bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic (analytical) approach to gunshot residue analysis for shooting distance estimation: a systematic review
Authors: Abedi Maxwell , Bonsu Dan O. M. , Badu Isaac K. , Afoakwah Richmond , Ahuja Pooja
Published: November 2021

Background

The determination of the shooting distance using gunshot residue (GSR) analysis is crucial in the investigation and reconstruction of firearm-related crimes. However, the conventional chemographic method for GSR analysis is destructive and has limited sensitivity and selectivity. While the spectroscopic method has potential in GSR analysis for crime investigation, there is a current lack of consistency in the spectroscopic results obtained for shooting distance estimation via GSR analysis. Addressing such limitations will enhance the forensic capabilities of law enforcement and provide an added advantage to crime laboratories during an investigation. It will also reinforce the use of such spectroscopic data in a criminal investigation.

Main text

We obtained all peer-reviewed articles relevant to shooting distance estimation from searching Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases. We specifically searched the databases using the keywords “shooting distance,” “range of fire,” “gunshot residue,” “firearm discharge residue,” and “firearm-related crime” and obtained 3811 records. We further filtered these records using a combination of two basic keywords “gunshot residue” and “shooting distance estimations” yielding 108 papers. Following a careful evaluation of the titles, abstracts, and full texts, 40 original peer-reviewed articles on shooting distance estimation via GSR analysis were included in the study. The forgoing included additional sources (n = 5) we obtained from looking through the reference lists of the forensic articles we found.

Short conclusion

This paper discusses the current scope of research concerning the chemographic and spectroscopic analysis of GSR for shooting distance estimation. It also examines the challenges of these techniques and provides recommendations for future research.
Waist-to-height ratio as a clinical predictor for cardiovascular risks and insulin resistance in children and adolescents with exogenous obesity
Authors: Soliman Hend , Ahmed Samah , Ibrahim Amany
Published: November 2021

Background

Obesity is one of the most challenging clinical syndromes associated with deleterious health problems. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), a newer index for abdominal fat assessment, can be a superior tool in the evaluation of cardiometabolic risk. This study aimed to determine the relation between WHtR and lipid cardiovascular risk ratios and insulin resistance (IR) in children and adolescents with exogenous obesity.

Results

This analytical cross-sectional study included 80 children and adolescents with exogenous obesity, compared to 80 age- and sex-matched healthy non-overweight non-obese controls. Fasting lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)), fasting insulin, and fasting blood glucose were done and lipoprotein risk ratios were calculated; TC/HDL, LDL/HDL, non-HDL/HDL, and TG/HDL). In addition, homeostatic model assessment for IR (HOMA IR), triglyceride glucose index (TyG), TyG-BMI, and TyG-WC were calculated. The study group included 55 (34.4%) males and 105 (65.6%) females with a mean age of 13.6 ± 2.22 years. Obese group had significantly higher TC, TG, LDL, non-HDL, LDL/HDL, TC/HDL, non-HDL/HDL, and TG/HDL, with significantly lower HDL. In addition, they had significantly higher FBG, HOMA IR, TyG, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WC indices compared to the control group. There were statistically significant correlations between WHtR and lipid profile, lipid risk ratios and indices of IR. WHtR was found to be an independent predictor of IR by linear regression analysis.

Conclusion

WHtR can be an excellent, easy, and reliable clinical predictor for cardiovascular risk and IR in children and adolescents with exogenous obesity.
Use of diffusion-weighted imaging and diffusion tensor imaging in assessment of myometrial invasion in patients of endometrial carcinoma and its correlation with histopathological grading (Prospective study)
Authors: Abdel-Latif Mahmoud , Mosaad Hebatullah Safwat
Published: November 2021

Background

Endometrial cancer (EMC) is considered one of the most common gynecological cancers worldwide. In particular, the depth of myometrial invasion and histological grade of endometrial cancers (EMCs) are strong prognostic factors. Diffusion tensor measurements as mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values could be useful for assessing the depth of tumor invasion and its histological grade. The study aimed to evaluate the role of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and diffusion tensor imaging in the detection of myometrial invasion in cases of endometrial carcinoma and prediction of its grade in vivo.

Results

This study included 50 female patients with pathologically proved endometrial carcinoma, and their ages ranged from 38 to 67 years; the mean age was 56.15 years (± 8.229 standard deviation “SD”). There was a significant statistical difference regarding the mean values of diffusion tensor fractional anisotropy (DT-FA), diffusion tensor mean diffusivity (DT-MD) and diffusion-weighted apparent diffusion coefficient(DW-ADC) values in differentiating between intact and infiltrated myometrium with (P value ≤ 0.001). The accuracy of DT-MD, DT-FA and DWI-ADC was 98%, 90% and 86%, respectively, in the detection of myometrial invasion. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean values of DT-FA, DT-MD and DW-ADC for differentiating endometrioid adenocarcinoma grades with the overall P values (˂0.001). The accuracy of DT-FA, DT- MD and DWI-ADC for differentiating grade 3 from grade 1 or 2 endometrioid adenocarcinoma was 94.9%, 84.6% and 74.4%, respectively. For differentiating grade 1 from grade 2 or 3 endometrioid adenocarcinoma, the accuracy of DT-FA, DT-MD and DWI-ADC was 90%, 89.7% and 84.6%, respectively. Mean DT-FA, DT-MD and DW-ADC values were inversely proportional to the degree of pathological grading with r =  − 0.867, − 0.762 and − 0.706, respectively.

Conclusion

Diffusion tensor imaging and DWI are helpful in the assessment of myometrial invasion and have a high negative correlation with histopathological grading in patients with endometrial cancer.
Clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics of COVID-19-infected children admitted to pediatric intensive care unit: a single-center experience
Authors: Ahmed Heba Mostafa , Abd El Kareem Rehab Muhammad , Ali Faten Mohamed , Sayed Ahmed Reda , Mohamed Yasmen Awadalh
Published: November 2021

Background

During the second wave of COVID-19, there is an increasing incidence of reported cases in children compared to the early wave. Data on the clinical and laboratory characteristics of COVID-19 in children are evolving, and reports on the characteristics and outcomes of severe COVID-19 in children are still under evaluation. We aimed to describe the clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and outcomes of children with COVID-19 infection admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).

Results

The study included 27 children with COVID-19 infection. Fever, respiratory, and gastrointestinal (GIT) symptoms were predominant presenting symptoms in our patients. The median age of our patients was 9 months (2 m–12 years). Comorbidity was reported in 59.3%. The typical laboratory findings were leukocytosis, lymphopenia, elevated C-reactive proteins levels, and elevated d-dimer levels. The most frequent radiological findings were ground-glass opacities in 100% of patients and bilateral findings in 96%, while cardiomegaly was found in 44% of patients. The multisystem inflammatory syndrome was reported in 33% of patients with GIT symptoms were the most frequent presenting symptoms. Myocarditis was reported in 22% of patients. The mortality rate in this cohort was 14.8%. On multivariate analysis, the only predictor of mortality was the development of MIS-C.

Conclusions

COVID-19 is more severe in children with comorbid conditions. Fever, respiratory and gastrointestinal (GIT) symptoms were predominant presenting symptoms. MIS-C is of increasing concern in children with high mortality rates.
After a patient dies by suicide: an illustrative case for trainee psychiatrists and trainers
Authors: Oates Alice , Gibbons Rachel
Published: November 2021

One of the most challenging experiences psychiatrists will face in their careers may well be the death of a patient by suicide. This is likely to happen at least once during a psychiatrist's career, and often more. It can be an intensely complex and painful event with a wide range of emotional responses. Reflecting on the death and accessing good support helps clinicians process the emotional impact. It can also increase their resilience in the longer term by giving them a greater understanding of both their own and their patients’ limitations, and in this way strengthen their capacity for compassion as clinicians. Using an illustrative case study, this article provides an insight into the experience of losing a patient to suicide and signposts to sources of support.
RNA sequence and structure control assembly and function of RNA condensates
Authors: Poudyal Raghav R. , Sieg Jacob P. , Portz Bede , Keating Christine D. , Bevilacqua Philip C.
Published: November 2021

Intracellular condensates formed through liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) primarily contain proteins and RNA. Recent evidence points to major contributions of RNA self-assembly in the formation of intracellular condensates. As the majority of previous studies on LLPS have focused on protein biochemistry, effects of biological RNAs on LLPS remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigate the effects of crowding, metal ions, and RNA structure on formation of RNA condensates lacking proteins. Using bacterial riboswitches as a model system, we first demonstrate that LLPS of RNA is promoted by molecular crowding, as evidenced by formation of RNA droplets in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG 8K). Crowders are not essential for LLPS, however. Elevated Mg2+concentrations promote LLPS of specific riboswitches without PEG. Calculations identify key RNA structural and sequence elements that potentiate the formation of PEG-free condensates; these calculations are corroborated by key wet-bench experiments. Based on this, we implement structure-guided design to generate condensates with novel functions including ligand binding. Finally, we show that RNA condensates help protect their RNA components from degradation by nucleases, suggesting potential biological roles for such higher-order RNA assemblies in controlling gene expression through RNA stability. By utilizing both natural and artificial RNAs, our study provides mechanistic insight into the contributions of intrinsic RNA properties and extrinsic environmental conditions to the formation and regulation of condensates comprised of RNAs.
Bacterial resistance to critically important antimicrobials in the poultry industry
Authors: Αποστολάκος Ηλίας
Published: November 2021

Η μικροβιακή αντοχή είναι μία από τις σημαντικότερες απειλές για τη δημόσια υγεία που αντιμετωπίζουν οι άνθρωποι με σημαντικό αριθμό ετήσιων θανάτων και σοβαρές οικονομικές απώλειες από τα επακόλουθα των λοιμώξεων. Η παρουσία παραγόντων αντοχής σε ζώα παραγωγής τροφίμων αποτελεί σημαντικό κίνδυνο έκθεσης, καθώς μπορούν να μεταδοθούν στον άνθρωπο με άμεση επαφή ή μέσω της τροφικής αλυσίδας. Μεταξύ των διαφόρων τύπων αντοχής που έχουν ήδη περιγραφεί στα πουλερικά, η αντοχή σε κρίσιμα αντιβιοτικά, όπως οι κεφαλοσπορίνες τρίτης γενιάς (ΚΤΓ) και η κολιστίνη, είναι ανησυχητική λόγω του ουσιώδους ρόλου αυτών των αντιβιοτικών σε σοβαρές νοσοκομειακές λοιμώξεις. Τα υψηλά επίπεδα αντοχής στις ΚΤΓ που έχουν περιγραφεί στα κοτόπουλα κρεοπαραγωγής, οδήγησαν στην πεποίθηση ότι η συγκεκριμένη κτηνοτροφική παραγωγή μπορεί να λειτουργήσει ως δεξαμενή παραγόντων (γονιδίων) αντοχής στις ΚΤΓ. Ως εκ τούτου, τα Κεφάλαια 2-4 στοχεύουν στη διερεύνηση της παρουσίας, των χαρακτηριστικών, των προτύπων μετάδοσης και στον εντοπισμό μέτρων παρέμβασης για τη δημιουργία στρατηγικών μετριασμού του κινδύνου της μικροβιακής αντοχής στη βιομηχανία κρεοπαραγωγών πουλερικών. Υπό το φως της ανησυχητικής εμφάνισης κινητών μηχανισμών αντοχής στην κολιστίνη, στο Κεφάλαιο 5 πραγματοποιείται μια ανασκόπηση της διανομής τους στη βιομηχανία κρεοπαραγωγών πουλερικών και εξετάζεται η τρέχουσα κατάσταση και οι προκλήσεις που δημιουργούνται από την αντοχή στην κολιστίνη.Η δομή της διατριβής είναι: (i) γενική εισαγωγή, (ii) τέσσερα κύρια κεφάλαια ερευνητικών άρθρων είτε δημοσιευμένα, είτε υπό έκδοση, είτε υπό προετοιμασία, (iii) γενικό συμπέρασμα, (iv) πρόσθετες πληροφορίες για κάθε ένα από τα κύρια κεφάλαια, iv) δύο παραρτήματα με συνεισφορά σε άλλες ερευνητικές εργασίες, (v) ευχαριστίες και (vi) βιβλιογραφία.
INFLUENCE OF EDUCATIONAL MEASURES ON INCREASING THE INTEREST OF YOUTH IN SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES, ON THE EXAMPLE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE “SCHOOL OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS”
Authors: BELENIUK VASILY
Published: November 2021

The issues of increasing interest among young people in scientific activity not only retain their relevance, but have become increasingly acute in recent years. Today, there is a pronounced decline in the level of prestige of scientific specialties, and those who are ready to work in this field, as a rule, initially have attitudes focused on the American and European scientific markets. To attract young people to science-intensive projects, “schools”, “forums” and “conferences” are held annually, aimed at creating a favorable information environment and creating comfortable conditions for self-realization. After testing among the participants of the School for Young Scientists held in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, statistically significant differences were established, which make it possible to draw a conclusion about the effectiveness of such events in terms of youth awareness of scientific and innovative activities in general, as well as in the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
Corpos silenciados: os dados da violência sexual contra mulheres no Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Santos Carolina Da Silva , Corrêa Gabriel Siqueira , Anacleto Ana Beatriz Da Silva
Published: November 2021

No presente artigo, objetiva-se expor os dados de violência sexual no estado do Rio de Janeiro sob a perspectiva feminista. Para tanto, a metodologia utilizada baseia-se no levantamento e na análise de dados elaborados pelo Instituto de Segurança Pública (ISP), bem como nos documentos do Dossiê Mulher - entre os anos de 2006 e 2018. Como resultados preliminares, identificaram-se que o maior número de denúncias em relação à violência sexual, registradas na Delegacia Especializada de Atendimento à Mulher (DEAM), é contra crianças e adolescentes do gênero feminino. Ademais, que é no ambiente doméstico que ocorrem o maior número de casos cometidos por pessoas próximas ao convívio das vítimas.
A atuação da cruz e da espada para despotencializar as lutas feministas e naturalizar as funções sociais das mulheres nas décadas de 1920 e 1930, por meio das revistas: o centurião e a ordem
Authors: Granado Anna Clara , Torres Pedro Henrique Lessa , Sepulveda José Antonio Miranda
Published: November 2021

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a dialética entre o movimento feminista, em especial a Federação Brasileira pelo Progresso Feminino (FBPF), e dois movimentos conservadores nacionais que se desenvolveram na Primeira República: a Reação Católica e a União Católica Militar (UCM). A atuação desses aparelhos hegemônicos conservadores repercutiu no debate educacional e nas relações de trabalho desenvolvidas na escola e, ao mesmo tempo, freou a ampliação das lutas do movimento feminista. Assim, resgatou-se a historicidade do conservadorismo desenvolvido pela Igreja Católica e pelas Forças Armadas, evidenciando o papel opressor desenvolvido por essas instituições e desnaturalizando não somente a condição social da mulher, como também o vínculo entre católicos e militares com o ideal conservador.
Educação com sentido: reflexões sobre o afeto em sala de aula
Authors: Cykman Noa
Published: November 2021

O artigo traz reflexões sobre o afeto em sala de aula. Noções da educação não formal, da educação democrática, da educação libertária e outras propostas educativas divergentes em relação à escolarização comum foram incorporadas em aulas de sociologia ministradas pela autora para uma turma de segundo ano do ensino médio, em uma escola pública, em Florianópolis-SC. O afeto e a subversão da hierarquia convencional entre docentes e discentes foram eixos pedagógicos essenciais. As premissas educativas afastaram-se da escolarização convencional, fundada na episteme moderna (racionalista, objetivista, fragmentária), em direção a um “modelo” integrativo, em que a subjetividade e perspectivas de estudantes são centrais. A análise e narração embutem, no artigo, essa mesma crítica criativa, em uma reflexão que integra análises teóricas e percepções subjetivas.
Sociolinguistic perspective on varieties of English: implications for teaching
Authors:   Sumy State University, Andreiko L. V. , Medvedovska D. O. ,   Sumy State University, Skarloupina Yu. A. ,   Sumy State University
Published: November 2021

The article explores the issue of language standardisation and sociolinguistic roots of varieties of English. It answers the question why some varieties of the English language become recognised as „standard” whereas other varieties are regarded as less prestigious or inferior and advocates the importance of sociolinguistic competence for teachers. Two models of language standardisation (the „popular” and the „expert” model) are critically discussed, providing a detailed explanation of the process of language standardisation and the formation of standard language ideology. The most frequently described variety of English in the UK, the Received Pronunciation, is described in greater detail, tracking down the reason why it has become recognised as the "standard" variety. A strong standard ideology with World Englishes and the current position of regional variations of English as its „deficient” or „fossilized” versions is discussed. The notions of language system and language use are considered in relation to the superiority or inferiority of different varieties. It has been shown that the social component is pivotal in understanding why certain varieties are regarded as less prestigious or inferior despite having equally rich and complex language systems. Such factors as stereotypes and ownership have an impact on their status too. The article proceeds to the discussion of implications of these sociolinguistic aspects for teaching. The importance of teachers' critical awareness of sociolinguistic realities is emphasised. Such benefits of raising students' awareness of varieties of English are presented: avoiding or reducing misunderstandings and misinterpretations in foreign language communication, recognising linguistic and cultural diversity, demonstrating relevance to real-life situations. Specific examples of practising language varieties are given.
Features of teaching professionally oriented foreign language to non-linguistic students
Authors:   SI ", Korzh O. Yu. ,   State University of Telecommunications", Zakharzhevska A. A. ,   SI "State University of Telecommunications"
Published: November 2021

The article considers the peculiarities of teaching professionally-oriented foreign language to students of non-linguistic specialities. It is determined that professionally-oriented education assumes professional content of educational materials and activities, and the content of foreign language teaching should be communicative and professionally oriented. It is established that the professional orientation of education requires the integration of a foreign language with specialized disciplines, careful selection of educational materials. It is found that one of the main tasks of professionally-oriented foreign language teaching of non-linguistic students is the development of communication skills, which include speaking, listening, reading and translation, and writing. The peculiarities of each of these skills development are analyzed and it is determined that in dialogue the skills and abilities of unprepared speech, its spontaneity and speed are acquired; in the monologue the prepared speech with its logic and sequence is trained; in the process of teaching foreign language reading to non-linguistic students, it is necessary to include the texts according to their level of difficulty, so that the lexical units presented in each new text are related to what students have studied before, as well as some completely new ones. The main task of teaching reading is the development of the ability to compile and draw up scientific and technical documentation; readiness to communicate in writing in foreign language to solve problems in professional sphere. As a result of the study it is concluded that the main purpose of teaching professionally-oriented foreign language to students of non-linguistic specialities is their profound knowledge of a foreign language as a means of developing and giving opinions both in everyday communication and in professional sphere.
Modern electronic means of translation in the system of training of future translators
Authors:   Poltava State Agrarian University, Matviienko L. H. , Krasota O. H. ,   Poltava State Agrarian University
Published: November 2021

The article characterizes the need to use modern information and communication technologies in the work of future translators. The analysis of modern software tools that contribute to the automation and simplification of translation operations, the generalization of work with individual words and fragments of foreign text. The article reveals the peculiarities of the use of translation programs and electronic dictionaries in the training of future translators in the higher education system and their role in the thorough formation of translation competence in future professionals. The research reveals a number of advantages of using electronic translation tools in the work of a translator, defined as modern electronic software helps to select the most accurate equivalents of translation and lexical equivalents. Specialized software is a translator's assistant that automates basic actions, helps to structure and systematize translation activities. The main programs-translators are described. They give the opportunity to instantly translate a sentence or a fragment of text into many languages. Online dictionaries contain a large database of words. They are multilingual. But the final translation of a foreign text depends on the translation actions and transformations of a specialist, electronic software only automates general actions.
A word combination and a composite as the components of complex-type nominathemes in the Russian language
Authors:   Oles Honchar Dnipro National University, Diachok N. V. , Bondareva O. O. ,   State Institution Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University
Published: November 2021

A nominative unit of any language should be considered as a certain invariant capable of containing characteristics of a word and its forms or characteristics of a word combination and its forms respectively. The purpose of the paper is to analyze features of composites as one of speech implementations of the complex-type nominathemes. The purpose has stipulated following tasks: 1) to consider motivational relations established between a word combination and its equivalent; 2) to describe criteria of identity of a nominatheme with its modifications – word combinations and composites. Methods. The research has involved a series of methods according to its topic: a method of continuous sampling to accumulate factual material; a method of distributive analysis to differentiate the concepts; a descriptive method to describe and generalize the status of the units under consideration. Conclusions. A nominatheme, being capable of containing characteristics of both word combination and its forms, is the basic linguistic unit under consideration. Eight structural varieties of complex-type nominathemes have been singled out; they are a part of 14 varieties of such kind. Composites of different types, as the units where nominathemes with a complex-type dominant-word combination are implemented linguistically, make up a considerable number of structural varieties of those invariants, i.e.: 1) word combination + composite + elliptic univerb; 2) word combination + composite + elliptheme (main word); 3) word combination + abbreviation-type composite + abbreviation + elliptic univerb; 4) word combination + abbreviation-type composite + elliptic univerb + elliptheme (main word) + abbreviation; 5) word combination + abbreviation-type composite + elliptheme (main word); 6) word combination + elliptic univerb + abbreviation-type composite + elliptheme (main word); 7) word combination + elliptic univerb + abbreviation + compressive univerb.
The Research of the Gender Component in Word Formation and the Structuring of Phraseological Units of Contemporary English
Authors:   Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs, Kozubai I. V. , Khadzhy A. Yu. ,   Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs, Shemet U. R. ,   Dnipropetrovsk State University of Internal Affairs
Published: November 2021

In the context of the scientific paradigm-changing in social science linguistic studies of different language levels occupy a special place. The article deals with the linguistic phenomena from an anthropocentric point of view. The need to determine the self-identity of a human being, his social conditionality and the social construction of the article is manifested in the formation and application of gender terminology. Using the methods of linguistic and cultural analysis, observation and generalization, and the descriptive method, the authors of the article highlight the features of the representation of the gender component. Much attention is paid to the description of new (word-forming) means of gender representation, in particular the affix method, the word-forming model he-friend / she-friend, gender-labelled and gender-unlabelled model. Regarding the identification of the gender component in phraseological units, gender asymmetry is emphasised – the dominance of representations of idioms of masculine professions and those that emphasize the physical and mental abilities of men.
A randomized controlled trial comparing functional outcomes for navigated kinematically aligned total knee arthroplasty versus navigated mechanically aligned total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Sadekar Vilas Narayan , Datir Sandeep , Allgar Victoria , Sharma Hemant
Published: November 2021

Aims

Nearly 99,000 total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) are performed in UK annually. Despite plenty of research, the satisfaction rate of this surgery is around 80%. One of the important intraoperative factors affecting the outcome is alignment. The relationship between joint obliquity and functional outcomes is not well understood. Therefore, a study is required to investigate and compare the effects of two types of alignment (mechanical and kinematic) on functional outcomes and range of motion.

Methods

The aim of the study is to compare navigated kinematically aligned TKAs (KA TKAs) with navigated mechanically aligned TKA (MA TKA) in terms of function and ROM. We aim to recruit a total of 96 patients in the trial. The patients will be recruited from clinics of various consultants working in the trust after screening them for eligibility criteria and obtaining their informed consent to participate in this study. Randomization will be done prior to surgery by a software. The primary outcome measure will be the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score The secondary outcome measures include Oxford Knee Score, ROM, EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire, EuroQol visual analogue scale, 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12), and Forgotten Joint Score. The scores will be calculated preoperatively and then at six weeks, six months, and one year after surgery. The scores will undergo a statistical analysis.

Discussion

There is no clear evidence on the best alignment for a knee arthroplasty. This randomized controlled trial will test the null hypothesis that navigated KA TKAs do not perform better than navigated MA TKAs. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(11):945–950.
Impact of Recent Job Loss on Sleep, Energy Consumption and Diet
Authors:   Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA, Batool-Anwar Salma ,   Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA, Mayer Candace , Haynes Patricia , Liu Yilin , Thomson Cynthia , Quan Stuart
Published: November 2021

To examine how sleep quality and sleep duration affect caloric intake among those experiencing involuntary job loss. Methods Adequate sleep and self-reported dietary recall data from the Assessing Daily Activity Patterns through Occupational Transitions (ADAPT) study was analyzed. Primary sleep indices used were total sleep time, time spent in bed after final awakening, and sleep quality as measured by the Daily Sleep Diary (DSD). Mean Energy consumption (MEC) was the primary nutritional index. Secondary indices included diet quality using the Health Eating Index 2015 (HEI), and self-reported intake of protein, carbohydrates and fats. Results The study participants were comprised mainly of women (61%) and non-Hispanic white. The participants had at least 2 years of college education and mean body mass index of 30.2±8.08 (kg/m 2 (). The average time in bed was 541.8 (9 hrs) ±77.55 minutes and total sleep time was 461.1 (7.7 hrs) ±56.49 minutes. Mean sleep efficiency was 91±6%, self-reported sleep quality was 2.40±0.57 (0-4 scale, 4 = very good), and minutes earlier than planned morning awakening were 14.36±24.15. Mean HEI score was 47.41±10.92. Although the MEC was below national average for both men and women, male sex was associated with higher MEC. In a fully adjusted model sleep quality was positively associated with MEC. Conclusion Daily overall assessments of sleep quality among recently unemployed persons were positively associated with mean energy consumption. Additionally, the diet quality of unemployed persons was found to unhealthier than the average American and consistent with the relationship between poor socioeconomic status and lower diet quality.
The New Geopolitics of Trade and Investment in Asia: Multilateralism, Regionalism, Protectionism, or All of the Above?
Authors: Frost Ellen L.
Published: November 2021

executive summary: This essay analyzes the impact of recent geopolitical trends on Asia's regional trade and investment order, highlights the rival strategies pursued by China and Japan, and draws some conclusions about the future role of the U.S. main argument
The geopolitical foundations supporting Asia's rapid economic growth are weaker than they were at the turn of the millennium. The security environment has deteriorated sharply. Many of the tariffs erected by the Trump administration against imports from China, as well as from allies and friendly countries, are still in place. The most striking feature of the new trade and investment landscape is the emergence of rival regionalisms forged by China and Japan. As they navigate these contrasting initiatives, Asian governments, particularly in Southeast Asia, are exercising new agency and are not likely to relinquish it just because the U.S. claims to be "back." This combination means that the future of Asia's economic order is likely to be a mixture of selective multilateralism, regionalism, and protectionism. policy implications
• Japan has become the de facto leader of the emerging economic order in Asia, while China has amassed enormous regional influence. As trade and economic negotiations proceed, the U.S. will have a seat at the table but will no longer sit at the head. • The fastest and most direct way for the U.S. to re-enter the leadership circle would be to join the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). The Biden administration should slowly and quietly build the case in Congress and with the public for making such a move after the 2022 midterm elections. • The Biden administration should ensure that "foreign policy for the middle class" does not lead to new trade barriers against other nations, especially allies and friends. Selective removal of existing barriers would help restore goodwill. U.S. negotiators should adopt a style of engagement that emphasizes listening to other countries' concerns.
The WTO, Trade Agreements, and Sustainable Trade: The Asian Experience
Authors: Sampson Gary P.
Published: November 2021

executive summary: This essay highlights how trade policies and sustainable development are inextricably connected. It selectively focuses on links of importance to Asian countries, the WTO, and the United Nation's 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. main argument
The evolution of the world trading system over the past half century has significantly changed the relationship between trade and sustainable development. The principal link comes from trade liberalization, which promotes growth and provides additional resources to advance sustainable development. Nowhere has this played a larger role than in Asia's economic transformation and with it the rise of millions out of poverty. For this link to be positive, a global trading system is needed with rules that support sustainable development while leaving the policy space to permit the appropriate national choices to be pursued. The WTO has a central role to play in achieving sustainable development. It has been greatly weakened in past years, but recent events indicate that the time is ripe to strengthen its rules to enhance its contribution to sustainable development. policy implications
• The strengthening and reform of the WTO should be undertaken with a clear understanding of the interface between trade rules and the goals of sustainable development as well as the many options available to modify or create trade agreements. What is needed is an inventory of useful potential rule changes and the options available. • The reduction of trade barriers and the ensuing trade expansion will remain essential to promoting the growth and development of the Asian economies. In Asia, as elsewhere, expanded resources improve standards of living and reduce poverty while providing the means to protect and preserve the environment. • Numerous WTO and intergovernmental declarations stress the need for greater coherence and cooperation in global policymaking. Given the interdisciplinary nature of sustainable development and the overlap between trade and sustainable development, governments and organizations should make efforts to ensure the convergences of these policies are constructively exploited.
Moving Beyond Disappointment: India, FDI, and Sustainability
Authors: Sharma Mihir S.
Published: November 2021

executive summary: This essay examines what lessons can be learned for sustainable finance from India's recent history of foreign investment. main argument
India has not increased its share of FDI in recent years as much as has been hoped. Risks for FDI continue to be high, especially due to growing economic nationalism and flawed dispute resolution mechanisms. The destinations for the investment India receives are strongly shaped by the risk perceptions of foreign investors—they prefer the stock market, services sector, and projects with minimal upfront investment and no political exposure. This has hindered the government's attempts to mobilize investment into the manufacturing sector and has negative implications also for sustainable finance. Most green infrastructure projects in India, or those related to sustainable development, do not fit the risk profile preferred by foreign investors. Thus, judging by India's recent history with FDI, energizing sustainable finance into India will require deeper reform. policy implications
• The Indian government will have to bring its actual regulation of foreign investment closer to its welcoming rhetoric to improve the climate for FDI. • To attract greater levels of investment, attempts to favor "Indian" companies over others in various sectors must end. • Dispute resolution mechanisms must be reformed to encourage FDI—both by expanding capacity in India's judicial system and by accepting international arbitration awards. • Sectors in India crucial to sustainable and greener development, such as renewable energy and green infrastructure, will need to be ring-fenced from political risk.
FDI in the ASEAN States: The Engine that Roared
Authors: Shastry Vasuki
Published: November 2021

executive summary: This essay examines how Southeast Asia's economic fortunes are at risk as the climate for trade and investment sours. main argument
FDI is the engine that has propelled economic growth in Southeast Asia over the last few decades. The region, grouped together as ASEAN, has astutely used foreign investment and know-how to upgrade technology and skills and to transition from a low-cost manufacturing model to high-value goods and services. This openness to trade and investment has transformed the region's economic fortunes, with front-runners such as Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, Cambodia, and Thailand at the vanguard of global manufacturing in fields as diverse as electronics, automobiles, pharmaceuticals, and textiles. ASEAN's success as a manufacturing hub would not have been possible without both an openness to trade and the presence of regional supply chains that favorably position Southeast Asia as an essential supplier of raw materials and key components for final assembly in China. But this defining economic model is confronting headwinds that could upend its continued success. The region's policymakers face a difficult set of challenges as they navigate an increasingly disruptive external and internal landscape. policy implications
• ASEAN is at the epicenter of growing trade and geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and China, which raises the threat of decoupling and supply chain reconfiguration and potentially places the region in a difficult position of having to take sides. • Deglobalization and reshoring also pose a risk to manufacturing and investment, which ASEAN states depend on. Protectionist policies are resurging in Europe and the U.S., and the Covid-19 pandemic highlights the fragility of just-in-time supply chain management, encouraging instead a just-in-case approach. This will test the region's ability to sustain its high pace of economic growth to meet rising public aspirations and concerns about stalling social mobility. • Southeast Asia is already facing climate-related devastation due to rising ground temperatures and sea levels. The region is challenged to adjust its economic model to build a more sustainable future.
Japan's Alliance-Enhancing Security Developments
Authors: Canfield Jonathan , Haddad Mary Alice
Published: November 2021

executive summary: This article uses the case of Japanese security policy in the past decade to develop the Alliance-Enhancing Framework, which offers a way to understand the conditions in which security-dependent states can either trigger or escape their alliance dilemma with the U.S. main argument
This article asks a question that is at the core of much of East Asia's security policy: how can a country that is dependent on the U.S. for its security enhance its policymaking options in ways that will not threaten its U.S. alliance but still provide avenues to develop its own leadership and broader security roles? The alliance dilemma is the possibility, on the one hand, of the weaker state being abandoned by its more powerful partner if it becomes too independent or powerful, among other reasons, and, on the other hand, of entrapment and alliance dependence if the weaker state does not strengthen itself. Through a careful examination of Japan's recent security policy, we develop the Alliance-Enhancing Framework to understand the conditions under which security-dependent states can transform their asymmetric alliances into ones that are more collaborative, with both sides making meaningful contributions to collective security. The framework reveals that alliance tension can be provoked by certain types of unilateral policy initiatives undertaken by the dependent ally, but that some unilateral, as well as bilateral, actions and regional initiatives generally enhance and improve the partnership. policy implications
• If smaller allies like Japan pursue unilateral measures that disrupt or undermine their cornerstone alliance, they risk losing their alliance partner and potentially weakening their security standing in the region. However, security reforms that support both the ally's own national security and the alliance can be successful in knitting the partners closer together. • Beneficial security initiatives, such as co-development or co-production projects, can bolster a security-dependent ally's defense posture and simultaneously help transform an asymmetric bilateral alliance relationship into one that is more mutually dependent and reliant on shared capabilities. • Regional security initiatives linked to the U.S. alliance and its common values confer the biggest advantage for security-dependent countries like Japan. They allow the smaller country to exert geopolitical influence by extending the range and scope of ally-friendly networks alongside the U.S. while also exhibiting leadership and acting more independently.
How Can South Korea Teach, Lead, and Better Engage with the Asia-Pacific in Shaping Data Governance for the 5G Era?
Authors: Gillispie Clara
Published: November 2021

executive summary: This essay explores how South Korea might contribute to the crafting of a new strategy designed to strengthen and better align regional approaches to data governance. main argument
South Korea has not always fit cleanly into various U.S.-, Japanese-, or Chinese-led efforts to shape data governance in the Asia-Pacific. Yet there are few countries as important to the success of any collaborative effort to improve and better align regional data governance practices. South Korea not only is at the forefront of designing and producing a range of next-generation technologies but also is in the midst of a multiyear effort to reform its own data governance policies to better deploy these technologies. Moreover, South Korea has been a champion of prior efforts within APEC and other forums to address barriers to information flows. Identifying opportunities to learn from, build on, and further sharpen Seoul's existing efforts would benefit both South Korea and numerous regional stakeholders. policy implications
• States and international bodies interested in regional data governance can learn from South Korea's ongoing process of wrestling with the debates inherent in data governance and reforming its frameworks. These insights include how public policy can benefit from inviting input from industry, civil society, and other stakeholders outside government into decision-making processes. • Both formal legislation and statements by the Moon administration are suggestive of South Korean goals for data governance that overlap with U.S. priorities, such as aims to safeguard privacy rights, bolster digital development, and enable secure e-commerce. Still, divergences remain between how both countries have dealt with potential trade-offs in these goals, which may complicate efforts to advance joint regional leadership. • In light of the novel and complex questions that have arisen during the Covid-19 pandemic, South Korea should increase its engagement with an array of other countries reviewing their uses of big data tools in managing the crisis. Dialogue on this issue could take place on a bilateral basis—including with Taiwan, Singapore, Australia, and India—or within multilateral groupings, such as APEC or the G-20.
Antecedents of Brazilian consumers' intentions towards virtual grocery shopping
Authors: Dholakia Ruby R. , Costa Everaldo Marcelo S. d. , Gammarano Igor d. J. L. P. , Arruda Filho Emílio J. M.
Published: November 2021

The introduction of new consumer technologies has renewed research focus on their acceptance. This paper's goal is to empirically examine several antecedents of behavioural intentions towards a new grocery shopping innovation through an online survey of Brazilian consumers. Confirmatory
factor analysis (CFA) and partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modelling are used to verify the proposed research model. The findings support consumers' Shopping Motivation, Technology Orientation as significant antecedents of Behavioural Intentions mediated by the Perceptions of
Technology. These antecedents are affected by the consumer's gender and age. Technology Orientation also has a direct effect on Behavioural Intentions. The research expands our understanding of the antecedents of behavioural intentions and finds support for the mediating role of the Perceptions
of Technology.
Compact optically pumped cesium beam atomic clock with a 5-day frequency stability of 7×10−15
Authors: He Xuan , Fang Shengwei , Yuan Zhichao , Xie Weibin , Chen Nan , Xiong Zezheng , Wang Qing , Qi Xianghui , Chen Xuzong
Published: November 2021

Compared to other commercial atomic clocks in the time keeping field, the greatest advantage of cesium beam atomic clocks is their superior long-term stability. Compared to magnetic state-selection clocks, optically pumped cesium beam atomic clocks have more interacting atoms, which results in better stability potential. To achieve good long-term stability, we propose methods including stabilization of laser power and reconstruction of circuits. They play a key role in the long-term stability of cesium beam atomic clocks. After 75 days of continuous running and measurement, we released the 5-day stability results (7×10−15Allan deviation) of our optically pumped cesium beam atomic clock. To the best of our knowledge, this is the best 5-day stability result ever reported for compact optically pumped cesium beam atomic clocks.
Physical topology optimization for highly reliable and efficient wavelength-assignable optical networks
Authors: Higashimori Katsuaki , Inuzuka Fumikazu , Ohara Takuya
Published: November 2021

Optical networks, such as wavelength-division multiplexing networks and elastic optical networks, require high reliability and efficient wavelength allocation. We propose a new physical topology optimization method that achieves both high reliability and efficient wavelength allocation. We compare the results of conventional algebraic connectivity optimization, which discusses physical topology optimization from the viewpoint of spectral graph theory, with those based on reliability optimization, which is important from the viewpoint of network operations. From the comparison analysis, it is shown that our proposed two-step degree bounded reliability-optimization model, which optimizes reliability with appropriate node degree constraints, leads to a physical topology that has high wavelength capacity without compromising reliability.
Vivid plasmonic color under ambient light
Authors: Shahin Shahidan Muhammad Faris , Song Jingchao , James Timothy D. , Roberts Ann
Published: November 2021

We report a novel nanoimprinted polarization-independent plasmonic pixel device utilizing different metals (Ag, Al or Au) exhibiting fade-resistant, vivid coloration under unpolarized light achieved with symmetric cross-shaped nanoantenna-hole structures. The spectral and color responses show minimal sensitivity to the polarization state of the incident light, both in reflection and transmission. The devices also have good tolerance to variations in viewing angle. Various colors are generated by simply adjusting the armlength of the cross and through choice of metal. Among all the devices, those fabricated using Ag demonstrated the best performance with 80% reflection and 12% transmission efficiencies and the production of brighter colors. With the ease of fabrication using a high-throughput NIL method, the plasmonic color devices have significant potential in sensing technology, high-resolution color printing and product-branding applications.