bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Analysis of Container Transhipment in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
Authors: Yetkili Enver , Doğan Ertuğrul , Baltaoğlu Sencer , Salihoğlu İlkay
Published: March 2018

With the increasing trade during the second half of the last century; container based transportation
facilitated and enabled transhipment operations all over the world and as well as in the
Mediterranean. In this context specifically, Suez Canal, which is located between the Eastern
Mediterranean and Indian Ocean, offers significant opportunities in the container transpotation
between Far East and European trade areas. And since the container ship sizes heading over the
20,000 TEU’s is underway, Mediterranean transhipment operations are heading into a new era;
feeder service distances will be more important than the main route deviation distances. The average
transhipment ratio is 80% in the Eastern Mediterranean while for the whole Mediterranean is 43%
and various markets of the Eastern Mediterranean, Black Sea, Adriatic Sea and Balkan countries
can easily access from Cyprus. A container terminal at the Port of Gemikonağı (Karavostasi),
North-eastern side of Cyprus is offering ideal conditions for grabbing a share from these activities.
As motherland for Northern Cyprus community Turkey’s hinterland, may count on behalf of the
proposed Port of Gemikonağı which may become a container transhipment base for Turkey.
Mapping Drought Hazard Using SPI index And GIS (A Case study: Fars province, Iran)
Authors: Bagheri Fatemeh
Published: March 2018

Drought is defined as the continuous and abnormal moisture deficit. The term of continues means continuation
of deficit and the term abnormal means deviation of favorite index of natural condition from the mean. In every
drought study four main characteristics are considered: Severity, Duration, Frequency or Return period and
Areal Extent. The objective of this study was to analyze these characteristics of droughts and to use them in
plotting drought maps over Fars province. To study drought and mapping, different indexes have been
invented, one of these index is the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) .It is practical and simple method.
The base of this index is precipitation. To study the drought, Records from10 stations within the same period of
13 years (1994-2006) and 17 stations within the same period of (2007-2011) in scale of annual. For better
results kriging, natural neighbor interpolation and IDW are compared and Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW)
interpolation is more practical for this study area. The result of analysis, is showed that the least SPI and
drought magnitude has happened in Sadedorodzan station, in the north of Fars province for 17 stations between
1994-2011 and 10 stations between 2007-2011. For 10 stations during 1994-2006, the least SPI is related to the
Lamerd station in the south of the province. Figures that produced by interpolation method between 1994-2011
illustrated that drought was generated in the south and it was rapidly extended to north and northeast and
northwest. This prediction is used in Fars province to manage the drought.
Determination of Road Functionality for Küçükçekmece District Following a Scenario Earthquake for Istanbul
Authors: Ergün Konukcu Betül , Karaman Himmet , Şahin Muhammed
Published: March 2018

Istanbul has been affected by earthquakes throughout its history. The most recent earthquake to shake Istanbul
was on August 17 1999, along the North Anatolian Fault, 12 km southeast of the Izmit Province, with a
magnitude of 7.4. Following the 1999 Izmit earthquake, the earthquake risk in Istanbul started to draw attention
and many scientific studies were conducted on the potential earthquake risk in this city. Based on these studies,
predictions are that Istanbul is going to face a major earthquake in the near future and this will cause severe
damage to the built environment. It is estimated that the damage caused by the anticipated earthquake will be
extensive as a consequence of Istanbul’s low quality building stock of Istanbul. The buildings that have the
possibility of being damaged cause debris around them. If roadside buildings collapsed during the earthquake,
the scattered parts of the buildings could cause roads to lose their functionality. Not only building damage but
also transportation damage analysis is necessary to use risk mitigation studies and decisions, being that
experiences showed that the functionality of transportation structure effects post-earthquake emergency
response and recovery operation seriously. This study aims to reveal a method for road functionality in
Küçükçekçekmece following a potential Istanbul Earthquake by using building collapse direction and bridge
damage.
New observations of alien foraminifera on the Turkish coasts of the Aegean Sea (2012-2015)
Authors: Meriç Engin , Yokeş M. Baki , Avşar Niyazi , Dinçer Feyza
Published: March 2018

During the benthic foraminiferal surveys conducted on the Aegean coasts of Turkey between 2012-2015, new
alien species have been observed. These were either recent introductions, such as Cornuspiroides striolatus
(Brady), Nodobaculariella cristobalensis McCulloch, N. galapagosensis McCulloch, Pseudonodosaria discreta
(Reuss), Polymorphina fistulosa (Cushman) or south to north range expansions of the species previously known
to inhabit Levant Basin, Cyclorbiculina compressa (d’Orbigny). Besides, Amphistegina lobifera Larsen which
has been known to inhabit Kuşadası Bay and nothwestern coasts of Karaburun Peninsula has also been
abundantly observed around Doğanbey Bay.
Warm submarine springs are suggested to be the main cause of these thermophilic species to settle and form
stable populations on the Aegean cost of Turkey. On the other hand salinity variations may also help to the
spreading of these aliens. Thus, it is suggested that new introductions may follow in the near future.
Building Zone Regulation Compliance Using LIDAR Data: Real-Life Tests in İstanbul
Authors: Büyüksalih İsmail
Published: March 2018

Airborne Laser scanning systems with light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technology is one of the fast and
accurate 3D point data acquisition techniques. Generating accurate digital terrain and/or surface models
(DTM/DSM) is the main application of collecting LIDAR range data. The LIDAR technique facilitates the
rapid production of models which contain ground and above surface objects in 3D (Jaafar et al., 1999). Today
automatic / semi-automatic generation of 3D digital building models and other city furniture from LIDAR data
is a very active area of scientific research (Elaksher and Bethel, 2002) indicates that manual surface
reconstruction is very costly and time consuming, and the development of automated algorithms is of great
importance. Currently with this LIDAR data in place, it is possible to derive models and information (e.g. the
heights of the buildings).This paper focuses on and explains our efforts on automatically checking Buildings’
Zoning Regulation Compliance by integrating geometric information derived from 3D LIDAR data and
semantic information acquired from 2D Implementation Development Maps
A GIS-Based Study to Investigate Effect of Water Table Changes on DRASTIC Model: A Case Study of Kermanshah, Iran
Authors: Goumehei Elham , Geravandi Yousef , Yan Wanglin
Published: March 2018

Groundwater is considered as an important source of water supply in our world. Its contamination is of
particular concern as it is a vital source of water for irrigation, drinking and industrial activities. To control and
manage groundwater contamination DRASTIC model is a popular approach. This study applied an integrated
DRASTIC model using Geographic Information Science (GIS) tool to evaluate groundwater vulnerability of
Kermanshah plain, Iran considering water table fluctuation. High fluctuation of water table depth due to wet
and dry season in arid and semi-arid areas is notable. The study area is affected by this problem, thus this
research investigated the effect of minimum depth water during one year respect to average water depth which
is common for this model. Results represent considerable differences for two types of produced maps; map
using mean of water table for 5 year and map of minimum water table of one year. Vulnerability maps of mean
data classified 40% of the study area as no risk of pollution while this is around 25% for vulnerability maps of
minimum depth. In spite, minimum depth vulnerability maps classified around 12% of the study area as
moderate risk which is 6% greater than mean depth vulnerability maps. In case of accuracy, results show more
correlation between Nitrate data (NO3
−) and vulnerability maps of minimum water table.
Landsat Images Classification and Change Analysis of Land Cover/Use in Istanbul
Authors: Büyüksalih İsmail
Published: March 2018

This paper describes the methodology and results of classifications of Landsat TM data of the Istanbul for the
years 1987 and 2007. Nine different land cover/use categories have been used, named built-up area, cropland,
barren ground, grassland, scrub/brush, water, ever green, deciduous, cloud and others uses. When the obtained
classification results are evaluated as a result of, the 1987 Landsat image overall accuracy of 79 % and a kappa
value of 0.76, the 2007 Landsat image overall accuracy of 83.50% and kappa value of 0.81. Thus, Istanbul's
change analysis was revealed that the 20-year period. The classifications have provided an economical and
accurate way to quantify, map and analyze changes over time in land cover.
Application of Earth Observation Data and Standardized Precipitation Index Based Approach for Meteorological Drought Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction Over Kutch, Gujarat, India
Authors: Das Sumanta , Choudhury Malini Roy , Gandhi Sujay , Joshi Viral
Published: March 2018

Drought is a natural phenomenon which differs from other natural hazards by its slow accumulating process
and its indefinite commencement and termination. The present study addresses water deficiency and drought
occurrence over Kutch district, Gujarat, because nearly 45% of the whole Kutch district is severely suffering by
deficiency of water. Earth observation data (LANDSAT ETM+) and Standardized Precipitation Index were
used to analyze drought severity. Daily rainfall data over the study area were obtained from Indian
Meteorological Department (IMD) for the period of study (1990-2014) and geo-referenced for further analyses.
Using Remote Sensing and GIS techniques, rainfall variability map over the period of study has been prepared
to show rainfall distribution and land use and land cover map is prepared to show the area under different land
use classes and impacts of drought over land uses. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was generated for
each block wise and scenario of drought development has been analyzed using decadal data set for the study
period (1990-2014). The present study suggests method and techniques for continuous drought monitoring by
linking temporal earth observation and rainfall data. The methodology will be very useful for the development
of a regional drought monitoring system.
Benthic Foraminiferal Assemblages from the Eastern Levantine Coast of Turkey
Authors: MERİÇ Engin , AVŞAR Niyazi , YOKEŞ M. Baki , Dinçer Feyza , Karhan S. Ünsal , Kalkan Evrim , Demir Volkan
Published: March 2018

Foraminiferal assemblages of the coasts of Samandağ and Yayladaği (Hatay, SE Turkey), were investigated.
Species composition of the assemblage and abundance of some dominant species were determined. Indo-Pacific
originated alien species were found to be dominant as it is the case on southwestern coast of Turkey.
Amphistegina lobifera Larsen was the most abundant species and Pararotalia calcariformata McCulloch also
showed extensive abundance in some sampling sites. Siphonina tubulosa Cushman is recorded first time in the
Mediterranean.
Quantitative Assessment of Land Cover Change Using Landsat Time Series Data: Case of Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS), Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Kamrul , Jasimuddin Mohammed , Nath Biswajit , Nath Tapan Kumar
Published: March 2018

Due to inappropriate management and absence of land use planning, land cover change of developing country
like Bangladesh is a common phenomenon. This land cover change phenomenon will have its tremendous effect
if found at a greater extent on natural habitat area for numerous animal and tree species. In this study, land cover
change of Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS) was assessed from (2005-2015) using Landsat TM (Thematic
Mapper) and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS (Operational Land Imager/Thermal Infrared Sensor). ArcGIS v10.1 and
ERDAS Imagine v14 were used to process satellite derived imageries and assess other quantitative data for land
cover change assessment of this study area. Land cover change of the area was identified using Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) technique. Highest NDVI value was found in 2005 (0.71) which denotes
presence of moderate-high vegetation cover at that time period. After 2005, highest NDVI value was found
following a decreasing trend (0.56 in 2010 and 0.4 in 2015) which clearly represents the rapid vegetation cover
change in the study area. Almost 7608 hectares of moderate to high density natural forest cover dominated the
area during 2005 but was totally absent in 2015 which may be considered as a great threat regarding proper
ecosystem functioning of CWS. From the findings of this research, it can be easily concluded that the sanctuary
area has lost its valuable land cover both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Modeling Turkey National 2D Geo-Data Model as a CityGML Application Domain Extension in UML
Authors: Aydar Serpil Ates , Yomralıoğlu Tahsin , Özbek Elif Demir
Published: March 2018

This paper presents the
generation of the 3D national geo-data model of Turkey, which is compatible
with the international OGC CityGML Encoding Standard. We prepare an ADE named CityGML-TRKBIS
that is produced by extending existing thematic modules of CityGML according to
TRKBIS needs. All thematic data groups in TRKBIS geo-data model have been
remodeled in order to generate the national large scale 3D geo-data model for
Turkey. Within the concept of reference model-driven framework for modelling
CityGML ADEs in UML, the first step is conceptual mapping between CityGML and
national information model. To test all stages of the framework for Urban GIS
Turkey, Building data theme is mapped with CityGML-Building thematic model. All
classes, attributes, code lists and code list values of the TRKBIS is tried to
be mapped with related CityGML concept. New classes, attributes and code list
values that will be added to CityGML Building model are determined based on
this conceptual mapping. Finally the new model for CityGML-TRKBIS.BI is
established in UML with subclassing of the related CityGML classes. This study
provides new insights into 3D applications in Turkey. The generated 3D geo-data
model for building thematic class will be used as a common exchange format that
meets 2D, 2.5D and 3D implementation needs at national level.
Analysis of Different Interpolation Methods for Soil Moisture Mapping Using Field Measurements and Remotely Sensed Data
Authors: İmamoğlu Mehmet Zeki , Sertel Elif
Published: March 2018

In this research, we comparatively analyzed different interpolation methods to create soil moisture maps by
using field measurements and remotely sensed data. Impacts of number and distribution of field measurements
on interpolation procedure was also investigated. Soil moisture measurements of 36 different locations
collected from Büyükçekmece water basin and RADARSAT-1 image of the same region obtained
simultaneously on 2nd of September 2010 to create soil moisture maps of the study region. Locations of 36
field measurement points were selected considering land use/cover, soil type, elevation, spatial distribution and
accessibility to transportation lines. 25 of sample points were used as Control Points (CPs) and used for soil
moisture map creation and 11 of them were reserved and used as Independent Check Points (ICPs) to validate
the accuracy of each approach applied. Two different experiments were conducted with 25 and 15 CPs to
analyze the impact of number and spatial distribution on interpolation. Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW),
Global Polynominal Interpolation (GPI), Local Polynominal Interpolation (LPI), Radial Basis Functions
(RBF), Kriging, Cokriging and regeression methods were applied to different combination of data sets to create
soil moisture maps and obtained results were compared.
Realization of Earthquake Vulnerability Analysis in Structure Scale with Fuzzy Logic Method in GIS: Kadikoy, Maltepe and Prince Islands Sample
Authors: Şen Alper , Ekinci Vedat
Published: March 2018

The inadequate evaluation of geologic factors and unqualified and unplanned structuring play effective role in
giant damage and loss of lives created by the earthquakes and faulty areas choice and structure construction
cause building damages during the earthquake, thus it also causes giant loss of lives. Istanbul province and its
immediate environment are located in north of North Anatolian Fault Zone having 1500 km length. Hence, it
causes that the settlement’s Sea of Marmara coastal region is located in 1st seismic belt. The earthquake risk in
Istanbul and related risk factors should be determined besides vulnerability and earthquake risk. A
mathematical model has been created in geographic information systems for Kadıkoy, Maltepe and Prince
Islands sub-provinces by using Fuzzy Logic method which is one of the artificial intelligence methods by
considering 4 vulnerability parameters and earthquake vulnerability analysis have been made in this study. The
used parameters are the location by fault line, geologic structure, building structure and the number of floors.
The vulnerability grades emerged as a result of analysis have been studied and the distribution of buildings
according to those levels have been presented via a thematic map. The pre-earthquake precautions should be
determined for the study field by considering the vulnerability grades in case of any earthquake and the loss of
life and property should be minimized.
Determining Roughness Angle of Limestone Using Optical Laser Scanner
Authors: Avşar E. Özgür , Bozkurtoğlu Erkan , Aydar Umut , Şeker Dursun Zafer , Kaya Şinasi , Gazioğlu Cem
Published: March 2018

In this study, a limestone rock core specimen with 6.94 cm x 4.95 cm dimensions was exposed to tensile force
by Brazilian test and rough surfaces were obtained. Following the Brazilian test, roughness angles were
measured by a laser scanner along one side of the rock specimen. For this purpose, Nextengine 3D Desktop
scanner was used. The 17 profiles were studied along the width of the core with a 0.3 mm interval.
Approximately 10000 points produced for each profile, some of them are in the “+” and some are in the “-”
direction along each profile. Maximum and minimum roughness angles are calculated as 65.580 and 1.56x10-5
degree respectively. The average roughness angle value of the profiles is 13.870. The percentage of the
roughness angle between 13 and 14 degrees were 2.65% and 2.70% for “-” and “+” directions on the rock
surface, respectively. Mathematical analyses of 17 profiles showed that roughness profiles can be expressed by
21st – 30th degree polynomial equations with approximately 10-4 degree standard deviation.
Combination of Satellite Images and Numerical Model for the State Followed the Coast of the Bay of Bejaia-Jijel
Authors: El Islam Bachari Nour , Fouzia Houma , Khalid Amarouche
Published: March 2018

Bay of Bejaia-Jijel extends over a length of 100 km with the presence of the ports, the beaches of rivers that
discharge of the bay. This area characterized by strong economic activity, namely tourism and fisheries.
However, severe erosion, high hydrodynamic activity and significant silting of ports affect this bay. Hence, the
interest of this study, which tries to explain these phenomena, based on multisource data with multitasking
models. First, we developed an algorithm that can convert satellite images in coastline vector. This technique
applied to three images LANDSAT TM and OLI sensed in 1987, 2011; 2015. The multi-temporal monitoring
coastlines show that the region suffered severe erosion. This erosion is 4.6 m / year for the period of 1987/2011
and 1.5 m / year for the period 2011/2015. To explain this phenomenon we interested to do a study of
hydrodynamics using the SWAN software. We used a long time series of wind speed and direction to discern
extreme cases in the region. For maximum wind, the significant wave height recorded very high values and a
very active orbital current with a speed that exceeds 0.7 m / s. Numerical modelling has allowed us to explain
the erosion but does not explain the speed difference coastline. To find the explanation of erosion speed
difference between the two periods we consulted the administrative archive of the region. In the archive, the
number of authorized hourglasses is, 12 in the 90s, but 36 quarries operate haphazardly. In this period the
balance of suspended matter is completely unbalanced which promotes erosion. After 2008, these quarries were
closed therefore the balance of the suspended material has improved and consequently coastal erosion has
decreased.
3D Documentation of Archaeological Excavations Using Image-Based Point Cloud
Authors: Ovalı Umut , Şeker Dursun Zafer
Published: March 2018

Rapid progress in digital technology enables us to create three-dimensional models using digital images. Low
cost, time efficiency and accurate results of this method put to question if this technique can be an alternative to
conventional documentation techniques, which generally are 2D orthogonal drawings. Accurate and detailed
3D models of archaeological features have potential for many other purposes besides geometric documentation.
This study presents a recent image-based three-dimensional registration technique employed in 2013 at one of
the ancient city in Turkey, using “Structure from Motion” (SfM) algorithms. A commercial software is applied
to investigate whether this method can be used as an alternative to other techniques. Mesh model of the some
section of the excavation section of the site were produced using point clouds were produced from the digital
photographs. Accuracy assessment of the produced model was realized using the comparison of the directly
measured coordinates of the ground control points with produced from model. Obtained results presented that
the accuracy is around 1.3 cm.
A GIS Approach to Evaluate Infrastructure Variables Influencing the Occurrence of Traffic Accidents in Urban Roads
Authors: Çepni Murat Selim , Arslan Ozan
Published: March 2018

Several studies worldwide have been developed that seek to explain the occurrence of traffic accidents from
different perspectives. The analyses have addressed legal perspectives, technical attributes of vehicles and
infrastructure as well as the psychological, behavioral and socio-economic components of the road system
users. Recently, some analysis techniques based on the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have
been used, which allow the generation of spatial distribution maps, models and risk estimates from a spatial
perspective. Sometimes analyses of traffic accidents are performed using quantitative statistical techniques,
which place significant importance on the evolution of accidents. Studies such as those in references have
shown that conventional statistical models are sometimes inadequate to model the frequency of traffic
accidents, as they may provide erroneous inferences. GIS approach has been used to explore different spatial
and temporal visualization technologies to reveal accident patterns and significant factors relating to vehicle
crashes, or as a management system for accident analysis and the determination of hot spots. This paper
examines the relationship between urban road accidents and variables related to road infrastructure,
environment and traffic volumes. Some accident-prone sections in the city of Kocaeli are specifically identified
by GIS tools. Urban road accidents in Kocaeli are a serious problem and it is believed that accidents can be
related to infrastructure characteristics. The study aimed to establish the relationship between urban road
accidents and the road infrastructure variables and revealed some possible accident prone locations for the
period of 2013 and 2015 in Kocaeli city.
Investigation of Changing in Agricultural Land Use after Land Consolidation Projects: A Case Study of Konya/Turkey
Authors: İşcan Fatih , Yağcı Ceren
Published: March 2018

Land consolidation projects have serves for rural development. Land consolidation projects have an important
role in ensuring agricultural development. Therefore, the number of land consolidation applications is
increased in Turkey in recent years. It is necessary to prevent land fragmentation for ensuring the sustainability
of these projects.
The aim of this study is to examine the changing in agricultural parcels of landowner after the land
consolidation projects. In this paper, study area is chosen Ağalar/KONYA village where land consolidation
implemented in 2003. 2010 and 2015 google earth images of study area are digitized in Netcad software. The
digitized cadastral sheets of Ağalar/KONYA village which is done land consolidation project is overlayed with
digitized data of 2010 and 2015 google earth images to evaluate changes in agricultural parcels. In
additionally, questionnaire was done with landowners for their opinions about land consolidation project.
According to the results, 60 % of the landowner is satisfied with land consolidation project. While the number
of parcels was 762 in 2003, the number of parcels was found 729 in 2010 and 723 in 2015.
Geometric Analysis of Digital Aerial Images
Authors: Karasaka Lütfiye , Karabörk Hakan , Güntel Ahmet , Esirtgen Fatih
Published: March 2018

The data produced by photogrammetric methods have become used more effectively and efficiently to take
place of digital aerial cameras to aerial film cameras. Digital aerial cameras have distinct properties according
to imaging geometry, sensor numbers, the placement of camera cones and image recording techniques. Since
2000, many studies have been done upon the geometric analysis of the rapidly developing digital imaging
system. Intergraph DMC and Vexcel Ultracam are among the most popular digital imaging systems in this
area. These cameras are large-format digital aerial camera systems.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the geometric performance of DMCII-250e and Vexcel
UltraCamX large-format digital aerial camera systems. The test flights were performed in Bursa province. Two
different image blocks which are 10 cm GSD and 30 cm GSD were acquired at different flight altitudes. The
image measurements for aerial triangulation were performed by Mescioglu Engineering Inc. The images were
processed with Match-AT software. It has been compared the residuals of coordinates and RMS of ground
control points and check points triangulated image blocks.
Investigation of Climate Change Impact on Salt Lake by Statistical Methods
Authors: ORHAN Osman , YALVAÇ Sefa , EKERCİN Semih
Published: March 2018

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate climate change impact that have been occurred on Salt Lake
located in the central Anatolia is one of the area that has been faced to extinction. In order to monitor current
status of the Salt Lake, Landsat satellite images has been obtained between the year of 2000 and 2014 (for the
months of February, May, August and November). Satellite images has been processed by using ArcGIS and
ERDAS softwares and the water surface area has been determined. The time series of water surface areas has
been analyzed with auto-correlation method and repeated pattern has been detected. The seasonal part of the
time series which period is 1 year and causes about 400 km² fluctuations has been removed with Moving
Average filter, successfully. As a result of filtration process, non-seasonal time series of water surface area of
Salt Lake were obtained. It is understood from the non-seasonal time series that the water surface area showed
variability between 2000 and 2010 and after 2010 it is stable until 2014. In order to explain the variability,
meteorological data (precipitation and temperature) of the surrounding area has been acquired from the related
service. The cross-correlation analyses has been performed with the movement of the water surface area and
meteorological time series. As a result of analysis, the relationship between water surface changes in Salt Lake
and meteorological data have correlated up to 80%. Consequently, several conclusion have been detected that
the topography of the region play a direct role of the correlation coefficients and the water surface changes are
effected from the environmental events that is occurred in the south of Salt Lake sub-Basin.
Carbon Sequestration Analysis of dominant tree species using Geo-informatics Technology in Gujarat State (INDIA)
Authors: ARYA Ankit , SHALİNİ NEGİ Shalini , KATHOTA Jaydipsinh C. , PATEL Ajay N. , KALUBARME Manik H. , GARG J. K.
Published: March 2018

Comparative analysis of carbon store of three dominant tree
species in planned green capital city of Gandhinagar and unplanned industrial
town of Mahesana in Gujarat State, India was carried out using geo-informatics
technology. The selected three major dominant tree species grown in these towns
are Azadirachta indica, Acacia sp. and Cassia
sp. The high spatial
resolution Remote Sensing Satellite data from Indian Remote Sensing Satellite
(IRS-Resourcesat-1) LISS-IV, Cartosat-1, and Google earth images were used in
this study. The tree cover was categorized into dense and sparse on the basis
of canopy cover observed on Satellite data. A grid of 1km X 1km was created in
GIS environment and superimposed on Cartosat-1 images. Random sample of 20 %
was selected for detailed tree count in the field and total tree count was
estimated from these selected sample grids. 
 

Total biomass and carbon sequestered in the major tree species
have been estimated using a non-destructive method. The carbon stock estimated for three major
tree species in Gandhinagar and Mahesana towns indicate that Azadirachta indica has maximum carbon
sequestration potential as compared to Acacia
sp. and Cassia
sp. The
maximum of carbon stock was present in Girth at Breast Height (GBH) size
>180 cm which is followed by GBH size 90 to 180 cm. The total number of
trees in Gandhinagar town is much higher as compared to Mahesana town;
therefore estimated carbon store of dominant tree species in Gandhinagar town
is very high as compared to Mahesana town which is more arid as compared to
Gandhinagar.
Assessment of Tsunami-related Geohazard Assessment for Coasts of Hersek Peninsula and Gulf of İzmit
Authors: Gazioğlu Cem
Published: March 2018

Tsunamis are one of
the most dreadful natural disasters; they could cause abysmal damage to all
kind of lives in the hinterland within instantly. It is a major right-lateral
moving fault that runs along the tectonic boundary between the Eurasian Plate
to the north and the Anatolian Plate to the south. The western segment of the North
Anatolian Fault splits into three main branches. The northern one of NAF is
generally subdivided in several subsegments that have been the source of
frequent large historical earthquakes. The Sea of Marmara coasts is located on
the western extension of the NAFZ which is one of the most important active
faults with strike-slip characteristics, which are not likely to generate
tsunami. However, in the light of tsunami catalogs based on historical
documents, it is possible to say that Sea of Marmara has tsunamigenic potential.
The İstanbul shorelines, Gemlik Bay, Kapıdağ N-NE shores, Gelibolu, Hersek
Peinsula and Gulf of İzmit are one of the most significant geohazards in Sea of
Marmara due to the tsunami effect.
Heavy Metal Levels in Commercial Fishes Caught in the southern Black Sea coast
Authors: Bat Levent , Arıcı Elif , Sezgin Murat , Şahin Fatih
Published: March 2018

Sinop
considered the mid-point of the Black Sea in Turkey and is located on Boztepe
peninsula which is the most extended point of Turkish Black Sea coastline
towards north. The fact that three sides of the peninsula are surrounded by sea
has made fisheries a significant means of income. Fishery has an important
place in the economy of Sinop. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate
the levels of eight heavy metals (aluminium, arsenic, copper, zinc, mercury, lead,
cadmium and iron) in the edible tissues of Scophthalmus
maximus, Spicara maena, Chelidonichthys lucerna, Alosa fallax and Scorpaena porcus caught in Sinop coasts
of the Black Sea. The samples were obtained during the fishing season in 2013
directly from the Turkish fishing vessels. Hg, Cd and Pb were not detected in
the edible part of all fish samples.  The
metal levels in edible tissues were no exceeded the standard guideline values
Estimated hazard index (HI) suggest that these metals in the edible tissues of
the fish do not toxic for consumers, where the HIs of all the considered metals
were below the value of 1.
A novel approach to automatic detection of interest points in multiple facial images
Authors: BAYRAM Bülent , ÇAVDAROĞLU G. Çiğdem , ŞEKER Dursun Zafer , KÜLÜR Sıtkı
Published: March 2018

The human face
includes different colors and forms due to its complexity. Therefore, facial
image processing comprises even more problems than image processing of other
objects. Interest point detection is one of the important problems in computer
vision, which is the key aspect of solving problems such as facial expression
analysis, age analysis, sex defining, facial recognition, and three-dimensional
face modelling in augmented reality. To accomplish these tasks, facial interest
points need automatic definition. A hybrid algorithm was developed to detect
automatically interest regions and points in multiple images in the resented
study. The study used processed facial images from an authorized image database
with a resolution of 1600 x 1200, taken in standardized illumination conditions
by using an InSpeck Mega Capturor II optical 3D structured light digitizer and
1000-W halogen lamp. The presented study integrated skin color analysis with
the Haar classification method, processing 11 male and 25 female facial images
with the developed algorithm. The average accuracy of facial interest point
detection was 0.68 mm after testing all images.
An Evaluation of Vanadium Enrichment in the Eastern Shelf Sediments of the Turkish Black Sea
Authors: ÜNLÜ Selma , ALPAR Bedri
Published: March 2018

This paper presents an
evaluation of the spatial distribution of vanadium level, its enrichment and
possible sources in the bottom sediment along the shelf of the Turkish Black
Sea. In April 2006, vanadium concentrations were measured along the measurement
profiles (20, 50 and 100 m) using ICP-MS. The vanadium levels ranged from 40 to
315 µg g-1, usually within the range of typical and background
values (Cf<1), except the one
offshore the Yeşilırmak River (315.2 µg g-1), revealing significant
riverine inputs and geographical conditions (Cf>3). The concentrations decrease gradually with water depth,
implying the dominance of anthropogenic sources such as industrial wastes,
agricultural effluents, sewage discharge, and port activities. The vanadium
levels had not significant correlations with the physicochemical parameters
(sediment texture, water content, TOC) and TPH level in the sediment. At the
eastern basin, a serious vanadium enrichment (Cf>6-9) was observed in
October 2010, implying some important regional and seasonal contributions;
which may be natural or anthropogenic. Biogeochemical processes,
eutrophication, wave-based erosion, abnormal current circulations, bottom
morphology and influence of other substances in the environment may be other
regulating factors to this enrichment. Continuous monitoring and further
studies are required for a detailed description of vanadium mobility and for
assessment of the main controlling processes associated with vanadium
enrichment in the eastern Black Sea basin.
Different Test Forms and Numerous Apertures of Cibicidella variabilis (d’Orbigny) from The Turkish Coast of Eastern Aegean Sea
Authors: MERİÇ Engin , AVŞAR Niyazi , YOKEŞ M. Baki , ŞAROĞLU Fuat , ÖLMEZ Erdoğan , BARUT İpek F.
Published: March 2018

In the last ten years, morphological abnormalities and colored tests have been observed in benthic foraminifera specimens collected from Aegean and Southwestern coasts of Turkey. Specific morphological abnormalities show distinct distribution patterns, suggesting the need for special environmental conditions facilitating the development of such abnormalities. Physical and chemical parameters have been proposed to be responsible for these morphological changes. The benthic foraminifera, Cibicidella variabilis (d’Orbigny) specimens have been collected from different locations on the East Aegean coast of Turkey. Some of them, especially those from Dikili Bay, were found to have variable number of apertures, ranging from one to five. These apertures not structurally, but positionally differ. The abundance of certain test forms in specific locations draws attention. The aim of this study is to determine the possible causes of this aberrant morphology observed in tests of Cibicidella variabilis (d’Orbigny).Cibicidella variabilis (d’Orbigny) shows a wide distribution range on the Aegean coast of Turkey, and has been found in Saros Bay, Gökçeada, Bozcaada, Çanakkale, Edremit Bay, Dikili Bay, Çandarlı Bay, Karaburun Peninsula, Kuşadası, Güllük Bay, Gulf of Gökova, Gulf of Datça, and Marmaris Bay. But, the individuals collected from Gulf of Edremit, Dikili Bay, Çandarlı Bay, Gulf of Gökova, and Gulf of Datça were morphologically different than those collected from the rest of the regions. The variation in the number of apertures, as well as their positions were typical in these samples. Besides, the variations in the shape of the tests observed in adult individuals, but not in juveniles indicates that some environmental factors, which were specific to these regions, might have been involved in this unusual test development. The submarine springs caused by the tectonic activities are typical of the Aegean Sea. It is well documented that these kinds of springs change the characteristics of the surrounding habitat and its fauna. Therefore, it is possible that some of the trace elements, which are abundant in hot spring waters, may be related with the abnormal test morphology observed in our samples. On the other hand, it is also possible that, not only the chemical and physical conditions of the surrounding water, but also its biological properties may affect the test development.
Summer climate variability of the İzmir Bay based on long term temperature and salinity records (1996-2013)
Authors: Gökbarlas Aykut , Gündüz Murat
Published: March 2018

The purpose of
this study is to examine the temperature and salinity variability of the İzmir
Bay based on available in-situ measurements between 1996 and 2013 in summer.
The analyses were made for the whole Bay and also for the sub-basins of the İzmir
Bay namely; inner and outer. The similarities and differences were tried to be
revealed. The main finding of the study is that there is a strong increase of
temperature during the last 10 years. After 2003, it is very interesting that
the temperature increase almost 2°C in all two
basins. This trend is greater than global warming which is almost 0.5°C.
Although the salinity has decreasing trend in all the sub-basins, there is an
anomaly in 2007. The salinity increases in this year. The impact of such
warming and the anomaly in the salinity on the İzmir Bay needs more
investigation.
Numerical Modelling of the 1995 Dinar Earthquake Effects on Hydrodynamic Regime of Egirdir Lake
Authors: Aksel Murat , Kabdaşlı Sedat
Published: March 2018

The effect of earthquakes on closed and semi-closed
water systems is a research topic that has been studied for many years. The
lack of continuous measurement systems in closed and semi-closed water systems
is insufficient to examine and investigate what has happened during the
earthquake. The morphological structures of the lakes indicate the characteristics
of the events that occurred during an earthquake. Due to the developing
technology and research request, some monitoring, measurement stations are
installed in some lakes, gulfs, estuaries, etc. systems. Today, both higher
quality measurement and field data can be obtained, and more complicated
processes are being explored with the help of faster computers. Computational
fluid dynamics is currently used because of the difficulty in calculating
hydrodynamic responses of lakes due to earthquake. Investigations on the
effects of the earthquake condition on the desired closed / semi-closed water
system studies by using numerical modelling have been continuing increasingly
in recent years. Both the quality of the bathymetric data gathered from the
field, the continuous acquisition of both dynamic water level measurement
systems, and the use of new technologies and systems in the search for base
materials contribute to the fact that we have more knowledge of the formation,
behavior and effects of the sorts. In this study, 1995 Dinar Earthquake effects
on Egirdir Lake hydrodynamic regime was investigated by numerical modelling
approach.
Seafloor Litter in the Sinop İnceburun Coast in the Southern Black Sea
Authors: Öztekin Ayşah , Bat Levent
Published: March 2018

In this study,
abundance, distribution and type of seafloor litter were determined in the
Sinop Inceburun coast which is the northeast point of Turkey. Study was carried
out in October 2014 and proposed methods by Guidance on Monitoring of Marine
Litter in European Seas’ published by European Marine Strategy Framework
Directive Technical Subgroup on Marine Litter section of seafloor litter
adopted the region. Seafloor litter density was found mean 808.74±215.02 pieces
per km-2. The amount of litter was found maximum in 34 m depth. When
results were evaluated in terms of the type of material plastic was found
95.35% and encountered litter items were mainly composed of plastic bags. The
size groups were found generally small than 50 cm x 50 cm in the classification
according to the size groups. The data obtained from the study demonstrate that
the seafloor in the region have highly littered compared to the other studies
in the Black Sea. Marine litter pollution is a growing problem in the world all
of the world’s oceans and also the Black Sea. Necessary measurements must be
taken to solve this problem.
New alien foraminifer guests in the Eastern Aegean Sea (Turkey)
Authors: Meriç Engin , Yokeş M. Baki , Avşar Niyazi , YÜMÜN Zeki Ü. , DİNÇER Feyza
Published: March 2018

Four alien foraminifer species are found in the recent
sediment samples collected from the Aegean coast of Turkey. Nodobaculariella cristobalensis McCulloch and N.
galapagosensis McCulloch are observed in Güllük Bay (Muğla), Karşıyaka
(İzmir) and Babakale (Balıkesir). These two species have not yet been recorded
in the Mediterranean. Their absence in the Indian Ocean fauna suggests an
introduction via ballast waters. Two individuals of Indo-Pacific originated
foraminifer species, Pseudonodosaria
brevis (d'Orbigny, 1846) are found in the recent sediment samples from
Ildır Bay (İzmir) and Akköy (Aydın). This constitutes the first records of
these species in the Mediterranean Sea. Cornuspiroides
striolata (Brady) specimens are observed in grab samples collected from
seven different stations in Ildır Bay. This is the second record of this
species from the Turkish coastline and extends its range of distribution.
The need for ecosystem-based coastal planning in Trabzon city
Authors: DİKHAN Mustafa , GÜNEROĞLU Nilgün , GÜNEROĞLU Abdülaziz , KARSLI Fevzi
Published: March 2018

Coastal
urbanization problem was emanated from willingness of coastal living. Urban
sprawl is one of the most important coastal problems in Turkey as it is in
Trabzon city which is known for its natural and historical assets. In order to
ensure the sustainability and ecological continuity of the city, an ecosystem
based coastal planning is an issue of high priority. Protection and usage
balance of the coastal areas could also ensure transition of the natural values
to future generations. Trabzon city has been under severe urbanization problem
for the last 30 years due to migration from rural to coastal areas of the city.
It is thought that recently completed motorway and its service roads
accelerated the urbanization on coastal periphery. Therefore, the problem must
be resolved as soon as possible to achieve the good environmental status of the
coast in the city. Thus, as a solution, DPSIR framework was proposed for
systematic evaluation and documentation of the related critical issues by
starting with a questionnaire composed of open ended questions for
determination of major coastal problems in the city. As a step forward, the
problems are quantitatively investigated and confirmed by using remote sensing
techniques and census data compiled from TUIK databases. As a result major
drivers were defined as "coastal urbanization", "coastal land
filling" and "coastal transportation"   for the city of Trabzon. It is recommended
that single authority (composed of various specialists) must take the
responsibility of coastal planning in the region. Moreover, the rights of the
municipalities on the coastal zone must urgently be stopped by applying
continues independent monitoring. Finally, taxation and land owning policies
have to be revised on coastal areas to balance and encourage alternative city
planning strategies. 
Interpreting Temperature Based Discontinuity and Roughness of Rock Surfaces by Using Photogrammetric Technique
Authors: İNCEKARA Abdullah Harun , ŞEKER Dursun Zafer , TEZCAN Celil Serhan , BOZKURTOGLU Erkan , GAZİOĞLU Cem
Published: March 2018

The discontinuity and roughness
properties of the rocks can be used to obtain information on surface
characterization. In this study, it was investigated whether the discontinuity
and roughness properties of the rock structure are related to the temperature
of the surface. Selected object which is located at Istanbul Technical
University Ayazaga Campus has approximately dimensions of 3 m x 1 m. The
discontinuity regions on the object and the areas which are rougher than their
surroundings are clearly identifiable by visual interpretation. 3D model of
rock surface was produced by integrating photographs and 12 control points
which were homogeneously distributed on the object in order to reflect the
surface realistically. The temperature of the control points marked on the
surface were measured by using an infrared thermometer with non-contact
measuring capability. These values were used as the basic data to show the
temperature distribution over the entire surface. Temperature distribution map
with 6 classes representing the temperature range was produced by using IDW
interpolation method in a commercial GIS software. The temperature distribution
map was overlapped on the 3D object model produced by means of RGB photographs
for comparison with the 3D model produced by the thermal images of the same
surface. The temperature distribution in the discontinuity regions that can be
clearly seen as rough was examined and obtained results proved that there is a
strong relationship between roughness and temperature of the rock surfaces.
Rohingya Crisis – Health issues
Authors: Rahman Md Rezwanur
Published: March 2018

Abstract not availableDelta Med Col J. Jan 2018 6(1): 1-3