bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
American Archias
Authors: Withun David
Published: February 2022

Among the numerous classical influences in the works of W. E. B. Du Bois, the influence of Cicero’s Pro Archia Poeta on The Souls of Black Folk is one of the most important. This chapter examines the influence of Cicero’s ancient defense of the poet Archias on the structure of Du Bois’s argument in defense of full civil rights and access to liberal education for African Americans. This chapter also discusses the classical inflection of other works by Du Bois, examining the classical allusions and foundations in his works of history, sociology, biography, and fiction. Particular attention is given to Du Bois’s attempts in each of these fields to write the story of African American history in the form of an epic, culminating with his final series of novels, The Black Flame Trilogy.
Recognizing Structural Breakdown
Authors: Johansen Robert C.
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines how traditional US policies and political realist assumptions have involved the United States in unnecessary wars and impeded lasting US security. Policymakers have ignored dangers inherent in the militarized balance-of-power system of relative anarchy, in unilateralism, and in narrowing nationalism. They are modernizing rather than reducing nuclear arsenals. They have been slow to address environmental protection. They have used attack drones repeatedly in violation of international law and US long-term interests. They reject US membership in the International Criminal Court. They have blocked opportunities to expand the role of international law, multilateral institutions, and global governance. These policies fail because they place too much faith in maximizing US military power when more effective rules to institutionalize peace and more support for global governance are needed to achieve sustainable security. By impeding multilateral lawmaking processes, US policies have brought repeated tragedies to the security commons.
Introduction
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

The introduction provides a general overview of the topic and argument of the book. From the early modern age onward, the British ruling classes were invested in the mission to carry Christianity to every corner of the globe that God had entrusted them with. What has perhaps not been stressed—either in historiography or in the English self-perception of history—is that both evangelicals and High Church Anglicans were convinced that Roman Catholicism was nothing more than the superstitious and paganizing debasement of Christianity, with the inevitable consequence that Catholic countries in continental Europe were considered a mission field. Italy played a central role in this project, not only because it was home to the papacy but also due to its liminal status between East and West. In this respect, the orientalization of Italy was the premise for the intense flurry of missionary activity there in the 1840s.
The Italian Editions of the Book of Common Prayer Published in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

As a result of political events in Italy—first the election of Pope Pius IX and then the political unification movement—both the English political and religious elite and English public opinion became convinced that the Risorgimento would also inevitably lead to religious reform. This prompted the SPCK to promote multiple re-editions of Nott’s text (in 1841, 1848, and 1849), which was revised by several Italian religious and political exiles in England. In 1850, the Welshman Thomas Sims reprinted Nott’s edition for circulation in the Waldensian valleys. Sims was convinced that the Waldensian Church could become the base from which to launch a missionary offensive against Italy. However, in preparation for this task Sims felt that the Waldenses first had to adopt the Church of England as a model, in terms of both organizational structure and liturgy. This attempt contributed to the growing British interest in the Waldenses.
A Moving Picture of Racial Capitalism
Authors: Tran Jonathan
Published: February 2022

Chapter 2 relates the Reconstruction-era arrival of Chinese immigrants to the Mississippi Delta. After devising “the Delta Chinese business model,” they became simultaneously successful and Christian by exploiting food deserts created under the conditions of white supremacy. Focused on “aftermarkets,” this “moving picture” shows what racial capitalism is, how it works, and what it looks like. Fueled by chattel slavery, racial capitalism became the driving force behind America’s rise to global dominance. The chapter details racial capitalism’s ideological, cultural, and material “processes and commitments,” which employed a use-identity-justification moral psychology that today continues the aftermarket principle of exploitation begetting exploitation. The chapter then shows how racial capitalism accommodates itself to Southern Baptist religion and how Delta Chinese converts to Southern Baptist religion accommodate themselves to racial capitalism. Throughout, the Delta Chinese navigate what it means to be Chinese and American.
Redeemer Community Church and All that Lies Beneath
Authors: Tran Jonathan
Published: February 2022

The book’s constructive liberative vision begins in Chapter 4. Through an extended history, Redeemer Community Church is portrayed as “a place of shared time,” a mode of communal life that prepares the ground for a redistributive political economy in the Bayview/Hunters Point (BVHP) section of San Francisco. Chapter 4 details BVHP’s history of marginalization, focusing specifically on the exploitation of African American communities and how this “toxic legacy” coincides with Japanese internment. The chapter raises difficult questions about racial belonging—whether Asian Americans belong in BVHP, whether African Americans belong in Japantown, and whether a white female pastor belongs in an Asian American congregation. Rather than racial identity, the chapter argues for an account of belonging based on mutuality, of belonging together and to one another.
The Origins of Secular Institutions
Authors: Bulutgil H. Zeynep
Published: February 2022

Why do some countries adopt secular institutions while others do not? The Origins of Secular Institutions offers a theory that combines ideational and organizational mechanisms to understand the origins of institutional secularization. The theory proceeds in two moves. First, it focuses on why political groups with a secularizing political agenda emerge. The argument is that the circulation of Enlightenment literature among the elite and the existence of associations through which the elite could exchange ideas were the main factors that influenced the early emergence of secularizing movements. Second, the theory turns to the conditions under which these movements succeed. The book argues that secularizing political groups have a comparative disadvantage in recruiting grassroots support because, unlike religious actors, they cannot rely on a preexisting institutional structure. Secularizing groups overcome this obstacle if they have time to build a robust organization before religious political movements emerge and if the social landscape includes civic associations that they can utilize. The book supports these arguments by combining statistical analysis of original historical data with comparative historical analysis of countries in Europe (France, Spain, United Kingdom) and the Middle East/North Africa (Turkey, Morocco, and Tunisia). The comparative analysis evaluates the fine-grained empirical implications that follow from the causal story that relate to the timing and sequence of events. Overall, the book contributes to the literatures on political institutions, religion and politics, and state formation by developing and corroborating a novel theory that links the dissemination of ideas and organizational timing to the emergence of secular institutions.
Strong Voices for Sociology in Music Education in Mid- and Late-Twentieth-Century America
Authors: McCarthy Marie
Published: February 2022

What historical conditions contributed to the entry of sociology into music education scholarship? Whose voices sounded the value of sociological inquiry in music education prior to its gaining traction at the turn of the twenty-first century? This chapter addresses these questions by tracing the footprint of scholars who advanced sociological thinking in the mid- and late-twentieth century. Using document analysis and data from oral histories, the chapter shows how the strong voices of three generations of scholars spurred the field toward the kinds of sociological queries featured in this collection. The milestone symposium in the sociology of music education held at the University of Oklahoma in April 1995 was, in many ways, the catalyst for the unprecedented growth of interest in sociology that followed, reflected in the essays in this collection. As noted by sociologist musician Max Kaplan in his speech at the Symposium, “People provide links and anchors.”
Marching on an Uneven Field
Authors: Stern Jordan
Published: February 2022

This chapter uses Bourdieu’s concept of social capital to interpret the school-based competitive marching band scene in the US state of Texas. The chapter illustrates the ways competitions among school music ensembles shape and are shaped by social inequities that mirror, reproduce, and magnify hierarchies in the broader cultural milieu. Rather than a meritocracy, Stern contends that competitive success in this field reflects an uneven distribution of economic capital among schools that has been transubstantiated into inequalities of cultural capital. Stern concludes with a theoretical framework that illustrates this process and asks whether structuring music education as a meritocracy is in the best interest of students.
The Venezuelan Cuatro Paradox
Authors: Lafontant Attilio , Rosabal-Coto Guillermo
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on the paradoxical nature of the demand for wooden instruments created by programs like El Sistema, the national music education program in Venezuela. Suggesting a sociological link between neoliberal, anthropocentric music education practices (emphasizing virtuosity, hierarchy, and competitiveness) and the resultant exploitation of the natural world, the chapter problematizes the rising demand for tonewoods in Venezuela as a disturbingly ironic meeting of needs through El Sistema’s work with students in disadvantaged contexts. As such, the loss of local luthier expertise, the resultant economic impact, and the destruction of nature involved in the mass production of musical instruments are all revealed as vestiges of neo-colonialism in this groundbreaking work.
Decolonizing and Indigenizing Music Education through Self-Reflexive Sociological Research and Practice
Authors: Prest Anita , Scott Goble J
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, Canadian authors Anita Prest and Scott Goble use sociological lenses to illustrate how, as non-Indigenous researchers, they learned to immerse themselves in local Indigenous knowledge(s) in western Canada. Such learning enabled them to reframe their investigations to reflect the ontological and epistemological orientations of the communities with whom they work. They submit that such immersion and questioning is necessary for decolonizing practices in music education and research so as to fairly represent the worldviews of local First Nations. Drawing on the problematics with new materialism as well as their personal struggles for self-reflexivity, they demonstrate the challenges involved in decolonizing personal epistemological perspectives. Their chapter provides an example of the work to be done in reframing a sociologically informed music education.
The Routes of Civilization
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: February 2022

The first part of the book examines the processes and events by which the Silk Road gains its key attributes as a narrative of geocultural history in the five decades leading up to World War II. This first chapter begins by outlining the connections forged in nineteenth-century Europe between the nation, material culture, and ideas of civilization and East and West. An explanation of the geopolitical contexts within which histories of the Middle East are written by European scholars sets the scene for understanding the factors that led to Ferdinand von Richthofen describing historical trade routes in Central Asia as a road of silk. The circumstances of his trip meant that he combined surveys for a possible rail route to Europe with his broader interests in geography and history. This is fundamentally important to how the Silk Road narrative forms decades later.
Civilizations in Dialogue
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines the dramatic rise in interest in the Silk Road around the world at the end of the Cold War. The discussion begins with UNESCO’s Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue project. This pathbreaking, multilateral initiative opens up the geographies and timelines of the Silk Road as a concept. It is here that we see the idea of the Maritime Silk Road begin to gain currency, as do Buddhist and Islamic routes. The chapter then turns to the rise of Silk Road museology in the 1990s, which, in contrast to UNESCO’s expansive vision, pulls the story back to Central Asia. The chapter concludes with an overview of the projects and discourses of cooperation that make up China’s Silk Road “revival” in the twenty-first century under the Belt and Road Initiative.
Geostrategic Revivals
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines China’s Belt and Road Initiative as an architecture of cooperation, trade, and development that invokes particular imaginaries of geography and history. It highlights how ideas about the Silk Road inform geopolitical analysis and the foreign policies of governments in an age when power is accumulated through multisector forms of connectivity. Belt and Road is the latest iteration of this. The chapter revisits ideas of pan-Asianism and the historical imaginaries China’s partners and competitors now invoke in response to Belt and Road.
Ovid’s Art of Life
Authors: Volk Katharina
Published: February 2022

This chapter reads Ovid’s erotodidactic poems, the Ars amatoria and Remedia amoris, as philosophical texts, arguing, first, that these poems are very much like philosophy, in that they are influenced by philosophical doctrines and discourses popular in Ovid’s time; and second and more controversially, that they are philosophical in their own right, putting forth and promoting their own theories of anthropology, psychology, and ethics. While ancient philosophy promotes an “art of life” that enables its practitioners to beate uiuere, Ovid lays out an art of love whose goal is sapienter amare. In doing so, he employs “techniques of the self” similar to those found in philosophical texts, stressing the importance of rational control of the emotions and suggesting forms of behavioral conditioning to achieve the envisaged goal. The erodidatic corpus thus presents a solution to the problem of romantic love, as Ovid combats and deconstructs the dreary elegiac worldview of love as passive suffering, substituting his own cheerful vision of love as rational mastery. For all his rationality, however, he does not follow philosophers in their neurotic fear of the passions, which leads them either to sideline love entirely or to replace it with mechanical sexual gratification. Like the philosophical uita beata, which must be perfect in all its aspects and ideally last a lifetime, Ovid’s envisages amatory flourishing as a holistic concept, in which art is brought to bear on every detail.
Keep Up the Good Work
Authors: Garani Myrto
Published: February 2022

The third book of the Naturales quaestiones, in which Seneca explores the nature and causes of terrestrial waters, culminates in an account of a cosmic deluge that will ultimately devastate our world (QNat. 3.27–30). Within this epilogue, Seneca makes a double allusion to the Ovidian story of the cataclysm at Metamorphoses 1.262–312 and to the myth of Phaethon and the conflagration at Metamorphoses 1.747–2.400. This chapter explores anew the significance of Seneca’s intertextual dialogue with Ovid’s Metamorphoses, which Seneca approaches as a proto-scientific text. Seneca suggests that he himself is about to build on Ovid’s earlier “scientific” discoveries so as to elucidate more effectively, from a philosophical viewpoint, the causes and the consequences of the imminent deluge. The present analysis is focused on the specific way in which direct quotations and allusions are assimilated within Seneca’s philosophical argumentation. As it turns out, Seneca systematically demythologizes the Ovidian tales, integrates mythical time into cosmic time, and eventually turns both mythical and historical events into integral parts of his cosmic narrative. His aim is to formulate an effective Stoic praemeditatio futurorum malorum, that is, the best means of assisting Lucilius in conceiving of and preparing himself for the imminent catastrophe. Special emphasis is also placed upon Seneca’s response to Ovid’s Golden Age imagery, which is already burdened with negative Vergilian and Lucretian implications derived from their respective plague narratives.
Akrasia and Agency in Ovid’s Tristia
Authors: O’Rourke Donncha
Published: February 2022

In the Tristia Ovid adapts to the exilic scenario elegy’s long-running engagement with philosophical questions concerning the degree to which we are in charge of our emotions, active in our decision-making, and, ultimately, in control of our destiny. Central to the predicament of both lover and exile is a conundrum of personal agency known as akrasia, a “weakness of will” in which the individual acts against his or her better judgement. This chapter highlights some of the ways in which the Tristia invokes Stoic and Epicurean treatments of these issues: Ovid weighs up his own agency in his downfall, for example, in distinguishing between crimen, culpa, and error; he seeks to come to terms with his diminished self-determination in the fact of his relegation and, despite this, in his continued vocation to poetry; he explores the modus or “limit” both of his sorrow and of the emperor’s anger; and, albeit to no avail, he recommends clementia as a philosophically enlightened way forward. In the end, philosophy seems to offer Ovid slight mitigation of his psychological anguish, but it does enable him to take a view of the emperor as one who ultimately is possessed of no higher self-control than the poet he has sought to disempower. Affinities with the exilic writings of Seneca retrospectively confirm the philosophical potential of Ovid’s elegies from the Black Sea: the Ovidian in Seneca thus brings to light the Senecan in Ovid.
When Diplomatic Protests Are Not Enough
Authors: Becker Steven W.
Published: February 2022

This chapter addresses the interplay between the rule of specialty, prudential standing, and diplomatic protests in current US international extradition practice through examining the controversial decisions of the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals in the case of United States v. Valencia-Trujillo regarding which the Republic of Colombia has issued no less than three diplomatic notes of objection. To date, the Eleventh Circuit’s direct appeal decision in Valencia-Trujillo remains the most extreme holding in the country and has created a direct conflict with other federal circuits. The work further analyzes competing theories on the rule of specialty and whether its enforcement is dependent upon the nature of the extradition, as well as issues related to ineffective assistance of counsel. Finally, the chapter concludes with practical advice for attorneys litigating such complex matters.
Working on a Right to Health for the Digital Era
Authors: Botrugno Carlo
Published: February 2022

Contemporary healthcare systems are going through the digital turn, i.e., the progressive incorporation of information and communication technologies to improve the quality and increase the efficiency of healthcare. Despite the flourishing of research in this field, just a small number of studies have shed light on the most relevant legal issues posed by the implementation of digital services in healthcare. This literature shows a predilection for some issues among which data protection, confidentiality, licensure, and liability. What is missing is a more comprehensive reflection that may help to assess the overall impact of digitalisation on the right to health, ranging from the emergence of new rights to the reconfiguration of existing ones. This chapter is an attempt to contribute to the aforementioned reflection, which is deemed fundamental in order to protect disadvantaged groups, and to ensure effectiveness of both emerging and existing entitlements conventionally considered as part of an individual’s right to health.
Multilateralism, Environmental Law, and the Jurisprudence of International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Fitzmaurice Malgosia
Published: February 2022

The objective of this chapter is to focus on the locus standi in protection of the community of interests, including its historical development. Therefore, the chapter is devoted to the implementation and the evolution of a procedural right of standing in the context of international adjudication to protect community of interests in environmental matters. The locus standi of states in relation to the protection of the environment before international courts and tribunals, such as the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, and human rights courts, such as the European Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, will be investigated. It is suggested in this chapter that the recent development in environmental multilateralism is firmly entrenched in human rights law, as has been evidenced by the case law of human rights courts, national courts, and the jurisprudence of the UN Human Rights Committee.
Introductory Note
Authors: Gomula Joanna
Published: February 2022

In 2019 WTO panel and Appellate Body reports were adopted in ten disputes. They involved an unusually broad scope of WTO agreements, going well beyond the “usual” challenges to trade remedy measures. One of the highlights in 2019 was the conclusion of the long-lasting tuna/dolphin dispute, with the United States being deemed to having fully implemented the original rulings by modifying its “dolphin safe” labelling scheme. The other compliance proceedings, both relating to the SCM Agreement, were not as successful, with unresolved issues remaining: the implementation by the United States of the Boeing subsidies rulings and the still murky boundaries for a state-owned company to become a “public body.” The 2019 disputes also involved the WTO consistency of sanitary measures taken by Korea in the aftermath of the Fukushima power plant disaster, a seven-programme tax regime adopted by Brazil, and transit restrictions adopted by Russia for national security reasons. The latter was the first WTO dispute dealing with Article XXI of GATT 1994. Although 2019 was an active year in terms of adopted Appellate Body reports, at the end of the year the composition of the Appellate Body was reduced to one member only.
IX.2 Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Ziccardi Capaldo Giuliana
Published: February 2022

IX.2.1Shukrani Masegenya Mango & Others v. United Republic of Tanzania, Application No. 008/2015, Judgment on Merits and Reparations, 26 September 2019

IX.2.2Benedicto Daniel Mallya v. United Republic of Tanzania, Application No. 018/2015, Judgment on Merits, 26 September 2019

IX.2.3Majid Goa alias VEDASTUS v. United Republic of Tanzania...
X.2 Legal Maxims: Summaries and Extracts from Selected Case Law
Authors: Ziccardi Capaldo Giuliana
Published: February 2022

X.2.1Glencore International A.G. and C.I. Prodeco S.A. v. Republic of Colombia, ICSID Case No. ARB/16/6, Award, 27 August 2019

X.2.2CMC Muratori Cementisti CMC Di Ravenna SOC. Coop.; CMC Muratori Cementisti CMC Di Ravenna SOC. Coop. A.R.L. Maputo Branch; and CMC Africa Austral, LDA v. Republic of Mozambique...
Reformism and Spiritualist Perspectives on Tantra
Authors: Strube Julian
Published: February 2022

The Theosophists and their interlocutors were driven by a wish to “revive” the Aryan wisdom that should form the basis of a new age. Yet they also promoted decidedly “reformist” ideas that highlight the necessity to explore the meanings of reform and revival. In this chapter, the emergence of Spiritualism in Bengal helps to flesh out the role of Tantra in social reformist programs that were characteristic of Bengali Spiritualists, as elsewhere across the globe. The chapter discusses prominent figures such as Pyarichand Mitra and Shishirkumar Ghosh, who extensively and creatively engaged with Theosophy, Spiritualism, New Thought, and Transcendentalism. This serves to demonstrate that Theosophy was indeed a main factor in these exchanges, but that Bengali intellectuals maintained global correspondences beyond Theosophy and engaged with the ideas independently and actively.
Shivachandra Vidyarnava
Authors: Strube Julian
Published: February 2022

This chapter zooms in on the local Bengali context and explores the thought and activities of Shivachandra, which were shaped by the intellectual atmosphere of his hometown, Kumarkhali, and the famous Baul circle around Kangal Harinath. Taken out of school by his father because of the supposedly negative influence of English education, Shivachandra was educated at Navadvip, Benares, and Calcutta. His rejection of English education and defense of what he regarded as orthodoxy led him to the foundation of the Sarvamaṅgalā Sabhā. The society proclaimed opposition Western material science (jaṛabijñān), promotion of the “eternal Vedic dharma” (sanātan vaidik dharma), and a struggle against “the propaganda of Western materialist capitalists” (pāścātyer dhanatāntrikˡdiger annadāsˡkuler apapracār). Shivachandra’s Tantratattva was essential to these efforts and is hence examined particularly regarding his understanding of Tantra as sanātana dharma, as well as to the conceptualization of sādhana in relation to science.
The seasonal vegetarian
Authors: Rosell Frank , Campbell-Palmer Róisín
Published: February 2022

The beaver is one of the world’s most unique animals in that it can fell and utilize whole mature trees as food and building resources; there are few plants they cannot digest; and their diet can include several plant species that are poisonous to humans and other animals. Beavers are opportunistic generalist herbivores that can eat bark, twigs, shoots, leaves of woody plants (mainly broad-leaved species), herbaceous and aquatic plants, fruits, and crops. There are over 300 plant species recorded in their diets. This chapter discusses typical foraging behaviours, central-place foraging, processing and felling of woody species, preferred species, diet variations, and seasonal variations in diets. Plant responses to beaver foraging and physiological defence of plants will also be central topics in this chapter.
Territoriality, communication, and populations
Authors: Rosell Frank , Campbell-Palmer Róisín
Published: February 2022

Beavers are highly territorial and actively defend a territory that includes nutritional resources, one or more rest sites, a family overwintering site, and a reproduction site. New territories are normally established during early autumn when dispersing subadults settle down in a new area of their own, but this can vary considerably. Each family group scent marks its territories with castoreum and/or anal gland secretion. Territory size is generally measured as the length of shoreline but can also be expressed as a combination of terrestrial and aquatic patches used by the beavers in a two-dimensional space. The territorial size depends on many factors such as habitat quality and quantity, habitat type (stream, river, or pond), density of beavers, social factors (sex and age), time of year (season), and settlement pattern. Beavers patrol their territory to look out for intruders and potential predators and scent mark their territory with fluid from their castor sacs and/or secretions from their anal glands. Territorial defence can include direct fighting or even more unusual warning behaviours such as boundary stick displays. The duration of territory occupancy and its importance for the fitness of beavers are also discussed. Further, this chapter explores beaver communication using odours, sounds, tail slapping, poses, and other movements. Beavers predominantly communicate via odours, but the importance of all these modalities is explored. Lastly, population estimations, growth, fluctuations, and densities of beaver populations are discussed.
Living with beavers: an ‘adorable nuisance’?
Authors: Rosell Frank , Campbell-Palmer Róisín
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the conflict between beavers and humans, techniques for effective management, and the role of beavers as a charismatic flagship species for restoration and conservation projects. As well as understanding the benefits that beavers can bring, it is important to accept that their presence and reintroduction can sometimes generate conflict with human interests and impose a cost (including time and financial) in terms of resources, especially in intensively managed landscapes. Techniques for the effective mitigation of beaver impacts are now well developed across Europe and North America. Many of these techniques have been developed in response to both legal constraints and a wider social interest in non-lethal wildlife-management solutions. While this may reflect the conservation status of this species, it also offers a more practical solution, as the culling of problem individuals in a highly territorial species merely creates a vacuum to be filled by dispersers. When human–beaver conflicts are analysed in cultural landscapes, it is clear that the majority arise within a relatively slim strip of habitat adjacent to freshwater habitats. Beavers are also used for recreational hunting and as a fur resource in many countries. Interestingly, the two beaver species are now meeting at several fronts in parts of Europe, after introduction of North American beavers, provoking curiosity on which may have the competitive edge. The issues concerning the introduction, management and even eradication of the North American beaver in Europe are discussed.
Wordsworth, 1802
Authors: Bugg John
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on the series of sonnets that William Wordsworth wrote in 1802, during the Peace of Amiens, when he visited France for the first time in a decade. Critical attention to the political contours of these 1802 poems has tended not to distinguish them from his wartime sonnets of 1803 and 1804, which are often taken as lenses through which to read the peacetime sonnets of 1802. There is surely critical value in thinking about Wordsworth’s sonnets from these years as a series, but in setting them within an undifferentiated chronology we risk overlooking the formal, personal, and political registers that obtain in each poem. Rather than taking Wordsworth’s wartime sonnets as a frame through which to project war back into his peacetime verse, this chapter considers the 1802 sonnets as deeply tied to the era of peace, their ideas and language sharing relays with other Amiens-era discourses, including narratives of travel to France during the peace, and political tracts that consider the significance for Britain of the war’s end and the ways in which concord might be preserved.
Austen, Keats, and the jus post bellum
Authors: Bugg John
Published: February 2022

Chapter 4 considers nuanced engagements with the peace of 1814–15. At the end of the Napoleonic war, a broad peace, one that included Britain, had come at last, but what did it bring? This chapter approaches this question by focusing on two important moments: the arrival in Britain of the initial news of accord in April 1814, and the reappraisals of the peace that emerged in the wake of the Congress of Vienna and Waterloo. The main exhibit for the first moment is Keats’s early sonnet “On Peace,” an arrival-of-peace poem that works a sophisticated version of the national aubade mode. The second is Austen’s engagement with peace in Persuasion, and in particular the curious narrative status of Captain James Benwick, recently returned from the war. It is in Austen’s portrait of Benwick that her version of the coming of peace is most challengingly developed. Her complex, purposefully resistant presentation of one soldier’s uncertain arc of return counters the peacetime jeremiads of the war faction to reveal the real opportunities and difficulties faced by a generation who had known only war and who were now being asked to imagine and embrace new ways to understand their lives.
“One Might Think It Is a Ward in a Madhouse”
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny , Jonsson-Skradol Natalia
Published: February 2022

This chapter is divided into two parts that analyze early Cold War Soviet caricature of two kinds—pictorial and verbal. Both focus on the presentation of a new kind of enemies: not immediately and directly dangerous, but deeply alien in their very existence. The first part analyzes pictorial caricature with reference to the Soviet concept of “the typical” and in the context of the principle of “thinking in types” as an attribute of totalitarian consciousness. Pictorial caricatures are explored as a tool of forming a new type of ideologically correct reading of signs. The second part explores a range of satirical texts—from verses to plays on politically relevant topics. The use of traditional comic tropes is examined systematically.
The Gogols and the Shchedrins
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny , Jonsson-Skradol Natalia
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, satire in the Soviet theater is explored. Although it starts with an overview of Soviet satirical plays of the 1930s, the emphasis is on the post-war years, the heyday of the so-called “theory of conflictlessness.” Somewhat counterintuitively, this era of “satirophobia” was the time when hundreds of satirical plays were produced. Our analysis clarifies the particularities of a system whose main function was to create more and more ingenious ways to enforce a repetition of patterns of behavior and communication sanctioned by the state. The main function of this type of playwriting was the constant affirmation of the regime’s foundations. As such, it became a unique instrument of social mobilization (in the form of “criticism and self-criticism”) at a time when there were no far-ranging purges, and a reminder of the possibility of terror returning “on a low heat” without making the threat explicit. At the same time, as this form of satire exhibited certain social vices that allowed for communal ridicule, these vices were relegated to the past, considered to have been overcome, “outlived.” Hence the constant allusions (disguised, but easily recognizable) to the terror of the late 1930s; hence the constant parodying of the methods of management or professional relationships that were now considered condemnable.
“A Total Racket”
Authors: Dobrenko Evgeny , Jonsson-Skradol Natalia
Published: February 2022

The subject of this chapter is Soviet urban romantic comedies. Despite the seemingly unsuitable setting of the first decades of Soviet rule, the chapter makes a case for the Soviet spaces, and Soviet forms of life, being an ideal context for vaudevillian misunderstandings, confusions, playful encounters, and romantic mishaps. At the same time, the genre was instrumental in teaching the Soviet audience to merge the private and the public, the intimate and the heroic into a harmonious whole. All the traditional markers of romantic comedy can be found in the texts presented, but the Soviet context and content make the Soviet urban comedy a unique form of popular entertainment and ideological training.
The Digital Continent
Authors: Amir Anwar Mohammad , Graham Mark
Published: February 2022

Only ten years ago, there were more internet users in countries like France or Germany than in all of Africa put together. But much has changed in a decade. The year 2018 marks the first year in human history in which a majority of the world’s population are now connected to the internet. This mass connectivity means that we have an internet that no longer connects only the world’s wealthy. Workers from Lagos to Johannesburg to Nairobi and everywhere in between can now apply for and carry out jobs coming from clients who themselves can be located anywhere in the world. Digital outsourcing firms can now also set up operations in the most unlikely of places in order to tap into hitherto disconnected labour forces. With CEOs in the Global North proclaiming that ‘location is a thing of the past’ (Upwork, 2018), and governments and civil society in Africa promising to create millions of jobs on the continent, the book asks what this ‘new world of digital work’ means to the lives of African workers. It draws from a year-long fieldwork in South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, Ghana, and Uganda, with over 200 interviews with participants including gig workers, call and contact centre workers, self-employed freelancers, small-business owners, government officials, labour union officials, and industry experts. Focusing on both platform-based remote work and call and contact centre work, the book examines the job quality implications of digital work for the lives and livelihoods of African workers.
Digital Taylorism
Authors: Anwar Mohammad Amir , Graham Mark
Published: February 2022

Undoubtedly, the emergence of the digital economy has generated new economic opportunities for workers on the continent. Thousands of African workers are now performing a vast variety of digital work activities. At the same time, various technological and social-economic barriers influence African workers’ experience of digital work. This chapter describes the lived experiences of those workers. Practically, the chapter narrates African workers’ everyday struggles to find paid work and to make a living in a highly commoditized form of global economic production. It explores four development dimensions of digital work, i.e. freedom, flexibility, precarity, and vulnerability. The chapter asserts that instead of these dimensions being compartmentalized, they are dynamic and exist in a continuum for any given job.
Syntactic and semantic change in clause-taking nominal constructions
Authors: Amaral Patrícia , Cantero Manuel Delicado
Published: February 2022

This chapter first provides an overview of the literature on nouns that take clauses and the distinction between eventive and result nouns, focusing on previous studies on Spanish and Portuguese. This chapter also reviews the theoretical approaches to language change that will provide the framework for our analysis in subsequent chapters. It discusses reanalysis, analogy, and the theories of semantic change that inform the data analysis. Finally, the chapter summarizes the syntactic change regarding patterns of complementation that affected clause-taking nouns in the history of Spanish and Portuguese in the 16th–17th centuries, and it identifies gaps in the knowledge of how they developed that will be addressed in the book.
Connectives
Authors: Amaral Patrícia , Cantero Manuel Delicado
Published: February 2022

This chapter investigates the role played by the nouns embargo and pena in the development of the connectives sin/sem embargo (de que) and so(b) pena de (que) in Spanish and Portuguese. This comparison shows that a sweeping change that affected clause structure in both languages in the 15th and 16th centuries affected both the analyzed nouns and the complex constructions in which they were embedded. The development of both connectives follows the same chronology, demonstrating that the properties of the nouns involved were not entirely lost as the complex expression was created. This chapter provides evidence for a more compositional view of constructions than is often assumed in the literature, as well as for patterns of semantic change characterizing the creation of connectives in the semantic domains of concession and conditionality.
The Drumming of a Deviant Beat
Authors: Sapsford Tom
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the significance of the cinaedus in Roman literature, where he is portrayed as both a type of deviant in terms of his gender and sexual behavior as well as a kind of performer, who is noted for his use of percussive instruments, signature verse-meter (the Sotadean), and a dance involving a shimmying of the buttocks. It uses the metaphor of beating—as a form of punishment for sexual transgressions, as a means of corporal tenderization, and as a mode of sonic agency—to analyze the overlapping and sometimes contradictory valences associated with this figure in various Latin sources (Plautus, Catullus, Petronius, and Martial among others) from the third century BCE to the second century CE.
Language communities of the Southern Ryukyus
Authors: Fujita-Round Sachiyo
Published: February 2022

Miyakoan, Yaeyaman, and Dunan (Yonaguni) languages are spoken in the Southern Ryukyu, Okinawa prefecture, the southernmost prefecture of Japan. These vernacular languages are labelled as the endangered languages of Japan. This endangerment articulates Japanese modern history when the Ryukyuan Islands were incorporated under the control of Japan in 1879 when the language assimilation into Japanese by the central government started. In the 21st century in Japan, UNESCO’s alert made an impact and internationally acknowledged ‘endangered languages’ raised the attention and awareness. How to make this awareness sustainable both at the research and local level and bring their efforts to the policy level will be the next challenge for the language revitalization for the Southern Ryukyu.
Urdu and Hindi
Authors: Yamashita Rika
Published: February 2022

Urdu and Hindi boast a large number of speakers worldwide—almost 800 million—even though they are not the working languages of international organizations. British Indian merchants established businesses in Japan in the late 19th century and left a significant mark in the urban cultures of Kobe and Yokohama. Their independent spirit remains in the Indian and Pakistani communities of modern Japan, which are active in business, political, religious, and educational spheres. Along with English, Urdu and Hindi are still a lingua franca among South Asians in Japan who may have different linguistic backgrounds. From fashion and food to Bollywood films, South Asian culture is popular among local Japanese, and its acceptance is supported by a relatively strong presence of South Asian studies in Japanese higher education.
Dutch and German
Authors: Coulmas Florian
Published: February 2022

European scientific knowledge entered Japan through Dutch translations of Latin, French, and German texts subsequently translated into Japanese. Dutch rapidly became a transfer or ‘mediator’ language, the most important foreign language aside from Chinese, stimulating wider interest in European scholarship as rangaku (‘Dutch learning’ or ‘Western learning’) schools opened in Nagasaki, Osaka, and Edo. As Japan embarked on modernization, it granted German a prominent position adopting from German linguistic culture the notion of a ‘national language’ (kokugo), which favoured monolingualism. In Japanese medicine, German was a prominent language of instruction and publication. The German impact on Japanese law remains strong and German is still an important language for Japanese legal scholars. German as a foreign language is studied at numerous universities.
Metaphysical Explanation
Authors: Miller Kristie , Norton James
Published: February 2022

This chapter investigates two questions: ‘What are everyday metaphysical explanations?’ and ‘What sorts of things in the world do there need to be, for there to be an everyday metaphysical explanation present?’ It proposes that everyday metaphysical explanations are true propositions of the form ⌜x because y⌝. The chapter distinguishes the worldly structure aspect of the phenomenon—the R-relation—from the psychological aspect of the phenomenon—psychological role P—and proposes that propositions of this form are true when both aspects are satisfied. It also introduces the idea that on the accounts to be proposed, everyday metaphysical explanation is context-sensitive, and considers several semantic proposals for making sense of this context-sensitivity. The chapter outlines how propositions and facts are conceived of in this book.
Patterns of convergence: global auto parts-automotive value chains and suppliers’ skill systems
Authors: Sancak Merve
Published: February 2022

This chapter studies the pressures of globalisation on suppliers and the patterns of convergence in suppliers’ skilling strategies due to these pressures. It focuses on the effects of global competition in the auto parts-automotive industry and Mexican and Turkish firms’ participation in auto parts-automotive value chains (AACs). It examines the governance structures in global AACs, the expectations from suppliers in these chains, and the lead firms’ strategies to ensure that these expectations are met. The chapter evaluates how these dynamics affect the Turkish and Mexican auto parts suppliers and their skilling strategies. The chapter shows that the governance structures in AACs indeed put pressures on suppliers in Mexico and Turkey and influence suppliers’ skilling activities both directly and indirectly. This leads to similarities regarding the skill needs of supplier firms and the organisation of shop-floor workers. However, there is no convergence towards high-performance work systems.
The Overlords
Authors: Foss Clive
Published: February 2022

Both Osman and Byzantium were overshadowed by the great powers of the day—the Ilkhans of Iran, the Golden Horde north of the Black Sea, and the Mamelukes of Egypt who constantly strove for supremacy. With their defeat of the Seljuks in 1243, the Mongols (Ilkhanids after 1257) dominated Asia Minor for the next century, though almost succumbing to the Mamelukes in 1277. In 1261, the first independent Turkish emirate was formed. This chapter is just a brief outline of Ilkhanid rule in Asia Minor.
A story to tell
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: February 2022

This chapter introduces the function of a preposition in English, which is to mark a noun phrase (NP) that is neither subject nor object, but ancillary to the core elements of a clause. It examines the role of language to express meanings, and typically for a meaning to be communicated from speaker or writer to addressees. Each preposition carries a meaning, as does each verb, noun, and adjective. The chapter determines which preposition is used in a particular circumstance and which sense of it is appropriate by the meanings of the words it is combined with. Every preposition has a range of senses, and the most common prepositions have the widest ranges.
Superiority
Authors: Dixon R. M. W.
Published: February 2022

This chapter describes up and down as adverbs with secondary function—just in their spatial and closely related senses—as prepositions. It highlights the contrasting origins of up and down in Old English, wherein there were two adverbs, ūp, upp ‘upward’ that indicate motion, and uppe ‘on high’ that describe location. These merged into modern adverb up /ʌp/ ‘to or at a high place’. The chapter cites the noun dūn ‘hill’ in OE and the OE adverb of-done ‘downwards’ that involved the combination of preposition of with the dative form, dūne, of dūn ‘hill’. This gave rise to adverb adown and thence to modern-day down /daun/ ‘to or at a low place’.