bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PACIENTŲ PATIRIAMAS NERIMAS
PRIEŠOPERACINIU LAIKOTARPIU
Authors: Blaževičiūtė Toma , Gedrimė Lina , Brasaitė Indrė , Rapolienė Lolita , Razbadauskas Artūras
Published: January 2018

Straipsnyje analizuojamas pacientų patiriamas nerimas
priešoperaciniu laikotarpiu. Šiuo laikotarpiu
svarbu akcentuoti ne tik fiziologinių, bet ir psichosocialinių
poreikių kitimą.
Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė, statistinė
ir aprašomoji duomenų analizė, naudojant SPSS
17.0 for Windows programą. Tyrimui atlikti buvo
naudojama anketinė apklausa raštu.
Tyrimo rezultatai. Respondentams priešoperaciniu
laikotarpiu buvo suteikta informacijos apie pasiruošimą
operacijai. Informaciją pateikė tiek operuojantis
chirurgas, tiek skyriaus slaugytojas. Lytis, amžius,
išsilavinimas, šeiminė padėtis, gyvenamoji vieta turi
įtakos priešoperacinio nerimo atsiradimui. Dauguma
respondentų, kurie nėra turėję nei vienos operacijos
arba yra turėję vieną operaciją, jautė nerimą priešoperaciniu
laikotarpiu. Priešoperacinį nerimą jautė
dauguma respondentų, kurie ligoninėje praleido kelias
valandas iki operacijos. Nerimą jautė respondentai,
kuriems buvo atliktos planinės ir skubios operacijos.
Labiausiai priešoperaciniu laikotarpiu respondentai
nerimauja dėl laikino nedarbingumo, vienišumo
jausmo, skausmo, kurį gali patirti anestezijos metu,
ir mirties. Dauguma respondentų prieš operaciją nejautė
jokių simptomų, kurie būtų siejami su nerimu.
Nedidelė dalis respondentų nurodė, kad jautė galvos
skausmą, širdies ritmo sutrikimus, išsiblaškymą, nuolatinę
įtampą.
Išvada. Tyrimas parodė, kad respondentai jaučia nerimą
priešoperacniu laikotarpiu. Nerimo atsiradimas
priešoperaciniu laikotarpiu priklauso nuo demografinių,
socialinių, biologinių faktorių.
DIRGLIŲ GERKLŲ SINDROMAS:
ŠIUOLAIKINĖ DIAGNOSTIKA IR GYDYMAS
Authors: Šiupšinskienė Nora , Aukštakalnienė Asta , Norkienė Sigutė
Published: January 2018

Straipsnyje detaliai nagrinėjama suaugusių asmenų
dirglių gerklų sindromo terminai, patogenezė ir priežastys,
aprašoma dirglių gerklų sindromo diagnostika
atsižvelgiant į anamnezę, simptomus ir laringoskopijos
požymius. Straipsniu supažindinama su šiuolaikiškais
dirglių gerklų sindromo gydymo principais,
paremtais ligos pripažinimu, balso terapija, psichoterapija
ir elgesio terapija bei gydymu neuromoduliatoriais.
Aprašoma balso higienos ir hidracijos nauda.
NATŪRALIŲ ALIEJŲ IR CHEMINIŲ PREPARATŲ,
NAUDOJAMŲ STRIJŲ PREVENCIJAI NĖŠTUMO METU,
EFEKTYVUMO PALYGINIMAS
Authors: Valeikienė Sigita , Sučylaitė Jūratė , Norkienė Sigutė
Published: January 2018

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas natūralių aliejų ir cheminių
priemonių (pramoniniu būdu pagamintų kosmetinių
kremų ir losjonų), skirtų nėščiųjų strijų prevencijai,
efektyvumas. Pateikiama MEDLINE duomenų bazėje
skelbiamų 6 mokslinių šaltinių, analizuojančių
nėščiųjų strijų profilaktikos galimybes, duomenų metaanalizė.
Pastebima, kad iki šiol duomenys apie natūralių
aliejų ir cheminių preparatų, skirtų nėščiųjų
strijų atsiradimo profilaktikai, yra prieštaringi, trūksta
išsamesnių tyrimų. Šio straipsnio autorių atliktame
tyrime dalyvavo 60 vieną ar kelis kartus gimdžiusių
moterų, nėštumo metu strijų profilaktikai naudojusių
preparatus: natūralius aliejus arba cheminius preparatus.
Tiriamosios buvo suskirstytos į dvi grupes: I
grupėje buvo moterys, naudojusios natūralius aliejus,
II grupėje - naudojusios kosmetinius kremus ir
losjonus (cheminius preparatus). Kiekvienoje grupėje
buvo po 30 tiriamųjų. Duomenys rinkti apklausos
būdu. Analizuojant duomenis pastebėta, kad ir aliejų,
ir cheminių priemonių prevencinis strijų atsiradimo
poveikis panašus, reikšmingo skirtumo nėra. Natūralūs
aliejai labiausiai mažino strijų atsiradimo galimybę
grupėje, kurioje nėščiųjų amžius daugiau kaip
36 metai, o cheminiai preparatai labiausiai mažino
strijų atsiradimo galimybę grupėje nėščiųjų, kurių
amžiaus nuo 26 iki 35 metų, tačiau statistiškai patikimų
įrodymų negauta. Cheminės priemonės ir aliejai,
kaip profilaktikos priemonės, yra efektyvesni, kai
nėštumo metu svorio priaugama pagal normas arba
per mažai, tačiau ir šis teiginys statistiškai nepatvirtintas.
Ateityje, atliekant panašaus pobūdžio tyrimus,
reiktų į tyrimą įtraukti daugiau nėščiųjų.
KINEZITERAPIJOS, TAIKANT SPECIALIZUOTĄ ĖJIMO
PROGRAMĄ, POVEIKIS ASMENIMS PO IŠEMINIO
GALVOS SMEGENŲ INSULTO
Authors: Karbauskaitė Indrė , Mockevičienė Daiva , Norkienė Sigutė , Razbadauskas Artūras , Sąlyga Jonas
Published: January 2018

Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti kineziterapijoje taikomos
specializuotos ėjimo programos poveikį asmenims po
išeminio galvos smegenų insulto. Tiriamųjų kontingentas:
tyrime dalyvavo 22 vyresnio amžiaus asmenys,
kurių amžiaus vidurkis buvo 70,36 ± 3,6 metai.
Tiriamieji buvo suskirstyti į 2 grupes: tiriamąją – taikoma
kompleksinė reabilitacijos programa (n=11;
amžius 72±3,69) ir kontrolinę – kompleksinė reabilitacijos
programa ir kasdien po 20 minučių taikoma
papildomai parengta eisenos lavinimo programa
(n = 11; 69±3,64 metai). Abiejose grupėse kineziterapija
buvo vykdoma 4 savaites, 6 kartus per savaitę, 2
kartus per dieną tiriamojoje grupėje po 30 minučių, o
kontrolinėje grupėje po 40 minučių. Kontrolinėje grupėje,
prie įprastos kineziterapijos, papildomai buvo
taikoma specializuota ėjimo programa, gerinanti pacientų
pusiausvyrą, eisenos greitį ir mažinanti riziką
pargriūti. Tyrime buvo taikomi testai: Berg pusiausvyros
skalė, dinaminė pusiausvyra einant pagal Dinaminį
eisenos indeksą ir nustatomas eisenos greitis
naudojant ,,Stotis ir eiti“ testą.
Rezultatai ir išvados. Nustatyta, jog abiejų grupių
tiriamųjų pusiausvyros ir eisenos rezultatai, po 4 savaičių
reabilitacijos pagerėjo (p<0,05), tačiau tiriamosios
grupės rezultatai statistiškai reikšmingai skyrėsi
nuo kontrolinės. Išanalizuoti atlikto tyrimo duomenys
rodo, jog kineziterapijoje taikoma papildoma specializuota
ėjimo programa, parengta pusiausvyros ir
eisenos lavinimo tikslais, daro teigiamą poveikį asmenų
po išeminio insulto pusiausvyrai (tiriamosios
gr. – 51,82±3,6 balų.; kontrolinės gr. – 44,64±5,7
balų., skirtumas statistiškai reikšmingas p<0,05),
eisenai (tiriamosios gr. – 21,27±2,8 balų; kontrolinės gr. – 19,1±2,9 balų, skirtumas statistiškai reikšmingas
p<0,05) ir eisenos greičiui (tiriamosios gr.
-17,53±3,56 s.; kontrolinės gr. -21,69±5,7 s., skirtumas
statistiškai reikšmingas p<0,05).
BENDROSIOS PRAKTIKOS SLAUGYTOJŲ DARBO SU CITOSTATIKAIS PROBLEMATIKA
Authors: Smaidžiūnienė Dalė , Marcinkutė Lina
Published: January 2018

Susirgimų onkologinėmis ligomis problematika daugelyje išsivysčiusių pasaulio šalių išlieka labai aktuali, gydant šias ligas vienas iš pagrindinių gydymo metodų yra chemoterapija, kuri veikia ne tik navikines ląsteles, bet ir sveikas. Pacientų gydymo chemoterapija procese visuomet dalyvauja slaugytojas: užsako, tinkamai transportuoja bei laiko, skiedžia, lašina tirpalus arba paduoda tabletes pacientams, sutvarko sistemas bei priemones po šių medikamentų panaudojimo. Slaugytojų darbas su citostatikais turi tam tikrą specifiką, kurią slaugytojai turi žinoti. Taip pat darbo su citostatikais metu reikia laikytis personalo ir paciento saugumo reikalavimų. Literatūroje dažniausiai nagrinėjami citostatikų šalutiniai poveikiai pacientams, tyrimų, rodančių, kaip tai veikia bendrosios praktikos slaugytojų sveikatą, atliekama nedaug. Tyrimo tikslas: atskleisti darbo su citostatikais problematiką saugumo reikalavimų laikymosi bei poveikio bendrosios praktikos slaugytojų ir būsimųjų slaugytojų sveikatai kontekste. Straipsnyje analizuojami trijų tyrimų su identišku tyrimo objektu rezultatai. Tyrimai atlikti 2010, 2014, 2016-ais metais, juose dalyvavo X ir Y miestuose dirbantys 249 slaugytojai. Papildomai buvo apklausti visi X miesto N aukštosios mokyklos, pirmos pakopos bendrosios praktikos slaugos studijų studentai, kuriems profesinės veiklos praktikų metu teko dirbti su citostatikais. Tyrimo išvados. Skiedžiant citostatikus, slaugytojai dažniausiai įsijungia traukos spintą, tačiau darbo vietose vis dar trūksta kokybiškų asmeninių apsaugos priemonių arba slaugytojai jų nenaudoja. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad pasitaiko atvejų, kai citostatikai skiedžiami procedūriniame kabinete arba kitoje tam nepritaikytoje patalpoje. Pagrindinis specifiškas nepageidaujamas reiškinys slaugytojams skiedžiant citostatikus – metalo skonis burnoje, o bendrosios praktikos slaugos studijų studentams: galvos skausmas ar svaigimas, pykinimas, odos paraudimas, niežėjimas. Bendrosios praktikos slaugos studentai kaip pagrindinę problemą profesinės veiklos praktikų metu išsakė – instruktažo studentams nebuvimą ir netinkamus profesinius pavyzdžius, tokius kaip: pačių slaugytojų savisaugos bei darbo su citostatikiais saugumo reikalavimų nesilaikymas.
Theological Thinking and Eurocentric Epistemologies: A Challenge to Theologians from within Africana Religious Studies
Authors: Drexler-Dreis Joseph
Published: January 2018

Motivated by the work of scholars of Africana religions, this essay questions whether theology as a mode of critical reflection that depends on Christian-centric understandings of revelation can contribute toward a liberation from colonial relations of power. Actualizing liberation in a meaningful way requires a liberation from Eurocentric loci of rationality, yet theologians' movement toward liberation often proceeds precisely from such a site—namely, a reception of revelation dominated by the Mediterranean world and Europe. To explain this tension, I first consider how work within Africana religious studies challenges Christian theological ways of thinking. Second, I focus on uses of revelation in theology and consider how even nuanced understandings of revelation often remain mired epistemologically in colonial relations of power. I conclude by concretizing a question, prompted by scholars of Africana religions, that theologians must address within projects responding to colonial relations of power.
A Reflexive Response to J. Lorand Matory's Retrospective on the Critical Reception of Black Atlantic Religion
Authors: Iyanaga Michael
Published: January 2018

In this short essay, I reflect on many of the most significant ways in which J. Lorand Matory's now-classic book Black Atlantic Religion influenced my approach to the study of music and religion in Bahia. Moreover, I present some of what I believe to be the work's larger contributions within the broader scholarly context of its time.
Reflections on West Africa's Women of God: Alinesitoué and the Diola Prophetic Tradition
Authors: Ambler Charles
Published: January 2018

This brief discussion of Robert Baum's recent book, West Africa's Women of God: Alinesitoué and the Diola Prophetic Tradition, is based on comments made at a roundtable devoted to the work at the 2016 meeting of the American Academy of Religion. This commentary looks at Baum's work from the perspective of African history, including reflections on Baum's training as a historian. Focus is given to the persistent influence of Robin Horton's work on African conversion and the importance of Baum's book in challenging Horton's analysis.
West African Women of God: A Response
Authors: Baum Robert M.
Published: January 2018

This article, by the author of West Africa's Women of God, responds to five commentaries on my book. It raises issues about prophetic movements in West Africa, the role of women prophets, Diola religious history, and future research projects on Diola prophetic movements. Of central concern is Alinesitoué Diatta and her place within an ongoing tradition of women prophets of the supreme being. This tradition emerged from an older tradition of male prophets during the period of Portuguese, French, and British colonization.
Non-pharmacological interventions for aggression in persons with dementia: A 10-year follow-up review of the literature
Authors: Kinskey Caroline , Buchanan Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2018

Aggression is a common behavior in persons with dementia (PWDs). Nursing staff report that aggression is the most distressing behavior they face on the job. In addition, aggression may result in the prescription of psychotropic medications, which are largely ineffective and have dangerous side effects. Therefore, non-pharmacological interventions are necessary to safely manage aggressive behaviors and target the underlying cause of aggression. The current paper is a 10-year follow-up to Buchanan and colleagues’ 2007 literature review of non-pharmacological interventions for aggression in PWDs. This paper has three primary purposes: (1) To update the review of the empirical literature in this area; (2) To examine how limitations in the literature have been addressed over the past 10 years; and (3) To suggest areas of future inquiry. Findings suggest that comprehensive staff training interventions and distraction-based interventions during activities of daily living (ADLs) show the most promise for managing aggression in PWDs.
Influence of aging on the heat and gas emissions from commercial lithium ion cells in case of thermal failure
Authors: Lammer Michael , Königseder Alexander , Gluschitz Peter , Hacker Viktor
Published: January 2018

A method for thermal ramp experiments on cylindrical 18650 Li-ion cells has been established. The method was applied on pristine cells as well as on devices aged by cyclisation or by storage at elevated temperature respectively. The tested cells comprise three types of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cells for either high power or high energy applications. The heat flux to and from the cell was investigated. Degradation and exothermic breakdown released large amounts of heat and gas. The total gas and heat emission from cycled cells was significantly larger than emission from cells aged by storage. After aging, the low energy cell ICR18650HE4 did not transgress into thermal runaway. Gas composition changed mainly in the early stage of the experiment. The composition of the initial gas release changed from predominantly CO2 towards hydrocarbons. The thermal runaway emitted for all tests a comparable mixture of H2, CO and CO2.
ANALYSIS OF THE HARDNESS OF A SELECTED GROUP OF CAST IRON BRAKE ROTORS
Authors: KINAL Grzegorz , LIBERA Michał
Published: January 2018

The paper discusses the problems related to cast iron brake rotors in the context of their hardness, which is one of the fundamental mechanical properties of these components. This property fundamentally determines the resistance to the wear processes occurring at the contact of the working surface of the rotor with the brake pad. In order to ensure a proper braking process, the manufacturer must appropriately select the friction pair in terms of the hardness of the mating components and guarantee the constant hardness of each and every manufactured brake rotor. The research presented in the paper was conducted on a selected group of brake rotors. The average hardness of the investigated group of a given type and given manufacturer was ascertained by calculating the spread of the hardness results and checking whether the differences (and what type of differences) occur for newly manufactured and retailed rotors.
EVALUATION OF THE HOMOGENEITY OF THE WORKING SURFACE OF CAST IRON BRAKE DISCS
Authors: KINAL Grzegorz , PACZKOWSKA Marta
Published: January 2018

This article deals with the one of the most important elements of modern braking systems, which is a brake disc. A brake disc is the one of more stressed parts of the braking system, and its quality and design largely determine the braking performance of the vehicle. The article describes the technology of manufacturing disc brake pads that is important from the point of view of the wear processes occurring between two friction surfaces: the brake disc and the brake pad lining. The research of the cast iron ventilated brake disc surface measured the values of the selected roughness parameters at this site. In the context of measurements, it was also determined to be able to maintain a certain value of selected geometric parameters at a given location for the group of brake discs tested of a specific type and manufactured by a particular manufacturer. The work was carried out in the aspect of the research to create a surface layer to protect the brake discs from the effects of corrosive wear.
THE ROLE OF MOTION MONITORING IN EXPERIMENTS ON SLIDING FRICTION IN FLAT-ON-FLAT METALLIC CONTACTS
Authors: ŁUBIŃSKI Jacek
Published: January 2018

The paper describes an example of an experiment on sliding friction of metallic materials in which vibration measurement methods were used to identify friction induced vibrations occurring in sliding. The determination of the parameters of the motion of the critical components in the sliding system in different modes of operation allowed using the vibration signal as a source of information pertaining to the observed process. The tests performed with a metallic material were inspired by the earlier research performed with machine ceramics in which the result of vibration analysis allowed the determination of the correctness of measurement with regard to the conditions of contact and the analyses of the nature of the observed effect of vibration on the inflicted friction. The motion analysis data was used as a basis for a screening method eliminating corrupted measurements from the data set used for global evaluation of the friction characteristics. It was confirmed that, in a steel-on-steel sliding system, similar friction and vibration regimes occur as in ceramics-on-ceramics, but the effects of certain vibration modes are opposite in the two systems, despite the same load/velocity conditions.
EVALUATING THE INFLUENCE OF BENDING STRESS ON A 1H18N9 STEEL SHAFT WEAR PROCESS IN A WATER LUBRICATED SLIDING BEARING WITH A RUBBER BUSHING
Authors: PIĄTKOWSKA Ewa
Published: January 2018

The issue of excessive wear of shaft journals co-working with a rubber bearing has been unexplained so far. Premature and sometimes very intensive wear of ship sliding bearings in water conditions is the reason for carry out very expensive and more frequent than expected repairs. The authors (E. Piątkowska, W. Litwin) made an attempt to find a case that influences the value of this wear described in the paper “Attempt at Evaluating the Influence of Bending Stress on Shaft Wear Process in Water Lubricated Sliding Bearing with Rubber Bush” (TRIBOLOGY 1/2017). These studies, however, did not explain the dependency of the wear process but showed how to progress further to find the answer to the question about the effect of bending stress on shaft wear. The research is continued on a modified test stand, and their results are presented in this paper. The profilographometer was used to evaluate the wear of the journal shaft. To compare wear intensity, roughness profiles have been 'removed' from the journals both before and after co-operation. They were compared in terms of bending stresses and bending moments.
Tombs of Karakhamun and Karabasken, 2012–14: Fieldwork1
Authors: Pischikova Elena , Karim Fathy Yaseen Abd el , Ali Ramadan Ahmed , Noby Ezz El Din Kamal El
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the excavation of the entrance areas and open courts in the tombs of Karabasken and Karakhamun during the 2012–2014 field work. Karabasken and Karakhamun are the personalities behind the revival of large decorated tombs in the Theban area. The decisions and choices they made influenced tomb development in the late Kushite and Saite periods. By combining and reinterpreting elements of temple complexes and royal and elite tombs of earlier periods, they created a new theological space, a Kushite version of the temple-tomb. The chapter describes the architectural decoration of the entrance areas and open courts in the tombs of Karabasken and Karakhamun, along with some of the archaeological finds at the site ranging from fragments of a statue of Osiris to remains of burial equipment such as tubular faience beads and amulets from mummy nets.
Toward a Better Understanding of the Ritual of the Hours of the Night (Stundenritual)
Authors: Griffin Kenneth
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the Ritual of the Hours of the Night in the First Pillared Hall of the tomb of Karakhamun. The Ritual of the Hours of the Day and Night is one of a series of religious texts relating to the cycle of the sun god. The Hours of the Night have been interpreted as consisting of extracts from the Book of the Dead. In the earliest versions of the ritual, attested within the memorial temples of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III of the Eighteenth Dynasty, it is the pharaoh who is the beneficiary. The ongoing reconstruction of the tomb of Karakhamun offers the potential to better understand the Hours of the Night. The chapter first considers the sources for the texts of the Hours of the Night before analyzing its complete text.
A New High Steward of the God's Wife Nitocris: Padibastet, Grandson of Pabasa and Successor of Padihorresne1
Authors: Graefe Erhart
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the discovery of a previously unknown high steward of the Divine Wife, Padibastet, who was probably buried in the tomb of Karabasken. In 2013, the Mission of the South Asasif Conservation Project, under the direction of Elena Pischikova, discovered on the left side in front of the entrance niche to the Pillared Hall of Karabasken's tomb, a stela hewn into the rock. In 2014, it was confirmed that Padibastet used the unfinished tomb of Karabasken for his own burial. He possesses the “classical” titles of a High Steward of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. His father is Pabasa, who is known by the same name and title as one of the sons of the high steward Pabasa. Padibastet must also have been in office under the God's Wife Nitocris. The chapter first traces the genealogy of Padibastet before analyzing the vignette and text of the stela.
The Fragments of Doorjambs of Padihor, the [Overseer] of the Outline-draftsmen and Chamberlain of the God’s Wife, from the First Pillared Hall of the Tomb of Karakhamun (TT 223)
Authors: Graefe Erhart
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the fragments of door-jambs recovered from the First Pillared Hall of the tomb of Karakhamun and purportedly belonging to Padihor, the [overseer] of the outline draftsmen and chamberlain of the God's Wife. An intrusive burial chapel with a shaft was found in the southwest corner of the First Pillared Hall. On the north side of the chapel was an entrance erected out of blocks of sandstone and a threshold built out of bricks. All the original inscriptions on the adjacent walls and pillars were plastered to conceal the original text. The shaft in the northwest corner of the chapel leads to an unpainted burial chamber, which contained a group of objects dating to the Twenty-fifth Dynasty and could have belonged to the owner of the intrusive burial or the burial of Karakhamun himself. The chapter analyzes the religious texts inscribed upon the door frame of Padihor.
Coptic Ostraca in the Tombs of the South Asasif Necropolis1
Authors: Müller Matthias
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the corpus of Coptic ostraca found in the tombs of the South Asasif necropolis. Archaeological excavations at the South Asasif necropolis yielded 519 pottery sherds or limestone flakes bearing a variety of (mainly) Coptic texts. Of these, 490 pieces originated from the excavations at the tomb of Karakhamun and 29 from the tomb of Irtieru. One ostracon shows the remains of a hieratic text written in a rather proficient hand of the New Kingdom, while another preserves only the beginnings of two lines of possibly a literary text. The chapter describes the drawings on the ostraca as well as their textual genres. It also considers persons identified among the letters and fragments, with particular emphasis on Arkadios.
The Relationship between the Monks of Northern Egypt and the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church
Authors: Brakke David
Published: January 2018

This chapter surveys how bishops Athanasius, Theophilus, and Cyril interacted with the monks of northern Egypt. Although at times Kellia, Nitria, or Scetis are discussed in particular, for the most part the chapter speaks generally of monks resident in the semi-eremitical communities of the north. It is often difficult to determine precisely where the monks that they name were located, and the settlements at Kellia often served as a subset or more withdrawn version of other communities in Nitria. Kellia in particular was most populous in the sixth and seventh centuries, but the discussions focus on the fourth and fifth centuries, when the relationship between the monks and the patriarch was first established. The most significant areas or themes of the interactions between these monks and the patriarchs were proper ascetic practice, appointment to the episcopate, and the promotion of orthodoxy and the suppression of heresy and paganism.
Saint Barsum the Naked and His Veneration at al-Ma‘sara (Dayr Shahran)
Authors: Martyros Bishop
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the veneration of St. Barsoum the Naked near Cairo, in a monastery originally known as Dayr Shahran. During the time of St. Barsum the Naked, the Church underwent severe tribulation in the latter part of the sultanate of Khalil ibn Qalawun, when all the churches of Egypt, except in Alexandria, were closed, and Christians were forced to wear blue turbans as a way of distinguishing themselves from the Muslims. St. Barsum refused to wear a blue turban, and was later flogged and imprisoned. After he was released, he lived on the roof of the church, continuing to pray that God would forgive the sins of his people and soften the hearts of their rulers.
The Arabic Version of the Miracles of Apa Mina
Authors: Takla Hany N.
Published: January 2018

Egyptian texts concerning Apa Mina have came down to us in Sahidic and Arabic as hagiographic texts and in Bohairic mostly as liturgical texts. This chapter deals primarily with the Arabic text of the Miracles of Apa Mina as found in manuscript ML.MS.166 in the manuscript collection of St. Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society in Los Angeles, and to a lesser extent with that of a digital copy of a manuscript brought to the Society in 2008 from Mar Mina Monastery in Maryut. It is catalogued as Ms.Mar.Mena.2 in the collection. The research on this text is still in its preliminary stages.
Life of Pope Cyril VI (Kyrillos VI)
Authors: Mina Teddawos Ava , Youssef Youhanna Nessim
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the life and accomplishments of Pope Cyril VI (Anba Kyrillos VI), the 116th patriarch of Alexandria. Pope Cyril received the Syriac patriarch Ignatius Ya'qub III in January 1959. Two years later, in May 1961, he accepted an invitation from the Syrian Orthodox patriarch to visit Damascus. In Addis Ababa in 1965, the first conference of the non-Chalcedonian Churches took place, under the chairmanship of Pope Cyril VI. A follow-up conference of the non-Chalcedonian Churches was held in Cairo in January 1966. The outcome of these meetings was the beginning of an opening with the Chalcedonian Churches. A theological college was also built in the vicinity of the new St. Mark Cathedral under the auspices of Pope Cyril VI.
Marcus Simaika
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine , Reid Donald M.
Published: January 2018

Marcus Pasha Simaika (1864–1944) was born to a prominent Coptic family on the eve of the inauguration of the Suez Canal and the British occupation of Egypt. From a young age he developed a passion for Coptic heritage and devoted his life to shedding light on centuries of Christian Egyptian history. His achievement lies in his role as a visionary administrator who used his status to pursue relentlessly his dream of founding a Coptic Museum and preserving endangered monuments. During his lengthy career—first as a civil servant, then as a legislator and member of the Coptic community council—Marcus Simaika maneuvered endlessly between the patriarch and the church hierarchy, the Coptic community council, the British authorities, and the government to bring them together in his fight to save Coptic heritage. This biography draws upon Simaika's unpublished memoirs as well as on other documents and photographs from the Simaika family archive to deepen our understanding of several important themes of modern Egyptian history: the development of Coptic archaeology and heritage studies, Egyptian–British interactions during the colonial and semi-colonial eras, shifting balances in the interaction of clergymen and the lay Coptic community, and the ever-sensitive evolution of relations between Copts and Muslims.
Al-Majlis al-Milli
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Marcus Simaika's role as a member of Al-Majlis al-Milli. At Cyril V's return from exile, the majlis was dissolved and a committee was appointed to carry out the work of the Coptic patriarchate. Due to accusations of bribery and corruption, the committee was dissolved and a new majlis was elected in 1905, of which Simaika was again a member. Three years later, Simaika was elected vice president of the Majlis al-Milli under the ex-officio presidency of the patriarch. Four committees were formed: the first to look after Coptic schools; a second in charge of Coptic churches, monasteries, and the clerical college; a third to administer waqfs; and a fourth to supervise the administrative work of the patriarchate. Simaika resigned in 1928 in protest at the financial policy followed by the majlis.
A Crumbling Heritage
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Marcus Simaika's efforts to preserve the ancient Coptic churches that had been subjected to destruction and damage. In the preface to his book A Brief Guide to the Coptic Museum and to the Principal Ancient Churches of Cairo, Simaika addressed the importance of Coptic antiquities. He divided Coptic art into two main periods: the first spanned the era from the fourth to the tenth centuries, and the second period extended from the tenth century. During his stay at Alfred J. Butler's house in Oxford in the fall of 1890, Simaika warned both Butler and Somers Clarke of the danger to the ancient Coptic churches from well-meaning but misguided benefactors who wanted to replace these priceless monuments with Italian marbled structures in the Greek style. Simaika proposed that these churches be placed under the control of the “Committee for the Preservation of Arab Art.”
A New Museum
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Marcus Simaika's role in the establishment of the Coptic Museum. It was in 1908 that Simaika made his first attempt to start a small Coptic museum. While engaged in the repair and restoration of the ancient churches as a member of the Comité, Simaika had collected a large quantity of interesting carved wood and stone fragments. He had asked Patriarch Cyril V for permission to move the objects he had collected, along with any spare icons, manuscripts, and carved wooden screens, into two rooms adjoining the Muʻallaqa Church in Old Cairo. When it was constructed, the Coptic Museum filled a gap in the chronology of Egyptian history and culture, and with its foundation Egypt finally had museums grouping together the antiquities of each of the four main periods of its history.
The Population Quality Challenge
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

Hong Kong’s unusual demographic condition today is a direct result of the massive immigration wave that occurred in 1945–1951. The situation has been worsened by inadequate investment in education at all levels. These long-lasting effects will continue to impact Hong Kong’s future in this century unless we implement an immigration policy and set significant target numbers to attract educated and skilled persons to be our permanent residents. Alternative measures suggested in the government’s consultation document on population policy – Thoughts for Hong Kong – will not be adequate.
Human Capital Enhancement through Education and Immigration
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

The chapter points out that to meet Hong Kong’s population challenge in the next three decades, it urgently needs to implement human capital enhancement policies. Its future as an international metropolis is under severe challenge because of the aging of its population. The failure to replenish itspopulation numbers with university-educated talents, especially in the working population, is very worrying. Hong Kong’s population aging problem is particularly seriousImmigrants who came in the postwar period were the foundation of Hong Kong’s success, and they enriched the life of the city. The city must shed the insular mentality that is emerging today if it is to avoid the fate of becoming a capitalist museum by the end of this century. The real population challenge for Hong Kong lies in our readiness to adopt and implement policies that are necessary to shaping the city’s future.
The Poverty Line and the Value of Public Rental Housing Subsidies to the Poor
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

There is one very simple and costless way to alleviate poverty in one fell swoop. All one has to do is to transfer full private ownership rights of the public housing units to the occupying tenant free of charge. . … This would, according to the government study, lift 600,000 households in public rental housing above the poverty line. This would have been the best Christmas gift the Poverty Commission could bestow on the poor people in Hong Kong on the eve of the sixtieth anniversary of the Shek Kip Mei Fire.
Education, Divorce, and Household Income Inequality in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

Education is the most important determinant of income dispersion among individuals and, indirectly, among households. Government policy should place human capital investment at the center of its strategy to reduce poverty and enhance inter- generational mobility. Rising divorce rates should be given far more attention as a growing source of poverty that impedes intergenerational mobility. Investing in the children of poor and broken families is the best policy to reduce long-term income inequality. Society should provide additional subsidies and support to students from these families as an investment in their human capital, especially during their early childhood. Students with ability should be offered scholarships to study in the best schools. The government does not have to fund everything, but it should take the lead to encourage private contributions for this purpose.
Minimum Wage Effects on Household Income Distribution and the Labor Market
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

It is a mistake to believe that the minimum wage helps low-income households, the workers, and, to a lesser extent, even among the high-income households. For Hong Kong to genuinely address poverty, it is far more important to study much more comprehensively the real incidence and causes of poverty and not let politics get in the way. The provision of a basic income is a far better policy than a minimum wage. Has minimum wage made a difference in helping low-income households and reducing income inequality? What effect has it had on labor market employment and unemployment?
Demystifying the Rising Poverty Rate
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

The widespread perception of a spectacular rise in poverty rates in the past decade or so is not substantiated. The evidence shows that the economically active household poverty rate has risen modestly, not phenomenally, since 1985. The government’s recurrent cash transfer has done a reasonable job in keeping the poverty rate within bounds. It might have inadvertently provided incentives for more people to drop out of the labor force and thereby created some of the poverty that society is trying to alleviate.
Reflections on Old Age Poverty in Public Rental Housing Estates
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

Privatizing the public rental housing estates would create a very large client pool of elderly homeowners willing to take advantage of mortgage-backed annuity schemes in the era of modern finance. This would create better opportunities for diversifying risks associated with the uncertainty of life expectancy. A bigger market could lead to better terms to the benefit of all participants. And, if the elderly poor in our public housing estates became homeowners, perhaps their children would pay them more attention. In principle, recurrent government funding is not required because it would be financed by land that currently has no market value because public rental housing units are nontraded assets. Selling public rental housing units to sitting tenants would restore the market value of a non- traded asset that could provide old age support for elderly people.
Introduction
Authors: Aszkielowicz Dean
Published: January 2018

For Australia’s government, military, and people, the conflict with Japan that lasted from December 1941 to August 1945 was by far the most significant part of the Second World War. During those years Australian and Commonwealth forces, alongside those of the United States, battled the Japanese military on land, at sea, and in the air in a series of ferocious and bloody encounters. Japan achieved great military success early in its war against the US and its allies; at its peak the Japanese empire encompassed large areas of East and South East Asia and the Pacific. As a result of their sweeping early victories, Japanese forces captured roughly 320,000 prisoners, of whom 140,000 were Allied soldiers. The rest were civilians in areas that Japanese forces occupied....
Procedure
Authors: Aszkielowicz Dean
Published: January 2018

The Australian prosecutions were a difficult balance of several competing imperatives. The government, military, legal professionals and the public all, on balance, called for trials that were fair and upheld the highest standards of Western justice. The prosecutions needed to be effective though, and it was thought that justice out to be carried out swiftly. To maintain this balance, the Australian trials featured procedures that were uncommon in civilian courts and even in pre-war military courts. Cases could be built on affidavit evidence only, and accused war criminals could not avoid a guilty conviction by blaming their crimes on the military chain of command.
The First Phase of the Prosecutions, 1945–1948
Authors: Aszkielowicz Dean
Published: January 2018

With legal questions resolved, and a widespread public and official determination to bring Japan to justice, the Australian prosecutions began in November 1945 with great impetus. Trials began at venues around the Pacific, in Asia and in Darwin. Though the original schedule for the number of prosecutions was ambitious, early progress was good. The trials encountered headwinds in 1947, however, and resourcing them became a problem. Progress eventually slowed and the trials entered a period of uncertainty.
The Changing Political Context
Authors: Aszkielowicz Dean
Published: January 2018

During the early years of the Australian trials, the international political context was favourable. The U.S. led Occupation of Japan was focused on reforming or punishing Japan. The threat of communism to regional security and the hopes of a democratic Japan, however, was never far from the minds of key U.S. thinkers, in both Japan and Washington. Gradually the Occupation entered a second phase, the Reverse Course. The U.S. began to take steps to rehabilitate the Japanese economy and support Japan’s recovery from the war, in an effort to strengthen Japanese institutions against communist influence. In this new political climate, war crimes prosecutions quickly became unfashionable. The Australian government remained suspicious of Japan throughout the Reverse Course, and found it hard to accept the U.S. line that communism was now a greater threat to the Pacific than Japan.
Post-trial
Authors: Aszkielowicz Dean
Published: January 2018

Australia’s trials ended in April 1951, and just a few months later in September, the San Francisco Peace Treaty signalled that the Occupation would end the following year and Japan would return to the international community. A nationwide petition movement in Japan began calling for the repatriation of war criminals who had been convicted by Allied courts and resided in overseas prisons, such as some of those convicted by Australia who were now imprisoned on Manus Island. Meanwhile, other war criminals who were convicted by Australian courts resided in Sugamo Prison in Tokyo, and the Japanese government was bound by Article 11 of the peace treaty to keep them in prison until the convicting country allowed their release. Article 11 was not enough to reassure the Australian government that the Japanese would respect the decisions handed down in its war crimes courts, however, and this made the government anxious over repatriating the war criminals on Manus. In Japan, the petition movement began to pressure the Japanese government and the Australian embassy for the return of these prisoners.
A New Direction
Authors: Aszkielowicz Dean
Published: January 2018

In 1954, the Australian government moved on from its cautious approach to Japan, and charted a new course in Australia-Japan relations, where the government would do all that it could to develop close political ties with Japan. War criminals though, remained an important issue in Japan and after they were repatriated the Australian government began to receive calls from Japan for their release. Even with Australia-Japan relations moving towards a new era though, the government was reluctant to simply release the war criminals. Instead the government sought a legal solution where the prisoners could be released on parole or have their sentences reduced. The conditions for the reduction of sentences became ever more lenient and in 1957, all remaining war criminals convicted by Australian courts were released.
Conclusion
Authors: Aszkielowicz Dean
Published: January 2018

Commerce began to dominate relations between Japan and Australia in 1957. The Japanese prime minister, Kishi Nobusuke (1896–1987), and representatives of the Australian government, signed the Japan-Australia Agreement on Commerce in Hakone, Japan, on 6 July 1957, in what was considered in both Japan and Australia to be a landmark trade deal....
Subject and Verb
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter explains the subject-verb agreement rule for sentences. It gives situations in which it is difficult to recognize the subject in a sentence and then moves on to problems relating to collective nouns. The chapter also explores how the structure of questions is different from that of statements.
Prepositions and Particles
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides lists of the most commonly confused phrases containing prepositions, with the main issue being wrong choice of preposition/particle. These mistakes can only be eliminated through exposure. The chapter also explores how phrasal verbs are formed and why they should be replaced with single verbs where possible.
Clauses and Other Structures
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

The chapter begins by presenting the two main types of clause and how they function in a sentence. It then introduces certain phrases that can begin and link clauses, including the troublesome term ‘that’. The chapter explains a few irregular sentence constructions before finishing with some guidance on forming lists and negative sentences.
Noun-Adjective-Verb Confusion
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how related noun and adjective forms are misused, focusing initially on the typical endings or suffixes of these forms. Then the chapter addresses noun and verb confusion with a list that reveals the terms that prove particularly problematic to distinguish.
Queering the Post-L Word Shane in the “Garden of Eden”
Authors: Zhao Jing Jamie
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents a critical analysis of Chinese fans’ queer gossip discourse surrounding the American actress Katherine Moennig, most famous still for her breakthrough role as a butch lesbian character in the television series The L Word (Showtime, 2004–2009). Through a deconstructive reading of the gossip that imagines Moennig’s real-life lesbian gender identities and homoerotic relationships in one of the largest cross-cultural fandoms in Chinese cyberspace, The Garden of Eden (Yidianyuan), the author reveals that, rather than simply assimilating or rejecting the normative understandings of the West as a civilized, queer-friendly haven and China as a backward, heterocentric nation, the fans’ intricate fantasies about the Western queer world reflect their subjective, hybridized reappropriation and reinscription of the Chinese queer Occidentalist imaginations. Ultimately, she argues that the queer Occidentalism exemplified in this cross-cultural gossip functions as a survival strategy for queer fans to interrogate the depressing, heteropatriarchal realities in contemporary mainstream Chinese society.
Exploring the Significance of “Japaneseness”
Authors: Chang Weijung
Published: January 2018

The main purpose of this chapter is to examine the localization of Fujoshi culture in Taiwan by situating it within the context of Japanophilia. By examining the Japanophilia phenomenon and interviewing twelve Taiwanese Fujoshi, the author argues that the role Japaneseness plays in Taiwanese Fujoshi’s BL fantasies, which facilitates their desire for confluent intimacy, is heavily related to the historical, political, and social context in which both the familiarity and foreignness of Japaneseness have been gradually shaped. It shows how gender, sexuality, and national and cultural practices intersect with each other, resulting in the creation of fantasies and pleasures, in the sense that the construction of Taiwanese Fujoshi BL fantasies contains a range of women’s attitudes toward male homoerotism and their desire for Japaneseness. It not only explores how Fujoshi cultures are practiced and localized under different social contexts, but also suggests a situating of Taiwan as an exemplary mediator within the East Asian cultural sphere by indicating how the complicated historical, political, and cultural relation with Japan has contributed to shape a kind of hybrid cultural practice.
The American Dream and the Water Bounty in Appalachian Kentucky
Authors: Burch John R.
Published: January 2018

Since the early nineteenth-century, entrepreneurs have looked to Eastern Kentucky’s natural resources as a means to enrich themselves and their business partners. In their wake, they have often left an impoverished region that suffers from chronic unemployment, economic underdevelopment, and severe environmental damage. The story of the three forks of the Kentucky River demonstrates that the economic prosperity of the Commonwealth has historically been tied to its waterways. For Eastern Kentucky, this connection has not resulted in long-term prosperity, but rather brief moments of development tied to the water harvest bounty. For example, on the Kentucky River’s South Fork, Central Kentucky elites shipped salt for national pork preservation. The salt pork industry led to a brief prosperity in Clay County that ended with the rise of the Kanawha salt industry elsewhere in the country. In Lee County at the Kentucky River’s main course, lock and dam construction for transporting lumber and coal boosted the local economy significantly, but by the time the dams were finished, the Louisville and Atlantic Railroad had gained shipments previously reserved for waterways and modern barges had grown too large for the river.
Life on the River
Authors: Wiglesworth Jamey
Published: January 2018

This chapter illustrates what it means to live on and with a river, in this case, working, playing, and experiencing the joys and occasional hardships of life on the Kentucky River. The author describes the pace of life as leisurely and peaceful, a place of transcendence. The river provides a place to play and socialize with friends and family, and a place to experience a unity with nature.