bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterophase Boundary for Active Hydrogen Evolution in MoTe2
Authors: Lee Yongjoon , Ling Ning , Kim Dohyun , Zhao Mali , Eshete Yonas Assefa , Kim Eunah , Cho Suyeon , Yang Heejun
Published: December 2021

The phase engineering of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is considered a promising strategy for promoting efficient catalysis, such as the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). While theoretical studies predict the presence of catalytically active atomic sites at heterophase boundaries in TMDs, conventional bulk HER measurements are not able to precisely explore these 1D heterophase regions for HER. Here, one reports on active HER occurring at heterophase boundaries between the semiconducting 2H and metallic 1T’ phases in large‐scale MoTe2 grown via chemical vapor deposition. Microreactors are used to investigate the local HER at varying lengths of 1D heterophase boundaries, and the results are systematically compared with the HER performance at the pristine basal planes of MoTe2. Despite the small area ratio between the 1D heterophase boundary and the open region for local HER, a clear improvement in HER is observed with a turnover frequency of 317 s–1. The Kelvin probe force microscopy determines a surface potential difference of 50 mV across the heterophase boundary, which supports sharp band bending and local charge accumulation as the basis for the TMDs’ efficient electrochemical catalysis.
Confining Zero‐Valent Platinum Single Atoms in α‐MoC1−x for pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Wen , Wu Yuxuan , Lin Yunxiang , Yao Jixin , Wu Xingshun , Wu Chuanqiang , Zuo Xueqin , Yang Qun , Ge Binghui , Yang Li , Li Guang , Chou Shulei , Li Weijie , Jiang Yong
Published: December 2021

Single‐atom electrocatalysts (SACs) toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) have been extensively studied owing to their high mass activity and atom utilization. Although platinum (Pt) based SACs have been reported frequently, optimizing the metal–support interaction to achieve low valence state Pt species is still a challenge. Here, the carbon supported α‐MoC1−x nanoparticles are used to anchor zero‐valent Pt single atoms (PtSA/α‐MoC1−x@C) as electrocatalyst for pH‐universal HER. The PtSA/α‐MoC1−x@C with optimized Pt loading of 0.75 wt% shows a low overpotential (21, 12, and 36 mV at 10 mA cm–2) and high turnover frequencies (27.00, 31.98, and 21.39 H2 s–1 at 100 mV) for HER under alkaline, acidic, and neutral electrolyte conditions. Experimental evidence combing density functional theory calculations confirm that the charge polarization leads to a zero‐valence state of Pt single atom and further optimized the adsorption/desorption energy of intermediates, further accelerating the reaction dynamics for HER.
BCN‐Assisted Built‐In Electric Field in Heterostructure: An Innovative Path for Broadening the Voltage Window of Aqueous Supercapacitor
Authors: Shi Dong , Yang Mingzhi , Zhang Baoguo , Ai Zizheng , Hu Haixiao , Shao Yongliang , Shen Jianxing , Wu Yongzhong , Hao Xiaopeng
Published: December 2021

The relatively low operating voltage window is the main factor limiting the energy density of aqueous energy storage devices. The delicate design of heterostructured electrode materials can efficiently increase the intrinsic electrochemical performance through synergistic effects. For the first time, to broaden the voltage window of aqueous supercapacitors the synergistic effect between boroncarbonitrides (BCN) and built‐in electric field existing in heterostructures is designed to utilize. Based on this design concept, MnO/MnS@BCN electrode materials are synthesized, in which the synergistic effect can effectively strengthen the storage of electrolyte ions on the electrode surface, thus inhibiting the electrolysis of H2O and eventually broadening the voltage window of aqueous supercapacitor. In MnO/MnS@BCN‐based symmetrical supercapacitors, the voltage window of the device is extended from 1.2 V (single‐component) to 2 V, with the energy density enhanced to 75.0 W h kg−1. The strategy blazes an efficient and convenient path to broaden the intrinsic voltage window of transition metal oxide supercapacitors.
3D Chiral MetaCrystals
Authors: Esposito Marco , Manoccio Mariachiara , Leo Angelo , Cuscunà Massimo , Sun Yali , Ageev Eduard , Zuev Dmitry , Benedetti Alessio , Tarantini Iolena , Passaseo Adriana , Tasco Vittorianna
Published: December 2021

Fine control of the chiral light–matter interaction at the nanoscale, by exploiting designed metamaterial architecture, represents a cutting‐edge craft in the field of biosensing, quantum, and classic nanophotonics. Recently, artificially engineered 3D nanohelices demonstrate programmable wide chiroptical properties by tuning materials and architecture, but fundamental diffractive aspects that are at the origin of chiral resonances still remain elusive. Here, a novel concept of a 3D chiral metacrystal, where the chiroptical properties are finely tuned by in‐plane and out‐of‐plane diffractive coupling, is proposed. Different chiral dipolar modes can be excited along the helix arms, generating far field optical resonances and radiation pattern with in‐plane side lobes, and suggesting that a combination of efficient dipole excitation and diffractive coupling matching controls the collective oscillations among the neighbor helices. The proposed concept of compact chiral metacrystal can be suitable for integration with quantum emitters and open perspectives in novel schemes of enantiomeric detection.
Topochemical Synthesis of Copper Phosphide Nanoribbons for Flexible Optoelectronic Memristors
Authors: Liu Yanxin , Wu Lie , Liu Qian , Liu Lei , Ke Shanwu , Peng Zehui , Shi Tongyu , Yuan Xinru , Huang Hao , Li Jia , Ye Cong , Chu Paul K. , Wang Jiahong , Yu Xue‐Feng
Published: December 2021

Metal phosphide nanoribbons are suitable building blocks for flexible photoelectronic microdevices due to the special electronic structure, large contact area, and excellent mechanical properties. In this work, single‐crystal copper phosphide nanoribbons (Cu3P NRs) are prepared topochemically from crystalline red phosphorus nanoribbons (cRP NRs) to retain the cRP morphology. The Cu3P NRs are used to construct flexible photoelectronic memristors on the ITO/PEN substrate with the native oxidized shell of Cu3P NRs serving as the charge trapping layer to modulate the resistance switching characteristics. The Cu3P NRs‐based memristors have outstanding nonvolatile memory properties in different mechanical bending states and different bending times. Optically and electrically modulated artificial synaptic functions are observed from the Cu3P NRs‐based memristors and owing to the memory backtracking function, pattern recognition is achieved with the Ag/Cu3P/ITO artificial synapse array. The topochemical synthesis method constitutes a universal approach to produce nanostructured compounds with an unusual morphology and specific crystalline orientation. The results also reveal that metal phosphides are excellent materials in memristors for future optoelectronic neuromorphic computing.
Mixed Dimethylammonium/Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Crystals for Improved Structural Stability and Enhanced Photodetection
Authors: Ray Aniruddha , Martín‐García Beatriz , Moliterni Anna , Casati Nicola , Boopathi Karunakara Moorthy , Spirito Davide , Goldoni Luca , Prato Mirko , Giacobbe Carlotta , Giannini Cinzia , Di Stasio Francesco , Krahne Roman , Manna Liberato , Abdelhady Ahmed L.
Published: December 2021

The solvent acidolysis crystallization technique is utilized to grow mixed dimethylammonium/methylammonium lead tribromide (DMA/MAPbBr3) crystals reaching the highest dimethylammonium incorporation of 44% while maintaining the 3D cubic perovskite phase. These mixed perovskite crystals show suppression of the orthorhombic phase and a lower tetragonal‐to‐cubic phase‐transition temperature compared to MAPbBr3. A distinct behavior is observed in the temperature‐dependent photoluminescence properties of MAPbBr3 and mixed DMA/MAPbBr3 crystals due to the different organic cation dynamics governing the phase transition(s). Furthermore, lateral photodetectors based on these crystals show that, at room temperature, the mixed crystals possess higher detectivity compared to MAPbBr3 crystals caused by structural compression and reduced surface trap density. Remarkably, the mixed‐crystal devices exhibit large enhancement in their detectivity below the phase‐transition temperature (at 200 K), while for the MAPbBr3 devices only insignificant changes are observed. The high detectivity of the mixed crystals makes them attractive for visible‐light communication and for space applications. The results highlight the importance of the synthetic technique for compositional engineering of halide perovskites that governs their structural and optoelectronic properties.
Machine learning for food security: Principles for transparency and usability
Authors: Zhou Yujun , Lentz Erin , Michelson Hope , Kim Chungmann , Baylis Kathy
Published: December 2021

Machine learning (ML) holds potential to predict hunger crises before they occur. Yet, ML models embed crucial choices that affect their utility. We develop a prototype model to predict food insecurity across three countries in sub‐Saharan Africa. Readily available data on prices, assets, and weather all influence our model predictions. Our model obtains 55%–84% accuracy, substantially outperforming both a logit and ML models using only time and location. We highlight key principles for transparency and demonstrate how modeling choices between recall and accuracy can be tailored to policy‐maker needs. Our work provides a path for future modeling efforts in this area.
Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to C2+ Products on a Poly(ionic liquid)‐Based Cu0–CuI Tandem Catalyst
Authors: Duan Guo‐Yi , Li Xiao‐Qiang , Ding Guang‐Rong , Han Li‐Jun , Xu Bao‐Hua , Zhang Suo‐Jiang
Published: December 2021

Electroreduction of CO2 on a polymer‐modified Cu‐based catalyst has shown high multi‐electron reduction (>2 e−) selectivity, however, most of the corresponding current densities are still too small to support industrial applications. In this work, we designed a poly(ionic liquid) (PIL)‐based Cu0–CuI tandem catalyst for the production of C2+ products with both high reaction rate and high selectivity. Remarkably, a high C2+ faradaic efficiency (FE
) of 76.1 % with a high partial current density of 304.2 mA cm−2 is obtained. Mechanistic studies reveal the numbers and highly dispersed Cu0‐PIL‐CuI interfaces are vital for such reactivity. Specifically, Cu nanoparticles derived Cu0‐PIL interfaces account for high current density and a moderate C2+ selectivity, whereas CuI species derived PIL‐CuI interfaces exhibit high activity for C−C coupling with the local enriched *CO intermediate. Furthermore, the presence of the PIL layer promotes the C2+ selectivity by lowering the barrier of C−C coupling.
Synthetic Cells: From Simple Bio‐Inspired Modules to Sophisticated Integrated Systems
Authors: Guindani Camila , da Silva Lucas Caire , Cao Shoupeng , Ivanov Tsvetomir , Landfester Katharina
Published: December 2021

Bottom‐up synthetic biology is the science of building systems that mimic the structure and function of living cells from scratch. To do this, researchers combine tools from chemistry, materials science, and biochemistry to develop functional and structural building blocks to construct synthetic cell‐like systems. The many strategies and materials that have been developed in recent decades have enabled scientists to engineer synthetic cells and organelles that mimic the essential functions and behaviors of natural cells. Examples include synthetic cells that can synthesize their own ATP using light, maintain metabolic reactions through enzymatic networks, perform gene replication, and even grow and divide. In this Review, we discuss recent developments in the design and construction of synthetic cells and organelles using the bottom‐up approach. Our goal is to present representative synthetic cells of increasing complexity as well as strategies for solving distinct challenges in bottom‐up synthetic biology.
Production of Copolyester Monomers from Plant‐Based Acrylate and Acetaldehyde
Authors: Yuan Lin , Hu Yancheng , Zhao Zhitong , Li Guangyi , Wang Aiqin , Cong Yu , Wang Feng , Zhang Tao , Li Ning
Published: December 2021

PCTA is an important copolyester that has been widely used in our daily necessities. Currently, its monomers are industrially produced from petroleum‐derived xylene. To reduce the reliance on fossil energy, we herein disclose an alternative route to access PCTA monomer (terephthalate/isophthalate=2.4/1) in 61 % overall yield using plant‐based acrylate and acetaldehyde as the feedstocks. The process includes Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) reaction of acetaldehyde with acrylate, subsequent one‐step dehydration/Diels–Alder reaction with acrylate over H2SO4/SiO2 catalyst, and final Pd/C‐catalyzed dehydrogenation. Besides, when varying the final step to hydrogenation, another important monomer UNOXOL™ diol (1,4‐trans/1,4‐cis/1,3‐trans/1,3‐cis=5.2/2/2.5/1) can be produced in 67 % overall yield.
Ag/Fe3O4/TiO2@MWCNTs as a reusable organometallic nanocatalyst promoted green synthesis of new pyridobenzoazepines: Study of biological activity and reduction of organic pollutants
Authors: Savari Mehdi , Varasteh‐Moradi Ali , Sayyed‐Alangi S. Zahra , Hossaini Zinatossadat , Zafarmehrabian Ramin
Published: December 2021

In this research, we synthesized the Ag/Fe3O4/TiO2@MWCNTs magnetic nanocomposites using water extract of Spinacia oleracea leaves, and the high performance of synthesized catalyst was confirmed by employing it in the multicomponent reaction of isatoic anhydride, N‐methylimidazole, α‐haloketones, electron‐deficient acetylenic compounds, ammonium acetate, and methyl epoxide in water at ambient temperature for the preparation of new pyridobenzoazepine derivatives in high yields. Also, the catalytic activity of the green synthesized Ag/Fe3O4/TiO2@MWCNTs was evaluated in the reduction of organic pollutants such as 4‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) in water at mild conditions. The results indicated that the biosynthesized magnetic nanocomposites (MNCs) have very high and effective catalytic activity for organic pollutants within few seconds. The synthesized compounds have OH group in their structure and for this reason maybe show good antioxidant activity. Also, employing Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria in the disk diffusion procedure confirmed antimicrobial effect of the some pyridobenzoazepine derivatives. The results showed that synthesized compounds prevented the bacterial growth. This used procedure for preparation of pyridobenzoazepine derivatives have some advantages such as low reaction time, product with high yields, and simple separation of catalyst and products.
Synthetic biology as a tool to online teaching undergraduate level molecular biology
Authors: Castro de Jesus Louise , Cabral Luiz Mors
Published: December 2021

During the Covid‐19 pandemic, all on‐campus activities were required to be adapted to a distance‐learning format, which was especially challenging for practical courses. Molecular biology is a mandatory course for biology undergraduates at Universidade Federal Fluminense. To overcome the impossibility of practical activities, we proposed problem‐solving synthetic biology assignments to review and consolidate the knowledge acquired in the molecular biology course. A survey indicated that the synthetic biology challenges were effective to promote students' active learning and worked as a proper substitute to the practical classes.
Sister Mary Joseph nodule and the mystery behind its nomenclature
Authors: Subramaniam Thirusivapragasam
Published: December 2021

Physicians, nurses, medical students, and nursing students from around the world are familiar with the Sister Mary Joseph nodule. It can appear in the subcutis of the umbilicus in persons who have malignancies of the stomach, pancreas, gynecological organs or urinary tract, or sometimes the respiratory tract. The mystery is how the term traveled overseas from a in Rochester, Minnesota, where Sister Joseph worked, to England, where it first appeared in publication in a textbook by a British surgeon, Hamilton Bailey. There is no record of Bailey ever meeting Sister Joseph or the Mayo brothers, or of his traveling to Mayo Clinic. This article explores the life of Sister Joseph, her influence on Dr William J. Mayo, and the life of Bailey.
Construction and validation of a prognostic nomogram for anal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yang Ningning , Xu Lu , Wang Qingqing , Chen Fengxia , Zhou Yunfeng
Published: December 2021

Background

Anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) is the main subtype of anal cancer and has great heterogeneity in prognosis. We aimed to construct a nomogram for predicting their 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year overall survival (OS) rates.

Methods

Patients with ASCC, enrolled between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2017, were identified from the SEER database. They were divided into a training group and a validation group in a ratio of 7:3. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were used to identify the prognostic factors for OS. Then a prognostic nomogram was established and validated by Harrell consistency index (C‐index), area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration plots, and decision curve analysis (DCA).

Results

We identified 761 patients in training group and 326 patients in validation group. Four prognostic factors including age, sex, AJCC stage, and radiotherapy were identified and integrated to construct a prognostic nomogram. The C‐index and AUC values proved the model's effectiveness and calibration plots manifested its excellent discrimination. Furthermore, in comparison to the AJCC stage, the C‐index, AUC, and DCA proved the nomogram to be of good predictive value. Finally, we constructed a risk stratification model for dividing patients into low‐risk, medium‐risk, and high‐risk groups, and there were obvious differences in OS.

Conclusions

A prognostic nomogram was firstly established for predicting the survival probability of ASCC patients and helping clinicians improve their risk management.
A power–performance partitioning approach for low‐power DA‐based FIR filter design with emphasis on datapath and controller
Authors: Ghamkhari Seyede Fatemeh , Ghaznavi‐Ghoushchi Mohammad Bagher
Published: December 2021

Distributed arithmetic (DA) is an efficient way to implement sum‐of‐product units, which can be used in applications such as FIR filters, filter banks, image processing, and convolutional neural networks in IoT hardware accelerators. In this paper, a low‐power architecture is offered centered on two key steps, coarse‐grain power‐performance partitioning and fine‐grain separated power supply, and tuned a level shifter in any digital systems implemented based on RTL design. To examine the new design approach, two methods are proposed, at first exploring the power consumption and critical delay path and then separating the power supply of datapath and controller in DA with/without utilizing an implicit level shifter. To investigate power consumption and timing parameters, two 5‐tap and 16‐tap FIR‐filters are implemented in 65‐nm CMOS standard technology. In proposed1, dynamic and static power consumption of 16‐tap (5‐tap) FIR‐filter is improved by 30% (15%) and 59% (59%), respectively. Nevertheless, the delay and slope of the generated signal in the shiftreg are significantly increased by reducing the power supply. To tackle this issue, the second method suggested with 26% (14%) improvement in dynamic power and 55% (58%) in static power consumption, which does not increase any delay in the output of shiftreg compared to conventional DA‐based FIR filter with solitary power supply.
Altporenbeton aus dem Abbruch und Rückbau in Deutschland bis 2050 – eine Vorhersage
Authors: Steins Justus , Volk Rebekka , Kreft Oliver , Schultmann Frank
Published: December 2021

Porenbeton ist aufgrund seiner hervorragenden Dämmeigenschaften ein häufig verwendetes Baumaterial für Mauersteine sowie vorgefertigte bewehrte Bauteile und Mineraldämmplatten – mit wachsender Beliebtheit. Altporenbeton aus dem Abbruch und Rückbau von Gebäuden wird derzeit hauptsächlich deponiert. Deponiekapazitäten nehmen jedoch ab und der rechtliche Rahmen verlangt feste Recyclingquoten. Um ein hochwertiges Recyclingnetzwerk von Altporenbeton zu etablieren, werden Informationen über rezyklierbare Mengen, ihr zeitliches Aufkommen und ihre regionale Verteilung benötigt. Da diese bislang nicht vorhanden sind, wurde ein neues Modell zur Quantifizierung von Altporenbeton unter Nutzung historischer Porenbetonproduktion, Bautätigkeit, regionaler Marktanteile von Porenbeton und Gebäudelebensdauern entwickelt. Das Modell wurde für Deutschland im Zeitraum 1950–2050 (jahresgenau) mit geografischer Unterteilung in 401 Regionen angewendet. In den nächsten Jahrzehnten ist den Ergebnissen zufolge mit stark steigenden Altporenbetonaufkommen zu rechnen. Das Aufkommen in Deutschland könnte von 160.000 m3 (2000) über 1.200.000 m3 (2020) auf mehr als 4.000.000m3 (2050) ansteigen. Es werden signifikante Mengen v. a. in großen deutschen Städten wie Berlin, Hamburg, München, Bremen, Hannover, Köln, Frankfurt und Stuttgart erwartet. Diese Ergebnisse bieten eine Entscheidungshilfe für die Kreislaufführung von Altporenbeton in Bezug auf Standort‐ und Kapazitätsplanung sowie Logistik.
The role of maternal touch in the association between SLC6A4 methylation and stress response in very preterm infants
Authors: Mariani Wigley Isabella Lucia Chiara , Mascheroni Eleonora , Fontana Camilla , Giorda Roberto , Morandi Francesco , Bonichini Sabrina , McGlone Francis , Fumagalli Monica , Montirosso Rosario
Published: December 2021

Very preterm (VPT) infants requiring hospitalization in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) are exposed to several stressful procedural experiences. One consequence of NICU‐related stress is a birth‐to‐discharge increased serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) methylation that has been associated with poorer stress regulation at 3 months of age. Maternal touch is thought to support infants’ stress response, but its role in moderating the effects of SLC6A4 methylation changes is unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the role of maternal touch in moderating the association between increased SLC6A4 methylation and stress response in 3‐month‐old VPT infants. Twenty‐nine dyads were enrolled and at 3 months (age corrected for prematurity), participated in the Face‐to‐Face Still‐Face paradigm to measure infants’ stress response (i.e., negative emotionality) and the amount of maternal touch (i.e., dynamic and static). Results showed that low level of maternal touch is associated with high level of negative emotionality during social stress. Furthermore, during NICU stay SLC6A4 methylation in VPT exposed to low level of maternal touch at 3 months was associated with increased negative emotionality. Thus, low levels of maternal static touch can intensify the negative effects of SLC6A4 epigenetic changes on stress response in 3‐month‐old VPT infants.
Temporal changes in the potential geographic distribution of Histiotus velatus (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae), the “decade effect”
Authors: Da Silva Liriann Chrisley , Almeida Rafaela Gonçalves , Silva Pablo Henrique da , Oprea Monik , Mendes Poliana , Brito Daniel , Bernardi Vieira Thiago
Published: December 2021

We investigated how the potential distribution of Histiotus velatus is affected by the addition of new records over decades (decade effect). Assuming that (1: hypothesis of the effect of the decade) the addition of new occurrence records over time increases the potential size of the species distribution; and (2: Wallacean distance hypothesis) over the years, the new points added are increasingly distant from the research centers. Considering the geographic knowledge gap of this species, our objective is to report a new record of this species and estimate its potential distribution in South America through environment niche models (ENMs). For this, we compiled records of occurrence of species, selected from 1900 to 2015. We used 19 bioclimatic variables available in the WorldClim database to estimate the potential distribution of the species, and we used three modeling algorithms: Maximum Entropy (MXT), Random Forest (RDF), and Support Vector Machine. To test the Wallacean distance hypothesis, we calculated the Euclidian distance from occurrences to bat research centers in Brazil, located using a national researchers’ information dataset (“Plataforma Lattes”). To test the hypothesis of the decade effect, we used the beta regression analysis, taking conservative and non‐conservative approaches. The results showed that the predicted area expanded and retracted with the addition of new occurrences over the decades, with an improvement in the accuracy of models. Most records are located in the southeastern region of Brazil, but algorithms predicted areas in regions where there are no records. Only the conservative approach has had a positive relationship over the decades. The distance from new points does not increase over the years of research centers.
Evidence for coloration plasticity in the yellow‐bellied toad, Bombina variegata
Authors: Preißler Kathleen , Rodríguez Ariel , Pröhl Heike
Published: December 2021

Phenotypic adaptation in terms of background color matching to the local habitat is an important mechanism for survival in prey species. Thus, intraspecific variation in cryptic coloration is expected among localities with dissimilar habitat features (e.g., soil, vegetation). Yellow‐bellied toads (Bombina variegata) display a dark dorsal coloration that varies between populations, assumed to convey crypsis. In this study, we explored I) geographic variation in dorsal coloration and II) coloration plasticity in B. variegata from three localities differing in substrate coloration. Using avian visual modeling, we found that the brightness contrasts of the cryptic dorsa were significantly lower on the local substrates than substrates of other localities. In experiments, individuals from one population were able to quickly change the dorsal coloration to match a lighter substrate. We conclude that the environment mediates an adaptation in cryptic dorsal coloration. We suggest further studies to test the mechanisms by which the color change occurs and explore the adaptive potential of coloration plasticity on substrates of varying brightness in B. variegata and other species.
Smart Interfacing between Co‐Fe Layered Double Hydroxide and Graphitic Carbon Nitride for High‐efficiency Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Reduction
Authors: Wu Xiaohui , Tang Lu , Si Yang , Ma Chunlan , Zhang Peng , Yu Jianyong , Liu Yitao , Ding Bin
Published: December 2021

Bimetallic compounds such as hydrotalcite‐type layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are promising electrocatalysts owing to their unique electronic structures. However, their abilities toward nitrogen adsorption and reduction are undermined since the surface‐mantled, electronegative –OH groups hinder the charge transfer between transition metal atoms and nitrogen molecules. Herein, a smart interfacing strategy is proposed to construct a coupled heterointerface between LDH and 2D g‐C3N4, which is proven by density functional theory (DFT) investigations to be favorable for nitrogen adsorption and ammonia desorption compared with neat LDH surface. The interfaced LDH and g‐C3N4 is further hybridized with a self‐standing TiO2 nanofibrous membrane (NM) to maximize the interfacial effect owing to its high porosity and large surface area. Profited from the synergistic superiorities of the three components, the LDH@C3N4@TiO2 NM delivers superior ammonia yield (2.07 × 10−9 mol s−1 cm−2) and Faradaic efficiency (25.3%), making it a high‐efficiency, noble‐metal‐free catalyst system toward electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction.
Rectangular drainage pattern evolution controlled by pipe cave collapse along clastic dikes, the Dead Sea Basin, Israel
Authors: Hamawi Matanya , Goren Liran , Mushkin Amit , Levi Tsafrir
Published: December 2021

Rectangular drainage networks are characterized by right‐angle bends and confluences. The formation of such drainage patterns is commonly associated with orthogonal sets of fractures, making them an outstanding example for structurally controlled landscape evolution. However, this association remains largely circumstantial because little is known about how rectangular drainages mechanistically link to orthogonal fractures. We investigated these linkages in the hyper‐arid Ami'az Plain located within the Dead Sea Basin in Israel. The Ami'az Plain is penetrated by hundreds of sub‐vertical clastic dikes (mode‐I fractures infilled with sediments) and is also incised by a rectangular canyon system. Numerous caves extend from the banks and heads of the canyon system. Based on field surveys and analysis of high‐resolution airborne LiDAR data, we mapped the Ami'az Plain drainage network and its associated landforms, including sinkholes. Our analysis revealed that the subaerial tributaries of the canyon system and the strike of the clastic dikes show similar orientations. In addition, subsurface mapping with a ground‐based scanning LiDAR, together with field experiments, demonstrated that the caves and sinkholes in the Ami'az Plain are spatially associated with clastic dikes and that the caves formed through piping erosion along dikes. Based on these findings, we suggest that clastic dikes act as efficient infiltration pathways to the subsurface, where flow along clastic dikes induces internal erosion that forms pipe caves. The sinkholes form by collapses of cave roofs. Coalescence of sinkholes and seepage erosion where dikes intersect canyon heads generate new tributaries and act to extend existing ones. Fluvial erosion and subsequent bank collapse modify the canyon network. Our findings emphasize the critical role of subsurface erosion, caves and sinkholes in linking fractures to drainage pattern evolution, and provide a new process‐based framework to interpret rectangular drainage networks on Earth and possibly other planetary surfaces.
The impact of policy on availability and price of low‐price medicines in public healthcare institutions: A retrospective survey in Nanjing, China
Authors: Zhu Yulei , Ren Yuqin , Wang Hui , Fang Wenqing , Xu Xinglu , Wang Ying , Dai Huizhen , Li Xin
Published: December 2021

In an effort to promote rational drug pricing and relieve the pressure of drug shortages, the Chinese government implemented a low‐price medicine (LPM) policy in July 2014, and abolished price regulations for most medications in June 2015. This study examines trends in the availability and pricing of LPMs since policy implementation. Data on price and availability of 752 LPMs during 2013–2017 were obtained from the Jiangsu Institute of Medicine Information. Availability was defined as the proportion of facilities in which a medicine was in inventory during each survey period. A price index was constructed based on purchasing prices in 40 public healthcare facilities, using a standard method developed by the International Labour Organization. Mean availability fluctuated slightly but held at low levels (<15%). Levels were conspicuously lower in primary hospitals than in secondary and tertiary hospitals. Our logistic regression model showed that the essential medicine designation was the main factor facilitating availability. The overall price index remained static before implementation of the policy, while there was a marked upward trend after implementation of the policy. Further efforts are needed to improve the pharmaceutical supply system, and simultaneously curb unreasonable inflation in medicine costs.
Unsteady magnetohydrodynamic couple stress fluid flow from a shrinking porous sheet: Variational iteration method study
Authors: Reddy G. Janardhana , Hiremath Ashwini , Kumar Mahesh , Bég O. Anwar , Kadir Ali
Published: December 2021

Motivated by magnetic polymer manufacturing applications, the present research article examines theoretically the hydromagnetic boundary layer flow of an electrically conducting non‐Newtonian couple stress fluid due to a transient shrinking (contracting) porous sheet. The conservation partial differential equations for mass and momentum are rendered into a fifth‐order nonlinear ordinary differential equation via similarity transformations with associated boundary conditions. A semi‐analytical/numerical scheme employing Lagrangian multipliers and known as the variational iteration method (VIM) is implemented to solve the ordinary differential boundary value problem. Validation of the solutions is conducted by benchmarking against earlier Newtonian studies and very good agreement is achieved. A detailed assessment of the impact of couple stress (rheological), unsteadiness, magnetic body force parameter, and wall transpiration (suction/injection) parameter on flow characteristics is conducted with the aid of graphs. A significant deceleration in the flow is computed with increasing injection (acceleration is caused with greater suction) and acceleration is induced with higher unsteadiness parameter values. Increasing magnetic field (higher magnetic number) generates flow acceleration, rather than the customary deceleration, due to the shrinking sheet dynamics. A stronger couple stress effect manifests in strong retardation in the boundary layer flow and an increase in momentum (hydrodynamic|) boundary layer thickness. VIM demonstrates excellent convergence and accuracy and shows significant promise in studying further magnetic polymer fabrication flow problems.
Impacts of groundwater flow on the evolution of a thermokarst lake in the permafrost–dominated region on the Qinghai–Tibet plateau
Authors: Li Jinlong , Wang Wei , Ke Xianmin , Li Jianhua , Yu Yating , Gao Zeyong , Niu Fujun
Published: December 2021

As a result of global warming induced permafrost degradation in recent decades, thermokarst lakes in the Qinghai–Tibet plateau (QTP) have been regulating local hydrological and ecological processes. Simulations with coupled moisture–heat numerical models in the Beiluhe basin (located in the hinterland of permafrost regions on the QTP) have provided insights into the interaction between groundwater flow and the freeze–thaw process. A total of 30 modified SUTRA scenarios were established to examine the effects of hydrodynamic forces, permeability, and climate on thermokarst lakes. The results indicate that the hydrodynamic condition variables regulate the permafrost degradation around the lakes. In case groundwater recharges to the lake, a low–temperature groundwater flow stimulates the expansion of the surrounding thawing regions through thermal convection. The thawing rate of the permafrost underlying the lake intensifies when groundwater is discharged from the lake. Under different permeability conditions, spatiotemporal variations in the active layer thickness significantly influence the occurrence of an open talik at the lake bottom. A warmer and wetter climate will inevitably lead to a sharp decrease in the upper limit of the surrounding permafrost, with a continual decrease in the duration of open talik events. Overall, our results underscore that comprehensive consideration of the relevant hydrologic processes is critical for improving the understanding of environmental and ecological changes in cold environments.
Hybrid time‐reassigned multisynchrosqueezing transform‐Picard‐based automated electroencephalography artifact correction methodology for brain–computer interface applications
Authors: Dovedi Tanvi , Upadhyay Rahul , Kumar Vinay
Published: December 2021

The electroencephalographic activity is often contaminated with non‐cerebral origins resulting in erroneous classification in brain–computer interface (BCI) applications. In the present work, a novel automated Electroencephalogram artifact correction methodology is proposed. Preconditional independent component analysis (ICA) is utilized for de‐mixing the electroencephalographic activity into original components. The sparse entropy‐based thresholding criterion is developed to automatically identify the artifactual components and the time‐reassigned multisynchrosqueezing transform coefficients are estimated. The transform coefficients are processed to retain leaked cerebral activity into artifactual components. Finally, inverse transformation and inverse ICA are performed to attain artifact‐free electroencephalographic activity. The efficiency of the proposed methodology is validated on simulated and real electroencephalographic activity. The results illustrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology on both simulated and real electroencephalography activities in retaining useful cerebral information and rejecting artifactual origins, with a potential to be used in various BCI applications.
Rat peri‐implant soft tissue specifically expressedCXCL2on titanium implant during wound healing
Authors: Asami Yosuke , Sasaki Hodaka , Harada Atsuro , Hanazawa Kiyotoshi , Kobayashi Takafumi , Mori Gentaro , Yajima Yasutomo
Published: December 2021

Many of genes specifically expressed in peri‐implant soft tissue (PIST) selected by microarray analysis are involved in the inflammatory response. This study investigated the gene expression and localization of PIST‐specific inflammatory markers in PIST during wound healing. Pure titanium implants were implanted into the rat upper mandibular socket to create PIST. Samples were harvested from PIST as an experimental group, and tooth extracted area of oral mucosa tissue (OMT) and healthy periodontal tissue (PT) as control groups. The gene expressions of four standard inflammatory markers and nine PIST‐specific inflammatory markers including chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand 2 (CXCL2) during wound healing were examined. Immunoreactions of CXCL2 and immune cells in PIST and control tissues were compared. During wound healing, gene expression of PIST‐specific inflammatory markers was higher in PIST than in OMT (p < .05), but there were no significant differences in the expression of standard inflammatory markers. The molecule CXCL2 was expressed locally at the implant‐connective tissue interface, and localization of immune cells closely matched the CXCL2 expression pattern. In PIST, seven of PIST‐specific inflammatory markers were expressed specifically and strongly during wound healing and their expression was maintained until the end of healing. Furthermore, CXCL2 expression was due to the creation of the implant‐connective tissue interface, and it established a unique defense mechanism in PIST that was not apparent in OMT or PT.
A hydrophobic antifouling surface coating on bioprosthetic heart valves for enhanced antithrombogenicity
Authors: Li Meiling , Zheng Cheng , Zhang Shumang , Wu Binggang , Ding Kailei , Huang Xueyu , Lei Yang , Wang Yunbing
Published: December 2021

Thrombosis is an important factor that causes the failure of artificial biological valves in addition to calcification and immune rejection. A hydrophobic antifouling surface can improve blood compatibility by reducing the absorption of protein. In this study, porcine pericardium was cross‐linked with glycidyl methacrylate, and carbon–carbon double bonds were introduced. Then, fluoride monomer was added so that the pericardial surface would become hydrophobic and antifouling. Fluoride modification changed the hydrophilicity of the pericardium surface, and the surface water contact angle increased from 84° to 143°. Compared with unmodified pericardium, the adsorption of bovine serum albumin and fibrinogen decreased by 93.1% and 85%, respectively, and the anti‐thrombogenicity was greatly enhanced.
Bacteriocins: Properties and potential use as antimicrobials
Authors: Darbandi Atieh , Asadi Arezoo , Mahdizade Ari Marzieh , Ohadi Elnaz , Talebi Malihe , Halaj Zadeh Masoume , Darb Emamie Amir , Ghanavati Roya , Kakanj Maryam
Published: December 2021

A variety of bacteriocins originate from lactic acid bacteria, which have recently been modified by scientists. Many strains of lactic acid bacteria related to food groups could produce bacteriocins or antibacterial proteins highly effective against foodborne pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Clostridium botulinum. A wide range of bacteria belonging primarily to the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus have been characterized with different health‐promoting attributes. Extensive studies and in‐depth understanding of these antimicrobials mechanisms of action could enable scientists to determine their production in specific probiotic lactic acid bacteria, as they are potentially crucial for the final preservation of functional foods or for medicinal applications. In this review study, the structure, classification, mode of operation, safety, and antibacterial properties of bacteriocins as well as their effect on foodborne pathogens and antibiotic‐resistant bacteria were extensively studied.
High prevalence of thyroid hormone autoantibody and low rate of thyroid hormone detection interference
Authors: Ni Jiajia , Long Yu , Zhang Li , Yang Qingqing , Kou Chunjia , Li Shuqi , Li Jingyi , Zhang Haiqing
Published: December 2021

Objective

Thyroid hormone autoantibody (THAb) is a common antibody in autoimmune disease and can interfere with the detection of thyroid hormone (TH). There was no research reporting the prevalence of THAb in Chinese and the rate of THAb interfering with TH detection.

Methods

We collected 114 patients with autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD) (Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 57 cases; Graves’ disease, 57 cases), 106 patients with nonthyroid autoimmune diseases (NTAID), and 120 healthy subjects. According to the presence or absence of thyroid antibodies, patients with NTAID were divided into two groups: NTAID‐AITD and NTAID groups. Radioimmunoprecipitation technique was used to detect THAb in all subjects. TH was detected on Abbot and Roche platforms in patients with positive THAb.

Results

The prevalence of THAb was 22.8% in Hashimoto's thyroiditis and 45.6% in Graves’ disease. The prevalence of THAb in AITD group was lower than that in NTAID or NTAID‐AITD groups (34.2% vs. 61.5%, p = 0.014; 34.2% vs. 71.3%, p < 0.01). Among total 98 patients with positive THAb, TH levels of 9 patients were falsely elevated (9.18%).

Conclusion

The prevalence of THAb in AITD patients was lower than that in NTAID patients. Although THAb had a high frequency in various autoimmune diseases, the prevalence of THAb interfering with TH detection was only 9.18%.
Blue is not enough: biological activities of C‐phycocyanin extracts from Anabaena cylindrica
Authors: Macário Inês PE , Veloso Telma , Fernandes Andreia PM , Martins Margarida , Dias Tânia R , Oliveira Helena , Gonçalves Fernando JM , Ventura Sónia PM , Pereira Joana L
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Natural products are currently in the spotlight due to the increasing awareness of consumers. Among these products is phycocyanin (C‐PC), a blue colorant that can be extracted from cyanobacteria – a poorly explored feedstock – and applied in several fields, due to its argued health benefits. Arthropira (previously called Spirulina) is the major source of C‐PC nowadays, but within the scope of pursuing alternative sources, the cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica was used in the present study to extract this colorant.

RESULTS

The biological activities of two types of extracts (raw and purified, both in fresh and in lyophilized forms) were analysed. The raw extracts produce better results than their pure counterparts by presenting a higher antioxidant activity and better biocompatibility and antitumor activity. However, when compared to literature records, C‐PC extracts from A. cylindrica produced less impressive results. This leads to a new hypothesis and a simple comparison between the antioxidant activities of C‐PC extracts from different biomass sources. These second‐stage results showed that different cyanobacteria species produced different C‐PC extracts with different antioxidant profiles; these results highlight that, even when the extracts are blue, they may present differential compositions and, therefore, different biological activities.

CONCLUSION

This study proves that the direct link often made between biological activities and C‐PC can be speculative, and thus, should be avoided. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Hydrogen storage kinetics and thermodynamics of Mg‐based alloys by rare earth doping and Ni substitution
Authors: Bu Wengang , Liu Qinghai , Peng Wenlian , Dai Xiaodong
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

The traditional means of hydrogen storage cannot meet the widespread application of hydrogen energy. Therefore, developing new and efficient hydrogen storage materials and safe hydrogen storage technology is a top priority, which can effectively solve the problem of hydrogen storage and delivery. Its development and application are of great significance to environmental protection and energy development.

RESULTS

Pr5Mg95−xNix (x = 5, 10, 15) were prepared by induction furnace melting, and the effect of Ni content on the kinetics and thermodynamics of the alloys were systematically investigated. The phase composition, microstructure and storage properties of gaseous hydrogen were investigated using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the change in Ni content significantly improves the kinetic properties of the alloys in terms of adsorption and desorption. However, it has little effect on the thermodynamic properties of the alloys.

CONCLUSION

The lattice of the alloys expands after hydrogenation and shrinks after the release of hydrogen. The change of lattice stress leads to cracking or even fracture of alloy particles and, the higher the nickel content, the more cracks there are. Thus, the specific surface area of the alloys is increased and the contact area with hydrogen is expanded, promoting hydrogen diffusion within the material and improving the hydrogen absorption and desorption rate. Furthermore, as the Ni content increases, the dehydrogenation activation energy of the alloys decreases significantly, which is the main reason for the improved dehydrogenation kinetics of the alloys. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Even A‐cycles have the edge‐Erdős–Pósa property
Authors: Bruhn Henning
Published: December 2021

I prove that even ‐cycles, cycles of even length that pass through at least one vertex of a prescribed set , have the edge‐Erdős–Pósa property. That is, for any graph and set , the size of an edge covering of even ‐cycles is bounded by a function in the maximal number of edge‐disjoint even ‐cycles.
A Bhagavad Gita‐inspired Linked Leadership Model
Authors: Simpson Ace V. , Pina e Cunha Miguel
Published: December 2021

India's Bhagavad Gita is a Sanskrit text that is increasingly being explored for leadership and management wisdom. We take a literal approach to engaging with the entirety of the Gita's 700 verses across its 18 chapters as a coherent whole and integrating the lessons into a linked leadership model. The model provides a flexible framework highlighting topics recognized as relevant to leadership, including self‐leadership, integrity, virtue, servant leadership, motivation, team dynamics, culture, ecology, meaning, and purpose.