bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of Control Methods in Closed-Loop Agriculture Systems
Authors: Ragany Michelle , Haggag May , El-Dakhakhni Wael , Zhao Benzhong
Published: April 2023

Climate change and a growing global population pose ongoing threats to
critical resources. As resources required by the agriculture sector
continue to diminish, it is critical to leverage the emerging
technologies and new solutions within the sector. New cultivation
practices have emerged over the years, allowing food to be grown within
urban areas. Greenhouses are versatile in the resources needed for their
operation, as well as the foods that can be grown. While greenhouses
provide a potential for a more constant food supply, there is a lack of
optimization between the components. There are benefits to having
modular components of a greenhouse, allowing for adjustments or repairs
to singular pieces. However, there is inefficiency in the entire system,
since each component functions without considering the others. To
improve greenhouse efficiency, a closed-loop system can be introduced. A
greenhouse is a closed system, and by repurposing, reusing, and
recirculating resources, a greenhouse can evolve to have a closed-loop
system. This enables the components of a system to share resources more
effectively, communicate any systems changes that are required, and
minimize waste outputs.

This research explores the current technology in the space of
agriculture and computer science to create a fully closed-loop system.
The most noticeable system components are food waste, nutrient systems,
water systems, growing media, and heating and energy. Not all components
within a greenhouse can leverage the same artificial intelligence
methods and techniques based on existing findings. There are methods in
place that allow the components to interpret data gathered from the
greenhouse and alter its operational patterns. There remains a lack in
communicating this information to other aspects of the system to have it
make informed data-driven decisions as well. One can optimize singular
components thereby reducing resource reliance, to a certain threshold
until it impacts the plant’s development and yield. When all the systems
components’ resource needs and outputs converge the functionality of the
system can be optimized to utilize resources at a higher efficiency.
Results are indicative of very siloed and isolated research, exploring
closed-loop systems within greenhouses, but not leveraging its full
capabilities.
Exploring the Temporal-Varying and Depth-Nonlinear Velocity Profile of Debris Flows Based on A Stratification Statistical Algorithm for 3D-HBP-SPH Particles
Authors: HAN Zheng , Xie Wendou , Zeng Chuicheng , Li Yange , Li Changli , Ding Haohui , Wang Weidong , Chen Ningsheng , Hu Guisheng , Chen Guangqi
Published: April 2023

Estimation of velocity profile through mud depth is a long-standing and
essential problem in debris-flow dynamics. Until now, various velocity
profiles have been proposed based on the regression of experimental
measurements, but these are often limited by the observation conditions,
such as the number of the configured sensors. Therefore, the resulting
linear velocity profiles exhibit limitations in reproducing the
nonlinear behavior and its temporal variation during the debris-flow
process. In this study, we present a novel approach to explore
debris-flow velocity profile in detail upon our previous 3D-HBP-SPH
numerical model, i.e., the three-dimensional Smoothed Particle
Hydrodynamic model incorporating with the Herschel-Bulkley-Papanastasiou
rheology. Specifically, we propose a stratification statistical
algorithm for interpreting the details of SPH particles, which enables
the recording of temporal velocities of debris flow at different mud
depths. To regress the velocity profile, we introduce a
logarithmic-based nonlinear function with two empirical parameters, that
controlling the shape of velocity profile and concerning its temporal
evolution. We verify the proposed velocity profile and explore its
sensitivity using 34 sets of velocity data from three individual flume
experiments in previous literatures. Our results demonstrate that the
proposed temporal-varying and depth-nonlinear velocity profile
outperforms the previous ones.
Large impact of coarse-resolution atmospheric transport model error on land-ocean and tropic-extratropic partitioning and seasonal cycle in CO2 inversion
Authors: Liu Zhiqiang , Zeng Ning , Han Pengfei , Cai Qixiang
Published: April 2023

We show that forward simulations of global CO2 using an atmospheric
transport model (ATM) at 0.5°×0.625° and 4°×5° resolutions differ
significantly in vertical and meridional distribution. Comparing two
observing simulation system experiments at 4°×5° resolution that
assimilate pseudo observations sampled from the two forward simulations,
we isolated the impact of coarse-resolution ATM error on regional flux
estimates that a significant amount of annual carbon uptake from the
ocean and tropics is improperly redistributed to the land and
extratropics, respectively. In addition, this error leads to an
underestimated seasonal amplitude in the northern extratropical land and
a reversed seasonal phase in the northern extratropical ocean. The
reversed seasonal phase has also been shown in a real data assimilation
experiment and state-of-the-art inversions, suggesting that ocean glint
retrieval error may not be as significant as previously thought and
reasonable ocean flux estimates depend strongly on the accuracy of ATM.
Disintegration and Buttressing Effect of the Landfast Sea Ice in the Larsen B Embayment, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Sun Yudong , Riel Bryan , Minchew Brent
Published: April 2023

The speed-up of glaciers following ice shelf collapse can accelerate ice
mass loss dramatically. Investigating the deformation of landfast sea
ice enables studying its resistive (buttressing) stresses and mechanisms
driving ice collapse. Here, we apply offset tracking to Sentinel-1 A/B
synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data to obtain a 2014-2022 time-series of
horizontal velocity and strain rate fields of landfast ice filling the
embayment formerly covered by the Larsen B Ice Shelf, Antarctic
Peninsula until 2002. The landfast ice disintegrated in 2022, and we
find that it was precipitated by a few large opening rifts. Upstream
glaciers did not accelerate after the collapse, which implies little
buttressing effect from landfast ice, a conclusion supported by the
near-zero correlation between glacier velocity and landfast ice area.
Our observations suggest that buttressing stresses are unlikely to be
recovered by landfast sea ice over sub-decadal timescales following the
collapse of an ice shelf.
Anthropogenic dust as a significant source of ice-nucleating particles in the urban environment
Authors: Chen Jie , Wu Zhijun , Gong Xianda , Qiu Yanting , Chen Shiyi , Zeng Limin , Hu Min
Published: April 2023

Anthropogenic dust is an important constituent of airborne particles in
the urban environment but its ice nucleation activity remains
uninvestigated. Here, we studied the sources and ice nucleating
properties of size-resolved particles in the urban atmosphere under
mixed-phase cloud conditions. The heat-resistant ice nucleating
particles (INPs) unexpectedly contributed ~70% of the
INPs in coarse mode at temperatures below −15 oC. Detailed size-resolved
particle chemical composition analysis showed that these INPs were
contributed by anthropogenic dust, such as traffic-influenced road dust.
A parameterization based on coarse particles was developed to predict
the anthropogenic dust INP concentration, due to their correlations on
concentration and similarity in chemical compositions. The
parameterization can be used for further evaluating the anthropogenic
dust contribution to INPs on a global scale. We suggest anthropogenic
dust associated with rapid urbanization will become an important factor
for urban climate change by altering the cloud microphysics.
The relation between dissipation and memory in two-fluid displacements in disordered media
Authors: Holtzman Ran , Dentz Marco , Planet Ramon , Ortín Jordi
Published: April 2023

We show that the return-point memory of cyclic macroscopic trajectories
enables the derivation of a thermodynamic framework for quasistatically
driven dissipative systems with multiple metastable states. We use this
framework to sort out and quantify the energy dissipated in quasistatic
fluid-fluid displacements in disordered media. Numerical computations of
imbibition–drainage cycles in a quasi-2D medium with gap thickness
modulations (imperfect Hele-Shaw cell) show that energy dissipation in
quasistatic displacements is due to abrupt changes in the fluid-fluid
configuration between consecutive metastable states (Haines jumps), and
its dependence on microstructure and gravity. The relative importance of
viscous dissipation is deduced from comparison with quasistatic
experiments.
Simulation of temperature extremes over West Africa and the Eastern Sahel with MPAS
Authors: Tanimoune Laouali Ibrahim , Smiatek Gerhard , Kunstmann Harald Günter , Abiodun Babatunde Joseph
Published: April 2023

A large ensemble of 51 simulations with the Model for Prediction Across
Scales (MPAS) has been applied to assess its ability to reproduce
extreme temperatures and heat waves in the area of West Africa and the
Eastern Sahel. With its global approach the model avoids transition
errors influencing the performance of limited area climate models. The
MPAS simulations were driven with sea surface temperature (SST) and sea
ice extent as the only boundary condition. The results reveal moderate
cold biases in the range from -0.6° to -0.9° C for the daily mean
temperature and -1.4° to -2.0° C for the area mean of the daily maximum
temperature. The bias in the number of tropical nights ranges from +3 to
-10 days. An underestimation by up to 50% is also present regarding the
number of summer days. The heat wave duration index is underestimated
regionally by 10% to 60%. Compared to the reanalyses, the biases
revealed by the MPAS simulations are generally smaller than with
measured observational reference. The results from long term runs and
from short term runs with selected SST years are similar. Shortcomings
in the reproduction of the temperature and precipitation indices found
in the present investigation indicate that the global MPAS approach does
provide a fidelity similar to that of the regional climate models.
Flexible foliar stoichiometry reduces the magnitude of the global land carbon sink
Authors: Hauser Emma , Wieder William R , Bonan Gordon B , Cleveland Cory C.
Published: April 2023

Increased plant growth under elevated CO2 slows the pace of climate
warming and underlies projections of terrestrial carbon (C) and climate
dynamics. However, this important ecosystem service may be diminished by
concurrent changes to vegetation carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratios.
Despite clear observational evidence of increasing foliar C:N under
elevated CO2 , our understanding of potential ecological consequences of
foliar stoichiometric flexibility is incomplete. Here, we show that
incorporating CO2-driven foliar stoichiometry into the Community Land
Model reduced the projected land C sink two-fold by the end of the
century compared to simulations with fixed foliar chemistry. Further,
flexible foliar C:N profoundly altered Earth’s hydrologic cycle,
reducing evapotranspiration and increasing runoff. Belowground N cycling
rates were reduced in the flexible scenario, highlighting the urgency of
further research examining both the direct and indirect effects of
changing foliar stoichiometry on soil N cycling and plant productivity.
Radial Distribution of Light Elements in the Earth's Outer Core based on Thermodynamic Equilibrium in a Changing Gravitational Field and Implications
Authors: Ganguly Jibamitra
Published: April 2023

In a vertical column, the chemical potential of a component is affected
by the change of gravitational potential. Thermodynamic calculations of
the radial distribution of light elements O, S, Si and C that were
suggested to have been dissolved in the outer core (OC) show their
content to increase rapidly upwards in the top 300-400 km. These results
explain the formation of compositional layering inferred from seismic
studies that was earlier thought to be due to the existence of a
subadiabatic temperature gradient at the top or diffusion from a
compositionally different primitive layer within the OC. Under
thermodynamic equilibrium, O content in the OC should be limited to
~1 wt% and of K to ~25 wt%. Powering
of the geodynamo through the heat producing decay of 40K to 40Ar does
not seem feasible since K should segregate and produce more heat at the
top of the OC.
WWLLN Energetic Lightning Events are Different from Optical Superbolts
Authors: Peterson Michael Jay
Published: April 2023

The most powerful optical emissions from lightning have been described
as “superbolts” since the 1970s. In 2019, Holzworth et al. (2019)
applied the superbolt label to the most energetic Radio Frequency (RF)
emissions measured by the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN).
In this study, we compare the WWLLN energies to optical measurements by
the photodiode detector (PDD) on the Fast On-orbit Recording of
Transient Events (FORTE) satellite and the Geostationary Lightning
Mappers (GLMs) on NOAA’s Geostationary Operational Environmental
Satellites (GOES) to assess whether WWLLN high energy events coincide
with optical superbolts. We find no overlap between traditional
superbolts and WWLLN high energy events. Optical superbolts are not
energetic to WWLLN, while WWLLN superbolts are not optically bright.
Additionally, the top WWLLN sources occur in a different meteorological
context than superbolts. Despite some similarities in their overall
global patterns of occurrence, WWLLN high energy events correspond to a
different phenomenon.
Satellite Multi-angle Observations of Wildfire Smoke Plumes During the CalFiDE Field Campaign: Aerosol Plume Heights, Particle Property Evolution, and Aging Timescales
Authors: Noyes Katherine Theresa Junghenn , Kahn Ralph A.
Published: April 2023

Wildfire-related aircraft field campaigns frequently offer opportunities
to validate remote-sensing retrievals of aerosol properties and other
quantities derived from satellite-borne-instrument observations.
Satellite instruments often provide regional context-imagery for more
sparsely sampled aircraft and surface-based measurements. However,
aerosol amount, particle type, aerosol plume height and the associated
wind vector products retrieved from the NASA Earth Observing System’s
Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) instrument have matured
sufficiently that these quantities can also contribute substantially to
a campaign dataset, in regional context. This is especially useful when
such measurements are not acquired at all from the suborbital platforms.
During NOAA’s California Fire Dynamics Experiment (CalFiDE), aircraft
operations were coordinated with MISR overpasses on two occasions, for
the Rum Creek fire on 30 August 2022, and for the Mosquito fire on 08
September. MISR-retrieved aerosol properties show distinctly different
patterns of black and brown smoke particle distributions and inferred
plume evolution in the two cases. This paper describes the satellite
data analysis techniques and presents the satellite-retrieved results,
demonstrating what such measurements can offer, and contributing
material for detailed fire dynamics and chemistry studies when combined
with the CalFiDE suborbital observations and models.
The effect of a short observational record on the statistics of temperature extremes
Authors: Zeder Joel , Sippel Sebastian , Pasche Olivier Colin , Engelke Sebastian , Fischer Erich Markus
Published: April 2023

In June 2021, the Pacific Northwest experienced a heatwave that broke
all previous records. Estimated return levels based on observations up
to the year before the event suggested that reaching such high
temperatures is not possible in today’s climate. We here assess the
suitability of the prevalent statistical approach by analyzing extreme
temperature events in climate model large ensemble and synthetic extreme
value data. We demonstrate that the method is subject to biases, as high
return levels are generally underestimated and, correspondingly, the
return period of low-likelihood heatwave events is overestimated, if the
underlying extreme value distribution is derived from a short historical
record. These biases have even increased in recent decades due to the
emergence of a pronounced climate change signal. Furthermore, if the
analysis is triggered by an extreme event, the implicit selection bias
affects the likelihood assessment depending on whether the event is
included in the modeling.
The characteristics of mesoscale convective system rainfall over Europe
Authors: Silva Nicolas A. Da , Haerter Jan O
Published: April 2023

Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) are common over Europe and can
produce severe weather, including extreme precipitation, which can lead
to flash floods.The few studies analyzing the climatological characteristics of MCS over
Europe are either based on only few years of data or focus on limited
sub-areas.Using the recent Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for Global
Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) satellite precipitation climatology,
we identify and track MCS for 16 years over Europe.We devise a spatial filter and track cells according to the overlap of
filtered rain patches between consecutive time steps.By fitting an ellipse to these patches, we determine their overall shape
and orientation.To distinguish convective rain patches we condition on lightning data,
thus reducing potential identification errors.We analyze this new European MCS climatology to characterize MCS
rainfall properties:MCS overall occur most frequently over the Mediterranean and Atlantic
during fall and winter, whereas during summer, they concentrate over the
continent.Typically, more than half of seasonal precipitation can be attributed to
MCS, andtheir contribution to extreme precipitation is even greater, often
exceeding 70\%.MCS over the continent display a clear diurnal cycle peaking during the
afternoon, and some continental areas even show a second, nocturnal
peak.The MCS diurnal cycle for coastal and oceanic regions is more
variable.Selecting sub-areas, we find that the spatio-temporal distribution of
MCS precipitation throughout the year can be well explained by the
spatio-temporal distribution of specific environmental variables, namely
(sea) surface temperature, fronts occurrence and convective instability.
Neutral tropical African CO2 exchange estimated from aircraft and satellite observations
Authors: Gaubert Benjamin , Stephens Britton B. , Baker David F. , Basu Sourish , Bertolacci Michael , Bowman Kevin W. , Buchholz Rebecca R , Chatterjee Abhishek , Chevallier Frederic , Commane Roisin , Cressie Noel , Deng Feng , Jacobs Nicole , Johnson Matthew S. , Maksyutov Shamil , McKain Kathryn , Liu Junjie , Liu Zhiqiang , Morgan Eric , O'Dell Christopher , Philip Sajeev , Ray Eric A , Schimel David , Schuh Andrew E. , Taylor Thomas E. , Weir Brad , Wees Dave van , Wofsy Steven C. C. , Zammit-Mangion Andrew , Zeng Ning
Published: April 2023

Tropical lands play an important role in the global carbon cycle yet
their contribution remains uncertain owing to sparse observations.
Satellite observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide
(CO) have greatly increased spatial coverage over
tropical regions, providing the potential for improved estimates of
terrestrial fluxes. Despite this advancement, the spread among
satellite-based and in-situ atmospheric CO flux
inversions over northern tropical Africa (NTA), spanning 0-24◦N, remains
large. Satellite-based estimates of an annual source of 0.8-1.45 PgC
yr challenge our understanding of tropical and
global carbon cycling. Here, we compare posterior mole fractions from
the suite of inversions participating in the Orbiting Carbon Observatory
2 (OCO-2) Version 10 Model Intercomparison Project (v10 MIP) with
independent in-situ airborne observations made over the tropical
Atlantic Ocean by the NASA Atmospheric Tomography (ATom) mission during
four seasons. We develop emergent constraints on tropical African
CO fluxes using flux-concentration relationships
defined by the model suite. We find an annual flux of 0.14 ± 0.39 PgC
yr (mean and standard deviation) for NTA, 2016-2018.
The satellite-based flux bias suggests a potential positive
concentration bias in OCO-2 B10 and earlier version retrievals over land
in NTA during the dry season. Nevertheless, the OCO-2 observations
provide improved flux estimates relative to the in situ observing
network at other times of year, indicating stronger uptake in NTA during
the wet season than the in-situ inversion estimates.
Development of a multi-layer canopy model for E3SM Land Model with support for heterogeneous computing
Authors: Bisht Gautam , Riley William J. , Mills Richard Trans
Published: April 2023

The vertical structure of vegetation canopies creates micro-climates,
which can substantially affect ecosystem responses to climate change.
However, the land components of most Earth System Models, including the
Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM), typically neglect vertical
canopy structure by using a single layer big-leaf representation to
simulate water, \cotwo, and energy exchanges between the
land and the atmosphere. In this study, we developed a standalone
Multi-Layer Canopy Model (MLCMv1) for the E3SM Land Model (ELM) to
resolve the micro-climate created by vegetation canopies. The support
for the heterogeneous computation architectures is included by using the
Portable Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Programming. The numerical
implementation of ELM-MLCMv1 was verified against
CLM-ml\_v1 for a month-long simulation using data from
the Ameriflux US-University of Michigan Biological Station (US-UMB)
site. Model structural uncertainty was explored by performing control
simulations for five stomatal conductance models (SCMs). All SCMs after
calibration were able to accurately match observations of sensible and
latent heat flux, though the bias of the three SCMs with plant
hydrodynamics (PHD) was slightly lower than that of two SCMs without
PHD. Additionally, six idealized simulations were performed to study the
impact of environmental variables on canopy processes. All SCMs agreed
on the direction of simulated changes in canopy processes due to the
changes in these environmental variables. ELM-MLCMv1 achieves a speedup
of 25-50 times when comparing performance on a GPU relative to a CPU.
This study provides the first necessary model development for including
the representation of vertical canopies within ELM.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Koftu's Small-Scale Irrigation Schemes in Enhancing Water Resource Utilization in Ethiopia.
Authors: Hirko Deme Betele , Plessis Jakobus Andries Du
Published: April 2023

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the small-scale
irrigation schemes in Koftu, Ethiopia, in enhancing water resource
utilization. The research employed various methods, including
conversations, flow measurements, household surveys, and literature
searches, to collect relevant information. To evaluate the performance
of the irrigation schemes, performance indicators for outputs, output
delivery, and financial performance were employed. The crop water
requirement was estimated using CROPWAT. The results indicate that the
average relative water supply and irrigation supply were 2.06 and 2.47,
respectively. The output per unit-controlled area was 21094.43US$/ha,
while the output per unit-cultivated area was 11212.33US$/ha. The study
also found that the irrigation schemes had a high-water productivity
ratio of 2.10US dollars/m3 of output and 1.02US dollars/m3 of supply per
unit of water used. Additionally, the schemes showed a high level of
financial self-sufficiency due to the low cost of operation and
maintenance. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the small-scale
irrigation schemes in Koftu, Ethiopia, have been successful in enhancing
water resource utilization and improving both land and water
productivity. The use of performance indicators provides a useful tool
for identifying performance gaps and improvement possibilities in
irrigation schemes.
Estimation of the error on the calculation of the pressure-strain term: application in the terrestrial magnetosphere
Authors: Roberts Owen Wyn , Voros Zoltán , Torkar Klaus , Stawarz Julia E. , Bandyopadhyay Riddhi , Gershman Daniel J , Narita Yasuhito , Kieokaew Rungployphan , Lavraud Benoit , Klein Kristopher Gregory , Yang Yan , Nakamura Rumi , Chasapis Alexandros , Matthaeus William H.
Published: April 2023

Calculating the pressure-strain terms has recently been performed to
quantify energy conversion between the bulk flow energy and the internal
energy of plasmas. It has been applied to numerical simulations and
satellite data from the Magnetospheric MultiScale Mission. The method
requires spatial gradients of the velocity and the use of the full
pressure tensor. Here we present a derivation of the errors associated
with calculating the pressure-strain terms from multi-spacecraft
measurements and apply it to previously studied examples of magnetic
reconnection at the magnetopause and the magnetotail. The errors are
small in a dense magnetosheath event but much larger in the more tenuous
magnetotail. This is likely due to larger counting statistics in the
dense plasma at the magnetopause than in the magnetotail. The propagated
errors analyzed in this work are important to understand uncertainties
of energy conversion measurements in space plasmas and have applications
to current and future multi-spacecraft missions.
Representing eddy diffusion in the surface boundary layer of ocean models with general vertical coordinates
Authors: Marques Gustavo M , Shao Andrew E. , Bachman Scott Daniel , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Bryan Frank O.
Published: April 2023

The mixing of tracers by mesoscale eddies, parameterized in many ocean
general circulation models (OGCMs) as a diffusive-advective process,
contributes significantly to the distribution of tracers in the ocean.
In the ocean interior, diffusive contribution occurs mostly along the
direction parallel to local neutral density surfaces. However, near the
surface of the ocean, small-scale turbulence and the presence of the
boundary itself break this constraint and the mesoscale transport occurs
mostly along a plane parallel to the ocean surface (horizontal).
Although this process is easily represented in OGCMs with geopotential
vertical coordinates, the representation is more challenging in OGCMs
that use a general vertical coordinate, where surfaces can be tilted
with respect to the horizontal. We propose a method for representing the
diffusive horizontal mesoscale fluxes within the surface boundary layer
of general vertical coordinate OGCMs. The method relies on
regridding/remapping techniques to represent tracers in a geopotential
grid. Horizontal fluxes are calculated on this grid and then remapped
back to the native grid, where fluxes are applied. The algorithm is
implemented in an ocean model and tested in idealized and realistic
settings. Horizontal diffusion can account for up to
10\% of the total northward heat transport in the
Southern Ocean and Western boundary current regions of the Northern
Hemisphere. It also reduces the vertical stratification of the upper
ocean, which results in an overall deepening of the surface boundary
layer depth. Lastly, enabling horizontal diffusion leads to meaningful
reductions in the near-surface global bias of potential temperature and
salinity.
Inverse Climate Modelling Study of the Planet Venus
Authors: Mulholland Philip , Wilde Stephen Paul Rathbone
Published: April 2023

The terrestrial planet Venus is classified by astronomers as an inferior
planet because it is located closer to the Sun than the Earth. Venus
orbits the Sun at a mean distance of 108.21 Million Km and receives an
average annual solar irradiance of 2601.3 W/m 2 , which is 1.911 times
that of the Earth. A set of linked forward and inverse climate modelling
studies were undertaken to determine whether a process of atmospheric
energy retention and recycling could be established by a mechanism of
energy partition between the solid illuminated surface and an overlying
fully transparent, non-greenhouse gas atmosphere. Further, that this
atmospheric process could then be used to account for the observed
discrepancy between the average annual solar insolation flux and the
surface tropospheric average annual temperature for Venus. Using a
geometric climate model with a globular shape that preserves the key
fundamental property of an illuminated globe, namely the presence on its
surface of the dual environments of both a lit and an unlit hemisphere;
we established that the internal energy flux within our climate model is
constrained by a process of energy partition at the surface interface
between the illuminated ground and the overlying air. The dual
environment model we have designed permits the exploration and
verification of the fundamental role that the atmospheric processes of
thermal conduction and convection have in establishing and maintaining
surface thermal enhancement within the troposphere of this terrestrial
planet. We believe that the duality of energy partition ratio between
the lit and unlit hemispheres applied to the model, fully accounts for
the extreme atmospheric “greenhouse effect” of the planet Venus. We
show that it is the meteorological process of air mass movement and
energy recycling through the mechanism of convection and atmospheric
advection, associated with the latitudinal hemisphere encompassing
Hadley Cell that accounts for the planet’s observed enhanced atmospheric
surface warming. Using our model, we explore the form, nature and
geological timing of the climatic transition that turned Venus from a
paleo water world into a high-temperature, high-pressure carbon dioxide
world.
An Iterative Mathematical Climate Model of the Atmosphere of Titan
Authors: Mulholland Philip , Wilde Stephen Paul Rathbone
Published: April 2023

Titan, the giant moon of the planet Saturn, is recognized to have
meteorological processes involving liquid methane that are analogous to
the water generated atmospheric dynamics of planet Earth. We propose
here that the climatic features of Titan by contrast are more akin to
those of the planet Venus, and that this structural similarity is a
direct result of the slow daily rotation rate of these two terrestrial
bodies. We present here a simple mathematical climate model based on
meteorological principles, and intended to be a replacement for the
standard radiation balance equation used in current studies of planetary
climate. The Dynamic-Atmosphere Energy-Transport climate model (DAET) is
designed to be applied to terrestrial bodies that have sufficient mass
and surface gravity to be able to retain a dense atmosphere under a
given solar radiation loading. All solar orbiting bodies have both an
illuminated hemisphere of net energy collection and a dark hemisphere of
net energy loss. The DAET model acknowledges the existence of these dual
day and nighttime radiation environments and uses a fully transparent
non-condensing atmosphere as the primary mechanism of energy storage and
transport in a metrological process that links the two hemispheres. The
DAET model has the following distinct advantages as a founding model of
climate: It can be applied to all terrestrial planets, including those
that are tidally locked. It is an atmospheric mass motion and energy
circulation process, and so is fully representative of a Hadley cell;
the observed fundamental meteorological process of a terrestrial
planet’s climate. The diabatic form of the DAET model fully replicates
the traditional vacuum planet equation, and as it applies to a totally
transparent atmosphere it therefore demonstrates that thermal radiant
opacity, due to the presence of polyatomic molecular gases, is not a
fundamental requirement for atmospheric energy retention. For the
adiabatic form of the DAET model, where the turbulent asymmetric daytime
process of forced radiant convection applies, the intercepted solar
energy is preferentially retained by the ascending air. The adiabatic
DAET climate model shows that the atmospheric greenhouse effect of
surface thermal enhancement is a mass motion process, and that it is
completely independent of an atmosphere’s thermal radiant opacity.
PCSSR-DNNWA: A Physical Constraints Based Surface Snowfall Rate Retrieval Algorithm Using Deep Neural Networks With Attention Module
Authors: Yan Songkun , Ma Ziqiang , Li Xiaoqing , Hu Hao , Xu Jintao , Ji Qingwen , Weng Fuzhong
Published: April 2023

Global surface snowfall rate estimation is crucial for hydrological and
meteorological applications but is still a challenging task. We present
a novel approach to comprehensively consider passive microwave, infrared
and physical constraints using deep neural networks with attention
module for retrieving surface snowfall rate, namely PCSSR-DNNWA.
PCSSR-DNNWA outperforms traditional approaches in predicting surface
snowfall rate with CC ~ 0.75, ME ~ -0.03
mm/h, and RMSE ~ 0.21 mm/h. In addition, we found that
graupel water path (GWP) is of vital importance with largest
contributions in retrieving surface snowfall rate. Integrating the
physical constraints, PCSSR-DNNWA paves a new avenue for retrieving
satellite-borne surface snowfall rate by intelligently considering the
varying importance of the multiple predictors, resulting in increased
accuracy, interpretability, and computational efficiency.
The Application of the Dynamic Atmosphere Energy Transport Climate Model (DAET) to Earth's Semi-Opaque Troposphere
Authors: Mulholland Philip , Wilde Stephen Paul Rathbone
Published: April 2023

The objective of this work is to apply the Dynamic-Atmosphere Energy
Transport (DAET) climate model to a study of the Earth’s semi-opaque
troposphere. In this analysis the concept of previous authors has been
followed and the Earth’s climate is treated as a single integrated
structured system of solar energy collection, thermal energy retention
and energy distribution across the Earth’s surface. Unlike previous
authors the hemispheric duality of the Earth’s surface is modelled with
two separate energy environments of a day lit hemisphere of net energy
collection and a dark night surface of net energy loss as fundamental to
the design. Using worked examples, it is shown how the Greenhouse Effect
results from the summation of two separate physical atmospheric
processes, both of which are mathematically equivalent and which
together create an energy reservoir within the Earth’s troposphere.
These processes are the thermal radiant opacity blocking of radiative
physics, and the process of adiabatic convection and conserved energy
delivery to far distance of mass-motion physics. Both these processes
involve the mathematical infinite summation of halves-of-halves of
energy flux and are completely saturated at a surface atmospheric
pressure of 1 Bar. It is concluded that the two fundamental controls on
terrestrial planetary climate for a given solar system orbit are the
downwelling high frequency energy reflection filter of planetary Bond
Albedo, and the upwelling low frequency energy bypass to space filter of
the Atmospheric Window.
Hypoxic Blackwater Events - Identifying High Risk Catchments in Estuaries Now and Under Future Climate Scenarios
Authors: Waddington Katrina , Harrison Alice , Rayner Duncan , Tucker Toby , Glamore William
Published: April 2023

Hypoxic blackwater events occur worldwide, affecting inland and coastal
waters. These events have been exacerbated by man-made floodplain
drainage, leading to large-scale fish kills and ecological degradation.
This paper presents a new method to identify estuarine catchment areas
that are most likely to generate hypoxic conditions. The method uses
established blackwater risk factors, including vegetation type,
inundation extent and duration, ground-truthed in eastern Australia. A
catchment is at higher risk of blackwater generation if (i) it is
located where floodwaters are high and/or drainage is impeded, (ii) the
site topography includes an extensive, low-lying floodplain; and/or
(iii) the land-use and environmental characteristics have a high
deoxygenation potential. Blackwater impacts in an estuary are determined
by the floodplain connectivity with the estuary, and the discharge
characteristics of the catchment drainage system. Where multiple,
proximate catchments have similar drainage conditions, compounding
blackwater plumes can overwhelm the assimilation capacity of the
estuary. Climate change may significantly increase the volume and
frequency of blackwater events in estuarine environments as a result of
reduced drainage due to sea level rise, higher temperatures, and more
intense and sporadic rainfall events. It is recommended that management
measures be introduced to mitigate the effects of climate change and
avoid further widespread hypoxic blackwater events.
Interplay between seismic and aseismic deformation on the Central Range fault during the 2013 Mw 6.3 Ruisui earthquake (Taiwan)
Authors: Lin Hsiao-Fan , Gualandi Adriano , Hsu Yu-Fang , Hsu Ya-Ju , Huang Hsin-Hua , Lee Hsin-Ming , Canitano Alexandre
Published: April 2023

The 2013 Ruisui earthquake represents the first unequivocal evidence of
the activity of the Central Range fault in central Longitudinal Valley,
Taiwan. Using a joint Bayesian finite-fault source inversion of Global
Navigation Satellite System and strain time series, we infer that
coseismic rupture occurred between 4 to 19 km depth with maximum slip of
0.5 m located near the hypocenter. We then apply a variational Bayesian
Independent Component Analysis approach to displacement signals to infer
a 3-month long afterslip located in the near-source region. This
observation represents the first evidence of aseismic slip on the
Central Range fault. Combining geodetic and seismological analysis with
simulations based on rate-and-state friction mechanics, we analyze the
interplay between seismic and aseismic deformation during the earthquake
sequence. We observe that afterslip represents the dominant postseismic
deformation mechanism, with > 95% of the moment being
released aseismically in the postseismic phase. Besides, afterslip
likely represents the driving force controlling aftershock productivity
and the spatiotemporal migration of seismicity. Finally, we infer the
presence of a shallow velocity strengthening zone (∼ 0-4 km depth)
associated with spatially heterogeneous slip during the postseismic
phase with maximum slip of 0.15 m located above the zone of maximum
coseismic deformation.
A Quantile Generalised Additive Approach for Compound Climate Extremes: Pan-Atlantic Extremes as a Case Study
Authors: Olivetti Leonardo , Messori Gabriele , Jin Shaobo
Published: April 2023

We present an application of quantile generalised additive models
(QGAMs) to study spatially compounding climate extremes, namely extremes
that occur (near-) simultaneously in geographically remote regions. We
take as an example wintertime cold spells in North America and
co-occurring wet or windy extremes in Western Europe, which we
collectively term Pan-Atlantic compound extremes. QGAMS are largely
novel in climate science applications and present a number of key
advantages over conventional statistical models of weather extremes.
Specifically, they remove the need for a direct identification and
parametrisation of the extremes themselves, since they model all
quantiles of the distributions of interest. They thus make use of all
information available, and not only of a small number of extreme values.
Moreover, they do not require any a priori knowledge of the functional
relationship between the predictors and the dependent variable. Here, we
use QGAMs to both characterise the co-occurrence statistics and
investigate the role of possible dynamical drivers of the Pan-Atlantic
compound extremes. We find that cold spells in North America are a
useful predictor of subsequent wet or windy extremes in Western Europe,
and that QGAMs can predict those extremes more accurately than
conventional peak-over-threshold models.
Simultaneous Precipitation of Sub-Relativistic Electron Microburst and Pulsating Aurora Electrons
Authors: Namekawa Taku , Mitani Takefumi , Asamura Kazushi , Mioshi Yoshizumi , Hosokawa Keisuke , Lessard Marc R , Moser Chrystal , Halford Alexa J. , Sakanoi Takeshi , Kawamura Miki , Nosé Masahito , Nomura Reiko , Teramoto Mariko , Shumko Mykhaylo , Lynch Kristina A , Jaynes Allison N , McHarg Matthew G
Published: April 2023

We have identified for the first time an energy-time dispersion of
precipitating electron flux in a pulsating aurora patch, ranging from
6.7 keV to 580 keV, through simultaneous in-situ observations of
sub-relativistic electrons of microburst precipitations and lower-energy
electrons using the LAMP sounding rocket launched from the Poker Flat
Research Range in Alaska. Our observations reveal that precipitating
electrons with energies of 180-320 keV were observed first, followed by
250-580 keV electrons 0-30 ms later, and finally, after 500-1000 ms,
6.7-14.6 keV electrons were observed. The identified energy-time
dispersion is consistent with the theoretical estimation that the
relativistic electron microbursts are a high-energy tail of pulsating
aurora electrons, which are caused by chorus waves propagating along the
field line.
Bayesian Network-Informed Conditional Random Forests for Probabilistic Multisite Downscaling of Precipitation Occurrence
Authors: Legasa Mikel Néstor , Chandler Richard E , Manzanas Rodrigo
Published: April 2023

This work presents Bayesian network-informed conditional random forests
(BNICRF), a novel multiresponse classification technique able to
downscale the joint probability distribution of precipitation occurrence
at a set of geographical locations of interest from large-scale
predictors. BNICRFs combine a Bayesian network, which provides a
description of the multisite/spatial dependence structure of the target
locations; with an ensemble of conditional random forests, which extract
the relevant information from the large-scale predictors to produce
accurate probabilistic predictions. This work extends two previous
articles that explored Bayesian networks (Legasa & Gutiérrez, 2020) and
random forests (Legasa et al., 2022) in the context of statistical
climate downscaling. Building on the experimental and validation
framework proposed in the experiment 1c of the COST action VALUE (the
largest, most exhaustive intercomparison study of statistical
downscaling methods to date) and under the perfect prognosis approach,
we thoroughly assess the performance of the proposed methodology
focusing on its capability to reproduce several multisite and
single-site statistics of the observed series. BNICRFs accurately
capture the relevant spatial relationships while keeping the same
single-site predictive performance than both single-site random forests
and a Generalized Linear Model that exhibited a good performance in
VALUE. Moreover, we compare BNICRFs against a robust multisite
methodology proposed in Chandler (2020), obtaining better predictive
capability while keeping similar spatial performance. Since the assessed
models still underestimate autocorrelation, we also propose a
straightforward extension of BNICRFs that incorporates the temporal
structure at each location of interest able to produce both temporarily
and spatially realistic precipitation occurrence fields
Radio-Source Tracker: Autonomous Attitude Determination on a Radio Interferometric Swarm
Authors: Rouillé Erwan , Cecconi Baptiste , Segret Boris , Girard Julien N.
Published: April 2023

The development of satellite swarm technology offers new possibilities
for space studies and comes with new challenges. Among them is the need
of knowledge on the swarm topology and attitude, especially in the
context of space-borne radio interferometry. This paper presents an
algorithm that recovers the absolute swarm attitude autonomously. This
algorithm uses the imaging capability of a low frequency radio
interferometer that acts as a star-tracker using the main radio sources
in the sky. The Lost-In-Space (LIS) mode is presented in this paper.
This algorithm is studied through numerical simulations. This concept is
applied here to the kilometric wavelength spectral range (30 kHz – 1
MHz) but the technique can be extended to higher frequencies. Images are
reconstructed using an iterative Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) at two
frequencies and using source subtractions. Pattern-matching is performed
with a voting system implemented on geometrical parameters defined by
triangles of sources. The radio sky in the working band is modeled by
extrapolating down observation of the sky at 50 MHz. The modeled
interferometer corresponds to the NOIRE (Nanosatellite pour un
Observatoire Interferométrique Radio dans l’Espace) concept study. The
accuracy on the recovered swarm attitude is measured for different
levels of noise in the interferometric visibilities. The simulation
shows that, the suggested algorithm can achieve an attitude knowledge
error lower than 1 arcmin for a swarm scale of 100 km. The requirements
in terms of memory and computation capability are discussed as well as
the limitations of the technique and the simulation.
On the resolving power of (an)isotropic tomography: a seismo-geodynamics approach
Authors: Rappisi Francesco , Witek Michael , Faccenda Manuele , Ferreira Ana M. G. , Chang Sung-Joon
Published: April 2023

Seismic anisotropy is key to constrain mantle flow, but it is
challenging to image and interpret it. To better understand the
robustness of anisotropy tomography, we create a 2-D ridge-to-slab
geodynamic model and compute the associated fabrics. Using the resulting
21 elastic constants we compute seismic waveforms, which are inverted
for isotropic and radially anisotropic structure. We test the effects of
different data coverage and levels of regularisation on the resulting
images and on their geodynamical interpretation. The retrieved isotropic
images exhibit substantial artificial slab thickening and loss of the
slab’s high velocity signature below ~100 km depth. Our
results also show that regularisation and data coverage strongly control
the characteristics of the retrieved depth-age dependency of anisotropy,
leading to an artificial flat depth-age trend shown in existing
anisotropy tomography models. Greater data coverage and additional
complementary data types are needed to improve the resolution of
(an)isotropic tomography models.
ENSO Modulates Mean Currents and Mesoscale Eddies in the Caribbean Sea
Authors: Huang Minghai , Liang Xinfeng , Yang Yang , ZHANG YANG
Published: April 2023

Although ENSO and its global impacts through teleconnection have been
known for decades, if and how the mean currents and mesoscale eddies in
the Caribbean Sea are linked to ENSO remains an open question. Here, by
analyzing satellite observations and an ocean reanalysis product, we
found a close connection between mean currents, eddies in the Caribbean
Sea and ENSO on interannual timescales. Strong El Niño events result in
enhanced north-south sea surface height (SSH) differences and
consequently stronger mean currents in the Caribbean Sea, and the
opposite happens during La Niña events. The eddy kinetic energy (EKE)
responses to ENSO via eddy-mean flow interaction, primarily through
baroclinic instability, which releases the available potential energy
stored in the mean currents to mesoscale eddies. Our results suggest
some predictability of the mean currents and eddies in the Caribbean
Sea, particularly during strong El Niño and La Niña events.