bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of prebiotic vegetable consumption: the extended theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Broers V. J. V. , Van den Broucke S. , Luminet O.
Published: May 2020

Background

Prebiotic vegetables such as leek and salsify may contribute to preventing obesity by changing the composition of the gut microbiota. To increase consumption of prebiotic vegetables, the aim of the study was to document the prevalence and determinants of (prebiotic) vegetable consumption.

Methods

An online, correlational questionnaire was administered to participants using a mixed approach (1078 online, 200 face-to-face). Participants were a representative sample (gender, age, level of education, province, population density and (un)employment) of 1278 adults of the Walloon region in Belgium. The frequency and determinants of prebiotic vegetable consumption were measured using an extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour including habits, actual control and compensatory health beliefs. Descriptive analyses were performed followed by hierarchic multiple regression analyses.

Results

The descriptive results showed that for all categories (leek, salsify, vegetables in general) an improvement in both intentions and prevalence of the actual behaviour is necessary to experience the health benefits of (prebiotic) vegetables. Intentions and habits were important predictors of consumption for all types of vegetables, and hedonic attitudes and subjective norms were important predictors of intention. Perceived control and rational attitudes were predictors of intention to consume only for vegetables in general. Finally, environmental factors such as price, availability and actual control predict consumption but their influence differs depending on the vegetable.

Conclusions

The findings can be used to inform interventions that aim to increase (prebiotic) vegetable consumption. Umbrella terms such as ‘healthy food’ or ‘vegetables’ do not capture the differences between the specific foods regarding the demographic and socio-psychological determinants of their consumption. This is the first research to investigate the determinants of prebiotic vegetable consumption.
A comparison of bone conductivity on titanium screws inserted into the vertebra using different surface processing
Authors: Ota Takashi , Demura Satoru , Kato Satoshi , Yoshioka Katsuhito , Hayashi Hiroyuki , Inoue Kei , Shinmura Kazuya , Yokogawa Noriaki , Shirai Toshiharu , Murakami Hideki , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Antibacterial iodine-supported titanium has an anodized oxide layer; thus, it can be expected to have a higher osteoconductivity than untreated titanium. This study aimed to compare the osteoconductivity between untreated titanium (Ti), anodically oxidized titanium (AO-Ti), and iodine-supported titanium (I-Ti) screws.

Methods

The screws were inserted into the vertebral bodies of 30 dogs (12 for the biomechanical, and 18 for the histological examination). The vertebral bodies were analyzed at 4 or 8 weeks after screw insertion. Biomechanically, rotational torque of the screw was measured. Histologically, bone formation index (ratio of the length of the part where the bone directly contacts with the length of the screw) and bone volume density (ratio of the area of the bone tissue to the area between the threads of the screw) were measured.

Result

At 4 weeks, the torque value was significantly higher in the AO-Ti (0.59 ± 0.16 Nm) and I-Ti (0.72 ± 0.14 Nm) groups than in the Ti group (0.39 ± 0.12 Nm), with the AO-Ti and I-Ti groups showing no significant difference. Bone formation index was significantly higher in the AO-Ti (72.5% ± 0.8%) and I-Ti (73.4% ± 1.5%) groups than in the Ti group (64.6% ±1.7%), with the AO-Ti and I-Ti groups showing no significant difference. Bone volume density did not show a significant difference. At 8 weeks, the results were similar to those at 4 weeks.

Conclusions

I-Ti had a higher osteoconductivity than Ti, indicating that iodine coating did not adversely affect osteoconductivity.
Practical Considerations for Treating Patients With Cancer in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Segelov Eva , Underhill Craig , Prenen Hans , Karapetis Christos , Jackson Christopher , Nott Louise , Clay Tim , Pavlakis Nick , Sabesan Sabe , Heywood Ellen , Steer Christopher , Lethborg Carrie , Gan Hui K. , Yip Desmond , Karanth Narayan , Karikios Deme , MacIntyre C. Raina
Published: May 2020

Cancer has become a prevalent disease, affecting millions of new patients globally each year. The COVID-19 pandemic is having far-reaching impacts around the world, causing substantial disruptions to health and health care systems that are likely to last for a prolonged period. Early data have suggested that having cancer is a significant risk factor for mortality from severe COVID-19. A diverse group of medical oncologists met to formulate detailed practical advice on systemic anticancer treatments during this crisis. In the context of broad principles, issues including risks of treatment, principles of prioritizing resources, treatment of elderly patients, and psychosocial impact are discussed. Detailed treatment advice and options are given at a tumor stream level. We must maintain care for patients with cancer as best we can and recognize that COVID-19 poses a significant competing risk for death that changes conventional treatment paradigms.
Robust Continuous-Flow Synthesis of Deuterium-Labeled β-Nitroalcohols Catalyzed by Basic Anion Exchange Resin
Authors: Yamada Tsuyoshi , Park Kwihwan , Ito Naoya , Masuda Hayato , Teranishi Wataru , Cui Sunliang , Sajiki Hironao
Published: May 2020

A practical and efficient continuous-flow system was developed for the synthesis of site-selectively deuterium-labeled β-nitroalcohols by using the tertiary amine-functionalized basic anion exchange resin, WA30, as a heterogeneous organocatalyst. For this system, WA30 was prepacked in a cartridge under metal-free conditions. The system was operated by pumping a solution of aldehydes or ketones, as electrophiles, and nitroalkanes in a solvent system of deuterium oxide and THF in the catalyst cartridge. Various deuterated β-nitroalcohols were obtained in moderate to excellent yields with high deuteration efficiencies. The continuous-flow system was applied in continuous synthesis for at least 72 h without degradation of the heterogeneous organocatalyst activity.
Adsorption Behavior of Mono-Cationic Pyridinium Salts on the Clay Surface
Authors: Takigawa Tomoaki , Yoshida Yuma , Fujimura Takuya , Ishida Tamao , Shimada Tetsuya , Takagi Shinsuke
Published: May 2020

The adsorption behavior of cationic organic molecules was examined on a clay surface. Systematically chosen pyridinium salts and artificially synthesized anionic clay were used. The adsorption equilibrium constants and the free energy for adsorption (ΔG) values were obtained for each pyridinium salt. It was discovered that ΔG values were proportional to the cross-sectional area of the pyridinium salt. These results indicate that hydrophobic and/or van der Waals interactions play an important role for the adsorption process.
Macroporous Silica Microcapsules Immobilizing Esterase with High Hydrolysis Reactivity
Authors: Fujiwara Masahiro , Shoji Shigeru , Murakami Yuka , Ishikawa Kazuhiko
Published: May 2020

An esterase, 3,4-dihydrocoumarin hydrolase, was directly immobilized into silica microcapsules. The hydrolysis reaction of 3,4-dihydrocoumarin by a macroporous silica microcapsule immobilizing the esterase was faster than those by mesoporous ones. Using this macroporous microcapsule, the hydrolysis reaction of p-nitrophenyl acetate proceeded with comparable rate to non-immobilized esterase.
Mammography-based radiomics nomogram: a potential biomarker to predict axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer
Authors: Tan Hongna , Wu Yaping , Bao Fengchang , Zhou Jing , Wan Jianzhong , Tian Jie , Lin Yusong , Wang Meiyun
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To establish a radiomics nomogram by integrating clinical risk factors and radiomics features extracted from digital mammography (MG) images for pre-operative prediction of axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis in breast cancer.

Methods:

216 patients with breast cancer lesions confirmed by surgical excision pathology were divided into the primary cohort (n = 144) and validation cohort (n = 72). Radiomics features were extracted from craniocaudal (CC) view of mammograms, and radiomics features selection were performed using the methods of ANOVA F-value and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; then a radiomics signature was constructed with the method of support vector machine. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to establish a radiomics nomogram based on the combination of radiomics signature and clinical factors. The C-index and calibration curves were derived based on the regression analysis both in the primary and validation cohorts.

Results:

95 of 216 patients were confirmed with ALN metastasis by pathology, and 52 cases were diagnosed as ALN metastasis based on MG-reported criteria. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and AUC (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of MG-reported criteria were 42.7%, 90.8%, 24.1% and 0.666 (95% confidence interval: 0.591–0.741]. The radiomics nomogram, comprising progesterone receptor status, molecular subtype and radiomics signature, showed good calibration and better favorite performance for the metastatic ALN detection (AUC 0.883 and 0.863 in the primary and validation cohorts) than each independent clinical features (AUC 0.707 and 0.657 in the primary and validation cohorts) and radiomics signature (AUC 0.876 and 0.862 in the primary and validation cohorts).

Conclusion:

The MG-based radiomics nomogram could be used as a non-invasive and reliable tool in predicting ALN metastasis and may facilitate to assist clinicians for pre-operative decision-making.

Advances in knowledge:

ALN status remains among the most important breast cancer prognostic factors and is essential for making treatment decisions. However, the value of detecting metastatic ALN by MG is very limited. The studies on pre-operative ALN metastasis prediction using the method of MG-based radiomics in breast cancer are very few. Therefore, we studied whether MG-based radiomics nomogram could be used as a predictive biomarker for the detection of metastatic ALN.
Nuclear medicine and molecular imaging advances in the 21st century
Authors: Vaz Sofia C. , Oliveira Francisco , Herrmann Ken , Veit-Haibach Patrick
Published: May 2020

Currently, Nuclear Medicine has a clearly defined role in clinical practice due to its usefulness in many medical disciplines. It provides relevant diagnostic and therapeutic options leading to patients' healthcare and quality of life improvement. During the first two decades of the 21stt century, the number of Nuclear Medicine procedures increased considerably.

Clinical and research advances in Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging have been based on developments in radiopharmaceuticals and equipment, namely, the introduction of multimodality imaging. In addition, new therapeutic applications of radiopharmaceuticals, mainly in oncology, are underway.

This review will focus on radiopharmaceuticals for positron emission tomography (PET), in particular, those labeled with Fluorine-18 and Gallium-68. Multimodality as a key player in clinical practice led to the development of new detector technology and combined efforts to improve resolution. The concept of dual probe (a single molecule labeled with a radionuclide for single photon emission computed tomography)/positron emission tomography and a light emitter for optical imaging) is gaining increasing acceptance, especially in minimally invasive radioguided surgery. The expansion of theranostics, using the same molecule for diagnosis (γ or positron emitter) and therapy (β minus or α emitter) is reshaping personalized medicine.

Upcoming research and development efforts will lead to an even wider array of indications for Nuclear Medicine both in diagnosis and treatment.
ВЕКТОР РАЗВИТИЯ ФГБОУ ВО «КАЗАНСКАЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ ВЕТЕРИНАРНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЫ ИМЕНИ Н.Э. БАУМАНА»
Authors: Morozova Irina Gennadievna , Zaripova Rimma Soltanovna
Published: May 2020

Современные экономические условия требуют подготовки высококвалифицированных специалистов. Повышение качества высшего профессионального образования в настоящее время является одной из актуальных проблем не только для России, но для всего мирового сообщества. Решение этой проблемы связано с модернизацией образования, оптимизацией способов и технологий организации образовательного процесса.Предметной областью исследования в данной статье является образовательная организация и ее место в региональном пространстве. В рамках проведенного исследования авторами была изучена деятельность ФГБОУ ВО «Казанская государственная академия ветеринарной медицины им. Н.Э. Баумана» (КГАВМ), проведён комплексный анализ функционирования и выделены сильные и слабые стороны работы КГАВМ. В результате исследований была выявлена необходимость в практико-ориентированном подходе обучения и усилении хозяйственной деятельности ВУЗа. Устранение данных недостатков позволят студентам КГАВМ приобрести необходимый минимум профессиональных умений и навыков, опыт организаторской работы, систему теоретических знаний, профессиональную мобильность и компетентность, что соответствует образовательному стандарту и, следовательно, сделает выпускников конкурентоспособными.Цель работы: изучить деятельность КГАВМ, провести комплексный анализ функционирования, выделить сильные и слабые стороны работы ВУЗа, определить основные направления и барьеры развития КГАВМ.Методология проведения работы: системный подход и обобщение; собственный научно-педагогический опыт авторов; аналитические и статистические методы анализа, социологические опросы и анкетирование.Результаты: получены информативные параметры, показывающие слабые и сильные стороны деятельности КГАВМ.Область применения результатов: полученные результаты целесообразно применять образовательными организациями.
МОБИЛЬНЫЕ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЯ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ НЕТВОРКИНГА
Authors: Sukhorukov Nikolay Nikolaevich
Published: May 2020

Нетворкинг – это относительно новое понятие. Тем не менее, ежегодно только в России проводится несколько сотен нетворкинг-мероприятий. Нельзя недооценивать важность нетворкинга – ведь именно он позволяет решать самый широкий круг задач в личной жизни и бизнесе. Нетворкинг является одним из самых эффективных и наименее дорогих инструментов расширения социального капитала и ведения бизнеса. Однако, организация и проведение нетворкинг-мероприятия – это долгий, трудоемкий процесс и уже сейчас эта деятельность может быть частично автоматизирована с помощью мобильных приложений. Статья содержит исследование перспектив применения мобильных приложений для организации и проведения нетворкинга, а также повышения эффективности коммуникации на мероприятиях подобного уровня. В данной статье рассмотрена сфера организации нетворкинг-мероприятий, определены ее главные проблемы и пути их решения. Также рассмотрен ряд популярных приложений для организации нетворкинга, выявлены их преимущества и недостатки, даны рекомендации по улучшению их функциональных возможностей.Цель работы: определение проблем сферы организации нетворкинг-мероприятий, идентификация факторов, влияющих на эффективность коммуникации, а также анализ перспектив использования специализированных мобильных приложений для организации нетворкинга.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использовались эмпирические методы (сравнение и анкетирование), методы теоритического исследования (анализ и синтез).Результаты: сформулированы проблемы сферы организации нетворкинг-мероприятий и предложены пути их решения, разработаны рекомендации по совершенствованию функциональных возможностей мобильных приложений для организации нетворкинга, а также разработаны ключевые показатели эффективности (KPI) для оценки эффективности коммуникации.Область применения результатов. Результаты анализа могут быть использованы разработчиками прикладного программного обеспечения, а также профессиональными организаторами нетворкинг-мероприятий.Новизна исследования. Состоит в разработке рекомендаций по улучшению функциональных возможностей мобильных приложений для организации нетворкинга, а также в разработке ключевых показателей эффективности для оценки эффективности коммуникации.
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЮ СУЩНОСТИ РЕСУРСНОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА В ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКЕ
Authors: Baguzova Larisa Valentinovna
Published: May 2020

В связи с глобальной проблемой ограниченности ресурсов встает вопрос их выполняемости и эффективности использования в любой сфере деятельности. В работе приводятся результаты анализа категорий «ресурсы», «потенциал», «ресурсный потенциал», раскрыты данные понятия в трактовке разных авторов, сформулированы основные выводы о необходимости теоретических исследований в области изучения ресурсного потенциала образовательных организаций высшего образования. Предложено авторское понятие ресурсного потенциала в котором учитывается его целевое назначение. На примере образовательных организаций высшего образования разработана классификация и структура ресурсного потенциала.Цель – изучение ресурсного потенциала с разных точек зрения с выявлением основных его составляющих.Метод или методология проведения работы: в статье использовались общенаучные подходы теоретического исследования: описание, изложение, анализа и синтеза.Результаты: предложено авторское понятие дефиниции «ресурсный потенциал». В связи с поставленной задачей Президентом в Послании Федеральному Собранию о развитии цифровой экономики, в предложенной классификации выделены виды потенциала необходимые для осуществления образовательного процесса такие как: информационный, информационно-коммуникационный и цифровой.Область применения результатов: проведенные исследования послужат теоретической базой диссертационного исследования эффективности управления ресурсным потенциалом образовательных организаций высшего образования.
ПРОБЛЕМЫ ВЫБОРКИ ТЕСТ-КЕЙСОВ ДЛЯ АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОГО ТЕСТИРОВАНИЯ ИТ-ПРОДУКТОВ
Authors: Krivozjateva Mary Sergeevna , Gajkova Luybov Vadimovna
Published: May 2020

Рассматриваются проблемы выборки тест-кейсов автоматического функционального тестирования ИТ-продуктов. В среде конкурирующих компаний наблюдается тенденция развития собственных тест-кейсов автоматического тестирования. Проанализированы плюсы и минусы автоматического тестирования ИТ-продуктов.Выработаны критерии выборки тест-кейсов автоматического тестирования, объединяющих основные принципы уже существующих.Цель исследования: определение проблематики различия тест-кейсов автоматического тестирования современных ИТ-продуктов.Методы и инструменты: использован диалектический метод как общий научный метод познания; приемы и инструменты системного, сравнительного анализа и обобщений.Результаты: описаны проблемы выборки тест-кейсов автоматического функционального тестирования ИТ-продуктов.Область применения результатов: руководители компаний при решении вопросов о выборке тест-кейсов для автоматического тестирования ИТ-продуктов, который будет отображать положительный показатель окупаемости инвестиций на потребительском рынке.
Improving Intermodal Train Operations in Indian Railways
Authors: Upadhyay Amit
Published: May 2020

In Indian Railways, container train operators (CTOs) run intermodal trains. The success of a CTO depends on it providing timely delivery of containers at low haulage cost. The CTO must utilize its rolling stock efficiently, select containers, and assign these containers to wagons optimally considering multiple conflicting requirements. I discuss a mathematical programming–based approach we developed for a major CTO for train-load planning, which reduces the average cost of container haulage and increases the timeliness desired by customers. After being used to plan more than 1,000 trains, my model has been estimated to save about 2% in rail haulage cost, which corresponds to an annual saving of more than 300 million Indian rupees for Indian Railways trains. This study has led to a remarkable turnaround in the operations strategy of the operator, with a shift in emphasis from increasing train utilization to maximizing the contribution to profit.
DA GEOGRAFIA DA POPULAÇÃO À NECROPOLÍTICA: PRESENTIFICAÇÃO E DISPUTAS DE SENTIDO EM TEMPOS DE CORONAVÍRUS
Authors: Karol Eduardo , Silva Catia Antonia da
Published: May 2020

O presente artigo tem como desafio analisar o contexto da crise do coronavírus na produção de discursos que fortalecem o pensamento da Necropolítica. A crise do COVID- 19 é planetária. Começou na China e rapidamente se difundiu por mais de 180 países, devido a aceleração da circulação de pessoas na escala mundo. Assim, essa crise ganha a dimensão demográfica que merece reflexão geográfica e sobretudo, a compreensão das narrativas que reafirmam a dimensão político-conservadoras que atrelam a mortalidade da população pobre e negra como positiva para a regulação da economia e superação das desigualdades sociais. Trata-se de um contexto em que a crise acelera a agudização das desigualdades e as formulações de superação de problemas ganham a dimensão de discursos genocidas e de perversidade que põem em xeque os limites da modernidade e da pauta humanista. Assim, mais uma vez a questão demográfica pode ganhar centralidade nesse debate pautado na superação das desigualdades pela negação do outro e pela destruição dos pobres.  O artigo divide-se em duas seções: a primeira apresenta os dados disponíveis sobre a expansão do coronavírus e a segunda analisar a revisão bibliográfica que alimenta a necropolítica demográfica
EDUCAÇÃO GEOGRÁFICA, DOCÊNCIA E O CONTEXTO DA PANDEMIA COVID-19
Authors: Filho Manoel Martins De Santana
Published: May 2020

O texto apresenta uma discussão sobre a docência e o ensino de geografia no contexto da COVID-19, considerando as orientações para a ação dos professores segundo as gestões de secretaria de educação, problematiza as condições do trabalho docente e aponta temáticas para uma educação geográfica contemporânea e pertinente ao tempo de pandemia. Os elementos norteadores do ponto de vista objetivo se baseiam no contexto das redes públicas e privadas da região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, principlamente.
COLAPSO E DETERMINISMO ESCALAR EM TEMPOS PANDÊMICOS: REFLEXÕES PRELIMINARES SOBRE A CASA, O "ISOLAMENTO SOCIAL" E O DÉFICIT HABITACIONAL
Authors: Grandi Matheus Da Silveira
Published: May 2020

O texto consiste em um exercício metodológico experimental que visa lançar um olhar escalar introdutório sobre a pandemia de covid-19 a partir de reflexões sobre como as recomendações sanitárias de “isolamento social” influenciam na percepção do recorte espacial da casa enquanto uma escala geográfica significativa nestes nossos tempos pandêmicos, considerando sobretudo as desigualdades que condicionam a experiência dos sujeitos com tal escala.
Fronteiras da República em Roraima: conflitos e desafios curriculares
Authors: Camargo Leila Maria , Casali Alípio Márcio
Published: May 2020

ResumoO artigo trata de fronteiras da República no extremo norte da Amazônia: atravessamentos econômicos, políticos e culturais, nacionais e internacionais, no estado de Roraima, e sua incidência como desafios curriculares sobre a escola. Utilizando a metodologia relacional de Michael Apple, circunscreve uma introdução à análise crítica curricular das escolas e do currículo nessa região de múltiplas fronteiras.Palavras-chave: Fronteiras; Roraima; Currículo.
Teias, o presente
Authors: Paiva Jane , Leonardi Paula
Published: May 2020

O editorial situa a publicação do número da Revista no trimestre em que o país, e o mundo, passam por uma pandemia jamais vista e busca na sabedoria indígena de Ailton Krenak forças para enfrentar o desconhecido, como um presente.
Detecting the presence of bacterial RNA by polymerase chain reaction in low volumes of preoperatively aspirated synovial fluid from prosthetic joint infections
Authors: Yang B. , Fang X. , Cai Y. , Yu Z. , Li W. , Zhang C. , Huang Z. , Zhang W.
Published: May 2020

Aims

Preoperative diagnosis is important for revision surgery after prosthetic joint infection (PJI). The purpose of our study was to determine whether reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), which is used to detect bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) preoperatively, can reveal PJI in low volumes of aspirated fluid.

Methods

We acquired joint fluid samples (JFSs) by preoperative aspiration from patients who were suspected of having a PJI and failed arthroplasty; patients with preoperative JFS volumes less than 5 ml were enrolled. RNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and bacterial culture were performed, and diagnostic efficiency was compared between the two methods.According to established Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) criteria, 21 of the 33 included patients were diagnosed with PJI.

Results

RNA-based PCR exhibited 57.1% sensitivity, 91.7% specificity, 69.7% accuracy, 92.3% positive predictive value, and 55.0% negative predictive value. The corresponding values for culture were 28.6%, 83.3%, 48.5%, 75.0%, and 40.0%, respectively. A significantly higher sensitivity was thus obtained with the PCR method versus the culture method.

Conclusion

In situations in which only a small JFS volume can be acquired, RNA-based PCR analysis increases the utility of preoperative puncture for patients who require revision surgery due to suspected PJI. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res. 2020;9(5):219–224.
Characterizing dynamic cerebral vascular reactivity using a hybrid system combining time-resolved near-infrared and diffuse correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Milej Daniel , Shahid Marwan , Abdalmalak Androu , Rajaram Ajay , Diop Mamadou , St. Lawrence Keith
Published: May 2020

This study presents the characterization of dynamic cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) in healthy adults by a hybrid optical system combining time-resolved (TR) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS). Blood flow and oxygenation (oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin) responses to a step hypercapnic challenge were recorded to characterize dynamic and static components of CVR. Data were acquired at short and long source-detector separations (rSD) to assess the impact of scalp hemodynamics, and moment analysis applied to the TR-NIRS to further enhance the sensitivity to the brain. Comparing blood flow and oxygenation responses acquired at short and long rSD demonstrated that scalp contamination distorted the CVR time courses, particularly for oxyhemoglobin. This effect was significantly diminished by the greater depth sensitivity of TR NIRS and less evident in the DCS data due to the higher blood flow in the brain compared to the scalp. The reactivity speed was similar for blood flow and oxygenation in the healthy brain. Given the ease-of-use, portability, and non-invasiveness of this hybrid approach, it is well suited to investigate if the temporal relationship between CBF and oxygenation is altered by factors such as age and cerebrovascular disease.
Optical Technologies for Improving Healthcare in Low-Resource Settings: introduction to the feature issue
Authors: Bowden Audrey K. , Durr Nicholas J. , Erickson David , Ozcan Aydogan , Ramanujam Nirmala , Jacques Paulino Vacas
Published: May 2020

This feature issue of Biomedical Optics Express presents a cross-section of interesting and emerging work of relevance to optical technologies in low-resource settings. In particular, the technologies described here aim to address challenges to meeting healthcare needs in resource-constrained environments, including in rural and underserved areas. This collection of 18 papers includes papers on both optical system design and image analysis, with applications demonstrated for ex vivo and in vivo use. All together, these works portray the importance of global health research to the scientific community and the role that optics can play in addressing some of the world’s most pressing healthcare challenges.
Femtosecond laser inscription of waveguides and Bragg gratings in transparent cyclic olefin copolymers
Authors: Roth Gian-Luca , Hessler Steffen , Kefer Stefan , Girschikofsky Maiko , Esen Cemal , Hellmann Ralf
Published: May 2020

We report on a femtosecond laser based fabrication technique that enables simultaneous single-step generation of optical waveguides and Bragg gratings inside bulk cyclic olefin copolymers. Due to the nonlinear absorption of focused and spatially modulated laser radiation with a wavelength of 514 nm and a pulse duration of 450 fs, a modification concluding a refractive index shift increase inside the substrate can be achieved. A sophisticated characterization of the generated waveguides by means of an elaborate cut-back method reveals a maximum attenuation of 3.2 dB/cm. Additionally, a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used to examine the waveguide’s refractive index profile. The integrated Bragg grating structures exhibit reflectivities up to 95 % and a spectral full width at half maximum of 288 pm, at a Bragg wavelength of 1582 nm, whereas the grating period can be deliberately chosen by adapting the fabrication parameters. Thus, due to its increased flexibility and the resulting dispensability of cost-intensive phase masks, this method constitutes an especially promising fabrication process for polymer Bragg gratings inside of bulk materials.
Carrier dynamics and recombination mechanisms in InP twinning superlattice nanowires
Authors: Yuan Xiaoming , Liu Kunwu , Skalsky Stefan , Parkinson Patrick , Fang Long , He Jun , Tan Hark Hoe , Jagadish Chennupati
Published: May 2020

Nominal dopant-free zinc blende twinning superlattice InP nanowires have been grown with high crystal-quality and taper-free morphology. Here, we demonstrate its superior optical performance and clarify the different carrier recombination mechanisms at different temperatures using a time resolved photoluminescence study. The existence of regular twin planes and lateral overgrowth do not significantly increase the defect density. At room temperature, the as-grown InP nanowires have a strong emission at 1.348 eV and long minority carrier lifetime (∼3 ns). The carrier recombination dynamics is mainly dominated by nonradiative recombination due to surface trapping states; a wet chemical etch to reduce the surface trapping density thus boosts the emission intensity and increases the carrier lifetime to 7.1 ns. This nonradiative recombination mechanism dominates for temperatures above 155 K, and the carrier lifetime decreases with increasing temperature. However, radiative recombination dominates the carrier dynamics at temperature below ∼75 K, and a strong donor-bound exciton emission with a narrow emission linewidth of 4.5 meV is observed. Consequently, carrier lifetime increases with temperature. By revealing carrier recombination mechanisms over the temperature range 10-300 K, we demonstrate the attraction of using InP nanostructure for photonics and optoelectronic applications.
High SNR fingerprinting structure for LC displays
Authors: Huang Kai , Zhu Zhikang , Zhang Hongzhou , Lu Jiangang
Published: May 2020

An optical fingerprinting solution with a switchable backlight is demonstrated for liquid crystal displays (LCDs). In fingerprinting mode, the collimated infrared light is applied to improve the signal-noise ratio (SNR) between the valley and ridge of the fingerprint. Compared with the conventional backlight, the proposed structure can effectively improve the SNR. Furthermore, the fingerprinting mode and the display mode may work at the same time without interference because of the different wavelengths and light paths. It shows the great potential application of LCD-based optical fingerprints.
Black paints covered with multidielectrics: light absorbers
Authors: Soriano G. , Zerrad M. , Amra C.
Published: May 2020

Black paints are commonly used to provide broadband light absorbers in high-precision optics. We show how multidielectric coatings improve the performances of these absorbers. The coated rough paints still exhibit a quasi-lambertian diffuse reflection, but this scattering pattern can be reduced by several orders of magnitude, which strongly enhances absorption. Predictions are based on an exact electromagnetic theory of light scattering from arbitrary rough multilayers. Results are also compared to useful approximate theories.
Low-loss fiber-to-chip interface for lithium niobate photonic integrated circuits
Authors: He Lingyan , Zhang Mian , Shams-Ansari Amirhassan , Zhu Rongrong , Wang Cheng , Marko Lončar
Published: May 2020

Integrated lithium niobate (LN) photonic circuits have recently emerged as a promising candidate for advanced photonic functions such as high-speed modulation, nonlinear frequency conversion, and frequency comb generation. For practical applications, optical interfaces that feature low fiber-to-chip coupling losses are essential. So far, the fiber-to-chip loss (commonly

>
10
  
dB
/
facet

) has dominated the total insertion losses of typical LN photonic integrated circuits, where on-chip losses can be as low as 0.03–0.1 dB/cm. Here we experimentally demonstrate a low-loss mode size converter for coupling between a standard lensed fiber and sub-micrometer LN rib waveguides. The coupler consists of two inverse tapers that convert the small optical mode of a rib waveguide into a symmetrically guided mode of a LN nanowire, featuring a larger mode area matched to that of a tapered optical fiber. The measured fiber-to-chip coupling loss is lower than 1.7 dB/facet with high fabrication tolerance and repeatability. Our results open the door for practical integrated LN photonic circuits efficiently interfaced with optical fibers.
literatura do Povo Baniwa na tradição oral
Authors: Luciano Rosenilda Rodrigues de Freitas , Simas Hellen Cristina Picanço , Silva Jefferson Gil da Rocha
Published: May 2020

Discute-se a literatura do Povo Baniwa em língua indígena e em língua portuguesa como instrumento didático pedagógico que promove a valorização da cultura indígena por meio das histórias ancestrais indígenas do Povo Baniwa no contexto escolar. Para tanto, servimo-nos de pesquisa de campo iniciada na graduação por uma das autoras em que foram coletadas histórias tradicionais do povo Baniwa junto a acadêmicos indígenas baniwa residentes em Manaus. Já no mestrado, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica acerca da temática e as análises do corpus de estudo. O estudo trouxe uma pequena parte das histórias ancestrais baniwa mantidas por meio da oralidade, significantes para demonstrar o quão importante é registrá-las de forma escrita para valorização dos saberes tradicionais no processo de ensino-aprendizagem e letramento desde os anos iniciais, de modo a promover o pertencimento étnico e cultural baseado na oralidade, que determina o estilo de vida dos Baniwa, e, ao mesmo tempo, contribuindo para a formação de escritores indígenas como autores de suas próprias histórias.
Periódicos científicos: sua inserção em materiais didáticos no curso de especialização em Educação e Tecnologias da UFSCar
Authors: Ricci Gabriela , Veloso Braian
Published: May 2020

Este artigo pretende analisar a utilização de artigos e periódicos científicos eletrônicos no material didático do curso de especialização em Educação e Tecnologias da UFSCar. Para tanto, foi feita análise bibliográfica sobre o desenvolvimento dos periódicos científicos e a questão da legitimidade conferida a esse tipo de publicação. A análise documental do material didático do curso, composto por 48 volumes, teve como objetivo avaliar o tipo de material citado e indicado nos guias de estudo multimídia. Os dados levantados mostram que os livros são o material mais citado pelos autores do material didático, enquanto outros tipos de material eletrônico compõem a maioria das indicações de material complementar. Os artigos publicados em periódicos científicos, considerados pela comunidade científica internacional o principal e mais legítimo meio de divulgação de ciência, aparecem como terceiro tipo de material mais citado e indicado pelos docentes autores. Esse resultado aponta uma dissociação do material didático do curso e a sua proposta inovadora de formação híbrida, flexível e integrada, bem como as tendências internacionais de legitimação do conhecimento científico. Tal dissociação, comumente encontrada nas ciências humanas, pode ferir a qualidade da ciência produzida no Brasil e sua integração na comunidade científica internacional.
Ambiente de aprendizagem: conhecimento tecnológico pedagógico do conteúdo
Authors: Pinheiro Izoldi Klein , Benvenutti Dilva Bertoldi , Favretto Jacir
Published: May 2020

As reflexões fazem parte da Dissertação de Mestrado intitulada Integração das novas tecnologias na Educação Básica para o estudo da sustentabilidade, Mestrado profissional em Administração da Unoesc, Campus Chapecó. A pesquisa objetiva entender a estrutura TPACK e sua relação com o processo de ensinar e aprender no contexto da sala de aula. A pesquisa aborda a integração das mídias digitais no processo ensino aprendizagem, permitindo o aluno aprender de maneira saudável, prazerosa, significativa e inovadora. A estrutura se fundamenta em Koehler e Mishra (2009), que apregoa a necessidade dos docentes compreenderem pedagogicamente a inclusão das tecnologias no contexto da sala de aula. O estudo foi desenvolvido por meio de pesquisa qualitativa, utilizando entrevista semi-estruturada com professores da Rede de Ensino de um Município localizado no Estado de Santa Catarina, caracterizando-se como estudo de caso. Quanto à sua natureza, a pesquisa se classifica como aplicada e com base nos seus objetivos, o estudo pode ser considerado descritivo. Os dados foram analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo. Dentre os principais resultados, identifica-se que os docentes utilizam as mídias digitais disponíveis nas escolas, porém apresentam posturas tradicionais onde o aluno se torna um ser passivo. Nas escolas onde ocorre integração das mídias digitais, o trabalho depende do professor de informática. Alguns docentes anseiam pela integração de recursos tecnológicos na prática docente, contudo, necessitam de formação.
HOMERO Y VIRGILIO EN SATURNALIA DE MACROBIO: UN AGÓN LITERARIO
Authors: Cardigni Julieta
Published: May 2020

Macrobio dedicó especialmente uno de sus textos, Saturnalia (s. V d. C.) a la discusión de la obra y la persona de Virgilio –considerado tanto autoridad poética como filosófica y religiosa— aplicando como estrategia la comparación con la otra gran auctoritas de la Antigüedad: Homero. Si bien el punto de partida es la valoración de las habilidades literarias, la competencia se dirime finalmente apelando al plano de la moral y del respeto por la tradición, ambos contemplados en la práctica de la imitatio, fundamental en la Antigüedad Tardía y en particular en la obra macrobiana.
Comparative Study Between Direct Steam Generation and Molten Salt Solar Tower Plants in the Climatic Conditions of the Eastern Moroccan Region
Authors: Lahoussine Ouali Hanane Ait , Moussaoui Mohammed Amine , Mezrhab Ahmed , Naji Hassane
Published: May 2020

This study deals with a numerical investigation to assess and compare the thermal and economic performance of two solar tower power systems. It concerns the Molten Salt (MS) and Direct Steam Generation (DSG) technologies used as heat carrier and storage. For this purpose, a 50 MWe solar tower plant without thermal energy  storage under the climatic conditions of the eastern Moroccan region is simulated with the System Advisor Model (SAM) software. The meteorological data has been collected via a high precision meteorological station located in Oujda city(34°40'53'' N 1°54'30.9'' W). The results are presented in terms of monthly energy production, annual energy output, and Levelized Electricity Cost (LEC). From these findings, it can be concluded that, for an amount annual Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) of 1989.9 kWh/m2/yr, the molten salt plant has the highest annual energy production than the DSG (86.3 GWh for MS against 83.3 GWh for DSG) and the LEC of the Molten salt plant is 12.5 % lower than the DSG plant.
COSM: Controlled Over-Sampling Method
Authors: Zazzaro Gaetano
Published: May 2020

The class imbalance problem is widespread in Data Mining and it can reduce the general performance of a classification model. Many techniques have been proposed in order to overcome it, thanks to which a model able to handling rare events can be trained. The methodology presented in this paper, called Controlled Over-Sampling Method (COSM), includes a controller model able to reject new synthetic elements for which there is no certainty of belonging to the minority class. It combines the common Machine Learning method for holdout with an oversampling algorithm, for example the classic SMOTE algorithm. The proposal explained and designed here represents a guideline for the application of oversampling algorithms, but also a brief overview on techniques for overcoming the problem of the unbalanced class in Data Mining.
Technology to Improve the Performance Properties of Heterogeneous Boronized Layers
Authors: Krukovich M. G.
Published: May 2020

The aim of this work is to develop a technology for obtaining heterogeneous boronized layers of considerable thickness on structural steels to ensure higher wear resistance. Typically, boronized layers are obtained at different temperatures (1,150–550°C) by the diffusion and diffusion-crystallization mechanisms of mass transfer. The heterogeneous layers with a dispersed distribution of borides in the α-solid solution are obtained by the diffusion-crystallization mechanism, with the liquid-crystalline state of the treated surface. This aim is achieved by stepwise temperature treatment. At the beginning, the borating is carried out in the liquid-crystalline state of the surfaces, and then in the crystalline state. To efficiently determine the processing temperature in the crystalline and liquid crystal states of the surface, for the first time, the five-component scheme diagram of the state iron-chromium-nickel-manganese-boron in the traditional temperature–concentration coordinates was built. At the base of this scheme diagram is a pentagon with a divergent concentration grid. The amount of liquid phase during the processing in the liquid crystal state of the surface should not exceed 20 %. After this treatment, the boronized layers consist on the surface of a compact single-phase structure of iron boride (Fe2B) or a two-phase structure (FeB + Fe2B). The thickness of this zone is not more than 0.2 mm. Next, there is an extensive zone (0.5–1.5 mm) with a heterogeneous structure (α—solid solution with alloy borides). This structure ensures a smooth distribution of hardness from the surface to the core of the part. The resulting boronized layers provide higher wear resistance. The choice of a particular layer structure depends on the operating conditions. Under the conditions of the experiment performed, the layer with the combination of borides on the surface and the pseudoeutectic structure in the sublayer became the best.
Ablation of TRPV1+ Afferent Terminals by Capsaicin Mediates Long-Lasting Analgesia for Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Wang Sheng , Bian Chao , Yang Jiale , Arora Vipin , Gao Yiwei , Wei Feng , Chung Man-Kyo
Published: May 2020

Trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) is often resistant to current pharmacotherapy, and there is a pressing need to develop more efficacious treatments. Capsaicin is a pungent ingredient of chili peppers and specifically activates transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1), a Ca2+-permeable ion channel. Topical capsaicin invariably induces burning pain. Paradoxically, the transient pain is often followed by prolonged attenuation of the preexisting pathologic pain from the same region. However, the mechanisms underlying capsaicin-induced analgesia are not well understood. Although the reports of the involvement of TRPV1 and TRPV1+ afferents in neuropathic pain are controversial, we recently demonstrated that TRPV1 and TRPV1+ afferents are involved in mechanical hyperalgesia in mice with chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (ION-CCI). Consistently, chemogenetic inhibition of TRPV1-lineage (TRPV1-LN) afferents attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia and ongoing pain. In mice with ION-CCI, we found that a single focal injection of capsaicin into facial skin led to attenuation of mechanical hyperalgesia over two weeks. Capsaicin treatment also attenuated secondary hyperalgesia in extraterritorial mandibular skin. Furthermore, capsaicin treatment decreased ongoing pain. Longitudinalin vivotwo-photon imaging of cutaneous nerve fibers showed that such capsaicin-induced analgesia is correlated with cutaneous nerve terminal density. Furthermore, preventing capsaicin-induced ablation of afferent terminals by co-administration of capsaicin with MDL28170, an inhibitor of calpain, abolished capsaicin-induced analgesia. These results suggest that a single focal injection of capsaicin induces long-lasting analgesia for neuropathic pain via selective ablation of TRPV1+ afferent terminals and that TRPV1+ afferents contribute to the maintenance of TNP.
The Magical Theory of Politics
Authors: Asprem Egil
Published: May 2020

The election of the 45th president of the United States set in motion a hidden war in the world of the occult. From the meme-filled underworld of alt-right-dominated imageboards to a widely publicized “binding spell” against Trump and his supporters, the social and ideological divides ripping the American social fabric apart are mirrored by witches, magicians, and other esotericists fighting each other with magical means. This article identifies key currents and developments and attempts to make sense of the wider phenomenon of why and how the occult becomes a political resource. The focus is on the alt-right’s emerging online esoteric religion, the increasingly enchanted notion of “meme magic,” and the open confrontation between different magical paradigms that has ensued since Trump’s election in 2016. It brings attention to the competing views of magical efficacy that have emerged as material and political stakes increase, and theorizes the religionizing tendency of segments of the alt-right online as a partly spontaneous and partially deliberate attempt to create “collective effervescence” and galvanize a movement around a charismatic authority. Special focus is given to the ways in which the politicized magic of both the left and the right produce “affect networks” that motivate political behaviors through the mobilization of (mostly aversive) emotions.
Magic and Politics
Authors: Magliocco Sabina
Published: May 2020

This essay introduces a special issue of Nova Religio on magic and politics in the United States in the aftermath of the 2016 presidential election. The articles in this issue address a gap in the literature examining intersections of religion, magic, and politics in contemporary North America. They approach political magic as an essentially religious phenomenon, in that it deals with the spirit world and attempts to motivate human behavior through the use of symbols. Covering a range of practices from the far right to the far left, the articles argue against prevailing scholarly treatments of the use of esoteric technologies as a predominantly right-wing phenomenon, showing how they have also been operationalized by the left in recent history. They showcase the creativity of magic as a form of human cultural expression, and demonstrate how magic coexists with rationality in contemporary western settings.