bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RS1 gene is a novel prognostic biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Zhang Tao , Cheng Guowei , Chen Ping , Peng Yue , Liu Lei , Li Runze , Qiu Bin
Published: May 2022

Background

Although it has a poor prognosis, patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have a relatively higher 5‐year survival period. Thus, it is necessary to identify effective prognostic markers to evaluate the effect of early treatment. RS1 gene encodes retinoschisin, a key protein in congenital retinoschisis, while few studies have been reported on the association between RS1 and cancer prognosis.

Methods

We performed bioinformatic analyses based on the data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases to demonstrate the expression level of RS1 was related to the LUAD prognosis and our findings were verified in‐vitro and clinical samples. Then, we explored the potential mechanism of how RS1 expression influenced the prognosis of LUAD.

Results

Compared with normal tissues, the RS1 expression was significantly lower in tumor tissues. The Multivariate Cox regression model showed that RS1 could be used as an independent prognostic indicator. Furthermore, we found significant differences in immune cell infiltration between RS1 high and low expression groups, and the proteasome pathway was found enriched in RS1 low expression samples.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our study suggests that RS1 is a novel prognostic biomarker for LUAD. Differences in immune cell infiltration and signaling pathways may contribute to the poor prognosis of LUAD caused by low RS1 expression.
spOccupancy: An R package for single‐species, multi‐species, and integrated spatial occupancy models
Authors: Doser Jeffrey W. , Finley Andrew O. , Kéry Marc , Zipkin Elise F.
Published: May 2022

Occupancy modelling is a common approach to assess species distribution patterns, while explicitly accounting for false absences in detection–nondetection data. Numerous extensions of the basic single‐species occupancy model exist to model multiple species, spatial autocorrelation and to integrate multiple data types. However, development of specialized and computationally efficient software to incorporate such extensions, especially for large datasets, is scarce or absent.

We introduce the spOccupancy R package designed to fit single‐species and multi‐species spatially explicit occupancy models. We fit all models within a Bayesian framework using Pólya‐Gamma data augmentation, which results in fast and efficient inference. spOccupancy provides functionality for data integration of multiple single‐species detection–nondetection datasets via a joint likelihood framework. The package leverages Nearest Neighbour Gaussian Processes to account for spatial autocorrelation, which enables spatially explicit occupancy modelling for potentially massive datasets (e.g. 1,000s–100,000s of sites).

spOccupancy provides user‐friendly functions for data simulation, model fitting, model validation (by posterior predictive checks), model comparison (using information criteria and k‐fold cross‐validation) and out‐of‐sample prediction. We illustrate the package's functionality via a vignette, simulated data analysis and two bird case studies.

The spOccupancy package provides a user‐friendly platform to fit a variety of single and multi‐species occupancy models, making it straightforward to address detection biases and spatial autocorrelation in species distribution models even for large datasets.
An RGB‐D framework for capturing soft‐sediment microtopography
Authors: Azhar Mihailo , Hillman Jenny R. , Gee Trevor , Schenone Stefano , van der Mark Wannes , Thrush Simon F. , Delmas Patrice
Published: May 2022

Capturing sediment topography is one component in understanding how large animals in soft sediment ecosystems affect ecosystem processing. Traditional approaches for sampling soft‐sediment systems are too invasive and destructive for the fragile sediment structures. In contrast, non‐invasive approaches, such as LIDAR and monocular structure‐from‐motion (SfM) systems, can be expensive and cumbersome for data processing.

We developed a low cost and practical framework for measuring morphological characteristics of soft sediment topography at the millimetre scale. Using an RGB‐D (red, green, blue and depth) device and a semi‐opaque container, the sediment surface can be imaged rapidly while operating in outdoor environments.

The RGB‐D device imaged 0.3 m2 intertidal sediment surfaces, creating depth imagery over seven sites and 82 surfaces. First, using simulated surface data, we formulated and tested four variations of a geometrical detrending model to extract and measure the undulating surface microtopography. We then computed nine morphological characteristics, including arithmetic mean roughness, mean sediment peaks and rugosity, for the detrending models. We then used the two best performing models, linear and quadratic detrending models, to compare extracted morphological characteristics from the field data. We found a strong correlation between the models for extracted surface measures and similar extracted sediment trends.

The results showed that RGB‐D real‐time imaging is a promising rapid scanning tool for collecting field data in intertidal regions and can be expanded to other fragile sediment surfaces outside the marine environment. The low costs and real‐time feedback makes it an attractive data collection tool for environments where data collection is challenging.
Psychometric properties of the healthy aging brain care monitor self‐report tool in patients discharged from the intensive care unit
Authors: Gardashkhani Sevda , Ajri‐Khameslou Mehdi , Heidarzadeh Mehdi , Rajaei sedigh SeyedMohammad
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Intensive care unit survivors experience new and ongoing physical, psychological, and cognitive complications known as postintensive care syndrome. The study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the healthy aging brain care monitor self‐report tool for assessing postintensive care syndrome in Iranian patients.

Methods

The study is a methodological study investigating the psychometric properties of the healthy aging brain care monitor self‐report tool in 153 patients discharged from the intensive care unit. The instrument's psychometric properties were examined to determine content validity, construct validity (factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity), concurrent validity, and internal consistency.

Findings

The factor structure of the healthy aging brain care monitor self‐report tool was examined in the form of two models: the three‐factor model with 27 items and the three‐factor model with 19 items. Regarding fit indices and results of the convergent, discriminant validities and the internal consistency the 19‐item model is better than the original 27‐item model.

Conclusions

The study showed that the appropriate model for the healthy aging brain care monitor self‐report tool in Iranian society is a tool with 19 items with the best conditions in terms of factor structure, internal consistency, and overall psychometric characteristics.

Implications for nursing practice

The present study led to the introduction of a valid instrument with a 19‐item factor structure to assess the postintensive care syndrome by nurses and other healthcare providers in hospitals, clinics, palliative care centers, and home care centers.
Age‐related memory vulnerability to interfering stimuli is caused by gradual loss of MAPK‐dependent protection in Drosophila
Authors: Mo Han , Wang Linghan , Chen Yuting , Zhang Xuchen , Huang Ning , Liu Tingting , Hu Wantong , Zhong Yi , Li Qian
Published: May 2022

Age‐related memory impairment (AMI) is a common phenomenon across species. Vulnerability to interfering stimuli has been proposed to be an important cause of AMI. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this vulnerability‐related AMI remain unknown. Here we show that learning‐activated MAPK signals are gradually lost with age, leading to vulnerability‐related AMI in Drosophila. Young flies (2‐ or 3‐day‐old) exhibited a significant increase in phosphorylated MAPK levels within 15 min after learning, whereas aged flies (25‐day‐old) did not. Compared to 3‐day‐old flies, significant 1 h memory impairments were observed in 15‐, 20‐, and 30‐day‐old flies, but not in 10‐day‐old flies. However, with post‐learning interfering stimuli such as cooling or electric stimuli, 10‐day‐old flies had worse memory performance at 1 h than 3‐day‐old flies, showing a premature AMI phenomenon. Increasing learning‐activated MAPK signals through acute transgene expression in mushroom body (MB) neurons restored physiological trace of 1 h memory in a pair of MB output neurons in aged flies. Decreasing such signals in young flies mimicked the impairment of 1 h memory trace in aged flies. Restoring learning‐activated MAPK signals in MB neurons in aged flies significantly suppressed AMI even with interfering stimuli. Thus, our data suggest that age‐related loss of learning‐activated neuronal MAPK signals causes memory vulnerability to interfering stimuli, thereby leading to AMI.
‘Lost’ taxa and their conservation implications
Authors: Martin T. E. , Bennett G. C. , Fairbairn A. , Mooers A. O.
Published: May 2022

While biological extinctions are predicted to rise sharply during the Anthropocene, extinction declarations are rare, partly due to inherent uncertainties in knowing when the last individual of a species has died. This has led to the growth of a group of ‘lost’ species that have not been observed in decades or even centuries, yet are not declared extinct, and as such possess an uncertain conservation status. The existence of such species may prove increasingly problematic as the extinction crisis worsens, given that their presence may create uncertainty with respect to conservation prioritization efforts and to our understanding of extinction rates. We provide the first assessment of the extent of lost taxa, defined as species that have not been reliably observed in >50 years yet are not declared extinct, for terrestrial vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals). We reviewed information from IUCN Red List accounts within these Classes using a hybrid code‐based search/manual assessment approach, supplemented with consultation of recent literature. In total, we identify a total of 562 lost species (137 amphibians, 257 reptiles, 38 birds and 130 mammals). Of these, 13% (75 species) are listed as ‘Possibly Extinct’ by the IUCN. Lost species outnumber extinct species for all studied Classes except birds. They were mainly confined to the tropics (92.5%), with distributions being particularly concentrated in ‘mega‐diverse’ countries, as expected. Indonesia (69 species), Mexico (33 species) and Brazil (29 species) possessed the most lost species overall. Our results highlight the prevalence of lost taxa among terrestrial vertebrates and identify ‘hotspots’ for these species where future survey efforts should be prioritized. We suggest minor adjustments to IUCN Red List accounts to allow lost species to be better tracked, including more consistent use of the ‘Possibly Extinct’ marker and wider application of the ‘last seen date’ field.
Pausing again: Reflecting on humility and possibility in pandemic times
Authors: Sambamurthy Nikhil , Tan Wenn Er , Bhuyan Ananya
Published: May 2022

Despite continued global strife, the period of exception that has characterised experiences of pandemic times now seems to be changing. As graduate students, the emergence of COVID‐19 unsettled our lives and broke our timelines, but we recognise that our experiences of it have also been framed by relative comfort and privilege. In the context of the various and unequal personal, institutional, and societal failures that COVID‐19 has caused and amplified, we seek to pause and reflect on how our collective encounter with pandemic times might also be a space of possibility. We respond to calls for more humble and gentle geographies, situating our reflections in recent work on failure in the academy. The pandemic has humbled us, but we also recognise it as an opportunity to practise an ethic of humbleness in our work. While by no means linear, we talk/write through this process as it relates to our engagements with our personal, institutional, and research contexts. Ultimately, by giving space to the “messy” and “mundane” aspects of doing research, we hope to unpack how the pandemic has humbled our ambitions, timelines, and expectations and offer a pause to explore what this means for us and research more broadly, in terms of what we want to leave behind and what we wish to take forward.
In search of better life: Construction migrants struggle for livelihood in urban Udupi District of Karnataka, India
Authors: Bellampalli Praveen Naik , Yadava Neelam
Published: May 2022

Migration is an essential livelihood strategy in rapidly developing, low‐income contexts. However, this article seeks to analyze occupation choices and the struggle for livelihood among laborers. This study carried out both secondary and primary data; the primary survey was conducted in the Udupi district of Karnataka. Detailed information was gathered from both individual and household levels. According to National Sample Survey data, construction offers the main occupation for short duration migrants, absorbing 36.2% of total short duration migration. However, the field survey findings indicated that at the destination, the construction sector migrants are more vulnerable and struggle for their lives and livelihood in the urban labor segments—poverty and rural unemployment a significant reasons to push the laborers into the construction segment.
Fluctuations in proximity seeking and paranoia
Authors: Lawrence Kate , Bucci Sandra , Berry Katherine , Carter Lesley‐Anne , Taylor Peter
Published: May 2022

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate associations between proximity seeking, stress and paranoia in the context of daily life, and whether these relationships are moderated by trait attachment styles.

Methods

Sixty non‐clinical participants completed 3423 assessments of state stress, proximity seeking and paranoia over a 6‐day period using an experience sampling method. Multilevel linear regression was performed to evaluate relationships between variables.

Results

The post‐hoc analysis showed antecedent events subjectively appraised as very unpleasant or very pleasant predicted greater levels of momentary proximity seeking at the subsequent timepoint. Greater stress predicted greater subsequent shifts or variability in proximity seeking. Changes in proximity seeking were not associated with momentary paranoia. However, for individuals with an avoidant attachment style, greater shifts in proximity seeking resulted in greater subsequent reports of paranoia.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that, in daily life, the attachment system may become active in response to stress. For those with an avoidant attachment style, an active attachment system may exacerbate paranoid thoughts possibly due to the activation of attachment‐related beliefs that one should be fearful of unavailable others and instead rely on one's autonomy to regulate affect. These findings highlight the need to consider attachment in the assessment and formulation of paranoia.
Oxidized high mobility group B‐1 enhances metastability of colorectal cancer via modification of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells
Authors: Kishi Shingo , Fujiwara‐Tani Rina , Honoki Kanya , Sasaki Rika , Mori Shiori , Ohmori Hitoshi , Sasaki Takamitsu , Miyagawa Yoshihiro , Kawahara Isao , Kido Akira , Tanaka Yasuhito , Kuniyasu Hiroki
Published: May 2022

High mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1) is known to be a chemotactic factor for mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), but the effect of post‐translational modification on its function is not clear. In this study, we hypothesized that differences in the oxidation state of HMGB1 would lead to differences in the function of MSCs in cancer. In human colorectal cancer, MSCs infiltrating into the stroma were correlated with liver metastasis and serum HMGB1. In animal models, oxidized HMGB1 mobilized three‐fold fewer MSCs to subcutaneous tumors compared with reduced HMGB1. Reduced HMGB1 inhibited the proliferation of mouse bone marrow MSCs (BM‐MSCs) and induced differentiation into osteoblasts and vascular pericytes, whereas oxidized HMGB1 promoted proliferation and increased stemness, and no differentiation was observed. When BM‐MSCs pretreated with oxidized HMGB1 were co‐cultured with syngeneic cancer cells, cell proliferation and stemness of cancer cells were increased, and tumorigenesis and drug resistance were promoted. In contrast, co‐culture with reduced HMGB1‐pretreated BM‐MSCs did not enhance stemness. In an animal orthotopic transplantation colorectal cancer model, oxidized HMGB1, but not reduced HMGB1, promoted liver metastasis with intratumoral MSC chemotaxis. Therefore, oxidized HMGB1 reprograms MSCs and promotes cancer malignancy. The oxidized HMGB1–MSC axis may be an important target for cancer therapy.
Parent socialization and anti‐racist ideology development in White youth: Do peer and parenting contexts matter?
Authors: Smalls Glover Ciara , Varner Fatima , Holloway Kathleen
Published: May 2022

The development of anti‐racist ideology in adolescence and emerging adulthood is informed by parent socialization, parenting style, and cross‐race friendships. This study used longitudinal, multi‐reporter survey data from White youth and their parents in Maryland to examine links between parents' racial attitudes when youth were in eleventh grade in 1996 (N = 453; 52% female; Mage = 17.12) and the youths' anti‐racist ideology (acknowledgment of anti‐Black discrimination and support for affirmative action) 1 year after high school in 1998. This study also examined whether these associations varied based on authoritative parenting and the number of cross‐race friendships. Positive parent racial attitudes toward racially and ethnically minoritized populations predicted higher anti‐racist ideology in the independent contexts of more cross‐race friendships and low authoritative parenting.
Association of the Processing Speed Test with depression and brain magnetic resonance imaging metrics in Japanese patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Miyazaki Yusei , Niino Masaaki , Takahashi Eri , Oiwa Kei , Naganuma Ryoji , Amino Itaru , Akimoto Sachiko , Minami Naoya , Kikuchi Seiji
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Cognitive dysfunction occurs in a substantial proportion of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The Processing Speed Test (PST) is a self‐administered, tablet‐based cognitive screening tool that closely resembles the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and can be quickly administered. In this study we assessed the performance of the PST and its correlation with the clinical and radiological aspects of MS in Japanese patients.

Methods

PST was administered to 52 Japanese patients with MS. The Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition (BDI‐II), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and Functional Assessment of MS (FAMS) were used to evaluate depression, fatigue, and health‐related quality of life, respectively. Global and regional brain volumes and cortical thickness were analyzed based on 3D T1‐weighted magnetic resonance images.

Results

The mean ± standard deviation of the PST score was 52.5 ± 16.5. Negative correlations were observed between PST score and age, disease duration, and the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). The PST score showed significant correlation with BDI‐II after adjusting for disease duration and EDSS. In contrast, no significant association was observed between PST score and FSS, FAMS total score, and employment status after adjusting for disease duration, EDSS, and BDI‐II. The PST score showed significant correlation with global and regional brain volumes, and the thickness of bilateral temporal cortexes.

Conclusion

The PST score was associated with the severity of depression and both global and regional brain volume in Japanese patients with MS. Our findings support the validity of the PST as a useful tool for assessing the cognitive function of MS patients in clinical practice.
Tutorial: Statistical analysis and reporting of clinical pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Dunvald Ann‐Cathrine Dalgård , Iversen Ditte Bork , Svendsen Andreas Ludvig Ohm , Agergaard Katrine , Kuhlmann Ida Berglund , Mortensen Christina , Andersen Nanna Elman , Järvinen Erkka , Stage Tore Bjerregaard
Published: May 2022

Pharmacokinetics is the cornerstone of understanding drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. It is also the key to describing variability in drug response caused by drug‐drug interactions (DDIs), pharmacogenetics, impaired kidney and liver function, etc. This tutorial aims to provide a guideline and step‐by‐step tutorial on essential considerations when designing clinical pharmacokinetic studies and reporting results. This includes a comprehensive guide on how to conduct the statistical analysis and a complete code for the statistical software R. As an example, we created a mock dataset simulating a clinical pharmacokinetic DDI study with 12 subjects who were administered 2 mg oral midazolam with and without an inducer of cytochrome P450 3A. We provide a step‐by‐step guide to the statistical analysis of this clinical pharmacokinetic study, including sample size/power calculation, descriptive statistics, noncompartmental analyses, and hypothesis testing. The different analyses and parameters are described in detail, and we provide a complete R code ready to use in supplementary files. Finally, we discuss important considerations when designing and reporting clinical pharmacokinetic studies. The scope of this tutorial is not limited to DDI studies, and with minor adjustments, it applies to all types of clinical pharmacokinetic studies. This work was done by early career researchers for early career researchers. We hope this tutorial may help early career researchers when getting started on their own pharmacokinetic studies. We encourage you to use this as an inspiration and starting point and continuously evolve your statistical skills.
EEG alpha power predicts the temporal sensitivity of multisensory perception
Authors: London Raquel E. , Benwell Christopher S. Y. , Cecere Roberto , Quak Michel , Thut Gregor , Talsma Durk
Published: May 2022

Pre‐stimulus electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations, especially in the alpha range (8–13 Hz), can affect the sensitivity to temporal lags between modalities in multisensory perception. The effects of alpha power are often explained in terms of alpha's inhibitory functions, whereas effects of alpha frequency have bolstered theories of discrete perceptual cycles, where the length of a cycle, or window of integration, is determined by alpha frequency. Such studies typically employ visual detection paradigms with near‐threshold or even illusory stimuli. It is unclear whether such results generalize to above‐threshold stimuli. Here, we recorded EEG, while measuring temporal discrimination sensitivity in a temporal‐order judgement task using above‐threshold auditory and visual stimuli. We tested whether the power and instantaneous frequency of pre‐stimulus oscillations predict audiovisual temporal discrimination sensitivity on a trial‐by‐trial basis. By applying a jackknife procedure to link single‐trial pre‐stimulus oscillatory power and instantaneous frequency to psychometric measures, we identified a posterior cluster where lower alpha power was associated with higher temporal sensitivity of audiovisual discrimination. No statistically significant relationship between instantaneous alpha frequency and temporal sensitivity was found. These results suggest that temporal sensitivity for above‐threshold multisensory stimuli fluctuates from moment to moment and is indexed by modulations in alpha power.
In search of unity: Twardowski, Husserl, and Ingarden on the unity of the object
Authors: Piwowarczyk Marek
Published: May 2022

This paper is devoted to Kazimierz Twardowski's thesis that the unity of a compound object (a whole) can be ensured only by the relations between its parts and the object itself. Twardowski's idea of unity raises many difficulties, especially the threat of petitio principii: the whole is presupposed as furnishing the ground for the unification of its parts, and yet it also seems to be the result of this unification. To avoid these problems, Edmund Husserl sought to refute Twardowski's thesis, and ascribed the role of a principle of unity to the foundational relationships which directly hold between the parts of a whole. Roman Ingarden then seemed to return to Twardowski's concept of unity, but employed it within a different theory of objects, according to which to be an object is to be a subject of properties. I seek to demonstrate that: (1) Twardowski's thesis is sound if a compound object is something over and above its parts; (2) with respect to Husserl's solution, it is not clear as to whether the whole is really something over and above its parts; (3) Ingarden's conception of the subject‐properties structure saves Twardowski's thesis; (4) Ingarden's theory of higher‐order objects is invalid.
Pro‐angiogenic role of ZEB1 in skin wound healing by upregulating VEGFA via microRNA‐206 suppression
Authors: Lan Hongwei , Zou Meilin , Zhu Furong , Chen Hongping , Wang Tingting , Huang Xinling
Published: May 2022

Angiogenesis has been identified to assume a critical role in skin wound healing. Moreover, zinc finger E‐box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) was capable of promoting skin wound healing. Herein, cell and animal experiments were implemented in this study to figure out whether ZEB1 orchestrated angiogenesis during skin wound healing. Subsequent to gain‐ and loss‐of‐function approaches in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs), HDMEC proliferation, migration and angiogenesis were evaluated by CCK8, EdU, wound healing, Transwell and angiogenesis in vitro assays. The relationship among ZEB1, microRNA (miR)‐206 and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) was assessed by microarray analysis, dual‐luciferase, ChIP and RIP assays. Finally, the mechanism of ZEB1 in skin wound healing was confirmed by in vivo experiments. Mechanically, ZEB1 upregulation resulted in miR‐206 downregulation by binding to miR‐206 promoter, and miR‐206 repressed VEGFA expression by directly targeting. ZEB1 overexpression enhanced HDMEC proliferation, migration and angiogenesis, which was neutralized by miR‐206 upregulation or VEGFA inhibition. Moreover, ZEB1 significantly promoted skin wound healing in mice, which was negated by overexpression of miR‐206. Conclusively, ZEB1 augmented angiogenesis to promote skin wound healing by elevating VEGFA expression via miR‐206 repression.
Family promotion of children's healthy lifestyles during theCOVID‐19 pandemic in light of Saudi Vision 2030
Authors: Rakha Ahmed Hassan , Abalkhail Adil , Albahadel Dekheel Mohamed
Published: May 2022

Objective

This study aims to determine the role of the family in promoting an active and healthy lifestyle for children aged 3–12 years during the COVID‐19 pandemic in the Qassim region in light of Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030 program.

Background

This study is important in defining the role of the family in promoting an active lifestyle for children during the COVID‐19 pandemic because the family is primarily responsible for promoting a healthy lifestyle for children.

Method

We evaluated responses of 320 parents completing an online survey about their children's physical health during the pandemic.

Results

The results showed a low level of children's physical activity and excessive use of electronic devices. Late bedtimes were evident and defined as midnight or later. As well, however, families knew the necessary information about COVID‐19 and maintained the children's preventive measures. The families were aware of the child's consumption of a healthy diet. They helped the child complete studies through distance education. The families supported the child's psychological well‐being and helped them develop some entertainment plans.

Conclusions

Although the family plays an important role in promoting the active and healthy lifestyle of the child, there is still a need for more awareness regarding the child's practice of physical activity, healthy sleep habits, and correct use of electronic devices.

Implications

Programs should be established to increase family awareness of the guidelines of the World Health Organization and the Saudi Ministry of Health regarding the child's physical activity, sleep habits, and the use of electronic devices.
Effective parenting in stepfamilies: Empirical evidence of what works
Authors: Sanner Caroline , Ganong Lawrence , Coleman Marilyn , Berkley Steven
Published: May 2022

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine research evidence about effective childrearing in stepfamilies (i.e., parenting practices that contribute to children's physical, cognitive, and emotional well‐being).

Background

Stepfamilies are increasingly common. Studies show that children in stepfamilies tend to be at higher risk for negative outcomes than children in first‐married biological‐parent families. As research on stepfamilies has expanded, researchers have made strides in identifying parenting practices that promote positive outcomes for children in stepfamilies.

Method

We reviewed 37 studies that contained empirical evidence of effective parenting by biological or adoptive parents of children in stepfamilies.

Results

Researchers have identified numerous actions employed by parents that are linked to children's positive outcomes. Effective parenting practices fall broadly into five domains: (a) maintaining close parent–child bonds, (b) establishing appropriate parent–child communication boundaries, (c) exercising parental control, (d) supporting stepparent–stepchild relationship development, and (e) facilitating stepfamily cohesion.

Conclusions

Effective childrearing in stepfamilies involves carefully managing competing family needs, such as the need to balance shared family time with one‐on‐one parent–child time or the need to establish open parent–child communication boundaries in some areas but closed boundaries in others.

Implications

Parents have available to them a number of empirically supported action items linked to child well‐being in stepfamilies.
Anemia, overhydration, and lower muscle strength in hemodialysis patients with protein‐energy wasting
Authors: Chávez‐Mendoza Carlos A. , Martínez‐Rueda Armando J. , Ortega‐Vargas José L. , Becerra‐Laparra Ivonne K. , Ardavín‐Ituarte Juan M. , Correa‐Rotter Ricardo , Ramírez‐Sandoval Juan C. , Vega‐Vega Olynka
Published: May 2022

Introduction

The protein‐energy wasting (PEW) syndrome is a common complication in hemodialysis (HD) patients associated to morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to assess the prevalence of PEW and its association with erythropoietin resistance index (ERI) score, body composition by impedance, health‐related quality of life, and muscle strength.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional, observational, multicenter study, we included data from 191 HD patients from three HD clinics located in Mexico City, Mexico. Clinical and biochemistry variables, body composition, handgrip strength, and the KDQOL‐SF36 questionnaire were collected for each patient.

Findings

Prevalence of PEW was 22% (n = 41/191), with a higher frequency in those with diabetes mellitus (59% vs. 49%, p = 0.04). Subjects with PEW had lower hemoglobin levels (9.5 + 1.6 g/dl vs. 10.3 + 1.7 g/dl; p = 0.005) and higher ERI scores (19.2 ± 11.2 vs. 15.6 ± 8.2; p = 0.04) compared with the non‐PEW group. In analysis of body composition, PEW was associated to higher overhydration status (42.2 vs. 24.9 OH/kg; p = 0.009), higher extracellular water (263 ± 40 vs. 246 ± 32 ml/kg; p = 0.019), lower lean tissue index (12.2 ± 3.2 vs. 14.1 ± 3.7 ml/m2; p = 0.021), and lower fat tissue index (9.6 ± 5.7 vs. 12.3 ± 6.2 ml/m2; p = 0.043). Handgrip strength was lower in PEW patients (22.5 vs. 28.1 kg; p = 0.002). Finally, no significant differences were observed between groups in quality‐of‐life assessment.

Discussion

In this study, PEW was associated to poor responsiveness to erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents, lower muscle strength, and higher overhydration status due to the increase in extracellular water which replaced the loss of tissue. Nevertheless, quality‐of‐life assessment was not different in patients with PEW compared with those without this complication.
Weak niche partitioning between closely related sympatric Greater (Clanga clanga) and Lesser Spotted Eagles (C. pomarina)
Authors: Väli Ülo , Abel Urmas , Nellis Renno , Sein Gunnar , Sellis Urmas , Mirski Paweł
Published: May 2022

Species coexist only when occupying different ecological niches. We evaluated habitat and trophic niches in two recently diverged hybridizing avian apex predators, the declining Greater Spotted Eagle Clanga clanga (mainly found in contracting wetlands) and the more numerous Lesser Spotted Eagle Clanga pomarina (inhabiting mosaic farmlands). We tracked 24 Spotted Eagles, including interspecific hybrids, by GPS to estimate the home‐range size, land use composition and landscape structure in sympatric populations. In addition to information for landscape utilization, data for diet composition were evaluated. Home‐ranges of the two species were similar in size and open foraging habitats consisted mostly of agricultural landscape. However, landscape utilization of the Greater Spotted Eagle was largely driven by the composition of land‐use types, whereas the Lesser Spotted Eagle was mostly influenced by structural components of the landscape. Farmland‐dwelling voles accounted for the bulk of the diet in both species; however, subdominant prey classes differed. Hybrids exhibited intermediate or mixed features of home‐ranges and diets. Our results provide evidence for reduced niche partitioning and potential competition between the two Spotted Eagles, which may have been reinforced by anthropogenic habitat alteration. A closer examination of movement patterns revealed previously overlooked differences between closely related species with respect to landscape utilization strategies.
Cutaneous manifestations of ANCA‐associated vasculitis: a retrospective review of 211 cases with emphasis on clinicopathologic correlation and ANCA status
Authors: Shakshouk Hadir , Gibson Lawrence E.
Published: May 2022

Background

ANCA‐associated vasculitis (AAV) may present a wide array of dermatological manifestations. Patients may remain ANCA negative, rendering diagnosis challenging for dermatologists if they depend heavily on ANCA testing to either confirm or rule out AAV.

Objective

To compare clinical and histopathological features of AAV patients with skin lesions who are ANCA positive versus those who are ANCA negative.

Methods

Retrospective review of medical charts to identify patients diagnosed with AAV by clinical and pathologic criteria who also had cutaneous manifestations.

Results

Search revealed that 211 out of 932 (23%) patients had cutaneous manifestations. Of those, 40/211 (20%) patients had persistently ANCA‐negative serology. Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) comprised the largest cohort. Palpable purpura was the most prominent clinical feature. The most common histopathological feature was leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LCV) in 19 (29%) specimens, extravascular granuloma in 14 (22%), followed by perivascular infiltrate in 12 (18%), with eosinophils in nine. In the ANCA‐negative subgroup, perivascular infiltrate was more common followed by LCV but without statistically significant difference.

Conclusions

Diagnosis of AAV should not be based on ANCA testing alone since a considerable number of patients with cutaneous lesions may be ANCA negative. The clinical or histopathologic findings of skin lesions in this study group did not vary based on ANCA status.
Ethiopian immigrants with diabetes in Israel: Oscillating between two narratives
Authors: Dor‐On Anat , Agmon Maayan , Srulovici Einav
Published: May 2022

Aim

The purpose of this project was to examine the role of cultural differences in shaping the management of diabetes among Ethiopian immigrants living in Israel.

Methods

A qualitative, in‐depth study involved semistructured interviews with 16 Ethiopian immigrants with diabetes living in Israel. The interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed and translated into Hebrew, if necessary. The authors each identified themes in the responses and then through discussion came to a consensus about the most significant ones and how to categorize them.

Results

A main theme was revealed structuring the participants' perception of diabetes: an oscillation between a familiar narrative, associated with traditional life in Ethiopia, and a foreign one. Five additional subthemes were also identified as an oscillation about the causes of disease, between collectivism and individualism, between accessible food and a balanced diet, between relying on bodily sensations and prescribed treatment and between culturally oriented and translated knowledge.

Conclusion

The participants understood that they could be adversely affected both by the changes in lifestyle following their move and by adhering to the traditional norms. They agreed that professional liaisons and peers who have successfully managed their diabetes could help provide a bridge between the narratives.
Glycans as shapers of tumour microenvironment: A sweet driver of T‐cell‐mediated anti‐tumour immune response
Authors: Fernandes Ângela , Azevedo Catarina M. , Silva Mariana C. , Faria Guilherme , Dantas Carolina S. , Vicente Manuel M. , Pinho Salomé S.
Published: May 2022

Essentially all cells are covered with a dense coat of different glycan structures/sugar chains, giving rise to the so‐called glycocalyx. Changes in cellular glycosylation are a hallmark of cancer, affecting most of the pathophysiological processes associated with malignant transformation, including tumour immune responses. Glycans are chief macromolecules that define T‐cell development, differentiation, fate, activation and signalling. Thus, the diversity of glycans expressed at the surface of T cells constitutes a fundamental molecular interface with the microenvironment by regulating the bilateral interactions between T‐cells and cancer cells, fine‐tuning the anti‐tumour immune response. In this review, we will introduce the power of glycans as orchestrators of T‐cell‐mediated immune response in physiological conditions and in cancer. We discuss how glycans modulate the glyco‐metabolic landscape in the tumour microenvironment, and whether glycans can synergize with immunotherapy as a way of rewiring T‐cell effector functions against cancer cells.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Depression, Hopelessness, Social Support, and Major and Minor Life Events and Their Relation to Suicidal Ideation in Adolescents
Authors: Mazza James J. , Reynolds William M.
Published: May 2022

The longitudinal relationship of psychological and social‐environmental factors with adolescent suicidal ideation over a 1‐year‐period was examined in a sample of 374 high school students. Students were assessed twice over a 1‐year period with measures of depression, hopelessness, major negative life events, daily hassles, social support, and suicidal ideation. At the initial assessment, daily hassles and negative life events for males and social support and depression for females were significant factors related to suicidal ideation levels 1 year later. Changes in depression and hopelessness were significantly related to changes in suicidal ideation over the 1 year interval for males and females. Differences found between males and females in the relationship of psychological and social‐environmental variables with suicidal ideation supports the need to examine gender specific relationships when conducting research on suicidal behavior in adolescents.
Physiological and biochemical adaptive traits support the specific breeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) for severely drought‐stressed or moisture‐favourable environments
Authors: Kang Yun , Seminario Amaia , Udvardi Michael , Annicchiarico Paolo
Published: May 2022

The adaptation of alfalfa to moisture‐favourable and drought‐prone environments and its underlying mechanisms have not been thoroughly investigated despite their crucial importance to maximize the crop breeding progress. The main aim of this study was to support breeding strategies by exploring the relationship of leaf morphophysiological traits assessed in three growth chamber experiments with the adaptive response of five cultivars (Mamuntanas; Demnat 203; Erfoud 1; Prosementi; SARDI 10) that showed large genotype × environment interaction (GEI) across 10 drought‐prone to moisture‐favourable Mediterranean environments. Changes in shoot and root metabolite profiles across moisture‐contrasting conditions were assessed for two cultivars with contrasting adaptation pattern. The cultivar specifically adapted to drought‐prone environments (Mamuntanas), compared with that specifically adapted to moisture‐favourable environments (Demnat 203), displayed: (i) lower leaf wilting under drought stress; (ii) delayed leaf senescence under stress, assessed as limited chlorophyll reduction either in vivo from upper to central leaves or in vitro from control to polyethylene glycol‐treated leaflets, (iii) greater leaf tolerance to desiccation, measured in vitro as less pronounced reduction of leaf dry weight from control to polyethylene glycol‐treated leaflets, (iv) smaller leaves, (v) lower early root and shoot growth and (vi) lower leaf stomata density. The other cultivars exhibited different combinations and/or intermediate values of these traits. The metabolite profiles of Mamuntanas and Demnat 203 differed more in shoots than in roots. Mamuntanas accumulated more amino acids than Demnat 203 under moisture‐favourable and drought conditions. The distinct and partly incompatible combination of traits featuring the cultivars that maximized the crop yield in favourable or drought‐prone conditions (Mamuntanas and Demnat 203) improves our understanding of traits contributing to large GEI across moisture‐contrasting environments and support the breeding for specific adaptation to either condition. We identified a few inexpensive morphophysiological traits that could be used for early selection targeting drought‐prone environments.
Restoratively guided orthodontic treatment: The pre‐orthodontic bonding concept
Authors: Robbins J. William , Alvarez Marcela G. , Beckel Bradly T. , Norris Robert Tito , Caesar R. Raymond
Published: May 2022

Objective

Communication between the orthodontist and the restorative dentist has always been difficult due to the inability of the orthodontist to achieve the desired orthodontic goals with just words in a referral note.

Clinical Considerations

A better method of communication is for the restorative dentist to create the ideal tooth anatomy either before or during orthodontic treatment to direct the orthodontic tooth movement.

Conclusion

It is the purpose of this article to present a technique, which makes the pre‐restorative orthodontic treatment both more accurate and more efficient.

Clinical Significance

It is very difficult for the orthodontist to move teeth into their correct positions when the teeth are anatomically incorrect due to attrition/erosion or due to developmental malformation. When the restorative dentist makes the teeth anatomically correct with either pre‐orthodontic or intermediate orthodontic bonding, the orthodontist has the benefit of ideal tooth anatomy to finalize the tooth positions. This then allows the restorative dentist to create final restorations, which are ideal, both functionally and esthetically.
Manta and devil ray species occurrence and distribution in Venezuela, assessed through fishery landings and citizen science data
Authors: Ehemann Nicolás , Acosta‐Rodríguez Edilia , Tagliafico Alejandro , Pelletier Nicole , Stevens Guy
Published: May 2022

Manta and devil rays (collectively mobulids) belong to the monogeneric Mobulidae, which currently comprises 10 species, including a putative third manta ray species (Mobula cf. birostris). These large planktivorous rays are distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical oceans of the world. To date, six mobulid species are reported for the western Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, three of which had previously been reported in Venezuela (Mobula birostris, Mobula tarapacana and Mobula hypostoma). A preliminary assessment of fishery landings and citizen science data was conducted to further the scientific knowledge of mobulid species in Venezuela. Fisheries landing data were collected at Margarita Island between 2006 and 2007, and again in 2014. Data mining of internet search engines and social media platforms spanning the past two decades was also conducted. A total of 117 individuals of five mobulid species were recorded: Mobula sp. (n = 27), M. birostris (n = 36), M. tarapacana (n = 3), Mobula mobular (n = 26), Mobula thurstoni (n = 14) and M. cf. birostris (n = 11). The latter three species are the first confirmation of these species in Venezuela. The authors found no records of the previously reported M. hypostoma during this study. Although the occurrence of M. hypostoma in Venezuela remains possible because of the broad regional range of this species, its current presence in Venezuela is invalidated given the repeated misidentifications which have occurred in previous publications. The results of this study increase the number of reported mobulid ray species in Venezuela to five (excluding M. hypostoma). The overall data from juvenile manta rays and pregnant M. mobular and M. thurstoni recorded in this study, combined with the occurrence of all but one species of mobulid ray found in the western Atlantic Ocean, suggest Venezuela provides important habitat for this threatened family of rays.
Personalized treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and future perspectives
Authors: Chan Stephen L , Wong Nathalie , Lam W K Jacky , Kuang Ming
Published: May 2022

Systemic treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been advancing rapidly over the last decade. More novel agents, including both targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors, are available for physicians to use sequentially or concurrently for patients with advanced HCC. Despite more options, only a proportion of patients benefit from each regimen. Therefore, clinicians are facing challenges on how to choose the right regimen for the right patient with HCC, which raises the importance of personalized treatment approach. To advance personalized treatment for HCC, one approach relies on the acquisition of biomarker data from clinical trials to evaluate clinical parameters or genotypes in association with outcomes of selected drugs. This approach has led to finding of high baseline alpha‐fetoprotein levels in association with benefits of ramucirumab. Cumulative findings from multiple clinical trials and translational studies also suggest that selected etiology and/or genotype of HCC could predict resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. The second approach is to decipher the tumor heterogeneity of HCC with an aim to identify clinically relevant patterns to guide clinical decisions. Tumor heterogeneity could exist within a single tumor (intra‐tumoral heterogeneity), among different tumors in the same patient (inter‐tumoral heterogeneity) or between primary and recurrent tumors (temporal tumor heterogeneity). The analyses of tumor heterogeneity have also been powered by coverage of tumor immune environment and incorporation of circulating tumor nucleic acid technology. Emerging publications have been reported above tumor heterogeneity exist in HCC, which is potentially clinically impactful.