bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creation, History, and God’s Activity as Speech
Authors: Gronewoller Brian
Published: April 2021

Chapter 2 focuses on Augustine’s use of the media of literary and rhetorical theory—namely the book and the speech—to conceive of creation, history, and all divine activity therein. It also demonstrates that Augustine conceives of pieces of creation as functioning in the same manners as words in a book and a speech, that Augustine thinks of God as acting in history according to the rhetorical concept of eloquence, and that he conceives of God as arranging temporal things into the whole of history in the same way that an orator arranges syllables into a single speech.
Augustine’s Use of Rhetorical Economy in His Theology of History
Authors: Gronewoller Brian
Published: April 2021

Chapter 4 focuses on Augustine’s utilization of rhetorical economy as the logic by which he explains God’s providential ordering of the entire temporal creation as it moves through time. In the first section a close reading of On True Religion 22.42–3 reveals that Augustine utilizes rhetorical economy early in his career as the logic by which he explains the goodness of temporal things against the Manichaean position that evil is substantial. A lengthy analysis of On Music 6.11.29–30 then demonstrates that Augustine continues to utilize rhetorical economy in the mid to late 390s in order to explain how God arranges human beings within history. The final section then shows that Augustine uses rhetorical economy late in his career to explain both the differing methods of worship in the Old and New Testaments and how God incorporates human beings who become evil into the whole of history.
Epilogue
Authors: Gronewoller Brian
Published: April 2021

The Epilogue integrates the arguments made throughout the book in order to consider several conclusions and possibilities regarding Augustine’s use of rhetorical economy. It begins by examining the brief period of time between Augustine’s conversion to Christianity and his incorporation of rhetorical economy into his understanding of divine order. Then, by means of a comparison between rhetorical economy and Stoic cosmology, it suggests that Augustine included rhetorical economy in his concept of order because it provided a logical framework which could handle several of his theological commitments without any necessary adjustments to its logic, other than reassigning the model from the arena of speaker and speech to that of God and history. Finally, it concludes the work by considering both possible effects of this study upon future research and Augustine’s understanding of God’s work in arranging all that exists.
The Formation of the Farellian and Calvinist Networks
Authors: Bruening Michael W.
Published: April 2021

Guillaume Farel and later John Calvin insisted that religious reform required uncompromising adherence to a particular set of beliefs, initially focused on the Reformed understanding of the Eucharist. This insistence made working within the existing Church completely untenable, and it put them at odds with Lefèvre, Roussel, and the evangelicals who continued to work for internal reform in France. Farel broke from his old friends when he enthusiastically took the Reformed side in the Lutheran-Reformed quarrels over the Eucharist. He moved to Switzerland, where he became an enthusiastic missionary and wrote the first French Protestant liturgy and theological guide. He and his followers also developed arguments against Nicodemism before Calvin did. When John Calvin arrived in Geneva, he altered some of Farel’s early ideas, especially on the Eucharist, predestination, and moral discipline, but he gained followers, notably Farel himself and Pierre Viret.
The Consolidation of Anti-Calvinism in Francophone Switzerland
Authors: Bruening Michael W.
Published: April 2021

The network of anti-Calvinists in the Suisse romande continued to grow through the late 1540s and 1550s, and the early centers of Calvin’s opponents began to coalesce regionally around André Zébédée and Jacques de Bourgogne, Seigneur de Falais. This chapter presents the fullest treatment to date of Zébédée, one of the most important but least studied opponents of the Calvinists. At first, Zébédée was friends with the Calvinists, but he broke with them for their abandonment of Zwinglian theology of the Eucharist and the ministry. In the 1550s, Zébédée teamed up with Jerome Bolsec, who criticized Calvin’s doctrine of predestination, and Jacques de Falais, whose estate at Veigy became a regional anti-Calvinist center. In 1555, Zébédée, Bolsec, and Jean Lange complained about the Calvinists to the Bernese, who banned Calvinism in the Vaud.
Introduction
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Ferretti Maria Paola
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces an analysis of political corruption and anticorruption within the framework of a public ethics of office accountability. Most current discussions of what political corruption is and why it is wrong have concentrated either on explaining and assessing it as a matter of an individual’s corrupt character and motives or as a dysfunction of institutional procedures. Little scholarly attention has been devoted to discussing the relation between these two dimensions. This book fills this gap by showing the importance of understanding that political corruption is a failure of the role-based interactions between officeholders. Political corruption is thus a matter of public ethics because it is a problem inherent to the functioning of public institutions, understood as a system of interrelated embodied roles, and the conduct of the officeholders occupying those roles.
Political corruption: individual or institutional?
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Ferretti Maria Paola
Published: April 2021

Contrary to current institutionalist theories of corruption, this chapter maintains that the quality of institutional practices can always be traced back to the officeholders’ conduct as both individual and interrelated role occupants via their institutional roles. This is the “continuity approach” to political corruption in public institutions. Because institutional roles are structurally interrelated, political corruption can be attributed to an institution in virtue of a variety of patterns (summative, morphological, and systemic), describing the shape of the interrelatedness of the officeholders’ conduct. Political corruption thus has its source in the action of officeholders within an institution, no matter how well designed that institution may be. This internal enemy is a serious one because the officeholders’ interrelated corrupt conduct may fail an institution’s raison d’être (the normative ideals that motivate an institution’s establishment and functioning).
Animals and Climate Change
Authors: Sebo Jeff
Published: April 2021

This chapter argues that animals matter for climate change and that climate change matters for animals. In particular, animal agriculture will have a significant impact on the climate, and climate change will have a significant impact on wild animals. As a result, we morally ought to resist animal agriculture as part of our mitigation efforts and assist wild animals as part of our adaptation efforts. The chapter also evaluates different strategies for accomplishing these aims, and considers connections with debates about well-being, population ethics and duties to future generations, and the nature and limits of moral and political theory.
Introduction
Authors: Thackeray David , Toye Richard
Published: April 2021

Modern understandings of the nature of political promises tend to revolve around policy. A popularly accepted model is that parties promise to undertake specific actions or programmes, and are tested by whether or not, once in office, they carry these out. We contend that this particular way of viewing promises is not the only available one and that, in fact, it is a product of how politics evolved in the era of mass enfranchisement. This introduction outlines how manifestos evolved as a genre, considering how their growing word-counts shaped the nature of promise-making––in encouraging an expectation both that parties would offer more promises and also that they would discuss such promises in greater detail. While it is far from clear that manifestos and election addresses were read enthusiastically by most voters, they became central to election campaigning, acting as the key means by which politicians outlined their promises to voters.
‘Judge a man by his character and his party by its record’, 1918–1939
Authors: Thackeray David , Toye Richard
Published: April 2021

Manifestos became increasingly central to the electoral campaign and the parties’ efforts to develop a ‘national’ rather than purely sectional appeal after 1918. The party leader’s address-as-manifesto did persist, but it became a rarity. Labour was at the forefront of the development of programmatic politics, producing more substantive and heavyweight manifestos than their more slogan-based pre-1914 equivalents. While the other parties eventually followed Labour’s lead in providing more detailed manifestos outlining proposed legislation, distrust of programmatic politics still lingered. Some politicians, most notably Stanley Baldwin, criticized the apparent escalation of election promises. Although election addresses remained vital to the local campaign, in part as a result of the introduction of the free postal communication in 1918, their relative importance declined in relation to manifestos. Addresses became increasingly uniform documents, designed to complement manifestos, as a result of increasing use of material from party press services.
An end to promises? 1964–1979
Authors: Thackeray David , Toye Richard
Published: April 2021

While the 1964 election marked a high point in confidence in state-led modernization, by the 1970s there was a widespread loss of faith in the ability of governments to deliver on their promises. Long-term planning was replaced by short-term crisis management. The Scottish and Welsh nationalists and the Liberal Party created the authority of the Westminster duopoly, reinvigorating the local campaign with their ‘pavement politics’. However, the New Right was the main beneficiary of this crisis. As Conservative Party leader from 1975, Margaret Thatcher believed that politics had been debased by parties competing for power by making promises of state expansion and greater public spending which were unrealistic and led to poor outcomes. Thatcher based the Conservatives’ 1979 manifesto around a small number of pledges, reviving the anti-promise rhetoric which had been key to Baldwin’s appeal in the 1920s and 1930s.
Historical Narrative Pluralism Within and Beyond International Criminal Courts
Authors: Sander Barrie
Published: April 2021

This chapter critically reflects on the expectations of historical finality and closure that have typically accompanied the rendering of international criminal judgments. The chapter argues that the historical narratives constructed within the judgments of international criminal courts are subject to a process of ongoing contestation and evolution both within and beyond the courtroom. The chapter reveals two types of narrative pluralism that may arise within the international criminal courtroom: first, inter-court narrative pluralism, which arises where judgments of different courts examine the same mass atrocity situation from different perspectives; and second, intra-court narrative pluralism, which arises where narratives constructed within an international criminal judgment are revisited in later cases adjudicated by the same court. The chapter also identifies a range of social psychological and practical factors that generate gaps between the intended meaning of judicially constructed narratives and their public or social meaning amongst different audiences beyond the courtroom.
The Structure of Defeat
Authors: Graham Peter J. , Lyons Jack C.
Published: April 2021

Epistemic defeat is standardly understood in either evidentialist or responsibilist terms. The seminal treatment of defeat is an evidentialist one, due to John Pollock, who famously distinguishes between undercutting and rebutting defeaters. More recently, an orthogonal distinction due to Jennifer Lackey has become widely endorsed, between so-called doxastic (or psychological) and normative defeaters. We think that neither doxastic nor normative defeaters, as Lackey understands them, exist. Both of Lackey’s categories of defeat derive from implausible assumptions about epistemic responsibility. Although Pollock’s evidentialist view is superior, the evidentialism per se can be purged from it, leaving a general structure of defeat that can be incorporated in a reliabilist theory that is neither evidentialist nor responsibilist in any way.
Palestinian Transnational Social Field and Diaspora Entrepreneurs
Authors: Koinova Maria
Published: April 2021

This chapter and the following Chapter 7 are interconnected as they both discuss Palestinian diaspora mobilizations. This chapter focuses on the transnational social field and the four types of diaspora entrepreneurs connected not simply to the West Bank and Gaza but also to Jerusalem, Palestinian camps in Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, and other fragile states in the Middle East. The 1948 ‘great dispersal’ of Palestinians became a pivotal point for refugee migration and subsequent commemoration in the diaspora. The PLO secularist nationalist movement and Islamic movements have developed rich exile politics since the 1970s–1980s. The 1993 Oslo Accords presented an opportunity for embedding the diaspora-based PLO into homeland territory and establishing an internationally endorsed local government under PNA leadership. Islamic networks existed in parallel, drawing more strength from the failed peace process and gaining momentum with the second intifada after 2000. It paved the way for Hamas to win elections in 2006 and establish alternative governance in Gaza, which has been disputed ever since. The polarization of domestic politics was transposed to the diaspora. There are many disagreements in this field on what is the main goal of the Palestinian cause beyond ending occupation of the Palestinian territories. For some, achieving statehood is important, advocating either a two-state or a one-state solution. For others, a solution for refugee return needs to be prioritized. This chapter presents data on migration in the Palestinian field, in the Middle East and globally, and specifies the individual profiles of Palestinian diaspora entrepreneurs.
Conclusions
Authors: Koinova Maria
Published: April 2021

Chapter 11 summarizes the two-level typological theory and empirical evidence from the three transnational social fields of the Armenian, Albanian, and Palestinian diasporas. A chart summarizes how the different types of diaspora entrepreneurs are more or less present on the nine causal pathways, followed by a discussion. A causal pathway, even if not always present in each case, gets repeated across the three transnational social fields, hence allowing for comparative generalization. The chapter demonstrates the relevance of this book’s findings to recent conversations about diasporas’ public diplomacy, soft power, authoritarian states’ outreach to diasporas abroad, and the diasporas’ autonomy. It appeals to look at how homeland governments, non-state actors, and political parties have different capacities to penetrate the diaspora and engage specific personalities within it. Preliminary empirical evidence shows how the theoretical approach of this book speaks to other cases. The evidence relates to diaspora linkages to other de facto states (Tamil Eelam, Taiwan), a stateless diaspora related to multiple fragile states in the Middle East (Kurdish), diasporas linked to both weak and fragile states (Bosnia-Herzegovina, Syria), and to relatively stronger states with significant diasporas abroad (Bulgaria, Poland and Ukraine). The conclusions feature policy recommendations.
Determinants of Industrial Development
Authors: Tregenna Fiona , Nell Kevin , Callaghan Chris
Published: April 2021

Global evidence suggests that, for many countries, manufacturing typically has an inverted U-shaped relationship with development. But unlike the historical experience of most developed countries, for most developing countries the turning point of this relationship is occurring sooner in the development process, and at substantially lower levels of income. This is termed ‘premature deindustrialization’. The consequences of this may be particularly important if such countries can no longer rely on manufacturing-led development. Why are some countries more industrialized, or more deindustrialized, than other comparable countries? To explore these issues, this chapter uses panel-data econometric techniques to analyse the determinants of the share of manufacturing in GDP, across countries and across time. Domestic determinants include investment, government consumption, population size, human capital, democracy, and natural resource endowments. External determinants include trade openness, capital account liberalization, and exchange rate depreciation.
NGOs
Authors: Carayannis Tatiana , Weiss Thomas G.
Published: April 2021

The chapter examines the main tasks of NGOs and how they are related to the achievement of their missions and to those of the United Nations. The history of NGO links to the Third UN—including an official role in the UN’s constitution, Charter Article 71—as well as the various distinctions between them and other non-state actors provides an essential building block for the book. Detailed cases concern efforts to alleviate the plague of landmines (the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, ICBL), to improve international judicial pursuit (the Coalition for the International Criminal Court, CICC), and to set the agenda for sustainable development (the conversations leading to the formulation and adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals, or SDGs).
Fitter for Purpose?
Authors: Carayannis Tatiana , Weiss Thomas G.
Published: April 2021

This chapter asks whether the world organization can become fitter for purpose. An essential motivation for getting right the understanding of the Third UN is the need to identify the comparative advantages and disadvantages of the “whole” organization. It is especially challenging to identify how the UN should act in the era of information disorder and public health pandemics, and thus how a variety of knowledge brokers from the Third UN can help the UN think. The task to analyze what the UN can and cannot do, as well as how to make it fitter-for-purpose, should have been undertaken more vigorously and earlier. However, it is even more crucial in the age of new nationalisms and populisms. In light of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic and global economic meltdown, the breakdown of international cooperation and the pressing need for a robust multilateral system could not be more obvious, even if it is not clear to new nationalists.
Atomic Forces and Tunneling
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: April 2021

This chapter presents a unified theory of tunneling phenomenon and covalent bond force, as a result of the similarity between the Bardeen theory of tunneling and the Herring-Landau theory of the covalent bond. Three general theoretical treatments are presented, which show that tunneling conductance is proportional to the square of the covalent bond interaction energy, or equivalently, the square of covalent bond force. The constant of proportionality is related to the electronic properties of the materials. For the case of a metal tip and a metal sample, an explicit equation contains only measurable physical quantities is derived. Several experimental verifications are presented. The equivalence of covalent bond energy and tunneling conductance provides a theoretical explanation of the threshold resistance observed in atom-manipulation experiments, and points to a method of predicting the threshold resistance for atom manipulation. Theory of imaging wavefunctions with AFM is discussed.
Atomic-Scale Imaging
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses the imaging mechanism of STM and AFM at the atomic scale. Experimental facts show that at atomic resolution, tip electronic states play a key role. Analytic theoretical treatments provide quantitative explanation of the effect of the tip electronic states. On transition-metal tips, first-principle studies unanimously show that d-type tip electronic states dominate the Fermi-level DOS. First-principle studies of the combined tip-sample systems show that for both STM and AFM, the p- and d-type tip electronic states are the keys to understanding the atomic-scale images. The case of spin-polarized STM and the chemical identification of surface atoms are also discussed in terms of tip electronic structure. The chapter concludes with discussions of experimental verifications of the reciprocity principle: at atomic resolution, the role of tip electronic states and the sample electronic states are interchangeable.
Consent-based Implied Bare Licences
Authors: Mysoor Poorna
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines consent-based implied bare licences, considering situations where the copyright owner impliedly grants a licence gratuitously, meaning nothing (whether payment or any other form of consideration) flows to the copyright owner in return for the licence. The modern relevance of a consent-based implied bare licence lies in its application to the copyright work placed on the internet by its owner or with her consent. It examines the case law in the light of the framework proposed in Chapter 3, that separates the conduct of consenting separately from the knowledge required to consent. It also discusses the revocability of bare licences. A consent-based bare licence can be revoked, since the ability to grant such a licence and to revoke it (upon reasonable notice) both originate from the powers of the copyright owner. However, there are situations where these licences cannot be revoked, and the courts have ascribed proprietary estoppel as the reason for irrevocability.
Licences Implied by Custom
Authors: Mysoor Poorna
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on licences implied by custom. A custom in this context represents the conduct of a community (of members of a trade, profession, industry, or market), as opposed to an individual copyright owner enabling the copyright work to be used in a particular way. So long as the community within which the custom is alleged represents the copyright owner, the community’s conduct will be taken as being on behalf of the copyright owner. Once established, a custom does not require validation by a court of law for it to be binding, so that a custom becomes an independent source of power that drives the implication of a copyright licence. Also, once established, a custom can be the basis for implying both a bare licence and a contractual licence, depending on the content of the custom. Therefore, the chapter analyses the case law within a single framework for implying both bare and contractual licences. It builds on the criteria developed by the courts in commercial law to establish a custom (certainty, notoriety, and reasonableness), incorporating factors specific to the copyright context.
Final Remarks
Authors: Mysoor Poorna
Published: April 2021

This concluding chapter explores the advantages of implied licences not only in the offline, but especially in the online world. It sums up the justifications for the conception of ‘implied’ and ‘licence’ adopted in this monograph. It also explains how when faced with the facts and circumstances of a case, how one may ascertain which basis for implying a copyright licence might apply. While acknowledging that express words can override implied licences, it explains why it is not a significant limitation on the usefulness of implied licence, arguing that implied licence can and will continue to play a significant role in copyright law. The growing body of case law on implying a term into a contract is a testament to the fact that there are never going to be complete or comprehensive contracts. There will always be the need to fill in gaps, by way of implying licences based on the conduct of the copyright owner or to give effect to a custom or a policy. The chapter then looks at how implied licences have the potential to play a greater role after the Exit Day.
The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Authors: Xu Jiajun
Published: April 2021

The chapter tackles three key questions: why the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) was established; what is the likely evolution of the AIIB’s mandate; how to compare the AIIB’s infrastructure financing with that of the ADB. The author finds that, first, China undertook the leadership to establish the AIIB, not only because the existing US-led MDB and RDB—notably the World Bank—failed to provide sufficient infrastructure financing, but also, more importantly, China was impatient with the slow progress in the governance reform of the existing MDB and RDB. Second, the core mandate of the AIIB is unlikely to shift in the foreseeable future, notably because the Bank was set up to redress the problem of the proliferating development agenda in the existing MDB. Third, compared to the ADB, the AIIB has a much clearer focus on infrastructure financing with a rapidly growing membership and a non-resident Board. The AIIB’s operations will expand quickly.
Prostitution and Subjectivity in Late Medieval Germany
Authors: Page Jamie
Published: April 2021

Prostitution played a major role in structuring medieval gender relations. Prostitutes were seen to be an example of extreme female sinfulness which all women risked falling into, while at the same time prostitutes themselves were seen to play a vital social role in many towns by providing a sexual outlet to unmarried men. This book is the first full-length study of medieval prostitution to focus primarily upon how gender discourse shaped the lives of prostitutes themselves. It is based on three legal case studies from the late medieval empire which examine constructions of subjectivity between the period c.1400–1500. This period saw the rapid rise of tolerated prostitution across much of western Europe and the emergence of the public brothel as a central institution in the regulation of social order, followed by its equally rapid suppression from the early 1500s. By analysing how individuals interacted with cultural discourses surrounding the body, sexuality, and sin, the book explores how the concepts that defined prostitution in the Middle Ages shaped individual lives, and how individuals were able—or not—to exert agency, both within the circumstances of their own lives, and in response to official attempts to regulate sexual behaviour.
‘⟮T⟯his miserable, shameful life’
Authors: Page Jamie
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses upon the interrogation record of a woman named Gerdrut Birckin, questioned in Augsburg in 1497 initially on suspicion of theft before being accused of whoredom. It places Gerdrut’s experience in the larger context of the ‘new moralism’, an era which saw civic authorities in the empire increasingly concerned to punish sexual sin in individuals. It argues that the subject position of the whore was used by the Augsburg judges as a weapon to dominate Gerdrut in the interrogation and destroy her agency, part of a performance of moral authority which was to expand significantly towards the Reformation, when civic prostitution ceased to have a function in most German and Swiss cities
Introduction
Authors: O'Meara Chris
Published: April 2021

Chapter 1 introduces the topic and explains the book’s context, purpose and importance. The chapter elaborates on how the International Court of Justice, scholars and states have approached necessity and proportionality and situates the book in relation to the current understanding of each requirement. The chapter proceeds to examine the provenance of necessity and proportionality (including consideration of the much-celebrated Caroline incident), as well as explaining the approach that this author takes to explore their contemporary meaning. Chapter 1 concludes by offering some initial observations on the nature and function of necessity and proportionality and the purposes of the right of self-defence that frame and underpin the subsequent analysis.
How is the line drawn?
Authors: Sutton Rebecca
Published: April 2021

This chapter presents distinction as a performance and conveys the dynamism of everyday distinction practices. Distinction takes on an explicit visual life in the Kinetic realm: humanitarian actors deploy signs and symbols, and they carry themselves in deliberate ways to show they are distinct. Everything in these practices is a matter of degree and subtle gradation. Other international actors emerge here as potential sources of contamination, including actors who would be entitled to civilian protection in IHL. Humanitarian actors embark on dogged attempts to assert distinction from these other actors, but distinction is always already compromised. While the possible futility of their distinction project leads some humanitarian actors to rally behind distinction even more strongly, other humanitarians balance distinction with other pressing priorities. In the civil–military training spaces, international military and peacekeeping actors voice incredulity at the logic of humanitarian distinction practices. From the perspective of these other actors, humanitarians are behaving erratically and prevaricating. The Intellectual realm focuses on the civilian concept, locating a continuum of ‘civilianness’ in international law. The discussion examines qualities that have historically been associated with civilianness—such as harmlessness, innocence, and non-participation in fighting—and highlights the shifting relevance of an armed/unarmed marker. Engaging with the adjudication of crimes against humanity cases in the Hague, it is shown that even in international tribunals civilianness might be a matter of degree. The chapter closes by introducing three unfamiliar figures: the ‘civilian plus’, ‘mere civilian’, and ‘civilian minus’.
Introduction
Authors: Wiland Eric
Published: April 2021

When we don’t know what to do, we often go to others for help, and we sometimes trust what they say. Pessimists about moral testimony think that there is something problematic about relying upon others for forming our views about what’s right and wrong. They think it is much better to grasp moral truths by oneself. This book argues for exactly the opposite view: it is better to be guided by others than to grasp moral truths by oneself. This Introduction gives a very concise chapter-by-chapter overview of the book.
Autonomy and Moral Testimony
Authors: Wiland Eric
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines whether accepting moral testimony is incompatible with being autonomous, and argues that it is not; in fact, accepting moral testimony turns out to be an exercise of autonomy. One might think that one should not accept testimony about things knowable a priori, but this chapter argues there are counterexamples to this generalization. It is also reasonable to think it violates autonomy to believe moral truths for only testimonial reasons, but this is true of many nonmoral truths as well, and so presents no peculiar problem for moral testimony. Next, this chapter argues that our moral views are already shaped in unbeknownst ways by others. It is more autonomous to take some control over how your moral views are shaped by others than for their influence over you to happen entirely behind your back.
The Nature of Advice
Authors: Wiland Eric
Published: April 2021

This chapter distinguishes advice and moral testimony, distinguishes advice from command, and explains what it is to trust advice. One who accepts moral testimony believes something he might not otherwise believe, while one who trusts advice does something he might not otherwise do. Trusting advice is more directly practical than is accepting moral testimony. Advice is apt only if it directs the advisee to do what he, in some sense, already had reason to do; there is no parallel constraint on command. However, advising someone to do something can generate new reasons for them to do what they already had reason to do. Moreover, advice is apt only if the advisee would, upon hearing it, have some motivation to do what’s advised.
Reversing the Industrial Revolution
Authors: Hornborg Alf
Published: April 2021

This chapter argues that energy technologies should be understood in terms of asymmetric global resource transfers and environmental load displacements. The fossil fuel technologies inaugurated during the Industrial Revolution and the renewable energy technologies designed to replace them are similarly entangled with such societal asymmetries. Both represent social strategies of time-space appropriation within a highly unequal world-system generated by the polarizing logic of all-purpose money. The dependence of modern technology on asymmetric flows of embodied labour time, land, matter, and energy is effectively obscured in mainstream economics by the exclusive focus on prices and market mechanisms. Given the land-saving logic of the turn to fossil energy, it is pertinent to ask whether a turn to renewables would imply a return of land constraints. To perceive modern technologies simply as politically neutral instruments for harnessing natural forces, disregarding their demands on land and other resources beyond the technological infrastructure itself, is an example of fetishism.
Small, Local, and Low-Tech Firms as Agents of Sustainable Change
Authors: Nesterova Iana
Published: April 2021

With severe ecological degradation unfolding, the strong sustainability approach underpinned by ecological economics calls for a post-growth vision of the economy. This chapter adopts a philosophical perspective of critical realism and argues that such a vision of the economy does not arise on its own. It is the result of intentional transformation of structures by agents, the result of sustainable change. The chapter proposes small, local, and low-tech firms as agents of sustainable change. Such agency needs to be operationalized, which should be done via the development of the moral agency of individuals. The chapter warns that sustainable change is not an easy undertaking, since agents are constrained by structures which operate against it. It concludes that it is not merely concrete practices, but moral agency and the values and world views of individuals that need to receive more attention in investigating sustainable change and bringing about a post-growth world.
The Legal Mechanics of Spanish Conquest: War and Peace in Early Colonial Peru
Authors: Lorca Arnulf Becker
Published: April 2021

Whereas Anuschka Tischer’s chapter focusses on the early modern war discourse in Europe, Arnulf Becker Lorca in this chapter examines the legal mechanics of conquest in early colonial Peru. Conventional and postcolonial legal histories focus on the recognition of the indio as free subject, a reaction to the excesses of conquistadores that marked the beginning of the legal regulation of conquest. In contrast, this chapter shows that conquest from the beginning was a regulated enterprise. The law offered a mechanics of conquest. But this law was not only for the Spanish, but also for natives, including Inca elites to manoeuvre. Where conventional histories see in the law a promise of peace between Spaniards and natives, postcolonial histories (presented by Mallavarapu and Chimni in this volume) see a justification of war. In this chapter, we will see a continuum between war and peace with plenty of room for Spanish violence, with some room for Inca resistance, and with a potential, although limited, space for coexistence between the two.
The Great War and International Law: German Justifications of Prevention and Pre-emptive Self-Defence
Authors: Hull Isabel V.
Published: April 2021

Isabel V. Hull uses the German declarations of war in 1914 to examine three issues: 1) the role of customary international law (CIL) in statesmen’s decision to go to war (using Germany as an example); 2) the assumptions that state actors held a jus ad bellum; and, especially, 3) how they distinguished self-defence, prevention, pre-emption, and aggression. Hull uses not the claims of jurists, but the arguments and actions of civilian and military leaders, i.e. those who actually made the decisions for war. With this, she continues Anuschka Tischer’s and Hendrik Simon’s examination of the question whether there was a transformation of war discourses in (early) modernity that led to overcoming the need to justify war. The chapter confirms that, even as Germany began a ‘preventive war’, the European state consensus held that, on the continent, preventive war was illegal, pre-emptive war was severely restrained, and genuine self-defence – meaning both fending off armed attack against one’s territory, independence, or sovereignty, and defending the treaty-structure that guaranteed the inter-state order – was the only justification for war acceptable to the community of states.
‘What We Are Fighting For’: Democracies’ Justifications of Using Armed Force since the End of the Cold War
Authors: Geis Anna , Wagner Wolfgang
Published: April 2021

While this volume’s Part IV is devoted to internal and external oppositions to ‘liberal peace’ in the early and mid-twentieth century, Anna Geis and Wolfgang Wagner introduce Part V by turning to paradoxes of democratic warfare and its justification in the last three decades: Democratic warfare has a strong impact on the development of domestic, regional, and international normative orders and has in a number of cases been conducted without the authorization of the UN Security Council. Drawing on insights of the ‘democratic peace’ scholarship, this chapter investigates justifications offered by democratic governments and members of parliaments after 1990 when seeking to legitimate or to reject a participation in military interventions. Such justification patterns have changed over time during the period of liberal hegemony since they always reflect the interplay between changing domestic constellations of interest and power, hegemonic discourse within the state and the surrounding normative order. The chapter presents empirical research on justifications that democratic actors have brought forward in Western parliaments (with regard to the Gulf War, Kosovo, Iraq War, Afghanistan, and the fight against ‘Daesh’ in Iraq and Syria).
‘We Are Going to War.’ Narratives of Self-Defence and Responsibility in Afghanistan War Documentaries
Authors: Heck Axel , Schlag Gabi
Published: April 2021

Most chapters in this volume focus on diplomatic and scholarly war discourses. In contrast, Axel Heck and Gabi Schlag take a closer look at cultural representations of war: In this chapter, they show how two documentary films about the Afghanistan war—Restrepo (D: Sebastian Junger/Tim Hetherington, 2010) and its sequel Korengal (D: Sebastian Junger, 2014)—craft justification narratives that reproduce the normativity of a global order based on self-defence and responsibility. These documentaries offer rare opportunities to see how the ‘managers of violence’ act in combat and how they reflect upon the normativity of their doings. Heck and Schlag argue that the experience of those who carry out the ethically and emotionally ambivalent business of war and suffer from the traumatic consequences of violence opens up a new perspective on justification as documentaries like Restrepo and Korengal create a publicly shared imaginary of war. By making these soldiers, their bodies, and emotions visible and giving voice to them, documentary films represent a subjective position that is often neglected and marginalized in IR approaches to the justification of war.
The Administration of Justice
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: April 2021

Japan has a three-tiered court system which is staffed with ‘career judges’ who join the court after completing their training and mostly stay there until retirement. The government launched the ‘justice system reform’ in the mid-1990s. This included the introduction of the law school system of US type and the lay assessor system in criminal procedure. Whether law school system was a success or not is being debated. The positive result of the reform is that the length of civil and criminal procedure has become shorter. This is particularly evident in disputes involving intellectual property. Specialised courts of the second instance on intellectual property was set up and is functioning well.
Family Law and Inheritance
Authors: Oda Hiroshi
Published: April 2021

Family law in Japan has been democratised after the Second World War. There are two recent cases where a provision of the Civil Code (family law part) was found to be unconstitutional for the breach of the equal protection clause of the Constitution. One involved the share of inheritance of illegitimate children, and the other on the prohibition of remarriage for six months for females. The Civil Code was duly amended in 2013. The constitutionality of the requirement that a married spouses share the same family name is still held by the Supreme Court to be constitutional.
Hearing, Seeing, and Hylomorphism
Authors: Charles David
Published: April 2021

Aristotle, it is argued, defined visual perception and hearing as inextricably psycho-physical, not definable in terms of a purely psychological component and a purely physical one. The relevant capacities, like those involved in tasting, smelling and touching, are defined as essentially goal-directed enmattered capacities. They have to be inextricably psycho-physical in this way to be causes and effects of material processes. If this is correct, Aristotle did not accept that these types of perceiving are to be defined in terms of purely psychological phenomena realized in purely physical states or events. His account of all these types of perception follows the pattern set by his discussion of the emotions and desire and is best understood in terms of the Impure Form Interpretation, as developed in Chapters 1 and 2. It is not a version of the two component account proposed by some interpreters. It is further suggested that his account of visual perception is consistent with a version of direct realism, once his ontology of processes and activities is properly understood.
Aristotle’s Undivided Self
Authors: Charles David
Published: April 2021

Several arguments are examined which, if convincing, would justify the rejection of Aristotle’s contention that psychological phenomena are, in the sense explained, inextricably psycho-physical. The arguments considered are designed to support the claim that desire, perception, and the emotions have to be defined in terms of two definitionally separate components, one purely psychological, the other purely physical. Several of these arguments were developed by Descartes and subsequent philosophers to set up the mind–body problem that we confront today. These arguments, I suggest, do not compel the rejection of Aristotle’s position, as they rest on assumptions that he would, with good reason, not accept. Indeed, if we are entitled to adopt his position as our starting point, we can effectively undermine the arguments ranged against it. Aristotle, so understood, offers a way to dissolve the mind–body problem we have inherited by challenging the very terms in which it has been formulated. Nor does his approach require us, as some have suggested, to adopt a radically alien, ‘pan psychic’, account of matter. His views constitute an alternative to basic elements of our conventional thinking about psychological phenomena and their place in a material world. They offer, in effect, the resources to dissolve, rather than solve, the mind–body problem we have inherited. Properly understood, they point to a new, and potentially more fruitful, way to study a wide range of psychological phenomena.
Englishness
Authors: Henderson Ailsa , Wyn Jones Richard
Published: April 2021

For a topic that until recently was presumed not to exist, English nationalism has transformed into an apparently obvious explanation for the Brexit result in England. Subsequent opinion polls have also raised doubts about the extent of continuing English commitment to the union of the United Kingdom itself. Yet, even as Englishness is apparently reshaping Britain’s place in the world and—perhaps—the state itself, it remains poorly understood, in part because of its unfamiliarity. It has long been assumed that nationalism is a feature of political life in the state’s periphery—Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland—but not its English core. Another barrier to understanding bas been the relative lack of public attitudes data with which to explore the nature of English nationalist sentiment.This book draws on data from a survey vehicle—the Future of England Survey—specially established in 2011 to facilitate the exploration of patterns of national identity in England and their political implications. On the basis of these data, Englishness offers new arguments about the nature and effect of English nationalism on British politics, as well as how Britishness operates in different parts of Britain. Crucially, it demonstrates that English nationalism is emphatically not a rejection of Britain and Britishness. Rather, English nationalism combines a sense of grievance about England’s place within the UK with a fierce commitment to a particular vision of Britain’s past, present, and future. Understanding its Janus-faced nature—both England and Britain, as it were—is key not only to understanding English nationalism, but also to understanding the ways in which it is transforming British politics.
The English on England and the United Kingdom
Authors: Henderson Ailsa
Published: April 2021

Chapter 3 explores English attitudes to England and its place within the United Kingdom, attitudes that are strikingly different from those held by that proportion of England’s population that views itself in primarily or exclusively British terms. English identity is strongly linked to what we term ‘devo-anxiety’—namely, a belief that England is not fairly treated in the union as currently constructed. Scottish MPs are perceived to have too much influence and Scottish public spending is perceived to be too high. Also evident is support for the recognition of England as a unit within the UK state. Support for solutions that treat England as an indivisible whole are more popular than options to divide it into regions. English identifiers are also the most ambivalent unionists in England, with a clear majority in favour of Northern Ireland breaking away, and plurality support for Scottish and Welsh independence.
Analysing England
Authors: Henderson Ailsa
Published: April 2021

Finally, Chapter 8 focuses on the analytical challenges posed by English nationalism. We explore how the academic literature on nationalism helps us better to understand the politicized English identity that has been the subject of the previous chapters, including the relationship between English and British nationalism. We also outline methodological and infrastructural implications of our findings for the future study of ‘British politics’ if we are to take England and Englishness seriously.