bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lack of cross‐resistance to indoxacarb in insecticide‐resistant Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)
Authors: Yu Simon J , McCord Elzie
Published: November 2006

Two field strains of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), collected from corn in north Florida showed high resistance to carbaryl (626‐ and 1159‐fold) and moderate resistance to parathion‐methyl (30‐ and 39‐fold) as compared with a laboratory susceptible strain. A field strain of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) collected from cabbage in north Florida and selected for 20 generations with permethrin showed high resistance to permethrin (987‐fold) as compared with a susceptible strain. However, in all instances, no cross‐resistance to indoxacarb, a novel oxidiazine insecticide, was observed in these two species. Biochemical studies revealed that, in S. frugiperda, activities of detoxification enzymes (microsomal oxidase, glutathione S‐transferase and general esterase) were significantly higher in the field strains than in the susceptible strain, indicating that these detoxification enzymes were not actively involved in the resistance to indoxacarb. The lack of cross‐resistance between indoxacarb and permethrin in P. xylostella further supports the notion that the mode of action of these insecticides on the insect sodium channel is different. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Near‐infrared laser absorption of poly(vinyl chloride) at elevated temperatures
Authors: Van de Ven James D. , Erdman Arthur G.
Published: November 2006

Modeling laser transmission welding of thermoplastics requires knowledge of the optical properties of the materials being joined. The optical properties are highly dependent on their unique combinations of base polymer, pigments, and fillers. Because of the complex phase transition that occurs when heating thermoplastics, the optical properties are not a constant, but a function of temperature. During laser transmission welding large changes in the material temperature affect the light absorption, thus changing the characteristics of heating owing to the laser radiation. This paper discusses an experiment measuring diode laser transmission through clear poly(vinyl chloride) samples while increasing the material temperature in an oven. It was found that the absorption coefficient follows repeated peaks and valleys between the glass transition temperature and the melting point. Above the melting point the absorption coefficient increases to a plateau before a further increase that is marked by thermal decomposition. In addition, the decomposition temperature was found to be dependent on the rate of heating. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 12:166–173, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Novel impact modification in a TPO system
Authors: Andrews Anna P. , Dean Anthony , DeFranco Paul
Published: November 2006

An innovative TPO, based upon a complex fluid, is described, which shows an unusual balance of physical properties. The effects of complex fluid composition are addressed in a statistically designed experiment. Physical performance, rheological effects, thermal analysis, and morphological characterization are reported. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 12:183–191, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Outcome after three years of laronidase enzyme replacement therapy in a patient with Hurler syndrome
Authors: Thomas J. A. , Jacobs S. , Kierstein J. , Hove J. Van
Published: November 2006

Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with laronidase, recombinant α‐l‐iduronidase, for mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) has been clinically available since April 2003. Pre‐approval studies were performed on patients with the more attenuated forms of MPS I, Hurler–Scheie and Scheie syndromes. The clinical efficacy of laronidase on the severe form of MPS I, Hurler syndrome, is not well known. We present a patient with Hurler syndrome who has been treated with laronidase for 3 years. Clinically, the patient demonstrated improvement in urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) levels and hepatomegaly, but continued to experience decline in respiratory status, musculoskeletal and spinal involvement, and developmental skills. Overall, the benefit of ERT with laronidase in advanced Hurler syndrome appeared to be minimal in this patient.
Rodent acorn selection in a Mediterranean oak landscape
Authors: Pons Josep , Pausas Juli G.
Published: November 2006

Quercus suber, Quercus ilex and Quercus coccifera (Cork, Holm and Kermes oaks, respectively) are common evergreen oak species that coexist in the landscapes of the western part of the Mediterranean basin. Rodents are the main acorn predators and thus one of the main factors for understanding recruitment patterns in oaks. In this paper we analyse to what extent mice prefer acorns from one oak species over another in three oak species studied using acorn removal experiments and video tape recordings. Twenty labelled acorns from each of the three Quercus species (60 acorns) were placed in 40 cm×40 cm quadrats on each plot. Because selection might vary as a result of the vegetation context, we performed the trials in the five main vegetation types within the study area (four replicates in each vegetation type) in order to control for habitat influences on rodent acorn preferences (a total of 20 plots). The removal of 1,200 acorns occurred within 68 days. Mice removed 98.7% of the acorns. Q. ilex acorns were preferred over Q. suber and Q. coccifera in all vegetation types except in pine forest, where no acorn preferences were detected. Acorn removal rates differed with vegetation type, correlating positively with shrub cover. The distance at which acorns were displaced by rodents (mean =4.6 m±5.1 SD) did not differ between acorn species, but varied among vegetation types. Bigger acorns of Q. coccifera were selected only after Q. ilex and Q. suber acorns were depleted, while no size selection was detected for the latter two species. Thus, we conclude that rodents show preference for some oak acorns and that landscape context contributes significantly to rodent activities and decisions.
Partitioning of strontium between calcite and fluid
Authors: Gabitov R. I. , Watson E. B.
Published: November 2006

The Sr/Ca ratio of biogenic carbonate is widely used as a proxy for paleotemperature. This application is supported by empirical calibrations of Sr/Ca as a function of temperature, but it is also known that Sr uptake in calcite gauged by KdSr = is affected by other variables, including bulk precipitation rate (KdSr increases with increasing precipitation rate). There are no data from controlled experiments specifically addressing the effect of radial growth rate of individual crystals on KdSr. For this reason, we conducted two series of experiments to explore Sr partitioning at varying growth rates: (1) growth from a CaCl2–NH4Cl–SrCl2 solution by diffusion of CO2 from an ammonium carbonate source (“drift” experiments) and (2) “drip” precipitation of calcite on a substrate, using a steady flow of CaCl2–SrCl2 and Na2CO3 solutions, mixed just before passage through a tube and dripped onto a glass slide precoated with calcite (“cave‐type” experiments). The growth rates of individual crystals were determined by periodic monitoring of crystal size through time or, roughly, by comparison of the final size with the duration of the experiment. Electron microprobe analyses across sectioned crystals grown in the drift experiments show that the concentration of Sr is high in the center (where radial growth rates are highest) and decreases systematically toward the edge. The center‐to‐edge drop in Sr concentration is a consequence of the slowing radial growth rate as individual crystals become larger. In general, high crystal growth rate (V) enhances Sr uptake in calcite due to a type of kinetic disequilibrium we refer to as “growth entrapment.” The apparent KdSr ranges from 0.12 to 0.35 as V increases from 0.01 nm/s to 1 μm/s at 25°C.
Evidence for climate modulation of the 10Be solar activity proxy
Authors: Pedro Joel , van Ommen Tas , Curran Mark , Morgan Vin , Smith Andrew , McMorrow Alison
Published: November 2006

We used a snow pit record in conjunction with detailed snow accumulation data and oxygen isotope records to examine atmospheric transport and deposition effects on 10Be at Law Dome, Antarctica. Data from an adjacent automatic weather station was used to date the record at snowfall event‐scale resolution. In contrast to prior ice core studies in Antarctica, the snow pit record is of a sufficiently short duration (∼1 year) that 10Be fluctuations reflect mainly atmospheric transport processes rather than solar modulation of production. Elevated concentrations of 10Be were found in the late austral summer and early autumn snow, synchronous with the seasonal increase in stratospheric aerosols at Antarctic stations. A significant (P < 0.01) anticorrelation of 10Be with δ18O occurs at the snowfall event scale. Fractionation of water isotopes at Law Dome is controlled by local and regional processes, specifically transport and local temperature. The anticorrelation seen here implies that 10Be concentration was reduced in snow from warmer air masses (characterized by less negative δ18O). There is potential for confounding solar modulation with climatic modulation if at sites such as this one, warmer meteorological influences may be associated with reduced 10Be concentrations. Quantification of the significance of this effect for the longer‐term 10Be record will require analysis of longer 10Be records from different sites.
Trains of magnetic holes and magnetic humps in the heliosheath
Authors: Burlaga L. F. , Ness N. F. , Acũna M. H.
Published: November 2006

This paper discusses the existence of trains (sequences) of magnetic holes and magnetic humps in the heliosheath, based on Voyager 1 observations made in the intervals DOY 312.9707–317.0879, 2005 and DOY 185.2762–186.7957, 2005. These two trains represent a class of compressive fluctuations in the heliosheath. Varying from one region or time interval to another, this class of fluctuations probably depends on the varying conditions upstream of the Termination Shock and its nature. The trains of magnetic holes in the heliosheath resemble certain magnetic field strength fluctuations observed in planetary magnetosheaths.
Summertime influence of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation on daily rainfall over Mexico and Central America
Authors: Barlow Mathew , Salstein David
Published: November 2006

Examination of daily rainfall from 222 stations in Mexico and Central America for Jul–Sep, 1979–1997, shows that local Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) activity plays a large role in modulating the rainfall. During boreal summer, the MJO has a secondary maximum of activity in the eastern Pacific Ocean that extends over southern Mexico and Central America. At 116 stations, precipitation during the positive phase of the local MJO is at least 25% greater than during the negative phase and at 45 stations is more than 100% greater (twice as large). Field significance exceeds 99.9%. Analysis of individual stations in the most‐affected region shows that extreme rainfall events are strongly biased toward the positive phase and that the MJO influence is consistent from year‐to‐year. As the MJO is predictable out to at least two weeks and potentially longer, these results suggest strong potential for subseasonal prediction in the region.
Water in the lower crustal granulite xenoliths from Nushan, eastern China
Authors: Xia Qun‐Ke , Yang Xiao‐Zhi , Deloule Etienne , Sheng Ying‐Ming , Hao Yan‐Tao
Published: November 2006

Nominally anhydrous clinopyroxene (cpx), orthopyroxene (opx), and plagioclase (pl) from 10 lower crustal granulite (two‐pyroxene granulite and hypersthene granulite) xenoliths in Cenozoic basalts from the Nushan volcano, eastern China, have been analyzed for their hydrogen content by microscopic Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (Micro‐FTIR). The results demonstrate that hydrogen was incorporated in all these minerals in the manner of OH and that the content (H2O weight) is up to 2360 ppm for cpx, 1170 ppm for opx, and 880 ppm for pl. On the basis of the water content of constitutive minerals and their proportions, whole rock water contents of the Nushan granulites were estimated to be 150–950 ppm. Estimated equilibrium temperatures of the Nushan granulites are in the range of 810–892°C, corresponding to the lowermost crust at Nushan (about 25–30 km). Therefore this study provides direct evidence that the lower continental crust, even the lowermost part devoid of hydrous minerals, can contain a certain amount of water in nominally anhydrous minerals.
Inverse thermoremanent magnetization
Authors: Dunlop David J.
Published: November 2006

Inverse thermoremanent magnetization (ITRM) is reversed to the thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) process: ITRM results from warming from low temperatureTin a magnetic field, while TRM results from field cooling from highT. The development of ITRM was studied in magnetites of grain sizes from submicron to 135μm, in pyrrhotites and in hematite crystals. All three minerals acquired ITRM after warming through their magnetic transitions (35 K for pyrrhotite, 120 and 130 K for magnetite, 250 K for hematite). However, when an impacting meteorite's cold interior warms to ambientTin the geomagnetic field, magnetite is the most likely candidate for acquiring ITRM. The magnetite ITRM blocking temperature distribution was determined from 12 neighboring partial ITRMs in nested field‐on warming plus field‐off cooling cycles (300–20 K). The largest partial ITRMs are produced inTintervals around magnetite's Verwey transition (TV= 110–120 K) and isotropic point (TK= 130 K). Both transitions involve large changes in crystalline anisotropy and renucleation of magnetic domains. ITRM is blocked when initially broad domain walls narrow and are pinned by dislocations. ITRM has contrasting properties to TRM, which is mainly due to blocked single‐domain moments. ITRM is strongest for 3‐ to 20‐μm grains, whereas TRM peaks for submicron magnetites. Only 10–20% of ITRM survives low‐temperature demagnetization (LTD) at 77 K or AF demagnetization to 10–15 mT, compared to 30–90% for TRM. ITRM decreases quasi‐linearly withTin thermal demagnetization. The median unblocking temperatureTUBis ≈300°C and 20–25% survives at 550°C. The low‐TUBpart of ITRM could mimic extraterrestrial NRM of lowTUB, cited as evidence of negligible heating of meteorites in their transfer to Earth. The high‐TUBITRM would contaminate paleointensity determinations up to the highestTsteps. The best cure for ITRM contamination is AF or LTD pretreatment.
Database of traditional Chinese medicine and its application to studies of mechanism and to prescription validation
Authors: Chen X , Zhou H , Liu Y B , Wang J F , Li H , Ung C Y , Han L Y , Cao Z W , Chen Y Z
Published: November 2006

Background and purpose:

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is widely practised and is viewed as an attractive alternative to conventional medicine. Quantitative information about TCM prescriptions, constituent herbs and herbal ingredients is necessary for studying and exploring TCM.

Experimental approach:

We manually collected information on TCM in books and other printed sources in Medline. The Traditional Chinese Medicine Information Database TCM‐ID, at http://bidd.group/TCMID/, was introduced for providing comprehensive information about all aspects of TCM including prescriptions, constituent herbs, herbal ingredients, molecular structure and functional properties of active ingredients, therapeutic and side effects, clinical indication and application and related matters.

Results:

TCM‐ID currently contains information for 1,588 prescriptions, 1,313 herbs, 5,669 herbal ingredients, and the 3D structure of 3,725 herbal ingredients. The value of the data in TCM‐ID was illustrated by using some of the data for an in‐silico study of molecular mechanism of the therapeutic effects of herbal ingredients and for developing a computer program to validate TCM multi‐herb preparations.

Conclusions and Implications:

The development of systems biology has led to a new design principle for therapeutic intervention strategy, the concept of ‘magic shrapnel’ (rather than the ‘magic bullet’), involving many drugs against multiple targets, administered in a single treatment. TCM offers an extensive source of examples of this concept in which several active ingredients in one prescription are aimed at numerous targets and work together to provide therapeutic benefit. The database and its mining applications described here represent early efforts toward exploring TCM for new theories in drug discovery.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 1092–1103. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706945
(+/−)‐Naringenin as large conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BKCa) channel opener in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Saponara S , Testai L , Iozzi D , Martinotti E , Martelli A , Chericoni S , Sgaragli G , Fusi F , Calderone V
Published: November 2006

Background and purpose.

The aim of this study was to investigate, in vascular smooth muscle cells, the mechanical and electrophysiological effects of (+/−)‐naringenin.

Experimental approach.

Aorta ring preparations and single tail artery myocytes were employed for functional and patch‐clamp experiments, respectively.

Key results.

(+/−)‐Naringenin induced concentration‐dependent relaxation in endothelium‐denuded rat aortic rings pre‐contracted with either 20 mM KCl or noradrenaline (pIC50 values of 4.74 and 4.68, respectively). Tetraethylammonium, iberiotoxin, 4‐aminopyridine and 60 mM KCl antagonised (+/−)‐naringenin‐induced vasorelaxation, while glibenclamide did not produce any significant antagonism. Naringin [(+/−)‐naringenin 7‐β‐neohesperidoside] caused a concentration‐dependent relaxation of rings pre‐contracted with 20 mM KCl, although its potency and efficacy were significantly lower than those of (+/−)‐naringenin. In rat tail artery myocytes, (+/−)‐naringenin increased large conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ (BKCa) currents in a concentration‐dependent manner; this stimulation was iberiotoxin‐sensitive and fully reversible upon drug wash‐out. (+/−)‐Naringenin accelerated the activation kinetics of BKCa current, shifted, by 22 mV, the voltage dependence of the activation curve to more negative potentials, and decreased the slope of activation. (+/−)‐Naringenin‐induced stimulation of BKCa current was insensitive either to changes in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration or to the presence, in the pipette solution, of the fast Ca2+ chelator BAPTA. However, such stimulation was diminished when the K+ gradient across the membrane was reduced.

Conclusions and Implications.

The vasorelaxant effect of the naturally‐occurring flavonoid (+/−)‐naringenin on endothelium‐denuded vessels was due to the activation of BKCa channels in myocytes.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 1013–1021. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706951
Lovastatin protects human endothelial cells from the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the anticancer drugs doxorubicin and etoposide
Authors: Damrot J , Nübel T , Epe B , Roos W P , Kaina B , Fritz G
Published: November 2006

Background and purpose:

3‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) are frequently used lipid‐lowering drugs. Moreover, they exert pleiotropic effects on cellular stress responses and death. Here, we analysed whether lovastatin affects the sensitivity of primary human endothelial cells (HUVEC) to the anticancer drug doxorubicin.

Experimental approach:

We investigated whether pretreatment of HUVEC with low dose of lovastatin influences the cellular sensitivity to doxorubicin. To this end, cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis as well as DNA damage‐triggered stress response were analysed.

Key results:

Lovastatin reduced the cytotoxic potency of doxorubicin in HUVEC. Lovastatin attenuated the doxorubicin‐induced increase in p53 as well as activation of checkpoint kinase (Chk‐1) and stress‐activated protein kinase/c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK). Acquired doxorubicin resistance was independent of alterations in doxorubicin efflux and cell cycle progression. Also, doxorubicin‐triggered production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and formation of oxidative DNA lesions remained unaffected by lovastatin. However, lovastatin impaired DNA strand break formation induced by doxorubicin. Notably, lovastatin also conferred cross‐resistance to the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of etoposide, indicating that lovastatin shields topoisomerase II against poisons.

Conclusions and implications:

Based on these data, we suggest that lovastatin‐mediated resistance to topoisomerase II inhibitors is due to a reduction in DNA damage and, hence, it attenuates stress responses leading to cell death that are triggered by DNA damage. Therefore, lovastatin might be useful clinically for alleviating side‐effects of anticancer therapies that include topoisomerase II inhibitors.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 988–997. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706953
Direct local observation of magnetic anisotropy in microscopic Ga1−xMnxAs dots
Authors: Malfait M. , Vervaeke K. , Fritzsche J. , Moshchalkov V. V. , Borghs G.
Published: November 2006

The effect of the patterning of a Ga1−xMnxAs (x=0.08) film into an array of microscopic dots on its magnetic properties is locally studied by means of scanning Hall probe microscopy. The measured stray field patterns indicate the presence of a single domain state with a uniform magnetization within the Ga1−xMnxAs dots. The magnetic anisotropy of the dot array is directly imaged, revealing a [100] easy axis in the as-grown sample and a [11¯0] easy axis orientation after annealing. In contrast to a temperature dependent anisotropy in the plain Ga1−xMnxAs film, no magnetic easy axis reorientation is observed within the experimentally accessible temperature range.
Nanojets from the heated PbO-coated Pb clusters and its ambient sensitivity
Authors: Song Fengqi , He LongBing , Han Min , Zhang Hao , Wan Jianguo , Zhou Jianfeng , Wang Guanghou , Xu Aiqun , Li Fan
Published: November 2006

The thermal stability of the PbO-coated Pb nanoclusters was evaluated in different ambient pressures by the temperature-variable Raman scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The change of the inner pressure was presented by Raman scattering to demonstrate the cell’s collapse with the final formation of the liquid nanojets. The different ambient pressures were used to tune the working of the nanojet from no jet production to multiple jets. An interpretation of gas-participated cooling that improves the working stability of the nanonozzles was proposed. The ambient-sensitive working stability was suggested to be a universal effect for the few-atom-contained nanodevices.
Control of domain wall pinning by a switchable magnetic gate
Authors: Hara Masahiro , Shibata Junya , Kimura Takashi , Otani Yoshichika
Published: November 2006

Magnetically coupled domain wall pinning has been investigated by means of an attached pair of ferromagnetic wires. The magnetic configuration of the paired wires (parallel or antiparallel) can be controlled by applying an external magnetic field along the wires. The strength of the pinning due to the magnetic interaction between the domain wall and the paired wires shows a significant difference between the parallel and antiparallel configurations, which is well reproduced by a micromagnetics simulation.
A large eddy simulation approach of compressible turbulent flow without density weighting
Authors: Sun Xiao-Bo , Lu Xi-Yun
Published: November 2006

A large eddy simulation (LES) approach of compressible turbulent flow without density weighting (or Favre averaging) is proposed and examined based on compressible turbulent channel flow. In this Brief Communication, we attempt to remove an inconsistent treatment including both the resolved and Favre-averaged variables and to provide a possible approach to deal with the flows with rapid property variation. The subgrid-scale (SGS) terms in the resolved equations of mass, momentum, and energy conservation are modeled reasonably and the relevant coefficients in the SGS models are computed dynamically. The present LES approach is verified to be reliable and effective by comparing with direct numerical simulation results of compressible turbulent channel flow.
Marginal Privatisation and Infrastructural Deficiencies: Anas and Lee Revisited
Authors: Boisvert Michel , Senouci Lahouari
Published: November 2006

Infrastructural deficiencies are leading an increasing number of industries into alternative solutions to the traditional public monopoly, including total own production. Anas and Lee suggested six behavioural types of marginal privatisation-i.e. the introduction of industrial producers as suppliers of urban services for themselves or for a limited number of nearby industries—emphasising its positive impact on the profitability of industrial production. This paper first suggests an extension of Anas and Lee's typology and the impact of marginal privatisation is then discussed in terms of the financial equilibrium of the public organisations responsible for the residual services to domestic users, and with respect to environmental objectives. Finally, suggestions are made for water and sanitation services in Casablanca based upon a mixture of behavioural types primarily designed according to the environmental risk associated with each industry group.
New Regions in England and Germany: An Examination of the Interaction of Constitutional Structures, Formal Regions and Informal Institutions
Authors: Herrschel Tassilo , Newman Peter
Published: November 2006

This paper examines the stark contrasts in regional governance arising from the different constitutional and political contexts in England and Germany, but argues that there are also differences within formal regions in the two countries. Recent developments in Germany show the uneven emergence and acceptance of informal policy-making institutions concerned with economic development and planning within the Länder and within formal planning regions. In England, the paper examines a process of continuing local and regional adjustment to centrally imposed institutional reforms. The paper argues that, whilst constitutional differences are clearly important factors, to understand directions of change in regional governance and, by extension, broader prospects for a 'Europe of regions', we need to examine the dynamics of formal regional government and informal institutions.
Intelligent Urban Development: An Introduction to a Participatory Approach
Authors: Turner Jeff , Holmes Len , Hodgson Frances C.
Published: November 2006

Electronic solutions are increasingly a part of urban management and development. Whilst these have been viewed mainly in terms of their potential for reducing public expenditure, this paper argues that there are other major social, economic and political issues for which electronic solutions offer potential, but which have received less attention. For example, in terms of one of the most pressing challenges for urban managers across the developed world—that of the reduction of social exclusion and the redevelopment of deprived neighbourhoods—electronic solutions can offer directions that improve access to public services and increase participation in their design and operation. The literature on contemporary urban environments has, for the most part, paid little attention to the development of such electronic solutions. Taking the issue of transport and its role in social exclusion as a key consideration in urban development, this paper will highlight the role that the new information and communication technologies (ICTs) can play in improving access to information and services, the deprivation of which is often seen as a characteristic of being socially excluded. Furthermore, given that social exclusion is about lack of control and participation in the decision-making process, this paper will also highlight the potential that ICTs have in redefining the relationship between expert and client, manager and user within urban management and development, with significant social and political consequences.
Networks and Neighbourhoods: Household, Community and Sovereignty in the Global Economy
Authors: Little Stephen E.
Published: November 2006

New forms of information and communication technology are linking the household to an increasingly complex public realm of formal and informal, spatial and non-spatial relationships. Increasingly, households in both 'advanced' and 'developing' regions are simultaneously sites of production and consumption, exhibiting characteristics of both pre- and post-industrial societies. A simplistic division between public and private realms is being superseded by a complex 'layering' through class and gender relations. It is not just the unskilled or elite sectors of the labour market who are obliged to trade their labour across regional and national boundaries (whether through physical migration or through communication networks). Middle-range players are finding themselves competing in a globalised arena of outsourcing, downsizing and home-based self-employment contracting. Melvin Webber's view of 'community without propinquity' is used to examine some of the social, political and economic implications of this situation for intelligent urban planning.
Geographies of Somewhere: A Review of Urban Literature
Authors: Axhausen K.W.
Published: November 2006

The past 10 years have seen the publication of a whole range of books from the US dealing with the loss of place in one way or the other. The books under review were, in general, written for broad audiences and are, in many cases, campaign documents. Their success and substantial number indicate an unease, which many academic texts cannot formulate. They are in this way evidence, in just the same way as were The Death and Life of Great American Cities or Edge City. This European-based review will critically review these recent books in an attempt to highlight their common threads. While the books show particular concern for the poverty of current urban and suburban environments, they lack any substantial discussion of the economic mechanisms which are reproducing the undesired results. They are also unaware of the recent developments in communications and transport technologies, which have considerable potential to influence future trends, which will be discussed in the review. Also included in the review are a number of transport-oriented books, as they formulate a different aspect of the same concern about the built environment.
Certainty and Discretion in Planning Control: A Case Study of Office Development in Hong Kong
Authors: Tang Bo-sin , Choy Lennon H. T. , Wat Joshua K. F.
Published: November 2006

Hong Kong's planning control system entails a framework of statutory zoning plans and a discretionary permission process. Through examining past planning decisions on urban office development applications between 1988 and 1997, this paper explores whether this 'hybrid' system provides both certainty for development capital and flexibility in administrative control. Our study concludes that the Hong Kong system offers considerable certainty, although the decision-making criteria of the development controllers tend to deviate from the planning policy applicable to our application cases. Technical merits of the development schemes are found to be necessary, but not sufficient conditions in securing planning permissions. The rejection reasons given by the planning authority apparently disguise their real concerns. Market forces also affect planning control decisions.
Urban Segregation in Post-apartheid South Africa
Authors: Christopher A.J.
Published: November 2006

An analysis of the results of the 1996 census reveals a general decline in urban racial segregation levels in South Africa since the end of legal apartheid in 1991. However, the trends are not uniform with Whites remaining both more segregated and less open to change than the other groups. Africans have become more integrated, but the majority are constrained in their choice of residential options by the general levels of poverty. Asian and Coloured people have witnessed the greatest changes, with significant declines in segregation levels in the majority of cities as they begin to return to the areas from which they were forcibly removed in the previous 40 years. However, segregation levels remain exceptionally high and rapid integration may require government intervention.
Thirty Years On: Gentrification and Class Changeover in Adelaide's Inner Suburbs, 1966-96
Authors: Badcock Blair
Published: November 2006

This case study updates a long-running investigation into the revitalisation of inner Adelaide previously reported in Urban Studies in 1981 and 1991. Its value is two-fold: first, it provides an opportunity to review critically the fate of gentrification in Australia under economic conditions that others would claim have not always been favourable during the 1990s; and, secondly, it highlights the strategic role of a public housing authority as a lead agency in the process of urban revitalisation. The paper uses data on intercensal change together with an overview of the state government's urban investment policy to argue that the class transformation of inner Adelaide is now effectively complete. During the past decade, there has been a distinct improvement in the fortunes of the inner western suburbs which had previously suffered from long-term decline. The State's Inner Western Program has been instrumental in remediating badly degraded industrial land and rezoning an unused transport corridor through these suburbs and helping to lever private investment in the housing sector. Hence the housing reinvestment and class changeover normally associated with gentrification has proceeded apace right through the 1990s. After 30 years, the circle of regeneration has almost been completed on all four sides of the City of Adelaide.
Taipei as a Global City: A Theoretical and Empirical Examination
Authors: Wang Chia-Huang
Published: November 2006

The paper discusses Taipei's status as a regional global city within the context of the theoretical framework of Hill and Kim. The discussion is based on both theoretical and empirical considerations. On the one hand, theoretical discourses revolving around global cities tend to ignore the possible variations between global cities, so much so that the type based on New York has been regarded as a standard global city and the politico-economic peculiarities of Tokyo and Seoul have tended to be downplayed. On the other hand, Taipei, a Third World city that might gain the status of a regional global city, has not hitherto received extensive examination and observation. Resorting to the binary framework formulated by Hill and Kim to emphasise the salient features of Tokyo and Seoul, the author describes and underscores Taipei's development experiences.
Reassembly of contractile actin cortex in cell blebs
Authors: Charras Guillaume T. , Hu Chi-Kuo , Coughlin Margaret , Mitchison Timothy J.
Published: November 2006

Contractile actin cortex is involved in cell morphogenesis, movement, and cytokinesis, but its organization and assembly are poorly understood. During blebbing, the membrane detaches from the cortex and inflates. As expansion ceases, contractile cortex reassembles under the membrane and drives bleb retraction. This cycle enabled us to measure the temporal sequence of protein recruitment to the membrane during cortex reassembly and to explore dependency relationships. Expanding blebs were devoid of actin, but proteins of the erythrocytic submembranous cytoskeleton were present. When expansion ceased, ezrin was recruited to the membrane first, followed by actin, actin-bundling proteins, and, finally, contractile proteins. Complete assembly of the contractile cortex, which was organized into a cagelike mesh of filaments, took ∼30 s. Cytochalasin D blocked recruitment of actin and α-actinin, but had no effect on membrane association of ankyrin B and ezrin. Ezrin played no role in actin nucleation, but was essential for tethering the membrane to the cortex. The Rho pathway was important for cortex assembly in blebs.
A new cone beam computerized tomography system for use in endodontic surgery
Authors: Tsurumachi T. , Honda K.
Published: November 2006

Aim  To present a newly developed cone beam computerized tomography system (3DX Micro‐CT) and its application in endodontic surgery.

Summary  Cone beam CT has attracted considerable attention as a new diagnostic imaging technique in dentistry. The assessment of fractured endodontic instruments and the planning of endodontic surgery present challenges that conventional radiography cannot meet successfully. In this report, the value of the 3DX cone beam computerized radiography system is illustrated by the case of a fractured endodontic instrument protruding into the maxillary sinus.

Key learning points

• Cone beam CT is helpful for diagnosis and treatment planning in endodontic surgery.

• Hemisection is an important treatment alternative to save at least a part of the tooth.
The forensic mental health nurse – a literature review
Authors: BOWRING‐LOSSOCK E.
Published: November 2006

Forensic mental health nursing has developed in the UK since the commissioning of Broadmoor Hospital in 1863. Little has been documented about the role until the early 1990s. There is debate over the usefulness of defining the role. It is suggested here that in order to meet the multifaceted, complex needs of the mentally disordered offender (MDO) patient group, the role of forensic mental health nurses (FMHNs) needs to be further developed, and this process is assisted by understanding its current status. This literature review examines the FMHN role in England and Wales. The literature pertinent to issues of task‐orientated competence, knowledge and skills required, and desirable personal qualities that the role demands are examined. The latter of these attributes concerned with attitudes, values and morals is likely to be the most difficult to assess. Being able to isolate the composite elements of the role of FMHNs will enable the development of a competency framework, which will ensure quality assurance in contemporary health care for the thousands of FMHNs in practice and many more thousands of MDOs and other patients that the nurse has the potential to affect.
The use of telemedicine in psychiatry
Authors: NORMAN S.
Published: November 2006

This paper examines the potential effects of using video‐conferencing within the field of mental health in the UK. In order to assess the usefulness of telepsychiatric services, an electronic search was conducted for articles published between August 1998 and July 2006 using the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO and Telemedicine and Information Exchange (TIE) databases. The search was carried out using the following terms: telepsychiatry, videoconferencing and telepsychology. A total of 178 articles were identified and based on review of the abstracts 72 were identified as being specific to efficacy, cost‐effectiveness and satisfaction with psychiatric services delivered via videoconferencing. This paper concludes that the use of video conferencing can enhance psychiatric services within the UK especially for those patients who live in rural areas. Current advances in technology make this an increasingly more reliable and cost‐effective method for assessing patients. The limitations of telemedicine are discussed and it is clear that this type of care is not suitable for all patients. Further research is required to assess the types of patients that telepsychiatry is most suitable for.
Taxonomic and biogeographical status of guanaco Lama guanicoe (Artiodactyla, Camelidae)
Authors: GONZÁLEZ BENITO A. , PALMA R. EDUARDO , ZAPATA BEATRIZ , MARÍN JUAN C.
Published: November 2006

We review the status of the four currently recognized guanaco Lama guanicoe subspecies, and provide information about their taxonomy and distribution. The success of guanaco in inhabiting open habitats of South America is based mainly on the flexibility of their social behaviour and ecophysiological adaptations to harsh environments.

Lönnberg described the first subspecies, L. g. cacsilensis, at the beginning of the 20th century. Forty years later Krumbiegel described L. g. voglii, based on skull measurements and pelage colouration. The other two subspecies, L. g. huanacus and L. g. guanicoe, were classified as subspecies by Krumbiegel based on pelage colouration and body size, while maintaining the original Latin names and descriptors.

Further guanaco populations have been incorporated into each of these subspecies, based on their proximity to the type locality but without attention to the homogeneity of phenotype or habitat and only limited consideration of Bergmann’s rule based on scarce skulls. Two alternative geographical ranges were proposed in the middle and towards the end of the 20th century. Discrepancies occur in the geographical range of each subspecies.

Molecular studies based on mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b sequences recognized only two subspecies: the Peruvian L. guanicoe cacsilensis and the rest of the populations grouped in the clade recognized as L. g. guanicoe. We conclude that the evolutionary biology of L. guanicoe requires a significant revision with respect to biogeography. Phylogeographical data hold particular value in developing conservation strategies, particularly for some of the reduced and marginal populations and/or subspecies and will support IUCN (The World Conservation Union) Red List classification.
Clinical, histological and immunohistochemical study of feline viral plaques and bowenoid in situ carcinomas
Authors: Wilhelm Sylvia , Degorce‐Rubiales Frederique , Godson Dale , Favrot Claude
Published: November 2006

Feline viral plaques (FVP) induced by papillomavirus (PV) are often hyperpigmented and flat warts. The fact that up to 47% of bowenoid in situ carcinomas (BISC), which also usually occur in the form of hyperpigmented plaques, are positive for PV antigen in immunochemistry suggests that BISC could evolve from FVP.

The relationship between the presence of PV antigens and the clinical and histological features of 26 cases of feline dermatoses (clinically described as pigmented plaques and with histological diagnosis of FVP and/or BISC) was therefore determined. The cases were classified into one of the three following groups: FVP, FVP + BISC or BISC. Immunohistological detection of papillomavirus group‐specific antigen was performed using a polyclonal rabbit antibovine papillomavirus antiserum.

Of the seven cases in the FVP group, six were deemed positive by immunohistology as were all 10 cats in the FVP + BISC group. On the other hand, only one of the nine BISC cats was positive. The presence of both FVP and BISC lesions in some cats and the high detection rate of PV antigens in the FVP and FVP + BISC groups suggest that both conditions might have the same viral cause and that some BISC may evolve from FVP. The low rate of viral antigen detection in the BISC group indicates another cause or a loss of viral replication during the cancerogenesis.
Inside the black box of shared decision making: distinguishing between the process of involvement and who makes the decision
Authors: Edwards Adrian , Elwyn Glyn
Published: November 2006

Background Shared decision making has practical implications for everyday health care. However, it stems from largely theoretical frameworks and is not widely implemented in routine practice.

Aims We undertook an empirical study to inform understanding of shared decision making and how it can be operationalized more widely.

Method The study involved patients visiting UK general practitioners already well experienced in shared decision making. After these consultations, semi‐structured telephone interviews were conducted and analysed using the constant comparative method of content analysis.

Results All patients described at least some components of shared decision making but half appeared to perceive the decision as shared and half as ‘patient‐led’. However, patients exhibited some uncertainty about who had made the decision, reflecting different meanings of decision making from those described in the literature. A distinction is indicated between the process of involvement (option portrayal, exchange of information and exploring preferences for who makes the decision) and the actual decisional responsibility (who makes the decision). The process of involvement appeared to deliver benefits for patients, not the action of making the decision. Preferences for decisional responsibility varied during some consultations, generating unsatisfactory interactions when actual decisional responsibility did not align with patient preferences at that stage of a consultation. However, when conducted well, shared decision making enhanced reported satisfaction, understanding and confidence in the decisions.

Conclusions Practitioners can focus more on the process of involving patients in decision making rather than attaching importance to who actually makes the decision. They also need to be aware of the potential for changing patient preferences for decisional responsibility during a consultation and address non‐alignment of patient preferences with the actual model of decision making if this occurs.
Microgametophyte population sizes and plant reproductive output in the insect‐pollinated Prunella grandiflora (Lamiaceae)
Authors: Bernasconi Giorgina , Lang Daniela J. , Schmid Bernhard
Published: November 2006

Intraspecific variation in pollen deposition and number of pollen tubes per style is rarely quantified, but is essential for assessing the occurrence of pollen limitation and pollen competition and their evolutionary implications. Moreover, pollen deposition, pollen tube growth, and the fate of fertilized ovules are rarely distinguished in field studies. Here we present such a study in eight natural populations of Prunella grandiflora.

We quantified microgametophyte population sizes and inferred pollen limitation when the number of fertilizable ovules exceeded pollen tubes, and assessed seed set and fate after open pollination.

Two and three populations had on average significantly fewer pollen grains and pollen tubes per flower, respectively, than the fixed number of fertilizable ovules per fruit, while one population experienced significant pollen competition. Style length was positively correlated with the number of pollen tubes. While pollen availability was very variable, seed abortion was significantly less frequent in denser populations, and in one population the proportion of well‐developed seeds was significantly, positively correlated with the number of pollen tubes in the style.

Less pollen deposition, lower numbers of pollen tubes reaching the base of the style, lower pollen quality and therefore increased abortion of fertilized ovules can all reduce seed set in natural P. grandiflora stands. Substantial intraspecific variability implies that microgametophyte competition also occurs in this species. Finally, style morphology may affect pollen receipt.
Measurement of Viscosity of Densifying Glass‐Based Systems by Isothermal Cyclic Loading Dilatometry
Authors: Mohanram Aravind , Messing Gary L. , Green David J.
Published: November 2006

This study describes the isothermal cyclic loading dilatometry (ICLD) technique to measure the viscosity of glass‐based materials. We demonstrate its merit relative to constant‐load techniques in minimizing the stress history effects (changes in shrinkage anisotropy and sample microstructure) that arise due to the application of an external load. A constant‐load test overestimates the viscosity by an order of magnitude compared with a cyclic load test. To obtain accurate viscosity data, maximum loading rates and longer unloading periods are desirable as they reduce effects of shrinkage anisotropy on viscosity values. Representative data for a low‐temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) material are reported. Nonparametric statistical tests revealed insignificant differences between the viscosity data sets at 5% significance level and thus indicate good reproducibility of the testing methodology.