bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Live Pig-Weight Learning and Prediction Method Based on a Multilayer RBF Network
Authors: Chen Haoming , Liang Yun , Huang Hao , Huang Qiong , Gu Wei , Liang Hao
Published: January 2023

The live weight of pigs has always been an important reference index for growth monitoring and the health status of breeding pigs. An accurate weight acquisition of breeding pigs is the key to guide the scientific feeding of breeding pigs and improve economic benefits. Compared with the traditional contact measurement method, the non-contact weighing method of live pigs can greatly reduce human–pig contact and measurement errors. In this paper, a deep neural network is constructed which can automatically and accurately predict the weight of live pigs by measuring multiple body parameters. Because of the good generalization ability of the radial basis function (RBF) neural network and the better fitting ability of multilayer network than the traditional single-layer network, this paper introduces a full-connection model in the middle layer, connects multiple RBF layers, builds a multilayer RBF network, and invents the automatic learning method of pig weight based on the network. In this method, the body length, body height, body width, and five other body parameters are input, after normalization, into the multilayer RBF network model for training, and resultingly the network gives a predicted weight. Among our 4721 live pigs, there are 2452 sows and 2269 boars, among which 2000 samples of sows are randomly selected as training sets and 452 samples as test sets; 1930 samples of boars are taken as training sets and 339 samples as test sets. The test shows that the performance of the network structure is as follows: R2 is 0.63, MAE is 1.85, RMSE is 5.74, and MAPE is 1.68.
Spent Coffee Grounds Applied as a Top-Dressing or Incorporated into the Soil Can Improve Plant Growth While Reducing Slug Herbivory
Authors: Horgan Finbarr G. , Floyd Dylan , Mundaca Enrique A. , Crisol-Martínez Eduardo
Published: January 2023

Between 8 and 15 million tons of spent coffee grounds (SCG) are produced as global waste each year. To reduce waste to landfill, SCG are proposed as a carbon and nutrient source for degraded soils. SCG contain caffeine and other toxins that inhibit plant growth. However, they also repel slugs and snails. We examined whether partial decomposition can neutralize SCG to promote plant growth while maintaining anti-herbivore properties. We aged SCG for <1 to 14 months and also produced SCG-derived Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) frass. The aged SCG and frass were applied, either incorporated into soil or as a 1 cm top-dressing, to pots with radish and tomato seedlings. SCG treatments were also examined for direct (repellent) and indirect (plant-mediated) effects on four slug species (Arion ater, Deroceras laeve, Derocerus reticulatum and Lehmannia marginata). SCG of ≤7 months inhibited plant growth and development and reduced herbivory when incorporated into soil, whereas 14-month-old SCG promoted growth but had no effect on herbivory. When applied as a top-dressing, SCG at 7 months promoted growth and reduced herbivory through repellent and host quality effects—including possible systemic effects. Our results indicate that the benefits of SCG for radish and tomato growth and to reduce slug herbivory can be achieved simultaneously by applying partially decomposed SCG (aged for up to 8 months) as a top-dressing.
Is Grazing Good for Wet Meadows? Vegetation Changes Caused by White-Backed Cattle
Authors: Kulik Mariusz , Bochniak Andrzej , Chabuz Witold , Żółkiewski Paweł , Rysiak Anna
Published: January 2023

Wetland ecosystems are highly productive and valued for numerous reasons including wildlife habitat, biodiversity, water quantity and quality, and human uses. Grazing livestock on wet grasslands can sometimes be controversial due the humidity of the habitat, but on the other hand, it plays an important role in grassland preservation. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of Polish white-backed cattle grazing on changes in the vegetation (13 phytosociological relevés taken in years 2016–2019) of wet meadows as well as forage quality based on the species composition. Biodiversity was estimated based on species richness, Shannon–Wiener diversity and evenness indices, and Rényi diversity profiles. The peatland featured mostly high-sedge and wet meadows communities of the Magnocaricion and the Calthion alliances. The species and biodiversity indices demonstrated significant rising trends. Extensive grazing resulted in the decreased cover of the dominant species of rush meadows, e.g., the common reed, acute, and tufted sedge. The gaps that had emerged thanks to the reduced cover of the dominant species were filled by meadow plants, which led to increased biodiversity. During the four years of grazing, the cattle obtained satisfactory weight gains, particularly in 2019, which indicates that wet meadows are suitable for grazing and can provide sufficient feed for cattle.
Sweet Orange: Evolution, Characterization, Varieties, and Breeding Perspectives
Authors: Seminara Sebastiano , Bennici Stefania , Di Guardo Mario , Caruso Marco , Gentile Alessandra , La Malfa Stefano , Distefano Gaetano
Published: January 2023

Among Citrus species, the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) is the most important in terms of production volumes and cultivated areas. Oranges are particularly appreciated for the organoleptic characteristics and the high nutraceutical value of the fruits (thanks especially to their high content of antioxidants). Recent advances in citrus genetic and genomic resources, such as the release of the reference genomes of several sweet orange cultivars, have contributed to (i) understanding the diversification of C. sinensis and its relation with other citrus species, (ii) assessing the molecular mechanisms underlying traits of interest, (iii) identifying and characterizing the candidate genes responsible for important phenotypic traits, and (iv) developing biotechnological methods to incorporate these traits into different citrus genotypes. It has been clarified that all the genetic diversity within the sweet orange species was derived from subsequent mutations starting from a single ancestor and was derived from complex cycles of hybridization and backcrossing between the mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and the pummelo (Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.). This paper provides an overview of the varietal panorama together with a description of the main driving forces in present and future sweet orange breeding. In fact, for the sweet orange, as well as for other citrus species, the release of novel varieties with improved characteristics is being pursued thanks to the employment of conventional and/or innovative (molecular-based) methods. The state of the art methods together with the innovations in genomics and biotechnological tools leading to the so-called new plant breeding technologies were also reviewed and discussed.
Investigating Genetic Characteristics of Chinese Holstein Cow’s Milk Somatic Cell Score by Genetic Parameter Estimation and Genome-Wide Association
Authors: Lu Xubin , Jiang Hui , Arbab Abdelaziz Adam Idriss , Wang Bo , Liu Dingding , Abdalla Ismail Mohamed , Xu Tianle , Sun Yujia , Liu Zongping , Yang Zhangping
Published: January 2023

The quality and safety of milk is challenged by cow mastitis, and the value of somatic cell score (SCS) in milk is closely related to the occurrence of mastitis. This study aimed to analyze the genetic characteristics of SCS across the first three parities in Chinese Holstein cattle, as well as to investigate potential candidate genes and biological processes that may play a potential role in the progress of cow mastitis. In this respect, we evaluated genetic parameters and conducted a genome-wide association study based on the test-day records of SCS for Chinese Holstein cows; we also validated key candidate genes using a quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) experiment in primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs). The heritability of the SCS 305-day performance in milk varied between 0.07 and 0.24, and decreased with increasing parity. As the time interval grew larger, the genetic and permanent environmental correlations with the number of days in milk (DIM) weakened. Six significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the association analysis, one of which was located within the exonic region of CD44. This exon-associated SNP may modify the activity of the protein encoded by the CD44. A total of 32 genes within the two hundred kilobase (kb) range of significant SNPs were detected, and these genes were markedly enriched in eight Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways and 22 biological processes, mainly participating in the progress of transmembrane transport, inflammatory factor regulation, cellular responses, the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and the MAPK signaling pathway. Nine genes, including the PKD2, KCNAB1, SLC35A4, SPP1, IBSP, CD14, CD44, MAPK10, and ABCG2 genes, were selected as candidate genes that could have critical functions in cow mastitis. These findings can serve as a foundation for molecular breeding and as valuable data for reducing the incidence of mastitis of Chinese Holstein cattle at the molecular level.
The Impacts of Trade Facilitation Provisions on Fresh Agricultural Products Trade between China and the BRI Countries
Authors: Fu Jiangyuan , Chen Linyi , Xue Huidan
Published: January 2023

Trade facilitation is essential to lowering overall trade costs and increasing economic returns on both the multilateral and regional levels. Trade facilitation is also an integral part of trade agreements and has become an important component of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This paper adopts a time-varying stochastic frontier gravity model and a trade inefficiency model and assigns values to different trade facilitation provisions to construct relevant indicators to assess the impacts of the trade facilitation provisions of the World Trade Organization Trade Facilitation Agreement (WTO TFA) and regional trade agreements (RTAs) on trade efficiency between China and BRI countries, as well as on the current conditions and challenges of fresh agricultural product trade between China and countries of the BRI, using data from 2011 to 2020. The results show that the size of domestic markets and population positively affect agricultural trade between China and BRI countries, while geographical distance has a negative impact on their scale of trade. Moreover, this study finds that the obligations set out in trade facilitation provisions of RTAs play an important role in improving trade efficiency, and among these trade facilitation obligations improving the legal provisions of “information transparency”, “customs cooperation” and “advance ruling” can significantly improve trade efficiency, however, some measures relating to “formalities” could potentially constitute barriers to trade. This study innovatively carried out an analysis of the impact of trade facilitation provisions on agricultural trade flows and efficiency from the perspectives of international trade law and economics and provides new policy recommendations for BRI countries to support agricultural trade.
The Negligible Effect of Toxic Metal Accumulation in the Flowers of Melliferous Plants on the Mineral Composition of Monofloral Honeys
Authors: Tomczyk Monika , Zaguła Grzegorz , Kaczmarski Mateusz , Puchalski Czesław , Dżugan Małgorzata
Published: January 2023

The accumulation of heavy metals in plant pollen and nectar exposes pollinators to environmental contaminations. Although honeybees act as biofilters and impede the transfer of heavy metals to honey, possible antagonistic interactions could negatively affect the mineral composition of bee-processed nectar. The aim of this study was to assess the level of harmful metals (Cd, Pd, Hg, Al, Ni and Tl) in relation to essential macro- (K, Ca and Mg) and microelements (Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu and Se) in three melliferous plant species (n = 45)—rapeseed, dandelion, and goldenrod—using the ICP-OES method. Metal transferability to three types of monofloral honey (n = 45) produced from these plants was evaluated. Among the studied plants, goldenrod and dandelion were found to be Cd and Pb accumulators; however, regardless of the plant species, only traces of harmful metals were found in honey (<0.015 and <0.043 mg/kg, respectively). What is more, the adverse impact of accumulated toxic metals (Tl, Cd, Ni, Pb and Al) on Ca, Mg and K levels in plants was noted, though it was not reflected in honey. Our findings suggest that in moderately contaminated environments, toxic metals are not transferred to honey and do not disturb its beneficial mineral composition.
Efficiency of Fungicide Application an Using an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and Pneumatic Sprayer for Control of Hemileia vastatrix and Cercospora coffeicola in Mountain Coffee Crops
Authors: Vitória Edney Leandro da , Krohling Cesar Abel , Borges Felipe Ruela Pereira , Ribeiro Luis Felipe Oliveira , Ribeiro Maria Eduarda Audizio , Chen Pengchao , Lan Yubin , Wang Shizhou , Moraes Hugo Marcus Fialho e , Furtado Júnior Marconi Ribeiro
Published: January 2023

Coffee production and marketing is one of the main global commercial activities, but crop yields depend on several factors, among which plant health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of spray droplet deposition in coffee crops grown in a mountain region, associated to the efficacy of the control of fungal diseases. The application efficiency, using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), and the efficacy of the products applied were tested. Water-sensitive paper tags were used to analyze the application efficiency; agronomic efficiency, vegetative vigor, yield, and physiological parameters were used to determine the fungicide efficacy. Droplet coverage in the upper canopy layer using a pneumatic sprayer (28.70%) was 4.11-fold higher than that found in the same layer for application using a UAV (6.98%) at the rate of 15 L ha−1. The highest droplet depositions by using a UAV were found for the rate of 15 L ha−1: 1.60, 1.04, and 0.43 µL cm−2 in the upper, middle, and lower layers, respectively; the deposition in the upper layer with application using a pneumatic sprayer was 42.67 µL cm−2, and therefore, a 26.7-fold higher deposition. The results denote that the control of fungal diseases through fungicide applications using a UAV is efficient for mountain coffee crops.
Chemical Composition and Sensory Quality of Coffee Fruits at Different Stages of Maturity
Authors: Osorio Pérez Valentina , Matallana Pérez Luis Gerónimo , Fernandez-Alduenda Mario Roberto , Alvarez Barreto Cristina Inés , Gallego Agudelo Claudia Patricia , Montoya Restrepo Esther Cecilia
Published: January 2023

The configuration of the sensory quality of coffee begins in the tree, where chemical precursors are deposited and formed in the seeds as the fruits develop. Fruit within the range classified as mature can have a wide range of properties. This study evaluated three degrees of maturity and established their chemical and sensory characteristics using analytical techniques such as liquid and gas chromatography. The maturity states evaluated did not show differences in organic acids, free fatty acids, lipids, total chlorogenic acids, proteins, alkaloids or sucrose. Fructose and glucose showed differences with respect to the degree of maturity, with higher values associated with more developed states. The analysis of variance did not show a significant effect on sensory attributes or sensory quality. The chromatic coordinate a* of the CIEL*a*b* scale reached a maximum value of 25.16, and the evaluated states were different from each other.
Smart Irrigation Systems in Agriculture: A Systematic Review
Authors: Vallejo-Gómez David , Osorio Marisol , Hincapié Carlos A.
Published: January 2023

This research aims to carry out a systematic review of the available literature about smart irrigation systems. It will be focused on systems using artificial intelligence techniques in urban and rural agriculture for soil crops to identify those that are currently being used or can be adapted to urban agriculture. To this end, a modified PRISMA 2020 method is applied, and three search equations are formulated. From those filters, and after a screening process, 170 articles are obtained. These articles are analyzed through VantagePoint, a text processing software. After this, they are taken through a detailed analysis phase in which 50 sources are selected as the most relevant to be read and analyzed by topic. Finally, the different phases of the analysis are used to draw conclusions that might be interesting for researchers working in this specific field or for the general public interested in rural and urban agriculture and its automation.
Is Markerless More or Less? Comparing a Smartphone Computer Vision Method for Equine Lameness Assessment to Multi-Camera Motion Capture
Authors: Lawin Felix Järemo , Byström Anna , Roepstorff Christoffer , Rhodin Marie , Almlöf Mattias , Silva Mudith , Andersen Pia Haubro , Kjellström Hedvig , Hernlund Elin
Published: January 2023

Computer vision is a subcategory of artificial intelligence focused on extraction of information from images and video. It provides a compelling new means for objective orthopaedic gait assessment in horses using accessible hardware, such as a smartphone, for markerless motion analysis. This study aimed to explore the lameness assessment capacity of a smartphone single camera (SC) markerless computer vision application by comparing measurements of the vertical motion of the head and pelvis to an optical motion capture multi-camera (MC) system using skin attached reflective markers. Twenty-five horses were recorded with a smartphone (60 Hz) and a 13 camera MC-system (200 Hz) while trotting two times back and forth on a 30 m runway. The smartphone video was processed using artificial neural networks detecting the horse’s direction, action and motion of body segments. After filtering, the vertical displacement curves from the head and pelvis were synchronised between systems using cross-correlation. This rendered 655 and 404 matching stride segmented curves for the head and pelvis respectively. From the stride segmented vertical displacement signals, differences between the two minima (MinDiff) and the two maxima (MaxDiff) respectively per stride were compared between the systems. Trial mean difference between systems was 2.2 mm (range 0.0–8.7 mm) for head and 2.2 mm (range 0.0–6.5 mm) for pelvis. Within-trial standard deviations ranged between 3.1–28.1 mm for MC and between 3.6–26.2 mm for SC. The ease of use and good agreement with MC indicate that the SC application is a promising tool for detecting clinically relevant levels of asymmetry in horses, enabling frequent and convenient gait monitoring over time.
Cortisol Variations to Estimate the Physiological Stress Response in Horses at a Traditional Equestrian Event
Authors: Olvera-Maneu Sergi , Carbajal Annaïs , Serres-Corral Paula , López-Béjar Manel
Published: January 2023

In many countries, horses remain involved in traditional equestrian events such as those celebrated in Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) every year since at least the 14th century. The present study aimed to evaluate the variations in salivary cortisol concentrations to estimate the physiological stress response in horses at the Menorca patronal festivals. Two different editions (years 2016 and 2018) of the festivals in honor of the Virgin of Grace in Maó (Menorca, Spain) were studied. Nineteen and seventeen Pure Breed Menorca stallions were included in the study, respectively. The stallions were aged between seven and twelve years. During celebrations, samples were collected before the start of the festivals between 8–9 a.m. and during the festivals at 8–9 p.m. On the second day of celebrations, the samples were collected at 8–9 a.m. and 3–4 p.m. Finally, on the day after the festivals, one sample was collected at 8–9 p.m. Additionally, a control group was sampled at 8–9 a.m., 3–4 p.m., and 8–9 p.m. Salivary cortisol concentrations were assessed by using a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit specially validated to quantify salivary cortisol in horses. Salivary cortisol concentrations did not show significant differences between sampling hours in the control group (p > 0.05). All the samples collected during festivals were significantly higher than samples of the control group (p < 0.05). Within the twenty-four hours after the end of the celebrations, cortisol concentrations returned to baseline levels and did not differ significantly from the control group (p > 0.05). Hence, the present study describes that the participation of the horses in these particular acts generate an acute and transitory stress response. Overall, the current work provides a reasonable basis for future research on the stress physiology and well-being of horses participating in traditional celebrations or similar events.
Responses of Micropterus salmoides under Ammonia Stress and the Effects of a Potential Ammonia Antidote
Authors: Wang Zhenlu , Guo Xingchen , Tu Jiao , Shi Xuan , Gan Lei , Zhang Muzi , Jiang Haibo , Zhang Xiaoxue , Shao Jian
Published: January 2023

Ammonia is a common environmental limiting factor in aquaculture. To investigate the effects of ammonia stress and explore the protective effect of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on Micropterus salmoides (M. salmoides), tissue sections and parameters related to oxidative stress and the inflammatory response in M. salmoides were carried out during the ammonia stress test and feeding test. The results demonstrated that the LC50 for 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h under ammonia stress in M. salmoides were 25.78 mg/L, 24.40 mg/L, 21.90 mg/L, and 19.61 mg/L, respectively. Under ammonia stress, the structures of the tissues were damaged, and the GSH content decreased, while the MDA content increased with the increase in stress time and ammonia concentration. The NO content fluctuated significantly after the ammonia nitrogen stress. In the 15-day feeding test, with the increased NCG addition amount and feeding time, the GSH content increased while the MDA and NO contents decreased gradually in the NCG addition groups (NL group: 150 mg/kg; NM group: 450 mg/kg; NH group: 750 mg/kg) when compared with their control group (CK group: 0 mg/kg). In the ammonia toxicology test after feeding, the damage to each tissue was alleviated in the NL, NM, and NH groups, and the contents of GSH, MDA, and NO in most tissues of the NH group were significantly different from those in the CK group. The results suggested that ammonia stress caused tissue damage in M. salmoides, provoking oxidative stress and inflammatory response. The addition of NCG to the feed enhances the anti-ammonia ability of M. salmoides. Moreover, the gill and liver might be the target organs of ammonia toxicity, and the brain and kidney might be the primary sites where NCG exerts its effects. Our findings could help us to find feasible ways to solve the existing problem of environmental stress in M. salmoides culture.
Effects of an Endocrine Disruptor Triclosan on Ruditapes decussatus: Multimarker and Histological Approaches
Authors: Added Amira , Khalloufi Noureddine , Khazri Abdelhafidh , Harrath Abdel Halim , Mansour Lamjed , Nahdi Saber , Boufahja Fehmi , Aldahmash Waleed , Alrefaei Abdulwahed Fahad , Dellali Mohamed
Published: January 2023

The aim of this work was to study the ecotoxicological effects of an endocrine disruptor triclosan on the clam Ruditapes decussatus. The bivalves were exposed to three concentrations of this biocide (C1 = 100 ng/L, C2 = 200 ng/L and C3 = 500 ng/L) for three and seven days. The impact was assessed at the gills and digestive glands, through activities of an antioxidant defense biomarker (Gluthatione S-Transferase, GST), a damage biomarker (Malondialdehyde, MDA), and a neurotoxicity biomarker (Acetylcholinesterase, AChE). Furthermore, histological traits were approached in different organs to evaluate any possible alteration induced by triclosan. It appears from this study that both gills and digestive glands responded discernibly to triclosan and effects were concentration-dependent. The stressed clams showed a significant increase in their GST and MDA activities in gills and digestive glands compared to controls for both time slots considered. In turn, the AChE activity was clearly inhibited in both organs in a time dependent way. The histological study made it possible to observe several structural pathologies caused by triclosan in the gills and the digestive gland. These alterations consisted mainly of inflammatory reactions, malformations of the lamellae and fusion of the gill filaments, degeneration of the connective tissue, and the erosion of the gill cilia with the appearance of certain severe alterations (cell necrosis and apoptosis), which can thus cause a malfunction of the gills and eventually lead to a reduction in oxygen consumption and a disruption of the osmoregulation for bivalves. Alterations in the digestive gland have also been detected, mainly by epithelial alterations, thinning of the tubules, and alteration of the basal cell membrane which can impair the ability of clams to absorb food. At germinal cells, several damages were observed in the oocytes which probably disturbed the reproductive function and the fertility of the clams. The damages observed in female gonads were caused by the cytolysis of a large number of oocytes through autophagy and necrosis at 200 ng triclosan/L. Moreover, at 500 ng triclosan/L, hemocytic infiltration was observed in acini and apoptotic bodies reflected in the fragmentation of more than 90% of oocytes.
Effect of Dietary Phosphate Deprivation on Red Blood Cell Parameters of Periparturient Dairy Cows
Authors: van den Brink Lianne M. , Cohrs Imke , Golbeck Lennart , Wächter Sophia , Dobbelaar Paul , Teske Erik , Grünberg Walter
Published: January 2023

Postparturient hemoglobinuria is a sporadic disease characterized by intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria in early lactating dairy cows. The condition has empirically been associated with phosphorus (P) deficiency or hypophosphatemia; however, the exact etiology remains obscure. This paper summarizes two controlled studies investigating the effect of P deprivation during the transition period. In Study I, 36 late pregnant dairy cows were randomly assigned to either a diet with low, or adequate, P content from four weeks before calving to four weeks after calving. In Study II, 30 late pregnant dairy cows were again assigned to either a diet with low, or adequate, P for the last four weeks before calving only. Pronounced hypophosphatemia developed during periods of restricted P supply. In early lactation, a subtle decline of the red blood cell count occurred independently of the dietary P supply. In Study I, anemia developed in 11 cows on deficient P supply, which was associated with hemoglobinuria in five cases. Neither erythrocyte total P content nor osmotic resistance of erythrocytes were altered by dietary P deprivation. Restricted dietary P supply, particularly in early lactation, may lead to postparturient hemoglobinuria, but more frequently causes clinically inapparent hemolysis and anemia in cows.
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Multidrug Resistance and Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase Producing E. coli Isolated from Healthy and Diseased Cats
Authors: Fayez Mahmoud , Elmoslemany Ahmed , Al Romaihi Ahmad A. , Azzawi Abdulfattah Y. , Almubarak Abdullah , Elsohaby Ibrahim
Published: January 2023

Household cats have been identified as potential antimicrobial resistance (AMR) reservoirs, and the extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing E. coli circulating among cats has been more frequently reported globally, but the factors linked to its colonization remain poorly understood. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine E. coli shedding and the occurrence of multidrug resistant (MDR)- and ESBL-producing E. coli, as well as to determine risk factors associated with colonization of MDR and ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from both healthy and diseased cats in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. In a cross-sectional study, 2000 swabs were collected from five anatomical regions (anus, skin, ear canal, nares, and conjunctival sac) of 209 healthy and 191 diseased cats that were admitted to a veterinary clinic in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. In addition, each cat owner filled out a questionnaire about their cat’s demographics, management, health status, and antimicrobial usage. E. coli was detected in 165 (41.3%) of all cats, including 59 (28.2%) healthy and 106 (55.5%) diseased cats. In total, 170 E. coli isolates were found in healthy (35.3%) and diseased (64.7%) cats. Susceptibility testing revealed that 123 (72.4%) of the E. coli isolates were resistant to at least one of the tested antimicrobials. Overall, 17.6% (30/170) of E. coli isolates were MDR, with 10 (5.9%) and 20 (11.8%) isolates found in healthy and diseased cats, respectively. However, only 12 (7.1%) E. coli isolates were resistant to cefotaxime and harbored the blaCTX-M gene (ESBL-producer), with seven (4.1%) in healthy and five (2.9%) in diseased cats. Risk factor analysis showed that the odds of MDR and ESBL-producing E. coli were (20 and 17) and (six and eight) times higher when the family and cats were previously treated with antimicrobials, respectively. The presence of a child in the cat’s family was also linked to an increased risk of MDR E. coli colonization (OR = 3.4). In conclusion, a high frequency of MDR and ESBL-producing E. coli was detected among healthy and diseased cats in Saudi Arabia, raising concerns about transmission to humans and supporting the need of a “One Health” approach to address the potential threats of cats as AMR reservoirs.
Multidisciplinary Treatment of Fracture-Related Infection Has a Positive Impact on Clinical Outcome—A Retrospective Case Control Study at a Tertiary Referral Center
Authors: Rupp Markus , Walter Nike , Popp Daniel , Hitzenbichler Florian , Heyd Robert , Geis Sebastian , Kandulski Melanie , Thurn Sylvia , Betz Thomas , Brochhausen Christoph , Alt Volker
Published: January 2023

Objectives: Fracture-related infection (FRI) is a major complication in orthopedic and trauma surgery. The management and choice of treatment can be difficult depending on multiple factors. Therefore, we implemented a weekly multidisciplinary team discussion to determine diagnostic and treatment strategies in FRI patients and aimed to analyze its effect on clinical outcomes. Methods: Clinical outcomes of FRI patients treated before and after implementation of a structured multidisciplinary treatment (MDT) approach with a weekly case discussion were compared at a follow-up of 12 months. Results: In total, n = 117 were eligible for enrolment, whereby n = 58 patients (72.4% male, mean age 56.7 ± 16.8 years) constituted the MDT group and n = 59 patients (72.9% male, mean age 55.0 ± 16.5 years) the control group. In the MDT group more cases were treated with local antibiotics (67.2% vs. 27.1%, p < 0.001) and significant less amputations (3.4% vs. 6.8%, p = 0.014), as well as less revision surgeries (1.5 ± 1.2 (0–5) vs. 2.2 ± 1.2 (0–7), p = 0.048) were performed. A trend towards less debridement, antibiotics and implant retention (DAIR) procedures, lower rates of recurrence of infection and less treatment failures in the MDT group was observable, even though not statistically significant. Conclusion: An MDT approach providing a patient tailored treatment concept in the treatment of FRI patients appears to be beneficial for the affected patients. Quality and efficacy of implemented MDT meetings should further be evaluated to provide sufficient evidence to further implement this valuable tool in clinical practice and decision making.
Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: Virulence Factors, Molecular Epidemiology and Latest Updates in Treatment Options
Authors: Karampatakis Theodoros , Tsergouli Katerina , Behzadi Payam
Published: January 2023

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen responsible for a variety of community and hospital infections. Infections caused by carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) constitute a major threat for public health and are strongly associated with high rates of mortality, especially in immunocompromised and critically ill patients. Adhesive fimbriae, capsule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and siderophores or iron carriers constitute the main virulence factors which contribute to the pathogenicity of K. pneumoniae. Colistin and tigecycline constitute some of the last resorts for the treatment of CRKP infections. Carbapenemase production, especially K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), constitutes the basic molecular mechanism of CRKP emergence. Knowledge of the mechanism of CRKP appearance is crucial, as it can determine the selection of the most suitable antimicrobial agent among those most recently launched. Plazomicin, eravacycline, cefiderocol, temocillin, ceftolozane–tazobactam, imipenem–cilastatin/relebactam, meropenem–vaborbactam, ceftazidime–avibactam and aztreonam–avibactam constitute potent alternatives for treating CRKP infections. The aim of the current review is to highlight the virulence factors and molecular pathogenesis of CRKP and provide recent updates on the molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial treatment options.
The Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Properties of Rapeseed Creamed Honey Enriched with Selected Plant Superfoods
Authors: Miłek Michał , Ciszkowicz Ewa , Sidor Ewelina , Hęclik Joanna , Lecka-Szlachta Katarzyna , Dżugan Małgorzata
Published: January 2023

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of the addition of selected fruits and herbs belonging to the “superfoods” category for the bioactivity of a rapeseed honey matrix. Flavored creamed honeys with nine types of various additives (2 and 4% of content) were prepared and analyzed for the content of total phenols, flavonoids, antioxidant (FRAP, DPPH and ABTS) and antibacterial activity against four strains of bacteria. Additionally, the impact of three months of storage on the antioxidant properties of the products obtained was examined. The significant dose-dependent increase in the content of bioactive ingredients and antioxidant capacity in spiced honeys, as compared to control honey, was observed. The highest enrichment was obtained for the addition of powdered sea buckthorn leaves and black raspberry fruits. Honey with the addition of sea buckthorn leaves inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and K. pneumonia, whereas honeys with black raspberry and blackcurrant fruits showed activity only on the latter two strains. Furthermore, what is more interesting, honey supplemented with sea buckthorn leaf and black raspberry fruits inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation at the sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs), showing a dose-dependent anti-biofilm effect.
Patients’ Experiences, Expectations, Motivations, and Perspectives around Urinary Tract Infection Care in General Practice: A Qualitative Interview Study
Authors: Cox Stefan , Vleeming Maud , Giorgi Wesley , Dinant Geert-Jan , Cals Jochen , de Bont Eefje
Published: January 2023

While there are many alternatives to antibiotics for the symptomatic treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs), their application in practice is limited. Among other things, general practitioners (GPs) often feel pressure from patients to prescribe antibiotics. To gain a better understanding of why this happens and where this pressure originates from, we investigated experiences, expectations, motivations, and perspectives of patients with UTIs in general practice. During this qualitative study we performed 14 semi-structured online interviews among female UTI patients in general practice. Interviews were based on a topic list derived from sensitising concepts. All the interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed using a constant comparative technique. Three main categories emerged from the data; (1) experienced versus unexperienced patients with UTI, (2) patient’s lack of knowledge, and (3) patients feeling understood. Inexperienced patients consult a general practitioner for both diagnosis and symptom relief, while experienced patients seem to consult specifically to obtain antibiotics. In addition, patients have a lack of knowledge with regard to the diagnosis, treatment, self-care, and cause of UTIs. Finally, patients’ satisfaction is increased by involving them more in the process of decision making, so they feel understood and taken seriously. Patients’ expectations in UTI management in general practice often arise during their first experience(s) and play a major role in subsequent episodes. In conclusion, preventing misconceptions is especially important in the inexperienced patient group, as this may prevent future overtreatment of UTIs. In addition, involving patients in the decision making process will lead to greater understanding of the GP’s treatment choices.
Staphylococcus aureus in Horses in Nigeria: Occurrence, Antimicrobial, Methicillin and Heavy Metal Resistance and Virulence Potentials
Authors: Nwobi Obichukwu Chisom , Anyanwu Madubuike Umunna , Jaja Ishmael Festus , Nwankwo Innocent Okwundu , Okolo Chukwuemeka Calistus , Nwobi Chibundo Adaobi , Ezenduka Ekene Vivienne , Oguttu James Wabwire
Published: January 2023

Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from a total of 360 nasal and groin skin swabs from 180 systematic randomly-selected horses slaughtered for meat at Obollo-Afor, Enugu State, Southeast Nigeria and antimicrobial, methicillin and heavy metal resistance profile and virulence potentials of the isolates established. Baird-Parker agar with egg yolk tellurite was used for S. aureus isolation. S. aureus isolates were confirmed biochemically and serologically using a specific S. aureus Staphytect Plus™ latex agglutination test kit. The antimicrobial resistance profile, methicillin, vancomycin and inducible clindamycin resistance, and β-lactamase production of the isolates were determined with disc diffusion. Tolerance to Copper, Cadmium, Lead and Zinc was assessed using the agar dilution method and virulence potentials were determined using phenotypic methods. Forty-three (23.9%) of the 180 horses harbored S. aureus. Some 71 S. aureus were recovered from the 360 samples. Two (2.8%) of the 71 S. aureus were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 69 (97.2%) were methicillin-susceptible. MRSA was recovered from 2 (1.1%) of the 180 horses. Some 9.4% of the isolates were multiple drug-resistant (MDR). The mean multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARI) for the isolates was 0.24. Heavy metal resistance rate of the isolates ranged between 35.4–70.4%. The isolates, including the MRSA strains, displayed virulence potentials as clumping factor and catalase, gelatinase, caseinase, heamolysin, and biofilm was at the rate of 100%, 53.5%, 43.7%, 18.3% and 23.9%, respectively. This study showed that a considerable percentage of horses slaughtered in Obollo-Afor Southeastern Nigeria are potential reservoirs of virulent multiple drug- and heavy metal-resistant S. aureus, including MRSA, that could spread to humans and the environment.
“If You Do Not Take the Medicine and Complete the Dose…It Could Cause You More Trouble”: Bringing Awareness, Local Knowledge and Experience into Antimicrobial Stewardship in Tanzania
Authors: Virhia Jennika , Gilmour Molly , Russell Cairistiona , Mutua Edna , Nasuwa Fortunata , Mmbaga Blandina T. , Mshana Stephen E. , Dunlea Torre , Shirima Gabriel , Seni Jeremiah , Lembo Tiziana , Davis Alicia
Published: January 2023

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health issue disproportionately affecting low- and middle-income countries. In Tanzania, multi-drug-resistant bacteria (MDR) are highly prevalent in clinical and community settings, inhibiting effective treatment and recovery from infection. The burden of AMR can be alleviated if antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programs are coordinated and incorporate local knowledge and systemic factors. AMS includes the education of health providers to optimise antimicrobial use to improve patient outcomes while minimising AMR risks. For programmes to succeed, it is essential to understand not just the awareness of and receptiveness to AMR education, but also the opportunities and challenges facing health professionals. We conducted in-depth interviews (n = 44) with animal and human health providers in rural northern Tanzania in order to understand their experiences around AMR. In doing so, we aimed to assess the contextual factors surrounding their practices that might enable or impede the translation of knowledge into action. Specifically, we explored their motivations, training, understanding of infections and AMR, and constraints in daily practice. While providers were motivated in supporting their communities, clear issues emerged regarding training and understanding of AMR. Community health workers and retail drug dispensers exhibited the most variation in training. Inconsistencies in understandings of AMR and its drivers were apparent. Providers cited the actions of patients and other providers as contributing to AMR, perpetuating narratives of blame. Challenges related to AMR included infrastructural constraints, such as a lack of diagnostic testing. While health and AMR-specific training would be beneficial to address awareness, equally important, if not more critical, is tackling the challenges providers face in turning knowledge into action.
Transcriptomic Profiling and Pathway Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Following Low Dose-Rate Radiation Exposure
Authors: Slaven John E. , Wilkerson Matthew , Soltis Anthony R. , Rittase W. Bradley , Bradfield Dmitry T. , Bylicky Michelle , Cary Lynnette , Tsioplaya Alena , Bouten Roxane , Dalgard Clifton , Day Regina M.
Published: January 2023

Low dose-rate radiation exposure can occur in medical imaging, as background from environmental or industrial radiation, and is a hazard of space travel. In contrast with high dose-rate radiation exposure that can induce acute life-threatening syndromes, chronic low-dose radiation is associated with Chronic Radiation Syndrome (CRS), which can alter environmental sensitivity. Secondary effects of chronic low dose-rate radiation exposure include circulatory, digestive, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases, as well as cancer. Here, we investigated 1–2 Gy, 0.66 cGy/h, 60Co radiation effects on primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). There was no significant induction of apoptosis or DNA damage, and cells continued to proliferate. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of transcriptome changes revealed alterations in pathways related to cellular metabolism (cholesterol, fatty acid, and glucose metabolism), extracellular matrix modification and cell adhesion/migration, and regulation of vasoconstriction and inflammation. Interestingly, there was increased hypoxia signaling and increased activation of pathways regulated by iron deficiency, but Nrf2 and related genes were reduced. The data were validated in hMSC and human lung microvascular endothelial cells using targeted qPCR and Western blotting. Notably absent in the GO analysis were alteration pathways for DNA damage response, cell cycle inhibition, senescence, and pro-inflammatory response that we previously observed for high dose-rate radiation exposure. Our findings suggest that cellular gene transcription response to low dose-rate ionizing radiation is fundamentally different compared to high-dose-rate exposure. We hypothesize that cellular response to hypoxia and iron deficiency are driving processes, upstream of the other pathway regulation.
A Review of the Role of Curcumin in Metal Induced Toxicity
Authors: Smirnova Elena , Moniruzzaman Mohammad , Chin Sungyeon , Sureshbabu Anjana , Karthikeyan Adhimoolam , Do Kyoungtag , Min Taesun
Published: January 2023

Metal toxicity poses a potential global threat to the environment and living beings. Their numerous agricultural, medical, industrial, domestic, and technological applications result in widespread distribution in the environment which raises concern on the potential effects of metals in terms of health hazards and environmental pollution. Chelation therapy has been the preferred medical treatment for metal poisoning. The chelating agent bounds metal ions to form complex cyclic structures known as ‘chelates’ to intensify their excretion from the body. The main disadvantage of synthetic chelators is that the chelation process removes vital nutrients along with toxic metals. Natural compounds are widely available, economical, and have minimal adverse effects compared to classical chelators. Herbal preparations can bind to the metal, reduce its absorption in the intestines, and facilitate excretion from the body. Curcumin, a bioactive substance in turmeric, is widely used as a dietary supplement. Most studies have shown that curcumin protects against metal-induced lipid peroxidation and mitigates adverse effects on the antioxidant system. This review article provides an analysis to show that curcumin imparts promising metal toxicity-ameliorative effects that are related to its intrinsic antioxidant activity.
Citrus sinensis Essential Oils an Innovative Antioxidant and Antipathogenic Dual Strategy in Food Preservation against Spoliage Bacteria
Authors: Manzur Marilina , Luciardi María C. , Blázquez M. Amparo , Alberto María R. , Cartagena Elena , Arena Mario E.
Published: January 2023

The present study evaluates the chemical compositions and antioxidant and antipathogenic properties of commercial orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) essential oils obtained using the cold-press method (EOP) and the cold-press method followed by steam distillation (EOPD). The chemical compositions of the volatilizable fractions, determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, were similar in both samples. A relatively large amount of γ-terpinene was found in the EOPD (1.75%) as compared to the EOP (0.84%). Monoterpene hydrocarbons with limonene (90.4–89.8%) followed by myrcene (3.2–3.1%) as the main compounds comprised the principal phytochemical group. The non-volatile phenolics were eight times higher in the EOP than in the EOPD. Several assays with different specificity levels were used to study the antioxidant activity. Although both essential oils presented similar reducing capacities, the radical elimination ability was higher for the EOP. Regarding the antipathogenic properties, the EOs inhibited the biomass and cell viability of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Furthermore, both EOs similarly attenuated the production of elastase, pyocyanin, and quorum-sensing autoinducers as assessed using Gram-negative bacteria. The EOP and EOPD showed important antioxidant and antipathogenic properties, so they could represent natural alternatives to extend the shelf life of food products by preventing oxidation and contamination caused by microbial spoilage.