bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient, rapid, and high‐yield synthesis of aryl Schiff base derivatives and their in vitro and in silico inhibition studies of hCA I, hCA II, AChE, and BuChE
Authors: Özil Musa , Balaydın Halis T. , Dogan Berna , Şentürk Murat , Durdagi Serdar
Published: April 2024

This study reports a rapid and efficient synthesis of four novel aryl Schiff base derivatives. Biological activity and molecular modeling studies were conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of these compounds on human carbonic anhydrases (hCA) and cholinesterases. The results indicate that the triazole‐ring‐containing compounds have strong inhibitory effects on hCA I, hCA II, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) targets. Besides comparing the Schiff bases synthesized in our study to reference molecules, we conducted in silico investigations to examine how these compounds interact with their targets. Our studies revealed that these compounds can occupy binding sites and establish interactions with crucial residues, thus inhibiting the functions of the targets. These findings have significant implications as they can be utilized to develop more potent compounds for treating the diseases that these target proteins play crucial roles in or to obtain drug precursors with enhanced efficacy.
Novel 2‐[thio]acetamide linked quinazoline/1,2,4‐triazole/chalcone hybrids: Design, synthesis, and anticancer activity as EGFR inhibitors and apoptotic inducers
Authors: Abdelkhalek Ahmed S. , Kothayer Hend , Soltan Mostafa K. , Ibrahim Samy M. , Elbaramawi Samar S.
Published: April 2024

Novel triazoloquinazolines carrying the 2‐[thio]acetamide entity (4 and 5a–d) and triazoloquinazoline/chalcone hybrids incorporating the 2‐[thio]acetamide linker (8a–b and 9a–f) were developed as anticancer candidates. NCI screening of the synthesized compounds at 10 μM concentration displayed growth inhibition not only up to 99.74% as observed for 9a but also a lethal effect could be achieved as stated for compounds 9c (RPMI‐8226 and HCT‐116) and 8b, 9a, and 9e on the HCT‐116 cell line. The antiproliferative activity was determined for the chalcone series on three cell lines: RPMI‐8226, HCT‐116, and MCF‐7. Compounds 8b, 9a, 9b, and 9f were the most active ones. To understand the mechanistic study, the inhibitory effect on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase was evaluated. The results stated that the activity of compound 8b (IC50 = 0.07 μM) was near that of the reference drug erlotinib (IC50 = 0.052 μM) whereas compound 9b (IC50 = 0.045 μM) was found to be more potent than erlotinib. Both compounds 8b and 9b were selected for cell cycle analysis and apoptotic assays. Moreover, molecular docking results of the selected chalcone hybrids showed high binding scores and good binding affinities especially for 8b and 9b, which were consistent with the biological activity (EGFR).
Phosphine‐Mediated Dimerization of Open‐[60]Fullerenes
Authors: Okamoto Shu , Hashikawa Yoshifumi , Murata Yasujiro
Published: April 2024

By a reaction of trimethylphosphine with an open‐[60]fullerene, corresponding dimers could be generated via two‐fold deoxygenation processes even though the formation of β‐oxo‐phosphorous ylide is inevitable, a part of which is hydrolyzed to yield an α‐methylene carbonyl derivative. Nevertheless, Wittig reaction and aldol condensation did not proceed well, indicating the presence of an unknown dimerization pathway. In the ylide formation, 1‐phosphonium‐3‐carbabetaine was previously proposed as a key intermediate. Upon assuming that the betaine also participates in the dimerization process, we examined a possible reaction pathway computationally. As the results, the betaine formed by a reaction with the first phosphine was suggested to undergo nucleophilic addition to an unreacted molecule of the open‐[60]fullerene, yielding an epoxide dimer which is then deoxygenated by the second phosphine to furnish the desired open‐[60]fullerene dimer.
CAMPUS: A mobile app for construction processes learning and teaching in higher education
Authors: Valbuena‐Bermúdez Carolina , Lozano‐Ramírez Natalia E. , Serrano‐Sierra Alejandro , Granados‐León César
Published: April 2024

This article presents a descriptive, correlational, and quantitative study investigating the learning processes of undergraduate construction engineering and architecture students. The study aims to analyze the effectiveness of an alternative learning method compared to traditional approaches in engineering, architecture and construction education. The study focuses on the use of a mobile application (CAMPUS Javeriana) as a tool for experiential learning by using digital technologies, such as construction videos and photos, infographic images, building information modeling (BIM) models, virtual and augmented reality, among others, within the app. Forty‐six architecture students participated in the study, divided into control and experimental groups within each of three undergraduate courses. Pretest and posttest questionnaires were administered to assess the students' learning outcomes, preferences, and perception of the importance of learning technologies. The test results were analyzed using scatter plots, and statistical analysis was conducted using the Jamovi package in R Studio. The students' perceived importance of the mobile app and their preference to use it in the future were also evaluated. Contextual factors such as student characteristics, available resources, and instructors' teaching style were taken into consideration. The study implemented rubrics based on the Expected Learning Results for each course to measure the overall academic performance. Furthermore, the study explores the concept of learning gain and its relationship with the obtained results, shedding light on experiences, perceptions, and academic performance in the specific context of construction education. Findings suggest a positive impact on learning outcomes and perception as a result of using a series of multi‐media technologies in the mobile application.
BMP7‐induced osteoblast differentiation requires hedgehog signaling and involves nuclear mechanisms of gene expression control
Authors: Feltran Georgia da Silva , de Andrade Amanda Fantini , Fernandes Célio Jr da C. , da Silva Rodrigo A. Foganholi , Zambuzzi Willian F.
Published: April 2024

During the morphological changes occurring in osteoblast differentiation, Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays a crucial role. While some progress has been made in understanding this process, the epigenetic mechanisms governing the expression of Hh signaling members in response to bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) signaling in osteoblasts remain poorly understood. To delve deeper into this issue, we treated pre‐osteoblasts (pObs) with 100 ng/mL of BMP7 for up to 21 days. Initially, we validated the osteogenic phenotype by confirming elevated expression of well‐defined gene biomarkers, including Runx2, Osterix, Alkaline Phosphatase (Alp), and bone sialoprotein (Bsp). Simultaneously, Hh signaling‐related members Sonic (Shh), Indian (Ihh), and Desert (Dhh) Hedgehog (Hh) exhibited nuanced modulation over the 21 days in vitro period. Subsequently, we evaluated epigenetic markers, and our data revealed a notable change in the CpG methylation profile, considering the methylation/hydroxymethylation ratio. CpG methylation is a reversible process regulated by DNA methyltransferases and demethylases, including Ten‐eleven translocation (Tets), which also exhibited changes during the acquisition of the osteogenic phenotype. Specifically, we measured the methylation pattern of Shh‐related genes and demonstrated a positive Pearson correlation for GLI Family Zinc Finger 1 (Gli1) and Patched (Ptch1). This data underscores the significance of the epigenetic machinery in modulating the BMP7‐induced osteogenic phenotype by influencing the activity of Shh‐related genes. In conclusion, this study highlights the positive impact of epigenetic control on the expression of genes related to hedgehog signaling during the morphogenetic changes induced by BMP7 signaling in osteoblasts.
Stover removal has minimal impact on pennycress seeded into standing corn
Authors: Cubins Julija A. , Wells Samantha , Johnson Gregg A. , Black Katie L. , Perez Jayleen , Gonch Ariana , Forcella Frank , Gesch Russ W.
Published: April 2024

In the Upper Midwest, corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are the most prominent agricultural crops, occupying land for only half the year. Their fallow periods are associated with nutrient leaching and soil erosion, but they also represent an opportunity to establish winter‐hardy crops, like pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.), that can reduce negative environmental impacts while contributing to farm profitability. A lack of agronomic best management practices remains a barrier to pennycress adoption. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of stover presence on pennycress stand establishment and seed yield after seeding pennycress into R4 corn. This study was conducted over the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 growing seasons with MN106 pennycress at three locations in Minnesota. At maturity, corn plants were removed from plots in 25% increments between 0% and 100% to simulate stover removal scenarios. Pennycress seedlings were unable to compete with corn for available light resources and did not have enough time following corn harvest to establish a dense stand in the autumn with only 5% and 10% green cover in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Despite poor early season emergence, the average seed yield, 1223 kg ha−1, was high relative to other studies using MN106, indicating that challenges of growing pennycress under adverse conditions may not be a barrier to competitive seed yields. Experimentation on the corn–pennycress system should continue in the future to further explore and establish best management practices for this double crop.
Consequences of pollen defense compounds for pollinators and antagonists in a pollen‐rewarding plant
Authors: Rivest Sébastien , Lee Stephen T. , Cook Daniel , Forrest Jessica R. K.
Published: April 2024

Plants produce an array of defensive compounds with toxic or deterrent effects on insect herbivores. Pollen can contain relatively high concentrations of such defense compounds, but the causes and consequences of this enigmatic phenomenon remain mostly unknown. These compounds could potentially protect pollen against antagonists but could also reduce flower attractiveness to pollinators. We combined field observations of the pollen‐rewardingLupinus argenteuswith chemical analysis and laboratory assays to test three hypotheses for the presence of pollen defense compounds: (1) these compounds are the result of spillover from adjacent tissues, (2) they protect against pollen thieves, and (3) they act as antimicrobial compounds. We also tested whether pollen defense compounds affect pollinator behavior. We found a positive relationship between alkaloid concentrations in pollen and petals, supporting the idea that pollen defense compounds partly originate from spillover. However, pollen and petals exhibited quantitatively (but not qualitatively) distinct alkaloid profiles, suggesting that plants can adjust pollen alkaloid composition independently from that of adjacent tissues. We found no relationship between pollen alkaloid concentration and the abundance of pollen thieves inLupinusflowers. However, pollen alkaloids were negatively associated with bacterial abundance. Finally, plants with more alkaloids in their pollen received more pollinator visits, but these visits were shorter, resulting in no change in the overall number of flowers visited. We propose that pollen defense compounds are partly the result of spillover from other tissues, while they also play an antimicrobial role. The absence of negative effects of these compounds on pollinator visitation likely allows their maintenance in pollen at relatively high concentrations. Taken together, our results suggest that pollen alkaloids affect and are mediated by the interplay of multiple interactions.
Copper‐Catalyzed Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition of Ethynylethylene Carbonates for the Construction of 3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]oxazines
Authors: Hu Xinzhe , Zhu Haihui , Li Xiang , Han Zhengyu , Sun Jianwei , Jin Xiaodong , Huang Hai
Published: April 2024

A formal [4+2] cycloaddition reaction of ethynylethylene carbonates and 2‐aminophenols has been developed for the synthesis of 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]oxazines bearing quaternary carbon atoms. The reaction features mild reaction conditions, good functional group compatibility and good yields. Furthermore, when using chiral PyBox ligand, this strategy could also achieve the asymmetric synthesis of 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]oxazines. Application studies indicated that the hydroxymethyl group of final products was an excellent functional group that can be further modified easily.
Optimizing catechin extraction from green tea waste: Comparative analysis of hot water, ultrasound‐assisted, and ethanol methods for enhanced antioxidant recovery
Authors: Athirojthanakij Weerawich , Rashidinejad Ali
Published: April 2024

This study aimed to develop an efficient method for the extraction of bioactive compounds from green tea waste (GTW) toward its potential application in the food industry. GTW, which is generated during the harvesting and processing of green tea products, accounts for a global annual loss of nearly 1 million tonnes. Notably, this waste is rich in polyphenolic compounds, particularly catechins, which are renowned for their significant health benefits. We assessed the optimization of catechin extraction from GTW employing hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE), and ethanol extraction (EthE) techniques at different sample‐to‐solvent ratios (1:100, 1:50, and 1:20 w/v). The extraction temperature was set at 80°C for both HWE and UAE; however, for EthE, the temperature was slightly lower at 70°C, adhering to the boiling point of ethanol. High‐performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the extraction efficiency by quantifying various catechins (i.e., catechin, epicatechin [EC], epicatechin gallate [ECG], epigallocatechin [EGC], and epigallocatechin gallate [EGCG]). In terms of the concentration for individual catechins, EC was found to be the highest concentration detected, ranging from 30.58 ± 1.17 to 37.95 ± 0.84 mg/L in all extraction techniques and ratios of solvents, followed by EGCG (9.71 ± 1.40–20.99 ± 1.11 mg/L), EGC + C (7.95 ± 0.66–12.58 ± 0.56 mg/L), and ECG (1.85 ± 0.71–6.05 ± 0.06 mg/L). The findings of DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl‐hydrazyl) free radical assay illustrated that HWE demonstrated the highest extraction efficiency at all ratios, ranging from 61.41 ± 1.00 to 70.36 ± 1.47 mg/L. The 1:50 ratio exhibited the highest extraction yield (25.98% ± 0.75%) compared to UAE (24.16% ± 0.95%) and EthE (22.59% ± 0.26%). Moreover, this method of extraction (i.e., HWE) produced the highest total catechins and %DPPH reduction. Consequently, HWE was the most efficient method for extracting catechins from GTW, underscoring its potential for valorizing waste within the food manufacturing industry.
Survival outcomes and toxicity profiles among patients with nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) versus IMRT + carbon‐ion radiotherapy: A propensity score‐matched analysis
Authors: Li Yujiao , Guan Xiyin , Xing Xing , Hu Chaosu
Published: April 2024

Objectives

To compare survival outcomes and toxic effects among patients with newly diagnosed nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) when treated with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) versus IMRT + carbon‐ion radiotherapy (CIRT).

Methods

We performed a retrospective propensity score matching analysis (1:1) of patients treated with IMRT and IMRT + CIRT. Descriptive statistics were used to examine the baseline characteristics of the patients. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were used to identify the independent predictors of survival. We examined the association between risk factors and adverse events (AEs) using chi‐square tests. Cox model and logistic regression were used to analyze AEs.

Results

Hundred and nine patients who received IMRT + CIRT were included and the median follow‐up time was 20.6 months (range: 4.6–82 months). There were no statistically significant differences in locoregional failure–free survival, distant metastasis–free survival, disease‐free survival, or overall survival between the two groups, but potentially better in IMRT + CIRT group (p > 0.05, respectively). Nodal boost was the only significant factor associated with LRFS and DFS on multivariable analysis. Thirty‐seven patients (34.0%) developed grade 3 acute OMs and no grade 4 acute OMs were observed in IMRT + CIRT group. All patients in IMRT + CIRT group developed grade 1 dermatitis; while in the match group, 76 patients developed grade 1 dermatitis, 27 patients developed grade 2 dermatitis, 5 patients developed grade 3 dermatitis, 1 patient developed grade 4 dermatitis. IMRT + CIRT treatment was associated with a significant trend of lower grades of OM and dermatitis (p < 0.05, respectively). Any severe (i.e., grade 3) chronic AEs, such as xerostomia, skin fibrosis, temporal lobe necrosis, osteoradionecrosis, or radiation‐induced optic neuropathy, was not observed.

Conclusions

In this study, IMRT + CIRT was associated with significantly reduced acute toxicity burden compared with full course of IMRT, with excellent survival outcomes. Patients with persistent disease after treatment and treated with nodal boost had a worse outcome. More accurate assessments of IMRT + CIRT to primary nonmetastatic NPC patients will be imperative.
Hybrid behaviors of CO2 absorption into blended DEEA‐based solution for the improvement of capture performance
Authors: Wu Dawei , Yin Yihan , Fan Yongchun , Lin Haizhou , Gao Hongxia , Liang Zhiwu
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND

At present, the chemical absorption method of CO2 capture is considered to be an effective means to reduce carbon emissions. The development of blended amine systems with excellent CO2 capture performance is the focus of research.

RESULT

The hybrid behaviors of N,N‐diethylethanolamine (DEEA) with addition of monoethanolamine (MEA), 2‐(methylamino)ethanol(MAE) and 2‐((2‐aminoethyl)amino)‐ethanol(AEEA) as absorbents were investigated and developed to reduce the energy consumption for solvent regeneration in the CO2 capture process. The equilibrium solubility of CO2 for blended DEEA/MEA, DEEA/MAE and DEEA/AEEA with a series of molar ratios (0.0:2.0, 0.5:1.5, 1.0:1.0, 1.5:0.5 and 2.0:0.0) was examined. The experimental results showed that the values of CO2 equilibrium solubility of amine blends exhibited a compromise behavior between each individual amine solution. Additionally, the effects of molar ratios on the relative CO2 absorption rate, regeneration rate and CO2 cyclic capacity for the tested amine blends were studied using an improved rapid absorbent screening method.

CONCLUSION

The experimental data showed that the blended DEEA/MAE solution exhibits much higher CO2 cyclic capacity than that of DEEA/AEEA under the nitrogen atomic conservation. However, the mixing DEEA and AEEA could obviously reduce the CO2 equilibrium solubility and CO2 cyclic capacity compared with that of individual AEEA solution, indicating the DEEA had an inhibiting effect on AEEA. Furthermore, the mass transfer performances of DEEA, DEEA/MAE and DEEA/AEEA were tested in order to validate the accuracy of the improved rapid absorbent screening method. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Differential beta‐coronavirus infection dynamics in human bronchial epithelial organoids
Authors: Park Dongbin , Kim Se‐Mi , Jang Hobin , Kim Kanghee , Ji Ho young , Yang Heedong , Kwon Woohyun , Kang Yeonglim , Hwang Suhee , Kim Hyunjoon , Casel Mark Anthony B. , Choi Issac , Yang Jeong‐Sun , Lee Joo‐Yeon , Choi Young Ki
Published: April 2024

The lower respiratory system serves as the target and barrier for beta‐coronavirus (beta‐CoV) infections. In this study, we explored beta‐CoV infection dynamics in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) organoids, focusing on HCoV‐OC43, SARS‐CoV, MERS‐CoV, and SARS‐CoV‐2. Utilizing advanced organoid culture techniques, we observed robust replication for all beta‐CoVs, particularly noting that SARS‐CoV‐2 reached peak viral RNA levels at 72 h postinfection. Through comprehensive transcriptomic analysis, we identified significant shifts in cell population dynamics, marked by an increase in goblet cells and a concurrent decrease in ciliated cells. Furthermore, our cell tropism analysis unveiled distinct preferences in viral targeting: HCoV‐OC43 predominantly infected club cells, while SARS‐CoV had a dual tropism for goblet and ciliated cells. In contrast, SARS‐CoV‐2 primarily infected ciliated cells, and MERS‐CoV showed a marked affinity for goblet cells. Host factor analysis revealed the upregulation of genes encoding viral receptors and proteases. Notably, HCoV‐OC43 induced the unfolded protein response pathway, which may facilitate viral replication. Our study also reveals a complex interplay between inflammatory pathways and the suppression of interferon responses during beta‐CoV infections. These findings provide insights into host‐virus interactions and antiviral defense mechanisms, contributing to our understanding of beta‐CoV infections in the respiratory tract.
Rapid and cost‐effective assessment of nutrients in pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) leaves through Fourier transform near‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐NIRS)
Authors: Sekerli Yunus Emre , Buyuk Gokhan , Keskin Muharrem , Celiktas Nafiz
Published: April 2024

Background

Pistachio nuts provide many health benefits in human diet. Nutrient levels in plant leaves and fertilizer schedules are determined based on traditional soil and leaf chemical analyses. However, these methods require additional labor, time, and cost, which is why most farmers do not prefer them and cannot detect nutrient deficiencies in time. Fast, easy‐to‐use and low‐cost nutrient level assessment techniques are needed.

Aim

This study aims to explore the viability of near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a fast, user friendly, and cost effective technique for evluating the major macro‐ and micronutrient contents of dried and ground pistachio leaf sample.

Methods

The feasibility of NIRS for estimating nutrient contents was investigated by analyzing samples from 200 pistachio trees. Dried and ground pistachio leaves were subjected to NIRS analysis. PLSR (Partial least square regression) analyses were performed to develop nutrient content prediction models using spectral information of samples.

Results

It was found that the NIRS system had a very good potential to estimate the K, Ca, Cu, and Mg contents of the leaf samples (R2 > 0.80). It was also found that Fe and Mn concentrations could also be estimated with good accuracy (R2 = 0.70–0.80). However, the NIRS system did not give good results for the prediction of N, P, and Zn (R2 < 0.40).

Conclusion

In conclusion, the NIRS system can be used to quickly, easily, and economically assess the K, Ca, Cu, Mg, Fe, and Mn contents of dried and ground pistachio leaves. This technique has the potential to improve nutrient management practices in pistachio farming within a sustainable and environmentally conscious framework. Fourier transform NIRS (FT‐NIRS) can provide valuable insights by complementing rather than replacing traditional chemical analysis. Laboratory analysis is still required for definitive nutrient content information, but FT‐NIRS can significantly reduce the reliance on such analysis, thereby mitigating the environmental impact caused by the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and minimizing the health risks to laboratory staff. In addition, the rapid information‐gathering capabilities of the FT‐NIRS can be emphasized.
Micellization, aggregation, interaction, and solubilization behaviors of mixed solutions of cationic gemini and nonionic surfactants
Authors: Sarıkaya Yıldız İkbal , Bilgen Selçuk , Akbaş Halide
Published: April 2024

The micellization properties of mixed aqueous solutions of a cationic gemini surfactant (CGS) and Triton X‐100, a conventional non‐ionic surfactant, with various mole fractions, were determined by measuring the surface tension at different temperatures. Various theoretical models were used to analyze the behavior of this mixed system. The interactions between CGS and Triton X‐100 were determined to be non‐ideal and synergistic. The calculated interaction parameters (βM) have negative values at all temperatures and for all mole fractions, showing attractive interactions. It was found that increasing the mole fraction of Triton X‐100 significantly increased the synergistic effect (more negative values). Micellar aggregation number (Nagg) values of pure surfactants and their mixtures in different ratios were obtained with the steady‐state fluorescence quenching method. Furthermore, the molar solubilization ratio of Sudan III organic dye in all surfactants aqueous systems was obtained using UV–Visible spectrophotometry. At concentrations above critical micelle concentration, the solubility of Sudan III in water was substantially increased linearly for all systems and it was observed that the enhancement was even more significant for mixed surfactant systems.
Red deer responses to drive hunts are related to habitat and landscape characteristics
Authors: Bojarska Katarzyna , Gerber Nina , Herzog Sven , Isselstein Johannes , Meiβner Marcus , Riesch Friederike , Signer Johannes , van Beeck Calkoen Suzanne , Zetsche Maria , Balkenhol Niko
Published: April 2024

Hunting triggers behavioral responses in wildlife that may have important consequences for conservation and wildlife management. We studied movement and habitat selection in 51 global positioning system‐collared red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to 63 large‐scale (x̄ = 18.8 km2) drive hunts conducted in 2015‐2022 on a military training area in southern Germany. The drive hunts were characterized by a low density of beaters and dogs to avoid rapid and long‐distance displacement of red deer. We determined if red deer spatial responses to drive hunts differed in various forest covers, between sexes, and in relation to the individual position prior to the hunt. On the hunting days, red deer increased their hourly displacement rates and shifted their preference for forest versus open habitats from early morning to late morning hours. Individuals initially located within the boundaries of the hunted areas exhibited longer maximum net displacements, had a greater probability of leaving their home ranges, and spent longer times outside of their home ranges than individuals outside the hunted areas. All these parameters were greater in the more forested site than in the less forested site. Males displayed shorter net displacements than females. Red deer moved away (i.e., fled) from their initial positions for variable periods, either only during the hunt or until the next day. The probability of prolonged flight was greater in the more forested site and more likely if the individuals were deeper in the forest in the less forested site. The prolonged flight behavior was desired from the hunters' perspective because red deer displaying this type of response were less likely to leave the hunted area during the hunt. Prolonged flight was associated with greater costs for the red deer, such as greater movement distances after the hunt and longer times outside of home ranges. Wildlife managers should consider that drive hunts may cause prolonged behavioral responses in game that occur both inside and outside the hunted areas. These responses depend on habitat characteristics and may be stronger in more forested landscapes.
Laser‐Crystallization of TiO2 Nanotubes for Photocatalysis: Influence of Laser Power and Laser Scanning Speed
Authors: Bernhardt Annik , Lorenz Pierre , Fischer Kristina , Schmidt Martin , Kühnert Mathias , Lotnyk Andriy , Griebel Jan , Schönherr Nadja , Zimmer Klaus , Schulze Agnes
Published: April 2024

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes have raised significant attention in the field of photocatalysis. However, achieving locally‐confined, tunable, and efficient crystallization remains challenging. Laser crystallization that enables surface‐confined, fast, and localized annealing has emerged as an alternative to calcination of TiO2 nanotubes. Nonetheless, questions regarding crystallization parameters and mechanism remain open. In this work, amorphous TiO2 nanotubes are synthesized by a two‐step anodization process and laser exposed (515 nm, 1 MHz, 250 fs, 256–569 mW, 1–200 mm s−1) to study the impact of laser parameters and the mechanism of laser crystallization. A thorough analysis via Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and degradation of methylene blue is performed and the influence of laser processing parameters on the crystallization are studied and discussed. As laser power increases, a gradual transition from amorphous to anatase and rutile phase takes place, consistent with a thermal crystallization mechanism. Contrary, with increasing laser scanning speeds, thus lower pulse numbers, anatase is converted to rutile and melting occurs. The degradation of methylene blue with anatase samples crystallized by laser and calcination exhibits equal kinetic degradation constants of 0.013 s−1cm−2. This study enhances the understanding of laser crystallization of TiO2 nanotubes.
Spatio‐Temporal Nonlinear Theory in Birefringent Microrings
Authors: Tan Zelin , Chen Xingqiao , Liu Ning , Xu Jipeng , Zhang Jianfa , Zhu Zhihong , Liu Ken , Qin Shiqiao
Published: April 2024

Frequency‐dependent nonlinear process in microresonators is widely acknowledged, but there is no theory available to calculate the conversion efficiency for each resonance of the ring, except for the phase‐matching one. Similarly for azimuth‐dependent nonlinear process in birefringent rings, there is a lack of theory to analysis the conversion efficiency for each azimuth of the ring. Consequently, it leads to old‐fashioned or ill‐considered coupling position and inefficient energy conversion in birefringent microrings. Here, the study introduces spatio‐temporal coupled‐mode equation to describe mode spatial properties in the cavity, compensating for the deficiency of temporal coupled‐mode equation in describing sophisticated responses. By this equation, it is found that over a wide frequency range, the extremely strong second‐harmonic generation of TE modes can be achieved at different azimuth under different pumps in an X‐cut lithium niobate microring, as proved by a 440 000%/W conversion efficiency in a non‐poling ring recently. This theory is important for realizing an efficient entangled quantum light source, for example. Meanwhile, it will provide new ideas and guidelines for design and applications of monolithic birefringent photonic integrated circuits with high energy efficiency.
Subwavelength Photorefractive Grating in a Thin‐Film Lithium Niobate Microcavity
Authors: Hou Jiankun , Zhu Jiefu , Ma Ruixin , Xue Boyi , Zhu Yicheng , Lin Jintian , Jiang Xiaoshun , Chen Xianfeng , Cheng Ya , Ge Li , Zheng Yuanlin , Wan Wenjie
Published: April 2024

Subwavelength gratings play a fundamental and pivotal role in numerous science and applications for wave manipulation, exhibiting distinctive features such as filtering, phase manipulation, and anti‐reflection. However, conventional fabrication methods for ultrasmall periodic structures are constrained by the fundamental optical diffraction limit, making it challenging to produce subwavelength gratings for optics. Here, a novel technique is demonstrated to build a reconfigurable subwavelength photorefractive grating (SPG) in a thin‐film lithium niobate on the platform of an optical microcavity. Such SPGs are optically induced through the photorefractive effect and the subwavelength features originate from the spatial phase modulations of the pump's standing wave. The resulting SPGs lead to the mode splitting of two counter‐propagating modes inside the microcavity, exhibiting an Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT)‐like transmission spectrum. Moreover, the unique subwavelength characteristic of SPGs enables first‐order quasi‐phase‐matching for backward second‐harmonic generation, a long‐standing problem in nonlinear optics. Also, free‐space‐to‐chip vertical nonlinear frequency conversion can be achieved in a similar manner. These results provide a flexible approach toward fabricating subwavelength gratings, which holds significant potential in various applications such as nonlinear frequency conversion, optical communication, sensing, and quantum technologies.
Shaping of Vector Beams Based on Caustic Design
Authors: Liu Shuxi , Zeng Zishuai , Tong Xin , Xu Pengfei , Zhao Daomu
Published: April 2024

Appropriate wavefront design can endow light fields with many useful properties, such as accelerating, anti‐diffracting, self‐healing, and the capability to exhibit customizable intensity shapes. The strategy of arbitrarily combining these properties to develop novel optical fields mainly relies on caustic methods. However, caustic methods have rarely been applied to the construction of vector fields. Here, slowly changing polarization information is introduced to the caustic rays, aiming to establish direct connections between conventional rays and vector beams in the physical representation. In this manner, a technique is developed to create non‐diffracting vector beams with polarization states that can vary along the caustic curves as needed. It is also demonstrated that the superposition of intersecting ray families can basically determine the polarization states of the other points in the fields. This may provide a new route for designing various novel vector fields and directly promote research in wave and focal field shaping, thereby offering more flexible beam options for applications such as material processing, particle manipulation, and microscopic imaging.
Influence of peer information and personality on social exclusion in a three‐person dictator game
Authors: Königstein Manfred , Zschoche Miriam , Brown Tashauna A. , Königstein Moritz
Published: April 2024

We study the conflict between financial interests and prosocial behavior in a new variant of a three‐person dictator game, which we refer to as “social exclusion game.” In this game, one person, the dictator, decides whether all three players (the dictator and two receivers) receive the fair outcome (equal payoffs) or an unfair outcome, which excludes one of the receivers and raises the dictator's payoff. We elicit the minimal payment necessary to induce the dictator to exclude the third person and investigate how this is influenced by peer information and the Big Five personality factor agreeableness. The data support our hypotheses.
Artificial intelligence in clinical nutrition and dietetics: A brief overview of current evidence
Authors: Atwal Kiranjit
Published: April 2024

The rapid surge in artificial intelligence (AI) has dominated technological innovation in today's society. As experts begin to understand the potential, a spectrum of opportunities could yield a remarkable revolution. The upsurge in healthcare could transform clinical interventions and outcomes, but it risks dehumanization and increased unethical practices. The field of clinical nutrition and dietetics is no exception. This article finds a multitude of developments underway, which include the use of AI for malnutrition screening; predicting clinical outcomes, such as disease onset, and clinical risks, such as drug interactions; aiding interventions, such as estimating nutrient intake; applying precision nutrition, such as measuring postprandial glycemic response; and supporting workflow through chatbots trained on natural language models. Although the opportunity and scalability of AI is incalculably attractive, especially in the face of poor healthcare resources, the threat cannot be ignored. The risk of malpractice and lack of accountability are some of the main concerns. As such, the healthcare professional's responsibility remains paramount. The data used to train AI models could be biased, which could risk the quality of care to vulnerable or minority patient groups. Standardized AI‐development protocols, benchmarked to care recommendations, with rigorous large‐scale validation are required to maximize application among different settings. AI could overturn the healthcare landscape, and this article skims the surface of its potential in clinical nutrition and dietetics.
Streaming for good: Streamer‐viewer interaction, beneficiary focus, and donation progress
Authors: Wang Shaojung Sharon
Published: April 2024

This study explores how perceived viewer–streamer interactions elicit various types of social support in charity streaming, based on parasocial interaction (PSI). It further integrates accountability and goal‐setting theories to address the question of how the different types of beneficiary focus and levels of donation progress that are usually embedded in charity streaming settings harness PSI's effects to increase donations. Experiment 1 (N = 100) showed that high PSI (vs. low) contributed to higher intentions from viewers to provide emotional and financial support to the streamers. Experiment 2 (N = 241) demonstrated that viewers who experienced high PSI (vs. low) were more likely to purchase product and donate to the charity that benefits human (vs. animal and environment). Experiment 3 (N = 315) found that high PSI (vs. low) and donation progress close (vs. far) to the goal were more likely to evoke donation to the human (vs. environment)‐focused charity. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed.
ctDNA as an Adjunct to Posttreatment PET for Head and Neck Cancer Recurrence Risk Assessment
Authors: Lele Saudamini J. , Adilbay Dauren , Lewis Ellen , Pang John , Asarkar Ameya A. , Nathan Cherie‐Ann O.
Published: April 2024

Objective

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection is an emerging technique that identifies minimal residual disease in patients with solid tumors. ctDNA can act as an adjunct method to help overcome the limitations of positron emission tomography (PET) and select patients who are at high risk for recurrence.

Study Design

Retrospective Single Institutional Study.

Setting

University Hospital Setting.

Methods

Twenty‐nine patients who underwent definitive treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (HNSCC) from 8/2021 to 01/2023 had ctDNA levels analyzed at 1 to 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after definitive treatment. A personalized, tumor‐informed, multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) next‐generation sequencing (NGS) assay was used to detect the ctDNA levels. The primary outcome was recurrence‐free probability (RFP), and the secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS), sensitivity, specificity, and the test's negative (NPV) and positive predictive values (PPV).

Results

The median age of patients was 65 years (interquartile range: 56‐69), with majority being males (n = 22, 76%). The primary sites were larynx (n = 12), oropharynx (n = 10), and oral cavity (n = 6). Posttreatment ctDNA was detected in 7 patients, all of whom had disease recurrence. ctDNA detection after definitive treatment was associated with a higher risk of disease recurrence (hazard ratio: 9.94, 95% confidence interval: 1.56‐63.3, P = .015). ctDNA identified recurrence with 100% specificity and 78% sensitivity. The NPV and PPV were 91% and 100%. PET had 78% sensitivity but only 68% specificity with 86% NPV, and 54% PPV.

Conclusion

Based on our data, ctDNA can be an excellent adjunct test for posttreatment PET and can help guide physicians in cases where PET results are inconclusive and difficult to interpret.
Effect of hybrid reinforcements on the curing kinetics and mechanical properties of light‐cured polymer composites
Authors: Yao Jiaqi , Wang Kun , Wang Zhengzhi
Published: April 2024

Light‐cured polymer composites incorporating particle reinforcements have been adopted for a wide range of engineering applications. Nevertheless, micro‐filled composites exhibit insufficient strength despite good abrasion resistance. Conversely, nano‐filled counterparts possess enhanced strength but easily generate particle agglomeration. Hybrid filling has therefore been utilized in previous studies to combine the advantages of different components, but conclusive results have not been obtained. Within this study, the effects of hybrid filling on the strengthening mechanism and curing kinetics of light‐cured polymer composites were investigated by multi‐scale mechanical tests, in‐situ near‐infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and finite element simulations. It was found that hybrid filling led to an average increase in Young's modulus by ~3.94%, the hardness by ~5.81%, the tensile strength by ~10.44%, and the degree of conversion by ~2.54% compared to micro‐filling at the same filler content. Besides, hybrid filling showed more reduced particle agglomeration compared to nano‐scale filling. Finite element analysis revealed that hybrid filling effectively enhanced the load‐bearing capacity of the matrix. Overall, the experimental results unveil a mechanism of particle reinforcement that can be extrapolated to various particle‐filled polymers across different length scales. These findings provide a versatile manufacturing technique for composites with heightened mechanical reinforcement and are expected to guide the application in the field of photo‐polymeric materials.

Highlights

Light‐cured polymer composites incorporating hybrid silica particles were prepared.

The strengthening mechanism was investigated by multi‐scale mechanical tests.

Hybrid filling could lead to an increase in material strength compared to micro‐filling.

Hybrid filling exhibited reduced particle agglomeration in comparison to nano‐filling.
Optimal integration of phase‐change microcapsules and nano‐silica for improving the strength of phase‐change concrete
Authors: Li Shuai , Ye Wanli , Tan Yiqiu , Qiu Tairui , Hou Dehua , Chang Xiaoyu
Published: April 2024

Phase‐change microcapsules, consisting of urea‐melamine‐formaldehyde as the shell material and n‐tetradecane as the core material, offer effective temperature regulation within concrete under low‐temperature conditions, mitigating the impact of freeze–thaw cycles. However, their incorporation can exert a notable influence on concrete strength. In this study, microcapsules were utilized as an admixture, and nano‐silicon dioxide replaced an equivalent amount of cement to prepare modified phase‐change concrete, focusing on investigating mechanical properties. Results indicate that under consistent parameters—emulsifier concentration of 10% and an oil–water ratio of 1:6—the produced microcapsules exhibit uniform dispersion, with particle sizes ranging from 10 to 20 μm and latent heat of phase change reaching 117 J g−1. Incorporating microcapsules reduced concrete strength, with a decrease in compressive strength within the range of 15% when microcapsule dosage was set at 10%. On the other hand, nano‐silica demonstrated the capability to significantly enhance the strength of phase‐change concrete by 15%–30% at dosages ranging from 5% to 10%. Optimal enhancement in concrete strength was achieved when phase‐change microcapsules were dosed at 10% and nano‐silica replaced 10% of the cement mass, resulting in compressive strength reaching 90% of normal concrete. © 2024 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Thiol‐ene polymerization of double‐decker‐shaped phenyl‐substituted silsesquioxanes and thiol monomers
Authors: Watanabe Naoki , Imoto Hiroaki , Matsukawa Kimihiro , Naka Kensuke
Published: April 2024

Polymers incorporating double‐decker‐shaped phenyl‐substituted silsesquioxane (DDSQ) into the main chain are expected to exhibit excellent thermal stability and significantly reduced dynamics of the polymer segments. In this study, thiol‐ene polymerization at 25 °C for 5 min under 365 nm irradiation was applied for 3,13‐divinyl‐DDSQ (E1) with oxybis(2,1‐ethanediyloxy‐2,1‐ethanediyl) bis(3‐sulfanylpropanoate) (T1) as a bithiol monomer for linear and 2,2‐bis{[(3‐sulfanylpropanoyl)oxy]methyl}butyl 3‐sulfanylpropanoate (T2) as a trithiol monomer for soluble cross‐linked poly(thioether)s. All the resulting poly(thioether)s yielded colorless and transparent films by casting tetrahydrofuran solutions onto glass substrates. These polymers showed a higher decomposition temperature of 5 wt% loss over 350 °C. The films exhibited glass transition temperatures below 25 °C. Scratch scars were made on the surface of the cast films, and the self‐healing behavior was observed after heating at 40 °C. These results suggest that the DDSQ unit suppresses the molecular motion of the polymers and contributes to their self‐healing behavior.
Weaning strategies for children on home invasive mechanical ventilation
Authors: Kamalaporn Harutai , Preutthipan Aroonwan , Coates Allan L.
Published: April 2024

Children who require home mechanical ventilation (HMV) with an artificial airway or invasive mechanical ventilation (HMV) have a possibility of successful weaning due to the potential of compensatory lung growth. Internationally accepted guidelines on how to wean from HMV in children is not available, we summarize the weaning strategies from the literature reviews combined with our 27‐year experience in the Pediatric Home Respiratory Care program at the tertiary care center in Thailand. The readiness to wean is considered in patients with hemodynamic stability, having effective cough measured by maximal inspiratory pressure, requiring a fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) < 40%, positive end expiratory pressure <5 cmH2O, and acceptable arterial blood gases. The strategies of weaning is start weaning during the daytime while the child is awake and close monitoring is feasible. Disconnect time is gradually increased through naps and sleeping hours. Weaning from the conventional mechanical ventilator to Bilevel PAP or CPAP are optional. Factors affected the successful weaning are mainly the underlying diseases, complications, growth and development, caregivers, and resources. Weaning should be stopped during acute illness or increased work of breathing. The readiness for decannulation could be determined by using the speaking devices, tracheostomy capping, and measurement of end‐expiratory pressure. Polysomnography and airway evaluation by bronchoscopy are recommended before decannulation. Weaning when the child is ready is crucial because living with HMV can be challenging and stressful. Failure to remove a tracheostomy when indicated can result in delayed speech, social problems as well as risk for infection.