bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orthologous repeats and mammalian phylogenetic inference
Authors: Bashir Ali , Ye Chun , Price Alkes L. , Bafna Vineet
Published: July 2005

Determining phylogenetic relationships between species is a difficult problem, and many phylogenetic relationships remain unresolved, even among eutherian mammals. Repetitive elements provide excellent markers for phylogenetic analysis, because their mode of evolution is predominantly homoplasy-free and unidirectional. Historically, phylogenetic studies using repetitive elements have relied on biological methods such as PCR analysis, and computational inference is limited to a few isolated repeats. Here, we present a novel computational method for inferring phylogenetic relationships from partial sequence data using orthologous repeats. We apply our method to reconstructing the phylogeny of 28 mammals, using more than 1000 orthologous repeats obtained from sequence data available from the NISC Comparative Sequencing Program. The resulting phylogeny has robust bootstrap numbers, and broadly matches results from previous studies which were obtained using entirely different data and methods. In addition, we shed light on some of the debatable aspects of the phylogeny. With rapid expansion of available partial sequence data, computational analysis of repetitive elements holds great promise for the future of phylogenetic inference.
Identification of a missense mutation in the bovine ABCG2 gene with a major effect on the QTL on chromosome 6 affecting milk yield and composition in Holstein cattle
Authors: Cohen-Zinder Miri , Seroussi Eyal , Larkin Denis M. , Loor Juan J. , Wind Annelie Everts-van der , Lee Jun-Heon , Drackley James K. , Band Mark R. , Hernandez A.G. , Shani Moshe , Lewin Harris A. , Weller Joel I. , Ron Micha
Published: July 2005

We previously localized a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 6 affecting milk fat and protein concentration to a 4-cM confidence interval, centered on the microsatellite BM143. We characterized the genes and sequence variation in this region and identified common haplotypes spanning five polymorphic sites in the genes IBSP, SPP1, PKD2, and ABCG2 for two sires heterozygous for this QTL. Expression of SPP1 and ABCG2 in the bovine mammary gland increased from parturition through lactation. SPP1 and all the coding exons of ABCG2 and PKD2 were sequenced for these two sires. The single nucleotide change capable of encoding a substitution of tyrosine-581 to serine (Y581S) in the ABCG2 transporter was the only polymorphism corresponding to the segregation status of all 3 heterozygous and 15 homozygous sires for the QTL in the Israeli and U.S. Holstein populations. The allele substitution fixed effects on the genetic evaluations of 335 Israeli sires were –341 kg milk, +0.16% fat, and +0.13% protein (F-value = 200). No other polymorphism gave significant effect for fat and protein concentration in models that also included Y581S. The allele substitution effects on the genetic evaluations of 670 cows, daughters of two heterozygous sires, were –226 kg milk, 0.09% fat, and 0.08% protein (F-value = 394), with partial dominance towards the 581S homozygotes. We therefore propose that Y581S in ABCG2 is the causative site for this QTL.
An atlas of human gene expression from massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS)
Authors: Jongeneel C. Victor , Delorenzi Mauro , Iseli Christian , Zhou Daixing , Haudenschild Christian D. , Khrebtukova Irina , Kuznetsov Dmitry , Stevenson Brian J. , Strausberg Robert L. , Simpson Andrew J.G. , Vasicek Thomas J.
Published: July 2005

We have used massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) to sample the transcriptomes of 32 normal human tissues to an unprecedented depth, thus documenting the patterns of expression of almost 20,000 genes with high sensitivity and specificity. The data confirm the widely held belief that differences in gene expression between cell and tissue types are largely determined by transcripts derived from a limited number of tissue-specific genes, rather than by combinations of more promiscuously expressed genes. Expression of a little more than half of all known human genes seems to account for both the common requirements and the specific functions of the tissues sampled. A classification of tissues based on patterns of gene expression largely reproduces classifications based on anatomical and biochemical properties. The unbiased sampling of the human transcriptome achieved by MPSS supports the idea that most human genes have been mapped, if not functionally characterized. This data set should prove useful for the identification of tissue-specific genes, for the study of global changes induced by pathological conditions, and for the definition of a minimal set of genes necessary for basic cell maintenance. The data are available on the Web at http://mpss.licr.org and http://sgb.lynxgen.com.
The three dimensions of responsiveness
Authors: Holweg Matthias
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The concept of responsiveness has been widely discussed, yet so far most of this discussion has remained qualitative in nature. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual model identifying the key factors that determine the responsiveness of a supply chain system, which – once quantified – provide a unique profile of each supply chain setting towards the appropriate supply chain strategy.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reviews existing contributions and synthesises these into a conceptual model of responsiveness. The model is applied using three case studies from the automotive and electronics industry. The case research is based on value stream mapping, semi‐structured interviews, and site visits.

Findings

Three key findings could be established: first, the concept of responsiveness has a simple logic that aligns itself to a wide range of manufacturing strategies. However, underlying this remit is a complex interaction of an array of key variables, and it was found that previous contributions largely have only addressed a subset of these. Second, these key variables can be grouped into three categories or dimensions of responsiveness – product, process and volume – to provide a holistic understanding of responsiveness and its key determinants. Third, due to the large involved, there cannot be one single “holy grail” concept of how responsiveness can be achieved, neither does one single approach apply to entire sectors.

Research limitations/implications

A great variety of variables needs to be considered in order to provide a balanced view of all three dimensions of responsiveness, thus the case analyses remain at a necessarily high level.

Practical implications

The paper provides guidelines for management on how to align their supply chain strategy to volume, product and process contingency factors in order to balance responsiveness to customer demand and supply chain efficiency.

Originality/value

The paper aims to elevate a discussion that previously has been held mostly at a conceptual level beyond the qualitative description, and thus addresses a key shortcoming in the current debate.
Integrating production and engineering perspectives on the customer order decoupling point
Authors: Wikner Joakim , Rudberg Martin
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Traditionally the customer order decoupling point (CODP) has focused mainly on the separation of production performed on speculation from commitment to customer orders. Engineering has, with few exceptions in this context, simply been viewed as occurring before production activities in a sequential manner. As competition increases, customer requirements for short lead‐times in combination with customisations requires further integration of processes involving both engineering and production activities making the traditional view of the CODP insufficient in these cases. The purpose of this paper is thus to provide a more general approach to enterprise integration of cross‐functional processes in order to extend the applicability of the CODP as a logistics oriented concept.

Design/methodology/approach

We use evolutionary approach to define the CODP as a two‐dimensional concept based on the integration of engineering and production.

Findings

The extended CODP captures the complexity in terms of possible configurations, but also provides a framework for the issues that must be handled when positioning the CODP in terms of both engineering and production simultaneously.

Practical implications

The two‐dimensional CODP is an important extension to make the theory better reflect reality and hence increase the scope and acceptance of both the concept CODP per se, and the analysis based on the CODP.

Originality/value

By the introduction of a new two‐dimensional approach, a more comprehensive CODP typology is defined. We also provide a classification of customer order influence based on a combined engineering and production perspective where the efficient CODPs constitute a set providing the highest level of customer value in terms of engineering adaptations.
Supply chain flexibility and firm performance
Authors: Martínez Sánchez Angel , Pérez Pérez Manuela
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To explore the relationship between the dimensions of supply chain flexibility and firm performance in a sample of automotive suppliers.

Design/methodology/approach

Empirical survey of a representative sample of 126 Spanish automotive suppliers during the months of September and October 2003. Data gathered through a mail survey to purchasing managers by using a structured questionnaire. Spearman correlation coefficients were used to analyse the relationship between the different supply chain flexibility dimensions, between supply chain flexibility dimensions and firm performance dimensions, and between supply chain flexibility dimensions and environmental uncertainty dimensions. A multivariate analysis studied the determinants of supply chain flexibility.

Findings

The research has found a positive relation between a superior performance in flexibility capabilities and firm performance, although flexibility dimensions are not equally important for firm performance. On the other hand, the results show that companies enhance more the basic flexibility capabilities (at the shop floor level) than aggregate flexibility capabilities (at the customer‐supplier level). However, aggregate flexibility capabilities are more positively related to firm performance than basic flexibility capabilities. Thus, companies might miss opportunities to improve competitiveness by underestimating customer‐supplier flexibility capabilities. Finally, the results indicate that flexibility capabilities are enhanced in supply chains with higher environmental uncertainty, technological complexity, and mutual understanding, but with lower interdependence among the agents involved in the supply chain.

Research limitations/implications

There are other factors not included in the model that could impact the relationship between flexibility, supply chain characteristics and firm performance. On the other hand, the research has used cross‐sectional data, which are limited in order to explain causal relationships. Another limitation of the research is that we did not use any secondary data (like manual financial reports) to crosscheck firm performance.

Practical implications

The results of the research contribute to a better understanding of the forces and constraints that companies face with flexibility capabilities.

Originality/value

The paper analyses the relationship between supply chain flexibility dimensions and firm performance. The model provides a framework of supply chain flexibility dimensions that may be used as a test base for further research.
Machine vision developments at IPOT 2005
Authors: Connolly Christine
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To draw attention to some recent developments in machine vision equipment.

Design/methodology/approach

Presents advances in light emitting diode (LED) lighting, cameras and software, and gives examples of new products and their capabilities.

Findings

New thermal management techniques allow LED lights to take over many machine vision illumination systems. Lights and cameras can be ruggedised to withstand wash down. Standard interfacing is being adopted for machine vision cameras.

Originality/value

Highlights some new products which have applications including the food industry.
Photonic crystal development yields breakthrough in Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Bogue Robert
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To describe a new substrate for use in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS).

Design/methodology/approach

Novel SERS substrates have been produced by the nanometre‐scale patterning of gold surfaces on silicon. This forms photonic crystals which tightly control the physics of the surface enhanced Raman amplification process, producing consistent SERS signals.

Findings

It has been shown that these substrates can increase significantly the sensitivity and reproducibility of SERS.

Originality/value

These substrates will allow SERS to be used in critical applications requiring high sensitivity detection of chemical compounds such as security, forensics, healthcare and environmental monitoring.
Unusual vision – machine vision applications at the NCEA
Authors: Billingsley John , Dunn Mark
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The paper draws together a range of somewhat unusual machine vision applications, with an integrating overview.

Design/methodology/approach

The National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture is amassing a portfolio of projects involving machine vision. These include identification of animal species, visual counting of macadamia nuts, analysis of animal behaviour and a number of quality control functions. DirectX tools have been developed and are applicable across a wide range of applications, while theory is extended in several ways.

Findings

Most of the projects are still in progress, but results are reported on the degree of success of a range of methods. Strategies and algorithms are discussed.

Research limitations/implications

Vision‐based solutions are applied to a diversity of tasks. There will be a continuing stream of such problems with abundant opportunities for research.

Practical implications

The projects are in essence practical, although they have inspired new methodologies. They are conducted in close collaboration with the industries involved and will be deemed to have failed if the outcome is not put to commercial use.

Originality/value

The paper draws together a portfolio of projects, allowing an analysis to be made of the features that unite and differentiate them. It will be of interest to both researchers and those with instrumentation problems.
On‐the‐go active remote sensing for efficient crop nitrogen management
Authors: Inman Daniel , Khosla Raj , Mayfield Ted
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To describe the function and use of the GreenSeeker™ active remote sensor used to detect crop nitrogen status.

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, the GreenSeeker active remote sensor and its use in irrigated maize production systems will be described. A brief discussion of the science of using remote sensing for studying plants is presented. Additionally, a summary of observations collected from field trials is presented.

Findings

The GreenSeeker active sensor has tremendous potential for accurately characterizing crop variability for site‐specific N rate determinations in the Western Great Plains region of the United States.

Originality/value

This paper discusses the GreenSeeker active sensor for detecting crop variability. Data from the GreenSeeker can be used to make site‐specific nitrogen fertilizer applications which may lead to improved nitrogen use efficiency.
Comparing electronic probes for volumetric water content of low‐density feathermoss
Authors: Overduin Pier P. , Yoshikawa Kenji , Kane Douglas L. , Harden Jennifer W.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Feathermoss is ubiquitous in the boreal forest and across various land‐cover types of the arctic and subarctic. A variety of affordable commercial sensors for soil moisture content measurement have recently become available and are in use in such regions, often in conjunction with fire‐susceptibility or ecological studies. Few come supplied with calibrations suitable or suggested for soils high in organics. Aims to test seven of these sensors for use in feathermoss, seeking calibrations between sensor output and volumetric water content.

Design/methodology/approach

Measurements from seven sensors installed in live, dead and burned feathermoss samples, drying in a controlled manner, were compared to moisture content measurements. Empirical calibrations of sensor output to water content were determined.

Findings

Almost all of the sensors tested were suitable for measuring the moss sample water content, and a unique calibration for each sensor for this material is presented. Differences in sensor design lead to changes in sensitivity as a function of volumetric water content, affecting the spatial averaging over the soil measurement volume.

Research limitations/implications

The wide range of electromagnetic sensors available include frequency and time domain designs with variations in wave guide and sensor geometry, the location of sensor electronics and operating frequency.

Practical implications

This study provides information for extending the use of electromagnetic sensors to feathermoss.

Originality/value

A comparison of volumetric water content sensor mechanics and design is of general interest to researchers measuring soil water content. In particular, researchers working in wetlands, boreal forests and tundra regions will be able to apply these results.
The British Library: its origins, development and future
Authors: Brindley Lynne
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To summarise the development of the British Library and the role played by Maurice Line.

Design/methodology/approach

The history of the British Library is described. The responses it is making to current changes in the audiences it serves and the environment in which it exists are analysed.

Findings

The nature of the scholarly communication process is changing but document supply will continue to play an important role.

Practical implications

Continuous innovation is vital today in order to meet the changing needs of users.

Originality/value

Key developments in one of the world's outstanding national libraries are summarised by its chief executive.
Tilting at windmills: BLDSC and the UK higher education community
Authors: Law Derek
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To provide an overview of, the relationship between the British Library and higher education libraries in the 1990s, with particular relation to document supply. It also goes on to explore current developments in scholarly communication.

Design/methodology/approach

The author played a role in several of the events described and uses the available literature to enlarge on a personal view of that decade.

Findings

The paper shows that the relationship was a strained one caused in part by a mismatch of resources, but is in any case dwarfed by the larger external forces and changing opportunities and technologies for scholarly communication.

Originality/value

Provides a record of the period.
A practical line in bibliometrics
Authors: Meadows Jack
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to describe Maurice Line's continuing interest in bibliometrics and in its possible application to library problems since the 1970s. He has especially emphasized two strands. One is the concept of obsolescence and how it applies in practice. The other is citation studies of the social sciences, which tend to have been ignored in comparison with the sciences. He has particularly explored the limitations that need to be taken into account when trying to apply bibliometric ideas in practical contexts.

Design/methodology/approach

An analysis of Line's publications on bibliometrics led to a selection of major themes in his writings. A subsequent study of the publications of others who wrote on this topic over the same period provided a framework for assessing his work.

Findings

Maurice Line played an important role in the development of this area of bibliometrics, though he slightly modified some of his early ideas as time has passed.

Originality/value

Provides a background to Maurice Line's interest in bibliometrics since the 1970s.
The evidence‐based academic library: Maurice Line and the Parry Report
Authors: Naylor Bernard
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To describe the part played by Maurice Line in the use of survey evidence and performance information in the management of academic libraries, commencing with the publication of the “Parry Report” in 1967.

Design/methdology/approach

The Parry Committee found little practical evidence in 1963, and had to commission some work. Two studies carried out by Line at Southampton University were available, and this and other work by Line featured significantly in the committee's work. The emergence of Line as a major figure in the development of academic and research libraries, the further development of the use of an evidence‐based approach to the management of academic libraries, and the links between these two factors are outlined.

Findings

The advance of Line's professional career was accompanied by a substantial output of highly‐regarded professional writing, which incorporated original thought and an evidence‐based approach to a degree which was unusual for that time, especially from somebody in a relatively junior post. The paucity of similar work prior to 1970 is outlined and the development of the empirical approach, especially through the work of the newly‐founded Library Management Research Unit (LMRU) is described. The 1976 report of the Atkinson Committee is portrayed as confirming the importance of evidence for the future management of academic libraries.

Originality/value

Sketches the early stages of a career which has had a profound impact on the development of academic and research libraries since 1960.
The other side of Line
Authors: Dudley Edward
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To look at the pseudonymous writings of Maurice Line.

Design/methodology/approach

Appropriately humorous.

Findings

Professional humour in the UK is rare and deserves to be better bibliographed. Better bibliographing is one object of this short exploration of the other side of Line, this unveiling of pseudonyms and will provide, perhaps, a wider access to a rare resource.

Practical implications

Better bibliographing of pseudonyms.

Originality/value

Highlights issues of pseudonymity by a librarian well known himself for his humorous writing.
Firm competitive behavior as a determinant of CEO pay
Authors: Offstein Evan H. , Gnyawali Devi R.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To provide insight, explanation, and empirical evidence into how and why CEOs get paid the amounts that they do.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper blends several methodologies. Using qualitative interviews with several high level managers, it develops a coding listing to capture how pharmaceutical firms compete within their industry. The paper then uses a structured content analysis approach to capture the specific and observable competitive moves that pharmaceutical firms launch.

Findings

Base pay and bonus of the CEO are greater for firms that launch higher volumes of competitive actions. Furthermore, the variety of competitive moves appears to influence a CEO's base salary.

Research limitations/implications

This study has limited external validity since the firms in this sample are all large US pharmaceutical firms. The research implication is that, to date, firm size and past performance were identified as the single greatest predictors of CEO pay. Findings from this study suggest that how a firm behaves in a competitive context is as important as static characteristics of the firm (e.g. size) in predicting CEO pay levels.

Practical implications

Findings of this study begin to inform how directors may arrive at compensation decisions for CEOs. Since governance and CEO pay is becoming a more salient topic, this study suggests that directors can be trained or counseled on how to make more appropriate and refined decisions regarding CEO pay.

Originality/value

This paper employs a unique methodology to arrive at a question that is important, but under‐researched. Namely, we inform audiences who are concerned with how and why CEO's get paid what they do. Because CEO paychecks are a significant organizational expense, more research into how and why CEOs get paid a certain level is important theoretically and practically.
Towards a multidimensional competency‐based managerial performance framework
Authors: Cheng Mei‐I. , Dainty Andrew R.J. , Moore David R.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To report on the development of a new, more balanced approach to managing the performance of key employees in project‐based organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

Following the establishment of the role‐based criteria for performance excellence through focus groups and subsequent factor analysis, performance profiles of a range of superior and average performing managers were compiled. These were based on behavioural event interviews (BEIs) from which job, person and role‐based aspects were derived. The final performance model was validated through assessments with an expert panel of HRM specialists.

Findings

This research has developed and demonstrated the potential of a more holistic approach to managing performance which includes reference to the job requirements, personal behaviours and the role context. It was found to be particularly suitable to measuring managers' performance in dynamic team‐based environments.

Research limitations/implications

The empirical work upon which the new performance framework is based was derived from a limited study within two construction organizations. Future work will explore the applicability of the approach within other organizations and industries.

Practical implications

Applying this framework to key HRM activities has the potential to improve the ways in which companies manage, develop and retain their key managerial resources. Notably, they should be able to engender a more participative, developmental approach to the HRM function, thereby helping to ensure sustained performance improvements in the future and improved resource usage effectiveness.

Originality/value

The paper presents the basis for a completely new performance management paradigm which embeds managerial competence/competency in a way which more accurately reflects the realities of managerial practice.
Pay diversity across work teams: doubly de‐motivating influences?
Authors: Carr Stuart C. , Hodgson Matthew R. , Vent Duncan H. , Purcell Ian P.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of pay diversity between groups, for example, across competing workplace teams.

Design/methodology/approach

In Study I, 60 future managers from Newcastle, Australia, were paid either $1 or $2 to work on an identical intrinsically motivating task, either on an individual basis or as members of pay‐diverse groups. In Study II, with 84 future managers in Darwin, Australia, the $1/$2 group pay dichotomy was made more realistic, by positioning the pay either at the bottom ($1) or top ($2) rungs of a pay ladder, or embedding it within a wider pay scale ($1 at a first, and $2 at the second tertile).

Findings

In Study I, between individually paid workers, both below‐ and above‐average payment were linked to low intrinsic motivation, whereas between groups, those in the higher pay bracket remained more motivated compared to their lower‐paid group counterparts. In Study II, when pay was polarised, intrinsic motivation was higher in the higher‐paid compared to lower‐paid groups; but when pay was embedded, this comparative advantage dissipated.

Originality/value

Taken together, Studies I and II suggest that pay diversity across groups will de‐motivate both lower‐ and higher‐paid groups, except perhaps when a group tops the pay ladder.
Corporate reporting on the internet: some implications for the auditing profession
Authors: Khadaroo Iqbal
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The exponential growth in corporate reporting on the internet has created numerous opportunities and challenges for the accounting and auditing profession, and regulators. This study aims to examine internet reporting practices of companies in Malaysia for the purpose of exploring their auditing implications.

Design/methodology/approach

An examination of the 100 Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange Composite Indexed (KLSE CI) companies in Malaysia in 2003 and 2004.

Findings

Although there has been an increase in both the number of companies and the types of information provided on the internet, the quality of internet reporting information to users has little improved. This problem is compounded because auditors have little control over web contents and the changes that can be made to audited information. Further guidance to standardise the types of internet reporting information may help protect the interest of users, provide more certainty to what information needs to be audited and reduce audit risks.

Practical implications

The hosting of audited information on an auditor's web site may provide auditors with better control, reduce audit risks and further improve the credibility and reliability of information to users.

Originality/value

Provides information on the financial reporting and auditing challenges posed by internet reporting.
A measure of perceived auditor ERP systems expertise
Authors: Brazel Joseph F.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to develop, assess, and provide uses for a measure of perceived enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems expertise for financial statement auditors. ERP systems are the dominant system used by the public company clients of audit firms. In such settings, the Theory of Planned Behavior suggests that auditor perceptions of their own ERP systems expertise should influence their perceived behavioral control and, in turn, explain auditor behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

A five‐item measure of perceived ERP systems expertise is developed from a review of audit expertise studies and the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Findings

An assessment of the measure shows that it possesses a high level of reliability and construct validity (i.e. convergent and discriminant validity). Factor analysis results indicate that all five items satisfactorily load on one factor. The results also suggest that auditors' perceptions of ERP systems expertise are not simply a by‐product of general audit experience (AUDEXP).

Practical implications

Discusses possible future uses of the measure, including whether the measure explains auditor control testing performance and the customization of the measure for IT audit specialists and internal auditors.

Originality/value

This study's measure should provide researchers with a tool to examine how auditor self‐perceptions of ERP systems expertise can affect auditor behavior and the quality of contemporary audit services.
Advances in the development of cyborgs
Authors: Rudall Brian H.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

This paper reviews current advances in the development of Cyborgs and topics in systems and cybernetics. It includes reviews of: Biocybernetics – new applications of TMS, developments in nanotechnology, Cybernetics and automation reports, and research developments in Europe.

Design/methodology/approach

A general review and survey of selected research and development topics.

Findings

Illustrates the multi‐ and trans‐disciplinary nature of cybernetics and systems and aims to further research and development activity.

Practical implications

The choice of reviews provides an awareness of the current trends in these areas of endeavour.

Originality/value

The reviews are selected from a global database and give a studied assessment of current research and development initiatives.
Control processes in survey interviews: a cybernetic approach
Authors: van der Zouwen Johannes , Smit Johannes H.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

In survey interviews information is transferred to the researchers via a communication process between interviewers and respondents. This process is controlled directly by the interviewers, and indirectly by the researchers who constructed the questionnaire and instructed and supervised the interviewers. In spite of these control activities, errors occur. This paper investigates the sources of these errors.

Design/methodology/approach

In order to investigate the sources of these errors, transcripts of 200 interviews were analyzed using a detailed coding scheme.

Findings

In 30 percent of all question‐answer sequences interviewer and respondent stick to the “script” designed by the researcher. In these “paradigmatic” sequences the open loop control by the researcher works well. In 25 percent of the sequences this control is not sufficient, but additional closed loop control, via “repair” activities of the interviewers, appears to be successful. In the remaining sequences both the open loop control of the researcher and the closed loop control by the interviewer failed.

Originality/value

The recently developed systematic analysis of question‐answer sequences in survey interviews, employed in this research, offers detailed insight into the errors occurring during the interview process, and illustrates the need for improved question design and improved training of interviewers.
Numerical analysis in position location: a frequency‐domain model
Authors: Pujol F.A. , Ferrández F.J. , García Chamizo J.M. , Pujol M. , Rizo R.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The development of wireless communication techniques has increased the employment of positioning systems, such as GPS. Concerning to this, telecommunication providers predicted that position location (PL) will be an integrated service in the third generation cellular phones. Consequently, in this paper we propose a new method to determine the transmitter/receiver distance, which is based on the transmission of several frames with different frequencies.

Design/methodology/approach

The propagation of electromagnetic waves depends on internal factors related to its nature and external factors characterized by the medium in which the wave is propagated. In this work, we propose a method to determine the distance between the transmitter and the receiver by solving a system of non‐linear equations, which depends on the physical model of the medium in which the wave is propagated.

Findings

The parameters of the model may vary when the link conditions change. As a result, the positioning system must update the model in real time. Following these constraints, aMATLABsimulation to calculate the distance in a satellite‐earth link has been completed. We have shown that scattering phenomena can be used to estimate the transmitter/receiver distance in a radio frequency link. Moreover, any electromagnetic communication in which scattering appears could be considered in the same way.

Originality/value

We have explained a new method to develop a complete PL service. Some of the advantages of this system are that there are no measures in absolute time and that it is not necessary to synchronize the receiving antennas, unlike many current commercial systems.
A cybernetical analysis of dependence between entities
Authors: Lloret‐Climent Miguel , Luis Bonnet‐Jerez Jose
Published: July 2005

Purpose

We believe that live studies in which individuals, organisms, ecosystems and human societies appear are flawed due to the inadequacy of conceptual structures with which their quantitative results should relate in order to generate new hypotheses which can be examined.

Design/methodology/approach

The entities that make up systems and the connections between them will be determined by all existing binary relations. These binary relations may in some cases be replaced by functions, for which we may use tools inherent to differential calculus to calculate the dependence and independence relations between entities. Dependence and independence between entities have been developed using a few mathematical tools such as partial derivatives, the Wronskian and the Chain Rule.

Findings

From a representation of the entities via mathematical functions we have analysed functional dependence. In this paper, we will present issues relevant to systems, analysing the causal structure of entities (systems, subsystems, variables) from a functional point of view.

Originality/value

This paper is an attempt to approximate the concept of causality to a numerical study of partial derivatives with implications that range from the foundations of the system, in other words entry, state and response variables. We believe that subsequent work may be carried out along these lines.
The role of drug and therapeutics committees
Authors: Björkman Ingeborg K. , Bernsten Cecilia B. , Schmidt Ingrid K. , Holmström Inger
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Improved quality and safety in drug use is a public health goal of major importance. In Sweden, local drug and therapeutics committees (DTCs) have adopted the task of working for safe and rational drug use. This study aimed to explore how chairs conceived the role of the DTCs, to explore how information officers conceived their own role, and to determine whether the respondents included patients in their answers.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected using questionnaires and the answers were analysed according to phenomenographic method to identify conceptions. “Patient awareness” was studied by content analysis.

Findings

In both groups the prescribers were the focus of attention, and only a few respondents mentioned patients. A variation of four conceptions was found among chairs and three among information officers. It would be beneficial if DTCs used this knowledge in their development.

Originality/value

The importance of “patient awareness” within DTCs must be further explored.
Embedding organisational quality improvement through middle manager ownership
Authors: Balding Cathy
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To strengthen the middle manager role in a hospital quality improvement (QI) program, with a view to increasing and sustaining organisational QI implementation.

Design/methodology/approach

Case study based action research project, combining pre‐ and post‐action quantitative and qualitative data collection, relating to a QI program intervention in an Australian metropolitan specialist teaching hospital. A model for enhancing the middle manager role in QI was developed and then implemented as the action over a 12‐month period.

Findings

Middle manager understanding and ownership of the QI program and organisational QI implementation significantly increased, although their perceived enjoyment of being involved in QI decreased.

Research limitations/implications

This case‐study based action research project was limited to one organisation of a specific type – a large specialist metropolitan teaching hospital. The composition of the middle manager group, therefore, is necessarily limited to particular specialties. It is acknowledged that findings from case study and action research methodologies are limited in their generalisability, but assist in the development of knowledge and principles that can be adapted to different settings.

Practical implications

This QI implementation model can increase levels of organisational QI implementation by effecting a positive change in middle manager attitude to and involvement in QI.

Originality/value

There are many theories regarding the importance of the middle manager role in QI, but little empirical research into exactly what this role may be and how it may be strengthened. This research adds to the knowledge base, and provides clear steps for achieving increased staff involvement and QI implementation.
The organisational response to patient complaints: a case study in Taiwan
Authors: Hsieh Sophie Y. , Thomas David , Rotem Arie
Published: July 2005

Purpose

To explore and evaluate how hospital staff respond to patient complaints.

Design/methodology/approach

A teaching hospital with 1,500 beds in Taiwan was purposefully chosen as a case study of hospital response to patients’ complaints. Data was obtained through interviews with quality surveying managers (n=53), government managers (n=4), staff of non‐government organizations (n=3) and a senior social worker, as well as analysis of documents (September 2001‐April 2002).

Findings

Using the managerial‐operational‐technical framework developed by the researchers, the study demonstrated problematic aspects of handling complaints at the case hospital. It was revealed that: complaint handlers were not sufficiently empowered, information sharing was limited within the organization, communication among professional staff and with management was inadequate, the physical safety of workers had been threatened, and improvements could not be sustained. Moreover, it became apparent that the case study hospital generally responded to patient complaints in a reactive and defensive manner.

Originality/value

It is evident that the hospital did not use patient complaints as a source of learning that could have promoted higher standards of care. The case study reveals some of the constraints and identifies requirements for appropriate use of information and feedback from patients. The study raises some issues requiring further research to ensure more appropriate use of patient complaints to improve quality of care.
The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act
Authors: Stephens David O.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to examine the potential of The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act on financial accounting systems in publicly‐held companies.

Design/methodology/approach

This article examines the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act 2002, commonly referred to as The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act, enacted by the US Congress in the wake of a series of business scandals in the USA. The focus is on the records management implications of the act.

Findings

The Sarbanes‐Oxley clearly has the potential to elevate the records management function to a new and higher level than it has ever enjoyed in the life of US business corporations. Future developments must be watched to see whether this proves to be the case.

Originality/value

This article will be helpful to those with more than just a passing interest in the significant happenings affecting records management in the USA.
Meat safety as a tool of differentiation for retailers
Authors: Sans Pierre , de Fontguyon Guy , Briz Julian
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Since several food crises have strongly affected the production of animal food products, food safety has become one of the most important aspects of quality products for both consumers and retailers. The aim of this article is to analyse how the health crises have contributed to increasing the segmentation of the supply of fresh and little‐processed food products under the impetus of a reinforcement of regulations (affecting the supply chain as a whole) and of strategies adopted by the stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors carry out an empirical and comparative analysis of the reactions of two neighbouring countries (Spain and France) faced with major health crises caused by similar events: the emergence of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) cases. A special focus is made on the initiatives taken privately by two French retail groups (Carrefour and Auchan) operating in both countries.

Findings

The analysis shows that retailers have developed systems of quality insurance developed in order to reduce uncertainty and to restore consumers' confidence in the quality of the products they buy. These programmes of actions pave the way for policies of product differentiation. In a relatively different context from that of France, the two big French retail groups Carrefour and Auchan operating in Spain have developed similar approaches, which had not been the case in France. In a context of sharp competition between quality designation on the one hand, and the relative dissatisfaction of the retailer with respect to “minimum quality” standards on the other, the two groups have adopted marketing communication strategies adapted to the Spanish situation, and have used “supply chain brands” as tools of differentiation to ensure consumers' loyalty.

Originality/value

Provides an analysis of the effects of health crises on the segmentation of the supply of fresh food products.
Design of an environmental information system for monitoring water and air quality in urban areas
Authors: Patra B. , Pradhan B.
Published: July 2005

Purpose

Over the past 50 years India has been experiencing rapid population growth, causing the migration of a large part of the population to the cities looking for livelihood. This resulted in massive increments of population in the cities that has led to the increase of pollution. Gujarat, being a highly industrialized state, is a case in point. The systems for treatment and water disposal of this state are highly challenged. The north‐western state of Gujarat has no effective systems for treatment or disposal of waste water. The purpose of this article is to address this problem, introducing a geographic information system (GIS) approach to record the characterization, analyze the needs and generate a conceptual GIS database in the state.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper outlines the background, suggested methodology for the development of a GIS database pollution dependent control of water pollution in the state of Gujarat in India. The present research is to install a document management system that has been developed in providing organizing chart, sorting, querying and retrieving of key data. A computerized laboratory information system on monitoring of quality of ambient air has been developed.

Findings

An integrated GIS database has been generated involving creation of pollutant contours, querying and visualizing the query output in spatial and non‐spatial form.

Originality/value

The authors have created a complete geo‐spatial database for the environmental monitoring for the whole state of Gujarat. They have dealt with nearly 36,000 different files from different sources and put them together to create the database. A computerized laboratory information system on monitoring of quality of ambient air has been developed. Front‐end application programs have been developed in Visual Basic and the back‐end database to integrate the laboratory data and the existing data in oracle database.
Future UK emergency management: new wine, old skin?
Authors: O'Brien Geoff , Read Paul
Published: July 2005

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review the changes made to civil protection in the UK, both legislative and capacity building, that aim to make the UK more resilient.

Design/methodology/approach

Reviews the background to changes in UK civil protection and compares these with the work being done by the broader disaster management community on the meaning and development of resilience to a range of threats.

Findings

Finds that the UK approach has been deflected by the terrorist attack of 11 September 2001 and is clearly focused on organisational resilience. This top‐down approach does not augur well in terms of promoting a more resilient society. The paper also questions if it is time to take a broader view of what constitutes an emergency.

Originality/value

The recent changes in UK civil protection are in many ways welcome. But the promotion of more resilient communities requires a bottom‐up as opposed to a top‐down approach. Government funding is aimed mainly at institutional resilience. This raises the question of how to promote a broader agenda of more resilient societies able to respond to a broad range of threats.