bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced fluorescence emitted by microdroplets containing organic dye emulsions
Authors: Boni M. , Nastasa V. , Andrei I. R. , Staicu Angela , Pascu M. L.
Published: February 2015

In this paper, laser beam resonant interaction with pendant microdroplets that are seeded with a laser dye (Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G)) water solution or oily Vitamin A emulsion with Rhodamine 6G solution in water is investigated through fluorescence spectra analysis. The excitation is made with the second harmonic generated beam emitted by a pulsed Nd:YAG laser system at 532 nm. The pendant microdroplets containing emulsion exhibit an enhanced fluorescence signal. This effect can be explained as being due to the scattering of light by the sub-micrometric drops of oily Vitamin A in emulsion and by the spherical geometry of the pendant droplet. The droplet acts as an optical resonator amplifying the fluorescence signal with the possibility of producing lasing effect. Here, we also investigate how Rhodamine 6G concentration, pumping laser beam energies and number of pumping laser pulses influence the fluorescence behavior. The results can be useful in optical imaging, since they can lead to the use of smaller quantities of fluorescent dyes to obtain results with the same quality.
Thermal conductance of silicon interfaces directly bonded by room-temperature surface activation
Authors: Sakata Masanori , Oyake Takafumi , Maire Jeremie , Nomura Masahiro , Higurashi Eiji , Shiomi Junichiro
Published: February 2015

Using the recently developed method to directly measure thermal boundary conductance (TBC) across bonded interfaces, we report the measurements of TBC at interfaces bonded by surface activated bonding at room temperature. The TBC of as-bonded silicon-silicon interface is limited to 1.3 × 102 MW m−2 K−1, which is equivalent to thermal conductance of micrometer-thick bulk silicon. We further show that the TBC can be greatly improved by recrystallizing the amorphous interlayer, which here is realized by thermal annealing. The dependence of the TBC on the annealing temperature is highly nonlinear, which can be explained in terms of thermal activation of crystal growth.
Synthesis and Catalytic Applications of Chemically Grafted SiH-Functionalized Tripodal Ti-POSS Complexes in Crosslinked Hyperbranched Poly(siloxysilane)
Authors: Aish Emad H.
Published: February 2015

This study investigated the synthesis, activity, epoxide selectivity, H2O2 efficiency, and recyclability of new heterogeneous alkene epoxidation catalysts prepared by chemical grafting of new SiH-functionalized tripodal Ti–polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (Ti-POSS) complexes in hyperbranched poly(siloxysilane) via hydrosilation. Crosslinked hyperbranched poly(siloxysilane)-grafted [{(p-HSiMe2(CH2)2C6H4)(c-C6H11)6Si7O12}Ti(NMe2)] (11) and crosslinked hyperbranched poly(siloxysilane)-grafted [{(HSiMe2(CH2)3)(i-C4H9)6Si7O12}- Ti(NMe2)] (12) displayed high activity, epoxide selectivity (≥98 %), and H2O2 efficiency (≥97 %) in cyclohexene and 1-octene epoxidation with aqueous H2O2. Moreover, these catalysts were highly recyclable with retained activity and durability and proved to be truly heterogeneous. Using chemical grafting for the synthesis of 11 and 12 enhanced their recyclability and durability with retained activity. The high H2O2 efficiency can be attributed to the uniformly non-polar environment provided about Ti in 11 and 12 by the polymer; this results in low water concentrations and higher [alkene] : [H2O2] ratios at the Ti active site than in the rest of the solution. These effects enhance the epoxide selectivity and minimize leaching of titanium.
Biomass, fruit yield, water productivity and quality response of processing tomato to plant density and deficit irrigation under a semi-arid Mediterranean climate
Authors: Patanè Cristina , Saita Alessandro
Published: February 2015

A 2-year study was conducted to examine the impact of deficit irrigation on dry biomass, water-use efficiency (WUE), fruit yield and quality in open-field processing tomato at high plant density in a semi-arid environment. Three irrigation treatments (nil; and 100% (full) and 50% (deficit) restoration of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), respectively) and two plant densities (2.5 (P1) and 5.0 (P2) plants m–2) were studied. Dry biomass and fruit yield per plant were lower in P2 than in P1, but at high plant density the crop compensated for biomass and yield decrease at the plant level. Fruit yield in P2 was greater than that in P1, by 36% in 2004 and 33% in 2005. Water limitation improved quality traits compared with full irrigation. Deficit irrigation, especially in P2, enhanced WUE and allowed a water saving of >45% relative to full irrigation, while keeping high levels of fruit quality. The yield response factor, Ky, which correlates relative fruit yield losses to relative ETc reduction, was higher (0.63) than Kss (0.44), which correlates relative total dry biomass losses to relative ETc reduction, revealing a greater crop sensitivity to soil-water deficit in terms of fruit yield than dry biomass. Therefore, Ky may of use in identifying the plant density at which water productivity is maximised or yield losses are minimised.
Root growth of irrigated summer crops in cotton-based farming systems sown in Vertosols of northern New South Wales
Authors: Hulugalle N. R. , Broughton K. J. , Tan D. K. Y.
Published: February 2015

Root penetration and proliferation are directly related to enhanced nutrient and water uptake, and thus to increased crop growth and yield. However, few studies have reported root growth and its seasonal variation in irrigated summer crops in fine-textured soils such as Vertosols. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of tillage methods and the summer crops cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) on root density in the non-sodic surface and subsurface soil (0–0.5 m) and sodic subsoil (0.6–0.9 m) of irrigated Vertosols in northern New South Wales (NSW). Root growth of cotton, maize and sorghum was evaluated using a combination of core sampling, and minirhizotrons and an image capture system, in several experiments conducted from 2004 to 2012, near Narrabri, northern NSW. The experimental sites had Vertosol soils with average clay contents of 65 g 100 g–1 in the surface 1 m, with sodic horizons present at depth. Rooting depth of cotton was relatively shallow, with most roots in the surface 0.6 m. Subsoil (0.6–0.9 m) root growth of cotton was sparse under continuous cotton but was greater with a cotton–wheat rotation. Among cotton genotypes, surface root length density of a Bollgard® cotton variety was less than that of its non-Bollgard counterpart. Subsoil root growth of sorghum and maize ranged from moderate to high, and accounted for a significant proportion of the total length of their root systems. This may be because maize and sorghum were able to tolerate the waterlogged conditions in the sodic subsoils of these Vertosols.
Towards a conceptual ABA ideotype in plant breeding for water limited environments
Authors: Blum Abraham
Published: February 2015

A huge amount of information had been accumulated on abscisic acid (ABA). Laboratory and some field research with ABA-enhanced transgenic plants generally conclude that ABA is a drought resistance hormone, since it causes stomatal closure, reduces transpiration and results in ‘water saving’ under drought stress. This recurring conclusion is hard to accept in the agronomic domain considering the many direct and indirect negative effects of ABA on plant growth and reproduction. In order to formulate a conceptual phenotypic ABA ideotype for plant breeding, this paper begins by briefly reviewing the phenomics of ABA relative to plant function and productivity. Consequently, it is recognised that ABA enhancement is important in controlling the isohydric (‘water saving’) plant model, whereas plant hydraulics are more important in controlling the anisohydric (‘water spending’) plant model. Subsequently, the respective isohydric and anisohydric ideotypes appropriate to specific dryland crop drought stress scenarios are proposed. It is concluded that ABA can by no means be universally defined as a ‘drought resistance hormone’. Its benefit or damage depends on the crop drought stress profile and the dynamics of the seasonal regimen of ABA in the plant. The isohydric ideotype might have an advantage in the harshest environments, whereas the anisohydric one will perform relatively better under more moderate drought conditions.
Temporal variability in soil quality after organic residue application in mature oil palm plantations
Authors: Carron M. P. , Pierrat M. , Snoeck D. , Villenave C. , Ribeyre F. , Suhardi  , Marichal R. , Caliman J. P.
Published: February 2015

Despite the dramatic changes in land-use arising from expansion of the palm oil industry, soil biodiversity in oil palm plantations has been little investigated. The present study aims to assess the effect of organic waste recycling (empty fruit bunches, EFB) on soil biodiversity in a mature plantation in Sumatra, Indonesia. A chronosequence was delineated taking into account the time between the applications of EFB and soil sampling; intervals of 1, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months were compared with control plots without EFB application. Soil physical and chemical characteristics and macrofauna and nematofauna populations were analysed. The findings highlighted three distinct periods: a first disturbance period (0–6 months) showing a marked increase in pH, potassium content, base saturation and macrofauna abundance, especially ants, whereas earthworm, millipede and nematode populations were substantially reduced; a resilience period (6–18 months); and a final period (18–24 months) showing an improvement in most soil fertility parameters and a high density of earthworms, millipedes and nematodes. The impact of EFB application on soil quality changed as a function of time, and the present results explain the apparent discrepancy of some previous published results. This research is the first stage towards developing new strategies for enhancing soil biodiversity and related services for sustainable oil palm cultivation.
Approaching the Journal des Sçavans, 1665–1695: a manual analysis of thematic structure
Authors: Banks David
Published: February 2015

The Journal des Sçavans was the first academic journal to appear. The first issue was published in Paris in January 1665. It was edited by Denis de Sallo at the instigation of Louis XIV’s first minister, Colbert, whose objective was the state control of new knowledge. This study is based on a sample of texts from the Journal des Sçavans for the period 1665–1696 totalling approximately 66,000 words. These texts are available on Internet, but only in image form, so they are distinctly non-digital and not amenable to computer analysis; this paper gives a manual analysis of thematic structure as a way of showing that manual analysis can provide interesting and significant results. This analysis shows that 73% of themes function as grammatical subject (rather less than might be expected), and 22% as circumstantial adjunct (rather more than might be expected); 52% of the latter are clausal in form. Ranking clauses frequently have a textual theme (29%), but only rarely an interpersonal theme (3%). Reference to humans other than the author account for 37% of topical themes and constitute the largest semantic group. These are usually the author of a book under review or a person mentioned in a book under review. Reviewers, however, rarely refer to themselves, and when they do it is usually in general terms. These results have intrinsic interest as an example of the use of thematic structure in early academic periodical writing in French, but also show that manual analysis remains a useful tool in approaching texts which are not amenable to computer analysis.
Tomato SOBIR1/EVR Homologs Are Involved in Elicitin Perception and Plant Defense Against the Oomycete Pathogen Phytophthora parasitica
Authors: Peng Ke-Chun , Wang Chao-Wen , Wu Chih-Hang , Huang Chun-Tzu , Liou Ruey-Fen
Published: February 2015

During host-pathogen interactions, pattern recognition receptors form complexes with proteins, such as receptor-like kinases, to elicit pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), an evolutionarily conserved plant defense program. However, little is known about the components of the receptor complex, as are the molecular events leading to PTI induced by the oomycete Phytophthora pathogen. Here, we demonstrate that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) SlSOBIR1 and SlSOBIR1-like genes are involved in defense responses to Phytophthora parasitica. Silencing of SlSOBIR1 and SlSOBIR1-like enhanced susceptibility to P. parasitica in tomato. Callose deposition, reactive oxygen species production, and PTI marker gene expression were compromised in SlSOBIR1- and SlSOBIR1-like–silenced plants. Interestingly, P. parasitica infection and elicitin (ParA1) treatment induced the relocalization of SlSOBIR1 from the plasma membrane to endosomal compartments and silencing of NbSOBIR1 compromised ParA1-mediated cell death on Nicotiana benthamiana. Moreover, the SlSOBIR1 kinase domain is indispensable for ParA1 to trigger SlSOBIR1 internalization and plant cell death. Taken together, these results support the idea of participation of solanaceous SOBIR1/EVR homologs in the perception of elicitins and indicate their important roles in plant basal defense against oomycete pathogens.
Bioassay Conditions for Infection of Pinus radiata Seedlings with Phytophthora pinifolia Zoospores
Authors: Widmer Timothy L. , Dodge Stephen C.
Published: February 2015

Phytophthora pinifolia is known to cause a devastating disease on Monterey pine in Chile. Although this pathogen is not yet present in the United States, there is reason for concern. The main source of Monterey pine genetic material is found in California and there is potential for other important tree species to be hosts. The study presented here was conducted to develop a method to produce zoospores and determine optimal conditions for infection to be used in future host range studies. Abundant zoospores were produced when agar plugs containing P. pinifolia mycelia were ground into suspension prior to transfer in a solution of carrot broth. These zoospores then were used to inoculate Monterey pine seedlings under various conditions. Infected plants displayed necrotic crowns and stems, often resulting in wilting of the seedling. Consistent infection occurred when seedlings were wounded by trimming needles prior to inoculation and exposure of inoculated seedlings to constant dew for 5 days. Dew chamber temperature (15, 20, or 25°C) did not affect the infection rate. Information obtained from this study will be useful in screening other hosts for susceptibility to P. pinifolia infection.
Assessing the Effect of Vernalization on the Detection of Phytophthora ramorum from Native Soil, Potting Media, and Cull Piles in Oregon Nurseries
Authors: Osterbauer Nancy K. , Navarro Sarah , Lane Shannon , Trippe Aaron
Published: February 2015

Nurseries in which Phytophthora ramorum is detected must undergo the USDA Confirmed Nursery Protocol (CNP) to eliminate the pathogen. The CNP requires a survey to determine the extent of the nursery's infestation, with samples tested immediately and after a required vernalization period. Previous research suggested this improves detection. Our objective was to determine if vernalization influenced pathogen recovery from native soil, potting media, and cull piles naturally exposed to P. ramorum in infested Oregon nurseries.

Accepted 10 December 2014. Published 21 January 2015.
Survey and Detection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ in a Citrus Nursery Facility in South Texas
Authors: Alabi Olufemi J. , Kunta Madhurababu , Dale Jon , Sétamou Mamoudou
Published: February 2015

Huanglongbing (HLB) disease, associated with ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), is primarily spread via infected citrus nursery trees and by infective Asian citrus psyllid, the insect vector. Recently, the Texas Department of Agriculture initiated regulations requiring commercial and retail citrus nurseries in Texas to transition from traditional open-field to enclosed facilities with insect-resistant screens to mitigate the risk of nurseries serving as sources of CLas. Although several nursery production facilities have adopted this regulation, non-enclosed nurseries persist and pose a significant threat to the citrus industry as potential sources of CLas. A systematic survey for HLB was embarked on in a semi-open nursery facility in South Texas in April 2014. Leaf tissue samples taken from 94 trees representing 5% of the total number of potted trees in the nursery were tested for CLas by quantitative and conventional PCR assays. Of 94 trees tested, 3.2% (3 trees) were positive for CLas by both assays. The presence of CLas in the PCR-positive samples was confirmed by multi-locus sequence analyses. The results represent the first report of HLB in a nursery facility in Texas, and underscore the need for more intensive surveillance for HLB in citrus nursery stock as an integral component of HLB mitigation efforts in Texas.

Accepted for publication 27 August 2014. Published 15 December 2014.
Adenosine Monophosphate–activated Protein Kinase Regulates Interleukin-1β Expression and Glial Glutamate Transporter Function in Rodents with Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Maixner Dylan W. , Yan Xisheng , Gao Mei , Yadav Ruchi , Weng Han-Rong
Published: February 2015

AbstractAbstract

Nerve injury reduced adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity, increased inflammation, reduced glutamate transporter expression in the spinal cord, and induced thermal hyperalgesia. Activation of AMPK increased glutamate transporter activity and reduced neuropathic pain; by contrast, knockdown of AMPK induced allodynia. These data indicate that AMPK plays an important role in nociceptive processing in the spinal cord and extend the novel possibility of manipulation of AMPK activity as a therapeutic target in experimental models of pain.

Background:

Neuroinflammation and dysfunctional glial glutamate transporters (GTs) in the spinal dorsal horn are implicated in the genesis of neuropathic pain. The authors determined whether adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the spinal dorsal horn regulates these processes in rodents with neuropathic pain.

Methods:

Hind paw withdrawal responses to radiant heat and mechanical stimuli were used to assess nociceptive behaviors. Spinal markers related to neuroinflammation and glial GTs were determined by Western blotting. AMPK activities were manipulated pharmacologically and genetically. Regulation of glial GTs was determined by measuring protein expression and activities of glial GTs.

Results:

AMPK activities were reduced in the spinal dorsal horn of rats (n = 5) with thermal hyperalgesia induced by nerve injury, which were accompanied with the activation of astrocytes, increased production of interleukin-1β and activities of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and suppressed protein expression of glial glutamate transporter-1. Thermal hyperalgesia was reversed by spinal activation of AMPK in neuropathic rats (n = 10) and induced by inhibiting spinal AMPK in naive rats (n = 7 to 8). Spinal AMPKα knockdown (n = 6) and AMPKα1 conditional knockout (n = 6) induced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. These genetic alterations mimicked the changes of molecular markers induced by nerve injury. Pharmacological activation of AMPK enhanced glial GT activity in mice with neuropathic pain (n = 8) and attenuated glial glutamate transporter-1 internalization induced by interleukin-1β (n = 4).

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that enhancing spinal AMPK activities could be an effective approach for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Crystal structure of the di-Mannich base 4,4′-dichloro-3,3′,5,5′-tetramethyl-2,2′-[imidazolidine-1,3-diylbis(methylene)]diphenol
Authors: Rivera Augusto , Nerio Luz Stella , Bolte Michael
Published: February 2015

The title compound, C21H26Cl2N2O2, was prepared in a solvent-free microwave-assisted synthesis, and crystallizes in the orthorhombic space groupPna21. The imidazolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation and its mean plane is almost perpendicular to the two pendant aromatic rings [dihedral angles = 84.61 (9) and 86.54 (9)°]. The molecular structure shows the presence of two intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds between the phenolic hydroxy groups and imidazolidine N atoms. The two 3-chloro-6-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylbenzyl groups are located in acisorientation with respect to the imidazolidine fragment. As a result, the lone pairs of electrons on the N atoms are presumed to be disposed in asynconformation. This is therefore the first example of an exception to the `rabbit-ears' effect in such 2,2′-[imidazolidine-1,3-diylbis(methylene)]diphenol derivatives.
Crystal structure ofS-hexyl (E)-3-(4-methoxybenzylidene)dithiocarbazate
Authors: Begum M. S. , Howlader M. B. H. , Miyatake R. , Zangrando E. , Sheikh M. C.
Published: February 2015

In the title compound, C15H22N2OS2, the dithiocarbazate group adopts anEEconformation with respect to the C=N bond of the benzylidene moiety. The hexyl side chain adopts an extended conformation and the C—S—C—C torsion angle is −93.36 (13)°. In the crystal, inversion dimers linked by pairs of N—H...S hydrogen bonds generateR22(8) loops.
Crystal structure of 4-phenyl-1-{2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)selanyl]phenyl}-1H-1,2,3-triazole
Authors: Camargo Leandro R. S. , Zukerman-Schpector Julio , Deobald Anna M. , Braga Antonio L. , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: February 2015

In the title compound, C23H21N3Se, the C-bound phenyl ring is almost coplanar with the central five-membered ring [dihedral angle = 2.84 (10)°], but the N-bound benzene ring is inclined [dihedral angle = 47.52 (10)°]. The dihedral angle between the Se-bound rings is 69.24 (9)°. An intramolecular Se...N interaction of 3.0248 (15) Å is noted. In the crystal, C—H...π interactions connect molecules into double layers that stack along theaaxis with no directional interactions between them.
Crystal structure of 1-{2-[(2-methoxyphenyl)selanyl]phenyl}-4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole
Authors: Camargo Leandro R. S. , Zukerman-Schpector Julio , Deobald Anna M. , Braga Antonio L. , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: February 2015

In the title compound, C21H17N3OSe, the dihedral angles between the central five-membered ring and the C- and N-bound rings are 17.89 (10) and 42.35 (10)°, respectively, indicating the molecule is twisted. The dihedral angle between the Se-bound rings is 85.36 (10)°. A close intramolecular Se...O contact of 2.8507 (13) Å is noted. In the crystal, C—H...O, C—H...N and C—H...π interactions lead to the formation of supramolecular layers parallel to (011); these stack with no specific intermolecular interactions between them.
Smørrebrød or Smörgåsbord: the Danish and Swedish drug users unions: contexts, aims, activities, achievements
Authors: Johansson Mikael , Kjær Jørgen , Stothard Blaine
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to first, inform readers of the roles, activities and contexts of drug users unions in Denmark and Sweden. Second, to show the achievements and impacts of the two. Third, to illustrate the differing social and political situations in the two countries and how they determine the priorities and activity of the unions.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper is written by a UK commentator who bases the text on meetings, interviews and conversations with members and representatives of the two unions. Spokespersons for both unions have contributed to, commented on and clarified draft texts and provided contextual papers and information.

Findings

– The two unions have differing roles and levels of acceptance and influence according to the political and legal situations in the two countries. There are differing situations and needs in Denmark and Sweden, reflected in the levels of drug-related deaths. There is no “Scandinavian” model. In Denmark the users union is involved in high-level discussions on policy making and practice. In Sweden the new unions are starting to be involved in local discussions about provision and practice.

Research limitations/implications

– Danish experience shows how political acceptance of the existence of a drug using population is leading to improved health and well-being amongst that population, and to social policy responses which are inclusive of this and other marginalised groups, and to a reduction of stigma and demonisation. Swedish experience differs and can be seen as essentially prohibitionist and punitive. Many Swedish drug users are moving to Denmark because of the levels of service and social attitudes. It may be of interest to UK policy to adopt a similar approach to drug users organisations – as distinct from service users’ voices.

Practical implications

– Strengthening the role of drug users unions in all countries and including them in national policy making discussion and debate.

Social implications

– Accepting the existence and needs of drug using groups in society and developing responses informed by their views and experience. Adopting inclusive social policies and recognising the variety of need and choices in treatment. Combatting stigma and demonisation.

Originality/value

– The paper is based on extensive interviews and conversations whose results and content are recorded, not interpreted. The Danish work was conducted in Danish, adding to the number of voices and conversations it was possible to include. A distinction between policy and practice in Denmark and Sweden is established which may run counter to UK impressions of “Scandinavian” rather than national realities.
The investment and regenerative value of addiction treatment
Authors: Iafrati Steve
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to show that despite welfare retrenchment and political rhetoric towards welfare, spending on residential addiction treatment should be protected.

Design/methodology/approach

– Examining benefits in context of costs, the research used social return on investment to monetise benefits and compare with costs. Based at a residential addiction centre, the research used questionnaires and focus groups with residents and former residents.

Findings

– The centre created almost £4 of benefit for every £1 of cost. Whilst the bulk of savings came from health, housing and criminal justice, there was also a regenerative impact for the local economy.

Research limitations/implications

– Sampling in sensitive themes is always problematic, however, the research had contact with many respondents, achieved data saturation and used the centre's success rate as a guide to weight the findings.

Practical implications

– The benefits of addiction treatment go beyond health outcomes and raise questions about how this should be reflected in cost distribution. Consequently, this has implications for the ways in which addiction services should be measuring their successes beyond solely health outcomes.

Social implications

– Existing research has largely overlooked the benefit of addiction treatment to the local economy and the fact that, as an investment, this benefit will continue to grow as more people enter the labour market over time.

Originality/value

– The research recognises the political context of funding and measures success beyond solely health outcomes. Furthermore, the research recognises the regenerative impact of addiction treatment, which is often overlooked in similar research.
The X factor that can help to motivate Generation Y
Authors: Sreejith S.S.
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– Explains why performance evaluation designed for manufacturers is inappropriate for information technology organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

– Underlines the distinctiveness of the information technology workforce and provides the basis for an effective performance- evaluation system designed for these workers.

Findings

– Highlights the roles of consensus and transparency in setting and modifying evaluation criteria.

Practical implications

– Urges the need for a fair and open rewards and recognition system to run in parallel with reformed performance evaluation.

Social implications

– Provides a way of updating performance evaluation systems to take account of the move from manufacturing to information technology-based jobs in many developed and developing societies.

Originality/value

– Reveals how best to recognize, reward and assess the performance of information technology workers.
Qualitatively exploring hearing voices network support groups
Authors: Dos Santos Bianca , Beavan Vanessa
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The distress that is associated with auditory hallucinations, or voices, is well documented. However, increasingly research into this phenomenon is also capturing those who cope with their voices, and live meaningful lives. Peer support is a popular and useful way in which to learn to manage the distress for voice-hearers. The Hearing Voices Network (HVN) acts as an umbrella organisation for which research, training and peer support groups exist (www.intervoiceonline.org). Despite the growing amount of peer support groups established, there is to date no published material on these groups. The purpose of this paper is to discuss these issue.

Design/methodology/approach

– The present study used Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis to explore the experiences of four informants across three New South Wales HVN groups.

Findings

– Results suggest that the social connections, value of sharing and desire for more group members are all important within the group. Beyond the group, informants described the increased willingness to talk to others about their voice experiences, improvements in sense of self and a positive change in their relationship with their voices.

Originality/value

– The study demonstrates the importance of peer participation in the mental health workforce and the provision of safe spaces for those with lived experience to share and learn from each other in meaningful ways. Research implications include the need for further research measuring outcomes on a larger scale for these support groups.
Peer-led self-management for people with severe mental disorders: an economic evaluation
Authors: Iemmi Valentina , Crepaz-Keay David , Cyhlarova Eva , Knapp Martin
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a peer-led self-management intervention for people with severe mental disorders.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a one-arm longitudinal study without control group. In all, 262 adults with (self-reported) severe mental disorders, who have used secondary mental health services and were living in the community were evaluated at three time points (baseline, six and 12 months). Socio-demographic data were collected at baseline. Wellbeing (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale), functional living skills (Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II) and service use (Client Service Receipt Inventory) data were assessed over time.

Findings

– Self-management for people with severe mental disorders improved wellbeing and health-promoting lifestyles. After an increase in the short term, costs appeared to decrease in the longer term, although this change was not statistically significant. Due to the lack of a control group, the authors are unable to attribute those changes to the intervention only. Nevertheless, the self-management intervention appears to warrant further attention on both wellbeing and economic grounds.

Originality/value

– Self-management may facilitate recovery, helping to support people with severe mental disorders at no additional cost. Given recent emphasis on recovery, peer workers and self-management, this peer-led self-management approach for people with severe mental disorders appears to have potential.
Enhancing recovery: transition intervention service for return to the community following exit from an alternative to psychiatric inpatient admission – a residential recovery house
Authors: Griffiths Christopher Alan , Heinkel Samira , Dock Bohdana
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact on recovery and personal goal attainment of a transition intervention service for return to the community following exit from an alternative to psychiatric inpatient admission – a residential recovery house. The services seek to facilitate community reintegration, promote recovery and prevent future mental health crisis. The service was funded by the Stone Family Foundation.

Design/methodology/approach

– This evaluation employed a within groups design: a single case evaluation follow-up. Analysis of Recovery Star and personal goal achievement data collected at service entry and exit points during routine practice (n=181), at four sites in England. The adults had mental illness diagnoses including depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, personality disorder, and anxiety disorder.

Findings

– There was a significant increase in overall Recovery Star scores with a large effect size, and significant increases in eight of the ten Recovery Star life domains. There were significant increases in the goal scores linked to “Managing mental health”, “Self-care” and “Living skills”.

Practical implications

– A transitional intervention service provided by the third sector for return to community following mental health crisis may contribute to recovery and personal goal achievement. A randomised control trial of this transition intervention service is recommended.

Originality/value

– This is first outcome evaluation of an alternative to psychiatric inpatient admission transition intervention service and findings indicate the potential positive effect of having this service incorporated into the design of alternative to admission provision.
Transitioning to nontoxic antifouling paints
Authors: García Mónica , Stupak Mirta , Pérez Miriam , Blustein Guillermo
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to reduce the amount of copper in antifouling paints by using eugenol as an additive. Biofouling leads to deterioration of any submerged material. The most widespread method for control is the application of cuprous oxide antifouling paints which are toxic. First of all, the paper describes the effect of eugenol on larvae of Balanus amphitrite (fouling organism) under laboratory conditions and then the preparation, application and performance of different types of antifouling paints in field trials.

Design/methodology/approach

– Three types of soluble matrix antifouling paints were prepared with different pigments. The first one containing 16 per cent v/v copper, the second with 1.6 per cent copper and the third with 1.6 per cent copper + 2 per cent eugenol.

Findings

– After 12 months of immersion in Mar del Plata harbour paints containing 1.6 per cent copper + eugenol and 16 per cent copper were the most effective. Although these formulations showed a similar performance, copper + eugenol-based paint contains 90 per cent lesser copper than a traditional copper-based formulation.

Originality/value

– The use of antifouling paints with copper + eugenol combination as pigment is a promising alternative due to its performance, low cost and reduction in copper leaching to environment.
Metagenomic characterization of viral communities in corals: mining biological signal from methodological noise
Authors: Wood‐Charlson Elisha M. , Weynberg Karen D. , Suttle Curtis A. , Roux Simon , van Oppen Madeleine J. H.
Published: February 2015

Reef‐building corals form close associations with organisms from all three domains of life and therefore have many potential viral hosts. Yet knowledge of viral communities associated with corals is barely explored. This complexity presents a number of challenges in terms of the metagenomic assessments of coral viral communities and requires specialized methods for purification and amplification of viral nucleic acids, as well as virome annotation. In this minireview, we conduct a meta‐analysis of the limited number of existing coral virome studies, as well as available coral transcriptome and metagenome data, to identify trends and potential complications inherent in different methods. The analysis shows that the method used for viral nucleic acid isolation drastically affects the observed viral assemblage and interpretation of the results. Further, the small number of viral reference genomes available, coupled with short sequence read lengths might cause errors in virus identification. Despite these limitations and potential biases, the data show that viral communities associated with corals are diverse, with double‐ and single‐stranded DNA and RNA viruses. The identified viruses are dominated by double‐stranded DNA‐tailed bacteriophages, but there are also viruses that infect eukaryote hosts, likely the endosymbiotic dinoflagellates, Symbiodinium spp., host coral and other eukaryotes in close association.
Killing Animals: Sociology, Species Relations and Institutionalized Violence
Authors: Cudworth Erika
Published: February 2015

Influential voices have argued for a sociology which acknowledges the way we are co-constituted with a range of non-human species as part of the condition of life on this planet. Despite this, sociology has generally retained a conception of the social that is centred on the human. This paper argues for the inclusion of non-human animals in sociological agendas, focusing on the emerging field of the sociology of violence. It examines the institutions and processes through which non-human animals are subjected to different forms of violence, most notably, mass killing. The practice of killing animals is routine, normative, institutionalized and globalized. The scale of killing is historically unprecedented and the numbers killed are enormous. The paper argues that this killing of non-humans raises questions around inequalities and intersectionality, human relations with other species, the embedding of violence in everyday practices and links between micro and macro analyses. These are questions with which the new sociology of violence might engage.
Muslim Prison Chaplains in Canada and Britain
Authors: Beckford James A. , Cairns Ilona C.M.
Published: February 2015

The separation between religion and the state is widely regarded as a central feature of modernization processes, but sociological research has tended to neglect the extent to which even ‘secular states’ continue to manage religion in such institutions as prisons, hospitals and military establishments. This article extends the understanding of the state's management of religion by focusing on responses to the growth of religious diversity among prisoners and chaplains. In particular, it analyses the integration of Muslim chaplains into the prison systems of Canada and England & Wales. It is based on research – conducted between 2010 and 2012 – that investigated the frameworks governing religion in these two prison systems. This research involved analysis of official policies and regulations as well as transcripts of telephone interviews with a small sample of Muslim chaplains in both jurisdictions. The main focus of the findings reported in this article is on the implications that each prison system's arrangements for chaplaincy have for the work of Muslim chaplains and for questions about religious freedom and equality. These questions are timely in the context of controversies currently surrounding the increasing size of the Muslim prison population in England & Wales and Canada and the need for prisons in both jurisdictions to strike a fair balance between the recognition of religious diversity and the imperatives of security and equality.
A Case of Accidental Fatal Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning Involving Humans and Dogs
Authors: Behera Chittaranjan , Krishna Karthik , Bhardwaj Daya Nand , Rautji Ravi , Kumar Arvind
Published: February 2015

Aluminum phosphide is one of the commonest poisons encountered in agricultural areas, and manner of death in the victims is often suicidal and rarely homicidal or accidental. This paper presents an unusual case, where two humans (owner and housemaid) and eight dogs were found dead in the morning hours inside a room of a house, used as shelter for stray dogs. There was allegation by the son of the owner that his father had been killed. Crime scene visit by forensic pathologists helped to collect vital evidence. Autopsies of both the human victims and the dogs were conducted. Toxicological analysis of viscera, vomitus, leftover food, and chemical container at the crime scene tested positive for aluminum phosphide. The cause of death in both humans and dogs was aluminum phosphide poisoning. Investigation by police and the forensic approach to the case helped in ascertaining the manner of death, which was accidental.
The impact of human papillomavirus infection on the survival and treatment response of patients with esophageal cancers
Authors: Wang Wen‐Lun , Wang Yu‐Chi , Lee Ching‐Tai , Chang Chi‐Yang , Lo Jo‐Lin , Kuo Yao‐Hung , Hsu Yao‐Chun , Mo Lein‐Ray
Published: February 2015

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the impact of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection on the prognosis and treatment response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods

We examined the presence and subtypes of HPV in the tumors by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in 150 ESCC patients. Their clinicopathological characteristics, treatment response and survival were further analyzed according to the presence of HPV infection.

Results

Of 150 ESCC tumor samples, 27 (18.0%) were HPV‐positive, of which 22 (81.5%) had HPV‐16 infection. The risk of developing multifocal ESCC was not significantly different in the HPV‐positive and HPV‐negative groups (29.6% vs 28.5%, P = 0.90). In subgroup analysis, patients with HPV‐16‐positive advanced ESCC had a significantly better survival than those with HPV‐negative ESCC (3‐year survival: 55% vs 21%, log–rank P = 0.03). Cox proportional hazards model showed that the presence of HPV‐16 was associated with a significant reduction in the mortality rate (hazard ratio 0.41, 95% CI 0.18–0.96). Patients with HPV‐16 infection had better response to chemoradiotherapy (CRT) than those without HPV‐16 infection (P = 0.026).

Conclusions

In patients with advanced ESCC, HPV‐16‐positive patients had a significantly favorable survival, especially those who received CRT. Larger scale studies are needed to determine the causal relationship.
High treatment modification rates with lamivudine therapy in HBV‐infected patients with low baseline viremia and early virological response: A multicenter study
Authors: Gonen Can , Gunduz Feyza , Doganay Levent , Enc Feruze Y , Yegin Ender G , Ahishali Emel , Erdem Emrullah , Sokmen Mehmet , Tuncer Ilyas , Ozdogan Osman
Published: February 2015

Objective

Low baseline viremia and an early treatment response predict the best outcomes in hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐infected patients treated with nucleoside analogues with low barriers to resistance. The aim of this study was to assess the long‐term results and effectiveness of lamivudine in patients with low baseline viremia and early virological treatment response.

Methods

In this multicenter, real‐life setting study, 111 antiviral‐naive patients with low baseline viremia (HBV DNA <107 copies/mL) plus an early virological response (HBV DNA <300 copies/mL at week 24) treated with lamivudine were enrolled. The primary end‐point was treatment failure, defined as the re‐emergence of detectable viremia or at least a 1 log increase in HBV DNA, resulting in a titer of ≥300 copies/mL with lamivudine treatment after week 24, which required treatment modification.

Results

Altogether 111 patients, including 78 non‐cirrhotic and 33 cirrhotic patients, were included in the study. Treatment failure occurred in 30.8% of the non‐cirrhotic patients over a median follow‐up period of 32.5 months, and the 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐ and 5‐year treatment failure rates were 6.5%, 14.0%, 31.4%, 39.6% and 43.1%, respectively. Treatment failure occurred in 28.8% of the whole group. There were no differences between the cirrhotic and non‐cirrhotic patients.

Conclusions

Lamivudine treatment had a high treatment modification rate in patients with low baseline viremia and early virological response over a long‐term follow‐up in a real‐life setting. The pretreatment and on‐treatment favorable characteristics found in the studies with telbivudine appeared to be inapplicable to lamivudine.
The genotype CC of IL‐28B SNP rs12979860 is significantly associated with a sustained virological response in chronic HCV‐infected Pakistani patients
Authors: Khubaib Bushra , Saleem Sana , Idrees Muhammad , Afzal Samia , Wasim Muhammad
Published: February 2015

Objective

To evaluate the association of genetic variation in interleukin 28B (IL‐28B) gene and viral factors with treatment outcome in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected patients in Pakistan.

Methods

Patients with chronic HCV infection who received interferon plus ribavirin combination therapy were enrolled in the study. The viral loads were checked at the third and sixth month of treatment and 6 months after the completion of the treatment. Genotyping of single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs12979860 of IL‐28B gene was performed by the restriction fragment length polymorphism method and direct sequence analysis.

Results

A total of 111 patients successfully completed antiviral therapy and the follow‐up period. Early virological response (EVR) and a sustained virological response (SVR) were achieved in 92 and 91 patients, respectively. Patients infected with HCV genotype 3a had a higher SVR rate compared with other HCV genotypes. A higher C allele frequency (81.9%) was observed in patients with SVR than those with non‐SVR (P = 0.00001). The odds ratio of achieving SVR was more than 10‐fold greater for the CC genotype than the CT/TT genotypes of SNP rs12979860 (OR 10.351, 95% CI 1.925–55.653, P = 0.006). Other positive predictors observed for SVR were female gender and EVR.

Conclusion

The CC genotype of IL‐28B SNP rs12979860 is an independent predictive factor for SVR in chronic HCV‐infected patients in Pakistan.
Mammographically screen‐detected asymmetric densities with architectural distortion and normal ultrasound at assessment: Value of MRI as a problem‐solving tool
Authors: Price Jeremy , Chen Suet Wan
Published: February 2015

Four cases are presented in which asymptomatic clients from an Australian mammography screening programme (BreastScreen ACT) were recalled for assessment of an asymmetric density with possible architectural distortion. In all four women, mammographic work‐up was equivocal and ultrasound showed no suspicious correlate for biopsy. It was then doubtful as to whether any significant lesion was present. In all four cases, MRI revealed the presence of malignancy. Breast MRI can be a useful problem‐solving tool in the work‐up of such cases.