bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pre-failure behaviour of reconstituted peats in triaxial compression
Authors: Muraro S. , Jommi C.
Published: August 2020

This paper discusses the results of an experimental programme designed to investigate the deviatoric behaviour of peats. The results are obtained from triaxial experiments carried out on reconstituted peat samples. The interpretation of the experimental results follows a hierarchical approach in an attempt to derive the ingredients that an elastic–plastic model for peats should contain, including the yield locus, the hardening mechanism and the flow rule. The results obtained from stress tests along different loading directions show that purely volumetric hardening is not adequate to describe the deviatoric response of peat and that a deviatoric strain-dependent component should be included. The plastic deformation mechanism also depends on the previous stress history experienced by the sample. Stress and strain path dependence of the interaction mechanisms between the peat matrix and the fibres is discussed as a possible physical reason for the observed behaviour. This work offers a relevant set of data and information to guide the rational development and the calibration of constitutive laws able to model the deviatoric behaviour of peats.
Deformation Enhanced Diffusion in Aluminium Alloys
Authors: Robson J. D.
Published: August 2020

Deformation introduces defects such as dislocations and excess vacancies that can strongly influence diffusion rates in aluminium alloys. This is of great importance in understanding the effect of deformation on processes such as precipitation hardening, which can be accelerated by orders of magnitude by the defects introduced. In this work, a simple and widely used classical model has been employed to explore the effect of process variables on diffusion enhancement due to deformation-induced excess vacancies and dislocations. It is demonstrated that in aluminium alloys, the strain rates and temperatures used in processing and testing encompass a range of regimes. At low strain rate or high temperature, a steady state becomes established in which the deformation enhancement depends on strain rate but not strain. Conversely, at high strain rate or low temperature, deformation enhancement is insensitive to strain rate but increases with strain. For all conditions, the effect of excess vacancies is much stronger than the direct effect of pipe diffusion along dislocations. The predicted deformation-induced vacancy concentration can exceed that expected after rapid quenching by an order of magnitude, but the lifetime of the deformation-induced vacancies is much shorter. Finally, limitations of the classical model and suggestions for improvement are proposed.
Techniques to Control Microbial Contaminants in Nonsterile Microalgae Cultivation
Authors: Pleissner Daniel , Lindner Astrid Victoria , Ambati Ranga Rao
Published: August 2020

The aim of this mini-review with own results was an identification of techniques to suppress the growth of microbial contaminants under photo- and mixotrophic conditions. Techniques identified are the modification of environmental conditions, such as pH, oxygen, and nutrient concentrations, as well as the application of pulsed electric field, ultrasonication, and surfactants. In phototrophic cultivations, the mentioned techniques result in a decrease of number of predatory cells, but not in a complete removal. Measures to suppress the growth of contaminations (e.g., bacteria and fungi) in mixotrophic cultivations could not be identified. The co-cultivation of algae and fungi, however, was found to be beneficial for the utilization of unusual carbon compounds (e.g., phenolic compounds).
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure Estimated Using the SHSES Scale and Epicardial Adipose Tissue Thickness in Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Gać Paweł , Czerwińska Karolina , Poręba Małgorzata , Macek Piotr , Mazur Grzegorz , Poręba Rafał
Published: August 2020

The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke exposure (ETS) and epicardial adipose tissue thickness (EATT) in hypertensive patients. A total of 96 patients with essential hypertension were recruited for this study. The group consisted of 48 females and 48 males with the mean age of 69.32 ± 9.54 years. ETS was assessed with The Secondhand Smoke Exposure Scale (SHSES). EATT was assessed in 128-slice dual source coronary computed tomography angiography. In accordance to SHSES scale patients were divided into subgroups: subgroup A—no ETS exposure (SHSES = 0 points, n = 48), subgroup B—low ETS exposure (SHSES = 1–3 points, n = 11), subgroup C—medium ETS exposure (SHSES = 4–7 points, n = 20) and subgroup D—high ETS exposure (SHSES = 8–11 points, n = 17). Within the study group the mean EATT was 5.75 ± 1.85 mm and the mean SHSES score was 3.05 ± 3.74. EATT was statistically significantly higher in subgroup D than in subgroups A and B (A: 5.28 ± 1.64 mm, B: 5.04 ± 2.64 mm, D: 7.04 ± 2.64 mm, pA–D and pB–D < 0.05). There was a positive linear correlation between the exposure to ETS expressed by the SHSES scale and EATT (r = 0.44, p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that higher SHSES score, higher BMI, and higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for higher EATT values. Contrary, the use of ACE inhibitors and β-blockers appeared to be independent protecting factor against higher EATT values. There is an unfavorable positive relationship between ETS exposure estimated using the SHSES scale and EATT in hypertensive patients.
Subjective Outcome Evaluation of Service-Learning by the Service Recipients: Scale Development, Normative Profiles and Predictors
Authors: Shek D. T. L. , Yang Z. , Ma C. M. S. , Chai C. W. Y.
Published: August 2020

This study validated a subjective outcome evaluation scale based on the perceptions of service recipients and examined the normative profiles as well as correlates of client satisfaction under a corporate-university-community Service-Learning (SL) programs, where university students conducted the SL programs with high school students as the service recipients. Based on data collected over three years from high school service recipients (N = 1854) who responded to a subjective outcome evaluation measure which assesses perceived program content, program implementers and benefits, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported the three-factor model, and the three subscales showed good factorial validity, convergent validity, concurrent validity and internal consistency. Most of the service recipients had positive perceptions of the different aspects of the program. Regarding correlates of client satisfaction, the three aspects of satisfaction all had predictive effects on the overall client satisfaction. Client satisfaction ratings also differed significantly across different activities and grades.
Spinal CCL2 Promotes Pain Sensitization by Rapid Enhancement of NMDA-Induced Currents Through the ERK-GluN2B Pathway in Mouse Lamina II Neurons
Authors: Zhang Hui , Ma Sui-Bin , Gao Yong-Jing , Xing Jun-Ling , Xian Hang , Li Zhen-Zhen , Shen Shu-Ning , Wu Sheng-Xi , Luo Ceng , Xie Rou-Gang
Published: August 2020

Previous studies have shown that CCL2 (C–C motif chemokine ligand 2) induces chronic pain, but the exact mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we established models to explore the potential mechanisms. Behavioral experiments revealed that an antagonist of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibited not only CCL2-induced inflammatory pain, but also pain responses induced by complete Freund’s adjuvant. We posed the question of the intracellular signaling cascade involved. Subsequent experiments showed that CCL2 up-regulated the expression of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) and N-methyl D-aspartate receptor [NMDAR] subtype 2B (GluN2B); meanwhile, antagonists of CCR2 and ERK effectively reversed these phenomena. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed that CCL2 enhanced the NMDAR-induced currents via activating the pERK pathway, which was blocked by antagonists of GluN2B and ERK. In summary, we demonstrate that CCL2 directly interacts with CCR2 to enhance NMDAR-induced currents, eventually leading to inflammatory pain mainly through the CCL2–CCR2–pERK–GluN2B pathway.
Calibration of the residual stresses with an active die during the ejection phase of cold extrusion
Authors: Franceschi Alessandro , Jaeger Fabian , Hoche Holger , Oechsner Matthias , Groche Peter
Published: August 2020

The resulting tensile residual stresses on the surface of cold full-forward extruded parts are unfavorable for the fatigue life of these parts. The final stress state is determined by the combination of two process stages: forming and ejection. This is due to the fact that the workpiece undergoes a second plastic deformation after forming during the ejection from the die. So far, literature is focusing mainly on the identification of the parameters affecting the residual stresses during the first stage. In the present paper, the attention is drawn to the ejection phase during cold extrusion of workpieces made out of the austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 L. First of all, a system consisting of an active die is presented. This technology allows the control of the applied pre-stress on the die during the process. It is experimentally and numerically demonstrated that a significant shift of the residual stress state in the near-surface region can be achieved. Even compressive axial and tangential residual stresses can be induced in this area. Also the limits of this system are numerically investigated. It is observed that a different deformation mechanism occurs above a certain pre-stress level. Finally, an analytical model is created and observations are presented relatively to the mechanisms that influence the plastic deformation during ejection.
Analysis of miRNA expression associated with the Lr46 gene responsible for APR resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Tomkowiak Agnieszka , Jędrzejewski Tomasz , Spychała Julia , Kuczyński Jakub , Kwiatek Michał T. , Tyczewska Agata , Skowrońska Roksana , Twardowski Tomasz
Published: August 2020

Lr46/Yr29/Pm39(Lr46) is a gene for slow rusting resistance in wheat. The aim of the study was to analyze the miRNA expression in selected common wheat cultivars carrying resistance genes,Lr46among others (HN Rod, Pavon‘S’, Myna‘S’, Frontana‘S’, and Sparrow’S’) in response to leaf rust infection caused byPuccinia triticinaErikss. In the Pavon ‘S’, Myna ‘S’, Frontana‘S’, and Sparow‘S’ varieties a product with a length of 242 bp has been identified, which is specific to theXwmc44marker linked to the brown rust resistance geneLr46. In the next step, the differences in the expression of microRNA (miR5085 and miR164) associated with theLr46gene, which is responsible for different resistance of selected wheat cultivars to leaf rust, were examined using emulsion PCR (ddPCR). In the experiment, biotic stress was induced in mature plants by infecting them with fungal spores under controlled conditions in a growth chamber. For analysis the plant material was collected before inoculation and 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after inoculation. The experiments also showed that plant infection withPuccinia triticinaresulted in an increase in miR164 expression in cultivars carrying theLr46gene. The expression of miR164 remained stable in a control cultivar (HN ROD) lacking this gene. This has proved that miR164 can be involved in leaf rust resistance mechanisms.
Mycobacterium avium: an Emerging Pathogen for Dog Breeds with Hereditary Immunodeficiencies
Authors: Ghielmetti Giovanni , Giger Urs
Published: August 2020

Purpose of Review

Among the non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM),Mycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC) is the leading cause of pulmonary disease in humans. Innate and acquired immunodeficiencies have been associated with an increased host susceptibility to NTM infections. The underlying mechanisms predisposing humans and dogs to MAC infections are being elucidated.

Recent Findings

Although MAC infection is infrequently diagnosed in dogs, a strong breed predisposition particularly for Miniature Schnauzer and Basset Hound dogs is evident. A recessively inherited defect of the adaptor protein CARD9 has recently been documented to be responsible for the increased susceptibility to MAC in the Miniature Schnauzer breed.

Given the zoonotic potential of a MAC-infected dog particularly to immunocompromised human patients, diseased dogs pose a public health risk. While not a reportable disease, treatment of systemic mycobacteriosis is generally not effective and discouraged in dogs. The collaborative efforts by microbiologists, veterinary clinicians, dog breeders, primary care physicians, and infectious disease specialists applying the One Health approach are therefore crucial for the best management and prevention of MAC infection.
Tracking Improvement in Simulated Marine Biogeochemistry Between CMIP5 and CMIP6
Authors: Séférian Roland , Berthet Sarah , Yool Andrew , Palmiéri Julien , Bopp Laurent , Tagliabue Alessandro , Kwiatkowski Lester , Aumont Olivier , Christian James , Dunne John , Gehlen Marion , Ilyina Tatiana , John Jasmin G. , Li Hongmei , Long Matthew C. , Luo Jessica Y. , Nakano Hideyuki , Romanou Anastasia , Schwinger Jörg , Stock Charles , Santana-Falcón Yeray , Takano Yohei , Tjiputra Jerry , Tsujino Hiroyuki , Watanabe Michio , Wu Tongwen , Wu Fanghua , Yamamoto Akitomo
Published: August 2020

Purpose of Review

The changes or updates in ocean biogeochemistry component have been mapped between CMIP5 and CMIP6 model versions, and an assessment made of how far these have led to improvements in the simulated mean state of marine biogeochemical models within the current generation of Earth system models (ESMs).

Recent Findings

The representation of marine biogeochemistry has progressed within the current generation of Earth system models. However, it remains difficult to identify which model updates are responsible for a given improvement. In addition, the full potential of marine biogeochemistry in terms of Earth system interactions and climate feedback remains poorly examined in the current generation of Earth system models.

Increasing availability of ocean biogeochemical data, as well as an improved understanding of the underlying processes, allows advances in the marine biogeochemical components of the current generation of ESMs. The present study scrutinizes the extent to which marine biogeochemistry components of ESMs have progressed between the 5th and the 6th phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP).
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrocalumite: Influence of Aging Conditions on the Structure, Textural Properties, Thermal Stability, and Basicity
Authors: Rossi Thiago M. , Campos Juacyara C. , Souza Mariana M. V. M.
Published: August 2020

Hydrocalumite (HC) is a type of synthetic layered double hydroxide (LDH) that has many important industrial uses and is commonly synthesized by a co-precipitation method in a water:ethanol (2:3) mixture; however, atmospheric carbon dioxide interferes with the synthesis by decreasing the solubility of other gases in the reaction medium. The aim of the present study was to vary the temperature and aging time used in the coprecipitation method in order to mitigate the adverse effects of carbon dioxide. The water/ethanol mixture (2:3) was able to prevent atmospheric carbon dioxide contamination of the sample, as it decreased the solubility of the gas in the reaction mixture. Aging time (9–36 h) and temperature (35–95°C) were varied to modify the hydrocalumite structure, textural properties, thermal stability, and basicity. The characterization of the samples was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nitrogen physisorption, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and CO2 temperature-programmed desorption (TPD-CO2) techniques. The aging time of 9 h and temperature of 95°C provided the most crystalline sample with the largest mean crystallite size (49 nm). The variation of the synthesis conditions also provided changes in the surface area (6.5–20.2 m2 g–1), pore diameter (116–148 Å), and pore volume (0.0147–0.0499 cm3 g–1). The temperature ranges for thermal decomposition of structural water and carbonate varied among the samples, indicating different thermal stabilities. The basicity (basic sites quantified by TPD-CO2) was also affected by the change in aging conditions; the sample aged for 9 h at 65°C presented the greatest basicity (1557 μmol g–1), whereas that aged for 36 h at 35°C had the least basicity (337 μmol g–1).
The Potential Use of Clay-Fly Ash Geopolymer in the Design of Active-Passive Liners: A Review
Authors: Najafi Elmira Khaksar , Chenari Reza Jamshidi , Arabani Mahyar
Published: August 2020

Because long-term leachate migration through a hydraulic barrier is inevitable, compacted clay and cementitious liners are commonly used as ‘active-passive’ liners to attenuate percolated leachate. The scarcity of suitable clay and because of the CO2emitted during the production of Portland cement as well as drying shrinkage, flow rate due to consolidation, limited attenuation capacity, and chemical instability may mean that these are not the best choices of materials to use for this purpose. An environmentally friendly method to improve the properties of local clay and provision for a long-term physical and chemical containment are essential. Geopolymers can be environmentally friendly substitutes for Portland cement to improve soil properties, not just because of the reduced carbon dioxide emission, but also because of its superior physical and chemical properties, as well as significant early strength, reduced shrinkage, freeze-thaw resistance, long-term durability, and attenuation capacity. According to previous studies, class-F fly ash-based geopolymers activated with NaOH exhibit superior attenuation capacity and long-term durability. The presence of silica, alumina, and iron oxides and the lack of calcium oxide play pivotal roles in the acceptable attenuation capacity and chemical stability of class-F fly ash. Accordingly, a clay-fly ash geopolymer may also work as a sustainable liner with appropriate physical and chemical performance. Clay can also participate in the geopolymerization process as an alumino-silicate precursor. All components of clay-fly ash geopolymers possess acceptable adsorption capacity. The type and percentage of the constituent raw materials control the attenuation capacity and physical properties of final products, however. The porosity and conductivity of typical geopolymers are related to the activator type and concentration, water content, and curing condition. Furthermore, the properties of liner materials can be adjusted with respect to the target contaminants. The present study aimed to present a comprehensive review of the relevant studies to highlight the properties required.
Out on the streets – Crisis, opportunity and disabled people in the era of Covid-19
Authors: Eskyte Ieva , Lawson Anna , Orchard Maria , Andrews Elizabeth
Published: August 2020

Governments have responded to the Covid-19 crisis through various measures designed to reduce transmission and protect people judged to be at heightened risk. This paper explores the implications of such measures in the UK for disabled people, with a particular focus on measures designed to reduce and reshape the use of streets and public space. We divide UK measures into two broad categories. First, there are measures designed to reduce the use of streets and public spaces – e.g., rules requiring people to stay at home except in tightly prescribed circumstances and measures providing specific support (including food delivery and priority online shopping) for people designated as clinically extremely “vulnerable.” Second, there are measures designed to control the behaviour of people using streets and public space – e.g., rules on the physical distancing and the use of face coverings. We explore the disability-related concerns associated with these types of measure. We also highlight the opportunities this crisis presents for embedding accessibility and inclusion more firmly into the fabric of our streets and call for renewed resistance to policies and practices shaped by ableist assumptions and attitudes.
Artificial intelligence in marketing: A bibliographic perspective
Authors: Feng Cai Mitsu , Park Andrew , Pitt Leyland , Kietzmann Jan , Northey Gavin
Published: August 2020

The concept of artificial intelligence (AI) was born in the mid-twentieth century to describe endeavours in computer science focusing on the simulation of human learning. Since then, advances in computing, data collection and data storage have made AI an increasingly important area for researchers and practitioners across a range of disciplines in business and the social sciences. Despite that, there appears to be very few attempts at cataloging and condensing prior research in this area. As such, this paper uses the VOSViewer data visualizer to determine the major authors in the field and to identify themes and concepts emanating from prior research.
One Bite, Two Patients: Disparate Clinical Courses Following Simultaneous Crotalus oreganus abyssus Envenomation
Authors: Heise Craig William , Cunningham Cody , Ruha Anne-Michelle , O’Connor Ayrn D.
Published: August 2020

A number of crotaline species have been associated with neurotoxic envenomation in North America. One clinical sign that can occur is myokymia: fine, involuntary, wave-like muscle movements occurring at regular intervals. We report an unusual scenario in which a single snakebite resulted in simultaneous envenomation of 2 patients. Both developed myokymia, with 1 having respiratory compromise. One patient also developed a hypersensitivity reaction to antivenom. Envenomation by the Grand Canyon rattlesnake, Crotalus oreganus abyssus, can produce significant neurotoxicity and resultant respiratory compromise. Antivenom may be helpful but can produce hypersensitivity reactions.
Editorial
Authors: Mansfield-Devine Steve
Published: August 2020

The Russia report from the UK Parliament's Intelligence and Security Committee (ISC) has been the subject of much controversy – primarily because Prime Minister Boris Johnson blocked its scheduled publication, which would have been just before the last general election.
GDPR in the new remote-working normal
Authors: Lueck Marc
Published: August 2020

Since May 2018, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has required any organisation doing business with European citizens to make significant changes to its data processes. Over the two years since it came into law, it has ushered in a new level of data hygiene to enterprises.

At that time, the focus was on office boundaries. Now, with the pandemic forcing huge swathes of the workforce to work remotely, and shifting business focus away from the office environment, organisations are having to revisit their initial efforts and ensure that compliance with GDPR can still be achieved in this new normal. Marc Lueck at Zscaler offers some guidelines on how to achieve this.
A Parallel World Framework for scenario analysis in knowledge graphs
Authors: Eibeck Andreas , Chadzynski Arkadiusz , Lim Mei Qi , Aditya Kevin , Ong Laura , Devanand Aravind , Karmakar Gourab , Mosbach Sebastian , Lau Raymond , Karimi Iftekhar A. , Foo Eddy Y. S. , Kraft Markus
Published: August 2020

This paper presents Parallel World Framework as a solution for simulations of complex systems within a time-varying knowledge graph and its application to the electric grid of Jurong Island in Singapore. The underlying modeling system is based on the Semantic Web Stack. Its linked data layer is described by means of ontologies, which span multiple domains. The framework is designed to allow what-if scenarios to be simulated generically, even for complex, inter-linked, cross-domain applications, as well as conducting multi-scale optimizations of complex superstructures within the system. Parallel world containers, introduced by the framework, ensure data separation and versioning of structures crossing various domain boundaries. Separation of operations, belonging to a particular version of the world, is taken care of by a scenario agent. It encapsulates functionality of operations on data and acts as a parallel world proxy to all of the other agents operating on the knowledge graph. Electric network optimization for carbon tax is demonstrated as a use case. The framework allows to model and evaluate electrical networks corresponding to set carbon tax values by retrofitting different types of power generators and optimizing the grid accordingly. The use case shows the possibility of using this solution as a tool for CO2 reduction modeling and planning at scale due to its distributed architecture.
A near 90-year record of the evolution of El Morado Glacier and its proglacial lake, Central Chilean Andes
Authors: Farías-Barahona David , Wilson Ryan , Bravo Claudio , Vivero Sebastián , Caro Alexis , Shaw Thomas E. , Casassa Gino , Ayala Álvaro , Mejías Alonso , Harrison Stephan , Glasser Neil F. , McPhee James , Wündrich Olaf , Braun Matthias H.
Published: August 2020

Using an ensemble of close- and long-range remote sensing, lake bathymetry and regional meteorological data, we present a detailed assessment of the geometric changes of El Morado Glacier in the Central Andes of Chile and its adjacent proglacial lake between 1932 and 2019. Overall, the results revealed a period of marked glacier down wasting, with a mean geodetic glacier mass balance of −0.39 ± 0.15 m w.e.a−1observed for the entire glacier between 1955 and 2015 with an area loss of 40% between 1955 and 2019. We estimate an ice elevation change of −1.00 ± 0.17 m a−1for the glacier tongue between 1932 and 2019. The increase in the ice thinning rates and area loss during the last decade is coincident with the severe drought in this region (2010–present), which our minimal surface mass-balance model is able to reproduce. As a result of the glacier changes observed, the proglacial lake increased in area substantially between 1955 and 2019, with bathymetry data suggesting a water volume of 3.6 million m3in 2017. This study highlights the need for further monitoring of glacierised areas in the Central Andes. Such efforts would facilitate a better understanding of the downstream impacts of glacier downwasting.
Slope estimation influences on ice thickness inversion models: a case study for Monte Tronador glaciers, North Patagonian Andes
Authors: Zorzut Valentina , Ruiz Lucas , Rivera Andres , Pitte Pierre , Villalba Ricardo , Medrzycka Dorota
Published: August 2020

Glacier ice thickness is crucial to quantifying water resources in mountain regions, and is an essential input for ice-flow models. Using a surface velocity inversion method, we combine ice thickness measurements with detailed surface elevation and velocity data, and derive ice thickness and volume estimates for the Monte Tronador glaciers, North Patagonian Andes. We test the dependence of the inversion model on surface slope by resampling glacier slopes using variable smoothing filter sizes of 16–720 m. While total glacier volumes do not differ considerably, ice thickness estimates show higher variability depending on filter size. Smaller (larger) smoothing scales give thinner (thicker) ice and higher (lower) noise in ice thickness distribution. A filter size of 300 m, equivalent to four times the mean ice thickness, produces a noise-free thickness distribution with an accuracy of 35 m. We estimate the volume of the Monte Tronador glaciers at 4.8 ± 2 km3 with a mean ice thickness of 75 m. Comparison of our results with earlier regional and global assessments shows that the quality of glacier inventories is a significant source of discrepancy. We show that including surface slope as an input parameter increases the accuracy of ice thickness distribution estimates.
Biostratigraphy, taxonomy and paleobiogeography of the upper Cisuralian (upper Yakhtashian–Bolorian) foraminifers from east-central Iran, with clarification of the taxonomy of the fusulinid generaCuniculinellaandCuniculinapre-occupied
Authors: Sharahi Safoora Yasbolaghi , Yeganeh Bizhan Yousefi , Arefifard Sakineh , Vachard Daniel , Farahpour Mohammad Mehdi
Published: August 2020

Detailed studies of upper Cisuralian (i.e., upper lower Permian) fusulinids make it possible to decipher the paleobiogeographic relations of central Iran, as part of the Cimmerian terranes, with other Paleotethyan regions. Two sections, Bagh-e Vang and Shesh Angosht, located in east-central Iran, are revised. Four local fusulinid biozones are distinguished: upper YakhtashianPamirina darvasicaandSakmarellaspp. Zone, lower BolorianMisellina(Brevaxina)dyrhenfurthiZone, mid-BolorianCuniculinellaZone, and upper BolorianMisellina(Misellina) cf.M. (M.)termieriZone (probably equivalent to the traditionalMisellina(Brevaxina)parvicostataZone). Taxonomically, the main results are as follows: (1) a clarification is provided of the fusulinid genus or subgenus “Cuniculina,” the name of which is pre-occupied, and its synonymy withCuniculinella; and (2) a lectotype is designated forDarvasites(Alpites)sinensis(Chen, 1934). The mid-BolorianCuniculinellaZone is recognized for the first time in Iran. Among the Bolorian fusulinids,Cuniculinellais reported in SE Pamir, Karakoram, central Afghanistan, SW Japan, central Japan, and California, confirming the faunal affinity of the study area in east-central Iran with both Paleotethyan and Panthalassan bioprovinces. Such a distribution is considered to have resulted from combined effects of global warming during the upper Cisuralian, warm oceanic currents along the Paleotethys Ocean, and the northward drift of the Iran block toward lower paleolatitudes.
“Why Don’t You Go to the Mosque?” Epistemic Deference and Everyday Religious Practices in Hui Muslim Communities
Authors: Stroup David R.
Published: August 2020

The study of everyday ethnicity emphasizes the importance of seeking the perspectives of the masses regarding processes of ethnic identity formation and ethnic boundary maintenance. In contrast to elite-centered approaches, everyday ethnicity attempts to understand how ethnicity is constructed from the bottom-up. However, seeking the everyday presents researchers with a number of distinct challenges. Prevalent among these obstacles is a tendency of non-elite respondents to direct scholars to elite authorities when responding to questions about ethnic identity, claiming they lack expertise or qualifications to speak on the subject. This epistemic deference toward elite sources may be particularly acute in ethno-religious communities, where the hierarchies of religious orders may reinforce the gulf of “knowledge” between clergy and lay believers. This article examines the problem of epistemic deference through a case study of everyday ethnicity in urban Hui Muslim communities in China. Drawing on data collected over the course of 152 interviews and numerous ethnographic observations conducted in four cities in China (Beijing, Jinan, Yinchuan, and Xining) between July 2015 and July 2016, the article illustrates the challenges posed by epistemic deference to field researchers in religious communities.
Missionary Influence and Nationalist Reactions: The Case of Armenian Ottomans
Authors: Amasyalı D. Emre
Published: August 2020

A significant body of literature argues that American evangelical missionaries working in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century directly contributed to the rise of Armenian nationalism. While acknowledging that missionaries had an effect on Armenian nationalism, this article finds that the impact of missionaries was much more unintended than is commonly assumed and resulted primarily from Armenian reactions to growing missionary influence. Employing new data on the biographies of Armenian nationalist leaders as well as comparative-historical methods, the article offers evidence that missionary influence spurred a backlash among the Armenian community that intensified preexisting local initiatives, increased investment in mass education in the provinces, and modernized its schooling system, all of which popularized and strengthened Armenian nationalism.
A Nonaligned Business World: The Global Socialist Enterprise between Self-Management and Transnational Capitalism
Authors: Spaskovska Ljubica , Calori Anna
Published: August 2020

This article explores the role of Yugoslav self-managed corporations in the global economy, with a particular attention to the late socialist period (1976–1991). Guided by a vision of a long-term integration of the Yugoslav economy into the international division of labor on the basis of equality and mutual interest, by the late 1970s the country’s foreign trade and hard currency revenue was boosted by a number of globally oriented corporate entities, some of which survived the demise of socialism and the dissolution of the country. These enterprises had a leading role as the country’s principal exporters and as the fulcrum of a web of economic contacts and exchanges between the Global South, Western Europe, and the Soviet Bloc. The article seeks to fill a historiographic gap by focusing on two major Yugoslav enterprises (Energoinvest and Pelagonija) that were based in the less-developed federal republics—Bosnia-Herzegovina and Macedonia. The article also investigates the transnational flow of ideas around the so-called “public enterprise,” its embeddedness in an interdependent global economy, and its visions for equitable development. Finally, the article explores these enterprises as enablers of social mobility and welfare, as well as spaces where issues of efficiency, planning, self-reliance, and self-management were negotiated.
The Flight of Serbs from Sarajevo: Not the Dayton Agreement’s First Failure, but its First Logical Consequence
Authors: Žíla Ondřej
Published: August 2020

This study analyzes circumstances tied to the implementation of the Dayton Agreement’s provision for the reunification of Sarajevo. Three months after the signing, Sarajevo was again a united city territorially, but pre-war inhabitants of Sarajevo who identified themselves as Serbs were almost entirely absent from the reunited town under the control of the Federation government. This article addresses the causes of the flight of the Serbs, who had been living in Sarajevo’s suburbs before the start of the Bosnian war and stayed, in their view, to defend their homes. I argue that the incentives that led a majority of Sarajevan Serbs to leave the city and its surroundings were the result of actions not only of the Serb leadership but also of Bosniak leaders and the international community. Our analysis is complementary to the scholarship examining the impact of massive population migrations and displacement in the aftermath of conflicts. I analyze the dynamics of Sarajevo’s unification within the Federation and its consequences, demonstrating that once a partition is accepted at a higher level, it is almost impossible to prevent its emergence on a local level.
Living wages across the Pacific Rim: A localised replication study from China
Authors: Hu Yuting , Carr Stuart C.
Published: August 2020

Theoretically, a living wage is a threshold that, once crossed, may transform qualities of work life, including from wage injustice to justice, organizational disengagement to commitment, and life dissatisfaction to satisfaction. Initial studies from New Zealand, South Africa and Thailand have found a threshold-like cusp in the relationship between wages and quality-of-work-life. Our aim in this study was to explore whether we would replicate a cusp in a localized study within China, among 135 employees in Shandong Province, Northern China. Survey data used minimal assumption and exploratory techniques to probe links between levels of employees’ (1) take-home wage and (2) net household income; and (3) perceived wage justice, (4) commitment to employing organization, and (5) life satisfaction. Measures were locally aligned and statistically reliable. Consistent with living wage theory, as a participant’s wage tended to cross a pay threshold of (1) RMB 4–5000 personally per month and (2) RMB 7–8000 household monthly, workers tended to report (3) wage justice (in place of injustice), (4) presence (replacing absence) of organizational commitment, and (5) satisfaction with life (replacing dissatisfaction). Our replication aim was met, but generalizing to any kind of national living wage across China would require a larger and more representative study and sample.
Trans-species transfer of Wolbachia: microinjection of Wolbachia from Litomosoides sigmodontis into Acanthocheilonema viteae
Authors: HARTMANN N. , STUCKAS H. , LUCIUS R. , BLEIß W. , THEURING F. , KALINNA B. H.
Published: August 2020

Intracellular bacteria of the genus Wolbachia are found in most filarial nematodes, but are lacking in some species like Acanthocheilonema viteae. Due to their symbiotic nature and their role in the pathology of filarial infections they are considered to be potential targets for intervention against filarial infections in man. Infection of A. viteae (a species which does not naturally carry Wolbachia) with Wolbachia bacteria could allow comparative studies on the effect of the endobacterium on the parasite and on the host's immune systems. As a step towards such studies we microinjected adult female A. viteae with Wolbachia obtained from Litomosoides sigmodontis. The bacteria were isolated from L. sigmodontis by density-gradient centrifugation, microinjected into A. viteae worms and bacterial DNA detected by PCR with Wolbachia specific primers (ftsZ gene). Microinjected worms were cultured in vitro, and 81% survived for 10 days. Implantation of microinjected worms into Meriones unguiculatus, the rodent host of A. viteae resulted in 38% survival. The DNA of the microinjected worms recovered from jirds 8 weeks after implantation contained Wolbachia DNA as shown by PCR, suggesting that Wolbachia of L. sigmodontis can be horizontally transmitted to A. viteae.
The rise of financial accountability in British joint stock banks: 1825 to 1845
Authors: Game Chantal S. , Cullen Lisa M. , Brown Alistair M.
Published: August 2020

This study explores parliamentary reforms related to the financial accountability of banks following the 1825–6 and 1836–7 financial crises in England. An appraisal of nineteenth-century parliamentary Hansard transcripts reveals early banking legislative pursuits. The study observes the laissez-faire and interventionist approaches towards the banking enactments of 1826, 1833 and 1844 that underpin the transformation of financial accountability during this era. The Bank Notes Act 1826 imposed financial accountability on the Bank of England by requiring the mandatory disclosure of notes issued. The Bank Notes Act 1833 extended this requirement to all other banks. The Bank Charter Act 1833 increased the financial accountability of the Bank of England by requiring it to provide an account of bullion and securities belonging to the governor and company, as well as deposits held by the bank. Thereafter, the Joint Stock Banks Act 1844 pioneered the regular publication of assets and liabilities and communication of the balance sheet and profit and loss account to shareholders. State intervention in the financial accountability of banks during the period from 1825 to 1845 appears to have been cumulative.
Why College Students Drift Left: The Stability of Political Identity and Relative Malleability of Issue Positions among College Students
Authors: Woessner Matthew , Kelly-Woessner April
Published: August 2020

In considering the liberalizing effect of college on students’ political values, we argue that political identities—in the form of self-identified ideology or partisanship—are components of social identity and are resistant to change. Using data from the Higher Education Research Institute’s student surveys, we show that what movement in identity does occur is mostly a regression to the mean effect. On several issue positions, however, students move in a more uniform leftward direction. We find that liberal drift on issues is most common among students majoring in the arts and humanities. Self-reported ideology does drift left at liberal arts colleges, but this is explained by a peer effect: students at liberal arts colleges drift more to the left because they have more liberal peers. The results have implications for future research on college student political development, suggesting that attitudinal change can be more easily identified by examining shifts in policy preferences rather than changes in political identity.
Investigating predictors of trauma induced data-driven processing and its impact on attention bias and free recall
Authors: Corrigan John-Paul , Hanna Donncha , Dyer Kevin F.W.
Published: August 2020

Background:

Whilst data-driven processing (DDP) during trauma has been shown to play a role in poor memory integration and is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) re-experiencing symptoms, the pre-trauma risk factors and related cognitive mechanisms are uncertain.

Aims:

This experimental study aimed to investigate predictors of peri-traumatic DDP, as well as its role in attention bias to threat and free recall.

Method:

A virtual reality video was used to simulate an analogue trauma. Questionnaires, a free recall task, and an eye-tracking measure assessed cognitive changes after exposure.

Results:

Regression analysis demonstrated that trait dissociation at pre-exposure to trauma significantly predicted DDP. Attention bias towards threat-related images was found. Results showed that DDP and poorer free recall predicted attention bias to threat images and higher levels of DDP actually predicted higher overall scores in the free recall task.

Conclusions:

This study showed that DDP is strongly linked to dissociative traits, and along with memory disintegration it may predict attention changes after exposure to a trauma.
Association between iron deficiency anaemia and complementary feeding in children under 2 years assisted by a Conditional Cash Transfer programme
Authors: Mendes Marília Moura e , Marçal Giovana de Montemor , Fragoso Manuela Di Guaraldi Mafra , Florêncio Telma Maria de Menezes Toledo , Bueno Nassib Bezerra , Clemente Ana Paula Grotti
Published: August 2020

Objective:

To evaluate the association between Fe deficiency anaemia (IDA) and complementary feeding in children under 2 years old assisted by the Conditional Cash Transfer programme, Bolsa Família (BFP).

Design:

Cross-sectional study. Data were obtained through a standardised form, questionnaire to assess the eating habits of children under 2 years of age, capillary Hb (HemoCue®) and the Brazilian Household Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. Associations were calculated using hierarchical Poisson regression, adjusted at the last level by socio-economic, demographic and environmental variables from previous hierarchical levels.

Setting:

Six municipalities from the State of Alagoas, Brazil.

Participants:

Children aged 6–24 months assisted by BFP.

Results:

A total of 1604 children were evaluated, among whom 58·1 % had anaemia. A higher number of food groups consumed (prevalence ratio (PR) = 0·97; 95 % CI 0·95, 0·99; P = 0·009), the consumption of dairy (PR = 0·86; 95 % CI 0·79, 0·84; P = 0·001) and meat (PR = 0·90; 95 % CI 0·83, 0·99; P = 0·030) in addition to bottle feeding (PR = 0·88; 95 % CI 0·82, 0·96; P = 0·004) were associated with a lower prevalence of IDA.

Conclusions:

IDA is still a serious public health problem in children under 2 years old assisted by BFP in Alagoas. We highlight the importance of promoting complementary feeding based on a diversified dietary intake, as well strengthening prophylactic supplementation programmes to increase children’s adherence in conjunction with the implementation of food and nutrition education to help reduce the prevalence of this condition.
The Electrician, the Magician and the Nervous Conductor
Authors: Brittan Francesca
Published: August 2020

Berlioz's essay ‘Le chef d'orchestre, théorie de son art’ (1855) was among the first and most widely disseminated attempts to describe the art of modern conducting. Drawing together technical with literary and scientific language, it aimed to capture the relationship between leaders and players and, more broadly, the modes of animation underpinning nineteenth-century orchestral performance. Central to the essay are notions of electricity – animal, artificial and mesmeric. For Berlioz, the conductor's job is no longer simply to marshal his orchestral troops but to galvanize them: ‘his inner flame warms them, his electricity charges them.’ Here, I examine the medical and physical technologies that underpinned these descriptions – the ways in which podium conducting became newly intertwined with theories of bioelectricity, notions of spiritual or metaphysical ‘spark’, and emerging forms of electrical communication that rewired European conceptions of the body politic.

In Part I, I examine the ‘electric baton’ which allowed Berlioz to control the enormous orchestral forces of his 1855 Exposition Universelle concerts, generating a quasi-telegraphic network with imperialist resonances. Part II examines the role of nervous electricity in Berlioz's accounts of conducting, and his conception of music itself as a charged substance. Part III draws technological and medical discourses into conversation with magical cultures, showing how notions of nervous power (and peril) united Berlioz, Mesmer and the famous Robert-Houdin. The new romantic conductor, as I conclude, was a figure poised at the intersection of medicine, electric technology, and a newly charged spirituality.
The cost of mental disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Christensen M. K. , Lim C. C. W. , Saha S. , Plana-Ripoll O. , Cannon D. , Presley F. , Weye N. , Momen N. C. , Whiteford H. A. , Iburg K. M. , McGrath J. J.
Published: August 2020

Aims

To identify and synthesise the literature on the cost of mental disorders.

Methods

Systematic literature searches were conducted in the databases PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, EconLit, NHS York Database and PsychInfo using key terms for cost and mental disorders. Searches were restricted to January 1980–May 2019. The inclusion criteria were: (1) cost-of-illness studies or cost-analyses; (2) diagnosis of at least one mental disorder; (3) study population based on the general population; (4) outcome in monetary units. The systematic review was preregistered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42019127783).

Results

In total, 13 579 potential titles and abstracts were screened and 439 full-text articles were evaluated by two independent reviewers. Of these, 112 articles were included from the systematic searches and 31 additional articles from snowball searching, resulting in 143 included articles. Data were available from 48 countries and categorised according to nine mental disorder groups. The quality of the studies varied widely and there was a lack of studies from low- and middle-income countries and for certain types of mental disorders (e.g. intellectual disabilities and eating disorders). Our study showed that certain groups of mental disorders are more costly than others and that these rankings are relatively stable between countries. An interactive data visualisation site can be found here: https://nbepi.com/econ.

Conclusions

This is the first study to provide a comprehensive overview of the cost of mental disorders worldwide.