bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I. L'habitat des Florentins à Val-de-Reuil (Eure)
Authors: Billard Cyrille , Bourhis Jean-Roger , Desfossés Yves , Evin Jacques , Huault Marie-Françoise , Lefèbvre Dominique , Paulet-Locard Marie-Armelle
Published: March 2010

L'exploitation de granulats dans la Boucle du Vaudreuil (Eure) a donné lieu, en 1987, au sauvetage d'un niveau d'occupation campaniforme sur le site des Florentins à Val-de-Reuil (Eure), localisé en bordure d'un paléochenal de la Seine et présentant des structures d'habitat et de combustion ayant été protégées par le dépôt de limons de débordement. Le mobilier bien que peu abondant permet d'identifier une occupation tardive (phase à décor de zones contractées) et sa céramique d'accompagnement se rattache au complexe rhodano-rhénan. La proximité des sépultures individuelles de Léry (Les Petits Prés et Le Clos des Vignes) et leur probable association au site d'habitat ne font qu'accroître l'intérêt de ce site.
Étude archéologique
Authors: Mantel Etienne
Published: March 2010

During the 1985-1986 winter, five fairly scattered individual inhumations burials, three of which are definitely chalcolithic, were excavated in the Boucle du Vaudreuil, a meander of the lower Seine.

Two of them (3 and 4) could not be dated. Grave goods of the beaker type accompanied burials 1 and 2, in which the skeletons were lying in a flexed position.

Burial 5, which had no associated artifacts, consisted of an adult and two perinatal children. Radiocarbon dating, carried out on the bones from burials 2 and 5, enables us to situate them chronologically (GIF 7456 : 3760 ± 90 BP ; GIF 7457 : 3880 ± 70 BP).
I. Réflexion sur les sépultures chasséennes
Authors: Mahieu Eric
Published: March 2010

The study of a chassean necropolis at Najac (Hérault) completes the data on chassean mortuary practices. As at Dela-Laïga, and on other comparable sites, it is possible to find several individuals in a same grave.

The revision of chassean mortuary practices in France shows their diversity.

Recent studies show the relations between Catalonia and western Languedoc. The discovery at Najac of two "swords", really comparable with the dagger of Labeil (Lauroux) permits to enlarge the classic chassean contact zone between western Languedoc and the Grands Causses.
Les figurations humaines sculptées et gravées du Mas d'Azil (Ariège)
Authors: Duhard Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2010

Au Mas d'Azil, nous avons recensé 9 figurations humaines mobilières magdaléniennes : 4 femmes, 2 hommes, 2 enfants possibles et 1 humain douteux. Avec cette série relativement importante de sujets, cette station s'inscrit tout à fait dans la tradition paléolithique où les femmes l'emportent numériquement sur les hommes, expriment un réalisme physiologique et n'entrent pas dans des scènes conflictuelles. On y retrouve également la tendance évolutive vers le schématisme des figurations qui trouvera son aboutissement dans l'Azilien de cette station.
L'abri Pendimoun à Castellar (Alpes-Maritimes). Nouvelles données sur le complexe culturel de la céramique imprimée méditerranéenne dans son contexte stratigraphique
Authors: Binder Didier , Brochier Jacques-Élie , Duday Henri , Helmer D. , Marinval Philippe , Thiebault Stéphanie , Wattez Julia
Published: March 2010

The authors present the stratigraphical results produced from new excavations in the Pendimoun rock shelter (Castellar, Alpes-Maritimes) ; geoarchaeological, archaeozoological and palaeobotanical preliminary studies are also submitted. New data related to the Early Neolithic period (Impressed Ware Cultural Complex) are more largely developed. This period shows two cultural phases, ancient (Impressa) and recent (Early Cardial), enclosing a funeral episode. This cultural sequence is discussed in a French and Italian context. Twice over, the anthropological field studies presented in this paper give evidence of the voluntary filling of the funeral pits and of the installation of funeral devices upon the burials.
L'abri sous roche de Pont d'Ambon à Bourdeilles (Dordogne) : présentation
Authors: Célérier Guy
Published: March 2010

L'abri sous roche de Pont d' Ambon s'ouvre sur la plaine alluviale de la Dronne, dans une région riche en abrupts et gisements paléolithiques. Deux secteurs s'individualisent dans la partie fouillée : le fond, perturbé par l'habitat magdalénien et azilien et l'avant, soumis aux processus naturels.

L'étude géologique de la séquence archéologique montre, à la base, une alternance de processus d'alluvionnements et de fragmentation, dans la partie moyenne, des colluvionnements et ruissellements, et dans la partie supérieure, une recrudescence de la fragmentation.

Les études sur le milieu biologique, déjà présentées dans le cadre de travaux académiques, sont reprises ici de manière synthétique : paléontologie des grandes faunes, des lagomorphes et des rongeurs, ichtyologie, malacologie et palynologie.

La position charnière des dépôts, à la limite de la dernière glaciation et du Postglaciaire, aurait dû faire de cette séquence une référence chronoclimatique. Or, pour le moment, la confrontation des résultats des diverses études met en évidence de nombreuses divergences. Il en résulte des interrogations sur la signification des données prises en compte dans un gisement préhistorique.
Présentation
Authors: Bintz Pierre
Published: March 2010

Les grottes de Saint-Thibaud-de-Couz s'ouvrent à 500 m d'altitude sur le flanc occidental du massif de la Chartreuse, au-dessus de la vallée de l'Hyère qui représente une importante voie de circulation entre la vallée de l'Isère et la combe de Savoie. Elles ont livré une séquence stratigraphique et culturelle particulièrement développée s'échelonnant de la fin du Dryas I à l'Actuel. Onze niveaux d'occupation se rapportant au Magdalénien supérieur, à différents groupes épipaleolithiques et au Mésolithique ancien ont été mis au jour. L'analyse de l'industrie lithique a été faite selon quatre approches :

• une recherche sur les matières premières siliceuses mettant en évidence des circulations à faible et moyenne distance et des stratégies d'approvisionnement différenciées entre le Magdalénien et l'Épipaléolithique ;

• des analyses typologique et technologique permettant de proposer un cadre chronoculturel des assemblages lithiques ; une bonne individualisation des niveaux épipaleolithiques a permis une différenciation de quatre groupes culturels évoluant de l'Alleröd au Préboréal ,

• une analyse technologique comparée de deux remontages de nucleus magdaléniens issus de blocs siliceux qui se différencient par leur texture ;

• une analyse tracéologique faisant apparaître une faible utilisation des silex, le site étant principalement voué à l'exploitation des matières tendres animales et secondairement à des activités de manufacture avec utilisation de l'ocre.

L'analyse des parures en coquillages marins du Magdalénien supérieur suggère des groupes bien implantés dans la zone périalpine en contacts suivis avec les groupes suisses et en relation épisodique avec ceux du Bassin parisien. L'ensemble des résultats milite en faveur de séjours épisodiques et de courte durée.
L'industrie lithique du Paléolithique moyen de l'abri du Maras (Ardèche)
Authors: Moncel Marie-Hélène
Published: March 2010

L 'abri du Maras, situé en Ardèche, a livré des assemblages du Paléolithique moyen. Les trois niveaux supérieurs sont originaux par leur faciès défini comme laminaire. En réalité, ce phénomène est largement surestimé (5 à 10 % de lames). Les produits laminaires sont extraits selon un système Levallois, comme du reste les éclats. Des nucleus Levallois ont une surface de débitage avec des enlèvements unipolaires-bipolaires et parfois centripètes. L'hypothèse de la pratique de un ou deux schémas opératoires distincts est évoquée, conduisant à la production de lames et d'éclats. L'extraction des lames, phénomène très rare dans le sud de la France, n'est donc pas de type paléolithique supérieur contrairement à ce que l'on observe dans certains sites d'Europe septentrionale.
II. Les parures du Néolithique final à Chalain et Clairvaux
Authors: Maréchal Denis , Pétrequin Anne-Marie , Petrequin Pierre , Arbogast Rose-Marie
Published: March 2010

Correlation between nine littoral dwelling sites of the lakes of Chalain and Clairvaux (Jura, France) has allowed to build an almost continuous chronology for the final Neolithic, covering the period from 3200 to 2600 BC. This sequence is checked through dendrochronology : it spans the succession of the Horgen, Clairvaux and Chalain cultures. For this sequence, the study of 484 objects of adornment out of wood, stone, bone, antler and shell was done, in connection with the ceramic evolution and the cultural stimuli formerly recognized.

This exceptional series of well dated ornaments allows to show the coming of outside populations in the Combe d'Ain, and in particular small groups coming from the Horgen of Western Switzerland and from the Ferrières of Ardèche, echoing what had been already perceived in the ceramic styles. This series allows also to distinguish phases of stylistical regionalization, as in the case of local manufactures of ornaments, and the reinterpretation of the Ferrières symbols. Further evidences are attained : the evolution of the symbolic of ornaments closely follows rapid changes of the environmental context and of the economy. To an ancient phase (Horgen 3200 BC) where hunting, trophy quest and the use of only slightly modified animal ornaments were prevalent, succeeds a recent one (Clairvaux, 2800 BC) where beads and pendants, made out of stone, were privileged whereas deforested landscape and husbandry take on importance.

This striking parallelism between the symbolic data and the environmental context could be explained by social determinisms of general value, those linked to variations in the density of the population and to the impact of man on the forest.
Néolithisation de la France de l'Ouest : témoignages Villeneuve-Saint-Germain, Cerny et Chambon sur la Loire angevine et atlantique
Authors: Marchand Grégor , Ménanteau Loïc , Poissonnier Bertrand , Cadot Robert , Viau Yann
Published: March 2010

La Loire est historiquement reconnue comme l'un des plus remarquables vecteurs des déplacements est-ouest dans la moitié nord de la France. Cet article abordera la question des vestiges néolithiques majoritairement découverts dans le cours de son lit actuel, vestiges par ailleurs datés de la première moitié du V millénaire avant J.-C. L'ampleur des sédimentations occulte à l'heure actuelle la quasi-totalité des habitats fort bien conservés sous plusieurs mètres de sables et graviers.
Économie des combustibles (bois et lignite) dans l'abri moustérien des Canalettes [L'expérimentation à la simulation des besoins énergétiques]
Authors: Théry-Parisot Isabelle , Meignen Liliane
Published: March 2010

The charcoal analysis at the mousterian rock shelter of Les Canalettes reveled the existence of two kinds of fuel : wood and coal. The use of coal raises the problem of intentionallity : is it a constrained use due to wood scarcity during the last glacial or a reasoned management of fuel ? An experimental study of coal combustion combinated with charcoal analysis allowed us to simulate wood consumption at Les Canalettes. It has been thus shown that wood biomass was abondant enough and wood scarcity was never responsible for coal use. We can consider two main explanations : use of coal for specific activities in relation with its properties, or an opportunist collection due to its simple use.
Un rituel original de l'Age du Bronze : les inhumations en fosse des sites des Estournelles et de La Plaine à Simandres (Rhône)
Authors: Blaizot Frédérique , Thiériot Franck , Cordier Frédéric , Thiebault Stéphanie , Thirault Eric
Published: March 2010

Two settlements recently excavated in the middle Rhône valley provide new datas on the treatment of the human remains in the late Bronze Age (stage 3a). We found here burials occurred in round pits which seem to take place close to the domestic space. The burial customs signal an elaborate and special ritual : the pits reveal a preparation of the ground and a controlled organization of the internal area, the deposits of the dead are simultaneous or successive, some bones are removed after the decay of the bodies and buried again in the upper layers of the grave (interpreted as « secondary burial »). The unusual burial customs recognized differ fundamentaly from these known for the RSFO culture.
La grotte ornée Mayenne-Sciences (Thorigné-en-Charnie, Mayenne) : un exemple d'art pariétal d'époque gravettienne en France septentrionale
Authors: Pigeaud Romain , Bouchard Michel , Laval Eric
Published: March 2010

La cueva ornada de Mayenne-Sciences (Thorigné-en-Charnie, Mayenne) posee cuatro caracteristicas principales : 1) está aislada geográficamente, siendo apartada de las grandes "provincias" como son Aquitania o el Lot ; 2) está aislada culturalmente : en efecto, forma parte del grupo de nueve cavidades o abrigos atribuidos al Paleolitico superior del Norte de Francia (con las cuevas de Gouy y Orival en Normandia, Boutigny, Le Croc-Marin y Les Trois Pignons en Essone, la grotte du Cheval y la Grande Grotte de Arcy-sur-Cure en Borgona, y Church Hole en Inglaterra) ; sin embargo, si se exceptúa las cuevas del valle de la Cure, todas las otras manifestaciones artisticas pueden atribuirse al Magdaleniense, mientras que dos dataciones 14C efectuadas en un caballo de Mayenne-Sciences remiten a una época gravetiense de 25 000 anos más o menos ; 3) esta aislada arqueológicamente, pues el carácter antiguo de las excavaciones no permite juntar las secuencias del Paleolitico superior encontradas a proximidad con las de otros grandes sitios de referencia del Périgord o de Poitou-Charentes ; 4) es "aberrante" desde el punto de vista del estilo y de las construcciones simbolicas.

Tras un estudio exhaustive, en el que analizaremos y estableceremos con precision el contexto geologico, arqueológico y artistico de la cueva, describiremos detenidamente cada unas de sus representaciones. Intentaremos luego establecer una sintesis de los sitios de arte parietal y mobiliario en las inmediaciones de Mayenne-Sciences. Conduciendo mas alla nuestro analisis, trataremos de situarla en el contexto de una tendencia figurativa que proponemos nombrar "art de la silhouette ". Dicha tendencia fue mayoritaria en la Europa ante-magdaleniense. Mostraremos, por fin, que el caracter "aberrante" del decorado de Mayenne-Sciences contribuye a aislarla al margen de las grandes corrientes culturales prehistoricas, al igual que ocurre con otros ejemplos de cuevas ornadas. Estas cuevas se reunen bajo el término de "grotte-limite ", siendo situadas al extremo de la zona de influencia de una "provincia" particular, que en el caso de Mayenne-Sciences se situaria probablemente en la región de Quercy.
Nouvelles données sur le Mésolithique des îles Tyrrhéniennes (Corse et Sardaigne) [Peut-on parler d'un « Mésolithique insulaire » ?]
Authors: Costa Laurent Jacques
Published: March 2010

Research has greatly extended our knowledge of the Mesolithic of the Tyrrhenian Islands these last five years, in particular the excavation of five new sites in Corsica and Sardinia. The growing evidence, notably concerning environment, enables us today to propose new explanations on the modalities of occupation in these islands and way of life of the populations. From these studies, we know that Mesolithic communities settled in these islands, maybe irregularly, living mainly along the coast from which they obtain the exploited resources. This article also attemps to evaluate the impact of insularity upon the technical and economic gestures of these groups whose characteristics were often shown as the mark of a specific culture.
L'habitat campaniforme de La Noue à Saint-Marcel (Saône-et-Loire) : Eléments de définition du groupe bourguignon-jurassien
Authors: Salanova Laure , Ducreux Franck , Argant Alain , Convertini Fabien , Gros Odette , Gros André-Charles , Saintot Sylvie , Gardini Martine , Jeudy Françoise , Oberlin Christine , Virlogeux Yvan
Published: March 2010

The Bell Beaker settlement site of La Noue, discovered in 1992 during rescue excavations, considerably renews knowledge

on this period in the eastern part of the Burgundy region, as well contributing to the general question of Bell Beakers in a domestic context.

The spatial distribution of archaeological remains revealed several units, including two complete houses and a probable granary. The latter structure was built on wooden uprights, while the houses seem to have been built on horizontal beams, a form of architecture adapted to local damp conditions.

The settlement produced a large quantity of pottery and a small lithic assemblage dominated by end scrapers and splintered pieces.

Decoration patterns on vessels, mainly comb-impressed, are typical of the Burgundy region (horizontal lines, hatched bands, ladder motifs, chevrons). Coarse ware is characterized by types widely found in Europe (undecorated jars or jars with a cordon below the rim), as well as by central European types (jugs and flagons, polypod bowls, vessels with horizontal lugs). While flint raw materials were collected locally, clay analyses reveal that a significant number of vessels come from the right bank of the river Saône.

Together with the sites of Noir Bois and Champ-Vully in Switzerland and Derrière le Château in the Ain region, La Noue provides a representative group of finds for the Burgundy-Jura Bell Beaker group. Comparative analysis shows that La Noue occupies

an intermediate position between Noir Bois, heavily influenced by central Europe, and Derrière le Château, related more to the

Mediterranean.

Translated by M. Illet and M. Vanhaeren
De l’exploitation des chevaux aux stratégies de subsistance des Magdaléniens du Bassin parisien
Authors: Bignon Olivier
Published: March 2010

Todavía sigue vigente la visión del magdaleniense del Bassin parisien como una sociedad cuya economía de subsistencia fue principalmente sustentada por la cacería masiva del reno. Sin embargo, desde el inicio de los noventas, la excavación de varios yacimientos ubicados en Marolles-sur-Seine ha matizado esta imagen. En varios sectores de Tureau des Gardes y de Grand Canton, el caballo parece haber sido cazado de forma preferencial por los magdalenienses. El análisis arqueozoológico de los restos de caballo encontrados en los sitios del Bassin parisien ha permitido definir el uso de los équidos. Los resultados obtenidos revelan la existencia de varias técnicas de cacería y la importancia topográfica y geográfica de Marolles-sur-Seine. La reconstitución de los objetivos relacionados de esta explotación de los caballos permite discernir mejor las estrategias de subsistencia de los magdalenienses. A pesar de los problemas cronológico de los sitios del Bassin parisien, que se deben al plateau radiocarbono del Bölling, nuestras observaciones abren una discusión sobre los grandes modelos del patrón de asentamiento y de la evolución cultural. Es entonces posible considerar el modo de vida de los magdalenienses según los criterios de morfología social y de movilidad.
De l’Acheuléen méridional au technocomplexe trifacial : la face cachée des industries du Bergeracois. Apport de l’analyse technologique de l’industrie lithique de Barbas I C’4 sup (Creysse, Dordogne)
Authors: Chevrier Benoît
Published: March 2010

Limité au sud-ouest de la France, l’Acheuléen méridional présente une apparente unité des industries lithiques. Cependant une analyse plus précise montre une grande diversité des définitions : cette entité correspond en fait à des industries originales entre elles et par rapport au nord de la France, traduisant une difficulté de compréhension de celles-ci. Le développement de la technologie a permis de mettre en évidence une conception trifaciale de taille dans plusieurs sites du Bergeracois. Finalement, pour ces assemblages, l’Acheuléen méridional n’est pas composé majoritairement d’industries bifaciales acheuléennes mais correspond plutôt à l’utilisation d’une structure trifaciale à fonction double de débitage et de façonnage, dominée toutefois par la première. Certains points de vue restent cependant discutés : les interprétations du Trifacial étant partagées entre production culturelle et déterminisme environnemental. L’analyse du niveau C’4 sup de Barbas I permet d’ajouter un site au nombre de ceux présentant une utilisation de cette matrice associée à d’autres schémas opératoires. La comparaison avec certains autres assemblages bergeracois a permis de dégager certaines règles de fonctionnement de la matrice trifaciale, de revenir sur le débat culturel/ environnemental et de définir, au-delà d’une province culturelle, un technocomplexe se voulant plus neutre et rassemblant ces sites à trifaces.
Sample Size Reassessment in Non-inferiority Trials
Authors: Friede T. , Kieser M.
Published: March 2010

Objectives: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is widely applied in practice and its use is recommended by regulatory guidelines. However, the required sample size for ANCOVA depends on parameters that are usually uncertain in the planning phase of a study. Sample size recalculation within the internal pilot study design allows to cope with this problem. From a regulatory viewpoint it is preferable that the treatment group allocation remains masked and that the type I error is controlled at the specified significance level. The characteristics of blinded sample size reassessment for ANCOVA in non-inferiority studies have not been investigated yet. We propose an appropriate method and evaluate its performance.

Methods: In a simulation study, the characteristics of the proposed method with respect to type I error rate, power and sample size are investigated. It is illustrated by a clinical trial example how strict control of the significance level can be achieved.

Results: A slight excess of the type I error rate beyond the nominal significance level was observed. The extent of exceedance increases with increasing non-inferiority margin and increasing correlation between outcome and covariate. The procedure assures the desired power over a wide range of scenarios even if nuisance parameters affecting the sample size are initially mis-specified.

Conclusions: The proposed blinded sample size recalculation procedure protects from insufficient sample sizes due to incorrect assumptions about nuisance parameters in the planning phase. The original procedure may lead to an elevated type I error rate, but methods are available to control the nominal significance level.
Fostering Geriatrics in Associate Degree Nursing Education: An Assessment of Current Curricula and Clinical Experiences
Authors: Ironside Pamela M. , Tagliareni M. Elaine , McLaughlin Barbara , King Eunice , Mengel Andrea
Published: March 2010

The proportion of older adults in the population is rapidly increasing, and this trend is expected to continue. Because more than half of all new graduates eligible to enter the nursing workforce are prepared in associate degree (AD) programs, it is critical these new nurses are well prepared to care for older adults. This study examined how the care of older adults is currently taught in AD programs. Representatives from 531 AD programs responded to a survey providing information about the structure and content of AD curricula, the clinical sites and instructional resources used, and faculty expertise. Findings highlight opportunities for enhancing geriatric content and experiences in AD curricula through the creation of standards for geriatrics in AD nursing programs, the use of diverse clinical settings, and the creation of strategies that strengthen the focus on the care of older adults in acute care across the curriculum.
Early Student Outcomes Associated with a Virtual Community for Learning
Authors: Giddens Jean Foret , Shuster Geoff , Roehrig Nicole
Published: March 2010

Virtual communities represent a new and innovative approach to learning within nursing education. Because this is an emerging trend, little is known about the use of virtual communities and the impact on students and their learning. This article reports the results of a study designed to assess the initial perceived benefits of using a virtual community known as
The Neighborhood
in a single undergraduate baccalaureate nursing program during the first few years following development. Results showed greater benefits reported among underrepresented minority students and students who expected to receive lower than a course grade of A. In addition, findings suggest the strength of perceived benefits increases over time among all learners. These findings merely scratch the surface of additional work needed in this area.
Factors for Attrition in an Accelerated Baccalaureate Nursing Program
Authors: Rouse Susan M. , Rooda Linda A.
Published: March 2010

In recent years, there has been a proliferation of accelerated baccalaureate nursing programs. However, the body of nursing knowledge about students who choose this career path is not well developed. This descriptive study from one midwestern school of nursing explores the factors that predict attrition among this student population. Effective interventions to support and retain these students are described. The retention of accelerated-degree students may provide one solution to addressing the nurse shortage, as graduates of these programs move into the workforce at a more rapid rate than their traditional counterparts. This article proposes a variety of potential ways to address the issue of rising attrition rates in accelerated baccalaureate nursing programs.
Incorporating Bioterrorism Content in the Nursing Curriculum: A Creative Approach
Authors: Carter Melondie R. , Gaskins Susan W.
Published: March 2010

The community health faculty has developed a creative and comprehensive approach with community agencies to present bioterrorism content that could be useful to community health faculty in other schools of nursing. Since September 11, 2001, the United States has recognized that the threat of bioterrorism is real. Nurses are recognized by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing as key players in disaster response efforts. However, bioterrorism knowledge among nurses and nursing students has been reported to be low, and textbooks do not include comprehensive information about bioterrorism preparedness. Our college of nursing has collaborated with the U.S. Public Health Department to design a creative educational experience for community health students on bioterrorism and disaster preparedness. Content areas include the National Stockpile, the Planned Response to Pandemic Influenza provided by the U.S. Public Health Department, recognition and treatment of biological threats, and the care of patients with smallpox.
Academic Nurse Leaders' Role in Fostering a Culture of Civility in Nursing Education
Authors: Clark Cynthia M. , Springer Pamela J.
Published: March 2010

Academic incivility is disruptive behavior that substantially or repeatedly interferes with teaching and learning. Incivility on college campuses jeopardizes the welfare of all members of the academy. Academic nurse leaders play a critical role in preventing and addressing academic incivility because these behaviors can negatively affect learning and harm faculty-student relationships. Although studies on student and faculty incivility have been conducted in nursing education, there are no known studies regarding the perceptions of academic nurse leaders about this problem. This is the first known study to investigate the perceptions of 126 academic nurse leaders (deans, directors, and chairpersons) from 128 associate degree in nursing and bachelor of science nursing programs in a large western state. Academic nurse leaders responded to five open-ended questions regarding their perceptions of stressors that affect nursing faculty and students, the uncivil behaviors exhibited by both groups, and the role of leadership in preventing and addressing incivility in nursing education.
Transformative Learning as a Context for Human Patient Simulation
Authors: Parker Brian , Myrick Florence
Published: March 2010

Nurse educators are charged with the responsibility of empowering novice nurses to become autonomous thinkers with the capacity to cope with the many challenges of modern day practice. Human patient simulation is a powerful technology-based educational tool ideally suited for the application of emancipatory pedagogies that aid in the transformation of individual meaning schemes. Transformative learning theory provides educators with the tools to empower students to challenge their preconceived beliefs, assumptions, and values and socialize them appropriately to thrive in modern day clinical practice. The purpose of this article is to critically analyze the role of clinical scenarios using human patient simulation to promote transformative learning events in undergraduate nursing education. The authors focus on the role of debriefing in the promotion of the critical reflection and social discourse that is integral to the learning process and the implementation of scenarios that provide students with disorientating dilemmas for perspective transformation.
A Case Study of the Scaffolding Clinical Practicum Model: Is It Culturally Competent for Hispanic Nursing Students?
Authors: Lujan Josefina , Vasquez Rebecca
Published: March 2010

The Institute of Medicine, Office of Minority Health, and the Health Resources and Services Administration have called for culturally competent teaching methods to promote the success of Hispanic nursing students. The article responds to this call by analyzing an innovative clinical practicum teaching method, the Scaffolding Clinical Model, in relation to the cultural competence needs of Hispanic nursing students. The analysis is presented through a case study of a cohort of predominantly (90%) Hispanic baccalaureate nursing students at a university on the United States–Mexico border. The cultural competence of the Scaffolding Clinical Model is analyzed by identifying how well it acknowledges and fosters the application of the four metaparadigms of Hispanic culture—conquest, collectivism, familism, and personalism—for Hispanic students. The metaparadigms are described and specific examples are offered about how the Model promotes application of the metaparadigms to accomplish cultural competence for Hispanic students. Recommendations for educators are also presented.
Heterochromia Iridis and Pertinent Clinical Findings in Patients with Glaucoma Associated with Sturge–Weber Syndrome
Authors: Aggarwal Nalini K. , Gandham Sai B. , Weinstein Rebecca , Saltzmann Robert , Walton David S.
Published: March 2010

Purpose:

To examine the clinical and gonioscopic findings in patients with glaucoma associated with Sturge–Weber syndrome.

Methods:

Retrospective review of clinical findings of all patients with Sturge–Weber syndrome who presented between January 1978 and December 2003. Koeppe gonioscopy was performed under general anesthesia and findings were photographed when feasible. Iris color was documented by color sketch or photograph at initial presentation. Fisher exact test was used to determine whether the presence of heterochromia was statistically higher in the glaucomatous group.

Results:

Fifty-five patients who met inclusion criteria were identified, of whom 44 (80%) had glaucoma. Unilateral glaucoma was diagnosed in 30 eyes and bilateral glaucoma in 14 eyes, yielding 58 eyes with glaucoma and 52 eyes without. Gonioscopic examination revealed distinct anatomic abnormalities in the anterior chamber angle in 32 (55%) of the glaucomatous eyes in contrast to the normal fellow eyes in patients with unilateral glaucoma and to the patients without glaucoma. Heterochromia iridis with darker iris on the glaucomatous side was present in 11 of the 30 patients with unilateral glaucoma (37%,
P
< .001) but in none of the patients without glaucoma.

Conclusion:

The characteristics observed in the anterior chamber angle in this large, uniquely examined series are the first reported to the authors’ knowledge and may support a role for neural crest derived anomalies in the pathogenesis of glaucoma in these infant eyes. Careful examination for heterochromia iridis may be judicious in these patients.
Are Generic Medications Safe and Effective?
Authors: Howland Robert H.
Published: March 2010

Because multiple branded, alternative, and generic medications contain the same active ingredient, controversies sometimes arise regarding generic substitution. For patients, physicians, and nurses, the critical issue is whether generic medications are safe and effective. This article addresses the issue with regard to several anti-depressant, anticonvulsant, and antipsychotic medications. There is no consistent evidence that generic substitutes are less safe or less effective than brand-name equivalents. Uncontrolled reports are subject to many confounding factors and biases. Relapses temporally associated with medication switches could be due to the change but are difficult to distinguish from the natural history of the treated condition. Adverse effects temporally associated with medication switches could also be attributable to the change, but they might be explained as a type of “nocebo” effect. Expectancy theory may be used to explain relapses or adverse effects after generic switches. Randomized controlled blinded studies are necessary to evaluate causality; however, such studies typically have not supported uncontrolled reports that the safety or effectiveness of brand-name and generic drugs differ. It is still clinically prudent to monitor a patient whose medication has been switched.
Belief in Doing and Knowledge in Being Mothers with Arthritis
Authors: Del Fabro Smith Linda , Suto Melinda , Chalmers Andrew , Backman Catherine L.
Published: March 2010

The aim of this qualitative study was to provide insight on how mothers with inflammatory arthritis experience mothering occupations in the presence of arthritis and how this experience affects participation and occupational identity. Narrative inquiry explored the experiences of eight mothers with inflammatory arthritis who had children younger than 14 years. Data collection included two interviews, participant observation, and document review. Analysis focused on each full account as told by participants before comparing stories to develop an overarching storyline. Storylines are presented as narratives that describe the mother's experiences of identifying with the role of mother, participation, fatigue, and the social context in which mothering occurs. “Just because I can't do, doesn't mean I'm not a mom” emerged as the main storyline. Belief in doing and knowledge in being mothers offset many of the negative effects of arthritis.
New Brunswick and Nova Scotia: the First Geological Field Trip by a North American College
Authors: Falcon-Lang Howard J.
Published: March 2010

The first known geological excursion by a North American college was conducted in 1835. Twenty staff and students belonging to Williams College — a liberal arts college in Massachusetts, USA — explored the geology bordering the Bay of Fundy in northeast Maine, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Led by two young professors of natural history, Ebenezer Emmons and Albert Hopkins, the party made extensive observations around Pasammaquoddy Bay, Saint John, Parrsboro, and Windsor, as well as more widely through the Minas and Cumberland basins. Although partly following in the footsteps of two pioneering Bostonians, Charles Jackson and Francis Alger, who had reconnoitred the region in the late 1820s, the Williams College party nevertheless made several original observations. One of most important was a study of the anatomy and paleoclimatic significance of permineralized plants from Joggins and Grindstone Island undertaken by Emmons. This was only the second study of its kind worldwide and later inspired William Dawson to do similar work. Largely overlooked by historians of geology, the Williams College expedition, which comprised a four-week voyage of about 1800 km, illustrates well the challenges and opportunities of geological field work in the early Nineteenth Century.

RÉSUMÉ

La première excursion géologique connue d’un collège nord‑américain a été réalisée en 1835. Vingt membres du personnel et étudiants du Collège Williams — collège d’arts libéraux du Massachusetts, Etats-Unis — ont exploré la géologie des bords de la baie de Fundy dans le nord‑est du Maine, au Nouveau‑Brunswick et en Nouvelle‑Écosse. Le groupe dirigé par deux jeunes professeurs d’histoire naturelle, Ebenezer Emmons et Albert Hopkins, a effectué de nombreuses observations dans les environs de la baie de Passamaquoddy, de Saint‑Jean, de Parrsboro et de Windsor, ainsi que dans des secteurs plus étendus à l’intérieur des bassins Minas et Cumberland. Même si le groupe du Collège Williams a en partie suivi les pas de deux pionniers de Boston, Charles Jackson et Francis Alger, qui avaient effectué une reconnaissance de la région vers la fin des années 1820, il a néanmoins fait plusieurs observations originales. L’une des plus importantes a été l’étude de l’anatomie et de l’importance paléoclimatique des végétaux minéralisés de Joggins et de l’île Grindstone réalisée par Emmons. Il s’agissait seulement de la deuxième étude du genre à l’échelle mondiale; elle a ultérieurement inspiré Williams Dawson à exécuter des travaux similaires. Largement négligée par les historiens de géologie, l’expédition du Collège Williams, qui a comporté un voyage de quatre semaines d’environ 1 800 kilomètres, illustre bien les défis et les possibilités qui s’offraient dans le domaine des travaux géologiques sur le terrain au début du 19e siècle. [Traduit par la redaction]
The Role of Manganese in Toxicity Assays Using Algae in Environmental Samples
Authors: Arenzon Alexandre , Raya-Rodriguez M. T.
Published: March 2010

Studies using ecotoxicological assays have been employed in the evaluation of the quality of ground water. In these studies, several authors suggested that bioassays using algae are more sensitive for this kind of environment. To have a better knowledge on the applicability of bioassays utilizing algae as test organism in the monitoring of ground water, we analyzed 75 samples from a total of 19 monitoring wells from an industrial area in the Metropolitan region of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. The toxicity of these samples was evaluated using Selenastrum capricornutum (USEPA, 1994) as test organism. In addition, pH, electrical conductivity, chlorides, total hydrocarbons, phenols, ammoniacal nitrogen, total dissolved solid and metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Mn, Zn, Hg, Ni) were also analyzed. Samples were collected twice a year between 2001 and 2003. Results demonstrated a high frequency of samples with inhibitory effect on S. capricornutum (72%), and statistical analyses showed a statistically significant correlation (α = 0.05) between manganese concentrations and the observed toxicity for S. capricornutum (r = 0.298). Considering: (1) the low availability of manganese to organisms as a result of its natural precipitation as manganese oxides; (2) the efficiency of manganese in sequestering metals from the aquatic environments by adsorption, ionic exchange, or co-precipitation; (3) the occurrence, for some micro algae species, of competitive interactions between nutrients and inhibitory metals; (4) the fact that manganese could sequester metals like Zn, Co, Ni e Cu (used as micro-nutrients) through the formation of stable co-precipitates of manganese oxides; and (5) the constant input of oxygen in the samples during the running time of the bioassays with algae, due to the orbital agitation of the experimental flasks, it is concluded that the interference of manganese on the bio-availability of the micronutrients added to the samples during the experiment may have occurred.
Selênio em Tecidos de Organismos Marinhos da Baía de Guanabara, Brasil
Authors: Seixas Tércia G. , Kehrig H. A. , Moreira I. , Malm O.
Published: March 2010

Neste estudo foram determinadas as concentrações de selênio total (TSe) no tecido muscular e no fígado de três espécies de peixes e, também, nos tecidos moles de uma espécie de bivalve. As amostras sofreram um tratamento ácido, e o TSe foi determinado por Absorção Atômica com forno de grafite (GF-AAS) equipado com corretor Zeeman. As concentrações de Se no tecido muscular foram mais elevadas no peixe carnívoro. O fígado foi o órgão que apresentou as maiores concentrações de Se para todas as espécies de peixe. Nos peixes, a concentração de Se no tecido muscular apresentou correlação significativa e positiva com o comprimento total. Os mexilhões apresentaram correlação significativa (Spearman) entre a concentração de Se nos tecidos moles e o índice de condição (IC). Todas as espécies estudadas apresentaram concentração de TSe no tecido muscular e nos tecidos moles dentro dos limites aceitáveis pela OMS (1,5 μg.g–1 em peso úmido) para o consumo humano.
Utilization of Tests of Toxicity With Embryos of Oyster Crassostrea rhizophoroae (Guilding, 1828) for Evaluation the Efficiency of the Sewage Treatment Plant in the City of Vitória (ES)
Authors: Magris Rafael Almeida , Passamani F. , Binda F. P. , Fernandes L. Loureiro
Published: March 2010

The Sewage Treatmant Plant of Federal University of Espírito Santo (STP-UFES) is located in university campus of Goiabeiras, Vitória (ES). The technology of treatment of this STP consist in the set association of anerobics reactors of UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket) type and submersed aered biofilters constituing in a biological process that makes the treatment of sewage at secondary level. This research proposes a prelimilarly evaluation of the ecotoxicological features of the crude sewage and the treated sewage of the STP-UFES, through the utilization of bioassays with Crassostrea rhizophorae oyster embryos, and still examine the efficiency of the STP in terms of toxic reduction of the system over oyster embryonary development. Adults animals collected in clean areas were utilized for obtainment of embryos, that were exposed at different concentrations of compost samples of crude and treated sewage in a period of 24 hours. After this period, it was counted the numbers of embryos, normal larvae and abnormal larvae. With the data obtained, the EC50 was determined through the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method. It was noticed the occurrence of different types of abnormalities envolving the bad formation of shell or the retarded development inside the expected time. The EC50 obtained for the crude sewage was 13.02% and for the treated sewage 25.73%. The founded values indicated that there exists a severe harmful effect of the crude and treated sewages over the embryo-larval development of C. rhizophorae oyster. The STP-UFES presents a low efficiency in removal of toxicity indicating that toxines likely persist in the treatment, being responsable for the remaining toxicity. The utilization of tests of toxicity with embryos of oyster showed be appropriate for evaluate the STP’s efficiency because they respond at a harmful action as a whole and for have been self presented as highly sensitive.
Sediment Mutagenicity and Liver Oxidative Stress in Fish Under Tannery Influence
Authors: Tagliari K. C. , Checchini R. , Rocha J. A. Vaz , Vargas Vera Maria Ferrão
Published: March 2010

The mutagenicity of interstitial water and organic extracts from the sediments in the Cadeia and Feitoria Rivers, RS, Brazil, were evaluated by Salmonella microsuspension bioassay using TA97a, TA98, TA100 and TA102 strains, in the absence and presence of S9 mix. At the contaminated site, the mutagenic responses for interstitial water, suggested the presence of frameshift and base pair substitution mutagens, including substances that generate oxidative stress. Organic extracts presented direct or indicative mutagenesis to the TA97a, TA98 and TA100 strains. In general, an exogenous metabolic systems decreased the mutagenicity of the samples. The livers of Gymnogeophagus gymnogenys, family Cichlidae, collected in this impacted area, compared to a non-polluted site, were analyzed for oxidative stress parameters. Compared to the controls, there was a significant increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), levels of substances reactive to thiobarbituric acid (TBARS), and in the chemiluminescence of hepatic cells in fish collected at the polluted area. The concentration of cytochromes P450 and b5 decreased drastically in the fish at the polluted site, while the catalase activity did not change. It was possible to correlate the biological changes in the fish with the presence of mutagenic compounds in interstitial water in this area.
Textile Effluent Toxicity After Treatment by Microorganisms
Authors: Dellamatrice P. M. , Monteiro Regina T. R.
Published: March 2010

The Municipal Treatment Station of Americana, São Paulo, Brazil, manages 400 L s–1 of effluent, from domestic and textile origin, which produces an average of 20 t of sludge per day. The degradation of the effluent and sludge by cyanobacteria, by fungus Pleurotus, and anaerobic system was evaluated after an activated sludge treatment. The detoxification was appraised with three bioassays comprising the cnidarian Hydra attenuata, the algae Selenastrum capricornutum and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds. All the microorganisms were able to degrade and detoxify the effluent. The strains of Pleurotus were able to decolorized the sludge, however the toxicity increased. The three strains produced high amounts of manganese-peroxidase and laccase in the presence of the effluent or sludge. The anaerobic/aerobic treatment was the most efficient for degradation of the effluent and reducing its toxicity.
Effects of Domestic Detergents on the Reproductive Biology of the Prawn Macrobrachium olfersi
Authors: Martins L. C. , Rosa R. D. da , Rivero L. D. , Nazari E. M. , Müller Yara Maria Rauh
Published: March 2010

The aim of this study is evaluate the effects of domestic detergents in the digestive gland, embryonic development and in the reproduction of M. olfersi. Prawns were maintained in two tanks with 21.5 L of deionized-water: the experimental (tank I) and the control (tank II). One dose of 0.075% of domestic detergent was added to the tank I, and the prawns were monitored on 140th exposure day. During this time, the gonadal maturation was monitored, the eggs were removed from the ovigerous females and measured. Development was characterized through of external morphology of the embryos in each incubation day. Females from the two tanks were cooled and the hepatopancreas and ovaries were dissected and fixed in Bouin (24 h), embedded in paraffin and sectioned (8 μm). Both organs were stained with HE and the hepatopancreas was also stained with Hoescht 33258. The results show that the secretory region of hepatopancreas (tank II) present tubules constituted by B-cells with an evident vacuolar apparatus. The animals exposed to detergent showed a decrease in the number of B-cells and significant reduction of vacuolar apparatus. In the experimental group was observed a reduction in the embryonic development time from 14 days in control group to 11 days in the experimental group. The egg volume of germinal-disk stage and final post-nauplius (tank I) were 0.045 and 0.067 mm3 , respectively and the egg volume of the control was, in the same embryonic stages, 0.044 and 0.075 mm3 , respectively. These results suggest that the domestic detergent have a negative effect on the reproductive performance of M. olfersi.