bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kaempferol ameliorates secretagogue-induced pseudo-allergic reactions via inhibiting intracellular calcium fluctuation
Authors: Cao Jiao , Wang Yuejin , Hu Shiling , Ding Yuanyuan , Jia Qianqian , Zhu Jing , An Hongli
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To investigate the inhibitory effects of Kaempferol, a natural flavonol active compound, on pseudo-allergic reactions (in vivo and in vitro), particularly on the mechanism underlying its effect in human mast cells.

Methods

Compound 48/80 (C48/80)-induced immunoglobulin E (IgE)-independent passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) model and systemic anaphylaxis were applied to investigate the anti-allergic activity of Kaempferol. The degranulation assay, calcium imaging and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines were used to evaluate the inhibitory effect on mast cell activation. Western blot analysis was performed to investigate intracellular calcium fluctuation-related signalling pathways.

Key findings

Kaempferol dose-dependently attenuated C48/80-induced mice hind paw swelling, dye extravasation and skin mast cell degranulation, and rehabilitated the hypothermia, as well as reduced the serum concentrations of histamine, tryptase, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Furthermore, Kaempferol suppressed C48/80-triggered human MC degranulation and calcium fluctuations by inhibiting phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) phosphorylation and subsequent cytokines synthesis pathways.

Conclusions

The inhibition of the process of PLCγ phosphorylation to Ca2+ mobilization represents a major strategy in Kaempferol-suppressed pseudo-allergic reactions. Thus, Kaempferol could be considered as a therapeutic drug candidate for non-IgE-mediated allergic reactions or inflammations.
Photosynthetic adaptation to light availability shapes the ecological success of bloom‐forming cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena to iron limitation
Authors: Li Zheng‐Ke , Dai Guo‐Zheng , Zhang Yong , Xu Kui , Bretherton Laura , Finkel Zoe V. , Irwin Andrew J. , Juneau Philippe , Qiu Bao‐Sheng
Published: June 2020

The poorly understood filamentous cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena is commonly epiphytic on Microcystis colonies and their abundances are often highly correlated during blooms. The response and adaptation of Microcystis to iron limitation have been extensively studied, but the strategies Pseudanabaena uses to respond to iron limitation are largely unknown. Here, physiological responses to iron limitation were compared between one Pseudanabaena and two Microcystis strains grown under different light intensities. The results showed that low‐intensity light exacerbated, but high‐intensity light alleviated, the negative effect of iron limitation on Pseudanabaena growth relative to two Microcystis strains. It was found that robust light‐harvesting and photosynthetic efficiency allowed adaptation of Pseudanabaena to low light availability relative to two Microcystis strains only during iron sufficiency. The results also indicated that a larger investment in the photosynthetic antenna probably contributed to light/iron co‐limitation of Pseudanabaena relative to two Microcystis strains under both light and iron limitation. Furthermore, the lower antenna pigments/chlorophyll a ratio and photosynthetic efficiency, and higher nonphotochemical quenching and saturation irradiance provided Pseudanabaena photoadaptation and photoprotection advantages over the two Microcystis strains under the high‐light condition. The lower investment in antenna pigments of Pseudanabaena than the two Microcystis strains under high‐light intensity is likely an efficient strategy for both saving iron quotas and decreasing photosensitivity. Therefore, when compared with Microcystis, the high plasticity of antenna pigments, along with the excellent photoadaptation and photoprotection ability of Pseudanabaena, probably ensures its ecological success under iron limitation when light is sufficient.
Comparison of the effect of weight change, simulated computational continuous positive airway pressure treatment and positional therapy on severity of sleep apnea
Authors: Kulkas Antti , Duce Brett , Töyräs Juha , Seppä Juha , Leppänen Timo
Published: June 2020

Weight loss, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and positional therapy (PT) are important treatments in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Although all of these reduce the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) effectively, the benefits of these treatments have not been thoroughly investigated in a patient‐specific manner. Therefore, clinicians do not have objective means to choose an optimal treatment for each patient. We aim to provide clinicians the possibility for treatment optimization in a patient‐specific manner by introducing a computational simulation approach. The effect of actual weight change, computationally simulated CPAP treatment and PT and their combinations on the AHI were compared in 54 OSA patients divided into three equally sized groups (weight loss > 7%, weight loss 0%–7%, and weight gain) after a 5‐year follow‐up with lifestyle intervention. Weight loss reduced the AHI by 43.5% (p < .05) and 18%, simulated CPAP treatment with 3.3‐hr adherence by 42.4% (p < .05) and 35.5% (p < .05), and simulated PT by 13.5% (p < .05) and 30.7% (p < .05) in > 7% and 0%–7% weight loss groups, respectively. Simulated CPAP treatment and PT were able to compensate for the increase in the AHI caused by weight gain. A developed simulation approach could help clinicians to estimate treatment success in advance in order to prescribe the most optimal patient‐specific treatment to reduce OSA‐related health risks.
A daytime nap does not increase mnemonic discrimination ability
Authors: Davidson Per , Jönsson Peter , Johansson Mikael
Published: June 2020

It has been proposed that sleep readies the brain for novel learning, and previous work has shown that sleep loss impairs the ability to encode new memories. In the present study, we examined if a daytime nap would increase mnemonic discrimination (MD) performance. MD is the ability to differentiate between memories that are similar but not identical. Participants performed the Mnemonic Similarity Task (MST) twice, once in the morning and once in the afternoon. The goal of this task is to distinguish stimuli that have been seen before from novel stimuli that are similar but not identical. After the morning MST, participants were randomly allocated into either a sleep or a wake group. The sleep group had a 2‐hr nap opportunity, whereas the wake group spent a similar amount of time passively resting. All participants then performed a second MST in the afternoon with a novel set of images. Results did not show any support for increased MD ability after a nap. There was, however, a correlation showing that an increase in sleepiness between sessions predicted a decrease in MD performance. Future work must systematically examine how strong sleep manipulations that are needed for sleep to have an effect on encoding ability, as well as which kind of memory tasks that are sensitive to sleep manipulations. More knowledge about the relationship between sleep and the ability to differentiate similar memories from each other is important because impaired MD ability has previously been reported in various groups in which sleep disturbances are also common.
Relationships among rheological, sensory, and wear behaviors of cheeses
Authors: Zad Bagher Seighalani Fariba , Joyner Helen , Ross Carolyn
Published: June 2020

Studying rheological and sensory behaviors of cheese provides structural and texture‐related information that could be useful for a better understanding of the complex wear behaviors of cheese and their relationships with cheese industrial and oral processing behaviors. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the relationships of rheological and sensory properties with cheese wear. Rheological tests including large amplitude oscillatory shear, strain sweeps at different temperatures (5, 15, and 25°C), and large‐strain compression at room temperature (22 ± 2°C) were conducted for cheeses with varying fat contents (40, 50, 52, and 54% fat‐in‐dry‐matter aged for different periods (15, 30, 45, and 60 d). Descriptive sensory analysis was used to evaluate cheese sensory texture attributes. Overall, fat content, testing temperature, and aging time had significant impact on cheese viscoelastic parameters. Higher temperature, aging time, and fat content led to lower rigidity and greater extent of nonlinear viscoelastic behaviors in the cheeses. Mass loss showed negative correlations with critical strain (γc), critical stress (σc), complex modulus (G*), and fracture stress, but had positive correlations with phase angle (δ) and fracture strain. Sensory data showed that texture attributes were affected by cheese fat content and aging time and had significant correlations with mass loss at high normal force and sliding speed. This study showed that rheology and sensory data can be used to provide fundamental information on the wear behaviors of cheese and other soft materials.
Does body mass restrict call peak frequency in echolocating bats?
Authors: López‐Cuamatzi Issachar L. , Vega‐Gutiérrez Víctor H. , Cabrera‐Campos Iván , Ruiz‐Sanchez Eduardo , Ayala‐Berdon Jorge , Saldaña‐Vázquez Romeo A.
Published: June 2020

Echolocation is the ability of some animals to orient themselves through sound emission and interpretation of the echoes. This is bats’ main sense for orientation and recognising biotopes that provide food, water, and roosts. It is widely accepted that echolocation call frequency is related to body mass, and this relationship has been described as the ‘allometric hypothesis’, which proposes a negative correlation between these variables.

There is evidence that, in many cases, the allometric hypothesis does not apply. Additionally, studies supporting this hypothesis were done at the family level, resulting in a broad range of correlation values with r ranging from −0.36 to −0.76, and only insectivorous bats were included. Due to the notable exceptions and the lack of a quantitative synthesis of this hypothesis including all echolocating bats, we evaluated the allometric hypothesis of echolocation calls for this group.

Using a meta‐analysis and phylogenetic generalised least‐squares techniques, we evaluated the relationship between echolocation call peak frequency and the body mass of bats.

We found a negative relationship between body mass and echolocation call peak frequency for the 85 bat species that were included in our analysis (r = −0.3, p = 0.005). The relationship was consistent when we analysed the data at the insectivorous guild level, and in bats belonging to the families Vespertilionidae, Rhinolophidae, Emballonuridae, and the genus Myotis. However, the wide range of r values suggests that the strength of the relationship between peak frequency and body mass varies within the order Chiroptera.

Our results support the allometric hypothesis of sound production in echolocating bats. However, the low coefficient we found suggests that factors other than body mass may influence the peak frequency of echolocation calls produced by bats.
Staff physicians as learners: Answering the call to improve workplace‐based learning
Authors: Bannister Susan L. , Keegan David A.
Published: June 2020

In this commentary, Bannister and Keegan offer guidance on ways to enhance the clinical workplace to enable physician learning.
MRI and pathology correlations in the medulla in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): a postmortem study
Authors: Patodia S. , Tachrount M. , Somani A. , Scheffer I. , Yousry T. , Golay X. , Sisodiya S. M. , Thom M.
Published: June 2020

Aims

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) likely arises as a result of autonomic dysfunction around the time of a seizure. In vivo MRI studies report volume reduction in the medulla and other brainstem autonomic regions. Our aim, in a pathology series, is to correlate regional quantitative features on 9.4T MRI with pathology measures in medullary regions.

Methods

Forty‐seven medullae from 18 SUDEP, 18 nonepilepsy controls and 11 epilepsy controls were studied. In 16 cases, representing all three groups, ex vivo 9.4T MRI of the brainstem was carried out. Five regions of interest (ROI) were delineated, including the reticular formation zone (RtZ), and actual and relative volumes (RV), as well as T1, T2, T2* and magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) measurements were evaluated on MRI. On serial sections, actual and RV estimates using Cavalieri stereological method and immunolabelling indices for myelin basic protein, synaptophysin and Microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2) were carried out in similar ROI.

Results

Lower relative RtZ volumes in the rostral medulla but higher actual volumes in the caudal medulla were observed in SUDEP (P < 0.05). No differences between groups for T1, T2, T2* and MTR values in any region was seen but a positive correlation between T1 values and MAP2 labelling index in RtZ (P < 0.05). Significantly lower MAP2 LI were noted in the rostral medulla RtZ in epilepsy cases (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Rostro‐caudal alterations of medullary volume in SUDEP localize with regions containing respiratory regulatory nuclei. They may represent seizure‐related alterations, relevant to the pathophysiology of SUDEP.
Resequencing of 297 melon accessions reveals the genomic history of improvement and loci related to fruit traits in melon
Authors: Liu Shi , Gao Peng , Zhu Qianglong , Zhu Zicheng , Liu Hongyu , Wang Xuezheng , Weng Yiqun , Gao Meiling , Luan Feishi
Published: June 2020

Domestication and improvement are two important stages in crop evolution. Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important vegetable crop with wide phenotypic diversity in many horticultural traits, especially fruit size, flesh thickness and aroma, which are likely the results of long‐term extensive selection during its evolution. However, selective signals in domestication and improvement stages for these remarkable variations remain unclear. We resequenced 297 wild, landrace and improved melon accessions and obtained 2 045 412 high‐quality SNPs. Population structure and genetic diversity analyses revealed independent and two‐step selections in two subspecies of melon: ssp. melo and ssp. agrestis during melon breeding. We detected 233 (~18.35 Mbp) and 159 (~17.71 Mbp) novel potential selective signals during the improvement stage in ssp. agrestis and spp. melo, respectively. Two alcohol acyltransferase genes (CmAATs) unique to the melon genome compared with other cucurbit crops may have undergone stronger selection in ssp. agrestis for the characteristic aroma as compared with other cucurbits. Genome‐wide association analysis identified eight fruit size and seven flesh thickness signals overlapping with selective sweeps. Compared with thin‐skinned ssp. agrestis, thick‐skinned ssp. melo has undergone a stronger selection for thicker flesh. In most melon accessions, CmCLV3 has pleiotropic effects on carpel number and fruit shape. Findings from this study provide novel insights into melon crop evolution, and new tools to advance melon breeding.
Genome‐wide association study identifies CDH13 as a susceptibility gene for rhododendrol‐induced leukoderma
Authors: Okamura Ken , Abe Yuko , Naka Izumi , Ohashi Jun , Yagami Akiko , Matsunaga Kayoko , Kobayashi Yui , Fukai Kazuyoshi , Tanemura Atsushi , Katayama Ichiro , Masui Yukiko , Ito Akiko , Yamashita Toshiharu , Nagai Hiroshi , Nishigori Chikako , Oiso Naoki , Aoyama Yumi , Araki Yuta , Saito Toru , Hayashi Masahiro , Hozumi Yutaka , Suzuki Tamio
Published: June 2020

Racemic RS‐4‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐butanol (rhododendrol; trade name: Rhododenol [RD]), which is used in topical skin‐lightening cosmetics, was unexpectedly reported in Japan to induce leukoderma or vitiligo called RD‐induced leukoderma (RIL) after repeated application. To our knowledge, no studies have investigated chemical‐induced vitiligo pathogenesis on a genome‐wide scale. Here, we conducted a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) for 147 cases and 112 controls. CDH13, encoding a glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored protein called T‐cadherin (T‐cad), was identified as the strongest RIL susceptibility gene. RD sensitivity was remarkably increased by T‐cad knockdown in cultured normal human melanocytes. Furthermore, we confirmed tyrosinase upregulation and downregulation of the anti‐apoptotic molecules (BCL‐2 and BCL‐XL), suggesting that T‐cad is associated with RD via tyrosinase or apoptotic pathway regulation. Finally, monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone sensitivity also tended to increase with T‐cad knockdown, suggesting that the T‐cad could be a candidate susceptibility gene for RIL and other chemical‐induced vitiligo forms. This is the first GWAS for chemical‐induced vitiligo, and it could be a useful model for studying the disease's genetic aspects.
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation correlated with intratumoral heterogeneity in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kwa Wit Thun , Effendi Kathryn , Yamazaki Ken , Kubota Naoto , Hatano Mami , Ueno Akihisa , Masugi Yohei , Sakamoto Michiie
Published: June 2020

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutations are frequently observed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, the impact of TERT promoter mutations (TPMs) on clinical features and morphological patterns in HCC remains unresolved. Using DNA extracted from 97 HCCs, correlations between TPM status and both the clinical features of HCC and the immunohistochemically‐based subgroups were evaluated. Morphological tumor patterns were semi‐quantitatively analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin‐stained slides of the whole tumor cross‐sectional area. The percentages of tumor area occupied by early, well, moderate and poor histological patterns were calculated as a homogeneity index. TPMs were observed in 53 of 97 (55%) HCCs and were significantly associated with older age (P = 0.018) and HCV‐related background (P = 0.048). The biliary/stem cell marker‐positive subgroup was less likely to have TPMs (29%) compared to the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling marker‐positive subgroup (60%). In contrast to TPM‐negative HCCs, TPM‐positive HCCs clearly exhibited intratumoral morphological heterogeneity (0.800 ± 0.117 vs 0.927 ± 0.096, P < 0.0001), characterized by two or more heterogeneous histological patterns (P < 0.0001) and had more well or early differentiated histological patterns (P = 0.024). Our findings showed that intratumoral heterogeneity was strongly related to TPM‐positive HCCs, which established novel roles of TPMs, and may improve our understanding particularly about HCC development and diagnosis.
Transpiration difference under high evaporative demand in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) may be explained by differences in the water transport pathway in the root cylinder
Authors: Sivasakthi K , Tharanya M , Zaman‐Allah M , Kholová J , Thirunalasundari T , Vadez V
Published: June 2020

Terminal drought substantially reduces chickpea yield. Reducing water use at vegetative stage by reducing transpiration under high vapor pressure deficit (VPD), i.e. under dry/hot conditions, contributes to drought adaptation. We hypothesized that this trait could relate to differences in a genotype's dependence on root water transport pathways and hydraulics.

Transpiration rate responses in conservative and profligate chickpea genotypes were evaluated under increasing VPD in the presence/absence of apoplastic and cell‐to‐cell transport inhibitors.

Conservative genotypes ICC 4958 and ICC 8058 restricted transpiration under high VPD compared to the profligate genotypes ICC 14799 and ICC 867. Profligate genotypes were more affected by aquaporin inhibition of the cell‐to‐cell pathway than conservative genotypes, as measured by the root hydraulic conductance and transpiration under high VPD. Aquaporin inhibitor treatment also led to a larger reduction in root hydraulic conductivity in profligate than in conservative genotypes. In contrast, blockage of the apoplastic pathway in roots decreased transpiration more in conservative than in profligate genotypes. Interestingly, conservative genotypes had high early vigour, whereas profligate genotypes had low early vigour.

In conclusion, profligate genotypes depend more on the cell‐to‐cell pathway, which might explain their higher root hydraulic conductivity, whereas water‐saving by restricting transpiration led to higher dependence on the apoplastic pathway. This opens the possibility to screen for conservative or profligate chickpea phenotypes using inhibitors, itself opening to the search of the genetic basis of these differences.
Translocation of threatened terrestrial orchids into non‐mined and post‐mined lands in the Hunter Valley of New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Bell Stephen A.J.
Published: June 2020

Re‐introduction of threatened plants is an emerging tool in biodiversity conservation; however, the efficacy and success of translocations vary. This study documents translocation of two threatened terrestrial orchid species (Diuris tricolor,Prasophyllum petilum) over 8 years within coal mining areas in the Hunter Valley of NSW, Australia. In the largest scale orchid translocation known (and the only one translocating into mine rehabilitation), six events have progressively re‐located 3,030 mature orchids (1,206D. tricolor, 1,824P. petilum) into biodiversity offsets (non‐mined: 1,099D. tricolor, 1,493P. petilum) and mine rehabilitation (post‐mined: 127D. tricolor, 311P. petilum), and 300 salvaged tubers into non‐mined (20D. tricolor, 180P. petilum) and post‐mined (10D. tricolor, 90P. petilum) lands. Monitoring of orchids for 3–8 years revealed significant relationships between winter rainfall (July forP. petilum, August forD. tricolor) and orchid detection. Both species survived significantly better in non‐mined and post‐mined land when translocated in soil cores than as salvaged tubers.Diuris tricolorwas more detectable overall, with rates 3–8 years post‐translocation as high as 53–67% in good years and 16–47% during drought.Prasophyllum petilumwas less detectable, returning 4–12% in drought but rising to 52–63% during wetter seasons. Diligent searching prior to flowering doubled detection forD. tricolorand increased it by one third forP. petilum. Two monitoring inspections per season increased detection by up to 12%. After 3–8 years post‐translocation, orchids have persisted and are well established. Staged translocation over 8 years with adaptive management to operational procedures and monitoring has increased orchid detectability, and can be applied to future orchid translocations.
Reply
Authors: Guan Wei‐Jie , Zhong Nan‐Shan
Published: June 2020

See related Letter
Food Risks on the Web: Analysis of the 2017 Fipronil Alert in the Italian Online Information Sources
Authors: Ruzza Mirko , Tiozzo Barbara , Rizzoli Valentina , Giaretta Mosé , D'Este Laura , Ravarotto Licia
Published: June 2020

In the summer of 2017, several European Union Member States were involved in a food alert caused by the presence of fipronil pesticide residues in chicken eggs. The food alert became a major news and received wide coverage both in the mass media and on the Internet. This article describes a study that analyzed how the Italian online information sources represented the fipronil alert, using web monitoring techniques and both manual and automatic content analysis methods. The results indicate that the alert was amplified because general news media could represent the alert within the frame of a political scandal, and because different social actors exploited the case. However, online information sources correctly communicated that the risks for consumers were low, reporting mainly what was officially communicated by the Italian health authorities. The study provides empirical evidence on how the online information sources represent food risks and food alerts and offers useful indications for health authorities in charge of the public communication of food risks.
Phenomenology and Perceptual Content
Authors: Laasik Kristjan
Published: June 2020

Terence Horgan and John Tienson argue that there is phenomenal intentionality, that is, “a kind of intentionality, pervasive in human mental life, that is constitutively determined by phenomenology alone”. However, their arguments are open to two lines of objection. First, Horgan and Tienson are not sufficiently clear as to what kind of content it is that they take to be determined by, or to supervene on, phenomenal character. Second, critics have objected that, for their conclusion to follow, Horgan and Tienson would first have to establish the covariation of phenomenology and intentional content, but even so, phenomenal intentionality would still emerge as less plausible than its converse, representationalism. I will address these two challenges by appeal to Husserlian ideas. A consideration of perceptual phenomenology (i.e., phenomenal character) shows that there is a kind of perceptual content that is, indeed, determined by phenomenal character. Such content is conceived in terms of fulfillment conditions, or what it takes to bring aspects of objects and scenes to different, and more complete, ways of givenness. We can establish the primacy of phenomenology, relative to such fulfillment‐conditional content, by tracing it back to the basic phenomenology of visual and other sensations.
Climate Change is Unjust War: Geoengineering and the Rising Tides of War
Authors: Fruh Kyle , Hedahl Marcus
Published: June 2020

Climate change is undeniably a global problem, but the situation is especially dire for countries whose territory is comprised entirely or primarily of low‐lying land. While geoengineering might offer an opportunity to protect these states, international consensus on the particulars of any geoengineering proposal seems unlikely. To consider the moral complexities created by unilateral deployment of geoengineering technologies, we turn to a moral convention with a rich history of assessing interference in the sovereign affairs of foreign states: the just war tradition. We argue that the just war framework demonstrates that, for these nations, geoengineering offers a justified form of self‐defense from an unwarranted, albeit unintentional, aggression. This startling result places our own carbon‐emitting activities in a stark new light: in perpetrating climate change, we are, in fact, waging war on the most vulnerable.
External World Skepticism, Confidence and Psychologism about the Problem of Priors
Authors: Berry Sharon
Published: June 2020

In this paper, I will distinguish two varieties of external world skepticism: belief and confidence skepticism. I will argue that we can defang the intuitive motivations for confidence skepticism (though not a meeker “argument from might,” which got some attention in the twentieth century literature on external world skepticism) by adopting a partially psychologistic answer to the problem of priors. And I will argue that certain recent work in the epistemology of mathematics and logic provides independent support for such psychologism.
Chronotypes and objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time at midlife
Authors: Nauha Laura , Jurvelin Heidi , Ala‐Mursula Leena , Niemelä Maisa , Jämsä Timo , Kangas Maarit , Korpelainen Raija
Published: June 2020

Morning, day, or evening chronotypes differ by the circadian timing of alertness and the preferred timing of sleep. It has been suggested that evening chronotype is associated with low physical activity (PA) and high sedentary time (SED). Our aim was to investigate whether such an association is confirmed by objectively measured PA and SED. In 46‐year follow‐up of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study, total PA (MET min/day) and SED (min/day) among 5156 participants were determined using wrist‐worn accelerometers for 14 days. We used the shortened Morningness‐Eveningness Questionnaire to define participants' chronotypes. As covariates, we used self‐reported physical strenuousness of work, health, and demographics, and clinical measures. We used adjusted general linear models (B coefficients with 95% confidence intervals, CI) to analyze how chronotype was related to total PA or SED. As compared to evening chronotype, men with day and morning chronotypes had higher total PA volumes (adjusted B 75.2, 95% CI [8.1, 142.4], P = .028, and 98.6, [30.2, 167.1], P = .005). Men with day and morning chronotypes had less SED (−35.8, [−53.8, −17.8], P < .0001, and −38.6, [−56.9, −20.2], P < .0001). Among women, morning chronotype was associated with higher total PA (57.8, [10.5, 105.0], P = .017), whereas no association between chronotype and SED emerged. Evening chronotype was associated with low objectively measured PA in both sexes and with high SED in men, even after adjustments for established potential confounders. Chronotype should be considered in PA promotion.
COVID‐19 and Alternative Conceptualisations of Value and Risk in GPN Research
Authors: Bryson John R. , Vanchan Vida
Published: June 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic represents a major disturbance that has rippled across the world’s population, states, economy, and central nervous system or global production networks transforming the traditional roles of states, firms, individuals/consumers, and geographies of production. This paper offers a critical and context‐based approach to understanding globalization and localization by challenging the conceptualization of ‘value’ and ‘risk’ within the current global production networks framework as well as identifying key operational strategies in risk management and national security. An analysis of the adaptation strategies of the GPNs of 91 companies identifies the role played by four different forms of value in configuring production networks. This is to balance ‘economic value’ with non‐price‐based sources of value and alternative values. The analysis underscores the critical role of the state in ensuring national and human security as well as its increasing power as a key actor in GPNs and the global economy.
A place for place: Modelling and analysing platial representations
Authors: Westerholt René , Mocnik Franz‐Benjamin , Comber Alexis
Published: June 2020

This editorial presents a special collection of papers addressing the concept of place and its use in geographical information science (GIScience). The concept of place is a topic of increasing interest among GIScience scholars. First attempts to formalise platial information have been made and it is increasingly held that user‐generated data sets in particular are often more platial than spatial in nature. At the same time, and especially when compared to geometric spatial concepts, the concept of place is ambiguous, complex and difficult to capture in formal and analytical terms, suggesting the need for interdisciplinary approaches. This collection presents articles covering a wide range of place‐related aspects, including both conceptual and more applied contributions. In the present editorial we summarise these and comment on their individual contributions, and hope that the readership of Transactions in GIS will find the special collection inspiring and informative.
Social media discourses of Arabism and the negotiation of Self in the Middle East
Authors: Sarkhoh Nadia , KhosraviNik Majid
Published: June 2020

Positioned within and contributing to the body of scholarship around Social Media Critical Discourse Studies (SM‐CDS) and as part of a larger research project examining digitally mediated discourses of regional/national(ist) identity within ‘social media paradigm of communication’ (KhosraviNik, 2017a), the current paper explores various discursive manifestations of an imagined pan‐Arab identity in a body of user‐generated content on digital platforms. The paper aims to integrate social media theories with critical discourse studies to explore the linguistic, technological, and argumentative aspects of an under‐researched conflict in the Middle East by investigating bottom‐up discursive practices. Confronted with the hegemony of English in scholarly publishing and the challenges of recontextualizing source texts especially in cross language qualitative research, the paper also sheds some light on translation challenges and their implications on data analysis and interpretation.
Detection of spatial, temporal and space‐time Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium clusters in Ontario in 2015, and comparisons to known outbreaks
Authors: Paphitis Katherine , Pearl David L. , Berke Olaf , McEwen Scott A. , Trotz‐Williams Lise
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Salmonellosis is one of several reportable diseases in Ontario (ON). Two or more cases of the same serotype that are linked to a common exposure or related to one another in time and/or space are considered a potential outbreak. While laboratory data can help to determine the molecular relatedness of cases, results may take up to several weeks. This study aimed to assess the utility of the retrospective spatial scan statistic in detecting clusters of Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium cases using data from ON in 2015. Identified clusters were validated by laboratory data (where available) to determine whether identified clusters were likely outbreaks.

Methods

Data representing the location of each reported S. Heidelberg or S. Typhimurium case in 2015, responsible serotype and symptom onset date were exported to SaTScan for retrospective spatial, temporal, and space‐time analyses using the spatial scan statistic with Bernoulli models and a space‐time permutation model. Analyses were performed with and without those cases linked to known outbreaks. Laboratory subtyping data (i.e. pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and/or phage type) and food and environmental exposure information (e.g. travel, animal contact, poultry and other food item consumption) were used to explore the relatedness of cases within identified clusters.

Results

Spatial, temporal and space‐time analyses identified a known outbreak of S. Heidelberg in 2015 (n = 9 cases) and a previously unidentified cluster of S. Heidelberg cases. Most cases (94%) within a cluster detected via a space‐time permutation model of S. Heidelberg cases shared an identical PFGE pattern and appeared to represent a true outbreak.

Conclusions

The spatial scan statistic, and particularly the space‐time permutation model, could assist in outbreak identification before laboratory data are available, allowing for faster cluster identification and implementation of control measures.
A Massive, Late Neolithic Pit Structure associated with Durrington Walls Henge
Authors: Gaffney Vincent , Baldwin Eamonn , Bates Martin , Bates C. Richard , Gaffney Christopher , Hamilton Derek , Kinnaird Tim , Neubauer Wolfgang , Yorston Ronald , Allaby Robin , Chapman Henry , Garwood Paul , Löcker Klaus , Hinterleitner Alois , Sparrow Tom , Trinks Immo , Wallner Mario , Leivers Matthew
Published: June 2020

A series of massive geophysical anomalies, located south of the Durrington Walls henge monument, were identified during fluxgate gradiometer survey undertaken by the Stonehenge Hidden Landscapes Project (SHLP). Initially interpreted as dewponds, these data have been re-evaluated, along with information on similar features revealed by archaeological contractors undertaking survey and excavation to the north of the Durrington Walls henge. Analysis of the available data identified a total of 20 comparable features, which align within a series of arcs adjacent to Durrington Walls. Further geophysical survey, supported by mechanical coring, was undertaken on several geophysical anomalies to assess their nature, and to provide dating and environmental evidence. The results of fieldwork demonstrate that some of these features, at least, were massive, circular pits with a surface diameter of 20m or more and a depth of at least 5m. Struck flint and bone were recovered from primary silts and radiocarbon dating indicates a Late Neolithic date for the lower silts of one pit. The degree of similarity across the 20 features identified suggests that they could have formed part of a circuit of large pits around Durrington Walls, and this may also have incorporated the recently discovered Larkhill causewayed enclosure. The diameter of the circuit of pits exceeds 2km and there is some evidence that an intermittent, inner post alignment may have existed within the circuit of pits. One pit may provide evidence for a recut; suggesting that some of these features could have been maintained through to the Middle Bronze Age. Together, these features represent a unique group of features related to the henge at Durrington Walls, executed at a scale not previously recorded.
Effects of Temperature on the Time-Varying Mesh Stiffness, Vibration Response, and Support Force of a Multi-Stage Planetary Gear
Authors: Liu Hui , Yan Pengfei , Gao Pu
Published: June 2020

The thermal deformation of gears will affect the vibration of the planetary system; this research mainly studied the effect of thermal conditions on planetary systems nonlinear vibration under the thermal equilibrium state. To study the influence of gear temperature on the planetary gear system, a nonlinear dynamic model considering thermal deformation was established. The mathematical expression of the thermal time-varying mesh stiffness (TTVMS) varied with temperature, and the backlash caused by the temperature change was also computed. The influence of temperature on the TTVMS was investigated. The calculation results indicated that the methods used to determine the TTVMS and backlash of gear pairs were effective, and the trends of the change in the nonlinear dynamic characteristics with temperature were obtained. According to the fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrums and root-mean-square (RMS) analysis, the influence of temperature change on the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the system was analyzed. When the temperature was lower than 80 °C, the vibration displacement and the supporting shaft load remained unchanged or decreased. Once the temperature was higher than 80 °C, the vibration displacement and load of the system were strengthened.
A Study of Hole-Entry Grooved Surface Hybrid Spherical Journal Bearing Operating With Electrorheological Lubricant
Authors: Tomar Adesh Kumar , Sharma Satish C.
Published: June 2020

The performances of the tribo-pairs are greatly influenced by introducing the grooved surfaces. Developments of the newer type of lubricants have made a great impact on the performance of fluid film bearings. This article investigates the non-Newtonian behavior of electrorheological lubricant on the performance of grooved hybrid spherical journal bearing. The effect of different arrangements of grooves, i.e., partially grooved or fully grooved on the bearing surface, has been studied. The finite element method is used to numerically simulate the results. Furthermore, a parametric study is performed for optimizing the groove attributes. The present work demonstrates that the different grooved arrangements have a substantial influence on the bearing performance. It is revealed that the provision of grooves on the bearing surface decreases frictional losses and enhances the stiffness coefficients of the bearing. Furthermore, numerically simulated results indicate that the electrorheological lubricant enhances the value of minimum fluid film thickness and the stiffness coefficients (S¯xxandS¯yy) of spherical hybrid journal bearing. Improved bearing performance can be achieved by using the optimized grooved attributes together with the electrorheological lubricant.
Kinematically Identical Manipulators Derivation for the 2-RPU + UPR Parallel Manipulator and Their Constraint Performance Comparison
Authors: Hu Bo , Shi Dongsheng , Xie Tengfei , Hu Bibo , Ye Nijia
Published: June 2020

This paper derives the kinematically identical manipulators (KIMs) of the 2-RPU + UPR parallel manipulators (PMs) and performs a comparison study among them. Based on the principle for deriving KIMs, ten non-overconstrained and 12 overconstrained KIMs of the 2-RPU + UPR PMs are derived. The 2-RPU + UPR PM and its KIMs has identical kinematics but different constraints. On the basis of motion/force transmission indices, the optimal design of the 2-RPU + UPR PM and its KIMs is carried out and the optimal parameters are obtained. With the optimal parameters and the definition of constraint performance, their constraint performances are compared. The comparison study with the 2-RPU + UPR PM and its KIMs is helpful for obtaining the optimal architectures among them.
Automated Generation of Fault Scenarios to Assess Potential Human Errors and Functional Failures in Early Design Stages
Authors: Irshad Lukman , Demirel H. Onan , Tumer Irem Y.
Published: June 2020

Human errors are attributed to a majority of accidents and malfunctions in complex engineered systems. The human error and functional failure reasoning (HEFFR) framework was developed to assess potential functional failures, human errors, and their propagation paths during early design stages so that more reliable systems with improved performance and safety can be designed. In order to perform a comprehensive analysis using this framework, a wide array of potential failure scenarios need to be tested. Coming up with such use cases that can cover a majority of faults can be challenging for engineers. This research aims overcome this limitation by creating a use case generation technique that covers both component- and human-related fault scenarios. The proposed technique is a time-based simulation that employs a modified depth first search (DFS) to simulate events as the event propagation is analyzed using HEFFR at each time-step. The results show that the proposed approach is capable of generating a wide variety of fault scenarios involving humans and components. Out of the 15.4 million scenarios that were found to violate the critical function, two had purely human-induced faults, 163,204 had purely non-human-induced faults, and the rest had a combination of both. The results also show that the framework was able to uncover hard-to-detect scenarios such as scenarios with human errors that do not propagate to affect the system. In fact, 86% of all human action combinations with nominal human-induced component behaviors had underlying human errors.
Determination of Stresses in Incrementally Deposited Films From Wafer-Curvature Measurements
Authors: Rao Zhaoxia , Jin Hanxun , Engwall Alison , Chason Eric , Kim Kyung-Suk
Published: June 2020

We report closed-form formulas to calculate the incremental-deposition stress, the elastic relaxation stress, and the residual stress in a finite-thickness film from a wafer-curvature measurement. The calculation shows how the incremental deposition of a new stressed layer to the film affects the amount of the film/wafer curvature and the stress state of the previously deposited layers. The formulas allow the incremental-deposition stress and the elastic relaxation to be correctly calculated from the slope of the measured curvature versus thickness for arbitrary thicknesses and biaxial moduli of the film and the substrate. Subtraction of the cumulative elastic relaxation from the incremental-deposition stress history results in the residual stress left in the film after the whole deposition process. The validities of the formulas are confirmed by curvature measurements of electrodeposited Ni films on substrates with different thicknesses.
Level Set-Based Extended Finite Element Modeling of the Response of Fibrous Networks Under Hygroscopic Swelling
Authors: Samantray P. , Peerlings R. H. J. , Bosco E. , Geers M. G. D. , Massart T. J. , Rokoš O.
Published: June 2020

Materials like paper, consisting of a network of natural fibers, exposed to variations in moisture, undergo changes in geometrical and mechanical properties. This behavior is particularly important for understanding the hygro-mechanical response of sheets of paper in applications like digital printing. A two-dimensional microstructural model of a fibrous network is therefore developed to upscale the hygro-expansion of individual fibers, through their interaction, to the resulting overall expansion of the network. The fibers are modeled with rectangular shapes and are assumed to be perfectly bonded where they overlap. For realistic networks, the number of bonds is large, and the network is geometrically so complex that discretizing it by conventional, geometry-conforming, finite elements is cumbersome. The combination of a level-set and XFEM formalism enables the use of regular, structured grids in order to model the complex microstructural geometry. In this approach, the fibers are described implicitly by a level-set function. In order to represent the fiber boundaries in the fibrous network, an XFEM discretization is used together with a Heaviside enrichment function. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed approach successfully captures the hygro-expansive properties of the network with fewer degrees-of-freedom compared to classical FEM, preserving desired accuracy.
Atomic layer deposition of HfO2 films using carbon-free tetrakis(tetrahydroborato)hafnium and water
Authors: Choudhury Devika , Mandia David J. , Langeslay Ryan R. , Yanguas-Gil Angel , Letourneau Steven , Sattelberger Alfred P. , Balasubramanium Mahalingam , Mane Anil U. , Delferro Massimiliano , Elam Jeffrey W.
Published: June 2020

Thin hafnium oxide films were prepared by atomic layer deposition using a carbon-free precursor, tetrakis(tetrahydroborato)hafnium [Hf(BH4)4], and H2O. Film growth was studied using an in situ quartz crystal microbalance and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. Self-limiting growth was observed between 100 and 175 °C, but the thermal decomposition of the Hf precursor occurred at higher temperatures. The film properties were investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray reflectivity, x-ray diffraction, ellipsometry, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The as-deposited films were found to consist of an amorphous mixture of HfO2 and B2O3, and had a lower density and lower refractive index compared to pure HfO2 thin films. Annealing the films to >750 °C yielded crystalline monoclinic HfO2 with a density of 9 g/cm3 and a refractive index of 2.10.
Smithian growth in a nonindustrial society
Authors: Ortman Scott , Lobo José
Published: June 2020

The archaeological record provides model systems for investigating fundamental processes of economic growth.
Cytosolic delivery of proteins by cholesterol tagging
Authors: Tai Wanyi , Zhao Pengfei , Gao Xiaohu
Published: June 2020

This platform can deliver proteins for intracellular imaging and therapeutic targets while bypassing endocytosis sequestration.
NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase Ccr1 Is a Target of Tamoxifen and Participates in Its Antifungal Activity via Regulating Cell Wall Integrity in Fission Yeast
Authors: Liu Qiannan , Guo Xiaoxu , Jiang Guanglie , Wu Guoxiang , Miao Hao , Liu Kun , Chen Si , Sakamoto Norihiro , Kuno Takayoshi , Yao Fan , Fang Yue
Published: June 2020

Invasive fungal diseases are a leading cause of mortality among immunocompromised populations. Treatment is notoriously difficult due to the limited number of antifungal drugs as well as the emergence of drug resistance. Tamoxifen (TAM), a selective estrogen receptor modulator frequently used for the treatment of breast cancer, has been found to have antifungal activities and may be a useful addition to the agents used to treat fungal infectious diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its antifungal actions remain obscure.