bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation of ectomycorrhizal colonisation in Norway spruce seedlings in Finnish forest nurseries
Authors: Flykt Enni , Timonen Sari , Pennanen Taina
Published: March 2014

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) colonisation patterns and seedling growth of containerised spruce seedlings were studied in five typical Finnish forest nurseries by morphotyping and molecular characterisation. ECM colonisation degree of 1-year-old spruce seedlings was below 20% in all studied Finnish forest nurseries. In 2-year-old spruce seedlings the ECM colonisation degree was ca. 50â60% in three of the nurseries, but negligible in others. The ECM fungal species richness varied from 0.1 to 3.8 types per seedling. Altogether seven ECM morphotypes were distinguished. The clearest factors associated with ECM colonisation patterns were nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisation. Particularly fertilisation in the early stage of seedling development appeared to diminish the degree of colonisation and species richness of ECM fungi. Root/shoot ratio was positively correlated with high colonisation degree and species richness of ECM fungi. Higher fertilisation inputs in these overall fertilisation levels did not increase the size of the seedlings. According to these results moderate fertilisation levels particularly in the beginning of seedling cultivation are critical for generating higher root/shoot ratios and sufficient ECM colonisation degree of the roots.
Crown envelope shape measurements and models
Authors: Rautiainen Miina , Mõttus Matti , Stenberg Pauline , Ervasti Sanna
Published: March 2014

This paper addresses tree crown envelope shape modeling from the perspective of optical passive remote sensing. The aims are 1) to review the specific requirements of crown shape models and ground measurement techniques in optical remote sensing, and 2) to present preliminary results from empirical, parametric crown shape and volume modeling of Scots pine and Norway spruce applicable in Finland. Results indicated that the basic dimensions (maximum radius, its height and crown length) of tree crowns were better predicted for pines, but the profile shape of the upper part of the crowns varied more than in spruce. Pine crowns were also slightly less concave than spruce crowns. No regularities were observed concerning the lower part of the crowns. The asymmetry of crowns increased as a function of tree age for both species, spruce crowns being more asymmetric than pine crowns. A comparison of measured crown volume with several simple geometrical crown shape envelopes showed that using a cone as a crown shape model for Scots pine and Norway spruce underestimates crown volume most severely. Other crown envelope shape models (e.g. ellipsoids) rendered crown volumes closer to the measured volume and did not differ considerably from each other.
Time consumption of planting after partial harvests
Authors: Granhus Aksel , Fjeld Dag
Published: March 2014

Partial harvesting combined with underplanting may be a means to reduce the risk of regeneration failure when e.g. unfavourable microclimatic conditions or severe damage by bark-feeding insects may be expected after clear-cutting, and to maintain or establish certain stand structures or tree species mixture. In this study, we performed time studies of manual planting with and without prior site preparation (patch scarification, inverting) in partially harvested stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). The harvest treatments included basal area removals of approx. 35, 45, and 55%, and a patch clear-cut treatment that was assumed to provide the same conditions for planting as conventional clear-cutting. Site preparation had a much larger influence on time consumption plant (main time) than the harvest treatment. The lowest time consumption was found with inverting and the highest without site preparation. The time spent on walking between planting spots increased with decreasing harvest intensity, reflecting a lower density of planted seedlings in the partially harvested stands. A corresponding increase in main time per plant only occurred after site preparation, since the time spent on clearing the planting spot (removal of logging residue and humus) on untreated plots was higher at the higher harvest strengths. The variation in time consumption attributed to the six replicate stands was large and mainly due to the difference among stands planted by different workers.â1
Vendor managed inventory in wood processing industries – a case study
Authors: Gronalt Manfred , Rauch Peter
Published: March 2014

Solid structure timber (SST) is an important building material in the wood construction business, in which its production volume is largely related to that respective business. Due to the large variability in the demand and seasonal factors, SST producersâ inventories are likely to be simultaneously overstocked for one type of timber and out of stock of another. An inventory policy that ensures a high service level and relatively low stocks is required. In the present paper, we propose the vendor managed inventory (VMI) approach for controlling the stock of deals that are produced at a sawmill and delivered as raw material for SST-production. We evaluate two VMI implementations against the actual inventory management for three different market scenarios. Furthermore, we layout the necessities for reconfiguring the business processes, and subsequently set up an organisational framework within VMI, which is indeed applicable in this segment of the woodworking industry. In our application background, VMI as an inventory control system is able to reduce the overall raw material stock by more than 37% by simultaneously increasing the SST service level.
Effect of logging on the threatened epiphytic lichen Usnea longissima: a comparative and retrospective approach
Authors: Storaunet Ken , Rolstad Jørund , Toeneiet Målfrid , Rolstad Erlend
Published: March 2014

Usnea longissima is a conspicuous circumboreal âbeard lichenâ draping tree canopies in moist coastal and mountainous forests. It is extirpated in many European and North-American localities, presumably due to industrial forestry and air pollution, but still has a stronghold in parts of Scandinavia and U.S. and Canadian Pacific Northwest. Using a retrospective approach, we reconstructed the stand histories in 24 plots (0.1 ha) of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) forest stands in Lillehammer, Norway, of which 21 was selected due to the presence of U. longissima. Number of trees with U. longissima present within plots varied from 4 to 37 and number of visible thalli from 12 to 469. The detailed stand reconstructions were done by means of tree-ring analysis of 517 living trees and the size and decay stage of 1423 stumps from logging and 467 dead trees. Total harvested volume during the last 100 years ranged 100â370 mha (representing 40â350% of the present-day standing volume), and present amount of dead wood ranged 2â87 mha (1.0â37% of the standing volume). All stands had been selectively logged 2â4 times during the last 100 years, of which 5 stands almost to a clearcut appearance. We used a variety of present-day and historic forest structural variables, both at the scale of study plots and individual trees, to predict the occurrence and abundance of U. longissima. Although most forest stand variables failed in this respect, there were indications of a certain negative influence of the historic logging activity. Number of thalli present on trees showed a unimodal relationship to present-day tree density, indicating that medium dense forest stands are most favorable for U. longissima. We tentatively suggest that selective logging, securing lichen-rich trees, may be a viable management option to keep tree density at a moderate level in the long run, thereby enhancing growth and establishment of U. longissima.3â13â1
The Construction of the Coarse de Rham Complexes with Improved Approximation Properties
Authors: Lashuk Ilya V. , Vassilevski Panayot S.
Published: March 2014

We present two novel coarse spaces (H1
- and

H
(
curl
)

$H(\operatorname{curl})$

-conforming) based on element agglomeration on unstructured tetrahedral meshes. Each H1
-conforming coarse basis function is
continuous and piecewise-linear with respect to an original tetrahedral mesh. The

H
(
curl
)

$H(\operatorname{curl})$

-conforming coarse space is a subspace of the lowest order Nédélec space of the first type. The H1
-conforming coarse space exactly interpolates affine functions on each agglomerate. The

H
(
curl
)

$H(\operatorname{curl})$

-conforming coarse space exactly interpolates vector constants on each agglomerate. Combined with the

H
(
div
)

$H(\operatorname{div})$

- and L2
-conforming spaces developed previously in
[Numer. Linear Algebra Appl. 19 (2012), 414–426], the newly
constructed coarse spaces form a sequence (with respect to exterior derivatives) which is exact
as long as the underlying sequence of fine-grid spaces is exact. The constructed coarse spaces inherit the approximation and stability properties of the underlying fine-grid spaces supported by our numerical experiments. The new coarse spaces, in addition to multigrid, can be used for upscaling of broad range of PDEs involving

curl

$\operatorname{curl}$

,

div

$\operatorname{div}$

and

grad

$\operatorname{grad}$

differential operators.
Machining Parameters Evaluation During a Wet, Lubricated, and Air-cooled Turning Process
Authors: Botsaris Pantelis N. , Ntantis Efstratios L.
Published: March 2014

In this paper, there is an attempt to derive an observation and study of specific machining parameters after turning process of a DIN 34CrNiMo6 nickel-chromium stainless steel in a conventional center (lathe). The machining parameters concerned are the temperatures developed on cutting tools and the workpiece, the surface roughness of the workpiece after process, the level of vibrations of cutting tool, the noise levels of the process, and the current of the lathe motor. Four different experimental scenarios completed namely wet, dry and air-cooled process. An optimally designed sensor network installed to monitor and record the measurements of the examined machining parameters. The experimental data considered for examination with statistical analysis of developed charts which presented interesting research findings. In dry cutting, the machining temperatures and the amount of removed material, observed with the highest values among other experimental scenarios. The surface roughness found its smallest value after the end of the lubricated cutting and the machining process with minimum vibrations observed during the operation of the Airgun. However, the study also brought out an interesting and useful observation for future consideration in the area of a Life Cycle Assessment. The chips taken at the end of experimental scenarios will be used for an LCA analysis in relation to the initial material and machining process. This will give an opportunity of an interesting approach that can be applied to assess the environmental impacts throughout a product's life cycle.
The Impact of Non-Electrolyte Impurities on the Nucleation Rate of Ice Ih
Authors: Türkmen I. R. , Baumgärtel H.
Published: March 2014

The nucleation rates of binary mixtures of water with dioxane,
glycole, ethanol, i-propanol and urea have been investigated. Already
at very low molar fraction (x = 0.002) of the additives a considerable
decrease of the nucleation rates has been observed.

With increasing concentration of dioxane (x = 0.04 − 0.477) a strong
decrease of the nucleation temperature related to the nucleation rate
J = E6 −− E7 cm
–3 s
–1 has been observed; the
maximum supercooling of 52.9 ℃ has been observed at
x
dioxane = 0.363.

The results of our experiments are in line with the correlated
percolation model and with the interstitial model of liquid water.
Novel and Unique Matrix Design for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering
Authors: Dorcemus Deborah L. , Nukavarapu Syam P.
Published: March 2014

Osteochondral (OC) tissue is comprised of articular cartilage, the subchondral bone and the central cartilage-bone interface. To facilitate proper regeneration, an equally complex and multiphasic matrix must be used. Although mono-phasic and bi-phasic matrices were previously applied, they failed to establish the OC interface upon regeneration. In this study, we designed and developed a novel matrix with increasing pore volume from one end to other, along the matrix length. For this matrix polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) 85:15 microspheres were combined with a water-soluble porogen in a layer-by-layer fashion and thermally sintered. The resulting matrix was then porogen-leached to form a gradiently-porous structured matrix. The formation of this gradient pore structure was established using Micro-Computed Tomography (μCT) scanning. A biodegradable hydrogel was infiltrated into the structure to form a unique OC matrix where the microsphere and hydrogel phases co-exist with opposing gradients. When the individual phases are associated with osteogenic and chondrogenic growth factors, the structureinduced factor delivery might provide the spatially controlled factor delivery necessary to regenerate osteochondral tissue structure. Overall, we designed a gradient matrix system that is expected to support osteochondral tissue engineering while forming a seamless interface between the cartilage and the bone matrix.
Development of hydroxyapatite-mediated synthesis of collagen-based copolymers for application as bio scaffolds in bone regeneration
Authors: Bhuiyan Didarul , Middleton John , Tannenbaum Rina
Published: March 2014

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is a biocompatible bio-ceramic whose structure and composition is similar to bone. However, its lack of strength and toughness have seriously hampered its applications as a bone graft substitute material. Attempts have been made to overcome these mechanical properties deficiencies by combining HAP bioceramic material with absorbable polymers in order to improve its mechanical properties. However, poor interfacial bonding between the HAP and the polymers has limited the benefits of such biocomposite structures. At the other end of the biomaterials spectrum is collagen, which constitutes the most abundant proteins in the body and exhibits properties such as biodegradability, bioadsorbability with low antigenicity, high affinity to water, and the ability to interact with cells through integrin recognition. These favorable properties renders collagen as a natural candidate for the modification and compatibilization of the polymer-HAP biocomposite. In this study, we developed a novel approach to the synthesis of a potential bone graft material, where the HAP moiety acts not only as a bioceramic filler, but also constitutes the initiator surface that promotes the in-situ polymerization of the adsorbable polymer of choice. The synthesis of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) polymer was catalyzed by nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAP) particles and upon reaction completion, the biocomposite material was tethered with collagen. The synthesis was monitored by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopies and the products after each step were characterized by thermal analysis to probe both thermal stability, morphological integrity and mechanical properties.
Piezoresistor Sensor Fabrication by Direct Laser Writing on Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon
Authors: Alpuim P. , Cerqueira M.F. , Junior G. , Gaspar J. , Borme J.
Published: March 2014

In this paper we report on the 532 nm Nd:YAG laser-induced crystallization of 10 nm thick boron-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films deposited on flexible polyimide and on rigid oxidized silicon wafers by hot-wire or by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The dark conductivity increased from ∼10-7 Ω-1cm-1, in the as-deposited films, to ∼10 and 50 Ω-1cm-1 after laser irradiation, on rigid and flexible substrates, respectively. Depending on type of substrate, laser power and fluence, a Raman crystalline fraction between 55 and 90 % was measured in HWCVD films, which was higher than observed in rf-PECVD films (35-55 %). Crystallite size remained small in all cases, in the range 6-8 nm. Due to a very high conductivity contrast (>7 orders of magnitude) between amorphous and crystallized regions, it was possible to define conductive paths in the a-Si:H matrix, by mounting the sample on a X-Y software-controlled movable stage under the laser beam, with no need for the usual lithography steps. The resistors scribed by direct laser writing had piezoresistive properties, with positive gauge factor ∼1. The details of the laser interaction process with the Si film were revealed by scanning electron microscopy imaging.
Optical Properties and van der Waals-London Dispersion Interactions in Inorganic and Biomolecular Assemblies
Authors: Dryden Daniel M. , Ma Yingfang , Schimelman Jacob , Acosta Diana , Liu Lijia , Akkus Ozan , Younesi Mousa , Anowarul Islam , Denoyer Linda K. , Ching Wai-Yim , Podgornik Rudolf , Parsegian V. Adrian , Steinmetz Nicole F. , French Roger H.
Published: March 2014

The optical properties and electronic structure of AlPO4, SiO2, Type I collagen, and DNA were examined to gain insight into the van der Waals-London dispersion behavior of these materials. Interband optical properties of AlPO4 and SiO2 were derived from vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry, and showed a strong dependence on the crystals’ constituent tetrahedral units, with strong implications for the role of phosphate groups in biological materials. The UV-Vis decadic molar absorption of four DNA oligonucleotides was measured, and showed a strong dependence on composition and stacking sequence. A film of Type I collagen was studied using spectroscopic ellipsometry, and showed a characteristic shoulder in the fundamental absorption edge at 6.05 eV. Ab initio calculations based on density functional theory corroborated the experimental results and provided further insights into the electronic structures, interband transitions and vdW-Ld interaction potentials for these materials.
Relação entre inovação e qualidade da orientação do serviço de saúde para atenção primária
Authors: Nodari Cristine Hermann , Olea Pelayo Munhoz , Dorion Eric Charles Henri
Published: March 2014

A inovação desempenha um diferencial na resposta às necessidades globais de saúde, pois representa a mudança que incita a evolução das organizações e conduz à maior eficiência de seus processos por meio da alocação apropriada de recursos. O artigo tem como contribuição destacar em nível acadêmico o debate sobre a qualidade de serviços, as ações de saúde e a inovação, estimulando a compreensão das relações entre eles. Em nível organizacional, a contribuição apresenta um diagnóstico local da inovação no contexto das ações de atenção à saúde, demonstrado pela relação das variáveis a serem gerenciadas, para o desenvolvimento adequado dos recursos sanitários locais e a promoção da qualidade de vida para a população adscrita.
Fatores determinantes em processos de transferência de conhecimentos: um estudo de caso na Embrapa Milho e Sorgo e firmas licenciadas
Authors: Castro José Márcio de , Diniz Daniela Martins , Duarte Roberto Gonzalez , Dressler Marcelo , Carvalho Rodrigo Baroni de
Published: March 2014

A literatura sobre transferência de conhecimento tem privilegiado uma perspectiva unidimensional na análise de fatores que influenciam esse processo. Argumenta-se, neste artigo, que diferentes fatores relativos tanto ao contexto relacional quanto ao contexto organizacional influenciam o processo de transferência de conhecimento entre organizações. A fim de analisar a influência desses fatores no processo de transferência de conhecimento, realizou-se um estudo de caso qualitativo na Embrapa Milho e Sorgo. Os resultados mostram que fatores do contexto relacional, tal como a baixa conexão e integração entre as organizações (fonte e receptora), e fatores do contexto organizacional, tais como a baixa capacidade absortiva da receptora e a baixa motivação (aprender e ensinar) das duas partes (fonte e receptora), afetam negativamente o processo de transferência de conhecimento.
Análise da contribuição do Programa Bolsa Família para o enfrentamento da pobreza e a autonomia dos sujeitos beneficiários
Authors: Testa Maurício Gregianin , Fronza Paula , Petrini Maira , Prates Jane Cruz
Published: March 2014

Esta pesquisa reflete sobre a contribuição do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) para o enfrentamento da pobreza e uma maior autonomia dos sujeitos beneficiários. Foram coletados dados quantitativos com 103 famílias beneficiárias, complementados com entrevistas qualitativas com profissionais e famílias. Entre as formas de privação (educação, saúde, trabalho e renda etc.), a educação mostrou-se o aspecto de privação que obteve os melhores resultados na percepção das famílias na busca da autonomia. A participação em atividades de apoio social tem efeito direto na percepção de melhoria da situação da família; entretanto, a participação das famílias mostrou-se incipiente. Essas atividades contribuem para o desenvolvimento da autonomia e podem ser compreendidas como o principal mecanismo do programa para as pessoas encontrarem as "portas de saída".
A reforma gerencial do orçamento brasileiro: em busca de múltiplos significados
Authors: Barcelos Carlos Leonardo Klein , Calmon Paulo Carlos Du Pin
Published: March 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho é examinar o processo decisório que culminou na reforma gerencial do orçamento brasileiro (RGO), ocorrida em 2000. Com base na estrutura narrativa - uma técnica desenvolvida por Barzelay e colaboradores (2001) -, são organizados os principais eventos da RGO, a fim de interpretá-los de acordo com o quadro referencial proposto por Allison e Zelikow (1999), que preconizam a existência de três paradigmas, ou "modelos", na análise do processo decisório governamental: o Modelo do Ator Racional (Modelo I), o Modelo do Comportamento Organizacional (Modelo II) e o Modelo da Política Burocrática (Modelo III). Este estudo de caso sugere que o exame do processo decisório do setor público brasileiro, a partir de modelos multiparadigmáticos, fornece uma perspectiva mais rica e mais abrangente dos fatores condicionantes da tomada de decisão e da mudança institucional no governo.
Contratações sustentáveis na administração pública brasileira: a experiência do Poder Executivo federal
Authors: Alencastro Maria Alice Cruz , Silva Edson Vicente da , Lopes Ana Maria D'Ávila
Published: March 2014

A ampliação dos debates sobre os impactos ambientais decorrentes dos padrões de consumo da sociedade industrial levou à percepção do Estado como um expressivo consumidor de bens e serviços. Nesse sentido, diversos países passaram a adotar diretrizes e metodologias para inserir critérios de sustentabilidade em suas licitações, prática que ficou conhecida como contratação pública sustentável (CPS). Assim, este estudo objetiva analisar a implementação da CPS no âmbito do Poder Executivo federal brasileiro, considerando os objetivos que orientam esse processo, as normas de cumprimento obrigatório, suas potencialidades e limitações.
Contribution for the teaching of natural sciences: Mapuche and school knowledge
Authors: Quintriqueo M. Segundo , Quilaqueo R. Daniel , Torres Héctor
Published: March 2014

Within the context of Mapuche families and communities, this paper focuses on the relationship between knowledge and educational methods in teaching the natural sciences. It aims to identify educational methods that have been forged and re-forged in connection with the social, cultural, political, economical and spiritual development experienced by Mapuche communities. Our educational research methodology is based on a qualitative approach in order to unveil the subjective and inter-subjective dimensions that characterize the subjects' educational knowledge in their life context. Our fieldwork has been carried out from a sample of interviews conducted with Mapuche wise men (sabios) living in the Araucanía. The results of the study are divided in four categories: 1) Relationship towards the natural environment; 2) Knowledge regarding living beings; 3) Küyen cycle (phases of the Moon); and finally, 4) Healthy lifestyle. The collected data have allowed us to link different contents (conceptual, practical and attitudinal) underlying the proper Mapuche educational methods to underline their rationalities with reference to core knowledge. Thus, we want to make a case for an epistemological basis substantiating the teaching of natural sciences in relation to Mapuche knowledge. This will allow us to contextualize natural science teaching within the framework of an intercultural educational approach. By doing so, we aim to establish an intellectual dialogue in a context of interethnic and intercultural relationships.
¿Qué puede aportar la semiótica triádica al estudio de la comunicación mediática?
Authors: Andacht Fernando
Published: March 2014

El texto se pregunta por la pertinencia del modelo triádico de significación o semiótica desarrollado por C.S. Peirce para el estudio de la comunicación mediática. El fin es demostrar su aplicabilidad analítica mediante la consideración de algunos estudios mediáticos contemporáneos, y de una breve discusión de un formato televisivo, el reality show, a modo de ilustración. En relación a todos esos casos, se argumenta que el uso del principio no dualista semiótico y la relación lógica de los tres elementos que componen el signo y que explican su acción poseen un poder explicativo y generalizador. Un término tan común pero de dudoso origen científico del punto de vista epistemológico, la audiencia (mediática), adquiere considerable valor heurístico desde la perspectiva semiótica. Otro aporte de la semiótica es superar una dicotomía resistente y poco productiva como la de lo pasivo/activo en el análisis de la relación medios/sociedad.
Vilèm Flusser: crítica estética e imagen tecno-visuals
Authors: Echeto Víctor Silva
Published: March 2014

El giro estético de la ilustración se debe, fundamentalmente, a Kant y a Hegel. En ese contexto, el concepto de imagen visual emerge, atrapando al arte en las redes estéticas. La modernidad, en esa época, adquiere toda su madurez y habilita un giro, en la filosofía, occidental, que estetiza la razón. Radicalizado el giro, en el llamado postestructuralismo, es Vilém Flusser, quien, desde su nomadismo e indisciplinamiento, plantea una radical crítica al pensamiento hegeliano, desde "la imagen técnica" como "elogio de la superficialidad", o, en nuestro parecer, "teoría de la pantalla". Los intermedios y posteriores planteamientos críticos en crisis, deconstructivos, fundamentalmente, en el caso de Derrida, desestabilizan y tensionan, el planteamiento estético, desde los márgenes (párergon) y la interrogante por "la verdad" de lo visual. La postestética, tanto en Badiou como en Rancière, se pregunta en un caso (Badiou) por lo inestético y, en el otro (Rancière), por el reparto de lo sensible. El presente texto, analiza, desde la crítica a la estética, tanto en Kant como en Hegel, el giro visual en Flusser, la deconstrucción y el giro de los llamados postalthusserianos (Badiou y Rancière), y la implicancia de la imagen técnica que, desde lo superficial y lo profundo, permiten delinear los trazos de una teoría de la pantalla.
A sonata de Bresson
Authors: Alvim Luíza
Published: March 2014

O cineasta francês Robert Bresson utilizou a música com bastante parcimônia em seus filmes, fazendo, muitas vezes, uma seleção de pequenos trechos de música clássica preexistente. Tal é o caso de A grande testemunha (1966), em que podemos fazer analogias entre a maneira como os trechos da sonata D969 de Schubert são organizados no filme e as formas musicais da sonata original. Enfatizaremos, então, o bitematismo musical associado aos protagonistas Balthazar e Marie, a alternância dos trechos, além de considerarmos os aspectos comuns ao filme e à obra de Schubert, como a presença da natureza e a morte.
O paradigma 'Jornalismo Digital em Base de Dados': modos de narrar, formatos e visualização para conteúdos
Authors: Barbosa Suzana Oliveira , Torres Vitor
Published: March 2014

Neste artigo, retomamos formulações anteriores acerca do Paradigma Jornalismo Digital em Base de Dados (JDBD) para refletir sobre sua preponderância crescente, apontando extensões para o modelo no jornalismo contemporâneo. Uma das mais visíveis e sobre a qual nos centramos é o que se vem chamando Jornalismo Guiado por Dados, considerada aqui uma das vertentes do JDBD, pois está no escopo de abrangência do seu conceito. A partir do referencial teórico e do mapeamento de exemplos empíricos, inferimos que as novas extensões do JDBD materializam, principalmente, modos de narrar, de compor as peças informativas, de formatos variados para os conteúdos, bem como para apresentação das informações jornalísticas. Assim, é possível indicar a conformação de hipernarrativas ou narrativas interativas dinâmicas, de cariz complexo, também afinadas com o que se denomina estética base de dados.
Deleuze, Bergson, Bachelard et Bazin,les ambigüités entre phénoménologie et sémiotique pour une théorie du temps filmique
Authors: Barbosa Lenice Pereira
Published: March 2014

ce texte est né de la nécessité de structurer théoriquement ce qui, selon une approche empirique, est une évidence: aborder les considérations d'André Bazin et de Gilles Deleuze concernant le temps cinématographique à travers un point de vue phénoménologique. Ceci pourrait, bien évidemment, entrainer un « chassé-croisé » théorique entre Sémiotique et Phénoménologie qui se neutraliseraient les unes les autres sans apporter de changements par rapport à la perception chromatique du temps. L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'élargir le sens attribué à l'élément couleur au cinéma et de mettre en exergue le rapport entre les manifestations chromatiques et la perception du temps. À partir de ces points, il est également possible de considérer le principe multi - disciplinaire que ces éléments nous imposent, inspiré par l'évidence de la continuité-discontinuité qui, en tout cas au cinéma, n'est pas nécessairement un dilemme. Ainsi, il s'agit de faire coexister dans une approche phénoménologique certaines conceptions de Bergson et de Bachelard concernant la perception du temps.
Antibacterial evaluation of Styrax pohlii and isolated compounds
Authors: Bertanha Camila Spereta , Utrera Susane Hellen , Gimenez Valéria Maria Melleiro , Groppo Milton , Silva Márcio Luis Andrade e , Cunha Wilson Roberto , Martins Carlos Henrique Gomes , Januário Ana Helena , Pauletti Patrícia Mendonça
Published: March 2014

The antibacterial activity of the compounds egonol (1) and homoegonol (2), of the crude ethanolic extract of Styrax pohlii (Styracaceae) aerial parts (EE), and of its n-hexane (HF), EtOAc (EF), n-BuOH (BF), and hydromethanolic (HMF) fractions was evaluated against the following microorganisms: Streptococcus pneumoniae (ATCC 6305), S. pyogenes (ATCC 19615), Haemophilus influenzae (ATCC 10211), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 10031). The broth microdilution method was used for determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) during preliminary evaluation of antibacterial activity. The EE yielded MIC values of 400 µg/mL for S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa and 300 µg/mL for H. influenzae. The HF and EF fractions exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 200 µg/mL against S. pneumoniae, but only EF displayed activity against H. influenzae (MIC 200 µg/mL). The best MIC value with compounds 1 and 2 (400 µg/mL) was obtained for (1) against S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa. Therefore, 1 exhibited weak antibacterial activity against these standard strains.
Characterization and evaluation of acid-modified starch of Dioscorea oppositifolia (Chinese yam) as a binder in chloroquine phosphate tablets
Authors: Okunlola Adenike , Akingbala Oluwatomi
Published: March 2014

Chinese yam (Dioscorea oppositifolia) starch modified by acid hydrolysis was characterized and compared with native starch as a binder in chloroquine phosphate tablet formulations. The physicochemical and compressional properties (using density measurements and the Heckel and Kawakita equations) of modified Chinese yam starch were determined, and its quantitative effects as a binder on the mechanical and release properties of chloroquine phosphate were analyzed using a 2³ full factorial design. The nature (X1), concentration of starch (X2) and packing fraction (X3) were taken as independent variables and the crushing strength-friability ratio (CSFR), disintegration time (DT) and dissolution time (t80) as dependent variables. Acid-modified Chinese yam starch showed a marked reduction (p<0.05) in amylose content and viscosity but increased swelling and water-binding properties. The modified starch had a faster onset and greater amount of plastic flow. Changing the binder from native to acid-modified form led to significant increases (p<0.05) in CSFR and DT but a decrease in t80. An increase in binder concentration and packing fraction gave similar results for CSFR and DT only. These results suggest that acid-modified Chinese yam starches may be useful as tablet binders when high bond strength and fast dissolution are required.
Development, characterization and antioxidant activity of polysorbate based O/W emulsion containing polyphenols derived from Hippophae rhamnoides and Cassia fistula
Authors: Khan Barkat Ali , Akhtar Naveed , Khan Haroon , Braga Valdir de Andrade
Published: March 2014

The objective of this study was to develop a pharmaceutical O/W emulsion containing plant-derived polyphenol extracts and evaluate its stability and antioxidant activity. O/W emulsions were prepared using ionic surfactant polysorbate 80 (Tween 80®). The odorwas adjusted with few drops of blue sea fragrance. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts alone and emulsions containing these extracts. Physical stability was assessed by submitting the emulsions to storage at 8 ºC, 25 ºC, 40 ºC and 40 ºC + 70% RH (relative humidity) for two months. Various physical characteristics of emulsions monitored, include color, creaming, liquefaction, centrifugation and pH. Brookfield rotational rheometer was used to determined viscosities and rheological behavior of emulsions. Different types of emulsion were determined microscopically, while pH values of emulsions were measured by a pH meter. Electrical conductivity data confirmed that the outer phase was water. Samples presented an acceptable pH value for an external topical use. Shear thinning behaviour was observed for all emulsions. The polyphenol-rich-plant-derived extracts alone and the extract containing emulsions showed good antioxidant activities. This research confirmed that the method used was suitable for preparing emulsions with Hippophae rhamnoids and Cassia fistula extracts, suggesting that those emulsions are suitable for topical use.
Formulation and evaluation of carvedilol microcapsules using Eudragit NE30D and sodium alginate
Authors: Bal Trishna , Sengupta Shubhranshu , Murthy Padala Narasimha
Published: March 2014

Inclusion complexes of carvedilol(CR) with hydroxyl propyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) was prepared using co-grinding technique. Then, the inclusion complex was microencapsulated using combinations of Eudragit NE30D (EU) and sodium alginate (SA) utilizing orifice gelation technique. The formulations were analysed by using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and also evaluated for particle size, encapsulation efficiency, production yield, swelling capacity, mucoadhesive properties, zeta potential and drug release. The microcapsules were smooth and showed no visible cracks and extended drug release of 55.2006% up to 12 hours in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8, showing particle size within the range of 264.5-358.5 µm, and encapsulation efficiency of 99.337±0.0100-66.2753±0.0014%.The in vitro release data of optimized batch of microcapsules were plotted in various kinetic equations to understand the mechanisms and kinetics of drug release, which followed first order kinetics, value of "n" is calculated to be 0.459 and drug release was diffusion controlled. The mice were fed with diet for inducing high blood pressure and the in vivo antihypertensive activity of formulations was carried out administering the optimized formulations and pure drug separately by oral feeding and measured by B.P Monwin IITC Life Science instrument and the results indicated that the bioavailability of carvedilol was increased both in vitro and in vivo with the mucoadhesive polymers showing primary role in retarding the drug release.
Infrastructure routemap: reflections on the first year
Authors: Sandham Rachel , Bower Denise , Madter Nancy
Published: March 2014

The UK government’s ‘infrastructure procurement routemap’ was launched in January 2013. It has now been applied to a range of projects and, following consultation, is being re-launched as the ‘infrastructure routemap’. It promises to enable public and private infrastructure providers to improve delivery and save money. The authors reflect on its impact to date and consider its relevance to more intelligent asset management.
Anthropogenic effects on activity patterns of wildlife at crossing structures
Authors: Barrueto Mirjam , Ford Adam T. , Clevenger Anthony P.
Published: March 2014

Despite the popular perception of protected areas as vestiges of remnant wilderness, the behavior and activity patterns of wildlife in these areas are still subject to many forms of anthropogenic disturbances, such as roads, recreation and resource extraction. In Banff National Park, Alberta, efforts to mitigate the effects of roads on wildlife using wildlife crossing structures (WC) have been successful for a number of large mammal species, when measured as a reduction in mortality from vehicle collisions or the restoration of population connectivity; however, a comprehensive view of mitigation success should also account for the restoration of animal behavior and activity patterns. We evaluated the general hypothesis that existing WC have mitigated the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on wildlife activity, and predicted that the activity patterns of wildlife at WC should be similar to those in areas characterized by little or no human disturbance. We collected data from a long‐term monitoring program of activity patterns, in an assemblage of large mammal species, using a network of camera traps throughout Banff National Park. We quantified the inter‐ and intra‐specific overlap of diel activity patterns at 39 engineered wildlife crossings, varying in design (e.g., over and underpasses) and age. We compared activity at WC to baseline conditions at 126 backcountry sites (BC). In general, activity patterns at WC were found to closely match those at BC. Of the eight species we examined, only elk and coyotes showed significantly different peaks in activity. Activity between WC depended on the time of day, the amount of human use and age of the crossing structure; however, the impact of these factors varied among carnivores and ungulates. Our work demonstrates that the impact of people on wildlife activity at WC is highly context dependent and that the restoration of native patterns of activity within protected areas will require management of human activity, even in relatively remote areas.
Ethics and Obesity Prevention: Ethical Considerations in 3 Approaches to Reducing Consumption of Sugar-Sweetened Beverages
Authors: Kass Nancy , Hecht Kenneth , Paul Amy , Birnbach Kerry
Published: March 2014

Obesity and overweight prevalence soared to unprecedented levels in the United States, with 1 in 3 adults and 1 in 6 children currently categorized as obese. Although many approaches have been taken to encourage individual behavior change, policies increasingly attempt to modify environments to have a more positive influence on individuals’ food and drink choices.

Several policy proposals target sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), consumption of which has become the largest contributor to Americans' caloric intake. Yet proposals have been criticized for unduly inhibiting choice, being overly paternalistic, and stigmatizing low-income populations.

We explored the ethical acceptability of 3 approaches to reduce SSB consumption: restricting sale of SSBs in public schools, levying significant taxes on SSBs, and prohibiting the use of Supplemental Nutrition and Assistance Program (formerly food stamps) benefits for SSB purchases.
Association Between Social Network Communities and Health Behavior: An Observational Sociocentric Network Study of Latrine Ownership in Rural India
Authors: Shakya Holly B. , Christakis Nicholas A. , Fowler James H.
Published: March 2014

Objectives. We identified communities of interconnected people that might serve as normative reference groups for individual-level behavior related to latrine adoption.

Methods. We applied an algorithmic social network method to determine the network community from respondent-reported social ties of 16 403 individuals in 75 villages in rural Karnataka, India; data were collected from 2006 to 2008. We used multilevel modeling to test the association between latrine ownership and community-level and village-level latrine ownership. We also investigated the degree to which network cohesion affected individual latrine ownership.

Results. Three levels of social contacts (direct friends, social network community, and village) significantly predicted individual latrine ownership, but the strongest effect was found at the level of social network communities. In communities with high levels of network cohesion, the likelihood was decreased that any individual would own a latrine; this effect was significant only at lower levels of latrine ownership, suggesting a role for network cohesion in facilitating the nonownership norm.

Conclusions. Although many international health and development interventions target village units, these results raise the possibility that the optimal target for public health interventions may not be determined through geography but through social network interactions.
Confronting the Emerging Epidemic of HCV Infection Among Young Injection Drug Users
Authors: Valdiserri Ronald , Khalsa Jag , Dan Corinna , Holmberg Scott , Zibbell Jon , Holtzman Deborah , Lubran Robert , Compton Wilson
Published: March 2014

Hepatitis C virus infection is a significant public health problem in the United States and an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Recent reports document HCV infection increases among young injection drug users in several US regions, associated with America’s prescription opioid abuse epidemic. Incident HCV infection increases among young injectors who have recently transitioned from oral opioid abuse present an important public health challenge requiring a comprehensive, community-based response. We summarize recommendations from a 2013 Office of HIV/AIDS and Infectious Disease Policy convening of experts in epidemiology, behavioral science, drug prevention and treatment, and other research; community service providers; and federal, state, and local government representatives. Their observations highlight gaps in our surveillance, program, and research portfolios and advocate a syndemic approach to this emerging public health problem.
Primary Prevention of Falls: Effectiveness of a Statewide Program
Authors: Albert Steven M. , King Jennifer , Boudreau Robert , Prasad Tanushree , Lin Chyongchiou J. , Newman Anne B.
Published: March 2014

Objectives. We examined a population-wide program, Pennsylvania’s Healthy Steps for Older Adults (HSOA), designed to reduce the incidence of falls among older adults. Older adults completing HSOA are screened and educated regarding fall risk, and those identified as being at high risk are referred to primary care providers and home safety resources.

Methods. From 2010 to 2011, older adults who completed HSOA at various senior center sites (n = 814) and a comparison group of older adults from the same sites who did not complete the program (n = 1019) were recruited and followed monthly. Although participants were not randomly allocated to study conditions, the 2 groups did not differ in fall risk at baseline or attrition. We used a telephone interactive voice response system to ascertain the number of falls that occurred each month.

Results. In multivariate models, adjusted fall incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were lower in the HSOA group than in the comparison group for both total (IRR = 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72, 0.96) and activity-adjusted (IRR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.70, 0.93) months of follow-up.

Conclusions. Use of existing aging services in primary prevention of falls is feasible, resulting in a 17% reduction in our sample in the rate of falls over the follow-up period.
Health Information Privacy and Health Information Technology in the US Correctional Setting
Authors: Goldstein Melissa M.
Published: March 2014

Electronic health records and electronic health information exchange are essential to improving quality of care, reducing medical errors and health disparities, and advancing the delivery of patient-centered medical care. In the US correctional setting, these goals are critical because of the high numbers of Americans affected, yet the use of health information technology is quite limited.

In this article, I describe the legal environment surrounding health information sharing in corrections by focusing on 2 key federal privacy laws: the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 and the federal Confidentiality of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Patient Records laws.

In addition, I review stakeholder concerns and describe possible ways forward that enable electronic exchange while ensuring protection of inmate information and legal compliance.
Noncommunicable Diseases and Human Rights: A Promising Synergy
Authors: Gruskin Sofia , Ferguson Laura , Tarantola Daniel , Beaglehole Robert
Published: March 2014

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have finally emerged onto the global health and development agenda. Despite the increasingly important role human rights play in other areas of global health, their contribution to NCD prevention and control remains nascent.

The recently adopted Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013–2020 is an important step forward, but the lack of concrete attention to human rights is a missed opportunity.

With practical implications for policy development, priority setting, and strategic design, human rights offer a logical, robust set of norms and standards; define the legal obligations of governments; and provide accountability mechanisms that can be used to enhance current approaches to NCD prevention and control. Harnessing the power of human rights can strengthen action for NCDs at the local, national, and global levels.
Developing Built Environment Programs in Local Health Departments: Lessons Learned From a Nationwide Mentoring Program
Authors: Rube Kate , Veatch Maggie , Huang Katy , Sacks Rachel , Lent Megan , Goldstein Gail P. , Lee Karen K.
Published: March 2014

Local health departments (LHDs) have a key role to play in developing built environment policies and programs to encourage physical activity and combat obesity and related chronic diseases. However, information to guide LHDs’ effective engagement in this arena is lacking. During 2011–2012, the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) facilitated a built environment peer mentoring program for 14 LHDs nationwide. Program objectives included supporting LHDs in their efforts to achieve built environment goals, offering examples from DOHMH’s built environment work to guide LHDs, and building a healthy built environment learning network. We share lessons learned that can guide LHDs in developing successful healthy built environment agendas.