bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulator Storage Tank: Sebuah Alat Praktikum Untuk Melatih Pengoperasian Tangki
Authors: Nurcahyo Nurcahyo , Rispiandi Rispiandi , Kusumah Randy Surya , Sopian Sandra
Published: April 2020

Storage tank merupakan tangki penyimpanan untuk fluida cair dan gas. Dalam penelitian ini, storage tank digunakan untuk proses loading dan unloading fluida cair dan gas dengan tujuan untuk melihat fenomena yang akan terjadi akibat kekeliruan karena venting tidak dibuka yang akan menimbulkan potensi ledakan untuk proses loading dan bahaya collapse untuk proses unloading. Parameter yang digunakan adalah variasi laju alir volumetrik terhadap waktu dan tekanan ketika ledakan serta collapse. Adapun spesifikasi dari storage tank yang dibuat sesuai dengan desain dan rancangan dari API 620 dan 650 dengan ketinggian 50 cm, diameter 20.32 cm dan ketebalan 0.7 cm dari bahan carbon steel. Simulator keamanan dari storage tank ini menekankan pada aspek fenomena dari keamanan pengoperasian storage tank. Indikator untuk bahaya ledakan adalah balon, karet pipet dan plastik tebal, sementara untuk simulasi bahaya collapse, indikator yang digunakan adalah botol plastik dengan ukuran 450, 700 dan 1600 ml. Setiap indikator tersebut dimaksudkan sebagai sebuah simulator dari bahaya keamanan pada storage tank, tetapi tidak merepresentasikan daripada kekuatan tangki. Indikator yang digunakan untuk melihat fenomena ledakan saat proses loading maupun collapse saat proses unloading menekankan pada aspek penyadaran terhadap orang atau operator yang bersangkutan bahwa untuk setiap kekeliruan dari proses loading maupun unloading akan mengakibatkan konsekuensi. Dalam skala industri yang lebih besar dan dengan fluida yang lebih sensitif dan berbahaya, kekeliruan ini bisa fatal dan tidak bisa ditolerir. Hasil dari penelitian dan uji simulasi kemanan tersebut untuk proses loading fluida cair diperoleh tekanan maksimumnya 1 barg untuk indikator karet pipet pada nilai laju alir volumetrik pada 30 l/min dengan waktu loading 19.48 detik. sementara untuk proses loading fluida gas mempunyai tekanan maksimum sebesar 0.6 barg untuk indikator karet pipet pada nilai laju alir volumetrik 30 l/min dengan waktu pengisian adalah 11.91 detik untuk indikator karet pipet. sementara untuk proses unloading fluida cair botol berukuran 1600 ml menunjukan ketahanan terhadap collapse yang lebih kuat (lama) dengan waktu 0.58 detik untuk laju alir volumetrik maksimumnya. Terakhir untuk proses unloading fluida gas bahwa ketahanan botol berukuran 400 ml lebih kuat dengan waktu collapse yaitu 13.61 detik. Adapun indikator optimum untuk penelitian pada proses loading adalah dengan menggunakan karet pipet, dan proses unloading dengan menggunakan botol berukuran 700 ml.
Pengaruh “Drive Head” terhadap Efisiensi dan Kemampuan “Delivery Head” Maksimum pada Pompa Hidram
Authors: Rifandi Ahmad , Billiman Zayyin Kamil
Published: April 2020

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh ketinggian sumber air (drive head) terhadap efisiensi dan kemampuan maksimum memompa air (delivery head) pada pompa jenis hidram. Pompa hidram yang dibuat terdiri dari ukuran ½, ¾, dan 1 in. Dalam penelitian ini, air dialirkan dari tangki penampung sebagai sumber air melalui “drive pipe”, selanjutnya pompa hidram memompakan air tersebut ke tempat yang lebih tinggi melalui “delivery pipe”. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tinggi sumber air umpan (drive head) dan tinggi tangki air penampung  (delivery head) berpengaruh terhadap efisiensi pompa. Semakin besar drive head (h) dan delivery head (H), untuk semua ukuran pompa, efisiensi pompa semakin menurun. Efisiensi tertinggi pompa yaitu pada pompa hidram  ukuran 1 in dimana drive head (h) pompa tersebut setinggi 0,55 m dan delivery head (H) setinggi 3 m dengan efisiensi sebesar 56,73 %. Tinggi sumber air umpan (drive head) berpengaruh terhadap delivery head maksimum (Hmax),  semakin besar drive head (h) semakin besar  delivery head maksimumnya (Hmax).
Rancang Bangun Alat Pembuatan Aqua Purificata (Perbandingan Kualitas Produk dari Reverse Osmosis, Ion Exchanger, dan Water Distiller)
Authors: Junaidi Robert , Yuniar Yuniar , Bella Virwindica , Julian Adhe , Rahmah Amalia
Published: April 2020

Penelitian dilakukan untuk merancang proses produksi aqua purificata dan memurnikan air keran dengan memasang dan menggabungkan penyaringan multi-tahap dengan metode lain seperti, reverse osmosis, pertukaran ion, dan unit distilasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kualitas produk dari setiap outlet unit akhir sehingga dapat ditentukan mana yang memenuhi spesifikasi standar. Proses pemurnian air umpan dalam reverse osmosis dilakukan dengan memvariasikan tekanan operasional dalam 20, 40, 50, dan 60 bar. Pada penukar ion, pengamatan dilakukan dengan menentukan pengaruh laju aliran umpan terhadap keluaran dengan variasi 100, 125, dan 150 ml / menit. Selain itu, dalam penyuling air, proses pemanasan di dalam unit dipengaruhi oleh laju aliran umpan 0,2055 L / mnt dan volume output dikontrol oleh waktu operasi dengan kisaran 5, 10, 15, 20, dan 25 menit. Menurut nomor spesifikasi ASTM D1193-91 dan NCCLS dari hasil pengukuran, aqua purificata yang dihasilkan oleh reverse osmosis dan penyuling air dikategorikan sebagai tipe 1.
TRADITIONAL AND MOLECULAR STUDY OF CRYPTOSOPORIDIUM SPP. IN DOMESTIC DOGS IN BAGHDAD CITY,IRAQ
Authors: Faraj A. A.
Published: April 2020

The aim of this study to investigate the  prevalence of Cryptosoridium spp. in domestic  dogs  in Baghdad city, by  using microscopic  examination(flotation and staining) and molecular techniques .The results revealed that the rate of Cryptosporidium infection was 15% by microscopic examination and 28.6% using PCR, our study showed that the infection rate was 8.5% in males  and 21.42% in  females by microscopic examination , while the infection rate by using PCR in males and females was 21.42%, 35.71% respectively. The percentage of infection in the age  groups <1 year  and >1 year was 20%, 10% respectively by microscopic examination, while by using molecular assay the rate of infection in the age  groups <1 year was 40% and  17.14% in >1 year. This is  the first study in Iraq to detect Cryptosoridium spp. in domestic dogs using molecular technique.
ESTIMATING PROFIT , COST FUNCTION AND TECHNICAL EFFICIENCIES OF RICE PRODUCTION IN NEJAF FOR SEASON 2016*
Authors: & Mahmood Al-Mashhdani
Published: April 2020

The aim of this study was to estimate the profit and cost functions as well as economic, price, cost, and technical efficiencies beside the other economic indices at actual, optimal and profit-maximizing output of rice. A random sample of 240 rice  farms in Nejaf province was used during the agricultural season 2016. From efficiency scales of profit function, it was shown that the output quantity had the greatest impact on the profit compared to other variables (average output costs and price). According to the cost function, the optimum output level and the profit- maximizing output  level for the short run were 64.84 tons and 117.4 tons respectively. The lowest price that the farmer can accept was 194.83 thousand dinars / ton. At this price, the producer loss all fixed costs in the short run, hoping that the price of rice will improve in the long run. Net profit was estimated on the basis of actual output, cost minimizing output (optimal) and profit-maximizing output, which amounted to 8084.32, 30852.65 and 45547.5 thousand dinars, respectively. The of technical efficiency were 34%. and the cost efficiency was 0.52. We conclude from the study that economic resources have not been exploited optimally, indicating that actual output is far from optimal output. The study recommends a output policy aimed at increasing economic efficiency and optimizing the use of available resources.
Contribution to knowledge of the Balkan Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera: Macrolepidoptera)
Authors: Beshkov Stoyan , Nahirnić Ana
Published: April 2020

One species Caradrina draudti (Boursin, 1936) is reported here as a new for continental Europe, one species is new for the Balkan Peninsula and Bulgaria, one species is confirmed for the Balkan Peninsula, two species are new for the Republic of North Macedonia and two others are reported for the second time from this country. One species is new for Serbia; another one is reported for the second time from Serbia. Six genera and 18 species are new for Albania and 4 species are reported for the second time from this country. Three genera and six species are new for Montenegro. Data for some other interesting species and species of conservation value are also presented. Most specimens are collected at light in 2019. With illustrations of specimens and their genitalia when necessary. With new taxonomical notes for Charissa pentheri (Rebel, 1901).
Üzüm üreten işletmelerin üretim ve pazarlama yapıları: Tarsus örneği
Authors: Tapkı Nuran , Kantar Davran Müge , Görgü Ayşe
Published: April 2020

Amaç: Bu
çalışmada, Tarsus ilçesi köylerinde üzüm üretimi yapan üreticilerin üretim ve
pazarlama yapıları incelenmiş, pazarlamada karşılaşılan sorunlar ele alınmıştır.Yöntemler ve Bulgular:
Çalışmanın ana materyalini Tarsus ilçesi köylerinde oturan ve üzüm üretimi
yapan 120 üretici ile yapılan yüz yüze görüşmeler oluşturmuştur. Örnek
büyüklüğü olasılığa dayalı örnekleme yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Verilerin
istatistiksel analizinde, tanımlayıcı istatistikler ile likert ölçeği
kullanılmıştır.Genel Yorum:
İşletme sahiplerinin yaş ortalaması 44.1’dir. Ortalama aile genişliği 4.6 kişi
olup; üniversite mezunu olanların oranı ise %4.2’dir. İşletmelerin %70.8’inin
11-20 dekar arasında arazi büyüklüğüne sahip olduğu gözlenmiştir. İşletmelerin
%73.3’ü kendi mülk arazilerinde üretim gerçekleştirmektedir. Üretilen üzümün
%82.0’si sofralık üzüm olarak pazarlanmaktadır. 
İşletmelerde en çok tercih edilen aracılar tüccarlardır. İşletmelerde
pazarlama aşamasında, paketleme oranının %96.6, sınıflandırma oranının %88.3,
depolama oranın %35.8 ve taşıma oranının ise %10.8 olduğu gözlenmiştir.
İşletmelerin %56.8’i satılan üzümün bedelini peşin olarak tahsil etmektedir.
İşletmeler %51.7 oranında pazarlık yaparak fiyat belirlemektedir.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi:
İşletmeciler üzüm üretiminde en çok kalite, maliyetler, hastalık ve
zararlılarla mücadele konusunda sorun yaşamaktadır. Karşılaştıkları en önemli
pazarlama sorunları ise alıcı sayısının azlığı, güvensizlik, bilgi noksanlığı
ve işleme tesislerinin yetersizliğidir. Araştırma alanında çiftçinin
mağduriyetinin azaltılabilmesi için pazarlama faaliyetlerinin ve pazarlama
karması elemanlarının doğru ve eksiksiz çalışması gerekmektedir.
Quantifying photosynthetic properties of drought-resistant and sensitive cotton varieties grown in Eastern Mediterranean conditions
Authors: Ödemiş Berkant , Kılıc Seref , Evrendilek Fatih
Published: April 2020

Aims:
This study aimed to investigate the
effects of different irrigation water levels on evapotranspiration, water use
efficiency, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rates and yields in 14
drought-sensitive and resistant cotton varieties.Methods and Results:
The trial was carried out according to the
random blocks experimental design pattern. The experimental study was conducted
on ST 506, ST468, BA525, BA119, FLASH, SIOKRA L-22, TAM SPHINX, TAM 94L-25,
PIMA S-7, TAMCOT-22, TAMCOT SP 21 S, TAMCOT SP 23, TAMCOT CAMD-ES and AKSEL
cultivars. Evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, stomatal conductance,
transpiration and photosynthesis rates and yields of the mentioned cultivars
were determined. Photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate and stomatal
conductance were measured only at the levels of full irrigation (I100)
and 25% of the full irrigation (I25).Conclusions:
The total numbers of irrigation done in
the first and second years were four and six, respectively. The amount of
irrigation water applied varied between 270 and 480 mm in the first year, and
298 and 520 mm in the second year. Yield and evapotranspiration increased
depending on the amount of irrigation water applied. The highest and lowest
yields were determined as 358 kg da-1 in Aksel cultivar and 555 kg
da-1 in BA525 variety, respectively. On average, the photosynthesis
rate was measured as 12,616 µmol m-2 s-1 for I100,
and 7.549 µmol m-2 s-1 for I25. As the
stomatal conductance increased, the yield also increased (0.093 mol m-2
s-1 for I25 and 0.182 mol m-2 s-1
for I100). Transpiration rate was determined as 2.947 mmol m-2
s-1 for I25 and 3.919 mmol m-2 s-1
for I100. The varieties did not significantly differ in terms of
water stress. Aksel cultivar is drought-sensitive, whereas the others are
drought-resistant varieties.Significance
and Impact of the Study: The research revealed the physiological
characteristics, plant water consumption and water use efficiency of 14
different cotton varieties widely grown in eastern Mediterranean conditions.
And also, when the relationship of the mentioned parameters with yield was
examined, the relationship between stomatal conductance and yield was found
lower than the one between transpiration and photosynthesis rates.
EVALUASI PROGRAM PEMBINAAN PRESTASI OLAHRAGA SEPAK BOLA PADA KLUB PSN NGADA
Authors: Natal Yanuarius Ricardus
Published: April 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini yakni mengevaluasi antecendent, transaction  dan outcomes program pembinaan prestasi klub sepak bola PSN Ngada. Penelitian ini dilakukan di klub PSN Kabupaten Ngada. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian evaluasi program menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan model pendekatan yakni evaluasi countenance model. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara, dokumentasi dan triangulasi data. Teknik analisis data menggunakan model interaktif melalui tiga komponen yaitu reduksi data, sajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan atau verifikasi. Hasil penelitian ini pada tahapan evaluasi antecendent telah dilaksanakan dimana klub PSN telah memiliki visi dan misi klub dan program kerja. Evaluasi tahapan transaction telah dilaksanakan terlihat dari terseleksinya pelatih yang sudah memenuhi syarat minimal melatih di klub, serta dimilikinya standar penerimaan calon atlet sepak bola klub PSN Ngada melalui tahapan seleksi serta mekanisme perekrutan yang baik, hanya pendanaan saja masih mengalami kesulitan anggaran. Aspek ini juga berdampak pula pada tahapan outcomes atau hasil dimana prestasi klub PSN Ngada dalam kurun waktu empat tahun terakhir mengalami ketidakstabilan prestasi.
HUBUNGAN HARGA DIRI DENGAN PRESTASI BELAJAR BAHASA INDONESIA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Mutji Elsye , Mangero Merna
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan harga diri dengan prestasi belajar bahasa Indonesia siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah metode penelitian kuantitatif korelasional, sehingga analisis data menggunakan pendekatan statistic yang disebut analisis deskriptif dan teknik korelasi Kendall dengan menggunakan SPSS 16. Pengumpulan data menggunakan kuisoner model skala Lickert dan dokumen laporan pendidikan semester. Berdasarkan hasil analisis deskriptif ditunjukkan rata-rata mean harga diri adalah 55,54 dengan standar deviasi 13,43 sehingga variabel harga diri berada pada kategori tinggi. Kemudian mean dan standar deviasi prestasi belajar bahasa Indonesia siswa adalah 75,63 dan 3,28 yang artinya prestasi belajar bahasa Indonesia siswa berada pada kategori baik. Hipotesis yang menggunakan korelasi Kendall menunjukkan bahwa hasil koefisisen korelasi adalah 0,487. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang positif antara harga diri dan prestasi belajar bahasa Indonesia siswa kelas SD. Oleh sebab itu, berdasarkan hasil uji signifikansi korelasi nilai r hitung adalah 0,487 dan nilai rtabel dengan nilai signifikansi 5% adalah 0,422 yang artinya rhitung > rtabel. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antara harga diri dan prestasi belajar bahasa Indonesia siswa kelas SD signifikan yang artinya H0 ditolak dan Ha diterima, sehingga hipotesisnya adalah terdapat hubungan yang positif dan signifikan antara harga diri dan prestasi belajar bahasa Indonesia siswa kelas SD dan hal itu dapat dibuktikan atau diterima.
Influence of dietary energy intake on nephrolithiasis - A meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Perletti Gianpaolo , Magri Vittorio , Ferraro Pietro Manuel , Montanari Emanuele , Trinchieri Alberto
Published: April 2020

Objective: Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of kidney stone formation. The presence of obesity is due to an imbalance between energy intake and energy consumption resulting from physical activity and resting metabolic rate. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to assess the differences in dietary energy intake levels between patients developing urinary stones versus healthy individuals. Materials and methods: Medline/PubMed and EMBASE databases search was performed using the terms “urolithiasis”, “kidney stones*”, “calcul*”, “energy”, “calor*”, “intake”, “food”, “kilojoule/kjoule”, “Kilocal*/kcal” from January 1st, 2000, and were assessed as up to date on September 30th, 2019. Results: After having screened 1.782 records, four studies were included in the meta-analysis. The total population was 467.063, including 453.078 healthy men and/or women and 13.985 men and/or women affected by nephrolithiasis. When energy intake data were pooled irrespective of the sex of participants, mean calory intake values were significantly higher in nephrolithiasis patients, compared to healthy individuals. The mean difference (MD) was 39.16 kcal (95% CI 18.53 to 59.78, p = 0.0002, random-effects model, inverse-variance weighing). The odds ratio for this comparison – calculated from the standardized mean difference – is significant (OR = 1.946; 95% CI: 1.869 to 5.561). Conclusions: Patients affected by urolithiasis show a significantly higher energy intake in various patient populations (USA, China and Korea) including subjects of both sexes. The relevance of this finding should be confirmed by studies in populations showing different and diverse dietary patterns, and by evaluating energy consumption linked to physical activity and metabolic rate in renal stone formers.
Hugo Sinzheimer Moot Court Competition: Internationaler arbeitsrechtlicher Moot Court
Authors: Kullmann Miriam , Kain Felicia
Published: April 2020

Ziel des Hugo Sinzheimer Moot Courts1 ist es, Studierenden die Möglichkeit zu geben, ihre Kenntnisse über das europäische Arbeitsrecht anhand eines konkreten Fallbeispiels zu verbessern und zu vertiefen. Er ermöglicht den teilnehmenden Teams aus verschiedenen Ländern, das europäische Recht in einem möglichst realistischen Umfeld, wenn auch simuliert, zu erleben. Im Folgenden wird zunächst der Hintergrund des Moot Courts kurz dargestellt, um anschließend auf dessen Zielsetzung und Organisation einzugehen. In einem weiteren Schritt wird der Ablauf des Moot Courts erklärt, der prinzipiell in drei Phasen unterteilt werden kann: die Vorlaufphase (Fallerstellung), die Vorbereitungsphase (Ausarbeitung der Schriftsätze) und die Verhandlungsphase (Plädoyers). Zum Schluss wird der didaktische und pädagogische Nutzen des Moot Courts erläutert.
Assessing soil degradation under land-use change: insight from soil erosion and soil aggregate stability in a small karst catchment in southwest China
Authors: Liu Man , Han Guilin
Published: April 2020

Background

Soil erodibility (K factor) and soil aggregate stability are often used to assess soil degradation in an erodible environment. However, their applicability under land-use change is uncertain, especially agricultural abandonment.

Methods

Different land-use types, including cropland, abandoned cropland, and native vegetation land, were converted into the successive stages following agricultural abandonment by space-for-time substitution approach in a small karst catchment, Southwest China. The indexes of soil aggregate stability and K factor of the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model in soil profiles were calculated to identify which method is suitable to indicate soil degradation under land-use change.

Results

The indexes of soil aggregate stability in the soils at 0∼30 cm depth under native vegetation land were significantly larger than those under cropland and slightly larger than those under abandoned cropland. The K factor was not significantly different among the three land use examples because the EPIC model does not consider soil permeability. In the soil organic carbon (SOC)-rich soils (>2%), the K factor was significantly correlated with silt and clay content ranging within a narrow scope of near 0.010 t hm2 h/hm2/MJ/mm. While in the SOC-poor soils, the K factor was significantly increased with decreasing SOC content and was significantly correlated with soil aggregate stability.

Conclusions

Soil aggregate stability is more suitable to indicate soil degradation under land-use change. Sufficient SOC in erodible soils would restrain soil degradation, while SOC loss can significantly increase soil erosion risk.
Dicing before Grinding: A Robust Wafer Thinning and Dicing Technology
Authors: Bacquian Bryan Christian S.
Published: April 2020

The never-ending trend for package miniaturization has been driving the semiconductor industry to the brink of technology. Hence, development of new technologies is necessary to cope up with the demand for advance and aggressive process capabilities.

The paper is all about the challenges in developing and installing a robust 50 µm wafer thinning and dicing capability in ST Calamba. As silicon wafers are grinded thinner, the more it becomes sensitive to mechanical stress and vibration. The conventional mechanical dicing process induce a lot of mechanical stress and vibration during the cutting process which oftentimes lead to backside chipping and die crack issues. Backside chippings serves as fracture points at the back of the dice, which significantly reduce its die strength. This dilemma was addressed with the use of a breakthrough technology known as Dicing Before Grinding (DBG).
Toward Critical Electrode/Electrolyte Interfaces in Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Yan Chong , Xu Rui , Xiao Ye , Ding Jun‐Fan , Xu Lei , Li Bo‐Quan , Huang Jia‐Qi
Published: April 2020

The electrode/electrolyte interface plays a critical role in stabilizing the cycling performance and prolonging the service life of rechargeable batteries to meet the sustainable energy requirements of the mobile society. The understanding of interfaces is still at the preliminary stage due to the limited research techniques and variable properties with time and potential. Herein, the latest developments focused on the interfaces in rechargeable systems including the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) are reviewed. The possible formation mechanisms of the electrode/electrolyte interface are discussed, followed by the introduction of two key influencing factors, specific adsorption and solvated coordinate structure, which will dominate the formation of the interface. Finally, the structure and chemical composition of the interface as well as the possible transport mechanism of lithium ions in the interface and the strategies to regulate the pathway through the interface are presented in detail. This work sheds light on the fundamental understanding of the interface and provides rational scientific principles in designing the electrode/electrolyte interface and inspires the rational design of long‐term cycling rechargeable batteries.
Understanding the In Vivo Fate of Advanced Materials by Imaging
Authors: Li Ran , Ng Thomas S. C. , Garlin Michelle A. , Weissleder Ralph , Miller Miles A.
Published: April 2020

Engineered materials are ubiquitous in biomedical applications ranging from systemic drug delivery systems to orthopedic implants, and their actions unfold across multiple time‐ and length‐scales. The efficacy and safety of biologics, nanomaterials, and macroscopic implants are all dictated by the same general principles of pharmacology as applied to small molecule drugs, comprising how the body affects materials (pharmacokinetics, PK) and conversely how materials affect the body (pharmacodynamics, PD). Imaging technologies play an increasingly insightful role in monitoring both of these processes, often simultaneously: translational macroscopic imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography/computed tomography offer whole‐body quantitation of biodistribution and structural or molecular response, while ex vivo approaches and optical imaging via in vivo (intravital) microscopy reveal behaviors at subcellular resolution. In this review, the authors survey developments in imaging the in situ behavior of systemically and locally administered materials, with a particular focus on using microscopy to understand transport, target engagement, and downstream host responses at a single‐cell level. The themes of microenvironmental influence, controlled drug release, on‐target molecular action, and immune response, especially as mediated by macrophages and other myeloid cells, are examined. Finally, the future directions of how new imaging technologies may propel efficient clinical translation of next‐generation therapeutics and medical devices are proposed.
Advanced Liquid Electrolytes for Rechargeable Li Metal Batteries
Authors: Jie Yulin , Ren Xiaodi , Cao Ruiguo , Cai Wenbin , Jiao Shuhong
Published: April 2020

Rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have attracted wide attention for future electric vehicles and next‐generation energy storage because of their exceptionally high specific energy density. Recently, the development of electrode materials for LMBs has been extensively discussed and reviewed in the literature, but there have been very few reports that systematically review the status and progress of electrolytes for such applications. Actually, the viability of practical LMBs critically depends on the development of suitable liquid electrolytes due to the high reactivity of Li metals toward most solvents. This paper provides a systematic summary of the background and recent advances of the electrolytes for LMBs with an emphasis on the thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities at the interfaces. In addition, the emerging advanced characterization techniques for understanding the electrolyte–electrode interfaces are surveyed. Finally, a perspective for future directions is provided.
A Macroporous Hydrogel Dressing with Enhanced Antibacterial and Anti‐Inflammatory Capabilities for Accelerated Wound Healing
Authors: Huang Wen‐Can , Ying Rui , Wang Wei , Guo Yuning , He Yongjun , Mo Xinya , Xue Changhu , Mao Xiangzhao
Published: April 2020

Here, a novel macroporous hydrogel dressing is presented that can accelerate wound healing and guard against bacteria‐associated wound infection. Carboxymethyl agarose (CMA) is successfully prepared from agarose. The CMA molecular chains are cross‐linked by hydrogen bonding to form a supramolecular hydrogel, and the hydroxy groups in the CMA molecules complex with Ag+ to promote hydrogel formation. This hydrogel composite exhibits pH‐responsiveness and temperature‐responsiveness and releases Ag+, an antibacterial agent, over a prolonged period of time. Moreover, this hydrogel exhibits outstanding cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility. In vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrate that the hydrogel has enhanced antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory capabilities and can significantly accelerate skin tissue regeneration and wound closure. Astonishingly, the hydrogel can cause the inflammation process to occur earlier and for a shorter amount of time than in a normal process. Given its excellent antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, and physicochemical properties, the broad application of this hydrogel in bacteria‐associated wound management is anticipated.
Droplet Manipulation: Magically Cut Apart Microdroplet by Smart Nanofibrils Wire
Authors: Zhang Miaoxin , Li Jinghui , Pei Wenlei , Liu Yufang , Zhong Lieshuang , Wang Shaomin , Zheng Yongmei
Published: April 2020

A strategy of droplet manipulation is introduced, that is, an ethanol‐wetted nanofibrils wire (ENW) that can smartly generate a repellent force to cut apart a spreading water droplet to split droplets (SDs) on a superhydrophilic surface without any contact. The repellent force is attributed to a unique Marangoni state inside droplet due to the interaction between vapor–liquid interfaces, along with the gradient surface tension formed between the ENW and spreading droplet. It is demonstrated that such an ENW makes an as‐spreading water droplet with volume of 5–25 µL to be accurately cut apart into tiny SDs in various proportions (e.g., 1/9–1/1) without loss, and the minimum SD can be 1.7 µL in volume. A spreading droplet can be one‐step cut apart into patterns and further some micro‐reactors can be achieved by using ENW manipulations, respectively. This finding offers insights into the design of novel droplet‐manipulating materials that can be extended into microfluidics, microreactors, and others.
Enantioselective Cyclopropanation of 4‐Nitroisoxazole Derivatives
Authors: Dočekal Vojtěch , Petrželová Simona , Císařová Ivana , Veselý Jan
Published: April 2020

The present study reports an asymmetric organocatalytic cascade reaction of 4‐nitroisoxazole derivative with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes catalysed by chiral secondary amine. Using this approach, 1,2,3‐trisubstituted cyclopropane products were obtained in isolated yields up to 98% with moderate diastereoselectivities, and enantiopurity up to 99% ee. Moreover, this synthetic protocol can be used for further applications, as shown by a set of additional transformations of the corresponding cyclopropanes and by the formal synthesis of GABA ligands.

magnified image
Facile synthesis of ultramicroporous carbon adsorbents with ultra‐high CH4 uptake by in situ ionic activation
Authors: Du Shengjun , Wu Ying , Wang Xingjie , Xia Qibin , Xiao Jing , Zhou Xin , Li Zhong
Published: April 2020

We introduce a straightforward method for the preparation of novel starch‐based ultramicroporous carbons (SCs) that demonstrate high CH4 uptake and excellent CH4/N2 selectivity. These SCs are derived from a combination of starch and 1–6 wt.% of acrylic acid, and the resulting materials are amenable to surface cation exchangeability as demonstrated by the formation of highly dispersed K+ in carbon precursors. Following activation, these SCs contain ultramicropores with narrow pore‐size distributions of <0.7 nm, leading to porous carbon‐rich materials that exhibit CH4 uptake values as high as 1.86 mmol/g at 100 kPa and 298 K, the highest uptake value for CH4 to date, with the IAST‐predicted CH4/N2 selectivity up to 5.7. Both the potential mechanism for the formation of the narrow pores and the origin of the favorable CH4 adsorption properties are discussed and examined. This work may potentially guide future designs for carbon‐rich materials with excellent gas adsorption properties.
Patterns of malformation associated with esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula: A retrospective single center study
Authors: Galarreta Carolina I. , Vaida Florin , Bird Lynne M.
Published: April 2020

Esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is one of the most common gastrointestinal birth defects. It can occur in isolation or in association with other birth defects or genetic syndromes. We retrospectively reviewed the EA/TEF cases evaluated at Rady Children's Hospital San Diego (San Diego, CA) between 2007 and 2016. Data were collected for 157 patients. The majority of patients (105, 66.8%) had an associated major malformation present, and 52 patients (33.1%) had isolated EA/TEF. The patients with associated malformations were distributed as follows: 16 patients (10.2%) had a known genetic syndrome (the most common being Trisomy 21 in 11 patients); six patients (3.8%) had a suspected genetic syndrome; one patient had a suspected teratogenic syndrome (diabetic embryopathy); 30 patients had VACTERL association (19.1%); 32 patients had a “partial VACTERL” association (only two VACTERL‐type defects without other malformation); nine patients (5.7%) had one additional non‐VACTERL‐type birth defect, two patients had VACTERL‐type defects plus auricular malformations; and nine patients (5.7%) were classified as “unknown syndrome.” A classification of the patterns of malformation of patients with congenital EA/TEF is proposed based on reviewing the data of this relatively large and phenotypically diverse patient group.
Recycling of PLA‐based bioplastics: The role of chain‐extenders in twin‐screw extrusion compounding and cast extrusion of sheets
Authors: Barletta Massimiliano , Aversa Clizia , Puopolo Michela
Published: April 2020

Poly (lactic acid) polymers (PLA) belong to the bioplastic family of polymers entirely derived from renewable resources. Among biopolymers, PLA is one of the most technologically interesting materials, thanks to its good mechanical properties and to its moderate thermal stability. There are many fields of application in which the use of PLA seems to be promising, including cast extrusion and thermoforming. However, the strong tendency of PLA to degrade compromises the possibility of recovering the so‐called post‐process material (i.e., process waste), making PLA and most bioplastics difficult to use in production processes that require a physiological reuse of post‐process material, such as the thermoforming process, where huge amounts of scrap material is naturally produced during the trimming phase. In this context, the present study examines the effect of three successive compounding processes by twin‐screw reactive extrusion on the rheological and thermal properties of two formulations of compostable bioplastic materials based on PLA, in the presence of a chain extender additive. Subsequently, virgin compounds and post‐process material were mixed and cast extruded into slabs. The slabs were then characterized to evaluate their rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties. Finally, the effect of the chain extender was evaluated by adding the additive directly during the cast extrusion of slabs made with 100% post‐process material. The results showed that the twin‐screw compounding process induces a lower degradation in the material compared to the cast extrusion process. Furthermore, experimental findings show that adding the chain extender during the cast extrusion process of the slabs proved to be an effective post‐process material recovery strategy.
“We're being tracked at all times”: Student perspectives of their privacy in relation to learning analytics in higher education
Authors: Jones Kyle M. L. , Asher Andrew , Goben Abigail , Perry Michael R. , Salo Dorothea , Briney Kristin A. , Robertshaw M. Brooke
Published: April 2020

Higher education institutions are continuing to develop their capacity for learning analytics (LA), which is a sociotechnical data‐mining and analytic practice. Institutions rarely inform their students about LA practices, and there exist significant privacy concerns. Without a clear student voice in the design of LA, institutions put themselves in an ethical gray area. To help fill this gap in practice and add to the growing literature on students' privacy perspectives, this study reports findings from over 100 interviews with undergraduate students at eight U.S. higher education institutions. Findings demonstrate that students lacked awareness of educational data‐mining and analytic practices, as well as the data on which they rely. Students see potential in LA, but they presented nuanced arguments about when and with whom data should be shared; they also expressed why informed consent was valuable and necessary. The study uncovered perspectives on institutional trust that were heretofore unknown, as well as what actions might violate that trust. Institutions must balance their desire to implement LA with their obligation to educate students about their analytic practices and treat them as partners in the design of analytic strategies reliant on student data in order to protect their intellectual privacy.
Development of Magoh protein‐overexpressing HEK cells for optimized therapeutic protein production
Authors: Mufarrege Eduardo F. , Benizio Evangelina L. , Prieto Claudio C. , Chiappini Fabricio , Rodriguez María Celeste , Etcheverrigaray Marina , Kratje Ricardo B.
Published: April 2020

In the pharmaceutical industry, the need for high levels of protein expression in mammalian cells has prompted the search for new strategies, including technologies to obtain cells with improved mechanisms that enhance its transcriptional activity, folding, or protein secretion. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are by far the most used host cell for therapeutic protein expression. However, these cells produce specific glycans that are not present in human cells and therefore potentially immunogenic. As a result, there is an increased interest in the use of human‐derived cells for therapeutic protein production. For many decades, human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells were exclusively used for research. However, two products for therapeutic indication were recently approved in the United States. It was previously shown that tethered Magoh, an Exon‐junction complex core component, to specific mRNA sequences, have had significant positive effects on mRNA translational efficiency. In this study, a HEK Magoh‐overexpressing cell line and clones, designated here as HEK‐MAGO, were developed for the first time. These cells exhibited improved characteristics in protein expression, reaching —two‐ to threefold increases in rhEPO protein production in comparison with the wild‐type cells. Moreover, this effect was promoter independent highlighting the versatility of this expression platform.
Di‐2‐picolylamine triggers caspase‐independent apoptosis by inducing oxidative stress in human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Madide Thobeka , Somboro Anou M. , Amoako Daniel G. , Khumalo Hezekiel M. , Khan Rene B.
Published: April 2020

Di‐2‐picolylamine (DPA) is an organic compound that has been shown to possess antioxidant properties when conjugated to form a metal complex. The basis of this study was to determine the effects of DPA on the proliferation and apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells and elucidate the possible mechanisms. The methylthiazol tetrazolium assay served to measure cell viability and generated an IC50 of 1591 µM. Luminometry was used to investigate caspase activity and ATP concentration. It was observed that the decreased cell viability was associated with reduced ATP levels. Despite increased Bax and caspase 9 activity, cell death was caspase independent as indicated by the reduction in caspase 3/7 activity. This was associated with the downregulation poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase cleavage (Western blotting). However, the Hoescht assay depicted nuclear condensation and apoptotic body formation with elevated DPA levels suggesting DNA damage in HepG2 cells. DNA damage assessed by the comet assay confirmed an increased comet tail formation. The presence of oxidative stress was investigated by quantifying reactive species (malondialdehyde and nitrates concentration) and Western blotting to confirm the expression of antioxidant proteins. The DPA increased lipid peroxidation (RNS), a marker of oxidative stress, consequently causing cell death. The accompanying upregulation of stress‐associated proteins superoxide dismutase (SOD2), nuclear factor (erythroid‐derived 2)‐like 2 (Nrf2), and Hsp70 verifies oxidative stress.
Digital gestützte Biodiversitätsexkursionen
Authors: Knoblich Luise
Published: April 2020

Um den fehlenden Primärerfahrungen und dem mangelnden Biodiversitätswissen der Lernenden konstruktiv zu begegnen, wurde eine Studie mit dem Ziel konzipiert, die drei Bereiche „Biodiversität“, „Bildung“ und „Biologieunterricht“ im Rahmen von Umweltbildung im Naturpark „Thüringer Schiefergebirge/Obere Saale“ zu vereinen, zumal Bildung unverzichtbar für den beabsichtigten Biodiversitätsschutz ist. Das hierfür entwickelte didaktische Verfahren mit Schwerpunkt „Biodiversität“ für den Biologieunterricht an außerschulischen Lernorten bindet digitale Medien konstruktiv in den Lehr‐Lernprozess ein. Die aus dem zehnschrittigen Verfahren resultierenden biologisch basierten GPS‐Touren („Biotracks“) wurden in Form von zwei Schülerexkursionen für Gymnasialschülerinnen und ‐schüler in der Praxis getestet: Für Klassenstufe 7 in der Umgebung von Heberndorf und für Klassenstufe 9 in der Region des Bleilochstausees. Der Wissenstest und das Exkursionsheft ergaben für beide Exkursionsklassen positive Wirkungen auf das Biodiversitätswissen. Die Prä‐Post‐Fragebögen zeigen für Klassenstufe 7, dass Biotracks auch positive Wirkungen auf die biodiversitätsbezogenen Einstellungen und Handlungen von Lernenden haben können.
Repeated courses of low‐dose 2 × 2 Gy radiation therapy in patients with indolent B‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas
Authors: Saleh Khalil , Michot Jean‐Marie , Schernberg Antoine , Lazarovici Julien , Chahine Claude , Danu Alina , Khalife‐Saleh Nadine , Rossignol Julien , Ghez David , Martin Valentine , Mazeron Renaud , Fermé Christophe , Boros Angela , Ribrag Vincent , Girinsky Theodore
Published: April 2020

Purpose

In patients with indolent B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (B‐NHL), one course of low‐dose radiotherapy (LD‐RT) 2 × 2 Gy is emerging as new option of therapy in palliative setting. Efficacy of LD‐RT when repeated remains to be determinate. This study aims to assess the efficacy of repeated LD‐RT given in patients with indolent B‐NHL.

Materials and Methods

All consecutive adult patients who received two or more courses of LD‐RT 2 × 2 Gy for indolent B‐NHL at Gustave Roussy institution, during the period 1990‐2015 were retrospectively investigated.

Results

Thirty‐three patients received two or more courses of LD‐RT for indolent B‐NHL during the study period. The median age was 57 (range 37‐80) years, histological types were distributed among follicular lymphoma (n = 24 pts; 73%), marginal‐zone lymphoma (n = 6 pts; 18%), and primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (n = 3 pts; 9%). The median number of low‐dose radiation therapy courses given per patients was 2 (range 2‐6). The overall response rates following the first and the second course of LD‐RT were 96% and 88%, respectively (P = .31). The 1‐ and 2‐years local control rates following the first courses of LD‐RT were 94% (CI 95: 86‐100) and 94% (CI 95: 86‐98); and were 91% (CI 95: 82‐100) and 88% (CI 95: 77‐100) following the second course of LD‐RT (P = .39).

Conclusion

The repeated courses of LD‐RT offered similar efficacy compare with the first course in patients with indolent B‐NHL. LD‐RT repeated is a simple, easy to give, and non‐toxic asset that could be investigated as treatment option in patients with indolent B‐NHL.
Learning from triads: training undergraduates in counselling skills
Authors: Smith Kate
Published: April 2020

Background

Research has shown that counselling skills training in undergraduate programmes is effective. However, there is potential that premature intimacy and disclosures during triad work may impact on relationships which must be maintained out‐with the counselling component of the course. Little research has examined individual pedagogical practices within training.

Aim

The aim of this research was to explore the experience of the practical skills training component of a counselling course for a cohort of undergraduate students, and the impact of this learning experience. The objective being an evaluation of the use of this approach for this group and of the impact of personal sharing within cohorts of undergraduates.

Method

Semi‐structured interviews focusing on the experience of skills training and self‐disclosure during training were carried out on 12 undergraduates taking counselling skills modules as part of their BSc Psychology and Counselling degree. Thematic analysis was carried out on the interview transcripts.

Results

As a result of engagement in skills training and acting as ‘clients’ for one another, individuals perceived the formation of a positive group identity with implicit ‘rules’, but also an impact of training on relationships within the group which relied on the ability to maintain boundaries and personal identities with peers, and this influenced the learning experience. The ability to manage their engagement on the programme was dependent on ongoing support and guidance from tutors.

Discussion

While this pedagogical approach appears appropriate for facilitating learning and potentially provides a rich learning journey for undergraduate students, tutors must act proactively to ensure a safe learning environment.
Coaxial Flow Contactors as Alternative to Double T‐Contactors for Triphasic Slug Flow Generation
Authors: Hellmann David , de Oliveira‐Goncalves Ícaro , Agar David W.
Published: April 2020

Triphasic gas‐liquid‐liquid slug flow systems have great application potential in flow chemistry and are normally generated with a double T‐junction where the continuous phase and one disperse phase form a two‐phase flow and the second disperse phase is added at the second junction. This design is limited to high disperse phase ratios when a regular and uniform flow is desired. The use of coaxial contactors allows overcoming most of these restrictions. The slug generation, stability, and regularity of the generated triphasic flow were experimentally characterized.
Effects of Vitamin D Receptor, Cytochrome P450 3A, and Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Genetic Polymorphisms on the Pharmacokinetics of Remimazolam in Healthy Chinese Volunteers
Authors: Hu Kun , Xiang Qian , Wang Zhe , Sheng Xiaoyan , Li Li'e , Liang Yan , Zhao Xia , Ye Xia , Cui Yimin
Published: April 2020

Remimazolam is a new ultra‐short‐acting benzodiazepine used to induce and maintain anesthesia and procedural sedation. Its compound structure is similar to midazolam's. Midazolam metabolism might be affected by vitamin D receptor (VDR), cytochrome P450 3A, and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase genetic polymorphisms. This study investigated the effects of VDR, cytochrome P450 3A, and cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics of remimazolam in healthy Chinese volunteers after a single intravenous injection of remimazolam besylate. Blood samples were collected from subjects (n = 62) at scheduled time intervals before and after injection. High‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify plasma remimazolam and RF7054 (its inactive carboxylic acid metabolite) concentrations. The relationship between plasma remimazolam concentration, pharmacokinetic parameters, and polymorphic alleles was assessed for each subject. The rs4516035 allele affected the elimination half‐life of RF7054 (P = .043), while the rs1544410 allele affected the dose‐normalized maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax/D) of remimazolam (P = .025) in 46 volunteers. Results showed that VDR genetic polymorphisms might affect the pharmacokinetics of remimazolam in the Chinese population.