bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon–Oxygen‐Bridged Ladder‐Type Building Blocks for Highly Efficient Nonfullerene Acceptors
Authors: Xiao Zuo , Yang Shangfeng , Yang Zhou , Yang Junliang , Yip Hin‐Lap , Zhang Fujun , He Feng , Wang Tao , Wang Jizheng , Yuan Yongbo , Yang Huai , Wang Mingkui , Ding Liming
Published: October 2018

Recently, acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) small molecules have emerged as promising nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) for organic solar cells and have attracted great attention. The carbon‐bridged (C‐bridged) ladder‐type D unit plays a crucial role in developing high‐performance A–D–A NFAs. However, the medium electron‐donating capability of C‐bridged units is unfavorable for making NFAs with strong light‐harvesting capability. In this regard, carbon–oxygen‐bridged (CO‐bridged) ladder‐type units present advantages in developing strong light‐absorbing NFAs. Here, recent progress in the newly emerging CO‐bridged NFAs is highlighted. The synthetic methods for the polycyclic CO‐bridged building blocks are introduced. The photovoltaic performance for CO‐bridged NFAs is summarized and discussed. Perspectives on developing high‐performance CO‐bridged‐NFA‐based solar cells are made.
Real‐Time Simulation of Nonequilibrium Nanocrystal Transformations
Authors: Li Xiao‐Yan , Zhu Beien , Qi Rui , Gao Yi
Published: October 2018

Nanoscience relies on a vast variety of metastable nanostructures with specific properties in different applications. Whether these metastable structures retain their unique structures after long‐time operation in real working conditions is a key question for evaluating their practical value. Here, the stability of a metastable nanostructure is shown, for example, the metallic hollow nanocrystals (hNCs), can be measured at macroscopic time scales (up to days) by a combined approach of density functional theory, all‐atom kinetic Monte Carlo method, and a well‐fitted nearest neighbor bonds model. The real‐time simulation results give detailed information on the structural evolution of Pt nanocrystals at different temperatures, which reproduces the experimental observations well. Further studies reveal that the intrinsic instability of hNCs comes from the fact that the outer‐surface refacetts faster than the inner‐surface due to the coordination‐number imbalance between them. Eliminating the driving force can efficiently stabilize the metastable nanostructures. Based on the above understanding, a general strategy is proposed for the rational design of highly stable metallic hNCs. This work not only provides insightful information and useful guidance for a wide variety of applications of hollow nanocatalysts but also paves the way for real‐time simulations of complex nonequilibrium nanocrystal transformations in real conditions.
Recent Advances in Low‐Dimensional Heterojunction‐Based Tunnel Field Effect Transistors
Authors: Lv Yawei , Qin Wenjing , Wang Chunlan , Liao Lei , Liu Xingqiang
Published: October 2018

Since the continuous scaling down of the transistor channel length, extraordinary improvement is achieved in the switching speed. However, the rising leakage current degrades the power consumption seriously. In this regard, reducing supply voltage might be the most effective method. This requirement can be fulfilled well by tunnel field‐effect transistors (TFETs), because carriers transport via a band‐to‐band tunneling manner in the TFETs. Relying on the special transport mechanism, the TFETs often require band structure modulations and steep interfaces without trap state, which are challenging for bulk materials. Therefore, these challenges have boosted TFET designs based on low‐dimensional materials ranging from Si/Ge nanowires to state‐of‐art van der Waals heterostructures. Here, the key concepts of the currently developed TFETs are studied from the aspects of structure, material, transportation characteristic, and mechanism. According to the heterojunction bonding types, they can be divided into lateral and vertical TFETs in general. Furthermore, other related transistors based on tunneling are also included. Emerging problems and promotion methods toward these TFETs are introduced with the assistance of simulations. The main goal is to introduce the frontiers of TFET explorations and provide readers with a perspective on how to realize TFET applications in the future.
Molecular genetics of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Morrow Bernice E. , McDonald‐McGinn Donna M. , Emanuel Beverly S. , Vermeesch Joris R. , Scambler Peter J.
Published: October 2018

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a congenital malformation and neuropsychiatric disorder caused by meiotic chromosome rearrangements. One of the goals of this review is to summarize the current state of basic research studies of 22q11.2DS. It highlights efforts to understand the mechanisms responsible for the 22q11.2 deletion that occurs in meiosis. This mechanism involves the four sets of low copy repeats (LCR22) that are dispersed in the 22q11.2 region and the deletion is mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination events. This review also highlights selected genes mapping to the 22q11.2 region that may contribute to the typical clinical findings associated with the disorder and explain that mutations in genes on the remaining allele can uncover rare recessive conditions. Another important aspect of 22q11.2DS is the existence of phenotypic heterogeneity. While some patients are mildly affected, others have severe medical, cognitive, and/or psychiatric challenges. Variability may be due in part to the presence of genetic modifiers. This review discusses current genome‐wide efforts to identify such modifiers that could shed light on molecular pathways required for normal human development, cognition or behavior.
Identifying potential refugia and corridors under climate change: A case study of endangered Sichuan golden monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Qinling Mountains, China
Authors: Li Jia , Li Diqiang , Xue Yadong , Wu Bo , He Xiaojia , Liu Fang
Published: October 2018

Climate change threatens endangered species and challenges current conservation strategies. Effective conservation requires vulnerability assessments for species susceptible to climate change and adaptive strategies to mitigate threats associated with climate. In this paper, we used the Maxent to model the impacts of climate change on habitat suitability of Sichuan golden monkeyRhinopithecus roxellana. Our results showed that (i) suitable habitat for Sichuan golden monkey was predicted to decrease by 37% in 2050s under climate change; (ii) the mean elevations of suitable habitat in the 2050s was estimated to shift 160 m higher; (iii) nature reserves protect 62% of current suitable habitat and 56% of future suitable habitat; and (iv) 49% of current suitable habitat was predicted to be vulnerable to future climate change. Given these results, we proposed conservation implications to mitigate the impacts of climate change on Sichuan golden monkey, including adjusting range of national park, establishing habitat corridors, and conducting long‐term monitoring.
Modern humans sex estimation through dental tissue patterns of maxillary canines
Authors: García‐Campos Cecilia , Martinón‐Torres María , Martínez de Pinillos Marina , Modesto‐Mata Mario , Martín‐Francés Laura , Perea‐Pérez Bernardo , Zanolli Clément , Bermúdez de Castro José María
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Dental tissue proportions of human permanent canines is one of only a few sexually dimorphic features that is present in childhood and maintained in adults, offering the opportunity for this to be used in sex determination. This study assesses dental tissue volumes and surface areas of maxillary permanent canines in a sample of known sex to provide new data and to explore the potential of these variables as reliable sexual estimators.

Materials and methods

The teeth studied here derive from 56 individuals (27 females and 29 males) of known sex and age, and of different geographic origins. The teeth were scanned and three‐dimensional (3D) measurements (volumes and surface areas) were obtained. In addition, a discriminant function analysis was applied.

Results

The results presented here concur with those previously published in relation to both size and dental tissue patterns. Male maxillary canines have a greater dentine component, whereas female enamel is thicker, leading to a difference in dental size in favor of males. Discriminant functions were calculated using these histological variables successfully identifying sex in between 87.5% and 93.75% of the known‐sex hold‐out sample, with 92.3% correctly assigned when all functions were applied together.

Discussion

The present study supports that methods for sex determination based on dental tissue measurements can achieve high allocation accuracies, being especially useful in the case of subadults or when no other appropriate method is available.
Multi‐tissue stable carbon and nitrogen isotope models for dietary reconstruction: Evaluation using a southern African farming population
Authors: Zhu Madeline , Sealy Judith
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Multi‐tissue stable isotope models to reconstruct past diets (Froehle, Kellner, & Schoeninger, 2012; Kellner & Schoeninger, 2007) have lacked data from a heavily C4‐dependent population. Using new data from southern African agriculturalists, published models are evaluated for accuracy in dietary reconstruction and applicability to isotopically diverse diets. Additionally, isotopic variation between tooth enamel and bone apatite, which are often treated as isotopically equivalent, is investigated.

Materials and Methods

δ13Cbone apatite, δ13Ctooth enamel, δ13Ccollagen, and δ15Ncollagen values for 51 adult southern African agriculturalists are presented. Bivariate (linear) and multivariate (cluster analysis, discriminant function analysis) models are recreated including these data, and the resulting dietary reconstructions evaluated against what we know of archaeological diets.

Results

Δ13Ccollagen‐enamel (5.67 ± 1.66‰) is significantly larger than Δ13Ccollagen‐bone apatite (4.77 ± 1.42‰) and are significantly different from each other (Mann Whitney U‐Test, p = 0.0). δ13Cbone apatite and δ13Ctooth enamel were uncorrelated (R2 = 0.24).

The agriculturalists consumed highly variable and heterogeneous diets, (mean δ13Cbone apatite = −6.25 ± 2.49‰, δ13Ctooth enamel = −2.88 ± 2.48‰, δ13Ccollagen = −8.65 ± 2.16‰, δ15Ncollagen = 10.05 ± 1.9‰). Multi‐ and bi‐variate models under‐estimate the probable contribution of C3 energy sources, and recreation of cluster analysis results in a significant reduction in the parsimony of the dietary clusters derived in Froehle et al., 2012.

Conclusion

Bone apatite and tooth enamel are distinct biominerals, and their δ13C values should not be treated as equivalent. Multiple tissue isotopes provide valuable insight into diet that cannot be achieved with single tissues, but current models are limited by the lack of isotopic diversity in the data on which they are based.
Ultra‐High‐Molecular‐Weight Polymers Produced by the Immortal Phosphine‐Based Catalyst System
Authors: Bai Yun , He Jianghua , Zhang Yuetao
Published: October 2018

A strong organophosphorus superbase, N‐(diphenylphosphanyl)‐1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dihydro‐2H‐imidazol‐2‐imine (IAP3) was combined with a sterically encumbered but modestly acidic Lewis acid (LA), (4‐Me‐2,6‐tBu2‐C6H2O)AliBu2 ((BHT)AliBu2), to synergistically promote the frustrated Lewis pair (FLP)‐catalyzed living polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), achieving ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with Mn up to 1927 kg mol−1 and narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) at room temperature (RT). This FLP catalyst system exhibits exceptionally long lifetime polymerization performance even in the absence of free MMA, which could reinitiate the desired living polymerization after the resulting system was held at RT for 24 h.
Chemomechanical Motion of a Self‐Oscillating Gel in a Protic Ionic Liquid
Authors: Masuda Tsukuru , Ueki Takeshi , Tamate Ryota , Matsukawa Ko , Yoshida Ryo
Published: October 2018

An autonomous swelling–deswelling oscillation of polymer gels in a hydrated protic ionic liquid (PIL) as a proton source for the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction is presented. Methylammonium hydrogen sulfate ([maH+][HSO4−]) was employed as the PIL because it provides stable redox oscillation in the BZ reaction. Due to the significantly higher pKa for [maH+][HSO4−] than those for conventional proton sources for the BZ reaction, chemomechanical oscillation can be expected under weaker acidic conditions. The self‐oscillating polymer was designed as a ternary random copolymer of N‐isopropylacrylamide, N‐(3‐aminopropyl)methacrylamide, and the Ru(bpy)3 moiety as a catalyst for the BZ reaction. The copolymer exhibited spontaneous soluble–insoluble oscillation in hydrated [maH+][HSO4−] containing NaBrO3 and malonic acid. Macroscopic swelling–deswelling oscillation of the porous bulk gel prepared by covalently connecting microgel particles was also observed.
Self‐Assembling All‐Enzyme Hydrogels for Flow Biocatalysis
Authors: Peschke Theo , Bitterwolf Patrick , Gallus Sabrina , Hu Yong , Oelschlaeger Claude , Willenbacher Norbert , Rabe Kersten S. , Niemeyer Christof M.
Published: October 2018

Continuous flow biocatalysis is an emerging field of industrial biotechnology that uses enzymes immobilized in flow channels for the production of value‐added chemicals. We describe the construction of self‐assembling all‐enzyme hydrogels that are comprised of two tetrameric enzymes. The stereoselective dehydrogenase LbADH and the cofactor‐regenerating glucose 1‐dehydrogenase GDH were genetically fused with a SpyTag or SpyCatcher domain, respectively, to generate two complementary homo‐tetrameric building blocks that polymerize under physiological conditions into porous hydrogels. Mounted in microfluidic reactors, the gels show excellent stereoselectivity with near quantitative conversion in the reduction of prochiral ketones along with high robustness under process and storage conditions. The gels function as compartment that retains intermediates thus enabling high total turnover numbers of the expensive cofactor NADP(H).
Regio‐ and Stereoselective Allylic Substitutions of Chiral Secondary Alkylcopper Reagents: Total Synthesis of (+)‐Lasiol, (+)‐13‐Norfaranal, and (+)‐Faranal
Authors: Skotnitzki Juri , Spessert Lukas , Knochel Paul
Published: October 2018

Chiral secondary alkylcopper reagents were prepared from chiral secondary alkyl iodides by a retentive I/Li exchange followed by a retentive transmetalation with CuBr⋅P(OEt)3. Switching the solvent to THF significantly increased their configurational stability and made these copper reagents suitable for regioselective allylic substitutions. The optically enriched copper species underwent SN2 substitutions with allylic bromides (up to >99 % SN2 regioselectivity). The addition of ZnCl2 and the use of chiral allylic phosphates allowed to switch the regioselectivity towards SN2′ substitution (up to >99 % SN2′ regioselectivity) and to perform highly selective anti‐SN2′ substitutions with absolute control over two adjacent stereocenters. This method was applied in the total synthesis of the three ant pheromones (+)‐lasiol, (+)‐13‐norfaranal, and (+)‐faranal (up to 98:2 dr, 99 % ee).
Reversible Aqueous Zinc–CO2 Batteries Based on CO2–HCOOH Interconversion
Authors: Xie Jiafang , Wang Xueyuan , Lv Jiangquan , Huang Yiyin , Wu Maoxiang , Wang Yaobing , Yao Jiannian
Published: October 2018

As a promising technique for CO2 fixation/utilization and energy conversion/storage, the metal–CO2 battery has been studied to improve its interconversion between CO2 and carbonates/oxalates. Herein, we propose and realize a reversible aqueous Zn–CO2 battery based on the reversible conversion between CO2 and liquid HCOOH on a bifunctional Pd cathode. The 3D porous Pd interconnected nanosheet with enriched edge and pore structure, has a highly electrochemical active surface to facilitate simultaneous selective CO2 reduction and HCOOH oxidation at low overpotentials. The resulting battery has a 1 V charge voltage, a cycling durability over 100 cycles, and a high energy efficiency of 81.2 %. The battery mechanism is proposed as Zn+CO2+2 H++2 OH−↔ ZnO+HCOOH+H2O, through which the reversible conversion between CO2 and liquid HCOOH was realized.
Coordination behaviour, molecular docking, density functional theory calculations and biological activity studies of some transition metal complexes of bis‐Schiff base ligand
Authors: Zayed Ehab M. , Hindy Ahmed M.M. , Mohamed Gehad G.
Published: October 2018

Coordination compounds of Mn (II), Fe (III), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II) ions were synthesized from reaction with Schiff base ligand 4,6‐bis((E)‐(2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethylidene)amino)pyrimidine‐2‐thiol (HL) derived from the condensation of 4,6‐diaminopyrimidine‐2‐thiol and 2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)acetaldehyde. Microanalytical data, magnetic susceptibility, infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopies, mass spectrometry, molar conductance, powder X‐ray diffraction and thermal decomposition measurements were used to determine the structure of the prepared complexes. It was found that the coordination between metal ions and bis‐Schiff base ligand was in a molar ratio of 1:1, with formula [M (HL)(H2O)2] Xn (M = Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Cd (II), n = 2; Fe (III), n = 3). Diffuse reflectance spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements suggested an octahedral geometry for the complexes. The coordination between bis‐Schiff base ligand and metal ions was through NNNN donor sites in a tetradentate manner. After preparation of the complexes, biological studies were conducted using Gram‐positive (B. subtilis and S. aureus) and Gram‐negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) organisms. Metal complexes and ligand displayed acceptable microbial activity against both types of bacteria.
Mononuclear Co(III), Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes of 2‐(2,4‐dichlorobenzamido)‐N'‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide: Structural insight and biological assay
Authors: Chimmalagi Geeta H. , Kendur Umashri , Patil Sunil M. , Frampton Christopher S. , Gudasi Kalagouda B. , Barretto Delicia A. , Mangannavar Chandrashekhar V. , Muchchandi Iranna S.
Published: October 2018

A series of mononuclear metal complexes of Co(III), Ni(II) and Cu(II) with 2‐(2,4‐dichlorobenzamido)‐N′‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)benzohydrazide (LH3) have been synthesized and characterized using various physico‐chemical, spectroscopic and single crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. Structural studies of [Co(LH)(LH2)]·H2O (4) revealed the presence of both amido and imidol tautomeric forms of LH3, resulting in a distorted octahedral geometry around the Co(III) ion. [Ni(LH)(H2O)]·H2O (5) and [Cu(LH)(H2O)]·H2O (6) are isomorphous structures and crystallize in the monoclinic P21/c space group. The crystal structures of 4, 5 and 6 are stabilized by hydrogen bonds formed by the enclathrated water molecules, C‐H···π and π···π interactions. Complexes along with the ligand (LH3) were screened for their in vivo anti‐inflammatory activity (carrageenan‐induced rat paw edema method) and in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH free radical scavenging assay). Metal complexes have shown significant anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant potential.
Effective removal of 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol over hexagonal metal–organic framework NH2‐MIL‐88B(Fe)
Authors: Guo Hongxu , Niu Baitong , Wu Xuemin , Zhang Yi , Ying Shaoming
Published: October 2018

A nanostructured organic–inorganic framework, hexagonal NH2‐MIL‐88B, has been prepared through a facile one‐pot reflux reaction and then it was characterized using various techniques. The as‐prepared sample with high specific surface area (414 m2 g−1) showed excellent adsorption for 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol (TNP) in the liquid phase. Detailed studies of the adsorption kinetics, adsorption mechanism, adsorption isotherm, activation energy and various thermodynamic parameters were conducted. The adsorption mechanism of NH2‐MIL‐88B for TNP may be ascribed to hydrogen bond interaction, and the complexation between ─OH in TNP and unsaturated Fe(III) on the surface of NH2‐MIL‐88B. The maximum adsorption capacity of NH2‐MIL‐88B for TNP based on the Langmuir isotherm was 163.66 mg g−1. The as‐prepared NH2‐MIL‐88B adsorbent seems to be a promising material in practice for TNP removal from aqueous solution.
Nano‐Zn[2‐boromophenylsalicylaldiminemethylpyranopyrazole]Cl2 as a novel nanostructured Schiff base complex and catalyst for the synthesis of pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidinedione derivatives
Authors: Moosavi‐Zare A.R. , Goudarziafshar H. , Jalilian Z.
Published: October 2018

Nano‐Zn[2‐boromophenylsalicylaldiminemethylpyranopyrazole]Cl2 (nano‐[Zn‐2BSMP]Cl2) as a novel nanostructured Schiff base complex was prepared and characterized using several techniques. Nano‐[Zn‐2BSMP]Cl2 was used as an effective catalyst for the preparation of some pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidinedione derivatives by the multicomponent reaction of malononitrile, aryl aldehydes and barbituric acid derivatives. The novelty and efficiency of nano‐[Zn‐2BSMP]Cl2 as a catalyst, in comparison with some other reported catalysts, for this synthetic transformation are the main features of this work.
Effect of Triacylglycerol Compositions and Physical Properties on the Granular Crystal Formation of Fat Blends
Authors: Shimomura Yuichi , Tsuchiya Miki , Ueno Satoru , Shiota Makoto
Published: October 2018

The effect of triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions and physical properties related to solid fat content (SFC) on the behavior of granular crystal formation was investigated. Four fat blends involving different 1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐sn‐glycerol (POP) and 1‐palmitoyl‐2,3‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycerol (POO) compositions or SFC were prepared, and crystallization was investigated using polarizing microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, SFC, whereas hardness was determined using a texture analyzer. Samples containing a higher saturated fatty‐acid content from palm and higher SFC showed higher β‐type crystals in the initial period, yielding a number of small‐sized crystals, with no growth occurring afterward. Growth of the granular crystals as a function of time was observed in the samples, transforming from the β’‐ to β‐type polymorph gradually. Large granular crystals at the initial stage were observed in the sample with a higher POO content and lowest SFC. These results suggested that POO promotes the rate of the crystals’ polymorphic transformation, resulting in the growth of granular crystals. In contrast, excess high‐melting‐point TAG content, such as tripalmitin and POP, retarded granular crystal growth regardless of the increased β’ to β transition rate. We concluded that the behavior of the growth of granular crystals is influenced by the combined effect of TAG composition and SFC.
Study on the Role of Histochemical Stains in Identifying Merkel Cells in Dogs
Authors: Ramírez Gustavo A. , de los Monteros Antonio Espinosa
Published: October 2018

Merkel cells (MCs) are neuroendocrine cells involved with tactile sense, growth, differentiation, and homeostasis of the skin as well as in different cutaneous diseases. Specific staining techniques are required for their identification because they are not easily visible in paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The present study assess the histochemical features of the MCs in dogs comparing with those described for other mammals in the literature and with the use of immunohistochemistry. A systematic study of samples from MCs‐rich areas from healthy dogs was carried out by use of several histologic stains, including metachromatic staining, silver stains, methylene blue, periodic acid–Schiff stain, and osmium‐based staining method. MCs were detected by the Grimelius argyrophilic stain in 86.7% of the specimens. The staining was showed as dark‐brown granular cytoplasmic and consistently polarized to the basal cell cytoplasm matching with the cellular distribution of the characteristic neurosecretory granules. Some modifications in the standard staining protocol, including rinsing, silver reimpregnation, and counterstain dye, enhanced the MCs identification in stratified squamous epithelium. When compared with Cytokeratin 20‐immunolabeled serial sections several MCs appeared nonstained with the argyrophilic method. These differences in MC numbers between stains were statistically significant. Other histologic stains failed to identify MCs in the specimens. The results of this study indicate that Grimelius argyrophilic stain is a suitable method for demonstration of MCs in the stratified squamous epithelium of skin and mucosa. Discussion on its utility when compared with immunohistochemistry and a review of the scientific literature is also presented. Anat Rec, 302:1458–1464, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systematization, Description, and Territory of the Middle Cerebral, Rostral, and Cerebroethmoidal Arteries on the Surface of the Brain of the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Nazer Manoel B. , Campos Rui , Voll Juliana
Published: October 2018

Thirty ostrich specimens were injected with red‐dyed latex via the internal carotid arteries (Aa.) The middle cerebral and cerebroethmoidal arteries and their branches were systematized. The middle cerebral artery (a.) was always a single large vessel. On the right side, it had two, three, or one developed medial hemispheric branches in 46.6%, 26.7%, and 26.7% of cases, respectively. On the left side, one (36.7%), two (33.3%), and three (30%) developed medial hemispheric branches were observed. The middle cerebral artery had eight (40%), nine (20%), seven (16.7%), eleven (6.7%) ten (6.7%), twelve (3.3%), six (3.3%), and five (3.3%) developed lateral hemispheric branches on the right side and seven (46.7%), nine (13.3%), eight (13.3%), six (10%), five (10%), and ten (6.7%) on the left. Two (33.3%), four (20%), three (20%), one (16.7%), and five (10%) direct perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery were present on the right, and three (33.3%), two (30%), one (13.4%), six (10%), four (10%), and five (3.3%) were present on the left. The cerebroethmoidal artery, always present as a natural continuation of the rostral terminal branch of the brain's carotid artery and originating from the middle cerebral artery, was a large vessel that projected rostromedially, giving off the rostral cerebral artery shortly after its formation and continuing as the ethmoidal artery. The rostral cerebral artery was a single (90%) and double (10%) vessel on the right and a single (96.7%) and double vessel (3.3%) on the left. The ethmoidal artery was always a medium to large single vessel and was the natural continuation of the cerebroethmoidal artery, immediately after giving off the rostral cerebral artery. Anat Rec, 302:1187–1194, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and Assessment of a Three‐Dimensional Tooth Morphology Quiz for Dental Students
Authors: Lone Mutahira , Vagg Tamara , Theocharopoulos Antonios , Cryan John F. , Mckenna Joseph P. , Downer Eric J. , Toulouse André
Published: October 2018

Tooth morphology has a pivotal role in the dental curriculum and provides one of the important foundations of clinical practice. To supplement tooth morphology teaching a three‐dimensional (3D) quiz application (app) was developed. The 3D resource enables students to study tooth morphology actively by selecting teeth from an interactive quiz, modify their viewpoint and level of zoom. Additionally, students are able to rotate the tooth to obtain a 3D spatial understanding of the different surfaces of the tooth. A cross‐over study was designed to allow comparison of students’ results after studying with the new application or traditionally with extracted/model teeth. Data show that the app provides an efficient learning tool and that students’ scores improve with usage (18% increase over three weeks, P < 0.001). Data also show that student assessment scores were correlated with scores obtained while using the app but were not influenced by the teaching modality initially accessed (r2 = 0.175, P < 0.01). Comparison of the 2016 and 2017 class performance shows that the class that had access to the app performed significantly better on their final tooth morphology assessment (68.0% ±15.0 vs. 75.3% ±13.4, P < 0.01). Furthermore, students reported that the 3D application was intuitive, provided useful feedback, presented the key features of the teeth, and assisted in learning tooth morphology. The 3D tooth morphology app thus provides students with a useful adjunct teaching tool for learning dental anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 00: 000–000. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.
Synthesis and Electrochemical and Photophysical Properties of Azaterrylene Derivatives
Authors: Hirono Akitsu , Sakai Hayato , Hasobe Taku
Published: October 2018

A series of terrylene derivatives, such as monoazaterrylene (MATerry), 1,6‐diazaterrylene (DiATerry) and pristine terrylene (Terry), were synthesized by changing the number of nitrogen atoms at the bay region (1 and 6 positions of the Terry core). The electrochemical measurements suggested that the first one‐electron reduction and oxidation potentials became positively shifted with increasing numbers of nitrogen atoms. This agreed with the energies of the corresponding highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) states estimated by DFT methods. In contrast, the HOMO–LUMO gaps approximately remained constant. This trend is quite similar to the spectroscopic behaviors observed by absorption and fluorescence spectra. The solvent polarity‐dependent spectroscopic trends of DiATerry suggested the intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) characters. The evaluation of the excited‐state dynamics in various solvents indicated the electronic configurational changes of the excited states relative to the ground state via the ICT. This was supported by the Lippert–Mataga plots. Finally, the reversible protonation and deprotonation processes were also observed.
Improving GPS/INS Integration Using FIKF‐Filtered Innovation Kalman Filter
Authors: Shaghaghian Alireza , Karimaghaee Paknoosh
Published: October 2018

The Kalman Filter (KF) is the most popular approach in sensor fusion and navigation applications. Improving the accuracy of estimation may increase the navigation accuracy. KF is the best choice for minimum variance optimal estimation, but it is not the best approach to improve some of the main and classic features such as steady‐state error reduction. These features are more important than optimality for applications like accuracy improvement in navigation. Also, these features and their solutions have been addressed in classic control techniques as a widely known subject. Therefore, some similar improvements in the estimation problem are discussed in the literature. These studies try to conserve the optimality in the covariance of the error, but classic and optimal features cannot be achieved simultaneously. Hence, these methods are not as efficient as expected. This paper intends to improve the estimation of position and velocity in navigation problems by integrating classic and modern control techniques. Beside the classic features and advantages, it may be seen that the resulted covariance of error is not minimum anymore, but it is comparable with the optimal methods.
Do process simulations during episodic future thinking enhance the reduction of delay discounting for middle income participants and those living in poverty?
Authors: O'Donnell Sara , Daniel Tinuke Oluyomi , Koroschetz Jordynn , Kilanowski Colleen , Otminski Aris , Bickel Warren K. , Epstein Leonard H.
Published: October 2018

Two studies examined whether episodic future thinking (EFT; pre‐experiencing future events) reduces discounting of future rewards (DD). No studies have investigated whether process simulations (i.e., simulating the process of executing a future event) amplify EFT's reduction of DD. Study 1 examined the effect of incorporating process simulations into EFT (N = 42, Mage = 43.27; 91% female, family income = $75,976) using a 2 × 2 factorial design with type of episodic thinking (process, nonprocess/general) and temporal perspective (EFT, episodic recent thinking) as between‐subjects factors. Study 2 replicated Study 1 in a sample of adults living in poverty (N = 36; Mage = 38.44, 88% female; family income = $25,625). The results of both studies showed EFT reduced DD, but process‐oriented EFT did not amplify the effect of EFT. Our findings suggest the key ingredient in EFT's effect on DD is self‐projection into the future. This was also the first study to show EFT improves DD in a sample living in poverty.
Synthesis and characterization of a green‐light‐emitting (pbi‐Br)2Ir (acac) metal complex for OLEDs
Authors: Khotele Neha , Kalyani N. Thejo , Dhoble S.J.
Published: October 2018

We designed and synthesized a 2‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzimidazole (pbi‐Br) ligand, which was then employed to create an innovative phosphorescent cyclometallated iridium(III) (pbi‐Br)2Ir(acac) metal complex with acetyl acetone as an ancillary ligand using the Suzuki coupling reaction. The complex was then characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/differential thermal analysis (DTA) for structural and thermal analysis, respectively. XRD confirmed its amorphous nature and the FTIR spectrum revealed the molecular structure confirmation of the metal complex. The TGA/DTA curve disclosed its thermal stability up to 310°C. Ultraviolet (UV)–vis absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra were measured to explore the photo‐physical properties of the (pbi‐Br)2Ir(acac) complex in basic and acidic media respectively. With the variation in solvent from acidic to basic media, optical absorption peaks blue shifted with variation in optical densities. These results facilitated the calculation of various photo‐physical parameters. When excited at 379 nm in the solid state, the synthesized complex gave out a green light emission, peaking at λemi = 552 nm. Staggering differences in optical density were observed in the PL spectra of the solvated complex. A Stokes’ shift of 7140.45 cm−1 and 7364.94 cm−1 was observed when the complex was solvated in acetic acid and chloroform, respectively. Hence the synthesized iridium metal complex can be considered as promising green emissive material for optoelectronic applications.
KLSAS—An adaptive dynamic learning environment based on knowledge level and learning style
Authors: Dhakshinamoorthy Anitha , Dhakshinamoorthy Kavitha
Published: October 2018

Adaptive learning environment, the extension of E‐learning, has gained its importance in the present education scenario with the growth in information and communication technology. To develop such an environment, suitable learner characteristics have to be selected and learning materials are to be adapted to the selected characteristics with intelligent mechanisms. The effectiveness of the adaptive systems improves with increased number of learner characteristics considered to build the systems. However, the observations from the existing adaptive systems reveal that the development of systems that adapts to more than one learner characteristic is more challenging than systems that adapt to single learner characteristic. This paper proposes an adaptive learning system, KLSAS: Knowledge and Learning Style based Adaptive System, which is based on two significant learner characteristics, knowledge level and learning style. The adaptation model of KLSAS is proposed as a dynamic system which updates itself with learner performance and preferences. The evaluation of the system is done through the test performance of two different set of learners. The results are encouraging and ensuring that the adaptive strategy based on the selected learner characteristics leads to improvement in learning.
Medicine and meaning—How experienced therapists describe the role of medication in recovery processes in bipolar disorder
Authors: Veseth Marius , Stige Signe Hjelen , Binder Per‐Einar
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Pharmacological interventions are viewed as central to clinical work with people diagnosed with bipolar disorder. But what is the meaning of medicine? How do clinicians view the role of medication in recovery processes in bipolar disorder? The aim of this study was to explore the perspectives of experienced therapists regarding the role of medicine in the treatment of people with bipolar disorder.

Methods

In a Norwegian specialist mental health care setting, we conducted 12 semi‐structured individual interviews with experienced therapists and analysed the resulting transcripts using a team‐based thematic analysis method.

Findings

We identified four themes: (a) the bedrock of therapy; (b) an imperfect answer and a dangerous tool; (c) the hallmark of insight; and (d) negotiating medicine, negotiating meaning.

Conclusion

We relate our findings to the shortcomings of the dominant medical model and argue that a recovery perspective can be a helpful tool for counsellors and psychotherapists in understanding the meaning of medicine for people with bipolar disorder.
Classification and statistical analysis of hydrothermal seafloor rocks measured underwater using laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Yelameli Mallikarjun , Thornton Blair , Takahashi Tomoko , Weerakoon Tharindu , Ishii Kazuo
Published: October 2018

This study investigates the use of statistical methods for the classification of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) measurements of water‐immersed rocks with respect to their labels and geological groups. The analysis is performed on deep‐sea hydrothermal deposit rocks. These rocks are categorized on the basis of the relative ratio of Zn‐Pb‐Cu on a ternary diagram. The proposed method demonstrates that the accurate classification of rocks with respect to their labels and geological group from the LIBS data can be successfully achieved by combining principal component analysis (PCA), which reduces the dimensionality of the data, with classification algorithms such as the support vector machine (SVM), k‐nearest neighbor search (KNN), and artificial neural network (ANN) methods. The performance of the classification algorithms depends on the size of the dataset. Additionally, removing the linear trend from the data enhances the performance of the classification in terms of sensitivity. The best classification performance concerning the rock label is obtained using an SVM linear kernel algorithm with 95% sensitivity. The best classification performance concerning the geological group is obtained using the SVM method with 98% accuracy. The one‐sided Wilcoxon signed rank test is applied to the classification results in the rock label and group cases, and the results indicate that the SVM algorithm has statistical significance over the other algorithms while classifying the rock labels and rock group.
Targeted Nanoswitchable Inhibitors of Protein–Protein Interactions Involved in Apoptosis
Authors: Nevola Laura , Varese Monica , Martín‐Quirós Andrés , Mari Giacomo , Eckelt Kay , Gorostiza Pau , Giralt Ernest
Published: October 2018

Progress in drug delivery is hampered by a lack of efficient strategies to target drugs with high specificity and precise spatiotemporal regulation. The remote control of nanoparticles and drugs with light allows regulation of their action site and dosage. Peptide‐based drugs are highly specific, non‐immunogenic, and can be designed to cross the plasma membrane. In order to combine target specificity and remote control of drug action, here we describe a versatile strategy based on a generalized template to design nanoswitchable peptides that modulate protein–protein interactions upon light activation. This approach is demonstrated to promote photomodulation of two important targets involved in apoptosis (the interactions Bcl‐xL–Bak and MDM2–p53), but can be also applied to a large pool of therapeutically relevant protein–protein interactions mediated by α‐helical motifs. The template can be adjusted using readily available information about hot spots (residues contributing most to the binding energy) at the protein–protein interface of interest.
Multiphoton Imaging of Collagen, Elastin, and Calcification in Intact Soft‐Tissue Samples
Authors: Gade Piyusha S. , Robertson Anne M. , Chuang Chih‐Yuan
Published: October 2018

Multiphoton‐induced second‐harmonic generation and two‐photon excitation enable imaging of collagen and elastin fibers at micron‐level resolution to depths of hundreds of microns, without the use of exogenous stains. These attributes can be leveraged for quantitative analysis of the 3D architecture of collagen and elastin fibers within intact, soft tissue specimens such as the artery and bladder wall. This architecture influences the function of intramural cells and also plays a primary role in determining tissue passive mechanical properties. Calcification deposition in soft tissues is a highly prevalent pathology in both older and diseased populations that can alter tissue properties. In this unit, we provide a protocol for simultaneous multiphoton microscopy (MPM) imaging and analysis of 3D collagen and elastin structures with calcification, which is effective for fixed and fresh intact samples. We also provide an associated micro‐CT protocol to identify regions of interest in the samples as a means to target the MPM imaging. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Co‐scheduling of data intensive jobs and processor redistribution under temperature constraints
Authors: Ramesh T. , Suresh R.M.
Published: October 2018

With the congregation of more and more data intensive computational task in cloud environment, the distributive paradigm of data processing acquire the state of being more cost‐sensitive in commercial cloud computing environment. Also, the rise in power density from physical machines and memory systems has caused the development of mechanisms to cater efficient thermal management system. Owing to the reactive nature, these methods usually suffer from poor predictability; hence, there lies a dearth of availability of such mechanism to efficiently co‐schedule data intensive jobs and thermal management of physical computational cores in order to establish a workflow which guarantee in managing scheduling operations under time critical situations and thermal constraints. In this study, we present a reinforcement learning inspired heuristic reduction to co‐schedule such operations in near real‐time scenario. While this problem is, in general sense, corresponding to NP‐Hard problem, but the pluggable co‐scheduler so presented in this study can provide significant savings in affordable computational time under temperature constraints.
An optimal Internet of Things–based smart cities using vehicular cloud for smart driving
Authors: Ramya Devi M. , Krishnan Sivakumar , Lokesh S.
Published: October 2018

Empowering vehicular cloud can be done by having certain snapshot of the quantity of vehicles and their accessibility in a given lane through a model, and in addition, some additional framework, including movement of vehicles. The quantity of vehicles determines the calculation abilities accessible in this area and the traveling time shows the time of validity for a particular lane. Accordingly, in this paper, we do research using stochastic investigation of a few traffic attributes identified with the usage of cloud computing in a street portion to embrace appropriate activity prototypes. In particular, we have two sorts of activity situations that are considered: free‐flow movement and queueing‐ up activity. We utilize a perceptible traffic model to explore the free‐flow activity and examine some parameters, for example, activity thickness, vehicles quantity, and living arrangement time. Likewise, we use the queueing‐ up hypothesis to demonstrate the queue movement; the line length and the holding up time in the line are investigated. The outcomes will be presented for the customers who got struck in road traffic a common problem in all countries to get rid of traffic conditions. By using this, an alternate route will be predicted for the customer which is traffic free while driving.
Visual preferences for direct‐gaze faces in infant macaques (Macaca mulatta) with limited face exposure
Authors: Simpson Elizabeth A. , Paukner Annika , Pedersen Eric J. , Ferrari Pier F. , Parr Lisa A.
Published: October 2018

From birth, human and nonhuman primates attend more to faces with direct gaze compared with averted gaze, and previous studies report that attention to the eyes is linked to the emergence of later social skills. Here, we explored whether early experiences influence attraction to eye contact in infant macaques by examining their attention to face pairs varying in their gaze direction across the first 13 weeks of life. Infants raised by human caretakers had limited conspecific interactions (nursery‐reared; N = 16) and were compared to infants raised in rich social environments (mother‐reared; N = 20). Both groups looked longer to faces and the eyes of direct compared to averted‐gaze faces. Looking to all faces and eyes also increased with age. Nursery‐reared infants did not display age‐associated increases in attention to direct‐gaze faces specifically, suggesting that, while there may be an initial preference for direct‐gaze faces from birth, social experiences may support its early development.
Validity of diagnostic codes and estimation of prevalence of diabetic foot ulcers using a large electronic medical record database
Authors: Cahn Avivit , Altaras Talya , Agami Tal , Liran Ori , Touaty Colette E. , Drahy Michel , Pollack Rena , Raz Itamar , Chodick Gabriel , Zucker Inbar
Published: October 2018

Aims

To assess the validity of the diagnostic codes relating to diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) in the electronic medical records of a large integrated care provider and to assess the prevalence of DFU among its members.

Materials and Methods

Data were obtained from the diabetes registry of Maccabi Healthcare Services (MHS), a 2.1‐million‐member sick‐fund in Israel, which included 125 665 patients in 2015. We randomly selected and reviewed ~400 patient files from each of the following categories during study period: (1) had a diagnostic code of DFU; (2) had a diagnostic code, or clinical condition suggestive of DFU including: leg‐ulcer, amputation, DFU in quartiles proximate to 2015 or abnormality reported by nurse; (3) patients at high risk for DFU (age > 35 and one of the following: peripheral artery disease, neuropathy, DFU during 2011‐2014, eGFR<30 mL/min/m2 or foot deformity). The patients' charts were reviewed by study physicians, and DFU was validated or refuted.

Results

Relying upon diagnostic codes entered by physicians, the positive predictive value (PPV) was 73.1% (95% CI 67.6‐78.2), and the sensitivity was 48.2% (95% CI 45.8‐50.7%). The PPV of the diagnostic codes listed by podiatrists were significantly lower, while that of codes listed by nurses was higher but with lower sensitivity. The estimated annual prevalence of DFU in the diabetes registry of MHS was 1.2% (95%CI 1.0‐1.5%).

Conclusions

Diagnostic codes alone cannot be used reliably to create a DFU registry. Nevertheless, the data collected provide an estimate of the prevalence of DFU among patients included in the MHS diabetes registry.