bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuropsychological correlates of the YAQ‐S and YAQ‐I self‐ and informant‐reported ADHD symptomatology, emotional and social problems and delinquent behaviour
Authors: Young Susan , Gudjonsson Gisli H.
Published: March 2005

Objectives. The objective was to evaluate the relationship between self‐ and informant‐rated symptoms of ADHD and performance on neuropsychological tests of attention and impulsivity (Letter Cancellation Test [LCT], Continuous Performance Test [CPT] and Matching Familiar Figures test [MFF]).

Design. Participants were clinical referrals for assessment of ADHD in adulthood and healthy controls.

Method. ADHD adults were compared with individuals with mild psychiatric disorders (including attention problems), a healthy control group on neuropsychological measures of attention (CPT and LCT) and on impulsivity (MFF). Secondly, the scores obtained on these measures were correlated with the Young ADHD Questionnaire‐S (YAQ‐S) and Young ADHD Questionnaire‐I (YAQ‐I) self‐ and informant‐reported scales of ADHD symptomatology, emotional problems, delinquency, and social functioning.

Results. The ADHD group were more impaired than the healthy controls on neuropsychological measures, but only the MFF differentiated them from the psychiatric controls. Tests of attentional control positively correlated with the self‐reported functioning of the ADHD group but not among the psychiatric or normal controls. There was a positive correlation between tests of attention (but not impulsivity) and self‐ratings of ADHD symptomatology for the ADHD group, suggesting that ADHD adults are better at recognizing attentional problems than impulse control. A positive correlation was found between the Delinquency scale and a test of impulsivity for the ADHD group only.

Conclusions. The findings suggest that there are neuropsychological underpinnings of the ADHD syndrome but neuropsychological tests may discriminate poorly between ADHD and mild psychiatric disorders. ADHD adults may be more reliable informants of adult functioning than their parents, although they may underreport impulsive behaviour.
Exploring predictors of alternative job changes
Authors: Fields Dail , Dingman Myra E. , Roman Paul M. , Blum Terry C.
Published: March 2005

Previous studies have found that the variables that predict employee turnover vary considerably across situations. This lack of consistency may reflect limitations imposed by viewing turnover only as a decision to leave a current job. The variables that predict turnover may depend on the type of job change that an employee makes after leaving. This study explored which variables predicted leaving a job and moving to three alternative types of job change. The results show that different variables predicted employee moves to a new type of job in the same organization, the same job in a different organization, and a different job in a different organization. This supports the concept that turnover may be better modelled as a decision not only to leave a job, but also to move to a different work situation.
Plasma diagnostics by laser spectroscopic electric field measurement
Authors: Czarnetzki U. , Luggenhölscher D. , Kadetov V. A. , Döbele H. F.
Published: March 2005

Laser spectroscopic electric field measurements have the potential to become a versatile tool for the diagnostics of low-temperature plasmas. From the spatially and temporally resolved field distribution in the sheath close to electrodes or surfaces in general, a broad range of important plasma parameters can be inferred directly: electron temperature; ion density distribution; displacement-, ion-, electron-diffusion current density; and the sheath potential. Indirectly, the electron and ion energy distribution functions and information on the ion dynamics in the sheath can also be obtained. Finally, measurements in the quasi-neutral bulk can also reveal even the plasma density distribution with high spatial and temporal resolution. The basic concepts for analysis of the field data are introduced and demonstrated by examples in hydrogen discharges.
Three-dimensional modeling of inductively coupled plasma torches
Authors: Bernardi D. , Colombo V. , Ghedini E. , Mentrelli A.
Published: March 2005

A 3D model for the simulation of inductively coupled plasma torches (ICPTs) working at atmospheric pressure is presented, using a customized version of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) commercial code FLUENT®. The induction coil is taken into account in its actual 3D shape, showing the effects on the plasma discharge of removing the axisymmetric hypothesis of simplification, which characterizes 2D approaches. Steady flow and energy equations are solved for optically thin argon plasmas under the assumptions of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) and laminar flow. The electromagnetic field equations are solved on an extended grid in the vector potential form. In order to evaluate the importance of various 3D effects on calculated plasma temperature and velocity fields, comparisons of our new results with the ones obtainable from 2D models and from an improved 2D model that includes 3D coil effects are presented. 3D results are shown for torches working under various geometric and operating conditions and with different coil shapes, including conventional helicoidal, as well as planar, elliptical, and double-stage configurations.
Laminar plasma jets: Generation, characterization, and applications for materials surface processing
Authors: Pan W. X. , Li G. , Meng X. , Ma W. , Wu C. K.
Published: March 2005

Nontransferred direct current (dc) laminar plasma jets of pure argon were generated at atmospheric pressure, with a generator having an interelectrode insert. Associated with the experimental investigation, similarity theory was adopted to examine the arc voltage characteristics, thermal efficiency, and jet length change of the laminar plasma. Jet flow temperature and velocity were evaluated by various methods. The jet shows good stability, reproducibility, and regular flow field change as functions of generating parameters. Applications of laminar plasma jets for ZrO2 ceramics spray coating and remelt strengthening of metal surface were attempted. The results indicated favorite process efficiency and controllability of the laminar plasma heating.
Exploration of the deposition limits of microcrystalline silicon
Authors: Mataras D.
Published: March 2005

The effect of various process parameters on the deposition rate of microcrystalline hydrogenated silicon is presented. The various pathways leading to high deposition rates involve the optimization of a combination of parameters, while maintaining the crystalline character of the film and avoiding the presence of particles. The deposition rate increases in conditions that enhance and at the same time “cool down” the electron population. Such conditions are: moderately higher frequencies, higher pressures, and the presence of larger molecules (like disilane) even in small quantities. There is an optimum pressure, determined by primary dissociation, for a certain silane fraction. In addition, silane fraction and power density must also increase up to the limit of transition to amorphous growth and before attachment becomes too important. In all of these cases, there is a need for optimizing the distance of the deposition substrate to the source of radical generation, especially at higher pressures, to further increase the already important contribution of higher silicon radicals. It is shown that similar deposition rates can be obtained via radical fluxes with very different compositions. In every case, there is a need for sufficient H atom fluxes to ensure crystalline growth.
Control of deposition profile of Cu for large-scale integration (LSI) interconnects by plasma chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Takenaka Kosuke , Shiratani Masaharu , Takeshita Manabu , Kita Makoto , Koga Kazunori , Watanabe Yukio
Published: March 2005

H-assisted plasma chemical vapor deposition (HAPCVD) realizes control of deposition profile of Cu in trenches. The key to the control is ion irradiation to surfaces. With increasing the flux and energy of ions, the profile changes from conformal to subconformal and then to an anisotropic one, for which Cu material is filled from the bottom of the trench without deposition on the sidewall. H3
+ and ArH+ are identified as the major ionic species which contribute to the control, and hence the deposition profile also depends on a ratio R = H2/(Ar + H2).
Deposition mechanism of nanostructured thin films from tetrafluoroethylene glow discharges
Authors: Milella A. , Palumbo F. , Favia P. , Cicala G. , d’Agostino R.
Published: March 2005

Nanostructured polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-like thin films can be deposited, in certain experimental conditions, by modulated discharges fed with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). These coatings are characterized by a unique morphology consisting of highly twisted micron-long ribbons, which leads to an extremely high water repellency of the surface. In the present work, the diagnostics of the plasma phase is presented, coupled with that of the coating, in order to understand the film growth mechanism in different discharge regimes. When the duty cycle (DC) is increased in modulated C2F4 plasmas, the monomer depletion increases, too, and many recombination reactions take place at progressively higher rates, resulting in the formation of CF4, C2F6, C3F6, C3F8, and C4F10; the formation of powders in the homogeneous phase, however, was never evidenced. The modulation of C2F4 plasmas strongly affects the morphology of the resulting coating, as revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), ranging from bumpy to ribbon-like structures. The latter, moreover, are found to be more PTFE-like with respect to the remaining part of the film. In the last part of the paper, a deposition mechanism is proposed, where low radical densities in the plasma and surface migration of the precursors are the keys for the growth of ribbon-like structures.
Complex (dusty) plasmas: Examples for applications and observation of magnetron-induced phenomena
Authors: Kersten H. , Thieme G. , Fröhlich M. , Bojic D. , Tung D. H. , Quaas M. , Wulff H. , Hippler R.
Published: March 2005

Low-pressure plasmas offer a unique possibility of confinement, control, and fine tailoring of particle properties. Hence, dusty plasmas have grown into a vast field, and new applications of plasma-processed dust particles are emerging.

During the deposition of thin amorphous films onto melamine formaldehyde (MF) microparticles in a C2H2 plasma, the generation of nanosized carbon particles was also studied. The size distribution of those particles is quite uniform.

In another experiment, the stability of luminophore grains could be improved by coating with protective Al2O3 films that are deposited by a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process using a metal-organic precursor gas. Coating of SiO2 microparticles with thin metal layers by magnetron sputtering is also described. Especially the interaction of the microsized grains confined in a radio frequency (rf) plasma with the dc magnetron discharge during deposition was investigated. The observations emphasize that the interaction between magnetron plasma and injected microdisperse powder particles can also be used as a diagnostic tool for the characterization of magnetron sputter sources.
Three-dimensional transition map of flattening behavior in the thermal spray process
Authors: Fukumoto M. , Shiiba M. , Kaji H. , Yasui T.
Published: March 2005

Many kinds of both metallic and ceramic powder particles were plasma-sprayed onto the mirror-polished metallic substrate surface, and the effect of both substrate temperature and ambient pressure on the flattening behavior of the particle was systematically investigated. In the flattening behavior of the sprayed particle onto the substrate surface, critical conditions were recognized both in the substrate temperature and ambient pressure. That is, the flattening behavior changed transitionally on that critical temperature and pressure range, respectively. We defined and introduced a transition temperature, T
t, and transition pressure, P
t, respectively, for those critical conditions. The role of the related factors (such as solidification of the bottom surface of the splat, desorption of adsorbates on the substrate surface and wetting at interface) on the transition behavior in the flattening was clarified from several points of views. The fact that the dependence both of transition temperature and transition pressure on the sprayed particle material had a similar tendency indicated that the wetting of the substrate by the molten particles seemed to be a domination in the flattening. A three-dimensional transition map by combining both transition temperature and transition pressure dependence was proposed as a controlling principle of the thermal spray process.
Diagnostics for advanced materials processing by plasma spraying
Authors: Moreau C. , Bisson J.-F. , Lima R. S. , Marple B. R.
Published: March 2005

Advanced coatings deposited by plasma spraying are used in a large variety of industrial applications. The sprayed coatings are employed typically in industry to protect parts from severe operating conditions or to produce surfaces with specific functions. Applications are found in many industrial sectors such as aerospace, automobile, energy generation, and biomedical implants.

Coatings are built by the successive deposition of molten or partially molten particles that flatten and solidify upon contact on the substrate, forming lamellae. The coating properties are intimately linked to the properties of these lamellae, which in turn depend on in-flight particle properties as well as substrate temperature during spraying. Consequently, the development of diagnostic tools for monitoring and controlling these spray parameters will help provide the necessary information to study the coating formation process, optimize the coating properties, and, eventually, control the spray process in production.

In this paper, a review of some recent developments of optical diagnostic techniques applied to monitor plasma-sprayed particles is presented. In the first part of the paper, two different sensing techniques for in-flight particle measurement are described. First, time-resolved diagnostics on individual particles is described. This technique is used to study the instabilities of the particle characteristics associated with the plasma fluctuations. Secondly, a technique adapted for use in an industrial production environment for measuring the particle jet characteristics as an ensemble is presented. In the second part of the paper, the use of an optical system to study the influence of the substrate temperature on the flattening and solidification of sprayed particles impacting on a flat substrate is described. The last part of this paper describes the optimization of nanostructured coatings based on a tight control of the temperature and velocity of the plasma-sprayed particles.
Spectroscopic and electrical study of rare-gas-based, hollow cathode luminescent discharges: Application to the lifetime and efficiency enhancement of mercury-free signs
Authors: Robert E. , Sarroukh H. , Cachoncinlle C. , Viladrosa R. , Hochet V. , Eddaoui S. , Pouvesle J. M.
Published: March 2005

This work deals with the potentialities of mercury-free mixtures for the efficient operation of luminous signs used for publicity lighting. The experimental study of rare-gas-based, cold hollow cathode, low-pressure luminescent discharges is reported. Electrical and spectroscopic measurements are presented with a special emphasis on the radiation properties of the positive column. The best mixtures for phosphor excitation are described in terms of composition and pressure together with their sensitivity to potential fluctuations of the operating conditions during sign lifetime. Aging studies are presented, showing evidence of a strong trade-off between the output power and the sign lifetime. The selective trapping of the heavier gas present in the gas mixture is presented and proven to be at present the main reason for the sign lifetime limitation. The limitation of commercial (sinusoidal or square waveform) ballasts for the excitation of such mercury-free discharge is presented. Finally, preliminary measurements, performed using a lab-developed short rise time and low duty-cycle driver, are reported, showing a significant increase of the illuminance and efficiency (up to a factor three) of mercury-free signs as compared to the values obtained with conventional excitation.
Thermal plasma deposition from thick to thin coatings and from micro- to nanostructure
Authors: Fauchais P. , Vardelle M. , Coudert J. F. , Vardelle A. , Delbos C. , Fazilleau J.
Published: March 2005

This paper is devoted to the presentation of our actual knowledge in plasma spraying. It presents successively: the parameters controlling the impact of the molten particles onto the substrate and resulting splat formation followed by splats layering and coating formation; the engineering of nano- or finely structured coatings with different possible routes; and the actual possibilities for the on-line control of the spray process.
Atmospheric pressure plasma of dielectric barrier discharges
Authors: Chirokov A. , Gutsol A. , Fridman A.
Published: March 2005

The dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) has a number of industrial applications and has been a subject of research for many years. Many studies have been carried out to understand the underlying DBD physics. Despite the fact that much progress has been made, some important issues are still far from being clear. In this work, we summarize the basics of DBD physics and introduce innovative concepts of discharge behavior that were discovered recently.
Practical guide to measurement and interpretation of magnetic properties (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Hatscher S. , Schilder H. , Lueken H. , Urland W.
Published: March 2005

Rules are pointed out to protect the magnetochemist from pitfalls in both measurement and interpretation of magnetic data. Carefully chosen magnetic field strengths during magnetic susceptibility measurements guarantee the recording of genuine data. With the help of examples, the effect of too strong applied fields is demonstrated producing magnetic saturation and, for example, quenching of weak ferro- or antiferromagnetic spin–spin couplings. In consequence, the data run the risk of being misinterpreted unless model susceptibility equations are applied that take the field dependence of χ
m into consideration. Recommendations are given for the presentation of experimental and theoretical data. The limited applicability of the most overworked formula in paramagnetism, the Curie–Weiss law χ
m = C/(T–θ), is clearly presented (magnetically condensed systems, pure spin magnetism). While rough and ready susceptibility formulae are applicable to specific 3d and 4f systems, the complex situation for the remaining d and f centers, including actinides, demands computer programs which consider simultaneously interelectronic repulsion, ligand field potential, spin-orbit coupling, interatomic exchange interactions, and applied magnetic field.
Solubilities and thermophysical properties of ionic liquids
Authors: Domańska Urszula
Published: March 2005

This report presents the systematic study on the solubilities of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [e, or bmim][PF6], 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate [almim][CH3SO4], 1-hexyloxymethyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) [C6H13OCH2mim][BF4], or [C6H13OCH2mim][(CF3SO2)2N] in aliphatic hydrocarbons (heptane, octane), cyclohydrocarbons (cyclopentane, cyclohexane) and aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene), and in alcohols (methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol, propan-2-ol, butan-1-ol, butan-2-ol, tert-butyl alcohol, and 3-methylbutan-1-ol) as well as of 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride [C4, C10, or C12mim][Cl] in alcohols. The solubilities have been measured by a dynamic method from 290 K to the melting point of IL or to the boiling point of the solvent. The solubility of [emim][PF6] and [bmim][PF6] in aromatic hydrocarbons decreases with an increase of the molecular weight of the solvent. The difference on the solubility in o-, m-, and p-xylene is not significant. The solubility of [emim][PF6] in alcohols decreases with an increase of the molecular weight of the solvent and is higher in secondary alcohols than in primary alcohols. In every case, with the exception of methanol, the mutual liquid–liquid equilibrium was observed. The shape of the equilibrium curve is similar for [emim][PF6] in every alcohol. The observations of upper critical solution temperatures were limited by the boiling temperature of the solvent. For example, for [emim][PF6], solubilities in methanol and ethanol are higher than that in aromatic hydrocarbons. The miscibility gap for C3 alcohols is higher than that in benzene, but comparable with the solubility in toluene; solubility in 3-methyl-butan-1-ol is very similar to ethylbenzene and o-, m-, and p-xylene.

The data were correlated by means of the UNIQUAC and modified nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) equations utilizing parameters derived from the solid–liquid equilibrium (SLE). The root-mean-square deviations of the solubility temperatures for all calculated data depend on the particular system and the equation used.

The solubilities of [C4, C10, or C12mim][Cl] and alkyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-dimethyl-ammonium ILs in octan-1-ol and water have been measured and used to calculate the octan-1-ol/water partition coefficients as a function of temperature and alkyl substituent. Experimental partition coefficients (log P) are negative for imidazoles, 1,3-dialkylimidazolium chlorides, and investigated ammonium salts. Good knowledge of ILs permits the elimination of volatile organic compounds and makes chemistry cleaner and greener.
Modification of the glass transitions of polymers by high-pressure gas solubility
Authors: Boyer Séverine A. E. , Grolier Jean-Pierre E.
Published: March 2005

The newly developed VW-pVT technique for simultaneously measuring the solubility of a gas in a polymer and the concomitant change of volume of the polymer has been used to estimate the solubilities of N2, CO2, and two hydrofluorocarbons, HFC-134a and HFC-152a, in polystyrene (PS). In conjunction with these solubility data, Chow’s model has been used to calculate the change of the glass-transition temperature of the polymer resulting from gas sorption. The performance of this model for predicting the glass-transition temperature shift is then discussed.
When It Comes to SARS-CoV-2 Clearance, People Who Are Immunocompromised Are Not All Alike
Authors: Rubin Rita
Published: February 2024

This Medical News story discusses a recent study that found people who are immunocompromised clear SARS-CoV-2 at varying rates.
AI2ES: The NSF AI Institute for Research on Trustworthy AI for Weather, Climate, and Coastal Oceanography
Authors: McGovern Amy , Ebert‐Uphoff Imme , Barnes Elizabeth A. , Bostrom Ann , Cains Mariana G. , Davis Phillip , Demuth Julie L. , Diochnos Dimitrios I. , Fagg Andrew H. , Tissot Philippe , Williams John K. , Wirz Christopher D.
Published: February 2024

The NSF AI Institute for Research on Trustworthy AI in Weather, Climate, and Coastal Oceanography (AI2ES) focuses on creating trustworthy AI for a variety of environmental and Earth science phenomena. AI2ES includes leading experts from AI, atmospheric and ocean science, risk communication, and education, who work synergistically to develop and test trustworthy AI methods that transform our understanding and prediction of the environment. Trust is a social phenomenon, and our integration of risk communication research across AI2ES activities provides an empirical foundation for developing user‐informed, trustworthy AI. AI2ES also features activities to broaden participation and for workforce development that are fully integrated with AI2ES research on trustworthy AI, environmental science, and risk communication.
Effect of Copper Powder Addition on Microscopic Deformation Behavior of Al2O3/Cu‐Dispersion‐Strengthened Copper‐Sintered Billet
Authors: Xiao Zhenpeng , Li Shaolin , Song Kexing , Jia Shuguo , Guo Xiuhua , Liu Song
Published: February 2024

In this work, it is aimed to improve the deformation ability of the Al2O3 dispersion strengthened copper sintered billet by building heterogeneous structure with addition of different sizes of particle. Using the modified mixture model and equal work law, the stress distribution model of heterogeneous materials is derived. In the results, it is shown that higher deformation temperature and lower strain rate are conducive to steady deformation. Under the conditions of 950 °C and 0.01 s−1, the stress distribution coefficients from low to high are 10, 25, and 5 μm, respectively, when the strain is 0.1. The strain contribution rates of softness of the sintered billet are 45.5%, 62.1%, and 42.6%, respectively. The addition of 10 μm particle size copper powder can significantly improve the deformation capacity of the sintered billet. It is found that with the increase of the particle size of copper powder, the density of the microgeometrically necessary dislocation of the hot extrusion dispersed copper is lower. The reason is that the different particle size of copper powder leads to the different distribution in powder stacking, which affects the difficulty of harmonizing the deformation of soft and hard and the number of dislocation in the hot‐extrusion process of sintered billet.
Investigation of Passivation Pretreatment Processes for Mid‐/Long‐Wavelength Dual‐Band Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Based on Type‐II InAs/GaSb Superlattices
Authors: Wang Xiaohua , Li Jingzhen , Yan Yong , Wen Tao , Zhou Peng , Hu Yunong , Liu Ming , Yu Songlin , Zhang Yongzhe
Published: February 2024

Herein, through the analysis of devices with different passivation pretreatment processes, it is found that after surface corrosion, the optimized process of O3treatment combined with hydrochloric acid and H3PO4/C6H8O7/H2O2/H2O treatments can significantly improve the electrical performance of the device. By analyzing the curves of dark current density varying with temperature of the mid‐wavelength (MW) and long‐wavelength (LW) dual‐color devices, it is verified that there are three leakage mechanisms in the device: diffusion current, trap‐assisted tunneling current, and generation–recombination current. Finally, a 640 × 512 MW/LW dual‐color superlattice infrared detector is fabricated with a pixel pitch of 20 μm. The cutoff wavelength of the MW channel is 5.04 μm. The cutoff wavelength of the LW channel is 9.51 μm. The noise equivalent temperature difference of MW is 16.5 mK and LW is 35.1 mK. The photoresponse nonuniformity is 6.21% for MW and 10.51% for LW. The blind pixel rate is 0.66% for MW and 8.56% for LW. The imaging demonstration is completed. The research has laid the foundation for the engineering application of dual‐color infrared detectors.
Charge Transport in Sub‐Monolayer Networks of a Naphthalene‐Diimide‐Based Copolymer
Authors: Thomas Anupa Anna , Persson Nils E. , Luzio Alessandro , Jiao Xuechen , Jiang Mengting , McNeill Christopher R. , Caironi Mario
Published: February 2024

Sub‐monolayer networks of the electron‐transporting semiconducting polymer poly([N,N’‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)‐naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐bis(dicarboximide)−2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene)) (P(NDI2OD‐T2)) are realized through judicious choice of spin‐coating solvent and control of solution concentration. These sub‐monolayer networks provide a platform to study the effects of surface coverage, network connectivity, and orientational order on charge transport. It is found that charge transport through semiconducting polymer networks depends not only on the coverage/concentration of the material but also on the nature of the conduction paths themselves. Down to 40% surface coverage, current measured in a field‐effect architecture decreases in line with the decrease in surface coverage, but drops precipitously below a surface coverage of 40%. Below 40% surface coverage, there is a marked decrease in network connectivity (quantified through the branching point density) and a decrease in orientational order. Furthermore, an increase in the density of dangling branches (dead ends) is also seen with decreasing surface coverage. Additional supporting data in the form of grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS), optical spectroscopy, and charge modulation spectroscopy are presented, which help to establish that long‐range interconnectivity rather than local morphology dominates charge transport in P(NDI2OD‐T2) sub‐monolayers as well as thin films.
Steering C–C Coupling by Hollow Cu2O@C/N Nanoreactors for Highly Efficient Electroreduction of CO2 to C2+ Products
Authors: Meng Xiangfu , Huang Hao , Zhang Xiaoxiao , Hu Lin , Tang Haibin , Han Miaomiao , Zheng Fangcai , Wang Hui
Published: February 2024

Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction offers a promising pathway to transform renewable electricity into value‐added fuels and feedstocks in the form of chemical energy. However, the *CO intermediates tend to obtain protons or electrons to generate C1 products. The Cu+, an active catalytic site for C2+ products, is easily reduced to Cu0 at cathodic potentials. Herein, a hollow cuprous oxide protected by a thin N‐doped carbon shell (H–Cu2O@C/N) as an efficient nanoreactor to stabilize the Cu+ species and enhance the coverage concentration of *CO on the local catalyst surface under the spatial confinement effect is designed, which efficiently accelerates C–C coupling to generate C2+ products. As a result, H–Cu2O@C/N exhibits an outstanding C2+ Faradaic efficiency of 75.9% with a partial current density of 248.8 mA cm−2 in the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzer. Density functional theory combined with operando characterizations confirm that the N‐doped carbon layer protects the Cu+ active species from electrochemical reduction, and the high coverage density of *CO from spatial confinement effect lowers the reaction barrier of *CH2CHO, thereby promoting C–C coupling. This work offers invaluable insights into the spatial confinement effect for boosting the steering C–C coupling in Cu‐based catalysts for efficient electroreduction of CO2 to C2+ products.
Dual Barrier‐Penetrating Inhaled Nanoparticles for Enhanced Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Therapy
Authors: Yang Ming‐Yuan , Han Meng‐Meng , Tang Ling , Bi Yu‐Yang , Li Xue‐Na , Jeong Jee‐Heon , Wang Yi , Jiang Hu‐Lin
Published: February 2024

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an age‐related pulmonary interstitial disease with unclear etiology that poses a serious threat to human health. IPF interventions in clinical settings mainly involve oral medications, such as nintedanib (NIN), which exhibit limited accumulation in the lungs and neglect the epithelial micro‐environment. Inhalation is an efficient route for the treatment of pulmonary diseases. However, the mucus barrier in the trachea and the extracellular matrix (ECM) barrier in the interstitium are the two main obstacles to inhaled therapeutic agent delivery. Therefore, in this study, dual barrier‐penetrating inhaled liposomes (AN‐TR) are constructed utilizing tris‐(2‐carboxyethyl)‐phosphine (TCEP) and l‐arginine to penetrate the mucus and ECM barriers, respectively. This approach facilitates the thorough and uniform distribution of NIN and navitoclax (ABT‐263) across all five lung lobes. Furthermore, ABT‐263 can remove the senescent epithelial cells in the trachea and alveoli, thereby improving the efficiency of NIN for IPF treatment. This study suggests dual barrier‐penetrating inhaled liposomes as efficient noninvasive vehicles for first‐line clinical medications to improve the efficacy of IPF treatment.
Tailoring Non‐Polar Groups of Quaternary Ammonium Salts for Inhibiting Hydrogen Evolution Reaction of Aluminum‐Air Battery
Authors: Liu Yingjie , Gao Zepeng , Li Zhengyu , Zhang Jin feng , Wu Zhong , Hu Wenbin
Published: February 2024

Aluminum‐air battery (AAB) with alkaline‐based aqueous electrolyte have attracted intensive research interests due to high‐capacity density, low cost, and high safety. However, severe hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of Al anode in alkaline electrolyte extremely restricts its large‐scale application. In this work, ZnO with a group of quaternary ammonium salts (QAS, denoted as C1, C2, C4, C6, and C8 depending on the length of non‐polar group) are introduced into electrolytes to inhibit HER. It is revealing that capacity density initially increases with C1, C2, or C4, up to 2564 mAh gAl−1 with anodic utilization rate of 86.0%, and then follows by a decline (C6 and C8). The addition of QAS creates “physical‐hydrophobic interface” by non‐polar group owing to its electrophilic property and constructs “chemical‐hydrophobic interface” with polar group by reducing water activity. QAS also promotes the uniform growth of Zn‐based film, as a barrier against H2O. Thus, HER is effectively inhibited to improve the capacity density. With further increasing non‐polar group length (C6 or C8), the bonding status of the film deteriorates with enhanced H2O activity, leading to the recurrence of HER. This work explores the effect of non‐polar groups on inhibiting HER and opens the door to stable anodes for alkaline‐based batteries.
Rolling Stone Gathers Moss: Rolling Microneedles Generate Meta Microfluidic Microneedles (MMM)
Authors: Zhou Qian , Dong Kaiyi , Wei Meng , He Bingfang , Gao Bingbing
Published: February 2024

Microfluidic chips play crucial roles while lack satisfactory controllability and comprehensive functionality. Inspired by biological systems, this study proposes a method utilizing rolling microneedles (RMNs) to generate muti‐structured templates, realizing photonic crystal membrane (PC) based meta microfluidic microneedle chip (MMM) for efficient wound management. This approach offers advantages in terms of speed and cost‐effectiveness, achieving dual‐sided permeation and patterned design by directly RMNs at desired locations, serving as both template tools for microneedle fabrication. The integration of RMNs with a PC membrane results in the design of 3D multilayer microfluidic channels, effectively addressing issues related to spontaneous fluid flow. As fluid reaches the PC membrane, it generates distinctive structural colors and exhibits fluorescence enhancement, enabling the monitoring of inflammatory factors in mouse wounds and facilitating efficient wound management. In summary, this preparation method involving RMNs paves the way for the design and fluid control of microfluidic chips. This bioinspired patch holds significant potential not only for wound management but also for areas such as clinical drug delivery and point‐of‐care testing (POCT).
Photochemical Shield Enabling Highly Efficient Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Jin Run‐Jun , Lou Yan‐Hui , Huang Lei , Wang Kai‐Li , Chen Chun‐Hao , Chen Jing , Hu Fan , Wang Zhao‐Kui
Published: February 2024

Oxygen is difficult to be physically removed. Oxygen will be excited by light to form free radicals which further attack the lattice of perovskite. The stabilization of α‐FAPbI3 against δ‐FAPbI3 is the key to optimize perovskite solar cells. Herein, the simple molecule, benzaldehyde (BAH) is adopted. The photochemical shield will be established in perovskite layer. Moreover, heterogeneous nucleation induced by BAH enhances the crystallization of α‐FAPbI3. Consequently, the stability of device is improved significantly. The target device maintains 95% of original power conversion efficiency after 1500 h under air conditions and light‐emitting diode light. The power conversion efficiency increases from 23.21% of pristine device to 24.82% of target device.
Spatial Structure Design of Thioether‐Linked Naphthoquinone Cathodes for High‐Performance Aqueous Zinc–Organic Batteries
Authors: Sun Qi‐Qi , Du Jia‐Yi , Sun Tao , Zhuang Zhen‐Bang , Xie Zi‐Long , Xie Hai‐Ming , Huang Gang , Zhang Xin‐Bo
Published: February 2024

Organic electrode materials (OEMs) have gathered extensive attention for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) due to their structural diversity and molecular designability. However, the reported research mainly focuses on the design of the planar configuration of OEMs and does not take into account the important influence of the spatial structure on the electrochemical properties, which seriously hamper the further performance liberation of OEMs. Herein, this work has designed a series of thioether‐linked naphthoquinone‐derived isomers with tunable spatial structures and applied them as the cathodes in AZIBs. The incomplete conjugated structure of the elaborately engineered isomers can guarantee the independence of the redox reaction of active groups, which contributes to the full utilization of active sites and high redox reversibility. In addition, the position isomerization of naphthoquinones on the benzene rings changes the zincophilic activity and redox kinetics of the isomers, signifying the importance of spatial structure on the electrochemical performance. As a result, the 2,2′‐(1,4‐phenylenedithio) bis(1,4‐naphthoquinone) (p‐PNQ) with the smallest steric hindrance and the most independent redox of active sites exhibits a high specific capacity (279 mAh g−1), an outstanding rate capability (167 mAh g−1 at 100 A g−1), and a long‐term cycling lifetime (over 2800 h at 0.05 A g−1).
DLP‐Printable Porous Cryogels for 3D Soft Tactile Sensing
Authors: Cafiso Diana , Bernabei Federico , Lo Preti Matteo , Lantean Simone , Roppolo Ignazio , Pirri Candido Fabrizio , Beccai Lucia
Published: February 2024

Three‐Dimensional (3D) printed porous materials hold the potential for various soft sensing applications due to their remarkable flexibility, low density, and customizable geometries. However, developing versatile and efficient fabrication methods is crucial to unlock their full potential. A novel approach is introduced by combining Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing and freeze‐drying to manufacture deformable cryogels featuring intricate morphologies. Photocurable hydrogels based on Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)Polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), Polyethylene glycol Diacrylate (PEGDA) and Ethylene Glycol (EG) are successfully printed and lyophilized. In this way, porous cryogels with tailorable properties are achieved. Microporosity varies from 68% to 96%, according to the chemical composition. Ultra‐soft cryogels with a compressive modulus of 0.13MPa are fabricated by adding a reactive diluent. As a result of the cryogelation process, which effectively removes water from the hydrogels, microporous structures with details as fine as 100 µm are obtained. The achieved freedom of design is exploited to fabricate resistive force sensors with a honeycomb lattice morphology. The sensitivity and the working range of the sensors can be tailored by tuning the size of the cells, paving the way for sensors with programmable architectures that can meet diverse requirements.
Progress in Printable Colloidal Photonic Crystals
Authors: Hu Yang , Qi Chenze , Yang Dongpeng , Huang Shaoming
Published: February 2024

Printable colloidal photonic crystals (CPCs) with unique photonic bandgaps and elaborate shapes have attracted significant interest due to their characteristics, such as simplicity of fabrication, adjustable structural colors, photobleaching resistance, and stimulus‐responsiveness. In this review, strategies for printing CPC patterns, including direct use of CPCs as inks, region‐selective modification on responsive (solvent, force, and temperature) CPC papers, and printing combined with lithography, are first summarized. Second, based on the advantages of CPC printing technology, their applications in color displays, coatings, sensors, anticounterfeiting labels, and information storage, are discussed in detail. Finally, the current challenges and outlook regarding CPC printing technology are proposed.
Predicting Single Neuron Responses of the Primary Visual Cortex with Deep Learning Model
Authors: Deng Kaiwen , Schwendeman Peter S. , Guan Yuanfang
Published: February 2024

Modeling neuron responses to stimuli can shed light on next‐generation technologies such as brain‐chip interfaces. Furthermore, high‐performing models can serve to help formulate hypotheses and reveal the mechanisms underlying neural responses. Here the state‐of‐the‐art computational model is presented for predicting single neuron responses to natural stimuli in the primary visual cortex (V1) of mice. The algorithm incorporates object positions and assembles multiple models with different train‐validation data, resulting in a 15%–30% improvement over the existing models in cross‐subject predictions and ranking first in the SENSORIUM 2022 Challenge, which benchmarks methods for neuron‐specific prediction based on thousands of images. Importantly, The model reveals evidence that the spatial organizations of V1 are conserved across mice. This model will serve as an important noninvasive tool for understanding and utilizing the response patterns of primary visual cortex neurons.
Hyaluronidase‐Responsive Bactericidal Cryogel for Promoting Healing of Infected Wounds: Inflammatory Attenuation, ROS Scavenging, and Immune Regulation
Authors: Liu Menglong , Ding Rui , Li Zheng , Xu Na , Gong Yali , Huang Yong , Jia Jiezhi , Du Haiyan , Yu Yunlong , Luo Gaoxing
Published: February 2024

Wounds infected with multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacteria are increasingly threatening public health and challenging clinical treatments because of intensive bacterial colonization, excessive inflammatory responses, and superabundant oxidative stress. To overcome this malignant burden and promote wound healing, a multifunctional cryogel (HA/TA2/KR2) composed of hyaluronic acid (HA), tannic acid (TA), and KR‐12 peptides is designed. The cryogel exhibited excellent shape‐memory properties, strong absorption performance, and hemostatic capacity. In vitro experiments demonstrated that KR‐12 in the cryogel can be responsively released by stimulation with hyaluronidase produced by bacteria, reaching robust antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli), MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR‐PA), and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by disrupting bacterial cell membranes. Furthermore, the synergetic effect of KR‐12 and TA can efficiently scavenge ROS and decrease expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α & interleukin (IL)−6), as well as modulate the macrophage phenotype toward the M2 type. In vivo animal tests indicated that the cryogel can effectively destroy bacteria in the wound and promote healing process via accelerating angiogenesis and re‐epithelialization. Proteomic analysis revealed the underlying mechanism by which the cryogel mainly reshaped the infected wound microenvironment by inhibiting the Nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) signaling pathway and activating the Janus kinase‐Signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK‐STAT6) signaling pathway. Therefore, the HA/TA2/KR2 cryogel is a promising dressing candidate for MDR bacteria‐infected wound healing.
Exceptional Magnetocaloric Responses in a Gadolinium Silicate with Strongly Correlated Spin Disorder for Sub‐Kelvin Magnetic Cooling
Authors: Yang Ziyu W. , Zhang Jie , Liu Bo , Zhang Xiaoxiao , Lu Dabiao , Zhao Haoting , Pi Maocai , Cui Hongzhi , Zeng Yu‐Jia , Pan Zhao , Shen Yao , Li Shiliang , Long Youwen
Published: February 2024

The development of magnetocaloric materials with a significantly enhanced volumetric cooling capability is highly desirable for the application of adiabatic demagnetization refrigerators in confined spatial environments. Here, the thermodynamic characteristics of a magnetically frustrated spin‐7/2 Gd9.33[SiO4]6O2 is presented, which exhibits strongly correlated spin disorder below ≈1.5 K. A quantitative model is proposed to describe the magnetization results by incorporating nearest‐neighbor Heisenberg antiferromagnetic and dipolar interactions. Remarkably, the recorded magnetocaloric responses are unprecedentedly large and applicable below 1.0 K. It is proposed that the S = 7/2 spin liquids serve as versatile platforms for investigating high‐performance magnetocaloric materials in the sub‐kelvin regime, particularly those exhibiting a superior cooling power per unit volume.
Molecular Engineering of Electrosprayed Hydrogel Microspheres to Achieve Synergistic Anti‐Tumor Chemo‐Immunotherapy with ACEA Cargo
Authors: Deng Youming , Li Jiayang , Tao Ran , Zhang Ke , Yang Rong , Qu Zhan , Zhang Yu , Huang Jinjian
Published: February 2024

Molecular engineering of drug delivering platforms to provide collaborative biological effects with loaded drugs is of great medical significance. Herein, cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1)‐ and reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐targeting electrosprayed microspheres (MSs) are fabricated by loading with the CB1 agonist arachidonoyl 2′‐chloroethylamide (ACEA) and producing ROS in a photoresponsive manner. The synergistic anti‐tumor effects of ACEA and ROS released from the MSs are assessed. ACEA inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor signaling and altered tumor microenvironment (TME) by activating CB1 to induce tumor cell death. The MSs are composed of glycidyl methacrylate‐conjugated xanthan gum (XGMA) and Fe3+, which form dual molecular networks based on a Fe3+‐(COO−)3 network and a C═C addition reaction network. Interestingly, the Fe3+‐(COO−)3 network can be disassembled instantly under the conditions of lactate sodium and ultraviolet exposure, and the disassembly is accompanied by massive ROS production, which directly injures tumor cells. Meanwhile, the transition of dual networks to a single network boosts the ACEA release. Together, the activities of the ACEA and MSs promote immunogenic tumor cell death and create a tumor‐suppressive TME by increasing M1‐like tumor‐associated macrophages and CD8+ T cells. In summation, this study demonstrates strong prospects of improving anti‐tumor effects of drug delivering platforms through molecular design.
Asymmetric Molecular Adsorption and Regioselective Bond Cleavage on Chiral PdGa Crystals
Authors: Merino‐Diez Nestor , Amador Raymond , Stolz Samuel T. , Passerone Daniele , Widmer Roland , Gröning Oliver
Published: February 2024

Homogenous enantioselective catalysis is nowadays the cornerstone in the manufacturing of enantiopure substances, but its technological implementation suffers from well‐known impediments like the lack of endurable catalysts exhibiting long‐term stability. The catalytically active intermetallic compound Palladium‐Gallium (PdGa), conserving innate bulk chirality on its surfaces, represent a promising system to study asymmetric chemical reactions by heterogeneous catalysis, with prospective relevance for industrial processes. Here, this work investigates the adsorption of 10,10′‐dibromo‐9,9′‐bianthracene (DBBA) on the PdGa:A() Pd3‐terminated surface by means of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS). A highly enantioselective adsorption of the molecule evolving into a near 100% enantiomeric excess below room temperature is observed. This exceptionally high enantiomeric excess is attributed to temperature activated conversion of the S to the R chiral conformer. Tip‐induced bond cleavage of the R conformer shows a very high regioselectivity of the DBBA debromination. The experimental results are interpreted by density functional theory atomistic simulations. This work extends the knowledge of chirality transfer onto the enantioselective adsorption of non‐planar molecules and manifests the ensemble effect of PdGa surfaces resulting in robust regioselective debromination.