bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One more time: How do you motivate donors?
Authors: Ritzenhein Donald N.
Published: June 2004

Motivation is an incomplete explanation of what it means to be a donor. People are engaged in a search for meaning, and they give to help achieve one or more of their needs for meaning.
Building a donor‐focused community foundation
Authors: Kreamer Janice C. , Bradford Dalene D.
Published: June 2004

For the Greater Kansas City Community Foundation, strategic changes implemented over a ten‐year period have resulted in dramatically increased charitable giving, new types of donors, and growing civic involvement as donors indicate that the foundation's approach adds value to their giving.
Capital campaigns and the new charitable investors
Authors: Briscoe Marianne G. , Marion Barbara H.
Published: June 2004

Capital campaign strategies and tactics differ when donors are the new charitable investors: entrepreneurs, venture capitalists, and stock option millionaires. Fundraisers must do more than determine what new approaches will work with these donors; they must also figure out how to adapt the new approaches to known effective strategies and how to be clear about which basics cannot be abandoned.
Managing donor defection: Why should donors stop giving?
Authors: Sargeant Adrian
Published: June 2004

Dramatic increases in an organization's revenue may be achieved through comparatively modest increases in donor loyalty. To achieve such increases, it is necessary to move away from what the author calls a focus on transactions to a focus on relationships to minimize donor defection.
The mind of the millionaire: Findings from a National Survey on Wealth with Responsibility
Authors: Schervish Paul G. , Havens John J.
Published: June 2004

Findings from a survey of people whose net worth is more than $5 million have particular relevance for fundraisers, charity professionals, and others who advise wealth holders about their finances and philanthropy.
Is the donor pyramid dead?
Authors: Elischer Tony
Published: June 2004

The author offers a fresh framework for developing the right direct marketing strategy for individuals, updating previous concepts such as the donor pyramid and providing unique insights for moving toward an emphasis on donor share, not market share.
The rise—and fall?—of face‐to‐face fundraising in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jay Elaine
Published: June 2004

The author introduces a new European form of direct marketing and fundraising and provides an overview of face‐to‐face fundraising, the benefits it has delivered to U.K. charities, and the issues it has raised.
Looking at life through rainbow‐colored glasses
Authors: Peck Kay C.
Published: June 2004

Welcoming someone to a new environment involves more than opening the doors. If an organization wants to welcome gays, it must send individuals to interact with the gay community.
Beyond representation: Building diverse board leadership teams
Authors: Gitin Maria
Published: June 2004

Opportunities and challenges involving identification and cultivation of diverse boards are explored.
Five reasons for nonprofit organizations to be inclusive
Authors: Gough Samuel N.
Published: June 2004

People support organizations with which they feel a connection. Nonprofit staff and volunteers need to understand the traditions of giving and sharing of the people whose support they seek.
Thinking about the why of giving
Authors: Gaudiani Claire L.
Published: June 2004

Life does not lay itself out on spreadsheets. Although fundraising management tools are critical, they cannot become so central that we forget the most important question: Why give at all?
Faith and family philanthropy: Stories of giving from faith‐guided family grant makers
Authors: Esposito Virginia M. , Foote Joseph
Published: June 2004

The world of faith and family philanthropy is filled with dedication, high energy, good spirit, and innovation—qualities that stand grant making in good stead.
The spiritual secret of wealth: The inner dynamics by which fortune engenders care
Authors: Schervish Paul G. , O'Herlihy Mary A.
Published: June 2004

In view of the continuing growth in affluence, the spiritual secret of wealth has implications for the way fundraisers approach donors and for how the affluent might view their financial morality.
Financing American religion
Authors: Chaves Mark
Published: June 2004

The vast majority of congregations operate on the money raised each year. If a congregation or denomination has a “financial” crisis, it is better understood as an “involvement” crisis.
The irony of parachurch organizations: The case of Habitat for Humanity
Authors: Baggett Jerome P.
Published: June 2004

As a parachurch organization, Habitat for Humanity owes much of its success to the fact that it institutionalizes a pragmatic, nondoctrinal, and individualistic form of religiosity well adapted to the secular climate of modernity; ironically, this form of religiosity is problematic for marshaling an ideological resistance to the class divisions and instrumental logic of the market that impinges on Habitat's organizational culture.
Walking softly across the dialogue of religion, spirituality, and the Native American experience of giving
Authors: Stately Jo‐Anne E.
Published: June 2004

Concerted efforts to involve Indian people in various aspects of formal philanthropy led this Native American author to ask, “What can mainstream philanthropy teach me that I already don't know?”
Developing faithful and generous donors: The ideals and the challenges
Authors: Jeavons Thomas H. , Basinger Rebekah Burch
Published: June 2004

Individuals' faith is important in promoting generosity. Certain principles that guide the practices of fundraising nurture donors' faith. Fundraisers should be aware of organizational obstacles to sustaining such practices.
The dance of giving and receiving: Spirituality and the development officer, volunteer, and donor
Authors: Pudelek Susan M.
Published: June 2004

Hidden in our hearts is a longing—to live deeply and fully, with purpose and joy. At the intersection of spirituality and philanthropy is the dance of giving and receiving and how we create ourselves, our community, and our world.
Teaching philanthropy to children: Why, how, and what
Authors: Bjorhovde Patricia O.
Published: June 2004

The future of philanthropy may rest on our ability to ensure future generations of philanthropists by teaching our children how to give and serve.
Learning to give: Teaching philanthropy K–12
Authors: Agard Kathryn Ann
Published: June 2004

A new foundation‐sponsored initiative—Learning to Give—seeks to infuse the teaching of philanthropy into the core curriculum of K–12 schools.
Teaching the next generation about philanthropy: A case study of the AFP New Jersey chapter's Youth in Pilanthropy Program
Authors: Falk Katherine
Published: June 2004

The rationale for teaching children about philanthropy, especially through an AFP chapter program, is explored, along with the components and achievements of New Jersey's Youth in Philanthropy Program.
Komplexe Materialien auf mesoskopischer Skala: Was ist Weiche Materie?
Authors: Gompper Gerhard , Dhont Jan K. G. , Richter Dieter
Published: June 2004

Die Weiche Materie verdankt ihre besonderen Eigenschaften der Strukturierung auf supramolekularen, mesoskopischen Längenskalen: Diese liegen zwischen der mikroskopischen Skala der Atome und der makroskopischen Skala unserer täglichen Erfahrung. Ebenso wichtig sind die schwachen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den supramolekularen Strukturen (Aggregaten), so dass thermische Fluktuationen ihre Eigenschaften wesentlich mitbestimmen. Weiche Materie ist deshalb leicht deformierbar, ihre Eigenschaften können leicht variiert werden, und es treten neuartige dynamische Phänomene auf. Die klassischen Systeme der Weichen Materie sind Dispersionskolloide, Membranen, Mikroemulsionen und Polymere. Die moderne Forschung untersucht verstärkt Systeme aus mehreren dieser Komponenten, zum Beispiel biologische Membranen.
Eine Welt zwischen Fest und Flüssig: Aktuelle Forschung an Weicher Materie
Authors: Gompper Gerhard , Dhont Jan K. G. , Richter Dieter
Published: June 2004

Die Systeme der Weichen Materie sind gekennzeichnet durch Universalität und Komplexität. Für viele Eigenschaften spielen die Details der chemischen Struktur der Moleküle und der Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Atomen nur eine geringe Rolle. Die Ursachen hierfür sind die Strukturen auf der supramolekularen, mesoskopischen Längenskala und der bedeutende Einfluss thermischer Fluktuationen. Die große Zahl verschiedener Komponenten und die enorme Fülle an Eigenschaften und Phänomenen bieten viele Möglichkeiten der Materialentwicklung. Das zeigt zum Beispiel die aktuelle Forschung an Polymerschmelzen, Mikroemulsionen und Suspensionen im Scherfluss.
Chips aus Plastik: Organische Elektronik
Authors: Kiy Michael
Published: June 2004

Künstliche organische Materialien werden in Zukunft vermehrt in der Elektronik eingesetzt werden. Obwohl sie gute Isolatoren sind, kann ein ausreichend großes elektrisches Feld in ihnen einen elektrischen Strom fließen lassen. Dazu injizieren Metallelektroden freie Ladungsträger wie Elektronen oder Löcher in das organische Material. Diese Ladungsträgerinjektion kann die elektrischen Eigenschaften geeigneter organischer Materialien vom Isolator bis zum Leiter steuern. Eine zukünftige Domäne solcher Kunststoffe werden einfache, billige Chips sein. Bei den Displays könnten sie bald die konventionellen Flüssigkristallanzeigen technisch überflügeln.
Predictors of deterioration of lung function in cystic fibrosis*
Authors: Schaedel C. , de Monestrol I. , Hjelte L. , Johannesson M. , Kornfält R. , Lindblad A. , Strandvik B. , Wahlgren L. , Holmberg L.
Published: June 2004

The severity of lung disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) may be related to the type of mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, and to environmental and immunological factors. Since pulmonary disease is the main determinant of morbidity and mortality in CF, it is important to identify factors that can explain and predict this variation. The aim of this longitudinal study of the whole Swedish CF population over age 7 years was to correlate genetic and clinical data with the rate of decline in pulmonary function. The statistical analysis was performed using the mixed model regression method, supplemented with calculation of relative risks for severe lung disease in age cohorts.

The severity of pulmonary disease was to some extent predicted by CFTR genotype. Furthermore, the present investigation is the first long‐term study showing a significantly more rapid deterioration of lung function in patients with concomitant diabetes mellitus. Besides diabetes mellitus, pancreatic insufficiency and chronic Pseudomonas colonization were found to be negative predictors of pulmonary function. In contrast to several other reports, we found no significant differences in lung function between genders. Patients with pancreatic sufficiency have no or only a slight decline of lung function with age once treatment is started, but an early diagnosis in this group is desirable. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:483–491. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytokines in severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis
Authors: Mobbs Kevin J. , Smyth Rosalind L. , O'Hea Una , Ashby Deborah , Ritson Paul , Hart C. Anthony
Published: June 2004

Bronchiolitis caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is an important cause of severe lung disease in infants, and increasing evidence suggests that it is immunologically mediated. Experiments in mice suggest that this may be due to differential T‐cell activation producing either type 1 or type 2 cytokines. We investigated this hypothesis in man by studying 24 infants ventilated with severe RSV bronchiolitis and by measuring messenger RNA (mRNA) for interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), by polymerase chain reaction, in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids. A semiquantitative assay was used to estimate concentrations of mRNA for these cytokines in comparison to mRNA of the constitutively expressed hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene.

BAL from 18/24 infants showed polarization of cytokine production: 6 with only IFN‐γ mRNA, and 12 with only IL‐4 mRNA. For the 6/24 infants in whom both IL‐4 mRNA and IFN‐γ mRNA were detected in BAL fluid, each was present in low amounts, compared with those with mRNA for IL‐4 or IFN‐γ alone. IL‐4 and IFN‐γ mRNA were not detected in any of the NPAs.

These findings provide the first direct evidence in infants that in RSV bronchiolitis there are divergent T‐cell responses and suggest that more than one mechanism may be responsible for immune‐mediated disease enhancement. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:449–452. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bronchiectasis in children: Orphan disease or persistent problem?*
Authors: Callahan Charles W. , Redding Gregory J.
Published: June 2004

More than a decade ago, bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis was termed an “orphan disease”, because it had become an uncommon clinical entity among children in the developed world. Bronchiectasis is more common among children in lower socioeconomic classes and in developing countries, presumably due to more frequent and recurrent respiratory infections, environmental airway irritants, poor immunization rates, and malnutrition. Reports from the Southern Pacific and from Alaska Native children reveal persistently high rates of childhood bronchiectasis. Better epidemiologic data throughout the world are needed to reassess the importance of this condition. The pathophysiology includes airway inflammation, mucus production, and regional airway obstruction, yet the reasons why some children develop bronchiectasis while other do not is unclear. The coexistence of asthma with bronchiectasis is associated with more severe disease, yet the impact of asthma therapy in children with both disorders has not been studied. Similarly, the pattern of antibiotic use for children with bronchiectasis varies by region with little data to justify one particular approach. It may be that public health measures aimed at improving living conditions for children and prevention of respiratory infections with antiviral vaccines will have more impact on childhood bronchiectasis than medical treatments in the future. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:492–496. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Type I nitric oxide synthase is decreased in the fetal pulmonary circulation of hypertensive lambs
Authors: Tzao Ching , Nickerson Peter A. , Steinhorn Robin H. , Noble Bernice K. , Swartz Daniel D. , Russell James A.
Published: June 2004

The nitric oxide (NO)/guanosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) pathway plays an essential role in mediating pulmonary vasodilatation during transition of the pulmonary circulation at birth. We used immunoblot analysis (Western) and semiquantitative immunohistochemistry to study the presence, distribution, and relative amounts of type I nitric oxide synthase (NOS‐I). Immunoblots were performed on normal fetal sheep lungs, whereas immunohistochemistry for NOS‐I was compared between lungs from normal fetal lambs vs. fetal lambs with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) induced by ligation of the ductus arteriosus.

Western blot analysis using a polyclonal antibody detected NOS‐I protein in homogenates of normal fetal sheep lungs. Abundant NOS‐I immunoreactivity was observed exclusively in the precapillary resistance vessels, i.e., terminal bronchiole‐associated arteries (TA) and respiratory bronchiole‐associated arteries (RA) in normal fetal lung. In marked contrast, immunoreactivity for NOS‐I was significantly reduced in the TA and RA of hypertensive lungs.

We conclude that there is a heterogeneous distribution of NOS‐I in the normal fetal sheep lung, but that NOS‐I staining is significantly reduced in lambs with PPHN. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:437–442. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary eosinophilic vasculitis in a neonate with congenital chylothorax*
Authors: Resch Bernhard , Popper Helmut H. , Urlesberger Berndt , Müller Wilhelm D.
Published: June 2004

We report a case of congenital bilateral chylothorax, complicated by pulmonary eosinophilic vasculitis and transient eosinophilia. Excluding all known forms of eosinophilic pulmonary disease either histologically or clinically, possible mechanisms of its etiology are discussed. Treatment with corticosteroids was successful, and after a prolonged clinical course the patient recovered by age 2 years. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:501–504. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effective thickness, temperature and growth rate behavior of quantum dot ensembles
Authors: Dubrovskii V. G. , Cirlin G. E. , Ustinov V. M.
Published: June 2004

A kinetic model for the stress driven formation of quantum dots is studied, incorporating the growth of wetting layer, the island nucleation and size relaxation. The derived dependences of the island size and density on the effective thickness, substrate temperature and growth rate provide a detailed characterization of the structural properties of quantum dots. It is shown that in the subcritical thickness range the structure of an ensemble is determined by the thermodynamics and in the overcritical thickness range is kinetically controlled. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Special issue: Structure, Disorder and Correlations
Authors: Morawetz Klaus
Published: June 2004

This special issue of physica status solidi (b) is a collection of articles covering a broad range of topics which are intensively investigated by current theoretical condensed matter physics. They include disorder and interaction, phase transitions and criticality, as well as transport properties. The contributions originate from the Workshop “Modelling and Simulation in Molecular Systems, Mesoscopic Structures, and Material Science”, held in Chemnitz, 21–23 April 2004. The workshop and this issue are dedicated to the 50th birthday of Professor Michael Schreiber, Chemnitz University of Technology, where he holds a chair in theory of disordered systems.

Guest Editor of the present issue is Klaus Morawetz who is working both in Michael Schreiber's group in Chemnitz and at the Max‐Planck‐Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden.

On the cover we show the eigenfunction of the 3D Anderson model of localization at the metal‐insulator transition. The sys‐tem consists of 1113 = 1367631 sites at an energy E ∼ 0. The colours serve to enhance the legibility of spatial positions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic and electrical response of arrays of metallic quantum dots
Authors: Remacle F. , Levine R. D.
Published: June 2004

We study ordered arrays of Quantum Dots (QDs) as model systems for the electronic structure and response of solids and devices built from nanoscale components. QDs self‐assemble as two‐dimensional solids, with novel optical and electric properties, which can be experimentally tuned. The properties are controlled chemically via the selection of the composition and size of the individual QDs and physically through such external controls as the packing, temperature, and electrical and magnetic fields. The freedom of the architectural design is constrained because even the best synthesis does not yield dots of exactly the same size. We discuss the effects of disorder on the electronic structure of arrays of metallic dots and on their transport properties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Effects of flow on the fish communities of a regulated California river: implications for managing native fishes
Authors: Brown Larry R. , Ford Tim
Published: June 2004

We assessed the importance of flow regime to the success of native and non‐native fish species by analysing winter/spring seining data collected from 1987 to 1997 on the resident fish communities of the lower Tuolumne River, California. The data were analysed using regression models to predict the percentage of non‐native fish at a site. The regression models included various combinations of the variables longitudinal location of the site, mean April/May stream discharge in the year of sampling, and mean April/May stream discharge in the previous year. Comparison of the models indicated that the best model included longitudinal location and stream discharge in the previous year. This model is consistent with the hypothesis that flow in the previous year differentially affects reproductive success of native and non‐native species and thus the resulting community sampled in the following winter/spring. A detrended correspondence analysis of percentage abundance species data identified a co‐occurring group of native species and a co‐occurring group of non‐native species with the non‐native red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis) grouping separately. The differing reproductive strategies of the species were consistent with the hypothesis concerning spawning success. Our results indicate that flow regime is an important determinant of the reproductive success of native and non‐native fish species in regulated rivers. Manipulations of flow regime are a potentially powerful tool for managing native fish species, but should be considered in combination with other restoration efforts and in the context of ecosystem restoration. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epilithic biomass in a large gravel‐bed river (the Garonne, France): a manifestation of eutrophication?
Authors: Ameziane Thierry , Garabetian Frederic , Dalger Daniel , Sauvage Sabine , Dauta Alain , Capblancq Jacques
Published: June 2004

In order to evaluate the impact of outputs of the city of Toulouse (740 000 inhabitants) on the epilithic communities colonizing pebble banks in the river Garonne, a large gravel‐bed river (eighth order), dry mass (DM), ash‐free dry mass (AFDM) and chlorophyll‐a (chla) epilithic biomass per unit area were measured and autotrophic index (AI) (i.e. ratio AFDM/chla) was calculated at four stations. This river is morphologically characterized by a succession of pools and riffles and by highly fluctuating hydraulic conditions. At the four stations studied (223 km apart), the means of AFDM values varied between 17.1 and 31.1 g m−2 of colonized surface and the chla concentration varied between 112 and 254 mg m−2. However, there were no significant differences in AFDM per unit area between the parts of the river upstream and downstream of the Toulouse area (Mann–Whitney U‐test statistic), nor between the four stations (Kruskal–Wallis test statistic), and the AI did not allow the description of changes in periphyton communities between sampling locations. This study showed that epilithic biomass should be considered as the typical microbial community of the river rather than as a manifestation of eutrophication. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The introduction of woody debris into a channelized stream: effect on trout populations and habitat
Authors: Zika Ulrike , Peter Armin
Published: June 2004

Large woody debris was explored as a method of restructuring channelized streams to improve salmonid habitat. Whole trees were inserted in sections along a 2 km reach of a channelized stream to determine if large woody debris: (1) increased the abundance and biomass of brown (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss); (2) had an effect on physical habitat features; and (3) provided trouts with additional habitat. Trout populations and stream morphology were monitored before and after the introduction of woody debris and compared to control sections lacking woody debris. Abundance and biomass of both brown and rainbow trout increased in the treatment section compared to the control. Maximum and standard deviation of fish total length increased in all sections during summer months. The number of individuals and the standard deviations of total lengths decreased in the control section in winter, but increased in the treatment section. Mean water velocities decreased and number and volume of pools increased in treatment sections. Brown and rainbow trouts sought woody debris structures for cover. We conclude that large woody debris can serve as a method of reconstructing channelized streams to improve salmonid habitat. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing discharge use by spawning Atlantic salmon: A comparison of discharge electivity indices and PHABSIM simulations
Authors: Gibbins C. N. , Moir H. J. , Webb J. H. , Soulsby C.
Published: June 2004

The locations used by spawning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in a reach of the Girnock Burn, Scotland, were monitored over three successive years. Reach discharge was estimated for each spawning observation using a conversion factor applied to continuous flow data from a gauge located in the catchment. Data on the availability and use of different discharges were used to construct a discharge electivity index for the reach. The index was compared to output from a Physical HABitat SIMulation (PHABSIM) model of the reach.

Spawning fish used relatively high discharges, with the highest electivity value being for a discharge approximately three times the reach median flow. The electivity index and the PHABSIM weighted usable area (WUA) versus discharge curve were similar across the low flow range and both suggested similar optimum discharges for spawning (1.1 and 1.4 m3 s−1 respectively). However, electivity values suggested unsuitable conditions were reached at discharges greater than 1.4 m3 s−1 whereas PHABSIM predicted relatively high WUA values at discharges up to 2 m3 s−1.

Electivity indices provide an insight into discharge selection that is not dependent on hydraulic simulations or assumptions about microhabitat (depth, velocity, substrate) preferences. Moreover, they can be used to assess discharge suitability in hydraulically complex streams where the one‐dimensional hydraulic models used by PHABSIM may be inappropriate. However, unlike PHABSIM, they cannot be used to predict the suitability of flows outside observed discharge ranges and so are limited in their application. Further work is required to refine the methodology and assess its transferability to other streams. Nonetheless, indices may represent a useful tool that can be used to complement other methods of assessing instream flow needs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat exchanges and temperatures within a salmon spawning stream in the Cairngorms, Scotland: seasonal and sub‐seasonal dynamics
Authors: Hannah David M. , Malcolm Iain A. , Soulsby Chris , Youngson Alan F.
Published: June 2004

Stream temperatures are often used to predict salmonid embryo development; but there are very few medium‐term studies of the heat exchanges determining water column and bed temperatures. Furthermore, no research exists on the energy balance for sub‐arctic Scottish rivers. This paper reports results of a hydrometeorological study of a Cairngorm stream (Girnock burn, northeast Scotland) over the salmon spawning–hatch season (late October 2001 to mid‐April 2002) that aims: (1) to characterize seasonal and sub‐seasonal stream energy budget and thermal dynamics; and (2) to explain these variations with respect to meteorological and hydrological factors. In terms of average energy flux contributions, sensible heat (38.7%), the bed heat flux (37.0%) and friction at the stream bed and banks (24.3%) are heat sources, while latent heat (73.1%) and net radiation (26.9%) are heat sinks. All energy losses and 38.7% of heat gains occur at the air–water interface; and 61.3% of energy gains (including friction) take place at the water–channel bed interface. Typically, temperatures increase (+1.97°C) and show dampening of thermal response from the water column to depth in the stream bed. The most salient findings include: (1) the stream bed (atmosphere) is the dominant energy source (sink) for heating (cooling) channel water, which may be attributed to inferred heat advection by groundwater up‐welling into the bed of this upland stream; (2) sensible heat is the primary atmospheric energy source due to limited net radiation; (3) friction at the stream bed and banks is an important heat source. Energy budget terms and temperatures exhibit (sub‐)seasonal changes in response to meteorological and hydrological conditions; a schematic diagram is presented to summarize these results. This paper clearly illustrates the need for further medium‐ to long‐term empirical stream energy balance research to characterize heat flux dynamics and, thus, understand and predict water temperature variations over time‐scales of relevance to biological studies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving Expert Panel Assessments through the use of a Composite River Condition Index—the case of the rivers affected by the Snowy Mountains hydro‐electric scheme, Australia
Authors: Young W. J. , Chessman B. C. , Erskine W. D. , Raadik T. A. , Wimbush D. J. , Tilleard J. , Jakeman A. J. , Varley I. , Verhoeven T. J.
Published: June 2004

A rapid process of water reform in Australia has seen governments rely heavily on ‘expert’ or ‘scientific’ panel advice for river condition and environmental flow assessments. These multi‐disciplinary teams of scientists have enabled a quick and relatively inexpensive injection of science into what is often a data‐poor decision process. However, expert panels suffer from several important drawbacks including a lack of transparency and repeatability, and unquantified uncertainty. In the case of the Snowy Mountains hydro‐electric scheme, a government initiative to corporatize the government‐owned authority led to the establishment of the Snowy Water Inquiry (SWI) that was required by law to propose and evaluate (within a six month period) a range of options for future river regulation, diversion and environmental flows. A Scientific Reference Panel (SRP) was therefore established to assess current (1998) river condition and to assess the likely environments benefits of a range of environmental flow options. The SRP attempted to overcome a number of the typical shortcomings of the expert panel approach by (i) integrating available data with expert opinion in its assessments, and (ii) developing a composite River Condition Index (RCI) underpinned by a conceptual framework that links habitat and biotic condition and comprises several sub‐indices that translate qualitative assessments (relative to a pre‐disturbance reference condition) into numeric values in a transparent and repeatable manner. The SRP estimated the level of uncertainty associated with its various assessments, and used these to quantify uncertainty estimates on RCI values. In this paper the RCI is described and its use is illustrated through presentation of the assessments of current (1998) river condition and the associated uncertainty analyses that were made for the rivers in the Snowy Mountains area. The results suggest that in spite of high levels of uncertainty associated with individual assessments, the SRP was able to demonstrate significant difference in current condition between rivers, and in likely future condition between different environmental flow scenarios. Although further investigations and lengthy negotiations occurred subsequent to the SWI to achieve corporatization, the environmental assessments made in the SWI provided the most comprehensive source of information available to governments and the community regarding the likely environmental outcomes of the proposed changes. Subsequent to the SWI the scenario‐based approach to environmental flow assessment has become increasingly common internationally, and major Australian river condition assessments have adopted a similar conceptual framework to the RCI. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning as conceptual change: Factors mediating the development of preservice elementary teachers' views of nature of science
Authors: Abd‐El‐Khalick Fouad , Akerson Valarie L.
Published: June 2004

This study assessed, and identified factors in participants' learning ecologies that mediated, the effectiveness of an explicit reflective instructional approach that satisfied conditions for learning as conceptual change on preservice elementary teachers' views of nature of science (NOS). Participants were 28 undergraduate students enrolled in an elementary science methods course. A purposively selected focus group of six participants who showed differential growth in terms of their NOS views were closely followed throughout the study. The Views of Nature of Science Questionnaire‐Form B (VNOS–B) in conjunction with individual interviews was used to assess participants' views prior to and at the conclusion of the study. Other data sources included weekly reflection papers, exit interviews, and an instructor's log. Initially, the greater majority of participants held naïve views of NOS. Substantial and favorable changes in these views were evident as a result of the intervention. An examination of the development of the focus group participants' NOS views indicated that the effectiveness of the intervention was mediated by motivational, cognitive, and worldview factors. These were related to internalizing the importance and utility of teaching and learning about NOS, exhibiting a deep processing approach to learning, and viewing science and religion as two distinct rather than opposing enterprises. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 88:785–810, 2004
Who Are Student Athletes?
Authors: Watt Sherry K. , Moore James L.
Published: June 2004

The evolution of college sports is presented and current student athletes are described.
Why Parents of Undergraduates Matter to Higher Education
Authors: Scott B. Ross , Daniel Bonnie V.
Published: June 2004

This chapter highlights the significant themes of this volume and provides resources for higher education professionals seeking to improve familial involvement on their campus.
Spirituality and Student Development: Theoretical Connections
Authors: Love Patrick G.
Published: June 2004

Examining student development theories and the place for spiritual development within them is critical to the future of student affairs.
Career and Calling: Finding a Place for the Spirit in Work and Community
Authors: Dalton Jon C.
Published: June 2004

The role that colleges play in character development, career exploration, and commitment to service after college are explored.
College Student Athlete Success Both In and Out of the Classroom
Authors: Carodine Keith , Almond Kevin F. , Gratto Katherine K.
Published: June 2004

Programmatic components of successful student services programs for student athletes are identified.
The Role of Spirituality in Student Affairs and Staff Development
Authors: Allen Kathleen E. , Kellom Gar E.
Published: June 2004

Leadership and staff development models rarely incorporate spiritual principles. Numerous examples for improving practice are provided.
Partnering Through Outsourcing
Authors: Palm Richard L.
Published: June 2004

Borrowed from the business community, outsourcing has entered the academic arena as a viable means of cutting costs, providing service, and addressing management concerns.
The Structure and Function of Student Affairs Research Offices: A National Study
Authors: Malaney Gary D.
Published: June 2004

A survey of student affairs research offices in the country provides information on how the offices are structured and what types of research activities they conduct.
Collaboration Between Student Affairs and Faculty on Student‐Related Research
Authors: Grennan Kevin F. , Jablonski Margaret A.
Published: June 2004

This chapter suggests how student affairs professionals and faculty members might collaborate in developing a research agenda for student affairs research. Also, the authors discuss how higher education graduate programs might assist student affairs staff with research activities.
The Significance of International Issues and Responsibilities in the Contemporary Work of Student Affairs
Authors: Dalton Jon C.
Published: June 2004

With the acceleration of international communication, travel, and economic and political integration, it is becoming increasingly important for student affairs leaders to know about international trends and issues affecting higher education and the work of student affairs.
Opportunities for International Travel and Professional Exchange for Student Affairs Professionals
Authors: Kruger Kevin W. , Dungy Gwendolyn Jordan
Published: June 2004

As student affairs administrators' interest in international issues has risen, so has the importance of international travel and professional exchange.
The Place of Student Services in German Universities
Authors: Schäferbarthold Dieter
Published: June 2004

German unification in 1990 had a far‐reaching impact on higher education and student services in Germany.
The Internationalizing Influences of New Communications Technologies
Authors: Grant Sydney R.
Published: June 2004

The development of new communications technologies poses new challenges and opportunities for student affairs professionals as their profession continues to internationalize.
Contributions of International Students and Programs to Campus Diversity
Authors: Peterson Dennis M. , Briggs Peter , Dreasher Luiza , Horner David D. , Nelson Trevor
Published: June 2004

International students, intercultural learning, and international exchange are becoming vital to higher education and dealing with them is becoming one of the essential roles of student affairs.
Beyond Borders: A Model for Student and Staff Development
Authors: Christie Roberta A. , Ragans Sherrill W.
Published: June 2004

International exchange prepares students and staff to function in an increasingly connected and interdependent world.
International Skills and Experiences for a Global Future
Authors: Latham Sarah , Dalton John C.
Published: June 2004

This chapter synthesizes the information presented throughout the volume and provides practical recommendations for student affairs professionals on how to gain skills and competencies necessary for a new global future.
International Resources and Contacts for Student Affairs Professionals
Authors: Ludeman Roger B.
Published: June 2004

A wide array of professional development opportunities is presented to provide student affairs leaders with resources and opportunities for travel and exchange.
Partnerships: An Imperative for Enhancing Student Learning and Institutional Effectiveness
Authors: Schroeder Charles C.
Published: June 2004

This chapter sets the stage for the volume by exploring the significance of forging partnerships between academic affairs and student affairs—partnerships that advance student learning, foster educational attainment, and reinvigorate undergraduate education.
Partnerships to Connect In‐ and Out‐of‐Class Experiences
Authors: Westfall Sarah B.
Published: June 2004

The author offers a case study of a collaborative effort to combine in‐ and out‐of‐class experiences at Indiana University, including a Freshman Interest Groups program, and highlights development of cross‐campus collaborations.
Merging with Academic Affairs: A Promotion or Demotion for Student Affairs?
Authors: Price Jerry
Published: June 2004

The author describes critical issues to consider when merging student affairs with academic affairs, giving special attention to implications of such a merger for student affairs professionals.
Perry's Intellectual Scheme
Authors: Love Patrick G. , Guthrie Victoria L.
Published: June 2004

William Perry's intellectual scheme set the stage for future theory building related to the cognitive development of college students.
King and Kitchener's Reflective Judgment Model
Authors: Love Patrick G. , Guthrie Victoria L.
Published: June 2004

King and Kitchener's model of reflective judgment provides a framework for educators to help students enhance their problem‐solving ability by learning to make defesible judgments about vexing problems.
Synthesis, Assessment, and Application
Authors: Love Patrick G. , Guthrie Victoria L.
Published: June 2004

This chapter melds the research and theories, provides a tool with which to informally assess the cognitive development of college students, and presents information on how to apply these theories in practice.
The Role of Financial Aid in Enrollment Management
Authors: Hossler Don
Published: June 2004

The strategic use of campus‐based financial aid has become an integral part of enrollment management strategies. This chapter examines how colleges and universities are using financial aid to achieve enrollment and financial objectives.
Developing Interventions That Focus on Learning
Authors: Liddell Debora L. , Hubbard Steven , Werner Rochelle
Published: June 2004

This chapter discusses the importance of determining learning domains, goals, and objectives, as well as the ethics of good programming. It provides an overview of different types of program delivery methods and of how knowing your audience affects the overall program and its direction. Finally, the chapter explores the importance of reflection in learning.
Programming for Multicultural Competencies
Authors: Howard‐Hamilton Mary
Published: June 2004

This chapter presents examples of good practice and what works in diversity programming. Practitioners must consider multicultural competencies for themselves and their students as well as the issue of free speech.
Setting the Context: Reconsidering the Principles of Full Participation and Meaningful Access for Students with Disabilities
Authors: Hall Linda M. , Belch Holley A.
Published: June 2004

Demographic trends and the fundamental principles of access and participation are addressed in the context of the lessons learned as other historically underrepresented groups have entered higher education.
Recruitment and Admission of Students with Disabilities
Authors: Palombi Barbara J.
Published: June 2004

This chapter focuses on the role of student affairs professionals and other administrative offices in assisting students with disabilities in their journey from high school to institutions of higher education.
Enhancing Out‐of‐Class Opportunities for Students with Disabilities
Authors: Johnson Donna
Published: June 2004

This chapter explores ways to improve the accessibility of campus life, experiential learning (internships and service learning), study abroad, and sports and recreation.
Career and Academic Advising
Authors: Aune Betty
Published: June 2004

This chapter examines career and academic advising issues in the context of the interactional model of disability.
Legal Issues in Serving Students with Disabilities in Postsecondary Education
Authors: Simon Jo Anne
Published: June 2004

The balance of rights and responsibilities of students and institutions is a dynamically evolving area and one with which student affairs administrators must be familiar.
Funding Programs and Services for Students with Disabilities
Authors: Rund James , Scharf Tedde
Published: June 2004

This chapter examines the dilemmas of funding disability programs and services, the sources of funds available, and the key issues that affect funding.
The Changing Landscape of Higher Education
Authors: Woodard Dudley B. , Love Patrick , Komives Susan R.
Published: June 2004

This chapter describes the changes in higher education and the likely future challenges and issues that will shape our institutions and our work.
Reframing Our Thinking, Reshaping Our Practice
Authors: Woodard Dudley B. , Love Patrick , Komives Susan R.
Published: June 2004

Trends that influence student affairs practice are identified, along with the core values, principles, heresies and myths, and theories that shape student affairs culture.
Learning and Development
Authors: Woodard Dudley B. , Love Patrick , Komives Susan R.
Published: June 2004

The myths, heresies, trends, and core values that influence views of teaching, learning, and personal development in higher education are explored.
Organizational Change
Authors: Woodard Dudley B. , Love Patrick , Komives Susan R.
Published: June 2004

This chapter presents ways in which student affairs' operating practices, structures, and strategies could change to address contemporary challenges.
Competencies and Perspectives for the New Millennium
Authors: Woodard Dudley B. , Love Patrick , Komives Susan R.
Published: June 2004

This chapter focuses on particular competencies that will grow in importance and on additional skill sets that may be required in student affairs practice.
Efficient model checking of properties of a distributed application: a multimedia case study
Authors: Mazzocca Nicola , Santone Antonella , Vaglini Gigliola , Vittorini Valeria
Published: June 2004

A system supporting video on demand is modeled in the process calculus CCS (Calculus of Communicating Systems), while some properties are expressed in a temporal logic and verified by means of the model checkers of the North Carolina Concurrency Workbench. This application was chosen as a case study to evaluate the usefulness of a methodology, by means of which a property is checked on reduced models obtained issuing abstractions of the system on the basis of the formula. Experimental results are shown and discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventing untestedness in data‐flow based testing
Authors: Forgács István , Bertolino Antonia
Published: June 2004

A large number of path‐oriented testing criteria have been proposed in the last twenty years. Surprisingly, almost all of them suffer from a serious weakness, which is called the untestedness syndrome: even though a criterion is satisfied, some statements of the program under test may remain ‘untested’, i.e., the observed test output does not depend on them. A new data‐flow based testing criterion is introduced which does not suffer from untestedness, called the All Program Function (APF) criterion. Intuitively, it requires that each possible computation to every output statement in a program be covered by some test; but for lots of programs APF would require an infinite number of tests. A second, applicable criterion is thus introduced, derived from APF and called the Basic Program Function (BPF) criterion. BPF leaves no statement untested and yields finite test suites. Some examples show the application of BPF and investigate the failure‐detection capability of the proposed criterion. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mentoring as Metaphor: An Opportunity for Innovation and Renewal
Authors: Enerson Diane M.
Published: June 2004

Mentoring can be a useful metaphor for teaching because it derives its reference from the academy and focuses more on the learner and positive outcomes. Examining teaching within this context allows for a different analysis of teaching and the learning process and provides the opportunity for both renewal and change.
Mentoring Interdisciplinary Undergraduate Courses
Authors: Killeen Timothy L.
Published: June 2004

Within a multidisciplinary context, mentoring can improve student learning and raise levels of interest in the sciences. Such an approach can even be used in large class settings where the use of faculty teams and new instructional technologies can be applied.
Conceptualizing the Scholarship of Teaching and Identifying Unresolved Issues: The Framework for This Volume
Authors: Kreber Carolin
Published: June 2004

What do we mean by a scholarship of teaching? What are its major characteristics and components? What issues stand in the way of greater institutionalization of the concept on our campuses?
Learning More from the Wisdom of Practice
Authors: Weimer Maryellen
Published: June 2004

Faculty's experience‐based knowledge about teaching is rarely informed by existing educational frameworks and models. Can the wisdom of practice be improved and thereby contribute more to the scholarship of teaching?
Scholarly Teaching and the Scholarship of Teaching
Authors: Richlin Laurie
Published: June 2004

The scholarship of teaching goes beyond scholarly teaching, but both are part of the scholarly process. The scholarly process can lead to improved teaching and to scholarly publications and presentation.
Mentoring for the Health Professions
Authors: Johnson Timothy R. B. , Settimi Philip D. , Rogers Juliet L.
Published: June 2004

Mentoring can provide a new model for working with students seeking careers in the health professions. Given the growing array of health professions, mentoring programs need to recognize that the single‐track premedicine route may not be the “best fit” for many students.