bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling Transfer of Vibrio Parahaemolyticus During Peeling of Raw Shrimp
Authors: Xiao Xingning , Pang Haiying , Wang Wen , Fang Weihuan , Fu Yingchun , Li Yanbin
Published: February 2018

This study aimed to qualify the transfer of Vibrio parahaemolyticus during the shrimp peeling process via gloves under 3 different scenarios. The 1st 2 scenarios provided quantitative information for the probability distribution of bacterial transfer rates from (i) contaminated shrimp (6 log CFU/g) to non‐contaminated gloves (Scenario 1) and (ii) contaminated gloves (6 log CFU/per pair) to non‐contaminated shrimp (Scenario 2). In Scenario 3, bacterial transfer from contaminated shrimp to non‐contaminated shrimp in the shrimp peeling process via gloves was investigated to develop a predictive model for describing the successive bacterial transfer. The range of bacterial transfer rate (%) in Scenarios 1 and 2 was 7% to 91.95% and 0.04% to 12.87%, respectively, indicating that the bacteria can be transferred from shrimp to gloves much easier than that from gloves to shrimp. A Logistic (1.59, 0.14) and Triangle distribution (−1.61, 0.12, 1.32) could be used to describe the bacterial transfer rate in Scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. In Scenario 3, a continuously decay patterning with fluctuations as the peeling progressed has been observed at all inoculation levels of the 1st shrimp (5, 6, and 7 log CFU/g). The bacteria could be transferred easier at 1st few peels, and the decreasing bacterial transfer was found in later phase. Two models (exponential and Weibull) could describe the successive bacterial transfer satisfactorily (pseudo‐R2 > 0.84, RMSE < 1.23, SEP < 10.37). The result of this study can provide information regarding cross‐contamination events in the seafood factory.

Practical Application

This study presented that Vibrio parahaemolyticus cross‐contamination could be caused by gloves during the shrimp peeling process. The bacterial transfer rate distribution and predictive model derived from this work could be used in risk assessment of V. parahaemolyticus to ensure peeled shrimp safety.
Shelf to Health: Does Product Innovation Change National Estimates of Dietary Impacts?
Authors: Taylor Christopher A. , Watowicz Rosanna P. , Spees Colleen K. , Hooker Neal H.
Published: February 2018

This paper presents a simulation process to augment nutrition surveillance in the United States which incorporates product innovation data. Traditional point‐estimates of nutritional quality in a food category are compared to those based on distributions of nutrient compositions using product‐level variability seen in the market. Nationally representative consumption patterns provide dietary intakes. Cookies are used as an example food category. Nutrient composition data from Global New Product Database (GNPD) for 5259 cookies launched 2005 to 2012 were matched to dietary intakes from 2005 to 2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) over the 2 y cycles of NHANES for 8284 cookie consumers. Average dietary intakes from traditional NHANES and GNPD‐based estimations produced similar mean values for energy, carbohydrates, sugars, total fat, and protein. Saturated fat, fiber and cholesterol contributions using new product compositions were significantly higher than traditional NHANES approaches, estimates of sodium were significantly lower. These differences become pronounced when comparing adult and child consumption patterns and over time. This process also simulated trans fat consumption estimates not traditionally available within NHANES. On average cookies contributed 0.3 g/d (range 0 to 4.1 g/d). Much variability in food composition is seen in the market which is shown to influence estimates of the national diet.

Practical Application

Numerous factors drive changes in the food supply, including health trends, firm strategic choices, and food policy. This evolution presents a challenge for dietary assessments and nutrition monitoring. The public health impact of variability in nutritional composition, subpopulation consumption patterns and market dynamics are particularly difficult to evaluate and are shown to influence estimates of the national diet.
Comparative safety and efficacy of topical mometasone furoate with other topical corticosteroids
Authors: Spada Fabrizio , Barnes Tanya M , Greive Kerryn A
Published: February 2018

Derivatives of hydrocortisone, such as mometasone furoate, a (2′) furoate‐17 ester with chlorine substitutions at positions 9 and 21, have been designed to improve efficacy and reduce the incidence of adverse effects. An extensive literature search of MEDLINE, Embase and other databases was conducted to review the safety and efficacy of various formulations of topical mometasone furoate. Mometasone furoate exhibits high potency with greater anti‐inflammatory activity and a longer duration of action than betamethasone. In clinical trials, mometasone furoate shows comparable or significantly better efficacy, depending on the comparator, in all indications studied in both adults and children. It is well tolerated with only transient, mild to moderate local adverse effects. It is characterised by low systemic availability due to its high lipophilicity, low percutaneous absorption and rapid hepatic biotransformation, and consequently has no significant effect on the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. The molecular biotransformation of mometasone furoate in the skin results in a lower affinity with dermal cells than epidermal cells, which contributes to its low atrophogenicity. Sensitisation to mometasone furoate is low. Overall, mometasone furoate is a highly efficacious potent corticosteroid with a low risk of both local and systemic adverse effects.
Leaving surgical training: some of the reasons are in surgery
Authors: Forel Deanne , Vandepeer Meegan , Duncan Joanna , Tivey David R. , Tobin Stephen A.
Published: February 2018

In 2014, the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons identified, through internal analysis, a considerable attrition rate within its Surgical Education and Training programme. Within the attrition cohort, choosing to leave accounted for the majority. Women were significantly over‐represented. It was considered important to study these ‘leavers’ if possible. An external group with medical education expertise were engaged to do this, a report that is now published and titled ‘A study exploring the reasons for and experiences of leaving surgical training’. During this time, the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons came under serious external review, leading to the development of the Action Plan on Discrimination, Bullying and Sexual Harassment in the Practice of Surgery, known as the Building Respect, Improving Patient Safety (BRIPS) action plan. The ‘Leaving Training Report’, which involved nearly one‐half of all voluntary ‘leavers’, identified three major themes that were pertinent to leaving surgical training. Of these, one was about surgery itself: the complexity, the technical, decision‐making and lifestyle demands, the emotional aspects of dealing with seriously sick patients and the personal toll of all of this. This narrative literature review investigates these aspects of surgical education from the trainees’ perspective.
How to investigate and adjust for selection bias in cohort studies
Authors: Nohr Ellen A , Liew Zeyan
Published: February 2018

Longitudinal cohort studies can provide important evidence about preventable causes of disease, but the success relies heavily on the commitment of their participants, both at recruitment and during follow up. Initial participation rates have decreased in recent decades as have willingness to participate in subsequent follow ups. It is important to examine how such selection affects the validity of the results. In this article, we describe the conceptual framework for selection bias due to nonparticipation and loss to follow up in cohort studies, using both a traditional epidemiological approach and directed acyclic graphs. Methods to quantify selection bias are introduced together with analytical strategies to adjust for the bias including controlling for covariates associated with selection, inverse probability weighting and bias analysis. We use several studies conducted in the Danish National Birth Cohort as examples of how to quantify selection bias and also understand the underlying selection mechanisms. Although women who chose to participate in this cohort were typically of higher social status, healthier and with less disease than all those eligible for study, differential selection was modest and the influence of selection bias on several selected exposure–outcome associations was limited. These findings are reassuring and support enrolling a subset of motivated participants who would engage in long‐term follow up rather than prioritize representativeness. Some of the presented methods are applicable even with limited data on nonparticipants and those lost to follow up, and can also be applied to other study designs such as case–control studies and surveys.
Associations between parity and maternal BMI in a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Iversen Ditte S. , Kesmodel Ulrik S. , Ovesen Per G.
Published: February 2018

Introduction

We aimed to investigate the change in prevalence of overweight and obesity in pregnant Danish women from 2004 to 2012, and investigate whether increasing parity was associated with a change in body mass index (BMI) prevalence.

Material and methods

We obtained a population‐based cohort from the Danish Medical Birth Registry consisting of all Danish women giving birth in 2004–2012 (n = 572 321). This registry contains information on 99.8% of all births in Denmark. We calculated the overall change in prepregnancy BMI status among pregnant women in Denmark, and a multiple linear regression model with adjustment for several potential confounders was used to examine the change in prepregnancy BMI with increasing parity.

Results

In 2004, the prevalence of prepregnancy overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25) and obesity alone (BMI ≥ 30) was 31.9 and 11%, respectively. In 2012, the prevalence had reached 34.2 and 12.8%. The mean BMI increased for every additional parity from 23.80 (95% CI 23.77–23.82) in parity group 1 to 26.70 (26.52–26.90) in parity group 5+. A multiple linear regression adjusted for potential confounders showed that women on average gained 0.62 (0.58–0.65) BMI units after every additional birth.

Conclusions

This study showed a 7.2% increase in overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25) and a 16.4% increase in obesity alone (BMI ≥ 30) for pregnant women in Denmark from 2004 to 2012. In addition, an increase in interpregnancy BMI was seen at every additional delivery, suggesting that obesity is an increasing challenge in obstetrics.
Observational study found that even small variations in light can wake up very preterm infants in a neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Zores Claire , Dufour André , Pebayle Thierry , Dahan Ilana , Astruc Dominique , Kuhn Pierre
Published: February 2018

Aim

This prospective observational study evaluated the behavioural responses of very preterm infants to spontaneous light variations.

Methods

We measured spontaneous light variations in the incubators of 27 very preterm infants, with a median gestational age of 28 weeks (range 26–31 weeks), over 10 hours. All of them had been admitted to the neonatal care unit of the Strasbourg University Hospital, France, between April 2008 and July 2009. Two independent raters examined changes in the infants' behavioural states using video recordings. The percentage of awakenings was recorded when there were light variations and during control periods with no changes.

Results

We analysed 275 periods following light variations and 275 control periods. The overall percentage of awakenings was greater during periods following a change in light than during control periods (16.3% vs 11%, p = 0.03). The extent of light protection affected the percentage of awakenings. In mild light protection, there were more awakenings following changes in light than in control periods (25.6% vs 6.7%, p = 0.01). This difference was not found in high light protection.

Conclusion

Very preterm infants can be woken up by small variations in light, when the light protection in their incubator is insufficient.
Atrium‐specific ion channels in the zebrafish—A role of IKACh in atrial repolarization
Authors: Skarsfeldt M. A. , Bomholtz S. H. , Lundegaard P. R. , Lopez‐Izquierdo A. , Tristani‐Firouzi M. , Bentzen B. H.
Published: February 2018

Aim

The zebrafish has emerged as a novel model for investigating cardiac physiology and pathology. The aim of this study was to investigate the atrium‐specific ion channels responsible for shaping the atrial cardiac action potential in zebrafish.

Methods

Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we assessed the expression level of atrium‐specific potassium channels. The functional role of these channels was studied by patch clamp experiments on isolated atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes and by optical mapping of explanted adult zebrafish hearts. Finally, surface ECGs were recorded to establish possible in vivo roles of atrial ion channels.

Results

In isolated adult zebrafish hearts, we identified the expression of kcnk3, kcnk9, kcnn1, kcnn2, kcnn3, kcnj3 and kcnj5, the genes that encode the atrium‐specific K2P, KCa2.x and Kir3.1/4 (KACh) ion channels. The electrophysiological data indicate that the acetylcholine‐activated inward‐rectifying current, IKACh, plays a major role in the zebrafish atrium, whereas K2P3.1/9.1 and KCa2.x channels do not appear to be involved in regulating the action potential in the zebrafish heart.

Conclusion

We demonstrate that the acetylcholine‐activated inward‐rectifying current (IKACh) current plays a major role in the zebrafish atrium and that the zebrafish could potentially be a cost‐effective and reliable model for pharmacological testing of atrium‐specific IKACh modulating compounds.
Bridging the Gap: How Supervisors’ Perceptions of Guanxi HRM Practices Influence Subordinates’ Work Engagement
Authors: Yang Fu , Qian Jing , Liu Jun , Huang Xiaoyu , Chau Rebecca , Wang Ting
Published: February 2018

This study aims to provide new insights into the relationship between supervisors' perceptions of guanxi human resource management (HRM) practices and their subordinates' work engagement. We used a three time‐lagged sample from 45 work groups and 205 employees in a state‐owned organisation (Study 1) and cross‐sectional data from 101 work groups and 413 employees in 101 different organisations (Study 2) to test our hypotheses. The results revealed that supervisors' perceptions of guanxi HRM practices were positively related to subordinates' perceptions of guanxi HRM practices, which, in turn, negatively affected subordinates' work engagement. This indirect effect was stronger when group power distance was low or when individual power distance orientation was low.
Discontinuities and disruptions in drug dosage guidelines for the paediatric population
Authors: Chitty Kate M. , Chan Bosco , Pulanco Camille L. , Luu Sonya , Egunsola Oluwaseun , Buckley Nicholas A.
Published: February 2018

Aims

This study investigates paediatric drug dosage guidelines with the aim of investigating their agreement with body surface area (BSA) scaling principles.

Methods

A total of 454 drug dosage guidelines listed in the AMH‐CDC 2015 were examined. Data extracted included the administration, frequency and dose per age bracket from 0 to 18 years. Drug treatments were categorized as follows: (1) The same dose recommendation in milligrams per kilogram (mg kg−1) for all age/weights; (2) Change in the mg kg−1 dosing according to age/weight; (3) Change in dose in mg according to age/weight; (4) Change from mg kg−1 dosing to a dose in mg according to age/weight; (5) The same recommendation for all age/weight groups in mg; or (6) BSA dosing. Example drugs were selected to illustrate dose progression across ages.

Results

Most drug treatments (63%) have the same mg kg−1 dose for all age/weight groups, 14% are dosed in mg kg−1 across all ages with dose changes according to age/weight, 13% were dosed in mg across all ages with dose changes, 10% switched from mg kg−1 to a set dose in mg, 4.2% have the same dose in mg for all age and weight groups and 2.2% are dosed according to BSA.

Conclusions

Paediatric dosage guidelines are based on weight‐based formulas, available dosing formulations and prior patterns of use. Substantial variation from doses predicted by BSA scaling are common, as are large shifts in recommended doses at age thresholds. Further research is required to determine if better outcomes could be achieved by adopting biologically based scaling of paediatric doses.
Infant feeding‐related maternity care practices and maternal report of breastfeeding outcomes
Authors: Nelson Jennifer M. , Perrine Cria G. , Freedman David S. , Williams Letitia , Morrow Brian , Smith Ruben A. , Dee Deborah L.
Published: February 2018

Background

Evidence‐based maternity practices and policies can improve breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. Maternity facilities report practices through the Maternity Practices in Infant Nutrition and Care (mPINC) survey, but individual outcomes, such as breastfeeding duration and exclusivity, are not collected.

Methods

mPINC data on maternity care practices for 2009 were linked to data from the 2009 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), which collects information on mothers’ behaviors and experiences around pregnancy. We calculated total mPINC scores (range 0‐100). PRAMS data on any and exclusive breastfeeding at 8 weeks were examined by total mPINC score quartile.

Results

Of 15 715 women in our sample, 53.7% were breastfeeding any at 8 weeks, and 29.3% were breastfeeding exclusively. They gave birth at 1016 facilities that had a mean total mPINC score of 65/100 (range 19‐99). Care dimension subscores ranged from 41 for facility discharge care to 81 for breastfeeding assistance. In multivariable analysis adjusting for covariates, a positive relationship was found between total mPINC score quartile and both any breastfeeding (quartile 2: odds ratio [OR] 1.40 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.08‐1.83], quartile 3: OR 1.50 [95% CI 1.15‐1.96], quartile 4: OR 2.12 [95% CI 1.61‐2.78] vs quartile 1) and exclusive breastfeeding (quartile 3: OR 1.41 [95% CI 1.04‐1.90], quartile 4: OR 1.89 [95% CI 1.41‐2.55] vs quartile 1) at 8 weeks.

Conclusions

These data demonstrate that evidence‐based maternity care practices and policies are associated with better breastfeeding outcomes. Maternity facilities may evaluate their practices and policies to ensure they are helping mothers achieve their breastfeeding goals.
Synthesis and evaluation of pyridinium‐hydrazone derivatives as potential antitumoral agents
Authors: Parlar Sülünay , Erzurumlu Yalçın , Ilhan Recep , Ballar Kırmızıbayrak Petek , Alptüzün Vildan , Erciyas Ercin
Published: February 2018

The hydrazones of 4‐hydrazinylpyridinium bearing alkylphenyl groups on pyridinium nitrogen were synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against MCF‐7, PC3, U2OS, and HEK293 cell lines by Wst1 cell proliferation assay. Cytotoxic activity results indicated that d derivatives having butylene chain; 4 and 5 series having naphthalene and anthracene ring systems showed high cytotoxic activity (IC50 = 3.27–8.54 μm) on cancer cells. 3d (4‐(2‐(4‐hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinyl)‐1‐(4‐phenylbutyl)pyridinium bromide) was the most cytotoxic compound with IC50 value of 3.27 μm against MCF‐7. The most active derivatives (1d, 2d, 3d, 4, and 5 series) were selected to investigate for the effects on autophagy by analyzing the expression of autophagy marker proteins. The conversion of LC3‐I to its lipidated form LC3‐II is essential for autophagy and related to autophagosomes. According to our results, all tested compounds except for 3d induced lipidated form LC3‐II accumulation. Then, the effects of the compounds on p62 protein level were also analyzed by the immunoblotting as the autophagy inhibition results in accumulation of p62. Further molecular mechanistic studies including morphological analysis and live–death assays indicated that all tested compounds (1d, 2d, 3d, 4, and 5 series) are potent antitumoral molecules and all except for 3d have potential to inhibit autophagic flux.
Sex‐dependent reductions in high molecular weight adiponectin during acute hyperinsulinemia are prevented with endurance training in older females
Authors: Consitt Leslie A. , Saxena Gunjan , Schaefer Megan
Published: February 2018

Objective

The high molecular weight (HMW) adiponectin isoform is considered the active form of adiponectin and is linked to insulin sensitivity and the reduced risk of developing cardiovascular disease. The purpose of the first study was to determine the effects of age and sex on the plasma HMW adiponectin response to acute hyperinsulinemia, and secondly determine whether either endurance or resistance exercise training could affect this response.

Design and Participants

Twenty‐six healthy males (19‐84 years) and twenty‐six healthy females (18‐76 years) were recruited and matched for BMI to examine the effects of sex and age on the plasma adiponectin response to a 2‐hour hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp. To examine the effects of exercise training, a subgroup of young (<35 years) and aged (>55 years) individuals were randomized into a 12‐week endurance or resistance training programme and had their adiponectin response to hyperinsulinemia measured before and after training. High molecular weight (HMW) and total adiponectin were measured by ELISA.

Results

In response to hyperinsulinemia, plasma HMW adiponectin decreased in females (−9%, P < .005), but not males. After 12 weeks of endurance training, the response of plasma HMW adiponectin to hyperinsulinemia increased in older females (36%, P < .05) only. Resistance training had no effect on the plasma adiponectin response to hyperinsulinemia. Despite no age or sex differences at baseline, skeletal muscle AdipoR1 increased in response to endurance training (~120%, P < .001) and resistance training (~38%, P < .05), regardless of age or sex.

Conclusion

The inhibitory action of hyperinsulinemia on plasma HMW adiponectin occurs in females but not males, irrespective of age. Twelve weeks of endurance training protects older females against the hyperinsulinemic inhibition of plasma HMW adiponectin, which could promote healthy ageing.
The rising tide of Acanthamoeba keratitis in Auckland, New Zealand: a 7‐year review of presentation, diagnosis and outcomes (2009–2016)
Authors: McKelvie James , Alshiakhi Moaz , Ziaei Mohammed , Patel Dipika V , McGhee Charles NJ
Published: February 2018

Importance

Acanthamoeba is an increasingly prevalent cause of vision‐threatening microbial keratitis.

Background

To assess the incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis and outcomes of patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) in Auckland, New Zealand over a 7‐year period.

Design

Retrospective observational consecutive case series.

Participants

Fifty‐eight eyes of 52 patients diagnosed with AK.

Methods

All cases of AK were identified using a cross‐referenced search of clinical, laboratory and pharmacy records from March 2009 to May 2016.

Main Outcome Measures

Demographic and clinical data were collected including age, gender, risk factors, clinical manifestations, initial diagnosis, diagnostic investigations, treatment, presenting and final visual acuity and surgical interventions.

Results

Contact lens (CL) use was noted in 96% of unilateral and 100% of bilateral cases. The mean duration of symptoms at presentation was 21 days and the mean duration from presentation to definitive diagnosis was 14 days. Initial diagnosis was recorded as CL‐related keratitis in 70.6%, viral keratitis in 15.5% and AK in 12.0%. The diagnosis was confirmed with In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) in 67.2%, corneal scrape in 22.4%, corneal biopsy in 1.7% and clinically in 8.6%. IVCM sensitivity was 83.0%. Surgical intervention was required in four patients, all with delayed diagnosis (range 63–125 days). The incidence of AK has more than doubled when compared with the preceding 7‐year period.

Conclusions and Relevance

AK is a rare vision‐threatening protozoal infection with rapidly‐increasing incidence in New Zealand, predominantly affecting CL users. Diagnosis is often challenging and when delayed is associated with worse outcomes. IVCM offers rapid diagnosis with high sensitivity.
Solutions to wildlife laundering in Indonesia: reply to Janssen and Chng 2018
Authors: Natusch Daniel James Deans
Published: February 2018

Article impact statement: Promotion of legal and sustainable harvesting of selected wild species may help address wildlife laundering in Indonesia.
Factors associated with nicotine replacement therapy use among hospitalised smokers
Authors: Chui Chang Yue , Thomas Dennis , Taylor Simone , Bonevski Billie , Abramson Michael J. , Paul Eldho , Poole Susan G. , Weeks Gregory R. , Dooley Michael J. , George Johnson
Published: February 2018

Introduction and Aims

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is recommended as a smoking cessation aid for hospitalised smokers. We examined factors associated with NRT use during hospitalisation and after discharge, and NRT uptake when systematically offered free of cost.

Design and Methods

A nested analysis was conducted using data from a clinical trial that evaluated the effectiveness of a pharmacist‐led smoking cessation intervention in 600 hospitalised smokers.

Results

NRT was used at least once by 285 (48%) participants during hospitalisation and by 287 (48%) participants during the 12 months post‐discharge. Heavy smokers and those who expressed interest in using NRT for their next quit attempt at baseline interview were more likely to use NRT during hospitalisation [odds ratio (OR) 1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.38, 2.74; OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.48, 2.95] and after discharge (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.20, 2.41; OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.39, 2.79). Those using six or more medications were more likely to use NRT during hospitalisation (OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.05, 2.61). Post‐discharge NRT users were more likely to have been initially admitted for a respiratory or cardiac problem (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.05, 2.18). When NRT was offered free of cost to a subset of patients (n = 300), 157 (52%) used NRT during hospitalisation. Nicotine dependence and interest in using NRT predicted its use (OR 2.26, 95% CI 1.38, 3.70; OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.58, 4.20).

Discussion and Conclusions

Targeting heavy smokers, those with cardio‐respiratory conditions and those interested in using NRT regardless of regimen complexity could improve NRT uptake.
Standardized genetic diversity‐life history correlates for improved genetic resource management of Neotropical trees
Authors: Lowe Andrew J. , Breed Martin F. , Caron Henri , Colpaert Nathalie , Dick Christopher , Finegan Bryan , Gardner Mike , Gheysen Godelieve , Gribel Rogério , Harris J. Berton C. , Kremer Antoine , Lemes Maristerra R. , Margis Rogerio , Navarro Carlos M. , Salgueiro Fabiano , Villalobos‐Barrantes Heidy M. , Cavers Stephen
Published: February 2018

Aim

Life history traits and range size are key correlates of genetic diversity in trees. We used a standardized sampling protocol to explore how life history traits and range size relate to the magnitude, variance and structuring (both between‐ and within‐population) of genetic diversity in Neotropical tree species.

Location

The Neotropics

Methods

We present a meta‐analysis of new population genetic data generated for 23 Neotropical tree species (=2,966 trees, 86 populations) across a shared and broad geographic area. We compared established population genetic metrics across these species (e.g., genetic diversity, population structure, fine‐scale genetic structure), plus we estimated the rarely used variance in genetic diversity among populations. We used a multivariate, maximum likelihood, multimodel inference approach to explore the relative influence of life history traits and range size on patterns of neutral genetic diversity.

Results

We found that pioneer and narrow range species had lower levels but greater variance in genetic diversity—signs of founder effects and stronger genetic drift. Animal‐dispersed species had lower population differentiation, indicating extensive gene flow. Abiotically dispersed and pioneer species had stronger fine‐scale genetic structure, suggesting restricted seed dispersal and family cohort establishment.

Main conclusions

Our multivariable and multispecies approach allows ecologically relevant conclusions, since knowing whether one parameter has an effect, or one species shows a response in isolation, is dependent on the combination of traits expressed by a species. Our study demonstrates the influence of ecological processes on the distribution of genetic variation in tropical trees, and will help guide genetic resource management, and contribute to predicting the impacts of land use change.
Identifying the factors that determine the severity and type of alien bird impacts
Authors: Evans Thomas , Kumschick Sabrina , Şekercioğlu Çağan H. , Blackburn Tim M.
Published: February 2018

Aim

To identify traits related to the severity and type of environmental impacts generated by alien bird species, in order to improve our ability to predict which species may have the most damaging impacts.

Location

Global.

Methods

Information on traits hypothesized to influence the severity and type of alien bird impacts was collated for 113 bird species. These data were analysed using mixed effects models accounting for phylogenetic non‐independence of species.

Results

The severity and type of impacts generated by alien bird species are not randomly distributed with respect to their traits. Alien range size and habitat breadth were strongly associated with impact severity. Predation impacts were strongly associated with dietary preference, but also with alien range size, relative brain size and residence time. Impacts mediated by interactions with other alien species were related to alien range size and diet breadth.

Main conclusions

Widely distributed generalist alien birds have the most severe environmental impacts. This may be because these species have greater opportunity to cause environmental impacts through their sheer number and ubiquity, but this could also be because they are more likely to be identified and studied. Our study found little evidence for an effect of per capita impact on impact severity.
Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society guidelines for endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation
Authors: Itoi Takao , Ryozawa Shomei , Katanuma Akio , Okabe Yoshinobu , Kato Hironori , Horaguchi Jun , Tsuchiya Takayoshi , Gotoda Takuji , Fujita Naotaka , Yasuda Kenjiro , Igarashi Yoshinori , Fujimoto Kazuma ,   Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society
Published: February 2018

The Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society has developed the ‘EPLBD Clinical Practice Guidelines’ as fundamental guidelines based on new scientific techniques. EPLBD is a treatment method that has recently become widely used for choledocolithiasis. The evidence level in this field is usually low, and in many instances, the recommendation grading has to be determined on the basis of expert consensus. At this point, the guidelines are divided into the following six sections according to the ‘EST Clinical Practice Guidelines’: (i) Indications, (ii) procedures, (iii) special cases, (iv) procedure‐related adverse events, (v) treatment outcomes, and (vi) postoperative follow up observation.
The immunopathogenic and immunomodulatory effects of interleukin‐12 in periodontal disease
Authors: Issaranggun Na Ayuthaya Benjar , Everts Vincent , Pavasant Prasit
Published: February 2018

Interleukin 12 (IL‐12) is an inflammatory cytokine that promotes the response of the immune system. This cytokine has been implicated as a potent stimulator of several diseases characterized by inflammatory‐induced bone destruction, such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. Yet, the exact role of IL‐12 in the development and progress of periodontitis has not been clarified. Several studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between the level of IL‐12 and the severity of periodontal destruction. Deletion of IL‐12 in mice with periodontitis significantly suppressed the level of bone destruction. Interestingly, next to a role in modulating the pathogenesis, IL‐12 also has immunological‐regulatory properties. This cytokine induces expression of immunosuppressive molecules, such as indoleamine‐pyrrole 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO). Thus, these findings suggest both negative and positive influences of IL‐12 in periodontal disease. It is currently proposed that the diversity of action of cytokines is a molecular key which regulates biological development and homeostasis. Accordingly, the actions of IL‐12 might be one of the mechanisms that regulate homeostasis of periodontal tissue during and following inflammation. Therefore, this article aims to review both destructive and protective functionalities of IL‐12 with an emphasis on periodontal disease.
Transmaxillary anchored silicon embedded gauze plug in the post‐operative treatment of a large oromaxillary fistula caused by a supernumerary cheek tooth
Authors: Hevesi A. T. , Uto D. , Takacs N. , Lorincz V. , Simhofer H.
Published: February 2018

A 9‐year‐old Hungarian sport horse gelding was presented to the clinic in poor condition displaying malodorous bilateral purulent nasal discharge. Oral examination revealed the presence of supernumerary 111 and 211. Bilateral diastema formation between the third maxillary molars and the supernumerary teeth with deep periodontal pockets and massive food impactions were diagnosed endoscopically. Radiography revealed inhomogenous sinus opacities in the left and right paranasal sinuses. Following bilateral oral extractions of the supernumerary cheek teeth and third maxillary molars, bilateral oromaxillary fistula formations were diagnosed (about 17 mm diameter on the right side). Bilateral frontal and right‐sided maxillary trephinations and resection of the right bulla of the maxillary septum were performed. Massive food impactions of the left and right paranasal sinuses were removed under endoscopic control. Repeated trans‐endoscopic sinus lavage was performed post‐operatively. After 2.5 months, the large right‐sided oromaxillary communication was temporarily closed with a transmaxillary anchored, gauze‐cored silicon plug on an outpatient basis. Follow‐up examination after 187 days revealed complete closure of the oromaxillary fistula and absence of sinusitis. In a 1.5‐year follow‐up control, no pathological conditions were found.
Do accountabilities change when public organisations transform to service systems: A new conceptual approach
Authors: Virtanen Petri , Stenvall Jari , Kinder Tony , Hatam Omaima
Published: February 2018

In this conceptual paper, we discuss from the service systems perspective how accountabilities differ from a hierarchic and organisational perspective within the domain of New Public Management, looking to shed new light upon accountability as a research topic. The concept of service systems and their accountabilities are scrutinised and the role of integrated social and health care services is discussed in particular. The main argument in the text is the changing nature of accountabilities as the public organisations are being transformed into service systems. To date, the understanding of accountability has remained structural by nature – such is the case also for productivity measurement – but the shift from organisations towards services systems means that accountability ought to be considered as processual by nature. By processual it is meant that accountability should be considered as flows within systems – that is: flows between agents the content of which we argue includes not only knowledge on the outputs of public services, but also values, empathy and thus multi‐layered understanding of accountability. The paper concludes with practical insights for managerial purposes on the basis for this accountability shift.
Plankton metacommunities in floodplain wetlands under contrasting hydrological conditions
Authors: Chaparro Griselda , Horváth Zsófia , O'Farrell Inés , Ptacnik Robert , Hein Thomas
Published: February 2018

Species diversity is affected by processes operating at multiple spatial scales, although the most relevant scales that contribute to compositional variation and the temporal shifts of the involved mechanisms remain poorly explored. We studied spatial patterns of phytoplankton, rotifers and microcrustacean diversity across scales in a river floodplain system of the Danube in Austria under contrasting hydrological conditions (post‐flood versus low water level).

The species turnover between water sections (β2) and between wetlands (β3) was the major components of regional diversity for all studied groups, with species turnover between habitats (β1) as a minor contributor. β1 diversity and β2 diversity were lower than expected by chance in most cases, suggesting that communities are more homogeneous than expected at these scales. β3 diversity was higher than expected by chance in many cases, indicating more distinct communities at the wetland level. Patterns were highly similar under different hydrological conditions, indicating no major immediate effect of flood events.

Local environmental and spatial factors were similarly important in structuring phytoplankton, rotifer and microcrustacean communities in both hydrological conditions. Relevant environmental factors were spatially structured in post‐flood conditions especially between sections, suggesting flood‐driven homogenisation within the wetlands. Under low water level, spatial structuring of environment decreased and pure environmental factors gained relevance for phytoplankton and rotifers.

Our results suggest that although β2 diversity between water sections is a major component of regional diversity, long‐term spatial processes responding to connectivity across the wetland structure phytoplankton, rotifer and microcrustacean communities. Aquatic sections within the limited spatial extent of the remaining floodplain areas appear more homogeneous than expected probably due to flood recurrence over the years.

These results highlight that adequate planning of restoration and conservation strategies of floodplain wetlands should consider environmental heterogeneity together with long‐term spatial processes.
Long‐term deepened snow promotes tundra evergreen shrub growth and summertime ecosystem net CO2 gain but reduces soil carbon and nutrient pools
Authors: Christiansen Casper T. , Lafreniére Melissa J. , Henry Gregory H. R. , Grogan Paul
Published: February 2018

Arctic climate warming will be primarily during winter, resulting in increased snowfall in many regions. Previous tundra research on the impacts of deepened snow has generally been of short duration. Here, we report relatively long‐term (7–9 years) effects of experimentally deepened snow on plant community structure, net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE), and soil biogeochemistry in Canadian Low Arctic mesic shrub tundra. The snowfence treatment enhanced snow depth from 0.3 to ~1 m, increasing winter soil temperatures by ~3°C, but with no effect on summer soil temperature, moisture, or thaw depth. Nevertheless, shoot biomass of the evergreen shrub Rhododendron subarcticum was near‐doubled by the snowfences, leading to a 52% increase in aboveground vascular plant biomass. Additionally, summertime NEE rates, measured in collars containing similar plant biomass across treatments, were consistently reduced ~30% in the snowfenced plots due to decreased ecosystem respiration rather than increased gross photosynthesis. Phosphate in the organic soil layer (0–10 cm depth) and nitrate in the mineral soil layer (15–25 cm depth) were substantially reduced within the snowfences (47–70 and 43%–73% reductions, respectively, across sampling times). Finally, the snowfences tended (p = .08) to reduce mineral soil layer C% by 40%, but with considerable within‐ and among plot variation due to cryoturbation across the landscape. These results indicate that enhanced snow accumulation is likely to further increase dominance of R. subarcticum in its favored locations, and reduce summertime respiration and soil biogeochemical pools. Since evergreens are relatively slow growing and of low stature, their increased dominance may constrain vegetation‐related feedbacks to climate change. We found no evidence that deepened snow promoted deciduous shrub growth in mesic tundra, and conclude that the relatively strong R. subarcticum response to snow accumulation may explain the extensive spatial variability in observed circumpolar patterns of evergreen and deciduous shrub growth over the past 30 years.
Reflections on Joan Acker's influence on us and on her legacy: A dialogue
Authors: Bailyn Lotte , Fletcher Joyce K.
Published: February 2018

In reflecting on Joan Acker's legacy and her influence on us, we had the dialogue we reproduce here. We hope it shows our admiration and gratitude for her work.
A Diary Study of Basic Psychological Needs and Daily Headache Experience
Authors: Greene Nathaniel R. , Smith C. Veronica , Jewell Devin E. , Smitherman Todd A.
Published: February 2018

Objective

A diary study was conducted to investigate the relationships between headache activity and basic psychological needs satisfaction.

Methods

One hundred sixteen young adults (M age = 19.17 (SD = 2.90); 81.7% female; 75.9% Caucasian) completed an online daily diary of headache activity and needs satisfaction for 3 weeks. Data were analyzed using hierarchical linear modeling.

Results

On days when headache occurred, participants reported decreased needs satisfaction of competence (γ10 = −0.18, P = .014) and relatedness (γ10 = −0.24, P = .003), and a marginal but not significant reduction in autonomy (γ10 = −0.13, P = .067). Additionally, more severe headaches were associated with decreased needs satisfaction in autonomy (γ10 = −0.08, P = .009), competence (γ10 = −0.08, P = .011), and relatedness (γ10 = −0.09, P = .005). Presence of a headache diagnosis did not moderate the relationship between headache occurrence and basic needs satisfaction (all Ps ≥ .24).

Conclusions

This preliminary study is the first to show that headache is related to reduced basic psychological needs satisfaction, providing a potential account for one mechanism by which headache may negatively affect quality of life. Further research is needed to extend these findings to larger samples of migraine sufferers to enable more thorough between‐group comparisons of headache‐related burden on basic needs satisfaction. These findings may be informative for treatment approaches that focus on outcomes beyond mere symptom reduction.
Instruction practices in German driving lessons: Differential uses of declaratives and imperatives
Authors: Deppermann Arnulf
Published: February 2018

Building on a corpus of 70 hours of German driving lessons, this paper studies the use of declaratives vs. imperatives for instruction. It shows how these linguistic resources are adapted to different praxeological, temporal and participant‐related environments. Declaratives are used for first instructions, task‐setting and post‐trial discussions. They exhibit complex syntax and do not call for immediate compliance. Their high degree of explicitness conveys how the action is to be carried out. Imperative instructions overwhelmingly correct ongoing actions of students or respond to their failure to produce expected actions. They exhibit minimal argument structure. They are reminders which presuppose that the student monitors the scene and can perform the action unproblematically. They index that requests have to be complied with immediately or even urgently.
Lipid‐lowering therapy use and achievement of cholesterol targets in an Australian diabetes clinic
Authors: Kiburg Katerina V. , Ward Glenn M. , O’Neal David N. , MacIsaac Richard J.
Published: February 2018

We documented temporal changes in the use of lipid‐lowering medications and achievement of cholesterol targets in an Australian diabetes clinic. The number of patients using lipid‐lowering therapy for primary or secondary cardiovascular prevention increased from 6 to 69% between 1993–1995 and 2014–2016, which corresponded to a decrease in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from 3.7 to 2.4 mmol/L (P < 0.01).
Assessment of potential opioid toxicity and response to naloxone by rapid response teams at an urban Melbourne hospital
Authors: Gunasekaran Bharathy , Weil Jennifer , Whelan Tom , Santamaria John , Boughey Mark
Published: February 2018

Opioid prescriptions have significantly increased in recent years and are used for a wide variety of indications. Electronic medical records of 45 patients who received naloxone by a rapid response team over an 18‐month period were retrospectively reviewed. This study found inconsistencies in the management of possible opioid toxicity with variation in the total naloxone dose and number of doses administered. This highlights the importance of a standardised protocol for recognition and management of opioid overdose.
Metformin‐induced encephalopathy: the role of thiamine
Authors: McGarvey Caoimhe , Franconi Catherine , Prentice David , Bynevelt Michael
Published: February 2018

A case of metformin encephalopathy is presented in a patient on haemodialysis for end‐stage diabetic renal failure. The patient presented with frequent falls and clinical signs of Parkinsonism, on a background of recent anorexia and significant weight loss. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral, symmetrical abnormalities centred on the lentiform nuclei. Metformin was withheld and signs and symptoms quickly resolved. We hypothesise that metformin may cause thiamine deficiency in patients with end‐stage renal failure resulting in a specific metabolic encephalopathy.
High urinary interleukin‐8 levels is associated with poor prognosis in idiopathic membranous nephropathy
Authors: Chen Jilin , Fu Xiaoye , Sun Yanling , Zhang Shengkun , Xie Hua , Lin Hongli
Published: February 2018

Biomarkers required to assess accurately the prognosis of idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) are still unavailable. A retrospective study on 156 IMN patients showed only urinary IL‐8 was associated with the achievement of initial complete remission (CR) in IMN patients. A urinary IL‐8 level of less than 61.25 pg/mL was more sensitive for prediction of CR in IMN patients. Therefore, urinary IL‐8 may be a potential biomarker for evaluating short‐term prognosis of IMN patients.
Climate change: allergens and allergic diseases
Authors: Katelaris Constance H. , Beggs Paul J.
Published: February 2018

Climate change has been described as the biggest global health threat of the 21st century. The atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide, have increased significantly since the start of the Industrial Era around 1750, with much of this increase occurring over just the last 50 years or so. This is resulting in warming of the climate system as well as changes in precipitation and weather and climate extremes. These changes in climate are having wide‐ranging impacts on the Earth’s physical, biological and human systems, including human health. It is these impacts of climate change on human health that are the focus of this paper, particularly the impacts on allergens and allergic diseases. Such impacts are particularly significant in many countries where the prevalence of such diseases is high and/or increasing. There is now compelling evidence that rising air temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations are, in some plant species, resulting in increased pollen production and allergenicity and advancement and lengthening of the pollen season. Changes in extreme events, such as thunderstorms and tropical cyclones, will also have impacts on allergic diseases, with, for example, the flooding associated with tropical cyclones leading to proliferation of mould growth in damp homes. The article also considers a range of responses to these health threats, including greenhouse gas mitigation, and adaptation strategies, such as enhanced environmental monitoring and health surveillance and adequate planning for the future medical workforce.