bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ionic Liquid Anion Type in the Performance of Solid Polymer Electrolytes Based on Poly(Vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene)
Authors: Leones R. , Costa C. M. , Machado A. V. , Esperança J. M. S. S. , Silva M. M. , Lanceros‐Méndez S.
Published: December 2014

The effect of different anions within the ionic liquid in the characteristics of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on P(VDF‐TrFE) has been investigated. 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate, [C2mim][OAc], 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium triflate, [C2mim][(CF3SO3)], 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium lactate, [C2mim][Lactate], 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium thiocyanate, [C2mim][SNC] and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [C2mim][HSO4] have been used in SPE prepared by solvent casting. The polymer phase, thermal and electrochemical properties of the SPE have been determined. The thermal and electrical properties of the SPEs strongly depend on the selected IL, as determined by their different interactions with the polymer matrix. The room temperature ionic conductivity increases in the following way for the different anions: [SNC]>[CF3SO3)]>[HSO4]>[Lactate]>[OAc], which is mainly dependent on the viscosity of the ionic liquid.
Addition of gaseous olefin to produce boiler fuel and stability studies
Authors: Tao Jingming , Penmetsa Venkata K. , Steele Philip H.
Published: December 2014

As a renewable liquid fuel, bio‐oil produced from fast pyrolysis of biomass is receiving increasing attention. However, bio‐oil has some negative properties, such as polymerization over time, high water content, high viscosity, and low energy value. It must be upgraded to be used as a fuel. The objective of this study was to develop an upgrading method by esterification and olefination reactions to produce bio‐oil with lower water content and higher energy value for combustion as a boiler fuel. Loblolly pine wood was pyrolyzed at a feed rate of ∼7 kg/h in a Mississippi State University proprietary auger reactor to produce bio‐oil with 65% yield. Upgrading reactions were performed in a high‐pressure batch autoclave. Bio‐oil was reacted with alcohols and gaseous olefins in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst to produce upgraded bio‐oil. The influence of reaction conditions such as reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst content were evaluated. Physical and chemical properties such as acid value, higher heating value, water content, and optimal conditions were identified. The result of olefination shows improved bio‐oil quality and increased energy density. Accelerated aging tests were also performed. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2014 34: 933–941, 2015
Pig feeds rich in rapeseed products and organic selenium increased omega‐3 fatty acids and selenium in pork meat and backfat
Authors: Gjerlaug‐Enger Eli , Haug Anna , Gaarder Mari , Ljøkjel Kari , Stenseth Ragna Sveipe , Sigfridson Kerstin , Egelandsdal Bjørg , Saarem Kristin , Berg Per
Published: December 2014

The concentration of omega‐3 fatty acids and selenium (Se) is generally too low in the Western diet. But as the nutrient composition of pork meat and adipose tissue is influenced by the feed given to the animals, the product can be changed to support nutrient demands. Half (297/594) the pigs were given a feed concentrate based on low‐glucosinolate rapeseed products (RS), while the other half was fed a traditional concentrate (Contr): TheRSfeed had an omega‐6/omega‐3 ratio of 3.6:1, and the Contr feed had a ratio of 8.9:1, and both feeds were supplemented with 0.4 mg Se/kg (organic Se: inorganic Se, 1:1). There was a small difference in growth rate, but no differences in feed conversion ratio, lean meat percentage, carcass value, and margin per pig for the two groups. There were no differences in meat quality between the two groups, but there were differences in technological fat quality. TheRSpigs contained about 2 times more alpha‐linolenic acid in the backfat and 41% more in the meat (M. longissimus dorsi) compared to the controls. The concentration ofEPA,DPA, andDHAwere 42% and 20% higher in backfat and meat of theRSpigs compared to the control pigs respectively. The ratio between omega‐6/omega‐3 fatty acids were 4.7 in the meat and 4.0 in the backfat in theRSpigs, and the corresponding values were 6.6 and 8.0 in the control pigs. The selenium content was 0.3 mg/kg meat in both groups. The study showed that a portion of the present pig meat (175 g) provided the daily recommended intake of Se for men and women and about 1/6 of proposed reference intake of omega‐3LCPUFA(250 mg/day) to reduce the risk ofCVDthereby providing a meat that is somewhat healthier for the consumer.
Mechanik des Kriechens von Böschungen und Hängen
Authors: Goldscheider Michael
Published: December 2014

Für natürliche Hänge auf einer Tonschicht und mit veränderlichem Grundwasserspiegel werden die Phänomene Kriechen als Folge von geschwindigkeitsabhängigem (viskosem) Materialverhalten und Rutschen als Grenzfall und plastisches Versagen definiert und erklärt. Für beide Phänomene werden die maßgebenden Materialgesetze für die entfestigten Zonen dargestellt. Das viskose Materialgesetz, welches in undränierten Versuchen (CU‐Triaxialversuchen) zu beobachten ist, wird so verallgemeinert, dass es auch für die dränierten Verhältnisse in einem Hang gilt und die Änderung der Kriechgeschwindigkeit mit der Änderung der Höhe des Grundwasserspiegels vorhersagt. Es wird beschrieben, wie mit diesen Materialgesetzen und anhand von Bewegungsmessungen in Bohrlöchern die genauest mögliche rechnerische Vorhersage der Kriechgeschwindigkeit ebenso wie der Sicherheit gegen Rutschen bei Änderung des Grundwasserspiegels und/oder der Belastungen oder Einbau einer stützenden Konstruktion durchzuführen ist. Die Vorausberechnung der Kriechgeschwindigkeit verläuft dabei wie eine modifizierte Berechnung der Sicherheit gegen Rutschen.

Mechanics of creeping of slopes and hillsides. The mechanics of creeping due to rate‐dependant (viscous) material behaviour and sliding as the limiting state of plastic failure are defined and outlined for hillsides with variable groundwater level situated on top of a clay layer. For both phenomena, the proper material laws for the zones of softened soil are depicted. The viscous material law obtained by undrained tests (CU triaxial tests) is generalized for the application to drained conditions in a hillside so that it can also be used to predict changes of the creep rate depending on changing groundwater levels. It is described in detail how these material laws, together with displacement measurements in boreholes, can be used to make reliable predictions of the creep rate and safety against sliding caused by changes of groundwater level and/or loads or by the installation of retaining structures. The prediction of the creep rate proceeds as a modified conventional calculation of the safety against sliding.
Zur Tragfähigkeit einzelner und benachbarter Streifenfundamente – Berechnungen zum Einfluss der Sohlreibung und von Wechselwirkungsfaktoren mittels der KEM
Authors: v. Blumenthal Achim , Gussmann Peter , Lavasan Arash Alimardani , König Diethard , Schanz Tom
Published: December 2014

Die Beurteilung der Grundbruchsicherheit flach gegründeter Fundamente ist ein zentrales Thema auf dem Gebiet der Bodenmechanik und des Grundbaus. In Deutschland ist die Nachweisführung in [1] für ausgewählte Randbedingungen geregelt. Die Grundbruchgleichung basiert auf dem Superpositionsansatz nach Terzaghi. In diesem Beitrag wird der signifikante Einfluss der Sohlreibung auf den Bruchmechanismus und die Tragfähigkeit eines einzelnen Streifenfundaments diskutiert. Für eine raue Sohlausbildung wird der bekannte Berechnungsansatz für den Grundbruchwiderstand für den Fall zweier benachbarter und wechselwirkender Streifenfundamente erweitert. Mit Hilfe der Kinematischen Elemente Methode (KEM) nach [2] und [3] werden zunächst ein geeigneter Bruchmechanismus entwickelt und anschließend für unterschiedliche Abstände S zwischen den beiden Fundamenten und verschiedene Reibungswinkel ϕ die Traglasten der Fundamente berechnet. Durch Einführung eines Wechselwirkungsfaktors η, der die Traglast benachbarter Fundamente mit der eines frei stehenden Fundaments in Relation setzt, wird die Steigerung der Traglast beschrieben. Ein Vergleich mit anderen theoretischen sowie experimentellen Untersuchungen zeigt eine gute Übereinstimmung mit den mit der KEM berechneten Ergebnissen bei vergleichbaren Annahmen der Bruchmechanismen sowie der Sohlreibungsverhältnisse.

On the bearing capacity of single and interfering strip footings – Analysis of the influence of footing‐base‐friction and interference factors by the KEM. The assessment of bearing capacity of shallow footings is one of the main topics in soil mechanics as well as in foundation engineering. In Germany the safety analysis is regulated in [1]. Chosen boundary conditions are considered. The so called ground failure equation is based on the superposition principle after Terzaghi. In the present article the significant influence of base‐friction on the bearing capacity of shallow strip footings will be discussed. The general approach of the bearing capacity analysis will be extended to the boundary condition of two adjacent interfering rough footings. By using the Kinematical Element Method (KEM), originally developed in [2] and [3], an appropriate failure mechanism will be developed and bearing capacity calculations are carried out for varying distances S between the footings. Also different friction angles ϕ of the soil will be considered in this parameter study. By defining an efficiency factor η, as the ratio of an interfering footing and one that is isolated, the change in bearing capacity can be evaluated. A comparison with available theoretical and experimental data confirms the present KEM‐results.
Beyond BOLD: Optimizing functional imaging in stroke populations
Authors: Veldsman Michele , Cumming Toby , Brodtmann Amy
Published: December 2014

Blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signal changes are often assumed to directly reflect neural activity changes. Yet the real relationship is indirect, reliant on numerous assumptions, and subject to several sources of noise. Deviations from the core assumptions of BOLD contrast functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and their implications, have been well characterized in healthy populations, but are frequently neglected in stroke populations. In addition to conspicuous local structural and vascular changes after stroke, there are many less obvious challenges in the imaging of stroke populations. Perilesional ischemic changes, remodeling in regions distant to lesion sites, and diffuse perfusion changes all complicate interpretation of BOLD signal changes in standard fMRI protocols. Most stroke patients are also older than the young populations on which assumptions of neurovascular coupling and the typical analysis pipelines are based. We present a review of the evidence to show that the basic assumption of neurovascular coupling on which BOLD‐fMRI relies does not capture the complex changes arising from stroke, both pathological and recovery related. As a result, estimating neural activity using the canonical hemodynamic response function is inappropriate in a number of contexts. We review methods designed to better estimate neural activity in stroke populations. One promising alternative to event‐related fMRI is a resting‐state‐derived functional connectivity approach. Resting‐state fMRI is well suited to stroke populations because it makes no performance demands on patients and is capable of revealing network‐based pathology beyond the lesion site. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1620–1636, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential Effects of Declining Rates in a Per Diem Payment System
Authors: Besstremyannaya Galina
Published: December 2014

The paper demonstrates differential effects of a prospective payment system with declining per diem rates, dependent on the percentiles of length of stay. The analysis uses dynamic panel data estimates and a recent nationwide administrative database for major diagnostic categories in 1068 Japanese hospitals in 2006–2012 to show that average length of stay significantly increases for hospitals in percentiles 0–25 of the pre‐reform length of stay and significantly decreases for hospitals in percentiles 51–100. The decline of the average length of stay is larger for hospitals in higher percentiles of the length of stay. Hospitals in percentiles 51–100 significantly increase their rate of nonemergency/unanticipated readmissions within 42 days after discharge. The decline in the length of total episode of treatment is smaller for hospitals in percentiles 0–25. The findings are robust in terms of the choice of a cohort of hospitals joining the reform. The paper discusses applicability of ‘best practice’ rate‐setting to help improve the performance of hospitals in the lowest quartile of average length of stay. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental Insights into the Structure and Reactivity of Frustrated Lewis Pairs
Authors: Rocchigiani Luca
Published: December 2014

Frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), namely the combination of a Lewis acid (LA) and a Lewis base (LB) that cannot fulfil their natural propensity to form stable Lewis adducts, have been recently exploited to activate small molecules, such as H2 and CO2, and have drawn much interest, due to their applicability in metal‐free catalytic reactions. This review focuses mainly on the experimental studies of both the structure and reactivity of FLPs providing a starting body of evidence to elucidate the mechanism of their action. Important insights coming from NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and other experimental techniques are highlighted and discussed. In particular, evidence about the tendency of LA and LB to interact in the absence of a substrate are commented on for both inter‐ and intramolecular FLPs, underlining the role played by the structure of LA and LB in determining the level of interaction. Next, the effect of the structure of FLPs on the kinetics and thermodynamics of substrate activation is illustrated, with a particular focus on catalytic hydrogenation reactions.
Novel tea polyphenol‐modified calcium phosphate nanoparticle and its remineralization potential
Authors: He Libang , Deng Dongmei , Zhou Xuedong , Cheng Lei , ten Cate Jacob M. , Li Jiyao , Li Xudong , Crielaard Wim
Published: December 2014

Tea polyphenols (TP) are not only potent antimicrobial and antioxidant agents but also effective modifiers in the formation of nanosized crystals. Since nano‐hydroxyapatite (n‐HA) is known to enhance remineralization of dental hard tissue, our aims were to synthesize nanosized calcium phosphate particles incorporating TP and to test their potential as caries preventive agent. An ammonia water diffusion method was used to synthesize nanosized calcium phosphate particles (TP‐CaP) in the presence of various amounts of TP. The resultant products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The remineralization potential of the nano TP‐CaP was then investigated in a 12‐day pH‐cycling model. Nano TP‐CaP slurries, at pH 7.0 and pH 5.5, were applied onto preformed enamel lesions 4 × 3 min per day. n‐HA slurries at pH 7.0 and pH 5.5 were used as positive controls, and deionized water was served as a negative control. SEM showed nanosized particles were only formed at 27 mg/mL of TP. Further characterization of the nanosized particles revealed the components were amorphous calcium phosphate, HA, and TP. Both surface microhardness and transverse microradiography analyses showed that nano TP‐CaP at pH 5.5, but not at pH 7.0, significantly enhanced remineralization, to the same extent as the n‐HA controls. Furthermore, significantly higher amount of TP was found in the supernatant of TP‐CaP at pH 5.5 than those at pH 7.0. Since TP can inhibit bacterial growth and enzyme activities, the novel nanosized TP‐CaP particle, at low pH, is a potential dual‐functional‐remineralization and antibacteria‐product. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1525–1531, 2015.
Production of protein‐ and carbohydrate‐EPS in activated sludge reactors operated at different carbon to nitrogen ratios
Authors: Geyik Ayşe Gül , Çeçen Ferhan
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to clarify how a variation in the carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio in influent wastewater affects the production and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in activated sludge. In the literature such a comparative analysis is rarely presented, most studies on EPS focus on simultaneous organic carbon removal and nitrification whereas little attention is paid to the case of low organic load or separate‐stage nitrification.

RESULTS

Among the very loosely bound, loosely bound and tightly bound EPS fractions, tightly bound EPS prevailed in semi‐continuously fed batch activated sludge reactors that were fed at a C/N ratio of 10, 5 and 0, respectively. The C/N ratio had no clear effect on total EPS production, however it changed the proportion of proteins and carbohydrates. In each sludge proteins constituted the dominant part of EPS, but the EPS of the nitrifying sludge (C/N = 0), had a definitely higher protein content. As evidenced by HPSEC fingerprints, in all EPS fractions most proteins had MWs ≤16 kDa. Depending on the C/N ratio in a reactor, high MW proteins in EPS shifted from tightly bound fractions to others.

CONCLUSION

The study is among the few that highlight how the protein and carbohydrate content in EPS changes at different C/N ratios. Since wastewater composition in a treatment system affects the chemical composition of EPS, each sludge might have different responses to uptake of xenobiotics such as metals. Further, this difference in composition might affect sludge settling, dewatering and membrane fouling. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A facile method for formation of synthetic activated sludge granules with enhanced tolerance to metal ion toxicity
Authors: Tyupa Dmitry V , Kalenov Sergei V , Baurina Marina M , Panfilov Victor I , Kuznetsov Alexander Ye , Skladnev Dmitry A
Published: December 2014

BACKGROUND

Microorganisms with high tolerance to toxic metal effects are essential for such processes as bioremediation, bioaccumulation, sewage and wastewater treatment, and also biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles (NPs).

RESULTS

A brief and simple method for formation of synthetic activated sludge granules with high resistance to toxic metal ions is reported. The symbiotic granules formed had much more resistance to toxic metals than the initial native activated sludge or its pure culture isolates. The microbial survival assessed at concentration 20 mg L−1 of Ag+ was 7% for the initial activated sludge; it being 9, 13 and 12% for granules of the pure cultures of Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium nivale, and Penicillium glabrum, respectively, while the survival of the three‐layered synthetic granules formed on the basis of these cultures reached 24%.

CONCLUSION

The method is based first on selection of cultures of activated sludge of wastewater treatment facilities which had the most resistance to silver ions, and then on creation of multilayered activated sludge granules. Microbial cultures with low resistance to metal ion toxicity were protected by layers of microorganisms with higher resistance. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Articular contact kinematics of the knee before and after a cruciate retaining total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Li Chunbao , Hosseini Ali , Tsai Tsung‐Yuan , Kwon Young‐Min , Li Guoan
Published: December 2014

Accurate knowledge of tibiofemoral articular contact kinematics of the knee after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is important for understanding the intrinsic knee biomechanics and improving the longevity of the components. The objective of this study was to compare the in vivo articular contact kinematics of the knees with end‐stage medial osteoarthritis (OA) during a weight‐bearing, single leg lunge activity before and after a posterior cruciate retaining TKA (CR‐TKA) using a dual fluoroscopic imaging technique. We found that the CR‐TKA resulted in more posterior contact positions on the tibial surface and a reduced range of motion in the medial and lateral compartments. The distances between medial and lateral contact locations in the CR‐TKA knees were statistically larger than the OA knees. The articular contact centers have shifted from medial side of the tibial plateau pre‐operatively to the lateral side after operation. This study indicated that the CR‐TKA resulted in significant changes in contact kinematics of the knees in both anteroposterior and mediolateral directions. Further studies are needed to determine the influence of the altered in vivo contact kinematics on the longevity of polyethylene liner and long term clinical outcomes of the TKA. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:???–???, 2015.
Co(II)‐mediated effects of plain and plasma immersion ion implanted cobalt‐chromium alloys on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Schröck Kathleen , Lutz Johanna , Mändl Stephan , Hacker Michael C. , Kamprad Manja , Schulz‐Siegmund Michaela
Published: December 2014

Medical CoCr is one of the main alloys used for metal‐on‐metal prosthesis in patients with total hip arthroplasty. CoCr surfaces modified by nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) are characterized by improved wear resistance but also showed increased Co(II) ion release under in vitro conditions. For the first time, CoCr modified by nitrogen PIII was evaluated with regard to its effect on the osteogenic differentiation of MSC. The activity of alkaline phosphatase, the expression of the osteogenic genes Runt‐related transcription factor 2, osteopontin as well as integrin‐binding bone sialoprotein and the production of osteocalcin and hydroxyapatite were determined. The results of our study demonstrate that Co(II) ions released from the alloy affected the osteogenic differentiation of MSC. Distinct differences in differentiation markers were found between pristine and modified alloys for osteocalcin but not for integrin‐binding sialoprotein and hydroxyapatite. Interestingly, osteopontin was upregulated in naive and differentiated MSC by Co(II) ions and modified CoCr, likely through the induction of a cellular hypoxic response. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of possible risk factors with regard to a clinical applicability of surface modified CoCr implant materials. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:???–???, 2015.
Oxidative stress‐induced apoptosis and matrix loss of chondrocytes is inhibited by eicosapentaenoic acid
Authors: Sakata Shuhei , Hayashi Shinya , Fujishiro Takaaki , Kawakita Kohei , Kanzaki Noriyuki , Hashimoto Shingo , Iwasa Kenjiro , Chinzei Nobuaki , Kihara Shinsuke , Haneda Masahiko , Ueha Takeshi , Nishiyama Takayuki , Kuroda Ryosuke , Kurosaka Masahiro
Published: December 2014

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an antioxidant and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that reduces the production of inflammatory cytokines. We evaluated the role of EPA in chondrocyte apoptosis and degeneration. Normal human chondrocytes were treated with EPA and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Expression of metalloproteinases (MMPs) was detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and that of apoptosis‐related proteins was detected by western blotting. Chondrocyte apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. C57BL/6J mice were used for the detection of MMP expression by immunohistochemistry and for investigation of chondrocyte apoptosis. EPA inhibited SNP‐induced chondrocyte apoptosis, caspase 3 and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and p53, and expression of MMP3 and MMP13. Intra‐articular injection of EPA prevented the progression of osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibiting MMP13 expression and chondrocyte apoptosis. EPA treatment can control oxidative stress‐induced OA progression, and thus may be a new approach for OA therapy. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:???–???, 2015.
Cyclin D1 is a strong prognostic factor for survival in pancreatic cancer: Analysis of CD G870A polymorphism, FISH and immunohistochemistry
Authors: Bachmann Kai , Neumann Anna , Hinsch Andrea , Nentwich Michael F. , El Gammal Alexander T. , Vashist Yogesh , Perez Daniel , Bockhorn Maximilian , Izbicki Jakob R. , Mann Oliver
Published: December 2014

Background and Objective

Cyclin D1 is an important regulator protein for the G1‐S cell cycle phase transition. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the impact of the CCND1 polymorphism G870A and corresponding protein expression and CCND1 amplification on the survival of the patients.

Methods

425 patients with ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma who underwent resection were included after histopathological confirmation. DNA was analyzed for Cyclin D1 polymorphisms, immunhistochemical examination and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of the tumor were performed.

Results

Overall, the mean survival was 22.9 months (20.5–25.3). The survival in patients with Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism Adenine/Adenine was 15.1 months (95% CI 11.3–18.9), 21.5 months (17.4–25.6) for Adenine/Guanine, and 29.4 months (95% CI 23.8–35.0) for Guanine/Guanine (P = 0.003). A shorter survival was associated with strong/moderate protein expression in immunohistochemistry (IHC) compared to weak/no expression (P = 0.028). Additionally, a significant coherency between unfavourable polymorphism (AA/AG) and increased protein expression was detected (P = 0.005).

Conclusions

A strong impact on survival of Cyclin D1 G870A polymorphism and the detected corresponding protein expression was found. The biological mechanism of CCND1 in carcinogenesis has not been fully examined; but at present Cyclin D1 seems to be an interesting biomarker for the prognosis of ductal adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:316–323. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comorbidity of 9/11‐Related PTSD and Depression in the World Trade Center Health Registry 10–11 Years Postdisaster
Authors: Caramanica Kimberly , Brackbill Robert M. , Liao Tim , Stellman Steven D.
Published: December 2014

Many studies report elevated prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression among persons exposed to the September 11, 2001 (9/11) disaster compared to those unexposed; few have evaluated long‐term PTSD with comorbid depression. We examined prevalence and risk factors for probable PTSD, probable depression, and both conditions 10–11 years post‐9/11 among 29,486 World Trade Center Health Registry enrollees who completed surveys at Wave 1 (2003–2004), Wave 2 (2006–2007), and Wave 3 (2011–2012). Enrollees reporting physician diagnosed pre‐9/11 PTSD or depression were excluded. PTSD was defined as scoring ≥ 44 on the PTSD Checklist and depression as scoring ≥ 10 on the 8‐item Patient Health Questionnaire. We examined 4 groups: comorbid PTSD and depression, PTSD only, depression only, and neither. Among enrollees, 15.2% reported symptoms indicative of PTSD at Wave 3, 14.9% of depression, and 10.1% of both. Comorbid PTSD and depression was associated with high 9/11 exposures, low social integration, health‐related unemployment, and experiencing ≥ 1 traumatic life event post‐9/11. Comorbid persons experienced poorer outcomes on all PTSD‐related impairment measures, life satisfaction, overall health, and unmet mental health care need compared to those with only a single condition. These findings highlight the importance of ongoing screening and treatment for both conditions, particularly among those at risk for mental health comorbidity.
Association of PTSD Symptoms With Asthma Attacks Among Hurricane Katrina Survivors
Authors: Arcaya Mariana C. , Lowe Sarah R. , Rhodes Jean E. , Waters Mary C. , Subramanian S. V.
Published: December 2014

The relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and asthma in the wake of natural disasters is poorly understood. Using pre‐ and postdisaster data (N = 405) from the Resilience in Survivors of Katrina (RISK) project, we examined associations between PTSD symptoms, measured by the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised (IES‐R), and self‐reported postdisaster asthma attacks. A 1‐point increase in the IES‐R avoidance score, which corresponded to one standard deviation change in this sample, was associated with double the odds of reporting an asthma attack or episode since the hurricane, 95% CI Revise spacing among characters: [1.22, 4.16]. Association with hyperarousal and intrusion symptoms was null. Further research using objective measures of asthma morbidity is needed; nevertheless, these findings may help inform postdisaster health services delivery and predisaster mitigation planning.
Periodic wave solutions and asymptotic analysis of the Hirota–Satsuma shallow water wave equation
Authors: Zhao Zhonglong , Zhang Yufeng
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we devise a simple way to explicitly construct the Riemann theta function periodic wave solution of the nonlinear partial differential equation. The resulting theory is applied to the Hirota–Satsuma shallow water wave equation. Bilinear forms are presented to explicitly construct periodic wave solutions based on a multidimensional Riemann theta function. We obtain the one‐periodic and two‐periodic wave solutions of the equation. The relations between the periodic wave solutions and soliton solutions are rigorously established. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High risk cohort study for psychiatric disorders in childhood: rationale, design, methods and preliminary results
Authors: Salum Giovanni Abrahão , Gadelha Ary , Pan Pedro Mario , Moriyama Tais Silveira , Graeff‐Martins Ana Soledade , Tamanaha Ana Carina , Alvarenga Pedro , Krieger Fernanda Valle , Fleitlich‐Bilyk Bacy , Jackowski Andrea , Sato João Ricardo , Brietzke Elisa , Polanczyk Guilherme Vanoni , Brentani Helena , de Jesus Mari Jair , Do Rosário Maria Conceição , Manfro Gisele Gus , Bressan Rodrigo Affonseca , Mercadante Marcos Tomanik , Miguel Eurípedes Constantino , Rohde Luis Augusto
Published: December 2014

The objective of this study is to present the rationale, methods, design and preliminary results from the High Risk Cohort Study for the Development of Childhood Psychiatric Disorders. We describe the sample selection and the components of each phases of the study, its instruments, tasks and procedures. Preliminary results are limited to the baseline phase and encompass: (i) the efficacy of the oversampling procedure used to increase the frequency of both child and family psychopathology; (ii) interrater reliability and (iii) the role of differential participation rate. A total of 9937 children from 57 schools participated in the screening procedures. From those 2512 (random =958; high risk =1554) were further evaluated with diagnostic instruments. The prevalence of any child mental disorder in the random strata and high‐risk strata was 19.9% and 29.7%. The oversampling procedure was successful in selecting a sample with higher family rates of any mental disorders according to diagnostic instruments. Interrater reliability (kappa) for the main diagnostic instrument range from 0.72 (hyperkinetic disorders) to 0.84 (emotional disorders). The screening instrument was successful in selecting a sub‐sample with “high risk” for developing mental disorders. This study may help advance the field of child psychiatry and ultimately provide useful clinical information. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive factors for myasthenic crisis after videoscopic thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Lee Hyung Seok , Lee Hye Sun , Lee Hyo Eun , Bae Mi Kyung , Chung Kyung Young , Shin Ha Young , Choi Young‐Chul , Kim Seung Min
Published: December 2014

Introduction

Predictive factors for myasthenic crisis after transsternal thymectomy have been reported, but little is known about myasthenic crisis after videoscopic thymectomy (MCAVT).

Methods

We investigated 146 myasthenia gravis patients who underwent videoscopic thymectomy.

Results

Patients with MCAVT had a lower forced vital capacity (FVC) (2.1 vs. 3.0 L, P < 0.001) than those without. Low‐frequency repetitive nerve stimulation showed decremental responses of the orbicularis oculi (47.1% vs. 18.1%, P = 0.001) and nasalis muscles (54.1% vs. 21.4%, P < 0.001), which were more pronounced in patients with MCAVT than those without. According to multivariate analysis, FVC (OR 0.144, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.044–0.479, P = 0.002) and decremental response of orbicularis oculi (odds ratio, 1.029; 95% CI, 1.001–1.058, P = 0.044) were independently associated with MCAVT.

Conclusions

FVC and decremental response of orbicularis oculi were associated with MCAVT. Muscle Nerve 52: 216–220, 2015
NIH working group report: Innovative research to improve maintenance of weight loss
Authors: MacLean Paul S. , Wing Rena R. , Davidson Terry , Epstein Leonard , Goodpaster Bret , Hall Kevin D. , Levin Barry E. , Perri Michael G. , Rolls Barbara J. , Rosenbaum Michael , Rothman Alexander J. , Ryan Donna
Published: December 2014

Objectives

The National Institutes of Health, led by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, organized a working group of experts to discuss the problem of weight regain after weight loss. A number of experts in integrative physiology and behavioral psychology were convened with the goal of merging their perspectives regarding the barriers to scientific progress and the development of novel ways to improve long‐term outcomes in obesity therapeutics. The specific objectives of this working group were to: (1) identify the challenges that make maintaining a reduced weight so difficult; (2) review strategies that have been used to improve success in previous studies; and (3) recommend novel solutions that could be examined in future studies of long‐term weight control.

Results

Specific barriers to successful weight loss maintenance include poor adherence to behavioral regimens and physiological adaptations that promote weight regain. A better understanding of how these behavioral and physiological barriers are related, how they vary between individuals, and how they can be overcome will lead to the development of novel strategies with improved outcomes.

Conclusions

Greater collaboration and cross‐talk between physiological and behavioral researchers is needed to advance the science and develop better strategies for weight loss maintenance.
MODYLAS: A highly parallelized general‐purpose molecular dynamics simulation program
Authors: Yoshii Noriyuki , Andoh Yoshimichi , Fujimoto Kazushi , Kojima Hidekazu , Yamada Atsushi , Okazaki Susumu
Published: December 2014

A large number of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been carried out so far on personal computer clusters and conventional supercomputers using general‐purpose MD software such as NAMD, GROMACS, CHARMM, and AMBER. The development of MD simulation program is closely related to the architecture of the computers. Recent trend of MD simulation is headed to large‐scale calculation, long‐time calculation of small systems, and calculation for large statistics. The most challenging one is the large‐scale calculation. To realize the large‐scale calculation, we have to efficiently control the massively parallel supercomputers with several 10 thousands of nodes. There, it is essential to develop software having a compatibility of such computer architecture. Recently, we have developed general‐purpose MD software MODYLAS (MOlecular DYnamics simulation software for LArge Systems) for massively parallel supercomputers such as K‐computer. Here, we describe the outline, important features, and computation of MODYLAS. An example result of the 200 ns‐MD simulation of the viral capsid system consisting of about 6,500,000 atoms is also presented. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early Experience with the Modificated Approach of Ligation of the Intersphincteric Fistula Tract for High Transsphincteric Fistula
Authors: Ye Feng , Tang Changling , Wang Danyang , Zheng Shusen
Published: December 2014

Background

Transsphincteric fistulotomy is associated with a variable degree of fecal incontinence. Ligation of the intersphincteric fistula tract (LIFT), a novel surgical procedure with the advantage of avoiding anal incontinence, has a variable success rate of 57–94 %. We evaluated a modified approach from it. Our aim was to review the preliminary results using this technique for high transsphincteric fistula.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of high transsphincteric fistula patients who underwent the modified LIFT (mLIFT) procedure was performed. The surgical technique involved making a lateral incision from external opening to intersphincteric groove; ligation of the fistula tract within the intersphincteric space; and complete excision of the distal part of fistula from external opening to external sphincter. The patients were followed for healing time, recurrence, fecal continence disturbance, and any other associated morbidity.

Results

Over a 2‐year period, 43 patients with high transsphincteric anal fistula were treated by mLIFT technique. Four patients were lost at follow‐up. In a mean follow‐up of 15 months, 34/39 (87.2 %) of the patients achieved primary or secondary healing. Five patients had persistent symptoms and required further surgical treatment. The second procedures were successful, and finally resulting in an overall healing rate of 100 %. The Wexner incontinence scale was 0 (0–20) both before and at 6 months after the procedure.

Conclusions

The mLIFT procedure for high transsphincteric fistula appeared to effectively preserve continence and achieved a comparable success rate to other sphincter‐preserving techniques.
Family‐specific responses in survivorship and phenotypic traits to different light environments in a seedling population of Fagus crenata in a cool‐temperate forest
Authors: Torimaru Takeshi , Takeda Yuichi , Matsushita Michinari , Tamaki Ichiro , Sano Junji , Tomaru Nobuhiro
Published: December 2014

Natural plant populations consist of individuals that exhibit variation in their phenotypic traits and demographic parameters. Here we report a study on maternal effects and the effects of different light environments on intra‐specific variation in survivorship and ecologically relevant phenotypic traits of Fagus crenata seedlings in a cool‐temperate forest community. We collected 901 seedlings from the ground beneath five maternal trees and used microsatellite DNA markers to identify maternal siblings that germinated naturally in the forest community. Selected seedlings were planted at three sites––one under a closed canopy with low light availability, one under a canopy gap in the natural forest community with moderate light availability, and one in a common garden with high light availability. The proportion of seedlings that were correctly assigned to their putative mother ranged from 60.0 to 82.7 % per maternal family, and 655 (72.7 %) seedlings in total were used for the analysis of survivorship and phenotypic traits. Among‐family differences in survivorship remained after correcting for the effects of initial stem size during the first year after planting. However, this difference in survivorship became less pronounced in subsequent years. Seedlings grown under the canopy gap and/or in the common garden exhibited better performance in terms of phenotypic traits such as stem, leaf, and root morphology. In addition, seedlings of different maternal origins grown in the same environments had different individual leaf areas. These findings suggest that phenotypic variation due to maternal effects was a significant source of intra‐specific variation within the local population.
Synthesis, Characterization and Aqueous Properties of a New Hybrid Fluorocarbon Cationic Surfmer
Authors: Che YuJu , Gao Qing , Fang Meiling , Tan Yebang , Wang Xiaoli , Meng Fanjun
Published: December 2014

A novel hybrid fluorocarbon cationic surfmer has been synthesized and its aggregation and surface properties have been studied by surface tension, electrical conductivity, steady‐state fluorescence, Rayleigh light scattering, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Through surface tension, electrical conductivity, steady‐state fluorescence and Rayleigh light scattering measurements, the effectiveness of surface tension reduction, the maximum surface excess concentration, the minimum area occupied per surfactant molecule at the air/water interface, the micropolarity and aggregation number of micelles were investigated. The results shows that the surfmer has superior surface activity and lower micropolarity than other surfmers. The critical micelle concentration at different temperatures and a series of thermodynamic parameters (, , and , , , and ) of micellization were evaluated. The thermodynamic parameters showed that the micelle formation was entropy‐driven in the temperature range of 15–40 °C. The size and morphology of the aggregates were also confirmed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy.
Biodegradation of Nonylphenol Monopropoxyethoxylates
Authors: Zgoła‐Grześkowiak Agnieszka , Grześkowiak Tomasz , Szymański Andrzej
Published: December 2014

Aerobic biodegradation behavior of nonylphenol monopropoxyethoxylates was investigated in two tests with different inocula‐sewage sludge and river water. Both primary biodegradation and formation of different biodegradation intermediates were studied. Primary biodegradation of nonylphenol monopropoxyethoxylates was relatively fast and complete with the sewage sludge as the inoculum. On the other hand, biodegradation with river water as the inoculum was slower and primary biodegradation in this test reached only about 60 % during almost 50 days. The biodegradation intermediates from both oxidative and non‐oxidative pathways were found. In the non‐oxidative route monopropoxy poly(ethylene glycol)s were observed which indicate existence of the central fission biodegradation pathway. In the oxidative pathway carboxylic acids were identified. The biodegradation intermediates identified with the use of high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection persisted for many days in both tests.
Separation Behavior of Octadecadienoic Acid Isomers and Identification of cis‐ and trans‐Isomers Using Gas Chromatography
Authors: Shibamoto Shigeaki , Gooley Andrew , Yamamoto Kouhei
Published: December 2014

Using a strongly polar cyanopropyl capillary column we have investigated the gas chromatography (GC) separation behaviors of 24 octadecadienoic acid methyl ester (18:2ME) isomers compared against saturated methyl stearate (18:0ME) and arachidic acid methyl ester (20:0ME), and the dependency on the GC column temperature. The 24 isomers were obtained by performing cis‐to trans‐isomerization of six regioisomers: five of the 18:2ME isomers were prepared by the partial reduction of methyl α‐linolenate and methyl γ‐linolenate C18 trienoic acids with different double bond positions, whereas the sixth isomer, 18:2ME (c5, c9), was obtained from a raw constituent fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) sample extracted from Japanese yew seeds. There are no reference standards commercially available for 18:2ME isomers, and in elucidating the elution order of these isomers this study should help the future identification of cis‐ and trans‐type of 18:2ME. We also report the identification method of cis‐ and trans‐type of FAME using equivalent chain lengths and attempt the identification of cis‐ and trans‐type of 18:2ME isomers from partially hydrogenated canola oil.
Oxirane Cleavage Kinetics of Epoxidized Soybean Oil by Water and UV‐Polymerized Resin Adhesion Properties
Authors: Li Yonghui , Wang Donghai , Sun Xiuzhi Susan
Published: December 2014

Di‐hydroxylated soybean oil (DSO), a biobased polyol synthesized from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) could be used to formulate resins for adhesives; however, current DSO synthesis requires harsh reaction conditions that significantly increase both cost and waste generation. In this paper, we investigate the kinetics of oxirane cleavage in ESO to DSO by water and elucidate the role of different process parameters in the reaction rate and optimization of reaction conditions. Our kinetic study showed that ESO oxirane cleavage was a first‐order reaction and that the ESO oxirane cleavage rate was greatly influenced by tetrahydrofuran (THF)/ESO ratio, H2O/ESO ratio, catalyst content, and temperature. Optimized reaction parameters were THF/ESO of 0.5, H2O/ESO of 0.25, catalyst content of 1.5 %, and reaction time of 3 h at 25 °C. DSO with hydroxyl value of 242 mg KOH/g was obtained under these conditions. We also characterized the structure, thermal properties, adhesion performance, and viscoelasticity of UV‐polymerized resins based on this DSO. The resin tape exhibited peel adhesion strength of 3.6 N/in., which is comparable to some commercial tapes measured under similar conditions.
Accelerated Solvent Extraction Improves Efficiency of Lipid Removal from Dry Pet Food While Limiting Lipid Oxidation
Authors: Yao L. , Schaich K. M.
Published: December 2014

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was evaluated for extracting lipids from baked and extruded dry pet foods to determine factors controlling extraction efficiency and effects on lipid oxidation. Hydroperoxide decomposition and new lipid oxidation were minimal at 40 °C but increased at higher extraction temperatures without increasing yields. Maximum extraction required grinding samples to 250 µm particles, presence of polar solvents [chloroform, chloroform/methanol 2:1 (v/v) mixed, hexane/methanol 2:1 (v/v)], and a minimum of 20 min total static extraction time in repeat extraction cycles. Hexane and methanol injected into extraction cells simultaneously but separately was able to nearly duplicate extractions of chloroform/methanol, providing an option for replacing toxic chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents in ASE. However, lipid oxidation was higher in hexane. Yields were quantitative in baked biscuits but lower in extruded kibbles due to more dense, complex molecular structures. ASE extraction yields of 40 min or less were comparable to manual extraction yields of 24–48 h, with lower oxidation. Overall, one or two ASE extraction cycles with static times less than 20 min appeared to provide adequate lipid yields that accurately reflect lipid composition while inducing minimal modification when lipid oxidation products are the analytical endpoint.
A Fluorometric Enzymatic Assay for Quantification of Steryl Glucosides in Biodiesel
Authors: Aguirre Andrés , Cabruja Matías , Cabrera Rodolfo , Eberhardt Florencia , Peirú Salvador , Menzella Hugo G. , Rasia Rodolfo M.
Published: December 2014

Steryl glucosides (SG) are common contaminants in biodiesel that form precipitates, which form and cause problems due to fouling during transport and storage. Therefore, their quantification is necessary to assess the quality of this fuel. The methods currently available for SG analysis require expensive instrumentation, need a previous concentration step by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) or are of limited use for the quantitative assessment. We developed an enzymatic method for SG quantification in biodiesel samples based on the hydrolysis of the glucoside catalyzed by a broadly specific beta glucosidase and the subsequent determination of the glucose released by the reaction. The method is non‐expensive, sensitive and was adapted to 96‐well format fluorescence plate reader, making it useful for the parallel assay of multiple samples. The enzymatic assay presented here represent a valuable tool for both quality control and the development of improved biodiesel production and purification procedures.