bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Connecting the Geoelectric Field to its Magnetospheric Sources in a Global Hybrid-Vlasov Simulation
Authors: Horaites Konstantinos ,   the Vlasiator Team
Published: March 2024

Field-aligned currents originating in Earth's magnetosphere can flow down to the ionosphere, where they spread out horizontally in order to close the circuit. These currents produce a fluctuating magnetic field, which in turn induces the ground geoelectric field. We study this system using the 3D global hybrid-Vlasov code Vlasiator, which has recently been extended to model ionospheric physics. This approach allows a straightforward analysis of how induced fields on Earth's surface are connected to their magnetospheric drivers. In particular, we consider how fluctuations near Earth's magnetopause can ultimately give rise to a dayside geoelectric field. Possible driving mechanisms considered include flux transfer events and magnetopause surface waves.
Stick-slip imaging through the GPR phase: Turning  temperate ice 'noise' into signal
Authors: Aichele Johannes , Ogier Christophe , Anhorn Barthélémy
Published: March 2024

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a major tool to investigate, map and monitor polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Alpine glaciers are often composed of temperate ice, which has significantly different backscatter properties from cold ice. Radar attenuation is much stronger in temperate ice than in cold ice, because the radar signal encounters strong scattering in temperate ice. A major candidate for this scattering is the presence of liquid water inclusions, which are much smaller than the radar wavelength. The large contrast between water and ice dielectric permittivity would explain the diffuse radar scattering in temperate ice. Indeed, recent numerical modelling of the radar signal in temperate ice confirmed the contribution of liquid water inclusions on the scattering of the radar signal (Ogier, 2023). Here, we investigate if the strong scattering caused by liquid water inclusions, which is usually treated as noise, can be in fact exploited to unravel dynamic processes inside the glacier. This strong scattering results in large radar phase variations in space, which remain constant over short timescales (hours - days), during which the glacial water content remains constant. During that timescale, however, the mountain glacier might experience sudden internal deformation due to intermittent sliding at the glacier base, also called glacier stick-slip.  This deformation might be resolved using difference imaging and the spatio-temporal properties of the radar phase.We numerically model radar wave propagation throughout temperate ice (i.e. with the presence of liquid water inclusions) before and after an idealized glacier deformation and show, that through phase difference imaging the internal movement of the sub-wavelength scatterers can be mapped. Finally, we discuss how this novel type of monitoring could be applied in the field, which is planned for spring 2024. Ogier, Christophe, Dirk-Jan van Manen, Hansruedi Maurer, Ludovic Räss, Marian Hertrich, Andreas Bauder, and Daniel Farinotti. 2023. “Ground Penetrating Radar in Temperate Ice: Englacial Water Inclusions as Limiting Factor for Data Interpretation.” Journal of Glaciology, September, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2023.68.
Using metabolic flux modeling to disentangle anabolic and catabolic contributions to soil heat dissipation
Authors: Shao Guodong , Xu Xin , Banfield Callum C. , Shi Lingling , Mason-Jones Kyle , Wu Weichao , Dippold Michaela A.
Published: March 2024

Metabolic flux analysis is an integrated experimental and computational approach for quantitative understanding of biochemical reaction networks with particular relevance in systems biology. Mass and energy flows through soil microbial metabolism are subject to the laws of thermodynamics. Carbon (C) allocation through central metabolic pathways (e.g. glycolysis, pentose phosphate, and Entner-Doudoroff) can be reconstructed by 13C-labelling coupled to metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA) by tracing specific C atoms from within substrate molecules into metabolic products such as carbon dioxide (CO2) or fatty acids. However, mass flow calculated via 13C-MFA alone cannot fully characterise microbial carbon use. Here, we took the novel approach of coupling MFA with microcalorimetry, to also take bioenergetic constraints into account. We coupled energetics and mass flow on a metabolic level by selecting optimal sets of isotopomer tracers. Fifteen position-specific or uniformly 13C-labelled isotopomers - four alanine, seven glucose, and four glutamic acid ones – were added to a Luvisol (in total 4 folds of the microbial biomass C), and we analyzed substrate-derived 13CO2 fluxes as well as heat dissipation via isothermal microcalorimetry.Our results demonstrate that the temporal dynamics of catabolic CO2 release resembles that of the heat dissipation, i.e. peak respiration and peak heat dissipation were reached approximately 18 h after substrate addition, irrespective of whether the substance entered the central metabolic pathway at the monosaccharide level (glucose), at the pyruvate level (alanine) or in the citric acid cycle (glutamic acid). This indicates that heat dissipation in the initial growth period was strongly dominated by catabolic processes. However, whereas 13CO2 release leveled off during the 36 hours of incubation, the heat dissipation remained above its original level, suggesting that anabolic processes increasingly contribute to the heat dissipation in the later phases of incubation. Glucose isotopomer utilization indicated dominance of the pentose phosphate and Entner Douderoff pathways over glycolysis, suggesting a high activity of fast-growing organisms with considerable C allocation to anabolism. The dominance of this anabolic C use in the later stage of the incubation was confirmed by the isotopomer utilization of alanine and glutamic acid. This study shows that the heat dissipation of growing microbial communities under high C supply is closely linked to their catabolic CO2 release, whereas slow, potentially recycling-based growth after resource depletion releases energy more via anabolic reactions. We furthermore demonstrated that coupled MFA and calorespirometry provides a powerful tool to differentiate among metabolic contributions to the energy use of soil microbial communities in different growth phases.
Seven decades of debris flow activity. Spatio-temporal observations at connected and disconnected debris flow fans to the Lake Plansee (AT).
Authors: Barbosa Natalie , Kiefer Carolin , Jubanski Juilson , Krautblatter Michael
Published: March 2024

Debris flow activity at Lake Plansee, Austria, is evident through numerous debris cones continuously transferring sediment to the lake. Lacustrine sediment records of fan deltas were used to analyze the debris flow activity since 2120 BCE with Kiefer et al. (2021) identifying a drastic increase in debris flow activity since 1920. Furthermore, the photointerpretation of historical aerial imagery combined with modeling of debris flow volumes at the northern slope of Lake Plansee since 1947 suggests an increased trend since the 1980s (Dietrich et al., 2016). Despite the lithological and climatic similarities between the slopes that surround Lake Plansee, debris cones at the northern slope are primarily connected to the lake, while those on the southern slope remain highly active but disconnected.This contribution aims to advance our understanding of spatio-temporal dynamics on debris flow fans and factors influencing sediment connectivity to the lake. We revise the historical aerial imagery since 1952 to automatically detect ‚active‘ debris channels using image processing and derive time series of photogrammetric Digital Surface Models (DSMs) for change detection.We identified 34 debris catchments with debris flow activity since 1952. Our objectives include (i) analysis of the spatio-temporal patterns of erosion and deposition at each fan to trace their evolution, (ii) quantifying sediment transfer rates from connected fans to lake Plansee in the last 70 years, (iii) identifying the role of vegetation changes in debris fan evolution and (iii) refining our understanding of precipitation and temperature as controlling factors influencing debris flow activity and connectivity or dis-connectivity of active debris channels to lake Plansee. The presented results intend to comprehend the intricate patterns that lead to debris flow exhaustion and increased or decreased activity. Dietrich, A., & Krautblatter, M. (2017). Evidence for enhanced debris-flow activity in the Northern Calcareous Alps since the 1980s (Plansee, Austria). Geomorphology, 287, 144-158.Kiefer, C., Oswald, P., Moernaut, J., Fabbri, S. C., Mayr, C., Strasser, M., & Krautblatter, M. (2021). A 4000-year debris flow record based on amphibious investigations of fan delta activity in Plansee (Austria, Eastern Alps). Earth Surface Dynamics, 9(6), 1481-1503.
Urban resilience through integrating adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development - a novel approach to operationalise climate resilient development pathways 
Authors: Langendijk Gaby , McEvoy Sadie , Jeuken Ad , Haasnoot Marjolijn
Published: March 2024

In the process of transitioning into resilient urban areas, cities face a wide variety of challenges in relation to adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development. Commonly these challenges are addressed in a merely isolated fashion, or only two out of the three objectives are tackled simultaneously. It is pivotal to take a systemic approach over time in order to maximise synergies and minimise trade-offs between these different policy objectives. Climate Resilient Development Pathways (CRDPs) aim to integrate adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development into flexible pathways over time, while considering (deep) uncertainties regarding climate change, as well as other sources of uncertainty. Climate resilient development pathways seek to support integrated planning and implementation of climate action. Currently no comprehensive framework exists for operationalising CRDPs. There is a need to develop a methodology for the practical pursuit of climate resilient development pathways. This research presents a novel approach to operationalise climate resilient development pathways, using the well-established method for adaptation pathways, so-called “dynamic adaptation policy pathways (DAPP)”, as a starting point. The CRDP process starts by envisioning multiple desirable futures and understanding the decision context and current policy objectives and actions for adaptation, mitigation and development. Thereafter the synergies and trade-offs are assessed between the different climate actions, as well as tipping points are identified – meaning points in time when new actions will be required. Consequently, alternative actions are co-developed for the future to pursue desirable pathways. The final outcome is a pathways map, as well as an implementation and monitoring plan. An urban case-study to demonstrate the applicability of climate resilient development pathways is presented for the city of Cork in Ireland. CRDPs can be created for different climate-related impacts such as flood and heat, as well as for a wide variety of development issues. The main target groups of the approach are decision makers and/or (urban) planners, although a wider engagement is recommended for different steps during the co-creation process of the pathways. Climate resilient development pathways support integrated climate action planning, interlacing adaptation, mitigation and sustainable development through designing flexible pathways over time that provide insights into the range of options to achieve resilient urban futures.  
The use of water isotopes as environmental tracers in contamination phenomena between groundwater and leachate
Authors: Franchini Stefania , De Filippi Francesco Maria , Barbieri Maurizio , Sappa Giuseppe
Published: March 2024

Nowadays, one of the serious environmental threats is groundwater contamination due to leachate from municipal solid waste landfills. In recent years, the use of stable isotopes as environmental tracers to identify potential groundwater contamination phenomena has found increasing application in environmental engineering. Deuterium (2H) and oxygen (18O) isotopes have been successfully used to determine contamination phenomena, when groundwater interact with leachate from municipal solid waste landfills with a significant organic amount. In these cases, groundwater present isotopic compositions relating to 2H and 18O, which highlight an enrichment of δ2H, an enrichment probably caused by methanogenesis phenomena, during which the bacteria preferentially use the "lighter" isotope of hydrogen (1H) and the remaining part enriched in the "heavier" isotope (2H). A parameter that influences the isotopic content of deuterium and oxygen18 is the deuterium excess (d or d-excess). An index F is then identified as a percentage change in d-excess, which allows the definition of a system of alert levels to evaluate and control the contamination of aquifers by leachate. F index values higher than 1.1 highlight possible phenomena of contamination of the aquifers due to leachate.In the case study, the results of the isotopic analyses of oxygen18, deuterium and tritium show mixing phenomena of the leachate and groundwater. The influence of the leachate, following mixing phenomena with groundwater, can determine a reduction in the ORP redox potential in groundwater such that it takes on low and sometimes negative values. This condition ensures the establishment of anaerobic environments and reduces the mobilization of metals, such as Mn, in groundwater. Therefore, in the study area, the overlap of these two phenomena seems evident, such as causing the deterioration of groundwater.
Future changes in weather and climate hazards to aviation
Authors: Williams Paul , Prosser Mark , Smith Isabel
Published: March 2024

The human impacts of weather and climate hazards are usually felt at ground level. Aviation is perhaps unique, however, in the sense that the impacts often occur in the upper atmosphere at cruising altitudes of around 40,000 feet. Anthropogenic climate change is occuring at those altitudes in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, too. Weather-related hazards such as turbulence already cause a large fraction of commercial aircraft accidents. This presentation will review how these hazards are changing over time because of the changing climate.Turbulence currently causes 71% of weather-related aircraft accidents, injuring hundreds of passengers and flight attendants annually and costing hundreds of millions of dollars. Recent evidence shows that clear-air turbulence that is strong enough to lift passengers from their seats has increased by 55% since 1979 over the North Atlantic, with similar increases over the USA and elsewhere. Climate model projections indicate a doubling or trebling in turbulence this strong around the midlatitudes in the coming decades, as the jet streams become more sheared in response to anthropogenic temperature changes at cruising altitudes.Other weather and climate hazards to aviation that will be reviewed in this presentation include the propsect of more lightning strikes; rising sea levels and storm surges flooding coastal airports with increasing frequency; and warmer air on the runway reducing lift generation and making it more difficult for aircraft to take-off.
Differential scanning calorimetry measurements of mineral transformations at the extreme heating and cooling-rates experienced by mineral dusts ingested into aircraft engines
Authors: Bai Yike , Covey-crump Stephen , Bojdo Nicholas , Jones Merren , Pawley Alison
Published: March 2024

In the drive to develop more fuel-efficient aircraft engines to reduce the environmental impact of flying, engines are being designed to run much hotter. This is leading to a greater range of damaging interactions between the engine components and mineral dusts ingested into the engine during flight. To mitigate the effects of these interactions there is a critical need to understand mineral transformations (e.g., polymorphic changes, melting, glass transition), reactions, and mineral properties under much more extreme rates of heating and cooling than have been examined previously. Recent technological advances allow differential scanning calorimetry (Flash DSC) measurements to be made on small samples at temperatures of up to 1000 ℃, at heating/cooling rates of up to 50000 K/s, rates which comparable to those experienced by mineral dust particles inside a jet engine. Here we present two case studies, relevant in the engine context, that illustrate the capabilities of Flash DSC measurements.A number of minerals ingested into aircraft engines undergo polymorphic transformations as they are rapidly heated inside the engine and these can have a profound effect on the accumulation rate of dust deposits on engine components. In our first case study we show the effect of heating/cooling-rate on the α - β-quartz transformation at rates between 10 to 10000 K/s (ambient pressures). During heating the temperature of the transformation increases from 573 to 608 ℃ over this heating-rate range, and the kinetics of the transformation are significantly modified.Dust deposits may undergo melting inside an engine and infiltrate the porous coatings that are applied to engine components for thermal protection. This prevents the coatings expanding and contracting in response to temperature changes which, in turn, leads to their failure. Hence a knowledge of the viscosity of the melts (and hence infiltration-rate) and how this varies with temperature is important. Conventional methods of measuring viscosity are unable to access a considerable temperature range in which changes occur within the sample (e.g., crystallization) over the timescale of the measurement. The temperature dependence of viscosity may, however, be obtained from the heating-rate dependence of the glass transition temperature, and this is a measurement that can be made extremely rapidly by Flash DSC. In the second case study we show the temperature-dependence of viscosity over a temperature range previously inaccessible, for two CMAS melts that have compositions representative of those that are found in aircraft engines.
Peridynamics modelling of earth fissures associated to aquifer exploitation and pre-existing normal faults with applications to Beijing, China
Authors: Ye Miao , Zhu Lin , Teatini Pietro , Franceschini Andrea , Yu Jie
Published: March 2024

Land subsidence and earth fissures are geological hazards caused by groundwater withdrawal and influenced by a variety of factors, including complex geological structures and heterogeneous lithological sequences. These settings characterize the mechanism and evolution of these processes, whose understanding is important for both risk management and sustainable development of subsurface resources.To model the progression of land subsidence into earth fissures presents a notable challenge when applying classic continuum mechanics theory based on differential equations. This challenge arises from the intrinsic contradiction between the continuous nature of the theoretical framework and the actual discontinuous reality observed in earth fissures. Conversely, peridynamics offers a solution by employing equilibrium equation based on an integral formulation that is mathematically compatible with any discontinuity.This study develops an efficient procedure based on ordinary state-based peridynamics theory to simulate the evolution of land subsidence into earth fissures. The modified Coulomb failure criterion is applied to identify the locations and timing of fissure development, as well as their geometric characteristics, such as length, depth, offset, and opening. This approach is applied to the Chaobai River alluvial fan in Beijing, China, an area where numerous earth fissures have emerged over the past decades, posing threats to structures and infrastructures. The Gaoliying earth fissures are the most severe in Beijing and are distributed along the pre-existing Huangzhuang-Gaoliying normal fault system. InSAR has revealed an uneven land subsidence on the hanging wall and footwall of the fault, with more severe subsidence occurring on the latter. This complex deformation pattern has contributed to a poor understanding of the mechanism governing the formation and evolution of these earth fissures. This study provides an effective approach toward comprehending the generation and propagation of earth fissures induced by aquifer exploitation in this area and in other faulted basins worldwide.
Data from the European Social Survey in the Context of Climate and Air Quality in Cities 
Authors: Orten Hilde , Beuster Benjamin
Published: March 2024

Through our work in Science Project 9 of EOSC Future WP6.3 we demonstrate that relevant environmental data and data on citizens' values, attitudes, behaviors and involvement can be combined for social, political and scientific analysis.In the project we are combining data from the European Social Survey with air quality data from the European Environmental Agency and climate related data from Copernicus ERA5. Over 50 indicator variables have been produced by social scientists and environmental specialists in collaboration, allowing researchers to study the impact of similar environmental factors on urban citizens attitudes and behaviors.The project uses the metadata standards DDI-Lifecycle and DDI-Cross domain integration to document data from the project and make them FAIR.Particular focus has been put on the provenance of the integrated data we provide through the project, showing how the data were computed. A provenance description prototype application has been developed to make the processes used to fully transparent and understandable for people and computers.This poster presentation will give an overview of the work done in the project and the related deliverables.
Analyzing Earthquake Energy: Unveiling the Spectrum of Fault Behavior in Terms of Moment, Duration, and Rupture Speed
Authors: Kheirdast Navid , Bhat Harsha , Almakari Michelle , Villafuerte Carlos , Thomas Marion
Published: March 2024

Seismic observations confirm that natural fault systems radiate waves across a continuum of frequency and amplitude. Within this spectrum, faulted systems exhibit a continuous range of slip rates, allowing them to irreversibly dissipate energy stored in rocks over a broad range of seismic moment. Despite advancements in observations and numerical modeling models, the question on how a given fault system can host such a wide range of ruptures, including slow ruptures, VLFEs, LFEs, and fast earthquakes needs a careful attention. Addressing this question requires a framework rooted in fracture mechanics, which explores the rate at which energy provided to a crack drives the rupture front forward and how this process radiates energy throughout the medium.This work delves into the question of how frictional instability and mechanical interactions between faults and fractures, particularly concerning the geometrical distribution of off-fault damage, can generate observed rupture patterns in seismic catalogs. A model of a representative fault system is proposed, featuring a main fault embedded within a fractured zone where all fractures can slip independently. The length distribution of the off-fault fractures follows a power-law. The study then explores the fracture processes within the system, examining rupture speed from an energetic standpoint and exploring the impact of the damaged zone on the supply or reduction of energy to the process zone, ultimately influencing whether ruptures propagate rapidly or slowly.The influence of this process is further examined by analyzing the amount of energy radiated away from the fault system. Moment-radiated energy and moment-fracture energy scaling relationships will be presented as mechanical quantities that both slow and fast earthquakes adhere to on a common curve. We will discuss radiation efficiency as a function of rupture speed to illustrate how a fault adjusts its rupture speed according to the energy provided to it and the amount of its breakdown work. The effect of damage on the process zone of the rupture will be discussed to examine how interactions between multiple fractures supply or detract energy to an active process zone, affecting its rupture speed and, consequently, the fast or slow advancement of the front.
Benchmarking hydrological models for national scale climate impact assessment
Authors: Lewis Elizabeth , Smith Ben , Birkinshaw Stephen , He Helen , Pritchard David
Published: March 2024

National scale hydrological models are required for many types of water sector applications, for example water resources planning. Existing UK national-scale model frameworks are based on conceptual numerical schemes, with an emerging trend towards incorporating deep learning models. Existing literature has shown that groundwater/surface water interactions are key for accurately representing future flows, and these processes are most accurately represented with physically-based hydrological models.In response to this, our study undertakes a comparative analysis of three national model frameworks (Neural Hydrology, HBV, SHETRAN) to investigate the necessity for physically-based hydrological modelling. The models were run with the full ensemble of bias-corrected UKCP18 12km RCM data which enabled a direct comparison of future flow projections. We show that whilst many national frameworks perform well for the historical period, physically-based models can give substantially different projections of future flows, particularly low flows. Moreover, our study illustrates that the physically-based model exhibits a consistent trajectory in Budyko space between the baseline and future simulations, a characteristic not shared by conceptual and deep learning models. To provide context for these results, we incorporate insights from other national model frameworks, including the eFlag project.
Climademy: The Erasmus+ Climate Change Teachers’ Academy 
Authors: Kanakidou Maria , Kalivitis Nikos , Levrini Olivia , Tasquier Giulia , Riuttanen Laura , Vrekoussis Mihalis , Tsaknia Thalia , Ginoudi Athina , Bellentani Giorgia , Stavrou Dimitris , Michailidi Emily , Dan Marius , Lavonen Jari , Lauri Katja , Ruuskanen Taina , Ladstätter-Weißenmayer Annette , Zouraris Emmanouil , Bittner Simon , Pavlidis Ioannis
Published: March 2024

Climademy is the Erasmus+ Climate Change Teachers’ Academy, which aims to provide a comprehensive framework where educators can learn how to teach the next generation of European citizens about climate change drivers, impacts and mitigation and adaptation measures, using an efficient methodology. Climademy aims to create a network of initial training and professional development organizations that will offer formal and non-formal education and training opportunities for in-service and training teachers.  The network supports and provides the necessary infrastructure, digital tools and resources, and promotes the educators’ climate competences.In Climademy four national hubs have been established to offer training activities for teachers, with specific foci driven by the regional particularities: the Greek hub in the Mediterranean, focusing on the chemistry of the atmosphere, the Finnish hub in the Arctic, focusing on atmospheric physics, the German hub in continental Europe, focusing on satellite observations and modelling tools for climate change projections, and the Italian hub on the transformation of all information to knowledge and awareness through the environmental education process. The CLAUDI digital platform is at the heart of Climademy and hosts all educational material, online courses, provides links to open data, and supports the community forum. Material is available in English and in the national language inside each national hub areas. CLAUDI is openly available after registration and can be assessed through the Climademy website (https://climademy.eu)  and directly through http://claudi.chemistry.uoc.gr.The Climademy activities carried out in the hubs have been enriched with a «pedagogical identity» through the development of a model to convey the message that the teachers do not only have to teach new scientific content, but also use new pedagogical approaches. Additionally, a Climademy competence framework was developed, combining the GreenComp and the University of Helsinki’s Competence Framework for Climate Change.The first teachers who participated in the training activities also served as co-developers of the content and the methodology. The following 100 teachers to participate in the Climademy training activities have been recruited from the 4 countries.
A New Knowledge Portal on Mass Transport Satellite Missions: www.globalwaterstorage.info
Authors: Sylla Ulrike , Klinghammer Pia , Cozacu Antonia , Flechtner Frank , Dobslaw Henryk , Haas Julian , Boergens Eva , Zens Josef , Krupa Jörn
Published: March 2024

Dedicated satellite gravity missions orbiting the Earth at very low altitudes have greatly improved our knowledge about mass transport processes. That includes the terrestrial water cycle, ice sheet and glacier dynamics, ocean mass variability, and changes deep within the solid Earth, like the adjustment in the upper mantle in response to massive deglaciations since the last ice age. Initiated with the original GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) mission launched in 2002, the record of monthly gravity fields now spans 22 years and is still being extended by GRACE-FO which has been in orbit since 2018. To enhance the visibility of the missions within society and to inform about the various contributions of GRACE/GRACE-FO to various scientific fields, GFZ  is maintaining a new knowledge portal accessible via www.globalwaterstorage.info.On the one hand, this new portal provides overview information on satellite technology, various geophysical applications, and the numerous industrial and scientific partners who were vital for the success of the GRACE/GRACE-FO missions with the specific aim of informing European stakeholders. On the other hand, we also work towards developing the portal into a publicity channel for the gravimetry community to highlight recent developments towards future satellite missions or new research insights  based on mission data. International colleagues interested in advertising their latest achievements through a blog post (ca. 5000 characters) in the knowledge portal are kindly invited to contact globalwaterstorage@gfz-potsdam.de.
Machine Learning to predict Downbursts in Japan Based on Total Lightning and Ground Precipitation Data
Authors: Shvets Alexander , Hobara Yasuhide , Miyashita Shiho , Kikuchi Hiroshi , Lapierre Jeff , DiGangi( Elizabeth
Published: March 2024

In this study, using total lightning data from the Japan Total Lightning Network (JTLN) and precipitation data from X-band MP radar, machine learning with a Random Forest model was used to successfully classify the occurrence of downbursts in Japan. TL data associated with the event is collected from JTLN which consists of 11 Earth Networks Total Lightning Sensorsover Japan (data set in 2017, currently 16 stations nationwide) deployed by the UECand jointly operated with Earth Networks. These sensors can detect lightning pulses with a spatial resolution of 500 m. TL parameters such as types of lightning (IC and CG), time of occurrence (UT), location (latitude-longitude), and lightning polarity were collected for each lightning discharge. Ground precipitation data (temporal resolution of 1min, spatial resolution of 250m) from the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism’s eXtended RAdar Information Network (XRAIN) composed of 26 C-band radars and 39 X-band multiparameter (X-MP) radars are used. Fourteen thunderstorms causing gusty winds and 33 of those without causing gusty winds that occurred in Japan from 2014 to 2017 were analyzed. AITCC (Algorithm for the Identification and Tracking of Convective Cells) was applied to track both precipitation cell and associated lightning discharges. By using Random Forest model, the importance of variables was derived, and it was shown that lightning jump is one of the most important variables for predicting downbursts. This implies that the updrafts inside the clouds are closely related to the occurrence of a significant increase in lightning, followed by a downburst. The prediction accuracy was highest for models that included both lightning and precipitation, followed by lightning-only and precipitation-only models, confirming the importance of data fusion for improving prediction accuracy.
Charge sign dependence of recurrent Forbush Decreases in 2
Authors: Romaneehsen Lisa , Marquardt Johannes , Heber Bernd
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the periodicities of cosmic rays attributed to co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs) using AMS-02 data from late 2016 to early2017. These data enable the first-time examination of Forbush decrease amplitudes induced by CIRs, considering rigidity and charge sign dependence. The findings from the Lomb-Scargle algorithm and Superposed Epoch Analysis were compared. Results reveal that the rigidity dependence of proton decreases in the northern coronal hole aligns with existing literature, while the southern coronal hole shows no rigidity dependence. Helium modulation surpasses that of protons, in line with previous observations, while limited statistical data for positrons prevent definitive conclusions. Notably, the modulation behavior of electrons differs from that of positively charged particles.

 
 
The effect of transient lateral internal gravity wave propagation on the resolved atmosphere in ICON/MS-GWaM
Authors: Voelker Georg Sebastian , Kim Young-Ha , Bölöni Gergely , Zängl Günther , Achatz Ulrich
Published: March 2024

Internal gravity waves are commonly parametrized in both weather and climate models to capture their important impacts on the large-scale resolved flow. To reduce the model complexity and increase the performance, these parametrizations typically neglect both the horizontal wave propagation, assuming a horizontally homogeneous local flow (columnar approximation), and the time dependence of the gravity wave dynamics (steady-state approximation). However, a number of studies have shown that these assumptions do not hold in general and might lead to systematic biases in the simulated atmosphere.The recently introduced Multi-Scale Gravity Wave Model (MS-GWaM), implemented into the ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic model (ICON), aims to relax the above-mentioned simplifications. In particular, the model simulates gravity waves with Lagrangian ray tracing methods while being coupled to the mean flow and allowing for a transient, three-dimensional propagation. In the current implementation, the model replaces the non-orographic wave drag parametrization.We find that the 3-dimensional propagation and refraction of gravity waves and the correspondingly modified momentum/energy transport pathways have a significant impact on the middle atmosphere. For instance, the wave refraction around the Antarctic winter jet leads to the often observed convergence near the jet edges. Moreover, the horizontal propagation introduces wave drag at latitudes around 60°S and altitudes around 40 km – a region where it is typically missing in atmospheric models. The probability density functions of wave momentum fluxes exhibit the commonly observed long tails (i.e., wave intermittency) which cannot be reproduced with steady-state parameterizations. Additionally, the intermittent wave field's horizontal distribution displays significantly altered patterns. As an important consequence, the structure of the Quasi-biennial Oscillation (QBO) is significantly improved.Recent efforts have focused on enhancing the model's efficiency, transforming it into a modular configuration, improving its general usability, and adapting it to work with the most recent version of ICON. By implementing these modifications, we aim to increase the accessibility of MS-GWaM to the community and thus establish a robust contribution to the ICON ecosystem.
Quantifying and empirically correcting apparent gas matrix effects:Example measurements for two CRDS analyzers for CO2 and CH4 amount fractions and 13/12C isotope ratios 
Authors: Nwaboh Javis A. , Braden-Behrens Jelka , Emad Anas , Bohlius Henning , Ebert Volker
Published: March 2024

Accurate measurements of amount fractions and isotopic compositions of greenhouse gas such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) provide valuable insights on their atmospheric composition and origin. Commonly used field deployable commercial laser spectrometers that measure amount fractions and isotopic ratios are often calibrated with reference gases with certified amount fractions and/or isotopic composition. Reference gases, also known as calibration reference materials (CRMs), can be for example synthetic mixtures of e.g. CO2 in N2, where the gas matrix N2 does not match that of the sample (e.g. ambient air) to be measured. A mismatch in the composition of the gas matrix of a CRM and sample can lead to a considerable bias in the amount fraction or isotopic ratio results of the sample due to changes in the measured spectra which e.g. are not perfectly captured by the analysers’ fitting routine.In this work, we demonstrate the quantification of matrix effects for two commercial CRDS analysers measuring CO2 and CH4 amount fractions and isotope ratios. In our experiments with synthetic air gas matrix where the O2 concentration was varied, we measured (for a 1 % change in the O2 concentration in the gas matrix) a relative change of 0.15 % for the amount fractions of two major CO2 isotopologues and 0.07 % for the amount fractions of two major CH4 isotopologues. Similarly, in terms of isotopic δ13C values, we found matrix effects larger than 0.2 for both CO2 and CH4. We present options for correcting the gas matrix effects and discuss the underlying assumptions made during the analysis. Amount fraction results for CO2 and CH4 are reported including δ13C isotope ratio results. Our work concludes that a matrix mismatch when using a commercial laser spectrometer can lead to considerable biases in amount fraction and isotope ratio results, and appropriate correction approaches have to be applied in order to achieve accurate and reliable results.Acknowledgements: This work has received partial funding from the EMPIR programme (19ENV05 STELLAR project) co-financed by the Participating States and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. Part of this work has also received funding from the European Partnership on Metrology (21GRD04 isoMET project), co-financed from the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Programme and by the Participating States.  
Molecular Self-Organisation in Surfactant Atmospheric Aerosol Proxies
Authors: Pfrang Christian , Milsom Adam , Squires Adam , Ward Andy
Published: March 2024

Surface-active molecules (surfactants) make significant contributions to aerosol emissions, with sources ranging from cooking to sea spray. These molecules alter the cloud droplet formation potential by changing the surface tension of aqueous droplets and thus increasing their ability to grow. They can also coat solid surfaces such as windows (“window grime”) and dust particles. Such surface films are more important indoors due to the higher surface-to-volume ratio compared to the outdoor environment, increasing the likelihood of surface film–pollutant interactions.A common cooking and marine emission, oleic acid, is known to self-organize into a range of 3-D nanostructures. These nanostructures are highly viscous and as such can impact the kinetics of aerosol and film aging (i.e., water uptake and oxidation). There is still a discrepancy between the longer atmospheric lifetime of oleic acid compared with laboratory experiment-based predictions.We have created a body of experimental and modelling work focusing on the novel proposition of surfactant self-organization in the atmosphere. Self-organized proxies were studied as nanometer-to-micrometer films, levitated droplets, and bulk mixtures. This access to a wide range of geometries and scales has resulted in the following main conclusions (Milsom et al., Acc. Chem. Res. 2023, 56, 19, 2555–2568): (i) an atmospherically abundant surfactant can self-organize into a range of viscous nanostructures in the presence of other compounds commonly encountered in atmospheric aerosols; (ii) surfactant self-organization significantly reduces the reactivity of the organic phase, increasing the chemical lifetime of these surfactant molecules and other particle constituents; (iii) while self-assembly was found over a wide range of conditions and compositions, the specific, observed nanostructure is highly sensitive to mixture composition; and (iv) a “crust” of product material forms on the surface of reacting particles and films, limiting the diffusion of reactive gases to the particle or film bulk and subsequent reactivity. These findings suggest that hazardous, reactive materials may be protected in aerosol matrixes underneath a highly viscous shell, thus extending the atmospheric residence times of otherwise short-lived species.  We will also report on our latest work quantifying how hygroscopicity and reactivity of fatty acid atmospheric aerosol proxies is affected by nanostructure: we found that hygroscopicity is linked to nanostructure and is dependent on the geometry of the nanostructure and reaction with ozone revealed a nanostructure-reactivity trend, with notable differences between th varying nanostructures.
Analysis of socio-economic footprint for hybrid pumped hydropower storage of excess energy in open-pit coal mines
Authors: Kruczek Mariusz , Kapusta Krzysztof , Kempka Thomas , Ernst Priscilla , Koukouzas Nikolaos , Darmosz Jaroslaw , Roumpos Christos , Fernandez-Steeger Tomas ,   and the ATLANTIS project partners
Published: March 2024

The transformation of coal regions into sustainable energy landscapes is a strategic aspect of the European Union's initiatives. This article is dedicated to the socio-economic impact of establishing hybrid pumped hydro storage (HPHS) systems in transitioning open-pit coal mines. The solutions analyzed are part of the ATLANTIS project, which aims to utilize the unique regional benefits these areas offer for HPHS implementation.These coal regions, currently undergoing transformation, present distinct advantages for HPHS system deployment. Their existing infrastructure, coupled with the potential for integration with renewable energy sources, makes them ideal sites for sustainable energy projects. The ATLANTIS project enables the identification and assessment of these attributes to maximize both economic and socio-economic benefits, enhancing the value of these regions beyond their traditional mining roles.A crucial element of this research is the quantification of the enhanced socio-economic footprint resulting from the HPHS system implementation. This includes a detailed analysis of how repurposing former coal mines into energy storage facilities can lead to broader economic revitalization and socio-economic development. The study examines the potential for job creation, stimulation of local economies, and overall improvement in community well-being.By utilizing a comprehensive approach that incorporates regional economic, demographic, and market data, this article offers a holistic view of the socio-economic benefits of HPHS systems. It aims to provide valuable insights to policymakers, energy sector stakeholders, and affected communities, underscoring the potential of repurposed mining landscapes in the transition towards a more sustainable energy future.The present study has received funding from the Research Fund for Coal and Steel—2020, under grant agreement No. 101034022 (ATLANTIS). 
Exploring the Plio/Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Upper Rhine Graben from a core taken at a Riedstadt/Hesse
Authors: Zeeden Christian , Paknia Mohammad , Scheidt Stephanie , Kaboth-Bahr Stefanie , Vinnepand Mathias , Hoselmann Christian
Published: March 2024

The past subsidence episodes of the northern Upper Rhine Graben allowed the accumulation of thick sedimentary sequences that can function as excellent data source for paleoclimate reconstructions. A 323 m long sediment core drilled in 2020-2021 near Riedstadt-Erfelden (~14 km WSW of Darmstadt) is therefore likely a high-resolution geoarchive documenting climate dynamics during the Plio-Pleistocene epochs. So far, the chronostratigraphic framework is based only on lithostratigraphic assignments. This study presents inclination values and magnetic susceptibility obtained from whole-core measurements and discusses initial stratigraphic ideas based on the resulting preliminary magnetic polarity stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphic assessments of the ‘Riedstadt-Erfelden’ core.Here, we highlight on the quasi-cyclic components of the core, and provide an interpretation in the light of paleomagnetic dating.
Influence of rainfall event characteristics on the subsurface stormflow response: a multi-site analysis
Authors: Thoenes Emanuel , Kohl Bernhard , Weiler Markus , Achleitner Stefan
Published: March 2024

In many natural landscapes, subsurface stormflow (SSF) is a runoff-producing mechanism which can substantially contribute to the storm hydrograph of a stream. Despite its importance, its complex and highly dynamic nature have hindered its conceptualization and integration in most hydrological models. The lack of general rules to describe SSF is partly linked to the fact that SSF studies are often conducted at only one specific site or analyze only a handful of storm events. In the quest to gain a better understanding of the processes governing SSF, multiple SSF-capturing trenches have been excavated on intensely instrumented hillslopes characterized by different land uses, geology, soils and climates. The trenches are 10-15 m wide and 2-3 m deep and are vertically divided into an upper and lower flow-capture zone, which allows to study SSF at different depths. At the sites, SSF was continuously recorded over a period of ca. 1.5 year, during which numerous rainfall events occurred. This study analyses how the different rainfall event characteristics (e.g. total rainfall, intensity, etc.) influence the SSF response and to what degree the relationships between rainfall and SSF event characteristics are affected by the initial subsurface conditions (i.e. initial trenchflow and initial water content).