bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathogenicity characterization of nocardiosis in orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) via exposure to nine distinct isolates of Nocardia seriolae and four administrative routes
Authors: Nguyen Phuong , Giovanni Andre , Cheng Li‐Wu , Wang Pei‐Chi , Chen Shih‐Chu
Published: August 2023

Nocardia seriolae causes chronic nocardiosis in various marine and freshwater aquatic animals; however, grouper species have rarely been investigated. This study evaluated the pathogenicity of nocardiosis following N. seriolae infection in the orange‐spotted grouper Epinephelus coioides. Nine identified genetic isolates of N. seriolae were tested in vivo using the intraperitoneal method and observed daily for 35 days. The most virulent isolate was then used to evaluate transmission through different routes (intraperitoneal IP, intramuscular IM, oral OR, and immersion IS) in the same fish model and was observed daily for 42 days. The results showed mild variation in virulence among N. seriolae isolates. AOD107132‐2 K and OT103003‐N11 strains displayed the highest and lowest risk virulence, respectively, based on the accumulation and kinetics of mortality. IM and IP administrations showed an early phase response with early mortality by 5 dpc (30%–100%), while slower kinetics of nocardiosis occurred in the OR and IS routes with slow mortality at 35 dpc (4%–8%). Histopathology revealed typical granulomas, confirming the progression of nocardiosis in the diseased fish. These results provide the basis for further studies on the virulence profile of N. seriolae in Taiwan and a well‐suited route of administration in orange‐spotted groupers for further prevention development.
Parental support is not enough: How parental socialization theories can advance LGBTQ+ youth family research, practice, and health
Authors: Fish Jessica N. , Ezra Pond
Published: August 2023

LGBTQ+ youth endure health inequities resulting from stigma and would benefit from strategies that help them navigate unique developmental challenges. One promising strategy to address LGBTQ+ youths' health is augmenting parenting behaviors to support youth's adaptive strategies in the face of stigma. There remain limited conceptual frameworks and empirical focus on parenting LGBTQ+ youth. Adjacent research on racial‐ethnic socialization—parental practices that communicate messages about race, ethnicity, and culture to children—offers compelling evidence for the protective influence of adaptive identity‐based socialization strategies for racially and ethnically minoritized youth. In this commentary, we review the current conceptual perspectives of LGBTQ+ youths' family environment and discuss how lessons learned from racial‐ethnic socialization scholarship inform advances in research and practice with LGBTQ+ youth and their families. Throughout, we offer suggestions for advancing scientific understanding of sexual orientation and gender identity‐related socialization for LGBTQ+ youth and its potential impact on youth's development and well‐being.
Regulating the banking sector to support credit access: Evidence from small business
Authors: Vozzella Pietro , Gabbi Giampaolo
Published: August 2023

This study investigated the effectiveness of regulatory interventions in mitigating the harmful effects of financial crises on small firms. We examine the impact of a support factor implemented by European policymakers on Italian micro‐, small‐, and medium‐sized enterprises (MSMEs) between 2007 and 2017. The analysis uses a difference‐in‐differences approach to assess the credit conditions of these firms. Contrary to expectations, our results show that MSMEs in Italy continue to face credit constraints even after the introduction of the support factor. In contrast, we find that structural factors and portfolio effects play a more important role in promoting favorable credit conditions for small firms. Our results highlight the importance of considering these factors in conjunction with regulatory interventions to achieve better outcomes. This study has implications for policymakers and stakeholders, particularly in assessing the appropriateness of extending support factors for different policy purposes.
Clostridium ventriculi in a cynomolgus monkey with acute gastric dilatation and rupture: A case report
Authors: Bae Gyu‐Seo , Jeon Eun‐Su , Son Hee Chang , Kang Philyong , Lim Kyung Seob , Hwang Eun‐Ha , Kim Green , Baek Seung Ho , An You Jung , Shim Gyu Young , Woo Young Min , Kim YuJin , Oh Taehwan , Kim Seok‐Hwan , Hong JungJoo , Koo Bon‐Sang
Published: August 2023

Acute gastric dilatation (AGD) is one of the most prevalent and life‐threatening diseases in nonhuman primates worldwide. However, the etiology of this syndrome has not been determined. Recently, sudden death occurred in a 7‐year‐old female cynomolgus monkey with a history of fecal microbiota transplantation using diarrheic stools. The monkey had undergone surgery previously. On necropsy, gastric dilatation and rupture demonstrated a tetrad arrangement on histopathologic examination. On 16S rRNA sequencing, a high population of Clostridium ventriculi was identified in the duodenum adjacent to stomach but not in the colon. This paper is the first report of Clostridium ventriculi infection in a cynomolgus macaque with acute gastric dilatation and rupture.
ACTH‐secreting pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: A case‐series
Authors: Al‐Toubah Taymeyah , Pelle Eleonora , Hallanger‐Johnson Julie , Haider Mintallah , Strosberg Jonathan
Published: August 2023

Ectopic Cushing's syndrome (CS) occurs rarely in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Early recognition of symptoms is critical given the high morbidity and mortality associated with CS. A database of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) seen at the Moffitt Cancer Center between 1/2008 and 4/2022 was reviewed and cases of ectopic CS were identified. Information was extracted on tumor characteristics, clinical signs and symptoms, therapies, and outcomes. Thirteen cases were identified, ranging in age from 16 to 65 years at the initial time of diagnosis (median 42). Twelve of 13 patients had metastatic tumors at presentation. All were well‐differentiated at diagnosis although two were described as transformed to poorly differentiated on rebiopsy. A total of 4 patients also experienced Zollinger‐Ellison syndrome. Three patients underwent bilateral adrenalectomy to manage uncontrolled CS. Median overall survival of was 56 months from the time of initial cancer diagnosis but only 18 months from diagnosis of CS. Our study showed that ectopic CS is a highly morbid condition when occurring in pancreatic NENs and is associated with aggressive disease. Bilateral adrenalectomy can be considered for syndrome control. To our knowledge, this is the largest institutional case‐series of ACTH‐secreting metastatic pancreatic NEN.
Sexually dimorphic oxytocin receptor‐expressing (OXTR) neurons in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) in the postpartum female mouse are involved in maternal behavior
Authors: Sharma Kaustubh , Govar Armita A. , Ghimire Bandana , Nishimori Katsuhiko , Hammock Elizabeth , Teruyama Ryoichi
Published: August 2023

Maternal care is crucial for the survival and development of offspring. Oxytocin modulates maternal behavior by binding to oxytocin receptors (OXTRs) in various parts of the brain. Previously, we showed that OXTRs are expressed in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) of female, but not male mice. Because the AVPV is involved in the regulation of maternal behavior and oxytocin enhances its induction, this finding leads to the hypothesis that the female specific population of OXTR neurons in the AVPV regulates maternal behavior. To address this hypothesis, OXTR‐Venus reporter mice were used to assess if expression levels of OXTR in the AVPV are changed during the postpartum period. The total number of OXTR‐Venus neurons was significantly greater in postpartum dams compared to virgin females. To assess efferent projections of the AVPV‐OXTR neurons, a Cre‐dependent fluorescent protein (tdTomato) expressing a viral vector was injected into one side of the AVPV of female OXTR‐Cre mice. Fibers expressing tdTomato were found in hypothalamic areas containing oxytocin neurons (the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) and the midbrain areas (the ventral tegmental area and periaqueductal gray) that are involved in the regulation of maternal motivation. To assess if activity of the AVPV‐OXTR neurons is involved in the regulation of maternal behaviors, a chemogenetic approach was employed. Specific inhibition of activity of AVPV‐OXTR neurons completely abolished pup retrieval and nest building behaviors. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that AVPV‐OXTR neurons in postpartum female mice constitute an important node in the neural circuitry that regulates maternal behavior.
Effects of musical mnemonics on working memory performance in cognitively unimpaired older adults and persons with amnestic mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Derks‐Dijkman Marije W. , Schaefer Rebecca S. , Baan‐Wessels Lisa , van Tilborg Ilse A. D. A. , Kessels Roy P. C.
Published: August 2023

Episodic memory (EM) and working memory (WM) are negatively affected by healthy ageing, and additional memory impairment typically occurs in clinical ageing‐related conditions such as amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). Recent studies on musical mnemonics in Alzheimer's dementia (AD) showed promising results on EM performance. However, the effects of musical mnemonics on WM performance have not yet been studied in (a)MCI or AD. Particularly in (a)MCI the use of musical mnemonics may benefit the optimisation of (working) memory performance. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effects of musical presentation of digits consisting of pre‐recorded rhythms, sung unfamiliar pitch sequences, and their combinations, as compared to spoken presentation. Furthermore, musical expertise was assessed with two perceptual tests and the Self‐Report Inventory of the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index. Thirty‐two persons with aMCI and 32 cognitively unimpaired older adults (OA) participated in this study. Confirming and extending previous findings in research on ageing, our results show a facilitating effect of rhythm in both cognitively unimpaired OA and persons with aMCI (p = .001, ηp2 = .158). Furthermore, pitch (p = .048, ηp2 = .062) and melody (p = .012, ηp2 = .098) negatively affected performance in both groups. Musical expertise increased this beneficial effect of musical mnemonics (p = .021, ηp2 = .090). Implications for the future design of music‐based memorisation strategies in (a)MCI are discussed.
The efficacy and safety of microneedling with topical tranexamic acid for melasma treatment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Feng Xiaowei , Su Hong , Xie Jinwei
Published: August 2023

Objective

Microneedling with topical tranexamic acid (TXA) is a novel treatment option for melasma; however, the efficacy and safety of this combined administration therapy is in controversial. This study is conducted to address this issue of this technique in melasma.

Methods

An extensive literature review was performed to identify relevant trials, including randomized split‐face studies, randomized controlled trials and prospective non‐randomized split‐face studies, comparing microneedling plus topical TXA to routine treatments or placebo. The primary outcomes were changes of the Melasma Area Severity Index (MASI)/modified MASI (mMASI)/hemi MASI between before and after treatment, as well as the changes between a particular treatment and microneedling plus TXA. The mean differences (MDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for the reduction of melasma severity scores from baseline to each time point. In contrast, the standard mean differences (SMDs) and 95% CIs were calculated for the differences in reduction in melasma severity scores between the experimental and control groups at each time point.

Results

A total of 16 trials were included in the systematic review and data synthesis. The pooled analysis demonstrated that MASI, mMASI, and hemiMASI scores decreased significantly at 4 weeks (MD = 1.85; 95% CI = 1.15–2.54), 8 weeks (MD = 3.28; 95% CI = 2.31–4.24), 12 weeks (MD = 4.73; 95% CI = 2.79–6.50), 16 weeks (MD = 3.18; 95% CI = 1.50–4.85), and 20 weeks (MD = 3.20; 95% CI = 1.95–4.46) after treatment when compared with baseline. The reduction in melasma severity scores of microneedling with TXA group at 4 weeks was more significant than the routine treatment group (SMD = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.09–1.86), while insignificant at 8 weeks (SMD = 1.21; 95% CI = −0.17 to 2.59), 12 weeks (SMD = 0.63; 95% CI = −0.03 to 1.29), 16 weeks (SMD = 0.61; 95% CI = −2.85 to 4.07), or 20 weeks (SMD = 1.04; 95% CI = −1.28 to 3.36).

Conclusion

Despite the high heterogeneity across these studies, the current findings indicated that microneedling with topical TXA is an alternative treatment option for melasma treatment; and more well‐designed studies are needed to confirm it.
Business cycle accounting: What have we learned so far?
Authors: Brinca Pedro , Costa Filho João Ricardo , Loria Francesca
Published: August 2023

What drives recessions and expansions? Since it was introduced in 2007, there have been hundreds of business cycle accounting (BCA) exercises, a procedure aimed at identifying classes of models that hold quantitative promise to explain economic fluctuations. This paper contributes with a software—a graphical user interface that allows practitioners to perform BCA exercises with minimal effort—and exemplifies the procedure by studying the U.S. recessions in 1973 and 1990 and reflecting upon the critiques BCA has been subject to. We look into the many equivalence theorems that the literature has produced and that allow BCA practitioners to identify the theories that are quantitatively relevant for the economic period under study. The methodological extensions that have been brought forth since BCA's original inception are addressed as well as conclusions regarding the relative contribution of each wedge: GDP and investment are usually driven by an efficiency wedge, hours worked are closely related to the labor wedge and, in an open economy extension, the investment wedge helps to explain country risk spreads on international bonds. Finally, larger changes in interest rates and currency crises are usually associated with the investment and/or the labor wedge.
The effect of visual deprivation on basic taste modalities
Authors: Leszkowicz Emilia , Szymanek Patrycja , Pych Ewelina , Danielczuk Joanna , Skąpska Sylwia , Świergiel Artur H.
Published: August 2023

In this pilot study, the effects of temporary visual deprivation on sensitivity to the basic tastes in normal sighted subjects were assessed. The sip‐and‐spit method to assess taste recognition thresholds was applied. The recognition thresholds of five basic tastes were assessed in two conditions: when the participants were blindfolded and when their blindfolds were removed and their eyes were open. In the blindfolded condition, the recognition threshold for sweet taste (saccharose) was lower than in the eyes open condition (means: 2.49 g/L vs. 3.80 g/L, p = .046). For bitter taste, a similar tendency was observed, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (means: 0.11 g/L vs. 0.13 g/L, p = .078). No difference in taste recognition thresholds between these two conditions were noted for salty, sour, and umami. Thus, the impact of temporary visual deprivation on taste experience seems stronger for sweet than for other taste modalities.

Practical Applications

Our pilot study suggests potential applications, for example, re‐evaluating sugar content in foods served in dim/dark environments, like cinemas or blind cafés where food is consumed in total darkness. The sweet taste recognition threshold for saccharose being lower by 1.3 g/L in dark surroundings than in lit environments may become an incentive for beverages/snacks/desserts producers to lower sugar content. Coco‐Cola Original Taste has 10.6 g of sugar/100 mL, and a 1‐L Coca‐Cola serving (one of the cinema‐sized beverages) contains 106 g of sugar (22 teaspoons). An appropriate reduction of sugar in such beverages should not change their taste/palatability, and may benefit consumers and producers (Valicente et al., 2023, Journal of Sensory Studies, 38(1), e12803). For instance, Coca‐Cola/Coke is produced by mixing a relevant syrup with water and adding CO2 (Coca‐Cola Original Taste/Zero Sugar/Cherry, etc.); producing an additional syrup with lower than original sugar content seems feasible for a company regularly introducing new products to the market.
Sydenham chorea in the top end of Australia's Northern Territory: A 20‐year retrospective case series
Authors: Soller Tasmyn , Roberts Kathryn V , Middleton Bianca F , Ralph Anna P
Published: August 2023

Aim

Sydenham chorea is an immune‐mediated neuropsychiatric condition, and a major criterion for diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Children in remote Northern Australia experience disproportionately high rates of ARF, yet studies looking at the epidemiology, clinical presentation and management of Sydenham chorea are limited in this population.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective case series from January 2002 to April 2022 of all paediatric patients aged ≤18 years admitted to Royal Darwin Hospital with Sydenham chorea. Cases were identified using the hospital's clinical coding system (ICD10). Medical records were reviewed and data on demographics, clinical presentation, investigation results, treatment and outcome were extracted, deidentified and analysed.

Results

One hundred ten presentations of Sydenham chorea occurred between 2002 and 2022, 109 (99%) of these were in First Nations children, with 85% residing in very remote locations. Most commonly, chorea presented as a generalised movement disorder affecting all four limbs (49%). Neuropsychiatric symptoms were reported in 33 (30%), and there was evidence of rheumatic heart disease on echocardiogram in 86 (78%) at presentation. All patients received benzathine penicillin, but there was significant variation in management of chorea, ranging from supportive management, to symptomatic management with anticonvulsants, to immunomodulatory medications including corticosteroids.

Conclusion

This case series highlights the significant burden of Sydenham chorea among First Nations children living in Northern Australia and demonstrates wide variation in treatment approaches. High‐quality clinical trials are required to determine the best treatment for this disabling condition.
Chewing gum base: A comprehensive review of composition, production, and assessment methods: Advances and approaches in biodegradability
Authors: Kaveh Mona , Yeganehzad Samira , Rabie Ashkezary Mansour , Hesarinejad Mohammad Ali , Todaro Aldo , Nishinari Katsuyoshi
Published: August 2023

The gum base mass is a colloidal system and the main component of chewing gum; which is an inert, non‐nutritious, indigestible, and insoluble part of chewing gum, therefore this substance does not dissolve in the mouth when chewed. The gum base plays the most crucial role in determining the mechanical properties, flexibility, and overall quality of chewing gum. Moreover, it acts as a delivery system to transport sweeteners, flavorings, and other ingredients in chewing gum. Despite the massive market for chewing gum and the provision of a list of the main ingredients in gum base by the Code of Federal Regulations and some international organizations, there is a lack of information about chewing gum base and its compositions in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to present an overview of the characteristics, ingredients and applications, production process, assessment, and modification methods of the gum base along with the advances and approaches in biodegradability. Biodegradability concerns play a promoting role in the research and development of chewing gum and its applications in the food industry, medical and dental sectors. Reviewing previous studies can surely help for faster development of this path.
Triploid burbot, Lota lota, production: Optimization of thermal and hydrostatic parameters, tetraploid induction, and confirmation of triploid sterility
Authors: Oliver Luke P. , Evavold Joseph T. , Cain Kenneth D.
Published: August 2023

Experiments were conducted to optimize triploid induction parameters, and assess triploid sterility, in burbot. Duration and timing of shocks were based on degree minutes, temperature multiplied by time, denoted as °C min. Hydrostatic shock experiments investigated the duration of shock using 7500 or 8500 psi at 180°C min post‐fertilization. Thermal shocks investigated duration of shock and post‐fertilization shock timing using a shock of 16°C. Sterility experiments investigated egg survival when diploids were crossed with triploids. Hydrostatic shock of 7500 psi for 10 or 20°C min can induce triploidy ≥90% and exhibits survival that is statistically similar, p ≤ 0.05, to controls. Hydrostatic shock of 8500 psi for 5 or 10°C min yielded triploid induction of 93% and 100%, respectively, with survival that is statistically similar to controls, p ≤ 0.05. Thermal induction experiments indicated shocks at 120°C min post‐fertilization, for durations between 350 and 450°C min, have potential to induce triploidy ≥90% while facilitating survival statistically similar to controls, p ≤ 0.05. Induction of tetraploidy was observed. Sterility experiments determined that triploid burbot are functionally sterile. These results may allow production of burbot where sterility is required.
Three decades of research on Iberian wild Carnivora: trends, highlights, and future directions
Authors: Rosalino Luís M. , Matias Gonçalo , Carvalho João , Álvares Francisco , Azevedo Alexandre , Bandeira Victor , Fernandes Carlos , Ferreras Pablo , Gortázar Christian , Lozano Jorge , Monterroso Pedro , Palomares Francisco , Santos Nuno , Serra Rodrigo , da Silva André Pinto , Virgós Emílio , Santos‐Reis Margarida
Published: August 2023

Mammalian carnivores (Carnivora) are crucial components of landscapes, because of both their top‐down effects on lower trophic level species and their sensitivity to bottom‐up processes, such as limited food resources (e.g. due to climate instability). To understand their functional role in Iberian ecosystems more clearly, and to define effective plans for their management and conservation, it is crucial to sum up the available regional knowledge that can inform decision‐making processes.

We review bio‐ecological research on wild Iberian carnivores over 30 years (1990–2020) and identify key knowledge gaps and priority avenues for future research. Based on a systematic review of the scientific literature, we aimed to: 1) summarise current knowledge; 2) assess species and ecoregion representativeness; 3) identify key research topics addressed and those lacking investment and 4) suggest key future research priorities.

We examined 920 peer‐reviewed articles involving wild Iberian mammalian carnivores, focusing on different bio‐ecological issues. We found considerable heterogeneity in the topics and species investigated, as well as in the study areas (ecoregions) explored, with a mismatch between the research priorities identified by researchers and the knowledge gaps.

We suggest that future research should prioritise: 1) rear‐edge populations that are at the southwestern limits of the species' Eurasian range, thus being particularly sensitive to the increasing fragmentation and aridity of Iberian ecosystems, and that were less studied (e.g. brown bear Ursus arctos, stoat Mustela erminea, European mink Mustela lutreola and pine marten Martes martes); 2) less‐studied topics, such as morphometry and body condition, ecophysiology, and reproductive biology, all of which provide essential information for species' management and conservation and 3) specific ecoregions for which studies on species' adaptations to environmental and anthropic contexts are lacking (e.g. northern ecoregions of Iberia, Iberian conifer forests and Northwest Iberian montane forests). Our review provides the necessary background to support future research on carnivore populations in Iberia.
Can Japanese learners of English comprehend inflectional and derivational forms in listening? Testing the validity of the word family counting unit
Authors: Kim Young Ae , Stoeckel Tim , McLean Stuart
Published: August 2023

In second language (L2) research, the lexical unit is often defined as a base word plus inflectional and derivational forms through Level 6 of Bauer and Nation's framework (WF6). WF6 use has been justified by the assumption that once a form is known, recognition of other WF6 members requires little extra effort. A more lenient view holds that an incomplete understanding of derivational forms is permissible if words containing the most frequent derivational affixes are known. This study assessed the validity of these views for L2 listening. Participants (N = 120) provided translations of 27 base words and 43 related affixational forms when listening. When participants knew one form (either the base word or an affixed form) they also knew the other just 25.1% of the time. For target words containing the most frequent derivational affixes, this was just 26.5%. Logistic regression found that learners’ overall vocabulary level, several aspects of word frequency, and base word knowledge were all significant predictors of knowing affixed forms. However, when other variables were held constant, base word knowledge was a weak predictor of affixational form knowledge. These findings support neither the strict assumption nor the more lenient view of WF6 use for L2 listening among study participants.
The influences of sociocultural norms on women's decision to disclose intimate partner violence: Integrative review
Authors: Güler Ayşe , Lee Rebecca C. , Rojas‐Guyler Liliana , Lambert Joshua , Smith Carolyn R.
Published: August 2023

Sociocultural norms against women can contribute to promoting intimate partner violence (IPV) and shape women's decision to disclose IPV. A cross‐cultural analysis of the existing literature is needed to present an overview of the influences of sociocultural norms on women's decisions regarding the disclosure of IPV across different cultural contexts. The purpose of the review was to synthesize published quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (MMs) studies to identify known sociocultural norms across different cultures that may influence women's decision to disclose IPV. The Whittemore and Knafl framework, Rayyan software, and PRISMA flow diagram were used. Databases included APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, PubMed, SocINDEX, and Women's Studies International. The quality of studies was assessed by the MMs appraisal tool. A total of 15 research articles written in English and published in peer‐reviewed journals were included. Main categories emerged: (1) stigma surrounding IPV disclosure, victimization, and divorce; (2) gender roles; (3) preserving family honor; and (4) Children's well‐being and future. A one‐size‐fits‐all approach is not adequate for women who are considering disclosing IPV. Findings underscore that regardless of residing in individualistic countries, those sociocultural norms related to traditional gender roles and gender inequality are still important barriers to the disclosure of IPV among women with collectivist roots.
ZmBELL10 interacts with other ZmBELLs and recognizes specific motifs for transcriptional activation to modulate internode patterning in maize
Authors: Yu Jia , Song Guangshu , Guo Weijun , Le Liang , Xu Fan , Wang Ting , Wang Fanhua , Wu Yue , Gu Xiaofeng , Pu Li
Published: August 2023

Plant height is an important agronomic trait that affects crop yield. Elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying plant height regulation is also an important question in developmental biology.

Here, we report that a BELL transcription factor, ZmBELL10, positively regulates plant height in maize (Zea mays). Loss of ZmBELL10 function resulted in shorter internodes, fewer nodes, and smaller kernels, while ZmBELL10 overexpression increased plant height and hundred‐kernel weight. Transcriptome analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing showed that ZmBELL10 recognizes specific sequences in the promoter of its target genes and activates cell division‐ and cell elongation‐related gene expression, thereby influencing node number and internode length in maize.

ZmBELL10 interacted with several other ZmBELL proteins via a spatial structure in its POX domain to form protein complexes involving ZmBELL10. All interacting proteins recognized the same DNA sequences, and their interaction with ZmBELL10 increased target gene expression. We identified the key residues in the POX domain of ZmBELL10 responsible for its protein–protein interactions, but these residues did not affect its transactivation activity.

Collectively, our findings shed light on the functions of ZmBELL10 protein complexes and provide potential targets for improving plant architecture and yield in maize.
Measurement error effects on estimates from linear and nonlinear regression whole‐stand yield models
Authors: Zobel John M.
Published: August 2023

Systems of whole‐stand yield models facilitate projections of forest attributes, but their inputs may be difficult to measure accurately. This study conducted sensitivity analyses to examine the effect of systematic and stochastic measurement errors on outputs from a representative system of equations. Simulated error was added to explanatory variables stand age, site index, or both. Results showed that large systematic error in one variable tended to produce moderate to large percent changes in all models, particularly the height and volume equations (often >50% change). Systematic error in both variables amplified this effect, especially for young, less productive stands. Stochastic error dramatically increased estimate variability (some relative standard errors >50%), particularly in the height and volume models at young ages and low site indices. These results suggest that measurement error may considerably alter projections and increase uncertainty when using whole‐stand yield models, highlighting the need for careful crew training.
Multifaceted roles of T cells in obesity and obesity‐related complications: A narrative review
Authors: Qi Xinrui , Li Zhangwang , Han Jiashu , Liu Wenqing , Xia Panpan , Cai Xia , Liu Xiao , Liu Xu , Zhang Jing , Yu Peng
Published: August 2023

Obesity is characterized by chronic low‐grade inflammatory responses in the adipose tissue, accompanied by pronounced insulin resistance and metabolic anomalies. It affects almost all body organs and eventually leads to diseases such as fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. Recently, T cells have emerged as interesting therapeutic targets because the dysfunction of T cells and their cytokines in the adipose tissue is implicated in obesity‐induced inflammation and their complicated onset. Although several recent narrative reviews have provided a brief overview of related evidence in this area, they have mainly focused on either obesity‐associated T cell metabolism or modulation of T cell activation in obesity. Moreover, at present, no published review has reported on the multifaceted roles of T cells in obesity and obesity‐related complications, even though there has been a significant increase in studies on this topic since 2019. Therefore, this narrative review aims to comprehensively summarize current advances in the mechanistic roles of T cells in the development of obesity and its related complications. Further, we aim to discuss relevant drugs for weight loss as well as the contradictory role of T cells in the same disease so as to highlight key findings regarding this topic and provide a valid basis for future treatment strategies.
Long‐term grazing intensity by reindeer alters the response of the soil micro‐food web to simulated climate change in subarctic tundra
Authors: Stark Sari , Väisänen Maria , Männistö Minna K. , Kühn Jakob , Ruess Liliane
Published: August 2023

Top–down control by nematodes over soil microorganisms – considered to be stronger over bacteria than over fungi – may dampen microbial responses to global changes in tundra. To test whether large grazers alter the responses of belowground trophic networks to global changes, we employed factorial warming and nitrogen fertilization treatments in adjacent sites with different reindeer grazing intensities for the past 50 years. Lightly grazed tundra is dominated by dwarf shrubs and a more fungal‐based microbial community, while in heavily grazed tundra the high reindeer densities during autumn migration have induced a shift into graminoids and a more bacterial‐based microbial community. We analysed the soil micro‐food web (i.e. the nematode density, trophic structure and species composition) as well as fungal, bacterial and total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) after four growing seasons of warming and fertilization both before and during reindeer migration. We predicted that bacterivore densities are higher and fungivore densities lower under heavy than light grazing (i.e. nematode populations before migration reflect grazing effects via the base of the food web), whereas reindeer migration induces a negative impact on nematode densities under heavy grazing (disturbance by trampling is the driving factor). We further predicted that nematodes negate treatment effects on microbial biomass to a stronger extent in the bacterial‐based heavily grazed tundra than in the fungal‐based lightly grazed tundra. Fungivore densities were higher under light than under heavy grazing, but nematodes did not respond to trampling. Warming increased fungivores and the fungal PLFAs irrespective of grazing and timing but, under heavy grazing, it increased bacterivores while the bacterial PLFAs remained steady. Fertilization increased carnivores and influenced nematode species composition, diversity and maturity interactively with warming. Our data suggest that large grazers affect tundra soil nematodes via bottom–up effects through microbial community composition and biomass, which in turn may alter the strength of their top–down control over soil bacteria under climate warming.
One‐year results for myopia control with aspheric base curve orthokeratology lenses: A prospective randomised clinical trial
Authors: Liu Tong , Chen Changxu , Ma Wei , Yang Bi , Wang Xi , Liu Longqian
Published: August 2023

Purpose

To compare the effect of orthokeratology (ortho‐k) using aspheric or spherical base curve (BCA vs. BCS) contact lenses on axial elongation and the relative peripheral refraction change (RPRC) in Chinese children.

Methods

Children aged 8–12 years with myopia between −0.75 and −4.00 D and astigmatism ≤1.00 D were randomly assigned to the BCA or BCS group. Peripheral refraction was assessed at 10°, 20° and 30° along the temporal and nasal retina at baseline and at the 12‐month visit. Axial length (AL) was measured under cycloplegia at baseline and at the 6‐ and 12‐month visits. Only right eye data were analysed. Repeated‐measures analysis of covariance was performed to examine the differences in axial elongation and the RPRC between the BCA and BCS groups.

Results

The 1‐year results from 31 BCA and 32 BCS subjects were analysed. No significant between‐group differences were found at baseline (p ≥ 0.28). At the 12‐month visit, the BCA lens produced a greater absolute RPRC along the horizontal meridian than the BCS lens (p < 0.001). Axial elongation was slower in the BCA group (0.19 ± 0.20 mm) than in the BCS group (0.29 ± 0.14 mm; p = 0.03). Axial elongation was correlated with the RPRC at 10° (r = 0.43, p = 0.02) and 20° (r = 0.39, p = 0.03) along the temporal retina in the BCA group; however, these correlations were not observed in the BCS group.

Conclusion

The BCA ortho‐k lens could improve the efficacy of slowing axial elongation in children. The improved myopia control observed in the BCA group may be the result of a larger myopic shift in relative peripheral refraction within 20° along the temporal retina.
Septal scar as a barrier to left bundle branch area pacing
Authors: Ali Nadine , Arnold Ahran D. , Miyazawa Alejandra A. , Keene Daniel , Peters Nicholas S. , Kanagaratnam Prapa , Qureshi Norman , Ng Fu Siong , Linton Nick W. F. , Lefroy David C. , Francis Darrel P. , Lim Phang Boon , Kellman Peter , Tanner Mark A. , Muthumala Amal , Shun‐Shin Matthew , Whinnett Zachary I. , Cole Graham D.
Published: August 2023

Background

The use of left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) for bradycardia pacing and cardiac resynchronization is increasing, but implants are not always successful. We prospectively studied consecutive patients to determine whether septal scar contributes to implant failure.

Methods

Patients scheduled for bradycardia pacing or cardiac resynchronization therapy were prospectively enrolled. Recruited patients underwent preprocedural scar assessment by cardiac MRI with late gadolinium enhancement imaging. LBBAP was attempted using a lumenless lead (Medtronic 3830) via a transeptal approach.

Results

Thirty‐five patients were recruited: 29 male, mean age 68 years, 10 ischemic, and 16 non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy. Pacing indication was bradycardia in 26% and cardiac resynchronization in 74%. The lead was successfully deployed to the left ventricular septum in 30/35 (86%) and unsuccessful in the remaining 5/35 (14%). Septal late gadolinium enhancement was significantly less extensive in patients where left septal lead deployment was successful, compared those where it was unsuccessful (median 8%, IQR 2%–18% vs. median 54%, IQR 53%–57%, p < .001).

Conclusions

The presence of septal scar appears to make it more challenging to deploy a lead to the left ventricular septum via the transeptal route. Additional implant tools or alternative approaches may be required in patients with extensive septal scar.
Challenges of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter ablation in patients with pectus excavatum
Authors: Iyengar Sumedh , Reddy Sudeepthi , Khetarpal Banveet Kaur , Elzamar Mohamed , Srivathsan Komandoor
Published: August 2023

Atrial fibrillation (AF) may be associated with chest wall abnormalities such as pectus excavatum (PE). Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has proven to be a useful strategy for radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of AF. However, the presence of chest wall abnormalities, such as pectus excavatum, imposes certain challenges during ablation due to the anatomic distortion that it causes. We highlight these challenges during ablation in this three‐patient case series.
Genetic dissection of endosperm hydration in malting barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Authors: Jensen Joseph , Turner Hannah , Lachowiec Jennifer , Lutgen Greg , Yin Xiang S. , Sherman Jamie
Published: August 2023

Hydration of the endosperm is a critical part of the malting process that ensures proper modification of the grain. However, little is known about the genetic controls of endosperm hydration and its relationship to agronomic and malt quality traits. The extent of endosperm hydration is estimated through hydration index (HYI). We measured HYI, agronomic, and malt quality traits on a 169‐line subset of the NSGC Barley Core Panel, which includes global malt lines, some dating from the inception of European breeding programmes. Utilizing GWAS, 61 QTLs were identified for HYI, dormancy, agronomic, and malt quality traits. Of these, six were found to be related to HYI and were located on 1H, 2H, 3H, 6H, and 7H. We found HYI QTLs cosegregating with kernel size and hardness (1H and 3H), malting quality (2H and 6H), and dormancy (2H and 6H). These results indicate that endosperm hydration after steeping can be improved by selecting high HYI alleles on 2H, 6H, and 7H, positively impacting malting quality without negatively impacting kernel size or dormancy.
Shear wave elastography and shear wave dispersion correlated to biopsy at the scheduled follow‐up of pediatric liver grafts
Authors: Cetinic Ivan , de Lange Charlotte , Boström Håkan , Ekvall Nils , Bennet William , Lagerstrand Kerstin , Hebelka Hanna
Published: August 2023

Background

It is unknown how shear wave dispersion (SWD) is displayed in pediatric liver transplant recipients and not fully elucidated how ultrasound shear wave elastography (2D‐SWE) display within this cohort, which is important to determine to improve noninvasive surveillance of these patients. The study aimed to compare SWE and SWD values with histopathology in pediatric liver recipients.

Methods

Forty‐eight pediatric liver recipients were examined with SWE in conjunction with an elective liver biopsy (clinically without complication). Additionally, SWD values were measured in 21 children. SWE and SWD values were compared to histologically determined fibrosis graded as none‐to‐mild (F0–1) and moderate‐to‐severe (F2–4), and inflammation graded as low (grade 0–1) and high (grade 2–4).

Results

Two children were excluded due to SWE IQR/median > 30% kPa. The mean age across 46 included patients was 10.9 years (range 1.4–18). The number of patients and median (range) SWE value (kPa) for each stage of fibrosis were: F0–1 [n = 23; 5.8 (3.2–16.1)], F2 [n = 22; 6.0 (4.5–25.9)], F3 [n = 1; 33.3], and F4 [n = 0]. Significantly higher SWE values and greater variability were registered in F2–4 vs. F0–1 (p = .05). Grade of fibrosis correlated weakly to SWE values (r = .3; p = .05), but not to SWD values (r = .2; p = .27). In patients with low‐grade inflammation, median SWD was 13.7 m/s KHz (10.7–17.6). Only one patient had high‐grade inflammation.

Conclusions

Uncomplicated transplanted liver grafts in a small pediatric cohort revealed slightly increased SWE and SWD values compared to previously reported values in healthy children. This likely reflect both the fibrotic and inflammatory elements in the grafts; however, other confounders impacting the liver's viscoelastic properties are also probable factors.
Sample size assessments for thermal physiology studies: An R package and R Shiny application
Authors: van Steenderen Clarke J. M. , Sutton Guy F. , Owen Candice A. , Martin Grant D. , Coetzee Julie A.
Published: August 2023

Required sample sizes for a study need to be carefully assessed to account for logistics, cost, ethics and statistical rigour. For example, many studies have shown that methodological variations can impact the critical thermal limits (CTLs) recorded for a species, although studies on the impact of sample size on these measures are lacking. Here, we present ThermalSampleR; an R CRAN package and Shiny application that can assist researchers in determining when adequate sample sizes have been reached for their data. The method is particularly useful because it is not taxon specific. The Shiny application offers a user‐friendly interface equivalent to the package for users not familiar with R programming. ThermalSampleR is accompanied by an in‐built example dataset, which we use to guide the user through the workflow with a fully worked tutorial.
Higher‐order omissions and the stacked view of agency
Authors: Metz Joseph
Published: August 2023

Omissions are puzzling, and theyraise myriad questions for many areas of philosophy. In contrast, omissions ofomissions are not usually taken to be very puzzling since they are oftenthought to just be a fancy way of describing ordinary “positive” events, statesof affairs, or actions. This paper contends that – as far as agency isconcerned – at least some omissions of omissions are omissions, not actions. First,this paper highlights how our actions are accompanied by many first‐orderomissions ‐ i.e., omissions to act – and that there already are many strongreasons to think that at least some of these first‐order omissions are agentiallydistinct from simultaneous actions and from other first‐order omissions. Itthen argues that our actions and first‐order omissions are also accompanied byhigher‐order omissions – i.e.,omissions to omit to act– and that higher‐orderomissions are distinct from actions and first‐order omissions for similarreasons. Higher‐order omissions also illuminate a more holistic picture of agency,which involves recognizing that our exercises of agency at a moment in timeinclude all of our overlapping behaviors – our actions, first‐order omissions,and higher‐order omissions. This paper concludes by exploring the impacts ofhigher‐order omissions.
Lowered IL‐37 gene expression and elevated IL‐37‐producing tissue‐resident immune cells in psoriasis lesional biopsies
Authors: Wulamujiang Aini , Ozkanli Seyma , Coskunpinar Ender , Canbaz Halime Tuba , Yesilay Gamze , Tekayev Muhammetnur , Sevgin Kubra
Published: August 2023

Psoriasis is an immune cell‐dependent chronic autoimmune skin disorder. Interleukin 37 (IL‐37) is a cytokine belonging to the IL‐1 family that shows anti‐inflammatory and protective effects in various mouse models of psoriasis. Even though various animal models are used to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of psoriasis, human clinical studies are still needed to make up for the deficiencies, as animal models generally do not exhibit the complex phenotypic features of human psoriasis. Our study aims to demonstrate the relationship between IL‐37‐producing tissue‐resident immune cells with the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The present study was performed on 28 psoriasis patients and 17 healthy volunteers. The ability of anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐37 to impede inflammation and regulate metabolic pathways was assessed by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Finally, immunofluorescence double staining for CD4+IL‐37b+, CD68+IL‐37b+, and (forkhead box protein P3) Foxp3+IL‐37b+ was performed. The proportion of CD4+IL‐37b+ T cells, CD68+IL‐37b+ macrophages, and Foxp3+IL‐37b+ T regulatory (Treg) cells was significantly increased in the psoriasis group compared to the control group. IL‐37 gene expression was downregulated in psoriasis when contrasted to the control group. Our findings disclosed that IL‐37‐producing tissue‐resident immune cells might be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, and thus may be a therapeutic target for individuals with psoriasis.