bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dutch Atlantic: From Provincialism To Globalism
Authors: Schmidt Benjamin
Published: November 2023

There was no such thing as a Dutch Atlantic, and this is an essay about it. This is also an essay about the conceptualization of space, both in the early modern period and in modern historiography, especially scholarship since the 1980s, when the idea of Atlantic history and of an increasingly cohesive early modern Atlantic gained popularity. It is an essay, furthermore, on the relationship between spatiality—or what might be called in this context cultural geography—and the sort of expansionist, overseas programs pursued in the early modern period that perceived in the Atlantic a locus for an “enterprise of the Indies” (to invoke Columbus’s famous expression) or an imperial “grand design” (to use the term favored by Dutch colonialists: groot desseyn) to extend Europe’s reach into the newly discovered lands and seas to the west and south. It is an essay, thus, on Atlantic worlds, real and imagined, and on the possible correlation between the two.
Africa And The Atlantic, C. 1450 To C. 1820
Authors: Morgan Philip D
Published: November 2023

Before the arrival of Europeans, the Atlantic Ocean played little role in most Africans’ lives. There were few Atlantic ports, and most contact with the outside world was overland rather than by sea (less true of African- Asian interactions via the Indian Ocean). In some regions of West Africa, people ventured out to sea to fish (but usually no more than a few miles offshore), and some ethnic groups traded products such as kola and salt lengthy distances along the coast. But, for the most part, a combination of prevailing winds and currents, lack of sheltered seas, few natural harbors, treacherous offshore bars, and heavy surf inhibited an indigenous seafaring tradition. Furthermore, extensive river and lagoon systems in many parts of West Africa facilitated both north–south and east–west transportation without hazarding the ocean. Africans used waterways, but generally not the sea. They developed the technology of the dugout, a canoe hollowed and shaped from a single tree trunk, which could be large in size and seaworthy, but generally lacked more sophisticated boatbuilding techniques, sails, and navigational devices that would have permitted greater familiarity with the ocean. Africans also lacked the incentives, most notably the population pressures (for Africa was under- rather than overpopulated), that might have pushed them to overcome these geographical and technological hurdles.
vowel definition and the Chiaroscuro
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

No artist has ever learned to sing by studying a spectrogram of his own voice or of the voices of great artists, by analyzing formant relationships, or by determining what mouth postures best track which vowels. One learns to sing only by developing a tonal concept and by establishing a daily routine for its achievement (see chapters 13 and 17). Yet spectrographic analysis can reveal factors that heighten a singer’s awareness of what makes for completeness of tonal resonance. Acoustic analysis can show nothing that the cultivated ear cannot hear, but it can confirm and secure what the cultivated ear recognizes. For some singers and their teachers, there remains a hesitancy to examine spectrally the sounds of singing, out of fear that it might reveal errors best ignored, or that analysis might turn the creative art into something mechanistic and devoid of individuality. On the contrary, I have yet to meet any apprentice singer or professional artist who has not been fascinated to see what his or her sound looks like, and who has not wished to examine the usable colors of the voice; nor have I yet encountered any person who could not readily fully comprehend the user-friendly graphs within minutes. Indeed, it is easier for most of us to learn to read spectrum analysis than it was to learn to read the bass clef. It is not the aim of spectral analysis to bring about general uniformity of timbre from singer to singer but to determine what constitutes the individual’s best sound and to stabilize it. Despite wide diversities within the field of voice pedagogy, there is general agreement on the qualities that make up elite vocalism.
Pedagogic Uses Of Falsetto For Baritone, Bass-Baritone, And Bass Voices
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

In public performance, no male singer resorts to falsetto timbre unless ill or for a humorous effect. Falsetto can occasionally be useful in marking (see chapter 17). It should be reiterated that attempting to substitute imitative female sound (falsetto) for legitimate male quality is not a main route of elite vocalism. However, pedagogic uses of falsetto can be productive. Unless he suffers from an unhealthy condition, the male who lacks a falsetto simply has not yet learned to use it. No matter how faint it may sound initially, with repetition falsetto timbre will stabilize itself. In falsetto production, the elongation of the vocal folds is identical to that assumed by the folds in legitimate male voice (voce piena) but the closure mechanism is not yet fully operative. Nonreinforced falsetto is fashioned by somewhat slacker vocal-fold closure than what happens in vital, resonant sound. For that reason, in the case of the young low-voiced male who tends to press the vocal folds when onsetting in the passage zone, patterns that go from falsetto to voce piena (the natural full male sound) can be of assistance in freeing the voice.
The Phenomenon Of Vibrato, An Inherent Component Of Elite Voice Resonance
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: November 2023

Reviewers of the singing voice often resort to subjective terminology in describing voice timbre, with metaphors such as “warm,” “rich,” “full,” “thin,” “resonant,” “dull,” “lifeless,” “hollow,” “colorless,” and so on. In general, these expressions refer to the presence or the lack of vibrancy. There is general confusion as to the exact nature of “vibrato.” The term is sometimes used pejoratively to include tremolo and oscillation.
Florence, London and Paris
Authors: Budden Julian
Published: November 2023

throughout the spring of 1846 verdi allowed himself to be nursed back to health, first by Piave in Venice, ‘with a care that was truly fraternal,’ then by Muzio in Milan. By June he was fit enough to stand as witness together with Giulio Carcano to the deed of separation between Andrea Maffei and his wife Clarina; then he followed both men to the spa of Recoaro, where he spent the summer in their company. Maffei and Carcano moved in the highest literary circles; both were poets and translators of merit, steeped as they were in foreign literature. His association with them at such a critical time could not fail to broaden Verdi’s horizons.
The New Order
Authors: Budden Julian
Published: November 2023

for all that verdi considered un ballo in maschera the most harmless drama in the world, the scruples of the Roman and Neapolitan censorship were not hard to understand. True, order had been restored often brutally throughout the peninsula since 1849 but during the decade that followed the symptoms of unrest grew ever more alarming. In 1857 there had been an attempt on the life of Ferdinand I of Naples. In Verdi’s own province of Parma Carlo III, the restored Bourbon monarch, as profligate and irresponsible as an Emperor from the pages of Gibbon, was assassinated in the theatre. His successor, another Maria Luigia, far less politic than the first, attempted to rule with the aid of an Austrian garrison, which, after much hostile demonstration she was persuaded to withdraw. Cracks in the Holy Alliance were deepening, to the advantage of Italy as well as France. In England, popular sympathy was on the Italian side, Gladstone having described the rule of King Ferdinand II as ‘the negation of God erected into a system’. If the republican ideal of Mazzini seemed a lost cause, a united realm under Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont offered a distinct prospect of success. Not only did
The Prison Years
Authors: Budden Julian
Published: November 2023

in 1858 verdi wrote to countess maffei, ‘ever since nabucco I haven’t known an hour’s peace and quiet, sixteen years of hard labour.’ The expression ‘anni di galera’ has been picked up by his biographers and used to designate that period between the triumph of Ernani and the moment when Verdi settled in his own property in Busseto and could accept or reject commissions as he felt inclined. During this time his power of self-renewal could not always keep pace with the demands made upon him; and though he never repeated himself, one sometimes senses the language of Nabucco and Ernani applied almost automatically without any of the composer’s former zest.
Towards Grand Opera
Authors: Budden Julian
Published: November 2023

for all their conspicuous differences rigoletto, il tro-vatore and La traviata all share a common idiom: the language of Italian Romantic opera purged of all that is inessential to dramatic expression; a heart-on-sleeve manner in which, though the formal reach may be long, the component units are short since the singers come quickly to the point (Verdi, like Mozart, has the ability to say in a handful of bars what others can barely express in a whole aria). The rhythmic schemes are plain, the accompaniments unencumbered. The emphasis is all on the individual—lit fiercely, as in Il trovatore or gently, as in La traviata; but the ambience barely impinges. (The Parisian waltz of La traviata is the subtlest of odours.) Verdi now aspired to wider and more varied canvasses. Over the next few years his sources would be many; but the most immediate was Paris and the world of Meyerbeer.
Writing Through Music
Authors: Pasler Jann
Published: November 2023

Drawing on a passion for music, a remarkably diverse interdisciplinary toolbox, and a gift for accessible language that speaks equally to scholars and the general public, Jann Pasler invites us to read as she writes "through" music, unveiling the forces that affect our sonic encounters. In an extraordinary collection of historical and critical essays, some appearing for the first time in English, Pasler deconstructs the social, moral, and political preoccupations lurking behind aesthetic taste. Arguing that learning from musical experience is vital to our understanding of past, present, and future, Pasler's work trenchantly reasserts the role of music as a crucial contributor to important public debates about who we can be as individuals, communities, and nations. The author's wide-ranging and perceptive approaches to musical biography and history challenge us to rethink our assumptions about important cultural and philosophical issues including national identity and postmodern musical hybridity, material culture, the economics of power, and the relationship between classical and popular music. Her work uncovers the self-fashioning of modernists such as Vincent d'Indy, Augusta Holmès, Jean Cocteau, and John Cage, and addresses categories such as race, gender, and class in the early 20th century in ways that resonate with experiences today. She also explores how music uses time and constructs narrative. Pasler's innovative and influential methodological approaches, such as her notion of "question-spaces," open up the complex cultural and political networks in which music participates. This provides us with the reasons and tools to engage with music in fresh and exciting ways. In these thoughtful essays, music--whether beautiful or cacophonous, reassuring or seemingly incomprehensible--comes alive as a bearer of ideas and practices that offers deep insights into how we negotiate the world. Jann Pasler's Writing through Music brilliantly demonstrates how music can be a critical lens to focus the contemporary critical, cultural, historical, and social issues of our time.
7. Pelle´as and PowerForces behind the Reception of Debussy’s Opera
Authors: Pasler Jann
Published: November 2023

The premiere of Debussy’s opera Pell´east et Melinda in 1902 provoked a reaction comparable in historical importance to those produced by Hugo’s Hermana in 1830, Wagner’s Lohengrin in 1887 and 1891, and Stravinsky’s The Rite of Spring in 1913. At the open dress rehearsal on 28 April, much of the public responded with surprise, laughter, and hostility. Ill disposed to the work by a parodying pamphlet circulated before the performance, they entered the theater resistant to the simple story; they laughed heartily at Mary Garden’s English accent, when, as Me´lessened, she sang ‘‘Je ne sues pas he reuse’’ and shouted ‘‘petit googol [little clown]’’ at Yield; and they left indignant because the opera was so different from those to which they were accustomed. Others in the audience, largely Debussysts, clapped excessively—even during the orchestral preludes—and argued vehemently during intermissions with anyone who refused to regard the work as a total triumph. For the premiere on 30 April, Debussy agreed to some prudent cuts, but both sides continued to respond to the opera with an equal lack of dignity and discrimination.
Shadows in the Classroom
Authors: Cohen Judah M
Published: November 2023

What happens when the shadows we chase appear in our classrooms? From one perspective, I offer this essay as a reflection on central ethnomusicological questions regarding the subjects, methods, locations and ethics of conducting ethnographic field research, particularly when traveling in the footsteps of earlier scholars. In another sense, however, I use this essay to explore the pragmatic and theoretical issues involved in bringing students into contact with musical cultures they call their own, through the deceptively hermetic space of the university classroom. That fieldwork and classwork can complement each other, as I hope to show, offers an argument for understanding the first perspective. That the constructed border between the two can fade spontaneously into a multilayered and theoretically complex sense of ethnographic experience, as I will suggest, adds nuance to the second. Stepping into the classroom, in other words, can become an intimate, self-reflective, and sometimes startlingly unplanned trip to the field.
The Challenges of Human Relations in Ethnographic Enquiry : Examples from Arctic and Subarctic Fieldwork
Authors: Beaudry Nicole
Published: November 2023

Once a journey is designed, equipped, and put in process, a new factor enters and takes over. A trip, a safari, an exploration, is an entity, different from all other journeys. It has personality, temperament, individuality, uniqueness. A journey is a person in itself; no two are alike. And all plans, safeguards, policing and coercion are fruitless. We find after years of struggle that we do not take a trip; a trip takes us.
Apnea and True Illusion: Breath(less) in Beckett
Authors: Blau Herbert
Published: November 2023

“We have time to grow old.” But as you get older, and memory fails you, forgetting a name or a face—or, as with me, more frequently now in a class, you suddenly lose the lines of a poem long known by heart—it’s hard not to think of Alzheimer’s, from the complications of which my brother recently died, the last time I saw him not knowing who I was.
“Just Looking”: Ne(i)ther-World Icons, Elsheimer Nocturnes, and Other Simultaneities in Beckett’s Play
Authors: Moorjani Angela
Published: November 2023

The pleasures (if not the rapture) of vertigo are felt by many readers plunging into Beckett’s contrapuntal and paradoxical texts. Aware of the effects that encourage superimposed readings, some commentators nevertheless downplay those that are in a different domain from their own, the political seemingly disqualifying the psychoanalytical, or the inquiry into the medium ruling out the mythical or ontological, or the other way around.
Migraine Diagnosis and Comorbidity
Authors: Lipton Richard B , Scher Ann I , Silberstein, Stephen D , Bigal Marcelo E
Published: November 2023

Migraine is a very common neurologic disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of severe headache, autonomic nervous system dysfunction and in some patients, by aura (Headache Classification Committee, 1988, 2004). The diagnosis of migraine has been facilitated by the development and publication of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-1 and ICHD-2) (Headache Classification Committee, 1988, 2004). The therapeutic options for migraine have greatly expanded in recent years for both acute and preventive treatments (Goadsby et al., 2002). On the acute treatment side, advances in neuroscience have led to the development of a novel class of selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists, known as the triptans (Ferrari et al., 2001). These agents have changed the lives of countless migraine sufferers. On the prevention side, neuromodulators such as divalproex sodium and topiramate play an expanding role in migraine management (Silberstein, 2005). Despite the availability of new and more effective treatment options, migraine remains under-diagnosed, and available therapies are not used optimally (Diamond et al., 2007; Lipton et al., 2007).
Other Primary Headaches
Authors: Newman Lawrence C , Grosberg, Brian M , Dodick David W
Published: November 2023

Recognition of primary headache disorders that are less common than migraine, tension-type headache, and others discussed in this text is important, as the sufferers may be disabled, often misdiagnosed and therefore inappropriately treated. Although included under the rubric of other primary headaches, all of the disorders listed within this classification have secondary mimics. International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) criteria for these disorders, the diagnosis of the primary headache can only be given after secondary causes have been excluded. Furthermore, the proper treatment of these disorders is predicated upon establishing the correct diagnosis; some of the conditions described in this chapter respond dramatically to therapy with indomethacin but not to agents typically prescribed for the other more common primary headaches. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options for several of these less common disorders.
Disorders of the Mouth and Teeth
Authors: Graff-Radford Steven B , Newman Alan C
Published: November 2023

Orofacial pain is a complex and often puzzling problem that clinicians are faced with on a daily basis. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (Mersky, 1986). This definition allows pain to be present without nociception (the recordable neural activity in a delta and c fibers) and encourages the clinician to consider assessing the associated suffering and pain behavior in understanding and treating pain. Before one can treat facial pain it is essential to have an accurate diagnosis. This requires a working knowledge of a classification system. This chapter will describe a comprehensive classification system and address pains that present in the trigeminal nerve distribution.
The Poetry of Sappho
Authors: Powell Jim
Published: November 2023

Artfully adorned Aphrodite, deathless child of Zeus and weaver of wiles I beg you please don’t hurt me, don’t overcome my spirit, goddess, with longing, but come here, if ever at other moments hearing these my words from afar you listened and responded: leaving your father’s house, all golden, you came then, hitching up your chariot: lovely sparrows drew you quickly over the dark earth, whirling on fine beating wings from the heights of heaven down through the sky and instantly arrived—and then O my blessed goddess with a smile on your deathless face you asked me what the matter was this time, what I called you for this time, what I now most wanted to happen in my raving heart: “Whom this time should I persuade to lead you back again to her love? Who now, oh Sappho, who wrongs you? If she flees you now, she will soon pursue you; if she won’t accept what you give, she’ll give it; if she doesn’t love you, she’ll love you soon now, even unwilling”.
Diderot’s Paradoxe and C. P. E. Bach’s Empfindungen
Authors: Kramer Richard
Published: November 2023

On his way home to Paris via The Hague, Denis Diderot paused for a few days in Hamburg at the end of March 1774. “I return from St. Petersburg in a housecoat under a fur pelt, and without other clothing, otherwise I should not have missed calling on a man as famous as Emmanuel [sic],” he wrote, in the first of two surviving letters to Bach. We know the texts of these letters not from Diderot’s autograph, but (tellingly) from their publication in four literary journals within weeks of Diderot’s visit—the first of them in Claudius’s Wandsbecker Bothe for 8 April.
When Doctors Become Patients
Authors: Klitzman Robert
Published: November 2023

For many doctors, their role as powerful healer precludes thoughts of ever getting sick themselves. When they do, it initiates a profound shift of awareness – not only in their sense of their selves, which is invariably bound up with the ‘invincible doctor’ role, but in the way that they view their patients and the doctor-patient relationship. While some books have been written from first-person perspectives on doctors who get sick, never has there been a systematic, integrated look at what the experience is like for doctors who get sick, and what it can teach us about our current health care system and more broadly, the experience of becoming ill. The psychiatrist Robert Klitzman here weaves together gripping first-person accounts of the experience of doctors who fall ill and see the other side of the coin, as a patient. The accounts reveal how dramatic this transformation can be – a spiritual journey for some, a radical change of identity for others, and for some a new way of looking at the risks and benefits of treatment options. For most however it forever changes the way they treat their own patients. These questions are important not just on a human interest level, but for what they teach us about medicine today. While medical technology advances, the health care system itself has become more complex and frustrating, and physician-patient trust is at an all-time low. The experiences offered here are unique resource that point the way to a more humane future.
“Touched by the Light”: Spiritual Beliefs and Their Obstacles
Authors: Klitzman Robert
Published: November 2023

Ill physicians now came to appreciate, as never before, the importance of spirituality. Past studies have been divided as to whether and how physicians resembled, or differed from, patients in spiritual beliefs and practices. Early studies found that patients were more religious and spiritual than physicians as a whole, but more recent investigations suggest more commonalities (1). Still, comparisons remain difficult. Possible differences are significant because patients often wish to talk about religion with their physicians, but hesitate, sensing that physicians are not interested or too busy (2). Doctors’ spiritual beliefs may also influence their clinical decisions. For example, among physicians, Catholics and Jews have been less willing than Protestants to withdraw life support (3). Doctors who are more sensitive to spiritual concerns may discuss these issues more readily with patients.
Nishida’s Conception of Person
Authors: Kopf Gereon
Published: November 2023

Nishida Kitarō (1870–1945), founder of the philosophical movement called the Kyoto school, was born in the Meiji period (1868–1912). During this time, Japan sought to rapidly modernize and to enter the exclusive club of the world powers of that time (Great Britain, Russia, the United States, and Germany). It was an intellectually vibrant period, when Japanese students traveled abroad to gain knowledge of and to assimilate European and American advancements in science as well as technology, and Japanese intellectuals were trying to redefine Japan’s self-understanding in the face of modernization and imperialism. Such was the world of Nishida, who not only studied Chinese classics in high school and European languages and philosophies at Tokyo Imperial University but also suggested, in the later years of his career, that his philosophy expressed “Eastern logic” with “Western categories.”
English Gentlemen with American Energy
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: November 2023

William Osler was born in a parsonage in backwoods Canada on July 12, 1849. His parents had come out from England to serve the Anglican Church in an obscure comer of British North America. Their parish centered on the hamlet of Bond Head, Canada West, some forty miles north of the little city of Toronto. At the time of Osier’s birth, Bond Head was still a frontier station on the edge of a savage wilderness. Thousands of miles across the Atlantic, Victorian Britain was approaching the height of its power, prestige, and cultural refinement.

Osler was of mainly Celtic descent. Many generations of his forebears had lived in Cornwall in southwestern England. The name Osler is derived from ‘ostler,’ a stableman at an inn, and has a common root with ‘host’ and ‘hospitality.’ The Canadian family pronounces the ‘o’ long as in ‘host,’ not short as in ‘lost.’
Never Use a Crutch
Authors: Bliss Michael
Published: November 2023

Osler had seen three patients on Thursday, August 30, and written several letters. He was in his library reading articles on asthma, thinking about the next edition of his text, when at 4.15 PM a telegram arrived from Cushing, advising that Revere was dangerously, though not hopelessly wounded. Osler sent Benning with the car to bring Grace, who was making social calls. She knew the reason right away. Osler phoned the War Office and asked permission to rush to France, but was advised to await further word. Grace and William had their bags packed and were waiting to leave when at 8.30 the call came to say Revere was dead.

There was nothing to do. Bodies were not brought home from wars until the Americans began to do it in Vietnam in the 1960s. Revere had already been buried. There would be no memorial service – too many soldiers had died and were dying every day. The practice of public mourning – wearing black, staying in seclusion, using black-bordered stationery-had largely disappeared by 1917.
The Woman Who Decided to Die
Authors: Munson Ronald
Published: November 2023

She had one of the best rooms in the hospital. It was a single on the sixteenth coor that overlooked the long, stretched oval of the pond in the park below. Light from the sun’s low-afternoon angle turned the water into a shimmer of pearl and pink and brightened the greenness of the surrounding lawn.

Her name was Traci, which seemed a frivolous irony given the grave nature of her disease. She had a form of acute myeloid leukemia that had not responded well to the standard regimen of chemotherapy. Traci, in the peculiarly accusatory language of medicine, had “failed” the treatment. The description seemed to imply that chemotherapy was a test she could have passed if only she had worked harder.

Dr. Samuel Wontage was one of her physicians. He was a short man with quick, nervous gestures and a smile that cashed on and off and yet never lighted up his sad, chubby face. Sometimes the smile, as if controlled by a defective switch, cashed on for no apparent reason, then disappeared just as suddenly. I decided that the smile was only another of his various nervous tics, like his habit of rubbing the side of his nose with his finger.
Unsuitable
Authors: Munson Ronald
Published: November 2023

Rob Hardy was only twenty, but he looked like death.

He was lying in a hospital bed with the mattress tilted at a sharp angle so he was almost sitting upright. His face, smooth as a young child’s, was slack, and his hazel eyes, half-shut, were dull and blank. His short tar-black hair stuck up in feathery tufts, and a silver tracery of dried drool followed a curving path from a corner of his mouth to the tip of his pointed chin.

Rob’s skin, even on his neck and hands, had the dusky, lusterless burnt-orange color of preserved tangerine peel. This was the most obvious sign that he was in liver failure.

A plastic line dripped a colorless solution into the needle taped into place in his right arm, and leads from a heart monitor and an oximeter curled across the sheet, connecting him to the machines behind his bed. A pale blue tube clipped to his nostrils supplied extra oxygen. A third plastic line ran from under the sheet to a urine-collecting bag attached to the side of the bed. The bag’s sparse contents were the color of dark copper.

Rob seemed barely aware of the group gathered around his bed. Dr. Sara Gibbs, a hepatologist, was making morning rounds with six or eight residents. I was along because I was an outside observer of the committee recommending which liver-failure patients should become candidates for transplants.
Not More Equal
Authors: Munson Ronald
Published: November 2023

“Ron?” The woman’s voice was tentative, then confident. “This is Joan Marvin. I’m sorry to bother you so late in the evening, but we need an ethics consult.”

Joan Marvin was professor of surgery and chief of thoracic transplant surgery at Midwest School of Medicine. We had met several years earlier at a reception promoting organ donation, where we chatted over glasses of white wine. Each of us was speaking that evening, though, so we were too distracted to have a real conversation.

Joan, in her talk, defended altruistic donation, while I argued for selling organs in a regulated market. Our exchanges during the discussion period were courteous but sharp, so I was surprised when, at the end of the reception, she asked me to give my same talk to the residents in her transplant program.

“They need to hear some fresh ideas.” Joan’s smile was almost malicious. She seemed pleased with the idea of showing the residents that she wasn’t as predictable as they might think.
The Boy Who Was Addicted to Pain
Authors: Munson Ronald
Published: November 2023

Chase Granger arrived home from school around four-thirty. The moment he walked through the back door and dropped his school books on the kitchen table, he felt a small thrill of anticipation. He knew exactly what he was going to do and was eager to begin.

He had started thinking about it during his one o’clock class. He’d tried to pay attention to what Mr. Kalten was saying about German economic conditions causing World War II, but he’d felt sick to his stomach. His mind kept returning to what Lopez had said and done. Yet he couldn’t bear dwelling on them, so he’d nudged his thoughts onto a familiar path.

He imagined what he would do when he got home, going step by step and lingering over the images as they took shape. He saw himself from the outside, as if he were looking through the lens of a movie camera. He shot a wide angle to frame the scene that showed him in the bathroom, then pulled in for a tight shot of his almost-naked body. He finally narrowed the focus to an extreme close-up of his right thigh.
A Question of Balance
Authors: Thompson Gordon
Published: November 2023

In the Beatles’ improbable rise to musical and cultural triumph, an HMV technician changed the course of history when he offered the opinion that some of the material on Brian Epstein’s tape might be publishable. Jim Foy inadvertently set in motion more than his disk cutter; he facilitated a revolution in popular music. As with many of the best-known recordings of the era, our historical and ethnographic sense generally ignores the roles of technologists. However, if technology helped to define the era and fuel upheaval in the recording industry, then the varied individuals who bore the title “engineer” facilitated the insurrection.
“We Americans”: Henry Luce, Life, and the Mind-Guided Camera
Authors: Allred Jeff
Published: November 2023

In an initial period, Photography, in order to surprise, photographs the notable; but soon, by a familiar reversal, it decrees notable what-ever it photographs. The “anything whatever” becomes the sophisticated acme of value. We had an insatiable desire to search out every facet of American life, photograph it and hold it up proudly, like a mirror, to a pleased and astonished readership. In a sense our product was inbred: America had an impact on us and we had an impact on America.
What is a Chicken Worth?
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L , Orlans F Barbara , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

“This must constitute, in both magnitude and severity, the single most severe, systematic example of man’s inhumanity to another sentient animal.”1 So said John Webster, emeritus professor of animal husbandry at the University of Bristol’s Veterinary School. He was referring, rather surprisingly, to broiler chickens. In reaching this conclusion, he noted that in the United Kingdom alone, one-quarter of the heavy strains of these animals are in chronic pain for at least one-third of their six-week lives; only 10% are able to walk normally; up to 6% die during rearing; 4% have chronic arthritis; 3% break their bones; and 2 million die during transport each year. In 2003, some 9.1 billion of these animals were eaten in the United States,2 3.5 billion in the European Union, and 840 million in the United Kingdom.4 In less than 50 years, the broiler chicken—so named because of the way it is cooked— has become one of the most common animals consumed in human diets. The poultry meat sector is a significant employer (40,000 to 50,000 jobs in the United Kingdom alone) as well as a major consumer of cereals, soy, and meat, bone, and fish meals. These birds are reared intensively, in large numbers and at relatively low cost, and they provide a ready source of palatable tender meat for many people.
Winky and Wanda at the Detroit Zoo
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L , Orlans F Barbara , Dresser Rebecca , Morton David B , Gluck John P
Published: November 2023

Winky, an Asian elephant, resided in the Detroit Zoological Institute for 14 years. Wanda, on loan from the San Antonio Zoo, lived with her for eight years. Their one-acre yard was about half the area of a professional soccer field. This outdoor area included trees, toys, and a pool. Inside the barn, they had heated floors for the days when the Michigan winters made it unpleasant for them to be outside. They received food, baths, pedicures, and expert medical care. In return, Winky and Wanda had only to wander through the yard, occasionally tossing dust on their backs to protect against insects and sunburn. Suddenly, in May 2004, the Detroit Zoo announced that it would be sending Winky and Wanda away and discontinuing the elephant exhibit permanently.2 At first glance, this news was unremarkable. Several zoos had closed elephant exhibits in previous years, causing little stir outside their local areas. Some zoos had decided that maintaining elephant exhibits caused too great a financial burden. Others were persuaded to relinquish their elephants by public pressure from the media or from protesters. The Detroit Zoo’s decision, however, was indeed remarkable, because it was motivated fundamentally by moral concerns with implications for many zoos.3 According to Dr. Ron Kagan, a biologist and the director of the Detroit Zoo, “The quality of life for the [elephants] is not adequate and is different from other animals.”4 Over several years, he and his staff observed that the elephants’ health was deteriorating in ways that would not likely have occurred in the wild. Kagan believed that the Detroit Zoo lacked the facilities to care properly for elephants.
Tomorrow And Tomorrow And Tomorrow
Authors: Weinstein Philip
Published: November 2023

Late in the second act of Requiem for a Nun (1951), Gowan Stevens and his wife Temple (miserably married for eight years now) ponder the painful sequence of events that has brought them to their current dilemma. Gowan’s uncle Gavin has gathered them together to figure out how they might have avoided the disaster at Frenchman’s Bend—the drunken car accident and subsequent rape that launched the vicious mayhem of Sanctuary. Looking back, they cannot imagine anything other than what occurred: “Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow,” Temple murmurs, and Gavin (“speaking her thought, finishing the sentences” [RN 611]) says without missing a beat, “—he [Gowan] will wreck the car again against the wrong tree, in the wrong place, and you will have to forgive him again, for the next eight years until he can wreck the car again in the wrong place, against the wrong tree—” (611). Faulkner was fifty-three years old when he wrote this hybrid text—half epic prose history of Yoknapatawpha County, half stage play in which Temple Drake Stevens seeks to reclaim her soul. Despite strenuous attempts— by Gavin, the Governor, and (behind them both) Faulkner—to “confess” Temple, the project of self-recovery does not succeed. Looking back over the unenlightened years that had passed, Temple is unable to come upon a retrospective insight that might allow her, cathartically, to liberate her future. Rather than analyze Requiem for a Nun further, I stress the failed project of recognition. Temple cannot resee her past so as to begin anew. Nor could her author, with respect to his own life. Faulkner’s last two decades reenacted conflicts that had arisen earlier and remained irresoluble.
Work Life, Romantic Entanglements
Authors: Scanlon Jennifer
Published: November 2023

After Cleo and Mary returned to Arkansas, Helen Gurley moved in with a friend from work, at least until she entered into another phase of her single life—as a kept woman.”I’ve never worked anywhere . . . with- out being sexually involved with somebody in the office,” she stated bluntly in an interview years later. Given that she was employed as a secretary in seventeen different offices before she began her career as an advertising copywriter, Gurley undoubtedly engaged in numerous sexual relation- ships and an even greater number of sexual liaisons. When asked, “What about the boss?” she replied flippantly, “Why discriminate against him?” Such attitudes would get her in trouble not only with her more conservative contemporaries but also with many among her feminist peers, who saw inherent inequities and exploitation, rather than fun and games, in such alliances. Although the more radical among them would argue that marriage itself was a form of prostitution, most feminists felt that altering rather than simply manipulating women’s economic subservience to men was the correct path to take.
sexy from the start: The Earl Y Years of Second-Wave Feminism
Authors: Scanlon Jennifer
Published: November 2023

When people think about the early years of the second wave of feminism, many believe, simply, that “Betty Friedan did it all, with maybe a little help from Gloria Steinem.” Until Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique, the story goes, no one, not even women themselves, understood that sexism existed or that women could make a variety of choices about their lives. In recent years historians have begun to unravel the complexities of the feminists and feminisms that circulated in the 1960s and 1970s, but few acknowledge—never mind consider— Helen Gurley Brown. Yet Sex and the Single Girl, like Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique, introduced feminist thinking to millions of readers, documented both women’s aspirations and their discontents, and refused to apologize for its bold demands for women.
The Heavy Blues of Sterling Brown: A Study of Craft and Tradition
Authors: Henderson Stephen E
Published: November 2023

Sterling Brown’s poetry may profitably be studied, and his achievement precisely assessed, by implicating his work in the stylistics of the Afro-American culture in which it is saturated. There are, of course, aspects of the poetry which can properly be studied within other parameters—the formal Anglo-American tra- dition found in “Vestiges,” for example, or the tradition of Frost and Masters, Sandburg and Robinson. But it is within the dimensions of Afro-American expressive culture that one may perceive most clearly the originality and sub- tlety of Brown’s work.
Worrying the Lines: Versification in Sterling Brown’s Southern Road
Authors: Manson Michael Tomasek
Published: November 2023

In his influential essay on Zora Neale Hurston, Henry Louis Gates suggests that Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) and Southern Road (1932) are “discursive analogues” in that they both signify “upon James Weldon Johnson’s arguments against dialect” (Signifying 194), the idea that poets should abandon the vernacular because it has only “two full stops, humor and pathos” (Johnson 41). For Gates, both works mediate between “a profoundly lyrical, densely metaphorical, quasi-musical, privileged black oral tradition on the one hand, and a received but not yet fully appropriated standard English literary tradition on the other hand. The quandary for the writer was to find a third term, a bold and novel signifier, informed by these two related yet distinct literary languages” (Signifying 174). Gates concludes that Hurston found this “bold signifier” in free indirect discourse, which allowed her to express a “divided self” (209) in a “third language” (215). Building on this insight, I want to suggest that Brown and Hurston possessed selves that were not only divided by the opposition be- tween the black vernacular and standard English but were also divided by other binaries, such as black and white, country and city, folk and modern, oral and written. The problem of the color line is thus accompanied by the problem of many lines.
Tune In
Authors: Nathan Amy
Published: November 2023

Amazing things can happen when you play a musical instrument. Magical sounds, marvelous melodies, and razzling-dazzling rhythms can float right out of your instrument—once you get the hang of how to use it. Figuring out how to do that can be fun and also a bit of a challenge. All kinds of hassles can pop up to frustrate even the most dedicated student, such as having no time to practice, getting the jitters before a performance, dealing with pesky fellow musicians, or messing with those big fat music books that flutter shut at all the wrong moments. If only you could find out from other musicians how they handled these problems. Now you can! This book gathers together a large ensemble of super musicians to share with you the strategies that have helped them deal with the frustrations they’ve met along their musical way.
Boring-Practice Blues
Authors: Nathan Amy
Published: November 2023

If you find practicing boring at times, you’re not alone. Many of our teen advisors feel that way. So do pros. Pianist André Watts recalls, “I liked playing piano as a kid but didn’t always like doing the work.” As Wynton Marsalis notes in his book, Marsalis on Music, “Almost no one likes to practice . . . You have to spend time working on things that you can’t do, which makes you feel bad about yourself. Often it’s just terribly boring, the same thing repeated over and over and over again until you get it.” Any activity that involves polishing a skill may get to be dull. Basketball star David Robinson played piano and guitar in his spare time when he was in the NBA. When asked if he found practice boring, he sighed and griped about having to do the same things over and over and over, or, as he phrased it, “The monotony, the tediousness of it.” Was he griping about practicing music? No. He meant practicing basketball can be boring, along with the training he had to do to stay in shape: running, biking, lap swimming. For him, practicing music was much less of a chore.
The Jitters
Authors: Nathan Amy
Published: November 2023

You always get nervous when you perform. That never goes away,” explains pro violinist Joshua Bell. “It’s just that you learn how to play while you’re nervous.” He and other pros may look cool and relaxed on stage, but deep inside they’ve got the jitters, too. As Wynton Marsalis notes, “Yeah, I get nervous. I just try to look calm and in control when I walk on stage.” Those nervous butterflies fluttering in your stomach may not be all bad, according to clarinetist Richard Stoltzman. “I like being nervous before I perform,” he claims. “It makes me feel excited about going on stage and making music.” The trick is to “learn how to deal with the nervousness so it doesn’t get in the way of your playing,” explains pro pianist Wu Han. In this chapter, pros and teens reveal how they do this. By taming her jitters, Abby, a trombonist, says, “I learned to enjoy my moments in the spotlight.”
Play On
Authors: Nathan Amy
Published: November 2023

Have fun with your instrument and stick with it!” urges Claire. This enthusiastic oboist points out, “Even if you don’t become a professional musician, music is something you can always keep with you throughout your life.” Some of our troupe of teen advisors reported dreaming about becoming pros. Others aimed for different careers, such as becoming doctors, psychologists, teachers, sports lawyers, public relations specialists, and even ambassadors. Whatever their careers, their experience with music will probably help them. Chances are they’ll find ways to keep making music no matter what their day jobs. Read on for ways to keep the beat going. “Playing an instrument helps academically with other subjects,” claims Muh-Huey. This is something many of our teen advisors have noticed. She feels the time she put into mastering piano and violin has been time well spent. Don’t just take her word for it. Check out recent scores on the SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test), the test students take when applying to college. In 2001, students who had experience performing music tended to score higher than average on both the verbal and math sections of the SAT. So did those who took courses in other arts areas, such as drama, art, or dance. Maybe music helps students do better, or perhaps teens who study music tend to be disciplined and serious about learning, which rubs off in other subjects as well. Education researchers have also noticed connections between music and learning. For example, a study in California found that preschoolers who took music lessons improved in their spatial reasoning skills, which play a part in learning math. In another study, older students improved in spatial reasoning after listening to Mozart.
The Culture of Calumny and Honor
Authors: Walton Charles
Published: November 2023

“There is no greater crime than calumny.” Thus wrote the author of Le véritable tableau de la calomnie in 1649 during the Fronde, expressing a view held widely in Old Regime France. In his treatise on injurious speech in 1776, the jurist François Dareau declared, “All that is the worst in crime can be found in calumny.” The jurist Daniel Jousse had already claimed in 1771 that it constituted “a kind of murder to attack the honor and reputation of someone, which are held to be dearer than one’s life.”
From the Cahiers de doléances to the Declaration of Rights
Authors: Walton Charles
Published: November 2023

The turbulent conditions that Condorcet believed would justify restricting press freedom in his 1776 Fragments sur la liberté de la presse were precisely those reigning in France when this freedom was declared. Futile assemblies of intractable notables, an unbridled speculation war accompanied by a vicious libel war, pitiless calumny campaigns directed by and against ministers, the impending bankruptcy of the monarchy, and highly contested judicial reforms were rocking the Old Regime at its foundations, paralyzing government and sparking popular violence.