bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical experience with intravenous estramustine phosphate, paclitaxel, and carboplatin in patients with castrate, metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma
Authors: Solit David B. , Morris Michael , Slovin Susan , Curley Tracy , Schwartz Lawrence , Larson Steven , Kattan Michael W. , Hartley‐Asp Beryl , Scher Howard I. , Kelly W. Kevin
Published: October 2003

BACKGROUND

The combination of paclitaxel, oral estramustine phosphate (EMP), and carboplatin (TEC) has shown antitumor activity in patients with castrate, metastatic prostate carcinoma. To improve the therapeutic efficacy and reduce the toxicity of TEC, the authors substituted intravenous (i.v.) EMP for oral EMP based on single‐agent studies demonstrating an improved safety profile with i.v. EMP.

METHODS

Patients with progressive, castrate, metastatic prostate carcinoma were treated with up to 6 4‐week cycles of i.v. EMP (500–1500 mg/m2 per week), paclitaxel (100 mg/m2 per week), and carboplatin (target area under the curve = 6 mg/mL every 4 weeks).

RESULTS

Thirty patients were treated in 6 dose cohorts. Deep venous thrombosis occurred in 5 of 30 patients (17%). Other common Grade 3/4 (according to National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria) toxicities included hepatic toxicity (23%) and leukopenia (24%). Posttherapy prostate specific antigen declines > 50% were seen in 18 of 30 patients (60%), and declines > 80% were seen in 15 of 30 patients (50%). Eleven of 17 patients (65%) with measurable soft tissue disease achieved a partial response. Four of 27 patients (15%) with osseous metastases demonstrated improvement on bone scan.

CONCLUSIONS

Intravenous EMP was administered safely with paclitaxel and carboplatin and produced clinical outcomes similar to the outcomes achieved with the TEC regimen. Substitution of i.v. EMP for the oral formulation was found to result in a lower incidence of severe nausea but increased hepatic toxicity. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
The 1999 patterns of care study of radiotherapy in localized prostate carcinoma
Authors: Lee W. Robert , Moughan Jennifer , Owen Jean B. , Zelefsky Michael J.
Published: October 2003

BACKGROUND

The objective of the current study was to provide descriptive information on a representative national sample of patients with prostate carcinoma who were treated with prostate brachytherapy (PB) in calendar year 1999.

METHODS

A random survey was conducted by the Patterns of Care Study in radiation oncology of 59 facilities (1 facility had no eligible patients) that treated patients with prostate carcinoma in 1999 in the United States. A weighted sample size of 36,496 patients with prostate cancer was included in the 1999 survey (unweighted sample size, 554 patients). The main measures were the clinical characteristics of men prior to treatment and the technical characteristics of PB. Patients were classified into three prognostic groups according to T stage, pretreatment prostate specific antigen (PSA) level, and Gleason score.

RESULTS

A weighted sample size of 13,293 patients (36%; unweighted sample size, 162 patients) was treated with PB. Compared with a weighted sample size of 23,203 patients (64%; unweighted sample size, 392 patients) was treated with external beam radiotherapy (EB), patients who received PB were significantly younger (mean age: PB group, 67.7 years; EB group, 70.8 years; P = 0.0006). The mean pretreatment PSA level for the PB group was lower compared with the EB group (9.9 ng/mL vs. 13.33 ng/mL; P = 0.0015). The prognostic groupings were more favorable for patients in the PB group compared with patients in EB group (P = 0.0365). The utilization of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in the PB group was similar to the utilization of ADT in the EB group (40.4% vs. 51.3%; P = 0.2282). The vast majority of men who were treated with PB received low‐dose‐rate, permanent sources (89%). Fifty‐four percent of men received PB monotherapy (PBM), and the remaining 46% were treated with EB in addition to PB (EBPB). The prognostic groupings were more favorable for patients in the PBM group compared with patients in the EBPB group (P = 0.0037). Of the men who were treated with low‐dose‐rate PB, 59% were treated with iodine‐125 (I‐125), and 41% were treated with palladium‐103 (Pd‐103). I‐125 was used more frequently in men who were treated with PBM, and Pd‐103 was used more frequently in men who were treated with EBPB. Postimplantation dosimetry was documented in 61.0% of men who were treated with low‐dose‐rate PB. Computed tomography imaging was used for 46.5% of men.

CONCLUSIONS

PB was used in 36% of men who were treated with radiotherapy nationally. The mean age of men who were treated with PB was younger than the population of men who were treated with EB alone. Nearly 50% of men who received PB also received EB. EB was used more frequently in men with higher‐risk disease. ADT was used in 40% of patients in the PB group. Techniques and prescription doses were consistent with published guidelines. Cancer 2003. © 2003 American Cancer Society.
Overexpression of thioredoxin reductase 1 regulates NF‐κB activation
Authors: Sakurai Atsuko , Yuasa Kouji , Shoji Yasuko , Himeno Seiichiro , Tsujimoto Masafumi , Kunimoto Manabu , Imura Nobumasa , Hara Shuntaro
Published: October 2003

Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) is a flavoprotein that contains a C‐terminal penultimate selenocysteine (Sec) and has an ability to reduce thioredoxin (Trx), which regulates the activity of NF‐κB. To date, three TrxR isozymes, TrxR1, TrxR2, and TrxR3, have been identified. In the present study, we found that among these isozymes only TrxR1 was induced by tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) in vascular endothelial cells. Furthermore, the overexpression of TrxR1 enhanced TNFα‐induced DNA‐binding activity of NF‐κB and NF‐κB‐dependent gene expression. The catalytic Sec residue of TrxR1, which is essential for reducing Trx, was required for this NF‐κB activation, and aurothiomalate, an inhibitor of TrxR, suppressed TNFα‐induced activation of NF‐κB and the expression of NF‐κB‐targeted proinflammatory genes such as E‐selectin and cyclooxygenase‐2. These results suggest that TrxR1 may act as a positive regulator of NF‐κB and may play an important role in the cellular inflammatory response. © J. Cell. Physiol. 198: 22–30, 2004© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Osteopontin modulates CD44‐dependent chemotaxis of peritoneal macrophages through G‐protein‐coupled receptors: Evidence of a role for an intracellular form of osteopontin
Authors: Zhu Baoqian , Suzuki Keiko , Goldberg Harvey A. , Rittling Susan R. , Denhardt David T. , McCulloch Christopher A.G. , Sodek Jaro
Published: October 2003

Expression of osteopontin (OPN) by activated T‐cells and macrophages is required for the development of cell‐mediated inflammatory responses. Acting through integrin αvβ3 and CD44 receptors, OPN can promote chemoattraction and pro‐inflammatory cytokine expression by macrophages. In this study, we have used periotoneal macrophages from OPN−/, CD44−/−, and WT mice to study the relationship between OPN and CD44 in macrophage migration. Using confocal microscopy, we show that OPN co‐distributes with CD44 inside macrophages at cell edges and in cell processes in a mutually dependent manner. The existence of an intracellular form of OPN is supported by pulse‐chase studies in which a thrombin‐sensitive, phosphorylated protein immunoprecipitated with OPN antibodies is retained inside macrophages. In OPN−/− and CD44−/− macrophages, the absence of CD44 and OPN, respectively, is associated with the formation of fewer cell processes, reduced cell fusion required to form functional multinucleated osteoclasts in the presence of CSF‐1 and RANKL, and impaired chemotaxis. Whereas the chemotaxis of CD44−/− cells to various chemoattractants is almost completely abrogated, a differential effect is seen with the OPN−/− cells. Thus, OPN−/− cells migrate normally towards CSF‐1 but not towards fMLP and MCP‐1, which signal through G‐protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). That the GPCR‐mediated migration is dependent upon the level of cell‐surface CD44 is indicated by the reduced cell‐surface expression of CD44 in OPN−/− cells and a comparable impairment in the chemotaxis of CD44+/− cells. Although chemotaxis of OPN−/− cells could be rescued by an OPN substratum, or by addition of high levels of OPN in solution, no response is evident with physiological levels of OPN, indicating a requirement for the CD44‐associated intracellular OPN in CD44 cell‐surface expression. These studies indicate, therefore, that the level of cell surface CD44 is critical for GPCR‐mediated chemotaxis by peritoneal macrophages and suggest that a novel intracellular form of OPN may modulate CD44 activities involved in these processes. J. Cell. Physiol. 198: 155–167, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐hematopoietic human bone marrow contains long‐lasting, pluripotential mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Suva Domizio , Garavaglia Guido , Menetrey Jacques , Chapuis Bernard , Hoffmeyer Pierre , Bernheim Laurent , Kindler Vincent
Published: October 2003

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are considered as potential agents for reconstructive and gene‐targeting therapies since they differentiate into various cell‐lineages, exhibit an extended survival once injected into a host, and can easily be transfected with engineered DNA. MSC are essentially isolated from hematopoietic bone marrow (BM), a process that is rather invasive and may raise ethical concerns. In an attempt to find an alternative source, we evaluated whether non‐hematopoietic (nh)BM recovered from femoral heads of patients undergoing hip arthroplasty contained MSC. Ex vivo, 99% of nhBM cells were CD45+ leukocytes. After culture, leukocytes were replaced by a homogenous layer of adherent CD45− CD14− CD34− CD11b− CD90+ HLA‐ABC+ cells. Culture doubling time (mean = 4 days, range 1.6–6.7 days) was not correlated with patient age (27–81 years, n = 16). Amplified cultures supported long‐term hematopoiesis, and could be differentiated in vitro into adipocytes and chondrocytes. Moreover, a small fraction of nhBM cells spontaneously expressed MyoD1 and formed myotubes, suggesting that myogenic differentiation also occurred. nhBM contained clonogenic cells whose frequency (1/13,000), doubling time (2.1 days), and maximal amplification (up to 106‐fold) were not age‐related. All 14 clones analyzed (from five patients, ages 27–78 years) differentiated into at least one mesenchymal lineage, and 66% were bipotential (n = 8/12), or tripotential (n = 2/3). In conclusion, nhBM contains pluripotential mesenchymal progenitors which are similar to hematopoietic BM‐derived MSC, and whose biological functions are not altered by aging. Furthermore, if MSC‐based therapies hold their promises, nhBM may become the source of choice for responding to the increasing demand for MSC. J. Cell. Physiol. 198: 110–118, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron and light microscopic study of various glands and the secretions released into the environment by the turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae
Authors: Bataller Erick E. , Boghen Andrew D. , Burt Michael D.B.
Published: October 2003

The turbellarian Urastoma cyprinae (Graff) occurs on the gills of various bivalve species including the mussel Mytilus galloprovinciallis, where it is known to cause serious damage. More recently, it has been shown that the worms are strongly attracted to the gill of the American oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and are capable of inducing changes to the composition of proteolytic enzymes of the host mucus. Such changes may be attributable to secretory products released by the worms. Mucous glands (11–18 μm in diameter) produce minute spherules (0.7–0.9 μm in diameter) tightly bound together. The glands occupy ∼20% of the body volume and are the most voluminous secretory organs in the worm. The smaller rhabdoid glands are unevenly distributed throughout the peripheral parenchyma and contain secretory granules of 0.35–1.2 μm in diameter. The latter occur most prominently along the distal margins of the epidermis. The frontal pole of U. cyprinae consists of a complex assembly of mucous and rhabdoid gland cells as well as other glandular structures. Collectively, these bodies release their contents to the outside via narrow gland necks. The overall organization is consistent with the frontal gland previously described for other free‐living turbellarians, including other rhabdocoels. A variety of secretory products, displaying variations in staining properties, have likewise been identified in association with the body wall from other regions of the worm. This work attempts to gain a better appreciation of the secretory structures associated with the worm tegument, focusing primarily on the widespread mucous and rhabdoid glands. The secretions play a role in host‐parasite interactions. J. Morphol. 258:307–316, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sertoli cells in the testis of caecilians, Ichthyophis tricolor and Uraeotyphlus cf. narayani (Amphibia: Gymnophiona): Light and electron microscopic perspective
Authors: Smita Mathew , Oommen Oommen V. , George Jancy M. , Akbarsha M.A.
Published: October 2003

The caecilians have evolved a unique pattern of cystic spermatogenesis in which cysts representing different stages in spermatogenesis coexist in a testis lobule. We examined unsettled issues relating to the organization of the caecilian testis lobules, including the occurrence of a fatty matrix, the possibility of both peripheral and central Sertoli cells, the origin of Sertoli cells from follicular cells, and the disengagement of older Sertoli cells to become loose central Sertoli cells. We subjected the testis of Ichthyophis tricolor (Ichthyophiidae) and Uraeotyphlus cf. narayani (Uraeotyphliidae) from the Western Ghats of Kerala, India, to light and transmission electron microscopic studies. Irrespective of the functional state of the testis, whether active or regressed, Sertoli cells constitute a permanent feature of the lobules. The tall Sertoli cells adherent to the basal lamina with basally located pleomorphic nuclei extend deeper into the lobule to meet at the core. There they provide for association of germ cells at different stages of differentiation, an aspect that has earlier been misconceived as the fatty matrix. Germ cells up to the 4‐cell stage remain in the intercalating region of the Sertoli cells and they are located at the apices of the Sertoli cells from the 8‐cell stage onwards. The developing germ cells are intimately associated with the Sertoli cell adherent to the basal lamina until spermiation. There are ameboid cells in the core of the lobules that appear to interact with the germ cells at the face opposite to their attachment with the Sertoli cells. Adherence of the Sertoli cells to the basal lamina is a permanent feature of the caecilian testicular lobules. The ameboid cells in the core are neither Sertoli cells nor their degeneration products. J. Morphol. 258:317–326, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linking the microscopic view of chemistry to real‐life experiences: Intertextuality in a high‐school science classroom
Authors: Wu Hsin‐Kai
Published: October 2003

Chemistry learning involves establishing conceptual relationships among macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic representations. Employing the notion of intertextuality to conceptualize these relationships, this study investigates how class members interactionally construct meanings of chemical representations by connecting them to real‐life experiences and how the teachers' content knowledge shapes their ways to coconstruct intertextual links with students. Multiple sources of data were collected over 7 weeks with a participation of 25 eleventh graders, an experienced teacher, and a student teacher. An examination of classroom discourse shows that the intertextual links between the microscopic view of chemistry and students' real‐life experiences could be initiated by students and instigated by the teachers. The teachers applied several discursive strategies to scaffold students building meaningful links based on their prior knowledge and experiences. Additionally, the experienced teacher with stronger content knowledge tended to present links in both dialogic and monologic discourses. Yet, the relatively limited content knowledge did not necessarily constrain the student teacher's interactions with students. The findings of this study provide a backdrop for further research to explore how chemistry is learned and taught in a class through the social constructivist lens. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 87:868–891, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10090
Hypoxic regulation of the 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase/fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphatase gene family (PFKFB‐1–4) expression in vivo
Authors: Minchenko Oleksandr , Opentanova Iryna , Caro Jaime
Published: October 2003

When oxygen becomes limiting, cells shift primarily to a glycolytic mode for generation of energy. A key regulator of glycolytic flux is fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphate (F‐2,6‐BP), a potent allosteric regulator of 6‐phosphofructo‐1‐kinase (PFK‐1). The levels of F‐2,6‐BP are maintained by a family of bifunctional enzymes, 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase/fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphatase (PFKFB or PFK‐2), which have both kinase and phosphatase activities. Each member of the enzyme family is characterized by their phosphatase:kinase activity ratio (K:B) and their tissue‐specific expression. Previous work demonstrated that one of the PFK‐2 isozyme genes, PFKFB‐3, was induced by hypoxia through the hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) pathway. In this study we examined the basal and hypoxic expression of three members of this family in different organs of mice. Our findings indicate that all four isozymes (PFKFB‐1–4) are responsive to hypoxia in vivo. However, their basal level of expression and hypoxia responsiveness varies in the different organs studied. Particularly, PFKFB‐1 is highly expressed in liver, heart and skeletal muscle, with the highest response to hypoxia found in the testis. PFKFB‐2 is mainly expressed in the lungs, brain and heart. However, the highest hypoxia responses are found only in liver and testis. PFKFB‐3 has a variable low basal level of expression in all organs, except skeletal muscle, where it is highly expressed. Most importantly, its hypoxia responsiveness is the most ample of all three genes, being strongly induced in the lungs, liver, kidney, brain, heart and testis. Further studies showed that PFKFB‐1 and PFKFB‐2 were highly responsive to hypoxia mimics such as transition metals, iron chelators and inhibitors of HIF hydroxylases, suggesting that the hypoxia responsiveness of these genes is also regulated by HIF proteins. In summary, our data demonstrate that PFK‐2 genes are responsive to hypoxia in vivo, indicating a physiological role in the adaptation of the organism to environmental or localized hypoxia/ischemia.
Compressing Time and Constraining Space: The Contradictory Effects of ICT and Containerization on International Shipping Labour
Authors: Sampson Helen , Wu Bin
Published: October 2003

The twentieth century has been a period of rapid change in terms of production and consumption, work, and employment. Much of this change has been driven by developments in technology or the application of new technologies to existing production systems and ways of ordering and organizing work. In characterizing such change, Schumpeter popularized the term innovation. In viewing innovation as the main engine of economic growth, Schumpeter was interested in the idea of the entrepreneur as innovator, not simply in terms of an agent for the introduction of new inventions but more broadly as an organizational innovator introducing new systems of work, new products, and new forms of production.
Commentary: The Place of Labor in the History of Information-Technology Revolutions
Authors: Downey Greg
Published: October 2003

As co-editor of this IRSH supplement “Uncovering Labour in Information Revolutions”, I have to begin this commentary with a confession. Before I entered the world of abstract knowledge production, commodification, and consumption known as academia, I was myself a worker in a world of much more concrete information processing: I was a computer programmer in the US from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, a time we might now consider the nostalgic heyday of desktop-office information technology (IT). In the spirit of full disclosure, before I leap into an analysis of how we might more broadly conceptualize information technology together with information labor in different historical contexts, I have decided to work through my own historical narrative a bit. After all, if historical practice teaches us nothing else, it teaches that each of us makes sense of the world through the lens of personal experience, leaving historians (among others) with the daunting task of interpreting, translating, and finding patterns of meaning in those experiences. Thus I offer this candid admission: “I was a teenage information worker!”
Chaperonin-mediated protein folding: fate of substrate polypeptide
Authors: Fenton Wayne A. , Horwich Arthur L.
Published: October 2003

1. Chaperonin action – an overview 230

2. Polypeptide binding – an essential action 235

3. Recognition of non-native polypeptide – role of hydrophobicity 236

4. Crystallographic analyses of peptide binding 237

5. Topology and secondary and tertiary structure of bound substrate polypeptide – fluorescence, hydrogen exchange and NMR studies 239

6. Binding by GroEL associated with a putative unfolding action 242

7. A potential action of substrate unfolding driven by ATP/GroES binding 245

8. Folding in theciscavity 247

9. GroEL–GroES-mediated folding of larger substrate proteins by atransmechanism 249

10. Prospects for resolving the conformations and fate of polypeptide in the chaperonin reaction 251

11. References 252

Chaperonins are megadalton ring assemblies that mediate essential ATP-dependent assistance of protein folding to the native state in a variety of cellular compartments, including the mitochondrial matrix, the eukaryotic cytosol, and the bacterial cytoplasm. Structural studies of the bacterial chaperonin, GroEL, both alone and in complex with its co-chaperonin, GroES, have resolved the states of chaperonin that bind and fold non-native polypeptides. Functional studies have resolved the action of ATP binding and hydrolysis in driving the GroEL–GroES machine through its folding-active and binding-active states, respectively. Yet the exact fate of substrate polypeptide during these steps is only poorly understood. For example, while binding involves multivalent interactions between hydrophobic side-chains facing the central cavity of GroEL and exposed hydrophobic surfaces of the non-native protein, the structure of any polypeptide substrate while bound to GroEL remains unknown. It is also unclear whether binding to an open GroEL ring is accompanied by structural changes in the non-native substrate, in particular whether there is an unfolding action. As a polypeptide-bound ring becomes associated with GroES, do the large rigid-body movements of the GroEL apical domains serve as another source of a potential unfolding action? Regarding the encapsulated folding-active state, how does the central cavity itself influence the folding trajectory of a substrate? Finally, how do GroEL and GroES serve, as recently recognized, to assist the folding of substrates too large to be encapsulated inside the machine? Here, such questions are addressed with the findings available to date, and means of further resolving the states of chaperonin-associated polypeptide are discussed.
A dialogue with Gordon McConville on Deuteronomy
Authors: Clements Ronald E. , Moberley R. W. L. , McConville G. J.
Published: October 2003

I. The origins of Deuteronomy: what are the clues?

II. Theological interpretation of an OT book: a response to Gordon McConville's Deuteronomy

III. A response from Gordon McConville
Eileen Southern
Authors: Horn David
Published: October 2003

Eileen Southern, who died in Florida in October 2002, was widely recognised as a
pre-eminent figure in the study of African-American music. Her seminal history,
The Music of Black Americans, first published in New York in 1971, was the first
academic study to give serious scholarly attention to the totality of
African-American music – from the congregational singing of slaves to all-black Broadway
musicals, from blues and jazz to experimental composers – and was hugely influential.
Resolutely unpolemical and meticulously balanced, it did more to establish the
validity of the subject in the academy than any other single book. It had its genesis
in a course which Dr Southern (who had a Ph.D. in Renaissance music from
Harvard) developed in the late 1960s at Brooklyn College. She herself later
described how she was put under pressure to devise the course by a college administration
somewhat desperate to find ways to meet the demands of black students
for the inclusion of Black Studies in the curriculum. The idea met with disbelief
among colleagues in the music department, and the particular scorn of an unnamed
Englishman, holder of a Ph.D. in musicology from Oxford, who opined that a
course in black music presented ‘nothing of substance to deal with’. Declaring ‘I'll
show them’, a furious Eileen Southern was determined to design a course that
demonstrated the range of black music. The result turned out to be so rich that a
more sympathetic colleague suggested one day to Dr Southern that she turn the
course into a book – and The Music of Black Americans was the result (Standifer,
n.d.).
A three translational DoFs parallel cube-manipulator
Authors: Liu Xin-Jun , Jeong Jay il , Kim Jongwon
Published: October 2003

This paper concerns the presentation and analysis of a type of three translational degrees of freedom (DoFs) parallel cube-manipulator. The parallel manipulators are the topology architectures of the DELTA robot and Tsai's manipulator, respectively, which have three translational DoFs. In the design, the three actuators are arranged according to the Cartesian coordinate system, which means that the actuating directions are normal to each other, and the joints connecting to the moving platform are located on three sides of
a cube, for such reason we call this type of manipulator the parallel cube-manipulator. The kinematics problems, singularity, workspace, compliance characteristic of the manipulator are investigated in the paper. The analysis results show that the manipulators have the advantages of no singularities in the workspace, relatively more simple forward kinematics, and existence of a compliance center. The parallel cube-manipulator can be applied to the fields of micro-motion manipulators, remote center compliance (RCC) devices, assembly, and so on.
Defending Taiwan: The Future Vision of Taiwan's Defence Policy and Military Strategy. Edited by Martin Edmonds and Michael M. Tsai. [London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003. xx+284 pp. ISBN 0-700-1739-0.]
Authors: Allen Kenneth W.
Published: October 2003

Until recently, the military has dominated the national defence policy-making and military strategy process in Taiwan. Public debate did not occur because defence issues were classified or viewed as too politically sensitive. Therefore, non-government civilian institutions had little political or financial incentive to become involved. However, as Taiwan has moved towards a more open society, the Legislative Yuan, media, universities and non-profit research organizations have become more active in questioning the tenets of Taiwan's defence policy. Their impact has been limited, though, because of the lack of civilian expertise in defence matters. Furthermore, Western authors have not written extensively on Taiwan's internal defence policies because most information published in Taiwan is written in Chinese only.
Appetites: Food and Sex in Post-Socialist China. By Judith Farquhar. [Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2002. xii+341 pp. £14.50. ISBN 0-8223-2921-2.]
Authors: Baker Hugh D.R.
Published: October 2003

The author is an anthropologist with a heavy list towards Chinese medicine, and it is from a medico-anthropological stance that she views aspects of food and sex in China. The works of neither Chang Kwang-chih nor Robert van Gulik will be made redundant by this book, for it is eating rather than food, and relationships between the sexes rather than the mechanics of sexual practice which are focused on, and a whole battery of lenses, from philosophy to literary criticism and from ethnographic fieldwork to lexicography, is employed.
The Mongols at China's Edge: History and the Politics of National Unity. By Uradyn E. Bulag. [Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2002. xi+271 pp. £26.95. ISBN 0-7425-1143-X.]
Authors: Perdue Peter C.
Published: October 2003

In this fascinating study, Uradyn E. Bulag argues that the discourse of “unity of nationalities” (minzu tuanjie) conceals sharp fissures between class, national and racial definitions of China. Embracing children's stories, rituals, historiography, political intrigue, poetry and sexuality, he narrates formative episodes of Mongolian identity, demonstrating their critical importance in constructing modern China.
Predation on foam nests of leptodactyline frogs (Anura: Leptodactylidae) by larvae of Beckeriella niger (Diptera: Ephydridae)
Authors: Menin Marcelo , Giaretta Ariovaldo A.
Published: October 2003

The presence of maggots of the fly Beckeriellaniger (Ephydridae) in nests of six syntopic South American leptodactyline frogs is reported. The number of tadpoles of Physalaemus cuvieri leaving infested and non‐infested nests were compared, and behavioural plasticity at the time of nest departure in the presence and absence of maggots was tested for. Maggots were found in nests of all species with exposed foam nests (four Physalaemus and two Leptodactylus species). The maggots remained in the nests of P. cuvieri for up to 3 days; adults emerged from pupae after 7 days. While in the nests the maggots consumed eggs, embryos, and tadpoles. The levels of infestation increased from the beginning to the middle of the rainy season. Mortality caused by the maggots represented an important source of mortality (mean 74%) of eggs and embryos of P. cuvieri, and probably, of the other species. The time of emergence from nests by the tadpoles of P. cuvieri was shorter (up to 21 h earlier) in infested nests. The tadpoles that left the infested nests were at the same, or a less‐developed stage than tadpoles in non‐infested nests. The variation in the degree of infestation, with lower values at the beginning and the increase to the middle of the rainy season, suggests that the flies may be an obligatory predator on foam nests. For tadpoles of P. cuvieri, entering the water at a later developmental stage may be important to avoid aquatic predators. Conversely, leaving infested nests at the earliest possible stage may represent a strategy to avoid maggot predation. The longer time before emergence of tadpoles of P. cuvieri from non‐infested nests corroborates the hypothesis that, among leptodactyline frogs, the foam nest is a predator avoidance adaptation in the aquatic media.
Comparative morphometry of precompacted bovine embryos produced in vivo or in vitro after parthenogenetic activation and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): ultrastructural analysis
Authors: Pivko J. , Landa V. , Kubovičová E. , šupová A. , Grafenau P. , Makarevič A. , Riha L'. , Zibrin M.
Published: October 2003

Early bovine precompacted embryos (1 to 8 blastomeres) were analysed by electron microscopy. The volume density of cellular components was determined by morphometric analysis to quantify the ultrastructure of early bovine embryos produced either in vivo or in vitro both after fertilisation by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or from electrically stimulated oocytes (AC/DC). In normal embryos obtained in vivo (control), most of the cellular volume was occupied by cytoplasm (82.93%). The relative volume of lipids, vacuoles, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and inclusion bodies was minimal. In the group of embryos after parthenogenetic activation (AC/DC) a relatively high proportion of the volume was occupied by vacuoles and lipids (18.68% vs 14.33%). Early ICSI-derived embryos contained the lowest relative volume of cytoplasm (58.33%) compared with the control embryos (in vivo) and parthenogenetically AC/DC-activated embryos and a higher volume was occupied by lipids (13.25%) and vacuoles (12.92%). It is concluded that in vitro produced embryos have a significantly altered ultrastructure, indicating extensive cellular damage.
Local heroes
Authors: Kuklick Henrika
Published: October 2003

Among historians and sociologists of science, it is a commonplace that scientists' accusations of plagiarism defy straightforward explanations. To appreciate that these accusations need not indicate simply that given individuals have claimed others' ideas as their own, it is important to remember that scientists' habits of communication create specialized research communities in which professional practices are – and are intended to be – relatively standardized. A defining property of science is, after all, that it requires practitioners to reach consensus about solutions to their common research problems, in pursuit of which disciplinary colleagues are expected to exchange regular reports of their theories, information, materials and techniques. Certainly, patterns of behaviour do not fully realize the scientific ideal; there is no end of evidence that scientists’ communications may be less than fully frank, that their judgements are affected by diverse personal considerations, and that their research is shaped by peculiarities of places and things. But to find disparities between the real and the ideal does not mean that the ideal does not inform occupational practices. And because scientists belong to exchange networks, their standardized practices are virtually guaranteed to lead to so-called ‘simultaneous discoveries’. Sometimes, when two or more scientists reach a given conclusion at the same (or nearly the same) time, their agreement occasions mutual congratulations, since it confirms the appropriateness of scientists' shared interpretations. (When in 1858, for example, prominent British scientists celebrated Charles Darwin's and Alfred Russel Wallace's independent formulations of the concept of natural selection, they rendered the concept less controversial than it might have been had it been advanced by one man alone.) At other times, however, a scientific event that might be regarded as a simultaneous discovery under some circumstances instead becomes an occasion for expression of discord among interested scientific parties, prompting a ‘priority dispute’ or (worse) an accusation of plagiarism.
Of “crashes” and “accidents,” a comment on Stewart and Lord
Authors: Blanchard Edward B. , Hickling Edward J. , Kuhn Eric
Published: October 2003

A. E. Stewart and J. H. Lord (2002) call for abandoning the term motor vehicle accident and substituting motor vehicle crash on definitional and patient care grounds. We disagree on definitional grounds and because of the absence of empirical data from accident survivors to support their contentions.
Spirituality, resilience, and anger in survivors of violent trauma: A community survey
Authors: Connor Kathryn M. , Davidson Jonathan R. T. , Lee Li‐Ching
Published: October 2003

This study evaluates the relationship between spirituality, resilience, anger and health status, and posttraumatic symptom severity in trauma survivors. A community sample (N = 1,200) completed an online survey that included measures of resilience, spirituality (general beliefs and reincarnation), anger, forgiveness, and hatred. In survivors of violent trauma (n = 648), these measures were evaluated with respect to their relationship to physical and mental health, trauma‐related distress, and posttraumatic symptom severity. Using multivariate regression models, general spiritual beliefs and anger emerged in association with each outcome, whereas resilience was associated with health status and posttraumatic symptom severity only. Forgiveness, hatred, and beliefs in reincarnation were not associated with outcome. The importance of these findings to treating trauma survivors is discussed.
Symptom exaggeration and compensation seeking among combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: DeViva Jason C. , Bloem William D.
Published: October 2003

Combat veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) tend to report high levels of psychopathology on self‐report instruments. The purpose of the current archival study was to replicate research on the relationships among symptom exaggeration, attempts to obtain compensation, and treatment outcome on the Beck Depression Inventory, the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐Related PTSD, and selected MMPI‐2 and MCMI‐II subscales. Results indicated that symptom exaggeration as defined by an MMPI‐2 F‐K index over 13 was related to higher scores on all scales examined. Compensation seeking was not related to assessment scores or exaggeration. Neither compensation seeking nor exaggeration was related to treatment outcome. Limitations of the study and implications for future research are discussed.
Energetic neutral atoms at Mars 4. Imaging of planetary oxygen
Authors: Barabash S. , Holmström M. , Lukyanov A. , Kallio E.
Published: October 2003

Photoionization of the Martian oxygen exosphere/corona results in the production of planetary oxygen ions. The newborn ions start moving on cycloid trajectories determined by the electric and magnetic fields of the solar wind. The oxygen ions can then charge exchange with the neutral gases (H, H2, and O) of the Martian exosphere and be converted to energetic neutral atoms (ENAs). Using the empirical model of the solar wind flow near Mars developed by Kallio [1996], we calculate the electric and magnetic fields in the interaction region and obtain the global distribution of the oxygen ions by solving the kinetic equation with source and sink terms. The distribution turns out to be highly asymmetrical with a factor of 1000 excess in the ion column density in the hemisphere to which the interplanetary electric field points. The majority of the oxygen ions within 2Rm planetocentric distances (Rm is the Martian radius) have energies below 6 keV because the typical size of the system is too small for acceleration to higher energies. About 50% of the oxygen ions experience the change‐exchange process that produces ENAs. Making line of sight integration of the ion global distribution, oxygen ENA images for vantage points in the noon‐midnight meridian plane are obtained. The morphology of the images clearly reflects the structure of the parent ion distribution. The majority of the oxygen ENAs have energy below 600 eV. For these energies the integral flux is up to 104 cm−2s−1eV−1. The oxygen ENA differential fluxes are high and reach 105 cm−2s−1sr−1eV−1 in the energy range 0.1–1.7 keV, which can easily be detected by modern ENA instrumentation. Planetary oxygen ENA imaging at Mars is therefore feasible. The total ENA flux observed at a single vantage point depends on the total amount of oxygen ions in the system and may be used to obtain the instantaneous total ion flux escaping the planet.
ITRF2000: A new release of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame for earth science applications
Authors: Altamimi Zuheir , Sillard Patrick , Boucher Claude
Published: October 2003

For the first time in the history of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame, the ITRF2000 combines unconstrained space geodesy solutions that are free from any tectonic plate motion model. Minimum constraints are applied to these solutions solely in order to define the underlying terrestrial reference frame (TRF). The ITRF2000 origin is defined by the Earth center of mass sensed by satellite laser ranging (SLR) and its scale by SLR and very long baseline interferometry. Its orientation is aligned to the ITRF97 at epoch 1997.0, and its orientation time evolution follows, conventionally, that of the no‐net‐rotation NNR‐NUVEL‐1A model. The ITRF2000 orientation and its rate are implemented using a consistent geodetic method, anchored over a selection of ITRF sites of high geodetic quality, ensuring a datum definition at the 1 mm level. This new frame is the most extensive and accurate one ever developed, containing about 800 stations located at about 500 sites, with better distribution over the globe compared to past ITRF versions but still with more site concentration in western Europe and North America. About 50% of station positions are determined to better than 1 cm, and about 100 sites have their velocity estimated to at (or better than) 1 mm/yr level. The ITRF2000 velocity field was used to estimate relative rotation poles for six major tectonic plates that are independent of the TRF orientation rate. A comparison to relative rotation poles of the NUVEL‐1A plate motion model shows vector differences ranging between 0.03° and 0.08°/m.y. (equivalent to approximately 1–7 mm/yr over the Earth's surface). ITRF2000 angular velocities for four plates, relative to the Pacific plate, appear to be faster than those predicted by the NUVEL‐1A model. The two most populated plates in terms of space geodetic sites, North America and Eurasia, exhibit a relative Euler rotation pole of about 0.056 (±0.005)°/m.y. faster than the pole predicted by NUVEL‐1A and located about (10°N, 7°E) more to the northwest, compared to that model.
Suspended sediments under waves measured in a large‐scale flume facility
Authors: Thorne Peter D. , Williams Jon J. , Davies Alan G.
Published: October 2003

Measurements of suspended sediment concentration, and the associated bedform morphology, were made beneath regular and irregular waves in a large‐scale flume. The bed forms were measured using an acoustic ripple profiler, and the suspended sediments were measured using an acoustic backscatter system, together with pumped sampling. Using the measured bed form dimensions and the flow as inputs, standard approaches have been used to predict the reference concentration and vertical distribution of suspended sediment concentration. Nielsen's [1986] empirical expression for the reference concentration, C0, shows reasonable overall agreement with the present measurements in respect of the dependence of C0 on the Shields parameter (skin friction); but the formula somewhat overestimates the measured concentrations. To analyze the form of the measured mean concentration profiles, comparisons have been made with the simple one‐dimensional (vertical) formulations, and extensions thereof, proposed by Nielsen [1992] on the basis of pure diffusion, pure convection, and combined convection and diffusion. It is concluded that in a near‐bed layer of thickness about two ripple heights (i.e., the layer dominated by vortex formation and shedding above ripples), pure diffusion characterized by a height‐independent sediment diffusivity provides a good representation of the measured profiles. Above this, Nielsen's [1992] convection‐diffusion solution provides a better representation. It is shown, however, that by use of pure turbulent diffusion modeling concepts, the same profile can also be obtained by the use of a height‐varying, “constant + linear,” sediment diffusion model. This diffusivity represents the enhanced mixing in the outer part of the oscillatory boundary layer caused by the breakdown of coherent vortex structures into random turbulence. The relative merits of convection and diffusion schemes are discussed.
Action of strong internal solitary waves on surface waves
Authors: Bakhanov Victor V. , Ostrovsky Lev A.
Published: October 2003

Transformation of gravity capillary surface waves on the current created by a large‐amplitude internal wave (IW) is considered. The trajectories of surface wave packets in a domain of coordinate and wave number are calculated for different IW amplitudes. In particular, the location of maxima and minima of the surface wave (SW) spectral density W with respect to the IW profile is studied. It is shown that for sufficiently large‐amplitude internal solitary waves (solitons) propagating in the same direction as the surface wave the minimum of W for all SW lengths is situated over the crest of the soliton. The corresponding “critical” value of the soliton amplitude is calculated. The noncollinear propagation of internal and surface waves is also considered. Finally, some numerical results obtained using the kinetic equation that describes the transformation of W in a field of large‐amplitude internal wave solitons are presented that are in agreement with the qualitative description and with recent observations of radar scattering from strong internal waves in a coastal area.
Three‐dimensional multispecies MHD studies of the solar wind interaction with Mars in the presence of crustal fields
Authors: Ma Yingjuan , Nagy Andrew F. , Hansen Kenneth C. , DeZeeuw Darren L. , Gombosi Tamas I. , Powell K. G.
Published: October 2003

We present the results of model calculations using a multispecies MHD model of the interaction of the solar wind with Mars. The three ions considered are H+, O2+, and O+, representing the solar wind and the two major ionospheric ion species, respectively. The calculations indicate that the presence of a hot oxygen corona does not, within the resolution and accuracy of the model, lead to any significant effect on the dayside bow shock and ionopause positions. Next the trans‐terminator fluxes and escape fluxes down the tail were calculated neglecting the effects of the crustal magnetic field. The calculated flux values are consistent with the measured escape fluxes and the calculated limiting fluxes from the dayside ionosphere. Finally, a 60‐order harmonic expansion model of the measured magnetic field was incorporated into the model. The crustal magnetic field did not cause major distortions in the bow shock but certainly had an important effect within the magnetosheath and on the apparent altitude of the ionopause. The model results also indicated the presence of “minimagnetocylinders,” consistent with the MGS observations. We also recalculated the trans‐terminator and escape fluxes, for the nominal solar wind case, in the presence of the crustal magnetic field and found, as expected, that there is a decrease in the calculated escape flux; however, it is still reasonably close to the value estimated from the Phobos‐2 observations.
NRLMSISE‐00 empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific issues
Authors: Picone J. M. , Hedin A. E. , Drob D. P. , Aikin A. C.
Published: October 2003

The new NRLMSISE‐00 empirical atmospheric model extends from the ground to the exobase and is a major upgrade of the MSISE‐90 model in the thermosphere. The new model and the associated NRLMSIS database now include the following data: (1) total mass density from satellite accelerometers and from orbit determination (including the Jacchia and Barlier data sets), (2) temperature from incoherent scatter radar covering 1981–1997, and (3) molecular oxygen number density, [O2], from solar ultraviolet occultation aboard the Solar Maximum Mission. A new component, “anomalous oxygen,” allows for appreciable O+ and hot atomic oxygen contributions to the total mass density at high altitudes and applies primarily to drag estimation above 500 km. Extensive tables compare our entire database to the NRLMSISE‐00, MSISE‐90, and Jacchia‐70 models for different altitude bands and levels of geomagnetic activity. We also explore scientific issues related to the new data sets in the NRLMSIS database. Especially noteworthy is the solar activity dependence of the Jacchia data, with which we study a large O+ contribution to the total mass density under the combination of summer, low solar activity, high latitude, and high altitude. Under these conditions, except at very low solar activity, the Jacchia data and the Jacchia‐70 model indeed show a significantly higher total mass density than does MSISE‐90. However, under the corresponding winter conditions, the MSIS‐class models represent a noticeable improvement relative to Jacchia‐70 over a wide range of F10.7. Considering the two regimes together, NRLMSISE‐00 achieves an improvement over both MSISE‐90 and Jacchia‐70 by incorporating advantages of each.