bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A morte no hospital e seu significado para os profissionais
Authors: Spíndola Thelma , Macedo Maria do Carmo dos Santos
Published: February 2015

O presente estudo pretende desvelar o significado do morrer dos pacientes aos olhos de profissionais de saúde. Para tanto, recorremos à metodologia qualitativa com abordagem fenomenológica que permite a compreensão do fenômeno a partir das falas dos profissionais de saúde. Os depoimentos foram coletados na Clínica Médica e de Doenças Infecto-Parasitárias do Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle, no Rio de Janeiro. A análise das convergências possibilitam a identificação de algumas unidades de significação que podem servir como facilitadores para os profissionais no enfrentamento do morrer dos pacientes.
O significado do parto na visão de casais grávidos
Authors: Nakano Ana Márcia Spanó , Mamede Marli Villela
Published: February 2015

Os programas de educação e treinamento da mulher para o parto utilizando dos métodos psicossomáticos, têm se mostrado ineficientes. O objetivo deste trabalho é identificar as idéias pré-existentes que o casal grávido atribui ao evento parto, possibilitando redirecionar os cursos de orientação pré-natal, atendendo ao casal como unidade, de modo a ajudá-lo a ter o parto que deseja. As idéias sobre o parto foram emitidas pelos casais em grupo durante o curso, utilizando-se da técnica de Brainstorming (OSBORN, 1957). O parto foi identificado como um processo biológico e inerente às mulheres, trazendo emoções variadas e ambivalentes para ambos os sexos, além de constituir-se em um momento de consolidação social dos papéis maternos e paternos. Conclui-se que o parto é um período crítico que desencadeia reações biológicas, psicológicas e sociais, sendo essencial que nos cursos se atente para o processo de significação do mesmo.
Poliquimioterapia da hanseniase: a implantação na unidade de saúde de São Carlos - SP
Authors: Petoilho Eliana C. , Lima Maria Cristina M. de , Pedrazzani Elisete Silva
Published: February 2015

No presente estudo caracteriza-se a população de doentes sob poliquimioterapia em hanseníase, no Ambulatório Regional de Especialidades, assim como analisa-se as ações desenvolvidas e dificuldades encontradas na implantação do novo esquema terapêutico, tanto do ponto de vista do paciente, quanto dos profissionais que atuam na área. Verificou-se que 68,5% dos pacientes acreditam no tratamento e 89,5% relataram que sentem-se mais seguros com esse novo esquema terapêutico; dos entrevistados, 44,6% alegaram dificuldades com o transporte e problemas financeiros para a realização do mesmo. Quanto aos profissionais, 88,4% afirmaram que a poliquimioterapia contribuiu para promover um melhor controle de doenças e a maior dificuldade encontrada concentra-se nos problemas organizacionais (50,0%). Dos entrevistados, 83,3% confiam no tratamento e 33,4% ainda não acreditam na cura da doença.
Método funcional na administração em enfermagem: relato de experiência
Authors: Collet Neusa , Cesarino Cláudia Bernardi , Santos Ione Ferreira
Published: February 2015

O estudo do relata a experiência de alunas da Pós-Graduação em um hospital-escolado interior do Estado de São Paulo, onde foi realizada observação empírica do processo de trabalho da equipe de enfermagem de uma unidadede intemação, correlacionando essa sistemática de trabalho com as teorias administrativas do método funcional, incluindo a Teoria da Gerência Científica desenvolvida por Taylor, a Teoria Clássica de Fayol e a Teoria Burocrática elaborada por Webere levantando alguns questionamentos.
Assistência de enfermagem em saúde coletiva: entendendo o processo para a aplicação de um instrumento transformador da prática e da teoria
Authors: Egry Emiko Yoshikawa , Fonseca Rosa Maria Godoy Serpa da , Bertozzi Maria Rita
Published: February 2015

As autoras discutem a operacionalização do Método de Assistência de Enfermagem em Saúde Coletiva (MAESC), orientada pelo materialismo histórico e dialético. Abordam os temas relativos à perspectiva epistemológica; aos pressupostos para a operacionalização; à totalidade e suas dimensões; às etapas; e finalmente, à condução praxiológica. Concluem, instigando os pesquisadores a se utilizarem deste instrumento, abrindo, para tanto, decodificadores mais refinados que se aproximem da real prática assistencial de enfermagem no nível local de atenção à saúde.
Economic analysis of surgical treatment of hip fracture in older adults
Authors: Loures Fabiano Bolpato , Chaoubah Alfredo , Oliveira Valdeci Manoel de , Almeida Alessandra Maciel , Campos Estela Márcia de Saraiva , Paiva Elenir Pereira de
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE To analyze the incremental cost-utility ratio for the surgical treatment of hip fracture in older patients.METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of a systematic sample of patients who underwent surgery for hip fracture at a central hospital of a macro-region in the state of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2011. A decision tree creation was analyzed considering the direct medical costs. The study followed the healthcare provider’s perspective and had a one-year time horizon. Effectiveness was measured by the time elapsed between trauma and surgery after dividing the patients into early and late surgery groups. The utility was obtained in a cross-sectional and indirect manner using the EuroQOL 5 Dimensions generic questionnaire transformed into cardinal numbers using the national regulations established by the Center for the Development and Regional Planning of the State of Minas Gerais. The sample included 110 patients, 27 of whom were allocated in the early surgery group and 83 in the late surgery group. The groups were stratified by age, gender, type of fracture, type of surgery, and anesthetic risk.RESULTS The direct medical cost presented a statistically significant increase among patients in the late surgery group (p < 0.005), mainly because of ward costs (p < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was higher in the late surgery group (7.4% versus 16.9%). The decision tree demonstrated the dominance of the early surgery strategy over the late surgery strategy: R$9,854.34 (USD4,387.17) versus R$26,754.56 (USD11,911.03) per quality-adjusted life year. The sensitivity test with extreme values proved the robustness of the results.CONCLUSIONS After controlling for confounding variables, the strategy of early surgery for hip fracture in the older adults was proven to be dominant, because it presented a lower cost and better results than late surgery.
Trends in healthy life expectancy among older Brazilian women between 1998 and 2008
Authors: Nepomuceno Marília Regina , Turra Cássio Maldonado
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE To analyze conditional and unconditional healthy life expectancy among older Brazilian women.METHODS This cross-sectional study used the intercensal technique to estimate, in the absence of longitudinal data, healthy life expectancy that is conditional and unconditional on the individual’s current health status. The data used were obtained from the Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (National Household Sample Survey) of 1998, 2003, and 2008. This sample comprised 11,171; 13,694; and 16,259 women aged 65 years or more, respectively. Complete mortality tables from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics for the years 2001 and 2006 were also used. The definition of health status was based on the difficulty in performing activities of daily living.RESULTS The remaining lifetime was strongly dependent on the current health status of the older women. Between 1998 and 2003, the amount of time lived with disability for healthy women at age 65 was 9.8%. This percentage increased to 66.2% when the women already presented some disability at age 65. Temporal analysis showed that the active life expectancy of the women at age 65 increased between 1998-2003 (19.3 years) and 2003-2008 (19.4 years). However, life years gained have been mainly focused on the unhealthy state.CONCLUSIONS Analysis of conditional and unconditional life expectancy indicated that live years gained are a result of the decline of mortality in unhealthy states. This pattern suggests that there has been no reduction in morbidity among older women in Brazil between 1998 and 2008.
Screening for frailty in older adults using a self-reported instrument
Authors: Nunes Daniella Pires , Duarte Yeda Aparecida de Oliveira , Santos Jair Lício Ferreira , Lebrão Maria Lúcia
Published: February 2015

OBJECTIVE To validate a screening instrument using self-reported assessment of frailty syndrome in older adults.METHODS This cross-sectional study used data from the Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento study conducted in Sao Paulo, SP, Southeastern Brazil. The sample consisted of 433 older adult individuals (≥ 75 years) assessed in 2009. The self-reported instrument can be applied to older adults or their proxy respondents and consists of dichotomous questions directly related to each component of the frailty phenotype, which is considered the gold standard model: unintentional weight loss, fatigue, low physical activity, decreased physical strength, and decreased walking speed. The same classification proposed in the phenotype was utilized: not frail (no component identified); pre-frail (presence of one or two components), and frail (presence of three or more components). Because this is a screening instrument, “process of frailty” was included as a category (pre-frail and frail). Cronbach’s α was used in psychometric analysis to evaluate the reliability and validity of the criterion, the sensitivity, the specificity, as well as positive and negative predictive values. Factor analysis was used to assess the suitability of the proposed number of components.RESULTS Decreased walking speed and decreased physical strength showed good internal consistency (α = 0.77 and 0.72, respectively); however, low physical activity was less satisfactory (α = 0.63). The sensitivity and specificity for identifying pre-frail individuals were 89.7% and 24.3%, respectively, while those for identifying frail individuals were 63.2% and 71.6%, respectively. In addition, 89.7% of the individuals from both the evaluations were identified in the “process of frailty” category.CONCLUSIONS The self-reported assessment of frailty can identify the syndrome among older adults and can be used as a screening tool. Its advantages include simplicity, rapidity, low cost, and ability to be used by different professionals.
From gynaecology offices to screening campaigns: a brief history of cervical cancer prevention in Brazil
Authors: Teixeira Luiz Antonio
Published: February 2015

This paper discusses the knowledge and medical practices relating to cervical cancer in Brazil. It analyses the growing medical interest in the disease at the beginning of the twentieth century, the development of prevention techniques in the 1940s, and the emergence of screening programs in the 1960s. It argues that the development of knowledge on cervical cancer was related simultaneously to a number of factors: transformations in medical knowledge, the development of the idea that the disease should be treated as a public health problem, the increased concerns with women's health, and major changes to the Brazilian healthcare system. The article concludes by identifying a number of issues that are still proving to be obstacles to control of the disease.
GENETIC DIVERSITY IN ARABICA COFFEE GROWN IN POTASSIUM-CONSTRAINED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Moura Waldênia de Melo , Soares Yaska Janaína Bastos , Júnior Antônio Teixeira do Amaral , Lima Paulo César de , Martinez Hermínia Emília Prieto , Gravina Geraldo de Amaral
Published: February 2015

Potassium is a source of non-renewable natural resource, and is used in large quantities in coffee fertilization through basically imported formulations in the form of potassium chloride. An alternative to make production systems more sustainable would be obtaining cultivars more efficient in the use of this nutrient. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity among 20 cultivars of coffee, in conditions of low availability of potassium to identify the best combinations for composing future populations to be used in breeding programs. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications of nutrient solution. Agronomic characteristics and efficiencies of rooting, absorption, translocation, biomass production and potassium utilization were evaluated. The clustering analysis was based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean clustering algorithm (UPGMA) and canonical variables. Variability was observed for most treatments. The multivariate procedures produced similar discrimination of genotypes, with the formation of five groups. Hybridizations between the cultivar Icatu Precoce IAC 3283 with cultivars Catuaí Amarelo IAC 62, Araponga MG1, Caturra Vermelho IAC 477, Catuaí Vermelho IAC 15, Rubi MG 1192 and Catucaí 785/15, and between the cultivar Tupi IAC 1669-33 with cultivars Icatu Vermelho IAC 4045, Acaiá Cerrado MG 1474 and Oeiras MG 6851 are the most promising for obtaining segregating populations or heterotic hybrids in breeding programs aiming more efficiency in potassium utilization.
IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIALLY EXPRESSED GENES ASSOCIATED WITH CITRUS BLIGHT (Citrus spp.)
Authors: Abreu José Renato de , Paiva Luciano Vilela , Rodríguez Miguel Angel Dita , Silva Anderson Tadeu , Henriques Ariadne Ribeiro , Chalfun-Junior Antonio
Published: February 2015

Brazil is the largest citrus producer in the world, being responsible for more than 20% of its production, which is, however still low due to phytosanitary issues such as citrus blight. Citrus blight is an anomaly whose causes still have not yet been determined, therefore there are no efficient control measures to minimize the production losses with the use of resistant varieties being considered the most appropriate method. However, little is known about the genes involved in the defense response of the plants to this anomaly. Considering that many physiological alterations associated with plant stress responses are controlled at a transcriptional level, in this study we sought the identification and characterization of the gene expression products differentially expressed in the response to the citrus blight. Through the suppressive subtractive hybridization technique, expressed cDNA libraries were built using mRNAs isolated from "Cravo" lemon tree roots (Citrus limonia L. Osbeck) under "Pera" orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) of healthy and sick plants. 129 clones were obtained by subtraction and their sequences were compared in databases. 34 of them linked to proteins associated to stress processes, while the others were similar to sequences of unknown functions or did not present similarity with sequences deposited in the databases. 3 genes were selected and their expressions were studied by RT - qPCR in real-time. Plants with citrus blight presented an increase of the expression level in two of those genes, suggesting that these can be directly involved with this anomaly.
The Belfast Water Commissioners and LL Macassey MInstCE 1840–1908
Authors: Donald Philip Thompson Alexander
Published: February 2015

During the nineteenth century Belfast developed from a town of 20 000 people to a highly industrialised city with a population of 350 000. As a result there was an ongoing need for an increasing supply of potable water. An Act of Parliament in 1840 set up the Belfast Water Commissioners (BWC) as an independent body, which had the responsibility for ensuring that Belfast had an adequate supply of water for its population and industry. LL Macassey MInstCE became consulting engineer to the BWC from 1874 until his death in 1908. This paper details the development of the several water supply systems for Belfast implemented by way of ten Acts of Parliament under the governance of the BWC from its inception in 1840, until 1908. The difficulties encountered, their solution and the civil engineers involved are discussed.
Five new species of soil burrowing cockroaches from Queensland (Blattodea: Blaberidae: Geoscapheinae)
Authors: Rose H A , Walker J A , Woodward J R
Published: February 2015

Five new species of soil burrowing Geoscapheinae are described from Queensland: Macropanesthia intermorpha, M. lineopunctata, M. mutica, M. spuritegmina, and Neogeoscapheus hanni. Redescriptions of subfamilies Panesthiinae and Geoscapheinae are given, and a key to the genera of Geoscapheinae and keys to species of Macropanesthia and Neogeoscapheus are provided.
Numerical analysis of the inter-relationships of some extinct and extant taxa of Araucariaceae
Authors:   Queensland Museum, Clifford H. Trevor , Dettmann Mary , Hocknull Scott
Published: February 2015

The inter-relationships between extant and selected extinct taxa of Araucariaceae were explored using thirty morphological and anatomical characters. The sample of Araucariacae included all three extant genera of the family with three extinct species of Araucaria and the fossil genera Emwadea and Wairarapaia. The data were analysed using phenetic and cladistic methodology which revealed there was close agreement between the two when applied to extant taxa but not to extant plus extinct taxa. All analyses recognised that the araucarioid taxa with embedded seeds formed a group separate from the agathoid taxa whose seeds at maturity separate from the seed-scale. However, whereas the parsimony (cladistic) analyses failed to distinguish clades within Araucaria the phenetic analyses recognised four Sections within the genus and placed the three fossil species of Araucaria in Sect. Eutacta. The fossil genera Emwadea and Wairarapaia united with Agathis and Wollemia.
Hotspots of damage by antagonists shape the spatial structure of plant–pollinator interactions
Authors: Rodríguez-Rodríguez María C. , Jordano Pedro , Valido Alfredo
Published: February 2015

The balance between mutualistic and antagonistic plant–animal interactions and their spatial variation results in a highly dynamic mosaic of reproductive success within plant populations. Yet, the ecological drivers of this small‐scale heterogeneity of interaction patterns and their outcomes remain virtually unexplored. We analyzed spatial structure in the frequency and intensity of interactions that vertebrate pollinators (birds and lizards) and invertebrate antagonists (florivores, nectar larcenists, and seed predators) had when interacting with the insular plant Isoplexis canariensis, and their effect on plant fitness. Spatially autocorrelated variation in plant reproductive success (fruit and viable seed set) emerged from the combined action of mutualists and antagonists, rather than reflecting the spatial pattern of any specific animal group. However, the influence of antagonists on plant fitness was stronger primarily due to the florivores' action on earlier reproductive stages, consuming and damaging floral structures before the arrival of pollinators. Our results indicate that the early action of antagonists creates hotspots of increased plant damage, where the effects of later acting mutualists are not translated into increased reproductive benefits. We foresee the potential for antagonists to shape the intra‐population mosaics of plant fitness in situations where antagonists outnumber mutualists, when their interactions occur before those of mutualists, and when mutualists can detect and avoid damaged plants while foraging. Severely damaged plants in antagonistic hotspots might be excluded from the mating network and render a limited production of viable seeds, reducing both the growth rate of the plant population and the effective population size.
Previous Violent Events and Mental Health Outcomes in Guatemala
Authors: Puac-Polanco Victor D. , Lopez-Soto Victor A. , Kohn Robert , Xie Dawei , Richmond Therese S. , Branas Charles C.
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We analyzed a probability sample of Guatemalans to determine if a relationship exists between previous violent events and development of mental health outcomes in various sociodemographic groups, as well as during and after the Guatemalan Civil War.

Methods. We used regression modeling, an interaction test, and complex survey design adjustments to estimate prevalences and test potential relationships between previous violent events and mental health.

Results. Many (20.6%) participants experienced at least 1 previous serious violent event. Witnessing someone severely injured or killed was the most common event. Depression was experienced by 4.2% of participants, with 6.5% experiencing anxiety, 6.4% an alcohol-related disorder, and 1.9% posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Persons who experienced violence during the war had 4.3 times the adjusted odds of alcohol-related disorders (P < .05) and 4.0 times the adjusted odds of PTSD (P < .05) compared with the postwar period. Women, indigenous Maya, and urban dwellers had greater odds of experiencing postviolence mental health outcomes.

Conclusions. Violence that began during the civil war and continues today has had a significant effect on the mental health of Guatemalans. However, mental health outcomes resulting from violent events decreased in the postwar period, suggesting a nation in recovery.
The Intended and Unintended Consequences of a Legal Measure to Cut the Flow of Illegal Cigarettes Into New York City: The Case of the South Bronx
Authors: Kurti Marin , von Lampe Klaus , Johnson Jacqueline
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We examined the impact of a change in New York tax law on the numbers of untaxed cigarettes bootlegged from Native American reservations and resold in the South Bronx.

Methods. Discarded cigarette packs were systematically collected in 30 randomized South Bronx census tracks before and after the amended tax law went into effect in 2011. Also, administrative data were gathered on the number of taxed cigarettes sold in New York State, including sales to Native American reservations.

Results. Before the tax amendment, 42% of discarded cigarette packs collected in the South Bronx had no tax stamp. After the tax law went into effect, the percentage of cigarette packs without tax stamps declined to 6.2%. Simultaneously, the percentage of packs with out-of-state tax stamps rose from 18.3% to 66.3%. The percentage of packs with a combined New York State and New York City tax stamp did not change after the tax amendment.

Conclusions. After the tax amendment, the supply of contraband cigarettes appears to have quickly shifted from one lower-priced jurisdiction to another without a change in the overall prevalence of contraband cigarettes.
Pathways to Colonoscopy in the South: Seeds of Health Disparities
Authors: Curbow Barbara A. , Dailey Amy B. , King-Marshall Evelyn C. , Barnett Tracy E. , Schumacher Jessica R. , Sultan Shahnaz , George Thomas J.
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We aimed to highlight sociodemographic differences in how patients access colonoscopy.

Methods. We invited all eligible patients (n = 2500) from 2 academy-affiliated colonoscopy centers in Alachua County, Florida (1 free standing, 1 hospital based), to participate in a precolonoscopy survey (September 2011–October 2013); patients agreeing to participate (n = 1841, response rate = 73.6%) received a $5.00 gift card.

Results. We found sociodemographic differences in referral pathway, costs, and reasons associated with obtaining the procedure. Patients with the ideal pathway (referred by their regular doctor for age-appropriate screening) were more likely to be Black (compared with other minorities), male, high income, employed, and older. Having the colonoscopy because of symptoms was associated with being female, younger, and having lower income. We found significant differences for 1 previously underestimated barrier, having a spouse to accompany the patient to the procedure.

Conclusions. Patients’ facilitators and barriers to colonoscopy differed by sociodemographics in our study, which implies that interventions based on a single facilitator will not be effective for all subgroups of a population.
Flavored Alcoholic Beverage Use, Risky Drinking Behaviors, and Adverse Outcomes Among Underage Drinkers: Results From the ABRAND Study
Authors: Albers Alison Burke , Siegel Michael , Ramirez Rebecca L. , Ross Craig , DeJong William , Jernigan David H.
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We examined associations between consumption of different types of flavored alcoholic beverages (FABs) and risky drinking and drinking-related harms among underage drinkers.

Methods. For the Alcohol Brand Research among Underage Youth study, we applied multivariable logistic regression analyses to data from underage drinkers (n = 1031, aged 13–20 years), recruited from a national Internet panel in 2011 to 2012, to estimate associations between consumption of malt-based drinks; spirits-based, premixed- or ready-to-drink cocktails; and supersized alcopops, alone or in combination, and alcohol-related outcomes.

Results. After adjustment for confounding variables, the exclusive consumption of alcopops was associated with episodic heavy drinking (odds ratio [OR] = 4.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24, 15.31; P < .05) and alcohol-related injuries (OR = 6.25; 95% CI = 1.34, 29.10; P < .05). Exclusive consumption of cocktails was associated with episodic heavy drinking (odds ratio [OR] = 2.61; 95% CI = 1.26, 5.41; P < .05) and injuries requiring medical attention (OR = 6.50; 95% CI = 2.09, 20.17; P < .001. Exclusive consumption of 2 or more FABs was associated with episodic heavy drinking (OR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.25, 6.16; P < .05), fighting (OR = 3.30; 95% CI = 1.46, 7.47; P < .001), and alcohol-related injuries (OR = 2.83; 95% CI = 1.43, 5.58; P < .001).

Conclusions. FABs present an emerging public health problem among youths.
The Potential for Glycemic Control Monitoring and Screening for Diabetes at Dental Visits Using Oral Blood
Authors: Strauss Shiela M. , Rosedale Mary T. , Pesce Michael A. , Rindskopf David M. , Kaur Navjot , Juterbock Caroline M. , Wolff Mark S. , Malaspina Dolores , Danoff Ann
Published: February 2015

Objectives. We examined the potential for glycemic control monitoring and screening for diabetes in a dental setting among adults (n = 408) with or at risk for diabetes.

Methods. In 2013 and 2014, we performed hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) tests on dried blood samples of gingival crevicular blood and compared these with paired “gold-standard” HbA1c tests with dried finger-stick blood samples in New York City dental clinic patients. We examined differences in sociodemographics and diabetes-related risk and health care characteristics for 3 groups of at-risk patients.

Results. About half of the study sample had elevated HbA1c values in the combined prediabetes and diabetes ranges, with approximately one fourth of those in the diabetes range. With a correlation of 0.991 between gingival crevicular and finger-stick blood HbA1c, measures of concurrence between the tests were extremely high for both elevated HbA1c and diabetes-range HbA1c levels. Persons already diagnosed with diabetes and undiagnosed persons aged 45 years or older could especially benefit from HbA1c testing at dental visits.

Conclusions. Gingival crevicular blood collected at the dental visit can be used to screen for diabetes and monitor glycemic control for many at-risk patients.
Public Health Agenda Setting in a Global Context: The International Labor Organization’s Decent Work Agenda
Authors: Di Ruggiero Erica , Cohen Joanna E. , Cole Donald C. , Forman Lisa
Published: February 2015

We drew on two agenda-setting theories usually applied at the state or national level to assess their utility at the global level: Kingdon’s multiple streams theory and Baumgartner and Jones’s punctuated equilibrium theory. We illustrate our analysis with findings from a qualitative study of the International Labor Organization’s Decent Work Agenda.

We found that both theories help explain the agenda-setting mechanisms that operate in the global context, including how windows of opportunity open and what role institutions play as policy entrepreneurs.

Future application of these theories could help characterize power struggles between global actors, whose voices are heard or silenced, and their impact on global policy agenda setting.
Snus Use and Smoking Behaviors: Preliminary Findings From a Prospective Cohort Study Among US Midwest Young Adults
Authors: Taylor Naomi , Choi Kelvin , Forster Jean
Published: February 2015

The effect of snus use on smoking behaviors among US young adults is largely unknown. Data from the Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort Study collected in 2010 to 2011 and 2011 to 2012 (participants aged 20–28 years) showed that young adult nonsmokers who had tried snus were subsequently more likely than those who had not tried snus to become current smokers (n = 1696; adjusted odds ratio = 1.79; 95% confidence interval = 1.01, 3.14). Snus use was not associated with subsequent smoking cessation or reduction among young adult current smokers (n = 488; P > .46).
The Influence of Gravity Loads on the Seismic Design of RBS Connections
Authors: Montuori R.
Published: February 2015

Connections with Reduced Beam Section (RBS) have been investigated in the last 20 years both from an analytical
point of view and from an experimental point of view. Several experimental tests demonstrated that RBS connections
designed according to themost modern seismic codes are able to obtain the desired goal: the protection of the connection
due to the yielding of the adjacent RBS. But in all the past researches and experimental tests the role that vertical
loads can play was neglected or not properly accounted for. This study proposes a new procedure for accurately computing
the relation between RBS location, vertical load and amount of section reduction for ensuring that plastic hinges develop
in the reduced sections or in a reduced section and in an intermediate section of the beam.
Seismic Upgrading of Steel Moment-Resisting Frames by Means of Friction Devices
Authors: Güneyisi Esra Mete , D'Aniello Mario , Landolfo Raffaele
Published: February 2015

In recent decades, several passive energy dissipation systems have been conceived in order to minimize the
damage in structural and non-structural components of either new or existing buildings. In this study, the use of friction
damped tension-compression diagonal braces for seismic upgrading of a steel moment resisting frames is investigated. To
this aim, nonlinear time history analyses have been carried out on a set of representative frames with and without friction
damped braces. In the nonlinear time history analyses, two sets of natural accelerograms compatible with seismic hazard
levels of 10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years have been considered. Under these records, the structural response
has been comparatively investigated in terms of the maximum inter-storey drift ratio, maximum storey acceleration,
residual drift ratio and displacement demand for the friction device. The results clearly highlighted that the application
of friction damped braces allows reducing the damages to the main structural elements, thus significantly improving
the seismic behaviour of the frame.
Key Aspects of the Proper Formulation of the Model in Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Mining Exploitation on Buildings
Authors: Florkowska Lucyna , Walaszczyk Jan
Published: February 2015

Numerical modelling is an important tool used to analyse various aspects of the impact of underground mining on existing and planned buildings. The interaction between the building and the soil is a complex matter and in many cases a numerical simulation is the only way of making calculations which will take into consideration the co–existence of a number of factors which have a significant influence on the solution. The complexity of the matter also makes it a difficult task to elaborate a proper mathematical model – it requires both a thorough knowledge of geologic conditions of the subsoil and the structural characteristics of the building.

This paper discusses the most important problems related to the construction of a mathematical model of a building-mining subsoil system. These problems have been collected on the basis of many years of experience the authors have in observing the surveying and tensometric deformations of the rock–mass and buildings as well as in mathematical and numerical modelling of the observed processes.
Microstructural and Tomographic Analyses in Geotechnical Assessment of Soil Media
Authors: Kumor Maciej Kordian
Published: February 2015

This paper discusses two different approaches to microanalysis of the soil medium. It presents testing results collected by electromicroscopy, which requires special sample preparation, and a non-destructive method, requiring no sample preparation and using a computer-assisted tomograph. The paper presents:

• Applicability of microstructure analyses and chemical microanalysis in the determination of structural damage incurred in the historical time in relation to the effect of contemporary abiotic events;

• Application of a standard medical computer-assisted tomograph in qualitative assessment of structure and observations of mechanisms of failure in the cement/peat soil composite.

Investigations concerning the applicability of computed tomography in soil micromechanics are demonstrative in character and the presented conclusions suggest further directions for research.
The Effect of 200 MPa Pressure on Specific Surface Area of Clay
Authors: Koszela-Marek Ewa
Published: February 2015

The paper presents the results of laboratory studies of the 200 MPa pressure effect on specific surface area of clay. The original high-pressure investigation stand was used for the pressure tests. Determination of the specific surface area was performed by the methylene blue adsorption method. The results of the specific surface area test were compared for non-pressurized clays and for clays pressured in a high-pressure chamber. It was found that the specific surface area of pressurized soil clearly increased. This shows that some microstructural changes take place in the soil skeleton of clays.
Archaeologies of Sound: Reconstructing Louis MacNeice's Wartime Radio Publics
Authors: Whittington Ian
Published: February 2015

Attempts to recover the audible experience of the Second World War are often frustrated by the paradox that the acoustic past is available in theory but elusive in practice. Focusing on the archival traces left by poet and broadcaster Louis MacNeice, this paper considers how scholars might reconstruct past radio publics – affiliative and critical communities of listening – from a partial record. As one of the most prominent and celebrated scriptwriters at the wartime BBC, MacNeice played a major role in shaping the British public's sense of itself and of the war. For MacNeice, good listening was good citizenship: in two major works, Alexander Nevsky (1941) and Christopher Columbus (1942), he uses aurally astute characters and layered acoustic spaces to model the process of navigating the crowded soundscapes of war. The plays build auditory worlds that mediate between the poles of hearing as a subjective, interior practice and listening as a public activity with political resonances. Through a close examination of scripts, recordings, production notes, and audience responses relating to these two plays, this paper traces the outline of the absent experience of listening in order to better understand the wartime British radio public.
Radio at Home: BBC Drama and the Domestic Listener, 1935–1942
Authors: Goody Alex
Published: February 2015

In the years before, and at the outbreak of, the Second World War radio drama on the BBC emerged as a genre through which particular questions about nation, home, decency and morality were articulated. At the same time listener research developed, under the auspices of Reith's BBC, as a vehicle for understanding the preferences, habits and situations of the radio audience. Drama and Features were the first areas of radio output subject to targeted research. The reports that were produced by the BBC Listener Research Section provide an invaluable picture both of the nature and responses of specific communities of listener, and of how the radio listener her/himself was conceived. Such evidence can be usefully analysed alongside the types of drama that were developed and broadcast during this period. This essay examines the different kinds of listening subjects there were for radio drama in Britain in the 1930s and early 1940s, how they intersected with contemporary conceptions of the listener, and what situations (both private and political) came to be meaningful in the event of listening.
An American Clinical Training Program for Spanish Nutrition Support Pharmacists: A Three-Year Experience
Authors: Dickerson Roland , Martinez Eva , Fraile M. , Giménez Josefina , Calvo M.
Published: February 2015

A clinical nutrition support pharmacist training program, in collaboration with the Spanish Foundation of Hospital Pharmacy, Spanish Society of Clinical Nutrition, Abbott Nutrition International, University of Tennessee, College of Pharmacy and Regional One Health, is described. Nutrition support pharmacists from Spain were selected to participate in a one-month training program with an experienced board-certified nutrition support pharmacist faculty member within an interdisciplinary nutrition support team environment in the U.S. Participants were expected to actively engage in an advanced clinical practice role with supervision. Clinical activities included daily intensive patient monitoring, physical assessment, critical evaluation of the patient and development of an appropriate treatment plan for patients receiving either enteral or parenteral nutrition therapy. Upon successful completion of the training program, participants were anticipated to incorporate these techniques into their current practice in Spain and to train other pharmacists to function in an advanced clinical role independently or within an interdisciplinary nutrition support team environment.
L'avortement volontaire au Burkina Faso : quand les réponses techniques permettent d'éviter de traiter un problème social
Authors: Ouattara Fatoumata , Tagmatarchi Storeng Katerini
Published: February 2015

Au Burkina Faso comme dans de nombreux autres pays africains, l’avortement provoqué se caractérise par une réprobation sociale et une restriction légale. Cependant, l’avortement non médicalisé est un problème de santé publique majeur qui constitue l’une des causes principales de la mortalité maternelle. Non seulement il est dramatique pour les femmes concernées et pour les travailleurs de la santé en contact avec elles, mais les acteurs de la sphère institutionnelle sont également confrontés à sa nature multidimensionnelle : problème de santé publique, question juridique, politique et sociale. À partir d’entretiens semi-directifs approfondis avec des responsables du ministère de la Santé, d’organisations non gouvernementales (nationales et internationales) et d’organisations multilatérales impliquées sur cette question, nous proposons ici une anthropologie politique de l’avortement au Burkina Faso. Nous montrerons comment une politique axée sur les soins post-avortement – traitement des conséquences médicales de l’avortement pratiqué dans des situations où la sécurité n’est pas assurée – est la principale réponse du gouvernement burkinabè par rapport à ce type d’avortement, considéré d’un point de vue médical comme étant avortement à risque. Notre analyse révèle en quoi l’adhésion des acteurs politiques nationaux aux normes sociales et religieuses influence le caractère avant tout technique de la réponse à ce problème. L’approche technique, justifiée dans la lutte contre la mortalité maternelle intra-hospitalière, se fait aux dépens d’un traitement de l’avortement en tant que problème de politique de santé publique. Cette analyse met en évidence la manière dont cette position de principe a émergé des rencontres entre les acteurs du ministère de la Santé et des organisations internationales agissant sous l’emprise des normes sanitaires à l’échelle mondiale, ainsi que de l’incertitude des positionnements des principaux décideurs.
Les droits individuels face aux politiques de population. Regard sur trois pays africains : Bénin, Madagascar, Maroc
Authors: Gastineau Bénédicte , Adjamagbo Agnès
Published: February 2015

La maîtrise de la croissance démographique des pays africains connait un regain d’intérêt ces dernières années dans les sphères politiques et scientifiques. S’il s’agit toujours de préserver la santé des mères et des enfants, d’autres enjeux, environnementaux ou climatiques, sont désormais invoqués pour justifier ce regain d’intérêt. Aujourd’hui encore, la régulation de la fécondité s’impose dans les politiques de population comme la principale stratégie d’action. Alors que des avancées importantes en matière de reconnaissance des droits reproductifs individuels ont été faites au début des années 1990 lors de la conférence du Caire notamment, ceux-ci parviennent difficilement à s’imposer dans les pratiques. La planification familiale reste un moyen de ralentissement de la croissance démographique mais n’est, dans les faits, jamais reconnue comme un droit individuel à part entière. L’examen des itinéraires de trois pays africains (Bénin, Madagascar et Maroc) en matière de politique de population montre que l’efficacité relative de ces politiques est souvent représentative de l’incapacité des états à faire passer les droits individuels devant les logiques macroéconomiques de développement.
Formula Frustrations
Authors: Santiago Sabrina
Published: February 2015

The mother of a pediatric patient was recently diagnosed with a rheumatologic illness, requiring her to take medications that would be dangerous to her nursing baby. She realized that she would need to feed her baby formula. She asked me, “What is the difference between the formulas at the grocery store? Which is the best kind for my baby?” The answer to this question is different for every baby. This article is a short guide for primary care pediatricians to help them understand the differences between common formulas.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2015;44(2):51–54.]
Ideation to Execution
Authors: Brewley Denise Natasha , Boindala Priya Shilpa , Sinclair Jennifer L.
Published: February 2015

In this chapter, a flipped model is implemented in an undergraduate mathematics course. There is a need to enhance learning experiences in STEM disciplines and college mathematics courses. The authors seek to redefine the traditional relationship of instructor as the active conveyor of knowledge and the student as the passive receiver of knowledge. They discuss their efforts to plan and prepare for the course and their experiences with its implementation. The authors started with what they wanted their students to learn in the course. Prior to coming to class, students watched video lectures and completed pre-work assignments. In class, the authors incorporated group-work through peer-instruction and lab activities, and the use of a classroom response system. They present the results of their data collection, feedback from student response surveys. Among other results, the students realized the value of preparation and took an active role in the formation of their own learning experiences.
Flipping the Composition Classroom
Authors: Crisafulli Susan
Published: February 2015

Research gathered from approximately 179 students over five semesters demonstrates how using the flipped classroom to teach composition in a face-to-face classroom improves students' writing. Included is the contrast between student learning via the traditional model versus the flipped model, and a theoretical basis for why the flipped classroom model is successful is established. The author champions the many advantages of the flipped classroom but concedes it is not without its challenges. These challenges are explored and strategies for creating and using screencasts effectively are recommended so that other instructors may successfully flip their own classrooms.
The Acrobatics of Flipping
Authors: Starr-Glass David
Published: February 2015

The flipped learning experience provides learners with pre-class activities that allow them to understand subject matter. This understanding is subsequently use during the class to develop higher-level appreciations of the subject through problem-based and collaborative learning activities. The reoriented roles and dynamics of learning afforded by flipping provide opportunities for active learner-centered learning; however, these opportunities are sometimes not considered or underappreciated. This chapter rethinks the structure and dynamics of flipped courses and explores the instructional possibilities offered. In particular, it considers the opportunities and challenges of flipped instruction and examines the author's experience in flipping an Introduction to Accounting course. The chapter provides suggestions on how instructors and learners can best take advantage of the opportunities created when the learning experience is flipped.
“I Can't Afford for You to Flunk”
Authors: Dang Chau-Sa T. , Kline Susan L.
Published: February 2015

While self-endorsing positive stereotypes such as high achievement and perseverance could be beneficial to Asian college students, pressures to fit all expectations of the Asian model minority myth could be psychologically damaging. The way we interact with our family and friends is influential in how we perceive ourselves and our ability to cope with life's stresses. The current chapter examines the way distinct types of endorsement of positive Asian stereotypes are related to the quality of family interaction, social support, and coping among 128 Asian college students. Results indicate that family satisfaction and parental perfectionism are positively related to the endorsement of Asian stereotypes at the group level, while family satisfaction, subjective social support, and highly person-centered messages are positively related to self-endorsed positive Asian stereotypes. Family satisfaction, social support, and highly person-centered messages predicted Asian students' ability to cope with their academic problems and stresses.
Heritage Language Learning for Contesting the Model Minority Stereotype
Authors: Kang Hyun-Sook
Published: February 2015

This chapter presents a qualitative study of a group of eight second-generation Korean American college students who appeared to fit the model minority stereotype: high academic achievers who had adjusted to the American culture at the expense of their heritage language and culture. Contrary to what the model minority stereotype predicts about Asian Americans' assimilation into mainstream society, these college students chose to take Korean language classes in an attempt to relearn the language they were exposed to while growing up in Korean immigrant households. These Korean American students, rather than being passive recipients of language instruction, brought their hybrid, transnational life experiences to the language classroom interactions. The findings regarding the students' development and maintenance of their heritage language while achieving academic success challenge the prevalent model minority stereotype and suggest a promise of bilingualism and multiculturalism in a multiethnic society such as the United States.