bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the coupling quality of partial prostheses at the stapes head
Authors: Zhai Sijia , Eßinger Till Moritz , Koch Martin , Deng Jianhang , Zahnert Thomas , Neudert Marcus , Bornitz Matthias
Published: November 2024

Introduction

The success of partial ossicular chain reconstructions in cases of conductive hearing loss depends on many factors. One important factor is the coupling between the prosthesis and the stapes head, which has not been explicitly investigated previously. Prostheses with different forms of attachment to the stapes are available, namely clip and bell type PORP. We present a standardized method to assess the quality of the prosthesis-stapes connection. The coupling quality of different prostheses is compared using measurements on a specimen model.

Methods

This study delineated six groups categorized by prosthesis types, employing 12 temporal bones to create a reconstructed ossicular chain model. The model comprised stapes and inner ear of the specimen, various prostheses and a standardized mechanical excitation at the prosthesis head. Multiple-points measurements were conducted using laser Doppler vibrometry along the sound transfer direction. This methodology enabled the assessment of vibrational magnitude loss and sound distortion from the prosthesis to the stapes.

Results

All six groups showed uniformly good sound transmission, with low magnitude loss of < 10 dB and very low total harmonic distortion of < 1%.

Conclusion

The proposed measurement method enables an explicit and comparable examination of the prosthesis coupling to the stapes head. While the coupling mechanism may be important in terms of handling, stability or long-term robustness of the reconstruction, our results show no relevant differences between types in terms of sound transmission.
Closed-form postbuckling analysis of shear-deformable composite laminated panels
Authors: Schilling Jakob C. , Mittelstedt Christian
Published: November 2024

This paper introduces a closed-form analytical approach to the postbuckling analysis of simply supported shear-deformable composite laminated plates under uniaxial compression. The analysis is based on three different laminate theories in order to explicitly account for transverse shear deformations and uses a geometrically nonlinear formulation in conjunction with the Ritz method in order to enable closed-form analytical expressions for the state variables of buckled composite plates. Results are presented for several different plate configurations, and a comparison is performed with literature results as well as comparative finite element computations which leads to a very satisfying results accuracy. The presented analysis method delivers results without any significant numerical effort and is thus especially suited for practical applications where such postbuckling analyses are performed many times.
Tire vibration analysis of three-dimensional flexible ring with brush model under static contact conditions by using frequency-based substructuring
Authors: Matsubara Masami , Saito Akira , Po-Siang Chang , Kawamura Shozo
Published: November 2024

The use of a simplified physical model of the tire of road vehicles is an efficient and simultaneous method to study the specifications of the entire chassis, including the tire specifications. Therefore, it is important to develop a simplified physical model that can be used in the early design phase when detailed computer-aided design data are not available. In this study, a vibration analysis of tires in road contact is described using frequency-based substructuring in a three-dimensional elastic ring model of a tire that includes a brush model simulating the tread rubber. By modeling the brush as a contact spring between the tire and the road surface, the natural frequencies and mode shapes of the tire under load conditions can be calculated using point-coupled three-way contact spring constraints. The experimental results show that the natural frequency changes significantly with road contact and does not depend on the vertical load. The theoretical analysis also showed that the natural frequency does not change when the stiffness of the contact spring is large enough to limit the displacement of the road contact, which is consistent with the experimental results. Unlike previous studies, this method calculates the mode shape with road contact based on the mode shape without road contact; therefore, the required model parameters can be determined based on the experimental modal analysis for the free-free condition.
Broomrape–host interaction: host morphology and physiology as metrics for infestation
Authors: Cochavi Amnon
Published: November 2024

Main conclusion

In contrast to other plant pests, broomrape, parasitic plant, rely on maintaining the productivity of the host plant to complete their life cycle.

Parasitic plants, particularly those in the Orobanchaceae family, rely on their host plants to complete their life cycle. Unlike other plant parasites such as fungi and bacteria, which exploit their hosts regardless of their physiological status, parasitic plants development is linked to the host productivity due to their mutual physiological dependence on water availability and sugar metabolism. Presently, most research focuses on the damage caused to the host after the parasite completes its life cycle, including inflorescence emergence and seed dispersal. However, the interaction between parasite and host begins long before these stages. This implies that certain physiological adaptations are necessary to sustain the parasite’s development while maintaining the host's productivity. In this review, I compile existing knowledge regarding changes in host physiology during the early developmental stages of parasitic plants, spanning from attachment to inflorescence emergence. Additionally, I highlight knowledge gaps that should be addressed to understand how hosts sustain themselves throughout extended periods of parasitism.
Massive parallel sequencing of head and neck conventional squamous cell carcinomas: A comprehensive review
Authors: Nadal Alfons , Cardesa Antonio , Agaimy Abbas , Almangush Alhadi , Franchi Alessandro , Hellquist Henrik , Leivo Ilmo , Zidar Nina , Ferlito Alfio
Published: November 2024

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and is a cause of significant mortality and morbidity. The epidemiology of this cancer varies worldwide due to either genetic differences in populations or differences in carcinogen exposure. The application of massive parallel sequencing-based techniques in HNSCC should provide a helpful understanding of the genetic alterations that eventually lead to HNSCC development and progression, and ideally, could be used for personalized therapy. In this review, the reader will find an overview of the mutational profile of conventional HNSCC according to published results on massive parallel sequencing data that confirm the pivotal role of TP53 and the frequent involvement of CDKN2A and PIK3CA. The reader will also find a more detailed description of the genes, such as NOTCH1 and FBXW7, that were not identified in HNSCCs before the development of these techniques, the differences that can be site-specific, such as the different mutational signatures that indicate specific carcinogens for various subsites of the head and neck, and finally, the actionability of these findings that should allow more personalized therapy for patients.
Protracted carbon burial following the Early Jurassic Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (Posidonia Shale, Lower Saxony Basin, Germany)
Authors: Celestino R. F. S. , Ruhl M. , Dickson A. J. , Idiz E. , Jenkyns H. C. , Leng M. J. , Mattioli E. , Minisini D. , Hesselbo S. P.
Published: November 2024

Lower Jurassic marine basins across the northwest European epicontinental shelf were commonly marked by deposition of organic-rich black shales. Organic-carbon burial was particularly widespread during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE: also known as the Jenkyns Event) with its accompanying negative carbon-isotope excursion (nCIE). Lower Toarcian black shales in central and southern Germany are known as the Posidonia Shale Formation (Posidonienschiefer) and are thought to have formed during the T-OAE nCIE. Here, we present stratigraphic (carbon-isotope, Rock–Eval, calcareous nannofossil) data from the upper Pliensbachian and lower Toarcian strata from a core drilled on the northern flank of the Lower Saxony Basin, north–west Germany. The bio- and chemostratigraphic framework presented demonstrates that (i) the rock record of the T-OAE at the studied locality registered highly condensed sedimentation and/or multiple hiatuses and (ii) the deposition of organic-rich black shale extended significantly beyond the level of the T-OAE, thereby contrasting with well-studied sections of the Posidonia Shale in southern Germany but showing similarities with geographically nearby basins such as the Paris Basin (France). Prolonged and enhanced organic-carbon burial represents a negative feedback mechanism in the Earth system, with locally continued environmental perturbance accelerating the recovery of the global climate from T-OAE-associated hyperthermal conditions, whilst also accelerating a return to more positive δ13C values in global exogenic carbon pools.

Graphical abstract
Tight and stable glucose control is associated with better prognosis in patients hospitalized for Covid-19 and pneumonia
Authors: Caretto Amelia , Di Terlizzi Gaetano , Pedone Erika , Pennella Renato , De Cobelli Francesco , Tresoldi Moreno , Scavini Marina , Bosi Emanuele , Laurenzi Andrea
Published: November 2024

Aims

To investigate possible associations of glucose patterns with outcomes of Corona Virus Disease 19 (COVID-19) using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in 43 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 mild-to-moderate pneumonia, regardless of diabetes.

Methods

Prospective observational study conducted during two pandemic waves in 2020–2021. Glucose sensor metrics of 7-day recording were obtained from blinded CGM. Respiratory function was evaluated as arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio (PaO2:FiO2).

Results

PaO2:FiO2 ratio was positively correlated with time in tight range (TITR) 70–140 (r = 0.49, p < 0.001) and time in range (TIR) 70–180 (r = 0.32, p < 0.05), and negatively correlated with average glucose (r =– 0.31, p < 0.05), coefficient of glucose variation (CV) (r =– 0.47, p < 0.01) and time above range (TAR) > 140 (r =– 0.49, p < 0.001). No relations were observed with HbA1c. Multivariate regression analysis showed that normal respiratory function at time of CGM removal correlated positively with TITR 70–140 mg/dL (p < 0.01), negatively with CV and TAR > 140 mg/dL (both p < 0.05) and not with TIR 70–180 and average glucose.

Conclusions

Lower glucose variability and optimal glucose control, expressed as CV and TITR, are CGM metrics predictive of a better prognosis in COVID-19 patients with pneumonia.
Covalent organic frameworks: a review of synthesis methods, properties and applications for per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances removal
Authors: Issaka Eliasu , Adams Mabruk , Baffoe Josephine , Danso-Boateng Eric , Melville Lynsey , Fazal Adnan
Published: November 2024

Adsorption using covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is very effective and favoured for removing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from various matrices. The prominent classes of COF, their synthesis methods, and their application in COF-based technologies for PFAS adsorption in myriad environments are discussed. Furthermore, the influencing PFAS adsorption characteristics of the distinct COF classes are also examined. COFs have large specific surface areas and porosity, offering PFASs a host of adsorption sites and thus high adsorption capabilities. β-Cyclodextrin-based COFs (β-CD-COFs), ionic COFs (iCOFs), amine-functionalised COFs, porphyrin-based COFs and hydrophobic COFs are some of the most notable examples of COFs and as such have been employed for large-scale PFAS remediation. Direct and post-synthetic modification are the two main COF design methodologies. The general approach in constructing various frameworks involves the reaction of ion monomers with other neutral monomers. For COFs, solvothermal synthesis is currently the main direct synthetic method. The process used to synthesise COFs tremendously impacts how effectively they adsorb PFAS. High-performance materials for PFAS remediation are created by researchers by customising COF characteristics and using suitable synthesis techniques. The authors’ objective is to give readers and researchers alike a broad overview of the current status of COF research and development, including numerous challenges and prospects associated with the adsorption of PFASs by COFs.

Graphical abstract

Application of Cement Stabilized OB dump, BOF slag, Fly Ash Mixes as
Sustainable Pavement Material
Pyrenean glaciers are disappearing fast: state of the glaciers after the extreme mass losses in 2022 and 2023
Authors: Izagirre Eñaut , Revuelto Jesús , Vidaller Ixeia , Deschamps-Berger César , Rojas-Heredia Francisco , Rico Ibai , Alonso-González Esteban , Gascoin Simon , Serrano Enrique , López-Moreno Juan Ignacio
Published: November 2024

Given rapid glacier thinning and retreat observed in the Pyrenees in recent decades, an updated glacier inventory and continuous mass balance assessments are important to understand the ongoing variability and changes of these very small glaciers (< 0.5 km2). The mass balance years 2021/22 and 2022/23 were characterised by prolonged extreme heat waves and reduced snow duration that severely affected the Pyrenees, which also impacted their glaciers. This paper reviews the criteria for classifying ice bodies as glaciers or ice patches, presents the latest high-resolution glacier inventory for the Pyrenees, and quantifies the mass losses caused by the extreme climate conditions in 2022 and 2023. The glacierised area was determined by manual mapping of high-resolution (0.2 m spatial resolution) aerial orthomosaics acquired by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and aerial orthophotos (0.25 m spatial resolution) for the few glaciers not surveyed by UAVs. 3D point clouds, also obtained from UAV flights, were used to update the results for the change in surface elevation (glacier thickness) and mass balance between 2020 and 2023. For the Pyrenees, the total glacierised area in 2023 is 143.2 ± 1.8 ha in 15 different glaciers and 8 ice masses were degraded to ice patches according to our criteria. The resulting area change between 2020 and 2023 is -94.8 ha, representing a -39.8% decrease of the glaciarised area from 2020 to 2023, increasing the annual ratio of area change from 2020 to 2023 by -8.7% yr−1 compared to the period 2011–2020 (-2.4% yr−1). The change in glacier thickness measured on 12 glaciers shows a decrease of -2.52 m yr−1 for the period 2020–2023, which represents a significant acceleration in glacier thickness loss compared to -0.80 m yr−1 for the period 2011–2020. The three glaciers (Infiernos, Monte Perdido and Aneto) on which annual geodetic measurements were carried out showed slightly higher glacier thickness losses (-0.91 m yr−1) in the first mass balance year (2020/21) than in the previous decade (2011–2020), while the losses in the last two mass balance years (2021/22 and 2022/23) were three to four times higher (-3.42 m yr−1 and -3.07 m yr−1 respectively) and exceeded the record values.
Decorin Knockdown Improves Aged Tendon Healing by Enhancing Recovery of Viscoelastic Properties, While Biglycan May Not
Authors: Darrieutort-Laffite Christelle , Weiss Stephanie N. , Nuss Courtney A. , Newton Joseph B. , Eekhoff Jeremy D , Soslowsky Louis J.
Published: November 2024

The objective of the study was to determine the specific roles of decorin and biglycan in the early and late phases of tendon healing in aged mice. Aged (300 day-old) female wildtype (WT), Dcn

flox/flox
(I-Dcn

-/-
), Bgn

flox/flox
(I-Bgn

-/-
), and compound Dcn

flox/flox

/Bgn

flox/flox
(I-Dcn

-/-

/Bgn

-/-
) mice with a tamoxifen (TM) inducible Cre underwent a bilateral patellar tendon injury (PT). Cre excision of the conditional alleles was induced at 5 days (samples collected at 3 and 6 weeks) or 21 days post-injury (samples collected at 6 weeks). Scar tissue area, collagen architecture, gene expression and mechanical properties were assessed during re-establishment of tendon architecture after injury. Fibril diameter distribution was impacted by both decorin and biglycan knockdown at 3 and 6 weeks compared to WT. Although early healing appeared to be delayed in the I-Bgn

-/-
tendons (larger scar tissue area at 3 weeks), no differences in failure properties were detected. By 6 weeks, in the I-Dcn

-/-
tendons, we observed a better recovery of viscoelastic properties compared to the WT tendons (reduced stress relaxation and increased dynamic modulus) when the knockdown was induced early. This could be explained by the increased expression of other matrix proteins, such as elastin whose gene expression was increased at 3 weeks in the I-Dcn

-/-
tendons. Despite an impact on collagen fibrillogenesis, decorin and/or biglycan knockdown did not produce a detectable effect on quasi-static properties after patellar tendon injury. However, early decorin knockdown resulted in better recovery of viscoelastic properties. Mechanisms underlying this result remained to be clarified in further studies.
Exploring student and teacher perspectives on ChatGPT’s impact in higher education
Authors: Žáková Katarína , Urbano Diana , Cruz-Correia Ricardo , Guzmán José Luis , Matišák Jakub
Published: November 2024

Understanding how students interact with AI bots is a first step towards integrating them into instructional design. In this report, the results of a survey conducted in three European higher education institutions, and in the context of four different areas are presented. Among other things, they reveal for what purposes students use ChatGPT, whether they trust and feel satisfied with the interaction, how they perceive ChatGPT as a tool to support learning, and if they intend to use it in the future. The study compares results across groups by analyzing data obtained from convenience samples, which include participants of three European countries, with diverse backgrounds, varying technology and science-related fields, as well as academic program levels. Students’ opinions regarding the utilization of ChatGPT in assessments are also documented, along with their perspectives on the potential future applications of these AI tools. The authors, teaching different subjects at different levels of higher education programs, describe their views on integrating ChatGPT and similar AI bots into instructional design.
Construction, Maintenance and Ritual Practices on the Neolithic Rondel at Nowe Objezierze (Northwestern Poland): The chaîne opératoire of Rondel’s Architecture
Authors: Czerniak Lech
Published: November 2024

In the history of the “Danubian Neolithic” society, monumental ceremonial centers appeared around 4800 BCE and lost their importance around 300 years later. Among them, one of the most distinctive forms are rondels. However, it is worth remembering the contemporary Rosheim-type circles and Passy-type tombs. The name “rondels” refers to the currently preserved architectural form, dominated by concentric ditches. The article presents an analysis of the biography of a rondel from Nowe Objezierze (north-western Poland). For this purpose, the chaîne opératoire method was used, which is a very effective tool for reconstructing the full sequence of events including the construction, use and abandonment of the examined monument, in its historical and social context. Thanks to this, it was possible to draw attention to previously little-explored details of planning construction works, the skills of ritual leaders and the seasonal availability of some construction materials. As a consequence, the construction and use of rondels can be presented as a complex ceremonial cycle, stretched over time and interrupted by festivals. When the rondel was ready, the cycle began with renovating the surrounding wall and digging the ditch, most likely reaching its culmination on the day of the winter solstice. The celebrations ended with a ceremony of backfilling of the ditch.
Bee-friendly interventions: the barriers and opportunities affecting urban residents’ conservation of wild bees in Gardens
Authors: Wiseman Lauren , Rawson Rebecca , Okere Uchechukwu V.
Published: November 2024

Wild bees are experiencing population declines globally. Despite urbanisation replacing habitat and forage with synthetic materials, urban residential gardens have the potential to become pollinator hotspots, increasing bee diversity and abundance. We explored public knowledge and attitudes towards bees, and ‘bee-friendly’ interventions (BFIs) conducted by urban residents. We reviewed the motivations and barriers which influence or prevent this, using the town of Woking, England, as a case study. An online questionnaire was distributed in 2023 to residents with gardens or balconies. Results from 286 surveys showed 98.3% of respondents performed ≥ 1 BFI and the most common action was planting “pollinator-friendly” plants (75.9%). Sentiment towards bees positively correlated to the number of BFIs performed, and 94.8% of respondents felt positively about bees. Most participants indicated altruistic motivations behind their performance of BFIs.

Implications for insect conservation: Though the public are altruistically motivated to undertake conservation for wild bees, and most are performing at least one BFI, lack of knowledge and understanding is the biggest barrier preventing conservation action. Governments, policymakers, and plant retailers should direct citizens to wild bee conservation organisations to engage and inform the public about bee ecology and improve habitat provision within neighbourhoods.
Preparation of Biocompatible Antimicrobial Polymer Embedded with Ricinoleic Acid
Authors: Jalageri Manohara Dhulappa , Kanth Shreya , Shetty Shriya C , Patil Prakash , Jyothi K R , Nagaraja Akshatha
Published: November 2024

Global health is in jeopardy by the rising emergence of antibiotic drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a widespread bacterial infection that causes considerable morbidity and mortality on a global level. Finding promising materials for MRSA continues to prove challenging, and it is essential to quest for new and advanced polymeric therapeutics to effectively treat MRSA infections. Ricinoleic acid, a castor oil extract with an unsaturated omega-9 fatty acid and hydroxy acid has sparked growing interest because of its broad-spectrum antibacterial properties. Herein, ricinoleic acid-based polymer is synthesized to combat multidrug-resistant bacteria and few pathogenic microorganisms. The ricinoleic acid polymer (RAP) exhibited efficient antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, S. aureus, and MRSA with a MIC of 1.25 mg/mL, 10 mg/mL, and 0.62 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL, respectively. Time-kill assay revealed that the polymer showed biostatic activity against all the tested pathogens. Cytotoxicity assay revealed the polymer showed 100% biocompatibility even at a higher concentration of 50 µg/mL. Effective antibacterial properties, particularly against MRSA and few pathogenic microbes, and good biocompatibility of RAP make it a promising material in surface coatings and hospital-acquired infections.
Note on the Weak Convergence of Hyperplane $$\alpha $$-Quantile Functionals and Their Continuity in the Skorokhod J1 Topology
Authors: Sparago Pietro Maria
Published: November 2024

The

$$\alpha $$

α

-quantile

$$M_{t,\alpha }$$

M

t
,
α

of a stochastic process has been introduced in Miura (Hitotsubashi J Commerce Manag 27(1):15–28, 1992), and important distributional results have been derived in Akahori (Ann Appl Probab 5(2):383–388, 1995), Dassios (Ann Appl Probab 5(2):389–398, 1995) and Yor (J Appl Probab 32(2):405–416, 1995), with special attention given to the problem of pricing

$$\alpha $$

α

-quantile options. We straightforwardly extend the classical monodimensional setting to

$${\mathbb {R}}^d$$

R

d

by introducing the hyperplane

$$\alpha $$

α

-quantile, and we find an explicit functional continuity set of the

$$\alpha $$

α

-quantile as a functional mapping

$${\mathbb {R}}^d$$

R

d

-valued càdlàg functions to

$${\mathbb {R}}$$

R

. This specification allows us to use continuous mapping and assert that if a

$${\mathbb {R}}^d$$

R

d

-valued càdlàg stochastic process X a.s. belongs to such continuity set, then

$$X^n\Rightarrow X$$

X
n

⇒
X

(i.e., weakly in the Skorokhod sense) implies

$$M_{t,\alpha }(X^n)\rightarrow ^\text {w}M_{t,\alpha }(X)$$

M

t
,
α

(

X
n

)

→
w

M

t
,
α

(
X
)

(i.e., weakly) in the usual sense. We further the discussion by considering the conditions for convergence of a ‘random time’ functional of

$$M_{t,\alpha }$$

M

t
,
α

, the first time at which the

$$\alpha $$

α

-quantile has been hit, applied to sequences of càdlàg functions converging in the Skorokhod topology. The Brownian distribution of this functional is studied, e.g., in Chaumont (J Lond Math Soc 59(2):729–741, 1999) and Dassios (Bernoulli 11(1):29–36, 2005). We finally prove the fact that if the limit process of a sequence of càdlàg stochastic processes is a multidimensional Brownian motion with nontrivial covariance structure, such random time functional applied to the sequence of processes converges—jointly with the

$$\alpha $$

α

-quantile—weakly in the usual sense.
Comparative study of elastic properties measurement techniques during plastic deformation of aluminum, magnesium, and titanium alloys: application to springback simulation
Authors: Nietsch J. A. , Ott A. C. , Watzl G. , Cerny A. , Grabner F. J. , Grünsteidl C. , Österreicher J. A.
Published: November 2024

Reliable determination of the elastic moduli of metals can be quite demanding, especially as the apparent elastic modulus of metals is known to decrease with deformation. Traditionally, this dependence on plastic strain has been investigated through various tensile tests, but discrepancies persist across the different approaches. Here we compare several tensile test-based evaluation protocols based on loading-unloading experiments to measure the change in elastic moduli of the light metal alloys AZ31B, EN AW-6082, and Ti–6Al–4V during tensile deformation. Additionally, the initial Young’s modulus determination via tensile testing, three-point-bending experiments, contact-free laser ultrasonic zero-group-velocity plate resonance, and piezoelectric contact ultrasonic time-of-flight measurements were compared. The results reveal non-negligible differences in the strain-dependency of elastic moduli between the determination techniques. Additionally, the laser ultrasound measurements demonstrate an improved accuracy and repeatability for the determination of the initial elastic moduli of light metal sheets. The benefit of considering the reduction of the elastic moduli in finite element springback simulation of three-point-bending tests is demonstrated and the use of the chord modulus is found to be generally most appropriate.
Breaking the Wheel, Credibility, and Hermeneutical Injustice: A Response to Harris
Authors: Matthews Taylor
Published: November 2024

In this short paper, I respond to Keith Raymond Harris’ paper “Synthetic Media, The Wheel, and the Burden of Proof”. In particular, I examine his arguments against two prominent approaches employed to deal with synthetic media such as deepfakes and other GenAI content, namely, the “reactive” and “proactive” approaches. In the first part, I raise a worry about the problem Harris levels at the reactive approach, before providing a constructive way of expanding his worry regarding the proactive approach.
Establishment of an In Vitro Embryo-Endometrium Model Using Alginate-Embedded Mouse Embryos and Human Embryoid Body
Authors: Kim Yoon Young , Kim Yong Jin , Kim Jung Woo , Kim Jiyeon , Kim Sung Woo , Ku Seung-Yup
Published: November 2024

Background:

Embryo-endometrium cross-talk is one of the critical processes for implantation, and unsuccessful cross-talk leads to infertility. We established an endometrium-embryo (or embryoid bodies, hEBs) in vitro model in 2D and 3D conditions and assessed its potential through the fusion of embryos and the expression of specific markers.

Methods:

C57BL/6 mouse embryos and human embryoid body (hEB) derived from embryonic stem cells were prepared as embryo models. Mouse endometrium (EM) and human endometrium cell line, HEC-1-A, were prepared, and 2D or 3D EMs were generated. The viability of the 3D endometrium was analyzed, and the optimal ratio of the gelation was revealed. The invasion of the embryos or hEBs was examined by immunostaining and 3D image rendering.

Results:

The embryos and the alternative hEBs were effectively fused into 2D or 3D vitro EM models in both mouse and human models. The fused embryos and hEBs exhibited migration and further development. Notably, the established in vitro model expressed Oct4 and E-Cadherin, markers for early embryonic development; human CG Receptor and Progesterone Receptor, critical for implantation and pregnancy maintenance; and TSH Receptor, Epiregulin, and Prolactin, indicators of endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation.

Conclusion:

This study marks a significant advancement in the field, as we have successfully established a novel in vitro model for studying embryo-endometrium cross-talk. This model, a crucial tool for understanding fertility and the causes of miscarriage due to failed implantation, provides a unique platform for investigating the complex processes of successful implantation and pregnancy, underscoring its potential impact on reproductive health.
(+)-Nootkatone, the flavor of grapefruit
Authors: Ramachanderan Raghavendra , Schaefer Bernd
Published: November 2024

Nootkatone is one of the most valuable citrus flavors. Originally isolated from the heartwood of the Nootka cypress (Callitropsis nootkatensis), it was probably the identification of nootkatone as a minor component of grapefruit oil that catapulted this sesquiterpene into the focus of flavor research and made it a highly sought-after citrus aroma in recent decades. The odors of ( +)-nootkatone and (−)-nootkatone are perceptible in the air at threshold concentrations of 30 ppm and 66,000 ppm of saturated vapor, respectively. While ( +)-nootkatone embodies a strong grapefruit scent and has a bitter taste, (−)-nootkatone has a faint woody vetiver note and is virtually tasteless. In 2020, nootkatone was registered by the US Environmental Protection Agency as an insect repellent and natural insecticide that may repel and kill mosquitoes, fleas, ticks, mites, lice, and termites. Moreover, numerous pharmacological activities of nootkatone have been thoroughly investigated. As expected, a wealth of synthetic approaches, which are essentially based on the oxidation of valencene and on total syntheses, have been published in the last 60 years since its discovery. However, in addition to extraction from natural sources (e.g., grapefruit peel), the enzymatic oxidation of valencene and fermentative processes are the preferred production technologies today. The market is expected to grow considerably over the next 10 years, not least owing to the wide range of potential applications in the pharmaceutical, personal, and home care sector.

How the reader may benefit: learn more about the total synthesis of natural products, allylic oxidation, and Robinson annulation, gain deeper insights into the biosynthesis of sesquiterpenes and finally discover how enantiopure compounds, such as ( +)-nootkatone, are produced at an industrial scale.

Graphical Abstract
A systematic review on dysphagia treatments for persons living with dementia
Authors: Chan Charis Tsz Wun , Wu Tsz Yin , Cheng Ivy
Published: November 2024

Purpose

Dysphagia in persons living with dementia (PLWD) is raising concern due to the absence of swallowing treatments specific to this population. Dysphagia can result in detrimental effects, such as malnutrition, dehydration, and aspiration pneumonia. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the existing literature on dysphagia management of PLWD and reveal their limitations to facilitate clinical practitioners in decision-making.

Methods

Five electronic databases were searched systematically from the date of inception to January 2024 by two independent reviewers. Eligible studies investigated any treatments with outcome measurements evaluating swallowing function. Qualitative analyses were performed.

Results

A total of 10 studies, involving 1360 participants, were included in the systematic review. They were analyzed qualitatively and evaluated for quality. Studies included were observational (n = 5) with prospective or retrospective designs, and randomized controlled trials (n = 5). Compensatory, rehabilitative, stimulation, and pharmacological treatments were addressed.

Conclusion

There is currently limited evidence available revealing the efficacy of dysphagia treatments for PLWD. Based on the current evidence, no definitive conclusions can be drawn on which treatments are more effective for this population. In the future, more randomized controlled trials with large sample sizes investigating the long-term effects of treatments are warranted.
Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between glycaemic measures and grip strength in people without diabetes in the UK Biobank cohort study
Authors: Granic Antoneta , Cooper Rachel , Hurst Christopher , Hillman Susan J. , Dodds Richard M. , Witham Miles D. , Sayer Avan A.
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To investigate associations between glycaemic measures (HbA1c, random glucose), and grip strength (GS) in adults without prevalent diabetes.

Methods

We included 381,715 UK Biobank participants aged 38–73 years without diabetes (any type) with complete baseline measures for GS and HbA1c (main analyses), and glucose (supplementary analyses). Cross-sectional sex- and age-stratified associations between each glycaemic measure, GS, and probable sarcopenia (low GS) were examined with regression analyses. Changes in GS over 8.9 years were classified into four groups (decline, stable low, stable high, or reference (increase or maintained within the normal range)) in 36,228 participants and associations with baseline glycaemic measures explored using multinomial regression.

Results

Higher HbA1c (mmol/mol) was associated with weaker mean GS (kg) (regression coefficient and 95% confidence intervals (CI): − 0.08 (− 0.09, − 0.07)), and increased odds of probable sarcopenia (odds ratio (OR) and 95% CIs: 1.02 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.02)) in males and across the age groups. In females, higher HbA1c was associated with weaker mean GS only in mid-life (e.g., 50–59 years: − 0.06 (− 0.07, − 0.05)). In males, but not in females with repeated GS, higher HbA1c was associated with decreased odds of stable high (0.97 (0.96, 0.99) and increased odds of stable low (1.03 (1.01, 1.04)) GS pattern (0.98 (0.97, 0.980)) over the follow-up. The results for glucose in supplementary analyses were mixed, especially in females.

Conclusions

The associations between HbA1c and GS in people without diabetes warrant replication and consideration of the effect on muscle strength when interventions to promote normoglycaemia are trialled.
Who Am I as a Teacher?
Authors: Käck Annika
Published: November 2024

Redefined transformative learning refers to learning that implies a change in the learner's identity, which includes cognitive, emotional, and social dimensions and is something all teachers, in this case migrant teachers, experience and negotiate when meeting a new educational context. “Who am I as a teacher in a new country?” migrant teachers ask themselves. To understand oneself as a teacher, one must identify and coordinate the past and present with a future direction, which causes migrant teachers to talk about a transformed professional identity with additional skills. This Element concerns migrant teachers' transformation, how they redefine their professional identity, and how to support this in teacher education.
The Socialist Calculation Debate
Authors: Boettke Peter , Candela Rosolino A. , Truitt Tegan Lindstrom
Published: November 2024

For over a generation, the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern and Central Europe delegitimized the abolition of private property in the means of production and the practice of central planning as an effective way to achieve the ends of socialism. However, the aspiration of achieving the ends of socialism remains to this day. This Element provides a narrative of a century-long debate that was initiated by Ludwig von Mises in 1920. In so doing, it tells the history of the problem of economic calculation in the socialist commonwealth and its continuing relevance for developments in economics, political economy, and social philosophy.
Neuromuscular Disease
Authors: Hoogendijk Jessica E. , de Visser Marianne , van Doorn Pieter A. , Niks Erik H.
Published: November 2024

There are over 800 neuromuscular disorders and this can leave clinicians feeling lost as they try to diagnose and manage patients. On the basis of 66 adult and paediatric neuromuscular case vignettes, readers will be walked through using case histories and clinical manifestations as a starting point for diagnosis. For each case, diagnostic tools, disease pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment options are discussed. Symptoms, signs and syndromes are cross-linked to help the reader navigate the array of disorders. Accompanying tables explain differential diagnoses and 30 videos demonstrate clinical features. This second edition has been thoroughly updated as the neuromuscular subspecialty has developed from clinically and pathologically descriptive to making use of new diagnostic technologies and therapies. Neurologists at all levels, paediatricians, internists, geneticists, rehabilitation physicians, physiotherapists and researchers in the field will find this an invaluable guide, as they seek to familiarise themselves with this complex range of disorders.
The oscillating vortex generator: a boundary layer propulsion and flow control device
Authors: Anilir B. , Kurtulus D.F. , Platzer M.F.
Published: November 2024

This paper aims to explore the feasibility of providing boundary layer propulsion and flow control by means of embedded aerofoils that are oscillating in the pure plunge mode. To this end, Navier-Stokes calculations of the low-speed flow over a flat plate with an oscillating small foil in close vicinity to the plate were performed to determine the influence of the wall distance, Reynolds number, and reduced frequency on the aerofoil thrust. The simulations were extensively validated against water tunnel experiments at Reynolds numbers between 440 to 5,940. Good agreement was obtained in terms of mean streamwise velocity profiles and the vortical wake patterns. Results indicate that the thrust increases from its value in unbounded flow with decreasing distance from the plate. The propulsive efficiency exhibits a consistent peak at a non-dimensional plunge velocity of about 0.55. For wall distances between one-half to one chord lengths, vortex pairs are shed in a slightly upward deflected direction independent of the starting motion of the aerofoil. As the wall distance increases further, these vortex pairs change into the well-known reverse Karman vortex street. Example calculations for a flat plate with two foils mounted close to the plate trailing edge and oscillating in counterphase confirm the device’s efficacy.
The value of water quality for coastal recreation in New England, USA
Authors: Merrill Nathaniel , Mazzotta Marisa , Mulvaney Kate , Sawyer Joshua , Twichell Julia , Atkinson Sarina , Keith Darryl , Erban Laura
Published: November 2024

Water recreation is valuable to people, and its value can be affected by changes in water quality. This paper presents the results of a revealed preference survey to elicit coastal New England, USA, residents’ values for water recreation and water quality. We combined the survey responses with a comprehensive data set of coastal attributes, including in-water and remotely sensed water quality metrics. Using a travel cost model framework, we found water clarity and the bacterial conditions of coastal waters to be practical water quality inputs to economic analysis, available at appropriate scales, and meaningful to people and their behavior. Changes in clarity and bacterial conditions affected trip values, with a $4.5 change for a meter in clarity in Secchi depth and $0.08 for a one-unit bacteria change in colony-forming units per 100 ml. We demonstrate the large potential value of improving water quality through welfare analysis scenarios for Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. The paper discusses lessons for improving the policy relevance and applicability of water quality valuation studies through improved water quality data collection, combined with the application of scalable analysis tools for valuation.
COVID-19 and specialty crop producers: economic impacts and grower solutions
Authors: Volpe Richard , Cai Xiaowei , Delbridge Timothy , Stevens Alexander
Published: November 2024

We use a combination of primary and secondary data to investigate and quantify the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the California specialty crop sector. We demonstrate that the specialty crop sector was highly resilient during the pandemic and aftermath in terms of output. For many crops, production fell somewhat between 2019 and 2021, but not to an extent that is outside of normal annual variation for fruits and vegetables. However, prices increased dramatically for many commodities. Contrary to conventional wisdom, most input costs did not surge during the pandemic, and some fell. But both the primary and secondary data identify labor and truck transportation as the major issues facing producers and driving up prices. Trade associations played a vital role in disseminating solutions to growers throughout the pandemic.
Expert advice from ResearchMatch volunteers: Recruitment Innovation Center use cases and innovation
Authors: Tischbein Maeve , Cook Sarah K. , Shyr Cathy , Benhoff Katelyn , Baig Amna , Quarles Kaysi , Boone Leslie R. , Byrne Loretta M. , Rodriguez Mariela , Edwards Terri , Wilkins Consuelo H. , Harris Paul A.
Published: November 2024

Involving participants in the design of clinical trials should improve the overall success of a study. For this to occur, streamlined mechanisms are needed to connect the populations potentially impacted by a given study or health topic with research teams in order to inform trial design in a meaningful and timely manner. To address this need, we developed an innovative mechanism called the “ResearchMatch Expert Advice Tool” that quickly obtains volunteer perspectives from populations with specific health conditions or lived experiences using the national recruitment registry, ResearchMatch. This tool does not ask volunteers to participate in the trial but allows for wider community feedback to be gathered and translated into actionable recommendations used to inform the study’s design. We describe early use cases that shaped the current Expert Advice Tool workflow, how results from this tool were incorporated and implemented by studies, and feedback from volunteers and study teams regarding the tool’s usefulness. Additionally, we present a set of lessons learned during the development of the Expert Advice Tool that can be used by other recruitment registries seeking to obtain volunteer feedback on study design and operations.
A recursive neural-network-based subgrid-scale model for large eddy simulation: application to homogeneous isotropic turbulence
Authors: Cho Chonghyuk , Park Jonghwan , Choi Haecheon
Published: November 2024

We introduce a novel recursive procedure to a neural-network-based subgrid-scale (NN-based SGS) model for large eddy simulation (LES) of high-Reynolds-number turbulent flow. This process is designed to allow an SGS model to be applicable to a hierarchy of different grid sizes without requiring expensive filtered direct numerical simulation (DNS) data: (1) train an NN-based SGS model with filtered DNS data at a low Reynolds number; (2) apply the trained SGS model to LES at a higher Reynolds number; (3) update this SGS model with training data augmented with filtered LES (fLES) data, accommodating coarser filter size; (4) apply the updated NN to LES at a further higher Reynolds number; (5) go back to Step (3) until a target (very coarse) filter size divided by the Kolmogorov length scale is reached. We also construct an NN-based SGS model using a dual NN architecture whose outputs are the SGS normal stresses for one NN and the SGS shear stresses for the other NN. The input is composed of the velocity gradient tensor and grid size. Furthermore, for the application of an NN-based SGS model trained with one flow to another flow, we modify the NN by eliminating bias and introducing a leaky rectified linear unit function as an activation function. The present recursive SGS model is applied to forced homogeneous isotropic turbulence (FHIT) and successfully predicts FHIT at high Reynolds numbers. The present model trained from FHIT is also applied to decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence and shows an excellent prediction performance.
Integrating environmental sustainability into health technology assessment: an international survey of HTA stakeholders
Authors: Bobini Michela , Cicchetti Americo
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Health technologies play a relevant role in environmental sustainability (ES). However, limited evidence exists on approaches and methods to integrate ES into the Health Technology Assessment (HTA).

Objectives

The purpose of this study is: (i) to provide an overview of global HTA organizations’ progression toward the integration of ES into HTA; (ii) to investigate various paths for this integration, highlighting obstacles, priorities, potential approaches, and methods.

Methods

Data were collected via questionnaires from organizations belonging to HTA networks, International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment, and European Network for HTA. To complement the results of the survey, the authors carried out a desk analysis with strategic documents available on institutional websites.

Results

The survey included twenty-six respondents from twenty different countries (thirty-three percent response rate). Among the study’s participants, there is a notable acknowledgment of the importance of integrating ES into HTA. However, only nine organizations are actively engaged in these integration efforts, each employing unique methodologies and perspectives. There is a substantial consensus on the application of life cycle assessment, with a particular emphasis on the use of environmentally extended input–output analysis, and a stronger preference for cost-utility analysis. Nevertheless, evidence on integrating ES into HTA remains scarce. Major challenges identified include data collection difficulties and the necessity for interdisciplinary teams.

Conclusions

Our study represents a preliminary effort to systematize initiatives aimed at integrating ES into HTA. Further research is required to customize methods and tools for appropriately evaluating the environmental impacts of technologies. The findings suggest that achieving ES-HTA integration demands a multi-tiered, interdisciplinary approach.