bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Early Life Stage Mortality in Birds and Fishes from Exposure to Low-Potency Agonists of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: A Cross-Species Quantitative Adverse Outcome Pathway Approach
Authors: Doering Jon A. , Dubiel Justin , Wiseman Steve
Published: July 2020

Dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) cause early life stage mortality of vertebrates through activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). A prior study developed a cross-species quantitative adverse outcome pathway (qAOP) which can predict full dose–response curves of early life stage mortality for any species of bird or fish exposed to DLCs using the species- and chemical-specific 50% effect concentration (EC50) from an in vitro AhR transactivation assay with COS-7 cells. However, calculating a reliable EC50 for input into this qAOP requires the maximal response of the concentration–response curve to be known, which is not always possible for low-potency agonists, such as some polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). To enable predictions for these low-potency agonists, the present study revised this qAOP to use the effect concentration threshold (ECThreshold) from the in vitro AhR transactivation assay as input. Significant linear relationships were demonstrated between ECThreshold and the dose to cause 0, 10, 50, or 100% mortality among early life stages of 3 species of birds and 7 species of fish for 4 DLCs: 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, PCB 126, PCB 77, and PCB 105. These 4 linear relationships were combined to form the revised qAOP. This qAOP using the ECThreshold enables prediction of experimental dose–response curves for lower-potency agonists to within an order of magnitude on average, but the prior qAOP using EC50 predicts experimental dose–response curves for higher-potency agonists with greater accuracy. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2055–2064. © 2020 SETAC
A Language Justice Framework for Culturally Responsive and Equitable Evaluation
Authors: Ghanbarpour Susan , Noguez Mercado Ana Paula , Palotai Ada
Published: July 2020

Evaluation interconnects with myriad social needs and must be responsive to diverse, intersecting identities and experiences, including language. Over 25 million people in the United States speak English less than “very well,” according to the U.S. Census. Many are from marginalized communities that face multiple forms of oppression, including racism, xenophobia, and linguicism. We propose an evaluation framework grounded in language justice—simply defined as the right to communicate in the language in which one feels most comfortable. This right is threatened by structural inequities that include unexamined and exclusionary evaluation practices. Our chapter discusses language equity and oppression, and distinguishes between language access and language justice. We also explore definitions and principles of language justice and assert its special salience for practitioners of Culturally Responsive and Equitable Evaluation. Finally, we provide guidance on integrating a language justice framework into common evaluation practices, with a particular emphasis on participatory methodologies.
The effectiveness of local strains of Fusarium oxysporium f. Sp. Strigae to control Striga hermonthica on local maize in western Kenya
Authors: Oula Dorah A. , Nyongesah John M. , Odhiambo George , Wagai Samuel
Published: July 2020

Striga hermonthica weed infestation continues to persist among smallholder poor farmers in Kenya who depend on traditional maize (Zea mays L.) seeds for their livelihood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of five local Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Strigae strains (FK1, FK2, FK3, FK4, and FK5) to control Striga on susceptible local maize cultivar “Rachar” in three farmer field sites in Siaya County, Kenya. A complete randomized block design was used in each site. Statistical analysis was done using SAS 9.1 software, and means for different strains were tested with Fisher's LSD. The strains differentially reduced the number of emerged Striga and infected most of the emerged Striga, which affected performance of the local maize. Striga emergence and infection rates were significantly different (p < .05) between different strains of F. oxysporum f. sp. strigae. FK1 and FK2 strains had the least pathogenicity, while FK5 strain had the highest pathogenicity on Striga. Soil and climatic factors influenced the rate of infection for the tested strains and maize performance. Improvement in yield during the short rains was attributed to the persistence of Fusarium strains in the soil. Based on Striga emergence and infection rates, and maize yield, FK5 was the most effective strain to curb Striga menace. Adoption of local F. oxysporum strains will increase maize yield in Siaya County's Striga‐infested fields from a dismal average of 0.95 t/ha to about 1.95 t/ha. The observed significant differences in the tested strains between sites for the infection and emergence rates revealed the importance of considering pathogens on a field‐to‐field basis. Further studies should be carried out to establish the relationship between soil properties and the five fungal strains.
Structural correlates of atypical visual and motor cortical oscillations in pediatric‐onset multiple sclerosis
Authors: Waldman Amy T. , Sollee John R. , Datta Ritobrato , Lavery Amy M. , Liu Geraldine , Aleman Tomas S. , Banwell Brenda L. , Gaetz William C.
Published: July 2020

We have previously demonstrated that pediatric‐onset multiple sclerosis (POMS) negatively impacts the visual pathway as well as motor processing speed. Relationships between MS‐related diffuse structural damage of gray and white matter (WM) tissue and cortical responses to visual and motor stimuli remain poorly understood. We used magnetoencephalography in 14 POMS patients and 15 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls to assess visual gamma (30–80 Hz), motor gamma (60–90 Hz), and motor beta (15–30 Hz) cortical oscillatory responses to a visual‐motor task. Then, 3T MRI was used to: (a) calculate fractional anisotropy (FA) of the posterior visual and corticospinal motor WM pathways and (b) quantify volume and thickness of the cuneus and primary motor cortex. Visual gamma band power was reduced in POMS and was associated with reduced FA of the optic radiations but not with loss of cuneus volume or thickness. Activity in the primary motor cortex, as measured by postmovement beta rebound amplitude associated with peak latency, was decreased in POMS, although this reduction was not predicted by structural metrics. Our findings implicate loss of WM integrity as a contributor to reduced electrical responses in the visual cortex in POMS. Future work in larger cohorts will inform on the cognitive implications of this finding in terms of visual processing function and will determine whether the progressive loss of brain volume known to occur in POMS ultimately contributes to both progressive dysfunction in such tasks as well as progressive reduction in cortical electrical responses in the visual cortex.
Influence of Fundão Tailings Dam Breach on Water Quality in the Doce River Watershed
Authors: da Cunha Richard Eduardo , de Aguiar Duarte Helvecio , Calderucio Duque Estrada Gustavo , Bechtold Jean-Philippe , Gusso Maioli Brigida , Araujo de Freitas Antonio Henrique , Elizabeth Warner Kara , Melges Figueiredo Luis Henrique
Published: July 2020

The Fundão dam (Minas Gerais, Brazil) breach resulted in the transport and deposition of Fe mine tailings and debris for approximately 670 km along the Doce River watershed. Following the event, an extensive water quality monitoring program was implemented. The results generated by this program were used to assess the temporal and spatial impacts of the event on water quality. Data from several sampling sites situated along affected watercourses collected from 6 November 2015 to 27 September 2017 were evaluated. The sampling area was grouped into 4 zones delineated by hydropower plant dams located along the Doce River watershed and divided into 5 distinct time periods related to hydrological seasonality. Data were also compared to the Brazilian standards of water quality and available pre-event conditions. Principal component analysis followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were performed to evaluate the observed temporal and spatial trends and patterns. The results indicated that concentrations of 58 water quality parameters increased with the arrival of the tailings wave released by the breach, generally exceeding pre-event and regulatory levels. Persistent or seasonally recurring concentrations were observed for 30 water quality parameters. Concentrations of total and dissolved forms of Fe, Al, Mn, total P, total suspended solids, and turbidity tended to increase during the wet season and decrease during the dry season, this trend being more pronounced close to the dam. The water quality changes were more pronounced immediately after the arrival of the tailings wave, gradually decreasing over time and returning prebreach conditions, but fluctuated seasonally in response to the natural variation in river flow. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:583–595. © 2020 SETAC
The roles of PAD2‐ and PAD4‐mediated protein citrullination catalysis in cancers
Authors: Wang Yanbin , Chen Riping , Gan Yihan , Ying Shibo
Published: July 2020

Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) catalyze the conversion of arginine residues to citrulline residues on target proteins in the presence of calcium ions. This elaborate type of posttranslational modification is termed citrullination. PADs may regulate gene transcriptional activity via histone citrullination. There has been an increasing appreciation for the roles of PADs in a wide variety of biological processes. In this review article, we summarize recent evidence indicating that PADs and citrullinated proteins are involved in several physiological and pathological processes related to cancer. Of particular interest is that PAD2 and PAD4 exhibit characteristic expression levels, activities and specific biological effects in diverse types of cancer. We also list several PAD inhibitors, propose the possible mechanisms underlying the biological actions of PAD‐mediated protein citrullination in experimental models and discuss the potential therapeutic value of PADs and their inhibitors for disease diagnosis and treatment.
Use of SysML to Generate Failure Modes and Effects Analyses for Microgrid Control Systems
Authors: Hecht Myron
Published: July 2020

In this article, I present a method for producing a failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) from SysML together with an application to a microgrid control system. The significance of the method is the modeling of failure propagation which enables not only an automated approach but also additional results that systems engineers can use to support resiliency, safety, and cybersecurity. I discuss the analysis products and insight they provide.
Defining Critical Communications Networks: Modelling Networks as Systems
Authors: Manley Thomas , Ronning Susan , Scheible William
Published: July 2020

As a society, we have become exceedingly dependent on our communication devices and the infrastructure networks supporting them. Even short duration network outages can result in chaos within public transport systems (air traffic control of commercial flights, traffic signaling of rail networks); disrupt financial systems (electronic payments, stock market transactions); and reduce business productivity (phone and email). It can also have the potential for loss of life: field utility workers communicating remotely with dispatch controllers to de‐energize and re‐energize lines for repair; law enforcement field personnel communicating needs for crowd control during riots; and alerting the public about dam breaches through emergency notification systems.

This article helps explain what critical communications networks are, where these networks fit within a systems‐of‐systems context, and what other systems must also be resilient, redundant, and reliable to ensure communication networks can continue to operate as designed. It also introduces systems engineering principles, techniques, and approaches that we can use to aid in the design of critical wireless and wireline communications networks for normal day‐to‐day operations, and for the protection and recovery of those networks during service disruptions caused by man‐made and natural events.
Unique corneal tomography features of allergic eye disease identified by OCT imaging and artificial intelligence
Authors: Matalia Himanshu , Matalia Jyoti , Pisharody Anchana , Patel Yash , Chinnappaiah Nandini , Salomao Marcella , Ambrosio Renato , Sinha Roy Abhijit
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this study was to assess unique corneal tomographic parameters of allergic eye disease (AED) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and artificial intelligence (AI). A total of 57 eyes diagnosed with AED were included. The curvature and aberrations of the air‐epithelium (A‐E) and epithelium‐Bowman's layer (E‐B) interfaces were calculated. Random forest AI models were built combing this data with the parameters of healthy, forme fruste keratoconus (FFKC) and KC eyes. The AI models were cross‐validated with 3‐fold random sampling. Each model was limited to 10 trees. The AI model incorporating both A‐E and E‐B parameters provided the best classification of AED eyes (area under the curve = 0.958, sensitivity = 80.7%, specificity = 98.5%, precision = 88.2%). Further, the E‐B interface parameters provided the highest information gain in the AI model. A few AED eyes (n = 9) had tomography parameters similar to FFKC and KC eyes and may be at risk of progression to KC.
Application of the Chromosome Image Analyzing System (CHIAS) for Straightening Cation‐treated Bent Chromosomes
Authors: Dwiranti Astari , Arifudin Fendi Sofyan , Takata Hideaki , Ohmido Nobuko , Fukui Kiichi
Published: July 2020

Divalent cations, mainly calcium and magnesium ions, are known to play a major role in the maintenance of chromosomes. The depletion of both ions using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) results in a bent chromosome structure with extended arms and dispersed chromatin fibers. The importance of divalent cations for the maintenance of chromosome structure has been reported previously; nevertheless, previous studies were limited to qualitative data only. Straightening the bent image of the chromosome would provide quantitative data. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of cation depletion by the application of the Chromosome Image Analyzing System (CHIAS) to straighten bent chromosomes. Human HeLa chromosomes were treated with EDTA as a known chelating agent in order to investigate the importance of divalent cations on the maintenance of chromosome structure. Chromosomes were stained and directly observed with a fluorescence microscope. Images were then analyzed using CHIAS. The results revealed that EDTA‐treated chromosomes showed longer arms than those without EDTA treatment, and most of them tended to bend‐out. By straightening the image using CHIAS, the bent chromosomes were successfully straightened. The average lengths of the chromosomes treated with and without EDTA were 4.97 and 0.96 μm, respectively. These results signify the advantages of CHIAS for chromosome analysis and highlight the fundamental effects of cations on chromosome condensation.
Spirometry use in patients with sickle cell disease with and without asthma and acute chest syndrome: A multicenter study
Authors: Duckworth Laurie , Black Lucien Vandy , Ezmigna Dima , Green Jeanette , Yao Yingwei , Grannis Shaun , Klann Jeff , Applegate Reuben , Lipori Gigi , Wallace Tanya , Wilkie Diana J.
Published: July 2020

A de‐identified data repository of electronic medical record data, i2b2 (Informatics for Integrating Biology and the Bedside), including four geographically diverse academic medical centers, was queried to determine the use of diagnostic spirometry testing in African American children and young adults 5‐34 years of age with sickle cell disease (SCD) with or without a documented history of asthma and/or acute chest syndrome (ACS). A total of 2749 patients were identified with SCD, of these 577 had asthma and 409 had ACS. Cross‐referencing the CPT code for diagnostic spirometry showed that for patients identified as having SCD, a history of ACS, and a diagnosis of asthma, only 31% across all four centers had spirometry. Having an asthma diagnosis was associated with ACS. Among SCD patients with asthma, the proportion with ACS for the four centers was 47%, 75%, 38%, and 36% respectively. The bivariate association between asthma and ACS for each Center was significant for each (P < .001). To summarize, only one third of patients with co‐morbid SCD, ACS, and asthma received the spirometry procedure as recommended in evidence‐based guidelines, suggesting limited testing for changes in pulmonary function. Future studies to determine barriers and facilitators to implementation of pulmonary testing in SCD are warranted.
Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium in strawberry juice enriched with strawberry polyphenols
Authors: Vallejo Claudia Verónica , Minahk Carlos Javier , Rollán Graciela Celestina , Rodríguez‐Vaquero María José
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Low molecular‐weight phenolic fractions (LMPFs) were extracted from Albion (LMPF‐A) and Camarosa (LMPF‐C) strawberry cultivars. Their antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium cocktails in vitro and in vivo was investigated using strawberry juice as a food model. This study also sought to determine their antibacterial mechanism.

RESULTS

Quercetin was identified as a principal compound in both phenolic fractions. The minimum bactericide concentration (MBC) values were 750 and 850 μg mL−1 (LMPF‐C) and 800 and 950 μg mL−1 (LMPF‐A) against S.Typhimurium and L. monocytogenes, respectively. The possible antibacterial activity of the phenolic extracts could be related to the release of phosphate and potassium ions, the effect of the disruption of membrane integrity on L. monocytogenes, and the effect of the inhibition of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase activity on S. Typhimurium. Quercetin and kaempferol were the most active compounds in producing bacterial damage. Strawberry juice supplemented with the phenolic fractions and incubated at 37, 20, and 4 °C reduced bacterial viability; moreover, after treatment with the phenolic fraction at the lowest temperature, no viable cells were detected after 7 days’ incubation. Salmonella was more sensitive to the supplements than Listeria in strawberry juice.

CONCLUSIONS

This study could form the basis for the development of natural antibacterial agents that could be included in natural juice or used by the pharmaceutical industry. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Processing method modulates the effectiveness of black beans for lowering blood cholesterol in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Loader Tara B , Zahradka Peter , Ahmadi Shokoufeh , Taylor Carla G
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Various foods are known to have beneficial effects on health when consumed whole; however, there is a trend towards preparing foods from processed ingredients, and it remains unclear whether the benefits of the whole food are retained. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine whether different processing techniques affect the lowering of cholesterol and the vascular effects of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).

RESULTS

Beans were prepared by overnight soaking and boiling – the standard method – and by micronization, extrusion, or dehulling and boiling, and they were then fine milled. Beans prepared by the standard method were also coarse milled. These five materials were incorporated into semi‐purified diets (30% wt/wt) and fed to spontaneously hypertensive rats for 4 weeks. Body weight, blood pressure, and aorta morphology were unaltered by the diets. Fasting total cholesterol was significantly reduced in rats fed micronized beans compared with extruded beans (both fine‐milled) or the bean‐free diet, while boiling combined with coarse milling lowered low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The lack of cholesterol lowering in rats fed extruded bean compared to micronized was not explained by the amount or composition of dietary fiber or resistant starch. Differences in the polyphenolic profile as determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were also unable to explain the variations in cholesterol‐lowering capacity.

CONCLUSION

The present study demonstrates that processing of black beans alters the health effects observed with the whole pulse, and suggests that products prepared with processed ingredients will need to be tested empirically to establish whether the biological effects are maintained in vivo. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Kaolin, Ascophyllum nodosum and salicylic acid mitigate effects of summer stress improving hazelnut quality
Authors: Cabo Sandra , Aires Alfredo , Carvalho Rosa , Vilela Alice , Pascual‐Seva Núria , Silva Ana Paula , Gonçalves Berta
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

Various strategies are needed to mitigate the negative impact on or to increase fruit quality. The effect of spraying kaolin (K), Ascophyllum nodosum (An) and salicylic acid (SA), in trees with and without irrigation, on quality and sensorial attributes of hazelnut (Grada de Viseu cultivar) was investigated during two consecutive years (2016 and 2017) in a commercial orchard located in Moimenta da Beira, Portugal.

RESULTS

The treatments affected positively the biometric parameters nut and kernel weight, length, width, thickness and volume as well as the vitamin E level, antioxidant activity and content of some individual phenolics, such as protocatechuic acid, gallocatechin, catechin and epicatechin. The levels of amino acids in hazelnut kernels decreased in all the assayed treatments, while the kernel colour and sensorial attributes were not affected by the treatments. Hazelnut physical properties (nut and kernels), chemical and phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities were positively related.

CONCLUSIONS

The application of K, An and SA improved the hazelnut tree response to climate change, without compromising the hazelnut chemical and sensorial quality. Furthermore, due to the similar observations for the same treatments with and without irrigation, it can be stated that K, An and SA can be efficient and cost‐effective tools to mitigate summer stress in rain‐fed orchards. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhancement of Strain‐Sensing Performance through Gas Phase Incorporation of Siloxane into Thermoplastic Polyurethane‐Conducting Polymer Composite
Authors: Losaria Pauline May , Yim Jin‐Heong
Published: July 2020

In this study, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)‐conducting polymer (CP)–SiO2 hybrid strain sensors are fabricated via the simultaneous co‐vaporization of a CP monomer with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polypyrrole (PPy) hybrids prepared using the oxidant, iron (III) p‐toluenesulfonate hexahydrate (FTS) with TPU as the substrate are explored along with the effect of hybridization on their sensing performance and mechanical properties. The SiO2 is mostly formed on the surface and the CP is successfully polymerized within the TPU matrix. The sensor can be stretched further by up to 290% more than the pristine counterpart. Moreover, stretch‐release cycles show an increase in the relative resistance of the sensor by up to 89%, thereby improving its sensitivity. The sensors can detect motion at various strain levels, different speeds, and continuous deformation at different strains. The sensor’s reliability is tested by up to 1000 cycles at 10% strain, as well as other kinds of distortion such as bending and twisting. The created organic‐inorganic hybrid sensor exhibits a synergistic enhancement of both its mechanical properties and electromechanical performance. Furthermore, the processability of the elastomer and the versatility of the incorporated siloxane component have allowed the homogeneous distribution of the active elements (PEDOT, PPy).
Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly to Produce Prodrug Nanoparticles with Reduction‐Responsive Camptothecin Release and pH‐Responsive Charge‐Reversible Property
Authors: Zhao Xiao , Chen Miao , Zhang Wei‐Guo , Wang Chang‐Hui , Wang Fei , You Ye‐Zi , Zhang Wen‐Jian , Hong Chun‐Yan
Published: July 2020

Polymerization‐induced self‐assembly has been demonstrated to be a powerful strategy for fabricating polymeric nanoparticles in the last two decades. However, the stringent requirements for the monomers greatly limit the chemical versatility of PISA‐based functional nanoparticles and expanding the monomer family of PISA is still highly desirable. Herein, a camptothecin analogue (CPTM) is first used as the monomer in PISA. Prodrug nanoparticles with reduction‐responsive camptothecin release behavior are fabricated at 10% solid concentration (100 mg g−1). Poly(N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (PHPMA) and poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) are used as the macro RAFT agents to comediate the RAFT dispersion polymerization of CPTM in ethanol to produce the PHPMA/PDEAEMA‐stabilized nanoparticles. The PDEAEMA chains become hydrophobic and are in the collapsed state at physiological pH values. In contrast, in the vicinity of an acidic tumor, the tertiary amine groups of PDEAEMA chains are rapidly protonated, leading to fast hydrophobic‐hydrophilic transitions and charge reversal. Such fast charge‐reversal results in enhanced cancer cell internalization of the prodrug nanoparticles, thus achieving superior anticancer efficacy.
CD4+ T‐cell Transcription Factors in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Parkinson's Disease
Authors: De Francesco Erika , Terzaghi Michele , Storelli Elisa , Magistrelli Luca , Comi Cristoforo , Legnaro Massimiliano , Mauri Marco , Marino Franca , Versino Maurizio , Cosentino Marco
Published: July 2020

Background

CD4+ T‐cell dysregulation occurs in Parkinson's disease (PD); however, it is unknown whether it contributes to PD development. The objective of this study was to investigate transcription factor gene expression in CD4+ T cells in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, the strongest risk factor for prodromal PD.

Methods

Expression of transcription factors (TBX21, STAT1, STAT3, STAT4, STAT6, RORC, GATA3, FOXP3, and NR4A2) was measured in CD4+ T cells from 33 polysomnographically confirmed idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder subjects and compared with expression in cells from matched healthy subjects and antiparkinson drugs‐naive PD patients.

Results

Compared with healthy subjects, idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder subjects and PD patients had lower TBX21, STAT3, and STAT4, and higher FOXP3 expression. TBX21 expression discriminated healthy subjects from idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder subjects and PD patients, but not idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder subjects with PD.

Conclusions

In idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder subjects CD4+ T cells exhibit a peculiar molecular signature strongly resembling cells from PD patients, suggesting early involvement of peripheral immunity in PD. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
New APA task force seeks to address structural racism through psychiatry
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: July 2020

Amid increasing calls from psychiatrists to take action on racism, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) on July 2 announced it has begun its work on addressing racism with initial efforts to gauge psychiatrists' impressions on the effects of structural racism on their patients, which will help inform their work going forward.
Research examines changes in bipolar treatment over 20 years
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: July 2020

Second‐generation antipsychotics are replacing traditional mood stabilizers in treating patients with bipolar disorder, according to researchers who examined treatment trends over 20 years. The new study is published in the American Journal of Psychiatry.
Superpositions of bright and dark solitons supporting the creation of balanced gain‐and‐loss optical potentials
Authors: Rosas‐Ortiz Oscar , Cruz y Cruz Sara
Published: July 2020

Bright and dark solitons of the cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equation are used to construct complex‐valued potentials with all‐real spectrum. The real part of these potentials is equal to the intensity of a bright soliton, whereas their imaginary part is defined by the product of such soliton with its concomitant, a dark soliton. Considering light propagation in Kerr media, the real part of the potential refers to the self‐focusing of the signal and the imaginary one provides the system with balanced gain‐and‐loss rates.
Multiple positive solutions for a Kirchhoff type equation involving two potentials
Authors: Liu Jiu , Liao Jia‐Feng , Pan Hui‐Lan
Published: July 2020

We consider the existence of positive solutions to the following Kirchhoff type equation with critical exponent

where a>0, b>0, and λ>0 is a parameter. Under some assumptions, two positive solutions are obtained by means of variational methods. It is worth emphasizing that for the local minimal solution, we use an entirely new method, and its some properties are also obtained.
CD14/16 monocyte profiling in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Authors: Gadgeel Manisha , Bagla Shruti , Buck Steven , Shamoun Mark , Ravindranath Yaddanapudi
Published: July 2020

Monocyte subset analysis by flow cytometry has been shown to be a useful diagnostic tool in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in adults. An increase in the classical monocyte fraction (CD14++/CD16−) greater than 94.0% of total monocytes is considered highly sensitive and specific in distinguishing chronic myelomonocytic leukemia from other myeloproliferative disorders. In a pilot study of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia cases, we noted that CD14++/CD16− monocyte fraction was >95% in de novo juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) with somatic PTPN11 mutations but normal in those with monosomy 7 or Noonan syndrome. Monocyte subgroup profiling by itself is not diagnostic of JMML but may distinguish molecular subgroups within JMML.
Random poly(ε‐caprolactone‐L‐alanine) by direct melt copolymerization
Authors: Salhi Slim , Mahfoudh Jihen , Abid Souhir , Atanase Leonard‐Ionut , Popa Marcel , Delaite Christelle
Published: July 2020

A series of random polyesteramides (PEAs) with a range of molar composition from 90/10 to 50/50 were synthesized by direct melt polycondensation of ε‐caprolactone and l‐alanine. Their structure was fully characterized by Fourier transform IR and NMR spectroscopy. The resulting copolymers are completely amorphous with the exception of PEA‐90/10 which possesses a semicrystalline structure. These PEAs present increasing glass transition temperatures at increasing l‐alanine contents and exhibit fairly good thermal stability with 10% mass loss temperatures reaching 315 °C. © 2020 Society of Industrial Chemistry
Cherry damage and the spatial distribution of European earwigs, (Forficula auricularia L.) in sweet cherry trees
Authors: Quarrell Stephen R , Corkrey Ross , Allen Geoff R
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND

The European earwig, Forficula auricularia is an invasive insect pest found in many temperate regions of the world. Despite being well known predators, earwigs are considered pests in sweet cherry though this has never been empirically tested. Our aim was to quantify the relationship between damaged cherry fruit and earwig population size, cherry bunch size and earwig distribution in cherry tree canopies in the cherry varieties Ron's Seedling, Lewis, Sweet Georgia, and Lapin.

RESULTS

Significant differences in earwig damage type and frequency were observed between varieties with earwig exclusion significantly reducing damage by 21% in Lapin and 34% in Ron's Seedling. Earwigs were strongly aggregated within cherry bunches, with greater numbers and damage observed in larger bunch sizes in all varieties except Ron's Seedling where stem damage was independent of bunch size. In Ron's Seedling, cherry stems were 40× more likely to be damaged than Lewis stems and Lewis fruit two times more likely to be damaged than Ron's Seedling fruit. Sweet Georgia fruit were 4.5 times and stems five times more likely to be damaged than in Lapin. No predictive relationship between cherry damage levels and earwig numbers either within the tree canopies or within monitoring traps could be determined.

CONCLUSION

European earwigs may have a significant economic impact to sweet cherry production. The nature of this impact differs between cherry varieties and severity is strongly influenced by factors including bunch size. However, why damage differs between varieties remains unknown and warrants further investigation if the impact of earwigs to sweet cherry production is to be minimized.
Immunopathology and immunotherapeutic strategies in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection
Authors: Keam Synat , Megawati Dewi , Patel Shailesh Kumar , Tiwari Ruchi , Dhama Kuldeep , Harapan Harapan
Published: July 2020

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), has become a major concern globally. As of 14 April 2020, more than 1.9 million COVID‐19 cases have been reported in 185 countries. Some patients with COVID‐19 develop severe clinical manifestations, while others show mild symptoms, suggesting that dysregulation of the host immune response contributes to disease progression and severity. In this review, we have summarized and discussed recent immunological studies focusing on the response of the host immune system and the immunopathology of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection as well as immunotherapeutic strategies for COVID‐19. Immune evasion by SARS‐CoV‐2, functional exhaustion of lymphocytes, and cytokine storm have been discussed as part of immunopathology mechanisms in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Some potential immunotherapeutic strategies to control the progression of COVID‐19, such as passive antibody therapy and use of interferon αβ and IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) inhibitor, have also been discussed. This may help us to understand the immune status of patients with COVID‐19, particularly those with severe clinical presentation, and form a basis for further immunotherapeutic investigations.
GLOB: A global project management readiness framework
Authors: Niazi Mahmood , Mahmood Sajjad , Alshayeb Mohammad
Published: July 2020

In global software development (GSD), software is developed by a team of geographically dispersed people. Many organizations that develop projects globally do not evaluate their project management readiness to undertake such projects.

The objective of this paper is to propose a global project management readiness framework (GLOB) to help organizations in evaluating and assessing their GSD project management readiness to improve their capabilities in managing GSD projects.

To develop GLOB, three systematic literature reviews (SLRs) were conducted. For each SLR, an empirical study was conducted with GSD practitioners to validate the SLR results in a real‐world environment.

We identified 45 factors that can play a positive or negative role in global project management readiness. In total, 305 best practices were identified for global project management. Based on the findings of the SLRs and empirical studies, GLOB was developed. Two case studies were conducted to evaluate GLOB in a real‐world context. The case study results show that GLOB has the potential to measure an organization's project management readiness for global projects.

It is hoped that GLOB will provide GSD practitioners with the ability to understand the strengths and weaknesses of current project management processes and to address weak areas.
Quantitative method for determination of 3,3‐dimethylallyl bromide genotoxic impurity in Tazarotene drug substance by GC‐MS
Authors: Rajana Nagaraju , Ramana D.V , Moses Babu J. , Basavaiah K. , Rama Devi Dharamasoth
Published: July 2020

A highly sensitive gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry quantitative method was developed for 3,3‐dimethylallyl bromide genotoxic impurity in the tazarotene drug substance. The method was validated by following the International conference for harmonization Q2 (R1) guideline for the limit test of 3,3‐dimethylallyl bromide genotoxic impurity in the tazarotene drug substance. The 148 m/z, 150 m/z, and 69 m/z ions were selected to get a response in mass spectrometry for 3,3‐dimethylallyl bromide. DB‐1 (30 mm × 0.25 × 1.0 µm) column was used for the separation of 3,3‐dimethylallyl bromide from the sample matrix. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation for 3,3‐dimethylallyl bromide in this method was 0.7 and 2.1 ppm, respectively. The method was precise and accurate at limit of quantitation level, 1.7% RSD was observed at limit of quantitation precision and 100.9% recovery observed at limit of quantitation accuracy, it was linear from the 5 to 20 µg/L, the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.9996.
Goffman's Interest in Spies and Espionage: The University of Chicago Context
Authors: Jaworski Gary D.
Published: July 2020

Erving Goffman's interest in spies and espionage is widely recognized in commentary on his work. Where did this interest come from? While the context of Cold War America provided the broad cultural horizon of this work, deeper roots may be found. Goffman's contact with two University of Chicago professors, Edward A. Shils and Douglas Waples, both of whom served in U.S. intelligence organizations during World War II, also shaped Goffman's interest in the subject. This paper explores these relationships and their connection to Goffman's writings on spies, secrecy, and information control in postwar America. Goffman's view of spies and espionage as analogues to American postwar lives is explored.
Microbiological air quality in pharmacies and an antibiotic resistance profile of staphylococci species
Authors: Jankowiak Emilia , Kubera Łukasz , Małecka-Adamowicz Marta , Dembowska Ewa
Published: July 2020

The air in public facilities contains microorganisms which may cause a wide variety of clinical syndromes in humans. This is particularly important in primary healthcare units, where patients with reduced immunity and staff are directly exposed to microbial pathogens. Air samples were collected from dispensing areas (customer areas) of five pharmacies using MAS-100 air sampler. The concentration of particular groups of microorganisms was determined with the use of selective media. The taxonomic analysis of mannitol-positive bacteria was conducted using the BIOLOG® method, based on metabolic characteristics of analyzed strains. The isolated molds were identified based on their macroscopic and microscopic features according to available keys. The antimicrobial susceptibility of identified staphylococci was tested using the disk diffusion method in accordance with The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing recommendations. The highest average concentrations of heterotrophic bacteria and staphylococci were recorded in two hospital pharmacies. The highest average concentrations of molds were recorded in the pharmacies located in shopping centers. Taxonomic analysis indicated that Cladosporium and Penicillium spp. predominated among the isolated molds while Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus, among mannitol-positive bacteria. Antibiograms showed that the majority of Staphylococcus strains (68.2%) were resistant to erythromycin. There was a statistically significant correlation between the concentration of investigated bacteria and the season of the year as well as the size and location of the pharmacies. The results demonstrate that there is a range of factors affecting air quality in public spaces and emphasize the fact that pharmacies can be a source of potentially pathogenic, drug-resistant bacteria.
Framework for assessing vertebrate invasive species damage: the case of feral swine in the United States
Authors: Shwiff Stephanie , Pelham Alex , Shwiff Steven , Haden-Chomphosy William , Brown Vienna R. , Ernst Karina , Anderson Aaron
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study is to provide a general overview of the economic impacts associated with vertebrate invasive species (VIS) in the United States and suggests a methodology for differentiating types of damage. We identify a general framework for categorizing VIS damage that separates this damage into three main categories: destruction, depredation, and disease. We then examine how this framework fits into current published estimates of damage and management costs. Economic impacts associated with feral swine damage and management are plentiful enough to warrant separate treatment from other VIS and are observed in all three categories. For all VIS examined in this study, damage estimates associated with destruction provide the most evaluations of VIS impacts, especially destruction of crops. Evaluations of the losses associated with depredation are largely absent from the literature. We find that while published studies have estimated substantial economic impact associated with VIS, the current state of the literature focusing on VIS frequently fails to address all of the categories of damage, is difficult to compare or replicate, and is unsuited for extrapolation to nation-wide estimates of damage.
Assessment of uncertainties in projecting future changes to extreme storm surge height depending on future SST and greenhouse gas concentration scenarios
Authors: Yang Jung-A , Kim Sooyoul , Son Sangyoung , Mori Nobuhito , Mase Hajime
Published: July 2020

We assess uncertainties in projecting future changes in extreme storm surge height (SSH) based on typhoon data extracted from ensemble experiment results with four sea surface temperature (SST) conditions and three global warming scenarios using a single atmospheric global climate model. In particular, this study focus on typhoons passing around the Korean Peninsula (KP) defined as the region of 32 to 40° N and 122 to 132° E. It is predicted the number of the typhoons affecting the KP will decrease by 4~73% while their strength will increase by 0.8~1.4% under the given future conditions. The locations of genesis and lysis of the typhoons are expected to be shifted towards the northwest and northeast for all ensemble experiment conditions, respectively. However, the extent of their change varies depending on the future SST and global warming conditions. Storm surge simulations were carried out by using predicted typhoon data as an external force. It is found that future SST patterns and climate warming scenarios affect future typhoon characteristics, which influences values of extreme SSH and locations of the vulnerable area to storm surge under the future climate conditions. In particular, the values of extreme SSH and the locations of the vulnerable area to storm surge appear to be strongly influenced by both pathway and frequency of intense typhoons.
Social Needs and Happiness: A Life Course Perspective
Authors: Buijs Vera L. , Jeronimus Bertus F. , Lodder Gerine M. A. , Steverink Nardi , de Jonge Peter
Published: July 2020

Both the fulfilment of affection, status, and behavioral confirmation needs and their role in happiness may differ along the adult lifespan. We examined age-graded differences in (a) the fulfilment of the need for affection, status, and behavioral confirmation, (b) disharmonious profiles of need fulfillment (e.g., high affection but low status), and (c) the associations between these needs and happiness. Data from 11,406 Dutch respondents (age range 18–87 (M = 44.82, SD = 14.62), 67% female) were collected via hoegekis.nl and categorized over six age groups (early, young, middle-aged and late adults, young-old and oldest-old). Age-graded differences in social need fulfilment and their link to happiness were examined using regression analyses. Need fulfillment profiles were identified with LCA cluster analyses. Age-graded differences in social need fulfilment were virtually absent (Cohen’s d = 0.20 or smaller) and their link with happiness was stable across the age groups. Social need fulfilment profiles were harmonious as people reported either low, middle, or high need fulfilment in general, irrespective of age. The idea that different social needs are more important in different phases of adult life received only weak support in our data. No strategic investment in specific social needs was observed (no substitution-effects).
People typically differed in their capacities to fulfil their affection, status, and behavioral confirmation needs in general, regardless of age. The implications of these results for the social production function theory of wellbeing and socioemotional selectivity theory are outlined in the discussion.
Effects of Language Skills and Strategy Use on Vocabulary Learning Through Lexical Translation and Inferencing
Authors: Alahmadi Alaa , Foltz Anouschka
Published: July 2020

This study explores how vocabulary learning strategy usage and skills in the four language domains relate to participants’ increase in vocabulary size and to the learning of specific vocabulary items over a certain period of time. Sixty-one advanced L1 Arabic L2 learners of English read target words in semi-authentic reading materials and were instructed to either guess the meaning from context or consult a dictionary. Pre- and delayed post-tests assessed vocabulary size and knowledge of the target vocabulary items. Results showed that learning through inferencing, but not learning through dictionary use, depended on learners’ familiarity with the particular learning strategy. Additionally, note taking and reading comprehension influenced lexical knowledge and acquisition in complex ways.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists Are Effective in Long-term Treatment of Women with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding and Anticoagulant Therapy: Report of 3 Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Aljasser Rakia , Vilos Angelos G. , Abu-Rafea Basim , Vilos George A.
Published: July 2020

Purpose of Review

To evaluate the efficacy of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) in women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) on anticoagulant therapy.

Recent Findings

Prospective observational case series (Canadian Task Force Classification II-3) at University-affiliated teaching hospital. From January 2002 through December 2019, three premenopausal women on warfarin therapy were identified from our clinical practice. After clinical assessment, including Papanicolaou smear, endometrial biopsy, and pelvic sonography, a GnRHa was used to treat their AUB. Two women were receiving warfarin therapy (5–7 mg/day) for previous venous thromboembolism and one for mechanical heart valve replacement associated with Marfan’s syndrome. All patients had additional comorbid conditions and were at high risk for traditional medical or surgical therapies. After treatment with GnRHa, all women reported menstrual reduction at 3 months and remained amenorrheic for 2 to 11 years, two of whom reached menopause.

In properly assessed and selected premenopausal women with AUB receiving anticoagulant therapy and at high risk for traditional therapies, long-term GnRHa was an effective treatment in 3 patients.