bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparative experimental study on the performance of the air‐conditioning system through effective condenser cooling and preheating the refrigerant
Authors: Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Musthafa
Published: June 2020

A comparative study was made on air conditioning system performance improvement by effective condenser cooling and preheating the refrigerant. This study was described with the experimental investigation through a test rig fabricated from car air conditioning components. In which slight modifications were made such as compressor has to run by the electric motor with provision to measure power consumption during functioning and condenser fan has to replace with exhaust fan enclosed by the cooling pad in which water is supplied with a controlled flow rate using a water pump. Preheating of refrigerant is done using engine exhaust gas with counterflow heat exchanger setup. Air conditioning test rig was run to achieve the desired cooling effect for two processes. The coefficient of performance (COP) was calculated in both operating conditions for the same cooling effect and comparative study was made. The conclusion revealed that a new cooling method showed higher COP than preheating. By this approach, the percentage increase in heat removal rate up 37% was achieved which results in decreases the compressor running time thus mileage of vehicle can be improved significantly.
Metabolic rate, context-dependent selection, and the competition-colonization trade-off
Authors: Pettersen Amanda K. , Hall Matthew D. , White Craig R. , Marshall Dustin J.
Published: June 2020

Metabolism is linked with the pace-of-life, co-varying with survival, growth, and reproduction. Metabolic rates should therefore be under strong selection and, if heritable, become less variable over time. Yet intraspecific variation in metabolic rates is ubiquitous, even after accounting for body mass and temperature. Theory predicts variable selection maintains trait variation, but field estimates of how selection on metabolism varies are rare. We use a model marine invertebrate to estimate selection on metabolic rates in the wild under different competitive environments. Fitness landscapes varied among environments separated by a few centimeters: interspecific competition selected for higher metabolism, and a faster pace-of-life, relative to competition-free environments. Populations experience a mosaic of competitive regimes; we find metabolism mediates a competition-colonization trade-off across these regimes. Although high metabolic phenotypes possess greater competitive ability, in the absence of competitors, low metabolic phenotypes are better colonizers. Spatial heterogeneity and the variable selection on metabolic rates that it generates is likely to maintain variation in metabolic rate, despite strong selection in any single environment.
Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of guava and papaya leaves for the development of functional shrimp patties
Authors: Yaqoob Zubda , Arshad Muhammad Sajid , Khan Muhammad Kamran , Imran Muhammad , Ahmad Muhammad Haseeb , Ahmad Sheraz , Nisa Mehr un , Anjum Faqir Muhammad , Khan Urooj , Khalid Waseem , Suleria Hafiz Ansar Rasul
Published: June 2020

The current study was aimed to evaluate the effects of guava and papaya leaves extract on the antioxidant profile and their outcomes in the storage stability of shrimp patties. Total of seven treatments were prepared by employing guava leaf extract (GLE) and papaya leaf extract (PLE) including control. Both the extracts were employed in the concentration of 1% and 2% each and in combination as 1:1% and 2:2%, respectively. The shrimp patties were kept in ziplock bags at refrigeration temperature, and further analysis was done after 21 days of storage period with intermittent evaluation interval of 7 days. The antioxidant capability of functional shrimp patties was determined by total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Higher significant values of TPC, DPPH, and FRAP were observed in the functional shrimp patties enriched with GLE2%:PLE2% at start of the experiment. The physicochemical parameters were observed by hunter color, TVBN, TBARS, and peroxide value (POV). Higher significant values of TVBN, TBARS, and peroxide were observed in the control samples as compared to treatment group GLE2%:PLE2%. The bacterial counts were also higher in control samples as compared to the treatment group GLE2%:PLE2%. The sensorial attributes were observed regarding appearance, taste, texture, odor, and overall acceptability. The maximum scores related all parameters were gathered by control group but significantly lower scores were for the group GLE2%:PLE2%. In conclusion, functional shrimp patties enriched with GLE2%:PLE2% showed better antioxidant capacity, stability, and sensory characteristics during storage.
Ermin is a p116RIP‐interacting protein promoting oligodendroglial differentiation and myelin maintenance
Authors: Wang Shan , Wang Tao , Liu Tao , Xie Rou‐Gang , Zhao Xiang‐Hui , Wang Lei , Yang Qian , Jia Lin‐Tao , Han Jing
Published: June 2020

Myelin sheaths, which insulate the axons and ensure saltatory conduction of the nerve impulse, are generated and maintained via largely uncharacterized mechanisms. Ermin is an oligodendrocyte‐specific protein associated with the cytoskeleton, but how it regulates cytoskeletal remodeling during oligodendrocyte differentiation and its role in myelin maintenance are not clear. To address this, we generated mice constitutively deficient for Ermn, the Ermin‐coding gene. We found that aged Ermn‐knockout mice exhibit an aberrant myelin architecture, with splitting of myelin layers, peeling of the myelin sheath from axons, and breakdown of myelinated fibers. As a result, these mice had remarkably impaired motor coordination. Ermn knockout also accelerated cuprizone‐induced demyelination and exacerbated the associated movement disorders. Ermin was found to contribute to oligodendrocyte morphogenesis by associating with the myosin phosphatase Rho interacting protein (Mprip/p116RIP) and inactivating RhoA, a GTPase that controls cytoskeletal rearrangement in differentiating cells. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms regulating oligodendroglial differentiation, the maintenance of the myelin sheaths, and remyelination.
Feeling shame and guilt when observing workplace incivility: Elicitors and behavioral responses
Authors: Miranda Gerardo A. , Welbourne Jennifer L. , Sariol Ana M.
Published: June 2020

This research investigates the elicitors and behavioral responses associated with feeling guilt and shame in response to observed workplace incivility. We draw from the appraisal model of self‐conscious emotions to hypothesize that perceiving personal responsibility for acts of incivility conducted by others in the organization is associated with feelings of guilt and shame, and that these relationships are differentially moderated by perceived controllability over the incident. We further propose that shame is associated with avoidance and withdrawal behaviors, whereas guilt is associated with retaliatory and supportive behaviors in response to the observed incivility. We tested these hypotheses with a sample of 309 full‐time working adults who completed an online survey through Amazon's Mechanical Turk platform. Our results support the claim that perceived responsibility is associated with feeling shame and guilt for observed incivility. The relationship between perceived responsibility and guilt was stronger when respondents perceived greater control over the incident; however, controllability did not moderate between responsibility and shame. As expected, shame was associated with avoiding the target and instigator and withdrawing from work, while guilt was associated with both retaliation toward the instigator and supporting the target. Implications of our results for theory and human resource development practice are discussed.
Factors associated with career choice among women dental students
Authors: Coombs JA
Published: June 2020

This paper describes factors associated with women's decisions to enter dentistry including timing of decision, external influences, previous dental experience, and dempgraphic characteristics. Analyses comparing data from male students are provided. On the basis of responses from 66% of all women dental students and a systematic comparison sample of men enrolled in 1974, both sexes were found to possess similar values,motivations, and reasons for pursuing dentistry. Male and female dental students differed significantly, however, in time of career decision, factors influencing this decision, work and educational history of parents, and the student's previous dental‐related work experience.
Development and evaluation of a self‐instructional program in endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning
Authors: Wolf SA , Abou‐Rass M
Published: June 2020

This study was undertaken to evaluate two methods of instruction, the traditional lecture and the slide‐tape method, both used with learning material developed for a course in endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Student performance, the amount of time required to complete the work, and the attitude of the students toward the differing methods of instruction were studied. The student sample, consisting of 108 members of the freshman class at the University of Southern California, was divided into two groups; the lecture group received a traditional two‐hour lecture, and the slide‐tape group had access to two slide‐tapes on the same material. Both groups received a pretest and a posttest, and the students evaluated the teaching material. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in quality of performance, but the lecture group spent more time learning the material, and students in the slide‐tape group of instruction had a more favorable opinion of both the instructor (the voice) and the course material.
A mini‐research program for dental students
Authors: Frommer J
Published: June 2020

A mini‐research program to familiarize dental students with scientific research methods is described. Students who have not been exposed to laboratory or clinical research and who are not familiar with the use of the library and other research resources participate. The gross anatomy laboratory is the setting for the data‐gathering stage, although most basic science departments could conduct a similar program. The assigned topics are of a morphologic, observational, and descriptive, rather than experimental, nature. The best reports are selected for presentation at a brief scientific session patterned after meetings of the International Association for Dental Research.
Teaching oral biology laboratories to large numbers of students by video tape
Authors: Katz S , Koerber LG , Olson BL
Published: June 2020

A two‐laboratory video‐taped package was developed and presented to 180 dental, dental hygiene, and dental assisting students. The tapes dealt with (1) the growth of plaque in vitro on nichrome wire and on bovine enamel blocks and with (2) the measurement of plaque pH changes in vivo after a sugar solution rinse. The taped presentation was interrupted at frequent intervals to allow the students to perform the procedures. A program describing the use of the phase microscope was also developed and presented. Results showed that all students were able to perform the procedures satisfactorily and complete the laboratory report in approximately 40 percent less time than was required for the conventional laboratory. Students reported that they felt the video tapes had enabled them to master the required material and understand plaque and the food‐host‐bacterial interaction. Preparation time was at least twice that for the traditional laboratory exercise, and cost‐benefit justification will require use of the video tape packages for several years without major revision.
The professional objectives of canadian dental students
Authors: Reid AE , Fish DG , Cowan EM
Published: June 2020

Data from a 1971 national study of Canadian dental education are used as a basis for examining the relative importance which dental students and faculty place on the professional objectives of economic gain and service. Students (N = 1,247) were asked to rank a set of career attributes in terms of their importance both for themselves and for other students. Dental school faculty (N = 510) were asked to assess whether students under emphasized or overemphasized a group of 16 parallel objectives. The results indicate substantial variations between the professional objectives of individual students, those ascribed to others by students, and the faculty's perception of student objectives.
The oral‐facial geneticist: his training and role in dentistry
Authors: Bixler D
Published: June 2020

There is a great need today for clinical geneticists who can diagnose hereditary malformation complexes and counsel afflicted patients and their families. The vast majority of these heritable syndromes have significant expression in the oral‐craniofacial complex. This paper describes the minimal qualifications and training needed by postgraduate dentists to function as oral‐facial geneticists. The oral‐facial geneticist is defined as a human geneticist who has special interest and training in diseases of the oral‐facial complex. In addition to patient care and consultation, persons with such training may make important contributions to teaching and research in cranio‐facial growth and development.
Factors affecting patient completion of treatment within a student dental clinic
Authors: Stacey DC , Slome BA , Musgrave D
Published: June 2020

Failure of dental patients to complete their treatment challenges the efficient use of human and clinic resources, expectations of improved patients' health, and the dentist's effective management of his patients. Accordingly, the present study was undertaken to explore factors which might account for adult patients not completing their treatment at the University of North Carolina dental school. These factors were simultaneously considered as determinants of completed treatment. Possible explanations were considered from providers' (dental students') as well as inactive patients' points of view. Results revealed substantial agreement between patients and students, and yielded the following general determinants of treatment completion: patient's availability for treatment, how cooperative or treatable the patient was, and the patient's satisfaction with treatment. Demographic explanations were minimal. The findings can guide efforts to refine present methods of patient screening and patient management as practiced by dental students and their preceptors.
An international comparison: American and Swedish dental students
Authors: Coombs JA
Published: June 2020

It is interesting and often useful to compare and contrast individuals from different countries who decide on careers in dentistry. Such data can help provide a broadened perspective from which inferences about future patterns of specialization and distribution of manpower in America may be made. This study compares the backgrounds and plans for dental practice of dental students in the United States and Sweden. The similarities that American and Swedish dental students share relate to strong parental influence, time of decision to attend dental school, origins in urbanized areas, interest in direct patient care, uncertainty about specialty training, and a lack of prior health‐related experience among males in both countries. The differences in the dental students of the two nations are more pervasive and may be explained in part by the ways the two countries have organized and financed dental education and dental care.
Dental research priorities and availability of research opportunities for dental students
Authors: Essick GK
Published: June 2020

The American Student Dental Association surveyed 69 dental deans representing schools in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico to assess the priority of research and the role of dental students in research activity. Student interest, curricular requirements, potential funding, and opportunities available, as related to dental research, were topics included on the questionnaire. The results indicate that although the percentage of dental students seeking research involvement is small, opportunities and financial support for research are available in most dental schools as part of the regular curriculum.
Improving interrater agreement in evaluation in dentistry by the use of comparison stimuli
Authors: O'Connor P , Lorey RE
Published: June 2020

Research shows that use of rating scales with precisely defined scale points improves interrater agreement. Instead of words, scale points may be defined by products for which ratings have been established by consensual agreement. These products serve as standards for raters. In two studies, raters assessed student products using conventional rating scales and identical scales together with comparison stimuli (photographic exemplars) of consensually established values of 3 (adequate) for each criterion. Results of the first study (but not the second) clearly confirmed the contribution of exemplars to interrater agreement. Findings suggested that single exemplars significantly enhance agreement for criteria on which the ideal is an end point on a continuum. Multiple exemplars may be necessary for other criteria. Comparison stimuli offered promise for improving interrater agreement, but further work is necessary to adapt their use for complex criteria that frequently define the quality of dental preparations.
Comparing the effectiveness of the mini‐lecture technique to role‐playing in a dental psychology course
Authors: Gershen JA
Published: June 2020

The array of instructional methods utilized in teaching behavioral sciences to dental students has included both teacher‐centered and student‐centered approaches. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two small‐group treatments, mini‐lecture and role‐playing, in teaching dental psychology. Freshman dental students were randomly assigned to 12 groups. Groups were then assigned to one of six dentist‐pyschologist teaching teams so that each team taught one mini‐lecture and one role‐playing group. Teaching teams taught seven sessions in which each mini‐lecture/role‐playing pair of groups received parallel subject matter. Following instruction, two outcome measures were administered: (1) an achievement post‐test measuring factual recall, and (2) a measure of facilitative communication. Results indicated that mini‐lectures were more effective than role‐playing in effecting student mastery of factual information. There were no significant differences between the instructional treatments in teaching facilitative communication skills.
Acquisition of psychomotor skills in tooth preparation using self‐paced instruction
Authors: Dilley GJ , Machen JB , Dilley DC , Howden EF
Published: June 2020

Self‐paced instruction whereby students are provided with learning resources and allowed to learn at their own rate–with or without assistance from instructors–is increasingly being used in dental education. The wide diversity of entering dental student experience with psychomotor tasks suggests that preclinical psychomotor skill development should adapt well to self‐paced learning. This study compared self‐paced instruction to traditional preclinical teaching of psychomotor skills in cavity preparation. Performance by the self‐paced class was significantly better than that of the traditional class on two procedures. There were no significant differences among the other procedures tested.
Predicting clinical performance: a two‐step approach
Authors: Beck MM , Taft TB , Zimmer SE
Published: June 2020

This paper presents the results of a two‐year study on the predictive value of the Spatial Relations Test of the Differential Aptitude Test (SRTDAT) for grades in dental hygiene laboratory and clinical courses. The data indicate the SRTDAT was a statistically significant predictor of early laboratory product performance, and this performance was predictive of final clinical performance.
Survey research and the silent majority
Authors: Doron JB , Hirsch SM , Goldstein G , Asen P , Gallagher ME , O'Mahony TM
Published: June 2020

A survey conducted at the New York University Dental Center demonstrated that significant differences exist between patients who are ready participants in research efforts and those who require the more persistent attention of the researcher. In addition, patients who were questioned while in treatment emphasized different reasons for selecting a dental school for treatment than did those patients who were interviewed prior to beginning treatment. The importance of collecting data from a truly random sample of patients is stressed and elaborated with reference to the marketing implications of the results. Strategies for patient recruitment and retention require knowledge that is complete and does not suffer from systematic absences in the data base. Careful data collection methods are described and advocated.
Differences between the medical and dental health care sectors
Authors: Littleton PA
Published: June 2020

The majority of economic research on the health care system has focused on the medical sector to the near exclusion of other components, such as the dental sector. Based on the size, scope, and costs associated with the medical sector, this is understandable. However, this health research focus has often resulted in the casual and perhaps inappropriate generalization of medical findings to the dental sector. The purpose of this paper is to identify and review some of the differences between the profession and practice of dentistry and that of medicine. Differences discussed are those that exist in the respective education systems, work forces, delivery systems, disease entities, patients' perceptions of medical and dental needs, and the financing of services demanded. Researchers and policy leaders alike are urged to weight the significance of these differences as they consider the applicability of medical sector findings to dentistry.
Analysis of answer changes by dental students on multiple choice tests in pathology: attack on an educational myth
Authors: Geller LM , Shemesh M
Published: June 2020

The outcome of answer changes on multiple choice examination questions was studied in four groups. Roughly 80 percent of changes profited students or left final numbers of errors unaffected. The ratio of number of wrong to right changes/right to wrong changes ranged from 2.5:1 to 6.2:1. These changes deviated very significantly from chance expectations. The ratio of percent of changers profiting to losing ranged from 3.2:1 to 11.7:1. Revisions resulted in clearly significant decreases in prechange numbers of errors, leading to a mean gain per answer changer of 2.4 to 5.3 percent in test score. Findings were consistent with those of others gathered from different populations and disciplines. Together, they dispel the myth that changing initial responses more often is detrimental than beneficial. Students should be encouraged to review their examinations, and to change answers if they have reason.
Changes in the values of dental students and dentists over a ten‐year period
Authors: Loupe MJ , Meskin LH , Mast TA
Published: June 2020

This paper investigates value changes in dental students and dentists over a ten‐year period through a cross‐sectional study of all dental students at the University of Minnesota in 1966 and 1976, and a ten‐year longitudinal study of a class of dental students who entered in 1967. Findings in both studies showed significant differences in values over the ten‐year period, but they could not be attributed to the dental school experience. Findings also showed that the values of the dentists in the longitudinal study changed significantly over the ten years from 1967 to 1977, to resemble those of dental school freshmen in 1976. Comparisons of the two studies indicated that changes in social values and the social pressures of professional role development could have accounted for the findings.
AVLINE: a search resource for audiovisual instructional materials
Authors: Rowberry SH , Sparks SM , Kudrick LW
Published: June 2020

This manuscript describes the historical development and present scope of AVLINE (AudioVisuals‐on‐LINE), the National Library of Medicine's computer data base of information on nonprint instructional materials in dentistry, medicine, nursing, and allied health. The manuscript outlines the early and present review processes and involvement of dentistry peer reviewers; and provides data describing AVLINE titles by health science discipline and media characteristics for the total data base and the subset of dentistry. The manuscript also includes information on how to access AVLINE and a sample AVLINE citation.
Preventive periodontics in the dental hygiene curriculum: results of a nationwide survey
Authors: Odrich J
Published: June 2020

The contemporary concept of prevention for the dental hygienist incorporates detection and initial treatment of periodontal disease. A nationwide survey of 192 schools of dental hygiene indicates that nearly all of these schools have minimal requirements in preventive periodontics including didactic presentations, periodontal charting, and instruction in root planing techniques. Data from this survey suggest that schools of dental hygiene may not be fulfilling their responsibility in preventive dental health.
Federal grant support to general practice residency programs in dentistry: results of two years of funding
Authors: Balzer JA , Weaver RG , Louden TL
Published: June 2020

The Health Professions Educational Assistance Act of 1976 (P.L. 94‐484) authorized federal grant support to general practice residency programs. This paper reports the results of two years of funding under this authority. In this period, 46 institutions received grants totalling $7.8 million for the purpose of enlarging enrollments, hiring faculty and support staff, improving facilities, and related purposes. Three hundred eighty‐six residents were enrolled in grant‐supported programs; 118 of these residents received federal financial assistance. Dental departments in hospitals located in the eastern part of the country were the major recipients of these grants. Additional information related to program and trainee data, sponsorship of programs, developmental stage of programs, geographic location of programs, and funding by budget category is presented.
Integration of the basic, behavioral, and biomaterials sciences with the clinical curriculum
Authors: Shreve WB , Mohammed H , Mealiea WL , Clark WB
Published: June 2020

An approach to effective integration of the basic, behavioral, and biomaterials sciences with the clinical curriculum is described. Teaching is accomplished by both scientists and clinicians on multidisciplinary teams. The instructional format is based on terminal objectives that are stated in behavioral terms. Examples of the objectives and the manner in which they are fulfilled are presented.
Interpersonal support and coping among first‐year dental students
Authors: Goldstein MB
Published: June 2020

Previous studies have suggested that individuals involved in supportive interpersonal relationships are buffered against the deleterious effects of stress. This hypothesis was evaluated in a dental school setting by examining the support networks of 63 first‐year students. Levels of support were correlated with academic performance and indices of physical and psychological well‐being. For men, social support was generally associated with better performance and well‐being. Women, on the other hand, exhibited predominately negative relationships between support and all outcome measures. An unexpected finding for both men and women was the consistent, positive relationship between support and reported drug use. Tentative interpretations of the drug use findings as well as the paradoxical support‐performance correlations for women are made. Several strategies for enhancing support system benefits are suggested.
The reliability of new patient screening data
Authors: Meiller T , Overholser CD , Hasler JF
Published: June 2020

Screening is an important component in selecting patients for predoctoral dental education, particularly in maintaining compatibility between a system of comprehensive patient care and each student's individual departmental requirements. To meet these goals it is necessary that the information obtained at screening be a reliable predictor of the ultimate treatment plan. This paper evaluates the reliability of screening by comparing original screening data to the final treatment plan. The results indicate that there is a significant positive correlation between screening and treatment planning data. When screening data can reliably identify the dental needs of school clinic patients, the goals of accurate assignment, comprehensive care, and student requirements can be achieved in the process.
Assessment of a prosthodontic course for dental hygienists using self‐instructional learning modules
Authors: Nieman JA
Published: June 2020

Self‐instructional learning modules were used to teach the skill portion of a continuing education course in prosthodontics for dental hygienists. Short‐ and long‐term results obtained from course evaluations and a follow‐up survey indicate that dental hygienists are willing and able to extend their traditionally preventive role to include prosthodontic care. The reaction of the course participants to the self‐instructional learning modules suggests topics for development of additional learning modules for prosthodontic training beyond the basic dental hygiene curriculum as well as for continuing education.
Financial issues which may affect the graduate dental education system
Authors: Kelly JF
Published: June 2020

This paper identifies issues, develops alternatives, and analyzes and evaluates the impact of trends and predicted changes in health care and health care financing; compares graduate dental education with nonprofessional and professional (especially medical) graduate education; and concludes there are greater similarities than differences in the financing of education in the academic disciplines and the professions. Two generalizations are drawn from this comparison: (1) practical experience under supervision precedes practice, and (2) the student pays for education solely for his or her benefit. Students are remunerated for productive work in lieu of compensated staff. This discussion identifies a distinction between medical and dental education that influences graduate dental education. In medicine, the prevailing practice in the clinical years is for students to observe care of patients provided by qualified physicians, in dentistry, prevailing practice is for students to provide care under the supervision of qualified dentists. A comparison of clinical training in medicine and dentistry discloses the following.
Efficient production of small models
Authors: Newitter DA
Published: June 2020

Small instructional models, such as replicas of tooth preparations, are used routinely in dental courses to encourage consistent instruction and evaluation. The option is available to fabricate models from molds rather than purchasing models from a manufacturer. Removal of small models from molds can be difficult, tedious, and time consuming. Also, the mold can be damaged by instruments during the removal of a model. A device that injects compressed air into the mold separates small models easily and quickly. The injector device can be assembled from parts available in the general market‐place. Safety precautions should be observed.
Development and testing of self‐instruction programs in nutrition for dental students
Authors: Lee MM , Wight AJ , Stanmeyer WR
Published: June 2020

A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that self‐instructional programs in nutrition and dentistry are as effective a teaching method as traditional lectures. Five programmed self‐instructional manuals accompanied by 191 slides were developed and evaluated for effectiveness, as compared to six lectures containing the same information. The study population of 83 freshmen dental students was randomly assigned to a control (lecture) group and an experimental (self‐instruction) group. Cognitive tests, performance criteria for diet counseling, and an attitudinal questionnaire were used to compare the two groups. The results of the analysis demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the test scores in the lecture and self‐instruction groups.
The six‐year combined predental program at Case Western Reserve University
Authors: Hottel TL , Tommasone DW , Aftoora PC
Published: June 2020

The six‐year program in dentistry at Case Western Reserve University was designed to enable capable high school seniors to accelerate their education and to earn both the B.S. and D.D.S. degrees in six years. It offers significant advantages, both to the student and to the university in that (1) carefully screened and selected students generally perform well both in undergraduate school and in the dental program; (2) students are exceptionally well motivated and enthusiastic about entering dental school; and (3) students are afforded an opportunity to obtain two four‐year degrees in six years. To date, the program has been successful, with 23 of the 29 six‐year students performing in the top half of their dental school classes.
Minicomputer simulation of medical emergencies and advanced life support
Authors: Pryor HG , Racey G
Published: June 2020

A low‐cost minicomputer system was designed to simulate certain medical emergencies that require basic and advanced life support treatment. The simulation required students to use both didactic and psychomotor skills to treat various emergency situations within a realistic time period. The minicomputer system provided the signs and symptoms of the emergency condition and updated the patient's status during treatment. The student could select various clinical examinations or provide basic and advanced life support therapeutic modalities. Under the direction of the computer, the student could perform the clinical examination or provide indicated treatment at a clinical testing station, using available basic and advanced life support equipment.
Radiology instruction and use of ionizing radiation in U.S. dental schools
Authors: Graham JW , Santangelo MV
Published: June 2020

In fall 1980, the Commission on Dental Accreditation of the American Dental Association conducted a comprehensive survey of radiology instruction and the use of ionizing radiation in dental education. All 60 dental schools in the United States responded to the survey. Data were collected on course objectives, course content, clock hours of instruction, radiology content in other clinical courses, the number, educational background, and years of teaching experience of radiology faculty, clinical requirements in radiology and the measures used to assess student competency, and the use of radiographs in providing patient care. Attention was directed to practices used in monitoring radiation protection and hygiene. These data provide a frame of reference for evaluating the status of radiology instruction at the respective schools. More important, they provide faculty with a baseline for determining what changes, if any, are needed in the current radiology curriculum.
Dental hygiene students and the developmentally disabled
Authors: Braff MH , Nealon L
Published: June 2020

Dental hygiene students from Hudson Valley Community College were introduced to the subject of developmental disabilities during their senior year. Each student received three hours of lecture and spent one afternoon in the dental clinic of the O. D. Heck Developmental Center. The Personal Attribute Inventory was administered to the students before and after the program to determine attitudes about mental retardation. A determination was made as to whether the timing of the visit to the center, relative to the presentation of the lectures, made a difference in students' attitudes. No statistically significant difference in attitudes was found between the beginning and the end of the year, and there were no changes in attitudes attributable to the placement of the lectures vis‐a‐vis the site visit.
Future faculty training requirements and job opportunities: a survey of U.S. dental school deans
Authors: Herzberg MC , Katz RV
Published: June 2020

A questionnaire was sent to all 60 U.S. dental school deans to obtain their opinions concerning future faculty training requirements and job opportunities. Two rounds of mailings produced a 95 percent response rate. The deans expressed a greater need for faculty in clinical fields than in the basic sciences but they strongly indicated that the majority of future clinical faculty would have to possess the training and skill necessary to conduct independent research. Additionally, the deans indicated a preference for faculty jointly trained in two disciplines, wither two clinical fields or a clinical and basic science field. An analysis of current data on the number of dentists in formal research training programs was compared with the deans' estimation of projected faculty openings. This analysis led to the conclusion that there is a significant undersupply of dentists trained jointly in two disciplines who are capable of independent research. In the absence of corrective action, an opportunity to strengthen dental faculties and dental research will be lost.
Preclinical assessment of a technique alloy for teaching cast restorations
Authors: Kelsey WP , Franco SJ , Barkmeier WW , Blankenau RJ
Published: June 2020

The performance of second‐year preclinical students who fabricated cast restorations with a technique alloy were compared to the performance of students who used a conventional gold alloy. Nine categories of casting fabrication were evaluated, and no significant differences in performance were found between the two groups of students. Thus, technique alloys can be used as economical substitutes for gold alloys in preclinical teaching situations.
Resolved: that a fifth year of dental education be a requirement. Remarks for the negative
Authors: Brown WE , Bohannan HM , Colman HL
Published: June 2020

Those representing the affirmative side of the issue have failed to provide convincing evidence supporting the necessity of a required fifth year of dental education. The mechanism is already in place for additional education and experience through expanding general practice residency programs for students desiring additional experience. A required fifth year would increase the cost of dental education for all students at a time of diminishing resources and would undoubtedly result in greater health care costs for the public. The overcrowded curriculum can be addressed successfully and far more economically by restructuring the present predental/dental curriculum continuum instead of adding a required fifth year. In conclusion, the negative side asserts that there are more practical, less expensive, and more feasible ways to address the issues confronting dental education today than by adding a mandatory year to the education process.
An analysis of the reliability of a laboratory evaluation system
Authors: Feil PH
Published: June 2020

Many investigators have reported attempts to develop reliable laboratory and clinic evaluation systems. However, few studies, regardless of level of success, have used an analytic procedure to identify those components of the evaluation system that, if refined further, could improve reliability. This paper described the development of an evaluation system for two preclinical laboratory courses. Reliability estimates of 0.80, 0.74, and 0.68 were obtained for three different evaluation instruments used in conjunction with the evaluation system. An analytic technique for identifying components contributing to, and detracting from, the reliability of the evaluation system is also described. Further refinements based on this analysis are discussed.
A four‐year reevaluation of the vocational interests of dental students on the Strong‐Campbell Interest Inventory
Authors: Emling RC , Green PA
Published: June 2020

A sample of dental students was inventoried on their vocational interests as freshmen. They were reinventoried as seniors with the same instrument. While most interests were found to be reliable over time for the group, male dental students lost some of their orientation toward physicians and females were found to have lost some social orientation. Male students' orientation was found to be investigative while that of females was found to be primarily artistic‐investigative.
First‐year experience with a performance simulation system
Authors: Boyd MA , Donaldson D
Published: June 2020

Providing a preclinical learning environment for the undergraduate dental student that is realistic and representative of the clinical setting has been a concern to dental teachers. This article describes a system that provides consistency in the optimal relationship of the operator and patient while emphasizing a balanced postural position. The dental simulator provides an approach that is transferable to all aspects of clinical dental treatment. The student is involved in a learning experience that serves as a basis for future behavior that is consistent with comfort and efficiency in the delivery of dental care.
Research issues in dental education: report on the workshops. Faculty development
Authors: Kennedy JE
Published: June 2020

Research should have a prominent place in dental education. The expectation that all dental faculty will engage in research to some extent is consistent with the objectives of predoctoral dental education. In setting this expectation for faculty members, schools must recognize the limitations of the dental faculties' formal education in research and provide for growth through faculty development programs. A clear statement of expectations can facilitate this process. Schools of dentistry can promote research by giving high priority to teacher training, setting priorities for allocation of research development resources, and providing for the interaction of faculty within and outside the school.
Changes in dental students' personal needs and values
Authors: Cain MJ , Silberman SL , Mahan JM , Meydrech EF
Published: June 2020

Personality characteristics of dental students were studied longitudinally by means of the Allport‐Vernon‐Lindzey Study of Values and Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. There were no significant differences when 21 scale scores of seniors were compared to the scores obtained from the same students as freshmen. The lack of significant change indicated a minimal effect of dental education on the personal needs, values, and attitudes of students. Thus, it is essential that faculty know as much as possible about applicants' values and needs prior to their admission to dental school. Knowledge of these personality characteristics is also essential for teaching and reinforcing those attitudes and values that are believed to assist students in developing well‐integrated personal and professional lives.
The effects of continuing education in dental practice management
Authors: Chapko MK , Milgrom P , Bergner M , Conrad D , Skalabrin N
Published: June 2020

A representative sample of 122 Washington State general dental practices received continuing education in the efficient utilization of auxiliaries. Dentist and staff attended a two‐day workshop where goals for change in delegation to auxiliaries, scheduling, and communication were developed. The continuing dental education was individualized, required the practice to set explicit goals for change, involved both the dentist and staff in the decision‐making process, and included in‐office follow‐up and consulting. Evaluation of the course's effects demonstrated that such a course in practice management can have a positive effect on delegation to auxiliaries, practice output, and dentist income. Degree of participation varied considerably across the 113 practices that completed the continuing education. The positive results of the training were dependent upon the practice implementing the goals for organizational change that it had set. The effects of the continuing education take time to become apparent and are sequential with changes in delegation to auxiliaries occurring first and increases in volume of services and income occurring later.
Fissure sealants: clinical and economic factors
Authors: Burt BA
Published: June 2020

Existing data on the economics of sealant use are insufficient to permit firm conclusions; an additional handicap is that both data and attitudes are based principally on results with first‐generation sealants when it is clear that greatly improved materials are now available. The limited data plus the preceding discussion of issues, however, do allow the following statements by way of conclusions. In public programs, few would argue that the cost‐effectiveness of sealants would be enhanced by: (a) Using trained auxiliaries to apply sealant to the fullest extent allowed by law. (b) Applying the most recently developed sealants in which retention rates appear to be most favorable. (c) Their application in areas where proximal caries is low. This means many communities in the United States at present, especially fluoridated areas. Although marginal benefits have not been determined, sealants would appear to complement the use of fluoride. There is less clarity on other areas where some tradeoffs would be required, for the nature of the tradeoffs cannot be specified. These areas include: (d) Whether the program should be based on a single application or whether there should be annual checks and reapplications. Reapplications will push effectiveness closer to 100 percent, but will incur greater costs. The ideal situation would be virtual 100 percent retention of sealant over a long time following a single application, but that outcome is unlikely in a public program. (e) Whether all molars and premolars should be sealed. There is general agreement that first and second molars should be sealed as soon as possible after eruption because of their susceptibility to occlusal caries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reallocation in academic dentistry: a legal and administrative perspective
Authors: Moore RN
Published: June 2020

Like other elements in higher education, academic dentistry is experiencing financial austerity and must be able to reallocate its resources in order to provide the optimal level of service within a given budget. Continuous, across‐the‐board budget cuts will only reduce the quality of strong departments to the level of weak ones. Dental college faculty, with guidance and support from administrators, will need to develop procedures and criteria for program restructuring that will increase educational flexibility and link budgeting with planning. Seniority and tenure may be used as criteria for personnel action, but faculty must be aware that tenure is a method to achieve academic freedom and is not a guarantee of perpetual employment. The courts will not substitute their judgment for that of the university authorities in academic or personnel matters unless the institution's action is arbitrary, capricious, or discriminatory.
Predictors of performance on National Board Examinations Part II
Authors: Beard MW
Published: June 2020

An effort was made to determine successful predictors of performance on National Board Examinations Part II. Preliminary results, using stepwise regression analysis, identified two predictor variables accounting for 65 percent of the variance in the criterion variable. Cross‐validation regression analysis again identified the same two predictor variables accounting for 69 percent of the variance in the criterion variable. In both investigations, the correlation coefficients for the predicted National Board averages and the actual National Board averages are statistically significant. Implications of the studies are discussed.