bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrates and Nitrites
Authors: Laue Wolfgang , Thiemann Michael , Scheibler Erich , Wiegand Karl Wilhelm
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Sodium Nitrate1.1.Properties1.2.Occurrence1.3.Production1.3.1.Chile Saltpeter1.3.2.Synthetic Sodium Nitrate1.4.Product Forms, Storage, and Transportation1.5.Uses1.6.Economic Aspects2.Potassium Nitrate2.1.Properties2.2.Occurrence2.3.Production2.3.1.Bacterial Production of Saltpeter2.3.2.Converted Saltpeter2.3.3.Potassium Nitrate from Calcium Nitrate2.3.4.Potassium Nitrate from Ammonium Nitrate2.3.5.Potassium Nitrate from Potassium Chloride and Nitric Acid2.4.Product Forms, Storage, and Transportation2.5.Uses2.6.Economic Aspects3.Calcium Nitrate3.1.Properties3.2.Occurrence3.3.Production3.3.1.Calcium Nitrate from Limestoneand Nitric Acid3.3.2.Calcium Nitrate as a Byproduct of the Odda Process3.4.Product Forms, Storage, and Transportation3.5.Uses3.6.Economic Aspects4.Sodium Nitrite4.1.Properties4.2.Production4.3.Product Forms, Storage, and Transportation4.4.Uses4.5.Economic Aspects5.Potassium Nitrite5.1.Properties5.2.Production5.3.Uses6.Ammonium Nitrite6.1.Properties6.2.Production6.3.Uses7.Calcium Nitrite7.1.Properties7.2.Production7.3.Uses8.Analysis of Nitrates and Nitrites9.Environmental Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Oxidation
Authors: Franz Gerhard , Sheldon Roger A.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Thermodynamics; Stability of Hydrocarbons3.Reaction Types4.Homolytic Oxidation4.1.Historical Development; Reaction Mechanism; Radical Reactivity4.2.Kinetics of Autoxidation4.3.Differences between Liquid‐ and Gas‐Phase Autoxidations4.4.Homolytic Oxidation in the Liquid Phase4.4.1.Secondary Reactions of Radicals, Peroxides, and other Intermediates4.4.2.Metal Catalysis in Homolytic Liquid‐Phase Oxidation4.4.3.Inhibitors of Homolytic Liquid‐Phase Oxidation4.4.4.Special Cases of Homolytic Oxidation4.4.5.Process Technology of Homolytic Liquid‐Phase Oxidation4.5.Homolytic Gas‐Phase Oxidation4.6.Gas Explosions and Safety Data5.Heterolytic Oxidation5.1.Heterolytic Oxidation in the Liquid Phase5.2.Heterogeneously Catalyzed Gas‐Phase Oxidation5.2.1.Oxidation Catalysts5.2.2.Process Technology of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Oxidations
Phosgene
Authors: Schneider Wolfgang , Diller Werner
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.2.1.Reactions with Organic Compounds2.2.2.Reactions with Inorganic Compounds3.Production4.Storage and Transportation5.Quality and Analysis6.Waste‐Gas Treatment and Monitoring7.Safety Precautions8.Uses9.Economic Aspects10.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Plasticizers
Authors: Cadogan David F. , Howick Christopher J.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Definition1.2.Types of Plasticization1.3.Types of Plasticizer2.Plasticizers in Common Use2.1.Market Overview2.2.Phthalate Esters2.3.Adipate Esters2.4.Trimellitate Esters2.5.Phosphate Esters2.6.Sebacate and Azelate Esters2.7.Polyester Plasticizers2.8.Sulfonate Esters2.9.Specialty Phthalate Esters2.10.Secondary Plasticizers3.Mechanism of Plasticizer Action3.1.The Lubricity Theory3.2.The Gel Theory3.3.The Free‐Volume Theory3.4.Solvation–Desolvation Equilibrium3.5.Generalized Structure Theories3.6.Specific Interactions and Interaction Parameters4.Plasticized PVC4.1.Applications Technology4.1.1.Suspension PVC4.1.2.Emulsion PVC4.2.Effect of Plasticizer Choice on the Properties of Flexible PVC4.2.1.Plasticizer Efficiency4.2.2.High‐Temperature Performance4.2.3.Low‐Temperature Performance4.2.4.Gelation Properties4.2.5.Migration and Extraction4.2.6.Plastisol Viscosity and Viscosity Ageing4.2.7.Windscreen Fogging4.2.8.Summmary5.Plasticization of Polymers Other Than PVC5.1.Requirements for Plasticization5.2.Plasticization of Other Polymers6.Toxicology and Environmental Aspects6.1.Toxicity Studies on Plasticizer Esters6.2.Plasticizers in the Environment6.3.Storage and Handling
Plastics, Additives
Authors: Wolf Rainer , Kaul Bansi Lal
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Antioxidants2.1.Purpose and Requirements2.2.Chemical Classes2.3.Mechanism of Action2.4.Test Methods2.5.Uses2.6.Legal Aspects2.7.Economic Aspects3.Light Stabilizers3.1.Purpose and Requirements3.2.Chemical Classes3.3.Mechanism of Action3.4.Test Methods3.5.Uses3.6.Economic Aspects4.Heat Stabilizers for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)4.1.Purpose and Requirements4.2.Chemical Classes4.2.1.Metal‐Containing Stabilizers4.2.2.Metal‐Free Stabilizers4.3.Mechanism of Action4.4.Test Methods4.5.Uses4.6.Economic Aspects5.Lubricants, Slip, Antiblocking, and Mold‐Release Agents5.1.Purpose and Requirements5.2.Chemical Classes5.3.Mechanism of Action5.4.Test Methods5.5.Uses5.6.Economic Aspects6.Flame Retardants6.1.Purpose and Requirements6.2.Chemical Classes6.3.Mechanism of Action6.4.Test Methods and Standards6.5.Uses6.6.Toxicology6.7.Economic Aspects7.Fillers and Coupling Agents7.1.Purpose and Requirements7.2.Forms and Chemical Structures7.3.Mechanism of Action7.4.Test Methods7.5.Uses7.6.Economic Aspects8.Dyes and Pigments8.1.Requirements8.2.Pigments8.2.1.Inorganic Pigments8.2.2.Organic Pigments8.2.3.Dyes9.Miscellaneous Additives9.1.Nucleating Agents9.2.Antistatic Agents9.3.Impact Modifiers9.4.Chemical Blowing Agents9.5.Optical Brighteners
Plastics, Analysis
Authors: Elgert Karl‐Friedrich
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Polymer Isolation3.Preliminary Tests for Polymer Identification4.Chemical Analysis4.1.Heteroelements and Functional Groups4.2.Separation and Identification Schemes4.3.Spectroscopic Methods5.Molecular Mass Determination5.1.Absolute Methods5.1.1.Membrane Osmometry5.1.2.Lowering of Vapor Pressure5.1.3.Ultracentrifugation5.1.4.Light Scattering5.2.Relative Methods5.3.Determination of Molecular Mass Distribution6.Determination of Sequential Structure6.1.NMR Spectroscopy6.2.Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography7.Determination of Chemical Heterogeneity
Polycarbonates
Authors: Serini Volker
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Bisphenol A Polycarbonate2.2.Modified Bisphenol A Polycarbonate2.3.Bisphenol A Polycarbonate with Additives3.Production3.1.Interfacial Polycondensation3.2.Melt Transesterification4.Processing5.Uses6.Economic Aspects7.Recycling8.Toxicology and Environmental Aspects
Polymer Blends
Authors: Bussink Jan , van de Grampel Hendrik T.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Market Requirements3.Blend Technologies3.1.Thermodynamics3.2.Compatibility3.3.Compounding3.4.Reactive Compounding3.5.Mechanical Properties3.6.Additives4.Property and Application Profiles of Selected Blends4.1.Polyolefins4.2.Poly(Vinyl Chloride)4.3.Styrene Polymers and Copolymers4.4.Polyamides4.5.Poly(2,6‐Dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene Ether)4.6.Polycarbonates4.7.Polyesters4.8.Polyetherimides4.9.Polysulfones4.10.Polyoxymethylenes4.11.Polyarylates and Copolyarylate ‐ Carbonate Blends4.12.Poly(Phenylene Sulfide)5.General Application Technology5.1.Processing of Blends5.2.Design Technology6.Future Developments6.1.Recycling6.2.New Developments6.3.Outlook7.Acknowledgement
Polymers, Electrically Conducting
Authors: Naarmann Herbert
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Synthetic Routes3.Principles of Electrical Conduction4.Orientation Processes5.Types of Electrically Conducting Organic Materials5.1.Polyacetylene5.2.Polydiacetylenes5.3.Polypyrrole5.4.Polythiophene5.5.Polyphenylene5.6.Poly(Phenylene Sulfide)5.7.Poly(Phenylene Vinylene)5.8.Polyaniline5.9.Miscellaneous Polymers6.Uses
Poly(Vinyl Ethers)
Authors: Schröder Gerd
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Production3.Industrial Processes3.1.Batch Bulk Polymerization of Vinyl Methyl Ether3.2.Continuous Bulk Polymerization of Vinyl Ethyl Ether3.3.Continuous Solution Polymerization of Vinyl Isobutyl Ether3.4.Environmental Protection4.Properties and Uses5.Copolymers6.Toxicology
Powder Metallurgy and Sintered Materials
Authors: Kaysser Wolfgang A. , Weise Wolfgang
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Production Routes1.2.Product Groups1.3.History and Developments1.4.Economic Aspects2.Powder Production2.1.Mechanical Methods2.1.1.Mechanical Disintegration of Melts2.1.2.Mechanical Disintegration of Solids2.2.Physicochemical Methods2.3.Chemical Methods3.Powder Properties and Characterization4.Powder Conditioning5.Pressing and Forming at Ambient Temperatures5.1.Uniaxial Pressing5.2.Isostatic Pressing, Cold Rolling, and Extrusion5.3.Pouring, Preforming, and Injection Molding6.Sintering6.1.The Sintering Process6.1.1.Solid‐State Sintering6.1.2.Liquid‐Phase Sintering6.2.Sintering Furnaces and Atmospheres7.Pressing and Shaping at Elevated Temperature7.1.Hot Pressing and Hot Isostatic Pressing7.2.Sinter Forging and other Methods8.Structural Parts8.1.Structural Ferrous Parts8.1.1.Low‐Alloyed Steels8.1.2.High‐Alloyed Steels8.1.3.Secondary Operations8.2.Copper and Copper Alloys8.3.Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys9.High‐Performance Materials9.1.High‐Melting Metals and Alloys9.2.Light Alloys9.2.1.High‐Performance Aluminum Alloys9.2.2.Titanium and Titanium Alloys9.2.3.Magnesium and Beryllium9.3.High‐Temperature Nickel and Cobalt Superalloys9.4.Magnetic Materials9.5.Hardmetals and Cermets9.6.Metal ‐ Ceramic Composites9.7.Electric Contact Materials9.7.1.Contact Materials for Low‐Voltage Switchgear9.7.2.Contact Materials for High‐Voltage Switchgear10.Parts with Inherent, Functional Porosity
Pyrotechnics
Authors: Krone Uwe , Lancaster Ronald
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Pyrotechnic Compositions

3.

Pyrotechnic Effects

4.

Fireworks

4.1.

Shop Fireworks

4.1.1.

Toy Fireworks

4.1.2.

Garden Fireworks

4.2.

Display Fireworks

5.

Pyrotechnics for Industrial and Military Use

6.

Production

7.

Legal Aspects; Storage and Transportation
Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Ehrenstein Gottfried W. , Kabelka Josef
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction, Classification

1.1.

Fiber‐Reinforced Polymers

1.2.

Particulate Polymer Composites

1.3.

Laminar Polymer Composites

2.

Reinforced Plastic Components

2.1.

Reinforcing Fibers

2.1.1.

Glass Fibers

2.1.2.

Graphite (Carbon) Fibers

2.1.3.

Aramid Fibers

2.1.4.

Other Continuous Fibers

2.1.5.

Other Discontinuous Fibers

2.2.

Fillers

2.3.

Polymeric Matrices

3.

Fabrication of Polymer Composites

3.1.

Hand Lay‐up Technique

3.2.

Spray‐up

3.3.

Filament Winding

3.4.

Pultrusion

3.5.

Bag Molding

3.6.

Sheet Molding Compounds (SMC)

3.7.

Thick Molding Compounds (TMC)

3.8.

Bulk (or Dough) Molding Compounds (BMC, DMC)

3.9.

Prepregs

3.10.

Reinforced Reaction Injection Molding (RRIM)

3.11.

Resin Transfer Molding (RTM)

4.

Physical and Chemical Properties

5.

Quality Specifications

6.

Economic Aspects
Release Agents
Authors: Lammerting Helmut
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical and Chemical Background

3.

Raw Materials

3.1.

Waxes

3.2.

Metallic Soaps

3.3.

Oils and Fats

3.4.

Silicones

3.5.

Polyoxyalkylenes

3.6.

Fluorocarbons

4.

Methods of Application

5.

Uses

5.1.

Processing Polyurethane Foam

5.2.

Processing Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics

5.3.

Processing Thermoplastics

5.4.

Processing Rubber

5.5.

Metal Industry

5.6.

Glass Industry

5.7.

Woodworking

5.8.

Food Industry
Sintered Steel and Iron
Authors: Cohrt Henri , Enders Martin
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Iron and Steel Powders2.1.Powder Production2.1.1.Reduced Metal Powders2.1.2.Atomized Powders2.1.3.Electrolytic Iron Powders2.1.4.Carbonyl Iron Powders2.2.Powder Properties3.Forming and Sintering3.1.Forming3.1.1.Gravity Sintering3.1.2.Uniaxial Pressing3.1.3.Cold Isostatic Pressing3.1.4.Metal Injection Molding3.1.5.Powder Rolling3.1.6.Slip Casting3.2.Sintering3.3.Consolidation Processes Involving Simultaneous Application of Pressure and Heat3.3.1.Powder Forging3.3.2.Hot Isostatic Pressing3.3.3.Extrusion3.3.4.Spray Compacting3.3.5.High‐Velocity Compacting4.Secondary Operations5.Strength Properties
Strontium and Strontium Compounds
Authors: MacMillan J. Paul , Park Jai Won , Gerstenberg Rolf , Wagner Heinz , Köhler Karl , Wallbrecht Peter
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties3.Occurrence4.Mining and Processing5.Chemical Digestion of Ores6.Strontium Compounds6.1.Strontium Carbonate6.2.Strontium Nitrate6.3.Strontium Chloride6.4.Strontium Chromate7.Strontium Metal8.Toxicology
Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Müller Hermann
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Properties3.Raw Materials for Sulfur Dioxide Production4.Production from Elemental Sulfur4.1.Sulfur Burning Processes4.2.Heat Recovery4.3.Impurities and their Removal4.4.Two‐Stage Sulfur Combustion5.Production by Pyrite Roasting5.1.Importance of Impurities5.2.Thermodynamics and Kinetics5.3.Roasting Processes5.4.Roasting of Arsenical Pyrite5.5.Production in Nonferrous Metal Sulfide Ore Processing5.5.1.Copper Smelting5.5.2.Nickel Smelting5.5.3.Zinc Blende Roasting5.5.4.Lead Smelting5.6.Production by Decomposition of Sulfuric Acid and Sulfates5.6.1.Waste Sulfuric Acid Processing5.6.2.Sulfate Decomposition5.7.Production from Waste Gases5.7.1.Combustion of Hydrogen Sulfide5.7.2.Recovery from Flue Gases6.Cleaning of Crude Sulfur Dioxide Gas Streams6.1.Constituents of Roaster and Metallurgical Gases6.2.Cleaning Systems7.Production of Pure Sulfur Dioxide7.1.Chemical Production from Sulfur Trioxide7.2.Separation from Sulfur Dioxide‐Containing Gases8.Construction Materials9.Industrial Output and Uses10.Analysis11.Environmental Aspects and Toxicology12.Acknowledgement
Sulfuric Acid and Sulfur Trioxide
Authors: Müller Hermann
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Development of the Sulfuric Acid Industry3.1.Early Development3.2.Further Development of the Nitrogen Oxide Process3.3.Ascendency of the Contact Process3.4.Raw Materials Usage4.Production4.1.Production by Contact Processes4.1.1.Reaction Kinetics and Thermodynamics4.1.2.Catalysts4.1.3.Process Summary4.1.3.1.Gas Drying4.1.3.2.Catalytic Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide4.1.3.3.Absorption of Sulfur Trioxide4.1.3.4.Acid Cooling4.1.4.Practical Versions of the Contact Process4.1.4.1.Double‐Absorption Process Based on Sulfur Combustion4.1.4.2.Double‐Absorption Processes Based on Metallurgical Gases4.1.4.3.Ordinary Single‐Absorption Processes4.1.4.4.Wet‐Catalysis Processes4.1.5.Tail‐Gas Treatment4.1.6.Economic Factors4.2.Production by Nitrogen Oxide Processes4.3.Regeneration of Spent Sulfuric Acid4.3.1.Introduction4.3.2.Reconcentration to 70 ‐ 75 % H2SO44.3.3.Concentration to 93 ‐ 98 % H2SO44.4.Production of Oleum5.Construction Materials5.1.Metallic Materials5.2.Nonmetallic Materials6.Uses of Sulfuric Acid and Economic Aspects6.1.Indirect Uses6.2.Direct Uses6.3.Economic Aspects7.Analytical Techniques7.1.Concentration Measurement7.2.Measurement of Impurities7.3.Analysis of Acid‐Plant Gas Streams8.Sulfur Trioxide8.1.Properties8.2.Manufacture8.3.Handling and Uses9.Toxicology9.1.Sulfuric Acid9.2.Sulfur Trioxide10.Acknowledgement
Talc
Authors: Tufar Werner
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Talc

1.1.

History

1.2.

Structure and Mineralogy

1.3.

Properties

1.4.

Occurrence and Origin

1.5.

Deposits

1.6.

Processing and Quality Specifications

1.7.

Uses

1.8.

Economic Aspects

1.9.

Toxicology

2.

Pyrophyllite

2.1.

Introduction

2.2.

Structure and Mineralogy

2.3.

Properties

2.4.

Formation

2.5.

Deposits

2.6.

Processing, Quality Requirements, and Uses

3.

Chlorite
Detection of K‐ras exon 1 mutations by constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Zhao Chunxia , Xu Guowang , Shi Xianzhe , Ma Jianmei , Lu Shen , Yang Qing
Published: April 2004

Among various mutation detection methods, constant denaturant capillary electrophoresis (CDCE) is one of the most common techniques for rapid identiﬁcation of known or unknown mutations. In this report, a CDCE analysis method with homemade linear polyacrylamide (LPA) kit was developed on ABI 310 genetic analyzer, the effect and relationship of various denaturing factors in CDCE analysis were investigated and K‐ras gene mutations of 31 coloerctal cancer patients were detected. Results indicate that, with the increase of chemical danaturant concentration, the optimum temperature was lowered, and when the concentration of urea (formamide) was higher than 7 m (40%), the homoduplex and heteroduplex of mutant samples were separated with difﬁculty. Detection results of K‐ras gene in colorectal samples indicated that mutations were present in eight (26%) of 31 patients; most mutations were localized in codon 12, which is thought to be a critical step and plays an important role in human colorectal carcinogenesisas. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of Ten Natural p‐Terphenyl Derivatives Obtained from Three Edible Mushrooms Indigenous to China
Authors: Liu Ji‐Kai , Hu Lin , Dong Ze‐Jun , Hu Qun
Published: April 2004

The antioxidant activities of ten natural p‐terphenyl derivatives, 1–10, obtained from the fruiting bodies of three edible mushrooms (Thelephora ganbajun, Thelephora aurantiotincta, Boletopsis grisea) indigenous to China were evaluated in comparison with BHA (‘butylated hydroxyanisole’=(1,1‐dimethylethyl)‐4‐methoxyphenol) and α‐tocopherol by the DPPH (‘1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl’=2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐(2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl)hydrazyl) radical‐scavenging method. The compounds 1–3 showed significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidant activities of compounds 1–10 and reference compounds followed the order: 2>BHA>1>3>α‐tocopherol>10>9>6 >  5>8>7>4. The compound 2 exhibited the strongest radical‐scavenging activity with an EC50 value of 0.07 (EC50(BHA) 0.09; EC50(α‐tocopherol) 0.25).
Enantioselective Synthesis of (S)‐3‐Carboxy‐4‐((carboxy)difluoromethyl)phenylalanine in Protected Form and Its Incorporation into a PTP‐1B‐Directed Tripeptide
Authors: Kang Sang Uk , Gao Yang , Wu Li , Zhang Zhong‐Yin , Burke Terrence R.
Published: April 2004

Recent findings have shown that, when expressed in the tripeptide platform, ‘Fmoc‐Glu‐Xxx‐Leu‐amide’, the phosphotyrosyl mimetic (pTyr), Xxx=(S)‐3‐carboxy‐4‐(carboxymethyl)‐Phe, provides higher PTP‐1B affinity than that obtained with Xxx=(S)‐difluorophosphonomethyl‐Phe (F2Pmp). This was of note, since difluorophosphonomethyl‐containing pTyr mimetics have typically exhibited higher PTP‐inhibitory potencies than carboxy‐based mimetics, indicating the potential value of 3‐carboxy‐4‐(carboxymethyl)‐Phe as a starting point for further analogue development. Therefore, relying on precedence that α‐fluorination often enhances PTP‐1B affinity, (S)‐3‐carboxy‐4‐((carboxy)difluoromethyl)‐Phe was designed as a PTP‐1B‐directed pTyr mimetic. Reported herein is the synthesis of this new amino acid analogue through application of commercially available Williams chiral auxiliary. The target was prepared in an orthogonally protected form suitable for peptide synthesis according to Fmoc chemistries and utilization for the synthesis of a PTP‐1B‐directed tripeptide bearing the sequence indicated above. Biological evaluation with in vitro PTP‐1B assays indicated nearly total loss of affinity for this peptide. Evidence is provided that the unexpected deleterious effect of fluorination is probably not related to pKa effects.
Toxicological effects of iron on intestinal cells
Authors: Zödl Bettina , Sargazi Mansour , Zeiner Michaela , Roberts Norman B. , Steffan Ilse , Marktl Wolfgang , Ekmekcioglu Cem
Published: April 2004

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether iron, which is involved in the formation of free radicals in vitro, can initiate cellular injury in human intestinal cells. The effects of various concentrations of iron were studied in preconfluent, colonic‐cancerogenous cells, and also in postconfluent, differentiating cells. Cellular damage was assessed using cell proliferation (serial cell counting), tetrazolium dye (MTT) uptake, lactate dehydogenase (LDH) release and apoptosis studies based on caspase‐3 activities. Also the activities of the major antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured after the cells had been exposed to iron. Our results indicated that preconfluent cells were more susceptible to iron toxicity, as assessed by a significant reduction in cell proliferation and MTT uptake in a concentration‐dependent manner compared to the control. However, no evidence for MTT uptake was observed in postconfluent cells. Caspase‐3 activity, an indicator of cell apoptosis, considerably increased in preconfluent cells at high iron levels compared to the control (p < 0.05), whereas postconfluent cells were not significantly affected. LDH release was similar for both groups and was significantly higher than the control at 900 μM iron and above. SOD activities were not affected by iron in either group, whereas GPx was considerably higher in iron‐treated cells in both groups compared with the control (because of relatively high standard deviations this effect was not significant). In conclusion we suggest that iron exerts its toxic effects intracellularly especially in preconfluent Caco‐2 cells, whereas only high iron doses were able to alter the viability of differentiating, enterocyte‐like cells. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alterations of oxidative–antioxidative status in human cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: Vural Huseyin , Aksoy Nurten , Ozbilge Hatice
Published: April 2004

Enhanced lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant defences have been defined in several diseases. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the oxidative–antioxidative status of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Concentrations of erythrocyte lipid peroxidation (LPO), as an indicator for the oxidative status, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and serum vitamin C levels, as indicators for the antioxidative status, were measured. Seventy patients aged between 15 and 50 years (38 patients had active CL and 32 patients had healed CL) and 40 healthy controls aged between 19 and 50 years were included in the study. LPO and GSH of the patients with active CL were significantly higher (p < 0.001), whereas erythrocyte GSH‐Px and serum vitamin C levels were lower (p < 0.001, p < 0.01 respectively) than those of healthy controls. There was a significant inverse correlation between LPO and serum vitamin C level (r=−0.32, p < 0.05) in active CL. No significant correlation of LPO, GSH, GSH‐Px and serum vitamin C levels in control groups or in the group with healed CL was detected. In the light of our findings it is possible to conclude that patients having CL are affected by oxidative stress, which most likely induces the endogenous antioxidant system. An imbalance between the oxidant and antioxidant systems occurs and the suppressed antioxidants and increased lipid peroxidation may contribute to the progression of the disease. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amelioration of methotrexate‐induced enteritis by melatonin in rats
Authors: Jahovic Nermina , Şener Göksel , Çevik Hülya , Ersoy Yasemin , Arbak Serap , Yeğen Berrak Ç.
Published: April 2004

The anti‐tumour drug methotrexate (MTX) induces intestinal mucosa injury resulting in malabsorption and diarrhoea. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether exogenous melatonin could protect the gut from MTX‐induced damage in rats. A single dose of MTX (20 mg kg−1, i.p.) was followed by i.p. saline or melatonin injections (10 mg kg−1, MTX + Mel) for the next 5 days. On the fifth day, intestinal transit was assessed using charcoal propagation. Rats were decapitated and small intestinal segments were fixed for light (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations. Other intestinal segments were stored to measure glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and ATPase activity. MTX led to loss of more than 10% of the initial body weight (p < 0.01). Conversely, weight loss was markedly less in the melatonin‐treated MTX group (p < 0.05). Bowel motility was increased in MTX‐treated rats, while the transit index in the MTX‐Mel group was not different from the control group. MTX caused decreases in GSH levels and ATPase activity, with increases in MDA levels and MPO activity. These changes were reversed in MTX‐Mel‐treated rats (p < 0.05–p < 0.001). LM and SEM in the MTX group revealed desquamation of surface epithelium and glandular degeneration, while the epithelium was slightly damaged in the MTX‐Mel group. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that melatonin is capable of reversing MTX‐induced intestinal dysfunctions, indicating that it may be beneficial in ameliorating the symptoms of chemotherapy‐induced enteritis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple verification technique for complex Java bytecode subroutines
Authors: Coglio Alessandro
Published: April 2004

Java is normally compiled to bytecode, which is verified and then executed by the Java Virtual Machine. Bytecode produced via compilation must pass verification. The main cause of complexity for bytecode verification is subroutines, used by compilers to generate more compact code. The techniques to verify subroutines proposed in the literature reject certain programs produced by mundane compilers, are difficult to realize within an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine or are relatively complicated. This paper presents a novel technique which is very simple to understand, implement and prove sound. It is also very powerful: the set of accepted programs has a simple characterization which most likely includes all the code produced by current compilers and which enables future compilers to make more extensive use of subroutines. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Checking ownership and confinement
Authors: Potanin Alex , Noble James , Biddle Robert
Published: April 2004

A number of proposals to manage aliasing in Java‐like programming languages have been advanced over the last five years. It is not clear how practical these proposals are, that is, how well they relate to the kinds of programs currently written in Java‐like languages. To address this problem, we analysed heap snapshots from a corpus of Java programs. Our results indicate that object‐oriented programs do in fact exhibit symptoms of encapsulation in practice, and that proposed models of uniqueness, ownership, and confinement can usefully describe the aliasing structures of object‐oriented programs. Understanding the kinds of aliasing present in programs should help us to design formalisms to make explicit the kinds of aliasing implicit in object‐oriented programs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transposing F to C♯: expressivity of parametric polymorphism in an object‐oriented language
Authors: Kennedy Andrew , Syme Don
Published: April 2004

We present a type‐preserving translation of System F (the polymorphic lambda calculus) into a forthcoming revision of the C♯ programming language supporting parameterized classes and polymorphic methods. The forthcoming revision of Java in JDK 1.5 also makes a suitable target. We formalize the translation using a subset of C♯ similar to Featherweight Java. We prove that the translation is fully type‐preserving and that it preserves behaviour via the novel use of environment‐style semantics for System F.

We observe that whilst parameterized classes alone are sufficient to encode the parameterized datatypes and let‐polymorphism of languages such as ML and Haskell, it is the presence of dynamic dispatch for polymorphic methods that supports the encoding of the ‘first‐class polymorphism’ found in System F and recent extensions to ML and Haskell. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vicarious Nucleophilic Substitution of (Chloroalkyl)heterocycles with Nitroarenes
Authors: Florio Saverio , Lorusso Patrizia , Luisi Renzo , Granito Catia , Ronzini Ludovico , Troisi Luigino
Published: April 2004

The vicarious nucleophilic substitution of potassium carbanions of the (chloromethyl)pyridines 1a and 1b, (chloromethyl)benzothiazole 1c, (chloromethyl)thiazole 1d, (chloroethyl)thiazole 1e and (chloroethyl)benzothiazole 1f with nitroarenes, leading to nitrobenzyl heterocycles 2 and 4−14 has been studied. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Essential oil composition of different accessions of Mentha × piperita L. grown on the northern plains of India
Authors: Dwivedi Samresh , Khan M. , Srivastava S. K. , Syamasunnder K. V. , Srivastava Archana
Published: April 2004

The essential oil composition of four accessions, C‐62, P‐17, C‐45 and C‐59, with control LK of Mentha × piperita, cultivated at the CIMAP Research Farm, Lucknow, were analysed by GC and GC–MS, which resulted in the identiﬁcation of 61, 74, 67, 68 and 55 constituents, representing 99.7%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 92.3% and 91.6% of the oils, respectively. The performance of accessions C‐62, P‐17, C‐45 and C‐59 against the control LK was also evaluated. The yield of fresh material, 17.2, 18.2, 17.5, 16.4 and 18.0 tons/ha, and the production of essential oils, 72.6, 145.5, 80.1, 74.6 and 75.8 kg/ha, was satisfactory. Accessions C‐62, C45 and P‐17 were found suitable for cultivation of peppermint, with acceptable amounts of menthol, menthone and menthyl acetate. It is interesting to observe that menthofuran was also absent in all the four accessions except the control. The essential oil of accession P‐17 was superior over the other accessions, with an almost twice higher oil yield and an oil proﬁle composition comparable to those of other accessions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The components and anticancer activity of the volatile oil from Streblus asper
Authors: Phutdhawong Weerachai , Donchai Arworn , Korth John , Pyne Stephen G. , Picha Porntipa , Ngamkham Jarunya , Buddhasukh Duang
Published: April 2004

The volatile oil from fresh leaves of Streblus asper Lour. was isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed through a combination of gas chromatography with FID (GC–FID) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The essential oil was obtained in 0.005% yield as a brown liquid. The major constituents of the volatile oil of S. asper were phytol (45.1%), α‐farnesene (6.4%), trans‐farnesyl acetate (5.8%), caryophyllene (4.9%) and trans‐trans‐α‐farnesene (2.0%). In addition, the volatile oil showed signiﬁcant anticancer activity (ED50 << 30 µg/ml) from cytotoxicity primary screening tests with P388 (mouse lymphocytic leukaemia) cells but no signiﬁcant antioxidant activity (IC50 values of >>100 µg/ml) in a DPPH radical scavenging assay. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antibacterial activity of Tagetes minuta L. (Asteraceae) essential oil with different chemical composition
Authors: Senatore Felice , Napolitano Francesco , Mohamed M. A‐H , Harris P. J. C. , Mnkeni P. N. S. , Henderson J.
Published: April 2004

The essential oils from aerial parts of Tagetes minuta L. grown in Egypt, South Africa and the UK were obtained by hydrodistillation. Although they had similar constituents, the oils had different percentage compositions. Dihydrotagetone was the most abundant component of the oils from the UK (34.3 and 54.1%), while the oils from South Africa and Egypt were characterized by a high content of cis‐β‐ocimene (50.9 and 32.0%, respectively). The oils exhibited antibacterial activity, especially against Gram‐positive bacteria. Antimicrobial activity was greater in oils from the UK than in oils from Egypt or South Africa, irrespective of whether the UK plants had been grown in a greenhouse or in the ﬁeld. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for the oil from UK greenhouse‐grown plants were 6.25–25 µg/mL for Gram‐positive bacteria and 25–50 µg/mL for Gram‐negative bacteria, with the lowest MIC of 6.25 µg/mL against Streptococcus faecalis. Oil from plants from South Africa had MICs of 50–100 µg/mL against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The MICs of oil from plants from Egypt against all tested bacteria except Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi were half of the MICs of oil from plants from South Africa. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of chitosan–cyclodextrin adducts and evaluation of their bitter‐masking properties
Authors: Binello Arianna , Cravotto Giancarlo , Nano Gian Mario , Spagliardi Paola
Published: April 2004

Finding new taste modiﬁers, particularly bitter‐taste blockers (BTBs), is an important goal for pharmaceutical and food industries. Although BTBs have been much sought after, only a few possess a wide spectrum of activity. We prepared, on a gram scale, several macromolecular adducts in which β‐ and γ‐CDs are linked to chitosan through succinyl or maleyl bridges. Their bitterness‐masking power was evaluated on caffeine and bitter natural extracts (artichoke leaves, aloe and gentian) by a panel test using serial caffeine concentrations as a reference scale. The β‐CD–chitosan adduct showed the highest efﬁcacy and the bitterness attenuation was statistically signiﬁcant. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Should the consumption of survivors be included as a cost in cost–utility analysis?
Authors: Nyman John A.
Published: April 2004

Survivor costs are those costs associated with a treatment because it extends the patient's life. A controversy exists regarding whether survivor consumption costs should be included in cost–utility analyses. The present paper uses this controversy to motivate a general reexamination of what costs to include in cost–utility analyses. Rather than the ad hoc inclusion rules currently used – a causal relationship between the intervention and the costs, and a proscription on double counting – this paper suggests three inclusion principles based on standard welfare economics. Thus, costs should be (1) included if they represent resources that directly produce the utility that is being measured in the denominator of the cost–utility ratio, (2) excluded if they represent resources that produce utility that is not being measured in the denominator, even though the costs are causally associated with the intervention, and (3) included if they represent resources consumed that are causally related to the intervention, but that have no counterveiling utility gains. These principles suggest important changes in how we account for recuperation time and unrelated medical care. They also suggest that survival consumption costs and earnings be excluded from existing cost–utility analyses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does NICE have a cost‐effectiveness threshold and what other factors influence its decisions? A binary choice analysis
Authors: Devlin Nancy , Parkin David
Published: April 2004

The decisions made by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) give rise to two questions: how is cost‐effectiveness evidence used to make judgements about the ‘value for money’ of health technologies? And how are factors other than cost‐effectiveness taken into account? The aim of this paper is to explore NICE's cost‐effectiveness threshold(s) and the tradeoffs between cost effectiveness and other factors apparent in its decisions. Binary choice analysis is used to reveal the preferences of NICE and to consider the consistency of its decisions. For each decision to accept or reject a technology, explanatory variables include: the cost per life year or per QALY gained; uncertainty regarding cost effectiveness; the net cost to the NHS; the burden of disease; the availability (or not) of alternative treatments; and specific factors indicated by NICE. Results support the broad notion of a threshold, where the probability of rejection increases as the cost per QALY increases. Cost effectiveness, together with uncertainty and the burden of disease, explain NICE decisions better than cost effectiveness alone. The results suggest a threshold somewhat higher than NICEs stated ‘range of acceptable cost effectiveness’ of £20 000–£30 000 per QALY – although the exact meaning of a ‘range’ in this context remains unclear. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On large minimal blocking sets in PG(2,q)
Authors: Szőnyi Tamás , Cossidente Antonello , Gács András , Mengyán Csaba , Siciliano Alessandro , Weiner Zsuzsa
Published: April 2004

The size of large minimal blocking sets is bounded by the Bruen–Thas upper bound. The bound is sharp whenqis a square. Here the bound is improved ifqis a non‐square. On the other hand, we present some constructions of reasonably large minimal blocking sets in planes of non‐prime order. The construction can be regarded as a generalization of Buekenhout's construction of unitals. For example, ifqis a cube, then our construction gives minimal blocking sets of sizeq4/3 + 1 orq4/3 + 2. Density results for the spectrum of minimal blocking sets in Galois planes of non‐prime order is also presented. The most attractive case is whenqis a square, where we show that there is a minimal blocking set for any size from the interval$[4q\,{\rm log}\, q, q\sqrt q-q+2\sqrt q]$. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 13: 25–41, 2005.
HIF at the crossroads between ischemia and carcinogenesis
Authors: Paul Stefan A.M. , Simons Jonathan W. , Mabjeesh Nicola J.
Published: April 2004

Tissue hypoxia occurs where there is an imbalance between oxygen supply and consumption in both, solid tumors as a result of exponential cellular proliferation and in atherosclerotic diseases as a result of inefficient blood supply. Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF‐1) is central in normal angiogenesis and cancer angiogenesis. HIF‐1 is a transcriptional activator composed of an O2‐ and growth factor‐regulated HIF‐1α subunit and a constitutively expressed HIF‐1β subunit. Upon activation, HIF‐1 drives the expression of genes controlling cell survival and governing the formation of new blood vessels. A better understanding of the regulation of HIF‐1α levels by the receptor tyrosine kinases/phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase signaling pathway and by the HIF prolyl hydoxylases has provided new insights into the development of anticancer and revascularization therapeutics. We will focus on the potential of a new pharmacology for regulating HIF pathways in both, cancer and ischemic cardiac diseases. The consequences of the switch of HIF activation in these two disease states and the signaling pathway overlap that atherosclerosis and cancer angiogenesis share are discussed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐dose UV‐radiation sensitizes keratinocytes to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis
Authors: Qin Jian‐Zhong , Bacon Patricia , Panella Jeffrey , Sitailo Leonid A. , Denning Mitchell F. , Nickoloff Brian J.
Published: April 2004

The impact of low‐dose ultraviolet light (UV‐light) on apoptotic susceptibility of keratinocytes (KCs) induced by TRAIL is unclear. Skin expresses a functional form of TRAIL, and while sun exposure influences TRAIL death receptors, a role for decoy receptors has not been evaluated. Unraveling mechanisms involving apoptotic sensitivity of KCs is important because skin is the first target of UV‐light, and a site for commonly occurring cancers. Since apoptosis is a homeostatic process eliminating UV‐light induced DNA damaged cells, elucidating molecular events regulating apoptosis enhances understanding of cutaneous photocarcinogenesis. Here we demonstrate low‐dose UV‐light enhances susceptibility of KCs to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis. Low‐dose UV‐light selectively reduces decoy receptors, without influencing death receptor levels. UV‐induced enhanced apoptotic susceptibility was reduced by over‐expression of decoy receptor TRAIL‐R4, but not TRAIL‐R3; or treatment with thiol compound pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), which also enhanced TRAIL‐R4 levels. Besides influencing decoy receptors, low‐dose UV‐light plus TRAIL also synergistically promoted cytochrome c and Smac release from mitochondria. Inhibitors directed against caspases 2, 3, 8, and 9 reduced the synergistic apoptotic response following low‐dose UV‐light plus TRAIL exposure; as did forced over‐expression of Bcl‐x and dominant negative (DN) constructs of FADD and caspase 9. Thus, relative levels of decoy receptors significantly influence susceptibility of KCs to TRAIL‐induced apoptosis with concomitant low‐dose UV‐light exposure; in addition to the apoptotic pathway mediated by mitochondrial permeabilization. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new method for the screening of solid‐phase combinatorial libraries for affinity chromatography
Authors: Roque A. Cecília A. , Taipa M. Ângela , Lowe Christopher R.
Published: April 2004

A new methodology for the rapid assessment of affinity ligands synthesized by combinatorial solid‐phase chemistry is reported. This screening strategy utilizes the target protein conjugated to FITC, and represents an almost universal technique for the preliminary screening of solid‐phase combinatorial libraries. The assessment of a triazine‐scaffolded solid‐phase combinatorial library of ligands, designed to bind to human IgG, was performed with FITC‐human IgG, and the results compared with those obtained by conventional affinity chromatographic screening assays. The effect of different molar conjugation ratios of FITC–IgG (F/P) was evaluated. Independently of the F/P ratio, no false negative results were observed, although lower F/P ratios diminished non‐specific interactions and the number of false positives. The nature of the substituents on the triazine scaffold was not related to the number of false positive IgG‐binding ligands. The reproducibility of the FITC technique, using FITC–human IgG conjugates with low F/P ratio (F/P=2), was also evaluated. The FITC‐based technique proved to be efficient and accurate in the identification of strongly binding ligands (binding >50% of loaded protein, by standard affinity chromatographic assays), and is envisaged as a versatile and cost‐effective method to screen other systems, and evaluate several binding/elution conditions at small‐scale, prior to scale‐up to standard affinity chromatography. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimisation of polymeric surface pre‐treatment to prevent bacterial biofilm formation for use in microfluidics
Authors: Davidson Colin A. B. , Lowe Christopher R.
Published: April 2004

The production of a microfluidic device for microbial culture has necessitated the development of techniques for the prevention of bacterial adhesion to a range of polymeric substrates including fluoropolymers such as fluorinated ethylene polypropylene, and polyolefins such as low‐density polyethylene. Treatment of such materials to increase hydrophilicity reduces the incidence of attachment of Escherichia coli during the first 4 h of cultivation, although no decrease in the number of biofilm initiation sites was detected after 16 h. The incorporation of a mannose analogue to block binding proteins on the F1 binding fimbriae was also investigated. The possibility of ensuring suspension culture of bacterial cells in high surface area to volume ratio nano‐vessels is thus facilitated by the correct choice and pre‐treatment of materials used in their construction. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glucose‐sensitive holographic sensors
Authors: Kabilan S. , Blyth J. , Lee M. C. , Marshall A. J. , Hussain A. , Yang X.‐P. , Lowe C. R.
Published: April 2004

Holographic sensors for monitoring glucose were fabricated from hydrogel films containing chemical ligands based on phenylboronic acid. The films were transformed into reflection holograms using a diffusion method coupled with exposure to laser light. The diffraction wavelength of the holograms was used to monitor the swelling of the hydrogel film in the presence of glucose. Fully reversible changes in diffraction wavelength were demonstrated, highlighting the potential for using these holograms as glucose sensors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid‐phase biotinylation of antibodies
Authors: Strachan Elizabeth , Mallia A. Krishna , Cox Joanna M. , Antharavally Babu , Desai Surbhi , Sykaluk Laura , O'Sullivan Valerie , Bell Peter A.
Published: April 2004

Biotinylation is an established method of labeling antibody molecules for several applications in life science research. Antibody functional groups such as amines, cis hydroxyls in carbohydrates or sulfhydryls may be modified with a variety of biotinylation reagents. Solution‐based biotinylation is accomplished by incubating antibody in an appropriate buffered solution with biotinylation reagent. Unreacted biotinylation reagent must be removed via dialysis, diafiltration or desalting. Disadvantages of the solution‐based approach include dilution and loss of antibody during post‐reaction purification steps, and difficulty in biotinylation and recovery of small amounts of antibody. Solid‐phase antibody biotinylation exploits the affinity of mammalian IgG‐class antibodies for nickel IMAC (immobilized metal affinity chromatography) supports. In this method, antibody is immobilized on a nickel‐chelated chromatography support and derivitized on‐column. Excess reagents are easily washed away following reaction, and biotinylated IgG molecule is recovered under mild elution conditions. Successful solid phase labeling of antibodies through both amine and sulfhydryl groups is reported, in both column and mini‐spin column formats. Human or goat IgG was bound to a Ni‐IDA support. For sulfhydryl labeling, native disulfide bonds were reduced with TCEP, and reduced IgG was biotinylated with maleimide–PEO2 biotin. For amine labeling, immobilized human IgG was incubated with a solution of NHS–PEO4 biotin. Biotinylated IgG was eluted from the columns using a buffered 0.2 M imidazole solution and characterized by ELISA, HABA/avidin assay, probing with a streptavidin–alkaline phosphatase conjugate, and binding to a monomeric avidin column. The solid phase protocol for sulfhydryl labeling is significantly shorter than the corresponding solution phase method. Biotinylation in solid phase is convenient, efficient and easily applicable to small amounts of antibody (e.g. 100 μg). Antibody biotinylated on‐column was found to be equivalent in stability and antigen‐recognition ability to antibody biotinylated in solution. Solid‐phase methods utilizing Ni‐IDA resin have potential for labeling nucleic acids, histidine‐rich proteins and recombinant proteins containing polyhistidine purification tags, and may also be applicable for other affinity systems and labels. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Electrochemical, and Optical Properties of a Novel PPV/PPE Block‐Copolymer
Authors: Lu Sheng‐Li , Yang Mu‐Jie , Bai Feng‐Lian
Published: April 2004

Summary: A novel poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV)/poly(p‐phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) block‐copolymer was synthesized by a cross‐coupling polycondensation with Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 and a phase‐transfer catalyst, and was confirmed by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The thermal, electrochemical, and photoluminescent properties of the new copolymer have been investigated. The incorporation of triple bonds into the cyano‐substituted PPV (CN‐PPV) backbone leads to higher oxidation and reduction potentials than poly(2‐methoxy‐5‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)‐p‐phenylene vinylene) (MEH‐PPV) and CN‐PPV, potentially making the copolymer a good electron‐transporting material for use in a light‐emitting‐diode device.

The cyclic voltammogram of the novel poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV)/poly(p‐phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) block‐copolymer synthesized here.

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The cyclic voltammogram of the novel poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) (PPV)/poly(p‐phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) block‐copolymer synthesized here.