bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Megascopic Eukaryotic Algae from the 2.1-Billion-Year-Old Negaunee Iron-Formation, Michigan
Authors: Han Tsu-Ming , Runnegar Bruce
Published: October 2006

Hundreds of specimens of spirally coiled, megascopic, carbonaceous fossils resembling
Grypania spiralis
(Walcott), have been found in the 2.1-billion-year-old Negaunee Iron-Formation at the Empire Mine, near Marquette, Michigan. This occurrence of
Grypania
is 700 million to 1000 million years older than fossils from previously known sites in Montana, China, and India. As
Grypania
appears to have been a photosynthetic alga, this discovery places the origin of organelle-bearing eukaryotic cells prior to 2.1 billion years ago.
Ellsworth Mountains: Position in West Antarctica due to Sea-Floor Spreading
Authors: Schopf James M.
Published: October 2006

Similarities of middle and upper Paleozoic deposits of the Ellsworth Mountains with those of the Pensacola, Horlick, and other Transantarctic mountains indicate that all these ranges may have had a related geologic history. A tentative explanation is now suggested which involves sea-floor spreading and translocation of the Ellsworth crustal block from its original location adjacent to the East Antarctic Shield. Accordingly, the islands of West Antarctica may differ in origin and the Transantarctic Mountains of East Antarctica may represent one margin of an ancient rift.
Athetoid and Choreiform Hyperkinesias Produced by Caudate Lesions in the Cat
Authors: Liles Samuel L. , Davis George D.
Published: October 2006

Small, unilateral lesions, which damage exclusively the anteroventral region of the caudate nucleus of the cat, produce a stable and permanent behavioral change resembling human athetoid and choreiform hyperkinesias. These symptoms are not seen after generalized destruction of the caudate nucleus.
New Light-Sensitive Cofactor Required for Oxidation of Succinate by
Mycobacterium phlei
Authors: Murti C. R. Krishna , Brodie Arnold F.
Published: October 2006

Irradiation of the electron transport particles of
Mycobacterium phlei
with light at a wavelength of 360 manometers resulted in a loss of oxidase activities of succinate and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The lesion in the two pathways caused by irradiation of the particles differs. The succinoxidase pathway was more labile to irradiation than the pathway linked to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. Restoration of succinoxidase activity (up to 50 to 60 percent) occurred on addition of a thermostable, water-soluble material obtained from
Mycobacterium phlei
cells or with an extract of mitochondria from boiled rat liver. Other known cofactors, such as flavine adenine dinucleotide, flavine mononucleotide, benzo- and naphthoquinones, as well as sulfhydryl agents, failed to restore succinoxidase activity after irradiation. Water-soluble material from
Mycobacterium phlei
appears to function between the flavoprotein and cytochrome b on the succinoxidase pathway. In contrast to the requirements for restoration of the pathway linked to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, restoration of succinoxidase does not occur with quinones or other cofactors such as flavine adenine dinucleotide.
Deformation of Red Blood Cells in Capillaries
Authors: Skalak R. , Brånemark P I
Published: October 2006

The shapes of red blood cells in capillary blood vessels are reinterpreted from observations of human red cells. The parachute or umbrella shape often observed is not an axisymmetric shape as formerly assumed, but is the basic biconcave disk shape of the red cell with the upstream end flattened by the pressure gradient.
L-Tyrosine-3, 5-
3
H Assay for Tyrosinase Development in Skin of Newborn Hamsters
Authors: Pomerantz Seymour H.
Published: October 2006

Tyrosinase in hamster skin, measured by the production of
3
HOH from L-tyrosine-3,5-
3
H, increases about sevenfold in specific activity from the 14-day fetus to day 6 of life. Albino hamsters exhibit no activity, but enzyme is present in the ventral (white) areas of the Syrian hamster. 3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine is required as a cosubstrate.
Convergence and Strain Waves Caused by a Submerged Turbulent Disturbance in Stratified Fluids
Authors: Schooley A. H.
Published: October 2006

Short bursts of submerged turbulent mixing in stratified water (everywhere denser below than above) is shown to cause waves of surface convergence, divergence, and strain. Quantitative data are given for four experiments.
Irreversible Inhibition of Nuclear Exoribonuclease by Thymidine-3′-Fluorophosphate and
p
-Haloacetamidophenyl Nucleotides
Authors: Sporn Michael B. , Berkowitz Daniel M. , Glinski Ronald P. , Ash Arthur B. , Stevens Calvin L.
Published: October 2006

Exoribonuclease purified from Ehrlich ascites tumor cell nuclei and in intact HeLa cell nuclei is irreversibly inactivated by tow concentrations of
p
-bromo- and
p
-iodoacetamidophenyl nucleotides and by thymidine-3′-fluorophosphate. Iodoacetate, bromoacetate, and thymidine-5′-fluorophosphate do not affect the enzyme. Although
p
-haloacetamidophenyl nucleotides inactivate ribonucleic acid polymerase of isolated HeLa cell nuclei, thymidine-3′-fluorophosphate does not affect the activity of this enzyme in vitro.
Protective Effect of Antilymphocyte Serum on Mice Infected with
Plasmodium berghei
Authors: Sheagren John N. , Monaco Anthony P.
Published: October 2006

Rabbit antiserum to mouse lymphocytes prolonged the survival of mice infected with
Plasmodium berghei
. Since antilymphocyte serum has a well-defined, potent immunosuppressive effect, the immune response of the host to the parasite actually may contribute to the death of the animal with an acute malarial infection.
Primary Afferent Depolarization Evoked by a Painful Stimulus
Authors: Vyklický L. , Rudomin P. , Zajac F. E. , Burke R. E.
Published: October 2006

Pulses of intense radiant heat applied to the plantar pad of unanesthetized spinal cats produced negative dorsal root potentials, increased excitability of cutaneous A fibers, and marked activation of ipsilateral flexor motoneurons. The same effects were obtained during cold block of A fiber conduction in the appropriate peripheral nerve. We conclude that adequate noxious activation of cutaneous C fibers depolarizes cutaneous A fibers.
Estradiol: Specific Binding by Pituitary Nuclear Fraction in vitro
Authors: Leavitt W. W. , Friend J. P. , Robinson J. A.
Published: October 2006

The nuclear fraction of a homogenate of anterior pituitary has a marked binding affinity for estradiol but not for other hormonal steroids. Characteristics of the uptake of estradiol by pituitary nuclear fraction are like those reported for the uterus. Study in vitro will be useful in elucidating how direct estrogen feedback control of anterior pituitary function is mediated.
Vinblastine-Induced Precipitation of Microtubule Protein
Authors: Marantz Robert , Ventilla Martha , Shelanski Michael
Published: October 2006

Vinblastine quantitatively precipitates a protein from supernatants obtained from high-speed centrifugation of homogenates of HeLa cells and of pig brain. This protein migrates as a single band on gel electrophoresis, has a mobility identical to that of purified microtubule protein, and—like microtubule protein—binds colchicine. The precipitation is partially inhibited by 0.9 percent NaCl.
Ventricular Arrhythmias Related to Antibiotic Usage in Dogs
Authors: Regan Timothy J. , Passannante Anthony J. , Oldewurtel Henry A. , Khan Mohammad I.
Published: October 2006

In dogs, pretreatment with the macrolide antibiotic tylosin (5 milligrams per day per kilogram of body weight) increased the incidence of ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation during acute myocardial ischemia. Another group received a dose of acetyl strophanthidin which was nontoxic in controls, but which resulted in a ventricular arrhythmia in six of seven animals on antibiotic treatment. Enhancement of loss of potassium ion from the myocardium by the antibiotic was presumed to be related to the altered cardiac rhythm.
Crystalline L-Asparaginase from
Escherichia coli
B
Authors: Ho Peter P. K. , Frank Bruce H. , Burck Philip J.
Published: October 2006

L-Asparaginase has been crystallized from a partially purified extract of
Escherichia coli
B. The crystalline enzyme is homogeneous, as judged by analytical polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis and sedimentation behavior. This enzyme preparation is active in preventing lymphoma in mice and also has low glutaminase activity.
Modified Spinel, Beta-Manganous Orthogermanate: Stability and Crystal Structure
Authors: Morimoto Nobuo , Akimoto Syun-Iti , Koto Kichiro , Tokonami Masayasu
Published: October 2006

A new high-pressure polymorph with a modified spinel structure, β-Mn
2
GeO
4
, is stable in a pressure range intermediate between the field of the polymorph with the olivine structure and that of another high-pressure polymorph. Oxygen atoms are located approximately in cubic close packing with manganese and germanium atoms in octahedral and tetrahedral interstices, respectively, as in the spinel structure; however, germanium atoms form Ge
2
O
7
groups instead of isolated GeO
4
groups.
Nerve Endings: Rapid Appearance of Labeled Protein Shown by Electron Microscope Radioautography
Authors: Droz Bernard , Barondes Samuel H.
Published: October 2006

Electron microscope radioautographs of nerve ending fractions from mouse cerebrum show that radioactive protein is associated with nerve endings 15 and 90 minutes after intracerebral injection of tritiated leucine and lysine. The results are consistent with synthesis of protein at nerve endings, or with extremely rapid transport of particulate protein to nerve endings in the mouse cerebrum, or both.
Visual Reinforcement of Nonnutritive Sucking in Human Infants
Authors: Siqueland Einar R. , DeLucia Clement A.
Published: October 2006

High-amplitude sucking was studied as a conditioned operant response reinforced by visual feedback in 4- and 12-month infants. Typical response acquisition and extinction effects were obtained. With the 12-month infants the conditioned sucking rates were influenced by amounts of redundancy in the visual reinforcers.
Silicon Oxynitride Stability
Authors: Ryall W. R. , Muan Arnulf
Published: October 2006

Silicon oxynitride occurs as a mineral (sinoite) in meteorites. Equilibrium measurements are reported which provide information on the approximate ratios of pressures of oxygen to nitrogen required for existence of this phase under equilibrium conditions at elevated temperatures. This ratio is approximately 10
-15
at 1400° to 1500°C.
Acetylcholine: Release from Neural Tissue and Identification by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography
Authors: Schmidt Dennis E. , Szilagyi Peter I. A. , Alkon Daniel L. , Green Jack Peter
Published: October 2006

Gas chromatographic analysis showed acetylcholine to be the only choline ester released from innervated longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum by electrical stimulation. The amount of acetylcholine measured by gas chromatography agreed almost exactly with that measured by bioassay. Denervated longitudinal muscle produced no acetylcholine, and treatment of the muscle with tetrodotoxin markedly reduced acetylcholine output. The method permits the recovery and quantitation of amounts of acetylcholine as low as 5 nanograms in 5 milliliters of tissue perfusates.
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: A Diverse Family of Intracellular and Transmembrane Enzymes
Authors: Fischer E. H. , Charbonneau H. , Tonks N. K.
Published: October 2006

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) represent a diverse family of enzymes that exist as integral membrane and nonreceptor forms. The PTPs, with specific activities in vitro 10 to 1000 times greater than those of the protein tyrosine kinases would be expected to effectively control the amount of phosphotyrosine in the cell. They dephosphorylate tyrosyl residues in vivo and take part in signal transduction and cell cycle regulation. Most of the transmembrane forms, such as the leukocyte common antigen (CD45), contain two conserved intracellular catalytic domains; but their external segments are highly variable. The structural features of the transmembrane forms suggest that these receptor-linked PTPs are capable of transducing external signals; however, the ligands remain unidentified. A hypothesis is proposed explaining how phosphatases might act synergistically with the kinases to elicit a full physiological response, without regard to the state of phosphorylation of the target proteins.
Factor XI Activation in a Revised Model of Blood Coagulation
Authors: Gailani David , Broze George J.
Published: October 2006

Coagulation factor XI is activated in vitro by factor XIIa in the presence of high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) and a negatively charged surface. Factor XII deficiency is not associated with bleeding, which suggests that another mechanism for factor XI activation exists in vivo. A revised model of coagulation is proposed in which factor XI is activated by thrombin. In the absence of cofactors, thrombin is more effective (
k
cat
K
m
= 1.6 × 10
5
) than factor XIIa (1.7 × 10
4
) in activating factor XI. Dextran sulfate enhances activation of factor XI by thrombin 2000-fold; part of this effect is due to autoactivation of factor XI by activated factor XI.
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Authors: Weinberg Robert A.
Published: October 2006

For the past decade, cellular oncogenes have attracted the attention of biologists intent on understanding the molecular origins of cancer. As the present decade unfolds, oncogenes are yielding their place at center stage to a second group of actors, the tumor suppressor genes, which promise to teach us equally important lessons about the molecular mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis.
Laser Beam Directed at the Lunar Retro-Reflector Array: Observations of the First Returns
Authors: Faller James , Winer Irvin , Carrion Walter , Johnson Thomas S. , Spadin Paul , Robinson Lloyd , Wampler E. Joseph , Wieber Donald
Published: October 2006

On 1 August between 10:15 and 12:50 Universal Time, with the Lick Observatory 120-inch (304-cm) telescope and a laser operating at 6943 angstroms, return signals from an optical retro-reflector array placed on the moon by the Apollo 11 astronauts were successfully detected. After the return signal was first detected it continued to appear with the expected time delay for the remainder of the night. The observed range is in excellent agreement with the predicted ephemeris. Transmitting between 7 and 8 joules per pulse, we found that each return signal averaged more than one photoelectron. This is in good agreement with calculations of the expected signal strength.
Short Fragments from Both Complementary Strands in the Newly Replicated DNA of Bacteriophage SPP-1
Authors: Polsinelli M. , Milanesi G. , Ganesan A. T.
Published: October 2006

Bacillus subtilis
bacteriophage SPP-1 has separable complementary DNA strands. Fragments of nascent DNA isolated a very short time after phage infection show that these short chains are complementary to both phage DNA strands, as observed by hybridization techniques.
One Thousand Centuries of Climatic Record from Camp Century on the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Dansgaard W. , Johnsen S. J. , Møller J. , Langway C. C.
Published: October 2006

A correlation of time with depth has been evaluated for the Camp Century, Greenland, 1390 meter deep ice core. Oxygen isotopes in approximately 1600 samples throughout the core have been analyzed. Long-term variations in the isotopic composition of the ice reflect the climatic changes during the past nearly 100,000 years. Climatic oscillations with periods of 120, 940, and 13,000 years are observed.
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: Stimulation of Melatonin and Serotonin Synthesis in Cultured Rat Pineals
Authors: Shein Harvey M. , Wurtman Richard J.
Published: October 2006

Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate, like norepinephrine, stimulates the synthesis of labeled melatonin and serotonin from tryptophan labeled with carbon-14 by rat pineals in organ culture. Unlike norepinephrine, dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate does not enhance the accumulation of labeled tryptophan or protein within the pineal. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that cyclic adenosine monophosphate mediates some, but not all, of the effects of norepinephrine.
Thymus and Reproduction: Sex-Linked Dysgenesia of the Gonad after Neonatal Thymectomy in Mice
Authors: Nishizuka Yasuaki , Sakakura Teruyo
Published: October 2006

Neonatal thymectomy of mice, when no ectopic thymus existed, constantly resulted in developmental arrest of the ovary but not of the testis; it also caused sterility in the female. The ovaries of thymectomized mice were extremely small and were characterized by absence of follicles and corpora lutea. Such an ovarian dysgenesia was observed when the mice were thymectomized at 3 days of age, but not at 7 days or later; it was prevented by thymus grafting.
Oceanic Sediment Volumes and Continental Drift
Authors: Gilluly James
Published: October 2006

The volume of sediment off the Atlantic Coast of the United States is at least six times as great as that off the Pacific Coast. This disparity is readily accounted for if the continent is drifting westward and has overrun large volumes of sediment on a former Benioff zone. Such an overrunning is also consonant with many features of the geology of the western United States.
Fossil Foraging Behavior: Computer Simulation
Authors: Raup David M. , Seilacher Adolf
Published: October 2006

Meander patterns produced by ancient sediment feeders can be simulated by digital computer with x-y plotter output. Change in input constants (with a single program) produces variation comparable to genetically controlled behavioral differences between species and genera.
Magnetic Polarity of Pillow Basalts from Reykjanes Ridge
Authors: de Boer Jelle , Schilling Jean-Guy , Krause Dale C.
Published: October 2006

A first attempt to measure directly the magnetic polarity of submarine basalts dredged from the Reykjanes Ridge indicates that the first two magnetic anomalies over the ridge resulted from a reversal of the earth's magnetic field. Volcanic criteria were used to determine the orientation the samples had before they were dredged from the sea floor.
Ponzo Perspective Illusion as a Manifestation of Space Perception
Authors: Leibowitz H. , Brislin R. , Perlmutrer L. , Hennessy R.
Published: October 2006

The Ponzo perspective illusion, a special case of space perception, is influenced by contextual factors, texture, stereopsis, and familiarity in addition to perspective cues. The importance of familiarity is demonstrated by cultural differences obtained with photographs of natural settings which emphasize depth cues.
Cytokinin of Wheat Germ Transfer RNA: 6-(4-Hydroxy-3-methyl-butenylamino)-2-methylthio-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine
Authors: Hecht S. M. , Leonard N. J. , Burrows W. J. , Armstrong D. J. , Skoog F. , Occolowitz J.
Published: October 2006

A new modified nucleoside is responsible, in part, for the cytokinin activity of transfer RNA from wheat germ. The structure as judged by mass spectrometry is 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenylamino)-2-methylthio-9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurine. Unequivocal synthesis afforded material having ultraviolet, mass spectral, and chromatographic properties identical with those of the natural product.
Interstellar Scintillations of Pulsar Radiation
Authors: Lang Kenneth R.
Published: October 2006

Time fluctuations in the intensity of pulsed radiation from CP 0834, CP 1133, AP 1237, and CP 1919 have been investigated. Power spectra, modulation indices, frequency distributions, and decorrelation frequencies are consistent with scintillation theory. If it is assumed that these scintillations are due to irregularities in the interstellar medium that travel at a velocity of 20 kilometers per second, the irregularities have a scale size on the order of 10
4
kilometers and a distance from the earth of approximately 70 parsecs. These interstellar scintillations would not have been observed if the apparent angular diameters of the pulsars were larger than 0.3 × 10
-5
second of arc, and they would cause even a point radio source to have an apparent angular diameter of approximately 10
-3
second of arc at 318 megahertz.
Genetic Polymorphism of Tetrazolium Oxidase in Dogs
Authors: Baur Ernst W. , Schorr Richard T.
Published: October 2006

Two alleles, To
A
and To
B
, determine a genetic polymorphism of tetrazolium oxidase in canine erythrocytes. The approximate gene frequencies for most dog breeds are 0.94 for To
A
and
0.06 for To
B
. The gene frequencies of the German shepherd, 0.8 for To
A
and 0.2 for To
B
, differ significantly from those of other breeds. The electrophoretic tetrazolium oxidase isozyme pattern of
Canis latrans
closely resembles the tetrazolium oxidase A pattern of
Canis familiaris
.
Purine Metabolism in Heterozygous Carriers of Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency
Authors: Emmerson B. T. , Wyngaarden J. B.
Published: October 2006

The urate pool and daily turnover of urate, together with the rate of incorporation of glycine into urate, were measured in three asymptomatic mothers who had sons with various degrees of deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity. Two of these mothers had abnormally increased values for the urate pool, urate turnover, and 24-hour urinary excretion of uric acid. These two mothers also had reduced hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase activity and increased adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity in erythrocyte lysates. All three mothers showed an abnormal increase in urate production, as judged by the rate of incorporation of glycine into urate.
Antibodies to Polynucleotides: Distribution in Human Serums
Authors: Koffler D. , Carr R. I. , Agnello V. , Fiezi T. , Kunkel H. G.
Published: October 2006

Hemagglutination procedures were used to determine the distribution of antibodies to native DNA, single-stranded DNA, and double-stranded RNA. Antibodies to all three polynucleotides were found in a high percentage of the serums of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Antibodies to native DNA occurred almost exclusively in serums of patients in the active stages of systemic lupus erythematosus, whereas antibodies to single-stranded DNA were observed in the serums of patients with several diseases and of some normal individuals.
Chimpanzees: Self-Recognition
Authors: Gallup Gordon G.
Published: October 2006

After prolonged exposure to their reflected images in mirrors, chimpanzees marked with red dye showed evidence of being able to recognize their own reflections. Monkeys did not appear to have this capacity.
Neurophysiological Localization of the Vertical and Horizontal Visual Coordinates in Man
Authors: Maffei L. , Campbell F. W.
Published: October 2006

The amplitude of the potential evoked by a moving grating, recorded from the occipital scalp, is less when it is oblique compared with vertical and horizontal. This inequality is not found by recording the electroretinogram. Thus, orientational effects must arise between the site of origin of the electroretinogram and the evoked cortical response.
Rubidium-Strontium, Uranium, and Thorium-Lead Dating of Lunar Material
Authors: Gopalan K. , Kaushal S. , Lee-Hu C. , Wetherill G. W.
Published: October 2006

Rubidium and strontium concentrations and strontium isotopic compositions have been measured on whole rock samples and density fractions of microgabbro. Density fractions on two rocks define isochrons of 3400 and 4500 million years with large uncertainties owing to low enrichment of radiogenic strontium. Lead from fine surface material is highly radiogenic. An age of 4750 million years has been calculated from the ratio of
207
Pb/
206
Pb. The concentrations of uranium, thorium, and lead isotopes are consistent with the evolution of lead in a 4700-million-year-old closed system characterized by the ratios of uranium to lead and of thorium to lead in this surface material.
Solid State Studies of the Radiation History of Lunar Samples
Authors: Crozaz G. , Haack U. , Hair M. , Hoyt H. , Kardos J. , Maurette M. , Miyajima M. , Seitz M. , Sun S. , Walker R. , Wittels M. , Woolum D.
Published: October 2006

Particle track densities up to > 3 × 10
9
per square centimeter have been measured in different samples. Rocks 17, 47, 57, and 58 have VH (Z >22) galactic cosmic ray ages of 11, 14, 28, and 13 × 10
6
years, respectively. Rock 57 has a calculated erosion rate of ≲ 10
-7
centimeter per year. Near-surface track versus depth data in rock 17 can be fit with solar flare particles that have a differential energy spectrum αE
-3
; lunar samples can be used to study the history of solar activity. The uranium in the crystalline rocks occurs principally in small regions <10 to ∼100 micrometers in size. The (low) thermoluminescence of the fines increases with depth in core 10004. With one possible exception, x-ray studies have not shown pronounced radiation damage effects. The total energy release upon heating is small up to 900°C and occurs in three broad regions.
Rare Gases in Lunar Samples: Study of Distribution and Variations by a Microprobe Technique
Authors: Kirsten T. , Steinbrunn F. , Zähringer J.
Published: October 2006

The rare gas distribution in lunar soil, breccias, and rocks was studied with a micro-helium-probe. Gases are concentrated in grain surfaces and originate from solar wind. Helium-4 concentrations of different mineral components vary by more than a factor of 10 apart from individual fluctuations for each type. Also grains with no detectable helium-4 exist. Titanium-rich components have the highest, calcium-rich minerals the lowest concentrations. The solar wind was redistributed by diffusion. Mean gas layer thicknesses are 10, 6, and 5 μm for helium, neon, and argon respectively. Lithic fragments in breccias contain no solar gases. Glass pitted surfaces of crystalline rocks contain about 10
-2
cubic centimeter of helium-4 per square centimeter. Etched dust grains clearly show spallogenic and radiogenic components. The apparent mean exposure age of dust is approximately 500 × 10
6
years, its potassium-argon age is approximately 3.5 × 10
9
years. Cavities of crystalline rocks contain helium-4, radiogenic argon, H
2
, and N
2
.
Pattern of Bombardment-Produced Radionuclides in Rock 10017 and in Lunar Soil
Authors: Shedlovsky Julian P. , Honda Masatake , Reedy Robert C. , Evans John C. , Lal Devendra , Lindstrom Richard M. , Delany Anthony C. , Arnold James R. , Loosli Heinz-Hugo , Fruchter Jonathan S. , Finkel Robert C.
Published: October 2006

A large number of radionuclides have been measured as a function of depth in lunar rock 10017 and in bulk fines. Data are reported on
10
Be,
22
Na,
26
Al,
36
Cl,
49
V,
53
Mn,
54
Mn,
55
Fe,
56
Co,
57
Co, and
59
Ni and on upper limits for
46
Sc,
48
V,
51
Cr, and
60
Co. The results for several nuclides show striking evidence of excess surface production attributable to solar flare particles. Data for short-lived species,
56
Co,
57
Co,
54
Mn,
55
Fe, and
22
Na, appear consistent with fluxes from known recent events. Long-lived species demonstrate the existence of solar flare protons and alphas at least for the last 10
5
to 10
6
years, at fluxes comparable to those now observed.
Mineralogical and Petrological Investigations of Lunar Samples
Authors: Bailey J. C. , Champness P. E. , Dunham A. C. , Esson J. , Fyfe W. S. , MacKenzie W. S. , Stumpfl E. F. , Zussman J.
Published: October 2006

Fragments of igneous rocks and breccias, and one coarse-grained rock with thin sections, have been studied. Minerals found include pyroxene, plagioclase, olivine, ilmenite, troilite, ulvöspinel, native iron, cristobalite, tridymite, alkali feldspar, apatite, and quartz. Textures are described and interpreted. Among features revealed by optical, microprobe, x-ray diffraction, and electron microscope methods are extreme zoning and unmixing in pyroxene grains, compositional variations in ilmenites, and effects of shock metamorphism. Some trace elements were determined by x-ray fluorescence analysis.
Petrology of a Fine-Grained Igneous Rock from the Sea of Tranquillity
Authors: Weill Daniel F. , McCallum I. Stewart , Bottinga Yan , Drake Michael J. , McKay Gordon A.
Published: October 2006

All phases in a thin section of sample 10022 have been analyzed by electron microprobe. Augite grains show strong iron enrichment in the outer 15 to 20 microns. Pigeonite cores occur within augite grains. The plagioclase has an anorthite content of between 73 and 81 mole percent and is high in Si and low in Al compared to stoichiometric feldspar. Residual phases include microcrystalline Fe-rich "pyroxene," plagioclase, K-rich alkali feldspar, silica, and rare areas rich in P and Zr with concentrations of Ba, Y, and rare earth elements. The density, viscosity, and crystallization history of the lava of sample 10022 are discussed.
Mössbauer Spectrometry of Lunar Samples
Authors: Herzenberg C. L. , Riley D. L.
Published: October 2006

Nuclear gamma resonance measurements for the nuclide
57
Fe in lunar material were made in transmission on lunar fines and in scattering on intact lunar rock chips. No appreciable amount of ferric iron was detected. Resonances were observed for ilmenite in all samples. Strong resonances attributed to ferrous iron in silicates, including pyroxenes and, in some samples, glasses and olivine, were also present. Metallic iron, alloyed with nickel, and troilite were also detected in the lunar fines. Differences in the spectra of various samples of lunar material and their significance are discussed.
Luminescence of Apollo 11 Lunar Samples
Authors: Greenman Norman N. , Gross H. Gerald
Published: October 2006

Luminescence measurements were made of four lunar rocks, two terrestrial rocks (granite and gabbro), and one terrestrial mineral (willemite) by comparing the spectral curves with the curve of a barium sulfate standard. Efficiencies with 3000 angstrom excitation were ≤ 6 × 10
-5
for the lunar samples, ≤ 8 × 10
-5
for gabbro of very similar composition to the lunar samples, approximately 10
-4
for granite, and approximately 2 × 10
-2
for willemite. If these are typical values for other ultraviolet excitation wavelengths, the Apollo 11 site appears to contribute little to the observed lunar luminescence.
Luminescence and Reflectance of Tranquillity Samples: Effects of Irradiation and Vitrification
Authors: Nash Douglas B. , Conel James E. , Greer Raymond T.
Published: October 2006

Luminescence measurements of Tranquillity samples indicate that energy efficiencies for excitation by protons and ultraviolet are in the range 10
-6
or below; natural and induced thermoluminescence is even weaker. If these samples are typical, lunar surface luminescence cannot occur at reported levels. Comparison of proton luminescence spectra from the exterior and interior of rocks and fine fragments provides evidence of solar wind impingement on the moon's surface. Spectral reflectance and albedo measurements of fresh rock powders before and after both laboratory proton irradiation and fusion indicate that vitrification may be an important mechanism of lunar darkening.
Thermal Radiation Properties and Thermal Conductivity of Lunar Material
Authors: Birkebak Richard C. , Cremers Clifford J. , Dawson James P.
Published: October 2006

The thermal radiation properties were measured for lunar fines and chips from three different lunar rocks. Measurements for the fines were made at atmospheric pressure and at a pressure of 10
-5
torr or lower. The directional reflectance was obtained over a wavelength range of 0.5 to 2.0 microns for angles of incidence up to 60 degrees. The bidirectional reflectance—the distribution of reflected light—was measured for white light angles of illumination up to 60 degrees. The thermal conductivity was measured over a temperature range 200 to 400°K under vacuum conditions.
Apollo 11 Soil Mechanics Investigation
Authors: Costes N. C. , Carrier W. D. , Mitchell J. K. , Scott R. F.
Published: October 2006

The fine-grained surface material at the Apollo 11 landing site is a brownish, medium-gray, slightly cohesive granular soil, with bulky grains in the silt-to-fine-sand range, having a specific gravity of 3.1 and exhibiting adhesive characteristics. Within the upper few centimeters, the lunar soil has an average density of about 1.6 grams per cubic centimeter and is similar in appearance and behavior to the soils studied at the Surveyor equatorial landing sites. Although considerably different in composition and in range of particle shapes, it is similar in its mechanical behavior to terrestrial soils of the same grain size distribution.
Search for Alkanes of 15 to 30 Carbon Atom Length
Authors: Meinschein W. G. , Cordes Eugene , Shiner V. J.
Published: October 2006

A 50-gram sample of lunar fines was subjected to stepwise extraction in a mixture of benzene and methanol while intact, after being pulverized, and after being digested in hydrofluoric acid. None of these three extracts contained detectable quantities of C
15
to C
30
alkanes. No C
15
to C
30
alkane was present in this lunar sample at a concentration exceeding 1 part per billion by weight.
Substrate Stabilization: Genetically Controlled Reciprocal Relationship of Two Human Enzymes
Authors: Greene Martin L. , Boyle James A. , Seegmiller J. Edwin
Published: October 2006

5-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate, a substrate shared by adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, accumulates in human erythrocytes lacking hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate added to purified adenine phosphoribosyltransferase stabilizes it against heat inactivation. The increased activity of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase seen in erythrocytes deficient in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase may result from substrate stabilization of this enzyme in vivo.
Active Submarine Volcanism in the Austral Islands
Authors: Johnson Rockne H.
Published: October 2006

An active submarine volcano has been found on a southeastward extension of the Austral Islands chain. Its last eruption, in May 1967, was detected by North Pacific hydrophones. The position computed by sofar was 32 kilometers northwest of that found in a search by echo sounder, 29°01′S, 140°17′W. The minimum depth encountered was 460 meters.
Potassium Ion Specific Electrode with High Selectivity for Potassium over Sodium
Authors: Frant M. S. , Ross J. W.
Published: October 2006

A new potassium electrode, made from valinomycin, which uses commercially available electrode configurations, responds to potassium ion concentrations from 1 mole per liter to below 10
-6
mole per liter. It is highly selective for potassium ion over sodium ion and divalent ions and can be used for the direct determination of potassium ion in human serum. No significant complexing of potassium appears to occur in normal serum.
Environmental and Genetical Contributions to Class Difference: A Model Experiment
Authors: Thoday J. M. , Gibson J. B.
Published: October 2006

Flies were divided into two groups on the basis of the number of their bristles, and raised under different environmental (temperature) conditions. In each generation, offspring of the two groups were retained in their group or transferred to the other group, depending on the number of their bristles. After nine generations it was found that the genetic component of the intergroup difference was 42 percent; the portion of the intragroup variance that was genetic phenomena.
Bladder Cancer Induction by Aromatic Amines: Role of
N
-Hydroxy Metabolites
Authors: Radomski Jack L. , Brill Earl
Published: October 2006

Repeated installation of
N
-hydroxy-2 naphthylamine into dog bladders produced tumors of this organ. There is a correlation of degree of carcinogenicity of 1-naphthylamine, 2-naphthylamine, and 4-aminobiphenyl with both methemoglobin production in the blood and concentration of
N
-oxidation products in the urine. Thus,
N
-hydroxylation appears to be the key to bladder cancer production by aromatic amines.
Horseshoe Crab Lactate Dehydrogenase: Tissue Distribution and Molecular Weight
Authors: Massaro Edward J.
Published: October 2006

Lactate dehydrogenase from
Xiphosura
(
Limulus
)
polyphemus
is D(-)-lactate specific. It does not use L(+)-lactate, α-hydroxybutyrate, α-hydroxyvalerate, or α-hydroxyisocaproate as substrate. In most tissues lactate dehydrogenase is composed of five isozymes with a molecular weight of 140,000 for each, as judged by gel-filtration chromatography. This suggests that the isozymes are tetramers comprised of varying amounts of two physicchemically distinct subunits.
Chromosome Pairing within Genomes in Maize-
Tripsacum
Hybrids
Authors: Harlan Jack R. , De Wet J. M. J. , Naik S. M. , Lambert R. J.
Published: October 2006

When the ten chromosomes of maize were inserted into a polyploid (2
n
= 72)
Tripsacum dactyloides
background they formed up to five pairs at meiosis. Two plants that each contained 36
Tripsacum
and 14 maize chromosomes were deprived from the F
1
of maize ×
Tripsacum
. Chromosomes of these plants frequently formed 25 bivalents, 18 between
Tripsacum
chromosomes and seven between maize chromosomes. Maize chromosomes could be distinguished from
Tripsacum
chromosomes on the basis of size. The within-genome pairing is probably induced by the genetic background.
Neuroglia: Gliosis and Focal Epilepsy
Authors: Pollen Daniel A. , Trachtenberg Michael C.
Published: October 2006

Normal neuroglial cells buffer the extracellular space around neurons and presynaptic terminals against increases in potassium ions. Epileptic foci resulting from brain injury are characterized by areas of intense fibrillary gliosis bordering neuronal tissue. The known pathological changes that occur in gliosis may impair glial control of extracellular potassium ions and lead to excessively excitable neuronal border regions.
Release of Protoplasts in the Yeast Phase of
Histoplasma capsulatum
without Added Enzyme
Authors: Berliner Martha D. , Reca Maria E.
Published: October 2006

Cells of the yeast phase of the dimorphic systemic fungus pathogen
Histoplasma capsulatum
readily released large numbers of intact protoplasts without degradation of their cell walls by snail or microbial enzymes, previously regarded as a requirement for all yeast and mycelial fungal forms. Over 90 percent of "B" type yeast cells in the early logarithmic phase of growth released living protoplasts when incubated at 37°C with 2 molar magnesium sulfate, whereas "A" type yeast cells required prior exposure for 24 hours to 2-deoxy-D-glucose before incubation in the 2 molar magnesium sulfate.
Ranks of Donor-Recipient Histocompatibility for Human Transplantation
Authors: Rapaport Felix T. , Dausset Jean
Published: October 2006

Correlation of leukocyte groups with skin and renal allograft survival indicates that ranks of histocompatibility based upon current genetic concepts of the HL-A system may provide an approach to the selection of optimally compatible subjects for clinical organ transplantation. Such ranks may be expressed as a net histocompatibility ratio (NHR) between prospective donors and recipients. The best clinical results have been when this ratio is of 0.5 to 1. Donor-recipient compatibility situations where the ratio was 0.25 or less have been associated with a high incidence of transplant failure, regardless of whether the organ source was a living, related donor or a cadaver donor.
Overgrowth Stimulating Factor Released from Rous Sarcoma Cells
Authors: Rubin H.
Published: October 2006

An assay is described for a nonviral factor from the medium of Rous sarcoma cells which stimulates rapid and sustained cellular overgrowth in crowded chick embryo cultures. The factor is nondialyzable and thermolabile and is released in large amounts several days after the first visible transformation of newly infected chick embryo cells.
Microarchitecture and Deposition of Gastropod Nacre
Authors: Wise Sherwood W.
Published: October 2006

The microarchitecture of gastropod nacre reveals deposition of aragonite in the form of crystal stacks and differs markedly from the characteristic microstructure of pelecypod nacre. The structure permits direct observation of both organic and mineral phases of deposition on a growth surface topography that is ideal for the study of processes of mollusk shell calcification. The stack mode of deposition is functionally useful to the animal because it increases the number of crystals which can form and develop on the growth surface at one time.
Reassembly of Living Cells from Dissociated Components
Authors: Jeon K. W. , Lorch I. J. , Danielli J. F.
Published: October 2006

Combining the techniques of nuclear transplantation and cytoplasmic transfer, dissociated amoeba nuclei, cytoplasm, and membranes were reassembled to form viable amoebae. The techniques of cell reassembly appear to be sufficiently adequate so that any desired combination of cytoplasm, nucleus, and membrane can be assembled into living cells.
Induction of Glutamine Synthetase in Embryonic Retina: Its Dependence on Cell Interactions
Authors: Morris John E. , Moscona A. A.
Published: October 2006

A relation between enzyme induction in embryonic cells and cellular organization is indicated by the finding that the levels of glutamine synthetase induced by hydrocortisone in the embryonic neural retina in vitro are dependent on the associations between the retina cells. Intact retina tissue, aggregates of dissociated cells, and cells in monolayer culture showed a decreasing response, in this order, to glutamine synthetase induction. With time of culture, the enzyme activity continued to rise in the intact retina and in cell aggregates, but activity declined in monolayer cultures even though the inducer was continuously present. Dispersed cells cultured in monolayer without the inducer showed after 24 hours a loss of inducibility which could not be reversed by reaggregating such modified cells but could be prevented by maintaining the freshly dispersed cells at a low temperature.
Changes in Protein Levels in Perfusates of Freely Moving Cats: Relation to Behavioral State
Authors: Drucker-Colín R. R. , Spanis C. W. , Cotman C. W. , McGaugh J. L.
Published: October 2006

Perfusates from the brains of freely moving cats, obtained by means of a push-pull cannula, contain high concentrations of proteins. The levels vary in a cyclic fashion and are higher during rapid eye movement sleep than during the waking state. The proteins represent a distinctive class of tissue protein and their changing levels appear to reflect an alteration in the protein content of the extracellular space of brain related to behavioral state.
Distortions of Apparent Velocity: A New Optical Illusion
Authors: Enright J. T.
Published: October 2006

To an observer whose one eye is covered with a relatively strong filter (approximately 90 percent extinction) and who views a landscape from the side window of a moving automobile, the velocity of the vehicle appears to be markedly reduced when the uncovered eye is in the forward or leading position (in the sense of motion of the vehicle); the velocity seems to be increased when the covered eye is in the leading position. The illusion of reduced velocity is accompanied by an apparent dwarfing of objects near the roadside and an apparent foreshortening of the distance between object and observer; the illusion of increased velocity is accompanied by an apparent increase in size of objects and an increase in their apparent distance. These illusions can be understood as corollaries of the well-known Pulfrich phenomenon.
Trichromatic Mechanisms in Single Cortical Neurons
Authors: Gouras Peter
Published: October 2006

By chromatic adaptation, all three cone mechanisms of rhesus monkey vision can be identified in single neurons of striate cortex. This trichromatic interaction occurs in cells sensitive to color and indicates that striate cortical cells tend to be more wavelength discriminating than cells at lower stages of the primate visual system.
Social Organization in the Bat
Myotis adversus
Authors: Dwyer P. D.
Published: October 2006

Studies in which the Australian bat
Myotis adversus
was marked and recaptured showed that mature males tend to be solitary, are strongly attached to a particular site, and apparently defend home sites. Harem formation concurrent with mating has been observed, and the bond between the mother and her young extends beyond nursing.
Metamorphic Waters from the Pacific Tectonic Belt of the West Coast of the United States
Authors: Barnes Ivan
Published: October 2006

Waters unusually rich in ammonia, boron, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and hydrocarbons are found in more than 100 localities along the Pacific coast of the United States. The waters are believed to be products of low-grade metamorphism of marine sediments. The marine sedimentary rocks would have to be tectonically emplaced below crystalline rocks in many places. Mercury ore deposits are probably also products of the low-grade metamorphism.
Bimolecular (Black) Lipid Membranes: Study of Lipid-Protein Interactions
Authors: Smekal Emil , Ting Hie Ping , Augenstein L. G. , Tien H. T.
Published: October 2006

An experimental method has been devised for the study of the interaction of bimolecular (black) lipid membrane and protein in which 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid is used as a fluorescent probe. The presence of phospholipid in the membrane is necessary for the enhanced fluorescence.
Diversity of Planktonic Foraminifera in Deep-Sea Sediments
Authors: Berger Wolfgang H. , Parker Frances L.
Published: October 2006

The diversity of a planktonic foraminiferal assemblage on the ocean floor depends on the state of preservation of that assemblage. As dissolution progresses, species diversity (number of species in the assemblage) decreases, but compound diversity (based on relative species abundance) first increases and then decreases; species dominance first decreases and then increases. The reason for these changes is that the species most susceptible to solution deliver more sediment to the ocean floor than do species with solution-resistant shells, possibly because the more soluble tests are produced in surface waters, where growth and production are greatest.
High-Magnesian Calcite: Leaching of Magnesium in the Deep Sea
Authors: Gomberg David N. , Bonatti Enrico
Published: October 2006

The high-magnesian calcite fraction of a shallow-water carbonate sand was converted to low-magnesian calcite after transport to the deep sea; strontium was also leached from the carbonate. Oxygen isotopic ratios indicate that loss of magnesium and strontium took place during recrystallization of the carbonate in the deep sea; this process did not alter textures of skeletal fragments. Previously, high-magnesian calcite was thought only to dissolve in the deep sea.
Phosphorus-31 as a Nuclear Probe for Malignant Tumors
Authors: Zaner Ken Scott , Damadian Raymond
Published: October 2006

Phosphorus-31 may prove useful as an additional nucleus for detecting malignancy by nuclear magnetic resonance. The spin-lattice relaxation times for phosphorus-31 determined by a saturation technique employing a 90°-τ-90°-τ-90° ... pulse sequence were significantly higher for two rat malignancies, Novikoff hepatoma and Walker sarcoma, and the Crocker sarcoma of mice than for normal liver, muscle, brain, kidney, and intestine tissues. No individual measurement of malignant tissues overlapped any of the measurements of normal tissues, and the probabilities of insignificance ranged from .029 for Crocker sarcoma to .000184 for Novikoff hepatoma. The phosphorus-31 nucleus, because of its strategic placement in the nucleic acid molecule, may be useful as a new probe for exploring the mechanism of carcinogenesis. The results call attention to another nucleus that may prove valuable for nuclear magnetic resonance equipment aimed at the detection of internal malignancies in humans.