bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcranial ultrasound as a risk marker for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Berg Daniela
Published: July 2010

The question of early, even premotor, detection of Parkinson's disease (PD) has become a major issue because the effect of neuroprotective therapies depends on the time they are started.A number of clinical premotor markers which are helpful especially in the early diagnosis are being discussed; however, they are mostly unspecific and already signs of the progressing neurodegenerative process. An increasingly important risk marker for PD is genetic predisposition, as the number of known disease causing and modulating genes is increasing. Still, only the minority of PD cases can be attributed to monogenetic forms. Substantia nigra (SN) hyperechogenicity, assessed by transcranial sonography, has been shown to be a typical marker for PD. Because of its stability during the disease course, this echofeature is very helpful in early and differential diagnosis. Moreover, functional neuroimaging studies indicate a vulnerability of the nigrostriatal system of yet healthy subjects with SN hyperechogenicity. This vulnerability may become clinically relevant with age, under neuroleptic therapy, or under demanding motor tasks. The fact that still unaffected mutation carriers for monogenetic PD show this echofeature and that over the years some subjects with SN hyperechogenicity have already been observed to develop PD indicates that it may be regarded as a risk factor—a hypothesis which is currently being investigated in large prospective investigations. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
In Silico Receptorome Screening of Antipsychotic Drugs
Authors: Vidal David , Mestres Jordi
Published: July 2010

The recent availability of a complete interaction matrix between 13 antipsychotic drugs and 34 protein targets (Roth et al. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2004, 3, 353–359) allows to assess the performance of computational methods on their ability to anticipate the entire affinity profile of drugs across multiple targets. The analyses reveal that our current implementations, based on the similarity of drugs against a reference set of small molecules for which pharmacological data is available in the public domain, are able to predict 65 % of the 442 affinities within 1‐log unit error, with a level of precision above 92 %. In spite of the relatively small scale of this validation study, the results are indicative that in silico receptorome screening of drugs offers an efficient and cost‐effective complement to in vitro screening.
Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in Mediterranean countries: A hypothesis related to olive oil
Authors: Soriguer Federico , Rojo‐Martínez Gemma , de Fonseca Fernando Rodriguez , García‐Escobar Eva , García Fuentes Eduardo , Olveira Gabriel
Published: July 2010

In Mediterranean countries people would previously have consumed a diet with a high proportion of MUFA. Physical activity would have been intense with a low level of stress. The stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD1) system selected over thousands of years of this type of behavior must have adapted to a particular capacity of self regulation. Now, this pattern, called the “Mediterranean diet”, has been broken and many people living by the Mediterranean consume a high quantity of calories, mainly from saturated or n‐6‐rich fats and the relative intake of MUFA has decreased. Simultaneously, physical activity has decreased and the pattern of stress has changed towards what is called a western lifestyle. In this new context, if people have a favorable, genetically conditioned SCD1 activity that will let them confront the new situation or else have some other compensatory mechanism, such as being keen on sport, etc, then they can prevent the appearance of some of the complications associated with the metabolic syndrome. If, on the other hand, the SCD1 pattern is genetically unfavorable for this new situation and they have a new cultural context, then they do not have the alternative compensatory mechanisms and the probability of developing the metabolic syndrome is high.
The potential role of olive oil‐derived MUFA in insulin sensitivity
Authors: Tierney Audrey C. , Roche Helen M.
Published: July 2010

Dietary fatty acids play an important role in the development of insulin resistance, the prelude to type 2 diabetes mellitus. This review addresses the potential role of olive oil‐derived MUFA in insulin sensitivity, particularly how dietary fat interacts with insulin resistance looking at whole body metabolic measures, as well as molecular effects. The review focuses on the role of non‐esterified fatty acids, fatty acid compositionin vivoand dietary fat modification on insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of olive oil within the context of dietary modification to improve insulin sensitivity and for the prevention of the metabolic syndrome.
Crosstalk Among the Parallel Multilevel Interconnections on the GaAs‐Based Vlsic's
Authors: Goel A. K. , Huang Y. R.
Published: July 2010

We have developed a computer‐efficient algorithm and carried out computer simulations of the crosstalk effects in the single‐ and bilevel high density interconnections on the GaAs‐based VLSIC's. The algorithm has been wed to study the dependence of the crosstalk voltage on the interconnection dimensions and other parameters such as the driving transistor's resistance.
Complex And Backward‐Wave Modes In Dielectrically Loaded Lossy Circular Waveguides
Authors: Whites Keith W. , Mittra Raj
Published: July 2010

The identification and subsequent classification of modes in many‐layered circular waveguides are examined in this paper with special emphasis placed on the complex and backward‐wave modes. The results of this investigation suggest a different designation for the backward‐wave modes than is typically used From this, a revised concept of the modal cutoff frequency is identified when complex modes exist in the axial‐wave‐number trace.
Spectral Domain Analysis of a Microstrip Thin Superconducting Line Laid on GaAs Substrate
Authors: Huret F. , Kinowski D. , Ptibetich P. , Kennis P.
Published: July 2010

The aim of this study is to show the combined influence of the superconductor nature of the strip and of the ground plane on propagation characteristics of a simple microstrip line laid on a semiconducting layer for two kinds of superconductors, one with low critical temperature and the other one with high Tc critical temperature.
Frequency Dependent Characteristic Impedance Of Microstrip And Finline On Layered Biaxial Substrates
Authors: Cano G. , Medina F. , Horno M.
Published: July 2010

In this paper, the spectral domain analysis is extended to compute the frequency dependent characteristic impedance of microstrip or finline structures embedded in multilayered and uni‐ and biaxial anisotropic substrates. In this way, the number of dielectrics and/or their anisotropic nature is no longer a difficulty for the analysis.
Linewidth Narrowing of External‐Cavity Semiconductor Lasers Under Direct Frequency Modulation
Authors: Rongqing Hui , Yizun Wu
Published: July 2010

A simple formula of linewidth narrowing ratio of external cavity semiconductor lasers under direct frequency modulation was given. The theoretical result gives an explanation to the previous experimental observation. The decrease of the linewidth narrowing ratio and the change of the “in‐phase” condition depend on the modulation index, signal frequency, and external‐cavity length, as well as the optical feedback efficiency. A short external cavity with strong optical feedback can minimize the influence of the direct frequency modulation.
The Electrostatic Problem of a Portion of a Sphere in a Uniform Field
Authors: Lin Weigan
Published: July 2010

In some microwave field problems we have to utilize the perturbing effect of o conducting body in a uniform electrostatic field as on approximate solution. Here we solve one such problem of an incomplete spherical electrode in a uniform electrostatic field.
A Simple Method of Determining an Inverse Matrix
Authors: Bergquist A.
Published: July 2010

The calculation of inverse matrices invariably leads to lengthy and time‐consuming calculations. In this paper a method is proposed which is simple and hopefully will mean some saving of computer time.
Optimization Of Phase‐Reversal Travelling‐Wave Optical Modulators
Authors: Zhu Ning‐Hua , Wu Zhcng‐De
Published: July 2010

This paper presents an approach to optimizing the number and positions of phase reversal according to frequency band, active length and electrode characteristics. This method is more effective than the others. It can be applied to the design of not only low‐pass modulators but also bandpass devices for both frequency‐domain and time‐domain applications.
Experimental Study Of The Cross‐Polarization Characteristics Of Rectangular Microstrip Antennas
Authors: Lee R. Q. , Huynh T. , Leo K. F.
Published: July 2010

The cross polarization characteristics of rectangular patch antennas are studied experimentally. Data are presented showing the dependence of the copolarization to cross‐polarization ratio on the aspect ratio in both the E and H planes. Three substrate thicknesses are included und the variation with resonant frequency is examined.
A Numerically Efficient Algorithm To Compute Radiation Patterns Of Large Aperture Antennas
Authors: Salema Carlos
Published: July 2010

A numerically efficient algorithm to calculate the for‐field radiation patterns of large plane aperture antenna, based on the vector Kirchhoff‐Huygens method is presented. Arbitrary amplitude and phase distributions may be specified on the apertures wing either rectangular or circular coordinates. In most cares, modest computer resources ore required even for very large apertures.
Pyramidical Basis Functions In The Method Of Moments
Authors: Alanen Esko
Published: July 2010

The convergence of the moment solution of the surface current on a conducting plate is improved by combining geometrically flexible pyramidical basis functions and the elimination of the edge singularities by a suitable change of variables. Point matching with over mice the number of testing points compared to the number of his functions is chosen, and the least squares solution is seen to be well converged.
Theoretical Analysis and Design of Wide Band H‐Plane Waveguide Y‐Junction Circulator
Authors: Xu Yansheng , Zhao Junrheng
Published: July 2010

In this paper a rigorous theoretical analysis of H‐plane waveguide Y‐junction circulators with partial‐height ferrite post and metallic matching disk is presented. By using the field matching method, various modes in the ferrite post are calculated identified and discused in detail. A series of curves, data, and conclusions which are very useful for the design of practical circulators are obtained. Experimental results are in good agreement with theoretical results.
Bone marrow involvement in young patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma: The importance of multiple bone marrow samples for accurate staging
Authors: Haddy Theresa B. , Parker Robert I. , Magrath Ian T.
Published: July 2010

Of 95 young patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma treated at the National Cancer Institute on Pediatric Branch Protocol 7704, 18 (18.9%) had bone marrow involvement prior to treatment. Their mean age was 20.5 years. Twelve patients had small, noncleaved lymphoma (ten Burkitt's and two undifferentiated, unspecified), five had lymphoblastic lymphoma, and one had a diffuse large cell lymphoma. All had extensive disease. We obtained bilateral bone marrow biopsy specimens, touch preparations, clot sections, and aspirate smears from 13 of the 18 patients. When paired contralateral samples were reviewed, in as many as six out of ten of the pairs only one side was positive for tumor. When paired ipsilateral samples were similarly reviewed, in as many as seven out of 21 of the pairs only one specimen was positive for tumor. The biopsy specimen was the most useful of the four types of study performed, yielding positive results in 87% of the preparations. Thus, in a high percentage of patients, multiple marrow sampling revealed disease that might have been missed if fewer specimens had been obtained. Only four of our 18 patients (22.2%) had long‐term remissions. Because young patients with marrow disease are at high risk and may be eligible for more intensive treatment protocols, we recommend that staging should include bilateral bone marrow biopsies and bilateral aspirates.
Disposition of oral methotrexate in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and its relation to 6‐mercaptopurine pharmacokinetics
Authors: Koren Gideon , Solh Hassan , Klein Julia , Soldin Stephen J. , Greenberg Mark
Published: July 2010

We studied the disposition pharmacokinetics of methotrexate (MTX) given orally to 16 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and its relation to the pharmacokinetics of 6‐mercaptopurine (6MP) in the same children. There was an eightfold variability in area‐under‐concentration timecurve (AUC) of MTX achieved by the same dose.

Excellent correlation existed between peak concentrations and AUC0 → ∞ (r = 0.95, P < 0.001). Elimination T 1/2 was between 1.34 and 5 hours (mean 2.16±0.23 hr, mean±SE). A weak correlation existed between AUC achieved by 1 mg/m2 MTX and patients' age or body weight.

Weak but significant correlation existed between AUC achieved by 1 mg/m2 of MTX vs. 6MP (r = 0.54, P < 0.05). In 13/16 patients peak concentrations were achieved at 60 minutes. There was a significantly larger AUC of 6MP achieved by a standardized dose in longer therapy (> 15 mo) vs. short therapy (< 12 mo) (462±75 and 246±58 ng·ml−1 · min·mg−2, P < 0.025). No statistical differences in AUC of MTX were found between short and long therapy.

The large interpatient variability in MTX pharmacokinetics supports the possibility that differences in absorption and/or clearance of the drug may affect the clinical response. Because of the excellent correlation between peak and AUC of MTX, and because 3 measurements, at 30, 60, and 90 minutes will almost invariably identify the peak, this measurement can be used to estimate AUC for purpose of correlation with clinical outcome.
Keloids and neoplasms in the Rubinstein‐Taybi syndrome
Authors: Siraganian Patricia A. , Rubinstein Jack H. , Miller Robert W.
Published: July 2010

In a series of 574 individuals with the Rubinstein‐Taybi syndrome, 28 had keloids, and 19 had one or more neoplasms. The array of malignant neoplasms does not suggest an etiology or pathogenesis in common. One possible exception is that four cases of leukemia were observed. When the data for malignant and benign neoplasms were combined, at least nine of the 22 could have arisen from developmental errors. The apparent excess of keloid formation indicates overreaction to mild injury, with no known relevance to neoplasia but of potential interest in future studies of scar formation.
Intrahepatic arterial injections of cisplatin‐phosphatidylcholine‐lipiodol suspension in two unresectable hepatoblastoma cases
Authors: Sue Kohji , Ikeda Keiichi , Nakagawara Akira , Hironaga Yumiko , Hachitanda Youichi , Otubo Kenji , Mitsuishi Tetsuya , Aoyama Toshinobu
Published: July 2010

Two cases with unresectable hepatoblastoma were treated by intrahepatic arterial injections of cisplatin‐phosphatidylcholine‐Lipiodol suspension (CPLS), combined with systemic chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the first patient who was given three injections of CPLS in association with systemic chemotherapy died of progressive disease 18 months after the commencement of the therapy. However, the second patient who received about 1 year of systemic chemotherapy followed by three injections of CPLS prior to subtotal tumor resection, plus four injections after surgery, is now alive and healthy 22 months after the commencement of treatment, with no detectable serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), although the AFP level on admission was 695,000 ng/ml. In the surgical specimens of case 2, there were areas with Lipiodol deposits rich in platinum and replaced by marked fibrosis around necrotic tumor nodules. Intrahepatic arterial injection of CPLS in combination with systemic chemotherapy and surgery should be considered as an effective method for unresectable cases.
Small cell carcinoma of the pancreas in association with a choledochal cyst: Immunohistochemical characterization and complete response to combination chemotherapy
Authors: Duggan D. B. , Anderson B. , Gordon L. P.
Published: July 2010

Carcinomas arising in choledochal cysts are well recognized; however, small cell carcinomas have not been reported to arise in choledochal cysts.

Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas have been recognized as unique clinicopathologic entities for decades, and have been found arising in numerous sites. Recently there have been several reviews of the subject (Remick et al.: Medicine 66:457‐71, 1987; Richardson and Weiland: Seminars in Oncology 9:484‐496, 1982; Levenson et al.: Journal of the National Cancer Institute 67:607‐612, 1981). Small cell carcinoma of the pancreas has only rarely been described (Reyes and Wang: Cancer 47:2500‐2502, 1981; Corrin et al.: Cancer 31:1523‐1527, 1973). These tumors must be distinguished from carcinoid tumors and islet cell tumors, which can often lead to histochemical and histologic confusion (Richardson and Weiland: Seminars in Oncology 9:484‐496, 1982). Their response to therapy has not been well documented.

We report here a small cell carcinoma of the pancreas that arose within a choledochal cyst and that had immunohistochemical characteristics supporting a neuroendocrine origin but that lacked evidence of islet cell differentiation. A complete response to chemotherapy is also described.
Complete analysis of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of diastereomeric mixtures of (R,S‐ and S,S‐)‐3,6‐dimethoxy‐2,5‐dihydropyrazine‐substituted indoles and their conformational preference in solution
Authors: Akhmedov Novruz G. , Dacko Christopher A. , Güven Alâattin , Söderberg Björn C. G.
Published: July 2010

Complete analysis of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra obtained with and without a chemical shift reagent (Eu(fod)3), of bis‐lactim ether 1 (Schöllkopf auxiliary) and monosubstituted 3‐ or 2‐{(2R,5S or 2S,5S)‐5‐isopropyl‐3,6‐dimethoxy‐2,5‐dihydropyrazin‐2‐yl]methyl}‐1H‐indoles is presented using gradient‐selected one‐dimensional (1D) and two‐dimensional NMR techniques, such as 1D TOCSY, 1D NOESY (DPFGSE NOE), gCOSY, NOESY, ROESY gHETCOR, gHSQC and gHMBC. The contour plot of the gCOSY spectrum of 1–10 revealed cross peaks arising from the five‐bond coupling between the H2 and H5 resonances of the dihydropyrazine ring for syn‐ (5JH2, H5 = 4–5.7 Hz) and for anti‐isomers (5JH2, H5 = 3.4–3.8 Hz). The magnitude of the coupling constant was utilized to distinguish between the syn‐ and the anti‐isomers (diastereomers). The precise values of nJHH (n = 3, 4, 5, 6) coupling constants for the indole and 2,5‐dihydropyrazine moieties deduced from the calculated NMR spectra were supported by 1D TOCSY and gCOSY experiments and gauge invariant atomic orbital (GIAO) calculations. The magnitude of the coupling constants (5JH2, H5) indicates that the dihydropyrazine ring exists in a boat conformation. In both isomers, the indole group adopts a ‘folded’ conformation in which one diastereotopic face is effectively shielded by the aromatic benzene ring of the indole. This is supported by gradient‐selected 1D NOESY and 2D NOESY experiments. Theoretical calculations of the conformation were performed to support the through‐space shielding effect of the aromatic indole moiety based on the DFT/GIAO calculated 1H NMR data (chemical shifts and coupling constants) for 2‐syn‐ and 2‐anti‐diastereomers in CDCl3. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat Transfer in Gas‐Phase Olefin Polymerisation: A Study of Particle/Surface Interactions
Authors: Eriksson Erik J. G. , Weickert Günter , McKenna Timothy F.
Published: July 2010

This work focuses on the heat exchange between a polymer particle and the reactor wall for low gas velocities. The role of different wall materials (or heat transfer conditions) is investigated with an eye to understanding how this influences the likelihood of build up of wall sheeting via melting of particles. The temperature profiles inside growing polymer particles in the vicinity of the reactor wall when it is clean (steel) or covered with a layer of non‐reactive polymer are simulated. As a comparison, we have also simulated glass reactor walls to represent bench‐scale polymerisation equipment. The results can help to understand how how we can compare results from bench‐scale experiments to industrial scale units.

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Bearing capacity of shallow foundations in transversely isotropic granular media
Authors: Azami A. , Pietruszczak S. , Guo P.
Published: July 2010

The main focus in this work is on the assessment of bearing capacity of a shallow foundation in an inherently anisotropic particulate medium. Both the experimental and numerical investigations are carried out using a crushed limestone with elongated angular‐shaped aggregates. The experimental study involves small‐scale model tests aimed at examining the variation of bearing capacity as a function of the angle of deposition of the material. In addition, the results of a series of triaxial and direct shear tests are presented and later employed to identify the material functions/parameters. The numerical part of this work is associated with the development and implementation of a constitutive framework that describes the mechanical response of transversely isotropic frictional materials. The framework is based on the elastoplasticity and accounts for the effects of strain localization and inherent anisotropy of both the deformation and strength characteristics. The results of numerical simulations are compared withthe experimental data. A parametric study is also carried out aimed at examining the influence of various simplifications in the mathematical framework on its predictive abilities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Executive summary: The International Consultation on Incontinence 2008—committee on: “Dynamic Testing”; for urinary or fecal incontinence. Part 2: Urodynamic Testing in male patients with symptoms of urinary incontinence, in patients with relevant neurological abnormalities, and in children and in frail elderly with symptoms of urinary incontinence
Authors: Rosier Peter F.W.M. , Szabó László , Capewell Ann , Gajewski Jerzy B. , Sand Peter K. , Hosker Gordon L.
Published: July 2010

Aims

The members of ‘The International Consultation on Incontinence 2008 (Paris) Committee on Dynamic Testing’ provide an executive summary of the chapter ‘Dynamic Testing’ that discusses (urodynamic) testing methods for patients with signs and or symptoms of urinary incontinence. Testing of patients with signs and or symptoms of fecal incontinence is also discussed.

Methods

Evidence based and consensus committee report.

Results

The chapter ‘Dynamic Testing’ is a continuation of previous Consultation reports added with a new systematic literature search and expert discussion. Conclusions, based on the published evidence and recommendations, based on the integration of evidence with expert experience and discussion are provided separately, for transparency.

Conclusion

This second part of a series of three articles summarizes the committee's recommendations about: ‘Urodynamic testing of male patients with symptoms of incontinence, of patients with relevant neurological abnormalities, testing of children and of frail elderly with symptoms of incontinence’ and includes only the most recent and relevant literature references. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29: 146–152, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extracellular matrix expression of human prolapsed vaginal wall
Authors: Mosier Elizabeth , Lin Victor K. , Zimmern Philippe
Published: July 2010

Objective

To compare the mRNA expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in postmenopausal prolapsed versus non‐prolapsed anterior vaginal wall (AVW) tissue. We hypothesized that the weakening of the tissue leading to prolapse was due to decreased collagen production from a downregulation at the transcriptional level.

Methods

Following IRB approval, full thickness samples of redundant AVW were excised from consecutive age‐equivalent, postmenopausal, women undergoing cystocele repair (prolapse, stage III or IV), or radical cystectomy (control, no clinical findings of prolapse). Total RNA was isolated, cDNA was synthesized, and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was conducted to assess the mRNA expression of collagens type I and III, pro‐elastin, MMP3, MMP10, and MMP11. The significance of the difference of mRNA expression between prolapse and control tissues was tested using Student's t‐test followed by Mann–Whitney Rank Sum Test.

Results

A 5.3‐fold increase in collagen type I mRNA was found in prolapse (n = 47) over control (n = 7) tissues (P = 0.009). Type III collagen mRNA was also significantly increased to a 3.3 times higher level (P = 0.017). The ratio of type III to type I was decreased from 15.6 in controls to 9.7 in prolapse. An increasing trend in pro‐elastin and MMP mRNA expression was found in prolapse, but this was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

In this controlled study, the increase found in collagen mRNA expression disproved our hypothesis. To the contrary, this defective prolapsed tissue can signal its need for ECM replenishment. The message, however, is not being effectively translated to assist in tissue remodeling. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:582–586, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New money for cities
Authors: Chatters Carl H.
Published: July 2010

Finance authority urges broader sources of revenue to meet need, ease up on real estate.
Metro and little places
Authors: Deming George H.
Published: July 2010

Changes are foreseen in the future role of smaller units in developing urban consensus.
Planning—city to nation
Authors: Pfretzschner Paul A.
Published: July 2010

‘It is the city planner who will furnish the model of future American national planning’.
Reversible nephrotic syndrome and renal failure in a patient with diabetes
Authors: Masding MG , Cove DH
Published: July 2010

We report a case of a 66 year old insulin‐treated Type 2 diabetic patient who developed a rapid onset nephrotic syndrome, with evidence of diabetic nephropathy in the renal biopsy. The absence of proteinuria preceding the illness and the spontaneous resolution of the nephrotic syndrome and renal failure pointed to a non‐diabetic aetiology. The case illustrates the need to consider this in all patients with diabetes, nephrotic syndrome and renal failure, particularly when the presentation is atypical. This case also illustrates the reduction in exogenous insulin requirements in renal impairment.
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: July 2010

In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Each bibliography is divided into 20 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Anti‐infective Agents; 4 Cardiovascular System Agents; 5 CNS Depressive Agents; 6 Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents; 7 CNS Agents; 8 Anti‐neoplastic Agents; 9 Haematological Agents; 10 Neuroregulator‐Blocking Agents; 11 Dermatological Agents; 12 Immunosuppressive Agents; 13 Autonomic Agents; 14 Respiratory System Agents; 15 Neuromuscular Agents; 16 Reproductive System Agents; 17 Gastrointestinal System Agents; 18 Anti‐inflammatory Agents ‐ Steroidal; 19 Teratogens/fetal exposure; 20 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Modeling and analysis of post ejection wall deflections in products made out of polypropylene
Authors: Ahuett‐Garza Horacio , Aguiar Francisco , Ponce Victor
Published: July 2010

Dimensional control of injection molded products remains an important issue as applications require increasing precision. Accurate dimensions of a product result not only from well tuned manufacturing processes, but also from sound design and engineering analysis. This article introduces a model that predicts edge deformations of deep container walls. The model was developed using energy methods and predicts thermoelastic deformations caused by a drop in temperature once the part is released from the mold. The model was validated using results from FEA simulations as well as comparisons with field measurements of parts made of Polypropylene (PP). In general, good agreement was found. Material properties and process conditions were measured for the analyzed cases, which contributed to the accuracy of the results. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Characterization of the microinjection molding process
Authors: Chu Jingsong , Kamal Musa R. , Derdouri Salim , Hrymak Andy
Published: July 2010

The commonly used plunger injection system in the microinjection molding (μIM) process has separate screw melting, metering, and injection units. As a result, extra operating parameters and complexity are introduced, in comparison with conventional injection molding. In this study, a μIM machine was used to obtain micromoldings of polyoxymethylene, high‐density polyethylene, and polycarbonate. A data acquisition system was developed to record traces of data regarding the evolution of process variables with time. Cavity filling was followed, at the millisecond time scale, using short‐shot experiments and traces of injection pressure, runner pressure, and plunger position. Six characteristic process parameters (CPPs) were defined to characterize both the cavity filling and packing stages. The method of design of experiments was used to investigate the effects of machine settings on the CPPs. Metering size, which was optimized for each set of machine variables, was also used as a CPP. Injection speed was the most significant factor affecting plunger velocity and injection pressure during cavity filling, while the effects of mold and melt temperature varied with the material and machine settings. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis and surface properties of polydimethylsiloxane‐based block copolymers: poly[dimethylsiloxane‐block‐ (ethyl methacrylate)] and poly[dimethylsiloxane‐block‐(hydroxyethyl methacrylate)]
Authors: Vargün Elif , Usanmaz Ali
Published: July 2010

A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) macroazoinitiator was synthesized from bis(hydroxyalkyl)‐terminated PDMS and 4,4′‐azobis‐4‐cyanopentanoic acid by a condensation reaction. The bifunctional macroinitiator was used for the block copolymerization of ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and 2‐(trimethylsilyloxy)ethyl methacrylate (TMSHEMA) monomers. The poly(DMS‐block‐EMA) and poly(DMS‐block‐TMSHEMA) copolymers thus obtained were characterized using Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. After the deprotection of trimethylsilyl groups, poly(DMS‐block‐HEMA) and poly(DMS‐block‐EMA) copolymer film surfaces were analysed using scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The effects of the PDMS concentration in the copolymers on both air and glass sides of films were examined. The PDMS segments oriented and moved to the glass side in poly(DMS‐block‐EMA) copolymer film while orientation to the air side became evident with increasing DMS content in poly(DMS‐block‐HEMA) copolymer film. The block copolymerization technique described here is a versatile and economic method and is also applicable to a wide range of monomers. The copolymers obtained have phase‐separated morphologies and the effects of DMS segments on copolymer film surfaces are different at the glass and air sides. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Multi‐jet nozzle electrospinning on textile substrates: observations on process and nanofibre mat deposition
Authors: Varesano Alessio , Rombaldoni Fabio , Mazzuchetti Giorgio , Tonin Claudio , Comotto Renato
Published: July 2010

Electrospinning is a simple and versatile process for producing small‐diameter fibres (nanofibres). However, in spite of the many potential applications of electrospun nanofibres, further process developments are still necessary to achieve a decisive productivity breakthrough for electrospinning plants. Increasing knowledge of multi‐jet electrospinning is crucial for developing industrial devices for large‐scale nanofibre production. This paper reports on the effect of a non‐conducting textile substrate placed between a jet‐emitting source (nine‐nozzle arrangement) and collector. Shielding the electric field changes the electrospinning conditions, nanofibre morphology, stability of jets and fibre deposition on the collecting surface. Various perturbation phenomena of the electrically driven jets were recorded and are described. The intensity of the perturbations increases as the weight of the non‐woven substrate increases resulting in defects in the nanofibrous mat (i.e. beaded nanofibres), production of tick fibres or failure to produce fibrous materials (e.g. films, droplets). The paper also reports an objective image‐processing procedure to enhance the evaluation of the collector after nanofibre deposition. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Pyrolysis/gas chromatography applied to problems of sequence analysis and microstructure in copolymers
Authors: Jones C. E. R. , Reynolds G. E. J.
Published: July 2010

Solid‐phase pyrolysis directly integrated with gas chromatography has been further developed in the field of polymer studies. The use of the technique applied to polymer structure is reviewed critically, and the application to a range of styrene copolymers is described. The yield of the depolymerising species, styrene, under operating conditions giving reproducible and quantitative results is found to be in qualitative agreement with the structures expected from copolymerisation parameters.

In the extreme cases of random and block copolymers, exemplified by commercial butadiene‐styrene copolymers, pyrolysis/gas chromatography is shown to be capable of distinctive differentiation.
The minotaur proteome: Avoiding cross‐species identifications deriving from bovine serum in cell culture models
Authors: Bunkenborg Jakob , García Guadalupe Espadas , Paz Marcia Ivonne Peña , Andersen Jens S. , Molina Henrik
Published: July 2010

Cell culture is a fundamental tool in proteomics where mammalian cells are cultured in vitro using a growth medium often supplemented with 5–15% FBS. Contamination by bovine proteins is difficult to avoid because of adherence to the plastic vessel and the cultured cells. We have generated peptides from bovine serum using four sample preparation methods and analyzed the peptides by high mass accuracy LC‐MS/MS. Distinguishing between bovine and human peptides is difficult because of a considerable overlap of identical tryptic peptide sequences. Pitfalls in interpretation, different database search strategies to minimize erroneous identifications and an augmented contaminant database are presented.
The Dynamics of Collaboration in Multipartner Projects
Authors: Dietrich Perttu , Eskerod Pernille , Dalcher Darren , Sandhawalia Birinder
Published: July 2010

In many project-based industries, there has recently been an increased tendency for collaboration and cocreation of value with the customers. However, many existing studies report inherent challenges and complexities related to multipartner collaboration. This article presents a conceptual framework that explains the focal collaboration-related elements and their interdependencies in multipartner projects. The elements in the framework and relations between them are derived from the existing empirical studies and theoretical literature on collaboration, knowledge integration, and project success. Based on the conceptual analysis of the extant literature, we identify eight collaboration antecedents and three collaboration outcome elements. The conceptual framework explains how two collaboration mediators, project-collaboration quality and knowledge-integration capability, relate collaboration antecedents with collaboration outcomes. In addition, based on the literature analysis, we identify 15 mechanisms that enhance the project-collaboration quality in multipartner projects. The article provides novel insights on the dynamics of collaboration in multipartner projects by offering the concepts of project-collaboration quality and knowledge-integration capability and explaining their role in collaborative projects.
The Relationship between Organizational and Professional Commitment in the Case of Project Workers: Implications for Project Management
Authors: Dwivedula Ravikiran , Bredillet Christophe N.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between organizational and professional commitment of project workers. We first present (1) role-conflict theory and exchange theory to establish the multiple dimensions of commitment (affective, continuance, and normative) and (2) social identity theory to support our argument for different foci of commitment—organization and profession. Building on these theoretical lenses, we present the literature review that compares organizational and professional commitment of project workers with respect to the three dimensions of commitment. Adopting a positivist approach and a sample of 141 project workers, we use Pearson's correlation to identify the relationship between affective organizational and affective professional, continuance organizational and continuance professional, and normative organizational and normative professional commitment. We report significant correlation between affective organizational commitment and affective professional commitment of project workers. The correlations between continuance organizational commitment and continuance professional commitment and normative organizational commitment and normative professional commitment are moderate. We then discuss the implications of these findings for the project management profession.
The effect of length of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) on electrical properties of conducting polymer–SWNT composites
Authors: Singh Inderpreet , Verma A. , Kaur I. , Bharadwaj L. M. , Bhatia V. , Jain V. K. , Bhatia C. S. , Bhatnagar P. K. , Mathur P. C.
Published: July 2010

DC conductivity of conjugated polymer‐single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) composite films has been measured for different SWNT concentrations. The composite was prepared by dispersing SWNTs in the poly (3‐octylthiophene), P3OT matrix already dissolved in xylene. The conductivity of the composite films showed a rapid increase as the SWNT concentration increases beyond a certain value. This behavior is explained in terms of percolating paths provided by the SWNTs in the volume of polymer matrix. To investigate the effect of length of nanotubes on the percolation conductivity, different SWNT samples were employed with similar diameter but varying tube lengths. It was found that the conductivity of the composite films is strongly dominated by the length of the nanotubes. Lower percolation limit and high conductivity value of composite films is observed for longer nanotubes. Furthermore, the conductivity is observed to be dependent on the size of the host polymer molecule also. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 89–95, 2010
The struggle to belong: young people on the move in the countryside
Authors: Leyshon Michael
Published: July 2010

In this paper I explore the relationship between marginality and rural youth by revealing the multiplicity of ways in which young people's identities are performed in contemporary rural society. I illustrate how for some rural youth engendering a sense of ‘belonging’ in the countryside is a daily struggle – a struggle embedded in the way power is executed in villages. Recent research illustrates how dominant discourses of rurality reflect and mutually reinforce conventional gender identities and stereotypes in particular places. While emphasising the significance of this work to the study of rurality and identity, this paper argues for the need to extend academic analysis to examine the marginalising influence of dominant constructions of rurality on some young people. Through exploring young people's narratives of self I further develop identity theories around notions of the body through movement in village spaces. Drawing on the experiences of the young people in this study, this paper further demonstrates the existence of highly defined ideas concerning acceptable rural identities and how some young men and women struggle to maintain their sense of belonging. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Gentrifying the re‐urbanisation debate’, not vice versa: the uneven socio‐spatial implications of changing transitions to adulthood in Brussels
Authors: Van Criekingen Mathieu
Published: July 2010

This paper challenges recent views of the sociospatial transformations of inner‐city neighbourhoods as ‘reurbanisation’, for, it is argued, such views tend to divorce the demographic dimensions of the processes at play from their contrasted social class meanings and implications. In addition, it argues that the ongoing demographic diversification of inner cities in the Western world do not stand for the obsolescence of gentrification as a key concept for understanding sociospatial transformations in these places, but rather that this trend alerts to a need to complement existing interpretations of gentrification with new insights into its demographic underpinnings. This point is illustrated via an exploration of the implications of contemporary changes in transition to adulthood for urban sociospatial structures and housing market dynamics in Brussels. Findings stress that the rapid rise of middle‐class young adults in non‐family households in Brussels' inner neighbourhoods brings about the reinvestment of the existing private rental market, fuelling in turn a process of rental gentrification. Such process exacerbates the competition for residential space in the city, being strongly detrimental to low‐income, working‐class households. The paper concludes that notwithstanding all local specifics, everywhere at stake is the need to keep a clear sense of the multiple social class stratifications of demographic change in inner neighbourhoods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switch ‘on’ and ‘off’ ferromagnetic ordering through the induction and removal of oxygen vacancies and carriers in doped ZnO: A magnetization and electronic structure study
Authors: Singhal R. K. , Samariya A. , Kumar S. , Xing Y. T. , Deshpande U. P. , Shripathi T. , Dolia S. N. , Saitovitch Elisa B.
Published: July 2010

The electronic structure and magnetic properties of cobalt‐doped (7.5%) and manganese co‐doped (2.5%) ZnO polycrystalline samples have been investigated to understand the mechanism of room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM) in dilute magnetic semiconductors. The samples in powder form were annealed in argon and hydrogen atmospheres followed by their repressing into pellets and reheating in air. Rietveld analysis of X‐ray diffraction patterns confirmed the single‐phase nature of the samples in the wurtzite type hexagonal (P63mc) ZnO structure. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that the Co and Mn atoms are in +2 oxidation states, which incorporate at the Zn2+ site, with no signature of metallic clusters. The Co‐doped sample prepared in air displays a paramagnetic state while the sample annealed in Ar atmosphere shows a weak ferromagnetic ordering at 300 K. The co‐doping of Mn further enhances the ferromagnetic ordering, indicating that Co and Mn ions play an additive role in inducing the ferromagnetic ordering in the ZnO matrix. Interestingly, the Co‐ and (Co + Mn)‐doped ZnO samples annealed in hydrogen atmosphere show a huge increment in the magnetic moment, however, the Mn ions seem to stay passive towards the hydrogen induced magnetization. Notably, the samples reheated in air show suppression of the induced ferromagnetism (FM). The resistance measurements suggest that the additional carriers induced upon hydrogenation also play some role in mediating the exchange coupling. The O 1s XPS and the XRD results show clear evidence of oxygen depletion in the samples upon hydrogenation, followed by a recovery upon their reheating in air. The observed FM is explained in terms of composite effect of the oxygen vacancies and the carrier density. Our results point out that the ferromagnetic ordering could be switched between ‘on’ and ‘off’ by introducing (through hydrogenation) and by removing (through reheating in air) the oxygen vacancies in Co‐doped ZnO.
Optical properties of InN grown on templates with controlled surface polarities
Authors: Kirste Ronny , Wagner Markus R. , Schulze Jan H. , Strittmatter Andre , Collazo Ramon , Sitar Zlatko , Alevli Mustafa , Dietz Nikolaus , Hoffmann Axel
Published: July 2010

The structural and optical properties of InN layers grown on GaN/sapphire templates with controlled Ga‐/N‐polar surfaces are investigated. Raman spectroscopy and XRD reciprocal space map analysis suggest that the InN layers were grown strain free with a high crystal quality. A line shape analysis of the A1(LO) Raman mode yields to a decreasing carrier concentration for the sample grown on Ga‐polar substrate. Low temperature photoluminescence measurements exhibit a shift to lower energies of the luminescence maximum for the sample grown on Ga‐polar GaN probably due to a reduced carrier concentration and thus, a decreased Burstein–Moss shift. Following this, we demonstrate that the use of polarity controlled GaN/sapphire substrates leads to unstrained layers with good structural and optical properties.
RF and DC characterization of state‐of‐the‐art GaN HEMT devices through cellular Monte Carlo simulations
Authors: Marino Fabio Alessio , Guerra Diego , Goodnick Stephen , Ferry David , Saraniti Marco
Published: July 2010

Here we report simulation results for high‐frequency, high‐power state‐of‐the‐art GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs), using a full band Cellular Monte Carlo simulator, which includes the full details of the band structure and the phonon spectra, in order to study the RF performance of the new promising technology available nowadays.

A complete characterization of an InGaN back – barrier device has been performed using experimental data to calibrate the few adjustable parameters of the simulator. Furthermore, a study on a device structure based on the N‐face configuration was performed. Finally, threading dislocation effects on HEMT device transport properties were investigated (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of a spin‐polarized electron emitter with <110>‐oriented magnetite whisker
Authors: Okada Morihiro , Nagai Shigekazu , Neo Yoichiro , Hata Koichi , Mimura Hidenori
Published: July 2010

<110>‐oriented single crystal magnetite (Fe3O4) whiskers 30 to 300 nm in diameter were synthesized on a stainless steel plate by means of the combustion flame thermal oxidation process. An electron source with this single magnetite whisker was fabricated by using a micro‐sampling instrument in an FIB system. The temperature dependence of the spin polarization of field‐emitted electrons from this electron source was measured by using a Mott electron polarimeter. The spin polarization of this sample was found to be 15% at room temperature. This emitter is an oxidative resistance, and can be handled in the atmosphere. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)