The Application of the Science Diplomacy Model: the Russian and International Experience
Authors: Ilina Irina , Malenko Sergey , Vasileva Irina , Rebrova Tatyana 
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Science diplomacy is one of the tools that allows a nation to engage in full-scale dialogue with its international partners. The global discussion of how science and diplomacy interact and affect one another came to prominence only fairly recently. Nonetheless, this subject is seeing more and more interest from both governmental structures and the general public. In countries where science diplomacy is well-developed, the mechanisms of such diplomacy are seeing active use in the pursuit of optimal decision-making regarding the emerging challenges in the field of international politics. On the world stage, achieving the desired results in science, politics or various other fields depends on how well developed the model of scientific diplomacy implemented by a given country is. The purpose of this study is to highlight the potential of science diplomacy in Russia by studying its mechanisms, tools, methods and key forms of execution. Furthermore, we attempt to formalise Russian science diplomacy, compare it to the most productive foreign models and offer suggestions on how to develop science diplomacy in Russia by leveraging successful domestic and international case studies. Methods. We use the descriptive method to provide the international experience of science diplomacy (as exemplified by the USA, Great Britain, France and Germany), as well as the potential for deploying the most successful projects in Russia. The Russian experience of science diplomacy is analysed through the method of modelling. Furthermore, we use the methods of analysis and synthesis to single out the most important features of international cooperation. In turn, the comparative approach allows us to assess the predictions for how ready Russia and other countries are to face global challenges. The specifics of applying the mechanism of science diplomacy in Russia are considered through the lens of science diplomacy's classical iterations: science within diplomacy, diplomacy for science and science for diplomacy. Results and Discussion. Based on the results of our study, we propose a model for science diplomacy in Russia, including programmes for international cooperation among the authorities and governing bodies of different countries, as well as the activities of various scientific and educational institutions in this area, major mega-science projects, expert research at research foundations and more. To expand the formats of interaction among actors in science diplomacy and boost the development of scientific communications, we make suggestions on applying Western experience to Russian practice. We recommend the following in order to improve the productivity of science diplomacy methods: creating a single unified portal for foreign researchers, developing a new concept of Houses of Science and Culture, creating Russian institutions abroad, offering platforms for interaction among science attachés, getting scientists actively involved in resolving international issues, etc. Conclusion. Science diplomacy has unique potential in the system of international relations, besides being an effective tool for promoting national interests. Therefore, its further development is highly promising. The recommendations listed in this study are applicable not just to Russia, but to any nation interested in diversifying its approaches to foreign policy-making and thereby securing more influence on the global stage.