bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Requirements and needs for captioning audio-visual content for deaf and hard of hearing pupils
Authors: Radovanović Vesna , Kovačević Jasmina , Ristić Ivana
Published: September 2021

Caption technology for deaf and hard of hearing translates the same spoken language into written language, including not only a textual recording of speech but also a description of background sounds. The literature states that the effects of captioned audio-visual content are conditioned by the level and speed of reading and that the understanding of the captioned material depends on the complexity of the text as well. The central question regarding captioning for deaf and hard of hearing is whether to literally translate audio recordings or to adapt them. While the deaf prefer the first option, research findings show that comprehension is greater if the text is simplified. The aim of the research was to determine the contribution of captioning to the understanding of audio-visual content among deaf and hard of hearing pupils of different levels of education by reviewing recent literature in this field. Papers related to the contribution of captioning to the understanding of content in deaf and hard of hearing pupils were primarily searched through the Google Scholar database in order to narrow the research to journals with the largest number of papers on this topic: American Annals of Deaf, Brain Sciences, Deafness & Educational International, Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, Philosophy and Practice, The Journal of Specialized Translation Library. Ten papers that met the selection criteria were analyzed, with the largest number of papers focusing on primary school pupils. A statistically significant advantage in understanding captions with custom translation was found in one analyzed study, while the results of the other authors were statistically significant only in the domain of vocabulary, in the effects of captions vs. audio-visual content and in the effects of captions vs. sign language translation. The use of captioned material in the implementation of curriculum of many school subjects would provide important information that could improve the quality of teaching for deaf and hard of hearing pupils whether they attend inclusive or residential schools.
2020 cybersecurity and privacy annual report
Authors: O'Reilly Patrick , Rigopoulos Kristina , Feldman Larry , Witte Greg
Published: September 2021

During Fiscal Year 2020 (FY 2020), from October 1, 2019 through September 30, 2020, the NIST Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) Cybersecurity and Privacy Program successfully responded to numerous challenges and opportunities in security and privacy. The FY 2020 annual report is grouped into nine priority areas, including: Cybersecurity Awareness and Education; Identity and Access Management; Metrics and Measurement; Risk Management; Privacy Engineering; Emerging Technologies; Cryptographic Standards and Validation; Trustworthy Networks and Trustworthy Platforms. The report also includes specific projects of importance that don't fall into the focus areas.
Another Cinema
Authors: O’Malley Hayley
Published: September 2021

James Baldwin was a vocal critic of Hollywood, but he was also a cinephile, and his critique of film was not so much of the medium itself, but of the uses to which it was put. Baldwin saw in film the chance to transform both politics and art—if only film could be transformed itself. This essay blends readings of archival materials, literature, film, and print culture to examine three distinct modes in Baldwin’s ongoing quest to revolutionize film. First, I argue, literature served as a key site to practice being a filmmaker, as Baldwin adapted cinematic grammars in his fiction and frequently penned scenes of filmgoing in which he could, in effect, direct his own movies. Secondly, I show that starting in the 1960s, Baldwin took a more direct route to making movies, as he composed screenplays, formed several production companies, and attempted to work in both Hollywood and the independent film scene in Europe. Finally, I explore how Baldwin sought to change cinema as a performer himself, in particular during his collaboration on Dick Fontaine and Pat Hartley’s documentary I Heard It Through the Grapevine (1982). This little-known film follows Baldwin as he revisits key sites from the civil rights movement and reconnects with activist friends as he endeavors to construct a revisionist history of race in America and to develop a media practice capable of honoring Black communities.
Calculation and analysis of key physical problems: Fluorescence yield, deexcitation time, scattering and polarization in X-ray fluorescence CT imaging
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Zhen , Li Liang ,   Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China,   Tsinghua University, Key Laboratory of Particle Radiation Imaging, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
Published: September 2021

X-ray fluorescence computed tomography (XFCT) is a molecular imaging technique with great potential applications in biomedical imaging, in which used is the primary X-ray to excite element probes with high atomic number inside samples or tissues for functional imaging. However, owing to the limitation of molecular sensitivity and spatial resolution, the XFCT has not been widely used in the molecular imaging. A large number of Compton scattering photons are produced as the broadband primary X-ray passes through the samples or tissues, forming a strong noise background in the collected XRF signal, which is a major cause of limited molecular sensitivity. Therefore, eliminating the Compton scattering noise is very important for improving molecular sensitivity. In this paper, we summarize the main physical processes involved in the imaging process of XFCT, including the angle distribution and polarization state of the fluorescence and Compton scattering photons, fluorescence yield and deexcitation time of K-shell vacancy. The above physical processes are the main limitations of the imaging quality of XFCT. Through the derivation and analysis of physical processes, we explore the possibility of using these physical effects to reduce the Compton scattering noise and draw some conclusions below. 1) The deexcitation time of K-shell vacancy of the element with high atomic number is very short, consequently the scattered light and fluorescence cannot be distinguished between each other under the time resolution condition of the existing detector. 2) The angular distribution of the K-shell fluorescence emission is isotropic, and the differential cross section of Compton scattering reaches a minimum value near the polarization direction of the incident light of which the minimum decreases as the linear polarization degree of the incident light increases. Therefore, the polarized light source is beneficial to reducing the Compton scattering noise. 3) The linear degree of polarization of K-shell fluorescence is zero, while the Compton scattering photons possess a certain linear degree of polarization in some scattering directions, so the difference between polarization states may be helpful in reducing the Compton scattering noise.
Marking Mirativity in Syntax: Minimalsit Mechanisms
Authors: Rada Alshamari Murdhy , Saleh Alghannam Manal
Published: September 2021

This paper offers a generative minimalist investigation to the derivation and interpretation of mirativity information in Central Najdi Arabic (CNA), arguing that grammar of CNA morphologically marks mirativity in syntax by means of the discourse particle wara. Implementing minimalist mechanisms (Chomsky 2001), it is shown that wara instantiates a functional, discoursal projection MrvP in the left periphery of the sentence, articulating the feature [Mrv] at the PF-interface. LF-interface analyses demonstrate that [Mrv] on wara is interpretable/valued, while the counterpart on the subject DP that wara marks is uninterpretable/unvalued. Agree between wara and the subject DP creates a PF-chain wara>SubjectClitic>SubjectDP that results in the subject DP being marked with and interpreted mirativity at LF-interface. Further explorations show that movement of the subject DP across wara is only legitimised if the subject DP has a discourse, information structural feature beyond [Mrv]. Evidence for this claim comes from the fact that when wara marks the subject DP with mirativity, the subject DP remains in situ. Thus, on minimalist empirical groundings, movement is argued to be motivated by interpretive reasons beyond mirativity. Further analyses show that Agree between wara and subject is of mutual manner; wara u-[φ]-probes the subject goal, while the goal seeks valuation of u-[Mrv] on it (Alshamari 2017).
Evaluation of the Efficacy of Some Plant Oil Extracts in the Management of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)
Authors: Ukatu P. O. , Agah L. J. , Elemi E. D. , Agenyi M. , Agim M. U. , Ebu V. T.
Published: September 2021

Four-way olfactometer was used to evaluate Laboratory repellency activities of Azadirachta indica, Jatropha curcas and Dennitia tripetala oil extracts on Tribolium castaneum at 10µl of each oil. Each arm of the olfactometer served as treatment arm with the 3 arms accommodating the 3 test substances, respectively and the 4th arm as control. Various concentrations (1, 2 and 3% V/V) of the essential oils were evaluated for fumigant and contact toxicity against T. castaneum at 8, 16 and 24 hours durations. The results obtained showed that T. castaneum spent significantly (p<0.05) more time (min) in the control arm than the 3 arms accommodating the essential oils. Similarly, significantly (p<0.05) more number of entries were made by the insect into the control arm compared with the test arms. The application of the essential oils significantly (p<0.05) caused higher mortality at 8, 16 and 24hrs than the control for both fumigant and contact tests. The mortality of the T. castaneum increased with increase in the concentration of the essential oils. The 3% concentrations of the oil extracts significantly caused the highest mortality, 67.23±8.72, 69.22± 18.74 and 79.55±9.29% by A. indica, D. tripetala and J. curcas, respectively after 24 hours application in fumigant test. The result also indicated that the contact application of A. indica, D. tripetala and J. curcas at 3% concentrations resulted in 63.07±6.55, 70.10±2.51 and 67.4±4.06% mortality of T. castaneum, respectively. The results suggest that the oil extracts from A. indica, J. curcas and D. tripetala can be used for effective management of T. castaneum infesting stored products.
Impact of Long Term Application of Inorganic Fertilizers and Organic Manure on Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity under Soybean-Wheat Cropping System in a Vertisol
Authors: Patidar Nilesh , Dwivedi A. K. , Dwivedi B. S. , Thakur R. K. , Bairwa Jalendra , Sharma Abhishek
Published: September 2021

The field experiments was conducted is an ongoing All India Co-ordinate Research Project on “Long term Fertilizer Experiment” during 2018-2019 with soybean-wheat cropping sequence at the Research Farm Department of Soil Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.), India. The objective of the study was the Impact of long term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic manure on soil fertility and crop productivity under soybean-wheat cropping system in a Vertisol. The experiment consists of ten treatments i.e. T1 50% NPK, T2 100% NPK, T3 150% NPK, T4 100% NPK + Hand Weeding, T5 100% NPK + Zn, T6 100% NP, T7 100% N, T8 100% NPK+ Farm Yard Manure, T9 100% NPK–S and T10 unfertilized plot (control) with four replications in a randomized block design. The findings of the present study indicated that the soil pH and EC were remaining unaltered even after continuous application of variable amounts of fertilizers either alone or in combination. A significant positive change in soil organic carbon, available N P K and S content was observed with continuous additions of balanced fertilizers and manures over the imbalanced or unfertilized treatments. The findings showed that the application of recommended dose of N, P and K (20:80:20 kg ha-1 for soybean and 120:80:40 kg ha-1 for wheat) with organic manure (FYM) @ 5 t ha-1 resulted in 185.8% and 325.9% increase over control in soybean and wheat yields, respectively. Thus, the continuous use of balanced fertilization, either alone or in combination with organic manure is necessary for sustaining soil fertility and productivity of crops.
Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) Norms for Identifying Yield Limiting Nutrients in Byadgi Chilli Fruits Grown in Northern Transitional Zone and Dry Zones of Karnataka (India)
Authors: Pushpalatha M. , Bidari B. I. , Hebbara M. , Shashidar G. B. , Savita B. , Hundekar S. T. , Hegde R. V.
Published: September 2021

Fruit samples collected from different part of northern Karnataka districts of Dharwad, Gadag and Haveri, when peak fruit harvesting stage were collected the samples, were processed and analysed for various nutrients and thus, the data bank was established. By using Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), nutrient expressions, which have shown higher variance and lower coefficient of variation, were selected as norms viz, N/P(4.98), N/K (0.73), N/Ca (1.17), N/Mg (4.65), S/N(0.10), N/Fe(0.02), N/Zn(0.08) etc. In addition, five nutrient ranges have been derived using mean and standard deviation as low, deficient, optimum, high and excess for each nutrient to serve as a guide for diagnostic purpose. The optimum N ranged from 2.30 to 2.84%, P from 0.48 to 0.56%, K from 3.16 to 3.44%, Ca from 2.08 to 2.74%, Mg from 0.60 to 0.88% and S from 0.24 to 0.27%. Among the micronutrients, the optimum Zn ranged from 28.71 to 29.78 ppm, Fe from 113.60 to 150.03 ppm for byadgi chilli crop.
Comparison of the Growth Performance of Three Commercial Hybrid Chicken Varieties Using Grain Based Feeds
Authors: Obudulu C. , Udeh N. P. , Okeke J. J. , Okeke O. A. , Okafor K. P. , Egwuagu C. C. , Ogbozor M.
Published: September 2021

In poultry, feed costs represent a major part of total production costs. Accordingly, improvement of feed conversion ratio; feed intake: weight gain should be a major objective in most breeding programmes. Growth performance of three commercial broiler hybrids in Nigeria were investigated using a total of 60 unsexed day old chicks consisting of 15 each of Rhode Island White, Plymouth Rock and Rhode Island Red; and 15 of the purebred, the Nigerian Southern light ecotype used as control. The breeds were maintained separately in wooden cages of dimension 120cm × 80cm × 40cm at stocking density of 15 birds per m2 and fed for six weeks using broiler starter feed for first four weeks and finisher feed for next two weeks. The broiler starter feed was composed of broiler concentrate (energy Keauka) 2950Kcal, crude protein 2.1%, crude fibre 4.0%, calcium 1.0%, Available phosphorus 0.48%, cysine 1.2% and methionine 0.5%. The finisher’s diet consisted of 1:1.8 mixtures of broiler concentrate and maize meal. No medication was provided during the study. The result showed Rhode Island White had highest maximum weight gain (2874.43% initial weight), Plymouth Rock (1053.14% initial weight) intermediate and Rhode Island Red (986.12% initial weight) lowest. The pure breed weight gain (441.50% initial weight) was lower than the hybrids. Average feed conversion ratio was highest for Rhode Island White (0.394±0.0047), intermediate for Plymouth Rock (0.373± 0.0051) and Rhode Island Red (0.366± 0.0048) next. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). The purebred had the lowest feed conversion ratio (0.346± 0.0047). Rhode Island Red had the lowest mortality (0%), Rhode Island White (6.67%) intermediate and Plymouth Rock next (20%). The purebred had the highest mortality (33.33%). The study showed Rhode Island White was the most economically viable breed due to its higher growth rate, feed conversion ratio and low mortality rate.
Development and Implementation of a Low-cost Automatic Dual-axis Solar Tracker through Hardware/Software Embedded Program Control
Authors: Abiem Louis Tersoo , Akoshile Clement Olufemi , Ajibola Taiye Benjamin
Published: September 2021

A solar tracker is a system that is used for the mechanical orientation of solar payloads (collectors and photovoltaic panels) towards the sun. A simple, low-cost, but effective open-loop dual axis solar tracking system was developed in this work. The tracker is an embedded system that consists of a microcontroller integrated with other components in an electronic circuit to coordinate the activities of the circuit in driving out and in the motor shafts of electrically powered linear actuators used to move the payload. The work is divided into two parts: hardware and software. The hardware part consists of two movable (tilting and axial moving) rectangular frames fixed together and used to hold the payload and two electrically powered linear actuators (jacks) used to move the rectangular frames in the tilting and axial directions. The software part was a code written in the C programming language following an algorithm developed from measured parameters of the jacks and the sun’s position and embedded into a microcontroller. The testing of the dual-axis solar tracker was done by measuring a parabolic trough collector’s position with respect to the sun hour angles and solar declination angles and comparing the values with the calculated angles for two days. The results obtained showed that the tracker followed the sun with deviation of ±2o (percentage errors that ranged between 0.01% and 3.26%).
Development of Auto Thermal Control Device For Space Air - Conditioning
Authors: Kunle Akinde Olusola , Obinna Maduako Kingsley , Akinyinka Akande, Kunle , Adeoye Adeaga Oyetunde
Published: September 2021

Auto Thermal Control device is an electronic based device which employs the application of temperature sensors to controlling household appliances without human interference directly. In this work, thermal source is used to regulate electrical fan and room heater depending on ambient temperature. The room heater, which is adjusted to a set temperature, switches ‘ON’ when the temperature of a room is low (cold). While the same is switches ‘OFF’ with increase in the room temperature. This triggers ‘ON’ an electric fan at different speeds, and thus cools the room. A temperature sensor, tthermistor, monitors change in room temperature. Two types of thermistor exists: Positive Temperature Coefficient, PTC. An increasee in the resistance of PTC results in increasee in temperature). In the Negative Temperature Coefficient, NTC; a decreasee in resistance yields to temperature increase. This article explored a NTC thermistor. The design could be a ready product in the market of the developing nation where environmental automation is yet fully deployed.
Case Report on: Dandy Walker Malformation Syndrome
Authors: Meshram Khushbu , Sakharwade Prerana , Kolhekar Sonali , Kasturkar Pooja , Sakharkar Shital
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Dandy Walker Syndrome is a congenital brain malformation that affects the cerebellum and the fluid filled areas that accompany it. The cerebellum is a part of the brain that deals with movement coordination as well as cognition and behavior.

Case Presentation: The male patient 8 year old who was apparently admitted in A.V.B.R.H on 18/8/2019 is diagnosed with a known case of dandy walker malformation and came with the complaints of headache since 4 days, fever since 3 days, vomiting since 5 days and 3 episodes of seizures. All the necessary blood investigations has been done. The CT scan as well as MRI reports has shown that large posterior fossa cyst with open communication with fourth ventricle with hypoplastic left cerebellar hemisphere and no visualized cerebellar vermis. Before taking this case, information was given to the patients and their relatives and Informed consent was obtained from patient as well as relatives.

Therapeutic Intervention: The patient was treated with NSAIDS, antibiotics, anticonvulsant, antiemetic and antacid and physical therapy to help keep muscle strength and flexibility The patient underwent VP shunt head circumference assessed regularly, vital signs hourly, provided vitamins enriched diet as per dietician’s order assisted dressing for drainage and physical therapy. Conclusion: The patient was admitted in A.V.B.R.H in a critical condition with the diagnosis of dandy walker syndrome, after providing the required treatment by the health care team members of hospital the patient condition was improved and satisfactory.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Proper Handling of a Face Mask during Pandemic of COVID - 19 amongst the General Population in Chennai – A Survey
Authors: Swornappan Mithra
Published: September 2021

Background: Facemasks have become a mandatory to prevent the pandemic spread of COVID-19. It can be utilized as part of a broader strategy to reduce transmission and save lives. However, there are several basic conditions for using masks that the general population is unaware of. People should be highly aware of the proper handling, usage and disposal of the facemask to prevent the spread.

Aim: The aim of the study is to analyze the general public's knowledge, attitude, and practice of correct face mask handling during a covid-19 epidemic, with the hope of providing the essential awareness to prevent future worsening crises.

Methods: The survey was conducted among general population. A total of 130 participants participated in the knowledge, awareness and practice assessment survey and the questionnaire was distributed online using Google survey forms. The data were collected, tabulated in excel and statistically analyzed using SPSS IBM version 20.0. Descriptive analysis & Pearson’s chi square test statistical analysis were performed.

Results: The results of the study showed that majority of the population preferred to wear face mask and 81.5 % believed that facemasks provides protection against corona virus; 3.1 % participants did not agree and 15.4 % participants were in dilemma.

Conclusions: Our results showed that some practices among young people could be regarded more appropriate than in the older people which quantify the need of more awareness campaign regarding the standardization, protocols, guidelines and strict implementation on the handling, usage and disposal of mask to minimize the pandemic spread.
Urinary Infections in Pregnancy Conditions
Authors: Thalava Vigila J, Kalpana
Published: September 2021

The urinary tract infections (UTI’s) are common infections that can affect kidneys, ureters, and urethra. About 40% of urinary tract infections are caused during hospitalization and globally an estimated 600,000 patients are affected per year. Urinary tract infections are more prevalent in women due to their short urethra and its anatomical proximity to the anal orifice. A bladder infection may cause pelvic pain, increased urge to urinate, pain with urination and blood in the urine. A kidney infection may cause back pain, nausea, vomiting and fever. Bacteriuria is a major risk factor for the development of urinary tract infections during pregnancy and with further risk of preterm birth & pyelonephritis if untreated. This study was carried out to isolate and identify bacteria involved in the first trimester of pregnancy. A cross sectional study was conducted from February, 2019 to June 2019. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data from pregnant women. UTI was diagnosed by urine culture on standard culture media. Out of 25 pregnant women included in this study, 15 (60.0%) were symptomatic and 10 (40.0%) asymptomatic. Escherichia coli(64%) was the most commonly found bacterial isolate followed by Psedomonas aeruginosa (20%), Klebsiella sp. (12%) and Proteus sp. (0.4%). Antibiotic susceptibility test by Kirby-Bayer Disc diffusion method revealed that all the bacterial isolates subjected to antibiogram test were sensitive or susceptible to Gentamycin, Nalidixic acid, Nitrofurantoin, Amikacin and Co-trimoxazole, and resistant to Amoxicillin, Norfloxacin and erythromycin were resistant to all bacterial isolates.
Editorial: v.05, n.10, jul./dez.2020
Authors: Souza Camila Diogo de , Rodrigues Claudia , Almeida Marcelina das Graças de
Published: September 2021

Ainda que seja temática cada vez mais abordada nas diferentes áreas do conhecimento e setores da sociedade, nunca se falou tanto sobre a morte, os mortos e o morrer como no atual contexto pandêmico desse ano de 2020. Com distintas gradações, os diversos países, cidades e localidades vivenciam o drama da quantidade excessiva de mortes, as formas de publicização dos números e os sub-registros, seus impactos sobre o sistema funerário, o desdobramento da legislação restritiva em torno dos ritos fúnebres e seus efeitos sobre a vivência do luto. A partir da delicada e complexa questão dos registros e sub-registros, e da contabilidade do montante de mortos pela pandemia, especialmente no Brasil – cujo governo federal adota uma política neoliberal de direita com postura negacionista em relação à ciência e administração da pandemia –, escolhemos o tema da gestão estatal dos mortos, para reflexão de nossos leitores e leitoras. Mais especificamente, trata-se da abordagem das formas institucionalizadas de construção das desigualdades socioeconômicas e culturais, por meio do tratamento dos mortos, com o objetivo de auxiliar a análise e compreensão dos inevitáveis impactos dessas desigualdades acerca da gestão dos mortos em decorrência da Covid-19.
Quando o corpo se torna indigente: Uma etnografia sobre os processos de morrer à luz do estado
Authors: Lobo Andréa de Souza , Sobreira Luiza Báo
Published: September 2021

Este estudo tem por objetivo discutir questões sobre a construção da identidade do corpo morto enquanto indigente. Referimo-nos aos cadáveres que adentram ao Instituto Médico Legal do Distrito Federal sem os documentos que o classificam. Buscamos discorrer sobre o que legitima a atualização do status do morto, que passa a ser lido como não-identificado, ignorado, ou, simplesmente, indigente. Neste processo, é fundamental compreender quem faz parte da construção dessa narrativa: instituições, saberes e papéis. Os departamentos policiais, a metodologia médica-jurídica e os documentos são produzidos através de uma cadeia técnico-burocrático de criação. Definidora de fatos e verdades, a ciência médica serve-se de instrumento ao Estado para criar discursos, a fim de dar sentido a estes corpos, cujo o desconhecimento é a única informação. Dotado de racionalidade e poder, o Estado autoriza as narrativas sobre estes corpos. Os marginalizados em vida permanecem marginalizados na morte.
“Em tão perigosa viagem”: carta de um suposto suicida português, século XVIII
Authors: Ripe Fernando , Dillmann Mauro
Published: September 2021

No século XVIII europeu, marcado pelas transformações nos estudos científicos, a publicação de impressos que discutissem a prática ou a vontade pelo suicídio ganhou certa relevância editorial. O documento aqui apresentado, intitulado "Relaçaõ de hum notavel caso, que aconteceo nesta cidade de Lisboa, e lamentavel succésso acontecido em o dia treze de Junho do anno de 1755. Copia de huma carta. Obra digna de attençaõ dos Leitores", foi publicado em Portugal sem indicação de casa tipográfica no mesmo ano do fato ocorrido. Sobre esta fonte inédita, indicamos algumas potencialidades temáticas de pesquisa de caráter historiográfico, especialmente em relação à morte por meio do suicídio e a compreensão católica desse ato naquele contexto. Por fim, comentamos, ainda que de modo breve, tanto alguns entendimentos sobre o texto, quanto a situação em si relatada.
“Velório express”:
Authors: De Morais Machado Renata
Published: September 2021

Este texto narra o evento do funeral de minha avó em abril de 2020, no início da pandemia do covid-19 no Brasil. Trata-se de um relato pessoal, exposto sob uma mirada antropológica. Resgato cenas e emoções experienciadas na intenção de remontá-las como dados etnográficos. Este relato é como uma fotografia em que, a partir de um cenário, conta uma história sobre a morte e os funerais durante a pandemia do coronavírus no Rio de Janeiro.
“E a padiola ia e vinha, rangendo lugubremente”:
Authors: Maciel Dhenis Silva , Alexandre Jucieldo Ferreira
Published: September 2021

O presente artigo visa compreender como os coveiros, durante a epidemia de cólera no Ceará de 1862, foram representados sob um olhar de desconfiança, preconceito e condenação, numa conjuntura de medo e morte generalizada, quando o enterro massivo de corpos tornou-se questão sanitária fundamental. A epidemia atingiu o cotidiano, afetou as práticas fúnebres locais, promoveu a urgência na construção de cemitérios para abrigar os milhares de mortos vitimados pela doença e a contratação de coveiros. A atuação destes tornou-se alvo de apreensão das autoridades. Para tal intento, analisamos documentos oficiais, imprensa, literatura, registros paroquiais e livros de memória, à luz da análise discursiva e do entrecruzamento dos documentos. As fontes demonstram que a preocupação com os cemitérios e enterros acarretaram medidas de coação, que forçaram homens miseráveis, inclusive presidiários, a assumirem, sob violenta coerção policial, as inumações dos coléricos.
Genome‐wide analysis and transcriptional regulation of the typical and atypical thioredoxins in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Chibani Kamel , Pucker Boas , Dietz Karl‐Josef , Cavanagh Amanda
Published: September 2021

Thioredoxins (TRXs), a large subclass of ubiquitous oxidoreductases, are involved in thiol redox regulation. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of TRXs in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, revealing 41 genes encoding 18 typical and 23 atypical TRXs, and 6 genes encoding thioredoxin reductases (TRs). The high number of atypical TRXs indicates special functions in plants that mostly await elucidation. We identified an atypical class of thioredoxins called TRX‐c in the genomes of photosynthetic eukaryotes. Localized to the chloroplast, TRX‐c displays atypical CPLC, CHLC and CNLC motifs in the active sites. In silico analysis of the transcriptional regulations of TRXs revealed high expression of TRX‐c in leaves and strong regulation under cold, osmotic, salinity and metal ion stresses.
Clinical trial of raltegravir, an integrase inhibitor, in HAM/TSP
Authors: Enose‐Akahata Yoshimi , Billioux Bridgette Jeanne , Azodi Shila , Dwyer Jennifer , Vellucci Ashley , Ngouth Nyater , Nozuma Satoshi , Massoud Raya , Cortese Irene , Ohayon Joan , Jacobson Steven
Published: September 2021

Objective

Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV‐1)‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic, progressive myelopathy. A high proviral load (PVL) is one of the main risk factors for HAM/TSP. Recently, it was shown that raltegravir could inhibit cell‐free and cell‐to‐cell transmission of HTLV‐1 in vitro. Given the substantial clinical experience in human immunodeficiency virus infection and its excellent safety profile, this agent may be an attractive therapeutic option for HAM/TSP patients.

Methods

Sixteen subjects with HAM/TSP received raltegravir 400 mg orally twice daily in an initial 6‐month treatment phase, followed by a 9‐month post‐treatment phase. HTLV‐1 PVLs were assessed using droplet digital PCR from the PBMCs every 3 months, and from the CSF at baseline, month 6, and month 15. We also evaluated the ability of raltegravir to regulate abnormal immune responses in HAM/TSP patients.

Results

While a downward trend was observed in PBMC and/or CSF PVLs of some patients, raltegravir overall did not have any impact on the PVL in this HAM/TSP patient cohort. Clinically, all patients’ neurological scores and objective measurements remained relatively stable, with some expected variability. Immunologic studies showed alterations in the immune profiles of a subset of patients including decreased CD4+CD25+ T cells and spontaneous lymphoproliferation.

Interpretation

Raltegravir was generally well tolerated in this HAM/TSP patient cohort. A subset of patients exhibited a mild decrease in PVL as well as variations in their immune profiles after taking raltegravir. These findings suggest that raltegravir may be a therapeutic option in select HAM/TSP patients.

Clinical Trial Registration Number

NCT01867320.
Psilocybin: Next to treat depression, OCD and nicotine addiction
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: September 2021

First it was the plant, cannabis. How could this be made into a saleable profit‐making commodity when it grows in the ground? Witness the marijuana (a chemical from the plant) industry, which lobbied to make sure laws in states that legalized it banned people from growing more than a few plants.
Effect of Spatially Varying Thermokinetics on the Electrochemical Response of Laser Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V
Authors: Ho Yee-Hsien , Mazumder Sangram , Pantawane Mangesh V. , Dahotre Narendra B.
Published: September 2021

Herein, the spatial variation in the electrochemical behavior of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF)‐fabricated Ti6Al4V alloy is investigated. The electrochemical behavior of LPBF‐printed Ti6Al4V is measured using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at different regions along the build direction. The varying kinetics in electrochemical response is characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction, which confirm the variation in (0002) texture in the build plane of LPBF‐printed Ti6Al4V. The thermokinetics of LPBF‐printed Ti6Al4V is understood by developing a multiphysics computational model using the finite‐element method, which is conducive to apprehending the spatial variation in electrochemical response kinetics.
Biomimetic Tendrils by Four Dimensional Printing Bimorph Springs with Torsion and Contraction Properties Based on Bio‐Compatible Graphene/Silk Fibroin and Poly(3‐Hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐Hydroxyvalerate)
Authors: De Maria Carmelo , Chiesa Irene , Morselli Davide , Ceccarini Maria Rachele , Bittolo Bon Silvia , Degli Esposti Micaela , Fabbri Paola , Morabito Antonino , Beccari Tommaso , Valentini Luca
Published: September 2021

Taking inspiration from plant tendril geometry, in this study, 4D bimorph coiled structures with an internal core of graphene nanoplatelets‐modified regenerated silk and an external shell of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) are fabricated by 4D printing. Finite element simulations and experimental tests demonstrate that integrating these biomaterials with different coefficients of thermal expansion results in the temperature induced self‐compression and torsion of the structure. The bimorph spring also exhibits reversible contractive actuation after exposure to water environment that paves its exploitation in regenerative medicine, since core materials also have been proven to be biocompatible. Finally, the authors validate their findings with experimental measurements using such springs for temperature‐mediated lengthening of an artificial intestine.
Electrothermal Tristability Causes Sudden Burn‐In Phenomena in Organic LEDs
Authors: Kirch Anton , Fischer Axel , Liero Matthias , Fuhrmann Jürgen , Glitzky Annegret , Reineke Sebastian
Published: September 2021

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been established as a mature display pixel technology. While introducing the same technology in a large‐area form factor to general lighting and signage applications, some key questions remain unanswered. Under high‐brightness conditions, OLED panels were reported to exhibit nonlinear electrothermal behavior causing lateral brightness inhomogeneities and even regions of switched‐back luminance. Also, the physical understanding of sudden device failure and burn‐ins is still rudimentary. A safe and stable operation of lighting tiles, therefore, requires an in‐depth understanding of these physical phenomena. Here, it is shown that the electrothermal treatment of thin‐film devices allows grasping the underlying physics. Configurations of OLEDs with different lateral dimensions are studied as a role model and it is reported that devices exceeding a certain panel size develop three stable, self heating‐induced operating branches. Switching between them causes the sudden formation of dark spots in devices without any preexisting inhomogeneities. A current‐stabilized operation mode is commonly used in the lighting industry, as it ensures degradation‐induced voltage adjustments. Here, it is demonstrated that a tristable operation always leads to destructive switching, independent of applying constant currents or voltages. With this new understanding of the effects at high operation brightness, it will be possible to adjust driving schemes accordingly, design more resilient system integrations, and develop additional failure mitigation strategies.
Advanced Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy for Battery Studies
Authors: Yin Zu‐Wei , Zhao Wenguang , Li Jianyuan , Peng Xin‐Xing , Lin Cong , Zhang Mingjian , Zeng Zhiyuan , Liao Hong‐Gang , Chen Haibiao , Lin Hai , Pan Feng
Published: September 2021

As a powerful tool for chemical compositional analyses, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) can reveal an abundance of information regarding the atomic‐level electron state in a variety of materials, including the elemental types as well as their valence and concentration distributions, and the structure‐related atom radial distribution. Benefiting from its unique capabilities and the newly developed advanced transmission electron microscope (TEM) configurations (i.e., in situ bias, in situ heating, cryo‐TEM, etc.), EELS has facilitated the battery studies in various aspects. Here, a brief introduction of EELS is provided. Thereafter, a description of the recent progress in studying battery materials using EELS is provided, and finally a look ahead on the future development of EELS techniques and their applications in battery studies is provided.
Bioengineering Approaches for the Advanced Organoid Research
Authors: Yi Sang Ah , Zhang Yixiao , Rathnam Christopher , Pongkulapa Thanapat , Lee Ki‐Bum
Published: September 2021

Recent advances in 3D cell culture technology have enabled scientists to generate stem cell derived organoids that recapitulate the structural and functional characteristics of native organs. Current organoid technologies have been striding toward identifying the essential factors for controlling the processes involved in organoid development, including physical cues and biochemical signaling. There is a growing demand for engineering dynamic niches characterized by conditions that resemble in vivo organogenesis to generate reproducible and reliable organoids for various applications. Innovative biomaterial‐based and advanced engineering‐based approaches have been incorporated into conventional organoid culture methods to facilitate the development of organoid research. The recent advances in organoid engineering, including extracellular matrices and genetic modulation, are comprehensively summarized to pinpoint the parameters critical for organ‐specific patterning. Moreover, perspective trends in developing tunable organoids in response to exogenous and endogenous cues are discussed for next‐generation developmental studies, disease modeling, and therapeutics.
Advanced Nanocellulose‐Based Composites for Flexible Functional Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Xu Ting , Du Haishun , Liu Huayu , Liu Wei , Zhang Xinyu , Si Chuanling , Liu Peiwen , Zhang Kai
Published: September 2021

With the increasing demand for wearable electronics (such as smartwatch equipment, wearable health monitoring systems, and human–robot interface units), flexible energy storage systems with eco‐friendly, low‐cost, multifunctional characteristics, and high electrochemical performances are imperative to be constructed. Nanocellulose with sustainable natural abundance, superb properties, and unique structures has emerged as a promising nanomaterial, which shows significant potential for fabricating functional energy storage systems. This review is intended to provide novel perspectives on the combination of nanocellulose with other electrochemical materials to design and fabricate nanocellulose‐based flexible composites for advanced energy storage devices. First, the unique structural characteristics and properties of nanocellulose are briefly introduced. Second, the structure–property–application relationships of these composites are addressed to optimize their performances from the perspective of processing technologies and micro/nano‐interface structure. Next, the recent specific applications of nanocellulose‐based composites, ranging from flexible lithium‐ion batteries and electrochemical supercapacitors to emerging electrochemical energy storage devices, such as lithium‐sulfur batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, and zinc‐ion batteries, are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the current challenges and future developments in nanocellulose‐based composites for the next generation of flexible energy storage systems are proposed.
Structure, Properties and Applications of Two‐Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride
Authors: Roy Soumyabrata , Zhang Xiang , Puthirath Anand B. , Meiyazhagan Ashokkumar , Bhattacharyya Sohini , Rahman Muhammad M. , Babu Ganguli , Susarla Sandhya , Saju Sreehari K. , Tran Mai Kim , Sassi Lucas M. , Saadi M. A. S. R. , Lai Jiawei , Sahin Onur , Sajadi Seyed Mohammad , Dharmarajan Bhuvaneswari , Salpekar Devashish , Chakingal Nithya , Baburaj Abhijit , Shuai Xinting , Adumbumkulath Aparna , Miller Kristen A. , Gayle Jessica M. , Ajnsztajn Alec , Prasankumar Thibeorchews , Harikrishnan Vijay Vedhan Jayanthi , Ojha Ved , Kannan Harikishan , Khater Ali Zein , Zhu Zhenwei , Iyengar Sathvik Ajay , Autreto Pedro Alves da Silva , Oliveira Eliezer Fernando , Gao Guanhui , Birdwell A. Glen , Neupane Mahesh R. , Ivanov Tony G. , Taha‐Tijerina Jaime , Yadav Ram Manohar , Arepalli Sivaram , Vajtai Robert , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: September 2021

Hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) has emerged as a strong candidate for two‐dimensional (2D) material owing to its exciting optoelectrical properties combined with mechanical robustness, thermal stability, and chemical inertness. Super‐thin h‐BN layers have gained significant attention from the scientific community for many applications, including nanoelectronics, photonics, biomedical, anti‐corrosion, and catalysis, among others. This review provides a systematic elaboration of the structural, electrical, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of h‐BN followed by a comprehensive account of state‐of‐the‐art synthesis strategies for 2D h‐BN, including chemical exfoliation, chemical, and physical vapor deposition, and other methods that have been successfully developed in recent years. It further elaborates a wide variety of processing routes developed for doping, substitution, functionalization, and combination with other materials to form heterostructures. Based on the extraordinary properties and thermal‐mechanical‐chemical stability of 2D h‐BN, various potential applications of these structures are described.
Updated Insights into 3D Architecture Electrodes for Micropower Sources
Authors: Sha Mo , Zhao Huaping , Lei Yong
Published: September 2021

Microbatteries (MBs) and microsupercapacitors (MSCs) are primary on‐chip micropower sources that drive autonomous and stand‐alone microelectronic devices for implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the performance of conventional MBs and MSCs is restricted by their 2D thin‐film electrode design, and these devices struggle to satisfy the increasing IoT energy demands for high energy density, high power density, and long lifespan. The energy densities of MBs and MSCs can be improved significantly through adoption of a 2D thick‐film electrode design; however, their power densities and lifespans deteriorate with increased electrode thickness. In contrast, 3D architecture electrodes offer remarkable opportunities to simultaneously improve MB and MSC energy density, power density, and lifespan. To date, various 3D architecture electrodes have been designed, fabricated, and investigated for MBs and MSCs. This review provides an update on the principal superiorities of 3D architecture electrodes over 2D thick‐film electrodes in the context of improved MB and MSC energy density, power density, and lifespan. In addition, the most recent and representative progress in 3D architecture electrode development for MBs and MSCs is highlighted. Finally, present challenges are discussed and key perspectives for future research in this field are outlined.
Understanding the Synergistic Oxidation in Dichalcogenides through Electrochemiluminescence Blinking at Millisecond Resolution
Authors: Zhu Hui , Jin Rong , Chang Yu‐Chung , Zhu Jun‐Jie , Jiang Dechen , Lin Yuehe , Zhu Wenlei
Published: September 2021

The oxidation of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) has been extensively studied and applied in electronics, optics, and energy sources because of its tunable structure and performance. However, due to the lack of appropriate technology, dynamically observe the oxidation process remains an arduous task. Herein, the synergistic oxidation between edge and basal plane in molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is observed through electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) blinking with a millisecond resolution. In addition, the ECL method provides a simple, convenient, and quick way to judge structural changes. The transient elevation of the ECL intensity proved the intermittent doping of oxygen at MoS2, which generates O‐atom active sites. High ECL intensity enhanced from the produced hydroperoxide intermediates eases the monitoring of MoS2 particles. Further study shows that the formation of sulfur vacancies at MoS2, by the edge activation of hydrogen peroxide and the migration of oxygen to the basal plane, is more conducive to oxygen doping that favors the formation of MoOMo as new active sites to induce bursts. The revealing of sulfur vacancy‐governed blinking from MoS2 indicates a complex interaction between oxygen and MoS2. The same phenomenon is observed on tungsten disulfide (WS2), which provides new information about the oxidation feature of 2D dichalcogenides.
Elastic Lattice and Excess Charge Carrier Manipulation in 1D–3D Perovskite Solar Cells for Exceptionally Long‐Term Operational Stability
Authors: Zhan Yu , Yang Fu , Chen Weijie , Chen Haiyang , Shen Yunxiu , Li Yaowen , Li Yongfang
Published: September 2021

3D organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite solar cells (pero‐SCs) inherently face severe instability issue due to ion migration under operational conditions. This ion migration inevitably results from the decomposition of ionic bonds under lattice strain and is accelerated by the existence of excess charge carriers. In this study, a 1D–3D mixed‐dimensional perovskite material is explored by adding an organic salt with a bulk benzimidazole cation (Bn+). The Bn+ can induce 3D perovskite crystalline growth with the preferred orientation and form a 1D BnPbI3 perovskite spatially distributed in the 3D perovskite film. For the first time, the electro‐strictive response, which has a significant influence on the lattice strain under an electric field, is observed in polycrystalline perovskite. The 1D–3D perovskite can effectively suppress electro‐strictive responses and unbalanced charge carrier extraction, providing an intrinsically stable lattice with enhanced ionic bonds and fewer excess charge carriers. As a result, the ion migration behavior of the p‐i‐n 1D–3D based pero‐SC is dramatically suppressed under operational conditions, showing ultra‐long‐term stability that retains 95.3% of its initial power conversion efficiency (PCE) under operation for 3072 h, and simultaneously achieving an excellent PCE with a hysteresis‐free photovoltaic behavior.