bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation of natural convection heat transfer in a symmetrically cooled square cavity with a thin fin on its bottom wall
Authors: Jani Saeid , Mahmoodi Mostafa , Amini Meysam , Jam Jafar
Published: August 2012

In the present paper, natural convection fluid flow and heat transfer in a
square cavity heated from below and cooled from sides and the ceiling with a
thin fin attached to its hot bottom wall is investigated numerically. The
right and the left walls of the cavity, as well as its horizontal top wall
are maintained at a constant temperature Tc, while the bottom wall is kept at
a constant temperature Th ,with Th > Tc. The governing equations are solved
numerically using the finite volume method and the couple between the
velocity and pressure fields is done using the SIMPLER algorithm. A
parametric study is performed and the effects of the Rayleigh number and the
length of the fin on the flow pattern and heat transfer inside the cavity are
investigated. Two competing mechanisms that are responsible for the flow and
thermal modifications are observed. One is the resistance effect of the fin
due to the friction losses which directly depends on the length of the fin,
whereas the other is due to the extra heating of the fluid that is offered by
the fin. It is shown that for high Rayleigh numbers, placing a hot fin at the
middle of the bottom wall has more remarkable effect on the flow field and
heat transfer inside the cavity.
A semi-analytical model for the prediction of the behavior of turbulent coaxial gaseous jets
Authors: Lotfiani Amin , Khalilarya Shahram , Jafarmadar Samad
Published: August 2012

In diffusion combustion systems, fuel and oxidizer (usually air) are admitted
into the combustion chamber separately in the form of turbulent jets. Most
often, fuel enters the furnace from a round nozzle and air is admitted
through an annulus surrounding the central fuel nozzle. Momentum of the fuel
and air jets is utilized for directing the flame and controlling the mixture
formation which is typically the rate-limiting step of the combustion
process. Hence the behavior of turbulent coaxial jets must be well understood
prior to any detailed analysis of these systems. In this study, a set of
relations is proposed to predict the behavior of turbulent coaxial gaseous
jets using curve-fits to the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solutions and
the fluid flow governing equations as well as the ideal gas equation of
state. A computer program is developed to implement the presented model.
Results are compared with existing data and reasonable agreement is observed.
According to the results, the presented model makes sufficiently accurate
estimates of the flow and concentration fields in a very short time.
Fetal Mediastinal Tumor of Neuroepithelial Origin in a Case of Missed Abortion
Authors: Sirotkina Meeli , Iwarsson Erik , Marnerides Andreas , Papadogiannakis Nikos
Published: August 2012

We report a rare case of a primitive embryonal tumor discovered in the upper anterior mediastinum during routine autopsy of a macerated fetus at the 18th week of gestation. Our diagnosis was based on autopsy findings and histologic examination, which showed neuroepithelial differentiation of the tumor with frequent ependymal-type rosette formation; no structures of other germ cell layer origin were revealed. Additional positive immunohistochemical staining for CD56, CD57, and neurofilament protein confirmed the neural origin of the tumor, whereas the genetic analysis showed no MYCN gene amplification and no 11q23 deletion or rearrangement of EWS locus (22q12). Our findings exclude the possibility of teratoma and support the diagnosis of undifferentiated primitive tumor of neuroepithelial origin uncommonly located in the anterior mediastinum at the early 2nd trimester of gestation in a case of missed abortion.
Consequences of Manipulation in Organizations: Two Studies on its Effects on Emotions and Relationships
Authors: Krause Diana Eva
Published: August 2012

This investigation analyzes the correlates of manipulation in organizations with respect to employees' emotions and interpersonal relationships. In Study 1, twelve tactics were identified as manipulative from a set of 115 tactics. For example: “steer the other person subliminally in a certain direction by using clever arguments,” “form covert networks or coalitions,” “pretend to build trust and to help the other person with work,” “withhold, filter, or falsify information,” and “interpret the existing rules in own way, exploit ambiguity.” In Study 2, manipulative cases ( N = 208) were analyzed. Factor analyses showed three factors of post-manipulation emotions (evaluation, potency, activation). Results showed that the evaluative emotions were significantly more negative and activated emotions were less negative among manipulated employees than among manipulators, whereas the potency emotions in both groups were not significantly different. The deterioration that manipulation caused in relationships was perceived less by manipulators than by the manipulated employees. Conclusions about interpersonal mistrust's resistance to change after manipulation are explained.
Fast Food Restaurant Lighting and Music can Reduce Calorie Intake and Increase Satisfaction
Authors: Wansink Brian , van Ittersum Koert
Published: August 2012

Recent research shows that environmental cues such as lighting and music strongly bias the eating behavior of diners in laboratory situations. This study examines whether changing the atmosphere of a fast food restaurant would change how much patrons ate. The results indicated that softening the lighting and music led people to eat less, to rate the food as more enjoyable, and to spend just as much. In contrast to hypothesized U-shaped curves (people who spend longer eat more), this suggests a more relaxed environment increases satisfaction and decreases consumption.
Comments on Schiefele and Raabe (2011): Flow is a Multifaceted Experience Defined by Several Components
Authors: Engeser Stefan
Published: August 2012

Schiefele and Raabe (2011) propose that flow could best be described as a state of being strongly immersed in the activity. Although this may be the most important component of flow and represent the core of the construct, it disregards the fact that the flow experience is an experience with different components. Merely taking one aspect, and considering all other aspects, such as being concentrated on the task, as not being a constitutive part of flow leads to the problems mentioned in this comment. More generally, it represents a misunderstanding that flow can be reduced to one component alone.
Physical Imitation and Verbal Description of Modeled Movements Engage Different Encoding Processes
Authors: Mizuguchi Takashi , Sugimura Ryoko , Deguchi Toshisada
Published: August 2012

The present study analyzed the effects of performing a specified sequence of movements in imitation of a model, and examined the characteristics of the encoding involved in the process. Thirty-two college students were presented with a movement model that consisted of five elements and performed imitation tasks in which they either reproduced the movement sequence physically or described it verbally. During the period from the onset of the movement model to the imitation response, participants performed articulation suppression, movement suppression, and spatial suppression tasks, and their effects on the imitation response were analyzed. The results showed that the encoding processes for conversion to movement and to language were different, and that movements associated with articulations or planning of articulations and spatial processing were involved in converting the model to movement. In addition, imitation-specific goal selection was partially supported in movement conversion, but not in language conversion.
The Selfish Hero: A Study of the Individual Benefits of Self-Sacrificial Prosocial Behavior
Authors: McAndrew Francis T. , Perilloux Carin
Published: August 2012

Twenty-four same-sex, three-person groups (a confederate plus two naive participants) completed a “group decision-making study” in which the success of the group depended upon the willingness of one of its members (the confederate) to endure pain and inconvenience. The ordeal that the altruistic confederate endured was judged to be more difficult and costly than the experience of other group members, and the altruists were ultimately awarded more money and accorded higher status. In a second study, 334 undergraduates read a description of the procedures used in Study 1 and made judgments and monetary allocations to the hypothetical people described in the scenario. The concordance of the data in the two studies support a costly signaling, rather than a reciprocal altruism explanation for such “heroic” behavior.
Use of Affective Priming to Measure the Implicit Self-Reference Effect
Authors: Blaszczak Wojciech , Imbir Kamil
Published: August 2012

A modified suboptimal affective priming paradigm was used to provide an implicit measure of the self-reference effect (Implicit Self-Reference effect, ISR). Hexagrams described to participants as “symbols of different human characteristics” served as judgment target stimuli. Participants (14 women, 12 men; age range = 21 to 25 years) were asked to judge the extent to which the characteristic symbolized by each hexagram was self-relevant to them. Twelve photographs of faces displaying either a neutral expression, disgust, or joy were used as suboptimal primes for each presentation and exposed for 17 msec. Results indicated that participants judged hexagrams affectively primed with faces showing disgust as having significantly lower reference to the self than hexagrams primed with joyful faces.
Psychometric Properties of Frustration Discomfort Scale in a Turkish Sample
Authors: Ozer Bilge Uzun , Demir Ayhan , Harrington Neil
Published: August 2012

The present study assessed the psychometric properties of the Frustration Discomfort Scale for Turkish college students. The Frustration Discomfort Scale (FDS), Procrastination Assessment Scale-Student, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to a sample of 171 (98 women, 73 men) Turkish college students. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis yielded fit index values demonstrating viability of the four-dimensional solution as in the original. Findings also revealed that, as predicted, the Discomfort Intolerance subscale of Turkish FDS was most strongly correlated with procrastination. Overall results provided evidence for the factor validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the scale for use in a Turkish population.
Match between Cue and Memory Valence during Autobiographical Memory Recall in Depression
Authors: Young Kymberly D. , Erickson Kristine , Drevets Wayne C.
Published: August 2012

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with deficits in recalling specific autobiographical memories. The current study goal was to assess whether emotionally valenced cue words led to memories of similar emotional valence and whether this pattern differed between 12 unmedicated MDD and 14 healthy control participants. Both groups recalled autobiographical memories in response to positive, negative, and neutral cue words. Positive and neutral cues prompted recall of positive memories less often in the MDD group than in the controls. MDD participants recalled fewer specific and more categorical memories than controls; however, the proportion of specific memories didn't differ across memory valences. The MDD group had fewer specific memories in response to positive and neutral cues than the controls. These results suggest that the MDD participants may process positive stimuli differently than healthy controls and that their recall of specific autobiographical memories is impaired, regardless of the affective valence of those memories.
Trait Anxiety among Undergraduates According to the Implicit Association Test
Authors: Huang Peng , Yang Zhibing , Miao Danmin , Lu Huijie , Zhu Xia
Published: August 2012

Trait anxiety, which includes stress and anxiety, affects mental health. However, early studies using the Implicit Association Test–Anxiety (IAT–Anxiety) did not consider the participants' trait anxiety. In the present study, the hypothesis that trait anxiety would influence the results of the IAT–Anxiety was tested. A total of 148 healthy undergraduates were assessed with the Profile of Mood State (POMS) test and the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) to test explicit anxiety; they were then assessed for implicit anxiety with the IAT–Anxiety. High trait anxiety was positively correlated with negative mood; low trait anxiety tended to be associated with greater vigor and higher self-esteem. Significant main effects were found for both critical block and group among participants who received the IAT–Anxiety. Future studies of the IAT–Anxiety should consider trait anxiety as a within-subject factor for group matching to enhance the persuasiveness of the results.
Personality Differences between Tattooed and Non-Tattooed Individuals
Authors: Swami Viren , Pietschnig Jakob , Bertl Bianca , Nader Ingo W. , Stieger Stefan , Voracek Martin
Published: August 2012

This study examined differences between tattooed and non-tattooed individuals on a range of personality and individual difference measures. A community sample of 540 individuals from the southern German-speaking area of central Europe completed a survey consisting of measures of the Big Five personality factors, Need for Uniqueness, Self-esteem, sensation seeking, Religious and Spiritual Beliefs, Attitudes Toward Tattoos, tattoo possession, and demographics. Preliminary analyses showed that 22% of the total sample possessed at least one tattoo. Further analyses showed that, compared with non-tattooed ( n = 420) individuals, tattooed participants ( n = 120) had significantly higher scores on Extraversion, Experience Seeking, Need for Uniqueness, and held more positive Attitudes Toward Tattoos, although effect sizes of these group differences were generally small- to medium-sized. These results are considered in relation to the contemporary prevalence of tattoos in socioeconomically developed societies.
The Autonomic Nervous System and Personality
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2012

In a sample of 35 male and 93 female undergraduate students ( Mage =21.0, SD = 2.2), it was not possible to develop a meaningful scale to measure whether individuals have a dominant sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system or a dominant parasympathetic division balance using the items in Plutchik and Conte's inventory measuring psychophysiological reactivity. Replicable sex differences in response to the items were identified which may merit further study.
Sex Differences in Educational Encouragement and Academic Achievement
Authors: Khan Aqeel
Published: August 2012

Sex differences in educational encouragement and their predictiveness of academic achievement were examined among 442 secondary school students ( M age = 13.2 yr., SD = 1.9). Education-related encouragement received from mothers, fathers, friends, and teachers was assessed. Academic achievement was based on student self-reports and grades. Female adolescents reported receiving statistically significantly more educational encouragement from their mothers, fathers, friends, and teachers than did male adolescents. In regression, sex and educational encouragement from parents, friends, and teachers were found to be significant predictors of academic achievement.
Pornography Consumption, Cocaine Use, and Casual Sex among U.S. Adults
Authors: Wright Paul J.
Published: August 2012

This study utilized nationally representative longitudinal survey data from the 2006–2008 General Social Survey (GSS) to explore the interplay between U.S. adults' self-reported past pornography consumption, past cocaine use, and recent participation in casual sex. Participants in the longitudinal component of the 2006–2008 GSS were 867 women and 669 men ( N = 1,536) ranging in age from 18 to at least 89 years ( M = 45.46; SD = 16.91). Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was employed to analyze the data. After controlling for past casual sex and demographic covariates, the interaction of past pornography consumption and past cocaine use on recent casual sex was significant. Past cocaine users were more likely than non-cocaine users to have had recent casual sex (OR = 4.56), but past pornography consumption was unrelated to recent casual sex for past cocaine users (OR = 0.20). Conversely, past pornography consumption was associated with an increase in the odds of recent casual sex for non-cocaine users (OR = 2.74).
Neonatal mortality in Nepal: A Public Health Concern
Authors: Bhattarai Hari Krishna
Published: August 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v10i0.5648Health Prospect Vol.10 2011, pp.37-38
Violence against Women- Focus on Domestic Violence
Authors: Sapkota Sunita
Published: August 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hprospect.v10i0.5653Health Prospect Vol.10 2011, pp.48-50
Morbidity Pattern Among the Rural Household in a Selected Area of Dhamrai Upazila, Dhaka
Authors: Rahman M , Rahman A , Yeasmeen S , Sajani TT , Islam FMA , Banu AS
Published: August 2012

This is a descriptive type of cross sectional study among 477 family heads as respondents. It is aimed to identify morbidity pattern, duration of illness among households' members and also to determine treatment seeking behavior during illness. The socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents are points of investigations. It reveals from the findings that the mean age of the respondents is 35.16 years. They are mostly female (66%) and married (90%). Only 30% respondents are illiterate, 69% respondents are found from nuclear family. The study shows 73% respondents family are suffering from illness during last two months and majority sufferers (19%) and (44%) were less than 5years and more than 31 years old respectively. However, male sufferers were more among <5 years (9.63%) and female sufferers more (26.84%) among >31 years old. Moreover about 43% respondents' family members are suffering for more than 4 weeks and about 29% less than 01 week. On the other hands, Fever, Cough and Pain are found prominent sign/symptoms among 38%, 28% and 29% sufferers respectively. Common cold, Arthritis and Diarrhoea are found as diagnosis among 53.5%, 22.5% & 8.5% respondents' family members respectively. Nevertheless majority 56% are seeking treatment from MBBS doctors. The study findings highlight awareness program among family heads and adult sufferer towards preventing infectious and chronic diseases as well as to undertake modern scientific treatment. Improved surveillance system in the locality may be considered for early detection of cases to treat accordingly to avoid complications. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v3i2.11686 AKMMC J 2012: 3(2): 06-10
Anti-Obesity Effect Of Mushroom (Ganoderma Lucidum) On Experimentally Induced Obese Rats
Authors: Amin Rukhsana , Islam Md Zakirul , Sen Moushumi , Eva Sohely Nazneen , Jesmin Suha , Nahar Shamsun
Published: August 2012

This experimental study was done to determine whether Ganoderma Lucidum (GL), a renowned  medicinal species, has an effect on body weight in an obese animal model induced by the  administration of a fatty mixture diet. The study was carried out in the department of Pharmacy,  Jahangirnagar University and National Mushroom Development and Extension Center  (NAMDEC) with 36 rats were divided into 3 groups as follows. The Control group (C) received  normal/basal laboratory diet, experimental group (E) was fed fatty mixture diet and mushroom  fed group (M) received 5% powder of GL with fatty mixture for 28 days. 5% powder of GL  administration significantly reduced body weight in obese rats than group E. The present study  suggests that GL may serve as a new potential natural product for the prevention of obesity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v3i2.11687 AKMMC J 2012: 3(2): 11-14
Thoracoacromial Vessel Based Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap in Oral and Maxillofacial Soft Tissue Defect Reconstruction
Authors: Rahman Quazi Billur , Karmakar Rajan , Kumar Shaymal
Published: August 2012

Pedicled flaps play an important role in cancer treatment centers, particularly in developing and emerging countries. Although different flaps can be used for facial reconstruction but Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap is still considered the workhorse for maxillofacial reconstruction because of simple procedure and high success rate, while other flaps of facial region ranging from pedicled to free flaps require greater surgical skills along with unpredictable results.The aim of this study is to find outcomes of Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap in reconstruction of middle and lower facial regions. Main outcome measures are vitality of the Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, donor site morbidity and recipient and donor site complications.This study was carried out on 36 patients in BSMMU and Health & Hope Hospital in Dhaka from 1st April 2005 to 30th June 2011 who require soft tissue reconstruction of defects of middle and lower facial regions. The age and sex of the patients and size of defect were analyzed.  Vitality of Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap, donor site morbidity and donor and recipient site complications were studied. In this study, male female ratio was 13:5; mean age 50 the success rate of was 100%. All of the flaps were vital but 13.8% of the flaps had partial loss of flap.Pectoralis major myocutaneous flap is a versatile flap as it can not only provide skin and  mucosal cover simultaneously, but also provide adequate muscle bulk for through and through defects. It doesn't cause any hindrance in mandibular movements. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v3i2.11690 AKMMC J 2012: 3(2): 23-29
Jugulotympanic Paraganglioma, Mimicking Chronic Suppura tive Otitis Media
Authors: Ferdousi Sharmin , Badruddoza SM
Published: August 2012

Paraganglioma or glomus tumour are named according to their origin. Jugulotympanic  paragangliomas (JTP) originates in the middle ear. There are several diagnostic pitfalls of this tumour. We now report a rare case of JTP in a 47 years old female. Pre-operative diagnosis of this case was chronic suppurative otitis media, Per-operatively it revealed an irregular     somewhat polypoid mass. On histologic examination the mass composed of nests of round to oval cells surrounded by delicate vascular septae and the diagnosis was JTP. Because JTPs are rare tumour and have variable clinical presentation & different histologic findings they are easy to misdiagnose. However this case report may help to generate awareness and to avoid misinterpretation of JTPs.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/akmmcj.v3i2.11693   AKMMC J 2012: 3(2): 37-38
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Different Anomalous Coronary Arteries - An Observational Study
Authors: Uddin Mir Jamal , Safiuddin Mohammad , Khalil Md Ibrahim , Islam Khandaker Qamrul , Karmoker Kajal Kumar , Hossain M Amir , Kabir Humayun , Kadir ANM Monowarul , Siddiq Aman Ullah Been , Chowdhury Sanjib , Azam Golam , Majumder Abdullah Al-Shafi , Rahman Fazlur
Published: August 2012

Anomalous coronary arteries are uncommon but clinically significant, depending upon its ostial origin, course & distribution such patient may be asymptomatic or may present with angina, acute myocardial infarction, arrythmias, syncope & sudden cardiac death. Management of such cases may be medical, interventional & surgical as well. Some times it is difficult to cannulate such anomalous origin with conventional guiding catheters and requires different catheters unusual for such arteries. Between January 2002 to June 2012 a total of 3,110 elective PCI procedure were performed in NICVD & other cardiac centers in Dhaka, out of which twentyone cases were in different varities of anomalous coronary artery. We report here successful PCI in twenty-one cases having eight verities of abnormal coronary artery with failure in one case. Percutaneous coronary intervention of anomalous coronary artery origins may be difficult, which require appropriate catheter selection and different tricks. Success depends on patience and careful decision of the operator. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v8i1.11663 University Heart Journal Vol. 8, No. 1, January 2012
Heart Rate  An Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factor
Authors: Kauser Mohammad Abu , Safiuddin Mohammad
Published: August 2012

The development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is usually caused by multiple risk factors, which interact to produce an individuals total CVD risk. Therefore the guidelines on the prevention of CVD recommend the preventive measures be based on individuals levels of total CVD risk so that the most intensive risk factor management can be directed towards those at highest risk. Elevated resting heart rate is a known independent   cardiovascular risk factor but is not included in any risk estimating system-Coronary risk chart or SCORE(Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation).which are used for estimation of individuals 10 year risk of a CVD event based on gender, age, total cholesterol, smoking status and systolic blood pressure. The findings several epidemiological studies showed an association between elevated heart rate an increased risk of allcause mortality and morbidity in general population, hypertensives, diabetics and those with CAD. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v8i1.11665 University Heart Journal Vol. 8, No. 1, January 2012
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Left Main Coronary Artery Disease - A Case Report
Authors: Chowdhury AHK , Uddin M Saleh , Khalequzzaman Md , Islam AKM Monwarul , Ali Shawkat , Roy Udoy Shankar , Quayyum Md Abdul , Shikder Mamunur Rashid , Gani Mohammad Nasimul , Zaman Shahana , Rahman Mahbubur , Islam SK Ziarat
Published: August 2012

Not available DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v8i1.11669 University Heart Journal Vol. 8, No. 1, January 2012
Successful Surgical Outcome of Coarctation of Aorta in an adult male
Authors: Rahman Md Mostafizur , Hossain M A , Chowdhury MAQ , Khan OS , Sarker SR , Hoque Rezwanul , Adhikary Asit Baren
Published: August 2012

Coarctation of the aorta is a relatively common defect that accounts for 5-8% of all congenital heart defects. Coarctation of the aorta may occur as an isolated defect or in association with various other lesions, most  commonly patent ductus arteriosus, bicuspid aortic valve and ventricular septal defect. The diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta may be missed or delayed unless there is a high index of suspicion and the presentation may be congestive heart failure in infant or hypertension in older children and adult. A case of coarctation of the aorta associated with patent ductus arteriosus having features of headache, exertional dyspnea and  uncontrolled hypertension is being presented here. PTFE patch aortoplasty and ligation with transfixation of  PDA was done. Post-operative period was uneventful and patient was discharged on 7th post-operative day. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v8i1.11671 University Heart Journal Vol. 8, No. 1, January 2012
British Infrastructure and French Empire: Anglo-French Steam Interdependency in Asian Waters, c.1852–1870
Authors: Fichter James R.
Published: August 2012

This article considers the Anglo-French imperial relationship in the Asian littoral 1852–1870, revealing the ways in which Britain afforded France the use of key elements of maritime steam infrastructure in Asia, including coal supplies, coal storage depots, and ship repair yards. This facilitated the projection of French naval and military force to Asia. It also facilitated French colonization of Southeast Asia. This also left France dependent upon Britain for important parts of its maritime infrastructure in Asia. This article explores the dynamic of competitive-collaboration between the two powers, arguing that both deepened their interdependence in Asian maritime infrastructure for wholly self-interested reasons (Britain forestalled the development of independent, coal-based French power in Asia and France used British port facilities to support the development of French colonial power in Asia). In this collaborative relationship, Britain remained the senior partner.
British Legal Culture and Colonial Governance: The Attack on Corruption in Hong Kong, 1968–1974
Authors: Hampton Mark
Published: August 2012

This article examines the Hong Kong Government's vigorous attack on corruption in the late 1960s and early 1970s as an example of the transmission of British legal and political culture abroad. Previous studies of Hong Kong's anti-corruption efforts have understandably situated them in the context of local history, including both Chinese folk culture and the Hong Kong Government's need to rebuild legitimacy following major civil disturbances between 1966 and 1968. This article does not disagree with these emphases, but argues that the attack on corruption is equally a part of British cultural history. Drawing on newly-available archival material, this article shows that longstanding British antipathy to corruption provided political and legal values on which Hong Kong's Colonial officials drew when the local context made the tackling of corruption politically advantageous. At the same time, though, British legal culture was as much an obstacle as an inspiration to anti-corruption efforts. In particular, the Hong Kong Government's Prevention of Bribery Ordinance conflicted with British legal values concerning the rights of the accused, and the British Fugitive Offenders Act hindered London's ability to support the extradition of a notoriously corrupt police official, Peter Godber. This article thus underscores the clash between British legal values and the practical necessities of governing in Britain's last major colony.
Beefeaters, British History and the Empire in Asia and Australasia since 1826
Authors: Ward Paul
Published: August 2012

The Yeoman Warders at the Tower of London (colloquially known as ‘Beefeaters’) have been represented as a quintessential part of British history. Their distinctive Tudor costumes and their highly visible role at the Tower made them iconic symbols of Britishness. One would think that the Beefeater could only be seen in London yet the iconography of the Beefeater was widespread across the British Empire, including India, Hong Kong, Malaya, Australia and New Zealand. This essay explores the transmission of a symbol of Britishness, arguing that while the Beefeater was a global icon, it resonated most with those who desired a direct connection to Anglo-British history. The reception and consumption of the Beefeater differed substantially. In Australia and New Zealand, the Beefeater allowed ‘distant Britons’ to celebrate a nostalgic history shared with the old country, while elsewhere in the Empire and Commonwealth, the Beefeater was too historically obscure to hold resonance and often symbolised the commercialism associated with marketing alcohol. This essay explores the changing representations and meaning of the Beefeaters as an icon of Britishness across the rise and fall of the British Empire.
Making a Difference: Overseas Student Fees in Britain and the Development of a Market in International Education
Authors: Tarling Nicholas
Published: August 2012

International education has long existed, but between the end of the Second World War and the late twentieth century it was largely a matter of aid and scholarships. How did the current market for international education come about? It was related to the ‘massification’ of tertiary education, and, no doubt, to a diminution in the sense of post-imperial obligation. Was it also the result of a new approach to education, even a new ideology? Or was it rather the result of series of pragmatic decisions, sometimes with unintended consequences, which ideological endorsement followed rather than preceded? This paper explores the British case through an examination of records of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office and the Department of Education and Science. It is one of a number of studies that seek to deepen the understanding of an essentially novel development by placing it in an historical context.
Antimicrobial Activity of Geranium Oil against Clinical Strains of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Bigos Monika , Wasiela Małgorzata , Kalemba Danuta , Sienkiewicz Monika
Published: August 2012

The aim of this work was to investigate the antibacterial properties of geranium oil obtained from Pelargonium graveolens Ait. (family Geraniaceae), against one standard S. aureus strain ATCC 433000 and seventy clinical S. aureus strains. The agar dilution method was used for assessment of bacterial growth inhibition at various concentrations of geranium oil. Susceptibility testing of the clinical strains to antibiotics was carried out using the disk-diffusion and E-test methods. The results of our experiment showed that the oil from P. graveolens has strong activity against all of the clinical S. aureus isolates—including multidrug resistant strains, MRSA strains and MLSB-positive strains—exhibiting MIC values of 0.25–2.50 μL/mL.
Turistas en el edén: La evolución literaria del paraíso
Authors: Marrero Henríquez José Manuel
Published: August 2012

Tras las primeras exploraciones realizadas más allá de las Columnas de Hércules, las Islas Canarias pasan a identificarse con los mitos clásicos y en ellas la literatura (Cairasco de Figueroa, A. de Viana), la historiografía (L. Torriani, Abreu Galindo, Viera y Clavijo), la ciencia natural (Humboldt) y los viajeros (O. M. Stone) ubican las ensoñaciones paradisiacas de las Islas de los Bienaventurados, de las Hespérides, de las Afortunadas, de los Campos Elíseos. Esta identificación será el abrevadero publicitario en el que se fundamentará la explotación turística que, desde finales del siglo XIX, alterará no sólo el paisaje de las islas, sino también su representación literaria. En la obra de Fco. González Díaz, A. Quesada, C. Laforet, E. de Andrade, E. Jünger, D. Lodge, L. Alemany, M. Houllebecq, L. Silva o J. M. Marrero Henríquez reaparecerá la imaginería del paraíso, ya para cuestionar con ironía su autosuficiencia como signo literario, ya para criticar su uso mercantil, ya como imagen de desolación, ya como exigencia de futuro.
La Academia como recurso articulador: sonetos y villancicos para dos fiestas granadinas (1661 y 1664)
Authors: Osuna Inmaculada
Published: August 2012

Las primeras academias de ocasión impresas en Granada se publicaron entre 1661 y 1664. Por esos años, el concepto de academia aparece en dos pliegos relativos a fiestas granadinas para reforzar la cohesión de poemas escritos para las celebraciones. El primero describe el ornato de la plaza de Bib-Rambla para las fiestas del Corpus de 1661, ocasión en que varios autores fueron invitados a componer poemas sobre los motivos bíblicos y eucarísticos exhibidos en nueve lienzos. El segundo es un pliego de villancicos de Navidad, de 1664, para la Catedral. El artículo analiza los modos en que se transpone a tan inusuales contextos la estructura y hábitos de las academias literarias, e incluye edición de ambos pliegos.
CD8 T Cell Priming in the Presence of IFN-α Renders CTLs with Improved Responsiveness to Homeostatic Cytokines and Recall Antigens: Important Traits for Adoptive T Cell Therapy
Authors: Hervas-Stubbs Sandra , Mancheño Uxua , Riezu-Boj Jose-Ignacio , Larraga Ana , Ochoa Maria C. , Alignani Diego , Alfaro Carlos , Morales-Kastresana Aizea , Gonzalez Iranzu , Larrea Esther , Pircher Hanspeter , Le Bon Agnes , Lopez-Picazo Jose M. , Martín-Algarra Salvador , Prieto Jesus , Melero Ignacio
Published: August 2012

Previous mouse and human studies have demonstrated that direct IFN-α/β signaling on naive CD8 T cells is critical to support their expansion and acquisition of effector functions. In this study, we show that human naive CD8 T cells primed in the presence of IFN-α possess a heightened ability to respond to homeostatic cytokines and to secondary Ag stimulation, but rather than differentiating to effector or memory CTLs, they preserve nature-like phenotypic features. These are qualities associated with greater efficacy in adoptive immunotherapy. In a mouse model of adoptive transfer, CD8 T cells primed in the presence of IFN-α are able to persist and to mediate a robust recall response even after a long period of naturally driven homeostatic maintenance. The long-lasting persistence of IFN-α–primed CD8 T cells is favored by their enhanced responsiveness to IL-15 and IL-7, as demonstrated in IL-15−/− and IL-7−/− recipient mice. In humans, exposure to IFN-α during in vitro priming of naive HLA-A2+ CD8 T cells with autologous dendritic cells loaded with MART126–35 peptide renders CD8 T cells with an improved capacity to respond to homeostatic cytokines and to specifically lyse MART1-expressing melanoma cells. Furthermore, in a mouse model of melanoma, adoptive transfer of tumor-specific CD8 T cells primed ex vivo in the presence of IFN-α exhibits an improved ability to contain tumor progression. Therefore, exposure to IFN-α during priming of naive CD8 T cells imprints decisive information on the expanded cells that can be exploited to improve the efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy.
Analysis of the Processing of Seven Human Tumor Antigens by Intermediate Proteasomes
Authors: Guillaume Benoît , Stroobant Vincent , Bousquet-Dubouch Marie-Pierre , Colau Didier , Chapiro Jacques , Parmentier Nicolas , Dalet Alexandre , Van den Eynde Benoît J.
Published: August 2012

We recently described two proteasome subtypes that are intermediate between the standard proteasome and the immunoproteasome. They contain only one (β5i) or two (β1i and β5i) of the three inducible catalytic subunits of the immunoproteasome. They are present in tumor cells and abundant in normal human tissues. We described two tumor antigenic peptides that are uniquely produced by these intermediate proteasomes. In this work, we studied the production by intermediate proteasomes of tumor antigenic peptides known to be produced exclusively by the immunoproteasome (MAGE-A3114–122, MAGE-C242–50, MAGE-C2336–344) or the standard proteasome (Melan-A26–35, tyrosinase369–377, gp100209–217). We observed that intermediate proteasomes efficiently produced the former peptides, but not the latter. Two peptides from the first group were equally produced by both intermediate proteasomes, whereas MAGE-C2336–344 was only produced by intermediate proteasome β1i-β5i. Those results explain the recognition of tumor cells devoid of immunoproteasome by CTL recognizing peptides not produced by the standard proteasome. We also describe a third antigenic peptide that is produced exclusively by an intermediate proteasome: peptide MAGE-C2191–200 is produced only by intermediate proteasome β1i-β5i. Analyzing in vitro digests, we observed that the lack of production by a given proteasome usually results from destruction of the antigenic peptide by internal cleavage. Interestingly, we observed that the immunoproteasome and the intermediate proteasomes fail to cleave between hydrophobic residues, despite a higher chymotrypsin-like activity measured on fluorogenic substrates. Altogether, our results indicate that the repertoire of peptides produced by intermediate proteasomes largely matches the repertoire produced by the immunoproteasome, but also contains additional peptides.
SOCS3 Deficiency Promotes M1 Macrophage Polarization and Inflammation
Authors: Qin Hongwei , Holdbrooks Andrew T. , Liu Yudong , Reynolds Stephanie L. , Yanagisawa Lora L. , Benveniste Etty N.
Published: August 2012

Macrophages participate in both the amplification of inflammation at the time of injury and downregulation of the inflammatory response to avoid excess tissue damage. These divergent functions of macrophages are dictated by their microenvironment, especially cytokines, which promote a spectrum of macrophage phenotypes. The M1 proinflammatory phenotype is induced by LPS, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF, and IL-4, IL-13, and M-CSF induce anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins function as feedback inhibitors of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, and they can terminate innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we have evaluated the influence of SOCS3 on macrophage polarization and function. Macrophages obtained from LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice, which lack SOCS3 in myeloid lineage cells, exhibit enhanced and prolonged activation of the JAK/STAT pathway compared with macrophages from SOCS3fl/fl mice. Furthermore, SOCS3-deficient macrophages have higher levels of the M1 genes IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and inducible NO synthase owing to enhanced transcriptional activation and chromatin modifications. SOCS3-deficient M1 macrophages also have a stronger capacity to induce Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation than M1 macrophages from SOCS3fl/fl mice. Lastly, LPS-induced sepsis is exacerbated in LysMCre-SOCS3fl/fl mice and is associated with enhanced STAT1/3 activation and increased plasma levels of M1 cytokines/chemokines such as IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL3, CCL4, and CXCL11. These findings collectively indicate that SOCS3 is involved in repressing the M1 proinflammatory phenotype, thereby deactivating inflammatory responses in macrophages.
An investigation into factors influencing attitudes towards hunting amongst the economically active public in Port Elizabeth.
Authors: Coetzer Wentzel C. , Van Niekerk Pieter Du P.
Published: August 2012

A survey on attitudes towards hunting was conducted amongst the economically active public in Port Elizabeth during 2009. The aim was to identify and investigate factors influencing public attitudes towards hunting. Hunting has become an essential part of conservation and wildlife management on game farms. Negative attitudes towards hunting within the larger society have become a threat to the hunting industry, which in turn may jeopardise conservation and the effective management of game. This social threat was investigated by conducting a survey amongst a statistically representative sample of the economically active public in Port Elizabeth. Two sampling procedures, namely simple random sampling and proportional stratified sampling, were followed to ensure that a statistically representative sample was obtained. Self-administered questionnaires were used as the survey instrument. A total of 384 questionnaires were completed. Various factors influencing public attitudes towards hunting were identified and investigated, and it was found that the extent to which a person has been exposed to hunting, as well as a person’s social ties have a significant influence on attitudes towards hunting. Furthermore, negative attitudes towards hunting amongst the public are based on misconceptions regarding hunting. The perception that hunting is not an important part of wildlife management as well as the belief that hunting endangers wildlife are largely responsible for provoking negative attitudes towards hunting. Incorrect perceptions regarding hunting need to be addressed by educating the public about wildlife and the importance of hunting in the management of wildlife on game farms and privately owned land. The public also needs to be convinced that the primary motivation for hunting is based on wildlife management considerations and ecological concerns.
Classical Dialogue: Allusion and intertextuality in Charl-Pierre Naudé’s Against the Light
Authors: Murray Jeffrey
Published: August 2012

The contemporary Afrikaans poet Charl-Pierre Naudé is one of the most promising voices in South African poetry today. Following two award-winning Afrikaans collections, Naudé s debut collection in English, Against the Light (2007), demonstrates learned intertexual references to classical literature, particularly the Roman poets Horace and Catullus. These Latin poets become competing models for Naudé’s own poetics, either passionate and personal, or political and pastoral. In post-apartheid South Africa, after a period of dramatic social change, ultimately Catullus offers himself as the more compelling poetic model for this South African writer.
‘Oor monnemente gepraat’: Die Campanile in Port Elizabeth
Authors: Stoltz Wessel , Crous Marius
Published: August 2012

In this article we undertake a semiotic reading of the Campanile Clock Tower Monument in Port Elizabeth. The monument was built in 1920 to commemorate the arrival of the British Settlers in 1820. The theoretical departure of our analysis is the five narrative codes identified by Roland Barthes in his unconventional reading of Sarrasine. The article shows the extent to which the observer (reader?) is able to encode the monument with new textual possibilities as well as reading it against the grain within  a new context. The original symbolism of the monument as a symbol of colonial enterprise and white English-speaking South African identity is also deconstructed in the process.
Mazeppa-Maseppa: Migration of a Romantic motif
Authors: Voss Tony
Published: August 2012

Mazeppa (1640–1710), The Ukrainian leader and folk-hero, has a controversial history, and a distinct presence in literature and the graphic arts. Byron’s poem (1819) of the legendary figure’s “wild ride” released a mythical energy which absorbed certain French poets and painters of the 19th century. While the Russian tradition, at least from Pushkin’s Poltava (1828), reworked the historical Ukrainian hetman from a Tsarist and nationalist perspective, the myth of the Western Romantic Mazeppa is best realised by Delacroix, perhaps in anticipation of the displacement of the horse by Faustian technology. Mazeppa becomes a Romantic Phaethon, shifted from the transcendent to the mundane, from a vertical to a horizontal trajectory. Early in the century Mazeppa had also become a figure and theme of popular spectacle and literature, incorporated by the common imagination into politics, journalism and folklore, coming to terms with a new Faustian context. A small group of poets of the 1920s and 1930s return in different Modernist ways to the theme. The coda of this selective survey is sounded in South Africa.
What should Autoimmune Thyroiditis be considered for?
Authors: Miyauchi Akira , Kikuchi Shoichi , Matsuzuka Fumio , Aihara Tsukasa , Yasui Chiaki , Yanagi Hidenori , Mitsunobu Masao , Yamanaka Naoki , Kakuno Ayako
Published: August 2012

Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease that usually requires medical treatment but sometimes benefits from surgical treatment. The reasons why patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis requires thyroidectomy are (a) malignant lymphoma (b) repeated acute exacerbation of thyroiditis and (c) concern of coexisting thyroid neoplasm from Hashimoto's thyroiditis. We present three patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a 69-year-old woman with MALT lymphoma, a 53-year-old woman with repeated episodes of neckpain and a 67-year-old woman with a coexistent benign thyroid nodule. These three patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis received surgical treatment and had an excellent outcome and document that some patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis warrant surgical treatment.

How to cite this article

Kikuchi S, Matsuzuka F, Aihara T, Yasui C, Yanagi H, Mitsunobu M, Yamanaka N, Kakuno A, Miyauchi A. What should Autoimmune Thyroiditis be considered for? World J Endoc Surg 2012;4(2):54-59.