bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Utilization of Sulfuric Acid Residue in Small Chemical Enterprise
Authors: Huang Zheng Wen , Su Rong , Yu Bo , Sun Jun
Published: September 2011

Sulfuric acid residue is one kind of important secondary resource, its comprehensive utilization has drawn extensive attention. Based on analyzing the chemical composition of sulfuric acid residue, through comprehensive comparison of flotation, gravity separation, magnetized baking, magnetic separation and other joint technical processes, it is showed that the chemical-magnetic separation is reasonable by evaluating the applicable ability. Then introduced a case study on comprehensive utilization of sulfuric acid residue in Shikefeng chemical Co., LTD in Luzhou City, the duplex melting process combined advanced induction furnaces with smelting furnace was put forward. Finally, it's concluded that there are many advantages of the duplex melting process, it’s more suitable for the comprehensive utilization of sulfuric acid residue in small chemical enterprise.
A Nano-Particle Synthesis Technology Dedicated to Solar Cells Applications
Authors: Najjar Rita , Boutami Salim , Cayron Cyril , Baclet Nathalie , Muffato Viviane , Labeye Pierre , Kean Alistair , Saranu Sirina , Quesnel Etienne
Published: September 2011

Silver nanoparticles have been prepared using a “terminated gas condensation” technique. An unprecedented control of 5-6 nm-size nanoparticles with well defined shape and variable surface densities has been achieved. The technology is shown to permit independent control of both, plasmon resonance intensity and frequency position. On the basis of optical measurements, a smart tuning of plasmon resonance intensity with particle density is indeed demonstrated. Moreover, the embedding of NPs in different surrounding medium enables to control the resonance wavelength as experimentally demonstrated and theoretically confirmed.
Effect of the Ball Milling Conditions, under Air, on the Preliminary Hydriding Properties of the Mixtures Mg-x Wt% Graphite. Role of Solvent
Authors: Nakhl Michel , Zakhour Mirvat , Amine Charbel , El-Rassy Houssam , Matar Samir F.
Published: September 2011

The effect of wet milling on the hydriding properties of magnesium based mixture has been investigated. To prepare these mixtures, magnesium was ball milled with different weight percent of graphite (5, 10 and 25), at 300 rpm under air, for various duration using a ball miller apparatus Retsch S100 (R=12). Different solvents have been used such as benzene, heptane, styrene, DMSO. The hydriding properties were studied using a manual Sievert-type apparatus, at different temperatures (25°C, 100°C, 150°C and 200°C). The mixture Mg + 5wt% graphite milled during 6 hours in presence of 5mL heptane has shown the best hydriding properties at 150°C. The improvement of these properties has been related to the dielectric constant of the solvent and to the small size of the particles. The different mixtures have been analysed by means of scanning electron microscopy and laser granulometry.
Preparation and Characterization of Transparent Electrodes Based on CNT-s Doped Metal Oxides
Authors: Paalo Madis , Tätte Tanel , Shulga Eugene , Lobjakas Madis , Floren Aare , Lõhmus Ants , Mäeorg Uno , Kink Ilmar
Published: September 2011

In the present work, it is shown that carbon nanotube-doped transition metal oxides are potential candidates for use as ceramic transparent electrode materials. Used carbon nanotubes (CNT-s) are synthesized by using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Electrodes in shape of fibers are obtained via inexpensive and low temperature sol-gel method. Due to extraordinary electrical and optical properties of CNT-s and good chemical and physical stability of metal oxide ceramics, resulting composites could be an interesting subject for industry.
New Approaches to In Situ Doping of SiC Epitaxial Layers
Authors: Ferro Gabriel
Published: September 2011

In this paper, the issues related to in-situ doping of silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductor during epitaxial growth are reviewed. Some of these issues can find solution by using an original approach called vapour-liquid-solid (VLS) mechanism. In this technique, the SiC seed is covered by a Sibased melt and is fed by propane in order to growth the epitaxial film. Using Al-Si melts and temperatures as low as 1100°C, very high p type doping was demonstrated, with a record value of 1.1021 at.cm-3. It leads to very low contact resistivity and even to metallic behaviour of the SiC deposit even at low temperature. Using Ge-Si melts, non intentionally low doped n type layers are grown. By forming Si-containing liquid droplets on a SiC seed, one can extrapolate this VLS growth to selective epitaxial growth (SEG). Such approach was successfully applied for both Al and Ge-based systems in order to form p+ and n doped areas respectively.
Influences of Ball-Milling Time on Gas-Sensing Properties of ZnO-WO3 Nanocomposites
Authors: Al Mohammad Ahmad , Maksoud Fatemh
Published: September 2011

The relevance of sensor response to NO2 with the nanostructure of the sensing body was investigated for thick-film devices using ZnO(WO3) nanocomposites. When the nanocomposites was prepared from constituent oxides by milling in a high energy ball mill for various spans of time (1–21 h), the sensor response to 100 ppm NO2, defined as the ratio of the electrical resistance in air to that in the sample gas, was found to reach a maximum as large as about 80 at 21 h of high energy ball-milling (HEBM). XRD and SEM observations of the granular state and pore size distribution analyses indicated that increasing HEBM time gave rise especially to an increase in the volume of pores in the pore size range of 20–35 nm. It is suggested that such a change in nanostructure is responsible for the marked promotion of the response to NO2. For comparison, the response to NO2 of ZnO or WO3 nanoparticles prepared by an HEBM method was also presented. In this case, the response to NO2 can be 10 times larger at HEBM for 21 h.
Adhesion of Rubber Materials: Surface Modification versus Formulation
Authors: Martin-Martinez Jose Miguel
Published: September 2011

Adhesives have been used in the footwear industry as an alternative to sewing or application of nails, staples or tacks to bond several parts of the shoes, the most critical bonding is the upper to sole bonding. However, as a limitation, the bonding with adhesives in shoe industry needs a severe control of all steps involved in the formation of the joints to avoid adhesion problems, mainly the separation of the sole from the upper.
Structural Characterization of Nano-Crystalline BaTiO3 Powder Prepared Using Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Al Sarraj Ziyad S. A. , Ismail Mukhlis M. , Ridha S.M. Ali , Cao Wan Q.
Published: September 2011

BaTiO3 powders were prepared hydrothermally using TiCl4, Ba(OH)2.8H2O and NH4OH as starting materials at 150°C for 2h. The structure of the prepared nanocystalline BT powders were a metastable cubic perovskite according to XRD and HRTEM analysis, while FT Raman spectra showed that BT powders have a tetragonal structure. Hydroxyl and carbonate groups were observed in all prepared powders that showed in FTIR spectroscopy as vibrational bands. The tetragonal phase of BT powder was identified clearly by slow scan XRD at 2θ between 44.6 to 46°. The crystallite size of BT powders have increased with the increase of annealing temperature from 19 nm at room temperature to 70 nm at 1000°C.
Effect of ZnO Nano-Oxide Addition on the Superconducting Properties of the (Bi.Pb)2223 Phase
Authors: Mawassi R. , Awad R. , Roumie Mohamad , Kork M. , Hassan I.
Published: September 2011

The major limitation of Bi-system superconductor applications is the intergrain weak links and weak flux pinning capability producing low critical current density of the Bibased phases. In order to enhance these characteristics and other superconducting properties, effective flux pinning centers are introduced into high temperature superconductors. In this work, different weight percentages of ZnO nano oxide were introduced at the final stage of the Bi1.8Pb0.4Sr2Ca2Cu3O10-y superconductor preparation process. Phase characterization was completed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Exact constitution of the samples was determined using particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE). Granular and microstructure were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrical resistivity as function of the temperature was carried to evaluate the relative performance of samples, and finally, E-J characteristic curves were obtained at 77K. Using 0.4 ZnO weight percentage, the electrical and granular properties were greatly enhanced, indicating more efficient pinning mechanisms. A critical current density of 949 A/cm2 was obtained which represents more than twice the value obtained for the pure sample (Jc= 445 A/cm2).
Weak Localization and Universal Conductance Fluctuations on Epitaxial Graphene Grown on the C-Face of 8°off-Axis 4H-SiC Substrates
Authors: Jabakhanji Bilal , Camara Nicolas , Consejo Christophe , Jouault Benoît
Published: September 2011

We report magnetotransport measurements in single epitaxial graphene layers grown on the C-face of an 8° off-axis 4H-SiC substrate using high temperature annealing conditions with a graphite cap covering the sample. The graphene sheets were found p-type doped, with mobilities varying between 1000 and 11000 cm²/V.s from device to device at 1.6 K. We examine the signature of weak localization and universal conductance fluctuations at weak magnetic field and we show that the phase coherence lengths extracted from the two phenomena are in satisfactory agreement.
Dielectric Properties and Raman Spectroscopy in Ca-Substituted Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 Ferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: Roukos Roy Jean , Bidault Olivier , Pansiot Julien , Minier Ludivine , Saviot Lucien
Published: September 2011

Lead free Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT) and (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3)1-x(CaTiO3)x (NBT-CT) piezoelectric ceramics with the perovskite structure were studied. The NBT and NBT-CT samples were synthesized using a solid-state reaction method and characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and dielectric measurements for several compositions (x = 0, 0.07, 0.15) at room temperature. The XRD analysis showed a stabilization of a rhombohedral phase at a low concentration of Ca (0 < x <0.15), whereas Raman spectra reveal a strong modification for the sample with x = 0.15. The dielectric properties of these ceramics were studied by measuring impedance in the 79-451K temperature range for unpoled and field cooling with an electric field (FC) conditions.
Compositional Microanalysis of the Obtained Copper Silicide from an Annealed Ternary System Cu/Au/Si by Standard RBS, Microprobe PIXE, XRD and EDS
Authors: Hammoudi A. Hakim , Benyagoub A.H. , Benazzouz C. , Pineda-Vargas C.A. , Nkosi M.
Published: September 2011

The composition of an annealed ternary system is examined by combined ion beam analysis (standard RBS & nuclear microprobe PIXE), SEM (morphology & EDS) and also with XRD to get the elemental composition and distribution over particular micro regions. The ternary system is built by the superposition of two metal layers, Gold and Copper respectively, both having 1200 Å in thickness, successively deposited on a (111) monocristalline silicon substrate. Then, the whole system is subjected to a vacuum heat treatment (at 400°C during 30 min). The enhanced interdiffusion and the arisen transformations are evidenced [8]. The investigations are particularly, emphasized on the induced Copper Silicide. A mapping of the elemental distribution, over restricted area is provided by micro-PIXE using the method of Dynamic Analysis as well as the corresponding Geo-PIXE II Software package. On the other hand, a special web network likewise is realized by performing several EDS punctual analysis, strictly focused on the formed phase site resulting in a well defined planar zoning of the elemental distribution.
FTIR Spectra of some Pyrimidine Derivatives: AM1, PM3 and Ab Initio Calculations
Authors: Younes Ghassan , El Subruiti Gehan , Hasanein Ahmed
Published: September 2011

Abstract. FTIR spectra of some pyrimidine derivatives have been measured experimentally and the observed FTIR vibrational frequencies have been assigned and reported. The different vibrational frequencies have been calculated by the AM1, PM3, and ab initio methods and compared with the experimentally observed frequencies .
Study of Mechanical Behavior of Chips Reinforced Concrete
Authors: Djebali Said , BOUAFIA Youcef , Atlaoui Djamel , Bilek Ali
Published: September 2011

Mechanical behavior of steel fiber reinforced concrete has been studied by the direct tensile test. This fiber concrete is obtained by adding machining chips to the bare concrete. Six fiber contents were adopted (W=0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.2% and 1.5%) for two sand over gravel ratio (S/G = 0.8 and S/G = 1). The results obtained showed that the fibers have substantially improved the stiffness and the strength of concrete and conferred a significant ductility to the material for the fiber volume fractions 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% (according to the S/G). The value of residual strength observed after cracking of the concrete matrix was of the same order as for the bare concrete for some of the compositions. Besides the tensile tests, compression tests have been performed. These tests showed that adding a low fiber percentage (W = 0.4%) provides a slight increase of the resistance to compression. Values of W greater than 0.8% lower this resistance. We can conclude that the presence of fibers in concrete is positive, bridging of micro cracks and recovery of the efforts through the developed macro cracks. Unfortunately, the reduction of the compactness has led to a decrease in the tensile strength and the compressive strength. The most advantageous fiber contents for compression are W = 0.4% and W = 0.6% for the two ratios .As for the tensile test, the most advantageous fiber contents are 0.6% and 0.8%.
Direct Strain and Slope and Slope Measurement Using 2D DSPSI
Authors: Dandach Wajdi , Molimard Jerome , Picart Pascal
Published: September 2011

Large variety of optical full-field measurement techniques are being developed and applied to solve mechanical problems. Since each technique possesses its own merits, it is important to know the capabilities and limitations of such techniques. Among these optical full-field methods, interferometry techniques take an important place. They are based on illumination with coherent light (laser). In shearing interferometry the difference of the out of-plane displacement in two neighboring object points is directly measured. Since object displacement does not result in interferometry fringes, the method is suited for localization of strain concentrations and is indeed used in industry for this purpose. DSPSI possesses the advantage over conventional out-of-plane displacement-sensitive interferometry, that only a single difference of the unwrapped phase map is required to obtain flexural strains, thereby relieving problems with noise and reduction in the field of view. A first work in this domain (DSPSI) [1] was made in 1973, later recent studies emerged to provide a quantitative system of measurements [2]. This work aims to present the results of strain and slope measurements using digital speckle pattern shearing interferometry (DSPSI).
Characterization of Building Stones Involved in Historical Masonry
Authors: Pavlík Zbyšek , Vejmelková Eva , Pavlíková Milena , Keppert Martin , Černý Robert
Published: September 2011

Basic physical properties, pore size distribution and hygric properties of several types of stones which are used in reconstructions of historical buildings on the territory of the Czech Republic, namely several types of sandstone and argillite, are investigated. Basic physical characteristics are measured using the water vacuum saturation method, pore distribution by mercury porosimetry. Values of water absorption coefficient and apparent moisture diffusivity are determined by methods utilizing the results of water sorptivity measurements. Water vapor transport properties are accessed by the cup method. The obtained data represents valuable information for the application of studied materials in reconstructions and renewal of historical buildings.
Measurements and Modeling of Conducted EMI in a Buck Chopper
Authors: Fakhfakh Leila , Abid Slim , Ammous Anis
Published: September 2011

The high increase of power electronic devices use (speed control, lighting, heating, automotive, etc...) requires the electrical, thermal and electromagnetic behavior studies. In this paper we developed a model to predict the conducted EMI level in a DC/DC converter. Measurement methodology was done using a network analyzer in order to evaluate the equivalent impedance model of each converter element. The full circuit model is then implemented in the Saber® simulation tool using time domain simulation followed by fast Fourier transformation (FFT) in the frequency range 150 KHz -100 MHz. A comparison between simulation results and those obtained by measurements is used to validate the developed model.
Side Gate Graphene and AlGaN/GaN Unipolar Nanoelectronic Devices
Authors: Göckeritz Robert , Tonisch Katja , Jatal Wael , Hiller Lars , Schwierz Frank , Pezoldt Joerg
Published: September 2011

Three-terminal junction devices were realized in graphene grown heteroepitaxially on semiinsulating silicon carbide as well as in AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown by MOCVD on sapphire containing a two dimensional electron gas. These nanoelectronic devices were fabricated using electron beam lithography. In both types of heterostructures room temperature electrical measurements revealed a pronounced nonlinear electrical behavior of the fabricated nanoelectronic devices. The obtained voltage rectification at room temperature demonstrates the feasibility of func-tional three-terminal junctions in heterostructures consisting of types of high carrier mobility struc-tures than classical III-V semiconductor heterostructures.
IAEA Activities on Application of Nuclear Techniques in Development and Characterization of Materials for Hydrogen Economy
Authors: Salame Petra , Zeman Andrej , Mulhauser Francoise
Published: September 2011

Hydrogen and fuel cells can greatly contribute to a more sustainable less carbon-dependent global energy system. An effective and safe method for storage of hydrogen in solid materials is one of the greatest technologically challenging barriers of widespread introduction of hydrogen in global energy systems. However, aspects related to the development of effective materials for hydrogen storage and fuel cells are facing considerable technological challenges. To reach these goals, research efforts using a combination of advanced modeling, synthesis methods and characterization tools are required. Nuclear methods can play an effective role in the development and characterization of materials for hydrogen storage. Therefore, the IAEA initiated a coordinated research project to promote the application of nuclear techniques for investigation and characterization of new/improved materials relevant to hydrogen and fuel cell technologies. This paper gives an overview of the IAEA activities in this subject.
Characterization of Thai Amulets: A PIXE Study
Authors: Won-In Krit , Suksawang Songtam , Intarasiri Sawet , Thongleurm Chom , Kamwanna Teerasak , Dararutana Pisutti
Published: September 2011

The Thai amulets that created in an image of Lord Buddha meditation were made to explain the Dharma of Buddha and believed to bless every life in this world for good karma. Phra Somdej Wat Rakhang amulet is the top of the five most famous Thai amulets. There are many molds with various compositions. In this work, it was the first time that X-ray fluorescence spectrometry methods; scanning electron microscope cooperated with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (SEM/EDS) and particle induced X-ray emission spectroscopy (PIXE) were carried out to analyze their compositions. Two samples were collected from different molds. Results revealed C, Ca and Si were main composition. The differences in their compositions have been used to identify and characterize for each molds.
A Study of High Speed Grinding Alumina Ceramic for a Small Diameter of Diamond Tool
Authors: Luo Shenq Yih , Lee Chia Lin , Liu Yi Xian , Chen William
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the paper was to investigate the rough grinding and finish grinding of alumina ceramic using small diameter of diamond tools under high spindle speed. The effect of the grinding conditions on grinding forces and surface roughness was discussed. The three types of experiments were carried out: (1) For rough grinding of alumina, when a metal sintered diamond tool of grit mesh #100 under a lower spindle speed of 10000 rpm was used, the relatively higher grinding ratio of 2452 and the higher material removal efficiency were obtained. Oppositely, for a higher spindle speed of 30000 rpm, the lower grinding ratio of 503 and the lower material removal efficiency were produced. (2) For finish grinding of alumina, when the metal sintered diamond tool of grit mesh #1000 under a higher spindle speed of 50000 rpm and a lower depth of cut of 1 μm was employed, the resulting better surface roughness obtained was Ra 0.33 μm. (3) The pressure grinding of alumina was used to obtain a better surface roughness of Ra 0.23 μm than the high speed fine grinding. Hence, it can be used as an ultra finishing after rough grinding.
Study on Complex Helical Drill Grinding Using the Grinder with Tripod Parallel Universal Moving Platform
Authors: Zou Ping , Yang Xu Lei , Xu Jin Zhong , Hu Ming , Tian Wen Yuan
Published: September 2011

It is necessary to develop complex helical drill point grinders in order to improve drilling quality and efficiency. In this paper, a new type of cutting tool grinder in which there is the tripod universal moving platform is developed, and complex helical drill grinding using the grinder is presented. In addition to complex helical drills, other cutting tools also can be ground using the grinder.
Modeling Effects of Compliance in Coated Abrasive Tools
Authors: Nagarajan Balasubramanian , Chee Wei Jian , Sathyan Subbiah
Published: September 2011

Coated abrasive tools are popularly used in the industry for surface finishing. An important characteristic of these tools is their compliance (a grinding wheel is rigid in comparison) which permits smaller amounts of material removal, conformance to curved surface shapes, and assistance in blending the finished surfaces with the unfinished surfaces. This important characteristic is modeled using the finite element method by capturing suitable properties of the coated abrasive tool and its backing pad. Surface finishing experiments are conducted on a flat work surface in a machining center under position control (as opposed to force control) and the area of polished contact is measured along with the normal forces (using a dynamometer). The finite element model results of contact area and forces are compared with that of the experiment. The usefulness of this modeling approach is demonstrated by extracting force per grain and application to curved surfaces.
Study on Electrolytic Re-Insulation Grinding of Soft Magnetic Powder Cores
Authors: Ueno Tomoyuki , Matsunuma Kenji , Nishioka Takao
Published: September 2011

Soft magnetic powder cores are used for electromagnetic conversion coils, which are essential parts in automotive, home appliance, and other electronics industries. These cores are manufactured through the process of compacting pure iron powder covered with an insulation layer, and are distinguished by high electromagnetic conversion efficiencies. However, soft magnetic powder cores suffer from one problem: their electromagnetic conversion efficiencies drastically decrease when they are subjected to conventional finishing processes. This is directly attributable to the formation of conductive layers on finished surfaces, which significantly reduce the electrical resistance of material surfaces. As a solution to this problem, we developed an electrolytic re-insulation grinding method that finishes materials while applying a current between the material and the grinding wheel. This method regenerates the insulation properties of soft magnetic powder cores through the electrolytic removal of conductive layers formed during finishing, thereby improving electrical resistance. This development enables the finishing of soft magnetic powder cores without compromising their electromagnetic conversion efficiencies.
Research on the Chemical-Mechanical Grinding (CMG) Tools for Al2O3Ceramic
Authors: Dai Heng Zhen , Jin Zhu Ji , Gao Shang , Tao Z.C.
Published: September 2011

Aiming at the severe surface/subsurface damage of Al2O3ceramic ground by diamond grinding wheel, the chemical-mechanical grinding (CMG) tools were studied in this paper. According to the principle of CMG, three types of CMG tools with different abrasives were developed. The chemical compositions of the grinding tools were selected and optimized considering the physicochemical characteristics of Al2O3ceramic. By comparing the surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR) of Al2O3ceramic respectively ground with SiO2 , Fe2O3 and MgO grinding tools, the grinding performance of those grinding tools were evaluated. The experiment results showed that the grinding performance of SiO2 grinding tool was the best. The surface roughness and MRR versus SiO2 grinding tool were all better than other grinding tools, and can reach 28 nm and 15 μm/h respectively. The grinding performance of Fe2O3 grinding tool was the worst.
Research on Heat Transfer and Calculation Method of Workpiece Surface Temperature in High Speed Grinding
Authors: Li Bei Zhi , Zhu Da Hu , Zhou Zhen Xin , Pang Jing Zhu , Yang Jian Guo
Published: September 2011

The surface quality of workpiece depends largely on workpiece surface temperature in grinding. The key parameters on workpiece surface temperature calculation model have been researched and the calculation model constructed in this paper, including the convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) (hf), heat flux (qch) and the grain contact half-width (r0) which are assumed to be constant in workpiece surface temperature model given by Rowe. And the improved Rowe model has been proposed (Rowe/Li model) which not only involves the grinding process parameters such as the speed of wheel and workpiece, but also the geometric parameters of workpiece, grinding wheel and abrasive. The experimental results of the surface temperature in high-speed grinding are very close to the results by Rowe / Li model. Relative to the Rowe model, the obtained surface temperature by Rowe / Li model has decreased by about 35-40%. Under the conditions of the same material removal rate, high-speed grinding, namely, increasing wheel speed can effectively reduce the surface temperature and improve the grinding quality.
Experimental Study on the Cutting Performance of TiC-Based Nanocomposite Ceramic Tools in Turning 40Cr Steel
Authors: Liu Han Lian , Hong Ming , Huang Chuan Zhen , Zou Bin
Published: September 2011

TiC-based ceramic cutting tools with three different particle size levels of Al2O3 additives were fabricated and tested. Theses tool materials were identified as TA, TA10A5 and TA30A5 respectively in this study. Another commercial cutting material identified as LT55 was used in this study as baseline to investigate cutting performance by comparing the flank wear size. The experimental results showed that multi-scale nanocomposite ceramic tool TA10A5 had much better wear resistance than the other tools when turning at a lower speed. The wear mechanisms were mainly adhesive wear in the rake face. While cutting at a higher speed, the breakage failure occurred for the tools TA10A5 and TA30A5.
Effect of Ground Surface Roughness of Tool on Adhesion Characteristics by PVD Coating
Authors: Furuno Masahiro , Kitajima Koichi , Tsukuda Yousuke , Akamatsu Takeshi
Published: September 2011

The results of an investigation on the effects of surface roughness on adhesion to the coating using the assumed tungsten carbide end mill tip with various degrees of rake surface roughness are reported here. The grindstones with varying in grit between #230 and #1500 were used to grind tungsten carbide tips and then coated the tips with TiAlN film, CrSiN film, and TiSiN film. The state of adhesion on the films on the rake surface as well as the surface roughness and cutting resistance were measured in the continuous lathe turning. The results show that, in generating the cutting cutoff, the optimum grinding roughness differs between the near vicinity of the cutting-edge ridgeline and the part of the rake surface that is further away from the cutting-edge ridgeline. From that fact, it can be understood that the cutting characteristics of the work material and the surface area of the rake surface that is in contact with the cutting cutoff exert their respective influences during the cutting.
Influences of Processing Parameters on Hole Shape Accuracy in Drilling Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composite
Authors: Li Gui Yu , Li Jian Feng , Sun Jie
Published: September 2011

Drilling parameters have great influences on hole accuracy and defect production. In this study, single factor test is applied to obtain the relationship between the torque deviation and the spindle speed n at different feeds per revolution fr. White Light Interferometer (WLI) is applied to measure the hole shape. Based on the frequency domain analysis of torque deviation, the cause of hole shape deviation is investigated. Relationship between the hole shape accuracy and drilling parameters is established, which can be used to predict the hole shape by analyzing the torque deviation. Moreover, the reasonable processing parameters can be selected to obtain drilling hole with ideal shape and satisfying production efficiency.
Tool Wear and Cutting Temperature at Machining of Composites
Authors: Líska János , Kodácsy János
Published: September 2011

Nowadays composite materials are used in many industrial areas. The main application of these is the aircraft industry. Problematic points with machining of composite materials are tool wear, tool life and temperature during machining of polymer composite materials. In the first part of this investigation, the tool wear of sintered carbide (SC) with AlTiN coat milling tools in various cutting conditions has been studied. The second part deals with the problem of cutting temperature during machining of GFRP composite materials in different cutting conditions. In the end, the results illustrated in graphs and figures were evaluated.
High Speed Milling of Titanium Alloy
Authors: Fujiwara Junsuke , Arimoto Takaaki , Tanaka Kazuya
Published: September 2011

Titanium alloys have high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, retention of strength at elevated temperatures and low thermal conductivity. In cutting of the titanium alloy, these characteristics have bad influence on tool wear. Therefore, the titanium alloy is generally machined in the milling at low cutting speed. Recently, the demand of the titanium industrial products is increasing and the high speed milling of the titanium alloy is desired. In this study, the Ti-6Al-4V alloy was machined at high cutting speed, and the tool wear progress and the cutting mechanics were experimentally investigated in order to clarify an effective tool material and cooling method for the cutting of the titanium alloy. The results obtained are as follows: In the cutting with a cemented carbide tool and coated cemented carbide tools of TiAlN, TiCN, DLC at the cutting speed 200 m/min, the wear progress of the coated tools were slower than that of the cemented carbide tool. The titanium alloy was cut in the dry and mist methods in order to avoid the thermal effect of the inserts, the wear progress in mist cutting was longer than that in dry cutting.
Milling Experimental Investigation on Titanium Alloy Ti6Al4V under Different Cooling/Lubrication Conditions
Authors: Yong He , Sun Yu Jing , Ge Mao Jie , Li Jian Feng , Sun Jie
Published: September 2011

Cooling/lubrication conditions have significant influences on surface integrity, chip morphology, tool life and eventually productive efficiency when machining titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. Milling experiment under different cooling/lubrication conditions, namely dry, wet, MQL and nitrogen gas jet were conducted. Cutting forces, surface roughness and chip morphology are obtained. It is shown that cooling/lubrication conditions influence cutting force greatly while its effect on surface roughness is not obvious. The chip surface contacted with rake face under nitrogen gas is smoother than that under dry, but there exists nitrogen adsorption of the chip at higher speed.
Machined Surface Analysis in High-Speed Dry Milling of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy with Coated Carbide Inserts
Authors: Li An Hai , Zhao Jun , Luo Han Bing , Zheng Wei
Published: September 2011

An experimental investigation was conducted to analyze the machined surface in high-speed dry milling of Ti-6Al-4V alloy using coated carbide inserts, with white light interferometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) employed. The effect of cutting force and the workpiece temperature rise on the machined surface under different cutting speeds was discussed. As cutting speed increases above 150 m/min, the mean cutting forces decrease remarkably, but the corresponding higher temperature will be harmful to the machined surface. A deformed layer is detected by SEM with grains orientation along the feed direction from the sub-surface microstructure. The 3D surface topography and XRD patterns confirm the intense deformation of the machined surface and show a crystallographic texture modification. However, no phase transformation was observed. The β phases seem to experience more deformation and volume shrinkage in the near surface with the increase in cutting speed. And the observed variations of the machined surface with the cutting speed should be attributed to the elevated workpiece temperature rise under dry milling.
Empirical Modeling and Analysis of Surface Roughness in Milling Process of Nickel-Based Super Alloy Nimonic 115 through Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Hassanpour H. , Sadeghi M.H. , Shajari S. , Emami M.
Published: September 2011

Nimonic 115 is one of the essential Nickel-based super alloys is known as one of the most difficult-to-cut materials because of its unique properties. Appropriate selection of the machining parameters in milling of this material is so vital for improving the machining efficiency. This paper discusses the use of response surface methodology for modeling of surface roughness in milling of Nimonic 115 with coated carbide tools. The machining parameters used in this study, are cutting speed, feed rate, axial and radial depth of cut. Average Surface roughness was measured in different conditions and analysis of variance (ANOVA)was performed. Then, quadratic model for predicting the surface roughness is established. The results show that the most significant parameter which affects surface roughness is feed rate.
Ultrasonic Coring of Glass Disks Using Double Core Tool
Authors: Koshimizu Shigeomi
Published: September 2011

Glass disks are used as substrates for the recording media in magnetic disk devices. To mass produce glass disks, a technology is required for machining glass (a material that is difficult to machine) with both high precision and high efficiency. Consequently, this study adopted a method that processes the inner- and outer-diameters simultaneously using a double core tool. In addition, the thrust force in coring process was also reduced using an ultrasonic spindle to apply ultrasonic vibration to the feed direction of the rotating tool. This resulted in high quality machining with less chipping. Furthermore, this study conducted experiments to compare the three methods of stabilizing the stack of glass substrates. As a result, it was found that the method using ultraviolet curable resin was able to limit the chipping to a smaller size.
Machining Characteristics of Magnetic Force-Assisted Electrolytic Machining for Polycrystalline Silicon
Authors: Yu Po Huai , Hung Jung Chou , Lee Hsin Min , Wu Kun Ling , Yan Biing Hwa
Published: September 2011

Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) of polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) involves high-temperature melting that easily produces cracks on the silicon surface. This paper studies improvements of cracks and craters on surface of polysilicon after wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) by magnetic force-assisted electrolytic machining (MFA-EM). The effects of different MFA-EM parameters on material removal and surface roughness are explored to understand the machining characteristics of MFA-EM and how magnetic field assistance contributes to high-efficiency and high-quality machining. Experimental results show that compared with standard EM, MFA-EM can achieve better machining efficiency and surface quality because MFA-EM can effectively enhance electrolyte circulation and replenishment, which contributes to better machining stability.
Composite Tools Design for Electrolytic Magnetic Abrasive Finishing Process with FEM
Authors: Liu G.Y. , Guo Zhong Ning , Li Yuan Bo , Liu J.W.
Published: September 2011

In hybrid process of electrolytic magnetic abrasive finishing (EMAF), there are usually two structures on the tool design, separated or composited. This paper has been focused on the design of the composite tool. How to make electrolyte reach working area is a problem which should be solved for the EMAF process when the composite tool is used, therefore a hollow structure of magnetic pole has been put forward as one possible solution. To understand the effects of the structure parameters of the tool on the abrasive brush of EMAF, Finite Element Method (FEM) has been employed to establish the magnetic field model and analyze the distribution of magnetic induction on the workpiece surface and magnetic pole.
Influence of Abrasive on Planarization Grinding Based on the Cluster Magnetorheological Effect
Authors: Yan Qiu Sheng , Yan Jie Wen , Lu Jia Bin , Gao Wei Qiang , Li Min
Published: September 2011

A new planarization grinding method based on the cluster magnetorheological (MR) effect is presented to grind optical glass in this paper. Some process experiments were conducted to reveal the influence of the species and granularity and content of the abrasive materials in the MR fluid on the machining effect, furthermore, the machining characteristic of grinded surface was studied. The results indicate that the abrasive influences definitively on machining effect of this planarization grinding method based on the cluster MR-effect. Under the certain experiment condition, with the content of the abrasive 10% and grain size 800# of SiC, best machining effect can be achieved. The difference species of abrasive results in various machining effects. As for the removal rate of K9 optical glass: abrasive CeO2 is the best, the Al2O3 is the second and the SiC is the worst. While the surface roughness: abrasive SiC is the lowest，the Al2O3 is the second and CeO2 is the highest.
A Micro Grinding Experimental Study on AISI 1020 Steel
Authors: Cheng Jun , Gong Ya Dong , Liu Yue Ming
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a micro-grinding experiment on AISI 1020 steel to study micro grinding principle. A novel micro shaft grinding tool is fabricated by cold sprayed with CBN grains, the manufacturing is carried out on a desktop micro machine developed by NEU. Influences caused by particle size on surface quality has been discussed, it has been tested that low surface roughness could be achieved on 3000 particle size of micro shaft grinding tool, the roughness of AISI 1020 steel accomplished in the experiment is about 0.086 μm.
Statistical Approach Calculating Ground Surface Roughness of Ultrasonic-Assisted Micro-Grinding
Authors: Shimada Keita , Zhou Tian Feng , Yan Ji Wang , Kuriyagawa Tunemoto
Published: September 2011

Micro-grinding is a machining method to create submillimeter structures, and it can be applicable to various kinds of materials with a flexible forming ability. However, the micro tool may be easily bended by the grinding force, which results in relative low form accuracy and worse ground surface roughness. To solve these problems, ultrasonic assistance was applied to micro-grinding. This paper proposes a method to calculate ground surface roughness theoretically using statistical approach, and the ground surface improving mechanism of ultrasonic assistance was clarified. Finally, the theoretical calculation was confirmed experimentally using a developed ultrasonic-assisted micro-grinding device.
An Experimental Study of the Nanoparticle Colloid Hydrodynamic Cavitation Jet Polishing Performance under Different Nozzle Designs
Authors: Wang Xing , Zhang Fei Hu , Zhang Yong , Zhou Ming
Published: September 2011

Nanoparticle colloid hydrodynamic cavitation jet polishing (HCJP) is a super-smooth machining technology. This technology utilizes the interface reaction to remove material from the workpiece and uses cavitation effect to improve the processing efficiency. In this paper, the prototype equipment of HCJP is researched. Based on the prototype equipment, the processing experiments of pulsed jet nozzle, swirling jet nozzle and common cone-shaped nozzle have been done and the results of the experiments are compared with each other. The experiment results indicate that the roughness of the surfaces polished by three nozzles has remarkably decreased. The material removal rate of pulsed jet nozzle is the highest among the three types of nozzles. The material removal rate of the swirling jet nozzle is not improved obviously compared with the common cone-shaped nozzle. The processing experiment of monocrystalline silicon by the pulsed jet nozzle has been done and the roughness of processed surface is Ra 0.475 nm.
On-Machine Measurement and Statistical Analysis of Wheel Wear after Grinding Optical Glass
Authors: Yao Peng , Matsuda Takeshi , Zhou Tian Feng , Yan Ji Wang , Kuriyagawa Tunemoto , Gong Ya Dong
Published: September 2011

On-machine measurement and statistical analysis of wheel topography are important for real-time monitoring the wheel condition during grinding and predicting the performance of grinding process. In this paper, the surface topographies of grinding wheel in the different stages of the grinding of fused silica and BK7weremeasured with a white light interferometer, which was set on the surface grinder. Height parameters of 3D surface roughness were proposed to evaluate the wheel wear. Wheel wear mechanisms were essentially determined by analyzing the different material removal modes of optical glasses. Grinding of BK7 mainly causes severe attritious wear of grains, while grinding fused silica, self-sharpening effect makes grinding sustain for a long time.
Implementation of Glass Transition Physics in Glass Molding Simulation
Authors: Ruan H.H. , Zhang Liang Chi
Published: September 2011

Glass transition is the most important factor in the thermo-forming of glass elements of precise geometries such as optical glass lenses. Among many attempts to model the physics of glass transition, the Master equations based on the potential energy landscape (PEL) appear to be apropos. In this study, we used Monte-Carlo approach to approximately solve the master equations and further implement the Monte-Carlo method in the finite element simulation. We used Selenium as an example since its PEL has been quantified. Through the FEM simulations, it is found that the geometrical replication quality is the best when the forming is performed at the viscosity around 105~106Pa×s, that the residual stress developed in the cooling process can be minimized in the slow cooling process or through post-annealing process after moulding.
Modeling of Specific Grinding Energy Based on Wheel Topography
Authors: Azizi Abdolhamid , Adibi Hamed , Rezaei Seyed Mehdi , Baseri Hamid
Published: September 2011

Grinding performance is evaluated mainly in terms of specific grinding energy. The number of active grits per unit area and their slope is considered as the two grinding wheel topographical key parameters for studying grinding performance. To provide a view on how various parameters influence specific energy and the importance of wheel topography and grit workpiece interaction, a specific grinding energy model is developed. Inputs to this model are workpiece parameters, grinding process parameters, and, in particular, the grinding wheel topographical parameters. This model has been validated by experimental results. The theoretical values considering the complexity of the grinding process reasonably compare with the experimental results. The effect of number of active grits per unit area and their slope on specific grinding energy and then metal removal mechanism is investigated. The results revealed that the number of active grits per unit area has less effect on specific grinding energy than grits slope.
Effect of Microshot Peening on Residual Stress of High-Toughness Spring Steel
Authors: Harada Yasunori , Gowa Daisuke , Tsuji Toshiya , Kobayashi Yuji
Published: September 2011

In general, shot peening is a surface treatment that improves the performance of engineering components, since application of surface compressive stresses reduces the tensile component of stress. In the shot peening process, the medium consists of small spheres, which are usually made of high-carbon cast steel; the diameter of the spheres is in the range from 0.3 to 1.2 mm. More recently, a new type of microshot has been developed to enhance the peening effect. The diameter of the new spheres is in the range from 0.02 to 0.15 mm. The effect of microshot peening on the residual stress of spring steel was investigated. The projective method of the microshot was of the compressed air type. The microshot of 0.1 mm diameter was high-carbon cast steel and cemented carbide, and the workpiece used was the commercially spring steel JIS-SUP10. The effect that process variables such as shot speed and peening time have primarily on residual stress was studied. The surface layer of the workpieces was sufficiently deformed by microshot peening. The residual stress was observed near the surface. At a large number of cycles to fracture, microshot peening can more effectively enhance the fatigue strength. The use of hard microshots such as cemented carbide was found to cause a significantly enhanced peening effect for spring steel.
Transfer of Nanocarbon Induced by Fine Particle Peening (FPP) Using Carbon-Black/Steel Hybridized Particles
Authors: Kameyama Yutaka , Mizutani Yukihiko , Sato Hideaki , Shimpo Ryokichi
Published: September 2011

Fine Particle Peening (FPP) treatment, where the surfaces of materials are bombarded with fine shot particles, can transfer shot particle elements on the treated surface. In order to create nanocarbon-transferred surface with FPP treatment, hybridized particles combining steel cores and nanocarbon surface layer are proposed. Mixing with mechanical mortar creates attached layer of carbon-black powders on surface of steel cores, resulting in formation of hybridized particles. FPP using the hybridized particles significantly increases carbon elements on AISI304 steel substrate. This is because of transfer of carbon-black from hybridized particle. Transfer of carbon-black is enhanced when the hybridized particles with high hardness cores are employed. It is revealed that the hybridized particle proposed in the present study is effective to create the modified layer accompanied with transferred nanocarbon.