bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A formação de tradutores a partir de uma abordagem cognitiva: reflexões de um projeto de ensino
Authors: Alves Fábio
Published: April 2015

Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um projeto de pesquisa e ensino desenvolvido junto a tradutores em formação para o par lingüístico inglês/português. Partiu-se inicialmente do modelo apresentado em Alves (1995), já com resultados comprovados empiricamente para o par lingüístico alemão/português, e expandiu-se, então, a pesquisa para se investigar a aplicabilidade deste modelo a outros pares lingüísticos e, conseqüentemente, oferecer uma opção metodológica, empiricamente fundamentada, para um programa de treinamento de tradutores com base em uma abordagem cognitiva.
Une méthode pour l'alignement de termes complexes plurilingues dans les textes spécialisés
Authors: Ladouceur Jacques , Cochrane Guylaine , Miranda Ligia Maria Café de
Published: April 2015

Há já alguns anos, diversos pesquisadores vieram a se interessar pela extração e exploração de conhecimentos contidos em córpus de traduções, entendendo constituir esse um meio de fornecer ao tradutor ferramentas para a identificação de equivalentes interlinguais. A exploração de traduções representa, no entanto, um problema, na medida em que os equivalentes não são redigidos espontaneamente; ora, o primeiro critério que o terminólogo leva em conta é a língua na qual foi redigido o documento que analisa (língua do original ou língua de tradução). Tal fato levou-nos a formular a seguinte indagação: seria possível identificar os equivalentes interlinguais a partir de textos originais em línguas distintas? A resposta é afirmativa. Tomando por base textos redigidos espontaneamente em francês, em inglês e em português, foi possível encontrar de forma rápida, e para um número significativo de termos complexos de uma das línguas, os equivalentes nas duas outras línguas. A única condição a ser respeitada é a utilização de textos que pertençam a um mesmo domínio e que tenham a mesma função comunicativa. A identificação pode ser efetuada em tempo real, com o auxílio de algumas ferramentas. No presente trabalho, apresentamos os resultados preliminares de nossa investigação: um método de alinhamento de termos complexos nos textos originais de diversas línguas, um protótipo de aplicativo funcional e uma avaliação preliminar do protótipo aplicado a textos em francês e em inglês pertencentes ao domínio da informática. O aplicativo incorpora as seguintes ferramentas: uma interface de navegação, um módulo de reconhecimento automático dos termos complexos (francês, inglês e português), um módulo de identificação automática de termos formalmente similares, um módulo de geração automática de redes conceptuais (imperfeitos, mas de grande utilidade) e um módulo de identificação de co-ocorrências.
Os problemas da tradução literária em La fée aux miettes, de Charles Nodier
Authors: Camarani Ana Luiza Silva
Published: April 2015

O conto de Charles Nodier intitulado La Fée aux Miettes (A Fada das Migalhas) pode ser considerado o mais importante dos textos que Pierre-Georges Castex reuniu sob a denominação de “Ciclo dos Inocentes”, em que  os personagens principais vivem no universo paralelo do sonho e da loucura. Apontamos aqui algumas das dificuldades que encontramos ao traduzir essa narrativa da primeira metade do século XIX francês: a tradução dos nomes próprios, dos pronomes de tratamento e dos provérbios.
Propuestas para la traducción especializada mediante un sitio web
Authors: Tarp Sven
Published: April 2015

Un lexinome es una obra lexicográfica multifuncional y plurilingüe que combina un avanzado diccionario enciclopédico y electrónico con una serie de otras posibilidades con ofrece el internet. Hasta el momento se han confeccionado pocos de este tipo de diccionario basándose en los criterios lexicográficos y destinados, entre otras cosas, a la traducción de textos especializados. Sin embargo, recientemente las páginas de internet de ciertas empresas, organizaciones e instituciones se han acercado de forma espontánea al concepto de un lexinome. Un ejemplo es la Asociación Danesa de la Industria Eólica que ha elaborado un sitio de internet en cinco lenguas (dinamarqués, inglés, alemán, francés y español) incluyendo una detallada introducción sistemática al tema de la energía eólica y los aerogeneradores, un breve diccionario plurilingüe con referencias a la mencionada introducción, un servicio de búsqueda de palabras contenidas en el sitio, una selección de links a otros sitios interesantes etc. Este lexinome espontáneo resulta bastante útil en el momento de buscar términos y colocaciones para una traducción especializada o, sencillamente, para la producción, en cualquier de los cinco idiomas mencionados, de cualquier texto sobre la energía ólica y su aplicación tecnológica. Sin embargo, la búsqueda de los datos deseados puede resultar muy lenta y a veces complicada ya que el sitio desde el principio no ha sido concebido para tales funciones, o sea la traducción y la producción de textos. Pero introduciendo algunas modificaciones bien pensadas y no muy costosas se podrá remediar esta deficiencia y tranformar el sitio en un instrumento realmente adecuado para la traducción avanzada. Y esto abre un nuevo campo para la lexicografía especializada en servicio de la traducción.
Corpus-based translation studies: where does it come from? Where is it going?
Authors: Laviosa Sara
Published: April 2015

A idéia de estudar a tradução e o ato de traduzir por meio de corpora foi sugerida inicialmente por Baker, em 1993. Àquele tempo, acreditava-se que essa nova parceria com a Lingüística de Corpus forneceria a metodologia para o estudo empírico, enquanto a Teoria da Tradução se encarregaria de identificar as áreas de pesquisa e elaborar hipóteses operacionais. As duas parceiras trabalhariam em harmonia em prol do avanço da corrente descritiva da disciplina. Desde então, a parceria adquiriu uma identidade clara e com denominação específica: Corpus-based Translation Studies – CTS (Estudos de Tradução baseados em Corpus). Suas áreas de pesquisa variam de estudos descritivos a aplicados, e contemplam diversas línguas. Neste artigo, pretendo examinar as ligações existentes entre CTS, Lingüística de Corpus e DTS (Descriptive Translation Studies) com o objetivo de verificar quais alegações feitas no passado ainda são verdadeiras e quais as áreas  de pesquisa mais frutíferas a longo prazo em CTS. Meu artigo está organizado em três seções cronológicas, que correspondem a momentos- chave na história dos CTS. Os dois primeiros anos, 1993 a 1995, contemplam o surgimento dos CTS; o período compreendido entre os anos 1996 e 1999 representam o que chamo de predomínio da Lingüística de Corpus nos estudos de tradução; já de 2000 em diante, seria plausível falar de um predomínio dos Estudos Culturais nos CTS.
Towards the construction of a multilingual, multifunctional corpus: factores in the design and application of CORDIALL
Authors: Pagano Adriana , Magalhães Célia , Alves Fábio
Published: April 2015

Este artigo apresenta os fundamentos teóricos para elaboração do corpus CORDIALL, desenvolvido pelo Núcleo de Estudos da Tradução (NET) da Faculdade de Letras da UFMG, focalizando aspectos da sua construção, bem como sua utilização para o estudo de características discursivas e cognitivas por meio de uma abordagem interdisciplinar que congrega subsídios dos estudos de corpora, dos estudos da tradução, dos estudos da cognição, da análise do discurso e dos estudos culturais.
Corpus resources for translators: academic luxury or professional necessity
Authors: Bowker Lynne
Published: April 2015

Desde o final dos anos 90, os corpora se firmaram como uma ferramenta de tradução conhecida e útil nos centros de treinamento de tradutores. No entanto, parece que sua difusão no universo do tradutor profissional tem sido bem mais lenta. O presente artigo explora os diferentes usos de corpora (inclusive as memórias de tradução) nesses dois setores e pretende apontar suas diferenças. Para determinar como os corpora são usados no meio acadêmico, foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico de artigos produzidos por tradutores aprendizes. Com relação ao uso de corpora no meio profissional, este estudo concentra-se nos tradutores profissionais do Canadá. Para verificar até que ponto eles fazem uso de corpora, foram empregados dois procedimentos. Primeiramente, foi feito um levantamento dos artigos publicados por associações canadenses de tradutores e, numa segunda etapa, avaliou-se um banco de dados de ofertas de emprego para levantar quantos empregadores procuram candidatos familiarizados com o uso de corpora como ferramenta de trabalho. Os dados resultantes são comparados e discutidos com vistas a revelar e compreender por que o uso de corpora é diferente nos meios acadêmico e profissional.
When italians talk 'business' they mean it
Authors: Laviosa Sara
Published: April 2015

Na linguagem dos negócios em italiano, o uso de anglicismos tem duas características principais: uma é a crescente proporção de empréstimos não adaptados em relação aos adaptados; a outra é o papel relevante da mídia na introdução de anglicismos no vocabulário italiano. Os aprendizes de tradução com freqüência se vêem diante do problema de identificar os contextos corretos em que um item lexical em inglês pode ser traduzido por um anglicismo em italiano, em especial com palavras polissêmicas cujas extensões de significado tendem a diferir nas línguas de partida e de chegada, conforme atestam as definições nos dicionários monolíngües (Laviosa, 2003). Outra dificuldade é que o contexto na língua de chegada é muito limitado ou até mesmo inexistente (vide, por exemplo, o Grande dizionario italiano, De Mauro, 2000; ou o Vocabolario della lingua italiana, Zingarelli, 2003, respectivamente). Este estudo adota uma abordagem baseada em corpus e uma abordagem direcionada pelo corpus para investigar o uso do lema ‘business’ num corpus comparável italiano-inglês da linguagem de negócios (COMIC-SALCA) como primeiro passo para uma análise mais completa desse termo como unidade de significado funcionalmente completa (Tognini-Bonelli 1996a/b; 2000, 2001). O objetivo é descritivo e pedagógico.
Welcoming children, pets and guests: towards functional equivalence in the languages of 'agriturismo' and 'farmhouse holidays'
Authors: Bonelli Elena Tognini , Manca Elena
Published: April 2015

Este artigo assume uma visão contextual e funcional da equivalência tradutória e pretende definir uma noção mais ‘abrangente’ de equivalência, com base numa rede de colocados e não de palavras isoladas. Assim, dado um ‘nódulo’ inicial N na L1, a identificação de um equivalente tradutório na L2 passará por diversos estágios de contextualização, relacionando cada item a seu contexto e identificando o perfil colocacional tanto na L1 quanto na L2. Além disso, demonstraremos que a extensão sistemática da unidade de significado em termos de padrões de co-ocorrência ajuda a definir uma tipologia dos traços extralingüísticos a ele associados.
Translating as a purposeful activity: a prospective approach
Authors: Nord Christiane
Published: April 2015

Adotando uma atitude prospectiva em relação à tradução, os tradutores escolhem suas estratégias de tradução de acordo com o objetivo ou a função que o texto traduzido deve desempenhar junto ao público destinatário. Porém, é preciso que certas condições sejam satisfeitas para que os objetivos comunicativos sejam atingidos. É parte da tarefa do tradutor analisar as condições da cultura de chegada e decidir se e como os objetivos do texto de partida podem funcionar para o público-alvo de acordo com as especificações da tarefa de tradução. Se as condições da cultura de chegada diferem daquelas da cultura de partida, existem normalmente duas opções básicas: ou transformar o texto de modo a fazê-lo funcionar sob as condições da cultura de chegada (tradução instrumental), ou substituir as funções do texto de partida por suas respectivas meta-funções (tradução documentária).
Le sous-tirage: une traduction sélective
Authors: Gambier Yves
Published: April 2015

Por muito tempo, a legenda foi definida de forma negativa, como tradução subordinada ou como perda. Tal abordagem não pode realmente explicar o trabalho do tradutor. Primeiramente, discutiremos algumas definições e a noção de subordinação. Em seguida, discutiremos diferentes tipos de estratégia de legendagem, para finalmente propor três táticas principais. O objetivo deste trabalho é promover a legenda como uma tradução seletiva, com enfoque nas escolhas, na criatividade e na responsabilidade do tradutor.
Audiosubtitling: a possible solution for opera accessibility in Catalonia
Authors: Orero Pilar
Published: April 2015

Embora estejamos submersos em uma sociedade IT, uma larga acessibilidade à mídia audiovisual ainda é vista mais como um desejo do que como um futuro praticável. Muitas organizações em todos os níveis – local, nacional, e europeu – estão tentando estabelecer uma agenda para a implementação da acessibilidade na mídia ou “de radiodifusão para todos”. Pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas nas universidades em muitos níveis e em muitas áreas – direito, engenharia, telecomunicações – para fornecer respostas que possam servir como possíveis recomendações a serem implementadas em futuros Atos de Radiodifusão. Este artigo examina o modo de transferência semiótico conhecido como audiolegendagem, como uma alternativa à audiodescrição ao vivo para a ópera, e em particular uma experiência de audiolegendagem na Ópera de Barcelona, o Liceu.
O intérprete como produtor de sentidos: uma análise discursiva da atividade de interpretação forense
Authors: Passos Deusa Maria de Souza Pinheiro
Published: April 2015

A partir de uma perspectiva discursiva de linguagem, este artigo discute o papel do intérprete, objetivando refletir sobre representações imaginárias acerca da responsabilidade e de dilemas enfrentados por esse profissional em contexto jurídico. Tomando como base um corpus de gravações em áudio, o estudo analisa, em nível discursivo, algumas decisões tomadas pelo intérprete em audiências judiciais. Trata-se de um caso real envolvendo um processo de tráfico de entorpecentes, conduzido nas línguas portuguesa e inglesa. No presente estudo, ilustram-se tensões envolvidas nas escolhas linguísticas do intérprete forense e suas consequências práticas no processo de interpretação. A natureza dessas decisões contribui para o argumento principal deste trabalho: contemplar o lugar do intérprete como produtor de sentidos e não como mero decodificador de palavras.
A noção de equivalência e a sua especificidade na tradução especializada
Authors: Chanut Maria Emília Pereira
Published: April 2015

Este estudo, partindo de uma abordagem comparativa/terminológica bilíngue (português do Brasil/francês da França) de textos especializados (juramentados), cujas dificuldades são agravadas por particularidades do francês da Suíça, propõe uma reflexão sobre a “equivalência funcional”. Uma apresentação das teorias referentes à noção de equivalência em tradução nos serve para introduzir a ideia central deste artigo, a saber, mostrar que a equivalência “funcional” é, no caso da tradução especializada, a mais apropriada, uma vez que os termos legais e/ou jurídicos presentes nos documentos oficiais são, em sua essência, culturalmente marcados, podendo apresentar sentido ou uso diferente e até mesmo equivocado em países que falam a mesma língua, tais como a França e a Suíça.
Reflexões teóricas sobre o texto aplicadas à tradução
Authors: Raupp Marcelo
Published: April 2015

O presente artigo objetiva apresentar uma rápida discussão sobre texto, aplicada à atividade tradutória, com vistas a reforçar a ideia de que os tradutores lidam no seu dia a dia com um fenômeno social que reflete as especificidades do ambiente em que foi produzido e que a construção do significado está condicionada à contextualização desse fenômeno no seu ambiente sociocultural de origem.
Os médicos e os monstros: Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde em versão brasileira
Authors: Perrotti-Garcia Ana Julia
Published: April 2015

Desde a publicação da obra do escritor escocês Robert Louis Stevenson, em 1886, a história do conceituado médico Dr. Henry Jekyll, e de sua “cara metade” Edward Hyde, vem atraindo a atenção de leitores em diferentes países. Já em 1887, a obra ganhou os palcos londrinos. No Brasil, sob o título de O médico e o monstro, o texto foi traduzido diversas vezes, com diferentes abordagens. Além disso, alguns autores se apropriaram do texto, adaptando-o para o teatro, ou mesmo para novas obras literárias. Parte das características góticas foi preservada, e alguns traços foram mantidos. Este texto procura traçar um panorama geral das obras existentes em língua portuguesa que se autointitulem traduções ou adaptações do original de Stevenson.
Poder e fidelidade na interpretação
Authors: Silva Christiano Sanches do Valle
Published: April 2015

Este artigo argumenta que, no âmbito de uma discussão multidisciplinar sobre poder e ideologia na prática da interpretação, diferentes tipos de fidelidade são construídos de acordo com influências do meio em que atuam os intérpretes, em interação com os valores que os informam no exercício de seu ofício. Neste trabalho, são abordadas questões de ética e de controle do discurso por parte do intérprete, com base em estudos de caso, colocando em perspectiva os limites de sua atividade e favorecendo o pensamento crítico sobre a profissão e os estudos acadêmicos que a têm como objeto.
O desenvolvimento histórico da interpretação de línguas indígenas brasileiras e o seu papel no contexto atual
Authors: Pinheiro Maíra Monteiro
Published: April 2015

Este artigo investiga o desenvolvimento histórico da interpretação de línguas indígenas brasileiras por meio das relações interculturais no país e o seu papel no contexto atual. A metodologia usada é a revisão da literatura, com um estudo de caso de abordagem instrumental incluído como exemplo. Diferentes dimensões do problema são investigadas, com base na história da tradução oral no Brasil (WYLER 2003), na trajetória das línguas na Amazônia brasileira (FREIRE 2003), nos modelos de interpretação na dimensão antropológica (PÖCHHAKER 2002 e CRONIN 2002) e, finalmente, em tradução, globalização e línguas minoritárias (CRONIN 2003). De acordo com a análise dos dados, ainda hoje a interpretação é relevante para essas comunidades. Este estudo, portanto, teoriza sobre as especificidades da interpretação comunitária para línguas indígenas minoritárias e sua necessidade no mundo globalizado.
Comparative Potential of the 2-Item Versus the 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire to Predict Death or Rehospitalization in Heart Failure
Authors: Piepenburg Sven M. , Faller Hermann , Gelbrich Götz , Störk Stefan , Warrings Bodo , Ertl Georg , Angermann Christiane E.
Published: April 2015

Background—

Depression is common in heart failure and associated with adverse clinical outcomes. We investigated the potential of the 2-item patient health questionnaire (PHQ-2) versus that of the 9-item version (PHQ-9) to predict death or rehospitalization.

Methods and Results—

Participants of the Interdisciplinary Network for Heart Failure program were eligible, if they completed the PHQ-9 during baseline assessment. All participants were hospitalized for cardiac decompensation and had a left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% before discharge. PHQ-2 scores were extracted from the answers to the first 2 PHQ-9 questions. To analyze associations of PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 with both, death and rehospitalization, univariable Cox regression models were used. To compare screening efficacy of both tools, c-statistics were computed. The sample consisted of 852 patients, (67.6±12.1 years; 27.7% women; 42.3% New York Heart Association class III/IV). Follow-up was 18 months (100% complete). During follow-up, 152 patients died and 482 were rehospitalized. Both, PHQ-2 and PHQ-9, predicted death in univariable analysis (hazard ratio, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–1.29;
P
<0.001 and hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.04–1.09;
P
<0.001, respectively), as well as rehospitalization (hazard ratio, 1.07; confidence interval, 1.01–1.21;
P
=0.02 and hazard ratio, 1.03; confidence interval, 1.01–1.04;
P
=0.001, respectively). These results were confirmed by c-statistics.

Conclusions—

In univariable models and confirmed by c-statistics the potential of both PHQ-2 and PHQ-9 to predict death and hospitalization was similar. In clinical practice, PHQ-2 screening seems thus sufficiently reliable and more feasible than the time-consuming PHQ-9 to identify patients at an increased risk of adverse outcomes.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.controlled-trials.com
. Unique identifier: ISRCTN 23325295.
Systematics of the endangered toad genus Andinophryne (Anura: Bufonidae): phylogenetic position and synonymy under the genus Rhaebo
Authors: RON SANTIAGO R. , MUESES-CISNEROS JONH JAIRO , GUTIÉRREZ-CÁRDENAS PAUL DAVID ALFONSO , ROJAS-RIVERA ALEJANDRA , LYNCH RYAN L. , ROCHA CARLOS F. DUARTE , GALARZA GABRIELA
Published: April 2015

Bufonidae is one of the most diverse amphibian families. Its large-scale phylogenetic relationships are relatively well understood with the exception of few Neotropical genera that may have diverged early in the evolution of the family. One of those genera is Andinophryne, a poorly known group of three toad species distributed in the western slopes of the Andes of northern Ecuador and southern Colombia. Their phylogenetic position is unknown due to lack of genetic data. We estimated a new phylogeny (over 200 species) of the family Bufonidae based on DNA sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear genes to assess the phylogenetic position of Andinophryne based on recently collected specimens of A. colomai and A. olallai from Ecuador and Colombia. We also examined external and internal morphology of Andinophryne to explore its congruence with the new phylogeny. The mtDNA and nuclear phylogenies show that Andinophryne is embedded within Rhaebo, a genus that belongs to a large clade characterized by the presence parotoid glands. Morphological characters confirmed the affinity of Andinophryne to Rhaebo and a close relationship between Andinophryne colomai and Andinophryne olallai. Rhaebo was paraphyletic relative to Andinophryne and to solve this problem we synonymize Andinophryne under Rhaebo. We discuss putative morphological synapomorphies for Rhaebo including Andinophryne. We provide species accounts for R. atelopoides new comb., R. colomai new comb. and R. olallai new comb. including assessments of their conservation status. We suggest that the three species are Critically Endangered. Their altitudinal distribution and association with streams are characteristic of endangered Andean amphibians.
A new species of Erythrodiplax breeding in bromeliads in Costa Rica (Odonata: Libellulidae)
Authors: HABER WILLIAM A. , WAGNER DAVID L. , ROSA CARLOS DE LA
Published: April 2015

We describe a new species, Erythrodiplax laselva (Libellulidae), that breeds in bromeliads and Cochliostema (Commelinaceae) in the eastern lowlands of Costa Rica. The closest known relative is thought to be E. castanea, widespread in Central and South America, and not E. bromeliicola, which is known to breed in bromeliads in Cuba and Jamaica. The male, female, genitalia, and larva are described and illustrated.
Arge pyracanthae n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Argidae) feeding on Pyracantha fortuneana in Hunan Province, China
Authors: SHINOHARA AKIHIKO , WEI MEI-CAI , KIYOSHI TAKUYA
Published: April 2015

Arge pyracanthae Wei & Shinohara, n. sp. is described from Mt. Hupingshan, Hunan Province, China, including COI sequences from two specimens. Larvae are solitary external leaf feeders on Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) H. L. Li (Rosaceae). Field observations and rearing experiments showed that this species has a multivoltine life cycle. This is the first record of an argid sawfly associated with Pyracantha.
Two new Otoplanid species (Platyhelminthes: Rhabditophora: Proseriata) of the genera Orthoplana Steinböck, 1932 and Postbursoplana Ax, 1956 from the Tuscan coast (Italy)
Authors: MEINI GIANLUCA
Published: April 2015

Two new species of marine flatworms, collected on the sandy shores of Tuscany, are described. These species exhibit the morphological characteristics of the subfamilies Otoplaninae and Parotoplaninae (“Turbellaria”, Otoplanidae), but clearly differ from other described species. Orthoplana lunae sp. nov., is characterized by a body length of 1.4–1.6 mm, distinctive features of the testes and vitellaries, the male sclerotic apparatus composed of a median stylet (48–49 μm long), and 19 spines (17–44 μm long). Postbursoplana donoraticensis sp. nov., is characterized by a body length of 1.6–1.8 mm, the distribution of testes and vitellaries, the male sclerotic apparatus composed of 10 spines (46–70 μm). This new species has a greater body length relative to other species in this genus. They were collected along the sandy shores at low water mark at Partaccia (Marina di Massa, Ligurian Sea, Italy) and Marina di Donoratico (Livorno, Ligurian Sea, Italy), respectively.
Five easy pieces 1964–2006: 40 years of music and politics in Italy, from B(ella ciao) to B(erlusconi)
Authors: Fabbri Franco
Published: April 2015

In five interconnected ‘pieces’ spanning almost half a century of Italian history, the author recollects the main critical junctures in the complex relationship between music and politics since the 1960s. The first piece recounts how the growth of the Italian folk revival centered around Nuovo Canzoniere Italiano, a group of progressive ethnomusicologists and folksingers who in the early 1960s helped break the musical establishment’s conservative stranglehold on musical expression. The second piece traces the evolution of Stormy Six, a folk-rock-turned-progressive-rock band formed in Milan in 1966, as well as the creators of L’Orchestra, an independent label aimed at promoting a wide range of non-commercial music, from avant-garde and jazz to political protest song. The last three pieces chronicle the decline of these and other such forward-looking, countercultural initiatives over the 1980s and 1990s, as the influence of the intellectual Left on the Italian government wanes and a new anti-communist coalition led by Christian Democrats establishes tight control on the political system. In newly conservative Milan, Musica nel nostro tempo, a prestigious season of modern and contemporary music started in 1976, is allowed to go bankrupt, and Claudio Abbado is forced to resign as La Scala’s chief conductor because of his ‘excessive’ attention to the modern repertoire.
In situ determination of the fiber–matrix interface tensile strength
Authors: Totten Kyle R , Kutub Bender , Carlsson Leif A
Published: April 2015

A single-fiber test specimen to measure the tensile strength of a glass fiber–epoxy interface is introduced. The fiber is oriented perpendicular to the loading axis through the thickness of the specimen. Tensile testing was conducted in situ in a scanning electron microscope. The stress state at the fiber–matrix interface was determined using 3D finite element stress analysis (FEA). The effects of mechanical loading and cure shrinkage of the matrix material are included in the FEA. It was observed that debond initiation occurs on the loading axis where the tensile stress acting on the fiber–matrix interface is maximum. Based on the measured load at onset of debonding and finite element stress analysis, the tensile strength of the fiber–matrix interface was about 36.6 MPa.
Co-Offender Ties and the Criminal Career
Authors: Lantz Brendan , Hutchison Robert
Published: April 2015

Objectives:

This study aims to assess three related aspects of co-offending networks: (1) the characteristics of co-offending groups and the duration of group offending careers, (2) the impact of membership in co-offending groups on total offending and the length of individual offending careers, and (3) the impact of offender arrest (or changes in co-offending group structure) on the offending patterns of connected co-offenders.

Methods:

Data on sentenced burglary offenders ( N = 270) in one county in Pennsylvania from 2001 to 2010 are used to examine the impact of co-offending group membership, as well as the relationship between the changing network structure and the offending patterns of connected co-offenders, within a two-level modeling framework.

Results:

Larger groups with more dispersed offending structures offend over the longest span. Additionally, membership in co-offending groups is associated with more total offending and a longer individual offending career. Finally, the arrest of structurally important offenders, compared to more peripheral offenders, is significantly associated with the decreased offending of connected co-offenders.

Conclusions:

The removal of a highly central “instigator” or “recruiter” is associated with desistance among connected co-offenders. Future research should examine the mechanisms behind these effects, and why the arrest of co-offending partners is associated with desistance.
Interrater Agreement Between Visual Analysts of Single-Case Data
Authors: Ninci Jennifer , Vannest Kimberly J. , Willson Victor , Zhang Nan
Published: April 2015

Visual analysis is the most widely applied method of data interpretation for single-case research as it encompasses multifaceted considerations relevant to evaluating behavior change. However, a previous research synthesis found low levels of interrater agreement between visually analyzed ratings of graphed data across all variables under analysis. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the peer-reviewed literature to date for potential moderators affecting the proportion of interrater agreement between visual analysts. Nineteen articles with 32 effects were assembled. Potential moderators evaluated included (a) design families, (b) rater expertise, (c) the provision of contextual information for graphs, (d) the use of visual aids, (e) the provision of an operational definition of the construct being rated, and (f) rating scale ranges. Results yielded an overall weighted interrater agreement proportion of .76. Moderator variables identified produced low to adequate levels of interrater agreement. Practical recommendations for future research are discussed.
Theorizing Bioart Encounters after Gilbert Simondon
Authors: Lapworth Andrew
Published: April 2015

In recent years ‘bioart’ has been lauded in the social sciences for its creative engagements with the ontological stakes of new forms of biotechnical life in-the-making. In this paper I push further to explore the ontogenetic potentials of bioart-encounters to generate new capacities for thinking and perceiving the nonhuman agencies imbricated in the becoming of subjects. To explore this potential I stage an encounter with Gilbert Simondon’s philosophy of individuation, highlighting three implications for theorizations of the constitution and transformation of subjects. First, Simondon forces us to rethink the subject in terms of its transductive emergence from pre-individual processes, and its metastable susceptibility to ongoing transformations. Second, he substitutes voluntarist conceptions of thought with an involuntarist primacy of material encounters as the conditions for novel individuations. Finally, I argue that Simondon enables a thinking of the politics of the (bio)art-encounter in terms of its ontogenetic capacity to materially produce, rather than merely represent, new subjects and worlds.
Faithful confidants or fickle coat-changers? Audience’s perceptions of celebrities in political campaigns before the first direct presidential election in the Czech Republic
Authors: Štechová Markéta , Hájek Roman
Published: April 2015

As the first of its kind, the direct vote for the Czech presidency in 2013 was an exceptional event. In terms of political campaigning, an interesting aspect of the election was in the unprecedentedly high involvement of celebrities. Based on data from focus group research, the aim of this article is to analyse audiences’ perceptions of, and attitudes towards, the presence of celebrities in the campaign. Using Bourdieu’s field theory, two different attitudes of the respondents towards the blending of the field of politics with the field of popular culture are identified – the strict rejection of this blending and its acceptance as part of the contemporary conditions of political communication. Furthermore, differences in audience’s perception between the inhabitants of different localities are explored with attention to their possible impacts on people’s trust in celebrities’ political behaviour and in the functioning of politics as such.
Mind the Gap! A Multilevel Analysis of Factors Related to Variation in Published Cost-Effectiveness Estimates within and between Countries
Authors: Boehler Christian E. H. , Lord Joanne
Published: April 2015

Background. Published cost-effectiveness estimates can vary considerably, both within and between countries. Despite extensive discussion, little is known empirically about factors relating to these variations. Objectives. To use multilevel statistical modeling to integrate cost-effectiveness estimates from published economic evaluations to investigate potential causes of variation. Methods. Cost-effectiveness studies of statins for cardiovascular disease prevention were identified by systematic review. Estimates of incremental costs and effects were extracted from reported base case, sensitivity, and subgroup analyses, with estimates grouped in studies and in countries. Three bivariate models were developed: a cross-classified model to accommodate data from multinational studies, a hierarchical model with multinational data allocated to a single category at country level, and a hierarchical model excluding multinational data. Covariates at different levels were drawn from a long list of factors suggested in the literature. Results. We found 67 studies reporting 2094 cost-effectiveness estimates relating to 23 countries (6 studies reporting for more than 1 country). Data and study-level covariates included patient characteristics, intervention and comparator cost, and some study methods (e.g., discount rates and time horizon). After adjusting for these factors, the proportion of variation attributable to countries was negligible in the cross-classified model but moderate in the hierarchical models (14%−19% of total variance). Country-level variables that improved the fit of the hierarchical models included measures of income and health care finance, health care resources, and population risks. Conclusions. Our analysis suggested that variability in published cost-effectiveness estimates is related more to differences in study methods than to differences in national context. Multinational studies were associated with much lower country-level variation than single-country studies. These findings are for a single clinical question and may be atypical.
Cutaneous manifestations in antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Caporuscio S , Sorgi ML , Nisticò S , Pranteda G , Bottoni U , Carboni I , Del Duca E , Pranteda G
Published: April 2015

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a hypercoagulable state that leads to thrombosis and recurrent pregnancy loss related to the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (LAC, anticardiolipin, antiA2-glycoprotein). Among cutaneous manifestations, livedo reticularis is the most frequent form of APS. In the literature, there are rare cases associated with diffuse skin necrosis (widespread skin necrosis) and intravascular thrombosis in the small vessels of the dermis. We describe the case of a 44-year-old man with positive anticardiolipin antibodies and protein S deficiency that developed scattered, bullous skin lesions, haemorrhagic in appearance with signs of necrosis as first clinical manifestation of antiphospholipid syndrome.
Icariin: A promising osteoinductive compound for repairing bone defect and osteonecrosis
Authors: Xie Xiaowei , Pei Fuxing , Wang Haoyang , Tan Zhen , Yang Zhouyuan , Kang Pengde
Published: April 2015

Icariin (Ica), the main active component of Herba Epimedii, has been identified as an osteogenic and angiogenic phytomolecule. To develop a bioactive scaffold for enhancing bone repair, Ica was loaded into porous tricalcium phosphate (TCP) scaffolds, and the obtained porous Ica/TCP composites were investigated for treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in a rabbit model. ONFH was histopathologically confirmed at two weeks after methylprednisolone acetate injection, and the rabbits were treated with porous Ica/TCP scaffolds (group A), porous TCP scaffolds (group B), and autogenous cancellous bone graft (group C). At 12 weeks, the amount of newly formed bone in group A increased significantly compared with that in group B ( P = 0.003). The mean histological and radiological scores for repaired defects in group A were significantly higher than those in group B ( P = 0.007, P = 0.029, respectively), but were lower than those in group C ( P = 0.032, P = 0.046, respectively). In addition, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by immunohistochemical testing and real-time polymerase chain reaction in group A was significantly higher than that in group B ( P = 0.002, P = 0.001, respectively), but was lower than that in group C ( P = 0.034, P = 0.005, respectively). Therefore, Ica can be a promising osteogenic and angiogenic compound for repairing bone defects and preventing the collapse of the femoral head in ONFH.
On the accuracy of the assessment of open-air pressure loads due to passing trains: Part 1: Experimental assessment
Authors: Licciardello Riccardo , Grappein Etienne , Rueter Arnd
Published: April 2015

Passing trains generate aerodynamic loads (‘open-air pressure pulses’) that cause fatigue on wayside objects and other trains. The European regulatory framework requires, for every rolling stock type, type tests in which the peak-to-peak pressure changes caused by passing trains are measured close to the track over a range of heights. These measurements are subsequently corrected and processed so as to obtain an assessment value, which is then compared with a limit value. The assessment value is characterized by uncertainty. In this paper, we provide quantitative indicators of such uncertainty based on work carried out in the European FP7 project AeroTRAIN.
Psychometric Properties of a Career Exploratory Outcome Expectations Measure
Authors: Oliveira Íris M. , Taveira Maria do Céu , Cadime Irene , Porfeli Erik J.
Published: April 2015

Social cognitive career theory and research are advanced by increasing attention to career outcome expectations and by applying this theory earlier in the life span. This article offers the career exploratory outcome expectations construct as a means of applying the more general construct of career outcome expectations during the childhood period and introduces the psychometric characteristics of the Career Exploratory Outcome Expectations Scale (CEOES). Employing data from 446 fifth graders and item response theory (IRT), the CEOES presents a one-dimensional structure with a four-category Likert-type response scale. Favorable results of person- and item-separation reliability were found and the scale appears to perform equally well for both genders. The CEOES also demonstrated concurrent validity through positive associations with established self-efficacy measures. The CEOES constitutes a useful measure to study aspects of career outcome expectations in childhood, and psychometric findings affirm its use in the career assessment literature.
Bhutan: Blazing a Trail to a Postgrowth Future? Or Stepping on the Treadmill of Production?
Authors: Hayden Anders
Published: April 2015

Bhutan is a rare case of a state with a development objective, Gross National Happiness (GNH), that emerged out of a critical perspective on economic growth as measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, Bhutan is not immune from pressures that have led other states to see economic growth as a core political imperative. It thus represents a valuable case to examine the possibilities and challenges facing an ecological politics of sufficiency that questions the infinite growth of production and consumption. In addition to providing an overview of the GNH development approach, the article examines how ideas of sufficiency have been incorporated into that approach and asks whether pursuit of GNH actually represents a break with logic of a growth-based economic system. Although a sufficiency-based critique of consumerism and endless growth remains present, this “strong GNH” formulation increasingly contends with a “weak GNH” that is more in line with contemporary pressures for growth and greater consumption.
Managing the risky humanity of academic workers: Risk and reciprocity in university work–life balance policies
Authors: Saltmarsh Sue , Randell-Moon Holly
Published: April 2015

University work–life balance policies increasingly offer academic workers a range of possible options for managing the competing demands of work, family, and community obligations. Flexible work arrangements, family-friendly hours and campus facilities, physical well-being and mental health programs typify strategies for formally acknowledging the need for employees to balance work with other needs and commitments. This paper draws on examples from Australian university work–life balance policies to consider how the incalculable humanity of academic workers is constructed as posing institutional risks because of the potential ill-effects of an imbalance between work and life. We consider how work–life balance policies anticipate and attempt to manage perceived risks to the institution as a consequence of workers’ utilization of such policies for their own benefit. Informed by poststructuralist theoretical and cultural analyses of risk, affect, and governmentality, we argue that work–life balance policies stage a double maneuver. They offer heavily qualified workplace conditions, benefits, and supports predicated on notions of risk and reciprocity, while simultaneously extending the reach of institutional power to include the bodies, minds, families, and lives of academic workers.
Glucuretic effects and renal safety of dapagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hinnen Deborah
Published: April 2015

Dapagliflozin is a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor approved as a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the United States, the European Union and other countries. Dapagliflozin increases renal glucose excretion in an insulin-independent manner, and its mechanism of action is complementary to those of other antidiabetes medications. When used as monotherapy or in combination with other oral antidiabetes medications or insulin, dapagliflozin improves glycemic measures in patients with T2DM. Dapagliflozin treatment is also associated with weight reduction and a decrease in blood pressure, both of which may be beneficial in patients with T2DM. Because of its mechanism of action, dapagliflozin has a low intrinsic propensity to cause hypoglycemia. Overall, dapagliflozin is well tolerated, with the frequency of most adverse events similar to that seen with placebo. Cases of genital infections and, in some studies, urinary tract infections have been more frequent in dapagliflozin-treated groups compared with placebo groups. In the clinical development program, more cases of newly diagnosed bladder cancer were reported for patients treated with dapagliflozin (0.17%) compared with placebo or comparator (0.03%). Although there were not enough cases to determine causality, dapagliflozin should not be used in patients with bladder cancer and should be used with caution in patients with a history of bladder cancer. Dapagliflozin may decrease glomerular filtration rate (GFR), especially in elderly patients and patients with impaired renal function. Renal function should be monitored before initiation of dapagliflozin. Dapagliflozin should not be used in patients with an estimated GFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2. No cardiovascular safety signals have been detected for dapagliflozin, and a long-term cardiovascular outcomes study is ongoing. Evidence from clinical trials suggests that dapagliflozin is a promising new treatment option for T2DM.
Occupational Risk Assessment and Irritant Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Lurati Ann R.
Published: April 2015

Dermatological disorders are a common workplace injury. Workers in many occupations are at increased risk of developing dermatological skin disorders due to chemical and physical hazards in the workplace. Contact irritant dermatitis can have adverse health effects on workers and may cause permanent scarring and disability. An occupational risk assessment may identify those workers at risk, and provide strategies to decrease the risk of developing contact irritant dermatitis and treatment options.
Health and Wellness Programs for Commercial Motor-Vehicle Drivers
Authors: Lemke Michael , Apostolopoulos Yorghos
Published: April 2015

The workplace is an invaluable venue for health protection and promotion interventions, particularly for truck drivers due to their overreliance on their work environments, a plethora of work-related stressors, and their morbidity rates. Extant efforts of trucking companies to address driver health through worksite health and wellness programs have been inadequate, producing unsustainable results. The Driver Health and Wellness Program Survey was designed for and disseminated to 46 trucking companies to assess the current state of health and wellness programs in the trucking industry, including program participation rates and longevity, program evaluation procedures, and program activities and resources. Findings indicate that programmatic efforts in trucking companies continue to fall short, and health and wellness programs are insufficient to improve health outcomes in a sustainably positive direction. A new integrated, systems-based paradigm is proposed as a conceptual and methodological framework with the potential to meaningfully advance interventions in blue-collar work settings.
The fruit extract of Berberis crataegina DC: exerts potent antioxidant activity and protects DNA integrity
Authors: Charehsaz Mohammad , Sipahi Hande , Celep Engin , Üstündağ Aylin , Cemiloğlu Ülker Özge , Duydu Yalçın , Aydın Ahmet , Yesilada Erdem
Published: April 2015

Background

Dried fruits of Berberis crataegina (Berberidaceae) have been frequently consumed as food garniture in Turkish cuisine, while its fruit paste has been used to increase stamina and in particular to prevent from cardiovascular dysfunctions in Northeastern Black Sea region of Turkey. This study investigated this folkloric information in order to explain the claimed healing effects as well as to evaluate possible risks.

Methods

Total phenolic, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin contents and antioxidant capacity of the methanolic fruit extract were evaluated through several in vitro assays. The cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of B. crataegina fruit extract were also assessed in both cervical cancer cell line (HeLa) and human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

Results

The extract showed protective effects against ferric-induced oxidative stress and had a relatively good antioxidant activity. It also ameliorated the H2O2 mediated DNA damage in lymphocytes, suggesting the protective effect against oxidative DNA damage.

Conclusion

The methanolic extract of B. crataegina fruits may be a potential antioxidant nutrient and also may exert a protective role against lipid peroxidation as well as oxidative DNA damage.