bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping Mass Political Conflict and Civil Society
Authors: Bond Doug , Jenkins J. Craig , Taylor Charles L. , Schock Kurt
Published: March 2007

Mass political conflict is typically examined in terms of violence and in isolation from routine civil interactions. The authors argue that mass conflict is multidimensional and that violence should be treated as an outcome of conflict, as well as a form of action. They define three dimensions of conflict—contentiousness, coerciveness, and change goals—and indices of the civil society that are central to mapping global trends in mass conflict. A strategy for mapping mass conflict and civil interactions using the PANDA protocol to generate highly reliable event data is outlined, and these indices are used to trace two democratic transitions (in Poland and South Korea), a conflict crisis that was repressed (China), and a conflict escalation that flared into a civil war (the former Yugoslavia). Automation has major advantages over human coding in terms of transparency, integration with existing event data series, real-time availability, and long-term maintenance costs. It also opens new ways of thinking about event data and the assessment of reliability.
Competition and Ethnic Conflict
Authors: Dion Douglas
Published: March 2007

One of the most important theories of ethnic conflict focuses on the competition hypothesis: conflict occurs between ethnic groups when they interact more rather than when they are kept separated. If true, this theory implies that attempts at desegregation will necessarily be associated with ethnic conflict and violence. The author presents a formal model that suggests that the apparent competition effect uncovered in the empirical literature may, in fact, be spurious. Ethnic conflict can appear to increase with competition, even in the case where individuals are less likely to attack individuals of other ethnicities than members of their own ethnicity. A consideration of some alterations in the basic model suggests that the result is robust. An exploratory exercise shows that after controlling for the selection bias problems involved in studying ethnic conflict, the predicted competition effects disappear.
Power Parity, Democracy, and the Severity of Internal Violence
Authors: Benson Michelle , Kugler Jacek
Published: March 2007

This study applies insights from the power parity and the democratic peace perspectives to the issue of internal political violence. These two international relations perspectives translate well to the domain of domestic politics. Relative parity of resources between the government and the opposition are shown to lead to higher levels of violence. Democratic countries with highly competitive and participatory institutions are able to mitigate violent conflict within their borders. Efficient governments preserve domestic peace regardless of institutional format. Results of the study suggest that violence is generated by similar changes in both domestic and world politics.
Negotiating the Terms of Settlement
Authors: Werner Suzanne
Published: March 2007

How do we explain the wide variation in the terms of settlement that end wars? One possibility is that the terms of settlement merely reflect the belligerents' original aims. A second possibility is that the final terms arise out of negotiations to terminate the war and reflect each side's evaluation of the costs and political risks of continuing the war. The author tests hypotheses derived from both perspectives using ordered logit regression in the period 1816-1980. The results generally support both the aims and the bargaining hypotheses. In contrast, the author finds that the belligerents' regime type does not affect the final terms. The author concludes that belligerents generally use the bargaining leverage they have to demand as much as possible and to concede as little as possible, but their original aims can affect their bargaining leverage by increasing the political risks of continuing the war past a certain point.
The Declining Advantages of Democracy
Authors: Bennett Scott D. , Stam Allan C.
Published: March 2007

The authors estimate a dynamic model to assess the effects of democracy on war outcomes and how these effects vary over time. Using quantitative data drawn from interstate wars between 1816 and 1990, the authors demonstrate that the wartime advantages that accrue to democratic states are fleeting. In the short run, democracies are more likely to win than are their autocratic opponents. However, although they are at an apparent disadvantage in short wars, autocracies are far less likely to quit as time passes. This willingness to continue fighting ultimately leads to the result that after roughly 18 months have passed, the advantage passes to the autocrat. Democracies at that point become far more likely than autocratic states to quit and more willing to settle for draws or losses. The authors also find that relationships between war outcomes and a number of control variables such as military-industrial capacity and military strategy vary over time.
Time, Power, and Democratic Transitions
Authors: Swaminathan Siddharth
Published: March 2007

This study explores the impact of shifting power distributions among contending domestic groups on the dynamics of democratic transitions. A timing game is specified to demonstrate the vital influence exerted by relative power distributions on when an opposition is likely to mobilize and when an authoritarian leader is willing to negotiate. The model suggests that democratic transitions occur under conditions of relative power parity between the authoritarian government and the political opposition. The hypothesized relationship is validated empirically on 17 Latin American countries in the period from 1950 to 1990. The study also highlights the factors that affect the peaceful or conflictual nature of a transition process, such as the degree to which domestic opposition groups are dissatisfied with an authoritarian status quo, the risk propensities of political leaders, and the anticipated costs of domestic or civil conflict. The theoretical and empirical results of this study provide several significant insights and substantive implications for explaining as well as anticipating the timing of democratic transitions.
The “Game” of Torture
Authors: Wantchekon Leonard , Healy Andrew
Published: March 2007

The authors explain the prevalence of torture by modeling its institutional structure as a game of incomplete information involving the state, the torturer, and the victim. Once the state endorses torture as a mechanism for extracting information, its will is carried out with positive probability. This is because (a) even a “soft” and “sensitive” state agent might torture the victim to test his or her ability to resist and (b) a weak victim might hold out momentarily to find out whether the torturer is sensitive or “sadistic.” When the state uses torture to intimidate political opposition, all types of torturers will behave sadistically. As a result, torture becomes more widespread and more cruel. The authors explain why a “culture” of individual resistance is the only effective solution to torture.
Self-Regulation Strategies in Achievement Settings
Authors: Kurman Jenny
Published: March 2007

The study investigates culture and gender differences in a specific self-regulation task: choosing a level of difficulty that will maximize achievement. Two hundred psychology students from Singapore and Israel accomplished a computerized anagram-solving task that allowed participants to choose a level of difficulty (25 trials, six difficulty levels). In this task, the number of points given for correct solutions was increased as the difficulty level was raised. Results showed cultural differences in attained scores: Israelis earned more points than Singaporeans. Moreover, women preferred significantly easier tasks, though this preference did not result in a different number of points. Immediate reaction to feedback (success vs. failure) showed a culture by gender interaction. It was suggested that Singaporean women prefer tasks that are too easy, whereas Israeli men prefer tasks that are too difficult. Both these preferences are detrimental to self-regulation efficiency.
The Impact of Team Members’ Cultural Values on Productivity, Cooperation, and Empowerment in Self-Managing Work Teams
Authors: Kirkman Bradley L. , Shapiro Debra L.
Published: March 2007

Using a field survey of 81 self-managing work teams (SMWTs) in Belgium, Finland, the Philippines, and the United States, we examined the extent to which team members’ resistance to SMWTs mediated the relationships between team members’ cultural values and team effectiveness. Specifically, we found that teams higher, rather than lower, in collectivism were also more productive, cooperative, and empowered; and that these relationships were fully mediated by the level of team resistance to the team-related aspect of SMWTs. Also, we found that teams that were more, rather than less, doing-oriented were also more empowered, and that this relationship was fully mediated by the level of team resistance to the self-managing aspect of SMWTs. The findings suggest that it may behoove managers who are charged with implementing SMWTs to pay close attention to the predominant cultural values inherent in the teams they lead. Additional practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
What Tanzanian Secondary School Students Plan to Teach Their Children
Authors: Klingelhofer E. L.
Published: March 2007

The responses of 3,457 Tanzanian secondary school students to the question "If you become a parent, what two things will you try to teach your children?" were analyzed. While the overall distribution of responses was related to the sex and ethnic group membership (Asian or African) of the respondent, the sub-groups did not differ in the striking frequency with which they named obedience or manners as the first goal. The paper attempts to account for the heavy stress placed on this important traditional African element of child rearing by these elite groups and tries to explain the unexpectedly close agreement in the frequency with which the different sex-ethnic sub-groups mention obedience as a primary goal of child training.
Obedience Among Children in an East African Society
Authors: Munroe Robert L. , Munroe Ruth H.
Published: March 2007

Among the world's culture areas, African societies are rated the highest in socialization for compliance. The Kikuyu, a group with typically high compliance training, were tested experimentally for obedience. Eighteen children between five and nine years of age were given two tasks by their own mothers and the same two tasks by another child's mother. Overall obedience was very high, with ten children obeying fully on all tasks. The strongest contrast with previous findings was that, unlike American children, Kikuyu children did not disobey their own mothers more than another child's mother. The strong compliance emphasis was tentatively argued to be a concomitant of the child's participation in the household's economic activities.
Group Membership and Belief Similarity As Determinants of Interpersonal Attraction in Peru
Authors: Bergeron Arthur P. , Zanna Mark P.
Published: March 2007

College students in two universities in Arequipa, Peru, rated target persons differing in terms of group membership and belief similarity on a series of scales designed to measure various aspects of interpersonal attraction. The results indicated that, whereas belief similarity was a reliable determinant of interpersonal attraction, group membership accounted for significantly more variance, even when interpersonal attraction was assessed on dimensions which imply low levels of intimacy. These results were contrasted with those obtained in the United States in connection with the so-called race versus belief controversy. The differences between the two sets of results were attributed to the strong group norms in economically less advanced countries.
A Transnational Comparison of Individual Birth Planning Decisions for Hypothetical Families
Authors: Cvetkovich George T. , Lonner Walter J.
Published: March 2007

College students in West Germany, the Netherlands, India, and the United States made birth-planning "decisions" for forty hypothetical family situations. The situations depicted eight familial characteristics which could be descriptive of families in any country where there is monogamous marriage, where it is expected that the husband (father) should be the major provider, and where the wife (mother) should be chiefly responsible for activities involving the home and children. Comparisons of responses revealed large similarities across national samples in thinking about the family in the abstract. Some irregularities in decisions across samples were also evident. It is suggested that a similarity in thinking regarding family structure may underlie the cultural differences found by earlier crossnational family research.
Interpersonal Perception as a Function of Help-Seeking
Authors: Graf Richard G. , Freer Sofia , Plaizier Paul C.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that people have a less favorable attitude toward individuals who seek help from others than toward those who act in a self-reliant manner. Two sets of four narratives were composed in such a way that they differed only as to the sex of the protagonist. Within eact set, the protagonist was faced with one of two different problems (a stalled car or a crying child) which he solved either by himself or by soliciting the help of another person. Dutch and American subjects rated the protagonist of one of the eight narratives on social desirability, general competence, interpersonal competence, psychological adjustment, and physical attractiveness. Among American subjects, protagonists who did not seek help received higher overall ratings. Among the Dutch sample, protagonists received higher ratings for being self-reliant in the stalled car episode, but were rated less highly for not seeking help when dealing with a crying child.
Direct and Stereotype Cultural Differences
Authors: Stening Bruce W. , Everett J. E.
Published: March 2007

Attitudes towards their work situation are compared for Japanese and Australian managers working in the Australian subsidiaries of Japanese companies. Discriminant analysis is used to establish a "direct" cultural axis, which distinguishes between the two groups' direct perspectives, and a "stereotype" cultural axis, which distinguishes between their stereotypes of the other group's direct perspective. Discrimination rated at 93% is attained on the direct cultural axis, and complete consensus on the stereotype axis. However, it is shown that the direct and stereotype axes are unrelated. The lack of congruence between myth and reality is examined using the item loadings onto the two discriminant axes.
Group Vocal Patterns and Leadership in India
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Dabbs James M.
Published: March 2007

This study was concerned with the effects of language and sex of subjection social and task conversations among university students in India. Each of 20 same-sex 5-person groups, 10 male and 10 female, participated in three 10-minute discussions. The social conversation was in English or Telugu and the two task discussions were in English and Telugu, in counterbalanced order. Results showed more talking and simultaneous speech in Telugu than in English discussions. Although leaders talked more than nonleaders, the correlation was lower than that found in the United States. Analyses suggest that, cross-culturally, leadership is more highly correlated with turns, which consist of both talking and silence, rather than with talking alone.
A Sex Role Inventory with Scales for "Machismo" and "Self-Sacrificing Woman"
Authors: Laracantu Maria Asuncion
Published: March 2007

This article describes the development of a new sex role inventory, the Masculine Feminine Personality Traits Scale, based on Bem's Sex Role Inventory and using Mexican sex role stereotypes: The "machismo" and the "self-sacrificing woman" syndromes. The instrument includes four scales, Assertive Masculinity, Affective Femininity, Aggressive Masculinity, and Submissive Femininity, with 15 items each. Normative data and psychometric characteristics are presented for four samples (N = 1,301): two of university students, one of married couples, and one of workers. Three types of instructions were used when the instrument was presented: self-description, role expectations, and description of partner. Results showed that the scales tend to discriminate the responses of men and women in the expected direction and that the internal consistency of the scales is high. The importance of including these additional scales with the ones that measure "instrumentality" and "nurturance" is discussed.
Depth Picture Percepition in Relation to Cognitive Style and Training in Non-Western Children
Authors: Mshelua Ayuba Yabilar , Lapidus Leah Blumberg
Published: March 2007

The present study tested hypotheses that non-Western subjects' difficulties in judging depth in linear pictures are a function of individual patterns of perceptual organization (operationally defined as cognitive style measured by tests of field dependence/independence), and that training in depth perception tasks or field independence would improve performance in both areas. Nigerian fourth graders (n = 172) were administered depth picture perception tasks and the Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) in a Stratified Random Assignment design. Subjects who were more field-independent scored higher on the depth picture perception test and gained more from training than relatively field-dependent subjects, as predicted. Perceptual training on the pictures generalized to the GEFT. Also, GEFT training resulted in improvements on both depth picture perception and GEFT posttests. Child-rearing practices that may increase field independence and subsequent depth picture are discussed.
Attributions of Academic Success and Failure
Authors: Mizokawa Donald T. , Ryckman David B.
Published: March 2007

Causal attribution research has not systematically varied the levels or units analyzed. Therefore, generalizations are difficult to apply to diverse educational conditions and to members of an aggregated group like the Asian Americans. The present study varied level of analysis by contrasting the causal attributions between two outcomes (success and failure) and between two academic content areas (language arts/social studies and mathematics/science). Unit of analysis varied according to the Asian ethnicity of American students in six distinct groups: Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, and other Southeast Asians. Subjects were 2,511 Asian Americans in grades 4 through 11 who took the Survey of Achievement Responsibility, an attribution scale. A 2 (Success or Failure Outcome) x 2 (Language Arts/Social Studies or Math/Science Content Area) x 6 (Ethnic Group) x 2 (Lunch Subsidy or No Subsidy) analysis of variance with repeated measures revealed that effort more than ability was the attributional choice in explaining academic performance. Content area induced varying attributions, such as the fact that language arts/social studies more than math/science engendered effortful work. The six Asian American groups had distinctive attributional profiles. Complex data patterns demonstrate the need for less generalized motivational descriptions of "Asian Americans" in the aggregate and more specific attention to the unique patterns of each ethnic group.
Boredom in Young Adults
Authors: Sundberg Norman D. , Latkin Carl A. , Farmer Richard F. , Saoud Jihad
Published: March 2007

Little research has been done on boredom within or across cultures. The authors carried out comparisons of college students in Australia, Hong Kong, Lebanon and the United States with the Boredom Proneness (BP) Scale. A principal component analysis of the four samples revealed similar factor loadings and alpha coefficients. An ANOVA among groups showed a significant main effect of culture. A gender effect was also significant. Australian and U.S. samples were similar in their BP levels. Lebanese students, followed by the Hong Kong students, reported the highest amount of boredom proneness. Within all cultural groups males scored higher than females and significantly so in the United States and Australia. We identified 15 items that were transcultural in that they loaded on the first factor in all samples. Boredom proneness was found to share about half of its elements across cultures, leaving about half culturally specific. The authors explored the reasons for cultural and gender differences and pointed to directions for further research on this little investigated emotional condition.
Acculturation and Perceived Intergenerational Differences among Hmong Youth
Authors: Rick Kathryn , Forward John
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between level of acculturation and perceived intergenerational differences for 29 high school students from Hmong refugee families. Students perceived themselves to be more acculturated than their parents. Higher acculturation was associated with higher perceived intergenerational differences. This association depended on the number of years students had spent in U.S. schools. Greater acculturation of traditional behavior, family relationships, and decision making was also associated with increasing perceived intergenerational differences.
Causal Attributions for College Success and Failure
Authors: Yan Wenfan , Gaier Eugene L.
Published: March 2007

This study compared possible causal attributions for college success and failure in American and Asian students via a sample of 358 undergraduate students who were administered the Multidimensional-Multi-Attribution Causality Scale. American, Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Southeast Asian subjects reported a pattern of "effort ability-task-luck" forboth success and failure. The "self-serving bias" in attribution was supported only for the factor of ability. Compared with Asian students, American students attributed academic achievement significantly more often to ability than did Asian subjects. American students also appeared to believe effort was more important for success than lack of effort for failure. By contrast, Asian students attributed effort as equally important for both success and failure. Students in the four Asian subgroups also appeared more similar than different in causal attributions.
Personality Correlates of Allocentric Tendencies in Individualist and Collectivist Cultures
Authors: Yamaguchi Susumu , Kuhlman David M. , Sugimori Shinkichi
Published: March 2007

The present study examines personality correlates of personal collectivism (allocentrism) both in an individualist culture (the United States) and in collectivist cultures (Korea and Japan). It was expected those with higher allocentric tendencies would be more concerned with rewards and punishments from in-group members and thus have a lower need for being unique as compared to those with lower allocentric tendencies. Undergraduates in the three countries were administered a Collectivism Scale, the Affiliative Tendency and Sensitivity to Rejection Scale, and the Need for Uniqueness Scale. The results confirmed that allocentric tendencies are associated with higher affiliative tendency, higher sensitivity to rejection, and lower need for uniqueness in all of the three countries. These results support the concurrent validity of the Collectivism Scale across cultures.
A Comparison Study of United States and African Students on Perceptions of Obesity and Thinness
Authors: Cogan Jeanine C. , Bhalla Satish K. , Sefa-Dedeh Araba , Rothblum Esther D.
Published: March 2007

There is a negative correlation between body weight and income in the United States, and epidemic numbers of people diet to become thin. In developing nations, on the other hand, there is a positive correlation between weight and income, and fatness is associated with wealth and abundance. Although these differing cross-cultural trends have been documented by anthropologists, there has been minimal cross-cultural research on attitudes toward obesity and thinness and corresponding dieting behaviors in the psychological literature. A sample of 349 students at a university in Ghana and 219 students at a U.S. university completed questionnaires about their weight, frequency of dieting and restrained eating, the degree to which their weight has interfered with social activities, their perceptions of ideal bodies, disordered eating, and stereotypes of thin and heavy people. Students in Ghana more often rated larger body sizes as ideal for both males and females and also assumed that these larger sizes were held as ideals in society, than did U.S. students. U.S. students (regardless of weight) were more likely to have dieted than were Ghanaian students, with U.S. females being most likely to diet. Additionally, U.S. females scored significantly higher on restraint, eating-disordered behavior, and experiencing weight as social interference. Findings illustrate that perceptions of ideal body size and corresponding behaviors are influenced by culture and gender.
Gender Stereotypes and Partner Preferences of Asian Women in Masculine and Feminine Cultures
Authors: Hofstede Geert
Published: March 2007

A Japanese market research unit, Wacoal, has published a survey among single working women aged 20-30 years in Bangkok, Beijing, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Seoul, Singapore, Taipei, and Tokyo. Gender stereotypes as found in the Wacoal survey have been correlated with Masculinity Index scores from Hofstede's IBM studies. In the more masculine cultures, as compared to the more feminine ones, sense of responsibility, decisiveness, liveliness, and ambitiousness were less often seen as feminine; caring and gentleness were more often seen as feminine. Meaningful correlations were also found for partner preferences (husbands compared to steady boyfriends). In the more masculine cultures, husbands should be more healthy, rich, and understanding; boyfriends should have more personality, affection, intelligence, and sense of humor. In the more feminine cultures, there was hardly any difference between preferred characteristics in husbands versus boyfriends.
Mother-Infant Relationships in Japan
Authors: Vereijken Carolus M.J.L. , Riksen-Walraven J. Mariannem , Van Lieshout Cornelis. F.M.
Published: March 2007

Dependency and attachment are distinct concepts describing the mother-child relationship in infancy. The Japanese indigenous concept of amae indicates a specific quality of relationships, namely. interdependence, which is not captured by the Western concepts of attachment and dependency. Eight Japanese behavioral scientists were asked to describe amae using the Attachment Q-Sort. First, this description of amae was compared with descriptions of the concepts of dependency and attachment security, as provided by Western experts. Second, the expert descriptions were used to derive scores on each of the three concepts for a sample of Japanese infants. Both analyses showed that amae and dependency are highly similar and that both concepts are unrelated to attachment security. Furthermore, counter to our expectations, it was found that Japanese mothers consider attachment security to be the most desirable of the three concepts, whereas amae is considered the least desirable.
The Humanistic Psychology and Positive Psychology Connection: Implications for Psychotherapy
Authors: Resnick Stella , Warmoth Arthur , Serlin Ilene A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the common ground between positive and humanistic psychology and responds to positive psychology’s challenges to humanistic psychology about research and a concern for social values. It begins with a brief review of the humanistic psychology movement and shows how its many developments in fact constitute a “positive psychology.” Next, the article moves into an exploration of the unique research approaches and areas of study dictated by the primacy in humanistic psychology of human experience. The article shows how positive psychology can gain from recognizing the merit of experiential, process-oriented research methodologies. The article concludes by highlighting the ways that the new emphasis on happiness and optimal experience promoted by research psychologists not only affirms humanistic psychology’s principles but also serves to reinforce some of the positive directions long practiced by experiential, existential, somatic, and spiritually oriented psychotherapies.
Effects of Experiential Focusing-Oriented Dream Interpretation
Authors: Kan Kuei-An , Holden Janice Miner , Marquis Andre
Published: March 2007

This two-part study investigated the effects of a particular approach to dream interpretation. In the first part, the Dream Interpretation Effects Questionnaire (DIEQ) was developed to assess both quantitatively and qualitatively seven specific effects of Experiential Focusing-oriented dream interpretation. In the second part, the DIEQ was used along with a structured interview in a pretest-posttest control group design to examine the effects of Experiential Focusing-oriented dream interpretation. The results were, first, that the DIEQ proved to be highly reliable and, second, that Experiential Focusing-oriented dream interpretation demonstrated significant results. This study offers support for Gendlin’s assertion that an Experiential Focusing approach to dream interpretation facilitates constructive psychological change for the dreamer.
A Reappraisal of Mental Health Education: a Humanistic Approach
Authors: Morrison James
Published: March 2007

This article presents arguments in favor of a humanistic approach to the "mental health" education of the general public. Within the context of a "demythologizing" approach, I propose that conceptual paradigms other than the medical model would be of greater benefit to the public in construing their psychological problems. Research evidence is reviewed which attests to the utility of a more humanistic, psychosocial approach.
What Makes Research Humanistic?
Authors: Polkinghorne Donald
Published: March 2007

Research is humanistic that addresses questions raised by considering people as agents who can act in a purposeful and meaningful manner. The logic of experimentation as well as the logic of structures can be used to clarify and extend our understanding of people as self-directing agents.
The Symbolic Growth Experience
Authors: Frick Willard B.
Published: March 2007

I have developed a concept I call the Symbolic Growth Experience (SGE). This concept refers to those significant moments in life when we create personal meaning by symbolizing our immediate experience in the interest of heightened consciousness and personal growth. The SGE suggests a radical way of apprehending and responding to our experience. As we perceive or create the symbolic dimensions of our experience we become profound and sensitive interpreters of our innermost lives and creative agents in our growth. The SGE is intimately related to the developmental process. At the time an SGE occurs, many complex psychological and environmental forces converge to form a harmonious and meaningful pattern. It is the propitious timing of this Gestalt formation that strongly suggests Carl Jung's concept of "synchronicity." This important concept aids us in understanding the nature of the SGE; the SGE, in turn, extends and enriches the meaning of synchronicity.
The Power of Meaning
Authors: Keutzer Carolin S.
Published: March 2007

The startling and paradoxical discoveries in quantum mechanics and the Jungian concepts of acausality and synchronicity are described and examined in terms of their parallels and their implication for our personal lives, particularly as they impart meaning to our existence. Included in the discussion are the bases for Einstein's objections to quantum mechanics, the importance of Bell's theorem as the bridge between subatomic and psychic events, the "measurement problem" in physics, along with the four major attempts at resolving the problem. Finally, it is speculated that there is already before us the arbitrary yet necessary resolution to the measurement problem: a vision of reality that provides for both an underlying order and oneness as well as its complementary partner that provides for free will, creativity, and individuality.

Quantum Mechanics: The theory that energy is not absorbed nor radiated continuously but discontinuously, in definite unit particles called quanta

Synchronicity: The meaningful but acausal confluence of events
Humanistic Psychotherapy and the Issue of Equality
Authors: Burstow Bonnie
Published: March 2007

While strongly endorsing the values of the third force, the author of this article takes issue with mainstream humanistic psychotherapists such as Rogers for attributing the therapy relationship/ situation with a more egalitarian nature than it does or could have. The corresponding purposes of this article are (1) to correct the misconceptions involved; (2) to suggest how they arose; (3) to sort out where equality exists and where it does not exist and (4) to explore the problems that arise from the misconceptions in question. The author distinguishes between areas of absolute equality, areas where inequality usually but does not always pertain, and areas of necessary inequality. Clients' not getting the help needed and increased manipulation are among the problems identified as arising when equality is claimed in instances and/or on levels where it does not exist.
The Ego Revisited
Authors: Peoples Karen M. , Parlee Bert
Published: March 2007

The ego as a construct in humanistic and transpersonal psychology has a turbulent history. Early efforts to distinguish transpersonal theories from the reductionism of Freudian drive psychology tended to eschew psychoanalytic views altogether, including theories on the development of the ego as an intrapsychic structure. In the last decade, transpersonal theorists have began to recognize and integrate the important contributions of American ego psychology and object relations theory toward an understanding of prestructural or "prepersonal" difficulties. In this article, updating the view from psychoanalysis, the seminal contribution of Heinz Kohut's self psychology is placed in the context of this expanded spectrum of development. The fundamental quest of the grandiose aspect of self for affirmative mirroring is examined in both its progressive and regressive dimensions; similarly, idealization is examined with respect to the archaic, mature, and-potentially-transcendent functions it may serve. Finally, while recognizing the complex interweave of prepersonal, personal, and transpersonal dimensions of narcissism, the usefulness of various meditation practices adapted to the client's structural organization is examined. Comprehensive approaches to development that simultaneously support the effective organization of self-experience while enhancing individual tolerance for experiences of insubstantiality and impermanence seem to offer the most promising synthesis of perspectives on human nature across many rich traditions.
The Rewards and Stresses of Social Change
Authors: Gomes Mary E.
Published: March 2007

Although a number of studies have compared individuals who become activists to those who do not, little is known about the ongoing rewards and struggles experienced by committed activists. The present research, as part of a larger study, specifically assesses the most common rewards and stresses experienced by peace activists. Surveys of 75 current peace activists were analyzed in terms of their most frequent rewarding and stressful experiences. Surprisingly, the community of fellow activists was cited as both the most rewarding and most stressful aspect of being a peace activist. The meaningfulness of peace work emerged as the second most common reward, and success in achieving goals was third. Failure to achieve goals was the second most frequent stressful experience. Results are discussed in terms of (a) interpersonal conflict resolution among peace activists and its implications for their peace work, (b) the ability of peace activists to endure a great deal of stress in the context of their work being meaningful, and (c) the assumptions of previous research that success and failure are the most salient features of activists' experience.
Spiritual Emergency
Authors: Watson Kristin W.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the concept of spiritual emergency and addresses the creative, transformative possibilities inherent in some of humankind's most chaotic and challenging psychospiritual events. These events may often seem to manifest as psychopathology and tend to be denigrated and interrupted by psychotherapeutic orthodoxy. This article invites these events into a de-pathologized, more mainstream consideration based on their prevalence and value, both to the individual and to the larger society. Particular consideration is given to three varieties of spiritual emergency: the mystical/ visionary experience, the psychotic experience, and the shamanic experience. The implications for psychotherapeutic work are discussed with regard to the therapist's attitudes toward spiritual emergencies and with regard to selected therapeutic approaches and interventions.

May I never use my reason against truth.

-Hasidic prayer
Deconstructing the Lone Genius Myth: Toward a Contextual View of Creativity
Authors: Montuori Alfonso , Purser Ronald E.
Published: March 2007

This essay explores the social dimensions of creativity through a discussion of the "myth of the lone genius" and an outline of existing research. The authors argue thatAmerican individualism and methodological reductionism have prevented laypersons and researchers from fully exploring the implications of the larger sociohistorical context, both in terms of the research on the creative person/process and the actual discourse of creativity itself. Examples are used to demonstrate the social nature of the creative process using a systems/ ecological perspective. The authors believe inquiry into the social dimensions of creativity provides an important entry point into a host of pressing methodological, philosophical, gender, and cultural issues which they hope will prompt much further interdisciplinary research.

It doesn't matter how many times we tell the familiar story of Bach writing each week for the honest burghers of Leipzig, or Mozart's relations with the courtly musical patrons of his day; audiences still prefer to think of the musical creator as a man closeted with his idea, unsullied by the rough and tumble of the world around him.

-Aaron Copland

Music and Imagination
Carl Rogers's Emphasis on His Own Direct Experience
Authors: Dolliver Robert H.
Published: March 2007

Carl Rogers's emphasis on using his "own direct experience" was a major influence in his theory building and in his psychotherapy. The influence of this position on Rogers's theory building resulted in his not comparing his thinking to that of other theorists whose work was highly relevant, for example, Karen Homey and Harry Stack Sullivan. On review, one can see that parts of their theories contained some clarity and breadth that could have helped Rogers refine his views of personality. One can infer that in a similar way, when clients are encouraged to emphasize their "own direct experience" without being challenged by others' perspectives, losses also occur in the clarity and breadth of the clients' thinking. This article is a further development of ideas presented in 'Carl Rogers's Personality Theory and Psychotherapy as a Reflection of His Life Experience and Personality," the preceding article in this issue.
The Application of Rogerian Theory to Literary Study
Authors: Sackett Samuel J.
Published: March 2007

When applied to literary study, Rogerian psychological theory will yield fruitful results in four areas: the theory of literary creativity, method of interpretation, analysis of character, and value theory. (a) The origin of a literary work is the author's personal, experiential insight into the nature of reality; the writer then plays with this insight until it jells into a form that "feels right" to him or her. (b) A literary work contains a system of values that can be apprehended by the reader through his or her emotional responses to the work. (c) Character analysis proceeds by recognizing incongruence between the character's internally experienced reactions and those the character feels obligated to have because of pressures from the environment. (d) Literature has value for the reader because it increases awareness of the reader's own organismic experience.
Context and Creatwity beyond Social Determinism and the Isolated Genius
Authors: Montuori Alfonso , Purser Ronald
Published: March 2007

Our article "Deconstructing the Lone Genius Myth: Tbward a Contextual View of Creativity" in JHP (1995) seems to have elicited an inmmediate-and quite critical-comment in an article in thatvery same issue. We therefore feel it necessary to reply to the criticisms made by Carl Hale (1995) because we believe he has fundamentally misrepresented our argument; we also address some of rlbm Greening's (1995) editorial comments of that issue, which we feel may give rise to some further confusion over the nature of our argument.
The "I" and the: "SELF": Personal Reminiscences of Therapy with Jim Bugental
Authors: Wittine Bryan
Published: March 2007

In the 1980s, I became a client in depth psychotherapy with Jim Bugental. In this paper, I offer personal reminiscences of the hours Jim and I spent together trying to make changes in my life. In doing so, I focus on two central aspects of therapy from an existential-humanistic perspective. The first is the practice of inner searching, and I share memories of how Jim taught it to me. The second is an existential-humanistic model of the human being. Jim taught me to differentiate between what he calls the I or I-process and the self or self-construct. The I-process is one's true nature, one's pure contentless being and awareness, whereas the self-construct is one's acquired identity. For me, change occurred to the degree that I could differentiate the unconditioned I from the conditioned self and could begin to realize my identity as awareness itself rather than as a composite of images of who I am and what the world is, images based on impressions I'd been collecting from the first moments of my life. I share those experiences in which Jim helped me to disidentify from the conditioned self and what occurred as I reached inward to discover the I.
Types of Case Study Work: A Conceptual Framework for Case-Based Research
Authors: Edwards David J. A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a conceptual framework for understanding the phases of case-based research. Case-based strategies in research are widely used in case study methodology as well as in a number of qualitative methodologies, including grounded theory development, phenomenological research method, and psychotherapy process research. The epistemological principles on which casebased research is based are fundamentally different from those that inform group-based research using quantitative multivariate statistics. The case-based research process is divided into three genieral phases: descriptive, theoretical-heuristic, and theory testing. Each of these phases is subdivided into two categories. The aims and epistemological principles related to each phase are discussed and illustrated with examples from contemporary research. The principles for establishing validity in case-based research are also reviewed and, to assist research students and supervisors, some common pitfalls are noted. The article shows that rigorous work with single caLses or series of cases using case-based principles and methodology is indeed, as Bromley claimed, "the bedrock of scientific investigation."
Colonial Style and Post-Colonial Ethnic Conflict in Africa
Authors: Blanton Robert , Mason T. David , Athow Brian
Published: March 2007

Though European colonialism had a profound and lasting impact on the development of contemporary Africa, there are few studies that assess these effects empirically. This study explores one facet of the colonial legacy: ethnic conflict. Despite the pervasiveness of ethnic strife across the continent, grievance-based approaches have had only limited success in modeling ethnic conflict in Africa. Using a structural approach, we argue that the distinctive colonial styles of the British and French created fundamentally different systems of ethnic stratification, which left contrasting legacies for post-colonial ethnic conflict. Specifically, the indirect, decentralized rule of the British fostered an unranked system of ethnic stratification, while the legacy of the centralized French style approximated a ranked system. Because unranked systems foster competition between ethnic groups - which can readily spiral into conflict - we posit that the British colonial legacy is positively related to both the frequency and intensity of ethnic conflict. French colonies, on the other hand, were left with a centralized bureaucratic power structure that impeded ethnic mobilization and suppressed nonviolent ethnic challenges. Using the Minorities at Risk III dataset, we first compare the ethnic struggles faced across former British and French colonies. Next we test the impact of this colonial legacy on two facets of ethnic conflict, rebellious actions and civil war. Results indicate that, after controlling for other salient factors, a British colonial legacy is positively associated with ethnic conflict.
Can Non-violence Be Combined with Military Means for National Defense?
Authors: Salmon Jack D.
Published: March 2007

Increasing levels of destructiveness inherent in nuclear weapons or even 'improved' conventional weaponry are perceived as potential threats to the defender's own society, and of doubtful moral acceptability. One approach to defense at lower levels of destruction involves limitations upon the use of conventional weapons. A second approach would abandon armed defense entirely and rely upon some form of non-violent defense. The latter method however suffers from certain limitations and in any case could not be implemented immediately, which requires that during a transition phase some form of defense combining military and non-violent means must exist. Combining military and non violent defense offers flexibility and, in some cases, potential for improved defense. Because mixed violent and non-violent defense is a variety of 'bounded war', separation of the two methods by geographic zones, timing, and organizational structure is helpful, perhaps essential, to obtaining the 'cooperation' of the aggressor in maintaining the limits. Some problems of creating and maintaining separation and limitation are discussed, and brief illustrations are provided. The study concludes that although conceptual models are relatively clear and little changed in the past decade, combined violent/ non-violent defense belongs to the large class of security theories that are not susceptible of proof short of experience, if then, and require advocates or governments to act on combined logic and faith.
Bridging the Gap Between Peace Action, Education and Research
Authors: Eckhardt William
Published: March 2007

In this article, definitions of peace action, education, and research are suggested. Although there are good reasons why these various approaches to peace should be cooperative, there is some evidence to suggest that this has seldom been the case. Rapoport's concept of 'fusion' provides one way of bringing these three activities together without any need for cooperation between them According to this concept, and my generalizations from it, activists can be educators and researchers in the process of their action; educators can be activists and researchers in the process of their educational efforts; and researchers can be activists and educators in the process of their research. Some examples are provided to illustrate this concept