bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Method for the Estimation of Dyes on Cellulosic and Cellulose Acetate Materials
Authors: Achwal W. B. , Vaidya A. A.
Published: July 2017

A new method is described for the estimation of dyes on cellulosic and cellulose acetate fibers using a modified cadoxen solvent. The method is based on the dissolution of dyed material in the colorless solvent and subsequent colorimetric analysis of the solution. Estimation of direct, reactive and vat dyes on cellulosic fibers and disperse dyes on cellulose acetate fiber is possible by the above method. Comparison of the cadoxen method with conventional methods used for the estimation of each class of dye indicates that the cadoxen method is more accurate and easier to perform than the earlier methods.
The Action of Periodic Acid and its Salts on Wool
Authors: Kantouch A. , Bendak A.
Published: July 2017

In the present work, the amino acid content of periodate-oxidized wool is investigated. In general, amino acids in periodate-oxidized wool decrease to different degrees depending on their difference in reactivity. The controlling factor for the change of amino acids in periodate-oxidized wool is the periodate consumption, regardless of the reaction conditions. At a periodate consumption of 2.5 mmole/g wool, a decrease in amino acids ranging from 3% for arginine to 70% for serine and tryptophan is observed. The change in amino acids in wool is also discussed on the basis of organic reactions, and, by analogy, with reaction of periodate with free amino acids and peptides.
A Microscopical Study of the Reaction Products of Halogenated 1,2-Epoxides with Diethylaminoethyl(DEAE)-Cotton and Aminoethyl-Cotton(Aminized)
Authors: Guidry Joan C. , DeGruy Ines V. , Carra Jarrell H. , Rollins Mary L.
Published: July 2017

Reaction products of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cotton and aminoethyl-cotton (aminized) with 1,2-epoxy-3-chloropropane (epichlorohydrin), 1,2-epoxy-3,3-dichloropropane, 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane, and 1,2-epoxy-4,4,4-trichlorobutane, 1,2-epoxypropane, 1,2-epoxyhexafluoropropane, and 1,2-epoxy-3-bromopropane were studied microscopically. The methacrylate layer-expansion technique was used to evaluate the extent of chemical reaction. Epichlorohydrin appeared to be the most efficient cross-linking agent. The chlorinated epoxides capable of dehydrohalogenation after epoxide ring openings appeared to be good cross-linking agents. Electron mcirographs demonstrate the effects of the above treatments on fiber morphology.
An Experimental Procedure for Determining the Flammability of Carpets Using the TRI Flammability Analyzer
Authors: Day M. , Mitton M.T. , Wiles D.M.
Published: July 2017

A test procedure employing the TRI Flammability Analyzer has been developed for measuring the combustion pro pensity of carpets. The method evaluates the Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), rate of flame propagation, and smoke development characteristics of carpet samples undergoing horizontal-type burning. A variety of mounting arrange ments and ignition sources were initially investigated and a test procedure employing three methenamine-timed burning tablets as the ignition source was established. Test results are reported for 20 carpets combining different pile fibers, construction and backing materials. General conclusions regarding the effects of these parameters are discussed. Possible test criteria based on the values for the LOI, used in conjunction with the burning rates and smoke produced, are suggested for assessing the suitability of a particular carpet for specific uses.
A Simple Density Method for the Analysis of Fabric Blends of Cotton and a PET Polyester
Authors: Stanonis David J. , King Walter D.
Published: July 2017

A practically linear relationship has been found to exist between the polyester content of a cotton/PET polyester fabric blend and the ml of n-heptane, called the B value, that must be added to 100 ml of carbon tetrachloride in order to prepare a solution in which the cotton/polyester blend will neither sink nor float. It is a simple matter to determine the polyester content of a fabric blend from its B value.
The Role of Surfactant Concentration on the Aqueous Stability of a Mono-Azo Disperse Dye
Authors: Knox B. H. , Weigmann H.-D.
Published: July 2017

The aqueous stability of a mono-azo disperse dye (Resolin Red BBL) is measured as a function of concentration of sodium dodecylsulfate (NaDDS) at 95°C. The rates of dye solubilization, aggregation, and degradation are measured and related to the concentration of NaDDS and to the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Dye stability decreases sharply for concentrations of NaDDS greater than the CMC passing through a minimum at 0.2% NaDDS (2 X CMC) and increases for concentrations of NaDDS greater than 0.2%. The rate of dye solubilization at low surfactant concentrations (<0.3%) is observed to be very slow, taking 9 days to reach a stable dispersion for 0.2% NaDDS. The rate of dye solubilization is greatly increased by initially dissolving the dye in a volatile solvent, such as acetone, referred to as the solvent dispersion technique.
Mechanics of Texturing Thermoplastic Yarns
Authors: Thwaites J. J.
Published: July 2017

The significance of the high torsional rigidity of the false-twist threadline, and also of the variation of its torque with changes in tension, is discussed. The magnitudes of the rigidity and the torque-tension gradient are explained by treating the yarn as an anisotropic solid rod, and it is shown that the stresses involved can, where necessary, be supported by interfilament friction. The origin of the steady threadline torque is examined (a) in the zone in which the yarn first twists on entering “the system, and (b) as the yarn cools between the heater and the spindle.
Analysis of Agent Migration during Durable-Press Treatments of Knitted Cotton Fabric
Authors: Andrews B. A. Kottes , Frick J. G.
Published: July 2017

A method was developed to quantitatively assess lateral agent migration during controlled drying of knitted cotton fabrics impregnated with cellulose crosslinking agents. The influence of inorganic salts and a nonionic surfactant on migration was investigated. Reasons for this influence are indicated. Relative migration rates were established and results were applied to phenomena occurring during conventional drying conditions. Results are correlated with qualitative evidence of migration from resistance of crosslinked fabrics to direct dyes.
Modifying the Electrical Resistivity of Durable-Press Fabric
Authors: Harper Robert J. , Bruno Joseph S. , Gautreaux Gloria A.
Published: July 2017

The influence of crosslinking on the resistivity of cotton and cotton-polyester fabrics is reported. Chemical finishes, including the use of hydrophilic grafts and swelling crosslinking treatments, were employed to produce durable-press fabrics with resistivity close to that of the untreated fabrics. Such fabrics should have improved static characteristics.
The Influence of Glass-Transition Temperatures of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) Films on the Fading Behavior of Fluorescent Brightening Agents
Authors: Suganuma Keiko
Published: July 2017

Studies have been made of the dependence of the fading behavior of dispersed-type fluorescent brightening agents in poly (ethylene tetrephthalate) (PET) films on the temperature at which the films have been heat-set and dyed. A measure of the variation in the fading behavior can be given by parameter A, defined as k2 (1st-order)ɛ/ k2' (2nd-order), as in Hida's equation. This constant decreases with increase in the temperatures of heat-setting and dyeing of PET films. And the rate of fading increases with increase in these temperatures. It is found that the physical state of adsorbed dye on PET films varies with these temperatures. The glass-transition temperatures Tg of heat-set PET films were measured. Tg decreases with increase in the heat-setting temperature. The values of parameter A are related to the difference between the dyeing temperature and Tg ( T — Tg), and so the physical state of adsorbed dye on PET films is considered to be governed by the segmental mobility of polymer chains during dyeing. The variation of the rate of fading and parameter A with the dyeing and heat-setting temperatures of PET films might be explained in terms of the additional free volume.
Textile Performance Properties of Cotton Fabric Treated with Selected Flame-Retarding Finishes
Authors: Rowland Stanley P. , Mason John S.
Published: July 2017

Seven different types of flame-retarding finishes were applied to light-to-medium weight cotton fabric at add-ons appropriate to pass the DOC FF 3–71 test. The finishes studied were based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC), neutralized THPC (THPOH), Fyrol 76, and Pyrovatex CP. The specific finishes were: THPOH-NH3, THPOH-urea-trimethylolmelamine, Proban (THPC-urea precondensate)-NH3, THPC-urea-disodium hydrogen phosphate, Fyrol 76, Fyrol 76-N-methylolacrylamide, and Pyrovatex CP-methylolmelamine. Textile performance properties are reported as a function of add-on of each type of finish; strengths and abrasion resistance of the finished fabrics are considered and discussed as a function of resilience. General trends of decreasing strength and abrasion resistance with increasing resilience were observed for these flame-retardant fabrics. Within this trend there is latitude for selection of finishes that will provide superior performance in the individual textile property such as abrasion resistance, breaking strength, and tearing strength.
Electrical Stimulation of Fabric Filtration
Authors: Lamb G. E. R. , Costanza P. A.
Published: July 2017

Experimental studies of a technique for improved removal of particulate matter from gas streams by electrical stimulation of fabric filtration (ESFF) are described. Experiments with commercial fabrics show that ESFF can give significant improvements in capture efficiency in the submicron particle size range. Substantial lowering of the pressure drop was also observed. The technique thus promises to be a cost-effective route to more efficient utilization of baghouse equipment. For low-weight fabrics and dilute aerosols some dependence of ESFF on fiber geometry was observed. However, these interactions between geometric and electrical effects are diminished for commercial-weight fabrics and effectively vanish in the presence of a dust cake.
Pressure Angle in Loom Shedding Cam Design
Authors: Gu Huang
Published: July 2017

A method for calculating the shedding cam pressure angle in cam-driven looms has been developed. The main advantage of this method over the conventional drawing method is that, because of the mathematical treatment and the use of computers, the numerous mechanical factors involved can easily be taken into account and the precision significantly improved. There is also an analysis of the influence of the treadle pivot location and the harness movement on the pressure angle and the lateral force.
Necessary but Insufficient: How Educators Enact Hope for Formerly Disconnected Youth
Authors: Flennaugh Terry K. , Cooper Stein Kristy S. , Carter Andrews Dorinda J.
Published: July 2017

This qualitative study investigated how educators in urban second-chance high school settings made sense of their work with formerly disconnected youth. Using Duncan-Andrade’s framework of critical hope, we examined how adults’ orientations toward hope shaped the educational context in ways that were necessary and sufficient for student success. Findings from this study highlight the need for more critical approaches to student engagement, specifically for students most affected by systems of marginalization. Implications for urban educators and the institutions that prepare them are discussed.
A Classification Model and an Open e-Learning System Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets for Instructional Design Concepts
Authors: Güyer Tolga , Aydoğdu Şeyhmus
Published: July 2017

This study suggests a classification model and an e-learning system based on this model for all instructional theories, approaches, models, strategies, methods, and technics being used in the process of instructional design that constitutes a direct or indirect resource for educational technology based on the theory of intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFS). IFS is a set theory through expanding the membership systems of the classic theory of fuzzy sets in such a way to also involve the indeterminacies. As the model is grounded on a mathematical base, it also presents a convenient platform to define various metrics.
“I'm Okay. You're Drunk!” Self-Other Differences in the Perceived Effects of Alcohol in Real-Life Incidents of Aggression
Authors: Graham Kathryn , Wells Samantha
Published: July 2017

A general-population telephone survey of 1,753 Ontario adults was used to identify self-other differences in the perceptions of alcohol use, intoxication, and contributing effects of alcohol in incidents of physical aggression among the 152 respondents who had experienced such an incident in the past year. Respondents reported that opponents were significantly more intoxicated and that alcohol was more likely to have contributed to the opponent's aggression than to the respondent's. Self-other differences in the perceived role of alcohol remained significant when controlling for gender, usual drinking pattern of the respondent, whether only the opponent was physically aggressive, and whether the opponent was more intoxicated. These results suggest that people perceive themselves to be less affected by alcohol than their opponents are in incidents of aggression. This self-other difference is likely to influence both the escalation of aggression and the extent to which persons apportion responsibility to themselves and to others.
Youths' Social Sources of Cigarettes: The Limits of Youth-Access Policies
Authors: Friend Karen , Carmona Maria , Wilbur Philip , Levy David
Published: July 2017

Federal, state, and local policies aimed at reducing youth access to tobacco have been successful at increasing retail compliance, but they have had limited impact on actual youth smoking rates. One of the reasons that retail-based policies have failed to significantly reduce youth smoking rates is attributable in part to youths, substituting social or non-retail sources of cigarettes for retail supply. The widespread availability of cigarettes through social sources, such as borrowing, stealing, or buying cigarettes from parents, older siblings, and peers, and requesting older strangers to purchase them, highlights the difficulty of eliminating all supplies of youth cigarettes. Strategies should be implemented that are developed specifically to reduce access from social sources. More generally, a comprehensive approach to tobacco-control policies that targets the entire population is necessary to curb youth smoking.
Drug Policy as Policy with Foreigners: The Austrian Case in Times of European Integration
Authors: Eisenbach-Stangl Irmgard
Published: July 2017

Policy on illegal drugs has been from the beginning also policy on foreigners. But there are periods when the linkage becomes stronger and its profile more distinct. The integration of Europe seems to be a period stimulating a change in the character of the linkage because of the increase of “national uncertainty.” The Austrian case is the focus of this paper: it is investigated since the arrival of the “international drug wave.” The investigation is based on the analysis of the special police reports on drug offenses published since 1975, on interviews with other drug professionals, and on studies of immigration and attitudes toward immigrants. A main conclusion is that the intensification of the linkage reflects increasing major social conflicts.
Young Women's and Men's Different Worlds of Alcohol, Fear, and Violence in Focus Group Discussions with 18-Year-Olds in Stockholm
Authors: Abrahamson Maria
Published: July 2017

The purpose of the paper is to investigate how young women and men in focus group discussions reason about alcohol, street violence, fear of assault by a stranger, and to compare the different kinds of threats that young women and men present of what might happen when they are out at night and on their way home. The interviews are analysed from the point of view of the accounts the young people give for their feelings and behaviors. The young women's accounts are dominated by their answers to an implicit question of blame for how they ensure their security and which measures they have taken. What the young women are afraid of is rarely formulated explicitly. It is implicit and goes without much saying. On the other hand the accounts the young men are giving for their actions consist of answers to the implicit question of blame for violence they have been involved in and also of blame for fear of violence. The young men's picture of threat is concrete and consists of other young men of the same age. By their accounts they show that fear of violence is something that has to be given an explanation. The young men use intoxication both as an excuse for the violence they are using and as an explanation to why violence occurs.
Questions on the Interpretation of Drug Users' Autobiographies in a Country in the “Early” Phase of Drug Use
Authors: Rácz Jozsef
Published: July 2017

Illegal drug use in Hungary became a mass phenomenon after the political changes of 1990. It is only recently that autobiographies of recovered drug users and their family members have been written and published. The present author suggests that since the Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) approach has no traditional roots in Hungary, recovery stories are obliged to follow another master narrative. All of these stories were published in book form. The author analyzes the various narratives partly through the lens of Frank-style illness narratives and partly using self-pluralistic theories. The latter (primarily using Hermans notion of the dialogic self) provide a good theoretical basis for analyzing the processes active in the personality of a drug user and for showing the “retrospective” construction work that accompanies recovery (which in fact takes place at the same time as recovery). In this case, the spatial interpretation of individual self-positions and the dialogical relationship that developed between them proved particularly useful.
Gender Aspects of Affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous after Treatment
Authors: Bodin Maria
Published: July 2017

Studies incorporating gender aspects of post-treatment affiliation with Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) have often focused on meeting attendance, disregarding behavioral indicators of affiliation. This article describes meeting attendance and affiliative behaviors in a Swedish treatment sample of 112 men and 40 women, and also identifies predictors of high affiliation. While no gender differences were found for meeting attendance, more women than men reported that they had called an AA member for help, had experienced a spiritual awakening, and read AA literature after treatment. Bivariate analyses identified a treatment goal of abstinence as predictive of high affiliation for both sexes, and in a multivariate context, female gender, a treatment goal of abstinence and pre-treatment AA exposure increased the likelihood of high affiliation (R2 = .31). Findings suggest that the affiliation process differs by gender, but reflect study methodology and Swedish AA culture, so that these issues need further exploration.
Trends in Alcoholic Beverage Consumption in Italy
Authors: Voller Fabio
Published: July 2017

This article first considers all Italian national and local information sources dealing with alcohol consumption. Then the changes in amount and patterns of alcohol drinking which occurred in Italy during the last 30 years are examined. During the period of the 1970s to the 2000s wine intake dramatically decreased, while beer consumption, especially among youngsters, has increased. Also a decrease of risky drinkers and an increase in moderate drinkers is apparent.
The Meaning of the Rush for Initiates to Injecting Drug Use
Authors: Fitzgerald John L. , Louie Robyn , Rosenthal Doreen , Crofts Nick
Published: July 2017

Initiation into injecting drug use involves a new drug experience and a significantly greater risk of exposure to infection with blood-borne viruses such as HIV and Hepatitis B and C. Previous studies have suggested that the promise and experience of a rush are particularly important in initiating into injecting drug use. This study explores the experience of the rush for initiates to injection drug use and contextualizes the experience within the construction of being initiated into injecting behavior. Semistructured interviews (n=17) of one to two hours were conducted by a peer interviewer trained in open-ended interview techniques. The manner in which the rush is narrativized suggests that the rush of the first hit occupies a role as one element of a separation rite in the rite of initiation, marking a transformation in social role. The findings highlight the need to acknowledge the pleasure and the ritual complexity of the experience of initiation to injecting drug use and to incorporate these dimensions into harm-reduction strategies.
The Entrance of Beer into a Persistent Spirits Culture
Authors: Ólafsdóttir Hildigunnur
Published: July 2017

Prohibition and legalization of alcoholic beverages have involved major changes in Icelandic alcohol policy and alcohol consumption. The waves of prohibition were more pervasive than in most countries and lasted even longer in Iceland, where the prohibition of beer was not lifted until 1989. Attempts to explain the reasons behind the prohibition and the legalization of beer are addressed. The origins of the prohibition of beer are traced back to a strong temperance movement and to the long-standing image of the Icelandic society as a spirits-drinking culture. Legalization of beer caused an instant rise in the total sale of alcohol, but the sale of wines and spirits was reduced. Survey results indicate that beer became an addition to the total consumption of alcohol among men but a substitute for the consumption of wine and spirits among women. As a whole, it seems that the legalization of beer increased adolescents' drinking. The legalization of beer was an impetus for the restaurant industry, and beer has become popular as a tavern drink. Although beer drinking has increased, beer has not become a daily commodity. The traditional drinking habits still prevail. Indicators of social and legal problems such as public intoxication, drunken driving, and illegal brewing either show a decline or have fluctuated. The trends in alcohol-related health consequences after the repeal of beer prohibition are also somewhat inconclusive. The Icelandic experience suggests that long-standing and deep cultural associations and values around drinking are difficult to change.
Views into Studies of Differences in Drinking Habits and Alcohol Problems between Sociodemographic Groups
Authors: Mäkelä Pia
Published: July 2017

In the alcohol research field, associations between alcohol consumption or problems and some basic sociodemographic variables–e.g., sex, age, socioeconomic status—are often presented. The first part of this paper discusses different uses of and views to such data on sociodemographic differences. The second part discusses different paths available to research when the aim is to get a more thorough understanding of the nature and origins of the associations observed. The conclusion is that even basic descriptive data on sociodemographic differences are useful and offer means to contribute to more general scientific discussions in the fields of alcohol policy, social policy, public health, sociology, etc. However, the more we are able to find out about why the differences exist and in what contexts they appear strongest, the more useful this information becomes and the more interesting the views offered by the analysis.
A Study on the Relationships between Network Structure and Mechanical Properties of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks-Part 2: The Comparison of the Theory of Viscoelasticity for Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers with Experiments
Authors: Song M. S. , Shen Y. D. , Chen H. , Hu C. J.
Published: July 2017

The relationship of the elastic modulus and loss tangent to the compositions for two series of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (ET and ES types) was investigated by the uniaxial extension method and dynamic mechanic analysis. The structure parameters (C100, C020 and C200) were determined by multilinear regression. At the same time, the process of chemical stress relaxation was carried out under a range of temperatures and at a given strain. The molecular parameters a, k, k3, [UNKNOWN]3 and activation energy ΔE3 were determined by a linear regression method. It was found that the results obtained from the theoretical equations were in good agreement with the experimental data.
Studies on the Rheological and Mechanical Properties of Compatible PP/CPE Blends
Authors: Ashalatha P. V. , George K. E. , Francis D. Joseph
Published: July 2017

Chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) is used as an impact modifier for polypropylene (PP). Hytrel (a polyether ester block copolymer) acts as a compatibiliser for the system. Hytrel modified blends show good improvement in mechanical properties compared to unmodified blends. The modified blends can also accept 20% calcium carbonate filler without seriously affecting the tensile strength.
Effect of Polyfunctional Monomers on Radiation Vulcanization of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber
Authors: Abdel-Aziz M. M. , Youssef H. A. , El Miligy A. A. , Yoshii F. , Makuuchi K.
Published: July 2017

The efficiency of seven functional monomers toward radiation vulcanization of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) were following the order: Tertamethylol methane tetraacrylate (ATMMT) = Toluene diisocyanate (UA306T) > Trimethylol propane trimethacrylate (TMPT) > Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (2G) > Dipentaerthritol hexaacrylate (DPE6A) > Hexamethylene diisocyanate (UA101H) > Triallyl cyanurate (TAC). Also, it was found that low absorption of ATMMT has been overcome at low dose. The observed clear and transparent sheets indicate that the reaction was complete.
Whey-Based Formaldehyde-Free Urethane Adhesives for Plywood
Authors: Viswanathan Tito , Toland Alan
Published: July 2017

The disposal of more than 1 x 109 pounds of excess dry whey permeate (deproteinized whey/lactose) from the cheese industry represents a serious economic and environmental problem in the United States. This paper explores the feasibility of preparing a formaldehyde-free whey-based resin that incorporates diamines and diisocyanates in resin formulations for use as plywood adhesives. Results indicate that such a formulation is feasible that yields high wet shear strengths in Southern Pine plywood. Up to 38% whey ingredients may be incorporated in the formulation, before significant loss in strength is observed.
Elastic Recovery of Rubber Vulcanizates at Very Short Times
Authors: Isayev A. I. , Cao D. , Dinzburg B.
Published: July 2017

Elastic recovery is a measure of the extent to which a rubber specimen regains its original dimensions after release of an imposed strain. A recoverable strain and rate of recovery after prolonged aging under compression in the environment of intended use are important factors in characterizing rubber performance characteristics. So far the recoverable strain and its rate at very short time intervals have not been studied. Therefore, the present study describes an instrument and reliable method for measuring elastic recovery after release of compressive strain within time periods from 0.007 to 0.1 s. Significant differences are observed in both recoverable strains and their rates measured within these short time periods for the different rubber vulcanizates after aging. Data obtained for various rubbers aged in different environments are fitted to power law and Williams-Watts equations relating elastic strain with time after release of stress. The intercept in the power law equation and characteristic time in Williams-Watts equation are found to be very sensitive to changes in the elastic recovery of various rubbers during aging. The designed testing procedures will make possible the ability to discriminate different rubber materials intended for use in sealing applications, especially those used in dynamic seals. A comparison between novel and traditional measurements is also given.
Rheological and Extrudate Behaviour of Polypropylene/Latex Reclaim Blends
Authors: Shaban Habib I. , George Reena Susan
Published: July 2017

The theological and extrudate behaviour of polypropylene/latex reclaim blends were evaluated using a capillary rheometer. The study shows that the viscosity of polypropylene increases with increasing latex reclaim content while the variation of viscosity is predominant only at lower shear stresses. The temperature sensitivity of the blends does not vary considerably with the addition of about 30 weight percent latex reclaim. The latex reclaim reduces the distortion of the extrudates of polypropylene/latex reclaim blends.
Paper Sheets Treated by Polymeric Substances
Authors: Nada A. M. A. , El-Hakim A. A. Abd. , Mohamed E. S. , Badran A. S
Published: July 2017

Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) and vinyl acetate with butyl acrylate (VAc-BuA) copolymer latices are prepared by semicontinuous emulsion polymerization technique. The prepared latices are used in paper treatment using two different techniques. In the first technique, the latices are added during the paper sheet formation, but in the second one the untreated paper sheets are dipped in either the polymer or acetone polymer solution of different concentrations. The effect of different concentrations of the prepared emulsion latices by using different emulsifier and initiator concentrations on the paper sheet is studied. Increasing the initiator concentration in the preparation of PVAc latex decreases the retained polymer on the treated paper sheets. Also, increasing the butyl acrylate percentage in the copolymer latices improves the mechanical properties. The water uptake of the treated paper sheets is decreased by increasing the retained polymer. The effect of thermal treatment of the treated paper sheets is investigated.
Processing of Ternary Polymer Blends Based on Poly(Vinyl Chloride), Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Polyethylene-Co-Acrylate-Co-Co. Part I: Dynamic Mechanical and Morphological Properties
Authors: Modesti M. , Tiberio M. I. , Simioni F. , Passudetti M. , Zinelli G. , Veronelli M.
Published: July 2017

Blending PVC with other polymers has proven to be a viable approach in developing higher performance flexible PVC-based materials with a potential for more extensive applications, traditionally dominated by rubbers and thermoplastic elastomers. Miscibility in polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/thermo-plastic polyester polyurethane (TPU)/poly(ethylene-co-normal butyl acrylate-co-carbon monoxide) (ENBACO) ternary polymer blends, was assessed by means of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis techniques. Experimental design was performed by using a software program called "ECHIP" that makes it possible to perform statistically designed experiments with a minimum number of trials. The results confirmed total miscibility in the composition range examined:

30% <%PVC < 60%, 0% <%TPU < 40%

%ENBACO = 100 - (%PVC +%TPU)

Because of the differences in the physical properties of polymer materials used to blend with PVC, research on the most suitable process parameters to achieve miscible blends without degrading them revealed a rather narrow processing window.
Uniform robust exact differentiator based adaptive robust control for a class of nonlinear systems
Authors: Xu Zhangbao , Ma Dawei , Yao Jianyong
Published: July 2017

In this paper, an adaptive robust controller with uniform robust exact differentiator has been proposed for a class of nonlinear systems with structured and unstructured uncertainties. The adaptive robust controller is integrated with an uniform robust differentiator to handle the problem of the incalculable part of the derivative of virtual controls and the differential explosion happened in backstepping techniques. The stability of the closed loop system is demonstrated via Lyapunov method ensuring a prescribed transient and tracking performance. Simulation and experimental results are carried out to verify the advantages of the proposed method.
Predictive Criteria for Length of Nasogastric Tube Insertion for Tube Feeding
Authors: Hanson Robert L.
Published: July 2017

This study was aimed at identifying non‐invasive techniques and criteria for predicting the proper length for insertion of a nasogastric tube for tube feeding so that the tube tip would be located in the fundus or body of the stomach. A review of literature and existing practices revealed unsubstantiated and discrepant methods currently in use and justified the need for this research. The study involved relating several external body measurements to a measurement from the tip of the nose to the lower esophageal sphincter, via the esophagus, in 99 adult cadavers and 5 normal adult volunteers. A variety of analyses including stepwise multiple regression, were used and are presented. A formula is presented and is stated to provide a 91% confidence level of tube tip placement in the stomach between 1 and 10 cm. This is compared to a confidence level of 72% using the traditional nose to ear to xiphoid measurement. The formula is ((NEX‐50cm) /2)) + 50cm when NEX is the distance from the tip of the nose to the earlobe to vthe xiphoid. Two methods for simple mechanical clinical application are described.
Supplemental Arginine Increases Thymic Cellularity in Normal and Murine Sarcoma Virus‐inoculated Mice and Increases the Resistance to Murine Sarcoma Virus Tumor
Authors: Rettura Giuseppe , Padawer Jacques , Barbul Adrian , Levenson Stanley M. , Seifter Eli
Published: July 2017

Arginine supplements were given to 6 week old CBA mice beginning 3 days prior to inoculation with a murine sarcoma virus, the Moloney Sarcoma Virus (MSV). Although the basal diet contained 1.8% arginine and was therefore not arginine‐deficient, supplementation of the diet and the drinking water with 0.5% arginine HCl reduced tumor incidence, lengthened the latency period, decreased tumor size, and hastened tumor regression. Arginine also increased thymic weight and cellularity in normal and in MSV‐inoculated mice. The antitumor action of arginine may be related to its effect on the thymus.
Hearing Preservation in Acoustic Neuroma Surgery: Value of Monitoring Cochlear Nerve Action Potentials
Authors: Nedzelski Julian M. , Chiong Charlotte M. , Cashman Marlene Z. , Stanton Susan G. , Rowed David W.
Published: July 2017

This study reviews the hearing results in 80 consecutive patients who underwent complete removal of histologically proven acoustic neuromas by use of the suboccipital approach. Of these, 56 patients had successful monitoring of cochlear compound action potentials; 20 were not monitored because their surgery predated monitoring; and 4 had unsuccessful monitoring. A significant difference was found in hearing preservation rates between the group in whom compound action potential monitoring was performed and those in whom monitoring was either unavailable or failed (p = 0.02). Overall, 38% (30 of 80) had preserved hearing. There were 51 patients in whom the click threshold for the cochlear compound action potential was measured during surgery. Twenty‐one patients had a threshold shift of 20 dB or less, 15 (71%) of these retained serviceable hearing (speech reception threshold ≤50 dB; speech discrimination score ≥60%). Of 12 patients in whom the threshold shift was 30 to 60 dB, none had serviceable hearing after surgery. The click threshold shift was predictive of a significant postoperative hearing change (p < 0.001).
Technique for Injection of Botulinum Toxin through the Flexible Nasolaryngoscope
Authors: Rhew Karen , Fiedler Diane A. , Ludlow Christy L.
Published: July 2017

A new endoscopic method of injecting botulinum toxin into the thyroarytenoid muscles for treatment of adductor spasmodic dysphonia was evaluated. Twelve patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonla were given injections in the thyroarytenoid muscle under video visualization with a flexible catheter needle that was passed through the working channel of a flexible nasolaryngoscope. Six patients received unilateral injections, and six received bilateral injections. Preinjection and postinjection speech samples were compared by use of spectrographic analysis. Significant decreases in voice breaks and sentence duration were found after treatment with both unilateral and bilateral injections. Patient interviews and diaries documented the reported degree and duration of symptom reduction. All 12 patients reported that the injections were of significant benefit and that the endoscopic procedure was tolerable. We concluded that this is a safe and effective technique for injecting botulinium toxin into laryngeal muscles for treatment of spasmodic dysphonia.
Re-inventing the Ancien Régime in Post-Napoleonic Europe
Authors: Caiani Ambrogio A.
Published: July 2017

‘Revolution’ as a historical category has received continuous academic interest and scrutiny, whereas the regime invented by the French Revolution has received less sophisticated theoretical analysis and unpacking. The term ancien régime was created in the moment of its death. The subsequent restructuring and politicization of this concept during the post-Napoleonic era remains largely unstudied. It is the argument here that the world after 1815 created a number of ‘new old regimes’. These political systems, which made reference to ancien régime inheritances, were not straightforward reflections of a ‘real past’. They were malleable discourses that could be calibrated to corroborate the competing claims made by conservatives, radicals and liberals about how post-Napoleonic Europe was to be organized. The ‘new old regime’ of the nineteenth century, though historically grounded, was instrumental in design and made little effort to resurrect the ‘real past’ to which it purportedly made constant reference. The battle to define the ‘new old regime’ was not a rear-guard action but lay at the very heart of European politics after 1815. The forces of nationhood, constitutionalism, parliamentarianism, liberalism and democracy unfurled by the twin titans of revolution and Napoleonic conquest were not guaranteed to win the day. Dynasticism, aristocratic hierarchy, military glory, religious revival, village communalism and regionalism continued to prosper during the first half of the nineteenth century.
Debates on Intervention against Religious Persecution in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth: European Reactions to the Tumult of Thorn, 1724–1726
Authors: Milton Patrick
Published: July 2017

Although the crisis surrounding the execution of Protestants by Catholic authorities in the Polish town of Thorn in 1724 is relatively well known among historians of early modern Europe – as indeed is the susceptibility of the eighteenth-century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to external interference and intervention – there has been no detailed, multi-angle analysis of the European reactions to this instance of alleged religious persecution. By analysing the diplomatic and publicity responses of various European powers, as well as the comments in the contemporary print media, a number of insights will be gained. By focusing on the arguments and language used, the article seeks to discern the normative attitudes of contemporary statesmen towards sovereignty, standards of good governance, ‘enlightened’ state practices, international treaty law, and the grounds and scope for the external protection of foreign subjects’ rights. More broadly, this will enable a deeper understanding of the normative underpinning of the post-Westphalian states system by highlighting the previously underestimated role and capacity of intervention in states’ internal affairs, stemming, at least in part, from a ‘proto-humanitarian’ impulse. By keeping a close watch on the broader context of European international relations, the relative importance of political and geo-strategic interests in such undertakings, and how these interacted with more ideological factors, will also be explored, as will the interrelationships between the public sphere and foreign policy.
The apparent diffusion coefficient is strongly correlated with extracellular volume, a measure of myocardial fibrosis, and subclinical cardiomyopathy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Wu Rui , An Dong-Aolei , Hu Jiani , Jiang Meng , Guo Qiang , Xu Jian-Rong , Wu Lian-Ming
Published: July 2017

Background

Extracellular volume (ECV) has been histologically validated as a non-invasive quantitative index of myocardial fibrosis that does not require the use of contrast, which is contraindicated in patients with renal insufficiency.

Purpose

To evaluate the correlation between the contrast-free apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and ECV, an index of fibrosis.

Material and Methods

Twenty-four patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), who were predominantly women (mean age = 36 ± 12 years) and 12 normal participants (mean age = 38 ± 10 years) underwent cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) via 3.0 T MR with T1 mapping. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and late gadolinium-enhanced (LGE) imaging served as the reference standards with which CMR was compared. The mean ADC, native T1, and ECV were calculated for each patient, and the correlations among these parameters were analyzed.

Results

Both SLE LGE-positive (LGE+) and SLE LGE-negative (LGE–) participants had higher native T1 values, ECV, and ADC than normal controls ( P < 0.05). SLE LGE+ participants exhibited a higher ECV (0.31 ± 0.02) and ADC (2.44 ± 0.32 × 10−3 mm2/s) than SLE LGE– participants ( p < 0.05); however, SLE LGE+ and SLE LGE– participants had similar native T1 values (1227 ± 48.81 ms versus 1174.70 ± 95.80 ms, respectively; P > 0.05). ADC values were positively correlated with increased ECV (R2 = 0.62) and native T1 values (R2 = 0.28) in all participants.

Conclusion

ADC measurements are a suitable alternative to ECV that may be used to assess and quantify myocardial fibrosis in patients with SLE.
Dynamic properties and strain rate effect of 3D angle-interlock carbon/epoxy woven composites
Authors: Zhao Jiuzhou , Zhang Li , Guo Licheng , Yang Yongqi
Published: July 2017

A series of experiments on 3D angle-interlock carbon/epoxy woven composites were carried out using the split Hopkinson pressure bar and split Hopkinson tension bar. These tests were accomplished to investigate the strain rate effect of the dynamic compressive and tensile properties. The strain rate range is about 500/s to 1500/s for through-thickness compressive tests, 150/s to 600/s for in-plane compressive tests, and 600/s to 1000/s for in-plane tensile tests. The corresponding quasi-static properties are given for reference. The tested specimens were observed using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope. The main failure modes of the specimens include fiber breakage, fiber pull out and matrix crack. The compressive modulus of through-thickness direction is positively related to the strain rate. The compressive strength and modulus of in-plane direction shows a light fluctuation within the studied strain rate. It is found that the tensile strength and modulus of in-plane direction are negatively related to the strain rate.
Influence of Particulate Graphite Additions on the Shear Related Behaviour of Glass Fabric Reinforced Epoxy Composites
Authors: Sainathan N. , Padmanabhan K. , Sashidhara S. , Rao R. M. V. G. K. , Kishore
Published: July 2017

Glass fabric reinforced composite laminates with two different epoxy formulations as matrix materials were fabricated with discretely varying additions of particulate graphite upto 6 wt%. The influence of these additions on the shear related behaviour of the composite is reported. While the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the composites with both the resin formulations and two different widths exhibited a decreasing set of values for 2 and 4 wt% graphite, those for the 6 wt% additions indicated a trend towards either a saturation or marginal recovery. The compression strengths for the composites fabricated with the two resin formulations showed opposing trends in that the specimens with the room temperature cured resin exhibited an increase upto 4 wt% graphite. The shear strength in compression was observed to be larger than the ILSS values of the abovesaid laminates. The transverse modulus of the composites exhibited an increase upto 4 wt% graphite. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was carried out on the failed specimens and the observed fracture features are reported.
Prediction of Thermal Cycling Induced Matrix Cracking
Authors: Mcmanus Hugh L. , Bowles David E. , Tompkins Stephen S.
Published: July 2017

Thermal fatigue has been observed to cause matrix cracking in laminated composite materials. A method is presented to predict transverse matrix cracks in a composite laminate subjected to cyclic thermal load. Shear lag stress approximations and a simple energy-based failure criteria are used to predict crack density as a function of temperature. Prediction of crack density as a function of thermal cycling is accomplished by assuming that fatigue degrades the material's inherent resistance to cracking. The method is implemented as a computer program. Simple experiments provide data on progressive cracking of a laminate with decreasing temperature, and on cracking induced by thermal cycling. Correlation of the analytical predictions to the data is very good. A parametric study using the analytical method is presented which provides insight into material behavior under cyclical thermal loads.
Sudy on the Polypropylene/High Density Polyethylene/Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Block Copolymer Ternary Blends II. The Effect of Processing on the Properties and Morphology of Polypropylene/High Density Polyethylene/ StyreneButadiene-Styrene Ternary Blends
Authors: Zhang Z. , Chiu D. S. , Siu G. G.
Published: July 2017

It has been shown that the impact strength of non-compatible polymer blends is closely related to the number, shape and morphology of the dispersed phase particles. The general condition for toughening is that the inter-particle distance must be smaller than a critical value T. (Critical Inter-Particle Distance). Thus a sharp brittleductile transition mould occur as T becomes smaller than T. This has been applied to interpret the relationships of the impact strength of the blends with their respective phase morphology, particle diameter and elastomer volume fraction. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of various blending processes on the morphology of the rubber particles in the PP/HDPE/SBS ternary blends. The relation of the impact strength of PP ternary blends with the SBS particle diameter has been investigated. It is found that the morphology of the SBS dispersed phase particles is closely related to the mechanical properties of the PP ternary blends and it is very much depen dent upon the processing parameters of the blends.