bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Added sugar intake and its associations with incidence of seven different cardiovascular diseases in 69,705 Swedish men and women
Authors: Janzi Suzanne , González-Padilla Esther , Ramne Stina , Bergwall Sara , Borné Yan , Sonestedt Emily
Published: December 2024

Introduction

The adverse health effects of sugar-sweetened beverage intake are well-established, but the implications of overall added sugar intake remain unclear. We investigated the associations between intake of added sugar and various sugar-sweetened foods and beverages and risk of 7 cardiovascular diseases in 69,705 participants aged 45–83 years (47.2% female) from the Swedish Mammography cohort and Cohort of Swedish men.

Methods

Questionnaire-based diet and lifestyle assessments were administered in 1997 and 2009. National registers were used for ascertainment of ischemic stroke (n = 6,912), hemorrhagic stroke (n = 1,664), myocardial infarction (n = 6,635), heart failure (n = 10,090), aortic stenosis (n = 1,872), atrial fibrillation (n = 13,167), and abdominal aortic aneurysm (n = 1,575) until December 31st, 2019. The associations were studied using Cox regression with time-updated exposure and covariate data.

Results

Added sugar intake was positively associated with ischemic stroke and abdominal aortic aneurysm, although the highest risks of most outcomes were found in the lowest intake category. Positive linear associations were found between toppings intake and abdominal aortic aneurysm, and between sweetened beverage intake and ischemic stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Negative linear associations were found between treats intake (pastries, ice cream, chocolate, and sweets) and all outcomes, and between toppings intake (table sugar, honey, jams, and marmalades) and heart failure and aortic stenosis.

Discussion

The findings suggest that the associations between added sugar intake and cardiovascular diseases vary by disease and source of added sugar. The findings emphasize the adverse health effects of sweetened beverage consumption and indicate higher cardiovascular diseases risks with lower treats intake, which warrants further investigation.
Framing diagnostic error: an epidemiological perspective
Authors: Hunter Montana Kekaimalu , Singareddy Chithra , Mundt Kenneth A.
Published: December 2024

Diagnostic errors burden the United States healthcare system. Depending on how they are defined, between 40,000 and 4 million cases occur annually. Despite this striking statistic, and the potential benefits epidemiological approaches offer in identifying risk factors for sub-optimal diagnoses, diagnostic error remains an underprioritized epidemiolocal research topic. Magnifying the challenge are the array of forms and definitions of diagnostic errors, and limited sources of data documenting their occurrence. In this narrative review, we outline a framework for improving epidemiological applications in understanding risk factors for diagnostic error. This includes explicitly defining diagnostic error, specifying the hypothesis and research questions, consideration of systemic including social and economic factors, as well as the time-dependency of diagnosis relative to disease progression. Additional considerations for future epidemiological research on diagnostic errors include establishing standardized research databases, as well as identifying potential important sources of study bias.
Cluster sets lead to better performance maintenance and minimize training-induced fatigue than traditional sets
Authors: Páez-Maldonado José Antonio , Cornejo-Daza Pedro Jesús , Sánchez-Valdepeñas Juan , Sánchez-Moreno Miguel , Piqueras-Sanchiz Francisco , Ortega-Becerra Manuel , Pareja-Blanco Fernando
Published: December 2024

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects on mechanical, neuromuscular, metabolic, and muscle contractile responses to different set configurations in full-squat (SQ).

Methods

Twenty-two men performed three SQ sessions that consisted of 3 sets of 12 repetitions with 60% 1RM with 4 minutes inter-set rests: a) traditional set (TS): no rest within the set; b) cluster-6 (CS6): a 30 seconds intraset rest after the 6th repetition of each set; and c) cluster-2 (CS2): a 30 seconds intraset rest every 2 repetitions. Mechanical (i.e., force, velocity, and power) and electromyography (EMG) values were recorded for every repetition. A battery of tests was performed: a) tensiomyography (TMG), b) blood lactate c), countermovement jump (CMJ), d) maximal isometric SQ, and e) performance with the load that resulted in a velocity of 1 m·s−1 at baseline (V1-load). Repeated measured ANOVA analyses were used to compare the 3 protocols.

Results

As the number of intraset rests increased (TS < CS6 < CS2), mechanical performance was better maintained (p < 0.01) and EMG variables were less altered (p = 0.05). At post, CS2 and CS6 displayed lower lactate concentration, lesser reductions in CMJ height, and smaller alterations in TMG-derived variables than TS (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The introduction of short and frequent intraset rest periods during resistance exercise alleviates training-induced fatigue, resulting in better maintenance of performance. This approach can be applied during the in-season period when minimizing fatigue is a priority.
Metabolomics profiles of the liquid co-culture of Sanghuangporus vaninii and Pleurotus sapidus
Authors: Lu Yuantian , Liu Di
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Fungal secondary metabolites (SMs) have broad application prospects in the food and medicine industries. Co-culturing strategies that simulate natural symbiotic relationships among microorganisms are used to discover and enhance the production of new SMs. We aimed to use the abundant resources of large edible and medicinal fungi to enhance the yield of desired metabolites through co-culture and potentially produce metabolites that cannot be generated in pure cultures.

Methods

We assessed the biomass and intracellular polysaccharide (IPS) content of liquid co-cultures of Sanghuangporus vaninii and Pleurotus sapidus. Subsequently, the effect of the liquid co-culture on fungal intracellular metabolites was studied using UPLC-QTOF.

Results

Co-culturing of S. vaninii with P. sapidus resulted in significantly increased biomass and IPS content; however, P. sapidus had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of S. vaninii. Metabolomic data further indicated that amino acid, nucleotide, and glycerophospholipid metabolisms were the primary metabolic pathways affected by symbiosis.

Discussion

This study provides insights into fungal interactions and cellular metabolic mechanisms, contributing to the understanding and enhancement of the fungal fermentation potential.
Natural infection of common cranes (Grus grus) with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in Serbia
Authors: Djurdjević Biljana , Petrović Tamaš , Gajdov Vladimir , Vidanović Dejan , Vučićević Ivana , Samojlović Milena , Pajić Marko
Published: December 2024

Introduction

The late autumn epizootic of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 in Serbia in 2023 caused massive mortality in the migratory population of common cranes (Grus Grus). This is the first time HPAIV has been identified in the common crane in Serbia, leading to mass mortality of this bird species.

Methods

To understand the pathological impact of HPAIV in cranes, we evaluated the pathological changes in the tissues of common cranes. Additionally, we report genomic characterization of HPAI/H5N1. In total, 14 juvenile common crane carcasses were examined.

Results

Infected birds primarily exhibited neurologic signs, including ataxia and incoordination. Grossly, necrotizing pancreatitis was the most common finding, while microscopic lesions included necrosis, inflammation and hemorrhages in the lungs, spleen, brain, liver and kidneys. Based on RT-PCR, all birds were infected with the HPAI H5N1 virus, as viral RNA was detected in all 14 selected tissues. Genetic analysis revealed that our H5N1 isolate could be grouped with highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4b, subgroup DA, and is very closely related to the H5N1 strains isolated from the common crane and turkey from Croatia, the common crane from Italy and the Ural owl from Slovakia.

Discussion

Our findings showed that common cranes are highly susceptible to natural infection with the HPAI H5N1 virus of clade 2.3.4.4b and may serve as bio-sentinels for the presence of the HPAI virus in wildlife.
Variational Autoencoders-Based Algorithm for Multi-Criteria Recommendation Systems
Authors: Fraihat Salam , Shambour Qusai , Al-Betar Mohammed Azmi , Makhadmeh Sharif Naser
Published: December 2024

In recent years, recommender systems have become a crucial tool, assisting users in discovering and engaging with valuable information and services. Multi-criteria recommender systems have demonstrated significant value in assisting users to identify the most relevant items by considering various aspects of user experiences. Deep learning (DL) models demonstrated outstanding performance across different domains: computer vision, natural language processing, image analysis, pattern recognition, and recommender systems. In this study, we introduce a deep learning model using VAE to improve multi-criteria recommendation systems. Specifically, we propose a variational autoencoder-based model for multi-criteria recommendation systems (VAE-MCRS). The VAE-MCRS model is sequentially trained across multiple criteria to uncover patterns that allow for better representation of user–item interactions. The VAE-MCRS model utilizes the latent features generated by the VAE in conjunction with user–item interactions to enhance recommendation accuracy and predict ratings for unrated items. Experiments carried out using the Yahoo! Movies multi-criteria dataset demonstrate that the proposed model surpasses other state-of-the-art recommendation algorithms, achieving a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.6038 and a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.7085, demonstrating its superior performance in providing more precise recommendations for multi-criteria recommendation tasks.
Motion Control of a Low-Cost Underwater Vehicle with Three-Position Cross Rudder
Authors: Zhang Yang , Zhang Xin , Xia Qingchao , Wu Dingze , Zhou Rui , Hou Jiayu
Published: December 2024

Underwater vehicles are widely employed as platforms for marine monitoring and operations, with rudders playing a crucial role in controlling their movements. Traditional underwater vehicles utilize servos to steer rudders, which results in high production and maintenance costs. To reduce the manufacturing costs of small underwater vehicles, this paper proposes a design featuring a three-position cross rudder driven by a binary-controlled electromagnet. Additionally, a novel virtual rudder angle controller is developed, which utilizes PWM frequency conversion to perform rudder control, ensuring motion performance comparable to that of conventional underwater vehicles. By establishing kinematic and dynamic models of a typical underwater vehicle (REMUS100), a corresponding virtual rudder angle control strategy is introduced. Based on the binary-controlled three-position cross rudder and virtual rudder angle controller, the effectiveness of the motion control method is verified by numerical simulation. The results confirm that the proposed virtual rudder angle controller successfully executes turning and spatial path-tracking tasks. The binary-controlled three-position cross rudder, together with the virtual rudder angle controller, offers a cost-effective solution for the practical application of small unmanned underwater vehicles, particularly for disposable underwater vehicles that do not require recovery.
Preparation of Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites Using Copper Electrodes via Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Li Hui , Wang Zhifeng , Li Jinping , Wu Chunmeng , Guo Minghuan , Zhu Huibin , Li Jing , Zhang Cheng
Published: December 2024

The effective treatment of the surface electrode is the core technology of an ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC), and its preparation significantly affects the driving performance of the IPMC. Copper, which is inexpensive and has excellent electrical conductivity, was selected as the surface electrode material, and copper electrode IPMCs (Cu-IPMCs) were prepared via magnetron sputtering. Orthogonal experiments were performed to optimize the parameters of the preparation process. The indices of the deformation angle and surface resistance were used, and the sample electrodes’ surface morphology and elemental content were analyzed. The results showed that sputtering pressure was the major factor affecting two indices. The Cu-IPMC, prepared at a sputtering pressure of 0.9 Pa, sputtering time of 35 min, argon flow rate of 30 sccm, and sputtering power of 150 W, had a more minor surface resistance and a larger deformation angle under continuous direct current boosting. It required a sputtering time of 1.2 h, which was more than 10 times shorter than its chemically plated counterpart. It exhibited surface resistance in the 2–3 Ω/cm range, which was 23 times smaller than chemically plated platinum.
Revising the Motion Control Parameter Optimization Research of a Two-Wheel Differential Car
Authors: Chen Xinming , Sun Jinyu
Published: December 2024

This paper proposes a solution based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm to address the issue of Proportional Integral Derivative parameter selection in the motion control of a two-wheel differential car. The mathematical motion model is established based on the driving principle of a two-wheel differential car. The transfer function of the DC motor is derived in detail, based on Kirchhoff’s law and the Laplace transform. The pose renewal equation and error renewal equation of the car are based on the mathematical motion model. Finally, a numerical simulation and experimental analysis were conducted using MATLAB R2022a, Simulink 9.1 (part of R2018a), VOFA 1.3.10 software, an STM32 microcontroller, an L298N driver chip, and other hardware components. The results indicate that the particle swarm optimization algorithm enables the rapid acquisition of optimal Proportional Integral Derivative parameters. The optimized parameter of the motor speed convergence time is set to 10 ms, with an overshoot of 1 r/min and an enhanced anti-interference ability. The optimized parameters effectively regulate the car’s motion, ensuring a maximum error control of approximately 0.003 m.
System Control Strategies for Renewable Energy-Integrating Grids via Voltage Source Converter-Based High-Voltage Direct Current Technology
Authors: Pan Guangsheng , Huang Xi , Liu Jie
Published: December 2024

The worldwide promotion of carbon-neutral policies is leading to a continuously growing percentage of electricity being derived from renewable energy, which makes it feasible to design power systems composed of 100% renewable energy in the future. The question of how to realize stable transmission for 100% renewable energy-integrating grids under different operating conditions needs to receive more attention. Voltage source converter-based high-voltage direct current (VSC-HVDC) technology is one of the prospective solutions for large-scale renewable energy integration due to its unique dominance in areas such as independent reactivity and active control. In this study, we design a novel, 100% renewable energy system through grid integration via a VSC-HVDC system structure and a control strategy. Unlike in other research, a mixed control strategy based on grid-forming control (PSL) and grid-following control (GFL) is developed to realize smooth switching in order to ensure secure transmission and consistent operation when the operating conditions of the 100% renewable energy-integrating grid changes. The simulation results indicate that the proposed system structure and control could stabilize renewable energy transmission under normal operation conditions and provide necessary grid support under different system disturbances.
Beyond Human Touch: Integrating Soft Robotics with Environmental Interaction for Advanced Applications
Authors: Ghobadi Narges , Sepehri Nariman , Kinsner Witold , Szturm Tony
Published: December 2024

Soft robotics is an emerging field dedicated to the design and development of robots with soft structures. Soft robots offer unique capabilities in terms of flexibility, adaptability, and safety of physical interaction, and therefore provide advanced collaboration between humans and robots. The further incorporation of soft actuators, advanced sensing technologies, user-friendly control interfaces, and safety considerations enhance the interaction experience. Applications in healthcare, specifically in rehabilitation and assistive devices, as well as manufacturing, show how soft robotics has revolutionized human–robot collaboration and improved quality of life. Soft robotics can create new opportunities to enhance human well-being and increase efficiency in human–robot interactions. Nevertheless, challenges persist, and future work must focus on overcoming technological barriers while increasing reliability, refining control methodologies, and enhancing user experience and acceptance. This paper reviews soft robotics and outlines its advantages in scenarios involving human–robot interaction.
Design of a High-Voltage Miniaturized Control System for Macro Fiber Composites Actuators
Authors: Liu Zhida , Ji Hongli , Wu Yipeng , Zhang Chao , Tao Chongcong , Qiu Jinhao
Published: December 2024

Macro Fiber Composites (MFCs) exhibit significant potential in active control applications. These include vibration control for unmanned aerial vehicle wings and helicopter rotors. However, the high-voltage drive requirements of MFCs present challenges. The miniaturization of the controller is a mandatory condition in order not to affect the overall space utilization. Thus, this paper presents a specialized miniaturized high-voltage control system designed specifically for MFC actuators. The proposed system employs a mixed analog-digital modulation method (ADM). This method precisely regulates a discontinuous conduction mode flyback switch-mode power supply operating in current mode. The system achieves an adjustable high-voltage output range of -500 V to 1500 V. The mixed control system consists of several components. These include a switching power supply, a voltage divider circuit, a bleeder circuit, and a digital controller. Additionally, this high-voltage control system integrates with a Simulink software environment. The system is compact and lightweight. It also features high load capacity, high power, and excellent dynamic response. Moreover, it offers real-time control capabilities. Experimental validation on a high-aspect-ratio wing demonstrates that this control system achieves a vibration reduction effect of 65%. The miniaturized control system provides a valuable research base for vibration control studies.
A Systematic Review of Ethical Leadership as a Panacea for Combating Sexual Harassment in Africa
Authors: Ukeni Ijeoma Gloria
Published: December 2024

Sexual harassment is an ongoing baseness that should be non-existent at work. Such immoral behaviours have psychological, physical, and behavioural impacts on victims, with no organisational benefit. Hence, it is imperative that positive actions against sexual harassment are needed, and leaders have a role to play. However, there are limited studies on how ethical leaders can contribute to the eradication process. This report, therefore, makes a compelling case for developing ethical leaders as champions against sexual harassment. It accentuates the positive effect of role-modelling ethical behaviours. Based on secondary data, traditional and systematic literature reviews were conducted on sexual harassment and ethical leadership in sub-Saharan Africa, respectively. The results of the thematic analysis showed that women are mostly the victims of sexual harassment due to the abuse of power and poor execution of harassment policies. The study offers laudable mechanisms such as the creation of an inclusive environment with zero tolerance for sexual harassment, the moral development of organisational members and the reorientation and support for victims. Given the ‘power distance’ culture of most African nations, the fight will be tough, but the benefits and prospects far outweigh the cost. Hence, recommendations and practical approaches to potential challenges are discussed.
Investigation of Flow Control in an Ultra-Compact Serpentine Inlet with Fluidic Oscillators
Authors: Liu Lei , Bai Maolong , Wang Zhihao , Lin Zhengkang , Wang Kun , Tan Huijun , Wang Ziyun
Published: December 2024

For optimal aerodynamic efficiency of specific ultra-compact serpentine intake, fluid oscillators are utilized to regulate airflow. This study employs advanced numerical simulation techniques to examine the effects of various control positions, jet angles, and excitation pressures on flow control efficacy. Control position significantly impacts the flow field structure within the intake, with a lower surface jet configuration outperforming an upper surface scheme. Optimal performance is achieved with the upper and lower surface jet angles set at 20° and 25°, respectively, under an input pressure of 2.5 times the total inlet pressure. This configuration enhances the total pressure recovery coefficient and reduces the steady-state circumferential distortion index and circumferential total pressure distortion coefficient. However, the flow rate ratio coefficient is notably high. While higher excitation pressures for the fluid oscillator do not inherently exhibit greater effectiveness, careful calibration is essential to accommodate varying positions. Optimal excitation pressure is established for the upper surface, while the control effect on the lower surface improves with increasing excitation pressure. Jet angles significantly affect the fluid oscillator’s control mechanism; small-angle jets effectively add energy to the separation zone, mitigating flow separation, whereas larger jet angles introduce excessive disturbances that outweigh their benefits. Overall, smaller jet angles enhance control effectiveness.
Energy Absorption Behavior of Elastomeric Matrix Composites Reinforced with Hollow Glass Microspheres
Authors: Schumacher Gabrielle , Murray Colleen M. , Park Jungjin , Wereley Norman M.
Published: December 2024

Hollow glass microsphere (HGM) reinforced composites are a suitable alternative to energy absorption materials in the automotive and aerospace industries, because of their high crush efficiency and energy absorption characteristics. In this study, a polyurethane elastomeric matrix was reinforced with HGMs for HGM loadings ranging from 0 to 70 vol% (volume fraction). Quasi-static uniaxial compression tests were performed, subjecting the composite to compressive strains of up to 65%, to assess stress vs. strain and energy absorption characteristics. The results reveal that samples with a higher concentration of spheres generally exhibit better crush efficiency. Specifically, the highest crush efficiency was observed in samples with a 70 vol% HGM loading. A similar relationship was reflected in the energy absorption efficiency results, with the highest energy absorption observed in the 65 vol% sample. A correlation exists between the concentration of HGMs and important metrics such as mean crush stress and energy absorption efficiency. However, it is crucial to note that the optimal choice of sphere concentration varies depending on the desired performance characteristics of the material.
Experimental Study on the Propulsion Performance of Laser Ablation Induced Pulsed Plasma
Authors: Song Hang , Ye Jifei , Wen Ming , Cui Haichao , Zhao Wentao
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the influence of electromagnetic fields on the propulsion performance of laser plasma propulsion. Based on the principle of pulsed plasma thrusters, an electromagnetic field is utilized to accelerate laser plasma, achieving enhanced propulsion performance. This approach represents a novel method for the electromagnetic enhancement of laser propulsion performance. In this paper, pulsed plasma thrusters induced by laser ablation are employed. The generated plasma is subjected to the Lorentz force under the influence of an electromagnetic field to obtain higher speed, thus increasing impulse and specific impulse. An experimental platform for laser-ablation plasma electromagnetic acceleration was constructed to explore the enhancement effect of discharge characteristics and propulsion performance. The results demonstrate that increased laser energy has little effect on discharge characteristics, while the trend of propulsion performance parameters initially rises and then declines. After coupling the electromagnetic field, the propulsion performance is significantly enhanced, with stronger electromagnetic fields yielding more pronounced effects.
Segmentation and Proportion Extraction of Crop, Crop Residues, and Soil Using Digital Images and Deep Learning
Authors: Gao Guangfu , Zhang Shanxin , Shen Jianing , Hu Kailong , Tian Jia , Yao Yihan , Tian Qingjiu , Fu Yuanyuan , Feng Haikuan , Liu Yang , Yue Jibo
Published: December 2024

Conservation tillage involves covering the soil surface with crop residues after harvest, typically through reduced or no-tillage practices. This approach increases the soil organic matter, improves the soil structure, prevents erosion, reduces water loss, promotes microbial activity, and enhances root development. Therefore, accurate information on crop residue coverage is critical for monitoring the implementation of conservation tillage practices. This study collected “crop–crop residues–soil” images from wheat-soybean rotation fields using mobile phones to create calibration, validation, and independent validation datasets. We developed a deep learning model named crop–crop residue–soil segmentation network (CCRSNet) to enhance the performance of cropland “crop–crop residues–soil” image segmentation and proportion extraction. The model enhances the segmentation accuracy and proportion extraction by extracting and integrating shallow and deep image features and attention modules to capture multi-scale contextual information. Our findings indicated that (1) lightweight models outperformed deeper networks for “crop–crop residues–soil” image segmentation. When CCRSNet employed a deep network backbone (ResNet50), its feature extraction capability was inferior to that of lighter models (VGG16). (2) CCRSNet models that integrated shallow and deep features with attention modules achieved a high segmentation and proportion extraction performance. Using VGG16 as the backbone, CCRSNet achieved an mIoU of 92.73% and a PA of 96.23% in the independent validation dataset, surpassing traditional SVM and RF models. The RMSE for the proportion extraction accuracy ranged from 1.05% to 3.56%. These results demonstrate the potential of CCRSNet for the accurate, rapid, and low-cost detection of crop residue coverage. However, the generalizability and robustness of deep learning models depend on the diversity of calibration datasets. Further experiments across different regions and crops are required to validate this method’s accuracy and applicability for “crop–crop residues–soil” image segmentation and proportion extraction.
Effects of Different Rice Varieties and Water Management Practices on Greenhouse Gas (CH4 and N2O) Emissions in the Ratoon Rice System in the Upper Yangtze River Region, China
Authors: Zhang Wujun , Du Bin , Duan Xiujian , Liang Zimeng , Tang Yongqun , Li Jingyong , Yao Xiong
Published: December 2024

Ratoon rice can improve rice yield by increasing the multiple cropping index in China. However, the greenhouse gas (CH4 and N2O) emission characteristics from ratoon rice fields and the cultivation methods to reduce CH4 and N2O emissions are rarely reported. This study first conducted the analysis of genotype differences in greenhouse gas emission fluxes using five strong ratoon ability rice varieties in 2020. Second, water management methods, including alternating the wet–dry irrigation (AWD) pattern and conventional flooding irrigation (CF) during the main season, were carried out in 2021. CH4 and N2O emission flux, agronomic traits, and rice yield during both main and ratoon seasons were investigated. The results showed that the CH4 emission flux during the main and ratoon seasons was 157.05–470.73 kg·ha–1 and 31.03–84.38 kg·ha–1, respectively, and the total N2O emission flux was 0.13–0.94 kg·ha–1 in the ratoon rice system over the two seasons (RRSTS). Compared with the main season, the CH4 emission flux during the ratoon season was significantly reduced, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas global warming potential (GWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) in the ratoon rice system. Cliangyouhuazhan (CLYHZ) showed a high yield, and the lowest GWP and GHGI values among the five rice varieties in RRSTS. Compared with CF, the AWD pattern reduced the CH4 emission flux during the main and ratoon seasons by 67.4–95.3 kg·ha–1 and 1.7–5.1 kg·ha–1, respectively, but increased the N2O emission flux by 0.1–0.6 kg·ha–1 during the RRSTS. Further, compared with CF, the AWD pattern had a declined GWP by 14.3–19.4% and GHGI by 30.3–34.3% during the RRSTS, which was attributed to the significant reduction in GWP and GHGI during the main season. The AWD pattern significantly increased rice yield by 21.9–22.9% during the RRSTS, especially for YX203. Correlation analysis showed that CH4, GWP, and GHGI exhibited significant negative correlations with spikelet number per m2 and the harvest index during the main and ratoon seasons. Collectively, selecting the high-yield, low-emission variety CLYHZ could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ratoon rice while maintaining a high yield. The AWD pattern could reduce total CH4 emission during the main season, reducing the GWP and GHGI while increasing the ratoon rice system yield. It could be concluded that a variety of CLYHZ and AWD patterns are worthy of promotion and application to decrease greenhouse gas emissions in the ratoon rice area in the upper reaches of Yangtze River, China.
IA-YOLO: A Vatica Segmentation Model Based on an Inverted Attention Block for Drone Cameras
Authors: Yu Caili , Mai Yanheng , Yang Caijuan , Zheng Jiaqi , Liu Yongxin , Yu Chaoran
Published: December 2024

The growing use of drones in precision agriculture highlights the needs for enhanced operational efficiency, especially in the scope of detection tasks, even in segmentation. Although the ability of computer vision based on deep learning has made remarkable progress in the past ten years, the segmentation of images captured by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) cameras, an exact detection task, still faces a conflict between high precision and low inference latency. Due to such a dilemma, we propose IA-YOLO (Inverted Attention You Only Look Once), an efficient model based on IA-Block (Inverted Attention Block) with the aim of providing constructive strategies for real-time detection tasks using UAV cameras. The working details of this paper are outlined as follows: (1) We construct a component named IA-Block, which is integrated into the YOLOv8-seg structure as IA-YOLO. It specializes in pixel-level classification of UAV camera images, facilitating the creation of exact maps to guide agricultural strategies. (2) In experiments on the Vatica dataset, compared with any other lightweight segmentation model, IA-YOLO achieves at least a 3.3% increase in mAP (mean Average Precision). Further validation on diverse species datasets confirms its robust generalization. (3) Without overloading the complex attention mechanism and deeper and deeper network, a stem that incorporates efficient feature extraction components, IA-Block, still possess credible modeling capabilities.
Anthracocystis panici-leucophaei: A Potential Biological Control Agent for the Grassy Weed Digitaria insularis
Authors: Souza Adriany Pena de , Alves Juliana Fonseca , Inokuti Eliane Mayumi , Garcia Fernando , Ferreira Bruno Wesley , Nobrega Thaisa Ferreira da , Barreto Robert Weingart , Vieira Bruno Sérgio , Moreira Camila Costa
Published: December 2024

Anthracocystis panici-leucophaei, causal agent of smut on Digitaria insularis (sourgrass), was evaluated as a biological control agent for this weed. Two types of inocula (teliospore and sporidia) were tested to assess its infectivity. The effects of teliospore and sporidia inoculations at different phenological stages of sourgrass were compared, as well as the potential of sporidia and teliospores in post-emergence sourgrass management. Virulence tests were conducted with the isolates obtained from D. insularis and evaluation of specificity of A. panici-leucophaei. Both teliospores and sporidia of A. panici-leucophaei are infective to D. insularis in three different phenological stages. Newly emerged plants with one pair of leaves are more sensitive to A. panici-leucophaei. Infection by A. panici-leucophaei inhibits the growth of sourgrass, decreasing several physiological parameters of D. insularis plants. The fungus produces systematic infection of sourgrass plants and may induce the formation of sori in a significant proportion of the plant panicles, partly castrating those plants. Among sixteen A. panici-peucophaei isolates tested, isolate 46 was the most virulent and inhibited the growth of sourgrass plants, and thus appears to have good potential as a biological control agent to be deployed against sourgrass. A. panici-leucophaei was demonstrated to be specific to D. insularis.
Bibliometric Analysis of Contemporary Research on the Amelioration of Saline Soils
Authors: Zhang Hui , Wang Yuancai , Liu Lichang , Zhou Jiayi , Wan Qun , Chen Ji , Cao Yaoyao , Zhang Leigang , Feng Fayun , Ning Qi , Yu Xiangyang
Published: December 2024

The decreasing availability of agricultural land, coupled with the growing global population, presents significant challenges worldwide. Reclaiming saline–alkali soil offers a promising solution to alleviate these challenges. Improving and utilizing saline soils present ecological challenges that are influenced by both technological advancements and socio-economic factors. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of the published research on saline soil remediation and reclamation from 1985 to the present, using data indexed by the Web of Science Core Collection: Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Science Citation Index. This analysis includes 16,729 publications, which indicate that, over the years, many scientists have conducted extensive research on enhancing and using sodic lands. Countries like the United States, China, Australia, Pakistan, Poland, India, Egypt, and Israel have been pioneers in this field. Furthermore, we summarize trends in this research area, highlighting how strategies for saline soil reclamation have evolved from physical and chemical remediation to salt-tolerant crop breeding and bioremediation applications. With the advancements in science and technology, more methods and strategies have become available to facilitate saline soil remediation. Consequently, management strategies combining multiple technologies will become more effective and provide powerful approaches for reclaiming arable soil from high-salinity marginal lands.
Scoping Review About Salmonella spp. in Colombian Pig Farms from 2009 to Mid-2024
Authors: Pulido-Villamarín Adriana , Chamorro-Tobar Iliana , Carrascal-Camacho Ana K. , Sampedro Fernando , Rodríguez-Moreno Marcela , Rojas-Bermúdez Fernando , Pérez-Vargas Mónica , Hernández-Toro Ivonne , Camacho-Carrillo Alejandra , Poutou-Piñales Raúl A.
Published: December 2024

In Colombia, research on Salmonella concerning animal health, veterinary diagnostics, and epidemiology within the primary production chain is limited. This study aimed to analyze the published data about Salmonella in the Colombian primary pig production chain from 2009 to mid-2024. This involved an exploratory literature review using systematic search strategies, including articles, graduate studies, conference presentations, and technical reports from the selected period. Of the 35 studies reviewed, 30 met the inclusion criteria, with eleven being from the grey literature. The pooled prevalence of Salmonella spp. on Colombian farms was 8.9%, while the seroprevalence ranged from 27 to 40%. Risk factors associated with the presence of this bacterium on farms included aspects such as water sources, pest control, the farm type, and management practices. Few scientific publications address the presence of this pathogen in primary pig production in Colombia, underscoring the need to raise awareness within the academic and production communities about the importance of conducting and reporting new studies and cases.
Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep and Goats: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gobbi Paola , Pavone Silvia , Orso Massimiliano , Passamonti Fabrizio , Righi Cecilia , Beato Maria Serena , Feliziani Francesco , Giammarioli Monica
Published: December 2024

Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are responsible for chronic and progressive multisystemic clinical forms, which significantly reduce flocks’ productivity and have a considerable economic impact on the small ruminant industry. Due to the increase in genetic analysis studies and the potential for misclassification of certain strains, owing to the high genetic variability of these viruses, a systematic review was deemed necessary. This review explores the types of matrices used for molecular detection and phylogenetic studies, the genomic regions selected as targets, and the software utilized for phylogenetic analysis, assessing the geographical distribution of identified genotypes and subgenotypes over time. A thorough comparison of the diagnostic approaches highlights the strengths and limitations of each method, identifying gaps that need to be addressed. Additionally, recombination events and compartmentalization are examined to provide an updated, detailed, and comprehensive overview of SRLV phylogenesis.
Whole-Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Network of Immune Response in Dapulian Pig
Authors: Wang Tao , Tian Zhe , Yu Mubin , Zhang Shuer , Zhang Min , Zhai Xiangwei , Shen Wei , Wang Junjie
Published: December 2024

There is a consensus that indigenous pigs in China are more resistant than modern commercial pigs in terms of disease resistance. Generally, the immune response is an important part of anti-disease capability; however, the related mechanism in pigs is largely puzzling. Here, the public transcriptome data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Dapulian (Chinese local breed) and Landrace (Commercial breed) pigs after stimulation with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly I:C, a conventional reagent used for simulation of the viral infection) were reanalyzed, and the immune response mechanism in different pig breeds was investigated from a transcriptomic perspective. Of note, through comparative analyses of Dapulian and Landrace pigs, the candidate genes involved in swine broad-spectrum resistance were identified, such as TIMD4, RNF128 and VCAM1. In addition, after differential gene expression, target gene identification and functional enrichment analyses, a potential regulatory network of miRNA genes associated with immune response was obtained in Dapulian pigs, including five miRNAs and 12 genes (such as ssc-miR-181a, ssc-miR-486, IL1R1 and NFKB2). This work provides new insights into the immune response regulation of antiviral responses in indigenous and modern commercial pigs.
Heritability and Correlation Estimates for Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor I Concentration, Weight, Weight Gain, and Height in Angus Beef Cattle in a Long-Term Divergent Selection Study for Serum Insulin-like Growth Factor I (1989 to 2017)
Authors: Davis Michael E. , Simmen Rosalia C. M.
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the genetic parameters for serum IGF-I concentrations and growth traits in beef cattle. A divergent selection experiment for serum IGF-I concentration was initiated in 1989. One hundred spring-calving (50 high line and 50 low line) and 100 fall-calving (50 high line and 50 low line) black Angus cows with unknown IGF-I concentrations were randomly assigned to the two divergent selection lines. For the 2009 through 2017 breeding seasons, the selection criterion in the two lines was changed from serum IGF-I concentration to high vs. low maintenance energy expected progeny differences (ME EPDs). The number of records available for analysis varied from 2056 for IGF-I concentration on day 42 of the postweaning performance test to 2988 for birth weight, with the exception that only 617 records were available for IGF-I concentration at weaning. (Co)variance components were estimated for direct and maternal additive genetic effects using an animal model and multiple-trait, derivative-free, restricted maximum likelihood (MTDFREML) computer programs. Direct heritability estimates for serum IGF-I concentrations ranged from 0.34 ± 0.07 to 0.46 ± 0.07, whereas direct heritability estimates for weight traits ranged from 0.32 ± 0.05 to 0.39 ± 0.07. Maternal genetic effects on IGF-I were low, with estimates ranging from 0.02 ± 0.11 to 0.17 ± 0.05, and were similarly low for weight traits. Maternal permanent environmental effects were negligible for IGF-I but were larger for weight traits, especially for weaning weight (0.22 ± 0.04). Direct maternal correlations for postweaning IGF-I concentrations were approximately −0.90. The genetic correlations of IGF-I with weight traits were generally low, with negative correlations observed for birth weight and small positive correlations for the other weight traits. Environmental and phenotypic correlations between IGF-I concentrations and growth traits were generally small, indicating circulating IGF-I has a modest impact on growth traits in beef cattle.
Helping Rabbits Cope with Veterinary Acts and Vaccine-Related Stress: The Effects of the Rabbit Appeasing Pheromone (RAP)
Authors: Asproni Pietro , Codecasa Elisa , Marcet-Rius Miriam , Demellier Juliane , Descout Estelle , Verbaere Marine , Vinck Orane , Pageat Patrick , Cozzi Alessandro
Published: December 2024

Rabbits are subjected to challenges that induce stress and require them to continuously adapt. Veterinary procedures represent an important source of stress. In other pets, pheromone use was shown to help patients better cope with these procedures. This study aimed to evaluate whether continuous exposure to the rabbit appeasing pheromone (RAP) could help rabbits cope with the stress induced by routine clinical consultations and vaccinations. Twenty-four 5-week-old rabbits were housed in two identical rooms for 43 days, one in which the rabbits underwent continuous RAP treatment and one with the placebo. The rabbits were vaccinated 8 days afterwards, and their behaviour was evaluated using visual analogic scales (VASs) and videos. The rabbits were also examined seven times, on a weekly basis, using VASs to assess their behaviour. The video analysis showed that the RAP-treated rabbits were less inhibited (p = 0.03) and more in contact with the surgeon (p = 0.039) during vaccinations, while the non-treated rabbits kept their ears in the middle/flattened position (p = 0.003). The RAP-treated rabbits were also less agitated (VAS analysis, p = 0.02). During the consultations, a treatment × day effect was observed in favour of the RAP group for the rabbit state and rabbit reactivity VAS analysis (p < 0.0001). These findings seem to suggest that continuous RAP exposure could be a promising tool for helping rabbits cope with veterinary procedures.
Potential Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activity of Caralluma indica Seed Extract
Authors: Ramalingam Shunmuga Vadivu , Bakthavatchalam Senthil , Ramachandran Karnan , Gnanarani Soloman Vasthi , Ajmal Afrin Khan , Al-Sadoon Mohammad Khalid , Vinayagam Ramachandran
Published: December 2024

Background: Plant-derived phytochemicals are crucial in fighting bacterial infections and in cancer therapy. Objective: This study investigates the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extract obtained from Caralluma indica (C. indica) seeds and assesses its antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant activities. Results: GC-MS analysis found 30 phytochemicals in C. indica seeds, including 5 bioactive compounds that have been shown to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity properties, through in silico evaluation. Phytochemical screening of C. indica identified and measured the phenolic compounds, providing insight into its bioactive potential and therapeutic properties. C. indica exhibited robust antioxidant capacity (DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide, and H2O2 radical scavenging) alongside potent antimicrobial activity against oral pathogen and cytotoxicity activity on a human oral squamous carcinoma cell line (OECM-1) (EC50 of 169.35 µg/mL) and yeast cell Saccharomyces cerevisiae (215.82 µg/mL), with a selective index of 1.27. The subminimum % MBC/MFC of C. indica significantly reduced biofilm formation against oral pathogens (p < 0.05). Molecular docking studies showed a strong correlation (r = 0.862) between antifungal and anticancer targets, suggesting that the antimicrobial agents in C. indica contribute to cancer prevention mechanisms. Conclusions: These findings propose C. indica seeds as promising candidates for combating oral pathogens, inhibiting biofilm formation, and reducing the risk of oral cancer progression.
Erinacine A-Enriched Hericium erinaceus Mycelium Ethanol Extract Lessens Cellular Damage in Cell and Drosophila Models of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 by Improvement of Nrf2 Activation
Authors: Wu Yu-Ling , Sun Hai-Lun , Chang Jui-Chih , Lin Wei-Yong , Chen Pei-Yin , Chen Chin-Chu , Lee Li-Ya , Li Chien-Chun , Hsieh Mingli , Chen Haw-Wen , Yang Ya-Chen , Liu Chin-San , Liu Kai-Li
Published: December 2024

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3), caused by the abnormal expansion of polyglutamine (polyQ) in the ataxin-3 protein, is one of the inherited polyQ neurodegenerative diseases that share similar genetic and molecular features. Mutant polyQ-expanded ataxin-3 protein is prone to aggregation in affected neurons and is predominantly degraded by autophagy, which is beneficial for neurodegenerative disease treatment. Not only does mutant polyQ-expanded ataxin-3 increase susceptibility to oxidative cytotoxicity, but it also hampers antioxidant potency in neuronal cells. Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), a master transcription factor that controls antioxidant and detoxification gene expression, plays a crucial role in neuroprotection in SCA3 and other neurodegenerative diseases. The present data showed that treatment with erinacine A-enriched Hericium erinaceus mycelium ethanol extract (HEME) extended longevity and improved locomotor activity in ELAV-SCA3tr-Q78 transgenic Drosophila. Moreover, HEME treatment enhanced antioxidant potency and autophagy, which, in turn, corrected levels of mutant polyQ-expanded ataxin-3 and restrained protein aggregation in both cell and Drosophila models of SCA3. Markedly, HEME increased the activation of Nrf2. Silencing Nrf2 protein expression negated most of the promising effects of HEME on SK-N-SH-MJD78 cells, highlighting the critical role of increased Nrf2 activation in the efficacy of HEME treatment. These findings suggest that HEME has therapeutic potential in SCA3 by enhancing autophagic and Nrf2-mediated antioxidant pathways, which may also influence neurodegenerative progression in other polyQ diseases.