bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Human Neutralizing Antibody Specific to Ang‐2 Inhibits Ocular Angiogenesis
Authors: RENNEL EMMA S. , REGULA JÖRG T. , HARPER STEVEN J. , THOMAS MARKUS , KLEIN CHRISTIAN , BATES DAVID O.
Published: August 2011

Please cite this paper as: Rennel, Regula, Harper, Thomas, Klein and Bates (2011). A Human Neutralizing Antibody Specific to Ang‐2 Inhibits Ocular Angiogenesis. Microcirculation 18(7), 598–607.

Objective:  Angiogenesis, a critical contributor to ocular as well as neoplastic diseases, is stimulated by endothelial production of angiopoietin‐2 (Ang2). Our objective was to determine the requirement of ocular angiogenesis for Ang2 in animal models of disease.

Methods:  We developed and compared the effect of a novel human Ang2 antibody with a pan‐angiopoietin strategy on angiogenesis in ocular angiogenesis in animal models of oxygen‐induced retinopathy, and laser photocoagulation and confirmed its efficacy in xenografted human colorectal tumors.

Results:  Human anti‐Ang2 and anti‐angiopoietin1(Ang1)/Ang2 antibodies blocked colorectal carcinoma growth in immuno‐compromised mice (p < 0.001, n = 6). Injection of 1 μg of Ang2 or Ang2/Ang1 antibody‐inhibited angiogenesis in models of retinal (p < 0.001, n = 6), and choroidal neovascularization (p < 0.001, n = 11–13 per group) to levels similar to that with anti‐VEGF antibodies. There was no difference between Ang2 specific and Ang1/Ang2 bi‐specific antibodies. In vitro, Ang2 antibodies showed no cytotoxicity and did not inhibit endothelial cell migration or proliferation.

Conclusion:  Thus, human Ang2 antibodies are potentially therapeutic agents for ocular neovascularization in models of retinal and choroidal neovascularization, in the absence of VEGF inhibition.
Probing Ferroelectrics Using Optical Second Harmonic Generation
Authors: Denev Sava A. , Lummen Tom T. A. , Barnes Eftihia , Kumar Amit , Gopalan Venkatraman
Published: August 2011

Nonlinear optics is an essential component of modern laser systems and optoelectronic devices. It has also emerged as an important tool in probing the electronic, vibrational, magnetic, and crystallographic structure of materials ranging from oxides and metals, to polymers and biological samples. This review focuses on the specific technique of optical second harmonic generation (SHG), and its application in probing ferroelectric complex oxide crystals and thin films. As the dominant SHG interaction mechanism exists only in materials that lack inversion symmetry, SHG is a sensitive probe of broken inversion symmetry, and thus also of bulk polar phenomena in materials. By performing in‐situ SHG polarimetry experiments in different experimental conditions such as sample orientation, applied electric field, and temperature, one can probe ferroelectric hysteresis loops and phase transitions. Careful modeling of the polarimetry data allows for the determination of the point group symmetry of the crystal. In epitaxial thin films with a two‐dimensional arrangement of well‐defined domain orientations, one can extract information about intrinsic material properties such as nonlinear coefficients, as well as microstructural information such as the local statistics of the different domain variants being probed. This review presents several detailed examples of ferroelectric systems where such measurements and modeling are performed. The use of SHG microscopic imaging is discussed, and its ability to reveal domain structures and phases not normally visible with linear optics is illustrated.
The effect of clockwise and counterclockwise twisting moments on abutment screw loosening
Authors: Yao Kuang‐Ta , Kao Hung‐Chan , Cheng Cheng‐Kung , Fang Hsu‐Wei , Yip Shing‐Wai , Hsu Ming‐Lun
Published: August 2011

Objectives

Abutment screw loosening is one of the most common complications of dental implants. When occlusal loading is applied, bending and twisting moments are counteracted by the implant‐abutment connection held with the abutment screw. Restorations in different quarters of the oral cavity might bear clockwise or counterclockwise twisting moments that result from a regular chewing pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different directional twisting moments on abutment screws.

Methods

Twenty 3i implants were divided into four groups of C, R, L, and O. Each assembly consisted of an implant, abutment, and superstructure. For group C, a cyclic load of 10–100 N for 106 cycles was applied centrally and perpendicular to the long axis of the implant, whereas for groups R and L, the same load conditions were applied eccentrically in clockwise and counterclockwise directions, respectively. Group O was left unloaded. The difference between the initial torque and post‐load reverse torque was defined as the total torque loss. The data were analyzed by Kruskal–Wallis test. The surface of the abutment hexagon corners were examined with SEM after loading.

Results

No abutment screw loosening was found after loading. Total torque loss of groups C, R, L, and O were 10.50 ± 0.58, 9.56 ± 1.01, 9.98 ± 1.81, and 9.58 ± 0.94 Ncm, respectively. There were no statistical differences among the four groups. SEM observations showed marked burnishing at the hexagonal corners on the compression sides of the R and L groups.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, there was little effect of twisting moment direction on the total torque loss of an internal hexagon connection implant system. This could be attributed to the anti‐twisting mechanism of the internal hexagon connection.
Mechanosensation and maximum bite force in edentulous patients rehabilitated with bimaxillary implant‐supported fixed dental prostheses
Authors: Luraschi Julien , Schimmel Martin , Bernard Jean‐Pierre , Gallucci German O. , Belser Urs , Müller Frauke
Published: August 2011

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare tactile sensitivity and maximum voluntary bite force (MBF) of edentulous patients with implant‐supported fixed dental prostheses (IFDP/IFDPs) to those wearing complete dentures (CG‐CC) and fully dentate subjects (CG‐DD).

Methods

Seven edentulous subjects with IFDP/IFDPs, seven with CG‐CC and seven CG‐DD, matched for age and gender, participated in the pilot experiments. Three active tactile thresholds (absolute, 50% and 100%) were evaluated by means of copper foils of decreasing thickness (12 foils: 700–5 μm). The passive thresholds were measured in six different sites per quadrant using a custom‐made computer‐supported strain gauge. MBF was evaluated electronically using the central‐bearing point method.

Results

Active tactile thresholds were different between all three groups of dental state (Kruskal–Wallis: absolute P = 0.0156; 50% P = 0.0019; 100% P = 0.0059). The active tactile sensitivity with IFDP/IFDPs was between those of the two other groups, except for the 100% threshold. The median passive tactile threshold was higher in patients with IFDP/IFDPs (5.7 N) than in CG‐CC (1.7 N) and CG‐DD (0.5 N) (Kruskal–Wallis P < 0.0005). MBF did not differ significantly between the dental states (ns).

Conclusion

IFDP/IFDPs are a valuable treatment option for restoring edentulous patients. Limitations concerning their physiological integration into the orofacial system are mainly related to a poor passive rather than active tactile sensitivity or maximum bite force.
Biological complications and peri‐implant clinical and radiographic changes at immediately placed dental implants. A prospective 5‐year cohort study
Authors: Rodrigo Daniel , Martin Conchita , Sanz Mariano
Published: August 2011

Objectives

To evaluate clinically and radiographically immediate implants 5 years after insertion and to compare them with delayed‐placed implants in the same subjects

Material and methods

Twenty‐two consecutive patients that needed at least two implants for replacing hopeless teeth, one immediately upon extraction and the other in a delayed fashion (at least 4 months post‐extraction) were selected in this prospective cohort study. Post‐extraction immediate implants (II) and delayed implants (DI) groups were defined. One and 5 years after implant loading, clinical and radiographical outcome variables were recorded and analysed both at site and at implant level. Intra‐group and inter‐group comparisons were performed.

Results

The intergroup comparison did not show significant differences for plaque index, bleeding on probing and suppuration. These parameters worsen in both groups along the study. This trend was stronger for the plaque index in the group II, which increased from 15.6% at 1 year to 25.9% at 5 years (P < 0.04). One year after loading, the sites with probing depth ≥5 mm were higher for the group II compared to DI (2.5% vs. 0%; P = 0.049). At the end of the study, no significant statistical differences were found. Radiographically, bone crestal changes did not yield significant differences. During the follow‐up period, 25% of the implants (26.4% in group II and 23.5% in DI) showed biological complications: mucositis (20%) and/or periimplantitis (5.8%). No differences between groups were found.

Conclusions

Within the same patients, the implants placed with the immediate protocol demonstrated a higher tendency to crestal bone loss and to peri‐implantitis, although these differences were not statistically significant.
Effect of vitamin supplementation on lung injury and running performance in a hot, humid, and ozone‐polluted environment
Authors: Gomes E. C. , Allgrove J. E. , Florida‐James G. , Stone V.
Published: August 2011

In this study, the effect of vitamin C and E supplementation on lung injury and performance of runners were analyzed. Using a randomized, double‐blinded, crossover design, nine runners participated in two experimental trials: a 2‐week Vitamin trial (vitamin C = 500 mg/day + vitamin E = 100 IU/day) and a 2‐week Placebo trial. At the end of each supplementation period the runners performed an 8‐km time‐trial run in a hot (31°C), humid (70% rh), and ozone‐polluted (0.10 ppm O3) environmental chamber. Nasal lavage and blood samples were collected pre‐, post‐, and 6‐h post‐exercise to assess antioxidant status and CC16 as lung injury marker. Higher plasma (pre‐ and post‐exercise) and nasal lavage (post‐exercise) antioxidant concentration were found for the Vitamin trial. Nevertheless, this did not result in performance differences (Vitamin trial: 31:05 min; Placebo trial: 31:54 min; P = 0.075) even though significant positive correlations were found between antioxidant concentration and improvement in time to complete the run. CC16 was higher post‐exercise in the Placebo trial (P < 0.01) in both plasma and nasal lavage. These findings suggest that antioxidant supplementation might help to decrease the lung injury response of runners when exercising in adverse conditions, but has little effect on performance.
A longitudinal investigation of sports‐related risk factors for disordered eating in aesthetic sports
Authors: Krentz E. M. , Warschburger P.
Published: August 2011

Previous studies have indicated a higher risk of disordered eating in certain types of elite sports such as aesthetic sports (e.g., rhythmical gymnastics, figure skating). But even though some studies on risk factors for disordered eating in sports exist, most research on this topic is based on cross‐sectional data with limitations on causal inferences. We examined sports‐related risk factors for disordered eating in a 1‐year longitudinal study with two assessment points. The participants were 65 adolescent athletes from aesthetic sports (mean age 14.0 ± 2.2 years) who completed measures of disordered eating, social pressure from the sports environment, sports‐related body dissatisfaction, desire to be leaner to improve sports performance, and emotional distress resulting from missed exercise sessions. All variables were relatively stable in the mean. Individual changes in the desire to be leaner to improve sports performance were associated with individual changes in disordered eating. Furthermore, a cross‐lagged partial correlation analysis showed that the desire to be leaner to improve sports performance was predictive of disordered eating and not vice versa. The results of our study indicate that athletes are more at risk for disordered eating if they believe it is possible to enhance their sports performance through weight regulation.
Medical devices in dermatology: topical semi‐solid formulations for the treatment of skin diseases
Authors: Korting Hans Christian , Schöllmann Claudia
Published: August 2011

In recent years, topically applied semi‐solid formulations certified as medicals devices and not as topical drugs are increasingly used for the treatment of skin diseases. Medical devices primarily unfold their therapeutic effect by physical means, not by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means. Intensified placing of medical devices on the dermatological market may at least partly be explained by a less complex marketing authorization process compared to topical drugs. If the requirements are fulfilled to certify a product as a medical device the opportunity will be offered to quickly introduce innovations onto the market and propagate them. A variety of evidence‐based medical devices for several dermatological indications are presented here.
Contemplative Prayer & the 21st Century
Authors: Danaher James
Published: August 2011

The medieval, contemplative tradition for the most part ended with the great 16th century Spanish mystics. The modern period of the 17th and 18th centuries was an age of reason that sought to eliminate mystery. Modern theology kept in step with the rational nature of the period and the contemplative tradition was lost to the modern age. Thomas Merton reintroduced a contemplative theology to the 20th century, but contemplative practices are much more popular today than they were in the mid-twentieth century when Merton was writing. This paper examines what it is about our present 21st century and the end of modernity that is so conducive to the popularity of contemplative prayer, and so conducive to bringing us to a deeper and richer understanding of the Gospel.
Transubstantiation: Rethinking by Anglicans?
Authors: Douglas Brian
Published: August 2011

This article examines the ways in which Anglican theologians have reflected on the doctrine of transubstantiation. The article notes that there is substantial agreement between the Roman Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion on the nature of Christ's presence in the Eucharist and that this agreement has been forged by the long established and continuing dialogue of the Anglican Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC). At the same time the article notes that official responses from the Roman Catholic Church, while acknowledging the worth of the dialogue, have insisted on particular theological and philosophical definitions of the nature of Christ's presence in the Eucharist concerning a change in the substance of the elements. While Anglicans have not accepted this particular definition of the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist as defined by the traditional doctrine of transubstantiation, they have nonetheless accepted the notion of the real presence and reflected in modern times on transubstantiation. Examples of this reflection on transubstantiation by Anglicans are discussed in the hope of allowing the dialogue to continue at new levels of understanding.
Shakespeare and Early Modern Visual Culture
Authors: Porter Chloe
Published: August 2011

This essay presents an overview of recent work in the area of studies of Shakespeare and visual culture. Aiming to give an indication of the diverse range of approaches that may be adopted in this highly interdisciplinary field, the essay focuses particularly on a recent trend for the analysis of Shakespeare’s engagements with visuality from strongly literary perspectives. This trend has produced some valuable work, with significant implications for our understanding of Shakespeare’s status as a ‘literary’ figure. An emphasis on literariness in Shakespeare’s interactions with visual culture is linked partly to concerns about the status of visual culture in post‐Reformation England. Recent developments in art history and visual studies challenge some of the assumptions about post‐Reformation English visual culture that inform current works on Shakespeare and visual culture. By looking closely at relevant new art‐historical thinking, literary critics may significantly broaden the framework for the exploration of Shakespeare’s works as a part of early modern visual culture.
Lost Plays from Early Modern England: Voyage Drama, A Case Study
Authors: McInnis David
Published: August 2011

This article arises out of work on the recently launched Lost Plays Database (http://www.lostplays.org), and provides a case study of how consideration of lost plays can affect studies of early modern English drama. Through attention to lost travel plays, I discuss how our perception of voyage drama as a sub‐genre stands to be radically revised by the fragmentary evidence of non‐extant texts.
American Literary Naturalism: Critical Perspectives
Authors: Campbell Donna
Published: August 2011

This essay provides an overview and reinterpretation of American literary naturalism as practiced by classic naturalists Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser, and Jack London, by later naturalists such as Phillips and Steinbeck, and by those whose contributions to naturalism deserve more recognition, among them women writers and writers of color such as Paul Laurence Dunbar and Ann Petry. The first section defines classic naturalism through four of its key features, each as exemplified by the fiction of one of the major turn‐of‐the‐century naturalists: urban poverty, violence, and parody in Crane; theories of heredity and capitalism in Norris; Social Darwinism and determinism in Dreiser; and racial atavism and primitivism in London. The second section reviews the problems of definition that have formed the critical discourse over naturalism since its inception, including distinguishing naturalism from other literary forms and surveying the late 19th‐century controversy over realism and the romance. The third section discusses critical trends in scholarship on naturalism, with particular attention to criticism published from 1980 to the present. To investigate the complex ideological and cultural work of naturalism during its classic phase and into the 20th century, the fourth section theorizes four thematic groupings: space and place, corporeality, mechanisms and technology, and lines and boundaries. When deployed as a series of interpretive lenses, these groupings not only expand the possibilities for reading classic naturalist authors but also provide a means of inclusion for those whose naturalistic writings have been little discussed. Naturalism thus emerges as less as an artifact of literary history to be recovered than as a vital means of interpreting texts across several decades.
‘We have experienced a tragedy which words cannot properly describe’: Representations of Trauma in Post‐9/11 Superhero Comics
Authors: Smith Philip , Goodrum Michael
Published: August 2011

This paper explores the manifestation of trauma in superhero comics following the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11. These texts are considered from the perspectives of clinical psychology and Silverman’s concept of historical trauma. The paper first examines the genre as a whole, followed by an exploration of elements common to the genre as exemplified in the Avengers: Disassembled plot arc.
Extensive post‐translational processing of potato tuber storage proteins and vacuolar targeting
Authors: Jørgensen Malene , Stensballe Allan , Welinder Karen Gjesing
Published: August 2011

Potato tuber storage proteins were obtained from vacuoles isolated from field‐grown starch potato tubers cv. Kuras. Vacuole sap proteins fractionated by gel filtration were studied by mass spectrometric analyses of trypsin and chymotrypsin digestions. The tuber vacuole appears to be a typical protein storage vacuole absent of proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes. The major soluble storage proteins included 28 Kunitz protease inhibitors, nine protease inhibitors 1, eight protease inhibitors 2, two carboxypeptidase inhibitors, eight patatins and five lipoxygenases (lox), which all showed cultivar‐specific sequence variations. These proteins, except for lox, have typical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal peptides and putative vacuolar sorting determinants of either the sequence or structure specific type or the C‐terminal type, or both. Unexpectedly, sap protein variants imported via the ER showed multiple molecular forms because of extensive and unspecific proteolytic cleavage of exposed N‐ and C‐terminal propeptides and surface loops, in spite of the abundance of protease inhibitors. Some propeptides are potential novel vacuolar targeting peptides. In the insoluble vacuole fraction two variants of phytepsin (aspartate protease) were identified. These are most probably the processing enzymes of potato tuber vacuolar proteins.

Database
 Proteome data have been submitted to the PRIDE database under accession number 17707.
A novel method for monitoring the localization of cytochromes P450 and other endoplasmic reticulum membrane associated proteins: a tool for investigating the formation of metabolons
Authors: Bassard Jean‐Etienne , Mutterer Jérôme , Duval Frédéric , Werck‐Reichhart Danièle
Published: August 2011

In plants and possibly other organisms, channelling of the reactive intermediates resulting from P450 oxygenation is thought to require the formation of supramolecular complexes associating membrane‐bound and soluble enzymes. This implies a most probably loose membrane association of the soluble proteins. For the assessment of such membrane association in vivo, we propose an imaging strategy based on the accurate evaluation of fluorescent protein repartition and distance around endoplasmic reticulum (ER) tubules. It requires candidate protein fusion constructs with fluorescent reporters and transient expression in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana. The method was tested with soluble eGFP/mRFP1, with various P450 and P450 reductase fluorescent fusions, and with anchored eGFP/mRFP1. It easily differentiated soluble and anchored proteins and detects subtle changes in ER tubules. The method was further assessed with a soluble protein previously shown to be loosely associated with the ER, the phenylalanine ammonia lyase PAL1 involved in the lignin biosynthetic pathway. This protein was found located in close vicinity to the ER. Taken together, these data indicate that the method proposed herein is suitable to monitor membrane association and relocalization of soluble proteins involved in the formation of metabolons.

Database accession numbers

CYP51G1 (Uniprot Q9SAA9), PAL1 (Uniprot P25872), CYP98A3 (Uniprot O22203), CYP73A5 (Uniprot B1GV49), ATR1 (Uniprot Q9SB48), eGFP (GenBank DQ768212), mRFP1 (Uniprot Q9U6Y8)
Rethinking ‘the Human’ in Memory of Fay Gale (AO)
Authors: ANDERSON KAY
Published: August 2011

In 1972, the late Fay Gale (AO) published a characteristically self‐styled book titled Urban Aborigines. It launched a richly diverse career that delivered an exceptional legacy to the academic discipline of geography, aboriginal justice, university administration, and women's professional advancement. This article, based on a 2010 lecture in her honour, takes up Fay's intellectual contribution to one of these fields. It pursues her critical interest in the clash of indigenous/settler cultures in Australia through a novel account of the notorious head‐measuring practices of 19th century racial craniometry. Probing the Western premise that ‘mind’ is the assured marker of human distinction from nature, the article explores a question of fundamental contemporary relevance for Australian audiences and others across the globe: are there fresh prospects for reconciling settler and indigenous, as well as ‘green’ and ‘growth’, values if the conceit of this distinction can be overcome? This question is provoked from a peculiarly southern perspective in the spirit of the insistently geographic project that was Urban Aborigines.
Tinnitus complaint behaviour in long‐standing Menière’s disorder: its association with the other cardinal symptoms
Authors: Yoshida T. , Stephens D. , Kentala E. , Levo H. , Auramo Y. , Poe D. , Pyykkö I.
Published: August 2011

Clin. Otolaryngol. 2011, 36, 461–467

Objective:  To explore factors that determines tinnitus complaint behaviour in patients with chronic long‐standing Menière’s disorder.

Design and setting:  A questionnaire‐based cross‐sectional investigation. This included the Oto‐neurological questionnaire, the Hearing Disability and Handicap Scale (HDHS), Hearing Measurement Scale (HMS) on sound localisation and the Dizziness Handicap Questionnaire (DHQ).

Participants:  Randomly selected 183 members of the Finnish Menière’s Federation.

Intervention:  Postal questionnaire.

Main outcome measure:  International Tinnitus Inventory and impact of tinnitus.

Results:  The 183 patients,[36 men and 147 women; mean age, 63 years] had their Meniere’s disorder‐like symptoms, with a mean of 18 years [range, 1–43], 19% of patients ranked tinnitus as their most severe symptom, and 10% experienced tinnitus as causing a severe or very severe impact. Regression analysis indicated that 41% of International Tinnitus Inventory variance and 28% of tinnitus impact variance were explained by the cardinal symptoms of Menière’s disorder. Furthermore, 40% of International Tinnitus Inventory and 25% of tinnitus impact variance were explained by symptom‐related disabilities (HDHS, HMS and DHQ). Aural pressure, hearing loss and gait problems were the most important predictors of tinnitus complaint. Understanding what people say and limitation of activities because of vertigo were the most important related disabilities.

Conclusion:  Tinnitus shares a significant variance with the other cardinal symptoms in patients with long‐standing Menière’s disorder. As the impact is significantly related to activity limitations based on hearing disability and vertigo, the results suggest that therapeutic efforts to reduce tinnitus in Menière’s disorder should include the alleviation of balance and hearing problems.
CdS Quantum Dots in Glass: “Modification of Photoluminescence by Silver Doping”
Authors: Xu Kai , Chung Woon Jin , Heo Jong
Published: August 2011

Silicate glasses containing CdS and Ag2O were made by the melt‐quenching method. CdS quantum dots (QDs) were precipitated inside the glass matrix by heat treatment at 570–590 °C for 10 h, and the influence of Ag on photoluminescence (PL) of CdS QDs was investigated. The emission located at 478–493 nm in wavelength originated from the direct recombination of electron/hole pairs was quenched due to charger transfer between Ag and CdS QDs. Modification of PL from CdS QDs by Ag provides potentials toward developing the color changing materials for light‐emitting diodes (LEDs).
Incompetent cervix and pneumouterus in a maiden mare
Authors: Witte T. S. , Nover M. , Overbeck W. , Hecht W. , Heuwieser W.
Published: August 2011

This case report describes an uncommon case of a congenitally incompetent cervix and a resulting pneumouterus in a 5‐year‐old maiden Quarter Horse mare. The mare was presented for artificial insemination at the Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany. Routine vaginal and rectal examinations revealed a shortened cervix of 3 cm length and a dilated uterus filled with a considerable amount of air. During ultrasonographic examination, ovaries of normal size with regular cyclic activity were detected. Chromosomal analysis could not confirm any genetic anomalies such as an expected XO karyotype. The mare was excluded from breeding due to its anatomical constitution.
Cross‐sectional study of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria in horses. Part 1: Prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistantEscherichia coliand methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: MADDOX T. W. , CLEGG P. D. , DIGGLE P. J. , WEDLEY A. L. , DAWSON S. , PINCHBECK G. L. , WILLIAMS N. J.
Published: August 2011

Reasons for performing study:The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria such as methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) and antimicrobial‐resistantEscherichia colirepresents a significant problem. However, the carriage of such bacteria by horses in the UK has not been well characterised.

Objectives:To estimate the prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA and faecal carriage of antimicrobial‐resistantE. coliamongst horses in the general equine community of the mainland UK.

Methods:A cross‐sectional study of horses recruited by 65 randomly selected equine veterinary practices was conducted, with nasal swabs and faecal samples collected. Faecal samples were cultured for antimicrobial‐resistantE. coli. Nasal swabs were cultured for staphylococcal species; methicillin‐resistant isolates identified asS. aureuswere characterised by SCCmecandspagene typing. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to calculate prevalence estimates with adjustment for clustering at practice and premises levels. Spatial variation in risk of antimicrobial resistance was also examined.

Results:In total, 650 faecal samples and 678 nasal swabs were collected from 692 horses located on 525 premises. The prevalence of faecal carriage ofE. coliwith resistance to any antimicrobial was 69.5% (95% CI 65.9–73.1%) and the prevalence of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producingE. coliwas 6.3% (95% CI 4.1–9.6%). The prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA was 0.6% (95% CI 0.2–1.5%). Spatial analysis indicated variation across the UK for risk of carriage of resistant and multidrug‐resistant (resistant to more than 3 antimicrobial classes)E. coli.

Conclusions and potential relevance:Carriage of MRSA by horses in the community appears rare, but the prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistantE. coli(including ESBL‐producingE. coli) is higher. A high prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria could have significant health implications for the horse population of the UK.
Cross‐sectional survey of owner knowledge and husbandry practices, tack and health issues affecting working horses in Lesotho
Authors: UPJOHN M. M. , SHIPTON K. , PFEIFFER D. U. , LEROTHOLI T. , ATTWOOD G. , VERHEYEN K. L. P.
Published: August 2011

Reasons for performing study: To establish baseline parameters of equine health, owner knowledge and husbandry practices and tack against which benefits to local horses arising from an equine charity's training programme in Lesotho could be measured.

Objectives: To describe and investigate associations between owner knowledge and equine husbandry practices, horse health and tack‐related parameters prior to the start of the training programme.

Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was undertaken in the catchment area of students attending the first training course. Owners from randomly selected villages were interviewed about horse care using a standardised, structured questionnaire, administered face to face in local language. Horses were clinically examined and tack assessed according to standardised protocols.

Results: Clinical examinations were performed on 312 horses and 287 owners were interviewed. Owners had variable knowledge of equine husbandry and limited understanding of appropriate primary and preventive healthcare. Equine health problems identified included ecto‐ and endoparasite infestation, mouth lesions, overgrown and unbalanced feet and tack‐associated wounds. The majority of tack was in poor condition, dirty and ill‐fitting. With the exception of below‐average body condition score, no associations were found between key adverse horse‐related clinical findings and owners reporting their horse as being ‘unhealthy’.

Conclusions: Working horses in Lesotho have a range of physical problems, many of which could be ameliorated through targeted owner education. With limited access to veterinary advice and scarce resources, improved availability of affordable local equine trade skills is key to improving equine health.

Potential relevance: Findings could be used to inform and direct training programmes to maximise benefits to equine health and to serve as a baseline against which to monitor effects of educational and other interventions.
Endoscopic evaluation of the navicular bursa: Observations, treatment and outcome in 92 cases with identified pathology
Authors: SMITH M. R. W. , WRIGHT I. M.
Published: August 2011

Reasons for performing study: Diagnostic navicular bursoscopy has been described in limited cases. Review of greater numbers is needed to define its contribution to case management and prognostic values.

Objectives: To report: 1) clinical, diagnostic and endoscopic findings in a series of cases, 2) surgical techniques and case outcomes and 3) prognostic values. The authors hypothesise: 1) lameness localising to the navicular bursa is commonly associated with dorsal border deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) lesions, 2) endoscopy allows extent of injuries to be assessed and treated, 3) case outcome relates to severity of DDFT injury and 4) the technique is safe and associated with little morbidity.

Materials and methods: All horses that underwent endoscopy of a forelimb navicular bursa for investigation of lameness were identified. Case files were reviewed and those with injuries within the bursa selected for further analysis.

Results: One‐hundred‐and‐fourteen horses were identified. Ninety‐two had injuries within the bursa and DDFT injuries were identified in 98% of bursae. Of those examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 56% had combination injuries involving the DDFT and navicular bone. Sixty‐one percent of horses returned to work sound, 42% returned to previous performance. Horses with extensive tearing and combination injuries of the DDFT and navicular bone identified with MRI, had worse outcomes.

Conclusions: Lameness localising to the navicular bursa is commonly associated with injuries to the dorsal border of the DDFT. Endoscopy permits identification and characterisation of injuries within the navicular bursa and enables lesion management. Outcome following debridement is related to severity of injury but overall is reasonable.

Potential relevance: Horses with lameness localising to the navicular bursa may have tears of the DDFT. Bursoscopy is able to contribute diagnostic and prognostic information and debridement of lesions improves outcome compared to cases managed conservatively.
Circannual variation in plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations in the UK in normal horses and ponies, and those with pituitarypars intermediadysfunction
Authors: COPAS V. E. N. , DURHAM A. E.
Published: August 2011

Reasons for performing study:Pituitarypars intermediadysfunction (PPID) is a common endocrinopathy, frequently diagnosed via plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentrations. Seasonal variation in plasma ACTH concentrations has been described in normal horses prompting caution in diagnosing PPID at certain times of the year. The aims of this study were to determine appropriate reference intervals for equine plasma ACTH throughout the year; and to examine the circannual variation of plasma ACTH concentrations in PPID cases.

Hypothesis:Plasma ACTH can be used as a test for PPID throughout the year with the use of appropriate reference intervals.

Methods:Data for reference interval calculations were obtained from samples collected from inpatients of Liphook Equine Hospital (non‐PPID group, n = 156). Data from PPID cases (n = 941) were obtained from samples submitted to the Liphook Equine Hospital Laboratory from horses with a clinical suspicion of PPID found to have plasma ACTH concentrations greater than our upper reference interval for that time of year.

Results:Upper limits for reference interval of plasma ACTH were 29 pg/ml between November and July and 47 pg/ml between August and October. Circannual variation in plasma ACTH occurred in both non‐PPID and PPID horses with the highest ACTH concentrations found between August and October in both groups (P<0.0001). The greatest difference between the 2 populations also occurred between August and October.

Conclusions:Plasma ACTH can be used for the diagnosis and monitoring of PPID throughout the year with the use of appropriate reference intervals. These findings demonstrate an increase in pituitary gland secretory activity during the late summer and autumn in both normal and PPID cases.
Computing character tables of groups of type M.G.A
Authors: Breuer Thomas
Published: August 2011

We describe a method for constructing the character table of a group of type M.G.A from the character tables of the subgroup M.G and the factor group G.A, provided that A acts suitably on M.G. This simplifies and generalizes a recently published method.
Statistical analysis of subnanometer residual disorder in photonic crystal waveguides: Correlation between slow light properties and structural properties
Authors: Le Thomas N. , Diao Z. , Zhang H. , Houdré R.
Published: August 2011

The authors present a statistical study of residual disorder in nominally identical planar photonic crystal waveguides operating in the slow light regime. The focus is on the role played by the subnanometer scaled residual disorder inherent to state-of-the-art electron-beam (EB) lithography systems, in particular, on the impact of the nature of the residual disorder on the maximum value of the guided mode group index. The authors analyze the statistical properties of the surface area, the position, and the shape of the air holes that define the photonic crystal with optimized scanning electron microscope micrographs. The authors identify the hole-area fluctuation as the main source of degradation of the dispersive slow light regime by correlating such a microscopic analysis of the structural disorder with large field-of-view optical characterizations based on a Fourier space imaging technique. The structure with the largest group index (ng = 40) exhibits a standard deviation σ of the radius of the hole as low as 0.4 nm. Such a low value of σ, which already significantly limits the maximum achievable group index of the guided mode, stresses the drastic impact of the residual disorder on the performances of the slow light regime. A mean square analysis of the electronic micrographs reveals that the standard deviation of the hole position is lower than an upper limit of 0.6 nm. This upper bound comes from the intrinsic imperfections of the scanning electronic microscope itself, which hinders to quantify the position disorder induced by the EB lithography system. The authors have identified no correlation between the shape of the holes and the group index as for the hole position. As a result, the hole-area fluctuation is currently the main parameter to control in order to improve the performance of the slow light regime.
A planning and delivery study of a rotational IMRT technique with burst delivery
Authors: Kainz Kristofer , Chen Guang‐Pei , Chang Yu‐Wen , Prah Douglas , Sharon Qi X. , Shukla Himanshu P. , Stahl Johannes , Allen Li X.
Published: August 2011

Purpose:

A novel rotational IMRT (rIMRT) technique using burst delivery (continuous gantry rotation with beam off during MLC repositioning) is investigated. The authors evaluate the plan quality and delivery efficiency and accuracy of this dynamic technique with a conventional flat 6 MV photon beam.

Methods:

Burst‐delivery rIMRT was implemented in a planning system and delivered with a 160‐MLC linac. Ten rIMRT plans were generated for five anonymized patient cases encompassing head and neck, brain, prostate, and prone breast. All plans were analyzed retrospectively and not used for treatment. Among the varied plan parameters were the number of optimization points, number of arcs, gantry speed, and gantry angle range (alpha) over which the beam is turned on at each optimization point. Combined rotational/step‐and‐shoot rIMRT plans were also created by superimposing multiple‐segment static fields at several optimization points. The rIMRT trial plans were compared with each other and with plans generated using helical tomotherapy and VMAT. Burst‐mode rotational IMRT plans were delivered and verified using a diode array, ionization chambers, thermoluminescent dosimeters, and film.

Results:

Burst‐mode rIMRT can achieve plan quality comparable to helical tomotherapy, while the former may lead to slightly better OAR sparing for certain cases and the latter generally achieves slightly lower hot spots. Few instances were found in which increasing the number of optimization points above 36, or superimposing step‐and‐shoot IMRT segments, led to statistically significant improvements in OAR sparing. Using an additional rIMRT partial arc yielded substantial OAR dose improvements for the brain case. Measured doses from the rIMRT plan delivery were within 4% of the plan calculation in low dose gradient regions. Delivery time range was 228–375 s for single‐arc rIMRT 200‐cGy prescription with a 300 MU/min dose rate, comparable to tomotherapy and VMAT.

Conclusions:

Rotational IMRT with burst delivery, whether combined with static fields or not, yields clinically acceptable and deliverable treatment plans.
Early Childhood Mathematics Intervention
Authors: Clements Douglas H. , Sarama Julie
Published: August 2011

Preschool and primary grade children have the capacity to learn substantial mathematics, but many children lack opportunities to do so. Too many children not only start behind their more advantaged peers, but also begin a negative trajectory in mathematics. Interventions designed to facilitate their mathematical learning during ages 3 to 5 years have a strong positive effect on these children’s lives for many years thereafter.
From Science to Policy in Early Childhood Education
Authors: Gormley William T.
Published: August 2011

This paper examines the relationship between scientific research and public policy. After explaining why the simple conversion of research into public law is unlikely, several factors are identified that can promote the use of research by public officials. Examples of use and non-use are cited from early childhood education, where empirical evidence on program effects is relatively strong. Some specific suggestions are offered for improving the connection between science and public policy.
Rapid Range Shifts of Species Associated with High Levels of Climate Warming
Authors: Chen I-Ching , Hill Jane K. , Ohlemüller Ralf , Roy David B. , Thomas Chris D.
Published: August 2011

A meta-analysis shows that species are shifting their distributions in response to climate change at an accelerating rate.
Taking the Pulse of Molecular Rotational Spectroscopy
Authors: Pate Brooks H.
Published: August 2011

New methods in molecular rotational spectroscopy will characterize more complex samples and create chemical images of interstellar objects.
An Interaction-Based Approach to Enhancing Secondary School Instruction and Student Achievement
Authors: Allen Joseph P. , Pianta Robert C. , Gregory Anne , Mikami Amori Yee , Lun Janetta
Published: August 2011

“Just the facts” is not enough.
Guided Growth of Millimeter-Long Horizontal Nanowires with Controlled Orientations
Authors: Tsivion David , Schvartzman Mark , Popovitz-Biro Ronit , von Huth Palle , Joselevich Ernesto
Published: August 2011

Long, horizontal gallium nitride nanowires are controllably grown on different faces of a sapphire substrate.
A Main Group Metal Sandwich: Five Lithium Cations Jammed Between Two Corannulene Tetraanion Decks
Authors: Zabula Alexander V. , Filatov Alexander S. , Spisak Sarah N. , Rogachev Andrey Yu. , Petrukhina Marina A.
Published: August 2011

Characterization of the lithium-ion arrangement between two carbon sheets may ultimately aid in the design of battery electrodes.
Animals as “Mature Technology”
Engineering Animals
How Life Works

by Mark Denny and Alan McFadzean

The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2011. 395 pp. $35. ISBN 9780674048546.
Authors: Biewener Andrew A.
Published: August 2011

In this approach to animals "as works of engineering," Denny and McFadzean explore several topics not usually covered in introductions to biomechanics.
Getting Education Right
Authors: Alberts Bruce
Published: August 2011

Science
has published three education special issues since I became Editor-in-Chief in 2008. We first focused on harnessing computer technologies for education (January 2009) and then highlighted the synergies between inquiry science teaching and the acquisition of literacy skills (April 2010). In this issue, we review the research on early childhood education. Especially informative are the long-term studies on the effects of early childhood interventions, which indicate that an appropriate schooling of children as young as 3 years old produces remarkably large benefits for society, even in cases where the children do not perform significantly better academically. A critical variable appears to be the effect of these early education programs on what neuroscientists call “executive function”: the brain activities that underlie each individual's mastery of self-control.
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This finding raises critical questions about how nations educate their youth. For example, how can the programs that have thus far been used to enhance children's self-control be further improved? To what ages should these programs extend in school, and how can the most effective practices be scaled up to apply them universally? And why has so little of what we have learned from research about schooling been incorporated into the way that most school systems function?
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Mass Exodus Roils Brazilian Neuroscience Institute
Authors: Miller Greg
Published: August 2011

A rebellion in the scientific ranks has created turmoil at Brazil's most famous brain research center, the Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute for Neuroscience of Natal.
Past Successes Shape Effort to Expand Early Intervention
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: August 2011

Three longitudinal studies have demonstrated the lasting value of high-quality early education. So why isn't it offered to all children who need it?
Computational Analysis of Two Species C Human Adenoviruses Provides Evidence of a Novel Virus
Authors: Walsh Michael P. , Seto Jason , Liu Elizabeth B. , Dehghan Shoaleh , Hudson Nolan R. , Lukashev Alexander N. , Ivanova Olga , Chodosh James , Dyer David W. , Jones Morris S. , Seto Donald
Published: August 2011

Human adenovirus C (HAdV-C) species are a common cause of respiratory infections and can occasionally produce severe clinical manifestations. A deeper understanding of the variation and evolution in species HAdV-C is especially important since these viruses, including HAdV-C6, are used as gene delivery vectors for human gene therapy and in other biotechnological applications. Here, the full-genome analysis of the prototype HAdV-C6 and a recently identified virus provisionally termed HAdV-C57 are reported. Although the genomes of all species HAdV-C members are very similar to each other, the E3 region, hexon and fiber (ten proteins total) present a wide range of identity values at the amino acid level. Studies of these viruses in comparison to the other three HAdV-C prototypes (1, 2, and 5) comprise a comprehensive analysis of the diversity and conservation within HAdV-C species. HAdV-C6 contains a recombination event within the constant region of the hexon gene. HAdV-C57 is a recombinant virus with a fiber gene nearly identical to HAdV-C6 and a unique hexon distinguished by its loop 2 motif.