bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Neem EC on gas exchange, tracheal ventilation, and water loss in diapausing pupae of Pieris brassicae
Authors: Jõgar Katrin , Kuusik Aare , Metspalu Luule , Hiiesaar Külli , Grishakova Maria , Luik Anne
Published: June 2009

Effects of Neem EC (The Indian Neem Tree CompanyTM, 1% azadirachtin) on gas exchange cycles, tracheal ventilation, and water loss in diapausing pupae of the large white butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), were studied using a constant volume respirometer combined with an infrared probe actograph. The non‐treated pupae displayed discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGC) with a trend coinciding with the bursts of carbon dioxide (CO2) release, active tracheal ventilation, and the heartbeat periods. Two independent forms of tracheal ventilation were observed, relatively vigorous abdominal shaking movements and weak abdominal pulsations. The ability to respond to mechanical excitation with abdominal movements was entirely lost on the 2nd day after treatments with Neem EC, and also a reduced tendency to use a DGC was observed. During 2–3 days after treatments, the DGCs and gas exchange microcycles were entirely lost, as was active ventilation. Before treatments, body mass loss, that is, water loss, was 0.6–0.9 mg g−1 day−1. After the treatments, water loss increased to 3–5 mg g−1 day−1. The pupae remained alive for 10–15 days after the treatments and died after having lost about 50% of their initial body mass. The absence of heartbeats measured during at least 4–5 h was the main criterion for ascertaining death of pupae. The results suggested that respiratory failures, that is, the loss of cyclic gas exchange, evoked by Neem EC were the primary cause of lethal desiccation. Thus, the hypothesis that the cyclic gas exchange is an adaptation for restricting water losses in insects was supported.
Contribution of ergot alkaloids to suppression of a grass‐feeding caterpillar assessed with gene knockout endophytes in perennial ryegrass
Authors: Potter Daniel A. , Tyler Stokes J. , Redmond Carl T. , Schardl Christopher L. , Panaccione Daniel G.
Published: June 2009

Neotyphodium and Epichloë species (Ascomycota: Clavicipitaceae) are fungal symbionts (endophytes) of grasses. Many of these endophytes produce alkaloids that enhance their hosts’ resistance to insects or are toxic to grazing mammals. The goals of eliminating from forage grasses factors such as ergot alkaloids that are responsible for livestock disorders, while retaining pasture sustainability, and of developing resistant turf grasses, require better understanding of how particular alkaloids affect insect herbivores. We used perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L. (Poaceae) symbiotic with Neotyphodium lolii × Epichloë typhina isolate Lp1 (a natural interspecific hybrid), as well as with genetically modified strains of Lp1 with altered ergot alkaloid profiles, to test effects of ergot alkaloids on feeding, growth, and survival of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a generalist grass‐feeding caterpillar. Neonates or late instars were provided clippings from glasshouse‐grown plants in choice and rearing trials. Wild‐type endophytic grass showed strong antixenosis and antibiosis, especially to neonates. Plant‐endophyte symbiota from which complex ergot alkaloids (ergovaline and lysergic acid amides such as ergine) or all ergot alkaloids were eliminated by endophyte gene knockout retained significant resistance against neonates. However, this activity was reduced compared to that of wild‐type Lp1, providing the first direct genetic evidence that ergot alkaloids contribute to insect resistance of endophytic grasses. Similarity of larval response to the two mutants suggested that ergovaline and/or ergine account for the somewhat greater potency of wild‐type Lp1 compared to the knockouts, whereas simpler ergot alkaloids contribute little to that added resistance. All of the endophyte strains also produced peramine, which was probably their primary resistance component. This study suggests that ergot alkaloids can be eliminated from an endophyte of perennial ryegrass while retaining significant insect resistance.
Dispersal of potato tuber moth estimated using field application of Bt for mark‐capture techniques
Authors: Cameron P. J. , Wigley P. J. , Elliott S. , Madhusudhan V. V. , Wallace A. R. , Anderson J. A. D. , Walker G. P.
Published: June 2009

A new mark‐capture technique involving field applications of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) to study the dispersal of potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), was investigated as a tool to improve information on the potential impact of insect pest dispersal on crop infestation and insecticide resistance. The acquisition and persistence of Bt on moths were characterized and potential contamination of moths from naturally occurring Bts was examined. This mark‐capture technique was developed to mark larger numbers of moths than had been previously achieved with laboratory marking using fluorescent dyes in mark‐release‐recapture experiments. Applications of commercial preparations of Bt to 0.3 and 1.0 ha potato fields were estimated to have marked ca. 50 000 moths in each experiment. Pheromone trap catches of potato tuber moths in the Bt‐sprayed fields and in potato fields at distances of ca. 80, 200, 350, and 750 m were assayed for the Bt marker using selective microbiological media and identification of characteristic Bt crystal inclusions. Marking rates of moths were 78–100% in the sprayed fields and, compared with our previous mark‐release‐recapture studies, marking at ca. 200 m was increased by 15–18‐fold to >3.0 moths per trap. This capture rate allowed the calculation of a dispersal curve that improved the reliability of estimates of movement at farm‐scale distances. These estimates indicated that 10% of the population dispersed to 240 m in 3 days, and suggested that moths can potentially disperse throughout a typical potato‐growing area in one growing season. This level of dispersal has implications for the spread and management of potato tuber moth populations, especially if insecticide resistance is present.
The interplay of lipopolysaccharide‐binding protein and cytokines in periodontal health and disease
Authors: Ren Lei , Jiang Zi Qiang , Fu Yun , Leung Wai Keung , Jin Lijian
Published: June 2009

Aim: Periodontal pathogenesis is characterized by Gram‐negative bacteria activation of series of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines from host cells through the pathway of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS‐binding protein (LBP) and CD14. The present study investigated the expression profiles of interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐10 in periodontal health and disease, and examined the effects of Escherichia coli LPS and LBP interaction on the expression of IL‐1β and IL‐10 by human gingival fibroblasts (HGF).

Material and Methods: Gingival biopsies were collected from 44 subjects with chronic periodontitis and 15 periodontally healthy subjects. The expression of IL‐1β and IL‐10 was detected by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression of IL‐1β and IL‐10 in HGF was detected by RT‐PCR with or without recombinant human LBP (rhLBP), while the peptides were analysed by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: IL‐1β was detected in both oral sulcular epithelia of healthy controls and periodontal pocket epithelia of patients. IL‐10 was mainly expressed in the intercellular spaces of connective tissues. IL‐1β displayed a reverse pattern of expression levels with reference to IL‐10, and a negative correlation existed between LBP and the ratio of IL‐1β/IL‐10. rhLBP suppressed E. coli LPS‐induced IL‐1β expression by HGF.

Conclusion: An appropriate interplay of LBP and cytokines may have a beneficial effect on innate host defence, thereby contributing to periodontal homeostasis.
Effect of platelet‐rich plasma on sinus lifting: a randomized‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Torres Jesús , Tamimi Faleh , Martinez Pedro‐Pablo , Alkhraisat Mohammad Hamdan , Linares Rafael , Hernández Gonzalo , Torres‐Macho Juan , López‐Cabarcos Enrique
Published: June 2009

Objective: The combination of anorganic bovine bone (ABB) with platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) has been widely used in bone regeneration procedures although its benefits are still unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether or not PRP improves the efficacy of ABB in sinus floor augmentation. In addition, we have investigated the effect of residual bone height and tobacco on implant survival in sinus augmentation procedures.

Patient and Methods: Eighty‐seven patients recruited for this study underwent 144 sinus floor augmentation procedures using ABB alone or ABB plus PRP (ABB+PRP) in a randomized clinical trial. A total of 286 implants were placed in the augmented bone, and their evolution was followed up for a period of 24 months. In order to investigate on a histological level and any adjunctive effects, we performed an ancillary study in five edentulous patients with a symmetrical severely resorbed maxilla. In these patients, a bilateral sinus augmentation was randomly performed using ABB or ABB+PRP in a split‐mouth design, and after 6 months, bone biopsies were taken from the implant sites for histological and histomorphometric analysis.

Results: Overall, 96.2% of ABB and 98.6% of ABB+PRP implant success were obtained during the monitoring period and differences were not found between sites grafted with and without PRP in the 87 patients studied. Densitometry assessments and graft resorption were similar in both experimental groups. However, the histological and histomorphometrical analysis in the five edentulous patients revealed that bone augmentation was significantly higher in sites treated with ABB+PRP (p0.05). Another outcome from our study is that the lack of initial bone support (p0.05) and smoking (p=0.05) appeared to have a negative effect on the treatment success, which was accentuated when both circumstances coincided.

Conclusions: PRP is not a determining factor for implant survival in sinus lifting procedures. However, this study revealed that PRP can improve the osteoconductive properties of ABB by increasing the volume of new bone formed. Moreover, in sinus augmentation procedures the implant's survival rate appears to be more influenced by the residual bone height or by tobacco than by the type of bone graft.
Solitary nodule of the penis as unique manifestation of Rosai‐Dorfman disease
Authors: Fiallo Paolo , Boggio Maurizio , Cabiddu Francesco , Musizzano Yuri , Orcioni Giulio Fraternali
Published: June 2009

We report the case of a 53‐year‐old man with a solitary nodule located on the inner surface of the prepuce. The lesion was removed and the final diagnosis was Rosai‐Dorfman disease (RDD/sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy). This report, being the first case of RDD presenting as a single nodule of the penis, broadens the spectrum of the cutaneous expression of RDD.
Sulforaphane but not ascorbigen, indole‐3‐carbinole and ascorbic acid activates the transcription factor Nrf2 and induces phase‐2 and antioxidant enzymes in human keratinocytes in culture
Authors: Wagner Anika E. , Ernst Insa , Iori Renato , Desel Christine , Rimbach Gerald
Published: June 2009

Please cite this paper as: Sulforaphane but not ascorbigen, indole‐3‐carbinole, and ascorbic acid activates the transcription factor Nrf2 and induces phase‐2 and antioxidant enzymes in human keratinocytes in culture. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 137–144.

Abstract:  Nrf2 is a basic leucine zipper transcriptional activator essential for the coordinated transcriptional induction of phase‐2 and antioxidant enzymes. Brassica vegetables contain phytochemicals including glucoraphanin, the precursor of sulforaphane (SFN) and glucobrassicin, the precursor of indole‐3‐carbinole (I3C) and ascorbigen (ABG). The degradation products SFN, I3C and ABG may be capable of inducing cytoprotective genes in skin. In this study, we tested the potency of SFN, ABG and I3C in affecting Nrf2‐dependent gene expression in human keratinocytes in culture. SFN but not ABG and its precursors I3C and ascorbic acid induced Nrf2 dependent gene expression at a relatively low concentration (5 μmol/l). Induction of Nrf2 due to SFN was accompanied by an increase in mRNA and protein levels of NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme oxygenase 1 and γ‐glutamylcysteine‐synthetase. Furthermore, SFN elevated cellular glutathione levels and antagonized tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced NFκB transactivation. Therefore, SFN treatment may present a strategy for enhancing the cellular defense mechanisms in skin.
Effects of Formaldehyde on Cardiovascular System in In Situ Rat Hearts
Authors: Takeshita Daisuke , Nakajima‐Takenaka Chikako , Shimizu Juichiro , Hattori Hiroshi , Nakashima Tamiji , Kikuta Akio , Matsuyoshi Hiroko , Takaki Miyako
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of formaldehyde solution on rat left ventricular function and compare it with those in hypertrophic hearts treated with isoproterenol by pressure–volume measurements with the catheter method. After 20–30 min. of intravenous infusion of 3.7% formaldehyde solution (FA) at 10 μl (3.7 mg)/kg/min, normal and hypertrophic hearts showed significant decreases in left ventricle end‐systolic pressure (ESP), heart rate and cardiac output per minute, indicating an acute pumping failure. Hypertrophic hearts showed significantly smaller ESP, stroke volumes and cardiac output than those in normal hearts. Systolic pressure–volume area at midrange left ventricular volume (PVAmLVV: a mechanical work capability index) was significantly smaller than that in normal hearts and per cent of mean PVAmLVVversus pre‐infusion mean value in hypertrophic hearts was significantly decreased compared to normal hearts 30 min. after FA infusion. The marked decrease in pH, base excess and no changes in PaO2 and PaCO2 suggest metabolic acidosis. The correction of metabolic acidosis with 9% NaHCO3 did not influence on the acute pumping failure, indicating that metabolic acidosis did not cause it. Ultrastructural observations revealed marked dilation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum with intact sarcolemmal membranes and no disintegration of muscle myofibrils. Ryanodine receptors and calcium (Ca2+) pumps (SERCA2A) located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum have major roles in the cytosolic Ca2+ handling. Taken together, acute pumping failure by FA may derive from the impairment of Ca2+ handling in the cardiac excitation–contraction coupling.
A Review of the Effect of the Psychosocial Working Environment on Physiological Changes in Blood and Urine
Authors: Hansen Åse M. , Larsen Ann Dyreborg , Rugulies Reiner , Garde Anne H. , Knudsen Lisbeth E.
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  The aim of the present survey was to provide a literary review of current knowledge of the possible association between the psychosocial working environment and relevant physiological parameters measured in blood and urine. Literature databases (PubMed, Toxline, Biosis and Embase) were screened using the key words job, work‐related and stress in combination with selected physiological parameters. In total, 51 work place studies investigated the associations between the psychosocial working environment and physiological changes, of which 20 were longitudinal studies and 12 population‐based studies. The studied exposures in work place/population‐based studies included: job demands (26/8 studies), job control (24/10 studies), social support and/or leadership behaviour (12/3 studies), effort–reward imbalance (three/one studies), occupational changes (four studies), shift work (eight studies), traumatic events (one study) and other (five studies). The physiological responses were catecholamines (adrenaline, noradrenaline) (14 studies), cortisol (28 studies), cholesterol (23 studies), glycated haemoglobinA1c (six studies), testosterone (nine studies), oestrogens (three studies), dehydroepiandrosterone (six studies), prolactin (14 studies), melatonin (one study), thyroxin (one study), immunoglobulin (Ig) A (five studies), IgG (four studies), IgM (one study) and fibrinogen (eight studies). In general, fibrinogen and catabolic indicators, defined as energy releasing, were increased, whereas the anabolic indicators defined as constructive building up energy resources were decreased when the psychosocial working environment was perceived as poor. In conclusion, in this review the association between an adverse psychosocial working environment and HbA1c, testosterone and fibrinogen in serum was found to be a robust and potential candidate for a physiological effect of the psychosocial working environment. Further, urinary catecholamines appear to reflect the effects of shift work and monotonous work.
Effects of Carbon Yarn Size on the Mechanical Properties of Plain Woven C/SiC Composites
Authors: Wang Yiqiang , Zhang Litong , Cheng Laifei
Published: June 2009

The effects of yarn size on the mechanical properties of silicon carbide composites reinforced with a plain woven carbon cloth with two sizes of yarns (1 and 3 k) were investigated. The experimental results show that the composite fabricated with 1 k yarns exhibits greater stiffness and strength than the composite fabricated with 3 k yarns. Microstructural observations revealed the existence of matrix microcracks in both the composites under the as‐processed condition due to the large difference of thermal expansion between the fibers and the matrix, which are more severe for the composite with 3 k yarns. The fractured surfaces of the composite with 1 k yarns showed extensive fiber pull‐out in contrast to the yarn pull‐out in the composite with 3 k yarns. The larger interyarn and intrayarn voids due to difficulties of matrix infiltration in the composite with 3 k yarns represent the primary contribution to the diminished mechanical properties. Unequal yarn sizes give rise to different yarn waviness, which may be another source of difference in the mechanical properties of composites.
AMBIENT LIGHTING MODIFIES THE FLAVOR OF WINE
Authors: OBERFELD DANIEL , HECHT HEIKO , ALLENDORF ULRICH , WICKELMAIER FLORIAN
Published: June 2009

It is well known that the color of a beverage can influence its flavor. We conducted three experiments to investigate the effect of the ambient room color on flavor, while leaving the color of the beverage unaltered. We chose white wine as the beverage and used several methods to fully explore the potential role of ambient light. First, a group of wine buyers made judgments on flavor and global liking while tasting a Riesling on site at a local winery. Ambient color influenced the subjective value of the wine. Wine tasted better in blue or red environments as compared with green and white. A second group was tested in the laboratory. Ambient color modified the taste, but not the odor of the wine. The influence of ambient color on flavor was confirmed in a third experiment using the method of paired comparisons.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

It has become fashionable in architecture and interior design to abandon the classical white or pastel colors that have traditionally been used for wall paint. Bright red and orange colors may prevail in a hip hair salon or a bar may have pink illuminated walls. As the private and public places where beverages are consumed change in ambient color, we should expect the taste experience to change as well. Additionally, our data show that the subjective value of the wine and consequently, the amount of money consumers are willing to spend for it can be influenced by ambient color. Thus, the interior design of, for example, a wine bar should take these effects into consideration.
Managing high‐acuity‐depressed adults in primary care
Authors: Sobczak Janet Ambrogne
Published: June 2009

Purpose: To identify strategies for managing high‐acuity‐depressed adults in primary care settings. Patients who do not achieve remission with initial treatment, patients at risk for suicide, and patients with co‐occurring substance use disorders are specifically addressed.

Data sources: Scientific literature and evidence‐based practice guidelines.

Conclusion: Accurate diagnosis is best accomplished using screening instruments as an adjunct to a thorough history and assessment. The goal of interventions is remission of symptoms as opposed to a partial response. Patient preferences regarding choice of intervention must be considered. Initial pharmacotherapy must include adequate doses and a trial of adequate duration. Patients who do not respond to two medication trials are at risk for suicide and/or have a co‐occurring substance use disorder may require: (a) a combination of medications coupled with psychotherapy; or (b) referral to mental health specialists to achieve the best outcomes.

Implications for practice: High‐acuity patients with mental health needs will continue to be seen in primary care settings. Through educational preparation and a patient‐centered focus, advanced practice nurses in primary care settings are in an optimal position to set a high standard of care for complex mental health patients.
Neural Correlates of Social Decision Making and Relationships
Authors: Güroğlu Berna , van den Bos Wouter , Crone Eveline A.
Published: June 2009

Social competence, e.g., effective functioning in interpersonal relationships, plays an important role in well being during one's lifetime. Social skills, such as perspective taking and understanding intentionality, develop during childhood and adolescence. We hypothesize that these behavioral changes result from protracted development of brain regions involved in social interactions. We give a brief outline of behavioral and neuroimaging studies on fairness, trust, and reciprocity considerations in social decision making and the development of these considerations. We propose that a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the developing brain and sociocognitive skills is important for understanding the development of social relationships.
Sacred Values
Authors: Alderdice John Thomas
Published: June 2009

Enduring, violent, social, and political conflicts have often been interpreted as resulting directly from socioeconomic inequity. The advent of global terrorism is traditionally understood by the political left as representing a rational, albeit regrettable, third‐world response to poverty. On the political right the alternative explanation tends to see the world in terms of the fight between good and evil—each side “Islamist” and “Western,” characterizing the enemy in similar opposing terms. This has recently been popularized as a clash of religions, cultures, or civilizations. Most poor societies do not, however, respond to their circumstances with violence (particularly terrorism), and indeed it is often at the point where the socioeconomic circumstances of a society or a region are improving that there is a breakdown into violence. Starting in Northern Ireland and then exploring other regions, including Peru, Nepal, and the Middle East, the author's close observation of a number of societies where there has been persistent terrorism has revealed that the response is an emotional and self‐destructive one rather than being marked by rational economic self‐interest or an essentially religious/cultural conflict; it is often the sense of humiliation, disrespect, and injustice that is the most toxic stimulus; and, insofar as there is inequity or cultural division, it is the component of “unfairness” or “injustice” that is the potent element in the predisposing mixture. “Righting a terrible wrong” or responding to unfairness and injustice is, therefore, a key to understanding and addressing such violent social conflicts.
Sex Differences in Intergroup Competition, Aggression, and Warfare
Authors: Van Vugt Mark
Published: June 2009

The social science literature abounds with examples of human tribalism, the tendency to categorize individuals on the basis of their group membership and treat in‐group members benevolently and out‐group members malevolently. I argue that this tribal inclination is an evolved response to the threat of intergroup violence and warfare that was endemic in ancestral human environments (and is still common today). Here I hypothesize that intergroup conflict has profoundly affected the social psychology of human males in particular—the male warrior hypothesis—and present evidence consistent with this claim. I also discuss implications of this hypothesis for managing intergroup relations in our society.
Arginine Vasopressin and Oxytocin Modulate Human Social Behavior
Authors: Ebstein Richard P. , Israel Salomon , Lerer Elad , Uzefovsky Florina , Shalev Idan , Gritsenko Inga , Riebold Mathias , Salomon Shahaf , Yirmiya Nurit
Published: June 2009

Increasing evidence suggests that two nonapeptides, arginine vasopressin and oxytocin, shape human social behavior in both nonclinical and clinical subjects. Evidence is discussed that in autism spectrum disorders genetic polymorphisms in the vasopressin–oxytocin pathway, notably the arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (AVPR1a), the oxytocin receptor (OXTR), neurophysin I and II, and CD38 (recently shown to be critical for social behavior by mediating oxytocin secretion) contribute to deficits in socialization skills in this group of patients. We also present first evidence that CD38 expression in lymphoblastoid cells derived from subjects diagnosed with autism is correlated with social skill phenotype inventoried by the Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales. Additionally, we discuss molecular genetic evidence that in nonclinical subjects both AVPR1a and OXTR genes contribute to prosocial or altruistic behavior inventoried by two experimental paradigms, the dictator game and social values orientation. The role of the AVPR1a is also analyzed in prepulse inhibition. Prepulse inhibition of the startle response to auditory stimuli is a largely autonomic response that resonates with social cognition in both animal models and humans. First results are presented showing that intranasal administration of arginine vasopressin increases salivary cortisol levels in the Trier Social Stress test. To summarize, accumulating studies employing a broad array of cutting‐edge tools in psychology, neuroeconomics, molecular genetics, pharmacology, electrophysiology, and brain imaging are beginning to elaborate the intriguing role of oxytocin and arginine vasopressin in human social behavior. We expect that future studies will continue this advance and deepen our understanding of these complex events.
What Can Asexual Lineage Age Tell Us about the Maintenance of Sex?
Authors: Neiman Maurine , Meirmans Stephanie , Meirmans Patrick G.
Published: June 2009

Sexual reproduction is both extremely costly and extremely common relative to asexuality, indicating that it must confer profound benefits. This in turn points to major disadvantages of asexual reproduction, which is usually given as an explanation for why almost all asexual lineages are apparently quite short‐lived. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that some asexual lineages are actually quite old. Insight into why sex is so common may come from understanding why asexual lineages persist in some places or taxa but not others. Here, we review the distribution of asexual lineage ages estimated from a diverse array of taxa, and we discuss our results in light of the main mutational and environmental hypotheses for sex. Along with strengthening the case for wide variation in asexual lineage age and the existence of many old asexual taxa, we also found that the distribution of asexual lineage age estimates follows a surprisingly regular distribution, to the extent that asexual taxa viewed as “scandalously” ancient merely fall on the high end of this distribution. We interpret this result to mean that similar mechanisms may determine asexual lineage age across eukaryotic taxa. We also derive some qualitative predictions for asexual lineage age under different theories for sex and discuss empirical evidence for these predictions. Ultimately, we were limited in the extent to which we could use these data to make inferences about the maintenance of sex by the absence of both clear theoretical expectations and estimates of key parameters.
Genoeconomics: Promises and Caveats for a New Field
Authors: Navarro Arcadi
Published: June 2009

Since the publication 150 years ago of the Origin of Species, the scientific study of the evolution of human‐specific traits has been the focus of many efforts from very different areas of science. Nowadays, after a century and a half of research, impressive results have accumulated, particularly about those traits that presumably would “make us human,” setting us apart from the rest of primates, and about how these traits would have evolved. Over the last few years, a new area of research, genoeconomics, has started to make important contributions toward the study of hominization. Here, I review the foundations and promises of this new branch of science and discuss a few of the pitfalls that may hinder its advance.
Differential Roles of Fairness‐ and Compassion‐Based Motivations for Cooperation, Defection, and Punishment
Authors: Singer Tania , Steinbeis Nikolaus
Published: June 2009

The present paper briefly describes and contrasts two different motivations crucially involved in decision making and cooperation, namely fairness‐based and compassion‐based motivation. Whereas both can lead to cooperation in comparable social situations, we suggest that they are driven by fundamentally different mechanisms and, overall, predict different behavioral outcomes. First, we provide a brief definition of each and discuss the relevant behavioral and neuroscientific literature with regards to cooperation in the context of economic games. We suggest that, whereas both fairness‐ and compassion‐based motivation can support cooperation, fairness‐based motivation leads to punishment in cases of norm violation, while compassion‐based motivation can, in cases of defection, counteract a desire for revenge and buffer the decline into iterative noncooperation. However, those with compassion‐based motivation alone may get exploited. Finally, we argue that the affective states underlying fairness‐based and compassion‐based motivation are fundamentally different, the former driven by anger or fear of being punished and the latter by a wish for the other person's well‐being.
Précis of Implicit Nationalism
Authors: Hassin Ran R. , Ferguson Melissa J. , Kardosh Rasha , Porter Shanette C. , Carter Travis J. , Dudareva Veronika
Published: June 2009

While the study of nationalism has received much attention throughout the social sciences and humanities, the experimental investigation of it lags behind. In this paper we review recent advances in the examination of implicit nationalism. In the first set of experiments we survey, the Palestinian, Israeli, Italian, and Russian flags were primed (or not, in the control conditions) and their effects on political thought and behavior were tested. In the second set the American or the Israeli flag was primed (or not) and prejudice toward African‐Americans or Palestinians (respectively) was examined. The results of all experiments suggest that the implicit activation of national cues has far‐reaching implications on political thought and behavior as well as on attitudes toward minorities. Under the assumption that the image of national flags is associated in memory with national ideologies, these results suggest that national ideologies can be implicitly pursued in a way that significantly affects our thoughts and behaviors.
Going Adaptive
Authors: Danilova Nadia , Amemiya Chris T.
Published: June 2009

Because of their extreme importance to human health, we probably know more about the structure and function of antibodies than practically any other molecule. Despite all the knowledge that has been accrued in the understanding of antibodies, modern approaches, especially comparative genomics, continue to yield novel findings regarding their underlying biology and evolution. In this review, we describe recent research that led to these revelations, and discuss the broad evolutionary implications of these findings. We have restricted our discussion to three vignettes. Considerable attention has been paid to the recent discovery that the teleost IgH locus is highly similar in organization to the Tcra‐Tcrd locus, implicating an evolutionary common ancestor and parallels between the functions of B and T cells during development. Second, we discuss how a new type of antibody, recently discovered in jawless vertebrates, composed not of immunoglobulins but leucine‐rich repeats, sheds new light on the overall forces driving evolution of all adaptive antigen receptors. Lastly, we discuss how accumulation of genomic sequences of various human subpopulations leads to better understanding of the directionality of antibody evolution. There is always more to learn from the unfolding saga of antibodies.
Quality Changes of Prerigor Filleted Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) Packaged in Modified Atmosphere Using CO2 Emitter, Traditional MAP, and Vacuum
Authors: Hansen Anlaug Ådland , Mørkøre Turid , Rudi Knut , Rødbotten Marit , Bjerke Frøydis , Eie Thomas
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:  Pieces of prerigor salmon fillets were packaged in modified atmosphere (60% CO2 and 40% N2) and in vacuum. The MA packages had a gas to product volume ratio (g/p ratio) of 3/1 (traditional MAP) and 1/1 (packaged with a CO2 emitter). All the samples were stored at 1.2 °C for 25 d. The MA packages had lower bacterial growth during storage compared to vacuum packages. The analyses of 16S rRNA at day 22 indicated a similar bacterial diversity, independent of packaging methods, dominated by Photobacterium phosphoreum. The results therefore suggest that CO2 inhibited total bacterial count, including, P. phosphoreum. Negative odors and liquid losses were detected earlier for the vacuum‐packaged samples (8 d) compared to the MA samples (15 d) and higher levels were detected at the end of the storage period. The breaking strength (firmness) tended to be lower for the MA packaged samples compared with the vacuum samples after 15 d of storage, whereas the redness (a* value) and the yellowness (b* value) were significantly higher for the MA samples. In conclusion, MA packaging preserved the quality better during storage than vacuum packaging. MA packaging with a CO2 emitter and reduced g/p ratio gave similar or better results compared with traditional MAP, thus CO2 emitters are well suited for reduction of volume of MA packaged farmed salmon fillet pieces.
Effects of Ozone Treatment on Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Relation to Horticultural Product Quality
Authors: Sharpe Deana , Fan Lihua , McRae Ken , Walker Brad , MacKay Ron , Doucette Craig
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:  Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are fungal pathogens that cause the decay of many fruits and vegetables. Ozone may be used as an antimicrobial agent to control the decay. The effect of gaseous ozone on spore viability of B. cinerea and mycelial growth of B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum were investigated. Spore viability of B. cinerea was reduced by over 99.5% (P < 0.01) and height of the aerial mycelium was reduced from 4.7 mm in the control to less than 1 mm after exposure to 450 or 600 ppb ozone for 48 h at 20 °C. Sporulation of B. cinerea was also substantially inhibited by ozone treatments. However, ozone had no significant effect on mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum in vitro. Decay and quality parameters including color, chlorophyll fluorescence (CF), and ozone injury were further assessed for various horticultural commodities (apple, grape, highbush blueberry, and carrot) treated with 450 ppb of ozone for 48 h at 20 °C over a period of 12 d. Lesion size and height of the aerial mycelium were significantly reduced by the ozone treatment on carrots inoculated with mycelial agar plugs of B. cinerea or S. sclerotiorum. Lesion size was also reduced on treated apples inoculated with 5 × 106 spores/mL of B. cinerea, and decay incidence of treated grapes was reduced. The 450 ppb ozone for 48 h treatment had no significant effect on color of carrots and apples or on CF of apples and grapes. Ozone, an environmentally sound antimicrobial agent, inactivates microorganisms through oxidization and residual ozone spontaneously decomposes to nontoxic products. It may be applied to fruits and vegetables to reduce decay and extend shelf life.
Assessment of the Sequential Simulated Gastrointestinal Tolerance of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Kefir Grains by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Zhou Tong , Li Bo , Peng Cheng , Ji Bao‐Ping , Chen Gang , Ren Ya‐Li
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:  The tolerance of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from kefir grains to gastrointestinal tract conditions was evaluated in vitro. The effects of pH values and bile salts on the viability of LAB were investigated. The results demonstrated that pH value showed a significant effect on the viability. The viable counts exhibited a reduction of 1.5 to 2 log cycles in 0.3% to 0.5% bile salts after 4 h. The viability of LAB exposure to sequential simulated gastric and intestinal juices was assessed by response surface model (RSM). RSM indicated that the gastric pH and gastric contact time significantly affected the viability (P < 0.05), while the effect of intestinal contact time was not significant. Moreover, RSM revealed the interactions of pH and gastric contact time, and of pH and intestinal contact time. The LAB cells, temporarily damaged by the low pH of gastric juice (pH < 2), could recover in the intestinal juice; and the longer the intestinal contact time, the higher the viability of LAB. RSM proved to be a useful and accurate method to predict the viability of LAB under certain laboratory conditions by the model validation. This study indicated that LAB from kefir grains exhibited excellent tolerance to sequential simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions, and that kefiran possessed a significant protective effect on LAB in hostile environments.
In this issue – July 2009
Authors: Jackson A
Published: June 2009

Musculoskeletal disorders in Queensland veterinarians ▪ Australian surveillance for avian influenza viruses in wild birds ▪ Splenic lymphoma in an echidna ▪ Post‐thaw motility of equine semen ▪ Serum cobalamin concentrations in cats ▪ Acute toxicity of snail and slug bait in dogs ▪ Topical hydrocortisone aceponate for flea‐allergy dermatitis in dogs ▪ Activated coagulation times in normal cats and dogs ▪ Acquired arachnoid cyst in a cat
Stormwater Runoff Quality and Quantity From Traditional and Low Impact Development Watersheds1
Authors: Bedan Erik S. , Clausen John C.
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  The quality and quantity of residential stormwater runoff from a control, traditional, and low impact development (LID) watershed were compared in a paired watershed study. A traditional neighborhood was built using typical subdivision standards while a LID design was constructed with best management practices including grass swales, cluster housing, shared driveways, rain gardens, and a narrower pervious concrete‐paver road. Weekly, flow‐weighted, composite samples of stormwater were analyzed for nitrate + nitrite‐nitrogen (NO3 + NO2‐N), ammonia‐nitrogen (NH3‐N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS). Monthly composite samples were analyzed for total copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). Mean weekly storm flow increased (600x) from the traditional watershed in the postconstruction period. Increased exports of TKN, NO3 + NO2‐N, NH3‐N, TP, Cu, Zn, and TSS in runoff were associated with the increased storm flow. Postconstruction storm flow in the LID watershed was reduced by 42% while peak discharge did not change from preconstruction conditions. Exports were reduced from the LID watershed for NH3‐N, TKN, Pb, and Zn, while TSS and TP exports increased.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the dung fly (Sepsis cynipsea)
Authors: GREMINGER MAJA P. , SCHÄFER MARTIN A. , NATER ALEXANDER , BLANCKENHORN WOLF U. , KRÜTZEN MICHAEL
Published: June 2009

The polyandrous fly Sepsis cynipsea has been used extensively in studies of sexual selection and local adaptation. We isolated and characterized 11 novel microsatellite markers for S. cynipsea from a genomic library and screened 32 flies for polymorphism. All microsatellite markers show high allelic diversity with an average of 9.64 alleles per locus. Two microsatellites were found likely to be X‐linked. These novel markers will significantly advance studies of sexual selection and evolutionary genetics of S. cynipsea and related species, especially given the low numbers of markers currently available in this family.
A multiplex PCR assay for molecular sexing of the naked mole‐rat (Heterocephalus glaber)
Authors: KATSUSHIMA K. , NISHIDA C. , YOSIDA S. , KATO M. , OKANOYA K. , MATSUDA Y.
Published: June 2009

For molecular sexing of the naked mole‐rat (Heterocephalus glaber), we designed a PCR primer set to amplify part of the Y‐linked DBY gene. When this primer set was applied to the samples of known sex with the 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) primers as control, PCR products were successfully obtained as two DNA bands in males, a male‐specific 163 bp DBY band and a 446 bp band of 16S rDNA shared with females, whereas females showed only the common band. This result shows that this multiplex PCR assay is useful for sex identification of H. glaber.
Longterm follow‐up of penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus
Authors: Jensen Lene Bang , Hjortdal Jesper , Ehlers Niels
Published: June 2009

Purpose:  This study aims to describe the current visual and refractive status of patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for keratoconus > 20 years ago and to report on the current status of their grafts.

Methods:  A total of 138 eyes in 103 patients were grafted for keratoconus between August 1968 and December 1985. Patients who had not undergone retransplantation were invited to attend a clinical examination. Forty‐eight patients (with 61 grafts) accepted the invitation and were examined.

Results:  The average length of time since PK was 26.9 years (standard deviation [SD] 4.2 years, range 20.8–38.0 years, n = 61). The average graft age at examination was 82.1 years (SD 19.9 years, range 41–115 years). A total of 80% (49 of 61 grafts) of the examined eyes had a clear graft and 46% (28 of 61 eyes) had best spectacle‐corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) ≥ 0.5. The mean endothelial cell density per mm2 was 894 (SD 4.6, range 470–1775). The mean central corneal thickness of the clear grafts was 0.565 mm (SD 0.048 mm).

Conclusions:  Penetrating keratoplasty for keratoconus has a good longterm prognosis; half of the eyes examined in this study had BSCVA ≥ 0.5 at > 20 years after surgery.
Overactive Bladder in Female Patients with Chronic Diseases Visiting Primary Care Doctors: Effect of Age on Prevalence and Bothersomeness
Authors: YOSHIDA Masaki , INADOME Akito , MATSUMOTO Kenshi , OTANI Masayuki , MASUNAGA Koichi , YONO Makoto
Published: June 2009

Objectives: We evaluated the effects of age on the prevalence and bothersomeness of overactive bladder (OAB) in female patients with chronic diseases visiting primary care doctors.

Methods: We used the pooled data of the SURPRISE survey in which 121 doctors and 1388 female patients aged 40 years or older responded to questionnaires.

Results: The OAB prevalence rate in patients was estimated by doctors to be 9.5%. However, the OAB prevalence rate according to patients, as defined by the OAB symptom score, was 22.3%. The rate was increased with age. The number of patients with OAB was much higher than estimated by doctors. Approximately 25% of patients were dissatisfied with their present urinary condition. The rate was increased with age. Dissatisfaction with present urinary condition was strongly correlated with severe urgency score in all age groups. In elderly patients, contribution of urgency incontinence and nocturia to dissatisfaction was also increased. Thirteen percent of patients were receiving treatment for their OAB. However, 15.8% were untreated, regardless of having OAB, suggesting that treated patients comprise less than half of all OAB patients. This tendency was observed in all age groups. In the correlation between satisfaction with pharmacological treatment and each OAB symptom, contribution of urgency to satisfaction with pharmacological treatment was the highest.

Conclusion: Urgency is the most bothersome symptom and shows the highest contribution to treatment satisfaction. In elderly patients, urgency incontinence and nocturia are proportionally greater problems. Management of urgency is essential for improving quality of life and satisfaction with treatment in OAB patients.
Ischemia/Reperfusion Effects on Bladder Muscle and Mucosa Cell Contractile Regulatory Proteins
Authors: JUAN Yungshun , SHEN Jungtsung , CHUANG Shumien , KOGAN Barry A. , HUANG Chunhsiung , WU Wenjeng , LIU Kehmin , LEVIN Robert M.
Published: June 2009

Objectives: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) has been shown to be the major etiologic factor in animal models in a variety of bladder dysfunctions. Herein we investigate the direct effect of I/R on rabbit bladder contractile regulatory proteins.

Methods: Male rabbit bladders were subjected to IR. The contractile responses were recorded and the protein levels of rho‐kinase (ROK), caldesmon (CaD) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) were analyzed in both bladder muscle and mucosa.

Results: For the mucosa layer, ROK was unchanged after ischemia, but increased significantly after 1 week of reperfusion. MLCK increased after ischemia and then significantly increased after 1 and 2 weeks of reperfusion. In the muscle layer, ROK increased at 2 h of reperfusion, decreased significantly following 1 week of reperfusion, then returned to control level by 2 weeks of reperfusion. MLCK expression significantly decreased as early as ischemia alone and did not recover after reperfusion. For CaD expression in the mucosa layer, both CaD isoforms significantly increased at 1 week of reperfusion, then progressively decreased at 2 weeks of reperfusion. In the muscle layer, both CaD isoforms had different expressions. In the muscle layer, smooth muscle caldesmon (h‐CaD) decreased at ischemia alone and at 2 h of reperfusion, but significantly increased at 2 weeks of reperfusion; whereas non‐muscle caldesmon (l‐CaD) significantly decreased at 2 weeks of reperfusion.

Conclusion: As bladder muscle and mucosa have markedly different purposes, it is not surprising that they respond differently to I/R. Bladder mucosa and muscle have different kinds of alternations on contractile regulatory proteins.