bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unlocking Text Features for Determining Importance in Expository Text: A Strategy for Struggling Readers
Authors: Bluestein N. Alexandra
Published: March 2010

This article briefly addresses the theoretical underpinnings of comprehension strategy instruction for both proficient and struggling readers before going on to explain how the external features of expository text serve as an ideal foundation to learn how to determine importance in nonfiction. Specific methods for utilizing the text features of both narrative and informational nonfiction texts to explicitly teach how to determine importance to struggling readers are detailed.

تعالج هذه المقالة بشكل وجيز الأسس النظرية لدى تعليم إستراتيجية الاستيعاب لكل من القراء الذين يواجهون صعوبات في القراءة والذين يجيدونها قبل أن تشرح كيف تكوّن معالم النص المفصّل الخارجية قاعدة مثلى لتعلم الطريقة لتحديد الأهمية في الروايات الخيالية. وقد تم تقديم طرق معينة لاستخدام معالم النص في الروايات الخيالية السردية والمعلوماتية لتعليم بشكل مباشر الطريقة لتحديد الأهمية إلى القراء المواجهين صعوبات في القراءة.

本文首先概论有关教授阅读理解策略给予熟练的阅读者及不太熟练的阅读者的理论基础，然后解释说明文的外在特征如何可以用作一个理想的基础，帮助学生学习如何确定非小说类文章的重点。本文接着详细介绍如何使用特定的显式教学方法，教授学生利用记叙文及资讯性说明文的语篇结构特征，以帮助有阅读困难的学生学习如何确定文章重点。

Cet article traite rapidement des soubassements théoriques de l'enseignement des stratégies pédagogiques, aussi bien pour les lecteurs performants que pour ceux qui ont des difficultés, avant de poursuivre en expliquant comment les caractéristiques externes des textes présentatifs constituent une excellente base pour apprendre comment identifier ce qui est important dans les textes non‐fictifs. On présente de façon détaillée des méthodes spécifiques utiliser les propriétés textuelles des textes de fiction aussi bien que des textes informatifs afin d'enseigner de façon explicite à des lecteurs en difficulté comment il est possible de déterminer de manière détaillée ce qui est important.

Автор дает краткий обзор теории, которая лежит в основе обучения опытных и слабых читателей стратегиям понимания прочитанного, а затем объясняет, какие свойства описательного текста делают его идеальным плацдармом для того, чтобы школьники научились определять важность той или иной информации в нехудожественном тексте. Предложены конкретные методы использования повествовательного и описательного нехудожественного текста для работы с детьми, имеющими проблемы в общении со словом.

En este artículo se presenta brevemente las teorías que sirven de fundamento para la instrucción de estrategias de comprensión para tanto los lectores competentes como los que tienen dificultad. Luego se explica cómo los elementos externos de textos de exposición son idóneos para aprender cómo determinar la importancia de tales textos. Se presentan en detalle métodos específicos de cómo usar los elementos textuales de textos novelísticos tanto como de textos de exposición para enseñarles explícitamente a los lectores con dificultades cómo determinar la importancia del texto.
SOCS-3 antagonises the proliferative and migratory effects of fibroblast growth factor-2 in prostate cancer by inhibition of p44/p42 MAPK signalling
Authors: Puhr Martin , Santer Frédéric R , Neuwirt Hannes , Marcias Gemma , Hobisch Alfred , Culig Zoran
Published: March 2010

Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is highly expressed in prostate cancer. It promotes tumour progression through multiple pathways including those of signal transducers and activators of transcription factor 3 (STAT3), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Akt. In previous studies, we have reported that STAT3 phosphorylation inversely correlates with suppressor of cytokine signalling-3 (SOCS-3) expression in prostate cancer cells. Recently, it has become evident that SOCS-3-negative regulation is not only limited to the interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor. We hypothesised that SOCS-3 interferes with FGF signalling, thus influencing the outcome of its action in prostate cancer cells. For this purpose, we treated DU-145 and LNCaP-IL-6+ cells with increasing concentrations of FGF-2, and verified protein phosphorylation. In the presence of FGF-2, neither STAT3, STAT1, nor Akt could be phosphorylated. Solely the p44/p42 MAPK pathway was activated after FGF-2 stimulation. We show for the first time that SOCS-3 interferes with the FGF-2 signalling pathway by modulating p44 and p42 phosphorylation in prostate cancer cells. Decreased SOCS-3 protein expression results in increased MAPK phosphorylation, whereas SOCS-3 overexpression leads to a decreased cellular proliferation and migration. On the basis of the present results, we propose that SOCS-3 is a novel modulator of FGF-2-regulated cellular events in prostate cancer.
The influence of moisture on sandstone properties in Iran
Authors: Zare Naghadehi M. , KhaloKakaie R. , Torabi S. R.
Published: March 2010

The presence and the behaviour of discontinuities are a dominant influence on the stability of rock slopes. Water has a profound effect on the shear behaviour of discontinuities. Several catastrophic failures of natural rock slopes have occurred as a result of pore water pressure build-up in jointed rock. The Khosh-Yeylagh main road is situated in north-eastern Iran, and connects Semnan province to the northern provinces. This region contains numerous rock slopes subjected to significant seasonal rainfall, which results in a great change in the discontinuity strength components followed by increased risk of failure. In this paper, the effect of moisture on the properties of sandstone discontinuities is experimentally investigated. For this purpose, large numbers of rock samples containing natural discontinuities were collected from slope faces, and then large- and small-scale tilt tests and multi-stage direct shear tests were performed under both dry and wet conditions. Finally, statistical analyses were carried out on the collected data. It was observed that under low levels of normal load the presence of water significantly influences the shear behaviour of sandstone discontinuities.
A Frequency Control Method by Wind Farm & Battery using Load Estimation in Isolated Power System
Authors: Uehara Akie , Senjyu Tomonobu , Yona Atsushi , Funabashi Toshihisa
Published: March 2010

Currently, there are several published reports on wind farms (WFs) for controlling output power by using pitch angle control. In addition, to reduce the adverse effects of frequency deviations, battery energy storage systems (BESSs) are introduced to small power systems. In this context, this paper presents a frequency control method by the WF and the BESS using load estimation. The load is estimated by a disturbance observer. The frequency deviations in low and high frequency domain are reduced by the WF using pitch angle control and battery charge/discharge, respectively. By using the proposed method, the reduction of the rated capacity of the BESS is possible. Furthermore, for the pitch angle control system of each WTG in the WF, generalized predictive control (GPC) is applied to achieve robust control performance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by numerical simulation.
The Effect of Visual Illusions on the Graphical Display of Information
Authors: Amer T. S. , Ravindran Sury
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT: Graphical displays of business and accounting information are widely used as decision aids. Theoretical work in visual perception indicates graphs that exhibit certain characteristics create visual illusions that may result in biased decision making. This paper reports the results of an experiment that demonstrates how such two-dimensional and three-dimensional visual illusions cause viewers to make biased comparison judgments. The experiment also shows that these decision biases can be mitigated by including gridlines in both two- and three-dimensional graphs.
Fat Cell–Specific Ablation of Rictor in Mice Impairs Insulin-Regulated Fat Cell and Whole-Body Glucose and Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Kumar Anil , Lawrence John C. , Jung Dae Young , Ko Hwi Jin , Keller Susanna R. , Kim Jason K. , Magnuson Mark A. , Harris Thurl E.
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

Rictor is an essential component of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex (mTORC) 2, a kinase that phosphorylates and activates Akt, an insulin signaling intermediary that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and liver. To determine the physiological role of rictor/mTORC2 in insulin signaling and action in fat cells, we developed fat cell–specific rictor knockout (FRic−/−) mice.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Insulin signaling and glucose and lipid metabolism were studied in FRic−/− fat cells. In vivo glucose metabolism was evaluated by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp.

RESULTS

Loss of rictor in fat cells prevents insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt at S473, which, in turn, impairs the phosphorylation of downstream targets such as FoxO3a at T32 and AS160 at T642. However, glycogen synthase kinase-3β phosphorylation at S9 is not affected. The signaling defects in FRic−/− fat cells lead to impaired insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane and decreased glucose transport. Furthermore, rictor-null fat cells are unable to suppress lipolysis in response to insulin, leading to elevated circulating free fatty acids and glycerol. These metabolic perturbations are likely to account for defects observed at the whole-body level of FRic−/− mice, including glucose intolerance, marked hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance in skeletal muscle and liver, and hepatic steatosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Rictor/mTORC2 in fat cells plays an important role in whole-body energy homeostasis by mediating signaling necessary for the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in fat cells.
Association Between CNDP1 Genotype and Diabetic Nephropathy Is Sex Specific
Authors: Mooyaart Antien L. , Zutinic Ana , Bakker Stephan J.L. , Grootendorst Diana C. , Kleefstra Nanne , van Valkengoed Irene G.M. , Böhringer Stefan , Bilo Henk J.G. , Dekker Friedo W. , Bruijn Jan Anthonie , Navis Gerjan , Janssen Bart , Baelde Hans J. , De Heer Emile
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

The 5-5 homozygous CNDP1 (carnosinase) genotype is associated with a reduced risk of diabetic nephropathy. We investigated whether this association is sex specific and independent of susceptibility for type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Three separate groups of 114, 90, and 66 patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy were included in this study and compared with 93 patients with type 2 diabetes for >15 years without diabetic nephropathy and 472 population control subjects. The diabetes control group was used to determine an association in the three patient groups separately, and the population control group was used to estimate the genotype risk [odds ratio (CI)] for the population in a pooled analysis. The population control subjects were also compared with 562 patients with type 2 diabetes without diabetic nephropathy to determine whether the association was independent of type 2 diabetes. The CNDP1 genotype was determined by fragment analysis after PCR amplification.

RESULTS

The frequency of the 5-5 homozygous genotype was 28, 36, and 41% in the three diabetic nephropathy patient groups and 43 and 42% in the diabetic and population control subjects, respectively. The 5-5 homozygous genotype occurred significantly less frequently in women in all three patient groups compared with diabetic control subjects. The genotype risk for the population was estimated to be 0.5 (0.30–0.68) in women and 1.2 (0.77–1.69) in men. The 562 patients with type 2 diabetes without diabetic nephropathy did not differ from the general population (P = 0.23).

CONCLUSIONS

This study suggests that the association between the CNDP1 gene and diabetic nephropathy is sex specific and independent of susceptibility for type 2 diabetes.
Physiologic and Pharmacologic Modulation of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Receptor Expression in β-Cells by Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor (PPAR)-γ Signaling
Authors: Gupta Dhananjay , Peshavaria Mina , Monga Navjot , Jetton Thomas L. , Leahy Jack L.
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

We previously showed that peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in β-cells regulates pdx-1 transcription through a functional PPAR response element (PPRE). Gene Bank blast for a homologous nucleotide sequence revealed the same PPRE within the rat glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIP-R) promoter sequence. We investigated the role of PPARγ in GIP-R transcription.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, siRNA, and luciferase gene transcription assay in INS-1 cells were performed. Islet GIP-R expression and immunohistochemistry studies were performed in pancreas-specific PPARγ knockout mice (PANC PPARγ−/−), normoglycemic 60% pancreatectomy rats (Px), normoglycemic and hyperglycemic Zucker fatty (ZF) rats, and mouse islets incubated with troglitazone.

RESULTS

In vitro studies of INS-1 cells confirmed that PPAR-γ binds to the putative PPRE sequence and regulates GIP-R transcription. In vivo verification was shown by a 70% reduction in GIP-R protein expression in islets from PANC PPARγ−/− mice and a twofold increase in islets of 14-day post-60% Px Sprague-Dawley rats that hyperexpress β-cell PPARγ. Thiazolidinedione activation (72 h) of this pathway in normal mouse islets caused a threefold increase of GIP-R protein and a doubling of insulin secretion to 16.7 mmol/l glucose/10 nmol/l GIP. Islets from obese normoglycemic ZF rats had twofold increased PPARγ and GIP-R protein levels versus lean rats, with both lowered by two-thirds in ZF rats made hyperglycemic by 60% Px.

CONCLUSIONS

Our studies have shown physiologic and pharmacologic regulation of GIP-R expression in β-cells by PPARγ signaling. Also disruption of this signaling pathway may account for the lowered β-cell GIP-R expression and resulting GIP resistance in type 2 diabetes.
Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D and Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Glucose Intolerance Among Arab Americans
Authors: Pinelli Nicole R. , Jaber Linda A. , Brown Morton B. , Herman William H.
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

To describe 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D) levels and examine associations between 25-OH-D levels and insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome (MS), and glucose intolerance in Arab Americans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Serum 25-OH-D levels were measured in a representative, cross-sectional sample of 542 Arab Americans with IR (46%), MS (33%), and glucose intolerance (42%).

RESULTS

Vitamin D insufficiency (5 to <20 ng/ml) was present in 75% and hypovitaminosis D (20 to <40 ng/ml) in 24% of participants. In men, 25-OH-D levels were lower in those with glucose intolerance than normoglycemia (P = 0.01). No such difference was found in women. In men, 25-OH-D was negatively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = −0.19; P = 0.0043), triglycerides (r = −0.18; P = 0.0069), fasting plasma glucose (r = −0.15; P = 0.027), and A1C (r = −0.14; P = 0.038). In women, 25-OH-D was positively correlated with HDL (r = 0.19; P = 0.0008).

CONCLUSIONS

Vitamin D insufficiency and hypovitaminosis D are extremely common among Arab Americans, and they are associated with IR, components of the MS, and glucose intolerance in men.
Novel Use of Glucagon in a Closed-Loop System for Prevention of Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Castle Jessica R. , Engle Julia M. , Youssef Joseph El , Massoud Ryan G. , Yuen Kevin C.J. , Kagan Ryland , Ward W. Kenneth
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

To minimize hypoglycemia in subjects with type 1 diabetes by automated glucagon delivery in a closed-loop insulin delivery system.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Adult subjects with type 1 diabetes underwent one closed-loop study with insulin plus placebo and one study with insulin plus glucagon, given at times of impending hypoglycemia. Seven subjects received glucagon using high-gain parameters, and six subjects received glucagon in a more prolonged manner using low-gain parameters. Blood glucose levels were measured every 10 min and insulin and glucagon infusions were adjusted every 5 min. All subjects received a portion of their usual premeal insulin after meal announcement.

RESULTS

Automated glucagon plus insulin delivery, compared with placebo plus insulin, significantly reduced time spent in the hypoglycemic range (15 ± 6 vs. 40 ± 10 min/day, P = 0.04). Compared with placebo, high-gain glucagon delivery reduced the frequency of hypoglycemic events (1.0 ± 0.6 vs. 2.1 ± 0.6 events/day, P = 0.01) and the need for carbohydrate treatment (1.4 ± 0.8 vs. 4.0 ± 1.4 treatments/day, P = 0.01). Glucagon given with low-gain parameters did not significantly reduce hypoglycemic event frequency (P = NS) but did reduce frequency of carbohydrate treatment (P = 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

During closed-loop treatment in subjects with type 1 diabetes, high-gain pulses of glucagon decreased the frequency of hypoglycemia. Larger and longer-term studies will be required to assess the effect of ongoing glucagon treatment on overall glycemic control.
Switching to Once-Daily Liraglutide From Twice-Daily Exenatide Further Improves Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Using Oral Agents
Authors: Buse John B. , Sesti Giorgio , Schmidt Wolfgang E. , Montanya Eduard , Chang Cheng-Tao , Xu Yizhen , Blonde Lawrence , Rosenstock Julio ,   for the Liraglutide Effect Action in Diabetes (LEAD)-6 Study Group
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate efficacy and safety of switching from twice-daily exenatide to once-daily liraglutide or of 40 weeks of continuous liraglutide therapy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

When added to oral antidiabetes drugs in a 26-week randomized trial (Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes [LEAD]-6), liraglutide more effectively improved A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and the homeostasis model of β-cell function (HOMA-B) than exenatide, with less persistent nausea and hypoglycemia. In this 14-week extension of LEAD-6, patients switched from 10 μg twice-daily exenatide to 1.8 mg once-daily liraglutide or continued liraglutide.

RESULTS

Switching from exenatide to liraglutide further and significantly reduced A1C (0.32%), fasting plasma glucose (0.9 mmol/l), body weight (0.9 kg), and systolic blood pressure (3.8 mmHg) with minimal minor hypoglycemia (1.30 episodes/patient-year) or nausea (3.2%). Among patients continuing liraglutide, further significant decreases in body weight (0.4 kg) and systolic blood pressure (2.2 mmHg) occurred with 0.74 episodes/patient-year of minor hypoglycemia and 1.5% experiencing nausea.

CONCLUSIONS

Conversion from exenatide to liraglutide is well tolerated and provides additional glycemic control and cardiometabolic benefits.
Parity, Breastfeeding, and the Subsequent Risk of Maternal Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Liu Bette , Jorm Louisa , Banks Emily
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE

To examine the effect of childbearing and maternal breastfeeding on a woman's subsequent risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Using information on parity, breastfeeding, and diabetes collected from 52,731 women recruited into a cohort study, we estimated the risk of type 2 diabetes using multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS

A total of 3,160 (6.0%) women were classified as having type 2 diabetes. Overall, nulliparous and parous women had a similar risk of diabetes. Among parous women, there was a 14% (95% CI 10–18%, P < 0.001) reduced likelihood of diabetes per year of breastfeeding. Compared to nulliparous women, parous women who did not breastfeed had a greater risk of diabetes (odds ratio 1.48, 95% CI 1.26–1.73, P < 0.001), whereas for women breastfeeding, the risk was not significantly increased.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with nulliparous women, childbearing women who do not breastfeed have about a 50% increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. Breastfeeding substantially reduces this excess risk.
Homologous liver parenchymal cell-cell adhesion mediated by an endogenous lectin and its receptor
Authors: Banerjee Saswati , Majumder Gopal
Published: March 2010

Many studies have implicated cell-surface lectins in heterologous cell-cell adhesion, but little is known about the participation of lectins in cellular adhesion in homologous cells. Here, we show the development of a cell model for investigating the direct role of a cell-surface lectin in homologous cell-cell adhesion. Parenchymal cells were isolated from caprine liver using a perfusion buffer, and dispersed in a chemically defined modified Ringer’s solution. These cells undergo autoagglutination in the presence of Ca2+. The autoagglutinated cells can be dissociated specifically with D-galactose (50 mM), which also inhibits the liver cell autoagglutination event. The blood serum protein fetuin has no effect on liver cell autoagglutination, whereas desialylated fetuin (100 μM), with its terminal D-galactose residue, showed a high affinity for blocking the autoagglutination event. The data demonstrates the occurrence of a Ca2+-dependent D-galactose-specific lectin and a lectin receptor on the parenchymal cells. Furthermore, it shows that the observed autoagglutination event is caused by the interaction of the cell-surface lectin with its receptor on the neighbouring homologous cells. The data supports the view that homologous cell-cell contact in mammalian tissues is triggered by such lectin-receptor interaction and that the previously reported cell-surface adhesive proteins serve as a secondary force to strengthen cell adhesion. This cell model could be extremely useful for investigating the direct role of cell-surface lectin and its receptor in homologous cell adhesion in a variety of tissues under normal and pathological conditions.
The Western Pacific Working Group of the INQUA Loess Commission: expansion from Central Europe
Authors: Smalley Ian , O’Hara-Dhand Ken
Published: March 2010

The INQUA Loess Commission expanded from its Central European base after the 1977 INQUA Congress. The first, furthest, and probably most successful expansion was the Western Pacific Working Group(WPWG). Co-operative loess research between China, Australia and New Zealand demonstrated the ideal working of a dedicated research group within the INQUA protocols. The WPWG functioned from 1978 to about 1988, a critical ten years during which China re-appeared on the world loess scene. The WPWG meeting in China in 1985 was a useful precursor to the INQUA Congress in Beijing in 1991. The main function of the WPWG turned out to be facilitating the return of China to the world of loess scholarship.
In-situ observation of creep damage evolution in Al–Al2O3 MMCs by synchrotron X-ray microtomography
Authors: Huppmann M. , Camin B. , Pyzalla A. R. , Reimers W.
Published: March 2010

Creep damage by pore nucleation and growth limits the lifetime of components subjected to loading at high temperature. In this work, the creep damage evolution in the aluminium matrix composite AA6061 + 22 % (Al2O3)P is observed in-situ by the fast-tomography technique using a miniature creep device. Reconstructions of the gauge volumes of the creep samples show particle delamination, pore formation and growth at 300 °C and additional particle fracture at 200 °C during the creep process. The results reveal that both the number of pores and the total pore volume show exponential growth with creep time, whereas the average volume of individual pores remains almost constant. The total pore volume increases linearly with the creep strain with a stress-dependent factor of proportionality.
Properties of copper composites strengthened by nano- and micro-sized Al2O3 particles
Authors: Rajkovic Viseslava , Bozic Dusan , Jovanovic Milan T.
Published: March 2010

Electrolytic copper powder, inert gas atomized prealloyed copper powder containing 3.5 wt.% Al, and a mixture of copper and commercial Al2O3 powder particles (4 wt.% Al2O3) were milled separately in a high-energy planetary ball mill for up to 20 h in air. The milling was performed in order to strengthen the copper matrix by grain size refinement and Al2O3 particles. Milling in air of prealloyed copper powder promoted formation of fine dispersed Al2O3 particles by internal oxidation. Hot-pressing (800 °C for 3 h in argon at a pressure of 35 MPa) was used for compaction of milled powders. Compacts from 5 and 20 h milled powders were additionally subjected to high temperature exposure (800 °C for 1 and 5 h in argon) in order to examine their thermal stability and electrical conductivity. The effect of different size and the amount of Al2O3 particles on strengthening, thermal stability and electrical conductivity of the copper-based composites was studied. The results were discussed in terms of the effects of the grain size refinement along with micro- and nano-sized Al2O3 particles on the strengthening of the copper matrix.
The effect of grain refiner and combined electro-magnetic field on grain evolution of horizontal direct chill casting 7075 aluminum alloy
Authors: Zhu Qingfeng , Zhao Zhihao , Zuo Yubo , Wang Xiangjie , Cui Jianzhong
Published: March 2010

The effect of increasing the amount of added grain refiner (Al-5Ti-B) and combined electromagnetic field on grain size and morphology has been investigated in horizontal direct chill casting of 7075 aluminum alloy. The results show the grain size and the grain morphology are both changed with increasing the amount of Al-5Ti-B added. The grain size continuously decreased with increasing the addition of grain refiner. The slope of the grain size versus grain refiner content curve changes at the point of 0.1 wt.% Al-5Ti-B, and the slope coefficient before the point is larger than that of after the point. The results related to the conglobulation of the nuclei. Without grain refiner additions, an obvious transition in grain size and morphology is observed with the application of combined electromagnetic field. The grain refining efficiency of combined electromagnetic field decreases with increasing the amount of grain refiner. However, even when the addition of grain refiner is 2 wt.% Al-5Ti-B, 24 % grain size reduction is still observed due to the effect of the combined electromagnetic field. This result shows that the combined electromagnetic field can enhance the grain refining efficiency of grain refiner.
On the composition and pressure dependence of the self-diffusion coefficient in liquid metals
Authors: Beke Dezsö L.
Published: March 2010

It is shown that a minimum derivation of the recently published unified equation for the temperature dependence of the self-diffusion coefficient in liquid metals can be also obtained from the similarity of interatomic potentials, using dimensional analysis. This relation is extended for the determination of the pressure and composition dependence of the self-diffusion coefficients by the use of pressure and composition dependent scaling parameters (melting point, atomic volume and mass).
The effect of grain size on the corrosion inhibitor adsorption of nanocrystalline iron metal
Authors: Afshari Vahid , Dehghanian Changiz
Published: March 2010

The effect of grain size reduction on the corrosion inhibitor adsorption of nanocrystalline Fe produced by pulse electrodeposition was characterized using tafel polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The grain size of a nanocrystalline surface was determined by means of scanning electron microscopy. The tests were carried out in 0.1 M sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) and 0.1 M sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) aqueous solutions separately. Results obtained revealed that the inhibition effect and corrosion protection of sodium nitrite inhibitor in near-neutral aqueous solutions increased as the grain size decreased from microcrystalline to nanocrystalline. This was attributed to the increased number of the active sites caused by nanocrystalline surface.
From Ausländer to Inlander: The Changing Faces of Citizenship in Post-Wall Germany
Authors: Mushaben Joyce Marie
Published: March 2010

From its founding in 1949 through the dramatic events of 1989/90, the Federal Republic relied on a concept of "blood-based" citizenship (jus sanguinis), hoping to sustain ties between the peoples of the divided nation, as well as to protect "co-ethnic" groups scattered throughout historically defined eastern territories. Geographical reconfiguration, generational change and globalization processes have rendered Germany's insistence on an ethno-national citizenship paradigm detrimental to its own political and socio-economic interests. Ostensibly the real "losers" of unification, more than seven million "foreigners" and children of migrant descent are now set to become the long-term winners of Chancellor Merkel's pro-active measures to foster their integration and education. Making very effective use of EU initiatives on migration policy, Merkel has adopted a holistic approach to integration as a means of overcoming the FRG's looming demographic deficit and shortage of high-tech laborers. This study begins with profiles of three "migrant" generations and the changing opportunity structure each has encountered, leading to different degrees of identification with the new homeland. It then summarizes key features of the 2007 National Integration Plan, and examines factors allowing Merkel to blaze a trail through the perilous "immigration" territory all previous Chancellors had feared to tread. Despite internal opposition, Angel Merkel's pro-active efforts to redefine "what it means to be German" has, paradoxically, given the Christian Union a chance to modernize its own identity.
Genetic Variability of Macedonian Tobacco Varieties Determined by Microsatellite Marker Analysis
Authors: Davalieva Katarina , Maleva Ivana , Filiposki Kiril , Spiroski Ognen , Efremov Georgi D.
Published: March 2010

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is an important agricultural crop plant for the economy of many countries. Assessment of the genetic diversity of cultivated tobacco varieties is of importance for long-term tobacco improvement. Microsatellite markers are currently the marker system of choice for genetic analysis of allopolyploid plants. In this study, we evaluated the use of 30 microsatellite markers for identification of 10 varieties of cultivated tobacco in the Republic of Macedonia. We found 24 of the microsatellite markers to be polymorphic and sufficient for identification of these varieties. Cluster analysis showed that Macedonian tobacco varieties are classifiable into three distinct groups.
DNA Barcodes for Marine Biodiversity: Moving Fast Forward?
Authors: Radulovici Adriana E. , Archambault Philippe , Dufresne France
Published: March 2010

‘Biodiversity’ means the variety of life and it can be studied at different levels (genetic, species, ecosystem) and scales (spatial and temporal). Last decades showed that marine biodiversity has been severely underestimated at all levels. In order to investigate diversity patterns and underlying processes, there is a need to know what species live in the marine environment. An emerging tool for species identification, DNA barcoding can reliably assign unknown specimens to known species, also flagging potential cryptic species and genetically distant populations. This paper will review the role of DNA barcoding for the study of marine biodiversity at the species level.
Inference of Population History by Coupling Exploratory and Model-Driven Phylogeographic Analyses
Authors: Garrick Ryan C. , Caccone Adalgisa , Sunnucks Paul
Published: March 2010

Understanding the nature, timing and geographic context of historical events and population processes that shaped the spatial distribution of genetic diversity is critical for addressing questions relating to speciation, selection, and applied conservation management. Cladistic analysis of gene trees has been central to phylogeography, but when coupled with approaches that make use of different components of the information carried by DNA sequences and their frequencies, the strength and resolution of these inferences can be improved. However, assessing concordance of inferences drawn using different analytical methods or genetic datasets, and integrating their outcomes, can be challenging. Here we overview the strengths and limitations of different types of genetic data, analysis methods, and approaches to historical inference. We then turn our attention to the potentially synergistic interactions among widely-used and emerging phylogeographic analyses, and discuss some of the ways that spatial and temporal concordance among inferences can be assessed. We close this review with a brief summary and outlook on future research directions.
Quantum Dots and Their Multimodal Applications: A Review
Authors: Bera Debasis , Qian Lei , Tseng Teng-Kuan , Holloway Paul H.
Published: March 2010

Semiconducting quantum dots, whose particle sizes are in the nanometer range, have very unusual properties. The quantum dots have band gaps that depend in a complicated fashion upon a number of factors, described in the article. Processing-structure-properties-performance relationships are reviewed for compound semiconducting quantum dots. Various methods for synthesizing these quantum dots are discussed, as well as their resulting properties. Quantum states and confinement of their excitons may shift their optical absorption and emission energies. Such effects are important for tuning their luminescence stimulated by photons (photoluminescence) or electric field (electroluminescence). In this article, decoupling of quantum effects on excitation and emission are described, along with the use of quantum dots as sensitizers in phosphors. In addition, we reviewed the multimodal applications of quantum dots, including in electroluminescence device, solar cell and biological imaging.
Inhibitory Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on the Tonus of the Small Intestine and the Colon of Rabbits
Authors: Pilija Vladimir , Mirjana Radenkovic , Brenesel Maja Djurendic , Popovic Mira , Ivetic Vesna , Trivic Svetlana
Published: March 2010

Ginkgo biloba is widely used in folk medicine. Patients very often use the plant preparation with no concern for purity. They also tend to increase the dosage by themselves and this may result in certain insufficiently researched acute effects. Due to this extremely widespread application, the aim of this work is an examination of the possible acute effects of Ginkgo bilobaon the motility of the small and the large intestine of rabbits. Тhe effects of Gingium® - a standardized ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) [one milliliter preparation contained 8.8–10.8 mg ginkgo flavonol glycoside and 2.0–2.8 mg lactone ring-containing terpenes (ginkgolides and bilobalides)], on the tonus of isolated segments of the ileum and the colon of rabbits were examined. The experiments were carried out on isolated bowel incisions according to the Magnus method. Data was registered by physiography (Narco-Bio-System). Our results show that GBE (0.006 g/L, - 0.06 g/L) concentration-dependently reduces the tonus of the ileum and the colon of rabbits. Apart from that, GBE reduces the increase of the tonus of the ileum caused by acetylcholine (ACh), but does not change colon tonus intensified by ACh. This indicates that the effects of the used extract in the ileum are predominantly achieved through cholinergic mechanisms, while the relaxant effects in the colon are achieved in some other way.
An Update on Vitamin E, Tocopherol and Tocotrienol—Perspectives
Authors: Colombo Maria Laura
Published: March 2010

Vitamin E, like tocotrienols and tocopherols, is constituted of compounds essential for animal cells. Vitamin E is exclusively synthesized by photosynthetic eukaryotes and other oxygenic photosynthetic organisms such as cyanobacteria. In order to prevent lipid oxidation, the plants mainly accumulate tocochromanols in oily seeds and fruits or in young tissues undergoing active cell divisions. From a health point of view, at the moment there is a great interest in the natural forms of tocochromanols, because they are considered promising compounds able to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system and satisfactory blood cholesterol levels. Some evidence suggests that the potency of the antioxidant effects may differ between natural or synthetic source of tocochromanols (vitamin E).
State-of-the-Art of (Bio)Chemical Sensor Developments in Analytical Spanish Groups
Authors: Plata María Reyes , Contento Ana María , Ríos Angel
Published: March 2010

(Bio)chemical sensors are one of the most exciting fields in analytical chemistry today. The development of these analytical devices simplifies and miniaturizes the whole analytical process. Although the initial expectation of the massive incorporation of sensors in routine analytical work has been truncated to some extent, in many other cases analytical methods based on sensor technology have solved important analytical problems. Many research groups are working in this field world-wide, reporting interesting results so far. Modestly, Spanish researchers have contributed to these recent developments. In this review, we summarize the more representative achievements carried out for these groups. They cover a wide variety of sensors, including optical, electrochemical, piezoelectric or electro-mechanical devices, used for laboratory or field analyses. The capabilities to be used in different applied areas are also critically discussed.
The Black Aspergillus Species of Maize and Peanuts and Their Potential for Mycotoxin Production
Authors: Palencia Edwin R. , Hinton Dorothy M. , Bacon Charles W.
Published: March 2010

The black spored fungi of the subgenera Circumdata,the section Nigri (=Aspergillus niger group) is reviewed relative to their production of mycotoxins and their effects on plants as pathogens. Molecular methods have revealed more than 18 cryptic species, of which several have been characterized as potential mycotoxin producers. Others are defined as benign relative to their ability to produce mycotoxins. However, these characterizations are based on in vitro culture and toxins production. Several can produce the ochratoxins that are toxic to livestock, poultry, and humans. The black aspergilli produce rots of grapes, maize, and numerous other fruits and grain and they are generally viewed as post-harvest pathogens. Data are review to suggest that black aspergilli, as so many others, are symptomless endophytes. These fungi and their mycotoxins contaminate several major grains, foodstuffs, and products made from them such as wine, and coffee. Evidence is presented that the black aspergilli are producers of other classes of mycotoxins such as the fumonisins, which are known carcinogenic and known prior investigations as being produced by the Fusarium species. Three species are identified in U.S. maize and peanuts as symptomless endophytes, which suggests the potential for concern as pathogens and as food safety hazards.
Optical Coherence Tomography Findings of Exophytic Retinal Capillary Hemangiomas of the Posterior Pole
Authors: Chin Eric K. , Trikha Rupan , Morse Lawrence S. , Zawadzki Robert J. , Werner John S. , Park Susanna S.
Published: March 2010

Exophytic retinal capillary hemangiomas (RCH) can be a diagnostic challenge in subjects without von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL). This report of two cases describes the optical coherence tomographic (OCT) characteristics of RCH in two eyes of a subject with VHL and in one eye of an otherwise normal subject. Three different OCT instruments were used (Stratus, Cirrus and/or custom high resolution Fourier-domain OCT with 4.5 μm axial resolution) depending on availability. All instruments localized the tumor to the outer retina. A sharp border between the tumor and overlying inner retina was noted. The tumor bulged into the subretinal space and showed marked shadowing. Associated cystoid macular edema and sub-retinal fluid were noted. High-resolution Fourier-domain OCT showed a focal photoreceptor layer rip in the adjacent tumor-free macula in one eye with poor vision after treatment. OCT may be a useful tool in diagnosing RCH and studying associated morphologic changes.
Unilateral Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia with Choroidal Neovascularization
Authors: Mezad-Koursh Daphna , Zayit-Soudry Shiri , Barak Adiel , Loewenstein Anat
Published: March 2010

A 40-year-old man with decreasing visual acuity in his left eye over 1 year, diagnosed elsewhere as vein occlusion and treated unsuccessfully by systemic steroids was reported. Retrospective analysis of available previous imaging studies was undertaken, and a retrospective diagnosis of idiopathic macular telangiectasia (IMT) was made. Examination revealed subfoveal neovascularization and retinochoroidal anastomosis (RCA) in his left eye with macular edema and exudates surrounding it. The right eye was normal. Current fluorescein angiography (FA) confirmed the presence of choroidal neovascularization and RCA, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated cystoid macular edema and subfoveal neovascularization.

The patient was diagnosed with unilateral idiopathic macular telangiectasia complicated by subretinal neovascularization. The presences of a choroidal neovascularization process and an RCA have not, to our knowledge, been reported in this type of IMT.
CD22 Expression Mediates the Regulatory Functions of Peritoneal B-1a Cells during the Remission Phase of Contact Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Nakashima Hiroko , Hamaguchi Yasuhito , Watanabe Rei , Ishiura Nobuko , Kuwano Yoshihiro , Okochi Hitoshi , Takahashi Yoshimasa , Tamaki Kunihiko , Sato Shinichi , Tedder Thomas F. , Fujimoto Manabu
Published: March 2010

Although contact hypersensitivity (CHS) has been considered a prototype of T cell-mediated immune reactions, recently a significant contribution of regulatory B cell subsets in the suppression of CHS has been demonstrated. CD22, one of the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins, is a B cell-specific molecule that negatively regulates BCR signaling. To clarify the roles of B cells in CHS, CHS in CD22−/− mice was investigated. CD22−/− mice showed delayed recovery from CHS reactions compared with that of wild-type mice. Transfer of wild-type peritoneal B-1a cells reversed the prolonged CHS reaction seen in CD22−/− mice, and this was blocked by the simultaneous injection with IL-10 receptor Ab. Although CD22−/− peritoneal B-1a cells were capable of producing IL-10 at wild-type levels, i.p. injection of differentially labeled wild-type/CD22−/− B cells demonstrated that a smaller number of CD22−/− B cells resided in lymphoid organs 5 d after CHS elicitation, suggesting a defect in survival or retention in activated CD22−/− peritoneal B-1 cells. Thus, our study reveals a regulatory role for peritoneal B-1a cells in CHS. Two distinct regulatory B cell subsets cooperatively inhibit CHS responses. Although splenic CD1dhiCD5+ B cells have a crucial role in suppressing the acute exacerbating phase of CHS, peritoneal B-1a cells are likely to suppress the late remission phase as “regulatory B cells.” CD22 deficiency results in disturbed CHS remission by impaired retention or survival of peritoneal B-1a cells that migrate into lymphoid organs.
Evaluating the Contributions of Dynamic Flow to Freezing of Gait in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Lebold Chad A. , Almeida Q. J.
Published: March 2010

Although visual cues can improve gait in Parkinson's disease (PD), their underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Previous research suggests that cues contribute optical flow that is essential to elicit gait improvement. The present study manipulated how optic flow was provided, and how this might influence freezing of gait (FOG) in PD. Therefore, three groups; 15 PD FOG, 16 PD non-FOG, and 16 healthy controls were tested in 3 narrow doorway conditions; baseline (Narrow), ground lines (Ground), and laser (Laser). Step length indicated that the PD FOG group was only able to improve with ground lines, while the laser increased gait variability and double support time. These results suggest that optic flow in itself is not enough to elicit gait improvement in PD. When PD patients use visual cues, gait becomes less automatically controlled and hence preplanned conscious control may be an important factor contributing to gait improvement.
VERNALIZATION RESPONSES OF A SELECTED GROUP OF SPRING WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) CULTIVARS
Authors: JEDEL P. E. , EVANS L. E. , SCARTH R.
Published: March 2010

Ten spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars were assessed for the pattern, duration and stability of their response to vernalization and the effect of plant age on receptivity to cold treatment. Cold treatment intervals of 0–6 wk were used to determine the patterns of response. Cajeme 71, Fielder and Pitic 62 were found to have a gradual response with the vernalization requirement satisfied after 4 or 5 wk of cold treatment. Benito, Glenlea, Marquis, and Neepawa had slight but significant responses to longer cold treatments (5–6 wk). Yecora 70, Prelude and Sinton were nonresponsive to the cold treatments. The development of the vernalization responses in Cajeme 71 and Pitic 62 was assessed with cold treatments of 0, 1, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days in a greenhouse study. The pattern of response consisted of a lag period, a period of rapid induction, and finally a plateau when the vernalization requirement was filled. Intermediate temperature treatments of 1–6 days at 15 °C stabilized the vernalization response induced by 2 wk of cold treatment (4 °C) in Fielder and Pitic 62 and by 6 wk of cold treatment in Cajeme 71. Pitic 62 was responsive to cold treatments at ages 0 and 7 days, with the responsiveness decreasing with increasing age. Neepawa, at the ages tested, was relatively non-responsive to the cold treatments.Key words: Wheat (spring), vernalization response, temperature, plant age
RELATIONSHIP OF ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS AND AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS IN BARLEY
Authors: HOCKETT E. A.
Published: March 2010

The number of adventitious roots of two- and six-row barleys (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown under irrigation at Bozeman, Montana in 1970 and 1971, was related to yield and other agronomic characteristics. Adventitious roots were counted shortly before heading and at maturity and correlated with 15 agronomic characteristics. Adventitious root number was not correlated with yield of barley, except for two out of six cases in two-row barley. Roots per tiller, per plant and per square metre were all positively correlated with each other. The number of kernels per spike increased as roots per tiller increased but decreased with a high number of tillers per plant. Kernel plumpness and numbers of tillers were negatively correlated in two-row barley, but not in six-row barley. Cultivars differed significantly in yield and adventitious root number. Six-row barley had more roots per tiller but fewer tillers per square metre than two-row barley. Roots per tiller and roots per square metre measurements had the best repeatability between years for six-row barley, but no root measurements were consistent over years for the two-row type. Tillers per plant measurements for both two-row and six-row barleys and tillers per square metre for just two-row barley were consistent over years. Tiller and root number interact and are usually positively related. The genetic variation for root number shown here could be used in crosses for selection of superior genotypes.Key words: Barley, Hordeum vulgare, adventitious roots, subcrown internode, yield components, seeding rate
SCEPTRE DURUM WHEAT
Authors: KNOTT D. R.
Published: March 2010

Sceptre is an early-maturing, high-yielding durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). Although it is not a semi-dwarf, it has relatively short, strong straw. Sceptre has good pasta-making quality.Key words: Cultivar description, wheat (durum), Triticum turgidum