in Indian agriculture today. Besides increasing the cropping intensity and productivity of crops, the intensive cultivation of crops due to timely access to groundwater irrigation increases the demand for agricultural labourers and hence wage rates for those who mostly live below the poverty line. Both increased affordability of foodgrain and wage rates help the rural poor to cross the poverty barriers. However, the importance of groundwater has not been recognized by studies focusing on rural poverty in India. Since groundwater irrigation is proved to be prominent in increasing the production of crops, it is likely that the impact of it on rural poverty would also be significant. In this study, therefore, an attempt has been made to examine the nexus between groundwater irrigation and rural poverty using state‐wise cross‐section data covering five time points: 1973–74, 1977–78, 1983, 1987–88 and 1993–94. The study shows that there is a significant inverse relationship between the availability of groundwater irrigation and the percentage of rural poverty at all five time points. The results suggest that public policy should focus more on developing groundwater irrigation, without harming the environment, through a strong rural electrification and institutional credit support wherever possible to reduce rural poverty in a sustained manner. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.