bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revenge: An adaptive system for maximizing fitness, or a proximate calculation arising from personality and social-psychological processes?
Authors: Potegal Michael
Published: December 2012

Revenge appears among a “suite” of social interactions that includes competition, alliance building (a prerequisite for tribal revenge raids), and so forth. Rather than a modular “system” directly reflecting evolutionary fitness constraints, revenge may be (another) social cost-benefit calculation involving potential or actual aggression and proximately controlled by individual personality characteristics and beliefs that can work against fitness.
Revenge and forgiveness in the New South Africa
Authors: Stein Dan Joseph , van Honk Jack , Ellis George
Published: December 2012

Insofar as South Africa underwent a rapid transformation from apartheid to democracy, it may provide a unique laboratory for investigating aspects of revenge and forgiveness. Here we suggest that observations and data from South Africa are partially consistent with the hypotheses generated by MCullough and colleagues. At the same time, the rich range of revenge and forgiveness phenomena in real-life settings is likely to require explanatory concepts other than specialized modules and their computational outputs.
Affective antecedents of revenge
Authors: O'Connor Kieran , Adams Gabrielle S.
Published: December 2012

We propose that revenge responses are often influenced more by affective reactions than by deliberate decision making as McCullough et al. suggest. We review social psychological evidence suggesting that justice judgments and reactions may be determined more by emotions than by cognitions.
Adaptationism and intuitions about modern criminal justice
Authors: Petersen Michael Bang
Published: December 2012

Research indicates that individuals have incoherent intuitions about particular features of the criminal justice system. This could be seen as an argument against the existence of adapted computational systems for counter-exploitation. Here, I outline how the model developed by McCullough et al. readily predicts the production of conflicting intuitions in the context of modern criminal justice issues.
Applying the revenge system to the criminal justice system and jury decision-making
Authors: Roberts S. Craig , Murray Jennifer
Published: December 2012

McCullough et al. propose an evolved cognitive revenge system which imposes retaliatory costs on aggressors. They distinguish between this and other forms of punishment (e.g., those administered by judges) which are not underpinned by a specifically designed evolutionary mechanism. Here we outline mechanisms and circumstances through which the revenge system might nonetheless infiltrate decision-making within the criminal justice system.
Revenge can be more fully understood by making distinctions between anger and hatred
Authors: Sell Aaron N.
Published: December 2012

McCullough et al. present a compelling case that anger-based revenge is designed to disincentivize the target from imposing costs on the vengeful individual. Here I present a contrast between revenge motivated by anger (as discussed in the target article) and revenge motivated by hatred, which remains largely unexplored in the literature.
Revenge, even though it is not your fault
Authors: Yu Rongjun
Published: December 2012

McCullough et al. argue that revenge has a future-oriented function, that is, to deter future harms by changing other individuals' incentives toward the self. Recent research has shown that people seek revenge even when harms are unintentional. This commentary reports these results and proposes that revenge may also serve to reduce the immediate psychological pain resulting from unfair treatment.
Verb inflection in German-learning children with typical and atypical language acquisition: the impact of subsyllabic frequencies
Authors: OTT SUSAN , HÖHLE BARBARA
Published: December 2012

Previous research has shown that high phonotactic frequencies facilitate the production of regularly inflected verbs in English-learning children with specific language impairment (SLI) but not with typical development (TD). We asked whether this finding can be replicated for German, a language with a much more complex inflectional verb paradigm than English. Using an elicitation task, the production of inflected nonce verb forms (3rd person singular with -t suffix) with either high- or low-frequency subsyllables was tested in sixteen German-learning children with SLI (ages 4;1–5;1), sixteen TD-children matched for chronological age (CA) and fourteen TD-children matched for verbal age (VA) (ages 3;0–3;11). The findings revealed that children with SLI, but not CA- or VA-children, showed differential performance between the two types of verbs, producing more inflectional errors when the verb forms resulted in low-frequency subsyllables than when they resulted in high-frequency subsyllables, replicating the results from English-learning children.
Simultaneous detection of viral and bacterial enteric pathogens using the Seeplex® Diarrhea ACE detection system
Authors: COUPLAND L. J. , McELARNEY I. , MEADER E. , COWLEY K. , ALCOCK L. , NAUNTON J. , GRAY J.
Published: December 2012

A panel of 223 faecal samples was analysed to determine the clinical utility of the Seeplex® Diarrhea ACE Detection multiplex PCR system (Seeplex system; Seegene, Korea), a qualitative multiplexing PCR technology that enables simultaneous multi-pathogen detection of four viruses and/or ten bacteria associated with acute gastroenteritis. Conventional diagnostic methods and a norovirus-specific multiplex real-time RT–PCR detected 98 pathogens in 96 samples. The Seeplex system detected 81 pathogens in 75 samples. All samples positive for adenovirus, norovirus,Campylobacterspp.,Escherichia coliO157,Shigellaspp. orVibriospp. were detected by the Seeplex system. Rotavirus,Clostridium difficiletoxin B, andSalmonellaspp. were not detected in 12·5%, 50% and 15·8% of samples, respectively. Additional multiple infections were detected in 19 samples by the Seeplex system. The Seeplex system provides significant additional diagnostic capability for the syndromic diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis with increased sensitivity for the majority of pathogens.
Importance and mitigation of the risk of spillback transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection for eradication of bovine tuberculosis from wildlife in New Zealand
Authors: BARRON M. C. , NUGENT G. , CROSS M. L.
Published: December 2012

Introduced brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) are wildlife maintenance hosts for Mycobacterium bovis in New Zealand, often living sympatrically with other potential hosts, including wild red deer (Cervus elaphus scoticus). Population control of possums has been predicted to eradicate tuberculosis (TB) from New Zealand wildlife; however, there is concern that long-lived M. bovis-infected deer could represent a ‘spillback’ risk for TB re-establishment (particularly when possum populations recover after cessation of intensive control). We constructed a time-, age- and sex-structured, deer/TB population generic model and simulated the outcomes of deer control on this potential spillback risk. Maintaining intensive possum control on a 5-year cycle, the predicted spillback risk period after TB eradication from possums is ∼7 years, while the probability of TB re-establishing in possums over that period is ∼6%. Additional targeted control of deer would reduce the risk period and probability of spillback; however, even with high population reductions (up to 80%) only modest decreases in risk and risk period would be achieved. We conclude that possum control alone remains the best strategy for achieving TB eradication from New Zealand habitats in which possums and wild deer are the main M. bovis hosts.
Impact of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination programme on age-specific prevalence of hepatitis B infection in teenage mothers in Hong Kong
Authors: LAO T. T. , SAHOTA D. S. , SUEN S. S. H. , CHAN P. K. S. , LEUNG T. Y.
Published: December 2012

We examined the impact of the neonatal hepatitis B immunization programme, first provided to all neonates born to mothers screened positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in late 1983, on the age-specific prevalence of HBsAg carriage in teenage mothers managed in 1998–2008. HBsAg carriage was found in 2·5%, 2·7%, 8·8% and 8·0% of mothers aged ⩽16, 17, 18, and 19 years, respectively (P = 0·004), which was also correlated with advancing age (P = 0·011). While neither difference nor correlation with age was found in mothers born before 1984, the prevalence of 1·2%, 1·5%, 7·1% and 8·3%, respectively, was significantly different among (P = 0·008) and correlated with (P = 0·002) age in mothers born 1984 onwards. Regression analysis indicated there was a significantly higher incidence of HBsAg carriage from age 17 onwards (adjusted odds ratio 2·55, 95% confidence interval 1·07–6·10,P = 0·035), suggesting that the protective effect of the vaccine declined in late adolescence.
Identification of four genes required for mammalian blastocyst formation
Authors: Maserati Marc , Dai Xiangpeng , Walentuk Melanie , Mager Jesse
Published: December 2012

RNA transcription, processing and translation are fundamental molecular processes required for development, growth and cell viability. Towards the functional annotation of the genome, we are engaged in a reverse genetic screen using mammalian preimplantation embryos as a model system. Here we report the essential function of four RNA processing/splicing factors (Sf3b14,Sf3b1,Rpl7l1, andRrp7a)and show that each of these genes is required for blastocyst formation in the mouse. As very little information is known about these genes, we characterized their normal expression and localization in mouse embryos as well as phenotypic analysis of loss of function during preimplantation development. Functional knockdown of each gene product results in normal morula development but there is failure to form a blastocoel cavity or morphologically differentiated trophectoderm. We show that zygotic genome activation does occur as well as initial lineage specification in the absence of each factor. Consistent with a role in RNA splicing, we demonstrate that the absence ofSf3b14andSf3b1in 8-cell and morula-stage embryos results in a specific reduction of intron containing transcripts, but no reduction single-exon genes. Taken together, we show critical developmental and molecular requirements ofSf3b14,Sf3b1,Rpl7l1, andRrp7aduring mammalian preimplantation.
Three-Dimensional Characterization of Iron Oxide (α-Fe2O3) Nanoparticles: Application of a Compressed Sensing Inspired Reconstruction Algorithm to Electron Tomography
Authors: Monsegue Niven , Jin Xin , Echigo Takuya , Wang Ge , Murayama Mitsuhiro
Published: December 2012

In this article, we demonstrate the application of a new compressed sensing three-dimensional reconstruction algorithm for electron tomography that increases the accuracy of morphological characterization of nanostructured materials such as nanocrystalline iron oxide particles. A powerful feature of the algorithm is an anisotropic total variation norm for the L1 minimization during algebraic reconstruction that effectively reduces the elongation artifacts caused by limited angle sampling during electron tomography. The algorithm provides faithful morphologies that have not been feasible with existing techniques.
Direct multiplex PCR for grapevine genotyping and varietal identification
Authors: Migliaro Daniele , Morreale Giacomo , Gardiman Massimo , Landolfo Sara , Crespan Manna
Published: December 2012

Grapevine cultivar identification is based mainly on two complementary methodologies: microsatellite (simple sequence repeat (SSR)) DNA analysis and traditional ampelography. Here, we report a direct multiplex PCR approach that allows the simultaneous amplification of 11 SSRlocifrom crude samples, i.e. bypassing DNA extraction, by using an engineered DNA polymerase improved to tolerate plant PCR inhibitors. Many different plant tissues were successfully amplified: leaf, root, wood, berry flesh and skin, stalk and must, from wine and table grape varieties, and rootstocks. The direct multiplex PCR that we propose is quicker and cheaper than the methodologies used until now, and provides accurate results. Thus, SSR DNA analysis becomes economically more accessible to a larger number of potential users in addition to research institutes.
Contributions of long‐distance dust transport to atmospheric P inputs in the Yucatan Peninsula
Authors: Das Rishiraj , Evan Amato , Lawrence Deborah
Published: December 2012

Atmospheric deposition is not typically considered in conceptual models of P cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, but in P‐limited tropical forests that receive significant inputs of dust, it may play an important role in sustaining ecosystem productivity. We used models and observations to quantify total atmospheric P inputs and the contribution of long‐distance dust transport to tropical dry forests in the Yucatan peninsula over a 10 year period. Total atmospheric P input was estimated from atmospheric bulk deposition sampling in the southern Yucatan peninsula in 2007 and 2010–2011, and P input from dust deposition was estimated using two independent methods: zonal dust flux divergence based on MODIS AOD retrievals, and MATCH atmospheric transport modeling. Total atmospheric P input was 265 ± 80 g P ha‐1 yr‐1, and dust P input was 46 ± 12 g P ha‐1 yr‐1. There was significant seasonal and interannual variation, with local biomass burning accounting for high P inputs in April and May, and dust transport from June through August. We found that MATCH underestimates P deposition from dust to the Yucatan because of underestimation of dust transport relative to MODIS remote sensing. Dust accounted for 25% of total atmospheric P inputs in the Yucatan, indicating local sources dominate atmospheric inputs. However, dust is still an important source of P for tropical dry forests in the Yucatan since it is a new input of P that occurs during the early growing season of the forest, and is large enough to offset leaching and erosional losses from soils.
Reconstructing the environmental conditions around the Silurian Ireviken Event using the carbon isotope composition of bulk and palynomorph organic matter
Authors: Vandenbroucke Thijs R. A. , Munnecke Axel , Leng Melanie J. , Bickert Torsten , Hints Olle , Gelsthorpe David , Maier Georg , Servais Thomas
Published: December 2012

The carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of bulk organic matter and two palynomorph groups (scolecodonts and chitinozoans) from the Llandovery‐Wenlock strata of Gotland (E Sweden) are compared to gain knowledge about carbon cycling in the Silurian (sub)tropical shelf environment. The δ13C values of the palynomorphs are mostly lower than the δ13C values of the bulk organic matter, and the δ13C values of the benthic scolecodonts are lower than those of the planktonic chitinozoans. While the difference between bulk and palynomorph δ13C may be in part a function of trophic state, the lower values of the scolecodonts relative to those of chitinozoans, which are assumed to live in the well‐mixed water column, might imply an infaunal mode of life for the polychaetes that carried the scolecodonts. Lower δ13C for the scolecodonts in the middle of the section may represent variations in primary marine productivity (supported by acritarch abundance data), oxidation of organic matter in the bottom waters, or genera effects. In general, however, trends between the three data sets are parallel, indicating similarities in the low frequency, environmentally forced controls. The δ13C data show a decreasing trend from the base of the section, up to a horizon well below the base of the Upper Visby Formation. At this level, and therefore probably several 10 kyr before the δ13C increase in the carbonates, the δ13C organic values increase by ~1‰. This perhaps is an expression of a changed composition of the bulk organic matter associated with the extinction events prior to the Llandovery‐Wenlock boundary.
Implications of distributed hydrologic model parameterization on water fluxes at multiple scales and locations
Authors: Kumar Rohini , Samaniego Luis , Attinger Sabine
Published: December 2012

Key Points

A calibrated model does not guarantee cross‐scale and location transferability

Calibration parameters of MPR exhibit quasi‐scale invariance, but HRU does not

MPR also outperfromed HRU for parameter transferability across locations
Spontaneous Calcium Waves in Bergman Glia Increase with Age and Hypoxia and may Reduce Tissue Oxygen
Authors: Mathiesen Claus , Brazhe Alexey , Thomsen Kirsten , Lauritzen Martin
Published: December 2012

Glial calcium (Ca2+) waves constitute a means to spread signals between glial cells and to neighboring neurons and blood vessels. These waves occur spontaneously in Bergmann glia (BG) of the mouse cerebellar cortex in vivo. Here, we tested three hypotheses: (1) aging and reduced blood oxygen saturation alters wave activity; (2) glial Ca2+ waves change cerebral oxygen metabolism; and (3) neuronal and glial wave activity is correlated. We used two-photon microscopy in the cerebellar cortexes of adult (8- to 15-week-old) and aging (48- to 80-week-old) ketamine-anesthetized mice after bolus loading with OGB-1/AM and SR101. We report that the occurrence of spontaneous waves is 20 times more frequent in the cerebellar cortex of aging as compared with adult mice, which correlated with a reduction in resting brain oxygen tension. In adult mice, spontaneous glial wave activity increased on reducing resting brain oxygen tension, and ATP-evoked glial waves reduced the tissue O2 tension. Finally, although spontaneous Purkinje cell (PC) activity was not associated with increased glia wave activity, spontaneous glial waves did affect intracellular Ca2+ activity in PCs. The increased wave activity during aging, as well as low resting brain oxygen tension, suggests a relationship between glial waves, brain energy homeostasis, and pathology.
Nonlinear Population Pharmacokinetics of Sirolimus in Patients With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Wu K , Cohen EEW , House LK , Ramírez J , Zhang W , Ratain MJ , Bies RR
Published: December 2012

Sirolimus, the prototypical inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin, has substantial antitumor activity. In this study, sirolimus showed nonlinear pharmacokinetic characteristics over a wide dose range (from 1 to 60 mg/week). The objective of this study was to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model to describe the nonlinearity of sirolimus. Whole blood concentration data, obtained from four phase I clinical trials, were analyzed using a nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling (NONMEM) approach. The influence of potential covariates was evaluated. Model robustness was assessed using nonparametric bootstrap and visual predictive check approaches. The data were well described by a two‐compartment model incorporating a saturable Michaelis–Menten kinetic absorption process. A covariate analysis identified hematocrit as influencing the oral clearance of sirolimus. The visual predictive check indicated that the final pharmacokinetic model adequately predicted observed concentrations. The pharmacokinetics of sirolimus, based on whole blood concentrations, appears to be nonlinear due to saturable absorption.

CPT: Pharmacometrics & Systems Pharmacology (2012) 1, e17; doi:10.1038/psp.2012.18; advance online publication 5 December 2012
Identification and properties of a novel variant of NBC4 (Na+/HCO3− co-transporter 4) that is predominantly expressed in the choroid plexus
Authors: Fukuda Hidekazu , Hirata Taku , Nakamura Nobuhiro , Kato Akira , Kawahara Katsumasa , Wakabayashi Shigeo , Chang Min-Hwang , Romero Michael F. , Hirose Shigehisa
Published: December 2012

Secretion of HCO3− at the apical side of the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus is an essential step in the formation of cerebrospinal fluid. Anion conductance with a high degree of HCO3− permeability has been observed and suggested to be the major pathway for HCO3− transport across the apical membrane. Recently, it was found that NBC (Na+/HCO3− co-transporter) 4, an electrogenic member of the NBC family, was expressed in the choroid plexus. We found that a novel variant of the NBC4 [NBC4g/Slc4a5 (solute carrier family 4, sodium bicarbonate co-transporter, member 5)] is almost exclusively expressed in the apical membrane of rat choroid plexus epithelium at exceptionally high levels. RNA interference-mediated knockdown allowed the functional demonstration that NBC4g is the major player in the HCO3− transport across the apical membrane of the choroid plexus epithelium. When combined with a recent observation that in choroid plexus epithelial cells electrogenic NBC operates with a stoichiometry of 3:1, the results of the present study suggest that NBC4g mediates the efflux of HCO3− and contributes to cerebrospinal fluid production.
Concurrent Tethered Cord Release and Growing-Rod Implantation—is it Safe?
Authors: Oda Jon E. , Shah Suken A. , Mackenzie William G. , Akbarnia Behrooz A. , Yazici Muharrem
Published: December 2012

Study Design

Retrospective case series from one institution with a comparison control group.

Objective

To evaluate the safety of concomitant tethered cord release and growing-rod insertion in individuals with early onset scoliosis.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent concurrent tethered cord release and growing-rod insertion. We compared our data to a comparison control group of eight patients who underwent staged tethered cord release and growing-rod insertion.

Results

We identified three patients meeting criteria. There were no neurological complications in the three patients who underwent concomitant surgery. Average immediate postoperative curve correction was 43.3 degrees (47.6%). We identified seven patients who underwent staged surgery from a multicenter prospective database. No neurological complications were reported, and average immediate postoperative correction was 35.1 degrees (46.2%).

Conclusion

We believe that concurrent tethered cord release and growing-rod insertion can be performed safely with the use of multimodality neurophysiological monitoring techniques.
Hyperspectral remote sensing of foliar nitrogen content
Authors: Knyazikhin Yuri , Schull Mitchell A. , Stenberg Pauline , Mõttus Matti , Rautiainen Miina , Yang Yan , Marshak Alexander , Latorre Carmona Pedro , Kaufmann Robert K. , Lewis Philip , Disney Mathias I. , Vanderbilt Vern , Davis Anthony B. , Baret Frédéric , Jacquemoud Stéphane , Lyapustin Alexei , Myneni Ranga B.
Published: December 2012

A strong positive correlation between vegetation canopy bidirectional reflectance factor (BRF) in the near infrared (NIR) spectral region and foliar mass-based nitrogen concentration (%N) has been reported in some temperate and boreal forests. This relationship, if true, would indicate an additional role for nitrogen in the climate system via its influence on surface albedo and may offer a simple approach for monitoring foliar nitrogen using satellite data. We report, however, that the previously reported correlation is an artifact—it is a consequence of variations in canopy structure, rather than of %N. The data underlying this relationship were collected at sites with varying proportions of foliar nitrogen-poor needleleaf and nitrogen-rich broadleaf species, whose canopy structure differs considerably. When the BRF data are corrected for canopy-structure effects, the residual reflectance variations are negatively related to %N at all wavelengths in the interval 423–855 nm. This suggests that the observed positive correlation between BRF and %N conveys no information about %N. We find that to infer leaf biochemical constituents, e.g., N content, from remotely sensed data, BRF spectra in the interval 710–790 nm provide critical information for correction of structural influences. Our analysis also suggests that surface characteristics of leaves impact remote sensing of its internal constituents. This further decreases the ability to remotely sense canopy foliar nitrogen. Finally, the analysis presented here is generic to the problem of remote sensing of leaf-tissue constituents and is therefore not a specific critique of articles espousing remote sensing of foliar %N.
Positive intergenic feedback circuitry, involving EBF1 and FOXO1, orchestrates B-cell fate
Authors: Mansson Robert , Welinder Eva , Åhsberg Josefine , Lin Yin C. , Benner Christopher , Glass Christopher K. , Lucas Joseph S. , Sigvardsson Mikael , Murre Cornelis
Published: December 2012

Recent studies have identified a number of transcriptional regulators, including E2A, early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1), FOXO1, and paired box gene 5 (PAX5), that promote early B-cell development. However, how this ensemble of regulators mechanistically promotes B-cell fate remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that B-cell development in FOXO1-deficient mice is arrested in the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) LY6D
+
cell stage. We demonstrate that this phenotype closely resembles the arrest in B-cell development observed in EBF1-deficient mice. Consistent with these observations, we find that the transcription signatures of FOXO1- and EBF1-deficient LY6D
+
progenitors are strikingly similar, indicating a common set of target genes. Furthermore, we found that depletion of EBF1 expression in LY6D
+
CLPs severely affects FOXO1 mRNA abundance, whereas depletion of FOXO1 activity in LY6D
+
CLPs ablates EBF1 transcript levels. We generated a global regulatory network from EBF1 and FOXO1 genome-wide transcription factor occupancy and transcription signatures derived from EBF1- and FOXO1-deficient CLPs. This analysis reveals that EBF1 and FOXO1 act in a positive feedback circuitry to promote and stabilize specification to the B-cell lineage.
Transactivating function (AF) 2–mediated AF-1 activity of estrogen receptor α is crucial to maintain male reproductive tract function
Authors: Arao Yukitomo , Hamilton Katherine J. , Goulding Eugenia H. , Janardhan Kyathanahalli S. , Eddy Edward M. , Korach Kenneth S.
Published: December 2012

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor containing two transcriptional activation function (AF) domains. AF-1 is in the N terminus of the receptor protein, and AF-2 activity is dependent on helix 12 of the C-terminal ligand-binding domain. We recently showed that two point mutations converting leucines 543 and 544 to alanines in helix 12 (AF2ER) minimized estrogen-dependent AF-2 transcriptional activation. A characteristic feature of AF2ER is that the estrogen antagonists ICI182780 and tamoxifen (TAM) act as agonists through intact AF-1, but not through mutated AF-2. Here we report the reproductive phenotype of male AF2ER knock-in (AF2ERKI) mice and demonstrate the involvement of ERα in male fertility. The AF2ERKI male homozygotes are infertile because of seminiferous tubular dysmorphogenesis in the testis, similar to ERα KO males. Sperm counts and motility did not differ at age 6 wk in AF2ERKI and WT mice, but a significant testis defect was observed in adult AF2ERKI male mice. The expression of efferent ductal genes involved in fluid reabsorption was significantly lower in AF2ERKI males. TAM treatment for 3 wk beginning at age 21 d activated AF-2–mutated ERα (AF2ER) and restored expression of efferent ductule genes. At the same time, the TAM treatment reversed AF2ERKI male infertility compared with the vehicle-treated group. These results indicate that the ERα AF-2 mutation results in male infertility, suggesting that the AF-1 is regulated in an AF-2–dependent manner in the male reproductive tract. Activation of ERα AF-1 is capable of rescuing AF2ERKI male infertility.
‘A disciplining method for holding standards down’: how the World Bank planned Africa's slums
Authors: Alexander Amanda
Published: December 2012

This article examines the World Bank's attempts to frame the relationship between states, markets, and citizens through its urban assistance programmes during the 1970s and 1980s. Drawing on internal memoranda, mission reports, and staff reviews, this study traces the bank's arguments about the ideal role of the state in housing and service provision. Over this period, the World Bank encouraged governments to withdraw from providing public housing directly and to act instead as an ‘enabler’ of market forces, with lasting economic and political consequences. The article concludes with a focus on South Africa in the early 1990s, when the World Bank (after two decades of practice in promoting privatised land and housing markets) counselled the African National Congress on its post-apartheid policies. In the years since, these policies have resulted in explosive confrontations with civil-society activists who remain committed to alternative visions of the role of the state in housing and service provision.

[« Une méthode disciplinaire pour avoir tiré les normes vers le bas » : comment la Banque mondiale a planifié les bidonvilles d'Afrique.] Cet article examine les tentatives de la Banque mondiale en vue d'encadrer la relation entre les Etats, les marchés et les citoyens à travers ses programmes d'aide en milieu urbain au cours des années 1970 et 1980. S'appuyant sur des notes internes, des rapports de mission et les commentaires du personnel, cette étude retrace les arguments de la Banque sur le rôle idéal de l'État en matière de logement et de prestation de services. Au cours de cette période, la Banque mondiale a encouragé les gouvernements à se retirer dans le fait de fournir logement public mais d'agir plutôt comme un ‘‘ facilitateur ’' des forces du marché, avec des conséquences économiques et politiques durables. Le document conclut en mettant l'accent sur l'Afrique du Sud dans les années 1990, lorsque la Banque mondiale (après deux décennies de pratique dans la promotion des terres privatisées et du logement) a conseillé le Congrès national africain sur ses politiques d'après-apartheid. Dans les années qui ont suivi, ces politiques ont donné lieu à des affrontements explosifs avec des militants de la société civile qui demeurent engagés à d'autres visions du rôle de l'Etat en matière de logement et de prestation de services.

Mots-clés: Banque mondiale  ; citoyenneté  ; privatisation  ; logement  ; terre
Control of spin-polarized electron magnetoresistance in Ta/NiFe/Ta films by intercalation of Au
Authors: Ding Lei , Qiu Haizhu , Li Chao , Xiang Daoping , Teng Jiao , Yu Guanghua
Published: December 2012

Intercalation layers of Au were formed in Ta/NiFe/Ta films to control the interface properties of the films. It was found that small amounts of Au may enhance the magnetoresistance (MR) value up to 2.63%. The intercalation at different interfaces had different effects. Intercalation of Au at the top (bottom) interface with respect to the substrate exhibits weak (strong) diffusion of Au into NiFe. At weak diffusion, a homogeneous Au layer is formed which explains the large MR effect. At strong diffusion, since Au possesses a relatively strong spin–orbit interaction, the enhanced MR effect was explained by the spin–orbit scattering of polarized electrons in the NiFe layer.
A semi-analytic collisionless sheath model for multicomponent plasmas and ion energy and angular distributions at rf-biased electrodes
Authors: Kwon Deuk-Chul , Song Mi-Young , Yoon Jung-Sik
Published: December 2012

The ion energy and angular distributions (IEADs) arriving at substrates strongly affect the etching rates in plasma etching processes. In order to determine the IEADs accurately, it is important to obtain the characteristics of radio frequency (rf) sheaths with multicomponent plasmas. However, very few studies have been conducted on an rf sheath model for multiple ion species including negative ions over the past few decades. Therefore, in this work, we extended previous semi-analytic collisionless rf sheath models for electronegative plasmas. The extended model was based on the previously developed models, and an equivalent circuit model was used to determine the sheath characteristics. Also, we obtained the IEADs using the rf sheath model and an analytic model for evaluation of the ion angular distribution functions. We observed that the developed model was in good agreement with the experimental results and the one-dimensional dynamics model. Also, we found that negative ion species could affect the characteristics of rf sheaths, hence negative ion species should be considered to obtain more accurate IEADs.
Women can judge sexual unfaithfulness from unfamiliar men's faces
Authors: Rhodes Gillian , Morley Grace , Simmons Leigh W.
Published: December 2012

We routinely form impressions of people from their faces, and these impressions sometimes contain a kernel of truth. Impressions of trustworthiness are central to interpersonal relationships, but their accuracy remains contentious. Here, we investigated whether sexual trustworthiness (faithfulness) can be accurately judged from opposite-sex strangers' faces. Women's ratings of men's unfaithfulness showed small–moderate correlations with men's past unfaithfulness (cheating, poaching). Women used masculinity as a valid cue to unfaithfulness. Men's unfaithfulness ratings showed small, non-significant correlations with unfaithfulness, although formal tests for sex differences yielded equivocal results. Women were less likely than men to erroneously classify unfaithful individuals as faithful. We conclude that impressions of sexual faithfulness from faces have a kernel of truth, at least for women, and that they may help people assess the quality of potential mates about whom they have minimal behavioural information.
Adaptive evolution of vertebrate-type cryptochrome in the ancestors of Hymenoptera
Authors: Wang Bo , Xiao Jin-Hua , Bian Sheng-Nan , Gu Hai-Feng , Huang Da-Wei
Published: December 2012

One of the most mysterious aspects of insect clock mechanisms is that some insects, including Hymenoptera and
Tribolium
, only express a vertebrate-type cryptochrome (
cry2
). It is unknown whether or not
cry2
underwent adaptive evolution in these insects. In the present study, we cloned and sequenced the full-length
cry2
from a fig pollinator species,
Ceratosolen solmsi
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Agaonidae), and examined the molecular evolution and daily expression of this gene. Our results suggest that
cry2
underwent positive selection in the branch leading to hymenopteran insects. The function of CRY2 might have been fixed since undergoing natural selection in the ancestor of Hymenoptera. Male pollinators showed stronger rhythmicity in the host figs, which reflect an adaptation to their life cycles.
The impact of vitamin D in pregnancy on extraskeletal health in children: a systematic review
Authors: CHRISTESEN HENRIK T. , ELVANDER CLAES , LAMONT RONALD F. , JØRGENSEN JAN S.
Published: December 2012

The impact of maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy on the extraskeletal health of the offspring has become a “hot topic” with a potential for cost‐beneficial prevention. The objective of this study was to systematically review the level I and II evidence. PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched using the MeSH terms “vitamin D” AND “pregnancy” until 1 January 2012. The search was limited to randomized controlled trials (evidence level I) and observational studies (evidence level II) in humans and in the English language. Papers reporting on vitamin D supplementation in combination with other supplements, or not reporting on 25OHD or outcomes of the offspring were excluded. Six randomized controlled trials and 24 observational studies were finally included. In randomized controlled studies, vitamin D supplementation resulted in increased birthweight in one study, but showed no effect in five other studies. In cohort and case–control studies, higher vitamin D intake, or higher 25OHD, was associated with increased birthweight in large studies only, and modified by vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and by race (U‐shaped in Caucasians in one unconfirmed study). The risks of HIV mother‐to‐child transmission, rhinitis symptoms and eczema were lower. Data were conflicting on the effect on respiratory infections and wheezing, whereas U‐shaped associations to inhalant allergen‐specific IgE at five years and to schizophrenia were reported in unconfirmed studies. The risk of type 1 diabetes at 15 years was lower or unchanged. It is concluded that observational studies suggest an effect of vitamin D on several outcomes. U‐Shaped associations warrant caution.
Attitudes among Danes toward prenatal testing and termination of pregnancy
Authors: ULDALL SIGURD W. , NORUP MICHAEL S.
Published: December 2012

Denmark offers public financed prenatal testing (PNT) to all pregnant women, but results are typically not available until after 12 weeks gestation, which is also the time limit for termination of pregnancy (TOP) on request. Committees decide on requests for later TOP. In a questionnaire survey, we investigated attitudes among Danes toward these issues. We also asked for opinions on two claims commonly found in the debate concerning women's right to decide on TOP in relation to PNT. One thousand people aged 18–45 years were drawn randomly from the national personal register. The response rate was 49%. Women and older respondents were overrepresented and may have caused a bias toward conservative attitudes. A majority supported the current PNT program and time limit for TOP on request, but only one‐third supported committees deciding on all cases of late TOP. The implications of prenatal testing results becoming more accessible are discussed.
Effects of etravirine on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in rats
Authors: John J , John M , Wu L , Hsiao C , Abobo CV , Liang D
Published: December 2012

Background and Purpose

Warfarin is often used with etravirine (ETV) to prevent HIV‐related thromboembolic events. As both warfarin and ETV bind to plasma proteins and are metabolized by hepatic cytochrome P450s, they are likely to interact. Hence, we evaluated the effect of ETV on the pharmacokinetics and blood clotting time of racemic warfarin in rats.

Experimental Approach

Two groups of male Sprague‐Dawley rats, in which the jugular vein had been cannulated, were studied. The control group (n = 10) received 1 mg·kg−1 racemic warfarin i.v., and the test group (n = 13) 1 mg·kg−1 of racemic warfarin followed by 25 mg·kg−1 ETV i.v. Serial blood samples were collected for up to 144 h and the blood clotting time (calculated as international normalized ratio [INR]) measured in blood plasma at each sample point. Plasma concentrations of R‐warfarin, S‐warfarin, R‐7‐hydroxywarfarin and S‐7‐hydroxywarfarin were measured by a LC/MS/MS method using a chiral lux cellulose‐1 column. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed using non‐compartmental methods.

Key Results

ETV significantly increased, by threefold, the systemic clearance and volume of distribution of S‐warfarin, but not those of R‐warfarin. ETV decreased the total AUC of warfarin, but had no effect on its elimination half‐life. ETV also increased the systemic clearance of both R‐7‐hydroxywarfarin and S‐7‐hydroxywarfarin but only increased the volume of distribution of R‐7‐hydroxywarfarin. Interestingly, the effect of warfarin on blood clotting time (INR) was significantly increased in the presence of etravirine.

Conclusion and Implications

Our data suggest that etravirine may potentiate the anticoagulant effect of warfarin and this could have clinical significance.
A systematic literature review of the risk factors associated with children entering public care
Authors: Simkiss D. E. , Stallard N. , Thorogood M.
Published: December 2012

Children who enter public care are among the most vulnerable in society. In addition to services for their medical needs, a focus on identifying and intervening with families in need where children are at high risk of entering public care is a public health priority. This paper aims to identify the characteristics of children, their parents or their social circumstances which are associated with children entering public care. The databases searched wereCSAIllumina,BritishEducationIndex,ChildData,CINAHL,ExcerptaMedica,MEDLINE, theCampbell andCochraneCollaborations,NHS Centre forReviews andDissemination,NHS Evidence,SocialCareOnline andTRIP; from start dates to 7 February 2011. A total of 6417 titles were reviewed. After review, 10 papers with cohort or case–control methodologies met the inclusion criteria and the included papers were appraised using questions from theCriticalAppraisalSkillsProgramme to guide the critique of case–control and cohort studies. A narrative synthesis is used to describe the research identified. Socio‐economic status, maternal age at birth, health risk factors and other factors including learning difficulties, membership of an ethnic minority group and single parenthood are described as risk factors associated with children entering public care. Health risk factors have been explored using databases developed for other purposes such as health insurance or hospital discharge. A number of risk factors for children entering public care are identified from the literature, some were culturally specific and may not generalize. The interaction between different risk factors needs testing in longitudinal data sets.
Transperineal repair with bulbocavernosus muscle interposition for recto‐urethral fistula
Authors: Ganio E. , Martina S. , Novelli E. , Sandru R. , Clerico G. , Realis Luc A. , Trompetto M.
Published: December 2012

Aim

The results of repair of recto‐urethral fistulae (RUF) are presented using a bulbocavernosus muscle graft.

Method

Prospectively collected data were reviewed on 11 patients with RUF operated on between 2003 and 2011. Of these, six were treated by a bulbocavernosus flap. Two RUF had occurred after prostatectomy, three after prostatectomy and radiotherapy and one after perineal trauma; all had a urinary diversion.

Results

Closure of the fistula was achieved in all patients and was maintained for the duration of the period of follow up (mean ± SD = 43.5 ± 24.7 months; range, 8–80 months) There were no complications.

Conclusion

This new technique for the repair of RUF is safe and effective, especially in patients with complex postradiation RUF.
Nurse views on the cardiometabolic health nurse as an approach to improving the physical health of people with serious mental illness in Australia
Authors: Happell Brenda , Scott David , Platania‐Phung Chris
Published: December 2012

People with serious mental illness (SMI) die prematurely from common physical illnesses such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. These cardiometabolic risks are preventable and manageable yet these aspects of health care have been neglected in mental health services. A potential nurse‐based strategy to decisively improve cardiometabolic health of people with SMI is to introduce a cardiometabolic health nurse (CHN) into mental health services. The current study aimed to establish the views of nurses working in mental health care on the potential benefits and limits of CHN to improve physical health‐care standards in Australia. All members of the Australian College of Mental Health Nurses were invited to participate in an online survey and 643 participated. Nurses generally agreed that a CHN role would provide a range of improvements to physical health care, such as increased detection, assessment on, and follow up of cardiometabolic risks, and decreased workload for other nurses. While participants were generally supportive of such a role, they felt it would not be suitable in all health‐care settings in Australia.
THE EFFECT OF CADAVERIC KIDNEY DONATIONS ON LIVING KIDNEY DONATIONS: AN INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES APPROACH
Authors: FERNANDEZ JOSE M. , HOWARD DAVID H. , STOHR KROESE LISA
Published: December 2012

Transplantation is notable for the degree to which resources are allocated via administrative rather than market mechanisms. However, non‐monetary incentives still permeate the system. Using instrumental variable regression, we estimate the substitution patterns between cadaveric and living kidney donations in the United States from 1988 to 2008. On average, a decrease of two to five cadaveric donations causes living kidney donations to increase by one. Disaggregating living donors into blood‐related and non‐blood‐related donors, the strongest effect is found among non‐blood‐related donors known to the organ recipient. A 1% increase of cadaveric donations decreases living donations from this group by 1.54%. (JEL D62, D64, I1)
HUMAN CAPITAL, SOCIAL CAPITAL AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN EUROPE: AN APPLICATION OF LINEAR HIERARCHICAL MODELS*
Authors: GOUDARD MATHIEU , LUBRANO MICHEL
Published: December 2012

The theory of human capital, even if it reckons the importance of time in science, is too short for explaining the existing diversity of scientific output. The paper introduces social capital as a necessary complement to explain the creation of scientific human capital. It connects these two concepts by means of a hierarchical econometric model. Bibliographical databases contain much information which is exploited to figure out collaboration, mobility, publishing habits and institutional characteristics. The two level hierarchical model is estimated on 14 European countries using bibliometric data in the fields of economics.