bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polymerizable Monomer Solvents Enabled Direct In Situ Photolithography of Perovskite Quantum Dots
Authors: Li Tianhe , Zhang Pingping , Wei Shunsheng , Jing Yuyu , Shi Jianbing , Chen Yu , Zhong Haizheng , Yang Gaoling
Published: April 2024

The heavy use of toxic and volatile solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), in the chemical synthesis of perovskites is known to pose several sustainability challenges that significantly hinder their mass production for commercial applications. Herein, a polymerizable monomer solvent (4‐acryloylmorpholine, ACMO) is introduced that permits the growth and optical lithography of perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) through in situ polymerization. Morphological, structural, and optical analyses show that this polymerizable monomer can act both as a solvent to dissolve the perovskite precursor and as a monomer for photopolymerization reactions, allowing direct in situ fabrication and patterning of PQDs. By direct photolithography, colorful PQD patterns with high photoluminescent quantum yields, high resolution (minimum size of 5 µm), and excellent fluorescence uniformity, are successfully demonstrated. The work provides a new sustainable way of in situ patterning PQDs using polymerizable monomer solvents, leading to significant advances in various integrated applications, such as photonic, energy harvesting, and optoelectronic devices.
Perylenediimide‐Derived Nonmacrocyclic Host–Guest Donor–Acceptor Assemblies for Long‐Wavelength Emissions and Low‐Threshold Microlasers
Authors: Gao Huixing , He Huijie , Zhang Lulu , Feng Zuofang , Chen Xing , Lei Yilong
Published: April 2024

Macrocyclic hosts can bind appropriate guests in endo‐cavity or exo‐wall modes to yield Host–Guest cocrystals via weak intermolecular forces. Contrary, it remains challenging to achieve their nonmacrocyclic partners with high‐efficiency fluorescence even lasing due to profound adaptive behaviors during guest inclusion. Here, a variety of low dispersity 1D and 2D assemblies made of a sterically demanding perylenediimide derivative (PDI) host and diverse aromatic guests are realized. Depending on the types and the substituted groups of aromatic guests, these Host–Guest microcrystals show high‐efficiency solid‐state emissions ranging from orange to near‐infrared (NIR). Interestingly, either electron‐deficient or electron‐rich guests can adapt to the cavity of the nonmacrocyclic PDI host in diverse geometries and orientations. Theoretical analysis indicates that the long‐wavelength emissions stem from local or charge‐transfer excited states and the Host–Guest Donor–Acceptor cocrystals are stabilized largely by dispersion forces. The binding of appropriate π‐electron guests makes the PDI‐derived Host–Guest microcrystals function as microscale lasers with low lasing thresholds. The rational creation of these nonmacrocyclic Host–Guest Donor–Acceptor cocrystals offers new insights for developing new crystal structures and high‐efficiency optoelectronic devices.
Visible Light‐Enabled Decarboxylative Alkylation of Quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones using Alkyl Carboxylic Acids via Energy Transfer Process
Authors: Sharma Anoop , Singh Nihal , Kumar Raman , Sharma Anuj
Published: April 2024

Here in, we describe the photochemical decarboxylative alkylation of quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones using commercially accessible carboxylic acids with oxygen as sole oxidant through energy transfer process. The coupling of diverse array of alkyl carboxylic acids (1° to 3°) and bioactive acids with quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones is successfully accomplished to achieve the desired alkylated products.
Visible‐Light Mediated Ugi‐Type Reaction for the Synthesis of 3,3‐Disubstituted Phthalides
Authors: Gao Feiyu , Yin Chenxin , He Yi , Zhao Shuang , Chen Mengxiao , Zheng Jia , Ni Dan , Yin Houhua , Fu Xian , Zhang Xiaoyong , Nie Shenyou
Published: April 2024

The synthesis of diverse phthalides containing quaternary carbon centers remains poorly exploited, requiring stepwise reactions with toxic reagents under high temperatures. Herein, we describe a visible‐light promoted, photo‐ and metal‐catalyst‐free protocol for the modular synthesis of 3,3‐disubstituted phthalides with water as the sole by‐product. This process featured an open‐flask operation of a three‐component reaction involving an isocoumarin as the self‐photosensitizer for aerobic ring contracting rearrangements, allowing the convenient preparation of 3‐(1′‐indolyl)‐phthalides in moderate to good yields. The mechanistic investigations suggested that singlet oxygen (1O2) was generated through an energy‐transfer pathway.
Improved Palladium Catalysis in Suzuki‐Type Coupling of Benzotriazinones for o‐Aryl/Alkenyl Benzamides
Authors: Xü Minling , Xü Ke , Zou Gang
Published: April 2024

A palladium catalyst system based on PdCl2(PPh3)2 or PdCl2(dppf) is reported for Suzuki‐type coupling of both N‐aryl and alkyl benzotriazinones with aryl/alkenyl boronic acids to afford a series of ortho‐aryl/alkenyl benzamides in yields up to 99%, showing improvements on catalytic efficiency, substrate scope and practicality. Scope and limitations of the improved protocol have been demonstrated with more than 40 examples, including a multigram‐scale synthesis of activated o‐biphenyl amide. Large electronic and steric effects from the boronic acid counterpart have been observed, implying the transmetallation from boron to palladium should be involved in the rate‐determining step in catalytic cycle.
Axial Phenoxylation of Aluminum Phthalocyanines for Improved Cannabinoid Sensitivity in OTFT Sensors
Authors: Lamontagne Halynne R. , Cranston Rosemary R. , Comeau Zachary J. , Harris Cory S. , Shuhendler Adam J. , Lessard Benoît H.
Published: April 2024

Cannabis producers, consumers, and regulators need fast, accurate, point‐of‐use sensors to detect Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) from both liquid and vapor source samples, and phthalocyanine‐based organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) provide a cost‐effective solution. Chloro aluminum phthalocyanine (Cl‐AlPc) has emerged as a promising material due to its unique coordinating interactions with cannabinoids, allowing for superior sensitivity. This work explores the molecular engineering of AlPc to tune and enhance these interactions, where a series of novel phenxoylated R‐AlPcs are synthesized and integrated into OTFTs, which are then exposed to THC and CBD solution and vapor samples. While the R‐AlPc substituted molecules have a comparable baseline device performance to Cl‐AlPc, their new crystal structures and weakened intermolecular interactions increase sensitivity to THC. Grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to investigate this film restructuring, where a significant shift in the crystal structure, grain size, and film roughness is detected for the R‐AlPc molecules that do not occur with Cl‐AlPc. This significant crystal reorganization and film restructuring are the driving force behind the improved sensitivity to cannabinoids relative to Cl‐AlPc and demonstrate that analyte–semiconductor interactions can be enhanced through chemical modification to create more responsive OTFT sensors.
Hidden Negative Issues and Possible Solutions for Advancing the Development of High‐Energy‐Density in Lithium Batteries: A Review
Authors: Yamada Atsuo
Published: April 2024

This review article discusses the hidden or often overlooked negative issues of large‐capacity cathodes, high‐voltage systems, concentrated electrolytes, and reversible lithium metal electrodes in high‐energy‐density lithium batteries and provides some feasible solutions that can realize the construction of realistic rechargeable batteries with higher energy densities. Similar objective discussion of the negative aspects of lithium–air batteries, multi‐valent shuttles, anion shuttles, sulfur cathode systems, and all‐solid ceramic batteries can help fabricate more realistic batteries.
Directional Polarization of a Ferroelectric Intermediate Layer Inspires a Built‐In Field in Si Anodes to Regulate Li+ Transport Behaviors in Particles and Electrolyte
Authors: Liu Ming , Xu Wenqiang , Liu Shigang , Liu Bowen , Gao Yang , Wang Bin
Published: April 2024

The silicon (Si) anode is prone to forming a high electric field gradient and concentration gradient on the electrode surface under high‐rate conditions, which may destroy the surface structure and decrease cycling stability. In this study, a ferroelectric (BaTiO3) interlayer and field polarization treatment are introduced to set up a built‐in field, which optimizes the transport mechanisms of Li+ in solid and liquid phases and thus enhances the rate performance and cycling stability of Si anodes. Also, a fast discharging and slow charging phenomenon is observed in a half‐cell with a high reversible capacity of 1500.8 mAh g−1 when controlling the polarization direction of the interlayer, which means a fast charging and slow discharging property in a full battery and thus is valuable for potential applications in commercial batteries. Simulation results demonstrated that the built‐in field plays a key role in regulating the Li+ concentration distribution in the electrolyte and the Li+ diffusion behavior inside particles, leading to more uniform Li+ diffusion from local high‐concentration sites to surrounding regions. The assembled lithium‐ion battery with a BaTiO3 interlayer exhibited superior electrochemical performance and long‐term cycling life (915.6 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at a high current density of 4.2 A g−1). The significance of this research lies in exploring a new approach to improve the performance of lithium‐ion batteries and providing new ideas and pathways for addressing the challenges faced by Si‐based anodes.
Mutual recognition of geographical indications and China's agricultural exports—On the use of domestic and international markets
Authors: Qian Weiwen , Dong Yinguo , Liu Yuchen
Published: April 2024

Geographical indication (GI) represents the specific good quality and reputation of the regional characteristics of agricultural products, which is a positive approach for stabilizing the export of agricultural products under China's new “Dual Circulation” pattern. This study used the propensity score matching–double difference (PSM–DID) method empirically testing the effect and mechanism of the mutual recognition of GIs between China and the EU on China's agricultural product export from 2000 to 2016 based on theoretical analysis of the effect mechanism of GI on agricultural product exports. The results show that: (1) The mutual recognition of GIs significantly increased the binary margin of China's agricultural exports, and the effect on the intensive margin was stronger than that on the extensive margin, and the effects on the three subvariables of the extensive margin are in the following order: old products exported to new markets > new products exported to old markets > new products exported to new markets; (2) The heterogeneity analysis shows that the mutual recognition of GIs contributes more to state‐owned enterprises, enterprises in the eastern region and to export destinations in EU countries; (3) The mechanism analysis shows that domestic demand–driven, quality upgrading and signal transmission are important mechanisms in the export effect of mutual recognition of GIs. This research shows that vigorously promoting the mutual recognition of GIs between China and the EU are important factors in promoting the growth of China's agricultural exports and achieving high‐quality agricultural development. [EconLit Citations: F14, Q17, Q18].
Long‐term outcomes of treatment for achalasia: Laparoscopic Heller myotomy versus POEM
Authors: Fukushima Naoko , Masuda Takahiro , Tsuboi Kazuto , Watanabe Jun , Yano Fumiaki
Published: April 2024

Achalasia is a rare esophageal motility disorder characterized by nonrelaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) is the gold standard treatment for achalasia. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), a less invasive treatment, is performed extensively, and the selection of the intervention method remains debatable to date. In addition to the availability of extensive studies on short‐term outcomes, recent studies on the long‐term outcomes of LHM and POEM have shown similar clinical success after 5 y of follow‐up. However, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) was more common in patients who had undergone POEM than in those who had undergone LHM. Moreover, existing studies have compared treatment outcomes in various disease states. Some studies have suggested that POEM is superior to LHM for patients with type III achalasia because POEM allows for a longer myotomy. Research on treatment for sigmoid types is currently in progress. However, the long‐term results comparing LHD and POEM are insufficient, and the best treatment remains controversial. Further research is needed, and treatment options should be discussed with patients and tailored to their individual needs and pathologies.
Foliar spectra accurately distinguish most temperate tree species and show strong phylogenetic signal
Authors: Blanchard Florence , Bruneau Anne , Laliberté Etienne
Published: April 2024

Premise

Spectroscopy is a powerful remote sensing tool for monitoring plant biodiversity over broad geographic areas. Increasing evidence suggests that foliar spectral reflectance can be used to identify trees at the species level. However, most studies have focused on only a limited number of species at a time, and few studies have explored the underlying phylogenetic structure of leaf spectra. Accurate species identifications are important for reliable estimations of biodiversity from spectral data.

Methods

Using over 3500 leaf‐level spectral measurements, we evaluated whether foliar reflectance spectra (400–2400 nm) can accurately differentiate most tree species from a regional species pool in eastern North America. We explored relationships between spectral, phylogenetic, and leaf functional trait variation as well as their influence on species classification using a hurdle regression model.

Results

Spectral reflectance accurately differentiated tree species (κ = 0.736, ±0.005). Foliar spectra showed strong phylogenetic signal, and classification errors from foliar spectra, although present at higher taxonomic levels, were found predominantly between closely related species, often of the same genus. In addition, we find functional and phylogenetic distance broadly control the occurrence and frequency of spectral classification mistakes among species.

Conclusions

Our results further support the link between leaf spectral diversity, taxonomic hierarchy, and phylogenetic and functional diversity, and highlight the potential of spectroscopy to remotely sense plant biodiversity and vegetation response to global change.
Prevalent arbuscular mycorrhizae in roots and highly variable mycobiome in leaves of epiphytic subtropical fern Ophioderma pendulum
Authors: Xie Qiao‐Yi , Kuo Li‐Yaung , Chang Chiung‐Chih , Lin Chien‐Jung , Wang Wen‐Hong , Chen Ko‐Hsuan
Published: April 2024

Premise

Endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi are crucial in facilitating plant nutrition acquisition and stress tolerance. In epiphytic habitats, plants face nutrition and water stress, but their roots are mostly nonmycorrhizal and especially lacking in arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. Ophioderma pendulum is an epiphytic fern with a partially mycoheterotrophic lifestyle, likely heavily reliant on symbiotic fungi. To characterize fungal associations in the sporophyte of O. pendulum, we focused on leaves and roots of O. pendulum, seeking to reveal the fungal communities in these organs.

Methods

Roots and leaves from O. pendulum in a subtropical forest were examined microscopically to observe the morphology of fungal structures and determine the percentage of various fungal structures in host tissues. Fungal composition was profiled using metabarcoding techniques that targeted ITS2 of the nuclear ribosomal DNA.

Results

Roots were consistently colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota), especially Acaulospora. Unlike previous findings on epiphytic ferns, dark septate endophytes were rare in O. pendulum roots. Leaves were predominantly colonized by Ascomycota fungi, specifically the classes Dothideomycetes (46.88%), Eurotiomycetes (11.51%), Sordariomycetes (6.23%), and Leotiomycetes (6.14%). Across sampling sites, fungal community compositions were similar in the roots but differed significantly in the leaves.

Conclusions

Ophioderma pendulum maintains stable, single‐taxon‐dominant communities in the roots, primarily featuring arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, whereas the leaves may harbor opportunistic fungal colonizers. Our study underlines the significance of mycorrhizal fungi in the adaptation of epiphytic ferns.
Comparison of ultrasound guidance with landmark guidance for symptomatic benefits in knee, hip and hand osteoarthritis: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Oo Win Min , Linklater James , Siddiq Md Abu Bakar , Fu Kai , Hunter David J.
Published: April 2024

Introduction

More than half of the patients with moderate and severe osteoarthritis (OA) report unsatisfactory pain relief, requiring consideration of intra‐articular (IA) injections as the second‐line management. Ultrasound‐guided IA injection has proven evidence of higher accuracy in administering IA injectates into the joints than landmark‐guided or blind IA injections. However, questions remain about translating higher accuracy rates of ultrasound‐guided injection into better clinical improvements. Therefore, we examined the symptomatic benefits (pain, function and patient satisfaction) of ultrasound‐guided injection in knee, hip and hand OA compared with blind injections by synthesising a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT).

Methods

PubMed, Medline and Embase databases were searched for eligible studies from their inception to August 28, 2023.

Results

Out of 295 records, our meta‐analysis included four RCTs (338 patients with knee OA), demonstrating significant improvement in procedural pain [−0.89 (95% CI −1.25, −0.53)], pain at follow‐up [−0.51 (95% CI −0.98, −0.04)] and function [1.30 (95% CI 0.86, 1.73)], favouring ultrasound guidance. One single study showed higher patient satisfaction with ultrasound guidance.

Conclusion

Ultrasound‐guided IA injection provided superior clinical outcomes compared with landmark‐guided IA injection.
Chemical Control of Fluorescence Lifetime towards Multiplexing Imaging
Authors: Ma Junbao , Luo Feng , Hsiung Chia‐Heng , Dai Jianan , Tan Zizhu , Ye Songtao , Ding Lina , Shen Baoxing , Zhang Xin
Published: April 2024

Fluorescence lifetime imaging has been a powerful tool for biomedical research. Recently, fluorescence lifetime‐based multiplexing imaging has expanded imaging channels by using probes that harbor the same spectral channels and distinct excited state lifetime. While it is desirable to control the excited state lifetime of any given fluorescent probes, the rational control of fluorescence lifetimes remains a challenge. Herein, we chose boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) as a model system and provided chemical strategies to regulate the fluorescence lifetime of its derivatives with varying spectral features. We find electronegativity of structural substituents at the 8′ and 5′ positions is important to control the lifetime for the green‐emitting and red‐emitting BODIPY scaffolds. Mechanistically, such influences are exerted via the photo‐induced electron transfer and the intramolecular charge transfer processes for the 8′ and 5′ positions of BODIPY, respectively. Based on these principles, we have generated a group of BODIPY probes that enable imaging experiments to separate multiple targets using fluorescence lifetime as a signal. In addition to BODIPY, we envision modulation of electronegativity of chemical substituents could serve as a feasible strategy to achieve rational control of fluorescence lifetime for a variety of small molecule fluorophores.
Temporal‐Focusing Multiphoton Excitation Single‐Molecule Localization Microscopy Using Spontaneously Blinking Fluorophores
Authors: Lai Jian‐Zong , Lin Chun‐Yu , Chen Shean‐Jen , Cheng Yu‐Min , Abe Manabu , Lin Tzu‐Chau , Chien Fan‐Ching
Published: April 2024

Single‐molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) based on temporal‐focusing multiphoton excitation (TFMPE) and single‐wavelength excitation is used to visualize the three‐dimensional (3D) distribution of spontaneously blinking fluorophore‐labeled subcellular structures in a thick specimen with a nanoscale‐level spatial resolution. To eliminate the photobleaching effect of unlocalized molecules in out‐of‐focus regions for improving the utilization rate of the photon budget in 3D SMLM imaging, SMLM with single‐wavelength TFMPE achieves wide‐field and axially confined two‐photon excitation (TPE) of spontaneously blinking fluorophores. TPE spectral measurement of blinking fluorophores is then conducted through TFMPE imaging at a tunable excitation wavelength, yielding the optimal TPE wavelength for increasing the number of detected photons from a single blinking event during SMLM. Subsequently, the TPE fluorescence of blinking fluorophores is recorded to obtain a two‐dimensional TFMPE‐SMLM image of the microtubules in cancer cells with a localization precision of 18±6 nm and an overall imaging resolution of approximately 51 nm, which is estimated based on the contribution of Nyquist resolution and localization precision. Combined with astigmatic imaging, the system is capable of 3D TFMPE‐SMLM imaging of brain tissue section of a 5XFAD transgenic mouse with the pathological features of Alzheimer's disease, revealing the distribution of neurotoxic amyloid‐beta peptide deposits.
A Naphthalenetetracarboxdiimide‐Containing Covalent Organic Polymer: Preparation, Single Crystal Structure and Battery Application
Authors: Dong Qiang , Naren Tuoya , Zhang Lei , Jiang Weixuan , Xue Miaomiao , Wang Xiang , Chen Libao , Lee Chun‐Sing , Zhang Qichun
Published: April 2024

Inspired by dative boron‐nitrogen (B←N) bonds proven to be the promising dynamic linkage for the construction of crystalline covalent organic polymers/frameworks (COPs/COFs), we employed 1,4‐bis(benzodioxaborole) benzene (BACT) and N,N′‐Di(4‐pyridyl)‐1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxdiimide (DPNTCDI) as the corresponding building blocks to construct a functional COP (named as CityU‐25), which had been employed as an anode in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. CityU‐25 displayed an excellent reversible lithium storage capability of 455 mAh/g after 170 cycles at 0.1 A/g, and an impressive one of 673 mAh/g after 720 cycles at 0.5 A/g. These findings suggest that CityU‐25 is a standout candidate for advanced battery technologies, highlighting the potential application of this type of materials.
Enhance the fire safety of epoxy resin using ammonium polyphosphate flame retardant with the sandwich structure containing catalytic carbon formation function
Authors: Zheng Penglun , Zhao Haihan , Li Junwei , Liu Quanyi , Yang Xulin , Zhou Yumei
Published: April 2024

Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is often used to construct intumescent flame retardant systems together, but it is faced with the problem of adding too much flame retardant. This paper envisions the construction of a modified APP flame retardant (TR@ZIFAPP) with a sandwich structure by the method of covering, which, in order to endow APP flame retardant with better flame retardant effect. By constructing a metal catalytic layer and a triazine carbon formation layer, the modified APP flame retardant has both catalytic carbon formation and phosphorus–nitrogen synergistic flame retardant functions. TR@ZIFAPP is expected to be used in flame‐retardant polymer composites with low addition requirements, adding it to epoxy resin (EP) reveals that the TR@ZIFAPP flame retardant could achieve the optimal flame retardant effect when the addition amount was only 3 wt%. The UL‐94 rating reached V‐0 grade, and the two off‐fire auto‐ignition time levels were only 0.7 s. The analysis of its flame retardant mechanism showed that the flame retardant in EP was mainly through the rapid formation of carbon to isolate oxygen and dilute the flammable gas to reach a strong flame retardant effect.
Study of vulcanization characteristic, mechanical, dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of silicone rubber, EPDM, and their hybrid clay nanocomposites
Authors: Effati Elham , Shokri Elham , Jalali‐Arani Azam , Heidari Hooshiar
Published: April 2024

The combination of silicone rubber (SR) and ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM) could have an aggregate of their properties. High temperature vulcanized (HTV) is one of the most widely used SR type. This study explores the impact of montmorillonite Cloisite® layered silicate nanoclay on the vulcanization characteristics, mechanical‐dynamical behavior, and thermal properties of the HTV/EPDM blend. For this purpose, varying ratios of the HTV/EPDM compounds were prepared in the range of 100/0, 50/50, and 0/100, with 0, 3, and 5 wt% of Cloisite® using an internal mixer. The X‐ray diffraction results indicate that the mixing time, Cloisite® content and base polymer significantly influence the distance between Cloisite® layers. Cloisite® was found to accelerate the curing system and reduce the difference between minimum and maximum torque. The mechanical analysis of the prepared HTV/EPDM/clay nanocomposites revealed an increase in hardness, tensile strength, and modulus for samples with applied Cloisite® content. The degradation temperature was raised in HTV base samples by the presence of Cloisite®. On the other hand, the degradation temperature was dropped in the EPDM base samples as the amount of Cloisite® increased. In the HTV/EPDM/clay compounds, the degradation temperature was between the degradation temperatures of pure HTV and EPDM rubbers.
Facile fabrication of stain‐resistant poly(lactic acid)/silicone powder fibers: Comprehensive structure characterization and performance evaluation
Authors: Sun Lizhao , Zheng Pengcheng , Guan Xujun , Bai Hongxin , Chen Kang , Yang Juanya , Yu Jinchao
Published: April 2024

Due to their eco‐friendly and functional attributes, the development of stain‐resistant poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers offers a multitude of benefits, including enhanced sustainability, ease of maintenance and expanded application fields. To investigate the feasibility of facile fabrication of stain‐resistant poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers, hydrophobic PLA fibers were produced using a scalable melt spinning technique employing silicone powder as the hydrophobic functional material. The influence of silicone powder content on the morphology and crystal structure of PLA fibers was investigated using different length scale characterization methods, including scanning electron microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The relationships between the mechanical performance, hydrophobicity, and structure of the PLA fibers were established. The results showed that the synergistic effect of the micro/nanoconvex structure on the fiber surface created by silicon dioxide (SiO2) in silicone powder and the low surface energy of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) can considerably improve the hydrophobic functionality of the fibers. Compared with that of PLA fibers, the contact angle of hydrophobic PLA fibers increases from 67.3° to 87.6° with the addition of 3 wt% silicone powder. Furthermore, although silicone powder may accelerate PLA crystallization nucleation, it does not increase the crystallite size. When the silicone powder content is increased to 4 wt%, the mesophase fraction of the hydrophobic PLA fibers increases from 9.3% to 13.7%. This is the primary structural factor that allows the fiber to maintain its good tenacity. The tenacity of these hydrophobic PLA fibers is approximately 4.5 cN/dtex, which has excellent practical value.
Improving microinjection processability of biodegradable elastomer poly(l‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) by blending with polycaprolactone and plasticizing with polyethylene glycol
Authors: Liu Xuedi , Zhang Han , Zhang Sen , Jin Hongyan , Zhang Shuya , Wang Dongfang , Jiang Jing , Wang Xiaofeng , Uyama Hiroshi , Li Qian
Published: April 2024

Poly(l‐lactide‐co‐ε‐caprolactone) (PLCL) is a biodegradable elastomer, but its applications are limited due to weak mechanical strength and processability. To overcome these limitations, PLCL was modified by incorporating polycaprolactone (PCL) and plasticizing with polyethylene glycol (PEG) for microinjection molding. The molded PLCL/PCL/PEG parts were characterized in terms of thermal properties, rheological properties, and mechanical properties. The results indicate that increasing the PCL content from 20% to 50% effectively enhanced the mechanical properties of the blend. Moreover, the addition of PEG enhanced the processability of the blends in the microinjection molding process with negligible impacts on their mechanical properties. PEG plasticizes the PLCL/PCL blend by reducing the intermolecular interactions of the blend, and the effect is more pronounced with a PEG of lower molecular weight.
Design and development of dithienopyrrolobenzothiadiazole‐isoindigo based conjugated polymers and their hole mobilities
Authors: Shah Krisha , Kapdi Yash G. , Soni Saurabh S. , Zade Sanjio S. , Patel Arun L.
Published: April 2024

π‐Extended dithienopyrrolobenzothiadiazole‐isoindigo‐based conjugated polymers were synthesized and well characterized by using various analysis techniques like infrared (IR), 1H NMR, UV–Visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, cyclic voltammetry analysis, and gel permeation chromatography. The bandgap of synthesized polymers, P‐1, P‐2, and P‐3, were determined to be 1.95, 1.91, and 1.93 eV, respectively. These polymers exhibited robust thermal stability up to 290°C. The highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels were below −5.0 eV for all polymers, while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels ranged from −3.5 to −3.3 eV. The measured space charge limited current hole mobilities for polymers, P‐1, P‐2, and P‐3, were 1.02 ± 0.47 × 10−1, 1.17 ± 0.47 × 10−1, and 2.51 ± 0 0.47 × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively.
Thickness Estimation of the Soil‐Sedimentary Cover Inside Causewayed Enclosures to Locate an Occupation Layer: Map of the Archaeological Potential of the Neolithic Causewayed Enclosure of Le Pontet
Authors: Bruniaux Guillaume , Onfray Marylise , Dandurand Grégory , Lévêque François , Mathé Vivien , Laurent Antoine , Vitté Hélène , Ard Vincent
Published: April 2024

The western centre of France is one of the richest regions of Western Europe in terms of causewayed enclosures from the Neolithic period. To date, more than 300 such sites have been identified. Most causewayed enclosures in the region range in size from some hectares to over 10 ha. Exhaustive excavation of such sites is rarely performed because such operations are both financially expensive and time intensive. Completing an exhaustive excavation of these sites is also extremely complicated due to their complexity. Recording the most complete possible site plan is a major challenge for optimizing excavation. Traditionally, aerial photography has been the primary method used for delineating causewayed enclosure plans. A magnetic survey can also provide complementary information. Magnetic imaging reveals both enclosure ditches and internal features (pits, postholes, etc.) quickly and with high spatial resolution. At some sites, occupation layers dating from the time of enclosure may be preserved and contain archaeological artefacts or small features in situ. This article proposes a protocol for locating a Neolithic occupation layer inside a Neolithic causewayed enclosure. To locate the areas where this layer is likely to be present, a map of the archaeological potential of the Le Pontet site was produced based on a thickness map of the soil‐sedimentary cover. This map was created by combining an apparent electrical resistivity map, the results of electrical resistivity tomography, an orthophotograph with contrasting cropmarks and the results of dynamic cone penetration tests. To validate the archaeological potential map, an excavation campaign was conducted in 2020 to investigate several sectors; the aim was to prove the presence of the occupation layer and study the pedo‐sedimentary stratigraphy of the site.
The relationships between motor skills and executive functions in children with and without autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Pan Chien‐Yu , Sung Ming‐Chih , Tsai Chia‐Liang , Chen Fu‐Chen , Chen Yung‐Ju , Chen Chih‐Chia
Published: April 2024

To date, information on associations between motor skills and executive functions (EF) in autistic children is limited. The purpose of this study was to compare motor skills and EF performance between autistic children and typically developing (TD) children and to examine the relationships between motor skills and EF in these two groups. Forty‐eight autistic children and 48 TD children aged 6 to 12 years were recruited for this study. Motor skills were measured with the Bruininks‐Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency‐2 (BOT‐2). EF was assessed with the Stroop Color and Word Test, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST), and the Test of Attentional Performance: Go/No‐go test. Independent sample t‐tests were used to compare the BOT‐2 scores and EF measures between autistic children and TD children. Pearson product–moment correlation and regressions were conducted to assess the relationships between the BOT‐2 scores and the EF measures for each group. Results showed that autistic children scored significantly lower than TD children on all four BOT‐2 composite scores and a total motor composite. Autistic children also demonstrated significantly lower levels of performance on all EF measures than TD children. Further, autistic children showed more significant associations between motor skills and EF than TD children, particularly pronounced in the domains of fine manual control and manual coordination to cognitive flexibility, as well as manual coordination and inhibitory control. Continued development of motor skills and EF in autistic children is important. The relationships between motor skills and EF were significant among autistic children, suggesting future research on promoting EF through motor skill interventions in autistic children is required.
Diesel production from lignocellulosic residues: trends, challenges and opportunities
Authors: Infante Edgar Gutiérrez , Gomide Felipe Tadeu Fiorini , Secchi Argimiro Resende , Leite Luiz Fernando , Antunes Adelaide María de Souza , Caranton Alberth Renne Gonzalez
Published: April 2024

This article aims to review the various techniques used to produce diesel from lignocellulosic biomass. Data were collected using the Web of Science database to identify trends, barriers, and prospects associated with the alternative methods used. The analysis reviewed 359 papers published between 2006 and 2021, focusing on three key areas: biomass pretreatment, biomass conversion, and biorefining. Pretreatment technologies require extensive research to reduce excessive energy and reagent consumption, thereby reducing overall costs. Fast pyrolysis and lipid‐producing microorganisms have been shown to be the most promising conversion routes due to their versatility in utilizing different lignocellulosic residues and producing a wide range of marketable co‐products. The most widely used method used for refining is hydroprocessing coupled with catalysts, with the objective of improving bio‐oil quality. Two of the main challenges are the excessive cost of the overall process and the limitations imposed by the technology. These limitations require processing optimization to achieve sustainable production and valuable co‐products. The growth of lignocellulosic diesel production will depend on the integration with other biodiesel and biofuel production processes by the optimization of new processes and the generation of new bioproducts to increase efficiency and reduce costs for commercial viability.
Distinct brain network organizations between club players and novices under different difficulty levels
Authors: Leong Chantat , Zhao Zhiying , Yuan Zhen , Liu Bin
Published: April 2024

Significant

Chunk memory is one of the essential cognitive functions for high‐expertise (HE) player to make efficient decisions. However, it remains unknown how the neural mechanisms of chunk memory processes mediate or alter chess players’ performance when facing different opponents.

Aim

This study aimed at inspecting the significant brain networks associated with chunk memory, which would vary between club players and novices.

Approach

Functional networks and topological features of 20 club players (HE) and 20 novice players (LE) were compared at different levels of difficulty by means of functional near‐infrared spectroscopy.

Results

Behavioral performance indicated that the club player group was unaffected by differences in difficulty. Furthermore, the club player group demonstrated functional connectivity among the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the frontopolar cortex, the supramarginal gyrus, and the subcentral gyrus, as well as higher clustering coefficients and lower path lengths in the high‐difficulty task.

Conclusions

The club player group illustrated significant frontal–parietal functional connectivity patterns and topological characteristics, suggesting enhanced chunking processes for improved chess performance.
Do incidental positive emotions induce more optimistic expectations of decision outcomes? An empirical study from the perspective of event‐related potential
Authors: Zhao Ruinan , Zhou Liqing
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Previous research has found that incidental emotions of different valences (positive/negative/neutral) influence risky decision‐making. However, the mechanism of their influence on psychological expectations of decision outcomes remains unclear.

Methods

We explored the effects of different incidental emotions on the behavioral, psychological, and electrophysiological responses of individuals in risky decision‐making through a money gambling task using a one‐way (emotion type: positive, negative, neutral emotions) between‐subjects experimental design.

Results

Individuals with positive emotions had significantly greater risk‐seeking rates than those with negative emotions during the decision selection phase (p < .01). In the feedback stage of decision outcomes, individuals showed stronger perceptions of uncertainty in the decision environment under gain and loss feedback compared with neutral feedback, as evidenced by a more positive P2 component (i.e., the second positive component of an event‐related potential). Positive emotions produced greater than expected outcome bias than neutral emotions, as evidenced by a more negative FRN component (i.e., the feedback‐related negativity component).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that positive emotions increase individuals’ psychological expectations of decision outcomes. This study provides new empirical insights to understand the influence of incidental emotions on risky decision outcome expectations.
Visual evoked potential in generalized joint hypermobility: A case–control study
Authors: Jahromi Leila Sadat Mohamadi , Sayyadi Amin , Askarian Aida , Dabbaghmanesh Alireza , Roshanzamir Sharareh
Published: April 2024

Introduction

Generalized joint hypermobility (GJH) can be the result of several hereditary connective tissue disorders, especially Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. Cerebrovascular manifestations are among the most common complications in this disorder, and understanding their extent can help better diagnosis and prevention of hazardous events. We investigated visual evoked potential (VEP) changes in patients with GJH and compared them with healthy individuals.

Methods

Our case–control study included 90 patients who fulfilled the Beighton score (B score) for joint hypermobility and other 90 healthy participants. All of them went under VEP study, and the amplitude and latency of the evoked potential (P100) were compared to each other.

Results

The Case group had significantly higher B score (7.18 ± 0.967 vs. 1.18 ± 0.712), P100 latency (110.23 ± 6.64 ms vs. 100.18 ± 4.273 ms), and amplitude (6.54 ± 1.26 mv vs. 6.50 ± 1.29 mv) compared with the Control group, but the difference was only significant regarding B score, and P100 latency (p‐value <.0001). Moreover, both latency and amplitude of P100 had significantly positive correlations with the B score in the Case group (p‐value <.0001), but such correlations were not found in the Control group (p‐value = .059).

Conclusion

Our study could reveal VEP changes, especially significant P100 latency in GJH patients without previous neurologic or musculoskeletal disorders. Whether these changes are due to GJH itself or are predictive of inevitable neurologic disease or visual pathway involvement, particularly Multiple Sclerosis needs further investigation with longer follow‐up periods.
Study on exosomes for identifying bipolar disorder in early stage: A cross‐sectional and validation study protocol
Authors: Wu Yanqing , Li Yuchao , An Xuguang , Li Jiangong , Yang Chenghao , Wang Yi
Published: April 2024

Background

The difficulty is remained to accurately distinguish bipolar disorder (BD) from major depressive disorder (MDD) in early stage, with a delayed diagnosis for 5–10 years. BD patients are often treated with antidepressants systematically due to being diagnosed with MDD, affecting the disease course and clinical outcomes. The current study aims to explore the role of plasma exosomes as biomarker to distinguish BD from MDD in early stage.

Methods

Two stages are included. The first stage is a cross‐sectional study, comparing the concentrations of plasma exosome microRNA and related proteins among BD group, MDD group, and healthy controls (HC) group (n = 40 respectively), to identify target biomarkers preliminarily. The “Latent Class Analysis” and “Receiver Operating Characteristic” analysis will be performed to determine the optimal concentration range for each biomarker. The second stage is to validate target markers in subjects, coming from an ongoing study focusing on patients with a first depressive episode. All target biomarkers will be test in plasma samples reserved at the initial stage to detect whether the diagnosis indicated by biomarker level is consistent with the diagnosis by DSM‐5. Furthermore, the correlation between specific biomarkers and the manic episode, suicidal ideation, and adverse reactions will also be observed.

Discussion

Exosome‐derived microRNA and related proteins have potential in serving as a good medium for exploring mental disorders because it can pass through the blood‐brain barrier bidirectionally and convey a large amount of information stably. Improving the early diagnosis of BD would help implement appropriate intervention strategy as early as possible and significantly reduce the burden of disease.
Effects of green light supplementation with red and blue combinations of LED light spectrums on the growth and transcriptional response of Haematococcus pluvialis
Authors: Karagülle G. , Telli M.
Published: April 2024

Light management strategy is crucial for improving microalgal production in terms of higher biomass and economically valuable bioactive molecules. However, green light has received less attention in developing light managements for algae and higher plant due to its low absorption rate by chlorophyll. In this study, the effects of green light supplementation, in the combination with red and blue light were investigated in Haematococcus pluvialis. 10% and 20% of green light supplementations were applied in 3:2 ratios of red and blue LED light combinations as an expense of red‐light. Growth rates, chlorophyll concentration, and dry weight were measured to assess the growth kinetics of H. pluvialis along with the relative transcript accumulations of four mRNAs: Rubisco, PTOX2, PsaB, and PsbS. Growth rates, chlorophyll concentrations and dry weight were found significantly higher in presence of 10% green light supplementation compared to red and blue light combinations. The relative transcript accumulations of Rubisco and PsbS genes showed significant upregulation at the end of the experiments (with the fold change of 42.91 ± 12.08 and 98.57 ± 27.38, respectively, relative to the beginning of the experiments) compared to combinations of red and blue light (fold change of 19.09 ± 3.0 and 47.77 ± 14.21, respectively, relative to beginning of the experiments). PsaB and PTOX2 transcripts did not show significant accumulation differences between treatments. It seems that green light has a dose dependent additive effect on the growth rate of H. pluvialis. The upregulation of Rubisco and PsbS may indicate green light dependent carbon assimilation and light‐harvesting response in H. pluvialis.
Direct visualization and measurement of the plantar aponeurosis behavior in foot arch deformation via the windlass mechanism
Authors: Matsumoto Yuka , Ogihara Naomichi
Published: April 2024

The plantar aponeurosis (PA) is an elastic longitudinal band that contributes to the generation of a propulsive force in the push‐off phase during walking and running through the windlass mechanism. However, the dynamic behavior of the PA remains unclear owing to the lack of direct measurement of the strain it generates. Therefore, this study aimed to visualize and quantify the PA behavior during two distinct foot postures: (i) neutral posture and (ii) windlass posture with midtarsal joint plantarflexion and metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiflexion, using computed tomography scans. Six healthy adult males participated in the experiment, and three‐dimensional reconstruction of the PA was conducted to calculate its path length, width, thickness, and cross‐sectional area. This study successfully visualized and quantified the morphological changes in the PA induced by the windlass mechanism, providing a precise reference for biomechanical modeling. This study also highlighted the interindividual variability in the PA morphology and stretching patterns. Although the windlass posture was not identical to that observed in the push‐off phase during walking, the observed PA behavior provides valuable insights into its mechanics and potential implications for foot disorders.
Interactions of Phenylalanine Derivatives with Human Tyrosinase: Lessons from Experimental and Theoretical tudies
Authors: Faure Clarisse , Min Ng Yi , Belle Catherine , Soler‐Lopez Montserrat , Khettabi Lyna , Saïdi Mélissa , Berthet Nathalie , Maresca Marc , Philouze Christian , Rachidi Walid , Réglier Marius , du Moulinet d'Hardemare Amaury , Jamet Hélène
Published: April 2024

The pigmentation of the skin, modulated by different actors in melanogenesis, is mainly due to the melanins (protective pigments). In humans, these pigments’ precursors are synthetized by an enzyme known as tyrosinase (TyH). The regulation of the enzyme activity by specific modulators (inhibitors or activators) can offer a means to fight hypo‐ and hyper‐pigmentations responsible for medical, psychological and societal handicaps. Herein, we report the investigation of phenylalanine derivatives as TyH modulators. Interacting with the binuclear copper active site of the enzyme, phenylalanine derivatives combine effects induced by combination with known resorcinol inhibitors and natural substrate/intermediate (amino acid part). Computational studies including docking, molecular dynamics and free energy calculations combined with biological activity assays on isolated TyH and in human melanoma MNT‐1 cells, and X‐ray crystallography analyses with the TyH analogue Tyrp1, provide conclusive evidence of the interactions of phenylalanine derivatives with human tyrosinase. In particular, our findings indicate that an analogue of L–DOPA, namely (S)‐3‐amino‐tyrosine, stands out as an amino phenol derivative with inhibitory properties against TyH.