bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability Inference for Products of Weibull Distribution by Using Artificial Neural Network Formal Description
Authors: Chen Yung Chung , Lee Pei Hsi , Chen Chien Ming
Published: March 2009

Back-propagation network (BPN) has the advantage of simulating a nonlinear system
that is difficult to describe by a physical model. This study introduces a back-propagation network
methodology to estimate the accelerated life reliability. The environmental stresses and failure
times are chosen as the input variables. An optimum prediction system is acquired by adjusting the
number of neurons in the hidden layer and the output layer of neural networks. For a numerical example,
the developed BPN architecture is applied to real accelerated life testing data of the STNLCD
modules which are distributed as a Weibull distribution. By the research result, we can have
the conclusion that the BPN methodology is practical to make the reliability inference with the advantages
of self-learning ability even without mathematics models.
Stress Analysis of Composite Material Embedded with Optical Fiber Sensor
Authors: Her Shiuh Chuan , Yao Bo Ren
Published: March 2009

Fiber optic sensor with small size, light weight and immunity to electromagnetic
interference can be embedded and integrated into the host material to form a smart structure system.
One must recognize that optical fibers are foreign entities to the host structure, therefore will alter
the stress state in the vicinity of the embedded sensor irrespective of the small size of the fiber. This
is a result of the material and geometric discontinuity introduced by the embedded optical fiber. In
this study, the local stress fields in the vicinity of the embedded fiber are examined. The host
material is considered to be a composite with reinforced fiber parallel to the optical fiber. The
geometry in the vicinity of the embedded fiber is modeled by four concentric cylinders which
represent the optical fiber, protective coating, resin and host material, respectively. In this
investigation, the host structure is subjected to longitudinal normal stress and transverse
hydro-static stress. The effects of the coating and host material on the stress distribution in the
vicinity of the embedded optical fiber are presented through a parametric study.
Reliability Estimation of Buried Pipeline Using FORM, SORM and Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Lee Ouk Sub , Kim Dong Hyeok
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the failure probability is estimated by using the FORM (first order
reliability method), the SORM (second order reliability method) and the Monte Carlo simulation to
evaluate the reliability of the corroded pipeline. It is found that the FORM technique is more
effective in estimating the failure probability than the SORM technique for B31G and MB31G
models with three different corrosion models. Furthermore, it is noted that the difference between
the results of the FORM, the SORM and the Monte Carlo simulation decreases with the increase of
the exposure time.
The Reliability Life Test and Analysis of Wiper Motor for Automobiles
Authors: Shin Wae Gyeong , Lee Soo Hong , Song Young Sik
Published: March 2009

Reliability of automotive parts has been one of the most interesting fields in the automotive
industry. Especially wiper motor for automobiles is important part because of improving visual comfort for
the driver and the passengers. Therefore, we have dealt with the reliability test procedure of wiper motor.
The failures such as wear-out of brush, bearing damage, motor coil burnout are caused by the electrical and
mechanical operating for low and high actions of wiper motor. In this research, we have qualitatively
selected the efficient test items through the analysis of the life and potential failures of wiper motor. So,
wiper motor itself requires an estimation of life causing failure of brush wear out in order to operate the
system safely. We have tested six wiper motors. The result is established by employing the weibull plot. We
validated the life of wiper motor to the experimental result.
A Non-Contact Guided Wave Technique for Defect Thinning Monitoring
Authors: Park Ik Keun , Kim Yong Kwon , Kim Tae Hyung , Cho Yong Sang
Published: March 2009

This paper capitalizes on recent advances in the area of non-contact ultrasonic guided wave
techniques. The present technique provides a decent method for nondestructive testing of defect
thinning simulating a hidden corrosion or FAC(Flow Accelerated Corrosion) in a thin aluminum plate.
The proposed approach is based on using EMAT(Electro-magnetic Acoustic Transducer) to generate
guided waves and detect the wall thinning without any coupling. Interesting features in the dispersive
behavior of selected guided modes are used for the detection of plate thinning. It is shown that mode
cut-off measurement allows us to monitor a defect thinning level while a group velocity change can be
used to quantify the thinning depth.
A Study on the Nondestructive Evaluation of Material Degradation
Authors: Kim Hyung Ick , Huh Yong , Kim Jeong Pyo , Seok Chang Sung
Published: March 2009

The mechanical properties of in-service facilities under harsh environment a decrease as
materials of the facilities degrade. This decrease of mechanical properties can affect the safety
operation of the facilities. Therefore, the extent of degradation due to prolonged service exposure
must be estimated. Nondestructive evaluation method is a good technique for monitoring the change
of mechanical properties of in-service facilities. The most widely used nondestructive methods are the
ultrasonic method and the indentation test, which is advantageous with respect of applicability to
in-service facilities. The modified theoretical Vary's equation, considering nonlinear response due to
material degradation, was proposed for obtaining the correlations between ultrasonic parameters and
fracture toughness. Experimental results showed that ultrasonic attenuation, velocity, and nonlinear
parameters have significant correlation with fracture toughness and yield strength. The nondestructive
evaluation system can be used to obtain the yield strength and ultrasonic parameters simultaneously,
and this information can be used to predict the fracture toughness. The predicted results produced
good correlations with the experimental results, indicating that the nondestructive evaluation system
can be effective in evaluating material properties and degradation, and the life time of facilities.
Evaluation of Wall-Thinning in Pipes Using Laser-Generated Guided Waves
Authors: Park Jong Ho , Lee Joon Hyun , Lee Min Rae
Published: March 2009

Local wall thinning is one of the major causes for the structural fracture of pipes of
nuclear power plants. Therefore, assessment of local wall thinning due to corrosion is an important
issue in nondestructive evaluation for the integrity of nuclear power plants. In this study, lasergenerated
guided waves were used for pipe inspection, where a laser beam illuminated through
linear slit array was used as the transmitter and the air-coupled transducer was used as the receiver.
Slits was used in order to enhance the mode-selectivity of guided waves, since the space of slits is
equal to the wavelength of the generated wave. The air-coupled transducer detected the selected
single mode by turning its detection angle that was calculated from the relations between the wave
propagation velocity in air and the phase velocity in dispersion curves. Experimental results for a 4-
mm thick carbon steel pipe showed that the detection of the specific mode was useful in the
distinction of the wall-thinning thickness in the carbon steel pipe.
Enhancement of Ultrasonic C-Scan Images for Inspection of Multi-Layered Composite Panels
Authors: Cho Hyun , Song Sung Jin , Kim Hak Joon
Published: March 2009

One of the serious problems that make the flaw identification in a multi-layered thick
composite panel more difficult is the interference effect of the upper layer. To take care of such a
problem, here we propose an image enhancement approach that can get rid of such an interference
effect to ultrasonic C-scan images by a normalization of the acquired signals by a reference signals,
and demonstrate its performance in the experiments. Specifically, three specimens with artificial
flaws are prepared and ultrasonic C-scan images are acquired experimentally to eliminate the
undesired interference effect. Great successes are observed in the present study demonstrating the
high potential of the proposed algorithm as a practical image enhancement tool in many practical
situations.
Interaction between Finger Force and Neural Command in Multi-Finger Force Production
Authors: Kim Yoon Hyuk
Published: March 2009

In this study, we investigated the relationship between the finger force and the neural
command in multi-finger force production tasks in order to characterize the neural enslaving effect
and the force-deficit effect among fingers. Seven healthy male subjects were instructed to press one,
two, three and four fingers on the finger sensors as hard as possible acting in parallel in all possible
combinations. Then, the finger forces in each task were recorded and analyzed to represent the
neural enslaving effect and the force-deficit effect. The results confirmed that individual finger
forces were smaller in multi-finger maximal voluntary contraction tasks than in single-finger tasks.
The force deficit effect increased with the number of fingers involved. A mathematical model
proposed in this paper based on the experimental results could explicitly describe the two effects of
finger interaction by representing the relationship between the neural commands and finger forces.
The present results could be useful information to understand the basic neuro-muscular mechanism
in hand biomechanics and the fundamentals of intelligent hand robots.
The Evaluation of the Lower Extremity Joint Moments and Muscle Force during Various High-Heel Walking
Authors: Hwang Sung Jae , Choi Hue Seok , Choi Hyun Ho , Kim Han Sung , Kim Young Ho
Published: March 2009

In this study, we determined joint moments and muscle forces in the lower extremity during
walking with different heel-height shoes using the 3D motion analysis and the corresponding
musculoskeletal modeling. Totally fifteen healthy women participated in the 3D motion analysis for
various walking with barefoot, flat shoe, 3cm, 6cm and 9cm high heels. Inverse dynamic simulations
were also performed using a musculoskeletal model in order to calculate joint moments and muscle
forces in the lower extremity. As for the hip, joint angles, joint moments and corresponding muscle
forces did not show significant differences. Rectus femoris, a biarticular muscle for hip flexor and knee
extensor, revealed stronger effect on the knee than the hip. Soleus, playing the most important role for
ankle plantarflexor, showed decreases in the maximum muscle force at pre-swing, as heel height
increased. Tibialis anterior produced larger dorsiflexion moments for foot clearance with higher-heeled
shoes.
Dynamic Measurement and Modeling of Soft Tissue Behavior with an Indentation Device Using Indenters of Various Shapes
Authors: An Bummo , Kim Jung
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we performed the dynamic measurement and modeling of soft tissue with
removing samples from the main body to characterize the soft tissue properties for medical
simulations. The measurement method made various patterns of normal surface indentations of a
soft tissue. Next, the reaction forces through the indenter were measured using a force transducer.
From the force-displacement profile, the nonlinear properties were observed in a relatively small
deformation range and the frequency responses of the tissue were obtained using a series of
sinusoidal indentations below 3 Hz. We developed a viscoelastic model of the tissues from the
recorded force-displacement profiles, from which we can develop a model to predict the behavior of
the tissues. The developed model, combined with the anatomical model, could provide a visible
deformation and haptic feedback for virtual reality based medical simulations.
Residual Stress in a Polymer-Glued FBG Temperature-Compensated Sensor for Civil Engineering Applications
Authors: Lau Alan Kin Tak , Au Ho Yin , Ling Hang Yin , Chan Peter Kok Cheung
Published: March 2009

In recent years, embedded fibre-optic sensors as structural health monitoring devices
have been widely used in both civil and aerospace engineering applications. Their small physical
size and ability to immunize electromagnetic interference make them ideal sensing devices, which
provide highly accurate and reliable strain and temperature measurements for structures. This paper
presents a new designed temperature-compensated fibre-optic Bragg grating (TCS) strain sensor for
imbedding into cement-based materials to measure their mechanical and thermal strains
individually or simultaneously. However, the residual stress generated due to the constrained
boundary of a steel tube that is used to protect the sensor, will influence the accuracy of
measurement. Therefore, a theoretical model that is used to estimate this stress at different
temperature conditions is discussed.
A Study of Lateral Curve Angle Estimation for Femoral IM Nail Design
Authors: Jun Jae Hoon , Kim Sung Min , Park Sung Yun
Published: March 2009

The optimal femoral cancellous bone angle is estimated in order to design the
femoral IM (Intra-Medullary) nail for patients with more precise method based on CT image of the
femur by converting the CT image files into the JPEG files and analyzing the mathematical models
with MATLAB (Ver. 6.0). The results show that the measured average ℓ(femur length between
Lesser trochanter and greater trochanter) of the right femoral cancellous bones out of 40 Korean
males is 356.6 mm whereas the measured average ℓof the Caucasians is 430 mm and the estimated
lateral bowing angle( of Korean males is 4.53°±0.93° whereas the estimated lateral bowing angle of
the Caucasians is 4.2°±2.3°. Moreover, we have found that the longer femur is bended more than
the shorter one and the distribution of the femoral bone length is not the Gaussian profile. This
suggested method has a potential to estimate each patient’s femoral cancellous bowing angle more
precisely. If the bowing angle of the lateral images of each patient can be estimated immediately
through medical image data, it could be easier for surgeons to choose appropriate nails that are most
suitable for each patient. More investigations can be achieved by collecting more data for patient’s
femoral curvature.
A New Ultrasound Technique for Osteoporosis: Analysis of Broadband Attenuation Images of the Calcaneus
Authors: Kim Hyung Joon , Han Seung Moo
Published: March 2009

Most ultrasound diagnosing systems for osteoporosis lack diagnostic precision due to the
measurement of specific regions of interest (ROI). As well as using the existing ROI measurement
method, this study introduced the concept of analyzing the distribution patterns of bone quality.
Linear scanning and ultrasound transmission techniques were used to obtain the broadband
ultrasound attenuation (BUA) images of the calcaneus. A 13mm-diameter ROI was selected as the
position of minimum BUA value locally in the posterior calcaneus. Mean values of BUA and speed
of sound (SOS) at the ROI, as well as the osteoporosis index (OI), by their linear combination, were
defined. For a more accurate diagnosis of osteoporosis, OI and images of the bone quality
distribution of the calcaneus were utilized together. The calcaneus is inhomogeneous and,
furthermore, its images are not perpendicular to the direction of the ultrasound beam. Hence, the
mean values of BUA and SOS for the entire calcaneus do not have any significant meaning.
Accordingly, four image patterns of other OI in the calcaneus were defined in order to increase the
correlation between diagnostic parameter and age. The results revealed a higher correlation between
the bone quality index and age (r=0.75, p<0.0001), for which the pattern index was reflected on OI,
than that (r=0.65, p<0.0001) of OI merely at ROI. This result confirmed the possibility of a new
osteoporosis diagnostic method using the BUA distribution images of the entire calcaneus.
Renewable Resource Using Cellulose Derivatives by Melt Process
Authors: Lee Sang Hwan , Lee S.Y. , Cho Mi Suk , Nam Jae Do , Choi Hyouk Ryeol , Koo Ja Choon , Lee Young Kwan
Published: March 2009

Melt processable plasticized cellulose diacetate (CDA) was prepared using triacetin (TA) as a
plasticizer and its mechanical properties were characterized. The processability of the plasticized CDA
was further enhanced by using a small amount of epoxidized soybean oil as a secondary plasticizer.
The glass transition temperature of the plasticized CDA was observed at 50°C lower than that of the
virgin CDA and the incorporation of 5 % of ESO also resulted in an additional 20°C decrease in the
Tg value. In order to obtain practical processing conditions, a plasticizer content of more than 20
wt % should be used.
Micro Cell Incubator with On-Chip Integrated Carbon Dioxide Generator as a Self pH Controller
Authors: Choi Yo Han , Son Sang Uk , Lee Seung Seob
Published: March 2009

A novel micro cell incubator is described in this paper. pH of animal cell culture media
must be tightly controlled, and this is accomplished by supplying defined concentration of carbon
dioxide. In order to fabricate a small self-contained carbon dioxide supply unit, we adopted
chemical production of carbon dioxide rather than compressed storage of the gas which requires
huge tank. Carbon dioxide can be chemically produced by pyrolysis of sodium bicarbonate. The
produced gas passes through a thin polymer membrane which is known to admit diffusion of gases.
Liquid media separated from gas area by polymer membrane can uptake the gas, then. This micro
cell incubator would be a suitable model for the development of portable and arrayed cell chips.
The Study of Optimum Shape to Evaluation for Thermal Shock Behavior of Graphite
Authors: Koo Song Heo , Lee Young Shin
Published: March 2009

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate thermal shock properties of the ATJ
graphite using laser irradiation techniques. Cracks of thermal shock specimens are initiated by
maximum tensile stress field. Thermal shock resistance of the ATJ graphite is correlated with
thermal parameter and mechanical property. To simulate the thermal stress conditions of rocket
nozzle throat for the evaluation of the thermal shock resistance of ATJ graphite, the laser irradiation
was applied at the central area of disk specimen. Thermal shock resistance was related to the
geometry, the maximum stress, and the thermal and mechanical property. Also the analyses of
transient temperature and thermal stress were performed by the finite element method with
nonlinear code ABAQUS. Analyses were specially performed for several kinds of shape to
determine the minimum power density which could be cracked the specimen. The shape of the
thermal shock specimen which was cracked under the lower power density was obtained and the
result will be proved to the test.
Study on Infrared Ray Detecting Temperature and Network Technology for Grinding
Authors: Chen J.F. , Cheng Jun Hong
Published: March 2009

The design principle and method of infrared ray automatic detection system for
grinding temperature are introduced. The Grinding Temperature Automatic Detector was designed.
The system can complete temperature’s correct detection and display in the grinding field of
grinding mill. All grinding mills in workshops are connected to center survey room by modern net
communication technology. Center survey room can directly display and print temperatures of any
grinding mill by computers, and give command to operators to adjust grinding parameters, to trim
grinding wheel, to change cool strength, so that high quality and high efficiency grinding machining
can be realized in the limited grinding temperature scope.
For the detector, temperature detecting scope is 0~1500oC. It is identified that the relative
detecting precision is less than 0.5%. The detector is connected with center survey room to form
local area network, to transfer the grinding information rapidly and correctly.
An Accurate Digital Grinding Method on Inner Surface of Thin-Walled Rotary Part
Authors: Ren Z.W. , Wang Yong Qi , Jia Zhen Yuan , Sheng X.J.
Published: March 2009

The physics performance of thin-walled rotary parts made of hard brittle material on
high-speed aerocraft cannot meet the technical requirements after semi-finished processing, in order
to compensate the physics performance, the wall thickness should be properly grinded based on the
inner surface reference in the finish machining. A processing method consisted of measuring,
calculating and grinding functions is investigated. The data of complex surface is obtained with
trigger measuring technology, and the reconstructed profile is calculated with cubic polynomial
approaching algorithm, which has fast and stable merits in suit with efficient machining. The
grinding G program is generated according to the concrete construction of machining tool. This
method has been verified by experiments.
An Experimental Investigation of Optimal Grinding Condition for Aspheric Surface Lens Using Full Factorial Design
Authors: Baek Seung Yub , Lee Jung Hyung , Lee Eun Sang , Lee H.D.
Published: March 2009

To enhance the precision and productivity of ultra precision aspheric surface micro lens,
the development of ultra-precision grinding system and process for the aspheric surface micro lens
are described. In this paper, an ultra-precision grinding system for manufacturing the aspheric
surface micro lens was developed by considering the factors affecting the grinding surface
roughness and profile accuracy. This paper deals with the mirror grinding of an aspheric surface
micro lens by resin bonded diamond wheel and with the spherical lens of BK7. The optimization of
grinding conditions with respect to ground surface roughness and profiles accuracy is investigated
by design of experiments.
Design of Robust Grinding Wheel Reciprocating Arrangement for Precision Point-Grinding Machining
Authors: Wan Da Ping , Hu De Jin , Xu Li Ming , Wang Hai Feng , Yao X.D.
Published: March 2009

This research is to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the grinding process. A kind of
robust grinding wheel reciprocating arrangement is schemed out, which realizes the precise
point-grinding machining. The grinding wheel reciprocating movement is driven by a linear motor to
replace the traditional crank or hydraulic pressure drive device. Based on the time series method, the
modal experimental analysis technique has been adopted in this paper. By acquiring acceleration
signals of multiple positions of the grinding wheel slide, the dynamic characteristics are analyzed and
the modal parameters of the structure are identified by virtual analysis program. The boundary
condition of the finite element model is adjusted for optimizing its dynamic characteristic. The
equivalent substructure is created and modified in order to improve the surface grinding quality. This
study has got satisfying results. The grinding wheel movement realizes the self-regulation control and
reduces the surface waviness and roughness during high speed point-grinding operation.
Experimental Investigations of Silicon Wafer Grinding
Authors: Liu J.H. , Pei Zhi Jian , Fisher Graham R.
Published: March 2009

The majority of integrated circuits are built on silicon wafers. To manufacture high-quality silicon wafers, a series of processes are needed. After a wire sawing process slices silicon ingots into wafers, grinding processes can be used to flatten the sliced wafers. This paper reports three experimental investigations on wafer grinding. The first investigation was to study the effectiveness of soft-pad grinding in removing the wire-sawing induced waviness. The second was to explore the capability of grinding in achieving super flatness. The third was to study the effects of grinding parameters on wafer flatness.
Experimental and Simulation Research on Influence of Temperature on Nano-Scratching Process of Silicon Wafer
Authors: Okabe H. , Tsumura T. , Shimizu Jun , Zhou Li Bo , Eda Hiroshi
Published: March 2009

This study aims to clarify the interaction between Si wafer and individual diamond
abrasives in grinding at nanometer level and to estimate the grinding conditions for minimizing the
surface defect. This paper reports on the results obtained through nano-scratching experiments in
vacuum by an atomic force microscope (AFM) and simulations by using the molecular dynamics
method by applying Tersoff potential for Si-Si atomic interaction under room and high temperature,
respectively, to examine the influence of the grinding heat on the materials removal process. As a
result, it was proven that the scratch groove under high temperature becomes deeper than that under
room temperature from the experiments, and it was also observed that the formation of the amorphous
phase around the scratch groove under high temperature becomes a little bit larger than that under
room temperature from the simulations.
A Study on Deformation and Removal Mechanisms of Tungsten Carbide Using Nanoindentation
Authors: Huang Han , Irwan Rudy , Kuriyagawa Tsunemoto
Published: March 2009

Nanoindentation was used to study the deformation and removal mechanisms of
cemented tungsten carbide. It was found that the microstructure of the material has significant
influences on its mechanical properties, which determines the critical conditions for damage-free
nanogrinding. The results also indicated that when material removal events occur at nanometric
scale, such influences should be taken into account for gaining the full potential of nanogrinding.
Material Removal Mechanisms Involved in Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of Brittle Materials
Authors: Chao Choung Lii , Chou Wen Chen , Chao Chung Woei , Chen Chao Chang Arthur
Published: March 2009

Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is considered to be a very effective and relatively
accurate way to drill deep holes in brittle materials. Although brittle fracture (micro chipping) is the
dominant material removal mechanism utilized by the RUM process, poor surface roughness and
deep penetrated cracks are the consequence if the machining parameters are not properly controlled.
To ensure the quality of the generated surface and to improve the process efficiency, efforts have
been made in this study to correlate the material removal mechanisms, surface integrity and tool wear
involved in the RUM process. Diamond-impregnated tools were used in the experiment and the
ultrasonic vibration frequency was kept at 20 kHz. Three major material removal modes namely,
impact mode, grinding mode and erosion mode were found to be the dominant removal processes at
the tool tip, around the diamond wheel and around the steel sleeve respectively. It was also found
that, during the grinding/erosion processes, the bonding material of the wheel was first eroded away
and left big part of diamond grits well-exposed. Pull-out and/or fracture are normally the
consequence of these exposed diamond grits due to the lack of support and protection.
Development of Electroplated CBN Wheel with Cemented Carbide Base for Precision Grinding of Compressor Cylinder Vane Slot
Authors: Gao Hang , Liu W.G. , Zheng Y.G.
Published: March 2009

It is experimentally found that existing micro-holes or micro-concaves on the cemented carbide base surface of electroplated CBN wheel is one of important reasons to worsen the combining intensity of the electroplated abrasives layer with the grinding wheel base. It is well solved by sealing the holes or concaves with steam sealing method. Further more the electroplated CBN wheel with cemented carbide base for precision grinding of compressor cylinder vane slot is developed by optimizing the electroplating prescription and process. Productive grinding results show that the ground surface roughness, size precision and the wheel life have reached the advanced index of the same type of wheel imported.
An Evaluation on Surface Topography Finished by Abrasive Jet with Grinding Wheel as Restraint
Authors: Li Chang He , Cai Guang Qi , Xiu Shi Chao , Liu Feng
Published: March 2009

Surface microcosmic topography finished by abrasive jet with grinding wheel as restraint
was analyzed and evaluated. Generating mechanism of surface morphology finished by abrasive jet
with grinding wheel as restraint was investigated and surface topographical characteristics were also
evaluated with cross correlation of random process. Experiments were performed with plane grinder
M7120 and workpiece material 45# steel which was ground with the surface roughness values of
Ra=0.20.6m. The machined surface morphology was studied using SEM and microscope and
the microcosmic geometry parameters were measured with TALYSURF5 instrument. The
experimental results shown that the machined surface change from continuous and parallel
micro-groove and plough to randomly discontinuous micro-pit can be observed with machining
circles increasing and surface roughness was obviously improved. Furthermore, The finished
surface has little comparability compared to grinding machining surface.The isotropy surface and
uniformity veins both parallel and perpendicular machining direction were attained by abrasive jet
precision finishing with grinding wheel as restraint.
Surface Roughness Prediction Based on Cutting Parameters and Nose Radius in Precision Turning
Authors: Liang Ying Chun , Zhai Yuan Sheng , Wang H.X. , Bai Qing Shun , Zhao Y.
Published: March 2009

In precision turning, the quality of surface finish is an important requirement for
machined workpiece. Thus, the choice of optimal cutting parameters is very important for
controlling the required surface quality. The focus of the present study is to find a correlation
between surface roughness and cutting parameters (feed rate, depth of cut) and nose radius in
turning 3J33 maraging steel, and to derive mathematical models for the predicted surface roughness
based on both of cutting parameters and nose radius. The experimental design is carried out using
the quadratic rotary combination design. The regression analysis shows feed rate and nose radius
influence surface roughness significantly. With F-ratio test the proposed model is adequate. The
method could be useful in predicting roughness parameters as a function of cutting parameters and
nose radius.
Analysis of Stress-Induced Birefringence in Nd:YAG Crystal
Authors: Matsuura Hiroshi , Kunieda Yasuhiro , Yoshihara Nobuhito , Kuriyagawa Tsunemoto
Published: March 2009

A Nd:YAG crystal having a special structure achieved laser operation with an
extinction ratio of over 20 dB, a CW (continuous wave) average power of 6 W, a pulse width of 50
ns, and repetition rates in the range 1 kHz – 10 kHz for an output wavelength of 1064 nm for
effectively cooling the crystal for the case of laser dressing. The birefringence induced by the stress
applied to the crystal results in the production of elliptical polarization before the Brewster-window
and thus decreases the laser efficiency. In this paper, we analyzed the relationship between the
distortion and the birefringence in a Nd:YAG crystal and the resulting effect on the laser power.
Trouble Diagnosis in Machining the Micro Grooves for the Mold of PDP Barrier Rib
Authors: Kim Nam Hun , Kim Nam Kyung , Lee Eun Sang
Published: March 2009

This paper describes evaluation and monitoring methods of machining characteristics
for developed cutting machine of micro grooves. Experiments were conducted under various
process conditions such as spindle revolution speed, feed rates and depth of groove. A precision
blade was manufactured to cut micro grooves in the mold of a PDP barrier rib, while taking the
groove shape into consideration. The groove cutting characteristics of the blade were evaluated by
experimenting on STD11 and cemented carbide. AE technology was used to observe the state of
the grooves. The obtained AE signals reliably represented the grooving quality and cutting
conditions, as demonstrated through the use of a fuzzy C-means algorithm.
Micromachining Characteristics of Sapphire with Fifth HG Nd:YAG Laser
Authors: Noji Toshiyuki , Nakamura Kazuo , Horisawa Hideyuki , Yasunaga Nobuo
Published: March 2009

In order to reduce the thermal influences in laser machining of sapphire surface, effects of a
short-pulse ultra-violet laser were investigated. For the UV laser, the Fifth harmonic generation (Fifth
HG) wave of an Nd:YAG laser (wavelength:213nm) was utilized. Significant reduction of thermal
damages on the surface was demonstrated with the Fifth HG pulses compared to longer wavelengths
of the Nd:YAG laser. It was shown that the control of depth of bottom surface with reduced thermal
influences was possible in lower fluence cases(less than 40 J/cm2) with a homogenized beam and
smooth surface roughness Ra < 200nm was obtainable.
Wear Characteristics of the Sub-Aperture Tools and Material Removal Rate in Precision Grinding with Loose Abrasives
Authors: Cheng H. , Tam H.Y. , Gao Y. , Wu Yong Bo , Wang Y.
Published: March 2009

This paper proposes a sub-aperture grinding tool for loose abrasive computer controlled
surfacing, which is designed to perform epicyclic motion and rotate around its centre at a rapid rate,
whilst the entire mechanism revolves around a secondary centre at a slower rate. In actual process,
the wear of the tool could affect the material removal function, and make the process unstable, thus
in fact, it is difficult to make a deterministic manufacturing. The focus of the present paper is on
wearing characteristics of sub-aperture tools and the wear evenness as the main objectives. To make
a further study, material removal function of the tool is firstly established through theoretically
modelling, next, a correlative function with weighted factors is built, which is suitable for
specifying the wearing degree of the tool. Finally, to discover the relationship between the material
removal rate and the tool wearing characteristics, and to optimize the grinding process, analysis and
experiments are then carried out on a K9 glass specimen by means of three kinds of tool materials,
i.e., polyurethane pad, aluminum plate and pitch based on the proposed technique and model. The
results indicated that the required high efficiency and precision could be achieved by choosing
proper processes.
Optimized Machining Condition Selection for High-Quality Surface in High-Speed Finish Milling of Molds
Authors: Lee Seok Woo , Nam S.H. , Choi Hon Jong , Kang E.G. , Ryu K.Y.
Published: March 2009

Today, the trend in die and mold manufacturing is to pursue high-quality surface topology
using high-speed finish milling operation. This paper presents a new approach to optimize machining
conditions according to the required material removal rate (MRR), focusing on obtaining a
high-quality surface. In this approach, the prediction model of surface roughness using the 2-staged
artificial neural network (ANN) is employed for the objective function. Furthermore, an additional
surface quality criterion is also used for the optimization problem using the genetic algorithm. It has
been investigated that optimized machining conditions can be selected to obtain the high-quality
surface within allowable reliability while maintaining a high-quality surface, under the given desired
MRR.
Study on The Self-Adaptive Forecast and Optimal Control Method for Grinding Wheel Infeed
Authors: Liu Gui Jie , Mei Ning , Gong Ya Dong , Wang Wan Shan
Published: March 2009

A self-adaptive forecast & optimal control method for grinding wheel in-feed is presented, it can control grinding wheel plunge by using the new program of grinding process, and can compensate availably the size errors produced by the elasticity deflection of the grinding system and the deference of work-pieces rough and the wear of the grinding wheel, et al. The result of computer simulation and real testing indicate that this method can improve grinding quality.
Study on the Material Removal Mechanism of Precision Surface Grinding of Nanostructured WC/12Co Coating
Authors: Deng Zhao Hui , Zhang Bi , Hu Zhong Wei
Published: March 2009

Nanostructured ceramic coatings has excellent properties, their industrial application
depends not only on their fabrication but also on their precision grinding technology, so it is
necessary to study the material removal mechanism in grinding of nanostructured ceramic coatings.
This paper presents experimental results on how the grinding processes parameters affect the
grinding force ratio and specific grinding energy as well as surface roughness in precision surface
grinding of nanostructured WC/12Co (n-WC/12Co) coating and also presents SEM observations of
surface and subsurface of n-WC/12Co coating ground under different grinding conditions.
Furthermore this paper discusses the material removal mechanism in grinding of n-WC/12Co
coatings and gives priority to inelastic deformation instead of brittle fracture, which provides
theoretical basis for the precision grinding of nanostructured ceramic coating.
Fabrication of Hydroxyapatite Microcapsules by Biomimetic Method
Authors: Tabe Yasuhiro , Hibino Mitsuhiro , Yao Takeshi
Published: March 2009

Apatite nuclei were synthesized by raising pH of simulated body fluid (SBF). Poly (lactic
acid) (PLA) microspheres were soaked in apatite nuclei suspension, and then apatite nuclei were
attached to surfaces of the PLA microspheres. When these PLA microspheres were soaked in SBF,
apatite nuclei on the PLA microspheres induced HAp. As a result, PLA microspheres coated with
HAp were fabricated. The HAp-coated PLA microspheres were soaked in acetone. The PLA core was
dissolved out, and then consequently hollow microcapsules constructed of HAp were fabricated. As
HAp microcapsules have properties of bioaffinity and non-toxicity, they were expected to be
applicable to an excellent carrier of drug delivery system.
Quantitative Analysis of Core Binding Factor 1 (Cbfa1) and Osteocalcin in C2C12 Cells Induced by Ca/P Ceramics In Vitro
Authors: Tan Yan Fei , Wang Gang , Fan Hong Song , Wang Xin Long , Lu Jian , Zhang Xing Dong
Published: March 2009

The mRNA expression of Cbfa1 and osteocalcin gene induced by calcium phosphate
ceramics (Ca/P) were quantitative analyzed according to real-time RT-PCR method in this work.
C2C12 cells were co-culture with four kinds of porous Ca/P ceramics for 2 and 5d without adding
other growth factors. The four kinds of Ca/P ceramics were pure hydroxyapatite (HA) sintered at
1250°C and HA/TCP with a ratio of 60/40 sintered at 1100°C (HT1), 1200°C (HT2) and 1250°C
(HT3) respectively. Real-time RT-PCR analysis found the Ca/P ceramics induced positive
expression of Cbfa1 and osteocalcin in C2C12 cells, After 5 days culture, Cbfa1 and osteocalcin
showed obvious higher expression compared with that in 2 days. Cbfa1 and osteocalcin expression
in BCP was much higher than HA, and the expression level of osteocalcin was
HT1>HT2>HT3>HA. Our results showed that Ca/P ceramics alone were sufficient to induce
C2C12 cells to osteoblastic differentiation and the sinter temperature and phase composition of
Ca/P ceramics could affect their osteoindctive capacity significantly.
Development of EGFP-Expressing Cell Line for Biocompatibility Evaluation of Osteoinductive CaP Ceramics
Authors: Wang Gang , Tan Yan Fei , Zhang Xing Dong , Zhang Y.Z.
Published: March 2009

This study investigated the utility of genetically modified cell line for fast and
non-destructive cytotoxicity evaluation of biomaterials. The EGFP(enhanced green fluorescence
protein)-expressing plasmid pcDNA-EGFP was constructed, and electroporated into ROS 17/28
osteoblastic cells to generate an EGFP-labeled stable cell line, ROS-EGFP. This genetically
modified cell line provided two unique opportunities to qualitative and semi-quantitative evaluation
of cell growth on biomaterials without destruction of samples. Firstly, utilizing the fluorescence of
EGFP expressed in the cells, the viability state of cells on biomaterials was evaluated using a
fluorescent light microscope. Secondly, the proliferation of cells on biomaterials, which was
identified by MTT assay，was demonstrated according to the microscopically counted fluorescent
cell numbers. From the results, it could be concluded that the ROS-EGFP cell line was an effective
tool to trace the fate of cells on biomaterials and to evaluate the biocompatibility of biomaterials to
cell growth in vitro.
In Vivo Bone Tissue Formation Induced by Caclium Phosphate Paste Composite with Demineralized Bone Matrix
Authors: Kim H. , Park M. , Lee Su Young , Lee Kang Yong , Kim Hyun Min , Moon S.H.
Published: March 2009

Demineralized bone matrix (DBM)-calcium phosphate cement (CPC) composites were
subjected to cellular test of osteogenic potentials and implantation in animal model. The expression
of osteogenic marker gene from mouse preosteoblast cell line MC3T3-E1 adhered to the DBM-CPC
composite was much higher than plain CPC. In addition, the DBM-CPC composite implanted nude
mice revealed osteoinduction between the implanted composite and adjacent tissues, whereas the
plain CPC induced osteoconduction.
Effect of a Single Period of Mechanical Strain on Gene Expression Patterns of Ets1 and Cbfa1 in Murine Calvarial Sutural Osteoblast-Like Cells
Authors: Zhang Qi Feng , Zou Shu Juan , Qi Meng Chun , Chen Yang Xi , Zhao Zhi He
Published: March 2009

Cranial sutures produce new bone at the sutural edges of the bone fronts in response to
external stimuli. Little is known regarding the mechanism of osteogenesis in cranial sutures. Ets1
and Cbfa1 are two important osteogenic transcription factors regulating the differentiation and
maturation of osteoblasts. But their function in cranial sutures is not still elucidated. We have
investigated the gene expression of Ets1 and Cbfa1 in rat’s calvarial sutural osteoblast-like cells
under a single period of mechanical strain. The cells were isolated from the cranial suture of SD rats
and cultured in vitro, and subjected to a single 40 minutes mechanical strain using a four-point
bending apparatus. The gene expression patterns of Ets1 and Cbfa1 were examined by RT-PCR.
Both mRNA levels of Ets1 and Cbfa1 have increased significantly within 6 and 12 hours
respectively after mechanical strain were applied, and the increase returned to control level
thereafter. However, Ets1 and Cbfa1 exhibited different temporal expression patterns: Ets1
expressed immediately after the mechanical loading and reached the maximum transcription at
0.5h; whereas Cbfa1 experienced a latency period first, then increased slowly within 2 hours, and
reached the maximum transcription at 6 h. The maximum transcription of Cbfa1 was about 2.58
fold of that of Ets1. Ets1and Cbfa1 may play different roles in regulating bone matrix protein
expressions in osteoblast-like cells during suture distraction and their function is time-dependent.
High frequency distraction (>2times/24h) is favourable to the maximal expression of the two genes.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Osteogenic Cells Is Superior to Bone Marrow Aspirate Impregnated Biomaterial Complex in Posterior Spinal Fusion
Authors: Chan Chan Wai , Lee K.M. , Qin Ling , Wong K.H.K. , Yeung H.Y. , Fan H.B. , Hu Yun Yu , Cheng Jack C.Y.
Published: March 2009

The limited source of autograft has prompted extensive research on bone substitute and
biological enhancement of the fusion mass in spinal fusion. Biomaterials impregnated with bone
marrow aspirate has been applied to spinal fusion surgery. In this study, the effect of stem cell therapy
in enhancing posterior spinal fusion was compared with the bone marrow aspirate method in a
standard rabbit model. Bone marrow was aspirated from rabbit proximal femur (BMA group, n=6)
and loaded on β-tricalcium phosphate ceramics (β-TCP) in excess. The composite was then
implanted onto L5 and L6 transverse processes of the same animal in posterior spinal fusion
operation with decortication on the same day. For stem cell therapy group, mesenchymal stem cells
(MSCs) were isolated from bone marrow aspirate by adherence on plastic culture-ware. The MSCs
were treated with osteogenic supplements (OS) during ex vivo cell expansion (MSC group, n=6). The
osteogenic cells were seeded on β-TCP ceramics and cultured for one day. The cell-ceramics
composite was implanted into the same rabbit as BMA group. The ceramics acted as control (n=6).
Three fluorochromes, tetracycline, xyelonol orange and caclein were injected at week 2, 4 and 6
sequentially. The spinal segments were harvested at week 7 post-operation. The manual palpation of
vertebral joint was assesses for solid fusion. The gap distance of inter-transverse process was
measured by microCT and the bone mineral content (BMC) and volume of transverse processes by
peripheral quantitative computed tomography. The specimens were undergone undecalcified
histological analysis. The mineralization process was examined by fluorescent microscopy. By
manual palpation, 50% of MSC group samples were found to have solid fusion in comparison with
the incomplete fusion observed in the BMA and control group. The gap distance of inter-transverse
processes in MSC group was the shortest. The volume of the transverse processes in MSC group was
significantly greater than BMA and control group by 16% and 26% respectively. The BMC of
transverse processes in MSC group was 40% greater than control (p<0.05) and 8% greater than BMA
group. In fluorescent microscopy, both green fluorescent signal (labeled at week 6) and orange
fluorescent signal (labeled at week 4) were observed in MSC group compare with the predominantly
green fluorescent signal in the BMA group. In conclusion, the augmentation of MSC derived
osteogenic cells is superior to bone marrow aspirate in rabbit posterior spinal fusion.
Hydroxyapatite Precursor Phases Identification by X-Ray Diffraction Using Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Santos Silvia R. A. , Rossi Antonella M. , Prado da Silva Marcelo Henrique
Published: March 2009

The present study presents the relevance of X-ray diffraction analysis using synchrotron
light in the identification of phases with low intensity peaks. Niobium sheets were coated with
monetite and then converted to hydroxyapatite in an alkali solution. Octacalcium phosphate was
identified as an intermediate phase in the conversion monetite-hydroxyapatite.
Luxation Test of Different Ceramic on Ceramic Couplings
Authors: Oberbach Thomas , Begand Sabine , Glien Wilfried , Kaddick Christian
Published: March 2009

Alumina and zirconia have been used for hip joint prostheses for decades. With mixtures
of both materials (ZTA and ATZ) mechanical strength can be increased. The resistance against
damaging of the surface of the ceramic articulation partners head and liner was investigated using a
special luxation apparatus (PI-3:1997-07, Endolab GmbH, Thansau, Germany). Both new ceramic
materials ZTA and ATZ showed a better resistance against roughening and damaging of the
stressed surface areas during the luxation test compared to alumina.
Effect of Grinding, Sandblasting and Heat Treatment on the Phase Transformation of Zirconia Surface
Authors: Sato Hideo , Ban Seiji , Nawa Masahiro , Suehiro Y. , Nakanishi H.
Published: March 2009

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of grinding, sandblasting by alumina and
SiC, and heat treatment on the phase transformation from tetragonal to monoclinic zirconia on the
surface of yttria stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Y-TZP) and zirconia/alumina nanocomposite
stabilized with cerium oxide (Ce-TZP/Al2O3 nanocomposite). The monoclinic phase content of both
materials increased with the grinding and the sandblasting, while it decreased with the heat
treatment. The monoclinic content sequentially increased with the sandblasting and decreased with
the heat treatment to each specific value. The SiC-sandblasting produced the larger monoclinic
content than alumina-sandblasting. Furthermore, the content changes of the nanocomposite were
larger than Y-TZP.