bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Eucalyptus Leaf (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), Moringa Seed (Moringa oleifera) and Pirimiphos-methyl Powders against Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) in Stored Maize
Authors: Emeka C. P. O. , Ewete F. K. , Ebeniro S. T.
Published: June 2020

Annually, Nigeria loses 20–40% of maize grain due to insect pests attack. However, insect pest control in stored products relied heavily on the use of gaseous fumigants and residual contact insecticides. The control method is limited as it is toxic to beneficials and humans. Efforts have now shifted to the use of edible plant materials as protectants of which the tropics are well endowed with. Therefore, a study was conducted in laboratory in order to evaluate the effectiveness of powders of eucalyptus leaf (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Schlecht,) moringa seed (Moringa oleifera Lam.) and Pirimiphos-methyl against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) on stored maize (Zea mays L.).

camaldulensis leaf powder showed 100% repellence effect at a concentration of 2.0 g / 20 g maize seeds while M. oleifera seed powder had 75% repellence effect against S. zeamais. Contact toxicity of E. camaldulensis leaf powder on S. zeamais was 65% at 1.0 g/20 g maize seeds after 96 hours of exposure. Contact toxicity of M. oleifera seed powder on S. zeamais was 60% at 96 hours of exposure at a concentration of 1.0 g/20 g maize seeds. The powders of E. camaldulensis leaf and M. oleifera seed showed promising effects against S. zeamais in stored maize, hence could be incorporated in an integrated approach as alternative to synthetic pesticides when used in reducing weevil infestation in stored maize seeds.
Estimation of Genetic Parameters in Early Maturing Sugarcane Clones for Yield and Quality Traits
Authors: Rakesh G. , Reddy G. Eswara , Swapna N. , Naik P. Jalender , Swathi Y. , Reddy T. Prabhakar , Kumar M. Vijay
Published: June 2020

Aims: To make pragmatic selection of best performing sugar cane clones, it is compulsory to know traits having high values of heritability. Hence, this work was initiated with the aim of estimating genetic parameters of twelve sugarcane clones planted in randomized block design with three replications. The tested clones were significantly different for all most all the traits at 1% and 5% level of significance. Genotypic and phenotypic variance, GCV and PCV, heritability in broad sense (h2) and genetic advance as percent of mean was calculated for all traits taken.

Results: Low genotypic variances were obtained as compared to the corresponding phenotypic variances for the traits taken. High GCV and heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean were obtained for Shoots at 240 DAP (Days After Planting) (1000/ha), Single cane weight at harvest (Kg), commercial cane sugar (CCS) at 8 months stage (%), CCS at 10 months stage (%), Sugar yield at harvest (t/ha) and Cane yield at harvest (t/ha). Hence, selections based on these characters are appropriate for varietal improvement.
Biogas Production from Anaerobic Co-digestion of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and Cow Manure
Authors: Dölle Klaus , Hughes Thomas
Published: June 2020

Production of electricity, heat and fuel are important for today’s social and economic growth. Biogas produced by anaerobic co-digestion is an alternative, carbon-neutral, renewable fuel that can be generated from local, low-cost organic materials. Co-digestion of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and cow manure, was performed with a designed laboratory anaerobic fermentation system at 39°C ± 2°C. Co-digestion was conducted with 100% cow manure as a basis, and cow manure and water hyacinth ratios of 25%:75%:, 50%:50%, and 25%:75% for complete water hyacinth plants, water hyacinth roots and water hyacinth leaves fractions.

Biogas production per gram volatile solid for anaerobic digested cow manure was between 134 ml to 355.59 ml.

Co-digestion of cow manure and water hyacinth showed the highest average biogas production per gram volatile solids for complete water hyacinth and water hyacinth root mixture ratios of 25% cow manure and 75% of water hyacinth and water hyacinth roots yielding 273.01 ml and 462.63 ml respectively.

The least biogas per gram volatile solids produced during co-fermentation was for complete water hyacinth and water hyacinth root with a ratio of 75% cow manure and 25% water hyacinth and water hyacinth root, yielding 163.77 ml and 250.28 ml respectively.

Water hyacinth leave mixture at 50% cow manure and 50% water hyacinth leaves had the lowest average biogas production of 172.54 ml per gram volatile solids. The highest biogas production of 283.55 ml per gram volatile solids was achieved for a mixture of 75% cow manure and 25% water hyacinth leaves.

The biogas composition without CO2 showed a biogas content for the cow manure between 54 and 65%.

The application of co-digestion utilizing cow manure and water hyacinth as a feedstock could help minimize the negative environmental impact of water hyacinth and help to restore biodiversity, water quality and habitat of infested sites.
Resilience and Adolescents Educational Advancement among Secondary School Students in Mbanga Sub Division, Cameroon
Authors: Martina N. Zinkeng , Kolle Hannah A. , Emmanuel Nsom
Published: June 2020

The focus of this study was on Resilience and Adolescence Educational Advancement in Secondary Schools in Mbanga Sub Division Cameroon. The main objective was to find out the role of self-concept a component of resilience on the educational advancement of adolescence. Self-concept was operationalized in terms of; knowledge about and belief about self; self-ability and taking personal initiative, overcoming difficulties and identifying negative aspect of self. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative method for data collection. Purposive and simple random techniques were used in selecting the participant. The sample comprised of 260 students from three secondary schools involving 151 (58.1%) female and 109 (41.9%) male between the ages of 12-19 years. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS version 23.0) with the aid of descriptive and inferential statistics.  Spearman’s rho test and Chi-square test were the inferential statistical tests adopted for the study .Chi-square test was used and the qualitative data was analyzed using the thematic analysis technique with the aid of themes, groundings/frequency and quotations. The findings revealed that: majority of the adolescents 256(98.5%) have good knowledge and belief and their self-ability. For overcoming difficulties and identifying negative aspects of self, 233(89.6%) affirmed that they can easily identify negative things about themselves. Also, majority of the adolescents 225 (86.5%) agreed that they always take initiative to overcome difficult situation in their life. In all the finding showed that (68.3%) of the adolescence have positive self-concept while (37.1%) of them have negative self-concept. Those with positive self-concept also have a high passion for educational advancement. Self-concept was found to have a significant relationship with educational advancement of adolescence. Some recommendations were made especially that guidance counsellors in schools should assist students in building a positive self-concept which will enable them to remain more resilient and focused on their educational engagements.
Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Producers among Gram-negative Bacteria from Clinical and Environmental Sources in Two Tertiary Hospitals in Makurdi, Nigeria
Authors: Omoregbe Florence Bose , Fagade Obasola Ezekiel
Published: June 2020

Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) enzymes are produced by many Gram-negative bacteria to nearly all antibiotics. Clinical bacteria isolates were obtained from various clinical samples from the two healthcare facilities. Sewer wastewater and sediments were also collected from both hospitals using standard sampling techniques and bacteria isolated using pour plate technique. Multiple drug resistant patterns were determined using disc diffusion technique. Antibiotics sensitivity of the isolates was verified using disc diffusion method. Detection of ESBL producing bacteria was done using double disc synergy test. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics. Clinical bacteria (403) were obtained, out of which 299 were confirmed Gram-negative, 218 from Federal Medical Centre (FMC) and 81 from Benue State Teaching Hospital (BSUTH). Thirty-nine Gram-negative bacteria were also isolated from the environmental samples. The ESBL producers in clinical isolates were 69 (FMC) and 42 (BSUTH) while in environmental isolates they were eight and four respectively. Out of a total of 338 environmental and clinical isolates from the two hospitals, 216 shown resistance/intermediate resistance to Ceftazidime. Of these 216, 123(36.39%) were positive for ESBLs production.- space From FMC, ESBLs producing bacteria are highly sensitive to imipenem with sensitivity frequency of 62 while they were highly resistant to ceftazidime with a frequency of 52. Age groups 0-5 had the highest percentage distribution of 21.43% and 10.14% from BSUTH and FMC respectively. ESBLs producing bacteria showed multidrug resistance.
Facilitating Physics Classroom Instruction Through the Use of Modern Electronic Device
Authors: Ankeli Gabriel Odeh
Published: June 2020

The use of modern electronic devices (MED) in teaching and learning in classrooms has become imperative especially at this period of Covid-19 pandemic. This necessitated this paper which is to show the uses of Modern Electronic Device (MED) as an educational tool for impacting and prospecting in Physics Education and to highlight a few devices that can be used in the areas of Reading and Writing. Through the use of low-tech and high-tech devices, MED will be able to help students become better readers and writers. In the area of Reading, the use of MED will help students improve upon and build on their spelling abilities, and also better students’ decoding, listening, and oral skills. In the area of Writing, the use of MED will enable students to write neatly and legibly, to form letters correctly, and to write sentences that are grammatically correct. Electronic-learning tools such as internet, computers, e-mail facilities, multimedia, scanner, printer, VCD player and digital camera were discussed. The prospects of electronic learning in secondary schools were identified. The paper conclude that if teachers plan carefully and use modern electronic devices to enhance instruction throughout the school curriculum, Basic Science, reading and writing will not be the only subjects that students will benefit. It was suggested among other things that, the government should embark on computer training program for teachers. Teachers should be trained and retrained through in-service training, seminars, workshops and conferences for acquisition of the knowledge and skills needed for e-learning application in secondary schools in Nigeria. It was suggested that teachers need also to explore other avenues in their instructional curriculum where they can enhance learning through the use of MED.
Onomarchos (Onomarchus)
Authors: McInerney Jeremy
Published: June 2020

This entry provides an overview of the career of the Phokian general, Onomarchos,
strategos autokrator
during the Third Sacred War.
Coinage, Roman Empire
Authors: Meyers Rachel
Published: June 2020

During the Roman imperial period, coinage was modified a number of times through the introduction of new denominations and the debasement of the metals. By studying the coins, we can also learn about the organization of the empire and the increasing concentration of power in the hands of one supreme ruler. The imperial portraits, always identified by name on the obverse, have long assisted in identifying sculpted portraits, but the images on the reverse side can be of even greater importance. For there we find the messages and accomplishments that were deemed worthy of circulation throughout the empire.
Ptolemy IX Soter II
Authors: Nadig Peter
Published: June 2020

Ptolemy IX Soter II (r. 116–107 and 88–81/80bce) was the eldest son of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra II or Cleopatra III. He first ruled with Cleopatra II and then with Cleopatra III until 107bce, who then appointed his brother Ptolemy Alexander I as co‐ruler. He then established himself in Cyprus and fought out a long struggle with his brother. He returned to Egypt in 88 after Alexander I had been driven from the throne and then ruled with his daughter Cleopatra V Berenike III.
Ptolemy XIV
Authors: Nadig Peter
Published: June 2020

Ptolemy was the younger son of Ptolemy XII. After Julius Caesar had arrived in Egypt in 48bcehe coupled Ptolemy XIV to his sister Cleopatra on the throne. Little is known about him. His sister poisoned him shortly after her return to Egypt after Caesar's death.
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Authors: Nadig Peter
Published: June 2020

Ptolemy VII was the youngest son of Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II. Very little is known about him and even his existence has been doubted. From 118bcea “Theos Neos Philopator” (= God Young Father‐Loving) is evident in two forms of genealogies listing the divine royal ancestors. He is mentioned after his brother Ptolemy Eupator and before Ptolemy VIII, but it is not completely clear which person is meant, so it could either be Ptolemy VII or, perhaps more likely, Ptolemy Memphites.
Jacoby, Felix (1876–1959)
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: June 2020

The name of Felix Jacoby (1876–1959) is synonymous with his multivolume workDie Fragmente der griechischen Historiker(FGrHistorFGrH). This mammoth collection of fragments of some one thousand ancient writers, as quoted or paraphrased by later ancient authors, is all the more remarkable for being the product of one man – yet it very nearly did not see the light of day because of Jacoby's earlier graduate career. Jacoby almost completed three of five planned parts before he died. Today, Jacoby's work continues as the premier research source for the ancient world inBrill's New Jacoby(BNJandBNJ2), for Parts I–III, and thecontinuatiovolumesFGrHIV andFGrHV.
Vergil (Publius Vergilius Maro)
Authors: Harrison Stephen J.
Published: June 2020

P. Vergilius Maro (ca. 70–19
bce
), known to moderns as Vergil or Virgil, was the greatest Latin hexameter poet.
Tribonian
Authors: Du Plessis Paul J.
Published: June 2020

For a figure who had such a profound impact on one of the ancient world's greatest attempts at legal reform, relatively little is known about Tribonian.
Tegea
Authors: Ostby Erik
Published: June 2020

Tegea was an ancient polis‐state in Arcadia (Peloponnese), known as such from the Archaic period until the end of antiquity. In early times it was an opponent, later an ally of Sparta. There is archaeological evidence for human settlement since Neolithic times and in the Bronze Age; the principal classical sites are the sanctuary of Athena Alea, with a long tradition for cult and remains of archaic and classical temples, and the agora of the urban center with remains of a Hellenistic theatre and of early Christian churches. There is also evidence for an early planned city, surrounded by a defensive wall.
Liber and Libera
Authors: Holland Goldthwaite Lora L.
Published: June 2020

Liber, or Leiber (VarroLing. 6.2 cites an old form *Loebesos), and Libera are indigenous Roman/Italian deities, male and female of the same‐name type like Faunus/Fauna, and perhaps the Pales and Robigo/Robigus.
Lua
Authors: Holland Goldthwaite Lora L.
Published: June 2020

Lua, also called Lua Mater and Lua Saturni (if these refer to a single goddess), is known only from a few literary references. There are no extant images of the goddess, nor is there archaeological evidence for her cult. Dumézil compares her to Nirrti, a Vedic goddess of destruction (1956: 114). Scholars connect her name with the Latin verb
luere
, “to suffer, to make amends for,” as well as the Greek verb
luō
, “to loose” (de Vaan 2008: 353). Beyond that, they have agreed on little.
Meditrinalia
Authors: Holland Goldthwaite Lora L.
Published: June 2020

The Meditrinalia was a Latin wine festival celebrated on October 11, attested in Latin literature and on some Roman calendars (fasti).
Diadumenianus (Marcus Opellius Antoninus Diadumenianus Augustus)
Authors: Lusnia Susann S.
Published: June 2020

Diadumenianus (208–18ce) was the son of Macrinus, the Praetorian Prefect who became emperor after orchestrating the murder of the emperor Caracalla in 217. In the final weeks of his father's brief reign, he was elevated to Augustus, and shortly after, both he and his father were captured and executed.
Public health, Egypt
Authors: David Rosalie
Published: June 2020

No specific account has survived of the organization of a public health service in Pharaonic Egypt; however, some system of community medicine or state‐sponsored medical treatment probably existed. Discovered in a pyramid workmen's town (ca. 1880
bce
), Papyrus Kahun marks a significant early contribution to community medicine. Despite environmental conditions and population movements conducive to epidemics, there is no firm evidence of widespread plagues, possibly because the population was too small. Public or private support provided medical and social care for the sick, disabled, and elderly. Contemporary societies rejected those with physical anomalies, whereas the Egyptians integrated them into society.
Graphene Oxide‐Cyclic R10 Peptide Nuclear Translocation Nanoplatforms for the Surmounting of Multiple‐Drug Resistance
Authors: Tu Zhaoxu , Donskyi Ievgen S. , Qiao Haishi , Zhu Zhonglin , Unger Wolfgang E. S. , Hackenberger Christian P. R. , Chen Wei , Adeli Mohsen , Haag Rainer
Published: June 2020

Multidrug resistance resulting from a variety of defensive pathways in cancer has become a global concern with a considerable impact on the mortality associated with the failure of traditional chemotherapy. Therefore, further research and new therapies are required to overcome this challenge. In this work, a cyclic R10 peptide (cR10) is conjugated to polyglycerol‐covered nanographene oxide to engineer a nanoplatform for the surmounting of multidrug resistance. The nuclear translocation of the nanoplatform, facilitated by cR10 peptide, and subsequently, a laser‐triggered release of the loaded doxorubicin result in efficient anticancer activity confirmed by both in vitro and in vivo experiments. The synthesized nanoplatform with a combination of different features, including active nucleus‐targeting, high‐loading capacity, controlled release of cargo, and photothermal property, provides a new strategy for circumventing multidrug resistant cancers.
A Synthetic Hydrogel Composite with the Mechanical Behavior and Durability of Cartilage
Authors: Yang Feichen , Zhao Jiacheng , Koshut William J. , Watt John , Riboh Jonathan C. , Gall Ken , Wiley Benjamin J.
Published: June 2020

This article reports the first hydrogel with the strength and modulus of cartilage in both tension and compression, and the first to exhibit cartilage‐equivalent tensile fatigue strength at 100 000 cycles. These properties are achieved by infiltrating a bacterial cellulose (BC) nanofiber network with a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)–poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid sodium salt) (PAMPS) double network hydrogel. The BC provides tensile strength in a manner analogous to collagen in cartilage, while the PAMPS provides a fixed negative charge and osmotic restoring force similar to the role of aggrecan in cartilage. The hydrogel has the same aggregate modulus and permeability as cartilage, resulting in the same time‐dependent deformation under confined compression. The hydrogel is not cytotoxic, has a coefficient of friction 45% lower than cartilage, and is 4.4 times more wear‐resistant than a PVA hydrogel. The properties of this hydrogel make it an excellent candidate material for replacement of damaged cartilage.
Optimization of Material Composition of Li‐Intercalated Metal–Organic Framework Electrodes Using a Combination of Experiments and Machine Learning of X‐Ray Diffraction Patterns
Authors: Hazama Hirofumi , Murai Daisuke , Nagasako Naoyuki , Hasegawa Masaki , Ogihara Nobuhiro
Published: June 2020

Although individual Li‐intercalated metal–organic frameworks (iMOFs) exhibit properties that make them suitable for use as electrodes in Li‐ion batteries, none of these materials have the ideal combination of electrochemical characteristics. Using the high specific capacity and low polarization of 2,6‐naphthalene dicarboxylate dilithium as a basis for improvement, 26 iMOFs from different combinations of aqueous terephthalic, 2,6‐naphthalene dicarboxylic, and 4,4′‐biphenyl dicarboxylic‐based solutions with Li source are synthesized to obtain a material with the optimal electrochemical performances. For a more comprehensive search of the optimal ratio of raw material solutions, a machine learning‐based prediction model is constructed, using a combination of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and the experimentally derived characteristics of the 26 iMOFs. With this model, the optimal iMOF ratio is found to be a 2,6‐naphthalene dicarboxylic acid‐rich ternary solution of raw material. It is concluded that the improvement in the electrochemical properties originates from a change in the iMOFs crystal structure caused by synthesis from three solutions. As the model is independent of fabrication parameters such as heating temperature, it can also be used for evaluation of synthesis procedures. Hence, the XRD data‐based machine learning method introduced in this study is a powerful tool for practical material development.
Halogen Bond‐Catalyzed Povarov Reactions
Authors: Liu Xuelei , Toy Patrick H.
Published: June 2020

The use of a bidentate halogen bond donor to catalyse Povarov reactions of imines derived from aryl adehydes and anilines is reported. Dienophiles used in these reactions included 2,3‐dihydrofuran, N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and N‐Cbz‐protected 2,3‐dihydropyrrole. Very high isolated yields of the desired 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline products were obtained with low catalyst loadings (0.01 equivalents) and short reaction times (minutes to hours) at ambient temperature. Notably, the bis(benzimidazolium iodide)‐based catalyst used in these reactions proved to be more efficient than analogous bromine and chlorine functionalized compounds, as well as a related monodentate benzimidizolium iodide. These observations are similar to what has been reported by others regarding halogen bond organocatalysis, and may prove useful in guiding catalyst design as the field moves forward.

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Metal‐Halide Perovskite Design for Next‐Generation Memories: First‐Principles Screening and Experimental Verification
Authors: Jung Ju‐Hyun , Kim Seong Hun , Park Youngjun , Lee Donghwa , Lee Jang‐Sik
Published: June 2020

Memory devices have been advanced so much, but still it is highly required to find stable and reliable materials with low‐power consumption. Halide perovskites (HPs) have been recently adopted for memory application since they have advantages of fast switching based on ionic motion in crystal structure. However, HPs also suffer from poor stability, so it is necessary to improve the stability of HPs. In this regard, combined first‐principles screening and experimental verification are performed to design HPs that have high environmental stability and low‐operating voltage for memory devices. First‐principles screening identifies 2D layered AB2X5 structure as the best candidate switching layer for memory devices, because it has lower formation energy and defect formation energy than 3D ABX3 or other layered structures (A3B2X7, A2BX4). To verify results, all‐inorganic 2D layered CsPb2Br5 is synthesized and used in memory devices. The memory devices that use CsPb2Br5 show much better stability and lower operating voltages than devices that use CsPbBr3. These findings are expected to provide new opportunity to design materials for reliable device applications based on calculation, screening, and experimental verification.
Prenatal presentation and diagnosis of Baraitser‐Winter syndrome using exome sequencing
Authors: Zhang Kermit , Cox Eleina , Strom Samuel , Xu Zhuo Luan , Disilvestro Alexis , Usrey Kelly
Published: June 2020

Baraitser‐Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome (BWCFF) is a rare autosomal dominant developmental disorder associated with missense mutations in the genes ACTB or ACTG1. The classic presentation of BWCFF is discerned by the combination of unique craniofacial characteristics including ocular coloboma, intellectual disability, and hypertelorism. Congenital contractures and organ malformations are often present, including structural defects in the brain, heart, renal, and musculoskeletal system. However, there is limited documentation regarding its prenatal presentation that may encourage healthcare providers to be aware of this disorder when presented throughout pregnancy. Herein we describe a case of a pregnancy with large cystic hygroma and omphalocele. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed and a de novo, heterozygous, likely pathogenic mutation in ACTB was detected, c.1004G>A (p.Arg335His), conferring a diagnosis of BWCFF.
Student achievement against national minimum standards for reading and numeracy in Years 3, 5, 7 and 9: A regression discontinuity analysis
Authors: Adams Emma K. , Hancock Kirsten J. , Taylor Catherine L.
Published: June 2020

Literacy and numeracy are essential for success in life. In Australia, students’ academic achievement is monitored using the National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN). One of the aims of NAPLAN is that results will drive student improvement by identifying which students are underperforming against national minimum standards and who require additional learning support. This study investigated the performance trajectories of students who were identified as “below the national minimum standards”, relative to students above the national minimum standards. This study used standardised reading and numeracy test scores for Australian students and regression discontinuity methods to investigate whether students who performed below the national minimum standards showed improved performance in subsequent years compared with similar students above the national minimum standards threshold. On average, achievement gaps between students below the standards and students at or above the standards persisted across year levels. Labelling students below the national minimum standards had no significant effects on later reading or numeracy achievement. The results suggest the NAPLAN national minimum standards labelling is not driving student improvement, highlighting the need for effective early identification and interventions for children who do not meet school year benchmarks for literacy and numeracy.
Apolipoprotein E4 disrupts the neuroprotective action of sortilin in neuronal lipid metabolism and endocannabinoid signaling
Authors: Asaro Antonino , Carlo‐Spiewok Anne‐Sophie , Malik Anna R. , Rothe Michael , Schipke Carola G. , Peters Oliver , Heeren Joerg , Willnow Thomas E.
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a carrier for brain lipids and the most important genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). ApoE binds the receptor sortilin, which mediates uptake of apoE‐bound cargo into neurons. The significance of this uptake route for brain lipid homeostasis and AD risk seen with apoE4, but not apoE3, remains unresolved.

Methods

Combining neurolipidomics in patient specimens with functional studies in mouse models, we interrogated apoE isoform–specific functions for sortilin in brain lipid metabolism and AD.

Results

Sortilin directs the uptake and conversion of polyunsaturated fatty acids into endocannabinoids, lipid‐based neurotransmitters that act through nuclear receptors to sustain neuroprotective gene expression in the brain. This sortilin function requires apoE3, but is disrupted by binding of apoE4, compromising neuronal endocannabinoid metabolism and action.

Discussion

We uncovered the significance of neuronal apoE receptor sortilin in facilitating neuroprotective actions of brain lipids, and its relevance for AD risk seen with apoE4.
Glycine Receptor Autoantibodies Impair Receptor Function and Induce Motor Dysfunction
Authors: Rauschenberger Vera , von Wardenburg Niels , Schaefer Natascha , Ogino Kazutoyo , Hirata Hiromi , Lillesaar Christina , Kluck Christoph J. , Meinck Hans‐Michael , Borrmann Marc , Weishaupt Andreas , Doppler Kathrin , Wickel Jonathan , Geis Christian , Sommer Claudia , Villmann Carmen
Published: June 2020

Objective

Impairment of glycinergic neurotransmission leads to complex movement and behavioral disorders. Patients harboring glycine receptor autoantibodies suffer from stiff‐person syndrome or its severe variant progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus. Enhanced receptor internalization was proposed as the common molecular mechanism upon autoantibody binding. Although functional impairment of glycine receptors following autoantibody binding has recently been investigated, it is still incompletely understood.

Methods

A cell‐based assay was used for positive sample evaluation. Glycine receptor function was assessed by electrophysiological recordings and radioligand binding assays. The in vivo passive transfer of patient autoantibodies was done using the zebrafish animal model.

Results

Glycine receptor function as assessed by glycine dose–response curves showed significantly decreased glycine potency in the presence of patient sera. Upon binding of autoantibodies from 2 patients, a decreased fraction of desensitized receptors was observed, whereas closing of the ion channel remained fast. The glycine receptor N‐terminal residues 29A to 62G were mapped as a common epitope of glycine receptor autoantibodies. An in vivo transfer into the zebrafish animal model generated a phenotype with disturbed escape behavior accompanied by a reduced number of glycine receptor clusters in the spinal cord of affected animals.

Interpretation

Autoantibodies against the extracellular domain mediate alterations of glycine receptor physiology. Moreover, our in vivo data demonstrate that the autoantibodies are a direct cause of the disease, because the transfer of human glycine receptor autoantibodies to zebrafish larvae generated impaired escape behavior in the animal model compatible with abnormal startle response in stiff‐person syndrome or progressive encephalitis with rigidity and myoclonus patients. ANN NEUROL 2020;88:544–561
Revealing Crystallization‐Induced Blue‐Shift Emission of a Di‐Boron Complex by Enhanced Photoluminescence and Electrochemiluminescence
Authors: Wong Jonathan M. , Zhang Ruizhong , Xie Peidong , Yang Liuqing , Zhang Minlin , Zhou Ruixue , Wang Ruiyao , Shen Yue , Yang Bing , Wang Hong‐Bo , Ding Zhifeng
Published: June 2020

Elucidating the effects of crystallization‐induced blue‐shift emission of a newly synthesized di‐boron complex (DBC) by enhanced photoluminescence (PL) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in the annihilation pathway was realized for the first time. The 57 nm blue‐shift and great enhancement in the crystalline lattice relative to the DBC solution were attributed to the restriction of intramolecular rotation (RIR) and confirmed by PL imaging, X‐ray diffraction, as well as DFT calculations. It was discovered that ECL at crystalline film/solution interfaces can be further enhanced by means of both co‐reactant route and RIR. The RIR contributions with co‐reactant increased ECL up to 5 times more. Very interestingly, the co‐reactant system was found to give off a red‐shifted light emission. Mechanistic studies reveal that a difference between location of the ECL in the co‐reactant route and that in the annihilation pathway leads to an alternative emission wavelength.
Integration of GPR and TLS for investigating the floor of the ‘Salone dei Cinquecento’ in Palazzo Vecchio, Florence, Italy
Authors: Pieraccini Massimiliano , Miccinesi Lapo , Conti Alessandro , Fiorini Lidia , Tucci Grazia , Pieri Ilaria , Corazzini Stefano
Published: June 2020

Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a powerful non‐destructive investigation tool widely used in archaeology. Its capabilities are greatly enhanced when it is operated in combination with a terrestrial laser scanner. This article reports on the radar investigation of the floor of Palazzo Vecchio's Great Hall. This monumental hall has been decorated by the most prominent artists of Italian Renaissance and it has radically changed at least twice since the 15th century. The aim of this investigation is to find features inside and under the floor that can contribute to a better reconstruction of the history of this monument. The main findings of this prospection have been the detection of a transversal girder not known on the south side of the Great Hall and a hemicycle structure under the floor. Both are probably remains of the works for adapting the hall to be used as the National Parliament of Italy between 1865 and 1870.
Spectrofluorometric determination of alogliptin an antidiabetic drug in pure and tablet form using fluorescamine, a fluorogenic agent: application to content uniformity test
Authors: Derayea Sayed M. , Gahlan Ahmed A. , Omar Mahmoud A. , Saleh Gamal A. , Haredy Ahmed M.
Published: June 2020

Alogliptin is an antidiabetic drug that belongs to a group called dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 enzyme inhibitors. As the drug contains a primary amino group in its structure, it readily reacts with fluorescamine in slightly alkaline medium (borate buffer, pH 8.8) to form a highly fluorescent product. Emission of this product was measured at 477 nm (λex= 387 nm). The linear range between the fluorescence intensity and the drug concentration was 0.1–0.5 μg ml−1with a good correlation coefficient (0.9986). Limits of detection and quantitation were 22 and 72 ng ml−1, respectively. Guidelines of the International Conference for Harmonisation were followed to validate the developed method with acceptable results. Alogliptin content was determined successfully in its commercial dosage form using the fluorescamine method with good recovery (98.60–101.26%). The method has excellent levels of accuracy and precision compared with the reported method as assessed using Student’st‐test and Fisher’s exact test. The method was applied successfully for the content uniformity test with high recovery and low relative standard deviation.
Iron, Copper and Nitrogen Co‐doped Carbon with Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity towards Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Song Sheng , Zhang Xiaoming , Xu Xinlong , Wu Chuchu , Li Huanqiao , Xia Zhangxun , Yu Shansheng , Wang Suli , Sun Gongquan
Published: June 2020

Iron‐nitrogen‐doped carbon (Fe‐NC) is an ideal candidate to replace Pt‐based oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysts due to its low cost and comparably high intrinsic activity. To further enhance the ORR performance of Fe‐NC electrocatalysts, efforts have been focused on two main methods. One is to enhance the intrinsic activity of FeNx sites through electronic and geometric regulation, and the other is to increase the density of active sites by introducing high‐nitrogen‐containing precursors or co‐doping methods. Herein, we report a strategy to further increase the Fe loading through the introduction of a trace amount of Cu atoms. Significant enhancement of the electrocatalytic ORR property is observed in the as‐prepared Fe and Cu co‐doped electrocatalyst with superior half‐wave potential (E1/2) in both alkaline and acid electrolyte. Experimental and theoretical study reveals that the introduction of a trace amount of Cu atoms is beneficial for the formation of FeN4 sites, owing to the reduced formation energy. This work opens up a wide avenue to further increase the Fe loading in Fe‐NC electrocatalysts through bimetal co‐doping method.
Cu Atomic Chain Supported on Graphene Nanoribbon for Effective Conversion of CO2 to Ethanol
Authors: Shen Haoming , Sun Qiang
Published: June 2020

Cu catalysts are well‐known for their good performance in CO2 conversion. Compared to CO and CH4 production, C2 products have higher volumetric energy densities and are more valuable in industrial applications. In this work, we screened the catalytic ability of C2 production on several 1D Cu atomic chain structures and find that Cu edge‐decorated zigzag graphene nanoribbons (Cu−ZGNR) are capable of catalyzing CO2 conversion to ethanol, and CH3CH2OH is the main C2 product with a maximum free energy change of 0.60 eV. The planar tetracoordinate carbon structures in Cu‐ZGNR provide unique chemical bonding features for catalytic reaction on the Cu atoms. Detailed mechanism analyses with transition states search show that CO* dimerization is favored against CHO* formation in the reaction. By adjusting the CO* coverage, the selectivity of the C2 product can be enhanced owing to less pronounced steric effects for COCHO*, which is feasible under experimental conditions. This study expands the catalyst family for C2 products from CO2 based on nano carbon structures with new features.
An Oligonucleotide Delivery Platform to Enable Assessment of Intracellular Transcripts in Live Cells by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Packard Beverly Z. , Wrightson James A. , Komoriya Akira
Published: June 2020

The measurement of mRNA transcripts in live cells has been limited by inefficient delivery vehicles for oligonucleotides. Using a delivery platform which utilizes fluorophores capable of forming intramolecular H‐type excitonic dimers, we show that antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can be delivered across the plasma membrane directly into the cytosol without receptor mediation. With HIV infection of CD4+ lymphocytes as a model system, we quantitate the level of viral infection present in live single cells with flow cytometry by measuring the hybridization of ASOs to viral sequences; we then compare this measurement with a standard HIV analysis, that is, binding of an antibody against the HIV cell surface protein gp120. The nucleic acids delivery platform described herein also enables inhibition of HIV infection by addition of ASO constructs targeting sequences in the virus' highly conserved 5′‐untranslated region. Our analysis quantitates the level of inhibition by comparing both the MFI values and the mean fluorescence intensity as calculated by integration under each curve. Thus, a means for measuring intracellular transcripts at the live single cell level and the potential for delivery of a new class of antiviral agents is described. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Soil organic matter content and its aliphatic character define the hydrophobicity of biocrusts in different successional stages
Authors: Drahorad Sylvie L. , Jehn Florian U. , Ellerbrock Ruth H. , Siemens Jan , Felix‐Henningsen Peter
Published: June 2020

In humid areas, biocrusts cover topsoils of inland dunes and influence soil characteristics, which, in turn, may affect the hydrophobicity of soils. The hydrophobicity of topsoils typically increases with increasing organic matter content. In addition, the soil organic matter quality, for example, described by the ratio of its hydrophilic and hydrophobic functional groups, also influences hydrophobicity. Because biocrust development goes along with an increase in the organic matter content and a shift in microbial community composition, the chemical character of soil organic matter likely changes over time, which, in turn, affects the hydrophobicity of the crusts. We hypothesize that the hydrophobicity of biocrusts increases during succession because of increasing amounts and aliphatic character of organic matter. We compared organic matter contents and Fourier‐transform infrared spectra of cyanobacterial biocrusts and moss‐dominated biocrusts at two European inland dunes. The organic carbon content as well as the hydrophobicity increased during crust development at both sites. Older moss‐dominated biocrusts showed the highest hydrophobicity and the highest organic carbon content. Moreover, at one study site, the hydrophobicity of the biocrusts did increase with decreasing ratio between hydrophilic and hydrophobic (i.e., aliphatic) moieties of soil organic matter. At the second study site, this effect was only visible for the moss‐dominated biocrust. We conclude that biocrust development and organic matter accumulation go ahead with changes in the organic matter composition and induce increased hydrophobicity with a strong impact on water redistribution in inland dune ecosystems. This knowledge will help to improve nature protection strategies in rare ecosystems.
Prognostic implications of inferior vena cava haemodynamics in ambulatory patients with tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Egbe Alexander C. , Connolly Heidi M. , Miranda William R. , Scott Christopher G. , Borlaug Barry A.
Published: June 2020

Aims

Right atrial pressure (RAP) provides a composite measure of right ventricular diastolic dysfunction, right atrial compliance, and volume status, and these three variables are typically abnormal in adults with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). RAP is a well‐established prognostic metric in patients with pulmonary hypertension, and recent data suggest that RAP is associated with clinical outcomes in TOF. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of inferior vena cava (IVC) haemodynamics (size and collapsibility) for the assessment of RAP and its potential application for risk stratification and prognostication in the TOF population.

Methods and results

Adult TOF patients with echocardiographic assessment of IVC haemodynamics were divided into patients with (derivation cohort, n = 256) and without (validation cohort, n = 492) cardiac catheterization data. We assessed the correlation between IVC haemodynamics, RAP, and disease severity indices [arrhythmias, peak oxygen consumption (VO2), and heart failure hospitalization] in derivation cohort and compared it with the correlations in the validation cohort. IVC haemodynamics correlated with RAP (r = 0.52, P < 0.001), with disease severity indices {atrial arrhythmias [area under the curve (AUC) 0.81], ventricular arrhythmias [AUC 0.67], heart failure hospitalizations [AUC 0.78], and peak VO2 [r = 0.53]}, and with transplant‐free survival in the derivation cohort. Similar correlations between IVC haemodynamics, disease severity indices, and transplant‐free survival were also observed in the validation cohort.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that IVC haemodynamics can potentially be used for risk stratification and prognostication in TOF patients and can complement the current risk models that are based predominately on right ventricular volumes and systolic function.
Undiagnosed adult congenital heart disease presenting with postpartum dyspnoea: a case report
Authors: Thoen Hendrik , Moreel Lien , Adriaenssens Bert , Keuleers Siegmund , Voet Joeri
Published: June 2020

Patients with adult congenital heart disease are born with structural heart defects who survived into adulthood. Occasionally, complex lesions remain undiagnosed, potentially causing substantial cardiovascular health problems at young age. Here, the case is presented of a patient with subacute heart failure 1 week postpartum, revealing the diagnosis of aortic coarctation (CoA) with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). A 34‐year‐old woman presented to the emergency department with severe hypertension and exercise‐related dyspnoea 1 week postpartum. An initial diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was made after detection of a solitary opacity in the pulmonary artery (PA) on CT pulmonary angiography. Symptoms persisted despite anticoagulant treatment. Thorough clinical and echocardiographic reassessment unmasked the diagnosis of severe CoA with PDA, which was treated with percutaneous dilatation and stenting. Follow‐up consultation 4 weeks later showed an asymptomatic patient with normalized blood pressure. The puerperium is a high‐risk period to develop hypertensive heart failure for mothers with pre‐existing heart disease, due to mobilization of extracellular fluid to the intravascular compartment. Undiagnosed CoA should always be ruled out in case of unexplained postpartum hypertension. When detecting a solitary opacity in the PA, a PDA with associated heart defects should be excluded by further investigations. This opacity is located at the orifice of the PDA in the PA and is probably a flow effect, which results from the mix of contrast‐free with contrast‐rich blood.
A Bis‐Polydentate Oxamate‐Based Achiral Ligand That Can Stabilize a Macrocyclic Mixed Valence Compound or Induce a 1D Helical Chain
Authors: Li Ang , Li Yanling , Chamoreau Lise‐Marie , Desmarets Christophe , Lisnard Laurent , Journaux Yves
Published: June 2020

The reaction of the N‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)oxamate ligand (ohpma) has been investigated with cobalt(II) and copper(II) ions. It has led to two coordination compounds, (TMA)3[{CoIII(ohpma)2CoII(MeOH)2}3]·10H2O·5MeOH (1) and (HNEt3)[Cu(ohpma)] (2). Both compounds have been characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and magnetometry. The X‐ray diffraction studies have revealed atypical structures that are not commonly observed in oxamate coordination chemistry with a macrocyclic arrangement for the mixed‐valence cobalt‐based complex 1, and a helical chiral chain for compound 2. In the latter, the bis‐polydentate nature of the (ohpma)3– ligand with distinct tridentate and bidentate coordination sites creates a chirogenic center on the copper ion. The investigation of the magnetic properties shows for complex 1 a single‐molecule magnet behavior detectable under static field, while antiferromagnetic interactions dominate the behavior of 2.
Adsorption capacity, isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies on adsorption behavior of malachite green onto natural red clay
Authors: Sevim Fatih , Lacin Omer , Ediz Emre Fatih , Demir Fatih
Published: June 2020

The adsorption of Malachite Green onto natural red clay by batch‐adsorption technique is investigated. The effects of initial dye concentration, amount of adsorbent, adsorption time, pH, and temperature are examined. The results of X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Thermogravimetry/Differential Thermal Analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller Surface Area Analysis, and Harkins‐Jura Pore Size ‐ Volume Analysis are used for the characterization of adsorbent. The adsorption capacity, isotherm, kinetics, and equilibrium studies are performed. The maximum adsorption has occurred at pH ranging from 6.0 to 10.0. Therefore, the free pH value of 5.16 is chosen as the constant parameter. The pseudo second order kinetic model is found to be in good agreement with the experimental values obtained. The adsorption equilibrium data are analysed using various adsorption isotherm models and the results show that adsorption behavior fits well to the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity is found to be 84.75 mg/g. From the positive values of ∆Ho and the negative values of ∆Go, it can be said that adsorption processes are carried out with endothermic, physical adsorption, and spontaneous.