bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What We Say Matters
Authors: Darrow Alice-Ann
Published: October 2013

As music educators, we can do much to promote the image of students with disabilities in our schools by using appropriate terminology in our teaching and communications with others. For music educators who are already aware of the various reference conventions related to persons with disabilities, perhaps you can do more to educate your students and the public by alerting responsible parties when you find examples of inappropriate terminology used in conversation or in print. This article provides some guiding principles for communicating about students with disabilities.
The Distributional Effects of Taxes and Transfers Under Alternative Income Concepts
Authors: Figari Francesco , Paulus Alari
Published: October 2013

This article investigates how the distribution of income changes when the standard disposable income (DI) is replaced by an extended income (EI) concept that includes the three “I”s: indirect taxes, imputed rent, and in-kind benefits. Second, it assesses the distributional effects of the main types of tax-benefit instruments under different income concepts. The analysis covers three European countries (Belgium, Greece, and the United Kingdom) characterized by substantially different tax-benefit systems. The overall redistributive effect of the tax-benefit systems depends heavily on the income concept considered and the differences across countries are smaller when considering the EI. Moreover, the common use of a narrower income concept, such as the DI, can lead to the overestimation of the redistributive effect of the cash tax-benefit instruments (in relative terms), the extent of this varying across countries, due to the size and distribution of three “I”s and the adoption of the needs-adjusted equivalence scale.
Safety Assessment of Alkyl Glyceryl Ethers as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Johnson Wilbur , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan
Published: October 2013

Alkyl glyceryl ethers function mostly as skin-conditioning agents in cosmetic products applied to the skin and hair. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review expert panel reviewed the available animal toxicity and clinical data, including the low dermal absorption, and concluded that the alkyl glyceryl ethers are safe in the present practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment.
Safety Assessment of Bis-Diglyceryl Polyacyladipate-2 and Bis-Diglyceryl Polyacyladipate-1 as Used in Cosmetics
Authors: Fiume Monice M. , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Belsito Donald V. , Hill Ronald A. , Klaassen Curtis D. , Liebler Daniel C. , Marks James G. , Shank Ronald C. , Slaga Thomas J. , Snyder Paul W. , Andersen F. Alan
Published: October 2013

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel assessed the safety of bis-diglyceryl polyacyladipate-2 and bis-diglyceryl polyacyladipate-1 as used in cosmetics, finding that these ingredients are safe in cosmetic formulations in the present practices of use and concentration. Both ingredients are lanolin substitutes and are reported to function in cosmetics as skin-conditioning agents—emollients. The Panel reviewed available animal and clinical data in making its determination of safety.
Management of bilateral ureteral trauma using ureteral stents and subsequent subcutaneous ureteral bypass devices in a cat
Authors: Kulendra Elvin , Kulendra Nicola , Halfacree Zoe
Published: October 2013

This report describes a cat that presented with abdominal pain and worsening azotaemia following unknown trauma. Further diagnostic investigations and surgery confirmed bilateral ureteral trauma. The cat was initially managed surgically by bilateral ureteroureterostomy over ureteral stents. The clinical signs and biochemical parameters rapidly resolved, but 2 months later the cat developed signs consistent with sterile cystitis that was unresponsive to medical management. Removal of the ureteral stents resulted in severe azotaemia as a result of stricture formation at the previous ureteral anastomosis site. The ureteral stents were initially replaced with soft stents, but subsequently cut short owing to the persistence of clinical signs of cystitis. Following shortening of the ureteral stents severe azotaemia was again observed. The resulting pelvic dilatation allowed for placement of bilateral subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) systems, which resulted in alleviation of all clinical signs 12 months after SUB placement.
Telling Stories of the City
Authors: Yi’En Cheng
Published: October 2013

While ethnographic work has been a core part of teaching in many geography courses, the process of entering the field, “being-in” the midst of data collection, and leaving it has rarely been made explicit for discussion at the National University of Singapore. This article draws on fieldworking experiences at two urban sites in Singapore and discusses the insecurities, distractions, and reorientations that shape the spatialities of fieldwork. Apart from photography, I suggest that fieldnotes and video-recording techniques are important tools to be deployed alongside walking in order to apprehend affective, ineffable, and mundane moments in the field. By highlighting urban materialities as affective materials for organizing everyday experience, and urban mobilities as heterogeneous and rhythmic, I demonstrate how walking ethnographers’ bodies are attuned to a host of affects and mundane vignettes of the city, in the process sensitizing us to the networks of rhythms weaving urban life into form. In this sense, there is both a poetics and politics to walking as a mode of embodied ethnography.
Management of subclavian artery in-stent restenosis
Authors: Verma Anil , Reilly John P , White Christopher J
Published: October 2013

Stenotic and occlusive diseases of the subclavian and brachiocephalic arteries can cause a significant morbidity as it can lead to symptomatic ischemia affecting the upper extremities, brain and, in some cases, the heart. An endovascular approach with primary stenting or provisional stenting has become the primary modality of revascularization of subclavian artery stenosis. In-stent restenosis can be treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty or repeat stenting and although stents offer superior long-term patency over balloon angioplasty alone for de novo lesions, there are no data regarding primary versus provisional stenting in subclavian in-stent restenosis. Here we describe a case of subclavian in-stent restenosis treated with just balloon angioplasty and demonstrate that provisional stenting with angioplasty alone when the percutaneous transluminal angioplasty results are excellent is a reasonable alternative to primary stent placement for subclavian in-stent restenosis.
Diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease earlier than current Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines using a feasible spirometry parameter (maximal-mid expiratory flow/forced vital capacity)
Authors: Mirsadraee Majid , Boskabady Mohammad Hosein , Attaran Davood
Published: October 2013

Some patients suffer from clinical symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but their pulmonary function tests are in the normal range (at risk group). The objective of this study was to discover a practical test to distinguish these patients from non-COPD subjects. A total of 77 subjects including 40 COPD patients, 37 subjects at risk for developing COPD, and 32 control subjects were entered in this study. The accuracy of maximal-mid expiratory flow (MMEF)/forced vital capacity (FVC) for the diagnosis of COPD in at risk patients and its capability to differentiate from early COPD and normal patients were evaluated. Body plethysmography was used for measurement of lung volume as the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease standard. MMEF/FVC in the at risk group of COPD (0.73 ± 0.19) was significantly lower than the normal control group (0.9 ± 0.24, respectively), and also, it was significantly higher than the COPD group (0.31 ± 0.17). There was significant correlation between the MMEF/FVC and amount of smoking measured by pack year ( r2 = 0.112, p = 0.005) and stages of COPD (Spearman’s ρ = 0.82, p = 0.0001). Early stage COPD (smoker subjects without spirometry derangement) can be diagnosed by MMEF/FVC. Using this tool we may be able to detect this highly preventable disease at an earlier stage.
Nine Session Treatment of a Blood–Injection–Injury Phobia With Manualized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Chapman L. Kevin , DeLapp Ryan C. T.
Published: October 2013

The treatment of blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia has a unique treatment component as compared with other types of specific phobias. In particular, many patients with a BII phobia distinctively experience an increased susceptibility to fainting when exposed to feared medical-related stimuli due to a diphasic physiological response. Moreover, effective treatment protocols must not only include therapeutic techniques to ameliorate the patient’s fear response but also teach strategies that will allow the patient to remain conscious during exposure to feared stimuli. The current case study describes a manualized, cognitive behavioral therapy that utilized applied muscle tension techniques to comprehensively address the multifaceted components of an adult male’s BII phobia. Treatment included a combination of psychoeducation and cognitive restructuring that provided the patient with an empirically based understanding of BII phobia, practiced using applied muscle tension techniques to better manage his physiological processes during exposure followed by the utilization of in vivo graduated exposure to reduce distress and avoidance of feared stimuli. After completing nine sessions, the patient demonstrated considerable improvement as evidenced by reductions in anxiety and the willful seeking of medical care following treatment. Further implications and future directions for research are discussed.
Effects of Fixed-Time Release Fading on Frequency and Duration of Aggression-Contingent Physical Restraint (Protective Holding) in a Child With Autism
Authors: Langone Serra R. , Luiselli James K. , Galvin Denise , Hamill Jessica
Published: October 2013

We report the case of an 11-year-old boy with autism who displayed aggressive behavior and required aggression-contingent physical restraint (protective holding) to protect peers and teachers from injury. During a baseline phase, teachers implemented the boy’s behavior support plan and applied protective holding according to a behavior-contingent release (BCR) criterion in which they maintained physical contact with him until he was “calm” for a minimum of 30 consecutive seconds. In the intervention phase, baseline procedures remained in effect, but the teachers terminated protective holding with the boy according to a fixed-time release (FTR) criterion that was independent of his behavior during protective holding and faded (decreased) systematically over time. In contrast to BCR, FTR fading was associated with less exposure to and fewer applications of protective holding. Post-intervention and follow-up results revealed that protective holding was no longer required. We discuss the clinical implications of these findings.
Mixed Methods in Emerging Academic Subdisciplines
Authors: van der Roest Jan-Willem , Spaaij Ramón , van Bottenburg Maarten
Published: October 2013

This article examines the prevalence and characteristics of mixed methods research in the relatively new subdiscipline of sport management. A mixed methods study is undertaken to evaluate the epistemological/philosophical, methodological, and technical levels of mixed methods design in sport management research. The results indicate that mixed methods research is still rarely used, poorly legitimized and often weakly designed in this field. Our conclusions lead to the hypotheses that the more central a research field is, the higher the prevalence of mixed methods, and that mixed methods only slowly trickle down from central to more peripheral subdisciplines. Implications of the research findings for both mixed methods scholars and sport management researchers are discussed, and directions for future research are proposed.
Consistency in Translation Memory Corpora
Authors: Moorkens Joss
Published: October 2013

This study investigates the prevalence and causes of inconsistency in translation memories (TM) using a sequential explanatory mixed methods design. The initial quantitative phase introduces a novel method and typology for measuring and categorizing inconsistencies in TM data. The data are the product of professional computer-aided translation of software documentation. In the follow-on qualitative phase, interviewees compare the quantitative results with their professional experience of TMs. Their confirmation of the quantitative results improves the validity of the study. The interview data also increase the utility of the research, suggesting possible causes and solutions for inconsistency. Results are presented interactively, followed by a short discussion of the findings and their consequences.
Sequential order in multimodal discourse: Talk and text in online educational interaction
Authors: Gibson Will J
Published: October 2013

This article analyses the sequential ordering of multi-modal discussions in real-time online classes in postgraduate education contexts. The article explores the ways that text and verbal talk are organized by the participants as inter-connecting modes of interaction. Focusing on Initiation, Response and Feedback sequences as an example of a form of exchange, the article shows that the interaction was comparatively disorderly where conducted across talk and text modes. For instance, written responses to questions or to encouragement turns often overlapped with verbal answers from other students or with encouragement turns from the tutor. However, through the withholding of speech turns, the close latching of speech to written talk, and the ceasing of written turns at points where the topics or speakers changed, the participants showed a concern with re-establishing sequential order across the modalities.
Clostridium difficile infection: management strategies for a difficult disease
Authors: Khanna Sahil , Pardi Darrell S.
Published: October 2013

Clostridium difficile was first described as a cause of diarrhea in 1978 and in the last three decades has reached an epidemic state with increasing incidence and severity in both healthcare and community settings. There also has been a rise in severe outcomes from C. difficile infection (CDI). There have been tremendous advancements in the field of CDI with the identification of newer risk factors, recognition of CDI in populations previously thought not at risk and development of better diagnostic modalities. Several treatment options are available for CDI apart from metronidazole and vancomycin, and include new drugs such as fidaxomicin and other options such as fecal microbiota transplantation. This review discusses the epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes from CDI, and focuses primarily on existing and evolving treatment modalities.
Prevention of porosity by oxygen addition in fibre laser and fibre laser–GMA hybrid welding
Authors: Zhao L. , Tsukamoto S. , Arakane G. , Sugino T.
Published: October 2013

Prevention of porosity in partial penetration fibre laser and fibre laser–gas metal arc hybrid welding is investigated. It is found that modulation of laser power prevents porosity formation in fibre laser welding, but that this method is not effective in hybrid welding. However, the addition of a small amount of oxygen to the molten pool can prevent porosity formation in both fibre laser and hybrid welding. This is attributed to stabilisation of the keyhole. During welding, oxygen reacts with dissolved carbon to form carbon monoxide (CO) in the keyhole. The CO partial pressure in the keyhole prevents the intense interaction between laser beam and molten metal, thus stabilising the keyhole. The role of CO formation is confirmed by the enhancement of porosity suppression with increased carbon content of the base metal.
Filling friction stir weld keyhole using pin free tool and T shaped filler bit
Authors: Zhang G. F. , Jiao W. M. , Zhang J. X.
Published: October 2013

A keyhole produced by friction stir weld bead on plate (4·7 mm thick 1060 Al plate) technique was filled using a method like rotational extrusion process, in which a pin free tool and a T shaped filler bit was used. As compared with the case using a simple cylindrical filler bit, in which all of the filled samples fractured at the initial periphery interface, the beneficial effect of T cap on improving filling quality was demonstrated by higher and more stable fracture load and fracture location away from initial periphery interface, although small gaps were present at the lower periphery interface and the bottom interface. To further eliminate the small gaps mentioned above with liquid phase, Zn braze foil was preplaced at the bottom of the keyhole. As expected, with the aid of the extruding and torquing effects of the pin free tool, intimate contact was achieved well by filling and alloying effects of molten Zn.
Mechanical properties and microstructures of resistance spot welded DP980 steel joints using pulsed current pattern
Authors: Sawanishi C. , Ogura T. , Taniguchi K. , Ikeda R. , Oi K. , Yasuda K. , Hirose A.
Published: October 2013

Dual phase 980 MPa grade (DP980) steel sheets were resistance spot welded using a pulsed current, and the effects of the pulsed current on the strength properties of the joints were investigated. The pulsed current improved the mechanical properties of the joints in cross tensile tests. In situ observations during tear tests revealed that the ductility of the nugget was improved and that the propagation of cracks into the nugget was inhibited when the pulsed current was used. Microstructural observations and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) of the nugget showed that the segregation of phosphorus at the nugget was reduced in the joint welded using the pulsed current, suggesting that the pulsed current improved the ductility of the nugget by altering their microstructures.
Numerical and experimental investigation on friction stir lap welding of aluminium to steel
Authors: Das H. , Jana S. S. , Pal T. K. , De A.
Published: October 2013

Use of multimaterial fabrication such as aluminium to steel to reduce overall vehicular body weight has gained significant attention in the automotive industries. Since fusion welding of aluminium to steel is difficult, friction stir welding of the same is considered as an effective recourse. Quantitative studies on friction stir welding of aluminium to steel are thus important but scarce in the literature. We present here a numerical and experimental study on friction stir lap welding of AA6061 to high strength interstitial free coated steel sheets under different combinations of tool rotational speed and welding speed. The computed values of thermal cycle, torque and traverse force are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding experimentally measured values. The computed thermal cycles along the AA6061 to steel interfaces are related qualitatively with the experimentally measured trend and distribution in Fe–Al intermetallics along the weld joint interface.
Microstructure and properties in friction stir weld of 12Cr steel
Authors: Hua P. , Moronov S. , Nie C. Z. , Sato Y. S. , Kokawa H. , Park S. H. C. , Hirano S.
Published: October 2013

Friction stir welding was employed for joining of 12Cr heat resistant ferritic steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties in the obtained welds were examined and their relationship was established. The stir zone microstructure was found to consist of quenched martensite with numerous fine dispersoids uniformly distributed in grain interiors. The formation of this microstructure remarkably strengthened the stir zone. Tempering for 3·6 ks at 923 K reduced the as welded hardness of friction stir weld to nearly base material level.
Aging response of transient liquid phase bonded wrought IN718 superalloy: influence of post-bond heat treatment
Authors: Pouranvari M. , Ekrami A. , Kokabi A. H.
Published: October 2013

Aging response of transient liquid phase Nb bearing wrought IN718 nickel base superalloy is studied. The aging behaviour of the joint is influenced by low Nb+Al+Ti content of isothermal solidification zone (ISZ) and formation of Nb–Cr–Mo based boride precipitates in diffusion affected zone (DAZ). It was shown that applying a post-bond heat treatment which was able to eliminate the diffusion induced boride precipitates in DAZ and increase the Nb+Al+Ti content of the ISZ improved the aging response and shear strength of the joint.
Evaluation of dissimilar friction stir lap joints using digital X-ray radiography
Authors: Saravanan T. , Das H. , Arunmuthu K. , Philip J. , Rao B. P. C. , Jayakumar T. , Pal T. K.
Published: October 2013

A digital X-ray radiography methodology is proposed for quality assessment of aluminium–zinc coated steel dissimilar lap joints produced by a friction stir welding process. This methodology uses digital frame integration for acquisition of data to reduce the image noise followed by high pass filtering to sharpen the image by gradient operation and contrast adjustments to detect micro defects in FSW joints. The effect of welding parameters such as rotational and travel speed of weld tool and penetration depth on quality of the weld is studied. The new methodology has resulted in three-fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) with improved defect detection sensitivity. The present study clearly shows that the weld tool rotational speed, travel speed and plunger depth have a decisive role on the quality of the weld obtained by the friction stir welding process.
New model for creep damage analysis and its application to creep crack growth simulations
Authors: Wen J.-F. , Tu S.-T. , Gao X.-L. , Reddy J. N.
Published: October 2013

A creep damage model from the micromechanics viewpoint is presented in the paper. In order to mitigate the difficulty of calibrating many parameters in the existing damage evolution models, a simple creep ductility exhaustion approach is employed to account for the accumulation of the creep damage. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional numerical analyses of creep crack growth based on the new creep-damage model and/or Liu-Murakami model are carried out. When the damage parameter reaches a critical value, the load carrying capacity of each damaged element approaches zero and thus crack growth can be characterised by a completely damaged element zone ahead of the initial crack tip. The finite element simulation results obtained are compared favourably with experimental data for the compact tension specimen for 316 stainless steel and bending cracked plate for T91 steel at elevated temperatures. The comparisons show the excellent capability of the proposed model in predicting the crack growth rate and progressive crack profiles. In addition, the influences of the plasticity and mesh size are discussed in this paper.
Understanding fracture behaviour of PGA reactor core graphite: Perspective
Authors: Moskovic R. , Flewitt P. E. J. , Schlangen E. , Smith G. , Crocker A. G. , Hodgkins A. , Heard P. , Wootton M. R.
Published: October 2013

Magnox reactors are cooled by carbon dioxide gas. The pile grade A (PGA) graphite moderator bricks in the reactor core loose mass and become more porous during service due to the radiolytic oxidation caused by energy deposition, mainly gamma radiation. In addition, neutron irradiation brings about strengthening by irradiation hardening and dimensional change. In this perspective, experimental data related to the attendant microstructural changes and the associated initiation and propagation of cracks within the graphite are revisited. These results are compared with the predictions of multiscale finite element modelling based upon an idealised microstructure. The discussion considers the quasi-brittle characteristics of the PGA graphite over a range of service exposure conditions.
Heterogeneous austenite grain growth in ASTM A213 Grade T91 steels: Analysis of austenitic grain size distribution using kernel density estimation methodology
Authors: Zavaleta Gutiérrez N. E. , Toda-Caraballo I. , Luppo M. I. , Capdevila C. , García de Andrés C. , Danon C. A.
Published: October 2013

The present work studies, using statistical methods, the features of austenite grain size distributions (AGSDs) obtained in an ASTM A213-T91 steel by applying two-step thermal cycles, namely, thermal treatment at tempering temperature+‘ in situ’ austenitisation. Changes in AGSD were produced by varying the holding time at tempering temperature and the heating rate to austenite. The application of different thermal cycle conditions induced two main characteristics in the AGSDs, i.e. the growth of a few very large grains in a matrix of small to medium sized grains, that is, heterogeneous grain size, and a bimodal grain size distribution in that matrix. Statistical techniques were used to describe the resulting AGSDs and to investigate a possible correlation between bimodality and heterogeneity. The characterisations have been carried out using the kernel density estimation (KDE) technique to compute the underlying statistical distribution, and then applying a significance test able to assess whether or not bimodality, if detected with KDE, is statistically significant. Results indicate that bimodality is evidenced for the higher heating rates to austenite and is very likely related to the development of the heterogeneous grain size structure.
Grain refinement and modification of Al–Si foundry alloys with B and Sr additions
Authors: Birol Y.
Published: October 2013

The effect of B and Sr additions on the grain refinement and modification processes was investigated in the popular AlSi7Mg0·3 alloy to identify the optimum melt treatment to ensure a very fine grained matrix and a fine fibrous eutectic. B and Sr recoveries are low when B and Sr are employed together owing to the formation of the SrB6 compound. This is particularly a concern for Sr when it is introduced into the melt before B. Sr concentrations of the solidified samples are too low to offer modification at an addition rate of 200 ppm Sr. While Sr additions reduce the B recovery in grain refined samples, this is apparently not reflected in the overall grain refining performance. Exceptionally small grains can be obtained at B levels that fail to offer grain refinement when B is added alone. SrB6 particles are believed to compensate for the reduced B concentrations. While the SrB6 compound helps with the grain refinement, they are not involved in the modification process. B (300 ppm) and Sr (300 ppm) provide exceptionally small grains and an adequate modification of the eutectic silicon in a commercial AlSi7Mg0·3 alloy. Increasing the B and Sr addition rates does not provide further improvement in either grain refinement or modification.
Effective FE model to predict surface layer characteristics of ultrasonic surface rolling with experimental validation
Authors: Liu Y. , Zhao X. , Wang D.
Published: October 2013

The present paper presents a numerical approach to investigate the surface layer characteristics after ultrasonic surface rolling process (USRP), which is a severe plastic deformation process involving complex static extrusion and dynamic impact. Efforts are made in the development of finite element model (FEM), accompanied by assessment of material constitutive relation and meshing accuracy as well as definition of loading condition according to the technological principle of USRP. The majority of processing parameters have been taken into account, and results are discussed in terms of residual stress, surface roughness and workhardening. As supplied 40Cr disc was subjected to ultrasonic surface rolling for validation of FEM, and the residual stresses predicted from the FEM are in good agreement with the measurements obtained by X-ray diffraction method, indicating that the present FEM can be used as a fast prediction tool for the design of ultrasonic surface rolling parameters.
Fabrication of Al–Cu laminated composites by diffusion rolling procedure
Authors: Yang Y. H. , Lin G. Y. , Chen D. D. , Zhang R. , Wang D. Z. , Qi F.
Published: October 2013

A diffusion rolling procedure was employed for the fabrication of Al–Cu laminated composites; the microstructure and mechanical properties of the interface were investigated. With diffusion bonding initially, intermetallic compounds (IMCs) occurred at the Al/Cu interface. After plastic deformation by rolling the laminated composites, the interface strip of IMCs broke and became discontinuous equiaxed particulates. Compared with roll bonding with heat treatment and diffusion bonding, the shear tensile strength of two-stage processed Al/Cu interface reached a maximum value equivalent to 90 of that of Al. Therefore, it is concluded that the diffusion rolling procedure yielded the highest strength of Al–Cu laminated composites.
High conductivity and high strength Mg–Zn–Cu alloy
Authors: Pan H. , Pan F. , Wang X. , Peng J. , She J. , Zhao C. , Huang Q. , Song K. , Gao Z.
Published: October 2013

In the present work, electrical conductivity (EC) and Vickers hardness of Mg–Zn– xCu ( x = 0, 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5) alloys in as cast, as solution and aged states have been investigated. The result shows that the EC of both as cast and as solution samples increases with Cu content, and Cu addition would have remarkably enhanced effect on EC and age hardening response during subsequent aging treatment. The 1·0Cu alloy aged at 160°C for 16 h after solution treatment had the optimal combined properties of high microhardness (94 HV) and high EC value (19·1, 106 S m−1), noting that the EC of pure Mg is 22·8 (106 S m−1). It is believed that the accelerated precipitation process for Cu containing alloy is attributed to the favourable interactions between Zn, Cu and vacancies. The microstructure associated with the improvement of EC and microhardness for Cu containing alloy is also discussed in detail.
On effect of squeezing pressure on microstructural characteristics, heat treatment response and electrical conductivity of an Al-Si-Mg-Ni-Cu alloy
Authors: Ashiri R. , Karimzadeh F. , Niroumand B.
Published: October 2013

The effect of squeezing pressure on the heat treatment response and electrical conductivity of the cast alloy is not clear yet. The present research aims at investigating and elucidating them. It was found that the hardness peak occurred earlier for the pressurised cast alloy during the aging process as compared with non-pressurised one. Squeezing pressure reduces the time required for heat treatment. This significant fact was ignored by most researchers. Pressure also improved the electrical conductivity of the cast alloy. The results showed that the electrical conductivity of samples increases with increasing the aging time and temperature. Moreover, better mechanical properties including high hardness and ultimate tensile strength and good toughness and ductility of the pressurised cast samples indicate that these samples are more reliable to be used for different applications.
On dynamic recrystallisation under hot working of superaustenitic stainless steel
Authors: Zou D. N. , Liu R. , Han Y. , Zhang W. , Wu K. , Liu X. H.
Published: October 2013

Dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) behaviour in 904L superaustenitic stainless steel was studied by isothermal hot compression tests conducted in the temperature range of 900–1200°C and strain rate range of 0·001–10 s−1. The critical conditions for initiation of DRX are identified from the stress dependence of the derivative of strain hardening rate versus stress curves (d θ/d σ versus σ curves). The Z parameters combined with the temperature and strain rate effects during hot deformation are obtained by the regression analysis. Moreover, the kinetics model of DRX is established and the complete DRX grain size of 904L superaustenitic stainless steel is a power-law function of Z parameter with an exponent of –0·27.
In situ high resolution transmission electron microscopy investigation of deformation mechanism in sub-10-nm Au crystals
Authors: Zhu X. Q. , Feng Q. , Liu D. Z. , Nie A. M. , Liu J. B. , Zhang X. B. , Geng L. M.
Published: October 2013

In situ high resolution transmission electron microscopy investigations were performed on sub-10-nm Au crystals. The effects of tensile loading direction and crystal size on the deformation mechanism of Au crystals were analysed. For the Au crystals with a width below 2 nm, the surface atom diffusion with a phenomenon of layer by layer peeling is the main deformation mechanism and the tensile loading direction plays negligible effect. For the Au crystals with a width over 7 nm, the dislocations generated form surface and gliding into crystal dominate the plastic deformation and the tensile loading direction plays important role. Lomer dislocations are produced and destructed by dislocation reaction during tensile strain process in <001> oriented Au crystal. The Schmid law is the key intrinsic issue controlling the deformation mechanism for the nanowires with a size larger than 7 nm.
Architectured bimetallic laminates by roll bonding: Bonding mechanisms and applications
Authors: Kaabi A. , Bienvenu Y. , Ryckelynck D. , Prévond L. , Pierre B.
Published: October 2013

Manufacturing of bimetallic laminates (<2 mm) with an internal architecture by roll bonding allows to obtain a compromise of conflicting properties. Two applications are considered: copper–steel–copper sheets for high power electronic component substrates and lightweight aluminium–steel–aluminium laminates for structural, electromagnetic applications in power generation and for electromagnetic compatibility. They have in common an architecture, with three-dimensional percolating networks of two metals produced with a sufficient precision. The bonding mechanisms are investigated through microstructural and thermomechanical characterisation of the assemblies produced. Roll bonding fills the voids in a central component by plastic deformation and creates the bonds by cold welding. It may be followed or preceded by surface and heat treatments with the objective to improve the cold welding and to relieve the internal stress state. Architectural rules to optimise the properties of the two-phase laminates in view of the applications may be guided by finite element models combining physical and thermomechanical aspects.
Casting of micro- to macroholes in Al components
Authors: Qu Y.-D. , Jin M.-L. , Li R. D. , Sun F.-S. , Su R.-M. , Yang Q. , Bai Y.-H.
Published: October 2013

A new pore forming process for the casting of microarray holes in Al components was proposed. This pore forming process depended on both the poor wettability of C and Al, and high strength of extension of carbon fibre. In contrast to conventional pore forming methods, such as mechanical or special process, the proposed method did not require any additional sophisticated equipment and acquired super large aspect ratio by casting. Aiming at demonstrating the feasibility and making comparative superiority of the proposed pore forming method, pore forming principle and the regularities of aperture were studied. The results show molten aluminium pore formed around the carbon fibre bundle. The actual diameter of holes is almost 20 larger than that of the theoretical value, the average aspect ratio of holes reaches 290 and the average diameter of holes is ∼0·222 mm under the influence of loose quantity.
Effect of annealing temperature and time on microstructure evolution of 0·2C–5Mn steel during intercritical annealing process
Authors: Zhao C. , Cao W. Q. , Zhang C. , Yang Z. G. , Dong H. , Weng Y. Q.
Published: October 2013

Microstructure evolution of 0·2C–5Mn steel during the intercritical annealing at different temperatures was studied. It was found that the microstructure gradually evolved from martensite structure into a structure consisted of austenite and ferrite during the intercritical annealing process. The retained austenite volume fraction reached the maximum value of 36·5 after about 10 min annealing at 680°C. It was also found that carbides precipitated during initial annealing stage and gradually dissolved during following annealing process for all annealing temperatures; and interestingly, the fresh martensite was found, indicating that part of the newly forming austenite was unstable and would transform into martensite when quenching. Based on the microstructural analysis and the calculation by Thermo-Calc software, it was proposed that the different evolution behaviours of the microstructure during annealing were not only controlled by the thermal kinetics of the austenite, but also affected significantly by the thermal stability of the austenite.
Effect of annealing temperature on microstructure and magnetic properties of α-Fe/Nd2Fe14B nanocomposite magnets
Authors: Pan M. X. , Zhang P. Y. , Ge H. L. , Wu Q. , Yu N. J.
Published: October 2013

The α-Fe/Nd2Fe14B nanocomposite magnets were prepared by melt spinning method and subsequent thermal annealing. The effect of the annealing temperature on the microstructure and magnetic properties of these alloys have been investigated. An enhanced magnetic properties has been obtained with the annealing temperature at 610°C, where the coercivity Hc increases from 365·05 to 434·86 kA m−1 and the largest ( BH)max value of 94·67 kJ m−3 is achieved. According to the Henkel plots analysis, a stronger intergrain exchange coupling is obtained for the alloys annealed at 610 and 680°C, which result in a higher maximum energy product.
Effect of cold rolling on tensile properties and microstructure of high nitrogen alloyed austenitic steel
Authors: Sun S. C. , Mu J. W. , Jiang Z. H. , Ji C. T. , Lian J. S. , Jiang Q.
Published: October 2013

The cold rolling strain effect on the tensile properties of a high nitrogen alloyed austenitic steel was systemically investigated. Quasi-static tensile experiments were performed on the samples with different cold rolling strain. The material possessed good balance between strength and ductility in the entire rolling strain range. Mechanical property and microstructure of the nitrogen alloyed austenitic steel were greatly affected by cold rolling strain. With the increase in cold rolling strain, the strength increased sharply but the ductility declined. That is related to the gradual changes of microstructure induced by the cold rolling process. The cold rolling process leads to substantial microstructural change, from the appearance of slip bands and twins at low cold rolling strain; the microtwins formation at intermediate cold rolling strain and followed by sequences of their bending, breaking and disappearance; and finally to the formation of drossy twins at the high cold rolling strain.
Lattice dynamics, thermodynamics and elastic properties of Li2Te under high pressure: first principles study
Authors: Zhang X. D. , Shi H. F.
Published: October 2013

An investigation on the structural, phonon, thermodynamic and elastic properties of Li2Te has been conducted using the norm-conserving psudopotentials within the local density approximation in the frame of the density functional theory (DFT) and the density functional perturbation theory (DFPT) in the ABINIT code. Our results demonstrate that Li2Te in the anti-fluorite structure phase keeps dynamically stable until 25 GPa. The elastic constants and thermodynamic quantities under high pressure are also calculated and discussed.
Constitutive description of severely deformed metals based on dimensional analysis
Authors: Montazeri-Pour M. , Parsa M. H. , Mirzadeh H.
Published: October 2013

A constitutive equation for description of mechanical behaviour of metals at large strains was proposed to relate the important process variables associated with severe plastic deformation. Dimensional analysis based on the so called π-theorem was used for this purpose; in which the obtained dimensionless groups were related and rewritten to achieve the constitutive equation. The validity of the proposed relationship was investigated using the flow stress data of an aluminium alloy processed by accumulative roll bonding (ARB), copper processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and low carbon steel processed by constrained groove pressing (CGP) technique. It was shown that the predictions of the proposed model agree well with the experimental observations over a wide range of strain for different materials. Moreover, this model was able to address both hardening and softening at high strains. These prove the applicability of the π-theorem as an alternative approach to derive the constitutive relationships of heavily deformed metals with emphasis on the microstructure evolution.
Nanostructured steel industrialisation: Plausible reality
Authors: Garcia-Mateo C. , Sourmail T. , Caballero F. G. , Smanio V. , Kuntz M. , Ziegler C. , Leiro A. , Vuorinen E. , Elvira R. , Teeri T.
Published: October 2013

It is not the first time that a consortium of steel makers, end users and scientists end up with unique approaches and developments in the physical metallurgy of steels. The present paper reveals the scientific and technological developments of a consortium sharing a common intrigue and interest for a unique microstructure, nanostructured bainite. Also known as low temperature bainite, its unique properties rely solely on the scale of the miscrostructure obtained by heat treatment at low temperature (150–350°C). Careful design based on phase transformation theory, some well known metallurgy facts and the necessary industrial experience were the ingredients for a further step towards the industrialisation of these microstructures.
Improvement of properties of TiN coating by optimising microstructural design
Authors: Ji J. , Niu Y. , Wu J. , Yu Z.
Published: October 2013

Multilayered TiN coating, with a microstructure of stackered up sandwiches, was successfully prepared by hollow cathode discharge method. The columnar epitaxial growth was obviously suppressed by introduction of the multilayered microstructure in the coating. The adhesion and wear resistance of the multilayered TiN coating was compared with those of the conventional TiN coating. The adhesion of the TiN coating to the substrate and the wear resistance of the TiN coating are obviously improved by optimising structural design. The multilayered microstructure of the coating piles up the dislocations and also inhibits the bulk flaking behaviour. The wear mechanism of the multilayered TiN coating is the microarea detachment.
Influence of an external magnetic field on performance of composite coatings
Authors: Hou J. , Zhou Z.
Published: October 2013

The influence of an external magnetic field on the Ni–P–PTFE electroless composite coating process is investigated experimentally, and the mechanism of action of the field is discussed. The microstructure, hardness and friction coefficients of the composite coatings are determined, as is their elemental composition, and their corrosion resistance is tested. The results show that the external magnetic field accelerates the chemical plating reaction, leading to a dramatic increase in the rate of deposition of the coating. The presence of the magnetic field during plating leads to significant improvements in the quality of the coatings obtained in terms of increased particle content, better antifriction properties, greater corrosion resistance, greater density, lower porosity and better adhesion.
Microstructural characterisation and microhardness distribution of HVOF sprayed WC–10Co–4Cr coating
Authors: Hong S. , Wu Y. P. , Gao W. W. , Wang B. , Guo W. M. , Lin J. R.
Published: October 2013

The aim of this work was to study the detailed microstructures, thermostability and microhardness distribution of high velocity oxygen fuel sprayed WC–10Co–4Cr coating using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimeter and high resolution transmission electron microscope. The coating has a dense structure and is well bonded to the substrate. The coating is mainly composed of WC phase and W2C phase. Owing to the high cooling rates of molten droplets and the multicomponent system of feedstock powder, amorphous phase is obtained in the coating. The crystallisation temperature of the amorphous phase is 651°C. The Weibull analysis of Vickers microhardness of the coating exhibits a bimodal distribution under indentation load of 300 g and a monomodal distribution under indentation load of 100 g. Such distribution is attributed to the presence of the poorly bonded splats and pores within the coating.
Fabrication of InN based photodetector using porous silicon buffer layer
Authors: Amirhoseiny M. , Hassan Z. , Ng S. S.
Published: October 2013

We fabricated indium nitride (InN) on porous silicon (PSi) on crystalline silicon [Si(100)] heterostructure photodetector via radio frequency sputtering. PSi layer was synthesised on n type Si(100) wafers via photoelectrochemical etching. Large area PSi, which comprised an array of voids, was used as an intermediate layer between Si and InN thin film. X-ray diffraction results revealed that nanocrystalline wurtzite structure of InN thin film with preferred orientations of InN (101) was deposited on PSi/Si(100) substrate. Nickel Schottky contact was fabricated on InN thin films via thermal vacuum evaporation using a metal semiconductor metal mask. To relieve stress and to induce any favourable reactions between the metals and the semiconductors, the InN photodetector was annealed in an N2 environment. Current–voltage measurements after heat treatment at 400°C were performed in the dark and illuminated conditions.
Control analysis of the eukaryotic cell cycle using gene copy-number series in yeast tetraploids
Authors: Alcasabas Annette A , de Clare Michaela , Pir Pınar , Oliver Stephen G
Published: October 2013

Background

In the model eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, previous experiments have identified those genes that exert the most significant control over cell growth rate. These genes are termed HFC for high flux control. Such genes are overrepresented within pathways controlling the mitotic cell cycle.

Results

We postulated that the increase/decrease in growth rate is due to a change in the rate of progression through specific cell cycle steps. We extended and further developed an existing logical model of the yeast cell cycle in order elucidate how the HFC genes modulated progress through the cycle. This model can simulate gene dosage-variation and calculate the cycle time, determine the order and relative speed at which events occur, and predict arrests and failures to correctly execute a step. To experimentally test our model’s predictions, we constructed a tetraploid series of deletion mutants for a set of eight genes that control the G2/M transition. This system allowed us to vary gene copy number through more intermediate levels than previous studies and examine the impact of copy-number variation on growth, cell-cycle phenotype, and response to different cellular stresses.

Conclusions

For the majority of strains, the predictions agreed with experimental observations, validating our model and its use for further predictions. Where simulation and experiment diverged, we uncovered both novel tetraploid-specific phenotypes and a switch in the determinative execution point of a key cell-cycle regulator, the Cdc28 kinase, from the G1/S to the S/G2 boundaries.