bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Natural Ferrihydrite as an Agent for Reducing Turbidity Caused by Suspended Clays
Authors: Rhoton F. E. , Bigham J. M.
Published: July 2009

Biologically impaired waters are often caused by the turbidity associated with elevated suspended sediment concentrations. Turbidity can be reduced by the addition of positively charged compounds that coagulate negatively charged particles in suspension, causing them to flocculate. This research was conducted to determine the effectiveness of ferrihydrite, a poorly crystalline Fe oxide, as a flocculating agent for suspended clays similar to those found in high‐turbidity waters of the Mississippi delta. Clay concentrations of 100 mg L−1 from a Dubbs silt loam (fine silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Hapludalfs), a Forestdale silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, thermic Typic Hapludalfs), and a Sharkey clay (very fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Epiaquerts) were suspended in 0.0005 mol L−1 CaCl2 solutions at pH 5, 6, 7, or 8. Natural ferrihydrite with a zero point of charge at pH 5.8 was acquired from a drinking water treatment facility and mixed with the suspension at concentrations of 0, 10, 25, and 50 mg L−1 After settling periods of 24 and 48 h, percent transmittance was measured at a wavelength of 420 nm using a 3‐mL sample collected at a depth of 2 cm. The greatest reductions in turbidity after 24‐h equilibration were recorded for the pH 5 suspensions of the Dubbs (31%) and Forestdale (37%) clays at a ferrihydrite concentration of 10 mg L−1 and for the Sharkey clay at a ferrihydrite concentration of 25 mg L−1 (relative to the 0 ferrihydrite treatment). Water clarity for all samples further increased after 48 h. These results indicate that the effectiveness of ferrihydrite, as a means of reducing turbidity associated with suspended clays, is greatest at pH values below its zero point of charge.
Behavior of Atrazine in Limited Irrigation Cropping Systems in Colorado: Prior Use Is Important
Authors: Shaner Dale L. , Wiles Lori , Hansen Neil
Published: July 2009

Glyphosate‐resistant (GR) corn may be a major component of new cropping systems to optimize the use of limited irrigation water supply while sustaining production. Because atrazine is an important tool for residual weed control in GR corn, we examined atrazine binding to soil, dissipation, movement, and early season weed control in limited and full irrigation cropping systems. These systems included continuous corn under conventional tillage and full irrigation (CCC‐FI) and under no‐tillage and deficit irrigation (CCC‐DI), a sunflower‐wheat‐corn rotation under no‐tillage and deficit irrigation (SWC‐DI), and a wheat‐fallow‐wheat‐corn rotation under no tillage and natural precipitation (WFWC‐NP). Crop rotation and herbicide use history influenced atrazine behavior more than amount or type of irrigation. Atrazine dissipated more rapidly in the top 30 cm of soil in the CCC‐FI and CCC‐DI plots (half‐life [T1/2] = 3–12 d), which had received previous applications of the herbicide, compared with the SWC‐DI and WFWC‐NP plots, which had no history of atrazine use (T1/2 = 15–22 d). Laboratory assays indicated that the different rates of degradation were at least partly due to differences in microbial degradation in the soil. Atrazine moved the most in the top 30 cm in the SWC‐DI and WFWC‐NP plots. This greater movement is probably due to the slower rate of atrazine degradation. Studies of the behavior of pre‐emergence herbicides in new limited irrigation cropping systems must consider all characteristics of the systems, not just amount and timing of irrigation.
Identifying Pathways and Processes Affecting Nitrate and Orthophosphate Inputs to Streams in Agricultural Watersheds
Authors: Tesoriero Anthony J. , Duff John H. , Wolock David M. , Spahr Norman E. , Almendinger James E.
Published: July 2009

Understanding nutrient pathways to streams will improve nutrient management strategies and estimates of the time lag between when changes in land use practices occur and when water quality effects that result from these changes are observed. Nitrate and orthophosphate (OP) concentrations in several environmental compartments were examined in watersheds having a range of base flow index (BFI) values across the continental United States to determine the dominant pathways for water and nutrient inputs to streams. Estimates of the proportion of stream nitrate that was derived from groundwater increased as BFI increased. Nitrate concentration gradients between groundwater and surface water further supported the groundwater source of nitrate in these high BFI streams. However, nitrate concentrations in stream‐bed pore water in all settings were typically lower than stream or upland groundwater concentrations, suggesting that nitrate discharge to streams was not uniform through the bed. Rather, preferential pathways (e.g., springs, seeps) may allow high nitrate groundwater to bypass sites of high biogeochemical transformation. Rapid pathway compartments (e.g., overland flow, tile drains) had OP concentrations that were typically higher than in streams and were important OP conveyers in most of these watersheds. In contrast to nitrate, the proportion of stream OP that is derived from ground water did not systematically increase as BFI increased. While typically not the dominant source of OP, groundwater discharge was an important pathway of OP transport to streams when BFI values were very high and when geochemical conditions favored OP mobility in groundwater.
Airborne Endotoxin Concentrations at a Large Open‐Lot Dairy in Southern Idaho
Authors: Dungan Robert S. , Leytem April B.
Published: July 2009

Endotoxins are derived from gram‐negative bacteria and are a potential respiratory health risk for animals and humans. To determine the potential for endotoxin transport from a large open‐lot dairy, total airborne endotoxin concentrations were determined at an upwind location (background) and five downwind locations on three separate days. The downwind locations were situated at of the edge of the lot, 200 and 1390 m downwind from the lot, and downwind from a manure composting area and wastewater holding pond. When the wind was predominantly from the west, the average endotoxin concentration at the upwind location was 24 endotoxin units (EU) m−3, whereas at the edge of the lot on the downwind side it was 259 EU m−3 At 200 and 1390 m downwind from the edge of the lot, the average endotoxin concentrations were 168 and 49 EU m−3, respectively. Average airborne endotoxin concentrations downwind from the composting site (36 EU m−3) and wastewater holding pond (89 EU m−3) and 1390 m from the edge of the lot were not significantly different from the upwind location. There were no significant correlations between ambient weather data collected and endotoxin concentrations over the experimental period. The downwind data show that the airborne endotoxin concentrations decreased exponentially with distance from the lot edge. Decreasing an individual's proximity to the dairy should lower their risk of airborne endotoxin exposure and associated health effects.
Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potentials of Wetlands, Agricultural Drains, and Rivers and the Effect of Biodegradation on Trihalomethane Precursors
Authors: Engelage Samantha K. , Stringfellow William T. , Letain Tracy
Published: July 2009

Trihalomethane (THM) precursors are a significant problem in the San Joaquin River (SJR) watershed, an important source of drinking water for >20 million people. Trihalomethane precursors diminish drinking water quality and are formed during natural decomposition of organic matter in aquatic systems. This study sought to identify sources of chlorine‐reactive dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the SJR watershed and to determine if wetlands were more important sources of THM precursors than nearby rivers and agricultural drains. The effects of biodegradation on DOC quality and quantity were investigated and analyzed across drainage type. Results show wetland drainage contained comparable bromide concentrations and organic carbon aromaticity but contained more than two times the average DOC concentrations found in agricultural drains and rivers. Wetland DOC did not have an increased propensity to form THMs when compared with the other drainage types, despite significantly higher wetland formation potentials. The higher formation potentials measured in wetland drainages were attributed to higher DOC concentrations; the positive correlation found between DOC and trihalomethane formation potentials (THMFPs) and the significantly higher wetland DOC concentrations suggest that increased wetland restoration could result in increased THMFPs in the SJR watershed. Wetland THM precursors were more resistant to biodegradation than THM precursors from agricultural and river samples. Results suggest that THM precursors in the SJR were from algae and were biodegraded.
The Efficiency of Observability and Mutual Linkage
Authors: Cui Zhiwei , Zhai Jian , Liu Xuan
Published: July 2009

This paper studies the aspiration-based learning dynamics in symmetric normal-form games played at multiple locations. In particular, the aspiration level in one location is linked to the average performances of players in observable locations. With a decentralized information structure, the learning dynamics converge to limit states. For a large class of information structures and games, when there exists trembles in the updating of aspiration levels, the unique stochastically stable equilibrium is characterized by the Pareto efficient symmetric outcome. In the prisoners' dilemma, if the probability of trembles is sufficiently small, both players in every location will ultimately cooperate most of the time.
Optimal Auctions with Simultaneous and Costly Participation
Authors: Celik Gorkem , Yilankaya Okan
Published: July 2009

We study the optimal auction problem with participation costs in the symmetric independent private values setting, where bidders know their valuations when they make independent participation decisions. After characterizing the optimal auction in terms of participation cutoffs, we provide an example where it is asymmetric. We then investigate when the optimal auction will be symmetric/asymmetric and the nature of possible asymmetries. We also show that, under some conditions, the seller obtains her maximal profit in an (asymmetric) equilibrium of an anonymous second price auction. In general, the seller can also use non-anonymous auctions that resemble the ones that are actually observed in practice.
A Positive Theory of Income Taxation
Authors: Carbonell-Nicolau Oriol
Published: July 2009

We explore the consequences of electoral competition for nonlinear income taxation. Our model is a dynamic version of the standard two-party electoral competition model adapted to nonlinear income taxation. The theory has a number of desirable features. First, equilibria always exist, even though the set of admissible tax policies is multidimensional. Second, the Nash set can be characterized generically, and its components give sharp predictions. Third, the features of equilibrium tax policies depend only on empirically meaningful fundamentals.Equilibrium tax schedules benefit the more numerous income groups and place the burden of taxation on income groups with fewer voters. For empirical income distributions, the features of an equilibrium tax schedule are reminiscent of Director's law of public income redistribution (Stigler [39]).
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase as a new target for malignant glioma therapy
Authors: Miyazaki Takeshi , Moritake Kouzo , Yamada Kazuo , Hara Nobumasa , Osago Harumi , Shibata Tomoko , Akiyama Yasuhiko , Tsuchiya Mikako
Published: July 2009

Object

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a kynurenine pathway (KP) enzyme catalyzing oxidation of the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp), is thought to be involved in the immune resistance of malignant tumors through T-cell inactivation caused by Trp depletion and metabolite accumulation. Human malignant gliomas may use this strategy to escape immune attack. The object of this study was to investigate the possibility of IDO-dependent Trp depletion by malignant gliomas and the practicability of using an IDO inhibitor together with anticancer drugs to reserve Trp without decreasing the cytotoxicity of the drugs.

Methods

The authors studied expression of IDO and other KP enzymes and the effects of an IDO inhibitor, 1-methyl L-tryptophan (1MT), on Trp metabolism and cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs, together with direct measurement of KP metabolites, in cultured human malignant glioma cells.

Results

Upon interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulation, the glioma cells greatly increased their IDO mRNA expression concomitant with depletion of Trp. The IDO inhibitor 1MT successfully prevented Trp consumption by the stimulated glioma cells. Combining 1MT with anticancer drugs (temozolomide, bischloroethylnitrosourea [BCNU], etoposide and cisplatin) did not interfere with the drugs' suppression of growth of LN229 glioma cells but rather increased their inhibitory effects on IDO activity.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the robust IDO expression with rapid consumption of Trp in human glioma cells induced by IFN-γ could lead to immune resistance in glioma cells. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase inhibitors that prevent Trp depletion could be used with anticancer drugs to improve therapeutic effects.
Tumor-associated epilepsy
Authors: Rajneesh Kiran F. , Binder Devin K.
Published: July 2009

Tumor-associated epilepsy is an important contributor to morbidity in patients with brain tumors. Proposed pathophysiological mechanisms to explain these effects range from neuronal and glial dysfunction to deranged vascular homeostasis, to ionic and pH changes. Perilesional tissue alterations play a vital role in the generation of tumor-associated seizures. Clinical studies have determined that tumor-associated seizures are usually focal with secondary generalization and often resistant to antiepileptic drugs. Tumor histopathological characteristics and location are independent factors that impact seizure burden. Further understanding of the mechanisms of tumor-associated epilepsy may lead to new types of treatments targeted at perilesional tissue alterations.
Brain tumors in the mesial temporal lobe: long-term oncological outcome
Authors: Phi Ji Hoon , Chung Chun Kee
Published: July 2009

Object

Surgical treatment of brain tumors in the mesial temporal lobe (MTL) is a highly demanding procedure. Only a few studies describing the surgery of MTL tumors have been reported, and they have been focused on the operative techniques and immediate results of the surgery. The authors have analyzed the long-term oncological outcome in patients with MTL tumors.

Methods

Thirty-six patients with an MTL tumor were studied. The mean patient age at surgery was 32 years (range 13–62 years). The tumors were confined to the MTL (Schramm Type A) in 25 patients (69%). Extension of the tumor into the fusiform gyrus (Schramm Type C) and temporal stem (Schramm Type D) was observed in 4 and 7 patients (11 and 19%), respectively. There was a significant difference in the tumor size according to Schramm types (p = 0.001). Complete tumor resection was achieved in 26 patients (72%). All tumors were low-grade lesions except for 1 anaplastic astrocytoma.

Results

After a median follow-up period of 50.5 months, 7 patients showed progression of the disease. The actuarial progression-free survival rates were 97% in the 1st year, 84% in the 2nd year, and 80% in the 5th year. The degree of tumor resection was significantly related to the tumor control failure (p < 0.001) and malignant transformation of a low-grade tumor (p < 0.001). Univariate analyses using a Cox proportional hazards model showed that the following factors were significantly associated with a failure to control the tumor: 1) extent of the tumor (Schramm Type D; p = 0.003, relative risk [RR] 12.04); 2) size of the tumor (p = 0.033, RR 1.052/mm); 3) patient age at surgery ≥ 50 years (p = 0.007, RR 8.312); and 4) short duration of epilepsy (< 6 months; p = 0.001, RR 21.54).

Conclusions

Surgery is the principal treatment for MTL tumors, despite its technical difficulty. Complete tumor resection is strongly recommended for long-term tumor control. The MTL tumors are heterogeneous in their prognosis. Older age, short duration of epilepsy, and tumor size are all associated with poor outcome. Patients with these characteristics may have a more aggressive form of the disease than those with MTL tumors associated with chronic epilepsy.
Embryological development of the human insula and its implications for the spread and resection of insular gliomas
Authors: Kalani M. Yashar S. , Kalani Maziyar A. , Gwinn Ryder , Keogh Bart , Tse Victor C. K.
Published: July 2009

The human insular cortex, or the lobus insularis, is considered the developmentally most primitive lobe of the telencephalon. Covered by an overlying cortical lid, the insula has functions that are distinct from yet related to those of the adjacent temporal lobe and deep limbic structures. In the first part of this paper the authors outline the development of the human insula, including the cellular heterogeneity comprising the various parts of the insular lobe. Using the understanding gained from the development of the insula they then address implications of insular development for cortical development and connection as well as for tumorigenesis and tumor spread from the insula to other cortical structures, most notably the temporal lobe. An understanding of cortico-insular development and interconnection allows for both a better understanding of insular pathology and also facilitates planning of resection of cortico-insular gliomas to avoid damage to eloquent structures.
The safety and effectiveness of a dural sealant system for use with nonautologous duraplasty materials
Authors: Weinstein Jason S. , Liu Kenneth C. , Delashaw Johnny B. , Burchiel Kim J. , van Loveren Harry R. , Vale Fernando L. , Agazzi Siviero , Greenberg Mark S. , Smith Donald A. , Tew John
Published: July 2009

Object

The DuraSeal dural sealant system, a polyethylene glycol hydrogel, has been shown to be safe and effective when used with commercial and autologous duraplasty materials. The authors report on the safety and effectiveness of this sealant when used in conjunction with nonautologous duraplasty materials.

Methods

In this retrospective, nonrandomized, multicenter study, the safety and efficacy of a dural sealant system was assessed in conjunction with primarily collagen-based nonautologous duraplasty materials in a sample of 66 patients undergoing elective cranial procedures at 3 institutions. This cohort was compared with 50 well-matched patients from the DuraSeal Pivotal Trial who were treated with this sealant system and autologous duraplasty material.

Results

The key end points of the study were the incidences of CSF leaks, surgical site infections, and meningitis 90 days after surgery. The incidence of postoperative CSF leakage was 7.6% in the study group (retrospective population) and 6.0% in the Pivotal Trial population. The incidence of meningitis was 0% and 4.0% in the retrospective and Pivotal Trial groups, respectively. There were no serious device-related adverse events or unanticipated adverse device effects noted for either population.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the DuraSeal sealant system is safe and effective when used for watertight dural closure in conjunction with nonautologous duraplasty materials.
A bundle approach to reduce the incidence of external ventricular and lumbar drain-related infections
Authors: Leverstein-van Hall Maurine A. , Hopmans Titia E. M. , van der Sprenkel Jan Willem Berkelbach , Blok Hetty E. M. , van der Mark Wil A. M. A. , Hanlo Patrick W. , Bonten Marc J. M.
Published: July 2009

Object

An important complication of external CSF drainage is bacterial meningitis or ventriculitis, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. In 2003, a high rate (37%) of probable drain-related infections was identified at the authors' hospital. A multidisciplinary working group was installed to reduce this incidence to < 10% within 1.5 years.

Methods

An intervention strategy based on 5 pillars (increased awareness, focused standard operating procedures, a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm, timely administration of prophylaxis, and improvement of the drainage system) was designed and implemented from 2004 to 2006. During this period all patients with external CSF drainage were prospectively monitored.

Results

Between 2004 and 2006, there were 467 patients in whom 579 drains (external ventricular and external lumbar) had been placed. The overall incidence of drain-related infections was 16.2% in 2004, 8.9% in 2005, and 11.3% in 2006. For external lumbar drains the number of infections per 100 drain days was 2.4 in 2004, 0.6 in 2005, and 0.8 in 2006. For external ventricular drains these rates were 1.7, 1.0, and 1.2, respectively. Meanwhile, the causative noncutaneous microorganisms, indicative for systemic-contamination during manipulation, decreased. By retrospective analysis, the proportion of patients with a probable drain-related infection decreased from 37% in 2003 to 9% in 2005 and 2006.

Conclusions

The authors' multidisciplinary approach in which different preventive measures were combined was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of drain-related secondary meningitis, and thus provides an important improvement of patient safety.
Door to Door Survey and Community Participation to Implement a New County Mosquito Control Program in Wayne County, North Carolina, USA
Authors: Grantham Amanda , Anderson Alice L. , Kelley Timothy
Published: July 2009

Community involvement in mosquito management programs provides more sustainable and effective organization and service. A door to door survey in Wayne County, NC carried out by student volunteers, resulted in 60 household responses. Residents had not previously experienced outreach from the county (88%), and 95% of them thought the student door to door survey was an effective form of outreach. One third of the residents thought mosquitoes were severe where they lived, but only 9% thought they had any containers in their yard that might breed mosquitoes. Only 15% of the residents were concerned about mosquito borne diseases. These responses provide evidence that outreach and education on mosquito control and diseases were necessary steps for future mosquito control community planning.
Distortion of Near-Surface Seawater Temperature Structure by a Moored-Buoy Hull and Its Effect on Skin Temperature and Heat Flux Estimates
Authors: Kawai Yoshimi , Ando Kentaro , Kawamura Hiroshi
Published: July 2009

Previous studies have suggested that the accuracy of temperature measurements by surface-moored buoys may be affected by distortions of the near-surface temperature structure by the buoy hull on calm, sunny days. We obtained the first definite observational evidence that the temperature near the hull was not horizontally homogeneous at the same nominal depth. We observed large temperature differences of 1.0 K or more between thermometers at 0.2 m depth. The distortion of the surface temperature field yielded an error in estimates of daytime net surface heat flux up to more than 30 Wm–2.
Process and Outcomes Evaluation of Retention Strategies Within a Nursing Workforce Diversity Project
Authors: Escallier Lori A. , Fullerton Judith T.
Published: July 2009

A commitment to enhancing the diversity of the nursing workforce is reflected in the recruitment and retention strategies designed by Stony Brook University with support of a grant received from the Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration. Three specific student retention strategies are evaluated in terms of their influence on student inclusion and promotion of student success. A review of the cultural competence of teaching and learning strategies and the promotion of cultural self-awareness underpinned these strategies. A mentorship program designed to provide individual support for students, particularly for those engaged in distance learning, proved to be challenging to implement and underused by students. Students found other means of support in their workplace and through individual connections with the faculty. Instructional programs that enhanced individual skills in the use of computer hardware and software were particularly effective in promoting student success.
Development of a Multidisciplinary Course in Cultural Competence for Nursing and Human Service Professions
Authors: Munoz Cora C. , DoBroka Cheryl Conrad , Mohammad Saleem
Published: July 2009

A multidisciplinary teaching model was used to develop a pilot course for students in the human service professions of nursing, education, and social work to gain additional knowledge and skills in providing diverse clients with culturally appropriate services during field and clinical experiences. This article focuses on the process of developing a multidisciplinary course in cultural competence that is consistent with a university mission to prepare students for leadership and service in an increasingly diverse society. Using the theoretical framework of Campinha-Bacote's process of cultural competence and the six developmental stages of intercultural competence in Bennett's developmental model of intercultural sensitivity, the course content covered the five components of cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skills, cultural encounters, and cultural desire. Students' written reflections indicated growth in acquisition of cultural knowledge, skills, and desire. Faculty collaboration across disciplines included the benefits of an enriched knowledge base and shared scholarship.
Partnering with Community Agencies to Provide Nursing Students with Cultural Awareness Experiences and Refugee Health Promotion Access
Authors: Sullivan Catherine H.
Published: July 2009

Refugees' cultural beliefs, communication barriers, and low health literacy may lead to health disparities within the Western health care system. This article describes a teaching-learning strategy emphasizing the community partnership between a baccalaureate school of nursing, an immigrant-refugee program, and a community literacy program in a rural state. Senior community health nursing students partnered with an immigrant-refugee program and a community literacy program to provide health promotion and prevention services to recently immigrated Hmong and Russian refugees. Priority health needs were identified and culturally appropriate health promotion and prevention education modules were designed and imple mented by students. Students collaborated with community agencies and businesses to increase access to health resources for these vulnerable populations. Outcomes were the provision of cultural awareness experiences for nursing students and access to health care with increased knowledge of Western health care practices and beliefs for refugees.
Faculty Application of the American Psychological Association Style
Authors: Morse Gwen Goetz
Published: July 2009

This article explores current faculty methods with the application and evaluation of the American Psychological Association (APA) style. Specific aims were to determine concerns related to APA style, review faculty grading practices, identify institutional resources, and report potential solutions for improving application of APA style. A survey with an exploratory descriptive research design was developed and distributed online to academic chairs and deans, requesting their support in distributing the survey to their faculty.

Responses (
N
= 704) were grouped into five categories: departmental and personal concerns; faculty grading practices; institutional resources; format, writing style, and grammar; and suggestions and potential solutions. Sixty percent reported that application and evaluation of APA style is a concern in their department. Content analysis identified four categories as proposed solutions: consistency, education, resources, and dialogue. On the basis of the feedback of the participants, the CRED program is proposed for the issues that were identified.
Reevaluating Simulation in Nursing Education: Beyond the Human Patient Simulator
Authors: Schiavenato Martin
Published: July 2009

The human patient simulator or high-fidelity mannequin has become synonymous with the word
simulation
in nursing education. Founded on a historical context and on an evaluation of the current application of simulation in nursing education, this article challenges that assumption as limited and restrictive. A definition of simulation and a broader conceptualization of its application in nursing education are presented. The need for an ideological basis for simulation in nursing education is highlighted. The call is made for theory to answer the question of
why
simulation is used in nursing to anchor its proper and effective application in nursing education.
Retinal Vasoproliferative Tumor in Association With Neurofibromatosis Type 1
Authors: Hood Christopher T. , Janku Linda , Lowder Careen Y. , Singh Arun D.
Published: July 2009

Retinal vasoproliferative tumor is an uncommon benign vascular tumor that most often occurs sporadically. Vision loss can occur secondary to retinal fibrosis, subretinal exudation, and neovascular glaucoma. This report describes a functionally monocular patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 who had a vasoproliferative tumor with neovascularization of the iris that was successfully treated with intravitreal bevacizumab and cryotherapy.
Progression of an Anterior Polar Cataract to a Complete White Cataract in the Setting of Overlying Focal Capsular Disruption
Authors: Khan Arif O. , Ghadfan Faisal E.
Published: July 2009

A 10-month-old child with unilateral visually insignificant anterior polar lens opacity was examined 6 years after initial presentation and found to have complete white cataract and apparent focal disruption of the anterior capsule in the affected eye. Although anterior lens opacities are generally static and visually insignificant, progression can occur.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Patient With Bilateral Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia and Exotropia
Authors: Razavi Mohammad Etezad , Khalife M.
Published: July 2009

Carbon monoxide poisoning, which occurs in poorly ventilated areas, is associated with different symptoms and signs. This report describes an 8-year-old girl with severe carbon monoxide intoxication, scattered retinal nerve fiber layer and subhyaloid hemorrhages, and exotropia with bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia.
Outcome and Prognosis of Pediatric Patients With Delayed Diagnosis of Open-Globe Injuries
Authors: Acuna Olga M. , Yen Kimberly G.
Published: July 2009

Purpose:

Open-globe injuries in children can present in a delayed fashion, potentially increasing the risk of endophthalmitis and delaying surgical intervention. This article presents the outcome of pediatric patients with delayed diagnosis of open-globe injuries for 24 hours or more.

Methods:

The study was a retrospective observational case series of patients who presented with open-globe injuries diagnosed 24 hours or more after the injury between July 2002 and March 2007.

Results:

Thirteen patients were included in the study. The average age at presentation was 5.8 ± 2.8 years; average follow-up was 11.5 ± 14.5 months. Mean time of presentation after injury was 9.2 ± 16.0 days. The most common chief complaints were chronic red eye (7 of 13 patients), eye pain (5 of 13 patients), and decreased vision (4 of 13 patients). All patients had self-sealing corneal wounds; 8 of 13 patients had a visually significant traumatic cataract. One patient had sympathetic oph thalmia. Initial visual acuity was 20/200 or worse in 10 patients, and final visual acuity was 20/40 or better in 6 patients. No patient had endophthalmitis.

Conclusion:

Open-globe injuries, especially self-sealing corneal wounds, can present in a delayed fashion in children or may be missed if obvious findings, such as subconjunctival hemorrhage or prolapsed iris tissue, are not present. Pediatricians should be educated that they should maintain a high level of suspicion in the setting of chronic unilateral red eye, decreased visual acuity, or abnormal red reflex.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:202–207.]
Acute V Pattern Esotropia Without Abduction Deficit, Secondary to a Posterior Fossa Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Authors: Shipman Tracey L.
Published: July 2009

A case of acute esotropia with bilateral inferior oblique muscle overaction in a 4-year-old boy with a posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytoma is reported. After tumor excision, the esotropia and oblique dysfunction resolved. Acute esotropia with bilateral inferior oblique muscle overaction without abducens palsy is an unusual sign of brain stem mass.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:235–237.]
Corneal Anomalies in Newborn Primary Congenital Glaucoma
Authors: Thiagalingam Sureka , Jakobiec Frederick A. , Chen Teresa , Michaud Norman , Colby Kathryn A. , Walton David S.
Published: July 2009

This report describes the corneal pathology in an infant with newborn primary congenital glaucoma and discusses whether these findings could be due to a developmental anomaly. The corneal specimen of a 4-monthold infant with newborn primary congenital glaucoma and cloudy corneas who had undergone penetrating keratoplasty was evaluated by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy showed a thinned epithelium, areas of thickened Bowman's layer (approximately 27 µm thick) interspersed with nuclei, and a thickened and disorganized stroma. Descemet's membrane was intact, and the endothelium was mildly attenuated. The corneal changes seen in this patient may be specific to primary congenital glaucoma and may contribute to the corneal clouding seen so frequently in these patients.
[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:241–244.]
Late Effects of Childhood Cancer, Participation, and Quality of Life of Adolescents
Authors: Berg Christine , Neufeld Peggy , Harvey Jeanne , Downes Amy , Hayashi Robert J.
Published: July 2009

This study investigated the late effects of childhood cancer on participation and quality of life. Ninety-two percent of survivors (9 to 18 years of age) reported living with late effects of lower extremity pain and numbness, memory and attention deficits, and fatigue, depression, or both. Semistructured interviews with 25 survivors using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure and the Adolescent Activity Card Sort captured frequencies, interests, and barriers for a range of activities. Survivors reported diminished engagement in vigorous leisure activities, chores, and community activities. Lower engagement in social activities was correlated with lower quality of life scores, as measured by the Pediatric Cancer Quality of Life Inventory-32. Despite these findings of significant cognitive and physical problems, none of the 25 survivors had individualized education programs in school, nor were any receiving occupational therapy at the time the survey was completed. The findings emphasize the importance of advocacy for occupational therapy services for survivors of childhood cancer and examination of adolescent survivor participation in, and goals for, typical activities.
A Review of Translations and Adaptations of the Mini-Mental State Examination in Languages Other Than English and Spanish
Authors: Steis Melinda R. , Schrauf Robert W.
Published: July 2009

This article provides a systematic review of linguistically and culturally adapted versions (translations) of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in languages other than English and Spanish. Adapted versions were found via database search (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Linguistics and Language Behavior Abstracts). Source information (where available) is provided for each instrument. To facilitate comparison of the instruments, we developed an assessment framework that provides an organizational structure for the assessment of the quality of translation (linguistic and cultural), psychometric properties, educational considerations, and quality of field testing. The search resulted in 20 articles reporting on 15 language versions of the MMSE.
Acaricides
Authors: Müller Franz , Streibert Hans Peter , Farooq Saleem
Published: July 2009

In this updated version some new and basic information has been added to Chapter 1 in order to provide the reader with some biological background about mites: their place in the animal kingdom, their classification, and characteristics of these very small animals. In addition the list of currently known, economically important mites has been updated. Since the use of predatory mites in integrated pest management is becoming increasingly important, some commercially available predatory mites are briefly described. Chapter 2 has been expanded with further information on the chemical properties of the compounds, e.g. their environmental stability, or lability, as an aid to better understanding their behavior in the environment. Chapter 3 has been supplemented with ecological data on various avian and aquatic species.

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction1.1.General Information1.2.Characterization and Classification of Acari1.3.Economically Important Mites1.4.Life Cycle, Behavior, and Characteristics of Mites1.5.Chemical Control of Mites1.6.Integrated Pest Management2.Acaricides2.1.Antibiotic Acaricides2.1.1.Nucleotide Analogue Acaricides2.1.2.Macrocyclic Lactone Acaricides2.1.2.1.Avermectin Acaricides2.1.2.2.Milbemycin Acaricides2.2.Bridged Diphenyl Acaricides2.3.Carbamate and Oxime Carbamate Acaricides2.3.1.Carbamate Acaricides2.3.2.Oxime Carbamate Acaricides2.4.Carbazate Acaricides2.5.Dinitrophenol Acaricides2.6.Formamidine Acaricides2.7.Mite Growth Regulators2.8.Organochlorine Acaricides2.9.Organophosphorus Acaricides2.9.1.Organophosphate Acaricides2.9.2.Organothiophosphate Acaricides2.9.3.Phosphonate Acaricides2.9.4.Phosphoramidothioate Acaricides2.10.Organotin Acaricides2.11.Phenylsulfamide Acaricides2.12.Pyrazole and Phenylpyrazole Acaricides2.13.Pyrethroid Acaricides2.13.1.Pyrethroid Ester Acaricides2.13.2.Pyrethroid Ether Acaricides2.14.Pyrrole Acaricides2.15.Quinoxaline Acaricides2.16.Sulfite Ester Acaricides2.17.Unclassified Acaricides3.Toxikology3.1.Antibiotic Acaricides3.1.1.Nucleotide Analogue Acaricides3.1.2.Macrocyclic Lactone Acaricides3.1.2.1.Avermectin Acaricides3.1.2.2.Milbemycin Acaricides3.2.Bridged Diphenyl Acaricides3.3.Carbamate And Oxime Carbamate Acaricides3.3.1.Carbamate Acaricides3.3.2.Oxime Carbamate Acaricides3.4.Carbazate Acaricides3.5.Dinitrophenol Acaricides3.6.Formamidine Acaricides3.7.Mite Growth Regulators3.8.Organochlorine Acaricides3.9.Organophosphorus Acaricides3.9.1.Organophosphate Acaricides3.9.2.Organothiophosphate Acaricides3.9.3.Phosphonate Acaricides3.9.4.Phosphoramidothioate Acaricides3.10.Organotin Acaricides3.11.Phenylsulfamide Acaricides3.12.Pyrazole And Phenylpyrazole Acaricides3.13.Pyrethroid Acaricides3.13.1.Pyrethroid Ester Acaricides3.13.2.Pyrethroid Ether Acaricides3.14.Pyrrole Acaricides3.15.Quinoxaline Acaricides3.16.Sulfite Ester Acaricides3.17.Unclassified AcaricidesReferences
Biocatalysis, 3. Nonimmobilized Biocatalysts in Industrial Fine Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Liese Andreas , Lütz Stephan
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Examples of Reactions2.1.Reductions Catalyzed by Oxidoreductases (E.C. 1)2.1.1.Ketone Reduction with Whole Cells ofNeurospora crassa(E.C. 1.1.1.1)2.1.2.Ketoester Reduction with Cell Extract ofAcinetobacter Calcoaceticus(E.C. 1.1.1.1)2.1.3.Enantioselective Reduction with Whole Cells ofCandida sorbophila(EC 1.1.X.X)2.1.4.Production of Chiral α‐Hydroxy Acids withd‐Lactate Dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.28) fromLeuconostoc mesenteroides2.1.5.Converting Ketoacid Acetals to Acetal Amino Acids withl‐Phenylalanine Dehydrogenase (PheDH, E.C. 1.4.1.20) fromThermoactinomyces intermedius2.2.Oxidations Catalyzed by Oxidoreductases (E.C. 1)2.2.1.Alcohol Oxidation with Whole Cells ofGluconobacter suboxydans(E.C. 1.1.99.21)2.2.2.Kinetic Resolution by Oxidation of Primary Alcohols Catalyzed by Whole Cells fromRhodococcus erythropolis(E.C. 1.X.X.X)2.2.3.Hydroxylation of Nicotinic Acid (Niacin) Catalyzed by Whole Cells ofAchromobacter xylosoxidans(E.C. 1.5.1.13)2.2.4.Reduction of Hydrogen Peroxide Concentration by Catalase (E.C. 1.11.1.6)2.2.5.Bioconversion ofN‐Butylglucamine with Whole Cells ofGluconobacter oxydans(E.C. 1.1.99.21)2.3.Hydrolytic Cleavage and Formation of CO and CN Bonds by Hydrolases (E.C. 3)2.3.1.Kinetic Resolution of a Diester by Protease Subtilisin Carlsberg fromBacillus sp. (E.C. 3.4.21.62) ,2.3.2.Kinetic Resolution of α‐Amino Acid Amides Catalyzed by Aminopeptidase fromPseudomonas putida(E.C. 3.4.1.11)2.3.3.Production ofl‐Methionine by Kinetic Resolution with Aminoacylase ofAspergillus oryzae(E.C. 3.5.1.14)2.3.4.Synthesis of β‐Lactam Antibiotics Catalyzed by Penicillin Acylase (E.C. 3.5.1.11)2.3.5.Enantioselective Synthesis of an Aspartame Precursor with Thermolysin fromBacillus proteolicus(E.C. 3.4.24.27)2.3.6.Hydrolysis of Heterocyclic Nitriles by Nitrilase/Hydroxylase fromAgrobacterium sp. (E.C. 3.5.5.1)2.3.7.Resolution of 3,3,3‐Trifluoro‐2‐hydroxy‐2‐methylpropionamide with Amidase fromKlebsiella oxytoca(E.C. 3.5.X.X)2.4.Formation of CC, CO, and CN Bonds by Lyases (E.C. 4)2.4.1.Hydrocyanation ofm‐Phenoxybenzaldehyde with Oxynitrilase fromHevea brasiliensis(E.C. 4.1.2.39)2.4.2.Synthesis of Carnitine Catalyzed by Carnitine Dehydratase in Whole Cells (E.C. 4.2.1.89)2.4.3.Synthesis ofl‐Dopa Catalyzed by Tyrosine Phenol Lyase fromErwinia herbicola(E.C. 4.1.99.2)2.4.4.Synthesis of Nicotinamide Catalyzed by Nitrile Hydratase fromRhodococcus erythropolis(EC 4.2.1.84) ,2.4.5.Synthesis of Mandelic Acid with Nitrilase (E.C. 4.2.1.84) ,2.5.Epimerization of Glucosamine Catalysed by Epimerase fromE.coli(E.C. 5.1.3.8)3.Outlook

This article focuses on the use of nonimmobilized biocatalysts for synthesis of fine chemicals in industry. More than 20 processes using isolated enzymes or suspensions are presented.
Biotechnology, 2. Metabolic Engineering
Authors: Doelle Horst Werner , Fiechter Armin , Schlegel Günther , Shimizu Sakayu , Wegener Joachim , Yamada Hideaki
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Analysis of the Transcriptome, Proteome, and Metabolome2.1.Gene Expression Analysis using DNA Microarrays2.2.Fabrication of DNA microarrays2.3.Proteome Analysis using Protein Microarrays2.4.Metabolome Analysis and Metabolite flux analysis3.Design and Production of Genetically Optimized Strains for Production – In Vitro Mutagenesis4.Random Mutagenesis, Isolation and Selection of Mutants5.Types of Mutants and Selection Principles5.1.Auxotrophic Mutants5.2.Regulatory Mutants5.3.Other Selection Methods5.4.Targeted or Site‐Directed Mutagenesis
Fertilizers, 6. Environmental Aspects
Authors: Werner Wilfried
Published: July 2009

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Nitrogen2.1.Ground Water2.2.Surface Waters2.3.Atmosphere2.4.Biosphere2.5.Pedosphere (Soil)2.6.Countermeasures3.Phosphorus3.1.Eutrophication3.2.Heavy Metals Buildup
A Dual Gold‐Iron Catalysis for a One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroisoxazoles from Propargylic Alcohols and N‐Protected Hydroxylamines
Authors: Debleds Olivier , Zotto Christophe Dal , Vrancken Emmanuel , Campagne Jean‐Marc , Retailleau Pascal
Published: July 2009

A concise one‐pot route for the synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroisoxazoles via a dual gold‐iron catalysis has been devised. The method, based on the addition of binucleophilic protected hydroxylamine to propargylic alcohols, enables a one‐pot, highly selective synthesis of these heterocycles (10 examples, up to 86% yield).
Catalytic 1,2‐Dicyanation of Alkynes by Palladium(II) under Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Arai Shigeru , Sato Takashi , Nishida Atsushi
Published: July 2009

A stereoselective 1,2‐dicyanation of various alkynes in the presence of trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) by palladium(II) catalysis under aerobic conditions is investigated. This reaction includes two cyanation pathways, syn‐ and anti‐cyanopalladation to alkynes that are activated by Pd(II). High syn‐selectivity was observed in the reaction using terminal alkynes that have bulky substituents at a propargyl position and aliphatic internal alkynes. Furthermore, a dramatic acceleration was observed with substrates having an N‐arenesulfonyl functionality at a propargyl position, this indicates that both sulfoxide and carbon‐carbon triple bond act as Lewis bases to Pd(II).
The First Catalytic Enantioselective Aldol‐Type Reaction of Ethyl Diazoacetate to Ketones
Authors: Benfatti Fides , Yilmaz Seda , Cozzi Pier Giorgio
Published: July 2009

The aldol‐type addition to ketones still represents a great challenge in asymmetric catalysis. Recently, the direct aldol reaction between the commercially available ethyl diazoacetate and aldehydes has attracted increasing attention. Ethyl diazoacetate is economical and allows further transformation of the aldol adduct obtained. We present a solution for the arduous, and not previously described, addition of diazoacetate to ketones. Our procedure employs commercially available norephedrine‐derived ligands and dialkylzinc reagents [R2Zn: (diethylzinc, Et2Zn; dimethylzinc, Me2Zn)] as starting materials, therefore the active catalyst is prepared with a very straightforward methodology. Remarkably, the reaction gives good enantiomeric excesses with α‐halo ketones, a class of compounds that has not been commonly used in enolate addition.
Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Ketones with Alkenyl Trichloroacetates Catalyzed by Dibutyltin Dimethoxide and BINAP⋅Silver(I) Complex: Construction of a Chiral Tertiary Carbon Center
Authors: Yanagisawa Akira , Terajima Yuuki , Sugita Kazuma , Yoshida Kazuhiro
Published: July 2009

A novel aldol reaction of alkenyl trichloroacetates with α‐keto esters was realized by using dibutyltin dimethoxide as a catalyst, which was regenerated by the addition of methanol. The reaction was found to be remarkably accelerated by the addition of a catalytic amount of a bidentate phosphine⋅silver(I) complex. Use of the BINAP⋅silver triflate (AgOTf) complex as the chiral co‐catalyst resulted in the formation of optically active aldol products possessing a chiral tertiary carbon with up to 93% ee. This catalytic method was further applied to the asymmetric reaction of diketene with methyl benzoylformate.
Computational and experimental fluid dynamics of jet loop reactor
Authors: Mathpati Channamallikarjun S. , Deshpande Sagar S. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B.
Published: July 2009

A computational analysis using standard k‐ε model, RSM and LES has been carried out for jet loop reactors (JLR) to investigate the mean and turbulence quantities. These simulations have revealed that the flow in JLR was different from the self‐similar round jets. RSM and LES showed better agreement with PIV measurements compared with standard k‐ε model. The modeled turbulence production and transport in k‐ε model overpredicted those estimated from LES data. To reduce the limitations, modified k‐ε models have been evaluated for JLR. Also, a hybrid k‐ε model has been suggested, which was found to perform better than other modified k‐ε models. This model was also found to hold for stirred tank reactors (STRs). Mixing time analysis has been carried out for JLR and STR at same power consumption. It has been shown that JLR can be inferior to STR if proper nozzle diameter is not selected. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009