bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Landscape and connectivity metrics as a spatial tool to support invasive annual grass management decisions
Authors: Buchholtz Erin K. , Heinrichs Julie , Crist Michele
Published: January 2023

The spatial patterns and context of invasions are increasingly recognized as important for successful and efficient management actions. Beyond mapping occurrence or percent cover in pixels, spatial summary information that describes the size and arrangement of patches in the context of a larger landscape (e.g., infested regions, connected patch networks) can add a depth of information for managing invasive grasses that threaten native ecosystems. Few invasive annual grass analyses have explored the use of landscape and circuit-based connectivity metrics to characterize and compare spatial patterns of invasion. To assess the transferability and applicability of these landscape ecology analyses, we calculated landscape metrics (4 area-based, 3 configuration) and a connectivity metric (circuit-based centrality), using a weighted-average map of invasive annual grass cover in the Great Basin, USA. We calculated metrics at local and regional scales, allowing invasion statistics to be compared across the landscape and illustrating varying patterns of invasion extent and connectedness. We found the metrics provided additional, complementary information at the sampled local and regional scales beyond abundance measures alone. We also illustrated how key metrics could be used to categorize and map areas needing different management strategies, for example, where strategies could proactively protect uninvaded cores, disconnect fine fuel patches, or contain established invasions. The landscape and connectivity metric approach can be applied across scales to spatially target patches locally, provide broader context within a single region, as well as to compare metrics and spatial variation in patterns among different regions.
New insights into the geographic patterns of functional role and taxonomic richness of ants from Mexico
Authors: Rocha-Ortega Maya , Rodríguez Pilar , Nava-Bolaños Angela , Córdoba-Aguilar Alex
Published: January 2023

One approach to prioritise conservation efforts is to identify hotspots that are either species-rich or that harbour a high proportion of narrow-ranged species with varying functional roles. Given this, we have developed full ant species distribution models as tools for identifying biodiversity and hotspot areas in Mexico. We predicted ant species richness and potential areas of endemism using the more complete data available from across America (i.e., including both North America and South America) and habitat/ecological specificity (functional diversity) in a species distribution model (SDM). In Mexico, the ecoregions more relevant for ant species richness and endemism are Mesoamerica, Petenes, Sierra Madre Oriental, Trans-Mexican Volcanic, and the Sierra Madre Occidental. While for hypogeic and arboreal ants the hotspots were localized in the tropic biomes, for epigeic and subterranean ants, hotpots were most prevalent in the tropics and desert. Moreover, the geographical patterns suggest that some hotspots for ants converge with those hotspots proposed for other invertebrates and vertebrates.

Implications for insect conservation

Our study highlights the importance of hotspots areas for biodiversity conservation, and provides data and maps for ant conservation programs.
Neurocircuitry of Predatory Hunting
Authors: Zhao Zheng-Dong , Zhang Li , Xiang Xinkuan , Kim Daesoo , Li Haohong , Cao Peng , Shen Wei L.
Published: January 2023

Predatory hunting is an important type of innate behavior evolutionarily conserved across the animal kingdom. It is typically composed of a set of sequential actions, including prey search, pursuit, attack, and consumption. This behavior is subject to control by the nervous system. Early studies used toads as a model to probe the neuroethology of hunting, which led to the proposal of a sensory-triggered release mechanism for hunting actions. More recent studies have used genetically-trackable zebrafish and rodents and have made breakthrough discoveries in the neuroethology and neurocircuits underlying this behavior. Here, we review the sophisticated neurocircuitry involved in hunting and summarize the detailed mechanism for the circuitry to encode various aspects of hunting neuroethology, including sensory processing, sensorimotor transformation, motivation, and sequential encoding of hunting actions. We also discuss the overlapping brain circuits for hunting and feeding and point out the limitations of current studies. We propose that hunting is an ideal behavioral paradigm in which to study the neuroethology of motivated behaviors, which may shed new light on epidemic disorders, including binge-eating, obesity, and obsessive-compulsive disorders.
Brain Maturation as a Fundamental Factor in Immune-Neurovascular Interactions in Stroke
Authors: Di Martino Elena , Rayasam Aditya , Vexler Zinaida S.
Published: January 2023

Injuries in the developing brain cause significant long-term neurological deficits. Emerging clinical and preclinical data have demonstrated that the pathophysiology of neonatal and childhood stroke share similar mechanisms that regulate brain damage, but also have distinct molecular signatures and cellular pathways. The focus of this review is on two different diseases—neonatal and childhood stroke—with emphasis on similarities and distinctions identified thus far in rodent models of these diseases. This includes the susceptibility of distinct cell types to brain injury with particular emphasis on the role of resident and peripheral immune populations in modulating stroke outcome. Furthermore, we discuss some of the most recent and relevant findings in relation to the immune-neurovascular crosstalk and how the influence of inflammatory mediators is dependent on specific brain maturation stages. Finally, we comment on the current state of treatments geared toward inducing neuroprotection and promoting brain repair after injury and highlight that future prophylactic and therapeutic strategies for stroke should be age-specific and consider gender differences in order to achieve optimal translational success.
Novel formulation for co-delivery of cinnamon- and cumin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles to enhance their oral bioavailability
Authors: Sangal Aditi , Rattan Sunita , Maurya Muni Raj , Sadasivuni Kishor Kumar
Published: January 2023

Nanobiotechnology has been an encouraging approach to improving the efficacy of hydrophobic bioactive compounds. The biologically active constituents present in herbal extracts are poorly absorbed, resulting in loss of bioavailability and efficacy. Hence, herbal medicine and nanotechnology are combined to overcome these limitations. The surface-to-volume ratio of nanoparticles is high and as the size is small, the functional properties are enhanced. The present study reports the synthesis of cinnamon and cumin (Ci–Cu) dual drug-loaded poly (D, L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) to overcome the limitations of oral bioavailability and extend the effect of these drugs for alleviating health problems. The solvent evaporation method was adopted for the synthesis, and the as-prepared nanoparticles were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average size of the formed spherical Ci-Cu nanoparticles ranged between 90 and 120 nm. The encapsulation efficiency of the drug was found to be 79% ± 4.5%. XRD analysis demonstrated that cinnamon and cumin were amorphously scattered in the PLGA matrix. The FTIR bands showed no evident changes suggesting the no direct molecular interactions between the drug and the polymer. At pH 6.9, the release studies in vitro exhibited a burst initially followed by a tendency to obtain a slower steady release. The results indicated that the Cu-Ci dual drug-loaded polymeric NPs has drug release at a slower rate. The time taken for 25% release of drug in Ci-Cu-loaded PLGA NPs was twice as compared to cumin-loaded PLGA Nps, and three times compared to cinnamon-loaded PLGA NPs.
Numerical modelling of spatially and temporally distributed on-fault induced seismicity: implication for seismic hazards
Authors: Sainoki Atsushi , Schwartzkopff Adam Karl , Jiang Lishuai , Mitri Hani
Published: January 2023

Induced seismicity is strongly related to various engineering projects that cause anthropogenic in-situ stress change at a great depth. Hence, there is a need to estimate and mitigate the associated risks. In the past, various simulation methods have been developed and applied to induced seismicity analysis, but there is still a fundamental difference between simulation results and field observations in terms of the spatial distribution of seismic events and its frequency. The present study aims to develop a method to simulate spatially distributed on-fault seismicity whilst reproducing a complex stress state in the fault zone. Hence, an equivalent continuum model is constructed, based on a discrete fracture network within a fault damage zone, by employing the crack tensor theory. A fault core is simulated at the center of the model as a discontinuous plane. Using the model, a heterogeneous stress state with stress anomalies in the fault zone is first simulated by applying tractions on the model outer boundaries. Subsequently, the effective normal stress on the fault plane is decreased in a stepwise manner to induce slip. The simulation result is validated in terms of theb-value and other seismic source parameters, hence demonstrating that the model can reproduce spatially and temporally distributed on-fault seismicity. Further analysis on the parameters shows the variation of frequency-magnitude distribution before the occurrence of large seismic events. This variation is found to be consistent with field observations, thus suggesting the potential use of this simulation method in evaluating the risk for seismic hazards in various engineering projects.
A Personalized Explainable Learner Implicit Friend Recommendation Method
Authors: Li Chunying , Zhou Bingyang , Lin Weijie , Tang Zhikang , Tang Yong , Zhang Yanchun , Cao Jinli
Published: January 2023

With the rapid development of social networks, academic social networks have attracted increasing attention. In particular, providing personalized recommendations for learners considering data sparseness and cold-start scenarios is a challenging task. An important research topic is to accurately discover potential friends of learners to build implicit learning groups and obtain personalized collaborative recommendations of similar learners according to the learning content. This paper proposes a personalized explainable learner implicit friend recommendation method (PELIRM). Methodologically, PELIRM utilizes the learner's multidimensional interaction behavior in social networks to calculate the degrees of trust between learners and applies the three-degree influence theory to mine the implicit friends of learners. The similarity of research interests between learners is calculated by cosine and term frequency–inverse document frequency. To solve the recommendation problem for cold-start learners, the learner's common check-in IP is used to obtain the learner's location information. Finally, the degree of trust, similarity of research interests, and geographic distance between learners are combined as ranking indicators to recommend potential friends for learners and give multiple interpretations of the recommendation results. By verifying and evaluating the proposed method on real data from Scholar.com, the experimental results show that the proposed method is reliable and effective in terms of personalized recommendation and explainability.
Marine protected areas and electronic navigational charts: legal foundation, mapping methods, IHO S-122 portrayal, and advanced navigation services
Authors: Contarinis Stilianos , Kastrisios Christos , Nakos Byron
Published: January 2023

A strategic instrument for the sustainable conservation of the fragile marine ecosystem is the designation of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), within which various regulations exist for the protection of highly vulnerable species and habitats. These regulations can be depicted on Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) based on the new International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S-100 series of standards, which support Marine Information Overlays (MIOs) that enrich the portrayed information by including both static and dynamic information, such as vessels traffic, tides, currents, and weather conditions, as well as essential information for the regulation of MPAs. Although, the new IHO S-122 Product Specification introduced specifically for the MPAs has been developed to encapsulate geospatial information for these regulations, the present edition does not specify portrayal. This paper reviews the legal foundation for the protection of marine mammals as well as the mapping methods used in selected study cases and builds upon these to present new, intuitive portrayal symbols for depicting the type of MPAs in combination with the regulations to be enforced on ENCs. Moreover, to support the global efforts for the protection of marine biodiversity, contemporary navigation systems aboard vessels can be used to enforce environmental regulations, and operations centers ashore can also monitor vessels’ passage and activities in MPAs. In that respect, this paper also discusses the concepts of Ecosystem Protection Zones and Environmental Risk Contours that can facilitate environmental risk-based voyage planning and preventive alarm services through Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS).
Transcriptional profile of selected flavescence dorée phytoplasma genes during infection of insect vectors and host plants
Authors: Galetto Luciana , Pesando Massimo , Abbà Simona , Bodino Nicola , Marzachì Cristina
Published: January 2023

Flavescence dorée is an economically important vector-borne disease of grapevine in Europe caused by phytoplasmas belonging to the 16SrV ribosomal group. Expression profiles of 11 genes of the Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDp) were analysed over time following infection of natural (Vitis vinifera and the leafhopper vector Scaphoideus titanus) and experimental (Vicia faba and Euscelidius variegatus) hosts. Infected and symptomatic grapevine plants (Chardonnay) were sampled under natural field conditions in a productive vineyard in north-western Italy. Broad bean samples were assayed after the experimental inoculation with infectious E. variegatus. Adults of both vector species were analyzed following FDp acquisition from infected broad bean plants. The selected FDp genes were grouped according to their putative functions within different categories, namely ‘Membrane proteins’ (imp), ‘Regulative elements’ (spoVG, rpoD), ‘Protein metabolism, transport and secretion’ (tldD, ysdC, ftsY), ‘Stress response’ (comp83, osmC), ‘ABC transporters’ (CoABC) and ‘Unknown’ function (contig12, comp115). All analyzed genes were expressed in the four different host species suggesting their crucial role during the FDp infection cycle. Moreover, some of them (contig12, CoABC, comp83, and imp) might be considered essential for phytoplasma survival irrespective of the host, while comp115 seems to be required for insect infection. We showed that FDp is metabolically more active in insects than in plants, at least according to the pool of selected genes for this study, indicating that FDp behaves differently in the two hosts compared to other phytoplasma species/strains.
Implementation of optimal oil flushing methodology for nuclear steam turbo generator oil circuits
Authors: Swamynathan Kudiyarasan , Lakshmanaraj Levankumar , Ramalingam Mahesh
Published: January 2023

The first turning gear operation is regarded as a significant milestone in the overall activities of Turbine Generator system commissioning. To accomplish this critical goal, the lube oil circuit must be clean and free of all type of contaminants. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the various flushing tactics used in the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor 500 MW Turbo Generator (TG) oil systems, to understand the factors that influence oil circuit flushing, the difficulties encountered during flushing, and to optimise the flushing process of TG oil circuits. Also A simple method was used in this paper to determine the minimum amount of oil required to begin flushing and the make-up requirements of lube oil at various stages of flushing. The percentage of oil passing through the cooler and cooler bypass line during the thermal shocking process was also determined using an energy balance approach. Based on TG oil circuit commissioning experience, an optimised methodology for completing the TG oil circuits flushing exercise is also proposed. This study demonstrates that the cooling and heating times of lube oil can be controlled during oil flushing, resulting in an increase in the number of thermal shocks per day and a significant reduction in flushing time.

Article Highlights

This paper is the result of flushing experiences with oil circuits of a 500 MW Nuclear power plant. This can be used to minimize oil quantity and the time flushing thereby lot of man hours and cost of flushing could be saved during flushing of turbine oil circuits.

The minimum oil required for turbine oil circuit flushing is not readily available. The method outlined here can be used to determine the minimum amount of oil required for each stage of oil circuit flushing.

This paper describes an energy balance methodology that can be used to increase the number of thermal shocks per day during flushing, thereby significantly reducing flushing time.
Bonded labour and donkey ownership in the brick kilns of India: A need for reform of policy and practice
Authors: Kubasiewicz Laura M , Watson Tamlin , Nye Caroline , Chamberlain Natasha , Perumal Ramesh K , Saroja Ramesh , Norris Stuart L , Raw Zoe , Burden Faith A
Published: January 2023

Slavery, in the form of ‘debt-bondage’, is rife in Indian brick kilns, where the enforcement of labour laws is poor. Working equids support brick-kiln workers by transporting raw bricks into the kilns, but the situation of equids and their owners within the brick kilns is relatively unknown. We describe the welfare of donkeys (Equus asinus) owned under conditions of debt-bondage, examine the links between owner and donkey behaviour, and outline the living conditions of both donkeys and humans working in the brick kilns of Gujarat, India. We then explore the unique experience of debt-bondage by donkey owners, compare migration trends to those of non-donkey-owning workers and assess impacts on their children’s education. The physical and behavioural conditions of donkeys reflected that of their owners, creating negative feedback loops and potentially reducing productivity. All donkey owners experienced debt-bondage and were particularly vulnerable to unexpected financial loss. Donkey owners, unlike non-owners, migrated within their home state, enabling their children to attend school. Our work highlights the need for policy reform within the brick-kiln industry to acknowledge the pivotal role of working donkeys in supporting human livelihoods.
The Persistence of Ethnopopulist Support: The Case of Rodrigo Duterte's Philippines
Authors: Dulay Dean , Hicken Allen , Holmes Ronald
Published: January 2023

The past few years have seen an emergence of populist leaders around the world, who have not only accrued but also maintained support despite rampant criticism, governance failures, and the ongoing COVID pandemic. The Philippines’ Rodrigo Duterte is the best illustration of this trend, with approval ratings rarely dipping below 80 percent. What explains his high levels of robust public support? We argue that Duterte is an ethnopopulist who uses ethnic appeals in combination with insider vs. outsider rhetoric to garner and maintain public support. Moreover, we argue that ethnic affiliation is a main driver of support for Duterte, and more important than alternative factors such as age, education, gender, or urban vs. rural divides. We provide evidence of Duterte's marriage of ethnic and populist appeals, then evaluate whether ethnicity predicts support for Duterte, using 15 rounds of nationally representative public opinion data. Identifying with a non-Tagalog ethnicity (like Duterte) leads to an 8 percent increase in approval for Duterte, significantly larger than any other explanatory factor. Among Duterte supporters, a non-Tagalog ethnicity is associated with 19 percent increase in strong versus mild support. Ethnicity is the only positive and significant result, suggesting that it strongly explains why Duterte's support remains robust. Alternative explanations, such as social desirability bias and alternative policy considerations, do not explain our results.
Southeast Asia under Great-Power Competition: Public Opinion About Hedging in the Philippines
Authors: Fang Songying , Li Xiaojun
Published: January 2023

Under pressure to choose between the U.S. and China, Southeast Asian countries have adopted a hedging strategy: deepening economic relations with China while strengthening security cooperation with the U.S. How does the region's public view this strategy? With tensions rising in South China Sea territorial disputes, are more nationalistic individuals more likely to oppose hedging? Using an original public opinion survey conducted in the Philippines, we find that while an overwhelming majority of respondents were concerned about the territorial disputes, more nationalistic Filipinos were no more concerned than less nationalistic ones. Further, more nationalistic Filipinos were more likely to view economic relations with China as important for the Philippines and to approve of Duterte's China policy, which follows the logic of hedging. These surprising findings suggest that under the shadow of great-power competition, the link between domestic politics and foreign policy is nuanced in the Philippines, and Southeast Asia in general.
Bishops and Friends: History and Legal Interpretation in RecentAmicus CuriaeBriefs before the Supreme Court
Authors: Doerfler Maria E.
Published: January 2023

With the rise of originalism as an interpretive strategy, history has come to play an increasingly prominent role in the reasoning and methodology of the United States Supreme Court. That development has, by necessity, also shaped the approach to constitutional interpretation taken by other parties, including the large and growing number of groups who file amicus curiae briefs. When the amici in question are religious entities, this article suggests, this “historical turn” at times takes the shape of narrating aspects of a tradition’s sacred history for the benefit of both the Court and other, lay audiences. This article examines three recent amicus briefs by one of the most consistent and prolific religious amici, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Across these briefs, this author traces the construction and deployment of history—both Catholic and American—as a middle term for negotiating the relationship between the US Constitution and its interpretation, on the one hand, and the interests and priorities of the religious tradition, on the other.
Accuracy and precision when deriving sea-ice thickness from thermistor strings: a comparison of methods
Authors: Richter Maren E. , Leonard Greg H. , Smith Inga J. , Langhorne Pat J. , Mahoney Andrew R. , Parry Matthew
Published: January 2023

A precise knowledge of landfast sea-ice (fast-ice) thickness is relevant to many different disciplines. Sea Ice Monitoring Stations (SIMS) are used to measure time series of fast-ice thickness at a location. SIMS measure ice and ocean temperature via thermistor strings with many different methods for extracting sea-ice thickness from temperature existing. This study investigates: if thickness results from temperature recorded by SIMS of different designs, and analysed with different methods are comparable; which methods are recommended for their robustness, precision and accuracy and how they compare to independent thickness measurements; how otherwise unuseable data can be salvaged through specific SIMS designs. We present an analysis of fast-ice thickness calculated from SIMS deployed in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica and in the Chukchi Sea near Utqiaġvik, Alaska, over two decades. We find that median thicknesses derived by different methods agree within 1 ± 1.5 cm for McMurdo Sound and 2 ± 3 cm for Utqiaġvik. Thus, it is possible to confidently compare data collected from different stations and analysed with different methods. The vertical gradient of sea-ice temperature gives the best results for fast-ice thickness during the growth season and including standard resistors in a thermistor string can reduce potential data loss due to noise.
Rapid demise and committed loss of Bowman Glacier, northern Ellesmere Island, Arctic Canada
Authors: Medrzycka Dorota , Copland Luke , Noël Brice
Published: January 2023

Using historical and recent aerial photography and structure from motion (SfM) multiview stereo (MVS) techniques, we reconstruct the 1959 and 2018 ice surface topography and determine the geodetic mass balance of Bowman Glacier, a small mountain glacier on northern Ellesmere Island. This is combined with optical satellite imagery to reconstruct the evolution in extent of the glacier over six decades, and ground-penetrating radar measurements of ice thickness to estimate the remaining ice volume. Between 1959 and 2020, Bowman Glacier lost 78% of its extent (reducing from 2.75 to 0.61 km2), while average annual area loss rates have nearly tripled in the past two decades. Over the 1959–2018 period, glacier-wide ice-thickness change averaged −22.7 ± 4.7 m, corresponding to a mean specific annual mass balance of −347.0 ± 71.4 mm w.e. a−1. Projecting rates of area and volume change into the future indicates that the glacier will likely entirely disappear between 2030 and 2060. This study demonstrates the potential of SfM-MVS processing to generate elevation products from 1950/60s historical aerial photographs, and to extend observations of ice elevation and glacier volume change for the Canadian Arctic, prior to the satellite record.
Masculinity in Contention: Performance, Language, and Gender in the Lebanese Army during the Civil War
Authors: Hassine Jonathan
Published: January 2023

The gender history of the Lebanese Civil War (1975–90) has so far focused on the study of female figures. In an attempt to widen the scope of analysis, this article reconsiders the role of the Lebanese army in war-torn Lebanon through the lens of gender. Based on interviews with retired officers and noncommissioned officers, I argue that the military—the combat personnel in particular—never relinquished its claim to an exclusive militarized masculinity, despite the rise of contending actors. By maintaining this claim, these men strove to confront both the new standards of masculinity imposed by the militias and the anxiety caused by the disruption of gender roles throughout the conflict. To make sense of this confrontation, the article investigates how the veterans have engaged in a social performance, during both past and present, to (re)enact their manliness in front of an audience. This diachronic approach allows me to further untangle the combat officers’ trajectories during the war, using gender to bring them into conversation with their milieu.
Impact of Personal Protective Equipment on the Quality of Chest Compressions in Prehospital Care: A Prospective Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: Cmorej Patrik Christian , Hrach Karel , Argayova Ivana , Peran David , Pekara Jaroslav , Jarabicova Olga , Kelbich Petr , Spicka Jan , Ralbovska Dana Rebeka
Published: January 2023

Introduction:

The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) in prehospital emergency care has significantly increased since the onset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Several studies investigating the potential effects of PPE use by Emergency Medical Service providers on the quality of chest compressions during resuscitation have been inconclusive.

Study Objectives:

This study aimed to determine whether the use of PPE affects the quality of chest compressions or influences select physiological biomarkers that are associated with stress.

Methods:

This was a prospective randomized, quasi-experimental crossover study with 35 Emergency Medical Service providers who performed 20 minutes of chest compressions on a manikin. Two iterations were completed in a randomized order: (1) without PPE and (2) with PPE consisting of Tyvek, goggles, KN95 mask, and nitrile gloves. The rate and depth of chest compressions were measured. Salivary cortisol, lactate, end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), and body temperature were measured before and after each set of chest compressions.

Results:

There were no differences in the quality of chest compressions (rate and depth) between the two groups (P >.05). After performing chest compressions, the group with PPE did not have elevated levels of cortisol, lactate, or EtCO2 when compared to the group without PPE, but did have a higher body temperature (P <.001).

Conclusion:

The use of PPE during resuscitation did not lower the quality of chest compressions, nor did it lead to higher stress-associated biomarker levels, with the exception of body temperature.
From Yazd to Bombay—Ardeshir Mehrabān ‘Irani’ and the rise of Persia's nineteenth-century Zoroastrian merchants
Authors: Mohajer Nasser , Yazdani Kaveh
Published: January 2023

This article begins by surveying the commercial structure of nineteenth-century Yazd, centring on the economic activities of its Zoroastrian inhabitants. Next, we examine the house of Mehrabān, arguing that they were intermediate figures in Persia's transition from a pre-capitalist to an inchoate capitalist mode of production. Throughout the mid- to late nineteenth century, the Mehrabāns were significant socio-economic players and precursors for later generations of prosperous, worldly Iranian Zoroastrians. Ardeshir in particular epitomised the gradual emergence of an Iranian bourgeoisie in the urban centres of Persia, specifically Yazd. Concurrently, the rise of prominent members of the Mehrabān family was intimately related to their education, ‘cultural capital’, socio-economic connections, and business ventures in Bombay as well as their constantly developing political clout in Persia and India.
Mehr Geschichte wagen!
Authors: Sappok-Laue Henrike
Published: January 2023

Zusammenfassung. Berufsgeschichte kann einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Identitätsbildung leisten! Hier wird der Frage nachgegangen, wo sich die Informationen, die früher als Unterrichtsfach „Geschichte der Pflege“ unterrichtet wurden, in den neuen Rahmenlehrplänen für die generalistische Pflegeausbildung wiederfinden. In welchem didaktischen Zusammenhang stehen sie und welche Kompetenzen werden durch den Unterricht angebahnt und gestärkt?
Moisture Sources and Pathways Determine Stable Isotope Signature of Himalayan Waters in Nepal
Authors: Hassenruck‐Gudipati Hima J. , Andermann Christoff , Dee Sylvia , Brunello Camilla F. , Baidya Krishna Pyari , Sachse Dirk , Meyer Hanno , Hovius Niels
Published: January 2023

The Himalayan mountain range produces one of the steepest and largest rainfall gradients on Earth, with >3 m/yr rainfall difference over a ∼100 km distance. The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) contributes more than 80% to the annual precipitation budget of the central Himalayas. The remaining 20% falls mainly during pre‐ISM season. Understanding the seasonal cycle and the transfer pathways of moisture from precipitation to the rivers is crucial for constraining water availability in a warming climate. However, the partitioning of moisture into the different storage systems such as snow, glacier, and groundwater and their relative contribution to river discharge throughout the year remains under‐constrained. Here, we present novel field data from the Kali Gandaki, a trans‐Himalayan river, and use 4‐year time series of river and rain water stable isotope composition (δ18O and δ2H values) as well as river discharge, satellite Global Precipitation Measurement amounts, and moisture source trajectories to constrain hydrological variability. We find that rainfall before the onset of the ISM is isotopically distinct and that ISM rain and groundwater have similar isotopic values. Our study lays the groundwork for using isotopic measurements to track changes in precipitation sources during the pre‐ISM to ISM transition in this key region of orographic precipitation. Specifically, we highlight the role of pre‐ISM precipitation, derived from the Gangetic plain, to define the seasonal river isotopic variability across the central Himalayas. Lastly, isotopic values across the catchment document the importance of a large well‐mixed groundwater reservoir supplying river discharge, especially during the non‐ISM season.
Rapid Tremor Migration During Few Minute‐Long Slow Earthquakes in Cascadia
Authors: Gombert B. , Hawthorne J. C.
Published: January 2023

Slow earthquakes are now commonly found to display a wide range of durations, moments, and slip and propagation speeds. But not all types of slow earthquakes have been examined in detail. Here we probe tremor bursts with durations between 1 and 30 min, which are likely driven by few minute‐long bursts of aseismic slip. We use a coherence‐based technique to detect thousands of tremor bursts beneath Vancouver Island in Cascadia. Then we examine 17 of the ruptures by tracking their evolving tremor locations over an 8‐km region. We find that tremor migrates at rates of 3–25 m/s: faster than longer tremor bursts. Though some observational biases persist, the short events' speeds appear to fill a gap in the spectrum of observed slow earthquakes. They may provide further evidence that whatever fault zone process creates slow earthquakes, it must allow for faster slip and propagation in smaller ruptures.
Inferring Tide‐Induced Ephemeral Grounding in an Ice‐Shelf‐Stream System: Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica
Authors: Zhong Minyan , Simons Mark , Minchew Brent , Zhu Lijun
Published: January 2023

Antarctic ice shelves play a key role in regulating the rate of ice flow in tributary ice streams. Temporal variations in the associated ice‐shelf buttressing stress are observed to impact ice flow in glaciers and ice streams. Ephemeral grounding induced by tides is an important mechanism for modulating the buttressing stress. Here, we develop an approach to inferring variations in 3‐D surface displacements at an ice‐shelf‐stream system that explicitly accounts for ephemeral grounding. Using a temporally dense nine‐month‐long synthetic‐aperture radar image acquisition campaign collected over Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, by the 4‐satellite COSMO‐SkyMed constellation, we infer the ephemeral grounding zones and the spatiotemporal variation of the fortnightly ice‐flow variability. We find ephemeral grounding zones along the western ice‐shelf margin as well as a few prominent ephemeral grounding points in the central trunk and in the vicinity of the grounding zone. Our observations provide evidence for tide‐modulated buttressing stress and the temporally asymmetric response of ice‐shelf flow to tidal forcing. Long‐term oceanic warming and ice‐shelf thinning will cause the loss of ephemeral grounding and decrease in ice‐shelf buttressing stress.
Linking Seasonal Changes in Organic Matter Composition and Nutrients to Shifting Hydraulic Gradients in Coastal Urban Canals
Authors: Smith Matthew A. , Kominoski J. S. , Price R. M. , Abdul‐Aziz O. I. , Troxler T. G.
Published: January 2023

The capacity for coastal river networks to transport and transform dissolved organic matter (DOM) is widely accepted. However, climate‐induced shifts in stormwater runoff and tidal extension alter fresh and marine water source contributions, associated DOM, and processing rates of nutrients entering coastal canals. We investigate how time‐variable interactions among coastal water source contributions influence the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nutrients, and DOM composition in urban canals. We quantified the spatiotemporal variability of DOM quality and nutrient concentrations to determine contributions of tidal marine water, rainwater, stormwater runoff, and groundwater to three coastal urban canals of Miami, Florida (USA). We created a Bayesian Monte Carlo mixing model using measurements of fluorescent DOM (fDOM), DOC concentrations, δ18O and δ2H isotopic signatures, and chloride (Cl−). Fractional contributions of groundwater averaged 17% in the dry season and 26% at peak high tide during the subtropical wet season (September–November). The canal‐to‐marine head difference (CMHD) was a primary driver of groundwater contributions to coastal urban canals and monthly patterns of fDOM/DOC. High tide (>1 m) and discharge events were found to connect canals to upstream sources of terrestrial DOM. Loading of terrestrially sourced DOC and DOM is pulsed to urban canals, shunted downstream and supplemented by microbially sourced DOM during the wet season at high tide. Overall, we demonstrate that a combined tracer approach with isotopes and fDOM can help identify groundwater contributions to coastal waterways and that autochthonous fDOM may prime the degradation of carbon or nutrients as the CMHD pushes inland.
Mentorship Builds Inclusivity and Belonging in the Geosciences
Authors: Burt Melissa , Barnes Rebecca , Schanz Sarah , Clinton Sandra , Fischer Emily
Published: January 2023

Four evidence-based approaches implemented through an innovative mentoring program have succeeded at improving retention rates of undergraduate women in the geosciences.
Psychological and biological mechanisms linking trauma with cardiovascular disease risk
Authors: Sumner Jennifer A. , Cleveland Shiloh , Chen Tiffany , Gradus Jaimie L.
Published: January 2023

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and experiences of psychological trauma have been associated with subsequent CVD onset. Identifying key pathways connecting trauma with CVD has the potential to inform more targeted screening and intervention efforts to offset elevated cardiovascular risk. In this narrative review, we summarize the evidence for key psychological and biological mechanisms linking experiences of trauma with CVD risk. Additionally, we describe various methodologies for measuring these mechanisms in an effort to inform future research related to potential pathways. With regard to mechanisms involving posttraumatic psychopathology, the vast majority of research on psychological distress after trauma and CVD has focused on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), even though posttraumatic psychopathology can manifest in other ways as well. Substantial evidence suggests that PTSD predicts the onset of a range of cardiovascular outcomes in trauma-exposed men and women, yet more research is needed to better understand posttraumatic psychopathology more comprehensively and how it may relate to CVD. Further, dysregulation of numerous biological systems may occur after trauma and in the presence of posttraumatic psychopathology; these processes of immune system dysregulation and elevated inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, renin-angiotensin system dysregulation, and accelerated biological aging may all contribute to subsequent cardiovascular risk, although more research on these pathways in the context of traumatic stress is needed. Given that many of these mechanisms are closely intertwined, future research using a systems biology approach may prove fruitful for elucidating how processes unfold to contribute to CVD after trauma.
Fundamental energy cost of finite-time parallelizable computing
Authors: Konopik Michael , Korten Till , Lutz Eric , Linke Heiner
Published: January 2023

The fundamental energy cost of irreversible computing is given by the Landauer bound of $$kT\ln 2$$
k
T
ln
2
/bit, where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature in Kelvin. However, this limit is only achievable for infinite-time processes. We here determine the fundamental energy cost of finite-time parallelizable computing within the framework of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. We apply these results to quantify the energetic advantage of parallel computing over serial computing. We find that the energy cost per operation of a parallel computer can be kept close to the Landauer limit even for large problem sizes, whereas that of a serial computer fundamentally diverges. We analyze, in particular, the effects of different degrees of parallelization and amounts of overhead, as well as the influence of non-ideal electronic hardware. We further discuss their implications in the context of current technology. Our findings provide a physical basis for the design of energy-efficient computers.
Liquid-liquid phase separation in supercooled water from ultrafast heating of low-density amorphous ice
Authors: Amann-Winkel Katrin , Kim Kyung Hwan , Giovambattista Nicolas , Ladd-Parada Marjorie , Späh Alexander , Perakis Fivos , Pathak Harshad , Yang Cheolhee , Eklund Tobias , Lane Thomas J. , You Seonju , Jeong Sangmin , Lee Jae Hyuk , Eom Intae , Kim Minseok , Park Jaeku , Chun Sae Hwan , Poole Peter H. , Nilsson Anders
Published: January 2023

Recent experiments continue to find evidence for a liquid-liquid phase transition (LLPT) in supercooled water, which would unify our understanding of the anomalous properties of liquid water and amorphous ice. These experiments are challenging because the proposed LLPT occurs under extreme metastable conditions where the liquid freezes to a crystal on a very short time scale. Here, we analyze models for the LLPT to show that coexistence of distinct high-density and low-density liquid phases may be observed by subjecting low-density amorphous (LDA) ice to ultrafast heating. We then describe experiments in which we heat LDA ice to near the predicted critical point of the LLPT by an ultrafast infrared laser pulse, following which we measure the structure factor using femtosecond x-ray laser pulses. Consistent with our predictions, we observe a LLPT occurring on a time scale < 100 ns and widely separated from ice formation, which begins at times >1 μs.
Highly efficient and robust π-FISH rainbow for multiplexed in situ detection of diverse biomolecules
Authors: Tao Yingfeng , Zhou Xiaoliu , Sun Leqiang , Lin Da , Cai Huaiyuan , Chen Xi , Zhou Wei , Yang Bing , Hu Zhe , Yu Jing , Zhang Jing , Yang Xiaoqing , Yang Fang , Shen Bang , Qi Wenbao , Fu Zhenfang , Dai Jinxia , Cao Gang
Published: January 2023

In the unprecedented single-cell sequencing and spatial multiomics era of biology, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technologies with higher sensitivity and robustness, especially for detecting short RNAs and other biomolecules, are greatly desired. Here, we develop the robust multiplex π-FISH rainbow method to detect diverse biomolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, and neurotransmitters) individually or simultaneously with high efficiency. This versatile method is successfully applied to detect gene expression in different species, from microorganisms to plants and animals. Furthermore, we delineate the landscape of diverse neuron subclusters by decoding the spatial distribution of 21 marker genes via only two rounds of hybridization. Significantly, we combine π-FISH rainbow with hybridization chain reaction to develop π-FISH+ technology for short nucleic acid fragments, such as microRNA and prostate cancer anti-androgen therapy-resistant marker ARV7 splicing variant in circulating tumour cells from patients. Our study provides a robust biomolecule in situ detection technology for spatial multiomics investigation and clinical diagnosis.
Replication gap suppression depends on the double-strand DNA binding activity of BRCA2
Authors: Vugic Domagoj , Dumoulin Isaac , Martin Charlotte , Minello Anna , Alvaro-Aranda Lucia , Gomez-Escudero Jesus , Chaaban Rady , Lebdy Rana , von Nicolai Catharina , Boucherit Virginie , Ribeyre Cyril , Constantinou Angelos , Carreira Aura
Published: January 2023

Replication stress (RS) is a major source of genomic instability and is intrinsic to cancer cells. RS is also the consequence of chemotherapeutic drugs for treating cancer. However, adaptation to RS is also a mechanism of resistance to chemotherapy. BRCA2 deficiency results in replication stress in human cells. BRCA2 protein’s main functions include DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR) both at induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) and spontaneous replicative lesions. At stalled replication forks, BRCA2 protects the DNA from aberrant nucleolytic degradation and is thought to limit the appearance of ssDNA gaps by arresting replication and via post-replicative HR. However, whether and how BRCA2 acts to limit the formation of ssDNA gaps or mediate their repair, remains ill-defined. Here, we use breast cancer variants affecting different domains of BRCA2 to shed light on this function. We demonstrate that the N-terminal DNA binding domain (NTD), and specifically, its dsDNA binding activity, is required to prevent and repair/fill-in ssDNA gaps upon nucleotide depletion but not to limit PARPi-induced ssDNA gaps. Thus, these findings suggest that nucleotide depletion and PARPi trigger gaps via distinct mechanisms and that the NTD of BRCA2 prevents nucleotide depletion-induced ssDNA gaps.
Redox-dependent Igfbp2 signaling controls Brca1 DNA damage response to govern neural stem cell fate
Authors: Shahin Weam S. , Ebed Shima O. , Tyler Scott R. , Miljkovic Branko , Choi Soon H. , Zhang Yulong , Zhou Weihong , Evans Idil A. , Yeaman Charles , Engelhardt John F.
Published: January 2023

Neural stem cell (NSC) maintenance and functions are regulated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the mechanisms by which ROS control NSC behavior remain unclear. Here we report that ROS-dependent Igfbp2 signaling controls DNA repair pathways which balance NSC self-renewal and lineage commitment. Ncf1 or Igfbp2 deficiency constrains NSCs to a self-renewing state and prevents neurosphere formation. Ncf1-dependent oxidation of Igfbp2 promotes neurogenesis by NSCs in vitro and in vivo while repressing Brca1 DNA damage response genes and inducing DNA double-strand breaks (DDSBs). By contrast, Ncf1–/– and Igfbp2–/– NSCs favor the formation of oligodendrocytes in vitro and in vivo. Notably, transient repression of Brca1 DNA repair pathway genes induces DDSBs and is sufficient to rescue the ability of Ncf1–/– and Igfbp2–/– NSCs to lineage-commit to form neurospheres and neurons. NSC lineage commitment is dependent on the oxidizable cysteine-43 residue of Igfbp2. Our study highlights the role of DNA damage/repair in orchestrating NSC fate decisions downstream of redox-regulated Igfbp2.