bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding Faculty Senates: Moving from Mystery to Models
Authors: Minor James T
Published: January 2007

For better or for worse, faculty senates remain a critical component of campus governance. Yet an understanding of how senates with various structures and cultures operate in the context of campus governance is limited. Based on site visits to 12 campuses, the author provides four models for understanding faculty senates: functional, influential, ceremonial, and subverted. These models provide a conceptual frame to comprehend senates in the interest of improving the effectiveness of campus governance.
The Role of Race in the Development of Plans for a Graduate Degree
Authors: Pascarella Ernest T , Wolniak Gregory C , Pierson Christopher T , Flowers Lamont A
Published: January 2007

Analyzing three-year longitudinal data from 18 diverse four-year institutions, this study investigated the role of race in the solidifying plans for a graduate degree. Net of other influences, African American and Hispanic students were significantly less likely than their White classmates to lower their plans for a graduate degree. However, additional findings suggest that different conceptual models are required to account for educational plans among the three racial subgroups.
Saving, Wealth, Performance, and Revenues in U.S. Colleges and Universities
Authors: Carbone Jared C , Winston Gordon C
Published: January 2007

New data on institutional saving illuminate U.S. higher education policy questions in a number of different ways. In the data lies a description of how various types of schools are doing financially and whether their present behavior is sustainable. The data complete the picture of the sources and uses of revenue, which helps to pin down the degree to which the charitable mission of these schools is responsible for their income. They describe a limit to aggressive price reductions. Lastly, they allow for some projections of what the economic structure of higher education will look like in the future.
Relationships among Structural Diversity, Informal Peer Interactions and Perceptions of the Campus Environment
Authors: Pike Gary R , Kuh George D
Published: January 2007

Recent research and critiques of affirmative action in college admissions raise questions about popular approaches for enhancing learning outcomes, suggesting that a diverse student body is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for experiencing diversity, creating supportive learning environments, or fostering desired outcomes of college. This study found that the diversity of a student body was positively related to interactions among students from different backgrounds but not meaningfully related to the degree to which the campus was perceived as supportive. Institutional characteristics were also related to diversity outcomes.
Unraveling Beaumont from Fletcher with Music, Misogyny, and Masque
Authors: Henze Catherine A
Published: January 2007

Contrary to critical beliefs that Beaumont and Fletcher's collaboration was seamless, and that Fletcher contributed most of the scenes involving music and masque, by closely reading both original music for the plays and the texts themselves, overlaid with Cyrus Hoy's linguistic attribution studies, it appears that whereas Beaumont and Fletcher indeed conform to the previous "saint/ sinner" dichotomy, they use music in equal quantity. More significantly, Beaumont's use of music is varied and sophisticated, frequently providing motives for action and moving plots forward in new directions, in contradistinction to Fletcher's, which typically reinforces content already present, often related to misogynistic violence.
Discovery and the Domestic Affections in Coleridge and Shelley
Authors: Levy Michelle
Published: January 2007

Both "The Rime of the Ancyent Marinere" and Frankenstein self-consciously reflect on the power of narratives of the unknown and the unexplored, paying particular attention to the way these stories inspire imitation, whether in the physical world or on the page. Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem and Mary Shelley's novel exhibit a tension between their attraction to stories of the unknown and their repulsion by the effects of unbridled exploration. This essay examines their shared reliance on the domestic affections as the primary tool for restraining the pursuit of new worlds.
Estimates of Soil Erosion from Perched Cemeteries, Sampson County, North Carolina
Authors: Jackson Rodney D
Published: January 2007

The Coastal Plain of the United States has not been recognized traditionally as a region experiencing significant soil erosion because of its low relief and permeable soils. Measurements of soil profile truncation in cemeteries were used to estimate rates of surface lowering and soil erosion in Sampson County, on the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Measurements of the depth to the top of the argillic horizon (DTA) in relatively undisturbed profiles in small, perched cemeteries (ranging in age from 99—180 yr) were compared with adjacent cultivated fields. The mean truncation of soils from ten study sites was 25.8 cm, with the mean surface lowering of 2.0 cm. Correcting for compaction, this translates to a mean soil loss estimate of 24.4&8211;27.4 Mg/ha/yr.
The Politics of Paternity and Patrimony
Authors: Berg Nancy E
Published: January 2007

This article reassesses the characterization of Hebrew literature as a literature of fathers and sons. It argues that not only is the image of the father more complicated in the "classic" texts than is typically noted, but that the father continues to be significant in more recent works. In these works the character of the father is often problematic—he is unnamed, unknown, or absent—and the question of paternity becomes ever more significant. The quest for a father propels many of the narratives under discussion, and can be seen as a search for roots, for identity, and for legitimacy. Connections between paternity, patrimony, lineage, and land are read against the context of politics. Ultimately the characterization of the literature is reaffirmed, although there is no attempt to claim it as all-inclusive.
Sons of Israel in Caesar's Service: Jewish Soldiers in the Roman Military
Authors: Schoenfeld Andrew J
Published: January 2007

The participation of Roman Jewish soldiers in the armies of Imperial Rome often goes unrecognized. This is mainly a result of a lack of recognition on the part of scholars who wish to use Rabbinic sources as the benchmark for Jewish practice in the Imperial Age. It is also difficult to identify Jewish soldiers, many of whom had Greek and Latin names, unless they are specifically identified as Jews or are found in a Jewish context such as dedicatory inscriptions from a synagogue. Nonetheless, by using a variety of sources from the period it is possible to appreciate the depth and breadth of Jewish service in the Roman legions from the time of Caesar down to the early fifth century. There were Jews who served as simple foot soldiers, influential generals like Tiberius Julius Alexander, and Jewish military units such as the Regii Emeseni Iudaei. Regardless of their relationship to "orthodox" Jewish communities of the time, the service of Roman Jews in the Imperial armed forces must be recognized.
American “Slackers” in the Mexican Revolution: International Proletarian Politics in the Midst of a National Revolution
Authors: La Botz Dan
Published: January 2007

In the spring of 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I and adopted universal, male, military conscription, American war resisters and draft dodgers known at the time as “the slackers” began to arrive in Mexico. Senator Albert Bacon Fall claimed there were 30,000 slackers hiding out in Mexico, and slacker Linn A.E. Gale agreed with him. When American adventurer, reporter and writer Harry L. Foster passed through Mexico City in 1919, he noted that there were hundreds of Americans, many of them slackers, loitering in the city’s parks and plazas.
Recognizing Emerging Environmental Problems: The Case of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater
Authors: Jackson R. E. (Richard E.)
Published: January 2007

Novel technologies often introduce new chemicals for which the human toxicity and environmental effects may be unknown to the industry responsible and unsuspected by public health agencies. In this context, I discuss the introduction of vapor-degreasing by manufacturing industries in the 1930s and the use of chlorinated solvents for degreasing metal parts prior to assembly of automobiles, aircraft, etc. The release of such chemicals to the subsurface and the subsequent contamination of groundwaters were not appreciated until the late 1970s when their widespread presence was finally recognized. The lack of a technical paradigm explaining the processes of contamination and the potential adverse health effects prevented the anticipation of this problem. Furthermore, it identifies the need for use-inspired basic research, such as that which identified the process of stratospheric ozone depletion, so that such environmental problems may be anticipated and public policy developed to mitigate the effects.
Enlightened Mills: Mechanizing Olive Oil Production in Mediterranean Europe
Authors: Mazzotti Massimo
Published: January 2007

In the latter part of the eighteenth century, reformers in southern Europe sought to revitalize the political economy of the region. As Massimo Mazzotti puts it in "Enlightened Mills: Mechanizing Olive Oil Production in Mediterranean Europe," they believed that "political and social advancement . . . would follow naturally from economic liberalization and the introduction of new technologies." Olive oil production dominated commercial activity around the Mediterranean, so reformers naturally concentrated their attention on that industry. Traditional oil-manufacturing technology "was a constitutive element of southern European societies," Mazzotti writes, and the production of oil was thoroughly bound up with traditional landscapes and customs; reformers made headway "only where [they] succeeded in reshaping traditional ways of life as well as traditional machinery." Mazzotti traces the many points of conflict-"such issues as the nature of olive oil, trade, control of the production process, the conditions of ownership of land and machinery, work discipline and labor organization, and the forging of new power relations in southern European society"-that conditioned the technical features of mechanized oil production in Mediterranean Europe.
Tower Windmills in Medieval England: A Case of Arrested Development?
Authors: Langdon John , Watts Martin
Published: January 2007

Windmills became a very common sight on medieval landscapes from the late twelfth century onwards, particularly the mostly timber post-mill variety. Much rarer were tower windmills, where the wooden cap carrying the sails rotated on the top of a high stone tower. Despite the fact that tower windmills were known from at least the late thirteenth century and seemingly had advantages of durability and as attractive show-pieces for medieval landlords, they were never built in any great number during the medieval period. Our article surveys the six certain, probable and possible cases of tower windmills in medieval England and then tries to explain why there were not more of them. Their greater cost relative to post-mills was one obvious reason. But another, we argue, was the reluctance of carpenters to build them, since the requirement of constructing the stone tower meant that much of the work was given over to masons. In order to ensure their continued dominance in the lucrative windmill business, carpenters seem to have preferred promoting the more timber-based post-mills, which they managed to do with great success to the end of the medieval period and beyond.
Devising New Theatre for College Programs
Authors: Schmor John Brockway
Published: January 2007

Devising New Theatre for College Programs provides an overview of problems and advantages in programmatic commitment to devising as both curricular subject and basis for mainstage production. Following a brief survey of possible production aims and examples from professional collectives known for devising new theatre, this article offers an overview of practical considerations and examples from student-devised projects the author directed for college theatre mainstage production.
Electoral Institutions and Legislative Behavior: Explaining Voting Defection in the European Parliament
Authors: Hix Simon
Published: January 2007

Despite a sophisticated understanding of the impact of electoral institutions on macrolevel political behavior, little is known about the relationship between these institutions and microlevel legislative behavior. This article reviews existing claims about this relationship and develops a model for predicting how electoral institutions affect the relationship between parliamentarians and their party principals in the context of the European Parliament. The European Parliament is an ideal laboratory for investigating these effects, because in each European Union member state, different institutions are used to elect Members of European Parliament (MEPs). The results of this model, tested on four hundred thousand individual MEP vote decisions, show that candidate-centered electoral systems (such as open-list proportional representation or single-transferable-vote systems) and decentralized candidate-selection rules produce parliamentarians independent from their party principals. By contrast, party-centered electoral systems (such as closed-list proportional representation systems) and centralized candidate-selection rules produce parliamentarians beholden to the parties that fight elections and choose candidates: in the case of the European Parliament, the national parties.
Interstate Peacekeeping: Causal Mechanisms and Empirical Effects
Authors: Page Fortna Virginia
Published: January 2007

Peacekeeping is perhaps the international community's most important tool for maintaining peace in the aftermath of war. Its practice has evolved significantly in the past ten or fifteen years as it has been used increasingly in civil wars. However, traditional peacekeeping between states is not well understood. Its operation is undertheorized and its effects undertested. This article explores the causal mechanisms through which peacekeepers keep peace and examines its empirical effects after interstate wars. To take the endogeneity of peacekeeping into account, it also examines where peacekeepers tend to be deployed. Duration analysis shows that, all else equal, peacekeeping significantly increases the chances that peace will last. Peacekeepers can help adversaries to maintain peace by making surprise attack more difficult, by reducing uncertainty about enemy intentions, and by preventing and controlling accidents and incidents that can spiral back to war.
An Exclusive Country Club: The Effects of the GATT on Trade, 1950–94
Authors: Gowa Joanne , Kim Soo Yeon
Published: January 2007

Using data on bilateral trade flows from both before and after World War II, this article examines the impact of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade on trade between its members and on the system of interwar trade blocs. It shows that the distribution of the benefits produced by the GATT was much more highly skewed than conventional wisdom assumes. The article also shows that the gold, Commonwealth, Reichsmark, and exchange-control blocs exerted positive and significant effects on trade after 1945. The authors attribute these effects to the bargaining protocol that governed successive rounds of GATT negotiations, the signature element of the postwar trade regime.
Irresistible Rape: The Lure of Closure in "The Marquise of O. . . . "
Authors: Chaouli Michel
Published: January 2007

Taking Heinrich von Kleist's 1808 novella "The Marquise of O" as a case study, the essay argues that cognitive and affective--i.e., bodily--responses to literature heavily constrain the range of interpretations that, based on the text alone, ought to be available to readers. Thus the near-unanimous understanding of the central conundrum of the novella is not due to an evaluation of evidence, but thanks to certain bodily investments that are largely immune to modification by rational means. The essay argues that the scene of rape imagined by the reader is so affectively charged that in effect it forecloses interpretive paths opened by a formal reading.
From Georgic Poetry to Statistics and Graphs: Eighteenth-Century Representations and the "State" of British Society
Authors: De Bruyn Frans
Published: January 2007

This essay examines the emergent science of statistics in eighteenth-century Europe as a mode of representation and demonstrates its connections with more conventional literary representations in the period. The essay focuses on two central questions: how statistics, charts, and graphs functioned as modes of representation and what it is they were thought to represent. Statistics and graphs, it is argued, bear significant affinities with some major literary forms in the period, in particular, the novel and the topographical or georgic-descriptive poem. These seemingly disparate representational forms share important features that reflect underlying cultural and epistemological assumptions common to them all.
Mimetic Mastery and Colonial Mimicry In the First Franco-Antillean Creole Anthology
Authors: Jenson Deborah
Published: January 2007

The anonymous 1811 Idylles et chansons, ou essais de po�sie cr�ole has been received as a minor work of Creole poetry by a single author. This essay demonstrates that it is actually the first known Creole literary anthology, containing variations on works including the earliest published Creole poem, "Lisette quitt� la plaine," from mid-eighteenth century Saint-Domingue (Haiti). Since the anthology attests to the circulation and transformation of early Creole texts, it puts their presumed b�k� (white Caribbean-born) authorial origins into question. I interpret tensions in racial and linguistic hierarchies in "Lisette" in relation to two conceptualizations of slavery and literary voice: postcolonial theories of colonial mimesis, and historical commentaries on the poetic productivity of non-white members of colonial society.
Marc Angenot, Literary History, and the Study of Culture In the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Jameson Fredric
Published: January 2007

Fredric Jameson considers Angenot's work within a broader effort to elaborate a theory, or discern a model, applicable to the study of literary history as a "form" or "genre," and along the way assesses the (literary) work of the nineteenth century in light of 1889, a 1200 page "cube" he deems "a classic if anything ever was." Invoking approaches and works by Adorno, Bakhtin, Balzac, Benjamin, Flaubert, Foucault, Marx, Nietzsche, Weber, and Zola, among others, and a range of ways in which Angenot's "story of the year" approach impacts their respective views, Jameson's assessment, like Angenot's, provocatively takes on the task of determining "how to forestall the grim closure of the synchronic and the definitive imprisonment in the past."
SIBLING Expression Patterns in Duct Epithelia Reflect the Degree of Metabolic Activity
Authors: Ogbureke Kalu U.E. , Fisher Larry W.
Published: January 2007

The SIBLING (Small Integrin-Binding LIgand, N-linked Glycoprotein) family of secreted glycophosphoproteins includes bone sialoprotein (BSP), dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1), dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), osteopontin (OPN), and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE). For many years, they were thought in normal adults to essentially be limited to metabolically active mesenchymal cells that assembled the mineralized matrices of bones and teeth. Over the last decade they have also been upregulated in a variety of tumors. Three of these proteins (BSP, OPN, and DMP1) have been shown to interact with three matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9, respectively). Recently, all five SIBLINGs and their MMP partners when known were observed in specific elements of normal ductal epithelia in salivary gland and kidney. We have hypothesized that the SIBLINGs and their MMP partners may be expressed in ductal cells with high metabolic activity. In this paper, we show that all the SIBLINGs (except MEPE) and their MMP partners are expressed in the metabolically active epithelia of human eccrine sweat gland duct but not in the more passive ductal cells of the macaque (monkey) lacrimal gland. It is hypothesized that MEPE expression may be limited to cells involved in active phosphate transport. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org . Please visit this article online to view these materials.
Slow Conformational Changes of the Voltage Sensor during the Mode Shift in Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic-Nucleotide-Gated Channels
Authors: Bruening-Wright Andrew , Larsson H. Peter
Published: January 2007

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels are activated by hyperpolarizations that cause inward movements of the positive charges in the fourth transmembrane domain (S4), which triggers channel opening. If HCN channels are held open for prolonged times (>50 ms), HCN channels undergo a mode shift, which in sea urchin (spHCN) channels induces a >50 mV shift in the midpoint of activation. The mechanism underlying the mode shift is unknown. The mode shift could be attributable to conformational changes in the pore domain that stabilize the open state of the channel, which would indirectly shift the voltage dependence of the channel, or attributable to conformational changes in the voltage-sensing domain that stabilize the inward position of S4, thereby directly shifting the voltage dependence of the channel. We used voltage-clamp fluorometry to detect S4 movements and to correlate S4 movements to the different activation steps in spHCN channels. We here show that fluorophores attached to S4 report on fluorescence changes during the mode shift, demonstrating that the mode shift is not simply attributable to a stabilization of the pore domain but that S4 undergoes conformational changes during the mode shift. We propose a model in which the mode shift is attributable to a slow, lateral movement in S4 that is triggered by the initial S4 gating-charge movement and channel opening. The mode shift gives rise to a short-term, activity-dependent memory in HCN channels, which has been shown previously to be important for the stable rhythmic firing of pacemaking neurons and could significantly affect synaptic integration.
Implant Treatment in an Urban General Dentistry Residency Program: A 4-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Maksoud Mohamed A. , Starr Clifford B.
Published: January 2007

Little data have been published on the survival rates of implants placed in dental residency programs. This study reports on the outcome of dental implants placed by first-year general dentistry residents in the University of Florida College of Dentistry–Jacksonville Clinic. The patients for this study received both surgical and restorative implant therapy from 1998 to 2002. A total of 108 patients (62 women, 46 men) were treated with dental implants. On average, a patient was 52.9 years old and received 2.6 implants. A variety of simple and complex restorative procedures were performed. Advanced general dentistry residents in conjunction with supervisory faculty treated all cases. The cumulative implant survival was 98.2%. Follow-up varied from 6 months to 4 years after placement. Cases included implants not yet loaded as well as implants loaded for 3 years or more. The findings of this study compare favorably with published studies and were unexpected in light of the residents' limited clinical experience.
FIR modelling for errors‐in‐variables/closed‐loop systems by exploiting cyclo‐stationarity
Authors: Wang Jiandong , Chen Tongwen , Huang Biao
Published: January 2007

Finite impulse response (FIR) modelling of errors‐in‐variables/closed‐loop systems by correlation analysis usually yields biased estimates due to the additive noises on inputs and outputs. A non‐parametric approach, the cyclic correlation analysis (CCRA), provides asymptotically unbiased and consistent estimates. The main feature of the CCRA is to eliminate the adverse effects of stationary noises by exploiting cyclo‐stationarity that may exist naturally or be induced artificially. A complete study of the CCRA is developed, including the statistical performance of the estimated FIR model. Frequency‐domain expressions of the statistical performance provide guidelines in designing a class of cyclo‐stationary signals for modelling. Effectiveness and properties of the CCRA are validated and illustrated by numerical examples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early predictors of self‐biting in socially‐housed rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Lutz Corrine K. , Davis Ernie B. , Ruggiero Angela M. , Suomi Stephen J.
Published: January 2007

The development of self‐biting behavior in captive monkeys is little understood and poses a serious risk to their well‐being. Although early rearing conditions may influence the expression of this behavior, not all animals reared under similar conditions self‐bite. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of three rearing conditions on biting behavior and to determine whether early infant behavior can predict later self‐biting. The subjects were 370 rhesus macaques born at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Animal Center between 1994 and 2004. They were reared under three conditions: mother‐reared in social groups (n=183), peer‐reared in groups of four (n=84), and surrogate‐peer‐reared (n=103). Significantly more surrogate‐peer‐reared animals self‐bit compared to peer‐only or mother‐reared animals. There was no sex difference in self‐biting, but this result may have been affected by a sex bias in the number of observations. The durations of behaviors exhibited by the surrogate‐peer‐reared subjects were recorded in 5‐min sessions twice a week from 2 to 6 months of age while the animals were in their home cages and play groups. In the play‐group situation, surrogate‐peer‐reared subjects who later self‐bit were found to be less social and exhibited less social clinging than those that did not self‐bite. Home‐cage behavior did not predict later self‐biting, but it did change with increasing age: surrogate clinging and self‐mouthing decreased, while environmental exploration increased. Our findings suggest that surrogate rearing in combination with lower levels of social contact during play may be risk factors for the later development of self‐biting behavior. Am. J. Primatol. 69:584–590, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plant DNA sequences from feces: potential means for assessing diets of wild primates
Authors: Bradley Brenda J. , Stiller Mathias , Doran‐Sheehy Diane M. , Harris Tara , Chapman Colin A. , Vigilant Linda , Poinar Hendrik
Published: January 2007

Analyses of plant DNA in feces provides a promising, yet largely unexplored, means of documenting the diets of elusive primates. Here we demonstrate the promise and pitfalls of this approach using DNA extracted from fecal samples of wild western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) and black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza). From these DNA extracts we amplified, cloned, and sequenced small segments of chloroplast DNA (part of the rbcL gene) and plant nuclear DNA (ITS‐2). The obtained sequences were compared to sequences generated from known plant samples and to those in GenBank to identify plant taxa in the feces. With further optimization, this method could provide a basic evaluation of minimum primate dietary diversity even when knowledge of local flora is limited. This approach may find application in studies characterizing the diets of poorly‐known, unhabituated primate species or assaying consumer–resource relationships in an ecosystem. Am. J. Primatol. 69:699–705, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photomechanics of Liquid‐Crystalline Elastomers and Other Polymers
Authors: Ikeda Tomiki , Mamiya Jun‐ichi , Yu Yanlei
Published: January 2007

Muscle is a transducer that can convert chemical energy into mechanical motion. To construct artificial muscles, it is desirable to use soft materials with high mechanical flexibility and durability rather than hard materials such as metals. For effective muscle‐like actuation, materials with stratified structures and high molecular orders are necessary. Liquid‐crystalline elastomers (LCEs) are superior soft materials that possess both the order of liquid crystals and the elasticity of elastomers (as they contain polymer networks). With the aid of LCEs, it is possible to convert small amounts of external energy into macroscopic amounts of mechanical energy. In this Review, we focus on light as an energy source and describe the recent progress in the area of soft materials that can convert light energy into mechanical energy directly (photomechanical effect), especially the photomechanical effects of LCEs with a view to applications for light‐driven LCE actuators.
Cover Picture: Total Synthesis of Paliurine F (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 4/2007)
Authors: Toumi Mathieu , Couty François , Evano Gwilherm
Published: January 2007

The sedative paliurine F, which was isolated from the roots of Paliurus ramossisimus, is part of a huge family of natural products that display interesting biological effects and possess an especially appealing and challenging macrocyclic structure. In their Communication on page 572 ff., G. Evano and co‐workers describe the synthesis of one of these cyclopeptide alkaloids, paliurine F, using a route that showcases the recent advances in copper(I)‐mediated coupling reactions.
Kolmogorov–Smirnov‐type testing for the partial homogeneity of Markov processes—with application to credit risk
Authors: Weißbach Rafael , Dette Holger
Published: January 2007

In banking, the default behaviour of the counterpart is not only of interest for the pricing of transactions under credit risk but also for the assessment of a portfolio credit risk. We develop a test against the hypothesis that default intensities are chronologically constant within a group of similar counterparts, e.g. a rating class. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov‐type test builds up on the asymptotic normality of counting processes in event history analysis. The right censoring accommodates for Markov processes with more than one no‐absorbing state. A simulation study and two examples of rating systems demonstrate that partial homogeneity can be assumed, however occasionally, certain migrations must be modelled and estimated inhomogeneously. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of short‐ and long‐term pulsed radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on night sleep and cognitive functions in healthy subjects
Authors: Fritzer Gunther , Göder Robert , Friege Lars , Wachter Jessica , Hansen Volkert , Hinze‐Selch Dunja , Aldenhoff Josef B.
Published: January 2007

There has been wide public discussion on whether the electromagnetic fields of mobile telephones and their base stations affect human sleep or cognitive functioning. As there is evidence for learning and memory‐consolidating effects of sleep and particularly of REM sleep, disturbance of sleep by radiofrequency electromagnetic fields might also impair cognitive functions. Previously realized sleep studies yielded inconsistent results regarding short‐term exposure. Moreover, data are lacking on the effect that short‐ and long‐term exposure might have on sleep as well as on cognitive functions. Therefore, 10 healthy young male subjects were included and nocturnal sleep was recorded during eight consecutive nights. In the second, third, and last night, we investigated polysomnographic night sleep and cognitive functions. After the adaptation and baseline nights, the participants were exposed to a defined radiofrequency electromagnetic field during the following six nights. We analyzed polysomnographic night sleep according to Rechtschaffen and Kales [1968, Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques and Scoring System for Sleep of Human Subjects] as well as by power spectra and correlation dimension. Cognitive functions were investigated by an array of neuropsychological tests. Data analysis was done by comparing the baseline night with the first and last exposure night and the first two sleep cycles of the respective nights. We did not find significant effects, either on conventional sleep parameters or on power spectra and correlation dimension, nor were there any significant effects on cognitive functions. With our results, we are unable to reveal either short‐term or cumulative long‐term effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on night sleep and cognitive functions in healthy young male subjects. Bioelectromagnetics 28:316–325, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure‐activity relationship of HP (2–20) analog peptide: Enhanced antimicrobial activity by N‐terminal random coil region deletion
Authors: Park Yoonkyung , Park Seong‐Cheol , Park Hae‐Kyun , Shin Song Yub , Kim Yangmee , Hahm Kyung‐Soo
Published: January 2007

HP (2–20) (AKKVFKRLEKLFSKIQNDK) is a 19‐aa antimicrobial peptide derived from N‐terminus ofHelicobacter pyloriRibosomal protein L1 (RpL1). In the previous study, several analogs with amino acid substitutions were designed to increase or decrease only the net hydrophobicity. In particular, substitutions of Gln16and Asp18with Trp (Anal 3) for hydrophobic amino acid caused a dramatic increase in antibiotic activity without a hemolytic effect. HP‐A3 is a potent antimicrobial peptide that forms, in a hydrophobic medium, an amphipathic structure consisting of an N‐terminal random coil region (residues 2–5) and extended C‐terminal regular α‐helical region (residues 6–20). To obtain the short and potent α‐helical antimicrobial peptide, we synthesized a N‐terminal random coil deleted HP‐A3 (A3‐NT) and examined their antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action. The resulting 15mer peptide showed increased antibacterial and antifungal activity to 2‐ and 4‐fold, respectively, without hemolysis. Confocal fluorescence microscopy studies showed that A3‐NT was accumulated in the plasma membrane. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that A3‐NT acted in salt‐ and energy‐independent manner. Furthermore, A3‐NT causes significant morphological alterations of the bacterial surfaces as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis revealed that A3‐NT showed higher α‐helical contents than the HP‐A3 peptide in 50% TFE solution. Therefore, the cell‐lytic efficiency of HP‐A3, which depended on the α‐helical content of peptide, correlated linearly with their antimicrobial potency. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88: 199–207, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The ‘Published Online’ date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
One‐dimensional self‐assembly of a rational designed β‐structure peptide
Authors: Wang Chong , Huang Lixin , Wang Lijun , Hong Yuankai , Sha Yinlin
Published: January 2007

Fabricating various nanostructures based on the self‐assembly of diverse biological molecules is now of great interest to the field of bionanotechnology. In this study, we report a de novo designed peptide (T1) with a preferential β‐hairpin forming property that can spontaneously assemble into nanofibrils in ultrapure water. The nanofibrils assembled by T1 could grow up to tens of microns in length with a left‐handed helical twist and an average height of 4.9 ± 0.9 nm. Moreover, protofilaments and nucleus structures both with a similar height of 1.4 ± 0.2 nm were observed during fibrilization as well as via sonication of the mature nanofibrils. A typical conformational transition from random coil to β‐structure was observed in association with the fibrilization. Molecular modeling of T1 assemblies displayed that the β‐hairpin molecules organize in a parallel fashion in which the β‐strands align in an antiparallel fashion and each adjoining β‐strand runs left‐handed twist at about 2.9° with respect to the one located before it along the fibrillar axis. It also revealed that the maximum thickness of the assembly intermediate, the helical tape structure, is about 1.4 nm and four tapes can further assemble into a fibril with a diameter of about 4.1 nm. Taken together the results obtained by AFM, CD, and molecular modeling, T1 fibrilization probably undergoes a hierarchy approach, in which the aromatic stacking and the electrostatic interactions between the assembled structures are most likely the two major factors directing the one‐dimensional self‐assembly. Based on these studies, we propose T1 can be used as a model peptide to investigate the β‐sheet based self‐assembly process and could be a potential bioorganic template to develop functional materials. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 86: 23–31, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of 3D and 1D Structures of CdS in a Binary Solution with L‐Cysteine's Assistance
Authors: Xiong Shenglin , Xi Baojuan , Wang Chengming , Zou Guifu , Fei Lifeng , Wang Weizhi , Qian Yitai
Published: January 2007

A facile L‐cysteine‐assisted route was designed for the selectively controlled synthesis of 1D and novel, interesting 3D CdS spherical nanostructures constructed from CdS nanorods (or nanopolypods) in a binary solution. By controlling reaction conditions such as the molar ratio between Cd(OAc)2 and L‐cysteine and the volume ratio of the mixed solvents, the synthesis of various 3D architectural structures and 1D wirelike structures in large quantities can be controlled. This is the first reported case of the direct growth of novel 3D self‐assemblies of CdS nanorods (or nanopolypods). The morphology, structure, and phase composition of the as‐prepared CdS products were examined by using various techniques (X‐ray diffraction (XRD), field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected‐area electron diffraction (SAED), high‐resolution TEM, and Raman spectroscopy). On the basis of the results from TEM studies and our analysis, we speculate that in the present synthesis the L‐cysteine dominates nucleation growth and the ethylenediamine (en)‐dominated, oriented‐assembly process. Interestingly, the products obtained show a gradient evolution in color from light‐yellow to dark‐yellow, which implies that their intrinsic optical properties change, possibly due to variations in their special morphologies and structures. This facile solution‐phase L‐cysteine‐assisted method could be extended for the controlled preparation of other metal chalcogenides nanostructures with complex morphologies.
Synthesis and Properties of Trigeminal Tricationic Ionic Liquids
Authors: Pernak Juliusz , Skrzypczak Andrzej , Lota Grzegorz , Frackowiak Elzbieta
Published: January 2007

Novel trigeminal tricationic ionic liquids (TTILs) have been successfully synthesized in high yields by means of Menschutkin quaternization via an SN1 mechanism. This reaction presents a new convenient method for transforming glycerol into multifunctional compounds. The physical properties of a series of TTILs were characterized by using a variety of techniques. The prepared salts were tested for antimicrobial activity. Electrochemical characterization of TTILs was also performed, which allowed the estimation of the conductivity of these new compounds, to establish their electrochemical stability window and capacitance properties over a wide range of temperatures. A good correlation of the physical properties of TTILs with capacitance values was observed.
Unusual Kinematics‐Driven Chemistry: Cleaving CH but Not COOH Bonds with Hyperthermal Protons To Synthesize Tailor‐Made Molecular Films
Authors: Zheng Zhi , Wong Ka Wai , Lau Wai Cheung , Kwok Raymund Wai Man , Lau Woon Ming
Published: January 2007

Unconventional reaction‐design strategies have been developed to exploit the intriguing kinematics that occur when adsorbed organic molecules are bombarded by a beam of hyperthermal protons: kinematic energy transfer is only effective in H→H collisions and thus only CH bonds are cleaved. This process yields a cross‐linked molecular film with its chemistry governed by the selection of appropriate precursor molecules. Unlike the conventional wet‐chemistry synthesis of cross‐linked polymeric films, this new route uses no chemical initiators, additives, nor catalysts, and only requires a proton beam with a kinetic energy of a few electron volts in a dry‐process mode compatible with molecular‐device fabrication. The reaction designs are expressed unconventionally: reaction energy is tuned by the kinetic energy of the proton beam and reactant supply is controlled precisely by the proton fluence. However, conventional considerations such as bond‐strength effects on kinematic outcomes and branching‐ratio statistics are also important and they can extend the reaction applicability of the kinematics concept. For example, taking advantage of the fact that COOH bonds are stronger than CH bonds, we show, with practical reaction conditions, synthesis results, and surface analysis using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, that we can break CH bonds without breaking COOH and other bonds, in the production of cross‐linked molecular layers with any desirable COOH concentration and with no ester nor other chemical contaminations. The new reaction‐design strategies are also applicable to the synthesis of molecular layers with other functionalities such as OH, and to the synthesis of a mixture of functionalities, such as OH/COOH, with a controllable concentration ratio.
Enhancement of Lithium Amide to Lithium Imide Transition via Mechanical Activation.
Authors: Markmaitree Tippawan , Ren Ruiming , Shaw Leon L.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mechanism of Cycloisomerization of 1,6‐Heptadienes Catalyzed by [(tBuCN)2PdCl2]: Remarkable Influence of Exogenous and Endogenous 1,6‐ and 1,5‐Diene Ligands
Authors: Bray Katharine L. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. , Munoz M. Paz , Slatford Paul A. , Tan Emily H. P. , Tyler‐Mahon Amanda R. , Worthington Paul A.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Organocatalytic Asymmetric Reductive Mannich‐Type Reactions.
Authors: Zhao Gui‐Ling , Cordova Armando
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Silane/Siloxane Reductions in the One‐Pot Conversion of Nitro Compounds into Their Amines, Hydroxylamines, Amides, Sulfonamides, and Carbamates.
Authors: Rahaim Ronald J. Jr , Maleczka Robert E. Jr.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple and Efficient Method for Regioselective and Stereoselective Synthesis of Vicinal Bromohydrins and Alkoxybromides from an Olefin.
Authors: Phukan Prodeep , Chakraborty Pranita , Kataki Dolly
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Allylboration of Ketones Catalyzed by Chiral Diols.
Authors: Lou Sha , Moquist Philip N. , Schaus Scott E.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of [2]Rotaxanes by the Catalytic Reactions of a Macrocyclic Copper Complex.
Authors: Saito Shinichi , Takahashi Eiko , Nakazono Kazuko
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
De Novo Synthesis of 2‐Substituted syn‐1,3‐Diols via an Iterative Asymmetric Hydration Strategy.
Authors: Ahmed Md. Moinuddin , Mortensen Matthew S. , O'Doherty George A.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of Nitroorganic Compounds Using Thiourea Catalysts Anchored to Polymer Support.
Authors: Miyabe Hideto , Tuchida Sayo , Yamauchi Masashige , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of β‐Amino Carbonyl Compounds via a Zn(OTf)2‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction of Anilines with Aromatic Aldehydes and Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Yang Yun‐Yun , Shou Wang‐Ge , Wang Yan‐Guang
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols with a Novel Tetrafluorosuccinato Ruthenium Complex.
Authors: van Nispen Sjoerd F. G. M. , van Buijtenen Jeroen , Vekemans Jef A. J. M. , Meuldijk Jan , Hulshof Lumbertus A.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Vinylphosphonium Salt Mediated Reaction Between Alkyl Propiolates and Aminophenols or Hydroxyphenols.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Souri Sanaz , Sirouspour Mehdi , Djahaniani Hoorieh
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Generation of Carbamoyl‐ and Thiocarbamoyllithium Synthons Having a Hydrogen(s) or an Aryl Group on the Nitrogen and Their Trapping with Carbonyl Electrophiles.
Authors: Kambe Nobuaki , Inoue Toru , Takeda Takanobu , Fujiwara Shin‐ichi , Sonoda Noboru
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Amino‐N‐methylmorpholinium Salts: Highly Active Aziridination Reagents for Chalcones.
Authors: Armstrong Alan , Carbery David R. , Lamont Scott G. , Pape Andrew R. , Wincewicz Richard
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A One‐Pot Preparation of 1,3‐Disubstituted Azetidines.
Authors: Hillier Michael C. , Chen Cheng‐yi
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Base‐Promoted Reactions in Ionic Liquid Solvent: Synthesis of Butenolides.
Authors: Villemin Didier , Mostefa‐Kara Bachir , Bar Nathalie , Choukchou‐Braham Nouredine , Cheikh Nawel , Benmeddah Amel , Hazimeh Hassan , Ziani‐Cherif Chawki
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.