bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary open reduction and fixation compared with delayed corrective arthrodesis in the treatment of tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) fracture dislocation
Authors: Rammelt S. , Schneiders W. , Schikore H. , Holch M. , Heineck J. , Zwipp H.
Published: November 2008

Fracture-dislocations of the tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) joints are frequently overlooked or misdiagnosed at initial presentation. This is a comparative cohort study over a period of five years comparing primary open reduction and internal fixation in 22 patients (23 feet) with secondary corrective arthrodesis in 22 patients (22 feet) who presented with painful malunion at a mean of 22 months (1.5 to 45) after injury. In the first group primary treatment by open reduction and internal fixation for eight weeks with Kirschner-wires or screws was undertaken, in the second group treatment was by secondary corrective arthrodesis. There was one deep infection in the first group. In the delayed group there was one complete and one partial nonunion.

In each group 20 patients were available for follow-up at a mean of 36 months (24 to 89) after operation. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society midfoot score was 81.4 (62 to 100) after primary treatment and 71.8 (35 to 88) after corrective arthrodesis (t-test; p = 0.031).

We conclude that primary treatment by open reduction and internal fixation of tarsometatarsal fracture-dislocations leads to improved functional results, earlier return to work and greater patient satisfaction than secondary corrective arthrodesis, which remains a useful salvage procedure providing significant relief of pain and improvement in function.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Patel A. , Calfee R. P. , Plante M. , Fischer S. A. , Arcand N. , Born C.
Published: November 2008

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a ubiquitous bacterium in both the hospital and community setting. There are two major subclassifications of MRSA, community-acquired and healthcare-acquired, each with differing pathogenicity and management. MRSA is increasingly responsible for infections in otherwise healthy, active adults. Local outbreaks affect both professional and amateur athletes and there is increasing public awareness of the issue. Health-acquired MRSA has major cost and outcome implications for patients and hospitals. The increasing prevalence and severity of MRSA means that the orthopaedic community should have a basic knowledge of the bacterium, its presentation and options for treatment.

This paper examines the evolution of MRSA, analyses the spectrum of diseases produced by this bacterium and presents current prevention and treatment strategies for orthopaedic infections from MRSA.
The Oxford ankle foot questionnaire for children
Authors: Morris C. , Doll H. A. , Wainwright A. , Theologis T. , Fitzpatrick R.
Published: November 2008

We developed the Oxford ankle foot questionnaire to assess the disability associated with foot and ankle problems in children aged from five to 16 years. A survey of 158 children and their parents was carried out to determine the content, scaling, reliability and validity of the instrument. Scores from the questionnaire can be calculated to measure the effect of foot or ankle problems on three domains of children’s lives: physical, school and play, and emotional. Scores for each domain were shown to be internally consistent, stable, and to vary little whether reported by child or parent. Satisfactory face, content and construct validity were demonstrated. The questionnaire is appropriate for children with a range of conditions and can provide clinically useful information to supplement other assessment methods. We are currently carrying out further work to assess the responsiveness of questionnaire scores to change over time and with treatment.
Revision arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction for recurrent instability of the shoulder
Authors: Patel R. V. , Apostle K. , Leith J. M. , Regan W. D.
Published: November 2008

We have investigated the outcome of arthroscopic revision surgery for recurrent instability of the shoulder after failed primary anterior stabilisation. We identified 40 patients with failed primary open or arthroscopic anterior stabilisation of the shoulder who had been treated by revision arthroscopic capsulolabral reconstruction and followed up for a mean of 36 months (12 to 87). There were 34 men and six women with a mean age of 33.1 years (15 to 48). Details of the patients, the technique of the primary procedure, the operative findings at revision and the clinical outcome were evaluated by reviewing the medical records, physical examination and the use of the Western Ontario shoulder instability index score, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score and the health status questionnaire 12.

Recurrent instability persisted in four patients after the revision arthroscopic procedure. At the final follow-up, the mean American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score was 81.1 (17.5 to 99.5) and the mean Western Ontario shoulder instability index score was 68.2 (20 to 98.2). Quality-of-life scoring showed good to excellent results in most patients.

Arthroscopic revision capsulolabral reconstruction can provide a satisfactory outcome in selected patients for recurrent instability of the shoulder provided that no large Hill-Sachs lesion is present.
The epidemiology of fractures in adolescents with reference to social deprivation
Authors: Menon M. R. G. , Walker J. L. , Court-Brown C. M.
Published: November 2008

A relationship between social deprivation and the incidence of fracture in adolescents has not previously been shown. We have used a complete fracture database to identify adolescents who sustained fractures in 2000. The 2001 Scottish census was used to obtain age-specific population and deprivation data according to the Carstairs score. Regression analysis determined the relationship between the incidence of fractures and social deprivation.

We analysed 1574 adolescents with fractures (1083 male, 491 female). The incidence of fractures in this group was 21.8 per thousand (31.0 male, 13.1 female). Social deprivation predicted the incidence in adolescent males and females. The incidence of fractures of the proximal upper limb and distal radius in females was overwhelmingly influenced by socioeconomic factors. Males of 15 to 20 years of age were more likely to sustain fractures of the hand and carpus if they lived in economically depressed neighbourhoods.
Reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in patients over 50 years
Authors: Dahm D. L. , Wulf C. A. , Dajani K. A. , Dobbs R. E. , Levy B. A. , Stuart M. A.
Published: November 2008

The records of patients aged 50 years or over who underwent primary reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament between 1990 and 2002 were reviewed. There were 35 knees in 34 patients that met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the patients was 57 years (50 to 66) and the mean clinical follow-up was for 72 months (25 to 173). A total of 23 knees were reconstructed with patellar tendon allograft, and 12 with patellar tendon autograft. The mean pre-operative knee extension was 1° (−5° to 10°) and flexion was 129° (125° to 150°) and at follow-up these values were 0° (−5° to 5°) and 135° (120° to 150°), respectively. Pre-operatively there were 31 knees (89%) with a Lachman grade 2+ or 3+. Post-operatively, 33 knees (94%) were Lachman grade 0 or 1+. The mean pre- and post-operative International Knee Documentation Committee scores were 39 (23 to 72) and 90 (33 to 100) respectively. The mean pre- and post-operative Lysholm scores were 50 (18 to 68) and 92 (28 to 100) respectively and the mean University of California Los Angeles activity scores were 8.5 before injury (4 to 10), 4.3 (3 to 6) after injury and 8.3 (4 to 10) post-operatively. There were three graft failures (8.6%) requiring revision.

We conclude that reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament in carefully-selected patients aged 50 years or over can achieve similar results to those in younger patients, with no increased risk of complications.
Development of new buffer layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells
Authors: Ahn Byung Tae , Larina Liudmila , Kim Ki Hwan , Ahn Soong Ji
Published: November 2008

Recent progress in the field of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin film solar cell technology is briefly reviewed. New wide-bandgap In
x
(OOH,S)
y
and ZnS
x
(OH)
y
O
z
buffers for CIGS solar cells have been developed. Advances have been made in the film deposition by the growth process optimization that allows the control of film properties at the micro- and nanolevels. To improve the CIGS cell junction characteristics, we have provided the integration of the developed Cd-free films with a very thin CdS film. Transmittances of the developed buffers were greatly increased compared to the standard CdS. In
x
(OOH,S)
y
buffer has been applied to low-bandgap CIGS devices which have shown poor photovoltaic properties. The experimental results obtained suggest that low efficiency can be explained by unfavorable conduction band alignment at the In
x
(OOH,S)
y
/CIGS heterojunction. The application of a wide-gap Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 absorber for device fabrication yields the conversion efficiency of 12.55 %. As a result, the In
x
(OOH,S)
y
buffer is promising for wide-bandgap Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2 solar cells, however, its exploration for low-bandgap CIGS devices will not allow a high conversion efficiency. The role played by interdiffusion at the double-buffer/CIGS heterojunction and its impact on the electronic structure and device performance has also been discussed.
Approaches to low-bandgap polymer solar cells: Using polymer charge-transfer complexes and fullerene metallocomplexes
Authors: Zapunidy Sergey A. , Martyanov Dmitry S. , Nechvolodova Elena M. , Tsikalova Marina V. , Novikov Yuri N. , Paraschuk Dmitry Yu.
Published: November 2008

Polymer solar cells have shown high potential to convert solar energy into electricity in a cost-effective way. One of the basic reasons limiting the polymer solar cell efficiency is insufficient absorption of the solar radiation by the active layer that limits the photocurrent. To increase the photocurrent, one needs low-bandgap materials with strong absorption below 2 eV. In this work, we study two types of low-bandgap materials: ground-state charge-transfer complexes (CTCs) of a conjugated polymer, MEH-PPV (poly[2-methoxy-5-(2'-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene]), and an exohedral metallocomplex of fullerene, (η2-C60)IrH(CO)[(+)DIOP] (IrC60). We demonstrate that the CTC formed between MEH-PPV and conjugated molecules with high electron affinity, namely, 2,4,7-trinitrofluorenone (TNF) and 1,5-dinitroantraquinone (DNAQ), can have strong optical absorption extending down to the near infrared. We have observed that the photoexcited CTC can generate free charges. We also report on optical studies of IrC60 as a possible acceptor for polymer/fullerene solar cells. IrC60 strongly absorbs in the visible spectral range, in particular in the red part, and therefore has a potential for increasing the photocurrent as compared with polymer/methanofullerene solar cells. Our studies of MEH-PPV/IrC60 blended films show that long-lived charges are efficiently generated at MEH-PPV upon photoexcitation of the blend.
Ginsberg in Hospital
Authors: Hadda Janet
Published: November 2008

In June 1949, at twenty-three years of age, Allen Ginsberg entered the Psychiatric Institute of Columbia Presbyterian Hospital as part of a plea bargain. Traditionally, scholars have held that this hospitalization was, at best, a hiatus in Ginsberg's creativity and, at worst, led to an attempt by the doctors there to squelch his genius and suppress his homosexuality. Using unpublished hospital records, the present article argues that Ginsberg's time as a patient, while brief and unheralded, allowed him a safe and protected environment in which to experience the chaos that had always shadowed his existence. This period in Ginsberg's life, far from harming him, allowed him to decompensate, recover, and become the poet of Howl .
Of Molehills and Mountains: Harry Stack Sullivan and the Malevolent Transformation of Personality
Authors: Cornett Carlton
Published: November 2008

Conceptions of healthy and pathological personality development are generalized observations drawn from the lives of their originators. In important ways, psychological theories are autobiographical. They are attempts by the theorist to explain her or his own functioning. Late in what he described as a very lonely life, Harry Stack Sullivan proposed a theory of pathological personality development that he called the malevolent transformation of personality . Much of Sullivan's own interpersonal functioning can be understood in the context of this theory. This paper proposes that the malevolent transformation of personality is as important to an understanding of Sullivan's life as are the traditional foci of his self-described schizophrenic illness and his homosexuality.
On Ben Jonson's Comedies
Authors: Mandelbaum George
Published: November 2008

This paper examines Ben Jonson's comedies from the psychoanalytic point of view. The author argues that Jonson's comedies embody derivatives of his unconscious memories as well as of the fantasies they engendered. These derivatives appear in a recurrent sequential pattern of scenes in his work. Comedies embodying these patterns helped Jonson to keep his memories buried; when his effort at mastery broke down, he "acted out." The action and structure of the comedies also functioned as a continuing defense against depression, the syndrome that Freud in his day called "melancholia." Jonson's great failing as a playwright—his continuing inability to create lifelike, three-dimensional characters—resulted from his inability to detach himself sufficiently from the pressure exerted by his inner life.
Erik H. Erikson, Norman Rockwell, and the Therapeutic Functions of a Questionable Painting
Authors: Capps Donald
Published: November 2008

As Norman Rockwell's analyst during an especially difficult period of his personal life, Erik H. Erikson encouraged Rockwell, who had been painting life "as I would like it to be," to allow his work to flow freely out of his unhappiness. This article examines Rockwell's relationships with women—his mother and wives—and his second wife's relationships with their sons as a backdrop for a psychoanalytic interpretation, informed by Freud's theories of disavowal, joke-work, and melancholia, of Rockwell's The Art Critic . Comparison of The Art Critic with Rockwell's earlier painting, Christmas Homecoming , supports the claim for his therapeutic progress in the intervening years.
Son of Liberty: Johnny Tremain and the Art of Making American Patriots
Authors: York Neil L.
Published: November 2008

Johnny Tremain, a figment of the writer Esther Forbes’s imagination, has become real enough over the years. Created by Forbes to inspire American readers with the need for patriotic service during World War II, he was reincarnated by Walt Disney a decade later to perform that same task for the Cold War generation. Disney kept the basic story line intact, with Boston on the eve of rebellion his backdrop, just as Forbes had depicted it. Forbes emphasized the intangible, as befitted her medium; Disney, not surprisingly, concentrated on the visual, turning Forbes’s introspective rite-of-passage tale into something of an adventurous romp. Although Disney’s film lacked the subtlety and polish of Forbes’s book, both seem to have performed their didactic intent quite well: Johnny became and remains the quintessential young American going to war, ready to fight and die in the just cause.
The Antinomian Controversy Did Not Take Place
Authors: Field Jonathan Beecher
Published: November 2008

The Antinomian Controversy that has preoccupied generations of early Americanists did not occur as a theological crisis in Massachusetts Bay in the 1630s. Instead, its status as a distinctive crisis in the history of early New England is an artifact of debates between apologists for the New England Way and Presbyterian heresiographers in the 1640s. Reading these texts of this debate in conjunction with John Winthrop’s journal and the far more benign account John Clarke offers in Ill Newes from New England (1652) reveals that it is trans-Atlantic print exchanges between Presbyterians and Independents that impose the familiar structure of the Antinomian Controversy as a singular crisis with Anne Hutchinson at its center. Despite their ideological differences, Independent and Presbyterian polemicists colluded to produce a narrative of these events that exaggerated their exceptional nature. With few exceptions, the frame this religious debate imposed on the events of the 1630s has dictated the terms of subsequent historical debates of these events, from Cotton Mather to the present.
“Pretends he can read”: Runaways and Literacy in Colonial America, 1730–1776
Authors: Bly Antonio T.
Published: November 2008

For half a century or more, historians have turned to runaway notices to make known the complexity of African American life during the colonial era. Although some, for example, have made use of them to illustrate instances of slave discontent or their understanding of the politics of the day, others have used notices to reveal slave efforts to keep their families together or retain African customs and ways. Surprisingly, absent in that body of scholarship is a discussion of slave literacy, which is the focus of “Pretends he can read.” Breaking with tradition, which has presumed that slaves were denied access to books and literacy, except for a rare few such as Phillis Wheatley, Jupiter Hammon, and Lucy Terry, this essay demonstrates otherwise, as it shows increasing rates of literacy among runaways throughout eighteenth-century British North America.
Possession: Indian Bodies, Cultural Control, and Colonialism in the Pequot War
Authors: Cremer Andrea Robertson
Published: November 2008

This essay interrogates key aspects of the Pequot War and its aftermath, when bodies became contested sites of cultural control that pivotally reshaped colonial New England. The rhetoric and justifications of an offensive English war against the Pequots relied on the image of contested manhood in warfare, household, and husbandry; after the defeat of the Pequots, male Pequot bodies continued to be treated as hostile and threatening. Pequot women and children also became subjects of English cultural ideologies. Viewed as nonthreatening and domestic, they were enslaved, but within the boundaries of English plantations. This treatment revealed English gender ideologies: whereas Pequot men could not be governed and might well rematerialize as a military force, Pequot women and children would prove naturally submissive and servile to English authority. Thus is the extent of English cultural blindness to Pequot autonomy and identity revealed. The treatment of Pequot women as universally submissive starkly contrasted with the subjection of English captives to Native American female authority throughout southeastern New England tribes. Pequot women proved resilient and resistant to their enslavement. This study contributes to recent provocative work that has drawn attention to the body as an important site of scholarly examination and suggests that by drawing on overarching themes of governance and its modes of operation, we might see connections between events heretofore assumed to be unrelated.
Late Seventeenth-Century Spanish Town, Jamaica: Building an English City on Spanish Foundations
Authors: Robertson James
Published: November 2008

The English who captured Jamaica in 1655 found its Spanish colonial capital unfamiliar. Their adaptations of the Spanish cultural landscapes they occupied highlight alternative criteria for appraising townscapes. Spanish military resistance continued for five years, during which the English garrison started to reorient the old Spanish town. They retained the place even after the building of a new merchant port at Port Royal. Spanish Town remained an administrative center with a seasonal society. Tracing the process of anglicization and adaptation in the former Spanish town into the 1690s extends beyond identifying what was done and when, to show wider shifts in the new residents’ understanding of the topography of this place seized. Physical continuity, in terms of a preexisting framework of streets and house lots, had to combine with very different expectations about towns. The social landscape of this Caribbean city in the wilderness came to be organized around its permanent residents, women and men.
The Port Royal Earthquake and the World of Wonders in Seventeenth-Century Jamaica
Authors: Mulcahy Matthew
Published: November 2008

This article examines the great Port Royal earthquake of 1692 in the context of other earthquakes that struck Jamaica in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. It argues that although most commentators viewed the tremendous devastation caused by the 1692 disaster as a divine judgment against Port Royal, a few observers suggested that the extent of damage also reflected geographic and architectural factors. It further argues that the frequent experience of earthquakes in Jamaica altered how colonists interpreted such events. Large-scale disasters like Port Royal retained providential meaning, but colonists dismissed numerous other earthquakes, even though similar minor tremors occasioned an outpouring of sermons and moralizing in other parts of the British Atlantic world. As colonists in Jamaica gained more knowledge about the natural world in Jamaica, they learned that earthquakes were common occurrences. As a result, most earthquakes gradually ceased to appear as extraordinary or providential events.
The Unity of Physics and Poetry: H. C. Ørsted and the Aesthetics of Force
Authors: Wilson Andrew D.
Published: November 2008

This article briefly outlines Ørsted's early aesthetic thought by placing it in the context of his affiliations with early
German romanticism, and by examining the poetics and philosophy of language contained in a prize-winning essay
on aesthetics that he wrote in 1796. Further, this article presents an example of how aesthetic and linguistic
strategies in his writing helped shape the meaning of the theoretical terms utilized in his early scientific work. Toward
this end, the focus of the article will be limited to a central passage from the first installment of his Kemiske Breve
(Chemical Letters), which he published in 1798 at the age of twenty-one.
The Style of Linguistics: Aby Warburg, Karl Vossler, and Hermann Osthoff
Authors: Guillemin Anna
Published: November 2008

The art historian Aby Warburg articulated his theory of emotive formulas around 1905, at the same time that the
Romanist Karl Vossler developed his Neo-Idealist philology. Working independently, each used the linguist Herman
Osthoff's theory of suppletion to conceptualize style. Each saw in suppletion a means of describing style formation as
a radical break with convention. With linguistics as a model, each found stylistics to entail complexities that earlier
theories had elided. Although linguistics did not prove an ideal methodological fit, it brought stylistic analysis to the
forefront of art history and Romance philology.
Banishing Fortuna: Montmort and De Moivre
Authors: Bellhouse David
Published: November 2008

In 1708 Pierre Rémond de Montmort published Essay d’analyse sur les jeux de hazard, an analysis of contemporary
games of chance using probability theory. Three years later Abraham de Moivre published De Mensura Sortis in
which various probability problems were solved. Montmort felt that De Moivre had plagiarized his work. In 1718 De
Moivre expanded his work under the title The Doctrine of Chances. Montmort remained unhappy with this new work.
Both the Essay d’analyse and The Doctrine of Chances contain allegorical engravings that describe in pictures the
nature and importance of their respective author’s work.
The Idea of Police in Eighteenth-Century England: Discipline, Reformation, Superintendence, c. 1780–1800
Authors: Dodsworth F. M.
Published: November 2008

In the late eighteenth century a series of English authors wrote on the subject of “police.” Their aim in these works
was generally to advocate structural reform of the existing institutions of civil government, particularly focused around
the introduction of regularity, uniformity and subordination into their operation. These disciplinary mechanisms would
act as instruments for the production of virtue, encouraging industriousness and preventing vice by reducing the
temptations of the commercial, urban environment and beginning a moral reformation in the people. This represents
an institutional solution to the ancient problems of vice and corruption, establishing the conditions for national liberty.
Malebranche, Taste, and Sensibility: The Origins of Sensitive Taste and a Reconsideration of Cartesianism’s Feminist Potential
Authors: Hamerton Katharine J.
Published: November 2008

This essay argues that Malebranche originated the model of sensitive taste in French thought, several decades
before Du Bos. It examines the highly gendered, negative physiological model of taste and of the female mind which
Malebranche developed within the Cartesian framework and as a witness to Parisian salon society in which women’s
taste had great cultural influence, and strongly questions the common assumption that Cartesian substance dualism
necessarily contained feminist potential. The essay argues for Malebranche’s great influence in this regard,
connecting him to later Enlightenment critics of women’s taste such as Rousseau, and to Vitalist physicians like Le
Camus.
Protestant Theology and Apocalyptic Rhetoric in Roger Ascham’s The Schoolmaster
Authors: Stark Ryan J.
Published: November 2008

I argue that Roger Ascham was a more vehement Protestant that is ordinarily assumed. Inheriting from the
Reformation notions of apocalypse, Catholic witchcraft, and mass demonic possession, Ascham teaches English
eloquence primarily so that students might defend themselves against the Devil's and Rome's rhetoric before the
world ends, for the sake of their own salvation as well as England’s. More broadly, I demonstrate that scholars
require a neglected theological category—eschatology—in order adequately to discuss the rise of modern English
eloquence.
The Place of the Sacred in the Absence of God: Charles Taylor’s A Secular Age
Authors: Gordon Peter E.
Published: November 2008

Brief survey of Charles Taylor's earlier books, followed by an extensive review of Taylor's A Secular Age , published
2007 by the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Keynote Address, 2008 SMH Conference, Ogden, Utah Frontiers and Military History
Authors: Black Jeremy
Published: November 2008

Frontiers provide a way to approach not only the narrative of military histories, but also key concepts in military history. This essay investigates each of these perspectives, indicating as it does key dynamics of change.
First Landing on Guam: The Difficulties of a Naval Aviator during the Invasion
Authors: Terrar Toby
Published: November 2008

This note describes the rivalry, including unfriendly “friendly fire” between the Navy and Marine Corps, that manifested itself during the landing of the first American airplane on Guam after the recapture of the island from the Japanese in World War II. Ed Terrar, a naval pilot, was the first to land his plane on Guam on 30 July 1944, an honor the Marines had planned to claim. The article also relates the amiable resolution of the Navy-Marine conflict years later.
Experiment at Dundee: The Royal Navy’s 9th Submarine Flotilla and Multinational Naval Cooperation during World War II
Authors: Jones Mark C.
Published: November 2008

Multinational naval operations have become almost routine for western navies, but little is known about how navies came to work together cohesively. This article suggests that the naval cooperation formalized by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) after World War II had its roots in the wartime experience of the United Kingdom’s Royal Navy (RN), which incorporated the remnants of European navies driven from the continent by Germany. In particular, the article analyzes the RN’s 9th Submarine Flotilla based at Dundee, Scotland (1940– 45), which comprised British, Polish, Free French, Norwegian, and Dutch submarines, for lessons concerning successful multinational naval operations.
Sins of Omission and Commission: A Reassessment of the Role of Intelligence in the Battle of Jutland
Authors: Hines Jason
Published: November 2008

The role that Admiralty communications intelligence played in the Battle of Jutland has been given mixed reviews in histories of the battle. Historians acknowledge the superb performance of the Admiralty’s cryptographic organization in efficiently decrypting German naval communications before and during the battle, yet the fact that communications intelligence did not reach Admiral Jellicoe in usable or recognizable form had led historians to judge this a failure. This article argues that contrary to the accepted history, the dissemination system performed as planned, since the Admiralty placed a higher premium on the security of the intelligence source over its operational use by the fleet at sea.
The Development of Early RAF Doctrine
Authors: Parton Neville
Published: November 2008

The Royal Air Force (RAF) is generally considered to have had a monolithic approach to its early doctrine, driven by the beliefs of its first leader, Lord Trenchard, with regard to the strategic use of air power. However, a careful examination of the actual content of initial RAF doctrine reveals a far more complicated picture, with a nuanced approach that balanced the need to justify the maintenance of an independent air force with the more prosaic requirement to instruct its officers in the “bread and butter” activity of air policing. This essay explores the complexity of RAF doctrine during the first five years of its existence, 1918–1923.
Clio, Mars, and Wine: Tracking Down Military Documents in Italy
Authors: Capponi Niccolò
Published: November 2008

As historians opt ever more for the easy path of abstract theorization, Niccolò Capponi remains an unrepentant advocate of factual reconstruction. In this short piece he gives some tongue-in-cheek (akin to when one has a toothache) advice to those bona fide historians brave enough to try their hand with Italian archives and libraries, also believing it to be his duty to save as many as possible from committing suicide or living a life of permanent mental derangement.
The 2008 George C. Marshall Lecture in Military History: History, and the History of War
Authors: Shy John
Published: November 2008

Studies of war published in the last twenty years by distinguished historians who are not military specialists represent a call to military historians to engage these studies on the common ground of war itself, in effect working to bridge the gulf that has kept military historians on the margins of the historical profession. None of these studies is flawless, but at the same time their great value calls for constructive help from military historians who study the same wars, and who can build on these works to achieve more satisfactory syntheses.
PROVN, Westmoreland, and the Historians: A Reappraisal
Authors: Birtle Andrew J.
Published: November 2008

Historians have often used a 1966 Army report nicknamed PROVN either to cast aspersions on the commander of U.S. forces in Vietnam between 1964 and 1968, General William C. Westmoreland, or to praise his successor, General Creighton Abrams. This interpretation is simplistic and inaccurate. Although the report criticized aspects of the war under Westmoreland, its target was really the U.S. and Vietnamese governments. Moreover, PROVN’s conclusions were less radical and its remedies less novel than observers have tended to admit. A fresh look at PROVN reveals significant continuities in thought between Westmoreland, the report, and Abrams.
“Damned North Carolinians” and “Brave Virginians”: The Lane-Mahone Controversy, Honor, and Civil War Memory
Authors: Noe Kenneth W.
Published: November 2008

A dispute arose during the 1864 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House over who had captured three flags from Union forces, Virginians of William Mahone’s division or North Carolinians under the command of James Henry Lane. Over the next four decades, Lane defended his men’s claims with increasingly personal attacks on Mahone. His efforts succeeded only after U.S. Senator Mahone made common cause with Republicans. This article maintains that Lane’s actions can only be understood fully within the context of postwar politics and especially the culture of honor, considerations that must be applied to all post-Civil War sources.
The Military Organization of Ottonian Germany, c. 900–1018: The Views of Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg
Authors: Bachrach David S.
Published: November 2008

Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg provides one of the most informed assessments of the military organization of the Ottonian kingdom of Germany during the tenth and early eleventh centuries. He describes a tripartite, Carolingian-type military system that consists of the professional soldiers serving in the military households of the king and major magnates, and of two types of militia forces. The first of these consists of the select levy, which served on military campaigns. The second militia force is the general levy that served the needs of local defense. Throughout his discussion of Ottonian military affairs, Thietmar places his heaviest emphasis on siege warfare.
The Archives of Universal History
Authors: Rothschild Emma
Published: November 2008

This article looks at early proposals for an international archive, at the different respects in which archives are international or transnational, and at the development since 1946 of the archives of international organizations. It suggests that the history of the UN's involvement with archives is itself a development of historical and even political interest.
Population, Geopolitics, and International Organizations in the Mid Twentieth Century
Authors: Bashford Alison
Published: November 2008

In assessing population as an intergovernmental and world issue, historians have generally focused on the politics of sex, gender, and reproduction. To expect the history of population to be solely or even primarily about reproduction and individual health, however, is to miss entirely other lines of thought within which population, and in particular world population, came to be a problem for international organizations of the twentieth century. The problematization of population often raised questions about and plans for migration, colonial expansion of territory, and the properties of land and soil—in other words, geopolitics. This article shows how the population problem was precisely a geopolitical problem for the late League of Nations and the early United Nations. The article discusses two institutional occasions on which population as a spatial and security problem came onto the agenda of international organizations. The fi rst case involved a series of meetings held by the International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation, resulting in the document Peaceful Change (1937). The second case arose in the early years of UNESCO when Julian Huxley and others attempted to raise population as a major world issue.
International Conscience, the Cold War, and Apartheid: The NAACP's Alliance with the Reverend Michael Scott for South West Africa's Liberation, 1946–1951
Authors: Anderson Carol
Published: November 2008

After World War II, South Africa, swimming against the tide of history, attempted to annex the adjacent international mandate of South West Africa (present-day Namibia). Pretoria was confi dent of UN approval for such an unprecedented move—too confident, as it turned out. Into the breach—and into the United Nations—stepped an unlikely duo, the Reverend Michael Scott and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), to stop the absorption of 350,000 Africans into a white-supremacist state. This seemingly odd couple—a maverick, communist-leaning Anglican minister and a staid, staunchly anti-communist bureaucratic organization—launched a skillful assault in the UN to strip the veneer of legitimacy away from South Africa's annexationist scheme. Within the span of five years, the NAACP and Scott had carved out the political space and established the right of nongovernmental organizations and individual spokesmen to penetrate the boundaries of national sovereignty, speak before an international audience, and in the process reshape the UN, despite its founders' intentions, into an arena that could incorporate the voices of the stateless and the dispossessed.
Relocating East and West: UNESCO's Major Project on the Mutual Appreciation of Eastern and Western Cultural Values
Authors: Wong Laura Elizabeth
Published: November 2008

From 1957 to 1966, UNESCO engaged in a decade-long project aimed at improving cultural relations, a project that generated transnational discourse over representations of East and West. The international climate of this period was characterized not only by decolonization and Cold War tensions but also by activism that amplified diverse and increasingly strong Asian and Arab voices in intergovernmental fora. Composing nearly half of UNESCO's membership by the mid 1950s, these states' demands for greater agency in the international sphere garnered considerable attention following the Bandung Conference (1955), which rekindled longstanding fears of imminent if not perpetual East-West conflict and also precipitated the call for UNESCO to facilitate interchange around Eastern and Western cultural values. By examining UNESCO textbook exchanges, this article illustrates the regionally distinct representations of Asia and Europe that emerged in the postcolonial context. It reflects regional sensitivities as well as cooperative and sometimes startlingly optimistic positions, which are viewed from a perspective that prioritizes cultural relations as a distinctive framework of transnational analysis informed yet not determined by Cold War paradigms. Through this exploration of intergovernmental efforts to engage states in dialogue on cultural identities in the midst of redefinition and rising ambiguity about the meaning of East and West, this work contributes to a growing body of research on international cultural relations in the 1950s and 1960s.
From Individual Rights to National Development: The First UN International Conference on Human Rights, Tehran, 1968
Authors: Burke Roland
Published: November 2008

This article examines the fi rst International Conference on Human Rights, held in Tehran in April and May 1968. At Tehran, a powerful bloc of Asian, African, and Arab states successfully asserted their control over the UN's Human Rights Program. Their aggressive conference diplomacy was the culmination of a major transition in UN politics, with supposedly Western notions of individual freedom rejected in favor of an agenda that privileged economic modernization and the rights of peoples and nations. Twenty years after the iconic image of Eleanor Roosevelt holding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the residual elements of the program she presided over were repudiated in a storm of insistent demands from the new anticolonial order.
New Histories of the United Nations
Authors: Amrith Sunil , Sluga Glenda
Published: November 2008

The United Nations has become the object of new and exciting historical research because of historians' renewed interest in themes that have preoccupied the UN from the outset, including questions of race and racism, the global implications of anticolonial nationalism, the problem of development in relations between North and South, and the gendered nature of the postwar international order. In this article we survey the state of histories of the UN and reflect on some of the ways in which the history of the UN has a place in international as well as world history as a site of cultural contestation, influence, continuity, and change.
Heidegger in Woolf's Clothing
Authors: Storl Heidi
Published: November 2008

What is it that we human beings are? What is it that we do? The reduction of these questions to biology doesn't do justice to how we think and act, nor do traditional philosophical approaches satisfy our intuitions. Fortunately, it's not in our nature to give up. While minds and bodies, subjects and objects, do play a role, to focus here is to miss the mark. Underlying each of these is something more fundamentally human. Martin Heidegger thinks of this as being, Virginia Woolf thinks of this as a purple triangle. Together, Heidegger and Woolf may succeed in unveiling the disguises which we, perhaps unwittingly, have imposed on our own being-in-the-world.
Moby-Dick 's Hidden Philosopher: A Second Look at Stubb
Authors: Dagovitz Alan
Published: November 2008

The hard-drinking, joke-cracking second-mate of Melville's Moby Dick doesn't receive much respect from critics. At best Stubb is seen as a comic foil, at worst as a cruel coward and mechanical optimist. Yet this perspective distorts the text and does him an injustice. In fact, Stubb can be read quite fruitfully as an exemplar of wisdom. Using recent scholarship to fill out Melville's conception of fine philosophy, a set of criteria emerges for the true philosopher according to which Stubb fares remarkably well.
Robinson Crusoe, Wittgenstein, and the Return to Society
Authors: Ben-Tovim Ron
Published: November 2008

From the island of certainty that is the Tractatus Logico Philosophicus to the everyday ethics of the mainland in the Investigations , Ludwig Wittgenstein's philosophy traces a journey similar to the one etched into Robinson Crusoe's deserted beaches. In this essay I map out points contact between Wittgenstein's philosophy and Defoe's novel, thus providing a fresh glimpse at the philosophical underpinnings of the adventures depicted in Robinson Crusoe , as well as to Wittgenstein's philosophical motivations.
Rousseau and the Love of Animals
Authors: Wolloch Nathaniel
Published: November 2008

This article examines Jean-Jacques Rousseau's views on the need for an ethical treatment of animals, placing them within the context of the early modern debate on this topic, and the tradition of "love of animals" known as "theriophily." It discusses the broad extent of Rousseau's views on this issue, and their importance, specifically because of his wide influence. However, an emphasis is put on the clear anthropocentric limits of Rousseau's sensitivity to animals, and of a similar limit discernible in the history of theriophilic attitudes toward animals in general.
Emotion and the Force of Fiction
Authors: Palencik Joseph T.
Published: November 2008

Attempts to explain emotional responses to fiction such as Jenefer Robinson's use of research into the psychology of emotions. Robinson argues that triggers for emotion are much the same way whether a stimulant is real or imaginary. This does not explain the influence of our foreknowledge and continuing judgments during emotional episodes. We know beforehand and all along that the people and events we respond to in fiction are not real. Robinson's difficulty comes from her dependence on an input-output model of the emotions. Research on mental processing improves on this by revealing a relationship between at least two types of processes: data-driven processing and hypothesis-driven processing (otherwise known as schema processing). It is this relationship that accounts for the emotional response to fiction.
The Highest of All the Arts: Kant and Poetry
Authors: Penny Laura
Published: November 2008

For Kant, poetry is the freest, finest art of all. Music and painting depend on sensuous charms. Poetry offers the most direct presentation of "aesthetic ideas". As Kant's critique subjects reason to reason, so too does the poet try to best language via language. However, the poet's license is not absolute. The poet must create a new sense, not nonsense, lest he slide into the intractable privacy of delirium or evil. Using Hannah Arendt's reading of the Third Critique, and excerpts from one of Kant's favorite poets, Milton, I examine the extent of the free play poetry allows.
Form Affects Content: Reading Jane Austen
Authors: Dadlez E. M.
Published: November 2008

What does it mean to hold that the significant aspects of a literary passage cannot be captured in a paraphrase? Does a change in the description of an act "risk producing a different act" from the one described? Using Jane Austen as an example, we'll consider whether her use of metaphor and symbol really amounts to calling someone a prick, whether her narrative voice changes what it is that is expressed, and whether comedy can hold just as much significance as tragedy without all the heavy breathing.
The Cuckoo's History: Human Nature in Wuthering Heights
Authors: Carroll Joseph
Published: November 2008

Wuthering Heights has proved exceptionally elusive to interpretation. By foregrounding the idea of human nature, Darwinian literary theory provides a framework within which we can assimilate previous insights about Wuthering Heights , delineate the norms Brontë shares with her projected audience, analyze her divided impulses, and explain the generic forms in which those impulses manifest themselves. Brontë herself presupposes a folk understanding of human nature in her audience. Evolutionary psychology converges with that folk understanding but provides explanations that are broader and deeper. In addition to its explanatory power, a Darwinian approach has a naturalistic aesthetic dimension that is particularly important for interpreting Wuthering Heights .
The Case Against Faction
Authors: Conolly Oliver , Haydar Bashshar
Published: November 2008

"Faction" is a hybrid genre, aiming at the factual accuracy of journalism on the one hand and the literary form of the novel on the other. There is a fundamental tension however between those two aims, given the constraints which factual accuracy places on characterization, plot, and thematic exploration characteristic of the novel. Further, faction cannot be defended on the grounds that factual accuracy is a literary value in faction. Finally, some aspects of faction, such as its inability to refer to sources or provide an analytic framework for a narrative, hinder rather than facilitate the communication of facts.
Playing by the Rules: Sound and Sense in Swinburne and the Rhyming Poets
Authors: Fox Robin
Published: November 2008

The likeness of sound between rhyming words is arbitrary, but words have meanings. Thus rhyme schemes carry an implicit meaning over against the explicit meaning of the lines in which they occur. The use of "death" and "breath" and other rhymes in Swinburne illustrates this duality, especially in his great sonnet addressed to Death. This prompts a discussion of the role of meter and rhyme in the physiology of dreams and memory, the human propensity to make rules, translations of Dante, the comic rhymes of Noel Coward, and the real meaning of Seinfeld .
Converts, Uncertainty, and the Novel
Authors: Justman Stewart
Published: November 2008

In its quest for converts medieval Christendom locked itself into a vicious interpretive circle, pressing unbelievers to join the Christian community and then suspecting them for doing so. Such suspicion drove the Inquisition. An Inquisition whose torture machinery grinds on century after century, as if each execution laid the ground for another, represents a closed system alien to a literary form, the novel, whose English name suggests "the new." As befits a form set in "the present day with all its inconclusiveness," the novel offers a medium in which uncertainty can flourish. In the novel uncertainty is not an intolerable anomaly introduced by converts practicing an ancestral religion in secret, but a condition of human life.