bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on mechanism of hydrogen adsorption on WO3, W20O58, and W18O49
Authors: Jiang Pingguo , Xiao Yiyu , Yu Xiangbiao , Liu Wenjie
Published: October 2019

The density functional theory (DFT) calculation of hydrogen adsorption on tungsten oxides and calculation of the crystal structure of WO3, W20O58, and W18O49 were performed. These calculations suggest that the length of W‐O bonds in WO3 are 1.913 Å, the length of 66% W‐O bonds in W20O58 is 1.8 to 1.9 Å, and the length of 43.48% W‐O bonds in W18O49 is longer than 2.0 Å. The hydrate (WO2[OH]2), as an autocatalyst in the hydrogen reduction process, was found in the particular adsorption configuration of W18O49. The WO3 and W20O58 were completely reduced within 40 to 60 minutes at a temperature of 1000°C and at a hydrogen flow rate of 200 mL/min, while W18O49 was completely reduced within 20 to 40 minutes. The phase composition and micromorphology of raw material and production were studied by both X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and FE‐SEM technology. The differences of the mechanism of hydrogen adsorption on WO3, W20O58, and W18O49 were explored based on the density functional theory calculation and the hydrogen reduction experiments.
Sustainable development and green gross domestic product assessments in megacities based on the emergy analysis method—A case study of Wuhan
Authors: Wei Yigang , Li Yan , Liu Xinjing , Wu Meiyu
Published: October 2019

Globally, cities are generally facing challenges of sustainable development, and this is particularly true in megacities. To reveal the relationship between economy and ecology, green gross domestic product (GDP) represents the ideology and requirements of sustainable development. In this study, emergy analysis theory is introduced to the green GDP accounting system and to a sustainable development evaluation framework using Wuhan City from 1994 to 2015 as a case study. The results show that (a) the green GDP increases as traditional GDP grows year by year, indicating the improvement of the sustainability development of Wuhan. (b) In terms of green GDP contributing factors, the proportion of nonrenewable energy in traditional GDP decreased from 11.91% to 5.31%, reflecting remarkable progresses in the promotion of saving energy. (c) In terms of the sustainability dynamic assessment, result greater than one for the Emergy Sustainability Index implies the economic system of Wuhan following a trajectory of sustainable development, but the downward trend of the Environment Index of Sustainable Development in recent years indicates that Wuhan needs to improve its socioeconomic performance. Based on the emergy analysis, this study provides a theoretical framework for investigating and assessing the temporal characteristics of green GDP accounting, urban sustainability assessment, and inhibiting factors in the progress of sustainability. Empirical findings provide theoretical support and policy recommendations for the promotion of urban sustainable development.
Drones, hydraulics, and climate change: Inferring barriers to steelhead spawning migrations
Authors: Timm Raymond K. , Caldwell Lucius , Nelson Andrew , Long Chris , Chilibeck Mark Barry , Johnson Mark , Ross Kai , Muller Andrew , Brown Jaron M.
Published: October 2019

Global climate models suggest dramatic changes in the timing and form of future precipitation in the Pacific Northwest, United States. By some estimates, in the Columbia River drainage, basin‐wide snow‐water equivalencies could decrease by more than 50% before the end of the century, with locally more extreme variation. In the South Fork Clearwater River, Idaho, where hydraulic barriers are currently thought to partially limit ESA‐listed steelhead migrations, changes in precipitation that could exacerbate the intensity and timing of hydraulic barriers presents an obvious conservation concern. Evidence indicates that the strongest steelhead swimmers are capable of sustaining burst speeds for up to 20 s, with maximum speed being a function of fish size (length). Understanding hydraulic dynamics that have implications for migrating fish requires integration of high‐resolution hydraulic models with sufficient resolution to characterize the hydraulic experience of the fish. Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) have recently emerged as useful platforms for measuring river ecosystems with high precision. Results from habitat surveys and hydraulic modeling can identify locations where intense hydraulic energy may preclude fish passage during critical migration periods. The current as well as future range of discharges can be evaluated with a spatially explicit hydraulic model to quantify when, where, and how long barriers to migration exist. Further, this approach provides a powerful tool for manipulating the digital physical channel form and presents a heuristic opportunity to test hydraulic scenarios to improve migration success.

This article is categorized under:

  Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems

  Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems

  Water and Life > Methods
Reconciling Opposing Discourses: Narrating and Teaching the Cold War in an East-German Classroom
Authors: Fischer Eva
Published: October 2019

Fischer analyses how a history teacher in East Germany, who is also a member of the ‘integrated generation’, the generation of people who experienced life in both the GDR and post-reunification, approaches the Cold War. Fischer explores the strategies teachers use to construct coherent narratives from an ambiguous past and the types of discourse that the teacher consciously and unconsciously uses, through linguistic analysis. She also draws on theory from memory studies, such as Wertsch’s concept of ‘narrative templates’. Fischer uses a biographical interview with the teacher, then a textbook-led interview and two of the teacher’s lessons, noting alternative narratives emerging alongside Western hegemonic discourse and how this teacher particularly focusses on the concepts of reconciliation, victimhood, family and nationhood.
The Levi-Civita equation in function classes
Authors: Laczkovich Miklós
Published: October 2019

Let G be an Abelian topological semigroup with unit. By a classical result (called Theorem A), if V is a finite dimensional translation invariant linear space of complex valued continuous functions defined on G, then every element of V is an exponential polynomial. More precisely, every element of V is of the form $$\sum _{i=1}^np_i \cdot m_i$$

∑

i
=
1

n

p
i

·

m
i

, where $$m_1 ,\ldots ,m_n$$

m
1

,
…
,

m
n

are exponentials belonging to V, and $$p_1 ,\ldots ,p_n$$

p
1

,
…
,

p
n

are polynomials of continuous additive functions. We generalize this statement by replacing the set of continuous functions by any algebra $${{\mathcal {A}}}$$
A
of complex valued functions such that whenever an exponential m belongs to $${{\mathcal {A}}}$$
A
, then $$m^{-1}\in {{\mathcal {A}}}$$

m

-
1

∈
A

. As special cases we find that Theorem A remains valid even if the topology on G is not compatible with the operation on G, or if the set of continuous functions is replaced by the set of measurable functions with respect to an arbitrary $$\sigma $$
σ
-algebra. We give two proofs of the result. The first is based on Theorem A. The second proof is independent, and seems to be more elementary than the existing proofs of Theorem A.
Can [18F]F-FDG PET/CT be used to assess the pre-operative extent of peritoneal carcinomatosis in patients with colorectal cancer?
Authors: Elekonawo Fortuné M. K. , Starremans Bas , Laurens Sander Thomas , Bremers Andreas J. A. , de Wilt Johannes H. W. , Heijmen Linda , de Geus-Oei Lioe-Fee
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To evaluate whether PET/CT could be used to assess the extent of colorectal peritoneal metastases.

Methods

All patients who underwent a PET/CT scan before a CRS-HIPEC procedure between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2013 were retrospectively included (n = 35). Two nuclear medicine physicians (observer 1 and observer 2) separately reviewed the scans on intraperitoneal abnormalities. A simplified PCI was used to compare the extent of rPCI versus sPCI.

Results

Included patients had a median age of 60.6 years. Histology of primary tumors were 51.5% adenocarcinomas, 37.1% mucinous adenocarcinoma, and 11.4% SRCC. Median sPCI was 9.5 (5.0–11.8) and median rPCI was 5.0 (3.0–7.0) for observer 1 and 4.0 (3.0–6.0) for observer 2 (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). When compared to the surgical data, PET/CT showed a poor correlation for assessing the extent of PC for both adenocarcinoma (observer 1 rho – 0.17, p = 0.51 and observer 2 rho 0.13, p = 0.61) as well as mucinous carcinoma or SRCC (observer 1 rho 0.44, p = 0.08 and observer 2 rho 0.38, p = 0.14).

Conclusion

PET/CT underestimates the extent of PC during surgery in both mucinous and non-mucinous CRC and is not recommended for intraperitoneal tumor scoring.
Moisture-related changes in the nanostructure of woods studied with X-ray and neutron scattering
Authors: Penttilä Paavo A. , Altgen Michael , Carl Nico , van der Linden Peter , Morfin Isabelle , Österberg Monika , Schweins Ralf , Rautkari Lauri
Published: October 2019

Wood and other cellulosic materials are highly sensitive to changes in moisture content, which affects their use in most applications. We investigated the effects of moisture changes on the nanoscale structure of wood using X-ray and neutron scattering, complemented by dynamic vapor sorption. The studied set of samples included tension wood and normal hardwood as well as representatives of two softwood species. Their nanostructure was characterized in wet state before and after the first drying as well as at relative humidities between 15 and 90%. Small-angle neutron scattering revealed changes on the microfibril level during the first drying of wood samples, and the structure was not fully recovered by immersing the samples back in liquid water. Small and wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements from wood samples at various humidity conditions showed moisture-dependent changes in the packing distance and the inner structure of the microfibrils, which were correlated with the actual moisture content of the samples at each condition. In particular, the results implied that the degree of crystalline order in the cellulose microfibrils was higher in the presence of water than in the absence of it. The moisture-related changes observed in the wood nanostructure depended on the type of wood and were discussed in relation to the current knowledge on the plant cell wall structure.

Graphic abstract
Such Books Should be Burned! Same-Sex Parenting and the Stretchable Definition of the Family in Larysa Denysenko’s and Mariia Foya’s Maya and Her Mums
Authors: Świetlicki Mateusz
Published: October 2019

As there is a myriad of Anglophone picturebooks featuring same-sex parents, some Western readers familiar with them would probably see little that is ground-breaking in the visual and verbal narrative of Larysa Denysenko’s and Mariia Foya’sMaya and Her Mums(2017). The picturebook’s first-person narrator and protagonist is a ten-year-old girl who describes her 16 classmates and their families; it includes no violence, no nudity, and no sexual references. Despite the title suggesting the story to be about the eponymous heroine and her family, Maya briefly introduces readers to her two mothers in one of the last doublespreads. WhenMaya and Her Mumswas included in the programme of Ukraine’s most important book fair, the Lviv Book Forum, it became a political tool in the confrontation between homophobic Ukrainian nationalists and progressive intellectuals. In this essay, I want to examine the depiction of same-sex parenting inMaya and Her Mumsand argue that it implies gradual widening of tolerance, with households headed by lesbian parents being the most controversial. Thus, the picturebook suggests that the definition of the family is stretchable, even in a conservative socio-political climate. By familiarising readers with Denysenko’s and Foya’s picturebook, I want to show what makes it different from equivalent Anglophone picturebooks and argue that the Ukrainian book market is slowly becoming more inclusive and diverse. Hence, despite the conservative backlash, the need for for same-sex parents and their children to be represented in children’s literature can no longer be ignored.
Solubility Determination of Hydroquinone in Dichloromethane, Trichloromethane and Carbon Tetrachloride by Using the Co-solvent Calibration Method
Authors: Kiss László , Kunsági-Máté Sándor
Published: October 2019

In this report, the solubility of hydroquinone (1,4-dihydroxybenzene) was determined in dichloromethane, trichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride at 298 K by using cyclic voltammetry. By the proposed cosolvent calibration method a mixed solvent was used for the determination of solubility where acetonitrile was the co-solvent. The molar ratios of the two solvents were uniform during the whole procedure both in the calibration solutions and in solutions used for solubility determinations. The solubility of hydroquinone decreased by the decrease of solvent permittivity, which were in dichloromethane 5.683 mmol·L−1, in trichloromethane 2.785 mmol·L−1 and in carbon tetrachloride 0.321 mmol·L−1.
Beneficial effect of ER stress preconditioning in protection against FFA-induced adipocyte inflammation via XBP1 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Authors: Wang Min , Chen Xi , Zheng Zhenda , Yu Shujie , Zhou Bin , Liu Yong , Liu Dinghui , Chen Yanming , Qian Xiaoxian
Published: October 2019

Adipose tissue inflammation is closely associated with the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Free fatty acids (FFAs) are a major inducer of obesity-related insulin resistance. Previously, we reported that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress potentially mediated retinal inflammation in diabetic retinopathy. The unfolded protein response (UPR) protects cells against damage induced by oxidative stress. X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) plays a major role in protecting cells by modulating the UPR. However, the link between ER stress and adipocyte inflammation has been poorly investigated. In the present study, we found that pretreatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with a low dose of ER stress inducer tunicamycin inhibited FFA-induced upregulated expression of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, FFAs induced phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of NF-κB was largely inhibited by pretreatment with tunicamycin in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Knockdown of XBP1 by siRNA markedly mitigated the protective effects of preconditioning against inflammation. Conversely, overexpression of XBP1 alleviated FFA-induced phosphorylation of IκB-α, IKKα/β, and NF-κB, which was accompanied by decreased inflammatory cytokine expression. Collectively, these results imply a beneficial role of ER stress preconditioning in protecting against FFA-induced 3T3-L1 adipocyte inflammation, which is likely mediated through inhibition of the IKK/NF-κB pathway via XBP1.
Bifurcation phenomena and statistical regularities in dynamics of forced impacting oscillator
Authors: Skurativskyi Sergii , Kudra Grzegorz , Witkowski Krzysztof , Awrejcewicz Jan
Published: October 2019

The paper is devoted to the study of harmonically forced impacting oscillator. The physical model for oscillator is a cart on a guide connected to the support with springs and excited by the stepper motor. The support also is provided with limiter of motion. The mathematical model for this system is defined with the second-order piecewise smooth differential equation. Model’s nonlinearity is connected with the incorporation of dry friction and generalized Hertz contact law. Analyzing the classical Poincare sections and inter-impact sequences obtained experimentally and numerically, the bifurcations and statistical properties of periodic, multi-periodic, and chaotic regimes were examined. The development of impact-adding regime as a new nonlinear phenomenon when the forcing frequency varies was observed.
May, Should, or Do, Administrative Judges Participate in the Management of the Public Sphere in the Rule of Law?
Authors: Szot Adam
Published: October 2019

The article concerns the actual impact of courts controlling the activity of public administration on the direction of its activities and the content of issued decisions. In particular, it concerns sovereign individual decisions that affect the sphere of civil rights and freedoms. The aim of the article is to seek an answer to the question of whether independent judges actually participate in the process of management in the public sphere, which is characterised by elements of politics and (regardless of the answer to this question) whether such participation is allowed or (even) necessary in modern rule of law states. The main argument is that regardless of whether the courts controlling the administration have reformatory or exclusive cassation powers, they influence the decision-making process in the public sphere. At the same time, such influence not only does not violate the fundamental values of the rule of law, but is even sometimes necessary. This does not mean that courts should interfere in the management processes in the public sphere in every case.
How do admission committees select? Do applicants know how they select? Selection criteria and transparency at a Dutch University
Authors: Kurysheva Anastasia , van Rijen Harold V. M. , Dilaver Gönül
Published: October 2019

In this study, we investigated the currently applied selective admission criteria and tools of the two-year research master’s programs of both the Graduate Schools of Life Sciences and Natural Sciences of Utrecht University (the Netherlands). In addition, we evaluated their transparency to applicants. Both admissions staff members and applicants participated. To determine admission criteria that are important for admission decisions, we ranked 51 admission criteria and, on their basis, combined into six domains: academic background, grades, cognitive ability, research background, personality and personal competencies, motivation factors. To evaluate transparency, we contrasted the perceptions of applicants with the actual importance of admission criteria, as reported by admission staff members. We found that admissions criteria related to personality and personal competencies are less important in admission decisions than criteria related to grades, academic background and motivation. The applicants find the admissions decisions transparent to a moderate degree. This study also revealed that selectors use criteria and tools both with and without predictive value for later graduate performance. Moreover, some of the currently applied admission instruments might be prone to admission biases. We advocate selectors to use admission criteria and tools that are evidence-based, resistant to admission biases, and transparent to the applicants.
Production of renewable fuels by blending bio-oil with alcohols and upgrading under supercritical conditions
Authors: Omar Sainab , Alsamaq Suzanne , Yang Yang , Wang Jiawei
Published: October 2019

The work studied a non-catalytic upgrading of fast pyrolysis bio-oil by blending under supercritical conditions using methanol, ethanol and isopropanol as solvent and hydrogen donor. Characterisation of the bio-oil and the upgraded bio-oils was carried out including moisture content, elemental content, pH, heating value, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), Fourier transform infrared radiation, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis to evaluate the effects of blending and supercritical reactions. The GCMS analysis indicated that the supercritical methanol reaction removed the acids in the bio-oil consequently the pH increased from 2.39 in the crude bio-oil to 4.04 after the supercritical methanol reaction. The ester contents increased by 87.49% after the supercritical methanol reaction indicating ester formation could be the major deacidification mechanism for reducing the acidity of the bio-oil and improving its pH value. Simply blending crude bio-oil with isopropanol was effective in increasing the C and H content, reducing the O content and increasing the heating value to 27.55 from 17.51 MJ·kg−1 in the crude bio-oil. After the supercritical isopropanol reaction, the heating value of the liquid product slightly further increased to 28.85 MJ·kg−1.
Validation of Diaporthe toxica resistance markers in European Lupinus angustifolius germplasm and identification of novel resistance donors for marker-assisted selection
Authors: Książkiewicz M. , Wójcik K. , Irzykowski W. , Bielski W. , Rychel S. , Kaczmarek J. , Plewiński P. , Rudy E. , Jędryczka M.
Published: October 2019

The fungus, Diaporthe toxica, anamorph Phomopsis sp., previously classified as P. leptostromiformis, is a plant endophyte and occasional pathogen, causing Phomopsis stem blight. This disease is damaging not only to lupins but also to the animals grazing on infected plants, due to the toxic secondary metabolites called phomopsins. The aim of this work was to validate markers for resistance to Phomopsis stem blight in narrow-leafed lupins and identify novel germplasm with increased levels of resistance to the disease. Plant inoculations were performed using ten isolates of D. toxica, originating from Australia and Poland. The European core collection of L. angustifolius was evaluated both in a controlled environment and with field experiments to classify the accessions based on their resistance to the disease. Simultaneously, the accessions were assayed with disease resistance markers to identify donors of hypothetical resistance alleles. We have found that the European lupin germplasm collection preserves wild and domesticated donors of at least two resistance genes to Phomopsis stem blight, including Phr1 and PhtjR. Molecular markers PhtjM7, InDel2, and InDel10, tagging PhtjR gene, were applicable for marker-assisted selection targeting the European gene pool with an expected accuracy of 95%. None of diagnostic markers for the Phr1 locus was found useful for European breeding programs; two existing markers Ph258M1 and Ph258M2 were unreliable, due to a high percentage of false-positive results (up to 58%) and a high recombination rate between markers (~ 30%).
MILP models and valid inequalities for the two-machine permutation flowshop scheduling problem with minimal time lags
Authors: Hamdi Imen , Toumi Saïd
Published: October 2019

In this paper, we consider the problem of scheduling on two-machine permutation flowshop with minimal time lags between consecutive operations of each job. The aim is to find a feasible schedule that minimizes the total tardiness. This problem is known to be NP-hard in the strong sense. We propose two mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) models and two types of valid inequalities which aim to tighten the models’ representations. One of them is based on dominance rules from the literature. Then, we provide the results of extensive computational experiments used to measure the performance of the proposed MILP models. They are shown to be able to solve optimally instances until the size 40-job and even several larger problem classes, with up to 60 jobs. Furthermore, we can distinguish the effect of the minimal time lags and the inclusion of the valid inequalities in the basic MILP model on the results.
Identification of k-Most Promising Features to Set Blue Ocean Strategy in Decision Making
Authors: Kumar Ritesh , Bishnu Partha Sarathi
Published: October 2019

Customers demand typical type of products with multiple features. We want to develop a business intelligence system which helps the company to set the blue ocean strategy by discoveringk-most promising features (k-MPF) from the customers’ query and a set of existing products of the similar type. In this paper, we have formulatedk-MPF to set the blue ocean strategy with compatible features. We have experimented with our proposed algorithms using different synthetic and real datasets, and the results showed the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms.
Estimating PageRank deviations in crawled graphs
Authors: Holzmann Helge , Anand Avishek , Khosla Megha
Published: October 2019

Most real-world graphs collected from the Web like Web graphs and social network graphs are partially discovered or crawled. This leads to inaccurate estimates of graph properties based on link analysis such asPageRank. In this paper we focus on studying such deviations in ordering/ranking imposed byPageRankover crawled graphs. We first show that deviations in rankings induced byPageRankare indeed possible. We measure how much a ranking, induced byPageRank, on an input graph could deviate from the original unseen graph. More importantly, we are interested in conceiving a measure that approximates the rank correlation among them without any knowledge of the original graph. To this extent we formulate theHAKmeasure that is based on computing the impact redistribution ofPageRankaccording to the local graph structure. We further propose an algorithm that identifies connected subgraphs over the input graph for which the relative ordering is preserved. Finally, we perform extensive experiments on both real-world Web and social network graphs with more than 100M vertices and 10B edges as well as synthetic graphs to showcase the utility ofHAKand ourHigh-fidelity Component Selectionapproach.
Community detection and unveiling of hierarchy in networks: a density-based clustering approach
Authors: Felfli Zineb , George Roy , Shujaee Khalil , Kerwat Mohamed
Published: October 2019

The unveiling of communities within a network or graph, and the hierarchization of its members that results is of utmost importance in areas ranging from social to biochemical networks, from electronic circuits to cybersecurity. We present a statistical mechanics approach that uses a normalized Gaussian function which captures the impact of a node within its neighborhood and leads to a density-ranking of nodes by considering the distance between nodes as punishment. A hill-climbing procedure is applied to determine the density attractors and identify the unique parent (leader) of each member as well as the group leader. This organization of the nodes results in a tree-like network with multiple clusters, the community tree. The method is tested using synthetic networks generated by the LFR benchmarking algorithm for network sizes between 500 and 30,000 nodes and mixing parameter between 0.1 and 0.9. Our results show a reasonable agreement with the LFR results for low to medium values of the mixing parameter and indicate a very mild dependence on the size of the network.
Preparation of a Hierarchical Pore Zeolite with High-Temperature Calcination and Acid-Base Leaching
Authors: Wang Chengdong , Li Jinhong , Wang Xiang , Yang Zhiwei , Huang Kaiyue
Published: October 2019

Microporous structure in zeolite leads to diffusion limitation, which causes coke formation and is harmful to catalytic reactions. Hierarchical zeolite containing primary microporosity and secondary porosity at the meso- and macroscales has received much attention due to its enhanced mass transport. Hierarchical Y zeolites were obtained by treating NH4-Y zeolite with high-temperature calcining and acid-base leaching. The results demonstrated that the calcined zeolite showed great crystallinity after acid-base leaching. The mechanism of introduction of mesopores was demonstrated in detail. The calcination transformed framework Al to extra-framework Al and enlarged the defect by acid and alkali. The mesopores increased with the calcining temperature and holding time. The relationship between the heating rate and the removal of Al species was non-linear; a heating rate of 100°C/h exhibited good protection for the zeolite structure.
Testing mate recognition through reciprocal crosses of two native populations of the whiteflyBemisia tabaci(Gennadius) in Australia
Authors: Wongnikong W. , van Brunschot S. L. , Hereward J. P. , De Barro P. J. , Walter G. H.
Published: October 2019

Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius) represents a relatively large cryptic species complex. Australia has at least two native populations ofB. tabaci sensu latoand these were first found on different host plants in different parts of Australia. The species status of these populations has not been resolved, although their mitochondrial sequences differ by 3.82–4.20%. We addressed the question of whether these AUSI and AUSIIB. tabacipopulations are distinct species. We used reciprocal cross-mating tests to establish whether the insects from these different populations recognize one another as potential mating partners. The results show that the two native Australian populations ofB. tabacihave a mating sequence with four phases, each of which is described. Not all pairs in the control crosses mated and the frequency of mating differed across them. Some pairs in the AUSI-M × AUSII-F did mate (15%) and did produce female progeny, but the frequency was extremely low relative to controls. Microsatellite genotyping of the female progeny produced in the crosses showed these matings were successful. None of the AUSII-M × AUSI-F crosses mated although some of the males did search for females. These results demonstrate the critical role of the mate recognition process and the need to assess this directly in cross-mating tests if the species status of different populations is to be tested realistically. In short, AUSI and AUSIIB. tabacipopulations are distinct species because the individual males and females do not recognize individuals of the alternative population as potential mating partners.
Processes and determinants of integration of eGFR in physicians’ drug prescriptions: a qualitative study of semi-structured interviews
Authors: Lefèvre Louis , Jourdain Maud , Fournier Jean-Pascal
Published: October 2019

Aim:

Our objective was to explore the processes and determinants leading physicians to integrate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in their drug prescriptions

Background:

Access to patients’ eGFR would allow primary care pharmacists to optimise their role in the procedure of safe prescribing. Some rare physicians actively integrate eGFR in their prescriptions, in a sporadically and uncoordinated manner.

Methods:

Qualitative study using semi-directed interviews conducted among 12 French physicians who integrated eGFR in their drug prescriptions, (February 2016–April 2017). These voluntary participants were recruited through different means: Twitter®, forums, direct contact and snowball sampling. Data analysis was based on the grounded theory approach, underpinned by a comprehensive perspective of interactionist orientation.

Findings:

Residency and training, professional experience – including experiences of adverse drug reactions – and the membership in various communities of professionals were key drivers for the integration of eGFR in prescriptions. The theoretical aim was above all safe prescribing in order to reduce adverse drug reactions, with the control by a dispensing pharmacist and/or other healthcare professionals. Nevertheless, none of the physicians had received any feedback from any healthcare professionals. Despite their disappointment, the physicians remained convinced of the interest of integrating eGFR in their prescriptions and would continue to do so. Characteristics associated with integration of eGFR in drug prescriptions belong partly to Roger’s theory of innovations. If a widespread diffusion of this habit takes place, it will be necessary to evaluate its adoption by both physicians and pharmacists.
The Populist Turn in Central and Eastern Europe: Is Deliberative Democracy Part of the Solution?
Authors: Suteu Silvia
Published: October 2019

The rise of populism in Central and Eastern Europe as a broader democratic crisis – Developments in Hungary, Poland and Romania indicate failure of representative politics post-1989 – Reorienting politics towards a deliberative democratic culture can help answer the bottom-up critique exploited by populists – Citizen-centric deliberative approaches take seriously long-standing discontent with liberal democracy and can provide an alternative to populism
Parameterization of In‐Cloud Aerosol Scavenging Due to Atmospheric Ionization: Part 4. Effects of Varying Altitude
Authors: Zhang Liang , Tinsley Brian , Zhou Limin
Published: October 2019

We have verified that the modified analytic solution (MAS) for aerosol scavenging designed in our previous work to parameterize in‐cloud collision rate coefficients between aerosol particles and droplets can be extended to altitudes ranging from 0 to 20.6 km, and droplet radii up to 100 μm. The MAS deals separately with the short‐range effects and long‐range effects involved in the collisions, with the short‐range effects including image electric forces, the intercept effect, and the weight effect; and the long‐range effects including Brownian diffusion, the Coulomb electric force, and phoretic forces. The effects of Brownian diffusion and Coulomb electric force increase as height increases, while the change of phoretic forces with altitude is complicated. The effects of image electric force and intercept change slightly with altitude, while the weight effect increases significantly at higher altitudes. When the short‐range effects include the irregular shape of particles, the MAS also works well. The calculations of collision rate coefficients by our Monte Carlo trajectory model for varying droplet radius, droplet charges, particle radius, particle charges, particle density, relative humidity, pressure and temperature have now been completed, and we parameterize them by the simple MAS method which makes the results user friendly and easily applicable for cloud models. Based on our results, it is now possible to build cloud models to investigate the hypothesized link between the downward current flow in the global electric circuit current and cloud microphysical changes affecting cloud development.
Data Assimilation and Online Parameter Optimization in Groundwater Modeling Using Nested Particle Filters
Authors: Ramgraber M. , Albert C. , Schirmer M.
Published: October 2019

Over the past decades, advances in data collection and machine learning have paved the way for the development of autonomous simulation frameworks. Among these, many are capable not only of assimilating real‐time data to correct their predictive shortcomings but also of improving their future performance through self‐optimization. In hydrogeology, such techniques harbor great potential for informing sustainable management practices. Simulating the intricacies of groundwater flow requires an adequate representation of unknown, often highly heterogeneous geology. Unfortunately, it is difficult to reconcile the structural complexity demanded by realistic geology with the simplifying assumptions introduced in many calibration methods. The particle filter framework would provide the necessary versatility to retain such complex information but suffers from the curse of dimensionality, a fundamental limitation discouraging its use in systems with many unknowns. Due to the prevalence of such systems in hydrogeology, the particle filter has received little attention in groundwater modeling so far. In this study, we explore the combined use of dimension‐reducing techniques and artificial parameter dynamics to enable a particle filter framework for a groundwater model. Exploiting freedom in the design of the dimension‐reduction approach, we ensure consistency with a predefined geological pattern. The performance of the resulting optimizer is demonstrated in a synthetic test case for three such geological configurations and compared to two Ensemble Kalman Filter setups. Favorable results even for deliberately misspecified settings make us hopeful that nested particle filters may constitute a useful tool for geologically consistent real‐time parameter optimization.
Dynamically Triggered Changes of Plate Interface Coupling in Southern Cascadia
Authors: Materna Kathryn , Bartlow Noel , Wech Aaron , Williams Charles , Bürgmann Roland
Published: October 2019

In Southern Cascadia, precise Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements spanning about 15 years reveal steady deformation due to locking on the Cascadia megathrust punctuated by transient deformation from large earthquakes and episodic tremor and slip events. Near the Mendocino Triple Junction, however, we recognize several abrupt GNSS velocity changes that reflect a different process. After correcting for earthquakes and seasonal loading, we find that several dozen GNSS time series show spatially coherent east‐west velocity changes of ~2 mm/yr and that these changes coincide in time with regional M > 6.5 earthquakes. We consider several hypotheses and propose that dynamically triggered changes in megathrust coupling best explain the data. Our inversions locate the coupling changes slightly updip of the tremor‐producing zone. We speculate that fluid exchange surrounding the tremor region may be important. Such observations of transient coupling changes are rare and challenging to explain mechanistically but have important implications for earthquake processes on faults.
Equatorial Pacific 1,000‐dbar Velocity and Isotherm Displacements From Argo Data: Beyond the Mean and Seasonal Cycle
Authors: Zanowski Hannah , Johnson Gregory C. , Lyman John M.
Published: October 2019

Equatorial Pacific zonal velocity at 1,000 dbar and vertical isotherm displacements from 0–2,000 dbar are analyzed using Argo data through February 2018. In agreement with previous studies, the mean 1,000‐dbar zonal velocity is characterized by alternating eastward and westward jets of amplitude 5–10 cm/s. Similarly, the seasonal cycle is dominated by an annual Rossby wave that is apparent in annual harmonic fits to both the isotherm displacement and velocity fields. Residual (mean, annual, and semiannual harmonics removed) zonal velocity and isotherm displacements are analyzed using Complex Empirical Orthogonal Functions (CEOFs) and their Principal Components. For the analysis at 1,000 dbar, the first velocity CEOF accounts for 28% of the variance and the first isotherm displacement CEOF 24%. Spatial patterns of the lead CEOFs are broadly consistent with Rossby waves, but only isotherm displacement CEOF1 can be clearly linked to known physical processes in the equatorial Pacific. This is true of the isotherm displacement CEOF1s across pressure surfaces, despite being estimated independently on each one. The Principal Component of isotherm displacement CEOF1 at 1,000 dbar is well correlated (r = –0.65) with the Niño3.4 index at a 12‐month lag, suggesting that El Niño signals propagate deep into the equatorial Pacific Ocean. The 3‐D structure of the isotherm displacement CEOF1s suggests that the deep isotherm displacement signals are consistent with a vertically propagating Rossby wave of vertical mode 3–4.
Analysis of Suspended Sediment Variability in a Large Highly Turbid Estuary Using a 5‐Year‐Long Remotely Sensed Data Archive at High Resolution
Authors: Normandin C. , Lubac B. , Sottolichio A. , Frappart F. , Ygorra B. , Marieu V.
Published: October 2019

Spatial variability of surface suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentration in the Gironde estuary and their relationships with environmental forcing are investigated through high spatial resolution multispectral data collected from July 2013 to August 2018 by the Operational Land Imager (Landsat‐8/OLI) and MultiSpectral Instrument (Sentinel‐2/MSI). A principal component analysis using the T‐mode orientation is applied to the discontinuous multiannual time series composed of 41 remotely sensed images. The three first principal components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) explain 65.7% of the total variance. The SPM distribution associated with PC1 and PC2 exhibits a privileged along‐estuary direction of the oscillation modes, while the spatial patterns of PC3 are clearly dominated by lateral oscillations opposing channels and shoals. The main environmental factors affecting the SPM distribution are identified by the analysis of their temporal patterns. The tidal range and the daily river discharge control the spatial patterns of PC1 and PC2, while the tidal cycles and the wind speed are significantly correlated with PC3. Furthermore, the analysis in the along‐estuary and lateral directions shows marked longitudinal and transverse SPM gradients and a strong control of bathymetry on the SPM spatial distribution. For the first time, we highlight that the maxima of surface residual turbidity are located on the shoals regardless of the environmental (tidal and hydrological) conditions. Compared to previous studies, usually based on single‐point in‐water column measurements, these results provide a novel and complementary description of the spatial variability of SPM. They are useful to validate sediment transport numerical models, but also may improve our understanding of suspended sediment dynamics in estuarine systems governed by an estuarine turbidity maximum.
Impact of Future Warming and Enhanced [CO2] on the Vegetation‐Cloud Interaction
Authors: Sikma M. , Vilà‐Guerau de Arellano J. , Pedruzo‐Bagazgoitia X. , Voskamp T. , Heusinkveld B.G. , Anten N.P.R. , Evers J.B.
Published: October 2019

The effects of increases in carbon dioxide and temperature on the vegetation‐atmosphere‐cloud interaction are studied with a bottom‐up approach. Using the 3‐D large‐eddy simulation technique coupled with a CO2‐sensitive dynamic plant physiological submodel, we aimed to spatially and temporally understand the surface and vegetation forcing on the coupled land‐atmosphere interactions in future scenarios. Four simulations were designed: a control simulation for current conditions, an enhanced carbon dioxide simulation (current +200 ppm), an elevated temperature simulation (current +2 K), and a simulation covering the combination of both elevations in temperature and CO2. With elevations in carbon dioxide, plant transpiration is reduced due to stomatal closure, resulting in reduced latent‐ and increased sensible heat fluxes. Although no effects on cloud cover were found in this simulation, the in‐cloud moisture flux was enhanced. Elevations in temperature yielded opposite results with reduced sensible and increased latent heat fluxes, which reduced the turbulent kinetic energy and buoyancy rates, thereby negatively impacting cloud formation. Our future climate mimicking simulation shows minimal changes in the regional energy balance due to offsetting effects between increased temperature and [CO2], while plant photosynthesis increased and transpiration decreased. The atmospheric boundary layer was drier, even though surface fluxes were very similar current conditions, thereby hampering cloud formation and development. Our results highlight the necessity of small scales and interactions, which require a bottom‐up approach to be able to accurately capture the nonlinear plant‐atmosphere interactions.
The Correlation of Mesoscale Humidity Anomalies With Mesoscale Organization of Marine Stratocumulus From Observations Over the ARM Eastern North Atlantic Site
Authors: Zhou Xiaoli , Bretherton Christopher S.
Published: October 2019

The structure of mesoscale cellular organization in marine cloud‐topped boundary layers is found to be well characterized by using a novel compositing approach based on mesoscale variations in the column water vapor path (WVP). The approach is applied to ground‐based observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Eastern North Atlantic site. Based on a set of satellite and ground‐based observational criteria, 381 hr of closed‐cell and 227 hr of open‐cell cases were selected from late 2015 to early 2018. Strong correlations are found between mesoscale‐filtered cloud properties and WVP for both closed‐cell and open‐cell regimes. In the moist atmospheric columns, the clouds are thicker with higher tops and lower bases, and stronger precipitation compared to that in the dry columns. Overall, cloud properties of open and closed cells covary similarly with mesoscale moisture perturbations, except that the correlation of liquid water path with WVP is much weaker for open cells. The relations of subcloud properties with WVP are also examined. In the moist columns, surface equivalent potential temperature and relative humidity are higher than in the dry columns. A marginally negative correlation between mesoscale‐filtered subcloud turbulence eddy dissipation rate and WVP is found for closed cells. These results are consistent with the conceptual model of closed cellular mesoscale circulations of Zhou and Bretherton (2019).
Signature of a Quasi 30‐Day Oscillation at Midlatitude Based on Wind Observations From MST Radar and Meteor Radar
Authors: Huang Kai Ming , Xi Yu , Wang Rui , Zhang Shao Dong , Huang Chun Ming , Gong Yun , Cheng Hao
Published: October 2019

Lots of works make contributions to revealing propagation features and excitation mechanisms of intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) in the tropics; however, there are few reports on ISOs at higher latitudes. By using measurements of mesosphere‐stratosphere‐troposphere radar at Xianghe (39.8°N, 116.5°E) and meteor radar at Beijing (40.3°N, 116.2°E) and reanalysis data for 105 days from 16 November 2013 to 28 February 2014, we study an ISO with about 30‐day period at midlatitude and high latitude. Radar observations indicate that in the troposphere, the oscillation attains an amplitude peak in zonal wind at about 9 km and propagates downward below 9 km. At about 9–16 km, the oscillation gradually decays with height and then strengthens again as it propagates upward in the stratosphere. In the mesosphere, the oscillation obviously appears at 78–86 km with a maximum amplitude at 80 km. Reanalysis data show that in the troposphere, the oscillation propagates southward. At about 100 (~16 km)‐ to 10 (~32 km)‐hPa levels, the oscillation is gradually reflected back to propagate northward, and then propagates poleward at higher altitude. Refractive index can explain its complex propagation characteristics very well. Consistence and coherence of its phase progression indicate that in the lower atmosphere, the oscillation comes from the polar region. Hence, ISOs can not only originate from but also propagate in the atmosphere at mid and high latitudes.
Multisite Daily Streamflow Simulation With Time Irreversibility
Authors: Mathai Jeenu , Mujumdar P. P.
Published: October 2019

Synthetic daily streamflow generation requires a critical understanding of the underlying dynamics resulting from the inherent temporal asymmetry (time irreversibility) in the rising and falling limbs of the hydrograph. Most models considering the time irreversibility deal with single‐site streamflow simulation. Addressing intersite dependencies is, however, crucial for interconnected stream networks. This study presents a time irreversibility dynamics‐based multisite streamflow generating framework to simulate concurrent streamflow sequences at multiple sites in a basin. This framework explicitly takes into account the spatial correlation and time irreversible dynamics of streamflow. To demonstrate the utility and applicability, a few selected streamflow gauging stations in the Godavari River Basin, located in southern India, are considered. The proposed framework shows the ability to adequately generate multisite simulations capturing at‐site statistics as well as intersite correlations for the case study. Furthermore, the approach ensures that the simulated flow values are not merely resampled from the historical data, uses the physical features of the hydrograph, and shows variability beyond that observed in the historical sequence. Such a rich variety of streamflow sequences can help water managers to investigate how existing water resources systems on interconnected stream networks will operate in scenarios which have not been observed in the historical record.