bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental health and quality of life of gay men and lesbians in England and Wales
Authors: King Michael , McKeown Eamonn , Warner James , Ramsay Angus , Johnson Katherine , Cort Clive , Wright Lucie , Blizard Robert , Davidson Oliver
Published: May 2019

Background

Little is known about the mental health of gay men and lesbians living in Europe.

Aims

To compare psychological status, quality of life and use of mental health services by lesbians and gay men with heterosexual people.

Method

Cross-sectional study in England and Wales using ‘snowball’ sampling.

Results

Participants: 656 gay men, 505 heterosexual men, 430 lesbians and 588 heterosexual women. Gay men were more likely than heterosexual men to score above threshold on the Clinical Interview Schedule, indicating greater levels of psychological distress (RR 1.24, 95% Cl 1.07–1.43), as were lesbians compared with heterosexual women (RR 1.30, 95% Cl 1.11-1.52). Gay men and lesbians were more likely than heterosexuals to have consulted a mental health professional in the past, deliberately harmed themselves and used recreational drugs. Lesbians were more likely to have experienced verbal and physical intimidation and to consume more alcohol than heterosexual women.

Conclusions

Awareness of mental health issues for gay men and lesbians should become a standard part of training for mental health professionals, who need to be aware of the potential for substance misuse and self-harm in this group and of the discrimination experienced by many lesbians.
Pattern of antidepressant use and duration of depression-related absence from work
Authors: Dewa Carolyn S. , Hoch Jeffrey S. , Lin Elizabeth , Paterson Michael , Goering Paula
Published: May 2019

Background

Few studies have examined the relationship between antidepressant prescription and receipt of depression-related disability benefits.

Aims

To address two questions: first, is prescription of antidepressants in accordance with published clinical guides associated with better disability outcomes, and second, what is the relationship between guideline-concordant antidepressant prescription and length of disability?

Method

An observational study was conducted using administrative data from three major Canadian financial and insurance sector companies. Short-term disability and prescription drug claims records for 1996–1998 were linked for workers receiving depression-related short-term disability benefits during that time.

Results

Recommended first-line agents and recommended doses were significantly associated with return to work (χ2=6.64, P < 0.036). In addition, among those who returned to work, early intervention was significantly associated with a shortened disability episode (β=-24.1; 95% CI-34.4 to −13.8).

Conclusions

Depression-related workplace disability is a problem for which there is no simple solution. These results provide an additional piece to the puzzle of helping workers disabled by depression to return to work.
Depression and mortality in a high-risk population
Authors: Abas Melanie , Hotopf Matthew , Prince Martin
Published: May 2019

Background

It is not clear whether the increased mortality associated with depression can be explained by the effects of potential confounding variables.

Aims

To measure the effect of depression on mortality after controlling for cognitive decline, cardiovascular risk factors and antidepressant use.

Method

A prospective cohort study derived from data from a multi-centre randomised controlled trial of moderate hypertension. Atotal of2584 participants, aged 65–75 years at study entry, were followed up for 11 years.

Results

Depression on the SelfCARE-D scale was associated with mortality after controlling for gender. After controling for cardiovascular risk factors, cognitive decline and anti-depressant use, depression continued to have a modest effect (hazard ratio⩵l.43; 95% CI 1.03–1.98). Depression in males and in people aged under 70 years significantly increased the risk of death.

Conclusions

Depression was associated with mortality only after controlling for gender. There was a modest but robust association between depression and mortality that was not explained by confounding by cardiovascular risk factors, cognitive decline or history of antidepressant use.
Neighbourhood characteristics and prevalence and severity of depression: pooled analysis of eight Dutch cohort studies
Authors: Generaal Ellen , Hoogendijk Emiel O. , Stam Mariska , Henke Celina E. , Rutters Femke , Oosterman Mirjam , Huisman Martijn , Kramer Sophia E. , Elders Petra J. M. , Timmermans Erik J. , Lakerveld Jeroen , Koomen Eric , ten Have Margreet , de Graaf Ron , Snijder Marieke B. , Stronks Karien , Willemsen Gonneke , Boomsma Dorret I. , Smit Johannes H. , Penninx Brenda W. J. H.
Published: May 2019

Background

Studies on neighbourhood characteristics and depression show equivocal results.

Aims

This large-scale pooled analysis examines whether urbanisation, socioeconomic, physical and social neighbourhood characteristics are associated with the prevalence and severity of depression.

Method

Cross-sectional design including data are from eight Dutch cohort studies (n= 32 487). Prevalence of depression, either DSM-IV diagnosis of depressive disorder or scoring for moderately severe depression on symptom scales, and continuous depression severity scores were analysed. Neighbourhood characteristics were linked using postal codes and included (a) urbanisation grade, (b) socioeconomic characteristics: socioeconomic status, home value, social security beneficiaries and non-Dutch ancestry, (c) physical characteristics: air pollution, traffic noise and availability of green space and water, and (d) social characteristics: social cohesion and safety. Multilevel regression analyses were adjusted for the individual's age, gender, educational level and income. Cohort-specific estimates were pooled using random-effects analysis.

Results

The pooled analysis showed that higher urbanisation grade (odds ratio (OR) = 1.05, 95% CI 1.01–1.10), lower socioeconomic status (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.87–0.95), higher number of social security beneficiaries (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.06–1.19), higher percentage of non-Dutch residents (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.02–1.14), higher levels of air pollution (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.12), less green space (OR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.88–0.99) and less social safety (OR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.88–0.97) were associated with higher prevalence of depression. All four socioeconomic neighbourhood characteristics and social safety were also consistently associated with continuous depression severity scores.

Conclusions

This large-scale pooled analysis across eight Dutch cohort studies shows that urbanisation and various socioeconomic, physical and social neighbourhood characteristics are associated with depression, indicating that a wide range of environmental aspects may relate to poor mental health.

Declaration of interest

None.
Service innovations
Authors: Chowdhury U. , Caulfield C. , Heyman I.
Published: May 2019

Aims and Method

Young people attending the Maudsley obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) children's clinic had expressed an interest in meeting other similar young people with OCD. A group was set up comprising 6-weekly sessions focusing on psycho-education and support.

Results

Seven young people (mean age: 14 years 4 months; age range: 11 years 11 months to 16 years 6 months) took part. Feedback questionnaires showed that all the participants found the group helpful and enjoy-able. They felt less isolated and more confident about dealing with OCD.

Clinical Implications

Establishment of groups may be a valuable way of increasing awareness and knowledge on aspects of OCD, as well as providing much-needed psycho-social support to patients.
Restoring Eden in the Amish Anthropocene
Authors: Welk-Joerger Nicole
Published: May 2019

Since Eugene Stoermer and Paul Crutzen popularized the concept the “Anthropocene” in 2000, scholars from many disciplines have taken up and adapted the term to better account for multiple worldviews and environmentalist strategies. However, such attempts have not solved the problems that motivated the creation of the analytic in the first place: convincing lay individuals to actively respond to anthropogenic environmental change. Climate change denial persists, even within the rural and agricultural communities most affected by these environmental changes. These same communities do not always welcome regulatory and technological interventions aiming to limit environmental impact, and climate change, environmentalism, and the Anthropocene are often perceived as distant and empty intellectualisms.

Through an ethnographic account about an uncanny technology, this article explores a conceptual meeting ground between sacred and secular worldviews in efforts that address the Anthropocene. In 2013 an unlikely agricultural group—the Amish—adopted an electromagnetic water device known as the Talya Water System. Studying the use of this water system, this article explores how this conservative Christian community incorporated different worldviews and stresses the importance of taking sacred timelines seriously when considering the Anthropocene. In highlighting an “Amish Anthropocene” located within a fundamentalist Christian timeline, I argue that the Amish embrace of the Talya Water System was achieved through its alignment with their religious worldviews. I propose this alignment as one strategy that may be adopted to make environmental change more meaningful across disparate communities.
Asbestos
Authors: Litvintseva Sasha
Published: May 2019

Asbestos is a fibrous mineral. Airborne asbestos—similar to nuclear radiation and chemical atmospheric pollutants—is invisible to the naked eye, and living and breathing alongside it has deferred toxic effects on human bodies. The toxicity of asbestos operates by breaching the boundary that appears to separate the insides of our bodies from our outward environments. Asbestos attests to the fact that the human does not just touch the nonhuman, culture does not just touch nature, but the boundaries between them operate within a framework of trans-corporeality, viscous porosity, and reciprocal interpenetration. In this article the author examines the history and materiality of asbestos to theorize toxic embodiment through the mutuality of the haptic sense and the breaching of boundaries of inside and outside. The author develops this through an analysis of her own film project Asbestos (2016), shot at the mining town of Asbestos, Quebec, mobilizing a discussion of haptic visuality to theorize toxic embodiment in its relationship to reciprocity, vulnerability, and responsibility. In the case of asbestos, the boundary of inside and outside traverses a series of unfolding scales: from the boundedness of a single cell, to a single organism encased in skin, to a body enclosed in a hazmat suit, to architecture and surrounding space, city and hazardous-waste landfill site, contaminated and safe, local and global. Asbestos shows that there is no spatial or temporal “outside” in which to deposit toxic materials, and that being an embedded part of the environment means there is no “outside” to either vulnerability or responsibility.
Overactivation of the Reward System and Deficient Inhibition in Exercise Addiction
Authors: HUANG QIN , HUANG JIAAI , CHEN YANXIA , LIN DENG , XU SHUN , WEI JINGPING , QI CHANGZHU , XU XIA
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Behavior studies have found that exercise addiction is associated with high impulsivity. In other addictions, neural mechanisms of impulsivity reflect abnormalities in the reward and inhibition systems. In this study, we determined whether abnormalities existed in the reward and inhibition systems of exercise addicts.

Methods

Three groups of male participants (15 exercise addicts, 18 regular exercisers, and 16 exercise avoiders) completed the Mini International Personality Item Pool (Mini-IPIP), the classic go/no-go task, and the exercise-related go/no-go task. Event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded during the go/no-go tasks, and correctly performed trials were analyzed.

Results

Exercise addicts scored lower for extraversion and higher for neuroticism, reflecting a poor capacity for emotional regulation and impulse control, and had larger N2 and P3d amplitudes during the exercise-related go/no-go task. Exercise addicts and exercise avoiders demonstrated impaired accuracy in the exercise-related go/no-go task and had larger N2 amplitudes compared with regular exercisers during the letter–digit go/no-go task. Exercise addicts and regular exercisers showed larger Go-N1 and Go-P2 amplitudes compared with exercise avoiders during the exercise-related go/no-go task. Exercisers (exercise addicts and regular exercisers) demonstrated higher activation in response to exercise-related stimuli as reflected by larger N1 and P2, and addicts (exercise addicts) demonstrated poorer inhibition as reflected by larger N2 and P3d amplitudes. Go-N1 and Go-P2 were significantly correlated with no-go accuracy in exercise-related task.

Conclusions

Exercise addicts scored higher for the neuroticism personality trait and exhibited overactivation of the reward system and underactivation of the inhibition system. Overactivation of the reward system may be related to long-term exposure to exercise. Underactivation of the inhibition system may be a crucial factor in exercise addiction.
Novel compound heterozygous mutations in WDR62 gene leading to developmental delay and Primary Microcephaly in Saudi Family
Authors: Naseer Muhammad Imran , Rasool Mahmood , Abdulkareem Angham Abdulrahman , Chaudhary Adeel G. , Zaidi Syed Kashif , Al-Qahtani Mohammad H.
Published: May 2019

Objective: Primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by impaired congenital reduction of brain size along with head circumference and intellectual disability. MCPH is a heterogeneous disorder and more than twenty four genes associated with this disease have been identified so far. The objective of this study was to find out the novel genes or mutations leading to the genetic defect in a Saudi family with primary microcephaly.

Methods: Whole exome sequencing was carried out to find the novel mutation and the results was further validated using Sanger sequencing analysis. This study was done in the Center of excellence in Genomic Medicine and Research, King Abdulaziz University under KACST project during 2017 and 2018.

Results: We report a novel compound heterozygous mutations c.797C>T in exon 7 and c.1102G>A in exon 9 of the WD repeat domain 62 (WDR62) (OMIM 604317) gene in two affected siblings in Saudi family with intellectual disability, speech impediments walking difficulty along with primary microcephaly. Two rare, missense variants were detected in heterozygous state in the WDR62 gene in these two affected individuals from the heterozygous parents.

Conclusions: A compound heterozygous mutations c.797C>T in exon 7 and c.1102G> A in exon 9 of the WDR62 gene was identified. WDR62 gene is very important gene and mutation can lead to neuro developmental defects, brain malformations, reduced brain and head size. These results should be taken into consideration during prognostic discussions and mutation spectrum with affected patients and their families in the Saudi population.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.3.36

How to cite this:Naseer MI, Rasool M, Abdulkareem AA, Chaudhary AG, Zaidi SK, Al-Qahtani MH. Novel compound heterozygous mutations in WDR62 gene leading to developmental delay and Primary Microcephaly in Saudi Family. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(3):764-770.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.3.36

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Pattern of electrolyte imbalance in Type 2 diabetes patients: Experience from a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Khan Rashid Naseem , Saba Farhana , Kausar Syedhh Fatima , Siddique Mohammad Hassan
Published: May 2019

Objective: To determine frequency of electrolyte imbalance including sodium, chloride, potassium and magnesium levels present in patients with uncontrolled diabetes at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi.

Methods: This was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted at Medicine Department, Darul Sehat Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan from March 2017 to October 2017. A total of one hundred and eighty one admitted and OPD patients with uncontrolled diabetes (HbA1c more than 7%) were included and their demographics, comorbidities, microvascular complications, drug history, fasting and random blood glucose and serum electrolyte levels were recorded.

Results: In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, decrease in serum sodium and chloride levels were observed to be statistically highly significant (p-value less than or equal to 0.05) while that of potassium and magnesium showed insignificant alterations. Sodium level was also observed to decline with increasing pattern of urine for microalbumin.

Conclusion: Electrolyte imbalance is markedly present in patients with uncontrolled blood sugars therefore serum electrolytes should be routinely measured in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum fasting blood glucose can be used as a predictor for electrolytes.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.3.844

How to cite this:Khan RN, Saba F, Kausar SF, Siddiqui MH. Pattern of electrolyte imbalance in Type 2 diabetes patients: Experience from a tertiary care hospital. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(3):797-801. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.3.844

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONDITION AND MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DIGITAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY OF RUSSIA
Authors: Акмаров Петр , Akmarov Petr , Газетдинов Миршарип , Gazetdinov Mirsharip , Князева Ольга , Knyazeva Ol'ga
Published: May 2019

The description of the main characteristics of the modern stage of development of information technology and global trends in digitalization is given. A brief information is given on the state of informatization in Russia as a whole, as well as in the country’s agriculture. A comparative analysis of the level of digitalization in rural areas and urban districts is given, the main reasons for the differences are highlighted. The necessity of information technologies development in the agricultural sector of the economy, as a factor in ensuring the country’s food security and a factor in the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products, is substantiated. The features of intellectual agriculture, its benefits for producers and for the population are shown. The dynamics of innovative technologies development is given based on the digital economy in recent years with the release of lagging branches of the agro-industrial complex. The regional differentiation of digitalization of the economy among the population is shown, the interrelation of the informatization level of the population with the development of innovative technologies in the economy of the region is shown. Using the example of cellular communication development, the convergence of digitalization level in cities and villages of the country has been proved. The main problems hindering the information technologies development in agriculture and new solutions adopted at the level of the President and the Government of Russia on the development of informatization are highlighted. The most promising areas of agricultural transformation are shown, focused on the digitization of various aspects of the industry and infrastructure production and sales.
ISSUES OF SMALL FORMS OF ECONOMIC AND COOPERATION DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL AREAS
Authors: Мухаметгалиев Фарит , Mukhametgaliev Farit , Хафизов Дафик , Khafizov Dafik , Хисматуллин Марсель , Khismatullin Marsel , Гайнутдинов Ильгизар , Gaynutdinov Ilgizar , Ситдикова Ландыш , Sitdikova Landysh
Published: May 2019

The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the need to improve the agricultural and food policy of the state in the development of small forms of business and cooperation in rural areas. The subject of the research is a system of organization of activities of small agribusiness, agricultural cooperatives in the current social and economic conditions. The novelty of the research lies in identifying trends in the development of small forms of business and justifying the necessary priority measures to improve the organization of activities of small agribusiness entities. The main results of the study - reviewed the current state of the organization of activities of small businesses, citizens leading personal subsidiary farms, agricultural cooperatives, their contribution to gross agricultural production, social and economic development of rural areas, directions and measures of state support, relations with executive authorities on areas, factors hindering their effective functioning, indicated directions for improving the effective functioning. The proposed article theoretical and practical recommendations can be used in research on the development of small farms and cooperatives in rural areas, with the scientific substantiation of the basic directions, methods and mechanisms for the implementation of agri-food policy. The practical significance of the research results is the possibility of their use in the development of agrarian policy, the formation of effective mechanisms of state influence on the development of the agri-food complex at the federal and regional levels to achieve high targets.
Innovative Activity of Russian Enterprises in the Conditions of Industrialization of the Economy
Authors: Махмудова Мухаббат , Mahmudova Muhabbat
Published: May 2019

At the present stage of development of the world and Russian economy there is a change of technological structure or a long cycle of economic conjuncture of D. Kondratyev. Innovative technologies based on biotechnologies, nanotechnologies, global information networks, artificial intelligence system, etc. are the basis for the formation of a new wave of the cycle. The use of innovative technologies allows for a significant increase in production efficiency, cost reduction, reduction of energy and capital intensity.

The article reveals the role of innovation in the economic development of the state and the region in the transition to an innovative type of development. The characteristic of regional and branch differentiation on the level of innovative activity of the enterprises is given. The priority directions of development of innovative activity of enterprises-innovators are revealed. Conclusions are drawn on the need for policies to enhance innovation. The mechanism of increase of activity and efficiency of innovative activity of subjects of the Russian economy is offered.

The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using its results to substantiate the perspective directions of development of modernization of the national economy and to substantiate the main methods and tools for the formation and implementation of the innovation policy of the state.
When You Work with a Superman, Will You Also Fly? An Empirical Study of the Impact of Coworkers on Performance
Authors: Tan Tom Fangyun , Netessine Serguei
Published: May 2019

We examine a large operational data set in a casual restaurant setting to study how coworkers’ sales ability level affects other workers’ sales performance. We find that waiters react nonlinearly to their coworkers’ ability. In particular, when coworkers’ overall sales ability is low, increasing this ability may prompt waiters to redouble both upselling and cross-selling efforts. When overall coworkers’ ability is high, however, further increasing their ability may trigger waiters to reduce sales efforts. Our empirical findings imply that, to maximize sales, managers should mix waiters with heterogeneous ability levels during the same shift. Through a counterfactual analysis, we find that considering the inverted U-shaped peer effects when optimizing current waiters’ schedules without changing their utilization may increase total sales by approximately 2.48% at no extra cost.

This paper was accepted by Vishal Gaur, operations management.
Development of Automated Devices for the Monitoring of Insect Pests
Authors: Sciarretta Andrea , Calabrese Pasquale
Published: May 2019

The monitoring of insect pests based on adult trapping systems is part of integrated pest management (IPM) in many crops and of early warning detection programs used to set up appropriate management decisions or eradication responses. Using data obtained from traps to make management decisions is not an easy task and involves significant costs in equipment, transport and labour. Thanks to the spread and the low prices of information and communication technologies, innovative automated capture devices including electronic sensors and connecting components are increasingly being developed, allow facing some of the current monitoring constraints in a context of IPM. In this paper, we illustrated the state of the art of this field and provide insights on automated devices, consisting of traps equipped with sensors and other components for the collection of data in the field and their transmission to a remote server accessible online, with information stored in geo-referenced databases. Optical sensors are mainly used for detecting photo-interruptions, images or optoacoustic spectrum of wingbeats. The monitoring systems can be equipped with software for image interpretation and identification of the caught target insect pest (fully automated system) or a remote operator can count the trapped insects by watching the images coming from the e-trap (semi-automated system). The software can integrate a decision support system (DSS) module, which provides information on the risk of infestation and the actions to be taken (when, where, how to make a control application). The development and future prospects of automated devices are discussed in relation to the technical reliability of the system, ease of use and costs compared to traditional monitoring methods.
Optimization of Irrigation and Fertigation Scheduling for Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI) through Subsurface Drip Irrigation in Western Zone of Tamil Nadu
Authors: Manikandan M. , Thiyagarajan G. , Thenmozhi S. , Natarajan S.K. , Bhuvaneswari J. , Prabhakaran N.K.
Published: May 2019

Sustainable Sugarcane Initiative (SSI) under Sub Surface Drip Irrigation (SSDI) is gaining momentum among the farmers because of more output with less input. Even though the benefits of SSI under SSDI are realized by farmers, development of optimal irrigation and fertigation schedule is need of the hour for Western Agro-climatic zone of Tamil Nadu. Field trials were carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Bhavanisagar from 2014 to 2017 to develop an optimal irrigation and fertigation schedule for SSI for Western Agro-climatic zone. The experiment was taken in a randomized block design with three replications. The experiment consisted of eight treatments of which six treatments comprised of SSDI with three irrigation regimes of 100, 80 and 60 percent pan evaporation and two fertigation levels of 100 and 75 percent of recommended N & K and two treatments in surface drip irrigation (SDI) with 100 percent pan evaporation (PE) + 100 percent RD and 100 percent PE + 75 percent RD of N&K through fertigation. The results of this study revealed that SSDI with 60 per cent PE + 100 per cent RD of N&K through fertigation recorded lower water use (1004 mm) and higher WUE (113 kg/ha-mm). However, significantly higher and comparable yield of sugarcane (148 t/ha) was recorded in SSDI with 100 per cent PE + 100 per cent RD of N&K through fertigation and surface drip irrigation with 100 per cent PE + 100 per cent RD of N&K through fertigation. The net return (Rs. 2,09,405 per ha) and B:C ratio (2.6) was higher in SSDI with 100per cent PE + 100 per cent RD of N&K through fertigation treatment.
O DIREITO FUNDAMENTAL DE ACESSO À JUSTIÇA E A EFETIVIDADE DA MEDIAÇÃO NAS CAUSAS DE FAMÍLIA NO CEJUSC EM UBERLÂNDIA NO PERÍODO DE JULHO/2016 À MAIO/2018
Authors: Ricardo Laura Borges , Cordeiro Carlos José
Published: May 2019

O presente artigo pretende examinar a estrutura e o funcionamento do CEJUSC em Uberlândia, no período de julho/2016 a maio/2018, a fim de demonstrar se o referido órgão é eficaz na garantia de acesso à justiça por meio da mediação nas causas de família. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida a partir do método de abordagem indutivo, de procedimento estruturalista, funcionalista e estatístico e da técnica da documentação indireta, por meio da pesquisa bibliográfica e doutrinária. De início, foi abordado o direito fundamental de acesso à justiça, em seguida tratou-se do CEJUSC em Uberlândia, analisando a efetividade do acesso à justiça.
ONCE AND FOR ALL: WHEN THE GOVERNMENT CONCILIATES CITIZENS’ CLAIMS
Authors: Oquendo Ángel
Published: May 2019

Like the chorus in Shakespeare’s Henry the Fifth, those who proceed on behalf of society at large should have both the first and last word. They should possess the capacity to undertake this act of representation, whether in or out of court, with forcefulness and finality. Indeed, a genuine representative should not have to run the risk of others thereafter embarking upon the matter anew and standing in for whomever she is representing, as well as casting aside her effort as irrelevant, insufficient, or illegitimate. Therefore, a societal settlement, particularly when negotiated by the authorities, may have not only contractual but also procedural (or preclusive) implications, which (partly independently of intent) shield the contractors from litigation as well as liability. To that end, it may or may not, depending on the jurisdiction, require the judiciary’s endorsement in order to constitute the functional equivalent of a judgment. U.S. and civil-law principles of preclusion bar a subsequent suit insofar as it involves the same real party in interest (namely, the whole citizenry) and assertion (or cause and object) as its amicably averted antecedent counterpart. Judges and lawmakers in the United States, as well as Latin America, have invariably conceded these actions an erga omnes effect; in other words, against anyone with standing who might try to reignite the controversy. Settlers in these cases normally neither compromise on the underlying entitlements nor contract on the rights of someone else. In fact, they may and should vindicate these entitlements fully and facilitate the collective conciliation of claims based on collectivity’s own rights. The government, for its part, enjoys plenty of legitimacy to play this role and to settle on, as well as prosecute, these entitlements. In these disputes, the settling or suing actor steps into the shoes of the broader community. The latter, as the interested claimant, may not subsequently take another bite at the apple through a different spokesperson. Otherwise, it would unfairly and inefficiently burden, respectively, its opponents and the adjudicating tribunals in its quest for a windfall. Consequently, the trans-individual settlements and suits at stake should strengthen, rather than weaken, from a punctilious adherence to the requirements of res judicata. They should thereby further legitimate themselves and perhaps even solidify the political and social support from which they benefit.
IT’S ALL IN YOUR HEAD? — A UTILIZAÇÃO PROBATÓRIA DE MÉTODOS NEUROCIENTÍFICOS NO PROCESSO PENAL
Authors: Silva Sandra Oliveira e
Published: May 2019

O presente artigo analisa o emprego de métodos neurocientíficos no processo penal, especialmente no tocante à produção de provas.
Advance care planning: what do patients want?
Authors: Owen Lucy , Steel Anna
Published: May 2019

Introduction:

Advance care planning is the process by which patients can make decisions about their future health care should they lose capacity. Such conversations are shown to improve quality of life and reduce institutionalization. This article explores the preferences and wishes of patients in terms of advance care planning.

Methods:

CINAHL, Medline, Embase and Pubmed were searched. Key words included ‘elderly’, ‘advance care planning’, ‘advance directive’, ‘views’ and ‘opinions’.

Results:

A total of 64 abstracts were screened and 20 full text articles read; 11 articles were included in the final study. Individual and cultural differences influence the level of decision making that patients want. Most studies agreed that conversations should be carried out opportunistically by a trained health-care professional. Patients value honest and open conversations, without which they may make misinformed decisions.

Conclusions:

The level of shared decision making that individuals personally want should be established. Open and honest conversations should be initiated at the earliest opportunity.
Centre stage
Authors: Jackson Amy
Published: May 2019

Ormiston Herman Academy has adopted a child-centred approach in Year 1 with positive results, says teacher and early years specialist leader of education Amy Jackson
Implementation of Digital Notice Board using Raspberry Pi and IOT
Authors: GANESH E. N.
Published: May 2019

Notice boards are playing a very important role in our day to day life. By replacing conventional Analog type notice board with digital notice board we can make information dissemination much easier in a paperless community. Here the admin can control notice board through the internet. So information can be sent anywhere in the world and can be displayed within seconds. Information may be in the form of text, image, pdf etc. PC is used for sending information and Raspberry Pi is connected to the internet at the receiving side. In addition to this, an application which is installed on the admin’s mobile phone can serve the same purpose. This application also contains a speech to text converter. So the admin can send text messages through his/her own voice.
A Practice-based Model of Effective Marketing Based on an Auto-ethnographical Observation of Brand Management Training at Procter & Gamble (p&g)
Authors: Young Peter N.
Published: May 2019

Seeking to advance the search for "real" marketing initiated by Stephen King in his 1985 paper "Has marketing failed.....?", this article presents a model of marketing effectiveness derived from commercial practice at Procter & Gamble (P&G). Marketing is described as the toolkit
for building a brand's value for many stakeholders but is deemed "effective" only when it bestows measurable financial value on the brand's owner(s). The model is constructed from an observation of the management of P&G brands as discrete business. Through auto-ethnography, the author
reflects on 'classic' brand management training at P&G and its coherence with twenty-first-century statements of brand and corporate purpose. The model invites further research. Every small brand (which might include B2B and SME brands) can be viewed as an (intangible but valuable) asset.
Each may represent an unrecognised and underdeveloped opportunity for academics, managers and students to work with brand owners on measuring and building brand value - and to share in its bounty.
Consumer Decision-making at the Base of the Pyramid: Synthesis of Literature and an Integrative Framework
Authors: Choudhury Nanda , Mukherjee Srabanti , Datta Biplab
Published: May 2019

As a pioneering effort, this study analyses the consumer decision-making process at the Base of the Pyramid (BoP). This study proposes consumer vulnerability, bounded rationality, locking-in effect and opportunism as major constructs influencing the consumer decision-making process
at the BoP. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), this study has integrated the transaction cost perspective into the consumer decision-making process at the BoP, which is a novel contribution to the literature of consumer behaviour. This work has recognised the importance of the retailer
and its role in the decision-making process, and adds a new perspective to the study of BoP as well as to consumer behaviour theories. This study will be helpful to businesses while serving the BoP segment by crafting appropriate marketing strategies for this segment.
A Paradigmatic and Methodological Examination of Market Orientation Research
Authors: Shaikh Ateeque , Modi Pratik , Yadav Vanita , Kumar Prashant
Published: May 2019

Research on market orientation has evolved for more than two decades, and is now ripe for reflection on its paradigmatic and methodological moorings. We review market orientation research to understand research paradigms adopted in the studies using an operations research paradigm framework,
and compare and contrast methodologies and research designs used in the literature. This study used the citation pearl-growing method to identify and review 137 studies on market orientation. The study finds a dominance of the positivist paradigm in the extant research, particularly in the
North American journals. There have only been a few interpretive studies on market orientation in the past two decades. This study makes a case for methodological pluralism in the research on market orientation. The findings will benefit academia and practitioners in understanding the past
research trends and identify potential future research areas. The review adds value to the literature in terms of presenting an overview of market orientation research, where the research field stands today, and where it is heading in the future.
Confining Contingency
Authors: Karim Farhan
Published: May 2019

The self-contained designation ‘nation-state’ as a discrete field of knowledge and its use as an analytical framework to study architectural history requires critical revision. This paper suggests that instead of exclusively focusing on the nation-state as the geopolitical and temporal limit of historical subjects, we may examine new concepts, such as ‘boundary’ and ‘flows’. These two concepts provide new perspectives on the developments, negotiations, and conflicts in identity politics that have shaped architecture and urban spaces, but do not adhere to the normative ideologies and structures of the nation-state or of nationalism. Defining ‘boundary’ and ‘flow’ can also shed new light on how we imagine relationships between the nation, self, cities, and architecture. This essay focuses on the contemporary debate over the abandoned Indian house of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the founders of Pakistan and its first governor-general, and discusses how architecture mediates the creation and deployment of boundaries and boundedness to enable, obstruct, accumulate, and control flows. Jinnah left his house when he moved to the newly created Pakistan, but he never ceased to believe that one day he would return to it and his hometown, which now stands in a ‘foreign’ country. South Court, as his house is popularly known, sparked new controversy when Hindu nationalists demanded to demolish it. As the debate over South Court still unfolds, it provokes an effort to revisit the normative relationship between self and identity as they emerge on a personal and transnational scale.
One House of Worship with Many Roofs: Imposing Architecture to Mediate Sunni, Alevi, and Gülenist Islam in Turkey
Authors: Andersen Angela
Published: May 2019

In 2013, Turkish media announcements declared that a complex containing a mosque for Sunni prayer, a cemevi (ceremonial hall) for the Alevi Muslim minority, and a shared courtyard and kitchen was to be built in the Tuzluçayır district of Mamak, Ankara. Computer renderings displayed the relationship of the parts within the walled precinct as equal in scale and scope, but the clear power imbalance between government-supported Sunni mosques and marginalized Alevi cemevis across Turkey suggested that merging the two sites of Islamic practice might have assimilationist aims. Alevi groups, heterogeneously comprised of hereditary spiritual lineages with a variety of teachings and practices that typically eschew Sunni tenets, protested the assimilationist pressures of the ‘mosque-cemevi’ while it was being constructed. The impetus for the project came from Fethullah Gülen, the religious leader of the ‘Hizmet’ movement living in exile in the United States. Once in favour with the Adalet ve Kalkınma Party-ruled Turkish government, he was accused of terrorist involvement in 2014 and of instigating the failed coup attempt of July 2016. The mosque-cemevi was never completed. This article will examine how state-supported Sunni, Alevi, and Gülenist Muslim selves encountered the mosque-cemevi project, and its role in imposing intra-Islamic relations in the Turkish Republic.
Housing Others: Design and Identity in a Bedouin Village
Authors: Shoked Noam
Published: May 2019

In the 1960s, the Israeli government decided to build towns for the Bedouin population of the Negev, a desert area in the southern part of Israel. These towns have often been interpreted as the outcome of an ill-intentioned history of colonization and expropriation. This article offers a different account of the Negev towns, by examining the first plan for a Bedouin settlement commissioned by the government in 1960 that was never built. The outcome of a collaboration between an Israeli Palestinian architect and a Jewish dilettante, the plan aimed at preserving what the two imagined to be a Bedouin identity at risk of being lost through the process of modernization. It thus modified modernist design principles so they would rehabilitate that identity. This article examines the conception and the reception of the plan. It argues that for the architects, the challenge of housing the Negev Bedouin was not a matter of expropriation, nor was it necessarily about accounting for the actual needs of the Bedouin; rather, the architects saw the commission as an opportunity to develop a counter-voice to high-modernism and to the state’s project of blanket modernization.
Book Reviews
Authors: Marglin Jessica M. , Chatty Dawn , Francis Razan , Gürbüzel Aslıhan , Straughn Ian , Verderame Nicola
Published: May 2019

JEWISH SALONICA: BETWEEN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND MODERN GREECE, DEVIN E. NAAR (2016) Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, xxviii, 366 pp., illustrations, maps, ISBN: 9780804798877 (hardback), ISBN: 9781503600089 (paperback), ISBN: 9781503600096 (e-book), $24.95

THE MERCHANTS OF ORAN: A JEWISH PORT AT THE DAWN OF EMPIRE, JOSHUA SCHREIER (2017) Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 216 pp., ISBN: 9780804799140 (hardbacsk), ISBN: 9781503602168 (e-book), $50.00

THE CONSTRUCTION OF EQUALITY: SYRIAC IMMIGRATION AND THE SWEDISH CITY, JENNIFER MACK (2017) Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 344 pages, 78 b&w photos, 6 maps ISBN: 9780816698714 (paperback), $30.00; ISBN: 9780816698691 (hardback), $120.00

POWER, PATRONAGE, AND MEMORY IN EARLY ISLAM: PERSPECTIVES ON UMAYYAD ELITES, EDS ALAIN GEORGE AND ANDREW MARSHAM (2018) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 384 pp., 119 b&w and 13 colour illus. ISBN: 9780190498931 (hardback), £64.00

AFFECT, EMOTION, AND SUBJECTIVITY IN EARLY MODERN MUSLIM EMPIRES: NEW STUDIES IN OTTOMAN, SAFAVID, AND MUGHAL ART AND CULTURE, ED. KISHWAR RIZVI (2018) Leiden and Boston: Brill, xii, 222 pp., 94 illus. ISBN: 9789004352841 (hardback), $140.00

THE TEMPTATION OF GRAVES IN SALAFI ISLAM: ICONOCLASM, DESTRUCTION, AND IDOLATRY, ONDREJ BERÁNEK AND PAVEL TUPEK (2018) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 272 pp., 17 b/w illus. ISBN: 9781474417570 (hardback), $125

ITALIAN ARCHITECTS AND BUILDERS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND MODERN TURKEY: DESIGN ACROSS BORDERS, EDS PAOLO GIRARDELLI AND EZIO GODOLI (2017) Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, xvi, 285 pp, illustrations, plans ISBN: 9781443851947 (hardback), £61.99
Function of atypical mammalian oocyte/zygote nucleoli and its implications for reproductive biology and medicine
Authors: Fulka Josef  Jr. , Benc Michal , Loi Pasqualino , Langerova Alena , Fulka Helena
Published: May 2019

Mammalian oocytes/zygotes contain atypical nucleoli that are composed exclusively of a dense fibrillar material. It has been commonly accepted that these nucleoli serve as a repository of components that are used later on, as the embryo develops, for the construction of typical tripartite nucleoli. Indeed, when nucleoli were removed from immature oocytes (enucleolation) and these oocytes were then matured, fertilized or parthenogenetically activated, development of the produced embryos ceased after one or two cleavages with no detectable nucleoli in nuclei. This indicated that zygotic nucleoli originate exclusively from oocytes, i.e. are maternally inherited. Recently published results, however, do not support this developmental biology dogma and demonstrate that maternal nucleoli in one-cell stage embryos are necessary only during a very short time period after fertilization when they serve as a major heterochromatin organizing structures. Nevertheless, it still remains to be determined, which other functions/roles the atypical oocyte/zygote nucleoli eventually have.
Chromatin organization and timing of polar body I extrusion identify developmentally competent mouse oocytes
Authors: Cavalera Federica , Zanoni Mario , Merico Valeria , Sacchi Lucia , Bellazzi Riccardo , Garagna Silvia , Zuccotti Maurizio
Published: May 2019

In the mouse, the use of the DNA-binding fluorochrome Hoechst 33342 allows the classification of fully-grown antral oocytes into two categories distinguished by their chromatin conformation: surrounding nucleolus (SN) and not-surrounding nucleolus (NSN) oocytes, the former capable of completing development, the latter unable to proceed beyond the 2-cell stage. In the present study, time-lapse observation of SN and NSN oocyte GV-to-MII transition highlighted differences in the timing of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and polar body I (PB-I) extrusion. PB-I extrusion, but not GVBD, revealed the presence of three main groups of significantly different oocytes: Group A (456-576 min) comprising mainly SN oocytes (91.4%), group B (584-728 min) entailing an almost equivalent percentage of SN (52.7%) and NSN (47.3%) oocytes, whereas group C (736-896 min) consisting of almost all NSN (94.4%) oocytes. In a further set of time-lapse experiments, GV oocytes were in vitro matured without Hoechst staining and, depending on the timing of PB-I extrusion, sorted into group A, B or C, inseminated with sperm and observed throughout preimplantation. The results show that 26.2 ± 12.3% of group A, 2.4 ± 5.0% of group B and none of group C MII oocytes developed to blastocyst. Overall, this study shows that SN oocytes that complete MI earlier are those with a better developmental competence. The possibility to avoid the use of the invasive DNA-binding fluorochrome Hoechst is relevant for future applications in human and domestic animal reproductive technologies.
The mammalian embryo’s first agenda: making trophectoderm
Authors: Posfai Eszter , Rovic Isidora , Jurisicova Andrea
Published: May 2019

One of the bottlenecks for a successful pregnancy in mammalian species is the implantation of the early embryo into the wall of the mother’s uterus. The first cell lineage the embryo sets aside following fertilization is the trophectoderm – a specialized cell type that establishes contact with the mother and mediates embryo implantation. We summarize the events that lead to the formation of the trophectoderm lineage in the preimplantation embryo and highlight key features of this cell type, which could be useful in the clinical setting for prediction of implantation outcomes.