bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Study of the Antibacterial Effect of Anthocyanin Pigment Extracted From Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra) and Red Radish Peels (Raphanus sativus. var. sativus)
Authors: Abdullah Zaineb L. , Mohammed Rasha K.
Published: July 2024

The need to search for natural products that offer a safe alternative to drugs and industrial products that often cause side effects and harm human health is growing over the years. Antibiotic resistance is increasing as a result of its excessive and unconscious use. In this study, the weakly acidified with HCl, water and ethanol extracts of the anthocyanin from from red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea. var. capitata f. rubra) and, the peels of red Radish (Raphanus
sativus. var. sativus) which are available on markets throughout the year, were examined for their antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus
epidermidis and Acinetobacter
baumannii. The results of both cabbage and radish anthocyanin extracts on S.epidermidis and A.baumannii showed positive antibacterial effect with wide range of differences which is increasing directly in proportion with anthocyanin extract concentrations for both cabbage and radish. The dilutes of cabbage anthocyanin extract at concentration 95% ethanol mostly had significantly higher antibacterial effect on S.epidermidis than dilutes of cabbage anthocyanin extract at concentration 80% ethanol. while the antibacterial effect that radish anthocyanin extracts dilutes had on S.epidermidis were non-significant between 95% ethanol and 80% ethanol concentrations dilutes. on the other hand, the results showed that the antibacterial effect both cabbage and radish anthocyanin extracts exhibited on A.baumannii were non-significant between the dilutes of extracts at 95% ethanol and 80% ethanol of cabbage and radish extracts individually. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for cabbage anthocyanin extracts were 5mg/ml of 80% ethanol at 27 mm inhibition zone for S.epidermidis and 23 mm inhibition zone for A.baumannii. while the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for radish anthocyanin extracts were also 5mg/ml of 80% ethanol at 20 mm inhibition zone for S.epidermidis and 18 mm inhibition zone for A.baumannii
Economic Analysis of the Most Important Variables Affecting the Food Security Factors for the Wheat Crop in Iraq for the Period 1995-2022
Authors: Abbas Omar Khudair , Rahim Firas Ibrahim , Mohammed Mohammed Khalid
Published: July 2024

The problem of food security is one of the problems that emerged clearly in the 1960s, which affected many countries, especially countries that find it difficult to provide food for their people, including Iraq. The Iraqi agricultural sector is still suffering from problems, the impact of which was reflected in a deficiency in meeting the population’s need for food, and it is still suffering from many problems due to the circumstances that the country went through, which affected the country’s productive reality. The results showed that the annual growth rates of economic indicators (area and production) of the wheat crop during the study period took a decreasing path, which resulted in a deficiency in meeting individual demand. The results showed that there was a large negative food gap between wheat production and the consumer need for it, recorded on average at about (-54133.8) during the study period. The results showed that the value of the food security factor for the wheat crop was about 0.73, which indicates that the value of the food security factor is smaller than the correct one. It is greater than (0.5), which is sufficient for more than six months, which requires the relevant agencies in the government institution to maintain the level of food security and strive to increase these rates from the rest of the joints of the country concerned, either through vertical expansion of crop cultivation or increasing imports, which in turn leads to Accumulation in the strategic reserve to cover local consumption and enhance food security and the ability to face emergency conditions that the country may face.
Sustainability in the Production of Gellan Gum From Sphingomonas Species by Using the Best Optimum Conditions: Review
Authors: Abdl Aali Raghad Abdl Karim , Gddoa Al-Sahlany Shayma Thyab
Published: July 2024

Multiple exo-polysaccharides derived from microorganisms have been documented within the previous decade, encompassing their distinct structural and functional characteristics. Gellan gum represents one of these emerging biopolymers, exhibiting versatile properties. However, the production of gellan gum is hindered by low yields, costly downstream procedures, and an overwhelmingly high market demand, rendering it a material of elevated expense. Consequently, it is advantageous to comprehend the diverse approaches available for the development of a cost-effective bioprocess specifically tailored for gellan gum. This comprehensive analysis centers on elucidating the intricacies of the upstream and downstream methodologies employed in gellan gum production, adopting an industrial standpoint. An exhaustive examination of the functional disparities between the two variants of gellan gum is undertaken, focusing on aspects such as hydration, gelation, stability, and texture. This research investigates the quantities of gellan gum generated from various species ofSphingomonasbacteria, while also examining the optimal conditions through the utilization of agricultural waste as substitutes for the production medium, with the aim of enhancing the output of the product and subsequently diminishing the production expenses.
Evaluation of the Toxicological Efficacy of Protein Hydrolysates From Camel Milk β-Casein Against Different Types of Cancer Cell Lines in Vitro
Authors: Hadi Al-Shaikh Sharaf Ali , Doosh Kifah Saed
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to isolate and purify the β-CN protein from camel milk using ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration techniques and to verify its purity using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), Then prepare hydrolyzates of β-CN isolated from camel milk by enzymatic hydrolysis using the enzyme pepsin and trypsin and their mixture in a ratio (1:1). The cytotoxicity of β-CN protein degraders was studied by conducting an MTT test to determine the toxic effect of β-CN degraders and their ability to inhibit the growth of cancer cells represented by HepG2 liver cancer cells, PC3 prostate cancer cells, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells and comparing them with normal HdFn cells in vitro. The results showed the presence of two peaks for the β-CN protein on DEAE-Cellulose and one peak on the Sephadex G-100 column and the appearance of a clear and pure protein band on the polyacrylamide gel. the highest decomposition rate was due to the synergistic action of the enzyme pepsin and trypsin at a ratio of 1:1 and amounted to 52.32%. The results also showed that β-CN protein hydrolyzates have an effective inhibitory effect on cancer cell growth at a concentration of 400µg/mL, as the inhibition rate reached (45.9, 59.5 and 63.3%) for the cell types, respectively. Based on the results of the MTT test, the MCF-7 cell line was chosen as it is the most affected by the β-CN degraders under study. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by performing an HCS test to detect some changes that may occur to cells by measuring cellular indicators, including the Viable Cell Count (VCC), total Nuclear Intensity (TNI), Cell Membrane Permeability (CMP), Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP), and Cytochrome C releasing (CC) level. The results indicated a decrease in the number of (VCC) for MCF-7 cells, especially at concentrations of 100 and 200 µg/mL, by 31.53 and 47.58%, respectively, and an increase in (TNI), significantly at a significance level (P≤0.05), by 39.10 and 51.91%, respectively, there was a clear effect on (MMP) by 20.47 and 27.39%, respectively, and a significant increase in the level of Cytochrome C release by 16.16 and 25.84%, respectively. It can be concluded from the above that β-CN hydrolyzates have high inhibitory activity against the cancer cells under study in vitro.
Effect of Lactoferrin in Reducing the Growth of Microorganisms and Prolonging the Preservation Time of Cream
Authors: qasim Saja Marwan , Taki Taha Mohammed , Badawi Sumyia Khalaf
Published: July 2024

The antimicrobial efficacy of lactoferrin protein was estimated by testing the inhibitory activity of four types of bacteria Psudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherechia coli, Salmonella typhimurium with different concentrations of lactoferrin (0, 3, 6, 12 mg/ml), and the results showed that lactoferrin has a high ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Increased inhibition was observed with increased lactoferrin concentration and the highest inhibition against E.col bacteria, which is the least resistant, was obtained, and the diameter of the inhibition halo reached at a concentration ratio of 12 mg/ml 15.3 mm while the diameter of the halo inhibition of Aeruginosa psudomonas reached 10 mm at the same concentration of lactoferrin which means it is the most resistant. After that, fresh cream was manufactured and microbial tests were performed (total number of bacteria, preparation of lipolysis bacteria, and preparation of yeasts and molds). Lactoferrin showed a positive effect in reducing the number of microorganisms in the cream, where the higher the concentration of lactoferrin, the lower the number of microbes in the cream. The results of lipolysis bacteria showed that increasing the concentration of lactoferrin leads to a decrease in the number of lipolysis bacteria, as well as reducing the number of yeasts and molds with an increase in the percentage of lactoferrin addition.
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Fenugreek and Fennel Seeds on Certain Blood Biochemical Properties of Local Female Goats
Authors: Katab Al-Shammari Haider Raad , Mohammed Afraah Mustafa , Hassan Mohammed Jasem
Published: July 2024

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the effectiveness of fenugreek and fennel seeds alone or together as feed additives in measuring certain blood parameters. The study was conducted between October 12, 2022, and March 30, 2023, in the Pasture Research Department (Akkarkuf) region of the General Directorate of Agricultural Research, under the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture. Twenty-four local goats aged 2 to 3 years were selected, with an average weight of (49.8±50.1) kg. Animals were randomly assigned to receive four treatments. The first treatment group (T1) served as the control group and received a concentrated diet. The second treatment (T2) received concentrate supplemented with fenugreek seeds at a concentration of 12 g/kg concentrate. The third treatment (T3) received concentrated feed and added fennel seeds at a concentration of 12g/kg concentrated feed. The fourth treatment (T4) received concentrated feed, to which 6g/kg fenugreek seeds and 6g/kg fennel seeds were added. The study results showed a significant (P ≤ 0.05) increase in packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (HB), and total serum protein (TP) in the second treatment on day 55 compared with the control and other treatment groups. Cholesterol levels were also significantly reduced (P≤0.05) in the third treatment, as were triglyceride (TG) levels in the fourth treatment on study day 110. Finally, the results showed that after 110 days, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) decreased significantly (0.05≥P) at the 4th treatment compared with the control group and the remaining treatment groups, while alanine aminotransferase (ALT) didn’t affect.
Impact of Temperature Changing During Incubation Process on Hatching and Chick’s Quality Traits of Broiler Breeder Eggs
Authors: Fahem Alhadeethi Aya Zaid , Mohammed Aldhanki Ziyad Tariq
Published: July 2024

This experiment was conducted to assess the hypothesis of influencing the temperature changing during incubation on some hatching traits, spread of hatching, and some chick’s quality. A total of 440 ROSS 308 broiler hatching eggs (63.54 + 2.07 g) from 34-week old broiler breeders, randomly distributed into five treatment groups of 88 eggs each, the first, second, third and fourth group were subjected to change in temperature (39.5 °C, 55% RH) at 7th, 10th, 13th and 16th day of incubation respectively for 12 hours; via transferring the treated eggs from first incubator to the second, after that the thermal treated eggs were returned to the first incubator with the fifth group (control treatment) under optimal incubation conditions (37.8 °C and 55% RH) throughout the incubation period (1-18 d). Treated eggs with increasing temperature during incubation period significantly decreased the percentage of chick’s hatched in last phase of hatching windows in comparison with the control group, also, significant increase in early embryonic mortality percentage was noticed in 7th and 10th day group, whereas, changing in temperature during incubation caused significant differences in chick’s length and body free yolk (%) and yolk (%) for treated groups.
The Effect of Adding Different Levels of Açaí (Euterpe oleracea) to the Diet of Roosters Laying Hens on Sexual Hormones, Fertility Traits and Hatching
Authors: Abdul Amir Ola Hussein , Ali Emad Abdulgabbar
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted in the poultry field, College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University from December 1, 2022, to February 22, 2023, consisting of two experiments. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of adding different levels of Acai fruit powder to the feed of laying hens and assess its impact on reproductive and hormonal characteristics, fertility rate, and hatching. Experiment 1: Twenty-five hen roosters of the Lohmann Brown type, aged 65 weeks, obtained from a poultry farm in Karbala province, were randomly divided into five treatments, each consisting of 5 roosters with five replicates per treatment (one rooster per replicate). The treatments included a control group without supplementation, and groups supplemented with 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, and 20 mg of Acai fruit powder (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5, respectively). The experiment lasted four weeks, with weekly observations. Significant increases (P<0.01) were observed in most treatments compared to the control group in testosterone, FSH, and LH hormones. Experiment 2: Conducted at the same location and time as the first experiment, 40 White Leghorn laying hens of the Lohmann type, aged 65 weeks, were divided into five treatments, each consisting of eight hens. Artificial insemination was performed, and the following results were obtained during the study period: an increase in fertility and hatching rates, and a decrease in the percentage of dead embryos in the first and second hatching periods.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Adding Different Concentrations of Hot and Alcoholic Aqueous Extract of the Seeds of the Kalgan Plant (Silybum marianum) to Drinking Water on Some Serum Biochemical Qualities in Broiler chicks ROSS 308
Authors: Abd Al-Hussien Shhlaa Sahib , Ajafar Majeed Hameed
Published: July 2024

The current study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of adding different concentrations of hot aqueous and alcoholic extract of the seeds of the local Kalgan plant (Silybum marianum) to drinking water on some biochemical qualities of broiler and to find the best ratios that achieve the highest positive results in their physiology. Where 315 unnaturalized Ross broiler chicks were used in the experiment, randomly distributed to 21 (KN) by 7 treatments per treatment of 45 chicks and each treatment included 3 replicates per 15 birds. The experiment treatments were as : T1: free of any addition, and T2, T3, T4 : addition of 2 ml of hot water extract for the seeds of the Kalgan plant / liter of drinking water at a concentration of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% respectively, and T5, T6, T7 : addition of 2 ml of alcoholic extract of the seeds of the Kalgan plant / liter of water drinking at a concentration of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% respectively. The results for the total protein concentration showed no significant differences between all the experimental coefficients. While a significant (P≤0.05) superiority was obtained for T7 in the concentration albumin compared to the experimental coefficients, For the concentration of globulin, was recorded T6 and T7 a significant superiority compared to T1 (control) a significant decrease (P≤0.05) was observed in the concentration of the enzyme (Alanine Aminotransferase) ALT for the T6 and T7 coefficients compared to the T1 (control), For the concentration of AST (Aspartate Aminotransferase), no significant differences were observed between all the coefficients of the experiment, and the coefficients T4, T5, T6 and T7 a significant (p≤0.05) in the level of cholesterol concentration. For the concentration of triglyceride, the coefficients T4, T6, T7 recorded a significant (p≤0.05) compared to the T1 (control), No significant differences were observed between all the experimental coefficients for HDL (High Density Lipoprotein). While the T1 (control) recorded increase in LDL (low-density lipoproteins) concentration and a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the concentration of VLDL (very low-density lipoproteins) in bird blood serum compared to T1 (Control) treatment. So the alcoholic concentration of Kalgan seeds of 7.5% had a positive effect on the physiological or chemical characteristics of broilers 308ROSS.
Effect of Adding some Medicinal Plants to the Diets on the Productive Traits in Broiler
Authors: Abdullah Mariya M. , Ezzadin Ilham N. , Salih Hayfaa M. , Abdullah Enji N.
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted to study effect of adding some medicinal plants to the diets on the productive traits in broiler, For the period from (10/10 to 20/11/2022), 300 chicks of the Ross (308) unsexed were used at ten day old, and the average weight (245g per chick). The chicks were randomly distributed to five treatments, with repetitions and each replicate was 15 birds, and the experiment parameters were as follows: T1: as the control treatment without any addition, while T2 and T3 added 1 and 2 g/kg from black pepper seed powder. As for T4 and T5 added 1 and 2 g/kg from cumin seed powder. The experiment results showed significant increase (p≤0.05) in the body weight and weight for T4, and an improvement in feed conversion ratio, However, all treatments were significantly decrease in the amount of feed consumed compared to T1.
Effect of Adding Red Pepper Powder on Meat Quality Characteristics in Broilers Without Adding Antibiotics or Vaccines
Authors: Al-Doori Ahmed A. D. , Sarheed Khaleel S. , Allaw Ahmed A. , Al-Mjbel Akeel A. S. , Abed Haneen A. , Musafer Mustafa N. J.
Published: July 2024

The experiment was conducted with the aim of studying the effect of adding red pepper powder on the growth of Ross 308 broilers and the quality of meat. (120) one day old, unsexed Ross 308 birds were used. Its average weight is (42) grams. The experiment lasted (35) days and was randomly divided into four treatments that included (30 birds) in three replicates (10 birds for each replicate). The chicks were fed a basic diet to which different levels of red pepper powder were added: T1 (control treatment), T2: 2 gm red pepper/kg feed, T3: 3 gm red pepper/kg feed, T4: 4 gm red pepper/kg feed, the results showed what follows: Adding red pepper to the diet significantly increased (P<0.05) and Life body weight ،Hot carcass weight ،child carcass weight and Dressing percentage (%). the weight of the chest, drumstick with the thigh, back, neck, and liver percentage. A significant decrease in the loss during cooking of the thigh and the percentage of abdominal fat in T3, T2 and T4 compared to the control treatment T1. There is no significant difference in the loss during thawing of the breast and thigh, and the loss during cooking of the breast, wings, head, gizzard, back, head and spleen. A significant decrease of abdominal fat. for T2, T3 and T4 compared with T1
Improving Some Physiological Characteristics of Broilers Exposed to Heat Stress by Diet Fortifying with Rumex vesicarius Powder and Vitamin C
Authors: Al-Issawi Nihaya R. , Al-Shukri Aqeel Y.
Published: July 2024

This experiment was carried out in the poultry field in the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture / University of Kufa for the period 9/24/2023 to 10/28/2023 to study the effect of adding bladder dock (Rumex vesicarius) plant powder and vitamin C to the diet on the productive characteristics of broilers (Ross 308) exposed to heat stress. A 300 unsexed broiler chicks from the Ross308 cross were used, one day old, with an average weight of 42 gm/chick. The chicks were fed three diets from the age of (1-10) days, the second diet from the age of (11-24) days, and the third diet from the age of (25-35) days. The energy level of the three diets was 3010, 3081, and 3210 kcal/kg, respectively, and the protein level was 23.11, 21.51, and 19.58, respectively. One-day-old chicks were randomly distributed into 5 treatments, 60 chicks for each treatment with three replicates, 20 chicks for each replicate. The treatments were as follows: T1: control, standard diet, T2: standard diet with 5 g R. vesicarius plant powder/Kg diet, T3: standard diet with 10 g R. vesicarius powder/Kg diet, T4: standard diet with 300 mg vit. C/Kg diet, T5: standard diet supplemented with 150 mg vitamin C +5g R. vesicarius plant powder/Kg diet. The findings showed a significant improvement (P≤0.05) in the cholesterol concentration in the birds blood serum for the treatments (T5, T3, and T2 compared to the control treatment (T1). A significant improvement in red blood cell volume was detected in T3 and T4 treatments over the control treatment. A significant improvement was obtained in the rate of glomerular hemoglobin and the rate of circulating hemoglobin concentration for birds of all treatments compared to the control treatment. Blood content of GPX enzyme concentration was significantly (P≤0.05) increased in the T2 treatment compared to the control treatment. the results also found a significant improvement (P≤0.05) in the concentration levels of the MDA compound in all experimental treatments compared to the control treatment.
The Impact of Adding Bentonite and Organic Fertilizer on the Growth and Yield of Sorghum in Desert Soil Under the Conditions of the Badia Al-Samawa
Authors: Al-Zayadi Latif R. S. , Hussein Ahmed Ali
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the impact of adding soil amendments, namely bentonite mineral and organic fertilizer, on the growth and yield of sorghum in desert soil under the conditions of Badia Al-Samawa in Muthanna Governorate. The experiment included three levels of bentonite (0, 10, and 20 Mg ha−1) and four levels of organic fertilizer (0, 20, 30, and 40 Mg ha−1). The experimental design used was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications. Sourcing of the Buhooth70 sorghum crop took place. Increasing the amount of organic fertiliser and bentonite added significantly affected the growth indicators and yield, according to the data. The level of 20 Mg ha−1 of bentonite addition achieved the highest percentage increase in plant height, leaf area, and chlorophyll content by 23.45%, 30.70%, and 28.65%, respectively. It also showed the highest percentage increase in biological yield, grain yield, and 1000-grain weight, by 57.42%, 23.23%, and 18.19%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, the results indicated that the level of 40 Mg ha−1 of organic fertilizer addition achieved the highest percentage increase in plant height, leaf area, and chlorophyll content in the leaves by 6.44%, 19.53%, and 29.15%, respectively. It also showed the highest percentage increase in biological yield, grain yield, and 1000-grain weight by 28.04%, 20.01%, and 26.10%, respectively, compared to the control treatment. The results show a significant interaction between the study factors, the combined treatment of 20 Mg ha−1 bentonite and 40 Mg ha−1 organic fertilizer outperformed in achieving the highest values in growth and yield indicators for the plants.
Regional Drought Assessment Based on the Standard Precipitation Index (SPI) and Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) in Middle Part of Iraq by Using GIS
Authors: Younis Abdulwahab Mohammad , Jasim Hayder Mahmood
Published: July 2024

The study focused on the study and analysis of the characteristics of drought and the rainfall Concentration Index in the central region of Iraq from 1984 to 2021. It revealed that 50% of the stations under study, represented by Najaf and Karbala, fell under the moderate drought climate category, which comprises 30.89%, followed by the mild drought category, which accounts for 15.04%, and the severe and extreme drought categories, which account for 5.28 and 1.22% respectively. Regarding the rainfall concentration index, it demonstrates that the area falls between the seasonal and severe seasonal rain categories. The areas where there is a deficit in rainfall are also the areas where the rainfall concentration is severe seasonal, which tends towards irregularity, and are the driest areas according to the standard precipitation index (SPI), and represent the dominant climate in the central regions of Iraq during the period in question. Seasonal and severe seasonal variations constitute 66.67% and 33.33% of the total, respectively.
The Effect of Conservation Agriculture on Some Soil Water Properties Using a Dual Automatic Soil Infiltro-Moisturemeter Device
Authors: Al-Rawi M. A. M. , Bahia M. Hassan S.
Published: July 2024

The experiment was tried in the western region of Iraq and aims to study the effects of using conservation agriculture applications in the water properties of Gypsiferous - desert soil. The study area was divided into three blocks. In each block four treatments were randomly distributed: Tillage with Covering T.C Tillage without Covering T.NC No-Tillage with Covering NT.C and No-Tillage without Covering NT.NC. The experiment was designed by using a Randomize Completely Block Design (RCBD) by 2 tillage methods 2 mulching and 3 replicates so the sum was 12 experimental units. Units were planted in two agricultural seasons Barley crop in winter and Mung bean in summer season. There was a significant effect of the interaction between coverage and the measurement stage on the mean of cumulative infiltration as its value over 1 hour at the coverage treatment in the S2 stage (between the two seasons) reached 12.53 cm. The highest mean of cumulative infiltration in the NT.C was (8.43 cm) with a non-significant difference from the lowest average (5.94) in the T.NC. As for the average unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (Kns) it did not differ from the results of the cumulative infiltration in terms of being the highest and lowest treatment as the range is 1.46 cm. hr−1 at T.NC and 2.09 cm. hr−1 at NT.C the hydraulic conductivity rating for all treatments was (moderately high). The NT.C treatment also gave the highest mean long-term cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate with greater uniformity of moisture distribution between the soil layers.
Effect of Different Colorless Properties of Zinc on Solid Development in Soils with Different Gypsum Content
Authors: Fahmy Ramadan Ahmed Khaled , Al-Jumaily Mijbil Mohammad
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted for the purpose of knowing the effect of different organic materials (poultry, sheep, cow waste) on the distribution of zinc on the solid phase in soil with different gypsum content. Samples of animal waste were collected from fields in the Taji area, dried, ground, and passed through a sieve with a diameter of 2 mm for the purpose of study. After conducting analyzes, the study was conducted on organic waste. Different gypsum soil samples were obtained from different sites at Tikrit University, which are (62,128, 189) gm.kg-1 gypsum. Organic materials were added at a dose of 20 gm.kg-1, in addition to adopting three concentrations of zinc (10, 20, 30) mg.kg-1 of zinc, which was added to the soil as a Zncl2 solution. The soil was incubated for (60) days, with moistening and stirring as needed for the purpose of homogeneity and balance. Then samples were taken from it for the purpose of studying the fractionation of zinc into the components of soil, oxides, organic matter, carbonates, and clay.
Modeling Water Supply in Adjacent Areas of Shatt Al-Arab River in Southern Iraq Using Geomatics Techniques
Authors: Al-Daraji Forqan Kh. , Ndewi Dakhil R. , Al-Shammari Hussein M.
Published: July 2024

A study was conducted in the semi-arid and arid region located in the northeastern part of Basra Governorate, southern Iraq, with the aim of employing geomatics techniques and mathematical modelling to build and develop a hydrological model for studying water balance in the study area and the volume of water supply from the Shatt Al-Arab river towards adjacent areas and its impact by soil salinity and Shatt Al-Arab river water during July 2022. The results indicated a decrease in water supply (WS) values in the soil profile with increasing distance from Shatt Al-Arab or from the tributaries and other water sources. At a distance of 300 meters from the water source, the highest WS values were recorded, amounting to 684.41 m3, significantly higher than other distances. This was followed by the distance of 600 meters with 580.76 m3, then 1200 meters with 515.45 m3, and finally, the distance of 2400 meters recorded the lowest values at 424.33 m3. The magnitude of decrease in WS values increased at high rates with increasing distance from Shatt Al-Arab towards remote barren areas with a significant correlation coefficient (r =0.73).
Effect of Enriching Vermicompost with Azotobacter and Bacillus Bacteria and Foliar Spraying with Azotobacter on Some Chemical Characteristics of the Soil Planted with Sunflower Plants
Authors: Ibrahim Ghazwan Hameed , Mustafa Al-Alawy Hassan Hadi
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was carried out at the research station of the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources of the College of Agriculture/University of Diyala in 2022 to study the effect of enriching vermicompost with chemical and biological fertilizers on some chemical characteristics of the soil planted with sunflower plants. The vermicompost fertilizer with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock and spraying Azotobacter
chroococcum bacteria gave the highest reduction in the pH of the soil (7.010), while the vermicompost fertilizer with A. chroococcum and spraying A. chroococcum bacteria recorded the highest reduction in the electrical conductivity (Ec) of the soil (1.196 ds m−1). The vermicompost with A. chroococcum and Bacillus sp. with spraying A. chroococcum gave the highest values in the nitrogen content of the soil, reaching 73.43 ml kg−1, while the vermicompost and phosphate rock with spraying A. chroococcum gave the highest value in the content of phosphorus in the soil, reaching 17.86 ml kg−1. The vermicompost fertilizer with A. chroococcum and Bacillus sp. without spraying A. chroococcum led to an increase in potassium in the soil (298.9 ml kg−1), whereas the vermicompost with urea fertilizer and phosphate rock with spraying A. chroococcum led to an increase in organic matter in the soil (25.88 g kg−1).
The Effect of Bentonite, Poultry Manure and Elements on Some Chemical Properties of Sandy Calcareous Soil
Authors: Abd Alshammari Abbas Hakim , Sarwan Al-Wotaify Abbas Saber
Published: July 2024

This study was conducted to determine the effect of Bentonite mineral, poultry manure, and the addition of some elements on the chemical properties of the soil. The experiment was carried out in a split-plate design using completely randomized blocks (RCBD). The experiment included 81 experimental units resulting from the intersection of three levels of bentonite mineral (P0, P1, P2) and three levels from poultry manure (M0, M1, and M2) and three chemical elements: Magnesium, Zinc, and Copper (Emg, Ezn, and Ecu) separately and the effect of these factors on the chemical properties, the results showed that the P2 addition level to Bentonite mineral outperformed the rest of the levels in affecting the chemical properties, namely EC, PH, CEC, and OM. The M2 addition level to poultry waste outperformed the rest of the levels in the chemical properties studied, EC, PH, CEC, and OM. The binary interactions between the metal and poultry manure showed a significant effect, and the P2M2 treatment outperformed the rest of the treatments. As for the interaction between the metal and the chemical elements, the P2Ezn treatment gave the best effect on the EC and CEC properties, while the P2Emg treatment gave the best effect on the PH and OM properties, and the interaction between Poultry manure and elements: the M2Ezn treatment gave the best effect on the EC and CEC properties, while the M2Emg treatment gave the best effect on the PH and OM properties.
Refinement of Internal-Combustion Engine Oil Properties Via Magnetic Flux
Authors: Abed Abbas Fadhil , Hasan Haider Ali , Abdul-Munaim Ali Mazin
Published: July 2024

To verify the influence of magnetic flux on the characteristics of SAE 10W-30 gasoline engine oil when the engine oil is exposed to different magnetic fluxes 0, 6, 9, and 13 Volt. The following oil characteristics were measured: viscosity at 40 and 100 °C, and total acid number (TAN) mg KOH/g. The research was carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications for each treatment under the 5% probability level to compare the means of the treatments. The results of the experiment showed that there were significant differences in the studied properties when the engine oil was exposed to the above magnetic fluxes and, inversely, especially the magnetic flux of 13 Volt, which led to a decrease in the viscosity of the oils at 40 °C to 67.704 cSt and 14.1 cSt at 100 °C, in addition to a decrease in the total acid number to 2.1 mgKOH/g. The results of this study promise the possibility of the magnetic flux affecting changes in the properties of gasoline engine oil, which may contribute to improving the performance of engine oils during operation.
The Effect of Improving the Nutritional Value of Local Sunflower Meal Used in Broiler Diets by Adding a Mixture of Enzymes and Its Effect on Productive and Physiological Performance
Authors: Najmadeen Sara Kareem , Al-Dalawi Rashid Hassan
Published: July 2024

The current experiment was conducted in the poultry field of the department of animal production at the College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk for the period from 28/12/2023 until 2/7/2024, to study the effect of improving the nutritional value of local sunflower seed meal used in broiler diets by adding a mixture of enzymes and its effect on production traits and blood biochemical traits. 280 one-day-old, unsexed Rose 308 broiler chicks were randomly distributed into seven treatments, with four replicates for each treatment (ten birds for each replicate). The treatments were as follows: (T1) the control diet without any additives, (T2) 25% of the soybean meal replaced with sunflower meal, (T3) 50% of the soybean meal replaced with sunflower meal, (T4) 75% of the soybean meal replaced with sunflower meal, (T5) 25% of the soybean meal replaced with sunflower meal and the enzyme mixture added, (T6) 50% of the soybean meal replaced with sunflower meal with the addition of the enzyme mixture and (T7) 75% of the soybean meal with sunflower meal with the addition of the enzyme mixture. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P≥0.05) for the nutritional treatments in the first, third, quarter and sixth weeks in Feed consumption rate. While in the second, fifth and cumulative weeks, the first treatment (control) was significantly differ (P≤0.05) to the other of the treatments at a rate of (390.25, 1160.50 and 4580.50 g/bird), respectively. In the rate of weight gain, it was significantly differ (P≤0.05). For the fourth treatment in the first week over the other of the treatments at a rate of (152.38 gm/bird), and the moral significantly (P≤0.05) was found for the second treatment over the other of the treatments in the second week at a rate of (359.25 gm/bird), while in the fourth week the seventh treatment was significantly differ (P ≤0.05) over the other treatments at a rate of (724.28 g/bird), and in the sixth week, the second and fourth treatments outperformed the other treatments significantly (P≤0.05) at a rate of (686.50, 655.50 g/bird) respectively. It was also noted that there were no significant differences (P≥0.05) in nutritional parameters for the third, fifth and seventh weeks. As for the feed conversion factor rate, there were significant differences (P≤0.05) in the first week of the fourth treatment over the other treatments at a rate of (0.76 gm feed/gm weight gain), but in the second and fifth weeks it decreased significantly (P≤0.05) in the treatment. Control (first) with a ratio of (0.77, 0.57 gm feed/gm weight gain), respectively.
Determine and Analyze the Total Fuel Consumption of an Agricultural Tractor Using Different Plows
Authors: Amer K. Z.
Published: July 2024

A field experiment was conducted in one of the agricultural fields belonging to the Hashemia District in Babylon Governorate, during the year 2023 in a silty clay soil texture. In this experiment, a New Holland TD80 tractor was utilized. Two factors were studied as part of the investigation. Three speed levels (3.34, 5.98, and 7.38 km.h−1) represented the primary plots, while two plow types (moldboard and disc) represented the secondary plots. These two factors were the first and second factors, respectively. The percentage of slippage, practical productivity, fuel consumption and Yellow corn plant productivity were studied. The experimant was carried out using split plots in a complete random block design of three replications. The forward speed of 7.38 km.h−1 Secured enhanced findings in obtaining the lowest fuel consumption of 26.87 litres.ha−1, the highest practical productivity of 0.27 hectares.h−1, the lowest fuel consumption of 28.30 litres.ha-1, and the highest production of yellow corn plants, as it It reached 6.17 tons.ha-1. The moldboard plow was superior in obtaining the lowest slippage of 7.50%, the highest practical productivity of 0.20 hectares.hour−1, and the lowest fuel consumption of 30.68 litres.ha−1, With 5.49 tons.ha−1 of plant production, the disc plow produced the most. As for the dual interaction, there was an impact on all traits under study.
Croton macrostachyus leaf-mediated biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for enhanced catalytic reduction of organic dyes
Authors: Bassa Atinafu Bergene , Zelekew Osman Ahmed , Meresa Tassew Alemayehu , Berhe Taame Abraha
Published: July 2024

Introduction. Owing to the increasing use of organic dyes, the biosynthesis of metal oxide nanocatalysts is urgently needed as an economical and environmentally friendly solution to reduce their waste release. Method. In this study, we synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) by the sol–gel method using Croton macrostachyus leaf extracts as capping and reducing agents. The biosynthesized CuO catalysts were characterized using x-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Result. The result showed that the synthesized CuO NPs had a crystallite size of about 9 nm and had good crystalline texture. Furthermore, the catalyst showed the best catalytic reduction performance in 1 min for methylene blue (MB) and 3 min for methyl orange (MO). Furthermore, the CuO catalyst synthesized using Croton macrostachyus leaf extract resulted in apparent rate constant (Kapp) values for MB and MO of 0.06793 s−1 and 0.01877 s−1, respectively. Discussion. The recyclability of the CuO catalyst was investigated, and it was shown that the catalysts are suitable for reuse in dye reduction. Therefore, the catalytic activity of this study suggests that the CuO nanocatalysts prepared in this work are a potential candidate for controlling organic pollutants or trace amounts of naturally occurring active organic chemicals in all environmental dye wastes.
Bioinspired green synthesis of copper, nickel, and hybrid nanoparticles using Myristica Fragrans seeds: Biomedical applications and beyond
Authors: Ullah Asad , Rehman Ubaid Ur , Ahmad Riaz , Rahman Fazal
Published: July 2024

Nanotechnology focuses on materials at the molecular and atomic levels, with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 100 nm. This study explores the synthesis and characterization of copper oxide (CuO), nickel oxide (NiO), and hybrid nanoparticles using an aqueous seed extract from Myristica fragrans. The nanomaterials underwent comprehensive characterization employing various techniques: UV analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, TGA, EDX and SEM. We explored their biological applications through antioxidant and antibacterial assays. UV analysis determined the optical absorption spectra values for CuO, NiO and hybrid nanoparticles. FTIR analysis confirmed functional groups in the plant extract responsible for capping and reducing the reaction medium. XRD and SEM analysis demonstrated the crystalline nature and morphology of the nanoparticles. CuO nanoparticles exhibited polyhedral morphology, while NiO nanoparticles were primarily spherical with some agglomeration. The CuO-NiO hybrid nanoparticles showed a wurtzite morphology with significant agglomeration and larger mean size than CuO and NiO nanoparticles. EDX indicated higher quantities of Cu and Ni. XRD spectra revealed the average particle sizes of nanoparticles. TGA indicated the thermal stability of the nanoparticles, with hybrid nanoparticles being the most stable. The nanoparticles exhibited excellent antioxidant activity, with hybrid nanoparticles showing the highest values in measuring total antioxidant capacity, total reducing power (TRP), ABTS assay, and DPPH-free radical scavenging assay at 400 μg/mg. Antibacterial assays against multidrug-resistant bacterial strains demonstrated that antibiotics-coated hybrid nanoparticles exhibited potent antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In conclusion, CuO, NiO, and CuO-NiO hybrid nanoparticles mediated by Myristica fragrans showcase promising characteristics for various applications, especially in biomedical and clinical settings. The nanoparticles eco-friendly synthesis and biocompatible nature make them attractive candidates for future research and development.
Evaluating fault detection strategies for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles
Authors: Dasari Hethu Avinash , A Rammohan
Published: July 2024

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are a rapidly growing segment in India’s automotive sector, with an expected 70% growth by 2030. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) rechargeable batteries are favoured because of their high efficiency in power and energy delivery, along with fast charging, long lifespan, low self-discharge, and environmental friendliness. However, as a crucial subsystem in EVs, batteries are susceptible to faults arising from various factors. Li-ion battery faults can be categorized as internal or external. Internal faults stem from over-charging, over-discharging, overheating, acceleration and degradation processes, short circuits, and thermal runaway. External faults are caused by sensor malfunctions, cooling system failures, and cell connection problems. A Battery Management System (BMS) plays an essential role in regulating battery operation, monitoring its health status, and implementing fault diagnostic techniques. Fault diagnostic algorithms running on the BMS enable early or post-fault detection and control measures to minimize the consequences of faults, thereby ensuring battery safety and reliability. This paper reviews various internal and external battery fault diagnosis methods. In addition to battery fault detection, this work conducts a comparative analysis of optimization techniques for fault diagnosis, including Fuzzy Clustering, Long Short-Term Memory, Support Vector Machines, and Particle Swarm Optimization.
Utilizing multiple inputs autoregressive models for bearing remaining useful life prediction
Authors: Wang Junliang , Zhang Qinghua , Zhu Guanhua , Sun Guoxi
Published: July 2024

Accurate prediction of the remaining useful life (RUL) of rolling bearings is crucial in industrial production, yet existing models often struggle with limited generalization capabilities due to their inability to fully process all vibration signal patterns. We introduce a novel multi-input autoregressive model to address this challenge in RUL prediction for bearings. Our approach uniquely integrates vibration signals with previously predicted RUL values, employing feature fusion to output current window RUL values. Through autoregressive iterations, the model attains a global receptive field, effectively overcoming the limitations in generalization. Furthermore, we innovatively incorporate a segmentation method and multiple training iterations to mitigate error accumulation in autoregressive models. Empirical evaluation on the PMH2012 dataset demonstrates that our model, compared to other backbone networks using similar autoregressive approaches, achieves significantly lower root mean square error (RMSE) and Score. Notably, it outperforms traditional autoregressive models that use label values as inputs and non-autoregressive networks, showing superior generalization abilities with a marked lead in RMSE and Score metrics.
Against Musical Ontology
Authors: Ridley Aaron
Published: July 2024

A somewhat excitable affair, this essay recommends that efforts by philosophers with an interest in ontology to specify the identity conditions of musical works should be deferred indefinitely, preferably until the end of time. More specifically, it argues that attempts to determine in advance which features a performance of a work must (or must not) possess if it is to count as a performance of that work are doomed. This is not because such attempts threaten to limit the creative freedom of the performer, although some may object to that, but because they inevitably misrepresent what the exemplary exercise of that freedom achieves. In particular, such attempts misrepresent the notion of a performance’s being ‘faithful’ to the work performed, and so misrepresent (at least some of) the reasons we may have to value one performance over another, or, as performers, to play a work in this way rather than that.
Persona Sometimes Grata
Authors: Ridley Aaron
Published: July 2024

It has been claimed that, in order to hear a piece of music as expressive, it is always necessary to hear it as expressive of the emotions of a hypothetical persona (whom we construct for ourselves as we listen). On the other side, it has been claimed that the construction of such a persona is never necessary in order to hear a piece of music as expressive. The argument of the present essay is (a) that persona-construction is sometimes necessary, sometimes not; (b) that this is so for reasons of principle, rather, say, than out of a desire for compromise; and so (c) that my opponents, in their pursuit of generality, are making a mistake about the nature of the subject-matter to which their claims are intended to apply. With this subject-matter, the essay concludes, it is—as a matter of principle—necessary to go case by case.
Argument by Elimination
Authors: Joyce Richard
Published: July 2024

According to the moral error theorist, moral judgments aim at the truth but systematically fail to secure it. This chapter pursues a strategy of arguing by elimination: building toward establishing moral error theory by refuting some alternative views. First, a case is offered against noncognitivism, the view that moral judgments do not even aim to say true things about the world and therefore cannot be convicted of erroneously doing so. Second, a case is advanced against non-objectivism, the view that moral facts exist but are not objective. Third, a two-part case is pressed against moral non-naturalism: that non-naturalism in general is implausible and that the moral non-naturalist struggles to account for how humans would have epistemological access to a realm of non-natural moral facts. If all these arguments are sound, then moral facts are objective and naturalistic or they don’t exist at all.