bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Narrative thinking and the emergence of postpsychological therapies
Authors: McLeod John
Published: March 2014

The growing emergence of an appreciation of the significance of narrative, within philosophy, the social sciences and the humanities, has had a significant impact on theory and practice within the field of counseling and psychotherapy. The influence of narrative thinking has been felt in two main ways. First, concepts of narrative have been assimilated into established forms of practice. For example, within psychoanalysis and psychodynamic therapy, it is now accepted that attention to narrative structures within the discourse of therapy can be used to generate a fuller understanding of the operation of well-known phenomena such as transference. The primary intention of this area of work has been to utilise narrative concepts to permit a deeper understanding of existing ideas about therapeutic processes and procedures. Second, a quite separate set of developments has seen the construction of an approach to therapy which begins from an acknowledgement of the central role of narrative and storytelling in lives and relationships. This alternative approach, generally described as “narrative therapy”, can be characterised as the formation of a postpsychological approach to therapy, which focuses on issues surrounding the performance of narratives within relationships, community and culture, rather than on inner psychological processes within individuals. It is argued that postpsychological narrative therapies have the potential to address key contemporary personal and social dilemmas in ways that are not possible within individualist models of therapy.
Typological evidence and Universal Grammar
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J.
Published: March 2014

The paper discusses the relevance of typological evidence for the construction of a theory of Universal Grammar (UG). After introducing UG-based approaches to typology, it goes on to argue that most typological generalizations are in no sense ‘knowledge of language’. In fact, some of the best-established typological generalizations have explanations based on language use, and so it is either empirically unmotivated or redundant to attempt to encompass them within UG theory. This conclusion is reinforced by a look at the widely-accepted Lexical Parameterization Hypothesis and by the current shift of interest to ‘microparameters’. The paper goes on to take a critical look at Mark Baker’s Parameter Hierarchy.
From UG to Universals
Authors: Kirby Simon , Smith Kenny , Brighton Henry
Published: March 2014

What constitutes linguistic evidence for Universal Grammar (UG)? The principal approach to this question equates UG on the one hand with language universals on the other. Parsimonious and general characterizations of linguistic variation are assumed to uncover features of UG. This paper reviews a recently developed evolutionary approach to language that casts doubt on this assumption: the Iterated Learning Model (ILM). We treat UG as a model of our prior learning bias, and consider how languages may adapt in response to this bias. By dealing directly with populations of linguistic agents, the ILM allows us to study the adaptive landscape that particular learning biases result in. The key result from this work is that the relationship between UG and language structure is non-trivial.
Bridge dictionaries as bridges between languages
Authors: Skoumalová Hana
Published: March 2014

Bridge dictionaries are a new sort of dictionary for learners of English. They are based on the monolingual Cobuild learners' dictionaries, and they are partly translated – they contain translated definitions and translation equivalents. This paper shows the possible ways of exploiting Bridge dictionaries for creating new bilingual or multilingual dictionaries.

One possible way is to extract corresponding translation equivalents, edit them, and make a new printed dictionary. As both sides of such a dictionary were originally created as translations from English, the dictionary requires quite a lot of lexicographic work.

Another possibility is to create an electronic version of the dictionary “as is”. For this purpose, it is necessary to convert the dictionary first into SGML format and define its DTD. This format can then serve as a standard for future Bridge dictionaries and adding new language modules to existing dictionaries would be quite easy.
Procedures in building the Croatian-English parallel corpus
Authors: Tadic Marko
Published: March 2014

This contribution gives a survey of procedures and formats used in building the Croatian-English parallel corpus which is being collected at the Institute of Linguistics at the Philosophical Faculty, University of Zagreb. The primary text source is the newspaperCroatia Weekly which has been published from the beginning of 1998 by HIKZ (Croatian Institute for Information and Culture). After a quick survey of existing English-Croatian parallel corpora, the article copes with procedures involved in text conversion and text encoding, particularly the alignment. There are several recent suggestions for alignment encoding, and they are listed and elaborated at the end of the article.
Evaluación de la calidad en interpretación simultánea: Contrastes de exposición e inferencias emocionales. Evaluación de la evaluación
Authors: Aís Ángela Collados
Published: March 2014

This article describes an experimental study which measured the extent to which the monotonous intonation of an interpreter can cause receivers to negatively evaluate the resulting interpretation, particularly when compared to the non-monotonous interpretation of another interpreter. In addition, the study analyses the emotional inferences made by the receivers of the monotonous intonation, and its effect on their assessment of the interpretation. The article also describes the results of various discussion groups and focused interviews which formed part of the study. This type of qualitative research methodology was found to provide a better explanation of certain aspects of the complex assessment process and to offer a more accurate insight into the way receivers evaluate simultaneous interpretations.
Towards a definition of Interpretese: An intermodal, corpus-based study
Authors: Shlesinger Miriam
Published: March 2014

Apart from its contribution to the analysis of translated discourse as such, corpus-based translation studies has often involved the comparison of translated corpora and comparable originals, in an attempt to isolate the features that typify translations, whether globally or in a more restricted set. The study reported here applied a similar methodology to the analysis of interpreted discourse, comparing it not to non-interpreted (spontaneous, original) spoken discourse but to its written (translated) counterpart. A computerized analysis of the interpreted outputs of six professional translator-interpreters rendering the same text from their second to their first language in both modalities revealed a set of marked differences between them in terms of richness (type-token ratio), and of a range of lexico-grammatical features. Despite its drawbacks in terms of ecological validity, the methodology used in this study is seen as a tool for extrapolating a set of stylistic and pragmatic features of interpreted – as opposed to translated – outputs, and may constitute an extension of the range of the paradigms available to corpus-based translation studies. A statistical analysis of the morphological data generated pointed to salient differences between the two corpora, and it is these differences that are at the core of the present study. The methodological implications and possible extensions are also discussed below.
The speck in your brother's eye – the beam in your own: Quality management in translation and revision
Authors: Hansen Gyde
Published: March 2014

Global and national changes have resulted in new requirements for quality management and quality control in translation. International standards like the recent European Quality Standard for Translation Services, EN 15038 (2006), have been developed in order to give clients an assurance that they are receiving high-quality translation work. According to some of these standards, target texts have to be revised at least twice or, ideally, three times by others than the translator him/herself. Revision and revision processes have also come more into focus in TS research. According to Gile (2005), who has developed a mathematical formula that defines quality as the balanced sum of quality parameters, revision tasks are usually carried out by experienced translators. In two empirical longitudinal studies at CBS, the relation between translation competence and revision competence of students and professional translators was investigated. The question posed was: “are the good translators also the good revisers?” In this article, quality parameters and revision processes are described and shown in models. The question is raised whether it would be an advantage to establish special training in revision, parallel to the translator training.
Vizetelly & Company as (ex)change agent: Towards the modernization of the British publishing industry
Authors: Merkle Denise
Published: March 2014

This chapter sets out to examine the role of the publishing house Vizetelly & Company, its founder Henry Vizetelly and his son Ernest, as agents of change who contributed to the modernization of the publishing industry in late-Victorian Britain. This case study will show that these agents were loosely affiliated with progressive social movements that were resisting the confines of rigid Victorian class structure and public morality. Vizetelly & Company’s innovations consisted in publishing foreign works in translation, especially realist and naturalist fiction, as well as Anglo-Irish fiction (e.g., George Moore’s novels), in cheap editions destined for a new reading market, the product of the 1870 Elementary Education Act (The Forster Act). By contrast to many periods when it is easier to publish translated works than indigenous ones, it was the opposite in Victorian Britain and being associated with progressive, socially disruptive thought and movements made the task that much more risky. Censorial mechanisms came into play in reaction to Vizetelly & Company’s translation and publishing projects, to which Henry Vizetelly devoted the better part of the 1880s. His career ended on a bitter note: his firm went bankrupt, and he spent three months in prison in 1889 for having published what was labeled by the courts to be “obscene” literature in translation. Yet, he is credited with having contributed to successfully undermining the monopoly of the circulating libraries and introducing to the British publishing marketplace inexpensive editions in a single volume through his translation and publishing activities. The paper concludes that these innovative agents were agents of metamorphosis. Living abroad had changed the worldview of Henry and Ernest Vizetelly. As a result, they operated from within a changed universe that was no longer late Victorian. This case study could prove useful to understanding the dynamics at play in intercultural relations and the role of the translator as intercultural agent.
Arriving at equivalence: Making a case for comparable general reference corpora in translation studies
Authors: Philip Gill
Published: March 2014

When multilingual corpora are used in translation studies, it is usually assumed that they are either translated (parallel) or comparable, or both; and that their size and text composition are analogous. As general reference corpora become more widely available, it is inevitable that these too should be used to compare and contrast SL norms, thus extending the definition of comparability to include text collections whose size and content may vary considerably, and which are nevertheless considered representative of their languages. This paper addresses the contribution of comparable reference corpora to the identification of translation equivalence. Focusing in particular on native-speaker norms, it demonstrates how the effect of creative and idiosyncratic language can be identified and reproduced by the translator.
Virtual corpora as documentation resources: Translating travel insurance documents (English-Spanish)
Authors: Corpas Pastor Gloria , Seghiri Miriam
Published: March 2014

The inclusion of documentation as a core subject in the curriculum of Translation and Interpretation degrees clearly underlines its importance to translators. Training in this discipline is considered essential for a translator given that only sufficient and conscientious work on documentation will allow an adequate translation of a specialised text. The sources of information that may be utilised by the translator are extremely varied, ranging from an oral consultation with an expert to a search using specialised glossaries and dictionaries. However, in the field of translation perhaps the most relevant documentation activity today involves the use of the Internet and, closely related to this, the compilation and management of virtual corpora.

In this chapter, we present a systematic methodology for corpus compilation based on electronic resources available on the Internet. The methodology is illustrated through the creation of a virtual corpus of travel insurance in English and Spanish, whose representativeness is subsequently determined by using a computer programme-called ReCor specifically designed for this purpose. Finally, some specific examples of possible uses in direct and inverse translations of this type of document are given.
The afterlives of panditry
Authors: Merrill Christi A.
Published: March 2014

This paper investigates the emphasis on a single common original that underwrites late eighteenth-century English renderings of Hindu legal texts in order to address the larger issue of translational fidelity. Pointing to examples such as Nathaniel Halhed’s A Code of Gentoo Laws and William Jones’s Institutes of Hindu Law: or, the Ordinances of Menu, I question the ongoing implicit reliance on Fall-of-the-Tower-of-Babel Christian narratives that regard a multilingual environment as backwards and chaotic. Drawing particularly on recent debates over the role of the Sanskrit pandit-as-translator in late eighteenth-century Bengal advising British colonists on sacred texts to become British law, I suggest that the British sought in the Sanskritic tradition a divine, singular origin analogous to the Christian authority underwriting their own conceptualizations of justice on earth, rather than reading the multiple afterlives of these traditions so vital in their own present moment with the complexity they require. In the colonial view translational fidelity assumes a linear (hierarchical) sequencing before and after the Fall and is unable to account for these translations’ complex temporalities in the plural. I ask how we as translation scholars today might define the temporal terms underlying our understanding of fidelity in a way that is not based on concepts of an impossible pre-lapsarian origin.
Translating Indian poetry in the Colonial Period in Korea
Authors: Hyun Theresa
Published: March 2014

This paper focuses on how, via English as relay language, Koreans under Japanese rule turned to translations of Indian poetry, inspired by Indians’ anticolonial struggles and interest in how these poets transmitted Asian emotions and spiritual outlook. Translations of Rabindranath Tagore’s works were linked to concerns such as the merits of free vs. literal translation, the importance of translating from the original, the perceived need to overcome the limits of the Korean language, and the importance of enriching Korean literature through imports. Translations contributed to the development of a new writing style and the establishment of children’s literature. Translations of poems by Sarojini Naidu were fewer in number than those of Tagore, but they acted as a model of women’s participation in national renewal.
14. Achieving quality in health care interpreting
Authors: Blignault Ilse , Stephanou Maria , Barrett Cassandra
Published: March 2014

The cultural and linguistic diversity of Australian society presents an ongoing challenge to the health care system. The 30th anniversary of the New South Wales Health Care Interpreter Service (HCIS) provided stimulus to reflect on the interpreter’s contribution to improved health care and better health outcomes, from the viewpoint of the interpreters themselves. This paper, based on an examination of case studies prepared by eighteen staff at one HCIS centre in metropolitan Sydney, highlights the importance of technical skills, a professional approach and experience in achieving quality in health care interpreting. Dealing successfully with the scope and challenges of the interpreter role, and being a valued member of the health care team, leads to job satisfaction which also leads to increased quality.
5. Verb serialization as a means to express complex events in Thai
Authors: Thepkanjana Kingkarn
Published: March 2014

Verb serialization is generally defined as a linguistic device by means of which two or more verbs or verb phrases are juxtaposed without any linker. The output of verb serialization is called “serial verb construction”, henceforth SVC. This paper aims to (1) examine the characteristics of events expressed by SVCs, (2) analyze the relationships between serial verbs, and (3) investigate constraints on the serializability of verbs. This paper limits its scope to basic nongrammaticalized SVCs in Thai, which consist of two verb phrases only. It is argued that (i) each SVC expresses a single whole, complex event, and (ii) verbs do not serialize freely. This paper accounts for the serializability of verbs by analyzing semantic relationships between verbs in SVCs.
7. Subordination in Cognitive grammar
Authors: Langacker Ronald W.
Published: March 2014

This paper reexamines the treatment of subordination in Cognitive Grammar. Subordination is not susceptible to simple, categorical description. Understanding it requires the elucidation of numerous factors, with respect to which one can describe its many types, distinguish them from one another, and properly relate them to other phenomena. Among the relevant factors are asymmetries in prominence, including profiling, trajector/landmark organization, and status as the important content in a discourse. Special attention is devoted to how these interact with limited “windows of attention” in an integrated account of grammar and dynamic processing.
13. The periphrastic realization of participants in nominalizations: Semantic and discourse constraints
Authors: Heyvaert Liesbet
Published: March 2014

This paper discusses the inclusion of periphrastic participants in deverbal nominalizations. While traditionally the clause-like properties of explicitly realized participants are focused on, it zooms in on deverbal event nominalizations that lack one or more participants and points to the importance of identifying the precise nominal status of their periphrastic participants accurately. In particular, referring to Willemse’s (2005) analysis of of-phrases as ‘reference points’, it suggests, firstly, that periphrastic participants primarily be analyzed as nominal reference points of the deverbal head noun, functioning as autonomous discourse referents, and, secondly, that those cases where participants are not included but ‘understood’ and retrievable from the discourse context are cases of what one might classify as a type of ‘nominal ellipsis’. In a second part, the existence of event nominalizations of which the participants are not retrievable in the discourse context is pointed out and it is argued that such nominalizations are comparable to a clausal type of ‘events’, i.e. to nonfinite events, which are not temporally grounded and do not necessarily take a Subject-entity.
14. Asymmetries in participial modification
Authors: Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk Barbara
Published: March 2014

The paper focuses on differences in the construal relations between participial constructions as used postnominally and prenominally in English and Polish. Their meaning is taken to be a function of both conceptual content of an expression and its construal. It is assumed that construal principles involved in building alternate profiles of expressions determine their conceptualizations. Consecutive sections of the paper present a discussion of, first, present participle modification in English and Polish, then past participle modification in English and Polish and establish a system of cognitive contrastive parameters which can serve as tertium comparations in the analysis.
Do Subjects Have a Place in Spanish?
Authors: Camacho José
Published: March 2014

Overt preverbal subjects in Spanish have been claimed to be in an adjoined, peripheral layer of the clause and in IP-layer. Part of the motivation for the different analyses stems from mixed A and A-bar properties they display. I argue that subjects do not appear in a single, unique position, but rather in several functional projections along the extended verbal projection. Consequently, different A and A-bar properties are expected. In some cases, the properties of those projections will be determined in the course of the derivation: if a verb raises to a certain projection, it will render this projection active for agreement purposes and trigger movement of the subject to its specifier.
V-N Compounds In Italian
Authors: Gracanin-Yuksek Martina
Published: March 2014

In this paper I discuss patterns of word-internal agreement. I examine Italian V-N compounds of the type grattacielo (scrape sky = “skyscraper”), suggesting that their morphological behavior can be accounted for if we assume that processes of agreement similar to those at the level of sentence-syntax take place below the word level. V-N compounds that contain feminine nouns of class –a: casa, case (“house, houses”) under pluralization show feminine morphology (-e), even though they are syntactically masculine: take masculine determiners and form derivatives as simple masculine nouns do. Yet, the masculine plural inflection (-i) is not allowed:

il carica-batteria

the-MASC charge-battery

“the battery charger”

I carica-batteriE / *carica-batteriI

the-MASC charge-batteries

“the battery chargers”

I show that this surprising appearance of feminine inflection is expected if agreement, viewed as as the operation of “feature sharing” (Frampton et al, 2000; Pesetsky & Torrego, 2004), takes place between the pieces of the structure.
A Reinterpretation of Quirky Subjects and Related Phenomena in Spanish
Authors: Gutièrrez-Bravo Rodrigo
Published: March 2014

A number of verb classes in Spanish display oblique arguments that occupy the preverbal position otherwise typical of transitive subjects. Based on this observation, a number of works have suggested that these oblique arguments are a kind of quirky subject, similar (though not identical) to the quirky subjects of Icelandic. In this paper I provide evidence against these analyses. I show that Spanish preverbal obliques have none of the defining characteristics of quirky (or non-nominative) subjects. I also show that phenomena where Spanish and Icelandic seem to be similar are in fact unrelated and depend on entirely different grammatical conditions. I conclude by showing that the word order facts observed with these oblique arguments are unrelated to subjecthood. Rather, I show that unmarked word order in Spanish is regulated by the thematic roles of the arguments of the verb and not by subject properties. Hence, there are cases where an oblique argument occupies the preverbal position because its theta-role ranks higher in the Thematic Hierarchy than that of the grammatical subject.
Cognitive Constraints on Assertion Scope
Authors: Lambrecht Knud , Bordeaux Julia , Reichle Robert
Published: March 2014

Cross-linguistic studies have shown that various adverbial subordinating conjunctions can also function to introduce independent assertions. In the domain of causal conjunctions, there is a striking cross-linguistic trend for subordinating ‘because’ to supersede the corresponding coordinating conjunction. This study presents a corpus-based analysis of the use of French parce que in spoken discourse. It looks at the full array of uses of parce que and analyzes them within the information-structure framework of Lambrecht 1994. It shows that parce que clauses are always focal, whereas the main clause can be either focal or topical. If it is topical, the two clauses can be prosodically integrated into a single unit. If it is focal, the two clauses must be separated by some kind of break, allowing the hearer to reinterpret the matrix proposition as a presupposed topic before the causal proposition is processed. This obligatory break can be formally realized by overt lexical material or by a pause, following an utterance-final falling intonation contour on p.
Avant que- or Avant de-Clauses
Authors: Draoulec Anne Le
Published: March 2014

The paper aims at challenging the way in which certain constructions are regularly considered to be ‘presupposition triggers’. More precisely, the study focuses on the temporal clauses introduced by avant que or avant de in French (the equivalent of before in English). It explores arguments for the hypothesis that in some cases, avant que or (much more often) avant de may break away from the domain of
presupposition, and play the role of temporal succession connectors between two asserted clauses. Such a construction (designated as the ‘assertive construction’) is related to the ‘quand inverse’ (“inverse when”) construction, both requiring a postposed temporal clause. The remarkable property associated with quand inverse – creation of a surprise effect – is lacking in the case of the assertive construction with avant que/de: however, it is put in evidence that the later can also give rise to specific semantic effects.
Mid Vowels and Schwa in Eastern Catalan
Authors: Herrick Dylan
Published: March 2014

For some speakers of urban (Barcelona) Catalan, the height distinction between mid vowels is disappearing and schwa is lowering to something close to a low central vowel (Recasens 1991). This paper provides quantitative acoustic data to illustrate i) that these changes are present in young (college age) speakers of urban Catalan, and ii) that these changes are independent of one another. The changes, however, appear to be limited to urban varieties of Catalan. Quantitative acoustic data based on both non-sense words and free speech tokens indicate that neither mid-vowel neutralization nor schwa-lowering are reflected in the speech of young, female, non-Barcelona speakers of Catalan. All speakers had at least some college education and came from the following areas: Bages (Central Catalan), Girona (Central Catalan), Ciutadella (Balearic Catalan), Palma (Balearic Catalan), and Lloseta (Balearic Catalan).
On distinguishing between ‘recipient’ and ‘beneficiary’ in Finnish
Authors: Kittilä Seppo
Published: March 2014

Seppo Kittilä’s paper discusses the (formal and semantic) distinction between recipient and beneficiary in Finnish. The paper shows that the allative case is strongly associated with the notion of reception. This means that whenever a participant can be regarded as a recipient, the allative case is used in its encoding. The participant in question may also have beneficial traits, but if there is any reception involved, the allative case is used for its coding. On the other hand, Beneficiary coding (which uses different adpositions), is possible only if the notion of reception is lacking together and the participant in question is a pure beneficiary. This paper is of special interest to functional linguists and typologists working on similar phenomena in and across different languages.
Variation in the intonation of extra-sentential elements
Authors: Astruc-Aguilera Lluïsa , Nolan Francis
Published: March 2014

Extra-sentential elements usually form independent intonational domains. Due to this property, they have been used in the phonological literature to define the intonational phrase. This study, using English and Catalan empirical data collected in three experiments, shows significant variation in the phrasing and accentuation of these constructions. We argue that their role is primarily semantic: they are supplementary, semantically non-restrictive, and anaphorically linked to their referent. Prosody signals their grammatical function by means of independent phrasing, by reductions in pitch span leading to total deaccentuation, and/or by tonal reduplication. We argue that both tonal and junctural cues are used in combination to mark extra-sentential elements as external to the phrase.
Voicing-dependent cluster simplification asymmetries in Spanish and French
Authors: Colantoni Laura , Steele Jeffrey
Published: March 2014

In the present work, we build upon the proposal outlined in Colantoni & Steele (2005b) that asymmetrical patterns of Spanish and French stop-liquid cluster simplification are conditioned by liquid type and stop voicing. Specifically, using data from four Romance varieties (Argentine and Chilean Spanish; European and Quebec French), we show that the longer epenthetic vowel in Spanish voiced versus voiceless stop-rhotic clusters and the restriction of voicing assimilation to voiceless stop-rhotic clusters in French can be explained with reference to asymmetrical stop length as it interacts with consonant sequence timing, and constraints on voicing in fricatives and dorsals respectively. The factors shown to condition synchronic variation can be extended to explain the evolution of stop-liquid clusters from Latin to Romance.
On explaining the rise of c'est-clefts in French
Authors: Dufter Andreas
Published: March 2014

In Contemporary French, c’est-clefts are claimed to occur with significantly higher frequency than their counterparts in other Romance languages and in older stages of French. Starting out from the assumption that c’est-clefts exist in order to mark focus on the clefted constituent, historical linguists commonly seek to explain the observed increase from Old to Modern French as resulting from the decline of alternative focusing strategies. In particular, the loss of flexible focus accents and the severe restrictions on non-canonical constituent orders are generally held responsible for the rise of clefting. This contribution puts standard explanations to the test of corpora and argues that they fail to account for a number of observations. Finally, it proposes that a more comprehensive account of the evolution of c’est-clefts needs to take into account not only phonological and syntactic change, but also an independent pragmatic innovation, viz. the emergence of the informative-presupposition cleft type as defined by Prince (1978).
From temporal to modal: Divergent fates of the Latin synthetic pluperfect in Spanish and Portuguese
Authors: Becker Martin G.
Published: March 2014

This corpus-based study examines the different historical stages the Latin synthetic pluperfect underwent in Spanish and Portuguese. It tries to explain parallel and divergent developments of the morpheme -ara leading to opposite results: the strengthening of the form as an exclusively temporal category in Portuguese and its transformation into a fully-fledged past subjunctive in Spanish. In our analysis we will focus on three main aspects: first, the relevance of the underlying logical-conceptual structures as the enabling condition for the expansion of the category into new domains; second, the role of reanalysis as a listener-based strategy in discourse as the decisive mechanism for functional change; and third, the validity of the prototype concept as a device to explain the organisation of grammatical categories from a diachronic perspective. With our case study we address key questions of this book, namely the locus, the motivation and the nature of linguistic change.
'Tis he, 'tis she, 'tis me, 'tis – I don't know who … cleft and identificational constructions in 16th to 18th century English plays
Authors: Lange Claudia , Schaefer Ursula
Published: March 2014

It is generally assumed that the construction It is me emerged in the 16th century as the more colloquial alternative to It is I. In this paper, we focus on the structure and distribution of two constructions featuring It is I/me, namely cleft constructions (ClCs) and identificational copular clauses (IdCCs) in plays from 1600 to 1800. Surprisingly, it turns out that it is I or rather ‘tis I is the general rule; the very limited occurrences of me in the relevant constructions are either licensed by the syntactic context in ClCs or by referential conditions in IdCCs. We further provide evidence for the assumption that IdCCs are historically prior to ClCs, which in turn are not fully grammaticalized in the period under discussion since they do not unambiguously display the biclausal structure which is a defining property of clefts.
Variation and change in the writings of 17th century scientists
Authors: Moessner Lilo
Published: March 2014

The paper investigates changes of the genre ‘science’ in the 17th century. The method of multidimensional analysis applied to two texts of the first and to four texts of the second half of the 17th century stops a methodological and a chronological gap. On the dimensions ‘narrative vs non-narrative concerns’ and ‘overt expression of persuasion’, hypotheses of earlier studies about later developments are supplemented, on the dimension ‘abstract vs non-abstract style’, earlier hypotheses are supported, and on the dimensions ‘involved vs informational production’ and ‘elaborate vs situation-dependent reference’, earlier hypotheses about developments between the second half of the 16th and the second half of the 17th century are refuted. A complementary text type analysis reveals that the science texts of the corpus represent the two text types ‘involved topical argumentation’ and ‘producer-oriented narrative’. The former predominates in the first, the latter in the second half of the 17th century.
A look at respect: Investigating metonymies in Earle Modern English
Authors: Tissari Heli
Published: March 2014

This paper analyses the occurrences of the verb and noun respect in the EModE period of the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts, and in the Corpus of Early English Correspondence Sampler, with respect to their conceptual metonymies and metaphors, and to which other words they combine with. The paper suggests the term ‘emotion word bundle’ for recurrent phrases with emotion words. It emphasises the role of the concept of vision in the conceptualisation of respect, both metonymically and metaphorically. This has been downplayed in earlier cognitive linguistic research, but becomes particularly clear in a historical study, which shows respect being used for physical, metaphysical and metatextual attention. Coupling eyesight and intellect with emotion and interpersonal communication also makes sense in a wider scientific perspective.
Was Old Frech -able borrowable? A diachronic study of word-formation processes due to language contact
Authors: Trips Carola , Stein Achim
Published: March 2014

An in-depth corpus study will show that the ability of -able formations to highlight other arguments of the verbal base is present from the start in Old French texts, similarly to findings for Modern French (2003). Old French formations like (par)durable, decevable or changable show that unergatives and unaccusatives can just as well serve as input to -able formations, and that the traditional distinction between transitive and intransitive types cannot account for the variety of derivatives we are already faced with in the Old French period.

We also argue against the assumptions that in Old French the active meaning was clearly dominant and that in ME the free morpheme able explains the rise of the suffix -able. The semantic analysis has shown that an adequate word-formation rule should account for the event structure of the base verb rather than rely on the syntactic or semantic frame alone.
The origins of the Northern Subject Rule
Authors: de Haas Nynke
Published: March 2014

This paper explores the possible origins of the Northern Subject Rule (NSR). In this morphosyntactic pattern, found in Northern Middle English, present-tense verbal inflection varies according to the type of subject (pronoun or noun) and (non-)adjacency of the subject to the verb. I argue that rather than languageinternal developments in the vein of Pietsch (2005), processes of language contact between early English and the Cumbrian variety of Brythonic Celtic are a likely source for the NSR. I develop a scenario for this change, based on the parallel Brythonic pattern of anti-agreement and early English differential subject positions. The Old English Lindisfarne Glosses and several Northern Middle English texts provide initial evidence in favour of this hypothesis.
Exceptions to sound change and external motivation
Authors: Hickey Raymond
Published: March 2014

This contribution looks at typical changes of sounds and views these as sets of changes the members of which are linked. It also considers the directions of sound changes, considering these as natural pathways (in the case of lenition) or trajectories among vowel movements in which different vocalic elements stand in a spatial relationship to each other. As data the contribution examines a number of changes in English in the capital of Ireland, Dublin, which has undergone considerable change in the past fifteen years or so. The present-day data is seen in a panchronic context and parallels are drawn to attested historical changes which show both regularities and principled exceptions to these. The latter are a particular focus in the theoretical discussion.
Another look at wh-questions in Romance
Authors: Poletto Cecilia , Pollock Jean-Yves
Published: March 2014

This article will attempt to show that there are at least two types of wh-doubling in
Romance. In some languages, such wh-doubling involves a complex DP of the form
[clitic wh-, wh-phrase], as in Illasi, Monno and the other North Eastern dialects of
Italy studied in Poletto and Pollock (2004), Munaro and Pollock (2005). In others, such
doubling configurations will be argued to result from merging a complex DP of the
form [‘weak’ wh-element, wh-phrase] in argument position. The latter we shall
show to be at the root of (some) doubling wh-structures in Mendrisiotto, the
language spoken in Mendrisio and its surroundings. Correspondingly Mendrisiotto
displays a tripartite distinction among wh-items: not only does it have clitic and
strong (‘tonic’) wh-items but also weak wh-words, in the sense of Cardinaletti and
Starke (1999).
As in our previous work on the Northern Italian dialects we shall show that the
structures and derivations at work in Mendrisiotto shed light on the syntax of French
questions. Just as Illasi suggested very strongly that clitic que (‘what’) in French was
paired with a null (strong) associate, Mendrisiotto suggests equally strongly that
French quoi (‘what’) is the lexical counterpart of the null associate of the weak form
cusa (‘what’) in Mendrisiotto.
This hypothesis will be shown to play a major part in a satisfactory explanation
of many apparently specific properties of French quoi. The rest of paper will provide
a new analysis of French embedded ce que questions, (Qu-) est-ce que questions,
‘diable’ questions and so-called wh-in situ constructions.
On the Lack of Transparency Effects in French
Authors: Authier Jean-Marc , Reed Lisa A.
Published: March 2014

Cinque (2002) examines those transparency effects that have been claimed to point to the existence of restructuring in French and concludes that quantifier and adverb climbing depend not on restructuring but, rather, on an irrealis context. In this paper, we show that restructuring does not play an active role in explaining the existence of en ‘of-it’ and y ‘there’ climbing or long movement in ‘easy-to-please’ constructions either, which leads to the conclusion that Modern French has no transparency effects of the restructuring kind. We then present arguments against Cinque’s (2004) thesis that verbs of the restructuring class are universally functional verbs. Instead, we adopt the Cinque (2001)/Cardinaletti & Shlonsky (2004) approach according to which restructuring verbs can be merged either as lexical or functional verbs. We argue that this approach should be parameterized to yield three options that account for the cross-dialectal/linguistic variation associated with restructuring.
Imperfect Variation and Class Marking in the Old Spanish Third Conjugation
Authors: Henriksen Nicholas
Published: March 2014

This paper builds on insights first laid out in Penny’s (1972) work on Old Spanish root vowel morphology. Specifically, it examines the role that verb class had in determining Old Spanish imperfect ending (i.e., -ie vs. -ia). It draws on the knowledge that -ie existed in variation with etymological -ia during the 14th and 15th centuries (cf. Henriksen 2008; Imhoff 1996, 1998) and examines the influence that this alternation exerted on the raising of Old Spanish third conjugation root vowels. The analysis is based on data extracted from four Old Spanish texts. In section 1, I review the basic principle behind Penny’s thesis on root vowel morphology. In section 2, I provide background on the development of the Old Spanish imperfect. I present information about the current study in section 3. I organize the results in section 4 and interpret them in section 5, where I advocate for the incorporation of the Old Spanish imperfect in -ie within the general framework of Penny’s thesis. I conclude in section 6.
Proscriptions…Gaps…and Something in Between: An Experimental Examination of Spanish Phonotactics
Authors: Shelton Michael , Gerfen Chip , Palma Nicolás Gutiérrez
Published: March 2014

This study tests, via the collection of online, behavioral data, native speaker reactions to two types of words that are absent from the Spanish lexicon. The experiment compares proscriptions, phonotactic sequences that are phonologically prohibited, historical gaps, forms that are synchronically licit but absent as a result of diachronic change, and fully-licit controls. In a word naming task, the patterning of production errors and reaction times proves statistically different across the three word types. The three-way split among proscriptions, historical gaps, and licit gaps challenges traditional approaches to quantity sensitivity which consider syllables binarily “light” or “heavy.” The results suggest a gradient sensitivity to varying degrees of syllable weight. In view of these findings, we argue in favor of a probabilistic conception of the lexicon in which the fine-grained subtlety of the patterns across the lexicon may be tracked statistically to form multiple levels of generalization in the phonological grammar.
Romanian Palatalization: The Role of Place of Articulation in Perception
Authors: Spinu Laura
Published: March 2014

It has been proposed that the perception of palatalized consonants is influenced by their primary place of articulation. Both perceptual studies of palatalization and cross-linguistic distributional patterns suggest the existence of a markedness asymmetry: palatalized labials are more marked than palatalized coronals. This paper presents the results of a perceptual study of labial and coronal fricatives, with 22 native speakers of Romanian. It was found that, unlike Russian and Japanese listeners, Romanians exhibit higher sensitivity to the plain-palatalized contrast in labials as opposed to coronals. Thus Romanian seems to pose a challenge to the typological generalization. Several differences between Romanian and other languages with the plain/palatalized contrast are discussed. It is suggested that the different behavior of Romanian may be due to the different nature of palatalization in this language with regard to its phonetic realization and its position in the syllable (final only).
Do complex pitch gestures induce syllable lengthening in Catalan and Spanish?
Authors: Prieto Pilar , Ortega-Llebaria Marta
Published: March 2014

In both Spanish and Catalan, narrow contrastive focus and presentational broad focus in nuclear position have different pitch accent choices, namely a rising or a falling pitch accent, respectively. In words with final stress, narrow contrastive focus displays a rise-fall complex pitch gesture in the last syllable of the utterance. This article investigates the effects of the complexity of such a pitch pattern on the durational properties of the syllables in both languages when compared to the simpler falling pitch movement. The results of the production experiment reveal that, in general, the presence of a complex pitch pattern tends to have a lengthening effect on the target syllable. Yet we also find that some instances of this complex contour can be partially truncated, in which case it does not trigger lengthening. In sum, even though truncation and compression have been claimed to be language- and dialect-specific strategies (Ladd 1996; Grabe 1998; Grabe et al. 2000), in our data, truncation can be considered a speaker phonetic realization strategy that interacts with timing in such a way that there is a trade-off relationship between the two factors.
The phonetics of sentence-initial topic and focus in adult and child Dutch
Authors: Chen Aoju
Published: March 2014

This study investigates whether adults and children use phonetic means to distinguish sentence-initial topic and focus marked with the same accent type (H*L) in Dutch declaratives. It was found that in adults’ speech, the falling accent starts to fall earlier and has a larger F0 excursion and lower F0 minimum in focus than in topic. Further, the low F0 is maintained longer in focus. Moreover, the accented syllable and word are longer in focus than in topic. In contrast, children do not yet use any of the phonetic cues to distinguish topic and focus at the age of 4 or 5. At the age of 7 or 8, they become adult-like only in the use of F0 lowering. Considering that children are fully adult-like in phonological marking of topic and focus at the age of 7 or 8, our findings suggest that phonetic marking is acquired later than phonological marking.
Acoustic and aerodynamic factors in the interaction of features
Authors: Solé Maria-Josep
Published: March 2014

This paper presents an account of the physical factors responsible for crosslinguistically common patterns of co-occurrence between values of the features [voice] and [nasal]. Specifically, it offers explanations for why nasals are typically voiced and why voiced obstruents are often accompanied by nasalization, or in terms of features, why [+voice] and [+nasal] co-occur so often and in such a variety of ways. First, it addresses the acoustic-auditory factors responsible for glottal vibration favoring the perceptibility of nasalization. Second, it examines the aerodynamic factors responsible for nasality facilitating glottal vibration. In particular, it suggests that nasal leakage is a maneuver to facilitate voicing in the stop and to preserve the voicing contrast. The paper also argues that if the interaction between the two features can be explained by phonetic principles, then there is no need to encode the patterns of co-occurrence as redundancy rules or constraints in universal grammar. Furthermore, phonological representations that assign the nasal valve and the larynx to separate nodes cannot capture the interaction between nasality and voicing and the co-occurrence patterns.