bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radio Direction Finding
Authors: Johnson Richard L. , Hipp Jackie E. , Sherrill William M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Applied Direction Finding Technology

Trends inDFResearch

Operational Issues
Radio Navigation
Authors: Bendixen Gerald E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

DME
Characteristics

VOR
Equipment Characteristics

ILS
Characteristics

ADF
Navigation

Long‐Range Navigation (LORAN)

Global Positioning System (GPS)

Microwave Landing System (
MLS
)
Search Radar
Authors: Wilson Dustin J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview

Design Considerations

Advanced Design
Active Antennas
Authors: Mickelson Alan R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

An Introduction to Active Antennas

Some Quantitative Discussion of Aspects of Active Antennas

Applications of and Prospects for Active Antennas
Antenna Accessories
Authors: Alves Plinio R. G. , Menezes Leonardo R. A. X. , Carvalho Paulo H. P. , Silva Franklin C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Attenuators

Baluns

Radio‐Frequency Chokes

Coaxial Cable

Insulators

Lightning Arresters

Phase Shifters

Planar Technology

Twin Lead
Antenna Arrays
Authors: Mailloux Robert J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Array Architecture and Components

Array Theory

Narrowband and Wideband Scanning

Array Synthesis

Trends in Array Antenna Development
Antennas
Authors: Christodoulou C. , Wahid P. F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History of Antennas

Types of Antennas

Applications and Impact on Systems
Aperture Antennas
Authors: Kozakoff Dennis
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Huygens’s Principle

Equivalence Principle

Rectangular Apertures

Circular Apertures

Beam Efficiency

Aperture Synthesis
Cable Television
Authors: Vázquez‐Castro Maryan
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Catv Network Architecture

Catv Bandwidth And Capacity

Upstream Transmission

Standards

Technical Differences Between Standards

Applications

Alternative Technologies
Conical Antennas
Authors: Adachi Saburo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Biconical Antennas

Antennas On Conical Structure

Triangular (Bow‐Tie) Antennas
Dielectric‐Loaded Antennas
Authors: Shafai L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Dielectric Lens Antennas

Effect of Lens on Amplitude Distribution

Aberrations

Zoned Lenses

Reflection from Lens Surface

Lenses withn< 1

Constrained Lenses

Inhomogeneous Lenses

Dielectric Loaded Horns

Dielectric Loaded Waveguides

Microstrip and Dielectric Resonators

Insulated Antennas

Medical and Biological Antennas
Diversity Reception
Authors: Rogers David V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Applications of Diversity Reception

Types of Diversity Reception

Diversity‐Reception Performance Analysis

Methods for Selecting or Combining Channels

Recent Developments
Electromagnetic Wave Scattering
Authors: Musselman Randall L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Electromagnetic Scattering

The Laws of Spectral Reflection and Refraction

Electromagnetic Theorems

Diffraction

Diffraction Through an Aperture

Babinet’s Principle

Special Cases of Electromagnetic Wave Scattering
Horn Antennas
Authors: Jull Edward V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Radiating Waveguides and Horns

Horn Feeds for Reflectors

Radiation from Apertures

Open‐Ended Waveguides

Pyramidal and Sectoral Horns

Conical Horns

Multimode and Corrugated Horns

Profile Horns

Horn Impedance
Linear Antennas
Authors: Bhattacharyya Asoke K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Some Relevant Terms

The Infinitesimal, Or Hertzian, Dipole

The Thin Linear Antenna

The Method Of Moments Solution

The Thick Linear Antenna

The Sleeve Dipole

Computer Codes

Feed For Linear Antennas

Bandwidth Of Linear Antennas
Meteor Burst Communication
Authors: Baum Carl W. , Wilkins Clint S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Properties Of Meteor‐Burst Communication Systems

The Meteor‐Burst Channel

Performance Modeling and Characterization

Coding and Modulation For Meteor‐Burst Systems
Microstrip Antennas
Authors: How Hoton , Vittoria Carmine
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Cavity Model

Dyadic Green's Function

Recent Developments
Monopole Antennas
Authors: Gandhi O. P. , Lazzi G. , Furse C. M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Effect of Finite Conductivity Ground and Curvature of the Earth

Effect of Finite‐Size Ground Plane on Impedance and Radiation Pattern

Some Recent Applications of Monopole Antennas for Personal Wireless Devices
Multibeam Antennas
Authors: Ricardi Leon J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Theory
Radar Antennas
Authors: Cui Tie Jun , Chew Weng Cho , Chen Fu‐Chiarng
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Parameters and Requirements

Reflector Radar Antennas

Phased‐Array Radar Antennas
Radar Cross‐Section
Authors: Jenn David C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definition of Radar Cross Section

Basic Scattering Characteristics of Bodies

Scattering Mechanisms

Prediction Methods

Reduction of Radar Cross Sections

Special Stealth Issues

The Radar Equation

Calculation of Radar Cross Section

Measurement of Radar Cross Section
Radio System Performance
Authors: Zvonar Zoran
Published: September 2005

Several factors could influence the radio system performance, including radio propagation, radio link design, radio receiver design as well as radio network design. The focus of this section is on the most important elements of the radio‐access portion of the system.

Radio link design part covers link budget and frequency planning. Radio propagation addresses path loss prediction models, outdoor and indoor prediction models, effects of environment and small‐scale variations resulting in multipath fading, with emphasis on channel characterization and statistical propagation models. Section on man‐made noise and interference completes the list of external factors that influence the radio performance. The aspects of radio design include radio parameters, diversity techniques, modulation and coding, and interference suppression techniques.

Radio Link Design

Effects of Environment

Small‐Scale Variations: Multipath Fading

Man‐Made Noise and Interference

Radio Receiver Design
Radiowave Propagation Ground Effects
Authors: Hill David A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Radiofrequency Spectrum

Line‐of‐Sight Propagation

Reflection from a Planar Interface

Plane‐Wave Refraction

Through‐the‐Earth Propagation

Ground‐Wave Propagation

Variable Terrain
Radiowave Propagation in Multipath Channels
Authors: Koilpillai R. D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Definitions

Fading Distributions

Rice Distribution

Characterization of Rayleigh Fading

Simulation of Rayleigh Fading

Characterization of Multipath Channels

Large‐Scale Effects

Conclusion

Appendix
Receiving Antennas
Authors: Nakano Hisamatsu
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Vector Effective Height

Open‐Circuit Voltage

Equivalent Circuit of a Receiving Antenna

Receiving Cross‐Section and Aperture Efficiency

Appendix
Reflector Antennas
Authors: Terada Marco A. B.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Parabolic Reflector Antenna and other Single‐Reflector Systems

Multiple‐Reflector Antenna Systems

Analysis Methods and Evaluation

Feed Antennas

Advanced Topics and Research

Acknowledgments
Smith Chart
Authors: Schwab Leonard M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Attraction of a Graphical Solution Method

Mathematical Structure of the Chart

Normalization of the Chart

Grid‐Based Features of the Smith Chart

Other Important Operations Executable on the Smith Chart

Example

Revitalization of the Smith Chart in Software
Spectral‐Domain Analysis
Authors: Nguyen Cam
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Formulation of the Spectral Domain Analysis

Summary and Conclusions
Television Antennas
Authors: Kawakami Haruo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Batwing Antenna Element

Theoretical Analysis of Metal‐Bar‐Supported Wideband Full‐Wave Dipole Antennas with a Reflector Plate

Characteristics of 2
L
Twin‐Loop Antennas with Infinite Reflector

Several Popular Transmitting Antennas

Conclusion
Waveguide Antennas
Authors: Kummer Winifred E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Waveguide Radiating Slots

Waveguide Coupling Slots

Linear Slot Arrays

Waveguide Planar Array

Acknowledgments
Modeling Wire Antennas
Authors: Miller Edmund K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Preliminaries

Important Properties of Wire Antennas

Numerical Modeling of Antennas

Numerical Implementation Via the Moment Method

Some Representative Results of Wire‐Antenna Modeling
Refraction and Attenuation in the Troposphere
Authors: Allnutt Jeremy E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Refractive Effects

Gaseous Absorption

Rain Attenuation

Depolarization

Attenuation Due to Clouds and Fog

Attenuation Effects on Infrared and Visible Light
Radio Noise
Authors: Dalke Roger
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Receiver Noise and Noise Factor

Environmental Noise and Antenna Noise Figure

Applicability of Published Man‐Made Noise Statistics to Contemporary Environments
Electromagnetic Waves in the Ionosphere
Authors: Hunsucker Robert D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Radio Spectrum

Ionospheric Interaction

Effects Upon Specific Radio Services

Physical Principles and Mathematical Description of Electromagnetic Interaction with the Ionosphere

Frontiers of Ionospheric Research
Propagation at Extremely Low Frequencies
Authors: Porrat Dana , Fraser‐Smith Antony C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Simplified Waveguide Model

Applications

Background Noise

The Schumann Resonance

Extension of The Waveguide Model

Antipodal Effects

Ionospheric Reflection

The Inhomogeneous Ionosphere

ELF Calculation Methods

Acknowledgments
Sky Wave Propagation at Low Frequencies
Authors: Johler J. Ralph
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Experiments to Detect Low‐Frequency Sky Waves

Elementary Theoretical Considerations

Theory of Propagation of Low‐Frequency Sky Waves

Geometric Series Representation

Theory of Reflection from the Ionosphere

Sky Wave Diffraction
Friis Free‐Space Transmission Formula
Authors: Levis Curt A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Statement of the Formula

Assumptions

Derivation

Historical Note
Superconductors, Metallurgy of Beta Tungsten
Authors: Dietrich Reinhard
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Methods of Production

Bronze Conductors

Stabilization and Barriers

Heat‐Treatment Principles and Conditions

Ternary Elements
Superconductors, Metallurgy of Ductile Alloys
Authors: Lee Peter J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Nb–Ti Alloy System

The Conventional Process

The
APC
Process

2 K Operation
Superconductors, Forced Flow Conductor Manufacturing
Authors: Bruzzone Pierluigi
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Conductors with Smooth Pipes

Sheathed Flat Cables

Cable‐In‐Conduit Conductors

Choice of Manufacturing Methods
High‐TcSuperconductors, Physical Structures, and Role of Constituents
Authors: Kumar D , Singh Rajiv K. , Kalyanaraman R. , Oktyabrsky S. , Jagannadnam K. , Narayan J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Common Features of High‐TcSuperconductors

Structures of High‐TcSuperconductors

Role of Microstructures in High‐TcSuperconductors

Role of Substituents in High‐TcSuperconductors

Conclusion
HTS Josephson Junction Development
Authors: Hunt Brian D. , Forrester Martin G. , Talvacchio John
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Josephson Effects

Hts Josephson Junction Types

Circuit Integration

Advanced Issues

Conclusions
Hysteresis and Coupling Losses in Superconductors
Authors: Bruzzone Pierluigi
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Hysteresis Loss

Coupling Current Loss

Concluding Remarks
Magnets for Magnetic Resonance Analysis and Imaging
Authors: Williams John E. C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Design Principles

Theoretical Design

Manufacturing Errors

Legendre Functions

Shielding

Shimming

Field Measurement

Nmr Magnet Design and Construction

Cryogenics

Pulsed Gradient Coils
Power Quality
Authors: Peck Scott D. , Zeigler John C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Power Quality

MicroSMES
Superconductors, Stability in Forced Flow
Authors: Bottura Luca , Luongo César
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Superconductor Stability

Forced‐Flow–Cooled Conductors

Stability Margin of Cable‐In‐Conduit Conductors in Supercritical Helium

Stability Margin of Cable‐In‐Conduit Conductors in Superfluid Helium

Calculation of the Stability Margin in He‐I

Calculation of Stability margin in He‐Ii

Conclusions and Research Directions

Appendix: Transient Heat Transfer
Superconductors, Stabilization Against Flux Jumps
Authors: Turck B. , Maccioni P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fundamental Equations and Calculations

General Stability Criterion

Applications to a Few Simplified or Usual Criteria

Influence of The Outer Shell Thickness and of the Heat Transfer Coefficients

Determination of the Stable Current
I
s
in a Particular Example

Small Perturbation and the Critical State Model

Conclusion

Nomenclature
Superconducting Magnets for Particle Accelerators and Storage Rings
Authors: Devred Arnaud
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Particle Accelerator

Particle Accelerators and Superconductivity

Conductor and Conductor Insulation

Magnetic Design

Field Quality

Mechanical Design

Magnet Cooling

Quench Performance

Quench Protection
Superconducting Critical Current
Authors: Warnes William H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Resistive Measurement of Critical Current Density

Ultimate Limits to
J
C
: The Depairing Critical Current Density

The Magnetic Flux Line Lattice

Flux Pinning

The Critical State Model of Magnetization

Dissipation Effects in High Current Density Superconductors

Summary and Conclusions
Superconducting Levitation
Authors: Hull John R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Stable Levitation

Superconductor Levitators

Levitational Phenomenology

Theoretical Models

Superconducting Bearings

Applications
Superconducting Cavity Resonators
Authors: Padamsee Hasan
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Conclusion
Superconducting Transformers
Authors: Kalsi Swarn S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Superconducting Transformer Configuration

Transformer Design and Analysis

State‐of‐the‐Art of Superconducting Transformers
Tunneling and Josephson Junctions
Authors: Ruggiero S. T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Metal–Insulator–Metal Tunneling

Alternating Current Josephson Effect

Magnetic‐Field Effects

The Resistively Shunted Junction (RSJ) Model

Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices

Mixing and Detection

Digital Applications

High‐Temperature Superconductor Systems

Three‐Terminal Devices

Related Superconducting Devices

Acknowledgments
Bioelectric Phenomena
Authors: Plonsey Robert
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Membrane Electrophysiology

Source‐Field Relationships

Applications
Biomagnetism
Authors: Malmivuo Jaakko
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Theory, Bioelectromagnetic Background

Lead‐Field Theory

Equipment and experiments

Evaluation

Conclusion
Biomedical Engineering
Authors: Tatroe Tamara L. , Blanchard Susan M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields

Biomaterials

Biomechanics

Biomedical Instrumentation

Biomedical Sensors

Biomedical Signal Analysis

Biotechnology

Clinical Engineering

Medical Imaging

Medical Informatics

Physiological Modeling, Simulation, and Control

Prostheses and Artificial Organs

Rehabilitation Engineering

Conclusion
Biomedical Sensors
Authors: Neuman Michael R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Physical Sensors

Biopotential Electrodes

Chemical Sensors

Applications of Biomedical Sensors
Defibrillators
Authors: Walcott Gregory P. , Ideker Raymond E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Defibrillators

Measuring Defibrillation Efficacy

Effect of Electrode Size and Location on Defibrillation Efficacy

The Effect of Waveform Shape on Defibrillation Efficacy

Mechanisms of Defibrillation

Conclusion
Electrocardiography
Authors: Berbari Edward J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Electrocardiography

Methodology

Applications

Conclusion
Electroencephalography
Authors: Akay Metin , Blinowska Katerzyna , Durka Piotr
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Review of Electroencephalography

The Neurophysiological Basis of the EEG

Recording Standards

Sleep EEG

Maturation of the EEG

Event‐Related Potentials

Epileptic Seizure Disorders

EEG Analysis

Models of EEG Generation and Chaotic Phenomena in EEG
Electromyography
Authors: Merletti Roberto , Parker Philip
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Anatomy and Physiology

Electrophysiology of Muscles and
EMG
Detection

Applications of
EMG

Fine Wire and Needle
EMG
; Decomposition into The Constituent Muap Trains

Surface
EMG
Detection, Spatial Filters, and Linear Arrays

Myoelectric Manifestations of Muscle Fatigue During Voluntary and Electrically Elicited Isometric Contractions

Measurement of Muscle Fiber Conduction Velocity

Crosstalk and Muscle Movement Artifacts

Movement and Gait Analysis

EMG
Control for Powered Limb Prostheses

Modeling of
EMG
Signals; Model‐Based Interpretation of Array Signals
Medical Computing
Authors: Smith William M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Medical Informatics

Signal Acquisition and Analysis

Computer‐Based Devices

Computer Graphics and Medicine

Computer Simulations

Virtual Medicine

Regulation, Reliability, and Privacy

Cardiac Mapping

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Medical Expert Systems
Authors: Kerkhof Peter L. M. , Alonso‐Betanzos Amparo , Moret‐Bonillo Vicente
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Patient Description and the Electronic Patient File

Medical Terminology and Eponyms

Classification and Coding Systems

Medical Knowledge Bases

Expert Systems and Computer Assisted Diagnosis

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN)

Further Reading

Usability of Expert Systems

KBSHybrid Architectures

Methodologies
Microelectrodes
Authors: Durand Dominique M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Membrane Potentials

Glass Microelectrodes (Micropipettes)

Metal Microelectrodes

Electrical Properties of Microelectrodes

Electronic Circuits for Micropipettes

Ion‐Selective Glass Microelectrodes

Microelectrodes for Chemical Measurements

Microelectrode Arrays

Nano_Electrodes and Nano_Arrays

Acknowledgments
Pacemakers
Authors: Schaldach Max
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Heart Rhythm

The Development of Pacemaker Therapy

Operating Modes and Pacemaker Codes

Electrodes

Battery

Basic Functions of the Dual‐Chamber Pacemaker

Technical Solution

Telemetry

Rate‐Adaptive Pacemakers

Conclusion
Neural Prostheses
Authors: Grill Warren M. , Kirsch Robert F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals of Electrical Stimulation of the Nervous System

Fundamentals of Electrodes and Stimulus Waveforms

Motor System Neural Prostheses

Sensory Neural Prostheses
Bioimpedance
Authors: Kerkhof Peter L. M. , Heethaar Robert M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Impedance Cardiography

Conductance Measurements

Applications of Conductance Methods in Various Species

Aortic Cross‐Sectional Area Measurement

Impedance Pneumography

Apnea Monitoring

Tissue Characterization: Two‐ and Four‐Electrode Systems

Impedance Tomography

Impedance Spectroscopy
Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Foster Kenneth R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Exposure and Dose

Sources of Exposure and Typical Exposure Levels

Coupling Between External and Internal Fields

Mechanisms of Interaction

Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields in Humans

Exposure Standards
Hyperthermia Therapy
Authors: Lin James C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Diathermy for Musculoskeletal Conditions

Hyperthermia Treatment for Cancer

Coagulative Ablation Therapy
Clinical Engineering
Authors: Soller Ira
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview

History

Clinical Engineering in Hospitals

Regulatory Requirements

Medical Equipment

Electrical Safety

Procurement of Medical Devices

Equipment Maintenance and Repair

Management

Clinical Engineering Challenges

Acknowledgments
Neurotechnology
Authors: Rutten Wim L. C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Motor System: Nerve Regeneration and Neural Prosthetics

Modeling of Electrical Stimulation of Fibers in Peripheral Nerve

Selectivity of Stimulation and Efficiency of a Stimulation Device

Peripheral Nerve Fiber Recording: Modeling and Selectivity

Microfabricated Linear, 2‐D, and 3‐D Multielectrodes

Other Types of Interfaces Between Electrodes and Nerve Tissue

Regeneration Sieve Micro Electrode Arrays

Planar Micro Electrode Arrays for Cultured Neurons

Chronic Implantation and Biocompatibility
Physiological Models Survey
Authors: Kerkhof Peter L.M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

A Primer of Control Systems in Physiology

Modeling in Biology

Simulation in Physiology

Basic Types of Neural Control Systems

Fluctuations of the Membrane Potential

Control of Movement and Locomotion

Closed Loop Drug Delivery

Vision Research and Eye Movement

Respiratory Control

Control of Heart and Circulation

Fractal and Wavelet Analysis of Cardiovascular Parameters

Endocrinology
Antennas for Medium‐Frequency Broadcasting
Authors: Rackley Ronald , Folkert Matthew
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Antenna Characteristics

Station Classifications

Allocation Studies

Antenna Design

Directional Antenna Feeder Systems

Procurement and Installation

Antenna Adjustment

Detuning to Control Reradiation

Multiple Frequency Diplexing
Antennas for High‐Frequency Broadcasting
Authors: Wilensky Ronald , Sinclair Gordon G. , Greene Richard R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Characteristics

Log‐Periodic Antennas

Dipole Arrays

Transmission Lines, Switching Systems, and Baluns
Broadcasting Via Internet
Authors: Mack Steve
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Client–Server Architecture

Unicast Versus Multicast

Delivery Protocols: TCP/IP, UDP

Encoding for Low‐Bit‐Rate Transmission

Audiences, Future Trends
Cable Television Systems
Authors: Taylor Archer S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History and Overview

Cable Television Engineering

Performance Standards and Test Methods
Digital Audio Broadcasting
Authors: Culver Robert
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

DAR Concept

Digital Communications Background, Usage and Terms

Defining DAR Technology

DAR System Technical Requirements and Potential Trade‐Offs

Other Technical Solutions

Diversity Implementation Methods and Problems

Existing Band Implementation Problems

Business of Broadcasting Issues

Future Potential: Audio and Data

Specific DAR Technical Discussions

Conclusion
High‐Frequency Broadcasting
Authors: Elliott Kim Andrew
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Present Broadcasting Activity

Frequency Assignments

Program Content

The Audience

Problems of HF Broadcast Reception

Prospects for HF Broadcasting
Propagation of Broadcast Transmissions
Authors: Wang John C. H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Ground‐Wave Propagation

The Sky‐Wave Propagation Environment

Sky‐Wave Propagation atLFandMF

Sky‐Wave Propagation at High Frequency

Space‐Wave Propagation atVHFandUHF

Acknowledgments and Closing Remarks

Glossary
Radio Broadcast Studio Equipment
Authors: Lowery Walt
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Typical Radio Studio Layouts

Typical Television Studio Layout

Studio Planning

Audio Consoles

Audio Distribution and Routing

Studio Monitors

Audio Sources

Digital Audio Systems

Audio Processing Equipment

Acknowledgments
Television Broadcast Transmission Standards
Authors: Godber Alan S. , Redford James R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Analog Television Systems

Advanced Television Systems, Current and Future

Acknowledgments
Transmitters for Amplitude Modulation Broadcasting
Authors: Woodard George W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Amplitude Modulation Theory

Basic Systems of Amplitude Modulation

Solid State Equipment and Circuitry

Transmitter Circuitry

Transmitter Modulation Performance

Important Am‐stereo Transmitter Characteristics

International Shortwave Broadcast Transmitters

Audio Processing and Preemphasis
Transmitters for Analog Television
Authors: Collins Gerald W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Key Performance Factors and Operational Considerations

Trends in
TV
Transmitter Design

Solid‐State Developments

Transmitter Tubes

Tetrodes

Klystrons

Inductive Output Tubes (
IOT
)

Acknowledgment
Transmitters for FM Broadcasting
Authors: Mendenhall, P.E. Geoffrey N. , Fry Richard J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

TheFMBroadcast Transmitter

FMBroadcast Transmitter Power Output Requirements

RFPower Amplifiers

Effects of Circuit Topology and Tuning on FM Modulation Performance

Adaptive Control of the Combiner Configuration

Solid‐StateFMBroadcast Transmitters

Combined Transmitters
Transmitters for Digital Television
Authors: Weirather Robert
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Digital TV Modulation

Direct RF Modulation

Power Amplifiers for TV

Vacuum Tube Power Devices

Solid‐State Power Devices

The Final Power Amplifier

Precorrection Circuits

Output Filter

Putting it all Together

Acknowledgments
Direct Satellite Television Broadcasting
Authors: Godwin John P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Evolution and Existing Systems

Reference Architecture

Theoretical Models

Compression

Transmission (or Link Layer)

Consumer Electronics

Recent Developments
Abstract Data Types
Authors: Leavens Gary T.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Abstract Data Types Encapsulate Data Structures

Creation and Design of ADTs

Related Topics
Add‐On Boards
Authors: Ipson S. S. , Van Haght N. O. , Booth W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Daughterboard Characteristics

Daughterboard Interfaces

Multicard Compatibility
Algorithm Theory
Authors: Cai Jin‐Yi , Nerurkar Ajay
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definitions and Notation

Divide‐and‐Conquer Algorithms

Greedy Algorithms

Dynamic Programming

Data Structures

Complexity Theory

Randomization

Approximation and Inapproximability
Behavioral Sciences and Computing
Authors: De Lisi Richard , McGillicuddy‐De Lisi Ann V.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Antecedent–Consequence Research

Model Building

Individual–Social Perspective
Biology Computing
Authors: DasGupta Bhaskar , Wang Lusheng
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Construction and Comparison of Evolutionary Trees

Computing Distances Between Genomes

Multiple Sequence Alignment Problems

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Boolean Functions
Authors: Mc Crosky Carl D. , Wang Yuke
Published: September 2005

Boolean functions
and the underlying
Boolean algebra
are an essential mathematical foundation of digital technology. Nearly all technological applications that involve representation, manipulation, communication, or storage of information are built on this foundation. Examples include computers; telecommunications networks; music, game, photography, and video devices; and control systems in a myriad of products such as automobiles, industrial equipment, and banking machines.

Introduction

History of Mathematical Development

Definition of Boolean Algebra

Language of Boolean Algebra Statements

Axioms and Theorems

Proofs

Reduction

Closed and Complete

Additional Syntaxes and Omitted Parentheses

Definition of Functions

Cartesian Products and Boolean Cubes

Functions of

Truth Tables

Canonical Representations (
SOP
and
POS
)

Minimization

Cycles of Canonical Representations

Nested Logic Forms

Logic Gates

Switching Circuits

Complements and Restrictions

Data Structures for Boolean Functions

Algorithms for Boolean Functions

Classification of Boolean Functions

Standard Boolean Functions

Implementations of Boolean Functions

Computer Aided Design

State Machines
Buffer Storage
Authors: Johnson Theodore
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Applications

Buffer Allocation Policies

Variable‐Size Blocks

Buffer Storage

Transactions

Further Information
Carry Logic
Authors: Ramachandran Ravichandran , Lu Shih‐Lien
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Mechanism of Addition

Full Adder

Ripple Carry Adder

Carry Propagation Mechanisms

Static Carry Logic

Dynamic Carry Logic

Mathematical Estimation of The Carry‐Chain Length
Cellular Automata
Authors: Vemuri Ranga R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Cellular Automata Examples

Cellular Automata Theory

Applications of Cellular Automata

Trends in Cellular Automata Studies
Computer Architecture
Authors: Flynn M. , Hung P.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Processor Architecture

Program Parallelism and Parallel Architecture

Comparisons and Conclusions
Computer Evaluation
Authors: Bradley M. , Dawson R. J. , de Chazal M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Types of Evaluation

The Ultimate Evaluation Measure—Whole‐Life Cost

The Application of Whole‐Life Costing to Computer Evaluation

Timing of the Application of Whole Life Costing

The Process of Evaluation

The Difficulties of Applying the Whole‐Life Cost Evaluation

Using Genetic Algorithms to Select the Least‐Cost Option

Benchmarking Verses the Collection of Local In‐Service Data

The Distribution of Costs Over the System Life

Data and Costs Concerned with Computer System Use

Case Study: Monitoring Computer Use

The Use of The Helpdesk for Operational Data

Case Study: Using the Helpdesk to Minimize Maintenance Costs using Deterministic Methods

The Maintenance Options Considered in the Case Study

Applying Availability Principles in the Whole‐Life Cost Calculation

Failure Data Collection, Manipulation, and Use

Case Study: Deriving Failure Probabilities and Establishing Cost of Ownership

Using Requirements Capture As a Method of Evaluation

Case Study: Using Requirements Capture for Software Evaluation

The Life of a Computer System

Conclusion
Computer Selection
Authors: Edwards Harry K. , Edwards H. Keith
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Some Basic Computer Concepts

Some Case Study Detail

Status of the Computer Selection Process
Databases
Authors: Ahmed Rafi , Hasan Waqar , Yan Weipeng
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Data Models

Transaction and Concurrency Control

System Architecture and Implementation Techniques

Advanced Topics
Digital Arithmetic
Authors: Oklobdzija Vojin G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Number Representation

Algorithms for Elementary Arithmetic Operations

Further Reading

Defining Terms
Information Technology Industry
Authors: Peak Daniel A. , Azadmanesh M. H.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General Trends in Information Technology

Computer Hardware

Computer Software

Electronic Technologies

Information Services

Other Major Trends in the Information Technology Industry
Dynamic Programming
Authors: Nikneshan S. , Khandani A. K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Principle of Dynamic Programming

Shortest Path Problem

River Crossing

Principle of Decomposition

Stochastic Multistage Decision Process

Stochastic Shortest Path
Emulators
Authors: Butts Michael
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Definition

Usage

Types of Emulators

Capabilities and Comparisons

FPGA‐Based Logic Emulators: Hardware Architecture

FPGA‐Based Logic Emulators: Software Architecture

FPGA‐Based Logic Emulator Example

Processor‐Based Logic Emulators

Advanced Topics

Other Uses of the Term
Engineering Workstations
Authors: Du Xing , Zhang Xiaodong , Yan Yong
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Architecture

Software Environments

Applications

Current and Future Research and Development Topics
Environmental Science Computing
Authors: Nuss Wendell A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Numerical Modeling

Display and Visualization Requirements

Instrumentation and Data Collection

Numerical Modeling

Display and Visualization Software

Data Collection and Management Software

Future Directions
Fault Tolerant Computing
Authors: Arlat J. , Crouzet Y. , Deswarte Y. , Laprie J.-C. , Powell D. , David P. , Dega J. L. , Rabéjac C. , Schindler H. , Soucailles J.-F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Concepts and Terminology

Error Detection

Error Recovery

Distributed Systems

Fault‐Tolerant System Development

Case Study

Summary and Future Directions

General Conclusions
Formal Logic
Authors: Manca Vincenzo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Syntax of Predicate Logic

The Semantics of Predicate Logic

Propositional Logic

Completeness and Compactness

Löwenheim–Skolem Theorems

Skolem Forms and Herbrand Expansions

Logical Calculi

Logical Representability

Undecidability and Incompleteness
Molecular Electronics and Hybrid Computers
Authors: Vought Bryan W. , Birge Robert R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Advantages and Disadvantages of Molecular Based Devices

Bioelectronics

Hybrid Computers
Idea Processors
Authors: Chen Zhengxin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basics of Idea Processors

How Idea Processors Work

The Nature of Idea Processors

Architecture of Idea Processors

Research Work on Idea Processors

Creativity Enhancement Through Group Decision Support Systems

Evaluation Methods

Theoretical Studies of Computational Creativity

Some Issues for Future Research
Instruction Sets
Authors: Gokhale Maya , Schlesinger Judith D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

General‐Purpose Instruction Sets

Specialized Instruction Sets

Representative Instruction Sets
Interleaved Storage
Authors: Tewari Renu , Vin Harrick M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Memory Interleaving

Disk Interleaving
Internet Companies
Authors: Latchman Haniph A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Dedicated and Dial‐Up Internet Access

Basic Internet Applications—Internet Software Companies

World Wide Web Software Companies—Servers and Browsers

WWW
Servers

WWW
Browsers

WWW
Content Development and
WWW
Hosting Companies

Web Site Development Companies

WWW
Hosting Companies

Companies Supporting Real‐Time Content on the Internet

Internet Security and Consulting Companies

Advertising on the Internet

Conclusion
Interrupts
Authors: Smith Jonathan M. , Chung Jeffrey D. , Traw C. Brendan S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Why Interrupts?

Multiprocessing, Interrupts, and Scheduling

Analyzing Interrupt Performance

An Alternative Event‐Signaling Scheme: Clocked Interrupts

Evaluating Interrupts: TheHPAfterburner andUPENN ATMLink Adapter

Implementation of the Clocked Interrupt Scheme on the AfterburnerATMLink Adapter

Performance

Summary and Recent Work

Acknowledgments
Hypertext Markup Language
Authors: Kinsner W. , Kinsner M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Structure of
HTML

Page Tags

Hyperlinks

Textual Contents

Simple Graphics as Separators and Spacers

Tables as Structural 2D Composition of Objects

Displaying Full Graphics

Other
HTML
Facilities

Future Trends

Appendix 1.
HTML
Tags by Categories

Appendix 2. Complete List of Special Characters

Appendix 3.
ASCII
Characters that Must be Coded in
URL
s
Java, Javascript, and Hot Java
Authors: Wikoff Richard , Umar Amjad
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

World Wide Web—The Java Environment

Java and Java Applets

Java Programming and Development Environments

Hot Java and Java‐Enabled Browsers

Javascript

Combining Java with Distributed Objects—Java and Corba

Summary and Trends
Keyboards
Authors: Melear C.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are
List Processing
Authors: Senbel Samah A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Sample Applications of Lists

Formal Definition of Lists

Types of Lists

Operations on Lists
Logic Testing
Authors: Kalla Priyank , Ciesielski Maciej J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Digital Logic Circuits

Conventional Test Methods and Test Environments

Fault Models and Testing Types

Exhaustive and Pseudoexhaustive Testing of Combinational Logic Circuits

Sequential Circuit Testing

Design for Testability and Self‐Test Techniques

Conformance and Interoperability Testing

Perspectives
Macros
Authors: Krishnamoorthy M. S. , Valois John D.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Macros in Different Programming Languages

Macro Processors

Applications

Pitfalls of Macro Use

Conclusion
Memory Architecture
Authors: Lu Shih‐Lien L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Memory Access Interface

Memory Hierarchy

Memory Organization

Memory Device Types

Conclusion

Glossary
Cache Memory Protocols
Authors: Chang Yeimkuan , Bhuyan Laxmi N.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Existing Directory‐Based Schemes

Performance Evaluation

Conclusion
Microcomputer Applications
Authors: Valvano Jonathan W.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Overview of Microcomputer Applications

Microcomputer Components

Microcomputer Interfacing and Applications
Microcomputers
Authors: Sandon Peter A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Typical Microcomputer System

Microcomputer Hardware

Microcomputer Software

Evolution of the Microcomputer

Current Trends in Microcomputer Development
Network Computing
Authors: Singh Munindar P. , Vouk Mladen A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Applications

Paradigms and Architectures

Work‐Flow Management

Technologies

Infrastructure

Research Issues

Reading List

Acknowledgments
Nonconventional Computers
Authors: Toffoli Tommaso
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Setting

Neural Networks

Cellular Automata and Lattice Gases

Molecular Computers

Swarm Computers

Some Actual Machines

Conservative Logic

Conservative‐Logic Gates

Quantum Computation

Conclusions
Laptop Computers
Authors: Heredia Rafael
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

A Brief History

Notebook Technology

Conclusion
Office Automation
Authors: Mahling Dirk E.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

The Changing Meanings of the TermOffice Automation

Groupware as an Office Automation Approach

Workflow as an Office Automation Approach

Conclusions
Physics Computing
Authors: Nakano Aiichiro
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Mathematical Models in Physics

Numerical Algorithms

Parallel Computing

Supporting Technologies
Real‐Time Systems
Authors: Krishna C. M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Performance Measures

Task Assignment and Scheduling

Communication Algorithms

Fault Tolerance

Real‐Time Programming Languages

Discussion

Further Reading in Real‐Time Systems
Configurable Computing
Authors: Alnuweiri Hussein M. , Casselman Steve
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

FPGA‐Based Configurable Computing

Dynamically Programmed Gate Arrays and MulticontextFPGAs

FPGA‐Coupled Microprocessors

Processor Arrays with Reconfigurable Buses
Computability
Authors: Pitassi Toniann , McIlraith Sheila , Brecht Timothy
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Turing Machines and Church’s Thesis

Recursive Functions

Decision Problems and Decidability

Acknowledgments
Reduced Instruction Set Computing
Authors: Oklobdzija Vojin G.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Architecture

Risc Machine Implementation

Historical Perspective
Set‐Top Boxes
Authors: Nutt Gary J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Basic Functionality

Embedded Systems: The Move Toward Software

The Network

Interactive Television

STBArchitecture

STBSoftware

The Future ofSTBs
Software Bugs
Authors: Tahvildari Ladan , Singh Ajit
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Some Definitions

Categories of Bugs

Preventing Bugs

Testing Versus Debugging

The Debugging Process

Stages of Debugging

Debugging Algorithm

Debugging Principles

Debugging Approaches

Use of Debugging Aids

Basics of Debuggers

Software Engineering Perspective on Debugging

Debugging Versus Proving Program Correctness

State‐Based Approach to Debugging

Debugging of Concurrent Programs

Nonfunctional Debugging

Conclusion
Transaction Processing
Authors: Zhang Y. , Jia X.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Database Transaction Processing

Distributed Transaction Processing

Advanced Transaction Processing

Future Research Directions

Acknowledgment
Unix
Authors: Ballüder Karsten , Scales John A. , Smith Martin L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

In the Beginning

Concepts

Influence on Other Operating Systems
Von Neumann Computers
Authors: Eigenmann Rudolf , Lilja David J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Historical Perspectives

Organization and Operation of the Von Neumann Architecture

Memory‐Access Bottleneck

Alternatives to the Von Neumann Architecture

Current Applications of Von Neumann Computers

Conclusions
Visual Programming
Authors: Burnett Margaret M.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History

Strategies in Visual Programming

Advanced Issues

Acknowledgments and Bibliographic Notes
Visual Languages
Authors: Chang Shi‐Kuo
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Elements of Visual Languages

Extending Visual Languages for Multimedia

Visual Programming Languages

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgment
Internet Technology
Authors: Peek Robin
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Early History of the World Wide Web

The World Wide Web Consortium

Hypertext Markup Language

Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Extending Basic World Wide Web Functions

Uniform Resource Locators

Push Technology: How the Web is Used
Camac
Authors: Dhawan Satish , Radway Tim , Sumner Richard
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

History of
CAMAC

Crate Controllers

Auxiliary Crate Controllers

Block Transfers

The Future of
CAMAC
Stack Simulation
Authors: Wu C. Eric , Hsu Yarsun , Liu Yew‐Huey
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Stack Simulation

Stack Simulation for Write‐Back Caches

Cache Types and Advanced Stack Simulation

Conclusion
High Level Synthesis
Authors: Hong Inki , Kirovski Darko , Potkonjak Miodrag
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Transformations for High Level Synthesis

High Level Synthesis Techniques for Design Debugging

Considering Testability in High Level Synthesis

High Level Synthesis for Low Power

Conclusion
Automatic Testing
Authors: Belfore Lee A.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Testing Principles

Design for Testability

Test Pattern Generation

CAD Tools

Mixed‐Signal Testing

Automatic Test Examples

Emerging Technologies

Appendix 1. Acronyms and Abbreviations
Cad For Manufacturability of Integrated Circuits
Authors: Duvall S.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Concepts of CAD for Manufacturability

The Role of CAD for Manufacturability in the Development Life Cycle

Models and Methods for CAD for Manufacturability

Research Directions in CAD for Manufacturability
Design Verification and Fault Diagnosis in Manufacturing
Authors: Fujita Masahiro , Boppana Vamsi
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Design Verification

Manufacturing Fault Diagnosis
Cad for Field Programmable Gate Arrays
Authors: Zhu Kai , Wong D. F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Technology Mapping

Partitioning

Placement

Routing

Commercial CAD Software

Future Trends in FPGA CAD Research and Development
Power Estimation and Optimization
Authors: Najm Farid N.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Sources of Power Dissipation

The Power Design Space

VLSI Design Abstraction Levels

Power Estimation

Power Optimization
Optical Cd‐Roms for Consumer Electronics
Authors: Kalstrom David J.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

CD‐ROM Disks

CD‐ROM Drives (Players)

CD‐ROM Applications for Consumers

Types of Consumer CD‐ROMs

CD‐ROM Applications for Business

CD‐ROM Formats

CD‐ROM Disk Physical Construction

Production of CD‐ROM Disks

Anatomy of CD‐ROM Drives (Players)

Recordable CD

Rewritable CDs

DVD‐ROM
Wireless Communications Systems
Authors: Armada Ana Garcia , Ramos J. , Gonzalez F.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Fundamentals of Wireless Communications

Technology

Modulations in Wireless Systems

Practical Wireless Systems and Products

Advanced Technologies and Systems
Electronic Calculators
Authors: Byrne Diana K.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Calculator Types and Uses

Calculator Hardware Components

Operating System

User Interface

Numbers and Arithmetic

Algorithms

Calculator Design Choices and Challenges

Communication Capability

Technology in Education

Future Need for Calculators
Home Automation
Authors: Douligeris Christos
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Products and Standards

Applications

Communications and Control Media

Architecture of Cebus

Future Directions
Information Technology and Digital Services for Residential Users
Authors: Mundorf Norbert , Kolbe Lutz
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Drivers of Technology Adoption in the Private Home

Services for the Home

Outlook
Personal Computing
Authors: Aggarwal A. K. , Mirani R.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Hardware

Software

Home‐Related Computing

Work‐Related Computing

End‐User Computing

Future
Personal Information Management Systems
Authors: Rice David A. , Villarraga Marta L.
Published: September 2005

The sections in this article are

Paper‐Based PIMs

Software‐Based PIMs and PIMS

Personal Digital Assistants

Living with a PIMS