bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different foraging preferences of hummingbirds on artificial and natural flowers reveal mechanisms structuring plant–pollinator interactions
Authors: Maglianesi María A. , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin , Schleuning Matthias
Published: November 2014

In plant–pollinator networks, the floral morphology of food plants is an important determinant of the interaction niche of pollinators. Studies on foraging preferences of pollinators combining experimental and observational approaches may help to understand the mechanisms behind patterns of interactions and niche partitioning within pollinator communities.

In this study, we tested whether morphological floral traits were associated with foraging preferences of hummingbirds for artificial and natural flower types in Costa Rica. We performed field experiments with artificial feeders, differing in length and curvature of flower types, to quantify the hummingbirds’ interaction niche under unlimited nectar resources. To quantify the interaction niche under real‐world conditions of limited nectar resources, we measured foraging preferences of hummingbirds for a total of 34 plant species.

Artificial feeders were visited by Eupherusa nigriventris and Phaethornis guy in the pre‐montane forest, and Lampornis calolaemus in the lower montane forest. Under experimental conditions, all three hummingbird species overlapped their interaction niches and showed a preference for the short artificial flower type over the long‐straight and the long‐curved flower types. Under natural conditions, the two co‐occurring hummingbird species preferred to feed on plant species with floral traits corresponding to their bill morphology. The short‐billed hummingbird E. nigriventris preferred to feed on short and straight flowers, whereas the long‐ and curved‐billed P. guy preferred long and curved natural flowers. The medium‐size billed species L. calolaemus preferred to feed on flowers of medium length and did not show preferences for plant species with specific corolla curvature.

Our results show that floral morphological traits constrain access by short‐billed hummingbird species to nectar resources. Morphological constraints, therefore, represent one important mechanism structuring trophic networks. In addition, other factors, such as competition and differences in resource quantity or quality, define the interaction niches of consumer species in real‐world communities, enforcing patterns of niche segregation between co‐occurring consumer species. This suggests that experimental studies are needed to disentangle effects of morphological constraints from those of competition for resources in plant–pollinator interactions and other types of trophic interactions.
A novel concept for continuous peripheral nerve blocks. Presentation of a new ultrasound‐guided device
Authors: ROTHE C. , STEEN‐HANSEN C. , MADSEN M. H. , LANGE K. H. W.
Published: November 2014

Background

Existing techniques for placing and maintaining the position of peripheral nerve catheters are associated with variable success rates and frequent secondary failures. These factors may affect the clinical efficacy and usefulness of peripheral nerve catheters.

Methods

We developed a new concept and prototype for ultrasound‐guided in‐plane positioning and readjustment of peripheral nerve catheters (patent pending). The integrated catheter–needle prototype comprises three parts: a curved needle, a catheter with clear echogenic markings attached to the needle tail and a detachable hub allowing injection of local anesthetic while advancing the needle in the tissue. The system works like a suture and is introduced through the skin, passes in close relation to the nerve and exits through the skin. This allows in‐plane ultrasound guidance throughout the procedure both during initial positioning as well as during later in‐plane readjustment of the catheter. We tested the system in the popliteal region of two fresh cadavers in a preliminary proof of concept study.

Results

Both initial placement and secondary readjustment were precise, judged by the catheter orifices placed close to the sciatic nerve in the popliteal fossa. Circumferential spread of 3‐ml isotonic saline around the sciatic nerve was observed on ultrasound images in both conditions.

Conclusion

Preliminary proof of concept of this novel method demonstrates that precise in‐plane ultrasound‐guided initial placement and secondary in‐plane readjustment is possible in fresh cadavers. Future studies should address the clinical efficacy and usefulness of this novel concept.
Grass‐green urine from propofol infusion
Authors: PEDERSEN A. B. , KOBBORG T. K. , LARSEN J. R.
Published: November 2014

Green urine from propofol infusion is a benign and rare side effect. The discolouration appears when clearance of propofol exceeds hepatic elimination, and extrahepatic elimination of propofol occurs. This case report presents a 24‐year‐old male with grass green discolouration of urine based on propofol infusion.
Mitochondrial effectors of cellular senescence: beyond the free radical theory of aging
Authors: Ziegler Dorian V. , Wiley Christopher D. , Velarde Michael C.
Published: November 2014

Cellular senescence is a process that results from a variety of stresses, leading to a state of irreversible growth arrest. Senescent cells accumulate during aging and have been implicated in promoting a variety of age‐related diseases. Mitochondrial stress is an effective inducer of cellular senescence, but the mechanisms by which mitochondria regulate permanent cell growth arrest are largely unexplored. Here, we review some of the mitochondrial signaling pathways that participate in establishing cellular senescence. We discuss the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dynamics (fission and fusion), the electron transport chain (ETC), bioenergetic balance, redox state, metabolic signature, and calcium homeostasis in controlling cellular growth arrest. We emphasize that multiple mitochondrial signaling pathways, besides mitochondrial ROS, can induce cellular senescence. Together, these pathways provide a broader perspective for studying the contribution of mitochondrial stress to aging, linking mitochondrial dysfunction and aging through the process of cellular senescence.
Drug‐induced acute kidney injury in children
Authors: Faught Lauren N. , Greff Michael J. E. , Rieder Michael J. , Koren Gideon
Published: November 2014

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious problem occurring in anywhere between 8 and 30% of children in the intensive care unit. Up to 25% of these cases are believed to be the result of pharmacotherapy. In this review we have focused on several relevant drugs and/or drug classes, which are known to cause AKI in children, including cancer chemotherapeutics, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and antimicrobials. AKI demonstrates a steady association with increased long term risk of poor outcomes including chronic kidney disease and death as determined by the extent of injury. For this reason it is important to understand the causality and implications of these drugs and drug classes. Children occupy a unique patient population, advocating the importance of understanding how they are affected dissimilarly compared with adults. While the kidney itself is likely more susceptible to injury than other organs, the inherent toxicity of these drugs also plays a major role in the resulting AKI. Mechanisms involved in the toxicity of these drugs include oxidative damage, hypersensitivity reactions, altered haemodynamics and tubule obstruction and may affect the glomerulus and/or the tubules. Understanding these mechanisms is critical in determining the most effective strategies for treatment and/or prevention, whether these strategies are less toxic versions of the same drugs or add‐on agents to mitigate the toxic effect of the existing therapy.
Teaching intensive interaction to paid carers: using the ‘communities of practice’ model to inform training
Authors: Rayner Kelly , Bradley Samantha , Johnson Gemma , Mrozik Jennifer H. , Appiah Afua , Nagra Maninder K.
Published: November 2014

Accessible summary

This research project is about Intensive Interaction. Intensive Interaction is a way of communicating with people who have severe and profound learning disabilities and can be used with people who do not communicate with words.

We asked three paid carers that trained in Intensive Interaction about their experience and how training had changed their work with people with learning disabilities.

This research project matters to people with learning disabilities because it tries to find out the best way to train people to do this work. This could help make services better for everyone.

The engagement of people with learning disabilities in social communication is crucial to the development of relationships with others, a sense of social inclusion and self‐worth. Intensive Interaction is an approach that can help carers develop their skills to engage people with severe and profound learning disabilities in personally relevant communication. Carers learn techniques by attending workshops offered by health and social care professionals, and this study seeks to explore the impact of one such training programme. This study used interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore the lived experience of Intensive Interaction training and practice of three paid carers who worked with people with learning disabilities. Three superordinate themes emerged from the analysis: ‘Investment’, ‘Outcomes’ and ‘Challenges’. Results suggest that participants had an overwhelmingly positive experience in learning and using Intensive Interaction and that coaching, supervision and support were vital. The clinical and practical implications for this are discussed.
Clinically used selective oestrogen receptor modulators increase LDL receptor activity in primary human lymphocytes
Authors: Cerrato F , Fernández‐Suárez M E , Alonso R , Alonso M , Vázquez C , Pastor O , Mata P , Lasunción M A , Gómez‐Coronado D
Published: November 2014

Background and Purpose

Treatment with selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) reduces low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. We assessed the effect of tamoxifen, raloxifene and toremifene and their combinations with lovastatin on LDL receptor activity in lymphocytes from normolipidaemic and familial hypercholesterolaemic (FH) subjects, and human HepG2 hepatocytes and MOLT‐4 lymphoblasts.

Experimental Approach

Lymphocytes were isolated from peripheral blood, treated with different compounds, and 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI)‐labelled LDL uptake was analysed by flow cytometry.

Key Results

Tamoxifen, toremifene and raloxifene, in this order, stimulated DiI‐LDL uptake by lymphocytes by inhibiting LDL‐derived cholesterol trafficking and subsequent down‐regulation of LDL receptor expression. Differently to what occurred in HepG2 and MOLT‐4 cells, only tamoxifen consistently displayed a potentiating effect with lovastatin in primary lymphocytes. The SERM‐mediated increase in LDL receptor activity was not altered by the anti‐oestrogen ICI 182 780 nor was it reproduced by 17β‐oestradiol. However, the tamoxifen‐active metabolite endoxifen was equally effective as tamoxifen. The SERMs produced similar effects on LDL receptor activity in heterozygous FH lymphocytes as in normal lymphocytes, although none of them had a potentiating effect with lovastatin in heterozygous FH lymphocytes. The SERMs had no effect in homozygous FH lymphocytes.

Conclusions and Implications

Clinically used SERMs up‐regulate LDL receptors in primary human lymphocytes. There is a mild enhancement between SERMs and lovastatin of lymphocyte LDLR activity, the potentiation being greater in HepG2 and MOLT‐4 cells. The effect of SERMs is independent of oestrogen receptors but is preserved in the tamoxifen‐active metabolite endoxifen. This mechanism may contribute to the cholesterol‐lowering action of SERMs.
Airway responses towards allergens – from the airway epithelium to T cells
Authors: Papazian D. , Hansen S. , Würtzen P. A.
Published: November 2014

The prevalence of allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis is increasing, affecting up to 30% of the human population worldwide. Allergic sensitization arises from complex interactions between environmental exposures and genetic susceptibility, resulting in inflammatory T helper 2 (Th2) cell‐derived immune responses towards environmental allergens. Emerging evidence now suggests that an epithelial dysfunction, coupled with inherent properties of environmental allergens, can be responsible for the inflammatory responses towards allergens. Several epithelial‐derived cytokines, such as thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), IL‐25 and IL‐33, influence tissue‐resident dendritic cells (DCs) as well as Th2 effector cells. Exposure to environmental allergens does not elicit Th2 inflammatory responses or any clinical symptoms in nonatopic individuals, and recent findings suggest that a nondamaged, healthy epithelium lowers the DCs' ability to induce inflammatory T‐cell responses towards allergens. The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on which signals from the airway epithelium, from first contact with inhaled allergens all the way to the ensuing Th2‐cell responses, influence the pathology of allergic diseases.
Integrating invasion and disease in the risk assessment of live bird trade
Authors: Springborn Michael R. , Keller Reuben P. , Elwood Sarah , Romagosa Christina M. , Zambrana‐Torrelio Carlos , Daszak Peter
Published: November 2014

Aim

International trade in plants and animals generates significant economic benefits. It also leads to substantial unintended impacts when introduced species become invasive, causing environmental disturbance or transmitting diseases that affect people, livestock, other wildlife or the environment. Policy responses are usually only implemented after these species become established and damages are already incurred. International agreements to control trade are likewise usually based on selection of species with known impacts. We aim to further develop quantitative invasive species risk assessment for bird imports and extend the tool to explicitly address disease threats.

Location

United States of America.

Methods

We use a two‐step approach for rapid risk assessment based on the expected biological risks due to both the environmental and health impact of a potentially invasive wildlife species in trade. We assess establishment probability based on a model informed by historical observations and then construct a model of emerging infectious disease threat based on economic and ecological characteristics of the exporting country.

Results

We illustrate how our rapid assessment tool can be used to identify high‐priority species for regulation based on a combination of the threat they pose for becoming established and vectoring emerging infectious diseases.

Main conclusions

Our approach can be executed for a species in a matter of days and is nested in an economic decision‐making framework for determining whether the biological risk is justified by trade benefits.
Glucose‐lowering with exogenous insulin monotherapy in type 2 diabetes: dose association with all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular events and cancer
Authors: Holden S. E. , Jenkins‐Jones S. , Morgan C. Ll. , Schernthaner G. , Currie C. J.
Published: November 2014

Aims

To evaluate the association between insulin exposure and all‐cause mortality, incident major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and incident cancer in people with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin monotherapy.

Methods

For this retrospective study, people with type 2 diabetes who progressed to insulin monotherapy from the year 2000 were identified from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. The risks of progression to serious adverse outcomes were compared using Cox proportional hazards models. In the main analysis, insulin exposure was introduced into the model as prescribed international units per kilogram per day, as a cumulative, continuous, annually updated, time‐dependent covariable.

Results

A total of 6484 subjects with type 2 diabetes who progressed to treatment with insulin monotherapy from the year 2000 onwards were followed for a mean of 3.3 years. The event numbers were as follows: deaths, n = 1110; incident MACE, n = 342; incident cancers, n = 382. Unadjusted event rates were 61.3 deaths per 1000 person‐years, 26.4 incident MACE per 1000 person‐years and 24.6 incident cancers per 1000 person‐years. The adjusted hazard ratios in relation to 1‐unit increases in insulin dose were 1.54 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32–1.78] for all‐cause mortality, 1.37 (95% CI 1.05–1.81) for MACE and 1.35 (95% CI 1.04–1.75) for cancer.

Conclusions

There was an association between increasing exogenous insulin dose and increased risk of all‐cause mortality, MACE and cancer in people with type 2 diabetes. The limitations of observational studies mean that this should be further investigated using an interventional study design.
Invader immunology: invasion history alters immune system function in cane toads (Rhinella marina) in tropical Australia
Authors: Brown Gregory P. , Phillips Benjamin L. , Dubey Sylvain , Shine Richard
Published: November 2014

Because an individual's investment into the immune system may modify its dispersal rate, immune function may evolve rapidly in an invader. We collected cane toads (Rhinella marina) from sites spanning their 75‐year invasion history in Australia, bred them, and raised their progeny in standard conditions. Evolved shifts in immune function should manifest as differences in immune responses among the progeny of parents collected in different locations. Parental location did not affect the offspring's cell‐mediated immune response or stress response, but blood from the offspring of invasion‐front toads had more neutrophils, and was more effective at phagocytosis and killing bacteria. These latter measures of immune function are negatively correlated with rate of dispersal in free‐ranging toads. Our results suggest that the invasion of tropical Australia by cane toads has resulted in rapid genetically based compensatory shifts in the aspects of immune responses that are most compromised by the rigours of long‐distance dispersal.
A link between host dispersal and parasite diversity in two sympatric cichlids of Lake Tanganyika
Authors: Grégoir Arnout F. , Hablützel Pascal I. , Vanhove Maarten P. M. , Pariselle Antoine , Bamps Jolien , Volckaert Filip A. M. , Raeymaekers Joost A. M.
Published: November 2014

A major goal in ecology is to unravel how species assemblages emerge and how they are structured across the landscape. Host–parasite systems are particularly interesting in this context, as limited host dispersal may promote the differentiation of parasite communities.

We examined whether the patterns of species diversity inCichlidogyrus, a genus of monogenean parasitic flatworms with a direct life cycle, are consistent with the hypothesis that parasite diversity is driven by host dispersal. This was carried out by comparing two sympatric cichlid hosts (Tropheus mooriiandSimochromis diagramma) with contrasting dispersal abilities. Genetic connectivity among host populations along the Zambian shoreline of Lake Tanganyika was estimated using microsatellite genotyping.Cichlidogyrusparasites were isolated and identified morphologically to the species level.

Simochromis diagramma, a host with a high dispersal capacity, was infected by a low number ofCichlidogyrusspecies, and the parasite assemblages were similar among host populations. In contrast,T. moorii, a host with a low dispersal capacity, was infected by a large number ofCichlidogyrusspecies, and the parasite assemblages differed strongly among host populations. These outcomes were thus as expected from the hypothesis.

Because of the strong host specificity of theseCichlidogyrusspecies, a lack of connectivity among host populations might facilitate allopatric speciation of the parasite.
Factors affecting direction and strength of patient preferences for treatment of molar teeth with nonvital pulps
Authors: Vernazza C. R. , Steele J. G. , Whitworth J. M. , Wildman J. R. , Donaldson C.
Published: November 2014

Aim

To elicit the factors affecting willingness to pay (WTP) values for the preferred options of participants for dealing with a molar tooth with a nonvital pulp, a common but difficult problem.

Methodology

A total of 503 patients were recruited from dental practices in the North East of England and interviewed. Their preferred treatment option for a molar tooth with a nonvital pulp (endodontics, extraction and various prosthetic restorative options) and WTP for this preferred option were elicited. Factors affecting preferred option and WTP were analysed using econometric modelling.

Results

Overall, 53% of the sample wished to save the tooth with a mean WTP of £373. The variance in WTP was high. Of those opting for extraction, the majority chose to leave a gap or have an implant. The preferred option was influenced by previous treatment experience. WTP was only influenced by having a low income.

Conclusions

The high level of variance in WTP and its relatively unpredictable nature pose difficult questions for policy makers trying to ensure the delivery of an equitable service. For dentists, it is important not to make assumptions about patient preference and strength of preference when making decisions. Ideally, WTP values should be considered alongside effectiveness data, and those on costs, in policy making.
Pax genes and organogenesis: Pax9 meets tooth development
Authors: Peters Heiko , Neubüser Annette , Balling Rudi
Published: November 2014

Pax genes encode a family of transcription factors that play key roles during embryogenesis. They are required for the development of a variety of organs including the nervous and muscular system, skeleton, eye, ear, kidney, thymus, and pancreas. Whereas the developmental roles of many of the nine known Pax genes have been analyzed in great detail, a functional analysis of Pax9 has just begun. During mouse embryogenesis, Pax9 exhibits a highly specific expression pattern in derivatives of the foregut endoderm, somites, limb mesenchyme, midbrain, and the cephalic neural crest. In the mandibular arch mesenchyme, the expression of Pax9 marks the prospective sites of tooth development prior to any morphological signs of odontogenesis and is maintained in the developing tooth mesenchyme thereafter. To understand the function of Pax9 during mouse embryogenesis, we recently have created a null allele by gene targeting. Preliminary analyses show that Pax9 is essential for the formation of teeth, and we conclude that Pax9 is required for tooth development to proceed beyond the bud stage. Here, we briefly summarize our current knowledge about Pax genes and introduce Pax9 to the growing family of factors which are involved in tooth development.
Dentin matrix proteins
Authors: Butler William T.
Published: November 2014

Dentinogenesis consists of highly controlled events occurring a short distance from the periphery of odontoblasts; it involves formation of extracellular collagen fibrils that act as an undergirding for deposition of plate‐like carbonate apatite crystals. Odontoblasts also form a set of matrix proteins that are probably secreted at the mineralization front. Although most of these proteins are similar to those of bone, and differ from soft tissue proteins, dentin contains two unique proteins. Dentin phosphoprotein (DPP) is rich in aspartic acid (D) and phosphoserine (S*) and binds large amounts of calcium. DPP contains repeating sequences of DS*S* and S*D in discrete areas of the protein. DS*S* repeats form ridges of phosphates and carboxyllates while the S*D sequences give rise to ridges with phosphates and carboxyllates on opposing sides of the peptide chain. These structures undoubtedly have functional significance since DPP is involved in promotion of mineral initiation and in control of mineral size and shape. Dentin sialoprotein (DSP), found only in dentin, is a 53 kDa glycoprotein rich in aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid and glycine. DSP is made by odontoblasts and also by pre‐ameloblasts, but not by osteoblasts or other cell types. The gene for DSP is now known to be continuous with that of DPP. Thus, DSP and DPP must be secreted as a single protein which is then proteolytically processed to form the individual components found in the dentin matrix. Significantly, the DSP/DPP gene has been localized to human chromosome 4q21 at a site implicated in dentinogenesis imperfecta type II.
DNA sequences of amelogenin genes provide clues to regulation of expression
Authors: Gibson C. W. , Collier P. M. , Yuan Z. A. , Chen E.
Published: November 2014

The amelogenins are a heterogeneous group of enamel proteins, which have an important function in enamel formation, as mutations in the amelogenin gene result in the enamel defect amelogenesis imperfecta. The cDNAs that encode murine, bovine, human, porcine, rat and opossum amelogenins have been cloned, and as many as nine alternatively spliced messages can be produced from a single primary transcript, explaining some of the protein heterogeneity. Bovine and human amelogenin genes are found on both X and Y chromosomes, and the sexually dimorphic proteins would have 87–93% identity. A comparison of genes from human, bovine and mouse indicates that they are organized into seven exons, and sequences are highly homologous among species. Bovine, murine and human upstream regions also have similarities, with consensus sequences for potential binding of transcription factors, such as AP1 and CTF/NF1. Transgenic mouse studies have shown that 2300–3500 bp of upstream region are sufficient for expression, while 900 bp are insufficient. Analysis of DNA sequence has identified (a) major homology between species for coding exons with the exception of exon 4, (b) similarities in upstream regions likely involved in tissue specific regulation of expression, and (c) sequences at the RNA splice sites which may determine exon inclusion or skipping.
Crystallite arrangement of hydroxyapatite microcrystals in human tooth cementum as revealed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
Authors: Skalerič Uroš , Cevc Pavle , Gašpirc Boris , Schara Milan
Published: November 2014

Human dental cementum was analyzed by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The measured EPR powder spectra of γ‐irradiated cementum resembled those of γ‐irradiated enamel. Both spectra were characterized by the same line shapes and g values. The position of the extreme first derivate peaks can be described by g1 =2.0023 and g2= 1.9971 ± 0.0002, and are assignable to the CO33− center. The angular dependence of the cementum EPR spectra indicates a different arrangement of the hydroxyapatite microcrystals compared to that of enamel. A corresponding model of cementum microcrystal alignment has been proposed. The methodology presented can be utilized for studying the mineralization process of root cementum and other mineralized tissues.
Assessment of high‐resolution satellite rainfall estimation products in a streamflow model for flood prediction in the Bagmati basin, Nepal
Authors: Bajracharya S.R. , Shrestha M.S. , Shrestha A.B.
Published: November 2014

The use of appropriate hydrological models with real‐time satellite rainfall estimates can help mitigate flood damage, provide support to contingency planning, and provide warning to people threatened by floods. In this study, the simulated streamflow from the Geospatial Stream Flow Model (GeoSFM) using NOAA Climate Prediction Centre Rainfall Estimates Version 2.0 (RFE) data was compared with observed streamflow in the Bagmati basin. The model showed poor performance when forced with 2002 monsoon RFE. However, the simulated streamflow showed a significant improvement when using improved RFE by incorporating local rain gauge data into the rainfall estimate. Simulated streamflow was much closer to the observed discharge, with a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient of 0.91, flow ratio of 1.1, and coefficient of determination of 0.92. Thus, improved RFE can be considered for use in flood prediction. A flood hazard map prepared using the extreme rainfall event showed an inundation area of 315 km2, 8.4% of the basin.
Psychometrics evaluation of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth Neuropathy Score (CMTNSv2) second version, using Rasch analysis
Authors: Sadjadi Reza , Reilly Mary M. , Shy Michael E. , Pareyson Davide , Laura Matilde , Murphy Sinead , Feely Shawna M. E. , Grider Tiffany , Bacon Chelsea , Piscosquito Giuseppe , Calabrese Daniela , Burns Ted M.
Published: November 2014

Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth Neuropathy Score second version (CMTNSv2) is a validated clinical outcome measure developed for use in clinical trials to monitor disease impairment and progression in affected CMT patients. Currently, all items of CMTNSv2 have identical contribution to the total score. We used Rasch analysis to further explore psychometric properties of CMTNSv2, and in particular, category response functioning, and their weight on the overall disease progression. Weighted category responses represent a more accurate estimate of actual values measuring disease severity and therefore could potentially be used in improving the current version. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body Image in Women with Primary and Secondary Provoked Vestibulodynia: A Controlled Study
Authors: Maillé Delphine L. , Bergeron Sophie , Lambert Bernard
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is a women's genito-pelvic pain condition associated with psychosexual impairments, including depression. Body image (BI) has been found to be different in women with primary (PVD1) and secondary (PVD2) PVD. No controlled study has compared BI in women with PVD1 and PVD2 and investigated its associations with sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and pain.

Aims

The aims of this study were to (i) compare BI in women with PVD1, PVD2, and asymptomatic controls and (ii) to examine associations between BI and sexual satisfaction, sexual function, and pain during intercourse in women with PVD.

Methods

Fifty-seven women (20 with PVD1, 19 with PVD2, and 18 controls) completed measures of BI, sexual satisfaction, sexual function, pain during intercourse, and depression.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measures were (i) Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction Scale, (ii) Female Sexual Function Index, and (iii) pain numerical rating scale.

Results

Controlling for depression, women with PVD1 reported more body exposure anxiety during sexual activities than women with PVD2 and controls F(2,51) = 4.23, P = 0.02. For women with PVD, more negative BI during sexual activities was associated with lower sexual satisfaction (β = −0.45, P = 0.02) and function (β = −0.39, P = 0.04) and higher pain during intercourse (β = 0.59, P = 0.004). More positive body esteem was associated with higher sexual function (β = 0.34, P = 0.05).

Conclusions

Findings suggest that women with PVD1 present more body exposure anxiety during sexual activities than women with PVD2 and asymptomatic women. Body esteem and general attitudes toward women's genitalia were not significantly different between groups. Higher body exposure anxiety during sexual activities was associated with poorer sexual outcomes in women with PVD. Further studies assessing interventions targeting BI during sexual activities in this population are needed, as improving BI during sexual interactions may enhance sexual outcomes in women with PVD.
Gender, Economic, and Ecological Justice Demands in Latin America: Toward an Interlinked Frame for Collective Action
Authors: Bidegain Ponte Nicole
Published: November 2014

Adopting a frame analysis, this article analyzes how transnational advocacy networks in Latin America interlink different agendas in specific international political opportunity structures. Specifically, it assesses the way REMTE and GRAP interlinked economic, ecological, and gender justice demands at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. This article provides insights on the factors that affect the alignment process of different demands under collective action frames.
Women Organizing against Free Trade in Latin America
Authors: Domínguez Reyes Edmé
Published: November 2014

There is a good deal of literature on new transnational social movements, especially those opposing globalization, particularly free trade. There is also broad literature regarding the consequences by gender of neoliberal restructuring, but literature on transnational organizing of women to resist free trade integration schemes is scarce. This article addresses the issue from the perspective of the Women's Committee within the Hemispheric Social Alliance and the Mesoamerican Women in Resistance. It highlights the hindrances these movements encounter within their own mixed coalitions and within the broader women's and feminist movements.
Nomenclatural notes on Erythroxylum sect. Rhabdophyllum (Erythroxylaceae): new synonyms and lectotypifications
Authors: Loiola Maria Iracema Bezerra , da Costa‐Lima James Lucas , Mayo Simon Joseph , de Sales Margareth Ferreira
Published: November 2014

In this paper we present new synonyms and typifications in Erythroxylum sect. Rhabdophyllum: four taxa are synonymized, three of which at the specific level and one at the infraspecific one, and fourteen lectotypifications are made.
Chores and sense of self: gendered understandings of voices of older married women with dementia
Authors: Hellström Ingrid , Eriksson Henrik , Sandberg Jonas
Published: November 2014

Background

Marital relationships in dementia are forged between the person with dementia and the care partner, and such relationships have an impact on the way in which dementia is understood and experienced. The everyday work that underpins the relationship is usually divided between spouses and based on traditional divisions of household chores.

Aims and objectives

The aim was to describe how older women with dementia express the importance of their homes and their chores in everyday life.

Methods

Seven women with dementia, who were cohabiting with their husbands, were interviewed on up to five occasions at home during a five‐to‐six‐year period on the following themes: the home, their dementia illness, everyday life, their relationships with their husbands and dignity and autonomy.

Results

The qualitative analysis showed three different patterns in the women's narratives: keeping the core of the self through the home, keeping the self through polarising division of labour and keeping the self through (re‐) negotiations of responsibilities. The feeling of one's home and home‐related chores is an essential way to express who you are.

Conclusion

The women stated that household chores are the centre of their lives despite their dementia disease and that the home, even though it shrinks, still makes the women see themselves as an important person, namely the ‘competent wife’.

Implications for practice

Nurses need to be aware that ‘doing gender’ may be a means of preserving personhood as well as of sustaining couplehood in dementia.
Do we look happy? Perceptions of romantic relationship quality on Facebook
Authors: EMERY LYDIA F. , MUISE AMY , ALPERT ELIZABETH , LE BENJAMIN
Published: November 2014

Does the information that people share about their romantic relationships on Facebook influence how other people perceive their relationship quality? Across 2 studies, people's accuracy at inferring others' relationship quality based on their Facebook profiles and how Facebook profiles influenced others' judgments of people's relationship quality and likability were investigated. Perceived relationship quality corresponded to self‐reported relationship quality (Study 1), and people with more visible relationships were perceived as having greater relationship satisfaction and commitment (Studies 1 and 2) and being more likable (Study 2). High disclosure about the relationship predicted greater perceived relationship quality but lower likability (Study 2). These findings illuminate how sharing information about one's relationship influences other people's impressions of the individual and the relationship.
Control Impacts of Cold-Air Bypass on Pressurized Fuel Cell Turbine Hybrids
Authors: Pezzini Paolo , Celestin Sue , Tucker David
Published: November 2014

A pressure drop analysis for a direct-fired fuel cell turbine hybrid power system was evaluated using a hardware-based simulation of an integrated gasifier/fuel cell/turbine hybrid cycle, implemented through the hybrid performance (Hyper) project at the National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy (NETL). The Hyper facility is designed to explore dynamic operation of hybrid systems and quantitatively characterize such transient behavior. It is possible to model, test, and evaluate the effects of different parameters on the design and operation of a gasifier/fuel cell/gas turbine hybrid system and provide means of evaluating risk mitigation strategies. The cold-air bypass in the Hyper facility directs compressor discharge flow to the turbine inlet duct, bypassing the fuel cell, and exhaust gas recuperators in the system. This valve reduces turbine inlet temperature while reducing cathode airflow, but significantly improves compressor surge margin. Regardless of the reduced turbine inlet temperature as the valve opens, a peak in turbine efficiency is observed during characterization of the valve at the middle of the operating range. A detailed experimental analysis shows the unusual behavior during steady state and transient operation, which is considered a key point for future control strategies in terms of turbine efficiency optimization and cathode airflow control.
Research on Nodal Expansion Method for Transient Convection Diffusion Equation
Authors: Zhou Xiafeng , Li Fu
Published: November 2014

Nodal expansion method (NEM), well known for its high accuracy and efficiency, has been widely applied to reactor physics analysis. It is proven that NEM has an advantage over traditional finite difference method (FDM) and finite volume method (FVM). However, for most reactor thermal hydraulic codes, traditional FDM or FVM is still in use, and the NEM is barely utilized. Therefore, to make full use of the advantages of NEM and effectively solve the thermal hydraulic problems, the derivation and analytical process of nodal expansion method for transient convection-diffusion equation is studied in this paper. First, time discretization is derived by finite difference method, and then is manipulated to ensure that the form of convection-diffusion equation is consistent with that of neutron diffusion equation. After that, the approach of NEM for neutron diffusion equation can be easily utilized in the thermal hydraulic codes, and the code TNEM based on NEM is developed to solve the multi-dimensional transient convection-diffusion equation. At last, through the numerical benchmarks and error analysis, the numerical results of TNEM are found to agree well with the reference solutions and are superior to that of center difference scheme and first order upwind scheme as for the one-dimensional problem and multi-dimensional problem. Furthermore, good accuracy can be maintained even for coarse meshes.
Optimized Surface Treatments and Manufacturing Techniques for Components of Sodium Cooled Fast Reactors
Authors: Horowitz Emmanuel
Published: November 2014

The French sodium prototype ASTRID should work from 2026; it must satisfy the requirements of “Generation IV” with regard to lifetime, safety and efficiency; means are sought in order to optimize the ageing behavior of components.

Coatings that seem favorable concerning the fuel claddings and wrappers of ASTRID must be further checked.

Other surface treatments are considered for less irradiated components, in order to improve the residual stresses near the surface of metallic pieces; if the stresses get compressive, these treated components get less brittle and “stress corrosion cracking” (SCC) may be avoided.

French and Chinese establishments have developed “ultrasonic shot peening” using stainless steel balls or needles. Concurrently, US and Japanese companies have carried out “water jet peening” and nanopulse “Laser Peening” treatments; These “laser peening” treatments have already enhanced efficiently SCC and fatigue behavior of both AISI 316 pieces and 12%Cr ferrochromium blades.

Laser treatments with lower power requirements improve also the behaviour of surfaces with regard to SCC, roughness or pitting corrosion.

Passivating chemical techniques are required too in order to stabilize the protective chromine layer at the surface of metallic pieces. Peening and passivating techniques should be combined in the future.
Detailed Observation of Seawater Precipitation With 5×5 Mockup Fuel Bundle Based on X-Ray Computated Tomography Technique
Authors: Kojo Retsu , Hotta Akitoshi , Furuya Masahiro , Akiba Miyuki , Hoshi Harutaka
Published: November 2014

In order to conform to the new regulatory standard in Japan, seawater is regarded as the alternative water source both for BWRs (Boiling water reactors) and PWRs (Pressurized water reactors). For preventing further accident evolutions occurred in Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants, seawater was injected into the reactors for more than one week. With long-term seawater injection, sea salt compositions are condensed and many of them will precipitate when saturated concentrations are exceeded. Unlike corrosion issues, impacts of sea salt precipitation on the heat removal has not been studied widely in the past because it has not been regarded as the alternative water source before Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants accident.

The existent knowledge base of boric acid precipitation under LOCA conditions was studied. Based on the existent study on impacts of boric acid precipitation under LOCA conditions, the experimental project of seawater consisting of four experiments was proposed.

The existent database of physical properties, such as viscosity, of seawater is rather poor under severe accident conditions. In addition, it is likely that boric acid will be injected with water or seawater to prevent re-criticality. It is known that physical properties of boric acid vary widely under high temperature conditions. Measurement of viscosity of the seawater-boric acid mixture was conducted in high temperature using a rotational viscometer. Under conditions equivalent to the estimated bulk coolant conditions under a long-term cooling phase of severe accidents. In this range, no obvious change of viscosity is expected.

Then a detailed structure of seawater precipitates was observed using a mockup fuel bundle with 5×5 in the square lattice and 500 mm in the length. Images of precipitates were taken using the X-ray CT. The water level, the concentration of sea salt and the heat flux are employed as experimental parameters. The heat flux, bubble stirring in downstream of spacers and heat loss by a non-heated channel box were identified as influential factors to local and overall precipitates in fuel bundles.
Analysis With ART Code for Adsorption of Molecular Iodine Onto Aerosols During Severe Accidents
Authors: Ishikawa Jun , Maruyama Yu
Published: November 2014

Two tests performed in the THAI-2 project of the OECD/NEA on the adsorption of molecular iodine onto chemically inactive and active aerosols were analyzed with ART code for analysis of transportation of radioactive materials during a severe accident in order mainly to estimate adsorption velocities of I2 onto the aerosols. The results of the analysis for aerosol characteristics including airborne concentration and size distribution were reasonably agreed with the measured tendencies. The total surface areas of the aerosols, contributing to physisorption and chemisorption of I2, were evaluated to be comparable with the surface area of the THAI test vessel wall. It was found that, giving the adsorption velocity onto aerosol at 10−5 through 10−4 m/s, the decreasing tendency in the airborne concentration of I2 was well reproduced for the test with chemically inactive aerosol. The present analysis also indicated that the adsorption velocity in the test with chemically active aerosol was estimated to be larger than that in the test with chemically inactive aerosol by two orders.
Stress Concentration Factor Calculation for the Hooks in Lifting Appliance of Spent Fuel Well Cover
Authors: Liu Xiang , Li Yue , Wang Jinhua , Wu Bin
Published: November 2014

The spent nuclear fuel of HTR-PM (High Temperature Reactor–Pebblebed Modules) will be dry stored in wells. In the mouth of each well, there is a cover weighing 11 tons. A lifting appliance with three hooks is used to open and close the covers. The hooks are L-shaped with fillet at the inside corner. The stress concentration at the corner has a significant impact on the strength and fatigue life of hooks. For optimizing the structure of the hook, the stress concentration factor related to the radius of fillet is calculated by both theoretical and numerical methods. The theoretical calculation is based on the Saint-Venant’s Principle and the analytical solution of a curved beam. The result is consistent with the numerical calculation performed by the finite element method.
Numerical Analysis of the Residual Heat Removal for the Spent Fuel Canister of HTR-PM in Fuel Loading Process
Authors: Wang Jinhua , Wang Bing , Wu Bin
Published: November 2014

High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR) has inherent safety, and has been selected as one of the candidates for the Gen-IV nuclear energy system. In china, the project of the High Temperature Reactor Pebble bed Module (HTR-PM) is in design and construction process. Spherical fuel elements are chosen for the HTR-PM and the spent fuel elements will be stored in canister. The spent fuel canister will be delivered to wells for storage when fully loaded. The canister is covered by a steel cask for radiation shielding, and the cask is covered by a boron polyethylene sleeve to absorb neutrons from decay in fuel loading process. Normally, the residual heat is discharged by forced ventilation in fuel loading process. An auxiliary fan is set on top of the cask considering the possible mechanical failure for the operating fan. When losing normal power supply, the emergency power will be provided to the fans by the two line diesel generators respectively. In extreme conditions of mechanical failure for both fans, the residual heat could be discharged by natural ventilation. The temperature profiles of the different structures were studied in this paper with CFD method for both normal and accident conditions. The calculation results showed that, the maximum temperature of all of the structures are lower than the safety temperature limits in either normal or accident conditions; the temperature decreases rapidly with radial distance in the canister, and the maximum temperature is located at the center of the fuel pebble bed. So it is feasible to remove the residual heat of the spent fuel by natural ventilation in accident condition, and in the natural ventilation condition, the maximum temperature of the spent fuel, the canister shell, the shielding cask, and the boron polyethylene sleeve are lower than their safety temperature limits.
Evaluation of the Scaling Analysis Model of the EU-APR1400 Core Catcher Cooling System Test Facility
Authors: Rhee Bo W. , Ha K. S. , Park R. J. , Song J. H.
Published: November 2014

This paper describes the basic design features of the EU-APR1400 reactor core catcher cooling system and its test facility, and the associated scaling analysis model. An assessment of the validity of the scaling analysis using the preliminary performance test result of the test facility is described. This includes comparison of the predicted mass flow rate of the test loop as a function of the heat load to the facility, inlet flow subcooling and system pressure to the experimental results.