bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La fabrication institutionnelle du leadership : le cas de l’armée française
Authors: Morin Gabriel
Published: June 2019

Cet article analyse le phénomène singulier et peu exploré de fabrication du leader et du leadership au sein des Forces armées françaises. Le contexte actuel montre une situation où il s’agit, de plus en plus, de faire mieux avec moins. En effet, l’institution dispose de moyens en baisse constante depuis le début des années 1960 et doit faire face, dans le même temps, à un contexte stratégique international toujours plus menaçant. Appuyée sur une méthodologie qualitative, la recherche fait émerger une fabrication progressive et structurée du chef militaire français. Son apport théorique souligne un mode de fabrication institutionnel du leader et du leadership qui révèle l’importance de la dimension spatio-temporelle et d’un cadre idiosyncratique. Celui-ci accorde une place essentielle à la notion de commandement et consacre une fabrique du leadership plus que du leader. Des préconisations managériales sont émises, visant au perfectionnement du capital humain de l’officier français.
Réseaux sociaux et e-réputation : le cas de la SCNF
Authors: Cherif Ben Miled Hela , Cros Sophie , Pratlong Florent , Bonev Boris , Poirier Rudy
Published: June 2019

Le rôle croissant joué par les réseaux sociaux impose désormais à l’entreprise d’adopter une veille stratégique. Cet article étudie la nature et la gestion de la e-réputation par l’entreprise. Une étude statistique a été réalisée sur des indices de présence sur les réseaux sociaux et les déterminants de cette e-réputation. Les résultats mettent en évidence la nécessité pour l’entreprise étudiée, la SNCF, de préserver activement sa réputation suite à tout événement indésirable. La stratégie de social média de la SNCF repose sur la co-creation de contenu de contenu avec les différentes communautés d’usagers sur les différents réseaux sociaux et plateformes digitales (blogs, forums...). Une stratégie de gestion de communautés semble indispensable pour accompagner la e-réputation en vue de fournir du contenu de qualité, transparent et fiable.
Dynamiques participatives dans un réseau d’acteurs du lien social : étude de cas à l’échelle départementale (Creuse, Nouvelle-Aquitaine)
Authors: Chevallier Marius
Published: June 2019

Les structures de groupes varient selon un continuum entre deux pôles : d’un côté une concentration du pouvoir de décisions et d’actions (aboutissant à une distinction entre des personnes qui consomment des services et de ceux qui les produisent) et de l’autre un fonctionnement déconcentré caractérisé par l’implication de tous les membres. Cet article analyse les obstacles qui interviennent dans la mise en œuvre de démarches participatives, tirant donc vers le deuxième pôle. Le cas étudié portera sur un réseau départemental comprenant une vingtaine de structures du champ de l’animation socioculturelle dans un contexte de faible proximité géographique (Creuse, Nouvelle-Aquitaine). L’analyse de ce secteur d’activité est d’autant plus éclairante dans le cas de notre problématique puisque le métier de l’animation socioculturelle consiste notamment à animer des groupes en faisant participer leurs usagers. Mais l’expertise ne fait pas tout, car il s’avère que les différents objectifs visés sont en partie contradictoires les uns avec les autres.
La perception du processus de normalisation OHADA au Sénégal
Authors: Bampoky Boniface
Published: June 2019

Cette tribune repose sur la réalisation d’un recueil des points de vue de professionnels de la comptabilité ainsi que des organes intervenant dans la normalisation comptable Organisation pour l’Harmonisation en Afrique du Droit des Affaires (OHADA) au Sénégal. Les résultats de l’investigation sont confrontés à la réglementation comptable en vigueur, afin de mieux cerner les grands axes de normalisation comptable dans l’espace OHADA. Ce travail est novateur dans le sens où peu de travaux académiques portent sur cette thématique à l’échelle de l’OHADA.
L’inflation, une notion complexe et difficile à mesurer dans un monde en perpétuelle évolution
Authors: Estival Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2019

L’inflation provient du latin ‘’inflare’ qui signifie ‘’enfler ‘’. Cette notion a été amplement vulgarisée. En effet, chômage et inflation sont les mots qui reviennent le plus souvent dans les commentaires et nombreux sont ceux qui pensent en comprendre la définition et les implications. Ces deux notions sont d’ailleurs liées comme le grand économiste néo-zélandais Alban William Phillips l’avait démontré dans ses commentaires. En effet, dans le sillage de la pensée de John Maynard Keynes qui niait l’existence de toute tendance inflationniste dans une économie de sous-emploi, Alban William Phillips a mis en évidence une relation inverse entre inflation et chômage en se basant sur le résultat d’une analyse historique sur l’évolution comparée des prix et du niveau de chômage en Angleterre commentée ci-après. Sur le plan théorique, le terme inflation désigne une augmentation durable et générale, des prix des biens et des services. Cependant l’’inflation a de multiples origines et sa contexture peut être très différente, d’une époque à l’autre et d’un pays à l’autre comme on le verra ultérieurement.
Former les prêtres Fidei Donum : les cas du Centre latino-américain de Louvain et du CENFI brésilien
Authors: Sappia Caroline , Chatelan Olivier
Published: June 2019

Entre la fin des années 1940 et les années 1990, les organismes d’envoi de prêtres diocésains vers l’Amérique latine s’appuient sur des centres de formation missionnaire situés en Europe (Madrid, Louvain, Vérone) ou en Amérique latine (Cuernavaca au Mexique, Petrópolis au Brésil). Là sont assurés des cours d’apprentissage intensif de l’espagnol et du portugais mais une initiation à la culture du pays d’accueil est également proposée. Ces centres sont encore peu connus mais la documentation disponible révèle des tensions sur le sens donné à la préparation de l’apostolat.
An Interactive Personalized Spatial Keyword Querying Approach
Authors: Meng Xiangfu , Zhao Lulu , Zhang Xiaoyan , Li Pan , Zhao Zeqi , Mao Yue
Published: July 2019

Existing spatial keyword query methods usually evaluate text relevancy according to the frequency of occurrence of query keywords in the text information associated to spatial objects, without considering the degree of preference of users to different query keywords, and without considering semantic relevancy. To deal with the above problems, this chapter proposes an interactive personalized spatial keyword querying approach which is divided into two stages. In the offline processing stage, Gibbs algorithm is adopted to estimate the thematic probability distribution of text information associated to spatial objects, and then an LDA model is used for semantic expansion of spatial data set.
Smart Education Using Internet of Things Technology
Authors: Kuppusamy Palanivel
Published: July 2019

Smart education is now a typical feature in education emerging from information communications technologies (ICT) and the constant introduction of new technologies into institutional learning. The smart classroom aims users to develop skills, adapt, and use technologies in a learning context that produces elevated learning outcomes which leads to big data. The internet of things (IoT) is a new technology in which objects equipped with sensors, actuators, and processors communicate with each other to serve a meaningful purpose. The technologies are rapidly changing, and designing for these situations can be complex. Designing the IoT applications is a challenging issue. The existing standardization activities are often redundant IoT development. The reference architecture provides a solution to smart education for redundant design activities. The purpose of this chapter is to look at the requirements and architectures required for smart education. It is proposed to design a scalable and flexible IoT architecture tor smart education (IoTASE).
Fracture Toughness and Charpy Impact Test of MIM Steels and Correlation of Results by KIC- CVN Relationships
Authors: Tomášek Radek , Mareš Vratislav , Horsák Lukáš
Published: July 2019

This paper presents results of fracture toughness and Charpy impact tests of 4 steels prepared by metal injection moulding (MIM) method: AISI 4140, 4605, 17-4 PH and SS 420W Grade. Charpy impact testing was performed on the series of machined specimens with sub-size cross-section to obtain values of CVN impact energy. Fracture toughness test method according to ASTM E1820 was performed on SENB specimens, fatigue pre-cracked, to obtain values of KIC. All tests were performed at the room temperature. After the material testing, next step was to evaluate the results and apply known correlation relationships between fracture toughness KIC and Charpy impact CVN energies. Many empirical relations exist and describe existence of such relationship. Procedure was used to correlate energies of sub-size Charpy specimens to full-size specimens. Several proposed correlation relationships from transition and upper shelf region of transition curve were used, where the best correlation was found to be Robert-Newtons with average deviation of 22% in comparison to tested values.
Computation of Composite Strengths by Limit Analysis
Authors: Sysala Stanislav , Blaheta Radim , Kolcun Alexej , Ščučka Jiří , Souček Kamil , Pan Peng Zhi
Published: July 2019

The paper is focused on computation of a compressive strength of composite materials by limit analysis. This method enables to determine the strength or other types of limit loads by solution of a specific optimization problem. It is also capable to predict failure zones. Abilities of the method are investigated on a particular composite -- a laboratory prepared sample consisting of a hard coal matrix and a polyurethane binder. This sample is chosen due to available CT images of the inner structure and laboratory experiments. Appropriate yield criteria are proposed for the coal and the binder in order to define the limit analysis problem. This problem is penalized and then discretized by higher order finite elements. For numerical solution, the semismooth Newton method and adaptive mesh refinements are also used. Numerical experiments in 2D for various CT scans and material parameters are performed.
DNA Methylation Changes in Regional Lung Macrophages Are Associated with Metabolic Differences
Authors: Armstrong David A , Chen Youdinghuan , Dessaint John A , Aridgides Daniel S , Channon Jacqueline Y , Mellinger Diane L , Christensen Brock C , Ashare Alix
Published: July 2019

A number of pulmonary diseases occur with upper lobe predominance, including cystic fibrosis and smoking-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In the healthy lung, several physiologic and metabolic factors exhibit disparity when comparing the upper lobe of the lung to lower lobe, including differences in oxygenation, ventilation, lymphatic flow, pH, and blood flow. In this study, we asked whether these regional differences in the lung are associated with DNA methylation changes in lung macrophages that could potentially lead to altered cell responsiveness upon subsequent environmental challenge. All analyses were performed using primary lung macrophages collected via bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy human subjects with normal pulmonary function. Epigenome-wide DNA methylation was examined via Infinium MethylationEPIC (850K) array and validated by targeted next-generation bisulfite sequencing. We observed 95 CpG loci with significant differential methylation in lung macrophages, comparing upper lobe to lower lobe (all false discovery rate < 0.05). Several of these genes, including CLIP4, HSH2D, NR4A1, SNX10, and TYK2, have been implicated as participants in inflammatory/immune-related biological processes. Functionally, we identified phenotypic differences in oxygen use, comparing upper versus lower lung macrophages. Our results support a hypothesis that epigenetic changes, specifically DNA methylation, at a multitude of gene loci in lung macrophages are associated with metabolic differences regionally in lung.
Vadose zone infiltration and its implication for groundwater contamination risk assessment in Siloam village, Limpopo province, South Africa
Authors: Arrey Ivo , Odiyo John O. , Makungo Rachel , Kataka Milton
Published: June 2019

Risk assessment methods and approaches are useful for environmental planning and decision-making when dealing with risk identification and reduction in a changing global context. This is particularly true for arid and semi-arid regions, such as Siloam village, Limpopo province, South Africa, where it is a common practice to apply fertilisers to the soil during planting season for increasing crop yield. Estimates of vadose zone soil moisture fluxes were used to determine the likelihood of applied agricultural fertilisers to reach the groundwater table. This study combines field observations in the study area and a one-dimensional numerical model to explore the moisture fluxes and their implications for contaminant transport in the vadose zone. Model simulations revealed a lag time of 117 days at topsoil and 913 days beyond the root zone for deep percolation of soluble non-reactive inorganic and organic additives to reach the groundwater table. Preliminary results of this study suggest that the vadose zone is permeable and the groundwater is vulnerable to contamination within the evaluated time scale. Given that disaster risks are inevitable, reasonable methods for control and mitigation of agricultural impacts at this site are highly recommended.
Participatory approach to flood disaster management in Thohoyandou
Authors: Sinthumule Ndidzulafhi I. , Mudau Ntavheleni V.
Published: June 2019

In recent years, there has been a paradigm shift in research from ‘top-down’ directives to ‘bottom-up’ planning. Thus, there has been a change from imposing strategies to a participatory approach by indigenous people. This study uses the participatory approach to flood disaster management in Thohoyandou and its environs. The aim of this study is twofold: first, to understand the perception of communities towards floods hazards; and second, to probe how communities respond to flood hazards and how this knowledge can be used in the planning and management of future disasters. In order to achieve these objectives, participatory rural appraisal (PRA), interviews and observation were used as data collection techniques. The study found that there was consensus among the participants that flooding is a natural process, but human activities enhance the risks of flooding. Human activities that were found to be the causes of flood included clearance of vegetation, cultivation in steep slope areas, the effect of relief, urbanisation, poor designs and maintenance of drainage system and settlement in inadequate areas. The study found that local communities did not cope when there was flooding. However, they suggested strategies that should be used to cope with future flood hazards.
Rural transport and climate change in South Africa: Converting constraints into rural transport adaptation opportunities
Authors: Chakwizira James
Published: June 2019

This study explored the implications of climate change for rural transport in South Africa. The article was seeking to convert existing rural transport adaptation constraints into rural transport adaptation opportunities. Challenges and constraints to rural transport adaptation transitions were also explored. The research methodology adopted was a review of the literature and references to case study examples. Then a four-stage multi-analytical approach was used to unravel and decode the major rural transport and climate change issues in South Africa. Consequent to the analysis, a framework of analysis for strongly integrating climate change to rural transport interventions was advanced. The findings indicated the existing rural transport adaptation measures and options in South Africa. The article concludes by highlighting the complexity and intricate dynamic nature of interactions, networks and systems that impact rural South Africa. Recommendations revolve around properly situating rural transport and climate change within the wider rural development challenges and matters facing contemporary South Africa.
K-9 Catch-22: The Impossible Dilemma Of Using Police Dogs In Apprehension Of Suspects
Authors: Schiavone Ann L.
Published: July 2019

n/a
Espacio y paisaje como criterios curatoriales en el Museo a Cielo Abierto de Valparaíso
Authors: Dardel-Coronado M. Andrea
Published: July 2019

En este artículo se estudia la presencia de una figura curatorial en el Museo a Cielo Abierto de Valparaíso. Más allá de la dimensión administrativa que le ha dado al cargo la Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, responsable del Museo, se propone que su ideólogo, el pintor, arquitecto y profesor Francisco Méndez Labbé, fue también curador del proyecto. Esto se demostraría en su interés por una relación de las obras entre sí y el vínculo entre pintura y paisaje.

Para demostrarlo, revisaremos puntos clave del recorrido y documentos de archivo sobre el Museo. En específico, una serie de bocetos y un registro fotográfico nos permitirán establecer relaciones entre la propuesta de Méndez y la curaduría. Sin embargo, explicaremos que este criterio no estaba presente entre sus objetivos, y no se percató que su concepción del Museo estaba en línea con planteamientos propios de la curaduría contemporánea, como la relación con el espacio, la interacción con las obras y una propuesta de carácter experimental.
La mediación intercultural como herramienta de inclusión: análisis de una experiencia escolar
Authors: Rodorigo Monia , Fernández-Larragueta Susana , Fernández-Sierra Juan
Published: July 2019

En las últimas décadas España ha pasado de ser un país de emigrantes a uno de los principales receptores de la inmigración en Europa. Esta realidad se ha reflejado en las escuelas de todo el país y, las administraciones educativas, han puesto a disposición de los centros escolares distintos recursos que han propiciado la llegada de los mediadores interculturales a las aulas. El trabajo que presentamos, un estudio de caso singular enmarcado en una investigación de corte cualitativo, indaga en la labor del mediador en las escuelas, profundizando en su práctica diaria dentro y fuera del aula. Después del análisis discursivo de los datos hemos decidido presentar los resultados en torno a tres grandes ejes: a) el propósito de la mediación intercultural; b) el mediador en la organización escolar; y c) la actuación del mediador en el aula. Las conclusiones a las que hemos llegado, resaltan la falta de conocimiento del profesorado de la labor mediadora y de la presencia de un mediador intercultural en el centro; la conceptualización de una educación intercultural puntual y excluyente; la inexistencia del trabajo colaborativo interprofesional y el peso que tiene la macro estructura organizativa y cultural de las escuelas en la labor de agentes externos que acaban acatando normas que desvirtúan inevitablemente su labor.
Multiple Porphyry Cu-Mo Events in the Eastern Pontides Metallogenic Belt, Turkey: From Early Cretaceous Subduction to Eocene Postcollision Evolution
Authors: Delibaş Okan , Moritz Robert , Selby David , Göç Deniz , Revan Mustafa Kemal
Published: July 2019

Four porphyry Cu-Mo systems were investigated by Re-Os molybdenite geochronology to constrain their timing with respect to the geodynamic and magmatic evolution of the eastern Pontides, Turkey. Molybdenite from the Ispir-Ulutaş deposit yielded an Re-Os age of 131.0 ± 0.7 Ma, which is consistent with Early Cretaceous U-Pb laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon ages of local calc-alkaline intrusions. It demonstrates that porphyry deposits were already formed during Early Cretaceous subduction of the Neotethys along the eastern Pontides, and that they can be correlated with porphyry Cu events in the adjacent Lesser Caucasus. Molybdenite Re-Os ages of 76.0 ± 0.4 and 75.7 ± 0.4 Ma at the Elbeyli prospect and 77.2 ± 1.0 Ma at the Emeksen prospect overlap with U-Pb LA-ICP-MS zircon ages of shoshonitic to high-K calc-alkaline intrusions in the region, which were emplaced during Late Cretaceous Neotethys subduction. A 50.7 ± 0.3 Ma molybdenite Re-Os age at the Güzelyayla deposit confirms porphyry Cu-Mo emplacement coeval with Eocene postcollisional, calc-alkaline adakitic magmatism of the eastern Pontides.

An electron microprobe study of molybdenite samples, supplemented by data obtained during Re-Os dating, shows that the Eocene Güzelyayla deposit and the Late Cretaceous Emeksen prospect have the highest Re enrichment. Postcollisional melting of a thickened mafic lower continental crust and melting of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle with little to no interaction with upper crustal rocks may explain the Re enrichment at Güzelyayla and Emeksen, respectively.
Analysis of the Corporate Behaviors after the Corporate Tax Cuts with Respect to Job Creation: A Preliminary Study of Select Corporations in the United States of America
Authors: Sharma Narendra , Oriaku Ebere A , Oriaku Ngozi
Published: June 2019

A preliminary study of the impact of tax cuts on job creation was done by studying a random sample of 12 largest corporations selected from the Fortune 500 companies. The Annual Reports of the 12 sample companies pre-tax cut and post-tax cut periods were downloaded, and figures tabulated for revenues, property, plant, and equipment (PPE) as well as employees reported by those companies for both the periods.  We found that the revenue increased by an average of 7.78 percent which showed signs of growth in those companies, but the investment in PPE by the companies during the same period increased at an average of only 0.32 percent, which indicated that the companies did not divert the resources they saved in taxes to add capacity. Therefore, the potential for jobs growth was nonexistent or minimal.  Another indicator showed the same outcome as the companies reported their workforce reduced since 2017 by an average of 0.54 percent.
The Application of Multimedia Technology in College English Reading Teaching---A Survey Based on Language Learning Strategies
Authors: Guo Fang , Wu Xin Rui
Published: June 2019

This study investigates the application of multimedia in college English reading teaching in Beijing University ofAgriculture based on language learning strategies. The study finds out that although with the assistance ofmultimedia technology the current College English reading teaching works well in arousing students’ interest inreading and mobilizing students’ memory strategies in the classroom, there are still many drawbacks in the currentMultimedia-assisted College English reading teaching. This study points out the drawbacks of multimedia teachingfirst and then proposes corresponding solutions meaning to arouse teachers’ reflection on multimedia Englishteaching mode and enhance the effective use of multimedia technology in English classroom.
Comparison of Emotional Intelligence Levels and Problem Solving Skills of Prospective Teachers According to Different Variables
Authors: Akyol Mehmet Ali , Akdemir Elif
Published: June 2019

IQ is considered as a true criterion of intelligence while emotional intelligence is considered as a decisive in order tobe happy and successful in life. It is of interest to the educational system that emotional intelligence can bedeveloped at the same time. Emotional intelligence gained in the family will help to improve the school life,overcome the obstacles that people will encounter in their lives and solve the problems. In this study, emotionalintelligence levels and problem solving skills of the prospective teachers were examined according to differentvariables. In this study, the cross sectional survey design was used to investigate the research questions with 1033prospective teachers, 813 of whom were women and 220 were men, who agreed to participate in the study. The studygroup was chosen from the students of education faculty of the public university located near the black see region ofTurkey. As a means of collecting data, the Bar-On Emotional Intelligence Scale, the Problem Solving Scale, and thePersonal Information Form were used to obtain data from the participants. As a result of the study, the problemsolving skills of prospective teachers don’t differ according to gender and the class level; It was also found thatemotional intelligence did not differ according to gender and the class level, but it had a significant differenceaccording to age and department variables. In line with these results, in order to educate teachers with high level ofemotional intelligence and problem solving skills, attention should be paid to the emotional characteristics of theteacher candidates. The change of emotional intelligence with different factors should be examined in follow upstudies.
Contribution of the E-Portfolio to the Improvement of Students’ Performance: Results from a Pilot Survey in the Second Grade of Primary School in Greece
Authors: Zafiropoulou Basiliki , Darra Maria
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the contribution of the electronic portfolio (e-portfolio) to improving students’ performance and the sustainability of their knowledge. The method used is the experiment with an experimental and a control group, and a pair of pre and post measurements. The survey was carried out during the first trimester of the 2016-2017 school year and its duration was 30 teaching hours. The sample consisted of 40 pupils of the second grade of primary school in the city of Rhodes. The findings of the survey show that the students of the experimental group who used the e-portfolio scored higher in all assessments and managed to maintain the knowledge they achieved by scoring higher results in the second assessment of the material fifteen days later, compared to the students in the control group who used the traditional printed portfolio and scored lower in their performance ratings.
Teaching Practices and Knowledge Base of English as a Foreign Language Teachers’ Communicative Language Teaching Implementation
Authors: Jansem Anchalee
Published: June 2019

This small scale study aimed at identifying (1) the characteristics of teaching practices in CLT classrooms, (2) teachers’ opinions underlying such practices, (3) their positions while adopting CLT, and (4) a knowledge base used as a framework of CLT implementation. Eight Thai teachers who regarded themselves as CLT proponents voluntarily took part in this study. Data collected via classroom observations and post-teaching semi-structured interviews indicated that CLT involved four common features including promoting ‘small talk’ in the target language, beginning the lesson with the combination of lead-in and presentation strategies, positively reacting to students’ linguistic errors, and emphasizing semi-communicative activities. The participants’ opinions underlying CLT implementation centered on playing multiple roles including lesson designers, class managers, and English users with certain levels of English proficiency. Content, pedagogical content, and subject matter knowledge served as their major elements of the knowledge base for teaching when conducting CLT lessons.
Los ciclos biológicos: Diploide, Haploide y Diplohaploide
Authors: Sánchez Núria
Published: July 2019

TFG del grado Multimedia donde he realizado tres infografías para el repositorio de Wikimedia Commons y su posterior incorporación a la Wikipedia. El tema escogido está dentro del campo de la biología y trata del ciclo biológico.
ГЕОГРАФСКЕ ПРЕДСТАВЕ О БАЛКАНСКОМ ПОЛУОСТРВУ НА КАРТИ ИСТОКА СВЕТОГ ЈЕРОНИМА
Authors: Грчић Мирко
Published: June 2019

У овом раду аутор је анализирао Карту Истока чији је аутор Свети Јероним (Eusebii Hieronymi), један од црквених отаца и најобразованијих људи свога доба (IV−V век). У фокусу пажње је Балканско полуострво, Црноморски регион, Мала Азија и Блиски исток. Карта је шематски нацртана, препознају се контуре обала, острва и полуострва, речних токова. Нема картографску мрежу, исток је на горњој страни карте, што је особина средњовековних монашких карата. Карта обилује митолошким библијским представама. Из мноштва топонима на карти се види да је Свети Јероним имао доста добре географске представе, али му је приоритет био библијски контекст карте, а не географска прецизност. Био је пореклом са Балканског полуострва, из римске провинције Далмације, али су га као теолога и оца цркве више занимала места за античке и библијске митове, места везана за путовања Светог Павла и историјска места ширења раног хришћанства. Овај рад кроз тумачења топонима открива садржину и контекст карте, и на тај начин даје упутство за читање и разумевање карте. Анализирани су топоними који се односе на рељеф, острва, мора, реке, области и градове. Тумачење топонима представља научни допринос историјској картографији и историјској географији Балканског полуострва и Блиског истока античког доба.
ЕКСТРЕМНИ ТЕМПЕРАТУРНИ И ПАДАВИНСКИ МЈЕСЕЦИ У ИСТОЧНОЈ ХЕРЦЕГОВИНИ
Authors: Попов Татјана , Гњато Слободан , Трбић Горан
Published: June 2019

У раду се анализирају промјене учесталости појаве екстремних температурних и екстремних падавинских мјесеци у региону Источне Херцеговине у периоду 1961−2016. године. Екстремни температурни и падавински мјесеци дефинисани су као мјесеци са температурама и падавинама испод/изнад дугогодишњег 10./90. перцентила. Добијени резултати показују да је 77 % екстремно хладних мјесеци забиљежено у периоду 1961−1990. године, а 67 % екстремно топлих мјесеци у периоду 1991−2016. године. То указује да је на истраживаном подручју присутна тенденција загријавања. За разлику од температуре, промјене падавина нису једнообразне нити знатно изражене. Уочене промјене у појави екстремних температурних и екстремних падавинских мјесеци снажно ће утицати на природне и социо-економске системе. С обзиром на наведено, неопходно је имплементирати ефикасне стратегије ублажавања и прилагођавања на климатске промјене.
УЛОГА НАСЕЉА У ПРОСТОРНО-ФУНКЦИОНАЛНОМ ИНТЕГРИСАЊУ РЕГИОНА ПОДРИЊЕ
Authors: Делић Драгица
Published: June 2019

Савремени геополитички и транзициони процеси огледају се у динамичним и интензивним промјенама у географском простору. Њихове очигледне посљедице су промјенa административно-територијалнe организацијe простора и просторног размјештаја становништва. У условима наведених процеса долази до концентрације становништва око појединих развојних осовина, које најчешће заобилазе погранични простор који демографски слаби и добија карактер проблемског. Управо такве карактеристике има погранични простор Босне и Херцеговине, то јесте Републике Српске. Имајући у виду да је за регионално повезивање од кључног значаја погранични простор, у овом раду разматра се улога насеља у трансграничном повезивању и формирању потенцијалног трансграничног региона Подриње између Републике Српске и Србије. Анализом демографских карактеристика, као предуслова за одрживост, утврђен је проблемски карактер пограничног простора. Резултати просторно-функционалне анализе указују на постојећа кореспондентна насеља као кључне развојне полове, али препознају и друга погранична насеља у простору као потенцијалне носиоце развоја и трансграничног повезивања.
Therapeutic Targets on Toxoplasma gondii Parasite in Combatting Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Abdullahi Sharif Alhassan , Unyah Ngah Zasmy , Nordin Noshariza , Basir Rusliza , Nasir Wana, Mohammed , Alapid Ashraf, Ahmad , Hassan Yahaya , Mustapha Tijjani, , Majid Roslaini Abd
Published: June 2019

The status of toxoplasmosis management is challenged by drug intolerance, compromised efficacy and potential development of drug resistance. However, currently, there are very limited targets on T. gondii that serve as the site of action of current medications. This review aimed to explore more potential targets that are essential to parasite survival and are absent in humans. Many unexplored targets on T. gondii exist and their specificities to the parasite make them ideal drug targets. The present review had searched relevant English databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar and Science Direct, for relevant literature on the therapeutic target of T. gondii. Many of the enzyme systems in several pathways are essentially palatable as drug targets. Establishing compounds that can target these enzymes on T. gondii will greatly be beneficial in treating acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in humans.
A Study of Pathogenic Fungi Causing Post Harvest Losses of Pineapple Sold at Wudil and Yan Lemo Markets of Kano State
Authors: Yahaya S. M. , Kamalu A. B. , Ali M. U. , Lawan M. , Ajingi Y. S. , Haruna M. , Hayatu L. W. , Abba H. , Safiyanu I. , Abdullahi J. , Mardiyya A. Y. , Sakina S. B. , Hassan M. I. , Sale A. I. , Bilkisu A. , Umma M. , Aisha T.
Published: June 2019

This research was conducted to determine the fungal pathogens responsible for post harvest losses of pineapple sold at Wudil and Yen lemo markets.  Two samples of pineapples were purchased twice a week from both Wudil and Yanlemo markets for four months. The samples were investigated for the presence of fungal pathogen using standard microbiological methods. The methods involve mounting small portion of pineapple in the plate containing Potato dextrose agar to isolate the fungi. Three fungal pathogens belonging to Aspergillus species were isolated, and Aspergillus niger had the highest frequency of occurrence of (50%). Followed by A. flavus with (27%). The A. fumigatus had the lowest frequency of occurrence of (23%). The differences between the fungal isolates recorded were significantly different (P<0.05) between the two markets, where higher fungal isolates were recorded at Yanlemo market 159 (40.6%) and Wudil 38 (9.71%). The study showed that the post harvest losses of pine apple in the two markets are attributed to fungal infection. Therefore, safe guarding the two markets from debris and dumps of rotten fruits and vegetable may assist in reducing fungal inoculums in the two markets.
Individual heterogeneity in life‐history trade‐offs with age at first reproduction in capital breeding elephant seals
Authors: Oosthuizen W. Chris , Postma Martin , Altwegg Res , Nevoux Marie , Pradel Roger , Bester Marthán N. , de Bruyn P. J. Nico
Published: July 2019

Recruitment age plays a key role in life‐history evolution. Because individuals allocate limited resources among competing life‐history functions, theory predicts trade‐offs between current reproduction and future growth, survival and/or reproduction. Reproductive costs tend to vary with recruitment age, but may also be overridden by fixed individual differences leading to persistent demographic heterogeneity and positive covariation among demographic traits at the population level. We tested for evidence of intra‐ and inter‐generational trade‐offs and individual heterogeneity relating to age at first reproduction using three decades of detailed individual life‐history data of 6,439 capital breeding female southern elephant seals. Contrary to the predictions from trade‐off hypotheses, we found that recruitment at an early age was associated with higher population level survival and subsequent breeding probabilities. Nonetheless, a survival cost of first reproduction was evident at the population level, as first‐time breeders always had lower survival probabilities than prebreeders and experienced breeders of the same age. However, models accounting for hidden persistent demographic heterogeneity revealed that the trade‐off between first reproduction and survival was only expressed in “low quality” individuals, comprising 35% of the population. The short‐term somatic costs associated with breeding at an early age had no effect on the ability of females to allocate resources to offspring in the next breeding season. Our results provide strong evidence for individual heterogeneity in the life‐history trajectories of female elephant seals. By explicitly modeling hidden persistent demographic heterogeneity we show that individual heterogeneity governs the expression of trade‐offs with first reproduction in elephant seals.
Generosity
Authors: Hunt Lester H.
Published: July 2019

Generosity received much more attention from premodern philosophers than from modern and contemporary ones. There seem to be political reasons for this: generosity was formerly viewed as a virtue befitting the status of an aristocrat. With the advent of democracy, this has ceased to be a point in its favor. However, there are reasons why generosity might be of interest to people living in a democracy as well: generosity has a natural place in an ethical view that is not based on the notions of duty or obligation.
Nanotechnology, Ethics of
Authors: Weckert John
Published: July 2019

The ethics of nanotechnology, or nanoethics, examines ethical and social issues that arise around the research, development, and use of nanotechnology and its practical applications. Almost everything about nanoethics has been in dispute – even whether there is any need for it – but a case can be made that a cluster of ethical questions arises around nanotechnologies and that these require attention, whether or not it is a completely new area. Initially, following from the work of Eric Drexler, concerns were raised about possible consequences of self‐replicating machines, including the supposed “grey goo” danger. The actual development of nanoethics has been rather more mundane, much of the discussion on methodological questions being about how to study the ethics of a technology that is in the very early stages of development. Much applied ethics is reactive, for example, examining problems arising from the uses of certain technologies. In the case of nanotechnology, a more proactive approach was required, which involved careful analysis of the potential risks of new technologies. Of particular concern was potential risks raised by certain manufactured nanoparticles. Nanotechnologies are typical seen as enabling technologies, that is, they enable others such as computing and medical technologies. Discussions therefore frequently overlap with those areas with, for example, questions about increased surveillance capabilities and improved human enhancement. Recently, ethical issues relating to molecular manufacturing – or atomically precise manufacturing, as it is been called – have resurfaced.
Ewing, A. C.
Authors: Olson Jonas , Timmons Mark
Published: July 2019

A. C. Ewing (1899–1973) came last in the tradition of British moral philosophers that began with Henry Sidgwick and continued with H. A. Prichard, G. E. Moore, W. D. Ross, and C. D. Broad. Philosophers in this tradition shared a nonnaturalist realist view of moral metaphysics and the nature of moral judgment but differed on the relations between normative concepts and on normative ethics. Ewing made substantial contributions to these controversies and anticipated several moves in the contemporary debates as he sought to reconcile putatively incompatible views. Attempts to find conciliatory “middle ways” are a recurring theme in Ewing's work. This entry focuses on three main topics: moral metaphysics and the nature of moral judgment, the relation between intrinsic goodness and ought, and utilitarianism versus Rossian deontology. Finally, it describes briefly Ewing's work in other areas of moral philosophy.
Luther, Martin
Authors: Anderson Per
Published: July 2019

Martin Luther (1483–1546) was a sixteenth‐century German pastor, theologian, and church reformer who made enduring contributions to Christian understandings of the moral life.
Privacy
Authors: Moore Adam D.
Published: July 2019

There is little agreement about how to define the term “privacy.” Privacy is viewed by many as morally valuable and worthy of protection, while others regard it with suspicion. This entry will review each of the relevant areas, including a brief history of privacy, philosophical definitions of privacy (along with specific critiques), views about the value of privacy, and general critiques of privacy.
Respect
Authors: Woodruff Paul Bestor
Published: July 2019

Respect is appreciation of the value of a person or thing, accompanied by appropriate affect, and expressed in appropriate behavior. Respect is not always ethical, as the values appreciated need not be ethical, but the respect of persons has a strong pull toward the ethical. Respect entails esteem in some cases, but not all: I may respect you, but not esteem you, for your cunning. Respect is usually divided into two categories. Recognition respect is accorded equally to members of a group; for example, we recognize the value of each human being through the respect due them as humans, in virtue of the universal dignity of human beings. Appraisal respect is accorded unequally to particular people in recognition of good qualities that are theirs. Self‐respect entails respect of both kinds. On some theories, respect is accorded not through recognition, but on the presumption of good qualities in members of a group. Mutual respect is essential to communities and is a feature of healthy leadership between leaders and followers. Honor entails respect or worthiness of respect. Reverence entails respect, but as it also entails deference, it has a limited range; I owe respect to small children but not deference.
Von Wright, G. H.
Authors: Toppinen Teemu
Published: July 2019

Georg Henrik von Wright (1916–2003) was a Finnish philosopher whose work covered a variety of topics, from induction to modal logic and from value theory to the philosophy of action. He is also widely known for succeeding Wittgenstein as professor of philosophy at Cambridge in 1948 and for being one of Wittgenstein's literary executors. Von Wright never developed a detailed ethical theory, but he made some significant attempts at providing what he believed to be parts of the crucial conceptual groundwork for moral philosophy. This entry focuses on his account of the notion of
the good of man
in
The Varieties of Goodness
, the analyses of moral concepts in terms of this notion, von Wright's metaethics, and his pioneering work in deontic logic.
International Criminal Justice
Authors: A. Rodman Kenneth
Published: July 2019

International criminal justice is a field of international law that calls for the trial and punishment of those individuals who bear the greatest responsibility for the most serious war crimes and human rights abuses. Its increasing prominence in international tribunals and national courts since the 1990s has prompted ethical debates over whether there is a universal duty to prosecute international crimes or whether there should be a pragmatic weighing and balancing of the benefits of prosecution against the potential costs to other goals, such as peace processes or national security.
Marriage
Authors: Brake Elizabeth
Published: July 2019

Marriage can be broadly defined as a legal, social, or religious institution that regulates, recognizes, and supports intimate personal relationships, typically sexual, between at least two parties. The historical and cultural variability of marital forms and purposes makes a narrower definition difficult. Unsurprisingly, in light of this variousness, much philosophical debate over marriage concerns its proper definition. Debates in moral philosophy have focused on defining the proper purpose of marriage and, accordingly, its essential form, obligations, and relation to the human good. Debates in political philosophy have concerned what legal definition of marriage justice requires; recent focal points of these debates have included same‐sex marriage, polygamy, polyamory, and the effects of marriage law on gender equality.
Metaethics
Authors: Olson Jonas
Published: July 2019

Metaethics is the branch of ethics that investigates the nature of first‐order moral debate. Its core questions concern what we are doing when we engage in moral thought and talk; whether our moral utterances purport to describe aspects of reality and whether they succeed in doing so; whether we can ever come by moral knowledge; and whether and to what extent our moral stances influence action. Metaethics is thus concerned with questions about first‐order moral debate, that is, with second‐order questions. This is not to say, however, that the boundary between metaethics and first‐order moral theory is always clear‐cut. While perhaps not as frequently present in everyday thinking as first‐order moral questions, metaethical questions do have a place in everyday thinking as well. It is not uncommon, for instance, to ponder whether moral questions admit of objectively valid answers or whether moral stances are all a matter of common opinion. The second section of this entry looks in greater detail at the core metaethical questions and at how they are interrelated. The third section discusses the birth and development of metaethics. The fourth section discusses the future of this discipline.
Arrogance
Authors: Dillon Robin
Published: July 2019

Arrogance is typically regarded as a moral or epistemic vice, that is, a defect of character that detracts from one's moral quality as a person or undermines one's intellectual well‐being and the remedy for which is the cultivation of virtue. The vice of arrogance is conceptually descended from the ancient Greekhubrisand the medievalsuperbia(the sin of pride). Contemporary accounts generally treat arrogance as involving objectionable attitudes and as resulting in harms to self and others, and identify humility as the virtue opposed to it. There are, however, disagreements about whether humility is the arrogance‐opposing virtue, whether arrogance is always a vice, and even whether it might not be a virtue in certain contexts. Understanding arrogance well requires distinguishing two forms of it, as well as attending to sociopolitical considerations.
Computer Ethics
Authors: Weckert John
Published: July 2019

Computer ethics is the study of ethical issues raised by computing technology, often in novel ways. Much of the early work was focused on the computing profession but, with time, social aspects came to the fore. As in other applied ethics fields, the use of computer technology and its effects on society and individuals is paramount. This reactive approach is complemented by proactively attempting to understand the potentials of new developments and designing particular values into them to maximize benefits and minimize risks. Common topics include professional responsibility, privacy, and intellectual property. More recently, as artificial intelligence applications have become more prominent, the use of robots for the care of the sick and elderly, autonomous weapons, driverless cars, and other questions about nonhuman decision‐making have become important. The subject matter of the field continually expands with advances in the technology.
Categorical Imperative
Authors: Reath Andrews
Published: July 2019

The term “categorical imperative” was introduced into moral philosophy by Immanuel Kant. The concept of a categorical imperative is central to his moral philosophy, and if he is right, to moral thought and reasoning generally. It refers both to a certain kind of substantive rational requirement on action that we shall call “a categorical imperative” – a rational requirement that is independent of and takes priority over reasons based on one's inclinations and personal ends – and to the fundamental principle that can be used to determine our moral requirements, a principle that we shall call “the Categorical Imperative.” Kant provides different formulations of this principle in his works in moral philosophy. This entry explains the concept of a categorical imperative and then turns to the fundamental principle and its application.