bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dream Drawing Technique: First Data on Differential Effects of Drawn and Written Reporting of Dream Content
Authors: Brodsky Stanley L. , Ryba Nancy L.
Published: May 2005

It has often been asserted that the drawing of one's dreams will aid in producing more vivid, more interpretable, and clearer dream content. However, the literature on using dream drawings to enhance interpretation and meaningfulness has been limited to descriptive and narrative accounts. This study compared the recorded dreams of 69 participants who were asked to either write, write then draw, or draw then write an account of a recent dream. Quantitative results revealed no significant and meaningful difference between these three conditions. In the qualitative results, variation between individual subjects was much greater than between groups. Factors such as artistic ability and personal understanding of one's dream appeared to be important factors when using drawings of dreams. This first report of empirical results failed to provide systematic, research-based support for the use of dream drawings to enhance understanding and interpretation of dreams. The many proponents of dream drawings should reconsider their routine advocacy of this subjective methodology.
The Interaction of Openness to Experience and Schizotypy in Predicting Preference for Abstract and Violent Paintings
Authors: Rawlings David
Published: May 2005

Two studies examined the relationship between a multi-dimensional measure of schizotypy (the minor manifestations of schizophrenic symptoms in non-psychiatric individuals) and preference for paintings and line drawings. Study 1 correlated scores on the four schizotypy scales with seven categories of paintings and the “Origence” measure of figural complexity derived from the Barron-Welsh Art Scale. The strongest correlation was between the schizotypy measure of Impulsive Nonconformity and preference for “violent” paintings. Study 2 divided “violent,” “erotic,” and “religious” categories into “abstract” and “realistic,” and employed measures of sensation seeking and openness to experience as well as the schizotypy scales. Openness was associated with liking for abstract over realistic paintings, and when Openness was kept constant in regression analyses, preference for violent, abstract paintings was positively associated with schizotypy measures of Unusual Experiences and Impulsive Nonconformity and negatively associated with Introvertive Anhedonia. Preference for erotic, abstract paintings was also associated negatively with Introvertive Anhedonia. The results are explained within a theoretical framework including Schubert's (1996) view that aesthetic context leads to a dissociation of negatively emotional information.
Playing Doctor, Seriously: Graduation Follies at an American Medical School
Authors: Segal Daniel
Published: May 2005

In American medical schools, the period of time between the announcement of internships and graduation is known as FYBIGMI, for “Fuck You Brother I Got My Internship.” At University Medical School (pseudonym), as at most American medical schools, this period culminates in an elaborate musical comedy (attended by faculty and relatives) in which faculty are abused, patients are represented in terms of stigmatized stereotypes, and the students demonstrate a profane familiarity with cultural taboos. Using the analytic methods of cultural anthropology, this examination of the FYBIGMI performance at U.M.S. focuses primarily on the seniors' presentation of their newly acquired professional identity, which is constituted in the skits by recurring oppositions to socially stigmatized, medically self-destructive patients. In this oppositional logic, racial stereotypes play a particularly large role. In addition, the seniors establish their new social status by inverting their relationship to their (former) supervisors on a personal basis, and by confronting the audience with their professional ability to treat cultural taboos with profane familiarity. The FYBIGMI theatrical, and its representation of professional identity, is analyzed in relation to a proposed model of the underlying structure of the process of medical education, that is, an escalating dialectic of intimidation and self-congratulation.
The Effects of Outsourcing on Occupational Health and Safety: A Comparative Study of Factory-Based Workers and Outworkers in the Australian Clothing Industry
Authors: Quinlan Michael , Mayhew Claire
Published: May 2005

Outsourcing has become increasingly widespread throughout industrialized societies over the past 20 years. Accompanying this has been a renewed growth in home-based work, sometimes using new technologies (telework) but also entailing a re-emergence of old forms, such as clothing outwork, used extensively 100 years ago. A growing body of research indicates that changes to work organization associated with outsourcing adversely affect occupational health and safety (OHS), both for outsourced workers and for those working alongside them. This study assessed the OHS implications of the shift to home-based workers in the Australian clothing industry by systematically comparing the OHS experiences of 100 factory-based workers and 100 outworkers. The level of self-reported injury was over three times higher among outworkers than factory-based workers undertaking similar tasks. The most significant factor explaining this difference was the payment system. All outworkers were paid solely by the piece, whereas factory workers were paid either under a time plus production bonus system or solely on a time basis. While the incidence of injury was far higher among outworkers, factory-based workers paid under an incentive system reported more injuries than those paid solely on a time basis. Increasing injury was correlated with piecework payment systems.
Linear Solar Observatory Theory: The Development of Concepts of Time and Calendar
Authors: Hardman Clark , Hardman Marjorie H.
Published: May 2005

Early man was an intelligent and competent observer who knew and made use of natural directions (basically the solstice positions). One of the earliest systematic observations was using a line-of-sight to natural features on the horizon to the sun marking positions of the sun on the horizon and points in time. Constructed lines-of-sight systems developed from the use of natural features to mark positions of the sun. The association of the position of the sun on the horizon and events of importance to the culture, for example, planting time, had a high survival value for the culture. A reasoned development of Linear Solar Observatories from the level of awareness to the complex observation systems and models of the systems is described.
AIDS Concerns among Adolescents Attending Seventh-Day Adventist High Schools in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Modeste Naomi N. , Marshak Helen P. Hopp , Green Ian
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and short-term behavioral intentions of adolescents attending five Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) parochial high schools in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. This is the first known research on AIDS to be conducted in parochial and specifically, SDA schools in the Caribbean and particularly, Trinidad and Tobago. Information gathered from this research will be useful in planning appropriate AIDS education and prevention programs for the schools represented in this survey.

Students ( N = 802) completed a questionnaire on AIDS. Less than half (37.6%) of the students indicated that they had received some instruction about AIDS in their school, and 74 percent wished that there was more AIDS education in the classroom. Ninety-one percent of respondents stated that they received most of their information about AIDS from the television. Females demonstrated a more positive attitude toward AIDS and people with AIDS. Females were more likely to hold “correct” beliefs about the causes of AIDS and scored higher in their intention to avoid risky sexual behaviors than did males.
The Development of Romantic Ideation and J. M. Barrie's Image of the Lost Boy
Authors: Morrison Delmont , Morrison Shirley Linden
Published: May 2005

Romantic ideation has unique characteristics in terms of its development, representations of self and others, and its relationship to creativity. The roots of romantic ideation are in preoperational thought as that system of representation is used by the child to understand his early affective relationship with his mother and father. One outcome of this experience for males is a conflicted understanding of self and lowered self-esteem with a corresponding idealized image of romantically loved individuals. J.M. Barrie's development as an author and playwright is examined in the context of his need to reject a negative representation of self and his compensatory use of preoperational thought to create Peter Pan, a romantic image of a lost boy.
Family Process and Psychosomatic Disease
Authors: Meissner W. W.
Published: May 2005

This is a review of psychosomatic literature which touches on the relationship between patterns of illness and aspects of family interaction. An attempt is made to reconstruct the links in the chain which lead from family patterns of interaction to the occurrence or intensification of physical illness in family members. The central construct proposed is that of the “family emotional system.” The influence of emotional factors and certain types of critical events on the family system is traced in relation to the precipitation of both psychological and physiological patterns of disruption. The nature of the family system and its functioning are discussed and questions are raised in areas requiring further study and elucidation, particularly relating to the process of symptom distribution and specificity of illness.
Painting Preference and Personality, with Particular Reference to Gray's Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Approach Systems
Authors: Rawlings David , Bastian Brock
Published: May 2005

Gray's (1991) neurobiological systems–the behavioral approach system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS)–have been operationalized by Carver and White (1994) in their BIS/BAS Questionnaire. In the present study, 129 undergraduate students completed the BIS/BAS Questionnaire, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised (EPQ-R), and Zuckerman's Impulsive Sensation Seeking Scale. They also rated 72 paintings previously divided into two stylistic (Abstract and Traditional) and five content (Erotic, Pleasant, Neutral, Violent, Unpleasant) categories. As hypothesized, scores on the BIS were negatively associated with liking for Unpleasant and Violent paintings; scores on the BAS predicted liking for Pleasant and Neutral paintings, though this was due almost entirely to the BAS Reward Responsiveness sub-scale. Sensation Seeking, EPQ-R Psychoticism, and the BAS Fun-Seeking sub-scale predicted liking for Abstract stimuli, and disliking for Unpleasant and Violent paintings. Our results provide evidence that Gray's constructs can be usefully applied to the area of aesthetic preference.
Whose Ideas?: The Technical Writer's Expertise in Inventio
Authors: Regli Susan Harkness
Published: May 2005

Compelling arguments from researchers studying the rhetoric of science have convinced both scientists and humanists that technical writing involves invention, or discovery of the available means of argument. If we agree that inventio is crucial to technical writing, however, we encounter a problem: namely, that the rhetor engaged in invention as part of a technical writing process does not necessarily have expertise in the subject matter of the composition. What, then, is the expertise that the technical writer contributes to the invention process? Working from the notion that knowledge is an activity rather than a commodity [1], I argue that a technical writer's expertise in invention lies in an ability to adapt rhetorical heuristics to situations of interdisciplinary collaboration. This focus expands our understanding of how invention works when the goal of communication is producing knowledge across disciplinary boundaries, rather than winning an argument with persuasive techniques.1
The Costs and Economics of Learning Systems
Authors: Watson P. A.
Published: May 2005

The costs and economics of learning systems are important disciplines for the learning technologist. This paper begins with a discussion of the man-machine system itself. It next presents a simple model for the life cycle of such a system. Within this context the phases of personnel subsystem development are explored. Next, a basic formula is proposed to estimate human subsystem costs. Finally, the implications of costs and economics are discussed related to a curriculum for the training of learning technologists.
Provider and Consumer Control: Interpersonal Power Relations at Board Meetings
Authors: Hanson Bill
Published: May 2005

Routine interpersonal processes which typically occur at consumer health board meetings are analyzed to determine the degree to which they can be viewed as subtle power techniques which function to limit consumer participation and control. It is argued that power techniques inherent in the formal and informal organization of consumer board meetings are more effectively used by providers than consumers. Providers are thus able to recreate and maintain their “provider mystique” which in turn often intimidates consumers, resulting in their powerlessness and passive behavior at meetings. Consumer intimidation is an emergent, unplanned, often unrecognized process, rather than one necessarily intended by providers. It is suggested that training programs exposing the tacit interpersonal dynamics at board meetings may aid consumers in achieving more participation and control.
The Psychophysiological Differentiation of Actual, Imagined, and Recollected Anger
Authors: Foster Paul S. , Smith Edward W. L. , Webster Daniel G.
Published: May 2005

Heart rate and skin resistance responses from thirty-six participants (5 men and 31 women) were recorded to determine if significant differences exist among three different types of inducing anger including the present state of anger (Actual Anger), anger elicited through imagination (Imagined Anger), and anger elicited through recollection (Recollected Anger). An analysis of variance indicated significant differences for heart rate among the three methods, F(2,35) = 8.75, p = .0009, but not for skin resistance, F(2,35) = 1.298, p = .287. However, contrary to the hypotheses forwarded, both Imagined and Recollected Anger generated significantly higher heart rate responses than Actual Anger. Implications of these findings and a theoretical framework for interpretation are both presented.
An Experiment in Grading the Writing of Technical Students in Developmental English
Authors: Dudenhefer John Paul
Published: May 2005

This study compared the effects of an experimental technique of grading papers before the errors were marked with a control technique of grading papers after the errors were marked. The effects were measured in terms of writing improvement and student satisfaction in a developmental English course for technical students. Data on writing improvement were collected in the form of T-unit length and frequency of errors per 100 words, and data on student satisfaction were collected in the form of scores on a semantic differential. Although statistical analyses indicated only slight differences favoring the experimental group on between-group and most within-group comparisons, a statistically significant reduction in errors per 100 words did occur within the experimental group but not within the control group.
Auditory Hallucinations of Hearing Voices in 375 Normal Subjects
Authors: Posey Thomas B. , Losch Mary E.
Published: May 2005

Jaynes' elaborate theory of the evolution of human consciousness speculates that unconscious language use by the right hemisphere produced frequent auditory hallucinations in primitive people [1]. Jaynes offers some explanation as to why hearing voices would now be less common. It is parsimonious, however, to predict that hearing voices is still common, although usually unreported, in the modern normal population. Some clinical literature gives support to this prediction. This study tested the prediction by means of surveying 375 college students with a two-part questionnaire. The first section presented fourteen different examples of auditory hallucinations and asked whether the subject had experienced such occurrences. The second section asked for information concerning the characteristics of any hallucinated voices and for information about the subject that might relate to cerebral laterality. The results support the prediction that hearing voices is common within the normal population. Overall, 71 percent of the sample reported some experience with brief, auditory hallucinations of the voice type in wakeful situations. Hypnagogic and hypnopompic hallucinations were also reported. The most frequent incidents were hearing a voice call one's name aloud when alone (36%) and hearing one's thoughts as if spoken aloud (39%). Interviews and MMPI results obtained from twenty selected subjects suggested that these reports of hearing voices were not related to pathology. Further findings of a significant relationship between high rates of auditory hallucinations and the extent to which subjects reported skills in music, art, and poetry were interpreted as weak support for Jaynes' speculation that right hemisphere activity may account for auditory hallucinations. Overall, the results are seen as supportive of several of Jaynes' theoretical points.
Multiple Chemical Sensitivities: The Social Construction of an Illness
Authors: Lax Michael B.
Published: May 2005

Multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS) has emerged as an important and highly controversial issue in occupational health. Debate centers on whether the illness is “physical” or “psychological.” A strong corporate-backed campaign has framed the debate and has pushed MCS advocates into a strategy of “proving the physical” nature of MCS. Proponents of both positions, however, share key assumptions that impede long-term efforts to benefit MCS sufferers, including acceptance of the physical/psychological dichotomy as a paradigm for the illness, a desire to rid the debate of “politics” to allow “objective scientific” data to be amassed, and a view of MCS as unique without links to other occupational illnesses. While a grassroots movement has benefited MCS sufferers in a number of important ways, the shared assumptions have impeded development of a more complex model for the illness that is reflective of a complex reality, reproduced mainstream expert/non-expert relationships, and failed to connect with the broader occupational health and safety movement. The author outlines an alternative theory and practice to begin addressing these issues, beginning with a recognition of MCS as a problem of developing knowledge within a context of class power.
The Relationship between Religious Activities and Blood Pressure in Older Adults
Authors: Koenig Harold G. , George Linda K. , Hays Judith C. , Larson David B. , Cohen Harvey J. , Blazer Dan G.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To examine the relationship between religious activities and blood pressure in community-dwelling older adults.

Method:

Blood pressure and religious activities were assessed in a probability sample of 3,963 persons age sixty-five years or older participating in the Duke EPESE survey. Participants were asked if their doctor had ever informed them that they had high blood pressure and if they were currently taking medication for high blood pressure. After the interview, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured following a standardized protocol. Data were available for three waves of the survey (1986, 1989–90, and 1993–94). Analyses were stratified by age (65–74 vs. over 75) and by race (Whites vs. Blacks) and were controlled for age, race, gender, education, physical functioning, body mass index, and, in longitudinal analyses, blood pressure from the previous wave.

Results:

Cross-sectional analyses revealed small (1–4 mm Hg) but consistent differences in measured systolic and diastolic blood pressures between frequent (once/wk) and infrequent (< once/wk) religious service attenders. Lower blood pressures were also observed among those who frequently prayed or studied the Bible (daily or more often). Blood pressure differences were particularly notable in Black and younger elderly, in whom religious activity at one wave predicted blood pressures three years later. Among participants who both attended religious services and prayed or studied the Bible frequently, the likelihood of having a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher was 40 percent lower than found in participants who attended religious services infrequently and prayed or studied the Bible infrequently (OR 0.60, 95% CI, 0.48–0.75, p < .0001). Among participants told they had high blood pressure, religiously active persons were more likely to be taking their blood pressure medication; this could not, however, explain the differences in blood pressure observed. While most religious activity was associated with lower blood pressure, those who frequently watched religious TV or listened to religious radio actually had higher blood pressures.

Conclusions:

Religiously active older adults tend to have lower blood pressures than those who are less active. This applies to attendance at religious services and private religious activities, but not to religious media. Physiological mechanisms are discussed.
The Micropolitics of Elder Care in Memento Mori, Diary of a Good Neighbor, and a Taste for Death
Authors: England Suzanne E. , Ganzer Carol
Published: May 2005

Using three novels—Muriel Spark's Memento Mori, Doris Lessing's Diary of a Good Neighbor, and P. D. James' A Taste for Death—we examine themes relating to the social construction of caregiving. In our reading of the stories we found numerous instances of the political in the personal, and of how care can be shaped by inequalities of class and gender, by organizational practices and attitudes rooted in cultural assumptions, and by the social idealization of care provided by relatives and friends.
Teaching Technical Writing: Rethinking our Approach
Authors: Casper Rick D.
Published: May 2005

Several recent journal articles, especially the one by Charles Sides [1], have questioned the form and function of technical communication. Based on actual experience with three organizations in Oregon, this writer proposes a need to rethink what we teach our technical writing students and how we go about designing assignments that“… simulate the reality of a work environment” [2]. This article will explore the types of technical writing skills which are increasingly in demand and then will offer several strategies for teaching these skills at the college level.
A Classical Case of Poor Communication: P. G. T. Beauregard's Battle Orders and Report of the First Battle of Bull Run
Authors: Loges Max
Published: May 2005

This study examines General Beauregard's inability to communicate with his readers in his orders for and report of the First Battle of Bull Run. His orders lack vital pieces of information and are ill-suited to his inexperienced subordinates. In fact, Beauregard's success is due to the initiative of his junior officers, not to any carefully thought out plan of his own. Beauregard also fails to consider the political ramifications of certain statements he makes in his report of the battle. These statements offend President Jefferson Davis and lead to Beauregard's demotion and banishment to the West.
Socratic-Dialectic Learning System of Recursion Programming
Authors: Chang Kuo-En , Lin Pin-Chieh , Sung Yao-Ting , Chen Sei-Wang
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this research was to construct a recursion programming learning system based on Socratic dialogue. Since recursion programming learning relates to the formation and evolution of mental models, the learning may not be effective if teachers rely only on simply telling the students the standard solutions. Instead, teachers should urge the students to consider the mistakes and contradictions discovered by themselves in the learning process. Socratic dialogue is applied as a dialectic method, which presents questions to students and encourages them to reflect on their own thinking. In this study, we explored the fundamental Socratic dialogue reasoning principles and implemented these principles through production rules. This Socratic-dialectic learning system was implemented using database techniques and evaluated by an empirical study. According to the experimental results, the Socratic dialogue was proven to have positive impact on recursion programming learning.
SIDS Family Adjustment Scale: A Method of Assessing Family Adjustment to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: May Harold J. , Breme Frederick J.
Published: May 2005

This paper discusses the unique aspects of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and the family's resultant grief process. SIDS as a family crisis is explored, and by identifying the psychological factors or tasks pertinent to family adjustment, a SIDS Family Adjustment Scale is proposed which assists in recognizing adaptive and maladaptive grief responses, predicting subsequent adjustment, and facilitating therapeutic interventions.
The Attainment of Important Health Goals Throughout Adulthood: An Integration of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Aspects of Social Support
Authors: VonDras Dean D. , Madey Scott F.
Published: May 2005

This research integrates the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with aspects of social support and explores the utility of variables within each model in predicting the attainment of important health goals. Incorporating an idiographic methodology, 290 respondents ranging in age from 27 to 87 years were administered a postal survey and completed a brief follow-up telephone survey months later. The postal survey included measures of respondent's most important health goals, attitudes, motivation to comply with subjective norms, control beliefs, behavioral intention, and plan-of-action for attaining the health goal, as well as aspects of social support. The follow-up telephone survey inquired into respondents' successful goal attainment and health. Results indicate association, between TPB components and aspects of social support. Further, the emotional and instrumental support provided by a family member or friend and size of social support network were found to be unique predictors of health goal attainment after controlling for TPB components. The importance of personalized goals and social support in designing health interventions for older adults is discussed.
Establishing Health Status Indicators by Surveying Youth Risk Behaviors of High School Students in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Westhoff Wayne W. , Holcomb Derek R. , McDermott Robert J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this survey was to determine the health-risk behaviors among high school students in the Dominican Republic. Samples were taken from communities with an industrial base and an increasing population (n = 1175). The communities under study had dissimilar population sizes (i.e., 5,000, 30,000, 50,000) and were located in various geographical locations. Frequency data are compared by gender and population differences for high-risk health behavior indicators associated with urban migration. We found significant differences in tobacco, alcohol, and crack use among the different population sites, with higher rates reported by the more populous communities. Boys reported more fighting and sexual activity. Girls reported higher rates of suicide ideation and attempts. These results can be used to 1) help focus on those behaviors rooted during the school years that most influence health, 2) monitor those behaviors by establishing baseline data, and 3) supply data that are comparable with recognized categories of high-risk behaviors.
Faculty Computer Needs Assessment in Third World Countries
Authors: Hazari Sunil I.
Published: May 2005

Faculty in Third World countries are in need of training programs which will help them incorporate computer technology in their classrooms. Prior to delivery of training, it is important to conduct a needs assessment which determines who gets what type of training, and how this should be provided. A training needs assessment model for faculty in Third World countries is proposed in this article. The use of such a model would help identify the areas in which training is to be ultimately delivered.
Confusion in the Classroom: Does Logos Mean Logic?
Authors: Little Joseph
Published: May 2005

The redefinition of logos as an appeal to logic is a mistaken association found all too often in the technical communication classroom. Logic inheres in all three proofs of persuasion; moreover, Aristotle used logos within the context of classical rhetoric to refer to the argument or speech itself. In this light, the proofs of persuasion represent the set of all logical means whereby the speaker can lead a “right-thinking” audience to infer something. If that something is an emotion, the appeal is to pathos; if it is about the character of the speaker, the appeal is to ethos; and if it is about the argument or speech itself, the appeal is to logos. This interpretation reinstates all three proofs of persuasion as legitimate, logical means to different proximate ends and provides a coherent definition of logos, consonant with Aristotle's Rhetoric, to the next generation of technical communicators.
Kinneavy, Mathes, Mumford, and Lynn: Teaching the Classificatory Mode in Technical Writing
Authors: Lynn Steven Walton
Published: May 2005

Kinneavy's theory of discourse and Mathes' concept of contextual editing can be effectively applied to teaching classification in technical writing. My procedure, in the nine steps described here, provides students with an understanding of classification as an analytical and generative tool. Its usefulness in analysis is discovered through a structural study of Mumford's “Machines, Utilities, and ‘The Machine‘”; an awareness of Mumford's classificatory structure helps students understand his essay. Students see for themselves, by organizing facts into paragraphs, the generative power of contextual editing applied to classification; the same kind of structuring Mumford uses can be used in their own writing. This generative application simulates the research-to-writing process and dramatically increases the coherence and clarity of much student writing.
The Electronic Medical Record: Its Role in Disseminating Depression Guidelines in Primary Care Practice
Authors: Rollman Bruce L. , Gilbert Trae , Lowe Henry J. , Kapoor Wishwa N. , Schulberg Herbert C.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Using the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research Depression Guideline Panel's recommendations as its focus, this article describes a step-by-step approach for disseminating a paper-based depression guideline to primary care physicians via a commercially available electronic medical record (EMR) system.

Method:

Description of the author's approach to disseminate an evidence-based depression treatment guideline to a group of primary care physicians using a commercially available EMR system and to evaluate the results.

Results:

We review clinical considerations and practical barriers faced in this process with the expectation that our experiences can guide others attempting to disseminate psychiatric treatment guideline via EMR systems.

Conclusions:

The EMR offers critical efficiencies in disseminating state-of-the-art clinical practice guidelines and in directing the primary care physicians' use of them. Still, well-designed, randomized controlled trials are necessary to demonstrate their effectiveness at enhancing patient outcomes for major depression in primary care settings.
Bankrupting America: The Impact of President Reagan's Military Budget
Authors: Anderson James R.
Published: May 2005

This paper analyzes the tax burden that will be imposed on U.S. taxpayers as a result of the $1 trillion 341 billion military budget proposed by President Ronald Reagan for fiscal years 1982–1986. Data are provided for states and selected metropolitan areas. The continuing destructive impact of this enormous expenditure-including further inflation, historic highs in interest rates, and the continued impoverishment of the civilian economy and American society as a whole-is stressed.
Parameters of Aesthetic Objects: Applied Aesthetics
Authors: Woods Walter A.
Published: May 2005

The fundamental premise of this article is that aesthetic theorists have a responsibility more clearly to delineate the parameters of aesthetic objects than has been done. It is concluded that these parameters are known but have not been systematically organized. Consequently, they are not known as distinct parameters except to aesthetics specialists, and certainly not to practitioners in applied aesthetics. Three well-known parameters are delineated; formal parameters, fidelity parameters, and content (message) parameters, Three applied situations in which aesthetics are employed are described. These are fashion apparel design, art design, art psychotherapy and product advertising. For each of these it is illustrated how knowledge of the three parameters might lead to better applications.
The Crisis of the British Welfare State
Authors: Gough Ian
Published: May 2005

This paper analyzes the implications of the rightward shift currently underway in the advanced capitalist world for the future of the welfare state. The Thatcher government in Britain is examined as a paradigm case of this new conservatism. The quantitative cuts in social spending as well as the quantitative shifts in social policy and ideological reversals of recent years are detailed, and the contradictions of both Thatcherism and its predecessor—social democratic reformism—are exposed from the perspective of Marxist political economy. A postscript attempts to explain the continuing popularity of Thatcherism in contemporary Britain despite the devastating effects of its policies.
Power in Relationships and Influencing Strategies for Condom Use: Exploring Cultural Beliefs among African American Men
Authors: Harvey S. Marie , Bird Sheryl Thorburn
Published: May 2005

Interviews were conducted with 40 young African American men at risk of HIV/STIs and unintended pregnancy to explore cultural beliefs regarding 1) what makes men feel powerful in their relationships and 2) men's influencing strategies for condom use. Cultural consensus analyses were performed. Results indicated that the participants comprise a cultural group with shared beliefs about men's feelings of power and influencing strategies for condom use. Participants identified several factors that make men feel powerful (e.g., when they are able to provide for their families, are in control and make final decisions in their relationships). Regarding what men do to get their partners to use condoms, participants believed that men 1) use interactive strategies such as offering reasons for condom use; 2) use a variety of strategies involving condoms themselves; and 3) just ask their partners to use condoms. These cultural beliefs have important implications for HIV/STI and pregnancy prevention.
The Economic Crisis and its Impact on Health and Health Care in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Musgrove Philip
Published: May 2005

The economic crisis that struck most Latin American and Caribbean countries beginning in 1982 has caused sharp reductions in domestic investment and in imports; domestic consumption has been less affected, while public sector spending has responded in different degrees in different countries. In general, public spending on health decreased, sometimes quite dramatically, but some countries were able to maintain the real value of noninvestment spending for health by central governments. It is much harder to tell what may have happened to output of health services, and still harder to know how health status has been affected. Scattered evidence suggests two conclusions. First, worsened economic conditions can seriously damage health status, with effects on infant mortality and on the patterns of disease and death, especially for children. Second, these repercussions do not have to occur, and public programs designed specifically to maintain basic health services and to assure adequate nutrition are effective in offsetting the worst consequences of economic hardship.
Operant Conditioning: A New Theoretical Approach in Psychosomatic Medicine
Authors: Shapiro David , Surwit Richard S.
Published: May 2005

Recent advances in behavioral psychology have disproved the notion that autonomic responses are involuntary. New techniques based on operant conditioning have shown that when given the proper feedback and motivation, animal and human subjects can learn to control a wide variety of physiological responses. These new data suggest a behavioral alternative to present theories of psychosomatic medicine which rely heavily on psychodynamic formulations for their therapeutic technique. Such a behavioral approach would, like other forms of behavior modification, treat the symptom directly through the use of learning techniques based on operant conditioning. Experimental and clinical examples of these techniques as applied to problems of muscle tension and blood pressure are presented.
AIDS Prevention: Application of Health Education Principles to Different Subcultures
Authors: Plympton Tia J. , Hibbard Judith H.
Published: May 2005

AIDS is the subject of unparalleled media attention and a primary target of public health efforts. It is widely acknowledged that until a cure or vaccine for AIDS is developed, the only realistic means for controlling the spread of infection and AIDS is through prevention and education. This public health effort to educate all of those at risk includes the crucial provision of ways and means for reducing or eliminating their risk of exposure to the virus.
U.S. Archaeological Data: An Embarrassment of Riches
Authors: Patterson Leland W.
Published: May 2005

A huge number of reports exist for archaeological sites in the United States, where little use is being made of this large data bank for further research. It is suggested that use of these data could be facilitated by use of computerized relational database programs. An example for Southeast Texas is given. It is noted that many archaeological data are being effectively lost due to lack of organized databases. It is recommended that CRM laws and regulations contain provisions for support of use of data from CRM site reports to formulate regional archaeological syntheses. The large expenditures for CRM archaeology in recent years have not produced corresponding results for the public domain. The ultimate goal of archaeological research should be the production of intelligible syntheses suitable for the public domain.
The Process and Prospects for Professionalizing Technical Communication
Authors: Savage Gerald J.
Published: May 2005

Despite claims for at least the past quarter century of mature professional status for the field of technical communication, studies in the history and sociology of the professions provide criteria that suggest we are not yet truly a profession. This article reviews economic, sociopolitical, and ideological factors that characterize the modern professions and argues that the technical communication field, at best, only partially meets the criteria. The prospects for professional status of technical communication might be improved by developing a critical consciousness of the processes of professionalization and concertedly acting in ways that facilitate those processes.
Technical Writing and Translation
Authors: Teague Ben , Teague Fran
Published: May 2005

Translation is a form of technical writing in that both translators and technical writers assess their work by comparing it with a concrete object or process (a technical text with its subject, a translation with its original). Among aspects of language that concern translators and technical writers is that of “sublanguages,” subsets of a language used in special fields of knowledge, having distinct lexical, grammatical, and syntactic features. Sublanguage knowledge plays a vital part in both translation and technical writing. The relations found between the two professions also imply some ways technical writers can improve foreign-language services they receive.
An Investigation into the Role of Personality and Situation in the Maintenance of Subjective Experience in a Laboratory
Authors: Smallwood Jonathan , Obonsawin Marc , Heim Derek , Reid Helga
Published: May 2005

This study investigated the relationship between personality variables, task processing, and the self-report of subjective experience, including thought content, time perception, and awareness of task stimuli. In particular, this study was concerned with dis-entangling the role of environmental and dispositional influences on subjective experience. Thirty-eight participants were engaged in either a memory or a fluency task during which verbal reports of various aspects of subjective experience were recorded. Personality variables were measured using the Self-Consciousness Scale and the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire. The pattern of correlations between specific subjective aspects of attention and dispositional indices suggested that dispositional variables were important in determining subjective experience during the memory task, particularly in the encoding phase. In the fluency task, disposition made a smaller contribution to specific measures of attention, a finding consistent with a self-regulatory framework. Finally, the report of thoughts unrelated to the current situation were proportional to the number of false positives reported in the memory task, supporting the assertion that the quality of phenomenal experience is important in the process of source monitoring.
Psychosocial Aspects of Suicide in Young Chinese Rural Women
Authors: Domino George , Domino Marisa , Su Annie
Published: May 2005

A sample of 90 rural Chinese women were interviewed and tested to assess a theoretical model that assumes suicide ideation is a function of four broad theoretical variables: 1) psychological aspects such as self-esteem and personal adjustment; 2) coping aspects; 3) environmental aspects, specifically the degree of support found in the family and in the community; and 4) attitudes toward suicide. The data were analyzed first for reliability, which was found to be adequate, and then from a covariance structure modeling approach—i.e., LISREL. The results are complex, but do suggest a relative fit between theoretical model and observed data, though the fit is limited by a number of necessary assumptions in covariance structural modeling that may not reflect psychological and psychometric reality.
The Scorecard on Globalization 1980–2000: Its Consequences for Economic and Social Well-Being
Authors: Weisbrot Mark , Baker Dean , Kraev Egor , Chen Judy
Published: May 2005

The era of globalization has brought substantially less progress than was achieved in the preceding 20 years. This study by the Center for Economic and Policy Research concludes that the data provide no evidence that the policies associated with globalization have improved outcomes for developing countries, and its findings challenge economists and policymakers who cite globalization as an engine of growth while pressing for policies that strengthen the trend. The study also served as a backdrop to the release of the United Nations Development Program's Human Development Report on July 11, 2001. Using standard measures of economic growth, health outcomes, education, and literacy, the CEPR study compares the progress achieved during the period preceding globalization, 1960–80, with the period from 1980 to 2000, which was characterized by the reduction of tariff and nontariff barriers to trade, the removal of restrictions on international investment flows, and increasing intervention by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank on a wide range of economic and policy issues. While the evidence presented here does not prove that the policies associated with globalization were responsible for the deterioration in economic performance, it does present a very strong prima facie case that some structural and policy changes implemented during the last two decades are at least partly responsible for these declines.
Trade Unions and the Effectiveness of Worker Representation in Health and Safety in Britain
Authors: Walters David
Published: May 2005

A feature of British legislation on employee representation in health and safety is its restriction to recognized trade unions. This has made British provisions unique within the European Union. New legislative provisions are under consultation and are likely to widen the existing Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations. The approach of the proposed regulations raises a number of questions about the determinants of effectiveness of worker representation in health and safety that are discussed in this article. The significance of trade union support for representation in health and safety is shown to play an important role in determining the effectiveness of health and safety representatives, both through the role of trade unions within the workplace and through their ability to provide support for representation through training and information. Trends in national economies and employment patterns in Europe mean that trade unions' influence is diminishing, but their supportive role in health and safety representation has not been replaced by any alternative form of employee organization. The proposed new British Regulations are discussed in the light of these observations.
Lessons from America? Commercialization and Growth of Private Medicine in Britain
Authors: Rayner Geoffrey
Published: May 2005

This article examines the transition of the private medical sector in Britain from a mere appendage to the National Health Service to a significant business sector involving multinational enterprise. The author argues that private medicine continues to be in a state of flux because its degree of independence is limited by its links to the dominant public sector, particularly with regard to staffing, and is still vulnerable to attacks from the opposition parties. Private medicine, despite rapid growth in the late 1970s, is beset by mounting costs and intense competition.
Globalization in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Part I
Authors: Tarabusi Claudio Casadio , Vickery Graham
Published: May 2005

This report on the pharmaceutical industry will be published in two parts. Part I begins with a summary of the study and its conclusions. The authors then provide an overview of the characteristics of the industry and current trends in its growth and structure: production and consumption, employment, research and development, capital investment, firm and product concentration and product competition, and pricing. A discussion of international trade follows, covering intra- and inter-regional, intra-firm, and intra-industry trade. The report will continue in the next issue of the Journal (Part II) with a look at foreign direct investment, inter-firm networks, and governmental policies.
Theory and Method for the Cross-National Study of Health Systems
Authors: Elling Ray H.
Published: May 2005

The comparison of nations' health systems requires some way of categorizing them. As distinct from the typologies of Roemer, Maxwell, and others, which offer no apparent theoretical derivation, the schema suggested here derives from theory of the capitalist political economic world-system as put forth by Wallerstein and others. With the worldwide division of labor entailed in this perspective (core, semi-periphery, and periphery), combined with the strengths of workers' movements, five types of nations' health systems are identified, and illustrative comparisons are made using the contrasting case studies method. The author also discusses seeming exceptions to the general rule of capitalist dependencies with weak workers' movements having inequitous inadequate health systems.