bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does focused endogenous attention prevent attentional capture in pop‐out visual search?
Authors: Seiss Ellen , Kiss Monika , Eimer Martin
Published: May 2009

To investigate whether salient visual singletons capture attention when they appear outside the current endogenous attentional focus, we measured the N2pc component as a marker of attentional capture in a visual search task where target or nontarget singletons were presented at locations previously cued as task‐relevant, or in the uncued irrelevant hemifield. In two experiments, targets were either defined by color or by a combination of color and shape. The N2pc was elicited both for attended singletons and for singletons on the uncued side, demonstrating that focused endogenous attention cannot prevent attentional capture by salient unattended visual events. However, N2pc amplitudes were larger for attended and unattended singletons that shared features with the current target, suggesting that top‐down task sets modulate the capacity of visual singletons to capture attention both within and outside the current attentional focus.
User involvement in measuring service quality of local authority occupational therapy services; a new approach
Authors: Sixma Herman J. , Calnan Siân , Calnan Michael , Groenewegen Peter P.
Published: May 2009

The aim of this paper is two‐fold: (i) to describe the development of a new measuring instrument for quality of care from the perspective of the users of local authority Occupational Therapy (OT) services, and (ii) to evaluate the potential of the new instrument as a standardized approach for involving consumers in the service evaluation of home health care services. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used. Focus group discussions with users of local authority OT‐services preceded a postal survey. Questionnaires were sent to a random sample of 997 users of the local authority OT Bureau in Kent, UK. The response rate was 55%. A valid and reliable instrument – the QUOTE‐OT Services questionnaire – was developed, which reflects the (expressed) needs of the users of OT services. Feasibility tests showed that information from the instrument can play an important role in follow‐up activities that aim at continuous quality improvement. The QUOTE‐OT Services instrument can be seen as an example of a new generation of questionnaires for assessing user views in quality of care research. Potentially, instruments such as the QUOTE‐OT questionnaire contribute to the empowerment of users in programmes that aim at improving the quality of home health care services.
Critical illness‐related corticosteroid insufficiency in a dog with septic shock
Authors: Peyton Jamie L. , Burkitt Jamie M.
Published: May 2009

Objective
–
To describe a case of hydrocortisone‐responsive hypotension and critical illness‐related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) in a dog with septic shock.

Case Summary
–
A dog with aspiration pneumonia developed septic shock with pressor‐refractory hypotension. A standard ACTH stimulation test was performed that showed a blunted cortisol response consistent with CIRCI. Reversal of shock was achieved within 2 hours of hydrocortisone administration, and complete weaning from pressors was accomplished over the subsequent 8 hours. The patient recovered and was discharged from the hospital. An ACTH stimulation test performed 1 month after hospital discharge showed normal adrenal responsiveness consistent with resolution of CIRCI.

New or Unique Information Provided
–
This case is the first published report of hydrocortisone‐responsive hypotension and transient CIRCI associated with naturally occurring septic shock in a dog.
Hypothalamic‐pituitary axis deficiency following traumatic brain injury in a dog
Authors: Foley Catherine , Bracker Kiko , Drellich Sharon
Published: May 2009

Objective –To describe endocrine dysfunction associated with traumatic brain injury in a dog.

Summary –A 12‐week‐old dog presented with traumatic brain injury and did not respond to traditional supportive care. Continued hypothermia, electrolyte derangements, hypotension, and hyposthenuria prompted screening for and detection of several hypothalamic‐pituitary disorders including: hypoadrenocorticism, central diabetes insipidus, hypothyroidism, and growth hormone deficiency. Electrolyte abnormalities, urine osmolarity, and blood pressure improved with treatment for the associated disorders.

New or Unique Information Provided –This is the first report of generalized hypothalamic‐pituitary dysfunction or panhypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury in a dog.
The Melting Himalayas: Cascading Effects of Climate Change on Water, Biodiversity, and Livelihoods
Authors: XU JIANCHU , GRUMBINE R. EDWARD , SHRESTHA ARUN , ERIKSSON MATS , YANG XUEFEI , WANG YUN , WILKES ANDREAS
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  The Greater Himalayas hold the largest mass of ice outside polar regions and are the source of the 10 largest rivers in Asia. Rapid reduction in the volume of Himalayan glaciers due to climate change is occurring. The cascading effects of rising temperatures and loss of ice and snow in the region are affecting, for example, water availability (amounts, seasonality), biodiversity (endemic species, predator–prey relations), ecosystem boundary shifts (tree‐line movements, high‐elevation ecosystem changes), and global feedbacks (monsoonal shifts, loss of soil carbon). Climate change will also have environmental and social impacts that will likely increase uncertainty in water supplies and agricultural production for human populations across Asia. A common understanding of climate change needs to be developed through regional and local‐scale research so that mitigation and adaptation strategies can be identified and implemented. The challenges brought about by climate change in the Greater Himalayas can only be addressed through increased regional collaboration in scientific research and policy making.
Sarcoid Myocarditis With Ventricular Tachycardia Mimicking ARVD/C
Authors: LADYJANSKAIA GALINA A. , BASSO CRISTINA , HOBBELINK MONIQUE G.G. , KIRKELS J. HANS , LAHPOR JAAP R. , CRAMER MAARTEN J. , THIENE GAETANO , HAUER RICHARD. N.W. , V OOSTERHOUT MATTHIJS F.M.
Published: May 2009

Sarcoid Myocarditis with VT Mimicking ARVD/C.  Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a multisystem granulomatous disorder of unknown etiology with frequent cardiac involvement. We describe a patient presenting with a ventricular tachycardia, presumably originating in the right ventricle (RV). This patient had a malignant clinical course with initial diagnosis of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVD/C); however, at postmortem histopathology revealed epithelioid granulomas with fibrosis localized in the interventricular septum, typical for sarcoidosis, without signs of extracardiac sarcoidosis. In conclusion, sarcoid myocarditis may present with signs and symptoms of ARVD/C and only histopathology can differentiate the 2 diseases. In the cases of atypical clinical presentation or when histopathological proof of ARVD is absent, a close follow‐up is advisable to identify other potentially treatable disorders. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 94–98, January 2010)
Trajectories of dental anxiety in a birth cohort
Authors: Thomson W. M. , Broadbent J. M. , Locker D. , Poulton R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract – Objective:  To examine predictors of dental anxiety trajectories in a longitudinal study of New Zealanders.

Methods:  Prospective study of a complete birth cohort born in 1972/73 in Dunedin, New Zealand, with dental anxiety scale (DAS) scores and dental utilization determined at ages 15, 18, 26 and 32 years. Personality traits were assessed at a superfactor and (more fine‐grained) subscale level via the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire at age 18 years. Group‐based trajectory analysis was used to identify dental anxiety trajectories.

Results:  DAS scores from at least three assessments were available for 828 participants. Six dental anxiety trajectories were observed: stable nonanxious low (39.6%); stable nonanxious medium (37.9%); recovery (1.6%); adult‐onset anxious (7.7%); stable anxious (7.2%) and adolescent‐onset anxious (5.9%). Multivariate analysis showed that males and those with higher DMFS at age 15 years were more likely to be in the stable nonanxious low trajectory group. Membership of the stable nonanxious medium group was predicted by the dental caries experience at age 15 years. Participants who had lost one or more teeth between ages 26 and 32 years had almost twice the relative risk for membership of the adult‐onset anxious group. Personality traits predicted group membership. Specifically, high scorers (via median split) on the ‘stress reaction’ subscale had over twice the risk of being in the stable anxious group; low scorers on the traditionalism subscale were more likely to be members of the recovery trajectory group; and high scorers on the ‘social closeness’ subscale had half the risk of being in the stable anxious group. Dental caries experience at age 5 years was also a predictor for the stable anxious group. Membership of the late‐adolescent‐onset anxious group was predicted by higher dental caries experience by age 15 years, but none of the other predictors was significant.

Conclusion:  Six discrete trajectories of dental anxiety have been observed. Some trajectories (totalling more than 90% of the cohort) had clear associations with external influences, but others were more strongly associated with characteristics such as personality traits. A mix of both influences was observed with only the stable anxious dental anxiety trajectory.
Emollient for maintenance therapy after topical corticotherapy in mild psoriasis
Authors: Seité S. , Khemis A. , Rougier A. , Ortonne J. P.
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Emollients or moisturizers can act as an important adjunctive therapy of topical treatment in psoriatic patients. However, the interest of emollients has never been clearly demonstrated; i.e. are they able to improve topical treatment efficacy and/or maintain continuous remission of the disease? The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an emollient on patients with mild plaque psoriasis during and after standard local corticosteroid therapy. Results showed that the use of an emollient can limit relapses after the end of corticotherapy, and maintain the improvement obtained after 1 month corticotherapy at clinical level (physician global assessment) and skin dryness.
Equity and efficiency as components of a social welfare function
Authors: Chakravarty Satya R.
Published: May 2009

An income distribution‐based abbreviated social welfare function is an increasing function of equity and efficiency. When inequality is of relative type, we characterize variants of the Atkinson–Kolm–Sen and the Shorrocks abbreviated welfare functions, where the variation results from the existence of a corresponding trade‐off parameter, and in each case if the parameter becomes one the two forms coincide. When the value of the parameter increases, equity gains more weight in the equity–efficiency trade‐off. For absolute inequality, we characterize the Blackorby–Donaldson–Kolm welfare function. Some implications of the lexicographic‐type equity used in the paper are also considered.
Optimal growth and impatience: A phase diagram analysis
Authors: Chang Fwu‐Ranq
Published: May 2009

When the time preference exhibits decreasing marginal impatience, the rate at which the discount function decreases plays a central role in the stability analysis. This paper shows that if the discount function is strictly decreasing, strictly convex and has a uniform bound on its first derivative, then the continuous‐time, one‐sector optimal growth problem has a unique steady state that exhibits the saddle‐point property. Moreover, the phase diagram analysis is geometrically similar to the case of a constant discount rate. The proposed bounded slope assumption is inspired by and in direct contrast with Magill and Nishimura's “division of countries” example.
Glucose‐induced inhibition: how many ionic mechanisms?
Authors: Burdakov D. , Lesage F.
Published: May 2009

Sensing of sugar by specialized ‘glucose‐inhibited’ cells helps organisms to counteract swings in their internal energy levels. Evidence from several cell types in both vertebrates and invertebrates suggests that this process involves sugar‐induced stimulation of plasma membrane K+ currents. However, the molecular composition and the mechanism of activation of the underlying channel(s) remain controversial. In mouse hypothalamic neurones and neurosecretory cells of the crab Cancer borealis, glucose stimulates K+ currents displaying leak‐like properties. Yet knockout of some of the candidate ‘leak’ channel subunits encoded by the KCNK gene family so far failed to abolish glucose inhibition of hypothalamic cells. Moreover, in other tissues, such as the carotid body, glucose‐stimulated K+ channels appear to be not leak‐like but voltage‐gated, suggesting that glucose‐induced inhibition may engage multiple types of K+ channels. Other mechanisms of glucose‐induced inhibition, such as hyperpolarization mediated by opening of Cl− channels and depolarization block caused by closure of KATP channels have also been proposed. Here we review known ionic and pharmacological features of glucose‐induced inhibition in different cell types, which may help to identify its molecular correlates.
Microsatellite markers characterized in the barn owl (Tyto alba) and of high utility in other owls (Strigiformes: AVES)
Authors: KLEIN ÁKOS , HORSBURGH GAVIN J. , KÜPPER CLEMENS , MAJOR ÁGNES , LEE PATRICIA L. M. , HOFFMANN GYULA , MÁTICS RÓBERT , DAWSON DEBORAH A.
Published: May 2009

We have identified 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the barn owl (Tyto alba), five from testing published owl loci and 10 from testing non‐owl loci, including loci known to be of high utility in passerines and shorebirds. All 15 loci were sequenced in barn owl, and new primer sets were designed for eight loci. The 15 polymorphic loci displayed two to 26 alleles in 56–58 barn owls. When tested in 10 other owl species (n = 1–6 individuals), between four and nine loci were polymorphic per species. These loci are suitable for studies of population structure and parentage in owls.
Immunomagnetic isolation of canine circulating endothelial and endothelial progenitor cells
Authors: Wills Tamara B. , Heaney Allison M. , Jane Wardrop K. , Haldorson Gary J.
Published: May 2009

Background: Increased concentrations of circulating endothelial cells (CECs) are thought to be a biomarker of vascular injury in human patients with cardiovascular disease, neoplasia, vasculitis, sickle cell anemia, shock, and sepsis. Immunomagnetic isolation is a technique currently used to enumerate human CECs and can detect low numbers of cells.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a standard protocol for immunomagnetic isolation could be used to obtain and enumerate CECs and a subpopulation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from canine whole blood.

Methods: Cultured canine aortic endothelial cells were stained immunohistochemically with von Willebrand factor to verify morphology and number. Using magnetic beads conjugated with anti‐CD146, CECs/EPCs were isolated in culture and in canine whole blood. CD146‐positive cells were stained with fluorescein‐conjugated Ulex europaeus agglutinin 1 (UEA‐1) to confirm endothelial origin and cells were counted manually using a fluorescent microscope. The method was then applied to EDTA‐anticoagulated whole blood samples from 10 healthy client‐owned dogs.

Results: The anti‐CD146–coated magnetic beads (>5/cell) bound the cultured canine aortic endothelial cells. Only rare UEA‐1–positive cells were obtained from whole blood, while >85–90% of cultured canine aortic endothelial cells were UEA‐1 positive. The percentage recovery of cultured canine aortic endothelial cells was >86%. CECs in canine whole blood had >8 beads attached to the surface and were 10–40 μm in size. Using immunomagnetic isolation, 43.4 ± 15.6 CECs/mL (range 24–70/mL) were isolated from canine whole blood samples.

Conclusions: Immunomagnetic isolation is an acceptable method for enumerating canine CECs/EPCs in whole blood. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the clinical significance of CEC/EPC concentration in different canine diseases.
Pd-Pt Bimetallic Nanodendrites with High Activity for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Lim Byungkwon , Jiang Majiong , Camargo Pedro H. C. , Cho Eun Chul , Tao Jing , Lu Xianmao , Zhu Yimei , Xia Younan
Published: May 2009

Extending Platinum Catalysts

Platinum performs extremely well as a catalyst for the oxygen-reduction reaction that runs under highly acidic conditions in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells, but is expensive. One strategy for reducing costs is to increase the surface area of the platinum.

Lim
et al.

(p.
1302
, published online 14 May) describe a simple chemical route, in which Pt ions in solution are reduced onto Pd seed crystals, which creates faceted Pt nanocrystals with a high area owing to their dendritic architecture. On a Pt mass basis, these catalysts are several times more active than conventional Pt catalysts.
Ménière’s disease
Authors: Hamid M A
Published: May 2009

Ménière’s disease affects about 1% of the population. Typically it presents as episodic vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus and aural fullness. The history and physical examination are critical in making the diagnosis. Laboratory tests are useful in tailoring and following up patients. Treatment options are limited and usually targeted towards reducing endolymphatic hydrops to stabilise the hearing loss and reduce the vertiginous episodes.
Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a durum alien disomic addition line with enhanced tolerance to Fusarium head blight
Authors: Jauhar Prem P. , Peterson Terrance S. , Xu Steven S.
Published: May 2009

Current durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.)) cultivars have little or no resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB), a ravaging disease of cereal crops. A diploid wheatgrass, Lophopyrum elongatum (Host) Á. Löve (2n = 2x = 14, EE genome), is an excellent source of FHB resistance. Through an extensive intergeneric hybridization using durum cultivar Langdon, we have developed a disomic alien addition line, named DGE-1 (2n = 28 + 2), with a wheatgrass chromosome pair. We used a unique method for isolating the addition line taking advantage of unreduced gametes functioning in Langdon × L. elongatum F1hybrids in their first backcross to the Langdon parent, resulting in 35-chromosome plants from which we derived DGE-1. The addition line DGE-1 has a plant type similar to its Langdon parent, although it is shorter in height with narrower leaves and shorter spikes. It is meiotically and reproductively stable, generally forming 15 bivalents with two chiasmata each. The alien chromosome pair from the grass confers FHB resistance to the addition line, which has less than 21% infection on the visual scale, mean = 6.5%. Using various biochemical and molecular techniques (Giemsa C-banding, fluorescent genomic in situ hybridization (fl-GISH), chromosome-specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, targeted region amplified polymorphism (TRAP) markers, and sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE)), we have shown that the extra chromosome involved is 1E of L. elongatum. This is the first time that FHB resistance has been discovered on chromosome 1E. We have established a chromosome-specific marker for 1E that may be used to screen fertile hybrid derivatives and durum addition lines for this chromosome that confers FHB resistance.
Construction and characterization of twoCitrusBAC libraries and identification of clones containing the phytoene synthase gene
Authors: Baig M. N.R. , Yu An , Guo Wenwu , Deng Xiuxin
Published: May 2009

Two deep-coverage Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) libraries of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck ‘Cara Cara’ navel orange and Citrus reticulata (L.) Blanco ‘Egan No. 1’ Ponkan mandarin, which belong to the two most important species of the Citrus genus, have been constructed and characterized to facilitate gene cloning and to analyze variety-specific genome composition. The C. sinensis BAC library consists of 36 000 clones with negligible false-positive clones and an estimated average insert size of 126 kb covering ~4.5 × 109 bp and thus providing an 11.8-fold coverage of haploid genome equivalents, whereas the C. reticulata library consists of 21 000 clones also with negligible false-positive clones and an estimated average of 120 kb covering ~2.5 × 109 bp representing a 6.6-fold coverage of haploid genome equivalents. Both libraries were evaluated for contamination with high-copy vector, empty pIndigoBAC536 vector, and organellar DNA sequences. Screening has been performed by Southern hybridization of BAC filters, which results in <0.5% chloroplast DNA contamination and no mitochondrial DNA contamination in both libraries. Eight and five positive clones harboring the gene encoding Phytoene synthase (Psy (EC 2.5.1.32)) were identified from the C. sinensis and C. reticulata libraries, respectively, using the filter hybridization procedure. These results suggest that the two BAC libraries are useful tools for the isolation of functional genes and advanced genomics research in the two important species C. sinensis and C. reticulata. Resources, high-density filters, individual clones, and whole libraries are available for public distribution and are accessible at the National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University.
Anabolic resistance: the effects of aging, sexual dimorphism, and immobilization on human muscle protein turnoverThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Rennie Michael J.
Published: May 2009

In healthy active older persons, there is no derangement of muscle protein metabolism. However, there is a major deficit in the ability of older muscles to regulate their maintenance during feeding and exercise. The dose–response relationship between myofibrillar protein synthesis and the availability of essential amino acids (EAA) is shifted down and to the right, and giving extra amino acids is unable to overcome this. There is no sex difference in basal or fed muscle protein metabolism in the young, but postmenopausal women have a greater anabolic resistance than older men. Anabolic resistance is also shown by the decreased phosphorylation in the PKB–mTOR–eIF4BP1 pathway in response to increased EAA. The muscle synthetic system is refractory to EAA provision, irrespective of the availability of insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, and growth hormone. However, insulin is a major regulator of muscle protein breakdown, and there is a blunting of the ability of older muscle to decrease proteolysis in response to low concentrations of insulin, such as those observed after a light breakfast. Providing more EAA seems not to be useful, and modern N-balance data confirm that the dietary protein requirements of older persons are not increased. The sigmoidal dose–response relationship between muscle protein synthesis and resistance exercise intensity is shifted downward and to the right in older men. Decreased physical activity itself, even in young subjects, can produce anabolic resistance of muscle protein synthesis, which cannot be overcome by increasing amino acid availability. Exercise may retune the amino acid and (or) insulin sensitivity of muscle in older people.
Control of skeletal muscle metabolic properties by the nuclear receptor corepressor RIP140This paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Fritah Asmaà
Published: May 2009

The transcriptional control of metabolism in response to environmental changes plays an important role in energy homeostasis. A number of nuclear receptors control both anabolic and catabolic pathways in metabolic tissues. Their transcriptional activity is mediated by recruitment of coactivators or corepressors to target genes. The corepressor receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140) is recruited by many nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and estrogen-related receptors, and by a number of other transcription factors such as nuclear receptor factor 1. It is responsible for the suppression of gene networks that control catabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, including glucose uptake, glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty-acid oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial uncoupling. In this review, we focus on the role of RIP140 in regulating energy expenditure and highlight issues to address RIP140 action in skeletal muscle.
Control of lipid oxidation at the mitochondrial levelThis paper article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Sahlin Kent
Published: May 2009

The rate of lipid oxidation during exercise is controlled at several sites, and there is a reciprocal dependency between oxidation of lipids and carbohydrates (CHO). It is well known that the proportion of the 2 fuels oxidized is influenced by substrate availability and exercise intensity, but the mechanisms regulating fuel preferences remain unclear. During intense exercise, oxidation of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) decreases, and the major control is likely to be at the mitochondrial level. Potential mitochondrial sites for control of lipid oxidation include transport of LCFAs into mitochondrial matrix, β-oxidation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC). CHO catabolism may impair lipid oxidation by interfering with the transfer of LCFAs into mitochondria and by competing for mutual cofactors (i.e., nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and (or) coenzyme A (CoA)). The different effect of energy state on the catabolism of CHO and lipids is likely to be of major importance in explaining the shift in fuel utilization during intensive exercise. Formation of acetyl-CoA from CHO is activated by a low energy state, and will lead to accumulation of products that are inhibitory to lipid oxidation. In contrast, β-oxidation of LCFAs to acetyl-CoA is not stimulated by a low energy state. Further interaction between CHO and LCFAs may occur by substrate competition for electron carriers at ETC, due to provisions of electrons through different complexes. Feedback inhibition of β-oxidation by redox state is thought to be an important mechanism for the slowing of lipid oxidation during intensive exercise.
The decay phase of Ca2+ transients in skeletal muscle: regulation and physiologyThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 14th International Biochemistry of Exercise Conference – Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, and has undergone the Journal’s usual peer review process.
Authors: Tupling A. Russell
Published: May 2009

Cytosolic Ca2+ transients associated with contraction and relaxation cycles in skeletal muscle are primarily dependent on the kinetics of Ca2+ release and Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). In humans, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPases (SERCAs) are solely responsible for the removal of Ca2+ from the cytosol following muscle contraction. There are several signalling systems involved in the acute regulation of SERCAs required to achieve a given Ca2+ transient during muscle contraction–relaxation cycles. Cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase signalling activate SERCAs through the regulation of the endogenous SERCA-regulatory proteins, phospholamban and sarcolipin, both of which are highly expressed in human skeletal muscle. Recent studies on the regulation of SERCA2b in arterial smooth muscle and work from my laboratory on the interaction between SERCAs and the inducible 70-kDa heat shock protein suggests a novel role for redox signalling in regulating SERCA activity. In the absence of fatigue, activation of these signalling systems in response to repeated muscle activity serves to increase the rate of cytosolic free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]f) decay (i.e., SR Ca2+ uptake) and the speed of muscle relaxation.
Quantitative determination of urea concentrations in cell culture medium
Authors: Zawada Robert J.X. , Kwan Peggy , Olszewski Kellen L. , Llinas Manuel , Huang Shu-Gui
Published: May 2009

Urea is the major nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism in mammals. Here, we describe a quantitative, sensitive method for urea determination using a modified Jung reagent. This assay is specific for urea and is unaffected by ammonia, a common interferent in tissue and cell cultures. We demonstrate that this convenient colorimetric microplate-based, room temperature assay can be applied to determine urea synthesis in cell culture.
Body-condition dynamics in a northern ungulate gaining fat in winter
Authors: Couturier Serge , Côté Steeve D. , Huot Jean , Otto Robert D.
Published: May 2009

Individual condition generally depends on density and is partly determined by habitat quality and climate. We studied long-term trends in the condition and productivity of female caribou ( Rangifer tarandus (L., 1758)) in two large migratory herds in the Quebec–Labrador peninsula (Canada), the George and the Feuilles herds. Females from the George herd were in better summer condition than those from the more abundant Feuilles herd in 2001–2002, while it was the opposite in 1988 when the Feuilles herd was less abundant than the George herd. Summer nutrition followed the same pattern between herds through time. Spring body condition of females in the George herd declined from 1976 to the mid-1980s during early population growth. Fall condition, however, did not change from 1983 to 2002 when caribou numbers first peaked and later declined. Pregnancy rates were inversely related to herd size in both herds. Vegetation quality (NDVI) in June was significantly related to body proteins in the fall. Albeit unusual for a northern ungulate, body fat increased from fall to spring in the George herd. We conclude that a relatively small and highly grazed summer range, as well as density-dependent effects, affected summer nutrition and the need to continue lipogenesis during winter.
The Efficacy of Intravitreal Povidone Iodine Application in Experimental Staphylococcus epidermidis Endophthalmitis
Authors: Brozou Catherine G. , Karabatakis Vasilios , Giannousis Michalis , Mandraveli Kalliopi , Karkavelas George , Alexiou-Daniel Styliani
Published: May 2009

Aim: The aim of the current study is to evaluate the role of povidone iodine (PVI) in the management of experimental bacterial endophthalmitis in young rabbits. Method: Twenty white rabbits were used. Colony-forming units (CFU) of Staphylococcus epidermidis were injected intravitreally into the right eye of each animal. Injected eyes were evaluated clinically daily (anterior and posterior segment examination), and when clinical signs of endophthalmitis appeared, an injection of 0.1 ml PVI was made intravitreally. In group 1 (n = 10), the injected concentration of PVI was 0.1%, and in group 2 (n = 10) the concentration was 0.2%. At the end of the observation period, vitreous sample culture was made, and vitreous and retina specimens were taken for light histology examination as well. Results: Group 1 eyes did not show any signs of clinical improvement. Vitreous culture showed the presence of 108 CFU/ml of S. epidermidis. Histological examination indicated acute inflammation. Group 2 animals presented a clear gradual regression of the inflammation. Vitreous culture for S. epidermidis proved to be sterile. Histological examination indicated chronic inflammation. Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of 0.2% PVI is likely to inhibit bacterial endophthalmitis of rabbit eyes due to S. epidermidis.
Regional Cone-Mediated Dysfunction in Age-Related Maculopathy Evaluated by Focal Electroretinograms: Relationship with Retinal Morphology and Perimetric Sensitivity
Authors: Piccardi Marco , Ziccardi Lucia , Stifano Giovanna , Montrone Lucrezia , Iarossi Giancarlo , Minnella Angelo , Fadda Antonello , Balestrazzi Emilio , Falsini Benedetto
Published: May 2009

Purpose: To assess regional cone-mediated function in age-related maculopathy (ARM) by focal electroretinograms (FERGs), and to compare FERGs with morphologic changes and perimetric sensitivity at corresponding locations. Methods: Twenty-six ARM patients and 12 age-matched controls were evaluated. FERGs were elicited by either a central (0–2.25°, C) or a paracentral annular (2.25–9°, PC) flickering (41 Hz) field, presented on a light-adapting background. Morphological changes (soft drusen and/or retinal pigment epithelium defects) at matched locations were assessed by fundus photography and fluorescein angiography. Perimetric sensitivity was measured by Octopus 10° program (tM2). Results: When compared to controls, mean C and PC FERG amplitudes of patients were reduced (p < 0.01), and the mean PC FERG phase was delayed (p < 0.01). Both FERG delays and morphologic lesions tended to involve to a greater extent the PC compared to the C region. In the C region, perimetric losses were correlated with the extent of morphologic lesions (p < 0.05). In the PC region, perimetric losses were correlated with FERG amplitudes (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In ARM, FERG losses are eccentricity-dependent, not quantitatively linked to retinal morphology, and correlated with perimetric losses, suggesting a heterogeneous dysfunction with loss of both C and PC perimetric sensitivities.
Triamcinolone-Assisted Removal of Internal Limiting Membrane Enhances the Effect of Vitrectomy for Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Yamakoshi Tomomi , Kachi Shu , Sugita Jiro , Asami Tetsu , Ishikawa Kohei , Ito Yasuki , Terasaki Hiroko
Published: May 2009

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling during vitrectomy to treat diabetic macular edema (DME). Methods: In this nonrandomized study, we retrospectively analyzed the medical charts of 107 eyes that had undergone three-port vitrectomy to treat DME. The ILM was peeled in 65 eyes and not peeled in 42 eyes (ILM ON group). Indocyanine green (ICG) was used on 36 eyes (ICG group) and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on 29 eyes (TA group) to make the ILM more visible. Results: In all groups, the mean foveal thickness was significantly decreased after surgery. Visual acuity (VA) improved gradually after the surgery and was significantly better than the preoperative VA at 6 months in the ICG group and at 3 months in the TA group. Compared with the ILM ON group eyes, the eyes in the TA group had significantly better improvement of VA. Conclusion: TA-assisted ILM peeling may improve the VA outcome to treat DME.
High Prevalence of Microalbuminuria in the Overweight and Obese Population: Data from a UK Population Screening Programme
Authors: Kawar Bisher , Bello Aminu K. , El Nahas A. Meguid
Published: May 2009

Background: Microalbuminuria (MA) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and possibly chronic kidney disease (CKD). Obesity has been linked to MA, though the prevalence of MA in overweight groups is not well documented. This population study with an overrepresentation of individuals with BMI >25 (calculated as kg/m2) investigates the prevalence of MA in different BMI categories, and the relationship between MA and BMI. Methods: Data from two cross-sectional epidemiological studies in the City of Sheffield were combined to produce a cohort of non-diabetic, non-CKD subjects over the age of 18. The first study, Kidney Evaluation and Awareness Programme in Sheffield (KEAPS), is a general population screening programme, whilst Kidney Evaluation in Overweight Population in Sheffield (KEOPS) is a screening programme specifically for individuals with BMI >25. Results: The combined database had 1,179 subjects eligible for analysis after applying exclusion criteria. The prevalence of MA in subjects with BMI <25 was 3.1% compared to 12.1% in those with BMI 25–30 and 27.2% in obese subjects with BMI >30 (p < 0.001). The prevalence of MA increased exponentially with the BMI category. BMI is a predictor of MA in logistic regression analyses in the population as a whole, males, females, younger and older age categories, and higher BMI groups (above median and upper tertile). The effect of BMI persists after adjusting for confounding variables. The relative risk for having urine albumin concentration >20 mg/l is 8.0 (95% CI 3.8–16.8, p < 0.0001) if BMI is above the 80th percentile (BMI >27.2). Conclusion: The prevalence of MA increases with increasing BMI in the population of Sheffield. The risk of having MA increases exponentially with BMI. The significance of the high prevalence of MA in overweight and obese individuals should be investigated longitudinally.
Moderne Sondenernährung
Authors: Troll U. , Bessert I.
Published: May 2009

Die Sondenernährung hat ihre Indikation beim Übergang von der parenteralen zur oralen Ernährung des Kranken. Sondenpräparate sollten sämtliche Grundnährstoffe in zueinander optimalem Verhältnis und in leicht abbaubarer, gut resorbierbarer Form enthalten. Bei der Herstellung von Sondenpräparaten sollte darüber hinaus der aus-reichenden Versorgung des Kranken mit essentiellen Nahrungsbe-standteilen und lebensnotwendigen Spurenelementen Rechnung getragen werden.
A New Approach to Evaluate the Final Effect of Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Kudlička V. , Doberský P. , Kudličková V.
Published: May 2009

In patients who had undergone gastric operations, the efficacy of a parenteral rehabilitation with plasma, human albumin and Amino-fusin® L forte was determined by assessing the extravascular albumin pool. The intravenous administration of Aminofusin® L forte thus proved to be today’s safest and quickest method of protein rehabilitation.
The Duffy Blood Group System: A Review of Recent Developments
Authors: Marsh W.L. , Ehrich C.C.
Published: May 2009

Five antigenic specificities are associated with the Duffy blood group system. Fya, Fyb, Fy3 and Fy4 are under the genetic control of a locus near the centromere of chromosome 1. Fy5 is absent from Fy (a-b-) red cells and also from cells that have the Rhnull phenotype. It appears that interaction between Duffy and Rh gene products may be necessary for synthesis of Fy5 antigen. Most Caucasians have a Fyaor Fybgene (or both), inherited by strict Mendelian principles. No evidence has been found to suggest that independently segregating Duffy modifying genes exist. The frequency of Duffy genes varies greatly in different sections of the world population. Aboriginal populations have a high frequency of Fya Fyb is the most common gene in European Caucasians, and Negroes have a high frequency of an allele named Fy. Anti-Fya is the most common Duffy antibody and is found most frequently in the serum of Caucasians immunized by blood transfusion. The Fya antigen is about 40 times less immunogenic than K antigen of the Kell system. Only about one anti-Fyb serum is found for every 20 that are anti-Fya. The Fya and Fyb red cell antigen receptors are inactivated by proteolytic enzymes but not by neuraminidase. Sialic acid does not appear to be an essential component of the antigen structure. Duffy antigens appear to be thermolabile membrane proteins and they are not present in a soluble form in plasma or in body secretions.
Die Wirkung von Halothan auf den Fruktosestoffwechsel in der Leber
Authors: Götz E. , Scholz R.
Published: May 2009

In Experimenten an der isolierten perfundierten Rattenleber wurde gezeigt, daβ Halothan die Produktion von Glukose aus Fruktose (2 mmol) vermindert und die Produktion von Laktat steigert. Der Gesamtumsatz von Fruktose war dabei unverändert. Unter Berücksichtigung der Tatsache, daé halogenierte Kohlenwasserstoffe die mitochondriale Atmungskette hemmen, kann aus diesen Ergebnissen geschlossen werden, daé die Glukosesynthese infolge Energiemangels gehemmt wird. Diese ungenügende Energiebereitstellung durch oxydative Phosphoryliefung kann in der Leberzelle partiell durch Steigerung der Fruktolyse zu Laktat kompensiert werden.
Über das Spektrogramm der Spurenelemente bei Neugeborenen und Säuglingen
Authors: Panteliadis C. , Boenigk H.E. , Janke W.
Published: May 2009

Bei 15 Neugeborenen und 34 Säuglingen wurde mittels Emissions-und Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie das Spektrogramm von 25 Kationen im Vollblut, Serum und Urin bestimmt. Die so ermittelten Werte werden in Tabellen dargestellt und mit den mittleren Normwerten des Erwachsenen verglichen. Es werden einerseits bereits bekannte Basiswerte ergänzt und andererseits bisher nicht ermittelte Spurenelemente in ihren Verteilungsmustern aufgezeigt. Hochsignifikante Abweichungen ergaben sich im Vollblut der Neugeborenen bei Zink, Kupfer und Chrom zur Norm der Erwachsenen werte. Diese Differenzen zeigten sich auch im Vergleich zwischen mütterlichem und kindlichem Vollblut. Demgegenüber wurden im Serum keine nennenswerten Unterschiede beobachtet. Im Harn hingegen traten bei zahlreichen Kationen signifikante Differenzen auf. Die Säuglinge des 1. Trimenons wiesen hochsignifikante Defizite bei den Mangan-und Kupferwerten im Vollblut auf.
Befragung von Diabetikern über Kenntnisse in Ernährungslehre und Diätetik sowie über Rauchgewohnheiten
Authors: Wagner K. , Ehrnsperger H. , Mehnert H.
Published: May 2009

100 Diabetikern wurden Fragen vorgelegt, die sich auf das Wissen über die Ernährung und auf Rauchgewohnheiten bezogen. Die meisten Diabetiker kontrollierten regelmäβig ihr Körpergewicht und waren überzeugt, daβ Übergewicht gesundheitsgefährdend sein kann. Trotz dieses Wissens war mehr als die Hälfte der Patienten über-gewichtig und kannte nicht das individuelle Idealgewicht. Auch zwischen der Qualität der Diätberatung und dem Diätverhalten der Patienten gab es eine ähnliche Diskrepanz: Mehr als die Hälfte der Befragten – insbesondere Manner – war als Diätversager anzusehen. Patienten mit relativ niedriger Schulbildung schnitten schlechter ab. Erfreulicherweise waren die meisten Patienten Nichtraucher. Die derzeit geübte Diätberatung schien allerdings keinen Einfluβ auf die Zahl der Raucher gehabt zu haben. Als Konsequenz für die Schulung des Patienten ergibt sich, in vermehrtem Ausmaβ einen Anreiz zur Normalisierung des Körpergewichts zu geben und ihn in dieser Hin-sicht wie auch im Hinblick auf den Nikotinabusus »positiv« zu mo-tivieren. Verhaltenstherapeutische Maβnahmen wären dabei sicherlich begrüβenswert. Auβerdem sollten die Patienten mindestens alle zwei Jahre einer erneuten Diätberatung zugeführt werden. Eine per-sönlich für den Patienten ausgefüllte Diätvorschrift muβ als Grund-lage für die Einhaltung der Diät dienen. Patienten, bei denen ein Diabetes mellitus diagnostiziert wurde, sollten schneller als bisher einer Beratung zugeführt werden. Auβerdem sollte dabei versucht werden, der Diät das Odium einer lästigen und weniger wichtigen Ergänzung zur medikamentösen Diabetestherapie zu nehmen. Die Studie zeigte, daβ eine fortwährende Selbstkontrolle der eigenen Schulungsarbeit unabdingbar ist, um einen hohen Stand der thera-peutischen Bemühungen zu gewährleisten.
Infusions- und Ernährungsprobleme in der Kinder chirurgie
Authors: Höllwarth M.
Published: May 2009

Zunächst wird mittels einfacher Vergleiche der Zusammensetzung des kindlichen und des erwachsenen Organismus und der entsprechenden absoluten Zahlen auf die Problematik einer Infusionstherapie im Säuglingsalter hingewiesen. Die eng gesetzten Grenzen beim Neugeborenen ergeben vor allem postoperativ oft eine erhebliche Problematik. Anschlieβend werden die Ernährungsprobleme in der Kinderchirurgie anhand einiger ausgewählter Kapítel – Gastroschisis, subtotale Dünn-darmresektion und »Short bowel Syndrom« sowie Morbus Hirschsprung – besprochen. Nur der Lösung der Infusions- und Ernährungsprobleme ist es zu danken, daβ heute schwere Krankheitsbilder nach dem chirurgischen Eingriff weiter eriolgreich behandelt werden können.
Koloskopievorbereitung mit einer neuen vollbilanzierten, ballastfreien Peptiddiät
Authors: Semler P.
Published: May 2009

Eine neue vollbilanzierte, ballastfreie Peptiddiät wurde in der Vorbereitung zur Koloskopie bei 20 Patienten eingesetzt. Infolge vollstän-diger Resorption der Oligopeptide durch die Darmmukosa bringt die Anwendung dieser Diät genauso gute Ergebnisse wie der Einsatz der bisher für diese Zwecke zur Verfügung stehenden ballastfreien Diäten mit einem Gehalt an reinen L-Aminosäuren (»Astronautenkost«). Die ballastfreie Peptiddiät bietet dabei neben niedrigerer Osmolarität und geringeren Kosten vor allem den Vorteil des eindeutig besseren Geschmacks. Dadurch werden auch der langfristigen Ernährung mit ballastfreier Diät neue Möglichkeiten geboten.
Parenterale Ernährung in der inneren Medizin
Authors: Hartmann G.
Published: May 2009

Die totale parenterale Ernährung wird als wichtiger Bestandteil der modernen internistischen Therapie geschildert. Indikationen, Technik und Methodik werden anhand von 34 eigenen Fallen dargestellt, die mehrheitlich während 3–8 Wochen intravenös ernährt wurden. Es wird über einen Einzelfall mit über zweijähriger, meist total parenteraler Ernährung berichtet, der die heutigen Erfolgsmöglichkeiten dokumentiert.
Cardiocirculatory and Biochemical Effects of Dextran 1.8 % and Ringer’s Lactate after Minor Surgical Procedures
Authors: Suter P.M. , Sadowski J. , Gemperle M. , Hemmer M.
Published: May 2009

The effects of dextran 1.8 % in Ringer’s lactate solution were compared with infusion of Ringer’s lactate alone in two groups of 12 patients after minor surgical interventions. Plasma volume increased significantly only in the dextran treated patients. We observed a marked hemodilution with both infusions, but all changes had disappeared after 24 hours. No adverse effects on the coagulation process, hepatic and renal function were noted. These results suggest that dextran 1.8% in Ringer’s lactate is an effective and safe solution in plasma volume expansion for this type of patient.
Ernährungsprobleme beim akuten Myokardiniarkt
Authors: Enenkel W.
Published: May 2009

Die immer noch vertretene Meinung, Patienten mit akutem Myokardiniarkt müβten zumindest in den ersten Tagen hypokalorisch ernährt werden, muβ als überholt angesehen werden. Infarktpatienten benötigen aus verschiedenen Gründen ein Minimum von etwa 2000 kcal. Eine besonders gefährdete Gruppe, die durch einen enddiastolischen Pulmonalarteriendruck von über 20 mm Hg in den ersten 24 Stunden gekennzeichnet ist, soil zumindest partiell parenteral mit Kohlenhydratlösung, Insulin und Kalium behandelt werden. Dieses Regime ist bei kardiogenem Schock ober beginnender Schocksymptomatik von besonderer Wichtigkeit.
Ernährungsgewohnheiten und Proteinstatus von chirurgischen Patienten in der präklinischen Phase
Authors: Bessert Inge , Stute J.
Published: May 2009

Die Bedeutung der Ernährung in der präklinischen Phase soil in dieser Untersuchung durch Meβverfahren aus drei Bereichen ermitteltwerden: aus präoperativen Ernährungsgewohnheiten; aus dem Status des subkutanen Fettgewebes; aus dem Proteinstatus. Zur Anwendung kamen ein Fragebogen zur Erhebung der Ernährungsanamnese, die Messung von Hautfalten mit dem HarpendenCaliper sowie die Bestimmung von biochemischen Parametern. Untersucht wurden 24 Magen- und 20 Kontrollpatienten. Etwa die Hälfte der Magenpatienten hatte präoperativ an Gewicht abgenommen. Sie bildet eine Gruppe mit Fehl- oder Mangelernährung in der Ernährungsanamnese, verminderten Hautfaltendicken, niedrigeren Albumin- und Gesamteiweiβwerten sowie verminderten Immunglobulinspiegeln. Diese Gruppe erlitt postoperativ sechsmal häufiger infektiöse Komplikationen als die Gruppe ohne präoperativen Gewichtsverlust. Vorgeschlagen wird die Entwicklung eines vernünftigen perioperativen Ernährungsplanes.