bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Related to the Sleep Duration of 3-Month-Old Infants
Authors: Silva Paula Louro , Ramos Tamiris , Castro Natalia Pinheiro , Richetto Nicole , López Rossana Verônica , Luzia Liania Alves , Rondó Patricia Helen
Published: June 2024

Objective To identify the factors related to sleep duration in 3-month-old infants.

Materials and Methods From 2021 to 2023, we conducted a cross-sectional study in the city of Araraquara, Brazil, involving 140 mothers and their respective 3-month-old infants. Maternal socioeconomic, demographic, obstetric, and nutritional characteristics, as well as nutritional and morbidity characteristics of the respective infants, were evaluated. Sleep duration was determined by the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ). Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to assess the associations of maternal, newborn, and infant factors with sleep duration at three months.

Results The nighttime sleep duration of the infants was of 9 hours. There were negative associations between nighttime sleep duration and prone sleep position (p = 0.011), falling asleep between 8:30 pm and 11:00 pm (p = 0.032), falling asleep after 11:00 pm (p < 0.001), respiratory infection (p = 0.011), dermatitis (p = 0.002), and the presence of children under 9 years of age in the household (p = 0.013).

Discussion In the present study, factors such as infant morbidity, the presence of other children in the household, and sleeping habits were associated with a decrease in sleep duration in 3-month-old infants. Therefore, we emphasize the importance of early diagnosis of morbidity in the first months of life and of promoting healthy habits such as regulating the time to go to sleep, providing an adequate sleep environment, and other practices that help improve the quality and duration of sleep.
Syndrome Differentiation and Mechanism Exploration of “Tongguan Liqiao” Acupuncture Method for Treating Poststroke Dysphagia
Authors: Huang Hongwen , Chen Chao , Fan Xiaonong
Published: June 2024

“Tongguan Liqiao” acupuncture method established by Xuemin Shi, a master of traditional Chinese medicine in China and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, derives from the famous “Xing Nao Kai Qiao” therapy (activating the brain and opening the orifices) acupuncture method. It fundamentally takes “adjusting the spirit” as the root of selecting acupoints based on syndrome differentiation. Neiguan (PC 6), Renzhong (DU 26), and Sanyinjiao (SP 6) are selected as the main acupoints to adjust the spirit and revive the brain, nourish the liver and kidney, which treats the root cause. Acupoints such as Lianquan (RN 23), Yifeng (SJ 17), Wangu (GB 12), and Fengchi (GB 20) in the neck region are selected for “unblocking orifices,” which relieves the symptoms. This acupuncture method features deep needling, which aligns with modern swallowing function anatomy. The method can improve the function of poststroke dysphagia by enhancing cerebral blood supply and metabolism and promoting neural functional remodeling.
Role of Fetal Second Trimester 2D Ultrasound Facial Parameters in Down Syndrome Detection
Authors: Mylavarapu Swathi , Singh Arati , Kolar Geeta
Published: June 2024

Introduction Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability in humans. Various screening techniques are available, including the detection of facial characteristics of DS fetuses by prenatal ultrasonographic markers. Very few studies have tested the predictive validity of the markers in the Indian population.

Objective This article determines the role of second trimester ultrasound in predicting DS using facial markers, namely, nasal bone length (NBL), prenasal thickness (PNT), NBL/PNT ratio, and PNT/NBL ratio in the Indian population

Materials and Methods This prospective observational study recruited singleton pregnant women at 14 to 28 weeks of gestation with no comorbidities. Women with maternal disorders, abnormal amniotic fluid, and fetal structural anomalies were excluded. Three images of the midsagittal plane were obtained during a routine anomaly or well-being scan. The single “best” image was used for analysis. Scatter plots with regression lines and percentile curves for each gestation were created. Developed nomograms and scattered plots were validated by recruiting DS fetuses (diagnosed by amniocentesis and fetal karyotype).

Results This study included 450 normal fetuses for developing nomograms, which were verified by matching 45 DS fetuses. The diagnostic accuracy of NBL, PNT, NBL/PNT ratios and PNT/NBL ratios was found to be 94, 99, 95, and 94.8, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity were found to be 51.11, 42.42, 48.89, 65.4 and 99, 96, 99.56, and 96.7 for NBL, PNT, NBL/PNT ratio, and PNT/NBL ratio, respectively. False negative rate and false positive rate were 38.89, 57.58, 51.11, 34.6 and 1, 4, 0.44, 3.3 for NBL, PNT, NBL/PNT ratio, PNT/NBL ratio, respectively.

Conclusion High diagnostic accuracy was found for PNT, followed by NBL/PNT ratio, PNT/NBL ratio, and NBL. However, considering sensitivity and specificity markers together, we found the NBL/PNT ratio as a good diagnostic marker in predicting DS. Furthermore, the NBL/PNT ratio performs slightly better than its inverse counterpart (PNT/NBL ratio) for detecting DS fetuses, primarily because it produced less false positive cases.
Association of Placental Umbilical Cord Insertion Site with Maternal and Fetal Outcomes: A Prospective Study
Authors: Sabu Brinda , Hakkim Sameera , Ambat Roshini
Published: June 2024

Introduction Adequate fetal growth during pregnancy depends upon the normal development and insertion of the umbilical cord. Central/paracentral placental cord insertion is considered normal, while marginal/velamentous cord insertion is considered abnormal. Although the location of placental umbilical cord insertion can be determined by ultrasound (US), it is not included in the routine protocol of a targeted anomaly scan. Through this study, we determined different placental umbilical cord insertion sites by US and categorized them as normal and abnormal, identified the risk factors involved, and evaluated the outcome of pregnancies using standard protocols. The rationale of this study was to identify pregnancies that require frequent monitoring and surveillance for an optimal perinatal outcome.

Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for 18 months. A total of 345 pregnant women who attended the antenatal outpatient department between 18 and 22 weeks for targeted imaging for fetal anomalies scan were included in the study after informed consent. Detailed history followed by US documentation of the cord insertion site on the placenta was done and women were followed up throughout pregnancy to look for development of complications including hypertensive disorders, antepartum hemorrhage (APH), and fetal growth restriction (FGR). Intrapartum adverse events like fetal distress and intrapartum hemorrhage were assessed. Confirmation of US findings was done by macroscopic examination of the placenta and measuring the distance between the placental cord insertion and the edge of the placenta. The weight of the placenta was also documented. Newborns were evaluated for adverse outcomes like preterm birth, low birth weight, need for resuscitation, and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission. Follow up of neonates and mothers was done till discharge.

Results Placental cord insertion was accurately determined at the anomaly scan with 100% sensitivity and specificity. The study showed 44 abnormal placental cord insertions (ACIs)—42 had marginal and 2 had velamentous cord insertions. There was a high incidence of ACI noted in women aged more than 28 years, with body mass index of more than 26.38, multiparity, previous history of myomectomy, first trimester miscarriage, and conceived by assisted reproductive technology. Women with ACI had an increased risk of small for gestational age/FGR and APH and had an average baby weight of 2.7 kg, which was 200 g less than babies with normal cord insertion. They also had lower mean Apgar scores at 5 minutes and required resuscitation and NICU admission.

Conclusion Our study concluded that it will be a good practice to document the placental cord insertion during the mid trimester anomaly scan so that we can identify the subset of pregnant women who are prone to develop complications, thereby providing adequate surveillance for an optimal perinatal outcome.
Do translation universals exist at the syntactic-semantic level? A study using semantic role labeling and textual entailment analysis of English-Chinese translations
Authors: Wang Letao , Jiang Yue
Published: June 2024

Albeit extensive studies of translation universals at lexical and grammatical levels, there has been scant research at the syntactic-semantic level. To bridge this gap, this study employs semantic role labeling and textual entailment analysis to compare Chinese translations with English source texts and non-translated Chinese original texts. The research has found substantial evidence for translation universals like explicitation, simplification, and levelling out at the syntactic-semantic level, which is illustrated by significant differences between syntactic-semantic features of Chinese translations and those of English source texts and Chinese original texts. This suggests a distinct syntactic-semantic uniqueness of Chinese translations, wherein the overall features exhibit an “eclectic” characteristic, showcasing contrasting outcomes such as explicitation identified as S-universal and implicitation deemed T-universal. This could be attributed to the gravitational pull from the two language systems. In the inspection of specific semantic roles, features of agents and discourse markers are found to be evidence for both S-explicitation and T-explicitation, potentially reflecting the role of socio-cultural factors in shaping the uniqueness of syntactic-semantic features of Chinese translations. These findings further underscore the complexity inherent in translation, highlighting its function as a dynamic balance system.
Digital economy as a catalyst for low-carbon transformation in China: new analytical insights
Authors: Xu Mengmeng , Tan Ruipeng
Published: June 2024

To obtain a consistent estimate of the impact of digital economy on the carbon total factor productivity (CTFP) is important not only in the academic field but also for the policymakers. However, the existence of endogeneity issue makes it challenging. This paper constructs a novel analysis framework that can measure the CTFP as well as the impact of digital economy simultaneously after addressing the endogeneity. By employing the endogenous stochastic frontier analysis method, the findings indicate that digital economy has a positive and significant effect on CTFP, which persists when different production functions and instrumental variables are employed. Mechanism analysis reveals that the positive impact is facilitated by changes in production methods and improvements in urban environmental regulatory governance. Moreover, the effect of digital economy on CTFP is more pronounced in regions with higher environmental awareness among residents, lower resource abundance, and higher levels of human capital. The results provide valuable policy insights into the utilization of the digital economy to achieve green and high-quality development in China, including to promote the regional balanced development of digital economy and so on.
Economic impact of ACES trends on the automotive value chain: a forecast exploratory study of the Chinese automotive industry in 2030
Authors: Chen Yu , Zhu Di
Published: June 2024

In the context of green transportation, the automotive industry is undergoing a revolution in autonomous, connected, electric, and shared (ACES) vehicles. ACES vehicles have a relatively short history and there is limited relevant market data available. Therefore, quantitative research on the economic impact of ACES trends remains a new area of exploration. The purpose of the paper is to explore the economic impact of ACES trends on the automotive value chain, with a specific focus on the production and aftermarket segments. In the paper, a detailed quantitative analysis of the installation scale and the market size of Chinese automotive production as well as the income changes of Chinese automotive aftermarket in 2030 is conducted. The findings show that the new markets for power batteries, electric powertrains, sensors, in-vehicle software and chips are created, thereby delivering more value to the business. While the ACES trends are expected to decrease the average aftermarket income per vehicle, the growth of the vehicle stock suggests significant potential for the development of the automotive aftermarket in 2030. Our research contributes by offering a business perspective on the impact of ACES trends. The quantitative insights presented are timely and crucial for all the stakeholders along the value chain, enabling them to adapt and thrive in the dynamic automotive landscape and align their strategies with the transformative ACES trends.
Pronunciation instruction in the context of world English: exploring university EFL instructors’ perceptions and practices
Authors: Almusharraf Asma
Published: June 2024

Teaching a foreign language requires instructors to be knowledgeable about and capable of providing instruction that facilitates their students’ ability to understand, speak, read, and write the new language. However, as established within the literature, there appears to be a disconnect between what should be offered as pronunciation instruction and what takes place in many EFL classrooms. This study, therefore, undertook to identify Saudi university EFL instructors’ perceptions and practices towards pronunciation instruction. The study employed a mixed methods survey research design, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches. Participants included 163 EFL instructors from Saudi universities. The results of the current study showed that while most participants recognized the importance of pronunciation instruction and were confident of their English pronunciation, many also felt that they lacked the training necessary to fully provide instruction and assessment of their students’ English pronunciation. The participants also identified those extraneous factors that affected their ability to provide fulsome pronunciation learning experiences. The study highlights the existing gap between the ideal pronunciation instruction and the current practices in Saudi university EFL classrooms. It emphasizes the need for enhanced training for instructors to improve their ability to deliver effective pronunciation instruction and assessment.
Chemical trio imbues fabric with antimicrobial power
Authors: Patrick Chris
Published: June 2024

A combination of three antimicrobial agents enhances the antimicrobial performance of nylon for potential application in healthcare settings.
Q&A: Burçin Mutlu-Pakdil chases dwarf galaxies
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: June 2024

She navigated barriers in Turkey and the US to become an astronomy professor.
Lower limb muscle performance during a closed chain single leg squat and a squat jump in people with leg weakness after stroke: A comparative study
Authors: Tolé Genevieve , Williams Gavin , Holland Anne E. , Clark Ross A.
Published: June 2024

Objective: To determine if the intention to perform an exercise at speed leads to beneficial alterations in kinematic and kinetic components of the movement in people with post-stroke hemiplegia. Design: Comparative study. Setting: Subacute metropolitan rehabilitation hospital. Participants: Convenience sample of patients admitted as an inpatient or outpatient with a diagnosis of stroke with lower limb weakness, functional ambulation category score ≥3, and ability to walk ≥14metres. Methods: Participants performed a single leg squat exercise on their paretic and nonparetic legs on a leg sled under three conditions: 1) self-selected speed (SS), 2) fast speed (FS), 3) jump squat (JS). Measures of displacement, flight time, peak concentric velocity, and muscle excitation (via electromyography) were compared between legs and conditions. Results: Eleven participants (age: 56 ± 17 years; median time since stroke onset: 3.3 [IQR 3,41] months) were tested. All participants achieved a jump during the JS, as measured by displacement and flight time respectively, on both their paretic (0.25 ± 0.16 m and 0.42 ± 0.18 s) and nonparetic (0.49 ± 0.36 m and 0.73 ± 0.28 s) legs; however it was significantly lower on the non-paretic leg (p < 0.05). Peak concentric velocity increased concordantly with intended movement speed (JS-FS paretic: 0.96 m/s, non-paretic: 0.54 m/s; FS-SS paretic 0.69 m/s, nonparetic 0.38 m/s; JS-SS paretic 1.66 m/s, non-paretic 0.92 m/s). Similarly, muscle excitation increased significantly (p < 0.05) with faster speed for the paretic and nonparetic vastus lateralis. For gastrocnemius, the only significant difference was an increase during nonparetic JS vs. SS and FS. Conclusions: Speed affects the kinematic and kinetic components of the movement. Performing exercises ballistically may improve training outcomes for people post-stroke.
Characterisation of young stroke presentations, pathways of care, and support for ‘invisible’ difficulties: a retrospective clinical audit study
Authors: Grech Michaela , Withiel Toni , Klaic Marlena , Fisher Caroline A. , Simpson Leonie , Wong Dana
Published: June 2024

Background Young stroke survivors are likely to be discharged home from acute hospital care without rehabilitation more quickly than older survivors, but it is not clear why. File-audit studies capturing real-world clinical practice are lacking for this cohort. We aimed to compare characteristics and care pathways of young and older survivors and describe stroke presentations and predictors of pathways of care in young survivors (≤45 years), including a focus on care received for ‘invisible’ (cognitive, psychological) difficulties. Methods A retrospective audit of 847 medical records (67 young stroke survivors, mean age = 36 years; 780 older patients, mean age = 70 years) was completed for stroke survivors admitted to an Australian tertiary hospital. Stroke characteristics and presence of cognitive difficulties (identified through clinician opinion or cognitive screening) were used to predict length of stay and discharge destination in young stroke survivors. Results There were no differences in length of stay between young and older survivors, however, young stroke survivors were more likely to be discharged home without rehabilitation (though this may be due to milder strokes observed in young stroke survivors). For young stroke survivors, stroke severity and age predicted discharge destination, while cognitive difficulties predicted longer length of stay. While almost all young survivors were offered occupational therapy and physiotherapy, none received psychological input (clinical, health or neuropsychology). Conclusions Cognitive and psychological needs of young stroke survivors may remain largely unmet by a service model designed for older people. Findings can inform service development or models of care, such as the new Australian Young Stroke Service designed to better meet the needs of young survivors.
Impacts of river regulation and fragmentation on platypuses in the northern Murray–Darling Basin
Authors: Khurana Jasmine , Bino Gilad , Hawke Tahneal
Published: June 2024

Context River regulation affect freshwater species by disrupting the natural flow regime and connectivity. Aims Investigate the impact of river regulation on platypus populations on four regulated rivers within the northern Murray–Darling Basin. Methods Assessment of hydrology, live trapping downstream of large dams, multi-species environmental DNA surveys in upstream and downstream sections. Key results There were significant changes in flow seasonality and cold-water pollution as a result of river regulation. Upstream sections experienced prolonged periods of ceased flow, most recently during an extreme drought between 2017 and 2020. eDNA surveys detected platypuses downstream of all dams but failed to find evidence of them upstream in two rivers, indicating possible local extinctions. Capture of four platypuses in the Severn River and four, in very poor condition, in the Peel River, and none in the Gwydir River or Pike Creek–Dumaresq River. Significant differences in macroinvertebrate communities, implying possible impacts on platypus diet. Conclusions River regulation and habitat fragmentation affect platypus populations, namely disappearance from upstream sections, low downstream capture rates and the poor body condition. Implications Urgent need for catchment-scale river management strategies that preserve ecological functions and connectivity and improve resilience to protect and sustain platypus populations, indicating directions for future research and conservation efforts.
Impact of green manure crop species on rhizosphere soil phosphorus
Authors: Nguyen P. V. , McDowell R. W. , Condron L. M.
Published: June 2024

Context Green manure crops have the potential to improve phosphorus (P) use efficiency in agroecosystems by enhancing the mobilisation of soil P reserves. Aims This study investigated and quantified the short-term mobilisation and uptake of soil P in the rhizosphere of several green manure crops. Methods Five plant species/varieties (Lupinus angustifolius (lupin – early and late flowering varieties), Pisum sativum (pea), Cicer Arietinum (chickpea), and Fagopyrum escolentum (buckwheat)) were grown in two contrasting soils, pumice (1100 mg total P kg−1, anion storage capacity 39%) and volcanic ash (2800 mg total P kg−1, anion storage capacity 95%) in rhizosphere study containers. After 40 days, rhizosphere (0–5 mm) and bulk (>5 mm) soils were sampled and subjected to P fractionation. Organic anions were collected from the rhizoplane using an anion exchange membrane. Key results Dry matter yield, P uptake, and rhizoplane organic anion exudation were affected by plant species, soil type, and their interaction. Rhizosphere P changes of labile inorganic organic P and stable inorganic P were influenced by plant species and soil type, while moderately labile inorganic P was affected by only plant species. Interaction between plant species and soil type had no effect on rhizosphere P depletion or accumulation. The quantities and composition of organic anions determined in rhizoplane exudates were highly variable (0.01–0.1 μmol cm−2 h−1). However, significant correlations were observed between the depletion of moderately labile and stable soil inorganic P and concentrations of malate in exudates. Conclusions The findings of this study clearly demonstrated the capacity of green manure crops (especially blue lupin) to rapidly mobilise and deplete different forms of soil P across the soil types.
Effect of carburizing time treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of low alloy gear steels
Authors: Boumediri Haithem , Touati Sofiane , Debbah Younes , Selami Salim , Chitour Mourad , Khelifa Mansouri , Kahaleras Mohamed said , Boumediri Khaled , Zemmouri Amina , Athmani Moussa , Fernandes Filipe
Published: June 2024

Gas carburizing significantly enhances the surface properties of low-alloy gear steels, resulting in superior micro-hardness, layer thickness, carbon content, and overall mechanical properties. Unlike other thermochemical processes such as nitriding and carbonitriding, which have limitations in core properties and hardening depth, gas carburizing offers unmatched surface hardness, wear resistance, and mechanical strength. This makes it ideal for demanding applications in the automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing industries. In this research, samples were gas-carburized for 4, 6, or 8 h. The results showed significant improvements: micro-hardness increased from approximately 140 HV to over 819 HV, and the surface layer thickness grew by more than 41%, from 1166 μm to 1576 μm. Additionally, the carbon content in the surface layer increased by over 450%, reaching up to 0.94 wt%. Clear correlations were observed between the duration of heating and the mechanical properties. Longer heating times, particularly after 8 h, raised ultimate tensile strength from 427.29 MPa to 778.33 MPa, while simultaneously decreasing elongation from 26.07% to 2.88% and resilience from 180 J cm−2 to 6.66 J cm−2. This optimization not only enhances surface hardness and durability but also improves key mechanical properties such as tensile strength, stiffness, resilience, and overall mechanical performance.
Effect of aging on the structure and mechanical properties of austenite stainless steel N50 alloyed with nitrogen, niobium and vanadium
Authors: Muradian Sarkis , Liu Mingzhou , Sun Yan
Published: June 2024

In this study, the austenitic, corrosion-resistant N50 steel alloyed with different nitrogen, niobium and vanadium content was investigated. This steel is used in the production of high-strength, cryogenic pipes. The production process for these pipes involves aging at 650 °C–665 °C for 50–100 h. Therefore, steels were examined in their as-delivered state, after aging at 650 °C, 100 h and after solid solution heat treatment. The structure of the steel was analyzed using optical and scanning microscopy, tensile and impact strength tests were conducted at room temperature and at −196 °C. It was found that the total volume fraction of the precipitated phase after aging is more dependent on the total concentration of nitride-forming elements—Nb and V, than on nitrogen. Aging does not affect the basic operational properties at room temperature, but it can significantly affect toughness at −196 °C.
Comparison of mathematical and supervised machine-learning models for ductile-to-brittle transition in bcc alloys
Authors: Ahmedabadi Parag M
Published: June 2024

This study focuses on modelling Ductile-to-Brittle Transition (DBT) curves using various mathematical and supervised machine learning models. Charpy impact energy values are converted to normalized energy values to account for reductions in upper-shelf energy. The research introduces a saturation parameter in mathematical models to capture these variations and examines the influence of alloying elements, microstructure, and neutron irradiation on DBT behaviour in nuclear structural materials. Detailed analyses reveal how fitting parameters vary with these factors and demonstrate that mathematical models’ fitting parameters generally align with observed DBT curve trends. The predictive capabilities of these mathematical models are also compared with those of supervised machine learning models, highlighting the strengths and limitations of each approach in modelling DBT behaviour. An explainable approach is used for interpretation of machine learning models and it is shown that this approach can be effectively used for the influence of various independent parameters on impact energy.
Photoelectronic synaptic transistors with tuneable synaptic plasticity based on films of P3HT with ordered polymer chains
Authors: Gong Jixin , Li Tong , Cao Boyu , Liu Hongxin , Zhang Sijie , Dove Martin T
Published: June 2024

We show that the properties of photoelectronic synaptic transistors based on films with aligned P3HT polymer chains can be tuned by varying the orientations of the polymer chains with respect to the electrodes. The electrical responses corresponding to displays of synaptic plasticity are studied using a range of electrical and optical stimulation. It is shown that the orientation significantly modulates the properties, demonstrating that the orientation of the polymer film with respect to the electrodes enables a tuning of the synaptic plasticity.
Tunable optical properties of graphene wrapped ZnO@Ag spherical core-shell nanoparticles
Authors: Ali Belayneh Mesfin
Published: June 2024

In this paper, we studied theoretically and numerically the material’s response to incident electromagnetic wave of graphene wrapped zinc-oxide/silver (g − ZnO@Ag) core–shell spherical nanoparticles embedded in a dielectric host matrix. As the nanoparticles size is ∼30 nm, a size much smaller than the wavelength of light, the quasi-static approximation is utilized to obtain analytical expressions for the electric polarizability and the corresponding extinction cross-section. It is found that the spectra of the extinction cross-section of g − ZnO@Ag nanoparticles exhibit two sets of localized surface resonance peaks in the visible and near infra-red (NIR) spectral regions. The first set of peaks observed below ∼900 nm are due to the coupling of the energy gap of the ZnO core with the local surface plasmon resonances of Ag shell, and the second set of graphene-assisted narrow peaks located in the NIR region (above ∼900 nm) are attributed to the plasmons excited at the Ag/graphene interface. It is found that the intensity of the extinction cross-section as well as the positions of the resonance wavelengths are interesting that the graphene-assisted narrow peaks are strongly dependent on the number of layers (N

g
) and the chemical potential (μ) of graphene. It means that the response of ZnO@Ag core–shell nanoparticles to electromagnetic fields are greatly enhanced when it is wrapped with graphene and can also be tuned in the therapeutic NIR spectral region by varying N

g
and μ. The results may be used for possible application in the medical fields, especially for cancer detection and drug delivery.
Assessing hotspot for tropical cyclone compound rainstorms from a disaster perspective: a case study in Guangdong, China
Authors: Zhao Shanshan , Li Ying , Zhao Dajun , Jiang Yundi
Published: June 2024

In Guangdong Province, China, known as a hotspot for tropical cyclone (TC) and rainstorm disasters, investigating the role of hazard factors for both TC and rainstorm disasters is of great scientific and operational importance. Daily observational data from meteorological stations along with rainstorm/TC disaster loss data at the county level in Guangdong during 2001–2020 were analyzed to compare the characteristics of rainstorm and TC disasters. During the study period, although non-TC rainstorm rainfall in Guangdong was generally greater than TC rainstorm rainfall, TC disaster losses were double those of rainstorm disasters. Non-TC rainstorms and their losses predominantly occurred during the first flood season, whereas TC disaster primarily occurred in the second flood season. Although regional-average TC rainstorm rainfall was similar to non-TC rainstorm rainfall during the second flood season in Guangdong, it was greater than non-TC rainstorm rainfall in western Guangdong. Additionally, the coastal areas were frequently affected by TC strong winds, resulting in greater TC disaster losses than rainstorm disaster losses. The maximum daily precipitation was significantly correlated with rainstorm disaster losses. In areas influenced by both TC strong winds and rainstorms, TC disaster losses exhibited a significant positive correlation with the daily maximum wind speed, and the combined effect of strong winds and rainstorms led to greater disaster losses than with TC rainstorms alone. These findings emphasize the effects of TC strong wind and storm surges, besides those of heavy rainfall, in coastal areas of China when assessing the risks related to TC disasters.
Mechanical and wear characteristics of aluminium-7075/graphene/TiB2 prepared by stir casting
Authors: Menda Venkataramana , Dora Sivaprasad , Palli Srihari , Rallabandi Sivasankara Raju , Sharma Rakesh Chandmal , Sharma Neeraj , Bondala Ramakrishna
Published: June 2024

The rapid development of Aluminium composites with advanced hybrid materials is increasing due to increasing demand. This composite material is used in many applications in the aerospace and automotive industries due to its lightweight, good corrosion resistance and high thermal resistance. To meet this demand, this study focused on the development of Al-7075 alloy reinforcements containing TiB2 and graphene, using Aluminium-7075 as the base material, mixed with TiB2 and graphene to measure and improve mechanical and tribological properties by using stir casting technique, with the proposed graphene content of 1%, 2% and 3% and TiB2 content varying between 1 to 15% of its overall weight. With the addition of TiB2 and graphene properties such as hardness, tensile strength, impact strength and tribological behaviour are improved. The 12% reinforcement combination (i.e. 10% TiB2 and 2% Gr) exhibit better tensile strength, hardness and wear resistance. Microstructure and phase characterization of the composite material are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. A microstructure evaluation is employed to justify the homogenous dispersal and the existence of reinforced particles. To ensure the quality and reliability of products made from these alloys, destructive tests are often conducted to evaluate their mechanical properties and behavior under different loading conditions.
Conclusion
Authors: Mueller Sean
Published: June 2024

This chapter summarizes the main findings of the entire book, discusses the value of shared rule for political purposes, outlines the limits of the present study, and provides suggestions for further research. To do so, each chapter of this book is briefly summarized and connected to the overall question of what shared rule is and what it does. Three paradoxical effects of federalism are then discussed in terms of policy, polity, and politics, with shared rule presented as a potential remedy to each of the resulting tensions. The three design recommendations introduced at the outset are then rediscussed in light of the evidence presented, thus paving the way for further research into the dynamics, empirics, and effects of shared rule in democratic multilevel governance systems.
4 Strategies for effective risk communication following an emergency event or disaster
Authors: Bullock William
Published: June 2024

The science of emergency response preparedness has advanced over the past 30 years, but the human brain has not fundamentally changed in thousands of years. Communicating OEHS concepts is a priority for all occupational hygienists – but how can you help workers, management, and the community better understand the importance of these concepts?

Effective communication is a learned skill. Building trust and empathy are critical in any two-way conversation, and listening is often the most crucial aspect in effective communication. Having a well laid out plan is a critical element for any successful emergency response. Once the bad thing happens, it is difficult, if not impossible to earn trust within the community. Trust must be earned and part of your preplanning efforts. Preplanning must include elements aimed at developing a solid reputation and building trust within communities and/or among stakeholders. This talk will focus on the following elements of communication after an emergency event has occurred (using first-hand experience from train derailments in the U.S.):

•the importance of effective communication and the relationship between engagement and outrage,

•the importance of preparing a communication plan for when (not if) an emergency event occurs,

•how companies/ organization can build trust and develop positive relationships before the emergency event occurs.
19 Exploring the variability of hazards behind the global epidemic of engineered stone-associated silicosis
Authors: Ramkissoon Chandnee , Gaskin Sharyn , Pisaniello Dino , Zosky Graeme
Published: June 2024

The emergence of engineered stone (ES)--associated silicosis is a global health crisis. This ‘new’ version of silicosis is more severe than what is traditionally seen in workers. This suggests that non-silica components of ES potentiate disease. The aim of this study was to explore the physical and chemical characteristics of ES dust emissions, at a sufficient scale and specificity to enable subsequent risk factor analysis with toxicology assays.

We established a unique repository of >50 ES products. We cut/processed these stones under real-world conditions, and captured dust emissions using conventional air sampling approaches. Dust particles were analysed for crystallinity by XRD, resin content by TGA, metal composition by XRF, particle size and charge by DLS technique, and morphology by SEM. In addition, generated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were captured using appropriate sorbent tubes and analysed by liquid and/or gas chromatography.

ES processing emitted very fine dust, ranging in aerodynamic size from < 100 nm to 825 nm, of high surface area. These respirable dust particles comprised >90% crystalline silica in the form of quartz and cristobalite, and up to 25% resin by weight. Actively machining ES also released harmful VOCs such as phthalic anhydride, styrene, and benzene, which have been linked to adverse health effects. We suggest, for the first time, that occupational hygienists need to consider co-exposures to dust and VOCs in undertaking exposure assessment and management for ES workers. Work is in progress to elucidate the role of particle size and chemistry on the pathogenesis of ES-associated silicosis.
62 Artificial intelligence and the Future of Work; opportunities and risks associated with worker health and safety
Authors: Vietas Jay
Published: June 2024

Continued advances in artificial intelligence and the rapid pace of change within the workplace is presenting opportunities improve safety and health conditions for workers, particularly with respect to dangerous or repetitive work. These technologies also present increasing demands on the workforce to adapt and keep up with this technology, and in some cases create job uncertainty, loss of autonomy and privacy concerns. This session will discuss various aspects of artificial intelligence which are transforming how and where work is performed and the implications, both positive and negative, on the safety and health of workers. A description of NIOSH’s Future of Work initiative along with considerations for the design, implementation, and maintenance of these systems will be discussed along with guidance for occupational safety and health professionals on methods to assess the risk to workers and implement controls
80 Sun safety knowledge, practice, and perceived constraints in Irish agricultural and construction workers
Authors: Hogan Victoria , Hogan Michael , Moynihan Áine , Kirwan Orla , McLaughlin Christopher , Walsh Caolan Langan , Connolly Alison , Walsh Joan , Coggins Marie
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Agricultural and construction workers spend much of their work time outdoors, which influences their exposure to ultra-violet radiation (UVR) and associated risk of skin cancer. However, no studies have examined UVR exposure knowledge and associated safety practices and constraints within these occupational groups in Ireland. This study aims to describe and compare UVR exposure knowledge, safety practices and perceived constraints of Irish agricultural and construction workers and to assess the association of demographic, personal and occupational factors with knowledge, practices, and perceived constraints in order to identify potential strategies for improving sun safety in these occupational groups.

Methodology

Study participants completed a questionnaire which measured UVR exposure knowledge, safety practices, and perceived constraints in addition to demographic, personal and workplace characteristics. Analysis of variance was used to examine differences in knowledge, practices, and constraints by these characteristics.

Results

A total of 441 construction workers and 150 agricultural workers completed the questionnaire. Although significantly higher amongst construction workers when compared with agricultural workers, UVR exposure knowledge and use of sunscreen was low for both groups. Knowledge, practices, and perceived constraints also differed significantly according to demographic, personal, and workplace characteristics.

Conclusions

There is a need to design and evaluate interventions that increase UVR exposure knowledge and reduce constraints that may negatively impact on sun safety practices of agricultural and construction workers.
85 Elastic-band beard cover for P2/N95 respirators in healthcare workers: an evaluation
Authors: Bodas Charles , Williams Daryl , Ng Irene , Kave Benjamin , Roberts Megan , Begg Fiona
Published: June 2024

Disposable P2/N95 respirators are important in preventing nosocomial infections within the healthcare system. Healthcare workers who cannot shave for cultural, religious, or medical reasons, face restrictions in using tight fitted respirators. Alternative solutions, like powered air purifying respirators, do not provide source control and are not universally accepted in healthcare settings, potentially exacerbating staff shortages during periods of high demand.

Over the past 18 months, The Royal Melbourne Hospital (RMH) has conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the under-respirator elastic band beard cover, also known as the Singh Thattha Technique.

The protocol for implementing and evaluating the technique, has been published in a peer-reviewed open-access journal. Participants are required to pass three fit tests with the elastic band/respirator combination, exceeding standard fit testing practices.

The trial results involving the initial 87 participants have also recently been published. Ninety-nine percent of participants successfully passed fit testing with the Industree Trident P2 respirator, while 78% met the protocol criteria using the 3M Aura 1870+. All 87 participants achieved successful fit testing on at least one of these respirators following our stringent protocol.

This presentation will explore RMH’s methodology for assessing the elastic band beard cover, examine the test protocol, discuss findings, highlight limitations of the technique, and explore future implications. This work aligns with the conference theme, offering a transformative solution that empowers the healthcare workforce to be prepared for the future.
94 Factors determining the uptake of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by firefighters during fire operations
Authors: Taeger Dirk , Koslitz Stephan , Käfferlein Heiko Udo , Lotz Anne , Pelzl Tim , Heinrich Birgit , Pitzke Katrin , Weiß Tobias , Behrens Thomas , Harth Volker , Brüning Thomas
Published: June 2024

Introduction

During fire operations, firefighters are exposed to fumes containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The objective of this study is to identify factors that determine the uptake of PAHs during firefighting operations.

Methodology

Fifty-four firefighters who had a fire assignment in residential buildings in Germany were included. During an initial examination and at three further time points after the fire mission, the amounts of PAHs incorporated were assessed by the biomarker 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP). Detailed information on fire circumstances and equipment were recorded and related to 1-OHP concentrations. Regression models were used to account for repeated measurements on the same responder.

Results

Firefighters at interior attacks showed highest concentrations of 1-OHP of all studied firefighters. The presence of smoke gases (p=0.0591), missions lasting more than 30 minutes under respiratory protection (p=0.0905), dark grey (p=0.0777) and black smoke (p=0.0498), a smoke-free layer of less than one meter above the ground (p=0.0086), and visibility of 0.5 - 2 meters (p=0.0010) and less than 0.5 meters (p<0.0001) statistically significantly increased 1-OHP concentrations.

Conclusions

During fire operations, PAHs can be absorbed especially in fires with a strong smoke development, deep smoke layer and low visibility. Even with fully and correctly donned personal protective equipment, including respiratory protection, the 1-OHP increases during an interior attack and with increasing duration of the operation. Overall, these results show that properly donned, functional personal protective equipment minimizes, but does not completely eliminate, mission-related exposures to carcinogenic PAHs in firefighters.
105 An online tool to query exposure measurements collected in French workplaces since 1987 by work situation
Authors: Mater Gautier , Emili Andrea , Savary Barbara , Humbert Audrey , Sauve Jean-Francois
Published: June 2024

Background

Occupational exposure databases represent important sources of information for exposure surveillance. Unfortunately, the information contained in these databases is rarely publicly accessible. We developed an online tool to allow external users access to detailed statistical exposure data for specific exposure scenarios by leveraging air sampling data collected in French workplaces since 1987 and stored in the Colchic database.

Methods

The tool relies on a database containing over 800,000 exposure results to 614 chemical agents as of 2023. For each agent, queries can be made for a combination of up to ten exposure variables: time period, industrial sector, occupation, task, company size, process type (e.g. open, closed), exposure frequency, product associated with the exposure (e.g. “paints and varnishes”), general ventilation, and local exhaust ventilation. Ring charts dynamically display the distribution of data across categories for each exposure variable to guide users in their queries. Descriptive statistics (e.g. number of samples, quantiles of the exposure distribution, proportion of samples above the exposure limit) are reported when at least fifty number of measurements are available. A detailed printable report providing enhanced graphics and information on co-exposures and time trends can also be generated. The tool is updated yearly by including the previous year’s measurement data.

Results

The online tool is freely available in English and French at https://www.inrs.fr/outil110.

Discussion

The tool provides information to industrial hygienists on historical and recent exposure levels across a wide range of chemical substances and work situations for a priori occupational risk assessment and prevention.
125 Biological monitoring of exposure to benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and persistent organic pollutants in Norwegian Firefighters
Authors: Olsen Raymond
Published: June 2024

It is well known that firefighters may be exposed to carcinogenic compounds present in the fire smoke during extinguishing of fires. Several of these compounds can be adsorbed by the body both by inhalation and dermal exposure. Recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reclassified occupational exposure as a firefighter as carcinogenic to humans. Firefighters in Norway are currently using protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) during both knock down and overhaul. The amount of known carcinogenic compounds absorbed by the body during extinguishing of fires is, however, not known. Thus, there is a need to determine firefighters’ exposure to known carcinogens in fire smoke. S-phenyl mercapturic acid (SPMA), a specific metabolite of benzene, and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a biomarker of PAHs exposure, were determined in urine samples collected from a total of 205 firefighters extinguishing regular fires (n=123) and controlled-residential fires (n=82). Furthermore, fifty seven persistent organic pollutants (dioxins, PCBs, PBDEs and PFAS) were determined in serum collected from a sub-group of twenty firefighters with a duration of employment of minimum twenty years. The measured concentrations of SPMA and 1-OHP in urine were in the range < 0.02 – 16.1 µg/g creatinine and < 0.03 – 5.8 µg/g creatinine, respectively, six hours after the work related to the fire. The firefighters’ concentrations of persistent organic pollutants in serum were similar to those found in the general Norwegian population or other investigated groups in Norway.