bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChatGPT provides safe responses to post-operative concerns following total joint arthroplasty
Authors: Chenard Stephen W. , Mika Aleksander P. , Polkowski Gregory G. , Engstrom Stephen M. , Wilson Jacob M. , Martin J. Ryan
Published: June 2024

Introduction:

Postoperative triage is a considerable financial and time burden following total joint arthroplasty (TJA). An ideal post-operative triage method would be equally as safe as triage nurses, but more cost-effective and time-efficient. Therefore, this study aimed to see if ChatGPT could serve as a safe and effective method of postoperative triage in responding to patient concerns following TJA.

Methods:

A list of ten potential concerns from post-operative arthroplasty patients was compiled ranging from “How much walking can I do?” to “My leg is throbbing and red, and I’m having trouble breathing. What should I do?”. These concerns were presented to trained orthopaedic triage nurses (n=3) and ChatGPT (Version 3.5). The generated responses were rated blindly by three fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons specializing in adult reconstruction using Likert scales ranging from 1-5 for safety and completeness (1 being highly unsafe/incomplete; 5 being highly safe/complete). The average scores were calculated for each prompt and are presented as mean±standard deviation.

Results:

There was no significant difference in average safety scores between ChatGPT responses (4.2±0.5) and those of triage nurses (4.3±0.4) (P=0.68). Similarly, there was no significant difference in completeness scores between ChatGPT responses (3.9±0.8) and those of triage nurses (4.0±0.6) (P=0.67). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in safety or completeness between ChatGPT and triage nurses for any of the individual prompts (all P values >0.05).

Conclusions:

Postoperative triage is a critical component of perioperative care but represents a substantial time and cost burden. This preliminary study highlights the promising opportunity for future use of AI-enabled chatbots to provide instantaneous, safe, and complete responses to postoperative patient concerns.
Efficacy and Safety of BRCA-targeted Therapy (Polyadenosine Diphosphate-ribose Polymerase Inhibitors) in Treatment of BRCA-mutated Breast Cancer
Authors: Qureshi Zaheer , Jamil Abdur , Altaf Faryal , Siddique Rimsha , Safi Adnan
Published: June 2024

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of women’s cancer deaths after lung cancer. Risk factors such as environment, lifestyle, and genetics contribute to its development, including mutation in the breast cancer (BRCA) gene. Polyadenosine diphosphate-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) target these mutations, benefiting patients with advanced cancers. This review summarizes PARPi’ safety and efficacy in the treatment of BRCA-mutated breast cancer. PubMed, The Cochrane Library for Clinical Trials, and Science Direct, were searched for articles from inception to April 2024. Eligible articles were analyzed, and data were extracted for meta-analysis using RevMan 5.4 software with a random-effect model. Out of 430 articles identified from online databases, only 6 randomized control trials including 3610 patients were included in the analysis. PARPi therapy improved progression-free survival (hazard ratio: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.73; P < 0.00001) and overall survival (hazard ratio: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.73, 0.98 P = 0.02), according to the analysis. In our safety analysis, the risk of adverse events was not statistically different between PARPi versus chemotherapy (relative risk [RR]: 1.08; 95% CI: 0.44, 2.68; P = 0.86), and combined PARPi and standard chemotherapy (RR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.07; P = 0.80). The only statistically significant difference was observed in anemia, where PARPi increased the risk of developing anemia compared with standard chemotherapy (RR: 6.17; 95% CI: 2.44, 15.58; P = 0.0001). In BRCA-mutated breast cancer, PARPi treatment shows better overall survival and progression-free survival compared with standard chemotherapy or placebo. Furthermore, PARPi, either alone or in combination therapy, does not increase the risk of adverse events in these patients, as per the meta-analysis.
Clues for Facial Perceived Age: Exercise, Sun Protection, Photoaging, and Anthropometric Properties: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Dundar Yolsal Ozlem , Esme Pelin , Karahan Sevilay , Tasci Ilker , Caliskan Ercan
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The effect of environmental and genetic factors on the aging process is widely acknowledged. Yet, the extent to which each factor decisively contributes to the perception of looking younger or older remains a subject of debate. This study seeks to identify the factors linked to the perceived age among Turkish women.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Ten assessors scored the perceived ages of 250 female patients based on facial photographs. The study aimed to assess the impact of environmental factors and anthropometric measurements on the perception of aging. A comprehensive analysis involved conducting 9 perioral and 6 periorbital anthropometric measurements on all study participants.

RESULTS

Exercise (p = .001), mild photodamage (stage 1–2) (p = .001), consistent sunscreen use (p = .001), the length of the palpebral fissure (p = .043), and the height of the upper vermilion (p = .019) demonstrated significant associations with a more youthful appearance.

CONCLUSION

Environmental factors, including exercise, photoprotection, sunscreen use, and anthropometric measurements such as palpebral fissure length and upper vermilion height, play a significant role in contributing to a more youthful appearance.
Anatomical Study of the Superior Auricular Artery Using 3-Dimensional Computed Tomography Angiography
Authors: Chen Chao-Yang , Li Fang-Wei , Luo Cheng-En , Wang Hai-Bin
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

The superior auricular artery (SAA)–retroauricular flap is commonly used for the repair of defects of the superior auricle. There are few studies about the anatomy of the SAA.

OBJECTIVE

This study mainly analyzed the anatomical pattern of SAA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Computed tomography (CT) was performed on 26 cadaver heads infused with lead oxide. The anatomical pattern of the SAA was statistically analyzed by 3-dimensional CT images.

RESULTS

The SAA was classified into 3 types according to whether it gave off the helix branch or the auricular dorsal branch. The SAA was located mainly in an area 2 cm above and below the horizontal line at the midpoint of the 2 base points (the otobasion superius and the apex of the external auditory canal). The origin of each branch of the SAA was mainly located in Areas 2, 3, and 4 within a circular area that had the otobasion superius as the center of the circle and a radius of 2 cm.

CONCLUSION

In this study, the 3 anatomical types and anatomical patterns of the SAA were identified. These findings can provide a reference for the design of SAA–retroauricular flaps and for surgical planning.
Factors responsible for the re-emergence of Monkeypox and implications for global health
Authors: Oduoye Malik Olatunde , Faloye Temidayo Odianosen , Ubechu Samuel Chinonso , Nafula Wechuli Polyne , Abu Taleb Yara Khaled , Gharaibeh Reham Sameeh , Irfan Hamza , Ojebola Abisola Motunrayo , Marbell Andrew , Agbeyewo Ganiyat Temitope , Valentina Sih Che Mbali , Jamiu Abdullahi Temitope , Khan Suheb Mahammed
Published: June 2024

The eradication of smallpox in 1980 and the subsequent discontinuation of smallpox vaccination have resulted in a decline in immunity against orthopoxviruses. As a result, Monkeypox (Mpox) has reappeared as a significant virus with implications for public health. This article aims to determine some of the factors responsible for the re-emergence of Mpox and its implications for global health. A thorough literature search for this present article was conducted through a search of databases and journals, including the WHO and CDC websites, using keywords such as “Monkeypox”, “Re-emergence”, “Prevalence”, “Risk factors”, “Implications” and “Global Health” to find articles published from 2003 to 2023. We found that Mpox recently occurred in several countries in America, Europe, and Asia, including the United States of America (USA), Brazil, Spain, Colombia, Mexico, the United Kingdom (UK), Germany, and Pakistan, between 2022 and 2023. The rise in Mpox cases was also seen, with incidences documented in Western Europe (2599 cases, accounting for 42.76% of the total), Southern Europe (1932 cases, representing 31.79% of the total), Northern Europe (1487 cases, comprising 24.46% of the total), and Eastern Europe (59 cases, making up 0.97% of the total). Possible factors implicated in the re-emergence of MPOX include; the expansion of the human population, increased same sexual intercourse, and poor epidemiological surveillance. etc. The re-emergence of Mpox in the world is a difficult issue that requires world leaders to take a diverse approach to control the disease. World leaders and scientists must pursue natural compounds with antiviral properties. Hopefully, natural products will give alternate therapy alternatives for preventing infection transmission between humans and limiting virus proliferation in host organisms.
Visualization of Keratopathy Associated With the Antibody–Drug Conjugate Belantamab Mafodotin Using Infrared Imaging in Patients With Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Gallin Vivian , Nölle Bernhard , Schub Natalie , Roider Johann
Published: June 2024

Purpose:

The treatment of patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) with the antibody–drug conjugate belantamab mafodotin is affected by ocular adverse effects, most frequently keratopathy with corneal microcyst-like epithelial changes (MECs). To assess ocular side effects, the Keratopathy and Visual Acuity (KVA) scale, based on the extent of keratopathy subjectively graded on slit-lamp examination and the change in best corrected visual acuity from baseline, was created. Advanced corneal imaging techniques have been explored to further characterize MECs and identify objective imaging biomarkers. We examined whether infrared reflectance imaging of the anterior segment (AS-IR) could contribute to the assessment, monitoring, and documentation of corneal toxicity in patients treated with belantamab mafodotin.

Methods:

In addition to the KVA examination, AS-IR imaging was performed. AS-IR images were evaluated for presence of visible hyporeflective lesions and their spatial and temporal distribution between visits and compared with keratopathy identified on slit-lamp examination. To standardize the assessment, a scoring system for lesions on AS-IR was implemented for additional analysis.

Results:

Nine patients undergoing treatment with belantamab mafodotin for up to 9 months were examined. All patients exhibited hyporeflective lesions on AS-IR imaging, indicative of corneal toxicity corresponding to MECs observed on slit-lamp examination. AS-IR lesions showed early occurrence, variable quantity and size, and distinct distribution patterns, correlating with clinical findings during treatment.

Conclusions:

As shown for belantamab mafodotin, AS-IR imaging represents a fast, noninvasive, supplemental method for documentation, monitoring, and assessment of corneal adverse effects during treatment with antibody–drug conjugates, which may enable more standardized analyses.
Alterations in microbiome associated with acute pancreatitis
Authors: Yazici Cemal , Priyadarshini Medha , Boulay Brian , Dai Yang , Layden Brian T.
Published: June 2024

Purpose of review

This review evaluates the current knowledge of gut microbiome alterations in acute pancreatitis, including those that can increase acute pancreatitis risk or worsen disease severity, and the mechanisms of gut microbiome driven injury in acute pancreatitis.

Recent findings

Recent observational studies in humans showed the association of gut microbiome changes (decreased gut microbiome diversity, alterations in relative abundances of certain species, and association of unique species with functional pathways) with acute pancreatitis risk and severity. Furthermore, in-vivo studies highlighted the role of gut microbiome in the development and severity of acute pancreatitis using FMT models. The gut barrier integrity, immune cell homeostasis, and microbial metabolites appear to play key roles in acute pancreatitis risk and severity.

Large human cohort studies that assess gut microbiome profile, its metabolites and impact on acute pancreatitis risk and severity will be crucial for development of innovative prediction, prevention and treatment strategies.
Atypical facial clefts: Tessier number 3 and 4 clefts
Authors: Civantos Alyssa M. , Shakya Pramila , Shaye David A.
Published: June 2024

Purpose of review

Tessier number 3 and 4 clefts result from failed fusion of facial processes during embryogenesis, and cause functional, psychosocial, and cosmetic morbidity. Given their rarity and heterogeneity, they present a unique challenge to the reconstructive surgeon, with limited literature for guidance. The purpose of this update is to summarize Tessier number 3 and 4 clefts with a focus on recent literature and expert opinion.

Recent findings

The incidence of atypical facial clefts has been estimated between 1.4 and 4.9 per 100 000 live births. Several retrospective chart reviews have been published in recent years; however, the epidemiologic data remains limited. Surgical management must be individualized and guided by classic reconstructive principles. The goal of surgery is to return the three soft tissue components (lip, nasomalar, and eyelid) to their proper anatomical location.

Tessier number 3 and 4 clefts are rare, demonstrate a wide spectrum of clinical presentation, and remain challenging to gain a breadth of experience for any single surgeon. They are classified based on their location along well defined anatomical axes. Component repair is performed with attention to the lip, nasomalar, and eyelid regions to restore facial symmetry and function.
The Effect of Real-Time Medication Monitoring-Based Digital Adherence Tools on Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy and Viral Suppression in People Living With HIV: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Msosa Takondwa Charles , Swai Iraseni , Aarnoutse Rob , Rinke de Wit Tobias F. , Ngowi Kennedy , Msefula Chisomo , Nliwasa Marriott , Boer Marion Sumari-de
Published: June 2024

Background:

Universal antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to improved treatment outcomes in persons living with HIV. Adherence to ART is required to achieve viral suppression. Real-time medication monitoring (RTMM)–based digital adherence tools (DATs) could be effective in improving ART adherence and viral suppression in persons living with HIV.

Objectives:

The primary and secondary objectives of this review were to assess the effect of RTMM-based DATs on improving ART adherence and viral load suppression.

Methods:

We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Global Health for publications published through October 11, 2022. Narrative synthesis and random effects meta-analyses were conducted to synthesize the results.

Results:

Of 638 papers identified, 8 were included. Six studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and 2 were cohort studies. Two studies, an RCT in China (mean adherence: 96.2% vs 89.1%) and a crossover cohort study in Uganda (mean adherence: 84% vs 93%), demonstrated improved ART adherence. No studies demonstrated improved viral suppression. In the meta-analyses, we estimated that RTMM-based digital adherence tools had a statistically insignificant small positive effect on ART adherence and viral suppression with a standardized mean difference of 0.1922 [95% CI: −0.0268 to 0.4112, P-value: 0.0854] and viral suppression with an odds ratio of 1.3148 [95% CI: 0.9199 to 1.8791, P-value: 0.1331].

Conclusions:

Our meta-analyses found that RTMM-based DATs did not have a significant effect on ART adherence and viral suppression. However, due to few published studies available, heterogeneity of target populations, intervention designs, and adherence measurement instruments, more data are required to provide conclusive evidence.
Diabetes is not a negative prognostic factor for 30-days mortality after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection
Authors: Lorenz Veronica , Muzzi Luigi , Neri Eugenio
Published: June 2024

Background

The correlation between diabetes and aortic dissection is not fully understood yet, although in literature many studies have suggested that there may be an association between the two conditions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether diabetes represents a short- and long-term risk factor for mortality from type A acute aortic dissection.

Materials and methods

A total of 340 patients with the diagnosis of type A acute aortic dissection underwent aortic surgery between January 2002 and March 2023. The sample was divided into 2 cohorts according to the presence of diabetes (n = 34) or not (n = 306).

Results

The mean age was 66 (±12.4) years and 60.9% were male. The primary endpoint was 30-day mortality. Hospital mortality was 12 (35.3%) for the diabetes group and 70 (22.9%) for nondiabetes group (P = 0.098). Overall survival at 10 years was 48.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 41.6–54.7%], while the 10-year survival for people with diabetes was 29.5% (95% CI: 13.2–47.9%) and for nondiabetes group 50.6% (95% CI: 43.4–57.3%) (Log-rank, P = 0.024).

Conclusion

Diabetes was not found to be a risk factor associated with 30-day mortality in patients undergoing surgery for type A acute aortic dissection. It was a risk factor for long-term survival, but this may be related to diabetes complications.
Data-Driven Discovery of Feedback Mechanisms in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia: Alternatives to classical models using Deep Nonlinear Mixed Effect modeling and Symbolic Regression
Authors: Martensen Carl Julius , Korsbo Niklas , Ivaturi Vijay , Sager Sebastian
Published: June 2024

In pharmacometrics, developing and selecting models is crucial for quantitatively assessing drug-biological interactions, treatment planning, and gaining insights into underlying processes. These validated models are essential for predictive analytics and strategic decision-making in drug development and clinical practice. Unlike traditional methods, machine learning (ML) offers a data-driven alternative to conventional, first-principle approaches. This paper presents an automatic method to derive unknown or uncertain (sub)models using longitudinal, heterogeneous data. Initially, we employ deep nonlinear mixed effect (DeepNLME) to train a neural network as a universal approximator, which then generates a parameterized representation of the underlying process. Subsequently, we apply symbolic regression to identify a set of potential models expressed as equations. Within the study parameters, the proposed method outperforms the baseline models and demonstrates the validity of both the DeepNLME approach and the symbolic regression approach.
Long-read sequencing reveals the allelic diversity of the self-incompatibility gene across natural populations inPetunia(Solanaceae)
Authors: Maenosono Taiga , Isono Kazuho , Kuronuma Takanori , Hatai Miho , Chimura Kaori , Kubo Ken-ichi , Kokubun Hisashi , Greppi Julián Alejandro , Watanabe Hitoshi , Uehara Koichi , Tsuchimatsu Takashi
Published: June 2024

Self-incompatibility (SI) is a genetic mechanism to prevent self-fertilization and thereby promote outcrossing in hermaphroditic plant species through discrimination of self and non-self pollen by pistils. In many SI systems, recognition between pollen and pistils is controlled by a single multiallelic locus (calledS-locus), in which numbers of alleles (calledS-alleles) are segregating. Because of the extreme level of polymorphism of theS-locus, identifications ofS-alleles have been a major issue in many SI studies for decades. Here we report an RNA-seq-based method to explore allelic diversity of theS-locus by employing the long-read sequencing technology of the Oxford Nanopore MinION, and applied it for the gametophytic SI system ofPetunia(Solanaceae), in which the female determinant is a secreted ribonuclease called S-RNase that inhibits the elongation of self-pollen tubes by degrading RNA. We developed a method to identifyS-alleles by the search ofS-RNasesequences, using the previously reported sequences as queries, and found in total 62 types ofS-RNaseincluding 45 novel types. We validated this method through Sanger sequencing and crossing experiments, confirming the sequencing accuracy and SI phenotypes corresponding to genotypes. Then, using the obtained sequence data together with PCR-based genotyping in a larger sample set of 187 plants, we investigated the diversity, frequency, and the level of shared polymorphism ofS-alleles across populations and species. The method as well as the dataset obtained inPetuniawill be an important basis for further studying the evolution of S-RNase-based gametophytic SI systems in natural populations.

Significance statement

Flowering plants have evolved molecular mechanisms called self-incompatibility (SI) for discriminating self and non-self pollen at pistils to prevent self-fertilization, which is often deleterious due to inbreeding depression. The specificity of SI is usually determined by numbers of highly divergent alleles (calledS-alleles) segregating at a single locus, and identifications ofS-alleles have been a major issue in many SI systems. Here we report a new method to identifyS-alleles by employing a long-read sequencing technology and applied it for the gametophytic SI system ofPetunia, identifying 62 types ofS-alleles including 45 novel types. The method as well as the dataset obtained in this study will be an important basis for the research of SI evolution.
Quantitative sodium-MRI detects differential sodium content in benign vs. malignant oncocytic renal tumours
Authors: Horvat-Menih Ines , Birchall Jonathan R , Zamora-Morales Maria J , Bebb Alice , Kaggie Joshua D , Riemer Frank , Gill Andrew B , Priest Andrew N , Wylot Marta , Mendichovszky Iosif A , Warren Anne Y , Jones James , Armitage James N , Mitchell Thomas J , Stewart Grant D , McLean Mary A , Gallagher Ferdia A
Published: June 2024

Background

Accurate non-invasive subtyping of localised kidney tumours is an unmet clinical question in uro-oncology. Differentiation of benign renal oncocytomas (RO) from malignant chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (chRCC) is not possible using conventional imaging. Despite the importance of renal function for sodium regulation, little is known about sodium handling in kidney tumours.

Purpose

Here we used non-invasive sodium MRI (23Na-MRI) to quantify sodium concentration and relaxation dynamics across a range of different kidney tumour subtypes and have correlated these findings with imaging surrogates for perfusion, hypoxia, and cellularity.

Materials and Methods

Between January and April 2023, patients with localised renal masses were prospectively recruited and underwent23Na and proton (1H) MRI at 3T to acquire 3D maps of B1, total sodium concentration (TSC), proton and sodium relaxation rates (R2*), and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Statistical analysis included comparison and correlation of quantified imaging parameters across kidney tumour subtypes.

Results

Ten patients were included in the final analysis (mean age±S.D. = 64±8 years; 7:3 male:female ratio) encompassing seven ROs, two chRCCs, two clear cell RCCs (ccRCC), and one papillary RCC (pRCC). The TSC was significantly higher in the ROs compared to the chRCCs: 162±58 mM vs. 71±2 mM (P< 0.05). The mean TSC in ccRCC was 135±59 mM, and 81 mM in pRCC. The23Na-derived and1H-derivedR2* values showed a weak correlation (Spearman r = 0.17;P= 0.50). There was a significant inverse correlation between TSC and1H-R2* (Spearman r = -0.39,P< 0.05), but TSC was independent of the DWI-derived imaging parameters.

Conclusion

23Na-MRI detected markedly different sodium concentrations within benign ROs and malignant chRCCs. In addition, the sodium signal inversely correlated with1H-R2* as a surrogate for hypoxia. Therefore we have shown the feasibility and potential of23Na-MRI for future research in renal tumours.

Key results

23Na-MRI was used to non-invasively assess kidney tumour subtypes for the first time.

A significantly higher total sodium concentration was detected in benign renal oncocytoma (162±58 mM), compared to chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (71±2 mM), as the malignant counterpart:P< 0.05.

Total sodium concentration showed a significant inverse correlation with1H-R2* (Spearman r = -0.39,P< 0.05), but it was independent of the diffusion-weighted imaging-derived parameters.

Summary statement

23Na-MRI showed potential for differentiating benign and malignant masses, to characterise kidney tumours, which may be linked to the underlying differences in deoxygenation as measured with1H-MRI.
Disruption of seasonal influenza circulation and evolution during two pandemic events in Southeastern Asia: contrasting the role of human movement and pathogen competition
Authors: Chen Zhiyuan , Tsui Joseph L.-H. , Cai Jun , Viboud Cecile , Plessis Louis du , Lemey Philippe , Kraemer Moritz U. G. , Yu Hongjie
Published: June 2024

East, South, and Southeast Asia (together referred to as Southeastern Asia hereafter) have been recognized as critical areas fuelling the global circulation of seasonal influenza. However, the internal migration network of seasonal influenza within Southeastern Asia remains unclear, including how pandemic-related disruptions altered the network structure and circulation dynamics in this region. Here, we leveraged genetic, epidemiological, and airline travel data between 2007-2023 to characterise the multiyear dispersal patterns of influenza A/H3N2 and B/Victoria viruses both out of and within Southeastern Asia, including during seasons marked by perturbations such as the 2009 A/H1N1 and COVID-19 pandemics. We show consistent Autumn-Winter movement waves of A/H3N2 and B/Victoria from Southeastern Asia to temperate regions during interpandemic seasons. During the COVID-19 pandemic this trend was interrupted for both subtypes, however the A/H1N1 pandemic only disrupted A/H3N2 spread. For influenza strains circulating in Southeastern Asia, we find a higher persistence of A/H3N2 than B/Victoria. We find pandemic-related disruptions in A/H3N2 antigenic evolution, with a greater time-advanced antigenic evolution during the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic, and a greater time-lagged pattern during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to inter-pandemic levels. Internally, in comparison to the interpandemic seasons, the inferred dispersal rates within Southeastern Asia decreased by 54.7% and 79.2% during the 2009 A/H1N1 and COVID-19 pandemic seasons, respectively; further, the internal movement structure within Southeastern Asia markedly diverged during the COVID-19 pandemic season, and to a lesser extent, during the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic season. Analyses of the trunk location and phylogenetic similarity further reveal a temporally varying pattern within Southeastern Asia, suggesting a complex source-sink network, with a notable decrease in the mixing of lineages around the COVID-19 pandemic season. Our findings provide insights into the heterogeneous interplay between influenza circulation in Southeastern Asia and two distinct pandemic-related disruptions (strong decline in human movements during the COVID-19 pandemic, pronounced pathogen interference during the A/H1N1 pandemic), which can help anticipate the effects of potential mitigation strategies and the emergence of future influenza pandemic strains on influenza dynamics.
Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and polygenic risk score development to explore causal association with diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Lathika Rajendrakumar Aravind , Narayanan Nair Anand Thakarakkattil , Chourasia Mehul Kumar , Nangia Charvi , Srinivasan Sundararajan , Radha Venkateshan , Anjana Ranjit Mohan , Siddiqui Moneeza K , Meng Weihua , Mohan Viswanathan , Palmer Colin N A
Published: June 2024

Background

Neutrophil–lymphocyte Ratio(NLR) is a biomarker of inflammation and was associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) in earlier studies.

Objective

To investigate the genetic loci influencing NLR and to estimate the heritability and causality of DR with the NLR polygenic risk score (PRS).

Design

Genome-wide association study, conditional analysis, Fine and Gray model (FGR), Mendelian Randomization (MR)

Setting

Scottish and South Indian populations drawn from population cohorts and electronic medical records.

Participants

29,317 individuals, with a considerable proportion diagnosed with diabetes.

Measurements

Effect estimates from GWAS to compute PRS and causal association with DR.

Results

Heritability estimates for the Scottish and Indian cohorts were 35.3% and 8.7% respectively. The top Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the multi-ancestry analysis (n=29,317) were intergenic: rs1825819 (Chr4:T/C) (Beta=-0.05, p=2.00×10-9), rs2980871 (Chr8:A/G) (Beta=0.04, p=4.64×10-8), rs2227322 (Chr17:C/G) (Beta=0.07, p=4.12×10-20) and rs4808047 (Chr19:T/C) (Beta= - 0.07, p=5.93×10-12). For the construction of best-fit PRS, we used 74,377 of 55,333,12 variants. There was a dose-response relationship between the PRS and NLR. The subhazard ratio (sHR) for NLR PRS association with DR was not statistically significant sHR=1.01 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.06, p=0.48). Null associations were observed in both cross-sectional and time-based MR analyses for PRS with DR.

Limitations

A substantial proportion of the dataset was used for training the PRS algorithm. Due to trans-ancestry differences, PRS and subsequent analysis were conducted only in the Scottish cohorts.

Conclusions

Multiple novel intergenic SNP associations were discovered, complementing those previously identified. Of these, some SNPs were also associated with genes known to regulate white blood cells, but not specifically NLR. More studies are required to confirm the causality between systemic inflammation and DR.

Primary Funding Source

National Institute for Health Research, Pioneer and Leading Goose R&D Program of Zhejiang 2023, and the Ningbo International Collaboration Program 2023.
Fluctuation-induced spin nematic order in magnetic charge ice
Authors: Hemmatzade A. , Essafi K. , Taillefumier M. , Müller M. , Fennell T. , Derlet P. M.
Published: June 2024

A pyrochlore charge ice consisting of two magnetic cation types gives rise to a Heisenberg magnet with an interesting type of long-range correlated bond disorder. If the antiferromagnetic exchange among cations of the same type dominates over the interspecies exchange, closed antiferromagnetic chains following the fully packed loops of like cations emerge as nonlocal effective low-temperature degrees of freedom. Monte Carlo simulations reveal a fluctuation driven first-order phase transition from an algebraically correlated spin liquid to a long-range ordered spin nematic, which mean-field theory captures with very high accuracy. The global O(3) Heisenberg symmetry is suddenly reduced to a Z2 Ising symmetry as the Néel vectors of the strongly antiferromagnetically correlated loops align with each other to optimize the entropy of their thermal fluctuations. Interestingly, the nematic transition is found to be sensitive to the size statistics of the cation loops and thus provides a direct thermodynamic probe of otherwise elusive structural properties. In turn this sensitivity offers a structural route to engineering the nematic phase stability.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Negative charge-transfer energy in
SrFeO3
revisited with hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Takegami D. , Nakamura M. , Melendez-Sans A. , Fujinuma K. , Nakamura R. , Yoshimura M. , Tsuei K.-D. , Tanaka A. , Gen M. , Tokunaga Y. , Ishiwata S. , Mizokawa T.
Published: June 2024

We report hard x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on SrFeO3 which is one of the classical conducting transition-metal oxides with a noncollinear magnetic structure. The obtained spectra show a detailed charge-transfer (CT) satellite structure, the Fe 2p3/2 main peak exhibits multiplet splitting, and the deterioration signs present in previous reports are absent here, allowing for a better determination of its intrinsic electronic structure. The results are well described by a FeO6 cluster model with a charge-transfer energy of about −1.0 eV, confirming the values obtained in the previous works. The negative CT energy indicates that the electronic configuration of the tetravalent Fe is d5L rather than d4 where L represents an O 2p hole. The small spectral weight observed at the Fermi level indicates the correlated metallic state with localized Fe 3d electrons and mobile O 2p holes which are governed by a large d−d Coulomb interaction and negative CT energy.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Symmetries and wave functions of photons confined in three-dimensional photonic band gap superlattices
Authors: Kozoň Marek , Lagendijk Ad , Schlottbom Matthias , van der Vegt Jaap J. W. , Vos Willem L.
Published: June 2024

We perform a computational study of confined photonic states that appear in a three-dimensional (3D) superlattice of coupled cavities, resulting from a superstructure of intentional defects. The states are isolated from the vacuum by a 3D photonic band gap, using a diamondlike inverse woodpile crystal structure, and they exhibit “Cartesian” hopping of photons in high-symmetry directions. We investigate the confinement dimensionality to verify which states are fully 3D-confined, using a recently developed scaling theory to analyze the influence of the structural parameters of the 3D crystal. We create confinement maps that trace the frequencies of 3D-confined bands for select combinations of key structural parameters, namely the pore radii of the underlying regular crystal and of the defect pores. We find that a certain minimum difference between the regular and defect pore radii is necessary for 3D-confined bands to appear, and that an increasing difference between the defect pore radii from the regular radii supports more 3D-confined bands. In our analysis, we find that their symmetries and spatial distributions are more varied than electronic orbitals known from solid-state physics. We surmise that this difference occurs since the confined photonic orbitals derive from global Bloch states governed by the underlying superlattice structure, whereas single-atom orbitals are localized. Based on this realization, we suggest that the extent symmetries of “photonic orbitals” could possibly translate to novel macroscopic behaviors of “photonic solid-state matter,” never before seen in the standard electronic solid-state systems. We also discover pairs of degenerate 3D-confined bands with p-like orbital shapes and mirror symmetries matching the symmetry of the superlattice. Finally, we investigate the enhancement of the local density of optical states for cavity quantum electrodynamics applications. We find that donorlike superlattices, i.e., where the defect pores are smaller than the regular pores, provide greater enhancement in the air region than acceptorlike structures with larger defect pores, and thus offer better prospects for doping with quantum dots and ultimately for 3D networks of single photons steered across strongly coupled cavities.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Comment on “Fusion-fission dynamics of
Pt188,190
through fission fragment mass distribution measurements”
Authors: Caamaño M.
Published: June 2024

Kavita [] analyze the width of the mass distributions of fission fragments from Si28+Gd160 and C12+Hf178 collisions. The authors report that the distributions “are reproducible with a single Gaussian at all studied energies”. However, the fits presented in the figures show functions that do not correspond to single-Gaussian distributions. A critical analysis, presented here, sheds doubts on the characterization of the mass distributions.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Role of cosmological gravitational particle production in baryogenesis
Authors: Flores Marcos M. , Perez-Gonzalez Yuber F.
Published: June 2024

We investigate the generation of the baryon asymmetry within the framework of cosmological gravitational particle production, employing the Bogoliubov approach. We examine two well-known baryogenesis scenarios, namely baryogenesis in grand unified theories (GUT) and leptogenesis, while considering reheating temperatures sufficiently low for thermal processes to be negligible. Considering α–attractor T-models for the inflaton potential, we demonstrate that GUT baryogenesis from scalar decays can be successful across a large range of conformal couplings with gravity, without necessitating substantial levels of CP violation. In the case of leptogenesis, we find that the reheating temperature should be TRH≲106  GeV for right-handed neutrino masses M1≲6×1012  GeV to generate the observed asymmetry.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
CP
phase in modular flavor models and discrete Froggatt-Nielsen models
Authors: Kikuchi Shota , Kobayashi Tatsuo , Nasu Kaito
Published: June 2024

We study the large mass hierarchy and CP violation in the modular symmetric quark flavor models without fine-tuning. Mass matrices are written in terms of modular forms. Modular forms near the modular fixed points are approximately given by ϵp, where ϵ and p denote the small deviation from the fixed points and their residual charges. Thus, mass matrices have the hierarchical structures depending on the residual charges and have a possibility describing the large mass hierarchy without fine-tuning. Similar structures of mass matrices are also obtained in Froggatt-Nielsen models. Nevertheless, it seems to be difficult to induce a sufficient amount of CP violation by a single small complex parameter ϵ. To realize the large mass hierarchy as well as sizable CP violation, multimoduli are required. We show the mass matrix structures with multimoduli that are consistent with quark flavor observables including the CP phase. We also discuss the origins of the large mass hierarchy and CP violation in such mass matrix structures.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Field theory axiverse
Authors: Alexander Stephon , Manton Tucker , McDonough Evan
Published: June 2024

Axion and axionlike particles are a prominent candidate for physics beyond the Standard Model and can play an important role in cosmology, serving as dark matter or dark energy, or both, drawing motivation in part from the string theory axiverse. Axionlike particles can also arise as composite degrees of freedom following chiral symmetry breaking in a dark confining gauge theory, analogous to the Standard Model (SM) pion. A dark sector with arbitrary Nf flavors of dark quarks leads to Nf2−1 axionlike states, effectively a (or “π-axiverse”). A portal to the visible sector can be achieved through the standard kinetic mixing between the dark photon and SM photon, generating millicharges for the dark quarks and consequently couplings, both parity even and parity odd, between the SM and the dark pions. This scenario has been studied for the Nf=2 case and more recently for a dark Standard Model with Nf=6. In this work, we study the spectrum of this field theory axiverse for an arbitrary number of flavors and apply this to the example Nf=10. We calculate the couplings to the SM photon analogous to the conventional axion-photon coupling, including the Nf and Nc dependence, and compute the present and future constraints on the Nf=10 Nc=3 π-axiverse. We elucidate the accompanying “baryverse” of superheavy dark baryons, namely, an ensemble of charged and neutral dark baryons with a mass set by the dark pion decay constant.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Calabi-Yau periods for black hole scattering in classical general relativity
Authors: Klemm Albrecht , Nega Christoph , Sauer Benjamin , Plefka Jan
Published: June 2024

The high-precision description of black hole scattering in classical general relativity using the post-Minkowskian (PM) expansion requires the evaluation of single-scale Feynman integrals at increasing loop orders. Up to 4PM, the scattering angle and the impulse are expressible in terms of polylogarithmic functions and Calabi-Yau (CY) twofold periods. As in QFT, periods of higher dimensional CY n-folds are expected at higher PM order. We find at 5PM in the dissipative leading order self-force sector (5PM-1SF) that the only nonpolylogarithmic functions are the K3 periods encountered before and the ones of a new hypergeometric CY threefold. In the 5PM-2SF sector further CY twofold and threefold periods appear. Griffiths transversality of the CY period motives allows one to transform the differential equations for the master integrals into ε-factorized form and to solve them in terms of a well-controlled function space, as we demonstrate in the 5PM-1SF sector.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
General properties of the electric Penrose process
Authors: Zaslavskii O. B.
Published: June 2024

We consider the Penrose process with the charged particles in the Reissner-Nordström background. Let parent particle 0 decay to particles 1 and 2. With the assumption that all three particles move in the equatorial plane, the exact formulas for characteristics of particles 1 and 2 in terms of those of particle 0 are derived. We concentrate on scenarios in which particle 1 and 2 are ejected along the trajectory of particle 0. It is shown that such scenarios correspond to the extrema of energies E1 or E2 of daughter particles with respect to the angular momentum L1 or L2. We derive bounds on the values of angular momenta L1 and L2. We give classification of these scenarios and discuss their properties including decay in the near-horizon region. We find that the maximum of efficiency is achieved on the horizon for some of these scenarios but not for all of them and with additional constraints on particle parameters. The results are reformulated in terms of velocities of daughter particles in the center of mass frame. The approach is applicable also to collisional Penrose process, in which a combination of particles 1 and 2 is considered as one effective particle. If the mass of particle 0 m0→∞, then the situation corresponds to the Bañados-Silk-West effect, the results agree with the ones known in literature before. In addition, we consider special cases when decay occurs in the turning point for one or all three particles. The formalism developed in this work has a model-independent character and applies not only to the Reissner-Nordström metric.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Inhomogeneous quenches as state preparation in two-dimensional conformal field theories
Authors: Nozaki Masahiro , Tamaoka Kotaro , Tan Mao Tian
Published: June 2024

The nonequilibrium process where the system does not evolve to the featureless state, that without quantum properties, is one of the new central objects in the nonequilibrium phenomena. In this paper, starting from the short-range entangled state in the two-dimensional conformal field theories (2D CFTs), the boundary state with a regularization, we evolve the system with the inhomogeneous Hamiltonians called Möbius/sine-square-deformed (SSD) ones. Regardless of the details of CFTs considered in this paper, during the Möbius evolution, the entanglement entropy exhibits the periodic motion called quantum revival. During SSD time evolution, except for some subsystems, in the large time regime, entanglement entropy and mutual information are approximated by those for the vacuum state. We argue the time regime for the subsystem to cool down to vacuum one is t1≫O(LlA), where t1, L, and lA are time, system, and subsystem sizes. This finding suggests the inhomogeneous quench induced by the SSD Hamiltonian may be used as the preparation for the approximately vacuum state. We propose the gravity dual of the systems considered in this paper, furthermore, and generalize it. In addition to them, we discuss the relation between the inhomogeneous quenches and continuous multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz (cMERA).

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Magnetothermopower of Nodal-Line Semimetals
Authors: Chakraborty Poulomi , Hui Aaron , Bednik Grigory , Skinner Brian
Published: June 2024

The search for materials with large thermopower is of great practical interest. Dirac and Weyl semimetals have recently proven to exhibit superior thermoelectric properties, particularly when subjected to a quantizing magnetic field. Here, we consider whether a similar enhancement arises in nodal-line semimetals, for which the conduction and valence band meet at a line or ring in momentum space. We compute the Seebeck and Nernst coefficients for arbitrary temperature and magnetic field and we find a wealth of different scaling regimes. Most strikingly, when a sufficiently strong magnetic field is applied along the direction of a straight nodal line or in the plane of a nodal ring, the large degeneracy of states leads to a large linear-in-B thermopower that is temperature independent even at low temperatures. Our results suggest that nodal-line semimetals may offer significant opportunity for efficient low-temperature thermoelectrics.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
The crystal structure of the ammonium salt of 2-aminomalonic acid
Authors: Hollenwäger Dirk , Nitzer Alexander , Bockmair Valentin , Kornath Andreas J.
Published: June 2024

The salt ammonium 2-aminomalonate (systematic name: ammonium 2-azaniumylpropanedioate), NH4
+·C3H4NO4
−, was synthesized in diethyl ether from the starting materials malonic acid, ammonia and bromine. The salt was recrystallized from water as colourless blocks. In the solid state, intramolecular medium–strong N—H...O, weak C—H...O and weak C—H...N hydrogen bonds build a three-dimensional network.
Effect of wind on quadrotor battery consumption
Authors: Ercan Hamdi , Ulucan Hamdi , Kılıç Şekibe
Published: June 2024

Purpose

The advancements in battery technologies, while trailing behind technological progress, face challenges meeting the soaring energy demands of quadrotors, resulting in flight durations that are far from satisfactory. Hence, this study aims to empirically investigate the impact of wind on battery consumption.

Design/methodology/approach

Flight tests were conducted using the Pixhawk 4 along identical flight paths and durations. In these flight tests, the quadrotor was exposed to different wind speeds.

Findings

The amount of energy consumed in the flight tests was examined. It has been observed that wind poses a serious threat to battery consumption and thus flight safety.

Practical implications

It is predicted that the data obtained from these studies will be useful in the battery and route selection of quadrotors used in many areas in the future.

Originality/value

This experimental investigation involved conducting numerous flight trials at diverse wind speeds under genuine atmospheric conditions. The energy consumption data acquired holds significance as it directly mirrors real-world scenarios encountered in practical applications.