bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The light side of proto-cluster galaxies atz∼ 4
Authors: Ito Kei
Published: March 2021

Overdense regions at high redshift, which are often called “protoclusters”, are thought to be a place where the early active structure formations are in progress. Thanks to the wide and deep-sky survey of Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program, we have selected 179 protocluster candidates atz˜ 4, enabling us to statistically discuss high-zoverdense regions. I report results of the HSC-SSP protocluster project, focusing on a couple of results on the bright-end of protocluster galaxies. We identify the UV-brightest galaxies, which are likely progenitors of Brightest Cluster Galaxies. We find that these are dustier and larger than field galaxies. This suggests that galaxies in protoclusters have experienced different star formation histories atz˜ 4. Also, the UV luminosity function of galaxies in protoclusters (PC UVLF) has a significant excess on the bright-end from field UVLF. The PC UVLF suggests that protoclusters contribute ˜ 5 – 16% of the total cosmic SFRD atz˜ 4. The result implies that early galaxy formation occurs in protoclusters.
The relation between dust amount and galaxy mass across the cosmic time
Authors: Barbosa-Santos J. H. , Lima Neto G. B.
Published: March 2021

Dust Obscured Galaxies (DOGs) are observed as far as the reionization epoch. Their cosmic density peaks together with the star formation rate. DOGs also rule the star formation in high stellar mass galaxies. In this work we used a chemodynamical model to evolve the amount of dust in galaxies. We ran forty models varying initial mass and both dust formation efficiency and dust production. We find that for high star formation rate systems the accretion dominates the dust evolution and it explains high-z DOGs. Low star formation rate systems are better suited to investigate dust production. Also, we find that a MDust/MGas versus MDust/M* diagram is a good tracer of galaxy evolution.
Alternative classification diagrams for AGN-starburst galaxies
Authors: Aydar Catarina P. , Steiner J. E. , Dors Oli
Published: March 2021

The aim of diagnostic diagrams is to classify galactic nuclei according to their photoionizing source using emission-line ratios, differentiating starburst regions from active galactic nuclei (AGN). However, the three traditional diagnostic diagrams can sometimes be ambiguous with regard to a single object. The main goal of the present work is to propose alternative diagnostic diagrams by using distinct combinations of emission lines ratios. We present these diagrams using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. With these new diagrams, it is possible to better distinguish the ionizing source in nuclei of galaxies and also to study the parameters that are relevant when considering both kinds of objects, starbursts and AGN.
Radio galaxies with and without emission lines
Authors: Stasińska Grażyna , Asari Natalia Vale , Kozieł-Wierzbowska Dorota
Published: March 2021

Using the recent ROGUE I catalogue of galaxies with radio cores (Kozie_l-Wierzbowska et al. 2020) and after selecting the objects which are truly radio active galactic nuclei, AGNs, (which more than doubles the samples available so far), we perform a thorough comparison of the properties of radio galaxies with and without optical emission lines (galaxies where the equivalent width of Hα is smaller than 3Å are placed in the last category). We do not find any strong dichotomy between the two classes as regards the radio luminosities or black hole masses. The same is true when using the common classification into high- and low-excitation radio galaxies (HERGs and LERGs respectively).
Cosmological forecasts from photometric measurements of the angular correlation function for the Legacy Survey of Space and Time
Authors: de Souza Diogo H. F. , Santiago Basílio X.
Published: March 2021

We aim to do forecasts for the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) with a theoretical modeling of the two point angular correlation function. The Fisher matrix is the starting point. This is a square matrix over the cosmological parameters, whose diagonal contains direct informations on the parameters expected uncertainties.
Effects of AGN feedback on galaxy downsizing in different environments
Authors: Amiri Amirnezam , Zubovas Kastytis , Marconi Alessandro , Tavasoli Saeed , Khosroshahi Habib G.
Published: March 2021

We have investigated the role of AGN feedback on galaxy downsizing in cluster and void environments, using the sample from Amieri et al. (2019). Our results indicate that, at least in the local universe, the correlation between black hole mass and (specific) star formation rate is statistically indistinguishable in the two environments. Therefore, the role of the environment in modulating AGN feedback effects on the host galaxy star formation is negligible.
A systematic search for galaxy proto-cluster cores at z ∼ 2
Authors: Ando Makoto , Shimasaku Kazuhiro , Momose Rieko
Published: March 2021

A proto-cluster core is the most massive dark matter halo (DMH) in a given proto-cluster. To reveal the galaxy formation in core regions, we search for proto-cluster cores at z ˜ 2 in ˜1.5deg2 of the COSMOS field. Using pairs of massive galaxies (log (M*/Mʘ) ≥ 11) as tracers of cores, we find 75 candidate cores. A clustering analysis and the extended Press-Schechter model show that their descendant mass at z = 0 is consistent with Fornax-like or Virgo-like clusters. Moreover, using the IllustrisTNG simulation, we confirm that pairs of massive galaxies are good tracers of DMHs massive enough to be regarded as proto-cluster cores. We then derive the stellar mass function and the quiescent fraction for member galaxies of the 75 candidate cores. We find that stellar mass assembly and quenching are accelerated as early as z ˜ 2 in proto-cluster cores.
Kinematics of the parsec-scale jet of the blazar AO 0235+164
Authors: Silva Junior Flávio Benevenuto da , Caproni Anderson
Published: March 2021

Radio interferometric maps of the blazar AO 0235+164 show the existence of a stationary core, and a compact jet composed of multiple receding components. In this work, we determined the structural characteristics of these jet components (core-component distance, position angle, flux density, etc.) using the statistical method for global optimization Cross-Entropy (CE). The images we analyzed were extracted from public databases, totaling 41 images at 15 GHz and 128 images at 43 GHz. Using criteria such as the value of the CE merit function, and mean residuals, we determined the optimum number of components in each map analyzed in this work. We found that jet components are distributed across all four quadrants on the plane of the sky, indicating a possible non-fixed jet orientation during the monitoring interval. The time evolution of the equatorial coordinates of the jet components were used to determine their respective speeds, ejection epochs, and mean position angles on the plane of the sky. We have identified more than 20 components in the jet of AO 0235+164, with their apparent speeds ranging roughly from 2c to 40c, and distributed across all four quadrants on the plane of the sky. From the kinematics of these jet components we could derive a lower limit of about 39 for its bulk jet Lorentz factor and an upper limit of approximately 42 degrees for its jet viewing angle.
Unveiling the nuclear region of NGC 6868: Mapping the stellar population and ionized gas
Authors: Benedetti João P. V. , Riffel Rogério , Ricci Tiago V. , Steiner João E. , Riffel Rogemar A. , Pastoriza Miriani G. , Ruschel-Dutra Daniel , Motter Juliana C.
Published: March 2021

We mapped the stellar population and emission gas properties in the nuclear region of NGC 6868 using datacubes extracted with Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) in the Integral Field Unit (IFU) mode. To obtain the star-formation history of this galaxy we used the starlight code together with the new generation of MILES simple stellar population models. The stellar population dominating (95% in light fraction) the central region of NGC 6868 is old and metal rich (~10 Gyr, 2.2 Z⊙). We also derived the kinematics and emission line fluxes of ionized gas with the IFSCube package. A rotation disk is clearly detected in the nuclear region of the galaxy and no broad components were detected. Also, there is a region where the emission lines disappear almost completely, probably due to diffuse ionized gas component. Channel maps, diagnostic diagrams and stellar kinematics are still under analysis.
The environmental effect on galaxy evolution: Cl J1449 + 0856 at z = 1.99
Authors: Coogan Rosemary T. , Daddi E. , Gobat R. , Sargent M. T.
Published: March 2021

This work focuses on understanding the formation of the first massive, passive galaxies in clusters, as a first step to the development of environmental trends seen at low redshift. Cl J1449 + 0856 is an excellent case to study this - a galaxy cluster at redshift z = 1.99 that already shows evidence of a virialised atmosphere. Here we highlight two recent results: the discovery of merger-driven star formation and highly-excited molecular gas in galaxies at the core of Cl J1449, along with the lowest-mass Sunyaev-Zel’dovich detection to date.
The Quest for Relics: Massive compact galaxies in the local Universe
Authors: Lohmann F. S. , Schnorr-Müller A. , Trevisan M. , Riffel R. , Mallmann N. , Chies-Santos Ana L. , Furlanetto C.
Published: March 2021

Observations at high redshift reveal that a population of massive, quiescent galaxies (called red nuggets) already existed 10 Gyr ago. These objects undergo a significant size evolution over time, likely due to minor mergers. In this work we present an analysis of local massive compact galaxies to assess if their properties are consistent with what is expected for unevolved red nuggets (relic galaxies). Using integral field spectroscopy (IFS) data from the MaNGA survey from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), we characterized the kinematics and properties of stellar populations of massive compact galaxies, and find that these objects exhibit, on average, a higher rotational support than a control sample of average sized early-type galaxies. This is in agreement with a scenario in which these objects have a quiet accretion history, rendering them candidates for relic galaxies.
A panchromatic spatially resolved study of the inner 500 pc of NGC 1052
Authors: Dahmer-Hahn Luis G. , Riffel Rogério , Ricci Tiago V. , Steiner João E. , Storchi-Bergmann Thaisa , Riffel Rogemar A. , Menezes Roberto B. , Dametto Natacha Z. , Diniz Marlon R. , Motter Juliana C. , Ruschel-Dutra Daniel
Published: March 2021

We analyzed the inner 320 × 535 pc2 of the elliptical galaxy NGC 1052 with integral field spectroscopy, both in the optical and in the near-infrared (NIR). The stellar population analysis revealed a dominance of old stellar populations from the optical data, and an intermediate-age ring from NIR data. When combining optical+NIR data, optical results were favoured. The emission-line analysis revealed five kinematic components, where two of them are unresolved and probably associated with the active galactic nucleus (AGN), one is associated with large-scale shocks, one with the radio jets, and the last could be explained by either a bipolar outflow, rotation in an eccentric disc or a combination of a disc and large-scale gas bubbles. Our results also indicate that the emission within the galaxy is caused by a combination of shocks and photoionization by the AGN.
The gas-loss evolution in dwarf spheroidal galaxies: Supernova feedback and environment effects in the case of the local group galaxy Ursa Minor
Authors: Caproni Anderson , Lanfranchi Gustavo Amaral
Published: March 2021

In this work, we performed two distinct non-cosmological, three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations that evolved the gas component of a galaxy similar to the classical dwarf spheroidal galaxy Ursa Minor. Both simulations take into account types II and Ia supernovae feedback constrained by chemical evolution models, while ram-pressure stripping mechanism is added into one of them considering an intergalactic medium and a galactic velocity that resemble what is observed nowadays for the Ursa Minor galaxy. Our results show no difference in the amount of gas left inside the galaxy until 400 Myr of evolution. Moreover, the ram-pressure wind was stalled and inverted by thermal pressure of the interstellar medium and supernovae feedback during the same interval.
Turbulence/outflows perpendicular to low-power jets in Seyfert galaxies
Authors: Venturi Giacomo , Marconi Alessandro , Mingozzi Matilde , Cresci Giovanni , Carniani Stefano , Mannucci Filippo
Published: March 2021

We present recent results from our MAGNUM survey of nearby active galactic nuclei (AGN), which exploits observations from the optical/near-IR integral field spectrograph MUSE at VLT. We detect strongly enhanced line widths in emission line maps of four galaxies perpendicularly to their low-power jets and AGN ionisation cones, indicative of turbulent/outflowing material. The observation of a similar phenomenon in other works suggests that it originates from an interaction mechanism between the jet and the galaxy disc through which it propagates.
The physical properties and impact of AGN outflows from high to low redshift
Authors: Venturi Giacomo , Marconi Alessandro
Published: March 2021

Feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN) on their host galaxies, in the form of gas outflows capable of quenching star formation, is considered a major player in galaxy evolution. However, clear observational evidence of such major impact is still missing; uncertainties in measuring outflow properties might be partly responsible because of their critical role in comparisons with models and in constraining the impact of outflows on galaxies. Here we briefly review the challenges in measuring outflow physical properties and present an overview of outflow studies from high to low redshift. Finally, we present highlights from our MAGNUM survey of nearby AGN with VLT/MUSE, where the high intrinsic spatial resolution (down to ˜ 10 pc) allows us to accurately measure the physical and kinematic properties of ionised gas outflows.
Diving deeper into jellyfish: The rich population of jellyfish galaxies in Abell 901/2
Authors: Roman de Oliveira Fernanda , Chies Santos Ana , Ferrari Fabrício , Lucatelli Geferson
Published: March 2021

Jellyfish galaxies are the most striking examples of galaxies undergoing ram pressure stripping – the removal of gas as a result of a hydrodynamic friction in dense environments. As part of the OMEGA (OSIRIS Mapping of Emission-line Galaxies in Abell 901/2) survey, we have identified the largest sample of jellyfish galaxies in a single system to this date, located in the Abell 901/2 multi-cluster system at z ˜ 0.165. We present our results with a detailed description of this sample regarding their very high star formation rates and their unique spatial distribution pattern that can be explained as a result of the merging system triggering ram pressure stripping events. Furthermore, we also show the results of our most recent morphometric studies where we use Morfometryka as a tool to characterise the morphologies and structural evolution of jellyfish galaxies. Our morphometric analysis shows that jellyfish galaxy candidates have peculiar concave regions in their surface brightness profiles. Therefore, these profiles are less concentrated (lower Sérsic indices) than other star forming galaxies that are not experiencing such extreme ram pressure effects.
Curvature of galaxy brightness profiles
Authors: Lucatelli Geferson , Ferrari Fabricio , Cortesi Arianna , Chies-Santos Ana L. , de Oliveira Fernanda Roman , de Oliveira Claudia Mendes , Izuti Nakazono Lilianne M.
Published: March 2021

Galaxy morphologies reflect the shapes of galaxies and their structural components, such as bulges, discs, bars, spiral arms, etc. The detailed knowledge of the morphology of a galaxy provides understanding of the physics behind its evolution, since the time of its formation, including interaction processes and influence of the environment. Thus, the more precisely we can describe a galaxy structure, the more we may understand about its formation and evolution. We present a method that measures curvature, using images, to describe galaxy structure and to infer the morphology of each component of a galaxy. We also include some preliminary results of curvature measurements for galaxies of the Southern Photometric Local Universe Survey (S-PLUS) DR1 data release and for jellyfish galaxies of the Omega Survey. We find that the median of the curvature parameter and the integrated area under the curvature give us clues on the morphology of a galaxy.
The role of AGN feedback in the baryon cycle at z ∼ 2
Authors: Mainieri Vincenzo
Published: March 2021

In this proceeding I will summarize our on-going observational campaign to characterize Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) driven ionized gas outflows at z ˜ 2 and assess their impact on galaxy evolution. The results are mostly derived from a recently completed SINFONI/VLT Large Programme named SUPER, conducted with Adaptive Optics to reach a spatial resolution of ˜2 kpc at z ˜ 2.
Characterizing circumnuclear starbursts in the local universe with the VLA
Authors: Song Yiqing , Linden Sean T. , Evans Aaron S. , Barcos-Muñoz Loreto , Murphy Eric J.
Published: March 2021

Nuclear rings are excellent laboratories to study star formation (SF) under extreme conditions. We compiled a sample of 9 galaxies that exhibit bright nuclear rings at 3-33 GHz radio continuum observed with the Jansky Very Large Array, of which 5 are normal star-forming galaxies and 4 are Luminous Infrared Galaxies (LIRGs). Using high frequency radio continuum as an extinction-free tracer of SF, we estimated the size and star formation rate of each nuclear ring and a total of 37 individual circumnuclear star-forming regions. Our results show that majority of the SF in the sample LIRGs take place in their nuclear rings, and circumnuclear SF in local LIRGs are much more spatially concentrated compared to those in the local normal galaxies and previously studied nuclear and extra-nuclear SF in normal galaxies at both low and high redshifts.
The merger-driven evolution of massive early-type galaxies
Authors: Cannarozzo Carlo , Nipoti Carlo , Sonnenfeld Alessandro , Leauthaud Alexie , Huang Song , Diemer Benedikt , Oyarzún Grecco
Published: March 2021

The evolution of the structural and kinematic properties of early-type galaxies (ETGs), their scaling relations, as well as their stellar metallicity and age contain precious information on the assembly history of these systems. We present results on the evolution of the stellar mass-velocity dispersion relation of ETGs, focusing in particular on the effects of some selection criteria used to define ETGs. We also try to shed light on the role that in-situ and ex-situ stellar populations have in massive ETGs, providing a possible explanation of the observed metallicity distributions.
Nuclear ionised outflows in a sample of 30 local galaxies
Authors: Ruschel-Dutra D. , Storchi-Bergmann T. , Schnorr-Müller A.
Published: March 2021

Understanding active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback is essential for building a coherent picture of the evolution of the super massive black hole and its host galaxy. To that end we have analysed the inner kiloparsec of a sample of 30 local AGN with spatially resolved optical spectroscopy. In this talk I will review the analysis of the ionised gas for the galaxies in our sample, including kinematical maps, emission line ratios and fluxes. The W80 kinematical index is used to trace outflows, and also to provide an estimate for the outflowing velocity. Electron densities, derived from the
[S II] ΛΛ6716, 6731Å lines, along with Hα luminosities and the sizes of the outflowing regions are employed in estimates of the outflowing gas mass. We find a median mass outflow rate of Ṁ = 0.3 M⊙ yr-1 and median outflow power of log [P/(erg s-1)] = 40.4.
Dark matter content of ETGs and its relation to the local density of galaxies
Authors: Nigoche-Netro A. , Ramos-Larios G. , Díaz R. , de la Fuente E. , Lagos P. , Ruelas-Mayorga A. , Mendez-Abreu J. , Kemp S. N.
Published: March 2021

We study the behaviour of the dynamical and stellar mass inside the effective radius as function of local density for early-type galaxies (ETGs). We use several samples of ETGs - ranging from 19000 to 98000 objects - from the ninth data release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We consider Newtonian dynamics, different light profiles and different initial mass functions (IMF) to calculate the dynamical and stellar mass. We assume that any difference between these two masses is due to dark matter and/or a non-universal IMF. The main results are: (i) the amount of dark matter (DM) inside ETGs depends on the environment; (ii) ETGs in low-density environments span a wider DM range than ETGs in dense environments; (iii) the amount of DM inside ETGs in the most dense environments will be less than approximately 55-65 per cent of the dynamical mass; (iv) the accurate value of this upper limit depends on the impact of the IMF on the stellar mass estimation.
Gas kinematics and stellar archaeology of the Seyfert galaxy NGC 5643
Authors: Cezar P. H. , Steiner J. E. , Menezes R. B.
Published: March 2021

In this work we derive stellar archaeology and kinematics of the central 400 pc of NGC 5643. The star formation history (SFH) reveals nuclear contribution of stellar populations older (20% older than 3.5 Gyr) and younger (60% younger than 320 Myr) as compared to the circumnuclear region. The [OIII] 5007 Å kinematics reveals the eastern ionization cone with an outflow (−60 km/s ⩽ v ⩽ 120 km/s).
The physics of galaxy evolution with SPICA observations
Authors: Spinoglio Luigi , Fernández-Ontiveros Juan A. , Mordini Sabrina
Published: March 2021

The evolution of galaxies at Cosmic Noon (1 < z < 3) passed through a dust-obscured phase, during which most stars formed and black holes in galactic nuclei started to shine, which cannot be seen in the optical and UV, but it needs rest frame mid-to-far IR spectroscopy to be unveiled. At these frequencies, dust extinction is minimal and a variety of atomic and molecular transitions, tracing most astrophysical domains, occur. The Space Infrared telescope for Cosmology and Astrophysics (SPICA), currently under evaluation for the 5th Medium Size ESA Cosmic Vision Mission, fully redesigned with its 2.5-m mirror cooled down to T < 8K will perform such observations. SPICA will provide for the first time a 3-dimensional spectroscopic view of the hidden side of star formation and black hole accretion in all environments, from voids to cluster cores over 90% of cosmic time. Here we outline what SPICA will do in galaxy evolution studies.
Gauging the effect of feedback from QSOs on their host galaxies
Authors: de Oliveira Bruno Dall’Agnol , Storchi-Bergmann Thaisa
Published: March 2021

Often associated with the regulation of star formation in galaxies, active galactic nuclei (AGN) play a fundamental role in the evolution of galaxies through their feedback effects. To investigate the impact of these effects, we analysed the optical emission-line properties of 8 type II AGNs with bolometric luminosities LBol > 1045 erg s−1, using integral field spectroscopy (IFS) observations with Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS). The gas kinematics was obtained by fitting Gaussian components to the profiles of the emission lines of the ionized gas. Using only the broadest component – that we associate with the gas in outflow – we calculated the mass outflow rate (Ṁout), finding values of up to 10 M⊙ yr−1. The outflow kinetic power (Ėout reaches maximum values between 1041 and 1043 erg s−1, which correspond to feedback efficiencies of ∼0.001−0.1 % of Lbol. These values are below that required to quench the star formation during the evolution of galaxies in simulations and analytical models. We also investigated the effect of uncertainties on the values of the physical quantities used in the calculations – such as the electron density – on the final values of Ṁout and Ėout.
An Extended Emission Line Region around Mrk 1172
Authors: Lassen Augusto , Riffel Rogério , Chies-Santos Ana L. , Johnston Evelyn , Haeussler Boris , Dutra Daniel R. , Azevedo Gabriel M.
Published: March 2021

We serendipitously found an intriguing Extended Emission Line Region (EELR) near the quiescent and massive early-type Mrk 1172, with a projected extension of approximately 14 × 14 kpc. Its irregular shape, high gas content, strong emission lines and proximity to an isolated possible faded quasar raise questions about the ionization of this gas and the nature of this object. Analyzing the stellar population in both objects we observe that the EELR has a dominance of young-intermediate and intermediate stellar populations (200 Myr < t < 1 Gyr) with significant star formation activity, while Mrk 1172 is dominated by old stellar population (t > 5 Gyr). BPT diagnostic diagrams indicate that the gas in the EELR is photoionized by hot massive stars rather than by a hard radiation field or by shocks. Further analysis on abundances of the gas and its kinematics shall be performed to better comprehend the nature of this object and how it is interacting with Mrk 1172.
MiR-30c-5p Directly Targets MAPK1 to Regulate the Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Adenomyotic Epithelial Cells in Adenomyosis
Authors: Zhang Airong , Liu Xiujuan , Wang Juan , Deng Kui , Wang Jianghua
Published: March 2021

The purpose of our study was to elucidate the functions of miR-30c-5p on adenomyosis for exploring novel treatment strategies. We first detected the expression of miR-30c-5p in clinical adenomyotic tissues and isolated endometrial cells from adenomyotic tissues. Next, gain and loss-of-function assays were performed to detect the effect of miR-30c-5p on adenomyotic endometrial cells. Further, luciferase assay and real-time polymerase chain reaction as well as western blot were conducted to investigate the potential target of miR-30c-5p; and transwell assay, wound-healing assay and CCK-8 assay were used to evaluate the effects of miR-30c-5p and its target on regulating biological functions of adenomyotic endometrial cells. Our results found that miR-30c-5p was down-regulated in both adenomyosis tissues and adenomyotic epithelial cells, which correlated with dysmenorrhea, longer duration of symptoms and more menstrual bleeding. Moreover, the overexpression of miR-30c-5p inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of adenomyotic epithelial cells, where miR-30c-5p knockdown had an opposite effect. Furthermore, we confirmed mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) was one of the direct targets of miR-30c-5p, indicating its important role in miR-30c-5p-mediated suppression of proliferation, invasion and migration in adenomyotic epithelial cells. This study showed that the interaction of miR-30c-5p with MAPK1 can regulate the proliferation, invasion and migration in adenomyotic epithelial cells.
Comparing Observations and Parameterizations of Ice‐Ocean Drag Through an Annual Cycle Across the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Brenner Samuel , Rainville Luc , Thomson Jim , Cole Sylvia , Lee Craig
Published: March 2021

Understanding and predicting sea ice dynamics and ice‐ocean feedback processes requires accurate descriptions of momentum fluxes across the ice‐ocean interface. In this study, we present observations from an array of moorings in the Beaufort Sea. Using a force‐balance approach, we determine ice‐ocean drag coefficient values over an annual cycle and a range of ice conditions. Statistics from high resolution ice draft measurements are used to calculate expected drag coefficient values from morphology‐based parameterization schemes. With both approaches, drag coefficient values ranged from ∼1 to 10 × 10−3, with a minimum in fall and a maximum at the end of spring, consistent with previous observations. The parameterizations do a reasonable job of predicting the observed drag values if the under ice geometry is known, and reveal that keel drag is the primary contributor to the total ice‐ocean drag coefficient. When translations of bulk model outputs to ice geometry are included in the parameterizations, they overpredict drag on floe edges, leading to the inverted seasonal cycle seen in prior models. Using these results to investigate the efficiency of total momentum flux across the atmosphere‐ice‐ocean interface suggests an inter‐annual trend of increasing coupling between the atmosphere and the ocean.
Carbonate‐Phyllosilicate Parageneses and Environments of Aqueous Alteration in Nili Fossae and Mars
Authors: Chevrier Vincent F. , Morisson Marietta
Published: March 2021

The equilibrium thermodynamics of Fe/Mg‐phyllosilicates and carbonates have been investigated using numerical modeling, with emphasis on the effects of evaporation and temperature (hydrothermalism) under conditions related to present‐day and primitive Mars, that is, low or high CO2partial pressure, under oxidizing or reducing environments. Findings are discussed in relation to alteration and weathering of minerals found in the Nili Fossae region. Results show that nontronite precipitates at very high water‐to‐precipitate ratio and low temperature, in association with ferrihydrite. During evaporation, this assemblage leads to carbonates: calcite and magnesite, and to low temperature iron‐rich serpentine phyllosilicates such as cronstedtite or berthierine under reducing conditions. At high temperature, the initial paragenesis dominated by nontronite leads to hematite and berthierine at low CO2partial pressure, and to talc, magnesite and antigorite at high CO2partial pressure. Thus, the Fe/Mg‐smectites, Mg‐carbonate, and Mg‐serpentine found near Nili Fossae may result from several alteration events. Weathering of primitive bedrock formed nontronite, with subsequent or concurrent hydrothermalism leading to Mg‐serpentine. Further carbonation due to CO2‐rich fluids led to talc, magnesite and to hydrogen/carbon monoxide/methane in the presence of iron, but at relatively low partial pressures (up to 10−4 bar). Unless the serpentinization process acted for extended periods of time and over a large portion of the martian surface, it is unlikely it significantly contributed to the atmospheric composition, except maybe for H2. However, such water‐rich active environments with the presence of redox reactions could have been suitable for the potential emergence of biological activity.
Persistent Stratospheric Warming Due to 2019–2020 Australian Wildfire Smoke
Authors: Yu Pengfei , Davis Sean M. , Toon Owen B. , Portmann Robert W. , Bardeen Charles G. , Barnes John E. , Telg Hagen , Maloney Christopher , Rosenlof Karen H.
Published: March 2021

Australian wildfires burning from December 2019 to January 2020 injected approximately 0.9 Tg of smoke into the stratosphere; this is the largest amount observed in the satellite era. A comparison of numerical simulations to satellite observations of the plume rise suggests that the smoke mass contained 2.5% black carbon. Model calculations project a 1 K warming in the stratosphere of the Southern Hemisphere midlatitudes for more than 6 months following the injection of black‐carbon containing smoke. The 2020 average global mean clear sky effective radiative forcing at top of atmosphere is estimated to be −0.03 W m−2 with a surface value of −0.32 W m−2. Assuming that smoke particles coat with sulfuric acid in the stratosphere and have similar heterogeneous reaction rates as sulfate aerosol, we estimate a smoke‐induced chemical decrease in total column ozone of 10–20 Dobson units from August to December in mid‐high southern latitudes.
Spatial and Seasonal Variations of Stable Isotope Ratios of Particulate Organic Carbon and Nitrogen in the Surface Water of the Kuroshio
Authors: Kodama Taketoshi , Nishimoto Atsushi , Horii Sachiko , Ito Daiki , Yamaguchi Tamaha , Hidaka Kiyotaka , Setou Takashi , Ono Tsuneo
Published: March 2021

Seasonal stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N) in the particulate organic matter (POM) of the euphotic layer were investigated around the Kuroshio from 2008 to 2019 (n = 474). Significant seasonality in POM δ13C and δ15N were observed in the coastal and offshore areas divided by the northern edge of the Kuroshio. Seasonal mean δ13C was highest during the summer (−23.2 ± 1.1‰ and −23.7 ± 1.1‰ in coastal and offshore areas, respectively) and lowest during the winter (−24.6 ± 0.8‰ and −25.0 ± 0.9‰ in coastal and offshore areas, respectively) in both areas. Seasonal mean δ15N exhibited different spatial variations. The mean δ15N value in the coastal area was the lowest during the winter (1.0 ± 1.9‰) and increased to a similar level (∼3‰) during the other three seasons. In contrast, δ15N in the offshore area near the surface decreased from the spring (2.5 ± 1.5‰) to the summer (1.2 ± 1.7‰). These spatial and seasonal differences in δ15N are significant in generalized linear models and the generalized additive models, and suggest that the nitrogen sources used in biological production differ between coastal and offshore areas and between seasons. Nitrate originating in deeper water and rivers is the main sources used for new production throughout the year in the coastal area. Contributions from atmospheric deposition and nitrogen fixation are significant in the offshore area during the summer, while nitrate originating in deeper water is main during winter, spring, and fall in the offshore area.
Downregulation of MTSS1 in acute myeloid leukemia is associated with a poor prognosis, chemotherapy resistance, and disease aggressiveness
Authors: Grandits Alexander Michael , Nguyen Chi Huu , Schlerka Angela , Hackl Hubert , Sill Heinz , Etzler Julia , Heyes Elizabeth , Stoiber Dagmar , Grebien Florian , Heller Gerwin , Wieser Rotraud
Published: March 2021

Despite recent approval of targeted drugs for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy, chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside and anthracyclines remains an important pillar of treatment. Both primary and secondary resistance are frequent and associated with poor survival, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. In previous work, we identified genes deregulated between diagnosis and relapse of AML, corresponding to therapy naïve and resistant states, respectively. Among them was MTSS1, whose downregulation is known to enhance aggressiveness of solid tumors. Here we show that low MTSS1 expression at diagnosis was associated with a poor prognosis in AML. MTSS1 expression was regulated by promoter methylation, and reduced by cytosine arabinoside and the anthracycline daunorubicin. Experimental downregulation of MTSS1 affected the expression of numerous genes. It induced the DNA damage response kinase WEE1, and rendered human AML cell lines more resistant to cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, and other anti-cancer drugs. Mtss1 knockdown in murine MLL-AF9-driven AML substantially decreased disease latency, and increased leukemic burden and ex vivo chemotherapy resistance. In summary, low MTSS1 expression represents a novel factor contributing to disease aggressiveness, therapy resistance, and poor outcome in AML.
Gradient of electro-convulsive therapy’s antidepressant effects along the longitudinal hippocampal axis
Authors: Gyger Lucien , Regen Francesca , Ramponi Cristina , Marquis Renaud , Mall Jean-Frederic , Swierkosz-Lenart Kevin , von Gunten Armin , Toni Nicolas , Kherif Ferath , Heuser Isabella , Draganski Bogdan
Published: March 2021

Despite decades of successful treatment of therapy-resistant depression and major scientific advances in the field, our knowledge about electro-convulsive therapy’s (ECT) mechanisms of action is still scarce. Building on strong empirical evidence for ECT-induced hippocampus anatomy changes, we sought to test the hypothesis that ECT has a differential impact along the hippocampus longitudinal axis. We acquired behavioural and brain anatomy magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data in patients with depressive episode undergoing ECT (n = 9) or pharmacotherapy (n = 24) and healthy controls (n = 30) at two time points 3 months apart. Using whole-brain voxel-based statistical parametric mapping and topographic analysis focused on the hippocampus, we observed ECT-induced gradient of grey matter volume increase along the hippocampal longitudinal axis with predominant impact on its anterior portion. Clinical outcome measures showed strong correlations with both baseline volume and rate of ECT-induced change exclusively for the anterior, but not posterior hippocampus. We interpret our findings confined to the anterior hippocampus and amygdala as additional evidence of the regional specific impact of ECT that unfolds its beneficial effect on depression via the “limbic” system. Main limitations of the study are patients’ polypharmacy, heterogeneity of psychiatric diagnosis, and long-time interval between scans.
Lipid peroxidation and the subsequent cell death transmitting from ferroptotic cells to neighboring cells
Authors: Nishizawa Hironari , Matsumoto Mitsuyo , Chen Guan , Ishii Yusho , Tada Keisuke , Onodera Masafumi , Kato Hiroki , Muto Akihiko , Tanaka Kozo , Igarashi Kazuhiko
Published: March 2021

Ferroptosis is a regulated cell death due to the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxide. Ferroptosis is known to constitute the pathology of ischemic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and steatohepatitis and also works as a suppressing mechanism against cancer. However, how ferroptotic cells affect surrounding cells remains elusive. We herein report the transfer phenomenon of lipid peroxidation and cell death from ferroptotic cells to nearby cells that are not exposed to ferroptotic inducers (FINs). While primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and NIH3T3 cells contained senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal)-positive cells, they were decreased upon induction of ferroptosis with FINs. The SA-β-gal decrease was inhibited by ferroptotic inhibitors and knockdown of Atg7, pointing to the involvement of lipid peroxidation and activated autophagosome formation during ferroptosis. A transfer of cell culture medium of cells treated with FINs, type 1 or 2, caused the reduction in SA-β-gal-positive cells in recipient cells that had not been exposed to FINs. Real-time imaging of Kusabira Orange-marked reporter MEFs cocultured with ferroptotic cells showed the generation of lipid peroxide and deaths of the reporter cells. These results indicate that lipid peroxidation and its aftereffects propagate from ferroptotic cells to surrounding cells, even when the surrounding cells are not exposed to FINs. Ferroptotic cells are not merely dying cells but also work as signal transmitters inducing a chain of further ferroptosis.
The CREB/KMT5A complex regulates PTP1B to modulate high glucose-induced endothelial inflammatory factor levels in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Huang Ting , Li Xue , Wang Fei , Lu Lihong , Hou Wenting , Zhu Minmin , Miao Changhong
Published: March 2021

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the primary microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and may result in end-stage renal disease. The overproduction of various inflammatory factors is involved in the pathogenesis of DN. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) modulates the expression of a series of cytokines and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity. cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and lysine methyltransferase 5A (KMT5A) have been reported to participate in the maintenance of a healthy endothelium. In the present study, we hypothesise that CREB associates with KMT5A to modulate PTP1B expression, thus contributing to high glucose-mediated glomerular endothelial inflammation. Our analyses revealed that plasma inflammatory factor levels, glomerular endothelial p65 phosphorylation and PTP1B expression were increased in DN patients and rats. In vitro, high glucose increased endothelial inflammatory factor levels and p65 phosphorylation by augmenting PTP1B expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Moreover, high glucose decreased CREB and KMT5A expression. CREB overexpression and KMT5A overexpression both inhibited high glucose-induced PTP1B expression, p65 phosphorylation and endothelial inflammatory factor levels. si-CREB- and sh-KMT5A-induced p65 phosphorylation and endothelial inflammatory factor levels were reversed by si-PTP1B. Furthermore, CREB was associated with KMT5A. Mechanistic research indicated that CREB and histone H4 lysine 20 methylation (H4K20me1, a downstream target of KMT5A) occupy the PTP1B promoter region. sh-KMT5A augmented PTP1B promoter activity and activated the positive effect of si-CREB on PTP1B promoter activity. Our in vivo study demonstrated that CREB and KMT5A were downregulated in glomerular endothelial cells of DN patients and rats. In conclusion, CREB associates with KMT5A to promote PTP1B expression in vascular endothelial cells, thus contributing to hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory factor levels in DN patients and rats.
Vagus nerve stimulation enhances the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway to reduce lung injury in acute respiratory distress syndrome via STAT3
Authors: Li Sheng , Qi Di , Li Jia-ni , Deng Xin-yu , Wang Dao-xin
Published: March 2021

The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway (CAIP) is important for antagonizing inflammation and treating several diseases, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and is related to vagus nerve integrity. However, its underlying pathophysiological mechanism is still unclear. We hypothesized that CAIP regulates lung injury repair after ARDS through the STAT3 signaling pathway, which is an important downstream effector of α7nAchR. We enhanced CAIP activity by subjecting rats to vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and administered the α-7 acetylcholine receptor (α7nAchR) agonist and antagonist to determine whether VNS can reduce lung injury by regulating the pulmonary inflammatory response through CAIP. After being subjected to VNS, the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β was decreased, while the level of IL-10 was increased in the rat model of ARDS. Moreover, VNS treatment reduced lung mRNA levels of M1 macrophage markers, while increased those of M2 macrophage markers. The expression of Caspase-1 decreased, while that of STAT3 increased in lung tissue after VNS treatment. The aforementioned effects of VNS were reversed by cutting the cervical vagus efferent branch and blocking α7nAchR. These findings suggest that VNS inhibits the ARDS inflammatory response by promoting CAIP activity. Next, we used lentivirus knockdown of STAT3 expression to explore the mechanism of VNS through CAIP on lung inflammation in ARDS model rats. VNS activates α7nAchR, increases STAT3 expression, reduces Caspase-1 expression, suppresses inflammation by inhibiting inflammatory pyroptosis and M1 to M2 macrophage transformation, which may constitute the main mechanism of VNS action in ARDS.
Germline mutations in apoptosis pathway genes in ovarian cancer; the functional role of a TP53I3 (PIG3) variant in ROS production and DNA repair
Authors: Chaudhry Sophia R. , Lopes Jaime , Levin Nancy K. , Kalpage Hasini , Tainsky Michael A.
Published: March 2021

Approximately 25% of all cases of ovarian cancer (OVCA) cases are associated with inherited risk. However, accurate risk assessment is limited by the presence of variants of unknown significance (VUS). Previously, we performed whole-exome sequencing on 48 OVCA patients with familial predisposition, yet negative for pathogenic BRCA1/2 mutations. In our cohort, we uncovered thirteen truncating mutations in genes associated with apoptosis (~35% of our patient cohort). The TP53I3 p.S252X premature stop gain was identified in two unrelated patients. TP53I3 is transcriptionally activated by p53 and believed to play a role in DNA damage response and reactive oxygen species-induced apoptosis. In addition, nonsense variants in apoptosis-related genes TP53AIP1, BCLAF1, and PIK3C2G were identified in our cohort; highlighting the potential relevance of genes involved in apoptotic processes to hereditary cancer. In the current study, we employed functional assays and demonstrated that cells expressing TP53I3 p.S252X displayed decreased homologous recombination repair efficiency and increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs bleomycin, mitomycin c, and etoposide. In addition, in the presence of oxidative stress from hydrogen peroxide or etoposide we observed a reduction in the formation of reactive oxygen species, an important precursor to apoptosis with this variant. Our findings suggest that the combination of in silico and wet laboratory approaches can better evaluate VUSs, establish novel germline predisposition genetic loci, and improve individual cancer risk estimates.
In vivo self-assembled small RNAs as a new generation of RNAi therapeutics
Authors: Fu Zheng , Zhang Xiang , Zhou Xinyan , Ur-Rehman Uzair , Yu Mengchao , Liang Hongwei , Guo Hongyuan , Guo Xu , Kong Yan , Su Yuanyuan , Ye Yangyang , Hu Xiuting , Cheng Wei , Wu Jinrong , Wang Yanbo , Gu Yayun , Lu Sheng-feng , Wu Dianqing , Zen Ke , Li Jing , Yan Chao , Zhang Chen-Yu , Chen Xi
Published: March 2021

RNAi therapy has undergone two stages of development, direct injection of synthetic siRNAs and delivery with artificial vehicles or conjugated ligands; both have not solved the problem of efficient in vivo siRNA delivery. Here, we present a proof-of-principle strategy that reprogrammes host liver with genetic circuits to direct the synthesis and self-assembly of siRNAs into secretory exosomes and facilitate the in vivo delivery of siRNAs through circulating exosomes. By combination of different genetic circuit modules, in vivo assembled siRNAs are systematically distributed to multiple tissues or targeted to specific tissues (e.g., brain), inducing potent target gene silencing in these tissues. The therapeutic value of our strategy is demonstrated by programmed silencing of critical targets associated with various diseases, including EGFR/KRAS in lung cancer, EGFR/TNC in glioblastoma and PTP1B in obesity. Overall, our strategy represents a next generation RNAi therapeutics, which makes RNAi therapy feasible.
Whole-exome sequencing identifies two novel ALMS1 mutations in Indian patients with Leber congenital amaurosis
Authors: Srikrupa Natarajan N. , Sripriya Sarangapani , Pavithra Suriyanarayanan , Sen Parveen , Gupta Ravi , Mathavan Sinnakaruppan
Published: March 2021

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a severe autosomal recessive retinal degenerative disease. The current study describes exome sequencing results for two unrelated Indian LCA patients carrying novel nonsense p.(Glu636*) and frameshift p.(Pro2281Leufs*63) mutations in the ALMS1 gene. Although ALMS1 gene mutations are associated with Alstrom syndrome (AS), the current patients did not exhibit typical syndromic features of AS. These data suggest that ALMS1 should be included in the candidate gene panel for LCA to improve diagnostic efficiency.