bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Variability and Measurement Scale of Infiltration Rate on an Agricultural Landscape
Authors: Haws Nathan W. , Liu Bingwu , Boast C. W. , Rao P. S. C. , Kladivko E. J. , Franzmeier D. P.
Published: July 2010

Determining representative infiltration rate parameters for use in modeling field‐scale flow and transport processes is difficult because of the spatial variability of soil properties. To determine how steady‐state infiltration rate variability is affected by support scale, steady‐state infiltration rates (Is) were measured at three spatial scales (local, hillslope, and landscape) along a 710‐m transect on a swell–swale landscape in Indiana. Spatial variability at the local scale was studied using measurements in a 1 × 1 m2array of 100 ring infiltrometers (7.2‐cm diam.) for three soils at three horizons each. Studies were conducted at the hillslope and landscape scales using three nested infiltrometers of sizes 20 × 20, 60 × 60, and 100 × 100 cm2Geostatistical analyses show a decrease in the sample variance of the Isvalues and an increase in spatial correlation of Iswith depth. They also suggest that an area >10, 7.2‐cm diam. rings (i.e., approximately >400 cm2) is needed to provide a representative measurement area (RMA; i.e., area needed to filter out smaller‐scale heterogeneities) at the local scale. Hillslope‐ and landscape‐scale tests indicate that Ismeasurements with infiltrometers require an infiltrometer with a support area greater than the local‐scale RMA to show the spatial correlation of the larger scales. In addition, these infiltrometer measurements may not provide appropriate effective Isestimates at these greater scales unless they are averaged over a domain that extends across the landscape's range of variability, estimated from the computed semivariograms to be 120 to 200 m for this study.
INTERACTIONS OF ACIDIC HERBICIDES BENTAZON AND DICAMBA WITH ORGANOCLAYS
Authors: Carrizosa María José , Koskinen William C. , del Carmen Hermosín María
Published: July 2010

We determined the sorption mechanism of the acidic herbicides bentazon [3‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1H‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazin‐4(3H)‐one 2,2‐dioxide] and dicamba (3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxybenzoic acid) on two organoclays, octadecylammonium (ODA)‐ and hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)‐exchanged Arizona montmorillonite (SAz‐1), as part of a study to determine their potential use as sorbent materials for ionizable organic pollutants. To determine the mechanisms involved in the sorption process, herbicide‐organoclay complexes were characterized by x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In general, the d001 values of SAz‐HDTMA and SAz‐ODA organoclays expanded after herbicide saturation, indicating interlayer sorption of the herbicide. Also, FTIR spectroscopic studies suggested weak hydrophobic interactions between these herbicides and the interlayer organic phase of the organoclays. However, H bonding between these herbicides and the monosubstituted amino group in SAz‐ODA reinforced the strength of the hydrophobic interactions resulting in nonreadily reversible sorption on that organoclay. These results suggest that organoclays can be used to remove this type of pollutants from water or soils.
Porosity and Pore‐Size Distribution in Cultivated Ustolls and Usterts
Authors: Eynard A. , Schumacher T. E. , Lindstrom M. J. , Malo D. D.
Published: July 2010

Soil management systems affect soil porosity and pore sizes, changing soil hydraulic properties by loosening or by compacting different soil layers. Changes in porosity and pore‐size distribution following cultivation were studied in six Ustolls and two Usterts of the prairie in the Upper Missouri River Basin. Soil pores were morphologically described. Water infiltration was measured at 0.03‐ and 0.06‐m tensions. Soil bulk density and moisture retention at 1‐m tension were determined in undisturbed and in remolded soil cores. In Ustolls, cultivation decreased soil porosity and pore sizes. Steady‐state water infiltration rates were higher in grasslands than in cultivated soils. In no‐till and till systems, both very fine macroporosity and microporosity were reduced when compared with grasslands. No‐tillage relative to tillage increased soil porosity between the 0.05‐ and 0.30‐m depth. More very fine tubular pores were present in no‐till than in tilled Ustolls, indicating increased biological activity in pore formation. In Usterts, total pore space, quantity, shape, and size of macropores, water infiltration under tension, and moisture retention at 1‐m tension did not show significant changes related to different management systems.
Influence of Stiff‐Stemmed Grass Hedge Systems on Infiltration
Authors: Rachman Achmad , Anderson S. H. , Gantzer C. J. , Thompson A. L.
Published: July 2010

The ability of grass hedge systems to reduce runoff is critical to their effectiveness in controlling soil erosion. The reduction in runoff depends on the infiltration properties of soil managed with hedges. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of stiff‐stemmed grass hedges on infiltration. The experiment was conducted on a site, which had been managed with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) hedges for 10 yr at the USDA‐ARS research station near Treynor, IA. The predominant soil was Monona silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Hapludolls). Ponded infiltration measurements were used to determine field‐saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs). Three positions were sampled: within grass hedges, within a deposition zone 0.5 m upslope from grass hedges, and within a row crop zone 7 m upslope from the hedges in soybean (Glycine max) production during 2001 and corn (Zea mays L.) production during 2002. A tension infiltrometer was used to measure infiltration at three selected tensions (50, 100, and 150 mm) in the grass hedge and row crop positions. The physically based Parlange, the Green and Ampt, and the empirically based Kostiakov infiltration models fit the measured data well (r2 = 0.99–1.00). The Kfs within the grass hedge position was more than seven times greater than in the row crop position and 24 times greater than in the deposition position. The infiltration rate at 50‐ and 100‐mm tension in the grass hedge position was significantly larger (P < 0.01) than in the row crop position; values at 150‐mm tension were not significantly different. The Kfs was found to be similar in magnitude to laboratory measured saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) treated with bentonite to eliminate by‐pass flow. Grass hedges were found to enhance water infiltration compared with conventional row crop management.
Landscape Determinants of Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Storage in Southern New England
Authors: Kulmatiski Andrew , Vogt Daniel J. , Siccama Thomas G. , Tilley Joel P. , Kolesinskas Kipen , Wickwire Theodore W. , Larson Bruce C.
Published: July 2010

We present estimates of C and N storage from forest soils of northeastern Connecticut, USA. Fifty‐six plots were sampled from the forest floor (FF) to 15 cm, and 21 of these plots were sampled to 60 cm. Carbon storage varied more in the FF (2.32 ± 1.06 kg C m−2) than in the top 15 cm of mineral soil (3.43 ± 0.70 kg C m−2). Nitrogen storage, however, varied less in the FF (0.086 ± 0.037 kg m−2) than in the mineral soil (0.224 ± 0.068 kg m−2). Carbon and N storage from the FF to 60 cm averaged 7.91 ± 1.74 and 0.56 ± 0.13 kg m−2, respectively. Variations in nutrient storage were explained using one and two‐way ANOVAs, three‐way multivariate regression trees (MRTs) and three site factors: forest stand composition, soil series, and topography. Carbon and N storage in the FF were best explained by stand composition. Carbon storage in the mineral soil was best explained by topography and N storage in the mineral soil was best explained by both stand composition and soil series. In general, hemlock (Tsuga canadensis Carr) stands and hill bottoms were associated with the most C and the soil series in the poorest drainage class and hardwood stands were associated with the most N. When these results were compared with other estimates from the region we observed that nutrient storage varied widely in the FF at local scales (<10 km), but varied more widely in the mineral soil at regional scales (>100 km). These data suggest that soil series and stand composition will provide good local and regional estimates of N storage. Similarly, stand composition will provide good local estimates of C storage. However, variables that explain variation in the mineral soil, such as topography and management history, will be needed to provide regional estimates of C storage.
Site‐Specific Soil Fertility Management
Authors: Mueller T. G. , Pusuluri N. B. , Mathias K. K. , Cornelius P. L. , Barnhisel R. I.
Published: July 2010

The performance of site‐specific fertility management (SSFM) systems depends on the quality of soil property maps used to develop variable‐rate fertilizer recommendations. Map quality assessment, however, may be too expensive for routine site‐specific soil sampling. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the quality of soil property maps created with ordinary kriging for five fields in Kentucky, and (ii) to develop a model describing the relationship between map quality and statistical properties of data. Five fields across Kentucky were sampled on 30.5‐m grids and samples were analyzed for pH, buffer pH (bpH), P, K, Ca, and Mg. For each field, four 61.0 and nine 91.5‐m data subsets were extracted from the 30.5‐m grid. Semivariograms could only be adequately modeled for the 30.5‐ and 61.0‐m grid datasets. Therefore, only these data sets were interpolated with ordinary kriging. Map quality was evaluated with an independent data set. Multiple stepwise regression was used to model map quality using data from several Kentucky fields and from a previously published Michigan study. Prediction efficiency (PE) was a function of the relative structural variability, range of spatial correlation, and grid increment (R2= 0.82). The range of spatial correlation was the major factor controlling map quality within the range of variation studied. This model may potentially be a useful tool for the development of sampling designs for site‐specific management.
Nitrate Leaching from Kentucky Bluegrass Soil Columns Predicted with Anion Exchange Membranes
Authors: Mangiafico Salvatore S. , Guillard Karl
Published: July 2010

Ideal nitrogen (N) management for turfgrass supplies sufficient N for high‐quality turf without increasing N leaching losses. A greenhouse study was conducted during two 27‐wk periods to determine if in situ anion exchange membranes (AEMs) could predict nitrate (NO3–N) leaching from a Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.) turf grown on intact soil columns. Treatments consisted of 16 rates of N fertilization, from 0 to 98 kg N ha−1mo−1Percolate water was collected weekly and analyzed for NO3–N. Mean flow‐weighted NO3–N concentration and cumulative mass in percolate were exponentially related (pseudo‐R2= 0.995 and 0.994, respectively) to AEM desorbed soil NO3–N, with a percolate concentration below 10 mg NO3–N L−1corresponding to an AEM soil NO3–N value of 2.9 μg cm−2d−1Apparent N recovery by turf ranged from 28 to 40% of applied N, with a maximum corresponding to 4.7 μg cm−2d−1AEM soil NO3–N. Turf color, growth, and chlorophyll index increased with increasing AEM soil NO3–N, but these increases occurred at the expense of increases in NO3–N leaching losses. These results suggest that AEMs might serve as a tool for predicting NO3–N leaching losses from turf.
SOIL GRINDING INCREASES THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF EUKARYOTIC PHOSPHOLIPID FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Allison V. J. , Miller R. M.
Published: July 2010

Pretreatment of soil samples, such as grinding and sample size, can potentially affect phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) extraction efficiencies. The objective of this study was to determine how soil pretreatment affects PLFA analysis and interpretation. Two grinding (ground and control) and five soil sample sizes (0.125–5 g) in factorial combinations were applied to restored or remnant prairie soils. In the restored soil, the smaller soil aliquots were more likely to result in outlying values of community composition, suggesting small‐scale heterogeneity in microbial community distribution. Grinding reduced this variability in community composition, with no outliers, even with the lowest size in ground soils. However, grinding increased the abundance of eukaryotic relative to prokaryotic PLFAs, and we hypothesize that grinding exposed root cells and the interior of fungal hyphae to extraction. We suggest that in soils with high root densities, soils should not be ground as grinding may obscure changes in the microbial community by exaggerating the eukaryotic signal from roots. However, in soils with low rooting densities, grinding will reduce heterogeneity and ensure that eukaryotic biomarkers are not underestimated.
Factors Contributing to Changes in Plant Available Nitrogen across a Variable Landscape
Authors: Dharmakeerthi R. S. , Kay B. D. , Beauchamp E. G.
Published: July 2010

The maximum benefits that may be obtained from site‐specific N management will not be realized until we improve our understanding of the spatial variability in plant available nitrogen (PAN) under different soil and crop management practices across the landscape. The objectives of this study were to quantify the influence of soil factors on the spatial and temporal variability of N availability to corn (Zea maysL.) grown under different tillage and legume cover crop conditions. Three management treatments were established on a variable landscape in southern Ontario in 1999, 2000, and 2001: barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) followed by corn under no‐tillage, barley followed by corn under spring plowing and secondary tillage, and barley underseeded with red clover (Trifolium pratenseL.) that was plowed down the next spring and followed by corn. The PAN contents were measured through the growing seasons and related to soil properties, management, and their interactions using regression analysis. The spatial patterns of PAN were temporally stable, suggesting a temporal consistency in the spatial patterns of factors influencing PAN. The variation in soil temperature among landscape positions was very small, often only 1 to 2°C, and its contribution to the spatial variation in PAN was considered negligible. Soil water made only a small contribution to the variability in PAN because the seasonal average water‐filled pore space (SAWFPS) exhibited little variation across the landscape and often fell within the nonlimiting water range (NLWR) for N mineralization. Most of the variation in PAN within a season in this landscape was accounted for by variation in organic carbon (OC) content.
Carbon Dioxide Effects on Heterotrophic Dinitrogen Fixation in a Temperate Pine Forest
Authors: Hofmockel Kirsten S. , Schlesinger William H.
Published: July 2010

Increased net primary productivity (NPP) under elevated atmospheric CO2 requires additional N inputs to sustain C sequestration. We hypothesized that heterotrophic N2 fixation would be stimulated by enhanced litter production under elevated CO2, thus augmenting N availability to plants. To test if N2 fixation is limited by organic substrates alone or in combination with nutrients required for the nitrogenase enzyme, we measured nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) in laboratory incubations with water, nutrient, and O2 manipulations. Response of N2 fixation to water, glucose, P, Fe, or Mo was measured under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in forest floor and mineral soil samples from the Duke Forest, NC. Potential nitrogenase activity in forest floor and mineral soil from the Duke Forest Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) site were measured to determine if elevated CO2 enhances N2 fixation. In homogenized slurries with glucose additions, nitrogenase activity was 2 and 400 times greater than controls in organic and mineral soils, respectively (P < 0.01). In laboratory studies, water additions increased N2 fixation 25‐fold in intact soil cores (P < 0.01). Additions of nutrients alone or in combination with C and water did not consistently stimulate N2 fixation in intact soil cores. We detected no CO2 effect on potential nitrogenase activity in Duke FACE soil. Since heterotrophic N2 fixation is not stimulated in temperate pine forests under elevated CO2, additional N assimilation by trees will require increased acquisition of endogenous N, such as increased nutrient use efficiency or enhanced root exploration of the soil.
Romantic Attachment and Subtypes/Dimensions of Jealousy
Authors: Marazziti Donatella , Consoli Giorgio , Albanese Francesco , Laquidara Emanuela , Baroni Stefano , Catena Dell’Osso Mario
Published: July 2010

The present study explored the possible relationship between romantic attachment and jealousy in 100 healthy subjects. The romantic attachment and jealousy were evaluated by means of, respectively, the “Experiences in Close Relationships” questionnaire (ECR), and the “Questionario della Gelosia” (QUEGE). The ECR anxiety scale was related to all QUEGE dimensions, while the ECR avoidance scale to three. Individuals with the preoccupied attachment style showed higher scores than secure subjects on the obsessionality, interpersonal sensitivity and fear of loss dimensions. Fearful-avoidant individuals had higher score than secure subjects on the fear of loss dimension only, while dismissing individuals had lower scores on the self-esteem dimension.

These findings suggest that romantic attachment and jealousy are intertwined.
"Still Chastened": Assessing the Scope of Constitutional Change under an "Obama Court"
Authors: Robinson Robert R
Published: July 2010

For the first time since 1968, the election of Barack Obama raises the possibility of a liberal majority on the Supreme Court. In this article, I assess whether such an Obama Court would lead to significant constitutional change. Drawing on research regarding both the internal dynamics of the Supreme Court and the effect of the Courts external environmental, I develop four benchmarks that historically correlate with more rapid and significant constitutional change. Taking each benchmark in turn, I argue that an Obama Court would lack the vision, the desire, and the power to fundamentally reshape the constitutional status quo. Instead, an Obama Court would likely be a mirror image of the later Rehnquist years, drifting to the left on the resolution of some constitutional problems, but in essence remaining a chastened institution mainly limited to incremental doctrinal change.
Preparation and Structure Analysis of Noncrystalline Granular Starch
Authors: Liu Peiling , Zhang Benshan , Shen Qun , Hu Xiaosong , Li Wenhao
Published: July 2010

Noncrystalline granular (NCG) starch is a peculiar form of starch. The granules have granular shape but no crystalline structure. It is a middle state between native semi-crystal structure and paste. The conception of NCG starch was presented and its preparation methods for native maize starch were explored. Cross-linking by chloroepoxy propane was adopted as the chemical method while ethanol treatment was adopted as the physical method. Cross bonds and ethanol were both able to protect starch granules from swelling while thermal treatment was able to destroy crystalline structure of the granules. The structure of granule was observed by polarization microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Change from crystalline to noncrystalline structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). It indicated that preparation of NCG starch with the physical method was better than chemical method. The detailed conditions were: maize starch (40%, w/w) was slurried in 50%-ethanol, underwent thermal treatment at 85°C for 2 minutes, washed with anhydrous ethanol (2000 ml), and freeze dried.
Psychosocial Treatment Techniques to Augment the Impact of Physiotherapy Interventions for Low Back Pain
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.L. , Adams Heather
Published: July 2010

Purpose: The present study examined the profile of physical and psychosocial changes that occur in physiotherapy intervention when patients also participate in a psychosocial intervention. The psychosocial intervention, delivered by physiotherapists, was designed to target catastrophic thinking, fear of pain, perceived disability, and depression.

Methods: The study sample consisted of 48 individuals referred for the rehabilitation treatment of disabling back pain. Half the sample was enrolled in a physiotherapy intervention only; the other half was enrolled in a psychosocial intervention in addition to receiving a physiotherapy intervention.

Results: At post-treatment, the two treatment groups did not differ significantly on measures of pain severity, physical function, or self-reported disability. Patients who participated in the psychosocial intervention in addition to physiotherapy showed significantly greater reductions in pain catastrophizing, fear of movement, and depression than patients who received only the physiotherapy intervention. Reductions in psychosocial risk factors contributed to reduced use of the health care system, reduced use of pain medication, and improved return-to-work outcomes.

Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggest that a psychosocial intervention provided by physiotherapists can lead to meaningful reductions in psychosocial risk factors for pain and disability and may contribute to more positive rehabilitation outcomes.
Formulating an inverse problem to infer the accumulation-rate pattern from deep internal layering in an ice sheet using a Monte Carlo approach
Authors: Steen-Larsen Hans Christian , Waddington Edwin D. , Koutnik Michelle R.
Published: July 2010

Using a Monte Carlo (MC) method, we determine the accumulation-rate profile along a flowband, the influx of ice into the upstream end of the flowband and the age of an internal layer. The data comprise the depth profile of the internal layer, a few velocity measurements at the surface and the average accumulation at one location. The data in our example were collected at Taylor Mouth, a flank site off Taylor Dome, Antarctica. We present three alternative formulations of this inverse problem. Depending on the formulation used, this particular inverse problem can have up to four solutions, each corresponding to a different spatial accumulation-rate pattern. This study demonstrates the ability of a MC method to find several solutions to this inverse problem, and how to use a Metropolis algorithm to determine the probability distribution of each of these different solutions. The only disadvantage of the MC method is that it is computationally more expensive than other inverse methods, such as the Gradient method.
Linking Urban Forests and Urban Tourism: A Case of Savannah, Georgia
Authors: Deng Jinyang , Arano Kathryn G. , Pierskalla Chad , McNeel Joseph
Published: July 2010

The importance of linking forests and tourism has long been recognized and studied in forest management, community development, and tourism. However, little has been written specifically about urban forests' role in urban tourism development. Based on data collected from Savannah, GA, this article develops a structural equation model to explore the linkages among urban forest appeals, city beauty, tourism experience, tourism satisfaction, and destination loyalty. The results indicate that urban forests can positively and significantly contribute to the enhancement of city beauty and enrichment of tourist experience, which, in turn, positively and significantly contributes to tourism satisfaction, which can significantly lead to destination loyalty. This study also finds that urban forests not only function as a main attractor for most visitors, but also serve to complement other tourism attractions (i.e., historical sites) in the city.
On the Endomorphism Rings of Local Cohomology Modules
Authors: Khashyarmanesh Kazem
Published: July 2010

Let R be a commutative Noetherian ring and a a proper ideal of R. We show that if n := gradeRa, then . We also prove that, for a nonnegative integer n such that = 0 for every i ≠ n, if for all i > 0 and z ∈ a, then is a homomorphic image of R, where Rz is the ring of fractions of R with respect to a multiplicatively closed subset ﹛z j | j ⩾ 0﹜ of R. Moreover, if HomR(Rz , R) = 0 for all z ∈ a, then is an isomorphism, where is the canonical ring homomorphism R → .
An Isospectral Deformation on an Infranil-Orbifold
Authors: Proctor Emily , Stanhope Elizabeth
Published: July 2010

We construct a Laplace isospectral deformation of metrics on an orbifold quotient of a nilmanifold. Each orbifold in the deformation contains singular points with order two isotropy. Isospectrality is obtained by modifying a generalization of Sunada's theorem due to DeTurck and Gordon.
Affective antecedents of intuitive decision making
Authors: Sinclair Marta , Ashkanasy Neal M. , Chattopadhyay Prithviraj
Published: July 2010

Although the use of intuition in managerial decisions has been documented, many questions about the intuitive process and its antecedent stages remain unanswered, in particular the role of affective traits and states. The study reported in this article investigates whether decision makers who are more attuned to own emotions and experience a particular mood have an easier access to intuition. Our findings indicate that emotional awareness has indeed a positive effect on the use of intuition, which appears to be stronger for women. Surprisingly, positive and negative mood seem to influence intuition according to their intensity rather than positive/negative distinction.
A study of indicators of willingness in the knowledge transfer process
Authors: Héliot YingFei , Riley Michael
Published: July 2010

The literature on knowledge transfer is confident in its assertion that a ‘stickiness’ pervades knowledge disclosure process. This phenomenon is often attributed to structural communication barriers but an equally valid explanation could stem from the individual feeling a sense of ownership of their knowledge which then engenders a reluctance to be open about their knowledge within a formal knowledge transfer process. We pursue this idea theoretically through notions of possessiveness and psychological ownership; and empirically by exploring the concept of willingness to disclose. Assuming willingness to be unidimensional a methodology is put forward that uses indicators to measures its direction. Using a sample of 1050 UK engineers we illustrate the direction of willingness on a reluctance–willing dimension. We argue that knowledge transfer requires management to examine more closely the stimuli that affect the process.
Modelling aus einem Guss
Authors: Horn Anselm
Published: July 2010

Materials Studio bietet eine graphische Arbeitsoberfläche, unter der sich Molekül‐ und Materialeigenschaften berechnen und vorhersagen lassen. Dafür waren bisher häufig mehrere Programme notwendig.
Otto‐Hahn‐Preis für Gerhard Ertl
Authors: Hoer Renate
Published: July 2010

In einem Festakt in der Frankfurter Paulskirche wird am 27. November Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. Gerhard Ertl, Chemie‐Nobelpreisträger des Jahres 2007 und früherer Direktor am Fritz‐Haber‐Institut, Berlin, mit dem Otto‐Hahn‐Preis ausgezeichnet.
Höhere Temperaturen, schnellere Trennung
Authors: Wenclawiak Bernd
Published: July 2010

In der HPLC steigern höhere Temperaturen die Trenneffizienz. Dabei eignen sich herkömmliche HPLC‐Apparaturen für die Hochtemperaturflüssigchromatographie, und die Methode kommt auch ohne organische Lösungsmittel aus.
Ein wissenschaftlicher Universalist
Authors: Huisgen Rolf
Published: July 2010

Die Vielseitigkeit und Tiefe seiner Interessen machten Heinrich Wieland (1877‐1957) zum Naturforscher im klassischen Sinn. In Zeiten zunehmender Spezialisierung war er vielleicht einer der letzten Universalisten der Chemie. Seine wissenschaftliche Originalität und seine Charakterstärke prägten eine ganze Generation organischer Chemiker.
Finanzierung von Innovationen
Authors: Festel Gunter
Published: July 2010

Mittelständischen Pharmaunternehmen mangelt es an Neuem. Möglicherweise interessante Projekte setzen sie wegen fehlender finanzieller Ressourcen nicht um. Ein Entwicklungsfonds finanziert solche Projekte extern.
Chemie für Häuslebauer
Authors: Osterath Brigitte
Published: July 2010

Ab Mitte nächsten Jahres gehört zu jedem Haus ein Energieausweis, der dessen Primärenergiebedarf beurteilt. Spätestens dann lohnen sich Investitionen in eine hervorragende Dämmung nicht nur für die Hausbewohner, sondern auch für Vermieter und Verkäufer.
Jobs und mehr
Authors: Schmitz Karin
Published: July 2010

Beim Wissenschaftsforum in Ulm veranstaltete der GDCh‐Karriereservice das mittlerweile vierte Jobcenter.
UPLC‐Methoden entwickeln und optimieren
Authors: Neue Uwe D. , Messina Christopher S. , Diehl Diane M.
Published: July 2010

Die hier vorgestellte Methode liefert schnell einen Überblick über die Selektivitäten von stationären und mobilen Phasen. Die besten Ansätze werden dann über Gradientenverlauf, mobile Phase und Temperatur weiter optimiert. So dauert es weniger als acht Stunden, bis eine Übersicht über die Selektivitätsoptionen vorliegt.
Komplexität kostet
Authors: Scheel Oliver , Scheiter Sieghart , Lewe Tobias
Published: July 2010

Die Komplexität in Unternehmen nimmt zu – vor allem bedingt durch konsolidierte und globalisierte Märkte. Gleichzeitig stehen Chemieunternehmen unter einem starken Kostendruck. Oft sind die üblichen Maßnahmen, die die Profitabilität steigern könnten, bereits umgesetzt. Dies erfordert neue, intelligente Methoden.
Qualität im Bachelor‐/Master‐Studium – Qualität für den Beruf
Authors: Begitt Kurt , Gross leo
Published: July 2010

Vor fast drei Jahren riefen die Hochschulrektorenkonferenz (HRK) und Chemieorganisationen zu einer ersten nationalen Tagung zum Thema Bachelor und Master aus der Chemie.
Ezetimibe stimulates faecal neutral sterol excretion depending on abcg8 function in mice
Authors: Jakulj Lily , Vissers Maud N. , van Roomen Cindy P. , van der Veen Jelske N. , Vrins Carlos L.J. , Kunne Cindy , Stellaard Frans , Kastelein John J.P. , Groen Albert K.
Published: July 2010

Ezetimibe stimulates faecal neutral sterol (FNS) excretion in mice, which cannot be explained by cholesterol absorption inhibition alone. We investigated whether these effects are mediated via the sterol exporter ATP binding cassette transporter G8 (abcg8). Ezetimibe increased FNS excretion 2.7‐fold in WT mice and 1.5‐fold in abcg8−/− mice, without affecting biliary cholesterol secretion. Daily FNS excretion exceeded the sum of dietary cholesterol intake and biliary secretion by about 60%. Ezetimibe enhanced this ‘extra’ FNS excretion by 3.5‐fold and 1.5‐fold in wildtype (WT) and abcg8−/− mice, respectively. Ezetimibe stimulates fecal sterol excretion of non‐biliary and non‐dietary origin, probably through stimulation of trans‐intestinal cholesterol excretion. We show that this effect depends on intact abcg8 function.
The oocyte‐specific transcription factor, Nobox, regulates the expression of Pad6, a peptidylarginine deiminase in the oocyte
Authors: Choi Mikyung , Lee Ok-Hee , Jeon Sanghyun , Park Miseon , Lee Dong Ryul , Ko Jeong-Jae , Yoon Tae Ki , Rajkovic Aleksandar , Choi Youngsok
Published: July 2010

Nobox is an oocyte‐specific transcriptional regulator. Nobox deficiency disrupts early folliculogenesis and the expression of oocyte‐specific genes in mice. In the present study, we found that peptidylarginine deiminase 6 (Pad6) was downregulated in Nobox‐null ovaries. Pad6 is preferentially expressed in oocytes and its transcript is detectable at embryonic day 16.5. In addition, we identified one Nobox DNA‐binding element (NBE) within the mouse Pad6 promoter. The NBE includes a core sequence TAATTA. Sequence‐specific binding of Nobox to the TAATTA motif was confirmed. Nobox overexpression augmented transcriptional activity of a luciferase reporter driven by mouse Pad6. Our findings indicate that Nobox is a critical regulator that orchestrates oocyte‐specific genes such as Pad6 during folliculogenesis.
A Microdevice for the Mixing of a Highly Viscous Biosample with Water/Membrane Protein Solution using Microchannel and Centrifugation
Authors: Yuan Liang , Zheng Yuan F.
Published: July 2010

A mechanism for controlling the mixing of highly viscous biosamples at the microliter scale is presented. Existing methods for mixing biosamples using microstirrers or shaking microwells are only effective for non-highly viscous materials. The proposed mechanism mixes monoolein, a highly viscous biosample, with water/membrane protein solution in a microdevice called microcapsule using a microchannel and centrifugation. To achieve effective mixing, the design of the microcapsule along with the microchannel is presented and so is the hydrodynamic model describing the flow of viscous materials in the microchannel. The mixing process is analyzed according to the Reynolds number of the biosamples using computer simulation, which is observed during the experiment using digital images for further analysis. Finally, the new approach is verified by X-ray diffraction experiments with water and the Rh membrane protein solution, which are used to evaluate the effectiveness of mixing. Experimental results not only validate the proposed method but also determine the flow oscillation time in the microchannel to achieve effective and efficient mixing.
Microfluidic Air-Liquid Cavity Acoustic Transducers for On-Chip Integration of Sample Preparation and Sample Detection
Authors: Lee Abraham P. , Patel Maulik V. , Tovar Armando R. , Okabe Yuka
Published: July 2010

A simple low-cost yet versatile microtechnology platform is demonstrated as capable of performing a variety of microfluidic actuation functions including on-chip pumping, mixing, cell/particle sorting, and sample extraction. This technology termed air-liquid cavity acoustic transducers (ALCATs) uses trapped air bubbles as the functional elements. When an external acoustic energy source is applied to the device, the trapped bubbles oscillate, generating acoustic streaming within the fluid. By controlling their relative position and angle with the liquid channel/chamber, the ALCAT can push away or pull in the surrounding liquid contents and its contained particulates. In this report, we provide a general introduction of the ALCAT microtechnology platform and its application to enhancing biomolecular assays.
Microengineering Hydrogels for Stem Cell Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Wheeldon Ian , Ahari Amirhossein F. , Khademhosseini Ali
Published: July 2010

The integration of microfabrication technologies with advanced biomaterials has led to the development of powerful tools to control the cellular microenvironment and the microarchitecture of engineered tissue constructs. Here, we review this area with a focus on the work accomplished in our laboratory. In particular, we discuss techniques to develop hydrogel microstructures for controlling cell aggregate formation to regulate stem cell behavior as well as a bottom-up and a top-down microengineering approach to creating biomimic tissue-like structures.
Electrothermal Fluid Manipulation of High-Conductivity Samples for Laboratory Automation Applications
Authors: Sin Mandy L.Y. , Gau Vincent , Liao Joseph C. , Wong Pak Kin
Published: July 2010

Electrothermal flow is a promising technique in microfluidic manipulation toward laboratory automation applications, such as clinical diagnostics and high-throughput drug screening. Despite the potential of electrothermal flow in biomedical applications, relatively little is known about electrothermal manipulation of highly conductive samples, such as physiological fluids and buffer solutions. In this study, the characteristics and challenges of electrothermal manipulation of fluid samples with different conductivities were investigated systematically. Electrothermal flow was shown to create fluid motion for samples with a wide range of conductivity when the driving frequency was greater than 100 kHz. For samples with low conductivities (below I S/m), the characteristics of the electrothermal fluid motions were in quantitative agreement with the theory. For samples with high conductivities (greater than l S/m), the fluid motion appeared to deviate from the model as a result of potential electrochemical reactions and other electrothermal effects. These effects should be taken into consideration for electrothermal manipulation of biological samples with high conductivities. This study will provide insights in designing microfluidic devices for electrokinetic manipulation of biological samples toward laboratory automation applications in the future.
Automation and Miniaturization of the Bioluminescent UGT-Glo Assay for Screening of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Inhibition by Various Compounds
Authors: Larson Brad , Kelts Jessica L. , Banks Peter , Cali James J.
Published: July 2010

The uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) family of enzymes is involved in the metabolism of various compounds. These enzymes transfer a hydrophilic glucuronic acid moiety to their substrates, rendering them more water soluble and amenable to excretion. The UGTs act on various endogenous substrates, such as bilirubin, 17β-estradiol, and testosterone, and drugs and other xenobiotics. The function of these enzymes is essential for the clearance of drugs and toxicants, and alteration of UGT activity is a potential cause of adverse drug—drug interactions in vivo. This has stimulated an increased interest in the study of UGT function and inhibition, and the desire to profile new drug entities against UGT enzymes, similar to CYP450 profiling. However, certain factors have hindered the development of a robust method for UGT profiling. Current methods for assessing UGT enzyme activity are laborious and involve protein precipitation and/or chromatographic separation steps, which are not amenable to rapid screening applications for UGT inhibitors or substrates. The approach presented here is a bioluminescent assay for measuring UGT enzyme activity and inhibition in vitro. Using flexible, robust instrumentation in a 384-well microplate format, this study highlights the quick and easy assay implementation for estimation of inhibition kinetics with a variety of known and suspected UGT substrates and inhibitors.
Automation in an Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Laboratory Improves Throughput and Data Quality
Authors: Taapken Seth M. , Nisler Benjamin S. , Sampsell-Barron Tori L. , Montgomery Karen Dyer
Published: July 2010

Array-based comparative genomic hybridization is rapidly becoming a standard assay for research and clinical cytogenetics laboratories. Certain automated workflows are used to achieve economies in running this relatively expensive assay. Here, we describe the ways in which our medium throughput laboratory has investigated automation at various points in our workflow to achieve economies and improve the resulting data for our investigators. We investigate an automated hybridization station to improve microarray hybridization, an autoloading scanner to facilitate the rapid scanning of multiple arrays, and a software package that allows for quick and easy access to many external resources to extend the analysis.
Motivational determinants of transportation into marketing narratives
Authors: McFerran Brent , Dahl Darren W. , Gorn Gerald J. , Honea Heather
Published: July 2010

This paper identifies factors that facilitate narrative transportation, where people become immersed in the storyline of an advertisement. Specifically, using a lottery context, this research shows that consumers who feel lucky or believe in personal good luck are motivated to engage in transportation, a process that is intensified as the attractiveness of the outcome increases. Further, this research shows that highly transported consumers (a) become more focused on ad outcomes and less on the low personal probability of winning, and that (b) attempts to attenuate consumers’ transportation are most efficacious if undertaken before the ad (and transportation) begins.
Communal and exchange relationship perceptions as separate constructs and their role in motivations to donate
Authors: Johnson Jennifer Wiggins , Grimm Pamela E.
Published: July 2010

Researchers have operationalized communal and exchange relationship perceptions as either mutually exclusive categories or opposite ends of a continuum. This research conceptualizes these relationships as distinct constructs that should be measured separately. We develop multi‐item measures of communal and exchange relationship perceptions and find that they are actually positively correlated. We also examine the way communal and exchange relationship perceptions combine to influence intrinsic, extrinsic, and social motivations to donate, a category stipulated in economics, but not in psychology. We find that both relationship perceptions influence consumer attitudes toward donating through a mix of intrinsic, extrinsic, and social motivations.
Profits and halos: The role of firm profitability information in consumer inference
Authors: Posavac Steven S. , Herzenstein Michal , Kardes Frank R. , Sundaram Suresh
Published: July 2010

Three experiments investigated the consequences of the presence of information that a manufacturing firm is profitable on consumers' judgments of the firm and the consequences for perceptions of advertising, products, and choice intention. When profitability is present in the advertising context, consumers form more favorable advertiser judgments, which drive perceptions of greater advertisement credibility, which lead to more favorable product inferences, and ultimately stronger purchase intentions. The third experiment additionally shows that profitability information interacts with a warranty to drive judgments and choice. The implication of our findings is that firms should consider highlighting their profitability to enhance advertising effectiveness.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment and Vertigo: A Pilot Study
Authors: Fraix Marcel
Published: July 2010

Objective

To assess the safety and feasibility of studying osteopathic manipulative treatment and its potential effectiveness for patients with vertigo.

Design

A nonrandomized pilot study.

Setting

Outpatient clinic affiliated with a teaching hospital and osteopathic medical school.

Patients

The subjects were older than 18 years of age, with the diagnosis of vertigo for longer than 3 months.

Intervention

The patients were treated with osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT).

Main Outcome Measurements

Treatment effectiveness was measured with the use of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), a validated symptom inventory. Intensity and duration of adverse effects after OMT were used to measure study safety.

Results

Of the 18 patients who were recruited all 18 (100%) met the inclusion criteria and were enrolled in the study. Sixteen patients (88.9%) completed the treatment course with OMT, and data with respect to the DHI were obtained from all 16 (100%). Significant improvement (P < .001) in total and subcomponent DHI scores was observed after completion of treatment. Of the 8 patients with moderate pretest scores, 7 (87.5%) had mild post‐test scores after undergoing OMT, and of the 8 patients with severe pretest scores, 4 (50%) had mild post‐test scores. Of the 18 enrolled patients, 3 (16.7%) experienced an exacerbation of their vertigo, and 5 (27.8%) experienced muscle soreness after OMT. These adverse effects were mild and transient, not lasting longer than 24 hours.

Conclusions

This study showed that OMT is generally well tolerated in patients with vertigo. It also demonstrated that it is feasible to recruit a population of patients with vertigo who can complete a course of OMT and collect data by using the DHI. A randomized control trial that examines the efficacy of OMT in patients with vertigo is warranted, given that OMT may be a reasonable treatment for vertigo and the functional impairment associated with it.
Comparison of Surface and Ultrasound Localization to Identify Forearm Flexor Muscles for Botulinum Toxin Injections
Authors: Henzel M. Kristi , Munin Michael C. , Niyonkuru Christian , Skidmore Elizabeth R. , Weber Douglas J. , Zafonte Ross D.
Published: July 2010

Objective

To determine if ultrasound (US) localization is equivalent to surface landmark localization to identify botulinum toxin injection targets for forearm muscle spasticity.

Design

Observational.

Setting

Outpatient spasticity clinic in a tertiary care center.

Subjects

Eighteen patients with upper‐extremity flexor spasticity that interferes with function were included. Individuals with severe fixed contractures or traumatic injury of the involved forearm were excluded.

Methods

Flexor pollicis longus, flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres, and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) were identified by 2 separate localization techniques: the method of Delagi et al for flexor carpi radialis, pronator teres, and flexor pollicis longus; and a surface landmark technique by Bickerton et al to identify the 4 muscle bellies of FDS. Proximodistal and lateral (radial) coordinates were recorded relative to a landmark line from the medial epicondyle to pisiform bone, and percentage of landmark line distance was calculated. After surface measurements were collected, the best point for injection was determined by using real‐time US with a 12‐MHz linear transducer. US measurements were recorded by using the same landmark line system.

Results

Localization techniques were compared by using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. One‐sample t‐tests compared surface‐mapped lateral coordinates to US‐derived lateral coordinates with controls for multiple testing. Significant differences were observed between surface and US proximodistal and lateral coordinates for several flexor muscles.

Conclusions

US should be considered as an adjunct for localization in patients with upper‐limb spasticity. US can improve accuracy of toxin placement and help to avoid injection into vascular and nerve structures.
Ein Beitrag zur Gewinnung von Impfmaterial bei Candidiasis unguis
Authors: ALKIEWICZ J.
Published: July 2010

Es wird über eine Methode zur Anreicherung von Impfmaterial bei Candidiasis unguis berichtet. Es werden Baumwollfäden, die mit Sabouraudagar getränkt sind, tief in die Nageltasche eingeführt und nach 24 bis 48 Stunden überimpft. Verf. erhielt auf diese Weise eine größere Anzahl von positiven Ergebnissen.
über die Wirkung von Zimtsäurederivaten auf hautpathogene Pilze
Authors: GRANITS‐THURNER J. , SCHIRMER H.
Published: July 2010

Zimtsäure und einige ihrer Derivate wunden im Vergleich zu bekannten antimykotischen Verbindungen gegen hautpathogene Sproß‐ und Hyphenpilze geprüft. In vitro erwiesen sich Cinnamyläther und Zimtaldehyd als sehr gut (unter 0,05 % Hemmwirkung), Cumarin, Hydrozimtsäure, 5‐Oxy‐Cumaranon, Zimtsäure, Zimtsaures Na, Zimtsäureäthylester als gut (Hemmwirkung unter 0,1 %) wirksam. Lediglich die Nitroverbindungen sowie Zimtsäureknzylester, Dimethoxyzimtsäure und Dimethoxyhydrozimtsäure benötigten eine höhere Konzentration als 0,2 % zur Hemmung des Wachstums der Testorganismen.

Die im Vergleich zu den Bezugssubstanzen erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen die Verwendung von Zimtsäureverbindungen in der Dermatologie durchaus diskutabel erscheinen.
Die Anwendung des Griseofulvins bei Dermatomykosen*
Authors: SIMON N. , BALOGH É.
Published: July 2010

Literarische Angaben bezüglich der Anwendung des neuen, per os dosierbaren Antimykoticums, des Griseofulvins, werden in ihren laboratorischen und klinischen Beziehungen kurz besprochen. Im Laufe eigener therapeutischer Untersuchungen gelang es, bei einem, mit sämtlichen uns zur Verfügung stehenden, lokal und innerlich verabreichten antimykotischen Mitteln jahrelang erfolglos behandelten Patienten mittels G.‐Behandlung völlige Symptomlosigkeit zu erzielen. Bei einer durch Trychophyton‐Infektion bedingten Onychomykose wurde mit der G.‐Behandlung, neben gleichzeitiger chirurgischer Entfernung der Nägel, ebenfalls völlige Heilung erzielt. Im Besitz der sich vorläufig nur auf wenige Patienten erstreckenden Beobachtungen sowie der diesbezüglichen Literatur halten die Autoren das G. für ein wirkungsvolles Mittel zur Behandlung der von Hyphomyzeten verursachten Dermato‐ und Onychomykosen.