bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trap States, Electric Fields, and Phase Segregation in Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Knight Alexander J. , Patel Jay B. , Snaith Henry J. , Johnston Michael B. , Herz Laura M.
Published: January 2020

Mixed‐halide perovskites are essential for use in all‐perovskite or perovskite–silicon tandem solar cells due to their tunable bandgap. However, trap states and halide segregation currently present the two main challenges for efficient mixed‐halide perovskite technologies. Here photoluminescence techniques are used to study trap states and halide segregation in full mixed‐halide perovskite photovoltaic devices. This work identifies three distinct defect species in the perovskite material: a charged, mobile defect that traps charge‐carriers in the perovskite, a charge‐neutral defect that induces halide segregation, and a charged, mobile defect that screens the perovskite from external electric fields. These three defects are proposed to be MA+ interstitials, crystal distortions, and halide vacancies and/or interstitials, respectively. Finally, external quantum efficiency measurements show that photoexcited charge‐carriers can be extracted from the iodide‐rich low‐bandgap regions of the phase‐segregated perovskite formed under illumination, suggesting the existence of charge‐carrier percolation pathways through grain boundaries where phase‐segregation may occur.
MXene‐Based Mesoporous Nanosheets Toward Superior Lithium Ion Conductors
Authors: Shi Yongzheng , Li Bin , Zhu Qi , Shen Kai , Tang Wenjing , Xiang Qian , Chen Weihua , Liu Chuntai , Luo Jiayan , Yang Shubin
Published: January 2020

Although solid polymer electrolytes have some intrinsic advantages in synthesis and film processing compared with inorganic solid electrolytes, low ionic conductivities and mechanical moduli hamper their practical applications in lithium‐based batteries. Here, an efficient strategy is developed to produce a unique solid polymer electrolyte containing MXene‐based mesoporous silica nanosheets with a sandwich structure, which are fabricated via controllable hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate around the surface of MXene‐Ti3C2 under the direction of cationic surfactants. Such unique nanosheets not only exhibit individual, thin, and insulated features, but also possess abundant functional groups in mesopores and on the surface, which are favorable for the formation of Lewis acid–base interactions with anions in polymer electrolytes such as poly(propylene oxide) elastomer, enabling the fast Li+ transportation at the mesoporous nanosheets/polymer interfaces. As a consequence, a solid polymer electrolyte with high ionic conductivity of 4.6 × 10−4 S cm−1, high Young's modulus of 10.5 MPa, and long‐term electrochemical stability is achieved.
Replacement of Ca by Ni in a Perovskite Titanate to Yield a Novel Perovskite Exsolution Architecture for Oxygen‐Evolution Reactions
Authors: Lee Jin Goo , Myung Jae‐Ha , Naden Aaron B. , Jeon Ok Sung , Shul Yong Gun , Irvine John T. S.
Published: January 2020

For efficient catalysis and electrocatalysis well‐designed, high‐surface‐area support architectures covered with highly dispersed metal nanoparticles with good catalyst‐support interactions are required. In situ grown Ni nanoparticles on perovskites have been recently reported to enhance catalytic activities in high‐temperature systems such as solid oxide cells (SOCs). However, the micrometer‐scale primary particles prepared by conventional solid‐state reactions have limited surface area and tend to retain much of the active catalytic element within the bulk, limiting efficacy of such exsolution processes in low‐temperature systems. Here, a new, highly efficient, solvothermal route is demonstrated to exsolution from smaller scale primary particles. Furthermore, unlike previous reports of B‐site exsolution, it seems that the metal nanoparticles are exsolved from the A‐site of these perovskites. The catalysts show large active site areas and strong metal‐support interaction (SMSI), leading to ≈26% higher geometric activity (25 times higher mass activity with 1.4 V of Eon‐set) and stability for oxygen‐evolution reaction (OER) with only 0.72 µg base metal contents compared to typical 20 wt% Ni/C and even commercial 20 wt% Ir/C. The findings obtained here demonstrate the potential design and development of heterogeneous catalysts in various low‐temperature electrochemical systems including alkaline fuel cells and metal–air batteries.
Difluoroacetaldehyde N‐Triftosylhydrazone (DFHZ‐Tfs) as a Bench‐Stable Crystalline Diazo Surrogate for Diazoacetaldehyde and Difluorodiazoethane
Authors: Ning Yongquan , Zhang Xinyu , Gai Yi , Dong Yuanqing , Sivaguru Paramasivam , Wang Yingying , Reddy Bhoomireddy Rajendra Prasad , Zanoni Giuseppe , Bi Xihe
Published: January 2020

Despite the growing importance of volatile functionalized diazoalkanes in organic synthesis, their safe generation and utilization remain a formidable challenge because of their difficult handling along with storage and security issues. In this study, we developed a bench‐stable difluoroacetaldehyde N‐triftosylhydrazone (DFHZ‐Tfs) as an operationally safe diazo surrogate that can release in situ two low‐molecular‐weight diazoalkanes, diazoacetaldehyde (CHOCHN2) or difluorodiazoethane (CF2HCHN2), in a controlled fashion under specific conditions. DFHZ‐Tfs has been successfully employed in the Fe‐catalyzed cyclopropanation and Doyle–Kirmse reactions, thus highlighting the synthetic utility of DFHZ‐Tfs in the efficient construction of molecule frameworks containing CHO or CF2H groups. Moreover, the reaction mechanism for the generation of CHOCHN2 from CF2HCHN2 was elucidated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Carbon Monoxide Activation by a Molecular Aluminium Imide: C−O Bond Cleavage and C−C Bond Formation
Authors: Heilmann Andreas , Hicks Jamie , Vasko Petra , Goicoechea Jose M. , Aldridge Simon
Published: January 2020

Anionic molecular imide complexes of aluminium are accessible via a rational synthetic approach involving the reactions of organo azides with a potassium aluminyl reagent. In the case of K2[(NON)Al(NDipp)]2 (NON=4,5‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylanilido)‐2,7‐di‐tert‐butyl‐9,9‐dimethyl‐xanthene; Dipp=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl) structural characterization by X‐ray crystallography reveals a short Al−N distance, which is thought primarily to be due to the low coordinate nature of the nitrogen centre. The Al−N unit is highly polar, and capable of the activation of relatively inert chemical bonds, such as those found in dihydrogen and carbon monoxide. In the case of CO, uptake of two molecules of the substrate leads to C−C coupling and C≡O bond cleavage. Thermodynamically, this is driven, at least in part, by Al−O bond formation. Mechanistically, a combination of quantum chemical and experimental observations suggests that the reaction proceeds via exchange of the NR and O substituents through intermediates featuring an aluminium‐bound isocyanate fragment.
The Influence of Bullying on Nursing Practice Errors: A Systematic Review
Authors: Johnson Alisha H. , Benham‐Hutchins Marge
Published: January 2020

Workplace bullying is an important nursing issue that can influence a nurse's propensity to commit practice errors. This systematic review examines the influence of bullying behaviors on nursing practice errors and includes articles from 2012 to 2017 that focus on bullying among nurses in multiple health care settings, including ORs, emergency departments, and acute inpatient and critical‐care units. Analysis of 14 relevant articles revealed four themes: the influence of the work environment on nursing practice errors, individual‐level connections between bullying and nursing practice errors, barriers to teamwork, and communication impairment. This review indicates that nurses perceive that bullying influences nursing practice errors and patient outcomes, although the mechanisms are unclear. Additional research is needed to elucidate the effects of bullying on nursing practice errors and patient outcomes.
Thermal degradation and aging behavior of polytriazole polyethylene oxide‐tetrahydrofuran elastomer based on click‐chemistry
Authors: Hu Jinghui , Li Ying , Xiao Fei , Zhang Yongli , He Jiyu , Yang Rongjie
Published: January 2020

Polytriazole polyethylene oxide‐tetrahydrofuran (PTPET) elastomer was prepared based on the click‐chemistry reaction between the CCH and N3 groups. The PTPET exhibits improved thermal stability with an activation energy of 204 kJ/mol compared with hydroxyl‐terminated polyethylene oxide‐tetrahydrofuran (PET) elastomer. TG‐FTIR and pyrolysis‐gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py‐GC–MS) were used to analyze the pyrolysis mechanism and products of the PTPET elastomer. The pyrolytic mechanism of PTPET mainly involves breakage of the polyether chains. The main pyrolytic products were identified. The PTPET underwent for 180 days at 50°C and 60°C. The tensile properties, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and TGA of the aged PTPET were investigated. The tensile stress and strain of the aged PTPET increased until 120 days (at 60°C) or 150 days (at 50°C), which could be attributed to the postcuring of the elastomer. The scission of the PTPET chains due to aging could dominate after aging for 120 days (at 60°C) or for 150 days (at 50°C), resulting in the reduction of mechanical properties.
Effect of temperature on the performance of laterally constrained dielectric elastomer actuators with failure modes
Authors: Li Peidong , Zhang Hong , Wang Qingyuan , Shao Bingmei , Fan Haidong
Published: January 2020

This article analytically investigates the temperature influence on the performance of laterally constrained dielectric elastomer actuators. The effects of both temperature and stretches on the permittivity are taken into consideration. The governing equations of state are established by modeling the actuator as a thermodynamic system of three degrees of freedom. Various failure modes, including electromechanical instability, electric breakdown, loss of tension, and tensile rupture are considered to restrict the operation state and to determine the region of allowable state. Numerical calculations are performed to depict the variations of some important physical quantities with generalized coordinates and to gain insight on the influence of temperature on the critical curves of failures. It is shown that the temperature has obvious effects on the operation state and the allowable region. The present results can be used for designing and optimizing an actuator, and the present approach can be extended to other kinds of dielectric elastomer actuators with complex geometries.
Retina Development in Vertebrates: Systems Biology Approaches to Understanding Genetic Programs
Authors: Buono Lorena , Martinez‐Morales Juan‐Ramon
Published: January 2020

The ontogeny of the vertebrate retina has been a topic of interest to developmental biologists and human geneticists for many decades. Understanding the unfolding of the genetic program that transforms a field of progenitors cells into a functionally complex and multi‐layered sensory organ is a formidable challenge. Although classical genetic studies succeeded in identifying the key regulators of retina specification, understanding the architecture of their gene network and predicting their behavior are still a distant hope. The emergence of next‐generation sequencing platforms revolutionized the field unlocking the access to genome‐wide datasets. Emerging techniques such as RNA‐seq, ChIP‐seq, ATAC‐seq, or single cell RNA‐seq are used to characterize eye developmental programs. These studies provide valuable information on the transcriptional and cis‐regulatory profiles of precursors and differentiated cells, outlining the trajectories that connect each intermediate state. Here, recent systems biology efforts are reviewed to understand the genetic programs shaping the vertebrate retina.
Why do officers support community policing? A cross‐departmental and cross‐temporal comparison
Authors: Shupard Mary , Kearns Erin M.
Published: January 2020

Community policing is often seen as a way to repair fractured relationships between law enforcement and the public. Despite its relationship‐building promise and widespread department‐level adoption, individual officers show varying levels of support for community policing which can harm policy implementation. Why are some officers more supportive of community policing than others? Prior research suggests that demographic factors such as the officer's gender, race, age, and education can explain this variance. Across these studies, however, there are several contradicting or non‐replicating findings. Conflicting findings may result from differences by department or differences in methodology or temporal variance – but most policing studies focus on a single department. We begin to adjudicate between the possible explanations for conflicting findings using roll‐call survey data from 741 officers across three neighboring police departments in 2016 and then a replication with 452 officers from one of the original departments in 2019. We find that experience with community policing consistently influences support for the practice while officer gender, age, and education consistently do not. Other results do not replicate across department or time, although we do find non‐replicating significant factors associated with officer support for community policing. Our findings also suggest that departmental and temporal aspects help to explain why policing studies often do not replicate or generalize to other places or contexts.
Anthropometric measures for better cardiovascular and musculoskeletal health
Authors: Widana I Ketut , Sumetri Ni Wayan , Sutapa I Ketut , Suryasa Wayan
Published: January 2020

Artists spend their working time in the workplace so a design is needed to address their needs. The workplaces need to be economic, ergonomic, energy‐efficient, and environmentally friendly based on the current trends. This study focused on all of these aspects while choosing the subjects for conducting the experiment. A total of 10 test subjects were involved in this study. Data related to environmental conditions were analyzed by the Mann–Whitney test and those related to workloads and musculoskeletal disorders were tested by two‐paired sample t test. The cardiovascular load and cardiovascular strain (CVS) data were tested by the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test for a 5% significance level. The results showed that using a natural posture while working can improve health quality. Occupational health indicators, such as workloads, cardiovascular load, and CVSs, musculoskeletal disorders, visual complaints, and concentration showed an improvement characterized by decreased workloads, cardiovascular load and CVS, musculoskeletal disorders, visual complaints, and increased concentration.
Upregulation of the lncRNA SRLR in polycystic ovary syndrome regulates cell apoptosis and IL‐6 expression
Authors: Li Lisha , Zhu Jun , Ye Feijun , Duan Zhongliang , Zhou Jin , Huang Zengshu , Wang Ling
Published: January 2020

Increased levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) contribute to the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); in renal cell carcinoma, the long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) SRLR upregulates IL‐6. In this study, we demonstrated that the levels of the lncRNA SRLR were upregulated in PCOS patients with high expression of plasma IL‐6 compared with heathy females. The levels of the lncRNA SRLR in the plasma had a positive correlation with expression of IL‐6 in patients with PCOS but not in healthy females. Upregulation of the lncRNA SRLR in plasma could distinguish PCOS patients from healthy females. Overexpression of the lncRNA SRLR led to upregulation of IL‐6 and promoted apoptosis of human granulosa‐like tumour cells (KGN). Therefore, the lncRNA SRLR participated in PCOS by regulating cell apoptosis and IL‐6 expression.

Significance of the Study

The lncRNA SRLR mediates its effects on apoptosis and IL‐6 expression in PCOS and could be used to distinguish PCOS patients from healthy controls. Plasma circulating levels of the lncRNA SRLR may be a potential target for the treatment of PCOS.
Respiratory infections and chronic cough due to triple A (Allgrove) syndrome
Authors: Zheng Hengqi , Iyer Ramesh S. , Pacheco M. Cristina , Soares Jennifer Jean , Johnson Kaalan , Len Mary , Ambartsumyan Lusine
Published: January 2020

Cough and respiratory infections are common in pediatrics. Our case report illustrates the need for pediatricians to consider rare diagnoses such as genetic syndromes and primary gastrointestinal motility disorders in patients with unremitting respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Early identification provides early intervention and reduces long‐term morbidity for pediatric patients.
Complicated acute myocardial infarction with simultaneous occlusion of two coronary arteries
Authors: Nordkin Irina , Goldberg Alexander , Israeli Zeev , Halabi Majdi
Published: January 2020

Simultaneous occlusion of two coronary arteries in acute MI is infrequent and may be accompanied by cardiogenic shock. Prompt restoration of normal coronary flow can salvage the myocardium and decrease a possible risk of death from complications.
Efficiency of Site‐Specific Clicked Laccase–Carbon Nanotubes Biocathodes towards O2 Reduction
Authors: Gentil Solène , Rousselot‐Pailley Pierre , Sancho Ferran , Robert Viviane , Mekmouche Yasmina , Guallar Victor , Tron Thierry , Le Goff Alan
Published: January 2020

A maximization of a direct electron transfer (DET) between redox enzymes and electrodes can be obtained through the oriented immobilization of enzymes onto an electroactive surface. Here, a strategy for obtaining carbon nanotube (CNTs) based electrodes covalently modified with perfectly control‐oriented fungal laccases is presented. Modelizations of the laccase‐CNT interaction and of electron conduction pathways serve as a guide in choosing grafting positions. Homogeneous populations of alkyne‐modified laccases are obtained through the reductive amination of a unique surface‐accessible lysine residue selectively engineered near either one or the other of the two copper centers in enzyme variants. Immobilization of the site‐specific alkynated enzymes is achieved by copper‐catalyzed click reaction on azido‐modified CNTs. A highly efficient reduction of O2 at low overpotential and catalytic current densities over −3 mA cm−2 are obtained by minimizing the distance from the electrode surface to the trinuclear cluster.
Preparation of modified manganese slag slurry for removal of hydrogen sulphide and phosphine
Authors: Sun Lina , Song Xin , Li Kai , Wang Chi , Sun Xin , Ning Ping , Huang Haibao
Published: January 2020

Yellow phosphorus tail gas is one of the most common industrial waste gases in Yunnan Province. The discharge of H2S and PH3 pollutants has caused serious harm to the environment. In this study, the simultaneous removal of H2S and PH3 by modified manganese slag slurry was investigated. The results showed that the highest simultaneous removal efficiency for H2S and PH3 was achieved after adding CuSO4. In order to investigate the relationship between catalytic activity and metal species, catalysts were characterized by FTIR, XRF, SEM, AAS, IC, and chemical element analysis. AAS and chemical element analysis results showed that the main active components of the catalyst were Mn and Cu ions. The catalyst structure changed over the reaction. The contact between the catalyst and H2S and PH3 was hindered by the metal agglomeration on the surface of catalyst, which resulted in the deactivation of the catalyst.
Long‐term results of frontline dasatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Maiti Abhishek , Cortes Jorge E. , Patel Keyur P. , Masarova Lucia , Borthakur Gautam , Ravandi Farhad , Verstovsek Srdan , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Estrov Zeev , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Kadia Tapan M. , Nogueras‐González Graciela M. , Skinner Jeffrey , Poku Rebecca , DellaSala Sara , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Jabbour Elias J. , O’Brien Susan , Kantarjian Hagop M.
Published: January 2020

Background

Dasatinib is a second‐generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor that, when used as frontline therapy, produces more and faster cytogenetic and molecular responses compared with imatinib. The authors report the long‐term follow‐up from the first study using dasatinib as initial therapy for chronic‐phase chronic myeloid leukemia.

Methods

Between November 2005 and August 2014, patients were randomly assigned to receive 100 mg daily or 50 mg twice daily. After June 2009, all patients started with 100 mg daily.

Results

With a median follow‐up of 6.5 years, 94 of 149 treated patients (63%) were still receiving dasatinib on study. The median patient age was 48 years (interquartile range, 37‐55 years), and 9% of patients had a high risk Sokal risk score. The cumulative complete cytogenetic response rate at 11 years was 92.6%, the major molecular response (MR) rate was 88.2%, and the MR4.5 rate (indicating a ≥4.5‐log reduction in BCR‐ABL1 transcripts) was 79.5%. The median time to a major MR and MR4.5 was 6 and 23 months, respectively. A sustained MR4.5 (≥2 years) was achieved in 82 patients (55%). The 10‐year overall survival, transformation‐free survival, event‐free survival, and failure‐free survival rates were 89%, 95%, 86%, and 65%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the achievement of a complete MR was associated with improved overall survival. The most common reasons for treatment discontinuation were toxicity and elective discontinuation. The most common treatment‐emergent grade 3 and 4 adverse events were fatigue, thrombocytopenia, and infections.

Conclusions

After this long‐term follow‐up, dasatinib continues to show an excellent safety profile and produces rapid cytogenetic responses and MRs, durable deep MRs, and excellent long‐term survival outcomes in patients with chronic‐phase chronic myeloid leukemia.
Reactive Dissolution of Organic Nanocrystals at Controlled pH
Authors: Filoni Claudia , Duò Lamberto , Ciccacci Franco , Li Bassi Andrea , Bossi Alberto , Campione Marcello , Capitani Giancarlo , Denti Ilaria , Tommasini Matteo , Castiglioni Chiara , De Rosa Stefania , Tortora Luca , Bussetti Gianlorenzo
Published: January 2020

The development of novel protocols and techniques for waste treatment represents the state of the art in the so‐called “green conversion”. Chemical wastes deriving from industrial and power‐station processes, which involve organic crystals, can be very hazardous for the environment. Studying their dissolution mechanism, both theoretically and experimentally, represents a mandatory step in the critical task of their disposal. Surprisingly, most of the studies are focused on millimeter scale length, from which one could estimate the crystal dissolution rate. In these studies, where no information about the dissolution mechanism on a molecular scale is provided, etch‐pit formation is recognized as the ultimate mechanism of crystal dissolution.

In this work, we show the morphological evolution of organic nanocrystals on the sub‐micrometer scale range in a reactive dissolution process controlled by pH. This approach allows us to explore ranges of high undersaturation, whereby crystal dissolution occurs even though etch‐pit formation is suppressed. Adopting different surface and bulk‐sensitive techniques (atomic force microscopy, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy and X‐ray/electron diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, respectively), we investigate the dissolution process of porphyrin thin films deposited on the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, proving that such films constitute a model system to unveil the dissolution mechanism of organic nanocrystals.
Measurement of temperature of a dusty plasma from its configuration
Authors: Mukherjee Rupak , Jaiswal Surabhi , Shukla Manish K. , Hakim Ammar , Thomas Edward
Published: January 2020

A new concept called “configurational temperature” is introduced in the context of dusty plasma, where the temperature of the dust particles submerged in the plasma can be measured directly from the positional information of the individual dust particles and the interaction potential between the dust grains. This method does not require the velocity information of individual particles, which is a key parameter to measure the dust temperature in the conventional method. The technique is initially tested using two‐dimensional (2D) OpenMP parallel molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulation and then compared with the temperature evaluated from experimental data. The experiment have been carried out in the Dusty Plasma Experimental (DPEx) device, where a 2D stationary plasma crystal of melamine formaldehyde particles is formed in the cathode sheath of a DC glow discharge argon plasma. The kinetic temperature of the dust is calculated using the standard particle image velocimetry technique at different pressures. An extended simulation result for the three‐dimensional case is also presented, which can be employed for the temperature measurement of a three‐dimensional dust crystal in laboratory devices.
Classifying and characterizing Chinese young adults reporting picky eating: A latent profile analysis
Authors: He Jinbo , Zickgraf Hana F. , Essayli Jamal H. , Fan Xitao
Published: January 2020

Objective

Picky eating (PE) is common across the lifespan and related to psychosocial impairment and limited dietary variety. However, research about PE in non‐Western countries is limited. Because eating behaviors may differ by culture, operationalizing PE in non‐Western countries (e.g., China) is needed. The present study aimed to replicate two previous studies identifying PE profiles in Western countries by using latent profile analysis (LPA) to classify and characterize adults reporting picky eating in a Chinese sample.

Method

A sample of 1,068 Chinese young adults completed a battery of questionnaires including the adult eating behavior questionnaire (AEBQ). LPA was utilized to identify eating profiles. The three‐step approach was used to examine predictors of latent memberships and profile differences on various self‐reported measures.

Results

The best fit was a four‐profile solution, with two picky eating profiles emerging: picky eating and severe picky eating. Compared to those in the other two profiles, participants in the picky eating profile (19.4%) and severe picky eating profile (3.3%) had significantly higher scores on self‐reported eating disorder symptoms and psychological distress, and lower scores on self‐reported food‐related life satisfaction. Relative to the picky eating profile, participants in the severe picky eating profile reported significantly greater self‐reported eating disorder symptoms, psychological distress, and food‐related dissatisfaction.

Discussion

Characterizing PE profiles is an important step toward understanding eating behaviors among Chinese young adults. Identifying various eating profiles has implications for future research related to PE, including the development of diagnostic tools and interventions to address PE in a Chinese context.
Highlights in heart failure
Authors: Tomasoni Daniela , Adamo Marianna , Lombardi Carlo Mario , Metra Marco
Published: January 2020

Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of mortality, morbidity, and poor quality of life. It is an area of active research. This article is aimed to give an update on recent advances in all aspects of this syndrome. Major changes occurred in drug treatment of HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Sacubitril/valsartan is indicated as a substitute to ACEi/ARBs after PARADIGM‐HF (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73 to 0.87 for sacubitril/valsartan vs. enalapril for the primary endpoint and Wei, Lin and Weissfeld HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.71–0.89 for recurrent events). Its initiation was then shown as safe and potentially useful in recent studies in patients hospitalized for acute HF. More recently, dapagliflozin and prevention of adverse‐outcomes in DAPA‐HF trial showed the beneficial effects of the sodium–glucose transporter type 2 inhibitor dapaglifozin vs. placebo, added to optimal standard therapy [HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.85;0.74; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.85 for the primary endpoint]. Trials with other SGLT 2 inhibitors and in other patients, such as those with HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or with recent decompensation, are ongoing. Multiple studies showed the unfavourable prognostic significance of abnormalities in serum potassium levels. Potassium lowering agents may allow initiation and titration of mineralocorticoid antagonists in a larger proportion of patients. Meta‐analyses suggest better outcomes with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with iron deficiency. Drugs effective
in HFrEF may be useful also in HF with mid‐range ejection fraction. Better diagnosis and phenotype characterization seem warranted in HF with preserved ejection fraction. These and other burning aspects of HF research are summarized and reviewed in this article.
Effect of Guest Molecules on Spin Transition Temperature in Loaded Hofmann‐Like Clathrates with Improved Porosity
Authors: Piñeiro‐López Lucía , Seredyuk Maksym , Muñoz M. Carmen , Real José A.
Published: January 2020

The synthesis, crystal structure, magnetic and calorimetric studies of a new clathrate compound of the Hofmann‐type spin crossover (SCO) metal‐organic framework (MOF) {Fe(bpb)[MII(CN)4]}·xGuest (bpb = bis(4‐pyridyl)butadiyne, and MII = Ni, Pt) with characteristic fsc topology is reported. The framework {Fe(bpb)[MII(CN)4]} can host up to 1.5 guest molecules of (trifluoromethyl)benzene and display complete one‐step cooperative SCO behavior. Our systematic study on {Fe(bpb)[Pt(CN)4]}·xGuest shows a general reciprocal correlation between the SCO temperature with the volume of the guest molecules.
I2‐Catalyzed N‐Sulfonylation of Sulfoximines with Sulfinates in Water at Room Temperature
Authors: Zheng Wenting , Tan Mingchao , Yang Lu , Zhou Lihong , Zeng Qingle
Published: January 2020

An oxidative coupling of NH‐sulfoximines and arylsulfinates catalyzed by of I2 and H2O2 affords N‐sulfonyl sulfoximines. The reaction proceeds under aerobic conditions in water at room temperature. The merits of this protocol include mild metal‐free reaction conditions, a green and cheap solvent, safe and simple operation, good yields, and a wide substrate scope.
Prognostic factors for pain and functional disability in children and adolescents with persisting pain: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pate Joshua W. , Hancock Mark J. , Hush Julia M. , Gray Kelly , Pounder Meg , Pacey Verity
Published: January 2020

Background and objective

The aim of this study was to investigate prognostic factors for pain and functional disability in children and/or adolescents with persisting pain.

Databases and data treatment

To be included, studies had to be published, peer‐reviewed prospective cohort studies of children and/or adolescents with persisting pain at baseline, that reported at least one baseline prognostic factor and its relationship with pain or functional disability at least 1 month after baseline. Two reviewers independently assessed study eligibility, completed data extraction and undertook quality assessment. Meta‐analyses were performed when a prognostic factor was reported in two or more studies.

Results

Of 10,992 studies identified from electronic database searches, 18 were included, investigating 62 potential prognostic factors. In clinical settings, insufficient data were available for meta‐analysis. Some positive associations with pain and/or disability were reported by single studies for older age, baseline pain intensity and baseline functional disability across multiple combinations of follow‐up times and outcomes. In community settings, meta‐analyses of two studies found that prognostic factors for the ongoing presence of pain at medium‐term (1‐year) follow‐up were older age (OR 1.25; 95% CI = 1.05–1.47), weekly day tiredness (OR 1.69; 95% CI = 1.14–2.51), weekly abdominal pain (OR 1.44; 95% CI = 1.03–2.02) and waking during the night (OR 1.49; 95% CI = 1.05–2.13). No studies in community settings reported on prognostic factors for functional disability.

Conclusions

Prognostic factors having significant associations with future pain and disability were identified; however, as few were investigated in more than one comparable study, the results need to be interpreted with caution.

Significance

Prognostic factors from across the biopsychosocial spectrum are important to consider in paediatric pain clinical practice. However, most prognostic factors that experts have previously agreed upon have not been assessed in prospective cohort studies to date. The findings may help with prioritising data to collect during clinical assessments of children presenting with pain, in the context of pain and functional disability outcomes.
First evidence of macroscale single crystal ion exchange found in lead halide perovskites
Authors: Efrati Ariel , Aharon Sigalit , Wierzbowska Małgorzata , Etgar Lioz
Published: January 2020

Ion exchange is classified as a reaction that may be performed among nanocrystals. Here, we discovered that methylammonium lead bromide macroscale perovskite single crystals may exchange ions with the environment while maintaining their original morphology. Iodide replaced bromide and was detected even in the very center of a previously pure macroscale MAPbBr3 single crystal. Additionally, the entrance of chloride into the crystal is energetically favorable and most bromides were exchanged, yet kinetic factors hindered Cs+ entry and Pb2+ by Sn2+ substitution. Furthermore, grinding different single crystals together revealed swift I/Br exchange. Clear differences in comparison with nanomaterials, along with density functional theory calculations, shed light on the nature of ion‐exchange reactions in perovskite single crystals. This work provides first evidence of these halide exchange reactions in macroscale perovskite single crystals. These results offer a new perspective on ion‐exchange reaction and pave a path toward synthesis of inhomogeneous single crystals.

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The predictive value of the early maladaptive schemas in social situations in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Meneguzzo Paolo , Collantoni Enrico , Bonello Elisa , Busetto Paolo , Tenconi Elena , Favaro Angela
Published: January 2020

Background

Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) show an impairment in the recognition and expression of emotions, as well as an increased sensitivity to being socially excluded, and rigid maladaptive schemas. The Cyberball paradigm is a virtual ball‐toss game that can simulate social exclusion and inclusion. Our aim is to evaluate how cognitive schemas can influence the perception and the evaluation of the experiences of social inclusion/exclusion.

Methods

Thirty‐two AN patients and 34 healthy controls completed a psychological evaluation and were randomly assigned to exclusion or overinclusion paradigm of the Cyberball task.

Results

Patients with AN showed a significantly higher level of maladaptive schemas as well as higher sensitivity to being ostracized by peers in comparison with healthy controls. Regression analyses identified specific significant relation between being ostracized and dependence/incompetence, negativity/pessimism, and self‐sacrifice.

Discussion

Our findings provide evidence that patients with AN may be ineffective in expressing their mood in exclusive and overinclusive social situations. Specific cognitive/temperamental schemas might play a role in the way people communicate their feelings, and they could be considered targets for psychotherapy interventions to improve social interpretation and emotional recognition/communication.
Relationships between riparian evapotranspiration and groundwater depth along a semiarid irrigated river valley
Authors: Lurtz Matthew R. , Morrison Ryan R. , Gates Timothy K. , Senay Gabriel B. , Bhaskar Aditi S. , Ketchum David G.
Published: January 2020

Evapotranspiration (ET) from riparian vegetation can be difficult to estimate due to relatively abundant water supply, spatial vegetation heterogeneity, and interactions with anthropogenic influences such as shallower groundwater tables, increased salinity, and nonpoint source pollution induced by irrigation. In semiarid south‐eastern Colorado, reliable ET estimates are scarce for the riparian corridor that borders the Arkansas River. This work investigates relationships between the riparian ecosystem along the Arkansas River and an underlying alluvial aquifer using ET estimates from remotely sensed data and modelled water table depths. Results from a calibrated, finite‐difference groundwater model are used to estimate weekly water table fluctuations in the riparian ecosystem from 1999 to 2009, and estimates of ET are calculated using the Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model with over 200 Landsat scenes covering over 30 km2 of riparian ecosystem along a 70‐km stretch of the river. Comparison of calculated monthly SSEBop ET to estimated alfalfa reference ET from local micrometeorological station data indicated statistically significant high linear correspondence (R2 = .87). Daily calculated SSEBop ET showed statistically significant moderate linear correspondence with data from a local weighing lysimeter (R2 = .59). Simulated monthly SSEBop ET values were larger in drier years compared with wetter years, and ET variability was also larger in drier years. Peak ET most commonly occurred during the month of June for all 11 years of analysis. Relationships between ET and water table depth showed that peak monthly ET was highest when groundwater depths were less than about 3 m, and ET values were significantly lower for groundwater depths greater than 3 m. Negative sample Spearman correlation highlighted riparian corridor locations where ET increased as a result of decreased groundwater depths across years with different hydroclimatic conditions. This study shows how a combination of remotely sensed riparian ET estimates and a regional groundwater model can improve our understanding of linkages between riparian consumptive use and near‐river groundwater conditions influenced by irrigation return flow and different climatic drivers.
Stratification of HPV‐associated and HPV‐negative oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas based on DNA methylation epigenotypes
Authors: Nakagawa Takuya , Matsusaka Keisuke , Misawa Kiyoshi , Ota Satoshi , Fukuyo Masaki , Rahmutulla Bahityar , Kunii Naoki , Sakurai Daiju , Hanazawa Toyoyuki , Matsubara Hisahiro , Okamoto Yoshitaka , Kaneda Atsushi
Published: January 2020

While the incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has been increasing in these two decades, primarily due to human papillomavirus (HPV), stratification of OPSCC into molecular subgroups showing different clinicopathological features has not been fully investigated. We performed DNA methylome analysis using Infinium 450k for 170 OPSCC cases, including 89 cases in our cohort and 81 cases reported by The Cancer Genome Atlas, together with targeted exon sequencing analysis. We stratified OPSCC by hierarchical clustering analysis using methylome data. Methylation levels of classifier markers were validated quantitatively using pyrosequencing, and area under the curve (AUC) values of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves were calculated. OPSCC was stratified into four epigenotypes: HPV(+) high‐methylation (OP1), HPV(+) intermediate‐methylation (OP2), HPV(−) intermediate‐methylation (OP3) and HPV(−) low‐methylation (OP4). Ten methylation marker genes were generated: five to classify HPV(+) cases into OP1 and OP2, and five to classify HPV(−) cases into OP3 and OP4. AUC values of ROC curves were 0.969 and 0.952 for the two marker panels, respectively. While significantly higher TP53 mutation and CCND1 copy number gains were observed in HPV(−) than in HPV(+) groups (p < 0.01), no significant difference of genomic aberrations was observed between OP1 and OP2, or OP3 and OP4. The four epigenotypes showed significantly different prognosis (p = 0.0006), distinguishing the most favorable OPSCC subgroup (OP1) among generally favorable HPV(+) cases, and the most unfavorable OPSCC subgroup (OP3) among generally unfavorable HPV(−) cases. HPV(+) and HPV(−) OPSCC are further divided into distinct DNA methylation epigenotypes, showing significantly different prognosis.
Organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaics incorporating cyclopenteno[60]fullerene monoadducts as n‐type materials display superior power conversion efficiency than with PC61BM
Authors: Tseng Po‐Yen , Hsiao Huan‐Chang , Hsieh Cheng‐Ming , Wu An‐Ju , Chuang Shih‐Ching
Published: January 2020

Organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaics, merely incorporating monoadducts of cyclopenteno[60]fullerenes (CPFs) as n‐type materials and P3HT as p‐type materials, display superior power conversion efficiency up to 4.6 ± 0.12%, superseding that with PC61BM/P3HT (3.8 ± 0.20%) for ca. 20%, under AM 1.5G irradiation―primarily attributed to the lack of homo‐conjugation on CPFs and their higher LUMO energy levels.
The state of phosphorus balance on 58 Virginia dairy farms
Authors: Pearce Austin , Maguire Rory
Published: January 2020

Managing a sustainable dairy farm requires balancing phosphorus (P) imports and exports that enter and leave through the farm gate. Over the long term, P surpluses will elevate soil‐test P concentrations above crop requirements through routine land applications of manure. The objectives of this study were aimed at Virginia dairy farms (a) to determine P mass balances, (b) to define potential guidelines for a sustainable and feasible zone of operation based on P balance and P use efficiency, and (c) to assess risk factors driving P surplus and P use inefficiencies. Data on farm‐gate P imports and exports via feed, manure, crops, fertilizers, bedding, animals, and milk were collected for 58 dairy farms in Virginia. There was no relationship between farm P balance and milk production, indicating that a P surplus was not necessary for good milk productivity. A feasible P balance limit was calculated below which 75% of farms could operate, and this was 18.7 kg P ha−1. Two risk factors were identified for farms having a P balance above this limit: (a) land application of poultry litter and (b) excessive import of P through feed. Combined dairy and beef operations generally had more land and a lower P balance, whereas having combined dairy and poultry did not raise the P balance as long as poultry litter was exported. Dairy farms in Virginia can operate with a sustainable P balance as long as they avoid using excessive poultry litter and pay attention to P imported through purchased feed.
Characterizing the double‐sided cascade of care for adolescents living with HIV transitioning to adulthood across Southern Africa
Authors: Tsondai Priscilla R , Sohn Annette H , Phiri Sam , Sikombe Kombatende , Sawry Shobna , Chimbetete Cleophas , Fatti Geoffrey , Hobbins Michael A , Technau Karl‐Günter , Rabie Helena , Bernheimer Jonathan , Fox Matthew P , Judd Ali , Collins Intira J , Davies Mary‐Ann ,   for the International epidemiology to Evaluate AIDS Southern Africa (IeDEA‐SA) Collaboration
Published: January 2020

Introduction

As adolescents and young people living with HIV (AYLH) age, they face a “transition cascade,” a series of steps associated with transitions in their care as they become responsible for their own healthcare. In high‐income countries, this usually includes transfer from predominantly paediatric/adolescent to adult clinics. In sub‐Saharan Africa, paediatric HIV care is mostly provided in decentralized, non‐specialist primary care clinics, where “transition” may not necessarily include transfer of care but entails becoming more autonomous for one's HIV care. Using different age thresholds as proxies for when “transition” to autonomy might occur, we evaluated pre‐ and post‐transition outcomes among AYLH.

Methods

We included AYLH aged <16 years at enrolment, receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) within International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS Southern Africa (IeDEA‐SA) sites (2004 to 2017) with no history of transferring care. Using the ages of 16, 18, 20 and 22 years as proxies for “transition to autonomy,” we compared the outcomes: no gap in care (≥2 clinic visits) and viral suppression (HIV‐RNA <400 copies/mL) in the 12 months before and after each age threshold. Using log‐binomial regression, we examined factors associated with no gap in care (retention) in the 12 months post‐transition.

Results

A total of 5516 AYLH from 16 sites were included at “transition” age 16 (transition‐16y), 3864 at 18 (transition‐18y), 1463 at 20 (transition‐20y) and 440 at 22 years (transition‐22y). At transition‐18y, in the 12 months pre‐ and post‐transition, 83% versus 74% of AYLH had no gap in care (difference 9.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 7.8 to 10.9)); while 65% versus 62% were virally suppressed (difference 2.7 (−1.0 to 6.5%)). The strongest predictor of being retained post‐transition was having no gap in the preceding year, across all transition age thresholds (transition‐16y: adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.72; 95% CI (1.60 to 1.86); transition‐18y: aRR 1.76 (1.61 to 1.92); transition‐20y: aRR 1.75 (1.53 to 2.01); transition‐22y: aRR 1.47; (1.21 to 1.78)).

Conclusions

AYLH with gaps in care need targeted support to prevent non‐retention as they take on greater responsibility for their healthcare. Interventions to increase virologic suppression rates are necessary for all AYLH ageing to adulthood.
CHALLENGES FOR INTERACTION DESIGN EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH: A CASE STUDY OF BOTSWANA
Authors: Lotz Nicole , Sharp Helen
Published: January 2020

In a long‐term partnership between a university in the UK and one in Botswana teaching interaction design, the Botswana cohort of students consistently performed less well than their UK counterparts. To investigate this, we conducted a pair of design protocol studies: one in the UK and one in Botswana. Our findings show that designer behaviour differs in the two contexts in terms of process, use of ideation techniques and solution and problem focus, when approaching the task. More specifically, UK students follow the approach taught in the module, while this process conflicts with Botswana students' behaviours. However, we also find that Botswana students prioritise the external context of the designed product rather than its interaction characteristics, which is problematic as interaction is the key feature of interactive products. These results are significant because without leveraging indigenous knowledge to design interaction that supports local user characteristics and context, sustainable and equitable development through technological innovation will be suppressed. In this paper, we highlight challenges for interaction design education in Botswana, which include how to recognise and support a diversity of design approaches while providing suitable pedagogic scaffolding. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential of large “first generation” human‐to‐human transmission of 2019‐nCoV
Authors: Li Xingguang , Zai Junjie , Wang Xiaomei , Li Yi
Published: January 2020

To investigate the genetic diversity, time origin, and evolutionary history of the 2019‐nCoV outbreak in China and Thailand, a total of 12 genome sequences of the virus with known sampling date (24 December 2019 and 13 January 2020) and geographic location (primarily Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China, but also Bangkok, Thailand) were analyzed. Phylogenetic and likelihood‐mapping analyses of these genome sequences were performed. On the basis of our results, the star‐like signal and topology of 2019‐nCoV may be indicative of potentially large “first generation” human‐to‐human virus transmission. We estimated that 2019‐nCoV likely originated in Wuhan on 9 November 2019 (95% credible interval: 25 September 2019 and 19 December 2019), and that Wuhan is the major hub for the spread of the 2019‐nCoV outbreak in China and elsewhere. Our results could be useful for designing effective prevention strategies for 2019‐nCoV in China and beyond.