bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translation of the Bible in Hangul
Authors: Kee Min Suc
Published: February 2022

Korean Bible translations have been motivated and nurtured by Western Christian missionary initiatives. The first Korean translation of the Bible was finished in 1882 by a Scottish missionary, John Ross, which later gave way to the completion of the Korean New Testament Ross Version in 1887. In spite of Japanese colonization (1910–1945) and the Korean War (1950–1953), missionaries and the Korean Church came together to achieve the monumental publication of the Korean Revised Version in 1961, whose descendant is still the preferred Bible in Korea. In the history of translation, the development of Korean grammar coincided with revisions of existing Korean Bibles. Meanwhile, the traditional and conservative religiosity of Korean Christians became influential in translations. This is best exemplified in the debate over the spelling of the word “God”—Hananim or Haneunim. Conservative religiosity also explains why the (New) Korean Revised Version, which is actually not that new in the current linguistic context in Korea, is today the most highly revered translation among Korean Christians.
Shekspirshchina
Authors: Bullock Philip Ross
Published: February 2022

Although Shakespeare’s literary reception in nineteenth-century Russia has been well mapped, less attention has been given to his musical afterlife. This chapter examines Shakespeare’s place in nineteenth-century Russian music from three complementary perspectives. First, it will consider how Shakespeare’s characters and plots were taken up in the mid-century tone poem, with a particular focus on Balakirev’s overture to King Lear. Second, it will examine the use of music in stage productions of Shakespeare’s plays, taking by way of example not just Balakirev’s incidental music for King Lear, but also Tchaikovsky’s music for Hamlet (rather than his better-known tone poems, Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest). Finally, a third model of reception is explored in the form of a discussion of Musorgsky’s treatment of Pushkin’s Boris Godunov. Rather than setting Shakespeare directly, Musorgsky engages in a triangulation of literary influence, drawing on Pushkin’s historical drama (widely regarded as an attempt to import Shakespearean principles as a way of distancing himself from the precepts of French neo-classicism) as a way of distancing himself from Italian models of operatic action (including many on Shakespearean themes).
Shakespeare in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Škrobánková Klára
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on three operas created in Czechoslovakia, their political significance, and the problems their creators faced when adapting drama for the operatic stage. It first considers the relationship between Shakespeare’s Comedy of Errors and its operatic adaptation Upheaval in Ephesus by the Czech composer Iša Krejčí. Even though written during the Second World War with the wish to uplift the Czech people, the piece was later often used by the Communist regime as an example of Czech buffa, sharing happiness as well as propaganda with the audience. The second analysed opera is the 1969 work by Karel Horký entitled Poison from Elsinore, a prequel to Hamlet. In the opera, the main character of Polonius investigates the murder of King Hamlet, yet finds himself trapped in the totalitarian world, pondering on the responsibility of the individual and the greater good. The author of both music and libretto of the third examined opera, Ján Cikker, started composing his Coriolanus under the influence of the Soviet invasion of August 1968. Premiered in 1974, the opera features many parallels between Shakespeare’s Rome and the occupied Czechoslovakia, which Cikker emphasizes by the changes he makes in the process of the adaptation. All three considered operas therefore offer valuable insight into the state of Czechoslovak opera and the reception of Shakespeare’s work in the second half of the twentieth century.
From Hal to Henry
Authors: Graham Michael
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the presentation of gender and sexuality in Gustav Holst’s At the Boar’s Head (1925), a one-act ‘musical interlude’ based on the Eastcheap tavern scenes from Shakespeare’s Henry IV. Holst’s third opera was received initially as an ingenious but ultimately trivial exercise in combining Shakespearean material with traditional English folk music. More recently, however, it has been interpreted as a work which encapsulates the profound sense of nostalgia and trauma present in British society during the post–Great War period. This chapter argues further that At the Boar’s Head’s liminal, microcosmic tavern space reveals the disruptions and reactive consolidations of gender identity and sexual expression that occurred during the First World War. Through the contrasting figures of its central ‘couple’, Prince Hal and Falstaff, the work especially scrutinizes the capacity of war to alter male personality and desire, the pressure placed on men to conform to a ubiquitous image of heroic, heterosexual masculinity, and the complex, conflicting reactions of soldiers at their moment of recruitment. Paying particular attention to Hal’s two intensely introspective arias, ‘I know you all …’ and ‘Devouring Time’, the chapter dissects the young prince’s protean journey to attaining the paradigmatic manliness of his later incarnation, Henry V, who was celebrated as the inspirational embodiment of British, martial male identity during the war years.
Otherness and Strange Sounds
Authors: Simonis Annette
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines how modern composers have developed a new approach to Shakespeare’s The Tempest by adopting creative approaches decidedly different from romantic interpretations or bel canto opera. Most twentieth-century musicalizations of the play—which is characterized by multidimensional, meta-poetical, and psychological intensity—present an experimental view of its structural potential and an intense exploration of the psychological dimensions of the personae. At the beginning of the twentieth century, a romantic opera by Nicholas Gatty (1920) still corresponds to nineteenth-century tastes. In contrast, Sibelius’s suite Stormen (1926) clearly reflects a modernist design, with harps and percussion representing the ambivalent character of Prospero, while the impressive chorus of winds and the intermittent sounds depicting Ariel underline the experimental and avant-garde nature of the composition. Since the second half of the century, composers’ efforts in adapting Shakespeare’s late comedy in stage music and opera have culminated in a series of notable works: Frank Martin’s Der Sturm (1956), Michael Tippett’s The Knot Garden (1971), Luciano Berio’s Un Re in Ascolto (1984), John Eaton’s The Tempest (1985), and Thomas Adès’s The Tempest (2004). This chapter compares these different operatic adaptations according to their poetical and musical devices, designs, and overall perspectives. What these very different compositions have in common is the fact that they no longer intend to provide musical settings for a Shakespearean play. Instead, they create their own works of art which (even in the wording of their libretti) are but loosely connected to the original version of their source.
Gender and Music in Shakespeare
Authors: Wong Katrine K.
Published: February 2022

The relationship between music and female characters in the Shakespearean canon has attracted much exciting discussion in recent years. This chapter starts with an overview of gendered designs of musical episodes in Shakespearean plays and the corresponding gendered responses within the playtexts. Textual interpretation of ‘male music’ and ‘female music’, informed by conventional early modern context, yields seemingly clear-cut expectations of and attitudes towards musical performance on Shakespeare’s stage; however, modern stage productions have complicated and, at times, subverted the dichotomy. Dramaturgical reading of musical episodes in selected plays offers us an opportunity to understand gender relativity and performativity in Shakespearean characters.
‘Let your indulgence set me free’
Authors: Cooke Mervyn
Published: February 2022

Director Julie Taymor and her partner, composer Elliot Goldenthal, collaborated on two location-shot Shakespeare films: Titus (1999) and The Tempest (2010). The freshness of the collaborators’ cinematic approach to Shakespeare is in part a consequence of their having also worked extensively together in the theatre (including stage productions of these two plays, and a filmed theatrical performance of A Midsummer Night’s Dream released in 2015) and their refusal to eschew dramatic stylization on the silver screen in favour of a populist realism. The eclectic music for Titus ranges from choral incantations to distorted jazz idioms, dynamic minimalism, searingly expressive orchestral writing, mesmerizing electronics, and a black-comedy application of carnival music familiar from the collaborators’ stage work; almost all the music is foregrounded, yet little attempt is made to endow this powerful composite score with the specious unifying function traditionally demanded of film music. By contrast, the score to The Tempest is more subliminal in its effect, while still experimental in its exploration of soundscapes which shift from Caliban’s ‘thousand twangling instruments’ to sparse ideas expressed in novel guitar tunings and sonorities, evocative keyboard timbres, saxophone multiphonics, glass armonica, and steel cello. Above all, the film’s soundtrack is distinguished by its contemporary response to the play’s songs, which here include an additional lyric borrowed from Twelfth Night in order to enhance the romantic subplot, and the climactic isolation of the (female) Prospera’s epilogue in the end credits.
Rhizomatic Harmonies
Authors: Rodgers Amy
Published: February 2022

While some critics have argued that music’s role in contemporary staged Shakespeare’s meaning has diminished since the Renaissance, this chapter explores music’s deeply significant role in filmed Shakespeare, particularly in the films of Vishal Bhardwaj. Arguing that a focus on alternative lexicons (such as those expressed by music and dance) that play a significant role in non-Anglophone Shakespeare, this chapter contends that the field can offer a broader hermeneutic, hence inclusive, epistemological field, via more careful attention to the ways that non-Western and non-Anglophone cultures interpret and use Shakespeare as mythic, narrative, and sociocultural commentary on their own historical moment outside of Shakespeare’s language. Such a reconsideration of language as the most significant locus of meaning within Shakespeare’s studies facilitates a more capacious template for understanding how Shakespeare can be deployed as a form of resistant participation in what Barbara Hodgdon has called ‘the Shakespeare trade’. Via a focus on Vishal Bhardwaj’s tragic trilogy—Maqbool (2003), Omkara (2006), and Haider (2014—this chapter explores how this composer-filmmaker’s Shakespearean oeuvre provides insight into these plays’ historical and performed past, and, even more significantly, their practice-based and interpretative present and future. In particular, the chapter focuses on Bhardwaj’s participation in a ‘Shakespeare’ that interrogates the (still rather strongly stratified) boundaries of its Anglophone performance and literary traditions. In doing so, these works imagine, even help bring into being, an entity that is fluid, multicultural, and endlessly ‘adaptive’.
Shakespeare and Folk
Authors: Hansen Adam
Published: February 2022

English folk has long been critical of and opposed to the political and cultural status quo, yet also rooted, atavistic, despairing, and utopian in equal measure. These characteristics combine to create a form of culture both integral and eccentric to understandings of ‘English’ national identity. So what happens when folk’s musics, histories, and meanings encounter or engage with another potent, iconic, and equally vexed and complex signifier of ‘Englishness’: Shakespeare? What assumptions and expectations come into play—about Shakespeare and about ‘folk’—when the two are combined? If Shakespeare used, and moved back and forth between, ‘high’ and ‘popular’ culture at various points in his career (and in his afterlives), might he now be considered part of ‘folk’ culture? This chapter tries to answer these questions by exploring how a range of these engagements have happened, focusing on and comparing two in detail: Harley Granville-Barker’s 1914 production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream, with music by Cecil Sharp, and Maria Aberg’s 2013 staging of As You like It, featuring music from the ‘neo-folk’ artist Laura Marling. Discussion broadens beyond Shakespeare in performance to consider what conflicts and contradictions about Shakespeare, ‘Englishness’, and ‘folk’ are suppressed or realized through aligning Shakespeare with a ‘folk’ aesthetic.
New Issue Politics
Authors: Jang Seung-Jin
Published: February 2022

This chapter reviews some of the new issues that have become, or will potentially become, salient in South Korean politics: welfare and redistribution, gender, and immigration. While traditional political cleavage based on generational differences in political ideology still persists, these new issues have gained political significance and public attention, creating different political coalitions across South Korean voters. Though they may have not fundamentally changed South Korean politics, they have certainly diversified its issue content. For each of these issues, the chapter discusses their background, how South Koreans think about them, and what implications they have in understanding contemporary South Korean politics.
Social Movements
Authors: Shin Jin-Wook
Published: February 2022

This chapter describes the developments and macrostructural changes of South Korean social movements after democratization in 1987. Several aspects will be highlighted: First, the developments in the number of civil society organizations, citizens’ participation in civil society activities, and non-violent protest culture have been accelerated since the 2000s. Second, the social movement sector has been differentiated into independent issue areas, leading to more diversity, but also to uneven development between movement areas. Third, with the rise of networked social movements, the communication and mobilization structures and the broader ecosystem of social movements have become increasingly decentralized. Fourth, not only has the ideological division between progressive and conservative movements intensified, but also radical right-wing movements are spreading. Fifth, most recently, a new generation of social movements representing the voices of women, youth, precarious workers, and local communities is growing quickly.
Labour Union Activism
Authors: Kwon Soonmee
Published: February 2022

The Great Workers’ Struggle of 1987 marked a critical juncture in the transformation of South Korea’s authoritarian labour regime. This chapter examines the political and historical development of the country’s unique labour activism. That militant unionism has contributed to the improvement of the economic and social status of the working class. However, it has also turned out to be one of the main causes of organized labour’s deepening social and political isolation. As a result, labour market inequality has been further exacerbated by the combination of enterprise unionism and a social insurance system that prioritizes protection for regular workers. This suggests the limits of South Korean labour activism, which has neither established an encompassing union structure, nor extended the protection of universal citizenship to non-regular workers.
Soviet Rock Carnival
Authors: Yoffe Mark
Published: February 2022

Despite its certain parochial quality, Soviet rock music was one of the most significant, culturally and socially impactful art forms developed during the 1960s–1980s, especially in the time of Perestroika. Subjected to political control and persecution, Soviet rock nevertheless created its own unique language and identity and was beloved by masses of adoring fans. This chapter focuses on the factors that made Soviet rock into such a cultural phenomenon and touches upon its poetics and evolution. It also gives an overview of work by some of the most prominent and notorious musicians and bands. Special attention is paid to the liberating and style-forming influence of punk rock and tendencies towards conceptualism, stiob, and carnival that are responsible for Soviet rock’s specific quality.
The Lianozovo School
Authors: Pavlovets Mikhail
Published: February 2022

The Lianozovo school–group was one of the first creative groups of the underground, arising in the second half of the 1940s and lasting until the beginning of the 1970s, a time when personal relationships and related outlooks on art were enough for practitioners of unofficial art to constitute membership in a common circle without, however, attempting at the same time to demonstrate uniformity. If we are speaking of the “school,” then it developed around the figure of the poet and artist Evgeny Leonidovich Kropivnitsky, who lived in a barracks at the Dolgoprudnaia railway station near Moscow and literally brought up his students, the poets Igor’ Kholin and Genrikh Sapgir and the artist Oskar Rabin. With regard to the Lianozovo “group”: it was located in the nearby barracks settlement of Lianozovo, where the artists Oskar Rabin and his wife Valentina Kropivnitskaia, the daughter of Evgeny Kropivnitsky, and also Kropivnitsky’s son, Lev, settled at the start of the 1950s. The Rabin apartment, like the Kropivnitsky room before it, became a place that attracted both unofficial poets (Vsevolod Nekrasov, Ian Satunovsky, and others) and artists (Nikolai Vechtomov, Vladimir Nemukhin, Lidiia Masterkova), a place for the holding of underground openings and for the formation of an “artistic circle” (Il’ia Kabakov) that not only facilitated professional communication but also the meeting of artists and of their audiences and admirers.
The Soviet Literary Underground during World War II
Authors: Barskova Polina
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the complex bifurcation of identity that writers faced in the 1940s with special attention to the writers of Leningrad under Siege. During WWII, the potentially life-saving advantages of producing propaganda promoting the Soviet Union’s official values made publication attractive—despite authors’ private feelings. At the same time, writing honestly was dangerous; even work shared between friends carried a risk of arrest should a reader betray the author. The divide between the publishable and unpublishable forced authors to navigate the separation of public identities from private selves within their writing practices. Some, such as Anna Akhmatova and Olga Berggolts, published “official” war poetry while maintaining private creative networks; others, such as Tatiana Gnedich, did not attempt to publish but shared work with a close circle; still others, such as Gennаdy Gor, wrote secretly, producing work that remained hidden long after the Siege ended.
Renewable Energy, Energy Poverty, and Climate Change
Authors: Aklin Michaël
Published: February 2022

Renewable energy has the potential to reduce energy poverty in environmentally more friendly ways than fossil fuels. Given these benefits, observers often assume that the deployment of renewable energy should continue unabated, especially as its costs continue to decline. Yet, in practice, the growth of renewables has been uneven and several setbacks continue to plague such growth. The challenges faced by renewables are often political in nature. Given this context, this chapter briefly reviews the role played by renewable energy at the intersection of environmental, energy, and economic policies; clarifies how political, economic, and social factors shape the prospects of renewable energy deployment and how these factors vary within and across industrialized and emerging countries; and investigates the issues faced by renewable energy in the present and the future. These include problems of high costs to consumers, limited ability to raise living standards in developing countries, and struggles faced by the renewable energy industry under high political uncertainty.
Imperialism, the Mismeasurement of Poverty, and the Masking of Global Exploitation
Authors: Donnelly Seth Michael
Published: February 2022

This chapter deconstructs the widely publicized set of statistics purportedly showing that extreme poverty in the world has fallen dramatically since 1990 as articulated by the World Bank and reiterated by leading UN institutions, neoliberal think tanks, publications, and spokespersons. The analytical categories and methodology employed by the World Bank to calculate its poverty statistics are subjected to a systematic critique, demonstrating that they serve the interests of economic imperialism. By artificially reducing global poverty through the statistical manipulation of its poverty metric, the World Bank can trumpet the success of neoliberalism, legitimating its further expansion through US-backed coups in countries such as Haiti and Bolivia. The genocidal misery imposed on the people of the Global South by the World Bank and the IMF through neoliberal policies such as structural adjustment programs and free trade agreements is thereby statistically erased, laying the foundation for a narrative of dramatically falling global poverty in the ‘New Millennium’ at odds with reality. If more reasonable metrics are used, such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) $5 per day standard, global poverty has clearly not fallen as claimed. The chapter also shows how neoliberalism itself is a form of economic imperialism. Finally, the rise of the BRICS and China in particular, celebrated by neoliberals and some on the left, is analysed as a development that ultimately fortifies, rather than contradicts, the advance of imperialism in the twenty-first century.
The Political Economy of Militarism
Authors: Elveren Adem Yavuz
Published: February 2022

High levels of military expenditures are one key aspect of militarism, which is the set of material and ideological manifestations that promote militaristic values in the political, social, and economic domains. This chapter examines the determinants and economic costs of military expenditures with respect to different schools of economic thoughts, including neoclassical, Keynesian, and Marxist. There has been a growing literature on the role of military spending in capitalism in general and its impact on economic growth in particular. As Rosa Luxemburg noted, military power and the ideological influence of militarism were key mechanisms of primitive accumulation in the history of capitalism. That is, capitalism needs non-capitalist systems to expand, and military power makes it possible. Therefore, one key strategic motive of high military spending by core capitalist nations is to sustain the hegemony over peripheral countries and to regulate the rivalry between them. Resting upon this background, the chapter emphasizes three issues about the role of militarism: First, its role in capitalist accumulation and absorption of surplus with special attention to Luxemburg, and Baran and Sweezy; second, the use of militarism to the imperialist interests; and finally, its impact on employment and economic growth.
South Asian Economies in Two Imperialist Regimes between 1950 and 2020
Authors: Vakulabharanam Vamsi
Published: February 2022

The South Asian region experienced a steep economic decline during the period 1750–1950. This was primarily due to British Colonial rule that transformed this region from a vibrant production hub to a source of raw materials, a tribute paying region, and a market for manufactured goods from Britain. Between 1950 and 1980, the newly independent nations that constituted the region of South Asia implemented import substitution industrialization (ISI) policies that tried to reduce their dependence on imperialist powers. During this period, the South Asian share in the global economy declined. Between 1980 and 2020, as the imperialist countries moved from a regulated economic order to a more laissez-faire one, many of the South Asian economies were restructured towards becoming more open, more private, and more market oriented. The workforce that was educated during the 1950–1980 period became a source of cheap labour power for global corporations. At the same time, less educated workforce became available for labour-intensive exports to the imperialist countries. Many of these South Asian economies have also become suppliers of cheap raw materials and primary produce for imperialist countries as well as emerging economic powerhouses like China. During this period, interestingly, the share in the global GDP of South Asian economies increased. This chapter contrasts the two imperialist phases after 1950 and show how relations of dependence of South Asian economies with the imperialist countries have been perpetuated differently during these phases.
Colonial Legacies and Global Networks in Central Asia and the Caucasus
Authors: Hierman Brent D.
Published: February 2022

This chapter addresses the persistent economic and political effects of the Russian Empire’s establishment of extractive colonial institutions in Central Asia and the Caucasus. At a fundamental level, the infrastructure built by the Russian Empire in the nineteenth century and modified by the Soviet Union in the twentieth century to exploit the region’s resources endure into the present; however, the outflow of wealth and resources no longer moves towards a single imperial core. As this chapter details, new networks of extraction have been built. China has now emerged as the terminus for much of the region’s natural resources, whereas Russia is the leading destination for the region’s labour migrants, thus capturing a significant amount of human capital. Additionally, large amounts of wealth are transferred out of the region into Western financial institutions where it is held, laundered, and sometimes moved on. This chapter argues that the flourishing of these global networks of extraction strengthens the overwhelmingly autocratic regimes of the region and hinders the development of civil society. Finally, the chapter addresses the prospects for halting these extractive processes but ultimately finds that this is unlikely given the interwoven nature of political and economic power across the region.
Women, Domestic Labour, and Economic Imperialism
Authors: Cheng Han
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses the relationship between the oppression of women and economic imperialism. Women’s unpaid domestic labour is a fundamental factor of fast capital accumulation. The oppression of women in production, reproduction, and gender relations are integral parts of neoliberal social structure. In a gendered global division of labour, the consumerist way of life in the developed countries is actually facilitated by the exploitation of labour and body of women from the developing countries. The super-exploitation of women has triggered a global crisis of labour power reproduction as well as the rise of women’s anti-imperialist movements.
The Clash of Interpretations
Authors: El-Ojeili Chamsy , Hayden Patrick
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores, and critically defends, one of the most ambitious human scientific theories, world-systems analysis (WSA), by setting it against major paradigms within the field of international relations (IR) theory. The chapter begins with an examination of the very different worlds of thought crucial to the formulation of WSA and realist and liberal paradigms, exploring core differences around units of analysis, structures and actors, power, key social dynamics and forces, and normative commitments. Setting out Wallerstein’s three-fold conceptualization of the world-system as encompassing the international division of labour, the interstate system, and the geoculture, the chapter then considers substantive debates around hegemony and polarity, conflict and warfare, and states and markets, which separate WSA and IR theory. Finally, in a section focussed on the challenges posed by more recent transformations in world politics, it brings WSA into conversation with the globalization literature and competing Marxian approaches. It contends that WSA continues to provide cogent, compelling challenges to the field of IR theory.
Introduction
Authors: Cope Zak , Ness Immanuel
Published: February 2022

The Oxford Handbook of Economic Imperialism examines unequal commercial, trade, and investment gains at the international level and explores how countries and nations can have exploitative relations. The book contains thirty-four chapters written by academics and experts in the field of international political economy. The chapters in the Handbook look at the history of economic imperialism from the early modern age to the present. They demonstrate the persistence of economic imperialism in today’s postcolonial world and the enduring control wielded by great powers even after the end of formal empire. The book reveals how emerging powers are expanding economic control in new geographic and geopolitical contexts. The Handbook highlights the significance of economic imperialism in the structures, relations, processes, and ideas that help sustain poverty and conflict worldwide.
Muslim Nonviolent Civil Resistance in Modern World History
Authors: Cole Juan
Published: February 2022

This chapter considers peaceful Muslim movements of civil resistance in modern world history, using three case studies. The author looks at the Murid movement of Senegal, with its declaration that the time of jihad ended with the death of the Prophet Muhammad. The author explores the complex attitudes to French colonialism of Murid leader Amadou Bamba—a refusal to take up arms, but a cultural critique of amoral European secularism and imperialism. The author then considers thinking on peace among Congress Party Muslims allied with Gandhi and among the Pukhtuns organized by Abdul Ghaffar Khan. The author distinguishes between Abul Kalam Azad, for whom nonviolent cooperation was a pragmatic tactic, and Abdul Ghaffar, a utopian pacifist who opposed warfare in principle. The author concludes by examining nonviolent Muslim activism against Apartheid in South Africa by leaders such as Maulana Farid Esack, in concert with the multi-faith United Democratic Front. The conclusion analyzes commonalities among these movements and examines key differences.
Public Music Theory and the Land-Grant Tradition in Columbus, Ohio
Authors: Gawboy Anna
Published: February 2022

The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, has a rich culture of outreach shaped by its land-grant history. Music theory participates in this culture through presentations aligned with the goals of the Science Café movement, by involving the public in the creation of new knowledge, and through audience-centered activities adjacent to musical performance. Despite the popularity of music theory as educational entertainment, broader questions remain. First, what is the value of music theory in a culture of university outreach that prioritizes scientific perspectives on practical issues? Second, given that the lands that funded the creation of public universities under the 1862 Morrill Act were expropriated from Native American tribes, what responsibilities do public scholars at land-grant institutions have to Indigenous communities, and how might the tools of public music scholarship be directed toward cultural reparations? This chapter highlights public music theory initiatives at Ohio State and beyond that begin to address these questions.
Music Theory and Social Media
Authors: Piilonen Miriam
Published: February 2022

This chapter offers an overview of music theory discourse on social media. The author focuses on the English phrase “music theory” as it appears on platforms such as YouTube, Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr, Instagram, Reddit, and TikTok. Combining close readings of a wide range of music theory content, conversations with music theory influencers, and research on social media’s economic and political impacts, the author explicates some of the ways that social media discourse has been affecting the purview of music theory, both online and off. Examples include the formation of online learning communities around niche music theory subjects, the rise of music theory clickbait, and the propagation of various kinds of music theory memes.
AI and International Politics
Authors: Arsenault Amelia C. , Kreps Sarah E.
Published: February 2022

In light of contemporary technological advancements in the fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, coupled with significant investment in AI research and development by a range of state actors, scholars have begun considering the impact that this technology will have on international and domestic politics. While scholars express divergent views regarding the consequences of AI proliferation, this technology is likely to have a broad range of applications for international politics, from military and defense to trade and diplomacy. Recognizing the increasingly prominent role of AI in global politics, this chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the opportunities and risks that the proliferation of AI technology holds for international politics by examining the factors motivating the global pursuit of this technology and evaluating its effects on authoritarianism and liberal democracy, the global balance of power, and warfare. This chapter argues that AI is best understood as an accelerating and enabling force that is less likely to produce drastic, unforeseen transformations in domestic and international politics as it is to accelerate and exacerbate trends that were already underway. As an increasingly critical tool of contemporary governance, AI is going to play a central role in future relations between international actors; it is therefore incumbent upon scholars, states, and the global community more broadly to begin preparing for international politics in the era of AI.
Empirical Aesthetics
Authors: Nadal Marcos , Vartanian Oshin
Published: February 2022

This chapter offers a general overview of, and introduction to, empirical aesthetics. It begins with a definition of the field’s scope and main goals, a summary of its history from its beginning in the 19th century to the 1990s, and a brief presentation of contemporary accounts of aesthetic appreciation. The authors then highlight the key components of empirical aesthetics (object, person, and context), which provide the basic organization for the book, and summarize the field’s basic methods, from the historiometric to the psychophysiological. The chapter ends by presenting the subdomains of empirical aesthetics, and the neighboring fields with which it interacts.
Children’s Use of Syntax In Word Learning
Authors: Lidz Jeffrey L.
Published: February 2022

This chapter investigates the role that syntax plays in guiding the acquisition of word meaning. It reviews data that reveal how children can use the syntactic distribution of a word as evidence for its meaning and discusses the principles of grammar that license such inferences. We delineate the role of thematic linking generalizations in the acquisition of action verbs, arguing that children use specific links between subject and agent and between object and patient to guide initial verb learning. In the domain of attitude verbs, we show that children’s knowledge of abstract links between subclasses of attitude verbs and their syntactic distribution enable learners to identify the meanings of their initial attitude verbs, such as think and want. Finally, we show that syntactic bootstrapping effects are not limited to verb learning but extend across the lexicon.
Phonological variation and lexical form
Authors: Purse Ruaridh , Tamminga Meredith , White Yosiane
Published: February 2022

It is well documented that words are produced differently by different individuals (interspeaker variation) and by a single individual on different occasions (intraspeaker variation). However, exactly how this variation is processed in the brain, and therefore how to situate it in psycholinguistic models of word production and recognition remains an area of active research and debate. This chapter ties the wealth of sociolinguistic knowledge on phonological variables to the study of the mental lexicon. First, the existing experimental evidence concerning the relationship between phonological variation and lexical access is laid out. Second, to better understand conflicting results and guide further research, this chapter includes an overview of relevant structural and representational properties that differentiate phonological variables. Finally, the advantages of incorporating phonological variation into models of the mental lexicon are discussed.
Pragmatics and the Lexicon
Authors: Schwarz Florian , Zehr Jérémy
Published: February 2022

The present chapter reviews how contextually driven inferences interact with the lexical encoding of meaning. A central question is whether (and to what extent) a given ingredient of meaning associated with the use of a particular expression in context should be seen as directly encoded in the lexicon, or whether (and to what extent) it is derived via general reasoning in context. The discussion focuses on three key phenomena that serve as case studies to illustrate the task of spelling out the division of labor between semantics and pragmatics: scalar implicatures, scalar adjectives, and presuppositions. While many details in the theoretical analysis of these phenomena are still up for debate, they all serve to illustrate that key choice points for proposals at the semantics-pragmatics interface concern the question of what type of information has to be included at the lexical level in order to ground pragmatic phenomena in semantics.
Efficient Communication and The Organization of The Lexicon
Authors: Mahowald Kyle , Dautriche Isabelle , Braginsky Mika , Gibson Ted
Published: February 2022

This chapter applies a language design perspective to the lexicon. It reviews and synthesizes a body of work in cognitive science and linguistics that uses ideas from computer science, specifically information theory, to explore how structural features of lexicons can be explained by principles of efficient communication. It pays particular attention to four major properties of lexicons. The first is the structure of word frequency distributions, particularly the Zipfian structure of these distributions and the way that individual semantic spaces are carved up so as to be maximally efficient. The second is the relationship between word frequency and properties like word length and phonotactic probability. The third concerns lexical arbitrariness: the extent to which word forms contain information about their meanings. Finally, the chapter considers how lexicons are structured for child language learning.
Differences in vocabulary growth across groups and individuals
Authors: Potter Christine E. , Lew-Williams Casey
Published: February 2022

This chapter describes causes and consequences of individual differences in young children’s word learning. For decades, research has documented qualitative and quantitative differences in children’s language input, and it has been convincingly demonstrated that across different communities, children’s vocabulary growth can be linked to their language experiences. However, children also actively shape their own learning environment, and it is important to consider how their cognitive abilities, as well as their interests, shape their language experiences and their learning. Only by examining children with a wide range of experiences (e.g., children growing up in multilingual communities) and abilities (e.g., children with developmental delays or disorders) will it be possible to develop theories that adequately capture and explain differences in children’s word learning and vocabulary growth.
The Dynamics of Word Production
Authors: Kilbourn-Ceron Oriana , Goldrick Matthew
Published: February 2022

The common sense notion of lexicon as a dictionary implies a static, fixed repository of information about the properties of individual words. This chapter discusses evidence from speech production suggesting that the lexicon in production is best characterized as a process: lexical access. This process involves the dynamic interaction of information from multiple lexical representations, resulting in the production of variable word forms. The corresponding theoretical framework is outlined within the context of single word production. This chapter then discusses a relatively less-well explored area: how lexical access changes when speakers plan and produce multiple words in connected speech. The conclusion points to open theoretical issues raised by new findings in connected speech.
Easy words
Authors: Gleitman Lila R. , Trueswell John C.
Published: February 2022

This chapter describes early stages in the acquisition of a first vocabulary by infants and young children. It distinguishes two major stages, the first of which operates by a stand-alone word-to-world pairing procedure and the second of which, using the evidence so acquired, builds a domain-specific syntax-sensitive structure-to-world pairing procedure. As we show, the first stage of learning is slow, restricted in character, and to some extent errorful, whereas the second procedure is determinative, rapid, and essentially errorless. Our central claim here is that the early, referentially based learning procedure succeeds at all because it is reined in by attention focusing properties of word-to-world timing and related indicants of referential intent.
Language and thought
Authors: Landau Barbara
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the relationship between language and thought, focusing on whether changes in non-linguistic thought follow from learning a particular language (e.g., English vs. Greek) and/or from learning any natural language at all. The chapter considers several different hypotheses about the possible effects of language on our non-linguistic representation, including classical and neo-classical versions of Whorf’s hypothesis as well as more recent views. The latter include one proposal suggesting that learning a language causes massive reorganization of our non-linguistic thought, and one suggesting that language more likely causes pervasive momentary on-line effects of linguistic understanding while leaving non-linguistic representations intact. These views are considered across a number of different domains including color, space, number, and theory of mind.
How Learners Move From Sound To Morphology
Authors: Demuth Katherine
Published: February 2022

This chapter investigates the phenomenon of how children acquire grammatical morphology, including both function words and inflectional morphemes. In particular, it shows that the phonology and prosodic structure of a language interact with how and when grammatical morphemes are perceived/comprehended and produced. With respect to function words such as articles, it shows that those that can be prosodified as part of a foot/prosodic word tend to be produced first, as do inflectional morphemes occurring at the ends of phrases/utterances. The fact that similar patterns of prosodic interactions between the perception/production of grammatical morphology and the lexicon appear crosslinguistically suggests that these are robust phenomena. This has both theoretical implications for understanding the interactions between children’s developing linguistic competencies at the phonology/syntax interface, as well as practical implications for clinicians working with children with language delay.
Hunter-Gatherer Mortuary Variability in Vietnam
Authors: Oxenham Marc F. , Willis Anna , Nguyễn Lân Cường , Matsumura Hirofumi
Published: February 2022

This chapter reviews the evidence for deliberate human burial practices in Vietnam from the Late Pleistocene through to the Mid-Holocene (or the Hòabìnhian to Đa Bút cultural periods) and contextualizes the findings with developments in the rest of Mainland and Island Southeast Asia. It discusses burial practices, and associated evidence for dating, for 18 Hòabìnhian cave sites, three Đa Bút open air cemeteries, and a range of early burials from Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Key findings include: (1) burial practices from the Late Pleistocene through to the Mid-Holocene were clearly varied and diverse; (2) despite the earliest clear evidence of Anatomically Modern Human remains at circa 50,000 years ago, the first clear signs of deliberate mortuary behavior does not occur until circa 20,000 years ago; (3) three main burial positions can be observed: side flexed (body on side and legs/arms flexed), supine flexed (body on back with flexed legs/arms), and squatting (body seated/squatting in upright position), with no clear evidence for extended supine burial positioning until the Neolithic; (4) in general, during the Hòabìnhian individuals have either their feet or heads oriented toward cave openings, while in the Đa Bút cemeteries squatting burials (which are the norm) face in an easterly direction; (6) cremation and the use of ocher were not uncommon, while there is limited verifiable evidence for the use of grave goods in pre-Neolithic Southeast Asia.
Social Change in Southeast Asia during the Iron Age
Authors: Higham Charles F. W.
Published: February 2022

The millennium of the Iron Age in mainland Southeast Asia witnessed marked regional changes in society. The impact of Chinese imperial expansion truncated an indigenous development of a state society in the Red River delta region of northern Vietnam. Beyond the Ma River, the Sa Huynh communities grew increasingly complex on the basis of intensive rice cultivation and a burgeoning maritime trade network. Seaborne trade also had a powerful impact on the growth of urban centers on the Mekong Delta and in peninsular Thailand, where manufacturing centers sprang up to satisfy the local demand for new and exotic ornaments. Location is also a key to understanding how social elites took charge of the new opportunities presented by the introduction of prestige valuables and knowledge of iron technology from Indian sources. In the interior, there was a proliferation of sites, and emerging evidence for an agricultural revolution based on irrigation and plowing in fixed rice fields. There was also increased friction and conflict. These changes in combination were powerful contributors to the rise of the early state societies of Southeast Asia.
A New Chrono-Cultural Approach to the Iron Age in Myanmar
Authors: Coupey Anne-Sophie , Pautreau Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2022

In Myanmar, the Bronze and Iron ages are known mostly as a result of partial excavations of groups of graves, geographically limited to two regions in Upper Burma, the Chindwin and the Samon valleys. No settlement site has been fully studied, and a large part of the archaeological potential of the country remains unexplored. The chronological framework advanced in this chapter, therefore, is principally based on associations of grave goods within burials and of intersite comparisons, supported by rare absolute dates. Pottery, Jewelry made of stone beads and glass, various bronze articles and iron tools and weapons, inform us about origins of raw materials, technological knowledge and know-how and about influences and exchanges between different burmese communities and all over South-East Asia.
The Co Loa Polity in Northern Vietnam
Authors: Kim Nam C.
Published: February 2022

This chapter deals with the archaeological record for the settlement of Co Loa, located in present-day Vietnam’s Red River Delta, and the society responsible for its founding and construction. Linked to local traditions and folklore describing ancient kingdoms, the settlement’s growing archaeological database provides new insights into the area’s cultural development in late prehistoric and early historic eras. This chapter presents highlights Co Loa as it emerged as a political center for a complex polity in northern Vietnam over two thousand years ago. Co Loa represents a very early case of incipient state formation in Southeast Asia during the closing centuries BC.