bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Astrophysics towards Big Science
Authors: Reitze David , Duffy Alan R. , Gilbert James , Casali Mark , Barberio Elisabetta , Liyanage Shantha
Published: May 2024

Chapter 8 takes us through a journey of discovery as astrophysicists and cosmologists explore our Universe from dark matter to exoplanets. It describes the dynamics of complex innovation from the creation of Big Science, development of high-tech infrastructures to big worldwide distributed international cooperation and collaborations in astrophysics, possibly through organisations such as ESO. The expansion of both ground- and space-based telescopes requires more precise and sophisticated revolutionary technologies in optics leading to the fusion of advanced optic system components and powerful computation for information retrieval and analysis. Alongside this, specific examples including infrared sensitive detectors, MOSFETs, lasers for adaptive optical guidestars, microelectronics, and technologies for image reconstructions, are all sectors of realised innovations that have great potential for society. An example is the Quasar Satellite Technologies spinout of CSIRO. Gravitational waves astrophysics (LIGO) and radio astrophysics contributions to scientific and technological breakthroughs are a fundamental part of recent astrophysical development.
Big Science as a Complex Human Enterprise
Authors: Bressan Beatrice , Kocsis Anita , Tello Pablo Garcia , Liyanage Shantha
Published: May 2024

Chapter 10 looks into the entanglement between Big Science and Society as a complex human enterprise. The social value of Big Science is illustrated with several examples of the creation and transfer of knowledge and technologies beyond the research sector. Technological projects supported by Big Science in collaboration with the UN in the framework of the agenda of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the economic and social development offered by Yunus microcredits, and the many initiatives among research laboratories to get closer to the public to create ‘a new resilience culture’ are some aspects treated. This chapter highlights the necessity of creating a new paradigm to overcome the focus essentially based on practicality, productivity, and efficiency of Big Science and leave space for serendipity and curiosity to blossom. Also discussed in this chapter is the convergence of art, science, and technology and the establishment of networks to create innovation across disciplines. Today with the so-called citizen science is a good start for a change.
Big Science and Social Responsibility of the Digital World
Authors: Wink Ruediger , Meglio Alberto Di , Streit-Bianchi Marilena , Liyanage Shantha
Published: May 2024

Chapter 11 reviews the contribution of the digital world from Big Science to society and the increasing importance of open access scientific information. It analyses the principles applied to organise and manage Big Science data at the CERN openlab and EMBL programmes with industry. The authors highlight the challenges represented by a field in continuous development with social implications. The flow of a large amount of information and the need for knowledge sharing are also opportunities for the rapid implementation of digital developments carried out in a purely scientific context. The impact of Open Science and the development of EOSC (European Open Science Cloud) to store, share, and process information across scientific domains promoted by Big Science, and the contribution from CERN and EMBL, during the recent Covid-19 pandemic to the rapid sharing of scientific information, are also explained. The issues and outcomes in the public health surveillance and outreach education systems are clear examples of the social responsibility of the digital world.
Main Terms and Legal Framework of the Book
Authors: González Campañá Núria
Published: May 2024

This chapter establishes the necessary legal framework of the book by discussing concepts and legal relations that are used throughout. First, the chapter explains the extent to which EU law is compelled by international law. Second, the chapter addresses the question of how EU law should relate to national constitutional provisions. The central claim of the book is that the EU duty to respect national identity generates obligations in the context of secession to respect Member States constitutional orders. Thus, it is necessary to explain why EU law should show certain deference to national legal orders. Third, this chapter explores the legal concept of secession, both from an international and constitutional law perspective, and the different types of secession: consensual vs non-consensual and lawful vs unlawful. A clear understanding of the differences between these types of secession will be required later in the book.
EU Law Approach to a Secessionist Challenge: Implicit Responses Within EU Provisions?
Authors: González Campañá Núria
Published: May 2024

This chapter reviews the scholarly debate in the field of EU law and secession, from those authors who consider that any secessionist movement is against the ethos of the European integration, to those who believe that welcoming new States emerging out of democratic secessionist processes is the duty of the EU institutions. Next, the chapter explores the arguments of those who make a distinction between lawful and unlawful secessions and argues that the key provision to justify the deferential EU law response to secession is to be found in the principle of respect for fundamental constitutional structures (article 4(2) TEU), an example of constitutional tolerance. Finally, the chapter examines the contours and limits of such provision, i.e. article 2 TEU. Thus, Member States will enjoy the benefits of constitutional tolerance as long as they do not violate the values enshrined in the referred article 2 TEU.
Access to Courts for Asylum Seekers and Refugees
Authors: Dunlop Emma
Published: May 2024

This book examines the scope and content of article 16 of the 1951 Refugee Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. It assesses the obligations that bind Contracting States to provide asylum seekers and refugees with access to courts under article 16 of the 1951 Refugee Convention, and whether these obligations extend beyond those that otherwise bind States under international human rights treaties, customary international law, and general principles of law. The book analyses issues on which scholars’ views have evolved over time on article 16. Through doctrinal analysis, it investigates the historical origins of article 16, the extent to which its protections have been subsumed by international human rights law, customary international law, and general principles of law, and its ultimate scope. It concludes that gaps remain in the protective framework of international human rights law and general international law, but that the interpretative approach taken by courts and treaty bodies to the human rights treaties analysed—particularly on the principle of effectiveness—could usefully be adapted to interpret article 16. Applying an evolutionary, teleological approach to the interpretation of the 1951 Convention, the book then analyses article 16’s scope and content in light of the issues canvassed. It concludes that article 16 remains a relevant and robust source of protection for asylum seekers and refugees.
Access to Courts and Related Rights under International Law
Authors: Dunlop Emma
Published: May 2024

Chapter 5 surveys access to courts obligations in international human rights law, together with procedural or substantive rights broadly related to such access, focusing on procedural rights most relevant to asylum seekers and refugees. It covers the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), and the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), EU law, the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man and the American Convention on Human Rights, the Banjul Charter, and the Arab Charter on Human Rights. It then briefly discusses customary international law, general principles of law, and soft law. The chapter concludes that international human rights instruments provide asylum seekers and refugees with an uneven patchwork of protection.
Interpreting Article 16
Authors: Dunlop Emma
Published: May 2024

Chapter 6 interprets Article 16 of the 1951 Convention. Four conclusions are made on article 16(1): first, the term ‘refugee’ encompasses asylum seekers; second, the term ‘courts’ does not extend to administrative agencies; third, free access to the courts of law in any Contracting State is guaranteed, provided that the requisite jurisdictional link exists; and fourth, States must ensure that the right of access to courts is effective. Three conclusions are made on article 16(2): first, the standard of ‘habitual residence’ should be interpreted autonomously, through a flexible, fact-based approach. An asylum seeker may attain the standard of ‘habitual residence’ even where his or her residency status is precarious or inconsistent with domestic law. Second, ‘matters pertaining to access to the Courts’ encompasses practical and procedural matters that pertain to access to the courts. Third, it identifies the appropriate comparator for determining if the ‘same treatment’ has been provided.
Conclusion
Authors: Dunlop Emma
Published: May 2024

Chapter 7 concludes that article 16 of the 1951 Convention remains a robust and relevant source of protection that, in certain circumstances, guarantees asylum seekers and refugees greater protection than that afforded by international human rights law and general international law. Far from being a dead letter, subsumed by developments in international human rights law, article 16 is a critical guarantee that warrants closer attention from States, UNHCR, and scholars. The Chapter also sets out conclusions regarding limitations on the scope of article 16 and obstacles that stand in the way of its implementation.
Introduction
Authors: Frantz Erica , Kendall-Taylor Andrea , Wright Joseph
Published: May 2024

This chapter starts from the now widely observed upsurge in democratic backsliding in the past three decades. It links this development to the rise of personalist political parties globally, a trend consistent with the growing personalization of politics now seen in democratic systems. It reviews the manifestations and causes of the new personalist era, and then previews the book’s argument regarding its consequences for democracy. It puts forth that personalist ruling parties lack the incentive and capacity to restrain a leader’s effort to consolidate control, raising the risk of democratic backsliding and collapse from within. It situates this argument in the existing literature on democratic erosion and explains how the book integrates and builds on this work. Lastly, this chapter highlights the central contributions of the book and closes with a summary of the chapters to follow.
Which Refugees? On National Interests
Authors: Glanville Luke , Pattison James
Published: May 2024

This chapter considers whether the national interest should inform states’ prioritization choices, focusing on the issue of forced displacement and, in particular, the resettlement of refugees and the admission of asylum seekers. It adopts a firm position: the national interest should not play any role in a state’s decision about which displaced people to welcome, even nonideally. First, when it comes to resettlement of refugees, states should prioritize those who are in greatest need (or most disadvantaged). Second, when it comes to admitting asylum seekers, states have an obligation to admit all asylum seekers rather than selecting amongst them on the basis of national interests (or even degree of need and disadvantage). In making these arguments, this chapter explains that there are limits to prioritization: some options should not be on the table.
How to Read Middle English Poetry
Authors: Sawyer Daniel
Published: May 2024

How to Read Middle English Poetryoffers practical advice on tackling English and Scots poetry from around 1150 to 1500, for study or pleasure. The book guides readers through the period’s key poetic forms, equipping them to enjoy and close-read Middle English and early Scots verse-craft. It also shows the vitality, variety, and lasting value of poetry from this time. Poets discussed include Chaucer, Langland, the PearlPoet, Layamon, Hoccleve, Lydgate, Dunbar, Douglas, Henryson, and the prolific, sometimes-female Anonymous. The introduction maps out the book’s contents, outlines what early poetry is, and describes some key tools and resources for this area of study. The first chapter explains why we should care about Middle English poetry today. The following chapters deal with word-choice, word order, alternating metres, alliterative metres, rhyme, stanza design, and larger-scale formal models such as carols and ballades. Three contextual chapters discuss medieval manuscripts and modern editions, multilingualism, and the reading of poetry aloud in the period. An epilogue sums up the book’s findings and sketches a chronological history of poetry, showing the period’s interests and joys. The appendix provides basic notes on Middle English sounds and grammar. An indexed glossary defines all the technical terms used in the book.
How to Settle Issues of Intentionality, and a Tentative Argument for Intentional Anti-Realism
Authors: Horowitz Amir
Published: May 2024

Chapter 2 discusses studies in experimental philosophy that purport to establish cultural diversity regarding questions such as “To whom does the name ‘Gödel’ really refer?” (as in Kripke’s Gödel–Schmidt thought-experiment). This discussion serves to elucidate the role of theoretical considerations in contrast with that of judgments over cases (the “method of cases”) in theorizing about intentionality and reference. It is argued that no theoretical considerations can settle questions of reference determination and that there can be no expertise in judgments of reference. This, then, suggests a tentative argument against the possibility of intentional states—one that shifts the burden of proof in the debate—and lays the ground for intentional anti-realism in general and for the practice-dependence view of the truth conditions of content ascriptions in particular.
Against Phenomenal Intentionality as Intrinsic Reductive Intentionality
Authors: Horowitz Amir
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 argues against the phenomenal intentionality approach. This approach is presented as an instance of a more general strategy that takes intentionality to be determined by some intrinsic mental property, and the chapter argues against this strategy as well. After presenting the theories of phenomenal intentionality on which the chapter focuses as those suggesting non-circular responses to the question of intentionality, the main arguments in their favor are criticized. Special attention is given to the argument from introspection. It is argued, first, that due to the transcending nature of intentionality introspection cannot inform us of it, and second, that pure first-person judgments about intentionality are vacuous. For either reason, arguments from introspection for both the phenomenal intentionality thesis and the thesis that phenomenality resolves content indeterminacy fail. Arguments are then presented against both conceptual reductions of intentionality to phenomenality (and, more generally, to intrinsic mental properties) and synthetic-empirical ones.
Solidarity with Farmed Animals
Authors: Gruen Lori
Published: May 2024

When we think of solidarity, the first thing that may come to mind is workers. In the US context there is a long tradition of solidarity with farm workers. This chapter explores how we can be in ethico-political solidarity with farmed animals. Veganism as solidarity is discussed. The chapter presents more nuanced ways of being in solidarity with farmed animals and with people who are often oppressed, including communities of colour, poor communities, workers, and homeless and food insecure people. Supporting organizations that provide direct interventions for these communities, as well as sanctuaries who provide lifelong care for formerly farmed animals, provides ways to be in solidarity to combat the powerful interests behind the unjust food system.
The Problem of Evil
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin
Published: May 2024

Philosophers and theologians tend to approach the problem of evil through a specific framework, centred on the age-old dispute between traditional theists and atheists. Consequently, despite the attention drawn to the problem of evil, detailed reflections on its scope, structure, and diversity are infrequently encountered in the literature. This chapter addresses this gap by offering a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the problem of evil. It argues that the general scheme of the problem of evil consists of the following three variables: (i) God, (ii) evil, and (iii) an allegedly conflicting relationship between (i) and (ii). It then explains that we can obtain multiple versions of the problem of evil by assigning distinct values to those variables.
Recovering Social Rights
Authors: Bhuta Nehal
Published: May 2024

This chapter responds to a fundamental challenge made against social rights: that they are an inadequate legal and political language to address widening income and wealth inequality. In the opening sections of this chapter, I set out the terms of this challenge and situate it within wider critiques of the law and practice of human rights. I argue that these claims reflect a great deal of truth about the present of social rights, but do not accurately characterize their past. In the latter sections of the chapter, I recover a different register of social rights thinking that has faded from our collective memories—a register which infused the discussions of social rights in the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. I call these ‘natural social rights’ or ‘collective natural rights,’ and trace their lineages through English Radical thought, French Physiocratic thought, Jacobin and Neo-Jacobin thinking, to early twentieth century state theories and constitutional social rights. The essential insight gained from recovering these repertoires of social rights is the surprising extent to which social rights ideas laid the conceptual foundations for the social state.
Climate Pathways and the Future of Human Rights
Authors: Humphreys Stephen
Published: May 2024

The science of climate change approaches the future through ‘scenarios’ and ‘pathways’, elaborated in successive IPCC reports that, beginning from putative endpoints in terms of likely temperature increases by 2100, plot backwards to trace likely trajectories (social, political, economic) leading to possible future outcomes. The body of law comprising ‘human rights’ is implicated in this future-casting—both insofar as the future endpoints themselves denote a series of relative outcomes (successes and failures) in the ‘implementation’ of human rights norms and objectives and insofar as human rights law supplies a series of directives that stand, in principle, to shape future climate trajectories. Despite this apparent co-constitution, however, these twin registers—climate change and human rights—remain strikingly detached from one another from both normative and epistemological perspectives. In thinking about climate change and human rights together, a science of probability-assessment and scenario-construction confronts a law of principled purity and factual certitude. The chapter examines possible ‘human rights pathways’ by reference to the determination of global temperature targets, on one hand, and of national mitigation policies, on the other.
Introduction and Prelude
Authors: Hooton Brian
Published: May 2024

This chapter covers the cause of global warming, giving data on the growth of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere over centuries, and the consequences of extreme weather and rising sea levels. The alternative sources of energy to fossil fuel, solar, wind turbine, hydroelectricity, and nuclear are covered by examples. This chapter also explains the difference between power and energy and gives capacity factors for all forms of electricity production. It defines the four generations of nuclear reactors. It describes the very first electricity-producing reactors at Calder Hall in the UK and Shippingport in the USA. The Manhattan Project, under the direction of Leslie Groves, is used to account for the understanding of the nuclear fission process in the lead-up to the commercial production of the first nuclear power stations.
Fundamental Nuclear Physics
Authors: Hooton Brian
Published: May 2024

This chapter covers the Pauli Exclusion Principle as the reason for quantized energy spectra in the atom. Each term in the lexicon of nuclear physics is explained. Atomic mass units, electron volts, mass defect, Q value, nuclear forces, photons, neutrons, protons, pair production, annihilation, and cross-sections. The process of nuclear reactions and the definition of the barn as a unit of reaction cross-section are stated. The effect of the strong nuclear force in capturing protons, overcoming the Coulomb barrier, and entering the nuclear potential well is used to illustrate the process of a nuclear reaction with charged particles. It gives a historical account of the discovery and explanation of radioactivity, including the exponential decay and specific activity concepts. The three modes of radioactive decay, alpha, beta, and gamma, are introduced. Other types of nuclear decay, neutron emission and spontaneous fission, are also explained.
Nuclear Reactors in General
Authors: Hooton Brian
Published: May 2024

This chapter mentions reactor calculations by diffusion theory and transport theory but points out the benefits of the Monte Calo method. It explains how the neutron population in a reactor grows. The three parameters to define growth, the time between generations, the neutron multiplication factor, and reactivity are explained. It discusses how an external neutron source enables a reactor to be increased in power a plateau at time. The historical parameters of the six factor formula are given. It covers the effect of delayed neutrons on reactor control. Critical mass is defined and examples of the main constituents of a reactor, fuel types, moderators, coolants, and engineering materials are given. The roles of three types of neutron poisons, control poisons, unavoidable poisons, and burnable poisons are described. The special relevance of Zenon poisoning to reactor safety is explained. The characteristic details of fast reactors and hybrid reactors are presented.
Reactor Operations and Control
Authors: Hooton Brian
Published: May 2024

This chapter mentions the first natural reactor at Oklo, Gabon. Investigating chain reactions in the first reactors, Fermi’s first reactor CP1, with problems getting pure graphite. The story of CP1 is given. The components of a nuclear station are explained, Pressure vessel, coolant pump, pressurizer, and steam generator. The use of boron in the coolant to control reactivity. It explains how a reactor works with coolant transfer by Cold Leg, Hot Leg, and Cross Over Leg. Methods to measure power, neutron detectors, nitrogen16 gamma detectors, and calorimetry are given. It explains how using the enthalpy of the steam gives the most accurate value for reactor power. The roles of the fuel temperature coefficient, the moderator temperature coefficient, and the void coefficient in reactor control are described. It explains how operators and the computerized reactor control system deal with day-to-day operations in the control room, following steam demand.
Making Globalization Happen
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri
Published: May 2024

Making Globalization Happen: The Untold Story of Power, Profits, Privilege explains how, by whom, and for what purposes economic globalization was catalysed. Its effects on the Global South, and particularly South Asia are explored. Based on an innovative international constitutional political economy framework, the book examines how the Western classical liberal Constitution has shaped international law developments in this postcolonial era. The book narrates economic globalization comprehensively, giving its parental constitutional dimension that it lacked before. By linking constitutional globalization to United Nations (UN) Family–created agendas (peacebuilding; conflict prevention; human security; protection of civilians; sustainable development; global war on terrorism; ‘Women, Peace, and Security’; poverty reduction or ‘market-oriented development’; ending ‘conflict-related sexual violence’; and justice (climate, criminal, and so-called transitional)) it covers them accurately and comprehensively. It simultaneously provides the missing constitutional foundation for globalization from the perspective of Third World approaches to international constitutional law and the fields globalization has spawned: Global Studies and Law and Political Economy (LPE). With these ground-breaking insights, Making Globalization Happen clearly illustrates that Constitutional globalization was driven by the ‘UN Family’ and transnational capitalists for their benefit. Accordingly, ‘globalization’/‘international law’ from below proves useless in countering injustices caused by economic globalization or public international law. Thus, the book rips away the facade of UN Family–driven peace, justice, human rights, democracy, and development to expose it as a narrative of power, profit, and privilege for transnational capitalists, and one of debt, death, and despair for the Global South.
Violence against Women
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri
Published: May 2024

Based on the constitutional political economy (CPE) analysis from the previous chapter, this chapter considers how policies (for example, privatization) facilitated by the Constitution and prescribed by the poverty-reduction strategy papers impact women. It does so by drawing from four violence against women (VAW) case studies that concern states that (a) have adopted the Constitution-conditionality or constitutional reforms but (b) are analysed by others from these perspectives: international political economy (IPE), IEP and Anthropology, and IPE and the ‘political ecology of development’. These states are Côte d’Ivoire (Africa), Papua New Guinea (PNG) with specific reference to its province, Bougainville (Asia-Pacific), and Sri Lanka and Bangladesh (South Asia). Thus, this chapter provides a fuller picture of these VAW case studies by including their missing constitutional dimensions. In offering a CPE and Global Studies perspective of VAW, Chapter 4 reiterates the superiority of a perspective that acknowledges the Constitution’s salience. Chapter 4 connects this book’s Chapters 1–3 in Part I with Chapters 5–10 in Part II. Part II covers the concepts or agendas crafted by the United Nations during 1999–2001 to smooth constitutional globalization.
Venture Capital Meets Violence against Women
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri
Published: May 2024

The UN agendas of human security (HS) and ending conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) (which falls within Women, Peace, and Security, WPS) were conceived to smoothen the Constitution’s globalization (Globalization), that is, globalize its policies (for example, privatized health and market solutions for tackling climate change.) As a result, the very policies that trigger conflict (for example, privatization) are recycled to promote HS and end CRSV and treat CRSV victims. This chapter establishes this aspect by using a Global Studies or a LPE or a Constitutional and political economy (CPE) perspective and drawing on the UN Family’s official explanations and through numerous examples drawn from the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), Bosnia-Herzegovina, India, Bangladesh, the Maldives, and the Central African Republic (CAR). By establishing their common Constitutional origins, these aspects about HS and CRSV agendas are identified. First, because HS is framed to combat multidimensional ‘insecurities’ (consistent with the Constitution’s scope), Bangladesh and Maldives combat environmental insecurities through market-based solutions that hurt the poor. In this way, HS advances climate injustice. Second, UN peace missions mandated to end CRSV in the CAR did not engage in new activities that are unrelated or contrary to building peace the regular way (by adopting the Constitution and laws). Third, HS and CRSV are implemented in the same way world-wide, by both, conflict-torn (CAR) and stable countries (India): through market-based solutions. HS and the CRSV agendas are the engines globalizing market-friendly human rights which reap profits for the transnational capitalists but hurt the poor.
Underground Violence
Authors: de la Calle Luis , Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio
Published: May 2024

Why is terrorism such a slippery concept? Unlike other concepts employed in studies of conflict, terrorism is particularly hard to pin down. Can terrorism be equated with civilian victimization? Is it a refined form of coercive violence, based on the spread of terror? Despite the endless terminological debate, there is an underlying logic in the way in which we speak about terrorism. This book is aimed at uncovering this logic, providing a systematic, coherent, and rigorous conceptualization of the phenomenon. Terrorism is a unique form of political violence due to the underground nature of its violence. Unlike other forms of violence, underground political violence does not require any control of the territory in which the attack takes place. The quintessential underground attack is an improvised explosive device in the enemy’s terrain. Because terrorist attacks do not presuppose territorial control, they tend to be ephemeral. Understanding terrorism as underground political violence makes sense of many traits that are commonly associated with the concept: its international dimension, the possibility of lone-actors, and state terrorism as covert operations abroad. Terrorism tends to emerge in highly asymmetric conditions and is frequently used by the weaker party (hence the motto that terrorism is the weapon of the weak). Through large-n empirical tests and case studies (ETA, Tupamaros, the Shining Path, Fatah, ISIS, and the Palestinian insurgent groups), this book shows that the conception of terrorism as underground political violence has some ‘organizing’ power and can be used in empirical analysis to shed light on the determinants and dynamics of terrorism.
Introduction
Authors: De la Calle Luis , Sánchez-Cuenca Ignacio
Published: May 2024

The introduction starts with a careful comparison of two attacks carried out by the Shining Path during the civil war in Peru. One of them fits well the kind of violence that is typical of rural insurgencies; the other one is unmistakably terrorist. A brief comparison between the two attacks (both target civilians and are aimed at spreading fear within wider communities, but tactically and operationally are very different) leads into the central question of the book: terrorism and its underground nature. The main argument is introduced, a brief methodological justification is advanced, the empirical consequences of the central argument are hinted, and the structure of the book is presented.
Comets and Seneca’s Double Miratio
Authors: Graf Chiara
Published: May 2024

This chapter discusses book 7 of the Natural Questions, which treats the subject of comets. At the opening of this book, Seneca outlines two possible forms of miratio, or wonder, in the face of comets. The first type of wonder, which this chapter calls “elevated miratio,” is a gentle feeling of amazement in the face of a divine order. The second, which this chapter calls “common miratio” is a sense of thrill in response to unusual or flashy phenomena. From a moral perspective, Seneca clearly privileges the former type of wonder over the latter. However, for individuals whose ignorance impedes them from experiencing elevated miratio, even common miratio can provide valuable Stoic lessons, alerting them to the intentional design of the cosmos. Overall, then, Seneca harnesses morally ambiguous affects for quasi-moral ends.
Hope, Fear, and the Future in Seneca’s Troades
Authors: Graf Chiara
Published: May 2024

This chapter treats Seneca’s tragedy Troades. It argues that this play presents hopeless grief as an alternative to and salve against the toxic passions of hope and fear. The women in this play turn to a variety of methods of consolation in the face of their uncertain future—some take comfort in Stoic rationalization, whereas others find paradoxical solace in extreme forms of grief. In this play, the latter, “tragic” form of consolation proves more effective than “proper” philosophical methods. In fact, consolatory methods rooted in extreme grief expose the ways in which strictly Stoic approaches to a troubling future gloss over, aestheticize, and sometimes even take enjoyment in, human suffering.
Epilogue
Authors: Graf Chiara
Published: May 2024

This concluding chapter briefly gestures toward the ways in which the book’s overall argument might be applied to other Senecan texts, providing as an example Seneca’s Consolation to Marcia. This consolation, addressed to a woman, draws out the gendered implications of Seneca’s investment in affective therapies, illustrating the ways in which a redemption of affect also constitutes a vindication of the feminine. Throughout the letter, Marcia’s gender-ambiguous status as a masculine woman generally serves to exhort readers to overcome their feminine fears and achieve virile self-control. However, certain moments in the letter follow the opposite trajectory, encouraging men to accept their “womanly” emotions, which can prove therapeutically useful.
Greek and Roman Antiquity in First World War Poetry
Authors: Hardwick Lorna , Harrison Stephen , Vandiver Elizabeth
Published: May 2024

This book examines how, when, and why four First World War poets engaged with Greek and Roman antiquity. Rupert Brooke, Wilfred Owen, Isaac Rosenberg, and Charles Sorley all died in the war. They came from diverse social, educational, and cultural backgrounds but for all of the writers engagement with classical material was decisive in shaping their war poetry The world views and cultural hinterlands of Brooke and Sorley were framed by the Greek and Latin texts they had studied at school, whereas for Owen, who struggled with Latin, classical texts were a part of his aspirational literary imagination. Rosenberg’s education was limited but he encountered some Greek and Roman literature through translations, and through mediations in English literature. The various ways in which the poets engaged with classical literature are analysed in the commentaries, which are designed to be accessible to classicists and to users from other subject areas. The extensive range of connections made by the poets and by subsequent readers is explained in the Introduction to the volume. The commentaries illuminate relationships between the poems and attitudes to the war at the time, in the immediate post-war years, and subsequently. They also probe how individual poems reveal various facets of the poetry of unease, the poetry of survival, and the poetics of war and ecology. Links to the online Oxford Classical Receptions Commentaries will enable readers to follow up their special interests.
Rupert Brooke (1887–1915)
Authors: Harrison Stephen
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the war poetry of Rupert Brooke (1887–1915), one of the best known English poets of the First World War, from the perspective of classical reception. It shows that his celebrated 1914 sonnet ‘The Soldier’ draws on imagery and topics from Homer, Greek tragedy, and Greek epigram. These are all texts he would have known from his elite classical education at Rugby School and the University of Cambridge. It also looks at the Homeric connection of his last fragments written on the voyage to Gallipoli in early 1915, which he like others of his education imagined as a reprise of the Homeric Trojan War. It further analyses classical elements in Brooke’s most famous pre-war poem, ‘The Old Vicarage, Grantchester’, as a comparison and contrast.
Charles Sorley (1895–1915)
Authors: Harrison Stephen
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the war poetry of the English poet Charles Sorley (1895–1915), from the perspective of classical reception. It shows that his 1915 poem ‘I have not brought my Odyssey’ draws on the literary framework of Horace’s poetic letters to friends in his Epistles, as well as the Odyssey of Homer advertised in its title, both texts he would have encountered in his elite classical education at Marlborough College. It also analyses Sorley’s most famous poem, the 1915 sonnet, ‘When you see millions of the mouthless dead’. Here it shows that the poem combines elements from Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey in resignation about death and an imagining of the Underworld. It further suggests that this last element is partly seen through the Christian perspective of John Henry Newman’s ‘Dream of Gerontius’, one of the most famous Victorian poems about the afterlife.
Isaac Rosenberg (1890–1918)
Authors: Hardwick Lorna
Published: May 2024

Rosenberg was killed in France in 1918. The poems he wrote in the war were his major achievement. The Introduction and commentaries discuss the interaction in the poems’ subject matter, diction, and forms between his life experiences and his embedded sensitivity to the poetry of the Hebrew Bible and to scenes and motifs in classical texts, mainly Homer and Aeschylus, which he encountered in translations. Born in Bristol in 1890, he was the son of poor Jewish immigrants. His cultural heritage was supplemented by a limited school education and by his study of art (at the Slade) and of English literature (at Birbeck College). The extant paramaterial he sent back from France includes drawings and letters that record physical and mental suffering and antisemitism. Rosenberg thought that poets should be ‘perverse’ and the subject matter and aesthetic of his work frequently subvert cultural and ethical expectations. The poems themselves are not poems of overt protest against the war. They focus on images and episodes that resonate with those in ancient texts but which are also transformed materially and imaginatively by the effects of war on the contemporary environment. Unease, premonitions of disaster, and relief at temporary survival are threaded through his poems, which deploy techniques of affinity, ghosting, and improvisation rather than depending on intertextuality with the classical material. Rosenberg’s poems create ‘thick’ classical receptions, a deep and sometimes subterranean engagement with war poetry that focuses on images and reflections. The commentaries explain the stretched taxonomy this entails, and discuss a variety of critical approaches, including associations with eco-criticism and catastrophe literature.
The New Globalization and the Economic Consequences of Brexit
Authors: James Harold
Published: May 2024

This chapter first analyses the development of globalization in response to multiple shocks, the 2008 financial crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the Ukraine war. Geopolitics, industrial policy, and deep technological transformation transformed the globalization paradigm. In the UK, differences in global strategy among Brexit supporters, retreat from globalization on the one hand and enhanced global engagement on the other, came as a result of strains in British society. The outcome was shaped by long-term influences in political psychology, economic orientation, and political language, with the UK seeing international politics as a question of balancing rather than of integration.
Fisheries
Authors: Butler Graham
Published: May 2024

Fisheries in the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) are provided for in Articles 493 to 511 TCA. This chapter highlights the fact that the TCA, whilst providing for no tariffs and charges (fiscal measures) on fisheries products moving between the two jurisdictions, has reintroduced new non-tariff (non-fiscal) measures on such movements when private parties are engaging in the export of fisheries to each other’s jurisdiction. For some, the TCA is the cod’s pollocks: short-term predictability for the fisheries industry was maintained by the TCA by suspending any changes to fisheries arrangements through the insertion of an adjustment period, applying until at least 2026. For others, the TCA could be considered a damp squid, given that post-2026, annual and multiannual negotiations will be introduced, which can amend various fishing opportunities concerning fishing quotas, stocks, and access to waters. This chapter provides an outline of the main fisheries provisions of the TCA, which adds to the EU’s growing repertoire of international agreements regulating fisheries.
Aviation and Road Transport
Authors: Łazowski Adam
Published: May 2024

The Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) comprehensively regulates aviation and road transport in EU-UK relations. Alas, behind the negotiations of dozens of pages worth of legal text, there was a general desideratum of a downgrade from EU membership to a looser relationship of sorts. Even a cursory look at the agreed provisions clearly demonstrates that mission has been accomplished. In terms of aviation, the UK had to say au revoir to the liberalized regime, which is at the heart of the EU aviation acquis. In similar vein, it no longer benefits from liberalized arrangements for road haulage cabotage. This chapter takes a closer look at the post-Brexit EU-UK legal regime applicable to both aviation and road transport, the only two modes of transport which are comprehensively regulated in the TCA.
English Administrative Law History
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2024

The history of administrative law has not hitherto been written, although there have been valuable academic contributions on particular topics. This introductory chapter offers a lens through which to view two different conceptions of that history, which are termed ‘perception’ and ‘reality’. The commonly held view about English administrative law is that it is of recent origin: some dating it from the mid-20th century and some venturing back to the late 19th century. This view is premised on assumptions concerning doctrinal case law and regulation. There is an empirical and a normative foundation underlying both assumptions. The discussion thereafter is concerned with what I term the ‘reality’. It is argued that the commonly held view does not cohere empirically with reality concerning case law or regulation and that the normative assumptions are misconceived concerning the foundational period of administrative law, which runs from the mid-16th century onwards.
The Administrative State: Subject Matter
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2024

The preceding chapters considered the regulatory state from a vertical and horizontal perspective. An understanding of the historical trajectory of administrative law from the mid-16th century requires analysis of the administrative state. That is the object of this chapter and the next chapter. This chapter offers a ‘vertical’ perspective through consideration of different subject matter areas, while the chapter that follows adopts a ‘horizontal’ perspective, addressing central themes salient to the administrative state that cut across particular domains. Five subject matter areas were selected: bankruptcy, excise, flood protection, poor law, and municipal improvement. The principal criteria informing the selection were the diversity of the administrative regimes, combined with the importance of the regulated area. The study of the five topics considers the administrative system, followed by the powers that were accorded, weaving together the legal and historical sources to produce an informed picture.
The Administrative State: Central Features
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2024

Administrative law requires an understanding of the administrative state. This is as true for the 16th century as it is for the 21st century. The vertical perspective from the previous chapter is complemented by the horizontal perspective considering central features of the administrative state. To this end, the chapter divides the temporal landscape into three periods, which reflect divisions commonly made by historians. The discussion begins with administration and the state prior to 1780. The Privy Council, and later the Cabinet Council, were the principal executive authorities. This is followed by discussion of the changes wrought to administration and the state by the ‘Economical Reform’ movement that ran from 1780 to 1788. The third section of the chapter addresses the nature of the administrative state from 1788 to 1870. The final section considers issues of continuity and change in the administrative state in the 20th to 21st centuries.
The Administrative State: Decision-Making and Rulemaking
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2024

This chapter complements previous discussion by focusing on the modality through which the administration acted to discharge its assigned task. They could make individual decisions or orders directed at a particular person, based directly on the enabling legislation; or they could make rules, regulations, or by-laws pursuant to rulemaking power granted by Parliament, which would then be applied to particular cases that fell within their remit. The chapter begins with consideration of individualized decision-making, which is the standard method through which a statutory scheme is administered. The discussion then turns to rulemaking. It begins with some introductory comments concerning the nature of rulemaking its rationale and control. This is followed by discussion of the incidence of rulemaking, with analysis as to how the rules thus made were legitimated and controlled. The final part of the chapter considers continuity and change in the 20th to 21st centuries.
Delegation, Fettering, and Purpose
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2024

Legal systems impose constraints on the way in which discretion is exercised. This chapter deals with controls on discretion that flow from delegation, fettering, and propriety of purpose. They were recognized by the courts from the 17th century onwards. The principle delegatus non potest delegare expresses the foundational idea that discretionary power should be exercised by the person to whom the power is given by the enabling legislation; the no-fettering principle expresses the equally foundational idea that the person to whom the power has been accorded should not be disabled from exercising it through external constraint derived from, for example, contract; and constraint cast in terms of propriety of purpose captures the basic precept that discretion cannot be exercised to attain ends different from those in the empowering statute.
Damages and Restitution
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: May 2024

The focus in the final chapter shifts to damages and restitution. The salient issue for administrative lawyers is the extent to which the causes of action were adapted by reason of the fact that the defendant was a public body. The chapter begins with a brief overview of the main causes of action. Discussion thereafter focuses on four different ways in which they were adapted by the courts and legislature. The cause of action could be limited through grant of immunity in relation to particular public bodies. It could be shaped at creation because the principal defendants were public bodies. The causes of action that were prima facie general could be modified in their operation when applied to public bodies. The cause of action could be developed by and through its application to public bodies. The chapter concludes with reflections on continuity and change in the 20th to 21st centuries.