bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prenatal growth in humans and postnatal brain maturation into late adolescence
Authors: Raznahan Armin , Greenstein Deanna , Lee Nancy Raitano , Clasen Liv S. , Giedd Jay N.
Published: June 2012

Prenatal life encompasses a critical phase of human brain development, but neurodevelopmental consequences of normative differences in prenatal growth among full-term pregnancies remain largely uncharted. Here, we combine the power of a within-monozygotic twin study design with longitudinal neuroimaging methods that parse dissociable components of structural brain development between ages 3 and 30 y, to show that subtle variations of the in utero environment, as indexed by mild birth weight (BW) variation within monozygotic pairs, are accompanied by statistically significant (
i
) differences in postnatal intelligence quotient (IQ) and (
ii
) alterations of brain anatomy that persist at least into late adolescence. Greater BW within the normal range confers a sustained and generalized increase in brain volume, which in the cortical sheet, is specifically driven by altered surface area rather than cortical thickness. Surface area is maximally sensitive to BW variation within cortical regions implicated in the biology of several mental disorders, the risk for which is modified by normative BW variation. We complement this near-experimental test of prenatal environmental influences on human brain development by replicating anatomical findings in dizygotic twins and unrelated singletons. Thus, using over 1,000 brain scans, across three independent samples, we link subtle differences in prenatal growth, within ranges seen among the majority of human pregnancies, to protracted surface area alterations, that preferentially impact later-maturing associative cortices important for higher cognition. By mapping the sensitivity of postnatal human brain development to prenatal influences, our findings underline the potency of in utero life in shaping postnatal outcomes of neuroscientific and public health importance.
Cysteine desulfurase Nfs1 and Pim1 protease control levels of Isu, the Fe-S cluster biogenesis scaffold
Authors: Song Ji-Yoon , Marszalek Jaroslaw , Craig Elizabeth Anne
Published: June 2012

Fe-S clusters are critical prosthetic groups for proteins involved in various critical biological processes. Before being transferred to recipient apo-proteins, Fe-S clusters are assembled on the highly conserved scaffold protein Isu, the abundance of which is regulated posttranslationally on disruption of the cluster biogenesis system. Here we report that Isu is degraded by the Lon-type AAA+ ATPase protease of the mitochondrial matrix, Pim1. Nfs1, the cysteine desulfurase responsible for providing sulfur for cluster formation, is required for the increased Isu stability occurring after disruption of cluster formation on or transfer from Isu. Physical interaction between the Isu and Nfs1 proteins, not the enzymatic activity of Nfs1, is the important factor in increased stability. Analysis of several conditions revealed that high Isu levels can be advantageous or disadvantageous, depending on the physiological condition. During the stationary phase, elevated Isu levels were advantageous, resulting in prolonged chronological lifespan. On the other hand, under iron-limiting conditions, high Isu levels were deleterious. Compared with cells expressing normal levels of Isu, such cells grew poorly and exhibited reduced activity of the heme-containing enzyme ferric reductase. Our results suggest that modulation of the degradation of Isu by the Pim1 protease is a regulatory mechanism serving to rapidly help balance the cell’s need for critical iron-requiring processes under changing environmental conditions.
Sound velocities of Fe and Fe-Si alloy in the Earth’s core
Authors: Mao Zhu , Lin Jung-Fu , Liu Jin , Alatas Ahmet , Gao Lili , Zhao Jiyong , Mao Ho-Kwang
Published: June 2012

Compressional wave velocity-density (VP - ρ) relations of candidate Fe alloys at relevant pressure-temperature conditions of the Earth’s core are critically needed to evaluate the composition, seismic signatures, and geodynamics of the planet’s remotest region. Specifically, comparison between seismicVP - ρprofiles of the core and candidate Fe alloys provides first-order information on the amount and type of potential light elements—including H, C, O, Si, and/or S—needed to compensate the density deficit of the core. To address this issue, here we have surveyed and analyzed the literature results in conjunction with newly measuredVP - ρresults of hexagonal closest-packed (hcp) Fe and hcp-Fe0.85Si0.15alloy using in situ high-energy resolution inelastic X-ray scattering and X-ray diffraction. The nature of the Fe-Si alloy where Si is readily soluble in Fe represents an ideal solid-solution case to better understand the light-element alloying effects. Our results show that high temperature significantly decreases theVPof hcp-Fe at high pressures, and the Fe-Si alloy exhibits similar high-pressureVP - ρbehavior to hcp-Fe via a constant density offset. TheseVP - ρdata at a given temperature can be better described by an empirical power-law function with a concave behavior at higher densities than with a linear approximation. Our new datasets, together with literature results, allow us to build newVP - ρmodels of Fe alloys in order to determine the chemical composition of the core. Our models show that theVP - ρprofile of Fe with 8 wt % Si at 6,000 K matches well with the Preliminary Reference Earth Model of the inner core.
Abating colon cancer polyposis by
Lactobacillus acidophilus
deficient in lipoteichoic acid
Authors: Khazaie Khashayarsha , Zadeh Mojgan , Khan Mohammad W. , Bere Praveen , Gounari Fotini , Dennis Kirsten , Blatner Nichole R. , Owen Jennifer L. , Klaenhammer Todd R. , Mohamadzadeh Mansour
Published: June 2012

An imbalance of commensal bacteria and their gene products underlies mucosal and, in particular, gastrointestinal inflammation and a predisposition to cancer.
Lactobacillus
species have received considerable attention as examples of beneficial microbiota. We have reported previously that deletion of the phosphoglycerol transferase gene that is responsible for lipoteichoic acid (LTA) biosynthesis in
Lactobacillus acidophilus
(NCK2025) rendered this bacterium able to significantly protect mice against induced colitis when delivered orally. Here we report that oral treatment with LTA-deficient NCK2025 normalizes innate and adaptive pathogenic immune responses and causes regression of established colonic polyps. This study reveals the proinflammatory role of LTA and the ability of LTA-deficient
L. acidophilus
to regulate inflammation and protect against colonic polyposis in a unique mouse model.
Transgenic
Anopheles stephensi
coexpressing single-chain antibodies resist
Plasmodium falciparum
development
Authors: Isaacs Alison T. , Jasinskiene Nijole , Tretiakov Mikhail , Thiery Isabelle , Zettor Agnès , Bourgouin Catherine , James Anthony A.
Published: June 2012

Anopheles stephensi
mosquitoes expressing m1C3, m4B7, or m2A10 single-chain antibodies (scFvs) have significantly lower levels of infection compared to controls when challenged with
Plasmodium falciparum
, a human malaria pathogen. These scFvs are derived from antibodies specific to a parasite chitinase, the 25 kDa protein and the circumsporozoite protein, respectively. Transgenes comprising m2A10 in combination with either m1C3 or m4B7 were inserted into previously-characterized mosquito chromosomal “docking” sites using site-specific recombination. Transgene expression was evaluated at four different genomic locations and a docking site that permitted tissue- and sex-specific expression was researched further. Fitness studies of docking site and dual scFv transgene strains detected only one significant fitness cost: adult docking-site males displayed a late-onset reduction in survival. The m4B7/m2A10 mosquitoes challenged with
P. falciparum
had few or no sporozoites, the parasite stage infective to humans, in three of four experiments. No sporozoites were detected in m1C3/m2A10 mosquitoes in challenge experiments when both genes were induced at developmentally relevant times. These studies support the conclusion that expression of a single copy of a dual scFv transgene can completely inhibit parasite development without imposing a fitness cost on the mosquito.
Some Methodological Aspects of Simultaneous Interpreting
Authors: Kade Otto , Cartellieri Claus
Published: June 2012

Summary
A point at issue in simultaneous interpreting is the time lag between the speaker of the original and the interpreter. The length of the time lag depends on objective and subjective factors. The objective factors can be described in linguistic terms and are something for the interpreter to go by when timing the moment of transposition. However, the optimum time lag between hearing and interpreting rests also on subjective factors arising from the individuality of the interpreter. An examination of the problem involved in the time lag leads us to a number of well-grounded conclusions of relevance to methodological simultaneous interpreting.
Hypocotyl Directional Growth in Arabidopsis: A Complex Trait
Authors: Gupta Aditi , Singh Manjul , Jones Alan M. , Laxmi Ashverya
Published: June 2012

The growth direction of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) etiolated-seedling hypocotyl is a complex trait that is controlled by extrinsic signals such as gravity and touch as well as intrinsic signals such as hormones (brassinosteroid [BR], auxin, cytokinin, ethylene) and nutrient status (glucose [Glc], sucrose). We used a genetic approach to identify the signaling elements and their relationship underlying hypocotyl growth direction. BR randomizes etiolated-seedling growth by inhibiting negative gravitropism of the hypocotyls via modulating auxin homeostasis for which we designate as reset, not to be confused with the gravity set point angle. Cytokinin signaling antagonizes this BR reset of gravity sensing and/or tropism by affecting ethylene biosynthesis/signaling. Glc also antagonizes BR reset but acts independently of cytokinin and ethylene signaling pathways via inhibiting BR-regulated gene expression quantitatively and spatially, by altering protein degradation, and by antagonizing BR-induced changes in microtubule organization and cell patterning associated with hypocotyl agravitropism. This BR reset is reduced in the presence of the microtubule organization inhibitor oryzalin, suggesting a central role for cytoskeleton reorganization. A unifying and hierarchical model of Glc and hormone signaling interplay is proposed. The biological significance of BR-mediated changes in hypocotyl graviresponse lies in the fact that BR signaling sensitizes the dark-grown seedling hypocotyl to the presence of obstacles, overriding gravitropism, to enable efficient circumnavigation through soil.
RDR1 and SGS3, Components of RNA-Mediated Gene Silencing, Are Required for the Regulation of Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis in Developing Inflorescence Stems of Arabidopsis
Authors: Lam Patricia , Zhao Lifang , McFarlane Heather E. , Aiga Mytyl , Lam Vivian , Hooker Tanya S. , Kunst Ljerka
Published: June 2012

The cuticle is a protective layer that coats the primary aerial surfaces of land plants and mediates plant interactions with the environment. It is synthesized by epidermal cells and is composed of a cutin polyester matrix that is embedded and covered with cuticular waxes. Recently, we have discovered a novel regulatory mechanism of cuticular wax biosynthesis that involves the ECERIFERUM7 (CER7) ribonuclease, a core subunit of the exosome. We hypothesized that at the onset of wax production, the CER7 ribonuclease degrades an mRNA specifying a repressor of CER3, a wax biosynthetic gene whose protein product is required for wax formation via the decarbonylation pathway. In the absence of this repressor, CER3 is expressed, leading to wax production. To identify the putative repressor of CER3 and to unravel the mechanism of CER7-mediated regulation of wax production, we performed a screen for suppressors of the cer7 mutant. Our screen resulted in the isolation of components of the RNA-silencing machinery, RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE1 and SUPPRESSOR OF GENE SILENCING3, implicating RNA silencing in the control of cuticular wax deposition during inflorescence stem development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana).
A novel crystal polymorph of volborthite, Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O
Authors: Ishikawa Hajime , Yamaura Jun-ichi , Okamoto Yoshihiko , Yoshida Hiroyuki , Nilsen Gøran J. , Hiroi Zenji
Published: June 2012

A new polymorph of volborthite [tricopper(II) divanadium(V) heptaoxide dihydroxide dihydrate], Cu3V2O7(OH)2·2H2O, has been discovered in a single crystal prepared by hydrothermal synthesis. X-ray analysis reveals that the monoclinic structure has the space groupC2/cat room temperature, which is different from that of the previously reportedC2/mstructure. Both structures have Cu3O6(OH)2layers composed of edge-sharing CuO4(OH)2octahedra, with V2O7pillars and water molecules between the layers. The Cu atoms occupy two and three independent crystallographic sites in theC2/mandC2/cstructures, respectively, likely giving rise to different magnetic interactions between CuIIspins in the kagome lattices embedded in the Cu3O6(OH)2layers.
Development and diagnostic application/evaluation of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus‐specific monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Kim Won‐Shik , Lee Gyu‐Cheol , Yoo Jong‐Ha , Kim Hak‐Yong , Yun Yeo‐Pyo , Chong Chom‐Kyu
Published: June 2012

We prepared mAb specific to the H1N1 2009 virus (H1N1 2009) to facilitate development of an RDT with enhanced sensitivity and specificity. Among these antibodies, we identified two clones—hybridomas 1H7E1 and 3A3H7—that specifically bound to H1N1 2009 (non‐seasonal) and were very suitable for application to a diagnostic kit. The affinity constants (Ka) of 1H7E1 and 3A3H7 were 1.10 × 1010and 2.35 × 1010, respectively. To identify the antibodies, we performed ELISA and immunoblot analyses and found that 1H7E1 recognized a conformational epitope of HA while 3A3H7 recognized a linear epitope. In clinical evaluations using specimens from 215 patients, a lateral flow rapid testing kit comprising these mAb showed a sensitivity of 81.5% (75/92) and a specificity of 96.7% (119/123). Results using the RDT kit were well correlated with conventional RT‐PCR methods as commonly and commercially used. Based on our findings, we believe that use of these mAb with a rapid evaluation kit could serve as a good diagnostic tool for H1N1 2009.
In non‐follicular lymphoproliferative disorders, IGH/BCL2‐fusion is not restricted to chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Baseggio Lucile , Geay Marie‐Odile , Gazzo Sophie , Berger Françoise , Traverse‐Glehen Alexandra , Ffrench Martine , Hayette Sandrine , Callet‐Bauchu Evelyne , Verney Aurélie , Morel Dominique , Jallades Laurent , Magaud Jean‐Pierre , Salles Gilles , Felman Pascale
Published: June 2012

The translocation t(14;18) and its t(2;18) and t(18,22) variants, which involve the BCL2 genetic hallmark for follicular lymphoma (FL), have been reported in several cases of chronic B‐cell lymphoproliferative disease (CLPD) and frequently in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). We describe here the clinical, morphological, immunological, cytogenetic and molecular findings from 37 cases of t(14;18)‐positive CLPD, identified from our series of non‐FL B‐cell neoplasms (n = 993) that were routinely analysed in peripheral blood by conventional cytogenetics analyses. The FL diagnosis was excluded by morphology and immunology (the samples were CD10 negative in all cases). The BCL2 translocations were observed in 22 CLL cases, including 7 monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis (MBL) cases re‐classified according to the new International Workshop on CLL criteria, six small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) cases, 1 splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) case and eight cases of unclassifiable CLPD with overlapping CLL/MZL features. In the CLL cases, the IGH/BCL2 fusion was remarkably associated with trisomy 12 (13/22) and mutated IGHV status (20/21) and did not affect the outcome. Moreover, most of these CLLs harboured a low mutation load of BCL6 gene and unmutated FAS (CD95) loci, which points to a post–germinal‐centre cellular origin.
LEF‐1 regulates proliferation and MMP‐7 transcription in breast cancer cells
Authors: Bucan Vesna , Mandel Katharina , Bertram Catharina , Lazaridis Andrea , Reimers Kerstin , Park‐Simon Tjoung‐Won , Vogt Peter M. , Hass Ralf
Published: June 2012

Matrix metalloproteinase‐7 (MMP‐7) is a small secreted proteolytic enzyme with broad substrate specificity. Its expression is associated with tumor invasion, metastasis, and survival in a variety of cancers including breast cancer. Using bioinformatics analysis, a conserved LEF‐1 binding site became obvious that is mapped at the promoter region of the genomic MMP‐7 locus. Consequently, electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated in vitro binding of LEF‐1 to the predicted MMP‐7 promoter binding site. Here, we demonstrate that lymphoid enhancer binding factor‐1 (LEF‐1) is associated with regulation of the proliferation‐associated cyclin D1 and a gene encoding MMP‐7 in breast cancer cells. Thus, a decrease of LEF‐1 expression using LEF‐1 siRNA resulted in down‐regulation of cyclin D and MMP‐7 expression, respectively. Moreover, cell cycle analysis of LEF‐1 siRNA‐transfected human breast cancer cells revealed a significant arrest in G
2/M phase. Taken together, our results indicate a pivotal role of LEF‐1 in the regulation of proliferation and MMP‐7 transcription in breast cancer cells.
Effect of different technological and culinary treatments on iron retention, nutritional density and recommended dietary intake in fourteen vegetable species
Authors: Korus Anna , Lisiewska Zofia , Słupski Jacek , Gębczyński Piotr
Published: June 2012

The present work determined iron content in fourteen species of vegetable prepared for consumption. The experimental material consisted of raw and boiled raw vegetables and two types of frozen product: one traditionally produced (blanching before freezing); the other obtained using the modified method (boiling before freezing), having the characteristics of a ready‐to‐eat convenience product. Nutrient density (ND) and recommended dietary intake (RDI) were established on the basis of iron content. The highest iron content was found in pea seeds (2.03 mg per 100 g fresh weight) and the lowest in root vegetables (0.38–0.60 mg). Iron retention was similar in all pea, broad bean, New Zealand spinach, kale, white cauliflower, celery and red beet products. In the remaining products, the significantly lowest retention was found in the traditionally frozen product (Sample C) and the highest in the ‘convenience’ frozen product (Sample D). The above‐mentioned order also applied to ND and RDI values. Only in the ND of parsnip calculated for women did any value fall below 100%.
Sodium chloride – sensory, preserving and technological impact on yeast‐leavened products
Authors: Beck Margit , Jekle Mario , Becker Thomas
Published: June 2012

Dietary sodium reduction is an important risk factor in the development of hypertension. As salted, yeast‐leavened products are a major source of dietary sodium, the baking industry needs to explore ways to reduce sodium in its products. Therefore, the impact of NaCl on shelf life, rheology and technological attributes as well as on the sensory quality of yeast‐leavened products needs to be understood. This review offers essential background knowledge about the effects of NaCl reduction on dough and yeast‐leavened products as well as techniques for reduction. Further, this review suggests paths of future research, including the overall impact of various NaCl levels on dough rheology and end product quality (yeast‐leavening rate, crumb texture, staling rate and retrogradation) and a global, detailed consideration of the effect of a comprehensive range of NaCl on the main flour components (starch and protein).
Compositional characteristics and aromatic profile of date palm seeds from seven varieties grown in Tunisia
Authors: Saafi‐Ben Salah Emna B. , Flamini Guido , El Arem Amira , Issaoui Manel , Dabbou Samia , BenYahia Leila , Ferchichi Ali , Hammami Mohamed , Achour Lotfi
Published: June 2012

This paper reports a discrimination study based on the physico‐chemical characteristics, fatty acids and profile of volatile compounds of the seeds from seven date palm varieties (Phoenix dactylifera L.) grown in Tunisia. Date seeds contained 10.49–14.76% moisture; 6.28–11.2% fat (on a dry weight basis); 2.67–12.85% protein; 0.91–6.06% reducing sugar; 0.61–2.98% sucrose and 0.97–1.17% ash. Gas liquid chromatography revealed that the oil fraction of the date palm seeds contained eighteen fatty acids, with oleic acid (30.77–42.50%) and lauric acid (18.51–27.48%) as the main unsaturated and saturated ones. Volatile profile showed differences among varieties. In total, forty‐five compounds were identified, mainly alcohols, aldehydes and unsaturated hydrocarbons ones. This study provides evidence that the seeds of date may be a potential source of valuable nutrients with interesting functionality.
Metal content of southern Italy honey of different botanical origins and its correlation with polyphenol content and antioxidant activity
Authors: Perna Annamaria , Simonetti Amalia , Intaglietta Immacolata , Sofo Adriano , Gambacorta Emilio
Published: June 2012

Seventy‐eight samples of southern Italy honey from five different floral origins (chestnut, eucalyptus, citrus, multifloral and sulla) were screened to quantify the polyphenol and metal contents, evaluate the antioxidant activity and determine the correlations between the parameters analysed. The average polyphenol content was 12.06 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g honey and 7.92 mg quercetin equivalent per 100 g honey, for total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. The antioxidant activity ranged from 58.40% (eucalyptus honey) to 60.42% (chestnut honey) in the ABTS assay, from 152.65 μm Fe (II) (citrus honey) to 881.34 μm Fe (II) (chestnut honey) in the FRAP assay, and from 54.29% (citrus honey) to 78.73% (chestnut honey) in the DPPH assay. Fe and Zn were the most abundant among the tested metals, while Cd, Co and Mo were those less present. Chestnut honey presented the highest polyphenol content, antioxidant activity and metal content. The correlations between the analysed parameters were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The correlations between metal content and both total phenolic and antioxidant activities were particularly interesting, suggesting a relationship between metal and polyphenol contents in honey.
Relationship between growth of food‐spoilage yeast in high‐sugar environments and sensitivity to high‐intensity pulsed UV light irradiation
Authors: Hayes Jennifer C. , Laffey John G. , McNeil Brian , Rowan Neil J.
Published: June 2012

The relationship between prior growth of food‐spoilage yeast in high‐sugar environments and their subsequent survival postpulsed UV (PUV) irradiation was investigated. Test yeast were separately grown to early stationary phase in YPD broth containing increasing concentrations of glucose (1–50% w/v) and were flashed with ≤40 pulses of broad‐spectrum light at lamp discharge energy settings of 3.2, 7.2 and 12.8 J (equivalent to UV doses of 0.53, 1.09 and 3.36 μJ cm−2, respectively) and their inactivation measured. Findings showed that prior growth in high‐sugar conditions (≥30% glucose w/v) enhanced the sensitivity of all nine representative strains of Zygosaccharomyces bailii, Z. rouxii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast to PUV irradiation. Significant differences in inactivation amongst different yeast types also occurred depending on amount of UV dose applied, where the order of increasing sensitivity of osmotically stressed yeast to PUV irradiation was shown to be Z. rouxii, Z. bailii and >S. cerevisiae. For example, a 1.2‐log order difference in CFU mL−1 reduction occurred between Z. bailii 11 486 and S. cerevisiae 834 when grown in 50% w/v sugar samples and treated with the uppermost test UV dosage of 3.36 μJ cm−2, where these two yeast strains were reduced by 3.8 and 5.0 log orders, respectively, after this PUV treatment regime compared to untreated controls. The higher the UV dose applied the greater the reduction in yeast numbers. For example, a 1.0‐, 1.4‐ and 4.0‐log order differences in CFU mL−1 numbers occurred for S. cerevisiae 834 grown in 15% w/v sugar samples and then treated with PUV dose of 0.53, 1.09 and 3.36 μJ cm−2, respectively. These findings support the development of PUV for the treatment of high‐sugar foods that are prone to spoilage by osmotolerant yeast.
The role of role: learning in longitudinal integrated and traditional block clerkships
Authors: Hauer Karen E , Hirsh David , Ma Iris , Hansen Lori , Ogur Barbara , Poncelet Ann N , Alexander Erik K , O’Brien Bridget C
Published: June 2012

Medical Education 2012: 46:698–710

Context  Traditional block clerkship (BC) structures may not optimally support medical student participation in the workplace, whereas longitudinal integrated clerkship (LIC) structures seem more conducive to students’ active engagement in patient care over time. Understanding the ways in which these two clerkship models influence students’ roles and responsibilities can inform clinical learning programme design.

Methods  This was a multicentre qualitative study. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with LIC and BC medical students at three institutions early and late in the core clinical year to explore their experiences with patients and the roles they served. Using the framework of ‘workplace affordances’, qualitative coding focused on students’ roles and qualities of the learning environment that invited or inhibited student participation. We compared transcripts of early‐ and late‐year interviews to assess students’ changing roles and conducted discrepant case analysis to ensure that coding fit the data.

Results  Fifty‐four students participated in interviews. They described serving three major roles in clinical care that respectively involved: providing support to patients; sharing information about patients across health care settings, and functioning in a doctor‐like role. Both LIC and BC students served in the providing support and transmitting information roles both early and late in the year. By contrast, LIC students commonly served in the doctor‐like role in managing their patients’ care, particularly late in the year, whereas BC students rarely served in this role. Continuity in settings and in supervisors, and preceptors’ endorsement of students’ legitimate role afforded opportunities for students to participate actively in patient care.

Conclusions  Although both LIC and BC students reported serving in important roles in supporting their patients and sharing information about their care, only LIC students consistently described opportunities to grow into a doctor role with patients. The high level of integration of LIC students into care systems and their deeper relationships with preceptors and patients enhanced their motivation and feelings of competence to provide patient‐centred care.
Road to Royalty – Transition of Potential Queen to Queen in the Primitively Eusocial Wasp Ropalidia marginata
Authors: Mitra Aniruddha , Gadagkar Raghavendra
Published: June 2012

Ropalidia marginata, a primitively eusocial wasp, is different from typical primitively eusocial species in having docile queens who cannot be using dominance to maintain reproductive monopoly and instead appear to use a pheromone from the Dufour's gland to do so. When a docile queen is removed from her colony, one of the workers (potential queen, PQ) becomes highly aggressive, and if the queen is not returned, gradually loses her aggression and becomes the new docile queen within a few days. We hypothesized that the decrease in aggression of the PQ with time since queen removal should be correlated with her change in ovaries and pheromone profile. Because the Dufour's gland hydrocarbon composition in
R. marginata can be correlated with fertility, this also gave us an opportunity to test whether PQ is different from workers in her Dufour's gland hydrocarbons. In this study, we therefore trace the road to royalty in
R. marginata, that is, the transition of the PQ during queen establishment, in terms of her ovaries, aggression, and Dufour's gland hydrocarbons. Our study focuses on queen establishment, which is important for understanding how reproductive conflict can be manifested and resolved.
Development of a co‐dominant DNA marker linked to the gene lentus conferring reduced pod shattering for marker‐assisted selection in narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) breeding
Authors: Li Xin , Yang Huaan , Yan Guijun
Published: June 2012

With 1 figure and 4 tables

Marker‐assisted selection (MAS) is desirable for breeding non‐shattering pods in narrow‐leafed lupin and for facilitating the process of broadening the gene pool of existing domesticated Australian lupin cultivars. In this study, we developed a molecular marker using a strategy to incorporate the validation step during the candidate marker identification step by microsatellite‐anchored fragment length polymorphisms (MFLP). Three MFLP polymorphisms showing banding patterns consistent with pod‐shattering phenotypes on the 12 representative F8 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were identified as candidate markers linked to lentus. One of these three markers matching the lentus phenotypes on representative cultivars and wild accessions was selected and converted into a co‐dominant PCR‐based marker, named LeLi. When marker LeLi was applied to 25 cultivars released in Australia and 125 wild core accessions of the Australian Lupin Collection, an overall matching rate of 60.67% was found assuming correct determination of the phenotypes. This newly developed marker is simple PCR‐based and co‐dominant and can be used for MAS in current lupin breeding in Western Australia.
Stent patency using competing risk model in unresectable pancreatic cancers inserted with biliary self‐expandable metallic stent
Authors: Eum Young Ook , Kim Yong‐Tae , Lee Sang Hyub , Park Sang Wook , Hwang Jin‐Hyeok , Yoon Won Jae , Ryu Ji Kon , Yoon Yong Bum , Han Joon Koo , Yoon Chang Jin , Cho Jung‐Hwa , Choi Yunhee
Published: June 2012

Background and aim

Biliary self‐expandable metallic stents (SEMS) play an important role in the quality of life and palliative treatment in unresectable pancreatic cancer patients. We aimed to determine the factors affecting the patency of biliary SEMS and the survival in unresectable pancreatic cancer with obstructive jaundice.

Methods

Considering the competing risk and survival, we retrospectively evaluated the patency in 107 unresectable pancreatic cancer patients with obstructive jaundice who were successfully treated with biliary SEMS from January 2000 to April 2010.

Results

There were 107 incidents of biliary drainage that were clinically successful and the overall survival period was a median of 133 days. Stent occlusion before death was observed in 36 (33.6%) of 107 patients. Cumulative stent obstruction rates were4.7%, 16.8%, and 24.4% at 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. Lower cancer stage (<5 month's hazard ratio [HR] = 2.327, >5 month's HR = 0.108) was only associated with the longer patency of the stents in a multivariable analysis using a Fine and Gray model that considered competing risk. In multivariable analysis, lower cancer stage, uncovered stent and normalized serum bilirubin level were associated with a longer survival period (HR = 2.335, 1.906 and 1.795 respectively, P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The patency of biliary SEMS in unresectable pancreatic cancers might be affected by the stage. Lower cancer stage and normalized bilirubin are associated with longer survival.
Association between physical performance characteristics and independence in activities of daily living in middle‐aged and elderly men
Authors: den Ouden Marjolein EM , Schuurmans Marieke J , Arts Ilse EMA , van der Schouw Yvonne T
Published: June 2012

Aim:  Functional status at one moment in time is a determinant of future functional status and survival. Physical deterioration tends to occur early in the disabling process; however, etiological questions remain. This study investigated the association between physical performance characteristics and functioning independently in middle‐aged and elderly men.

Methods:  A total of 400 independently‐living men aged 40–80 years were included in this cross‐sectional study. Preservation of function was measured using the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire. Physical characteristics were muscle strength and power by dynamometer, lung function, lower extremity function by physical performance score, and physical activity by Voorrips‐questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the association between potential determinants and the dichotomized Health Assessment Questionnaire score. The odds ratios (OR) were adjusted for age, body mass index, education, socioeconomic status, smoking, alcohol and number of chronic diseases.

Results:  After adjustment for confounders, higher walking speed (OR = 2.96, 95% CI 1.31–6.72) and shorter time to carry out the chair stand test (OR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.76–0.94) were associated with a higher probability of being independent in activities of daily living (ADL). Borderline significant associations were found for higher lung function and higher leg strength with higher probability of being independent in ADL. No associations were found for grip strength, physical performance score, standing balance and physical activity.

Conclusion:  Lower body function and lung function were associated with a higher probability of being independent in ADL. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2013; 13: 274–280.
Archaeal amoA gene diversity points to distinct biogeography of ammonia‐oxidizing Crenarchaeota in the ocean
Authors: Sintes Eva , Bergauer Kristin , De Corte Daniele , Yokokawa Taichi , Herndl Gerhard J.
Published: June 2012

Mesophilic ammonia‐oxidizing Archaea (AOA) are abundant in a diverse range of marine environments, including the deep ocean, as revealed by the quantification of the archaeal amoA gene encoding the alpha‐subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase. Using two different amoA primer sets, two distinct ecotypes of marine Crenarchaeota Group I (MCGI) were detected in the waters of the tropical Atlantic and the coastal Arctic. The HAC‐AOA ecotype (high ammonia concentration AOA) was ≈ 8000 times and 15 times more abundant in the coastal Arctic and the top 300 m layer of the open equatorial Atlantic, respectively, than the LAC‐AOA (low ammonia concentration AOA) ecotype. In contrast, the LAC‐AOA ecotype dominated the lower meso‐ and bathypelagic waters of the tropical Atlantic (≈ 50 times more abundant than the HAC‐AOA) where ammonia concentrations are well below the detection limit using conventional spectrophotometric or fluorometric methods. Cluster analysis of the sequences from the clone libraries obtained by the two amoA primer sets revealed two phylogenetically distinct clusters. Taken together, our results suggest the presence of two ecotypes of archaeal ammonia oxidizers corresponding to the medium (1.24 µM on average in the coastal Arctic) and low ammonia concentration (< 0.01 µM) in the shallow and the deep waters respectively.
An ABC transporter and an outer membrane lipoprotein participate in posttranslational activation of type VI secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Casabona Maria G. , Silverman Julie M. , Sall Khady M. , Boyer Frédéric , Couté Yohann , Poirel Jessica , Grunwald Didier , Mougous Joseph D. , Elsen Sylvie , Attree Ina
Published: June 2012

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of injecting protein toxins into other bacterial cells through one of its three type VI secretion systems (T6SSs). The activity of this T6SS is tightly regulated on the posttranslational level by phosphorylation‐dependent and ‐independent pathways. The phosphorylation‐dependent pathway consists of a Threonine kinase/phosphatase pair (PpkA/PppA) that acts on a forkhead domain‐containing protein, Fha1, and a periplasmic protein, TagR, that positively regulates PpkA. In the present work, we biochemically and functionally characterize three additional proteins of the phosphorylation‐dependent regulatory cascade that controls T6S activation: TagT, TagS and TagQ. We show that similar to TagR, these proteins act upstream of the PpkA/PppA checkpoint and influence phosphorylation of Fha1 and, apparatus assembly and effector export. Localization studies demonstrate that TagQ is an outer membrane lipoprotein and TagR is associated with the outer membrane. Consistent with their homology to lipoprotein outer membrane localization (Lol) components, TagT and TagS form a stable inner membrane complex with ATPase activity. However, we find that outer membrane association of T6SS lipoproteins TagQ and TssJ1, and TagR, is unaltered in a ΔtagTS background. Notably, we found that TagQ is indispensible for anchoring of TagR to the outer membrane fraction. As T6S‐dependent fitness of P. aeruginosa requires TagT, S, R and Q, we conclude that these proteins likely participate in a trans‐membrane signalling pathway that promotes H1‐T6SS activity under optimal environmental conditions.
Characterization of the mbd cluster encoding the anaerobic 3‐methylbenzoyl‐CoA central pathway
Authors: Juárez Javier F. , Zamarro María T. , Eberlein Christian , Boll Matthias , Carmona Manuel , Díaz Eduardo
Published: June 2012

The mbd cluster encoding genes of the 3‐methylbenzoyl‐CoA pathway involved in the anaerobic catabolism of 3‐methylbenzoate and m‐xylene was characterized for the first time in the denitrifying β‐Proteobacterium Azoarcus sp. CIB. The mbdA gene product was identified as a 3‐methylbenzoate‐CoA ligase required for 3‐methylbenzoate activation; its substrate spectrum was unique in activating all three methylbenzoate isomers. An inducible 3‐methylbenzoyl‐CoA reductase (mbdONQP gene products), displaying significant amino acid sequence similarities to known class I benzoyl‐CoA reductases catalysed the ATP‐dependent reduction of 3‐methylbenzoyl‐CoA to a methyldienoyl‐CoA. The mbdW gene encodes a methyldienoyl‐CoA hydratase that hydrated the methyldienoyl‐CoA to a methyl‐6‐hydroxymonoenoyl‐CoA compound. The mbd cluster also contains the genes predicted to be involved in the subsequent steps of the 3‐methylbenzoyl‐CoA pathway as well as the electron donor system for the reductase activity. Whereas the catabolic mbd genes are organized in two divergent inducible operons, the putative mbdR regulatory gene was transcribed separately and showed constitutive expression. The efficient expression of the mbd genes required the oxygen‐dependent AcpR activator, and it was subject of carbon catabolite repression by some organic acids and amino acids. Sequence analyses suggest that the mbd gene cluster was recruited by Azoarcus sp. CIB through horizontal gene transfer.
Determinants of Strategic HR Capabilities in MNC Subsidiaries
Authors: Mäkelä Kristiina , Sumelius Jennie , Höglund Mathias , Ahlvik Catarina
Published: June 2012

abstract

Given the established association between organizational capabilities and organizational performance, shedding light on the determinants of capabilities remains a priority. We seek to narrow this research gap by providing empirical evidence concerning the influence of individual‐level determinants of strategic HR capabilities in subsidiaries of multinational corporations (MNCs). More specifically, we focus on two different conditions of individual action that function as microfoundations for organizational level strategic HR capabilities: the experience of subsidiary HR managers; and the social capital between managers working with HR issues in the subsidiary and those in the corporate HR function. Analysis of quantitative data gathered from 123 subsidiaries of 12 Nordic MNCs finds significant relationships between several microfoundations and the development of strategic HR capabilities in MNC subsidiaries.
Entropy by design: Gilles Clément, Parc Henri Matisse and the Limits to Avant‐garde Urbanism
Authors: GANDY MATTHEW
Published: June 2012

Derborence Island, an inaccessible concrete structure set in the middle of Lille's Parc Henri Matisse, is an intriguing example of recent landscape design. The park, which was completed in 1995 as part of the vast Euralille development, was designed by the French landscape architect Gilles Clément. The idea for the park is derived from several sources, including the aesthetic characteristics of uncultivated ground, the symbolic reconstruction of a fragment of primary forest and the enhancement of urban biodiversity. It is suggested that Clément's novel synthesis of nature and culture is significantly different from prevailing discourses of landscape design and is best interpreted as a form of site‐specific art. Clément's project reveals tensions between the aesthetic and scientific significance of so‐called ‘waste spaces’ in contemporary cities and the widening scope of utilitarian approaches to landscape design.

L'île Derborence, structure de béton inaccessible au cæur du Parc Henri Matisse de Lille, est un exemple fascinant de conception paysagère récente. Le parc, réalisé en 1995 dans le cadre du vaste aménagement d'Euralille, a été créé par l'architecte paysagiste français Gilles Clément. Le projet a eu plusieurs sources d'inspiration, dont les caractéristiques esthétiques d'un terrain non cultivé, la reconstitution symbolique d'un fragment de forêt primaire et l'enrichissement de la biodiversité urbaine. La synthèse novatrice entre nature et culture qu'effectue Clément est très différente des courants dominants de la création paysagère et trouve sa meilleure interprétation comme forme artistique propre à un lieu. Le projet de Clément met en évidence des tensions entre l'importance esthétique et scientifique des espaces dits ‘à l'abandon’ dans les villes contemporaines, et la dimension accrue des approches utilitaristes dans l'aménagement des paysages.
The role of biotic interactions in shaping distributions and realised assemblages of species: implications for species distribution modelling
Authors: Wisz Mary Susanne , Pottier Julien , Kissling W. Daniel , Pellissier Loïc , Lenoir Jonathan , Damgaard Christian F. , Dormann Carsten F. , Forchhammer Mads C. , Grytnes John‐Arvid , Guisan Antoine , Heikkinen Risto K. , Høye Toke T. , Kühn Ingolf , Luoto Miska , Maiorano Luigi , Nilsson Marie‐Charlotte , Normand Signe , Öckinger Erik , Schmidt Niels M. , Termansen Mette , Timmermann Allan , Wardle David A. , Aastrup Peter , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: June 2012

Predicting which species will occur together in the future, and where, remains one of the greatest challenges in ecology, and requires a sound understanding of how the abiotic and biotic environments interact with dispersal processes and history across scales. Biotic interactions and their dynamics influence species' relationships to climate, and this also has important implications for predicting future distributions of species. It is already well accepted that biotic interactions shape species' spatial distributions at local spatial extents, but the role of these interactions beyond local extents (e.g. 10 km2 to global extents) are usually dismissed as unimportant. In this review we consolidate evidence for how biotic interactions shape species distributions beyond local extents and review methods for integrating biotic interactions into species distribution modelling tools. Drawing upon evidence from contemporary and palaeoecological studies of individual species ranges, functional groups, and species richness patterns, we show that biotic interactions have clearly left their mark on species distributions and realised assemblages of species across all spatial extents. We demonstrate this with examples from within and across trophic groups. A range of species distribution modelling tools is available to quantify species environmental relationships and predict species occurrence, such as: (i) integrating pairwise dependencies, (ii) using integrative predictors, and (iii) hybridising species distribution models (SDMs) with dynamic models. These methods have typically only been applied to interacting pairs of species at a single time, require a priori ecological knowledge about which species interact, and due to data paucity must assume that biotic interactions are constant in space and time. To better inform the future development of these models across spatial scales, we call for accelerated collection of spatially and temporally explicit species data. Ideally, these data should be sampled to reflect variation in the underlying environment across large spatial extents, and at fine spatial resolution. Simplified ecosystems where there are relatively few interacting species and sometimes a wealth of existing ecosystem monitoring data (e.g. arctic, alpine or island habitats) offer settings where the development of modelling tools that account for biotic interactions may be less difficult than elsewhere.
Diversity of intervertebral disc cells: phenotype and function
Authors: Pattappa Girish , Li Zhen , Peroglio Marianna , Wismer Nadine , Alini Mauro , Grad Sibylle
Published: June 2012

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a moderately moving joint that is located between the bony vertebrae and provides flexibility and load transmission throughout the spinal column. The disc is composed of different but interrelated tissues, including the central highly hydrated nucleus pulposus (NP), the surrounding elastic and fibrous annulus fibrosus (AF), and the cartilaginous endplate (CEP), which provides the connection to the vertebral bodies. Each of these tissues has a different function and consists of a specific matrix structure that is maintained by a cell population with distinct phenotype. Although the healthy IVD is able to balance the slow matrix turnover of synthesis and degradation, this balance is often disturbed, leading to degenerative disorders. Successful therapeutic management of IVD degeneration requires a profound understanding of the cellular and molecular characteristics of the functional IVD. Hence, the phenotype of IVD cells has been of significant interest from multiple perspectives, including development, growth, remodelling, degeneration and repair. One major challenge that complicates our understanding of the disc cells is that both the cellular phenotype and the extracellular matrix strongly depend on disc maturity and health and as a consequence are continuously evolving. This review delineates the diversity of the cell types found in the intervertebral disc, with emphasis on human, but with reference to other species. The cells of the NP appear rounded and express a proteoglycan‐rich matrix, whereas the more elongated AF cells are embedded in a collagen fibre matrix and the CEPs represent a layer of cartilage. Even though all disc cells have often been referred to as ‘intervertebral disc chondrocytes’, distinct phenotypical differences in comparison with articular chondrocytes exist and have been reported recently. The availability of more specific markers has also improved our understanding of progenitor cell differentiation towards an IVD cell phenotype. Ultimately, new cell‐ and tissue‐engineering approaches to regenerative therapies will only be successful if the specific characteristics of the individual tissues and their context in the function of the whole organ, are taken into consideration.