bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
α‐Phosphinoalkylboranes
Authors: Matteson D. S.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carboxyboranes and Related Derivatives
Authors: Gabel D. , El‐Zaria M. B.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyanoboranes
Authors: Gabel D. , El‐Zaria M. B.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aminoboranes and Borane—Amine Complexes
Authors: Carboni B. , Carreaux F.
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intermolecular and Intramolecular Transamidation Reactions
Authors: Gonzalez‐Rosende M. Eugenia , Castillo Encarna , Lasri Jamal , Sepulveda‐Arques Jose
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Inula
Authors: Zhao Yong‐Ming , Zhang Man‐Li , Shi Qing‐Wen , Kiyota Hiromasa
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Interesting Molecular Topologies by Way of Modern Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: de Meijere Armin , Stulgies Baldur , Albrecht Karsten , Rauch Karsten , Wegner Hermann A. , Hopf Henning , Scott Lawrence T. , Eshdat Lior , Aprahamian Ivan , Rabinovitz Mordecai
Published: May 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cell morphology and circuitry in the central lobes of the mormyrid cerebellum
Authors: Han Victor Z. , Meek Johannes , Campbell Holly R. , Bell Curtis C.
Published: May 2006

The cerebellum of mormyrid electric fish is large and unusually regular in its histological structure. We have examined the morphology of cellular elements in the central lobes of the mormyrid cerebellum. We have used intracellular injection of biocytin to determine the morphology of cells with somas in the cortex, and we have used extracellular placement of anterograde tracers in the inferior olive to label climbing fibers. Our results confirm previous Golgi studies and extend them by providing a more complete description of axonal trajectories. Most Purkinje cells in mormyrids and other actinopterygian fishes are interneurons that terminate locally in the cortex on efferent neurons that are equivalent to cerebellar nucleus cells in mammals. We confirm the markedly sagittal distribution of the fan‐like dendrites of Purkinje cells, efferent cells, and molecular layer interneurons. We show that Purkinje cell axons extend further than was previously thought in the sagittal plane. We show that climbing fibers are distributed in narrow sagittal strips and that these fibers terminate exclusively in the ganglionic layer below the molecular layer where parallel fibers terminate. Our results together with those of others show that the central lobes of the mormyrid cerebellum, similar to the mammalian cerebellum, are composed of sagittally oriented modules made up of Purkinje cells, climbing fibers, molecular layer interneurons, and cerebellar efferent cells (cerebellar nucleus cells in mammals) that Purkinje cells inhibit. This modular organization is more apparent and more sharply defined in the mormyrid than in the mammal. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:309–325, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A study of the rat neuropeptide B/neuropeptide W system using in situ techniques
Authors: Jackson Valerie R. , Lin Steven H. , Wang Zhiwei , Nothacker Hans‐Peter , Civelli Olivier
Published: May 2006

In the rat, the neuropeptide B/neuropeptide W (NPB/NPW) system is composed of two ligands, neuropeptide B (NPB) and neuropeptide W (NPW), and one receptor, GPR7. Although preliminary analyses show roles in feeding, hormone secretion, and analgesia, the lack of a detailed anatomical map impairs our understanding of the NPB/NPW system. We demonstrate in this report the expression patterns of GPR7, NPB, and NPW precursor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the rat brain by using in situ hybridization and in situ binding experiments. The amygdala expresses the highest levels of GPR7 mRNA and binding signals. Other nuclei with high levels of expression and binding are the suprachiasmatic and the ventral tuberomamillary nuclei. Moderate levels are seen in the dorsal endopiriform, dorsal tenia tecta, bed nucleus, and the red nucleus. Low levels are in the olfactory bulb, parastrial nucleus, hypothalamus, laterodorsal tegmentum, superior colliculus, locus coeruleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Although the NPB precursor is mostly expressed at low levels in the brain, moderate expression is seen in anterior olfactory nucleus, piriform cortex, median preoptic nucleus, basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, medial tuberal nucleus, substantia nigra, dorsal raphe nucleus, Edinger‐Westphal nucleus, and the locus coeruleus. To our surprise, the expression of NPW precursor was not detected. Our study greatly expands the preliminary in situ data previously reported. With this map of the NPB/NPW system in the rat brain, a better understanding of the functional implications of the system in various behavioral paradigms is now possible. J. Comp. Neurol. 497:367–383, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping of notch activation during cochlear development in mice: Implications for determination of prosensory domain and cell fate diversification
Authors: Murata Junko , Tokunaga Akinori , Okano Hideyuki , Kubo Takeshi
Published: May 2006

Recent chick experiments have shown that Notch signaling plays context‐dependent distinct roles in inner ear development: initially, Notch activity confers a prosensory character on groups of cells by “lateral induction”; subsequently, it is involved in the establishment of fine‐graded patterns of hair cells and supporting cells by “lateral inhibition.” However, the spatiotemporal pattern of Notch activation in situ during mammalian inner ear development has not been investigated. In this study, we detected the expression patterns of the activated form of Notch1 (actN1) as well as those of endogenous Notch1, Jagged1 (Jag1), and Math1. ActN1 was detected by immunohistochemistry using an antibody that specifically recognizes the processed form of the intracellular domain of Notch1 cleaved by presenilin/γ‐secretase activity. Between embryonic days (E)12.5 and E14.5, actN1 was weakly detected mainly in the medial region of cochlear epithelium, where Jag1‐immunoreactivivty (IR) was also observed. Jag1‐IR gradually became stronger in a more sharply defined area, finally becoming localized in supporting cells, while actN1 was detected in an overlapping area. Thus, a positive feedback loop was assumed to exist between the expression of Jag1 and actN1. In addition, actN1 started to be strongly expressed in the cells surrounding Math1‐positive hair cell progenitors between E14.5 and E15.5. Strong actN1‐IR continued in both a supporting cell lineage and in the greater epithelial ridge during the perinatal stage but ended by P7, suggesting that Notch1 activation may initially demarcate a prosensory region in the cochlear epithelium and then inhibit progenitor cells from becoming hair cells via classical “lateral inhibition.” J. Comp. Neurol. 497:502–518, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Capillary Melt Method for Micro Antimony Oxide pH Electrode
Authors: Ha Yang , Wang Min
Published: May 2006

In this work, a new approach named “capillary melt method” was developed to fabricate micro antimony wires, and the wire surface was then oxidized in a nitrate melt at high temperature to obtain an antimony/antimony oxide pH electrode. Characterization results show that the oxide layer on the wire surface is porous, and consists of Sb2O3 crystal phase. The pH electrode, made using this method, showed good sensing performance in buffer solutions in the tested pH range of 2–12. Its EMF signal was found to have a linear relationship with pH value of the solution, with a sensitivity of 54.1 mV/pH and a fitting correlation coefficient of R2=1.00. The advantages of the electrode are long‐term stability, fast response, reproducibility and low cost.
Graphite Micropowder Modified with 4‐Amino‐2,6‐diphenylphenol Supported on Basal Plane Pyrolytic Graphite Electrodes: Micro Sensing Platforms for the Indirect Electrochemical Detection of Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in Saliva
Authors: Goodwin Alexander , Banks Craig E. , Compton Richard G.
Published: May 2006

Graphite micropowder has been modified with 4‐amino‐2,6‐diphenylphenol immobilized onto a basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode and explored for the indirect electrochemical sensing of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol in artificial saliva. The protocol is based on the electrochemical formation of quinoneimine which specifically reacts with Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol resulting in the loss of the quinoneimine which can be monitored via voltammetry. It is demonstrated that Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol can be detected in artificial saliva over the micromolar range. Such a protocol may find application in screening for drug abuse.
Determination of quinolone residues in chicken and fish by capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Juan‐García Ana , Font Guillermina , Picó Yolanda
Published: May 2006

A specific pressure‐assisted CE‐MS method is described for the analysis of five quinolone residues. MS using a single quadrupole is compared with multiple‐stage MS using a quadrupole IT (QIT‐MSn). The procedure involves a common sample preparation by SPE on disposable cartridges. The most suitable electrolyte is 60 mM (NH4)2CO3 at pH 9.2. Single quadrupole does not provide enough fragmentation to confirm identities according to the current legislation. However, QIT‐MSn achieves selective fragmentation. Using this method, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, flumequine, ofloxacin, and pipemidic acid are analyzed in fortified samples of chicken and fish. Recoveries at levels of 50 ng/g were 62–99%, except for flumequine, which gives recoveries ≥45%. RSDs are from 9 to 16% and the LOD is equal (20 ng/g) for the five analytes. Confirmation of the quinolones' identity is achieved using QIT‐MS3. Forty samples of chicken and fish taken from different local markets are analyzed. Enrofloxacin is also determined in incurred chicken muscle using this method.
Towards a protocol for laser scanning in fluvial geomorphology
Authors: Heritage George , Hetherington David
Published: May 2006

Advances in spatial analytical software allow digital elevation models (DEMs) to be produced which accurately represent landform surface variability and offer an important opportunity to measure and monitor morphological change and sediment transfer across a variety of spatial scales. Many of the techniques presently employed (aerial LIDAR, EDM theodolites, GPS, photogrammetry) suffer coverage or resolution limitations resulting in a trade‐off between spatial coverage and morphologic detail captured. This issue is particularly important when rates of spatial and temporal change are considered for fluvial systems. This paper describes the field and processing techniques required for oblique laser scanning to acquire 0·01 m resolution digital elevation data of an upland reach of the River Wharfe in the UK. The study site is variable with rapidly changing morphology, diverse vegetation and the presence of water, and these are evaluated with respect to laser data accuracy. Scan location, frequency and distance are discussed with reference to survey accuracy and efficiency, and a field protocol is proposed. Scan data cloud merging was achieved with a high degree of precision (sub‐centimetre) and positional data are shown to be very accurate for exposed surfaces. Vegetation and water decrease the accuracy, as the laser pulse is often prevented from reaching the ground surface or is not returned. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Room temperature synthesis of agarose/sol–gel glass pieces with tailored interconnected porosity
Authors: Cabañas M. V. , Peña J. , Román J. , Vallet‐Regí M.
Published: May 2006

An original shaping technique has been applied to prepare porous bodies at room temperature. Agarose, a biodegradable polysaccharide, was added as binder of a sol–gel glass in powder form, yielding an easy to mold paste. Interconnected tailored porous bodies can be straightforwardly prepared by pouring the slurry into a polymeric scaffold, previously designed by stereolitography, which is subsequently eliminated by alkaline dissolution at room temperature. The so obtained pieces behave like a hydrogel with an enhanced consistency that makes them machinable and easy to manipulate. These materials generate an apatite‐like layer when immersed in a simulated body fluid, indicating a potential in vivo bioactivity. The proposed method can be applied to different powdered materials to produce pieces, at room temperature, with various shapes and sizes and with tailored interconnected porosity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Corrosion test, cell behavior test, and in vivo study of gradient TiO2 layers produced by compound electrochemical oxidation
Authors: Zhu Lin , Ye Xun , Tang Guangxin , Zhao Nanming , Gong Yandao , Zhao Yuanli , Zhao Jizong , Zhang Xiufang
Published: May 2006

This paper describes efforts to improve implant biocompatibility and durability by applying a hybrid technique using composite oxidation. Pure titanium was used as the substrate material. A porous oxide film as the outer layer was produced by micro‐arc oxidation and a dense oxide film as the inner layer was produced by pre‐anodic oxidation. In this study, physicochemical characteristics, corrosion test, cell attachment behavior, and in vivo studies were used to compare this gradient layer with untreated titanium. The results revealed that the gradient layer was composed of two layers of oxide films which were made up of rutile and anatase and the surface was porous with calcium and phosphor. The corrosion resistance of the gradient layer was improved remarkably, which was about three times the values for titanium and two times the value for the dense layer. The cell–material interaction study indicated that L929 cells seeded and cultured on the gradient layer appeared to attach well and the rate of proliferation was the greatest. The study in vivo showed that the gradient layer had good biocompatibility. This gradient layer provides a material with high corrosion resistance, bioactivity, and biological properties suitable for tissue engineering applications. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
‘Epistemological dependency’—cognitive relativism in development thinking
Authors: Gonçalves Bianca Többe
Published: May 2006

Nowadays fashionable postmodernism entered the realm of development studies as post‐development. Although post‐development has been widely criticised on account of its political and economic romanticism, many critics nevertheless wrongly praise the methodological ‘challenge’ posed by post‐developmentalism. It will be argued that postmodernism's cognitive relativism cannot be a serious approach to investigate development problems. A closer look at the epistemological divide within the social sciences (Hegelianism vs. positivism) helps to understand why postmodernism's cognition attracts even many of its critics and why universal reason needs to be defended. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MR colonography for the assessment of colonic anastomoses
Authors: Ajaj Waleed , Goyen Mathias , Langhorst Jost , Ruehm Stefan G. , Gerken Guido , Lauenstein Thomas C.
Published: May 2006

Purpose

To assess colonic anastomoses in patients after surgical treatment by means of MR colonography (MRC) in comparison with conventional colonoscopy (CC).

Materials and Methods

A total of 39 patients who had previously undergone colonic resection and end‐to‐end‐anastomosis were included in the study. MRI was based on a dark‐lumen approach. Contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted (T1w) three‐dimensional (3D) images were collected following the rectal administration of water for colonic distension. The MRC data were evaluated by two radiologists. The criteria employed to evaluate the anastomoses included bowel wall thickening and increased contrast uptake in this region. Furthermore, all other colonic segments were assessed for the presence of pathologies.

Results

In 23 and 20 patients the anastomosis was rated to be normal by MRC and CC, respectively. In three patients CC revealed a slight inflammation of the anastomosis that was missed by MRI. A moderate stenosis of the anastomosis without inflammation was detected by MRC in five patients, which was confirmed by CC. In the remaining 11 patients a relevant pathology of the anastomosis was diagnosed by both MRC and CC. Recurrent tumor was diagnosed in two patients with a history of colorectal carcinoma. In the other nine patients inflammation of the anastomosis was seen in seven with Crohn's disease (CD) and two with ulcerative colitis. MRC did not yield any false‐positive findings, resulting in an overall sensitivity/specificity for the assessment of the anastomosis of 84%/100%.

Conclusion

MRC represents a promising alternative to CC for the assessment of colonic anastomoses in patients with previous colonic resection. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rosuvastatin safety: a comprehensive, international pharmacoepidemiology programme
Authors: Johansson Saga , Ming Eileen E. , Wallander Mari‐Ann , Rodríguez Luis A. García , Herings Ron M. C. , Goettsch Wim G. , González‐Pérez Antonio , McAfee Andrew T. , Walker Alexander M.
Published: May 2006

Results from clinical trials and clinical practice have shown statins to be generally well tolerated with a low frequency of clinically relevant side effects. Nevertheless, there are rare occasions when adverse events (AEs), sometimes serious, may occur. Rosuvastatin is the newest statin to be approved in the USA and many other countries. As part of the continued assessment of the benefit‐risk profile of rosuvastatin, AstraZeneca has developed a progressive, comprehensive pharmacoepidemiology programme to complement safety data obtained from randomised clinical trials and spontaneous reporting systems, which have demonstrated that rosuvastatin has a safety profile in line with comparator statins. This programme comprises nine studies conducted in recognised centres of excellence assessing over 50 000 patients treated with rosuvastatin. It consists of three components: patient characteristics studies (four studies), safety evaluation studies (four studies); and review of data generated from the Prescription‐Event Monitoring (PEM) study, designed and run by an independent third party. Patient characteristics studies are designed to describe the characteristics and drug utilisation patterns of new users of rosuvastatin compared with new users of other statins in automated databases. Safety evaluation studies will examine the rates of specific AEs in different cohorts of statin users and determine risk factors for these events using data recorded prospectively in automated databases with case adjudication via medical record review. The independent PEM study will monitor any significant events recorded by general practitioners since starting rosuvastatin treatment. This article is an overview of the rationale and methodology of the rosuvastatin pharmacoepidemiology programme. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal evolution of the photoinitiation rate for thick polymer systems illuminated with polychromatic light
Authors: Kenning Nicole Stephenson , Kriks Dane , El‐Maazawi Mohammed , Scranton Alec
Published: May 2006

A complete and accurate description of polychromatic photoinitiation in thick systems is presented in which the incident intensity and molar absorptivities of all components may be independently specified at each incident wavelength. The analysis reveals that the photoinitiation rate profile obtained with polychromatic illumination is considerably different from the sum of the monochromatic profiles, and that synergistic coupling of the contributions from multiple wavelengths can lead to both high rates of initiation near the surface and significant initiation deep in the sample. Simulations reveal that the shape and attributes of the aggregate photoinitiation rate profile may change markedly if any of a number of variables are changed, including the relative intensities, the absolute intensity, initiator concentration, and degree of photobleaching. The polychromatic description of photoinitiation presented here can be applied to any combination of monomer, initiator, and light source and may provide an invaluable tool for design of these systems. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Gebäudehülle aus Stahl und Glas – Das neue Citroën‐Ausstellungszentrum in Paris
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Pilsl Mascha , Baitinger Martin , Gesella Heiko
Published: May 2006

Seit 1927 ist 42, Avenue des Champs‐Elysées, Paris, die Adresse des ersten Ausstellungszentrums der Firma Citroën. Nachdem entschieden wurde, das alte Gebäude vollständig zu erneuern, entsteht nun an gleicher Stelle eine extravagante Konstruktion, bei der Dach und Fassade eins sind. Mit einer mit Glas ausgefachten Stahlgitterkonstruktion, die in freier Form von der vorderen Fassade über das Dach hinunter bis zum Fußpunkt der rückwärtigen Fassade geführt wird und mit zahlreichen gläsernen Pyramideneinsätzen versehen ist, entsteht eine einzigartige reliefartige und geschwungene Überwurffassade, die in dem Autohaus allseitige Lichtdurchflutung garantiert. Bedingt durch die außergewöhnliche Konstruktion mußten besondere architektonische und technische Ansprüche erfüllt werden. Über die technisch‐konstruktiven Aspekte, die sich aus dem Glasbau in Verbindung mit Stahl, der Bauphysik und der Montage ergaben, wird in dem vorliegenden Artikel berichtet. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Glashäuser im Osten Deutschlands
Authors: Weller Bernhard , Tasche Martin
Published: May 2006

Nach einer kurzen Darstellung wichtiger englischer Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Glashäuser werden noch erhaltene Pflanzenhäuser aus dem 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in Berlin und Dresden näher erläutert. Anschließend wird die stürmische Entwicklung beim Bau transparenter Dächer, Fassaden und Hallen aus Glas und Stahl in den 1990er Jahren anhand ausgewählter Beispiele aus dem Osten Deutschlands dargestellt. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Berechnungskonzept für die Bemessung von punktförmig gelagerten Glasscheiben
Authors: Kasper Ruth
Published: May 2006

Punktförmig gelagerte Glasscheiben sind beliebte Konstruktionselemente. Durch die punktförmige Lagerung treten jedoch lokal hohe Spannungskonzentrationen auf, die durch das spröde Materialverhalten des Werkstoffs Glas nicht abgebaut werden können. Bei Überschreiten der Materialfestigkeit führt dies zu einem sofortigen Bruch der Glasscheibe. Die Schwierigkeit bei der Bemessung einer punktförmig gelagerten Glasscheibe liegt in der Ermittlung der Spannungskonzentration in Abhängigkeit der Bohrungs‐ und Haltergeometrie. Der vorliegende Aufsatz zeigt eine mögliche Vorgehensweise, die am Lehrstuhl für Stahlbau der RWTH Aachen entwickelt wurde. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zum Nachweis von stabilitätsgefährdeten Glasträgern unter Biegebeanspruchung
Authors: Lindner Joachim , Holberndt Tobias
Published: May 2006

In der Architektur hat sich ein zunehmender Wandel hin zu einer hochtransparenten Bauweise vollzogen. Infolgedessen werden für lastabtragende Funktionen vermehrt Glasträger eingesetzt. Da sie infolge ihrer fertigungsbedingten geringen Dicke stark stabilitätsgefährdet sind und die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen zur Bemessung solcher Träger jedoch zum Teil noch unbekannt sind, besteht hier ein dringender Forschungsbedarf.

Dieser Artikel widmet sich einem der drei wichtigsten Stabilitätsprobleme für Glasträger: dem Biegedrillknicken. Bei diesem Stabilitätsfall weicht ein biegebeanspruchter Träger senkrecht zur äußeren Belastung aus und verdreht sich gleichzeitig.

Zur Ermittlung der Tragfähigkeit von Glasträgern wurde ein umfangreiches experimentelles Versuchsprogramm am Fachgebiet Metall‐ und Leichtbau (ehem. Stahlbau) der TU Berlin durchgeführt. Neben dem Last‐Verformungsverhalten für unterschiedliche Lastfälle wurden ebenso Imperfektionen ermittelt. Auf dieser Grundlage ist ein Finite‐Element‐Modell verifiziert worden, mit Hilfe dessen zahlreiche numerische Studien durchgeführt wurden. Aus den Ergebnissen wurde ein praxisgerechtes und wirtschaftliches Bemessungskonzept zum Nachweis des Biegedrillknickversagens von Glasträgern entsprechend einem Ersatzstabverfahren entwickelt. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Verbund im Glasbau – Neues und Bewährtes
Authors: Bucak Ömer , Schuler Christian , Meißner Matthias
Published: May 2006

Gerade im Zusammenhang mit dem steigenden Bedürfnis an Sicherheit gewinnt der Glas‐Verbundbau im konstruktiven Glasbau immer mehr an Bedeutung. Die Anforderungen an Verbundsicherheitsglas reichen von der Absturzsicherung über das Resttragfähigkeitsverhalten nach Glasbruch bis hin zur Sprengwirkungshemmung. Neben dem Sicherheitsaspekt werden dem Verbund zwischen zwei oder mehreren Gläsern heute immer häufiger auch bauphysikalische Aufgaben, wie zum Beispiel Schallschutz und Sonnen‐ oder Blendschutz zugedacht. Zusätzlich wird die Zwischenschicht aufgrund der zahlreichen Möglichkeiten der Gestaltung (z. B. Färbung, Bedruckung, Einlegen von Geweben etc.) vermehrt durch architektonische Gesichtspunkte bestimmt. Parallel zu den gestiegenen Anforderungen und Möglichkeiten bei der Herstellung von Verbund‐ und Verbundsicherheitsgläsern hat eine breite Forschung im Bereich der Verbundsicherheitsgläser mit Polyvinylbutyral (PVB)‐Zwischenlage stattgefunden und es wurden neuartige Zwischenlagen entwickelt.

Dieser Beitrag zeigt Möglichkeiten des Glas‐Verbundes mit unterschiedlichen Verbundzwischenlagen auf und stellt Forschungsergebnisse dar, die zur baurechtlichen Anerkennung der teilweisen Berücksichtigung des Verbundes bei der Bemessung führen sollen. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time course of acylcarnitine elevation in neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency
Authors: Lee Ni‐Chung , Chien Yin‐Hsiu , Kobayashi Keiko , Saheki Takeyori , Chen Huey‐Ling , Chiu Pao‐Chin , Ni Yen‐Hsuan , Chang Mei‐Hwei , Hwu Wuh‐Liang
Published: May 2006

Citrin is a mitochondrial membrane aspartate–glutamate carrier, and citrin deficiency causes both hyperammonaemia in adults (adult‐onset type II citrullinaemia, CTLN2) and neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis caused by citrin deficiency (NICCD), with metabolic derangements in gluconeogenesis, aerobic glycolysis, urea synthesis, UDP‐galactose epimerase activity, and possibly fatty acid synthesis and utilization. Through neonatal screening and case review, four patients with NICCD who had an acylcarnitine profile during infancy were all found to have an elevation of free carnitine, C2‐carnitine, and long‐chain acylcarnitines. These metabolic abnormalities appeared after the rise of citrulline and bilirubin, but before the elevation of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. Although the rise of free carnitine and acylcarnitines seems to be a benign condition, the sequential changes of these metabolic derangements may give clues to the pathogenesis of this interesting disorder.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cataract, developmental delay, lactic acidosis: A novel subtype of 3‐methylglutaconic aciduria
Authors: Rosa Gabriella Di , Deodato Federica , Loupatty Ference J. , Rizzo Cristiano , Carrozzo Rosalba , Santorelli Filippo M. , Boenzi Sara , D'Amico Adele , Tozzi Giulia , Bertini Enrico , Maiorana Andrea , Wanders Ronald J. A. , Dionisi‐Vici Carlo
Published: May 2006

3‐Methylglutaconic aciduria is the biochemical marker of several inherited metabolic diseases. Four types of 3‐methylglutaconic aciduria can be distinguished. In the type I form, accumulation of 3‐methylglutaconate is due to deficient activity of 3‐methylglutaconyl‐CoA hydratase, an enzyme of the leucine degradation pathway. In the other forms, 3‐methylglutaconic acid is not derived from leucine but is of unidentified origin, possibly derived from other metabolic pathways, such as mevalonate metabolism. We report five patients, all presenting a severe early‐onset phenotype characterized by 3‐methylglutaconic aciduria, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cataract, hypotonia/developmental delay, lactic acidosis, and normal 3‐methylglutaconyl‐CoA hydratase activity. This peculiar phenotype, for which a primary mitochondrial disorder is hypothesized, identifies a novel subtype of 3‐methylglutaconic aciduria.
PROPER COVERS OF AMPLE MONOIDS
Authors: Fountain John , Gomes Gracinda M. S.
Published: May 2006

Proper ample monoids are described by means of a certain category acted upon on both sides by a cancellative monoid. Making use of this characterization, we show that every ample monoid $S$ has a proper ample cover, which can be taken to be finite whenever $S$ is finite.
INVERSE SPECTRAL PROBLEMS FOR STURM–LIOUVILLE OPERATORS WITH SINGULAR POTENTIALS. IV. POTENTIALS IN THE SOBOLEV SPACE SCALE
Authors: Hryniv Rostyslav O. , Mykytyuk Yaroslav V.
Published: May 2006

We solve the inverse spectral problems for the class of Sturm–Liouville operators with singular real-valued potentials from the Sobolev space $W^{s-1}_2(0,1)$, $s\in[0,1]$. The potential is recovered from two spectra or from one spectrum and the norming constants. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the spectral data to correspond to a potential in $W^{s-1}_2(0,1)$ are established.
An Event-Related fMRI Study of Self-Paced Writing of Simple Dots
Authors: Rektor I. , Rektorová I. , Mikl M. , Brázdil M. , Krupa P.
Published: May 2006

The spatial locations of brain activation related to self-paced repetitive movements, i.e., writing simple dots, were studied using event-related fMRI. Ten healthy right-handed subjects were scanned while performing the protocol with self-paced repetitive movement. In a protocol with self-paced dot writing, we observed significant activation in regions known to participate in motor control: Contralateral to the movement in the primary sensorimotor and supramarginal cortices, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the underlying cingulate, and, to a lesser extent, the sensorimotor region ipsilateral to the writing hand. When the fMRI was compared with the map of the brain areas electrically active with self-paced movements (intracerebral recordings; Rektor et al., 1994 , 1998 , 2001, b , c , 2003 ), there was an evident overlap of most results. Nevertheless, the electrophysiological studies were more sensitive in uncovering small active areas, i.e., in the premotor and prefrontal cortices. The Bereitschafspotential (BP) with Movement Accompanying Potential (MAP) and hemodynamic changes overlap in regions where the BP were displayed consistently. In some other regions, the BP recordings were inconsistent, i.e., in the prefrontal cortex, where about half of the contacts displayed BP generators while the other half did not. In these regions the hemodynamic changes were not significant. The spatial limitations of the intracerebral electrodes is a result of the fact that the electrodes are submerged in the cerebral tissue and record in their immediate vicinity. The fMRI that indirectly measures activity of larger populations of neurons has better spatial resolution. Electrophysiological techniques with intracranial recordings may reveal even subtle generators of electrical activity.
To Break the Embarrassment
Authors: Nesi Barbara , Levorato Maria Chiara , Roch Maja , Cacciari Cristina
Published: May 2006

The aim of the present study was to investigate children's ability to complete idiom fragments embedded in stories. Previous studies found that children's and preadolescents' ability to comprehend a text was related to their ability to understand an idiomatic expression ( Cain, Oakhill, & Lemmon, 2005 ; Levorato, Nesi, & Cacciari, 2004 ; Nippold, Moran, & Schwarz, 2001 ). Comprehension and production processes share a vast amount of conceptual and lexical knowledge. Hence, we hypothesized that children's text reading comprehension skills also might be related to their ability to produce nonliteral completions. Skilled and less-skilled text comprehenders (age range from 7.4 to 10.3) were presented with short stories that ended with an idiomatic fragment (e.g., “Paul broke the .. .” for the idiom “break the ice”) and were asked to complete the story. The children's completions were coded as Literal, Idiomatic, or Figurative, as in previous studies ( Levorato & Cacciari, 1992 , 1995 ). The results showed that children's ability to understand a text was related to their ability to complete idiomatic fragments figuratively. Less-skilled comprehenders provided more literal completions than skilled comprehenders who, in turn, provided more idiomatic completions.
What if Victims Read a Newspaper Report About Their Victimization?
Authors: Maercker Andreas , Mehr Astrid
Published: May 2006

Trauma victims are often a focus of media attention. However, little is known about the psychological effects that media coverage of their cases can have on the victims themselves. Two contradictory hypotheses exist: One is that media reports lead to retraumatization of victims and may impede recovery, the other that media reports provide social recognition for victims and, thus, constitute a positive form of support that may facilitate recovery. We used a longitudinal group comparison design, and assessed a sample of crime victims at around 5 and 11 months after trauma. Participants were crime victims recruited through a legal aid organization. Data were gathered by checklists and standardized self-reports. Forty-seven percent of the participants had read, listened to or watched at least one media report on their case. Of these, almost two thirds stated that the reports were more or less accurate. Nonetheless, the dominant psychological reaction to the reports was negative (sad 66%, frightened 48%), and few participants expressed positive reactions. Reactions were significantly more negative when the content of the report was not considered to be accurate. Some evidence was found for the theoretical assumption of retraumatization by media reports: There was a moderate correlation (r = 0.48) between negative reaction to the trauma reports and the level of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms at baseline assessment. Coverage in a media report did not predict PTSD symptoms at follow-up. In conclusion, the association between the level of PTSD symptoms and negative psychological reactions to media coverage indicates that media representatives should take particular care when dealing with the most strongly traumatized survivors.
Teaching Research Methods in an Internet-Based Blended-Learning Setting
Authors: Schober Barbara , Wagner Petra , Reimann Ralph , Atria Moira , Spiel Christiane
Published: May 2006

This article gives a survey of a blended learning approach called Vienna E-Lecturing (VEL), implemented in the course Research Methods and Evaluation, which is required by the psychology program at the University of Vienna, Austria. VEL replaces a main lecture and has been designed to teach methodological issues more effectively as well as to strengthen students' learning competences in this field. The program's conceptualization is based on instructional and motivational findings yielding the program's two main teaching principles: (1) networking and (2) optimal instructions. The Internet-based course lasts two semesters and is composed of 10 online learning modules and 11 face-to-face meetings (including tutorials). The modules, which are available successively via a learning platform, systematically instruct students to learn more effectively by cooperating and fulfilling different tasks within small groups.

The current article describes the program's principles and theoretical background and outlines the 10 online modules. In addition, some module examples are given for illustration.
Kinetics and product analysis of the reaction catalysed by recombinant homoaconitase from Thermus thermophilus
Authors: Jia Yunhua , Tomita Takeo , Yamauchi Kazuma , Nishiyama Makoto , Palmer David R. J.
Published: May 2006

HACN (homoaconitase) is a member of a family of [4Fe-4S] cluster-dependent enzymes that catalyse hydration/dehydration reactions. The best characterized example of this family is the ubiquitous ACN (aconitase), which catalyses the dehydration of citrate to cis-aconitate, and the subsequent hydration of cis-aconitate to isocitrate. HACN is an enzyme from the α-aminoadipate pathway of lysine biosynthesis, and has been identified in higher fungi and several archaea and one thermophilic species of bacteria, Thermus thermophilus. HACN catalyses the hydration of cis-homoaconitate to (2R,3S)-homoisocitrate, but the HACN-catalysed dehydration of (R)-homocitrate to cis-homoaconitate has not been observed in vitro. We have synthesized the substrates and putative substrates for this enzyme, and in the present study report the first steady-state kinetic data for recombinant HACN from T. thermophilus using a (2R,3S)-homoisocitrate dehydrogenase-coupled assay. We have also examined the products of the reaction using HPLC. We do not observe HACN-catalysed ‘homocitrate dehydratase’ activity; however, we have observed that ACN can catalyse the dehydration of (R)-homocitrate to cis-homoaconitate, but HACN is required for subsequent conversion of cis-homoaconitate into homoisocitrate. This suggests that the in vivo process for conversion of homocitrate into homoisocitrate requires two enzymes, in simile with the propionate utilization pathway from Escherichia coli. Surprisingly, HACN does not show any activity when cis-aconitate is substituted for the substrate, even though other enzymes from the α-aminoadipate pathway can accept analogous tricarboxylic acid-cycle substrates. The enzyme shows no apparent feedback inhibition by L-lysine.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induces HIF-1 activation in human monocytes via p44/42 MAPK and NF-κB
Authors: Frede Stilla , Stockmann Christian , Freitag Patricia , Fandrey Joachim
Published: May 2006

Inflammatory mediators activate the transcriptional complex HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1), the key regulator of hypoxia-induced gene expression. Here we report that bacterial LPS (lipopolysaccharide) induces HIF-1α mRNA expression and HIF-1α protein accumulation in human monocytes as well as in non-differentiated and differentiated cells of the human monocytic cell line THP-1 under normoxic conditions. LPS and hypoxia synergistically activated HIF-1. Whereas LPS increased HIF-1α mRNA expression through activation of a NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) site in the promoter of the HIF-1α gene, hypoxia post-translationally stabilized HIF-1α protein. HIF-1α activation was followed by increased expression of the HIF-1 target gene encoding ADM (adrenomedullin). Knocking down HIF-1α by RNA interference significantly decreased ADM expression, which underlines the importance of HIF-1 for the LPS-induced ADM expression in normoxia. Simultaneously with HIF-1 activation, an increase in p44/42 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) phosphorylation was observed after incubation with LPS. In cells pretreated with the p44/42 MAPK inhibitor PD 98059 or with RNAi (interfering RNA) directed against p44/42 MAPK, LPS-induced HIF-1α accumulation and ADM expression were significantly decreased. From these results we conclude that LPS critically involves the p44/42 MAPK and NF-κB pathway in the activation of HIF-1, which is an important transcription factor for LPS-induced ADM expression.
Salivary apyrases of Triatoma infestans are assembled into homo-oligomers
Authors: Faudry Eric , Santana Jaime M. , Ebel Christine , Vernet Thierry , Teixeira Antonio R. L.
Published: May 2006

Apyrase activity is present in the saliva of haematophagous arthropods. It is related to blood-feeding because of the apyrase ability to hydrolyse ADP, a key component of platelet aggregation. Five apyrases with apparent molecular masses of 88, 82, 79, 68 and 67 kDa were identified in the saliva of the vector of Chagas disease, Triatoma infestans. The large size observed during purification of these enzymes suggested oligomerization. In the present study, we confirmed, using gel-filtration and analytical ultracentrifugation, the presence of apyrase oligomers with molecular masses of 200 kDa in the saliva. Electrophoretic analyses showed that disulphide bonds were involved in homo-oligomerization. In addition, heterogeneity in disulphide bonds and in pI was detected, with the pI ranging from 4.9 to 5.4. The present study gives the first insights into the quaternary structure of soluble apyrases.
Transmembrane segment 1 of human P-glycoprotein contributes to the drug-binding pocket
Authors: Loo Tip W. , Bartlett M. Claire , Clarke David M.
Published: May 2006

P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1) actively transports a broad range of structurally unrelated compounds out of the cell. An important step in the transport cycle is coupling of drug binding with ATP hydrolysis. Drug substrates such as verapamil bind in a common drug-binding pocket at the interface between the TM (transmembrane) domains of P-gp and stimulate ATPase activity. In the present study, we used cysteine-scanning mutagenesis and reaction with an MTS (methanethiosulphonate) thiol-reactive analogue of verapamil (MTS-verapamil) to test whether the first TM segment [TM1 (TM segment 1)] forms part of the drug-binding pocket. One mutant, L65C, showed elevated ATPase activity (10.7-fold higher than an untreated control) after removal of unchanged MTS-verapamil. The elevated ATPase activity was due to covalent attachment of MTS-verapamil to Cys65 because treatment with dithiothreitol returned the ATPase activity to basal levels. Verapamil covalently attached to Cys65 appears to occupy the drug-binding pocket because verapamil protected mutant L65C from modification by MTS-verapamil. The ATPase activity of the MTS-verapamil-modified mutant L65C could not be further stimulated with verapamil, calcein acetoxymethyl ester or demecolcine. The ATPase activity could be inhibited by cyclosporin A but not by trans-(E)-flupentixol. These results suggest that TM1 contributes to the drug-binding pocket.
WEIGHT FUNCTIONS AND STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS FOR SEMI‐ELLIPTICAL CRACKS IN T‐PLATE WELDED JOINTS
Authors: Wang X , Lambert SB
Published: May 2006

Weight functions were derived for the deepest point and surface point of a semi‐elliptical surface crack in T‐plate joints with weld angles between 0 and 45°. These weight functions were derived from reference stress intensity factor solutions obtained from three‐dimensional finite element calculations, and verified using stress intensity factors for different non‐linear stress fields and for far‐field tension and bending cases. The differences between the weight function predictions and the finite element data were less than 10%. They are suitable for semi‐elliptical surface cracks with aspect ratios in the range 0.05 ≤ a/c ≤ 1, together with relative depths 0 ≤ a/t ≤ 0.6 and weld angles 0 ≤ φ ≤ 45°.
The Changing Geography of Subregional Planning in England
Authors: Bianconi Marco , Gallent Nick , Greatbatch Ian
Published: May 2006

Regional planning bodies throughout England are now in the early stages of preparing Regional Spatial Strategies (RSSs), which will succeed Regional Planning Guidance (RPG) as the frameworks guiding local development planning. This transition from RPG to RSSs is one outcome of the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004. Another outcome is the abolition of the Structure Planning function of English county councils, potentially resulting in a strategic vacuum in sub-regional planning. The Regional Assemblies (together with Regional Development Agencies and Government Offices) will need to address the subregional agenda, providing strategic leadership in what are often diverse and complex regional settings. The authors report on research undertaken on behalf of the South East England Regional Assembly and its partners. They examine both the changing policy context in this region, and the means by which a hitherto regional—and top-down—policy agenda is being ‘spatialised’ to address subregional diversity. In doing so, they also look at the move away from historic subregional boundaries, the redefining of ‘subregional’, and the shifting institutional ownership of the planning process at this particular tier.
The Practice of Government in a Devolved Scotland: The Case of the Designation of the Cairngorms National Park
Authors: Thompson Nicola
Published: May 2006

Proponents of devolution have argued that devolved governing leads to enhanced democratisation. This democratisation process is argued to be the result both of new governance structures and of new practices of governing which produce a new, more democratic, politics. The case of Scottish devolution is one example of where constitutional change was constructed as heralding a ‘new politics’. This proposition is analysed through a specific policy intervention in the devolved Scotland—the designation of a national park in the Cairngorms. This designation is traced from the instigation of national parks legislation to the formal creation of the park. The claim that devolution can bring about a more open and participatory approach to governing is critiqued. It is proposed that, although democratisation has a formed a political rationality of devolution, the actual practices of governing owe more to traditional rationalities of managerialism.
Embodying Neoliberalism: Economy, Culture, and the Politics of Fat
Authors: Guthman Julie , DuPuis Melanie
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this paper is to recast the politics of obesity in the United States in light of the unsatisfactory nature of the current, popular debates on this problem. The paper begins by taking stock of contemporary discussions about obesity through a review and analysis of the popular and academic literature on the topic. We show how discussions of obesity that rely on unidimensional structural, biological, and political causes are not only simplistic but also do not adequately historicize the present so-called epidemic of US obesity. To answer the questions ‘why now?’ and ‘why here?’, we argue, requires an ontological rapprochement between the more dialectical approaches to political economy, cultural studies, and political ecology. After laying out this more integrated approach, we apply it by showing how today's twin phenomena of the discursive war on obesity and the so-called epidemic itself are better understood through the historical lens of neoliberalism, both as a political–cultural economic project and as a form of governmentality. Our argument is that some of the central contradictions of global capitalism are literally embodied. The problem of obesity in its multiple material and discursive senses can then be seen as a partial fix—in some respects, even as a spatial fix—to some of the contradictions of neoliberalism. At the same time, we contend that the neoliberal shift in personhood from citizen to consumer encourages (over)eating at the same time that neoliberal notions of discipline vilify it. Those who can achieve thinness amidst this plenty are imbued with the rationality and self-discipline of perfect subjects, who in some sense contribute to the more generalized sense of deservingness that characterizes US culture today.