bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Persuasive Communication On Attitudes of Smokers and Non-Smokers of Cigarettes
Authors: Hackleman Edwin C.
Published: March 2007

An experiment to determine the relationship between levels of cigarette smoking, persuasive communication, and attitude change showed outcomes quite different from those predicted by theories of cognitive dissonance: attitude change was significantly affected by the magnitude of persuasive communication, but con sumption of cigarettes did not appreciably affect attitude change.
Changing Concepts in Business Communications
Authors: Balassi Eileen Costello
Published: March 2007

The objectives of business communications may be advanced by changing the appropriate courses to include verbal and non-verbal aspects of communica tion. Limiting class size, varying seating arrangements, and video taping group or individual projects are some of the ways recommended to foster more com plete involvement with course content.
Design, Analysis, Fabrication and Test of a Boron Composite Beam
Authors: Lager John R. , June Reid R.
Published: March 2007

Advanced fibrous reinforced composite materials make available to the aircraft industry the potential for substantial structural weight savings. These savings will be realized only after a general industry- wide understanding and acceptance of these unique materials has been established. A logical initial step involves the formulation of a design approach consistent with the requirements of minimum weight, cost effectiveness and reliability inherent in the design of aircraft structures. This design approach indicates that initial aircraft structural applications will be basically unidirectional, minimize attachment problems, allow secondary loads to be carried by conventional isotropic structural materials, and will allow for reasonable analysis capability and fabrication simplicity. A com posite beam designed to meet the requirements of a typical Boeing 707 floor beam has been evaluated in order to demonstrate this proposed design approach.
Variations in Acoustic Emission Between Graphite- and Glass-Epoxy Composites
Authors: Otsuka Hiromitsu , Scarton Henry A.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents acoustic emission data for graphite- and glass-epoxy, and glass-chopped matt composites. This micro-earthquake-like wave phenomenon resulting from microstructural failure is noted to possess dif ferent characteristics depending upon the composite material being tested. Results of three point bending of specimens and cantilevered specimens with transverse saw cuts under monotonically increasing load indicate that matrix crazing and combined delamination and fiber breakage occur at lower and higher amplitude, respectively. Differences in behavior were also noted be tween these materials as the type of loading was varied.
How Does Canadian Labour Law Fare in a Global Economy?
Authors: Verge Pierre
Published: March 2007

This article examines the evolution of both the domestic and international dimen sions of Canadian labour law in the contemporary context of globalisation. The analysis of the origins and basic features of the domestic system, as illustrated by prevailing legislation in the federal and Quebec jurisdictions, highlights the overall stability of the 'Canadian model', with respect to both the legal framework of collective labour relations and employment standards. The possibility of globalising labour law through tbe insertion of international dimensions is also explored. An analysis of the North American Agreement on Labour Cooperation and other sources of inter national law relevant to tbe Canadian scene points to considerable deficiencies in the legal system's handling of transnational labour relations.
Market Forces and Equitable Comparisons in Wage Determination: a Research Note
Authors: Preston Alison C.
Published: March 2007

In the last few decades there has been a worldwide shift in values and attitudes towards markets and institututions. In the labour market the shift is reflected in legislative reforms designed to decentralise pay determination and deregulate the employment relationship. The claimed macro-economic benefits of such a shift include enhanced productivity, employment growth and lower inflation stemming from re duced wage flow-ons. The reforms implicitly assume that the determinants of wages under centralised and decentralised systems differ. Is this a valid assumption? The research in this paper suggests that notions of fairness and comparative wage justice are important determinants of wages, irrespective of the system of wage determination.
Hidden Unemployment of Women in Australia: Frictional, Cyclical and Structural Dimensions
Authors: Merrilees Bill
Published: March 2007

Female unemployment in Australia is usually about double the male rate and is the visible manifestion of one social problem facing a "minority group." The methods used to calculate unemployment statistics, however, underestimate the severity of the problem. The aim of this paper is to indicate the extent of "hidden unemployment", that is those who are unemployed, but not counted in the official statistics.
A Study of a Public Sector Wage Structure: A Revised Approach to Wage Structure Analysis
Authors: Macdonald Duncan
Published: March 2007

Although it is a topic which has been almost totally ignored in Australia, public sector wage determination has received considerable attention overseas; particularly in North America. However, there have been very few attempts to analyse public sector wage determination via the medium of the wage structure concept.

Several approaches to wage structure analysis have been developed but none seem to be readily applicable to the Australian environment. Thus in studying wage determination in the New South Wales Public Service it was necessary to develop a somewhat different approach to wage structure analysis; an approach that may have more general application than those approaches from which it originated.
Final Offer Arbitration: A Critical Examination of the Theory
Authors: Geare A.J.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the theory behind Final Offer Arbitration and argues that support in theory for the concept implies acceptance of three assertions— that collective bargaining is necessarily superior to arbitration; that arbitration, if available, will have a "narcotic effect" on the parties and finally that the benefits from an increase in collective bargaining outweigh the cost of less acceptable awards. The study submits that the first assertion has no logical basis but is simply given wide acceptance; the second, examined in the light of New Zealand arbitration data, has no general truth, while the final assertion presupposes the first and likewise has no logical basis.
Industrial Conflict, Workplace Characteristics and Accommodation Structure in the Pilbara Iron Ore Industry
Authors: Frenkel Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

The Pilbara Iron Ore industry of Western Australia is one of the most important export earning sectors in Australia. It is also widely regarded as being one of the most strike-prone. This preliminary analysis offers some insight into the attitudes and institutions which appear to be influential in sustairting the current pattern of indtrstrial conflict. It is argued that researchers can play a useful role in helping to create more effective industrial relations structures and procedures.
Salary Restraint in a Bureaucratic Hierarchy—The Case of the Australian Public Service Under Wage Indexation
Authors: Scherer Peter
Published: March 2007

The current Australian Public Service (APS) wage structure is an outcome of Public Service Board (PSB) wage policies developed in the 1960s, and the cumulative wage inflation of the years to 1974. Since 1975 the strict application of the wage indexation guidelines within the APS appears initially to have retarded the rate of growth of average APS salaries compared with those paid elsewhere. However, in a hierarchical salary structure (such as that of the APS) staff turnover and consequent promotions can result in individuals experiencing greater earnings increases than the rate of growth of average salaries. This may temper resentment of wage restraint, at least temporarily. The paper is in four main parts. The first surveys the history of PSB wage fixation policies and the effects on the APS salary structure of the application of the National Wage decisions since 1975. The second part discusses the accompanying tables, which examine the effects of these wage policies on the aggregate wage bill per person employed in the APS, and on a particular but important group within the APS: those in the third division clerical/administrative structure. In the third part, the effect of the hierarchical nature of the APS salary structure is analysed. The final concluding part briefly discusses some issues which seem likely to arise in the near future concerning the relation between public and private sector wage structures.
Industrial Relations Under A Conservative Government: A Comment
Authors: Donn Clifford B.
Published: March 2007

In his recent article in this Journal on changes in the laws affecting industrial relations,1 Richard Mitchell interprets the Fraser Government's industrial relations policies as aimed at serving political purposes rather than accomplishing any useful- substantive ends within the industrial relations field. While such an interpretation is naturally open to dispute, that is not the purpose of this comment. The intent here is to challenge one aspect of Mitchell's interpretation of the behaviour of the Aus tralian trade union movement in 1977. Specifically, Mitchell's assertion that in the 1977 compromise over the Industrial Relations Bureau, "... the unions apparently gained nothing whilst conceding a great deal",2 cannot be allowed to enter the historical record unchallenged.
The Law and the Objects of Federal Unions
Authors: Rawson D.W.
Published: March 2007

There exists a potential conflict between the goals of trade unions, as deter mined by their members, and the goals which are appropriate to them as part of systems of compulsory arbitration. At the federal level, this is compounded by the limitations which the Constitution places on the functions of the arbitration system and on those bodies which operate under the system. The courts have touched upon this problem many times and have responded to it in a variety of ways. It remains unclear how far federally registered unions are free to pursue objectives outside the arbitration system. One realistic answer, though not much heard of for some time, is to give legal recognition to the dual character of such unions as bodies which have a life outside, as well as within, the narrow confines of the Constitution and hence of the Conciliation and Arbitration Act.
Sexual Bias in the Nenko System of Employment
Authors: Matsuura Nanshi F.
Published: March 2007

The nenko system, a lifetime employment and seniority-based wage system, has been considered one of the major contributing factors to the high labour productivity and loyalty in the industrial expansion of Japan during the past three decades. During this period, the female labour force has comprised a large proportion of the total labour force. Women's wages and working con ditions, however, have been consistently and substantially inferior to those of men.

The nenko system has provided periodical promotions and lifetime em ployment security to employees while assuring employers of a long-term supply of skilled workers and a dependable labour force. It has, on the other hand, been the most fundamental cause of discrimination against women. It has virtually excluded women from permanent, high-paying, highly skilled and high- responsibility positions in the labour market. Women have been utilised as a buffer and stabiliser to maintain a stable economy and employment for permanent employees, most of whom have traditionally been males.
The Importance of the Interpersonal Relationship between First-Line Supervisor and Subordinate
Authors: Reeder Robert R.
Published: March 2007

This study involves a first attempt at answering the question, 'Should the sub ordinate whose personality is similar to that of the supervisor be managed differently from the employee whose personality is different from that of the supervisor?' The study compares the similarities and dissimilarities of supervisors and subordinates in tendencies to be authoritarian. The assumption is that people with different personalities tend to interact differently and have different interpersonal relation ships. If this is true, such different interpersonal relationships might well call for different leadership styles or behaviour.

The results of this study reveal such personality differences and indicate that where certain of them exist, supervisors should handle subordinates differently. In addition, suggestions are given for additional research needed to substantiate or repudiate these findings.
Airline Pilot Unions in Australia, Japan and the United States : A Test of Cross-National Convergence
Authors: Karsh Bernard , Blain Nicholas , Nihei Yasumitsu
Published: March 2007

There is a general proposition that common, advanced technologies similarly deployed in countries with different histories, cultures and industrial relations systems will tend to generate similar outcomes cross-nationally. Airlines operating identical aircraft in Australia, Japan and the United States provide an opportunity to test this convergence hypothesis. Despite very different normative industrial re lations systems in these three countries, pilots of Boeing 747 aircraft havefashioned pay schemes and union structures that are far more alike cross-nationally than those that generally characterise employees in other occupations and industries in the same national context. Airline pilots have, in effect, become partners with employers in sharing benefits of increased productivity of the larger or faster aircraft they fly. While acknowledging factors other than common technologies, this study supports the general convergence hypothesis when applied to an industry level. It does not support those 'post-industrial society' theorists who see the overwhelming influence of technology as eroding social and occupational distinctions between and among different classes of workers.
Occupational Segregation and Youth Employment
Authors: Mackay K.R.
Published: March 2007

The aim of the paper is to assess the impact of changes in occupational structure on the level and composition of youth employment. Substantial occupational segrega tion of youth employment persists, suggesting the existence of identifiable 'youth jobs' and 'adult jobs'. When a shift and share approach is applied to changes in the levels of youth employment over the 1971-81 period, changing youth shares of employment within occupations are found to be a dominant influence on youth employment levels. This suggests the importance of competitive factors in the labour market and is consistent with existing research. There is also evidence that occupa tional segregation and changes in occupational structure have had an important influence on the employment of youth. These will probably continue to be impor tant, given continuing long-term growth in service sector occupations, and the decline in trades and prodtrction process worker occupations. The former trend will work to the advantage of young females, who are concentrated in these growth occupations, while the latter will act as a constraint on the employment of young males, particularly 15 to 20-year-olds.
A State Perspective on the Hancock Report
Authors: Cawthorne Frank
Published: March 2007

The report of the Committee of Review has a much greater impact on the states than might appear at first glance from the recommendations. The proposals for better co ordination bet ween federal and state systems and for long-term integration have obvious implications. Many of the main recommendations dealing with the federal jurisdiction also have important ramifications for the state systems. The Report does not, unfortunately, make clear what it perceives to be the appropriate role of the state systems in the medium and long term, which may make state governments and industrial organizations reluctant to agree to much needed changes in the federal arena. But, given the trend to greater centralization and pre-eminence of the federal system, 'integration' or a 'takeover' by the federal body may occur, with or without the states' agreement.
Increased Penalty Rates for Overtime and Job Creation in Australia
Authors: Ahlburg Dennis A. , Schumann Paul L.
Published: March 2007

It has been argued that increasing the overtime pay premium may be one way to stimulate employment growth and reduce unemployment. This proposition is investigated for Australia and rejected. Increasing the overtime pay premium from time-and-a-half to double-time would currently create only about 9000 jobs and have little impact on the unemployment rate.
The New Unfair Dismissal Jurisdiction in South Australia
Authors: Stewart Andrew
Published: March 2007

The transition in the South Australian jurisdiction over unfair dismissals has generated issues that challenge the future and directions of employment protection in Australia. The new provision, with its key remedial power of compensation in liett of reinstatement or re-employment, has in its practical operation approached far closer to the British model of statutory employment rights than any of its counterparts in the other states, and has further proved sufficiently flexible to generate entitlements to redundancy payments in a novel way. Many of the legal points raised in the decided cases to date reflect important aspects of definition, interaction with otherjurisdictions and employ ment policy generally; these include the definition of dismissal, the effect of alternative remedies on an unfair dismissal claim, the taxation of compensation awards and the significance of this type of legislation as a source of procedural (if not always substantive) fairness.
Multi-Employer Cohesion in Australian Construction
Authors: Rose Joseph B.
Published: March 2007

In response to an increase in industrial conflict and an escalation of wages in the 1960s and early 1970s, construction employers in Australia and Canada took steps to achieve more centralized and stable labour-management relations. With the assistance of new legislation, Canadian employers were able to establish more cohesive associations and centralized bargaining structures, but the severity of strike activity increased and wage settlements did not subside. In contrast, the centralization of negotiations in Australia was accompanied by an improvement in bargaining outcomes, even though employer fragmentation persisted. The study suggests that legal underpinnings are necessary to promote employer cohesion and to improve the process of multi-employer bargaining. At the same time, bargaining outcomes are more likely to be influenced by the economic climate and the industrial relations system than by changes in either the law or bargaining structures.
Natural Attrition: The Preferred Option?
Authors: Turner Kathy
Published: March 2007

Within official and academic discourse natural attrition has been taken as the preferred way of dealing with redundancies, in part because it appears as equivalent to normal labour turnover and hence as a natural and normal process. The paper seeks to cast some doubt on this assumption by presenting a case study of natural attrition in a central Queensland open cut coal mine in 1983. It suggests that natural attrition was more complex than the running down of the workforce through normal labour turnover and that it was not necessarily the best redundancy practice in that situation. It appears that although the use of natural attrition was advantageous for the company in allowing it to produce a 'trim ship' without upsetting the hegemonic regime it had established with the workforce, it was not ad vantageous for either the members of the workforce or for the supervisory staff in immediate contact with them.
Shipping's New Industrial Relations: The International Context and the Australian Experience
Authors: Morris Richard
Published: March 2007

In the 1980s, shipping provided a salient industry-specific example of several aspects of work practice reform and industrial relations restructuring. The international technological and market conditions coupled with the main institutions and directions of change are analyzed in this article. The essential findings support the view that a new industrial relations has to a considerable extent grown up in shipping and developed new functions which were not highly profiled in the framework of organizations and processes that existed at the beginning of the decade.
Gender Differences in Overtime
Authors: Brereton David
Published: March 2007

Among full-time workers, differences in the amount ofpaid overtime worked by men and women make a major contribution to the overall gender gap in earnings. This article argues that direct discrimination in the allocation of overtime would appear to be responsible for only a small part of this differential. Rather, the gender gap in overtime is primarily due to the under-representation of women in high overtime industries and occupations, and to the greater reluctance of women to work overtime when and if it is available. It isfurther argued that the lack of overtime opportunities in industries in which women are concentrated is a consequence both of relatively low labour on-costs, and of the greater discretionary control that managers in these industries have over the organization of work and working time.
Total Factor Productivity and Wages Policy
Authors: Covick Owen
Published: March 2007

What role should estimates of growth in total factor productivity play in Australian national wage cases? There currently seem to be two schools of thought on this issue. The Business Council of Australia (and certain others) argue that total factor productivity data should displace the role traditionally filled by estimates of average labour productivity growth. The Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the Commonwealth government have argued that total factor productivity data have no substantive role to play in the wage fixing context.

The first section of this paper begins by outlining the traditional rationale for seeking to gear wages to average labour productivity growth. This rationale rests crucially on: (a) a competing income claims view of wage and price setting behaviour in the economy; and (b) the assumption, within that approach, that claims are determined in terms of aggregate factor shares, or by reference to the proportionate price mark- up factor implicit in those shares. It is then demonstrated that if this same model is modified so that price mark-ups are computed to secure a particular rate of return on capital employed, and competing income claims are determined by reference to the rate of return on capital, rather than capital's aggregate factor share, then it becomes appropriate to gear wages to total factor productivity growth rather than to average labour productivity growth. The appropriate formula is, however, a multiple of total factor productivity growth rather than 'straight' total factor productivity growth. The multiple is the reciprocal of labour's factor share.

The paper then goes on to examine some key design features of the total factor productivity series recently developed and published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). This examination is carried out to assess the suitability of the ABS series for use in the defined wages policy context. It is concluded that the methodology adopted in the compilation of the ABS figures is not the most appropriate for this context. The upshot is that were a total factor productivity wages policy rule based directly on the ABS estimates of total factor productivity growth to be implemented, it is uncertain whether it would have the advantages over an average labourproductivity rule, of the types discussed earlier in the paper. The paper concludes by suggesting certain modifications to the ABS series that, it is argued, would provide a total factor productivity indicator with features more appropriate for wages policy debate purposes.
Trade Unions and the Distribution of Paid Overtime
Authors: Miller Paul , Mulvey Charles
Published: March 2007

The suggestion has been made by Mulvey (1986) that trade unions may be able to influence the allocation of work paid at premium rates in favour of their members and that this may partially explain the existence of a union/non-union differential in average hourly earnings in Australia. This paper investigates both the general proposition and its particular application to the union/non-union wage differential. with respect to the distribution of paid overtime. Analysis of the Australian Longi tudinal Survey reveals that, while unions do appear to influence the distribution of overtime in favour of their members, the effect is small and would account for only about one percentage point of the union/non-union wage differential.
The Survival of Apprenticeship Training in Australia?
Authors: Gospel Howard F.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the development of apprenticeship training in Australia over a long time perspective. The amount and quality of apprenticeship training have fluctuated over time, but until recently the proportion of apprentices in the workforce has held up better in Australia than in other English-speaking countries, though not as well as in the German-speaking and allied countries. The reasolls for the survival of apprenticeship are examined and an explanation is preferred in terms of the interaction between institutional supports and the requirements and capabilities of employers. At the present time the apprenticeship system is under pressure and stands at a crossroads as Australia moves towards more mixed training arrangements. However, the system remains strong and still has much to commend it.
Clothing Outwork: Union Strategy, Labour Regulation and Labour Market Restructuring
Authors: Weller Sally
Published: March 2007

On 12 March 1998 the Australian Industrial Relations Commission found that tbe clauses of the Clothing Trades Award dealing with the regulation of outwork in the clothing industry were allowable in their entirety under section 89A2(t) of the Workplace Relations Act 1996. This decision preserves the mechanisms that will enable the award to be enforced according to the industry's Homeworker Code of Practice. This paper describes the union's community action campaign against unregu lated clothing outwork, a campaign that bas successfully focused public attention on the need to establish safeguards for outworker employment at a time when employee protection more generally is under threat. It attributes tbe progress in regulating outwork to the union's public awareness campaign and its uneven impact on the competitive position of employers, to a resultant change in employer attitudes and strategies, and to the government's desire to quieten opposition to its industrial relations agenda.
Notes On Social Science Principles for World Law and Order
Authors: Isard Walter , Wolpert Julian
Published: March 2007

Certain basic principles which have been recognized and accepted in the social sciences, such as the effects of scale and agglomeration economies, transfer costs, etc., are inte grated into a simplified model of world hierarchical structure. The hierarchy of places and service areas is illustrated through vectors of influence and flow extending back and forth from the world primary node to the major and sub-regional primary nodes and to local community nuclei. Service areas of the nodes conforming to the size and scale most efficient and appropriate for specific activities and functions are illustrated in volving, for example, steel production at major regional primary nodes and elementary schools in the smallest service areas. With the presence of political boundaries or other barriers inhibiting optimal spatial organization, opportunity costs are introduced which detract from potential benefits. Recognition of the social science framework in which a system of world law should ideally operate must be complemented by identification of adjudicative criteria for balancing conflicting goals such as participation, efficiency and equality. Some measures of participation and analytic frameworks for reconciling goals are suggested.
Inspecting for Weapons Production a Modest Computer Simulation
Authors: Singer J. David , Hinomoto Hirohide
Published: March 2007

We have tried to present an experiment in the detection of illegal weapons production, using a rather modest and simplified computer simulation. Three inspection schemes are defined by their ability to detect evasion and to avoid false alarms, and their effects are simulated using Monte Carlo methods. Because the model is not a fully dynamic one, it employs delayed rather than more or less instantaneous feedback; the full intensity of the inspection-evasion interaction is moderated. Furthermore, the model makes a number of assumptions which are justified only in so preliminary an analysis. For simu lation techniques such as that presented here to play a really useful role in the design of inspection systems and exercise a practical effect on the negotiations for disarma ment, this pilot project must be considerably surpassed in complexity and sophistication. Proceeding on the basis of data gathered during the computer simulation, we out lined a sequence of procedures whereby the potential signatories to a weapons produc tion ban agreement might be able to sort out and compare the relative costs of alterna tive inspection systems outlined. We have quite consciously sought to combine such disparate material and strategic-political factors as installation and operating cost on the one hand and successful evasion or false detection cost on the other. Two caveats are thus in order. First, such 'combining of utilities' may be a perfectly reasonable procedure, but we cannot afford to forget that certain of our inputs are based on political judgements of a most crucial sort. Second, and equally important, the calcula tions suggested here incorporate only a small portion of all the variables that must be considered in selecting a man-machine inspection system upon which a nation's security may well depend.
Public Opinion and Foreign Policy Decisions
Authors: Laulicht Jerome
Published: March 2007

The data analysed here came from a comprehensive survey of Canadian voters' and leaders' opinions regarding war and peace. The data reported here relate only to foreign policy issues, specifically, attitudes towards nuclear weapons, conventional forces, co existence policy, the United Nations and foreign aid.

The paper argues that public opinion can and does affect government policy, but that the 'public' is not a unity, nor are all segments equally influential. Thus, the subjects of the study comprised the following groups: highly influential leaders, 48 businessmen, 48 labour leaders, and 48 Members of Parliament; national sample of 1,000 adults, divided into English-Canadians, French-Canadians, and 'Informed Public' (those most educated and most knowledgeable about foreign affairs). The attitudes of the groups are compared and are analysed from the perspective of pressures and cross-pressures exerted upon government. The attitudes are also related to actual government policy in the same areas and an attempt is made to assess the role public opinion may have played in decisions.
The Impact of Study Abroad
Authors: Galtung Ingrid Eide
Published: March 2007

The article reports some results from a UNESCO sponsored study that involved students from three countries, the UAR, India, and Iran, who had returned to their home coun tries after two years or more of study abroad in the German Federal Republic, the United Kingdom and the USA. These students were interviewed, and they reported very varying degrees of adjustments to their host countries. In general the Indian stu dents reported fewer changes than the other two student groups, apparently choosing cultural coexistence rather than conformity to a foreign culture. This finding cannot be explained satisfactorily by differences between the samples, or by the Indian students' greater possibility of contact with fellow nationals. It is suggested that such factors as training in cultural pluralism, ideologies that regulate degrees of acculturation, cultural distance, the image of the home country abroad, and its rank in the international system are relevant for the students in their adjustments and degrees of acceptance of the foreign culture.
Two Approaches To Disarmament : the Legalist and the Structuralist
Authors: Galtung Johan
Published: March 2007

The thesis of the paper is that disarmament thinking and particularly disarmament negotiations are governed by a legalist frame of reference patterned after domestic law, based on the ideas of establishment of a set of norms (a treaty), a detection machinery to discover deviance, an adjudication machinery concerned with verification, con viction, and sentences, a system of sanctions, and a validation system (Supreme Courts in domestic law). To the extent this kind of thinking prevails, we are unlikely ever to get disarmament, since distrustful legalists will always find loopholes in the control mechanisms. Besides, it is also probable that many control mechanisms are counter- productive and produce rather than eliminate cheating, and sanctions are almost certainly counter-productive when they are based on the principle of collective guilt in the nation breaking the treaty.

Equally dangerous is the tendency that legalistically thinking negotiators will dis regard factors that may stimulate disarmament, because they cannot be accommodated within their paradigm. Such factors are the idea of morality, positive exchange and cooperation between antagonists, positive sanctions to nations that keep the treaty and not only punishment to those who do not, efforts to punish individuals rather than nations if somebody should be punished, inspection by the people of their own govern ment, unilateral steps, tacit agreements, and a dilution of the legalistically dominated environment for disarmament negotiations with people of all other kinds of background. Finally, the thesis is that legal language and legal paradigms provide the parties with a false sense of being able to communicate, when in reality what they do is to understand each other too well, so well that they disregard major possibilities and are led in the direction of major difficulties. Some models for the cooperation between legalists and structuralists are then outlined.
International Structure and International Integration
Authors: Reinton Olav
Published: March 2007

The article investigates interaction and integration in Latin America, using nations as units. Four indices of international stratification are presented and compared, and intensity of interaction within different pairs of nations is analysed. Interaction is measured in terms of trade, airborne transport, participation in continental meetings, negotiations, and participation in World Wars.

The consequences of interactive disequilibrium appear important in analysis of inter action. An equilibrated pair, with units of equal status, is characterized by mutual exchange on equal level of intensity, and mutual influence that flows within the pair. A disequilibrated pair may be characterized by high intensity of interaction, but the exchange is not mutual, and there is no flow of influence. Equilibrated units influence each other; while in a disequilibrated pair one unit dominates, not influences, the other.

The medium status units appear most important in international integration; such units foresee mobility in the international system, and imagine that international integration may make it possible to challenge top status units in the system.

These and other findings are compared with findings in small group research, which are proved fruitful in the interpretations of our findings. We discover that Latin American nations do not imitate and are not responsive towards the United States because of lack of mobility within the inter-American system. Since the United States behaves as a 'superdog' in the system, thus dominating Latin American nations, the Latin American nations become followers of the United States and eager participants in inter-American meetings. It is our contention, however, that the United States' image in Latin America disappears when United States dominance ceases, because this image is not internalised in the local culture.

One important policy implication emerges from our analysis: if a nation wants to influence another, its policy should aim at supporting the other nation in its attempts to gain the same status in the system as that of the 'would-be' influencer.
The Factor of Militarism
Authors: Eckhardt William
Published: March 2007

To investigate the nature of militarism, two different but related questionnaires were admini stered to two different samples of adults and university students, N = 122 and 261, respectively. Both questionnaires contained a variety of ideological and personality scales selected on the basis of a review of the literature. In both cases, the scale scores were standardized, correlated with each other, and factor analyzed by the principal components method. In both samples, a primary factor of militarism was among the first two factors extracted.

The primary factor of militarism contained scales of militarism, nationalism, severe treat ment of criminals, anti-Communism, anti-internationalism, conservatism, anti-democratic at titudes, authoritarianism, and anti-Semitism. The items in these scales were characterized by a readiness to use or threaten to use force and punishment to control the behavior of those believed to be deviating from the values of Western adult society, including the Communist 'enemy', children, Jews, Negroes, foreigners, lower-class people, sexual deviates, and mental patients. This need for compulsion and punishment was presumed to be a function of lack of faith in human nature.

The primary factor of militarism was significantly correlated with the ideological factors of conservatism, nationalism, religiosity, lack of internationalism, lack of knowledge of foreign affairs, and political cynicism; and with the personality factors of extraversion, misanthropy, faulty childhood disciplines, lack of social responsibility, neuroticism, and lack of empathy. Some of these results (such as the correlation of militarism with conservatism and religiosity) are probably limited in their generalizability to the Western World, while the rest are prob ably more universal in their generalizability. However, cross-cultural studies will be required to increase our understanding of militarism in general.

This study implies the need for more freedom in human relations if we want more respon sibility in human relations, including international relations.
A Model of International Interaction in Western Europe
Authors: Arosalo Uolevi
Published: March 2007

Some features of international interaction patterns in Western Europe are examined both theoretically and empirically. Firstly some essential differences between sociological theories and their implications in the study of interaction are considered. The theory selected pre supposes a structure made up of two classes opposing the interests of the poor and the rich countries, and with a lack of pluralism in the forms of interaction among the members of the system.

'The West' was defined as all the NATO countries and those countries in Europe not be longing to the Warsaw Treaty Organization. The data consist of the number of memberships of 'the West' in International Governmental Organizations (IGO), in International Non- Governmental Organizations (INGO), and in Business International Organizations (BINGO) of each country.

The results indicate that the interaction patterns form a hierarchical chain: IGO→INGO→ BINGO. Interaction is stratified according to the wealth of the countries. IGO-memberships can be expressed as the function of GNP, and INGO-memberships as the function of GNP/ capita. BINGO-memberships have some curious features. The dispersion of trade and the voting activity in national elections correlates differently with BINGOs than other forms of interaction. Finally, some implications are dealt with.
Intersystemic Regionalism and Peace in Europe
Authors: Zellentin Gerda
Published: March 2007

The conditions and driving forces of interaction between antagonistic political and social systems in Europe are combined in a research paradigm. Dependent and independent variables are chosen from analogies of international integration pro cesses past and present and from integration theories in East and West. More conceptual clarity can be expected from a greater amount of empirical evidence of intersystem cooperation which will increase with the development of the European Conference of Security and Cooperation.
Political Conclusions of the Study 'The Consequences of War and the Prevention of War'
Authors: Afheldt Horst
Published: March 2007

Seven theses and two consequences constitute the summary of the study:

Thesis 1: The Federal Republic of Germany can not be defended by means of conven tional weapons.

Thesis 2: The use of nuclear weapons in defence of West Germany would lead to nuclear self-destruction.

Thesis 3: For the Federal Republic of Germany there only exists a self-contradictory pol icy of deterrence (deterrence by means of incalculable risks for both sides).

Thesis 4: Between the superpowers there exists a strategy of deterrence which in its mili tary logic is not self-contradictory.

Thesis 5: Deterrence policy as pursued by the superpowers (however) results in an arms race.

Thesis 6: The arms race increases the risk of war.

Thesis 7: The attempt to maintain an equilibrium of deterrence through the arms race cripples the superpowers politically and militarily.

Consequences:

1. Precisely because it is highly questionable, the deterrence system opens up a margin of man oeuvre for the Federal Republic of Germany to utilize armaments decisions as a means for foreign policy.

2. In the appraisal of any policy, top priority must be given to contributions to the creation of a politically guaranteed world peace.
The Role of the Armaments Complex in Soviet Society (Is there a Soviet Military Industrial Complex?)1
Authors: Jahn Egbert
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the usefulness of the notion of a 'military industrial complex' as applied to the Soviet Union; it reaches the conclusion that this notion reflects the self-image of liberals in bourgeois society and is not applicable to a society with a different mode of production. The author takes up the Marxian concept of mili tarism, which conceives the military and the state bureaucracy not as actors but as agents of social class interests; on the basis of traits peculiar to militarism we find that there also exists a militarism in the U.S.S.R., but one quite different from the traditional militarism of capitalist so ciety.
Structural-Dynamic Arms Control
Authors: Köhler Gernot
Published: March 2007

The investigation starts from the observation that, in the field of arms control, failure seems to be the rule and points out that this may be due to an empirically observable close relation ship between long-term military and economic growth. Possible causal relationships between those two kinds of growth are discussed and a causal hypothesis is suggested which explains long-term military growth in terms of a social-psychological pusheffect (the Vebleneffect) in combination with an economic restrainteffect. On that theoretical basis, two approaches to arms control are proposed — namely, arms control through manipulation of the Vebleneffect and arms control through limits to economic growth. These two methods approach arms control from a global perspective, which transcends the perspectives of both intra-national antimilitarism and inter-national arms control diplomacy.
Peaceful Societies: An Introduction
Authors: Fabbro David
Published: March 2007

This article is a tentative introduction to the idea of studying the social preconditions of peace by directing attention to a number of actual societies which are peaceful. These societies: 1) do not engage in violence against other groups; 2) have no civil wars or internal collective violence; 3) do not maintain a standing military-police organisation; 4) experience little or no inter-personal lethal violence; and, 5) lack certain forms of structural violence.

The societies are: the Semai of Malaya, the Siriono of Eastern Bolivia, the Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari desert, the Mbuti Pygmies of equatorial Africa, the Copper Eskimo of Northern Canada, the Hutterites of North America, and the Islanders of Tristan da Cunha in the South Pacific.

Various aspects of these groups were considered: type of economy, cosmology or world view, child rearing practices, conflict resolution methods, and their social control and decision-making processes. The societies displayed a number of commonalities along these dimensions.

They are all small, face to face communities with a basically egalitarian social structure. Generally they lack formal patterns of ranking and stratification, place no restriction on the number of people capable of exercising authority or occupying positions of prestige and have economies which are based on generalised reciprocity. Only Tristan and the Hutterites produce a surplus. In none of these societies is there great material inequality between individuals. Sexism and to a lesser extent gerontocracy exist in all groups.

It is suggested that it is possible for a society to have social justice without recourse to physical violence.
Egalitarian Reformism in the Third World vs The Military: A Profile of Failure
Authors: Wolpin Miles D.
Published: March 2007

Patterns of civil-military relations associated with ten deposed reformist regime are delineated. The case studies were selected because of their historical prominence and the consequent availability of information. They consist of: Iran's Mossadegh (1953), Guatemala's Arbenz (1954), the Dominican Republic's Bosch 1962), Brazil's Goulart (1964), Indonesia's Sukarno (1965), Ghana's Nkrumah (1966), Mali's Keita (1968), Cambodia's Sihanouk (1970), Bolivia's Torres (1971), and Chile's Allende (1973). Similarities are identified in the origins and composition of anti-reform coalitions. These include not only the traditional 'right', but also most politically active middle class sectors and associated Western interests. The United States played a major interventionist role in most of the 'destabilizations'.

The autonomy, conservative norms, and external linkages of the military officer corps constituted a key problem for reform leadership, as did the openness of the political svstem to penetration by Western agencies. It is theorized that the style, assumptions, and tactical decisions by the overthrown reformers deprived them of political resources which in most cases would have increased the probability of a progressive outcome. This underlines the crucial role of ruthless and anticipatory leadership if opponents of structural change are to be neutralized. Those who were deposed suffered from excessive elitism, vacillation, and the assumption that compromise with opponents was a viable option until it was too late to seize the initiative. The Fidelista model is discussed as a more viable or realistic leadership approach.