bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Cecil Russell L. , Blake Francis G.
Published: June 2004

1. The subcutaneous injection of small doses of living virulent Pneumococcus Type I stimulates in monkeys a degree of active immunity sufficient to protect them against experimental pneumococcus pneumonia of homologous type.

2. The subcutaneous injection of living avirulent Pneumococcus Type I, if administered in a sufficiently large dose, likewise renders the monkey immune to a subsequent pneumonia of homologous type.

3. Vaccination of monkeys with small doses of living virulent pneumococci may or may not be followed by a severe constitutional reaction, depending on the natural resistance of the individual. The severe reactions are caused by the development of a pneumococcus septicemia. which is either temporary, or leads to a fatal termination. The mild reactions are not accompanied by septicemia, and there are no symptoms other than a slight elevation of temperature and moderate leucocytosis. Vaccination with living avirulent pneumococci does not induce severe reactions and is not accompanied by pneumococcus septicemia.

4. Active immunity against pneumococcus pneumonia, produced by vaccination with living pneumococci, appears to be largely independent of the presence or absence of agglutinins and protective bodies in the serum of the monkey.

5. Vaccination with living cultures of Pneumococcus Type I confers against other types of pneumococci a certain amount of cross-immunity which, however, varies considerably with the individual monkey.

6. immunity against pneumococcus, like other forms of immunity, is a relative term, and depends upon the capacity of the individual for antibody production, the virulence of the invading microorganism, and the size of the dose injected.
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

From a study of the reaction to scrotal inoculation with Treponema pallidum in alarge series of rabbits, it was found that the specific reaction presented the following characteristics.

In general, the reaction in the scrotum became apparent within 7 to 14 days after inoculation but was subject to considerable variation. The early reaction took the form of an edematous swelling and congestion associated with a new growth of vessels or of an infiltration with more or less proliferation of fixed tissue cells. These reactions were either confined to a small circumscribed area of the scrotum or were of a diffusely spreading character, and as the infection advanced, the infiltration and proliferation together with such secondary changes as exfoliation, necrosis, and ulceration became the most conspicuous features of the reaction.

The course of the reaction in the scrotum was essentially the same as that in the testicle; that is, it was periodic in character and was marked by a phase of active progression followed by quiescence or regression and renewed activity.

The scrotal reaction resembled that in the testicle also in the varying character of the reaction, appearing at times as a circumscribed focus of reaction and later becoming diffuse, or first as a diffuse reaction which subsequently became more localized.

The lesions produced in consequence of this reaction were of two general types —one a circumscribed indurated granulomatous lesion closely resembling the human chancre, the other a diffuse infiltration more analogous to the secondary skin lesions of man. Both groups of lesions presented the greatest degree of individual variations and possessed no fixed status but were subject to frequent and marked transformations. After a period of from a few weeks to many months, the lesions in the scrotum disappeared spontaneously.
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise
Published: June 2004

From a study of the phenomena of the primary infection on the one hand, and the phenomena of local spread, or dissemination, on the other, it is seen that a multiplicity of lesions develops in the testicle and scrotum of the rabbit which have much the same characteristics irrespective of their origin. Some of these lesions are clearly recognizable as primary lesions or parts of a primary reaction to infection, while others are just as clearly the results of dissemination of the virus from a primary focus of infection or correspond with lesions which are commonly spoken of as secondary lesions. The effort to draw a sharp line of distinction between these two groups of lesions or between a primary and a secondary stage of infection in the rabbit, however, would be largely an arbitrary procedure. The fact is that the tissues of the scrotum and testicle of the rabbit constitute favorable surroundings for the localization and development of pallidum infections. Under ordinary circumstances, a large part of the reaction to infection which expresses itself in the formation of lesions recognizable by ordinary methods of examination takes place in these tissues. These lesions present certain broad and general characteristics without regard to whether they are primary or secondary in origin; the reaction is merely a reaction to a syphilitic infection which in either case may assume the most diverse character.

Further, it would appear that in rabbits infected with such strains of Treponema pallidum as we have used, the virus is never confined to the area occupied by the so called primary lesion, or chancre, but always spreads and always gives rise to a regional adenopathy. There may be no lesions to indicate the progress of this dissemination, but an examination of the inguinal nodes shows that dissemination occurs very soon after inoculation, and a pallidum reaction may be detected in these glands even before infection can be recognized in the scrotum. Subsequently lesions develop in all parts of the scrotum and testicle, sometimes involving the entire testicle or scrotum, and at others, forming focalized lesions with an especial predilection for certain locations such as the epididymis, the mediastinum testis, the tunics, and the dorsal folds of the scrotum. In some instances, more or less continuous lesions form along the course of the perivascular lymphatics, suggesting that this is one path taken in the dissemination of the organism. It is probable, however, that lesions of a gross character develop more as a result of accumulation of spirochetes than of mere invasion of the lymphatics since they are not a constant accompaniment of the local infection, while invasion of the lymphatics and extension of the infection to the regional lymph nodes occur in all cases.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Cecil Russell L. , Blake Francis G.
Published: June 2004

1. In experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia in monkeys the intravenous injection of Type I antipneumococcus serum exercises a specific therapeutic effect, frees the blood promptly and permanently from pneumococci, shortens the course of the disease, and greatly moderates its severity. Of five monkeys inoculated intratracheally with lethal doses of Pneumococcus Type I, all developed pneumonia, and all recovered following the administration of Type I antipneumococcus serum, while the controls died.

2. The earlier the serum is administered the shorter and less severe the pneumonia. Frequent injections are also an important factor in obtaining favorable results. When serum treatment is instituted late in the disease, the injections must usually be continued over a longer period of time in order to achieve success.

3. Normal horse serum exerts no beneficial effect whatever in experimental Pneumococcus Type I pneumonia.
STUDIES ON CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM METABOLISM IN DISEASE
Authors: Underhill Frank P. , Honeij James A. , Bogert L. Jean ,   With the Cooperation of Myrtle L. Aldrich.
Published: June 2004

In leprosy there is a definite retention of calcium. The more advanced the stage of the disease the greater is the degree of retention.

This behavior on the part of leprous individuals may be taken as an indication that the organism is in need of calcium.

Magnesium may also be retained in leprosy, but .the degree of retention is much less marked than in the case of calcium.

With the exception of the retention of calcium and magnesium the leprous organism responds to changes in the intake of calcium and magnesium in the same manner as normal individuals.

The results of this investigation suggest that in leprosy administration of calcium may be of benefit as an additional therapeutic measure in an endeavor to retard or arrest the progress of the bone changes characteristic of the disease.
STUDIES ON CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM METABOLISM IN DISEASE
Authors: Underhill Frank P. , Honeij James A. , Bogert L. Jean ,   With the Cooperation of Myrtle L. Aldrich.
Published: June 2004

In the stabilized stage of exostosis calcium exchange differs little from that of a normal individual whether the abnormal subject is maintained upon a calcium-poor diet or upon one rich in this element.

In the progressive stage of the disease calcium metabolism is markedly different from the normal in that calcium is lost from the body in large amounts when the subject is maintained upon a calcium-poor diet. This excessive elimination of calcium is by way of both the urine and feces in a normal ratio. When placed upon a calcium-rich diet calcium is retained to an extent not widely deviating from that obtained in normal subjects. A resumption to a calcium-poor diet again induces excessive calcium elimination.

In the stabilized stage of exostosis magnesium excretion is two or three times greater than the intake whether the subject is maintained upon a diet poor or rich in magnesium.

In the progressive stage of the disease the general type of magnesium excretion resembles that of the stabilized stage but the degree of elimination is not so marked.

Magnesium added to the diet in the stabilized stage is promptly excreted. The same test applied to the progressive stage gives evidence of retention of some magnesium. The degree of retention, however, is much less than that shown by normal individuals.

Absorption of both calcium and magnesium in exostosis is not inferior to that of normal subjects.

The facts enumerated suggest that in the early stages of exostosis, that is during the proliferative cartilage changes, the progress of the disease may perhaps be checked by proper dietary procedure — restriction of calcium and magnesium intake.
A METHOD FOR FIXING FILMS OF HUMAN BLOOD CELLS DURING THE AMEBOID MOVEMENT OF LEUCOCYTES AND THROMBOCYTES
Authors: Van Herwerden M. A.
Published: June 2004

Feeding embryonated eggs of Heterakis papillosa to brooder chickens led to a disease of both ceca, characterized by the presence of a core consisting of fecal matter, coagulated blood, and emigrated cells from the mucosa. The walls of the ceca were thickened as a result of cell invasion and multiplication, invasion and multiplication of Amœba meleagridis or allied parasites, and more rarely hemorrhage and edema. The respective parts played by Heterakis papillosa and the protozoa in starting the lesions and the source of the protozoa remain to be defined. The invasion of the liver by the protozoa was insignificant.
SEGMENTING TERTIAN MALARIAL PARASITES ON RED CORPUSCLES SHOWING LITTLE OR NO LOSS OF HEMOGLOBIN SUBSTANCE. EVIDENCE OF MIGRATION
Authors: Lawson Mary R.
Published: June 2004

1. Malarial parasites destroy more than one red corpuscle, migrating to another as soon as one is destroyed.

2. Pigmented segmenting parasites attached to red corpuscles whose hemoglobin is intact or nearly so are prima facie evidence of migration.

3. Infected corpuscles in tertian infections may be enlarged as a result of the large size of the attached parasite as well as by parasitic action.

4. The young parasites resulting from the segmenting bodies attached to healthy red corpuscles usually attach themselves independently to the infected corpuscle and remain there until the corpuscle is destroyed.
IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD GROUPS IN COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTIONS
Authors: Williams William C.
Published: June 2004

1. The presence of a natural anti-human hemolysin, only active against Group I and Group II cells, was demonstrated in over 50 guinea pigs, obtained from different sections of the surrounding country. It was shown that, in a majority of the sera tested, this hemolysin would be a contributing factor to an excess of amboceptor in the reaction, in the quantities of complement used in an antihuman complement fixation reaction. The hemolysin is specific, in as far as it can be absorbed with either Group I or Group Il cells, but cannot be absorbed with Group III or Group IV cells.

2. To determine the effect of the isohemolysins in human serum, twenty sera were tested against cell suspensions of the four human groups. Tests were also run with twenty-six human sera against all four group cell suspensions, with complement that had the natural anti-human hemolysin absorbed from it. In both experiments various degrees of hemolysis were obtained with all but two sera against cell suspensions from Groups I, II, and III, but no hemolysis was obtained with any serum against a Group IV cell suspension.

3. The importance of the human isohemolysins and the natural anti-human hemolysm in complement was demonstrated by performing complement fixation tests upon twenty-six human sera, cell suspensions of all four human groups for each serum tested being used. A marked variation in the reaction occurred with a large percentage of the sera tested. This variation in a single serum might be as great as a negative reading with Group I cells to a double plus reading with Group IV cells.

4. That the isohemolysins, alone, in human serum are of importance in the reaction was shown by running complement fixation tests upon seventeen human sera with the four group cell suspensions and complement from which the natural anti-human hemolysin had been absorbed. Results showed a much weaker reaction, in a large number of the sera, with Group I, Group II, and Group III cells than with Group IV cells.

5. Experiments to determine a relation between the human blood groups and natural anti-sheep hemolysin present in human serum gave negative results. It was shown, however, with twenty-six human sera tested against twenty-three different sheep cell suspensions that there is a wide variation in the activity of the natural anti-sheep amboceptor present in any human serum when it is tested against different sheep cell suspensions. A human serum capable of completely hemolyzing the cells of one sheep may fail to give any hemolysis whatever when tested against another sheep cell suspension.

6. Tests were made for natural anti-sheep hemolysin in guinea pig serum. The serum from sixteen different guinea pigs was tested against a total of twenty-one sheep cell suspensions. A natural anti-sheep hemolysin was present in all the guinea pigs tested against one of the sheep cell suspensions. The same guinea pigs tested against the other sheep cell suspensions failed to show any hemolysis.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC ANTISERA FOR INFECTIONS OF UNKNOWN CAUSE
Authors: Wilson George W. , Oliver Jean
Published: June 2004

As Pearce has shown, a serum highly injurious to the kidney of dogs can be produced by the immunization of rabbits with washed renal tissue of the dog. The histological findings are striking and characteristic, the most noteworthy being a glomerular lesion of special type. The renal changes differ much from those Pearce described.

The injury to the kidney is not to be explained by hemolytic and hemagglutinative elements in the serum. The complete removal of such antibodies by exhaustion of the serum with successive portions of red cells fails to lessen materially its ability to cause kidney lesions. Furthermore, an ordinary hemolytic and hemagglutinative serum produced by the use of washed red cells as antigen fails to cause similar lesions.

The distinctive, injurious principle of antikidney serum can be removed and the latter rendered innocuous by absorption with kidney tissue. To all practical intents and purposes it would seem that nephrotoxic serum of. the sort here described is specific.

If infected tissue is to be utilized as an antigen for the production of therapeutic antisera the latter must in some instances be exhausted with tissue of the same sort prior to introduction into the animal body.
EFFECT OF INTRABRONCHIAL INSUFFLATION OF ACID
Authors: Winternitz M. C. , Smith G. H. , McNamara F. P.
Published: June 2004

Acid administered to rabbits by intrabronchial insufflation causes an immediate and extreme damage of the lung tissue. Within certain limits the degree and extent of the injury vary according to the concentration of the acid. With the greater concentrations death occurs promptly, almost immediately, and the lethal process has associated with it a decreased permeability of the pulmonary vessels. The latter fact has been confirmed by postmortem arterial injections. With weaker solutions the results, grossly and histologically, resemble those noted after influenzal pneumonia and gas poisoning. Thus, there is destruction of the epithelium of the bronchioles, the alveolar ducts, and the alveoli. The extent of the damage to the alveolar walls varies. Exudation occurs into the alveolar, interstitial, perivascular, and peribronchial tissues. Primarily this exudate is serous, but a rapid deposition of fibrin occurs, and later polymorphonuclear leucocytes and erythrocytes accumulate. In different animals, or in different portions of the same lung, there may be consolidations of different types, serofibrinous, hemorrhagic, or purulent, with or without destruction of the alveolar walls. Subsequent changes relate to the organization of the exudate, necrosis, proliferation of the epithelium in the alveoli and bronchi, and, finally, to the regeneration of the pulmonary parenchyma.

Experiments now in progress indicate that similar changes can be induced by various acids, both inorganic and organic. Experiments also show that similar changes are produced in other species of animals but that species differ in their resistance according to the acid and the concentration in which it is employed.
PRODUCTION OF PULMONARY INFARCTS BY THE INSUFFLATION OF ACID
Authors: Winternitz M. C. , Smith G. H. , McNamara F. P.
Published: June 2004

Intrabronchial insufflation of acid causes immediate necrosis of the walls of many alveoli. Thrombosis of the alveolar vessels is an associated phenomenon. When a large number of vessels becomes affected, a clot propagates rapidly into the larger supplying vessels. The resulting lesion is indistinguishable from a hemorrhagic infarct.

The infarct-like areas so frequently encountered in influenzal pneumonia, it is not unlikely, have their origin in a similar process.

Infarction depends not only upon thrombosis or embolism of the large vessels, but may be initiated by extensive damage to the capillary bed. By this process infarcts may form in organs which are normally protected by collateral circulation.
THE BILIARY FACTOR IN LIVER LESIONS
Authors: Rous Peyton , Larimore Louise D.
Published: June 2004

There are excellent reasons for employing the rabbit in an experimental analysis of the biliary factor in liver lesions; and it is possible to obtain in this animal results uncomplicated by infection or by intercurrent cirrhosis.

Ligation of the common duct of the rabbit results in a mixed lesion from injury throughout the entire length of the bile channels. By obstructing single ducts and altering the portal stream we have produced cirrhoses of pure monolobular and diffusely intralobular types. The character of the connective tissue changes is determined by the path of escape of bile from the collecting system, which in turn is largely conditional upon the secretory activity, while this again is dependent upon blood flow. The portal flow is largely diverted from regions of local stasis through encroachment on the stream bed by the dilated ducts.

There is a large margin of safety in bile elimination by the normal hepatic tissue. Less than a quarter of the liver of the rabbit, and this deprived of its entire portal stream, will suffice to keep the organism free from clinical jaundice and healthy when the remainder of the liver, which receives all of the portal blood, has its ducts ligated. The vicarious elimination thus illustrated is of great importance for regions of local stasis by keeping the blood relatively free from bile, thus preventing resecretion into such regions and facilitating exchange from them into the body fluids.

Our experimental monolobular and intralobular cirrhoses are the result of the limitation of biliary lesions to special levels of the duct system. Their resemblance to the different forms of "biliary" cirrhosis associated with Hanot's name is close, and the diverse liver lesions of Hanot's disease are readily explained on the assumption that the stasis, with or without infection, which is indubitably here present, has its situation at different levels in different cases. There are reasons for the view that bile stasis per se may sometimes be a prime cause of the malady. Certainly such stasis must be thought of as acting to complicate many chronic liver lesions.

In a later paper experiments on the dog will be described essentially similar in result to those on the rabbit as here set forth.
USE OF THE SINGLE CELL METHOD IN OBTAINING PURE CULTURES OF ANAEROBES
Authors: Barber M. A.
Published: June 2004

The pipette method has proved a feasible method of obtaining one-cell pure cultures of anaerobes.

Both bacilli and spores may be used as seeding material, but spores give a much higher percentage of positives.

Boiling alone affords a sufficient degree of anaerobiosis to the medium for initiating one-cell growths, and semisolid agar is the most convenient form of medium.

Exposure to air during isolation apparently has no effect on the viability of spores of anaerobes, but young bacilli of some species suffer from a comparatively short exposure to free oxygen.
EFFECTS OF ENZYMES IN SERUM ON CARBOHYDRATES AND THEIR RELATION TO BACTERIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUE
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that enzymes in serum will change maltose, dextrin, and starch so that they will react as dextrose in media. These enzymes are destroyed by heating to 60°C. for 15 minutes, but they are present in sera that have been refrigerated for as long as 18 months. The practice of using carbohydrate media containing unheated serum should be discouraged, and if it is used the possibility that the carbohydrate may be changed by the enzymes present must be considered.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Blake Francis G. , Cecil Russell L.
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumonia has been consistently produced in normal monkeys by intratracheal injection of Streptococcus hæmolyticus.

2. The pneumonia produced has been shown to be comparable with hemolytic streptococcus pneumonia in man with respect to its clinical features, complications, and pathology.

3. Two pathologic types of the disease have occurred, interstitial pneumonia and confluent lobular pneumonia. Both types have been found in the same animal.

4. The type of pneumonia has appeared to be dependent upon the amount of streptococcus culture injected, interstitial pneumonia following the injection of small amounts and being an expression of considerable resistance, confluent lobular pneumonia following the injection of large amounts and being an expression of comparative lack of resistance.

5. Study of the distribution of streptococci in the lungs and of the character of the lesions in early stages of the disease has shown that streptococci may primarily invade the pulmonary tissue by penetration of the walls of the larger bronchial branches and that they are distributed from the points of invasion by way of the peribronchial, perivascular, and septal interstitial tissue and lymphatics. Infection of the alveoli is likewise primarily an interstitial invasion of the alveolar walls by streptococci.

6. In one experiment it was found that preliminary injury to the respiratory tract by gassing with chlorine and that lowering of resistance by a preceding intraperitoneal injection of Bacillus influenza without local injury to the respiratory tract greatly facilitated invasion of the lungs by Streptococcus hæmolyticus.

7. A normal monkey inoculated in the nose and throat with Streptococcus hæmolyticus failed to develop pneumonia and showed no evidence of infection of the upper respiratory tract.
LOCAL AUTOINOCULATION OF THE SENSITIZED ORGANISM WITH FOREIGN PROTEIN AS A CAUSE OF ABNORMAL REACTIONS
Authors: Auer John
Published: June 2004

The skin irritant, xylol, when applied to the ears of sensitized and reinjected rabbits often causes a severe inflammation with the formation of crusts and destruction of tissue. Dry gangrene of the entire ear tip may result (Figs. 1, 2, and 3).

The same agent, applied in the same dosage and in the same way, to the ears of (1) normal rabbits, (2) normal rabbits injected once with horse serum (serum controls), or (3) sensitized but not reinjected rabbits, causes only a mild inflammation with more or less edema. The inflammation and edema disappear in 2 or 3 days, leaving a practically normal ear.

The ear lesions of the sensitized reinjected rabbits which develop after the application of xylol are interpreted as a primary anaphylactic reaction. This primary anaphylactic reaction is considered the result of a local autoinoculation of the ear tissues with circulating antigen. The local autoinoculation is brought about by the irritant action of the xylol which causes an inflammation and edema of the site of application. An anaphylactic reaction may now occur because the inflamed tissues are more active metabolically than normal tissues and therefore the inflamed cells are affected by more antigen per unit of time than the normal cells. A subliminal concentration of antigen for non-inflamed, sensitized cells may thus become effective when inflamed sensitized cells are concerned.

This process may theoretically occur in any tissue of a sensitized animal which can show an anaphylactic reaction, for example the intestines, lungs, heart, skin, nerves, arteries, etc. It is possible that this interplay of conditions may explain a number of functional abnormalities in the human subject.
STUDIES ON THE ENZYMES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery O. T. , Cullen Glenn E.
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococci contain an intracellular enzyme of marked lipolytic activity as measured by the acid liberated by its action on tributyrin.

2. Enzyme-containing solutions may be prepared by dissolving pneumococci in bile, or by extraction by other means.

3. The optimum reaction for maximum activity of the endolipase is about pH 7.8, which coincides with the optimum hydrogen ion concentration for growth of pneumococci.

4. Heating the enzyme for 10 minutes at 70°C. destroys its activity.

5. Attenuation of virulence of pneumococcus had no measureable effect on enzyme activity.

6. The possible relation of the endolipase to the mechanism of bile solubility is discussed.
EPINEPHRINE CONTENT OF THE SUPRARENAL GLANDS IN ANAPHYLAXIS
Authors: Smith Maurice I. , Ravitz S.
Published: June 2004

The epinephrine store of the suprarenal glands remains unaltered in guinea pigs and rabbits which have been sensitized to ox serum, or subjected to varying degrees of anaphylactic shock by the reinjection of the foreign protein.
DIVISIONS OF THE SO CALLED FLEXNER GROUP OF DYSENTERY BACILLI
Authors: Davison Wilburt C.
Published: June 2004

From these data it is seen that ill defined divisions of the so called Flexner group exist. The divisions do not appear to be sufficiently distinct to warrant the use of separate names. To avoid confusion all mannitol-fermenting dysentery bacilli should be called Bacillus dysenteriæ Flexner and the subdivision noted. There are two methods for this division, one by the fermentation of carbohydrates, the other by agglutination with monovalent rabbit sera. These do not coincide and one or the other and not both must be adopted. Inasmuch as Murray studied organisms from widely distributed sources, it would seem preferable to adopt his serological classification and to add to it the types that fail to be agglutinated by his V, W, X, Y, and Z sera, as this method is simpler and more rapid. The results of the agglutination reactions of the patient's serum may be expressed in the same terms as the serological typing of the organism from his stool. Fermentation is less constant and gives rise to more divisions than there are carbohydrates.

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The serological reactions of these type sera, as Murray points out, show cross-agglutination to a greater or less extent, but they indicate that there are five antigens, V, W, X, Y, and Z and probably others, one or more of which predominate in a given strain. Polyvalent diagnostic and therapeutic sera are practically worthless unless they include antibodies for the more common of these types.

The diagnostic importance of recognizing that there are five or more antigens in this group is seen from the fact that the sera of some patients react with one, others with another, and that unless several antigens are used, some positive tests may be missed.

The therapeutic importance is emphasized by the fact that probably the best polyvalent therapeutic serum at present available has a very low titer for the X antigen, although that type was found in many of these cases (Table V).
BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE HEMOPHILIC BACILLI
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. , Bourn Janet M.
Published: June 2004

1. The hemophilic bacilli can be divided into two large groups according to the ability of certain strains to produce hemolysis.

2. Both the hemolytic and the non-hemolytic groups may be further subdivided according to the ability of some strains to produce indole, to form gas, and to ferment certain carbohydrates.

3. The hemophilic bacilli of both the hemolytic and the non-hemolytic varieties when grown in meat infusion broth containing 1 per cent of dextrose reach a final hydrogen ion concentration of about pH 6.4. In addition, practically all the strains possess the power to reduce nitrates to nitrites.
THE RETICULAR MATERIAL OF DEVELOPING BLOOD CELLS
Authors: Cowdry Edmund V.
Published: June 2004

Erythroblasts, leucocytes, and lymphocytes resemble other cells of the body in containing a restricted area of fluidity in their cytoplasm. In special preparations this fluid appears in the form of a more or less complicated reticulum which seems to be continually but slowly changing in shape. For convenience the fluid may provisionally be referred to as reticular material, emphasis being laid on its composition rather than its form. As a working hypothesis it is safe to assume that the chemical and physical properties of this material vary in cells of different kinds as well as in different stages in the activity of the same cell. The conclusion that it is "identical" in different cells, because the present crude methods of technique reveal no fundamental differences, would be as incorrect as the statement that the serum of different animals is identical, because no difference is observed on microscopic examination.
PURIFICATION AND CONCENTRATION OF ANTIGENS FOR COMPLEMENT FIXATION BY METHODS OF DIALYSIS, ADSORPTION, AND EXTRACTION
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B. , Maltaner Frank
Published: June 2004

Antigens were prepared from the culture filtrates of tubercle bacilli and by extraction of washed and dried organisms with organic and aqueous solvents and from tissues of organs showing tuberculous lesions.

A comparison of these preparations by means of the complement fixation test showed that the aqueous extracts were most active antigenically.

The antigenic activity of the aqueous preparations and also of the slightly active culture filtrates was increased by means of dialysis and adsorption with serum globulin followed by extraction with alcohol and concentration of the alcoholic extract in vacuo.
STREPTOCOCCI OCCURRING IN SOUR MILK
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

A well defined group of rod-like and coccoid organisms arranged in pairs and chains has been encountered in sour milk. The group comprises at least three species; the largest number ferment dextrose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, and salicin, and fail to ferment saccharose, raffinose, and inulin. A smaller number ferment saccharose in addition to dextrose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, and salicin. A few fail to attack mannitol. All three types grow luxuriantly at room temperature, coagulate milk, reduce litmus, and produce large amounts of acid in fermented bouillon containing dextrose.

Specific morphological and cultural differences exist between the lactic acid streptococci and those associated with mastitis and those occurring in the udder. The lactic acid organisms outgrow the udder streptococci in the milk-souring process. When both types are implanted in sterile milk the udder type soon disappears.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

An active substance has been detected, by the methods described, in five patients in early stages of epidemic influenza during 1918–19 and two patients in early stages of epidemic influenza during 1920 It was not detected in twelve cases of the same disease in which the onset of obvious symptoms occurred more than 36 hours before washing of the nasopharynx was carried out, nor was it found in the secretions of fourteen individuals free from the syndrome of influenza either during the epidemics or the interval between them.

With this substance a clinical and pathological condition has been induced in rabbits, affecting the blood and pulmonary structures mainly, which could be maintained and carried through at least fifteen successive animals. For this reason, and also because of the dilution between passages, we are led to believe that we were dealing with the actual transmission of a multiplying agent rather than with a passive transference of an original active substance.

In some of the experiments secondary infections by ordinary bacteria were encountered. The relation of these microorganisms to this active substance will be dealt with fully in another communication. However, the essential effects were produced by a substance wholly unrelated to these bacteria.

The similarity that exists between the effects produced in rabbits on the blood and the lungs and those occurring in man in epidemic influenza provides a basis for further investigation on the inciting agent of epidemic influenza.
MECHANISM OF UREA EXCRETION
Authors: Oliver Jean
Published: June 2004

1. Urea is present in the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule in a concentration higher than that of the blood or than that of the cells of any of the other kidney tubules.

2. Such a condition can only be reconciled to an assumption of an active secretion (excretion) on the part of these cells.

3. Urea also passes through the glomerular filter with the other crystalloids of the blood plasma.

4. The final concentration of urea is due to the above mentioned secretion by the proximal convoluted tubule, and to the absorption of water in other parts of the tubule.
STUDIES OF THE ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM IN DISEASE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF BLOOD GASES
Authors: Means J. H. , Bock A. V. , Woodwell M. N.
Published: June 2004

Carbon dioxide diagrams (Haggard and Henderson (9)) have been constructed for the blood of a series of hospital patients as a method of studying disturbances in their acid-base equilibrium.

A diabetic with a low level of blood alkali, but with a normal blood reaction, a compensated acidosis in other words, showed a rapid return towards normal with no treatment but fasting and increased water and salt intake.

A nephritic with a decompensated acidosis and a very low blood alkali was rapidly brought to a condition of decompensated alkalosis with a high blood alkali by the therapeutic administration of sodium bicarbonate.

It is suggested that the therapeutic use of alkali in acidosis is probably only indicated in the decompensated variety, and that there it should be controlled carefully and the production of alkalosis avoided.

The diagram obtained in three pneumonia patients suggested that they were suffering from a condition of carbonic acidosis, due perhaps to insufficient pulmonary ventilation.

In two out of three cases of anemia the dissociation curve was found to lie at a higher level than normal. No explanation for this finding was offered.
QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICULATE MATERIAL (MANGANESE DIOXIDE) ADMINISTERED INTRAVENOUSLY TO THE DOG, RABBIT, GUINEA PIG, RAT, CHICKEN, AND TURTLE
Authors: Lund Charles C. , Shaw Louis A. , Drinker Cecil K.
Published: June 2004

The distribution of manganese dioxide particles 1 hour following intravenous injection in cats, dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, chickens, and turtles is described. This distribution is remarkably constant for all the animals tested, except the cat, in which the injected material is practically equally divided between the lungs and liver. In the other animals the liver performs the main share of the work, and in the cat it has been shown that the liver after 12 hours accumulates the manganese which was formerly deposited in the lungs.

The results are in harmony with experiments in which bacterial suspensions are employed for injection and confirm the suggestion previously made (2) that in the first handling of foreign particulate material the animal behaves similarly whether protein or inorganic injections are used.
IMMUNOLOGY OF THE PERUVIAN STRAINS OF LEPTOSPIRA ICTEROIDES
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Kligler I. J.
Published: June 2004

Serum from yellow fever convalescents from Payta, Piura, and Morropon gave a positive Pfeiffer reaction with the strains of Leptospira icteroides isolated in Guayaquil and Merida. The serum also protected the guinea pigs from these strains in the majority of instances. The Pfeiffer reaction was complete with all recent convalescents (7 to 36 days) but slight or partial in some instances with serum derived from individuals who had had the attack of yellow fever 10 months previously.

The virulence of the Morropon strains was found to be approximately the same as that of the Guayaquil or Merida strains. With one strain the minimum lethal dose for the guinea pig was less than 0.00001 cc. of a kidney emulsion from an infected guinea pig.

Suitable quantities of the anti-icteroides serum administered to guinea pigs inoculated with 2,000 to 20,000 minimum lethal doses of infective material prevented the development of the infection, or a fatal outcome, according as the serum was given during the incubation period or after fever had appeared. The earlier the administration of the serum the smaller was the quantity needed; during the incubation period 0.0001 to 0.001 cc. was sufficient, during the febrile period 0.01 to 0.1 cc. was required to check the progress of the disease, and even at the time when jaundice had already appeared, the injection of 0.1 to 1 cc. saved three out of four animals inoculated with Strain 3 and one out of three inoculated with Strain 1.

The native guinea pigs secured in Payta proved to be unusually refractory to infection with Leptospira icteroides as compared with normal guinea pigs recently imported from New York.

Fresh rabbit serum is recommended for culture work with Leptospira icteroides.
MIGRATION OF LYMPHOCYTES IN PLASMA CULTURES OF HUMAN LYMPH NODES
Authors: Lewis Warren H. , Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

1. Lymphocytes were usually the first cells to migrate out into the plasmic clot from explanted pieces of lymph nodes.

2. Their paths of migration were irregular but in general they proceeded away from the explant.

3. The lymphocytes migrated at rates varying from 0.03 to 0.0013 mm. per minute. The rate of any one varied from minute to minute, and they often came to rest for varying lengths of time.

4. The migrating lymphocytes were very much elongated, with the nucleus always near the anterior end. The elongated tail contained the endoplasm with a few granular mitochondria and usually a few granules which took up neutral red.

5. The lymphocytes in cultures made from normal and pathological lymph nodes in auto and homoplasma showed no differences.
EFFECT OF INDUCED CELLULAR REACTION ON THE FATE OF CANCER GRAFTS
Authors: Murphy James B. , Hussey Raymond G. , Sturm Ernest , Nakahara Waro
Published: June 2004

Mice sensitized by an injection of 0.2 cc. of rat blood and 10 days later inoculated with a mixture of rat blood and a transplantable mouse cancer showed a high degree of immunity to the cancer growth, while mice sensitized in the same manner and inoculated with cancer graft with no rat blood showed no immunity. Likewise, non-sensitized mice inoculated with a mixture of rat blood and cancer cells showed no immunity.

Mice sensitized to rat blood and then given a series of doses of x-rays between the time of this injection and the inoculation of the cancer-rat blood mixture showed a suppression of the factors affording protection or immunity, since the cancers grew as well in these animals as in the controls.

Mice were sensitized with rat blood and 10 days later inoculated with a cancer-rat blood mixture. 20 hours after the inoculation when the cellular exudation was at its height, the cells were destroyed by a local dose of x-rays. The degree of immunity was reduced and the cancers grew almost as well as in the controls.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

All active transmissible agent present in the nasopharynx in early cases of influenza has been found to produce definite and characteristic clinical reactions and pathological effects in rabbits as already described in an earlier publication.

The experiments here reported indicate that this active agent has the following properties.

1. The agent as it exists in the nasopharyngeal secretions in man, and in the lungs of rabbits injected with the human secretions, passes through Berkefeld V and N candles.

2. The filtered material produces the same effects on the circulating blood and on the lungs of rabbits as the unfiltered material.

3. The peculiar effects described as arising in the inoculated rabbit may also be induced in guinea pigs inoculated with the agent.

4. The agent responsible for the reaction on the blood and the lungs of rabbits withstands the action of glycerol in a sterile 50 per cent solution, for periods up to 9 months. The question must be left open at present whether the agent can withstand longer contact with the chemical. In two experiments after 10½ months contact the agent induced no observable changes in the blood and lungs of rabbits.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

1. Concurrent infections in the experiments described may be regarded as of accidental nature and are not causally related to the typical effects induced in rabbits by a material wholly free from ordinary bacteria.

2. The influenzal agent exerts an effect on the pulmonary tissue which encourages the invasion of the lung and subsequent multiplication there of ordinary bacteria, such as the pneumococcus, streptococcus, and Bacillus pfeifferi.

3. A similarity is believed to exist between the conditions under which concurrent infections arose in the inoculated rabbits and those which seem to favor the occurrence of concurrent infections during epidemic influenza in man. In no instance did death occur in the rabbits as a result of the uncomplicated effects of the influenzal agent alone. When death occurred in any of the inoculated animals concurrent infection of the lungs by ordinary bacteria was present. The microorganisms most commonly met with under these conditions were Pneumococcus Type IV and atypical Type II, streptococci, and hemoglobinophilic bacilli. Other kinds were encountered less often.
STUDIES ON MEASLES
Authors: Blake Francis G. , Trask James D.
Published: June 2004

The symptomatology of the reaction induced in monkeys by inoculation with material containing the virus of measles is described. The symptoms and course of this reaction closely parallel those of human measles.

The microscopic pathology of the lesions of the skin and buccal mucous membrane of monkeys experimentally infected with the virus of measles is also described. These lesions are essentially identical with the corresponding lesions of measles in man.
STUDIES ON LYMPHOID ACTIVITY
Authors: Murphy James B. , Nakahara Waro , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that resistance to transplanted cancer follows stimulation of the lymphoid tissue when the stimulation is induced by either heat or small doses of x-rays. In this paper we have attempted to determine whether the degree of immunity had a quantitative relation to the amount of the stimulation. Fortunately, the two methods at our disposal give stimulation of markedly different characters. The small dose of x-rays gives a sluggish lymphoid cell reaction of short duration with a definite latent period between the treatment and the evidence of marked stimulation, while after heat a short period of depression is followed by a sharp stimulation continuing over a much longer period. The cancer inoculation into groups of mice made immediately after exposure to x-rays shows little resistance, while the inoculation made at the height of the stimulation phase shows a definite increase in the immunity. Animals inoculated with cancer immediately after the heat treatment exhibit a pronounced immunity, but not so marked as that shown when the inoculation is made at the height of the stimulation.

The amount of resistance shown when the cancer inoculation is made at the height of the moderately stimulating effect following exposure to x-rays, is much less than that seen when the inoculation is made at the height of the heat effect when the degree of stimulation is much greater. When the lymphocytosis sets in after the tumor graft is established only a slight effect is noted. All these results together are taken to indicate that the degree of immunity is dependent on the amount of lymphoid stimulation existing either at the time of or following soon after the cancer inoculation.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Nakahara Waro , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

A relatively increased degree of resistance in mice to a certain strain of transplantable cancer was demonstrated after treatment of animals with small doses of x-rays capable of stimulating lymphoid tissue. The refractory state induced was determinable 3 to 7 days after the dose of x-rays was given.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Nakahara Waro , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

Mice treated with small doses of x-rays and inoculated with cancer immediately afterwards, show a marked suppression of lymphoid proliferation. If, however, the cancer inoculation is made 7 days after the exposure to x-rays, thus permitting the primary lymphoid stimulation known to occur soon after the x-ray treatment to arise, a second stimulation takes place in a large proportion of mice thus inoculated.

Changes in the blood of mice x-rayed and inoculated with cancer 7 days afterwards show that the state of resistance to cancer inoculation is attended by blood lymphocytosis, as is the case in all other varieties of immunity to transplanted cancer so far studied.