bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical Introduction
Authors: Stillwell John
Published: May 2020

This chapter prepares the reader's mind for reverse mathematics. As its name suggests, reverse mathematics seeks not theorems but the right axioms to prove theorems already known. Reverse mathematics began as a technical field of mathematical logic, but its main ideas have precedents in the ancient field of geometry and the early twentieth-century field of set theory. In geometry, the parallel axiom is the right axiom to prove many theorems of Euclidean geometry, such as the Pythagorean theorem. Set theory offers a more modern example: base theory called ZF, a theorem that ZF cannot prove (the well-ordering theorem) and the “right axiom” for proving it—the axiom of choice. From these and similar examples one can guess at a base theory for analysis, and the “right axioms” for proving some of its well-known theorems.
Vanguard of the Revolution
Authors: McAdams A. James
Published: May 2020

This book is a sweeping history of one of the most significant political institutions of the modern world. The communist party was a revolutionary idea long before its supporters came to power. The book argues that the rise and fall of communism can be understood only by taking into account the origins and evolution of this compelling idea. It shows how the leaders of parties in countries as diverse as the Soviet Union, China, Germany, Yugoslavia, Cuba, and North Korea adapted the original ideas of revolutionaries like Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin to profoundly different social and cultural settings. The book is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand world communism and the captivating idea that gave it life.
A Revolutionary Idea
Authors: McAdams A. James
Published: May 2020

This chapter shows that Marx's communist party is about something much greater than a mere assembly of individuals. It is linked to an idea about revolutionary inevitability. As an expression of the looming specter of communism rather than a mundane organization, the party comes into being as a result of social and economic forces that transcend the interests of any specific person. It offers its members the privilege of riding atop an advancing wave of events. To be included in this community, Karl Marx suggests, one must only decide to be on the right side of history and join the workers who are moving humanity forward.
Internationalizing the Party Idea
Authors: McAdams A. James
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that the same factors that made the Bolshevik Revolution possible in Russia—above all, the catastrophe of World War I—had the opposite effect in Europe. There are four key cases discussed here: Germany, Hungary, Great Britain, and France. In different ways, communist leaders sought to present their ideas about the path to socialism as uniquely suited to move Europe forward. But for equally different reasons, each ended up accepting the Communist International's (Comintern) directives. The communist party in Germany advocated a mass-based conception of revolutionary action that contrasted sharply with Lenin's advocacy of a conspiratorial vanguard. Hungary's communist leaders attempted to transform their society according to a radically voluntarist conception of party rule during the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic. Well before the British Communist Party was even formed, the party's founders were overshadowed by the postwar popularity of the reform-minded Labour Party. Finally, France's communists seemed to have the greatest chance of establishing an independent identity.
The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire
Authors: Mitchell A. Wess
Published: May 2020

The Empire of Habsburg Austria faced more enemies than any other European great power. Flanked on four sides by rivals, it possessed few of the advantages that explain successful empires. Yet somehow Austria endured, outlasting Ottoman sieges, Frederick the Great, and Napoleon. This book tells the story of how this cash-strapped, polyglot empire survived for centuries in Europe’s most dangerous neighborhood without succumbing to the pressures of multisided warfare. It shows how the Habsburgs played the long game in geopolitics, corralling friend and foe alike into voluntarily managing the empire’s lengthy frontiers and extending a benign hegemony across the turbulent lands of middle Europe. The book offers lessons on how to navigate a messy geopolitical map, stand firm without the advantage of military predominance, and prevail against multiple rivals.
Mass Killing
Authors: Robinson Geoffrey B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter reconstructs the details of the campaign of violence against the PKI through a careful excavation of a variety of accounts, including the testimonies and memoirs of both witnesses and perpetrators, declassified documents of foreign governments, and internal reports and official statements by military officials. It draws on such sources to address two related sets of questions. First, with a view to clarifying what happened and dispelling at least some of the more persistent misconceptions, the chapter asks, how many people were killed? Who were the victims? How, where, and when did they die? And who killed them? It then examines some of the arguments that have been advanced to explain the killings, focusing on those that stress underlying cultural, religious, and socioeconomic tensions. The chapter concludes with reflections on the merits of those explanations while posing a number of questions that they leave unanswered.
Mass Incarceration
Authors: Robinson Geoffrey B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the campaign of mass incarceration. This is done with a view to understanding why and how it occurred, how it was related to the mass killings of the same period, and what its consequences were for those detained. It argues that the campaign had three defining features: it was a highly organized program that entailed detailed planning and coordination at the national level; it was initiated and carried out by the army leadership and more specifically Suharto; and it bore striking similarities to campaigns of mass internment in other authoritarian contexts. The chapter also contends that mass incarceration and mass killing were integrally related in two ways: first, in the sense that most of those eventually killed were first detained, and second, that rates of long-term imprisonment were lower where the rates of killing were highest. Finally, it makes the case that in almost every respect, the campaign of mass incarceration was emblematic of the Suharto regime's hypermilitarism and obsession with “order.”
Truth and Justice?
Authors: Robinson Geoffrey B.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the related problems of establishing a fair and truthful record of 1965–66 and securing justice for the victims of those events. It begins by recounting briefly the efforts that have been made since 1998 by Indonesian officials as well as historians, activists, survivors, artists, and journalists to excavate the past. It makes clear that in the first few years after Suharto's resignation, there was a significant new openness in both official and public attitudes toward the events of 1965–66, fueled in part by a general spirit of reform, and also by the availability of many new avenues for sharing information and political opinion. The chapter then contrasts these hopeful signs with the evidence of a serious backlash against the new openness, starting as early as 2000. It argues that the backlash has entailed a dogmatic refusal by state officials to countenance any meaningful initiatives in the arena of policy change, truth gathering, or justice, which in turn has enlivened and empowered resistance to reform by a variety of conservative religious and political groups.
The Origins of Republican War Debt Policy, 1921–1923
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that elite factions of the American business, banking, and farm sectors grasped that war debt payments were intimately related to the controversies over German reparations, the restoration of European currency stability, the promotion of American exports, the alleviation of unemployment, and the revival of agricultural prosperity. In short, they were far from ignorant about the needs of European reconstruction after World War I. The chapter studies the origins of war debt legislation in a microscopic way. In doing so, it reveals the complexity of the policymaking process and the diversity of motives bearing on decision-makers. Here, the chapter demonstrates the role of business and economics in the making of U.S. foreign policy, as well as the pluralism within the business community, the messiness of the legislative process, and the salience of organizational pressures within executive branch departments.
Political Isolationism, Economic Expansionism, or Diplomatic Realism
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers U.S. foreign policy during the interwar years. It shows that, although the Republican officials did not wish to incur strategic commitments abroad, get embroiled in European political controversies, or defend the open door with the use of military force or economic sanctions, they were nonetheless engaged in and concerned with international affairs. Although they did want to expand U.S. markets abroad, gain access to critical raw materials, and direct U.S. private loans into productive purposes, they did not want to compromise domestic priorities or overextend the role of government in the American political economy. Seeing no short-term or even intermediate-term threats to vital U.S. interests, they were inclined to take measured steps to promote world stability and international order. They had a sense of the limits of American power and American interests, and they were not inclined to exaggerate their ability to alter French or Japanese views of their own vital interests.
Strategy, Diplomacy, and the Cold War
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: May 2020

This chapter takes a look at U.S. war planning during the Cold War. Looking through Joint Chiefs of Staff records, the chapter shows that U.S. war planning, although crude, began in the early months of 1946. If war erupted, for whatever reasons, the war plans called for the United States to strike the Soviet Union (USSR). Expecting Soviet armies to overrun most of Europe very quickly, planners assumed that the United States would launch its attack primarily from bases in the United Kingdom and the British-controlled Cairo-Suez base in the Middle East. To protect the latter, it would be essential to slow down Soviet armies marching southward to conquer the Middle East. The United States needed the Turkish army to thwart Soviet military advances and required Turkish airfields to insure the success of the strategic offensive against targets inside the USSR.
National Security
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P.
Published: May 2020

This chapter reflects on the concept of national security in early American foreign policy. It also illuminates the relationships between the concept of national security and the burgeoning numbers of books and articles dealing with grand strategy. Here, national security had come to mean the defense of core values from external threats. As understood by U.S. officials, national security was a dynamic, changing concept, responding to the evolution of threats abroad and the definition of core values at home. Core values themselves were elusive, forcing historians and scholars of international relations to discover and analyze precisely what interests, ideals, or values policymakers most wanted to defend. Similarly, external threats existed in the eyes of beholders; different observers perceived danger in dramatically different ways. What were real threats and what were perceived threats might only be resolved in the aftermath of events, and perhaps not even then. Nonetheless, to understand the making of national security policy, the historian had to empathize with the policymakers and had to understand their perception of threat (however accurate or skewed).
Utopias of One
Authors: Kotin Joshua
Published: May 2020

This book is a new account of utopian writing. It examines how eight writers—Henry David Thoreau, W. E. B. Du Bois, Osip and Nadezhda Mandel'shtam, Anna Akhmatova, Wallace Stevens, Ezra Pound, and J. H. Prynne—construct utopias of one within and against modernity's two large-scale attempts to harmonize individual and collective interests: liberalism and communism. The book begins in the United States between the buildup to the Civil War and the end of Jim Crow; continues in the Soviet Union between Stalinism and the late Soviet period; and concludes in England and the United States between World War I and the end of the Cold War. In this way it captures how writers from disparate geopolitical contexts resist state and normative power to construct perfect worlds—for themselves alone. The book contributes to debates about literature and politics, presenting innovative arguments about aesthetic difficulty, personal autonomy, and complicity and dissent. It models a new approach to transnational and comparative scholarship, combining original research in English and Russian to illuminate more than a century and a half of literary and political history.
Learning from Walden
Authors: Kotin Joshua
Published: May 2020

This chapter concerns the pedagogy of Henry David Thoreau's Walden (1854). When Thoreau moved to Walden Pond on July 4, 1845, his goal was to maximize his independence. America, from his perspective, had failed. To maximize his independence, Thoreau radically reduced the size of his world. He minimized his social and financial obligations, and chose to live in an artificially circumscribed environment. He also developed a practice of writing and rewriting that refined his perception of his environment. Writing became an instrument of attentiveness and suppression—a way to improve his vision and restrict its range. At Walden and in Walden there was little or no conflict between receptivity and sovereignty. Thoreau could be open to his surroundings and in control—vulnerable and secure. This was the beginning of Thoreau's utopia of one: a world small enough to be received in its entirety.
Utopias of Two
Authors: Kotin Joshua
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter concerns the challenges and value of reading difficult texts by examining the work of Thoreau's near-contemporary Emily Dickinson. It looks at how Dickinson's “The Soul unto Itself” represents her utopia of one. This chapter considers whether the poem was an attempt to represent or even cultivate her own independence, as the poem certainly represents a utopia of one. Dickinson presents a soul at war with itself and then describes an ideal state of independence—total sovereignty, total security. This utopia of one is different from the utopias explored in this book. Most significant, its efficacy does not depend on its difficulty or exclusivity or inimitability. Indeed, Dickinson's description of independence can serve as a model for readers attempting to perfect their own lives.
Afterword
Authors: Rosenthal Jesse
Published: May 2020

This afterword explores how the arguments in this book relate to the question of literary periodization. This is, without question, a book on Victorian literature, written in the context of Victorian moral thought. From that point of view, it is very much rooted to a specific time and place. On the other hand, many of the arguments and theoretical ideas in this book rely on a certain concept of realism that would seem to extend beyond Britain and beyond the nineteenth century. The closing thoughts of this chapter consider just how much of the book's argument is portable to a larger discussion of literary realism. In so doing, the afterword hopes to elaborate the ways in which the Victorian novel, and the moral thought that attached to it, has continued to influence people's larger sense of how works from the past can seem to be, in some odd way, about them.
The Spirit and the spirits
Authors: Stanley Brian
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines Pentecostal or charismatic Christianity, which constituted the most vibrant features of the Christian landscape in Latin America and Africa, as well as in many parts of Asia, Oceania, and eastern Europe. The global Pentecostal movement throughout the twentieth century drew its most numerous adherents from the ranks of the poor, in a variety of urban and rural contexts. But as the century proceeded, it became apparent that this was not a faith for the poor alone, but rather a religious chameleon that had an extraordinary capacity to adapt itself to a wide range of social and economic contexts and ecclesiastical traditions. Pentecostalism has found a home amidst prosperous business families in Seoul or Singapore as well as among the favela dwellers of São Paulo or the Dalits of South India. The respective histories of Pentecostal culture in Ghana and Brazil both reveal a gradual but incomplete shift in style from the modest aspirations to social respectability and economic improvement characteristic of the Apostolic churches in Ghana or the Assembléia de Deus in Brazil to the sophisticated middle-class materiality and exhibitionist style typical of modern Ghanaian neo-Pentecostal churches or of the third-wave metropolitan churches in Brazil.
Byzantine Matters
Authors: Cameron Averil
Published: May 2020

For many, Byzantium remains byzantine—obscure, marginal, difficult. Despite the efforts of some recent historians, prejudices still deform understanding of the Byzantine civilization, often reducing it to a poor relation of Rome and the rest of the classical world. This book addresses misconceptions about Byzantium, suggests why it is so important to integrate the civilization into wider histories, and lays out why Byzantium should be central to ongoing debates about the relationships between West and East, Christianity and Islam, Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, and the ancient and medieval periods. The result is a compelling call to reconsider the place of Byzantium in Western history and imagination.
Tact
Authors: Russell David
Published: May 2020

The social practice of tact was an invention of the nineteenth century, a period when Britain was witnessing unprecedented urbanization, industrialization, and population growth. In an era when more and more people lived more closely than ever before with people they knew less and less about, tact was a new mode of feeling one's way with others in complex modern conditions. This book traces how the essay genre came to exemplify this sensuous new ethic and aesthetic. It argues that the essay form provided the resources for the performance of tact in this period and analyzes its techniques in the writings of Charles Lamb, John Stuart Mill, Matthew Arnold, George Eliot, and Walter Pater. The book shows how their essays offer grounds for a claim about the relationship among art, education, and human freedom—an “aesthetic liberalism”—not encompassed by traditional political philosophy or in literary criticism. For these writers, tact is not about codes of politeness but about making an art of ordinary encounters with people and objects and evoking the fullest potential in each new encounter. The book demonstrates how their essays serve as a model for a critical handling of the world that is open to surprises, and from which egalitarian demands for new relationships are made. Offering fresh approaches to thinking about criticism, sociability, politics, and art, the book concludes by following a legacy of essayistic tact to the practice of British psychoanalysts like D. W. Winnicott and Marion Milner.
Reaping Something New
Authors: Hack Daniel
Published: May 2020

Tackling fraught but fascinating issues of cultural borrowing and appropriation, this book reveals that Victorian literature was put to use in African American literature and print culture in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in much more intricate, sustained, and imaginative ways than previously suspected. From reprinting and reframing “The Charge of the Light Brigade” in an antislavery newspaper to reimagining David Copperfield and Jane Eyre as mixed-race youths in the antebellum South, writers and editors transposed and transformed works by the leading British writers of the day to depict the lives of African Americans and advance their causes. Central figures in African American literary and intellectual history—including Frederick Douglass, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, Charles Chesnutt, Pauline Hopkins, and W. E. B. Du Bois—leveraged Victorian literature and this history of engagement itself to claim a distinctive voice and construct their own literary tradition. In bringing these transatlantic transfigurations to light, this book also provides strikingly new perspectives on both canonical and little-read works by Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and other Victorian authors. The recovery of these works' African American afterlives illuminates their formal practices and ideological commitments, and forces a reassessment of their cultural impact and political potential. Bridging the gap between African American and Victorian literary studies, the book changes our understanding of both fields and rewrites an important chapter of literary history.
The Discourse on Rulership
Authors: Yılmaz Hüseyin
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the Ottoman political discourse from its origins in the early fifteenth century to the third quarter of the sixteenth century. Views on the caliphate were expressed through a diversified corpus of works on government and rulership across various genres and disciplines accompanied by a broad-based interest in engaging with issues related to government among the Ottoman readership. This diverse body of political literature, written in different languages and genres, was produced by an equally diverse group of authors from various backgrounds, including statesmen, jurists, and Sufis. Along with the expansion of the public sphere in sixteenth-century social life, not only did ordinary folks come to be more interested in matters of government but new questions and sensibilities were introduced to the sphere of the political as well. The conventional form of political discourse that was largely confined to providing advice for rulership by a select few gave way to presenting views on all aspects of government by people from different walks of life.
Sexual Emancipation
Authors: Scott Joan Wallach
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the complex uses of feminism and appeals to “sexual democracy” in the new discourse of secularism. The story is anything but straightforward and involves the insistence on sex as a public matter, and on women's sexuality (and by extension, nonnormative sexualities) as a right of individual self-determination. The emphasis on individualism is a part of neoliberalism's “rationality;” it is not the same as its nineteenth-century antecedent. At the same time, the difference of sex and its heteronormative claims has not disappeared, confusing woman's status as a desiring subject with her status as an object of (male) desire. The contemporary discourse of secularism, with its insistence on the importance of “uncovered” women's bodies equates public visibility with emancipation, as if that visibility were the only way to confirm women as sexually autonomous beings (exercising the same rights in this domain as men). The contrast with “covered” Muslim women not only perpetuates the confusion between Western women as subjects and objects of desire, it also distracts attention from (or flatly ignores) persisting racialized gender inequalities in markets, politics, jobs, and law within each side.
A Family Reunion Silences a Bully
Authors: Szonyi Michael
Published: May 2020

This chapter talks about the Ye family of Fuqing, whose most famous member, Grand Secretary Ye Xianggao, has provided an account of how his family tried to restore contact with their soldier-kin on the northern frontier. Registration as a military household entailed more than simply providing soldiers to serve in the army. It carried valuable tax exemptions. It exposed the household to potential threats and blackmail from their neighbours. The chapter also talks about distinct regulatory regimes that affected everyday life for military households. There was the civilian household registration regime, access to which insulated a family from conscription at the cost of higher corvée exactions. There was the original conscription system, whereby family members in the home village were vulnerable to conscription. And there was the reformed conscription system after the localization policy was put in place, which effectively insulated the family from conscription and enabled them to reduce their corvée obligations.
A Soldier Curses a Clerk
Authors: Szonyi Michael
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses military colonies that supported military garrisons. In these colonies, groups of military households worked the land to feed their colleagues in the garrisons. The tragic story of the Yan family of Linyang illustrates how soldiers of the colony became highly adept at turning the differences between their land and ordinary land to their own benefit. Commercialization of the economy generated complex patterns of landownership and usage, and households in the colonies tried to draw on these patterns for their own purposes. But everyday politics in the colonies involved more than manipulating the land regime. Just like their counterparts in the guard, households stationed there also had to integrate with the communities around them.
Give and Take
Authors: Chorev Nitsan
Published: May 2020

This book looks at local drug manufacturing in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, from the early 1980s to the present, to understand the impact of foreign aid on industrial development. While foreign aid has been attacked by critics as wasteful, counterproductive, or exploitative, this book makes a clear case for the effectiveness of what it terms “developmental foreign aid.” Against the backdrop of Africa’s pursuit of economic self-sufficiency, the battle against AIDS and malaria, and bitter negotiations over affordable drugs, the book offers an important corrective to popular views on foreign aid and development. It shows that when foreign aid has provided markets, monitoring, and mentoring, it has supported the emergence and upgrading of local production. In instances where donors were willing to procure local drugs, they created new markets that gave local entrepreneurs an incentive to produce new types of drugs. In turn, when donors enforced exacting standards as a condition to access those markets, they gave these producers an incentive to improve quality standards. And where technical know-how was not readily available and donors provided mentoring, local producers received the guidance necessary for improving production processes. Without losing sight of domestic political-economic conditions, historical legacies, and foreign aid’s own internal contradictions, the book presents new insights into the conditions under which foreign aid can be effective.
Korngold Father and Son in Vienna’s Prewar Public Eye
Authors: Brodbeck David
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes the early life of Erich Korngold. As a child, Korngold was a prodigy the likes of which had rarely been encountered before. He was not only an accomplished pianist but also a composer of preternaturally mature and astonishingly modern-sounding music. He was even called “the little Mozart.” In 1907, at the age of ten, Korngold began contrapuntal studies with Robert Fuchs, a venerable teacher at the Vienna Conservatory, and Alexander Zemlinsky (1871–1942). From there, Korngold embarked on his early musical career. The chapter also describes the reviews and criticisms of Korngold's work, as well as the controversies surrounding the boy and his growing fame, during this period.
“You must return to life”: Notes on the Reception of Das Wunder der Heliane and Jonny spielt auf
Authors: Youmans Charles
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses Erich Korngold's Das Wunder der Heliane (1927) with Ernst Krenek's Jonny spielt auf (1927). Korngold's Heliane, his intended magnum opus and the other major event of Vienna's 1927–1928 season, was, like Jonny, a high-profile document of an “opera crisis.” Reasonably enough, the two works have been read as antithetical: what could a “jazz opera” featuring a blackface bandleader and a slapstick death by train have to do with a “timeless” morality play culminating in not one but two resurrections? In Heliane, Korngold set out to eclipse the Gustav Mahler of the Second and Eighth symphonies. Jonny, conversely, offered music seemingly determined to leave the feelings cold.
New Opportunities in Film: Korngold and Warner Bros.
Authors: Winters Ben
Published: May 2020

This chapter sketches an overview of Erich Korngold's film output that draws attention to the variety of scenarios for which he provided music. It also discusses the kinds of musical gestures and techniques he used to help him meet their dramatic demands. In many ways these techniques represent a significant expansion from the range demonstrated by his operatic output; in that sense Korngold's Hollywood career was not a regression from the culturally engaged world of opera but represented an opportunity to develop his gifts as a musical dramatist. After a brief summary of Korngold's working practices, the chapter explores the sound of his scores—including his use of particular orchestral colors—and his ability to score a variety of narrative scenarios. It then outlines some aspects of his approach to scoring, including his thematic technique.
“The caverns of the human mind are full of strange shadows”: Disability Representation, Henry Bellamann, and Korngold’s Musical Subtexts in the Score for Kings Row
Authors: Lerner Neil
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores Erich Korngold's score in the 1942 black and white Hollywood film, King's Row. This Warner Bros. production was based on a bestselling 1940 novel by Henry Bellamann, a writer whose career began not as a literary creator but as a music teacher. Much remains to be examined regarding Korngold's score in this film's legendary history. Still more remains to be uncovered regarding the way this music mediates the unsettling and sometimes horrific (and horrifically ableist) narrative. Kings Row's main character, Parris Mitchell, observes near the end of the film that “the caverns of the human mind are full of strange shadows,” and in the film those strange shadows have the power of being accompanied by Korngold's remarkably sumptuous, complex, and effective music.
Notes for an Interview
Authors: Korngold Erich Wolfgang
Published: May 2020

This chapter contains a transcript of a conversation between Erich Korngold and an unidentified person. It opens with suspension points and is studded with them throughout, alternating with fragments of text that range in length from complete sentences to just four or five German words. Nowhere is the interviewer named or is the slightest hint at a location provided. Indeed, it is not even clear if the interview ever took place at all, or if the document records instead an imagined exchange between Korngold and an ideal interlocutor, perhaps in a kind of typed rehearsal for a conversation he anticipated upon his return to Austria. (Even his parenthetical notes indicating where recorded examples are to be played relay indecision, sometimes followed by one or even two question marks.) For all of its ambiguity, however, this document is invaluable, for it records what are probably Korngold's most extensive surviving statements on the concert and operatic music composed by his contemporaries, and of the sounds of avant-garde modernism, with which his own music was widely contrasted.
Medellín y la planeación institucional de la miseria
Authors: Insuasty Rodríguez Alfonso , Zuluaga Cometa Héctor Alejandro , Palechor Ordoñez Diana Marcela
Published: May 2020

En la ciudad de Medellín se hace uso de herramientas y dispositivos, en el marco de la llamada Gestión Social, para ejecutar importantes obras para el llamado desarrollo urbano, que bien pueden configurar una “Gestión social del despojo”, en el marco de una “Planeación institucional de la miseria y el desarraigo”, generando víctimas ya no del conflicto armado sino del desarrollo. Es necesario problematizar esta suerte de modelo de desarrollo urbano, su gestión e implementación.
El derecho administrativo en la Constitución Política de Colombia de 1991
Authors: Pemberthy López Pedro Luis
Published: May 2020

En el presente ensayo se establece la relación existente entre la Constitución Política de 1991 y el Derecho Administrativo, comprendiendo la complementariedad que se da entre reglas y principios que, de forma armónica, participan en la definición del Estado Social de Derecho donde prima lo social, la dignidad humana, los derechos y las garantías ciudadanas.
Los investigadores educativos, transdisciplinares, ecosóficos y antropoéticos: retos venezolanos
Authors: Rodriguez Milagros Elena
Published: May 2020

Se usa la hermenéutica comprensiva, diatópica y ecosófica como transmétodo de construcción teórica para sustentar la con-formación de los investigadores educativos venezolanos desde la tríada transdisciplinariedad-ecosofía-antropoética, como retos urgentes en Venezuela. Existen problemáticas profundas en el accionar del ciudadano que se conforma en la educación universitaria, ya que el ser humano, en su parcelación del conocimiento, ha olvidado que somos seres biológicos, psíquicos, espirituales, sociales, ambientales, etéreos, culturales, y que cada aspecto no se puede estudiar por separado ya que es un complexus. Todo ello, aunado a la mercantilización, a temas como la inclusión, la pertinencia y la con-formación, junto a la formación docente en los posgrados, se analiza frecuentemente. Se concluye que con la antropoética se debe alcanzar la toma de consciencia que se necesita en la investigación y en la formación de educadores y que, por encima de la mercantilización, existe la responsabilidad social compleja de la formación de ese docente como ciudadano planetario.
El potencial de la intervención organizacional en las cooperativas
Authors: Alzate Giraldo Julieth Sorany
Published: May 2020

Este es un artículo reflexivo que aborda la temática de la intervención organizacional al interior de las cooperativas como una alternativa de estudio de las particularidades de estos entes, con el fin de comprender su realidad compleja para transformarla en el largo plazo. Por medio de este trabajo, se pretende señalar el potencial de dicha práctica en las entidades cooperativas, a través de la contrastación teórica de diferentes pensadores, partiendo de la distinción entre intervención organizacional y consultoría. Se aboga por el ejercicio de la intervención organizacional al interior de las cooperativas, debido a que permite fomentar su carácter filantrópico, y su filosofía solidaria y de cooperación. Finalmente, se encuentran diversas características por las cuales la intervención organizacional presenta más bondades que la consultoría, para el caso de estas entidades de la economía solidaria.
Balance de las políticas de fomento para la producción de contenidos de ficción en alta definición en la Argentina (2011-2015)
Authors: Carboni Ornela
Published: May 2020

Desde el enfoque de la economía política de la comunicación, este estudio analiza, en el período 2011-2015, las políticas de fomento a la producción de contenidos de ficción, en el marco de la aplicación de la Ley 26.522 de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual y de la implementación de la Televisión Digital Abierta (TDA).
Lectura y escritura epistémicas: movilizando aprendizajes disciplinares en textos escolares
Authors: Navarro Federico , Ávila Natalia , Cárdenas Marcelo
Published: May 2020

El texto escolar es objeto de promoción en políticas públicas educativas porque operacionaliza el currículum escolar. Sin embargo, predominan actividades expositivas y reproductivas con escasa atención al potencial epistémico de la lectura y la escritura para promover aprendizajes en las disciplinas. Siguiendo la perspectiva de Escribir para aprender y Aprender a escribir, el propósito de este artículo es presentar una propuesta didáctica fundamentada, sistemática y replicable de enseñanza de la lectura y la escritura en Matemáticas, Ciencias Naturales y Ciencias Sociales de educación básica, materializada en 107 cápsulas didácticas que se incluyeron en 24 libros de texto chilenos entre 2015 y 2017. Se identifica la riqueza y diversidad de géneros discursivos a través del currículum, se seleccionan actividades situadas de libros de texto que incluyan leer o escribir esos géneros, y se construyen secuencias didácticas con socialización de expectativas, modelamiento de proceso y facilitación de recursos y procedimientos lingüísticos.
Investigation of the effects of an ultraviolet germicidal irradiation system on concentrations of aerosolized surrogates for common veterinary pathogens
Authors: Pearce-Walker Jennifer I. , Troup Daniel J. , Ives Rebecca , Ikner Luisa A. , Rose Joan B. , Kennedy Melissa A. , Verhougstraete Marc P.
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether exposure to UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI) reduces concentrations of viable aerosolized microorganisms (attenuated strains of common veterinary pathogens) in a simulated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system.

SAMPLE

42 air samples seeded with bacteriophage MS2 or attenuated strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus-1, canine parvovirus, or canine distemper virus (6/microorganism) or with no microorganisms added (6).

PROCEDURES

A simulated HVAC unit was built that included a nebulizer to aerosolize microorganisms suspended in phosphate-buffered water, a fan to produce airflow, 2 UVGI bulb systems, and an impinger for air sampling. Ten-minute trials (3 with UVGI, 3 without UVGI, and 1 negative control) were conducted for each microorganism. Impingers collected microorganisms into phosphate-buffered water for subsequent quantification with culture-based assays. Results for samples yielding no target microorganisms were recorded as the assay's lower limit of detection. Statistical analysis was not performed.

RESULTS

The UVGI treatment resulted in subjectively lower concentrations of viable MS2, B bronchiseptica, and canine distemper virus (arithmetic mean ± SD log10 microorganism reduction, 2.57 ± 0.47, ≥ 3.45 ± 0.24, and ≥ 1.50 ± 0.25, respectively) collected from air. Feline herpesvirus-1 was detected in only 1 sample without and no samples with UVGI treatment. Feline calicivirus and canine parvovirus were not detectable in any collected samples.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Results for some surrogates of veterinary pathogens suggested a potential benefit to supplementing manual disinfection practices with UVGI-based air cleaning systems in animal care environments. Further research is needed to investigate the utility of UVGI in operating HVAC systems.
Establishment of a method for evaluation of the efficacy of a classical swine fever virus subunit vaccine in rabbits
Authors: Cao Zhi , Zhang Heng , Yang Qian , Zhang Hui , Fan Gencheng
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVE

To establish a method for evaluation of the efficacy of a classical swine fever virus (CSFV) subunit vaccine in rabbits as determined via humoral immune responses to the virus.

ANIMALS

40 specific pathogen–free rabbits.

PROCEDURES

Rabbits were randomly assigned to 4 groups (10 rabbits/group) for SC injection of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mL of a CSFV subunit E2 vaccine (representing 1.15, 2.3, or 4.6 μg of E2 protein/dose, respectively) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Blood samples were collected 21 days after vaccination for measurement of the antibody response against CSFV via ELISA and virus neutralization methods. On the same day, the CSFV Chinese (C) strain was injected into an ear vein. Vaccine efficacy was determined by monitoring of rabbits for pyrexia for 4 days and measurement of viral copies in spleen lysates at the end of the study. Reproducibility of the antibody response was tested with 2 other batches of the vaccine at the minimum immunization dose identified for the initially tested batch.

RESULTS

The E2 protein dose of the initially tested vaccine was positively correlated with the antibody response and protection rate in rabbits. The identified minimum immunization dose per rabbit was 0.1 mL, representing an E2 protein content of approximately 2.3 μg, and reproducibility of the antibody response to vaccination with the 2 other batches at this dose was good.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

A method was established in rabbits for evaluation of the efficacy of a CSFV subunit vaccine that could help in the optimization of later large-scale vaccine production and quality control processes as well as in the clinical application of the vaccine.
Implementation of Data Backup and Synchronization Based on Identity Column Real Time Data Warehouse
Authors: Adnyana I Gede , Jendra Sulastra I Made Dwi
Published: May 2020

Failure in the process of loading data from the Online Transactional Processing(OLTP) system to the Normalized Data Store (NDS) database can occur. This caused by a disruption in the network so that the OLTP system is unable to save data to the OLTP and NDS databases. Backup and synchronization data scenarios are needed to maintain data consistency and data availability. In this research, the process of data backup and synchronization is done by providing an identity column for the table in the OLTP database. An identity column is used to give status data, value '0' if the inserting process fails, and value '1' if successful. Data backup is done by storing temporary data into a CSV file format, then the CSV file is read, and an insert process is carried out into the OLTP database. After the insertion process into the OLTP database is successful, it continues with the synchronization process between the OLTP database and the NDS. Data synchronization between OLTP and NDS databases is done by checking the value of the Identity Column in each table in the OLTP database.
Gift-exchange Game Theory for Gamification on Digital Data Collection Systems
Authors: Supriyanto Supriyanto , Fahana Jefree
Published: May 2020

Gamification is widely used to increase user motivation by applying game elements to things that are not game-based. For example, in a data collection system. Gamification is used to increase the motivation of users to want to get involved. The elements of the game that are often used are rewards, badges, and leaderboards. But some implementations have not been able to ensure increased user motivation. Gamification applied needs to consider the use of game theory. Game theory is used to determine the right gamification model for digital data collection. This paper discusses the application of gift-exchange-games (GEG) in the gamification of digital data collection systems. GEG is used to model player interactions in the gamification system. GEG implementation of Gamification can improve user involvement in the system. This theoretical model can later be used for a more efficient data collection system development platform.

Keywords: gamification, game theory, data collection, gift-exchange-game, geg
KAJI BANDING PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI TERNAK BABI DI PROVINSI BALI MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI INSEMINASI BUATAN DAN KAWIN ALAM
Authors: N. L. G. Sumardani , Budaarsa K. , Putri T. I. , Puger A. W.
Published: May 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan antara teknologi inseminasi buatan dengan kawinalam dalam peningkatan produksi ternak babi di Provinsi Bali. Data yang digunakan berupa sampel, diambilberdasarkan lokasi, waktu, biaya, dan sumber daya manusia. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik purposive random sampling. Variabel yang diamati meliputi: sistem perkawinan, litter size (LZ), calving rate (CR), dan service per conception (S/C). Hasil yang diperoleh adalah teknologi inseminasi buatan (51,56±9,43) lebih sering diaplikasikan (P>0,05) dibandingkan dengan kawin alam (42,33±8,88). Namun demikian hasil pengawinan dari kedua metode tersebut tidak berbeda nyata (P<0,05). Berturut-turut hasil dari teknologi IB dan kawin alam pada litter size adalah 8,76±0,57 dan 8,83±0,63 ekor; calving rate sebesar 99,40±1,40% dan 100±0%; dan service per conception 1,00±0,02 dan 1,00±0 . Disimpulkan bahwa hasil pengawinan secara inseminasi buatan yang meliputi litter size, calving rate dan service per conception, tidak berbeda nyata dengan pengawinan secara alami. Efisiensi pejantan, pengawinan dengan inseminasi buatan lebih efektif dan efisien dibandingkan dengan kawin alam.
TRANSFORMASI GEN ALBUMIN BUNGA MATAHARI (Helianthus annuuss L.) DENGAN VEKTOR Agrobacterium tumefaciens SECARA IN PLANTA PADA TANAMAN KEDELAI
Authors: I. W. Suberata
Published: May 2020

Penggunaan A. tumefaciens untuk maksud mengintroduksi DNA albumin bunga matahari ke dalam sel tanaman kedelai didasari atas kemampuan alami dari A.tumefaciens untuk mentransfer suatu fragmen yang spesifik dari DNA plasmid (T-DNA ) ke dalam sel tanaman lalu berintegrasi pada genom sel tanaman inang. Hasil kloning gen albumin yang ditumbuhkan pada bakteri E.coli selanjutnya ditransfer ke A. tumefaciens LBA4404, melalui metode triparental mating. A. tumefaciens LBA4404 (pAL4404, pSW600 ) yang dihasilkan kemudian ditransformasikan pada tanaman kedelai secara in planta. Hasil analisis transformasi pada tanaman kedelai transgenic secara in planta dapat dibuktikan dengan analisis PCR.
Prevalensi Hiperplasia Prostat dan Adenokarsinoma Prostat secara Histopatologi di Laboratorium Patologi Anatomi Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Cibinong
Authors: Mulyadi Hafizhah Triana Sakinah , Sugiarto Sugiarto
Published: May 2020

Latar belakang: hiperplasia prostat merupakan kejadian proliferasi dari jaringan prostat dimana hampir 80% pria akan mengalami hiperplasia prostat pada usia >50 tahun. Adenokarsinoma prostat merupakan jenis keganasan prostat yang paling sering dijumpai dan menempati urutan keempat setelah kanker paru, payudara, dan kolorektal. Tujuan: tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui gambaran jumlah kasus serta karakteristik histologic dan klinik dari Hiperplasia Prostat dan Adenokarsinoma Prostat di RSUD Cibinong pada 1 Januari 2017 – 31 Agustus 2019. Metode: penelitian merupakan penelitian deskriptif dari data-data retrospektif pasien di Laboratorium Patologik Anatomik yang didiagnosis hiperplasia prostat dan adenokarsinoma prostat dengan 307 sampel. Hasil: hasil penelitian didapatkan jumlah kasus hiperplasia prostat sebanyak 287 kasus (93,46%) dan jumlah kasus adenokarsinoma prostat sebanyak 20 kasus (6,51%). Dan hampir keseluruhan penderita mengalami gejala retensio urin. Kesimpulan: dapat disimpulkan bahwa paling sering terjadi pada tahun 2018 sebanyak 117 kasus (40,76%) hiperplasia prostat dan tahun 2017 sebanyak 10 kasus (50%) untuk adenokarsinoma prostat. Serta kelompok usia tersering terkena hiperplasia prostat dan adenokarsinoma prostat adalah kelompok usia 65 – 74 tahun.
Hypertension in elderly: A study of hypertension in epigenetic perspective
Authors: Fitriyah Nurin Nadzifatil , Mardiana Indah
Published: May 2020

Background: as is known, epigenetic events are defined as modifications in phenotype or gene expression, which caused by interactions between genes and the environment without changing the order of their nitrogenous bases. This article will discuss the role of epigenetics in one of the degenerative diseases that are often found in the elderly, namely hypertension. In this review article, we will mainly discuss the events of histone modification and DNA methylation, for example, DNA methylation in the CpG islands and the acetylation of histone pathway are identified to limit the development of nephrons, thus opening up to lhypertension-related with exposure to high salt diets. Results: lack of maternal water and protein deficiency have been shown to increase the appearance of the renin-angiotensin system gene in the children. Conclusion: these results indicate targets for the interaction of environmental genes in various conditions of hypertension and essential hypertension.