bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physiotherapy in the comprehensive treatment of obesity
Authors: Cieślińska-Świder J.
Published: January 2016

Background: World Health Organization considers obesity as the most serious health condition in the world today. This concerns not only adults but also children and young people.

Obesity is the leading cause of increased morbidity, disabilities, mortality rates and deteriorated quality of life in society. Higher death risk due to cardiovascular diseases and certain cancerous conditions are also attributable to obesity. Some 40% adults in the world today are overweight and 13% are obese. These tendencies have also been observed in Poland. Specific components of comprehensive slimming treatments include dietary treatment, nutrition education, habits modification, increased level of physical activity, pharmacological treatment and surgical interventions. The basis in obesity treatment is to induce a negative energy balance. This status is typically achieved through dietary measures and increased energy expenditure. Helping prepare adequate individual therapeutic programs is a key to success in slimming of the obese patients. Mass reduction programs are prepared individually based on FITT formula, which takes into consideration four aspects of physical activity: frequency, intensity, time and type of physical activity. The role of physiotherapists in this process is essential. Individual therapeutic programs help adjust all the aspects of training to the health status of the obese patients, with respect to coexisting diseases.
European Social Pacts Policy (the Netherlands, Ireland and Italy)
Authors: Kichewko Karolina
Published: January 2016

The main aims of this article are: a presentation of the theoretical framework for the analysis of the social pacts policy (taking into consideration that social pacts are phenomena which are very difficult to clearly define) and the presentation of the practice of this policy in chosen European countries (including three cases of “using” social pacts for the shaping of public policy, taking into consideration the fact that the form and content of social pacts vary from country to country). Social pacts are very special kinds of agreements between the representatives of the state and the interest groups. They can include various issues of social and economic policies, but they can also be used for solving economic difficulties and sustaining progress, including the development of the state. Social Pacts Policy is useful for a weak state and interest groups, which as a result of it can have an influence on public policy. Although, its application is not a facile process of agreement between the state and the social partners, it can have various forms and can include different goals of social and economic policies. Similarly, the range, institutionalisation and length of social pacts are not the same in all countries. Moreover, as the article indicates it refers to the economic, cultural and social circumstances, which can also cause the disappearance of the social pacts mechanism.
Life and Work of Academician Momir Polenakovic
Authors: Kambovski Vlado
Published: January 2016

Talking about Acad. Momir Polenakovic, on the occasion of his 75th anniversary and 50 years of work, it is my pleasure to say that he is one of the rare medical workers, researchers, visionaries and educators, especially in the field of nephrology. With his work he became famous in Macedonia and in the world and raised the Macedonian nephrology to a European level. He is characterized with the highest virtues of the scientist: knowledge, diligence, searching for truth and empathy. Acad. Polenakovic is an example to all younger counterparts for his exceptionally correct and friendly relations with all his associates, and, he also supports his younger colleagues in their work and development.
Momir H. Polenakovic – Founder of the Nephrology Associations in the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: Spasovski Goce , Stojceva-Taneva Olivera
Published: January 2016

Acad. Momir Polenakovic has devoted his life and work in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney patients, as well as in research of kidney disease. The great experience he has acquired in the work with kidney patients, and after the visit to the most renowned nephrology centers in Europe and the world, he has transferred it to his colleagues through the work in the medical and nephrology associations. The work of the associations was in fact a successful education of young doctors and specialists. Among his most distinguished positions, we can mention: President of the Macedonian Medical Association, founder and President of the MSNDTAO, President of the Yugoslav Society of Nephrology, founder and President of BANTAO, as well as member of the Boards of ESAO and ERA-EDTA. He has received a lot of recognitions for his work achievements.
Life-Time Risk, Screening and The Cost of Cardiovascular Comorbidities in CKD Patients
Authors: Zoccali Carmine , ElHafeez Samar Abd , Dounousi Evangelia , Anastasi Rossana , Tripepi Giovanni , Mallamaci Francesca
Published: January 2016

CKD is a problem of epidemic dimension. The risk of death and cardiovascular complications in this condition is of the same order of that by myocardial infarction, which qualifies CKD as “risk equivalent”. Calculations made on the basis of the epidemiological data of the MONICA-Augsburg study and analyses of the costs of myocardial infarction in a large health insurance company in Germany show that the economic burden of cardiovascular comorbidities with CKD in this country is substantial. These estimates, which may be valid also for other large member states of the European Community, represent a call for studies looking at the cost-effectiveness of preventive interventions aimed at reducing the risk for CKD and at lowering the concerning incidence rate of death and disability due to CKD-triggered cardiovascular complications in CKD patients.
Etiological Factors in Urgent Gastroduodenal Ulcer
Authors: Begovic Goran , Selmani Redzep
Published: January 2016

Aim: The goal of the study is to assess the impact of the etiological and risk factors in the cases of urgent gastroduodenal ulcer.

Methods: This is a prospective study which included 67 patients selected randomly, all with urgent, life-threatening complications of the gastroduodenal ulcer, treated at the University Clinic for Digestive Surgery and the University Clinic for Gastroenterohepatology. For the purpose of the study the titer of IgG antibodies to Helicobacter pylori in serum is examined, as well as the use of NSAID and aspirin. We also tested the use of nicotine and alcohol. Besides these factors, we took into consideration the sex and the age.

Results: The serological test of Helicobacter pylori was positive in 89.6% of the cases. 31.3% used NSAID and 16.4% used aspirin. Large number, 65.7% of the patients were smokers, while 25.4% used alcohol.

With regard to the sex, 83.6% were male and 16.4% were female. The most frequent age group was the one from 41 to 60 years with 40.3% and those between 61 and 80 years of age with 35.8%.

Conclusion: The presence of Helicobacter pylori with the urgent gastroduodenal ulcer was exceptionally high, in 89.6% of the duodenal and gastric ulcers. NSAID and aspirin are factors that also influence the etiology of this disease. Smoking is a significant risk factor. Alcohol is less present, but still an important factor.
Report on the Workshop and Regular Meeting of the Imode-CKD and Bcmolmed Marie Curie Training and Research Programs
Authors: Krochmal Magdalena , Cisek Katryna , Markoska Katerina , Spasovski Goce , Vlahou Antonia
Published: January 2016

A Workshop and Regular Meeting of the Marie Curie Training and Research Programs iMODECKD (Identification of the Molecular Determinants of established Chronic Kidney Disease) and BCMolMed (Molecular Medicine for Bladder Cancer) was held from 20-22 March at the Macedonian Academy of Science and Arts (MASA). The meeting was hosted by the participating center University of Skopje (SKO) - Goce Spasovski and MASA - Momir Polenakovic (R. Macedonia). The representative from MASA proteomic research center - Katerina Davalieva (R. Macedonia) had presentation on proteomic research in prostate cancer (PCa). 40 researchers from 13 different countries participated at the meeting. The Workshop was devoted on "Chronic Kidney Disease: Clinical Management issues", and consisted of 15 oral presentations given by nephrologists and experts in the field of CKD. Raymond Vanholder (Belgium) - past president of ERA-EDTA had a keynote lecture on "CKD: Questions that need to be answered and are not (or at least not entirely)". The workshop continued in four sessions with lectures from Alberto Ortiz (Spain), Olivera Stojceva-Taneva (R. Macedonia), Dimitrios Goumenos (Greece), Joachim Beige (Germany), Marian Klinger (Poland), Goce Spasovski (R. Macedonia), Joachim Jankowski (Germany), Adalbert Schiller (Romania), Robert Johnson (USA), Franco Ferrario (Italy), Ivan Rychlik (Czech Republic), Fulvio Magni (Italy) and Giovambattista Capasso (Italy), all covering a training theme. Within the meeting there were two lectures on complimentary skills for ethics in science and career advancement from two principal investigators - Goce Spasovski (R. Macedonia) and Joost Schanstra (France). During the Regular Meeting, 13 PhD students i.e. Early Stage Researchers and one Experienced Researcher from both Programs presented their work and progress within iMODE-CKD and BCMolMed projects. This meeting was a great opportunity to exchange experience and ideas in the field of systems biology approaches and translational medicine and planning future collaboration.
Recent progress on the role of GABAergic neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Abbas Ghulam , Mahmood Wajahat , Kabir Nurul
Published: January 2016

Despite their possible causative role, targeting amyloidosis, tau phosphorylation, acetylcholine esterase, glutamate, oxidative stress and mitochondrial metabolism have not yet led to the development of drugs to cure Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent preclinical and clinical reports exhibit a surge in interest in the role of GABAergic neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of AD. The interaction among GABAergic signaling, amyloid-β and acetylcholine is shown to affect the homeostasis between excitation (glutamate) and inhibition (GABA) in the brain. As a consequence, over-excitation leads to neurodegeneration (excitotoxicity) and impairment in the higher level functions. Previously, the glutamate arm of this balance received the most attention. Recent literature suggests that over-excitation is primarily mediated by dysfunctional GABA signaling and can possibly be restored by rectifying anomalous metabolism observed in the GABAergic neurons during AD. Additionally, neurogenesis and synaptogenesis have also been linked with GABAergic signaling. This association may provide a basis for the needed repair mechanism. Furthermore, several preclinical interventional studies revealed that targeting various GABA receptor subtypes holds potential in overcoming the memory deficits associated with AD. In conclusion, the recent scientific literature suggests that GABAergic signaling presents itself as a promising target for anti-AD drug development.
EUS – Fine- Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) in the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Review
Authors: Kalogeraki Alexandra , Papadakis Georgios Z. , Tamiolakis Dimitrios , Karvela-Kalogeraki Iliana , Karvelas-Kalogerakis Mihailos , Segredakis John , Papadakis Michael , Moustou Eleni , Datseri Galateia , Tzardi Maria
Published: January 2016

Solid masses of the pancreas represent a variety of benign and malignant neoplasms of the exocrine and endocrine tissues of the pancreas. A tissue diagnosis is often required to direct therapy in the face of uncertain diagnosis or if the patient is not a surgical candidate either due to advanced disease or comorbidities. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a relatively new technology that employs endoscopy and high-frequency ultrasound (US). EUS involves imaging of the pancreatic head and the uncinate from the duodenum and imaging of the body and tail from the stomach. It has been shown to be a highly sensitive method for the detection of pancreatic masses. It is superior to extracorporeal US and computed tomographic (CT) scans, especially when the pancreatic tumor is smaller than 2-3 cm. Although EUS is highly sensitive in detecting pancreatic solid masses, its ability to differentiate between inflammatory masses and malignant disease is limited. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) brushing, CT-guided biopsies, and transabdominal ultrasound (US) have been the standard nonsurgical methods for obtaining a tissue diagnosis of pancreatic lesions, but a substantial false-negative rate has been reported. Transabdominal US-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNAB) has been used for tissue diagnosis in patients with suspected pancreatic carcinoma. It has been shown to be highly specific, with no false-positive diagnoses. With the advent of curvilinear echoendoscopes, transgastric and transduodenal EUS-FNAB of the pancreas have become a reality EUS with FNAB has revolutionized the ability to diagnose and stage cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and assess the pancreas. Gastrointestinal cancers can be looked at with EUS and their depth of penetration into the intestinal wall can be determined. Any suspicious appearing lymph nodes can be biopsied using EUS/FNAB. The pancreas is another organ that is well visualized with EUS. Abnormalities such as tumors and cysts of the pancreas can be carefully evaluated using EUS and then biopsied with FNAB. There are many new applications of EUS using FNAB. Researchers are looking to deliver chemotherapeutics into small pancreatic cancers and cysts. Nerve blocks using EUS/FNAB to inject numbing medicines into the celiac ganglia, a major nerve cluster, are now routinely performed in patients with pain due to pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study is to perform a review of the literature regarding the usefulness of EUS/FNAB in the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
Systolic and Diastolic Function in Congestive Heart Failure Pediatric Patients
Authors: Butnariu Angela , Zamfir Camelia , Iancu Mihaela , Iacob Daniela , Samasca G. , Lupan Iulia
Published: January 2016

Background and Aims. Two-dimensional (2D) and Doppler echocardiography are the main methods for the non-invasive evaluation of ventricular function in children. Our study monitored the evaluation of systolic and diastolic function in pediatric patients, using classical echocardiographic parameters and pulsed tissue Doppler parameters, as well as the correlation between these.

Methods. The study included 18 healthy children and 9 children diagnosed with congestive heart failure secondary to congenital heart malformations. The parameters of systolic and diastolic function were measured by 2D echocardiography, 2D guided M mode, color and pulsed Doppler, as well as by pulsed tissue Doppler at the level of the mitral and tricuspid annulus.

Results. A relaxation alteration pattern or a pseudonormal pattern of E diastolic velocity compared to the A wave was found (E = A; E > A) in the group of subjects with heart failure. E wave deceleration time had significantly increased values in the case of patients with CHF, being correlated with diastolic dysfunction. Left ventricular flow propagation velocity Vp was decreased in patients with heart failure, the E/Vp ratio being maintained relatively constant in subjects with congestive heart failure and healthy subjects, most probably on account of the concomitant change in the E wave. Associations between the severity of systolic dysfunction and the diastolic dysfunction were found in pediatric patients diagnosed with congestive heart failure (Student test, p < 0.05).

Conclusions. Tissue Doppler measurements proved to be useful for the evaluation of pediatric patients with altered ventricular geometry secondary to congenital heart disease, systolic-diastolic dysfunction and heart failure.
An Unusual Presentation of Plasma Cells – Castleman Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Mihăilă Mariana , Herlea V. , Dobrea Camelia , Lupescu Ioana , Munteanu Gina Rusu , Chiriac Grethi , Micu L. , Serescu R. , Copaci I.
Published: January 2016

We present the case of a 76 year old female patient admitted in the Department of Cardiology for physical asthenia, profuse sweating and dyspnea with orthopnea for about one month. Clinical and paraclinical assessments performed at admission confirmed the diagnosis of cardiac tamponade. Surgical intervention was performed and 400 mL of clear effusion were drained. Post-operative evolution was marked by recurrence of symptoms, requiring after 3 weeks a new drainage of 600 mL of clear effusion, and biopsy of the pericardium was performed. Pathological exam described serous pericarditis with chronic inflammatory infiltrate, xanthogranulomatous reaction intricated in the pericardium and mesothelial hyperplasia. The patient was subsequently transferred to the Department of Internal Medicine for further investigations. Physical examination showed a patient with altered general status, pallor, vesicular murmur absent in both bases, presenting cutaneous hyperpigmentation at the level of the right hemi-abdomen and hip with posterior extension, and a peripheral indurated erythematous plaque. The patient presented nodular masses of 3 cm in the right latero-cervical and bilateral axillary regions, non-adherent to the superficial structures, as well as adenopathic blocks in both inguinal regions. CT scan of the thorax and abdomen showed moderate bilateral pleuresia, minimal pericardial effusion (15 mm) and multiple adenopathies on both sides of the diaphragm. Skin biopsy was performed, as well as bone marrow aspirate and excision of a right axillary lymph node. Pathological exams and immunohistochemistry tests confirmed the diagnosis of Plasma Cells Castleman disease.
Spontaneous regression of lumbar herniated disc Case presentation
Authors: Chiriac A. , Ion Giorgiana , Faiyad Z. , Poeata I.
Published: January 2016

Intervertebral disc herniation is a common disease that usually requires surgical intervention. However, in some cases, neurological symptoms may improve with conservative treatment. In this article, we present a case with spontaneous regression of extruded lumbar herniated disc correlated with clinical improvement and documented with follow up MRI studies.
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension: case report
Authors: Iacob G. , Marinescu Andreea
Published: January 2016

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension - IIH (synonymous old terms: benign intracranial hypertension - BIH, pseudotumor-cerebri - PTC) it’s a syndrome, related to elevated intracranial pressure, of unknown cause, sometimes cerebral emergency, occuring in all age groups, especially in children and young obese womans, in the absence of an underlying expansive intracranial lesion, despite extensive investigations. Although initial symptoms can resolve, IIH displays a high risk of recurrence several months or years later, even if initial symptoms resolved. Results: A 20-year-old male, obese since two years (body mass index 30, 9), was admitted for three months intense headache, vomiting, diplopia, progressive visual acuity loss. Neurologic examination confirmed diplopia by left abducens nerve palsy, papilledema right > left. At admission, cerebral CT scan and cerebral MRI with angio MRI 3DTOF and 2D venous TOF was normal. Despite treatment with acetazolamide (Diamox), corticosteroid, antidepressants (Amitriptyline), anticonvulsivants (Topiramate) three weeks later headache, diplopia persist and vision become worse, confirmed by visual field assessment, visual evoked potential (VEP). A cerebral arteriography demonstrate filling defect of the superior sagittal sinus in the 1/3 proximal part and very week filling of the transverse right sinus on venous time. Trombophylic profile has revealed a heterozygote V factor Leyden mutation, a homozygote MTHFR and PAI mutation justifying an anticoagulant treatment initiated to the patient. The MRI showed a superior sagittal sinus, right transverse and sigmoid sinus thrombosis, dilatation and buckling of the optic nerve sheaths with increased perineural fluid especially retrobulbar, discrete flattening of the posterior segment of the eyeballs, spinal MRI showed posterior epidural space with dilated venous branches, with mass effect on the spinal cord, that occurs pushed anterior on sagittal T1/T2 sequences cervical and thoracic. The opening pression of lumbar puncture, done with the patient in the lateral decubitus position, was 60 cm H2O, the cytochemical CSF study were normal. The patient was operated: a lombo-peritoneal with a variable pressure valve was inserted. Two months after the patient general condition improved: he was without headache, abducens palsy and the visual field assessment, ocular motility examination, ophthalmoscopy were normal. Conclusion: IHH is rare, variable in evolution, and in many cases it disappears on its own within 6 months without affecting life expectancy. Weight loss, fluid or salt restriction, in conjunction with medical treatment, angioplasty and venous stenting across the sinus stenosis under general anesthesia and surgical treatment (shunting, optic nerve sheath decompression and fenestration, gastric by-pass surgery) are treatment alternatives. Such disorder should be closed monitored because 10 to 25% of cases could be affected by recurrencies or by permanent vision loss to those patients with resistant papilledema despite treatment.
Teaching Staff Advanced Training in Russia, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the USA and Canada
Authors: Kovalchuk Vasyl
Published: January 2016

In the article the peculiarities in organization of postgraduate teacher training in foreign countries have been highlighted; the basic problems and prospects for advanced training which stipulate for reforming the relevant national systems have been revealed; common and distinctive trends in their development have been justified. In Russia there is a cascade (cyclic) system of teaching staff advanced training, based on the principles of andragogy, namely, continuity, self-control and self-analysis of professional activities by teachers and the use of their own experience during the advanced training. The abovementioned system consists of three phases such as pre-course, course and implementing. Each element of this model is a constituent part of the other, providing cycling and growth. Tasks for teachers are grounded on all the phases of the described system and influence their professional development. In the Republic of Kazakhstan there are three basic systems for teaching staff advanced training, namely, centers of educational excellence at the “Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools”, JSC “National Centre of Teaching Staff Advanced Training” (based on RIPKSO and 16 regional teaching staff advanced training institutes), teaching staff advanced training centres at universities and experimental sections. According to the defined module in the terms of the complex 3-month courses combining face-to-face and online training are provided. In the USA advanced training is provided by multilevel higher educational institutions which offer a wide range of different full-time and distance training programs and some programs are taught directly in educational establishments. The content of advanced training is determined by standards of professional pedagogical education according to the educational program and provides for fundamental, psychological, pedagogical, methodical, IT, practical, social and humanitarian training. Teaching staff advanced training in Canada is provided by various educational establishments, departments of education, school boards, regional centers of education, teachers unions and private providers of professional development services.
Ideas on Moral and Civil Upbringing of Personality in Italian and Ukrainian Pedagogy During the Renaissance
Authors: Petruk Natalia
Published: January 2016

Important aspects of moral and civic upbringing of personality based on studying the experience of humanist pedagogy establishment in the Italian Renaissance in XIV-XV centuries and the Ukrainian Renaissance in XVI-XVII centuries have been reviewed in the article. It has been found out that under the influence of Renaissance in XVI-XVII centuries Ukrainian pedagogy progressed not only in the Orthodox Christian paradigm of thinking, but was greatly enriched by the humanistic ideas of European origin as well and the matter of a person, a bright personality, endowed with unique personality traits, high ethical and Christian virtues, active and dynamic, was crucial for the forming of humanistic pedagogy. This resulted in increasing interest of Ukrainian philosophers to human problems, establishment of the value of personality, awareness of the importance of education and science in life. Intellect, education, moral virtues and work became the greatest personal qualities in works of Italian and Ukrainian humanists. Pedagogical culture during the Renaissance was also determined by ideas of civil humanism, need for patriotic education and personal action for the common good. Formation of civic sense and responsibility for own actions were of great importance.
Methodology of Comparative Analysis of Public School Teachers’ Continuing Professional Development in Great Britain, Canada and the USA
Authors: Mukan Nataliya , Kravets Svitlana
Published: January 2016

In the article the methodology of comparative analysis of public school teachers’ continuing professional development (CPD) in Great Britain, Canada and the USA has been presented. The main objectives are defined as theoretical analysis of scientific and pedagogical literature, which highlights different aspects of the problem under research; characteristic of the research methodology, used to conduct the comparative analysis. Their major components of the research model (parametric-determining, conceptual and analytical, integrating-analytical and differentiating-analytical, prognostic component) have been defined and specified. Public school teachers’ CPD has been studied by foreign and domestic scientists: political, social, cultural and economic aspects of teachers’ CPD (L. Darling-Hammond, M. Tight); CPD programs (C. Pratt); CPD content (N. Dana Fichtman, M. Rees, A. Ross, S. Zepeda); CPD models, methods and forms (K. Duinlan, P. Grimmet, G. Troia, P. Wong); continuous professional education (Ya. Belmaz, A. Kuzminskyy, O. Kuznyetsova). The research methodology comprises theoretical (comparative-historical, logical, induction and deduction, comparison and compatibility, structural and systematic, analysis and synthesis, general scientific and interdisciplinary forecasting methods), and applied (observations, questioning and interviewing) methods. The research results have been presented.
Key Methodological Aspects of Translators’ Training in Ukraine and in the USA
Authors: Skyba Kateryna
Published: January 2016

The diversity of international relations in the globalized world has influenced the role of a translator that is becoming more and more important. Translators’ training institutions today are to work out and to implement the best teaching methodology taking into consideration the new challenges of modern multinational and multicultural society. The thorough research of the experience in training translators and interpreters in the USA may help to find out new perspective methodological approaches to teaching and learning. This article reviews the variety of translator training programmes in Ukraine and in the USA and presents the analysis of the innovative teaching approaches that are currently popular in the education community. There exist different kinds of translators’ training degree programmes: short and long, full-time and part-time in Ukraine and in the USA. American universities and colleges provide not only academic programmes but also specific certificate programmes in translation and interpretation. The peculiarity of Ukrainian translators’ training programmes is that all these programmes are fully integrated into the university system. The approaches applied in the process of translators’ training in the American system of education are mostly new and oriented on the professional skills building. The following teaching approaches are currently used in the translators’ training process: profession-based, learner-centred, social constructivist and interdisciplinary. A social constructivist approach is more likely to be applied to translators’ training process in Ukraine under the modern conditions.
Transformative Learning as a Factor of Lifelong Learning by the Example of Vocational Education in Canada
Authors: Lavrysh Yuliana
Published: January 2016

The characteristics of transformative learning as a factor of life-long learning have been presented in the article. The paper offers analysis of foreign theorists and practitioners’ views on transformative learning at Canadian universities. A special attention has been paid to the exploration of transformative learning methods and techniques implemented during vocational training at universities. The analysis of theoretical background evidences that the transformative learning concept is based on the theory of person’s transformations depending on the life experience, cognitive development and critical reflection skills. The significance of transformative learning concepts implementation into Ukrainian educational process has been substantiated. The main principles of transformative learning have been described (education, science and manufacture integration, selfrealization through values and assumption transformation, focus on dialogue and critical self-reflection). The key elements of transformative learning have been determined, namely, disoriented dilemma, critical reflection and rational discourse. The importance of nonformal and non-linear educational techniques implementation has been proved.
Mechatronics Engineering Education in India
Authors: Bajpai Shrish , Khare Sushant
Published: January 2016

Present paper aims to give an insight in the field of Mechatronics, specifically its standard of education in India. We have investigated this field right from its origin. We have analyzed how it expanded as a proper discipline of engineering and in which direction the development in this field is going now and, at the same time, its status of education in India and where we are in addressing the industry’s need both in terms of quality and quantity of students. We have also assessed why Mechatronics is an essential branch considering its multi-disciplinary nature. The pount is that it holds blatant importance for time to come. Life’s most complicated problems cannot be addressed by the knowledge of only one engineering science. In today’s world we need professionals who are “good jack(s) of all trades and master(s) of one” changing the old saying. For implementing this edited saying students will need to address real-world problems, so laboratory-based learning should be even more emphasized in this branch. Consequently, we have also looked on the laboratory works that are included in these courses, considering what aspects should be covered in them. Skillsets required by students such as implementation of hardware, coding, system modeling have been also discussed. Future prospects in this discipline have also been explored. The epilogue consists in recommendations to educational institutions based on our findings.
Undergraduate Courses in Linguistics at Universities of Great Britain
Authors: Komochkova Olga
Published: January 2016

The concept of linguistics as a branch of science has been considered. Key abilities linguists possess have been defined. The need to apply to foreign experience, in particular, British one, has been justified. Relevant information sources, namely, Benchmark Statement for Linguistics (2007), data on Education UK, the official website for international students launched by the British Council, programme specifications for linguistics at a number of British universities have been reviewed. The list of higher education institutions (65) offering undergraduate courses (424) in Linguistics has been presented. Study options for undergraduate courses in Linguistics have been described. It has been stated that curricula in linguistics provided by higher education institutions do not greatly differ from each other by the content; nevertheless they preserve their own originality. General characteristics of study years (primarily three-year curricula) have been given. Teaching and learning methods and techniques as well assessment methods generally used at British universities have been listed. Positive aspects of British experience in professional training of future linguists have been outlined. Perspectives for improving the Ukrainian curricula for professional training of future linguists have been justified.
Interpretation Of “Equality Of Arms” In Jurisprudence Of AD Hoc Tribunals And ICC
Authors: Bužarovska Gordana
Published: January 2016

Principle of equality of arms is part of fair trial concept, which encompasses several guarantees linked to the defence opportunities during the criminal procedure. The accused person is entitled to a fair trial. Balance of rights between the parties is bedrock for procedural fairness and the judge has to perform his competence in providing all necessary preconditions as for the trial to be fair.

There are differences between interpretation and implementation of equality of arms in the jurisprudence of European court on human rights (ECtHR) and international criminal courts (ICTY, ICTR and ICC). Decisions of ECtHR are much more similar with domestic understanding of equality of arms as reasonable opportunity of the defence to present the case without disadvantages vis-à-vis the prosecutor, due to inherent inequity between the parties.

When analyzing proceeding before the ad hoc Tribunals, there is “more liberal interpretation” of this principle, which allowed the Prosecutor to invoke equality of arms, as well. ICTY Trial Chamber in Aleksovski case concluded that application of the concept of a fair trial in favor of both parties is understandable because the Prosecution acts on behalf of and in the interests of the international community, including the interests of the victims of the offence charged and also has held that it is difficult to see how a trial could ever be considered to be fair where the accused is favored at the expense of the Prosecution. This interpretation has been justified with dependence of the international Tribunals on state cooperation and due to the fact that international criminal courts have no autonomous enforcement agencies at their disposal. Fortunately, ICC Statute considered equality of arms as solely afforded to the defence, or to the Prosecutor on the behalf of accused.
From Magna Carta To The Contemporary System Of Financial Penalties In The Criminal Law
Authors: Deanoska – Trendafilova Aleksandra
Published: January 2016

Magna Carta Libertatum or the Great Charter of the Liberties is a historical document of great significance for the constitutional history and human rights and liberties development. Although at its initial version it addressed a limited number of liberties and principles, it represented a solid foundation for the evolution of the principles of the rule of law, right to justice, right to a fair trial, just and reasonable sentencing, limitation of powers, etc.

Namely, article 20 of the Charter states: A freeman shall not be amerced for a slight offense, except in accordance with the degree of the offense; and for a grave offense he shall be amerced in accordance with the gravity of the offense, yet saving always his “contenement”; and a merchant in the same way, saving his “merchandise”; and a villein shall be amerced in the same way, saving his “wainage” if they have fallen into our mercy: and none of the aforesaid amercements shall be imposed except by the oath of honest men of the neighborhood.

An analysis of this article undoubtedly leads us to the basic principles of the contemporary systems of fine, namely the daily-fine system introduced in the Macedonian Criminal Code in 2004 according to which the fine will be calculated and pronounced according to the gravity of the offence and the financial state and condition of the perpetrator. As one can notice, the gravity of the offence and the saving of the perpetrators “contenement” from the abovementioned article of the Great Charter refer to the aforesaid principles.

In this article, a comparison will be made on the meaning of the term “amercement” and its similarities and differences with the modern financial penalties and measures in the criminal law from comparative perspective, to find which one corresponds to the latter: fine, assets forfeiture or compensation of damages made with the criminal offence.
The Principle Of Justice In Magna Carta Libertatum And Its Influence On The Law In General
Authors: Zendeli Emine
Published: January 2016

This article aims to expound the principle of justice, as a fundamental value and as an immanent category of law, as well as one of the fundamental human rights, prescribed and guaranteed by a myriad of international instruments and documents. After a brief historical account, by focusing on Article 40 of the Magna Carta Libertatum, which states that: “To No One Will we Sell, To No One Will we refuse or delay, right or justice”, this article claims to show the importance of incorporation of this principle in the provisions of the Magna Carta and its impact on the development of theory and legislation in the past and present. Moreover, the article intends to explore the extent of influence that the priciple of justice has on the functioning of the law in general. Since justice implicates the permanent and constant will to render each person his due, and this achieved through equality, it results that justice means being equal. In this context, the article will explore the concept of equality as a precondition of justice, as well as the conditions and modalities for its implementation.

Having in mind that the principle of justice is closely linked to the principle of equity, because equity precedes justice, or more precisely, equity is considered a source of justice, this article seeks to articulate the essential distinctions between these two concepts by focusing on their methods, i.e. in their approach for putting the idea of equality into action.
Interrogations And The Right To Remain Silent - A Comparative Approach
Authors: Bilalli Arta
Published: January 2016

Interrogations are a very specific component of any criminal investigation. The answers gained through interrogative process provides information that are considered as direct evidences. In contemporary criminal procedure, the court is not absolved from gaining other evidences, even in cases when the defendant confesses his/her guiltiness. This is a mechanism for excluding the inquisitorial approach for extracting compulsory confessions. The modern procedure uses a variety of mechanisms to guarantee that the defendant will not be compelled to confess guilt.

Those mechanisms are part of most important international conventions as International Convention for Civil and Political Rights, the European Convention on Human Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, the Statutes of International Tribunals (i.e. International Tribunal for ex-Yugoslavia, International Tribunal for Rwanda) and part of different constitutional and legal acts of modern states.

A very interesting “highlight” remains the right to silence which guarantees that the defendant might remain silent and it will not be interpreted against him. The defendant, even in cases with direct evidences, can remain silent and cannot be forced to answer given questions.

Another “highlight” is that one that appears from the privilege against self-incrimination that allows the defendant to not answer a question, if by answering, he/she may confess guilt or incriminate him/herself. How deep is this privilege? Are there, maybe questions, that he/she are obliged to answer (i.e. disclosure of identity?)

The article will focus in interrogations and the right to silence by most important international acts and domestic acts of different countries (USA, France, Germany, Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia) and upcoming specifics in the relation interrogations vs. remaining silent.
Magna Carta And The Roman Law Tradition
Authors: Mehmeti Sami
Published: January 2016

Magna Carta is one of the most important illustrations of the exceptionalism of English common law. Within a completely feudal framework it gave the clearest possible articulation to the concept of the rule of law and at the same time it also showed that there were certain basic rights which every freeman enjoyed without any specific conferment by the king. From English perspective, continental European law after the process of the reception of Roman law was commonly regarded to be apart and different from the English legal tradition, as well as being perceived to pose a continual threat. The English Parliament constantly turned down royal attempts to emulate the continental reception of Roman law by characterizing it as something entirely foreign to English law. Roman law was supposed to promote an authoritarian and absolutist vision of the relationship between rule and subjection and this was expressed in the famous phrases 'princeps legibus solutus' and 'quod principi placuit legis habet vigorem'. Roman law was also anti-feudal, because one of its main principles that all power originated from one central source was the antithesis of the distribution of power over multiple centers, which was a crucial element of the feudal society. Many English historians have held the view that the English law is democratic, whereas the continental tradition is undemocratic and authoritarian, and this is why the Roman law succeeded on the Continent and failed in England.
Religious Freedoms In Republic Of Macedonia
Authors: Metaj-Stojanova Albana
Published: January 2016

With the independence of Republic of Macedonia and the adoption of the Constitution of Macedonia, the country went through a substantial socio-political transition. The concept of human rights and freedoms, such as religious freedoms in the Macedonian Constitution is based on liberal democratic values. The Macedonian Constitution connects the fundamental human rights and freedoms with the concept of the individual and citizen, but also with the collective rights of ethnic minorities, respecting the international standards and responsibilities taken under numerous international human rights conventions and treaties, of which the country is a party. Republic of Macedonia has ratified all the so called “core human right treaties” and now the real challenge lies in the implementation of the international standards. Some of these international conventions and treaties of the United Nations and of the Council of Europe are inherited by succession from the former Yugoslavian federation. Religious freedoms are guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of human rights (1948), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), the European Convention on Human Rights (1953), the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (1981) (all documents ratified by the Republic of Macedonia). According to the Constitution of the Republic of Macedonia “The freedom of religious confession is guaranteed. The right to express one's faith freely and publicly, individually or with others, is guaranteed„. After the conflict of 2001 the Ohrid Framework Agreement secured group rights for ethnicities that are not in majority in the Republic of Macedonia. The present Law on the legal status of the church, religious communities and religious groups of 2007, repealed the Law on religion and religious groups of 1997.
Rule Of Law – Condition For Economic Development (Republic Of Macddonia)
Authors: Kocevska Katerina
Published: January 2016

In this essay I will attempt to explain the relation between the rule of law and the economic development. First I will describe the rule of law and its role through the years. Then, I will continue with the connection between economic development and the rule of law. I will try to clarify Macedonia’s legal framework and emphasize the constitution and its role regarding the rule of law and economic development. Latter, I will focus on the EU’s report on our economy in our journey towards the union. And finally I will give something to think about for future researchers.
The macroinvertebrate fauna of the Młynne stream (Polish Carpathians) in the aspect of the bed load transport and water quality
Authors: Oglęcki Paweł , Radecki-Pawlik Artur
Published: January 2016

The macroinvertebrate fauna of the Młynne stream (Polish Carpathians) in the aspect of the bed load transport and water quality. The qualitative composition of the bottom sediments and the bed load and suspended load transport along the mountain stream were presented. The studies were carried on the Młynne stream in Gorce (Polish Carpathians). The streams flows partially in the natural river-bed and partially in the regulated with rapids. The stream bed load is accumulated in the reservoir up to the check dam and is qualitatively different from the load deposited at the bars. The taxonomic richness of the Młynne stream is a little bigger compared with the other investigated mountain and sub-mountain streams, but lesser compared with bigger rivers. The number of taxa on the natural reaches is more than double than on the regulated ones, with more taxa of high environmental demands and high values of the BMWP-PL index. The paper brings up the question of the environmental friendly technical solutions in different human activities in the sub-mountain and mountain river valleys, advantageous for humans and the river biological diversity (or resistance for negative environmental factors) as well.
Hydromorphological and landscape valorization of the Poprad river valley
Authors: Nawieśniak Maria , Strutyński Mateusz
Published: January 2016

Hydromorphological and landscape valorization of the Poprad river valley. The paper presents the results of hydromorphological and landscape valorization. The research was carried out in the Valley of the Poprad River, in the section from Piwniczna-Zdrój to Rytro (Małopolska voivodship). The hydromorphological valorization was made using the method of the evaluation of hydromorphological quality of the river. ECOVAST method was used for landscape valorization. On the basis of the research, Authors concluded that the research area is characterized by considerable hydromorphological variability, in particular in relation to the floodplains terraces and their connectivity with the main channel of the river. At the same time the valley of the Poprad river is characterized by the landscape of regional significance, with a very large tourist potential.