bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE A UNIVERSIDADE (NOS ESTADOS UNIDOS E BRASIL) E A FINANCEIRIZAÇÃO DA ECONOMIA MUNDIAL
Authors: Reis Silva Junior João Dos , Mancebo Deise
Published: April 2017

O texto discute a atual cultura das universidades, expressão de reformas, políticas e programas para elas projetados e produzidos por intelectuais que ocupam posições centrais em órgãos de Estado e nas próprias universidades. Afirma que essa nova cultura é mundial, nomeadamente nos Estados Unidos, dissemina-se por muitos meios, mas, tendo como centro uma apologia da ideologia da eficiência, concretizado na diminuição do gap entre a ciência e a tecnologia, com a produção de inovações sociais e tecnológicas. Discute o novo tipo de conhecimento demandado, posto não mais por parâmetros exclusivamente científicos, mas também pela economia financeirizada. Expõe, ao final, a compressão temporal própria da sociedade atual e exigida pela economia mundial sob o predomínio do capital financeiro, afirmando a correlata compressão do tempo epistêmico e neurológico do pesquisador.
MARXISMO, CONCEPÇÃO E MÉTODO
Authors: Vale Andreia Araujo do
Published: April 2017

Trata-se de pequena apresentação oral preparada para debate por ocasião do VII EBEM – Encontro Brasileiro de Educação e Marxismo. Deste modo, o texto não possui um caráter exaustivo e nem se pretende um grande tratado, mas procura recuperar algumas ideias que, no contexto atual, são fundamentais como balizamentos para a “análise concreta da situação concreta”.
REVISITANDO A PRODUÇÃO DO CONHECIMENTO DA EDUCAÇÃO DO CAMPO: EXPRESSÕES DE LIOFILIZAÇÃO E LUTA SEM CLASSES
Authors: Marcoccia Patrícia Correia de Paula , Pereira Maria de Fátima Rodrigues
Published: April 2017

Este artigo revisita a produção do conhecimento da Educação do Campo e perscruta os eixos temáticos prevalentes em cada período de maneira a mapear o que na prática demandava reflexão dos pesquisadores dessa área de conhecimento. O procedimento utilizado neste estudo foi o da pesquisa bibliográfica. As produções revelam, de algum modo, a realidade contraditória do campo e a presença dos movimentos sociais de trabalhadores do campo. Todavia, trata-se de lutas sem classes e o conhecimento é reduzido às expressões fenomênicas, o que contribui para explicação liofilizada das relações de produção da vida e do conhecimento da Educação do Campo.
MARX, Karl. A CHAMADA ACUMULAÇÃO PRIMITIVA
Authors: Cruz Amalia Catharina Santos
Published: April 2017

A presente resenha tem como objetivo abordar o capítulo XXIV, do livro I, volume II, de O Capital, de Karl Marx. Entendemos que não é uma tarefa fácil, porém diante da atual conjuntura, cabe-nos compreender O segredo da acumulação primitiva. Ressaltamos, que já no capítulo XXIII A lei geral da acumulação primitiva, Marx expõe como se desenvolveu o processo de acumulação no modo de produção capitalista, a partir da centralização e concentração da riqueza.
Peak height of OH airglow derived from simultaneous observations a Fabry‐Perot interferometer and a meteor radar
Authors: Yu Tao , Zuo Xiaomin , Xia Chunliang , Li Mingyuan , Huang Cong , Mao Tian , Zhang Xiaoxin , Zhao Biqiang , Liu Libo
Published: April 2017

A new method for estimating daily averaged peak height of the OH airglow layer from a ground‐based meteor radar (MR) and a Fabry‐Perot interferometer (FPI) is presented. The first results are derived from 4 year simultaneous measurements of winds by a MR and a FPI at two adjacent stations over center China and are compared with observations from the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument. The OH airglow peak heights, which are derived by using correlation analysis between winds of the FPI and MR, are found to generally peak at an altitude of 87 km and frequently varied between 80 km and 90 km day to day. In comparison with SABER OH 1.6 μm observations, reasonable similarity of airglow peak heights is found, and rapid day‐to‐day variations are also pronounced. Lomb‐Scargle analysis is used to determine cycles of temporal variations of airglow peak heights, and there are obvious periodic variations both in our airglow peak heights and in the satellite observations. In addition to the annual, semiannual, monthly, and three monthly variations, the shorter time variations, e.g., day‐to‐day and several days' variations, are also conspicuous. The day‐to‐day variations of airglow height obviously could reduce observation accuracy and lead to some deviations in FPI measurements. These FPI wind deviations arising from airglow height variations are also estimated to be about 3–5 m/s from 2011 to 2015, with strong positive correlation with airglow peak height variation. More attention should be paid to the wind deviations associated with airglow height variation when using and interpreting winds measured by FPI.
Local ice formation via liquid water growth in slowly ascending humid aerosol/liquid water layers observed with ground‐based lidars and radiosondes
Authors: Wu Cheng , Yi Fan
Published: April 2017

Observations with lidars at Wuhan (30.5°N, 114.4°E), China, from 2010 to 2013 captured nine cases of slowly ascending humid aerosol/liquid water layers that occurred at altitudes of ~2–4 km in winter. Each of them was almost transparent initially with the backscatter ratio far less than 7.0 and depolarization ratio less than 0.03. With a slow ascent, the layer developed into a nearly opaque liquid cloud layer and then ice crystals abruptly formed at the upper edge of the cloud layer with very high liquid water content. The ice crystals likely came from water drop freezing. The freezing temperatures estimated from radiosonde measurements were −3 to −8°C. For two available long‐lived (>16 h) cases, the layer was observed to always lie just below an inversion layer. The ice development on the layer was followed by rainfall.
Mixing layer and coherent structures in compound channel flows: Effects of transverse flow, velocity ratio, and vertical confinement
Authors: Proust S. , Fernandes J. N. , Leal J. B. , Rivière N. , Peltier Y.
Published: April 2017

Turbulent mixing layers associated with streamwise uniform and nonuniform flows in compound channels (main channel with adjacent floodplains) are experimentally investigated. The experiments start with uniform flow conditions. The streamwise nonuniformity is then generated by imposing an imbalance in the upstream discharge distribution between main channel (MC) and floodplains (FPs), keeping the total discharge constant, which results in a transverse depth‐averaged mean flow. This study first aims at assessing the effect of a transverse flow on the mixing layer and coherent structures that form at the MC/FP interfaces. A wide range of initial velocity ratio or dimensionless shear between MC and FP is tested. The study second aims at assessing the effect of this velocity ratio on the mixing layer, for a fixed vertical confinement of flow. The total discharge was then varied to quantify the confinement effect. The results show that, far from the inlet section, Reynolds‐stresses increase with local velocity ratio for a fixed confinement and decrease with confinement for a fixed velocity ratio. It is also shown that, irrespective of confinement, the existence of quasi‐two‐dimensional coherent structures is driven by velocity ratio and the direction and magnitude of transverse flow. These structures cannot develop if velocity ratio is lower than 0.3 and if a strong transverse flow toward the MC occurs. In the latter case, the transverse flow is the predominant contribution to momentum exchange (compared with turbulent mixing and secondary currents), convex mean velocity profiles are observed, preventing the formation of quasi‐two‐dimensional structures.
Multiobjective reservoir operating rules based on cascade reservoir input variable selection method
Authors: Yang Guang , Guo Shenglian , Liu Pan , Li Liping , Xu Chongyu
Published: April 2017

The input variable selection in multiobjective cascade reservoir operation is an important and difficult task. To address this problem, this study proposes the cascade reservoir input variable selection (CIS) method that searches for the most valuable input variables for decision making in multiple‐objectivity cascade reservoir operations. From a case study of Hanjiang cascade reservoirs in China, we derive reservoir operating rules based on the combination of CIS and Gaussian radial basis functions (RBFs) methods and optimize the rules through Pareto‐archived dynamically dimensioned search (PA‐DDS) with two objectives: to maximize both power generation and water supply. We select the most effective input variables and evaluate their impacts on cascade reservoir operations. From the simulated trajectories of reservoir water level, power generation, and water supply, we analyze the multiobjective operating rules with several input variables. The results demonstrate that the CIS method performs well in the selection of input variables for the cascade reservoir operation, and the RBFs method can fully express the nonlinear operating rules for cascade reservoirs. We conclude that the CIS method is an effective and stable approach to identifying the most valuable information from a large number of candidate input variables. While the reservoir storage state is the most valuable information for the Hanjiang cascade reservoir multiobjective operation, the reservoir inflow is the most effective input variable for the single‐objective operation of Danjiangkou.
Using an altimeter‐derived internal tide model to remove tides from in situ data
Authors: Zaron Edward D. , Ray Richard D.
Published: April 2017

Internal waves at tidal frequencies, i.e., the internal tides, are a prominent source of variability in the ocean associated with significant vertical isopycnal displacements and currents. Because the isopycnal displacements are caused by ageostrophic dynamics, they contribute uncertainty to geostrophic transport inferred from vertical profiles in the ocean. Here it is demonstrated that a newly developed model of the main semidiurnal (M2) internal tide derived from satellite altimetry may be used to partially remove the tide from vertical profile data, as measured by the reduction of steric height variance inferred from the profiles. It is further demonstrated that the internal tide model can account for a component of the near‐surface velocity as measured by drogued drifters. These comparisons represent a validation of the internal tide model using independent data and highlight its potential use in removing internal tide signals from in situ observations.
Nanoporous Surface Modifications through Dealloying of Al–Ti Alloy
Authors: Zhao Wei , Liu Nianqi , Rong Jiacheng , E Lei , Zhao Dan
Published: April 2017

TiO2 nanoporous structure was formed on the surface of Al–Ti alloy through a facile chemical corrosion method. The alloy composition, NaOH concentration, reaction time, and temperature played important roles in determining the morphology, elemental composition, phase composition, and the hydrophilic properties of the as‐dealloyed samples. A uniform pore size distribution of a three‐dimensional network structure was obtained with the diameter ranged from 100 nm to 2 μm. The obtained TiO2‐based crystalline material exhibited good surface hydrophilic activity and light absorbency, which opened avenues in formation of porous nanostructures with high performance and low cost.
Ancient mitochondrial DNA and ancestry of Paquimé inhabitants, Casas Grandes (A.D. 1200–1450)
Authors: Morales‐Arce Ana Y. , Snow Meradeth H. , Kelley Jane H. , Anne Katzenberg M.
Published: April 2017

Objectives

The Casas Grandes (Paquimé) culture, located in the Northwest of Chihuahua, Mexico reached its apogee during the Medio Period (A.D. 1200–1450). Paquimé was abandoned by the end of the Medio Period (A.D. 1450), and the ancestry of its inhabitants remains unsolved. Some authors suggest that waves of Mesoamerican immigrants, possibly merchants, stimulated Paquimé's development during the Medio Period. Archaeological evidence suggests possible ties to groups that inhabited the Southwestern US cultures. This study uses ancient DNA analysis from fourteen samples to estimate genetic affinities of ancient Paquimé inhabitants.

Materials and methods

DNA was extracted from 14 dental ancient samples from Paquimé. PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to obtain mitochondrial control region sequences. Networks, PCoA, and Nei genetic distances were estimated to compare Paquimé haplotypes against available past haplotypes data from Southwestern and Mesoamerican groups.

Results

Haplogroups were characterized for 11 of the samples, and the results revealed the presence of four distinct Amerindian mitochondrial lineages: B (n = 5; 45%), A (n = 3; 27%), C (n = 2; 18%) and D (n = 1; 10%). Statistical analysis of the haplotypes, haplogroup frequencies, and Nei genetic distances showed close affinity of Paquimé with Mimbres.

Discussion

Although our results provide strong evidence of genetic affinities between Paquimé and Mimbres, with the majority of haplotypes shared or derived from ancient Southwest populations, the causes of cultural development at Paquimé still remain a question. These preliminary results provide evidence in support of other bioarchaeological studies, which have shown close biological affinities between Paquimé and Mimbres, a Puebloan culture, in the Southwestern US.
Re‐imagining public service
Authors: Shergold Peter
Published: April 2017

We live at a time marked by growing distrust of democratic institutions and increasing threats to those Enlightenment values that afford the individual protection from the arbitrary exercise of authoritarian power. In the face of such challenges, we need to re‐imagine more agile, adaptive and responsive forms of governance. This edited speech argues that with sufficient political authority, public services can facilitate the commissioning of programme delivery, cross‐sectoral collaboration, new forms of social investment in public good and more opportunities for participatory engagement by citizens.
Olfactory brain gray matter volume reduction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Han Pengfei , Whitcroft Katherine L. , Fischer Jessica , Gerber Johannes , Cuevas Mandy , Andrews Peter , Hummel Thomas
Published: April 2017

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory condition and a major cause of olfactory loss. Olfactory dysfunction has been associated with reduced olfactory bulb (OB) volume and gray matter (GM) density in the olfactory‐related brain areas. The aim of this study was to investigate brain GM structural and OB volume alterations in patients with CRS.

Methods

Structural brain images were collected from 21 CRS patients and 31 healthy controls on a 3‐T scanner. Voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) was performed to investigate GM. Olfactory bulb volumes were measured using AMIRA software. Psychophysical olfactory testing for odor threshold (T) and identification (I) was performed using the Sniffin’ Sticks battery.

Results

CRS patients had significantly lower scores for Sniffin’ Sticks olfactory tests than controls (p < 0.001 for T, I, and combined T and I [TI] scores). Region‐of‐interest analyses revealed no difference in GM volume between CRS patients and healthy controls; however, in CRS patients with severe olfactory dysfunction, GM reduction was observed in the gyrus rectus, orbitofrontal cortex, thalamus, and the insula. In addition, no difference was observed for OB volume in CRS patients compared with healthy controls.

Conclusion

In this study we identified a reduction in gray matter in olfactory brain regions in CRS patients with severe olfactory dysfunction.
Spontaneous Weaving of Graphitic Carbon Networks Synthesized by Pyrolysis of ZIF‐67 Crystals
Authors: Zhang Wei , Jiang Xiangfen , Wang Xuebin , Kaneti Yusuf Valentino , Chen Yinxiang , Liu Jian , Jiang Ji‐Sen , Yamauchi Yusuke , Hu Ming
Published: April 2017

Three‐dimensional (3D) networks of graphitic carbon are promising materials for energy storage and conversion devices because of their high electrical conductivity, which is promoted by the good interconnection between the carbon particles. However, it is still difficult to directly synthesize such carbon networks. Herein, we report the novel synthesis of 3D graphitic carbon networks through the pyrolysis of nanosized ZIF‐67 crystals. Interestingly, the unusual effect of downsizing the ZIF‐67 crystals and the incorporation of catalytic Co nanoparticles was the spontaneous formation of graphitic networks. The obtained graphitic carbon networks show excellent electrochemical performance for the insertion and extraction of potassium ions.
Palladium in the Chemical Synthesis and Modification of Proteins
Authors: Jbara Muhammad , Maity Suman Kumar , Brik Ashraf
Published: April 2017

The field of site‐specific modification of proteins has drawn significant attention in recent years owing to its importance in various research areas such as the development of novel therapeutics and understanding the biochemical and cellular behaviors of proteins. The presence of a large number of reactive functional groups in the protein of interest and in the cellular environment renders modification at a specific site a highly challenging task. With the development of sophisticated chemical methodologies it is now possible to target a specific site of a protein with a desired modification, however, many challenges remain to be solved. In this context, transition metals in particular palladium‐mediated C−C bond‐forming and C−O bond‐cleavage reactions gained great interest owing to the unique catalytic properties of palladium. Palladium chemistry is being explored for protein modifications in vitro, on the cell surface, and within the cell. Very recently, palladium complexes have been applied for the rapid deprotection of several widely utilized cysteine protecting groups as well as in the removal of solubilizing tags to facilitate chemical protein synthesis. This Minireview highlights these advances and how the accumulated knowledge of palladium chemistry for small molecules is being impressively transferred to synthesis and modification of chemical proteins.
Highly Ordered Nitrogen‐Rich Mesoporous Carbon Nitrides and Their Superior Performance for Sensing and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation
Authors: Mane Gurudas P. , Talapaneni Siddulu N. , Lakhi Kripal S. , Ilbeygi Hamid , Ravon Ugo , Al‐Bahily Khalid , Mori Toshiyuki , Park Dae‐Hwan , Vinu Ajayan
Published: April 2017

Mesoporous carbon nitrides (MCN) are fascinating materials with unique semiconducting and basic properties that are useful in many applications including photocatalysis and sensing. Most syntheses of MCN focus on creating theoretically predicted C3N4 stoichiometry with a band gap of 2.7 eV using a nano‐hard templating approach with triazine‐based precursors. However, the performance of the MCN in semiconducting applications is limited to the MCN framework with a small band gap, which would be linked with the addition of more N in the CN framework, but this remains a huge challenge. Here, we report a precursor with high nitrogen content, 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole, that enables the formation of new and well‐ordered 3D MCN with C3N5 stoichiometry (MCN‐8), which has not been predicted so far, and a low‐band‐gap energy (2.2 eV). This novel class of material without addition of any dopants shows not only a superior photocatalytic water‐splitting performance with a total of 801 μmol of H2 under visible‐light irradiation for 3 h but also excellent sensing properties for toxic acids.
Synergistic flame‐retardant effect of phosphaphenanthrene derivative and aluminum diethylphosphinate in glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66
Authors: Cao Yanfang , Qian Lijun , Chen Yajun , Wang Ze
Published: April 2017

The synergistic flame‐retardant (FR) effect of 1,1′‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐metheylene‐bis(9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide‐2‐hydroxypropan‐1‐yl) (DPOH) and aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi) composites on glass fiber reinforced polyamide 66 (PA) was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, vertical burning (UL94) tests, and cone calorimeter tests. DPOH/AlPi system with 1:1 mass ratio increased UL94 ratings, suppressed heat release rate and increased residue yields of PA composites, and DPOH/AlPi system also imposed high LOI values and lower total heat release values to PA composites. All these results verified excellent synergistic FR effect between DPOH and AlPi. The reason of DPOH/AlPi system with higher flame‐retardant efficiency was caused by the quenching effect as good as that of DPOH and also by the higher charring effect than that of AlPi. DPOH/AlPi system possesses good flame retardancy in gas phase and also the strengthened FR effect in condensed phase compared with DPOH and AlPi alone, which led to excellent synergistic FR effect between the two components DPOH and AlPi. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45126.
Inhibiting the concentration polarization of FO membranes based on the wettable microporous supporting layer and the enhanced dense skin layer
Authors: Zhao Xinzhen , Liu Changkun
Published: April 2017

A novel thin film composite‐type forward osmosis (FO) membrane with inhibited concentration polarization phenomenon and expectant separation performance was prepared by continuous interfacial polymerization method. The nylon‐6,6 microfiltration membrane with the average pore size of 5 μm and the self‐wetting property was for the first time used as the supporting layer of the FO membranes, which decreased the mass transfer resistance in the porous supporting layer. The skin layer was prepared via the continuous interfacial polymerization of polyamide as a relatively dense layer, with the reverse salt flux of less than 1 g/m−2 h−1. The mass transfer resistance and the reverse salt flux of the prepared FO membranes were remarkably reduced due to the functional design of the double‐layer structure, which effectively enhanced the separation selectivity and restrain the concentration polarization of the FO membranes. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45133.
2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Criteria for Minimal, Moderate, and Major Clinical Response in Juvenile Dermatomyositis: An International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group/Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation Collaborative Initiative
Authors: Rider Lisa G. , Aggarwal Rohit , Pistorio Angela , Bayat Nastaran , Erman Brian , Feldman Brian M. , Huber Adam M. , Cimaz Rolando , Cuttica Rubén J. , de Oliveira Sheila Knupp , Lindsley Carol B. , Pilkington Clarissa A. , Punaro Marilynn , Ravelli Angelo , Reed Ann M. , Rouster‐Stevens Kelly , van Royen‐Kerkhof Annet , Dressler Frank , Magalhaes Claudia Saad , Constantin Tamás , Davidson Joyce E. , Magnusson Bo , Russo Ricardo , Villa Luca , Rinaldi Mariangela , Rockette Howard , Lachenbruch Peter A. , Miller Frederick W. , Vencovsky Jiri , Ruperto Nicolino ,   for the International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group and the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation
Published: April 2017

Objective

To develop response criteria for juvenile dermatomyositis (DM).

Methods

We analyzed the performance of 312 definitions that used core set measures from either the International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group (IMACS) or the Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO) and were derived from natural history data and a conjoint analysis survey. They were further validated using data from the PRINTO trial of prednisone alone compared to prednisone with methotrexate or cyclosporine and the Rituximab in Myositis (RIM) trial. At a consensus conference, experts considered 14 top candidate criteria based on their performance characteristics and clinical face validity, using nominal group technique.

Results

Consensus was reached for a conjoint analysis–based continuous model with a total improvement score of 0–100, using absolute percent change in core set measures of minimal (≥30), moderate (≥45), and major (≥70) improvement. The same criteria were chosen for adult DM/polymyositis, with differing thresholds for improvement. The sensitivity and specificity were 89% and 91–98% for minimal improvement, 92–94% and 94–99% for moderate improvement, and 91–98% and 85–86% for major improvement, respectively, in juvenile DM patient cohorts using the IMACS and PRINTO core set measures. These criteria were validated in the PRINTO trial for differentiating between treatment arms for minimal and moderate improvement (P = 0.009–0.057) and in the RIM trial for significantly differentiating the physician's rating for improvement (P < 0.006).

Conclusion

The response criteria for juvenile DM consisted of a conjoint analysis–based model using a continuous improvement score based on absolute percent change in core set measures, with thresholds for minimal, moderate, and major improvement.
Targeted Synthesis of Ultrastable High‐Silica RHO Zeolite Through Alkali Metal–Crown Ether Interaction
Authors: Ke Quanli , Sun Tianjun , Cheng Hao , Chen Haijun , Liu Xiaowei , Wei Xiaoli , Wang Shudong
Published: April 2017

High‐silica RHO zeolite was directly synthesized using an alkali metal‐crown ether (AMCE) complex as organic structure‐directing agent (OSDA). Derived from the UV‐vis spectra and zeolite patterns, the crown ether‐cesium cation interaction was found to have crucial effect on the enhancement of silica content within the zeolite framework. The synthesized RHO zeolites possess up to four times larger silica/alumina ratio (SAR) values than that in their conventional form, which gives them extraordinarily rigid frameworks even after hydrothermal aging under 800 °C. Compared to commercial zeolites, copper‐exchanged high‐silica RHO zeolites demonstrate considerably high reaction activity in NOX removal, making them promising candidates for diesel exhaust treatment.
The treatment methods for post‐stroke visual impairment: A systematic review
Authors: Hanna Kerry Louise , Hepworth Lauren Rachel , Rowe Fiona J.
Published: April 2017

Aim

To provide a systematic overview of interventions for stroke related visual impairments.

Method

A systematic review of the literature was conducted including randomized controlled trials, controlled trials, cohort studies, observational studies, systematic reviews, and retrospective medical note reviews. All languages were included and translation obtained. This review covers adult participants (aged 18 years or over) diagnosed with a visual impairment as a direct cause of a stroke. Studies which included mixed populations were included if over 50% of the participants had a diagnosis of stroke and were discussed separately. We searched scholarly online resources and hand searched articles and registers of published, unpublished, and ongoing trials. Search terms included a variety of MESH terms and alternatives in relation to stroke and visual conditions. Article selection was performed by two authors independently. Data were extracted by one author and verified by a second. The quality of the evidence and risk of bias was assessed using appropriate tools dependant on the type of article.

Results

Forty‐nine articles (4142 subjects) were included in the review, including an overview of four Cochrane systematic reviews. Interventions appraised included those for visual field loss, ocular motility deficits, reduced central vision, and visual perceptual deficits.

Conclusion

Further high quality randomized controlled trials are required to determine the effectiveness of interventions for treating post‐stroke visual impairments. For interventions which are used in practice but do not yet have an evidence base in the literature, it is imperative that these treatments be addressed and evaluated in future studies.
Two‐Tier Screening Platform for Directed Evolution of Aminoacyl–tRNA Synthetases with Enhanced Stop Codon Suppression Efficiency
Authors: Owens Andrew E. , Grasso Katherine T. , Ziegler Christine A. , Fasan Rudi
Published: April 2017

Genetic code expansion through amber stop codon suppression provides a powerful tool for introducing non‐proteinogenic functionalities into proteins for a broad range of applications. However, ribosomal incorporation of noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) by means of engineered aminoacyl–tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) often proceeds with significantly reduced efficiency compared to sense codon translation. Here, we report the implementation of a versatile platform for the development of engineered aaRSs with enhanced efficiency in mediating ncAA incorporation by amber stop codon suppression. This system integrates a white/blue colony screen with a plate‐based colorimetric assay, thereby combining high‐throughput capabilities with reliable and quantitative measurement of aaRS‐dependent ncAA incorporation efficiency. This two‐tier functional screening system was successfully applied to obtain a pyrrolysyl–tRNA synthetase (PylRS) variant (CrtK‐RS(4.1)) with significantly improved efficiency (+250–370 %) for mediating the incorporation of Nϵ‐crotonyl‐lysine and other lysine analogues of relevance for the study of protein post‐translational modifications into a target protein. Interestingly, the beneficial mutations accumulated by CrtK‐RS(4.1) were found to localize within the noncatalytic N‐terminal domain of the enzyme and could be transferred to another PylRS variant, improving the ability of the variant to incorporate its corresponding ncAA substrate. This work introduces an efficient platform for the improvement of aaRSs that could be readily extended to other members of this enzyme family and/or other target ncAAs.
Boosting Vis/NIR Charge‐Transfer Absorptions of Iron(II) Complexes by N‐Alkylation and N‐Deprotonation in the Ligand Backbone
Authors: Mengel Andreas K. C. , Bissinger Christian , Dorn Matthias , Back Oliver , Förster Christoph , Heinze Katja
Published: April 2017

Reversing the metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (3MLCT)/metal‐centered (3MC) excited state order in iron(II) complexes is a challenging objective, yet would finally result in long‐sought luminescent transition‐metal complexes with an earth‐abundant central ion. One approach to achieve this goal is based on low‐energy charge‐transfer absorptions in combination with a strong ligand field. Coordinating electron‐rich and electron‐poor tridentate oligopyridine ligands with large bite angles at iron(II) enables both low‐energy MLCT absorption bands around 590 nm and a strong ligand field. Variations of the electron‐rich ligand by introducing longer alkyl substituents destabilizes the iron(II) complex towards ligand substitution reactions while hardly affecting the optical properties. On the other hand, N‐deprotonation of the ligand backbone is feasible and reversible, yielding deep‐green complexes with charge‐transfer bands extending into the near‐IR region. Time‐dependent density functional theory calculations assign these absorption bands to transitions with dipole‐allowed ligand‐to‐ligand charge transfer character. This unique geometric and electronic situation establishes a further regulating screw to increase the energy gap between potentially emitting charge‐transfer states and the non‐radiative ligand field states of iron(II) dyes.
Folding Topology of a Short Coiled‐Coil Peptide Structure Templated by an Oligonucleotide Triplex
Authors: Lou Chenguang , Christensen Niels Johan , Martos‐Maldonado Manuel C. , Midtgaard Søren Roi , Ejlersen Maria , Thulstrup Peter W. , Sørensen Kasper K. , Jensen Knud J. , Wengel Jesper
Published: April 2017

The rational design of a well‐defined protein‐like tertiary structure formed by small peptide building blocks is still a formidable challenge. By using peptide–oligonucleotide conjugates (POC) as building blocks, we present the self‐assembly of miniature coiled‐coil α‐helical peptides guided by oligonucleotide duplex and triplex formation. POC synthesis was achieved by copper‐free alkyne–azide cycloaddition between three oligonucleotides and a 23‐mer peptide, which by itself exhibited multiple oligomeric states in solution. The oligonucleotide domain was designed to furnish a stable parallel triplex under physiological pH, and to be capable of templating the three peptide sequences to constitute a small coiled‐coil motif displaying remarkable α‐helicity. The formed trimeric complex was characterized by ultraviolet thermal denaturation, gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and molecular modeling. Stabilizing cooperativity was observed between the trimeric peptide and the oligonucleotide triplex domains, and the overall molecular size (ca. 12 nm) in solution was revealed to be independent of concentration. The topological folding of the peptide moiety differed strongly from those of the individual POC strands and the unconjugated peptide, exclusively adopting the designed triple helical structure.
Ambient Stable Radical Cations, Diradicaloid π‐Dimeric Dications, Closed‐Shell Dications, and Diradical Dications of Methylthio‐Capped Rylenes
Authors: Qi Qingbiao , Burrezo Paula Mayorga , Phan Hoa , Herng Tun Seng , Gopalakrishna Tullimilli Y. , Zeng Wangdong , Ding Jun , Casado Juan , Wu Jishan
Published: April 2017

Radical cations and dications of π‐conjugated systems play vital roles in organic electronic devices, organic conductors, and conducting polymers. Their structures, charge and spin distribution, and mechanism of charge transport are of great interest. In this article, radical cations and dications of a series of newly synthesized methylthio‐capped rylenes were synthesized and isolated. Their ground‐state structures, physical properties, and solid‐state packing were systematically investigated by various experimental methods, such as X‐ray crystallographic analysis, UV/Vis/NIR absorption spectroscopy, (spectro‐)electrochemistry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, superconducting quantum interference device, and Raman spectroscopy, assisted by DFT calculations. It was found that all the charged species show an exceptional stability under ambient air and light conditions due to the efficient spin and charge delocalization over the whole rylene backbone. The dication of hexarylene turned out to have an unusual open‐shell singlet rather than closed‐shell ground state, thus it can be described as a diradical dication. Dimerization was observed for the radical cations and even the dications in crystals due to the strong intermolecular antiferromagnetic spin–spin interaction and π–π interaction, which result in unique magnetic properties. Such intermolecular association was also observed in solution.
Sc2C as a Promising Anode Material with High Mobility and Capacity: A First‐Principles Study
Authors: Lv Xingshuai , Wei Wei , Sun Qilong , Yu Lin , Huang Baibiao , Dai Ying
Published: April 2017

Two‐dimensional (2D) Sc2C, an example of a MXene, has been attracting extensive attention due to its distinctive properties and great potential in applications such as energy storage. In light of its high capacity and fast charging–discharging performance, Sc2C exhibits significant potential as an anode material for lithium‐ and sodium‐ion batteries. Herein, a systematic investigation of Li/Na atom adsorption and diffusion on Sc2C planes was performed based on density functional calculations. The metallic character of pristine and adsorbed Sc2C ensures desirable electric conductivity, which indicates the advantages of 2D Sc2C for lithium‐ and sodium‐ion batteries. A significant charge transfer from the Li/Na atoms to Sc2C is predicted, which indicates the cationic state of the adatoms. In addition, the diffusion barriers are as low as 0.018 and 0.012 eV for Li and Na, respectively, which illustrates the high mobility and cycling ability of Sc2C. In particular, each formula unit of Sc2C can adsorb up to two Li/Na atoms, which corresponds to a relatively high theoretical capacity of 462 or 362 mAh g−1. The average electrode potential was calculated to be as low as 0.32 and 0.24 V for stoichiometric Li2Sc2C and Na2Sc2C, respectively, which makes Sc2C attractive for the overall voltage of the cell. Herein, our results suggest that Sc2C could be a promising anode candidate for both lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries.
Overview of Genetic Diagnosis in Cancer
Authors: Korf Bruce R. , Mikhail Fady M.
Published: April 2017

Both cytogenetic and molecular genetic studies can contribute to the management of patients with cancer. In some cases, genetic markers are specific to particular tumor types and are useful in diagnosis. This can be helpful in distinguishing histologically similar tumors that may respond differently to treatment and can sometimes be of prognostic value. Genetic markers can also be tools for following the response of a tumor to therapy, providing a sensitive means to detect relapse. This introductory unit considers some of the types of genetic changes that occur in association with malignancies, as well as major approaches used in their detection. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
SiW12–TiO2 Mesoporous Layer for Enhanced Electron‐Extraction Efficiency and Conductivity in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Dong Guohua , Ye Tengling , Yang Yulin , Sheng Li , Xia Debin , Wang Junhai , Fan Xiao , Fan Ruiqing
Published: April 2017

High quality electron‐transport layer (ETL) with superior optical and electrical properties is an essential part in high efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). In this work, SiW12–TiO2 mesoporous film is prepared by a facile one‐step spin‐coating deposition method and successfully applied as ETL in PSCs. Compared with pristine TiO2‐based PSC, the SiW12–TiO2‐based one shows a remarkable enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 12.00 to 14.66 %, which is owed to the higher conductivity, electron‐extraction efficiency, and well‐matched energy level alignment of SiW12–TiO2 film. Moreover, the SiW12–TiO2‐based device also shows a good long‐time stability in under ambient conditions. This work demonstrates that using polyoxometalates (POMs) to modify the metal‐oxide semiconductors is an effective approach for further enhancing the performance of PSCs.
κ‐channel connectivity in cognitive radio networks for bounded tree‐width graphs
Authors: Yadav Ram Narayan , Misra Rajiv
Published: April 2017

Channel connectivity problem in cognitive radio network (CCP in CRN) is to find a channel assignment for secondary users (SUs) such that underlying graph induced by SUs (potential graph) is connected. Channel connectivity problem in CRNs has been proved to be NP‐complete for general graph and remains NP‐complete even if the underlying potential graph is the tree. Fixed parameter tractability of CCP in CRN has been of research interest because of its practicability. In this work, we have proposed novel problem of fixed parameter tractability for κ‐CCP of CRN (κ‐CCP in CRN), ie, whether a given CRN remains connected when any of κ−1 channels are reclaimed by primary users, called κ‐CCP. This is very crucial to check and design an effective channel assignment algorithm that provides connectivity to SUs on channels reclamation by primary users. To our knowledge, fixed parameter tractability of κ‐CCP in CRNs has not been studied and becoming useful because of development of 5G if the underlying potential graph has bounded tree‐width and number of channels is parameterized. We address κ‐CCP in CRN and propose an O(α)O(α)nO(1) time algorithm if the underlying potential graph is bounded by tree‐width and generates a feasible channel assignment under which given CRN is κ‐channel connected, where α is the number of channels and n is the number of SUs in CRN. We show that the κ‐CCP is fixed parameter tractable, when underlying potential graph has bounded tree‐width and number of channels is parameterized. To count the different possible potential solution of κ‐CCP, we propose a polynomial time algorithm for the corresponding enumeration problem (the number of different feasible channel assignments) Enum‐κ‐CCP on the potential graph with bounded tree‐width when the number of channels is bounded by a constant. Through simulation, we have observed that the feasibility of κ‐CCP highly depends on the available channels at each SU and number of radio present at each SU.
Pubertal development and anxiety risk independently relate to startle habituation during fear conditioning in 8–14 year‐old females
Authors: Jackson Felicia , Nelson Brady D. , Meyer Alexandria , Hajcak Greg
Published: April 2017

Reduced habituation to aversive stimuli has been observed during adolescence and may reflect an underlying mechanism of vulnerability for anxiety disorders. This study examined the startle reflex during a fear‐learning task in 54 8–14‐year‐old girls. We examined the relationship between mean startle, startle habituation, pubertal development, and two measures linked to risk for anxiety: behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and the error‐related negativity (ERN). Puberty, BIS, and the ERN were unrelated to mean startle; however, each measure modulated startle habituation. Greater pubertal development was associated with reduced startle habituation across the CS+ and CS−. Higher BIS related to a larger ERN, and both were associated with reduced startle habituation specifically to the CS+. All effects were independent of each other. Findings suggest that puberty alters habituation of defense system activation to both threat and safety cues, and this is independent of risk for anxiety, which uniquely impacts habituation to threat cues.
Landscape disturbance models consistently explain variation in ecological integrity across large landscapes
Authors: Decker Karin L. , Pocewicz Amy , Harju Seth , Holloran Matt , Fink Michelle M. , Toombs Theodore P. , Johnston Danielle Bilyeu
Published: April 2017

The generally negative effect of anthropogenic disturbance on the quality of habitats for species viability makes it a common focus of conservation assessment and prioritization efforts. Although many available spatial models and metrics (e.g., distance to or density of disturbance) characterize impact patterns of anthropogenic disturbance on the landscape, a general evaluation of model performance against empirical measurements of ecological integrity is lacking. We tested both distance‐based and disturbance‐density models in relation to ecological indicators. The models included roads, residential and commercial development, agricultural land use, mining, energy development infrastructure, and transmission structures as disturbance sources. Model parameters were based on expert input and results from the published literature. The disturbance models were tested against two disparate and independent measures of habitat quality: a floristic quality index and measures of greater sage‐grouse population integrity. Floristic quality scores were significantly lower in vegetation plots closer to disturbances in a general distance‐based disturbance model across Colorado. Although the proportion of variation in floristic quality explained by anthropogenic disturbance was relatively low (8.5–11.8%), it appeared to represent a ubiquitous baseline negative effect of proximity to anthropogenic disturbance on the quality of vegetation communities. For both distance‐ and density‐based greater sage‐grouse models, modeled disturbance indices were significantly lower (10–12 times) near active than historic leks, and numbers of males counted at leks increased significantly (3.2–3.4 times) as modeled disturbance decreased. Our findings indicate that as a general class, geospatial models can depict effects of anthropogenic disturbance on both plant communities and individual animal species. Empirical validation of disturbance models focused on other species or regions is recommended to further evaluate the utility and reliability of these methods.
Recovery and resilience of urban stream metabolism following Superstorm Sandy and other floods
Authors: Reisinger Alexander J. , Rosi Emma J. , Bechtold Heather A. , Doody Thomas R. , Kaushal Sujay S. , Groffman Peter M.
Published: April 2017

Urban streams are exposed to multiple different stressors on a regular basis, with increased hydrological flashiness representing a common urban stream stressor. Stream metabolism, the coupled ecosystem functions of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER), controls numerous other ecosystem functions and integrates multiple processes occurring within streams. We examined the effect of one large (Superstorm Sandy) and multiple small and moderately sized flood events in Baltimore, Maryland, to quantify the response and recovery of urban stream GPP and ER before and after floods of different magnitudes. We also compared GPP and ER before and after Superstorm Sandy to literature values. We found that both GPP and ER decreased dramatically immediately following floods of varying magnitudes, but on average GPP was more reduced than ER (80% and 66% average reduction in GPP and ER, respectively). Both GPP and ER recovered rapidly following floods within 4–18 d, and recovery intervals did not differ significantly between GPP and ER. During the two‐week recovery following Superstorm Sandy, two urban streams exhibited a range of metabolic activity equivalent to ~15% of the entire range of GPP and ER reported in a recent meta‐analysis of stream metabolism. Urban streams exhibit a substantial proportion of the natural variation in metabolism found across stream ecosystems over relatively short time scales. Not only does urbanization cause increased hydrological flashiness, it appears that metabolic activity in urban streams may be less resistant, but also more resilient to floods than in other streams draining undeveloped watersheds, which have been more studied. Our results show that antecedent conditions must be accounted for when drawing conclusions about stream metabolism measurements, and the rapid recovery and resilience of urban streams should be considered in watershed management and stream restoration strategies targeting ecosystem functions and services.
Tracking modal parameters from building seismic response data using recursive subspace identification algorithm
Authors: Loh Chin‐Hsiung , Chen Jun‐Da
Published: April 2017

Tracking modal parameters and estimating the current structural state of a building from seismic response measurements, particularly during strong earthquake excitations, can provide useful information for building safety assessment and the adaptive control of a structure. Therefore, online or recursive identification techniques need to be developed and implemented for building seismic response monitoring. This paper develops and examines different methods to track modal parameters from building seismic response data. The methods include recursive data‐driven subspace identification (RSI‐DATA) using Givens rotation algorithm, and RSI‐DATA using Bona fide algorithm. The question on how well the results of RSI‐DATA reflect the real condition is investigated and verified with a bilinear SDOF simulation study. Time‐varying modal parameters of a four‐story reinforced concrete school building are identified based on a series of earthquake excitations, including several seismic events, large and small. Discussions on the different methods' ability to track the time‐varying modal parameters are presented. The variation of the identified building modal frequencies and damping ratios from a series of event‐by‐event seismic responses, particularly before and after retrofitting of the building is also discussed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.