bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Cause for alarm? Youth and internet risk research – a commentary on Livingstone and Smith (2014)
Authors: Finkelhor David
Published: May 2014

This commentary on Livingstone and Smith (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55, 2014, XXX) suggests that more attention should be paid to a set of hypotheses about technology that contrasts with those that have animated much of the current research interest: (a) That the digital environment is no more perilous and perhaps less perilous than other offline environments youth inhabit; (b) That the problems the digital technology poses are not unique, but rather extensions of social interaction or media consumption problems that cut across many environments and are best conceptualized holistically rather than as special; and (c) That the appropriate responses should not be specialized Internet safety training but more generic education about life skills, social interaction, emotional intelligence, and media literacy. The commentary also argues for more research that reflects and tries to illuminate the basis for the excitement and enthusiasm that the young have for the technology.
Commentary: From noise to insight? Reaction time variability in ADHD and autism spectrum disorders – a commentary on Karalunas et al. (2014)
Authors: Kuntsi Jonna
Published: May 2014

Increased reaction time variability (RTV) emerged, for many of us in the field, initially as more of an ‘irritant’: a strong correlate of ADHD in particular that persisted when our pet hypotheses on other cognitive constructs withered. But the persistence of this now widespread observation – with high RTV reported across many disorders – has led to investigators paying increasingly more attention to this initially uncool concept. Time is ripe, it seems, for listening to what the ‘noise’ in our reaction time (RT) data may tell us. It is against this background that the accompanying Annual Research Review by Karalunas and colleagues captures the current enthusiasm in trying to elucidate whether RTV reflects ‘a trans‐diagnostic phenotype that is associated with shared risk for several disorders or with symptom domains that cut across several disorder categories’ or whether RTV could be ‘decomposed into distinct processes that differ among psychiatric conditions’. Focusing on two neurodevelopmental disorders, ADHD and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), Karalunas et al. performed two new meta‐analyses and provide an additional review of the literature, which lead to helpful interim conclusions and open a discussion (which this Commentary preludes) on the next steps in our attempts to make sense of the RT ‘noise’.
Commentary: Do clinicians need health economics? – a commentary on Beecham (2014)
Authors: Taylor Eric
Published: May 2014

Translation from scientific knowledge into clinical practice is a complex process. It is not enough to know what is effective: what is affordable and achievable matters too. Setting priorities is a tricky business, and health economics seeks to acquire the scientific knowledge that can guide those who must set them. Health economists, however, have in the past given little attention to the problems of child and adolescent mental health (CAMH). Beecham's accompanying Annual Research Review is a very helpful review of the state of the art. Studies are still few, but they are increasing, and her account shows how a useful methodology is developing. It gives a thorough description of economic studies on child mental health disorders; and shows how they can provide information needed for planning what should be provided. The review will be relevant to all practitioners who are interested in funding, equity and allocation – and most will be. As this Commentary argues, Beecham's review is not only for economists and researchers, but also for clinicians who need not only the lessons from the studies reviewed, but more and better research.
Editorial: Developmental foundations of mental health and disorder – moving beyond ‘Towards…’
Authors: Sonuga‐Barke Edmund J.S.
Published: May 2014

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (JCPP) dedicates one whole issue a year to broad‐based authoritative reviews by leading authorities on hot topics in the field of child psychology and psychiatry. Widely regarded as a ‘go to’ resource these Annual Research Reviews (ARRs), constitute the JCPP's flagship issue of that year. The editors have carefully selected the eight reviews in this ARR 2014 issue to be especially timely and significant and then identified key figures who we believed could prepare for our readers definitive ‘state of the science’ reviews on each topic. In reading the articles once again in order to prepare this Editorial I am struck by the way these diverse articles are united by a recognition of the central importance of developmental perspectives for the science of childhood mental health and disorder. In fact more generally the need for thoroughgoing developmental approaches appears so widely acknowledged that it is regarded by many as a self‐evident truth. The articles in this ARR both articulate the importance of this direction of travel wonderfully well and remind us how much farther we have to go to achieve this vision. Their message is that while the conceptual, theoretical, methodological and logistical challenges remain substantial, the limitations of non‐developmental approaches, evident in practically every disorder‐related sub‐domain of our discipline, leave no viable alternative if we are serious about really understanding the factors that shape mental health and disorder across the lifespan. I have extracted four specific lessons that seem especially important in this regard.
Niche evolution and thermal adaptation in the temperate species Drosophila americana
Authors: Sillero N. , Reis M. , Vieira C. P. , Vieira J. , Morales‐Hojas R.
Published: May 2014

The study of ecological niche evolution is fundamental for understanding how the environment influences species' geographical distributions and their adaptation to divergent environments. Here, we present a study of the ecological niche, demographic history and thermal performance (locomotor activity, developmental time and fertility/viability) of the temperate species Drosophila americana and its two chromosomal forms. Temperature is the environmental factor that contributes most to the species' and chromosomal forms' ecological niches, although precipitation is also important in the model of the southern populations. The past distribution model of the species predicts a drastic reduction in the suitable area for the distribution of the species during the last glacial maximum (LGM), suggesting a strong bottleneck. However, DNA analyses did not detect a bottleneck signature during the LGM. These contrasting results could indicate that D. americana niche preference evolves with environmental change, and thus, there is no evidence to support niche conservatism in this species. Thermal performance experiments show no difference in the locomotor activity across a temperature range of 15 to 38 °C between flies from the north and the south of its distribution. However, we found significant differences in developmental time and fertility/viability between the two chromosomal forms at the model's optimal temperatures for the two forms. However, results do not indicate that they perform better for the traits studied here in their respective optimal niche temperatures. This suggests that behaviour plays an important role in thermoregulation, supporting the capacity of this species to adapt to different climatic conditions across its latitudinal distribution.
Sex‐ratio meiotic drive and interspecific competition
Authors: Unckless R. L. , Clark A. G.
Published: May 2014

It has long been known that processes occurring within a species may impact the interactions between species. For example, as competitive ability is sensitive to parameters including reproductive rate, carrying capacity and competition efficiency, the outcome of interspecific competition may be influenced by any process that alters these attributes. Although several such scenarios have been discussed, the influence of selfish genetic elements within one species on competition between species has not received theoretical treatment. We show that, with strong competition, sex‐ratio meiotic drive systems can result in a significant shift in community composition because the effective birth rate in the population may be increased by a female‐biased sex ratio. Using empirical data, we attempt to estimate the magnitude of this effect in several Drosophila species. We infer that meiotic drive elements, selfish genetic elements within species, can provide a substantial competitive advantage to that species within a community.
Effects of genetic similarity on the life‐history strategy of co‐infecting trematodes: are parasites capable of intrahost kin recognition?
Authors: Joannes A. , Lagrue C. , Poulin R. , Beltran‐Bech S.
Published: May 2014

For conspecific parasites sharing the same host, kin recognition can be advantageous when the fitness of one individual depends on what another does; yet, evidence of kin recognition among parasites remains limited. Some trematodes, like Coitocaecum parvum, have plastic life cycles including two alternative life‐history strategies. The parasite can wait for its intermediate host to be eaten by a fish definitive host, thus completing the classical three‐host life cycle, or mature precociously and produce eggs while still inside its intermediate host as a facultative shortcut. Two different amphipod species are used as intermediate hosts by C. parvum, one small and highly mobile and the other larger, sedentary, and burrow dwelling. Amphipods often harbour two or more C. parvum individuals, all capable of using one or the other developmental strategy, thus creating potential conflicts or cooperation opportunities over transmission routes. This model was used to test the kin recognition hypothesis according to which cooperation between two conspecific individuals relies on the individuals' ability to evaluate their degree of genetic similarity. First, data showed that levels of intrahost genetic similarity between co‐infecting C. parvum individuals differed between host species. Second, genetic similarity between parasites sharing the same host was strongly linked to their likelihood of adopting identical developmental strategies. Two nonexclusive hypotheses that could explain this pattern are discussed: kin recognition and cooperation between genetically similar parasites and/or matching genotypes involving parasite genotype–host compatibility filters.
Sexually selected dichromatism in the hihiNotiomystis cincta: multiple colours for multiple receivers
Authors: Walker L. K. , Ewen J. G. , Brekke P. , Kilner R. M.
Published: May 2014

Why do some bird species show dramatic sexual dichromatism in their plumage? Sexual selection is the most common answer to this question. However, other competing explanations mean it is unwise to assume that all sexual dichromatism has evolved by this mechanism. Even if sexual selection is involved, further work is necessary to determine whether dichromatism results from competition amongst rival males, or by female choice for attractive traits, or both. Here, we test whether sexually dichromatic hihi (Notiomystis cincta) plumage is currently under sexual selection, with detailed behavioural and genetic analyses of a free‐living island population. Bateman gradients measured for males and females reveal the potential for sexual selection, whilst selection gradients, relating reproductive success to specific colourful traits, show that there is stabilizing selection on white ear tuft length in males. By correlating colourful male plumage with different components of reproductive success, we show that properties of yellow plumage are most likely a product of male–male competition, whilst properties of the black and white plumage are an outcome of both male–male competition and female choice. Male plumage therefore potentially signals to multiple receivers (rival males and potential mates), and this may explain the multicoloured appearance of one of the most strikingly dichromatic species inNewZealand.
Sex in an uncertain world: environmental stochasticity helps restore competitive balance between sexually and asexually reproducing populations
Authors: Park A. W. , Vandekerkhove J. , Michalakis Y.
Published: May 2014

Like many organisms, individuals of the freshwater ostracod species Eucypris virens exhibit either obligate sexual or asexual reproductive modes. Both types of individual routinely co‐occur, including in the same temporary freshwater pond (their natural habitat in which they undergo seasonal diapause). Given the well‐known two‐fold cost of sex, this begs the question of how sexually reproducing individuals are able to coexist with their asexual counterparts in spite of such overwhelming costs. Environmental stochasticity in the form of ‘false dawn’ inundations (where the first hydration is ephemeral and causes loss of early hatching individuals) may provide an advantage to the sexual subpopulation, which shows greater variation in hatching times following inundation. We explore the potential role of environmental stochasticity in this system using life‐history data analysis, climate data, and matrix projection models. In the absence of environmental stochasticity, the population growth rate is significantly lower in sexual subpopulations. Climate data reveal that ‘false dawn’ inundations are common. Using matrix projection modelling with and without environmental stochasticity, we demonstrate that this phenomenon can restore appreciable balance to the system, in terms of population growth rates. This provides support for the role of environmental stochasticity in helping to explain the maintenance of sex and the occurrence of geographical parthenogenesis.
Morphological integration in the forelimb of musteloid carnivorans
Authors: Fabre Anne‐Claire , Goswami Anjali , Peigné Stéphane , Cornette Raphaël
Published: May 2014

The forelimb forms a functional unit that allows a variety of behaviours and needs to be mobile, yet at the same time stable. Both mobility and stability are controlled, amongst others, at the level of the elbow joint. This joint is composed of the humero‐ulnar articulation, mainly involved during parasagittal movements; and the radio‐ulnar articulation, mainly allowing rotation. In contrast, the humero‐radial articulation allows both movements of flexion–extension and rotation. Here, we study the morphological integration between each bone of the forelimb at the level of the entire arm, as well as at the elbow joint, in musteloid carnivorans. To do so, we quantitatively test shape co‐variation using surface 3D geometric morphometric data. Our results show that morphological integration is stronger for bones that form functional units. Different results are obtained depending on the level of investigation: for the entire arm, results show a greater degree of shape co‐variation between long bones of the lower arm than between the humerus and either bone of the lower arm. Thus, at this level the functional unit of the lower arm is comprised of the radius and ulna, permitting rotational movements of the lower arm. At the level of the elbow, results display a stronger shape co‐variation between bones allowing flexion and stability (humerus and ulna) than between bones allowing mobility (ulna and radius and humerus and radius). Thus, the critical functional unit appears to be the articulation between the humerus and ulna providing the stability of the joint.
Patient experience in the emergency department: inconsistencies in the ethic and duty of care
Authors: Moss Cheryle , Nelson Katherine , Connor Margaret , Wensley Cynthia , McKinlay Eileen , Boulton Amohia
Published: May 2014

Aims and objectives

To understand how people who present on multiple occasions to the emergency department experience their health professionals' moral comportment (ethic of care and duty of care); and to understand the consequences of this for ‘people who present on multiple occasions’ ongoing choices in care.

Background

People (n = 34) with chronic illness who had multiple presentations were interviewed about the role that emergency departments played within their lives and health–illness journey. Unprompted, all participants shared views about the appropriateness or inappropriateness of the care they received from the health professionals in the emergency departments they had attended. These responses raised the imperative for specific analysis of the data regarding the need for and experience of an ethic of care.

Design

Qualitative description of interview data (stage 3 of a multimethod study).

Methods

The methods included further analysis of existing interviews, exploration of relevant literature, use of Tronto's ethic of care as a theoretical framework for analysis, thematic analysis of people who present on multiple occasions' texts and explication of health professionals' moral positions in relation to present on multiple occasions' experiences.

Results

Four moral comportment positions attributed by the people who present on multiple occasions to the health professionals in emergency department were identified: ‘sustained and enmeshed ethic and duty of care’, ‘consistent duty of care’, ‘interrupted or mixed duty and ethic of care’, and ‘care in breach of both the ethic and duty of care’.

Conclusions

People who present on multiple occasions are an important group of consumers who attend the emergency department. Tronto's phases/moral elements in an ethic of care are useful as a framework for coding qualitative texts. Investigation into the bases, outcomes and contextual circumstances that stimulate the different modes of moral comportment is needed.

Relevance to clinical practice

Findings carry implications for emergency department care of people who present on multiple occasions and for emergency department health professionals to increase awareness of their moral comportment in care.
Osteopenic consequences of botulinum toxin injections in the masticatory muscles: a pilot study
Authors: Raphael K. G. , Tadinada A. , Bradshaw J. M. , Janal M. N. , Sirois D. A. , Chan K. C. , Lurie A. G.
Published: May 2014

Patients with temporomandibular muscle and joint disorder (TMJD) increasingly seek and receive treatment for their pain with botulinum toxin (BoNTA; botulinum toxin A). Used intramuscularly in therapeutic doses, it produces localised paresis. Such paresis creates risk of reduced bone mineral density, or ‘disuse osteopenia’. Animal studies have frequently used BoNTA as a model of paralysis to induce bone changes within short periods. Osteopenic effects can be enduring in animals but have yet to be studied in humans. This is the first study in humans to examine bone‐related consequences of BoNTA injections in the masticatory muscles, comparing oral and maxillofacial radiologists’ ratings of trabecular bone patterns in the condyles of patients with TMJD exposed to multiple masticatory muscle injection sessions with BoNTA to a sample of patients with TMJD unexposed to masticatory muscle injections with BoNTA. Cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT)‐derived images of bilateral condyles were evaluated in seven patients with TMJD receiving 2+ recent BoNTA treatment sessions for facial pain and nine demographically matched patients with TMJD not receiving BoNTA treatment. Two oral and maxillofacial radiologists evaluated CBCT images for evidence of trabecular changes consistent with osteopenia. Both evaluators noted decreased density in all participants exposed to BoNTA and in none of the unexposed participants (P < 0·001). No other abnormalities associated with reduced loading were detected. These findings need replication in a larger sample and over a longer time period, to ensure safety of patients with TMJD receiving multiple BoNTA injections for their pain.
Analytical technologies for real-time drug dissolution and precipitation testing on a small scale
Authors: Kuentz Martin
Published: May 2014

Objectives

This review focuses on real-time analytics of drug dissolution and precipitation testing on a comparatively small scale.

Key findings

Miniaturisation of test equipment is an important trend in pharmaceutics, and several small-scale experiments have been reported for drug dissolution and precipitation testing. Such tests typically employ analytics in real-time. Fibre optic ultraviolet (UV) analytics has become a well-established method in this field. Novel imaging techniques are emerging that use visible or UV light; also promising is Fourier transform infrared imaging based on attenuated total reflection. More information than just a rate constant is obtained from these methods. The early phase of a dissolution process can be assessed and drug precipitation may eventually be observed. Some real-time techniques are particularly well suited to studying drug precipitation during formulation dispersion; for example, turbidity, focused beam reflectance measurement and Raman spectroscopy.

Small-scale dissolution tests equipped with real-time analytics have become important to screen drug candidates as well as to study prototype formulations in early development. Future approaches are likely to combine different analytical techniques including imaging. Miniaturisation started with mini-vessels or small vials and future assays of dissolution research will probably more often reach the level of parallel well plates and microfluidic channels.
Changes in plant species richness following reduced fire frequency and drought in one of the most species‐rich savannas in North America
Authors: Palmquist Kyle A. , Peet Robert K. , Weakley Alan S.
Published: May 2014

Questions

How has plant species richness changed over two decades in one of the most species‐rich savannas in North America? Is an altered disturbance regime, environmental stress, or both, driving these changes? In what ways can observations in this savanna inform management of other species‐rich plant communities?

Location

Longleaf pine savannas in southeast North Carolina, USA.

Methods

In 2011–2013, we re‐surveyed permanent plots established in the 1980s and 1990s in a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savanna in North Carolina to quantify changes in species richness at multiple spatial scales following 15 yr of reduced fire frequency plus periodic drought. For comparison, we re‐sampled other longleaf pine savannas in the region that had not experienced reduced fire frequency, but had experienced similar drought. In addition, we identified which types of species were lost and gained, and summarized changes in species frequency by growth form, plant height, and habitat affinity.

Results

We detected substantial declines in small‐scale species richness and species frequency from the 1980s to 2011, representing a loss of 33% to 41% of the flora, depending on the spatial scale. Small herbaceous species had become particularly scarce. Additional re‐sampling in the wetter years of 2012 and 2013 after consecutive years of fire revealed that species richness had increased slightly from 2011, but was still considerably lower than that in the 1980s. Other savannas did not exhibit such dramatic declines in species richness, suggesting reduced fire frequency in addition to drought contributed to species loss in Big Island Savanna over time.

Conclusions

Our work suggests that nearly annual fire is necessary for the maintenance of high plant species richness in mesic longleaf pine savannas, and even a modest reduction in fire frequency can have dramatic negative impacts. This study also suggests that drought is an important factor structuring grassland ecosystems in the southeastern US, despite relatively high regional precipitation. We believe these findings can be generalized to other species‐rich grasslands that are sensitive to changes in disturbance regimes and may require frequent disturbance to maintain plant species richness.
Dairy and cardiovascular health: Friend or foe?
Authors: Markey O. , Vasilopoulou D. , Givens D. I. , Lovegrove J. A.
Published: May 2014

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevalence at a global level is predicted to increase substantially over the next decade due to the increasing ageing population and incidence of obesity. Hence, there is an urgent requirement to focus on modifiable contributors to CVD risk, including a high dietary intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA). As an important source of SFA in the UK diet, milk and dairy products are often targeted for SFA reduction. The current paper acknowledges that milk is a complex food and that simply focusing on the link between SFA and CVD risk overlooks the other beneficial nutrients of dairy foods. The body of existing prospective evidence exploring the impact of milk and dairy consumption on risk factors for CVD is reviewed. The current paper highlights that high milk consumption may be beneficial to cardiovascular health, while illustrating that the evidence is less clear for cheese and butter intake. The option of manipulating the fatty acid profile of ruminant milk is discussed as a potential dietary strategy for lowering SFA intake at a population level. The review highlights that there is a necessity to perform more well‐controlled human intervention‐based research that provides a more holistic evaluation of fat‐reduced and fat‐modified dairy consumption on CVD risk factors including vascular function, arterial stiffness, postprandial lipaemia and markers of inflammation. Additionally, further research is required to investigate the impact of different dairy products and the effect of the specific food matrix on CVD development.
Survey of trend and factors in perinatal maternal fatigue
Authors: Cheng Ching‐Yu , Chou Yu‐Hua , Wang Panchalli , Tsai Jung‐Mei , Liou Shwu‐Ru
Published: May 2014

Few studies have investigated maternal fatigue, particularly fatigue throughout the duration of pregnancy and the postpartum period. The purpose of this study was to explore changes related to maternal fatigue from pregnancy to postpartum and the factors influencing fatigue. This prospective longitudinal study surveyed 197 pregnant women beyond 24 gestational weeks monthly until one month postpartum. The Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue scale and one question about fatigue were used. Women at late pregnancy experienced a significant increase in level of fatigue, which remained high after childbirth. Those who were not happy about the pregnancy or were multiparas experienced a higher level of prenatal fatigue than their counterparts. At postpartum, mothers who were unemployed, had no one to help with childcare, or felt that the baby's night‐time sleep pattern was a serious problem had a higher level of fatigue. Interventions can be planned and implemented at early pregnancy to reduce the prevalence of fatigue. Encouraging pregnant women to share experiences and thoughts about pregnancy and being a mother is suggested. Further studies that evaluate culturally sensitive instruments for fatigue are needed.
Safety issues of biologics in pregnant patients with rheumatic diseases
Authors: Østensen Monika
Published: May 2014

The safety of biologic agents during pregnancy is still being investigated. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) inhibitors are the only well‐studied biological drugs in pregnancy; they do not appear to be teratogenic but increase the risk of infection after birth when given in late pregnancy. The long‐term effects in exposed children are, at present, unknown. An increased risk of infection is a concern for all biologics and the risk increases further should combination with glucocorticoids be necessary. Experiences with rituximab, abatacept, anakinra, tocilizumab, and belimumab in pregnancy are limited. These drugs should be avoided during pregnancy or used only when no other option is available for treatment of serious maternal disease.
A novel video‐based paradigm to study the mechanisms underlying age‐ and falls risk‐ related differences in gaze behaviour during walking
Authors: Stanley Jennifer , Hollands Mark
Published: May 2014

Purpose

The current study aimed to quantitatively assess differences in gaze behaviour between participants grouped on the basis of their age and measures of functional mobility during a virtual walking paradigm.

Methods

The gaze behaviour of nine young adults, seven older adults with a relatively low risk of falling and seven older adults with a relatively higher risk of falling was measured while they watched five first‐person perspective movies representing the viewpoint of a pedestrian walking through various environments. Participants also completed a number of cognitive tests: Stroop task, visual search, trail making task, Mini Mental Status Examination, and reaction time, visual tests (visual acuity and contrast sensitivity) and assessments of balance (Activities Balance Confidence Scale and Berg Balance Scale) to aid in the interpretation of differences in gaze behaviour.

Results

The high risk older adult group spent significantly more time fixating aspects of the travel path than the low risk and young adult groups. High risk older adults were also significantly slower in performing a number of the cognitive tasks than young adults. Correlations were conducted to compare the extent to which travel path fixation durations co‐varied with scores on the tests of visual search, motor, and cognitive function. A positive significant correlation was found between the speed of response to the incongruent Stroop task and travel path fixation duration r21 = 0.44, p < 0.05.

Conclusions

The results indicate that our movie‐viewing paradigm can identify differences in gaze behaviour between participants grouped on the basis of their age and measures of functional mobility and that these differences are associated with cognitive decline.
Information processing during sleep and stress‐related sleep vulnerability
Authors: Lin Yen‐Hsuan , Jen Chun‐Hui , Yang Chien‐Ming
Published: May 2014

Aims

Previous studies showed enhanced attention and decreased inhibitory processes during early non‐rapid eye movement sleep in primary insomnia patients, as measured by event‐related potentials. The current study aims to examine information processing during sleep in non‐insomniac individuals with high vulnerability (HV) to stress‐related sleep disturbances.

Methods

Twenty‐seven non‐insomniac individuals were recruited, 14 with low vulnerability and 13 with HV. After passing a screening interview and polysomnographic recording, subjects came to the sleep laboratory for 2 nights (a baseline night and a stress‐inducing night) for event‐related potentials recordings.

Results

The HV group demonstrated shorter P2 latency during the first 5 min of stage 2 sleep and higher P900 amplitudes under the stress condition during slow‐wave sleep, which indicates an increased level of inhibitory processes. In addition, they had shorter N1 latencies during slow‐wave sleep that could indicate an elevated level of attention processing during deep sleep.

Conclusions

Unlike patients with chronic insomnia, individuals with high sleep vulnerability to stress show a compensatory process that may prevent external stimulation from interfering with their sleep. This may be one of the factors preventing their acute sleep disturbances from becoming chronic problems.
Insulin glargine in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes in Japan
Authors: Urakami Tatsuhiko , Naito Yusuke , Seino Yutaka
Published: May 2014

Background

We evaluated the safety and effectiveness of insulin glargine in Japanese pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes in clinical settings based on post‐marketing surveillance data.

Methods

Clinical data were collected from Japanese pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes for 24 weeks after initiation of glargine treatment. Baseline characteristics, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), previous/concomitant medication, height, bodyweight, and adverse events were analyzed.

Results

One‐hundred and thirteen patients were enrolled from 20 medical institutions in Japan in 2003 and 2004. Of these patients, 73 were included in the safety analysis, and 70 of these patients were also included in the efficacy analysis. The 73 patients included 28 boys and 45 girls, with a mean age of 11.8 years at entry. Hypoglycemia occurred in three patients (three events) and was severe in two patients (two events); all patients recovered. In the efficacy evaluation, HbA1c at baseline and final assessment was 9.10% and 8.09% (P < 0.001) in all patients; 8.96% and 7.85% (P < 0.001) in patients aged 7–12 years (Group 1); and 9.28% and 8.37% (P = 0.010) in patients aged 13–15 years (Group 2). FPG significantly decreased in all patients and in Group 1. No significant changes were observed in body mass index or degree of obesity during the study.

Conclusions

Glargine therapy for Japanese pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes resulted in good glycemic control in terms of HbA1c and FPG as well as good safety in clinical settings. Glargine had little effect on the physical build of patients.
Atopic disorders are more common in childhood migraine and correlated headache phenotype
Authors: Özge Aynur , Öksüz Nevra , Ayta Semih , Uluduz Derya , Yıldırım Veli , Toros Fevziye , Taşdelen Bahar
Published: May 2014

Background

The supportive clinical and pathophysiological data about the correlation between migraine and atopic disorders are far from a coincidence. In order to determine and investigate the correlates of atopic disorders in a specific dataset, we performed this retrospective cross‐sectional clinical‐based study.

Methods

The dataset was composed from three tertiary center web‐based databases (http://www.childhoodheadache.org). Headache diagnosis and differential diagnosis were made according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd version and the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition. Migraine with aura, migraine without aura, chronic migraine and episodic and chronic tension type headache (TTH) patients were included. All other causes of headache disorders, including comorbid headache disorders like migraine plus TTH or “possible” causes of headache, were excluded.

Results

The study included 438 patients with migraine and 357 patients with TTH, whose age and sex distribution were identical. After descriptive statistics accordingly, 80 migraine (18.2%) and 23 TTH (6.4%) patients were found to have specific atopic disorders (P < 0.001). Atopic disorders are more commonly reported in patients with migraine with aura (21.6%) than those with migraine without aura and TTH (P < 0.001). The most common atopic disorders were seasonal rhinitis, conjunctivitis and asthma. There was also a close correlation between TTH with atopic disorders and psychiatric comorbid disorders of the patients.

Conclusions

Although the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd version, does not specify, atopic disorders should be suspected in all migraine patients and their relatives, not only for accurate diagnosis but also for planning prophylactic medications, such as β‐blockers.
A Correlative Study of Conservation of Resources Among Tipat Halav Nurses in Israel
Authors: Ein‐Gal Yaffa , Pais Miriam , Gerber Ayala , Shabi Roxi , Karako Juli , Ben‐Shalom Yael
Published: May 2014

Objective

Public Health nurses have enabled Israel's mother and child health clinics, Tipat Halav (TH) to receive international recognition by the World Health Organization. Recruitment of nurses to work in these clinics is a long‐term challenge.

Design and Sample

This cross‐sectional study with 186 TH nurses assessed stress factors, resource evaluation, level of burnout, and job satisfaction using Hobfoll's Conservation of Resources (COR) theory, which was chosen because it offers practical tools for assessing the resources required to alleviate stress.

Results

Nurses reported greater resource gain than resource loss (Mean [M] = 4.14, SD = 2 vs. M = 3.56, SD = 0.71) and a low level of burnout (M = 2.2, SD = 0.77). Stress was significantly correlated with level of burnout: (r = 0.38, p < .001). Prominent components of resource loss in correlation with burnout were self‐efficacy (r = 0.315, p < .001) and sense of control (r = 0.339, p < .001). Linear regression predictors of burnout were religious observance (β = −0.26, p < .001), prevalence of stress factors (β = 0.25, p < .001), and level of job satisfaction (β = −0.51, p = .001).

Conclusions

Identifying specific stressors and COR can help to enhance the work environment of TH nurses. Advanced Public Health training was related to increased COR gain and to reduction in COR loss and of burnout.
Virtuous Circularity: Positive Law and Particular Justice
Authors: Michelon Claudio
Published: May 2014

This paper argues that the positive allocative decisions paradigmatically carried out by the application of legal rules are a necessary condition for arguments about particular justice (i.e., distributive and commutative justice) to make sense. If one shifts the focus from the distinction between distributive and commutative justice to what the two aspects of particular justice are for, namely, providing criteria to judge the allocation of goods, it becomes clear that the distinction is conceptually unstable. The paper argues that stabilizing the distinction is worthwhile and that this can only be accomplished by the introduction of positive allocation schemes.
Methodological Clarity or the Substantial Purity of Law? Notes on the Discussion between Kelsen and Pitamic
Authors: Pavčnik Marijan
Published: May 2014

Leonid Pitamic was convinced that law could not be understood and explored by a single method aiming at a pure object of enquiry. He argued that it was necessary to employ other methods besides the normative one (especially the sociological and axiological methods), which, however, should not be confounded. Methodological syncretism can be avoided by clearly distinguishing between different aspects of law and by allowing the methods to support each other. By following this guideline, and by arguing according to a clear method, we can also open up a space for dialogue and for the juxtaposition of contrasting points of view.
Conditional Lie‐Bäcklund Symmetry of Evolution System and Application for Reaction‐Diffusion System
Authors: Ji Lina , Qu Changzheng , Shen Shoufeng
Published: May 2014

Conditional Lie‐Bäcklund symmetry (CLBS) method is developed to study system of evolution equations. It is shown that reducibility of a system of evolution equations to a system of ordinary differential equations can be fully characterized by the CLBS of the considered system. As an application of the approach, a class of two‐component nonlinear diffusion equations is studied. The governing system and the admitted CLBS can be identified. As a consequence, exact solutions defined on the polynomial, exponential, trigonometric, and mixed invariant subspaces are constructed due to the corresponding symmetry reductions.
Oral care of the patient with liver ­failure, pretransplant—a retrospective study
Authors: Hicks Jeffery L.
Published: May 2014

Liver failure patients seeking liver transplant in our teaching hospital undergo dental clearance by our Hospital Dentistry Department. A retrospective analysis of 500 patient dental charts was performed. All patients were evaluated previously by physicians and the medical diagnosis of liver failure for each patient was determined. Patients were examined and a treatment plan was formed consisting of the oral care required prior to dental clearance for liver transplant. An oral care treatment algorithm was constructed that, along with clinical parameters, guided the oral care in the pretransplant period. The oral care necessary to clear the patient for transplant was completed for each patient. Besides computing the average cost of oral care necessary to clear patients, analyses were performed to look for correlations among laboratory tests required before oral surgical procedures.
Characterization of the novel KIR2DL3*00109 allele identified in a southern Chinese Han individual
Authors: Zhen J.‐X. , Deng Z.‐H. , Xu Y.‐P.
Published: May 2014

2DL3*00109 differs from 2DL3*00101 by a single silent mutation at CDS nt478 C>T in exon 5.
The polyomavirus puzzle: is host immune response beneficial in controlling BK virus after adult hematopoietic cell transplantion?
Authors: Satyanarayana G. , Marty F.M. , Tan C.S.
Published: May 2014

BK virus (BKV), a ubiquitous human polyomavirus, usually does not cause disease in healthy individuals. BKV reactivation and disease can occur in immunosuppressed individuals, such as those who have undergone renal transplantation or hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Clinical manifestations of BKV disease include graft dysfunction and failure in renal transplant recipients; HCT recipients frequently experience hematuria, cystitis, hemorrhagic cystitis (HC), and renal dysfunction. Studies of HCT patients have identified several risk factors for the development of BKV disease including myeloablative conditioning, acute graft‐versus‐host disease, and undergoing an umbilical cord blood (uCB) HCT. Although these risk factors indicate that alterations in the immune system are necessary for BKV pathogenesis in HCT patients, few studies have examined the interactions between host immune responses and viral reactivation in BKV disease. Specifically, having BKV immunoglobulin‐G before HCT does not protect against BKV infection and disease after HCT. A limited number of studies have demonstrated BKV‐specific cytotoxic T cells in healthy adults as well as in post‐HCT patients who had experienced HC. New areas of research are required for a better understanding of this emerging infectious disease post HCT, including prospective studies examining BK viruria, viremia, and their relationship with clinical disease, a detailed analysis of urothelial histopathology, and laboratory evaluation of systemic and local cellular and humoral immune responses to BKV in patients receiving HCT from different sources, including uCB and haploidentical donors.
Global Fiscal Adjustment and Trade Rebalancing
Authors: McKibbin Warwick J. , Stoeckel Andrew B. , Lu YingYing
Published: May 2014

The emergence of substantial fiscal deficits and a large build up of government debt in major advanced economies will inevitably lead to a period of fiscal consolidation in coming years. In an earlier paper, Asian Economic Papers, 9, 2010 and 54, explored the effects of this fiscal adjustment in advanced economies on the global economic outlook. This paper focuses on the differences between the impacts of fiscal policy in advanced versus emerging economies. In particular, the need for more fiscal spending on infrastructure in emerging economies and the need for fiscal consolidation in advanced economies leads naturally to the question of what this asymmetric fiscal adjustment might do to global trade balances as well as global economic growth over the coming decades. The adjustment needed in both regions is substantial, and the asymmetry of the adjustment implies important consequences for trade and capital flows between regions as well as asset price adjustments within and between regions.
Ocular alkaline injury in four dogs – presentation, treatment, and follow‐up – a case series
Authors: Busse Claudia , Hartley Claudia , Kafarnik Christiane , Pivetta Mauro
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To describe presentation, treatment, and follow‐up after unilateral alkaline injuries to the eye in four dogs.

Material and method

The case notes of four patients that suffered from alkaline injuries to the eye were included in this series.

Results

Acute clinical signs included blepharospasm and edema of the eyelids, chemosis and conjunctival hyperemia, conjunctival ischemia, destruction of the corneal epithelium, a whitish haze of the corneal stroma, mild corneal edema, and uveitis. Two patients showed depigmentation of the eyelids. Presumed endothelial cell damage resulted in severe corneal edema in two dogs. Long‐term complications included phthisis bulbi, scarring of the eyelids and damage to the meibomian glands, symblepharon formation, conjunctivalization of the cornea, corneal vascularization, pigmentation, and fibrosis. Persisting corneal edema was seen in the dogs with presumed endothelial cell damage. One dog developed a mild bullous keratopathy with superficial corneal ulcerations 4½ years after the injury and had a reduced anterior chamber depth on ultrasound.

Conclusion

The damage to the ocular structures described here mainly affects the ocular surface. One patient presumably suffered an injury to the ciliary body epithelium resulting in a phthisical globe. Chronic corneal edema, conjunctivalization, and scarring can result in permanent visual impairment. Healing of the ocular surface can take weeks and is associated with a dramatic vascular response. However, a severely vascularized cornea has the potential to clear and allow a good visual outcome long term. Ongoing discomfort was only seen in one case with persistent corneal edema and a secondary bullous keratopathy.
Congruence testing for odd subgroups of the modular group
Authors: Hamilton Thomas , Loeffler David
Published: May 2014

We give a computationally effective criterion for determining whether a finite-index subgroup of $\mathrm{SL}_2(\mathbf{Z})$ is a congruence subgroup, extending earlier work of Hsu for subgroups of $\mathrm{PSL}_2(\mathbf{Z})$.
Approximations for the Bessel and Airy functions with an explicit error term
Authors: Krasikov Ilia
Published: May 2014

We show how one can obtain an asymptotic expression for some special functions with a very explicit error term starting from appropriate upper bounds. We will work out the details for the Bessel function $J_\nu (x)$ and the Airy function ${\rm Ai}(x).$ In particular, we answer a question raised by Olenko and find a sharp bound on the difference between $J_\nu (x)$ and its standard asymptotics. We also give a very simple and surprisingly precise approximation for the zeros ${\rm Ai}(x).$
A note on magnitude bounds for the mask coefficients of the interpolatory Dubuc–Deslauriers subdivision scheme
Authors: Bez H. E. , Bez N.
Published: May 2014

We analyse the mask associated with the $2n$-point interpolatory Dubuc–Deslauriers subdivision scheme $S_{a^{[n]}}$. Sharp bounds are presented for the magnitude of the coefficients $a^{[n]}_{2i-1}$ of the mask. For scales $i \in [1,\sqrt{n}]$ it is shown that $|a^{[n]}_{2i-1}|$ is comparable to $i^{-1}$, and for larger power scales, exponentially decaying bounds are obtained. Using our bounds, we may precisely analyse the summability of the mask as a function of $n$ by identifying which coefficients of the mask contribute to the essential behaviour in $n$, recovering and refining the recent result of Deng–Hormann–Zhang that the operator norm of $S_{a^{[n]}}$ on $\ell ^\infty $ grows logarithmically in $n$.
A note on uniform approximation of functions having a double pole
Authors: Moale Ionela , Pillwein Veronika
Published: May 2014

We consider the classical problem of finding the best uniform approximation by polynomials of$1/(x-a)^2,$where$a>1$is given, on the interval$[-\! 1,1]$. First, using symbolic computation tools we derive the explicit expressions of the polynomials of best approximation of low degrees and then give a parametric solution of the problem in terms of elliptic functions. Symbolic computation is invoked then once more to derive a recurrence relation for the coefficients of the polynomials of best uniform approximation based on a Pell-type equation satisfied by the solutions.