bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New ways for nursing inspired by the works of Michel de Certeau
Authors: Gonzalez‐Sanz Juan D. , Noreña‐Peña Ana , Amezcua Manuel
Published: August 2017

The focus of this article is the life and work of the French thinker Michel de Certeau, here presented as a philosopher of special interest for nursing. Although in some countries he is relatively unknown, international authors from scientific disciplines regard his texts as a fundamental source in the opening of new intellectual perspectives on current global problems. Some nurses have also considered his ideas as a useful aid for reflecting on their professional activities, and their most important research is cited. Over these pages, we also examine how Certeau's work can enrich nursing philosophy in regard to three specific issues: resistance practices in nursing in the face of pressure from health institutions; the social configuration of nursing knowledge; and the importance of the body in current nursing practice.
The PHD‐containing protein EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAYS regulates seed dormancy in Arabidopsis
Authors: Narro‐Diego Laura , López‐González Leticia , Jarillo Jose A. , Piñeiro Manuel
Published: August 2017

The Arabidopsis protein EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAYS (EBS), a plant‐specific transcriptional regulator, is involved in the control of flowering time by repressing the floral integrator FT. The EBS protein binds the H3K4me3 histone mark and interacts with histone deacetylases to modulate gene expression. Here, we show that EBS also participates in the regulation of seed dormancy. ebs mutations cause a reduction in seed dormancy, and the concurrent loss of function of the EBS homologue SHORT LIFE (SHL) enhances this dormancy alteration. Transcriptomic analyses in ebs mutant seeds uncovered the misregulation of several regulators of seed dormancy including the MADS box gene AGAMOUS‐LIKE67 (AGL67). AGL67 interacts genetically with EBS in seed dormancy regulation, indicating that both loci act in the same pathway. Interestingly, EBS functions independently of the master regulator gene of dormancy DELAY OF GERMINATION 1 (DOG1) and other genes encoding chromatin remodelling factors involved in the control of seed dormancy. Altogether, these data show that EBS is a central repressor of germination during seed dormancy and that SHL acts redundantly with EBS in the control of this developmental process. Our observations suggest that a tightly regulated crosstalk among histone modifications is necessary for a proper control of seed dormancy.
Is the moral domain unique? A social influence perspective for the study of moral cognition
Authors: Lees Jeffrey , Gino Francesca
Published: August 2017

The nature of the cognitive processes that give rise to moral judgment and behavior has been a central question of psychology for decades. In this paper, we suggest that an often ignored yet fruitful stream of research for informing current debates on the nature of moral cognition is social influence. We introduce what we call the “social‐moderation‐of‐process” perspective, a methodological framework for leveraging insights from social influence research to inform debates in moral psychology over the mechanisms underlying moral cognition and the moral domains in which those mechanisms operate. We demonstrate the utility of the social‐moderation‐of‐process perspective by providing a detailed example of how research on social influence in behavioral ethics can be utilized to test a research question related to a debate between two prominent theories in moral psychology. We then detail how researchers across the field of moral psychology can utilize our social‐moderation‐of‐process perspective.
Rethinking the biopsychosocial model of health: Understanding health as a dynamic system
Authors: Lehman Barbara J. , David Diana M. , Gruber Jennifer A.
Published: August 2017

The biopsychosocial model has dominated research and theory in health psychology. This article expands the biopsychosocial model by applying systems theories proposed by developmental scholars, including Bronfenbrenner's ecological models and Sameroff's transactional model, as well as contemporary philosophical work on dynamic systems. The proposed dynamic biopsychosocial model construes human health as a product of the reciprocal influences of biological, psychological, interpersonal, and macrosystem contextual dynamics that unfold over personal and historical time. The importance, or centrality, of these influences varies within a person over time. The model is explicated using two hypothetical case studies derived from existing interdisciplinary health research. Implications for health, theory, research, and policy are discussed.
Why Citizen Kane was unhappy: Motive‐Goal Incongruence
Authors: Hofer Jan , Busch Holger
Published: August 2017

Why do some people benefit more from successfully pursuing their goals than others? Motivational psychology has recently come up with an answer to this question: People differ in the extent to which their goals are aligned with their implicit motives. That is, on a conscious level, people may strive for, for example, achievement goals although on an unconscious level their implicit achievement motive is low. In such a case of motive–goal incongruence, pursuit and realization of achievement goals are associated with little or no well‐being. On the other hand, for people whose conscious goals and implicit motives are congruent, goal progress is strongly associated with well‐being. Legendary movie character Charles Foster Kane from Citizen Kane illustrates this dilemma: Constantly pursuing and realizing power goals, he does not succeed in satisfying his affiliation‐intimacy motive – and finally dies an unhappy man. The present article reviews what is known about the causes and effects of motive–goal congruence. In doing so, open questions are raised that future research ought to address.
Oxytocin and the emergence of individual differences in the social regulation of stress
Authors: Chen Frances S. , Heinrichs Markus , Johnson Susan C.
Published: August 2017

The ability to use social support to regulate stress is critical to mental and physical health. Here, we posit that the oxytocin system contributes to the variability in individual responses to social support. We first review the evidence that oxytocin is related to both social functioning and stress regulation. We focus on results from molecular genetics suggesting that individual variations in both of these functions are associated with natural variations in the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR). We then describe research that exploits this natural variation to directly and experimentally test relationships between the oxytocin system, social support, and stress regulation in both infants and adults. On the basis of our findings, we propose a novel theoretical model of how biological processes might interact with psychological beliefs about relationships—even in infants—to affect long‐term patterns of social regulation of stress.
Assortative mating and couple similarity: Patterns, mechanisms, and consequences
Authors: Luo S.
Published: August 2017

Assortative mating refers to the tendency of two partners' characteristics to be matched in a systematic manner, usually in the form of similarity. Mating with a similar partner has profound implications at the species, societal, and individual levels. This article provides a comprehensive review of research on couple similarity since 1980s. The review begins with the general patterns and trends observed in couple similarity on a range of domains including demographic variables, physical/physiological characteristics, abilities, mental well‐being, habitual behaviors, attitudes, values, and personality. Next the bulk of the review focuses on analyses of 4 mechanisms leading to similarity: initial active choice, mating market operation, social homogamy, and convergence. Specific future research avenues are outlined to improve understanding of these mechanisms. Finally, the review discusses genetic, social, and psychological consequences of couple similarity.
Knowledge, risk perception and mitigation measures towards Ebola virus disease by potentially exposed bushmeat handlers in north‐central Nigeria: Any critical gap?
Authors: Alhaji N. B. , Yatswako S. , Oddoh E. Y.
Published: August 2017

The bushmeat industry has been a topic of increasing importance among public health officials for its influence on zoonotic diseases transmission, such as Ebola virus disease (EVD), a rare and severe infectious disease of humans and non‐human primates. This survey assessed knowledge/awareness, risk perceptions and mitigation practices towards EVD among bushmeat handlers in north‐central Nigeria. These characteristics are premise to level of preparedness against appropriate risk prevention and control. A questionnaire‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted between January and December 2015 on 395 bushmeat handlers. Descriptive and analytical statistical analyses were performed using Epi‐Info 3.5.3 software, and p < 0.05 was considered statistical significance in all analyses. Mean age of respondents was 40.9 ± 10.7 years, and most (30.4%) of them were in the age group 40–49 years. Majority (82.8%) of them were males, while most (47.9%) do not possess formal education. Bushmeat hunters, vendors and consumers constituted 17.2%, 28.1% and 54.7% of the respondents, respectively. A majority (85.6%) of the participants had heard about EVD. Bushmeat vendors were more likely (OR 1.96; 95% CI: 1.05–3.65) to have satisfactory knowledge than the hunters. Handlers with tertiary education were more likely (OR 3.22; 95% CI: 1.56–6.67) to possess significant satisfactory knowledge/awareness about EVD. Also, vendors were more likely (OR 1.85; 95% CI: 1.01–3.42) to practice satisfactory mitigation measures than the hunters. Only handlers with tertiary education were more likely (OR 2.48; 95% CI: 1.26–4.89) to significantly practice satisfactory mitigation measures against EVD. Although most of the handlers possessed significant knowledge/awareness about EVD, few applied mitigation measures against its infection, which is the challenging gap. There is a need for collaborations between the public health, veterinary and wildlife authorities in the provision of health information to bushmeat handlers on better management of emerging and re‐emerging zoonotic viral diseases of wildlife origin.
On Large Eddy Simulation Based Conjugate Heat Transfer Procedure for Transient Natural Convection
Authors: Fadl M. , He L.
Published: August 2017

Natural convection is an important heat transfer mode for flexible operations of gas turbines and steam turbines. Its prediction presents considerable challenges. The strong interdependence between fluid and solid parts points to the need for coupled fluid–solid conjugate heat transfer (CHT) methods. The fundamental fluid–solid time scale disparity is further compounded by the long-time scales of practical turbine flexible operations. In addition, if a high-fidelity flow model (e.g., large eddy simulation (LES)) is adopted to resolve turbulence fluctuations, extra mesh dependency on solid domain mesh may arise. In this work, understanding of the extra solid mesh dependency in a directly coupled LES based CHT procedure is gained by an interface response analysis, leading to a simple and clear characterization of erroneously predicted unsteady interface temperatures and heat fluxes. A loosely coupled unsteady CHT procedure based on a multiscale methodology for solving problems with large time scale disparity is subsequently developed. A particular emphasis of this work is on efficient and accurate transient CHT solutions in conjunction with the turbulence eddy resolved modeling (LES) for natural convection. A two-scale flow decomposition associated with a corresponding time-step split is adopted. The resultant triple-timing formation of the flow equations can be solved efficiently for the fluid–solid coupled system with disparate time scales. The problem statement, analysis, and the solution methods will be presented with case studies to underline the issues of interest and to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed methodology and implemented procedure.
Starting Flow in a Channel With Two Immiscible Fluids
Authors: Wang C. Y.
Published: August 2017

The starting flow due to a sudden pressure gradient in a channel containing two layers of different fluids is studied for the first time. The necessary eigenvalues and eigenfunctions, including orthogonality, for the composite regions are developed. Infinite series analytic solution is obtained for the starting transient. The properties of the instantaneous velocity profiles depend on the thickness ratio of the layers, the viscosity ratio, and the density ratio. Starting times are determined for the important cases of air over water and oil over water. The bulk flow is greatly increased when there exists a low-viscosity layer buffeting the channel wall. An important conclusion is that, in general, Navier's partial slip condition cannot be applied to unsteady starting flows.
Oxidation behavior of intermetallic Al-Cr and Al-Cr-Fe macroparticles
Authors: Koller Christian Martin , Kirnbauer Alexander , Hahn Rainer , Widrig Beno , Kolozsvári Szilárd , Ramm Jürgen , Mayrhofer Paul Heinz
Published: August 2017

The incorporation of macroparticles into arc evaporated thin films is generally unfavorable as they, in most cases, induce growth defects. However, in recent studies, the authors found that nucleation of hexagonal (α-phase) crystallites occurs on top of specific macroparticle types and is especially pronounced when using Fe-alloyed Al0.7Cr0.3 cathodes. In order to further investigate this interesting finding, intermetallic Al-Cr and Al-Cr-Fe macroparticles, generated from powder-metallurgically produced and nonreactively arc evaporated Al0.7Cr0.3 and Al0.675Cr0.275Fe0.05 cathodes, were collected and annealed in ambient air. Detailed structural and chemical analyses were carried out by transmission electron microscopy studies of focused ion beam-prepared samples. The predominately γ2-type Al8Cr5 and Al8(Cr,Fe)5 droplets oxidized at 900 °C for 3 and 6 h form a layered oxide structure consisting of a thin amorphous a-Al2O3 layer, on top of which transient γ-/θ-Al2O3 facets develop. The presence of Fe promotes the formation of slightly denser oxide scales with a thinner a-Al2O3 layer and, more important, occasional α-Al2O3 crystallites which develop at the interface between the oxidized intermetallic droplet and the a-Al2O3 scale. The underneath-lying Al-depleted Al8Cr5 and Al8(Cr,Fe)5-droplets are subject to pronounced microstructural modifications including elemental separation and the generation of holes and cavities. Their progressing oxidation leads to stoichiometric sesquioxides of α-Cr2O3 or θ-Al2O3 structure.
Influence of different conditions on the electrical performance of amorphous InGaZnO thin-film transistors with HfO2/SiNx stacked dielectrics
Authors: Wang RuoZheng , Wu ShengLi , Jia DongBo , Wei Qiang , Zhang JinTao
Published: August 2017

The electrical performance of HfO2/SiNx stacked dielectric amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) fabricated using different oxygen flow rates, channel thicknesses, annealing temperatures, and deposition powers was investigated. The results showed that when the thin films were deposited with a higher oxygen flow rate, the device saturation mobility (μsat) decreased while transfer curves shifted positively. Free carriers accumulated easily at the interfaces with higher channel thicknesses, which led to the increase in device mobility. The electrical characteristics of the a-IGZO TFTs were strongly affected by annealing temperature. This was because annealing generated free carriers and oxygen vacancies, which resulted in a negative shift in threshold voltage (Vth) and an increase in μsat. An a-IGZO TFT deposited with suitable parameters showed excellent electrical performance: a Vth value of 3.4 V, a saturation mobility of 18.1 cm2 V−1 s−1, an on/off current ratio of 108, and a subthreshold swing of 137 mV dec−1.
Head movement immune active noise control with head mounted moving microphones
Authors: Behera Santosh Kumar , Das Debi Prasad , Subudhi Bidyadhar
Published: August 2017

The active headrest is an important application of active noise control (ANC) where the occupant gets a quiet zone during use. However, its performance degrades due to head movement, which is an important issue. Unlike conventional active headrest algorithm, in the present paper, the two error microphones are attached to a head attachment such as a hat or band so that both error microphones can move along with the head, keeping the relative distance of ears and the microphones intact. The two secondary loudspeakers are kept near to the head, facing the ears. The performance of the active headrest was studied through real-time experimentation considering head movement. The innovation in this paper is that the ANC algorithm uses signals of moving error microphones to tune the controller without re-estimating the secondary path transfer functions. Since, the phase error of secondary path estimates at different head positions remains within ±90°, the secondary paths estimated once, when the head is positioned at the center, can be used for other head positions. This is established through real-time experiments using dSpace 1104 ACE system (dSpace, Germany).
Effect of gate choice on backscatter difference measurements of cancellous bone
Authors: Hoffmeister Brent K. , Viano Ann M. , Fairbanks Luke C. , Ebron Sheldon C. , McPherson Joseph A. , Huber Matthew T.
Published: August 2017

A variety of ultrasonic techniques have been developed to detect changes in bone caused by osteoporosis. One approach, called the backscatter difference technique, analyzes the power difference between two different portions of a backscatter signal. Analysis gates with a certain delay τd, width τw, and separation τs are used to define portions of the backscatter signal for analysis. The goal of the present study was to investigate how different choices of τd, τw, and τs affect four backscatter difference parameters: the normalized mean of the backscatter difference (nMBD), the normalized slope of the backscatter difference (nSBD), the normalized intercept of the backscatter difference (nIBD), and the normalized backscatter amplitude ratio (nBAR). Backscatter measurements were performed on 54 cube shaped specimens of human cancellous bone. nMBD, nSBD, nIBD, and nBAR were determined for 34 different combinations of τd, τw, and τs for each specimen. nMBD and nBAR demonstrated the strongest correlations with apparent bone density (0.48 ≤ Rs ≤ 0.90). Generally, the correlations were found to improve as τw + τs was increased and as τd was decreased. Among the four backscatter difference parameters, the measured values of nMBD were least sensitive to gate choice (<16%).
Case Study: Unfavorable But Transient Physiological Changes During Contest Preparation in a Drug-Free Male Bodybuilder
Authors: Pardue Andrew , Trexler Eric T. , Sprod Lisa K.
Published: August 2017

Extreme body composition demands of competitive bodybuilding have been associated with unfavorable physiological changes, including alterations in metabolic rate and endocrine profile. The current case study evaluated the effects of contest preparation (8 months), followed by recovery (5 months), on a competitive drug-free male bodybuilder over 13 months (M1-M13). Serum testosterone, triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), cortisol, leptin, and ghrelin were measured throughout the study. Body composition (BodPod, dualenergy x-ray absorptiometry [DXA]), anaerobic power (Wingate test), and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were assessed monthly. Sleep was assessed monthly via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and actigraphy. From M1 to M8, testosterone (623–173 ng∙dL-1), T3 (123–40 ng∙dL-1), and T4 (5.8–4.1 mg∙dL-1) decreased, while cortisol (25.2–26.5 mg∙dL-1) and ghrelin (383–822 pg∙mL-1) increased. The participant lost 9.1 kg before competition as typical energy intake dropped from 3,860 to 1,724 kcal∙day-1; BodPod estimates of body fat percentage were 13.4% at M1, 9.6% at M8, and 14.9% at M13; DXA estimates were 13.8%, 5.1%, and 13.8%, respectively. Peak anaerobic power (753.0 to 536.5 Watts) and RMR (107.2% of predicted to 81.2% of predicted) also decreased throughout preparation. Subjective sleep quality decreased from M1 to M8, but objective measures indicated minimal change. By M13, physiological changes were largely, but not entirely, reversed. Contest preparation may yield transient, unfavorable changes in endocrine profile, power output, RMR, and subjective sleep outcomes. Research with larger samples must identify strategies that minimize unfavorable adaptations and facilitate recovery following competition.
Estimates of Energy Intake and Expenditure in Elite Female Touch Players During an International Tournament
Authors: Marsh Nicola , Dobbin Nick , Twist Craig , Curtis Chris
Published: August 2017

This study assessed energy intake and expenditure of international female touch players during an international tournament. Energy intake (food diary) and expenditure (accelerometer, global positioning system) were recorded for 16 female touch players during a four-day tournament, competing in 8.0 ± 1.0 matches; two on Days 1, 2, and 4, and three on Day 3. Total daily energy expenditure (43.6 ± 3.1 Kcal·kg-1 body mass (BM)) was not different (p > .05) from energy intake (39.9 ± 9.4 Kcal·kg-1 BM). Carbohydrate intakes were below current recommendations (6–10 g·kg-1 BM) on Days 1 (4.4 ± 0.6 g·kg-1 BM) and 3 (4.7 ± 1.0 g·kg-1 BM) and significantly below (p < .05) on Day 2 (4.1 ± 1.0 g·kg-1 BM). Protein and fat intakes were consistent with recommendations (protein, 1.2–2.0 g·kg-1 BM: fat, 20–35% total Kcal) across Days 1–3 (protein, 1.9 ± 0.8, 2.2 ± 0.8, and 2.0 ± 0.7 g·kg-1 BM; fat, 35.6 ± 6.8, 38.5 ± 6.4, and 35.9 ± 5.4% total Kcal). Saturated fat intakes were greater (p < .05) than recommendations (10% total Kcal) on Days 1–3 (12.4 ± 2.9, 14.2 ± 5.1, and 12.7 ± 3.5% total Kcal). On average, female touch players maintained energy balance. Carbohydrate intakes appeared insufficient and might have contributed to the reduction (p < .05) in high-intensity running on Day 3. Further research might investigate the applicability of current nutrition recommendations and the role of carbohydrate in multimatch, multiday tournaments.
Vitamin D3 Supplementation Does Not Improve Sprint Performance in Professional Rugby Players: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Intervention Study
Authors: Fairbairn Kirsty A. , Ceelen Ingrid J.M. , Skeaff C. Murray , Cameron Claire M. , Perry Tracy L.
Published: August 2017

Vitamin D insufficiency is common in athletes and may lower physical performance. Many cross-sectional studies associate vitamin D status with physical performance in athletes; however, there have been few prospective randomized controlled trials with adequate statistical power to test this relationship, and none in the southern hemisphere. Thus, a prospective double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial was conducted involving 57 professional rugby union players in New Zealand. Participants were randomized to receive 50,000 IU of cholecalciferol (equivalent to 3,570 IU/day) or placebo once every two weeks over 11–12 weeks. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations and physical performance were measured at baseline, weeks 5–6, and weeks 11–12. Mean (SD) serum 25(OH)D concentrations for all participants at baseline was 94 (18) nmol/L, with all players above 50 nmol/L. Vitamin D supplementation significantly increased serum 25(OH)D concentrations compared to placebo, with a 32 nmol/L difference between groups at 11–12 weeks (95% CI, 26–38; p < 0.001). Performance in five of the six tests at study completion, including the primary outcome variable of 30-m sprint time, did not differ between the vitamin D supplemented and placebo groups (p > 0.05). Performance on the weighted reverse-grip chin up was significantly higher in players receiving vitamin D compared with placebo, by 5.5 kg (95% CI, 2.0–8.9; p = 0.002). Despite significantly improving vitamin D status in these professional rugby union players, vitamin D supplementation had little impact on physical performance outcomes. Thus, it is unlikely that vitamin D supplementation is an ergogenic aid in this group of athletes.
Reliability of Urinary Dehydration Markers in Elite Youth Boxers
Authors: Zubac Damir , Cular Drazen , Marusic Uros
Published: August 2017

Purpose: To determine the reliability and diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive urinary dehydration markers in field-based settings on a day-to-day basis in elite adolescent amateur boxers. Methods: Sixty-nine urine samples were collected daily from 23 athletes (17.3 ± 1.9 y) during their weight-stable phase and analyzed by field and laboratory measures of hydration status. Urine osmolality (UOSM), urine specific gravity (USG), total protein content (TPC), and body-mass stability were evaluated to determine fluid balance and hydration status. Overall macronutrient and water intake were determined using dietary records. According to their anthropometric characteristics, athletes were assigned into 2 groups: lightweight (LWB) and heavyweight (HWB) boxers. Results: Data presented on UOSM demonstrated a uniform increment by 11.2% ± 12.8% (LWB) and 19.9% ± 22.7% (HWB) (P < .001) over the course of the study, even during the weight-stable phase (body mass, ICC = .99) and ad libitum fluid intake (42 ± 4 mL · kg−1 · d−1). The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranged from .52 to .55 for USG and .38 to .52 for UOSM, further indicating inconsistency of the urinary dehydration markers. Poor correlations were found between USG and TPC metabolites (r = .27, P = .211). Conclusions: Urinary dehydration markers (both USG and UOSM) exhibit high variability and seem to be unreliable diagnostic tools to track actual body-weight loss in real-life settings. The ad libitum fluid intake was apparently inadequate to match acute fluid loss during and after intense preparation. The applicability of a single-time-point hydration-status assessment concept may preclude accurate assessment of actual body-weight deficits in youth boxers.
The Role of the Rating-of-Perceived-Exertion Template in Pacing
Authors: Schallig Wouter , Veneman Tim , Noordhof Dionne A. , Rodríguez-Marroyo José A. , Porcari John P. , de Koning Jos J. , Foster Carl
Published: August 2017

The rating-of-perceived-exertion (RPE) template is thought to regulate pacing and has been shown to be very robust in different circumstances. Purpose: The primary purpose was to investigate whether the RPE template can be manipulated by changing the race distance during the course of a time trial. The secondary purpose was to study how athletes cope with this manipulation, especially in terms of the RPE template. Method: Trained male subjects (N = 10) performed 3 cycling time trials: a 10-km (TT10), a 15-km (TT15), and a manipulated 15-km (TTman). During the TTman, subjects started the time trial believing that they were going to perform a 10-km time trial. However, at 7.5 km they were told that it was a 15-km time trial. Results: A significant main effect of time-trial condition on RPE scores until kilometer 7.5 was found (P = .016). Post hoc comparisons showed that the RPE values of the TT15 were lower than the RPE values of the TT10 (difference 0.60; CI95% 0.11, 1.0) and TTman (difference 0.73; CI95% 0.004, 1.5). After the 7.5 km, a transition phase occurs, in which an interaction effect is present (P = .011). After this transition phase, the RPE values of TTman and TT15 did not statistically differ (P = 1.00). Conclusions: This novel distance-endpoint manipulation demonstrates that it is possible to switch between RPE templates. A clear shift in RPE during the TTman is present between the RPE templates of the TT10 and TT15. The shift strongly supports suggestions that pacing is regulated using an RPE template.
Comparison of the Effects of Performance Level and Sex on Sprint Performance in the Biathlon World Cup
Authors: Luchsinger Harri , Kocbach Jan , Ettema Gertjan , Sandbakk Øyvind
Published: August 2017

Biathlon is an Olympic sport combining cross-country skiing with the skating technique and rifle shooting. The sprint (7.5 km for women and 10 km for men) includes 2 shootings between 3 laps of skiing. The aims of the current study were to compare biathletes of different performance levels and sex on total race time and performance-determining factors of sprint races in the biathlon World Cup. The top-10 performers (G1-10) and results in ranks 21–30 (G21-30) in 47 sprint races during the 2011–12 to 2015–16 World Cup seasons were compared regarding total race time, course time, shooting time, range time, shooting performance (rate of hits), and penalty time. G21-30 men and women were on average 3–5% behind G1-10 in total race time, in which course time accounted for 59–65% of the overall performance difference, followed by 31–35% explained by penalty time. The remainder (ie, 4–6%) was explained by differences in shooting time and range time. The G1-10 women exhibited on average 12% slower speeds than the G1-10 men, and course time accounted for 93% of the total time difference of 13% between sexes. The average total hit rates were 92–93% among the G1-10 and 85% among the G21-30 in both sexes. In total, men shot on average 6 s faster than women. Course time is the most differentiating factor for overall biathlon performance between performance levels and sex in World Cup races. No sex difference in shooting performance was found.
Active Ankle Circumduction to Identify Mobility Deficits in Subacute Ankle Sprain Patients
Authors: Theurillat Clément , Punt Ilona , Armand Stéphane , Bonnefoy-Mazure Alice , Allet Lara
Published: August 2017

Assessment of ankle mobility is complex and of clinical relevance after an ankle sprain. This study develops and tests a biomechanical model to assess active ankle circumduction and its reliability. The model was then applied to compare individuals’ ankle mobility between injured and noninjured ankles after a sprain episode. Twenty patients with subacute unilateral ankle sprain were assessed at 4 weeks and 10 weeks after the injury. They underwent a clinical exam and an ankle circumduction test during which the kinematics were recorded with an optoelectronic device. A biomechanical model was applied to explore ankle kinematics. Reliability of the ankle circumduction tests were good to excellent (ICC of 0.55–0.89). Comparison between noninjured and injured ankles showed a mobility deficit of the injured ankle (dorsiflexion = −27.4%, plantar flexion = −25.9%, eversion = −27.2%, and inversion = −11.6%). The model allows a graphical representation of these deficits in 4 quadrants. Active ankle circumduction movement can be reliably assessed with this model. In addition, the graphical representation allows an easy understanding of the mobility deficits which were present in all 4 quadrants in our cohort of patients with subacute ankle sprain.
Emotional Intelligence and Physical Activity
Authors: Zysberg Leehu , Hemmel Rotem
Published: August 2017

Objective: This report summarizes the first study (to the best of our knowledge) of the association between emotional intelligence (EI) and physical activity (PA) levels in a sample of generally healthy adults. Methods: An online snowball sample of 110 generally healthy adults took part in this study and filled out measures of EI, PA, and background variables. Results: Analysis of structural equating modeling supported a path of positive association between EI and PA ranging from .20 to .28, controlling for background variables associated with PA. Of these, only education showed significant associations with PA. Conclusions: EI may play a role in individuals’ PA patterns. Potential underlying mechanisms and directions for future research are suggested.
Sociodemographic Moderators of Environment–Physical Activity Associations: Results From the International Prevalence Study
Authors: Perez Lilian G. , Conway Terry L. , Bauman Adrian , Kerr Jacqueline , Elder John P. , Arredondo Elva M. , Sallis James F.
Published: August 2017

Background: Associations between the built environment and physical activity (PA) may vary by sociodemographic factors. However, such evidence from international studies is limited. This study tested the moderating effects of sociodemographic factors on associations between perceived environment and self-reported total PA among adults from the International Prevalence Study. Methods: Between 2002 and 2003, adults from 9 countries (N = 10,258) completed surveys assessing total PA (International Physical Activity Questionnaire-short), perceived environment, and sociodemographics (age, gender, and education). Total PA was dichotomized as meeting/not meeting (a) high PA levels and (b) minimum PA guidelines. Logistic models tested environment by sociodemographic interactions (24 total). Results: Education and gender moderated the association between safety from crime and meeting high PA levels (interaction P < .05), with inverse associations found only among the high education group and men. Education and gender also moderated associations of safety from crime and the presence of transit stops with meeting minimum PA guidelines (interaction P < .05), with positive associations found for safety from crime only among women and presence of transit stops only among men and the high education group. Conclusions: The limited number of moderating effects found provides support for population-wide environment–PA associations. International efforts to improve built environments are needed to promote health-enhancing PA and maintain environmental sustainability.
This Really IS What We Do With the Rest of the Day! Checking and Clarifying What High-Level Golfers Do During the Meso-Levels of Performance
Authors: Davies Thomas , Cruickshank Andrew , Collins Dave
Published: August 2017

Recent retrospective research has identified effective meso-level thoughts and behaviors for high level golfers (i.e., those deployed between shots and holes). However, how such thoughts and behaviors are actually used during this phase of performance and, or if, they vary in different contexts is unknown. Accordingly, real-time observations followed by stimulated recall interviews were used to examine the meso-level processes used by high-level golfers during competition. Results indicated use of the same pre2- and post-shot routines identified in prior retrospective research but with key differences in the content and application of some of their stages relative to shot outcome. These similarities and differences are discussed along with implications for practitioners: including the importance of developing metacognitive skills, and prioritizing the development of performance expertise over performance competencies for high-level golfers at the meso-level of performance.
Dancing Like a Girl: Physical Competence and Emotional Vulnerability in Professional Contemporary Dance
Authors: Purser Aimie C.E.
Published: August 2017

The analysis presented here is based on a phenomenological interview study conducted with sixteen professional contemporary dancers, and focuses on the differences between the accounts of male and female dancers with regard to notions of openness in dance and to associated feelings of emotional vulnerability and metaphorical nakedness or exposure. In a way that is reminiscent of Young’s (1980) description of “throwing like a girl,” such feelings of vulnerability and accompanying self-consciousness were considerably more noticeable in the accounts of the female dancers, tending to emerge when dancers were asked to express something of a personal or private nature through dance in the presence of others. This paper explores potential resonances between feminine throwing experience as conceptualized by Young (1980) and female dancing experience for my interviewees. Significantly, however, it moves beyond a direct parallel with Young’s (1980) work to explore this sense of vulnerability in a context where female dancers did not display the reduced physical competencies typical of “throwing like a girl.” The article further suggests that the dualist concepts of transcendence and immanence may not be appropriate for understanding the experience of dance, including its gendered dimensions, and that we should instead look to theorizing dancing body-subjectivity in ways that attend to the blurring of the boundaries of such binaries.
Effects of silver nanoparticles on nitrification and associated nitrous oxide production in aquatic environments
Authors: Zheng Yanling , Hou Lijun , Liu Min , Newell Silvia E. , Yin Guoyu , Yu Chendi , Zhang Hongli , Li Xiaofei , Gao Dengzhou , Gao Juan , Wang Rong , Liu Cheng
Published: August 2017

Silver nanoparticles inhibit nitrification but enhance nitrous oxide production by nitrifying organisms.
China cracks down on fraud
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: August 2017

More than 400 authors face punishment for peer-review scam.
Cosmic ray catcher will probe supernovae from new perch
Authors: Hand Eric
Published: August 2017

Balloon-borne detector moves to space to trap rare, high-energy particles that carry clues to their origin.
The biology of color
Authors: Cuthill Innes C. , Allen William L. , Arbuckle Kevin , Caspers Barbara , Chaplin George , Hauber Mark E. , Hill Geoffrey E. , Jablonski Nina G. , Jiggins Chris D. , Kelber Almut , Mappes Johanna , Marshall Justin , Merrill Richard , Osorio Daniel , Prum Richard , Roberts Nicholas W. , Roulin Alexandre , Rowland Hannah M. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Skelhorn John , Speed Michael P. , Stevens Martin , Stoddard Mary Caswell , Stuart-Fox Devi , Talas Laszlo , Tibbetts Elizabeth , Caro Tim
Published: August 2017

In living color

Animals live in a colorful world, but we rarely stop to think about how this color is produced and perceived, or how it evolved. Cuthill
et al.
review how color is used for social signals between individual animals and how it affects interactions with parasites, predators, and the physical environment. New approaches are elucidating aspects of animal coloration, from the requirements for complex cognition and perception mechanisms to the evolutionary dynamics surrounding its development and diversification.

Science
, this issue p.
eaan0221
Targeting an energy sensor to treat diabetes
Authors: Hardie D. Grahame
Published: August 2017

New activators of AMPK have beneficial effects in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Immunogenicity of Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Outer Membrane Vesicles and Protective Ability in the Chinchilla Model of Otitis Media
Authors: Winter Linda E. , Barenkamp Stephen J.
Published: August 2017

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by Gram-negative bacteria are enriched in several outer membrane components, including major and minor outer membrane proteins and lipooligosaccharide. We assessed the functional activity of nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
(NTHi) OMV-specific antisera and the protective ability of NTHi OMVs as vaccine antigens in the chinchilla otitis media model. OMVs were purified from three HMW1/HMW2-expressing NTHi strains, two of which were also engineered to overexpress Hia proteins. OMV-specific antisera raised in guinea pigs were assessed for their ability to mediate killing of representative NTHi in an opsonophagocytic assay. The three OMV-specific antisera mediated killing of 18 of 65, 24 of 65, and 30 of 65 unrelated HMW1/HMW2-expressing NTHi strains. Overall, they mediated killing of 39 of 65 HMW1/HMW2-expressing strains. The two Hia-expressing OMV-specific antisera mediated killing of 17 of 25 and 14 of 25 unrelated Hia-expressing NTHi strains. Overall, they mediated killing of 20 of 25 Hia-expressing strains. OMVs from prototype NTHi strain 12 were used to immunize chinchillas and the course of middle ear infection was monitored following intrabullar challenge with the homologous strain. All control animals developed culture-positive otitis media, as did two of three HMW1/HMW2-immunized animals. All OMV-immunized animals, with or without supplemental HMW1/HMW2 immunization, were completely protected against otitis media. NTHi OMVs are the first immunogens examined in this model that provided complete protection with sterile immunity after NTHi strain 12 challenge. These data suggest that NTHi OMVs hold significant potential as components of protective NTHi vaccines, possibly in combination with HMW1/HMW2 proteins.
Evaluation of a Novel Reporter Virus Neutralization Test for Serological Diagnosis of Zika and Dengue Virus Infection
Authors: Shan Chao , Ortiz Daniel A. , Yang Yujiao , Wong Susan J. , Kramer Laura D. , Shi Pei-Yong , Loeffelholz Michael J. , Ren Ping
Published: August 2017

Currently, the laboratory diagnosis of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is primarily through the detection of ZIKV RNA or antibodies against ZIKV proteins. The detection of viral RNA is highly sensitive and specific, but periods of viremia and viruria are brief, limiting the utility of ZIKV RNA assays. Instead, most ZIKV infections are diagnosed serologically, using an IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MAC-ELISA) for screening, followed by a confirmatory plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). Typical turnaround times vary, due to assay incubation periods and a lack of clinical laboratories performing these tests. Recently, a novel luciferase-ZIKV- and -dengue virus (DENV)-based serological assay, which considerably improves the turnaround times and throughput for ZIKV diagnosis, was described. Using the traditional PRNT as a reference method, we evaluated the performance characteristics of the reporter virus neutralization test (RVNT) with 258 clinical serum specimens. The ZIKV RVNT produced primary ZIKV screening and secondary confirmation results in 4 days, with 100% reproducibility. As a screening assay, the ZIKV RVNT displayed excellent diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 98.2%, 100%, and 98.1%, respectively. As a confirmatory assay, the ZIKV RVNT titers displayed 93.1% agreement with the traditional ZIKV PRNT titers. Overall, the RVNT accurately and reliably detects neutralizing antibodies in patient serum specimens, with improved turnaround times, and can be used for the serological detection of ZIKV infections. Due to the homogeneous 96-well format, the RVNT has also significantly improved the assay throughput to allow testing of a large number of specimens in a single run.
Molecular Function Analysis of Rabies Virus RNA Polymerase L Protein by Using an L Gene-Deficient Virus
Authors: Nakagawa Kento , Kobayashi Yuki , Ito Naoto , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Okada Kazuma , Makino Machiko , Goto Hideo , Takahashi Tatsuki , Sugiyama Makoto
Published: August 2017

While the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L protein of rabies virus (RABV), a member of the genus
Lyssavirus
of the family
Rhabdoviridae
, has potential to be a therapeutic target for rabies, the molecular functions of this protein have remained largely unknown. In this study, to obtain a novel experimental tool for molecular function analysis of the RABV L protein, we established by using a reverse genetics approach an L gene-deficient RABV (Nishi-ΔL/Nluc), which infects, propagates, and correspondingly produces NanoLuc luciferase in cultured neuroblastoma cells transfected to express the L protein.
trans
-Complementation with wild-type L protein, but not that with a functionally defective L protein mutant, efficiently supported luciferase production by Nishi-ΔL/Nluc, confirming its potential for function analysis of the L protein. Based on the findings obtained from comprehensive genetic analyses of L genes from various RABV and other lyssavirus species, we examined the functional importance of a highly conserved L protein region at positions 1914 to 1933 by a
trans
-complementation assay with Nishi-ΔL/Nluc and a series of L protein mutants. The results revealed that the amino acid sequence at positions 1929 to 1933 (NPYNE) is functionally important, and this was supported by other findings that this sequence is critical for binding of the L protein with its essential cofactor, P protein, and thus also for L protein's RNA polymerase activity. Our findings provide useful information for the development of an anti-RABV drug targeting the L-P protein interaction.

IMPORTANCE
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the establishment of an L gene-deficient, reporter gene-expressing virus in all species of the order
Mononegavirales
, also highlighting its applicability to a
trans
-complementation assay, which is useful for molecular function analyses of their L proteins. Moreover, this study revealed for the first time that the NPYNE sequence at positions 1929 to 1933 in the RABV L protein is important for L protein's interaction with the P protein, consistent with and extending the results of a previous study showing that the P protein-binding domain in the L protein is located in its C-terminal region, at positions 1562 to 2127. This study indicates that the NPYNE sequence is a promising target for the development of an inhibitor of viral RNA synthesis, which has high potential as a therapeutic drug for rabies.
Reverse Engineering Field Isolates of Myxoma Virus Demonstrates that Some Gene Disruptions or Losses of Function Do Not Explain Virulence Changes Observed in the Field
Authors: Liu June , Cattadori Isabella M. , Sim Derek G. , Eden John-Sebastian , Holmes Edward C. , Read Andrew F. , Kerr Peter J.
Published: August 2017

The coevolution of myxoma virus (MYXV) and wild European rabbits in Australia and Europe is a paradigm for the evolution of a pathogen in a new host species. Genomic analyses have identified the mutations that have characterized this evolutionary process, but defining causal mutations in the pathways from virulence to attenuation and back to virulence has not been possible. Using reverse genetics, we examined the roles of six selected mutations found in Australian field isolates of MYXV that fall in known or potential virulence genes. Several of these mutations occurred in genes previously identified as virulence genes in whole-gene knockout studies. Strikingly, no single or double mutation among the mutations tested had an appreciable impact on virulence. This suggests either that virulence evolution was defined by amino acid changes other than those analyzed here or that combinations of multiple mutations, possibly involving epistatic interactions or noncoding sequences, have been critical in the ongoing evolution of MYXV virulence. In sum, our results show that single-gene knockout studies of a progenitor virus can have little power to predict the impact of individual mutations seen in the field. The genetic determinants responsible for this canonical case of virulence evolution remain to be determined.

IMPORTANCEThe species jump of myxoma virus (MYXV) from the South American tapeti to the European rabbit populations of Australia and Europe is a canonical example of host-pathogen coevolution. Detailed molecular studies have identified multiple genes in MYXV that are critical for virulence, and genome sequencing has revealed the evolutionary history of MYXV in Australia and Europe. However, it has not been possible to categorically identify the key mutations responsible for the attenuation of or reversion to virulence during this evolutionary process. Here we use reverse genetics to examine the role of mutations in viruses isolated early and late in the Australian radiation of MYXV. Surprisingly, none of the candidate mutations that we identified as likely having roles in attenuation proved to be important for virulence. This indicates that considerable caution is warranted when interpreting the possible role of individual mutations during virulence evolution.