bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Unemployment on Health and Well-Being
Authors: Kasi Stanislav V , Rodriguez Eunice , Lasch Kathryn E
Published: October 2023

Studies addressing the impact of unemployment on health and well-being appear in a variety of disciplines, use a variety of research designs, and examine a variety of outcomes. The empirical evidence is therefore difficult to organize, evaluate, and summarize. In this chapter we employ the perspective of psychosocial epidemiology to bring this material together. This perspective views the findings of public health, medicine, and the social-behavioral sciences using the methodological framework of contemporary epidemiology. Admittedly, it is not adequately sensitive to such disciplines as economics and anthropology, nor does it accommodate easily the viewpoints of political science and public policy. Nevertheless, our orientation is broad enough to characterize the major issues and findings. This chapter does not address the question of how the evidence regarding the impact of unemployment should be translated into public policy and planning. Rather, it focuses on the nature and extent of the evidence itself. In this connection, we note that any conclusion that “there is no credible evidence that unemployment impacts on” has one of two meanings: (1) there is example evidence for the conclusion of no impact, or (2) the issue has not been credibly examined. The former meaning is the informative one, while the latter is a particularly poor basis for discerning implications and deciding on policy.
Epidemiological Findings on Selected Psychiatric Disorders in the General Population
Authors: Kohn Robert , Dohrenwend Bruce P , Mirotznik Jerrold
Published: October 2023

Psychiatric epidemiology has undergone three generations of methodological advancement (Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1981). Each generation has differed in its psychiatric nosology and methods of data collection. The first generation, from the turn of the century to World War II, relied mainly on key informants and agency records to iden­tify cases within the community (Dohrenwend & Dohrenwend, 1974). The second generation, following World War II, used an expanded definition of psychiatric disorders. In addition, community residents were directly interviewed, usually by a single psychiatrist or a team headed by a psychiatrist. Except for a few North American studies (Leighton et al., 1963; Srole et al., 1962), these interviews typically did not employ standardized data collection procedures (Lin, 1953). Case identification in the second-generation studies was made by psy­chiatrists following evaluation of protocols collected from the interview data.
Cults
Authors: Galanter Marc
Published: October 2023

From the mass weddings of Sun Myung Moon’s Unification Church to the ritual suicides at Heaven’s Gate, charismatic cults and their devotees have become facts of American life. Using material gleaned from twenty-five years of direct encounters with cults and their detractors, as well as extensive research, Marc Galanter offers the most extensive psychological analysis of these organizations available. Cults explores not only how members feel and think at all stages of their involvement, but also how larger social and psychological forces reinforce individual commitment within the cults. For this revised and newly-illustrated second edition, Galanter has added three new chapters on cult development in the 1990s, spiritual recovery movements, and alternative medicine.
The Internal Market Economy
Authors: Ackoff Russell L
Published: October 2023

Over the years, I have been confronted with many corporate problems involving internal finance, problems that appeared to be very different but surprisingly turned out to have a common solution. The solution consisted of replacing a centrally planned and controlled corporate economy with an internal market. Before describing such an economy, consider a few of the problems that led me to it. A major electrical manufacturing company has two strategic business units (SBUs) that interact a great deal. One is a major manufacturer of small motors used in household appliances. Though it had relatively few customers, its volume was large and it was profitable. The other division supplied electrical-equipment distributors with replacement parts, including small motors. It, too, was profitable. The corporation required the second SBU to buy its motors from the first. Since both operated as profit centers, a transfer price had to be imposed on their transactions.
Antislavery and the Conflict of Laws
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: October 2023

The antislavery movement reflected and contributed to a major passage in intellectual history only indirectly related to the political and economic controversies of the Age of Revolution. Disputes over sanction gravitated inevitably toward fundamental principles, as exemplified in Granville Sharp’s attempt to prove by the early 1770s that any claim to private property “in the persons of men” violated both divine and human law. Presumably, the following century vindicated Sharp’s contention, though not without accompanying transformations in the prevailing views of divine and human law-transformations which Sharp could neither have foreseen nor approved. By appealing to abstract systems of law, precedent, and principle, the critics of slavery offered a covert challenge to some of the more enduring structures of Western culture. In Chapters Ten and Eleven I turn to two testing points of tradition: the conflict of human laws and the changing interpretations of the Word of God.
Brain Tumor Biology
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

Basic research in malignant brain tumors is progressing at a rapid pace. Glial differentiation is the process by which astrocytic and oligodendroglial precursors differentiate into mature glial cells. Differentiation is under coordinated genetic control and includes sequential activation and deactivation of genes and the production of growth factors. Gene activation and deactivation produces a series of antigenic cell surface changes and eventually a mature astrocyte or oligodendroglial cell.
Radiation Therapy for Brain Tumors: Recent Advances and Experimental Methods
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

Radiation oncology has had substantial technological development over the last decade. The application of new computerized planning in conjunction with modern imaging studies has markedly changed the radiotherapy of brain tumors. This chapter highlights some of these recent advances and describes their influence on brain tumor treatment.
Posterior Fossa Tumors
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

Posterior fossa tumors occur most commonly in children. Brain tumors are the second most common malignancy and are the most common solid childhood tumor. Posterior fossa tumors account for more than two thirds of these brain tumors. They are, however, uncommon tumors. In the United States, there are approximately 800 posterior fossa tumors diagnosed in children each year. A total of 250 of these are medulloblastoma, and a slightly greater number are cerebellar astrocytoma. These tumors also occur in adults, predominantly young adults in their third and fourth decades of life.
Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

Bailey first described primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) in 1929 and called it a “perithelial or perivascular sarcoma of leptomeningeal origin.” One of Bailey’s cases was reviewed by another pathologist, who said it resembled a lymphosarcoma, or malignant lymphoma. In the ensuing years, a variety of synonyms have been used to describe this lymphoid reticuloendothelial neoplasm: reticulum cell sarcoma, microgliomatosis, adventitial sarcoma, histiocytic sarcoma, reticuloendothelial sarcoma, malignant lymphoma, malignant reticuloendotheliosis, reticulohistiocytic encephalitis, atypical granulomatous encephalitis, and lymphoproliferative disorder.
Housing Quality
Authors: Angel Shlomo
Published: October 2023

The issue of the quality of housing has been the central issue in a housing policy debate that started in the industrializing European countries during the nineteenth century and continued in developing countries during the twentieth. The debate even narrowed occasionally to the question of “What constitutes a house? ” or, in other words, to the question “When does a hovel, a shack, a shanty, or a plastic-and-cardboard contraption become a house? ”
Just deliberation about health care
Authors: Gutmann Amy , Thompson Dennis
Published: October 2023

What standards should be used to assess the process of making decisions about health-care policy? These decisions are increasingly made not only in governmental institutions such as legislatures, courts, and presidential commissions but also in HMOs, hospitals, ethics committees, review boards, professional associations, and task forces. By focusing on a case study that involves decision makers in a for-profit HMO, we show how a political theory of deliberative democracy can be relevant to institutions that make important decisions concerning health care, even when those institutions are nongovernmental. We propose some generally applicable standards by which such decisions can be evaluated by both participants in the decision-making process and outside observers of that process.1

The guiding principle of deliberative democracy on which we base the standards is reciprocity: Citizens or their accountable representatives seek to give one another mutually acceptable reasons to justify the laws and policies they adopt. Their aim is to justify the policies in question to the people who are bound by them. Reciprocity sets four standards, or criteria, to assess the decision making about health care: The justifications that decision makers give should consist of reasons that are accessible, moral, respectful, and revisable.
The Mythology of Mexico and Central America
Authors: Bierhorst John
Published: October 2023

In a framework different from the other two Bierhorst mythology volumes, the Mexico and Central American volume provides complete translations of 20 ‘basic myths’ of this region and shows how they have influenced the artistic, literary, and political life of modern Mesoamerica. Bierhorst introduces readers to myths from the Aztec and Maya of pre-Columbian times to the Indian groups that survive today. In a new afterword, Bierhorst discusses how in the late 1980s and 1990s, native mythology has been recast to shed light on themes placed in the foreground of public consciousness - democracy, cultural pluralism, religious freedom and environmentalism. Mythology energizes native politics from the high-profile political activisim of the Zapotec Indians against the World Trade Organization to the Nobel Prize winning Quiche Maya activist Rigoberta Menchu. Efforts to demystify the region’s mythology include the criticism and investigation of the legend of Juan Diego and the ever-popular Virgin of Guadeloupe. The book includes a glossary, pronunciation guide, notes, bibliography, index, maps. and photos.
Issues of Authenticity in the Auction House
Authors: Tancock John L
Published: October 2023

In a museum or in a gallery, where deadlines are seldom as pressing as they are in an auction house, it would not be uncommon for cataloguing research into works of art to continue for months or even years. In an auction house, however, sales are held regularly; even in an area with no more than two major sales a year — the Impressionist and Modern Art Department, for example— catalogue deadlines leave little time for leisurely research. In this department at Sotheby’s, the period covered is from approximately 1870 to 1950, including not only the work of the French Impressionist and modern masters, but also selected artists from Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and other countries in Europe. Works by major artists in this group may be included in a published catalogue raisonné or otherwise documented. But there are also many works by artists of lesser importance which have not been studied in such great depth. The more inconsequential the work, the less likely that it will have been fully researched or documented before being consigned for sale. With such a range of potential problems, and the constant threat of publication deadlines, speed in cataloguing is essential — as is accuracy, for the responsibilities of public sale and the contingent legal liabilities allow little room for mistakes.
Signature Identification: From Pen Stroke to Brush Stroke
Authors: Siegel Patricia
Published: October 2023

The arts of writing, drawing, painting — and the act of signing one’s name — all express the individuality of the artist. The writer’s movement creates forms within the spatial structure of a signature that reflect the writer’s habits and propensities. Each signature deviates from the one before, but an examination of multiple signatures reveals patterns within the natural variation of the writer that are uniquely his or her own. Whether by pen stroke or brush stroke, it is this individuality of repeated movements and overlapping motifs which provides the foundation for comparison. It allows the handwriting expert to differentiate one person’s writing from another’s and, ultimately, to determine if a signature is genuine.
A Legal Decision in New York Gives Experts Protection for Their Opinions on Authenticity
Authors: Spencer Ronald D
Published: October 2023

A decision by a justice of the New York Supreme Court in 20001 provides significant protection to scholars and other experts who render opinions on the authenticity of works of art. In 1929, the art dealer Sir Joseph Duveen paid $60,000 in an out-of-court settlement for expressing the opinion, after having seen a photograph of a supposed Leonardo da Vinci painting owned by Mrs. Andreé Hahn, that the real La Belle Ferronnière was “in the Louvre.” Duveen’s quip “forever” established “in the minds of many people that opinions are dangerous things to give.” Indeed, experts ever since have been concerned about their liability for rendering opinions on the authenticity of a work of art. This long-held, widespread fear has inhibited experts from expressing their opinions, even informally and verbally, even where the matter (for example, a major museum purchase) is of significant public interest. Their concern is that they will be sued for product disparagement, negligence, breach of contract, and perhaps defamation.
Aspergillosis
Authors: Patterson Thomas F
Published: October 2023

The opportunistic mould Aspergillus is the etiologic agent responsible for a variety of infections and conditions referred to as aspergillosis. These manifestations include allergic responses following exposure to the organisms (allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis), colonization with Aspergillus spp. (aspergilloma or fungus ball due to Aspergillus and other conditions such as external ear colonization) and invasive infection (invasive pulmonary aspergillosis and other clinical syndromes of tissue invasion). The importance of Aspergillus as a clinically important pathogen has increased dramatically in recent decades. Invasive aspergillosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in high risk patients (Denning, 1998). A major factor associated with the increased number of cases of invasive aspergillosis is the increase in patients at risk for this disease, such as patients undergoing bone marrow or organ transplantation and patients with other immunodeficiencies. Unfortunately, definitive diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis remains difficult and is compounded by the fact that antifungal agents must be begun promptly if therapy is likely to be successful (von Eiff et al, 1995; Stevens et al, 2000a). However, as rapid diagnostic tools are not widely available to effectively establish a definite diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis, consideration of risk factors in specific epidemiological settings may be useful in suggesting a clinical diagnosis. In high-risk patients, clinical presentation as well as the use of alternative diagnostic procedures such as radiology may be useful in establishing a presumptive diagnosis of infection (Caillot et al, 1997; Patterson, 1998; Stevens et al, 2000a). Cultures may not always be positive in patients with invasive aspergillosis, but it is important to recognize that a positive culture result in high-risk patients may suggest the presence of infection (Patterson, 1999b). However, even when therapy is begun promptly, therapeutic outcomes with current agents remain poor, particularly in patients with disseminated disease (Denning, 1998; Patterson et al, 2000b; Stevens et al, 2000a). Recently, significant advances in the therapy of aspergillosis have been reported and therapeutic guidelines using currently available drugs have been published.
A Market for Organs
Authors: Barnett Andy H , Blair Roger D , Kaserman David L
Published: October 2023

Public awareness of the critical shortage of cadaveric human organs made available for transplantation was recently heightened by the unfortunate case of Mickey Mantle. Mr. Mantle’s need for and relatively rapid receipt of a liver transplant brought widespread attention to the plight of thousands of other sufferers of heart, liver, lung, and kidney failure whose lives depend upon timely receipt of a suitable organ for transplantation. It also brought considerable suspicion and outright scorn regarding the integrity of the current system used to allocate these scarce organs among the growing pool of patients who need them. Disputes about allocation issues, however, tend to have the undesirable effect of diverting attention away from the more serious topic of devising public policies that will ultimately resolve the organ shortage. If the shortage problem is eliminated, allocation issues become moot.
The Militant Suffrage Movement
Authors: Nym Mayhall Laura E
Published: October 2023

The image of middle-class women chaining themselves to the rails of 10 Downing Street, smashing windows of public buildings, and going on hunger strikes in the cause of "votes for women" have become visually synonymous with the British suffragette movement over the past century. Their story has become a defining moment in feminist history, in effect separating women's fight for voting rights from contemporary issues in British political history and disconnecting their militancy from other forms of political activism in Britain in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Drawing upon private papers, pamphlets, newspapers, and the records of a range of suffrage and political organizations, Laura E. Nym Mayhall examines militancy as both a political idea and a set of practices that suffragettes employed to challenge their exclusion from the political nation. She traces the development of the suffragettes' concept of resistance from its origins within radical liberal discourse in the 1860s, to its emergence as political practice during Britain's involvement in the South African War, its reliance on dramatic spectacle by suffragette organizations, and its memorialization following enfranchisement. She reads closely the language and tactics militants used, analyzing their challenges in the courtroom, on the street, and through legislation as reasoned actions of female citizens. The differences in strategy among militants are highlighted, not just in the use of violence, but also in their acceptance and rejection of the authority of the law and their definitions of the ideal relationship between individuals and the state. Variations in the nature of protest continued even during World War I, when most suffragettes suspended their activities to serve the nation's war effort, while others joined peace movements, opposed the state's reduction of civil liberties in wartime, and continued the struggle for suffrage. Mayhall's revealing account of the militant suffrage movement sheds new light upon the social history of gender but, more importantly, it connects this movement to the political and intellectual history of Britain. Not only did militancy play an essential role in the achievement of women's political rights but it also contributed to the practice of engaged citizenship and the growth of liberal democracy.
Tom Paine and Revolutionary America
Authors: Foner Eric
Published: October 2023

Since its publication in 1976, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America has been recognized as a classic study of the career of the foremost political pamphleteer of the Age of Revolution, and a model of how to integrate the political, intellectual, and social history of the struggle for American independence. Foner skillfully brings together an account of Paine’s remarkable career with a careful examination of the social worlds within which he operated, in Great Britain, France, and especially the United States. He explores Paine’s political and social ideas and the way he popularized them by pioneering a new form of political writing, using simple, direct language and addressing himself to a reading public far broader than previous writers had commanded. He shows which of Paine’s views remained essentially fixed throughout his career, while directing attention to the ways his stance on social questions evolved under the pressure of events. This enduring work makes clear the tremendous impact Paine’swriting exerted on the American Revolution, and suggests why he failed to have a similar impact during his career in revolutionary France. It also offers new insights into the nature and internal tensions of the republican outlook that helped to shape the Revolution. In a new preface, Foner discusses the origins of this book and the influences of the 1960s and 1970s on its writing. He also looks at how Paine has been adopted by scholars and politicians of many stripes, and has even been called the patron saint of the Internet.
Introduction: A Spring of Upheaval
Authors: Manela Erez
Published: October 2023

In June 1919, Nguyen Tat Thanh, a twenty-eight-year-old kitchen assistant from French Indochina, set out to present a petition to the world leaders then assembled in Paris for the peace conference. The document, entitled “The Claims of the People of Annam,” echoed the rhetoric of the president of the United States, Woodrow Wilson, who had recently emerged in the international arena as a champion of the right of all peoples to self-determination.
The End Of Barbary Terror
Authors: Leiner Frederick C
Published: October 2023

When Barbary pirates captured an obscure Yankee sailing brig off the coast of North Africa in 1812, enslaving eleven American sailors, President James Madison first tried to settle the issue through diplomacy. But when these efforts failed, he sent the largest American naval force ever gathered to that time, led by the heroic Commodore Stephen Decatur, to end Barbary terror once and for all. Drawing upon numerous ship logs, journals, love letters, and government documents, Frederick C. Leiner paints a vivid picture of the world of naval officers and diplomats in the early nineteenth century, as he recreates a remarkable and little known episode from the early American republic. Leiner first describes Madison’s initial efforts at diplomacy, sending Mordecai Noah to negotiate, reasoning that the Jewish Noah would fare better with the Islamic leader. But when the ruler refused to ransom the Americans— “not for two millions of dollars”—Madison declared war and sent a fleet to North Africa. Decatur's squadron dealt quick blows to the Barbary navy, dramatically fighting and capturing two ships. Decatur then sailed to Algiers. He refused to go ashore to negotiate—indeed, he refused to negotiate on any essential point. The ruler of Algiers signed the treaty—in Decatur’s words, “dictated at the mouths of our cannon”—in twenty-four hours. The United States would never pay tribute to the Barbary world again, and the captive Americans were set free—although in a sad, ironic twist, they never arrived home, their ship being lost at sea in heavy weather. Here then is a real-life naval adventure that will thrill fans of Patrick O’Brian, a story of Islamic terrorism, white slavery, poison gas, diplomatic intrigue, and battles with pirates on the high seas.
Ukraine Birth of a Modern Nation
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy
Published: October 2023

In 2004 and 2005, striking images from the Ukraine made their way around the world, among them boisterous, orange-clad crowds protesting electoral fraud and the hideously scarred face of a poisoned opposition candidate. Europe's second-largest country but still an immature state only recently independent, Ukraine has become a test case of post-communist democracy, as millions of people in other countries celebrated the protesters' eventual victory. Any attempt to truly understand current events in this vibrant and unsettled land, however, must begin with the Ukraines dramatic history. Ukraine's strategic location between Russia and the West, the country's pronounced cultural regionalism, and the ugly face of post-communist politics are all anchored in Ukraine's complex past. The first Western survey of Ukrainian history to include coverage of the Orange Revolution and its aftermath, this book narrates the deliberate construction of a modern Ukrainian nation, incorporating new Ukrainian scholarship and archival revelations of the post-communist period. Here then is a history of the land where the strategic interests of Russia and the West have long clashed, with reverberations that resonate to this day.
Introduction
Authors: Hahn Steven
Published: October 2023

Amid widening social upheaveal in the 1880s, the United States Senate launched the first comprehensive investigation of the “relations between labor and capital.” The senators were not alone in their assessment of the forces threatening to rupture the nation. They joined newspaper editors, ministers, local politicians, and other members of the elite in making “class conflict” part of the American political vocabulary as never before. And with good reason. From the turbulent railroad strike of 1877 to the Pullman strike of 1894, from the Greenba.ck-Labor party of the late 1870s to the Knights of Labor tickets that vied for power in scores of cities and towns during the 1880s, the social and political thrust of the Gilded Age met staunch popular challenges.
Common Right and Commonwealth
Authors: Hahn Steven
Published: October 2023

“The stock law is the topic in this part of the county now. I want to say to the voters of Carroll county, that we as poor men and negroes do not need the law, but we need a democratic government and independence, that will do the common people good.” So thundered the white dirt farmer L.J.Jones in an 1885 letter to the local newspaper.1 Jones was not alone in viewing the stock law as an instrument of class oppression or as an issue that transcended purely economic concerns. Nor was he alone in challenging the tenets of white supremacy and racial solidarity. Nor, indeed, did he articulate strictly regional sensibilities. Hundreds of small farmers and laborers of both races in the Georgia Upcountry rallied with Jones to protect the grazing rights that the stock law threatened to abridge.
Education and Apprenticeship
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: October 2023

Evidence from wills and from the court of orphans suggests that young women needed a dowry, since marriage was the most likely rite of passage from childhood to adulthood. Advice literature presumed that women would marry. The author of one rare Middle English text drew a parallel between the seasons and the phases of a woman’s life. Spring was “like a young girl adorned and resplendent before the onlookers”; in summer “the earth becomes like a bride laden with riches and having many lovers”; autumn was likened to “a mature matron who has passed the years of her youth”; and winter is “like a decrepit old woman to whom death draws near.” The advice poem directed to young women, “How the Good Wife Taught Her Daughter,” emphasized the care that a nubile young female should take in preserving her virtue and preparing for marriage. Young girls in London imbibed the same advice from mothers, fathers, priests, and nurses. Was there another track for these young women that included education and apprenticeship in London? A large city, if any place, might have provided an alternative. If the divide between rearing male and female children began to emerge in childhood, did the distinction become more obvious when children reached an age to be educated and apprenticed to learn a trade? The tasks that girls and young women performed, the schooling they received, their apprenticeships, and their sexual vulnerabilities could have differed substantially from those of males as they reached puberty. Puberty, whether defined culturally or biologically, provided cultural constraints that shaped girls’ lives, compared to those of boys, as they prepared to enter the broader economy.
For Better or Worse: The Marital Experience
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: October 2023

The marital relationship is so sensitive and so culturally specific that it is difficult to form an opinion of medieval marriage separate from our own conceptions of successful or unsuccessful marriages. For instance, corporal punishment of wives, children, and servants was acceptable in the Middle Ages, but what degree of physical correction was allowed by the standards of the time? Many other problems could arise in London families. Did the presence of young male apprentices corrupt masters’ wives and did the nubile servant girls lead to sexual indiscretions that were a constant irritant for wives? Working side by side in a shop or participating in joint ventures could produce cooperation, but also accusations of laziness, cheating, and indebtedness. While men’s wills show concern and respect for their wives through bequests, granting of guardianship of the children to mothers, and trust in making wives their executors, they do not speak of everyday life together. From the marriage contract on through life together, a husband and wife entered into a partnership, but not necessarily an equal one. A London wife took her husband’s name, came under the law of coverture (became the legal responsibility of the husband), and placed her dowry under her husband’s administration.
The Birth of Modern Politics
Authors: Parsons Lynn Hudson
Published: October 2023

The 1828 presidential election, which pitted Major General Andrew Jackson against incumbent John Quincy Adams, has long been hailed as a watershed moment in American political history. It was the contest in which an unlettered, hot-tempered southwesetern frontiersman, trumpeted by his supporters as a genuine man of the people, soundly defeated a New England "aristocrat" whose education and political résumé were as impressive as any ever seen in American public life. It was, many historians have argued, the country's first truly democratic presidential election. Lynn Hudson Parsons argues that it also established a pattern in which two nationally organized political parties would vie for power in virtually every state. During the election of 1828 voters were introduced to a host of novel campaign tactics, including co-ordinated media, get-out-the-vote efforts, fund-raising, organized rallies, opinion polling, campaign paraphernalia, ethnic voting blocs, "opposition research," and smear tactics. In The Birth of Modern Politics, Parsons shows that the Adams-Jackson contest began a national debate that is eerily contemporary, pitting those whose cultural, social, and economic values were rooted in community action for the common good against those who believed the common good was best served by giving individuals as much freedom as possible to promote their own interests. It offers fresh and illuminating portraits of both Adams and Jackson and reveals how, despite their vastly different backgrounds, they had started out with many of the same values, admired one another, and had often been allies in common causes. Both were staunch nationalists, and both shared an aversion to organized parties and "electioneering." But by 1828, caught up in a shifting political landscape, they were plunged into a competition that separated them decisively from the Founding Fathers' era and ushered in a style of politics that is still with us today.
This Mighty Scourge
Authors: Mcpherson James M
Published: October 2023

In the same tradition as Lincoln and the Second American Revolution and Drawn with the Sword: Reflections on the Civil War, Pulitzer-prize winner James M. McPherson has gathered an illuminating collection of essays that reflect his latest thinking on the Civil War. Filled with new interpretations and fresh scholarship, these essays address many of the most enduring questions and provocative debates about the Civil War. In some, McPherson distills the wisdom of many years of teaching and writing about the meaning of the war and about slavery and its abolition. In others, he makes use of primary research that breaks new ground on such topics as Confederate military strategy, foreign views of the war, soldiers and the press, the failure of peace negotiations to end the war, and Southern efforts to shape a heroic memory of the war. The selection will include several never-before-published essays, including one on General Robert E. Lee's goals in the Gettysburg campaign, and another on Lincoln as Commander-in-Chief. The book also features a typescript of McPherson's 2000 National Endowment for the Humanities Jefferson Lecture about Lincoln's legacy that has never been published in its complete form. As a whole, these essays provide a rich interpretive history of the Civil War and its meaning for America -- indeed for the world.
Distinguishing Four Phases
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

India has been growing at an average annual rate exceeding 6 percent since the late 1980s. During the four years spanning 2003–04 (April 1, 2003–March 31, 2004) to 2006–07, its growth rate reached 8.6 percent—a level close to that experienced by the East Asian miracle economies of the Republic of Korea and Taiwan during their peak years. As the book goes to press, fears that the economy is overheating can be heard loudly, but virtually no one is predicting a significant slowdown in the growth rate in the forthcoming years. The upward shift in the growth rate in the late 1980s came on the heels of extremely slow growth for more than three decades. India gained independence on August 15, 1947. It launched its development program formally in the year 1951–52 with the First Five-Year Plan. Despite very high hopes around the world, especially among economists and official U.S. circles, the economy grew only 3.8 percent between 1951–52 and 1987–88. In contrast, and contrary to the consensus view at the time, the economy of the Republic of Korea took off in a major way, registering an average growth rate in excess of 8 percent in the 1960s and 1970s.
Phase II (1965–81): Socialism Strikes With A Vengeance
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

The years 1965–75 saw the average GDP growth rate of India plummet to just 2.6 percent from 4.1 percent during 1951–65. With population growing at 2.3 percent per annum, this meant a per-capita income growth of just 0.3 percent—a virtual standstill in the average living standards. Because the growth rate spiked to 9.4 percent in 1975–76, the addition of this year brings the average GDP and per-capita GDP growth rates over 1965–76 ( and also over 1965–81) up to 3.2 and percent, respectively. This is still low compared to what had been achieved during the preceding one and a half decades, and considerably lower than what the Republic of Korea managed to achieve over the same period. Table 3.1 shows the sectoral growth rates during phase II. Though growth rates across all sectors fell during this phase in comparison to phase I, by far the sharpest decline was in industry. Industrial growth fell from 6.7 percent in phase I to just 3.6 percent in phase II. Interestingly, the spurt in the growth rate in services during the last five years of phase I subsided, with the growth rate returning to that achieved during the first nine years of phase I. As noted in the previous chapter, the spurt in services was to some degree the result of expansionary policies, and could not be sustained.
A Tale Of Two Countries India And The Republic Of Korea
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

In the 1950s, India had been widely perceived as a rising star among the developing countries and was the darling of virtually all development economists. But by mid-1960, its economy had begun to exhibit clear signs of fatigue, and by 1980 it came to be regarded as an unqualified failure. In the interim, it also dropped off the research agenda of development economists—few of them could expect to make a career for themselves studying India. In contrast, in the 1950s, South Korea was seen as a basket case, sustained by massive doses of U.S. aid. Even excluding the military aid, the U.S. economic aid comfortably exceeded 10 percent of the Korean GNP in the 1950s. But aid peaked in 1957, and by the early 1960s Korea could no longer count on it to sustain what was a relatively low rate of investment. Nevertheless, by the mid-1960s, Korea had turned itself around and achieved an unprecedented near-double-digit growth rate. And by the mid-1980s, it had acquired the status of an upper-middle-income country. In 1996, it was invited to join the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), a club consisting mainly of rich countries. In this chapter, I briefly review the Korean experience to bring out the sharp contrast between its performance and policies and those of India. There is an ongoing debate among economists on what accounts for the spectacular growth of Korea. While the dominant view among economists is that Korea owes its phenomenal success to orthodox outward-oriented and market-friendly policies, a small group of “revisionist” economists attributes it to industrial targeting, protectionism, and interventionism.
Industry And Services Walking On Two Legs
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

Inoted in chapter 7 that growth is the single most important instrument of poverty reduction. India’s experience conforms to Bhagwati’s (1988) hypothesis that rapid growth does not merely “trickle down,” but “pulls up” the poor in large numbers into gainful employment. Nevertheless, as Bhagwati (2004, pp. 56–57) further argues, the type of growth matters for how much poverty reduction a given aggregate growth delivers. Rapid growth of unskilled-labor-intensive sectors is likely to create many more opportunities for the poor than rapid growth of capital- and skilled-labor-intensive Sectors.It is here that India has been unsuccessful in taking full advantage of its rapid growth.
health and water supply and sanitation Can the Government Deliver?
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: October 2023

Social services include health, water supply and sanitation, education, family welfare, housing, urban development, broadcasting, labor and employment, and relief on account of natural calamities. Of these, health, water supply and sanitation, and education are the most important. Expenditures on them amounted to 4 percent of the GDP in 2005–06, versus 5.6 percent on all social services taken together I discuss health and water supply and sanitation in this chapter, and education in chapter 20.
Epilepsyin Our Experience
Authors: Schachter Steven C
Published: October 2023

Epilepsy in our View is a collection of personal stories from friends, family members, and co-workers of people with epilepsy, in which they describe their observations and feelings about witnessing seizures and about the person with epilepsy. It helps to shed light on the social consequences of epilepsy while increasing understanding of what's happening when a person has a seizure. ABOUT THE SERIES: With the Brainstorms series, one of the world's leading authorities on epilepsy, Dr Steven C. Schachter, has gathered together the personal testimonies of patients, family members, and caregivers to create a poignant and gripping series of books on this misunderstood and often devastating disorder.
Art and the National Gallery
Authors: Siegel Jonah
Published: October 2023

The National Gallery was regularly faulted, not only for flaws in the design of the building it shared with the Royal Academy until 1868, but for gaps in its collection and errors in the accession and preservation of its holdings. The British Museum, while seldom subjected to the vitriol that characterized accounts of the Gallery, challenged administrators and visitors by the sheer size and heterogeneity of its collection. At once museum of antiquities, copyright library, and repository of collections of natural history, numismatics, and more—how was such a diverse accumulation of materials to be rationalized so that it carried out the function of a modern cultural institution, especially given the pressure on the space of the building bound to result from the inexorable increase in all holdings?
Cataract Management in Diabetes
Authors: Fineman Mitchell s. , Benson, william e. , Scott ingrid u.
Published: October 2023

Patients with diabetes develop cataracts more frequently and at a younger age than patients without diabetes. Patients with diabetes are at increased risk of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema. Cataract surgery may be associated with postoperative progression of diabetic retinopathy. Individuals who have diabetes mellitus not only develop cataracts more frequently than nondiabetic patients but also do so at a younger age [1–6]. They account for about 10% of people with visually signiEcant cataracts and represent about 6% of the population of the United States [7–10]. Cataract is a frequent cause of visual loss in older-onset diabetic patients and is second only to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) in younger-onset diabetic patients [11]. Although the main indication for cataract surgery in diabetic patients is visual rehabilitation, it is occasionally required when the lens opacity prevents adequate diagnosis or treatment of retinopathy [12].
The Software License Unveiled
Authors: Phillips Douglas E
Published: October 2023

Nearly every use of a computer is subject not only to public intellectual property law, but also to the privately-written law of the software license. Although the United States has only one Copyright Act and one set of patent laws, there exist thousands of different licenses - to which millions of computer users legally bind themselves by the click of a mouse, usually without reading anything but the word "agree." How do these proliferating but largely unread licenses affect access to software, one of the economy's most valuable resources? In The Software License Unveiled, visionary practitioner Doug Phillips aims to illuminate the unseen law of software to which the software license gives rise.
Effects of Cerebellar Lesions in Monkeys on Gaze Stability
Authors: Walker Mark F , Tian Jing , Shan Xiaoyan , Tamargo Rafael J , Tamargo Rafael J , Ying Howard , Zee David S
Published: October 2023

Studies in humans and animals have shown that the cerebellum plays a vital role in calibrating eye movements to maintain gaze stability. In this chapter, we focus on the function of the cerebellar nodulus and uvula in stabilizing the foveal image when the object of regard is moving (smooth pursuit) and during linear motion of the head (the translational vestibulo-ocular reflex [TVOR]). Eye movements of two rhesus monkeys were recorded using the magnetic field search-coil method, before and after surgical ablation of the nodulus and uvula. Key findings included the following: (a) there was an asymmetric deficit of vertical smooth pursuit—downward, but not upward, pursuit was impaired; (b) the vertical TVOR was reduced for both upward and downward translation; and (c) the sustained, but not the initial, response to abrupt horizontal translations was impaired. Our results support a critical role for the nodulus and uvula in the control of vertical ocular following reflexes, and in the horizontal TVOR, possibly acting as an integrator of head acceleration.
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: October 2023

Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) and related diseases called spondyloarthropathies (SpA) are the second most common form of chronic inflammatory arthritis after Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Unfortunately, most patients with AS and SpA are either never diagnosed or inadequately treated. The current mean delay in the diagnosis of AS ranges from 5 to 10 years, and the presenting clinical manifestations of these diseases are wide-ranging and heterogeneous, and thus a variety of health care professionals see AS and SpA patients, from primary care physicians to rheumatologists and other medical and surgical specialists. With the availability of newer, highly effective treatments and better methods of musculoskeletal imaging, such as the MRI, there is an urgent need to improve early diagnosis and reduce any inappropriate delay in obtaining effective treatment. Earlier diagnosis and treatment can mitigate the severity of the disease, and make a meaningful difference for patient care and quality of life. The proposed book is designed for specialists and generalists alike and intended to help expedite accurate diagnoses and initiation of appropriate treatment to alleviate unnecessary suffering. Part of the new Oxford American Rheumatology Library series, this pocket-sized book provides practical, evidence-based information for clinicians to aid diagnosis, treatment and follow-up care for patients with AS and SpA. The book describes pointers to early diagnosis, prognosis, clinical manifestations, socioeconomic aspects, and disease management. It also provides comprehensive coverage of current treatment options, including the latest biologics, as well as non-drug therapies.
Intellectual Property Law and Practice of the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Hansen Peter W
Published: October 2023

The GDP of the United Arab Emirate’s (UAE) economy is reported to have grown 35% in 2006, making it one of the fastest growing economies in the world. This has attracted unprecedented levels of foreign investment, which has resulted in efforts to bring its intellectual property laws into line with international standards. However, reliable copies of the IP laws and regulations of the UAE (which are written in Arabic) can be difficult to obtain, much less understand, for most Western attorneys. Quality English translations, interpretations of the law, and commentaries on practice are almost non-existent. Intellectual Property Law and Practice of the United Arab Emirates is the first book to address these problems by providing reliable copies of the Arabic laws and regulations, intelligent translations of them, and a discussion of issues arising in the application and practice of the law. This book will give practitioners the ability to better assess the IP problems they face and to devise the best possible strategic solutions.