bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Metastructural Model of Mental Disorders and Pathological Personality Traits
Authors: Wright Aidan G.C. , Simms Leonard
Published: July 2018

Background: Psychiatric comorbidity is extensive in both psychiatric settings and the general population. Such comorbidity challenges whether DSM-based mental disorders serve to effectively carve nature at its joints. In response, a substantial literature has emerged showing that a small number of broad dimensions—internalizing, externalizing, and psychoticism—can account for much of the observed covariation among common mental disorders. However, the location of personality disorders within this emerging metastructure has only recently been studied, and no studies have yet examined where pathological personality traits fit within such a broad metastructural framework.Methods: We conducted joint structural analyses of common mental disorders, personality disorders, and pathological personality traits in a sample of 628 current or recent psychiatric outpatients. Results: Bridging across the psychopathology and personality trait literatures, the results provide evidence for a robust five-factor metastructure of psychopathology, including broad domains of symptoms and features related to internalizing, disinhibition, psychoticism, antagonism, and detachment. Conclusions: These results reveal evidence for a psychopathology metastructure that (a) parsimoniously accounts for much of the observed covariation among common mental disorders, personality disorders, and related personality traits, and (b) provides an empirical basis for the organization and classification of mental disorder.
Large-scale observational evidence of cross-cultural differences in facial behavior
Authors: McDuff Daniel , Girard Jeffrey M. , Kaliouby Rana el
Published: July 2018

Self-report studies have found evidence that cultures differ in the display rules they have for facial expressions (i.e., for what is appropriate for different people at different times). However, observational studies of actual patterns of facial behavior have been rare and typically limited to the analysis of dozens of participants from two or three regions. We present the first large-scale evidence of cultural differences in observed facial behavior, including 740,984 participants from 12 countries around the world. We used an Internet-based framework to collect video data of participants in two different settings: in their homes and in market research facilities. Using computer vision algorithms designed for this dataset, we measured smiling and brow furrowing expressions as participants watched television ads. Our results reveal novel findings and provide empirical evidence to support theories about cultural and gender differences in display rules. Participants from more individualist cultures displayed more brow furrowing overall, whereas smiling depended on both culture and setting. Specifically, participants from more individualist countries were more expressive in the facility setting, while participants from more collectivist countries were more expressive in the home setting. Female participants displayed more smiling and less brow furrowing than male participants overall, with the latter difference being more pronounced in more individualist countries. This is the first study to leverage advances in computer science to enable large-scale observational research that would not have been possible using traditional methods.
Participant Nonnaiveté and the Reproducibility of Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Zwaan Rolf Antonius , Pecher Diane , Paolacci Gabriele , Bouwmeester Samantha , Verkoeijen Peter , Dijkstra Katinka , Zeelenberg Rene
Published: July 2018

Many argue that there is a reproducibility crisis in psychology. We investigated nine well-known effects from the cognitive psychology literature—three each from the domains of perception/action, memory, and language, respectively—and find that they are highly reproducible. Not only can they be reproduced in online environments but they can also be reproduced with nonnaïve participants with no reduction of effect size. Apparently, some cognitive tasks are so constraining that they encapsulate behavior from external influences suchas testing situation and prior recent experience with the experiment to yield highly robust effects.
Using Ensembles of Cognitive Models to Answer Substantive Questions
Authors: Singmann Henrik , Kellen David , Mizrak Eda , Öztekin Ilke
Published: July 2018

Cognitive measurement models decompose observed behavior into latent cognitive processes. For situations with more than one condition, such models allow to test hypotheses on the level of the latent processes. We propose a fully Bayesian ensemble model approach to test hypotheses on the level of the latent processes in situations in which multiple measurement models or model classes exist. In the first step, one needs to perform a Bayesian model selection step comparing the hypotheses within each model class. Aggregating the results of the first step yields ensemble posterior model probabilities. We provide an example for a working memory data set using an ensemble of a resource model and a slots model.
Neural Reactivity to Emotional Faces May Mediate the Relationship between Childhood Empathy and Adolescent Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Flournoy John Coleman , Pfeifer Jennifer H , Moore William Everett , Tackman Allison Mary , Masten Carrie L. , Mazziotta John C. , Iacoboni Marco , Dapretto Mirella
Published: July 2018

Reactivity to others’ emotions can result in empathic concern (EC), an importantmotivator of prosocial behavior, but can also result in personal distress (PD), which may hinder prosocial behavior. Examining neural substrates of emotional reactivity may elucidate how EC and PD differentially influence prosocial behavior. Participants (N=57) provided measures of EC, PD, prosocial behavior, and neural responses to emotional expressions at age 10 and 13. Initial EC predicted subsequent prosocial behavior. Initial EC and PD predicted subsequent reactivity to emotions in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and inferior parietal lobule, respectively. Activity in the IFG, a region linked to mirror neuron processes, as well as cognitive control and language, mediated the relation between initial EC and subsequent prosocial behavior.
A practical guide for transparency in psychological science
Authors: Klein Olivier , Hardwicke Tom Elis , Aust Frederik , Breuer Johannes , Danielsson Henrik , Hofelich Mohr Alicia , IJzerman Hans , Nilsonne Gustav , vanpaemel wolf , Frank Michael C.
Published: July 2018

The credibility of scientific claims depends upon the transparency of the research products upon which they are based (e.g., study protocols, data, materials, and analysis scripts). As psychology navigates a period of unprecedented introspection, user-friendly tools and services that support open science have flourished. There has never been a better time to embrace transparent research practices. However, the plethora of decisions and choices involved can be bewildering. Here we provide a practical guide to help researchers navigate the process of preparing and sharing the products of their research. Being an open scientist means adopting a few straightforward research management practices, which lead to less error prone, reproducible research workflows. Further, this adoption can be piecemeal – each incremental step towards complete transparency adds positive value. Transparent research practices not only improve the efficiency of individual researchers, they enhance the credibility of the knowledge generated by the scientific community.
Mindfulness and decision-making: Sunk-costs or escalation of commitment?
Authors: Schmitzer-Torbert Neil
Published: July 2018

Mindfulness is related to a number of positive health outcomes, such as decreased stress, anxiety and improved physical functioning. Recent studies have also identified a range cognitive benefits of mindfulness, including recent studies demonstrating that higher trait mindfulness and brief mindfulness inductions are associated with improved decision-making, and specifically to resistance to the influence of sunk-costs, where higher mindfulness is associated with increased willingness to discontinue a costly, but disadvantageous, course of action. However, some previous studies examining mindfulness and the sunk-cost bias have methodological limitations which make it difficult to determine if mindfulness is specifically related to sensitivity to the sunk-cost bias, or rather than to a general willingness to continue an unprofitable course of action (independent of the level of prior investment). The present study extends previous work by replicating the finding that trait mindfulness is positively related to resistance to the effects of sunk-costs, and also demonstrates that mindfulness is related to reduced escalation of commitment, an individual’s willingness to continue their commitment to a unprofitable course of action through the further investment of resources or time. Overall, trait mindfulness was most consistently related to reduced escalation of commitment, whereas the relationship between trait mindfulness and resistance to the effects of sunk-costs were less consistently observed
A Multivariate Analysis of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory’s Nomological Network
Authors: Edershile Elizabeth A. , Simms Leonard , Wright Aidan G.C.
Published: July 2018

The Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI; Pincus et al., 2009) has enjoyed widespread use in the study of the narcissism. However, questions have been raised about whether the PNI’s grandiosity scale adequately captures narcissistic grandiosity as well as other popular measures do. Specifically, some have noted that PNI grandiosity shows a pattern of external associations that diverges from patterns for narcissistic grandiosity predicted by experts, and is more similar to the predictions for the vulnerability scale than is desirable. Previous research driving these critiques has relied on patterns of zero-order correlations to examine the nomological networks of these scales. The present study reexamines the nomological networks of PNI grandiosity and vulnerability scales using hierarchical regression. Results indicate that once accounting for overlapping variance of vulnerability and grandiosity, the unique variance in the PNI’s grandiosity scale closely matches contemporary expert conceptualizations of narcissistic grandiosity based on expected associations with other personality variables.
Loneliness is negatively related to Facebook network size, but not related to Facebook network structure
Authors: Brown Riana M. , Roberts Sam G. B. , Pollet Thomas Victor
Published: July 2018

High levels of loneliness are associated with poorer outcomes for physical and mental health and a large body of research has examined how using social media sites such as Facebook are associated with loneliness. Time spent on Facebook tends to be associated with higher levels of loneliness, whereas a larger number of Facebook Friends and more active use of Facebook tends to be associated with lower levels of loneliness. However, whilst the network size and structure of ‘offline’ networks have been associated with loneliness, how the network structure on Facebook is associated with loneliness is still unclear. In this study, participants used the Getnet app to directly extract information on network size (number of Facebook Friends), density, number of clusters in the network, and average path length from their Facebook networks, and completed the 20-item UCLA Loneliness questionnaire. In total, 107 participants (36 men, 71 women, mean age = 20.6, SD = 2.7) took part in the study. Participants with a larger network size reported significantly lower feelings of loneliness. In contrast, network density, number of clusters, and average path length were not significantly related to loneliness. These results suggest that whilst having a larger Facebook network is related to feelings of social connection to others, the structure of the Facebook network may be a less important determinant of loneliness than other factors such as active or passive use of Facebook and individual characteristics of Facebook users.
Dr. Jekyll or Mr. Hyde? President Donald Trump’s Personality Profile as Perceived from Different Political Viewpoints
Authors: Campbell William Keith , Hyatt Courtland , Lynam Donald , Miller Josh
Published: July 2018

The present research used an empirical, crowdsourced trait profiling approach to describe the personality of Trump that accounts for political views. Clinton (N=120) and Trump (N=118) voters rated Trump’s personality on the 30 facets of the Five Factor Model. Participants also provided perceived helpfulness and harmfulness ratings of the facets before and after the election. We treated these facet level ratings as trait profiles, which were transformed into estimates of personality disorders (PDs) and complex trait-based constructs based on expert profiles. Results suggest only modest agreement between Clinton and Trump voters on Trump’s personality. Clinton voters perceived much greater antagonism, lower conscientiousness, and higher levels of impairment in Trump’s personality than did Trump voters who primarily perceived high levels of extraversion and emotional stability (i.e., low neuroticism). At the level of PDs and complex traits, there was some convergence with both groups seeing Trump as high in narcissism and psychopathy.
Children's media communicates essentialist views of science and scientists
Authors: Rhodes Marjorie , Leslie Sarah-Jane
Published: July 2018

This paper analyzes the scripts of children's television shows and reveals that references to scientists in children's media are often generic in nature.
Leveraging cognitive consistency to nudge conservative climate change beliefs
Authors: Gehlbach Hunter , Robinson Carly D , Calderon Christine
Published: July 2018

Now published at: Gehlbach, H., Robinson, C. D., & Vriesema, C. C. (2019). Leveraging cognitive consistency to nudge conservative climate change beliefs. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 61, 134-137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2018.12.004People feel motivated to maintain consistency across many domains in life. When it comes to climate change, many find themselves motivated to maintain consistency with others, e.g., by doubting climate change to cohere with friends’ and neighbors’ beliefs. The resulting climate skepticism has derailed discussions to address the issue collectively in the United States. To counteract these social consistency pressures, we developed a cognitive consistency intervention for climate skeptics. We first demonstrated that most people share substantial faith in a variety of scientific findings, across disciplines ranging from medicine to astronomy. Next, we show that conservative participants who first acknowledge several general contributions of science subsequently report significantly stronger beliefs in climate science (as compared to conservatives who are asked only about their climate science beliefs). These findings provide an encouraging proof-of-concept for how an inclusive climate conversation might be initiated across the political divide.
The Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID): A Novel Stimulus Set for the Study of Social, Moral and Affective Processes
Authors: Crone Damien , Bode Stefan , Murawski Carsten , Laham Simon
Published: July 2018

A major obstacle for the design of rigorous, reproducible studies in moral psychology is the lack of suitable stimulus sets. Here, we present the Socio-Moral Image Database (SMID), the largest standardized moral stimulus set assembled to date, containing 2,941 freely available photographic images, representing a wide range of morally (and affectively) positive, negative and neutral content. The SMID was validated with over 820,525 individual judgments from 2,716 participants, with normative ratings currently available for all images on affective valence and arousal, moral wrongness, and relevance to each of the five moral values posited by Moral Foundations Theory. We present a thorough analysis of the SMID regarding (1) inter-rater consensus, (2) rating precision, and (3) breadth and variability of moral content. Additionally, we provide recommendations for use aimed at efficient study design and reproducibility, and outline planned extensions to the database. We anticipate that the SMID will serve as a useful resource for psychological, neuroscientific and computational (e.g., natural language processing or computer vision) investigations of social, moral and affective processes. The SMID images, along with associated normative data and additional resources are available at https://osf.io/2rqad/.
Phonological form influences memory for form-meaning mappings in adult second-language learners
Authors: Morrison Jessica M. , Hudson Kam Carla L.
Published: July 2018

This study asks whether phonological form affects adult second language learners’ ability to learn the meanings of novel words. Specifically, we ask whether hard-to-pronounce words, defined as having phones/phone combinations not present in the learner’s native language, are more difficult to learn meanings for, and further, if learnability differences are due to interference from production problems or more general representational difficulties. We exposed participants to easy- and hard-to pronounce novel word-novel object pairings and tested their memory for the pairings. Participants who had either repeated words aloud, performed subvocal repetition, or heard another learner’s attempts to repeat the words during exposure performed worse on hard-to-pronounce words when tested immediately after exposure. When tested the following day, all participants, regardless of exposure condition, showed the effect. In a follow-up experiment, participants who engaged in an articulatory suppression task during learning did not have more difficulty with hard-to-pronounce words, suggesting that differences cannot simply be due to interference. Rather, we suggest that more difficult phonological forms lead to weaker representations which are then more difficult to link up with meanings in memory.
Support seeking in response to stress: Person-level moderators, contextual factors, and the role of online venues
Authors: Rife Sean Chandler , Kerns Kathryn A. , Updegraff John
Published: July 2018

Individuals respond to stress by seeking support from others, yet scholars have rarely addressed support seeking over newer media such as Facebook, and the factors which might influence such behavior. Using a daily diary method and a college sample, we tested the relationship between stress and support seeking in person, over Facebook, and on anonymous online forums, considering four moderators: extraversion, social network size, rejection sensitivity, and the sensitivity of the stressor. In-person support seeking is by far the most common type, but the proposed moderators affected the popularity of a particular venue. Those with larger social networks were more likely to seek support in person in response to stress, whereas individuals higher in rejection sensitivity sought support from anonymous, online sources in response to stress. Findings are discussed within the context of support mobilization theory and support activation models, as well as the existing literature on technology and relationships.
On diversity in the social sciences: Why homogeneous research groups are an ethical mistake
Authors: Nusbaum Amy , SantaMaria Toby
Published: July 2018

The scientific enterprise reflects society at large, and as such it actively disadvantages minority groups. From an ethical perspective, this system is unacceptable as it actively undermines principles of justice and social good, as well as the research principles of openness and public responsibility. Further, minority social scientists lead to better overall scientific products, meaning a diverse scientific body can also be considered an instrumental good. Thus, centering minority voices in science is an ethical imperative. This paper outlines what can be done to actively center these scientists, including changing the way metrics are used to assess the performance of individual scientists and altering the reward structure within academic science to promote heterogenous research groups.
Uncovering the diverse cultural bases of social identity: In-group ties predict self-stereotyping among individualists but not among collectivists.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

On what basis do people form their social identities? To investigate this issue, the present research investigated cross-cultural differences in self-stereotyping, a key outcome of social identification. In particular, the research tested the hypothesis that in-group ties are a stronger predictor of self-stereotyping among people from individualist cultures than among people from collectivist cultures. In Study 1, university students (N = 117) completed measures of in-group ties and self-stereotyping with respect to an intimacy group (family and friends). Consistent with predictions, in-group ties significantly predicted self-stereotyping among individualists but not among collectivists. Study 2 (N = 104) found a similar pattern of results among members of the global internet community who considered either an intimacy group (their friends), a task group (their work group), or a social category (their gender). These results indicate that people in individualist cultures are more likely than those in collectivist cultures to base their social identities on in-group ties. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to self-categorization theory’s depersonalization account of social identification.
Beliefs about error rates and human judgment in forensic science
Authors: Ribeiro Gianni , Tangen Jason Marcus , McKimmie Blake M
Published: July 2018

Forensic science techniques are often used in criminal trials to infer the identity of theperpetrator of crime and jurors often find this evidence very persuasive. Unfortunately, two of the leading causes of wrongful convictions are forensic science testing errors and false or misleading forensic testimony (Saks & Koehler, 2005). Therefore, it is important to understand jurors pre- existing beliefs about forensic science, as these beliefs may impact how they evaluate forensic evidence in the courtroom. In this study, we examine people’s perceptions of the likelihood of error and human judgment involved at each stage of the forensic science process (i.e., collection, storage, testing, analysis, reporting, and presenting). In addition, we examine peoples’ perceptions of the accuracy of — and human judgment involved in — 16 different forensic techniques. We find that, in contrast to what would be expected by the CSI effect literature, participants believed that the process of forensic science involved considerable human judgment and was relatively error-prone. In addition, participants had wide-ranging beliefs about the accuracy of various forensic techniques, ranging from 65.18% (document analysis) up to 89.95% (DNA). For some forensic techniques, estimates were lower than that found in experimental proficiency studies, suggesting that our participants are more skeptical of certain forensic evidence than they need to be. Keywords: Forensic science, forensic evidence, accuracy, error rate, CSI effect.
Mind-wandering as a natural kind: A family-resemblances view
Authors: Seli Paul , Kane Michael , Smallwood Jonny , Schacter Daniel L , Maillet David , Schooler Jonathan , Smilek Daniel
Published: July 2018

As empirical research on mind-wandering accelerates, we draw attention to an emerging trend in how mind-wandering is conceptualized. Previously articulated definitions of mind-wandering differ from each other in important ways, yet they also maintain overlapping characteristics. This conceptual structure suggests that mind-wandering is best considered from a family-resemblances perspective, which entails treating it as a graded, heterogeneous construct and clearly measuring and describing the specific aspect(s) of mind-wandering that researchers are investigating. We believe that adopting this family-resemblances approach will increase conceptual and methodological connections among related phenomena in the mind-wandering family and encourage a more nuanced and precise understanding of the many varieties of mind-wandering.
Wolsink et al., Do you feel like being proactive today?
Authors: Wolsink Inge , Hartog Deanne Den , Belschak Frank , Oosterwijk Suzanne
Published: July 2018

Proactive people take initiative when others do not and persist in improving their environment or themselves. Although scholars assume that how we feel influences how proactive we are, there is no experimental research yet to support this. This experiment therefore tests whether positive and negative affect influence proactive behavior and additionally investigates whether engaging in proactivity also has affective consequences. While current theory proposes that positive affect enhances proactivity by stimulating broad-flexible thinking, we argue that negative affect should make people proactive through stimulating systematic-persistent thinking. Furthermore, we propose that proactivity increases subsequent positive affect rather than positive affect increasing proactivity. Last, we hypothesize that affective causes and consequences of proactivity are different for people who are rarely proactive (trait-passive-reactive individuals) and people who are often proactive (trait-proactive individuals). We pre-tested 180 participants on trait-proactivity. In the lab, we manipulated affect (negative/positive/neutral), measured proactive behavior in a team interaction task, and repeatedly measured participants’ affective experiences and physiological activation. Results showed that the link between affect and proactive behavior differed depending on participants’ trait-proactivity. First, positive affect made trait-proactive individuals less proactive, whereas negative affect made passive-reactive individuals more proactive. Second, passive-reactive individuals reported decreased negative affect after engaging in proactivity, whereas proactive individuals reported increased positive affect. These results suggest that proactive behavior can serve an affect regulation purpose, which is different for trait proactive individuals (up regulating positive affect) than for trait passive-reactive individuals (down regulating negative affect). These results are limited to core affect (feeling pleasant or unpleasant) and do not apply to specific emotions (feeling proud or anxious), and they are limited to short term and successful proactive behavior and do not apply to more long term, or unsuccessful proactive behavior.
Consequential Validity of the Implicit Association Test: Comment on Blanton and Jaccard (2006)
Authors: Greenwald Anthony G. , Nosek Brian A. , Sriram Natarajan
Published: July 2018

Numeric values of psychological measures often have an arbitrary character before research has grounded their meanings, thereby providing what S. J. Messick (1995) called consequential validity (part of which H. Blanton and J. Jaccard, 200x, now identify as metric meaningfulness). Some measures are predisposed by their design to acquire meanings easily — an example being the sensitivity measure of signal detection theory. Others are less well prepared — illustrated by most self-report measures of self-esteem. Counter to Blanton and Jaccard’s characterization, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has properties that predispose it to acquire consequential validity rapidly. With over 250 publications since 1998, there is now much evidence for consequential validity of the IAT. The IAT has attracted more scholarly criticism than have other measures designed for similar purposes. We speculate as to why the IAT is an attractive target.
Contemporary understanding of mediation testing
Authors: Meule Adrian
Published: July 2018

This is a commentary about contemporary understanding of mediation testing. Specifically, this commentary highlights that outdated concepts of mediation testing are still highly prevalent in the mindsets of researchers and that many researchers use software based on contemporary mediation testing wrongly, misinterpret results or describe mediation in terms of outdated concepts while inappropriately referring to literature about contemporary concepts.
A cross-sectional investigation of parenting style and friendship as mediators of the relation between social class and mental health in a university community.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

Introduction: This study tested a novel explanation for the positive relation between social class and mental healthamong university students. Students with a higher social class were expected to have experienced more authoritativeand less authoritarian parenting styles; these parenting styles were expected to lead to greater friendship and socialintegration at university; and greater friendship and integration were expected to lead to better mental health.Method: To test this model, the researchers asked 397 Australian undergraduate students to complete an online survey.The research used a cross-sectional correlational design, and the data was analysed using bootstrapped multiple serialmediation tests.Results: Consistent with predictions, parenting style, general friendship and support, and social integration at universitymediated the relation between social class and mental health.Conclusions: The present results suggest that working-class parenting styles may inhibit the development ofsocially-supportive friendships that protect against mental health problems. The potential effectiveness ofinterventions based on (a) social integration and (b) parenting style is discussed. Future research in this areashould employ a longitudinal research design in order to arrive at clearer causal conclusions about therelations between social class, parenting styles, friendship, social integration, and mental health.
Could Peers Influence Intelligence during Adolescence? An Exploratory Study
Authors: Meldrum Ryan , Kavish Nicholas , Boutwell Brian
Published: July 2018

For decades, scholars have examined various aspects concerning the development of intelligence. Little research, however, has considered the potential for peers to influence intellectual ability. To investigate this possibility, data collected on a sample of 892 adolescents and their best friends who participated in the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development were analyzed. Results indicate that while a large bivariate association exists in a longitudinal model between peer and adolescent intelligence, it is reduced to non-significance after controlling for prior levels of adolescent intelligence and other background variables. As such, and contrary to a number of other literatures providing evidence of peer influences on developmental outcomes during adolescence, this study does not find evidence supporting a socialization effect of peers on intellectual ability. Limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.Keywords: intelligence; friendships; adolescence; selection; socialization; SECCYD
The Agreement between Clients’ and their Therapists’ Ratings of Personality Disorder Traits
Authors: Samuel Douglas B
Published: July 2018

Objective: Treating clinicians provide the majority of mental health diagnoses, yet little is known about the validity of their routine diagnoses, including the agreement with clients’ self-reports. This is particularly notable for personality disorders (PDs) as the literature suggests weak agreement between therapists and clients. Existing research has been limited by a focus on PD categories and brief therapist-report measures. Furthermore, although self-reports of PD have been criticized for under-reporting, very few data have compared them to therapist-report in terms of mean-level. Method: We addressed these limitations by collecting dimensional trait ratings from 54 therapist-client dyads within outpatient clinics. The clients (52% women, 94% Caucasian, 39.8 years) provided ratings of dimensional PD traits via the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) while therapists (72% female, 89% Caucasian) completed the Informant version of the same measure. Results: Employing systematic measures of traits yielded higher rank-order agreement than observed in prior studies, with a median correlation of .41 across the PID-5 domains. Most interestingly, mean-level comparisons indicated that clients reported significantly higher levels of PD pathology than did their therapists. This effect was most notable for the domain of Psychoticism, which had the lowest rank-order agreement (r = .16) and the largest mean-level discrepancies. Conclusions: When clinicians utilized systematic measures of dimensional traits their agreement with client was higher than reported in past studies. Furthermore, clients reported significantly more PD pathology than was noted by their therapists suggesting concerns about invalid self-reports due to under-reporting have been overstated.
Inagaki (in press). Neural mechanisms of the link between giving social support and health. Ann NY Acad Sci
Authors: Inagaki Tristen K.
Published: July 2018

Giving social support to others has emerged as an additional route by which social ties influence health. Thus, giving support to others not only influences the health of the individual receiving support, but also the health of the individual giving the support. However, the neural mechanisms by which giving support leads to health are only beginning to be explored. In hopes of consolidating and guiding future research on giving support and health, the current review considers why, how, and when giving support is health-promoting. Special emphasis is placed on neural regions known to contribute to parental care in animals that both reinforce giving support behavior (ventral striatum (VS) and septal area (SA)) and reduce stress-related responding (e.g., amygdala) to facilitate care. Hypothesized links between neural regions involved in giving support and peripheral physiology (sympathetic nervous system (SNS), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and related inflammatory responding) are considered as well as the conditions under which giving support should be most beneficial for health. Finally, the implications of the current perspective for understanding how social relationships, more broadly, contribute to health and suggestions for future directions are offered.
Age Differences in the Subcomponents of Executive Functioning
Authors: Maldonado Ted , Orr Joseph M , Goen James R. M. , Bernard Jessica A.
Published: July 2018

Objectives: Across the lifespan, deficits in executive functioning (EF) are associated with poor behavioral control and failure to achieve goals. Though EF is often discussed as one broad construct, a prominent model of EF suggests that it is composed of three subdomains: inhibition, set shifting, and updating. These subdomains are seen in both young (YA) and older adults (OA), with performance deficits across subdomains in OA. Therefore, our goal was to investigate whether subdomains of EF might be differentially impacted by age, and how these differences may relate to broader global age differences in EF. Methods: To assess these age differences, we conducted a meta-analysis at multiple levels, including task level, subdomain level, and of global EF. Based on previous work, we hypothesized that there would be overall differences in EF in OA. Results: Using 1,268 effect sizes from 401 articles, we found overall differences in EF with age. Results suggested that differences in performance are not uniform, such that variability in age effects emerged at the task level, and updating was not as affected by age as other subdomains. Discussion: These findings advance our understanding of age differences in EF, and stand to inform early detection of EF decline.
Digital Identity: The Effect of Trust and Reputation Information on User Judgement in the Sharing Economy
Authors: Zloteanu Mircea , Harvey Nigel , Tuckett David , Livan Giacomo
Published: July 2018

The Sharing Economy (SE) is a growing ecosystem focusing on peer-to-peer enterprise. In the SE the information available to assist individuals (users) in making decisions focuses predominantly on community generated trust and reputation information. However, how such information impacts user judgment is still being understood. To explore such effects, we constructed an artificial SE accommodation platform where we varied the elements related to hosts’ digital identity, measuring users’ perceptions and decisions to interact. Across three studies, we find that trust and reputation information increases not only the users’ perceived trustworthiness, credibility, and sociability of hosts, but also the propensity to rent a private room in their home. This effect is seen when providing users both with complete profiles and profiles with partial user-selected information. Closer investigations reveal that three elements relating to the host’s digital identity are sufficient to produce such positive perceptions and increased rental decisions, regardless of which three elements are presented. Our findings have relevant implications for human judgment and privacy in the SE, and question its current culture of ever increasing information-sharing.
An unintentional, robust, and replicable pro-Black bias in social judgment
Authors: Axt Jordan , Ebersole Charles R. , Nosek Brian A.
Published: July 2018

Empirical evidence and social commentary demonstrate favoring of Whites over Blacks in attitudes, social judgment, and social behavior. In 6 studies (N > 4,000), we provide evidence for a pro-Black bias in academic decision-making. When making multiple admissions decisions for an academic honor society, participants from undergraduate and online samples had a more relaxed acceptance criterion for Black than White candidates, even though participants possessed implicit and explicit preferences for Whites over Blacks. This pro-Black criterion bias persisted among subsamples that wanted to be unbiased and believed they were unbiased. It also persisted even when participants were given warning of the bias or incentives to perform accurately. These results suggest opportunity for theoretical and empirical innovation on the conditions under which biases in social judgment favor and disfavor different social groups, and how those biases manifest outside of awareness or control.
How people talk about armed conflicts: An analysis of Reddit data
Authors: Cole Jeremy , Xu Ying , Reitter David
Published: July 2018

Armed conflicts around the world produce displacement, injury,and death. This study examines how anonymous and pseudonymousInternet commenters discuss such conflicts. Specifically, we askhow permissible it is to express positive or negative sentiments aboutthese conflicts as a function of variables including region, conflict nature,and severity. Data from the Armed Conflicts Database is aggregated toidentify a number of potential factors that may influence views on acceptablesentiments. A large-scale sample of the Reddit comment forumwas coded for positive and negative sentiments using sentiment analysistechniques. Permissibility is judged using the Reddit voting features.Regressions reveal that positive sentiments are found not permissiblefor higher numbers of fatalities, and that negative sentiments are foundpermissible for certain regions, more permissible for older conflicts, andless permissible for territorial conflicts. A number of alternative, noncorrelatedpredictors are presented.
Anomie as an antecedent of belief in conspiracy theories: social psychological perspectives
Authors: Klein Olivier
Published: July 2018

Anomie, a concept devised by Durkheim to describe the breakdown between an individual and its community, has been used to explain endorsement of conspiracy theories. In this paper, I review findings relevant to this hypothesis and highlight difficulties with the way anomie has been operationalized in this literature.
Development of children's sensitivity to over-informativeness in learning and teaching
Authors: Gweon Hyowon , Shafto Patrick , Schulz Laura
Published: July 2018

Effective communication requires knowing the “right” amount of information to provide; what is necessary for a naïve learner to arrive at a target hypothesis may be superfluous and inefficient for a knowledgeable learner. The current study examines four- to seven-year-olds’ developing sensitivity to over-informative communication and their ability to decide how much information is appropriate depending on the learner’s prior knowledge. In Experiment 1 (N=184, Age: 4.09– 7.98), children preferred teachers who gave costly, exhaustive demonstrations to naïve learners and efficient, selective demonstrations to knowledgeable learners who already had common ground with the teachers. While older children preferred different teachers depending on the learner’s prior knowledge, four-year-olds did not show a clear preference. In Experiment 2 (N=80, Age: 4.05 – 6.99), we asked whether children flexibly modulated their own teaching based on learners’ knowledge. Five and six-year-olds, but not four-year-olds, were more likely to provide exhaustive demonstrations to naïve learners than to knowledgeable learners. These results suggest that by age five, children are sensitive to over-informativeness and understand the trade-off between informativeness and efficiency; they reason about what others know based on the presence or absence of common ground and flexibly decide how much information is appropriate both as learners and as teachers.
Horses for courses: When acceptability judgments are more suitable than structural priming (and vice versa). Reply to Branigan and Pickering (2017).
Authors: Ambridge Ben
Published: July 2018

Although structural priming is often the most suitable paradigm in linguistic research [as argued in Branigan and Pickering's BBS target article], it sometimes misses effects that are detected by more sensitive acceptability-judgment tasks, hence yielding incorrect conclusions. For example, Branigan & Pickering’s claim that “syntactic representations do not contain semantic information”, while supported by structural-priming studies of the passive, is undermined by an acceptability-judgment study of this construction.
Rhythm of music seen through dance: Probing music–dance coupling by audiovisual meter perception
Authors: Su Yi-Huang
Published: July 2018

Action–perception coupling in music has been evidenced not only by how patterns of human dance reflect the metrical structure of musical rhythm, but also that moving to music modulates rhythm perception. Given the inherent connection between music and dance, this research investigated whether dance observation could induce meter perception of the visual rhythm similarly to the musical counterpart, and whether the visual meter could modulate concurrent auditory metrical perception. In Experiment 1, participants watched a point-light figure dance to a rhythm they heard simultaneously, both of which varied in meter. Participants responded whether the dance matched the rhythm, and the results were consistent with the imposed audiovisual meter match / mismatch, suggesting that participants could extract the visual meter from dance and compare it to the auditory meter. In Experiment 2, participants watched the dance in different meters while listening to a metrically ambiguous rhythm, which they (to some extent) subsequently identified as being more similar to another rhythm accentuated in the same meter as the dance than one in a different meter. The data partially supported visual modulation of auditory metrical interpretation. Together these results demonstrate parallels in meter perception between music and dance, which may share a common action representation that mediates cross-modal interactions. The findings also support theories of embodied musical rhythm from the perspective of visual-motor simulation.
No Evaluative Conditioning Effects with Briefly Presented Stimuli
Authors: Heycke Tobias , Stahl Christoph
Published: July 2018

Evaluative Conditioning (EC) changes the preference towards a formerly neutral stimulus (Conditioned Stimulus; CS), by pairing it with a valent stimulus (Unconditioned Stimulus; US), in the direction of the valence of the US. When the CS is presented subliminally (i.e., too briefly to be consciously perceived), contingency awareness between CS and US can be ruled out. Hence, EC effects with subliminal CSs would support theories claiming that contingency awareness is not necessary for EC effects to occur. Recent studies reported the absence of EC with briefly presented CSs when both CS and US were presented in the visual modality, even though the CSs were identified at above-chance levels. Challenging this finding, Heycke and colleagues (2017) found some evidence for an EC effect with briefly presented visual stimuli in a cross-modal paradigm with auditory USs, but that study did not assess CS visibility. The present study attempted to replicate this EC effect with different stimuli and a CS visibility check. Overall EC for briefly presented stimuli was absent, and results from the visibility check show that an EC effect with briefly presented CSs was only found, when the CSs were identified at above-chance levels.
Informational Openness Enhances Decentralized Decision-Making: A Cognitive Agent Based Study
Authors: Skewes Joshua , Håkonsson Dorthe Døjbak , Bilde Trine , Roepstorff Andreas
Published: July 2018

Collaborative decision making is central to the organization of society. Juries deliberate cases, voters elect government officials, open innovation networks converge on innovative solutions. It is common to think of such groups as decision making entities. But this language is imprecise. Real decision processes do not occur within any group or organization as an abstract entity. Collaborative decision making happens within and between autonomous individuals. This emphasizes the importance of the relationships between individual and social decision-making processes to social organization. Despite a rich body of literature on collaborative decision making we know little about how individuals decide to commit to group decision making in the first place, and how, once joined, they communicate their distributed information for optimal group performance. We introduce a general framework designed to model collaborative decision processes. Our main results are that 1) commitment and gain is enhanced when groups are designed so agents have realistic knowledge about the forgone gains and losses associated with abstaining from the group; and 2) that this effect is accelerated when communication between group members conveys more information about individual preferences. We thus demonstrate that collaborative decision making is done best when it is done by groups that are informationally open.
Measuring Experiential Well-Being Among Older Adults
Authors: Lucas Richard E. , Freedman Vicki A. , Carr Deborah
Published: July 2018

Experienced well-being measures tap a distinct form of subjective well-being (SWB) and have different age-related properties than the more widely studied evaluations of life based on satisfaction. Unlike evaluations of the quality of life as a whole, experiential measures capture affective reactions soon after they occur. Recent advances in measurement have allowed for the inclusion of such experiential measures even in large-scale studies. However, respondent burden remains a concern; hence, surveys have also employed shorter experiential modules. The psychometric properties of these brief measures are not well understood. We examine the psychometric characteristics, including the factor structure and correlations with theoretically relevant criteria, of experienced wellbeing measures included in two supplements to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). The first supplement included a detailed time diary whereas the second included a brief review of the prior day. Results show that for the detailed time diaries a single index of affective experience provides a useful summary of the associations among individual affect items, both within and between participants. For the abbreviated method, two or more subscales better describe the underlying structure.