bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRAJECTORIES OF SCHOOL AND COMMUNITY CONNECTEDNESS IN ADOLESCENCE BY GENDER AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR
Authors: Bolland Kathleen A. , Bolland Anneliese C. , Bolland John M. , Church Wesley T. , Hooper Lisa M. , Jaggers Jeremiah W. , Tomek Sara
Published: June 2016

Previous studies suggest that both school and community connectedness among adolescents are associated with prosocial behaviors and positive outcomes. While delinquency is associated with lack of connectedness to school and community, little research has considered how delinquency affects this relationship for adolescents living in impoverished neighborhoods. This study estimated gendered trajectories of school and community connectedness for adolescents in impoverished neighborhoods as a function of their levels of delinquency. Results showed that delinquency was negatively correlated and that age was positively correlated with school connectedness for both genders. In contrast, community connectedness increased with age for boys, but decreased with age for girls. In addition, delinquency was negatively related to community connectedness for boys, but not for girls. These findings suggest that for adolescents in impoverished neighborhoods, gender‐informed interventions to decrease delinquency could have positive effects on school and community connectedness.
In Search of the Pitiful Victim: A Frame Analysis of Dutch, Flemish and British Newspapers and NGO‐Advertisements
Authors: Vossen Mirjam , van Gorp Baldwin , Schulpen Lau
Published: June 2016

This article contributes to the ongoing debate on the representation of global poverty in Western media. Both NGOs and journalists are being criticized for their one‐sided emphasis on the misery and dependency of people in developing countries. The objective of this paper is to measure the extent of such problematizing representation in newspaper articles and NGO‐advertisements. A frame analysis was conducted of 876 articles and 284 advertisements from the Netherlands, Flanders and the United Kingdom. The results challenge some conventional assumptions. Overall, the ‘victim frame’ and ‘pitiful images’ do not dominate the discourse of NGOs and newspapers. However, British NGOs are an exception: they portray the poor as ‘pitiful victims’ twice as often as their counterparts in the Netherlands and Flanders. Furthermore, the findings confirm the conviction that the media predominantly highlight poor countries' dependence on the West. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological development of the structures related to annualism in the ovarian follicle of the killifish Millerichthys robustus (Costa,1995) (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes)
Authors: Domínguez‐Castanedo Omar , Uribe Mari Carmen , Rosales‐Torres Ana María
Published: June 2016

Ovaries of five females of the annual fish teleost species Millerichthys robustus were processed, and the development of the cortical alveoli, zona pellucida and secondary envelope during oogenesis were described. We also documented the origin of the cortical alveoli in time and space similar to the Balbiani body; the synthesis of three generations of cortical alveoli and an active zona pellucida prior to vitellogenesis, which is implicated in the entry of oils to the interior of the oocyte. We found that in this species, the diameter of the alveoli is greater than in the other teleost fish species reported in the literature, except for Fundulus heteroclitus, in which the diameter is similar. The thickness of the zona pellucida recorded in M. robustus is the greatest reported to date. Likewise, two periods of secondary envelope deposition were documented: filaments during pre‐vitellogenesis and, subsequently, trapeze‐shaped projections during the maturation of the oocytes. We report about development of structures that are considered key for the survival of embryos in annual fish during the long periods of diapause in their extreme habitats. The development of peripheral structures described here probably reflects the changes in the physiology of the oocytes in M. robustus. J. Morphol. 277:1219–1230, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using mouse models to investigate the pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of post‐traumatic osteoarthritis
Authors: Blaker Carina L. , Clarke Elizabeth C. , Little Christopher B.
Published: June 2016

Post‐traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is defined by its development after joint injury. Factors contributing to the risk of PTOA occurring, the rate of progression, and degree of associated disability in any individual, remain incompletely understood. What constitutes an “OA‐inducing injury” is not defined. In line with advances in the traumatic brain injury field, we propose the scope of PTOA‐inducing injuries be expanded to include not only those causing immediate structural damage and instability (Type I), but also those without initial instability/damage from moderate (Type II) or minor (Type III) loading severity. A review of the literature revealed this full spectrum of potential PTOA subtypes can be modeled in mice, with 27 Type I, 6 Type II, and 4 Type III models identified. Despite limitations due to cartilage anatomy, joint size, and bio‐fluid availability, mice offer advantages as preclinical models to study PTOA, particularly genetically modified strains. Histopathology was the most common disease outcome, cartilage more frequently studied than bone or synovium, and meniscus and ligaments rarely evaluated. Other methods used to examine PTOA included gene expression, protein analysis, and imaging. Despite the major issues reported by patients being pain and biomechanical dysfunction, these were the least commonly measured outcomes in mouse models. Informative correlations of simultaneously measured disease outcomes in individual animals, was rarely done in any mouse PTOA model. This review has identified knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to increase understanding and improve prevention and management of PTOA. Preclinical mouse models play a critical role in these endeavors. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:424–439, 2017.
What have we learnt from palaeoclimate simulations?
Authors: Harrison Sandy P. , Bartlein Patrick J. , Prentice I. Colin
Published: June 2016

There has been a gradual evolution in the way that palaeoclimate modelling and palaeoenvironmental data are used together to understand how the Earth System works, from an initial and largely descriptive phase through explicit hypothesis testing to diagnosis of underlying mechanisms. Analyses of past climate states are now regarded as integral to the evaluation of climate models, and have become part of the toolkit used to assess the likely realism of future projections. Palaeoclimate assessment has demonstrated that changes in large‐scale features of climate that are governed by the energy and water balance show consistent responses to changes in forcing in different climate states, and these consistent responses are reproduced by climate models. However, state‐of‐the‐art models are still largely unable to reproduce observed changes in climate at a regional scale reliably. While palaeoclimate analyses of state‐of‐the‐art climate models suggest an urgent need for model improvement, much work is also needed on extending and improving palaeoclimate reconstructions and quantifying and reducing both numerical and interpretative uncertainties.
Low‐latitude Holocene hydroclimate derived from lake sediment flux and geochemistry
Authors: Parker Adrian G. , Preston Gareth W. , Parton Ash , Walkington Helen , Jardine Phillip E. , Leng Melanie J. , Hodson Martin J.
Published: June 2016

This study investigates hydrological responses to climatic shifts using sediment flux data derived from two dated palaeolake records in south‐east Arabia. Flux values are generally low during the early Holocene humid period (EHHP) (∼9.0–6.4k cal a BP) although several short‐lived pulses of increased detrital input are recorded, the most prominent of which is dated between ∼8.3 and 7.9k cal a BP. The EHHP is separated from the mid‐Holocene humid period (MHHP) (∼5.0–4.3k cal a BP) by a phase of increased sediment flux and aridity, which began between ∼6.4 and 5.9k cal a BP and peaked between ∼5.2 and 5.0k cal a BP. The termination of the MHHP is marked by a phase of high detrital sediment flux between ∼4.3 and 3.9k cal a BP. While long‐term shifts in climate are most likely linked to changes in the summer position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and associated Indian and African monsoon systems, it is noted that the abrupt, short‐term phases of aridity observed in both records are coeval with intervals of rapid climate change globally, which triggered non‐linear, widespread landscape reconfigurations throughout south‐east Arabia.
Physicochemical, agronomical and microbiological evaluation of alternative growing media for the production of rapini (Brassica rapa L.) microgreens
Authors: Di Gioia Francesco , De Bellis Palmira , Mininni Carlo , Santamaria Pietro , Serio Francesco
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Peat‐based mixes and synthetic mats are the main substrates used for microgreens production. However, both are expensive and non‐renewable. Recycled fibrous materials may represent low‐cost and renewable alternative substrates. Recycled textile‐fiber (TF; polyester, cotton and polyurethane traces) and jute‐kenaf‐fiber (JKF; 85% jute, 15% kenaf‐fibers) mats were characterized and compared with peat and Sure to Grow® (Sure to Grow, Beachwood, OH, USA;
http://suretogrow.com) (STG; 100% polyethylene‐terephthalate) for the production of rapini (Brassica rapa L.; Broccoletto group) microgreens.

RESULTS

All substrates had suitable physicochemical properties for the production of microgreens. On average, microgreens fresh yield was 1502 g m−2 in peat, TF and JKF, and was 13.1% lower with STG. Peat‐grown microgreen shoots had a higher concentration of K+ and SO42−and a two‐fold higher NO3− concentration [1959 versus 940 mg kg−1 fresh weight (FW)] than those grown on STG, TF and JKF. At harvest, substrates did not influence microgreens aerobic bacterial populations (log 6.48 CFU g−1 FW). Peat‐ and JKF‐grown microgreens had higher yeast‐mould counts than TF‐ and STG microgreens (log 2.64 versus 1.80 CFU g−1 FW). Peat‐grown microgreens had the highest population of Enterobacteriaceae (log 5.46 ± 0.82 CFU g−1) and Escherichia coli (log 1.46 ± 0.15 CFU g−1). Escherichia coli was not detected in microgreens grown on other media.

CONCLUSION

TF and JKF may be valid alternatives to peat and STG because both ensured a competitive yield, low nitrate content and a similar or higher microbiological quality. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Combined effects of Wx and SSIIa haplotypes on rice starch physicochemical properties
Authors: Xiang Xunchao , Kang Cuifang , Xu Shunju , Yang Bowen
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Wx and SSIIa are central genes for determining starch physicochemical properties and rice endosperm starch is composed of linear amylose, which is entirely synthesized by granule bound starch synthase I (GBSSI, encoded by Wx) and branched amylopectin. In the present study, different haplotypes of rice were examined to investigate the combined effects of pivotal genes in the metabolic chain of starch, Wx and SSIIa.

RESULTS

Wx haplotypes differed in terms of apparent amylose content (AAC) and gel consistency (GC). The I‐3 [haplotype I (Int1T/Ex10C) of Wx and haplotype 3 (A‐G‐TT) of SSIIa] and the I‐4 combinations of rice had better eating and cooking qualities (ECQs) with lower AAC, lower gelatinization temperature (GT) and softer GC.

CONCLUSION

The characteristic parameters of Rapid Visco‐analyser (RVA) could distinguish differences in AAC and GC but not GT. The I‐3 and I‐4 haplotype combinations of Wx and SSIIa represent key targets for the production of rice with better ECQs. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of volatile organic solvents in headspace liquid‐phase microextraction by direct cooling of the organic drop using a simple cooling capsule
Authors: Ghiasvand Ali Reza , Yazdankhah Fatemeh , Hajipour Somayeh
Published: June 2016

A low‐cost and simple cooling‐assisted headspace liquid‐phase microextraction device for the extraction and determination of 2,6,6‐trimethyl‐1,3 cyclohexadiene‐1‐carboxaldehyde (safranal) in Saffron samples, using volatile organic solvents, was fabricated and evaluated. The main part of the cooling‐assisted headspace liquid‐phase microextraction system was a cooling capsule, with a Teflon microcup to hold the extracting organic solvent, which is able to directly cool down the extraction phase while the sample matrix is simultaneously heated. Different experimental factors such as type of organic extraction solvent, sample temperature, extraction solvent temperature, and extraction time were optimized. The optimal conditions were obtained as: extraction solvent, methanol (10 μL); extraction temperature, 60°C; extraction solvent temperature, 0°C; and extraction time, 20 min. Good linearity of the calibration curve (R2 = 0.995) was obtained in the concentration range of 0.01–50.0 μg/mL. The limit of detection was 0.001 μg/mL. The relative standard deviation for 1.0 μg/mL of safranal was 10.7% (n = 6). The proposed cooling‐assisted headspace liquid‐phase microextraction device was coupled (off‐line) to high‐performance liquid chromatography and used for the determination of safranal in Saffron samples. Reasonable agreement was observed between the results of the cooling‐assisted headspace liquid‐phase microextraction high‐performance liquid chromatography method and those obtained by a validated ultrasound‐assisted solvent extraction procedure.
Determination of domoic acid in shellfish extracted by molecularly imprinted polymers
Authors: Lin Zhengzhong , Wang Dan , Peng Aihong , Huang Zhiyong , Lin Yuhui
Published: June 2016

A selective sample cleanup method using molecularly imprinted polymers was developed for the separation of domoic acid (a shellfish toxin) from shellfish samples. The molecularly imprinted polymers for domoic acid was prepared by emulsion polymerization using 1,3,5‐pentanetricarboxylic acid as the template molecule, 4‐vinyl pyridine as the functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the crosslinker, and Span80/Tween‐80 (1:1 v/v) as the composite emulsifiers. The molecularly imprinted polymer showed high affinity to domoic acid with a dissociation constant of 13.5 μg/mL and apparent maximum adsorption capacity of 1249 μg/g. They were used as a selective sorbent for the detection of domoic acid from seafood samples coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography. The detection limit of 0.17 μg/g was lower than the maximum level permitted by several authorities. The mean recoveries of domoic acid from clam samples were 93.0–98.7%. It was demonstrated that the proposed method could be applied to the determination of domoic acid from shellfish samples.
Nasal versus tracheobronchial biopsies to diagnose primary ciliary dyskinesia: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Adil Eelam A. , Kawai Kosuke , Dombrowski Natasha , Irace Alexandria L. , Cunningham Michael J.
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To systematically review the literature regarding the efficacy of different biopsy sites and methods to obtain an adequate ciliary sample for ultrastructural examination with electron microscopy (EM) for the diagnosis of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD).

Study Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis.

Methods

A literature search was conducted with respect to the diagnosis of PCD. English studies with five or more subjects were included. Successful biopsy was defined as an adequate ciliary sample to make or exclude the diagnosis of PCD.

Results

Eight studies met inclusion criteria. These studies included 1,993 patients who underwent 2,299 ciliary biopsies. Included studies were level 3 or 4 evidence. The weighted pooled proportion of obtaining an adequate specimen from a nasal biopsy was 76% (95% confidence interval [CI], 64%–86%) versus 66% (95% CI, 62%–69%) for a tracheobronchial site (P = 0.10). The pooled proportion of obtaining an adequate sample was 68% for both brush and forceps biopsy groups (95% CI, 58%–77% and 54%–81%, respectively). Nasal scraping yielded a higher proportion of adequate specimens (pooled proportion of 92%; 95% CI, 82%–99%) than other techniques (P = 0.002).

Conclusion

Tissue biopsy is one component of diagnosing PCD. We found no significant difference between biopsy sites in terms of obtaining an adequate ciliary sample for EM evaluation. This suggests that nasal biopsy should be preferred for patients old enough to tolerate an office biopsy without the need for general anesthesia. The merits of nasal versus tracheobronchial biopsy in the operating room depend more on the risks and benefits of the procedure being performed.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:6–13, 2017
The current state of pediatric drug‐induced sleep endoscopy
Authors: Friedman Norman R. , Parikh Sanjay R. , Ishman Stacey L. , Ruiz Amanda G. , El‐Hakim Hamdy , Ulualp Seckin O. , Wootten Christopher T. , Koltai Peter J. , Chan Dylan K.
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

The purpose of this investigation was to assess current drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) practice patterns at centers that have published on the technique, to identify areas of agreement, and to identify areas of disagreement that may represent opportunities for improvement and standardization.

Study Design

Multi‐institutional survey.

Methods

A survey was designed in two phases to evaluate preoperative assessment, intraoperative performance, and postoperative management of patients undergoing DISE. The survey was constructed iteratively in consultation with the all of the coauthors, each selected as an expert owing to their previous publication of one or more articles pertaining to pediatric DISE. In the first phase of survey creation, each expert was asked to provide narrative answers to questions pertaining to DISE. These responses served as the basis for a second survey. This second survey was then administered to all pediatric otolaryngologists at each respective institution.

Results

Overall, there was a low rate of agreement (33%) among the respondents; however, there was substantial agreement within institution, particularly for the use of anesthetic medications, the use of cine magnetic resonance imaging, and performance of bronchoscopy along with DISE. There was strong agreement among all respondents for performing DISE in a child with severe obstructive sleep apnea following adenotonsillectomy, regardless of comorbidities.

Conclusion

This multi‐institutional survey demonstrated a lack of consensus between experts and multiple opportunities for improvement. In general, there was agreement regarding the workup prior to DISE performance and the endoscopic protocol but disagreement regarding anesthetic protocol and management decisions.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:266–272, 2017
3D scanning as a highly precise, reproducible, and minimally invasive method for surface area and volume measurements of scleractinian corals
Authors: Reichert Jessica , Schellenberg Johannes , Schubert Patrick , Wilke Thomas
Published: June 2016

Traditional surface area and volume quantification techniques for scleractinian corals are often destructive or inaccurate. Therefore, non‐destructive 3D scanning methods have been applied as minimally invasive alternative. However, it remains largely unknown how the reproducibility of the measurement is affected by the complexity of the coral colonies. It is also unclear how the scanning procedure (handling, exposure to air, and light of the scanner) impacts the corals’ health. In this study, we used a high‐end handheld 3D scanner, which combines a structured‐light with an image‐based approach, to investigate the reproducibility of surface area and volume measurements as well as handling effects. Corals with different shape complexity, covering branching and massive species, were used as model organisms. The variance of repetitive scans ranged from 0.13% to 1.31% for volume and from 0.09% to 0.58% for surface area calculations. Linear regression models indicated that reproducibility decreases with increasing complexity of the coral. Excessive scanning caused an increase or decrease of growth rates, depending on the studied species. However, it did not impair coral health. We conclude that 3D scanning is a highly precise, reproducible, and minimally invasive method for coral surface area and volume measurements, which allows for quick processing of large datasets. Detailed technical recommendations for the application of 3D scanning in coral research are provided in the manuscript.
Liver transplant outcomes using ideal donation after circulatory death livers are superior to using older donation after brain death donor livers
Authors: Scalea Joseph R. , Redfield Robert R. , Foley David P.
Published: June 2016

Multiple reports have demonstrated that liver transplantation following donation after circulatory death (DCD) is associated with poorer outcomes when compared with liver transplantation from donation after brain death (DBD) donors. We hypothesized that carefully selected, underutilized DCD livers recovered from younger donors have excellent outcomes. We performed a retrospective study of the United Network for Organ Sharing database to determine graft survivals for patients who received liver transplants from DBD donors of age ≥ 60 years, DBD donors < 60 years, and DCD donors < 50 years of age. Between January 2002 and December 2014, 52,271 liver transplants were performed in the United States. Of these, 41,181 (78.8%) underwent transplantation with livers from DBD donors of age < 60 years, 8905 (17.0%) from DBD donors ≥ 60 years old, and 2195 (4.2%) livers from DCD donors < 50 years of age. DCD livers of age < 50 years with < 6 hours of cold ischemia time (CIT) had superior graft survival when compared with DBD livers ≥ age 60 years (P < 0.001). In 2014, there were 133 discarded DCD livers; of these, 111 (83.4%) were from donors < age 50 years old. Young DCD donor livers (age < 50 years old) with short CITs yield results better than that seen with DBD livers > 60 years old. Careful donor organ and recipient selection can lead to excellent results, despite previous reports suggesting otherwise. Increased acceptance of these DCD livers would lead to shorter wait list times and increased national liver transplant rates. Liver Transplantation 22 1197–1204 2016 AASLD
Large‐Scale X‐Ray Microtomography Analysis of Fiber Orientation in Weld Line of Short Glass Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic and Related Elasticity Behavior
Authors: Ayadi Abderrahmane , Nouri Hedi , Guessasma Sofiane , Roger Frederic
Published: June 2016

Large‐scale X‐ray microcomputed tomography (μ‐CT) is used to investigate microstructural features of weld lines in a short glass fiber reinforced polymer. The main originality of this work is related to the evaluation of local structural and mechanical characteristics in zones of unmastered heterogeneities. Complete and incomplete injection molded plates are considered to investigate weld lines with and without process‐induced porosity. Using a helical scanning trajectory, the full 3D microstructure is obtained at centimetric scale to cover a large zone including first contact between colliding fronts at a voxel size of 3 μm. Microstructure analyses show that weld line area is ill‐ordered at the fiber and structure length scales. Near the first contact point, fiber orientations show the signature of vortexes, which mark the presence of repulsive forces. The presence of micrometric porosity is only confirmed in incomplete plates. μ‐CT images are used as inputs to create a full‐scale finite element model for assessing strain localization. Predicted principal strains are compared to digital image correlation measurements performed during uniaxial tensile tests. Full‐scale modeling combined to 3D high‐resolution imaging proves high potential to correlate local fiber heterogeneities with strain localization effects.

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Polydimethylsiloxane Fluidic Device with Polydopamine‐Coated Inner Channel for Production of Uniform Droplets
Authors: Jun Dae‐Ryong , Choi Yu Ri , Kang Rae Hyung , Choi Sung‐Wook
Published: June 2016

A polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)‐based fluidic device with two flow channels is fabricated by using a rapid prototyping method. The PDMS‐based fluidic device is used to produce water‐in‐oil emulsion (W/O) droplets due to its intrinsic hydrophobicity. To produce uniform oil‐in‐water (O/W) emulsion droplets, the inner channel of the PDMS fluidic device is coated with polydopamine (PDA) by flowing a dopamine precursor in the water channel of the fluidic device. The PDA coating is confirmed by an increase in morphological roughness and nitrogen content. In addition, the contact angle of the PDMS surface decreases from 95° to 30° during PDA coating, suggesting that the inner surface of the fluidic device is hydrophilic. Uniform W/O and O/W emulsion droplets are produced by the pristine PDMS and PDA‐coated PDMS fluidic devices, respectively.

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Cationic Hydrolytically Degradable Flocculants with Enhanced Water Recovery for Oil Sands Tailings Remediation
Authors: Rooney Thomas R. , Gumfekar Sarang P. , Soares João B. P. , Hutchinson Robin A.
Published: June 2016

Micellar radical polymerization of a short‐chain polyester macromonomer, polycaprolactone choline iodide ester methacrylate (PCLnChMA), is used to produce a new cationic flocculant that becomes more hydrophobic in response to hydrolytic degradation. The cationic tips of the comb‐like poly(PCL3ChMA) accelerate the settling rate of oil sands tailings, while partial hydrolysis of the polyester grafts reveals the hydrophobic segments that reduce capillary suction time by 30%. This technology combines the material properties of polyesters with the productivity of radical polymerization to make dual functional flocculants with characteristics that can be easily tuned to control flocculation performance, such as polymeric cation density, hydrophobic content, and polymer architecture.

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Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Multiple System Atrophy
Authors: Kim Han‐Joon , Jeon Beomseok , Fung Victor S.C.
Published: June 2016

Background

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disorder without effective disease‐modifying therapies. Because of a lack of reliable diagnostic biomarkers, there has been increasing interest in using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to improve the diagnostic accuracy of MSA.

Methods

This review summarizes recent literatures on the role of MRI in the diagnosis of MSA.

Results

Several MRI abnormalities on conventional MRI already are included in the current diagnostic criteria for MSA. Other features on conventional MRI are also used to make a diagnosis of MSA or to rule out alternative diagnoses. On the other hand, some of the MRI findings that were previously considered suggestive of a diagnosis of MSA are now being challenged, because it turned out that they were not as specific to MSA as previously thought. More advanced MRI modalities, including susceptibility‐weighted imaging, diffusion‐weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, voxel‐based morphometry, and cortical thickness analysis, are now used to study the changes in the brains of patients with MSA. Furthermore, studies have produced promising results demonstrating the use of MRI as a tool for monitoring and assessing disease progression in MSA.

Conclusions

MRI is useful and indispensable in the diagnosis of MSA and also possibly for monitoring disease progression. In this regard, well‐designed, long‐term, prospective studies on large numbers of patients are needed.
Progressive Supranuclear Palsy–Like Phenotype in a GBA E326K Mutation Carrier
Authors: Picillo Marina , Petrucci Simona , Valente Enza Maria , Pappatà Sabina , Squame Fiorenzo , Ginevrino Monia , Pace Leonardo , Barone Paolo , Pellecchia Maria Teresa
Published: June 2016

View Supplementary Video 1
Ground state solutions of Nehari‐Pankov type for a superlinear elliptic system on
Authors: Tang Xianhua , Zhang Jian
Published: June 2016

This paper is concerned with the following Schrödinger elliptic system

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4004:mma4004-math-0002
where the potential V is periodic and 0 lies in a gap of the spectrum of −Δ+V, f(x,t) and g(x,t) are superlinear in t at infinity. By using non‐Nehari manifold method developed recently by Tang, we demonstrate the existence of the ground state solutions of Nehari‐Pankov type for the above problem with periodic and asymptotically periodic nonlinearity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Apoptosis in young and old denervated rat skeletal muscle
Authors: Lee Gangpyo , Lim Jae‐Young , Frontera Walter R.
Published: June 2016

Introduction: We investigated the apoptotic response to different degrees of denervation in young and older rats randomized into control (C), partial (PD), and complete denervation (CD) of muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve. Methods: Muscle wet weight to body weight (MWW/BW), myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms, and fiber cross‐sectional area were determined in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. Apoptotic responses were determined by changes in myonuclei and expression of Bcl‐2 and BAX. Results: PD and CD resulted in significant reductions in MWW/BW and FCSA in both young and older rats. Older controls had greater apoptotic responses than young controls. Apoptotic responses were greater in PD and CD than in C in both age groups. No statistical interaction between denervation and age group was seen. Conclusions: Older age was associated with increased level of apoptosis, but older muscle was not more vulnerable to the effect of denervation. Muscle Nerve 55: 262–269, 2017
Wiener Impressionen
Authors: Hauthal Hermann G.
Published: June 2016

Die gemeinsame Veranstaltung der 26. Hauptversammlung der GDCh und der 100‐Jahr‐Feier der GÖCH in Wien war ein voller Erfolg. In dem Bericht werden außer einer Skizze des Gesamtablaufs und einer Information über die GÖCH einige Eindrücke vom Symposium über nachwachsende Rohstoffe vermittelt, das ähnlich wie „Neue Materialien”︁ und „Lebensqualität”︁ eine der Leitlinien der Tagung darstellte.
Latentwärmespeicher
Authors: Baumann Hendrik , Heckenkamp Jutta
Published: June 2016

Die Thermodynamik von Phasenumwandlungen bietet die Möglichkeit, Wärmeenergie kostengünstig zu speichern und bei Bedarf wieder freizusetzen. Ein erstes Beispiel für die Umsetzung dieses Konzepts in ein marktfähiges Produkt stellt die Entwicklung eines Latentwärmespeichers für Kraftfahrzeuge dar.
Kontrolleure für das Chemiewaffenübereinkommen
Authors: Männig Detlef
Published: June 2016

Das Chemiewaffenübereinkommen ist wegen der Melde‐ und Inspektionsverpflichtungen auch für die zivile chemische Industrie von großer Bedeutung. Um eine reibungslose Umsetzung zu ermöglichen, haben Unternehmen der deutschen chemischen Industrie bei der Ausbildung der künftigen Inspektoren mitgeholfen.
Die Royals kamen – Anorganische Chemie in Marburg
Authors: Metzler‐Nolte Nils
Published: June 2016

Neue Methoden für die Untersuchung von Festkörpern und Oberflächen, theoretische Weiterentwicklungen, die Aktivierung der C‐F‐Bindung und gesteuertes Kristallwachstum waren Schwerpunkte des vierten deutsch‐englischen Anorganiker‐Treffens in Marburg. Das biennale Symposium wird 1999 wieder in Brighton stattfinden.
F&E bei Merck: Pharma
Authors: Lues Inge , Schmitges Claus‐J. , Raddatz Peter
Published: June 2016

Mit „Genomics”︁, kombinatorischer Chemie und Hochdurchsatzscreening treibt Merck die präklinische Forschung voran, um auf den Gebieten Herz‐Kreislauf, Zentrales Nervensystem, Onkologie und Diabetes innovative Substanzen für die Entwicklung bereitzustellen.
A reduced order model‐based preconditioner for the efficient solution of transient diffusion equations
Authors: Pasetto Damiano , Ferronato Massimiliano , Putti Mario
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a novel class of preconditioners for the iterative solution of the sequence of symmetric positive‐definite linear systems arising from the numerical discretization of transient parabolic and self‐adjoint partial differential equations. The preconditioners are obtained by nesting appropriate projections of reduced‐order models into the classical iteration of the preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG). The main idea is to employ the reduced‐order solver to project the residual associated with the conjugate gradient iterations onto the space spanned by the reduced bases. This approach is particularly appealing for transient systems where the full‐model solution has to be computed at each time step. In these cases, the natural reduced space is the one generated by full‐model solutions at previous time steps. When increasing the size of the projection space, the proposed methodology highly reduces the system conditioning number and the number of PCG iterations at every time step. The cost of the application of the preconditioner linearly increases with the size of the projection basis, and a trade‐off must be found to effectively reduce the PCG computational cost. The quality and efficiency of the proposed approach is finally tested in the solution of groundwater flow models. © 2016 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Vena cava compression syndrome in patients with obesity presenting with edema and thrombosis
Authors: Linicus Yvonne , Kindermann Ingrid , Cremers Bodo , Maack Christoph , Schirmer Stephan , Böhm Michael
Published: June 2016

Objective

Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and venous thrombosis. Previous studies have shown that in late pregnancy a compression of the inferior vena cava (VCI) leads to a hypotensive syndrome. The objective of this study was to explore the correlation between obesity and an elevated pressure in the VCI simulating obesity‐induced vena cava compression syndrome.

Methods

A left and right heart catheterization was performed in 29 patients. After right atrial pressure measurement, the catheter was pulled back through the VCI, and the pressure gradient between the thoracic and abdominal vena cava was measured. We determined the correlation between the BMI and the pressure gradient.

Results

In 29 patients, a high BMI was associated with an increased pressure gradient between the thoracic and abdominal vena cava (r = 0.66). This correlation was particularly close in patients with a BMI >30 kg/m2 (P = 0.0008). Two patients had complications such as recurrent thrombosis, with one of them having the highest pressure gradient of 16 mm Hg.

Conclusions

Because mechanical obstruction of the VCI leads to an increased risk for venous thrombosis in patients with obesity, this finding needs to be considered in the decision‐making for interventional treatments like bariatric surgery.
Modeling and mechanical characterization of braidtruded fiber reinforced polymer rebar
Authors: Ivey Marcus A. , Ayranci Cagri , Carey Jason P.
Published: June 2016

Traditional steel rebar used for concrete reinforcement can be susceptible to corrosion. One solution to this problem is to substitute fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) rebar in the place of steel. However, conventional unidirectional FRP rebars are limited by a linear elastic failure mode at relatively low ultimate strains. In this study, FRP rebar was developed to behave in a pseudoductile manner, where a progressive failure was achieved based on the composite architecture. Hybrid FRP rebar consisting of a unidirectional carbon fiber core encased in a braided aramid fiber overwrap was manufactured, and a model was developed to reflect the tensile response of the rebar based on constituent material properties and geometric parameters. Experiments were conducted in order to validate the model, which was successful in reflecting the pseudoductile tensile behavior exhibited by the rebar. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1582–1593, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Facile Separation of 5‐O‐Galloylquinic Acid from Chinese Green Tea Extract using Mesoporous Zirconium Phosphate
Authors: Ma Yilong , Shang Yafang , Zhu Danye , Wang Caihong , Zhong Zhifeng , Xu Ziyang
Published: June 2016

Introduction

5‐O‐Galloylquinic acid from green tea and other plants is attracting increasing attention for its antioxidant and antileishmanial bioactivities. It is always isolated using a silica column, a Sephadex column and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, which are either laborious or instrument dependent.

Objective

To develop a new method to easily separate 5‐O‐galloylquinic acid.

Methodology

Mesoporous zirconium phosphate (m‐ZrP) was prepared to conveniently separate 5‐O‐galloylquinic acid from Chinese green tea extract, and the target compound was easily obtained by simple steps of adsorption, washing and desorption. The effects of the green tea extraction conditions, extract concentrations, and m‐ZrP adsorption/desorption dynamics on the 5‐O‐galloylquinic acid separation were evaluated.

Results

5‐O‐Galloylquinic acid that was separated from a 70% ethanol extract of green tea was of moderate HPLC purity (92%) and recovery (88%), and an increased non‐specific binding of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on m‐ZrP was observed in the diluted tea extract. The times for maximal adsorption of 5‐O‐galloylquinic acid in 70% ethanol extract and maximal desorption of 5‐O‐galloylquinic acid in 0.4% phosphoric acid solution were confirmed as 7 h and 5 h, respectively.

Conclusion

A facile method to separate 5‐O‐galloylquinic acid from Chinese green tea extract using m‐ZrP was established. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of Alkaloids in Stephania hainanensis by Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Quadrupole Time‐of‐flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: He Jiayong , Liu Ying , Kang Yun , Yang Ping , Wang Yaqin , Guo Jixian , Huang Jianming
Published: June 2016

Introduction

Plants in the genus Stephania can produce diverse bioactive alkaloids. Stephania hainanensis is a medicinal plant that contains effective alkaloids. However, only 10 alkaloids have been reported in this species.

Objective

To characterise the alkaloids in Stephania hainanensis using liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐MS/MS).

Methods

An LC‐QTOF‐MS/MS method was developed for structural characterisation of the alkaloids in Stephania hainanensis. The chromatographic separation was performed on a phenyl column with gradient elution, and the tandem mass spectra were obtained by using an electrospray ionisation (ESI) interface in positive ionisation mode. Compound identification was based on the exact masses, fragmentation pathways, retention behaviours and related botanical biogenesis.

Results

A total of 37 tetrahydroprotoberberine‐, quaternary protoberberine‐, aporphine‐, proaporphine‐, benzylisoquinoline‐ or bisbenzylisoquinoline‐type alkaloids were identified or tentatively identified in a single LC run. Twenty‐seven of these alkaloids, including the benzylisoquinoline‐type of alkaloids, have not been previously reported in Stephania hainanensis. The possible fragmentation pathways of different types of alkaloids were proposed. Besides the general fragmentations, the characteristic losses of CH3N = CH2 were observed for the benzylisoquinoline and aporphine alkaloids with two methyl groups on the nitrogen.

Conclusion

The LC‐QTOF‐MS/MS method enabled profiling and rational, but tentative, identification of diverse alkaloids in Stephania hainanensis. The results obtained may be helpful for understanding the bioactivity of S. hainanensis and evaluating the quality of this plant. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying a Heterogeneous Ru Catalyst on Carbon Black Using ADF STEM
Authors: Varambhia Aakash M. , Jones Lewys , De Backer Annick , Fauske Vidar T , Van Aert Sandra , Ozkaya Dogan , Nellist Peter D.
Published: June 2016

Ru catalysts are part of a set of late transition metal nanocatalysts that have garnered much interest for catalytic applications such as ammonia synthesis and fuel cell production. Their performance varies greatly depending on their morphology and size, these catalysts are widely studied using electron microscopy. Using recent developments in annular dark field (ADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) quantification techniques, a rapid atom counting procedure is utilized to document the evolution of a heterogeneous Ru catalyst supported on carbon black. Areas of the catalyst are imaged for ≈15 min using ADF STEM. When the Ru clusters are exposed to the electron beam, the clusters change phase from amorphous to crystalline. To quantify the thickness of the crystalline clusters, two techniques are applied (simulation and statistical decomposition) and compared. These techniques show that stable face centered cubic crystal structures in the form of rafts, between 2 and 8 atoms thick, are formed after the initial wetting of the carbon support.
Residual Analysis in Generalized Function‐on‐Scalar Regression for an HVOF Spraying Process
Authors: Kuhnt Sonja , Rehage André , Becker‐Emden Christina , Tillmann Wolfgang , Hussong Birger
Published: June 2016

The coating of materials plays an important role in various fields of engineering. Essential properties such as wear protection can be improved by a suitable coating technique. One of these techniques is high‐velocity oxygen‐fuel spraying. A drawback of high‐velocity oxygen‐fuel spraying is that it lacks reproducibility due to effects which are hard to measure directly. However, coating powder particles are observable over time during their flight towards the material and contain valuable information about the state of the process. Because of their smooth nature, measures of temperature and velocity can be assumed as target variables in generalized function‐on‐scalar regression. We propose methods to perform residual analysis in this framework aiming at the detection of individual residual functions which deviate from the majority of residuals. These methods help to detect anomalies in the process and hence improve the estimators. Functional target variables result in functional residuals whose analysis is barely explored. One reason might be that ordinary residual plots should be inspected at each observed point in time. We circumvent this infeasible procedure by the use of functional depths that help to identify unusual residuals and thereby gain deeper insight of the data‐generating process. In a simulation study, we find that a good depth for detecting trend outliers is the h‐modal depth as long as the link function is chosen correctly. In case of shape outliers rFUNTA pseudo‐depth performs well. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regularization for Continuously Observed Ordinal Response Variables with Piecewise‐constant Functional Covariates
Authors: Avery Matthew , Orndorff Mark , Robinson Timothy , Freeman Laura
Published: June 2016

This paper investigates regularization for continuously observed covariates that resemble step functions. The motivating examples come from operational test data from a recent US Department of Defense test of the Shadow Tactical Unmanned Aircraft system. The response variable, quality of video provided by the Shadow to friendly ground units, was measured on an ordinal scale continuously over time. Functional covariates, altitude and distance, can be well approximated by step functions. Two approaches for regularizing these covariates are considered, including a thinning approach commonly used within the Department of Defense to address autocorrelated time series data, and a novel ‘smoothing’ approach, which first approximates the covariates as step functions and then treats each ‘step’ as a uniquely observed data point. Datasets resulting from both approaches are fit using a mixed model cumulative logistic regression, and we compare their results. While the thinning approach identifies altitude as having a significant impact on video quality, the smoothing approach finds no evidence of an effect. This difference is attributable to the larger effective sample size produced by thinning. System characteristics make it unlikely that video quality would degrade at higher altitudes, suggesting that the thinning approach has produced a Type 1 error. By accounting for the functional characteristics of the covariates, the novel smoothing approach has produced a more accurate characterization of the Shadow's ability to provide full motion video to supported units. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who really gets strep sore throat? Confounding and effect modification of a time‐varying exposure on recurrent events
Authors: Follmann Dean , Huang Chiung‐Yu , Gabriel Erin
Published: June 2016

Unmeasured confounding is the fundamental obstacle to drawing causal conclusions about the impact of an intervention from observational data. Typically, covariates are measured to eliminate or ameliorate confounding, but they may be insufficient or unavailable. In the special setting where a transient intervention or exposure varies over time within each individual and confounding is time constant, a different tack is possible. The key idea is to condition on either the overall outcome or the proportion of time in the intervention. These measures can eliminate the unmeasured confounding either by conditioning or by use of a proxy covariate. We evaluate existing methods and develop new models from which causal conclusions can be drawn from such observational data even if no baseline covariates are measured. Our motivation for this work was to determine the causal effect of Streptococcus bacteria in the throat on pharyngitis (sore throat) in Indian schoolchildren. Using our models, we show that existing methods can be badly biased and that sick children who are rarely colonized have a high probability that the Streptococcus bacteria are causing their disease. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Cooperative Halogen Bond, Tetrel Bond and Van Der Waals Interaction Coexisting in the CO2, CO and XY (X=Cl, Br; Y=F, Cl, Br) Trimeric Complexes
Authors: Yang Xing , Zhou Pan‐Pan , Yang Fan , Zhou Da‐Gang , Yan Chao‐Xian , Zheng Pei‐Jun , Dai Yang
Published: June 2016

A series of four‐membered ring‐shaped molecular complexes formed by CO2, CO and XY (X=Cl, Br; Y=F, Cl, Br) molecules have been investigated at the moderate M06‐2X/6‐311++G(2d,2p) level of theory, in which these molecules interact with each other via halogen bond, tetrel bond and van der Waals interaction. The optimized geometry, stretching mode and interaction energy have been obtained and discussed. Molecular electrostatic potential and the contour maps of Laplacian ∇2ρwere used to reveal the formation mechanisms of these complexes. The cooperativity was found in these complexes because their interaction energies are stronger than the sum of the pair interaction energies. The electrostatic force was believed to be the main net contribution to the stability of these complexes. The simultaneous interactions involving CO2, CO and dihalogen molecules in these complexes would provide insight into the CO2and CO fixation via noncovalent interactions.