bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of exercise interventions on physical fitness in breast cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review
Authors: Ficarra Salvatore , Thomas Ewan , Bianco Antonino , Gentile Ambra , Thaller Petra , Grassadonio Fulvio , Papakonstantinou Sofia , Schulz Thorsten , Olson Nils , Martin Alexandra , Wagner Christian , Nordström Anna , Hofmann Hande
Published: March 2022

Background

This systematic review aims to identify the effects of exercise interventions in patients with breast cancer (BCP) and survivors (BCS) on selected variables of physical fitness.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search was conducted using Medline and Scopus. Randomized controlled trials with isolated exercise interventions in BCP and BCS women (< 5 years from therapy completion) were included. The risk of bias (RoB) assessment was conducted using the Cochrane RoB-2-tool. Variables regarding cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), strength (ST), fatigue (F) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were discussed.

Results

Of the 336 studies initially identified, 22 met all the inclusion criteria and were deemed eligible. RoB assessment indicated that the studies had predominantly “some concerns” or had “low RoB”, with only 3 studies presenting a “high RoB”. The mean duration and frequency of exercise interventions were 19 weeks and 3 sessions/week, performed at moderate intensity (65% VO2max and 66% 1RM, for aerobic and resistance-training interventions, respectively).

Conclusions

Exercise interventions seem to be a valuable strategy in BCP to avoid the decline of CRF, ST, F and HRQoL. Conversely, improved physical function among BCS is observed for the same variables. Resistance training and combined interventions seem to provide the most encouraging variations of the selected outcomes.

PROSPERO registration ID

CRD42021237917.
A Cognitive-Semiotic Approach to Agency: Assessing Ideas from Cognitive Science and Neuroscience
Authors: Mendoza-Collazos Juan , Zlatev Jordan
Published: March 2022

Following the levels of intentionality and semiosis distinguished by the Semiotic Hierarchy (a layered model of semiosis/intentionality), and the distinction between original agency (without the use of artefacts) and enhanced agency (the prosthetic incorporation of artefacts), we propose a model of an agency hierarchy, consisting of six layers. Consistent with the phenomenological orientation of cognitive semiotics, a central claim is that agency and subjectivity are complementary aspects of intentionality. Hence, there is no agency without at least the minimal sense/feeling of agency. This perspective rules out all artefacts as genuine agents, as well as simple organisms, since it is highly unlikely that e.g. bacteria have any first-person perspective. Using this model, we review and assess recent proposals on the nature of agency from cognitive science, and neuroscience, and draw conclusions on how to incorporate aspects of them within a synthetic cognitive-semiotic framework.
Understanding the policy discourse within the formulation of the 2013 Indian National Food Security Act
Authors: Lindgren Karl-Axel , Lang Tim
Published: March 2022

India was the third country in the world to enact into law a constitutional commitment to the right to food, following Brazil and South Africa. The 2013 National Food Security Act (NFSA) was the latest in a long line of post-Independence food policies aimed at tackling hunger. This paper explores the range of discourses among NFSA policy-makers, their views and disagreements, from drafting to the final Act. The research used mixed methods. Elite semi-structured interviews were conducted with 32 individuals who were either directly involved in NFSA formulation or food security specialist observers. Policy documents covering the period from before the Act and during the Act’s passage were critically analysed. Significant intra-governmental disagreements were apparent between two broad positions. A ‘pro-rights’ position sought to formulate a law that was as comprehensive and rights-based as possible, while a ‘pro-economy’ policy position saw the NFSA as a waste of money, resources and time, although recognising the political benefits of a food security law. These disagreements were consistent throughout the formulation of the NFSA, and in turn cast the Act as a product of compromise. Although there was broad consensus for a food security act, there was surprisingly little agreement exactly how that Act should look, what it should contain, and whom it should target. There was little consensus even on the right to food approach itself. The article contributes to the understanding of policy formulation in India specifically, and in developing countries in general, as well as to lend credence to the suitability of policy analysis to developing nations, otherwise normally grounded in Western traditions. The paper highlights a lack of cross-government cooperation in policy formulation, with the continued pressure of a short-term economic rationale undermining the policy goal of lessening hunger, despite some success.
Validation of the safety requirements of the landing gear using fault tree analysis
Authors: Iven Leander , Zaidi Yaseen
Published: March 2022

We analyze the functionality of the landing system of a regional aircraft in the extension and cruise flight modes and validate safety requirements through the fault tree analysis. The main landing gear system is captured in the electromechanical–fluidic domain and system behavior is abstracted in an elementary hydraulic circuit. The functional representation is then constructed into a fault tree which allows analysis of the failure propagation originating at different branch terminals, for instance, at the main landing gear actuator which extends the gear and holds it retracted during the cruise, door actuator, door uplocks, and hydraulic power supply. Each component is assigned a failure probability. Each failure mode is abstracted as a top-level event having a probability of failure and through Boolean combinations of component failures in the lower branches. Two reliability aspects considered are the availability to fully lower the landing gear and the integrity of inadvertent gear or door extension while cruising. Architectural changes through undercarriage system reconfiguration and component redundancy have been exploited to improve system failure rates. The analysis determines the overall system failure rate against the flight cycles. The process is agile to accommodate design changes with the evolution of architecture during the systems engineering lifecycle.
DeeProBot: a hybrid deep neural network model for social bot detection based on user profile data
Authors: Hayawi Kadhim , Mathew Sujith , Venugopal Neethu , Masud Mohammad M. , Ho Pin-Han
Published: March 2022

Use of online social networks (OSNs) undoubtedly brings the world closer. OSNs like Twitter provide a space for expressing one’s opinions in a public platform. This great potential is misused by the creation of bot accounts, which spread fake news and manipulate opinions. Hence, distinguishing genuine human accounts from bot accounts has become a pressing issue for researchers. In this paper, we propose a framework based on deep learning to classify Twitter accounts as either ‘human’ or ‘bot.’ We use the information from user profile metadata of the Twitter account like description, follower count and tweet count. We name the framework ‘DeeProBot,’ which stands for Deep Profile-based Bot detection framework. The raw text from the description field of the Twitter account is also considered a feature for training the model by embedding the raw text using pre-trained Global Vectors (GLoVe) for word representation. Using only the user profile-based features considerably reduces the feature engineering overhead compared with that of user timeline-based features like user tweets and retweets. DeeProBot handles mixed types of features including numerical, binary, and text data, making the model hybrid. The network is designed with long short-term memory (LSTM) units and dense layers to accept and process the mixed input types. The proposed model is evaluated on a collection of publicly available labeled datasets. We have designed the model to make it generalizable across different datasets. The model is evaluated using two ways: testing on a hold-out set of the same dataset; and training with one dataset and testing with a different dataset. With these experiments, the proposed model achieved AUC as high as 0.97 with a selected set of features.
Parents’ Perceptions of Children’s Exposure to Unhealthy Food Marketing: a Narrative Review of the Literature
Authors: Driessen Christine , Kelly Bridget , Sing Fiona , Backholer Kathryn
Published: March 2022

Purpose of Review

A key driver of unhealthy diets in children is the marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages. Attempts to regulate children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing through government-led policies are challenged by commercial interests. Parents shoulder the responsibility of counteracting the effects of omnipresent unhealthy food marketing that children are exposed to within the food environment. In this narrative review we aimed to synthesise the evidence over the last 10 years on parents' perceptions of children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing and parents support for policies to restrict this marketing.

Recent Findings

The evidence indicates that unhealthy food marketing leads parents to feel undermined in their ability to provide healthy foods to their children. Despite this concern, parents tend to underestimate the levels of exposure to, and impacts of, unhealthy food marketing to their children, especially in the digital ecosystem.

Summary

The voices and support of parents represent a significant opportunity to accelerate policy action on food marketing. Increasing awareness among parents and caregivers to the high levels and harmful impacts of children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing, focusing on their right not to be undermined by such action, may drive support for policy change. Further research is needed to understand parents’ attitudes and perceptions related to their children’s exposure to contemporary unhealthy food marketing, specifically in digital environments, and the perspectives of fathers and parents from low and middle-income countries.
Research on tune feedback of the Hefei Light Source II based on machine learning
Authors: Yu Yong-Bo , Liu Gong-Fa , Xu Wei , Li Chuan , Li Wei-Min , Xuan Ke
Published: March 2022

The theory of tune feedback correction and the principle of a feedback algorithm based on machine learning are introduced, with a focus on the application of lasso regression for tune feedback correction. Simulation verification and online feedback correction results are presented. The results show that, after applying machine learning, the feedback accuracy of the tune feedback system was higher, and the betatron tune stability was further improved.
Towards developing a Core Outcome Set for malnutrition intervention studies in older adults: a scoping review to identify frequently used research outcomes
Authors: Visser M. , Mendonça N. , Avgerinou C. , Cederholm T. , Cruz-Jentoft A. J. , Goisser S. , Kiesswetter E. , Siebentritt H. M. , Volkert D. , Torbahn G.
Published: March 2022

Purpose

To conduct a scoping review to provide a systematic overview of outcomes used in nutritional intervention studies focused on the treatment of protein-energy malnutrition in older adults.

Methods

A systematic search of four electronic databases (Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) was performed to retrieve randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published until March 9, 2020, that evaluated the effect of nutritional interventions to treat protein-energy malnutrition in older adults and those at risk for malnutrition. Two authors screened titles, abstracts and full texts independently. One author extracted data that were cross-checked by another author.

Results

Sixty-three articles reporting 60 RCTs were identified. Most frequently used outcomes included body weight/body mass index (75.0% of RCTs), dietary intake (61.7%), functional limitations (48.3%), handgrip strength (46.7%), and body circumference (40.0%). The frequencies differed by setting (community, hospital and long-term care). For some outcomes there was a preferred assessment method (e.g., Barthel index for functional limitations), while for other outcomes (e.g., functional performance) a much greater variation was observed.

Conclusion

A large variation in outcomes, not only across but also within settings, was identified in nutritional intervention studies in malnourished older adults and those at risk. Furthermore, for many outcomes there was a large variation in the used assessment method. These results highlight the need for developing a Core Outcome Set for malnutrition intervention studies in older adults to facilitate future meta-analyses that may enhance our understanding on the effectiveness of treatment.
A unified view of a human digital twin
Authors: Miller Michael E. , Spatz Emily
Published: March 2022

The term human digital twin has recently been applied in many domains, including medical and manufacturing. This term extends the digital twin concept, which has been illustrated to provide enhanced system performance as it combines system models and analyses with real-time measurements for an individual system to improve system maintenance. Human digital twins have the potential to change the practice of human system integration as these systems employ real-time sensing and feedback to tightly couple measurements of human performance, behavior, and environmental influences throughout a product’s life cycle to human models to improve system design and performance. However, as this concept is relatively new, the literature lacks inclusive and precise definitions of this concept. The current research reviews the literature on human digital twins to provide a generalized structure of these systems, provide definitions of a human digital twin and human digital twin system, and review the potential applications of these systems within product design, development, and sustainment. This review of the existing literature suggests that components of human models sufficient to provide robust human digital twins are likely to be derived across multiple fields of study. Thus, development of these systems would benefit an open multi-disciplinary research effort.
Grammatical Evolution of Complex Digital Circuits in SystemVerilog
Authors: Tetteh Michael , Dias Douglas Mota , Ryan Conor
Published: March 2022

The evolution of complex circuits remains a challenge for the Evolvable Hardware field in spite much effort. There are two major issues: the amount of testing required and the low evolvability of representation structures to handle complex circuitry, at least partially due to the destructive effects of genetic operators. A 64-bit $$\times$$
×
64-bit add-shift multiplier circuit modelled at register-transfer level in SystemVerilog would require approximately 33,200 gates when synthesized using Yosys Open SYnthesis Suite tool. This enormous gate count makes evolving such a circuit at the gate-level difficult. We use Grammatical Evolution (GE) and SystemVerilog, a hardware description language (HDL), to evolve fully functional parameterized Adder, Multiplier, Selective Parity and Up–Down Counter circuits at a more abstract level other than gate level—register transfer level. Parameterized modules have the additional benefit of not requiring a re-run of evolutionary experiments if multiple instances with different input sizes are required. For example, a 64-bit $$\times$$
×
64-bit and 128-bit $$\times$$
×
128-bit multipliers etc., can be instantiated from  a fully evolved functional and parameterized N-bit $$\times$$
×
N-bit multiplier. The Adder (6.4$$\times$$
×
), Multiplier (10.7$$\times$$
×
) and Selective Parity (6.7$$\times$$
×
) circuits are substantially larger than the current state of the art for evolutionary approaches. We are able to scale so dramatically because of the use of a HDL, which permits us to operate at a register-transfer level. Furthermore, we adopt a well known technique for reducing testing from digital circuit design known as corner case testing. Skilled circuit designers rely on this to avoid time-consuming exhaustive testing. We demonstrate a simple way to identify and use corner cases for evolutionary testing and show that it enables the generation of massively complex circuits. All circuits were successfully evolved without resorting to the use of any standard decomposition methods, due to our ability to use programming constructs and operators available in SystemVerilog.
Investigation of Weight Effects on the Critical Speed of Inclined Turbocharger Rotor System
Authors: Ouyang Xu , Guo Hulun , Wu Xintao , Men Rixiu , Li Menghan , Cao Shuqian
Published: March 2022

Turbochargers have been widely used in various base conditions, such as horizontal, vertical, or inclined. The prediction of the dynamics is of utmost importance to inclined turbocharger designers. In this paper, the effect of weight on the critical speed of an inclined turbocharger rotor coupled with floating ring bearings is investigated. The inclined turbocharger rotor is modeled by lumped mass model. The nonlinear floating ring bearing model is derived using Capone’s model. Then the nonlinear dynamic model of the turbocharger rotor system is obtained. The balance position of the turbocharger rotor system is obtained by solving the nonlinear static equation. Linear system of the turbocharger rotor system is derived based on the balance position, and the critical speed is obtained by solving an eigenvalue problem. Three vibration modes, i.e. conical whirl, cylindrical whirl, and bending are obtained. Increasing the inclined angle would decrease the critical speed. Increasing the inclined angle would decrease the critical speed. Among the three vibration modes, the critical speed of cylindrical whirl furnishes the highest decrease while the critical speed of bending attains the lowest decrease. The vertical turbocharger rotor has a more wide operating speed range than the horizontal turbocharger rotor.
Sexual Health Screening for Gynecologic and Breast Cancer Survivors: A Review and Critical Analysis of Validated Screening Tools
Authors: Tounkel Innes , Nalubola Shreya , Schulz Alexandra , Lakhi Nisha
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Studies have shown that the sexual health concerns of gynecologic and breast cancer survivors are not adequately being addressed by clinicians.

Aim

To provide a comprehensive narrative review of validated sexual health screening tools and aid clinicians in choosing a screening tool that will allow them to best address their patients' sexual health concerns

Methods

A review of PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted, using search terms “sexual health”, “screening”, “tools”, “cancer”, and “survivors” to identify sexual health screening tools meeting the following inclusion criteria: 1) published in a peer-reviewed journal, 2) were written in English, 3) included breast and/or gynecological cancer patient population, 4) included self-reported measure of sexual health and function, and 5) underwent psychometric validation.

Main Outcome Measure

Criteria used to evaluate identified screening tools included ability to assess desire, arousal, satisfaction, orgasm, dyspareunia, solo sexual expression, relationship with partner, body image, distress over changes in sexual function, and support systems. Pre and post- treatment comparisons, differentiation between lack of sexual desire and inability, heterosexual bias, diversity in patient population, and ease of scoring were also evaluated.

Results

Based upon the inclusion criteria, the following 10 sexual health screening tools were identified and reviewed: Female Sexual Function Index, European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaires for both Cervical and Endometrial Cancer, Sexual Adjustment and Body Image Scale, Sexual Adjustment and Body Image Scale- Gynecologic Cancer, Sexual Function and Vaginal Changes Questionnaire, Gynaecologic Leiden Questionnaire, Information on Sexual Health: Your Needs after Cancer, Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Sexual Activity Questionnaire. Most tools assessed satisfaction (n=10), desire (n=9), and dyspareunia (n=8). Fewer addressed objective arousal (n=7), body image/femininity (n=7), partner relationship (n=7), orgasm (n=5), pre/post treatment considerations (n=5), distress (n=4), and solo-sexual expression (n=2). Heterosexual bias (n=3) and failure to differentiate between lack of desire and inability (n=2) were encountered.

Conclusion

Understanding the strengths and limitations of sexual health screening tools can help clinicians more effectively address cancer survivors' sexual health concerns, which is essential in providing comprehensive care and improving quality of life. Screening tools have room for improvement, such as eliminating heterosexual bias and including cancer and treatment-specific questions. Clinicians can use this guide to select the most appropriate screening tool for their patients and begin bridging the gap in sexual healthcare.
Collaborative Writing in the Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: Witcher Heather Bozant
Published: March 2022

Bringing the collaborative process to life through an array of examples, Heather Witcher shows that sympathetic co-creation is far more than the mere act of writing together. While foregrounding the material aspects of collaboration – hands uniting on the page, blank space left for fellow contributors, the writing and exchanging of drafts – this study also illuminates its social aspects and its reliance on Victorian liberalism: dialogue, the circulation of correspondence, the lived experience of collaboration, and, on a less material plane, transhistorical collaborations with figures of the past. Witcher takes a broad approach to these partnerships and, in doing so, challenges traditional expectations surrounding the nature of authorship itself, not least its typical classification as a solitary activity. Within this new framework, collaboration enables the titles of 'coauthor,' 'influencer,' 'editor,' 'critic,' and 'inspiration' to coexist. This book celebrates the plurality of collaboration and underscores the truly social nature of nineteenth-century writing.
Journeys of Transformation
Authors: Barbour John D.
Published: March 2022

Western Buddhist travel narratives are autobiographical accounts of a journey to a Buddhist culture. Dozens of such narratives have since the 1970s describe treks in Tibet, periods of residence in a Zen monastery, pilgrimages to Buddhist sites and teachers, and other Asian odysseys. The best known of these works is Peter Matthiessen's The Snow Leopard; further reflections emerge from thirty writers including John Blofeld, Jan Van de Wetering, Thomas Merton, Oliver Statler, Robert Thurman, Gretel Ehrlich, and Bill Porter. The Buddhist concept of 'no-self' helps these authors interpret certain pivotal experiences of 'unselfing' and is also a catalyst that provokes and enables such events. The writers' spiritual memoirs describe how their journeys brought about a new understanding of Buddhist enlightenment and so transformed their lives. Showing how travel can elicit self-transformation, this book is a compelling exploration of the journeys and religious changes of both individuals and Buddhism itself.
Archaeology, Nation, and Race
Authors: Greenberg Raphael , Hamilakis Yannis
Published: March 2022

Archaeology, Nation, and Race is a must-read book for students of archaeology and adjacent fields. It demonstrates how archaeology and concepts of antiquity have shaped, and have been shaped by colonialism, race, and nationalism. Structured as a lucid and lively dialogue between two leading scholars, the volume compares modern Greece and modern Israel – two prototypical and influential cases – where archaeology sits at the very heart of the modern national imagination. Exchanging views on the foundational myths, moral economies, and racial prejudices in the field of archaeology and beyond, Hamilakis and Greenberg explore topics such as the colonial origins of national archaeologies, the crypto-colonization of the countries and their archaeologies, the role of archaeology as a process of purification, and the racialization and 'whitening' of Greece and Israel and their archaeological and material heritage. They conclude with a call for decolonization and the need to forge alliances with subjugated communities and new political movements.
Mesospheric Nitric Oxide Transport in WACCM
Authors: Smith‐Johnsen Christine , Marsh Daniel Robert , Smith Anne K. , Tyssøy Hilde Nesse , Maliniemi Ville
Published: March 2022

Energetic particle precipitation (EPP) causes ionization of the main constituents of the Earth's atmosphere which leads to the production of nitric oxide (NO) throughout the polar mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Due to the long lifetime of NO during winter, it can also be transported deeper into the atmosphere by the mesospheric residual circulation (the indirect EEP effect). This study investigates the mesospheric indirect NO response to EEP using Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) version 6. In comparison to observations from the instrument Solar Occultation For Ice Experiment (SOFIE) on the AIM (Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere) satellite, a wintertime underestimation is found in the modeled mesospheric NO amount. WACCM's temperature profile is found to be vertically shifted compared to observations by SOFIE and by The Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics Dynamics satellite (SABER). The discrepancies in NO are therefore attributed to the model's ability to simulate the dynamics responsible for the indirect EEP effect. The drivers of this transport are investigated by sensitivity runs of WACCM's gravity wave forcing. Changing the amplitude of the non‐orographic gravity waves and the Prandtl number improves the modeled vertical distribution of NO and temperature in the MLT region.
Insight Into Granular Flow Dynamics Relying on Basal Stress Measurements: From Experimental Flume Tests
Authors: Li Kun , Wang Yufeng , Cheng Qiangong , Lin Qiwen , Wu Yue , Long Yanmei
Published: March 2022

Knowledge on the interactions between granular flows and their boundaries is essential for understanding granular flow dynamics. In this study, a series of experiments designed with different conditions were conducted using a flume configuration to investigate the granular flow behaviors and dynamics by particle image velocimetry analysis and basal normal stress measurements. The results demonstrate that the velocity profiles and depth‐averaged shear rates of the granular flows significantly vary with grain size, but display insignificant changes with flow volume. For granular flows with higher content of coarse particles, high magnitude fluctuating stresses with values much greater than the mean normal stress are observed. The particle agitation of the granular flow, which is quantified by the normalized standard deviation of the fluctuating stress from the mean normal stress, exhibits a positive correlation and a negative correlation with the solid inertial stress and the equivalent friction coefficient, respectively. This indicates that the enhanced particle agitation related to the high magnitude fluctuating stress should contribute to the mobility of the granular flows. The generation of the high magnitude fluctuating stress is attributed to the high‐frequency and intensive particle collisions in grain‐scale, which is mainly determined by grain size. In this study, the increase of flow volume mostly resulted in an increase in the fluctuating stress related to the mean normal stress, which exhibits a minor effect on particle agitation and has no contribution toward the mobility of the granular flows.
Probing the Southern African Lithosphere With Magnetotellurics: 2. Linking Electrical Conductivity, Composition, and Tectonomagmatic Evolution
Authors: Özaydın Sinan , Selway Kate , Griffin William L. , Moorkamp Max
Published: March 2022

The tectonic history of southern Africa includes Archean craton formation, multiple episodes of subduction and rifting and some of the world's most significant magmatic events. These processes left behind a compositional trail that can be observed in xenoliths and measured by geophysical methods. The abundance of kimberlites in southern Africa makes it an ideal place to test and calibrate mantle geophysical interpretations that can then be applied to less well‐constrained regions. Magnetotellurics (MT) is a particularly useful tool for understanding tectonic history because electrical conductivity is sensitive to temperature, bulk composition, accessory minerals, and rock fabric. We produced three‐dimensional MT models of the southern African mantle taken from the SAMTEX MT data set, mapped the properties of ∼36,000 garnet xenocrysts from Group I kimberlites, and compared the results. We found that depleted regions of the mantle are uniformly associated with high electrical resistivities. The conductivity of fertile regions is more complex and depends on the specific tectonic and metasomatic history of the region, including the compositions of metasomatic fluids or melts and the emplacement of metasomatic minerals. The mantle beneath the ∼2.05 Ga Bushveld Complex is highly conductive, probably caused by magmas flowing along a lithospheric weakness zone and precipitating interconnected, conductive accessory minerals such as graphite and sulfides. Kimberlites tend to be emplaced near the edges of the cratons where the mantle below 100 km depth is not highly resistive. Kimberlites avoid strong mantle conductors, suggesting a systematic relationship between their emplacement and mantle composition.
Coseismic Gravity Gradient Changes in a Spherical Symmetric Earth Model: Application to the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki Earthquake
Authors: Ji Yuting , Tang He , Sun Wenke
Published: March 2022

In this study, a new approach for the computation of coseismic gravity gradient changes in a spherically symmetric Earth model is presented. We derived the mathematical expressions of gravity gradient changes based on the Green's functions for four independent seismic sources. The results obtained from numerical computations and those calculated using the flat‐Earth model are in good agreement within a near field, verifying that our computing scheme is valid, while the differences in the far field show the advantages of the spherical model. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied to analyze the coseismic gravity gradient changes caused by the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. The theoretical gravity gradient changes agree well with the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment observations, indicating that the proposed dislocation theory is important and can be used to efficiently interpret seismic deformations. In addition, the contribution of seawater was discussed.
Acoustothermoelasticity for Joint Effects of Stress and Thermal Fields on Wave Dispersion and Attenuation
Authors: Chen Fubin , Zong Zhaoyun , Yin Xingyao
Published: March 2022

The stress field and thermal field are usually coupled in the Earth's subsurface. The mechanism of the joint effects of stress and thermal fields on wave propagation in rocks is not well understood. To fill this gap, this paper combines the acoustoelasticity theory with heat conduction theory to propose an acoustothermoelasticity mechanism to describe the joint effects of stress and thermal fields. The stress‐ and thermal‐dependent wave velocities and attenuation factors are formulated with 2‐D Fourier transform analysis for dynamic equations, which predict four wave modes of propagation including two longitudinal waves, namely, P wave and T (thermal) wave, and two shear waves, namely, fast S wave and second S wave. The stress‐induced anisotropy accounts for the S‐wave splitting phenomenon and T wave presents the thermal diffusive behavior, which depend on the magnitude and direction of stress and thermoelastic parameters. Stress and thermal effects on the wave velocity dispersion and attenuation are fully analyzed. Modeling results show that T wave is coupled with the P wave and fast S wave rather than the second S wave inducing the dissipation energy in the pre‐stressed thermoelastic rocks. The predicted wave velocities show reasonable agreement with ultrasonic laboratory measurements under uniaxial and triaxial stresses. Our model and results help to better understand mechanical properties and wave propagation in pre‐stressed thermoelastic rocks.
Soil Moisture Conditions Determine Land‐Atmosphere Coupling and Drought Risk in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Alessi Marc J. , Herrera Dimitris A. , Evans Colin P. , DeGaetano Arthur T. , Ault Toby R.
Published: March 2022

Strengthened land‐atmosphere coupling in the northeastern United States (NEUS), accompanied by a positive soil moisture‐rainfall feedback, may lead to more drought. Coupling between the land and atmosphere emerges when low soil moisture values limit surface latent heat flux, or evapotranspiration, so that a majority of absorbed solar radiation is emitted from the surface as sensible heat. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting model was run with four prescribed soil moisture levels across 7 years to elucidate the strength of land‐atmosphere coupling under potential, future soil moisture states in the NEUS. Under drier conditions, land‐atmosphere coupling strengthens, and a positive soil moisture‐precipitation feedback develops in all years despite differences in the amount of moisture advected into the study domain. As snowpack decreases and evaporative demand increases, soil conditions may become drier in future summers over the NEUS, resulting in the more frequent development of drought.
Impacts of a Tripolar Sea Surface Temperature Pattern Over Tropical‐North Pacific on Interannual Variations of Spring Extreme Consecutive Dry Days Over Southern China
Authors: Zeng Zixuan , Sun Jianqi
Published: March 2022

It is well known that the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has a profound impact on climate over southern China (SC). This study indicates that independent from the ENSO variability, a meridional tripolar sea surface temperature (SST) pattern over tropical‐North Pacific in February has a close relationship with interannual variations in the frequency of spring extreme consecutive dry days (extreme‐CDDs) over SC. Further analyses suggest that the tripolar SST pattern has a good persistence from February to the following spring and could influence the variations of SC extreme‐CDDs through two ways. On one hand, the extratropical SST anomalies of the tripolar pattern can cause the meridional shift of the North Pacific subarctic oceanic front, resulting in a meridional dipole atmospheric pattern over the region from the North Pacific to East Asia through eddy‐mean flow interaction. The meridional atmospheric pattern can influence the East Asian upper‐level jet and western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH), leading to anomalous vertical motion and moisture transport over SC. On the other hand, the SST anomalies of the tripolar pattern over the tropical western Pacific can excite an overturning circulation and influence the WPSH through the Matsuno‐Gill response, also contributing to anomalous vertical motion and moisture transport over SC. These physical processes are further confirmed by numerical simulations. Therefore, through the aforementioned two physical ways, the February tripolar SST pattern can influence the moisture and dynamical conditions associated with the occurrence of extreme‐CDDs, consequently providing a factor and predictor for the variations of SC spring extreme‐CDDs.
Stratigraphic and Isotopic Evolution of the Martian Polar Caps From Paleo‐Climate Models
Authors: Vos E. , Aharonson O. , Schörghofer N. , Forget F. , Millour E. , Rossi L. , Vals M. , Montmessin F.
Published: March 2022

Exposed scarps images and ice‐penetrating radar measurements in the North Polar Layered Deposits (NPLD) of Mars show alternating layers that provide an archive of past climate oscillations, that are thought to be linked to orbital variations, akin to Milankovitch cycles on Earth. We use the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique Martian Global Climate Model to study paleoclimate states to enable a better interpretation of the NPLD physical and chemical stratigraphy. When a tropical ice reservoir is present, water vapor transport from the tropics to the poles at low obliquity is modulated by the intensity of summer. At times of low and relatively constant obliquity, the flux still varies due to other orbital elements, promoting polar layer formation. Ice migrates from the tropics toward the poles in two stages. First, when surface ice is present in the tropics, and second, when the equatorial deposit is exhausted, from ice that was previously deposited in mid‐high latitudes. The polar accumulation rate is significantly higher when tropical ice is available, forming thicker layers per orbital cycle. However, the majority of the NPLD is sourced from ice that temporary resided in the mid‐high latitudes and the layers become thinner as the source location moves poleward. The migration stages imprint different D/H ratios in different sections in the PLDs. The NPLD is isotopically depleted compared to the South Polar Layered Deposits in all simulations. Thus we predict the D/H ratio of the atmosphere in contact with NPLD upper layers is biased relative to the average global ice reservoirs.
A GCM Study on the 4‐Day and 5‐Day Waves in the Venus Atmosphere
Authors: Takagi Masahiro , Ando Hiroki , Sugimoto Norihiko , Matsuda Yoshihisa
Published: March 2022

The 4‐day and 5‐day waves observed at the cloud top in the Venus atmosphere are expected to play important roles in the maintenance of the general circulation. However, they have not been reproduced in Venus general circulation models (GCMs) so far, and their structures and excitation mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using an improved Venus GCM, we succeeded in reproducing the planetary‐scale 3.3‐day and 5.8‐day waves, which are considered to correspond to the 4‐day and 5‐day waves, respectively. We also obtained the 4.8‐day wave, whose structure is similar to that of the 5.8‐day wave. The three‐dimensional structures of these waves consist of a Kelvin wave in low latitudes and one or two Rossby waves in mid‐ and high latitudes that are connected at the critical latitudes. This fact indicates that they are excited by the Rossby‐Kelvin instability. The Kelvin mode of the 3.3‐day wave could be observed at the cloud top, while those of the 5.8‐day and 4.8‐day waves cannot be observed due to the critical levels. The mid‐latitude Rossby mode of the 5.8‐day wave is dominated by mid‐latitude vortices symmetric about the equator at the cloud top; this result is quite consistent with the observations. The equatorward angular momentum flux induced by these waves could contribute to the Venus superrotation. The Rossby modes of the 5.8‐day and 4.8‐day waves have baroclinic structures in the cloud layer inducing significant poleward heat flux. The planetary‐scale structures symmetric about the equator observed in the Venus atmosphere could be explained by these waves.
Identification of Acoustic Wave Signatures in the Ionosphere From Conventional Surface Explosions Using MF/HF Doppler Sounding
Authors: Obenberger K. S. , Bowman D. C. , Dao E.
Published: March 2022

We present an experiment to detect one ton TNT‐equivalent chemical explosions using pulsed Doppler radar observations of isodensity layers in the ionospheric E region during two campaigns. The first campaign, conducted on 15 October 2019, produced potential detections of all three shots. The detections closely resemble the temporal and spectral properties predicted using the InfraGA ray tracing and weakly nonlinear waveform propagation model. Here the model predicts that within 6.5–7.25 min of each shot a waveform peaking between 0.9 and 0.4 Hz will impact the ionosphere at 100 km. As the waves pass through this region, they will imprint their signal on an isodensity layer, which is detectable using a Doppler radar operating at the plasma frequency of the isodensity. Within the time windows of each of the three shots in the first campaign, we detect enhanced wave activity peaking near 0.5 Hz. These waves were imprinted on the Doppler signal probing an isodensity layer at 2.785 MHz near 100 km altitude. Despite these detections, the method appears to be unreliable as none of the six shots from the second campaign, conducted on 10 July 2020 were detected. The observations from this campaign were characterized by an increased acoustic noise environment in the microbarom band and persistent scintillation on the radar returns. These effects obscured any detectable signal from these shots and the baseline noise was well above the detection levels of the first campaign.
A Cagey Approach to Speedy and Safe Seafloor Deployments
Authors: Pelleau Pascal , Apprioual Ronan , Ferrant Antony , Aslanian Daniel
Published: March 2022

Researchers devised a simple way to deliver ocean bottom seismometers accurately to the seafloor to study ongoing seismic and volcanic activity near the islands of Mayotte.
With MeerKAT, Astronomers Peer at the Possibilities of Radio Imaging
Authors: Fl�rez Santiago
Published: March 2022

Stunning images of the center of the Milky Way showcase technology and techniques that may be a starting point for more discoveries.
A questionnaire-based study of Paediatric Dentists’ knowledge of teething signs, symptoms and management
Authors: Reeve-Brook Lauren , Bhatia Shannu , Al-Yaseen Waraf , Innes Nicola , Monaghan Nigel
Published: March 2022

Introduction

Signs and symptoms attributed to erupting primary teeth are commonly known as “teething”. Its existence is controversial with concern that overusing this term might mask other illnesses and some treatments may be unnecessary or harmful. Parents/carers can access over-the-counter remedies and may seek professional advice. This survey-based investigation explored gaps in knowledge, training, perceptions and experiences of UK Paediatric Dentists (PDs) regarding teething in young children.

Method

Cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of PDs with different training levels, accessed through the British Society for Paediatric Dentistry membership lists. A 10-item questionnaire explored participants’ knowledge of teething-related issues and management. Responses are presented using descriptive statistics.

Results

Of 80 responding PDs (response rate 27%), 62–74% suggested drooling, irritability, oral fixation and flushed cheeks were attributed to primary tooth eruption. Fifty-eight (72%) participants were unaware of guidelines, yet 53 (66%) felt guidance was needed.

Conclusion

Signs and symptoms of teething might mask underlying conditions so it should be a diagnosis of exclusion. PDs attributed similar signs and symptoms to teething, as have been reported in the literature, although some commented that they did not think teething was a condition. There was a lack of awareness over guidelines.
YTHDF1 promotes breast cancer cell growth, DNA damage repair and chemoresistance
Authors: Sun Yu , Dong Dan , Xia Yuhong , Hao Liying , Wang Wei , Zhao Chenghai
Published: March 2022

Chemoresistance represents a major obstacle to the treatment of human cancers. Increased DNA repair capacity is one of the important mechanisms underlying chemoresistance. In silico analysis indicated that YTHDF1, an m6A binding protein, is a putative tumor promoter in breast cancer. Loss of function studies further showed that YTHDF1 promotes breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. YTHDF1 facilitates S-phase entry, DNA replication and DNA damage repair, and accordingly YTHDF1 knockdown sensitizes breast cancer cells to Adriamycin and Cisplatin as well as Olaparib, a PARP inhibitor. E2F8 is a target molecule by YTHDF1 which modulates E2F8 mRNA stability and DNA damage repair in a METTL14-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that YTHDF1 has a tumor-promoting role in breast cancer, and is a novel target to overcome chemoresistance.
Clock-modified mesenchymal stromal cells therapy rescues molecular circadian oscillation and age-related bone loss via miR142-3p/Bmal1/YAP signaling axis
Authors: Cha Sa , Wang Jiangyue , Lee Sueng Min , Tan Zhen , Zhao Qing , Bai Ding
Published: March 2022

Age-related bone loss and disease strongly affect the quality of life of the elderly population. Cellular circadian rhythms have been reported to regulate bone aging, and micro RNAs (miRNAs) play crucial posttranscriptional regulatory roles in the peripheral clock network. Proliferation capability, osteogenic lineage commitment, senescence-associated secreted phenotype (SASP) and circadian oscillation of clock genes under osteogenic condition were assessed in bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) from young adult and aged adult mice. miRNAs targeting the core clock gene brain and muscle arntl-like protein 1 (Bmal1) were screened and verified in young and old BMSCs with RT-qPCR and Western Blot analysis. ChIP-seq and RNA-seq datasets were mined to define the downstream mechanism and gain- and loss-of-function genetic experiments were performed to confirm the hypothesis. To compare the therapeutic effect of these clock-engineered BMSCs, SASP and osteogenic capability of Bmal1-overexpressing and miR-142-3p-inhibited BMSCs were investigated in vitro and transplanted into bone defects and femur cavities of aged mice. Aged BMSCs displayed an abolished circadian rhythm, impaired self-renewal capability and decreased osteoblast differentiation. miR-142-3p was elevated with aging, which downregulated Bmal1 and diminished the osteogenic potential of BMSCs. In addition, Bmal1 inhibited YAP expression to promote BMSCs osteogenesis, which was independent from the activation of Hippo signaling pathway. Overexpression of Bmal1 or inhibition of miR-142-3p rescued the molecular temporal rhythm and osteoblast differentiation ex vivo. Cell-based circadian therapy showed improved bone formation and higher turnover levels in vivo. This study demonstrates that transcriptional and post-transcriptional level clock-modified BMSCs rescued circadian oscillation and age-related bone loss via miR-142-3p/Bmal1/YAP signaling axis. These data provide promising clinical prospects of circadian-mediated stromal cell-based therapy and bone tissue regeneration.