bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Status and Variations of Ecological Parameters of Domestic Sewage Inflow at Niccopark and Vanivihar Wetlands of Bhubaneswar, India
Authors: Patro Babita , Patri Priyambada , Sudha M. , Prasad J. , Khuntia Chinmayee P. , Tripathy N. K. , Jana R. K. , Jena J. K.
Published: November 2023

To assess the status of water quality of municipal wastewater and to quantify the sewage flow in two important locations of Bhubaneswar City, Orissa, viz., Vanivihar and Niccopark wetlands, composite samplings at hourly intervals were carried out for 96 hours in every three months during 2003-05. In general, the inflow of wastewater at both the sites was maximum during 9-11 am, and the variations were in line with the probable water use pattern of the surrounding community and time of travel from different sources. However, the variations in rainy season sampling were largely influenced by the rainfall pattern. At Vanivihar, the nutrient load during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon season were 11.72, 7.55 and 9.58 mg/l as total inorganic nitrogen and 2.05, 3.46 and 2.67 mg/l as phosphate, while the BOD5 level was 132, 103 and 126 mg/l, respectively. The mean population of total coliforms were 7.6, 5.71 and 5.27 x 105 CFUs/100 ml; faecal coliforms 3.59, 2.69 and 2.73 x 105 CFUs/100 ml; faecal streptococci 2.83, 2.78 and 2.29 x 105 CFUs/100 ml; and Salmonella 0.88, 0.76 and 1.6 x 105 CFUs/100 ml during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon samplings, respectively. The corresponding levels of different parameters at Niccopark were 13.86, 8.68 and 11.1 mg/l; 2.58, 3.72 and 4.19 mg/l; 145, 109 and 134 mg/l; 7.87, 6.94 and 4.23 x 105 CFUs/100 ml; 4.35, 3.8 and 2.85 x 105 CFUs/100 ml; 4.02, 2.6 and 2.4 x 105 CFUs/100 ml; 1.1, 0.83 and 1.01 x 105CFUs/100 ml. Record of high concentration of nutrients, organic load and microbial pathogens in two sampling sites throughout the sampling period indicated that water drained into the downstream is heavily contaminated.
Biomonitoring of Kulla Beel, a Flood Plain Wet-land, Using Benthic Macro Invertabrates
Authors: Rout S. K. , Pradhan S. , Bandhyopadhaya P. K. , Sahoo J. K.
Published: November 2023

Kulia beel, a flood plain wetland, located in Nadia District of West Bengal is surrounded by hospital, industries and human settlements. In the present study the ecological assessment through biomonitoring was done by using benthic macroinvertebrates collected from five sites during pre-monsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon periods. Average Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H) was found to vary from 0.953 at S2 during pre-monsoon to 1.683 at S3 during post-monsoon. The evenness index (1) varied from a maximum average value of 0.998 at site S-4 to a minimum average value of 0.614 at site S-1 during pre-monsoon seasons. Both the indices indicate the water body to be moderately polluted.
Antibacterial Activity of Curcuma longa on Fish Microbial Pathogens
Authors: Sahu Swagatika , Mishra B. K. , Pradhan J. , Das B. K.
Published: November 2023

Antibacterial properties of turmeric, Curcuma longa were tested against virulent pathogenic isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, Edwardsiella tarda, Escherichia coli and Flavobacterium columnare. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of C. longa were tried for the antibacterial study. Both the extracts showed moderate to high sensitivity against A. hydrophila (10-14 mm), P. aeruginosa (12-16 mm), P. fluorescens (8-15 mm), E. coli (9-15 mm), E. tarda (10-12 mm) and F. columnare (12-14 mm), respectively, as measured by zone of inhibition test. On silica gel column chromatography, ethanolic extract of C. longa were fractionated. Out of 10 fractions collected, 4 fractions showed antibacterial properties against these pathogenic bacteria. Both the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of turmeric can serve as therapeutics for controlling bacterial infection in aquaculture practice.
Acute Toxicity of Botanical Pesticides, Neem Oil (Azadirachta indica) and Polygonum hydropiper Leaf Extracts in Fingerlings of Catla catla (ham.)
Authors: Das P. C. , Jena M. , Sinhababu D. P.
Published: November 2023

Use of botanical pesticides is considered a safe and environment friendly method for controlling rice insect pests in lowland. To explore the possibility of using neem oil (Azadirachta indica) and the leaf extract of Polygonum hydropiper (a lowland weed) as botanical pesticides against rice insect pest in lowland rice-fish ecosystem, acute toxicity experiments were conducted in control condition using fingerlings of Catla catla (4.4±0.4 g, 7.3±0.6 cm) as the test fish. The botanicals were applied as emulsion by adding ‘labolene’ (a liquid detergent) as the emulsifier to neem oil and grinded leaf of P. hydropiper. The immediate knockdown effect in terms of fish mortality was recorded in both the botanicals within first 24 hours of application. No fish mortality was observed after 24 hours indicating faster biodegradation of these toxicants. The 24 h LC50 were found to be 36.6 l/l for neem oil and 4.6 mg/l for leaf of P. hydropiper. These concentrations are much higher than the recommended dose applied against insect pest in rice crop. The study indicates that these two botanicals can be used in rice-fish ecosystem at their recommended dose level for control of rice insect pest without any fish mortality.
Biology of Length-weight and Feeding in Juveniles and Adults of Air-breathing Perch Anabas testudineus (BLOCH)
Authors: Dey Ankana , K. Das Sudhir
Published: November 2023

The biology of feeding and growth pertaining to seasonal variations in diet composition, length-weight relationship and condition factor of Anabas testudineus was studied for a period of one year in two size group fishes (Group I: juveniles of <100 mm and Group II: adults of >100 mm). The length-weight relationship of the fish for Group I was W=0.00849 L3.2168 and for Group II was W=0.00877 L3.1502. The relative condition factor fluctuated from 1.032 to 1.372 indicating a significant variation (p < 0.05) in two size groups. The feeding intensity was maximum during October to December. Diet composition indicated the highest occurrence of insects followed by crustaceans and decayed organic matter. It also showed variations in different size group of fishes.
Alterations in Haematolog (Linnaeus), Induced by Experimental Procamallanus Infection
Authors: Ruhela Shashi , Pandey Ajay K. , Khare Ashok K.
Published: November 2023

In order to record the effects of experimental Procamallanus infection on blood parameters of Clarias batrachus, total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin content (Hb), total leucocyte count (TLC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haeamoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were determined and calculated on day 15, 30 and 45 post-infection. TEC, Hb and PCV recorded a decline whereas TLC registered an increase during the post-infection period. While MCV and MCH recorded an increase on day 15 and 30 (except on day 45) post-infection, MCHC displayed a significant decrease on day 15 and 45 (except on day 30) post-infection in C. batrachus. The haematological alterations due to Procamallanus infection appear to cause anaemia in the catfish.
The Culture of Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Kharland (saline) Ponds of Ratnagiri, Maharashtra
Authors: Saksena D. N. , Gaidhane D. M. , Singh H.
Published: November 2023

The coastal saline soils locally called as ‘Kharland’, though unsuitable for agriculture can be utilized for the culture of prawns and fishes. The Kharland ponds were prepared for the culture by applying lime, cattle dung, urea and single super phosphates in appropriate doses to create suitable environment for culture. The prawn culture was done in two rectangular ponds with an area of 450 m2 (0.045 ha) each. Post-larvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii were stocked @ 50,000 per hectare. The initial average size and weight of post-larvae stocked were 11.00±3.04 mm and 13.0±5.1 mg in pond P1, and 11.00±3.14 mm and 13.00±8.12 mg in pond P2. The prawns were fed with laboratory-prepared feed @ 10% of the biomass every day. After a period of four months the prawn grew up to 88.0±6.5 mm and 2169.0±3.08 mg in pond P1 and 85.0±4.2 mm and 1980.0±9.8 mg in pond P2. The study suggested possible utilization of Kharland ponds for culture.
Studies on Growth and Survival of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) At Different Stocking Densities Under Paddy-Cumfish Culture System in Manipur
Authors: Behera B. K. , Panda B. B. , P. Panda , Sahu A. K.
Published: November 2023

Experiment was conducted during 2005-07 in the farmers' field in Manipur to study the effect of stocking density on growth and survival of fish under paddy-cum-fish culture system. Highest average daily growth (1.77 g/day) and survival (85.2%) were observed at the stocking density of 4000 fingerlings/ha. Fish production, however, was highest at stocking density of 6000 fingerlings/ha. The rice crop performed better under paddy-cum-fish culture compared to paddy cultivation alone. The grain and straw yield increased by 12.45 and 8.39% respectively under paddy-cum-fish culture. The highest grain (5215 kg/ ha) and straw yield (8879 kg/ ha) was achieved in paddycum- fish culture at a stocking density of 8000 fingerlings/ha. However, the highest net returns (Rs. 58,592/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (3.62) was obtained at stocking density of 6000 fingerlings/ha.
Fish-Cum-Duck Integrated Farming- A Case Study
Authors: Mishra Bibhudatta , Kumar Kuldeep , Banja B. K. , Jena J. K. , Sarangi N.
Published: November 2023

Integrated farming system plays vital role in judicious utilization of small water holdings in rural sector for enhancing animal protein production. Considering the potential of duck excreta as manurial input in fish culture, a grow-out trial was carried out in a 0.1 ha earthen pond at the fish farm of the Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, India during 2006-2007 to evaluate the productivity from fish-duck integrated system. The pond was stocked with five carp species viz., rohu, mrigal, grass carp, silver carp and common carp @7500 fingerlings/ha (4.7±1.0 to 10.8±0.4 g). One-day-old layer ducklings (100 nos Khaki Campbell) were reared on the pond embankment in a two-storied shed (6 m length x 3 m width x 0.8 m height). Ducks were provided with commercial starter feed @ 22-50 g/bird/d for initial four weeks and subsequently, 50% commercial feed was replaced with duckweed viz., Lemna and Spirodela, fed twice daily. The excreta and leftover duck feed from shed were directly washed to pond as manurial input. The water, soil and excreta were analyzed periodically. The survival levels of different species were rohu 97.3%, mrigal 96.8%, grass carp 63.15%, silver carp 47.36% and common carp 99%. The net fish biomass production recorded after one year of culture period was 4174.5 kg/ha. The stocked common carp also found to be self bred resulting 198 additional fish of smaller size (46.85 kg). After 240 days culture period, female ducks started laying eggs (592). There was a declining growth trend observed after 318 days. In addition, 106.4 kg duck meat (85 nos. duck, av. wt. 1.25 kg) was produced. The study reaffirmed the higher production potential of carp polyculture with duck excreta without any supplementary feed.
Effect of Dietary Thyroxine Supplementation to Brood Nsh on Early Larval Development of Climbing Perch, Anabas testiidineus
Authors: Pradhan P. K. , Thomas P. C.
Published: November 2023

Effect of dietary thjroxine (T4) supplementation to Anabas testudineus brood fish on growth of their larvae were evaluated. The brood fish were divided into four groups - one group was fed with control diet and rest three groups were fed with 2 mg T4/kg diet, 5 mg T^/kg diet and 10 mg T^/kg diet, respectively for a period of 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, the fish were induced to breed using Ovaprim and the larvae were reared separately for a period of two weeks. The results indicated that larvae of T4 treated spawners exhibited significant increase in growth and also tended to show better survival compared to larvae of control group spawners. When larvae of control and T4 treated spawners were reared in thyroid hormone containing rearing medium (0.05 ppm), it was indicated that T4 at 0.05 ppm accelerated growth in larvae of control spawners and consistently, the same did not induce growth increment in the case of T4 treated spawners larvae. Hence, it was considered that in the case of T4 treated spawners, there might be transfer of thyroid hormone from mother to the oocytes and subsequently to the larvae and further treatment through immersion might have resulted in over dose of thyroid hormone leading to thyrotoxicosis and thereby growth retardation.
Mapping of Sediment and Water Resources of Nadia District, West Bengal, India for Freshwater Aquaculture Management Practices
Authors: Chakrabarti P. P. , Sah K. D. , Sing A. K, , Bhowmik A. K.
Published: November 2023

Present study relates to the fish growth, optimization and profitable fish production through pond sediment and water resources maps on sustainable basis. ALl blocks of Nadia district of West Bengal comprising of hot moist sub-humid agro-ecological region were thoroughly surveyed and physico-chemical characteristics of pond water and sediments were analysed. Based on the sediment and pond water resources an improved the fertilizer and manure management schedule, as well as maps have been prepared and demonstration of carp polyculture were carried out. All the fish species attained higher growth in the ponds of hot moist sub-humid agro-ecological regions (alluvial soils) following new nutrient management map over control. The average total fish production in experimental and control ponds was 5.184 and 3.095 tonnes/ha/yr, respectively.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Recombinant Capsid and B2 Proteins of Macrobrachium rosenbergii Nodavirus in Freshwater Prawn M. rosenbergii (de Man)
Authors: Das Abhilipsa , Dilli Kumar M. , Routray Prangyashree , Pillai Bindu R. , Shekhar M. S. , Sahoo P. K.
Published: November 2023

The present study evaluated the role of recombinant capsid and B2 proteins of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) in modulating the immune response and MrNV load in infected prawns. In the first experiment, the sub-adult prawns were injected with recombinant capsid and B2 proteins at a concentration of 0, 1.0 and 10 μg (per prawn), and immune parameters and expression of some immune-related genes measured up to 14 days post-injection (dpi). In another experiment, early juvenile prawns were immunized with similar dose of both proteins and the animals were then challenged by immersion with MrNV. Following the challenge, the infection status in these prawns was detected in muscle by nested RT-PCR up to 14 dpi. In the sub-adult prawns, exposure to capsid and B2 proteins modulated the immune response as observed in total and differential haemocyte counts, total protein, lysozyme and prophenol oxidase activities, and expression changes in cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase and β-glucan binding protein genes in hepatopancreas at different time post-exposure. In early juvenile prawns, only the exposure to capsid protein remarkably reduced the viral load 14 days after challenge as observed in screening through nested RT-PCR based assay. On the other hand, there was no significant reduction in viral load upon injection of only B2 protein at both the dose levels of exposure. The present study opens up scope for using capsid protein as immunomodulator in reducing viral load and enhancing immune status of prawn M. rosenbergii.
Habitat Ecology of a Freshwater Crab, Sartoriana spinigera (Wood-Mason, 1871) in Three Districts of Eastern Odisha
Authors: Pati P. K. , Guru B. C. , Routray P.
Published: November 2023

The habitat ecology of freshwater crab Sartoriana spinigera was studied for a period of two years (January 2010-December 2011) in two distinct ecosystems viz., the canal and the ponds in three districts of eastern Odisha (Cuttack, Kendrapara and Bhadrak). These crabs were available in good numbers in the monsoon season in these districts with two peaks of abundance in each year. During the first and second year of study the total crab availability showed a greater peak in the month of August and lower in the month of April. It was found that the freshwater crab S. spinigera required an optimal habitat having a sandy clay soil. The water parameters in the study sites were found varied such as temperature 24.36 to 35.19°C, pH 5.9 to 7.6, conductivity 0.423 to 0.461µS/cm, dissolved oxygen 3.4 to 6.9 mg/l, free CO2 13.3 to 18.2 mg/l, total alkalinity 115 to 156 mg/l, phosphate 0.012 to 0.036 mg/l, ammonia nitrogen 0.008 to 0.053 mg/l and nitrate nitrogen 0.041 to 0.054 mg/l. Similarly, the sample crabs required different soil parameters in their habitats: pH 6.5-7.3, organic carbon 0.45-0.63 mg/l, nitrogen 8.28-8.84 mg/l, phosphate 1.23-1.86 mg/l and conductivity 0.053-0.072 µS/cm. Further, it was observed that to support the scavenging and omnivorous food habits of such crabs, a rich growth of micro flora and fauna was essential in their habitat. The gut content analysis of such crabs showed the presence of phytoplankton, zooplanktons like copepods, ostracods, amphipods, isopods along with crustacean larvae and their appendages, molluscan larvae, eggs of fishes, certain unidentified species and soil. This study confirmed the food habit of crabs and thus explained the role of these crabs in the food web of their habitats.
Expression Kinetics of Vitellogenin Gene in Estradiol-17β Induced Catla catla
Authors: Ranjan Sahoo Deepak , Nandi Samiran , Mohanty Jyotirmaya
Published: November 2023

Vitellogenin (Vtg) is the yolk precursor protein in fish and is synthesized in the liver under estradiol-17β (E2) stimulation. In all oviparous animals, Vtg is synthesized as a response to endogenous estrogen in females in the breeding season. It also could be induced exogenously by E2 in males and juveniles. In the current study the inducibility of Vtg gene in Indian major carp, Catla catla was tested. A semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed for kinetic study of Vtg mRNA level in C. catla after primary and secondary inductions by E2. It was found that the level of Vtg-specific mRNA was highest following 12 h post treatment in primary induction, and after 1 d post treatment in secondary induction. There was a sharp decrease in Vtg mRNA level on day one and day two in primary and secondary induction, respectively. Thus the ‘memory effect’ of vitellogenin induction by E2 in catla could not be confirmed.
Utility of Mitochondrial Atpase 8 Gene Sequence in Identification of Indian Carps
Authors: Bej Dillip , Das Sofia P. , Swain Subrat , Jayasankar P. , Das P.
Published: November 2023

Identification of fish species is essential for better broodstock management as well as for the detection of unintentional or fraudulent species substitutions in the market place. Twenty seven individuals from 4 Indian carp species were analyzed to assess the utility of mitochondrial ATPase 8 gene sequences in identifying four cultivable carp species i.e, Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala and Labeo fimbriatus from India. Results of sequencing and alignment of the full length ATPase 8 gene of the four species revealed that there were enough species specific signatures which could be used for differentiating these four species. The phylogenetic analysis of Indian carp species by the Kimura 2-parameter method showed that each species forms a separate clade, and L. rohita is more closely related to L. fimbriatus than C. catla and C. mrigala. This study using only a very short sequence of ATPase 8 gene may help in identification of carp species as well as detection of fraudulent substitution of fish species.
Demonstration of Carp Seed Production and Rearing In Remote Area : A Case of a Farmer of Badabishola, Mayurbhanj District, Odisha
Authors: Mohapatra B. C. , Barik N. K. , Majhi D. , Mahanta S. K. , Sahu H.
Published: November 2023

Availability of good quality and quantity fish seed was the main constraint for aquaculture development of a remote village at Badabishola, Mayurbhanj District, Odisha State. This issue was addressed by the ICAR-CIFA through technology transfer under a project funded by the Department of Biotechnology, Government of India. In the village one farmer having brood rearing facility and overhead water supply system, adopted for FRP carp hatchery operation through a cooperative society. With the help of the technology eight carp breeding programmes were undertaken producing 56 lakh spawn (47 lakh rohu, 6 lakh grass carp and 3 lakh common carp spawn) in the year 2011-2012. A portion of spawn was reared for 15-20 days in nursery ponds for fry production, which had produced 5.6, 0.96 and 0.63 lakh fry of rohu, grass carp and common carp respectively. These fry were once again reared for 3-4 months in rearing ponds which had produced fingerlings of 3.15, 0.38 and 0.3 lakhs of rohu, grass carp and common carp respectively. Through these activities the farmer could add Rs. 11,044 from hatchery operation and Rs. 2,55,241 from seed rearing to his annual income in 2011-12.
Haematological and Innate Immunological Reference Intervals for Farmed Yellow Catfish Horabagrus brachysoma and Their Seasonal Variations
Authors: Sahoo P. K. , Sahoo S. K. , Mohanty B. R. , Das A. , Giri S. , Paramanik M.
Published: November 2023

The reference intervals for haematological and innate immune response variables of healthy adult yellow catfish Horabagrus brachysoma raised in captivity were determined. Reference ranges were established for all parameters and significant (P < 0.05) seasonal variations in most of the haematological and innate immune parameters were observed. Total erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, serum lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities were found to be higher during winter season whereas most of the red blood cell indices, superoxide production by phagocytes, serum ceruloplasmin and anti-protease activities were marked to be significantly higher during rainy season of the year. Except high total leucocyte count and mean corpuscular haemoglobin, other parameters were found to be significantly lower during summer, possibly indicating a higher disease risk in summer months for this species. However, no significant variations in these variables were obtained between male and female catfish during breeding season. The information generated would be indirectly helpful for determining health status of this endangered species.
Adoption Gap in Scientific Fish Production Practices Among Fish Farmers in Tripura
Authors: Saha Biswarup , De H. K. , Dana S. S. , Saha Satyajit , Basu Koushik
Published: November 2023

Aquaculture is an important economic activity in Tripura, both from an economic and nutritional point of view. The current level of fish production in the state is not able to meet the burgeoning demand and hence large amount of fish is being brought from other states of India. Therefore to identify the adoption gap of improved production practices of carp among the farmers, this study was conducted out using ex-post facto research design in the purposively selected districts of South Tripura and West Tripura. Total two hundred fish farmers were seleeted for the study. The overall adoption index in the study area was found 59.74. Non adoption was more in five practices such as the use of aerators, feeding, liming, water exchange and quality monitoring and stocking. Majority of the fish farmers (20%) practiced the 5 species ratio of rohu+catla+mrigal+common carp+silver carp on the average ratio of 26.72:23.45:14.28:18.45:17.1. Non adoption was more observed in use of aerators (54.25%) to control the oxygen deficiency in the pond. This was followed by supplementary feeding (51.15%), liming (43.31%), water exchange and quality monitoring (40.37%) and stocking (39.65%). The adoption score and index were not encouraging as both were low, which suggests that there are a lot of scope for extension system with regard to empowering the farmers educationally. Farmers may be encouraged for formation of farmer-group.
Impact of Homestead Farming on Rural Economy of Indian Sundarban
Authors: Bhattacharya Anindita , Deo Ashutosh D. , Kumar Sundaray Jitendra , Ponniah A. G.
Published: November 2023

Homestead farming system (HFS) is mainly a need-oriented, self-provisioning, integrated, multi-species, economically sustainable and environmentally safe farming system around the house. In order to understand the contribution of HFS to household income and to devise ways to maximise returns from HFS, a survey was conducted covering 480 households in three blocks (Kakdwip, Namkhana and Sagar) of South 24-Parganas district of West Bengal located in Sundarban. Out the households surveyed, 91% come under the marginal category having less than 1 ha of landholding in which 0.1 ha was used for homestead farming. 28% income of total 480 households were contributed by HFS that comprised of aquaculture (54%) followed by animal husbandry (37%) and horticulture (9%). The 22% of total households who practised betel vine cultivation in homestead land earn an additional gross income of Rs.75, 000/annum. More than 40 local varieties of horticultural crops and more than 25 fish species are cultured in HFS. However, due to inadequate supply of input and improper management, the quality and quantity of produces were not optimum. The study has clearly indicated the potential of sustainable intensification of HFS for increasing production and income of poor households in rural areas, and it would lead to poverty alleviation.
Morphomeristic Characters and Length-Weight Relationship of Wild and Cultured Mola Carplet, Amblypharyngodon mola (Hamilton, 1822)
Authors: Nayak S. , Panda B. , Radhakrishnan K. , Routray P.
Published: November 2023

The present study was conducted to check the disparity between wild and cultured stock of Amblypharyngodon mola using the bio-morphometric data and meristic characteristics such as length-weight relationship (LWR) and relative gut length (RGL). A total of 656 specimens were collected using drag net and cast net for a period of one year from Daya river and about 226 fish individuals were collected from hatchery bred stock of ICAR-CIFA, Bhubaneswar, India. No significant (P> 0.05) differences were observed in five meristic and twenty-two morphometric characters of wild and cultured stocks of mola. The estimated regression line showed a better relationship between the total length (TL) to standard length, fork length, pre-dorsal and post-dorsal length, orbit diameter (r2 value). Further, a negative allometric growth was also noticed in both stocks with the b value of 2.988 and 2.844 with r2 value of 0.915 and 0.923 in the wild and hatchery bred stocks respectively. Analysed length and weight were highly significant (P<0.01). The TL max of 9.1 cm was recorded in present study which is higher than that reported in Fish Base.
Organic Manuring in Freshwater Aquaculture and Its Impact on Pond Ecosystem and Fish Health: An Overview
Authors: Prakash Raman Ram
Published: November 2023

The use of organic manure in aquaculture had been practiced since centuries in India, China and other Far East countries. Sustainability of aquaculture farming depends upon ecofriendly, economically and socially viable culture systems. The recycling of organic wastes for fish culture serves the dual purpose of cleaning the environment by avoiding the problem of waste disposal and providing economic benefits. The recycling of animal dung/wastes in fish ponds for natural fish production is important to sustainable aquaculture and to reduce expenditure on costly feeds and fertilizers which form more than 60% of the total input cost. Integrating aquaculture with animal husbandry results in the most rational utilization of organic manures. However, the indiscriminate use of these manures in fish ponds, instead of improving the pond productivity, may also lead to pollution causing negative impact on the dissolved oxygen regime of the fish ponds and may cause problems to fish health. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the standard doses of these wastes which would keep the physico-chemical parameters of pond water in a favorable range required for the survival and growth of fish. When organic manure is applied in aquaculture ponds, best results are obtained with its frequent applications. Judicious organic manuring of fish ponds can eliminate the need for supplementary feeding. Although a lot of work has been done on the utilization in fish culture ponds, of animal manures, particularly farmyard manure, poultry droppings, cow dung and biogas slurry which are suitable substitutes for costly feeds and fertilizers. In the present review, an attempt has been made to elucidate the present status of organic manuring in fish culture systems and its impact on pond ecology and fish health.
Detritus Settlement Rates in Carp Culture Ponds
Authors: Ayyappan S. , Tripathi S. D.
Published: November 2023

The detritus sedimentation rates in nursery, rearing and stocking ponds of a freshwater fish farm in India were quantified using detritus traps (1.4 cm diam). The mean ranges of detritus settlement at the surface level in nursery, re ring and stocking ponds (mg/cm2/d) were 0.27-2.70, 1.94-7.03 and 1.76-4.09, respectively, and the corresponding ranges at the bottom were 0.45-10.31, 3.58-15.89 and 21.45-9.94 mg/cm2/d. The mean levels of detritus in the three types of ponds were 14.46, 24.70 and 13.10 g/m3. Though its caloric content was low (0.25 kcal/g dry weight), considering the quantum of plankton in a similar volume (0.17-0.30 g/m3), the trophic contribution of the detritus in carp culture ponds (3.28-6.18 kcal/m3) was significant. This demonstrated the potentials of detritus in sustaining the heterotrophic food chain and coprophagy in these systems as also the possibilities of its enrichment to improve the production efficiencies.
Chromosomes of Mitotic Gynogenetic Rohu (Labeo rohita) and of Rohu Produced by Fertilising with Cryopreserved Milt
Authors: Mahapatra Kanta Das , Nayak B. K.
Published: November 2023

No Abstract.
Abundance of Rotifer Population of a Nursery Fish Pond in Relation to the Environmental Factors
Authors: Banik S.
Published: November 2023

No Abstract.
Growth Response and Feed Conversion Efficiency in Channa striatus Fingerlings at Varying Dietary Protein Levels
Authors: Mohanty Saroj Syamala , Samantaray Kasturi
Published: November 2023

Growth response was studied in striped murel, Channa striatus, fingerlings under dietary protein regime of 25 to 60% at 5% increments for 56 days using fishmeal-groundnut oil cakebased isocaloric practical diet fed at a level of 3% of body weight. The results indicated that 50% dietary protein is optimum for maximum growth of the fingerlings. At 50% dietary protein level, the carcass protein increased significantly. The crude fat and ash contents remained at the initial levels up to the dietary protein level of 30% After which both decreased linearly. A significant incrcasc in the moisture content was obscrvcd at a level of 30% and thereafter remained in the same level with the increase in dictary protein concentration.
Copper, Zinc and Lead Accumulation by Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms in Static Laboratory Experiments
Authors: Mohapatra B. C. , Rengarajan K.
Published: November 2023

The accumulation of copper, zinc and lead by different tissues such as root, bulb and leaf of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was investigated in static laboratory experiments, The plants were exposed to the experimental waters (1, 10 and 100 mg/l of Cu, Zn and Pb each) for 8 days and repeated thrice for accuracy. The level of sccumulation of Cu, Zn and Pb was seen higher in root than in bulb or leaf. In all the tisues, Zn was estimated to be more than Cu or Pb. The increase of heavy metals in media was reflected similarly in all the tissues except Cu in root
Light and Electron Microscopic Studies on Fatty Liver of Catfish (Clarias batrachus)
Authors: Sahoo P. K.
Published: November 2023

No Abstract
Impact of Diethylstilbestrol on the Growth Characteristics of White Prawn, Penaeus indicus (M. edwards)
Authors: Sambhu C. , Jayaprakash V.
Published: November 2023

The effect of dietary diethylstibestrol (DES) on the growth performance of white prawn, Penaeus indicus, was investigated for a period of 85 days in earthen ponds. DES at 4 mg/kg produced significantly superior growth (p < 0.01), high feed converson efficiency and nutrient digestibility. The total and specific digestive enzyme activities were maximum in the prawns fed with 4 mg/kg DES. Carcass protein content was increasd due to DES treatment. Residual DES content of the treated prawns on the final day of the experiment had been metabolised and reduced to that of the normal level of the control groups on the 20th day after cessation of hormone diets. DES had stimulated the growth of P. indicus through enhanced feed intake, high digestive enzymes activity, better nutrient digestibility and protein synthesis.
Afla Toxin B1 in Fish Feeds and Experimental Acute Aflatoxicosis in an Air-Breathing Teleost
Authors: Verma Shishir K.
Published: November 2023

A general survey of three types of fish feeds for the incidence of toxigenic mold infestation revealed an alarming level of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus contamination during storage. About 89% of A. flavus strains were toxigenic. The toxicity of crude toxin sample was assessed on Channa punctatuus. The experiment was conducted using pure crystalline aflatoxin B. Four different concentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/D) of pure toxin in 0.5 ml propylene glycol were administered intraperitoneally to four groups of fish along with a control. Observations were made on day 20, 40, 60 and 80. The treated fish showed loss of appetite, followed by listlessness and increased mucus over body surface. Hemorrhagic patches and tumors were prominent on liver. Histopathologically, liver was the most prominently affected organ leading to classical trabeular hepatoma. The excretory -kidney revealed some pre-neoplastic alteration arising from tubular epithelium. The head -kidney was atrophic, but proliferation of inter-renal lobules was prominent. The muscularis of the stomach showed severe proliferation. The intestine, pyloric caeca and gills were atrophic and necrosed. Formation of atypical glandular masses in mucosal region was marked in the intestine. The spleenic pulps were indistinguishable and showed a monotony of lymphocytes. The total and differential counts of leucocytes revealed a significant rise of lymphocytes in peripheral blood.
Effect of pH on Growth and Nitrogen Fixation of Azotobacter spp.
Authors: Ninawel A. S. , Paulraj R.
Published: November 2023

Three species of Azotobacter were isolated from prawn-cum-paddy fields of Kerala. These strains were found to have the optimum pH for growth and nitrogen fixation near or slightly above neutrality, i.e., in the pH range of 7.0 to 8.5
Comparative Studies on the Water Quality and Fish Yield in Weed-Infested and Weedless Fish Ponds in The Environs of Lake Kolleru, India
Authors: Padmavathi P. , Durga Prasad M. K.
Published: November 2023

In the culture ponds of Lake Kolleru region, aquatic weed infestation is one of the major problems resulting in poor production of fish. One of the ponds studied in the environs of Sreeparru Village was infested with the submerged weed Vallisneria spiralis and the marginal weed lpomoea aquatica. Due to their luxuriant growth, the physico-chemical properties of water as well as plankton were severely affected resulting in a low fish yield of 2 t/(ha·yr) compared to a pond devoid of aquatic weeds - 4.13 t/(ha·yr) - located in the same area. In the light of this, the variations in the water quality and their impact on fish yield in the two ponds are compared and discussed.
Distribution and Abundance of Fry and Juveniles of A Few Cultivable Fishes in and Around Cochin Backwater, Kerala, India
Authors: Jena J. K. , Sivakami S.
Published: November 2023

The investigation was carried out at four selected stations in Cochin Backwater and intertidal water of the sea representing different ecological conditions at fortnightly intervals from February to September 1989. As per the observations, among the five species of fry recorded, the grey mullet Liza parsia was dominating throughout the study period with maximum abundance during the south-west monsoon. The fry of the milk fish Chanos chanos and the Indian tarpon Megalops cyprinoides were noted only during the pre-monsoon months when the salinity and temperature of water were considerably high, whereas the fry of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus were recorded during lower temperature and salinity conditions from June to August. Among the environmental parameters, salinity, temperature and distribution of phyto- and zooplankton were found to have profound influence on the distribution of different species directly or indirectly. Hydrogen ion concentration and dissolved oxygen were not found to influence the distribution. Among the eight species of juveniles recorded during the study, those of L. parsia were dominating followed by L. macrolepis. The juveniles of C. chanos, M. cyprinoides and Valamugil cunnesius were observed only after the onset of the monsoon indicating their preference of low salinity and temperature, and higher concentration of food materials.
Nursery-Rearing Trials of Giant Freshwater Prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, in Earthen Ponds
Authors: Pillai Bindu R. , Rao K. J.
Published: November 2023

Nursery-rearing trials of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii were carried out in five newly-excavated earthen ponds of 400 m2 each wit stocking densities ranging from 16 to 28/m2. The prawns were fed daily with pelleted feed (30% crude protein) at 10% body weight. The juvenile prawns reached an average weight of 0.655 - 1.290 g after 46-50 days of rearing. The individual daily weight increments varied from 12.8 to 23.6 mg in different trials. Per cent survival in different ponds ranged from 52.80 to 85.20 with an average of 68.79.
Effect of Turmeric in Combination With Lime on The Water Quality Parameters of Fish Ponds
Authors: Dey R. K. , Mohanty A. N. , Chandra Suresh
Published: November 2023

A laboratory experiment of 7-10 days' duration was conducted during May 1995 to evaluate the effect of turmeric in combination with lime on various physico-chemical parameters of water in fish ponds. Three dose-combinations of turmeric and lime, viz., A - 0.5 and 5.0 mg/I B- 1.0 an d 10.0 mg/l and C-1.5 and 15.0 mg/l, respectively, per hectare-metre water were applied in filtered pond water kept in 10-1 glass jars. Three replicates were maintained for each treatment and control groups, and water parameters in them were recorded every alternate day. The results of the experiment are described in the present communication.
Pathobiology of Aeromonas Infection in Rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.) Fingerlings
Authors: Das B. K. , Mukherjee S. C.
Published: November 2023

Fingerlings of rohu, Labeo rohita (Ham.), showing distended abdomen with accumulation of watery fluid were collected and examined for bacteriological and histopathological studies. Aeromonas hydrophila was isolated from the affected fishes and were confirmed by computerised Enterobactericeae kit. Histopathological study revealed degenerative as well as necrotic changes in the liver, kidney, muscle tissue, gill and brain.
Isolation of Plasmid Dna from Bacteria Associated With Ulcerative Disease in Channa punctatus
Authors: Chattopadhyay A. K. , Mandal S.
Published: November 2023

Ulcerative disease has been prevalent particularly in snake head and catfishes. A number of virulent bacteria are associated with this disease. A variety of important properties viz., virulent determinants, antimicrobial resistance, etc. of the pathogenic bacteria that enabled them to thrive better in the adverse environment, have been proven to be plasmid encoded. Keeping in mind the importance of plasmid DNA, this study has been undertaken. Plasmid DNA was isolated by alkaline lysis method from the cultured bacteria associated with ulcerative disease of snake head, Channa punctatus. Isolation of plasmid DNA followed by agarose gel electrophoresis analysis have revealed the presence of a single plasmid DNA in the cultured microbe which comigrated with 23 kb DNA fragment of the lambda DNA digested by Hind III. The cultured microbe was characterised as: Gram-negative motile rod, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, indole-negative, non-HS producing, lactose fermenting, acid and gas produced from glucose, methyl red-negative, Voges Prauskauer-positive and urea negative. It seems from the above mentioned biochemical as well as morphological characteristics that the cultured microbe was very similar to Enterobacter and Citrobacter.
Purification of Rohu Serum Immunoglobulin: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Mohanty J. , Sahoo P. K. , Mukherjee C.
Published: November 2023

Attempts were made to purify immunoglobulins from serum of rohu, Labeo rohita, which had been immunised with Edwardsiella tarda. Initially, the proteins in the serum were salted out at 50% saturation with ammonium sulphate and were chromatographed successively by gel filtration and ion exchange columns. The E. tarda agglutination-positive fractions from ion exchange column when concentrated and checked in non-reduced SDS-PAGE, three bands were observed. Since teleost immunoglobulins have been shown to belong to a single class, the two extra bands found in our study might be the degradation products of immunoglobulin or some unpurified contaminants.
Pathology of Dropsy in Indian Major Carps
Authors: Sahoo P.K. , Mukherjee S. C. , Nayak S. K. , Dey S.
Published: November 2023

No abstract.
Growth, Survival and Production of Lates calcarifer in Seasonal, Rain-Fed Coastal Pond of the Konkan Region
Authors: Singh R. K.
Published: November 2023

Experiments were conducted for four years in the rain-fed pond (0.2 ha) to evaluate the growth, survival and production of Lates calcarifer. The seed of L. calcarifer was collected from nearby creeks and stocked at varying densities with Oreochromis mossambicus as a forage fish that were available abundantly in the paddy plots of the farm. The fry (L. calcarifer) of variable numbers and sizes (750 of 75 mm, 450 of 73 mm, 1125 of 25 mm and 1125 of 45 mm) were stocked over four consecutive years. The survival percentage was between 76.40 to 86.66. Maximum weight attained by L. calcarifer was 2500 g in about 6 to 7.5 months while average growth was in the range of 196 to 668 g during four years of culture. The highest production of L. calcarifer was observed to be 740 kg/ha/yr besides an additional contribution of 900 kg/ha/yr of tilapia, O. mossambicus.
A Note on In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Bacterial Associates of Marine Sponges against Common Fish Pathogens
Authors: Vimala A. , Mishra S. , Sree A. , Bapuji M. , Pattnaik P. , Mukherjee S. C. , Rath C. C.
Published: November 2023

No Abstract.
Acute Toxicities of Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and their Salts to Catla catla (Hamilton)
Authors: Mohapatra B. C. , Sahu B. K.
Published: November 2023

Static bioassays were conducted in the laboratory exposing the fish catla, Catla catla (Hamilton) to different salts of sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca++) and magnesium (Mg++) in freshwater medium of pH 8.0, temperature 27 °C, salinity 0,18%o, total alkalinity 217 mg/1 as CaCO3 and total hardness 67 mg/1 as CaCO3. The 96 h LC50S were found to be 9.0, 0.56,1.85,16.6, 0.8, 3.95 and 17.9%o for sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sulphate, potassium chloride, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride, respectively. The 96 h LC50s were calculated to be 3.49, 0.42, 0.94 and 2.15 %o for Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++, respectively when experimented with their chlorides on fishes. The 96 h LC50S of sodium calculated from different salts such as sodium chloride, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium sulphate were 3.49, 0.243, 0.51 and 5.38%o, respectively. Potassium among cations, and carbonate among anions were found to be more toxic to catla.
Dynamics of Thyroid Hormones during Reproduction, and Development of Embryo and Larvae in Catla catla (Ham.)
Authors: Nayak P. K. , Mohapatra C. T. , Sarkar S. K. , Satpathy B. B. , Mishra J. , Singh B. N. , Ayyappan S.
Published: November 2023

The dynamics of thyroid hormones in blood plasma, egg, embryo and larvae in Catla catla were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Results revealed that higher levels of thyroxin (T4 ) and triiodothyronine (T3) were recorded in plasma during previtellogenic and vitellogenic phases, indicating their involvement during gonadal recrudescence and development. Significant amount of both the hormones (T4 and T3 ) of maternal origin were present in the fertilized eggs and the levels decreased during embryonic development in C. catla. The T4 level started increasing prior to completion of yolk absorption, suggesting that larval thyroid gland started production of T4 (onset of thyroxinogenesis). In the larvae a distinct surge of thyroid hormones observed during 9th day indicating its major role in organ differentiation during early larval stages of C. catla.
Effect of Stocking Density on Fish Production in a Flow-Through System
Authors: Saha C. , Paul B. N. , Adhikari S. , Mohapatra B. C. , Pattamajhi P. , Ayyappan S.
Published: November 2023

A flow-through system consisting of 27 cement cisterns of capacity 10 m3 each, with controllable water supply at each point was used during the present experiment. The water depth was maintained to the average of 1.0 m using an overflow arrangement through the control pit. The experiment was conducted in triplicate for 3 months with Labeo rohita juveniles of average weight 80.0 g. The stocking densities were 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80 and 120/m3 with a constant flow rate of 3 1/s in all the cisterns. The fishes were fed with pelleted feed of 5 mm diameter @ 1-2% of total biomass twice daily. The water quality parameters during the study period were as follows: pH 7.0-8.0, dissolved oxygen 6 .0-8.2 mg/1, NH4-N 0.018-0.099 mg/1, NO3 - N 0.426-0.687 mg/1 and total alkalinity 85-125 mg/1. The net production achieved were 7.60, 8.90, 9.73, 14.25, 15.55, 17.25 and 12.73 kg/10 m3/90 days, respectively for treatments 1-7. The net production obtained was significantly (p < 0.01) higher in T-6 followed by T-5, T-4 and T-7. The maximum gross holding biomass of the cistern was 8.7 kg/m3 during the experiment.
Acute Toxicity of Copper and Mercury in Prawn
Authors: Patro Sunil K. , Das Snehalata , Sahu B. K.
Published: November 2023

No Abstract.
Ship Model as a Museum Object
Authors: Ovsiannikova Evgeniia
Published: November 2023

Ship models are the part of a significant number of collections of domestic and foreign museums. Such objects are the primary sources of knowledge and emotions, true monuments of history and culture, but often belong to the group of reproductions of museum objects, that is, reduced copies of original objects. The article analyzes the questions of the definition of ship models, correlates the definitions of these items in different sources. The author considers the model of the ship from the point of view of the functions and properties of a museum object, asserts their value as originals of significant historical and cultural significance, monuments of science and technology, objects of arts and crafts, ethnographic sources. The novelty of the research lies in the study by the author of the ship model from the point of view of the theory of the museum object. This allows us to consider ship models from other, not generally accepted positions, and consider them full-fledged museum objects, which, along with originals, have the same set of properties, qualities and features. The main conclusions of the study are, firstly, that the models of ships and vessels in the collections of museums are not secondary in relation to other material sources, and secondly, that such objects fully correspond to the concept of "cultural values", are source of knowledge and emotion.