bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Information Studies Program of the University of Dar es Salaam: perceptions of stakeholders
Authors: Msuya Jangawe
Published: August 2005

Reports on a study conducted to obtain stakeholders’ perceptions of the Master of Arts in Information Studies program of the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The views of former students of the program, their employers and teaching staff were sought through questionnaires and interviews. The findings revealed that, to a large extent, there is a positive relationship between what is taught in the program and what the former students perform during employment. As for the curriculum, some courses need to be split, others merged and new ones introduced to cope with changes taking place in library and information science profession. Other recommendations include the introduction of an undergraduate program in library and information science and a continuing education program of short courses for in-service professionals.
Libraries as Strategies for Empowering Women for Greater Political Participation in a Democratic Nigeria
Authors: Okiy Rose B.
Published: August 2005

Advocates the use of public and school library services to empower women in urban and rural areas of Nigeria with political education, enlightenment and awareness and equip them to counter and equal the dominant position of men in the democratic governance of Nigeria. The Nigerian government is enjoined to provide the necessary funds, human and material resources for libraries to provide appropriate services to accomplish this goal.
The Big Picture: A Meta-Analysis of Program Effectiveness Research on English Language Learners
Authors: Rolstad Kellie , Mahoney Kate , Glass Gene V.
Published: August 2005

This article presents a meta-analysis of program effectiveness research on English language learners. The study includes a corpus of 17 studies conducted since Willig's earlier meta-analysis and uses Glass, McGaw, and Smith's strategy of including as many studies as possible in the analysis rather than excluding some on the basis of a priori “study quality” criteria. It is shown that bilingual education is consistently superior to all-English approaches, and that developmental bilingual education programs are superior to transitional bilingual education programs. The meta-analysis of studies controlling for English-language-learner status indicates a positive effect for bilingual education of .23 standard deviations, with outcome measures in the native language showing a positive effect of .86 standard deviations. It is concluded that bilingual education programs are effective in promoting academic achievement, and that sound educational policy should permit and even encourage the development and implementation of bilingual education programs.
Role of the spindle-pole-body protein ApsB and the cortex protein ApsA in microtubule organization and nuclear migration in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Veith Daniel , Scherr Nicole , Efimov Vladimir P. , Fischer Reinhard
Published: August 2005

Nuclear migration and positioning in Aspergillus nidulans depend on microtubules, the microtubule-dependent motor protein dynein, and auxiliary proteins, two of which are ApsA and ApsB. In apsA and apsB mutants nuclei are clustered and show various kinds of nuclear navigation defects, although nuclear migration itself is still possible. We studied the role of several components involved in nuclear migration through in vivo fluorescence microscopy using fluorescent-protein tagging. Because ApsA localizes to the cell cortex and mitotic spindles were immobile in apsA mutants, we suggest that astral microtubule-cortex interactions are necessary for oscillation and movement of mitotic spindles along hyphae, but not for post-mitotic nuclear migration. Mutation of apsA resulted in longer and curved microtubules and displayed synthetic lethality in combination with the conventional kinesin mutation ΔkinA. By contrast, ApsB localized to spindle-pole bodies (the fungal centrosome), to septa and to spots moving rapidly along microtubules. The number of cytoplasmic microtubules was reduced in apsB mutants in comparison to the wild type, indicating that cytoplasmic microtubule nucleation was affected, whereas mitotic spindle formation appeared normal. Mutation of apsB suppressed dynein null mutants, whereas apsA mutation had no effect. We suggest that nuclear positioning defects in the apsA and apsB mutants are due to different effects on microtbule organisation. A model of spindle-pole body led nuclear migration and the roles of dynein and microtubules are discussed.
On mammary stem cells
Authors: Woodward Wendy A. , Chen Mercy S. , Behbod Fariba , Rosen Jeffrey M.
Published: August 2005

Mammary gland stem cells are a quiescent and self-renewing population within the mammary gland that are capable of giving rise to the differentiated ductal, alveolar and myoepithelial cells. To identify mammary gland stem cells, several investigators have employed a variety of methods including: non-adherent mammosphere cultures; 5-bromo-2-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) label-retention studies; cell-surface markers, such as Sca1 and CD49f; and Hoechst dye efflux. These methods have helped identify and further characterize signal transduction pathways such as the Notch, Wnt and Hedgehog pathways that may be important for the self-renewal and fate determination of mammary gland stem cells. Stem cells within the mammary gland have been proposed to underpin many types of breast cancer. A better understanding of the signal transduction pathways and the molecules that are responsible for the self-renewal and survival of these cells will be essential in the design of more effective therapies aimed at the eradication of both cancer-initiating cells and breast cancer stem cells.
Non-Smad TGF-β signals
Authors: Moustakas Aristidis , Heldin Carl-Henrik
Published: August 2005

During the past 10 years, it has been firmly established that Smad pathways are central mediators of signals from the receptors for transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily members to the nucleus. However, growing biochemical and developmental evidence supports the notion that alternative, non-Smad pathways also participate in TGF-β signalling. Non-Smad signalling proteins have three general mechanisms by which they contribute to physiological responses to TGF-β: (1) non-Smad signalling pathways directly modify (e.g. phosphorylate) the Smads and thus modulate the activity of the central effectors; (2) Smads directly interact and modulate the activity of other signalling proteins (e.g. kinases), thus transmitting signals to other pathways; and (3) the TGF-β receptors directly interact with or phosphorylate non-Smad proteins, thus initiating parallel signalling that cooperates with the Smad pathway in eliciting physiological responses. Thus, non-Smad signal transducers under the control of TGF-β provide quantitative regulation of the signalling pathway, and serve as nodes for crosstalk with other major signalling pathways, such as tyrosine kinase, G-protein-coupled or cytokine receptors.
Technique for Identifying Flavobacterium columnare Using Whole-Cell Fatty Acid Profiles
Authors: Shoemaker Craig A. , Arias Cova R. , Klesius Phillip H. , Welker Thomas L.
Published: August 2005

Isolates of Flavobacterium columnare (29 from diseased fish and three American Type Culture Collection cultures [ATCC 23463, 49512, 43622]) were identified by use of biochemical characteristics prior to generating whole-cell fatty acid profiles. The microbial identification system (MIS; Microbial ID, Newark, Delaware), a gas chromatography system, was used to generate the fatty acid profiles of F. columnare. The MIS contains databases of clinically and environmentally important bacteria that are represented by over 100 genera, including Flavobacterium spp. (F. aquatile [ATCC 11947] and F. mizutaii). Flavobacterium columnare is not included in the databases because it does not grow on standard media. Fatty acid profiles of F. columnare were generated with the CLIN40 protocol established by MIS after growth of the bacteria in modified Shieh broth. The fatty acid composition of F. columnare isolates determined by the CLIN40 method consisted of 10 major fatty acids (those present at levels > 1%): 11-methyl-dodecanoic acid (13:0 iso [the term “iso” designates the methyl group at the penultimate carbon atom]), 13-methyl tetradecenoic acid isomer G (15:1 iso G), 13-methyl tetradecanoic acid (15:0 iso), 12-methyl tetradecanoic acid (15:0 anteiso [the term “anteiso” designates the methyl group at the third carbon atom from the end]), pentadecanoic acid (15:0), 14-methyl pentadecanoic acid (16:0 iso), 3-hydroxy-13-methyl tetradecanoic acid (15:0 iso 3OH), 15-methyl cis-9-hexadecenoic acid (iso 17:1 ω9c), 3-hydroxy-14-methyl pentadecanoic acid (16:0 iso 3OH), and 3-hydroxy-15-methyl hexadecanoic acid (17:0 iso 3OH) (94.8% of profile). Five fatty acids found in the highest percentages from all isolates (CLIN40 method) included 15:1 iso G (16.12%), 15:0 iso (46.54%), 15:0 iso 3OH (6.81%), iso 17:1 ω9c (7.32%), and 17:0 iso 3OH (9.42%). Fatty acid profiles were also established by means of the MIS rapid protocol (RCLN50) in which identifications can be completed in 7 min instead of 20 min. Fatty acids found in the highest percentages for the RCLN50 protocol included 15:1 iso G (15.36%), 15:0 iso (43.03%), 15:0 iso 3OH (7.43%), iso 17:1 ω9c (6.83%), and 17:0 iso 3OH (10.17%). Both methods will allow reliable identification of F. columnare.
The Effects of Exercise on Behavior and Reproductive Success of Captively Reared Steelhead
Authors: Berejikian Barry , Van Doornik Donald , LaRae Anita , Tezak Skip , Lee Joy
Published: August 2005

Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss collected as eyed eggs from the Hamma Hamma River, Washington, and reared in high (∼1 body length/s) or low current velocity (∼0.25 body lengths/s) were tested for differences in reproductive behavior in both an experimental spawning channel and their natal river. We conducted continuous (24‐h/d) behavioral observations in the spawning channel and applied DNA pedigree analyses to explain the variation in individual reproductive success. Female steelhead reared in high and low current velocities did not exhibit differences in reproductive behavior in the spawning channel, but females reared in low current velocity were more frequently observed constructing nests in the Hamma Hamma River. Males reared in low‐velocity tanks were more frequently observed courting females in the spawning channel and in the river. A pedigree analysis revealed no significant differences in reproductive success between the rearing treatments. Male reproductive success in the spawning channel was significantly correlated (r2 = 0.602; P < 0.001) and the dominant male was identified by the frequency of spawning in both treatments. There was no apparent effect of male or female body mass on breeding behavior or reproductive success in the spawning channel. All 24 females and 23 out of 24 males produced free‐swimming offspring in a 5.5% subsample of the fry population. This study suggests that releasing captively reared steelhead reared under conventional (i.e., low current velocity) culture conditions should be considered (along with other options) as a potentially viable component of captive rearing and breeding programs.
Impact of Local Adjuncts to Scaling and Root Planing in Periodontal Disease Therapy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bonito Arthur J. , Lux Linda , Lohr Kathleen N.
Published: August 2005

Background: Chronic periodontitis affects many adults in the United States, some severely enough to threaten tooth loss. Of particular clinical importance is whether scaling and root planing (SRP) accompanied by a local adjunctive therapeutic agent improves outcomes over time compared to SRP alone. The adjunctive therapeutic agents investigated include: tetracycline, minocycline, metronidazole, a group of other antibiotics, chlorhexidine, and a group of antimicrobials. Primary outcomes considered are reductions in probing depth (PD) and gains in clinical attachment level (CAL).

Methods: RTI‐UNC Evidence‐Based Practice Center staff searched MEDLINE (1966 through December 2002) and EMBASE (through February 2002) to identify clinical trials published in English that 1) involved adults with chronic periodontitis but no serious comorbidities; 2) tested one or more chemical antimicrobial agents as an adjunct to SRP alone or with a placebo; 3) had a concurrent control group that received the same SRP as the treatment group; 4) reported outcomes for specified, fixed time periods; and 5) if multiple antimicrobials were tested, reported outcomes for each agent separately. We performed qualitative analyses and meta‐analyses of PD and CAL effect sizes when the necessary data were available from at least three studies at 6‐month follow‐up.

Results: Among the locally administered adjunctive antimicrobials, the most positive results occurred for tetracycline, minocycline, metronidazole, and chlorhexidine. Adjunctive local therapy generally reduced PD levels. Differences between treatment and SRP‐only groups in the baseline‐to‐follow‐up period typically favored treatment groups but usually only modestly (e.g., from about 0.1 mm to nearly 0.5 mm) even when the differences were statistically significant. Effects for CAL gains were smaller and statistical significance less common. The marginal improvements in PD and CAL were a fraction of the improvement from SRP alone.

Conclusions: Whether such improvements, even if statistically signi‐ ficant, are clinically meaningful remains a question. A substantial agenda of future research to address this and other issues (e.g., costs, patientoriented outcomes) is suggested. J Periodontol 2005;76:1227‐1236.
Sinus Floor Elevation Using Osteotomes: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Emmerich Dominik , Att Wael , Stappert Christian
Published: August 2005

Background: Various techniques of sinus floor elevation (SFE) are described. The elevation with osteotomes (OSFE) from a crestal approach is a relatively new technique. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to evaluate the clinical outcome of implants placed into the maxillary sinus augmented with an OSFE technique.

Methods: A systematic online and manual review of the literature identified articles dealing with OSFE. Applying rigid inclusion criteria, screening and data abstraction were performed independently by two reviewers. The follow‐up of loaded implants was a minimum of 6 months. The identified articles were analyzed regarding implant outcome and defined surgical aspects. Survival and success rates were estimated by Kaplan‐Meier curves.

Results: Eight out of 44 articles dealing with osteotome sinus floor elevation met the inclusion criteria. Five of the studies met established success criteria. The survival and success rates were 95.7% and 96.0% after 24 months and 36 months, respectively. The median and mean follow‐up periods were 24 and 18.73 months for the survival rate and 24 and 19.7 months for the success rate. Regarding different surgical elements, i.e., osteotome techniques, implant types, and augmentation materials, the database was multivariate. Thus, no statistical analysis could be performed on these parameters.

Conclusions: Short‐term clinical success/survival (≤3 years) of implants placed with an osteotome sinus floor elevation technique seems to be similar to that of implants conventionally placed in the partially edentulous maxilla. Controlled prospective clinical studies are needed to evaluate the long‐term outcome and various surgical modifications of OSFE. J Periodontol 2005; 76:1237‐1251.
Comparative Study Between the Effects of Photodynamic Therapy and Conventional Therapy on Microbial Reduction in Ligature‐Induced Peri‐Implantitis in Dogs
Authors: Hayek Ricardo R.A. , Araújo Ney S. , Gioso Marco A. , Ferreira Jonathan , Baptista‐Sobrinho Carlos A. , Yamada Aécio M. , Ribeiro Martha S.
Published: August 2005

Background: Progressive peri‐implant bone losses, which are accompanied by inflammatory lesions in the soft tissues, are referred to as peri‐implantitis. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and conventional technique on microbial reduction in ligature‐induced peri‐implantitis in dogs.

Methods: Eighteen third premolars from nine Labrador retriever dogs were extracted and the implants were submerged. After osseointegration, peri‐implantitis was induced. After 4 months, ligature was removed and natural bacterial plaque was allowed to form for another 4 months. The animals were then randomly divided into two groups. In the conventional group, they were treated using mucoperiosteal flaps for scaling the implant surface and chlorexidine (conventional) irrigation. In the PDT group, only mucoperiosteal scaling was carried out before photodynamic therapy. Inside the peri‐implant pocket, a paste‐based azulene photosensitizer was placed and then a GaAlAs low‐power laser (λ = 660 nm, P = 40 mW, E = 7.2 J for 3 minutes) was used. Microbiological samples were obtained before and immediately after treatment. Before treatment, one implant was removed and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy to validate the contamination.

Results: The results of this study showed that Prevotella sp., Fusobacterium sp., and S. Beta‐haemolyticus were significantly reduced for both groups. After treatment, no significant differences were observed between the groups.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that photodynamic therapy is a non‐invasive method that could be used to reduce microorganisms in peri‐implantitis. J Periodontol 2005;76:1275‐1281.
Three‐Dimensional Quantification of Alveolar Bone Loss in Porphyromonas gingivalis‐Infected Mice Using Micro‐Computed Tomography
Authors: Wilensky Asaf , Gabet Yankel , Yumoto Hiromichi , Houri‐Haddad Yael , Shapira Lior
Published: August 2005

Background: Animal models are routinely used for the study of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. However, some of the methods used for evaluating alveolar bone loss are limited to linear or two dimension measurements, while other methods, such as histology, are labor consuming. The present study was designed to evaluate a novel method for assessing the volume of alveolar bone loss in mice and to compare it to the traditional morphometric (linear) technique.

Methods: Seven‐ to 8‐week‐old BALB/c mice were divided into three equal groups of six each; two groups were infected orally with Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) 381 or 53977, while the third group was used as non‐infected control. Forty‐two days following infection, serum samples were obtained and maxillae were harvested. Bone loss was evaluated by micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) and by the morphometric technique.

Results: Significant decrease in residual supportive bone volumes (RSBV) was observed in both P. gingivalis‐infected groups compared to the control group (P <0.0001). The P. gingivalis 53977‐infected group showed less residual supportive bone volume compared to the P. gingivalis 381‐infected group, but there were no significant differences between these two groups. Using the morphometric technique, the differences between the three groups were not found to be statistically significant (P >0.05).

Conclusions: The present study describes a novel micro‐CT technique for volumetric evaluation of alveolar bone loss in mice. This technique is relatively simple and accurate, and due to its high sensitivity, enables the investigator to reduce the number of animals needed in each experimental group. J Periodontol 2005; 76:1282‐1286.
Analysis of Rat Calvaria Defects Implanted With a Platelet‐Rich Plasma Preparation: Radiographic Observations
Authors: Pryor Mary E. , Yang Jie , Polimeni Giuseppe , Koo Ki‐Tae , Hartman Michael J. , Gross Howard , Agelan Alexis , Manns Joanne M. , Wikesjö Ulf M.E.
Published: August 2005

Background: Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) harbors growth factors identified in bone. It has been suggested that these factors enhance osteogenesis. The objective of this study was to conduct a radiographic evaluation on local bone formation following surgical implantation of a PRP preparation using a critical‐size rat calvaria defect model.

Methods: Thirty 22‐week‐old male Sprague‐Dawley rats were used. The PRP preparation was obtained from 10 ml of whole blood drawn from one age‐matched donor rat. The preparation was processed by gradient density centrifugation and stored at –80°C until use. Using aseptic techniques, the PRP preparation soak‐loaded onto an absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) carrier or ACS alone was surgically implanted into contralateral critical‐size 6 mm rat calvaria osteotomies in 18 animals. Twelve animals received ACS alone versus sham surgery in contralateral defects. Animals were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks when biopsies were collected and radiographs were obtained using a standardized protocol. Three masked examiners independently evaluated the radiographic images of the defect sites. Examiner reproducibility was examined by repeat evaluation of all defect sites (r = 0.6; P <0.0001).

Results: The animals were maintained without adverse events. Defect sites in two animals receiving ACS versus sham surgery (4‐week healing interval) were not evaluated due to specimen damage. Seventy‐five percent of the sites (PRP/ACS or ACS) exhibited partial closure at 4 weeks; one site (ACS) exhibited full closure without significant differences between protocols (P = 0.1797). Fifty percent of the sites receiving PRP/ACS exhibited full closure and 20% partial closure at 8 weeks versus 20% and 80%, respectively, for the ACS control (P = 0.7532). There were no noteworthy differences between sites receiving ACS versus sham surgery at 4 or 8 weeks.

Conclusion: The results suggest that the PRP preparation does not have a significant effect on osteogenesis. J Periodontol 2005;76: 1287‐1292.
Non‐Invasive Method to Measure the Length of Soft Tissue From the Top of the Papilla to the Crestal Bone
Authors: Lee Dong‐Won , Kim Chong‐Kwan , Park Kwang‐Ho , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Moon Ik‐Sang
Published: August 2005

Background: In order to verify the results of interdental papilla regeneration, various methods of measuring the length of the papilla have been introduced. Invasive methods, such as bone probing under local anesthesia, might cause discomfort to the patients and possibly damage the delicate gingival unit. The purpose of the present study was to validate a method of measuring the length of the interdental papilla non‐invasively, using radiopaque material and a periapical radiograph.

Methods: This study involved 142 interproximal papillae in 40 patients with chronic periodontitis. The distance between the radiopaque material and most coronal portion of the crestal bone was measured (radiographic length of papilla, RL). Bone probing at the interdental papilla was performed after local anesthesia (bone probing length, BPL). After flap elevation, the actual length of the papilla was measured (actual length of papilla, AL). A correlation analysis was performed between AL‐RL and AL‐BPL using Pearson's correlation coefficients.

Results: The correlation between AL‐RL and AL‐BPL was 0.903 and 0.931, respectively, both of which showed significance at the 0.01 level.

Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the noninvasive method using a radiopaque material and periapical radiograph could be utilized to measure the length of the interdental papilla. J Periodontol 2005;76:1311‐1314.
Influence of Nicotine and Cotinine on Epithelial Colonization by Periodontopathogens
Authors: Teughels Wim , Van Eldere Johan , van Steenberghe Daniel , Cassiman Jean‐Jaques , Fives‐Taylor Paula , Quirynen Marc
Published: August 2005

Background: Since smoking is an established risk factor for the development of periodontitis, the present study investigated whether nicotine and cotinine can make epithelial cells more prone to colonization by periodontopathogens.

Methods: Primary epithelial cell mono‐layers were inoculated with nicotine and cotinine prior to adhesion experiments with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The number of bacteria associated with cells inoculated or not with nicotine or cotinine were assessed by an indirect culture viability assay. The same experimental set‐up was used for assessing HeLa cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE).

Results: Primary epithelial cells inoculated with concentrations of nicotine and cotinine, found in smokers and non smokers, did not show significant differences (P >0.05) in colonization susceptibility to A. actinomycetemcomitans. When these concentrations were increased to 1 mg/ml, a significant (P <0.05) and species‐specific effect of the colonization susceptibility of epithelial cells was observed: It increased for A. actinomycetemcomitans, while it decreased for P. gingivalis. For both species the effects were more pronounced for nicotine, although this was not statistically significant. The change in colonization susceptibility did not result from alterations of the bacterial viability due to nicotine or cotinine. Treatment of HeLa cells with CSE also led to a species‐specific variation in colonization tendency; i.e., increased for A. actinomycetemcomitans (P <0.05), but not for P. gingivalis.

Conclusions: The susceptibility of epithelial cells to become colonized by either A. actinomycetemcomitans or P. gingivalis could be altered by nicotine, cotinine, or CSE in a time‐dependent, species‐specific manner. Whether these findings that support the hypothesis of an increased patient susceptibility for bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells in smokers are clinically relevant remains to be proven. J Periodontol 2005;76:1315‐1322.
Lupinus albus, A Novel Vegetable Extract With Metalloproteinase Inhibitory Properties: A Potential Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Gaultier Frédérick , Ejeil Anne‐Laure , Dridi Sophie‐Myriam , Piccardi Nathalie , Piccirilli Antoine , Msika Philippe , Pellat Bernard , Godeau Gaston , Gogly Bruno
Published: August 2005

Background: In this study we examine the properties of a vegetable extract from seeds of Lupinus albus (LU105). In previous works we demonstrated that LU105 reduced the expression, by gingival fibroblasts, of both matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and MMP‐9. We decided to study the impact of LU105 on cell proliferation and morphology. Using organ culture media we also studied the MMP and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP) expression and the cytokines secretion.

Methods: Healthy and inflamed gingival biopsies were placed in appendage culture with or without LU105. The organ culture media were analyzed using Western blottings (MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐3, MMP‐7, MMP‐9, MMP‐13, TIMP‐1, and TIMP‐2) and gelatine zymography. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) was also performed on healthy and inflamed gingival biopsies, which were maintained in culture with or without LU105 0.1%. Then, we decided to determine the amount of cytokines present in the organ culture media such as interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α.

Results: When gingival biopsies derived from inflamed tissues were cultured with LU105 0.1% in the culture media, the MMP and TIMP expression and activity decreased significantly when compared to cultures without LU105. Moreover, we did not note any statistical difference in the cell proliferation compared with human gingival fibroblast cultures without LU105. Furthermore, IL‐1β, IL‐6, TGF‐β, and TNF‐α amounts in the culture media decreased significantly, whereas IL‐4 increased significantly when LU105 0.1% was added to the culture media.

Conclusion: LU105, a novel metalloproteinase inhibitor with few consequences on cell proliferation and morphology, is a vegetable extract with potential clinical capacity. J Periodontol 2005;76:1329‐1338.
Microvascular Response in the Periosteum Following Mucoperiosteal Flap Surgery in Dogs: 3‐Dimensional Observation of an Angiogenic Process
Authors: Nobuto Takahiro , Suwa Fumihiko , Kono Tomoo , Hatakeyama Yoshiyuki , Honjou Norisuke , Shirai Takeo , Mitsuyama Makoto , Imai Hisao
Published: August 2005

Background: An increase in blood flow from the periosteum after mucoperiosteal flap surgery is essential for healing and angiogenesis and repair may work in close cooperation to facilitate this process. To investigate the role of the periosteal vascular plexus in the healing process, we used 3‐dimensional (3‐D) and ultrastructural monitoring of the angiogenic process after elevation of the mucoperiosteal flap.

Methods: Mucoperiosteal flap surgery was performed on nine adult beagle dogs. The periosteal vascular plexus was observed 3, 5, and 7 days after surgery in histological specimens in which blood vessels were injected with India ink under a light microscope, in ultrathin sections under a transmission electron microscope, and in acryl plastic vascular cast specimens under a scanning electron microscope.

Results: On day 3 after surgery, new blood vessels, formed through sprouting, bridging, and intussusception, were observed in ultrathin sections and vascular casts. In addition, blood islandlike structures consisting of clustered immature endothelial cells were noted in the repaired tissue. On days 5 to 7 after surgery, 3‐D observation of vascular casts clarified that these new blood vessels had a sinus‐like morphology in the interstitium of the periosteal vascular plexus. These new sinusoidal vessels exhibited a stereoscopic structure with increased continuity as the blood vessels matured and ultrastructurally the vascular endothelium was thinned.

Conclusions: After mucoperiosteal flap elevation, the periosteal vasculature exhibited potent blood vessel‐forming activity through various angiogenic mechanisms and through repair activity. Our results provide a 3‐dimensional clarification that the periosteal vascular plexus has an important role in the healing process after flap surgery. J Periodontol 2005;76:1339‐1345.
Treatment of Wide, Shallow, and Predominantly 1‐Wall Intrabony Defects With a Bioabsorbable Membrane: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Aimetti M. , Romano F. , Pigella E. , Pranzini F. , Debernardi C.
Published: August 2005

Background: The regenerative therapy of non‐contained intrabony defects achieves better results when bioabsorbable membranes are combined with a filling material. The purpose of the present study was to analyze clinical and radiographic effectiveness of a space‐making bioabsorbable membrane in the treatment of wide and shallow intrabony defects characterized by a relevant 1‐wall component.

Methods: Eighteen pairs of angular bone defects were selected in 18 healthy, non‐smoking patients (age range 30 to 66 years). Prior to the surgical phase, patients were enrolled in a strict periodontal program including oral hygiene instructions and scaling and root planing (presurgical full‐mouth plaque score <10%). Using a split‐mouth design, 18 sites were randomly assigned to receive guided tissue regeneration (GTR) using a bioabsorbable membrane (test group) and 18 to receive open flap debridement alone (control group). Clinical treatment outcome was evaluated 12 months postoperatively for changes in probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and position of gingival margin (REC) and radiographically for bone changes.

Results: Open flap debridement and GTR yielded statistically significant (P <0.0001) PD reduction (2.39 ± 0.92 mm and 3.44 ± 0.78 mm), CAL gain (1.50 ± 0.99 mm and 2.89 ± 0.90 mm), increased REC (−0.89 ± 0.58 mm and −0.56 ± 0.92 mm) and bone fill (1.05 ± 0.94 mm and 2.13 ± 1.21 mm) when 12‐month data were compared to baseline. The differences between test and control groups were statistically significant for all parameters (P <0.007) except for REC (P = 0.25).

Conclusion: The use of this bioabsorbable membrane would seem to be effective in the treatment of intrabony defects with unfavorable architecture without the use of filling materials. J Periodontol 2005;76:1354‐1361.
Oral Contraceptives and Periodontal Diseases: Rethinking the Association Based Upon Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data
Authors: Taichman L. Susan , Eklund Stephen A.
Published: August 2005

Background: Historic evidence suggests that use of high‐dose combined oral contraceptives (OCs) (containing >50 µg of estrogen and ≥1 mg progestin) places women at increased risk for periodontal diseases. Since the mid‐1970s, OC formulations have dramatically changed. This study investigated the association between OC use and periodontal diseases among 4,930 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) I and 5,001 NHANES III premenopausal U.S. women, aged 17 to 50 years, before and after the reduction of hormone levels in OCs.

Methods: Data for this cross‐sectional study came from the first (NHANES I, 1971 to 1974) and third (NHANES III, 1988 to 1994) NHANES studies.

Results: The prevalence of OC use in the U.S. premenopausal female population in NHANES I was 22% and in NHANES III, 20%. Using multivariable logistic regression, a protective association between current OC use and gingivitis was suggestive but not significant in both NHANES I (odds ratio [OR] = 0.65; 95% con‐ fidence interval [CI]: 0.42 to 1.01) and NHANES III (OR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.02) surveys. Current OC use was also associated with a decreased risk of periodontal disease in NHANES I (OR = 0.36; 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.96) and a non‐significant association in NHANES III (OR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.50 to 1.07).

Conclusion: This analysis failed to validate the theory that earlier high‐ or current low‐dose OC use is associated with increased levels of gingivitis or periodontitis and suggests an important reexamination of the perceived association between OC use and periodontal diseases. J Periodontol 2005;76:1374‐1385.
Investigation of Thixoforged Damper Brackets made of the Steel Grades HS6‐5‐3 and 100Cr6
Authors: Püttgen W. , Bleck W. , Seidl I. , Kopp R. , Bertrand C.
Published: August 2005

The suitability of a variety of different steel grades for semi‐solid processing was investigated by means of differential thermal analysis, quenching experiments, metallographic investigations, line scan technology and hardness measurements. Thixoforging trials with the promising steel grades 100Cr6 and HS6‐5‐3 were used to validate the suitability of both steel grades by manufacturing the structural component “damper bracket”. The microstructures of these steels during thixoforging differ significantly: The grade HS6‐5‐3 develops a homogeneous and fine globulitic grain distribution with mainly liquid phase at the grain boundaries; the grade 100Cr6 develops a coarse grained microstructure with high entrapped liquid contents beside the intergranular liquid. The experience with laboratory processed components can be summarized that either the production of geometrically complex components (homogenous, fine globulitic structure) or the production with a determined microstructure and property gradients (coarse‐grained structure) are possible.
Statistical Analysis of Experimental Parameters in Selective Laser Sintering
Authors: Kruth J.‐P. , Kumar S.
Published: August 2005

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is one of the rapid manufacturing processes which promises to manufacture products not only out of polymer powders but also from metals and ceramics. In an SLS experiment carried out by taking iron‐based powders, the analysis of the effects of parameters Scan Speed, Layer Thickness and Scan Spacing has been done by measuring the responses density, hardness and surface roughness.
Influence of Particulate Reinforcements on the Damping Behavior of Magnesium
Authors: Srikanth N. , Ugandhar S. , Gupta M. , Srivatsan T. S.
Published: August 2005

The properties of magnesium, specifically the specific stiffness, strength and damping, can be enhanced by the addition of reinforcements such as silicon carbide particulates. This paper highlights the results of a study aimed at investigating the possible variation in overall damping property, measured using an impact based vibration method coupled with circle‐fit approach, which focuses on the internal friction arising at the matrix‐reinforcement particulate interfaces. The study also examines the intrinsic influence of a second reinforcing phase, which is particulate of titanium, along with particulates of silicon carbide.
Small‐Amplitude Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Patil S. V. , Hoffmann P. M.
Published: August 2005

Small amplitude Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a relatively new AFM technique which was specifically developed to perform linear measurements of nanomechanical phenomena. This is achieved by using ultra‐small cantilever amplitudes and very high sensitivity deflection sensors. Recently this technique has been used in ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) and liquid environments to measure atomic and molecular forces and dynamics with high precision. Here we focus on three examples which are interesting from a nanoengineering standpoint: Atomic energy dissipation (atomic friction), atomic‐scale contact mechanics, and nanotribology/molecular ordering in confined liquid films.
Generation of Palladium Nanoparticles within Macrocellular Polymeric Supports: Application to Heterogeneous Catalysis of the Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling Reaction
Authors: Desforges A. , Backov R. , Deleuze H. , Mondain‐Monval O.
Published: August 2005

We present new hybrid organic/inorganic materials dedicated to heterogeneous catalysis. The systems are obtained by the polymerization of a high internal phase reverse emulsion (the so‐called polyHIPE porous materials) and have been further functionalized with various organic groups in order to promote the growth of palladium nanoparticles on its surface. Final supports are then tested for their ability to catalyze the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction, and one material exhibits better activity than the well‐known Pd@C powder system. Furthermore, the catalytic activities of these materials are close to those obtained with their homogeneous catalysis counterpart. These new supports remain active towards a wide range of substrates associated with Suzuki–Miyaura carbon–carbon coupling reactions.
Persistent infection of oligodendrocytes in Theiler's virus‐induced encephalomyelitis
Authors: Rodriguez Moses , Leibowitz Julian L. , Lampert Peter W.
Published: August 2005

Mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) develop a chronic relapsing demyelinating myelitis. To determine the localization of viral antigen in infected cells of the spinal cord, we studied TMEV‐infected SJL/J mice using immunoelectron microscopic peroxidase‐antiperoxidase techniques. Viral antigens were expressed in the cytoplasm of neurons and astrocytes 4 and 11 days postinfection. At 28 days postinfection, macrophages astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes showed viral antigen in their cytoplasm. At 45, 83, 270, and 360 days postinfection, most infected cells were oligodendrocytes as revealed ultrastructurally by immunoperoxidase staining of prominent glial loops that connect with myelin lameliae. Some of these sheaths also showed Schmidt‐Lanterman incisures that stained for viral antigen. Virus could be recovered at low titers for the duration of the illness. The findings indicate that TMEV induces persistent infection of oligodendrocytes which could then become the target of immune‐mediated injury resulting in demyelination.
Oligoclonal IgG bands in cerebrospinal fluid in various neurological diseases
Authors: Chu Anita B. , Sever John L. , Madden David L. , Iivanainen Marti , Leon Marta , Wallen William , Brooks Benjamin R. , Lee Young Jack , Houff Sidney
Published: August 2005

We studied the frequency of oligoclonal immunoglobulin G bands in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with various neurological diseases. We used a micromethod employing sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that required only 50 μl of unconcentrated CSF. Oligoclonal bands were detected in the CSF of 95% of the patients with multiple sclerosis, 90% with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and 100% with herpes simplex encephalitis, but less frequently in other central nervous system infections. No oligoclonal bands were detected in the CSF of patients with Parkinson, Huntington, Creutzfeldt‐Jakob, or herniated disc diseases. Bands were detected in some patients with Alzheimer disease, cerebrovascular accident, idiopathic vertigo, idiopathic seizures, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, polyneuropathy, and central nervous system glioma. Patients with other conditions infrequently had positive bands. The determination of oligoclonal bands is a useful aid in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and herpes simplex encephalitis. The presence of oligoclonal bands indicates an immunological response but is not diagnostic for a particular condition.
Adult polyglucosan body disease: Clinical and nerve biopsy findings in two cases
Authors: Vos A. J. M. , Joosten E. M. G. , Gabreëls‐Festen A. A. W. M.
Published: August 2005

Two women suffered from a similar, slowly progressive illness characterized by upper and lower motor neuron involvement, sensory disturbances, and neurogenic bladder. Radiographic examinations showed cerebral atrophy and, in one, changes on computerized tomography suggesting leukodystrophy. Sural nerve biopsies revealed axonal neuropathy associated with a large number of polyglucosan bodies accumulating predominantly but not exclusively in myelinated axons.
Seizures induced by carbachol, morphine, and leucine‐enkephalin: A comparison
Authors: Snead O. Carter
Published: August 2005

The electrical, behavioral, and pharmacological properties of seizures induced by morphine, leucine‐enkephalin, and the muscarinic cholinergic agonist carbachol were examined and compared. Low‐dose carbachol given intracerebroventricularly (ICV) produced seizures similar electrically to those produced by ICV morphine and leucineenkephalin, although there was some difference in site of subcortical origin of onset. Carbachol and morphine were similar in that they had the same anticonvulsant profile, produced similar behavioral changes, caused generalized absence seizures in low doses and generalized convulsive seizures in high doses, and were capable of chemical kindling. However, opiate‐induced seizures were not overcome by cholinergic antagonists, nor were carbachol seizures blocked by opiate antagonists. These data suggest that there may be a common noncholinergic, nonopiatergic system involved in mediating carbachol‐ and morphine‐induced seizures but not enkephalin seizures.
T‐cell subsets in polymyositis
Authors: Lyer Vasudeva , Lawton Alexander R. , Fenichel Gerald M.
Published: August 2005

Distribution of T‐cell subsets in the peripheral blood of six patients with polymyositis and one with childhood dermatomyositis was studied using monoclonal antibodies. No difference was noted in the suppressor or helper fractions as compared to normal controls.
How often does a CSF pleocytosis follow generalized convulsions?
Authors: Edwards Robert , Schmidley James W. , Simon Roger P.
Published: August 2005

Postictal pleocytosis is a transient and otherwise unexplained increase in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocytes occurring after repetitive generalized tonic‐clonic seizures. We reviewed 98 episodes of seizures in 91 patients in whom the CSF was examined within 72 hours of the last seizure. Patients who had diseases associated with CSF pleocytosis were excluded. Two of the 98 initial CSF samples showed a pleocytosis, which subsequent examinations proved to be transient.
Studies on Charging Processes and Capacitances of Oxidized Polyethylenedioxythiophene Films
Authors: Ping‐Ping She , Zheng‐Hao Wang
Published: August 2005

In this paper, the chronoamperometry was used to study the charging processes of polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) modified electrodes in the potential range where PEDOT was in the oxidized state. The results show that the charging behaviors of the PEDOT films are well agreed with the exhausted finite diffusion model. The dependence of the capacitance values of the films on potential and concentration of solution was also studied in this potential range.
Different Photophysical Properties of Aryl‐bipyridine Linked Pyrene and Anthracene
Authors: Fei Xiong , Shuang‐Qing Wang , Li‐Ming He , Sha‐Yu Li , Quan Gan , Guo‐Qi Zhang , Yi Li , Guo‐Qiang Yang
Published: August 2005

6‐Phenyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine linked pyrene and anthracene were synthesized and their photophysical properties were measured in different solvents with different polarity. 4‐Pyren‐1″‐yl‐6‐phenyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (Ppbpy) showed significant solvent‐dependent properities while 4‐anthracen‐yl‐9″‐yl‐6‐phenyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine (Apbpy) displayed solvent‐independence, although they had similar molecular structure. Because of different twist angle between the arene and aryl‐bipyridine, Ppbpy displayed intermixing behaviors of local excited state (1La and 1Lb) and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), but Apbpy only showed the properties of local excited state 1La.
A Selective Membrane Electrode for Thiocyanate Ion Based on a Bis‐taurine‐salicylic Binuclear Copper(II) Complex as Ionophore
Authors: Fu‐Chang Wang , Ya‐Qin Chai , Ruo Yuan , Chun‐Hua Chen , Jian‐Yuan Dai , Lan Xu
Published: August 2005

The response characteristics of a new potentiometric membrane electrode with unique selectivity towards thiocyanate ion were reported. The electrode was prepared by incorporating bis‐taurine‐salicylic binuclear copper(II) complex into a plasticized PVC‐membrane. The resulting electrode exhibits anti‐Hofmeister selectivity sequence: SCN−>I−>ClO4−>Sal−>NO3−>NO2−>Br−>Cl−>SO3−>SO42− and a near‐Nernstian potential linear range for thiocyanate from 1.0Å×10−1 to 1.0Å×10−6 mol·L‐1 with a detection limit of 8.0Å×10−7 mol·L−1 and a slope of −56.5 mV/pc in phosphate buffer solution of pH 5.0 at 20°C. The UV/Vis spectra, IR spectroscopy and AC impedance studies showed that the excellent selectivity to thiocyanate was related to the unique interaction between the central metal and the analyte and a steric effect associated with the structure of the carrier. The electrode was successfully applied to the determination of thiocyanate in waste water and human urine samples.
Functionalized Fluorescein‐doped SiO2 Nanoparticles for Immunochromatographic Assay
Authors: Min Liu , Zhao‐Yue Liu , Qiang Lü , Hang Yuan , Lan Ma , Jing‐Hong Li , Yu‐Bai Bai , Tie‐Jin Li
Published: August 2005

A simple but effective approach was developed to synthesize amino functionalized fluorescein isothiocyanate‐doped silica nanoparticles based upon polycondensation of tetraethoxysilane. Organic dye molecule (fluorescein isothiocyanate) coupled with a silane coupling agent, 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane, was incorporated into silica sphere through controlled hydrolysis and polymerization of tetraethoxysilane. The dye was connected with silica sphere through 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane, which avoided the leakage of the dye. The cohydrolysis and polymerization of tetraethoxysilane and 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane outside the surface of the silica sphere formed another thin silica shell with the functionalized amino groups on the surface. With amino groups on the surface, the nanoparticle surface was affluent in positive charges. The amino‐functionalized nanoparticles were linked with mouse monoclonal antibody against hepatitis B virus surface antigen through electrostatic interaction to form fluorescence probes, which were tested by immunochromatographic assay using immunochromatography test strip. It was indicated that the fluorescence probe was suitable for immunoassay.