bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilateral femoral neck fractures resulting from pregnancy‐associated osteoporosis showed bone marrow edema on magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Kasahara Kyoko , Kita Nobuyuki , Kawasaki Taku , Morisaki Shinsuke , Yomo Hiroko , Murakami Takashi
Published: April 2017

Femoral neck fractures resulting from pregnancy‐associated osteoporosis is a rare condition. Herein, we report an undoubted case of pregnancy‐associated osteoporosis in a 38‐year‐old primiparous patient with pre‐existing anorexia nervosa who suffered bilateral femoral neck fractures in the third trimester and early post‐partum period. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed femoral neck fractures as well as diffuse marrow edema involving both femoral heads, which are considered under ordinary circumstances as characteristic imaging findings of transient osteoporosis of the hip. Based on our experience, we propose that pregnancy‐associated osteoporosis might be present in femoral neck fractures attributed to transient osteoporosis of the hip in pregnancy. Conversely, bone status should be carefully and accurately estimated in cases of potential transient osteoporosis of the hip in pregnancy to reduce future fracture risk.
Genital bleeding hemostasis in gynecologic neoplasm with balloon tamponade: New treatment option
Authors: Karakida Noriko , Yanazume Shintaro , Mori Marie , Uchida Natsuko , Tokudome Akio , Kobayashi Hiroaki
Published: April 2017

Genital bleeding is the most common and serious complication in gynecologic malignancy. Different techniques are available for the control of severe bleeding, but standard treatment strategies have not been determined. Herein we report on the successful use of the balloon technique in two cases of genital bleeding in uterine neoplasm. The first case was of advanced cervical cancer with massive genital bleeding during radiotherapy. A metreurynter (mini‐metro) was inserted into the vagina and hemostasis was indirectly achieved in the vaginal hematoma. The other case was of postoperative recurrent bleeding after cervical conization. A Foley balloon catheter was inserted into the endocervical canal and balloon tamponade directly stopped the bleeding. This technique is safe for massive genital bleeding in some cases of gynecological cancer, and can be conventionally performed regardless of the facility or department. The need for invasive treatment for fatal bleeding in gynecological cancer in which gauze packing is ineffective may be avoided by balloon tamponade without serious complications.
Effect of urine creatinine level during pregnancy on dipstick test
Authors: Baba Yosuke , Furuta Itsuko , Zhai Tianyue , Ohkuchi Akihide , Yamada Takahiro , Takahashi Kayo , Matsubara Shigeki , Minakami Hisanori
Published: April 2017

Aim

Dipstick results for proteinuria are affected by urine concentration, and thus urine creatinine concentration ([Cr]). This study was performed to determine whether spot urine [Cr] changes significantly during pregnancy, leading to a significantly different false‐negative rate (FNR) on dipstick test between trimester.

Methods

The [Cr] and protein concentrations ([P]) were analyzed in 631 spot urine samples with negative/equivocal dipstick from 425 pregnant women. False‐negative dipstick was defined as [P] : [Cr] ratio (P/Cr) > 0.27 mg/mg.

Results

Median [Cr] was 117 mg/dL (range, 6.5–326 mg/dL), 72 mg/dL (range, 4.3–477 mg/dL), and 73 mg/dL (range, 8.4–396 mg/dL) in the first (n = 96), second (n = 344), and third (n = 191) trimester urine samples, respectively (P = 0.000, Kruskal–Wallis). Both [P] and P/Cr increased significantly with advancing gestation. FNR 9.4% (18/191) in the third trimester was significantly higher than that of 0.0% (0/96) in the second trimester and that of 0.5% (2/344) in the third trimester. In the 20 urine samples with false‐negative dipstick, median [Cr] was 47.0 mg/dL (range, 11.0–358 mg/dL) and the proportion of samples with dilute urine, that is, [Cr] <47 mg/dL, was significantly higher than in the remaining 611 urine samples (50%, 10/20 vs 28%, 174/611, respectively, P = 0.046).

Conclusions

Urine samples in the second and third trimesters were more likely to be diluted compared with the first trimester. This was associated with high FNR in third trimester urine samples.
Serum placental growth factor and soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1 at mid‐gestation in healthy women: Association with small‐for‐gestational‐age neonates
Authors: Furuta Itsuko , Umazume Takeshi , Kojima Takashi , Chiba Kentaro , Nakagawa Kinuko , Hosokawa Ami , Ishikawa Satoshi , Yamada Takahiro , Morikawa Mamoru , Minakami Hisanori
Published: April 2017

Aim

This study was performed to determine the associations between serum placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt‐1) levels at mid‐gestation with the risk of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonates born at gestational week (GW) ≥ 36 in healthy women.

Methods

PlGF and sFlt‐1 concentrations were determined at GW 24–27 in 183 women with births at GW ≥ 36, but without gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertension.

Results

Thirteen (7.1%) SGA neonates were born. Median (range) GW at blood sampling was similar between women with and without SGA (25 [24–25] and 24 [24–27], respectively, P = 0.671). Pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and PlGF levels were significantly lower in women with than without SGA, while sFlt‐1 levels and sFlt‐1 : PlGF ratio (sFlt‐1/PlGF) did not differ significantly between the two groups. PlGF and sFlt‐1/PlGF, but not BMI or sFlt‐1, showed significant correlations with birthweight z‐score; the correlation was positive for PlGF and negative for sFlt‐1/PlGF. Women with PlGF level < 10th percentile and those with sFlt‐1/PlGF level > 90th percentile showed significantly increased risk of SGA compared to those with respective counterpart characteristics; relative risk was 3.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.3–11.3; 21% [4/19] vs 5.5% [9/164]) for PlGF and 7.9 (95% confidence interval, 3.0–20.8, 33.3% [6/18] vs 4.2% [7/165]) for sFlt‐1/PlGF.

Conclusion

Maternal PlGF and sFlt‐1/PlGF determined during GW 24–27 were associated with the risk of SGA neonates born at GW ≥ 36, even in women with uncomplicated pregnancies.
Melatonin enhances neural stem cell differentiation and engraftment by increasing mitochondrial function
Authors: Mendivil‐Perez Miguel , Soto‐Mercado Viviana , Guerra‐Librero Ana , Fernandez‐Gil Beatriz I. , Florido Javier , Shen Ying‐Qiang , Tejada Miguel A. , Capilla‐Gonzalez Vivian , Rusanova Iryna , Garcia‐Verdugo José M. , Acuña‐Castroviejo Darío , López Luis Carlos , Velez‐Pardo Carlos , Jimenez‐Del‐Rio Marlene , Ferrer José M. , Escames Germaine
Published: April 2017

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are regarded as a promising therapeutic approach to protecting and restoring damaged neurons in neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease (PD and AD, respectively). However, new research suggests that NSC differentiation is required to make this strategy effective. Several studies have demonstrated that melatonin increases mature neuronal markers, which reflects NSC differentiation into neurons. Nevertheless, the possible involvement of mitochondria in the effects of melatonin during NSC differentiation has not yet been fully established. We therefore tested the impact of melatonin on NSC proliferation and differentiation in an attempt to determine whether these actions depend on modulating mitochondrial activity. We measured proliferation and differentiation markers, mitochondrial structural and functional parameters as well as oxidative stress indicators and also evaluated cell transplant engraftment. This enabled us to show that melatonin (25 μM) induces NSC differentiation into oligodendrocytes and neurons. These effects depend on increased mitochondrial mass/DNA/complexes, mitochondrial respiration, and membrane potential as well as ATP synthesis in NSCs. It is also interesting to note that melatonin prevented oxidative stress caused by high levels of mitochondrial activity. Finally, we found that melatonin enriches NSC engraftment in the ND mouse model following transplantation. We concluded that a combined therapy involving transplantation of NSCs pretreated with pharmacological doses of melatonin could efficiently restore neuronal cell populations in PD and AD mouse models depending on mitochondrial activity promotion.
Religious Representation and Animal Welfare in the U.S. Senate
Authors: Oldmixon Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2017

Does religion affect legislative behavior among U.S. senators? Scholars have established this relationship on issues closely associated with evangelical Christianity, but it is unclear how far the relationship extends. Focusing on animal welfare, this article tests the theory of personal representation and provides an expansion of the religion and legislative behavior literature. Humane Society scores (2005–2014) are regressed on senator religion, party, sex, and several constituency factors. The analysis demonstrates that religion shapes animal welfare activity. Relative to mainline Protestant senators, Mormon senators are less supportive of animal welfare, while Catholics, Jews, and black Protestants are more supportive. Some of this is due to senator religion, but it is also a reflection of state‐level factors, including state ideology and religious constituencies.
“A Part of Who I Am”: Material Objects as “Plot Devices” in the Formation of Religious Selves
Authors: Winchester Daniel
Published: April 2017

What role do material objects play in the formation of religious subjects? Drawing from an ethnographic investigation of the evolving relationships between a group of Eastern Orthodox converts and their religious icons, this article develops a theoretical approach to this question that conceptualizes material artifacts as “plot devices” in the formation of religious identity narratives. Integrating insights from studies of material religious culture with narrative theories of identity, this article argues that religious artifacts become significant to religious identity construction to the extent they act as resources for the configuration of a narrative structure in which transcendent or sacred others play a part. As the empirical details of this study demonstrate, attending to how religious objects’ symbolic meanings (i.e., who or what they represent) are mediated by their unique material characteristics (how they make meanings physically present to social actors in embodied social interaction) is of vital importance for explaining the significant role material artifacts play in the religious emplotment of action and experience.
Direct‐acting antiviral therapy decreases hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence rate in cirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Virlogeux Victor , Pradat Pierre , Hartig‐Lavie Kerstin , Bailly François , Maynard Marianne , Ouziel Guillaume , Poinsot Domitille , Lebossé Fanny , Ecochard Marie , Radenne Sylvie , Benmakhlouf Samir , Koffi Joseph , Lack Philippe , Scholtes Caroline , Uhres Anne‐Claire , Ducerf Christian , Mabrut Jean‐Yves , Rode Agnès , Levrero Massimo , Combet Christophe , Merle Philippe , Zoulim Fabien
Published: April 2017

Background and Aims

Arrival of direct‐acting antiviral agents against hepatitis C virus with high‐sustained virological response rates and very few side effects has drastically changed the management of hepatitis C virus infection. The impact of direct‐acting antiviral exposure on hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after a first remission in patients with advanced fibrosis remains to be clarified.

Methods

68 consecutive hepatitis C virus patients with a first hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis and under remission, subsequently treated or not with a direct‐acting antiviral combination, were included. Clinical, biological and virological data were collected at first hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis, at remission and during the surveillance period.

Results

All patients were cirrhotic. Median age was 62 years and 76% of patients were male. Twenty‐three patients (34%) were treated with direct‐acting antivirals and 96% of them achieved sustained virological response. Median time between hepatocellular carcinoma remission and direct‐acting antivirals initiation was 7.2 months (IQR: 3.6‐13.5; range: 0.3‐71.4) and median time between direct‐acting antivirals start and hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence was 13.0 months (IQR: 9.2‐19.6; range: 3.0‐24.7). Recurrence rate was 1.7/100 person‐months among treated patients vs 4.2/100 person‐months among untreated patients (P=.008). In multivariate survival analysis, the hazard ratio for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence after direct‐acting antivirals exposure was 0.24 (95% confidence interval: 0.10–0.55; P<.001).

Conclusions

Hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence rate was significantly lower among patients treated with direct‐acting antivirals compared with untreated patients. Given the potential impact of our observation, large‐scale prospective cohort studies are needed to confirm these results.
Genetic differentiation of the soft shore barnacle Fistulobalanus albicostatus (Cirripedia: Thoracica: Balanomorpha) in the West Pacific
Authors: Chang Yen Wei , Chan Joanna S. M. , Hayashi Ryota , Shuto Takuho , Tsang Ling Ming , Chu Ka Hou , Chan Benny K. K.
Published: April 2017

This study examined the phylogeography of the barnacle Fistulobalanus albicostatus, which inhabits mangroves and estuarine shores in the West Pacific. Differentiation in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 12S ribosomal RNA (12S) genes of 401 specimens of F. albicostatus was examined in samples from 16 locations in the West Pacific, ranging from Honshu to Southern China. Our results revealed that F. albicostatus comprises two major clades exhibiting a COI divergence ranging from 1.25% to 2.8%. Clade A demonstrated the widest distribution, ranging from Japan to China, and was divided into three subclades occurring in the South China Sea (A1), Okinawa (A2), and Honshu, Korea and Qingdao (A3). Clade B was determined to be endemic to Okinawa; i.e. two endemic lineages occur in this island. Thus, F. albicostatus resembles several inter‐tidal species in having clades that are endemic to Okinawan waters. Nevertheless, in contrast to the rocky inter‐tidal barnacles Tetraclita spp. and Chthamalus malayensis, F. albicostatus was not found to be separated into continental and oceanic populations, but instead is divided into northern and southern clades, probably because of the Yangtze River discharge, which limits gene flow between the northern and southern populations.
Biofilm dispersal: multiple elaborate strategies for dissemination of bacteria with unique properties
Authors: Guilhen Cyril , Forestier Christiane , Balestrino Damien
Published: April 2017

In most environments, microorganisms evolve in a sessile mode of growth, designated as biofilm, which is characterized by cells embedded in a self‐produced extracellular matrix. Although a biofilm is commonly described as a “cozy house” where resident bacteria are protected from aggression, bacteria are able to break their biofilm bonds and escape to colonize new environments. This regulated process is observed in a wide variety of species; it is referred to as biofilm dispersal, and is triggered in response to various environmental and biological signals. The first part of this review reports the main regulatory mechanisms and effectors involved in biofilm dispersal. There is some evidence that dispersal is a necessary step between the persistence of bacteria inside biofilm and their dissemination. In the second part, an overview of the main methods used so far to study the dispersal process and to harvest dispersed bacteria was provided. Then focus was on the properties of the biofilm‐dispersed bacteria and the fundamental role of the dispersal process in pathogen dissemination within a host organism. In light of the current body of knowledge, it was suggested that dispersal acts as a potent means of disseminating bacteria with enhanced colonization properties in the surrounding environment.
Oral paracoccidioidomycosis: Retrospective analysis of 55 Brazilian patients
Authors: Trindade Aline Heloísa , Meira Henrique Côrtes , Pereira Igor Figueiredo , de Lacerda Julio César Tanos , de Mesquita Ricardo Alves , Santos Vagner Rodrigues
Published: April 2017

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a rare fungal infection in the world, but endemic and acquired exclusively in Latin America, with the highest prevalence in South America and Brazil, particularly. Changes in oral cavity are common and constitute the first clinical manifestation in many patients. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of oral PCM and analyse the profile of the disease and patients. Retrospective research, consisting of information present in the medical records in the period 1998‐2015, whose histopathological diagnosis was oral PCM. Fifty‐five oral PCM cases were confirmed. Of these patients, 90.9% were males and 9.1% were females. The average age was 49.66 years and the most reported occupation was rural workers. The painful symptomatology was present in 61.82% of patients. Erythematous lesions were predominant in 73% of them. In single lesions (22 cases), the most common locations were jugal mucosa and tongue. In multiple involvement (30 cases), the most affected regions were lips, jugal mucosa and alveolar ridge. Epidemiology of PCM, was similar to several other studies, especially in Brazil. This is the most important fungal infection in Latin America and the recognition of oral lesions is extremely important, as is often the first and in many cases the only manifestation of the disease.
Zonulin transgenic mice show altered gut permeability and increased morbidity/mortality in the DSS colitis model
Authors: Sturgeon Craig , Lan Jinggang , Fasano Alessio
Published: April 2017

Increased small intestinal permeability (IP) has been proposed to be an integral element, along with genetic makeup and environmental triggers, in the pathogenies of chronic inflammatory diseases (CIDs). We identified zonulin as a master regular of intercellular tight junctions linked to the development of several CIDs. We aim to study the role of zonulin‐mediated IP in the pathogenesis of CIDs. Zonulin transgenic Hp2 mice (Ztm) were subjected to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment for 7 days, followed by 4–7 days' recovery and compared to C57Bl/6 (wild‐type (WT)) mice. IP was measured in vivo and ex vivo, and weight, histology, and survival were monitored. To mechanistically link zonulin‐dependent impairment of small intestinal barrier function with clinical outcome, Ztm were treated with the zonulin inhibitor AT1001 added to drinking water in addition to DSS. We observed increased morbidity (more pronounced weight loss and colitis) and mortality (40–70% compared with 0% in WT) at 11 days post‐DSS treatment in Ztm compared with WT mice. Both in vivo and ex vivo measurements showed an increased IP at baseline in Ztm compared to WT mice, which was exacerbated by DSS treatment and was associated with upregulation of zonulin gene expression (fourfold in the duodenum, sixfold in the jejunum). Treatment with AT1001 prevented the DSS‐induced increased IP both in vivo and ex vivo without changing zonulin gene expression and completely reverted morbidity and mortality in Ztm. Our data show that zonulin‐dependent small intestinal barrier impairment is an early step leading to the break of tolerance with subsequent development of CIDs.
Early life antibiotic use and the risk of asthma and asthma exacerbations in children
Authors: Ahmadizar Fariba , Vijverberg Susanne J. H. , Arets Hubertus G. M. , de Boer Anthonius , Turner Steve , Devereux Graham , Arabkhazaeli Ali , Soares Patricia , Mukhopadhyay Somnath , Garssen Johan , Palmer Colin N. A. , de Jongste Johan C. , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Duijts Liesbeth , van Meel Evelien R. , Kraneveld Aletta D. , Maitland‐van der Zee Anke H.
Published: April 2017

Background

The use of antibiotic therapy early in life might influence the risk of developing asthma. Studies assessing the influence of early life antibiotic use on the risk of asthma exacerbations are limited, and the results are inconsistent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the association between use of antibiotic during the first 3 years of life and the risk of developing childhood asthma and the occurrence of asthma exacerbations.

Methods

Data from four large childhood cohorts were used; two population‐based cohorts to study the risk of developing asthma: Generation R (n=7393, The Netherlands) and SEATON (n=891, Scotland, UK), and two asthma cohorts to assess the risk of asthma exacerbations: PACMAN (n=668, The Netherlands) and BREATHE (n=806, Scotland, UK). Odds ratios (ORs) were derived from logistic regression analysis within each database followed by pooling the results using a fixed‐ or random‐effect model.

Results

Antibiotic use in early life was associated with an increased risk of asthma in a meta‐analysis of the Generation R and SEATON data (OR: 2.18, 95% CI: 1.04‐4.60; I2: 76.3%). There was no association between antibiotic use in early life and risk of asthma exacerbations later in life in a meta‐analysis of the PACMAN and BREATHE data (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.65‐1.32; I2: 0.0%).

Conclusion

Children treated with antibiotic in the first 3 years of life are more likely to develop asthma, but there is no evidence that the exposure to antibiotic is associated with increased risk of asthma exacerbations.
Febrile status epilepticus due to respiratory syncytial virus infection
Authors: Uda Kazuhiro , Kitazawa Katsuhiko
Published: April 2017

Background

Febrile status epilepticus can have neurological sequelae. The type of sequelae, however, depend on the etiology, including infection due to viral agents such as the influenza virus. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in childhood may also contribute to this. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize febrile status epilepticus associated with RSV infection, and to determine whether this type of infection is a risk factor for neurological sequelae in febrile status epilepticus.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of children aged ≤3 years with febrile status epilepticus who were admitted to a tertiary hospital between January 2007 and December 2011. The differences between the RSV‐positive and RSV‐negative groups were evaluated according to the demographic and clinical data.

Results

A total of 99 patients with febrile status epilepticus who had been tested for RSV infection were identified. Three patients in the RSV‐positive group (n = 19) and four in the RSV‐negative group (n = 80) presented with bronchiolitis. The incidence of intubation and anti‐seizure drug treatment in the RSV‐positive group was significantly higher than in the ‐negative group. While all of the patients in the RSV‐negative group recovered completely, six patients in the RSV‐positive group developed encephalopathy and profound neurological sequelae. In five of the six patients, diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed subcortical white matter lesions.

Conclusions

RSV infection in the absence of bronchiolitis can initially present as febrile status epilepticus and subsequently develop into acute encephalopathy with profound neurological sequelae.
Surplus liquidity, central bank losses and the use of reserve requirements in emerging markets
Authors: Hoffmann Andreas , Loeffler Axel
Published: April 2017

Since the turn of the millennium, stocks of foreign reserves held by central banks in many emerging markets and developing countries have exceeded currency in circulation. To steer money market rates, these central banks have been absorbing liquidity from, rather than providing it to, the banking sector in their regular monetary policy operations. When interest rates in countries with major reserve currencies are low, the yield on foreign reserves is low. A higher interest rate on liquidity‐absorbing operations may expose central banks to losses. Although a central bank is not a profit‐maximizing institution, central bank losses can undermine the independence of the central bank. Using data for a large panel of central banks, this paper provides some evidence that central banks tend to apply low‐remunerated reserve requirements when profitability is at stake.
Barriers and Facilitators to Integrating Health Service Responses to Intimate Partner Violence in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries: A Comparative Health Systems and Service Analysis
Authors: Colombini Manuela , Dockerty Colleen , Mayhew Susannah H.
Published: April 2017

This systematic review synthesizes 11 studies of health‐sector responses to intimate partner violence (IPV) in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The services that were most comprehensive and integrated in their responsiveness to IPV were primarily in primary health and antenatal care settings. Findings suggest that the following facilitators are important: availability of clear guidelines, policies, or protocols; management support; intersectoral coordination with clear, accessible on‐site and off‐site referral options; adequate and trained staff with accepting and empathetic attitudes toward survivors of IPV; initial and ongoing training for health workers; and a supportive and supervised environment in which to enact new IPV protocols. A key characteristic of the most integrated responses was the connection or “linkages” between different individual factors. Irrespective of their service entry point, what emerged as crucial was a connected systems‐level response, with all elements implemented in a coordinated manner.
Good Moral Judgment and Decision‐Making Without Deliberation
Authors: Ferrin Asia
Published: April 2017

It is widely accepted in psychology and cognitive science that there are two “systems” in the mind: one system (System 1) is characterized as quick, intuitive, perceptive, and perhaps more primitive, while the other (System 2) is described as slower, more deliberative, and responsible for our higher‐order cognition. I use the term “reflectivism” to capture the view that conscious reflection—in the “System 2” sense—is a necessary feature of good moral judgment and decision‐making. This is not to suggest that System 2 must operate alone in forming our moral decisions, but that it plays a normatively ineliminable role. In this paper, I discuss arguments that have been offered in defense of reflectivism. These arguments fit into two broad categories; let us think of them as two sides of a coin. On the first side are arguments about the efficaciousness of conscious reasoning—for example, without conscious deliberation we will make bad moral judgments and decisions. On the other side of the coin are arguments about the centrality of conscious deliberation to normative actions—for example, without conscious deliberation we are no more agential than animals or automatons. Despite their attractiveness, I argue that these arguments do not successfully establish that reflection is a necessary component of good moral judgment and decision‐making. If I am right, the idea that good moral judgment and decision‐making can result from entirely automatic and subconscious processes gains traction. My goal in this paper is to show that reflectivism fails to include the full range of cases of moral decision‐making and that a theory of automaticity may do a better job. I briefly discuss at the end of the paper how an account of successful automatic moral judgment and decision‐making might begin to take shape.
Quine on the Nature of Naturalism
Authors: Verhaegh Sander
Published: April 2017

Quine's metaphilosophical naturalism is often dismissed as overly “scientistic.” Many contemporary naturalists reject Quine's idea that epistemology should become a “chapter of psychology” (1969a, 83) and urge for a more “liberal,” “pluralistic,” and/or “open‐minded” naturalism instead. Still, whenever Quine explicitly reflects on the nature of his naturalism, he always insists that his position is modest and that he does not “think of philosophy as part of natural science” (1993, 10). Analyzing this tension, Susan Haack has argued that Quine's naturalism contains a “deep‐seated and significant ambivalence” (1993a, 353). In this paper, I argue that a more charitable interpretation is possible—a reading that does justice to Quine's own pronouncements on the issue. I reconstruct Quine's position and argue (i) that Haack and Quine, in their exchanges, have been talking past each other and (ii) that once this mutual misunderstanding is cleared up, Quine's naturalism turns out to be more modest, and hence less scientistic, than many contemporary naturalists have presupposed. I show that Quine's naturalism is first and foremost a rejection of the transcendental. It is only after adopting a broadly science‐immanent perspective that Quine, in regimenting our language, starts making choices that many contemporary philosophers have argued to be unduly restrictive.
Strategies Toward the Inclusion of Environmental Education in Educator Preparation Programs: Results from a National Survey
Authors: Crim Courtney , Moseley Christine , Desjean‐Perrotta Blanche
Published: April 2017

A national study was conducted to investigate the inclusion of environmental education (EE) into educator preparation programs across the United States. Responses from teacher educators in institutions of higher education indicated that the infusion of EE into educator preparation programs is limited and varies greatly across the nation. Findings also identified more barriers than supports for the inclusion of EE, and there exists minimal knowledge and use of the North American Association for Environmental Education Guidelines for the Preparation and Professional Development of Environmental Educators by teacher educators for programmatic development and assessment. The results also indicated that most state licensure programs have few or no requirements related to environmental education, and in the majority of educator preparation programs, environmental education is not institutionalized.
Students’ and Teachers’ Conceptual Metaphors for Mathematical Problem Solving
Authors: Yee Sean P.
Published: April 2017

Metaphors are regularly used by mathematics teachers to relate difficult or complex concepts in classrooms. A complex topic of concern in mathematics education, and most STEM‐based education classes, is problem solving. This study identified how students and teachers contextualize mathematical problem solving through their choice of metaphors. Twenty‐two high‐school student and six teacher interviews demonstrated a rich foundation for these shared experiences by identifying the conceptual metaphors. This mixed‐methods approach qualitatively identified conceptual metaphors via interpretive phenomenology and then quantitatively analyzed the frequency and popularity of the metaphors to explore whether a coherent metaphorical system exists with teachers and students. This study identified the existence of a set of metaphors that describe how multiple classrooms of geometry students and teachers make sense of mathematical problem solving. Moreover, this study determined that the most popular metaphors for problem solving were shared by both students and teachers. The existence of a coherent set of metaphors for problem solving creates a discursive space for teachers to converse with students about problem solving concretely. Moreover, the methodology provides a means to address other complex concepts in STEM education fields that revolve around experiential understanding.
High clinical suspicion of donor‐derived disease leads to timely recognition and early intervention to treat solid organ transplant‐transmitted lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
Authors: Mathur Gagan , Yadav Kunal , Ford Bradley , Schafer Ilana J. , Basavaraju Sridhar V. , Knust Barbara , Shieh Wun‐Ju , Hill Sam , Locke Garret D. , Quinlisk Patricia , Brown Shelley , Gibbons Ardith , Cannon Deborah , Kuehnert Matthew , Nichol Stuart T. , Rollin Pierre E. , Ströher Ute , Miller Rachel
Published: April 2017

Despite careful donor screening, unexpected donor‐derived infections continue to occur in organ transplant recipients (OTRs). Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is one such transplant‐transmitted infection that in previous reports has resulted in a high mortality among the affected OTRs. We report a LCMV case cluster that occurred 3 weeks post‐transplant in three OTRs who received allografts from a common organ donor in March 2013. Following confirmation of LCMV infection at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, immunosuppression was promptly reduced and ribavirin and/or intravenous immunoglobulin therapy were initiated in OTRs. The liver recipient died, but right kidney recipients survived without significant sequelae and left kidney recipient survived acute LCMV infection with residual mental status deficit. Our series highlights how early recognition led to prompt therapeutic intervention, which may have contributed to more favorable outcome in the kidney transplant recipients.
The outer membrane vesicles: Secretion system type zero
Authors: Guerrero‐Mandujano Andrea , Hernández‐Cortez Cecilia , Ibarra Jose Antonio , Castro‐Escarpulli Graciela
Published: April 2017

Gram‐negative bacteria have mechanisms through which they can colonize and survive in different environments, such as the secretion systems types (1‐6) that have been widely studied and characterized. Nowadays, some authors have proposed extracellular structures, such as the outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), to be considered as an additional and independent secretion system. The OMVs are spherical particles of 50‐250 nm in diameter; they originate in the outer membrane, and therefore they have a very similar composition to the latter. These particles can transport an important variety of biomolecules: enzymes, toxins, antigenic determinants and even nucleic acids. Thus, it is of great interest to collect data describing the advantages of the transport of biomolecules through the OMVs and, thus, determine their role as a potential secretion system.
Early clinical xenotransplantation experiences—An interview with Thomas E. Starzl, MD, PhD
Authors: Cooper David K. C.
Published: April 2017

Dr Thomas E. Starzl, who died on March 4, 2017, was one of the great pioneers of organ transplantation. He was also a pioneer in the field of xenotransplantation. In 1964, he carried out baboon kidney transplants in six patients with terminal renal disease for whom no living or deceased donor became available; graft survival was for 19‐60 days, the grafts being lost largely through continuous complement activation. Between 1966 and 1974, he carried out one ex vivo liver perfusion and three orthotopic liver transplants using chimpanzees as sources of organs; graft survival was for <14 days. In 1992 and 1993, his team carried out baboon liver transplantation in two patients with cirrhosis from hepatitis B infection; graft survival was for 70 and 26 days, respectively. This early clinical experience is briefly discussed. Toward the end of his life, Dr Starzl was somewhat disillusioned by what he considered excessive regulation of medical research in the United States and believed that new advances were now likely to take place in countries such as China, where the regulatory framework is less developed.
Laser-driven resonance of dye-doped oil-coated microbubbles: A theoretical and numerical study
Authors: Lajoinie Guillaume , Linnartz Erik , Kruizinga Pieter , de Jong Nico , Stride Eleanor , van Soest Gijs , Versluis Michel
Published: April 2017

Microbubbles are used to enhance the contrast in ultrasound imaging. When coated with an optically absorbing material, these bubbles can also provide contrast in photoacoustic imaging. This multimodal aspect is of pronounced interest to the field of medical imaging. The aim of this paper is to provide a theoretical framework to describe the physical phenomena underlying the photoacoustic response. This article presents a model for a spherical gas microbubble suspended in an aqueous environment and coated with an oil layer containing an optically absorbing dye. The model includes heat transfer between the gas core and the surrounding liquids. This framework is suitable for the investigation of both continuous wave and pulsed laser excitation. This work utilizes a combination of finite difference simulations and numerical integration to determine the dependancy on the physical properties, including composition and thickness of the oil layer on the microbubble response. A normalization scheme for a linearized version of the model was derived to facilitate comparison with experimental measurements. The results show that viscosity and thickness of the oil layer determine whether or not microbubble resonance can be excited. This work also examines the use of non-sinusoidal excitation to promote harmonic imaging techniques to further improve the imaging sensitivity.
Modulation of auditory-motor learning in response to formant perturbation as a function of delayed auditory feedback
Authors: Mitsuya Takashi , Munhall Kevin G. , Purcell David W.
Published: April 2017

The interaction of language production and perception has been substantiated by empirical studies where speakers compensate their speech articulation in response to the manipulated sound of their voice heard in real-time as auditory feedback. A recent study by Max and Maffett [(2015). Neurosci. Lett. 591, 25–29] reported an absence of compensation (i.e., auditory-motor learning) for frequency-shifted formants when auditory feedback was delayed by 100 ms. In the present study, the effect of auditory feedback delay was studied when only the first formant was manipulated while delaying auditory feedback systematically. In experiment 1, a small yet significant compensation was observed even with 100 ms of auditory delay unlike the past report. This result suggests that the tolerance of feedback delay depends on different types of auditory errors being processed. In experiment 2, it was revealed that the amount of formant compensation had an inverse linear relationship with the amount of auditory delay. One of the speculated mechanisms to account for these results is that as auditory delay increases, undelayed (and unperturbed) somatosensory feedback is given more preference for accuracy control of vowel formants.
A Prospective Evaluation on the Effects of One High School Football Season on Neurocognitive Test Scores in High School Football Athletes
Authors: Vogelpohl Rachele E. , Lindsey Rachel A. , Stickley Christopher D. , Hetzler Ronald K. , Williams Whitney , Kimura Iris F.
Published: April 2017

Subconcussive head impacts do not result in outward signs of neurological dysfunction, however they may have an effect on neurocognitive function. Limited research has indicated that negative changes in neurocognitive function occurs in high school football athletes as a result of one season of football. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the effects of one season of high school football on neurocognitive test scores. Results revealed a significant group and time interaction effect (p < .001) for the Verbal Memory composite score of the ImPACT test. Further analysis revealed a significant difference in the Verbal Memory score between groups at postseason (p < .01), with the football group scoring lower than the low contact group. It appears that one season of high school football may have a negative effect on the Verbal Memory composite score of the ImPACT test in high school football athletes.
Effects of Postexercise Protein Intake on Muscle Mass and Strength During Resistance Training: Is There an Optimal Ratio Between Fast and Slow Proteins?
Authors: Fabre Marina , Hausswirth Christophe , Tiollier Eve , Molle Odeline , Louis Julien , Durguerian Alexandre , Neveux Nathalie , Bigard Xavier
Published: April 2017

While effects of the two classes of proteins found in milk (i.e., soluble proteins, including whey, and casein) on muscle protein synthesis have been well investigated after a single bout of resistance exercise (RE), the combined effects of these two proteins on the muscle responses to resistance training (RT) have not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of protein supplementation varying by the ratio between milk soluble proteins (fast-digested protein) and casein (slow-digested protein) on the muscle to a 9-week RT program. In a double-blind protocol, 31 resistance-trained men, were assigned to 3 groups receiving a drink containing 20g of protein comprising either 100% of fast protein (FP(100), n = 10), 50% of fast and 50% of slow proteins (FP(50), n = 11) or 20% of fast protein and 80% of casein (FP(20), n = 10) at the end of training bouts. Body composition (DXA), and maximal strength in dynamic and isometric were analyzed before and after RT. Moreover, blood plasma aminoacidemia kinetic after RE was measured. The results showed a higher leucine bioavailability after ingestion of FP(100) and FP(50) drinks, when compared with FP(20) (p< .05). However, the RT-induced changes in lean body mass (p < .01), dynamic (p < .01), and isometric muscle strength (p < .05) increased similarly in all experimental groups. To conclude, compared with the FP(20) group, the higher rise in plasma amino acids following the ingestion of FP(100) and FP(50) did not lead to higher muscle long-term adaptations.
Physiological Changes Following Competition in Male and Female Physique Athletes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Trexler Eric T. , Hirsch Katie R. , Campbell Bill I. , Smith-Ryan Abbie E.
Published: April 2017

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate changes in body composition, metabolic rate, and hormones during postcompetition recovery. Data were collected from natural physique athletes (7 male/8 female) within one week before (T1) competition, within one week after (T2), and 4–6 weeks after (T3) competition. Measures included body composition (fat mass [FM] and lean mass [LM] from ultrasongraphy), resting metabolic rate (RMR; indirect calorimetry), and salivary leptin, testosterone, cortisol, ghrelin, and insulin. Total body water (TBW; bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy) was measured at T1 and T2 in a subsample (n = 8) of athletes. Significant (p < .05) changes were observed for weight (T1 = 65.4 ± 12.2 kg, T2 = 67.4 ± 12.6, T3 = 69.3 ± 13.4; T3 > T2 > T1), LM (T1 = 57.6 ± 13.9 kg, T2 = 59.4 ± 14.2, T3 = 59.3 ± 14.2; T2 and T3 > T1), and FM (T1 = 7.7 ± 4.4 kg, T2 = 8.0 ± 4.4, T3 = 10.0 ± 6.2; T3 > T1 and T2). TBW increased from T1 to T2 (Δ=1.9 ± 1.3 L, p < .01). RMR increased from baseline (1612 ± 266 kcal/day; 92.0% of predicted) to T2 (1881 ± 329, 105.3%; p < .01) and T3 (1778 ± 257, 99.6%; p < .001). Cortisol was higher (p < .05) at T2 (0.41 ± 0.31 μg/dL) than T1 (0.34 ± 0.31) and T3 (0.35 ± 0.27). Male testosterone at T3 (186.6 ± 41.3 pg/mL) was greater than T2 (148.0 ± 44.6, p = .04). RMR changes were associated (p ≤ .05) with change in body fat percent (ΔBF%; r = .59) and T3 protein intake (r= .60); male testosterone changes were inversely associated (p≤ .05) with ΔBF%, ΔFM, and Δweight (r=-0.81–-0.88). TBW increased within days of competition. Precompetition RMR suppression appeared to be variable and markedly reversed by overfeeding, and reverted toward normal levels following competition. RMR and male testosterone increased while FM was preferentially gained 4–6 weeks postcompetition.
Impact of Lifestyle Strategies on Longer-Term Physical Activity and Weight
Authors: Lott Margaret P. , Kriska Andrea , Barinas-Mitchell Emma , Wang Li , Storti Kristi , Winger Daniel G. , Conroy Molly B.
Published: April 2017

Background:

Lifestyle interventions promote increased physical activity (PA) and weight loss; however, relapse to sedentary behavior and weight regain are common.

Methods:

We analyzed baseline and 24-month data from participants in the Slow the Adverse Vascular Effects (SAVE) study. SAVE included an 18-month behavioral intervention. At 24 months, participants completed a survey about lifestyle strategies used in past 6 months. PA levels were assessed with the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire. We compared change in weight, BMI, and PA from baseline to 24 months by use of strategies vs. no use.

Results:

214 participants (61%) completed 24-month visit. 74% were female and 86% were white. At 24 months, 65% used self-monitoring, 67% group/commercial support, 94% other behavioral skills, and 27% used professional support within past 6 months. At 24 months, participants who used self-monitoring (5.2 vs. –0.8 MET-hr/wk; P = .001) and group/commercial support (4.3 vs. 0 MET-hrs/wk; P = .01) had greater PA increases compared with those who did not use strategies. Participants who used other behavioral strategies had a significantly greater percent decrease in weight than those who did not.

Conclusions:

Of the lifestyle strategies used following intervention, self-monitoring and group/commercial support may be particularly important in longer-term PA levels.
Results From the First French Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Aucouturier Julien , Ganière Caroline , Aubert Salomé , Riviere Fabien , Praznoczy Corinne , Vuillemin Anne , Tremblay Mark S , Duclos Martine , Thivel David
Published: April 2017

Background:

Many countries publish periodic Report Cards on physical activity for children and youth. This paper presents the results from the first French Report Card providing a systematic synthesis and assessment of the national engagements to facilitate childhood physical activity.

Methods:

A search for nationally representative data on 8 indicators of physical activity was conducted and the data were assessed by an expert panel according to international procedures. Whether children across France are achieving specific benchmarks was rated using an established grading framework [A, B, C, D, F, or INC (incomplete)]. Data were interpreted, grades assigned and detailed in the 2016 Report Card that was produced and disseminated.

Results:

The expert panel awarded the following grades: Overall Physical Activity: INC; Organized Sport Participation: D; Active Transportation: D; Sedentary Behaviors: D; Family and Peers: INC; School: B; Community and the Built Environment: INC; Government Strategies and Investment: INC.

Conclusions:

The grades reveal that efforts must be done to improve youth’s physical activity and that several gaps in the literature still need to be addressed. Collectively the results highlight that children’s physical activity levels are low and that further national supports and investments are needed to promote childhood healthy active living in France.