bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linearity condition for orbital energies in density functional theory (IV): Determination of range‐determining parameter
Authors: Imamura Yutaka , Kobayashi Rie , Nakai Hiromi
Published: March 2012

This study explores the determination of the range‐determining parameter in the orbital‐specific (OS) range‐separated hybrid functional by the linearity condition for orbital energies. The OS range‐separated hybrid functionals with the optimized range‐determining parameters exhibit a less fractional‐occupation‐number electron dependence for orbital energies and successfully estimate ionization potentials for valence as well as inner valence and core orbitals in the sense of Koopmans' theorem. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid identification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal samples via direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry
Authors: Musah Rabi A. , Domin Marek A. , Walling Maureen A. , Shepard Jason R. E.
Published: March 2012

RATIONALE

Dozens of synthetic cannabinoid analogs purposefully meant to circumvent legal restrictions associated with controlled substances continue to be manufactured and promoted as producing 'legal highs'. These designer drugs are difficult to identify in conventional drug screens not only because routine protocols have not been developed for their detection, but also because their association with complex plant matrices during manufacture generally requires labor‐intensive extraction and sample preparation for analysis. To address this new and important challenge in forensic chemistry, Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry (DART‐MS) is applied to the analysis of these designer drugs.

METHODS

DART‐MS was employed to sample synthetic cannabinoids directly on botanical matrices. The ambient ionization method associated with DART‐MS permitted the analysis of solid herbal samples directly, without the need for extraction or sample preparation. The high mass resolution time‐of‐flight analyzer allowed identification of these substances despite their presence within a complex matrix and enabled differentiation of closely related analogs.

RESULTS

DART‐MS was performed to rapidly identify the synthetic cannabinoids AM‐251 and JWH‐015. For each cannabinoid, three hundred micrograms (300 µg) of material was easily detected within an excess of background matrix by mass.

CONCLUSIONS

New variations of herbal blends containing a wide range of base components and laced with synthetic cannabinoids are being produced, making their presence difficult to track by conventional methods. DART‐MS permits rapid identification of trace synthetic cannabinoids within complex biological matrices, with excellent sensitivity and specificity compared with standard methods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of select Dalbergia and trade timber using direct analysis in real time and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for CITES enforcement
Authors: Lancaster Cady , Espinoza Edgard
Published: March 2012

RATIONALE

International trade of several Dalbergia wood species is regulated by The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In order to supplement morphological identification of these species, a rapid chemical method of analysis was developed.

METHODS

Using Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) ionization coupled with Time‐of‐Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry (MS), selected Dalbergia and common trade species were analyzed. Each of the 13 wood species was classified using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). These statistical data clusters served as reliable anchors for species identification of unknowns.

RESULTS

Analysis of 20 or more samples from the 13 species studied in this research indicates that the DART‐TOFMS results are reproducible. Statistical analysis of the most abundant ions gave good classifications that were useful for identifying unknown wood samples.

CONCLUSIONS

DART‐TOFMS and LDA analysis of 13 species of selected timber samples and the statistical classification allowed for the correct assignment of unknown wood samples. This method is rapid and can be useful when anatomical identification is difficult but needed in order to support CITES enforcement. Published 2012. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Invalidation of the structure of genetic network dynamics: a geometric approach
Authors: Porreca Riccardo , Cinquemani Eugenio , Lygeros John , Ferrari-Trecate Giancarlo
Published: March 2012

This work concerns the identification of the structure of a genetic network model from measurements of gene product concentrations and synthesis rates. In earlier work, we developed a data preprocessing algorithm that is able to reject many hypotheses on the network structure by testing certain monotonicity properties for a wide family of network models. Here, we develop a geometric interpretation of the method. Then, for a relevant subclass of genetic network models, we extend our approach to the combined testing of monotonicity and convexity‐like properties associated with the network structures. The theoretical aspects and practical performance of the enhanced methods are illustrated by way of numerical results. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Strain Rate on Hot Ductility of a V‐Microalloyed Steel Slab
Authors: Großeiber Simon , Ilie Sergiu , Poletti Cecilia , Harrer Bernhard , Degischer Hans Peter
Published: March 2012

The hot ductility and malleability of a vanadium‐microalloyed steel is investigated by means of tensile and compression tests at temperatures ranging from 700 to 850°C and strain rates of 3 × 10−4 to 0.3 s−1. The deformation tests are performed after austenitization and cooling to test temperature. The so‐called second ductility minimum is located around 750°C for all strain rates except for the highest one, where no ductility trough is observed. Ductility steadily increases with strain rate at a given temperature, and the fracture mode progressively changes from intergranular to transgranular. In the region of minimum ductility, intergranular cracking occurs at low strain rates by void nucleation, growth and coalescence within thin layers of deformation induced ferrite covering the austenite grain boundaries. Cracking is favoured by V(C,N) precipitation associated with the γ/α phase transformation. Ductility remains low above the temperature of minimum ductility, where no apparent ferrite formation is observed (790 °C). Void formation takes place as a result of grain boundary sliding in combination with matrix and grain boundary precipitation. These voids are able to grow and link up forming intergranular cracks. Ductility increases with strain rate mainly due to the short time available for precipitation as well as for intergranular void growth and coalescence.
Virtual bronchoscopy for evaluating cervical tumors of the fetus
Authors: Werner H. , Lopes dos Santos J. R. , Fontes R. , Belmonte S. , Daltro P. , Gasparetto E. , Marchiori E. , Campbell S.
Published: March 2012

We report on four cases of fetal cervical tumor, comprising three lymphangiomas and one teratoma, evaluated by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between 26 and 37 weeks' gestation. The aim was to investigate the use of virtual bronchoscopy to evaluate fetal airway patency in each case. A three‐dimensional (3D) model of the airway was created from overlapping image layers generated by MRI. The files obtained were manipulated using 3D modeling software, allowing the virtual positioning of observation cameras, adjustment of lighting parameters and creation of simulated 3D movies for analysis of a virtual path through the model. In all fetuses, fetal airway patency was clearly demonstrated by virtual bronchoscopy and this was confirmed postnatally. MRI with virtual bronchoscopy could become a useful tool for studying fetal airway patency in cases of cervical tumor.
Improving MANET performance by a hop‐aware and energy‐based buffer management scheme
Authors: Lai Wei Kuang , Weng Mu‐Lung , Lin Yo‐Ho
Published: March 2012

A hop‐aware and energy‐based buffer management scheme (HEB) is proposed in this paper. HEB can provide better quality of service to packets with real‐time requirements and improve MANET power efficiency. In our algorithm, the buffer is divided into real‐time and non‐real‐time partitions. We consider the number of hops passed, the power levels of the transmitting node, the predicted number of remaining hops, and waiting time in the buffer to determine packet transmission priority. In addition, specialized queue management and a probabilistic scheduling algorithm are proposed to decrease retransmissions caused by packet losses. Mathematical derivations of loss rates and end‐to‐end delays are also proposed. Coincidence between mathematical and simulation results is also shown. Finally, the HEB is compared with first in first out, random early detection, and hop‐aware buffering scheme. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm reduces loss rates, power consumption, and end‐to‐end delays for real‐time traffic, considerably improving the efficiency of queue management in MANET. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The tornadoes of spring 2011 in the USA: an historical perspective
Authors: Doswell III Charles A. , Carbin Gregory W. , Brooks Harold E.
Published: March 2012

Tornado activity during spring of 2011 in the USA was of historic proportions; a series of major outbreaks of tornadoes in April and May produced hundreds of fatalities and thousands of millions of $US in damage. These events are considered in terms of the history of tornadoes in the USA and are seen to approach the worst ever recorded. With all the current concern for the effects of global climate change, this raises a number of questions about why such devastation occurred during this spring's severe weather season. This paper attempts to provide scientifically justifiable answers to those questions.
P2X4R and P2X7R in neuropathic pain
Authors: Makoto Tsuda , Hidetoshi Tozaki‐Saitoh , Kazuhide Inoue
Published: March 2012

Neuropathic pain is often a consequence of nerve injury or of diseases such as diabetes, infection, autoimmune disease, or cancer. Neuropathic pain can be agonizing, can persist over long periods, and, unfortunately, is often resistant to known painkillers. There is a rapidly growing body of evidence indicating that signaling by extracellular nucleotides through purinergic P2 receptors [ionotropic P2X receptors (P2XRs) and metabotropic P2Y receptors (P2YRs)] play crucial roles in neuropathic pain. Following peripheral nerve injury, the expression of purinergic receptors (e.g., P2X4R) is markedly upregulated specifically in microglia, a type of glial cells known as resident macrophages in the central nervous system. Activation of P2X4R and P2X7R in microglia causes release of diffusible factors (such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α) involved in nerve‐injury‐induced pain behaviors and hyperexcitability of dorsal horn neurons. Suppression of the function or expression of these purinergic receptors strongly suppresses neuropathic pain. Recent advances further our understanding of mechanisms by which microglial purinergic receptors contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. WIREs Membr Transp Signal 2012, 1:513–521. doi: 10.1002/wmts.47

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
An Alternative Approach: Teaching Evolution in a Natural History Museum Through the Topic of Vector-Borne Disease
Authors: Pickering Jane , Fawcett Laura , Munstermann Leonard
Published: March 2012

Museums play a vitally important role in supporting both informal and formal education and are important venues for fostering public understanding of evolution. The Yale Peabody Museum has implemented significant education programs on evolution for many decades, mostly focused on the museum’s extensive collections that represent the past and present tree of life. Twelve years ago, the Peabody began a series of new programs that explored biodiversity and evolution as it relates to human health. Modern evolutionary theory contributes significantly to our understanding of health and disease, and medical topics provide many excellent and relevant examples to explore evolutionary concepts. The Peabody developed a program on vector-borne diseases, specifically Lyme disease and West Nile virus, which have become endemic in the United States. Both of these diseases have complex transmission cycles involving an intricate interplay among the pathogen, host, and vector, each of which is subject to differing evolutionary pressures. Using these stories, the museum explored evolutionary concepts of adaptation (e.g., the evolution of blood feeding), coevolution (e.g., the “arms race” between host and vector), and variation and selection (e.g., antibiotic resistance) among others. The project included a temporary exhibition and the development of curriculum materials for middle and high school teachers and students. The popularity of the exhibit and some formal evaluation of student participants suggested that this educational approach has significant potential to engage wide audiences in evolutionary issues. In addition it demonstrated how natural history museums can incorporate evolution into a broad array of programs.
A “rutter for piracy” in 2012
Authors: Menefee Samuel Pyeatt , Mejia Maximo Q.
Published: March 2012

This "rutter for piracy" begins with a brief update on contemporary piratical incidents and a short review of books and collections of articles dedicated to the topic of piracy, before presenting the ground-breaking group of scholarly essays which make upWMU Journal of Maritime Affairs' special issue on piracy at sea.
Gaining precision on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐cognitive: A comparison of item response theory‐based scores and total scores
Authors: Balsis Steve , Unger Alexis A. , Benge Jared F. , Geraci Lisa , Doody Rachelle S.
Published: March 2012

Background

The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale‐cognitive (ADAS‐cog) is a commonly used measure for assessing cognitive dysfunction in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The measure has 11 subscales, each of which captures an important aspect of cognitive dysfunction in AD. Traditional scoring of the ADAS‐cog involves adding up the scores from the subscales without regarding their varying difficulty or their strength of relationship to AD‐associated cognitive dysfunction. The present article analyzes problems associated with this approach and offers solutions for gaining measurement precision by modeling how the subscales function.

Methods

We analyzed data collected at the Baylor College of Medicine Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Clinic from 1240 patients diagnosed with varying degrees of dementia. Item response theory was used to determine the relationship between total scores on the ADAS‐cog and the underlying level of cognitive dysfunction reflected by the scores.

Results

Results revealed that each total score corresponded to a spectrum of cognitive dysfunction, indicating that total scores were relatively imprecise indicators of underlying cognitive dysfunction. Furthermore, it was common for two individuals with the same total score to have significantly different degrees of cognitive dysfunction.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that item response theory scoring of the ADAS‐cog may measure cognitive dysfunction more precisely than a total score method.
Test‐Retest Reliability of 3D Ultrasound Measurements of the Thoracic Spine
Authors: Fölsch Christian , Schlögel Stefanie , Lakemeier Stefan , Wolf Udo , Timmesfeld Nina , Skwara Adrian
Published: March 2012

Objective

To explore the reliability of the Zebris CMS 20 ultrasound analysis system with pointer application for measuring end‐range flexion, end‐range extension, and neutral kyphosis angle of the thoracic spine.

Setting

The study was performed within the School of Physiotherapy in cooperation with the Orthopedic Department at a University Hospital.

Participants

The thoracic spines of 28 healthy subjects were measured.

Methods

Measurements for neutral kyphosis angle, end‐range flexion, and end‐range extension were taken once at each time point. The bone landmarks were palpated by one examiner and marked with a pointer containing 2 transmitters using a frequency of 40 kHz. A third transmitter was fixed to the pelvis, and 3 microphones were used as receiver. The real angle was calculated by the software. Bland‐Altman plots with 95% limits of agreement, intraclass correlations (ICC), standard deviations of mean measurements, and standard error of measurements were used for statistical analyses. The test‐retest reliability in this study was measured within a 24‐hour interval.

Main Outcome Measurements

Statistical parameters were used to judge reliability.

Results

The mean kyphosis angle was 44.8° with a standard deviation of 17.3° at the first measurement and a mean of 45.8° with a standard deviation of 16.2° the following day. The ICC was high at 0.95 for the neutral kyphosis angle, and the Bland‐Altman 95% limits of agreement were within clinical acceptable margins. The ICC was 0.71 for end‐range flexion and 0.34 for end‐range extension, whereas the Bland‐Altman 95% limits of agreement were wider than with the static measurement of kyphosis. Compared with static measurements, the analysis of motion with 3‐dimensional ultrasound showed an increased standard deviation for test‐retest measurements.

Conclusions

The test‐retest reliability of ultrasound measuring of the neutral kyphosis angle of the thoracic spine was demonstrated within 24 hours. Bland‐Altman 95% limits of agreement and the standard deviation of differences did not appear to be clinically acceptable for measuring flexion and extension.
Effective transition of steady flow over a square leading-edge plate
Authors: Thompson Mark C.
Published: March 2012

Previous experimental studies have shown that the steady recirculation bubble that forms as the flow separates at the leading-edge corner of a long plate, becomes unsteady at relatively low Reynolds numbers of only a few hundreds. The reattaching shear layer irregularly releases two-dimensional vortices, which quickly undergo three-dimensional transition. Similar to the flow over a backward-facing step, this flow is globally stable at such Reynolds numbers, with transition to a steady three-dimensional flow as the first global instability to occur as the Reynolds number is increased to 393. Hence, it appears that the observed flow behaviour is governed by transient growth of optimal two-dimensional transiently growing perturbations (constructed from damped global modes) rather than a single three-dimensional unstable global mode. This paper quantifies the details of the transient growth of two- and three-dimensional optimal perturbations, and compares the predictions to other related cases examined recently. The optimal perturbation modes are shown to be highly concentrated in amplitude in the vicinity of the leading-edge corners and evolve to take the local shape of a Kelvin–Helmholtz shear-layer instability further downstream. However, the dominant mode reaches a maximum amplitude downstream of the position of the reattachment point of the shear layer. The maximum energy growth increases at 2.5 decades for each increment in Reynolds number of 100. Maximum energy growth of the optimal perturbation mode at a Reynolds number of 350 is greater than $1{0}^{4} $, which is typically an upper limit of the Reynolds number range over which it is possible to observe steady flow experimentally. While transient growth analysis concentrates on the evolution of wavepackets rather than continuous forcing, this appears consistent with longitudinal turbulence levels of up to 1 % for some water tunnels, and the fact that the optimal mode is highly concentrated close to the leading-edge corner so that an instantaneous projection of a perturbation field from a noisy inflow onto the optimal mode can be significant. Indeed, direct simulations with inflow noise reveal that a root-mean-square noise level of just 0.1 % is sufficient to trigger some unsteadiness at $\mathit{Re}= 350$, while a 0.5 % level results in sustained shedding. Three-dimensional optimal perturbation mode analysis was also performed showing that at $\mathit{Re}= 350$, the optimal mode has a spanwise wavelength of 11.7 plate thicknesses and is amplified 20 % more than the two-dimensional optimal disturbance. The evolved three-dimensional mode shows strong streamwise vortical structures aligned at a shallow angle to the plate top surface.
On the connection between the magneto-elliptic and magneto-rotational instabilities
Authors: Mizerski Krzysztof A. , Lyra Wladimir
Published: March 2012

It has recently been suggested that the magneto-rotational instability (MRI) is a limiting case of the magneto-elliptic instability (MEI). This limit is obtained for horizontal modes in the presence of rotation and an external vertical magnetic field, when the aspect ratio of the elliptic streamlines tends to infinite. In this paper we unveil the link between these previously unconnected mechanisms, explaining both the MEI and the MRI as different manifestations of the same magneto-elliptic-rotational instability (MERI). The growth rates are found and the influence of the magnetic and rotational effects is explained, in particular the effect of the magnetic field on the range of negative Rossby numbers at which the horizontal instability is excited. Furthermore, we show how the horizontal rotational MEI in the rotating shear flow limit is linked to the MRI by the use of the local shearing box model, typically used in the study of accretion discs. In such a limit the growth rates of the two instability types coincide for any power-law-type background angular velocity radial profile with negative exponent corresponding to the value of the Rossby number of the rotating shear flow. The MRI requirement for instability is that the background angular velocity profile is a decreasing function of the distance from the centre of the disc, which corresponds to the horizontal rotational MEI requirement of negative Rossby numbers. Finally a physical interpretation of the horizontal instability, based on a balance between the strain, the Lorentz force and the Coriolis force, is given.
CHIEF FACTORS COVERED BY PROJECTORS OF SOLUBLE LEIBNIZ ALGEBRAS
Authors: BARNES DONALD W.
Published: March 2012

Let 𝔉 be a saturated formation of soluble Leibniz algebras. LetKbe an 𝔉-projector andA/Ba chief factor of the soluble Leibniz algebraL. It is well known that ifA/Bis 𝔉-central, thenKcoversA/B. I prove the converse: ifKcoversA/B, thenA/Bis 𝔉-central.
Changes in aphid probing behaviour as a function of insect age and plant resistance level
Authors: Pompon J. , Pelletier Y.
Published: March 2012

Aphids perform a series of behaviours to assess feeding suitability and, hence, to select a plant. Little information, however, is available on such behaviour after aphids have settled on a plant. Observation of probing behaviour over an extended period of time can improve our understanding of insect-plant interactions and is instrumental in the study of crop resistance. Here, we assessed the influence of aphid age and plant resistance level on aphid behaviour. An electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was implemented to monitor the behaviour of potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, alates on potato, Solanum tuberosum, and on both a susceptible and a resistant genotype of a wild Solanum species, S. chomatophilum. The behaviour was measured at daily intervals for the first seven days following adult emergence. The results indicated independent and interacting effects of aphid age and plant genotype on probing behaviour. Some behavioural discrepancies between susceptible and resistant genotypes were only observed after the first day, thus highlighting the limits of punctual one-day behavioural studies to assess plant resistance mechanisms. Our work supports the hypothesis that aphids continuously adapt their behaviour to the plant characteristics.
Love as Intense Liking
Authors: Koehn Glen
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT: Love is a broad mental phenomenon, its objects not restricted to thinking beings. Yet most philosophical theories of love focus on some case of interpersonal intimacy. Such theories ignore a wide range of relevant instances and thus fail to capture what is distinctive of love generally. I explore a straightforward alternative hypothesis that deserves a hearing but has been discussed less often: Love consists in intense desire for and delight in its objects. The account is defended against various objections, among them the claim that caring concern is what is most characteristic or central in loving.
WEYL TYPE THEOREMS FOR FUNCTIONS OF OPERATORS
Authors: ZHU SEN , LI CHUN GUANG , ZHOU TING TING
Published: March 2012

A-Weyl's theorem and property (ω), as two variations of Weyl's theorem, were introduced by Rakočević. In this paper, we study a-Weyl's theorem and property (ω) for functions of bounded linear operators. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for an operator T to satisfy that f(T) obeys a-Weyl's theorem (property (ω)) for all f ∈ Hol(σ(T)). Also we investigate the small-compact perturbations of operators satisfying a-Weyl's theorem (property (ω)) in the setting of separable Hilbert spaces.
ON THE WILLMORE FUNCTIONAL OF 2-TORI IN SOME PRODUCT RIEMANNIAN MANIFOLDS
Authors: WANG PENG
Published: March 2012

We discuss the minimum of Willmore functional of torus in a Riemannian manifoldN, especially for the case thatNis a product manifold. We show that whenN=S2×S1, the minimum ofW(T2) is 0, and whenN=R2×S1, there exists no torus having least Willmore functional. WhenN=H2(−c) ×S1, andx= γ ×S1, the minimum ofW(x) is$2\pi^2\sqrt{c}$.
GROUPS THAT INVOLVE FINITELY MANY PRIMES AND HAVE ALL SUBGROUPS SUBNORMAL II
Authors: SMITH HOWARD
Published: March 2012

It is shown that if G is a hypercentral group with all subgroups subnormal, and if the torsion subgroup of G is a π-group for some finite set π of primes, then G is nilpotent. In the case where G is not hypercentral there is a section of G that is much like one of the well-known Heineken-Mohamed groups. It is also shown that if G is a residually nilpotent group with all subgroups subnormal whose torsion subgroup satisfies the above condition then G is nilpotent.
PARA-BLASCHKE ISOPARAMETRIC HYPERSURFACES IN A UNIT SPHERE Sn + 1(1)
Authors: SHU SHICHANG , SU BIANPING
Published: March 2012

Let A = ρ2∑i,jAijθi ⊗ θj and B = ρ2∑i,jBij θi ⊗ θj be the Blaschke tensor and the Möbius second fundamental form of the immersion x. Let D = A + λB be the para-Blaschke tensor of x, where λ is a constant. If x: Mn ↦ Sn + 1(1) is an n-dimensional para-Blaschke isoparametric hypersurface in a unit sphere Sn + 1(1) and x has three distinct Blaschke eigenvalues one of which is simple or has three distinct Möbius principal curvatures one of which is simple, we obtain the full classification theorems of the hypersurface.
RINGS WHOSE CYCLIC MODULES ARE DIRECT SUMS OF EXTENDING MODULES
Authors: AYDOĞDU PINAR , ER NOYAN , ERTAŞ NİL ORHAN
Published: March 2012

Dedekind domains, Artinian serial rings and right uniserial rings share the following property: Every cyclic right module is a direct sum of uniform modules. We first prove the following improvement of the well-known Osofsky-Smith theorem: A cyclic module with every cyclic subfactor a direct sum of extending modules has finite Goldie dimension. So, rings with the above-mentioned property are precisely rings of the title. Furthermore, a ring R is right q.f.d. (cyclics with finite Goldie dimension) if proper cyclic (≇ RR) right R-modules are direct sums of extending modules. R is right serial with all prime ideals maximal and ∩n ∈ ℕJn = Jm for some m ∈ ℕ if cyclic right R-modules are direct sums of quasi-injective modules. A right non-singular ring with the latter property is right Artinian. Thus, hereditary Artinian serial rings are precisely one-sided non-singular rings whose right and left cyclic modules are direct sums of quasi-injectives.
ON THE GEOMETRY OF ORBIT CLOSURES FOR REPRESENTATION-INFINITE ALGEBRAS
Authors: CHINDRIS CALIN
Published: March 2012

For the Kronecker algebra, Zwara found in [14] an example of a module whose orbit closure is neither unibranch nor Cohen-Macaulay. In this paper, we explain how to extend this example to all representation-infinite algebras with a preprojective component.
A NOETHER–DEURING THEOREM FOR DERIVED CATEGORIES
Authors: ZIMMERMANN ALEXANDER
Published: March 2012

We prove a Noether–Deuring theorem for the derived category of bounded complexes of modules over a Noetherian algebra.
Daniel 7, Intertextuality, and the History of Israel's Cult
Authors: Boyarin Daniel
Published: March 2012

Professor Hanan Eshel, in memoriam

Ancient and modern readers have offered two basic interpretations of the “[One like a] Son of Man” () in Dan 7:13. One line of interpretation holds that the One like a Son of Man is a symbol of a collective, namely, the faithful Israelites at the time of the Maccabean revolt.1 The other basic line of interpretation sees the One like a Son of Man as a divine figure of one sort or another, a second God, a son of God, or an archangel.
Religious Recognition of Autonomous Secular Law: The Sitz im Leben of R. Nissim of Girona's Homily (no. 11)
Authors: Brand Itzhak
Published: March 2012

Many consider the political thought of Rabbi Nissim ben Reuben of Girona (RaN, ca. 1310–1380) to be innovative and daring, especially in comparison with other political theories in medieval Jewish thought. It has been argued that in his homily no. 11 RaN recognizes a secular politico-legal system headed by the king, which parallels the halakic-religious legal system under the control of the judicial authority.
Reconsidering Roger Bacon's Apocalypticism in Light of His Alchemical and Scientific Thought
Authors: Matus Zachary
Published: March 2012

“Since you have commanded me to write on the wisdom of philosophy, I shall cite to your Clemency the opinions of the sages, especially since this knowledge is absolutely necessary to the Church of God against the fury of Antichrist.”1 So wrote Roger Bacon to Clement IV. The pope had commanded Bacon to send writings of which Roger had spoken when Clement was still Cardinal Guy Folques.2 Clement's letter does not mention Antichrist, nor does it specify the subject matter of the aforementioned conversation. Still, since Bacon mentions Antichrist in what was likely a prefatory letter to either the Opus maius or Opus minus,3 the specter of Antichrist that lurks throughout Bacon's Opera and other works may not have come as a surprise. Yet, amid the clamor of Joachite apocalypticism that quickly coiled itself around the Franciscan Order in the latter half of the thirteenth century,4 Roger Bacon's own apocalyptic opinions remain underappreciated. This is not to say that Bacon's apocalypticism has gone unrecognized. Scholars have long agreed, as Brett Whalen has said recently, that Bacon “layered his writings with a sense of apocalyptic expectation.”5 Yet the historiographical tendency to separate Bacon's scientific writings from his religious beliefs and practices appears to have obscured Bacon's own radical ideas about the end of days.6
TWO SONS AND A DAUGHTER: SEX COMPOSITION AND WOMEN'S REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA
Authors: EDMEADES JEFFREY , PANDE ROHINI , MACQUARRIE KERRY , FALLE TINA , MALHOTRA ANJU
Published: March 2012

This article examines how the sex composition of women's current children at the start of a pregnancy interval influences both fertility desires and the full range of reproductive actions women may take to realize them, including temporary contraception, abortion and sterilization, in Madhya Pradesh, India, where popular notions of ideal family size and sex composition are dominated by son preference. The analysis is conducted using a dataset of 9127 individual pregnancy intervals from a 2002 statewide representative survey of 2444 women aged 15–39 with at least one child. The results indicate that women's preferences go beyond a singular preference for male children, with the preferred composition of children being two boys and one girl. Women with this composition are 90% less likely to report having wanted another pregnancy (OR 0.097, p<0.01) relative to those with two girls. These preferences have significant implications for reproductive actions. While sex composition has no statistically significant effect on the use of temporary contraception, those with the preferred sex composition are twice as likely to attempt abortion (OR 2.436, p<0.01) and twelve times more likely to be sterilized (OR 12.297, p<0.01) relative to those with two girls only.
Developing World ENT: a global responsibility
Authors: Fagan J J
Published: March 2012

There exists a tremendous opportunity for otolaryngologists from developed countries to make a substantial contribution beyond their daily clinical practice, through involvement in teaching and training in the developing world. This article sets out the challenges presented by ENT practice within the developing world, and discusses ways in which these challenges can be addressed.
Self-modulated wakefield acceleration in a centimetre self-guiding channel
Authors: KAMPERIDIS C. , BELLEI C. , BOURGEOIS N. , KALUZA M. C. , KRUSHELNICK K. , MANGLES S. P. D. , MARQUES J. R. , NAGEL S. R. , NAJMUDIN Z.
Published: March 2012

Self-modulated wakefield acceleration was investigated at densities down to ~4 × 1018 cm−3 by propagating the 50 TW 300 fs LULI laser in helium gas jets at lengths up to 1 cm. Long interaction lengths were achieved by closer matching of the initial focal spot size to the matched spot size for these densities. Electrons with energies extending to 180 MeV were observed in broad energy spectra which show some evidence for non-Maxwellian features at high energy. Two-dimensional PIC simulations indicate that the intial laser pulse breaks up into small pulselets that are eventually compressed and focused inside the first few plasma periods, leading to a ‘bubble-like’ acceleration of electron bunches.
Spatio-temporal distributions of zoobenthos in soft substratum of Izmir Bay (Aegean Sea, eastern Mediterranean), with special emphasis on alien species and ecological quality status
Authors: Çinar Melıh Ertan , Katagan Tuncer , Öztürk Bılal , Bakir Kerem , Dagli Ertan , Açik Sermın , Dogan Alper , Bıtlıs Banu
Published: March 2012

The soft-bottom zoobenthic community structure of Izmir Bay was examined seasonally at eight stations (depth-range: 19–67 m) in 2009. A total of 427 species were found. Polychaeta had the highest number of species (50% of total species) and individuals (75%), whereas Echinodermata possessed the highest biomass (47%). The number of species varied from 3 to 79 (0.1 m−2), the density from 60 to 5360 ind.m−2, and the biomass from 1 to 530 g.m−2. The most numerically dominant species were the polychaetesAricidea claudiae, Streblospio gynobranchiata, Levinsenia demiriandSternaspis scutata. The distribution of zoobenthos was strongly related to spatial differences in total organic carbon, sediment texture and depth among different regions of the bay rather than temporal differences among seasons. However, significant seasonal variability in community structure (mainly differences in the relative abundance of species) was present. The inner region of the bay can be classified as ‘poor’ or ‘bad’ based on the results of biotic indices (H′, AMBI, m-AMBI and BENTIX). Among biotic indices, only H′ and m-AMBI appeared to be capable of explaining the bay's benthic quality status. Thirteen alien species were also found.Streblospio gynobranchiata, Prionospio pulchra, Pseudopolydora paucibranchiataandPolydora cornutaformed dense populations in the inner most polluted part of the bay and are considered to be new pollution indicator species in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Direct and Inverse Solutions with Geodetic Latitude in Terms of Longitude for Rhumb Line Sailing
Authors: Tseng Wei-Kuo , Earle Michael A. , Guo Jiunn-Liang
Published: March 2012

In this paper, equations are established to solve problems of Rhumb Line Sailing (RLS) on an oblate spheroid. Solutions are provided for both the inverse problem and the direct problem, thereby providing a complete solution to RLS. Development of these solutions was achieved in part by means of computer based symbolic algebra. The inverse solution described attains a high degree of accuracy for distance and azimuth. The direct solution has been obtained from a solution for latitude in terms of distance derived with the introduction of an inverse series expansion of meridian arc-length via the rectifying latitude. Also, a series to determine latitude at any longitude has been derived via the conformal latitude. This was achieved through application of Hermite's Interpolation Scheme or the Lagrange Inversion Theorem. Numerical examples show that the algorithms are very accurate and that the differences between original data and recovered data after applying the inverse or direct solution of RLS to recover the data calculated by the direct or inverse solution are very small. It reveals that the algorithms provided here are suitable for programming implementation and can be applied in the areas of maritime routing and cartographical computation in Graphical Information System (GIS) and Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) environments.
Estimating the variability in the risk of infection for hepatitis C in the Glasgow injecting drug user population
Authors: SUTTON A. J. , McDONALD S. A. , PALMATEER N. , TAYLOR A. , HUTCHINSON S. J.
Published: March 2012

Glasgow (Scotland's largest city) has a high prevalence of injecting drug use and has one of the highest prevalences of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in injecting drug users (IDUs) in Western Europe. HCV prevalence data from surveys of Glasgow's IDUs from 1990 to 2007 were utilized and a model was applied that described the prevalence of HCV as a function of the rate (force) of infection. Force-of-infection estimates for HCV that may vary over time and injecting career length over a range of variables were investigated. New initiates to injecting were found to be at increased risk of HCV infection, with being recruited from a street location and reporting injecting in prison leading to a significant increase in the risk of infection in new initiates. These results indicate areas of importance for the planning of public health measures that target the IDU population.
Bartonellainfection in urban and rural dogs from the tropics: Brazil, Colombia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam
Authors: BRENNER E. C. , CHOMEL B. B. , SINGHASIVANON O.-U. , NAMEKATA D. Y. , KASTEN R. W. , KASS P. H. , CORTÉS-VECINO J. A. , GENNARI S. M. , RAJAPAKSE R. P. , HUONG L. T. , DUBEY J. P.
Published: March 2012

Dogs can be infected by a wide range ofBartonellaspp., but limited studies have been conducted in tropical urban and rural dog populations. We aimed to determineBartonellaantibody prevalence in 455 domestic dogs from four tropical countries and detectBartonellaDNA in a subset of these dogs.Bartonellaantibodies were detected in 38 (8·3%) dogs, including 26 (10·1%) from Colombia, nine (7·6%) from Brazil, three (5·1%) from Sri Lanka and none from Vietnam. DNA extraction was performed for 26 (63%) of the 41 seropositive and 10 seronegative dogs. Four seropositive dogs were PCR positive, including two Colombian dogs, infected withB. rochalimaeandB. vinsoniisubsp.berkhoffii, and two Sri Lankan dogs harbouring sequences identical to strain HMD described in dogs from Italy and Greece. This is the first detection ofBartonellainfection in dogs from Colombia and Sri Lanka and identification ofBartonellastrain HMD from Asia.
Exploiting random intercepts: Two case studies in sociophonetics
Authors: Drager Katie , Hay Jennifer
Published: March 2012

An increasing number of sociolinguists are using mixed effects models, models which allow for the inclusion of both fixed and random predicting variables. In most analyses, random effect intercepts are treated as a by-product of the model; they are viewed simply as a way to fit a more accurate model. This paper presents additional uses for random effect intercepts within the context of two case studies. Specifically, this paper demonstrates how random intercepts can be exploited to assist studies of speaker style and identity and to normalize for vocal tract size within certain linguistic environments. We argue that, in addition to adopting mixed effect modeling more generally, sociolinguists should view random intercepts as a potential tool during analysis.
Acoustic correlates of rhythm in New Zealand English: A diachronic study
Authors: Nokes Jacqui , Hay Jennifer
Published: March 2012

This paper reports on a large-scale diachronic investigation into the timing of New Zealand English (NZE), which points to changes in its rhythmic structure. The Pairwise Variability Index (PVI) was used to measure the mean variation in duration, intensity, and pitch of successive vowels in the speech of over 500 New Zealanders, born between 1851 and 1988. Normalized vocalic PVIs for duration have reduced over time, after allowing for changes in speech rate, supporting existing findings that stressed and unstressed vowels are less differentiated by duration in modern NZE than in other varieties of English. Rhythmically, syllable duration may be playing a reduced role in signalling prominence in NZE. This is supported by the finding that there have been contemporaneous changes in pitch and intensity variation. We discuss external and internal influences on the timing of NZE, including contact with Māori, the emergence of Māori English, and diachronic vowel shift.
Proofs for free
Authors: BERNARDY JEAN-PHILIPPE , JANSSON PATRIK , PATERSON ROSS
Published: March 2012

Reynolds' abstraction theorem (Reynolds, J. C. (1983) Types, abstraction and parametric polymorphism,Inf. Process.83(1), 513–523) shows how a typing judgement in System F can be translated into a relational statement (in second-order predicate logic) about inhabitants of the type. We obtain a similar result for pure type systems (PTSs): for any PTS used as a programming language, there is a PTS that can be used as a logic for parametricity. Types in the source PTS are translated to relations (expressed as types) in the target. Similarly, values of a given type are translated to proofs that the values satisfy the relational interpretation. We extend the result to inductive families. We also show that the assumption that every term satisfies the parametricity condition generated by its type is consistent with the generated logic.
Time to Rethink the Concepts of Knowledge Dissemination and Transfer in the Educational System? A Systems Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Mathiasen Helle
Published: March 2012

This paper is intended as an invitation to continue reflecting on and discussing the concepts of learning and teaching, including the concept of educational environment and the conditions for knowledge construction in that environment. The key concept is communication, which I link to different environments, including face-to-face (f2f) environments, net-mediated environments and various mixtures of these types of communication environments. Furthermore, I implicate learning resources in the concept of the educational environment. Thus, the main purpose of this paper is to contribute to developing our approach to the nexus between teaching and learning, including the concept of environment and the conditions for knowledge construction. I present a case study, which I analyse using a systems theoretical analytical framework, in order to discuss the relation between learning and the environment, including the idea of the possibility of knowledge transfer and knowledge dissemination. The specific focus is on learning resources in specific programs-on-demand (podcasts) and video-on-demand (vodcasts, from now just podcast) – and the students’ approaches to these learning resources and the environment offered. My point of departure is to contribute to scholarly discussion of learning resources and, in particular, of the use of podcasts and students’ approaches to these learning resources in concrete educational contexts. Finally, I suggest that we take the opportunity to reflect on the challenging task: how can we organize teaching and environments for learning, including the choice of learning resources, in order to provide each student with the possibility of developing the concrete educational qualifications that are required?
Is There a Future for Higher Education Institutions in the Knowledge Society?
Authors: Brennan John
Published: March 2012

The paper considers the growing diversity of higher education systems and institutions by exploring three main trends of expansion, differentiation and globalisation together with linked features concerning new forms of governance and more responsive relationships with other social institutions. At the heart of this expansion and differentiation are a number of tensions concerning the role of modern higher education systems: to do with balancing autonomy and responsiveness, reproductive and transformative functions, public and private benefits, economic and broader socio-political agendas. The paper goes on to ask whether future knowledge societies will continue to need separate institutions of ‘higher’ education and, if the answer is yes, what form these will take.
Rich Media and Rich Science; Web Squared Cumulativity Conceptualization
Authors: Westlund Oscar
Published: March 2012

Scientists work by collecting observable evidence of different phenomena, from which they analyse and construct theoretical explanations. Consequently, science involves systematic efforts to increase human knowledge, a phenomenon that is usually described as ‘cumulativity’. Most scientists would probably agree that (excellent) research should be cumulative, and by this they usually mean that scientists should accommodate and refer to the publications of other scholars. This article suggests that our perception of science would benefit from a broader and more nuanced approach to cumulativity. The article therefore provides a discussion on how contemporary scholars can approach cumulativity by adopting the fundamental ideology of the web 2.0 and web squared concepts. A proposition for an altered approach is posited through web squared cumulativity conceptualization, involving a more open and collaborative approach. The discussion provides a foretaste of contemporary initiatives that suggest the spread of this emerging trend.
Turkish Politics and Policies under the Impact of the 1980’s PKK Revolt and the Gulf War of the Early 1990s
Authors: Çanci Haldun , Şen Şevket Serkan
Published: March 2012

This article examines Turkish politics and policies during the 1980s and 1990s in light of occurrences in Turkey and neighboring states, with particular attention to the impact of the 1980’s PKK revolt and the outbreak of the Gulf War in 1990. In doing so, it outlines the political debates among the major political parties and the perspectives of the Turkish army generals on the important political issues of the period. These events, and those of the subsequent decade, have led to the emergence of a new status quo in Turkey that has had major political and economic repercussions.
Historical Reflections on Islam and the Occident
Authors: Van Caenegem R.C.
Published: March 2012

The media and political scientists create the impression that the world of Islam and the Occident are two totally different civilizations. The author shows, on the contrary, that life in the 14 centuries of the Christian Middle Ages and the Ancien Régime – Old Europe – was in many ways similar to that of the area's Muslim neighbours, and only moved into the modern world with the eighteenth-century Enlightenment. The author also examines the chances of an Arab spring heralding, after 14 centuries of Old Islam, the entry into the modern democratic world. He argues that the two civilizations are not fundamentally dissimilar, but that they move through comparable stages of development at different moments in time: a difference in chronology rather than in essence.