bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

The Brouart–Vatable–Beroald–Verville family’s story is not one of smooth upward social ascent from artisanal origins. Both Matthieu and François, like numerous contemporaries, sought social status not only by producing learned and literary discourse but by writing themselves publicly into it. However, in François’s case the reliance of those representations on finding audience approbation in order to be socially effective made them fragile guarantors of status in comparison with the lower but more solid institutional kind that his father enjoyed and that François professed to despise. Also, as with the Marots, the men’s ascent through literature and learning did not pull the women up to the same extent. This case also illustrates that social hierarchy, experienced through the lens of family, was a complex imbrication of different factors, such as learning, literature, institutions, the book trade, vestigial family habits, self-fashioning, personality, and sheer accident or contingency.
Conclusion
Authors: Kenny Neil
Published: April 2020

The systemic role of families in the production of much literature and learning in the early modern period needs greater recognition. Countless works were shaped by families’ practice of hunting in packs to maximize their place in society. This production of works was just one of many planks within the broader transgenerational strategies of families, commoner as well as noble. Works were woven into the wider webs of families’ inheritance and legacy practices. They helped families imagine their own futures and steer a course into it, even if that course subsequently swerved, forked, or faded. These families did not, however, represent society as a whole. They belonged overwhelmingly to social elites, whether noble or commoner. However, family literature was often rooted in anxiety, disappointment, and conflict as well as in hope and a sense of vocation, mission, or entitlement to power.
Learning in Time
Authors: Gaston Kara
Published: April 2020

This chapter tracks a question raised in multiple different versions of the Griselda story: how do educational narratives fit into other kinds of time? In Boccaccio’s Decameron, learning, especially learning associated with women, occurs in and through the passage of time. This dynamic becomes a problem in Petrarch’s Historia Griseldis and Letter to Posterity, which strive to disentangle intentional learning from involuntary changes wrought by the years. In Chaucer’s Clerk’s Tale, meanwhile, the Griselda story provides insight into how the time taken up by learning can, in and of itself, be a source of suffering. This embeddedness of learning in time has implications for critics, for we often assess the Clerk’s Tale as the outcome of a learning experience (Chaucer reading Petrarch). Such assessments might be incomplete without accounting for the time of reading and learning—both Chaucer’s and our own.
The Progresses, Processions, and Royal Entries of King Charles I, 1625-1642
Authors: Keenan Siobhan
Published: April 2020

The Progresses, Processions, and Royal Entries of King Charles I, 1625–1642 is the first book-length study of the history, and the political and cultural significance, of the progresses, public processions, and royal entries of Charles I. As well as offering a much fuller account of the king’s progresses and progress entertainments than currently exists, this study throws new light on one of the most vexed topics in early Stuart historiography—the question of Charles I’s accessibility to his subjects and their concerns, and the part that this may, or may not, have played in the conflicts which culminated in the English civil wars and Charles’s overthrow. Drawing on extensive archival research, the book opens with an introduction to the early modern culture of royal progresses and public ceremonial as inherited and practised by Charles I. Part I explores the question of the king’s accessibility and engagement with his subjects further through case studies of Charles’s ‘great’ progresses in 1633, 1634, and 1636. Part II turns attention to royal public ceremonial culture in Caroline London, focusing on Charles’s royal entry on 25 November 1641. More widely travelled than his ancestors, Progresses reveals a monarch who was only too well aware of the value of public ceremonial and who did not eschew it, even if he was not always willing to engage in ceremonial dialogue with his people or able to deploy the power of public display to curry support for his policies as successfully as his Tudor and Stuart predecessors.
Charles I, London, and the 1641 Royal Entry
Authors: Keenan Siobhan
Published: April 2020

Chapter 5 turns attention to royal public ceremonial culture in Caroline London, where Charles has been accused of almost disappearing from public view. The cancellation of the expected royal entry to London after Charles’s 1626 coronation is often cited as an example of the king’s avoidance of public display in the capital. But Charles did participate in a number of public processions and displays of his royalty in the city. These included the funeral procession for his father, James I (1625), formal receptions for visiting ambassadors and royal guests, processions to parliament (before 1629 and after 1640), and, on 25 November 1641, a formal royal entry. As this chapter explores, the 1641 royal entry drew a large audience and prompted a series of celebratory printed accounts and reports, indicating that the king could charm a crowd and still enjoyed some popularity in the capital, despite growing criticism of his reign.
Concepts
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas
Published: April 2020

This chapter offers a concise conceptualization of differentiated integration. It argues that differentiated integration can be understood as the differential validity of EU legal rules across the member states and is, thus, different from other forms of flexibility and non-compliance. Furthermore, the chapter introduces different modes of differentiated integration that have played an important role in the academic and policy debate: multi-speed, multi-tier, and multi-menu integration. Multi-speed differentiated integration is temporary. Multi-tier differentiated integration creates durable differences in the level of integration between groups of member states. Finally, in multi-menu differentiated integration, the composition of membership varies durably between integrated policy areas.
Explaining Differentiation in EU Legislation
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas
Published: April 2020

This chapter offers an empirical analysis of member state opt-outs from EU legislation throughout the history of European integration. The analysis shows that similar factors, including wealth, existing opt-outs, and Eurosceptic governments explain legislative and treaty differentiation. The analysis also shows a historical shift from instrumental to constitutional differentiation. This shift entails a growing interdependence of treaty and legislative differentiation since the 1990s; a strong consolidation and trend towards uniformity in the European market and flanking policies; and a corresponding rise of legislative differentiation in core state powers. The drivers of differentiation have changed as well. Whereas differentiation used to be produced by relatively poor countries, it has become driven by the Union’s richest members. While government Euroscepticism was of minor importance before 1990, it has since become an important source of differentiation in core state powers.
Normalization
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas
Published: April 2020

Focusing on the 2004 and 2007 Eastern enlargement of the European Union, this chapter traces the ‘normalization’ of differentiated integration after new countries become member states. The chapter explains pre-accession tensions between demands of member states to limit the membership benefits of the applicant countries, and demands of the applicants to help them deal with the burdens of joining a competitive European market. It also explores the post-accession process in which new member states are in a better position to avoid discriminatory differentiation but still have to cope with the repercussions of accession differentiation. The empirical analysis shows that almost all accession differentiation—both preferential and discriminatory—disappears within ten to fifteen years of membership.
Regional Differentiation
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas
Published: April 2020

This chapter offers a regional perspective on differentiated integration. It shows that the EU has developed a variegated set of membership grades, cross-cutting the formal boundary between member and non-member states. The chapter shows that internal and external differentiation are driven by the logics of instrumental and constitutional differentiation. In the EU’s internal differentiation, poorer (new) member states are more likely to experience differentiation because of weak governance capacity, low regulatory standards, budgetary competition, and migration pressure. The chapter extends this reasoning to European countries with comparatively weak governance quality. The lower the governance quality of a country, the earlier it is refused further integration on the EU’s ladder of graded membership. The more its governance quality improves, the better are its chances to advance towards full membership. In turn, as their governance quality surpasses that of EU core members, countries become increasingly likely to refuse integration.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Paul
Published: April 2020

This chapter analyses the organisational structure created by company law for the conduct of business through its five core features: recognition of the company as an entity distinct from all its shareholders; limited liability for shareholders; specialised management, separate from the shareholders; the lock-in of the shareholders’ contributions coupled with ease of transfer of the shareholder interest; and free allocation of rights of control over the company to the members of the company. At the same time, the chapter identifies the agency problems created by this structure, the regulation of which is discussed in the following chapters. The chapter also briefly sketches the multiple sources of company law.
The Board
Authors: Davies Paul
Published: April 2020

This chapter deals with the board. It analyses the rationales, within different types of company, for the division of powers between (a) the shareholders and the board, and (b) the board and the senior management of the company. The second part of the chapter shows how the rules on the composition of the board (mainly to be found in the Corporate Governance Code) and the directors’ statutory core duty of loyalty fashion the accountability of the board. That accountability is primarily to the shareholders, but non-shareholder interests are recognised, in different ways, in both the Code and the statutory duty.
Competence over Control
Authors: Thompson Alexander
Published: April 2020

The UN Security Council increasingly authorizes weapons inspections to enforce nonproliferation. These are cases of indirect governance, where the Council (the governor) relies on separate bodies (intermediaries) to conduct inspections in states of concern (targets). Despite the risks, the Council often seems willing to forego control in return for gaining the benefits of a competent intermediary that can address its ambitious policy goals and capability deficits. These cases point to important differences between preexisting intermediaries (such as the IAEA and OPCW) and ad hoc intermediaries created for specific tasks (such as the inspection commissions that operated in Iraq). The latter are far more amendable to control, both ex ante and ex post. Over time, we see increasing goal divergence between the governor and intermediaries, driven mainly by the shifting interests of Security Council members, but we also see the competence of intermediaries increase as they gain on-the-ground experience, making control more difficult. The collective nature of the Security Council further complicates control efforts, creating a temptation for individual members to interfere unilaterally with intermediaries and targets. The analysis suggests that the role of sovereign, strategic targets deserves more attention in the study of indirect governance at the international level.
Managing the Eurozone Crisis
Authors: Moschella Manuela
Published: April 2020

In the wake of the sovereign debt crisis, some of the most advanced economies in the world turned to the IMF for financial assistance. Not only did the Eurozone countries ask for the Fund’s help; they also incorporated the IMF into the institutional architecture for handling crises in the European Monetary Union. This chapter uses competence–control theory to shed light on the puzzles raised by the decision to enlist the IMF in Eurozone crisis management. Firstly, the chapter argues that the Eurozone’s motivation for enlisting the IMF can be found in the competence deficit its governors confronted in managing the crisis. In particular, Eurozone countries lacked sufficient competence (including expertise, money, and credibility) to formulate and enforce adjustment in crisis-hit countries. By enlisting the IMF, Eurozone countries acquired the necessary competence but had to share control. Secondly, the chapter shows that the tradeoff between competence and control shifted over time: even after creating their own crisis management competencies, member states continued to enlist the IMF as a way to reduce the control problems that creditor states confronted in enforcing adjustment in debtor countries.
Governing Markets in Autocratic Regimes
Authors: Gerschewski Johannes
Published: April 2020

This chapter applies competence–control theory to the analysis of autocratic regimes, a regime type that is particularly prone to opaqueness and hidden agendas in its use of intermediaries. Governance in autocracies goes beyond a hierarchical delegation mode to encompass complex cooptation arrangements as well. This chapter uses the two pathway cases of China after 1976 and North Korea after 1994 to highlight the differences between delegation and cooptation for the political economy of socialist autocracies. Both cases share similar starting conditions. The state founders, Mao Zedong and Kim Il Sung respectively, had died, leaving behind a power vacuum and a defunct central planning economy that lacked sufficient expertise and operational capacities for reform. In this crisis moment, China embarked on a cooptation pathway that reformed the economy successfully, while North Korea maintained its delegation mode, which not only led to policy failure but also spilled over to help shape the political architecture of the country.
Trump’s Dilemma
Authors: Pollack Mark A.
Published: April 2020

One of the most striking characteristics of the Trump administration in the United States is the frequency and vehemence with which the President has sought to undermine the competence of his own intermediaries: federal departments and agencies. In some cases, such as the Environmental Protection Agency and Department of State, Trump has sought to undermine the civil service through cuts in staff and budget and a depletion of morale that drove long-time professionals out of government. In other cases, such as the intelligence agencies and Department of Justice, the President has publicly attacked the credibility and legitimacy of intermediaries whose actions might endanger the President. “Trump’s Dilemma,” this chapter argues, derives from the fact that the President came to office with views far outside the mainstream of American public policy. Trump thus feared that “Deep State” departments and agencies would, in the normal and lawful conduct of their duties, threaten not only the President’s policy goals but also the President himself. Faced with a stark control–competence tradeoff, Trump moved forcefully to undermine the competence of many of his own departments and agencies.
Poetic Voice: Evanescence and Animation in Early Victorian Verse
Authors: Dawson Clara
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1 examines the mechanization of print and the changes to literary publishing in the commercial market of the 1820s and 1830s. It investigates mechanical reproduction as a formal phenomenon and argues that the mechanized production of poetry produces a rupture within poetic voice. The dialogue identified across the poems and the reviews focuses on the relation of sound and meaning. Two key concerns are the material nature of poetic voice when it is commodified and copied for a mass market and the traversing of voice from poet to reader. Landon, Hemans, and Tennyson are compared to Wordsworth to establish the difference between early Romantic and late Romantic/early Victorian verse. The three case studies are Landon’s periodical poetry for The Literary Gazette, poetry from Tennyson’s early 1830s and 1842 volumes, and Browning’s Pauline.
Poetic Style: Jewellery and Value in Victorian Poetry
Authors: Dawson Clara
Published: April 2020

Chapter 2 examines evaluations of poetic style from the 1830s to the 1860s and argues for the existence of a jewelled style which crosses over the genres of the album-book or anthology, the single-author volume and the periodical review. The intersection of raw economic value with fashionable display and artistic craft that coalesces around the jewel overlaps with the commodification of poetry as it circulates in the literary market. Jewellery becomes an important trope in both reviews and poetry, serving as a metaphor to express and calculate the kind of value that literature could offer. As a material commodity newly subject to mechanical reproduction, jewellery offered an analogy for the material changes to literary production. The chapter analyses poetry from gift annuals which exemplify the jewelled style, followed by a reading of Robert Browning’s The Ring and the Book and Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s A Drama of Exile.
Poetic Address: ‘Poet’s Public’ and ‘Public’s Poet’
Authors: Dawson Clara
Published: April 2020

Chapter 3 delineates the theoretical context for the employment of address by Victorian poets. It identifies three kinds of poetic address as most significant for poetry in the 1850s, a solitary, lyric ‘I’, a dramatic ‘I’–‘you’ address, and the collective pronouns ‘we’ or ‘us’. Poets were called upon to address a national audience, but those addresses were mediated by reviewers, who evaluated whether or not a poem would appeal to the public. The chapter examines how address is integral to the review’s mediation of the relationship between the poet and the mass public. It analyses the Spasmodic school of poetry through Philip Bailey’s Festus and Alexander Smith’s A Life-Drama, followed by analysis of Matthew Arnold’s poems, ‘Resignation’ and Empedocles on Etna.
Introduction
Authors: Rogers Asha
Published: April 2020

The introduction complicates the Orwellian orthodoxies we have inherited regarding literary vulnerability and monolithic state power by explaining how Matthew Arnold’s ideas about the state a guardian of culture found full expression in post-war Britain. Moving from examples including Reith’s BBC and Keynes’ Arts Council, it then discusses how institutional beliefs about the identity of literature’s publics and what they needed were gradually disrupted by the increasing ethnic and cultural diversification of Britain after the 1948 Nationality Act. The final sections of the Introduction set out the book’s conceptual challenge to the Manicheanism structuring both Bourdieu’s concept of the literary field, and ideas of the state as either censor or ultimate saviour. It concludes by evaluating the implications of viewing sponsorship as an expressive act for ideas of autonomy, and why archival work has the potential to transform our understanding of literature and its reading publics.
First Aid for Writers
Authors: Rogers Asha
Published: April 2020

This chapter reflects on the aesthetic commitments of the welfare state through the lens of the Arts Council Literature Department, which emerged belatedly in the mid-1960s. Focusing on the influential scheme of literary ‘first aid’ grants introduced by the poet Cecil Day-Lewis in 1966, it discusses the relatively idealist terms in which the Arts Council envisioned the obligations of writers to a wider public. The third section centres on three emblematic beneficiaries of state funding between 1966 and 1981, the avant-gardists B.S. Johnson and Dambudzo Marechera, who both tended to strain against the ideals of invested institutions, and the Caribbean Artists Movement, which encompassed a more socially inclusive, though no less contested, idea of literature as a collective enterprise.
The Satanic Verses and the State (I)
Authors: Rogers Asha
Published: April 2020

This first of two chapters on The Satanic Verses discusses Salman Rushdie’s conflicted status as a critic of state racism and a feted literary celebrity that criticized multiculturalism. Beginning with his quarrel with Stuart Hall over the political and aesthetic commitments of ‘black’ art in 1987, it then shifts to two key sources shaping Rushdie’s early polemical essays and the London sections of The Satanic Verses: racism as an intellectual problem rooted in white society as discussed in Ann Dummett’s A Portrait of English Racism (1973), and the migrant underclass Rushdie encountered through the grassroots Camden Committee for Community Relations. The chapter concludes by tracing the emerging tensions between Rushdie’s idea of an anti-racist critical practice and his evolving commitment to free literary expression.
An Ontology of Capitalism
Authors: Adams Zoe
Published: April 2020

This chapter develops an ontological framework through which to explore law’s relationship with capitalist social relations. It draws on insights from critical realism, before developing its ontology through an engagement with the immanent social critique associated with Marx’s Capital. The first section introduces critical realism and its theory of social reality and explains what we can take away from this theory for the purposes of law and legal analysis. This section focuses specifically on how critical realism can contribute to our understanding of the nature, and origins, of social structures and how they influence human behaviour. The second section makes some suggestions about how to refine the critical realist ontology, with a particular focus on the importance of exploring the historical specificity of particular forms of society, and relatedly, of the concepts and categories that are intrinsic to them. Drawing on Marx’s mature critical theory, the third section uses the insights from the previous sections to explore in detail the basic structure of capitalism and to identify and explain the emergence of its constitutive categories before teasing out the implications of this analysis for our understanding of law’s ‘constitutive’ role—the various functions it performs in the context of capitalism. The analysis in this chapter will lay the groundwork for a more detailed analysis of the legal form in Chapter 3.
Legal Form
Authors: Adams Zoe
Published: April 2020

The chapter builds on the analysis in Chapter 1 with a view to exploring the nature of law and its relationship with capitalist society in more detail. The previous chapter used an analysis of capitalism’s deep structures to explore the nature of law’s role(s) in capitalism, engaging with the various legal ‘functions’ that capitalism presupposes. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the implications of this understanding of law’s role (or function) when it comes to understanding law’s form. The first section begins by developing a theory of the legal form by engaging with the work of Evgeny Pashukanis. The second section teases out the implications of this analysis for our understanding of the relationship between the legal form and capitalism’s contradictions. The third section draws on this analysis to shed light on the relationship between legal form and content. The fourth section makes some tentative conclusions about the implications of this analysis for our understanding of labour law.
The Wage
Authors: Adams Zoe
Published: April 2020

The purpose of Part II of this book is to explore, at a more concrete level, the relationship between law and capitalist social relations, through a close genealogical study of the social category of the wage. This means tracing the evolution of this category through legal discourse, as capitalism developed in the United Kingdom. Chapter 4 will lay the groundwork for this analysis by specifying the methodological assumptions underpinning this genealogical analysis, while exploring, in more detail, how the contradictions inherent in capitalism manifest in the social category of the wage. The first section explains the nature, and importance, of ‘genealogy’. The second section explores two different conceptions of the wage in economic theory, with a view to teasing out the nature and significance of the wage as a social category and the contradictory functions it performs in capitalist society. The third section discusses the relevance of these ideas to our understanding of law’s role in relation to wage regulation, and employment status, by showing how approaches to these questions are influenced by legal actors’ beliefs about law’s ontology.
The (Return of the) ‘Market Wage’
Authors: Adams Zoe
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the legal framework concerning workers’ right to be paid as it developed from the late 1970s. The first section explains the background of the Wages Act 1986 before explaining how the Act has altered the legal regime concerning the worker’s right to be paid. The second section explores reforms to the wages councils system and to the legal regime governing deductions from wages. It also discusses how changes in the way that the concepts of the wage, the salary, and remuneration, came to be conceptualized in the common law in the context of workers’ claims for payment, particularly in cases concerning the worker’s right to be paid during periods of industrial action.
Mutuality of Obligation and the Social Wage
Authors: Adams Zoe
Published: April 2020

This chapter draws on the analysis in the previous chapters to illustrate how the courts’ conception of the relationship between law and social practices influences approaches to employment status and, relatedly, the effectiveness of labour law when it comes to securing or coordinating the provision of a ‘social wage’. It does this through the lens of the concept of ‘mutuality of obligation’. The first section explores the concept of ‘mutuality of obligation’ as it is conceived today. The second section then traces the development of this concept over time. The third section concludes with some observations about how the conception of law’s ontology we find implicit in the case law relates to the so-called ‘crisis’ we see today in labour law’s personal scope.
Labour Law: Limits and Potential
Authors: Adams Zoe
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this concluding chapter is twofold. It is, first, to situate the book in the wider literature and demonstrate the book’s contribution to the field, both its contribution to the critical study of labour law, and to the study of social ontology and legal form more generally; and second, to revisit the questions posed in Chapter 1, with a view to exploring the wider theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the analysis. In this respect, it draws on previous chapters to demonstrate how the analysis in the book might be used to inform debates about labour law reform.
Language and Nonverbal Communication
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 5 explores the ways culture shapes how we communicate through our verbal language, gestures, and eye gaze. It discusses language, language components, how we acquire language, communicative styles, contexts for learning communicative styles, and culture-specific and cross-cultural studies. It addresses language development; second language learning; language socialization; contemporary positions on the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; language, culture, and cognition; sociolinguistics; dialects; code-mixing and code-switching; and the interconnectedness of language and cultural identity. Finally, it discusses nonverbal behavior, social media and nonverbal communication, eye gaze, and examples of language translation miscommunications in marketing. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Emotion
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 13 explores the ways culture shapes how we process, express, and experience our emotions. It discusses emotional intelligence; defining emotions; the James-Lange, two-factor, and Mesquita’s emoting models; emoting in different life stages; and Holodynski’s and Shweder’s views of emotions as cultural constructions. It addresses whether emotions are universal; Darwin’s, Ekman’s, and Izard’s contributions; emotions and facial expressions; the Facial Action Coding System; and socially engaging and disengaging emotions. It also discusses self-construals and emotions, how we learn culturally proper emotional expression, cultural display rules, culture-specific and cross-cultural studies on emotions, emotion and self-regulation, and cultural worldviews and self-regulation. Finally, it explores emotion and language through Natural Semantic Metalanguage and indigenous and cross-cultural examples. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
Motivation
Authors: Holmes Robyn M.
Published: April 2020

Chapter 14 explores the ways culture shapes our thoughts and actions regarding motivation and achievement. It discusses motivation models including humanistic, learning, achievement, expectancy value, cognitive, and social cognitive approaches. It addresses the application of motivation models to everyday interactions and contexts, including school, the workplace, and job satisfaction. It also examines incentives and culture, factors impacting motivation in the classroom, extrinsic and intrinsic incentives, and motivation and stereotypical threat. Finally, it discusses the connection between achievement and culture, family values and educational outcomes, and presents indigenous, cross-cultural, and case studies on achievement. This chapter includes a case study, Culture Across Disciplines box, chapter summary, key terms, a What Do Other Disciplines Do? section, thought-provoking questions, and class and experiential activities.
The Public Reading of the Jesus Tradition in the First Three Centuries
Authors: Keith Chris
Published: April 2020

Chapter 6 provides the fullest discussion to date of the primary sources for the public reading of the Jesus tradition in Christian assembly prior to Constantine. It specifically treats portrayals of public reading in Mark 13:14//Matt 24:15, Justin Martyr’s First Apology, Irenaeus’s Against Heresies, the Gospel of Peter, the Muratorian Fragment, and the Acts of Peter. The chapter tracks how public reading increasingly came to be associated with authoritative, and eventually canonical, status among the earliest followers of Jesus. The chapter also shows how thoroughly intertwined the public reading of the Gospels was with the public reading of the prophets of Jewish Scripture. The chapter argues that Justin Martyr’s description of the public reading of the Gospels is the first indication of liturgical reading of them.
The Public Reading of the Jesus Tradition and the Emergence of Christian Identity
Authors: Keith Chris
Published: April 2020

Chapter 7 argues for an important role in public reading of the Gospels in the developing attempts to define “Christians” and “Jews” in reference to each other, and thus argues that liturgy and ritual deserves as much attention as theology. The chapter here argues for the contribution of liturgy and ritual to scholarly understandings of the “parting of the ways” and “ways that never parted.” This chapter concentrates upon the public reading of the prophets of Jewish Scripture and the Gospels alongside each other, asking what such a reading practice would have contributed aesthetically to the early Christ assembly. From this position, the chapter also considers the early Christian adoption of the codex book form.
American Power and the New Mandarins Redux
Authors: Jacobsen Kurt
Published: April 2020

Noam Chomsky's landmark essay collection American Power and the New Mandarins was published about five decades ago, just after the Tet Offensive marked a turnaround in the Vietnam War. His superb debunking expedition, along with other early volumes At War In Asia and For Reasons of State, remains disturbingly relevant in its dissection of professional conceits, institutional deceits and booster attitudes in sectors of academe where everyone, says ‘we’ when referring to US foreign policy.
Power after Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Harrington Anne I.
Published: April 2020

This chapter draws out the implications of Hannah Arendt’s interpretation of power for thinking about the nuclear revolution. Drawing on Arendt’s distinction between violence and power, it posits that nuclear weapons are powerful not simply because they are destructive, but because the fact of their destructiveness induces statesmen to behave in practice as if power and violence were in fact opposites. This Arendtian approach providing a conceptual foundation for a particular strand of American thinking about nuclear disarmament. Rather than a push from the past, nuclear weapons reveal power to be more like a pull from the future. Their power is not reducible to the rituals of deterrence, but rather from the fact that thermonuclear annihilation has fundamentally altered the human relationship to the planet.
Translating Social Science for China
Authors: Barlow Tani
Published: April 2020

A firing squad executed Qu Qiubai in 1935 as he sat in the lotus position in Zhongshan Park, Changtian City, Fujian Province. Qu was thirty six years old. In over fifteen years of staggering labour, Ou established Chinese sociology as a Marxist discipline, translating and drawing from sociology of the USSR and elsewhere. He embraced social science in a hope to locate truth and amass accurate knowledge, with his cohorts even receiving graduate education in the United States, engaged in an unrelenting translation into Chinese written languages of the experience and literatures of other peoples in search for accuracy. Qu’s focus on translations, truth, language, and the role of social science in societal change helps us see the kinds of social science that developed in counter-pose to the sociology of Pax Americana.
South Asia and American Power
Authors: Rudolph Lloyd I.
Published: April 2020

Lloyd I. Rudolph relates theories, concepts, and explanations that he and Susanne Hoeber Rudolph developed regarding the making of foreign policy in South Asia and span the presidencies of Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George Herbert Walker Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. The models like the bureaucratic politics literature downplays explanations of state behaviour that assume the US government is a unified national or rational actor. The chapter contrasts this version of the imperative coordination model with a deliberative coordination model that features persuasion and bargaining among knowledgeable and experienced professionals representing diverse views and interests.
Counterfeit COIN and the State of Nature Effect
Authors: Sahlins Marshall
Published: April 2020

This chapter documents the processes by which the American intervention in Iraq transformed a plural nation into a bellum omnium contra omnes (war of all against all). In the civil strife of ancient Greek cities that was the model for Hobbes' state of nature, the intervention of the larger forces of Athens and Sparta, proclaiming unconditional causes to die for, transformed local social differences into lethal factional enmities. Death then raged from many quarters. The same effect of anarchic violence has followed from imperial conquer-and-divide policies in modern colonial and post-colonial societies. Historically, the state of nature appears as the effect of the subversion of the social contract rather than its precondition.
The Mughal State and the Sikh Panth
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: April 2020

The framework of the Mughal state has been outlined in this chapter in terms of the central and provincial administration, the jagirdari system, the zamindari system, and the pattern of state patronage. The autonomous chieftains as subordinate rulers or vassals were integral part of this framework. The Punjab hill states or its autonomous chiefs provide the immediate context for the activities of Gobind Singh. For a proper background for his activities and the development of the Sikh Panth before the time of Guru Gobind Singh, the confrontation between the Mughal state and the Sikh Panth is relevant. Placed in this broad context the life of Guru Gobind Singh acquires a profound importance in terms of the long term effect on the Sikh movement and in moulding its character.
In Battles and Politics (1685–98)
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: April 2020

The invitation of the chief of Sirmaur (Nahan) was politically motivated. With his headquarters at Paunta, close to the borders of Sirmaur and Srinagar (Garhwal), Guru Gobind Das became more involved in politics. He successfully fought a battle at the nearby Bhangani in 1688. The chief of Sirmaur remained indifferent, and Guru Gobind returned to Makhowal. He founded Anandpur and built a number of fortresses. Bhim Chand, the chief of Kahlur, was now on good terms with him. On his request Guru Gobind participated in the battle of Nadaun against the Mughal faujdar of Jammu, and played a decisive role. But Bhim Chand made peace with the faujdar, and three Mughal expeditions were sent against Guru Gobind. Their failure induced Aurangzeb to send Prince Mu‘azzam to deal with the situation. He restored peace for about four years. In this peaceful phase Guru Gobind would institute the order of the Khalsa.
The Baisakhi of 1699
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: April 2020

The Baisakhi of 1699 proved to be the most momentous day of Guru Gobind Singh’s life. It is associated with the removal of the Masands, fresh initiation through khande ki pahul, and new injunctions for a new way of life. Addressing a huge gathering of the Sikhs, Guru Gobind Singh asked for volunteers to found a new order of potential martyrs. On a fresh initiation, they were to keep their hair unshorn, carry weapons, and use the epithet ‘Singh’ with their names. The Sikhs with lower caste background became predominant within the new panth. Guru Gobind Singh enunciated the basic principles of the Khalsa way of life (rahit). Several rahitnamas were prepared in Guru Gobind Singh’s lifetime. These manuals were not meant to replace the old ideals but to consolidate and to innovate at the same time. The old and the new norms in combination cover all important aspects of the Khalsa way of life.
Failure of Negotiations with Bahadur Shah (1707–8)
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: April 2020

Guru Gobind Singh had an important meeting with Bahadur Shah at Agra in July 1707. It was recorded in the Akhbarat-i Darbar-i Mu‘alla that Guru Gobind Singh went fully armed into the presence of Bahadur Shah and received a medallion set with precious stones. On 2 October 1707 Guru Gobind Singh wrote to the Sikh sangat of Khara that his meeting with the emperor had settled matters and he would return to Kahlur (Anandpur) in a short time. However, Bahadur Shah had to go to Rajasthan first and then to Haidarabad, and he persuaded Guru Gobind Singh to accompany him. At Burhanpur in the summer of 1708 the Guru decided to go to Nanded. He appears to have been disillusioned with Bahadur Shah due to his evasive attitude. The first thing he did in Nanded was to commission Banda to go to the Punjab and lead the Khalsa in revolt in a bid for Khalsa Raj.
Political, Social, and Cultural Legacies
Authors: Grewal J.S.
Published: April 2020

A long struggle for political power that culminated in the establishment of Khalsa Raj in the third quarter of the eighteenth century was the most striking legacy of Guru Gobind Singh. Significantly, a wide range of literature was produced during this period by Sikh writers in new as well as old literary forms. The Dasam Granth emerged as a text of considerable importance. The doctrines of Guru Granth and Guru Panth crystallized, and influenced the religious, social and political life of the Khalsa. The Singhs formed the main stream of the Sikh Panth at the end of the century. Singh identity was sharpened to make the Khalsa visibly the ‘third community’ (tisar panth).
Introduction
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: April 2020

The introduction lays out the argument of the book: modernity has been investigated as a process of discipline, this needs to be supplemented by an investigation of the increasing role emotions have played. If, until the later decades of the nineteenth century, the actors had aimed at avoiding excesses and achieving a balance, the years leading up to the First World War discovered intense fervor as their ideal—no longer were restraint and control to save the nation and the community, but the ability to feel passionately and to translate these passions into action. The investigation of this process requires to look beyond social norms shaping emotions. It brings together the experience of the actors, the interpretation they gave to their experience and the knowledge they produced on its basis, as well as the practices into which they translated their interpretation.
ʿAbdul Majid Daryabadi
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: April 2020

Chapter 8 looks at Abdul Majid Daryabadi, who first translated Western emotion knowledge into Urdu, as brought forth by the new discipline of psychology. The psychology of emotions in the writings of Daryabadi was divided not only from religion, but from any considerations of morality. On the one hand, this is due to his downplaying of the role of the will, which was no longer an autonomous force guided by rationality as in the Aristotelian tradition, but only one power among many, and not one of the strongest—the will could neither reach the subconscious nor fight the forces of heredity. On the other hand, emotions no longer needed a moral education, which transformed them from a brute fact of nature into a polished work of art fit for civilized society. Nature could not and should not be tamed by morality, but on the contrary indicated the path the race had to travel to secure its survival and its position of dominance.
Kanpur 1913
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: April 2020

Chapter 10 returns to Kanpur. Fifty-six years after the Revolt, Kanpur was again the locality for a violent incident and again the emotional repercussions could be felt throughout North India. It was one of the most important incidents in the years before the First World War and a decisive step to alienate the Muslims from the colonial power and open them to the possibility of joining the non-cooperation campaign a few years later. What constituted the emotional core of the events, this chapter argues, was not anger, but josh—an emotion which in this context carries the connotations of enthusiasm or fervor. Orators and journalists exhorted their audiences to show their josh for the house of God and for Islam. Emotional excess, the ability to deeply experience hurt sentiments, was no longer a danger to be avoided, but an ideal, a proof for the ethical substance of the actor’s character.
Conclusion
Authors: Pernau Margrit
Published: April 2020

The conclusion discusses the empirical findings of the book—the movement from balance to fervor—against the backdrop of the question: how does the inclusion of emotions allow us to rethink the grand narrative of modernity beyond the disciplining project? For this it engages in a sustained way with the attempts to conceptualize modernity, starting from the idea of the stages of development brought forth by Enlightenment philosophers, moving on to multiple or alternative modernities, and finally considering colonial modernities and the possibilities it offered for bringing colonialism and modernity together as a single development. From modernity, the chapter moves on to the emotions/discipline side of the equation, re-reading the classical works of Elias, Marx, Weber, and Foucault against the findings of the book. The last section develops the argument that letting go of modernity as an analytical concept aiming at a periodization and replacing it with empty time would allow us to create a space where the experiences of the actors and their interpretations can receive more attention.
Novels
Authors: Murmu Maroona
Published: April 2020

Women were taught to be discreet and reserved, to excel in domestic accomplishments and to influence only through familial affections. To gain ‘legitimate’ entry into the ‘male preserve’ of creative writing, women took to writing novels. This chapter examines how Kusumkumari Roychoudhurani’s Snehalata and Swarnakumari Debi’s Kahake? were adaptations of the western genre of novel writing to deal with indigenous societal injunctions on pativrata, dutiful daughter, and sisterhood. The protagonists, apparently docile Snehalata and feisty Mrinalini, are juxtaposed to explore the western ideal of romantic love. Snehalata’s unrequited love and unconsummated wifehood finds fulfilment in death, which bestows her with agency. The spirited Mrinalini presents multifaceted dilemmas to herself, moving from several loves in her lifetime before marrying a man of her choice. Both authors transcend their disadvantageous social location and physical reality in a patriarchal set-up to unleash an unbridled social imagination in the creative arena to depict transgressive women’s subjectivities who could re-draw a new social/moral order.
Travel Writings
Authors: Murmu Maroona
Published: April 2020

Travelling women had to negotiate with liberating paradigms of travel and codes regulating the ‘masculinist’ discourse of travel writing. This chapter explicates how this double-bind situation forces ambiguity in the heart of the travelogues of women. The account of the inland travels of Prasannamayee Debi, Aryavarta: Janaika Banga-Mahilar Bhraman Brittanta, is balanced by the narrative of international travels of Krishnabhabhini Das in Englande Banga Mahila. They wrote against the grain and turned travelogues into scripts of dissent by overturning the masculinist genre into one that expressed their ‘selves’ and their agendas. Pictures of domesticity, grandeur of landscape, and romance in architecture are bypassed for fashioning critiques of colonized men and India. If Kailashbashini tries to understand what made the Britons a ruling race, her counterpart Prasannamayee tries to understand what led to the downfall of India from the glorious Aryan past. While Kailashbashini’s narrative was based on critical rationality, Prasannamayee’s account, at times, obliquely touches upon her emotions and sentiments. Together they situate the ‘condition of woman’ as an index of civilizational zenith and assert that the liberation of the Indian woman was imperative for the emancipation of India.