bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fertilizing maize croppings with blends of slow/controlled‐release and conventional nitrogen fertilizers
Authors: Andrade André Baldansi , Guelfi Douglas Ramos , Chagas Wantuir Filipe Teixeira , Cancellier Eduardo Lopes , de Souza Taylor Lima , Oliveira Lorena Solar Silva , Faquin Valdemar , Du Changwen
Published: January 2021

Background: Blends of controlled‐release and slow‐release urea may help to synchronize N release from fertilizers and N uptake by maize to improve the plant nitrogen use efficiency.

Aim: We aimed to investigate the effects of slow‐release urea and controlled‐release urea and their blends with uncoated urea to release N for maize uptake over time in comparison to urea and ammonium nitrate.

Methods: The experiment was performed under greenhouse conditions, and the treatments consisted of conventional urea, ammonium nitrate, three controlled‐release ureas (Multicote 4M®, Nitrocote®, and polyurethane‐coated urea), one slow‐release urea, and mixtures of controlled‐ release urea and slow‐release urea with uncoated urea. These treatments were applied at concentrations of 0, 150, 300, and 450 mg N kg−1 of soil. We evaluated the dry mass, nitrogen accumulation in the shoots, agronomic efficiency index and applied nitrogen recovery after each of three maize croppings. Furthermore, we characterized the N release pattern of the controlled‐release ureas and their coating thicknesses by using scanning electron microscopy.

Results: The N release curves showed that Multicote 4M®, Nitrocote® and urea + polyurethane reached 80% of the N released in water at 40°C at 36, 30, and 13 d after incubation. The highest cumulative nitrogen accumulation (1127.4 mg pot−1), agronomic efficiency index (122.3%), and applied nitrogen recovery (69.3%) occurred with ammonium nitrate, with a low residual effect of only 25.4% of the total N accumulated after 35 d of cultivation. The highest cumulative dry mass was produced when the maize was fertilized with a blend in which 40% of the N came from Nitrocote® (44.8 g pot−1).

Conclusions: The results showed that ammonium nitrate is an important option as an N source, but it has no residual effect. Controlled‐ release ureas and their blends have a delayed N release and promote constant N uptake after 70 d. After 70 d, the applied N rates were also more important than the N fertilizer technologies. An adequate mixture of N fertilizers could be an interesting option to help synchronize N release and uptake by maize. Technologies involving urea blends could be an option to improve the nitrogen use efficiency in comparison to that obtained by using uncoated urea while decreasing costs in comparison with the application of 100% controlled‐release urea or slow‐release urea.
A time‐ and cost‐saving method to check the point‐to‐point distribution of soil improvers
Authors: Malferrari Daniele , Laurora Angela , Brigatti Maria Franca , Di Giuseppe Dario , Faccini Barbara , Coltorti Massimo
Published: January 2021

Background: In recent times, also in compliance with several sustainable agriculture rules, the use of soil conditioners, such as zeolites, progressively increased. Zeolites are minerals characterized by unique physical‐chemical properties, which make them able to control the mobility of water, ammonium and other cations in soils. As zeolites do not exhaust their properties over time, it would be appropriate to check for their correct distribution in the amended soil.

Aims: We present an efficient and inexpensive method to measure the point‐to‐point amount of zeolite spread in the soil through the analysis of a single (i.e., one peak) X‐ray powder diffraction signal.

Methods: The procedure requires the preparation of a calibration curve using known quantities of non‐amended soil, zeolite and of an internal reference standard. The amount of zeolite is calculated by comparing the intensities of the selected signal in unknown sample with its analogue in the calibration curve.

Results: The method returned a small underestimation (about 12 weight %) of the measured values compared to those expected which depend nearly exclusively on the valuation of the apparent density of the soil, whereas it is not affected by the type and number of phases present in the soil and in the amendant.

Conclusions: The proposed method allows to check for the regular distribution of zeolite in soil, but we are confident that it could also be conveniently generalized to all the applications that require the quantitative determination of mono or polyphasic crystalline materials within a complex mixture like soil.
Long‐Term Effect of Microwave Ablation on Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis for Moderate Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Li Dishan , Wang Gang , Chen Xinpan , Guo Wang , Huang Hongdong , Diao Zongli , Liu Wenhu
Published: January 2021

Objectives

A previous 12‐month study confirmed that microwave ablation (MWA) was effective for moderate secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). A further analysis was performed in this study to evaluate the efficacy of MWA for moderate SHPT over an observational follow‐up period of up to 60 months.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of patients involved in a previous randomized controlled trial. Patients were divided into an MWA group (those who underwent MWA followed by drug therapy according to the patient's clinical situation) and a control group (those who received drug therapy only). The primary outcome was the composite endpoint. During the efficacy assessment phase, the two groups were compared in terms of the proportion of patients with intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) levels <300 pg/ml and the differences in iPTH levels.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients were included in this study: 13 in the MWA group and 14 in the control group. The median (interquartile range) follow‐up periods of the MWA and control groups were 58 (54–60) and 58 (49–60) months, respectively. The proportion of patients with iPTH levels <300 pg/ml in the MWA group was slightly higher than that in the control group (6/13 [46.2%] versus 2/14 [14.3%], respectively; p = .08). Furthermore, iPTH levels in the MWA group were lower than in the control group during the efficacy assessment phase (411 ± 299 pg/ml versus 516 ± 369 pg/ml, respectively; p <.01).

Conclusions

MWA helped to contain the necessary iPTH levels in patients undergoing hemodialysis for moderate SHPT in a 60‐month timeframe.
Glycolytic activity of the tissue stem cells in the macula flava of the human vocal fold
Authors: Sato Kiminori , Chitose Shun‐ichi , Sato Kiminobu , Sato Fumihiko , Ono Takeharu , Umeno Hirohito
Published: January 2021

Objectives

In our previous studies, the features of the mitochondria of tissue stem cells in the maculae flavae of the human vocal fold suggested that their metabolic activity and oxidative phosphorylation was low. This study investigated the metabolic activity, especially glycolysis of the tissue stem cells in the maculae flavae of the human adult vocal fold.

Study Design

Histologic analysis of the human vocal folds.

Methods

Three normal human adult vocal folds obtained from autopsy cases were investigated using immunohistochemistry.

Results

Among the three phenotypes of cells in the human adult maculae flavae, the vocal fold stellate cell‐like cells strongly expressed glucose transporter‐1. Three phenotypes of cells in the human adult maculae flavae expressed glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase II, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase A) indicating the tissue stem cells in the maculae flavae relied more on glycolysis. The cells did not express phosphofructokinase‐1 but did express glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase indicating the cells relied more on the pentose phosphate pathway. The cells expressed lactate dehydrogenase A indicating the maculae flavae of the human adult vocal fold was likely to be an anaerobic microenvironment.

Conclusions

The present study is consistent with the hypothesis that the tissue stem cells in the maculae flavae of the human vocal fold seem to rely more on anaerobic glycolysis, especially by the pentose phosphate pathway, for energy supply. The metabolism of the tissue stem cells in the maculae flavae of the human adult vocal fold is likely to prevent toxic reaction oxygen species and be favorable to maintaining the stemness and undifferentiated states of the tissue stem cells in the stem cells system.

Level of Evidence

NA.
Liver Transplantation for Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A US Population‐Based Analysis and Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Ziogas Ioannis A. , Kakos Christos D. , Wu W. Kelly , Montenovo Martin I. , Matsuoka Lea K. , Zarnegar‐Lumley Sara , Alexopoulos Sophoclis P.
Published: January 2021

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is the most common histiocytic disorder. Liver involvement is seen in 10.1% to 19.8% of patients with LCH and can lead to secondary sclerosing cholangitis requiring liver transplantation (LT). We describe the characteristics and outcomes of patients undergoing LT for LCH. All patients undergoing a first LT for LCH in the United States were identified in the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) database (1987‐2018). The Kaplan‐Meier curve method and log‐rank tests evaluated post‐LT survival. A systematic literature review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analysis (PRISMA) statement. A total of 60 LCH LT recipients were identified in the SRTR, and 55 patients (91.7%) were children with median total bilirubin levels at LT of 5.8 mg/dL (interquartile range [IQR], 2.7‐12.9). A total of 49 patients (81.7%) underwent deceased donor LT (DDLT). The 1‐year, 3‐year, and 5‐year patient survival rates were 86.6%, 82.4%, and 82.4%, respectively. The systematic review yielded 26 articles reporting on 50 patients. Of the patients, 41 were children (82.0%), 90.0% had multisystem LCH, and most patients underwent DDLT (91.9%; n = 34/37). Pre‐LT chemotherapy was administered in 74.0% and steroids in 71.7% (n = 33/46) of the patients, and a recurrence of LCH to the liver was reported in 8.0% of the patients. Of the 50 patients, 11 (22.0%) died during a median follow‐up of 25.2 months (IQR, 9.0‐51.6), and the 1‐year patient survival rate was 79.4%. LT can be considered as a feasible life‐saving option for the management of liver failure secondary to LCH in well‐selected patients.
Protein Isolates from Raw and Cooked Foxtail Millet Attenuate Development of Type 2 Diabetes in Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Mice
Authors: Fu Yongxia , Yin Ruiyang , Guo Erhu , Cheng Ruhong , Diao Xianmin , Xue Yong , Shen Qun
Published: January 2021

Scope

Millet protein has received much attention due to its beneficial role in alleviating metabolic disease symptoms. This study aims to investigate the role and molecular mechanism of foxtail millet protein isolates, including protein isolates from raw and cooked foxtail millet in alleviating diabetes, including gut microbiota and intracellular signal pathways.

Methods and results

Protein isolates from raw and cooked foxtail millet are orally administered to streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic mice for 5 weeks before hypoglycemic effect evaluation. The results show that foxtail millet protein isolates improve glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in diabetic mice. However, only the protein isolate from cooked foxtail millet reverse the weight loss trend and alleviate lipid disorders in diabetic mice. Besides, 16S rRNA sequencing show that both raw and cooked foxtail millet protein isolates altered diabetes‐induced gut dysbiosis. In addition, western blotting analysis indicated that the protein isolate from cooked foxtail millet increases the expression levels of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor (GLP‐1R), phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K), and phosphoinositide‐protein kinase B (p‐AKT)/AKT while the protein isolate from raw foxtail millet downregulates stearoyl‐coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) level.

Conclusion

Both raw and cooked foxtail millet protein isolates can exert hypoglycemic effects in diabetic mice through rewiring glucose homeostasis, mitigating diabetes‐induced gut dysbiosis, and affecting the GLP‐1R/PI3K/AKT pathway.
Broadband 90° differential phase shifter using improved H‐shaped network
Authors: Sun Ruying , Chen Qinghu , Han Rongcang , Lu Zhongliang
Published: January 2021

In this letter, a single‐layer broadband 90° phase shifter using H‐shaped network is proposed. To achieve broadband performance, we present an H‐shaped network by combining a section of stepped impedance transmission line with two pairs of λg/8 short‐ and open‐circuited stubs. Even‐odd mode analysis is carried out and the resulted equations is derived for the proposed device. The prototype is implemented on single‐layer printed circuit board for verification. The measured results agree well with the simulations, which demonstrates better than 15 dB return loss, less than 5° phase deviation and 0.76 dB insert loss across a fractional bandwidth of 101.7%.
Heating of hip joint implants in MRI: The combined effect of RF and switched‐gradient fields
Authors: Arduino Alessandro , Zanovello Umberto , Hand Jeff , Zilberti Luca , Brühl Rüdiger , Chiampi Mario , Bottauscio Oriano
Published: January 2021

Purpose

To investigate how the simultaneous exposure to gradient and RF fields affects the temperature rise in patients with a metallic hip prosthesis during an MRI session.

Methods

In silico analysis was performed with an anatomically realistic human model with CoCrMo hip implant in 12 imaging positions. The analysis was performed at 1.5 T and 3 T, considering four clinical sequences: turbo spin‐echo, EPI, gradient‐echo, and true fast imaging sequence with steady precession. The exposure to gradient and RF fields was evaluated separately and superposed, by adopting an ad hoc computational algorithm. Temperature increase within the body, rather than specific absorption rate, was used as a safety metric.

Results

With the exception of gradient‐echo, all investigated sequences produced temperature increases higher than 1 K after 360 seconds, at least for one body position. In general, RF‐induced heating dominates the turbo spin‐echo sequence, whereas gradient‐induced heating prevails with EPI; the situation with fast imaging sequence with steady precession is more diversified. The RF effects are enhanced when the implant is within the RF coil, whereas the effects of gradient fields are maximized if the prosthesis is outside the imaging region. Cases for which temperature‐increase thresholds were exceeded were identified, together with the corresponding amount of tissue mass involved and the exposure time needed to reach these limits.

Conclusion

The analysis confirms that risky situations may occur when a patient carrying a hip implant undergoes an MRI exam and that, in some cases, the gradient field heating may be significant. In general, exclusion criteria only based on whole‐body specific absorption rate may not be sufficient to ensure patients’ safety.
Exosomes targeted towards applications in regenerative medicine
Authors: Xie Maobin , Wu Di , Li Guangmeng , Yang Jingbo , Zhang Yu Shrike
Published: January 2021

Exosomes are membrane‐bound nanovesicles containing complex cargoes including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (mRNAs and microRNAs), which can be derived from most cells. Increasing evidence has implicated exosomes as key players in intercellular and even interorganismal communications. Exosomes confer stability and can direct their cargoes to specific cell types for promoting cell growth and tissue regeneration. Exosome cargoes also appear to act in a combinatorial manner to communicate directives to other cells. This Review focuses on recent developments and findings of exosomes applied towards applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, including healing of the skin, cardiovascular, skeletal, nervous, and visceral systems. The underlying mechanisms of action of exosomes in tissue regeneration are also discussed. In addition, we highlight examples whereby exosomes have been integrated with hydrogels for biofabrication and other related biomedical utilities such as drug delivery.
Remember Your Why: An Oncologist's Reflections on Running During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Comander Amy
Published: January 2021

An oncologist reflects on purpose, gratitude, and resilience during this time of uncertainty, considering changes brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The role of interferon‐gamma and its signaling pathway in pediatric hematological disorders
Authors: Merli Pietro , Quintarelli Concetta , Strocchio Luisa , Locatelli Franco
Published: January 2021

Interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), and available evidence also points to a role in other conditions, including aplastic anemia (AA) and graft failure following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Recently, the therapeutic potential of IFN‐γ inhibition has been documented; emapalumab, an anti‐IFN‐γ monoclonal antibody, has been approved in the United States for treatment of primary HLH that is refractory, recurrent or progressive, or in patients with intolerance to conventional therapy. Moreover, ruxolitinib, an inhibitor of JAK/STAT intracellular signaling, is currently being investigated for treating HLH. In AA, IFN‐γ inhibits hematopoiesis by disrupting the interaction between thrombopoietin and its receptor, c‐MPL. Eltrombopag, a small‐molecule agonist of c‐MPL, acts at a different binding site to IFN‐γ and is thus able to circumvent its inhibitory effects. Ongoing trials will elucidate the role of IFN‐γ neutralization in secondary HLH and future studies could explore this strategy in controlling hyperinflammation due to CAR T cells.
The impact of statin use prior to intensive care unit admission on critically ill patients with sepsis
Authors: Chinaeke Eric E. , Love Bryan L. , Magagnoli Joe , Yunusa Ismaeel , Reeder Gene
Published: January 2021

Objective

To evaluate the impact of pre‐intensive care unit admission (pre‐ICU) statin use on all‐cause in‐hospital mortality and ICU length of stay (LOS).

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Adult ICUs at tertiary hospitals.

Patients

Adult critically ill patients diagnosed with sepsis admitted to the ICUs.

Intervention

The exposure was pre‐ICU statin prescription (statin users); unexposed represented absence of pre‐ICU prescription (non‐users).

Measurement and Main Results

We used the 2001–2012 Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care‐III (MIMIC‐III) database to determine average treatment effect (ATE) of pre‐ICU statin use on 30‐day ICU mortality, ICU LOS, and 30‐day in‐hospital mortality using the Augmented Inverse Propensity Weighted technique (AIPW), after adjusting for confounding factors (age, race, health insurance, corticosteroids use, vital signs, laboratory tests, and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA). We measured 30‐day ICU mortality as deaths within 30 days of admission to the ICU, and ICU LOS was measured in fractional days. A 30‐day in‐hospital mortality was measured as death within 30 days of hospital admission. A total of 8200 patients with sepsis were identified; 19.8% (1623) were statin users, and 80.2% (6577) were non‐users. Most were Caucasian, aged 80 years and above, and male. After adjusting for confounding factors, pre‐ICU statin use decreased 30‐day ICU mortality (ATE, −0.026; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.048 to −0.009); ICU LOS (ATE, −0.369; 95% Cl, −0.849 to −0.096); and 30‐day in‐hospital mortality (ATE, −0.039; 95% CI, −0.084 to −0.026) on average compared with non‐statin use, respectively. In a stratified analysis, the result for ICU LOS (ATE, −0.526; 95% CI, −0.879 to −0.241) and 30‐day in‐hospital mortality (ATE, −0.023; 95% CI, −0.048 to −0.002) was consistent among patients admitted to the medical ICU.

Conclusions

Among patients with sepsis admitted to the medical ICU, pre‐ICU statin use is causally associated with a decrease in 30‐day ICU mortality, ICU LOS, and 30‐day in‐hospital mortality compared to non‐use. This study adds to the totality of evidence on the pleiotropic effect of statin use in patients with sepsis.
Anxiety symptomatology and academic performance in adolescents: The role of parental emotional expressivity during conflict interactions
Authors: Zuzama Pons Neus , Roman‐Juan Josep , Fiol‐Veny Aina , Caimari‐Ferragut Margalida , Balle Maria
Published: January 2021

Research has shown that anxiety in adolescents has a negative impact on a wide range of psychosocial variables, including academic performance. This study explored the role of parental emotional expressivity during conflict interactions with their children as a potential moderator of the relationship between anxiety symptomatology and academic performance in adolescents. The sample consisted of 54 adolescents and both of their parents, who were videotaped while discussing a conflict. The adolescents’ anxious symptomatology was evaluated through a self‐report questionnaire, while their academic performance was operationalized by using their grade point average. The total duration of the parents’ emotional expressivity (both positive and negative affect) was obtained after being encoded. The results indicated that both the positive and negative affect of mothers served to moderate the relationship between the adolescents’ anxiety symptomatology and academic performance. However, such association was only moderated when the mothers presented moderate/high levels of negative affect or low/moderate levels of positive affect. Paternal emotional expressivity, on the other hand, was found not to be associated with their children's academic performance. These results point to the importance of developing parental intervention guidelines that help to raise awareness of the impact of emotional expression when interacting with their children.
Towards developing areawide semiochemical‐mediated, behaviorally‐based integrated pest management programs for stored product insects
Authors: Morrison William R , Scully Erin D , Campbell James F
Published: January 2021

With less emphasis on fumigation after harvest, due to the phase‐out of methyl bromide and increasing phosphine resistance, diversified postharvest integrated pest management (IPM) programs are needed. Here, we synthesize knowledge on semiochemical‐mediated, behaviorally‐based tactics, wherein semiochemicals are deployed to manipulate pest behavior to protect commodities. We note that beyond monitoring, commercial use is limited to mating disruption targeting mostly moths. In total, behaviorally‐based tactics have been attempted for eight species of stored product insects from two orders and six families. Eighteen challenges were identified that may have prevented robust implementation of semiochemicals for behaviorally‐based management in stored products, including direct competition with ubiquitous food cues, and the diverse insect assemblages that colonize food facilities. Further, we discuss the scientific data and methods required to support stakeholder acceptance of semiochemicals at food facilities, including demonstrating that pests are not attracted from the landscape and minimal spillover around pheromones. We sketch a robust areawide behaviorally‐based IPM program after harvest, and clarify properties for improving semiochemicals, including incorporating those that are broad spectrum, competitive with food cues, potent at low concentration, and exhibit dose‐dependent attraction. The research gaps and testable hypotheses described here will speed developing behaviorally‐based tactics at food facilities. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Event‐triggered integral sliding mode control for fractional order T‐S fuzzy systems via a fuzzy error function
Authors: Fan Xiaofei , Wang Zhanshan
Published: January 2021

This article considers the event‐triggered integral sliding mode control problem for fractional order T‐S fuzzy systems. A fuzzy error function and a mixed triggering threshold are proposed to design the event‐triggering mechanism, in which the fuzzy error function is used to design the triggering function. The mixed triggering threshold is composed of the time‐varying threshold with power function and the fixed one. Based on the proposed fuzzy error function, the boundedness of sliding variable errors can be guaranteed by using the time‐varying threshold with power function. Meanwhile, the fixed threshold is used to adjust the value of mixed triggering threshold near the initial time. Furthermore, a sufficient condition on the asymptotical stability for sliding motion is established and a positive internal execution time can be ensured. At last, two simulation examples are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of obtained theoretical results.
Premigratory neural crest stem cells generate enteric neurons populating the mouse colon and regulating peristalsis in tissue-engineered intestine
Authors: Yuan Huipu , Hu Hui , Chen Rui , Mu Wenbo , Wang Liangliang , Li Ying , Chen Yuelei , Ding Xiaoyan , Xi Yongmei , Mao ShanShan , Jiang Mizu , Chen Jie , He Yong , Wang Lang , Dong Yi , Tou Jinfa , Chen Wei
Published: January 2021

Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a common congenital defect. It occurs when bowel colonization by neural crest-derived enteric nervous system (ENS) precursors is incomplete during the first trimester of pregnancy. Several sources of candidate cells have been previously studied for their capacity to regenerate the ENS, including enteric neural crest stem cells (En-NCSCs) derived from native intestine or those simulated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). However, it is not yet known whether the native NCSCs other than En-NCSCs would have the potential of regenerating functional enteric neurons and producing neuron dependent motility under the intestinal environment. The present study was designed to determine whether premigratory NCSCs (pNCSCs), as a type of the nonenteric NCSCs, could form enteric neurons and mediate the motility. pNCSCs were firstly transplanted into the colon of adult mice, and were found to survive, migrate, differentiate into enteric neurons, and successfully integrate into the adult mouse colon. When the mixture of pNCSCs and human intestinal organoids was implanted into the subrenal capsule of nude mice and grown into the mature tissue-engineered intestine (TEI), the pNCSCs-derived neurons mediated neuron-dependent peristalsis of TEI. These results show that the pNCSCs that were previously assumed to not be induced by intestinal environment or cues can innervate the intestine and establish neuron-dependent motility. Future cell candidates for ENS regeneration may include nonenteric NCSCs.
“We Are the Women Our Parents Warned Us Against:” Identity Reconstruction and the Re‐Imagining of Gender After High‐Cost Religious Disaffiliation
Authors: Gull Bethany
Published: January 2021

This paper examines the identity work of women undergoing high‐cost religious disaffiliation by examining the exit experiences of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saint (LDS, Mormon). Previous research into religious change has not fully engaged with the extensive identity work that exiters do as they leave these groups. I propose a stage model of religious exit identity development to expand upon the process of identity transformation during and after high‐cost religious exit. Additionally, I examine how the gender regimes of high‐cost‐religions result in different pathways out and experiences during disaffiliation for women and men. Though constructed to describe high‐cost religious exits, this model may also be helpful in understanding other “high‐cost” exits. A video abstract is available athttps://youtu.be/hup3KFXvODs.
High genetic and morphological diversification of the Euphorbia verrucosa alliance (Euphorbiaceae) in the Balkan and Iberian peninsulas
Authors: Caković Danka , Cresti Leonardo , Stešević Danijela , Schönswetter Peter , Frajman Božo
Published: January 2021

We explored the diversification of the southern European Euphorbia verrucosa alliance applying molecular (amplified fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting [AFLP], sequencing of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer), karyological (relative genome size estimations, chromosome counts) and morphometric methods. The AFLP data inferred four main phylogenetic lineages corresponding to western‐southern Balkan E. montenegrina, central Balkan E. serpentini, northern Balkan‐central European‐north Italian E. verrucosa and Iberian‐southern French E. flavicoma. Genetic diversification is strongest within the Iberian and the Balkan peninsulas, suggesting Pleistocene persistence of the species in different micro‐refugia. In contrast, weak genetic structure in E. verrucosa suggests Holocene (after last glacial maximum) expansion to central and western Europe, likely from a northern Balkan refugium. Karyological data provide evidence for tetraploidisation events in E. flavicoma and E. montenegrina, but not in E. verrucosa and E. serpentini. By integrating phylogenetic data with multivariate morphometric analyses, we propose a new taxonomic treatment for this group, mainly by recognising the Balkan endemics E. montenegrina and E. serpentini as independent species and by redefining the distributions of E. flavicoma and E. verrucosa. Our study underlines the importance of the Balkan and Iberian peninsulas as major Pleistocene refugia.
Advancing family dementia caregiver interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A pilot cluster randomized controlled trial of Resources for Advancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health in Vietnam (REACH VN)
Authors: Hinton Ladson , Nguyen Huong , Nguyen Hung Trong , Harvey Danielle J , Nichols Linda , Martindale‐Adams Jennifer , Nguyen Binh Thanh , Nguyen Binh Thi Thanh , Nguyen Anh Ngoc , Nguyen Chinh Hong , Nguyen Thu Thi Hoai , Nguyen Thuy Le , Nguyen Anh Thi Phuong , Nguyen Ngoc Bich , Tiet Quyen Q. , Nguyen Tuan Anh , Nguyen Phong Quy , Nguyen Trung Anh , Pham Thang
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Low‐ and middle‐income countries have rapidly increasing numbers of people with dementia, yet little evidence on family caregiving interventions. We tested the preliminary efficacy and feasibility of a family caregiving intervention in northern Vietnam.

Methods

Nine clusters comprising 60 family caregivers were randomized to a culturally adapted version of a four‐ to six‐session, multicomponent intervention delivered in‐home over 2 to 3 months, or enhanced control. Eligible caregivers were ≥18 years of age and scored ≥6 on the Zarit Burden Inventory (ZBI).

Results

Fifty‐one caregivers (85%) completed the study. Using analysis of covariance with 3‐month assessment as the outcome and baseline assessment as a covariate, intervention group caregivers had an average ZBI (primary outcome) score 1.2 standard deviation (SD) lower (P = .02) and Patient Health Questionnaire‐4 (psychological distress) score 0.7 SD lower (P = .03) than controls.

Discussion

In the first study of its kind in Vietnam, a culturally adapted, manualized, family caregiver intervention was both efficacious and feasible.
Crystal Structure of Fe1‐xTe (x=0.38)
Authors: Prots Yurii , Akselrud Lev , Schmidt Marcus , Burkhardt Ulrich , Rößler Sahana , Grin Yuri , Schwarz Ulrich
Published: January 2021

The phase Fe1‐xTe (x=0.38) was obtained by short‐distance chemical transport. The compound adopts a NiAs‐like crystal structure, which exhibits intricate defect ordering. The substructure is described in a small unit cell (space group P
m1, a=3.7892(1) Å, c=5.6896(2) Å, Z=2) with iron deficiency in every second layer along [001]. Single crystal diffraction data evidence a 2a×2a×2c unit cell. This atomic arrangement is described by means of a 3D superstructure and by a 3+1D model using a modulated 2a×2a×c supercell, respectively.
Forschungsstand
Authors: Engel Ole
Published: January 2021

Hinsichtlich des Forschungstandes ist zunächst festzuhalten, dass die Definition des Migrationshintergrundes nach dem Mikrozensus, die dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegt, in der Hochschulstatistik nicht erfasst wird und bisher – mit Ausnahme einer Sekundäranalyse – noch nicht im Rahmen von Hochschullehrerbefragungen verwendet wurde. Dementsprechend kann der Anteil von Professoren mit Migrationshintergrund in Deutschland, der nach gegenwärtigem Stand etwa 12 % betragen soll (vgl. ausführlich Abschnitt 5.1), bisher nur näherungsweise über Schätzungen ermittelt werden. Im Rahmen aktueller Forschungsarbeiten finden bisher nur einzelne Indikatoren wie die Staatsangehörigkeit, das Geburtsland sowie das Geburtsland der Eltern Berücksichtigung.
Anomalies in gravitational charge algebras of null boundaries and black hole entropy
Authors: Chandrasekaran Venkatesa , Speranza Antony J.
Published: January 2021

Abstract

We revisit the covariant phase space formalism applied to gravitational theories with null boundaries, utilizing the most general boundary conditions consistent with a fixed null normal. To fix the ambiguity inherent in the Wald-Zoupas definition of quasilocal charges, we propose a new principle, based on holographic reasoning, that the flux be of Dirichlet form. This also produces an expression for the analog of the Brown-York stress tensor on the null surface. Defining the algebra of charges using the Barnich-Troessaert bracket for open subsystems, we give a general formula for the central — or more generally, abelian — extensions that appear in terms of the anomalous transformation of the boundary term in the gravitational action. This anomaly arises from having fixed a frame for the null normal, and we draw parallels between it and the holographic Weyl anomaly that occurs in AdS/CFT. As an application of this formalism, we analyze the near-horizon Virasoro symmetry considered by Haco, Hawking, Perry, and Strominger, and perform a systematic derivation of the fluxes and central charges. Applying the Cardy formula to the result yields an entropy that is twice the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of the horizon. Motivated by the extended Hilbert space construction, we interpret this in terms of a pair of entangled CFTs associated with edge modes on either side of the bifurcation surface.
Two dimensional nearly de Sitter gravity
Authors: Maldacena Juan , Turiaci Gustavo J. , Yang Zhenbin
Published: January 2021

Abstract

We study some aspects of the de Sitter version of Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity. Though we do not have propagating gravitons, we have a boundary mode when we compute observables with a fixed dilaton and metric at the boundary. We compute the no-boundary wavefunctions and probability measures to all orders in perturbation theory. We also discuss contributions from different topologies, borrowing recent results by Saad, Shenker and Stanford. We discuss how the boundary mode leads to gravitational corrections to cosmological observables when we add matter. Finally, starting from a four dimensional gravity theory with a positive cosmological constant, we consider a nearly extremal black hole and argue that some observables are dominated by the two dimensional nearly de Sitter gravity dynamics.
Total cross sections of eγ → $$ eX\overline{X} $$ processes with X = μ, γ, e via multiloop methods
Authors: Lee Roman N. , Lyubyakin Alexey A. , Stotsky Vyacheslav A.
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Using modern multiloop calculation methods, we derive the analytical expressions for the total cross sections of the processes e−γ →$$ {e}^{-}X\overline{X} $$

e
−

X

X
¯

with X = μ, γ or e at arbitrary energies. For the first two processes our results are expressed via classical polylogarithms. The cross section of e−γ → e−e−e+ is represented as a one-fold integral of complete elliptic integral K and logarithms. Using our results, we calculate the threshold and high-energy asymptotics and compare them with available results.
Lifting of Quaternionic Frames to Higher Dimensions with Partial Ridges
Authors: Heinrich Florian , Forster Brigitte
Published: January 2021

We consider the technique of lifting frames to higher dimensions with the ridge idea that originally was introduced by Grafakos and Sansing. We pursue a novel approach with regard to a non-commutative setting, concretely the skew-field of quaternions. Moreover, we allow for splitting dimensions and for lifting with regard to multi-ridges. To this end, we introduce quaternionic Sobolev spaces and prove the corresponding embedding theorems. We mention as concrete examples quaternionic wavelet frames and quaternionic shearlet frames, and give the respective lifted families.
Exploitation of force displacement curves in blanking—feature engineering beyond defect detection
Authors: Kubik Christian , Hohmann Johannes , Groche Peter
Published: January 2021

With the current tendency of mass production towards customer-oriented serial production, blanking processes are facing new challenges. They require an increase in knowledge about faulty process conditions and their influence on the quality of a component as well as an instruction for a target-oriented adaptation of the process. The aim of this study is therefore to identify property deviations based on force-displacement curves and to establish correlations between the quality of the component and features of force-displacement curves. For this purpose, parameter variations are carried out on a high-speed press and features are extracted from these measured time series. Afterwards, the correlation between varying process parameters and features is carried out to obtain a conclusion about the condition of the component. The results of these studies for a regression analysis form the basis for a decision support system to identify deviations of the component as well as faulty process conditions. The paper shows that a reliable correlation between the quality of the component and force-displacement curves is possibly based on the feature engineering approach even under industrial boundary conditions. This also applies to the simultaneous modification and variations within a limited range of several process parameters.
Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers on serum levels of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids in patients admitted to a cardiovascular center
Authors: Kato Yuka , Senda Asuna , Mukai Yuji , Yamashita Miki , Sasaoka Yuki , Hanada Minayo , Hongo Fuminori , Hirokami Mitsugu , Rane Anders , Inotsume Nobuo , Toda Takaki
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Several clinical studies have demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, but not angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs), reduce the risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality. We found that ARBs inhibited the activity of various cytochrome enzymes in arachidonic acid metabolism, resulting in decreased in vitro production of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which exhibit vasodilation and anti-inflammatory effects, and their subsequent metabolites, dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (DHETs). The present study examined the effects of ARBs on serum levels of EETs and DHETs in patients admitted to a cardiovascular center.

Methods

A total of 223 patients were enrolled, of which 107 were exposed to ARBs in this study. ARB-free individuals were defined as the control group (n = 116). Serum levels of EETs and DHETs were measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Multiple linear regression analyses were carried out to identify covariates for total serum levels of EETs and DHETs.

Results

A significant negative association was observed between ARB use and serum EET and DHET levels (p = 0.034), whereas a significant positive association was observed between the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and serum EET and DHET levels (p = 0.007). The median serum total EET and DHET level in the ARB group tended to become lower than that in the control group, although the difference was not significant.

Conclusion

ARB use and eGFR were significantly associated with total serum levels of EETs and DHETs. Our results suggest that ARBs could affect the concentration of EETs in vivo.
The safety of outpatient total shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ahmed Abdulaziz F. , Hantouly Ashraf , Toubasi Ammar , Alzobi Osama , Mahmoud Shady , Qaimkhani Saeed , Ahmed Ghalib O. , Al Dosari Mohammed Al Ateeq
Published: January 2021

Purpose

To meet the increasing demands of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) while reducing its financial burden, there has been a shift toward outpatient surgery. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the safety of outpatient TSA.

Methods

The primary objective was to compare re-admission rates and postoperative complications in outpatient versus inpatient TSA. The secondary objectives were functional outcomes and costs. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science were searched until March 28, 2020. The inclusion criteria were studies reporting at least complications or readmission rates within a period of 30 days or more.

Results

Ten level III retrospective studies were included with 7637 (3.8%) and 192,025 (96.2%) patients underwent outpatient and inpatient TSA, respectively. Outpatient TSA had relatively younger and healthier patients. There were no differences between outpatient and inpatient arthroplasty for 30- and 90-day readmissions. Furthermore, unadjusted comparisons demonstrated significantly less total and major surgical complications, less total, major, and minor medical complications in favour of outpatient TSA. However, subgroup analyses demonstrated that there were no significant differences in all complication if the studies had matched controls and regardless of data source (database or nondatabase studies). The revision rates were similar between both groups at a 12–24 months follow-up. Two studies reported a significant reduction in costs in favour of outpatient TSA.

Conclusion

This study highlights that outpatient TSA could be a safe and effective alternative to inpatient TSA in appropriately selected patients. It was evident that outpatient TSA does not lead to increased readmissions, complications, or revision rates. A potential additional benefit of outpatient TSA was cost reduction.
Can artificial intelligence reduce the interval cancer rate in mammography screening?
Authors: Lång Kristina , Hofvind Solveig , Rodríguez-Ruiz Alejandro , Andersson Ingvar
Published: January 2021

Objectives

To investigate whether artificial intelligence (AI) can reduce interval cancer in mammography screening.

Materials and methods

Preceding screening mammograms of 429 consecutive women diagnosed with interval cancer in Southern Sweden between 2013 and 2017 were analysed with a deep learning–based AI system. The system assigns a risk score from 1 to 10. Two experienced breast radiologists reviewed and classified the cases in consensus as true negative, minimal signs or false negative and assessed whether the AI system correctly localised the cancer. The potential reduction of interval cancer was calculated at different risk score thresholds corresponding to approximately 10%, 4% and 1% recall rates.

Results

A statistically significant correlation between interval cancer classification groups and AI risk score was observed (p < .0001). AI scored one in three (143/429) interval cancer with risk score 10, of which 67% (96/143) were either classified as minimal signs or false negative. Of these, 58% (83/143) were correctly located by AI, and could therefore potentially be detected at screening with the aid of AI, resulting in a 19.3% (95% CI 15.9–23.4) reduction of interval cancer. At 4% and 1% recall thresholds, the reduction of interval cancer was 11.2% (95% CI 8.5–14.5) and 4.7% (95% CI 3.0–7.1). The corresponding reduction of interval cancer with grave outcome (women who died or with stage IV disease) at risk score 10 was 23% (8/35; 95% CI 12–39).

Conclusion

The use of AI in screen reading has the potential to reduce the rate of interval cancer without supplementary screening modalities.

Key Points

• Retrospective study showed that AI detected 19% of interval cancer at the preceding screening exam that in addition showed at least minimal signs of malignancy. Importantly, these were correctly localised by AI, thus obviating supplementary screening modalities.

• AI could potentially reduce a proportion of particularly aggressive interval cancers.

• There was a correlation between AI risk score and interval cancer classified as true negative, minimal signs or false negative.
Midterm functional performance following open surgical repair of acute Achilles tendon rupture
Authors: Wenning Markus , Mauch Marlene , Heitner Albrecht , Streicher Paul , Ritzmann Ramona , Paul Jochen
Published: January 2021

Introduction

Various impairments such as soleus atrophy and consecutive functional deficits in end-range plantarflexion have been described in surgical repair of acute Achilles tendon rupture. The aim of this study was to assess the functional performance at midterm following open surgical repair.

Materials and Methods

This cross-sectional study includes n = 52 patients which were tested on average 3.5 ± 1.4 years postoperatively using three different functional performance tests and patient-reported outcome measures. Two different surgical techniques (anatomical repair = AR vs. conventional repair = CR) were compared in a subanalysis. The testing included isokinetic strength testing, a novel setup of heel-rise testing using a marker-based 3D motion analysis system and a gait analysis.

Results

At an average 3.5 years post-surgery, there is a persisting deficit in plantarflexion strength of 10.2%. Moreover, analysis of maximum peak torque angle and strength deficits according to the plantarflexion angle revealed that these deficits are not equally distributed across the range of motion. AR results in a significantly smaller deficit at 10° of plantarflexion compared to CR (13.9 vs. 29.9%, p < 0.05). This reflects into the functional performance during different modalities (static vs. dynamic) in this novel method of heel-rise testing.

Conclusion

In summary, there are persisting functional deficits at > 3 years following Achilles tendon repair which range from strength deficits to specific impairments of functional performance e.g. during heel rise. Anatomical reconstruction is associated with an improved functional performance potentially due to a more symmetric strength during end-range plantarflexion which transfers into a higher satisfaction during athletic activities.

Level of evidence

III, retrospective cohort study