bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of three cholinesterases from the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius
Authors: Seong K. M. , Kim Y. H. , Kwon D. H. , Lee S. H.
Published: December 2011

We identified and characterized the full‐length cDNA sequences encoding two acetylcholinesterases (ClAChE1 and ClAChE2) and a salivary gland‐specific cholinesterase‐like protein (ClSChE) from the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. All three cholinesterase genes (Clac1, Clace2 and Clsce) have conserved motifs, including a catalytic triad, a choline‐binding site and an acyl pocket. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ClAChE1 belongs to the insect AChE1 clade, whereas ClAChE2 belongs to the insect AChE2 clade. ClSChE was grouped into the clade containing all AChE1s, suggesting a paralogous relationship to ClAChE1. Transcription levels of Clace1 were higher than those of Clace2 in all tissues examined, including the central nervous system (CNS). In contrast, the Clsce transcript was not detected in the CNS but specifically found in the salivary gland at much higher levels (>3000‐fold) than those of Clace1 and Clace2. Western blot analysis using anti‐ClAChE antibodies, in conjunction with activity staining, revealed that ClAChE1 is more active than ClAChE2, whereas ClSChE has little enzyme activity. Three‐dimensional structure modelling suggested that ClAChEs and ClSChE shared structural similarities, but had some differences in the residues forming the acyl pocket and oxyanion hole. The current findings should provide valuable insights into the evolution and functional diversification of insect cholinesterase.
Kinetic studies to investigate lipoprotein metabolism
Authors: Borén J. , Taskinen M.‐R. , Adiels M.
Published: December 2011

Borén J, Taskinen M‐R, Adiels M (University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden). Kinetic studies to investigate lipoprotein metabolism (Key Symposium). J Intern Med 2012; 271: 166–173.

Abstract.  To develop novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemia, it is essential to understand the pathophysiology of dyslipoproteinaemia in humans. Lipoprotein metabolism is a complex system in which abnormal concentrations of various lipoprotein particles can result from alterations in their rates of production, conversion and/or catabolism. Traditional methods that measure plasma lipoprotein concentrations only provide static estimates of lipoprotein metabolism and hence limited mechanistic information. By contrast, the use of tracers labelled with stable isotopes and mathematical modelling provides a powerful tool for probing lipid and lipoprotein kinetics in vivo and furthering understanding of the pathogenesis of dyslipoproteinaemia.
Breastfeeding, asthma, and allergy: a tale of two cities
Authors: Brew Bronwyn K. , Kull Inger , Garden Frances , Almqvist Catarina , Bergström Anna , Lind Tomas , Webb Karen , Wickman Magnus , Marks Guy B.
Published: December 2011

To cite this article: Brew BK, Kull I, Garden F, Almqvist C, Bergström A, Lind T, Webb K, Wickman M, Marks GB. Breastfeeding, asthma, and allergy: a tale of two cities. Pediatric Allergy Immunology 2012: 23: 75–82.

Background:  The effect of breastfeeding duration on subsequent asthma and allergy remains the subject of much controversy.

Objective:  To investigate whether differences in study design or disease‐related exposure modification were the cause of the differences in study findings.

Method:  The data from two cohorts, the Childhood Asthma Prevention Study (CAPS) from Australia and the Barn Allergi Miljo Stockholm cohort from Sweden, which had reported different findings on the association between breastfeeding and asthma, were combined. For this analysis, the definitions for breastfeeding, asthma, and allergy were harmonized. Subjects were included if they had at least one parent with wheeze or asthma and had a gestational age of more than 36 wks (combined n = 882). The risk of disease‐related exposure modification was assessed using survival analysis.

Results:  Breastfeeding reduced the risk of asthma at 4/5 and 8 yrs of age in children with a family history of asthma. The effect was stronger in the Swedish cohort. Breastfeeding had no effect on the prevalence of sensitization to inhaled allergens in this cohort with a family history of asthma but was a risk factor for sensitization to cow’s milk, peanuts, and eggs in the CAPS cohort at 4/5 yrs and in the combined cohort at 8 yrs. There was no evidence to support the existence of disease‐related exposure modification in either cohort.

Conclusion:  These findings point to the importance of harmonization of features of study design, including subject selection criteria and variable definitions, in resolving epidemiological controversies such as those surrounding the impact of breastfeeding on asthma and allergic sensitization.
Wheelchair skills training programme for children: A pilot study
Authors: Sawatzky Bonita , Rushton Paula W. , Denison Ian , McDonald Rachael
Published: December 2011

Aim:  Wheelchair skills are not typically provided when a child gets a new wheelchair. The purpose of this prospective pilot study was to determine the effectiveness of a two‐day modified Wheelchair Skills Programme 3.2 for children.

Methods:  Six children (ages 6–19 years) with spinal cord injuries or spina bifida were invited to participate in a two‐day wheelchair skills programme provided on subsequent Saturdays. Children were tested before and after training using a modified Wheelchair Skills Test 3.2. To assess for the effect of the programme on participation, the Activity Skills for Kids was used before and one month after training. For a more qualitative reflection, an Impact Questionnaire was given at four months post‐training.

Results:  There was a significant (14%) increase in skills based on the Wheelchair Skills Test 3.2. No change in participation was measured with the Activity Skills for Kids. The Impact Questionnaire suggests the skill training allowed participants to do more, with less pain and fatigue post‐training.

Conclusions:  A two‐day wheelchair skills programme can potentially improve skill level in children with spinal cord injuries or spina bifida.
Effect of estrogen therapy on adipocytokines in ovariectomized‐aged rats
Authors: Kafkas Samet , Dost Turhan , Ozkayran Hakan , Yenisey Cigdem , Tuncyurek Pars , Birincioglu Mustafa
Published: December 2011

Aim:  Obesity is a chronic disease that is characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat. The physiological changes associated with estrogen deprivation in menopause have a significant impact on total body fat and adipose tissue distribution. Adipocytokines, such as adiponectin and leptin are related to adipose tissue, and their levels are affected by estrogen. The aim of the present study was to investigate the alteration of adipocytokine levels with estrogen therapy.

Material and Methods:  Aged Wistar albino rats were divided into two main groups: control (C) and ovariectomized (OVX). Six months after ovariectomy, the ovariectomized group was divided into four subgroups: two ovariectomized groups received saline (OVX) and sesame oil (OVX + S.oil), and two groups received physiological dose (OVX + PhyE2) and pharmacological dose (OVX + PharmE2) estrogen (2 and 20 µg/kg per day, respectively). Body weight was monitored weekly for 6 weeks. Adiponectin, leptin and homocysteine levels were measured from blood samples before and after treatment.

Results:  Body weight increased in OVX, OVX + S.oil and OVX + PhyE2 over 6 weeks (P < 0.001). Adiponectin levels were significantly decreased in the OVX + S.oil and OVX + PhyE2 groups (P = 0.017 and P = 0.008, respectively). Leptin level was significantly decreased in the OVX + PharmE2 group (P = 0.042). Homocysteine level was decreased in the OVX + S.oil group (P = 0.037).

Conclusion:  Adipocytokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer or obesity‐related complications in menopause. Estrogen therapy may reduce these complications by changing the levels of adipocytokines.
Optimizing biochemical markers as endpoints for clinical trials in primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Momah Njideka , Silveira Marina G. , Jorgensen Roberta , Sinakos Emmanouil , Lindor Keith D.
Published: December 2011

Background

Biochemical tests have been recommended as endpoints for clinical trials in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) because the use of liver transplantation and death as endpoints in ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapeutic trials is unfeasible. The best inclusion criteria cut‐off values and cut‐off for demonstrating treatment success have not been defined.

Aim

Our aim was to determine the optimal biochemical values for patient inclusion and to define values for treatment success in therapeutic trials.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of 73 patients with PBC treated with UDCA followed over 36 months. Following one year of UDCA therapy, the likelihood of developing clinical endpoints of varices, ascites, encephalopathy, death or transplantation over the ensuing two years, based on degrees of elevation of biochemical markers, was analyzed using chi‐square or Fisher's exact test.

Results

Patients with ALP≥2 X upper limit of normal (ULN) had a 2‐fold greater likelihood of developing endpoints compared to patients with lower values (23% versus 11%), (p < 0.05). Patients with bilirubin > 1 mg/dL were 4 times more likely to develop endpoints compared to those with lower values (33% versus 8%), (p = 0.02). These values help identify the patient population for adjunctive therapy trials. Patients with ALP ≤1.67 X ULN and bilirubin ≤1mg/dL demonstrated the least likelihood of reaching adverse clinical endpoints and can be used to define treatment success.

Conclusion

Optimal ALP and Bilirubin levels can be used as appropriate biochemical criteria for patient selection and defining treatment success in future clinical trials in patients with PBC.
SketchUp™: A Technology Tool to Facilitate Intergenerational Family Relationships for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Authors: Wright Cheryl , Diener Marissa L. , Dunn Louise , Wright Scott D. , Linnell Laura , Newbold Katherine , D’Astous Valerie , Rafferty Deborah
Published: December 2011

This study used a qualitative design to examine intergenerational relationships facilitated by an intervention employing Google SketchUp™, a freeware 3D design program. Seven high‐functioning boys (ages 8–17) with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) participated in computer workshops. The investigators capitalized on the boys’ strengths in visual–spatial skills. The interdisciplinary team structured the workshops to facilitate computer skill development as well as social interaction. Qualitative analysis involved thematic analysis of transcripts from focus groups with parents and grandparents. The two key themes that emerged were as follows: (i) reframing expectations (parental efficacy and creating a safe environment) and (ii) building intergenerational bridges among parents, children, siblings, and grandparents. These findings indicate that technology can build on the strengths of children with ASD and promote social engagement of the children with their families.
CTTHORACIC DUCT LYMPHOGRAPHY IN CATS BY POPLITEAL LYMPH NODE IOHEXOL INJECTION
Authors: Lee* Namsoon , Won* Sungjun , Choi Mihyun , Kim Junyoung , Yi Kangjae , Chang Dongwoo , Choi Mincheol , Yoon Junghee
Published: December 2011

Three different doses (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 ml) of iohexol (300 mgI/ml) were injected percutaneously into the popliteal lymph node of eight adult cats under ultrasound guidance. Serial transverseCTimages of five regions of interest (L3,T13,T8,T4, andT1 level) were performed at 2‐min intervals, and the attenuation inHounsfieldUnits (HU) of the lymphatic vessels was measured for determination of the optimal dose of iohexol andCTscan parameters. The optimal dose was 1.5 ml and helicalCTacquisition is recommended to be performed as soon as possible after iohexol injection. In helical scans, the thoracic duct was characterized by variable branch numbers that formed a single trunk and entered the venous system at variable levels.CTlymphography using this protocol was performed in a cat with chylothorax. The thoracic duct was tortuous and focally dilated, and leakage of contrast medium was observed. PercutaneousCTlymphography using ultrasound‐guided administration of iohexol into the popliteal lymph node appears reliable for delineation of the thoracic duct in cats.
Short‐term cast immobilisation is effective in reducing lesion propagation in a surgical model of equine superficial digital flexor tendon injury
Authors: DAVID F. , CADBY J. , BOSCH G. , BRAMA P. , VAN WEEREN R. , VAN SCHIE H.
Published: December 2011

Reasons for performing the study: Larger superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) injuries have a poorer prognosis than smaller lesions. During the inflammatory phase enlargement of the initial lesion is frequently noted, with biomechanical loading being recently proposed to play an important role.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of lower limb cast immobilisation on tendon lesion propagation in an equine model of surgically induced SDFT injury.

Methods: Core lesions were surgically induced in both front SDFTs of 6 young mature horses. At the end of surgery, one leg was randomly placed in a lower limb cast and the other leg (control) was bandaged for 10 days. Computerised ultrasonographic tissue characterisation performed at Days 10, 15, 21, 28, 35 and 42 allowed measurement of lesion length (cm) and width (expressed as a percentage of whole tendon cross‐section). On Day 42 horses were subjected to euthanasia and both SDFTs were sectioned every centimetre to assess the lesion length macroscopically. Statistics were performed to compare cast vs. control legs with significance set at P<0.05.

Results: When all time points were combined, lesion length was 19% shorter (P<0.0001) and lesion width 57% smaller (P = 0.0002) in the cast legs (6.13 ± 0.12 cm; 6.90 ± 0.64%) than in the control legs (7.30 ± 0.21 cm; 10.85 ± 1.22%). On Day 42 the lesion length on macroscopic evaluation was 19% shorter (P = 0.04) in the cast (7.00 ± 0.36 cm) than in the control legs (8.33 ± 0.33 cm).

Conclusions: Cast immobilisation for 10 days effectively reduced lesion propagation (length and width) compared to bandaging in an in vivo model of artificially‐induced tendon lesions.

Potential relevance: A short period of cast immobilisation during the early phase of tendon healing may be an easy and cost‐effective way to reduce the initial enlargement of lesion size and hence to improve prognosis.
Ethylbenzene Removal by Carbon Nanotubes from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Bina Bijan , Pourzamani Hamidreza , Rashidi Alimorad , Amin Mohammad Mehdi
Published: December 2011

The removal of ethylbenzene (E) from aqueous solution by multiwalled, single-walled, and hybrid carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs, SWCNTs, and HCNTs) was evaluated for a nanomaterial dose of 1 g/L, concentration of 10–100 mg/L, and pH 7. The equilibrium amount removed by SWCNTs (E: 9.98 mg/g) was higher than by MWCNTs and HCNTs. Ethylbenzene has a higher adsorption tendency on CNTs, so that more than 98% of it adsorbed in first 14 min, which is related to the low water solubility and the high molecular weight. The SWCNTs performed better for ethylbenzene sorption than the HCNTs and MWCNTs. Isotherms study indicates that the BET isotherm expression provides the best fit for ethylbenzene sorption by SWCNTs. Carbon nanotubes, specially SWCNTs, are efficient and rapid adsorbents for ethylbenzene which possess good potential applications to maintain high-quality water. Therefore, it could be used for cleaning up environmental pollution to prevent ethylbenzene borne diseases.
Human Papillomavirus Genotyping and E6/E7 mRNA Expression in Greek Women with Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vagina and Vulva
Authors: Tsimplaki Elpida , Argyri Elena , Michala Lina , Kouvousi Maria , Apostolaki Aikaterini , Magiakos George , Papassideri Issidora , Panotopoulou Efstathia
Published: December 2011

A large proportion of vaginal and vulvar squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and intraepithelial neoplasias (VAIN and VIN) are associated with HPV infection, mainly type 16. The purpose of this study was to identify HPV genotypes, as well as E6/E7 mRNA expression of high-risk HPVs (16, 18, 31, 33, and 45) in 56 histology samples of VAIN, VIN, vaginal, and vulvar SCCs. HPV was identified in 56% of VAIN and 50% of vaginal SCCs, 71.4% of VIN and 50% of vulvar SCCs. E6/E7 mRNA expression was found in one-third of VAIN and in all vaginal SCCs, 42.9% of VIN and 83.3% of vulvar SCCs. Our data indicated that HPV 16 was the commonest genotype identified in VAIN and VIN and the only genotype found in SCCs of the vagina and vulva. These findings may suggest, in accordance with other studies, that mRNA assay might be useful in triaging lesions with increased risk of progression to cancer.
High Prevalence Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis by Polymerase Chain Reaction in Endocervical Samples of Infertile Women Attending University Hospital in Manaus-Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: de Lima Freitas Norma Suely , Borborema-Santos Cristina Maria , Barroso Serrão das Neves Dária , Costa de Oliveira Cintia Mara , Dutra Ferreira Júnia Raquel , Astolfi-Filho Spartaco
Published: December 2011

Background: We established for the first time the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among infertile women in Manaus Amazonas Brazil using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Methods: 106 women were studied at a public university hospital fertility clinic for infertility problems correlated with chlamydia infection. Social-economic and clinical information was obtained before medical examination to obtain samples for the amplification of C. trachomatis DNA plasmid. Results: The prevalence of chlamydial infection among infertile women was 52.8, and 51.8% of the positive participants were older than 30 years of age (p = 0.8697). Of the 56 women positive for C. trachomatis, 31 (55.4%) had never given birth, while 9 (16%) had a pregnancy resulting in fetal death. Our findings also revealed that these patients had a low socio-economic status and high unemployment (p = 0.0274), and a significant association of 5% (p < 0.05) of chlamydial infection with family income. Conclusions: Due to the high prevalence of C. trachomatis, concerns about effects on reproductive health and fertility are undertaken. Therefore, we believe it is extremely necessary to implement large-scale PCR-based screening as part of routine clinical detection programs concerning preventive effects of chlamydial infection among this population.
Biomarker Discovery in Serum from Patients with Carotid Atherosclerosis
Authors: DeGraba Thomas J. , Hoehn Gerard T. , Nyquist Paul A. , Wang Honghui , Kenney Ray , Gonzales Denise A. , Kern Steven J. , Ying Sai-Xia , Munson Peter J. , Suffredini Anthony F.
Published: December 2011

Background: Blood-based biomarkers of atherosclerosis have been used to identify patients at high risk for developing stroke. We hypothesized that patients with carotid artery disease would have a distinctive proteomic signature in blood as compared to a healthy control population without carotid artery disease. In order to discover protein biomarkers associated with increased atherosclerotic risk, we used two different strategies to identify biomarkers from patients with clinically defined atherosclerosis who were undergoing endarterectomy for atherosclerotic carotid artery disease. These patients were compared with healthy matched controls. Methods: Serum was obtained from patients undergoing endarterectomy (EA; n = 38) and compared to a group of age-matched healthy controls (n = 40). Serum was fractionated using anion exchange chromatography and three different surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) chip surfaces and then evaluated with mass spectrometry (MS) and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). Results: A random forest (RF) analysis of the SELDI-MS protein peak data distinguished these two groups with 69.2% sensitivity and 73.2% specificity. Four unique SELDI peaks (4.2, 4.4, 16.7 and 28 kDa, all p< 0.01) showed the greatest influence in the RF model. The EA patients with a history of prior clinical atherosclerotic plaque rupture manifested as either stroke or transient ischemic attack (symptomatic; n = 16) were compared to patients with carotid atherosclerosis but no clinical evidence of plaque rupture (asymptomatic; n = 22). Analysis of the SELDI spectra did not separate these two patient subgroups. A subgroup analysis using 2D-DIGE images obtained from albumin-depleted serum comparing symptomatic (n = 10) to asymptomatic EA patients (n = 10) found 4 proteins that were differentially expressed (p < 0.01) in the symptomatic patients. These proteins were identified as α1-antitrypsin, haptoglobin and vitamin D binding protein that were downregulated and α2-glycoprotein precursor that was upregulated in the symptomatic EA group. Conclusions: SELDI-MS data analysis of fractionated serum suggests that a distinct protein signature exists in patients with carotid atherosclerosis compared to age-matched healthy controls. Identification of 4 proteins in a subset of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis suggests that these and other protein biomarkers may assist in identifying high-risk patients with carotid atherosclerosis.
Meaning without Theory
Authors: Turner Stephen
Published: December 2011

Abstract

There is a core conflict between conventional ideas about “meaning” and the phenomenon of meaning and meaning change in history. Conventional accounts are either atemporal or appeal to something fixed that bestows meaning, such as a rule or a convention. This produces familiar problems over change. Notions of rule and convention are metaphors for something tacit. They are unhelpful in accounting for change: there are no rule-givers or convenings in history. Meanings are in flux, and are part of a web of belief and practical activity that is in constant change. We can perhaps salvage some point to appeals to fixed frameworks if we treat them as “as if ” constructions designed as crutches to enable us to improve on literal readings of the texts by making more sense of the inferential connections and practical significance of their content at the time.
Emotion Expressions
Authors: Shariff Azim F. , Tracy Jessica L.
Published: December 2011

We appreciate Barrett’s (2011, this issue) comments and her discussion of how our two-stage model is and is not consistent with Darwin’s views on the evolution of emotion expressions. Like many pioneering books, Darwin’s The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals represents a flurry of novel and revolutionary, yet often inconsistent, ideas, which lend themselves to different readings. However, while the historical perspective Barrett provides is useful, the scientific conversation on emotion expressions has evolved since Darwin. Here, we briefly discuss why the two alternative explanations Barrett offers for the origins of emotion expressions—expressions as cultural symbols and/or as evolutionary byproducts—are both untenable in light of existing research. We also note that although evidence for our two-stage model is currently incomplete, our goal was not to tell a complete story. Instead, we sought to offer the best emerging explanation for the existing research and provide a path for future empirical work that can test it.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rand Graham K.
Published: December 2011

In Book Reviews, we review an extensive and diverse range of books. They cover theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems. In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. The editor will be pleased to receive an e-mail from those willing to review a book, with an indication of specific areas of interest. If you are aware of a specific book that you would like to review, or that you think should be reviewed, please contact the editor.
Unraveling the Science of Variable Amplitude Fatigue
Authors: Sunder R.
Published: December 2011

Conventional methods to estimate variable-amplitude fatigue life revolve either around cumulative damage analysis using the local stress-strain approach, or, around one of the crack growth load interaction models. Despite advances in modeling the mechanics of fatigue, none of these methods can faithfully reproduce the near-threshold variable amplitude fatigue response that determines the durability of machines and structures primarily because they fail to model the science behind the residual stress effect. Residual stress effects have a strong bearing on metal fatigue and owe their influence to the moderation of crack-tip surface chemistry and surface physics. This demands the treatment of threshold stress intensity as a variable, sensitive to load history. The correct estimation of crack closure is also crucial to determining the variable amplitude fatigue response and demands assessment of the cyclic plastic zone stress-strain response.
Effects of the “Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program” on the Water Budget of the Jinghe River Catchment in China
Authors: Qiu Guo Yu , Yin Jing , Tian Fei , Geng Shu
Published: December 2011

In 1999 China adopted the “Conversion of Cropland to Forest and Grassland Program” (CCFGP), a nationwide ecological recovery program, to minimize wide‐scale soil erosion and vegetation degradation in China, as well as to improve water budgeting results. In the 10 yr since implementation, the CCFGP has resulted in the recovery and reforestation of >100,000 km2 of cropland and bare land, though the quantitative effect of this program on catchment water budget is not entirely clear. Therefore, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool to evaluate and quantify the effects of the CCFGP on the water budget of the Jinghe River catchment, a tributary of the Yellow River covering the central region of the Loess Plateau. Our results indicated that precipitation had dropped by 12.0% from the 1970s (611.6 mm) to the 2000s (538 mm) and that there was a corresponding 25.2% decrease in humidity index from 0.48 to 0.36. Before the CCFGP's implementation, forest and grassland had been decreasing, while bare land, cropland, and shrub land had been increasing. After the implementation of the CCFGP, the opposite trend was observed. Moreover, streamflow increased by about 15 and 20% for the upstream and middle stream subbasins, respectively, while soil water content also showed an obvious increase. Over the same period, evapotranspiration decreased by 5.2 and 13.5 mm and runoff decreased by 37.5 and 38.6% in the two subbasins. The same trends were obtained in the downstream subbasin, where changes were even greater. As a result of the reduced runoff and evapotranspiration, utilization of water resources was more efficient and ecological environment was improved under the CCFGP policy. Our results indicate the CCFGP resulted in a favorable ecological impact and should therefore be maintained.
Enhanced Biogeochemical Cycling and Subsequent Reduction of Hydraulic Conductivity Associated with Soil‐Layer Interfaces in the Vadose Zone
Authors: Hansen David J. , McGuire Jennifer T. , Mohanty Binayak P.
Published: December 2011

Biogeochemical dynamics in the vadose zone are poorly understood due to the transient nature of chemical and hydrologic conditions but are nonetheless critical to understanding chemical fate and transport. This study explored the effects of a soil layer on linked geochemical, hydrological, and microbiological processes. Three laboratory soil columns were constructed: a homogenized medium‐grained sand, a homogenized organic‐rich loam, and a sand‐over‐loam layered column. Upward and downward infiltration of water was evaluated during experiments to simulate rising water table and rainfall events, respectively. In situ collocated probes measured soil water content, matric potential, and Eh. Water samples collected from the same locations were analyzed for Br−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, NH4+, Fe2+, and total sulfide. Compared with homogeneous columns, the presence of a soil layer altered the biogeochemistry and water flow of the system considerably. Enhanced biogeochemical cycling was observed in the layered column over the texturally homogeneous soil columns. Enumerations of iron‐ and sulfate‐reducing bacteria showed 1 to 2 orders of magnitude greater community numbers in the layered column. Mineral and soil aggregate composites were most abundant near the soil–layer interface, the presence of which likely contributed to an observed order‐of‐magnitude decrease in hydraulic conductivity. These findings show that quantifying coupled hydrologic‐biogeochemical processes occurring at small‐scale soil interfaces is critical to accurately describing and predicting chemical changes at the larger system scale. These findings also provide justification for considering soil layering in contaminant fate and transport models because of its potential to increase biodegradation or to slow the rate of transport of contaminants.
Phytoextraction and Uptake Patterns of Weathered Polychlorinated Biphenyl–Contaminated Soils Using Three Perennial Weed Species
Authors: Ficko Sarah A. , Rutter Allison , Zeeb Barbara A.
Published: December 2011

Three promising phytoextracting perennial weed species [Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. (ox‐eye daisy), Rumex crispus L. (curly dock), and Solidago canadensis L. (Canada goldenrod)] were planted in monoculture plots at two polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)‐contaminated sites in southern Ontario and followed over 2 yr to investigate the effects of plant age, contaminant characteristics, and species‐specific properties on PCB uptake and accumulation patterns in plant tissues. Results from this study indicate that, for each of these weed species, shoot contaminant concentrations and total biomass are dependent on plant age and life cycle (vegetative and reproductive stages), which affects the total amount of PCBs phytoextracted on a per‐plant basis. Even at suboptimal planting densities of 3 to 5 plants m−2, all three weed species extracted a greater quantity of PCBs per unit area (4800–10,000 μg m−2) than the known PCB‐accumulator Cucurbita pepo L. ssp pepo (cv Howden pumpkins) (1500–2100 μg m−2) at one of the two sites. Calculated PCB extractions based on theoretical optimal planting densities were significantly higher at both sites and illustrate the potential of these weeds for site remediation. This study also demonstrates that S. canadensis plants may accumulate PCBs along the stem length in a similar manner as C. pepo plants.
High Temperature Tolerance in Aegilops Species and Its Potential Transfer to Wheat
Authors: Pradhan G. P. , Prasad P. V. V. , Fritz A. K. , Kirkham M. B. , Gill B. S.
Published: December 2011

High temperature (HT) stress is highly detrimental to crop productivity but there is limited variability for this trait among wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars. The objectives of this research were to screen wild wheats (Aegilops species) for tolerance to HT stress at the reproductive stage and to measure physiological and yield traits associated with the tolerance. Fifty‐two accessions belonging to five Aegilops species were evaluated at optimum temperature (OT) (25/19°C day/night) and HT (36/30°C) with a photoperiod of 18 h. Stress was imposed at anthesis and continued for 16 d. Across species, HT decreased chlorophyll, grain number per spike, individual grain weight, and grain yield per plant by 38, 40, 56, and 70%, respectively. Based on a decrease in grain yield, A. speltoides Tausch and A. geniculata Roth were most tolerant and A. longissima Schweinf. & Muschl. was highly susceptible to HT stress. Tolerance was associated with higher grain number per spike and/or heavier grains. Within A. speltoides, accession TA 2348 was highly tolerant to HT with 13.5% decline in grain yield and a heat susceptibility index (HSI) of 0.23 whereas TA 1787 and TA 2097 were highly susceptible with >82% yield decline and HSIs > 1.4. Among A. geniculata, two moderately HT tolerant accessions, TA 2899 and TA 1819, were identified, with an HSI of 0.80. Our results suggest that there is genetic variability among Aegilops species that can be utilized in breeding wheat for HT tolerance at reproductive stage.
Mapping and Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis of Drought Tolerance in a Spring Wheat Population Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism and Diversity Array Technology Markers
Authors: Alexander Lauren M. , Kirigwi Francis M. , Fritz Allan K. , Fellers John P.
Published: December 2011

Water availability is commonly the most limiting factor for crop production. This study was conducted to map wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in drought tolerance. Using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) and Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers, a population of 122 F7–derived recombinant inbred lines from a cross between ‘Dharwar Dry’ and ‘Sitta’ was reanalyzed to identify previously unknown QTL associated with drought tolerance traits and to further saturate known QTL regions. A linkage map of 48 groups was created from the combined data of DArT, AFLP, and previously reported simple sequence repeat (SSR) and expressed sequence tag (EST) markers. Quantitative trait loci were found in 24 of the 48 groups. Groups could be anchored on chromosomes 1D, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5A, 5B, 6A, 6D, 7A, and 7B. While four additional AFLP markers were added to the major QTL for drought tolerance on chromosome 4AL, a second major locus was found on chromosome 7B.QDt.ksu‐7Bspans 34.7 cM with three associated markers. Simple sequence repeat markerXbarc172and DArT markerXwPt‐4230explained 11.9% of the variation for harvest index under reduced irrigation in 1999 while AFLP markerXGTGG284explained 10.7%.XwPt‐6463explained 11.9 and 11.2% of the variation for drought susceptibility index for spike number and yield, respectively. The locusQDt.ksu‐4Anow spans 21.9 cM and AFLP markerXCCGA110explained 27.8 and 39.9% of the variation for grain fill rate and yield under reduced irrigation in 1999, respectively.
Genomic Selection in Plant Breeding: A Comparison of Models
Authors: Heslot Nicolas , Yang Hsiao‐Pei , Sorrells Mark E. , Jannink Jean‐Luc
Published: December 2011

Simulation and empirical studies of genomic selection (GS) show accuracies sufficient to generate rapid genetic gains. However, with the increased popularity of GS approaches, numerous models have been proposed and no comparative analysis is available to identify the most promising ones. Using eight wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., and maize (Zea mays L.) datasets, the predictive ability of currently available GS models along with several machine learning methods was evaluated by comparing accuracies, the genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs), and the marker effects for each model. While a similar level of accuracy was observed for many models, the level of overfitting varied widely as did the computation time and the distribution of marker effect estimates. Our comparisons suggested that GS in plant breeding programs could be based on a reduced set of models such as the Bayesian Lasso, weighted Bayesian shrinkage regression (wBSR, a fast version of BayesB), and random forest (RF) (a machine learning method that could capture nonadditive effects). Linear combinations of different models were tested as well as bagging and boosting methods, but they did not improve accuracy. This study also showed large differences in accuracy between subpopulations within a dataset that could not always be explained by differences in phenotypic variance and size. The broad diversity of empirical datasets tested here adds evidence that GS could increase genetic gain per unit of time and cost.
2-Substituted-Isoindoles: A Novel Synthetic Route and a Study of the Diels–Alder and Michael Reactions
Authors: Voitenko Zoia V. , Sypchenko Volodymyr V. , Levkov Igor V. , Potikha Lyudmila M. , Kovtunenko Volodymyr A. , Shishkin Oleg V. , Shishkina Svetlana V.
Published: December 2011

A novel one-step procedure for the synthesis of 2-substituted-isoindoles and 1-aryl-2-substituted-isoindoles is described. The procedure is based on the reaction of 2-(bromomethyl)benzaldehyde or 2-(bromomethyl)benzophen-one derivatives with primary aromatic or aliphatic amines. Reactions of 1,2-diarylisoindoles with N-phenylmaleimide were studied. Refluxing the reactants in i-PrOH in the presence of triethylamine leads to the formation of Diels–Alder endo-adducts; whilst refluxing in AcOH in the presence of AcONa affords Michael adducts. The structure of the latter was confirmed by X-ray diffraction.
Preparation of Methyl (2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)(aryl)methyl/benzylcarbamate derivatives using magnesium (II) 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate as an efficient catalyst
Authors: Shafiee Mohammad Reza Mohammad , Moloudi Raheleh , Ghashang Majid
Published: December 2011

Multicomponent condensation reactions of aldehydes, 2-naphthol and methyl/benzyl carbamate have been done by using magnesium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate [Mg(OOCCF3)2] as an efficient catalyst. This methodology results in the synthesis of a variety of methyl (2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)(aryl)methyl/benzylcarbamate derivatives in high yields. Despite their importance from pharmacological and synthetic points of view, comparatively few methods for the preparation of 1-carbamatoalkyl 2-naphthol derivatives have been reported via multicomponent reactions of aldehydes, 2-naphthol and carbamate using acidic catalysts. Magnesium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate [Mg(OOCCF3)2] has been prepared from the reaction of trifluoroacetic acid and magnesium chloride. The prepared catalyst has been characterised through a powder X-ray diffraction pattern.
Microwave-Assisted Claisen Rearrangement/Diels–Alder Cascade reaction for the Synthesis of Caged Garcinia Natural Products and Analogues
Authors: Li Xiang , Zhang Xiaojin , Yu Zhuoqin , Liu Xiaorong , You Qidong , Guo Qinglong
Published: December 2011

A microwave-assisted Claisen rearrangement/Diels–Alder cascade reaction was used to synthesise caged Garcinia natural products and analogues containing the unique 4-oxa-tricyclo[4.3.1.03,7]decan-2-one scaffold from xanthone-based and chromone-based substrates. Forbesione and cluvenone as well as two new and six known caged analogues were obtained. Compared with the traditional thermal method, the reaction time was reduced dramatically and the yield was greatly improved under microwave irradiation. In addition, the regioselectivity observed in the cascade reaction has also been rationalised. Garcinia have long been used in folk medicines for their healing, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities.
A Partial Synthesis of 5,8-O-Dimethylshikonin and 6-Isomer of 5,8-O-Dimethylshikonin
Authors: Zheng Xiaogang , Wang Rubing , Zhu Mengyuan , Jing Zheng , Li Shaoshun
Published: December 2011

A convenient synthesis of 5, 8-O-dimethylshikonin and the 6-isomer of 5,8-O-dimethylshikonin was developed in 81.8% total yield from shikonin. (R)-4-Methyl-1-(1,4,5,8-tetramethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)pent-3-en-1-ol was prepared in a one-pot two-step approach and then oxidised with ceric ammonium nitrate. This is simpler and the overall yield is higher than previous methods. The reaction conditions are milder and more environmentally friendly to environment, avoiding the use of the toxic and expensive reagents methyl iodide and chloromethyl ether and are more applicable to large-scale preparation. This is important because shikonin and its closely related derivatives have attracted much attention in view of their antitumor activities.
Changes in Morphology and Activity of Transglutaminase Following Cross-Linking and Immobilization on a Polypropylene Microporous Membrane
Authors: Shi Yan-Guo , Qian Lei , Zhang Na , Han Chun-Ran , Liu Ying , Zhang Yi-Fang , Ma Yong-Qiang
Published: December 2011

Transglutaminase (TGase) was cross-linked with glutaraldehyde, and cross-linked crystalline transglutaminase was immobilized on a polypropylene microporous membrane by UV-induced grafting. Immobilized enzyme activity were calculated to be 0.128 U/cm2 polypropylene microporous membrane. The microstructure and enzyme characteristics of free, cross-linked and immobilized transglutaminase were compared. The optimum temperature of free transglutaminase was determined to be approximately 40 °C, while cross-linking and immobilization resulted in an increase to approximately 45 °C and 50 °C. At 60 °C, immobilized, cross-linked and free transglutaminase retained 91.7 ± 1.20%, 63.2 ± 1.05% and 37.9 ± 0.98% maximum activity, respectively. The optimum pH was unaffected by the state of transglutaminase. However, the thermal and pH stabilities of cross-linked and immobilized transglutaminase were shown to increase.
Malodorous oozing lesions after local cancer treatment - ethacridine powder prevents local infection
Authors: Dyckhoff Gerhard , Plinkert Peter Karl , Walk-Fritz Stefanie Ursula , Hoppe-Tichy Torsten
Published: December 2011

A common problem in local cancer treatment is infection of the resulting superficial tumour necrosis. The malodorous oozing lesions not only severely interfere with the patient’s quality of life but may also result in serious sequelae such as accelerated wasting, sepsis, and death. We developed a new formulation of the well-known antiseptic drug Ethacridine lactate in powder form to prevent such infections in local antineoplastic therapy. In a pilot study, the powder was applied in four patients receiving either an intralesional treatment with a platinum-based gel in the course of a study or photodynamic therapy. In all four patients with cervical respectively facial wounds with a surface of up to 80 cm2 a virtually dry and odorless scabby lesion resulted with no signs of infection. These initial clinical experiences suggest that Ethacridine lactate powder may be of benefit in the prevention of infection in palliative intratumoural cancer treatment.
Three‐Dimensional Kelvin Probe Microscopy for Characterizing In‐Plane Piezoelectric Potential of Laterally Deflected ZnO Micro‐/Nanowires
Authors: Bayerl Dylan J. , Wang Xudong
Published: December 2011

Potential characterization of deflected piezoelectric nanowires (NWs) is of great interest for current development of electromechanical nanogenerators that harvest ambient mechanical energy. In this paper, a Kelvin probe microscopy (KPM) technique hybridizing scanning KPM (SKPM) with atomic force microscope (AFM) surface‐approach spectroscopy methods for characterizing in‐plane piezoelectric potential of ZnO microwires (MWs) is presented. This technique decouples the scanning motion of the AFM tip from sample topography, and thus effectively eliminates artifacts induced by high topographical variations along the edges of MWs/NWs which make characterization by conventional SKPM inappropriate or impossible. By virtue of the topography/tip motion decoupling approach, the electrical potential can also be mapped in a three‐dimensional (3D) spatial volume above the sample surface. Therefore, this technique is named 3DKPM. Through 3DKPM mapping, the piezopotential generated by a laterally deflected ZnO MW was determined by extracting the potential asymmetry from opposite sides of the MW. The measurement results agree well with theoretical predictions. Integrating an external bias to the MW sample allowed direct observation of piezopotential and carrier concentration coupling phenomenon in ZnO, opening a door toward quantitative microscopic investigation of the piezotronic effect. With further positioning refinements, 3DKPM could become a powerful technique for the characterization of piezoelectric potential and related effects in micro/nanostructures of high topographical variations, as well as development of MW/NW‐based piezoelectric nanodevices.
Impact of microalgae characteristics on their conversion to biofuel. Part I: Focus on cultivation and biofuel production
Authors: González‐Fernández Cristina , Sialve Bruno , Bernet Nicolas , Steyer Jean‐Philippe
Published: December 2011

Microalgae are now the focus of intensive research because of their potential as a renewable feedstock for biofuel production. This review briefly examines the effect of reactor design, nutrient, and light regimens on microalgae productivity and macromolecular composition. Downstream processing including common biofuel production as well as life cycle assessment and technoeconomical aspects are discussed. Even though algal biofuels are more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels, economical feasibility is a challenging issue. © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Über Museen der Naturgeschichte und ihren Zweck. Ein Vortrag gehalten von Leopold von Buch (1774–1853) im April 1838
Authors: Kröger Björn
Published: December 2011

On Natural History Museums and Their Purpose. A Lecture Given by Leopold von Buch (1774–1853) in April 1838. A manuscript of a lecture by the Prussian geologist Leopold von Buch given at the Berlin Society of the Friends of the Humanity was discovered at the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. The text is a raw version of a passionate plea for the formation of natural history collections as science places, with a partly biting humor. Based on until now unknown anecdotes about naturalists like Kaspar Maria Graf Sternberg (1761–1838) and Friedrich Wilhelm Hoeninghaus (1771–1854) Leopold von Buch argues with von Sternberg for the scientific value of natural history collections. The repeating references to the works of Goethe and an extensive addendum of various Dante translations into German are striking. The lecture manuscript complements our knowledge about the thinking of this important geologist, and provides new insights into the science policy of his time.
Lateral pterygoid muscle: A three‐dimensional analysis of neuromuscular partitioning
Authors: Davies J.C. , Charles M. , Cantelmi D. , Liebgott B. , Ravichandiran M. , Ravichandiran K. , Agur A.M.
Published: December 2011

The lateral pterygoid (LP) has been implicated in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology. Few studies have examined muscle architecture of the superior (SLP) and inferior (ILP) heads of LP; moreover, the pattern of intramuscular innervation is poorly defined. The purpose of this study was to determine patterns of intramuscular innervation of LP using 3D modeling. The superior and lateral aspects of LP were exposed in 10 embalmed cadaveric specimens. Nerves entering the muscle, all branches of the mandibular nerve (V3), were followed intramuscularly in short segments and sequentially digitized. Muscle volume, surrounding bone, and the TMJ disc were also digitized. The data were reconstructed into 3D models (Maya®) that were used to determine patterns of intramuscular innervation. It was found that the SLP had independent sources of innervation to each of the quadrants in its superior part (masseteric/posterior deep temporal/middle deep temporal/buccal) and one primary source of innervation (buccal) to the quadrants of the inferior part. This difference in innervation is significant as the superior part attaches to the TMJ disc‐capsule complex, whereas the inferior part attaches to the mandibular condylar neck. Differing sites of attachment and sources of innervation for each part suggests that movement of the TMJ disc‐capsule complex, independent of the condyle, may be possible. The buccal nerve supplied both the medial and lateral quadrants of the ILP, with the medial quadrants receiving additional innervation from V3 muscular branches. Results of this study could be used to direct EMG/ultrasound studies of LP function as related to TMJ disorders. Clin. Anat. 25:576–583, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Predicting toxicity from radiation therapy—It's genetic, right?
Authors: Kelsey Chris R. , Rosenstein Barry S. , Marks Lawrence B.
Published: December 2011

Although several single‐nucleotide polymorphisms have been associated with radiation‐induced toxicity in candidate gene studies, there are many important limitations to such analyses. The primary limitations include the approach (candidate gene vs genome wide), small patient numbers, lack of a validation set, and subjective endpoints.