bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biodegradation of 2-chlorophenol (2CP) in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR)
Authors: Beristain-Montiel Lizeth , Gómez Jorge , Monroy Oscar , de Maria Cuervo-López Flor , Ramírez-Vives Florina
Published: May 2012

The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge about anaerobic digestion of 2-chlorophenol (2CP) in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR). Two reactors were set up (ASBRA and ASBRB). The ASBRA was fed with 2-chlorophenol (28–196 mg 2CP-C/L) and no other exogenous electron donor. The ASBRB was fed with a mixture of 2CP (28–196 mg 2CP-C/L) and phenol (28–196 mg phenol-C/L) as an electron donor. The process evaluation was conducted by three means: first by substrate consumption efficiency (E2CP), second, by biogas yield (Ybiogas-C/2CP-C) and third, by the specific consumption rates (q2CP) as response variables. The 2CP consumption efficiency (90 ± 0.4%) was not influenced by the increase in the concentrations tested. In both reactors ASBRA and ASBRB, both concentration as well as speed increased. Concentration increased from 28 to 114 mg 2CP-C/L. The specific consumption rate (q2CP) values were fivefold higher. However, a decrease of 37% was observed at 140 mg 2CP-C/L and one of 72% at 196 mg 2CP-C/L. The biogas yields (0.80 ± 0.06) remained stable in both reactors. In both reactors the biogas yield decreased to 78 ± 3% at 196 mg 2CP-C/L. We might assume this decrease was due to the accumulation of VFA. Finally, poor sludge settleability was determined only in the SBRB reactor at 140 and 196 mg 2CP-C/L. An increase was observed in both SVI ≤ 140 ± 5 mL/g and over exopolymeric protein ≤120 mg EP/L.
Caregivers' Retirement Congruency: A Case for Caregiver Support
Authors: Humble Áine M. , Keefe Janice M. , Auton Greg M.
Published: April 2012

Using the concept of retirement congruency (RC), which takes into account greater variation in retirement decisions (low, moderate, or high RC) than a dichotomous conceptualization (forced versus chosen), multinomial logistic regression was conducted on a sample of caregivers from the 2002 Canadian General Social Survey who were retired from employment ( n = 700). Different variables increased the risk of having low and moderate RC, when both were compared to high RC. Factors predicting low RC (versus moderate RC), were similar but not identical to those predicting low RC (versus high RC). Retiring for health reasons and job problems were significant in all three comparisons. Retiring to give care only increased the probability of having moderate RC, compared to high RC, indicating that many employed caregivers who voluntarily retired because of caregiving responsibilities still expressed a desire to have remained in the labor force. Results raise questions about which policy domain—income security or labor—is most appropriate within this context.
The Association between Routinization and Cognitive Resources in Later Life
Authors: Tournier Isabelle , Mathey Stéphanie , Postal Virginie
Published: April 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between routinization of daily life activities and cognitive resources during aging. Routinization could increase excessively during aging and become maladaptative in reducing individual resources. Fifty-two young participants ( M = 20.8 years) and 62 older participants ( M = 66.9 years) underwent a routinization scale and cognitive tasks of working memory, speed of processing, and attention. Results revealed that older adults presented a decrease on the three cognitive measures but no change on the routinization score. While no association was observed between routinization and cognitive measures for the young adults, a high routinization was associated with lower cognitive flexibility in the older adults. These findings are interpreted in the light of theories about the positive impact of variety in daily life environment on cognitive functions.
Reconsidering Information Literacy in the 21st Century: The Redesign of an Information Literacy Class
Authors: McBride Mark F.
Published: May 2012

The response to the countless forms of information delivery and creation has been the catalyst for the development of the new literacies that are being researched and implemented into teaching by educators around the world. This article will examine information literacy courses being taught at colleges and universities and how the courses implemented 21st century literacies into the curriculum, specifically transliteracy and metaliteracy. The article will discuss how a 3-credit information literacy course was redesigned to include the concepts behind transliteracy and metaliteracy. Furthermore, the article will discuss why the Constructivist approach in the classroom seems the best approach for information literacy instruction and how Connectivism could be a possible approach to teaching information literacy going forward. Finally, the article will question whether the current information literacy standards endorsed by the Association of College and Research Libraries (ACRL) are appropriate for today's world or if a reconceptualization of literacy is needed.
Acute Respiratory Illness and Health-Seeking Behavior in Egyptian Villages: Enhancing Pandemic Preparedness by Understanding Local Realities
Authors: Lohiniva Anna L. , Talaat Maha , Dueger Erica , Mansour Adel , Abokela Mohamed , Genedy Mohamed , Saeed Amr Kandeel , El-Sayed Nasr
Published: May 2012

The emergence of influenza viruses has raised awareness worldwide about influenza pandemic risks. Pandemic preparedness emphasizes development of risk communication and surveillance systems. The objective was to explore community classification of Acute Respiratory Illness (ARI) and health-seeking behaviors. Twenty in-depth interviews and 18 focus group discussions were conducted with caretakers in Egypt. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the thematic analysis. ARI terminology contained few terms, usage of them was complex, and microorganism not part of illness explanation. Severe ARI was associated with social stigma. Homecare included extensive use of medications. In mild and severe ARI, health-seeking determinants varied. Classification of ARI parallels World Health Organization case definitions for ARI, facilitating risk communication. Homecare practices are social norms that can be expanded to include messages on ARI. Risk communication strategies and surveillance systems need to consider socio-cultural understanding of ARI.
The Role of X-Rays in the Treatment of Gas Gangrene: A Historical Assessment
Authors: Calabrese Edward J. , Dhawan Gaurav
Published: April 2012

While the use of x-rays to treat patients with gas gangrene ended in the early 1940's with the advent of antibiotics, x-ray had been widely accepted as a useful and highly effective treatment for this condition. The present paper re-assesses the historical foundations of this belief, the quality of the data, use of confirmatory animal models, and underlying mechanisms that might account for the therapeutic role of x-rays in the treatment of gas gangrene.
Changes in MicroRNA Expression Contribute to Pancreatic β-Cell Dysfunction in Prediabetic NOD Mice
Authors: Roggli Elodie , Gattesco Sonia , Caille Dorothée , Briet Claire , Boitard Christian , Meda Paolo , Regazzi Romano
Published: April 2012

During the initial phases of type 1 diabetes, pancreatic islets are invaded by immune cells, exposing β-cells to proinflammatory cytokines. This unfavorable environment results in gene expression modifications leading to loss of β-cell functions. To study the contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) in this process, we used microarray analysis to search for changes in miRNA expression in prediabetic NOD mice islets. We found that the levels of miR-29a/b/c increased in islets of NOD mice during the phases preceding diabetes manifestation and in isolated mouse and human islets exposed to proinflammatory cytokines. Overexpression of miR-29a/b/c in MIN6 and dissociated islet cells led to impairment in glucose-induced insulin secretion. Defective insulin release was associated with diminished expression of the transcription factor Onecut2, and a consequent rise of granuphilin, an inhibitor of β-cell exocytosis. Overexpression of miR-29a/b/c also promoted apoptosis by decreasing the level of the antiapoptotic protein Mcl1. Indeed, a decoy molecule selectively masking the miR-29 binding site on Mcl1 mRNA protected insulin-secreting cells from apoptosis triggered by miR-29 or cytokines. Taken together, our findings suggest that changes in the level of miR-29 family members contribute to cytokine-mediated β-cell dysfunction occurring during the initial phases of type 1 diabetes.
Another consequence of tanahashi’s argument on best possibility of the grand Furuta inequality
Authors: Koizumi Tatsuya , Watanabe Keiichi
Published: April 2012

We show that Tanahashi’s argument on best possibility of the grand Furuta inequality has an additional consequence.
Numerical simulation of 2D granular particles and its analyses by means of the micropolar fluid model
Authors: Takechi Kohei , Yoshida Kyo , Arimitsu Toshihico
Published: April 2012

Numerical simulations of two-dimensional granular flows under uniform mean shear and external body torque were performed following the setting of the authors’ previous study [10]. Convergence of the stresses with the increase of coarse-graining length is investigated. Difference R between vorticity field and spin field is controlled by the external torque and the stresses for the region R > 0 is obtained as well as those for R < 0. The symmetry of the stresses under the change of the sign of R is discussed.
Irradiation in the treatment of arthrofibrosis after total knee arthroplasty: a preliminary trial
Authors: Baier Clemens , Springorum Hans-Robert , Maderbacher Günther , Winkler Sebastian , Füchtmeier Bernd , Neugebauer Rainer
Published: April 2012

Postoperative arthrofibrosis after primary and revision total knee arthroplasty is a severe complication for the affected patient. Several risk factors have been identified for this diagnosis. We present a series of 3 patients with arthrofibrosis after (revision) total knee arthroplasty. Approximately 2 hours before the operative revision procedure, all patients were irradiated once with 7.01 gray. At latest follow-up, all 3 patients showed a distinct improvement of range of motion. Before revision total knee arthroplasty due to arthrofibrosis, a single dose of pre- or postoperative irradiation should be considered.
Angiokeratoma of Fordyce in man and woman — case reports
Authors: Bjekić Milan , Marković Milica , Šipetić Sandra
Published: April 2012

Angiokeratomas are papular vascular lesions characterized by marked ectasia of the superficial dermal blood vessels. Dermatological examination of angiokeratomas of Fordyce is characterized by papular keratotic lesions of erythematous-violet color. They are more common in the scrotum, and vulval involvement is rarely reported. This article reports the cases of angiokeratoma of Fordyce in a 25-year-old man and a 42-year-old woman. Diagnosis were made by history and physical examination. Dermoscopy has shown well-demarcated round dark lacunae in both patients. As the lesions were asymptomatic, the patients requested no further treatment.
Modulation of physiological and pathological activities of lysozyme by biological membranes
Authors: Trusova Valeriya
Published: April 2012

The molecular details of interactions between lipid membranes and lysozyme (Lz), a small polycationic protein with a wide range of biological activities, have long been the focus of numerous studies. The biological consequences of this process are considered to embrace at least two aspects: i) correlation between antimicrobial and membranotropic properties of this protein, and ii) lipid-mediated Lz amyloidogenesis. The mechanisms underlying the lipid-assisted protein fibrillogenesis and membrane disruption exerted by Lz in bacterial cells are believed to be similar. The present investigation was undertaken to gain further insight into Lz-lipid interactions and explore the routes by which Lz exerts its antimicrobial and amyloidogenic actions. Binding and Förster resonance energy transfer studies revealed that upon increasing the content of anionic lipids in lipid vesicles, Lz forms aggregates in a membrane environment. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and pyrene excimerization reaction were employed to study the effect of Lz on the structural and dynamic properties of lipid bilayers. It was found that Lz induces lipid demixing and reduction of bilayer free volume, the magnitude of this effect being much more pronounced for oligomeric protein.
Estimation of Chloride Migration Coefficient in Air-Entrained Concretes Containing Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash / Ocena Współczynnika Migracji Jonów Chlorkowych W Betonach Zawierajacych Popiół Fluidalny
Authors: Józwiak-Niedźwiedzka D.
Published: April 2012

The objective of this investigation was comparing the penetration of chloride ions in ordinary and air-entrained concretes containing a waste material Fluidized Bed Combustion Fly Ash (FBCFA). All concretes were tested with 15% and 30% cement replacement by FBCFA, with the same water-binder ratio of 0.45. Two kinds of fly ash coming from fluid bed combustion in two power plants in Poland have been used.

In this study the rapid chloride permeability test - Nordtest Method BUILD 492 method - was used. The microstructure of the concrete was analyzed on thin polished sections and the measurement of air voids sizes and their distribution, using digital image analysis, was carried on according to PN-EN 480-11:2008.

Obtained results have shown a significant influence of partial cement replacement by FBCFA on the chloride ions movements in concrete. It has been found that this kind of addition reduced considerably the chloride ion penetration. The influence of air entrainment on the chloride diffusion coefficients was also measured and it was shown that application of air-entraining admixture for concretes with FBCFA reduce the chloride diffusion coefficient but it should be used with caution.
Selection of Parameters of Dowelling Connections in Concrete Airport Pavement / Wpływ Dyblowania Na Przemieszczenia I Naprezenia W Betonowych Nawierzchniach Lotniskowych
Authors: Dacko M. , Brodzik R.
Published: April 2012

The article presents numerical analysis of the portion of concrete airport pavement that consists of two concrete panels connected with dowels, subjected to thermal and service loads, in terms of changes in base rigidity, plate thickness and diameters, and spacing of dowels. Modifications of the thickness of the plates, diameter and spacing of dowels, and base rigidity were considered by assessing the level of stress and displacement in the analysed concrete plate, as well as normal and tangential stresses in dowels by using finite element method. On the basis of an analysis of examples, an optimal solution of dowelling connections in concrete plates with established loads was proposed. The results of the calculations were presented as a contour level distributions and comparison tables.
Estimation of internal radiation exposure using a whole body counter
Authors: Pliszczyński Tomasz , Ośko Jakub , Ciszewska Katarzyna , Haratym Zbigniew , Umaniec Marianna , Sosnowiec Renata
Published: April 2012

Ocena narażenia wewnętrznego za pomocą licznika promieniowania ciała człowieka

Proces oceny narażenia wewnętrznego na skażenia substancjami promieniotwórczymi jest skomplikowany i towarzyszy mu wiele czynników, które są źródłem niepewności szacowania obciążającej dawki efektywnej. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono sposób właściwego postępowania podczas szacowania obciążającej dawki efektywnej za pomocą Licznika Promieniowania Ciała Człowieka.
Analysis of the measurement uncertainty during calibration of radioherapy and radiodiagnostics dosemeters at the Polish Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory
Authors: Ulkowski Piotr , Bulski Wojciech , Gwiazdowska Barbara
Published: April 2012

Analiza niepewności pomiaru współczynnika wzorcowania dawkomierzy terapeutycznych i diagnostycznych, wzorcowanych w polskim Laboratorium Wtórnych Wzorców Dozymetrycznych

Celem pracy było opracowanie metody szacowania niepewności i wstępne określenie wartości szacowanych wielkości w przypadku wzorcowanych w LWWD dawkomierzy. Zastosowano metodę obliczania niepewności typu A i B wg międzynarodowej normy ISO. Uwzględniono stosowany w LWWD sposób wzorcowania dawkomierzy wg raportów Międzynarodowej Agencji Energii Atomowej. Przedstawione wyniki dotyczą wszystkich wzorcowanych w LWWD dawkomierzy. Zarówno szczegółowa analiza wszystkich etapów wzorcowania jak i otrzymane wyniki wskazują, że niepewność pomiarów jest w zakresie akceptowanym przez Polskie Centrum Akredytacji.
A Method of determination of ambient quality factor of fast neutrons in mixed radiation fields using advanced recombination methods
Authors: Zielczyński Mieczysław , Golnik Natalia , Gryziński Michał
Published: April 2012

Sposób wyznaczania przestrzennego współczynnika jakości neutronów prędkich w polach promienowania mieszanego wykorzystujacy zaawansowane metody rekombinacyjne

Przedstawiono sposób wyznaczania przestrzennego współczynnika jakości neutronów prędkich, Qn
*(10), w polu promieniowania mieszanego o nieznanym, lecz ograniczonym, widmie energii neutronów. W tym sposobie wykorzystuje się korelacje między wartościami Qn
*(10), obliczonymi metodą Monte Carlo dla neutronów monoenergetycznych, a parametrami doświadczalnych charakterystyk nasycenia komory rekombinacyjnej, umieszczonej we wzorcowych polach neutronów monoenergetycznych wraz z towarzyszącym promieniowaniem gamma. Omija się przy tym szereg niepewności, m.in. związanych z brakiem pełnej odpowiedniości między współczynnikiem jakości promieniowania a parametrami, od których zależy lokalna rekombinacja jonów, a także z brakiem pełnej odpowiedniości konstrukcji komory rekombinacyjnej z tzw. kulą MKJR (ang. ICRU) definiującą wielkości operacyjne H*(10) i Q*(10).
Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem in the General Case
Authors: Pąk Karol
Published: April 2012

Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem in the General Case

In this article we prove the Brouwer fixed point theorem for an arbitrary convex compact subset of εn with a non empty interior. This article is based on [15].
First Order Languages: Further Syntax and Semantics
Authors: Caminati Marco
Published: April 2012

First Order Languages: Further Syntax and Semantics

Third of a series of articles laying down the bases for classical first order model theory. Interpretation of a language in a universe set. Evaluation of a term in a universe. Truth evaluation of an atomic formula. Reassigning the value of a symbol in a given interpretation. Syntax and semantics of a non atomic formula are then defined concurrently (this point is explained in [16], 4.2.1). As a consequence, the evaluation of any w.f.f. string and the relation of logical implication are introduced. Depth of a formula. Definition of satisfaction and entailment (aka entailment or logical implication) relations, see [18] III.3.2 and III.4.1 respectively.
Borel-Cantelli Lemma
Authors: Jaeger Peter
Published: April 2012

Borel-Cantelli Lemma

This article is about the Borel-Cantelli Lemma in probability theory. Necessary definitions and theorems are given in [10] and [7].
Establishing an Academic Neurology Specialty Program: Experiences over a Five-year Period
Authors: Packer Rebecca A. , Lambrechts Nicolaas E. , Bentley R. Timothy
Published: April 2012

Veterinary neurology is an expanding specialty field. At the time of this writing, 13 out of 33 (40%) US and Canadian veterinary colleges, and many more veterinary colleges outside of North America, had no active clinical neurology service. New academic programs will likely be established to fill this need, often starting with a single neurologist. Establishing a neurology service with one founding faculty member can be accomplished by developing the program in phases and creating a support network that optimizes faculty strengths and interests. Such an approach allows for the gradual expansion of services and staffing in a manageable way to ultimately provide a full-service program. A description of this development process at Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine is presented as a case study and model for the establishment of other neurology or specialty services.
What Is it like to be an International Student at Veterinary School? Perception and Performance in First Year—A Case Study at a UK Veterinary School
Authors: Tötemeyer Sabine , Dobbs Heidi , Rutland Catrin S.
Published: April 2012

Transition into higher education requires students to adjust to a new environment while showing greater independence in managing their own academic and personal life. This is often more difficult for international students who have to adjust to a different country, culture, and potentially another language. A cohort of first-year veterinary medicine students (17% international students) was investigated at a UK university using qualitative and quantitative questionnaires rating first-year experience and support services and statistical analysis of students' assessment performance. While the overall undergraduate perception was that they had learned a lot and progressed well, students in both groups struggled to cope with the workload. The non-UK educated students and students with English as a foreign language also struggled more with teaching delivery in lectures and participation in self-directed group learning and were more likely to feel that the veterinary degree program was too difficult. There was no statistical difference in how British and international students perceived the support system, although it was noticeable that the level of tutorial support was perceived as tutor-dependent. The international students particularly struggled with the assessments in early modules and also with the spot assessment method. However, in the practical assessments, using observed, structured practical exam stations, international and British students performed equally well. Increased support in the initial transition time, especially with regard to communication skills and confidence required for interactive teaching and learning environments such as small-group teaching, as well as increased time for specific assessment types, might benefit the needs of many international students.
Some Features of Regular Spaces in Supra Fuzzy Topology
Authors: Hoque M. F. , Hossain M. S. , Ali D. M.
Published: May 2012

We introduce and study supra fuzzy a-regular spaces and we establish some relationships among them in this paper. We also study some other properties of these concepts and obtain their several features.Keywords: Fuzzy regular spaces; Supra fuzzy regular spaces.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i2.8157  J. Sci. Res. 4 (2), 373-382 (2012)
Synthesis and Characterization of Vanadium Substituted Potassium Tungsten Bronzes, KxVyW1-yO3
Authors: Abdullah A. M. , Debnath T. , Rüscher C. H. , Hussain A.
Published: May 2012

A series of vanadium substituted potassium hexagonal tungsten bronzes KxVyW1-yO3 (K-HTB) were prepared by conventional solid state method at 800 °C with compositions of x = 0.30 and 0.00 ? y ? 0.15. A mixture of K-HTB and non bronze phases with y ? 0.20 was observed. The proportion of this non bronze phase increases with increasing vanadium content. The non bronze phases in the mixture could not be indexed yet. In contrast, a very small amount of vanadium can be substituted in potassium tetragonal tungsten bronzes (K-TTB) at 800 °C with x = 0.50 and 0.00 ? y ? 0.02, however at 700 °C vanadium substituted K-TTB can be prepared with 0.00 ? y ? 0.05. Further substitution of vanadium in K-TTB decomposes to K-HTB and non-bronze phases. Keywords: Tungsten bronzes; Vanadium substituted bronze; Bronzoids.  © 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i2.9349 J. Sci. Res. 4 (2), 507-514 (2012)
Phylogeny of the Asparagales based on three plastid and two mitochondrial genes
Authors: Seberg Ole , Petersen Gitte , Davis Jerrold I. , Pires J. Chris , Stevenson Dennis W. , Chase Mark W. , Fay Michael F. , Devey Dion S. , Jørgensen Tina , Sytsma Kenneth J. , Pillon Yohan
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: The Asparagales, with ca. 40% of all monocotyledons, include a host of commercially important ornamentals in families such as Orchidaceae, Alliaceae, and Iridaceae, and several important crop species in genera such as Allium, Aloe, Asparagus, Crocus, and Vanilla. Though the order is well defined, the number of recognized families, their circumscription, and relationships are somewhat controversial.

• Methods: Phylogenetic analyses of Asparagales were based on parsimony and maximum likelihood using nucleotide sequence variation in three plastid genes (matK, ndhF, and rbcL) and two mitochondrial genes (atp1 and cob). Branch support was assessed using both jackknife analysis implementing strict‐consensus (SC) and bootstrap analysis implementing frequency‐within‐replicates (FWR). The contribution of edited sites in the mitochondrial genes to topology and branch support was investigated.

• Key results: The topologies recovered largely agree with previous results, though some clades remain poorly resolved (e.g., Ruscaceae). When the edited sites were included in the analysis, the plastid and mitochondrial genes were highly incongruent. However, when the edited sites were removed, the two partitions became congruent.

• Conclusions: Some deeper nodes in the Asparagales tree remain poorly resolved or unresolved as do the relationships of certain monogeneric families (e.g., Aphyllanthaceae, Ixioliriaceae, Doryanthaceae), whereas support for many families increases. However, the increased support is dominated by plastid data, and the potential influence of mitochondrial and biparentially inherited single or low‐copy nuclear genes should be investigated.
Portable microsatellite primers for Ficus (Moraceae)
Authors: Garcia Marjorie , Bain Anthony , Tzeng Hsy‐Yu , Peng Yan‐Qiong , Chou Lien‐Siang , Kjellberg Finn
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: Highly portable microsatellite primers were developed for Ficus to facilitate investigation of genetic structure of complete regional floras using a single set of markers.

• Methods and Results: Pyrosequencing of five species of Ficus produced a library of 5723 potential primers. Potential primers found in at least two species and presenting identical annealing temperatures were tested on a set of five additional Ficus species. A set of 20 primer pairs producing well‐defined and easily readable peaks was retained and tests showed their potential utility for analyzing population genetic structure of 24 Ficus species from Taiwan. Numbers of alleles per locus ranged from one to six in the least variable species and from one to 17 in the most variable species.

• Conclusions: The results indicate that our set of primers can be used to analyze polymorphism and compare levels of polymorphism among Ficus species.
Development of microsatellite markers for the dove tree, Davidia involucrata (Nyssaceae), a rare endemic from China
Authors: Du Yu‐juan , Dai Qiong‐yan , Zhang Lu‐yi , Qiu Ying‐xiong , Li Jian‐hua , Fu Cheng‐Xin
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed for the endangered Davidia involucrata to assess the population genetics and infer its evolutionary history.

• Methods and Results: Using both the modified magnetic bead hybridization method and the dual‐suppression PCR method, we isolated and characterized 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci using 134 individuals from five populations in southwestern China. The number of alleles per locus ranged from six to 21 (mean = 10.8). The expected heterozygosity per locus ranged from 0.404 to 0.918 and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.015 to 0.821.

• Conclusions: All of the 12 microsatellite markers developed for D. involucrata are polymorphic, and lay a solid foundation for further studies of the population genetics of this famous tree.
Low levels of climate niche conservatism may explain clade diversity patterns in the South African genusPelargonium(Geraniaceae)
Authors: Martínez‐Cabrera Hugo I. , Schlichting Carl D. , Silander John A. , Jones Cynthia S.
Published: April 2012

•Premise of the study:Sharp climatic gradients in South Africa and in particular in the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) provide a diversity of niches over short distances that may have promoted ecological diversification in local clades. Here we measured the extent to which closely related species occupy divergent climates and test whether niche lability is correlated with higher species diversity in the genus.

•Method:We integrated phylogenetic information and environmental niche models (ENM) to assess the levels of climate niche conservatism. ENMs for 113 species ofPelargoniumwere calculated using maximum entropy. We used two tests, one assessing climate niche equivalency and the other testing niche similarity between sister species and within sections. We also examined whether niche similarity was correlated with phylogenetic relatedness across the genus.

•Key results:Niche similarity was mostly independent of phylogenetic relationships. Compared to random expectations, 23% of closely related species pairs had climate niches that were more similar, and only 6.5% were more disparate; the remaining 70% of comparisons had similarities that fell within random expectations. Similar trends were observed when analyses were restricted to only sister species pairs. Although the overall proportion of niche divergence was low, this was significantly related to sectional diversity. We also found a negative relationship between diversity and the proportion of random niches.

•Conclusions:Lack of widespread niche conservatism in a highly heterogeneous landscape and few instances of significant climate niche lability suggest that an adaptive divergence process was implicated in thePelargoniumradiation.
The principle of humanity in penal law
Authors: de La Cuesta José Luis
Published: May 2012

Résumé Pour maintenir sa légitimité, le ius puniendi doit respecter un ensemble d’axiomes fondamentaux. Dans une société démocratique, fondée sur la valeur de la personne, parmi ces principes (traditionnellement, nécessité, légalité et culpabilité), le principe d’humanité devrait aussi trouver sa place. La première conséquence du principe d’humanité en droit pénal est la prohibition de la torture et de toute sorte de peine ou traitement dégradant. Ceci a des conséquences non seulement sur la partie spéciale du droit pénal, mais aussi sur les sanctions, posant des limites à la peine de mort, à la prison perpétuelle, aux systèmes pénitentiaires inhumains ou dégradants et aux peines privatives de liberté de très longue durée, et considérant la resocialisation comme orientation principale de l’intervention pénitentiaire. Le respect du principe d’humanité devrait aussi trouver application quant aux victimes, lesquelles doivent voir garantis leurs droits et être reconnues comme des acteurs principaux du système de justice pénale dans cette longue marche de l’oubli à la reconnaissance.
Supervision au salon
Authors: Barbarossa Raphaël , Cengiarotti Julie , Denis Catherine , Du Fays Barbara , Lambrecht Annie , Rajacic Marc , Regout Lidvine , Seron Claude
Published: May 2012

Résumé A partir d’exemples puisés de leur clinique, les auteurs ont modélisé quelques idées maîtresses d’Edith Tilmans, transmises au cours de huit années de supervision. Les symptômes des enfants sont lus comme une redramatisation des souffrances vécues et non digérées par leurs parents. L’enfant qui, en séance avec ses parents, met en évidence ce qu’il a perçu de leur vécu permet aux parents de revisiter leur histoire et de comprendre en quoi ils sont dans un script correcteur par rapport à leur famille d’origine. Grande part est faite également au vécu de la fratrie et à l’exploration des interventions antérieures.
Un regard systémique : une évidence pour le médecin généraliste
Authors: Heyrman Jan
Published: May 2012

Résumé Cet article relate trente années de formation à l’approche systémique à des médecins généralistes en collaboration avec Edith Tilmans-Ostyn. L’auteur décrit comment, en médecine générale, l’approche systémique offre des outils d’analyse de contexte et des interactions mais aussi des outils d’interventions.
Représentations du monde professionnel et du rapport subjectif au travail dans les films de fiction français contemporains
Authors: Jeantet Aurélie , Savignac Emmanuelle
Published: April 2012

Résumé La recherche présentée tente de saisir les représentations du travail et des organisations dans les films de fiction dont c’est le propos central. Quels situations, personnages, activités, thèmes, sont les plus fréquemment montrés et traités ? Quel rôle joue le travail dans l’intrigue ? Autant de questions qui sont soulevées à partir d’un corpus d’une vingtaine de films français récents, dans une perspective sociologique et anthropologique, convoquant la narratologie. L’activité demeure en elle-même peu filmée, et ouvriers et femmes tendent à être sous-représentés. Par contre, le rapport subjectif au travail est souvent plus investi, en particulier la question de la souffrance reliée à des relations professionnelles violentes au sein d’un univers de travail dérégulé.
Filmer le travail, filmer contre le cinéma ?
Authors: Peyrière Monique
Published: April 2012

Résumé L’article interroge les images matricielles du travail au cinéma, celles des réalisateurs (les frères Lumière) ou celles des scientifiques et ingénieurs (Marey et Gilbreth), et souligne la relation insidieuse que le cinéma entretient avec le travail. En retour, le travail ne se laisse pas facilement circonscrire à l’écran. Enfin, l’article propose d’explorer les rapports qu’entretiennent les travailleurs à l’ensemble de l’appareil de production cinématographique : réunis en collectif d’acteurs ou de spectateurs, les travailleurs redeviennent, par le cinéma, visibles et audibles à eux-mêmes, ce qui ouvre, dans le sillage de Walter Benjamin et de Jean Rouch, les portes d’une expérience du monde renouvelée.
Mettre le spectateur au travail ? La programmation d'un travail du spectateur par l'avant-garde cinématographique militante issue de Mai-68
Authors: Faroult David
Published: April 2012

Résumé Vu de l’heure actuelle où les injonctions autoritaires à se « mettre au travail » semblent l’apanage des dirigeants néolibéraux, ne peut-on considérer comme étrange le projet, porté par « l’avant-garde cinématographique » militante issue de mai 68 (Cinéthique, Groupe Dziga Vertov), de « mettre le spectateur au travail » ? Quels sont ses présupposés et leurs conséquences ? L’époque néolibérale éclaire-t-elle d’un nouveau jour ce projet marxiste militant ? Les théories du dispositif-cinéma invitaient, par son travail, à dés-assujettir le spectateur de l’illusion qui naturalise les techniques du cinéma par le « raccord ». Irréductible à cette révélation ou à la « production de sens », en quoi peut finalement consister le « travail du film » que tout spectateur peut finalement « bricoler » ?
Déni des cultures ou culture des poncifs ? À propos de l'ouvrage d'Hugues Lagrange, Le Déni des cultures
Authors: Meynaud Hélène Yvonne
Published: April 2012

Résumé S’appuyant sur une décennie d’enquêtes en France, Hugues Lagrange étudie l’importance de la culture dans la socialisation adolescente des quartiers pauvres. Son affirmation, attribuant la sur-criminalité des jeunes d’origine subsaharienne à leur culture, a créé un débat médiatique. D’autres chercheures ont démontré que ces jeunes ne sont pas plus délinquants que ceux issus d’autres cultures, mais, à faute égale, bien plus souvent interpellés, criminalisés et incarcérés. Ces poncifs sur la culture de la pauvreté sont à analyser au regard de la destruction des services publics et des emplois, du dépouillement de l’école publique, et de la mise en échec du modèle républicain dans les quartiers de relégation où habitent ces jeunes.
An Unusual Case of Gallium Scan Mimicking a Bone Scan
Authors: Puranik Ameya , Luthra Karuna , Lele R. D.
Published: April 2012

Gallium-67 localization is based on the fact that it binds to plasma proteins like transferrin and lactoferrin, which have iron-binding sites. Abnormal biodistribution of gallium-67 citrate can occur in iron-overload states. We report one such case of gallium scan mimicking a bone scan due to skeletal uptake of gallium.
Agenesis of the Gallbladder with the Presence of a Small Dysmorphic Cyst: Role of Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Pierro Antonio , Martucci Matia , Maselli Giuseppina , Farchione Alessandra
Published: April 2012

We report a case of agenesis of the gallbladder with the presence of a small dysmorphic cyst, along the bed of the gallbladder and cystic duct. The patient presented to us with a suspected diagnosis of atrophic and sclerotic gallbladder that was not seen on ultrasound examination, indicating the need for cholecystectomy. The patient's medical history report mentioned agenesis of the left kidney. The existence of a congenital abnormality led us to suspect the inability to visualize the gallbladder was probably due to a possible agenesis of the gallbladder. The patient was investigated with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), that confirmed the suspected diagnosis and avoided unnecessary surgery. The hypothesis of anomalous development or agenesis of the gallbladder should always be suspected when the gallbladder is not visible on ultrasound imaging, especially in patients with other congenital anomalies. We believe that in all these patients, MRCP must always be performed to help make decisions on the treatment protocol.
Idiopathic Thrombus in the Common Carotid Artery on Digital Subtraction Angiography
Authors: Alurkar Anand , Karanam Lakshmi Sudha Prasanna , Nayak Suresh , Oak Sagar
Published: April 2012

In the present study, we discuss the accuracy of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in diagnosis of thrombus in the common carotid artery and its role in the medical management of this disorder. Between 2006 and 2011, four patients (age group ranging from 26 to 48 years) presented to our institution with symptoms of stroke. DSA in all these patients showed cigar-shaped filling defect in the common carotid artery. All the patients were managed successfully with anticoagulation treatment. Follow-up Duplex scan was done in all the patients. DSA is the gold standard to diagnose free floating thrombus in the common carotid artery. Medical management can be effective in these patients but a multidisciplinary team approach is needed for appropriate management.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Amniotic Band Syndrome in the Third Trimester of Pregnancy using 3D Ultrasound
Authors: Nardozza Luciano Marcondes Machado , Araujo Edward , Caetano Ana Carolina Rabachini , Moron Antonio Fernandes
Published: April 2012

Amniotic band syndrome is characterized by a build-up of bands and strings of fibrous tissue that adhere to the fetus and can compress parts of the fetus, thus causing malformations and even limb amputation while the fetus is still in the uterus. The clinical manifestations are extremely variable and their extent may range from a single abnormality, like a constriction ring, to multiple abnormalities. Such abnormalities are generally diagnosed at the end of the first or the beginning of the second trimester using two-dimensional ultrasonography (2DUS). Three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) in rendering mode allows spatial analysis of the fetus and amniotic band, thus enabling better comprehension of this pathological condition and better counseling for the parents. There has not previously been any evidence to show that 3DUS would be useful in cases of late diagnosis (third trimester) of amniotic band syndrome. In the present case, a primigravid woman underwent her second obstetric ultrasound scan in the 34th week, from which we observed two bands in contact with the right forearm, but with normal movement of this limb and its fingers. 3DUS made it possible to see the spatial relationship of these bands to the fetal body, thereby confirming their adherence to the limb. After the birth, the prenatal diagnosis of amniotic band syndrome without limb constriction was confirmed. A surgical procedure was carried out on the third day after birth to excise the bands, and the newborn was then discharged in a good general condition.
Small Business Support of Youth Physical Activity Opportunities
Authors: Suminski Richard R. , Ding Ding
Published: May 2012

Purpose.

Describe small business support for youth physical activity opportunities (YPAO) and identify factors associated with this support.

Design.

Cross-sectional analysis of quantitative data relating business characteristics and support for YPAO.

Setting.

Eight demographically heterogeneous, urban neighborhoods in a Midwest metropolitan area.

Subjects.

Adult small business owners (n = 90; 65% response rate; mean age 48.4 years; 73.3% male; 45.2% minority).

Measures.

Neighborhood demographics from the 2000 U.S. Census and self-reported business and owner characteristics.

Analysis.

Multivariate analysis of variance was used to contrast business and owner characteristics between businesses that did and did not support YPAO.

Results.

Businesses supporting YPAO had larger annual operating (F = 7.6; p = .018) and advertising budgets (F = 8.5; p = .009) and had younger owners (F = 6.1; p = .034), with sports backgrounds (χ2 = 5.6; p = .018) and who felt businesses should support YPAO (χ2 = 3.8; p = .048). Of the 46 businesses not supporting YPAO, 82.6% felt small businesses should support YPAO. The major reasons for nonsupport were difficulty identifying YPAO to support and not being asked for support.

Conclusions.

Business (e.g., budgets) and business owner characteristics (e.g., age), owner connectedness with YPAO, and the approach used for garnering support (active solicitation, clearly defined support mechanism) were associated with supporting YPAO. Additional business (e.g., annual revenues), owner (e.g., perceptions of YPAO), and environmental (e.g., crime rate, land use) factors should be examined as potential correlates.
A University System-Wide Qualitative Investigation into Student Physical Activity Promotion Conducted on College Campuses
Authors: Milroy Jeffrey J. , Wyrick David L. , Bibeau Daniel L. , Strack Robert W. , Davis Paul G.
Published: May 2012

Purpose.

This study aimed to examine college student physical activity promotion.

Design.

A cross-sectional approach to qualitative research was used.

Setting.

Southeastern state university system.

Participants.

Fourteen of 15 (93%) universities recruited were included in this study; 22 university employees participated in a semistructured interview.

Method.

Nonprobabilistic purposive and snowball sampling strategies were used to recruit individuals who were likely to be engaged in physical activity promotion efforts on their respective campuses. Thematic analyses lead to the identification of emerging themes that were coded and analyzed using NVivo software.

Results.

Themes informed three main areas: key personnel responsible for promoting physical activity to students, actual physical activity promotion efforts implemented, and factors that influence student physical activity promotion. Results suggest that ecological approaches to promote physical activity on college campuses are underused, the targeting of mediators of physical activity in college students is limited, and values held by university administration influence campus physical activity promotion.

Conclusion.

Findings support recommendations for future research and practice. Practitioners should attempt to implement social ecological approaches that target scientifically established mediators of physical activity in college students. Replication of this study is needed to compare these findings with other types of universities, and to investigate the relationship between promotion activities (type and exposure) and physical activity behaviors of college students.
Associations between the Worksite Environment and Perceived Health Culture
Authors: Hoebbel Cassandra , Golaszewski Thomas , Swanson Mya , Dorn Joan
Published: May 2012

Purpose.

Recognition regarding the importance of health culture in the worksite health promotion literature is growing; however, little empirical evidence exists to guide programmatic or research efforts. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the health supporting structural features of the workplace and perceived health culture.

Design.

Cross-sectional.

Sample.

Twenty-one worksites with culture data from 2467 employees from Western New York.

Measures.

The Heart Check (HC) and Lifegain Health Culture Audit (LHCA) were used to assess worksite environment and worksite health culture, respectively.

Analysis.

Pearson r was used to examine the associations between HC factors and LHCA mean scores. Multiple linear regression was used to predict LHCA mean scores from selected HC factors.

Results.

Adjusting for age and gender, several significant correlations between HC and LHCA scores were identified, ranging from r = .54 (p < .05) to r = .72 (p <. 001). The HC Environmental Structure factor (HCES) and HC Communication factor (HCC) were significantly correlated to LHCA scores (r = .55 and r = .72, respectively; p < .01) but not to each other. A regression model combining HCES and HCC was found to be predictive of LHCA score (R2 = .69, p < .001).

Conclusions.

Modifiable components of the worksite environment are strongly and positively related to employee perceptions of the worksite health culture.
Is Bigger Still Better? The Decline of the Wage Premium at Large Firms
Authors: Even William E. , Macpherson David A.
Published: May 2012

This study shows that the wage premium paid by large firms fell over the past 20 years and that this decline in the size premium is most pronounced among the least educated workers. Empirical evidence supports several explanations for the shrinking size premium. First, there has been a convergence in the returns to worker characteristics at large and small firms over time. Second, small and large firms are hiring more workers with similar characteristics. Particularly important are the declining share of workers at large manufacturing firms and the rising share of workers at large retail firms. Also, the greater decline of unionism at large firms has contributed significantly to the decline in the size premium.
Do Health Insurers Possess Market Power?
Authors: Bates Laurie J. , Hilliard James I. , Santerre Rexford E.
Published: May 2012

During the 2009–2010 health care reform debates, many policy makers presumed that a lack of competition in the U.S. health insurance industry had resulted in greater levels of uninsurance. However, such a presumption has no basis in current research. This study, with a panel data set of the 50 states and the District of Columbia over the years 2001–2007, examines how health‐insurer market concentration at the state level influences the percentage of the population with either individually purchased or employer‐sponsored private health insurance. Two‐stage least squares estimates are derived using a lagged measure of health‐insurer concentration as an instrument. Results suggest that health insurers exercise market power on the seller side of the health insurance marketplace, but the restriction of output is limited to the individually purchased insurance market segment.