bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overexpressed Palladin Rescues Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) Pedestal Lengths in ArpC2 Depleted Cells
Authors: Bruzzini Kaitlin M. , Mann S. Tara , Guttman Julian A.
Published: December 2024

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) causes diarrheal disease. Once ingested, these extracellular pathogens attach to the intestinal epithelial cells of their host, collapse the localized microvilli, and generate actin‐rich structures within the host cells that are located beneath the attached bacteria, called “pedestals.” Palladin is an actin‐associated protein that cross‐links and stabilizes actin filaments. This protein also acts as a scaffolding protein for other actin‐binding proteins. Here, we examine the role of Palladin during EPEC infections and show that Palladin is co‐opted by EPEC. Depletion of Palladin resulted in shorter pedestals, and when Palladin containing mutations in either its actin‐ or VASP‐binding domains were overexpressed in cells, pedestals decreased in length. Importantly, we show that the overexpression of Palladin in ArpC2−/− (Arp2/3 complex–depleted) cells rescued pedestal length. Together, our results demonstrate that Palladin has the ability to rescue pedestal length during EPEC infections when the function of the Arp2/3 complex is diminished.
Ultrastructural Analysis Reveals Mitochondrial Placement Independent of Synapse Placement in Fine Caliber C. elegans Neurons
Authors: Riboul Danielle V. , Crill Sarah , Oliva Carlos D. , Restifo Maria Gabriela , Joseph Reggie , Joseph Kerdes , Nguyen Ken C. Q. , Hall David H. , Fily Yaouen , Macleod Gregory T.
Published: December 2024

Neurons rely on mitochondria for an efficient supply of ATP and other metabolites. However, while neurons are highly elongated, mitochondria are discrete and limited in number. Due to the slow rates of metabolite diffusion over long distances, it follows that neurons would benefit from an ability to control the distribution of mitochondria to sites of high metabolic activity such as synapses. Ultrastructural data over substantial portions of a neuron's extent that would allow for tests of such hypotheses are scarce. Here, we mined the Caenorhabditis elegans’ electron micrographs of John White and Sydney Brenner and found systematic differences in average mitochondrial length (ranging from 1.3 to 2.4 µm), diameter (0.18–0.24 µm) and volume density (3.7%–6.5%) between neurons of different function and neurotransmitter type, but found limited differences in mitochondrial length, diameter, and density between axons and dendrites of the same neurons. In analyses of mitochondrial distribution, mitochondria were found to be distributed randomly with respect to presynaptic sites. Presynaptic sites were primarily localized to varicosities, but mitochondria were no more likely to be found in synaptic varicosities than non‐synaptic varicosities. Consistently, mitochondrial volume density was no greater in synaptic varicosities than non‐synaptic varicosities. Therefore, beyond the capacity to disperse mitochondria throughout their length, at least in C. elegans, fine caliber neurons manifest limited subcellular control of mitochondrial size and distribution.
Virtual Reality Interventions and Psychosocial Functioning in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hoşgelen Emine Ilgın , Güneri Sinem , Erdeniz Burak , Alptekin Köksal
Published: December 2024

Objective

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) intervention programs that aim to improve psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and evaluate the quality assessment of these studies.

Methods

PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses) guideline was followed to conduct this systematic review. The literature search was performed in Web of Science (WoS) and PubMed, by two independent researchers on two occasions, on 1 March 2023 and 20 August 2023. Risk of bias of the studies was evaluated by The Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies.

Results

Fifteen studies met inclusion criteria, targeting social skills (n = 5), social cognitive skills (n = 7) and vocational training (n = 3). In these studies, a total of 292 participants enrolled in VR interventions and a total of 258 participants enrolled in control groups. In this systematic review, there were eight cohort studies, where seven were with a single‐group pretreatment and posttreatment evaluation and one was with a control group, and one controlled trial and six randomized controlled trials were included. Several studies reported significant improvements in both psychosocial functioning and clinical symptoms, whereas others found improvements only in either psychosocial functioning or clinical symptoms, and still others found no improvements at all. The limitations of the studies include small sample sizes and standardized intervention methods. There is a very high variability in session duration, frequency and total treatment period.

Conclusion

Although VR intervention programs offer unique opportunities for psychosocial improvement, heterogeneity in methodologies and mixed results highlight the need for further research.
PARylation of HMGA1 desensitizes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to olaparib
Authors: Lei Xin‐Yuan , He Kai‐Yue , Li Qiu‐Tong , Zhang Lei , Wu Dan‐Hui , Yang Jing‐Yu , Guo Jin‐Rong , Liu Meng‐Jie , Zhao Zi‐Long , Li Jun‐Qi , Liu Huai , Zhao Yuan , Li Yu‐Jia , Sun Qian‐Hui , Wu Chen‐Guang , Wang Yun‐Fan , Cao Geng‐Sheng , Wang Gang , Jian Yong‐Ping , Xu Zhi‐Xiang
Published: December 2024

As a chromatin remodelling factor, high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) plays various roles in both physiological and pathological conditions. However, its role in DNA damage response and DNA damage‐based chemotherapy remains largely unexplored. In this study, we report the poly ADP‐ribosylation (PARylation) of HMGA1 during DNA damage, leading to desensitization of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells to the poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitor, olaparib. We found that HMGA1 accumulates at sites of DNA damage, where it interacts with PARP1 and undergoes PARylation at residues E47 and E50 in its conserved AT‐hook domain. This modification enhances the accumulation of Ku70/Ku80 at the site of DNA damage and activates the DNA‐dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, facilitating nonhomologous end‐joining repair. In both subcutaneous tumour models and genetically engineered mouse models of in situ esophageal cancer, HMGA1 interference increased tumour sensitivity to olaparib. Moreover, HMGA1 was highly expressed in ESCC tissues and positively correlated with PARP1 levels as well as poor prognosis in ESCC patients. Taken together, these findings reveal a mechanistic link between HMGA1 and PARP1 in regulating cell responses to DNA damage and suggest that targeting HMGA1 could be a promising strategy to increase cancer cell sensitivity to olaparib.
Microenvironmental G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor‐mediated glutamine metabolic coupling between cancer‐associated fibroblasts and triple‐negative breast cancer cells governs tumour progression
Authors: He Chongwu , Peng Meixi , Zeng Xiaoqiang , Dong Hanzhi , Sun Zhengkui , Xu Jiawei , Liu Manran , Liu Liyan , Huang Yanxiao , Peng Zhiqiang , Qiu Yu‐An , Jiang Chunling , Xu Bin , Yu Tenghua
Published: December 2024

Background

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a particularly aggressive type of breast cancer, known for its lack of effective treatments and unfavorable prognosis. The G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a novel estrogen receptor, is linked to increased malignancy in various cancers. However, its involvement in the metabolic regulation of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a key component in the tumour microenvironment, remains largely unexplored. This study investigates how GPER influences the metabolic interaction between CAFs and TNBC cells, aiming to identify potential therapeutic targets.

Methods

The co‐culture system is performed to examine the interaction between CAFs and TNBC cells, with a focus on GPER‐mediated glutamine production and release by CAFs and its subsequent uptake and utilization by TNBC cells. The definite roles of microenvironmental GPER/cAMP/PKA/CREB signalling in regulating the expression of glutamine synthetase (GLUL) and lactate dehydrogenase B (LDHB) are further investigated.

Results

Our findings reveal that estrogen‐activated GPER in CAFs significantly upregulates the expression of GLUL and LDHB, leading to increased glutamine production. This glutamine is then secreted into the extracellular matrix and absorbed by TNBC cells, enhancing their viability, motility, and chemoresistance both in vitro and in vivo. TNBC cells further metabolize the glutamine through the glutamine transporter (ASCT2) and glutaminase (GLS1) axes, which, in turn, promote mitochondrial activity and tumour progression.

Conclusions

The study identifies GPER as a critical mediator of metabolic coupling between CAFs and TNBC cells, primarily through glutamine metabolism. Targeting the estrogen/GPER/glutamine signalling axis in CAFs offers a promising therapeutic strategy to inhibit TNBC progression and improve patient outcomes. This novel insight into the tumour microenvironment highlights the potential of metabolic interventions in treating TNBC.

Key points

Estrogen‐activated GPER in CAFs enhances GLUL and LDHB expression via the cAMP/PKA/CREB signalling, facilitating glutamine production and utilization.

Microenvironmental GPER‐induced glutamine serves as a crucial mediator of metabolic coupling between CAFs and TNBC cells, boosting tumour progression by enhancing mitochondrial function.

Targeting the glutamine metabolic coupling triggered by estrogen/GPER/GLUL signalling in CAFs is a promising therapeutic strategy for TNBC treatment.
Differential coping capacities underlie the overall resistance of temperate seagrasses to herbivory
Authors: Boada J. , Smith T. M. , Ricart A. M. , Alcoverro T. , Pérez M. , Romero J. , Sanmartí N. , Ontoria Y. , Pierrejen M. , Arthur R. , Alonso D. , Adams M. P. , Rossi F.
Published: December 2024

Grazing can impart long‐lasting changes in vegetated ecosystems. How ecosystems respond to herbivory depends on the ecological and evolutionary histories of their foundational species. The overall ecosystem functioning and associated biodiversity depend on these responses but there is still little understanding on how the intensity and duration of herbivory interact and impact vegetated ecosystems. We experimentally tested in the field the responses of three seagrass species with distinct life history traits to increasing intensities of herbivory over time. Specifically, we assessed structural responses (i.e., canopy height and shoot density) to reflect the ecosystem state. Additionally, we used mechanistic models to assess induced and constitutive responses in the different seagrass species. Results show that seagrasses coped with herbivory differentially in relation to their life history traits. Posidonia oceanica (persistent species) was resistant and only registered declines in canopy height, whereas both canopy heigh and shoot density rapidly decreased for Cymodocea nodosa (intermediate‐colonizing species) and Zostera noltei (colonizing species). Seagrasses also differed in the type of structural response, with the colonizing species experiencing reductions in shoot density, and the persistent P. oceanica registering declines in canopy height. After months of exposure to cumulative herbivory, all three species showed signs of stability. Interestingly, none of the species disappeared completely even when exposed to extreme herbivory. Mechanistic models indicate that herbivory‐induced responses are a potential explanation for these patterns. This study suggests that given the long evolutionary history of herbivory, some seagrasses may be remarkably well adapted to both intense and cumulative herbivory.
Individual patterns of anadromy determine the cost of salmon lice exposure in brown trout
Authors: Hawley K. L. , Urke H. A. , Kristensen T. , Haugen T. O.
Published: December 2024

Facultative anadromous salmonids may alter migratory behavior to mitigate against detrimental infections of aquaculture‐derived salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis); however, this likely incurs negative growth and fitness consequences. This flexibility in migratory behavior also creates analytical challenges in estimating lice infestation levels and the consequences of exposure. We utilized simulated individual migration trajectories of facultatively anadromous brown trout (Salmo trutta) (N = 8049), generated from spatial‐temporal fjord‐use models fitted to empirical tracking data (N = 517). These trajectories were superimposed with open‐access spatial‐temporal modeled lice densities. Individual accumulated lice exposure and infestation were simulated over a 6‐month period for smolts and annually for veteran migrant life‐stages. The degree of lice‐induced mortality was estimated according to year (2013–2015), population (N = 5), and life‐stage of brown trout, within a semi‐enclosed fjord system (Sognefjorden, Norway). A gradient of lice was spatially distributed throughout the fjord. Highest densities were modeled in the outer‐fjord at a closer vicinity to aquaculture facilities. Accordingly, estimates of accumulated lice infestation were higher for individuals that underwent long‐distance migrations, residing for longer in the outer‐fjord, with limited differences observed between years. As most brown trout remained in the inner‐fjord, an area protected from aquaculture, individual accumulated levels of lice exposure and infestation were low, resulting in infestation estimates largely below critical‐mortality thresholds. The fraction of total mortality attributed to lice during sea‐sojourn was greater for long‐distance migrants (smolts: 25.3%; veteran migrants: 14.8%) versus those remaining within the inner‐fjord (smolts: 14.7%; veteran migrants: 1.7%). This resulted in an unequal contribution of lice to total mortality among populations (range: 3.3%–34.3%). Despite an equal distribution of lice exposure for all populations within the fjord, diverse mortality consequences among populations were estimated, largely resulting from individual selection of migration trajectory. Therefore, generic models of lice effects on facultative anadromous salmonids should be used with caution. Instead, the application of simulated migration trajectories to incorporate flexible behavior at the individual level is suggested. The findings indicate that Sognefjorden brown trout may have reduced their seaward migration extent to avoid direct mortality from salmon lice. This emphasizes the importance of monitoring and management actions to preserve selection for anadromy.
Capturing spatiotemporal variation in salt marsh belowground biomass, a key resilience metric, through geoinformatics
Authors: Runion Kyle D. , Mishra Deepak R. , Alber Merryl , Lever Mark A. , O'Connell Jessica L.
Published: December 2024

The Belowground Ecosystem Resiliency Model (BERM) is a geoinformatics tool that was developed to predict belowground biomass (BGB) of Spartina alterniflora in salt marshes based on remote sensing of aboveground characteristics and other readily available hydrologic, climatic, and physical data. We sought to characterize variation in S. alterniflora BGB over both temporal and spatial gradients through extensive marsh field observations in coastal Georgia, USA, to quantify their relationship with a suite of predictor variables, and to use these results to improve performance and expand the parameter space of BERM. We conducted pairwise comparisons of S. alterniflora growth metrics measured at nine sites over 3–8 years and found that BGB grouped by site differed in 69% of comparisons, while only in 21% when grouped by year. This suggests that BGB varies more spatially than temporally. We used the BERM machine learning algorithms to evaluate how variables relating to biological, climatic, hydrologic, and physical attributes covaried with these BGB observations. Flooding frequency and intensity were most influential in predicting BGB, with predictor variables related to hydrology composing 61% of the total feature importance in the BERM framework. When we used this expanded calibration dataset and associated predictors to advance BERM, model error was reduced from a normalized root‐mean‐square error of 13.0%–9.4% in comparison with the original BERM formulation. This reflects both an improvement in predictive performance and an expansion in conditions for potential model application. Finally, we used regression commonality analysis to show that model estimates reflected the spatiotemporal structure of BGB variation observed in field measurements. These results can help guide future data collection efforts to describe landscape‐scale BGB trends. The advanced BERM is a robust tool that can characterize S. alterniflora productivity and resilience over broad spatial and temporal scales.
Habitat associations of six‐lined racerunners in longleaf pine managed with a short fire rotation for northern bobwhites
Authors: Samek Isaiah W. , Price Steven J. , Terhune Theron M. , McNeil Darin J.
Published: December 2024

The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savanna ecosystem is an imperiled, fire‐dominated community that supports exceptionally high levels of species richness and endemism. Area of this community has declined by more than 95% due to unsustainable logging, fire suppression, and changes in land‐use practices. In recent decades, efforts to restore fire‐dominated communities like longleaf pine savanna have gained popularity, especially in light of benefits to charismatic species like the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus). Although reptiles are important members of this ecological community, far less information exists as to how this group responds to longleaf pine management, especially when game bird conservation is a primary management focus. Although bobwhite management in these systems is mostly synonymous with longleaf pine restoration, additional conservation practices aimed at game birds (promoting fallow fields, supplemental feeding, meso‐carnivore control, cross sectional mowing, etc.) might affect the extent to which squamates benefit from habitat management. To better understand how squamate reptiles may benefit from longleaf pine savanna managed for northern bobwhites, we surveyed for six‐lined racerunners (Aspidoscelis sexlineata) across a large, contiguous tract of longleaf pine with varied land cover characteristics, managed to maximize the conservation of northern bobwhites. Racerunner detection probability on transect surveys was low ( = 0.23); however, occupancy probability was relatively high ( = 0.60) across the property and driven by percent open ground (positive; 25‐m scale), percent grass cover (negative; 25‐m scale), and percent wetland (negative; 100‐m scale). Our findings support those of past studies about six‐lined racerunners in longleaf pine savannas suggesting the species thrives in the context of a short fire rotation (e.g., 2–3 years), even when game bird management is a primary objective of conservation efforts. Racerunners may also specialize on microhabitats (e.g., upland areas with relatively high bare ground cover) that occur most frequently in recently burned portions of bobwhite management units.
The stability and bioavailability of xanthohumol loaded by sophorolipid‐based microemulsions in functional beer
Authors: Pan Qiannan , Chen Cheng , Luo Jingyang , Huang Weisu , Zhu Yuhang , Peng Kejie , Guo Zefeng , Lu Baiyi
Published: December 2024

Xanthohumol (XN) exhibits numerous physiological activities, yet its instability and proneness to degradation limit its use. Microemulsions, noted for effective drug solubilization and delivery, have been employed to enhance XN's stability and bioavailability in functional beers, using sophorolipids (SL) and Tween 80 (T80) as surfactants. Our development of T80‐ME and T80‐SL‐ME stabilized XN, as confirmed by reduced degradation in high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis and kinetic modeling. We established in vitro release and in vivo pharmacokinetic models, demonstrating improved outcomes with XN‐enriched beer. Our study also assessed total phenols, flavonoids, and antiaging effects in the beer. The formulation minimally affected beer's physicochemical properties, including pH, turbidity, and bitterness. Notably, XN's bioavailability in beer improved 1.79‐ to 7.33‐fold, underscoring microemulsion technology's role in enhancing XN absorption and metabolism. We analyzed the sensory flavor impact of SL biosurfactants in beer, finding them acceptable to consumers. This study highlights microemulsions' potential in elevating functional beer's nutritive value and applications.
Heat Transfer Optimization of a Metal Hydride Tank Targeted to Improve Hydrogen Storage Performance
Authors: Lebaal Nadhir , Chabane Djafar , Zereg Alaeddine , Fenineche Noureddine
Published: December 2024

In this study, the optimization of heat transfer in a metal hydride hydrogen tank to maximize hydrogen storage was investigated. A finite element model of a quarter tank was developed in COMSOL Multiphysics with parameterized geometry. The main objectives were to maximize stored hydrogen mass and minimize tank filling time while maintaining temperature uniformity within the tank. A design of experiments (DOE) approach was used with key geometrical parameters. Compared to the base case, the hydrogen stored mass increased from 0.26 to 0.46 kg, and the tank filling time reduced from over 1100 to 450 s. The optimal design (Design point 15) resulted in an absorbed hydrogen mass of 0.4624 kg, with a charging time of 450 s, showing the most balanced performance in terms of maximizing storage while minimizing filling time and better heat dissipation. This demonstrates the potential of optimizing heat transfer to significantly improve metal hydride hydrogen storage performance. The model can be further improved by exploring different cooling designs and materials.
Discrimination Among New Vegetative Materials of Passiflora edulis Sims. From Canary Islands by Their Volatile Profile
Authors: Saura‐Cayuela Montse , García‐Fraga José M. , Cabrera‐Cabrera Juan , Grajal‐Martín María J. , Ayala Juan H. , Trujillo‐Rodríguez María J. , Pino Verónica
Published: December 2024

This study shows the successful discrimination among different passion fruit samples cultivated in the Canary Islands, specifically purple, yellow, and a new cultivar labelled as purple selection (obtained to ensure disease resistance, yield, and adequate taste of the cultivated materials), based on their distinctive volatile profile. The headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) method (using under optimum conditions the commercial CAR/PDMS fibre at 62°C for 60 min and 15% (w/w) NaCl with 10 mL of juices of passion fruit samples) was applied to estimate the volatile profile of up to eighteen passion juice fruit samples, coupling the technique to gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The method permitted the identification of up to 135 volatile compounds such as esters, terpenes and alcohols, among others. The qualitative study indicated that the most abundant compounds in yellow and purple passion fruit are the same (hexyl hexanoate (21%–14%), hexyl butanoate (19%–11%) and ethyl hexanoate (11%–6%)), while the most abundant compounds for this new vegetative material are ethyl octanoate (with almost 53%), hexyl hexanoate and ethyl 3‐hexanoate. Advanced statistical techniques, such as linear discrimination analysis (LDA), were used to explore each data sample, with samples analysed by HS‐SPME‐GC–MS in quadruplicate. 106 peaks were coincident in all chromatograms of the samples, but only 13 variables (compounds) were sufficient to discriminate the new vegetative species. Besides, the HS‐SPME‐GC–MS method proved to be efficient and sustainable, with application of modern metrics of greenness, particularly when compared with other techniques commonly applied for this type of analysis.
Caregiving in Asia: Priority areas for research, policy, and practice to support family caregivers
Authors: Jiang Nan , Wu Bei , Li Yan
Published: December 2024

Population aging presents a growing societal challenge and imposes a heavy burden on the healthcare system in many Asian countries. Given the limited availability of formal long‐term care (LTC) facilities and personnel, family caregivers play a vital role in providing care for the increasing population of older adults. While awareness of the challenges faced by caregivers is rising, discussions often remain within academic circles, resulting in the lived experiences, well‐being, and needs of family caregivers being frequently overlooked. In this review, we identify four key priority areas to advance research, practice, and policy related to family caregivers in Asia: (1) Emphasizing family caregivers as sociocultural navigators in the healthcare system; (2) addressing the mental and physical health needs of family caregivers; (3) recognizing the diverse caregiving experiences across different cultural backgrounds, socioeconomic status, and countries of residence; and (4) strengthening policy support for family caregivers. Our review also identifies deficiencies in institutional LTC and underscores the importance of providing training and empowerment to caregivers. Policymakers, practitioners, and researchers interested in supporting family caregivers should prioritize these key areas to tackle the challenge of population aging in Asian countries. Cross‐country knowledge exchange and capacity development are crucial for better serving both the aging population and their caregivers.
Role of the Laryngeal Adductor Reflex in the Prevention of Thermal Injury to the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve in Thyroid Surgery: A Case Report
Authors: Sánchez Roldán M. Ángeles , Moncho Dulce , Velasco Mercedes , Petriman E. Madalina , Duque Héctor , Vilallonga Ramón , Armengol Manuel , González Óscar
Published: December 2024

Background

Intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) aims to detect and prevent iatrogenic damage during thyroid surgery. Mechanisms of injury include traction, heat damage, and nerve transection. Continuous IONM (C‐IONM) techniques detect impending damage due to traction and heat related when they are still reversible.

Methods

We present a 73‐year‐old woman who underwent a total thyroidectomy due to a goiter. The IONM included intermittent IONM (I‐IONM) in combination with C‐IONM using the laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR). The intraoperative neurophysiological signals recorded were correlated with the surgical maneuver and the postoperative evaluation.

Results

During surgery, a significant decrease in left LAR amplitude was observed, coinciding with the use of the harmonic. After some corrective maneuvers, the intraoperative signals recovered, and the postoperative examination showed adequate VF function.

Conclusions

C‐IONM of the RLN using the LAR can be a valuable tool for detecting and preventing thermal spread injury during thyroid surgery.
The design and evaluation of a bone health teaching module for secondary school students in NSW, Australia
Authors: Phuong Jonathan , Lam Rachel , Moles Rebekah , Mason Deborah , White Christopher , Center Jacqueline , Carter Stephen
Published: December 2024

Issue Addressed

The growing prevalence of osteoporosis requires preventative management starting from an early age as peak bone mass is typically reached by age 30. However, current Australian adolescents are not adequately addressing key osteoprotective factors. Alarmingly, around 17% have insufficient vitamin D levels, 55% consume insufficient dietary calcium, and 79% are insufficiently active. Addressing these insufficiencies via bone health education and promoting healthier lifestyle choices are crucial to mitigate the risk of osteoporosis later in life.

Methods

A mixed methods study was undertaken to assess the design and effectiveness of four bone health education modules implemented in PDHPE lessons across NSW secondary schools. Pre‐ and post‐module assessments included a multiple‐choice questionnaire on osteoporosis knowledge, and a survey based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour domains to examine influences on healthy bone behaviour. Statistical analysis, qualitative interviews, and focus groups were used to evaluate changes in knowledge and behaviour resulting from the modules.

Results

Participation in bone health teaching modules improved students' knowledge and behaviours related to bone health. Subjective norms had the largest influence regarding behaviour changes. Both students and teachers engaged positively with the bone health modules, which were designed by clinicians and delivered by teachers.

So What?

The modules address knowledge gaps and provide strategies from an early age, empowering students and potentially contribute to improving long term bone health. There is a need to focus on promoting positive peer influence and facilitating easy access to bone‐healthy behaviours in secondary education settings.
Dengue in Tomorrow: Predictive Insights From ARIMA and SARIMA Models in Bangladesh: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Hasan Pratyay , Khan Tazdin Delwar , Alam Ishteaque , Haque Mohammad Emdadul
Published: December 2024

Backgrounds and Aims

Dengue fever has been a continued public health problem in Bangladesh, with a recent surge in cases. The aim of this study was to train ARIMA and SARIMA models for time series analysis on the monthly prevalence of dengue in Bangladesh and to use these models to forecast the dengue prevalence for the next 12 months.

Methods

This secondary data‐based study utilizes AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Seasonal AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) models to forecast dengue prevalence in Bangladesh. Data was sourced from the Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) and the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS). STROBE Guideline for observational studies was followed for reporting this study.

Results

The ARIMA (1,1,1) and SARIMA (1,1,2) models were identified as the best‐performing models. The forecasts indicate a steady dengue prevalence for 2024 according to ARIMA, while SARIMA predicts significant fluctuations. It was observed that ARIMA (1,1,1) and SARIMA (1,2,2) (1,1,2)12 were the most suitable models for prediction of dengue prevalence.

Conclusion

These models offer valuable insights for healthcare planning and resource allocation, although external factors and complex interactions must be considered. Dengue prevalence is expected to rise in future in Bangladesh.
Implementing Best Practices for Nurses in Detecting and Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions in a Tertiary Hospital in Tabriz, Iran: A Mixed‐Method Study
Authors: Kabiri Neda , Hajebrahimi Sakineh , Rahmani Parvin , Tavani Fatemeh Molaei , Saghaleini Seied Hadi , Soofiyani Saiedeh Razi , Talebpour Amin
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) is defined as “a response to a drug which is noxious and unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in humans for the prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modification of physiological function.” The aim of this research was to evaluate the current practice and implement the best practices for detecting and reporting ADR in a tertiary hospital in Tabriz, Iran.

Methods

We used a mixed‐methods sequential explanatory design in the current study. The research was conceptually informed by the Joanna Briggs Institute model of Evidence‐Based Healthcare (JBI EBHC). A three‐phase implementation process, outlined by this model, was used in this study. The first and third phases comprised the quantitaive phase of the study, in which we evaluated the current practice and conducted a final evaluation to measure changes in compliance with the best practice. The qualitative phase, the second phase of the JBI EBHC model, was conducted to identify barriers and develop implementation strategies. There were seven evidence‐based audit criteria for evaluating the practice, with a sample size of 23 nurses for the quantitative phase and 10 participants for the qualitative phase.

Results

The quantitative findings revealed an improvement in compliance rates for all criteria following the follow‐up audit. From the qualitative analysis, four themes of barriers were identified: time and workload, lack of a proper reporting system for ADR, lack of belief and readiness for change among nurses, and lack of awareness about the importance of documenting ADR.

Conclusion

The results of this implementation study demonstrated enhanced ADR reporting. It can be inferred that implementing educational strategies, such as holding conferences, informal meetings, workshops, and educational pamphlets, can facilitate the implementation of evidence into practice.

Implications for Nurses

Findings will help nurses across sectors of primary, secondary, and tertiary care use the implemented strategies to improve the quality of care and reduce ADR.
Identification of Serum‐Derived CricRNA Diagnostic Panel and Revealing Their Regulatory Mechanisms in HCV‐HCC: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Ishaq Yasmeen , Rauff Bisma , Alzahrani Badr , Javed Hassnain , Ikram Aqsa
Published: December 2024

Aims and Objectives

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Serum‐derived circular RNAs (circRNAs) play several crucial roles in HCV and HCC. They represent a promising area of research for improving the diagnosis and understanding the mechanisms of HCV‐HCC. This study aims to identify a serum‐derived circular RNA (circRNA) diagnostic panel for HCV‐HCC and to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms underlying their role in cancer progression.

Methods

In this study, data mining and in silico analysis were conducted to identify the role of circular RNAs (hsa_circ_0003288, circ‐RNF13, hsa_circ_0004277, circANRIL, circUHRF1, hsa_circ_103047) and their associated biomarkers (IL‐6 and NF‐κB) in HCV‐HCC pathogenesis. Additionally, RT‐PCR was performed to assess their expression levels across different study groups (G0 = control, G1 = HCV, G2 = HCC, and G3 = HCV‐induced HCC).

Results

The expression levels of circular RNAs, including hsa_circ_0003288, circ‐RNF13, hsa_circ_0004277, circANRIL, circUHRF1, and hsa_circ_103047, as well as the biomarkers IL‐6 and NF‐κB, were significantly elevated in the G3 group compared to the G0 group. ROC analysis also revealed significantly different expression rates for G3 group and G0 group.

Conclusion

The data revealed that cricRNAs panel (hsa_circ_0003288, circ‐RNF13, circANRIL, circUHRF1, and hsa_circ_103047) could serve as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCV‐induced HCC.
A novel mouse model of upper tract urothelial carcinoma highlights the impact of dietary intervention on gut microbiota and carcinogenesis prevention despite carcinogen exposure
Authors: Yamamoto Akinaru , Kawashima Atsunari , Uemura Toshihiro , Nakano Kosuke , Matsushita Makoto , Ishizuya Yu , Jingushi Kentaro , Hase Hiroaki , Katayama Kotoe , Yamaguchi Rui , Sassi Nesrine , Motoyama Yuichi , Nojima Satoshi , Mita Masashi , Kimura Tomonori , Motooka Daisuke , Horibe Yuki , Okuda Yohei , Oka Toshiki , Yamamichi Gaku , Tomiyama Eisuke , Koh Yoko , Yamamoto Yoshiyuki , Kato Taigo , Hatano Koji , Uemura Motohide , Imoto Seiya , Wada Hisashi , Morii Eiichi , Tsujikawa Kazutake , Nonomura Norio
Published: December 2024

Animal models of N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxy butyl) nitrosamine (BBN)‐induced urothelial carcinoma (UC), particularly bladder cancer (BC), have long been established. However, the rare incidence of BBN‐induced upper urinary tract UC (UTUC), which originates from the same urothelium as BC, remains elusive. The scarcity of animal models of UTUC has made it challenging to study the biology of UTUC. To address this problem, we tried to establish a novel mouse model of UTUC by treating multiple mice strains and sexes with BBN. The molecular consistency between the UTUC mouse model and human UTUC was confirmed using multi‐omics analyses, including whole‐exome, whole‐transcriptome, and spatial transcriptome sequencing. 16S ribosomal RNA metagenome sequencing, metabolome analysis, and dietary interventions were employed to assess changes in the gut microbiome, metabolome, and carcinogenesis of UTUC. Of all treated mice, only female BALB/c mice developed UTUC over BC. Multi‐omics analyses confirmed that the UTUC model reflected the molecular characteristics and heterogeneity of human UTUC with poor prognosis. Furthermore, the model exhibited increased Tnf‐related inflammatory gene expression in the upper urinary tract and a low relative abundance of Parabacteroides distasonis in the gut. Dietary intervention, mainly without alanine, led to P. distasonis upregulation and successfully prevented UTUC, as well as suppressed Tnf‐related inflammatory gene expression in the upper urinary tract despite the exposure to BBN. This is the first report to demonstrate a higher incidence of UTUC than BC in a non‐engineered mouse model using BBN. Overall, this model could serve as a useful tool for comprehensively investigating UTUC in future studies.
Repeated Injection of Xylazine Causes Liver Injury Through the PPAR Signaling Pathway in Rats
Authors: Yi Shanyong , Mai Tingting , Fang Ying , Tian Qishuo , Zhao Shuquan
Published: December 2024

With the gradual emergence of xylazine as a street drug, incidents of xylazine poisoning are now occurring worldwide. However, it remains unknown whether long‐term exposure to xylazine causes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In the present study, the rats were injected with xylazine intraperitoneally for 28 consecutive days, and then serum and liver tissues were collected for analysis. Weight loss was observed in the 40 mg/kg group and elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were observed. Histopathologic examination showed hepatic steatosis, necrosis, and fibrosis. By mRNA sequencing, 192 upregulated genes and 277 downregulated genes were found in the 40 mg/kg group, and the PPAR signaling pathway was ranked first in the KEGG pathway analysis. Four genes in the PPAR signaling pathway, Fabp5, Acox2, and Cpt2, were also verified in the 40 mg/kg group by RT‐qPCR analysis and western blot. Our results demonstrated that long‐term injection of xylazine causes NAFLD and the PPAR signaling pathway plays a core role in the process of xylazine‐associated liver injury.
Novel Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Fibroblasts to Improve Heart Disease
Authors: Li Yujuan
Published: December 2024

Cardiac fibrosis represents the terminal pathological manifestation of various heart diseases, with the formation of fibroblasts playing a pivotal role in this process. Consequently, targeting the formation and function of fibroblasts holds significant potential for improving outcomes in heart disease. Recent research reveals the considerable potential of fibroblasts in ameliorating cardiac conditions, demonstrating different functional characteristics at various time points and spatial locations. Therefore, precise modulation of fibroblast activity may offer an effective approach for treating cardiac fibrosis and achieving targeted therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we focus on the fate and inhibition of fibroblasts, analyze their dynamic changes in cardiac diseases, and propose a framework for identifying markers of fibroblast activation mechanisms and selecting optimal time windows for therapeutic intervention. By synthesizing research findings in these areas, we aim to provide new strategies and directions for the precise treatment of fibroblasts in cardiac diseases.
Acute Sarcopenia: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis on Its Incidence and Muscle Parameter Shifts During Hospitalisation
Authors: Aldrich Luke , Ispoglou Theocharis , Prokopidis Konstantinos , Alqallaf Jasem , Wilson Oliver , Stavropoulos‐Kalinoglou Antonis
Published: December 2024

Background

Acute sarcopenia is sarcopenia lasting less than 6 months, typically following acute illness or injury. It may impact patient recovery and quality of life, advancing to chronic sarcopenia. However, its development and assessment remain poorly understood, particularly during hospitalisation. This systematic review aimed to elucidate the incidence of acute sarcopenia and examine changes in muscle parameters during hospitalisation.

Methods

Eighty‐eight papers were included in the narrative synthesis; 33 provided data for meta‐analyses on the effects of hospitalisation on handgrip strength (HGS), rectus femoris cross‐sectional area (RFCSA) and various muscle function tests. Meta‐regressions were performed for length of hospital stay (LoS) and age for all meta‐analyses; sex was also considered for HGS.

Results

Acute sarcopenia development was assessed in four studies with a pooled incidence of 18% during hospitalisation. Incidence was highest among trauma patients in intensive care (59%), whereas it was lower among medical and surgical patients (15%–20%). Time of development ranged from 4 to 44 days. HGS remained stable during hospitalisation (SMD = 0.05, 95% CI = −0.18:0.28, p = 0.67) as did knee extensor strength. LoS affected HGS performance (θ = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.001:0.09, p = 0.045) but age (p = 0.903) and sex (p = 0.434) did not. RFCSA, reduced by 16.5% over 3–21 days (SMD = −0.67, 95% CI = −0.92:−0.43, p < 0.001); LoS or time between scans did significantly predict the reduction (θ = −0.04, 95% CI = −0.077:−0.011, p = 0.012). Indices of muscle quality also reduced. Muscle function improved when assessed by the short physical performance battery (SMD = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.03:1.69, p = 0.046); there was no change in 6‐min walk (p = 0.22), timed up‐and‐go (p = 0.46) or gait speed tests (p = 0.98). The only significant predictor of timed up‐and‐go performance was age (θ = −0.11, 95% CI = −0.018:−0.005, p = 0.009).

Conclusions

Assessment and understanding of acute sarcopenia in clinical settings are limited. Incidence varies between clinical conditions, and muscle parameters are affected differently. HGS and muscle function tests may not be sensitive enough to identify acute changes during hospitalisation. Currently, muscle health deterioration may be underdiagnosed impacting recovery, quality of life and overall health following hospitalisation. Further evaluation is necessary to determine the suitability of existing diagnostic criteria of acute sarcopenia. Muscle mass and quality indices might need to become the primary determinants for muscle health assessment in hospitalised populations.
EV‐Elute: A universal platform for the enrichment of functional surface marker‐defined extracellular vesicle subpopulations
Authors: de Voogt Willemijn S. , Frunt Rowan , Leandro Raul M. , Triesscheijn Casper S. , Monica Bella , Paspali Ioanna , Tielemans Mark , François Jerney J. J. M. , Seinen Cor W. , de Jong Olivier G. , Kooijmans Sander A. A.
Published: December 2024

Intercellular communication via extracellular vesicles (EVs) has been identified as a vital component of a steadily expanding number of physiological and pathological processes. To accommodate these roles, EVs have highly heterogeneous molecular compositions. Given that surface molecules on EVs determine their interactions with their environment, EV functionality likely differs between subpopulations with varying surface compositions. However, it has been technically challenging to examine such functional heterogeneity due to a lack of non‐destructive methods to separate EV subpopulations based on their surface markers. Here, we used the Design‐of‐Experiments (DoE) methodology to optimize a protocol, which we name ‘EV‐Elute’, to elute intact EVs from commercially available Protein G‐coated magnetic beads. We captured EVs from various cell types on these beads using antibodies against CD9, CD63, CD81 and a custom‐made protein binding phosphatidylserine (PS). When applying EV‐Elute, over 70% of bound EVs could be recovered from the beads in a pH‐ and incubation‐time‐dependent fashion. EV subpopulations showed intact integrity by electron microscopy and Proteinase K protection assays and showed uptake patterns similar to whole EV isolates in co‐cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and endothelial cells. However, in Cas9/sgRNA delivery assays, CD63+ EVs showed a lower capacity to functionally deliver cargo as compared to CD9+, CD81+ and PS+ EVs. Taken together, we developed a novel, easy‐to‐use platform to isolate and functionally compare surface marker‐defined EV subpopulations. This platform does not require specialized equipment or reagents and is universally applicable to any capturing antibody and EV source. Hence, EV‐Elute can open new opportunities to study EV functionality at the subpopulation level.
Extremely dilated intestine
Authors: Li Jin , Huang Xiaoshan , Lin Jiayu , Huang Jian , Zhu Wanjie
Published: December 2024

An old woman with severe constipation was dignosed with sigmoid torsion and time‐limited surgery was performed to save her life.
Association of the nutritional risk index recorded prior to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation with the clinical prognosis in children
Authors: Yonesu Hitomi , Hamada Satoru , Sakiyama Hideki , Kiyuna Shinobu , Oshiro Tokiko , Hyakuna Nobuyuki , Nakanishi Koichi
Published: December 2024

Introduction

The nutritional risk index (NRI), calculated using serum albumin levels and body weight ratio is a known prognostic factor in adult hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). However, its usefulness in pediatric HCT settings remains unclear.

Methods

In a retrospective study, we examined pre‐transplant NRI impact on outcomes in 82 pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic HCT.

Results

The 2‐year non‐relapse mortality (NRM) rate was 7.94% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.05%–19.8%) and 30.8% (95% CI, 16.7%–52.2%) in the high and low NRI groups, respectively (p = 0.0037).

Conclusion

We found that poor nutritional status prior to pediatric HCT led to a worse prognosis, including increased NRM.
Analyzing the Life History of Caimans: The Growth Dynamics of Caiman latirostris From an Osteohistological Approach
Authors: Eugenia Pereyra Maria , Bona Paula , Siroski Pablo , Chinsamy Anusuya
Published: December 2024

Skeletochronology and growth dynamics are intensively investigated in vertebrate osteohistology. These techniques are particularly important for interpreting the life history of long‐lived species, such as crocodilians. To understand the longevity, growth dynamics, sexual maturity, and sexual dimorphism of caimans we studied an almost complete ontogenetic series of captive and wild specimens of Caiman latirostris from different localities of Argentina. We identified both cyclical and noncyclical growth marks in juvenile caimans, and we suggest that the latter are associated with environmental stress. By overlapping the growth marks of different individuals, we were able to estimate the minimum age of each specimen. Variations in growth rate are evident in different bones, with the femur and scapula having the highest growth rates, while the fibula and pubis have much slower growth rates. We were able to determine the approximate age of sexual maturity from growth curves deduced from osteohistology, which concurred with those assessed in ecological studies. Additionally based on the growth curves we were able to document different growth dynamics which may be related to sexual dimorphism. This study provides valuable insights into the life history and ecological dynamics of crocodilians, shedding light on their growth patterns, attainment of sexual maturity, and the influence of environmental factors on growth. Furthermore it documents the intraspecific and interelemental osteohistological variation in crocodilians and has direct implications for studies that assess the life history of extinct archosaurs and other sauropsids.