bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF THE OAK LEAF SHREDDER, CROESIA SEMIPURPURANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Silk P.J. , Kuenen L.P.S. , Alford A.R. , Lonergan G.C. , Grant G.G.
Published: November 2009

Using gas chromatography and gas chromatography – mass spectrometry analyses of sex pheromone gland volatiles, we identified E- and Z-11-tetradecenals (E:Z-11-14:Aid) in an 85:15 blend of E:Z as the primary sex pheromone components of Croesia semipurpurana (Kearfott). Similar chemical analyses of sex pheromone gland extracts indicated the presence of the congeneric acetates (85:15 E:Z-11-14:Ac) and their saturated analogue (14:Ac); in addition, 85:15 E:Z-11-14:Alds were present at 5% of the acetates. The E:Z-11-14:Alds alone elicited trap capture; admixtures of saturated and unsaturated acetate analogues exhibited no significant synergistic or inhibitory effects. PVC rods with an 85:15 E:Z-11-14:Ald blend is recommended as a trap bait for monitoring population trends. It is unknown whether or not the components identified here represent the complete pheromone blend of this species; data from traps suspended 1.5 m above the ground versus those suspended 10 m above the ground suggest that future field studies may need to be conducted with traps positioned in the tree canopy.
ARTHROPOD BIODIVERSITY FROMPOPULUSCOARSE WOODY MATERIAL IN NORTH-CENTRAL ALBERTA: A REVIEW OF TAXA AND COLLECTION METHODS
Authors: Hammond H.E. James
Published: November 2009

Arthropods associated withPopuluscoarse woody material (CWM) were sampled from aspen-mixedwood stands in north-central Alberta using rearings from wood bolts and flight-intercept traps attached to snags. More than 39 000 arthropod specimens were collected over 3 years, comprised mainly of Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Acari. Detailed analyses are provided to compare the number of species, standardized abundance, and trophic structure between collecting methods for 257 saproxylic species of Coleoptera. Abundance of beetle species, from both rearings and window traps, and rarefaction estimates of species richness indicate little difference between methods with respect to expected number of species. However the abundance of particular beetle families differed significantly between methods, with the Aderidae, Anthicidae, and Scaphidiidae collected mainly in rearings and the Micropeplidae, Bostrichidae, Cephaloidae, Clambidae, Salpingidae, and Tenebrionidae more commonly collected with window traps. Fungivorous and predatory beetles were more abundant in CWM than wood borers, scavengers, or taxa with undetermined feeding habits, but the two methods revealed similar overall trophic structure. To census the variability in saproxylic arthropod faunas from CWM, a combination of collecting methods is recommended.
PHOTOPERIODISM AND LIFE CYCLE PLASTICITY OF AN APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS), FROM CENTRAL NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Lamb R.J. , MacKay P.A.
Published: November 2009

Photoperiodic responses are described for five clones of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae), from Manitoba, Canada, a region with a strongly seasonal, continental climate. When exposed to long nights, parthenogenetic wingless females produce winged males and parthenogenetic winged females that subsequently produce mating females. The young adult males and winged females are restless and take flight readily, which is typical of a post-teneral migratory phase that could carry them to a winter host. These traits are characteristic of host-alternating species. However, wingless females also produce mating females, and winged females also produce parthenogenetic wingless females, traits which are characteristic of nonhost-alternating species. Clones differ in the frequencies of phenotypes they produce, some being more host-alternating than others. Critical night lengths are shortest and frequencies of males highest for clones that are closest to the host-alternating type of life cycle. The importance of phenotypic and genotypic plasticity in the life cycle is discussed.
REVISION OF NORTH AMERICANAGABUSLEACH (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE): THESERIATUS-GROUP
Authors: Larson D.J.
Published: November 2009

The nine species of the endemic North AmericanAgabus seriatus-group are revised. All species occur west of the Rocky Mountains withA.lugensLeConte also occurring on the Great Plains andA.seriatus(Say) transcontinental in mid-latitudes. The species are placed in four subgroups, namely theseriates-subgroup withA.seriatus,A.lugens, andA.perplexusSharp; thebrevicollis-subgroup withA.brevicollisLeConte,A.pandurusLeech, andA.roguusnew species; theilybiiformis-subgroup with the single speciesA.ilybiiformisZimmermann; and theregularis-subgroup withA.regularisLeConte andA.minnesotensisWallis. Geographical variation inA.seriatusis analyzed and it is concluded that recognition of subspecies ofA.seriatusis not warranted andA.s.intersectus(Crotch), NEW SYNONYMY, is relegated to a synonym ofA.seriatus. For each species the following is provided: synonymy; description and illustration of taxonomically useful characters; notes on relationships, variation, distribution, and ecology; and a map of collection localities. A key to species is provided and lectotypes designated forA.brevicollisLeConte,A.lugensLeConte,A.perplexusSharp,Gaurodytes suturalisCrotch (=A.lugens), andIlybius regularisLeConte.
DESCRIPTION OF THE MATURE LARVAE OF THREE HOPLITIS (HYMENOPTERA: APOIDEA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Torres F. , Gayubo S.F. , Tormos J. , Asis J.D.
Published: November 2009

The mature larvae of three species of Hoplitis, namely Hoplitis anceyi (Pérez), Hoplitis anthodemnion Michener, and Hoplitis nitidula (Morawitz), are described and compared with the other known larvae in the genus. The morphology of the spiracles, antennal discs, and antennal papillae, the absence of a seta on the mandibular basis, and the shape of the vertex permit the characterization of each species. Furthermore, H. anthodemnion has the integument covered by setiform spicules. Nevertheless, there is no clear separation between the three species studied and those previously known, and larval morphology does not support the consideration of Anthocopa and Hoplitis as separate genera.
BLANCHARDIA POIKILA GEN.NOV., SP.NOV. (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE, MACROSIPHINI) IN MENDOZA, ARGENTINA
Authors: Ortego J. , Nafría J.M. Nieto , Durante M.P. Mier
Published: November 2009

Blanchardia gen.nov. and its type species Blanchardia poikila sp.nov. are described and the new combination Blanchardia capitophoroides is established for Macrosiphum capitophoroides Blanchard, 1944. The new genus forms part of the Macrosiphum group and it is characterized by the presence of one to three poorly defined rows of cells on the apex of siphunculus. Both species live on Senecio in Patagonia, Mendoza Province, Argentina.
THE EFFECT OF CONSPECIFICS ON OVIPOSITION SITE SELECTION AND OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOUR IN AEDES TOGOI (THEOBOLD) (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)
Authors: Onyabe David Y. , Roitberg Bernard D.
Published: November 2009

Two opposing hypotheses are tested regarding the choice of oviposition sites by female Aedes togoi (Theobold) mosquitoes: (i) conspecific avoidance—females discriminate against sites harboring conspecifics to reduce intraspecific competition for their offspring and (ii) conspecific attraction—females prefer sites with conspecifics because their presence indicates suitable conditions for larvae. Under laboratory conditions, A. togoi females laid many more eggs on rearing water (LRW) containing conspecific larvae, their waste, bacteria, and food supplements than on rearing water alone (RM). In another experiment, females showed an oviposition preference for LRW sites that were devoid of A. togoi eggs compared with those harboring 50 (0.3 eggs/mL) conspecific eggs. Further, it was discovered that females laid their eggs at several sites rather than at a single suitable site. Possible reasons for such choices are discussed.
PHEROMONE BLEND ATTRACTS NUN MOTH, LYMANTRIA MONACHA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), IN JAPAN
Authors: Gries Gerhard , Gries Regine , Schaefer Paul W.
Published: November 2009

The nun moth (NM), Lymantria monacha (L.), is one of the most important defoliators of coniferous forests in Eurasia (Bejer 1988). It was reportedly established near Brooklyn, New York (Holland 1941), but according to Ferguson (1978) “either the report was wrong or monacha did not persist, as there is no evidence of its presence now.” The potential entry of NM to North America poses a severe threat to the vitality, biodiversity, and stability of coniferous forests. The economic and environmental costs of existing exotics and the potential entry of new ones, such as NM, justify proactive management and heightened international quarantine efforts.

Recent identification of an attractive and species-specific pheromone blend in NM from the Czech Republic (Grant et al. 1996; Gries et al. 1996) provides the opportunity to develop pheromone-based NM detection surveys in North America. However, as has been demonstrated for other moth species (Klun et al. 1975; Thompson et al. 1991; Tóth et al. 1992), pheromone blends of geographically wide ranging species, such as NM, may be regionally specific. Therefore, attraction of Asian NM males to the European NM pheromone blend needed to be tested.
ORIBATIDA (ACARI) IN BALSAM FIR [ABIES BALSAMEA(L.)] FORESTS OF WESTERN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Dwyer E. , Larson D.J. , Thompson I.D.
Published: November 2009

The oribatid fauna of commercial balsam fir [Abies balsamea(L.)] forests of western Newfoundland were surveyed through Berlese funnel extraction of samples taken from soil and various forest microhabitats. A total of 83 species or species complexes representing 39 families was collected. Fourteen genera and 36 species are new records for Newfoundland. One genus,HaplozetesWillmann, 1935, is a new record for Canada. For each species, notes on abundance in soil samples and distribution among microhabitats are provided and for the more abundant species, seasonal variation in abundance of immature and adult stages is plotted.
ALLOZYME VARIATION, RELATEDNESS AMONG PROGENY IN A NEST, AND SEX RATIO IN THE LEAFCUTTER BEE,MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA(FABRICIUS) (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: McCorquodale D.B. , Owen R.E.
Published: November 2009

We assessed enzyme variability in a solitary leafcutter bee,Megachile rotundata(Fabricius), and found sufficient variability to compare relatedness among progeny in a nest in two samples: (1) nests with an associated adult female (putative mother) and (2) nests with out-of-sequence male progeny (M.rotundata, like most cavity-nesting solitary aculeates, usually provisions all female cells in a nest before any male cells). Estimates of relatedness from nests with associated adult females were consistent with the progeny in a nest being closely related and the offspring of a single, once-mated female. The relatedness estimates from nests with out-of-sequence males were all much lower, suggesting some combination of nest parasitism, nest usurpation, nest abandonment, and multiply mated females in these nests. The high levels of relatedness among female progeny in the first sample, as expected for full sisters in a haplodiploid system, are considered with respect to the evolution of social behaviour in the Hymenoptera. Besides higher estimates of relatedness, the nests with an associated female also had a lower male:female sex ratio than did nests with out-of-sequence males.
NEMATODE CONTROL OF BLACK ARMY CUTWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) UNDER LABORATORY AND FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: West R.J. , Vrain T.C.
Published: November 2009

Four steinernematid strains, Steinernema carpocapsae All strain, S. carpocapsae Umeå strain, S. feltiae Lie strain, and S. feltiae strain 27, were evaluated in laboratory and field tests as potential agents for the control of the black army cutworm, Actebia fennica (Tauscher). Although each of the six instars was susceptible to attack, incidences of infection were highest and generally over 60% for the third, fourth, and fifth instars when exposed to 100 infective juvenile nematodes in petri dishes. Fifth-instar larvae exposed for 1 week to soil containing 4000 infective juveniles in a 1:1:1 mixture of the L1c, All, and Umeå strains were most frequently infected with the L1c strain when reared at 10 and 12 °C and with the All strain when reared at 14 and 16 °C. One hundred thousand infective juveniles of the L1c, All, and Umeå strains and strain 27, alone and in various combinations, and applied by either a spray or soil-plug inoculation, killed black army cutworm larvae caged in the field for 1 week with treated black spruce seedlings and provided protection of current and 1 -year-old foliage. Treatments that included strain 27 provided the best protection when daily mean soil temperatures were 7–11 °C in comparison to treatments that included the Umeå or All strains, whereas treatments that included the All strain as a component appeared to be more effective than treatments containing the L1c and Umeå strains when daily mean soil temperatures were 16–17 °C.
LABORATORY AND FIELD EVALUATION OF A NEEM INSECTICIDE AGAINST ARCHIPS ROSANUS L. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: AliNiazee M.T. , Alhumeyri Amin , Saeed M.
Published: November 2009

A commercial formulation of neem seed extract, Margosan-O, containing 0.3% AI azadirachtin, was tested under laboratory and field conditions against the European leafroller, Archips rosanus L. In laboratory tests, a 1% aqueous solution of neem insecticide produced 100% larval mortality within 48 h of treatment. At lower concentrations of 0.1 and 0.01%, 48-h mortality rates were reduced. Prolonged deleterious effects of sublethal treatments of neem were observed even at the lowest concentration (0.001%) tested. Mortality in the 0.1 and 0.01% treatments group reached 100% within 32–39 days after treatment. Field data showed that 3 weeks after application, 1% Margosan-O was as effective as the organophosphate insecticide diazinon and significantly more effective than the microbial insecticide Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis). Larvae exposed to higher concentrations of neem died within 48 h after feeding on treated foliage. At lower rates, feeding deterrence (including cessation of feeding) and growth regulatory effects (e.g. difficulty in molting, abnormal larval growth, and formation of malformed pupae and adults) were recorded.
WHITE SPRUCE AND THE SPRUCE BUDWORM: DEFINING THE PHENOLOGICAL WINDOW OF SUSCEPTIBILITY
Authors: Lawrence Robert K. , Mattson William J. , Haack Robert A.
Published: November 2009

Synchrony of insect and host tree phenologies has often been suggested as an important factor influencing the susceptibility of white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and other hosts to the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). We evaluated this hypothesis by caging several cohorts of spruce budworm larvae on three white spruce populations at different phenological stages of the host trees, and then comparing budworm performance with host phenology and variation of 13 foliar traits. The beginning of the phenological window of susceptibility in white spruce occurs several weeks prior to budbreak, and the end of the window is sharply defined by the end of shoot growth. Performance was high for the earliest budworm cohorts that we tested. These larvae began feeding 3–4 weeks prior to budbreak and completed their larval development prior to the end of shoot elongation. Optimal synchrony occurred when emergence preceded budbreak by about 2 weeks. Larval survival was greater than 60% for individuals starting development 1–3 weeks prior to budbreak, but decreased to less than 10% for those starting development 2 or more weeks after budbreak and thus completing development after shoot elongation ceased. High performance by the budworm was most strongly correlated with high levels of foliar nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, copper, sugars, and water and low levels of foliar calcium, phenolics, and toughness. These results suggest that advancing the usual phenological window of white spruce (i.e. advancing budbreak prior to larval emergence) or retarding budworm phenology can have a large negative effect on the spruce budworm’s population dynamics.
FIRST REPORT OF THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CYPHOCLEONUS ACHATES (FAHRAEUS) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON SPOTTED KNAPWEED, CENTAURE A MACULOSA LAMARCK, IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Story J.M. , Good W.R. , White L.J.
Published: November 2009

Cyphocleonus achates (Fahaeus) is a Eurasian, root-feeding weevil introduced into North America for the biological control of spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lamarck. Stinson et al. (1994) reported that C. achates is one of the most damaging root-feeding insects on knapweed in Eurasia and should be a valuable addition to the biocontrol effort in North America. The biology, host specificity, and potential impact of the weevil were described by Stinson et al. (1994). Larvae mine into the root cortex where they induce formation of a conspicuous root gall. Feeding by older larvae causes much damage, especially to small plants or plants containing several larvae. The weevil overwinters as a larva in the root and emerges as an adult from mid-July to October. Adult weevils are large (14 mm long) and flightless, and feed on knapweed foliage. The weevil has one generation per year.
NEW RECORDS OF PLANT SPECIES USED BY ADULT MONARCH BUTTERFLIESDANAUS PLEXIPPUSL. (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: DANAINAE) DURING MIGRATION IN MEXICO
Authors: García Eduardo Rivera , Equihua Zamora Miguel E.
Published: November 2009

DanausplexippusL. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) is a cosmopolitan species, distributed in America wherever milkweed grows (Amett 1985). Its migratory phenomenon spans Canada, the United States, and Mexico and it has been considered endangered since the 1980s (IUCN 1983).

Ackery and Van-Wright (1984) compiled 45 species of food plants used by immature stages and 70 species of plants attractive to adults of the Monarch butterfly. Malcolm and Brower (1986) listed 28 host plant species recorded in nature. Lynch and Martin (1993) added sixAsclepiasspecies and observed larvae on three species of milkweed vine,Sarcostemma crispumand S.cynancroidesin Texas, andCynanchum laevein Louisiana.
EFFICACY OF AERIAL APPLICATIONS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER AND TEBUFENOZIDE AGAINST THE EASTERN HEMLOCK LOOPER (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: West R.J. , Thompson D. , Sundaram K.M.S. , Sundaram A. , Retnakaran A. , Mickle R.
Published: November 2009

The formulated product of the insect-molting hormone analog, tebufenozide (MIMIC 240LV), and two aqueous formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, ABG6387 and ABG6414, were aerially applied over prethinned commercial stands of balsam fir infested with the eastern hemlock looper. MIMIC® was applied once at the rate of 65.1 g active ingredient (ai) in 1.86 L/ha and twice at the rate of 33.4–35.4 g ai in 1.91–2.02 L/ha. The formulations of B. thuringiensis were applied twice at rates of 19.3–24.1 billion International Units (BIU) in 1.54–1.93 L/ha for ABG6387 and 33.2–36.0 BIU in 1.67–1.80 L/ha for ABG6414.

Nine of the 10 plots treated with the single application of MIMIC showed reductions resulting from treatment, ranging from 3 to 93% within 9–11 days and 8 to 100% after 3 weeks. Plots treated twice with the lower dosage of MIMIC generally had larval population reductions of over 50% within 9–11 days of treatment and over 60% 3 weeks after treatment. For both treatments with MIMIC, plots with poor efficacy were clearly associated with low foliar deposition of the active ingredient. Overall, the results suggest that deposits of tebufenozide of less than 1.5 μg/g foliage do not give acceptable control of hemlock looper. Pupal population reductions resulting from treatment ranged from 8 to 99% for plots treated with the single application and 76 to 100% for plots treated twice at the half-dosage. Ground assessments of defoliation occurring after treatment ranged from 10 to 51% (year-old foliage) and 0 to 16% (current-year foliage) for the plots treated once, and 1 to 33% (year-old foliage) and 0 to 8% (current-year foliage) for the plots treated twice at the half-dosage. Thirty-five to 65% of year-old foliage and 15–39% of current-year foliage was defoliated in untreated check plots.Reductions resulting from treatment by ABG6387 ranged from 27 to 91% 10 days after the first application, from 73 to 99% 8 days after the second application, and from 90 to 100% for pupae. Plots treated with ABG6414 had larval population reductions from 76 to 93% 10 days after the first application and from 98 to 100% 7 days after the second application. No pupae were recovered in the plots treated with ABG6414. Defoliation assessed from ground level was less than 5% in the plots treated with ABG6387 and ABG6414 compared with defoliation of 10–29% of year-old foliage and 8–12% defoliation of current-year foliage in the check plots.
BIOLOGY OFAPHODIUS HYXOSPETROVITZ (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEOIDEA: APHODIIDAE) AND DESCRIPTION OF THE THIRD LARVAL STAGE
Authors: Verdú J.R. , Lumaret J.P. , Galante E.
Published: November 2009

Aphodius hyxosPetrovitz, 1962 was reared in the laboratory and the third-stage larva is described and illustrated. The third-stage larvae and life histories ofAphodius granarius(L.), 1767 andA. hyxosare compared. Adults ofA. hyxosare active from late autumn until early spring, whereas adults ofA. granariusare active chiefly from early spring to late summer. The larvae of both species may be separated by differences in the distribution of setae on the raster, the shape of the anal lobes, and the size and number of holes in the respiratory plate.
TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF THE NEW WORLD POGONINI (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE)
Authors: Bousquet Yves , Laplante Serge
Published: November 2009

Eight species are recognized within the New World fauna of the tribe Pogonini:Thalassotrechus barbarae(Horn, 1892),Ochtozetus bicolor(Brullé, 1843),Ochtozetus inexspectatussp.nov. (type locality: Santa Isabel, Mato Grosso, Brazil),Diplochaetus rutilus(Chevrolat, 1863),Diplochaetus megacephalussp.nov. (type locality: Bottomless Lakes State Park, New Mexico),Diplochaetus emaciatusBates, 1891,Diplochaetus planatus(Horn, 1876) [new combination] andPogonus texanusChaudoir, 1868. Two names are listed for the first time in synonymy:Pogonus parallelusLeConte, 1874 (=Pogonus leconteiHorn, 1876) withDiplochaetus rutilus(Chevrolat, 1863) andDiplochaetus desertusVan Dyke, 1953 withDiplochaetus emaciatus(Bates, 1891). Lectotypes are selected forTrechus barbaraeHorn, 1892,Pogonus emaciatusBates, 1891 andPogonus depressusLeConte, 1874. A key to the species, illustrations of the most important characters and distributional maps of most species are included.
IMPACT OF EMIGRATING SEED CHALCID,MEGASTIGMUS SPERMOTROPHUSWACHTL(HYMENOPTERA: TORYMIDAE), ON SEED PRODUCTION IN A DOUGLAS-FIR SEED ORCHARD IN FRANCE AND MODELLING OF ORCHARD INVASION
Authors: Jarry Marc , Candau Jean-Noël , Roques Alain , Ycart Bernard
Published: November 2009

The invasion of a Douglas-fir seed orchard by host-specific seed chalcids immigrating from the surrounding plantations of Douglas-fir has been monitored for a 10-year period. The orchard cone crop was entirely harvested every year to prevent the establishment of a resident chalcid population. Over the 10 years the percentage of infested seeds resulting from the immigration of seed chalcids ranged from 0.88 to 91.0%. A model to forecast the importance of annual seed orchard infestation by immigrating populations is proposed. This model is based on passive diffusion of females emerging in the surrounding plantations with a downwind drift. Only a few plantations located within a radius of 5 km from the orchard appeared to contribute significantly to orchard infestation. Settlement of Douglas-fir orchard in regions with low density of conspecific trees and annual harvest of cones are suggested to limit the importance and regularity of seed chalcid damage.
EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE ON CALLING BEHAVIOUR OF THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR L. (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Webster R. P. , Yin C.-M.
Published: November 2009

Female gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), exhibited a distinct calling rhythm at 17 °C, with peak calling ca. 4.0 h before the beginning of scotophase and minimal calling at or near the onset of the photophase (4.0 h). The rhythm persisted under continuous darkness (DD) and is thus circadian. The duration of calling in DD was shorter than that under a 16 h L: 8 h D photoperiodic regime. In contrast, under continuous light (LL) females called continuously and no overt rhythm was observed. Individuals kept under LL from the beginning of the pupal stage exhibited a distinct calling rhythm following a transfer to DD. The influence of temperature on the calling rhythm of L. dispar differed from most other species of moths studied to date. At lower temperature the onset of calling occurred later than at higher temperatures. The duration of the calling period increased from 11.1 h at 9 °C to continuous calling at 35 °C. The responses of females to temperature changes made at different times during the calling period suggest that the timing of calling in L. dispar does not depend on absolute temperature level.
OVIPOSITION PREFERENCES OF LYGUS LINEOLARIS (PALISOT DE BEAUVOIS) (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON FOUR BRASSICA AND TWO SINAPIS SPECIES (BRASSICACEAE) IN FIELD CAGES
Authors: Gerber G.H.
Published: November 2009

The oviposition preferences of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) were studied on Brassica carinata A. Braun, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern, Brassica napus L., Brassica rapa L., Sinapis alba L. (high glucosinolates), Sinapis alba L. (low glucosinolates), and Sinapis arvensis L. in a choice test during a 14-day period in field cages. Host-plant discrimination occurred on at least two levels. The first level occurred at the generic level; ovipositing females first selected species of Sinapis on which to lay eggs and later laid on species of Brassica. On species of Sinapis, 80% or more of the total number of eggs were laid during days 1–6, whereas only 35–58% were laid during this period on species of Brassica. The second level occurred at the species level in both Brassica and Sinapis. In Brassica, significantly more eggs were laid on B. carinata and B. napus than on B. juncea; in Sinapis, significantly more eggs were laid on S. alba (high glucosinolates) than on S. arvensis. The numbers of eggs did not differ significantly among B. carinata, B. napus, and S. alba (high glucosinolates). The numbers of eggs on B. rapa and S. alba (low glucosinolate) were not significantly different from those on the other five Brassica and Sinapis hosts tested. Host-plant selection seemed to be unaffected by glucosinolate levels in the seed of S. alba.
EVALUATION OF NEEM SEED EXTRACT FOR CONTROL OF THE SPRUCE APHID,ELATOBIUM ABIETINUM(WALKER) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Partridge Marian J. , Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

An extract from seeds of the neem tree,Azadirachta indicaA. Juss, enriched with azadirachtin, was evaluated in three experiments for control of the spruce aphid,Elatobium abietinum(Walker), on potted spruce trees in a greenhouse. The extract in Exps. 1 and 2 was first applied in February 1993 when spruce aphid populations were initially low; populations were observed weekly for 15 weeks. In Exp. 1, foliar applications to the runoff point of 150 ppm azadirachtin applied three times (biweekly) held populations below 5.3 aphids per 6-cm twig samples; populations on trees treated at 75 ppm, or with emulsifier only, reached 32.2 and 26.9 aphids per sample, respectively. With five weekly applications (Exp. 2), suppression to < 14 aphids per sample was achieved with both 150- and 75-ppm treatments; populations on control trees peaked at 36.8 aphids per sample. The extract at 150 ppm in Exp. 3 significantly reduced the number of aphids on trees that initially had high populations. The results indicate that neem has potential for operational use against aphids in conifer seed orchards.
RESISTANCE TO INSECTICIDES IN POPULATIONS OF FRANKUNIELLA OCCIDENTALIS (PERGANDE) (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) FROM GREENHOUSES IN THE NIAGARA REGION OF ONTARIO
Authors: Broadbent A.B. , Pree D.J.
Published: November 2009

Resistance was documented in 1995 to commonly used organophosphorus, carbamate, and pyrethroid insecticides in populations of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), from six commercial greenhouses in Ontario. Adult female thrips were placed in glass vials treated with technical-grade insecticides and mortality at 18 h was compared with a single discriminating concentration, the computed LC99 of a reference laboratory population. Baseline dose–response regressions for insecticides commonly used in Ontario greenhouses were obtained for the laboratory population of western flower thrips. The organophosphorus compounds chlorpyrifos and malathion and the carbamates methomyl and bendiocarb were the most toxic materials tested; whereas the pyrethroid deltamethrin and a phosphoroamidate acephate were the least toxic. The addition of piperonyl butoxide to solutions of deltamethrin was highly synergistic. The mixture of deltamethrin and endosulfan (1:1) was moderately synergistic. Populations of western flower thrips from commercial greenhouses were resistant to deltamethrin, but deltamethrin mixed with piperonyl butoxide or endosulfan was synergistic in all cases. None of the populations were resistant to all of the insecticides tested. Recommendations are presented for the development of a resistance-management strategy for western flower thrips.
LE CHOIX DE LA DIRECTION DES TRAJETS ENTRE FLEURS DES BOURDONS (BOMBUS) BUTINEURS
Authors: Plowright Catherine , Cantin-Plante Nathalie
Published: November 2009

In a laboratory experiment on the decision rule underlying the avoidance of flower revisitation by foraging bumble bees (Bombus impatiens), artificial flowers were arranged in two rows. For each flower visited, the choice was either to travel straight ahead onto a flower in the same row or to change direction and choose a flower in the other row. The distance between rows was manipulated to be smaller than, equal to, or greater than the distance between flowers in the same row. When the distances between adjacent flowers within a row and between rows were equal, a significant tendency to travel straight ahead was observed. This tendency was sensitive to changes in distance between rows, even when the distances between rows far exceeded the distance between flowers within a row. The tendency was abolished when the distance between rows was smaller than the distance between flowers within a row. A significant alternation of the bumble bee between rows (zigzag path) was observed in only one condition: when not only the distance between rows was much smaller than the distance between flowers in the same row, but also when the rows were staggered such that the bee could alternate between rows while still travelling in an almost straight line. These results show that the two variables of distance and angle are integrated, and that the choices made by bumble bees do not reflect a simple rule. Future research on tradeoffs is suggested.
REVIEW OF THE MYRMECOPHILOUS PTOMAPHAGUS, SUBGENUS ECHINOCOLEUS (NEW STATUS), OF NORTH AMERICA (COLEOPTERA: LEIODIDAE: CHOLEVINAE: PTOMAPHAGINI)
Authors: Peck Stewart B. , Gnaspini Pedro
Published: November 2009

We here give Echinocoleus new ranking as a subgenus of Ptomaphagus. Ptomaphagus (Echinocoleus) acutus sp.nov. is described from the southeastern United States (Alabama, Georgia, Florida). It is the most plesiotypic member of a group in which all other species live in the western United States and (probably) adjacent Mexico. All are myrmecophilous with Pogonomyrmex and Aphaenogaster (= Novomessor) harvester ants. A phylogenetic analysis is given for the subgenus. The main synapomorphies of Echinocoleus, which are mostly interrelated with myrmecophily, are reduction of body length and broadening of elytra, reduction of antennal length, verticalization of mesocoxal insertion, reduction of mesosternal carina, body with a golden pubescense, and a pointed projection at the end of the spermatheca.
TIMEMA BARTMANI (PHASMATOPTERA: TIMEMATODEA: TIMEMATIDAE), A NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Vickery Vernon R. , Sandoval Cristina P.
Published: November 2009

Timema bartmani sp.nov. is described from San Bernardino County, California. Both sexes are known. Males show relationship with Timema podura Strohecker. Females closely resemble Timema tahoe Vickery. Timema bartmani may be the sexual ancestor of the parthenogenetic T. tahoe.
CASSIDA AZUREA FAB. (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE): HOST SPECIFICITY AND ESTABLISHMENT IN CANADA AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT AGAINST THE WEED SILENE VULGARIS (MOENCH) GARCKE
Authors: Peschken D.P. , Declerck-Floate R. , McClay A.S.
Published: November 2009

Cassida azurea Fab. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was studied as an agent to control the weed bladder campion, Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (Caryophyllaceae). To supplement previously published data on the beetle’s host range, additional no-choice experiments were conducted. First-stage larvae were offered seven plant species related to bladder campion. Only one adult male developed on Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. China Doll and one female on Lychnis × haageana Lem. This female did not produce eggs when it continued to feed on L. × haageana. In tests with adults, oogenesis occurred only if fed with bladder campion, and one laid one egg while feeding on Gypsophila pacifica Kom. First-stage larvae did not develop to adults on three native North American Silene spp., but two adults developed on three other native species. Based on results from these experiments and reports in the literature, it was concluded that C. azurea has a very narrow host range and permission for field releases was granted in 1989. Releases were made in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta from 1989 to 1993. Cassida azurea survived from 3 to 6 years and was considered established at 8 of the 18 release sites in the three provinces but has not yet increased to densities sufficient to reduce bladder campion populations.
REPLACEMENT OF BOMBUS MUSCORUM BY BOMBUS PASCUORUM IN NORTHERN BRITAIN
Authors: Plowright C.M.S. , Plowright R.C. , Williams Paul H.
Published: November 2009

Records of bumble bees from four collecting trips (1977, 1978, 1988, and 1994) in northern Britain show apparent changes in the incidences of two species. Until 1988, Bombus muscorum (Linnaeus) and Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli) were found in the counties of Cumbria, Durham, and North Yorkshire. Only B. muscorum was found in the Orkney Islands in 1978. In 1994, however, B. pascuorum was found abundantly in all of these areas, and in the Orkney Islands we could find only a single B. muscorum. From these data, B. pascuorum appears to have been replacing B. muscorum in some parts of northern Britain.
EFFECT OF HOST AND NONHOST TREES ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Nicol R.W. , Arnason J.T. , Helson B. , Abou-Zaid M.M.
Published: November 2009

Larval growth and pupal parameters of the forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hübner) reared on the foliage of two host trees (Populus tremuloides Michx. and Acer saccharum Marsh.) and one nonhost tree (Acer rubrum L.) were quantified. This was achieved by undertaking a larval development bioassay under controlled laboratory conditions, but using fresh leaves collected in two field seasons. Larvae fed foliage of P. tremuloides grew exponentially and began to pupate after 3 weeks. Larvae fed with A. saccharum gained significantly less weight and had a reduced number of larvae pupate, and the pupae weighed significantly less than their counterparts fed on P. tremuloides. All larvae that were fed the foliage of A. rubrum died within 2 weeks. A nutritional utilization bioassay with fourth-instar larvae revealed that the foliage of A. saccharum has a growth-inhibitory component, whereas that of A. rubrum is antifeedant. Reasons are discussed for the discrepancy between the many reports of A. saccharum being a food host for M. disstria in the field and the laboratory results.
FIRST RECORD OF TRICHOGRAMMA INYOENSE (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) ATTACKING THE BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Mason P.G. , Pinto J.D. , Long Z.L. , Harris J.L.
Published: November 2009

The bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, is a major pest of canola in western Canada. In 1994, 1995, and 1996 more than 670 000, 650 000, and 250 000 ha of canola were sprayed for bertha armyworm, respectively (Anonymous 1994, 1995, 1996). Despite the current trend towards increased acreage of canola production in western Canada, canola acreages declined markedly in 1996 from that planted in 1995 (Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food Statistical Facts 1996) in part because of the perception by farmers of the impact of bertha armyworm outbreaks in 1994 and 1995. Much research has been carried out in western Canada on the bertha armyworm with the aim of developing an integrated pest management program which includes the understanding of its biological control agents. Turnock (1984) reported that the native parasitoid complex of larval M. configurata consists of five species of Hymenoptera and 10 species of Diptera. Only two of these, namely Banchus flavescens Cresson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Athrycia cinerea (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tachinidae), have large negative impacts on its populations (Wylie and Bucher 1977).
EVIDENCE FOR A FEMALE-PRODUCED SEX PHEROMONE IN THE APPLE LEAF MIDGE, DASINEURA MALI (KIEFFER) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Heath Jeremy J. , Gaul Sonia O. , Nash Dennis M. , Smith Robert F. , Kukal Olga
Published: November 2009

The apple leaf midge, Dasineura mali (Kieffer), is an apple pest in Nova Scotia's Annapolis Valley (Rogers 1991). Larval D. mali are specialist, leaf-feeding pests that attack primarily young pubescent apple shoots. Larval feeding induces the leaves to curl tightly toward the midrib and form distinctive reddish galls that desiccate following larval exit. Economic damage to orchards in Annapolis Valley has not been estimated, but immature trees and nursery stock are vulnerable because new growth is essential for proper tree formation (Rogers 1991).
REPLIES TO FORUM: INSECTS AND TEMPERATURE—SOME COMMENTS ON A GENERAL THEORY
Authors: Lamb Robert J.
Published: November 2009

Gilbert and Raworth (1996) propose a general theory to explain the effects of temperature on the development and growth rates of insects. The theory is evolutionary rather than physiological. They propose that insects are selected for a high rate of increase (i.e., rapid growth and large size) in spring, and for rapid development in summer. They claim that these selection pressures explain five “puzzles:” (1) the linearity of the relationship between development rate and temperature, (2) a reduction in the genetic variation of development rate at high temperature (i.e., average midsummer temperature), (3) a reduction in the genetic variation of growth rate at low temperature (i.e., average spring temperature), (4) slow development at the time of emergence after overwintering, and (5) a greater reduction in development rate than growth rate at low temperature.
WEEVIL PHYSIOLOGY CONTROLS THE FEEDING RATES OF PISSODES STROBI ON PICEA SITCHENSIS
Authors: Sahota T.S. , Manville J.F. , Peet F.G. , Ibaraki A. , White E.
Published: November 2009

The number and volume of feeding and oviposition holes made by female white pine weevils, Pissodes strobi (Peck), on lateral branches of resistant and susceptible Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., were determined. When all possible effects of weevil reproduction on feeding rates were eliminated, by using reproductively noncompetent weevils, there was no significant difference in the number of feeding holes made on the two host types. In addition, the volume of feeding holes was unaffected by host type on day 1. In contrast, when differential reproductive activity was induced by treating weevils with juvenile hormone, and the host factor was eliminated, by using only the susceptible host, higher reproductive activity was accompanied by a significantly larger number of feeding holes. Hormone treatment also led to an increase in the volume of feeding holes in the absence of any influence of host factors. Results are interpreted in relation to the direct effects of host resistance on feeding rates (which determine host acceptability) and the indirect effects of host resistance on feeding rates mediated through the physiology of the weevils (which determine host suitability). Our results show that both the number of feeding holes and their volume are determined primarily through weevil metabolism.
REVIEW OF THE PANDELETEIUS BISERIATUS SPECIES-GROUP (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES
Authors: Howden Anne T.
Published: November 2009

Pandeleteius florivorus sp.nov. is described from specimens feeding on the flowers of Piptadenia leucoxylon Barneby et Grimes (Mimosaceae) in Venezuela. Additional distribution records and a revised key to the species of the Pandeleteius biseriatus (Kirsch) species-group are given.
ELECTROPHORETIC DETECTION OF PARASITISM BY DRYINIDAE IN TYPHLOCYBINAE LEAFHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: AUCHENORRHYNCHA)
Authors: Demichelis Stefano , Manino Aulo
Published: November 2009

Nine species of the subfamily Typhlocybinae (Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) were collected from Corylus avellana L., Solatium tuberosum L., and Vitis vinifera L. Seven species were parasitized by Dryinidae, among which Alebra coryli Le Quesne 1977 and Edwardsiana staminata (Ribaut, 1931) were recognized for the first time. Clearly parasitized and apparently unparasitized leafhoppers and dissected dryinid larvae were assayed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPD) enzyme system proved to be a reliable tool for indicating the presence of dryinids in all sampled species: the parasitized adults always showed a fast band, which was absent in unparasitized adults. The α-GPD was a reliable enzyme system to detect dryinids at an early stage of their development but not to discriminate among dryinid species. The occurrence of dryinids in the males of A. coryli and Zygina rhamni Ferrari, 1882 was also pointed out by the change of their colouration.
THE SPECIES OF THE NORTH AMERICAN LEAFHOPPERSCERATAGALLIAKIRKALDY ANDACERATAGALLIAKIRKALDY (RHYNCHOTA: HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE)
Authors: Hamilton K.G.A.
Published: November 2009

The North American genusCeratagalliaKirkaldy, 1907 is redefined to include subgenusAceratagalliaKirkaldy, 1907 (=IoniaBall, 1933, syn.nov.) with 78 species in two subgenera. Two additional new species are unplaced to subgenus:C. aceratafrom Oregon, andC. emarginatafrom Mexico. The typical subgenusCeratagalliahas 30 species, includingC. gillettei(Osborn & Ball, comb.nov.),C. sordida(Oman, comb.nov.), and two new speciesC. anafrom Mexico andC. viperafrom Washington state. SubgenusAceratagalliahas 46 species, all new combinations underCeratagallia. The economic "species" formerly known as "sanguinolenta" is divided into the Canadian clover leafhopperC. humilis(Oman) and the American clover leafhopperC. agricolasp.nov. Other new taxa in subgenusAceratagalliainclude 18 new species and seven new subspecies:alaskana(ssp. ofsiccifolia)from Alaska;omanion the Pacific coast from Oregon to British Columbia;clinoandlophiafrom the Oregon interior;compressa(ssp. ofsiccifolia),gallus,modesta,okanagana, andzacki(ssp. ofnanella) from intermontane valleys of the Pacific northwest and southwestern mountains;interior(ssp. ofhumilis) androssifrom the Sonoran subregion;australis(ssp. ofnanella),coma,ebena,entoma,falcata,oionus, andvenosafrom Mexico and Texas;alvarana(ssp. ofhumilis),cerea,cristula,harrisi, semiarida, andviatorwidespread between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains; andwhitcombi(ssp. ofrobusta) from Florida to Arizona. Four former species are reduced to subspecies:compactaOman andpoudrisOman inC. robusta(Oman),helveolaOman inC. cinerea(Osborn & Ball), andtruncataOman inC. humilis. The taxa are keyed and illustrated, and their phylogeny is discussed.
ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND CULTURE OFBACILLUS THURINGIENSISFROM SOIL AND DUST FROM GRAIN STORAGE BINS AND THEIR TOXICITY FORMAMESTRA CONFIGURATA(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Morris O.N. , Converse V. , Kanagaratnam P. , Coté J.-C.
Published: November 2009

One hundred and twoBacillus thuringiensisBerliner strains isolated from six different types of Canadian soil and dust from different grain storage bins were cultured in shake flasks containing Great Northern White Bean (GNWB) protein concentrate (48.6% protein) as the main nitrogen source and dextrose as the main carbohydrate source. The resulting endotoxins were bioassayed against the bertha armyworm,Mamestra configurataWlk. Thirty-three percent of soil and 66% of grain dust samples were positive forB. thuringiensis. The bacterium was found most frequently in organic-rich soil. The four most toxic soil isolates (which were seven to 15 times more toxic than the international standard, HD1-S-1980), and two nontoxic grain dust isolates were characterized by serological typing, biochemical analysis, carbohydrate utilization, plasmid profile analysis, protein profile analysis using sodium dodecyl sulfate – polyacrylamide gels, and polymerase chain reaction. Four isolates were determined to be subsp.kurstakicontaining 130–140 and 63–65 kDa proteins, and two isolates (tested for comparison) were subsp.canadensiscontaining 31 and 38 kDa proteins. Nonpyramidal-crystal-producing strains did not grow well in culture media containing GNWB, degossypellized cotton seed meal (61% protein), defatted soy flour (55% protein), or peptone as nitrogen sources. Excess of GNWB protein concentrate in shake flask culture media (30 g/L) inhibited bacterial growth and reduced the toxicity of isolate A1.2/72 subsp.kurstaki, which was the most toxic soil isolate. Isolate A1.2/72, which was 15 times more toxic for bertha armyworm larvae than the international standard (HD1-S-1980), contained threecry1Agenes (cry1Aa,cry1Ab, and cry1Ac), whereas HD-1 lacked thecry1Abgene. This strain was synergistic with strain HD-551 subsp.kenyae(cry1A,cry2A, andcry1Bgenes) but not with HD-133 subsp.aizawai(cry1Ab,cry1B,cry1C, andcry1Dgenes) when the strains were cultured together in a cotton seed meal medium and fed toM. configurata. The growth rate, economic yield, and toxicity of the new isolate, A1.2/72, produced in a 14-L laboratory fermenter declined when the fermentation ingredients were tripled. We believe that the indigenous strain A1.2/72 warrants further research development for bertha armyworm control.
CHRYSOPERLA PLORABUNDA (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE) LARVAE FEED DISPROPORTIONATELY ON THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) IN THE FIELD
Authors: Chang Gary C.
Published: November 2009

Green lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) are commercially available augmentative biological control agents. Despite centuries of recognition as beneficial insects (Darwin 1800), scant information can be found describing what lacewing larvae prey upon in the field when several different prey species are present (New 1975). I assessed the types of prey that Chrysoperla plorabunda (Fitch) larvae consume when they are released on peas, Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae), in western Washington. In 1997, two field assistants and I made observations at three sites: the Rent's Due Ranch (RDR: 48°14′N, 122°22′W), an organic farm located just outside Stanwood, Washington, and two research farms (Sumner: 47°11′N, 122°13′W; and Fife: 47°12′N, 122°20′W) in the Washington State University extension station system. Planting dates differed among these sites; at RDR, peas were planted in the spring, whereas we planted peas at the Sumner and Fife farms in June and July, respectively. Despite this and other differences, the peas at each site harbor similar insect communities (unpublished data).