bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ionospheric electron number densities from CUTLASS dual‐frequency velocity measurements using artificial backscatter over EISCAT
Authors: Sarno‐Smith Lois K. , Kosch Michael J. , Yeoman Timothy , Rietveld Michael , Nel Amore' , Liemohn Michael W.
Published: August 2016

Using quasi‐simultaneous line‐of‐sight velocity measurements at multiple frequencies from the Hankasalmi Cooperative UK Twin Auroral Sounding System (CUTLASS) on the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN), we calculate electron number densities using a derivation outlined in Gillies et al. (2010, 2012). Backscatter targets were generated using the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) ionospheric modification facility at Tromsø, Norway. We use two methods on two case studies. The first approach is to use the dual‐frequency capability on CUTLASS and compare line‐of‐sight velocities between frequencies with a MHz or greater difference. The other method used the kHz frequency shifts automatically made by the SuperDARN radar during routine operations. Using ray tracing to obtain the approximate altitude of the backscatter, we demonstrate that for both methods, SuperDARN significantly overestimates Ne compared to those obtained from the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar over the same time period. The discrepancy between the Ne measurements of both radars may be largely due to SuperDARN sensitivity to backscatter produced by localized density irregularities which obscure the background levels.
Velocity‐weakening behavior of Westerly granite at temperature up to 600°C
Authors: Mitchell E. K. , Fialko Y. , Brown K. M.
Published: August 2016

The deep limit to seismicity in continental crust is believed to be controlled by a transition from velocity‐weakening to velocity‐strengthening friction based on experimental measurements of the rate dependence of friction at different temperatures. Available experimental data on granite suggest a transition to stable creep at about 350°C (∼15 km depth). Here we present results from unconfined experiments on Westerly granite at both dry and hydrated conditions that show increasingly unstable slip (velocity‐weakening behavior) at temperature up to 600°C. A comparison of previously published experimental results with those presented in this study suggests that the rate and state friction parameters strongly depend on normal stress and pore pressure at high (>400°C) temperature, which may help explain regional variations in the depth distribution of earthquakes in continental crust. Temperature dependence of the rate and state friction parameters may also contribute to strong dynamic weakening observed in high‐speed friction experiments on crystalline rocks such as granite and gabbro.
Evidence of reduced mid‐Holocene ENSO variance on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Authors: Leonard N. D. , Welsh K. J. , Lough J. M. , Feng Y.‐x. , Pandolfi J. M. , Clark T. R. , Zhao J.‐x.
Published: August 2016

Globally, coral reefs are under increasing pressure both through direct anthropogenic influence and increases in climate extremes. Understanding past climate dynamics that negatively affected coral reef growth is imperative for both improving management strategies and for modeling coral reef responses to a changing climate. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is the primary source of climate variability at interannual timescales on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), northeastern Australia. Applying continuous wavelet transforms to visually assessed coral luminescence intensity in massive Porites corals from the central GBR we demonstrate that these records reliably reproduce ENSO variance patterns for the period 1880–1985. We then applied this method to three subfossil corals from the same reef to reconstruct ENSO variance from ~5200 to 4300 years before present (yBP). We show that ENSO events were less extreme and less frequent after ~5200 yBP on the GBR compared to modern records. Growth characteristics of the corals are consistent with cooler sea surface temperatures (SSTs) between 5200 and 4300 yBP compared to both the millennia prior (~6000 yBP) and modern records. Understanding ENSO dynamics in response to SST variability at geological timescales will be important for improving predictions of future ENSO response to a rapidly warming climate.
RaD‐X: Complementary measurements of dose rates at aviation altitudes
Authors: Meier Matthias M. , Matthiä Daniel , Forkert Tomas , Wirtz Michael , Scheibinger Markus , Hübel Robert , Mertens Christopher J.
Published: August 2016

The RaD‐X stratospheric balloon flight organized by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration was launched from Fort Sumner on 25 September 2015 and carried several instruments to measure the radiation field in the upper atmosphere at the average vertical cutoff rigidity Rc of 4.1 GV. The German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft‐ und Raumfahrt) in cooperation with Lufthansa German Airlines supported this campaign with an independent measuring flight at the altitudes of civil aviation on a round trip from Germany to Japan. The goal was to measure dose rates under similar space weather conditions over an area on the Northern Hemisphere opposite to the RaD‐X flight. Dose rates were measured in the target areas, i.e., around vertical cutoff rigidity Rc of 4.1 GV, at two flight altitudes for about 1 h at each position with acceptable counting statistics. The analysis of the space weather situation during the flights shows that measuring data were acquired under stable and moderate space weather conditions with a virtually undisturbed magnetosphere. The measured rates of absorbed dose in silicon and ambient dose equivalent complement the data recorded during the balloon flight. The combined measurements provide a set of experimental data suitable for validating and improving numerical models for the calculation of radiation exposure at aviation altitudes.
Exome sequencing‐based identification of mutations in non‐syndromic genes among individuals with apparently syndromic features
Authors: Nishi Eriko , Masuda Koji , Arakawa Michiko , Kawame Hiroshi , Kosho Tomoki , Kitahara Masashi , Kubota Noriko , Hidaka Eiko , Katoh Yuki , Shirahige Katsuhiko , Izumi Kosuke
Published: August 2016

In a clinical setting, the number of organ systems involved is crucial for the differential diagnosis of congenital genetic disorders. When more than one organ system is involved, a syndromic diagnosis is suspected. In this report, we describe three patients with apparently syndromic features. Exome sequencing identified non‐syndromic gene mutations as a potential cause of part of their phenotype. The first patient (Patient 1) is a girl with cleft lip/palate, meningoencephalocele, tetralogy of Fallot, and developmental delay. The second and third patients (Patients 2 and 3) are brothers with developmental delay, deafness, and low bone mineral density. Exome sequencing revealed the presence of a CDH1 mutation in Patient 1 and a PLS3 mutation in Patients 2 and 3. CDH1 mutations are known to be associated with non‐syndromic cleft lip/palate, while PLS3 mutations are associated with osteoporosis. Thus, these variants may explain a part of the complex phenotype of the patients, although the effects of these missense variants need to be evaluated by functional assays in order to prove pathogenicity. On the basis of these findings, we emphasize the importance of scrutinizing non‐syndromic gene mutations even in individuals with apparently syndromic features. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recurrent 15q11.2 BP1‐BP2 microdeletions and microduplications in the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Picinelli Chiara , Lintas Carla , Piras Ignazio Stefano , Gabriele Stefano , Sacco Roberto , Brogna Claudia , Persico Antonio Maria
Published: August 2016

Rare and common CNVs can contribute to the etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. One of the recurrent genomic aberrations associated with these phenotypes and proposed as a susceptibility locus is the 15q11.2 BP1‐BP2 CNV encompassing TUBGCP5, CYFIP1, NIPA2, and NIPA1. Characterizing by array‐CGH a cohort of 243 families with various neurodevelopmental disorders, we identified five patients carrying the 15q11.2 duplication and one carrying the deletion. All CNVs were confirmed by qPCR and were inherited, except for one duplication where parents were not available. The phenotypic spectrum of CNV carriers was broad but mainly neurodevelopmental, in line with all four genes being implicated in axonal growth and neural connectivity. Phenotypically normal and mildly affected carriers complicate the interpretation of this aberration. This variability may be due to reduced penetrance or altered gene dosage on a particular genetic background. We evaluated the expression levels of the four genes in peripheral blood RNA and found the expected reduction in the deleted case, while duplicated carriers displayed high interindividual variability. These data suggest that differential expression of these genes could partially account for differences in clinical phenotypes, especially among duplication carriers. Furthermore, urinary Mg2+ levels appear negatively correlated with NIPA2 gene copy number, suggesting they could potentially represent a useful biomarker, whose reliability will need replication in larger samples. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of dose, route, and composition on the immunogenicity of immune polyelectrolyte multilayers delivered on gold templates
Authors: Zhang Peipei , Andorko James I. , Jewell Christopher M.
Published: August 2016

Biomaterial vaccines offer new capabilities that can be exploited for both infectious disease and cancer. We recently developed a novel vaccine platform based on self‐assembly of immune signals into immune polyelectrolyte multilayers (iPEMs). These iPEM vaccines are electrostatically assembled from peptide antigens and nucleic acid‐based toll‐like receptor agonists (TLRas) that serve as molecular adjuvants. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) coated with iPEMs stimulate effector cytokine secretion in vitro and expand antigen‐specific T cells in mice. Here we investigated how the dose, injection route, and choice of molecular adjuvant impacts the ability of iPEMs to generate T cell immunity and anti‐tumor response in mice. Three injection routes—intradermal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular—and three iPEM dosing levels were employed. Intradermal injection induced the most potent antigen‐specific T cell responses and, for all routes, the level of response was dose‐dependent. We further discovered that these vaccines generate durable memory, indicated by potent, antigen‐specific CD8+ T cell recall responses in mice challenged with vaccine 49 days after a prime‐boost immunization regimen. In a common exogenous antigen melanoma model, iPEM vaccines slowed or stopped tumor growth more effectively than equivalent ad‐mixed formulations. Further, iPEMs containing CpG—a TLR9a—were more potent compared with iPEMs containing polyIC, a TLR3a. These findings demonstrate the ability of iPEMs to enhance response to several different classes of vaccine cargos, supporting iPEMs as a simple vaccine platform that mimics attractive features of other nanoparticles using immune signals that can be self‐assembled or coated on substrates. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 423–431. © 2016 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Significance of delayed primary excision in localized nonmetastatic adult head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Kobayashi Kenya , Matsumoto Fumihiko , Kodaira Makoto , Mori Taisuke , Murakami Naoya , Yoshida Akihiko , Maki Daisuke , Teshima Masanori , Fukasawa Masahiko , Itami Jun , Asai Masahiro , Yoshimoto Seiichi
Published: August 2016

Adult rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly aggressive tumor. Multidisciplinary treatment is important. However, the role of surgery is controversial. The purpose of this study was to reveal the role of a delayed primary excision (DPE) after induction chemotherapy (IC) in localized nonmetastatic adult head and neck RMS. We retrospectively reviewed 24 adult head and neck RMS. Treatment was classified into the following two groups: the DPE group, who received IC followed by surgery, postoperative radiotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy (17 patients); the chemoradiotherapy (CRT) group, who received IC followed by chemoradiotherapy (seven patients). We analyzed the efficacy of IC, local control rate (LCR), and overall survival (OS). In the DPE group, 10 patients (59%) underwent complete surgical resection. In the evaluation of the surgical specimens, 14 patients (82%) had residual viable tumors after IC. The response to IC was significantly associated with the 3‐year LCR (CR/PR vs. SD/PD: 100% vs. 33%, P = 0.0014). In patients with good response to chemotherapy, the DPE group had a significantly better 3‐year LCR compared with that of the CRT group (DPE group vs. CRT group, 100% vs. 44%, P = 0.018). However, the treatment modalities were not associated with OS (DPE group vs. CRT group, 65% vs. 57%: P = 0.98). The recurrence patterns differed according to treatments, and distant metastases were more frequent in the DPE group. DPE may impact local control of localized nonmetastatic adult head and neck RMS. Poor response to IC is a risk factor for local recurrence.
Essential Oil Variability and Biological Activities of Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. Wood According to the Extraction Time
Authors: Djouahri Abderrahmane , Saka Boualem , Boudarene Lynda , Baaliouamer Aoumeur
Published: August 2016

In the present work, the hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) kinetics of essential oil (EO) extracted from Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. wood was conducted, in order to assess the impact of extraction time and technique on chemical composition and biological activities. Gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry analyses showed significant differences between the extracted EOs, where each family class or component presents a specific kinetic according to extraction time, technique and especially for the major components: camphene, linalool, cedrol, carvacrol and α‐acorenol. Furthermore, our findings showed a high variability for both antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities, where each activity has a specific effect according to extraction time and technique. The highlighted variability reflects the high impact of extraction time and technique on chemical composition and biological activities, which led to conclude that we should select EOs to be investigated carefully depending on extraction time and technique, in order to isolate the bioactive components or to have the best quality of EO in terms of biological activities and preventive effects in food.
Betulinic Acid, The First Lupane‐Type Triterpenoid Isolated from Both a Phomopsis sp. and Its Host Plant Diospyros carbonaria Benoist
Authors: Peyrat Laure‐Anne , Eparvier Véronique , Eydoux Cécilia , Guillemot Jean‐Claude , Litaudon Marc , Stien Didier
Published: August 2016

Following a biological screening using a dengue replicon virus‐cell‐based assay, Diospyros carbonaria AcOEt extract was investigated, affording six known lupane‐type triterpenoids endowed with anti‐DENV‐2 NS5 polymerase activity. The study of the associated microbial community of this species permitted us to identify 38 endophytes belonging to five different orders. Nine out of these 38 strains showed significant activity on the dengue replicon assay. The chemical investigation of the most active one, Phomopsis sp. SNB‐LAP1‐7‐32, led to the isolation of betulinic acid, an anti‐viral secondary metabolite isolated previously from the host plant. This result is the first example of a lupane‐type triterpenoid isolated from both an endophyte and its host plant. Its presence in the Phomopsis strain may result from gene transfer and/or specific niche selection.
Left atrial appendage closure: A single center experience and comparison of two contemporary devices
Authors: Figini Filippo , Mazzone Patrizio , Regazzoli Damiano , Porata Giulia , Ruparelia Neil , Giannini Francesco , Stella Stefano , Ancona Francesco , Agricola Eustachio , Sora Nicoleta , Marzi Alessandra , Aurelio Andrea , Trevisi Nicola , Della Bella Paolo , Colombo Antonio , Montorfano Matteo
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To compare indications and clinical outcomes of two contemporary left atrial appendage (LAA) percutaneous closure systems in a “real‐world” population.

Background

Percutaneous LAA occlusion is an emerging therapeutic option for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Some questions however remain unanswered, such as the applicability of results of randomized trials to current clinical practice. Moreover, currently available devices have never been directly compared.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients who underwent LAA closure at San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy between 2009 and 2015. Clinical indications and device selection were left to operators' decision; routine clinical and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) follow‐up was performed.

Results

One‐hundred and sixty‐five patients were included in the study, of which 99 were treated with the Amplatzer Cardiac Plug (ACP) and 66 with the Watchman system. During the follow‐up period (median 15 months, interquartile range 6–26 months) five patients died. The incidence of ischemic events was low, with one patient suffering a transient ischemic attack and no episodes recorded of definitive strokes. Twenty‐six leaks ≥1 mm were detected (23%); leaks were less common with the ACP and with periprocedural three‐dimensional TEE evaluation, but were not found to correlate with clinical events. Clinical outcomes were comparable between the two devices.

Conclusions

Our data show excellent safety and efficacy of LAA closure, irrespectively of the device utilized, in a population at high ischemic and hemorrhagic risk. The use of ACP and 3D‐TEE minimized the incidence of residual leaks; however, the clinical relevance of small peri‐device flow warrants further investigation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intravascular ultrasound‐derived morphological predictors of myocardial ischemia assessed by stress myocardial perfusion computed tomography
Authors: Kang Soo‐Jin , Yang Dong Hyun , Koo Hyun Jung , Yun Sung‐Cheol , Lee June‐Goo , Kang Joon‐Won , Lim Tae‐Hwan , Mintz Gary S. , Park Seong‐Wook , Kim Young‐Hak
Published: August 2016

Background

Although ischemia‐guided revascularization improves clinical outcomes, morphological determinants of clinically relevant myocardial ischemia have not been studied. To identify intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)‐derived anatomical parameters for predicting myocardial perfusion defect and its extent.

Methods

A total of 103 patients (88 stable and 15 unstable angina) with 153 lesions (angiographic diameter stenosis of 30–80%) underwent stress myocardial perfusion computed tomography (CT) and IVUS pre‐procedure. The volume of CT perfusion defect and %CT perfusion defect in the target vessel territories were measured.

Results

The CT perfusion defect was seen in 76 (50%) lesions. The independent determinants for the presence of CT perfusion defect were IVUS‐minimal lumen area (MLA) (adjusted OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.38–0.82), plaque burden (adjusted OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.02–1.11) and involvement of left main or left anterior descending artery (adjusted OR = 4.13, 95% CI = 1.75–9.78, all P < 0.05). The CT perfusion defect was predicted by IVUS‐MLA <2.28mm2 (sensitivity 74%, specificity 82%) and plaque burden >77% (sensitivity 79%, specificity 78%) as thresholds. The independent determinants for the volume of CT perfusion defect were the involvement of left main or left anterior descending artery (β = 16.43, standard errors = 4.387, P = 0.020) and a greater plaque burden (β = 0.56, standard errors = 0.163, P = 0.026).

Conclusions

IVUS‐derived morphological parameters were useful to predict the presence of CT perfusion defect and the size of myocardial ischemia that were primarily determined by lesion severity and subtended myocardial territory. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Defining the common femoral artery: Insights from the femoral arterial access with ultrasound trial
Authors: Seto Arnold H. , Tyler Jeffrey , Suh William M. , Harrison Alexander T. , Vera Jesus A. , Zacharias Soni J. , Daly Timothy S. , Sparling Jeffrey M. , Patel Pranav M. , Kern Morton J. , Abu‐Fadel Mazen
Published: August 2016

Objective

We sought to establish the typical location of the common femoral artery (CFA) bifurcation, the origin and most inferior reflection of the inferior epigastric artery (IEA) relative to the femoral head (FH) and whether patient demographics predicted anatomical variations.

Background

In the absence of ultrasound guidance or prior imaging, the precise location of the CFA bifurcation and IEA can only be determined following access site angiography. Fluoroscopic landmarks are commonly used to estimate the location of the CFA bifurcation, but the position of the IEA is less well characterized.

Methods

Prospectively collected data on 989 patients with femoral angiography in the FAUST trial were analyzed. The level of CFA bifurcation and the origin and most inferior reflection of the IEA were classified by angiography. Logistic regression was used to explore whether baseline demographics were associated with anatomic variations.

Results

The CFA bifurcation occurs below the middle 1/3rd of the femoral head in 95% of patients, and no patient factors are predictive of a high bifurcation. The IEA origin has a more variable anatomically pattern, with high BSA, male gender, and white race associated with a low IEA origin.

Conclusion

Operators should attempt to access the CFA at the level of the middle 1/3rd of the FH to maximize the chance of CFA cannulation. However, this location carries an 11% risk of being at or above the IEA origin. Baseline demographics were of limited utility for predicting anatomic variants of the CFA bifurcation and the course of the IEA. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coronary artery stenting in a patient with progeria
Authors: Roggen Mieke , Dubois Christophe , Gewillig Marc
Published: August 2016

Progeria syndrome is a very rare disease with early demise in the second decade due to cardiovascular disease. Most events are sudden and fatal, leaving no time for medical or interventional therapies; no such interventional therapy has been reported. We present a 13 years old boy who previously had suffered from dissection of both internal carotid arteries; he now presented with exercise‐induced angina. Both CT‐scan and angiography revealed severe stenotic lesions at the origin of the right coronary artery and left anterior descending artery, typical for dissection. Coronary artery stenting resolved the symptoms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First prospective multicenter experience with the 7 French Glidesheath slender for complex transradial coronary interventions
Authors: Aminian Adel , Iglesias Juan F. , Van Mieghem Carlos , Zuffi Andrea , Ferrara Angela , Manih Roukos , Dolatabadi Dariouch , Lalmand Jacques , Saito Shigeru
Published: August 2016

Purpose

To assess the feasibility and safety of the 7 French (Fr) Glidesheath Slender for complex transradial (TR) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI).

Background

The TR approach is increasingly used worldwide for coronary and peripheral vascular interventions. However, the small size of the radial artery remains an important limitation for the use of large‐bore guiding catheters (>6 Fr), restricting thereby the treatment of highly complex lesions through the TR approach. The 7 Fr Glidesheath slender (Terumo, Tokyo, Japan) is a new dedicated radial sheath with a thinner wall and hydrophilic coating. It combines an inner diameter compatible with any 7 Fr guiding catheter and an outer diameter smaller than current 7 Fr sheaths.

Methods

Prospective multicenter registry of complex TR PCI cases using the 7 Fr Glidesheath Slender to determine the procedural success, rates of vascular complications, radial spasm, and radial artery occlusion (RAO).

Results

A total of 60 patients were included. Procedural success was 97% with only one access‐site crossover. The use of a 7 Fr guiding catheter was indicated for the treatment of highly complex coronary lesions including distal left main (LM) disease (n = 20), complex non‐LM bifurcation lesions (n = 16), chronic total occlusion (n = 15), and severely calcified vessels requiring rotational atherectomy (n = 10). There were three vascular access‐site complications (4.7%) including two moderate (type II) local hematoma and one uncomplicated guiding catheter‐induced brachial artery dissection. None of the patients experienced major bleeding. The occurrence of radial spasm was reported in seven patients (11%). Doppler ultrasound imaging of the radial artery at 1 month was available in 62 of 64 radial access with three cases of RAO (4.8%).

Conclusions

Use of the 7 Fr Glidesheath slender for complex coronary interventions is feasible and associated with a high rate of procedural success and a low rate of vascular complications. These favorable results need be confirmed in larger multicenter studies. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Should endovascular approach be the first line of treatment for retroperitoneal bleeding with hemodynamic shock following percutaneous intervention? A case series
Authors: Seropian Ignacio M. , Angiolillo Dominick J. , Zenni Martin M. , Bass Theodore A. , Guzman Luis A.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To report a series of consecutive patients that developed retroperitoneal hemorrhage (RPH) and persistent hypotension treated with endovascular approach.

Background

RPH is a rare complication of percutaneous cardiovascular interventions associated with high morbidity and mortality. The standard approach to treat this complication has been a conservative management for stable patients, and urgent vascular surgery for those with persistent hypovolemic shock. Percutaneous endovascular treatment has evolved as an alternative treatment option.

Methods

We implemented a management algorithm for patients with suspected RPH and persistent hypotension which embraced systematic use of emergency endovascular evaluation and treatment following clinical assessment without the use of non‐invasive diagnostic testing. We report a series of 8 consecutive patients that developed RPH with persistent hypotension.

Results

Successful percutaneous treatment was achieved in all cases with the use of a covered stent. No patient required vascular surgery. The average blood transfusion was 3.4 ± 2.7 units per patient. There were no deaths; one patient experienced acute stent thrombosis that was successfully treated via endovascular approach. At 1‐year follow‐up, no further events were reported.

Conclusion

The incorporation of a standardized protocol using only clinical evaluation followed by emergency percutaneous approach without delays attributed to non‐invasive diagnostic work‐up showed to be feasible and associated with favorable outcomes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of delirium on healthcare utilization and survival after transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Huded Chetan P. , Huded Jill M. , Sweis Ranya N. , Ricciardi Mark J. , Malaisrie S. Chris , Davidson Charles J. , Flaherty James D.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

We assessed whether post‐operative delirium is associated with healthcare utilization and overall survival after trans‐catheter aortic valve replacement.

Background

Delirium, a common syndrome among hospitalized older adults, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.

Methods

We reviewed 294 transcatheter aortic valve replacement cases between June 2008 and February 2015 at a tertiary care academic medical center. Post‐operative delirium was identified by confusion assessment method screening and clinician diagnosis.

Results

Delirium was identified in 61 patients (21%). Non‐femoral access for trans‐catheter aortic valve replacement was more common in delirious patients than in non‐delirious patients (41% vs. 27%, P = 0.04). Delirious patients had diminished overall survival after trans‐catheter aortic valve replacement compared to non‐delirious patients (1‐year survival 59% vs. 84%, log‐rank P = 0.002). After adjusting for age, Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted 30‐day mortality, and access type; delirium remained independently associated with diminished overall survival (hazard ratio 2.01, 95% confidence interval 1.21–3.33, P = 0.007). The delirium group had longer mean hospital stay (13.3 ± 9.5 days vs. 6.7 ± 3.8 days, P < 0.001) and a higher rate of discharge to a rehabilitation facility (61% vs. 27%, P < 0.001), but there was no difference in 30‐day hospital re‐admission rates or 30‐day mortality based on delirium status.

Conclusions

Delirium occurs in one out of five patients after trans‐catheter aortic valve replacement and is associated with diminished survival and increased healthcare utilization. Further studies are needed to clarify whether strategies aimed at reducing delirium after trans‐catheter aortic valve replacement may improve outcomes in this high‐risk subset. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomical and functional assessment of Tryton bifurcation stent before and after final kissing balloon dilatation: Evaluations by three‐dimensional coronary angiography, optical coherence tomography imaging and fractional flow reserve
Authors: Pyxaras Stylianos A. , Toth Gabor G. , Di Gioia Giuseppe , Ughi Giovanni J. , Tu Shengxian , Rusinaru Dan , Adriaenssens Tom , Reiber Johan H.C. , Leon Martin B. , Bax Jeroen J. , Wijns William
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To assess the anatomical and functional impact of final kissing balloon inflation (FKBI) after implantation of a dedicated bifurcation stent system.

Background

Current evidence suggests clinical benefit of FKBI in patients undergoing bifurcation dilatation using the Tryton side branch stent (Tryton‐SBS). We hypothesized that FKBI improves anatomical reconstruction and functional results of bifurcation treated by Tryton‐SBS.

Methods

An unselected group of patients with complex bifurcation coronary lesions undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with Tryton‐SBS underwent paired anatomical assessment with two‐ and three‐dimensional quantitative coronary analysis (2D‐ and 3D‐QCA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT), including 3D reconstruction before and after FKBI. Functional assessment by fractional flow reserve (FFR) was performed in the main branch (MB) and side branch (SB) before and after FKBI.

Results

Paired pre‐ and post‐FKBI data were obtained in 10 patients. By OCT imaging, FKBI increased both the SB ostial area (4.93 ± 2.81 vs. 7.43 ± 2.87 mm2, P < 0.001) and the SB maximum diameter (3.12 ± 0.98 vs. 3.82 ± 1.10 mm, P = 0.003). These findings were associated with a significant increase in FFR in the SB (0.90 ± 0.05 vs. 0.94 ± 0.03; P = 0.011), with no significant change in the MB (0.91 ± 0.05 vs. 0.92 ± 0.04; P = 0.470).

Conclusions

In patients with complex bifurcation stenosis undergoing PCI with a dedicated bifurcation system, FKBI is associated with improved anatomical and functional results at the SB level, without compromising the result at the MB. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ORBIT II sub‐analysis: Impact of impaired renal function following treatment of severely calcified coronary lesions with the Orbital Atherectomy System
Authors: Lee Michael S. , Lee Arthur C. , Shlofmitz Richard A. , Martinsen Brad J. , Hargus Nick J. , Elder Mahir D. , Généreux Philippe , Chambers Jeffrey W.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To investigate the safety and efficacy of the coronary Orbital Atherectomy System (OAS) to prepare severely calcified lesions for stent deployment in patients grouped by renal function.

Background

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of severely calcified lesions is associated with increased rates of major adverse cardiac events (MACE), including death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target vessel revascularization (TVR) compared with PCI of non‐calcified vessels. Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk for MACE after PCI. The impact of CKD on coronary orbital atherectomy treatment has not been well characterized.

Methods

ORBIT II was a prospective, multicenter trial in the U.S., which enrolled 443 patients with severely calcified coronary lesions. The MACE rate was defined as a composite of cardiac death, MI, and target vessel revascularization.

Results

Of the 441 patients enrolled with known estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values at baseline, 333 (75.5%) patients had eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 and 108 patients had eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2. The mean eGFR at baseline in the eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 and eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 groups was 65.0 ± 0.9 ml/min/1.73 m2 and 109.1 ± 2.0 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively. Freedom from MACE was lower in the eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 group at 30 days (87.4% vs. 96.3%, P = 0.02) and 1‐year (80.6% vs. 90.7%, P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Patients with renal impairment had a higher MACE rate through one year follow‐up due to a higher rate of periprocedural MI. Interestingly, the rates of cardiac death and revascularization through 1‐year were similar in patients with eGFR < 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 and eGFR ≥ 90 ml/min/1.73 m2. Future studies are needed to identify the ideal revascularization strategy for patients with renal impairment and severely calcified coronary lesions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterogeneous CPU+GPU approaches for mesh refinement over Lattice‐Boltzmann simulations
Authors: Valero‐Lara Pedro , Jansson Johan
Published: August 2016

The use of mesh refinement in CFD is an efficient and widely used methodology to minimize the computational cost by solving those regions of high geometrical complexity with a finer grid. In this work, the author focuses on studying two methods, one based on Multi‐Domain and one based on Irregular meshing, to deal with mesh refinement over LBM simulations. The numerical formulation is presented in detail. It is proposed two approaches, homogeneous GPU and heterogeneous CPU+GPU, on each of the refinement methods. Obviously, the use of the two architectures, CPU and GPU, to compute the same problem involves more important challenges with respect to the homogeneous counterpart. These challenges and the strategies to deal with them are described in detail into the present work. We pay a particular attention to the differences among both methodologies/implementations in terms of programmability, memory management, and performance. The size of the refined sub‐domain has important consequences over both methodologies; however, the influence on Multi‐Domain approach is much higher. For instance, when dealing with a big refined sub‐domain, theMulti‐Domainapproach achieves an important fall in performance with respect to other cases, where the size of the refined sub‐domain is smaller. Otherwise, using theIrregularapproach, there is no such a dramatic fall in performance when increasing the size of the refined sub‐domain. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel method based on MapReduce to extract auxiliary information for GNSS receivers
Authors: Li Dengao , Wu Gang , Zhao Jumin , Niu Wenhui , Li Shuai
Published: August 2016

In order to improve the positioning and navigation performance of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, a novel method to extract auxiliary information for GNSS receiver is proposed in this paper, which obtains the area GNSS auxiliary information (AGAI) with enough credibility and area attribute. Firstly, a mass of historical GNSS intermediate frequency data is divided into blocks to be acquired and tracked parallel getting massive pseudorange and navigation message (MPD). Then, the massive MPD are weighted and fused parallel by an appropriate weight matrix, which is determined by a priori weighting based on altitude angle and posterior weighting based on M‐residuals variable components estimation. Lastly, the fused information is corresponded to the corresponding location coordinate, completing the parallel extraction of AGAI. The method implemented by parallel programming models MapReduce of Hadoop to guarantee a high efficiency. Experimental results show that the positioning and velocity error of GNSS receivers are reduced by 18.24% and 20.48% using AGAI instead of traditional auxiliary information, and the execution time of the method using MapReduce is reduced by 46.72%, so the proposed method is reliable and effective. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre‐image sample algorithm with irregular Gaussian distribution and construction of identity‐based signature
Authors: Yan Jianhua , Wang Licheng , Li Jing , Li Muzi , Yang Yixan , Yao Wenbin
Published: August 2016

Lattice has become an attractive cryptographic tool due to its potential resistance to quantum attacks, worst‐case hardness, simple computation kind, and flexibility. The pre‐image sample algorithm is the most fundamental algorithm in lattice‐based cryptography for its comprehensive applications in various primitives. Currently,
due to Micciancio and Peikert (MP) sample algorithm is the most efficient pre‐image sample algorithm. However, this algorithm also needs massive computations. On the one hand, it expenses the cube of the lattice dimension multiplications over reals to set matrices as Gaussian parameters. On the other hand, it needs complex discrete convolution computations.

First, this paper proposes an efficient pre‐image sample algorithm with outputs obeying irregular Gaussian distribution. Two measures are adopted to prevent the leakage of the geometrical property of trapdoor caused by irregular Gaussian outputs. A variant of MP trapdoor is proposed, and a new trapdoor is randomly assembled from a big enough space in each sample. Although still using a matrix as the Guassian parameter, in the proposed algorithm, the computational cost to set Gaussian parameters is zero. Meanwhile, the computational overhead for every sample is far less than that of MP sample algorithm. Second, to demonstrate the security and efficiency of the proposed sample algorithm, a hierarchical identity‐based signature scheme is put forward. This scheme is proved existentially unforgeable against selective identity adaptively chosen‐message attacks. Furthermore, the theoretical analysis shows that the proposed identity‐based signature is more efficient than the existing schemes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Handling IoT platform heterogeneity with COISA, a compact OpenISA virtual platform
Authors: Auler Rafael , Millani Carlos Eduardo , Brisighello Alexandre , Linhares Alisson , Borin Edson
Published: August 2016

In face of the high number of different hardware platforms we need to program with Internet‐of‐Things (IoT), virtual machines (VMs) pose as a promising technology to allow a program once, deploy everywhere strategy. Unfortunately, existing VMs are either too heavy or use a stripped‐down version to work on resource‐constrained IoT devices. We present COISA, a compact virtual platform that relies on OpenISA, an instruction set architecture (ISA) that strives for easy emulation, to allow a single program to be deployed on many platforms, including tiny microcontrollers. By exploring the benefits of using a concrete ISA as our VM language, our experimental results indicate that COISA is easily portable and is capable of running unmodified guest applications in highly heterogeneous host platforms, including one with only 2 kB of RAM. For time‐critical IoT applications on constrained platforms where extracting performance is of paramount importance, we propose the use of cloud‐assisted translations, which employ static binary translation to deliver a binary fully converted to the native ISA used in the IoT device. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urinary excretion study following consumption of various poppy seed products and investigation of the new potential street heroin marker ATM4G
Authors: Maas Alexandra , Krämer Michael , Sydow Konrad , Chen Pai‐Shan , Dame Torsten , Musshoff Frank , Diehl Bernd W.K. , Madea Burkhard , Hess Cornelius
Published: August 2016

Discrimination between street heroin consumption and poppy seed ingestion represents a major toxicological challenge in daily routine work. Several difficulties associated with conventional street heroin markers originate from their versatile occurrence in various poppy seed products and medications, respectively, as well as to small windows of detection. A novel opportunity to overcome these hindrances is represented by the new potential street heroin marker acetylated‐thebaine‐4‐metabolite glucuronide (ATM4G), originating from thebaine during street heroin synthesis followed by metabolic reactions after administration. In this study, urine samples after consumption of different German poppy seed products and urine samples from subjects with suspicion of preceding heroin consumption were tested for ATM4G, 6‐AC (6‐acetylcodeine), papaverine, noscapine, 6‐MAM (6‐monoacetylmorphine), morphine, and codeine. Neither 6‐AC and 6‐MAM nor ATM4G but morphine and codeine could be detected in urine samples following poppy seed ingestion. As well, neither papaverine nor noscapine could be observed even after consumption of poppy seeds containing up to 37 µg noscapine and up to 9.8 µg papaverine, respectively. Concerning the urine samples with suspicion of preceding heroin consumption, ATM4G could be detected in 9 of 43 cases. By contrast, evidence of 6‐AC and 6‐MAM, respectively, could only be seen in 7 urine samples. In conclusion, ATM4G should be measured additionally in cases requiring discrimination of street heroin consumption from poppy seed intake. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular fingerprinting delineates progenitor populations in the developing zebrafish enteric nervous system
Authors: Taylor Charlotte R. , Montagne William A. , Eisen Judith S. , Ganz Julia
Published: August 2016

Background:

To understand the basis of nervous system development, we must learn how multipotent progenitors generate diverse neuronal and glial lineages. We addressed this issue in the zebrafish enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex neuronal and glial network that regulates essential intestinal functions. Little is currently known about how ENS progenitor subpopulations generate enteric neuronal and glial diversity.

Results:

We identified temporally and spatially dependent progenitor subpopulations based on coexpression of three genes essential for normal ENS development: phox2bb, sox10, and ret. Our data suggest that combinatorial expression of these genes delineates three major ENS progenitor subpopulations, (1) phox2bb + /ret‐ /sox10‐, (2) phox2bb + /ret + /sox10‐, and (3) phox2bb + /ret + /sox10+, that reflect temporal progression of progenitor maturation during migration. We also found that differentiating zebrafish neurons maintain phox2bb and ret expression, and lose sox10 expression.

Conclusions:

Our data show that zebrafish enteric progenitors constitute a heterogeneous population at both early and late stages of ENS development and suggest that marker gene expression is indicative of a progenitor's fate. We propose that a progenitor's expression profile reveals its developmental state: “younger” wave front progenitors express all three genes, whereas more mature progenitors behind the wave front selectively lose sox10 and/or ret expression, which may indicate developmental restriction. Developmental Dynamics 245:1081–1096, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Herbivore effects on productivity vary by guild: cattle increase mean productivity while wildlife reduce variability
Authors: Charles Grace K. , Porensky Lauren M. , Riginos Corinna , Veblen Kari E. , Young Truman P.
Published: August 2016

Wild herbivores and livestock share the majority of rangelands worldwide, yet few controlled experiments have addressed their individual, additive, and interactive impacts on ecosystem function. While ungulate herbivores generally reduce standing biomass, their effects on aboveground net primary production (ANPP) can vary by spatial and temporal context, intensity of herbivory, and herbivore identity and species richness. Some evidence indicates that moderate levels of herbivory can stimulate aboveground productivity, but few studies have explicitly tested the relationships among herbivore identity, grazing intensity, and ANPP. We used a long‐term exclosure experiment to examine the effects of three groups of wild and domestic ungulate herbivores (megaherbivores, mesoherbivore wildlife, and cattle) on herbaceous productivity in an African savanna. Using both field measurements (productivity cages) and satellite imagery, we measured the effects of different herbivore guilds, separately and in different combinations, on herbaceous productivity across both space and time. Results from both productivity cage measurements and satellite normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) demonstrated a positive relationship between mean productivity and total ungulate herbivore pressure, driven in particular by the presence of cattle. In contrast, we found that variation in herbaceous productivity across space and time was driven by the presence of wild herbivores (primarily mesoherbivore wildlife), which significantly reduced heterogeneity in ANPP and NDVI across both space and time. Our results indicate that replacing wildlife with cattle (at moderate densities) could lead to similarly productive but more heterogeneous herbaceous plant communities in rangelands.
Ecophysiological variation of transpiration of pine forests: synthesis of new and published results
Authors: Tor‐ngern Pantana , Oren Ram , Oishi Andrew C. , Uebelherr Joshua M. , Palmroth Sari , Tarvainen Lasse , Ottosson‐Löfvenius Mikaell , Linder Sune , Domec Jean‐Christophe , Näsholm Torgny
Published: August 2016

Canopy transpiration (EC) is a large fraction of evapotranspiration, integrating physical and biological processes within the energy, water, and carbon cycles of forests. Quantifying EC is of both scientific and practical importance, providing information relevant to questions ranging from energy partitioning to ecosystem services, such as primary productivity and water yield. We estimated EC of four pine stands differing in age and growing on sandy soils. The stands consisted of two wide‐ranging conifer species: Pinus taeda and Pinus sylvestris, in temperate and boreal zones, respectively. Combining results from these and published studies on all soil types, we derived an approach to estimate daily EC of pine forests, representing a wide range of conditions from 35° S to 64° N latitude. During the growing season and under moist soils, maximum daily EC (ECm) at day‐length normalized vapor pressure deficit of 1 kPa (ECm‐ref) increased by 0.55 ± 0.02 (mean ± SE) mm/d for each unit increase of leaf area index (L) up to L = ~5, showing no sign of saturation within this range of quickly rising mutual shading. The initial rise of ECm with atmospheric demand was linearly related to ECm‐ref. Both relations were unaffected by soil type. Consistent with theoretical prediction, daily EC was sensitive to decreasing soil moisture at an earlier point of relative extractable water in loamy than sandy soils. Our finding facilitates the estimation of daily EC of wide‐ranging pine forests using remotely sensed L and meteorological data. We advocate an assembly of worldwide sap flux database for further evaluation of this approach.