bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination Of The Cost Of Extraction And Sale Price Of Water For Drinking Use: A Case Study
Authors: Astello Mª Magdalena Sánchez , Anaya L. A. Bravo
Published: March 2024

In Mexico, the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, in relation to the human right for water, establishes the fulfillment of five essential characteristics: sufficient, healthy, acceptable, accessible and affordable. Article 4 recognizes that every person has the right to access, disposal and sanitation of water for personal and domestic consumption. The State will guarantee this right and the law will define the bases, supports and modalities for access and equitable and sustainable use of water resources, establishing the participation of the Federation, the states and the municipalities. And, on the other hand, article 115 indicates the functions of the municipality, among them "they will be in charge of the functions and public services of drinking water, drainage, sewage, treatment and disposal of their wastewater" (CPEUM, 1917). The problem in the hydraulic sector in Mexico, and specifically in drinking water from deep wells, is, on the one hand, the lag in the provision of this service, and, on the other, the high costs of extracting and conveying the resource. The objective of this research is to calculate the cost of extracting water for drinking use from a deep well in the town of San Diego, municipality of Texcoco, State of Mexico; and estimate a sale price through the unit price procedure described in the Regulations of the Law on Public Works and Related Services (RLOPSRM), in such a way that the Operating Agency of this well has accurate information on the different costs they incur and get a price that can cover these, plus make a profit. This town has 5,676 inhabitants and 1,381 inhabited dwellings, of these 1,242 have piped water and there are 2,356 users registered as beneficiaries of drinking water, with a well that costs 30 lps. To estimate the sale price, direct costs, indirect costs, financing costs and utility costs were calculated, this price is $0.37 euros/m3, direct costs equal 44%, indirect costs 14% and the financing cost represents 34.2%, because the people who do not pay for the service exceed 50% of the users. The sale price obtained per cubic meter is 228% more than the total cost of extraction, mainly influenced by the cost of financing. The current rate established by the Operating Body is 0.07 euros/m3, 18% of the rate obtained from what should be charged considering all the aspects involved in providing the service. The rate charged is equivalent to 41% of the extraction cost, that if, it does not cover what is spent on water extraction. Even when the Operating Agencies are autonomous for the collection of rates, they must comply with the guidelines set by each State, this work aims to disseminate a complete way of paying for the drinking water service and that the sale price obtained from the service covers all the costs of this.
Mass Balance Calibration of Water Distribution Networks: application to a real case study
Authors: Laucelli Daniele Biagio , Giustolisi Orazio , Ciliberti Francesco Gino , Berardi Luigi
Published: March 2024

Calibration of Water Distribution Networks (WDN) hydraulic models is mandatory to effectively support their analysis and management. As such, it should not be intended as the mere matching between model outputs and filed data but, rather, as a tool to understand WDN behavior under several different hydraulic functioning scenarios. The latest advanced hydraulic models encompass a phenomenological representation of the physical behavior of based on pressure-driven analysis. From such perspective, the problem variables include the parameters of the leakage model, the observable demand patterns and the average values changing day by day, as well as pipe hydraulic resistances, especially of the main water paths feeding the system. According to global mass-balance, the total water inflow recorded at source point (i.e., tanks, reservoirs, pumps) can be used to separate the stochastic component of water outflow, i.e., consumers’ demands, from the deterministic component, i.e., pressure-dependent leakages at single pipe level. This work demonstrates the innovative mass-balance paradigm applied for the calibration of few sub-networks of a large real WDN, which uses measurements collected in five characteristic days including summer, winter, holidays and working days. The resulting model allows a more robust prediction of the real system physical behavior and provide a reliable basis to support several design and management activities.
Designing advanced asset management for Water Distribution Networks: application to a real case study
Authors: Laucelli Daniele Biagio , Spagnuolo Serena , Rinaldi Antonio , Perrone Gianluca , Berardi Luigi , Giustolisi Orazio
Published: March 2024

In recent years, water utility companies are facing several challenges in managing water distribution networks caused by the combined effect of aging, network complexity, changing water needs and availability. In this sense, the main trend to be countered is the increase in the deterioration of pipelines, therefore of water losses and finally the increasing probability of pipe failures. Leaks represent a significant challenge for water services in terms of technical, economic and safety damage, as well as reliability of service to users. Therefore, it is necessary to support technicians and water utilities in the effective management of water distribution networks in the short and long term, allowing them to gain a better understanding of network behaviour and to implement a more efficient use of water. To this end, optimal design solutions can be developed for asset management based on an integrated approach that incorporates advanced hydraulic modelling, network monitoring and technical-engineering knowledge of the network. This work presents a complete methodology for water distribution network asset management, integrating optimal district metering areas design and pressure control with optimal pipe replacement. The case study presented concerns the city of Bari, the capital of the Puglia region, in southern Italy, a municipality of over 300,000 inhabitants, as part of a project tender for the improvement of the asset managed by Acquedotto Pugliese, the largest water company in Italy. Each designed activity in the methodology has been evaluated in terms of leakage reductions performances, under given economic constraints, to fully support technicians and water utilities in addressing water distribution network management plans.
Why aren't surrogate reliability indices so reliable? Can they be improved?
Authors: Sousa Joaquim José de Oliveira , Muranho João , Bonora Marco Amos , Maiolo Mario
Published: March 2024

Water distribution networks are known to be costly infrastructures. A few decades ago, the research efforts concerning water distribution network design were focused on economic aspects and the goal was to obtain the least cost solutions. Beyond economics, these infrastructures must mostly be reliable since they provide an essential service to society. But reliability assessment is a complex task and involves various aspects: mechanical, hydraulic, water quality, water safety, among others. This paper focus is on the hydraulic reliability. As hydraulic reliability is computationally hard to measure directly, researchers came up with surrogate measures, like entropy and the resilience index. But these surrogate measures had some flaws and researchers quickly started suggesting new ones trying to avoid those known flaws, like the diameter-sensitive flow entropy or the modified resilience index. But even these new approaches are still not so reliable to be used in the design of water distribution networks. This paper presents a thorough analysis of the performance of these reliability surrogate measures, supported by illustrative examples, highlighting their pros and cons to help in deciding which one to use for design purposes. In the end, some guidelines will be presented in order to improve these indices performance, presenting some results obtained from these improvements.
The Shape of Water Distribution Systems - Describing local structures of water networks via graphlet analysis
Authors: Kerimov Bulat , Tscheikner-Gratl Franz , Taormina Riccardo , Steffelbauer David B.
Published: March 2024

The performance, vulnerability, and resilience of water distribution systems (WDS) are connected to its underlying topological structure (aka its shape). The literature mostly differentiates between two main shapes of networks - branched or looped. However, real networks come in various shapes and forms spanning between the two extremes of purely branched and looped types. Although these networks are globally topologically different, they may show high similarity on the local scale of a borough or a neighbourhood, or vice versa. Recent studies focused on describing WDS via graph theory representing pipes as edges and customers, tanks, and reservoirs as nodes, for example. The first attempt of graph theoretical applications showed promising results in estimating the global resilience of WDS, but there is a limited number of metrics that take the importance of local topology into consideration. Furthermore, iterative estimation of local vulnerability by simulating faults in each element of the system is prohibitively expensive from a computational point of view (i.e., various hydraulic simulations for assessing the vulnerability of each part of the system are needed).This research enters the new terrain of local WDS investigations through graphlet analysis. Graphlets are small connected subgraphs of a large network and have recently gathered much attention as a useful concept to describe local topology and uncover structural design principles of complex networks. Consequently, these novel analyses techniques can provide deep insights into how local WDS structures influence their overall performance.In this work, we investigate the influence of local network structures on the resilience of entire networks through graphlet analysis. First, we calculate local vulnerability of the network elements and global resilience indicators (i.e. Todini index, pipe and node criticality indices). We additionally simulate fault scenarios with EPANET and evaluate volumes of unsupplied demand on a multitude of real WDS. Second, we investigate the graphlet substructure of those WDSs to assess how much of the network’s vulnerability can be described by purely looking at the topology. First results show that graphlet representation of local neighbourhoods can serve as an efficient proxy metric capable of replacing computationally heavy performance analysis based on extensive hydraulic simulation. We additionally compare the influence of local changes on subgraphs to show how local changes in network design may grant improved robustness against such failures, ultimately increasing global resilience based on changing local topology. Urban water management can benefit from the proposed approach by not only identifying the most vulnerable elements of the critical infrastructure but providing insight into how to build globally more resilient WDS networks by enforcing small and therefore economical topological changes.
A stochastic sewer model to predict pipe flows and pollutant loads in an urban drainage system
Authors: Addison-Atkinson William , Chen Albert S. , Memon Fayyaz , Hofman Jan , Blokker Mirjam
Published: March 2024

This work implemented a stochastic sewer model (SIMDEUM-WW) to forecast dry weather sewer flows and pollutant loading, from probabilistic household demand patterns based on information about inhabitants and appliance usage. The probabilistic outputs were fed into MIKE URBAN (DHI) for hydrodynamic and water quality simulations. The MIKE URBAN model consists of a 1D sewer network model. The model was validated against field measurement data and the results show that the SIMDEUM-WW can adequately calculate wastewater and pollutant loading. However, the SIMDEUM-WW was originally calibrated on households in the Netherlands such that errors were observed in the UK application. The uncertainties in actual flow and pollutant loading also contributed to the inaccuracy of modelling results.
High resolution water pressure monitoring for the assessment of fatigue damage in water distribution pipes
Authors: Jara-Arriagada Carlos , Stoianov Ivan
Published: March 2024

In the last decade, the increasing implementation of high frequency monitoring has shown that water distribution networks are frequently affected by pressure transients. In some instances, even thousands of cyclic loadings can be exerted on pipes posing a risk of fatigue damage. High frequency monitoring, which can be as high as 128 samples per second, allows the capturing of extremely rapid transient events, otherwise undetectable using normal 15 min telemetry monitoring. Thus, providing a precise picture and awareness of the full dynamic activity in a pipe. However, despite this new awareness of a possible fatigue risk on pipes, current research has not be able to show to the extent of the relevance of this risk. Main limiting factors of previous published research have been short high frequency monitoring periods, limiting the generalisation of previous findings, and few mechanistic analysis utilising measured data. To address these issues, this work presents the analysis and evaluation of several months to years of high frequency monitoring water pressure data at various locations in operating water distribution networks. We have obtained extensive time series datasets with highly detailed information of transient events, and utilised this information together with knowledge of fracture mechanics to assess the extent of fatigue damage on pipes. In order to perform the analyses, our time series data were converted into tuples of number of cycles and magnitude by utilising a rainflow cycle counting algorithm. This algorithm allows the counting of full cyclic loadings and their magnitude in an spectral loading history. Such information can then be utilised for fatigue analysis. In particular, we have used theory of fatigue crack propagation to assess number of cycles to failure. Results from this research suggest evidence that at some logging locations, and depending on the pipe material, and current deterioration state, fatigue damage due constant cyclic loadings can be a main trigger causing pipe breaks. In particular we have estimated examples that show that up to tens of years of pipe life could be extended if pressure transient activity were reduced. Therefore, the need for further monitoring, analysis and reduction of water pressure transients is critical to increase the life of our water supply infrastructure.
A Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Framework for Dynamic Water Network Optimization
Authors: Arandia Ernesto , Uber James
Published: March 2024

This paper proposes the application of nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) strategies within an integrating framework for planning and scheduling real-time water distribution system operations. Model predictive control (MPC) refers to a class of algorithms that make explicit use of a process model to optimize the future predicted behavior of a system. Originally developed to address the control needs of power plants and petroleum refineries, over the past 30 years it has successfully been used in a very wide range of applications in industry. In addition to the predictive model, MPC consists of a performance metric reflecting the control actions, an optimization algorithm that computes a sequence of future control signals that minimizes the performance index subject to a given set of constraints, and a moving horizon strategy, according to which only the first element of the optimal control sequence is applied online. The predictive models are generally intended to represent the behavior of complex nonlinear dynamical systems and often consist of linear models that circumvent the stability and performance challenges associated with their nonlinear counterparts. Recent developments on methods to model and solve large-scale nonlinear optimization problems lead to a reconsideration of these formulations, in particular, through development of efficient large-scale barrier methods for nonlinear programming (NLP). As a result, it is now realistic to solve NLPs on the order of a million variables, for instance, with the IPOPT algorithm. These developments are leveraged here to develop an NMPC dynamic real-time optimization strategy that combines a nonlinear dynamical model of the water network with a large-scale NLP optimization algorithm, and a moving horizon strategy to determine how to exert control on the system at the pump facility and network levels. We consider a recent water utility case study to illustrate these concepts.
Analysis of friction models during simulations of filling processes in single pipelines
Authors: Fuertes-Miquel Vicente S. , Coronado-Hernández Óscar E. , Iglesias-Rey Pedro L. , Besharat Mohsen , Ávila Humberto , Ramos Helena M.
Published: March 2024

The analysis of filling processes in pressurized pipelines has been conducted using a steady friction model in the implementation of governing equations. This research is focused on the case of a filling process of a single pipeline without an air valve.  Three equations were used to represent the phenomenon: (i) a rigid water column approach, which describes the water movement along the water system; (ii) a piston flow model, which assumes a perpendicular air-water interface to the main direction of the pipe; and (iii) a polytropic model for representing the thermodynamic behaviour of an entrapped air pocket.  This research studies the filling processes occurrence using equations of steady and unsteady friction models, where Moody, Wood, Hazen-Williams, and Swamee-Jain equations are analysed. The analysis is applied to a case study of a single pipe of a total length of 1000 m with an internal diameter of 595 mm variation of pressure surges in the implementation of these formulations. Results confirm that there is a minimum discrepancy between steady and unsteady friction models since values of pressure surges pattern are similar.
Investigation of groundwater consumption to cope with the inadequate piped water supply in continuous and intermittent supply systems: A case study in Bangalore, India
Authors: Bharanidharan B. , Priyanka B.N. , Sheetal Kumar K.R. , Mohan Kumar M.S. , Srinivas V.V. , Nibgoor Sanjana R , Kishore Y.
Published: March 2024

Although the supply of piped water to the Indian cities is increasing, the demand is not always fulfilled. This gap in water demand and supply is usually bridged by using alternate sources of water, mostly groundwater. Bangalore, the capital city of Karnataka, is one of the fastest developing metropolitan cities in India is also facing piped water supply issues. The groundwater is the main source of alternate water supply in the city. In the present study, a District Metered Area (DMA) is selected in the Bangalore South-West division; this DMA has both intermittent and continuous water supply systems. The water distribution network (WDN) of study DMA contains four inlets and three supply zones. The first is a continuous water supply system whereas the second and third are the intermittent systems. The impact of inequitable supply in the study DMA is evaluated and the consumption of groundwater to cope with insufficient water supply is analyzed. The Lorenz Curve and Gini Coefficient are used to assess the inequity in groundwater extraction under intermittent and continuous supply zones. The data from the field flowmeters, consumer meter reading, and door-to-door questionnaire survey are used for the analysis. The questionnaire survey includes RR number, presence of wells/borewells, horsepower (HP) of the pumps used, building type, the number of inhabitants, and the floors in each building. In the continuous supply system, a questionnaire survey was untaken for 80% of the connections, whereas in the intermittent supply system random sampling was used. The questionnaire survey analysis showed that 53% of the consumers in the continuous supply system rely on piped water supply, whereas others used groundwater as well as piped water supply. The study illustrated the gap in groundwater consumption between supply zones within intermittent water supply systems as well as between intermittent and continuous water supply zones. Reliability on groundwater was high even in continuous supply systems indicating insufficient pressures resulting in unsatisfied demands. The study indicated that just increasing the access to the piped water supply to the consumers is not sufficient, the acceptable quality with adequate pressure of water should be delivered to reduce the use of groundwater. The inferences from the study can be used to regulate groundwater extraction.
Reduction of the search space for the optimization problem of the design of the pumping station through the automatic identification of infeasible flow distributions
Authors: Gutierrez-Bahamondes Jimmy H. , Valdivia-Muñoz Bastian , Mora-Melia Daniel , Iglesias-Rey Pedro L.
Published: March 2024

The pumping station design is a critical process in water distribution networks. This set of decisions will have an immediate impact on construction costs and determine energy consumption over the entire lifetime of the system. However, the minimization of investment and operational costs at the same time is a complex problem that has been approached from different perspectives. To achieve this goal, in recent years, it has been shown that it is possible to optimize the selection of pumps, accessories, and control systems while optimizing the flow distribution provided by the pumping stations by using the setpoint curve. However, the huge number of possible combinations and the non-linearity of the equations rule out the use of exact methods to solve the proposed mathematical model. Despite this, some metaheuristic techniques, specifically population-based evolutionary algorithms, have shown good performance against case studies in networks with a high level of simplification. Each objective function evaluation involves at least one hydraulic simulation during the analysis periods. Therefore, the computational effort grows considerably as the size of the network increases, affecting the efficiency of these algorithms and limiting their use to smaller networks. Thus, optimization of the design of pumping stations in real-size networks is a problem that has not yet been fully resolved. To reduce the number of evaluations of the objective function during the optimization process, this work presents a new method for the reduction of the search space based on the automatic identification of infeasible flow ranges as part of the network preprocessing. The method considers the maximum capacity of the available pumps, the minimum pressure required, and the demand patterns of the network. In this way, each pumping station has different restrictions for the decision variables of the mathematical model related to the flow contributions. From this point on, the algorithm does not waste any computational effort evaluating solutions that represent flow distributions previously classified as infeasible. Therefore, it is possible to accelerate the convergence of the algorithms while preserving the quality of the solutions obtained. This new method can be applied to any direct injection network. The amount of solution space reduction will depend on the characteristics of each network. To clarify, this work includes the analysis of one case study and a genetic algorithm was implemented to resolve the model. Finally, the results show a reduction of the solutions space of 80% for the largest network presented.
A critical review of leakage detection strategies including pressure and water quality sensor placement in water distribution systems – sole and integrated approaches for leakage and contamination intrusion
Authors: Rathi Shweta
Published: March 2024

Water leakages in water distribution networks not only affects on natural water resources but also cause problems to nearby infrastructure or environment and makes water distribution networks more prone to contamination. Complexity in water distribution systems makes leakage detection and its monitoring a difficult task. Leakages in water distribution systems are caused due to damages in pipes, lack of maintenance of pressure due to uncertain demand and various operating conditions. Therefore, to manage the pressure in the water distribution systems it is necessary to identify appropriate leak location. Various studies on pressure management focused on optimal sensor placement for leak localization considering various constraints cost of sensors, demand uncertainty, damages and burst in pipes and few focused on valve location and optimization for control of pressure. The aim of the paper is mainly focus to provide a comprehensive review of various studies related to water quantity and quality related aspects in WDSs. Therefore, it mainly focuses on pressure and water quality sensor placement in water distribution systems with sole and integrated approaches for leakage minimization and contamination intrusion in water distribution systems. This study also focused on optimization model formulations including objective function and constraints, solution methodologies used, and other informative details as inclusive of water quality consideration, network analysis and optimization methods used. A critical review of available methodologies, including existing simulation tools, existing solution approaches, available sensor placement toolkits, technical challenges, and future research direction is presented.
Biofungus: fungus MBBR pilot plant on Murcia Este WWTP
Authors: Mena Eva , Gadea Alicia , Monreal-Bernal Alfonso , López‐García Sergio , Garre Victoriano , Lara-Guillén Andrés Jesús
Published: March 2024

Concerns about energy efficiency and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) lead development of new and alternative processes. Conventional activated sludge systems have a high energy consumption and footprint. Alternative processes are nowadays implemented to reduce them. In this study, we present the results of Biofungus project. Influent wastewater is treated under real conditions and continuous operation in a two-step Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) pilot plant based on Mucor fungus. Several strains and spontaneous mutants of the Mucor fungus were investigated. Those showing improved growth performance, wastewater resistance and nitrate consumption rate were isolated in laboratory and used at the pilot plant. Moreover, the in-situ growth at the pilot plant of the fungus from spores is implemented at the plant as a parallel process. The obtained effluent water meets regulations requirements, showing a high COD and suspended solids (SS) removal (87% and 94% on average respectively) and total nitrogen removal of 35% on average. The Biofungus pilot plant treatment works analogous to a conventional activated sludge process. One of the difficulties observed is the retention of the fungi during the process. The volume of carriers used at the MBBR is between 25-30% of the aeration tank. They allow the fungi to grow attached to them avoiding the dilution of its concentration by flotation and loss from this tank. This stage is followed by a settling tank, where the biomass is either recirculated to the aeration tank or purged to a sludge thickener tank. The process is a two-stage process with aerobic and anoxic reactors. The Mucor fungus specialized in the nitrate consumption is dosed into the anoxic reactor after a different Mucor string has consumed the DQO at the MBBR. Both stages are connected by a primary settling tank and a secondary decanter clarifies water after anoxic stage. After this secondary decanter the treated water is obtained. The retention time on the plant is between 6 and 10 hours and the treated volume is 3,6m3/day. The Mucor fungus has proved able to eliminate high ammonia and nitrate concentrations in sort periods of time, resulting on consumption rates of 1,6 mgN-NO3/h. Finally, its resistance to CECs has been evaluated under a wide range of contaminants including drugs, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and hormones. Almost no toxicity to contaminant concentrations as high as 20 mg/l was observed. The water treatment performance has been also tested with a combination of CECs at 200µg/l and no influence has been observed after a week over the effluent water quality.
Potential reduction of leakage volume by combining dynamic pressure management and energy recovery in Valencia
Authors: Guarachi Quiñones Alejandra , Martínez Solano Francisco Javier , Sánchez Briones Carmen , Pérez Lleó Andross
Published: March 2024

The main objective of a drinking water distribution network is to supply all consumption points with the quantity of water demanded under sufficient pressure and quality conditions. Currently, pressure regulation in water supply networks consists of managing pressure of district metered areas (DMAs) to ensure a sufficient supply to users, being traditionally carried out by reducing excessive pressures, and therefore diminishing water losses. The most basic form of regulation is to maintain a constant pressure at the inlet of the DMAs by means of a pressure reducing valve (PRV). Another turn on the screw in regulation is dynamic sectorization, modifying the set points of the PRVs according to the time of the day to reduce pressure during off-peak hours. This modification of the set point in the PRV involves the movement of a mechanism, requiring a constant energy source. This work proposes the incorporation of an energy recovery system in the distribution network by installing small water turbines at the inlet of the DMA in order to obtain the necessary energy to feed the dynamic regulation equipment, coming the energy required from the network itself. In a complementary way it is also proposed to install a solar photovoltaic system at the inlet of the DMAs. The case study proposed is the water distribution system of the city of Valencia, where four DMAs will be selected for the analysis of the dynamic sectorization. To do that, in the first place it is required to analyse the potential energy recovery in the inlets of the DMAs taking into count average values of pressure upstream and downstream and the minimum night flow. This parameter is one of the criteria selections for the pilot DMAs. For each DMA, a hydraulic model will be calibrated for the subsequent analysis of the pressure regulation enabling to evaluate the alternatives of dynamic pressure management: by time control, flow control and critical point control. The results from these four pilot DMAs will be extrapolated to the rest of the DMAs of the city of Valencia, quantifying economically both water savings and the cost of installation of the small water turbines, with the purpose of bringing the city closer to an example of climate-neutral supply.
O processo de privatização da Eletrobras e as tramas do controle privativo do setor elétrico brasileiro
Authors: Dantas Dallys , Castilho Denis
Published: March 2024

A privatização da Eletrobras resulta de um processo muito bem arquitetado a partir de um conjunto de reformas e de articulações envolvendo governo, acionistas, setores da economia e grupos corporativos. Seu modelo envolve patente estigma entreguista em função das condições e do modo como a transferência do setor elétrico à iniciativa privada vem ocorrendo. Em vista disso, com este estudo, objetivamos analisar o controle privado do setor elétrico brasileiro, ressaltando suas implicações socioespaciais e o modo como esse processo amplifica o uso corporativo, canaliza processos espoliativos e termina por entregar aos imperativos do mercado acionista, um setor estratégico ao país.
Circulação do capital e redes técnicas
Authors: Germano André Luiz Do Nascimento
Published: March 2024

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir, em caráter ensaístico, os avanços técnicos avassaladores ocorridos na segunda metade do século XX e no início do século XXI. Esses avanços possibilitaram a ampla circulação de capital em um contexto de ascensão da globalização e do neoliberalismo como forma de garantir a sobrevivência do capitalismo. O foco está nos projetos de integração ferroviária, particularmente nas iniciativas chinesas, que se tornaram evidentes no século XXI. O trabalho é dividido em dois momentos: o primeiro discute as mudanças técnicas, as crises e a circulação do capital; o segundo examina a integração logística nas regiões periféricas do capitalismo e o papel das ferrovias nas dinâmicas do capital diante dessas transformações técnicas.
A model of a comprehensive phishing prevention system
Authors: Davidyuk Andrii , Zhilin Artem , Khudyntsev Mykola
Published: March 2024

In particular, the results of our analysis indicate that with the accumulation of large data sets (properties, conditions, influencing factors, consequences) it will be possible immediately obtain more accurate results about possible security events and thus reduce the amount of spent working time by at least 50%, taking into account costs time to eliminate the consequences of erroneous information security decisions that are of a subjective nature. The security administrator will reduce the time spent on risk analysis and prioritization, and will be able to start processing them almost immediately, which will increase the effectiveness of existing information protection mechanisms.
According to the tasks, a model of a comprehensive phishing prevention system has been developed, which consists of a Telegram bot, a mobile application, a website, a browser extension, a shared database, and a DNS server.
In this structure, the data collection processes are improved by increasing the number of participants in their formation. Data processing becomes faster due to automation, and data exchange is characterized by the standardization of the source. The system can also be used for the early detection of mass mailings. Such detection is based on estimating the number of transitions from one network to one link in a unit of time.
The use of the system data will contribute to the safety of users and increase the effectiveness of CERT-UA, the Cyber Police, the National Bank of Ukraine, and the National Cybersecurity Coordination Center in the process of their operational interaction.
The prospects for further research include the integration of artificial intelligence methods (BERT model) into the developed neural network infrastructure to improve the algorithms for identifying malicious resources. The development of the infrastructure also involves creating an API and its further use in messaging services (messengers, web resources with messaging function).
Key words: cyber security, phishing, cyber risk.
Analysis of the basics of information theory
Authors: Pochernyaev Vіtalii , Hladkykh Valerii , Syvkova Nataliia
Published: March 2024

Nowadays, the fundamental concept of information is very controversial. On the one hand, it is widely used almost in all spheres and the number of publications on this topic is huge and is constantly growing; on the other hand, the concept of information is intangible and there is a problem of defining the term from the perspective of the philosophy and science, so there are different meanings of the term (messages, data, etc.).
The term “information” is related to concepts that are adopted under legislative acts and regulations of Ukraine: information sphere (Law of Ukraine "On the Fundamentals of National Security", "Strategy for Ensuring State Security of Ukraine", "National Security Strategy of Ukraine", "Information Security Strategy of Ukraine"), information society (Information Security Strategy of Ukraine), information space (Law of Ukraine "On the National Security of Ukraine", "Information Security Strategy of Ukraine"), information resource (Law of Ukraine "On the Basic Principles of Ensuring Cybersecurity of Ukraine", "Cybersecurity Strategy of Ukraine").
The Law of Ukraine "On Information" No. 2658-XII dated 02.10.92 establishes the general legal principles for receiving, using, distribution, storing and securing information.
However, such interpretation of the Law of Ukraine "On Information" is restricted, as the knowledge exchange between people hasn`t been taken into account.
The goal of the paper is to research the approaches of leading scientists on the subject of the concept of information and to form individual approach based on the analysis.
The analysis of the current state of the definition of the concept of information has revealed that some scientists classify information with the concept of “knowledge”, the meaning of which is not obvious; others introduce their personal idea of the concept that is very different from Shannon's both in content and measure; others interpreted information as messages, data; some of them specify information as “the variety that one entity has information about another one” and make a conclusion that “information expresses properties of matter”. The concept of information is confused for readers by numerous scientists as they cannot clarify the meaning on their own. R. Hartley and C. Shannon, the founders of information theory, have a great impact on the concept of information. The essence of the concept of information is becoming increasingly relevant. However, even recent studies have not given the obvious meaning of the term “information”. Consequently, according to the scientists’ theories, the term "information" can be defined as: information is a kind of knowledge that can be obtained and exchanged with and without technical means and tools.
Key words: information, measure of the information quantities, value of information.
Disinformation in interstate relations: the role of special services
Authors: Slusarchuck Ivan
Published: March 2024

Today, disinformation in interstate relations can create real and potential threats to national security of Ukraine and stability in society. The real threat to Ukraine is disinformation carried out by the russian federation, in particular via propaganda. It uses huge amounts of disinformation that is quickly presented and constantly repeated, there is no logic. Disinformation is especially active in the military-political and international relations, as well as in the spheres of economics, science, etc. As a subversive activity of foreign special services, it is a threat to the territorial integrity, economic, scientific, technical and defense potential of Ukraine. Dividing intelligence activities into four main types: 1) the creation of intelligence positions; 2) intelligence and information activities; 3) beneficial secret influence; 4) direct undermining, or subversion, we focus on the two latter, since the beneficial secret influence is nothing more than special information operations and actions carried out by a wide range of public and private bodies. Subversive activity – actions aimed at the illegal change of the established public order, state system and / or existing bodies of power and society. They are used as a tool to achieve political goals, as a means of less risk and cost compared to open hostilities. They can be carried out applying various methods, such as: propaganda, provocations, financial fraud, violence, etc. The subject of disinformation in the field of international relations is the state represented by its governmental bodies which are authorized to carry out activities in this area.
These are subdivisions and institutions of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (including embassies, consulates), other ministries and departments whose activities are related to the implementation of functions related to the resolution of issues related to disinformation, special services of foreign states, etc. Disinformation may involve non-governmental organizations, political and public organizations, mass media, institutions engaged in financial, economic, entrepreneurial activities, etc. This activity can be organized and coordinated by special bodies under the leadership of the state, such as the National Security and Defense Council, or special services, or this work can be carried out jointly. Special services may also be assigned the role of engaging in disinformation activities of various structures whose activities are not officially related to the performance of such tasks.
Key words: disinformation, interstate relations, threat, national security of Ukraine, subversive activity, foreign special services, propaganda, fake, special information operations.
Ways to improve mechanisms for ensuring information security in departmental information and telecommunication systems of the Security Service of Ukraine
Authors: Artiushin Georgiy , Voloschenko Andriy
Published: March 2024

Mass creation, implementation and exploitation of information and telecommunication systems, along with great advantages and conveniences, also cause significant dangers. The leakage of information through technical channels, as well as unauthorized access, can cause serious consequences for the security of the country, which is especially relevant in the conditions of Polish aggression against our country.
The problem of this issue was found in the "Anti-corruption program of the SSU for 2021–2024", where it is noted that there are such factors as: imperfection of the normative-legal basis for the above issue, insufficient material and technical support, insufficient awareness of SSU colleagues with the requirements of the legislation in the field of document management and information protection with restricted access, significant electronic document flow, insufficient level of control over the organization of modernization of information and telecommunication systems and the construction of their complex information protection systems.
The protection of critically important data arrays must comply with international and national regulatory and methodological documents and standards. Currently, high-pressure technical means are used and strictly regulated organizational measures are implemented. However, there is no answer to the most important question – to what extent the writing that is being renewed or developed is really of high-quality and sufficient, what is its planned and actual effectiveness.
Within the framework of the coverage of the theoretical and methodological principles of optimization of the construction of secured information and telecommunication systems, an analysis of shortcomings in modern approaches to the construction of complex information protection systems was carried out together with the review and systematization of theoretical and practical recommendations regarding the improvement of mechanisms for ensuring the information protection system; the article analyzed the existing mechanisms of interaction between the components of information security systems for the needs, assessed the general experience of the relevant countries of the world and their associations, as well as NATO and the EU; approaches to the improvement of normative and organizational mechanisms for the protection of information with restricted access in departmental information and telecommunication systems are proposed.
Key words: information protection, information and telecommunication systems, automated systems, information security, comprehensive system of information protection, information and computer technologies, cyber security, information activity.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIGITAL STORYTELLING-BASED HAND PUPPET MEDIA FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Ana Marisa , Handayani Trisni
Published: March 2024

This study aims to develop digital storytelling-based hand puppet media developed with the ASSURE model, learning Indonesian language material on observing characters in fictional texts in elementary schools, seeing responses, improving skills, and understanding of students. The subjects of this study were fourth grade students of SDN Susukan 06, totaling 23 students in the 2023 school year. Data were collected using tests, questionnaires, interviews, observations, documentation, and field notes. The results of the study are (1) obtained the average score of expert validation with a percentage of 95% with the category "very feasible" (2) the average score of learner responses with a percentage of 93.67% which is included in the "very suitable" category (3) the average posttest score which has increased by 82.17 with the category "very good" so that it can be concluded that digital storytelling-based hand puppet media is feasible to use in the material of looking at characters in fictional texts for grade IV Indonesian language learning and can improve students' skills in telling stories as well as understanding to grade IV students in the material of looking at characters in fictional texts.
Arctic glacier snowline altitudes rise 150 meters over the last four decades
Authors: Larocca Laura J. , Lea James M. , Erb Michael P. , McKay Nicholas P. , Phillips Megan , Lamantia Kara A. , Kaufman Darrell S.
Published: March 2024

Abstract. The number of Arctic glaciers with direct, long–term measurements of mass balance is limited. Here we used satellite–based observations of the glacier snowline altitude (SLA), the location of the transition between snow cover and ice late in the summer, to approximate the position of the equilibrium line altitude (ELA)–a parameter important for mass balance assessment and for understanding the response of glaciers to climate change. We mapped the snowline (SL) on a subset of 269 land–terminating glaciers above 60 °N latitude in the latest available summer, clear–sky Landsat satellite image between 1984 and 2022. The mean SLA was extracted using the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM). We compare remotely–observed SLA observations with available long–term field–based measurements of ELA and with ERA5–Land reanalysis climate data. Over the last four decades, Arctic glacier SLAs have risen an average of ~152 m (3.9±0.4 m yr–1; R2=0.74, p<0.001), with a corresponding summer (June, July, August) temperature shift of +1.2 °C at the glacier locations. This equates to a 127±5 m shift per 1 °C of summer warming. However, along with warming, we observe an overall decrease in snowfall, an increase in rainfall, and a decrease in the total number of days in which the mean daily temperature is less than or equal to 0 °C. Glacier SLA is most strongly correlated with the number of freezing days, emphasizing the dual effect of multi–decadal trends in mean annual temperature on both ablation (increasing melt) and accumulation processes (reducing the number of days in which snow can fall). Although we find evidence for a negative morpho–topographic feedback that occurs as glaciers retreat to higher elevations, we show that more than 50 % of the glaciers studied here could be entirely below the SLA by 2100, assuming the pace of global warming and the mean rate of SLA rise is maintained.