bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lotus: Testing origami-inspired structures in microgravity
Authors: Gallois Augustin , Mallabadi Karthik , López Clément , Marceau Eliott , Silva Sérgio , Lizy-Destrez Stéphanie
Published: July 2022

Many space technologies are enabled by deployable mechanisms or structures to function: solar panels, radiators, and even crewed stations and rovers subsystems need to be stowed and deployed to fit in a launcher fairing and avoid unwanted vibrations during launch. Among those structures, the deployment of large membranes and panels can be designed with the help of an unexpected technique: origami folding. The idea has been spreading in every field of engineering in the past few years; compact, rigid-folded structures that can change shape in one simple motion fascinate micro-robotics as well as aerospace engineers. Origami-inspired structures can be engineered to answer many needs. The available launch volume can be optimized, creases can improve the rigidity of a structure while keeping it lightweight, thickness can be accounted for, and complex surfaces can be approximated by flat-foldable mechanisms. Several major space actors, such as the National Aeronautics and

Space Administration (NASA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), have already implemented such techniques successfully or plan to do so in the near future. Following these breakthroughs, student project “Lotus” was submitted to the Parabole 2022 contest, an opportunity to test student projects in microgravity during a parabolic flight campaign organized by the French Space Agency and its subsidiary Novespace. The 5-members international student team will characterize and analyse the deployment and folding of innovative origami structure models for current and future space applications, especially volumes for deployable habitats, fuel tanks, or other resource containers such as asteroids and regolith; three stereo cameras will capture the geometry at different set speeds. To maximize the scientific return, several shapes and geometric parameters will be tested: three distinct structures are proposed to be tested, mostly limited by the volume available for the

experiment. The models tested will be as similar as possible to their full-size counterparts, being made of space-grade polyimide, and their dynamics will be assessed in near-0g conditions to have a deployment environment that is as accurate as possible. These results will be compared with on-ground experiments with a similar experimental setup.
Design and development of the re-entry sensor system for the CubeSat mission SOURCE
Authors: Kuhm Hendrik , Fischer Hendrik , Blümler Lars , Seeberg Emily , Kirchner Vincent , Galla Daniel , Klinkner Sabine
Published: July 2022

With the number of man-made objects being launched into orbit steadily increasing, space debris is one of the big challenges for future space flight. In order to better assess the danger to humans on Earth’s surface, re-entry should be researched in more detail. SOURCE serves as a 3U+ satellite platform designed and developed by the small satellite student society (KSat e.V.) and the Institute of Space Systems (IRS) at the University of Stuttgart. It was selected by ESA in 2020 to be part of the ‘Fly your Satellite’ program, has successfully completed the CDR

and is currently preparing for the MRR. SOURCE’s objectives are education, verification of several cost-saving, not yet space-proven technologies for orbital use, capturing images of meteoroids entering Earth's atmosphere and documenting its own demise during re-entry by

analysing atomic oxygen, heat flux- and pressure data. In order to receive data for as long as possible during re-entry, the satellite switches from S-band to Iridium (inter-satellite link) communication at an altitude below 200 km.

For the in-situ measurement during the re-entry, SOURCE is equipped with two Flux-Phi-Probe (FIPEX) sensors for the measurement of atomic oxygen and five additional sensor arrays. Each array contains one pressure sensor and two heat flux sensors, one commercial and one

developed by the IRS. The arrays are placed at five positions in-line across the satellite to reduce effects of tumbling during the re-entry and to allow for the measurement of gradients.

For a first estimation of the expected value ranges, simulations were performed with the software PICLas, developed by the IRS and the Institute of Aero-and Gas Dynamics (IAG) at the University of Stuttgart. In an iterative process, the collected data will be used to further improve this simulation software after the re-entry of the SOURCE satellite.

The aim of this paper is to describe the design philosophy and development process of the sensor readout electronics. The tests carried out are presented and the first results are presented.
Developing low-cost, reusable solar observation platforms to advance sustainable heliophysics research
Authors: Middleton Joseph E.G. , Janiak Ida A. , Wege Samuel
Published: July 2022

The objective of this paper is to describe a methodology for cheaper solar observation, which would make it available to research institutions of all sizes. This is done through the use of low cost, reusable components, innovative manufacturing and by using high altitude balloons to transport the payload. The aims of the project are to produce clear, sharp images of the solar chromosphere. This proves that it is possible to produce research-grade images without the need for expensive alternatives such as adaptive optics on ground telescopes or satellites. As well as discussing the technical points of the project, the paper will discuss the technical hurdles encountered before this design iteration and how these have been overcome. The other aims of the project are to facilitate students introduction to the space industry and allow them to practice their skills in a practical manner. This is very different from the work done theoretically in the classroom and exposes students to the challenges of working in industrial teams.
Development and flight results of TalTech University CubeSat mission
Authors: Khan Muhammad Shadab , Gordon Rauno , Simon Martin , Tonismae Kristjan , Kananovich Dzmitry , Sinivee Veljo , Karm Marko , Repän Kaarel
Published: July 2022

Student Satellite program at TalTech, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia was initiated in 2014 with an aim to impart space technology knowledge to the Estonian students as well as assist towards development of new Space Technologies in Estonia. Two 1-Unit CubeSat named Koit and Hämarik that translates respectively as Dawn and Twilight in Estonian are part of the TalTech Satellite Program. The main scientific mission of the CubeSats was to demonstrate Earth observation and Optical Communication technology. Satellites had two types of cameras, an RGB Camera and an NIR Camera to carry out Earth Observation over Estonia. Testing High Speed Optical communication technology from LEO (Low Earth Orbit) was the second major scientific goal and for this purpose the CubeSats had LED (Light Emitting Diode). Koit CubeSat was successfully launched to space on-board Soyuz rocket on July 5, 2019 and Hämarik CubeSat was launched to Space on September 3, 2020 on-board Arianespace Vega Rocket. Koit CubeSat did not contact the Ground station for more than a year since its launch and it was assumed to be lost but on November 21, 2020 it made the first contact with the Ground Station. Hämarik CubeSat was first contacted on November 15, 2020. The team has been successful in updating software of Hämarik and further work is being done on the software with broader functions. Optical communication has not been tested yet because ground station for optical communication has not been developed yet but a good achievement in the path to optical communication was to see the satellites with small hobby telescope and one of the satellite team member was successful to detect the Hämarik CubeSat on 17 August 2021 which was at a distance of about 792 Kilometres. Satellite team is in contact with the Hämarik and has been successful to download a few thumbnails and is working to establish a quick data connection with it and determine its exact position so that the cameras can be focused towards the Earth in order to get the whole images captured by the CubeSat.
Teaching computational thinking to space science students
Authors: Jeffrey Robert , Lundy Megan , Coffey Deirdre , McBreen Sheila , Martin-Carrillo Antonio , Hanlon Lorraine
Published: July 2022

Computational thinking is a key skill for space science graduates, who must apply advanced problem-solving skills to model complex systems, analyse big data sets, and develop control software for mission-critical space systems. We describe our work using Design Thinking to understand the challenges that students face in learning these skills. In the MSc Space Science & Technology at University College Dublin, we have used insights from this process to develop new teaching strategies, including improved assessment rubrics, supported by workshops promoting collaborative programming techniques. We argue that postgraduate- level space science courses play a valuable role in developing more advanced computational skills in early-career space scientists.
Assessment of a machine-vision-assisted test bed for spacecraft magnetic cleanliness analysis
Authors: Sans Monguiló Alejandro , Adiwiluhung Riwanto Bagus , Praks Jaan
Published: July 2022

Small satellites are becoming increasingly popular in several applications, in which attitude systems might require high precision performance. These spacecrafts are susceptible to magnetic disturbances in orbit, such as the interaction between the satellite and Earth’s magnetic field. However, a major disturbance torque is generated by the residual magnetic moment. Therefore, a magnetic cleanliness analysis must be considered in order to meet the requirements for magnetic-sensitive instruments and subsystems. Studies on magnetic environment management are underway for the FORESAIL-1 and FORESAIL-2 missions using the optical magnetic test bed of Aalto University. This is particularly important for FORESAIL-2 which aims to precisely measure the orbital ambient magnetic field with a high sensitivity magnetometer One of the parts of a spacecraft magnetic cleanliness analysis is the modelling of the residual magnetic moment as a set of magnetic dipoles. The dipoles are estimated from the measured magnetic field surrounded by the device-under-test (e.g., complete satellite, or its individual subsystems) using a stochastic estimation algorithm. The measurements are performed in a Helmholtz cage where the device and a low-noise magnetometer are placed, and detected by a smart camera using visual detection markers (ArUco). Information provided by the detection of the markers is then used for representing the position of the magnetometer and measured magnetic field points in the device-under-test coordinate frame. The camera detection accuracy is improved with data fusion from several ArUco markers, and the system performance is assessed by verifying the estimated magnetic moment results using known permanent magnets. Using this methodology for calculating the residual magnetic moment, the system is able to estimate the dipole’s position and magnetic vectors with a mean absolute error of 0.004 ± 9·10-7 m and 0.007 ± 1·10-4 A·m2 respectively. The test bed can be used for the characterization of the magnetic moment when measuring small satellites, or its components, in order to mitigate the residual magnetic moment.
Selection criteria for parachutes of student-built sounding rockets
Authors: Britting Thomas , Toussaint Wesley Leonardus Jacobus Rudolf , Vukosavljević Kristina , Sujahudeen Mohamed Sahir , Knöll Niklas Emil , Pepermans Lars , Hadji Yohan Pascal
Published: July 2022

Various parachute-type decelerators can be considered in the design of a sounding rocket recovery system. During the development of various flagship missions of Delft Aerospace Rocket Engineering (DARE), the Parachute Research Group of DARE has developed several methods and criteria to select the right parachutes for a given mission. This paper presents and discusses the operational envelopes, advantages, and disadvantages of different parachute types. The parachutes described in the paper are variations of cross parachutes, disk-gap-bands, ringsails, conical ribbon parachutes, and hemisflo ribbon parachutes. Variants of these parachute types have previously been developed in-house and flown, allowing for acquaintance with their design, manufacturing and performance. Apart from the more traditional parachutes used for student-built sounding rockets, this paper will also cover the opportunities and challenges that are associated with the use of less conventional parachutes, such as ringsails, ringslots, and parafoils. Each parachute is described in detail after which all are compared to one another based on several sets of typical requirements. Factors that influence the parachute selection process are, for example, the parachute flight envelope, stability behaviour, and manufacturing complexity.
5 mitos sobre el hábitat popular en tela de juicio: un estudio sobre barrios populares en Argentina
Authors: Lescano Patricia , Piasek Gonzalo , Gandino Rafaela
Published: July 2022

El presente artículo discute algunas cuestiones vinculadas al mejoramiento de vivienda y hábitat en barrios populares, en el marco del proceso de reurbanización que está enfrentando la Argentina. La misma se pregunta si ciertas creencias comunes en torno a la vivienda popular y los barrios populares como ser la densidad, la cantidad de hogares, el material constructivo, la posibilidad de acceso a crédito, la inversión en mejoramiento, se dan de la forma que creemos “en el sentido común”, a partir del análisis de una encuesta realizada en 8 barrios con miras a problematizar algunas de estas cuestiones. En suma, se trata de un intento por abrir el debate en torno de la reurbanización de barrios populares en Argentina y la región.

This paper discusses some new ideas related to habitat and housing improvement in low-income neighborhoods, within the framework of the re-urbanization process that Argentina is currently facing. It questions whether certain common-sense beliefs in regards to low-income housing and neighborhoods such as density, quantity of homes, construction materials, credit access, possibility to invest in housing improvement– take the actual form that these common beliefs entail, by analyzing the results of a survey held in eight neighborhoods in cities of different provinces in Argentina. This work is, in a few words, an attempt to not close but open the debate on re-urbanization of low-income neighborhoods in Argentina and the region for further discussion.
Effect of Process Parameters on the critical attributes of the Liposomal formulations
Authors: Abu Ras Bayan , Haggag Youssef , Isreb Mohammad , El Tanani Mohamed
Published: July 2022

This study investigate the effect of processparameters on the size, distribution, zeta potential  and loading efficiency for the co-delivery of liposomalformulation of Ran-RCC1 inhibitory peptide (RANIP) and doxorubicin (DOX) tobreast cancer. The results showthat drug concentration, pH and ultrasound intensity are all critical factors tocontrol the attributes of the liposomes.
Numerical strength optimization of structural design made of date palm fronds leaves wood particleboard
Authors: Hussein Rahman , Nasser Mohammed , Kadhim Jawad , Kadhim Mejbel
Published: July 2022

Particleboard is a good substitute for costly wood/plywood boards. Particleboard can be developed from Date-Palm Leaves (DPL) as an annually renewable agro waste. DPL has a higher ultimate fiber length (1.25-2.50 mm) and higher a-cellulose content (about 60%) than hardwood/plywood and jute stick. In this present research, a numerical analysis focused on predicting the optimum strength for a selected chair style based on the mechanical strength behavior of the date palm leaves particleboard. This analysis is based on employing a chair model generated by Solidworks software and simulated by ANSYS software using the experimental mechanical properties of the selected material. Results show that the numerical analysis can predict a precise strength and safe behaviour for the selected chair shape and size according to the material properties without the manufacturing process taking part.
Stabilograms :
Authors: Frey Michael , Gregg Mary , Rezac Jacob D , Coder Jason B , Kord Aziz , Otterstetter Anna , Quimby Jeanne , Weiss Alec
Published: July 2022

The National Institute of Standards and Technology's Communications Technology Laboratory conducted a cellular communication system pilot experiment in the summer of 2021. This pilot experiment was done to prepare for a broad-scope experiment to demonstrate anomaly detection from radiated emissions, possibly due to cyberattack. A goal of the pilot experiment was to check the experiment testbed for instabilities. A testbed is stable if measurements made over time with identical experiment settings exhibit no systematic variation. The data collected in the pilot experiment evidenced strong instabilities in the testbed's operation. These instabilities are seen in sequence plots of the experiment responses and, especially, in stabilograms devised expressly for this purpose in this work. Stabilograms are an intuitive and easy way to assess testbed instability. The instabilities reflected in the stabilograms are large enough to foreclose further analysis of the pilot data. The stabilograms from this study, though, suggest that if the testbed's instabilities can be effectively addressed, anomaly detection might be accomplished in the scenario under consideration.
Undergraduate medical students’ readiness for online learning at a South African university: Implications for decentralised training
Authors: Ingratta A M , Mabizela S E , George A Z , Green-Thompson L
Published: July 2022

Background. Decentralised teaching has the potential to transform medical education but requires greater use of online learning to address some of the challenges of decentralised teaching in low- and middle-income countries. Given the digital divide that exists in South Africa (SA), it is necessary to establish the extent of student readiness for the broader implementation of online learning. 

Objectives. To determine medical students’ device ownership, usage and attitudes towards online learning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 

Methods. A cross-sectional survey of first-, third- and sixth-year students was conducted in 2017. The questionnaire included open- and closed-ended questions. Quantitative data were analysed using frequency and custom tables and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests. Open-ended responses were analysed using content analysis. 

Results. The survey response rate was 48.5% (448/924). No significant differences in device usage and attitudes towards online learning were observed across the 3 years of study. Most respondents (99%) owned internet-capable devices, and >90% wanted some degree of online learning. The perceived barriers included poor internet connectivity on university campuses and the high cost of data in SA. 

Conclusion. The majority of respondents owned internet-capable devices and requested more online learning, but the socioeconomic disparities in the country raise concerns about students’ readiness. Wider online learning requires policy decisions to ensure not only access to devices and data but also the implementation of online learning in ways that avoid further disadvantaging already disadvantaged students. Institutional barriers must be addressed before an expanded online learning environment can be considered.
Deconstruyendo la “peer-to-peer sharing economy”: El desafío de la “economía colaborativa” a las cooperativas de plataforma en la era del pos-trabajo del siglo XXI
Authors: Hernández Carrión Jose Rodolfo
Published: July 2022

La denominada economía colaborativa o economía p2p, concepto multifacético de creciente relevancia, constituye nuestro objeto de estudio como resultante de la traducción del vocablo anglosajón “sharing economy”. El presente artículo se plantea metodológicamente como una revisión crítica y una síntesis de las principales tendencias de la economía del siglo XXI del principio del nuevo fenómeno del neo-capitalismo de plataformas digitales. Desde el marco de la contradicción tradicional de trabajo y capital, se realiza un análisis pormenorizado del concepto de “colaboración” como traducción de “sharing”. Se realiza una revisión cronológica de la literatura, identificando los principales trabajos de investigación y monografías seminales que conforma la base a partir de la que se proyecta la dinámica del nuevo paradigma económico, en un marco de mayor eficiencia consecuente de mayor descentralización y heterogeneidad.Los resultados indican que hay mucha literatura anglosajona no consultada ni traducida para el hispano-hablante; incluso con omisión de conceptos relevantes que resultan cruciales para interpretar los nuevos escenarios a los que se enfrentan las economías. A modo de conclusión, se plantean tres propuestas. Primero la necesidad de crear políticas económicas activas y una planificación consciente respecto de los nuevos retos. Segundo, impulsar acciones públicas, más allá de la simple regulación, especialmente en el ámbito de los datos masivos y creando plataformas digitales públicas. Tercero, la promoción de una nueva generación de cooperativas de plataforma que posibilite alcanzar un nuevo equilibrio en valores dentro del futuro que se adivina en la nueva era del turbo-capitalismo y del pos-trabajo del siglo XXI.
La narrativa ‘padana’ di Gianni Celati: due letture geografiche a confronto
Authors: Giantomasso Camilla
Published: July 2022

In the Italian literary panorama, Gianni Celati occupies a complex interstitial space between fiction and field investigation. His significant narratives dedicated to the Po landscape has become the symbol of an ethnographic research, in which the author has chosen to play the role of a simple ‘mediator of stories’ to return the ‘hearsay’ of people. This paper intends to offer two different geographical readings relating to these writings, recalling both the humanistic and territorialist approach of geography. The final goal is twofold: on the one hand to understand how the territory was perceived by the author and on the other to identify the territorialization process inherent in the tales themselves.
Convivencia Loading …: When People of the Way Read Authoritative Scriptures Together
Authors: Mapfeka TK
Published: July 2022

This paper is a preliminary submission of the insights gained from the CIAS Conference (11-13 September 2019) pilot scriptural reading sessions. The empirical component of the CIAS postdoctoral research project includes observing and interacting with groups of active adherents of the three Abrahamic faiths, taking note of how people of faith appropriate meaning to their own authoritative scriptures and those of others. As a precursor to that exercise, a related protocol was rolled out at the event of the 2019 CIAS conference to pilot the exercise. This paper aims to offer a summative view of the notations from these sessions and to show how these are of value going forward. Three texts have been selected, one from each scriptural tradition of the three faiths, namely the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Bible, and the Qur’an. Keywords: Abrahamic faiths, Africa, Egypt, Diaspora, thematic topos
Measurements of Some Meteorological Variables at a Tropical Location in Nigeria
Authors: E. Obisesan Omodara
Published: July 2022

This study observed six meteorological variables at a tropical location from 2016 to 2019. The measurement was performed at the meteorological station (7.55 0N; 4.56 0E) of Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The variables that were measured are: incoming solar radiation, net radiation, air temperature, surface temperature, relative humidity and wind speed. The results obtained showed that the maximum daytime monthly mean values of the incoming solar radiation (S) and net radiation (Rn) were recorded in March (782.0 and 545.4 Wm-2, respectively), which is the transition month from dry to wet season. The minimum daytime monthly mean values of S and Rn were recorded in August (443.9 and 330.4 Wm-2, respectively) which is the cloudiest month of the year at the study location. The daily air and surface temperatures (Ta and Ts, respectively) varied between 16.4 and 37.8 0C; 17.7 and 49.7 0C, respectively. The daytime maximum values peaked at about 15:00 LT with the maximum monthly mean values recorded in February (36.3 and 47.7 0C, respectively) and the daytime minimum monthly mean values recorded in August (28.9 and 33.3 0C, respectively). The daily values of relative humidity (Rh) ranged between 29 % and 98 % with a mean value of 47 %. The diurnal trend of wind speed (u) recorded at the study location ranged between 0.48 ms-1 to 2.10 ms-1.
A Review on Potential of Field Crops in Phytoremediation
Authors: Fayaz Shayista , Kanth Raihana Habib , Saad A. A. , Azad Ayman , Hamid Nazim , Hussain Nazir , Khan Abrar Ahmad , Mir Mohd Salim , Wani Suffaiya
Published: July 2022

Heavy metals (HMs) are unique products, and as a result of their uniqueness, they cannot be converted into non-toxic forms. Both natural and man-made sources, such as mining, industry, and automobile emissions, release heavy metals into the environment. They enter subsurface waters through waterways or are carried away by runoff into surface waters, damaging both the water and the land at the same time. Because of population growth, industrialisation, and urbanisation, HM pollution is on the rise. Organic and inorganic pollutants are now poisoning a large area of the world, with heavy metal pollution becoming a serious problem in recent years. Toxic heavy metal has a detrimental influence on plant growth, which also damages DNA, and causes cancer in animals and humans. To remove, transport, stabilise, and breakdown contaminants from soil, sediment, and water, phytoremediation employs plants. Rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, phytovolatization, phytodegradation, and phytotransformation are some of its processes. Due to its advantages as a low-cost, effective, and environmentally friendly way of eliminating dangerous metals from the soil, phytoremediation has grown in favour in recent years. Field crops can create a thick green canopy on disturbed soil, improving the landscape and reducing contaminant movement through water, wind, and percolation. This increases the effectiveness of phytoremediation. More than 400 plant species, including the well-known Ricinus communis, Thlaspi, Brassica, and Arabidopsis, Helianthus annuus, Zea mays, and Brassica napus, have been identified as having potential for soil and water remediation. In this review article, we discuss the factors that contribute to heavy metal pollution, phytoremediation technology, the method by which heavy metals are taken up, and various studies that describe its practical use.
Assessing the Performance of Farmer Producer Organizations: A Study in Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Chowdary CH. Madhuri , Shanthasheela M. , Rajasekharan R. , Vasanthi R.
Published: July 2022

Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) are need for the hour to empower the agrarian community in various dimensions. Farmers are organized into FPOs for tackling marketing problems, productivity issues, collective farming and challenges arising from small farm sizes. In view of reality the present study was carried out to assess the performance of FPOs. The present study was conducted in the Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh. The findings of the study revealed that there was a provision of input services like quality seeds, custom hiring centers, fertilizers and micronutrients to members of FPO. Timely information on crop production and protection was easily accessible to members. The findings also revealed that FPO members got reliable market information, through collective procurement of produce got more remunerative prices and transparent payments. These aspects built trust among the members towards FPO. Like-wise in networking facilities improved knowledge and skill of farmers through contact with SAUs and KVKs were observed. The financial services offered to FPO farmers enhanced their access to government schemes and subsidies. Hence, improvements were observed in revenue generation, profit attainment, social recognition and self-confidence. FPO needs further improvements to compete with corporate enterprises and international markets. So the concept of collectivization should be promoted, nurtured and supported by the government to improve the farmer's share in rural enterprise. Through consistent efforts by the government for FPOs will be reached in near future for the concept of a farmer to Agri entrepreneur.
Agropreneurship Development in the Post COVID-19 Era; Challenges and Panacea: Views of Selected Small-Scale Poultry Farmers in Idemili North Local Government of Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Nnamdi Olise, Charles , Ikechukwu Attama, Paulinus , Chukwudike Udenze,
Published: July 2022

This study x-rayed the challenges of Agropreneurship development since the outbreak of Coronavirus with views of selected small-scale poultry farmers in Idemili North Local government Area of Anambra State Nigeria. The potency of small-scale businesses in driving the socio-economic growth and development of nations particularly developing nations with emerging economy is incontrovertible. The owners of small-scale businesses are also known as entrepreneurs who are usually faced with challenges (lack of start-up and running capital, insecurity, natural disaster, paucity of business skills, etc.) which affect the business growth or total closure of the business. These challenges have been compounded by the outbreak of Coronavirus globally at the end 2019. The study employed descriptive survey design and thematic method of analysis was adopted to analyze generated data. The study found out some challenges facing the small-scale poultry farmers to include hick in prices of chick, feed and drugs, drastic drop of sales and unhealthy competition in the market from large scale farmers and lack of government support. In line with these identified hurdles, following recommendations were made; concerted efforts by government to avail financial support in terms of easy access to soft loans by small-scale farmers, organization of capacity building exercises to enhance acquisition of entrepreneurial skills by small-scale business owners and regulation of market prices to protect infant businesses.
Childhood Immunization Coverage at a Tertiary Care Centre in South India Pre and Post COVID Lockdown - A Retrospective Study
Authors: Devadas Sahana , Puttaswamy Sujatha , Kaniyala Vivechana , Govindarajan Varun , Kariyappa Mallesh
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Childhood immunisation is the most cost effective method to prevent vaccine preventable diseases and decrease childhood morbidity and mortality. COVID-19 pandemic has affected routine immunisation of children due to various reasons. We aimed to study the attendance to immunisation clinic at our tertiary care hospital prior and during COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: Retrospective data of monthly attendance to the immunisation clinic at our tertiary care hospital was collected for a study period of 30months, sub-grouped into - January 2019 to March 2020 (pre-COVID) and April 2020 to June 2021 (during COVID). The clinic caters to children from first day of life till 18 years, as per National Immunisation Schedule (NIS). Trends in attendance across the months were studied. Statistical analysis were employed to test whether there was a significant reduction in immunisation clinic attendance.

Results: Attendance to the immunisation clinic during the 30 month study period was 37418 children. Among these, 29879 children received birth dose vaccines. This cohort was excluded from further analysis as deliveries continued at our maternity centre in both periods of study. Comparing vaccine recipients above the age of 6weeks till 18years across the months, 6222 and 1502 children received immunisation in the pre-COVID and during COVID pandemic respectively. No child received immunisation from April 2020 to July 2020 during national lockdown. Unpaired t-test showed highly significant reduction in attendance to immunisation clinic during the COVID pandemic in comparison to pre-COVID period (p<0.001). The reduction in immunisation attendance had greatest affection among recipients of pentavalent vaccine at our centre.

Conclusion: Immunisation among children is significantly hampered during this COVID-19 pandemic as highlighted by our study findings. Vaccination delay leaves young children vulnerable and there is an acute need to increase awareness and catch-up drives to prevent resurgence of vaccine preventable diseases.
Quadratic Polynomial Velocity Profile in Laminar Boundary Layer Thickness
Authors: Sang N.
Published: July 2022

Motion of uid elements can be described by the Navier-Stokes equations. They arise from the use of Law of motion to a uid. In this investigation, two dimensional Navier-Stokes have been engaged. Then they are applied to an incompressible viscous uid movement down an inclined plane with net ow. These leads to examining the effects to the velocity of the motion at various angles of inclination and finding the boundary layer thickness. Viscous laminar incompressible fluid ow also ow on an inclined position which makes it necessary to investigate the ow on an inclined plane. Results that have been achieved are of the ow over horizontal at plate. Solution that has been obtained involves a at photographic film being pulled up by a processing bath by rollers at an angle \(\theta\) to the horizontal. Quadratic polynomial function approximate velocity profile has been obtained under initial boundary layer conditions. This velocity profile has been used in momentum integral equation for ow over an inclined plane to get the boundary layer thickness. Boundary layer thickness is one of the parameters that is used to obtain the ow velocity down inclined plane.
Knowledge of Young Farmers about Climate Smart Agricultural Intervention
Authors: Patel Snehal , Sharma O. P.
Published: July 2022

Climate Smart Agriculture interventions have emerged to address the challenges in the agriculture sector caused by climate-induced disasters and stresses. For the present investigation data were collected from all the seven districts of the South Gujarat region, the overall sample size comprises of 280 young farmers. The results showed that the majority of the young farmers had adequate to best knowledge about CSA interventions. Further, results showed that the annual income, risk preference and leadership ability were found positively and significantly related to the knowledge of young farmers about CSA interventions at a 1 percent level of significance. While, education, mass media exposure, extension contact, scientific orientation, awareness on climate change, innovativeness, risk orientation and decision making ability were found positively and significantly related with the knowledge of young farmers about CSA interventions at a 5 percent level of significance. Furthermore, the land holding was found negatively and non-significantly related with the knowledge of young farmers about CSA interventions.
Phenotyping Rice (Oryza sativa. L) Genotypes for Nitrogen use Efficiency
Authors: Karthigaa R. Gowri , Senthil A. , Ravichandran V. , Binodh Asish K. , Kuttimani R.
Published: July 2022

Aim: Global food security has become a serious issue, nitrogen fertilizer use has increased agricultural productivity globally, but at a significant environmental cost. The present study was aimed to identification of rice genotypes from the existing germplasm or development of rice cultivars that can make the best use of N in low nitrogen soils is essential for the sustainability of agriculture

Study Design: The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three nitrogen levels as main plots and twenty five rice genotypes as subplots.

Place of Study: The screening experiment was conducted in December 2021April 2022 at wetland, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

Methodology: Twenty five rice genotypes were cultivated with three nitrogen levels 0% Recommended Dose of Nitrogen (RDN) (T0), 50% RDN (T1), 100% RDN (T2) as control under field conditions, morphological traits such as plant height, leaf area; the number of tillers, total dry weight and leaf nitrogen were recorded along with leaf nitrogen and photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE).Two-way ANOVA and Cluster analysis were used to analyze the data.

Result: The results revealed that among twenty five rice genotypes, G3 recorded the highest photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (25.10) followed by G7 (22.62) under 0% RDN (T0). The lowest PNUE was recorded in G11 (5.99) 100% RDN (T2). Across the genotypes G3 and G7 genotypes exhibited the highest NUE.

Conclusion: Observations relies upon that the rice genotype G3 and G7 exhibit high nitrogen use efficiency and G11 shows low nitrogen use efficiency.
Impact of Soil Biological Parameters on Soil Health in the Intensively Cultivated Deltaic Inceptisol of Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Deepak Yekula , Renukadevi A. , Janaki P. , Porpavai S.
Published: July 2022

An experiment was conducted during 2021-22 at Agricultural Research Station, Kattuthottam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu to identify the impact of biological parameters on different cropping sequences. Three soil samples were randomly taken from each replication of every treatment making a total of 90 samples in each season from different cropping sequences during active vegetative stage. The size of each plot is 40m2. Samples were analysed for soil biological parameters viz., Urease, Acid phosphatase, Dehydrogenase, Soil microbial count (Bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and Microbial Biomass Carbon. Different cropping sequences showed their effect as variations in soil biological properties. The cropping sequence T4, sunhemp-rice+dhaincha (10:1)-green gram showed more biological activity with urease activity of 40.6 NH4+ µg/g/h, acid phosphatase activity of 43.1 P-NP µg/g/h, dehydrogenase activity (137.9 TPF µg/g/day), microbial biomass carbon value (307 mg kg-1), bacterial count (55.6 cfu g-1 soil), fungal count (23.5 cfu g-1 soil) and actinomycetes count (41.2 cfu g-1 soil). Rice-rice-sesame sequence was observed to have less biological activity than other cropping sequences.
Perception, Patterns and Facts: A Study Based on Hand Hygiene among Pharmacy Clerkship Students during COVID-19 Epidemic in Karachi
Authors: Khan Maqsood Ahmed , Shahnaz Saira , Khan Shazia Alam , Ali Mehwish Murad , Khan Faiza , Ghayas Sana , Kashif Sadia Suri
Published: July 2022

Aims: The objective of the study is to explore the knowledge and attitude towards hand hygiene practices among 4th year and 5th year clerkship pharmacy students in a private medical university in Karachi, Pakistan.

Methodology: A cross- sectional study was conducted for the period of 2 months (November 2020- December, 2020). A well-structured questionnaire was developed to determine the current habit of students’ hand hygiene. The statistical data assimilation recorded through SPSS version 20 to integrate numerical significance.

Results: Questionnaire was distributed to 193 students out of which, one hundred Eighty (n=180/193) students participated in this study (response rate 93.26%. Although the majority of students had a fair knowledge of hand hygiene practices, a number of them had few misconceptions. The hand sanitizing practices while encountering patient or prior to patient’s contact showed the 88.3% correct answers. In our study the 75% of participants correctly answered that “traditional hand washing (apply enough soap to cover and rub hands and clean in between the fingers using water) can help stop picking up infections and spreading them to others.” The current study showed that 82.2 percent Healthcare providers are educating patients and their families about hand hygiene and its importance, the 23.3% negative response was collected in context to inspected the particular World Health Organization (WHO) and center of disease control (CDC)rules for hand cleanliness.

Conclusion: The current study showed that students had adequate knowledge regarding the importance of hand hygiene. However, there were few students who had inadequate knowledge related to WHO and CDC rules for hand cleanliness which can improve by providing appropriate education and guidance.
Poll tax, Ptolemaic
Authors: Gibbs Matt
Published: July 2022

The poll, or capitation, taxes of the Ptolemaic period in Egypt are considered, using the salt tax as an example of how capitation taxes could be changed and adapted.
Tax farming
Authors: Gibbs Matt
Published: July 2022

Tax farming was a practice in which ancient states sold off the rights through auction to collect particular forms of taxes in a community, district, or region. The practice offered a guaranteed return, in cash or kind, for the state while mitigating the associated costs of administration and collection.
Apographe
Authors: Banfi Antonio
Published: July 2022

In Athenian law, an
apographe
was a suit against the possessor of confiscated goods. This kind of suit is well attested by Athenian classical orators, although its details still have to be clearly reconstructed.
Rome, city of: 3. Augustan
Authors: Holliday Peter J.
Published: July 2022

Since Rome's appearance had not reflected its greatness and glory and the city itself was constantly plagued by floods and fires, Augustus so wholly remade it that he could justly claim that he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble. He also made it safe for posterity, as far as humanly possible.
Didius Iulianus (Marcus Didius Severus Iulianus Augustus)
Authors: Lusnia Susann S.
Published: July 2022

Marcus Didius Severus Iulianus became emperor following the murder of Pertinax on March 28, 193ceby the praetorian guard. After less than three months in power he was overthrown by Septimius Severus.
Esarhaddon
Authors: Frahm Eckart
Published: July 2022

Esarhaddon was a king of Assyria who ruled from 681 to 669
bce
. His conquests included Sidon and Egypt.
First methadone van approved under new DEA rules
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: July 2022

CODAC Behavioral Healthcare, Rhode Island's largest nonprofit treatment program, has launched a new van that will dispense methadone, as well as buprenorphine and naltrexone. This van is the first in the country to be approved under new federal Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) regulations that went into effect a year ago (see Mobile methadone now approved for licensed OTPs, ADAW July 4, 2021; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adaw.33120).
Interfacial Engineering of SnS/Ga2O3 Heterojunction by SnO for a High‐Performance Self‐Powered Solar‐Blind UV Photodetector
Authors: Wu Huishan , Zhang Tao , Shen Leyun , Liu Yunze , Wang Fengzhi , Lu Jianguo , Lu Bin , Pan Xinhua , Ye Zhizhen
Published: July 2022

A novel self‐powered deep ultraviolet (UV) photodetector based on a SnS/Ga2O3 heterojunction modified by an ultrathin SnO layer has been developed by the pulse laser deposition method. Under 254 nm UV light at 170 µW cm−2, the device demonstrates remarkable photoelectric performance with a low dark current of 42 fA, a high photo‐to‐dark current (Iphoto/Idark) ratio of 3.81 × 103, a specific detectivity (D*) of 2.56 × 1011 Jones, and a quick rise/decay time of 31/64 ms without any power supply, thanks to the SnO interfacial layer. The SnS/SnO/Ga2O3 heterojunction photodetector has substantially superior self‐powered properties than the corresponding SnS/Ga2O3 device. This can be explained by the mechanisms of interface energy band engineering and the tunneling effect. The SnO layer broadens the depletion zone and facilitates charge separation. Due to the thinness of the SnO layer, charges can also tunnel through it. These accomplishments set the stage for future optoelectronic applications of Ga2O3 solar‐blind UV photodetectors that are self‐powered.
Direct Determination of the Steady State and Time‐Resolved Quasi‐Fermi Level Separation in Organic Solar Cells from Electroluminescence Measurements
Authors: Faisst Jared , List Mathias , Heinz Friedemann , Würfel Uli
Published: July 2022

The detection of photoluminescence (PL) is an important characterization method for many photovoltaic technologies providing direct information about the separation of the quasi‐Fermi levels (QFL), ΔEF. However, for organic solar cells, the PL is dominated by excitons, which decay radiatively before they form free charge carriers via dissociation at donor/acceptor interfaces. This (major) part of the PL signal does therefore not correlate with ΔEF. In contrast, electroluminescence (EL) stems from injected electrons and holes, which recombine via charge transfer (CT) states. This work evaluates whether ΔEF can be derived directly from EL emission and whether this also holds true for transient measurements. To do so, ΔEF data derived from steady‐state EL measurements of highly efficient organic solar cells are compared with the electrical voltage, both in the dark and under illumination at equal recombination currents. Furthermore, ΔEF is also, to the best of the authors’ knowledge for the first time, derived from transient EL experiments, and in all cases, an excellent agreement is found. This means that the occupation of CT states is in equilibrium with the free charge carrier densities and can, thus, be described by the same QFL, even in the transient case.
Transition‐Metal‐Free N‐Functionalization of Benzimidazoles and Related Azaheterocycles with α‐Acyloxy Sulfides
Authors: Fang Yingchao , Wang Manman , Hao Wei , Meng Yinggao , Yu Wenquan , Chang Junbiao
Published: July 2022

Direct N‐functionalization of benzimidazoles and related azaheterocycles has been achieved using readily accessible α‐acyloxy sulfides under transition metal‐free conditions. In the presence of the base, potassium carbonate, a variety of N‐functionalized azaheterocyclic compounds bearing an N‐alkyl ester moiety were synthesized from corresponding heterocyclic precursors. The present reaction does not use transition metals, is operationally simple, and has broad substrate scope.

magnified image
Direct Synthesis of Dialkylphosphites from White Phosphorus
Authors: Cai Ziman , Zeng Xiangzhe , Zhang Yumeng , Liu Yan , Tang Guo , Zhao Yufen
Published: July 2022

Dialkyl phosphites (DAPIs), traditionally prepared from hazardous and corrosive PCl3, are the fundamental reactive starting materials used in organophosphorus chemistry. Here, a KBr‐mediated synthesis of DAPIs involving P4, alcohols and water is presented. With the use of silica gel as the catalyst, oxone as the safe oxidant, industrially important (EtO)2P(O)H, (i‐PrO)2P(O)H and (MeO)2P(O)H are prepared in 70–90% yields. Furthermore, rare metal extractant bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phosphate (D2EHPA) is obtained in 73% yield. The reaction is characterized by a complete conversion of white phosphorus. Moreover, this method can be easily adapted to large‐scale preparation.

magnified image