bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activation of Persulfate by Surfactants under Acidic and Basic Conditions
Authors: Elloy Farah C. , Teel Amy L. , Watts Richard J.
Published: March 2018

Activated persulfate is a commonly used oxidant source used for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) for remediation of subsurface contamination. Surfactants are sometimes used in ISCO to desorb contaminants and dissolve nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). The potential activation of persulfate by such surfactants was investigated, and the reactive oxygen species generated by persulfate in the presence of anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants were determined. Twenty surfactants were screened; most activated persulfate to generate reductants + nucleophiles at acidic and basic pH. The most reactive anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants (Lankropol 4500, polyethylene glycol 400, and Ethoduomeen T/25) were investigated in more detail. All three surfactants activated persulfate; however, the cationic surfactant showed the most potential for persulfate activation with high fluxes of hydroxyl radical and reductants + nucleophiles. The results of this research demonstrate that surfactants added to ISCO systems often activate persulfate to generate reductants at both acidic and basic pH, and hydroxyl radical at basic pH. These findings provide a new paradigm for persulfate activation in surfactant in situ chemical oxidation (SISCO) systems; pH regimes >11 may not be necessary for persulfate activation resulting in cost savings and potentially more effective activation of persulfate.
The effectiveness of various irrigation protocols on organic tissue removal from simulated internal resorption defects
Authors: Ulusoy Ö. İ. , Savur İ. G. , Alaçam T. , Çelik B.
Published: March 2018

Aim

To evaluate the effectiveness of NaOCl, NaOCl‐EDTA and NaOCl + HEBP activated by ultrasonics and XP‐endo Finisher on organic tissue removal from simulated internal root resorption cavities.

Methodology

The root canals of 144 single‐rooted teeth were instrumented. The teeth were split longitudinally, and semicircular cavities were prepared in the canal walls on each half of the roots. Samples obtained from ground bovine muscle tissue were weighed and adapted into the semicircular cavities. The root fragments were reassembled and cemented to create a circular simulated resorption cavity within the canal. Teeth were divided into twelve groups (n = 12) according to the irrigation protocols: group 1: NaOCl, no activation; group 2: NaOCl, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI); group 3: NaOCl, XP‐endo Finisher; group 4: NaOCl‐EDTA, no activation; group 5: NaOCl‐EDTA, PUI; group 6: NaOCl‐EDTA, XP‐endo Finisher; group 7: NaOCl + HEBP, no activation; group 8: NaOCl + HEBP, PUI; group 9: NaOCl + HEBP, XP‐endo Finisher; group 10: distilled water, no activation; group 11: distilled water, PUI; and group 12: distilled water, XP‐endo Finisher. The teeth were disassembled, and the tissue remaining inside the resorption cavities were weighed. The data were analysed statistically using two‐way anova and Fisher's LSD tests with a significance level of 0.05.

Results

The use of XP‐endo Finisher with the experimental solutions resulted in the greatest tissue weight loss compared to the other activation protocols (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between NaOCl and NaOCl + HEBP in terms of tissue removal.

Conclusion

The use of a NaOCl + HEBP mixture activated with XP‐endo Finisher was an effective irrigation regimen for removing simulated organic tissues from artificial internal root resorption cavities in the straight root canals of single‐rooted teeth.
MEDICAID AND THE LABOR SUPPLY OF SINGLE MOTHERS: IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH CARE REFORM
Authors: Pohl R. Vincent
Published: March 2018

The Medicaid expansions and health insurance subsidies of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) change work incentives for single mothers. To evaluate the employment effects of these policies ex ante, I estimate a model of labor supply and health insurance choice exploiting variation in pre‐ACA Medicaid policies. Simulations show that single mothers increase their labor supply at the extensive and intensive margin by 12% and 7%, respectively, uninsurance rates decline by up to 40%, and an average family's welfare improves by 1,600 dollars per year. Health insurance subsidies and not Medicaid expansions mostly drive these effects.
THE OUTPUT AND WELFARE EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT SPENDING SHOCKS OVER THE BUSINESS CYCLE
Authors: Sims Eric , Wolff Jonathan
Published: March 2018

This article studies the output and welfare effects of shocks to government spending in a medium‐scale DSGE model. Our model considers both government consumption and investment and allows for a variety of fiscal financing mechanisms. We use the model to address several questions pertaining to the magnitude and state dependence of both the output and welfare effects of changes in government spending. Countercyclical government spending is undesirable as a general policy prescription, but we highlight situations (such as when monetary policy is passive or when government investment is particularly productive) in which it might be beneficial.
Microencapsulation of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) essential oil by complex coacervation: formation, rheological property, oxidative stability and odour attenuation effect
Authors: Yuan Yang , Li Meng‐Fan , Chen Wan‐Shi , Zeng Qing‐Zhu , Su Dong‐Xiao , Tian Bin , He Shan
Published: March 2018

Complex coacervation of gelatin (GE) with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and the microencapsulation of shiitake essential oil (SEO) using the GE‐CMC coacervate were investigated. The ζ‐potential and coacervate yield data showed that the optimal complexation pH and CMC/GE ratio were 4.0 and 0.15 g g−1, respectively. At this condition, the coacervate yield was 85.35 ± 4.89% and ζ‐potential was almost zero. The SEO contained microcapsules fabricated by the GE‐CMC coacervate were also electrostatic inducted formation, and the highest encapsulation efficiency was shown to be 85.75 ± 2.89%. The rheological measurement indicated that the GE‐CMC coacervated microcapsules had a viscoelastic solid behaviour (G’ > G”) which was resulted mainly from the interactions between GE molecules and CMC chains. The improved oxidative stability and odour attenuation effect of the GE‐CMC coacervated microcapsules were believed to be attributed to the increased protection against oxidation and flavour release by providing a physical barrier after complex coacervation.
Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of human intermediate monocytes based on HLA‐DR expression
Authors: Connaughton Eanna P , Naicker Serika , Hanley Shirley A , Slevin Stephanie M , Eykelenboom John K , Lowndes Noel F , O'Brien Timothy , Ceredig Rhodri , Griffin Matthew D , Dennedy Michael C
Published: March 2018

Human blood monocytes are subclassified as classical, intermediate and nonclassical. In this study, it was shown that conventionally defined human intermediate monocytes can be divided into two distinct subpopulations with mid‐ and high‐level surface expression of HLA‐DR (referred to as DRmid and DRhi intermediate monocytes). These IM subpopulations were phenotypically and functionally characterized in healthy adult blood by flow cytometry, migration assays and lipoprotein uptake assays. Their absolute numbers and proportions were then compared in blood samples from obese and nonobese adults. DRmid and DRhi intermediate monocytes differentially expressed several proteins including CD62L, CD11a, CX3CR1 and CCR2. Overall, the DRmid intermediate monocytes surface profile more closely resembled that of classical monocytes while DRhi intermediate monocytes were more similar to nonclassical. However, in contrast to classical monocytes, DRmid intermediate monocytes migrated weakly to CCL2, had reduced intracellular calcium flux following CCR2 ligation and favored adherence to TNFα‐activated endothelium over transmigration. In lipid uptake assays, DRmid intermediate monocytes demonstrated greater internalization of oxidized and acetylated low‐density lipoprotein than DRhi intermediate monocytes. In obese compared to nonobese adults, proportions and absolute numbers of DRmid, but not DRhi intermediate monocytes, were increased in blood. The results are consistent with phenotypic and functional heterogeneity within the intermediate monocytes subset that may be of specific relevance to lipoprotein scavenging and metabolic health.
Feasibility of an emotional health curriculum for elementary school students in an underserved Hispanic community
Authors: Guo Yuqing , Rousseau Julie , Renno Patricia , Kehoe Priscilla , Daviss Monique , Flores Sara , Saunders Kathleen , Phillips Susanne , Chin Mindy , Evangelista Lorraine S.
Published: March 2018

Problem

Hispanic children have greater mental health challenges but fewer received mental health services than other ethnic groups. A classroom‐based Emotional Health Curriculum (EHC) was developed to address mental health disparities in an underserved Hispanic community.

Methods

A quasi‐experimental design with one group pre‐ and post‐intervention was used to test the feasibility of an 8‐week EHC for one hundred 3rd and 4th grade children in a dual‐immersion Spanish–English elementary school. Limited efficacy was measured by changes in depression and anxiety scores reported by children and teachers. Acceptance was evaluated by a child‐reported satisfaction survey and a focus group in which the four teachers shared their experiences. Implementation was measured by participation, retention, and fidelity rates.

Findings

The child‐reported depression and anxiety and teacher‐reported depression were significantly decreased in at‐risk children with the effect size ranging from 0.60 to 1.16 (ps < 0.05). The majority of children (89.7%) enjoyed the EHC and teachers observed that children had acquired skills to manage their emotional distress. The participation, retention, and fidelity rates were 98%, 94%, and 99.13%, respectively.

Conclusions

The results provide promising evidence that the EHC has the potential to improve depression and anxiety symptoms in at‐risk children.
Embryonic and larval development and fatty‐acid profile of Epinephelus marginatus spawned in captivity: tools applied to captive rearing
Authors: Mello P. H. , Araújo B. C. , Campos M. F. , Rodrigues‐Filho J. A. , Garcia C. E. O. , Moreira R. G.
Published: March 2018

Development, ontogeny of the digestive system and the fatty‐acid (FA) profile, were analysed during development of Epinephelus marginatus. Larvae were analysed 7 and 17 days post fertilization (dpf) to evaluate fatty‐acid profile and morphological variables, respectively. Epinephelus marginatus larvae have relatively slow development of digestive structures, but were able to capture, ingest and digest prey by 5 dpf. Eggs were composed of high percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in phospholipids. The percentage of n3 PUFAs was higher than n6, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which exhibited higher levels compared with other marine species during the first 3 days of development, both in terms of phospholipids and triglycerides. The larvae present a high content of docosahexaenoic acid–eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA–EPA) and, during this phase, live food of small size was required (copepods or SS‐strain Brachionus rotundiformes), enriched with DHA–EPA. These results may guide future studies on the contribution of FAs required during this stage of the life cycle of E. marginatus, to advance knowledge of the use of these FAs throughout ontogeny and contribute to the culture of this species commercial production or restocking.
A single‐center clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of a tripeptide/hexapeptide antiaging regimen
Authors: Widgerow Alan D , Jiang Lily I , Calame Antoanella
Published: March 2018

Introduction

An antiaging regimen that aids in clearing the matrix of waste products and stimulating neocollagenesis and neoelastogenesis was tested among a group of subjects over the course of 12 weeks to assess its efficacy in women with mild to moderate wrinkles and skin sagging on the face.

Materials and methods

The efficacy of the product regimen was tested in 22 subjects using investigator clinical grading measurements, raking light imaging, 3D imaging, biopsies, and self‐assessment questionnaires at baseline and weeks 4, 8, and 12.

Results

Clinical grading indicated that use of the antiaging regimen for 12 weeks produced a statistically significant improvement in scores for all evaluated parameters; the raking light image analysis demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in values for length, width, and area of wrinkles when compared with baseline values as did 3D imaging. Biopsy results in the 5 patients tested showed improvement in solar elastosis, collagen stimulation, and improvement in cornified layers in all 5 patients. Elastin stimulation was evident in 3 of 5 patients. Results from the self‐assessment questionnaire analysis indicated favorable responses in a statistically significant proportion of subjects after 12 weeks of use for all inquiries.

Conclusion

Use of this facial antiaging regimen was effective in improving visual facial photoaging conditions and well‐perceived when used by women with mild to moderate wrinkles and skin sagging on the face under the conditions of this study.
Treating the tear trough: A new classification system, a 6‐step evaluation procedure, hyaluronic acid injection algorithm, and treatment sequences
Authors: Peng Peter Hsien‐Li , Peng Jui‐Hui
Published: March 2018

Introduction

The tear trough deformity is commonly requested for correction, most often by filler injections. However, the tear trough remains difficult to treat due to its complex anatomy, a variety of other concurrent deformities, and the high risk of complications.

Objectives

To create a standardized categorization, evaluation, and treatment protocol for the management of tear troughs with fillers.

Methods

(1) Patient deformity profiles are determined using three categories of traits: A (Atrophy), B (Bulging), L (Laxity). (2) A 6‐step evaluation process (Tilt, Snap, Smile, Squint, Pull, Push) aids in ABL determination. (3) Treatment is simplified into a comprehensive protocol for each category (with 6 major injection points and a variety of injection depths and volumes).

Results

The author has achieved satisfactory results using the presented protocols, with photographic examples.

Conclusion

The author proposes a comprehensive categorization system that takes into account both the tear trough and other concurrent deformities. The author also presents 6 tests to aid in categorization, and simple protocols with injection sequences, amounts, and depth.
Physician burnout: contributors, consequences and solutions
Authors: West C. P. , Dyrbye L. N. , Shanafelt T. D.
Published: March 2018

Physician burnout, a work‐related syndrome involving emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and a sense of reduced personal accomplishment, is prevalent internationally. Rates of burnout symptoms that have been associated with adverse effects on patients, the healthcare workforce, costs and physician health exceed 50% in studies of both physicians‐in‐training and practicing physicians. This problem represents a public health crisis with negative impacts on individual physicians, patients and healthcare organizations and systems. Drivers of this epidemic are largely rooted within healthcare organizations and systems and include excessive workloads, inefficient work processes, clerical burdens, work–home conflicts, lack of input or control for physicians with respect to issues affecting their work lives, organizational support structures and leadership culture. Individual physician‐level factors also play a role, with higher rates of burnout commonly reported in female and younger physicians. Effective solutions align with these drivers. For example, organizational efforts such as locally developed practice modifications and increased support for clinical work have demonstrated benefits in reducing burnout. Individually focused solutions such as mindfulness‐based stress reduction and small‐group programmes to promote community, connectedness and meaning have also been shown to be effective. Regardless of the specific approach taken, the problem of physician burnout is best addressed when viewed as a shared responsibility of both healthcare systems and individual physicians. Although our understanding of physician burnout has advanced considerably in recent years, many gaps in our knowledge remain. Longitudinal studies of burnout's effects and the impact of interventions on both burnout and its effects are needed, as are studies of effective solutions implemented in combination. For medicine to fulfil its mission for patients and for public health, all stakeholders in healthcare delivery must work together to develop and implement effective remedies for physician burnout.
Backup Parents, Playmates, Friends: Grandparents' Time With Grandchildren
Authors: Dunifon Rachel E. , Near Christopher E. , Ziol‐Guest Kathleen M.
Published: March 2018

Grandparents play varied roles in their grandchildren's lives. Prior work has focused mostly on historical trends in and implications of grandparent coresidence and has not considered more broadly how grandparents and grandchildren interact. Using time‐use diary data for 6,762 person‐years from the 1997 to 2007 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics Child Development Survey, the authors examine patterns in the amount and activity composition of time American children spent with their grandparents, differentiated by family structure, adult employment, and child's age. Results showed that although only about 7% of children lived with their grandparents, many more children spent time with their grandparents: about 50% of young children, 35% of elementary‐age children, and 20% of teens spent at least some time with their grandparents in a typical week. This suggests that grandparents play a variety of roles in their grandchildren's lives, depending on the amount and kinds of support needed.
Ferroan olivine‐bearing eucrite clasts found in howardites
Authors: Patzer Andrea , McSween Harry Y.
Published: March 2018

We investigated several olivine‐bearing, medium‐grained, ophitic to subophitic eucritic clasts from three different Antarctic howardites. Based on grain size (0.5–2 mm), these clasts could represent intrusive igneous units. Based on mineral composition (pyroxene and plagioclase), they are similar to basaltic eucrites. Elemental concentrations of the major silicates and bulk mg#, however, range from those known for basaltic eucrites to those found in cumulate eucrites. Recognizable cumulus phases are absent. Conservatively speaking, the clasts examined may simply classify as relatively coarse‐grained unequilibrated basaltic eucrites. Alternatively, at least one of the clasts showing intermediate grain size and a relatively primitive chemical composition (mg# 50) may sample a rock type that could be genetically placed between the basaltic and cumulate eucrite lines of origin. A minor, yet genetically meaningful common feature of the clasts studied is the occurrence of fayalitic olivine. Two distinct categories exist. They are (1) fine veinlets exclusively percolating through pyroxene and (2) more substantial (up to 100 μm wide) veins and/or interstitial deposits. Only the fine veinlets also contain variable amounts of anorthite, ilmenite, and troilite. Although both types of olivine are ferroan, textural aspects suggest distinct paths of generation. The fine veinlets are best explained by decomposition of relatively FeO‐rich, heterogeneous, and locally metastable pyroxene, caused in situ by impact heating and subsequent fast cooling. The wider, often very ragged‐looking monomineralic olivine fillings, on the other hand, may represent the iron‐enriched portion of a highly fractionated magma.
Motherhood in the shade of migration: A qualitative study of the experience of Syrian refugee mothers living in Turkey
Authors: Korukcu Oznur , Aydın Ruveyde , Conway Jane , Kukulu Kamile
Published: March 2018

Turkey receives the largest number of Syrian refugees in the world. Some of these refugee women become mothers in Turkey. This paper reports on a qualitative, descriptive study that investigated the experience of seven Syrian women migrants who gave birth in Turkey, and explores their experiences of transition to motherhood in a foreign country. The research identified that aspects of transition can be clustered under five main themes: difficulties during the pregnancy period, giving birth in a foreign country, problems of refugee mothers, milestones in life of refugee mothers, and influence of cultural beliefs of refugee mothers on baby care. Key findings revealed that the women in the study had negative experiences related to being pregnant and having a baby in a foreign country. In addition to identifying challenges associated with migration, such as language barriers, racism, discrimination, poverty, and separation from their culture and family, the study highlighted the fears and difficulties experienced by refugee mothers, the cultural beliefs of refugee women about caring for their babies, and turning points in the life of refugee mothers.
Plant water use responses along secondary forest succession during the 2015–2016 El Niño drought in Panama
Authors: Bretfeld Mario , Ewers Brent E. , Hall Jefferson S.
Published: March 2018

Tropical forests are increasingly being subjected to hotter, drier conditions as a result of global climate change. The effects of drought on forests along successional gradients remain poorly understood.

We took advantage of the 2015–2016 El Niño event to test for differences in drought response along a successional gradient by measuring the sap flow in 76 trees, representing 42 different species, in 8‐, 25‐ and 80‐yr‐old secondary forests in the 15‐km2‘Agua Salud Project’ study area, located in central Panama.

Average sap velocities and sapwood‐specific hydraulic conductivities were highest in the youngest forest. During the dry season drought, sap velocities increased significantly in the 80‐yr‐old forest as a result of higher evaporative demand, but not in younger forests. The main drivers of transpiration shifted from radiation to vapor pressure deficit with progressing forest succession. Soil volumetric water content was a limiting factor only in the youngest forest during the dry season, probably as a result of less root exploration in the soil.

Trees in early‐successional forests displayed stronger signs of regulatory responses to the 2015–2016 El Niño drought, and the limiting physiological processes for transpiration shifted from operating at the plant–soil interface to the plant–atmosphere interface with progressing forest succession.
Prolonged Reduction in Shoulder Strength after Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Treatment of Exercise‐Induced Acute Muscle Pain
Authors: Butera Katie A. , George Steven Z. , Borsa Paul A. , Dover Geoffrey C.
Published: March 2018

Objectives

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is commonly used for reducing musculoskeletal pain to improve function. However, peripheral nerve stimulation using TENS can alter muscle motor output. Few studies examine motor outcomes following TENS in a human pain model. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of TENS sensory stimulation primarily on motor output (strength) and secondarily on pain and disability following exercise‐induced delayed‐onset muscle soreness (DOMS).

Methods

Thirty‐six participants were randomized to a TENS treatment, TENS placebo, or control group after completing a standardized DOMS protocol. Measures included shoulder strength, pain, mechanical pain sensitivity, and disability. TENS treatment and TENS placebo groups received 90 minutes of active or sham treatment 24, 48, and 72 hours post‐DOMS. All participants were assessed daily.

Results

A repeated measures analysis of variance and post‐hoc analysis indicated that, compared to the control group, strength remained reduced in the TENS treatment group (48 hours post‐DOMS, P < 0.05) and TENS placebo group (48 hours post‐DOMS, P < 0.05; 72 hours post‐DOMS, P < 0.05). A mixed‐linear modeling analysis was conducted to examine the strength (motor) change. Randomization group explained 5.6% of between‐subject strength variance (P < 0.05). Independent of randomization group, pain explained 8.9% of within‐subject strength variance and disability explained 3.3% of between‐subject strength variance (both P < 0.05).

Discussion

While active and placebo TENS resulted in prolonged strength inhibition, the results were nonsignificant for pain. Results indicated that higher pain and higher disability were independently related to decreased strength. Regardless of the impact on pain, TENS, or even the perception of TENS, may act as a nocebo for motor output.
Fibrinolytic abnormality associated with progression of pediatric solid tumor
Authors: Ishihara Takashi , Nogami Keiji , Takeshita Yasufumi , Ochi Satoshi , Shima Midori
Published: March 2018

Background

Thrombosis and hemorrhage are serious complications of pediatric solid tumor, and enhanced fibrinolysis associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is often observed. Fibrinolytic enzymes also play an important role in metastasis. Limited information is available, however, on the assessment of overall hemostatic function in children with malignant solid tumor.

Methods

We have investigated the comprehensive hemostatic potential in these circumstances using simultaneous thrombin/plasmin generation assay (T/P‐GA). Endogenous thrombin potential (T‐EP) and plasmin peak height (P‐Peak) were measured using T/P‐GA in six children newly diagnosed with solid tumor at regular intervals during chemotherapy at the present hospital from 2013 to 2016. Four patients with metastasis were defined as the advanced group, and the other patients were defined as the non‐advanced group.

Results

In the advanced group, the ratio of P‐Peak to normal was higher than the slightly increased ratio of T‐EP to normal (range, 1.2–2.1 vs 1.1–1.5, respectively). In the non‐advanced group, however, the P‐Peak ratio was relatively lower than the slightly increased T‐EP ratio (range, 1.0–1.5 vs 1.1–1.5, respectively). Fibrin–fibrinogen degradation product was elevated in all patients except in one non‐advanced brain tumor patient during this induction therapy (maximum, 11.6–161 μg/mL).

Conclusions

Uncontrolled fibrinolysis together with an imbalance between coagulation and fibrinolytic potential might lead to DIC. Further research is warranted to clarify comprehensive hemostatic function in pediatric patients with solid tumors to establish optimal supportive therapy, and possibly limit tumor progression in these critical disorders.
Evidence for selection pressure from resistant potato genotypes but not from fungicide application within a clonal Phytophthora infestans population
Authors: Stellingwerf J. S. , Phelan S. , Doohan F. M. , Ortiz V. , Griffin D. , Bourke A. , Hutten R. C. B. , Cooke D. E. L. , Kildea S. , Mullins E.
Published: March 2018

Insight into pathogen population dynamics provides a key input for effective disease management of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Phytophthora infestans populations vary from genetically complex to more simple with a few clonal lineages. The presence or absence of certain strains of P. infestans may impact the efficacy of fungicides or host resistance. Current evidence indicates that genetically, the Irish populations of P. infestans are relatively simple with a few clonal lineages. In this study, P. infestans populations were genetically characterized based on samples collected at the national centre for potato breeding during the period 2012–16. The dominance of clonal lineages within this P. infestans population was confirmed and the potential selection pressure of fungicide treatment (2013–15) and host resistance (2016) on this clonal P. infestans population was then investigated. It was found that fungicide products did not notably affect the genetic structure of sampled populations relative to samples from untreated control plants. In contrast, samples taken from several resistant potato genotypes were found to be more often of the EU_13_A2 lineage than those taken from control King Edward plants or potato genotypes with low resistance ratings. Resistant potato varieties Sarpo Mira and Bionica, containing characterized R genes, were found to strongly select for EU_13_A2 strains.
Decision making in root‐coverage procedures for the esthetic outcome
Authors: Stefanini Martina , Marzadori Matteo , Aroca Sofia , Felice Pietro , Sangiorgi Matteo , Zucchelli Giovanni
Published: March 2018

The primary indication for treatment of gingival recessions is esthetics. In the last decades, patients have become increasingly more demanding in the esthetic outcome expected. In order to obtain a successful final result, periodontal plastic surgery should provide not only complete root coverage but also perfect blending in terms of color and texture. In the literature, many techniques have been demonstrated to be effective in obtaining complete root coverage, and the selection of one surgical technique over another depends on several factors related to the anatomic characteristics of the defect. The purpose of this paper was to suggest a decision‐making process which starts from the clinical observation of the defects and is structured in progressive nodes that will guide the clinician through the most suitable surgical technique to achieve the ideal esthetic outcome.
Exploring the Dynamics of Delegation Over Time: Insights from Italian Anti‐Corruption Agencies (2003–2016)
Authors: Di Mascio Fabrizio , Maggetti Martino , Natalini Alessandro
Published: March 2018

According to classical literature on delegation in the regulatory state, independent regulators are established to enhance the credibility of regulatory policies. In that regard, anti‐corruption agencies (ACAs) are peculiar not only because they deal with extremely salient issues, but also because they receive delegated competencies from the government as the “principal” while, at the same time, the government is their regulatory target. How do governments manage regulatory reforms to strike a balance between gaining credibility as “principals” and possibly losing credibility as targets? Drawing from insights on historical institutionalism, this article undertakes a qualitative longitudinal analysis of organizational change regarding ACAs in Italy, where these kinds of agencies are particularly relevant to political leaders. The findings shed light on delegation as a dynamic process for which multiple factors intersect over time.
Advances in the use of alternative protein sources for tilapia feeding
Authors: Montoya‐Camacho Nathaly , Marquez‐Ríos Enrique , Castillo‐Yáñez Francisco Javier , Cárdenas López José Luis , López‐Elías José Antonio , Ruíz‐Cruz Saúl , Jiménez‐Ruíz Edgar Iván , Rivas‐Vega Martha Elisa , Ocaño‐Higuera Víctor Manuel
Published: March 2018

The raising demand of fish for human consumption has caused a rise in fish cultivation to become a more intense activity and has increased the need for fish feed formulas for aquaculture. Tilapia are aquatic organisms with moderate protein requirements. One of the traditional ingredients used to develop protein diets is fish meal. Despite its high cost, this supply is of high demand for both aquaculture and terrestrial animals. Efforts to seek for alternative sources of conventional and unconventional proteins are ongoing. The purpose of this study is to review alternative sources of proteins with potential to partially or fully substitute fish meal in tilapia feed. Also, it addresses the challenges that aquaculture feeding is facing regarding the substitution of fish meal with proteins from plant sources.
Self‐Criticism as a Transdiagnostic Process in Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury and Disordered Eating: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Zelkowitz Rachel L. , Cole David A.
Published: March 2018

Nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) and disordered eating (DE) are highly comorbid and may be regarded as belonging to a spectrum of self‐harm behaviors. We investigated self‐criticism as a transdiagnostic correlate of these behaviors, in keeping with etiological theories of both NSSI and DE. We reviewed the literature and meta‐analyzed the relation of self‐criticism to both NSSI (15 studies; 17 effect sizes) and DE (24 studies; 29 effect sizes). Results showed equivalent, moderate‐to‐large effects for the relation of self‐criticism to NSSI (r = .38; CI: .29–.46) and DE (r = .40; CI: .34–.45). The relation of NSSI to self‐criticism generalized across multiple potential moderators. DE behavior type moderated the relation of self‐criticism to DE, with a stronger relation emerging for purging than restriction. Findings support self‐criticism as a possible candidate for transdiagnostic pathways to self‐harm.
Maybe it Is More Than a Joke: Satire, Mobilization, and Political Participation*
Authors: Baumgartner Jody C , Lockerbie Brad
Published: March 2018

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between viewing late night political humor and political participation.

Methods

We used various measures of viewership of late night talk shows and political participation in the 2012 American National Election Studies (ANES) data set.

Results

We show that viewership of “Late Night with David Letterman,” a simple form of political comedy, seems to be unrelated to political participation. However, viewership of Comedy Central's “The Daily Show with Jon Stewart” and “The Colbert Report,” considered by most to be genuine political satire, is associated with higher levels of political participation.

Conclusion

The results suggest that advocates of political satire may be correct when they suggest that satire mobilizes viewers to political action.
Enoxaparin does not affect network formation of adipose tissue–derived microvascular fragments
Authors: Später Thomas , Frueh Florian S. , Karschnia Philipp , Menger Michael D. , Laschke Matthias W.
Published: March 2018

Dermal substitutes are frequently used for the initial coverage of extensive skin defects. The seeding of these implants with adipose tissue–derived microvascular fragments (ad‐MVF) has recently been shown to accelerate their vascularization and incorporation. In the present study we analyzed whether these processes are affected by a thromboprophylactic therapy with the low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) enoxaparin (enox). Green fluorescent protein (GFP)+ ad‐MVF were isolated from enox‐ (8 mg/kg s.c.) and vehicle‐treated (0.9% NaCl s.c.) (C57BL/6‐Tg(CAG‐EGFP)1Osb/J mice and seeded onto Integra matrices. Subsequently, these were implanted into full‐thickness skin defects within dorsal skinfold chambers of enox‐ and vehicle‐treated C57BL/6 wild‐type mice. Repetitive stereomicroscopy and intravital fluorescence microscopy over 2 weeks as well as histological and immunohistochemical analyses on day 14 revealed that enox does not inhibit the reassembly of ad‐MVF into new microvascular networks. In addition, treatment with the anticoagulative compound did not promote implant‐induced hemorrhage formation. Accordingly, Integra matrices in enox‐ and vehicle‐treated animals exhibited a comparable final microvessel density, fraction of GFP+ blood vessels originating from seeded ad‐MVF, collagen fiber content, and epithelialization. These novel findings demonstrate that the seeding of dermal substitutes with ad‐MVF may be applied also during thromboprophylactic therapy without affecting implant vascularization and bleeding risk.
Complementary Mechanisms for Degradation of Inulin-Type Fructans and Arabinoxylan Oligosaccharides among Bifidobacterial Strains Suggest Bacterial Cooperation
Authors: Rivière Audrey , Selak Marija , Geirnaert Annelies , Van den Abbeele Pieter , De Vuyst Luc
Published: March 2018

Inulin-type fructans (ITF) and arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS) are broken down to different extents by various bifidobacterial strains present in the human colon. To date, phenotypic heterogeneity in the consumption of these complex oligosaccharides at the strain level remains poorly studied. To examine mechanistic variations in ITF and AXOS constituent preferences present in one individual, ITF and AXOS consumption by bifidobacterial strains isolated from the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME) after inoculation with feces from one healthy individual was investigated. Among the 18 strains identified, four species-independent clusters displaying different ITF and AXOS degradation mechanisms and preferences were found.
Bifidobacterium bifidum
B46 showed limited growth on all substrates, whereas
B. longum
B24 and
B. longum
B18 could grow better on short-chain-length fractions of fructooligosaccharides (FOS) than on fructose.
B. longum
B24 could cleave arabinose substituents of AXOS extracellularly, without using the AXOS-derived xylose backbones, whereas
B. longum
B18 was able to consume oligosaccharides (up to xylotetraose) preferentially and consumed AXOS to a limited extent.
B. adolescentis
B72 degraded all fractions of FOS simultaneously, partially degraded inulin, and could use xylose backbones longer than xylotetraose extracellularly. The strain-specific degradation mechanisms were suggested to be complementary and indicated resource partitioning. Specialization in the degradation of complex carbohydrates by bifidobacteria present on the individual level could have
in vivo
implications for the successful implementation of ITF and AXOS, aiming at bifidogenic and/or butyrogenic effects. Finally, this work shows the importance of taking microbial strain-level differences into account in gut microbiota research.

IMPORTANCE
It is well known that bifidobacteria degrade undigestible complex polysaccharides, such as ITF and AXOS, in the human colon. However, this process has never been studied for strains coexisting in the same individual. To examine strain-dependent mechanistic variations in ITF and AXOS constituent preferences present in one individual, ITF and AXOS consumption by bifidobacterial strains isolated from the SHIME after inoculation with feces from one healthy individual was investigated. Among the 18 bifidobacterial strains identified, four species-independent clusters displaying different ITF and AXOS degradation mechanisms and preferences were found, indicating that such strains can coexist in the human colon. Such specialization in the degradation of complex carbohydrates by bifidobacteria present on the individual level could have
in vivo
implications for the successful implementation of ITF and AXOS, aiming at bifidogenic and/or butyrogenic effects.
Novel (p)ppGpp Binding and Metabolizing Proteins of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Zhang Yong , Zborníková Eva , Rejman Dominik , Gerdes Kenn
Published: March 2018

The alarmone (p)ppGpp plays pivotal roles in basic bacterial stress responses by increasing tolerance of various nutritional limitations and chemical insults, including antibiotics. Despite intensive studies since (p)ppGpp was discovered over 4 decades ago, (p)ppGpp binding proteins have not been systematically identified in
Escherichia coli
. We applied DRaCALA (
d
ifferential
ra
dial
c
apillary
a
ction of
l
igand
a
ssay) to identify (p)ppGpp-protein interactions. We discovered 12 new (p)ppGpp targets in
E. coli
that, based on their physiological functions, could be classified into four major groups, involved in (i) purine nucleotide homeostasis (YgdH), (ii) ribosome biogenesis and translation (RsgA, Era, HflX, and LepA), (iii) maturation of dehydrogenases (HypB), and (iv) metabolism of (p)ppGpp (MutT, NudG, TrmE, NadR, PhoA, and UshA). We present a comprehensive and comparative biochemical and physiological characterization of these novel (p)ppGpp targets together with a comparative analysis of relevant, known (p)ppGpp binding proteins. Via this, primary targets of (p)ppGpp in
E. coli
are identified. The GTP salvage biosynthesis pathway and ribosome biogenesis and translation are confirmed as targets of (p)ppGpp that are highly conserved between
E. coli
and
Firmicutes
. In addition, an alternative (p)ppGpp degradative pathway, involving NudG and MutT, was uncovered. This report thus significantly expands the known cohort of (p)ppGpp targets in
E. coli
.

IMPORTANCE
Antibiotic resistance and tolerance exhibited by pathogenic bacteria have resulted in a global public health crisis. Remarkably, almost all bacterial pathogens require the alarmone (p)ppGpp to be virulent. Thus, (p)ppGpp not only induces tolerance of nutritional limitations and chemical insults, including antibiotics, but is also often required for induction of virulence genes. However, understanding of the molecular targets of (p)ppGpp and the mechanisms by which (p)ppGpp influences bacterial physiology is incomplete. In this study, a systematic approach was used to uncover novel targets of (p)ppGpp in
E. coli
, the best-studied model bacterium. Comprehensive comparative studies of the targets revealed conserved target pathways of (p)ppGpp in both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and novel targets of (p)ppGpp, including an alternative degradative pathway of (p)ppGpp. Thus, our discoveries may help in understanding of how (p)ppGpp increases the stress resilience and multidrug tolerance not only of the model organism
E. coli
but also of the pathogenic organisms in which these targets are conserved.
IgG Responses to Porins and Lipopolysaccharide within an Outer Membrane-Based Vaccine against NontyphoidalSalmonellaDevelop at Discordant Rates
Authors: Schager Anna E. , Dominguez-Medina C. Coral , Necchi Francesca , Micoli Francesca , Goh Yun Shan , Goodall Margaret , Flores-Langarica Adriana , Bobat Saeeda , Cook Charlotte N. L. , Arcuri Melissa , Marini Arianna , King Lloyd D. W. , Morris Faye C. , Anderson Graham , Toellner Kai-Michael , Henderson Ian R. , López-Macías Constantino , MacLennan Calman A. , Cunningham Adam F.
Published: March 2018

Antibodies acquired after vaccination or natural infection with Gram-negative bacteria, such as invasiveSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium, can protect against disease. Immunization with naturally shed outer membrane vesicles from Gram-negative bacteria is being studied for its potential to protect against many infections, since antigens within vesicles maintain their natural conformation and orientation. Shedding can be enhanced through genetic modification, and the resulting particles, generalized modules for membrane antigens (GMMA), not only offer potential as vaccines but also can facilitate the study of B-cell responses to bacterial antigens. Here we show that the response to immunization with GMMA fromS. Typhimurium (STmGMMA) provides B-cell-dependent protection and induces antibodies to two immunodominant antigens, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and porins. Antibodies to LPS O antigen (O-Ag) markedly enhance protection in the spleen, but this effect is less marked in the liver. Strikingly, IgG responses to LPS and porins develop with distinct kinetics. In the first week after immunization, there is a dramatic T-cell-independent B1b-cell-associated induction of all IgG isotypes, except IgG1, to porins but not to LPS. In contrast, production of IgG1 to either antigen was delayed and T cell dependent. Nevertheless, after 1 month, cells in the bone marrow secreting IgG against porins or LPS were present at a similar frequency. Unexpectedly, immunization with O-Ag-deficient STmGMMA did not substantially enhance the anti-porin response. Therefore, IgG switching to all antigens does not develop synchronously within the same complex and so the rate of IgG switching to a single component does not necessarily reflect its frequency within the antigenic complex.

IMPORTANCEVaccines save millions of lives, yet for some infections there are none. This includes some types ofSalmonellainfections, killing hundreds of thousands of people annually. We show how a new type of vaccine, called GMMA, that is made from blebs shed from theSalmonellacell wall, works to protect against infection in mice by inducing host proteins (antibodies) specifically recognizing bacterial components (antigens). The rate of development of IgG antibody to antigens within GMMA occurred with different kinetics. However, the antibody response to GMMA persists and is likely to provide prolonged protection for those who need it. These results help show how antibody responses to bacterial antigens develop and how vaccines like GMMA can work and help prevent infection.
Life Cycle, Ultrastructure, and Phylogeny of New Diplonemids and Their Endosymbiotic Bacteria
Authors: Tashyreva Daria , Prokopchuk Galina , Votýpka Jan , Yabuki Akinori , Horák Aleš , Lukeš Julius
Published: March 2018

Diplonemids represent a hyperdiverse and abundant yet poorly studied group of marine protists. Here we describe two new members of the genus
Diplonema
(Diplonemea, Euglenozoa),
Diplonema japonicum
sp. nov. and
Diplonema aggregatum
sp. nov., based on life cycle, morphology, and 18S rRNA gene sequences. Along with euglenozoan apomorphies, they contain several unique features. Their life cycle is complex, consisting of a trophic stage that is, following the depletion of nutrients, transformed into a sessile stage and subsequently into a swimming stage. The latter two stages are characterized by the presence of tubular extrusomes and the emergence of a paraflagellar rod, the supportive structure of the flagellum, which is prominently lacking in the trophic stage. These two stages also differ dramatically in motility and flagellar size. Both diplonemid species host endosymbiotic bacteria that are closely related to each other and constitute a novel branch within
Holosporales
, for which a new genus, “
Candidatus
Cytomitobacter” gen. nov., has been established. Remarkably, the number of endosymbionts in the cytoplasm varies significantly, as does their localization within the cell, where they seem to penetrate the mitochondrion, a rare occurrence.

IMPORTANCE
We describe the morphology, behavior, and life cycle of two new
Diplonema
species that established a relationship with two
Holospora
-like bacteria in the first report of an endosymbiosis in diplonemids. Both endosymbionts reside in the cytoplasm and the mitochondrion, which establishes an extremely rare case. Within their life cycle, the diplonemids undergo transformation from a trophic to a sessile and eventually a highly motile swimming stage. These stages differ in several features, such as the presence or absence of tubular extrusomes and a paraflagellar rod, along with the length of the flagella. These morphological and behavioral interstage differences possibly reflect distinct functions in dispersion and invasion of the host and/or prey and may provide novel insight into the virtually unknown function of diplonemids in the oceanic ecosystem.
A Microbial Perspective on the Grand Challenges in Comparative Animal Physiology
Authors: Kohl Kevin D.
Published: March 2018

Interactions with microbial communities can have profound influences on animal physiology, thereby impacting animal performance and fitness. Therefore, it is important to understand the diversity and nature of host-microbe interactions in various animal groups (invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).
Computational Genomics of Specialized Metabolism: from Natural Product Discovery to Microbiome Ecology
Authors: Medema Marnix H.
Published: March 2018

Microbial and plant specialized metabolites, also known as natural products, are key mediators of microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions and constitute a rich resource for drug development. In the past decade, genome mining has emerged as a prominent strategy for natural product discovery.