bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competitive Anxiety In Junior Elite Wrestlers
Authors: Gould Daniel , Horn Thelma , Spreemann Janie
Published: August 2016

The present study was designed to examine precompetitive and competitive anxiety patterns of junior elite wrestlers. Specifically, 458 wrestlers participating in the United States Wrestling Federation Junior National Championships rated their typical levels of anxiety at various times prior to and during competitions. The relationships between success, years wrestling experience, age, trait anxiety, and precompetitive and competitive state anxiety were examined using both univariate and regression analyses. Contrary to previous studies, no significant differences were found in precompetitive and competitive anxiety patterns between successful and less successful as well as more and less experienced wrestlers. In addition, age was not found to be related to either precompetitive or competitive anxiety. Consistent with the previous research, however, significant anxiety differences were found between high as compared to low trait anxious wrestlers. Descriptive statistics summarized across the entire sample also revealed that the wrestlers became nervous or worried in 67% of all their matches and that their nervousness sometimes helped and sometimes hindered their performance. The results were discussed in terms of individual differences, situation-specific responses to stress, and the need to employ multidimensional measures of anxiety. It was also suggested that researchers must be cautious in generalizing the findings of exploratory studies, especially when small, nonrandomized samples have been employed.
Perceptions of Causality In Sport: An Application of the Causal Dimension Scale
Authors: McAuley Edward , Gross John B.
Published: August 2016

One of the more problematic methodological issues in attributional research has been the accurate classification, by researchers, of causal attributions made by respondents along causal dimensions. Closed-ended and open-ended approaches have been logical but limiting solutions to assessing attributions. Russell (1982) has the Causal Dimension Scale, a measure that allows the respondent to record a causal statement and indicate how he or she perceives that causal attribution in terms of causal dimensions. The present study examined the effects of winning and losing at table-tennis upon causal attributions using the Causal Dimension Scale. Reliability of the measure was assessed in a sport setting and the relationship between respondents' perceptions of attributions in terms of causal dimensions and judges' perception of the same were examined. The Causal Dimension Scale was found to be a reliable measure of how individuals perceive attributions in terms of causal dimensions. Winners' attributions were more internal, stable, and controllable than those of losers but attributions were of an internal, unstable, and controllable nature for both winners and losers.
Affective Consequences of Winning and Losing: An Attributional Analysis
Authors: McAuley Edward , Russell Dan , Gross John B.
Published: August 2016

Previous research in academic achievement settings has indicated that causal attributions for success and failure outcomes are important determinants of affective reactions to those outcomes. This study examined the relationships between the dimensions underlying causal attributions (termed causal dimensions) and affective reactions to performance outcomes in table tennis. Attribution processes were found to be important determinants of affective reactions, particularly for winners. In contrast to previous findings, the locus of causality dimension was not found to be an important determinant of affect. Instead, the controllability dimension appeared to be the most influential causal dimension. The implications of these findings for research on attribution-affect relationships are discussed.
Take Me Out to the Ballgame: The Effects of Objective, Social, and Temporal Performance Information on Attendance at Major League Baseball Games
Authors: Becker Michael A. , Suls Jerry
Published: August 2016

Two studies examined the relationship between objective, social, and temporal performance indices and fan support of major league baseball teams. In the first study, per game attendance figures for 22 major league teams were regressed on the performance indices. Attendance was found to be positively related to objective and social performance and negatively related to temporal performance. These results were replicated in the second study when season ticket sales for five major league teams was the dependent variable. Although the objective and social results were consistent with expectations, the negative relationship between temporal performance and fan support was unexpected. Primacy effects and regression toward the mean are offered as explanations for this latter finding. The results of both studies are considered in terms of the optimum marketing strategy for professional team sports.
A Preliminary Study of Sequencing Effects in Simulated Coach Feedback
Authors: Kirschenbaum Daniel S. , Smith Robert J.
Published: August 2016

In this study, experimenters (pseudo-coaches) provided feedback that varied in valence, sequence, and amount to 50 male college students. A laboratory analogue paradigm was used that included a basketball-like underhand free throw task in which subjects first were instructed on proper technique and then took 10 baseline shots (trials) followed by 2 blocks of 20 trials each. Subjects were randomly assigned. Some interacted with a pseudo-coach who made no comments during the two experimental trial blocks (control), while others received feedback (6-8 comments per trial block) that was response-specific, emotionally oriented, and provided in one of four sequences: positive-positive, negative-negative, positive-negative, or negative-positive. Based on prior research on coach behavior and social psychological studies of interpersonal behavior, we hypothesized that both of the continuous feedback groups would show performance decrements and associated reactions to the coach and the task. These predictions were supported regarding performance and, to some extent, regarding a measure of sustained self-observation. Discussion includes interpretation of the nominally superior performance of the control group, the nonsignificant results on the subjective evaluation measures, and implications of these findings in view of external validity criteria and prior analyses in the emerging behavioral technology of coaching.
Discrepancy Between Preferences and Perceptions of Leadership Behavior and Satisfaction of Athletes in Varying Sports
Authors: Chelladurai P.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the relationship between the discrepancy between preferred and perceived leadership and athletes' satisfaction. The five preferred and perceived leadership behaviors assessed were Training and Instruction, Democratic Behavior, Autocratic Behavior, Social Support, and Positive Feedback. Four facets of satisfaction were measured: Satisfaction with Individual Performance, Satisfaction with Team Performance, Satisfaction with Leadership, and Satisfaction with Overall Involvement. The athletes were selected from sports differentiated on the basis of task variability and/or task dependence. Discrepancy in leadership was computed by subtracting the perception of a specific dimension of leader behavior from preference for such behavior. The results showed that discrepancy in leadership for athletes in the various sports was associated with three measures of satisfaction: Satisfaction with Team Performance, with Leadership, and with Overall Involvement. Further, Training and Instruction, and Positive Feedback were the most common dimensions of leader behavior affecting athletes' satisfaction.
Causal Attributions of Winners and Losers in Individual Competitive Sports: Toward a Reformulation of the Self-Serving Bias
Authors: Mark Melvin M. , Mutrie Manette , Brooks David R. , Harris Dorothy V.
Published: August 2016

The achievement oriented world of sport has been a frequent setting for the study of attributions for success and failure. However, it may be inappropriate to generalize from previous research to attributions made in actual, organized, competitive, individual sports because previous studies suffer from one or more of three characteristics which may limit their generalizability to such settings: previous studies have employed novel tasks, staged the competition for research purposes, or examined attribution about team success or failure. The present research was conducted (a) to avoid these limitations to generalizability, (b) to examine whether competitors who differ in experience or ability make different attributions for success and failure, and (c) to employ an attribution measure that does not rely too much on the researchers' interpretation of the subjects' attributions as past techniques have done. Two studies were conducted examining the attributions made by winners and losers in the second round of organized squash (Study 1) and racquetball (Study 2) tournaments. Subjects reported their attributions on the Causal Dimension Scale developed by Russell (1982). Results indicate no difference between players of different experience/ability levels. In addition, winners and losers did not differ in the locus of causality of their attributions, but winners, relative to losers, made more stable and controllable attributions. Implications of these results were discussed first in terms of the debate over self-serving bias in attributions, and second, in terms of the effects of ability and experience on attributions.
Cognitions, Mediating Variables, and Strength Performance
Authors: Wilkes Robert L. , Summers Jeffery J.
Published: August 2016

The effectiveness of five types of cognitive preparation on strength performance was examined in a 2 X 5 (Pre- and Posttest × Mental Preparation Condition) design, with repeated measures on pre-posttest. The mental preparation conditions were: arousal, attention, imagery, self-efficacy, and a control read condition. Immediately following the posttest trials, subjects completed a questionnaire measuring various cognitive states. The results showed that preparatory arousal and self-efficacy techniques produced significantly greater posttest strength performance than the control group. Analysis of the postexperimental questionnaire data suggested that a general effect of the preparation strategies used was to focus attention on the task to be performed. It was concluded that the effectiveness of a particular cognitive strategy may depend on the nature of the task to be performed and the particular aspects of the task to which attention is directed.
Perceived Competence in Soccer Skills among Young Soccer Players
Authors: Feltz Deborah L. , Brown Eugene W.
Published: August 2016

Harter's (1979) perceived competence subscale was modified to specifically apply to soccer in order to compare young soccer players' general self-esteem, perceived physical competence, and perceived soccer competence scores in predicting players' actual soccer ability. Young soccer players (N = 217), 8 to 13 years of age, were tested on five soccer skill tests. Players also completed Harter's (1979) Perceived Competence Scale for Children and our perceived soccer competence subscale. We hypothesized that perceived soccer competence would have high internal consistency and would be a better predictor of soccer ability than either perceived physical competence or general self-esteem. Results indicated that the perceived soccer competence subscale had the highest internal consistency reliability coefficient, and that it was also slightly more predictive of soccer ability than perceived physical competence as indicated by multivariate multiple regression analysis and canonical correlation analysis. Future studies investigating perceived competence as a motivational variable in specific youth sports may find the sport-specific perceived competence measure to provide additional information to Harter's questionnaire.
Effect of Individualized, Nonindividualized, and Package Intervention Strategies on Karate Performance
Authors: Seabourne Thomas G. , Weinberg Robert S. , Jackson Allen , Suinn Richard M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effectiveness of different types of mental intervention procedures on karate performance. Subjects were 43 male volunteer students enrolled in self-defense classes at a university. They were randomly assigned to one of five conditions: individualized, nonindividualized, package, placebo control, and control. Karate performance evaluations (i.e., skill, combinations, sparring) were administered during the 5th (baseline), 10th, and 15th weeks of classes. All experimental groups received handouts, mini-strategies, manipulation checks, and interviews to aid them in their practice and training of their mental strategies. Thus, over the 10-week period, subjects spent a minimum of 17 hours practicing their cognitive strategies. Data were analyzed by a series of 5 x 2 (treatment X trials) multivariate analyses of variance. Results indicated that the individualized and package groups performed significantly better than all other groups on the karate performance measures of combinations and sparring. No other between-group differences were found. These results are supported by previous research (e.g., Kirschenbaum & Bale, 1980; Silva, 1982) which demonstrates the effectiveness of individualized and packaged intervention strategies in enhancing performance. Additional well controlled intervention studies are imperative before definitive statements can be put forth.
An Intrinsic/Extrinsic Motivation Scale for the Youth Sport Setting: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Weiss Maureen R. , Bredemeier Brenda Jo , Shewchuk Richard M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to develop a scale of intrinsic/extrinsic motivation for use in the sport domain. Third- through sixth-grade boys and girls (N = 155) attending a children's summer sports camp were administered Harter's (1981b) measure of motivational orientation with items reworded to accommodate the sport setting. The data were then subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis for the purpose of testing the fit of the sport motivation data to the original 5-factor structural model identified by Harter for motivation in the cognitive domain. While the goodness-of-fit statistics suggested some resemblance, a number of other diagnostic indicators obtained from the analysis revealed that extensive modifications would be necessary before the Harter model could be considered an adequate representation of the underlying covariance structure of the sport motivation data. An exploratory factor analysis resulted in six interpretable factors that were somewhat different from Harter's original model in terms of hern loadings and factor structure. Moreover, the developmental trends in motivation for third- through sixth-grade children slightly deviated from those reported by Harter. Theoretical, practical, and methodological implications of this study are discussed.
Moral Reasoning and the Perceived Legitimacy of Intentionally Injurious Sport Acts
Authors: Bredemeier Brenda Jo
Published: August 2016

A structural-developmental approach was employed in the present study to investigate athletes' moral cognitions about intentionally injurious sport acts. Analyses were based on interviews with 40 female and male high school and college basketball players. Subjects reasoned about general life and sport-specific moral dilemmas and made judgments in hypothetical and engaged contexts about the legitimacy of sport behaviors presented in the Continuum of Injurious Acts (CIA). Athletes' moral reasoning levels were inversely related to the number of CIA acts they perceived as legitimate; this reasoning-judgment relationship was particularly strong for sport reasoning and judgments made in the hypothetical context. Also, differences in the perceived legitimacy of CIA acts occurred in hypothetical and engaged contexts and as a function of sex and, in the engaged condition, school level. Results were discussed in light of athletes' coordination of moral reasoning and decision-making about intentionally injurious sport acts.
Stress Seeking: Selected Behavioral Characteristics of Elite Rock Climbers
Authors: Robinson D.W.
Published: August 2016

Although it has generated much theorizing (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975; Ellis, 1973; Harris, 1980; Mitchell, 1983), the phenomenon of stress-seeking behavior, as demonstrated in regular long-term involvement in the high-risk sports, has not been researched widely. In an attempt to go beyond the prevalent but simplistic "exhilaration' ' type of explanation for stress-seeking, this study examined the phenomenon in terms of the psychological characteristics associated with successful long-term involvement in the risk sport of rock climbing. Four behavioral characteristics were assessed: sensation seeking (SS), defined as "the need for varied, novel and complex sensations and experiences and the willingness to undertake physical and social risks for the sake of such experiences" (Zuckerman, 1979, p. 10); trait anxiety (TA), which refers to relatively stable individual differences in anxiety proneness (Spielberger, Gorsuch, & Lushene, 1970); need for achievement (NAch), which relates to the determinants of direction, magnitude, and persistence of behavior when the individual knows that his or her performance will be evaluated (Atkinson, 1964); and affiliation (AFF), which refers to the tendency to seek out, attain, and maintain a social bond with other people (Alderman, 1974).
Social Psychological Aspects of Competition for Male Youth Sport Participants: IV. Predictors of Enjoyment
Authors: Scanlan Tara K. , Lewthwaite Rebecca
Published: August 2016

This field study examined predictors of the sport enjoyment experienced by 76 male wrestlers, ages 9 to 14 years, who participated in the first two rounds of a competitive wrestling tournament. Enjoyment was operationalized as the amount of fun the boys had experienced during the wrestling season and the degree to which they liked to wrestle, Intrapersonal variables, including the participants' age and perceptions of their wrestling ability, were investigated as predictors of their sport enjoyment. Significant adult influences, including the boys' perceptions of typical parental and coach behaviors and responses to them in the sport setting, were also examined in relation to enjoyment. A stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that younger boys, and those who perceived greater wrestling ability, enjoyed their sport participation more than did older boys and those with perceptions of lower ability, Boys who perceived (a) greater parental and coach satisfaction with their season's performance, (b) less maternal pressure and fewer negative maternal performance reactions, and (c) more positive adult sport involvement and interactions (p < .10) experienced greater enjoyment when compared with their counterparts. Together, these predictors accounted for 38% of the variation in wrestlers' enjoyment.
Enhancing Physical Activity in Sedentary Women: Information, Locus of Control, and Attitudes
Authors: Long Bonita C. , Haney Colleen J.
Published: August 2016

This study assessed the efficacy of counseling sessions compared to a waitlist group on initiation of a physically active lifestyle. Sedentary women were randomly assigned to 1-hour counseling interviews or to a waitlist control. Subjects were administered the Exercise Locus of Control scales (McCready, 1984), the Revised Children's Attitude Toward Physical Activity inventory (Schutz, Smoll, & Wood, 1981a), a 7-day exercise history, activity satisfaction scales, and goal success scales. One month later they were assessed on level of exercise satisfaction, goal success, and 7-day exercise history. Repeated measures, multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the interviews helped initiate an active lifestyle compared to the waitlist group. Results of a stepwise multiple regression revealed mat the best predictors of exercise • initiation differed according to group membership. In general, waitlist subjects who depended less on powerful others for reinforcement and who did not view exercise as a means of risk taking and hard training were more likely to increase their physical activity. This regression was only a weak predictor of exercise initiation, however, as it explained just a small amount of variance.
The Effects of Skill Level on EMG Activity during Internal and External Imagery
Authors: Harris Dorothy V. , Robinson William J.
Published: August 2016

This study was designed to determine if muscular innervation during imagery was specific to muscles needed for actual performance and if individuals of different skill levels utilizing two imagery perspectives demonstrated differing amounts of muscular activity. A final purpose was to assess the effectiveness of the meditation-relaxation approach used in karate training to reduce tonic activity in muscles. Beginning and advanced (N = 36) karate students were randomly assigned to counterbalanced conditions of imagery perspective (internal/external) x skill level (beginning/advanced) x side (right/left) in a factorial design. EMG data were collected from both deltoid muscles before and after a relaxation session, during and between performances of imaginary arm lifts and between imagery perspectives. Following testing, a questionnaire involving the subject's perception of success at imagery was completed. The results of this investigation suggest that skill level does influence muscle innervation during imagery and that this innervation appears specific to the muscle group necessary to execute the task. Internal imagery produces more EMG activity than external imagery. The meditation-relaxation techniques used in karate do significantly reduce tonic muscle activity.
Physical Performance and Self-Efficacy under Happy and Sad Moods
Authors: Kavanagh David , Hausfeld Steven
Published: August 2016

Previous research has established that happy and sad moods can affect persistence and success on a cognitive task, with happiness leading to higher performance and self-efficacy. Two experiments examined whether happiness also produces increased performance on a physical task and tested whether self-efficacy mediated the results. When mood inductions covered the full range from happy to sad, mood did influence physical performance. However, evidence regarding self-efficacy was equivocal. Efficacy for the performed task was unaffected by mood, although it remained a good predictor of performance. Since mood did alter efficacy for a nonperformed but more familiar task, inconsistent efficacy results could reflect task differences. The findings offer prospects for the use of mood inductions in practical sporting situations.
Model Status as a Determinant of Observational Learning and Performance
Authors: McCullagh Penny
Published: August 2016

The primary purpose of this experiment was to determine if model characteristics influence observer performance by exerting their prime influence on the attentional phase of observational learning as predicted by Bandura (1969). A second purpose was to determine whether model characteristics affected actual amount learned or whether merely performance levels were affected by this manipulation. There were two experimental phases. During phase 1, model status (high or low) and time of cueing (pre or post demonstration) were manipulated to test performance and attentional effects of model characteristics. During phase 2, subjects were offered an incentive before performance trials in an attempt to make a learning-versus-performance distinction. Phase 1 results indicated the subjects who viewed a high status model performed better than those viewing a low status model. The lack of any significant cueing effect suggested that model characteristics did not exert their prime influence on the attentional stage of observational learning. There were no group differences during phase 2, suggesting that performance but not actual amount learned was affected by the model status manipulation.
Distracting Attentional Focus from Fatigues Does Task Complexity Make a Difference?
Authors: Rejeski W. Jack , Kenney Elizabeth
Published: August 2016

This study examined how exercise endurance was influenced by varying the task complexity of dissociative coping. In Trial 1, 60 subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a simple cognitive task (SCT), a complex cognitive task (CCT), or a control group (CG). All subjects were instructed to maintain an isometric contraction of 40% maximum on a handgrip dynamometer for as long as possible. Results revealed that subjects in the SCT and CCT conditions had greater endurance than those in the CG; however, varying the complexity of the task made no difference. Trial 2, a within-subjects design, was implemented to examine the potential mediating effects of task preference on cognitive coping. The protocol was identical to Trial 1 except that subjects previously assigned to the SCT condition were given the CCT and vice versa. Upon completion of Trial 2, subjects were asked which coping style they had preferred. A two-way mixed ANO-VA resulted in a significant coping style X preference interaction term. Specifically, subjects who preferred the complex task did equally well in both conditions, whereas subjects who preferred the simple task performed significantly better with the simple than with the complex task.
Assessing the Cohesion of Teams: Validity of the Group Environment Questionnaire
Authors: Brawley Lawrence R. , Carron Albert V. , Widmeyer W. Neil
Published: August 2016

The process of validating a recently developed instrument to assess perceived team cohesion is discussed. The Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ), an instrument designed to measure cohesion in sport teams, has good estimates for its internal consistency and for its content and factorial validity (Carron, Widmeyer, & Brawley, 1985; Widmeyer, Brawley, & Carron, 1985). However, other aspects of its validity required examination. The present article reports three studies concerning inspection of the GEQ's concurrent (Study 1), predictive (Study 2), and construct (Study 3) validities. In Study 1 the GEQ exhibited the predicted correspondence with similar measures of cohesion and was not significantly correlated with measures of other constructs. In Study 2 the GEQ successfully discriminated team and individual sport athletes by predicting their membership to these groups on the basis of their task cohesion scores. As well, classification of athletes as new and long-standing members of individual sport teams was predicted on the basis of their social cohesion scores. Finally, in Study 3 evidence was obtained for the predicted difference in self-responsibility attributions between high and low task-cohesive athletes of team sports. Considering the results of the three studies with previous evidence of content and factorial validity, the conclusion was that the GEQ is valid. In sum, demonstrations of the GEQ's content, factorial, concurrent, predictive, and construct validity reflect the ongoing process of its construct validation.
Nonsurgical/Surgical Rehabilitation of the Unstable Shoulder
Authors: Bonci Christine M. , Sloane Beth , Middleton Karen
Published: August 2016

Management of the overhead athlete presenting with anterior instability requires an identification of factors influencing successful therapeutic intervention strategies. The importance of differentiating a diagnosis, of knowing something of the demands of the sport, and of addressing pertinent anatomical and biomechanical considerations of the throwing shoulder prior to implementing rehabilitation programs must be considered. An appreciation of the complexities of the throwing shoulder serves as a basis for the selection of rehabilitation activities aimed at returning the athlete to pretrauma levels of overarm proficiency. The challenge of regaining normal shoulder joint osteokinematics and neuromuscular function at a competitive status is described in terms of the proper selection and sequencing of rehabilitation exercises for the initiation and progression of range of motion, muscle strength, muscle reducation, and sport-specific functional activities. Time frames for progressing the various stages of rehabilitation, indications for exercise selection based on electromyographic studies, and attention to detail with regard to exercise execution are emphasized.
Proprioception Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Lephart Scott M. , Kocher Mininder S. , Fu Freddie H. , Borsa Paul A. , Harner Christopher D.
Published: August 2016

Injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is thought to disrupt joint afferent sensation and result in proprioceptive deficits. This investigation examined proprioception following ACL reconstruction. Using a proprioceptive testing device designed for this study, kinesthetic awareness was assessed by measuring the threshold to detect passive motion in 12 active patients, who were 11 to 26 months post-ACL reconstruction, using arthroscopic patellar tendon autograft (n=6) or allograft (n=6) techniques. Results revealed significantly decreased kinesthetic awareness in the ACL reconstructed knee versus the uninvolved knee at the near-terminal range of motion and enhanced kinesthetic awareness in the ACL reconstructed knee with the use of a neoprene orthotic. Kinesthesia was enhanced in the near-terminal range of motion for both the ACL reconstructed knee and the contralateral uninvolved knee. No significant between-group differences were observed with autograft and allograft techniques.
The Effect of Scapular Taping on Shoulder Joint Repositioning
Authors: Zanella Page Wornom , Willey S Matthew , Seibel Sonia L , Hughes Christopher J
Published: August 2016

Context:

There is a lack of research on the effects of scapular tape on shoulder joint repositioning.

Objective:

To quantify the effects of scapular taping on shoulder joint repositioning during flexion and abduction.

Design:

Repeated measures before and after trial.

Setting:

Academic institution.

Participants:

36 subjects without shoulder pathology.

Intervention:

Scapular taping with flexion and abduction.

Main Outcome Measures:

Lateral scapular slide test, plumb-line assessment, and a depth measurement. Absolute error in joint repositioning in flexion and abduction at 3 angles with and without scapular taping was measured.

Results:

No differences were found for tape vs no tape in flexion (P = .92) or abduction (P = .40) or between winging and nonwinging subjects in flexion (P = .62) or abduction (P = .91).

Conclusions:

Scapular taping has no effect on joint repositioning during active shoulder flexion or abduction. Scapular winging does not affect active joint repositioning after scapular taping.
Patient Satisfaction after Thermal Shrinkage of the Glenohumeral-Joint Capsule
Authors: Perkins Sally A. , Massie John E.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine whether patients were satisfied after thermal shrinkage on the capsule of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ).

Design and Setting:

The affected shoulder was assessed preoperatively and 2 months postoperatively. The assessment evaluated pain on activities of daily living (ADLs), physical activity level, satisfaction with shoulder function, and a modified UCLA pain scale.

Subjects:

Eight athletes, 4 men and 4 women, with a mean age of 21 years, participated. Each had sustained a traumatic injury to the GHJ resulting in multidirectional instability.

Measurements:

Subjects were evaluated preoperatively and 2 months postoperatively for GHJ laxity and labral deformity. Goniometric measurements of flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external rotation of the GHJ were completed.

Results:

Six of the 8 subjects had reduced pain. Active extension increased significantly in 7. ADLs were all improved. All 8 subjects were satisfied with the thermal-shrinkage procedure.

Conclusions:

Thermal shrinkage of the capsule of the GHJ results in patient satisfaction and reduced pain.
The Effect of a Simulated Knee Effusion on Lower Extremity Performance
Authors: Bolgla Lori A. , Keskula Douglas R. , Duncan Jewell B.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Researchers have suggested that quadriceps inhibition resulting from a simulated knee effusion would lead to decreased lower extremity performance.

Purpose:

To investigate the relationship between a simulated knee effusion and lower extremity performance.

Participants:

9 college students.

Methods:

Subjects performed 3 functional-performance tests before and after a simulated knee effusion. Measurement was the average distance hopped for a single hop and crossover hop for distance and time for completion on a timed hop test.

Results:

An analysis of variance revealed significant change in average test scores after injection only for the timed hop in subjects receiving a 60-ml injection.

Conclusion:

Nonsignificant differences might have resulted from compensation from other muscle groups, fluid movement within the knee joint, and absence of an inflammatory process. Further research on the relationship between simulated knee effusion and lower extremity performance is needed.
Agreement of Clinical Judgments of Endfeel between 2 Sample Populations
Authors: Hurley Wendy L.
Published: August 2016

Context:

The agreement of clinical judgments of endfeel between certified athletic trainers and orthopedic surgeons is not known.

Objectives:

To examine agreement of clinical judgments of endfeel between sample populations and explore the influence of clinician technique on sensitivity for determining ACL injury when performing an isolated examination procedure.

Design:

Randomized, blinded, controlled clinical trials.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Subjects:

1 orthopedic surgeon, 22 certified athletic trainers, and 12 model patients.

Main Outcome Measures:

Kappa coefficients were calculated to determine the agreement of clinical judgments of endfeel between the 2 populations sampled. Lachman-test sensitivity was measured using true positive and false negative interpretations.

Results:

Concurrence was poor for clinical judgments of endfeel. Sensitivity varied according to clinician technique.

Conclusion:

Agreement between the 2 populations sampled was influenced by the examiners’ diagnostic skills and their capacity to properly perform and interpret the Lachman test.
Sleep Efficiency and Overreaching in Swimmers
Authors: Wall Sean P. , Mattacola Carl G. , Swanik C. Buz , Levenstein Susan
Published: August 2016

Context:

Overreaching can be beneficial, but there is a risk of overtraining.

Objective:

To investigate the difference in sleep efficiency between overreached and nonover-reached swimmers.

Design:

Repeated-measures, between-subjects. Swimmers were determined to be overreaching if 2 or more of their consecutive weekly swim times increased by 5% or more from baseline.

Participants:

9 competitive high school and university sprinter swimmers.

Intervention:

24-h wrist actigraph.

Main Outcome Measure:

Sleep efficiency as measured by the actigraph.

Results:

There was a significant difference in sleep efficiency on night 1 between the overreached and nonoverreached swimmers (P = .008), as well as in their times after averaging over all 5 trials and adjusting for baseline (P = .016). By the fourth swim trial, the overreached swimmers had significantly slower swim times than those of the nonoverreached swimmers (P = .001).

Conclusions:

Sleep efficiency shows potential as an objective, noninvasive predictor and monitor of overreaching in swimmers.
Assessment of Upper Limb Neuromuscular Control via a Target-Pointing Task: A Reliability Study
Authors: Moreale Katrine , Smith Jay , Krause David A. , Dahm Diane L.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To examine the accuracy and reliability of upper limb target pointing among normal subjects.

Design:

Prospective observational.

Setting:

Community sports-medicine practice.

Participants:

28 male and female normal right-handed volunteers age 22–35 years.

Intervention:

8-point target-pointing task completed with both upper limbs.

Main Outcome Measures:

Accuracy of point reproduction (cm error) and reliability over time (ICC2,1).

Results:

Target-pointing errors were 4.8–9.9 cm. Subject error and reach height explained 88% of performance variability. Error was greater when pointing to the lower half of the target (P< .05) and to ipsilateral points (P< .05). Gender, test day, reach length, and arm dominance did not affect accuracy. Test–retest reliability ranged from .30 to .71.

Conclusion:

Target-pointing tasks might be useful to assess upper limb neuromuscular control. Points with lower errors and greater reliabilities might be useful to differentiate normal vs abnormal performances, whereas a battery of reliable points over a spectrum of errors might be useful to document changes over time.
Tibiofemoral Joint-Surface Motions in Weight-Bearing and Non-Weight-Bearing Movement
Authors: Hollman John H. , Deusinger Robert H. , Van Dillen Linda R. , Zou Dequan , Minor Scott D. , Matava Matthew J. , Engsberg Jack R.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Analyses of the path of instant center of rotation (PICR) can be used to infer joint-surface rolling and sliding motion (arthrokinematics). Previous PICR research has not quantified arthrokinematics during weight-bearing (WB) movement conditions or studied the association of muscle activity with arthrokinematics.

Objective:

To examine tibiofemoral arthrokinematics and thigh-muscle EMG during WB and non-weight-bearing (NWB) movement.

Design:

2 x 9 repeated-measures experiment.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

11 healthy adults (mean age 24 years).

Main Outcome Measures:

Tibiofemoral percentage rolling arthrokinematics and quadriceps: hamstring EMG activity.

Results:

WB percentage rolling (76.0% ± 4.7%) exceeded that of NWB (57.5% ± 1.8%) through terminal knee extension (F8,80= 8.99,P< .001). Quadriceps:hamstring EMG ratios accounted for 45.1% and 34.7% of the variance in arthrokinematics throughout the WB and NWB movement conditions, respectively (P< .001).

Conclusions:

More joint-surface rolling occurs through terminal knee extension during WB movement and is associated with an increase in hamstring activity.
Endurance Times for Trunk-Stabilization Exercises in Healthy Women: Comparing 3 Kinds of Trunk-Flexor Exercises
Authors: Chen Lu-Wen , Bih Liu-Ing , Ho Chi-Chung , Huang Mao-Hsuing , Chen Chin-Tien , Wei Ta-Sen
Published: August 2016

Objectives:

To establish isometric endurance times for trunk-stabilization exercises in 6 different positions and compare 3 kinds of trunk-flexor exercises.

Participants:

28 healthy young women with no history of disabling back pain.

Design:

Isometric endurance times were measured in 6 tests: 60° flexor, 45° flexor, curl-up, extensor, and left- and right-side-bridge exercises.

Results:

The mean endurance time was 375 ± 252 seconds for the 60° flexor test; 101 ± 51 seconds, 45° flexor test; 107 ± 54 seconds, curl-up test; 158 ± 45 seconds, extensor test; 70 ± 23 seconds, left-side-bridge test; and 68 ± 23 seconds, right-side-bridge test.

Conclusions:

Of the 3 flexor exercises, the 60° exercise was time consuming and had a larger variance. The 45° flexor exercise and curl-up exercise were time effective and showed less variance. The curl-up exercise is easy, convenient, and representative of trunk-flexor effort and can be considered a preferable alternative to the 60° flexor exercise.
Reliability of Intratester and Intertester Measurements Derived from an Instrumented Ankle Arthrometer
Authors: Hubbard Tricia J. , Kovaleski John E. , Kaminski Thomas W.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Measurement reliability is critical when new sports-medicine devices or techniques are developed.

Objective:

To determine the reliability of laxity measurements obtained from an instrumented ankle arthrometer.

Design:

Intratester reliability was examined using a test–retest design, and intertester reliability was assessed using the measurements recorded by 2 different examiners on a separate group of participants.

Setting:

Sports-medicine research laboratory.

Participants:

40 participants with no history of ankle injury, equally divided across the 2 studies.

Measurements:

Laxity measurements included anteroposterior (AP) displacement during loading to 125 N. Inversion–eversion (I–E) rotation was tested during loading to 4000 N-mm. The measures were analyzed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and dependentttests.

Results:

Good to excellent ICCs (.80–.99) for intratester and intertester reliability. A significant difference in measures was observed between testers for both AP displacement and I–E rotation.

Conclusions:

Laxity measurements from an instrumented ankle arthrometer are reliable across test days and examiners
Shoulder-Rotator Strength of High School Swimmers Over the Course of a Competitive Season
Authors: Ramsi Martin , Swanik Kathleen A. , Swanik Charles “Buz” , Straub Steve , Mattacola Carl
Published: August 2016

Context:

Changes in strength over the course of a swim season could predispose the shoulder to strength imbalances and lead to injury.

Objective:

To examine isometric shoulder internal- (IR) and external-rotator (ER) strength in high school swimmers over a 12-week competitive season.

Design:

Three 3 × 2 × 2 ANOVAs with repeated measures were used to determine significant main effects for IR, ER, and IR:ER strength ratio.

Participants:

27 (14 female, 13 male) high school varsity swimmers.

Main Outcome Measures:

IR and ER strength during preseason, midseason, and postseason.

Results:

Significant increases in IR strength in both groups were revealed for all test sessions. ER strength significantly improved in both males and females from preseason to midseason and from preseason to postseason. IR:ER ratio revealed a significant increase from preseason to postseason.

Conclusions:

Increases in IR strength without equal gains in ER strength were revealed and could contribute to future shoulder pathologies in competitive swimmers
Effects of Altering Intensity during 1-MHz Ultrasound Treatment on Increasing Triceps Surae Temperature
Authors: Burr Phillip O. , Demchak Timothy J. , Cordova Mitchell L. , Ingersoll Christopher D. , Stone Marcus B.
Published: August 2016

Context:

It has been suggested that to obtain optimal physiological effects of heating, musculoskeletal temperature (TEMP) should be elevated 3 °C above baseline and maintained for at least 5 min.

Objective:

To identify a multi-intensity ultrasound protocol that will achieve optimal heating.

Design:

1 × 2 between-subjects.

Setting:

Sports-injury research laboratory.

Participants:

20 healthy volunteers.

Interventions:

A 2.5-min treatment at 2.4 W/cm2 immediately followed by a 7.5-min treatment at 1.0 W/cm2 (T1) and a 10-min treatment at 1.5 W/cm2 (T2).

Outcome Measures:

TEMP change during the first 2.5 min of ultrasound treatment (°C), time the TEMP was ≥3 °C above baseline during and after the treatment.

Results:

T1 increased TEMP during the first 2.5 min of the ultrasound treatment (3.22 ± 1.25 °C) more than T2 did (1.68 ± 0.72 °C). No difference was found for the remaining measures.

Conclusions:

The multi-intensity protocol (2.4 W/cm2 and 1.0 W/cm2) did not result in optimal heating.
Sex Differences in Eccentric Hip-Abductor Strength and Knee-Joint Kinematics When Landing from a Jump
Authors: Jacobs Cale , Mattacola Carl
Published: August 2016

Context:

Decelerating movements such as landing from a jump have been proposed to be a common mechanism of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).

Objective:

To compare eccentric hip-abductor strength and kinematics of landing between men and women when performing a hopping task.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Patients:

18 healthy subjects (10 women, 8 men).

Main Outcome Measures:

Eccentric peak torque of the hip abductors and peak knee-joint angles during a 350-millisecond interval after impact.

Results:

No significant sex differences were present, but there was a significant inverse relationship between women's eccentric peak torque and peak knee-valgus angle (r = –.61, P = .03).

Conclusions:

Women with larger eccentric peak torque demonstrated lower peak knee-valgus angles. By not reaching as large of a valgus angle, there is potentially less stress on the ACL. Increasing eccentric hip-abductor strength might improve knee-joint kinematics during landing from a jump.
Effect of Posterior Capsule Tightness on Glenohumeral Translation in the Late-Cocking Phase of Pitching
Authors: Clabbers Kim M. , Kelly John D. , Bader Dov , Eager Matthew , Imhauser Carl , Siegler Sorin , Moyer Ray A.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Throwing injuries.

Objective:

To study the effects of posterior capsule tightness on humeral head position in late cocking simulation.

Design:

Eight fresh frozen shoulders were placed in position of “late cocking,” 90 degrees abduction, and 10 degrees adduction and maximal external rotation. 3D measurements of humeral head relationship to the glenoid were taken with an infrared motion sensor, both before and after suture plication of the posterior capsule. Plications of 20% posterior/inferior capsule and 20% entire posterior capsule were performed, followed by plications of 40% of the posterior/inferior capsule and 40% entire posterior capsule.

Setting:

Cadaver Lab.

Intervention:

Posterior capsular placation.

Main Outcome Measures:

Humeral head position.

Results:

40%, but not 20%, posterior/inferior and posterior plications demonstrated a trend to increased posterior-superior humeral head translation relative to controls.

Conclusion:

Surgically created posterior capsular tightness of the glenohumeral joint demonstrated a nonsignificant trend to increased posterior/superior humeral head translation in the late cocking position of throwing.
A Comparison of Two Thera-Band Training Rehabilitation Protocols on Postural Control
Authors: Puls Alecia , Gribble Phillip
Published: August 2016

Context:

Thera-Band™ (TB) exercises are commonly utilized in ankle rehabilitation, but previous studies have shown inconsistent results.

Objective:

To compare two TB protocols among healthy subjects in improving postural control.

Design:

Mixed model design.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Participants:

Thirty healthy subjects divided into a control (CON), three times/week (TB3) or five times/week (TB5) group.

Intervention:

Training groups completed TB quick-kick protocols for six weeks either three (TB3) or five times (TB5) per week.

Main Outcome Measure:

Center of pressure velocity in the anterior/posterior (COPVX) and medial/lateral (COPVY) directions.

Results:

There were no differences related to Group or Side. COPVX in the eyes open (EO) condition increased pre-post. COPVY decreased pre-post.

Conclusion:

The lack of differences between Groups and Side indicates these specific TB training protocols did not impact static postural control differently among healthy subjects.
Exertional Heat Cramps: Recovery and Return to Play
Authors: Bergeron Michael F.
Published: August 2016

In contrast to muscle cramps that are brought on by muscle overload or fatigue, exertional heat cramps seem to be prompted by extensive sweating and a significant sweat-induced whole-body sodium deficit. As a result of a consequent contracted interstitial compartment, axon terminals of selected motor neurons can become hyper-excitable and spontaneously discharge. Barely detectable muscle fasciculations or “twitches” in the affected muscles can rapidly progress to debilitating muscle cramps in just 20 to 30 minutes. To aid recovery, salt (NaCl) and water lost from sweating should be sufficiently replaced so as to restore the extracellular volume and interstitial fluid spaces. Sweat sodium, chloride, and fluid losses incurred during training and competition need to be closely matched by daily salt and fluid intake, in order to prevent an excessive sodium deficit, maintain sufficient fluid balance, and avoid exertional heat cramps.