bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early specialist repair of biliary injury
Authors: Thomson B N J , Parks R W , Madhavan K K , Wigmore S J , Garden O J
Published: December 2005

Background

Considerable debate surrounds the timing of repair of injury to the common bile duct following cholecystectomy. In the absence of sepsis or significant peritoneal soiling, repair within the first week may be optimal. This study compared the outcome of early (within the first 2 weeks) and delayed (between 2 weeks and 6 months) repair.

Methods

Data on all patients referred with biliary injuries were recorded prospectively. In the absence of sepsis or significant peritoneal soiling, repair was considered within 2 weeks.

Results

Between November 1988 and November 2003, 123 patients were referred with injury to the biliary tree. Repair of the injury had been attempted in 55 patients (44·7 per cent) before referral. Of the 68 patients with no previous repair, nine were managed without surgery and 59 required subsequent surgical reconstruction of the ductal injury. Within the first 2 weeks after injury, 22 patients underwent primary biliary repair and three had revision of a failed biliary repair. Between 2 weeks and 6 months, a further 22 injuries were repaired. Successful repair was possible in 22 of 25 early repairs compared with 20 of 22 delayed repairs (P = 0·615). The overall operative mortality rate for patients undergoing repair was 4 per cent (two of 47 patients).

Conclusion

A successful outcome was achieved in a high proportion of patients (42 of 47) when repair of the bile duct injury was undertaken in a unit experienced in the management of biliary injury. In selected patients, early repair within the first 2 weeks resulted in a similar outcome to that of delayed repair.
Crystal Structures of Tin(IV) Chloride Hydrates.
Authors: Semenov Sergey N. , Maltsev Egor Yu. , Timokhin Ivan G. , Drozdov Andrey A. , Troyanov Sergey I.
Published: November 2005

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Crystal Structures of the Compounds PrAl2Si2, Pr3Al4Si6 and PrAlSi2.
Authors: Muts Nataliya , Gladyshevskii Roman , Gladyshevskii Evgen
Published: November 2005

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Crystal Structures of the Compounds LnCuS2 (Ln: Dy, Ho, Yb, Lu) and Tm0.97Cu1.10S2.
Authors: Gulay L. D. , Olekseyuk I. D.
Published: November 2005

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Tetragonal Phase in Al‐Rich Region of U—Fe—Al System.
Authors: Meshi L. , Zenou V. , Ezersky V. , Munitz A. , Talianker M.
Published: November 2005

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Synthesis, Structure, Electric Transport and Magnetic Properties of Sr3Fe2‐xNbxO7 (x = 0.3, 0.6 and 1.0).
Authors: Sharma Indu Bhushan , Kumari Sunita , Gupta Suresh
Published: November 2005

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Facile and Convenient Synthesis of Functionalized Propargylic Alcohols and Amines: An InBr3—Et3N Reagent System Promotes the Alkynylation of Aldehydes and N,O‐ or N,S‐Acetals.
Authors: Sakai Norio , Kanada Reiko , Hirasawa Maki , Konakahara Takeo
Published: November 2005

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Uncatalyzed Knoevenagel Condensation in Aqueous Medium at Room Temperature.
Authors: Deb Mohit L. , Bhuyan Pulak J.
Published: November 2005

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Reductive Ring Opening of Dihydrodibenzothiepine and Dihydrodinaphtho‐oxepine and ‐thiepine.
Authors: Foubelo Francisco , Moreno Benjamin , Soler Tatiana , Yus Miguel
Published: November 2005

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Radical Hydroxyalkylation of C—H Bond Adjacent to Nitrogen of Tertiary Amides, Ureas, and Amines.
Authors: Yoshimitsu Takehiko , Arano Yoshimasa , Nagaoka Hiroto
Published: November 2005

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Nanosized π‐Conjugated Molecules Based on Truxene and Porphyrin: Synthesis and High Fluorescence Quantum Yields.
Authors: Duan Xiao‐Fei , Wang Jin‐Liang , Pei Jian
Published: November 2005

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Zinc‐Mediated Reductive Dimerization and Cyclization of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones in the Presence of a Catalytic Amount of Mercury(II) Chloride.
Authors: Kapoor Kamal. K. , Kumar Satish , Ganai Bilal A.
Published: November 2005

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One‐Pot Conversion of Activated Alcohols into Terminal Alkynes Using Manganese Dioxide in Combination with the Bestmann—Ohira Reagent.
Authors: Quesada Ernesto , Taylor Richard J. K.
Published: November 2005

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Barbier Coupling in Water: SnCl2‐Mediated and Co(acac)2‐Catalyzed Allylation of Carbonyls.
Authors: Chaudhuri Mihir K. , Dehury Sanjay K. , Hussain Sahid
Published: November 2005

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Efficient Formation of Novel and Versatile Building Blocks from Mucohalic Acids: New Substitute for Tetronic Acid and γ‐Alkylidenebutenolide.
Authors: Zhang Ji , Sarma Koushik Das , Curran Timothy T.
Published: November 2005

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N‐Vinyl‐ and C‐Vinylpyrroles from Azafulvenium Methides. Flash Vacuum Pyrolysis Route to 5‐Oxo‐5H‐pyrrolizines and 1‐Azabenzo[f]azulenes.
Authors: Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D. , Soares Maria I. L. , d'A. Rocha Gonsalves Antonio M. , Paixao Jose A. , Beja Ana Matos , Ramos Silva Manuela
Published: November 2005

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Syntheses of Vinylindoles via a Broensted Acid Catalyzed Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective cis‐Hydroarylation of Ynamides.
Authors: Zhang Yanshi
Published: November 2005

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Solid Base Catalyzed Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 4,5‐Dihydroisoxazoles.
Authors: Cwik Agnieszka , Hell Zoltan , Fuchs Aliz , Halmai Dora
Published: November 2005

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Organic Reactions in Ionic Liquids: Ionic Liquid‐Accelerated Facile Synthesis of 3‐Alkyl‐2,4‐thiazolidinediones.
Authors: Yang De‐Hong , Yang Ben‐Yong , Chen Zhen‐Chu , Chen Song‐Ying , Zheng Qin‐Guo
Published: November 2005

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Synthesis of Novel Benzoic Acid Derivatives with Benzothiazolyl Subunit and Evaluation as Aldose Reductase Inhibitors.
Authors: Rakowitz Dietmar , Henning Barbara , Nagano Marietta , Steger Stefan , Costantino Luca , Matuszczak Barbara
Published: November 2005

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Efficient, Protection‐Free Suzuki—Miyaura Synthesis of ortho‐Biphenyltetrazoles.
Authors: Cousaert Nicolas , Toto Patrick , Willand Nicolas , Deprez Benoit
Published: November 2005

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A New 3‐Methylidenepentane‐1,5‐dianion Synthon: Synthesis of Perhydropyrano[2,3‐b]pyrans and 1,7‐Dioxaspiro[4.5]decanes.
Authors: Alonso Francisco , Melendez Jaisiel , Yus Miguel
Published: November 2005

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Synthesis of Biological Active Chromene Benzothiadiazole Derivatives.
Authors: Rao G. V. Panakala , Rajitha B. , Reddy Y. Thirupathi , Reddy P. Narsimha , Kumar V. Naveen
Published: November 2005

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New Thiophene Analogues of Kenpaullone: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation in Breast Cancer Cells.
Authors: Brault Laurent , Migianu Evelyne , Neguesque Adrien , Battaglia Eric , Bagrel Denyse , Kirsch Gilbert
Published: November 2005

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Stereoselective Acid‐Catalyzed Homoallylic Rearrangement of Cyclopropylsilylmethanols: An Efficient Route to Z‐Homoallyl Derivatives.
Authors: Honda Mitsunori , Yamamoto Yuichi , Tsuchida Hideji , Segi Masahito , Nakajima Tadashi
Published: November 2005

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Synthesis of (+)‐Sulcatine G.
Authors: Taber Douglass F. , Frankowski Kevin J.
Published: November 2005

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Diprolyl Nitriles as Potent Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors.
Authors: Zhao Guohua , et al. et al.
Published: November 2005

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Selective Cross‐Metathesis of C‐Allyl‐glycosides.
Authors: Timmer Mattie S. M. , Chumillas Marta Vinciano , Donker‐Koopman Wilma E. , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Overkleeft Herman S. , van Boom Jacques H.
Published: November 2005

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2‐[Dimethyl(2‐naphthylmethyl)silyl]ethoxy Carbonate (NSEC) as a New Mode of Hydroxyl Group Protection.
Authors: Bufali Simone , Hoelemann Alexandra , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: November 2005

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Iodine Promoted Glycosylation with Glycosyl Iodides: α‐Glycoside Synthesis.
Authors: van Well Renate M. , Kartha K. P. Ravindranathan , Field Robert A.
Published: November 2005

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New Cytotoxic Salinosporamides from the Marine Actinomycete Salinispora tropica.
Authors: Williams Philip G. , Buchanan Greg O. , Feling Robert H. , Kauffman Christopher A. , Jensen Paul R. , Fenical William
Published: November 2005

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Concise Total Syntheses of Variolin B (Ia) and Deoxyvariolin B (Ib).
Authors: Anderson Regan J. , Hill Jonathan B. , Morris Jonathan C.
Published: November 2005

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New Directions of Cluster Chemistry ‐ The Story of the [Re6(μ3‐Se)8]2+ Clusters
Authors: Selby Hugh D. , Zheng Zhiping
Published: November 2005

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Magnetic and Structural Properties of Isolated and Assembled Clusters
Authors: Bansmann J. , Baker S. H. , Binns C. , Blackman J. A. , Bucher J.‐P. , Dorantes‐Davila J. , Dupuis V. , Favre L. , Kechrakos D. , Kleibert A. , et al. et al.
Published: November 2005

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The Unique Chemistry of Platina‐β‐diketones
Authors: Steinborn Dirk
Published: November 2005

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Open‐Cage Fullerenes: Synthesis, Structure, and Molecular Encapsulation
Authors: Iwamatsu Sho‐ichi , Murata Shizuaki
Published: November 2005

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Current Status of Virtual Combinatorial Library Design
Authors: Weber Lutz
Published: November 2005

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Water Dynamics in the Hydration Layer Around Proteins and Micelles
Authors: Bagchi Biman
Published: November 2005

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Variability of Antipyrine Metal Complexes
Authors: Madhu N. T. , Radhakrishnan P. K. , Grunert Matthias , Weinberger Peter , Linert Wolfgang
Published: November 2005

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Introduction to Soluble Polymer‐Bound Catalysts
Authors: Mecking Stefan
Published: November 2005

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Introduction to Supercritical Fluids and Catalysis
Authors: Scurto Aaron M.
Published: November 2005

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Separation and Catalyst Recycling Techniques
Authors: Mehnert Christian P.
Published: November 2005

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Fundamentals of Catalysis in Nonaqueous Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Welton Tom
Published: November 2005

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General Introduction to Catalysis
Authors: Chauvin Yves
Published: November 2005

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β‐Amino Acids in Natural Products
Authors: Spiteller Peter , Von Nussbaum Franz
Published: November 2005

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Lead Determination on MWNT/Nafion Composite Modified Glassy Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Xu Qin , Liu Ni‐Na , Zhu Jun‐Jie
Published: November 2005

A composite material of nitric acid oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) and Nafion was prepared. Such composite was modified on a glassy carbon electrode to determine trace of lead by differential pulsed voltammetry. In pH=6.47 NaNO3 solution, Pb2+ ions were accumulated on the modified electrode at −0.4 V. Compared with a bare and a Nafion film coated electrode, the composite coated GC electrode can reduce the accumulating potential and eliminate the toxic character of mercury. The calibration plots were linear at low concentration of 5.0×10−9–2.0×10−8 mol/L and high concentration of 2.5×10−8–5.0×10−6 mol/L. The performances characteristics indicate that the electrode can be used to determine trace Pb2+ ions.
Lanthanide Thiolate Complexes: Novel Initiators for Ring‐opening Polymerization of ε‐Caprolactone
Authors: Sun Hong‐Mei , Li Huan‐Rong , Yao Chang‐Sheng , Yao Ying‐Ming , Sheng Hong‐Ting , Shen Qi
Published: November 2005

The ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) using lanthanide thiolate complexes [(CH3C5H4)2Sm(μ‐SPh)(THF)] 2 (1) and Sm(SPh)3(HMPA)3 (2) as initiators has been investigated for the first time. Both of 1 and 2 were found to be highly efficient initiators for the ROP of ε‐CL. The poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) with molecular weight Mn up to 1.97×105 and relatively narrow molecular weight distributions (1.20< Mw/Mn<2.00) have been obtained in high yield in the temperature range of 35–65 °C. According to the polymer yield, 2 showed much higher activity than 1. However, the number‐average molecular weight of PCL obtained with 2 was much lower than with 1. The possible polymerization mechanism of the ε‐CL polymerization has been proposed based on the results of the end group analysis of the ε‐CL oligomer.
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of FAAH Inhibitors: Cyclohexylcarbamic Acid Biphenyl Esters with Chemical Modulation at the Proximal Phenyl Ring
Authors: Tarzia Giorgio , Duranti Andrea , Gatti Giuseppe , Piersanti Giovanni , Tontini Andrea , Rivara Silvia , Lodola Alessio , Plazzi Pier Vincenzo , Mor Marco , Kathuria Satish , Piomelli Daniele
Published: November 2005

Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a serine hydrolase that catalyzes the intracellular hydrolysis of fatty acid ethanolamides such as anandamide and oleoylethanolamide. Targeting this enzyme may have important therapeutic potentials owing to the multiple physiological roles of these amides. Cyclohexylcarbamic acid biphenyl‐3‐yl ester (URB524) was one of the most promising FAAH inhibitors so far described. We report the modulation of the electronic and steric features of the proximal phenyl ring of this compound by introducing a series of substituents at the ortho and para positions. pIC50 values were found to correlate with molecular features thought to be involved in the recognition step such as steric hindrance and hydrogen‐bonding ability. Derivatives with small polar groups at the para position of the proximal phenyl ring were slightly better FAAH inhibitors than the parent compound URB524.
Impact of coping skills intervention with family caregivers of hospice patients with cancer
Authors: McMillan Susan C. , Small Brent J. , Weitzner Michael , Schonwetter Ronald , Tittle Mary , Moody Linda , Haley William E.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Family caregivers for cancer patients experience high levels of stress and burden and diminished quality of life (QOL). Interventions to improve coping skills of caregivers have been shown to be effective with other populations, but their impact has not been assessed in the difficult context of hospice care. The purpose of this study was to determine whether hospice plus a coping skill training intervention improved family caregivers' QOL, burden, coping, and mastery, compared with hospice plus emotional support, and usual hospice care.

METHODS

A three group randomized controlled trial was conducted including baseline, 16 day, and 30 day assessments conducted from March 1999 to May 2003. The sample consisted of 354 family caregivers of community dwelling hospice patients with advanced cancer. Patient/caregiver dyads were randomly divided into three groups, including a control group (n = 109) who received standard hospice care, a group (n = 109) who received standard hospice care plus three supportive visits, and a group (n = 111) who received standard care plus three visits to teach a coping skills intervention. Primary outcomes included caregiver QOL, caregiver burden due to patient symptoms, caregiver burden due to tasks, and caregiver mastery.

RESULTS

At the 30‐day follow‐up, the coping skills intervention led to significantly greater improvement in caregiver QOL (estimate = −0.16, standard error [SE] = 0.07, P = 0.03), burden of patient symptoms (estimate = 0.28, SE = 0.07, P < 0.001), and caregiving task burden (estimate = −0.01, SE = 0.01, P = 0.038) than did the other two conditions. None of the groups showed significant change in overall caregiving mastery, caregiver mastery specific to caregiving tasks, problem‐focused or emotion‐focused coping.

CONCLUSIONS

The coping skills intervention was effective in improving caregiver QOL, reducing burden related to patients' symptoms, and caregiving tasks compared with hospice care alone or hospice plus emotional support. Structured caregiver skill‐training interventions for caregivers are promising even in the difficult environment of end‐of‐life care and for families already receiving benefits of hospice care. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Co‐overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 3 and epidermal growth factor receptor is correlated with the development of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Tai Amy L.S. , Sham Jonathan S.T. , Xie Dan , Fang Yan , Wu Yi‐Long , Hu Liang , Deng Wen , Tsao George S.W. , Qiao Gui‐Bin , Cheung Annie L.M. , Guan Xin‐Yuan
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Lung cancer is a prevalent cancer with a poor prognosis. To develop a useful in vitro cell model, a cell line of lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC‐35) was established.

METHODS

The SCC‐35 cell was characterized by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and spectral karyotyping (SKY). Chromosome microdissection, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and Southern and Northern blots analyses were used to study target genes.

RESULTS

Two amplicons were found at chromosomes 7p12 and 11q13. Amplification and overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) at 7p12 and fibroblast growth factor 3 (FGF3) at 11q13 were found. To understand the correlation between these two genes in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) more comprehensively, overexpression of FGF3 and EGFR was investigated by immunohistochemistry with a tissue microarray containing 406 NSCLC samples. Cytoplasmic overexpression of FGF3 and EGFR was detected in 61% and 69% NSCLC cases, respectively. More interestingly, a significant correlation between overexpression of FGF3 and EGFR was found in NSCLC.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that co‐overexpression of FGF3 and EGFR may play an important role in the pathogenesis of lung carcinoma. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Similar response rates and superior early progression‐free survival with gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin salvage therapy compared with carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan salvage therapy prior to autologous stem cell transplantation for recurrent or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Kuruvilla John , Nagy Tracy , Pintilie Melania , Tsang Richard , Keating Armand , Crump Michael
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to compare the response rates, ability to mobilize autologous hematopoietic (peripheral blood) stem cells (PBSCs), and progression‐free survival (PFS) after second‐line chemotherapy with either gemcitabine, dexamethasone, and cisplatin (GDP) or carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, and melphalan (mini‐BEAM) followed by high‐dose therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for patients with recurrent or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma.

METHODS

The outcomes of 68 consecutive patients who were referred for salvage therapy (34 patients received mini‐BEAM, and 34 patients received GDP) were compared retrospectively. Patients received mini‐BEAM as inpatient treatment every 3–4 weeks, whereas GDP was administered on an outpatient basis every 3 weeks. Responding patients proceeded to stem cell mobilization, followed by high dose etoposide and melphalan, and ASCT. Patients who had disease bulk at recurrence that measured > 5 cm received involved‐field radiation post‐ASCT.

RESULTS

The response rate to GDP prior to ASCT (complete responses, unconfirmed complete responses, and partial responses) was 62% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 45–78%) compared with 68% (95% CI, 52–83%) for mini‐BEAM (P = 0.61). After mobilizing chemotherapy, the proportion of patients for whom the target PBSC number of ≥ 5 × 106 CD34‐positive cells/kg was obtained was 97% after GDP and 57% after MB (P = 0.0003). More patients completed collection with a single apheresis procedure after GDP than after mini‐BEAM (73% vs. 36%; P = 0.004), and fewer patients in the GDP group required bone marrow harvesting to proceed to ASCT. After a median follow‐up of 1.8 years after ASCT, PFS was significantly better for patients who received GDP compared with patients who received mini‐BEAM (74% vs. 35% at 1.5 yrs, respectively; P = 0.005). Overall survival at 1.5 years was 91% after GDP and 82% after mini‐BEAM (P = 0.23).

CONCLUSIONS

Although this was a retrospective analysis, response to GDP and early PFS after ASCT compared favorably with mini‐BEAM salvage chemotherapy. Based on these data, the authors believe that a Phase III trial comparing GDP with mini‐BEAM or other platinum‐containing regimens is warranted. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Neurogranin expression identifies a novel array of Purkinje cell parasagittal stripes during mouse cerebellar development
Authors: Larouche Matt , Che Priscilla M. , Hawkes Richard
Published: November 2005

Markers that reveal the parasagittal organization of cerebellar Purkinje cells may be grouped into two classes based on the time during development when they are expressed. In mice, early‐onset markers are defined by their heterogeneous expression in clusters of Purkinje cells during late embryogenesis, which disappears shortly following birth. Late‐onset markers are generally not expressed until about 1 week after birth and do not reach a stable striped expression pattern until about 3 weeks postnatally. Currently, no endogenous markers are known that are heterogeneously expressed in the temporal gap between these two classes. Here we present immunocytochemical evidence that parasagittal stripes of Purkinje cells express a member of the calpacitin protein family, neurogranin, possibly from as early as embryonic day (E) 13 and definitively from E15, in a pattern that persists up to postnatal day (P) 20. Neurogranin is thus the first endogenous marker of a Purkinje cell subset capable of bridging the temporal gap between the early‐ and late‐onset patterns. In the early neonate, up to five pairs of neurogranin‐immunopositive Purkinje cell stripes run parasagittally through the cerebellum, with the exact number dependent on the rostrocaudal position. Expression is lost during postnatal development in a transverse zone‐dependent fashion. Purkinje cells in the central and nodular zones lose neurogranin expression between approximately P4 and P6, whereas expression in the posterior zone persists until approximately P20. Neurogranin immunoreactivity will be a valuable tool in helping to clarify the relationships between early‐ and late‐onset patterns. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:215–227, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping heparanase expression in the spinal cord of adult rats
Authors: Zhang Yi , Yeung Man‐Nga , Liu Jun , Chau Chi‐Ho , Chan Ying‐Shing , Shum Daisy K.Y.
Published: November 2005

This work addresses the cellular localization of heparanase and its colocalization with syndecan‐3, a transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan in spinal cords of adult rats. Reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and in situ hybridization for the heparanase transcript revealed expression in neurons and white matter glia. This was confirmed by immunohistochemistry showing cytoplasmic localization of the heparanase protein. Double immunofluorescence for heparanase and syndecan‐3 revealed colocalization of the proteins in cell bodies of neurons and oligodendrocytes, suggestive of constitutive expression in these cell types. In contrast, only subpopulations of astrocytes and NG2‐expressing glia in the white matter expressed heparanase, and these did not show expression of syndecan‐3. Cultures of astrocytes further evidenced upregulation of heparanase expression with TGF‐β1 treatment, but no accompanying upregulation of syndecan‐3 was detectable. These first findings of heparanase expression in the adult cord therefore provide the cellular basis for understanding functional interactions of heparanase and syndecan‐3 in the normal neural network or otherwise in glial reactions to spinal cord injury. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:345–357, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoskeletal organization of the developing mouse olfactory nerve layer
Authors: Akins Michael R. , Greer Charles A.
Published: November 2005

Olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axonal extension and targeting occur within the olfactory nerve layer (ONL) of the olfactory bulb (OB). The ONL can be differentiated into sublaminae: the outer (ONLo), where axons broadly target regions of the OB in tight fascicles, and inner (ONLi), where axons perform final targeting in loosely organized fascicles. During perinatal development, cadherin‐2 and its binding partner, γ‐catenin, are preferentially expressed by OSN axons in the ONLo vs. the ONLi. Given the expression of these cytoskeleton‐associated molecules, we hypothesized that cytoskeletal elements of OSN axons may be differentially expressed across the ONL. We therefore examined cytoskeletal organization of OSN axons in the ONL, focusing on the day of birth (P0). We show that microfilaments, microtubules, and the intermediate filament (IF) vimentin are homogeneously expressed across the ONL at P0. In contrast, the IFs peripherin and α‐internexin are preferentially localized to the ONLo at P0, with α‐internexin expressed by a restricted subset of OSNs. We also show that OSN axons in the ONLo are significantly smaller than those in the ONLi. The data demonstrate that, as OSN axons begin to exit the ONLo and target a specific region of the OB, there is a down‐regulation of cytoskeletal elements and bound extracellular adhesion molecules. The increase in axon diameter may reflect additional mechanisms involved in glomerular targeting or the formation of the large terminal boutons of OSN axons within glomeruli. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:358–367, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurochemical and electrophysiological characteristics of rat striatal neurons in primary culture
Authors: Falk Torsten , Zhang Shiling , Erbe Emilie L. , Sherman Scott J.
Published: November 2005

Neurons maintained in dispersed primary culture offer a number of advantages as a model system and are particularly well‐suited for studies of the intrinsic electrical properties of neurons by patch clamp. We have characterized the immunocytochemical and electrophysiological properties of cultured rat striatal neurons as they develop in vitro in order to compare this model system with the known properties found in vivo. We found a high abundance of cells in vitro corresponding to the principal striatal output neuron, the medium spiny neuron. Immunocytochemical studies indicate that these cells have both dopamine‐1 and dopamine‐2 receptors and that there is overlap in their expression within the population of neurons. Semiquantitative analysis revealed bimodal distributions of dopamine receptor expression among the population of neurons. The principal peptide neurotransmitters substance P and enkephalin were present but at reduced levels compared with adult preparations. Other striatal markers such as calbindin, calretinin, and the cannabinoid‐1 receptor were abundant. An immunocytochemical survey of voltage‐gated K+ channel subunits characteristic of adult tissue demonstrated the presence in vitro of Kv1.1, Kv1.4, Kv4.2, Kv4.3, and Kvβ1.1, which have been associated with the rapidly inactivating currents. Electrophysiological studies employing voltage clamp revealed that outward currents had a large inactivating (A‐type) component characteristic of mature basal ganglia. Current clamp studies reveal complex spontaneous firing patterns in a subset of neurons, including bursting behaviors superimposed on a slow depolarization. The inward rectifying channels Kir2.1 and Kir2.3, which are specific to particular compartments in adult striatum, were present in culture. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:275–289, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ab Initio Group Contribution Method for Activation Energies of Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions
Authors: Saeys Mark , Reyniers Marie‐Françoise , Van Speybroeck Veronique , Waroquier Michel , Marin Guy B.
Published: December 2005

The group contribution method for activation energies is applied to hydrogen abstraction reactions. To this end an ab initio database was constructed, which consisted of activation energies calculated with the ab initio CBS‐QB3 method for a limited set of well‐chosen homologous reactions. CBS‐QB3 is shown to predict reaction rate coefficients within a factor of 2–4 and Arrhenius activation energies within 3–5 kJ mol−1 of experimental data. Activation energies in the set of homologous reactions vary over 156 kJ mol−1 with the structure of the abstracting radical and over 94 kJ mol−1 with the structure of the abstracted hydrocarbon. The parameters required for the group contribution method, the so‐called standard activation group additivity values, were determined from this database. To test the accuracy of the group contribution method, a large set of 88 additional activation energies were calculated from first principles and compared with the predictions from the group contribution method. It was found that the group contribution method yields accurate activation energies for hydrogen‐transfer reactions between hydrogen molecules, alkylic hydrocarbons, and vinylic hydrocarbons, with the largest deviations being less than 6 kJ mol−1. For reactions between allylic and propargylic hydrocarbons, the transition state is believed to be stabilized by resonance effects, thus requiring the introduction of an appropriate correction term to obtain a reliable prediction of the activation energy for this subclass of hydrogen abstraction reactions.
First Hyperpolarizabilities of 1,3,5‐Tricyanobenzene Derivatives: Origin of Larger β Values for the Octupoles than for the Dipoles
Authors: Lee Sang Hae , Park Jo Ryoung , Jeong Mi‐Yun , Kim Hwan Myung , Li Shaojun , Song Jongwon , Ham Sihyun , Jeon Seung‐Joon , Cho Bong Rae
Published: December 2005

A series of donor–acceptor substituted stilbene and diphenylacetylene derivatives and their octupolar analogues have been synthesized and the linear and nonlinear optical properties (β) studied by both experiments and theoretical calculation. The λmax of the dipoles increases with the conjugation length and is always larger when the CC bond is used, instead of the C≡C bond, as the conjugation bridge. Although the λmax values of the octupoles show no clear trend, they are much larger than those of the dipoles. The β(0) values of the dipoles increase with conjugation length and as the conjugation bridge is changed from the C≡C to CC bond. This increase is accompanied by an increase in either λmax or the oscillator strength. Similarly, the β(0) values of the octupoles increase with the conjugation length and with a change in the donor in the order: NEt2<N(i‐amyl)Ph<NPh2. Moreover, βyyy/βzzz ratios are in the range of 1.6–3.9 and decrease with the conjugation length. β values calculated by the finite‐field and sum‐over‐states methods are in good agreement with the experimental data. Also, there is a parallel relationship between the calculated β values and bond length alternation (BLA). From these results, the origin of the larger β values for octupoles than for dipoles is assessed.
CD56brightCD16– NK cells accumulate in psoriatic skin in response to CXCL10 and CCL5 and exacerbate skin inflammation
Authors: Ottaviani Chiara , Nasorri Francesca , Bedini Chiara , de Pità Ornella , Girolomoni Giampiero , Cavani Andrea
Published: December 2005

Psoriasis is an immune‐mediated skin disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration and altered keratinocyte differentiation. Using immunohistochemical techniques we found that the cellular infiltrate in acute psoriatic plaques includes 5–8% CD3–CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells, mostly localized in the mid and papillary dermis. NK lymphocytes isolated from punch biopsy specimens of psoriatic plaques showed a CD56brightCD16–CD158b– phenotype, failed to express the skin homing cutaneous lymphocyte‐associated antigen and released abundant IFN‐γ upon stimulation. Supernatants from psoriatic NK cells induced MHC class II and ICAM‐1 expression and release of CXCL10 and CCL5 by cultured psoriatic keratinocytes. Skin NK cells expressed high levels of the chemokines receptors CXCR3 and CCR5, intermediate amounts of CXCR1, CCR6 and CCR8, and low levels of CCR1, CCR2, CCR4, CCR7 and CX3CR1. In addition, they promptly migrated in vitro toward CXCL10, CCL5, supernatants of IFN‐γ‐activated psoriatic keratinocytes and, to a lower extent, CCL20 and CCL4. In contrast, they failed to migrate toward CXCL8, CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL17, CCL19 and CX3CL1. Taken together, our results implicate NK lymphocytes as newly identified protagonists in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Their distinctive homing properties should be taken into account in the design of specific therapy aimed at blocking pathogenic cell accumulation in the skin.
TNF receptor‐associated factor‐1 (TRAF1) negatively regulates Toll/IL‐1 receptor domain‐containing adaptor inducing IFN‐β (TRIF)‐mediated signaling
Authors: Su Xiaoqin , Li Su , Meng Min , Qian Wanqiang , Xie Wei , Chen Danying , Zhai Zhonghe , Shu Hong‐Bing
Published: December 2005

Toll‐like receptor 3 (TLR3) plays an important role in antiviral responses through recognizing viral double‐stranded RNA produced during viral infection and mediating induction of type I IFN. TRIF is a Toll/IL‐1 receptor (TIR) domain‐containing adaptor protein that is associated with TLR3 and critically involved in TLR3‐mediated signaling. In yeast two‐hybrid screens, we identified TNF receptor‐associated factor (TRAF)1 as a TRIF‐interacting protein. The TRAF‐C domain of TRAF1 and the TIR domain of TRIF were responsible for their interaction. Overexpression of TRAF1 inhibited TRIF‐ and TLR3‐mediated activation of NF‐κB, IFN‐stimulated response element and the IFN‐β promoter. Overexpression of TRIF caused caspase‐dependent cleavage of TRAF1. The cleaved N‐terminal but not C‐terminal fragment of TRAF1 was responsible for inhibiting TRIF signaling. Mutation of the caspase cleavage site of TRAF1 or addition of the caspase inhibitor crmA inhibited TRAF1 cleavage and abolished the ability of TRAF1 to inhibit TRIF signaling, suggesting that TRIF‐induced cleavage of TRAF1 is required for its inhibition of TRIF signaling. Our findings provide a novel mechanism for negative regulation of TRIF‐mediated signaling.
Ethynylazulenes — Building Blocks for Novel Oligoazulenes with Ethynyl and Butadiynyl Bridges
Authors: Fabian Kai H. H. , Elwahy Ahmed H. M. , Hafner Klaus
Published: November 2005

The azulenes3a,b,6a,b,9,12and15ethynylated in the five‐membered ring were prepared by Pd‐catalysed cross‐coupling of the corresponding iodoazulenes1a,b,4a,b,7,10and13, respectively, with trimethylsilylacetylene and subsequent desilylation. The synthesis of some acyclic oligomers23–30,32–36and38–40from these ethynylazulenes could be accomplished by oxidative Eglinton coupling as well as Pd/Cu‐catalysed cross‐coupling reactions with the appropriate iodoazulenes1a,b,4b,31and34. The UV/Vis spectra of the novel oligomers32,35and36allow an estimation of the bandgap (Eg) of poly(1,3‐azulenylethynylene)s lower than 2 eV. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Phenylsilanes: The Regiochemical Course of Their Metalation Dictated by Buttressing Effects
Authors: Schlosser Manfred , Heiss Christophe , Leroux Frédéric
Published: November 2005

Triethyl[(2‐trifluoromethyl)phenyl]silane reacts with the superbasic LIC‐KOR mixture of butyllithium and potassium tert‐butoxide exclusively at the 4‐position (“meta‐metalation”) and not at all at the 3‐position (“ortho‐metalation”). Two further substrates which simultaneously contain two trifluoromethyl groups, triethyl[2,4‐ and 2,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]silane, undergo deprotonation at the 5‐ and 4‐position, respectively. Thus, a buttressing effect blocks the attack of metalating agents on the ortho position of any trifluoromethyl group which is neighbored, on the other side, by a trialkyl substituent. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Cognitive correlates of brain MRI subcortical signal hyperintensities in non‐demented elderly
Authors: Marshall Gad A. , Hendrickson Rick , Kaufer Daniel I. , Ivanco Larry S. , Bohnen Nicolaas I.
Published: December 2005

Objective

To investigate the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) subcortical gray and capsular (SGCH) and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and cognitive functions in non‐demented community dwelling elderly.

Methods

The severity of SGCH and WMH on proton density and T2 MR images in 16 subjects was scored using the semi‐quantitative rating scale of Scheltens et al. (1993). A limited series of cognitive tests selected a priori were then correlated with severity of SGCH and WMH.

Results

Analysis demonstrated that severity of SGCH was inversely related to performance on the Digit Span (R = −0.64, p < 0.01) and the Stroop Color Word Tests (R = −0.64, p < 0.01). Severity of WMH was related to worsening performance on the Trail Making Test (R = 0.67, p < 0.005).

Conclusions

These findings indicate that severity of WMH is negatively related to more pure executive cognitive functions, specifically set shifting, while severity of SGCH is inversely related to more basic functions of attention and working memory. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The needs of older people with dementia in residential care
Authors: Hancock Geraldine A. , Woods Bob , Challis David , Orrell Martin
Published: December 2005

Background

People with dementia often move into care homes as their needs become too complex or expensive for them to remain in their own homes. Little is known about how well their needs are met within care homes.

Method

The aim of this study was to identify the unmet needs of people with dementia in care and the characteristics associated with high levels of needs. Two hundred and thirty‐eight people with dementia were recruited from residential care homes nationally. Needs were identified using the Camberwell Assessment of Needs for the Elderly (CANE).

Results

Residents with dementia had a mean of 4.4 (SD 2.6) unmet and 12.1 (SD 2.6) met needs. Environmental and physical health needs were usually met. However, sensory or physical disability (including mobility problems and incontinence) needs, mental health needs, and social needs, such as company and daytime activities, were often unmet. Unmet needs were associated with psychological problems, such as anxiety and depression, but not with severity of dementia or level of dependency.

Conclusion

Mental health services and residential home staff need to be aware that many needs remain unmet and much can be done to improve the quality of life of the residents with dementia. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dementia patients caregivers quality of life: the PIXEL study
Authors: Thomas Philippe , Lalloué Fabrice , Preux Pierre‐Marie , Hazif‐Thomas Cyril , Pariel Sylvie , Inscale Robcis , Belmin Joël , Clément Jean‐Pierre
Published: December 2005

Background

Alzheimer's disease and related syndromes have heavy social and human consequences for the patient and his family. Beyond the neuropsychiatric effects of specific therapies for dementia, one of today's challenges is the quality of life for both patients and their informal caregivers.

Objectives

This survey tends to determine parameters influencing caregivers' quality of life, and its possible link with patients' quality of life.

Methods

A scale measuring caregivers' quality of life, developed from data from previous PIXEL studies was used. It is a questionnaire composed of 20 items. The scale was related to the socio‐demographic data of both patients and their main caregivers, to the ADRQL scale (Alzheimer Disease Related Quality Life) of Rabins for the QoL of dementia patients, to the patients medical and therapeutic data, specially a neuropsychological inventory: Folstein's cognition test, Cornell's depression scale, the fast battery of frontal assessment, Katz's dependence index, Cummings' neuropsychiatric inventory for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia and to a physician evaluation of caregiver's depression.

Results

One hundred patients diagnosed with dementia who live at home with their principal caregivers were recruited for this survey. Patients were 80.2 ± 6.8 years old and caregivers were 65.7 ± 12.8 years old. The caregivers' quality of life was correlated to the quality of life of the patients they cared for, the importance of behavioral disorders, and the duration of dementia evolution. Women caregivers had a worse quality of life and were more depressive than men.

Discussion

Caregivers' and patients' quality of life are related and both share a community of distress. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Levels of integration and specialisation within professional community teams for people with dementia
Authors: Abendstern Michele , Reilly Siobhan , Hughes Jane , Venables Dan , Challis David
Published: December 2005

Background

Delivering integrated and specialist mental health services for the growing population of older people with dementia in Britain is a key concern of the present government.

Aims

To consider the nature of current practice among multi‐disciplinary and single discipline health and social care teams providing a service to people with dementia and compare the quality of service offered.

Methods

A postal survey of professional community teams in North West England, providing services to people with dementia. Responses were analysed according to a number of standards measuring service quality, developed from research and policy documents. A response rate of 59% yielded a final sample of 52 teams.

Results

Multi‐disciplinary teams scored more highly than single discipline teams on many of the measures used. Single discipline teams achieved a higher score on just one measure, culturally sensitive services. Generally teams were found to provide a more integrated, targeted and person‐centred service, as measured in this study, compared with earlier findings. Teams performed less well on measures of flexibility and culturally sensitive provision.

Conclusions

These findings indicate some potential gains from integration, and highlight the level of work still needed to achieve it. Further research is needed to build on the structural and process measures used in this research in order that the costs and outcomes consequent upon these practices can be measured. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alcohol and/or benzodiazepine use: different accidents—different impacts?
Authors: Kurzthaler Ilsemarie , Wambacher Markus , Golser Karl , Sperner Gernot , Sperner‐Unterweger Barbara , Haidekker Alexander , Pavlic Marion , Kemmler Georg , Fleischhacker W. Wolfgang
Published: November 2005

1611 patients were included in this investigation. 16.7% of the patients were involved in traffic accidents, 38.2% were injured by a sudden fall, 3.5% were involved in an act of violence, 22.8% were injured by a sports related accident and 18.9% were hurt within a work‐related accident. 19.5% of the patients tested positive for alcohol, 5.2% tested positive for benzodiazepines and 1.4% tested positive for both substances. Blood samples were positive for alcohol in 27% males and 7.7% females and for benzodiazepines in 6.3% males and in 3.5% females. The mean blood alcohol concentration (BAC) as well as the mean benzodiazepine plasma level were higher in patients injured in violent accidents compared to the other injury groups.

This study provides epidemiologic information about the relationship between specific kinds of accidents and alcohol and/or benzodiazepine use in a large probability sample of emergency room patients. We found a high number of patients using alcohol, and a lower but still relavant number of benzodiazepine users in this large and unselected traumatology ER sample. This study adds evidence to the existing literature about the co‐occurance of alcohol and/or benzodiazepine consumption and accident‐related injuries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enzymatic cleavage as a processing step in the maturation of Muc4/sialomucin complex
Authors: Soto Pedro , Zhang Jin , Carraway Kermit L.
Published: December 2005

Cleavage of Muc4/SMC precursor into two subunits is an essential processing step for maturation and occurs within a GD‐PH sequence. Recent evidence indicates that cleavage of the precursor of gel‐forming mucin MUC2 within the same tetrapeptide sequence occurs by a non‐enzymatic, autocatalytic cleavage at low pH, and in cells in the late secretory pathway. Here we provide evidence that the cleavage step of Muc4/SMC processing occurs by a proteolytic mechanism. First, processing of Muc4/SMC precursor to ASGP‐2 was inhibited in the presence of the mechanism‐based serine protease inhibitor, Pefabloc SC, under conditions that did not block synthesis of other proteins. This inhibition led to an increased level of the precursor. Second, neutralization of the acidic environment of the late secretory pathway with NH4Cl did not inhibit cleavage of Muc4/SMC precursor. These results indicate that the two mucins can be processed by cleavage at the same peptide site by different mechanisms. J. Cell. Biochem. 97: 1267–1274, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spermatozoal ultrastructure in three Atlantic solenocerid shrimps (Decapoda, Dendrobranchiata)
Authors: Medina Antonio , Scelzo Marcelo A. , Tudge Christopher C.
Published: December 2005

The spermatozoal ultrastructure in three solenocerid shrimps (Solenocera membranacea, S. africana, and Pleoticus muelleri) from different Atlantic locations was examined with the aim of increasing understanding of the phylogenetic relationships in the Dendrobranchiata. A considerable structural similarity between the sperm of these species and those of penaeid shrimps supports a close affinity between the Penaeidae and Solenoceridae. However, significant differences in the sperm morphology of the previously investigated sicyoniids (namely, a greater complexity of the acrosomal complex) suggest evolutionary separation of the Sicyoniidae from the assemblage Penaeidae‐Solenoceridae. Two ultrastructural features distinguish the spermatozoa of the three studied solenocerids from penaeid sperm: 1) separation of the plasma and acrosome membranes at the base of the spike and anterior region of the cap, and 2) asymmetry of the acrosomal cap, which appears to be a synapomorphy of the group. No striking ultrastructural differences were found between the spermatozoa of the closely related species S. membranacea and S. africana, whereas a great number of morphological differences separate the spermatozoa of Pleoticus from those of Solenocera (e.g., shape of the acrosomal cap, structural arrangement of the contents of the whole acrosome vesicle, thickness and distribution of the cytoplasm, and external shape of the spike). J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.