bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of carbon black nanoparticles for removal of zinc and copper metal ions from aqueous solution: A kinetics and thermodynamics study
Authors: Mortazavi Mina , Derakhshani Elham , Motamed Rezaei Omolbanin , Naghizadeh Ali , Rezaei Maryam
Published: October 2020

Water pollution with heavy metals is a major concern/threat posed to human health. Heavy metals such as zinc and copper, because of their cumulative effects on humans and other organisms, have harmful effects. This research was an experimental study in which effects of variables such as pH, contact time, concentrations of zinc and copper, adsorbent dose, and temperature were investigated on the efficiency of the adsorption process. Data were analyzed with different isotherms, and the kinetics and thermodynamics of the process were also determined. The results showed that the adsorption capacity increased by increasing pH, contact time, the concentration of zinc and copper, and reduction of the adsorbent dose. The adsorption capacity of carbon black nanoparticles for Zn and Cu was 34.56 and 47.36 mg/g, respectively. Comparison of the results of R2 showed that adsorption of Zn and Cu ions followed the Freundlich and Langmuir models, respectively. The results showed that carbon black nanoparticles can be an effective adsorbent for the removal of zinc and copper ions from aqueous solutions, the price of their synthesis is lower than that of many other nanoparticles, and they can be used in real terms.
Inducing Affective Learning Biases with Cognitive Training and Prefrontal tDCS: A Proof-of-Concept Study
Authors: Overman Margot Juliëtte , Browning Michael , O’Shea Jacinta
Published: October 2020

Background

Cognitive models of mood disorders emphasize a causal role of negative affective biases in depression. Computational work suggests that these biases may stem from a belief that negative events have a higher information content than positive events, resulting in preferential processing of and learning from negative outcomes. Learning biases therefore represent a promising target for therapeutic interventions. In this proof-of-concept study in healthy volunteers, we assessed the malleability of biased reinforcement learning using a novel cognitive training paradigm and concurrent transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).

Methods

In two studies, young healthy adults completed two sessions of negative (n = 20) or positive (n = 20) training designed to selectively increase learning from loss or win outcomes, respectively. During training active or sham tDCS was applied bilaterally to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Analyses tested for changes both in learning rates and win- and loss-driven behaviour. Potential positive/negative emotional transfer of win/loss learning was assessed by a facial emotion recognition task and mood questionnaires.

Results

Negative and positive training increased learning rates for losses and wins, respectively. With negative training, there was also a trend for win (but not loss) learning rates to decrease over successive task blocks. After negative training, there was evidence for near transfer in the form of an increase in loss-driven choices when participants performed a similar (untrained) task. There was no change in far transfer measures of emotional face processing or mood. tDCS had no effect on any aspect of behaviour.

Discussion and Conclusions

Negative training induced a mild negative bias in healthy adults as reflected in loss-driven choice behaviour. Prefrontal tDCS had no effect. Further research is needed to assess if this training procedure can be adapted to enhance learning from positive outcomes and whether effects translate to affective disorders.
Correction to: High-Dose Aluminum Exposure Further Alerts Immune Phenotype in Aplastic Anemia Patients
Authors: Zuo Yao , Lu Xiang , Wang Xiaochao , Sooranna Suren R. , Tao Liju , Chen Shiqiang , Li Hongwen , Huang Dan , Nai Guanye , Chen Hong , Pan Chunfeng , Huang Caihong , Pang Yanmin
Published: October 2020

The article High-Dose Aluminum Exposure Further Alerts Immune Phenotype in Aplastic Anemia Patients, written by Yao Zuo, Xiang Lu, Xiaochao Wang, Suren R. Sooranna, Liju Tao, Shiqiang Chen, Hongwen Li, Dan Huang, Guanye Nai, Hong Chen, Chunfeng Pan, Caihong Huang and Yanmin Pang.
Plato's Ion
Authors: Trivigno Franco V.
Published: October 2020

This Element defends an interpretation of Plato's Ion on which its primary concern is with audience reception of poetry. The dialogue countenances and rejects two models of poetic reception, the expertise model and the inspiration model, both of which make the audience entirely passive in relation to poetry; and it presents the character of Ion as a comedic figure, a self-ignorant fool whose foolishness is a function of his passive relation to Homer. In the end, this Element argues that, for Plato, critical engagement is the proper way for audiences to treat poetry. This view holds open the possibility that poetry may express some truths without thereby endorsing the idea that poets are experts who have authoritative knowledge.
GENERIC CODING WITH HELP AND AMALGAMATION FAILURE
Authors: FRIEDMAN SY-DAVID , HATHAWAY DAN
Published: October 2020

We show that if M is a countable transitive model of
$\text {ZF}$
and if
$a,b$
are reals not in M, then there is a G generic over M such that
$b \in L[a,G]$
. We then present several applications such as the following: if J is any countable transitive model of
$\text {ZFC}$
and
$M \not \subseteq J$
is another countable transitive model of
$\text {ZFC}$
of the same ordinal height
$\alpha $
, then there is a forcing extension N of J such that
$M \cup N$
is not included in any transitive model of
$\text {ZFC}$
of height
$\alpha $
. Also, assuming
$0^{\#}$
exists, letting S be the set of reals generic over L, although S is disjoint from the Turing cone above
$0^{\#}$
, we have that for any non-constructible real a,
$\{ a \oplus s : s \in S \}$
is cofinal in the Turing degrees.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN COMPUTABILITY-THEORETIC PROPERTIES OF PROBLEMS
Authors: DOWNEY ROD , GREENBERG NOAM , HARRISON-TRAINOR MATTHEW , PATEY LUDOVIC , TURETSKY DAN
Published: October 2020

A problem is a multivalued function from a set of instances to a set of solutions. We consider only instances and solutions coded by sets of integers. A problem admits preservation of some computability-theoretic weakness property if every computable instance of the problem admits a solution relative to which the property holds. For example, cone avoidance is the ability, given a noncomputable set A and a computable instance of a problem
${\mathsf {P}}$
, to find a solution relative to which A is still noncomputable.

In this article, we compare relativized versions of computability-theoretic notions of preservation which have been studied in reverse mathematics, and prove that the ones which were not already separated by natural statements in the literature actually coincide. In particular, we prove that it is equivalent to admit avoidance of one cone, of
$\omega $
cones, of one hyperimmunity or of one non-
$\Sigma ^{0}_1$
definition. We also prove that the hierarchies of preservation of hyperimmunity and non-
$\Sigma ^{0}_1$
definitions coincide. On the other hand, none of these notions coincide in a nonrelativized setting.
Late Pleistocene environments of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming-Montana, USA
Authors: Minckley Thomas A. , Clementz Mark , Kornfeld Marcel , Larson Mary Lou , Finley Judson B.
Published: October 2020

Limited numbers of high-resolution records predate the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) making it difficult to quantify the impacts of environmental changes prior to peak glaciation. We examined sediments from Last Canyon Cave in the Pryor Mountains of Montana and Wyoming to construct a >45 ka environmental record from pollen and stable isotope analysis. Artemisia pollen was hyper-abundant at the beginning of the record. Carbon isotope values of bulk organic matter (>40 ka) showed little variation (-25.3 ± 0.4‰) and were consistent with a arid C3 environment, similar to today. After 40 cal ka BP, Artemisia pollen decreased as herbaceous taxa increased toward the LGM. A significant decrease in δ13C values from 40–30 cal ka BP (~1.0‰) established a new baseline (-26.6 ± 0.2‰), suggesting cooler, seasonally wetter conditions prior to the LGM. These conditions persisted until variation in δ13C values increased significantly with post-glacial warming, marked by two spikes in values at 14.4 (-25.2‰) and 13.5 cal ka BP (-25.4‰) before δ13C values dropped to their lowest values (-26.9 ± 0.2‰) at the onset of the Younger Dryas (12.8 ka). These results provide insights into late Pleistocene conditions and ecological change in arid intermontane basins of the Rocky Mountains.
THE SLOT LENGTH OF A FAMILY OF MATRICES
Authors: LONGSTAFF W. E.
Published: October 2020

We introduce the notion of the slot length of a family of matrices over an arbitrary field
${\mathbb {F}}$
. Using this definition it is shown that, if
$n\ge 5$
and A and B are
$n\times n$
complex matrices with A unicellular and the pair
$\{A,B\}$
irreducible, the slot length s of
$\{A,B\}$
satisfies
$2\le s\le n-1$
, where both inequalities are sharp, for every n. It is conjectured that the slot length of any irreducible pair of
$n\times n$
matrices, where
$n\ge 5$
, is at most
$n-1$
. The slot length of a family of rank-one complex matrices can be equal to n.
SPACE OF INITIAL VALUES OF A MAP WITH A QUARTIC INVARIANT
Authors: GUBBIOTTI GIORGIO , JOSHI NALINI
Published: October 2020

We compactify and regularise the space of initial values of a planar map with a quartic invariant and use this construction to prove its integrability in the sense of algebraic entropy. The system has certain unusual properties, including a sequence of points of indeterminacy in
$\mathbb {P}^{1}\!\times \mathbb {P}^{1}$
. These indeterminacy points lie on a singular fibre of the mapping to a corresponding QRT system and provide the existence of a one-parameter family of special solutions.
PRIME-UNIVERSAL DIAGONAL QUADRATIC FORMS
Authors: JU JANGWON , KIM DAEJUN , KIM KYOUNGMIN , KIM MINGYU , OH BYEONG-KWEON
Published: October 2020

A (positive definite and integral) quadratic form is said to be prime-universal if it represents all primes. Recently, Doyle and Williams [‘Prime-universal quadratic forms
$ax^2+by^2+cz^2$
and
$ax^2+by^2+cz^2+dw^2$
’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.101 (2020), 1–12] classified all prime-universal diagonal ternary quadratic forms and all prime-universal diagonal quaternary quadratic forms under two conjectures. We classify all prime-universal diagonal quadratic forms regardless of rank, and prove the so-called 67-theorem for a diagonal quadratic form to be prime-universal.
OF NYMPHS AND SEA: NUMENIUS ON SOULS AND MATTER IN HOMER'S ODYSSEY
Authors: Domaradzki Mikolaj
Published: October 2020

The aim of this article is to briefly discuss the ingenious interpretations of Od. 13.104 and 11.122–3 that were put forward by Numenius of Apamea. As our understanding of this fascinating second-century forerunner of Neoplatonism has significantly improved over the last years, Numenius’ importance is now generally recognized to be twofold. First, he was instrumental in establishing a framework within which numerous philosophers from Plotinus onwards would operate. Second, he skilfully employed allegoresis for pedagogical purposes, which not only helped to promote his exposition of philosophy, but also stimulated critical investigations into the nature of myth and poetry. In that, however, Numenius’ hermeneutics marks a serious departure from Plato: when embracing allegoresis, Numenius combined Platonism with traditions sympathetic to the practice that Plato himself vehemently repudiated.
Greek Literature
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: October 2020

Academics have a professional need to be published; publishers have a commercial incentive to create demand. In recent years these convergent interests have released a flood of edited volumes, not all of which can demonstrate a compelling claim to intrinsic or lasting scholarly importance. So it is reassuring to be reminded that a publishing house that contributes liberally, if not recklessly, to the flood continues to produce heavyweight volumes of unquestionable scholarly importance. Consider, for example, the new edition of the Thucydides scholia, on which Alexander Kleinlogel worked from 1960 until a few months before his death on 1 January 2007. The complex task of bringing his material to publishable form was undertaken by Klaus Alpers; illness prevented Alpers from steering the volume through its final stages, which were overseen by Stefano Valente. The introduction comprises 202 pages (the chapter on transmission is incomplete, breaking off after four pages); the lavish edition of the scholia vetera occupies 705 pages. The material for a projected second volume containing the scholia recentiora was not left in a publishable state, except for the Lexicon Patmense, which is included as a forty-eight-page appendix to the present volume's introduction. Reviewing Karl Hude's Teubner edition of the scholia, published in 1927, H. T. Deas concluded: ‘obviously this is work which will not require to be done again. Indeed, were it not a praiseworthy task for the sake of completeness, one might be permitted to doubt whether it was worth doing at all’ (CR 42 [1928], 145–6). That reminder of the extremes of fallibility should strike terror into every reviewer's soul.
Philosophy
Authors: Bryan Jenny
Published: October 2020

Many introductory courses on ancient, or indeed modern, philosophy begin from the observation that the word ‘philosophy’ itself describes a ‘love of wisdom’. Christopher Moore's wide-ranging, original, and fascinating new book sets out to examine the value of that etymology. He argues persuasively that philosophos does not, in fact, originate as a label applied respectfully to pick out a ‘lover of wisdom’ for emulation. Rather, the term is appropriated and developed from its origins as a pejorative name applied to those perceived to be striving too hard and in the wrong way to achieve the status of sophos, a ‘sage-wannabe’ as Moore has it. As he is careful to emphasize, his history of the origins of philosophos and philosophia does not and need not coincide with the origin story of ‘philosophy’ as a certain kind of discipline involving a certain way of talking about specific questions. Nevertheless, by scrutinizing the origins of these terms and their application in the sixth and fifth centuries bce, Moore sets himself up to offer some further enlightening discussion of the fifth- and fourth-century development of the discipline of ‘philosophy’.
General
Authors: Petrovic Ivana , Petrovic Andrej
Published: October 2020

Structures of Epic Poetry is a monumental, four-volume compendium which aims to classify, analyse, and compare epic structures across Greek and Latin epic poems (and beyond) in a systematic and overarching way. While the individual Bauformen (‘structural elements’) have been the focus of the study of epic for decades, a comprehensive analysis providing a systematic overview of all structural elements in the totality of ancient epic is obviously not a one-person job. The editors, Christiane Reitz and Simone Finkmann, gathered an international group of experts for this herculean task. The compendium provides a set of broad cross-sectional papers on the individual epic structural elements, using a consistent terminology. It has to be said that the editors’ understanding of what constitutes an epic structural element is very broad: it includes the ‘type-scenes’, but also the narrative patterns such as catalogue and ecphrasis, and stylistic hallmarks such as similes; in fact, structural elements as understood by the editors come closest to genre markers.
FAITH AND URBAN DOMESTIC SOCIABILITY IN NORTHERN ENGLAND, 1760–1835
Authors: GIBSON KATE
Published: October 2020

This article examines the relationship between religion and the informal, everyday instances of sociability that took place in urban homes between 1760 and 1835. Using the letters and diaries of middling and labouring individuals living in northern English towns, it suggests that religious practice was not separate from ‘secular’ sociability, but occurred in the same time and space. The article demonstrates that worldly practices and considerations such as courtship and the demonstration of status were entwined with matters of faith, and that the social opportunities offered by the industrializing town were considered to revitalize rather than endanger faith. The article builds on existing research into sociability and nonconformity in earlier periods to suggest that informal domestic sociability was a significant arena for lay agency and an integral part of individual faith for Anglicans, as well as individuals across the Protestant spectrum, well into the nineteenth century.
Pandemic India: Coronavirus and the Uses of History
Authors: Arnold David
Published: October 2020

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic has produced two different narratives in India. One, here described as “historical,” looks back to the pandemics of the colonial past—bubonic plague from 1896, influenza in 1918–19—as a source of comparisons, lessons, and dire warnings for the present. This narrative envisages the reenactment of past scenes, including flight from the cities, victimization of the poor, and the questioning of state authority. The other narrative, here called “insurgent,” questions the value of historical analogies, doubts that history ever substantially repeats itself, and stresses the specificity of postcolonial Indian politics and health. While recognizing the validity of both narratives, the author urges caution in employing colonial history to critique contemporary events and, while recognizing the 1890s plague as a watershed moment, questions whether even the most devastating pandemics (such as 1918's influenza) necessarily result in profound social, political, and health care changes.
Forecasting the epidemiological trends of COVID-19 prevalence and mortality using the advanced α-Sutte Indicator
Authors: Wang Yongbin , Xu Chunjie , Yao Sanqiao , Zhao Yingzheng
Published: October 2020

Forecasting the epidemics of the diseases is very valuable in planning and supplying resources effectively. This study aims to estimate the epidemiological trends of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) prevalence and mortality using the advanced α-Sutte Indicator, and its prediction accuracy level was compared with the most frequently adopted autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) method. Time-series analysis was performed based on the total confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 in the world, Brazil, Peru, Canada and Chile between 27 February 2020 and 30 June 2020. By comparing the prediction reliability indices, including the root mean square error, mean absolute error, mean error rate, mean absolute percentage error and root mean square percentage error, the α-Sutte Indicator was found to produce lower forecasting error rates than the ARIMA model in all data apart from the prevalence testing set globally. The α-Sutte Indicator can be recommended as a useful tool to nowcast and forecast the COVID-19 prevalence and mortality of these regions except for the prevalence around the globe in the near future, which will help policymakers to plan and prepare health resources effectively. Also, the findings of our study may have managerial implications for the outbreak in other countries.
Parallel developments in Roman law and maritime trade during the Late Republic and Early Principate
Authors: Candy Peter
Published: October 2020

Between the Second Punic War and the Early Principate several sources of evidence indicate that the Roman economy experienced some measure of (limited) growth. The case for intensive growth is founded on two complementary approaches. The first has been to construct an “argument from convergence”, which observes that several archaeological data-sets, such as Mediterranean shipwrecks, deposits of domestic animal bones at Italian sites and samples of lead and copper pollution from Arctic ice cores and lake sediments, show an increase in chronological distribution during the Late Republic and Early Empire.1 If taken as proxies for the volume and intensity of exchange, consumption and production, respectively, then, as W. Scheidel has argued, “we may reasonably assume that [these data-sets] indicate at least the general direction of economic development”.2 A second approach has attempted to quantify the GDP of the Roman economy. Although highly conjectural, where such estimates are possible they provide an insight into the trajectory of economic development by giving a rough indication of the rate at which it was probable to have grown or contracted over a given period.3 P. Kay‘s “probabilistic quantification” of the GDP of Roman Italy for the 2nd and early 1st c. B.C.4 concludes that the economy experienced extensive and probably also intensive growth because the rate of inflation remained at a relatively low level.5 His estimate that prices rose by 95% between 150 and 50 B.C. (i.e., at a compound rate of 0.67% per annum) accords with the broadly similar conclusions reached by other scholars.6 Although Kay warns that “the estimates we have produced are assumptions, not facts”, the results are both plausible and credible from a comparative perspective.7
The row houses at Oplontis
Authors: van der Graaff Ivo , Gee Regina , Muslin Jennifer L. , Clarke John R.
Published: October 2020

In the spectrum of the cities buried by Vesuvius, studies of humble dwellings have suffered from poor preservation, a lack of documentation and a general disinterest. Small commercial spaces frequented by non-élites, such as tabernae, thermopolia, cauponae, popinae and cenacula, remain difficult to identify as they often doubled as domestic spaces and Latin terminology does not always match the architectural remains. A few studies have focused on the place of such spaces within Roman architecture as well as on the economic rôles of tabernae and/or rental accommodations.1 This paper expands on these approaches by offering the preliminary results of research at Oplontis B (Torre Annunziata) by the Oplontis Project, one of the few sites where a series of row houses sheds light on the domestic aspects of tabernae and their rôle in urban development along the Bay of Naples.2
The Gothic invasions of the mid-3rd c. A.D. and the Battle of Abritus: coins and archaeology in east-central Barbaricum
Authors: Bursche Aleksander , Myzgin Kirill
Published: October 2020

In the Numismatic Chronicle for 2013, A. Bursche put forward the proposition that the imperial treasury was seized by the Goths when in A.D. 251 they crushed the Roman army at Abritus.1 Most of the plundered Roman gold was presumably in the form of coin (ingots are neither excluded nor confirmed). This gold has now been traced with some confidence to archaeological sites of the Wielbark and the Chernyakhiv cultures, in particular to grave assemblages dated to the second half of the 3rd c. (phase C1b-C2 of the Late Roman period).2 This had even broader consequences, since the capture of an enormous amount of gold by the barbarians could have been the immediate cause of the deterioration of the aureus under Decius‘ successors.3
The nature and dating of Republican camps at Lautagne (Valence) through the small finds
Authors: Feugère Michel , Gagnol Marie , Buffat Loïc
Published: October 2020

Excavating a Roman marching camp, a temporary settlement whose occupation phases are separated by periods of abandonment, has little in common with excavating a permanent camp, occupied continuously over several years or decades. This paper will describe the status quaestionis on Roman Republican marching camps, mainly in Gaul, before presenting the discoveries made at Lautagne with a focus on the small finds and their contribution to the interpretation of the site.
The Capitolium at Baelo Claudia (Bolonia): new data from the sculptures
Authors: Fortes José Beltrán , Loza Azuaga María Luisa
Published: October 2020

The excavations carried out between 1917 and 1921 at Baelo Claudia (Bolonia, Tarifa, province of Cádiz)1 were led by P. Paris and his team2 working with the Anglo-French archaeologist G. Bonsor3 and with A. Laumonier and R. Ricard, as well as with Cayetano de Mergelina4 in 1918-19. Work focused on the N part of the forum where three temples were exposed.5 A minor intervention was carried out in the theatre together with more extensive excavations in the area of the fish-salting factory that included two domus, and in the E necropolis. The outcome was two publications, one on the city,6 the other on the necropolis,7 that are outstanding for those days.
Geometric painting in late-antique Egypt: the ceiling of a 4th-c. church at Amheida (Dakhla Oasis)
Authors: Aravecchia Nicola
Published: October 2020

As part of an investigation of the use of geometric painting on ceilings in late-antique Egypt, this article will focus on the evidence found in a 4th-c. A.D. church at the polis of Trimithis (Amheida), located in the Dakhla Oasis of Egypt‘s Western Desert. Excavation in 2012-13 as part of a project directed by R. S. Bagnall highlighted the church‘s rôle for both cult and burials. Thousands of fragments of painted plaster, part of the church‘s collapsed flat ceiling, revealed a wide array of interlocked geometrical shapes in vivid colors, creating a visually dramatic contrast with the church‘s seemingly white walls. The polychrome decoration was probably meant to replicate the effect of a coffered ceiling. Similar geometric schemes are found elsewhere in the Western Desert in both domestic and funerary contexts, and there is evidence of other Egyptian Early Christian churches that had flat ceilings, but a flat roof with painted geometric decoration in the context of an Early Christian church is thus far unattested elsewhere in Egypt. This article will highlight the popularity and longevity of this decorative style in Egypt throughout the Roman period and well into late antiquity and will point to similarities between this type of ceiling decoration and Alexandrian models of the Ptolemaic period, as well as mosaic designs found throughout Mediterranean lands.
Home from the hunt: the afterlife of a Late Roman copper-alloy vessel
Authors: Rautman Marcus
Published: October 2020

The Sardis excavation sector known as MMS was a center of habitation for over a millennium. Archaic houses built near the great mudbrick fortification were succeeded by scattered Hellenistic and Roman dwellings, to be followed in late antiquity by imposing residences of complex plan and ambitious decoration. Like other parts of the city, these houses saw extensive structural damage in the early A.D. 600s. Raised floors, flimsy partitions and makeshift hearths are among the few signs of lingering occupation.1
Genetic study of pediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Egypt
Authors: Darwish Rania K. , Haghighi Alireza , Seliem Zeinab S. , El-Saiedi Sonia A. , Radwan Nora H. , El-Gayar Dina F. , Elfeel Nesrine S. , Abouelhoda Mohamed , Mehaney Dina A.
Published: October 2020

Paediatric cardiomyopathy is a progressive and often lethal disorder and the most common cause of heart failure in children. Despite their severe outcomes, their genetic etiology is still poorly characterised. The current study aimed at uncovering the genetic background of idiopathic primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a cohort of Egyptian children using targeted next-generation sequencing. The study included 24 patients (15 males and 9 females) presented to the cardiomyopathy clinic of Cairo University Children’s Hospital with a median age of 2.75 (0.5–14) years. Consanguinity was positive in 62.5% of patients. A family history of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was present in 20.8% of patients. Ten rare variants were detected in eight patients; two pathogenic variants (8.3%) in MBPC3 and MYH7, and eight variants of uncertain significance in MYBPC3, TTN, VCL, MYL2, CSRP3, and RBM20.

Here, we report on the first national study in Egypt that analysed sarcomeric and non-sarcomeric variants in a cohort of idiopathic paediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients using next-generation sequencing. The current pilot study suggests that paediatric hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Egypt might have a particular genetic background, especially with the high burden of consanguinity. Including the genetic testing in the routine diagnostic service is important for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease, proper patient management, and at-risk detection. Genome-wide tests (whole exome/genome sequencing) might be better than the targeted sequencing approach to test primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients in addition to its ability for the identification of novel genetic causes.
Overlap of lymphatic dysplasia in Fontan-associated protein-losing enteropathy and Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT lymphoma): implications for management of protein-losing enteropathy
Authors: Meisner Joshua K. , Koblick Sarah , Walling Emily B. , Rabah Raja , Schumacher Kurt R.
Published: October 2020

Lymphatic vessel dysplasia is associated with Fontan-associated protein-losing enteropathy. Extra nodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas including mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) are associated with lymphatic vessel dysplasia. Here, we describe the case of a 7-year-old with Fontan-associated protein-losing enteropathy who developed MALT lymphoma with a clinical course indicative of interaction between these pathologies and improvement in protein-losing enteropathy after MALT lymphoma treatment. This case suggests a pathophysiologic overlap which has implications for the management of Fontan-associated protein-losing enteropathy.
How Kantian a Theory of Kantian Capitalism?: A Response to Bowie’s Ruffin Lecture
Authors: Wicks Andrew C.
Published: October 2020

In his Ruffin Lecture, Bowie attempts to offer a Kantian theory of capitalism, and this strikes me as a constructive and important thing to do. Bowie’s proposal contributes to a new direction in research that I believe is critical: offering alternative interpretations of capitalism, specifically, theories based in moral concepts which are designed to make room for normative inquiry. In contrast, much of the work in business ethics has focused on the application of moral principles or ideas to specific problems in business. These efforts work largely within the accepted meanings of “business” offered by economists, strategists and others, and then try to import moral concepts to identify and analyze various ethical problems. Several recent works in ethics suggest that this approach hasn’t addressed underlying assumptions about ethics and business which tend to make “ethical” approaches either directly conflicting with the logic of “business” (i.e., business ethics as “oxymoron”) or largely irrelevant to it (i.e., business ethics as vacuous). As such, the “problems” approach to doing ethics doesn’t address the substantial difficulties created by the conceptual terrain to which it was applied. Without more comprehensive and systematic attention to how researchers understand the conceptual underpinnings of capitalism, the contributions of such efforts will be limited and tenuous—that is, they will make projects which attempt to “apply” ethics onto business seem naive or implausible to people outside the community of business ethicists.
Ingroups and Outgroups: What Psychology Doesn’t Say
Authors: Wood Donna J.
Published: October 2020

I am foregoing the discussant’s critical role in favor of a short examination of how one sociologist’s imagination is tantalized and irritated by some of the ideas and interconnections of Professor Messick’s paper. The question is, when it comes to ingroups and outgroups, why does race matter? Why does sex or gender matter? I will briefly make four points about sociobiology, favoritism toward the ingroup, hostility toward the outgroup, and finally, the conflict theorist’s favorite topic — resource allocation.
Breaking the Percent Memory Retention Ceiling using Bayesian Statistics
Authors: Venkatesan Umesh M. , Rabinowitz Amanda R. , Riccitello Rachael M.
Published: October 2020

Objectives:

Neuropsychological tests of episodic memory often include a measure of memory retention to facilitate the diagnosis of memory disorders. However, the traditional percent retention (PR) score has limited interpretability when smaller amounts of information are both initially learned and later recalled, creating a pseudo-ceiling effect. To improve psychometrics of PR, we investigated a scoring procedure that incorporates levels of certainty into estimates of memory retention based on learning level.

Methods:

Word-list recall data from adults with traumatic brain injury were modeled using a uniform prior in the Bayesian framework. From the resultant posterior probability distributions, we derived a measure referred to as retention probability (RPr), which distinguishes the retention of relatively good and poor learners. PR and RPr scores were compared on their distributional properties and associations with theoretically related memory measures.

Results:

Significant distributional differences between PR and RPr were observed. RPr removed the conspicuous ceiling of PR, resulting in stronger correlational and predictive relationships with other memory measures.

Conclusion:

A Bayesian procedure for quantifying memory retention has psychometric advantages and potentially widespread applicability for measuring the change in behavioral features over time. Future directions are briefly discussed. A sample RPr calculator is provided for interactive exploration of the method.
Bilinguals benefit from semantic context while perceiving speech in noise in both of their languages: Electrophysiological evidence from the N400 ERP
Authors: Coulter Kristina , Gilbert Annie C. , Kousaie Shanna , Baum Shari , Gracco Vincent L. , Klein Denise , Titone Debra , Phillips Natalie A.
Published: October 2020

Although bilinguals benefit from semantic context while perceiving speech-in-noise in their native language (L1), the extent to which bilinguals benefit from semantic context in their second language (L2) is unclear. Here, 57 highly proficient English–French/French–English bilinguals, who varied in L2 age of acquisition, performed a speech-perception-in-noise task in both languages while event-related brain potentials were recorded. Participants listened to and repeated the final word of sentences high or low in semantic constraint, in quiet and with a multi-talker babble mask. Overall, our findings indicate that bilinguals do benefit from semantic context while perceiving speech-in-noise in both their languages. Simultaneous bilinguals showed evidence of processing semantic context similarly to monolinguals. Early sequential bilinguals recruited additional neural resources, suggesting more effective use of semantic context in L2, compared to late bilinguals. Semantic context use was not associated with bilingual language experience or working memory.
Geographical Coverage in Political Science Research
Authors: Wilson Matthew Charles , Knutsen Carl Henrik
Published: October 2020

We describe and analyze patterns in the geographical focus of political science research across more than a century. Using a new database of titles and abstracts from 27,690 publications in eight major political science journals from their inception, we demonstrate that, historically, political scientists concentrated their studies on a limited number of countries situated in North America and Western Europe. While a strong focus on Western countries remains today, we detail how this picture has changed somewhat over recent decades, with political science research becoming increasingly “globalized.” Still, several countries have received almost no attention, and geographical citation patterns differ by subfield. For example, we find indications of a greater focus on the United States and large Western European countries in international relations than in comparative politics publications. We also analyze several correlates of a country being the focus of political science research, including the country’s predominant languages, income, population size, democracy level, and conflict experience, and show systematic variation in the geographical focus of research. This unequal focus, we argue, has important implications regarding the applicability of extant descriptive and causal claims, as well as the development of theories in political science.
Relating initial paraquat injury to final efficacy in selected weed species influenced by environmental conditions
Authors: Harre Nick T. , Duncan Garth W. , Young Julie M. , Young Bryan G.
Published: October 2020

Weed control of paraquat can be erratic and may be attributable to differing species sensitivity and/or environmental factors for which minor guidance is available on commercial labels. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to quantify selectivity of paraquat across select weed species and the influence of environmental factors. Experiments were performed under controlled conditions in the greenhouse and growth chamber. Compared with purple deadnettle (dose necessary to reduce shoot biomass by 50% = 39 g ai ha−1), waterhemp, Palmer amaranth, giant ragweed, and horseweed were 4.9, 3.3, 1.9, and 1.3 times more sensitive to paraquat, respectively. The injury progression rate over 3 d after treatment (DAT) was a more accurate predictor of final efficacy at 14 DAT than the lag phase until symptoms first appeared. For example, at the 17.5 g ha−1 dose, the injury rate of waterhemp and Palmer amaranth was, on average, 3.6 times greater than that of horseweed and purple deadnettle. The influence of various environmental factors on paraquat efficacy was weed specific. Applications made at sunrise improved control of purple deadnettle over applications at solar noon or sunset. Lower light intensities (200 or 600 μmol m−2 s−1) surrounding the time of application improved control of waterhemp and horseweed more than 1,000 μmol m−2 s−1. Day/night temperatures of 27/16 C improved horseweed and purple deadnettle control compared with day/night temperatures of 18/13 C. Though control was positively associated with injury rates in the application time of day and temperature experiments, a negative relationship was observed for waterhemp in the light-intensity experiment. Thus, although there are conditions that enhance paraquat efficacy, the specific target species must also be considered. These results advocate paraquat dose recommendations, currently based on weed height, be expanded to address sensitivity differences among weeds. Moreover, these findings contrast with paraquat labels stating temperatures of 13 C or lower do not reduce paraquat efficacy.
On the Seeding of Periodic Equatorial Plasma Bubbles by Gravity Waves Associated With Tropical Cyclone: A Case Study
Authors: Ajith K. K. , Li Guozhu , Tulasi Ram S. , Yamamoto M. , Hozumi K. , Abadi Prayitno , Xie Haiyong
Published: October 2020

Understanding the day‐to‐day variability of equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) irregularities has been a major challenge for many decades that makes the deterministic prediction of EPBs remain elusive. In the present study, we report a case of intense and periodic EPBs observed during 8 and 9 April 2013 by the 47‐MHz Equatorial Atmosphere Radar at Kototabang, Indonesia. The periodic EPBs separated by about 200–250 km were initiated before sunset. The presunset onset and development of these periodic EPBs were discussed in light of the gravity waves (GWs) excited in connection with the deep convection due to the tropical cyclone (TC) Victoria. The outgoing long‐wave radiation measurement by very high‐resolution radiometer (VHRR) onboard Indian meteorological satellite Kalpana‐1 shows the occurrence of deep convective activity during these days. The presence of upward propagating GWs from the deep convective region associated with TC Victoria was confirmed using the GPS radio occultation (GPS‐RO) observations in the troposphere and stratosphere. The GW signatures at ionospheric altitudes were also observed from the Ionosonde observations over magnetic equator, and medium‐scale (~300 km) GWs were observed from the GPS‐TEC (Total Electron Content) data near to the magnetic equator and cyclone center. From the GW parameters observed from GPS‐TEC and GPS‐RO, we surmise that the secondary GWs generated by the dissipation of primary GWs associated with TC Victoria could have served as a seeding source on the generation of periodic EPBs during these two consecutive days.
Increasingly Parallel Pressure Anisotropic Ballooning: Substorm Growth Phase Drift Orbits Resulting in a Locally Ballooning Unstable Geomagnetic Tail
Authors: Oberhagemann L. R. , Mann I. R.
Published: October 2020

Recent work by Oberhagemann and Mann (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL085271) has shown that ballooning instabilities in the transition region between dipolar and taillike fields associated with substorm onset may be triggered by an anisotropic pressure distribution that moves from an initially mild perpendicular anisotropy toward more parallel anisotropy. Here we examine the mechanism which can result in this transition toward more parallel pressure during growth phase tail stretching. We trace particles through a two‐dimensional model magnetic field to examine the evolution of particle distributions as they periodically drift through a tail which changes from a less stretched, quiet time to a more stretched late growth phase configuration. Our findings show that these particle pitch angle distributions become more parallel anisotropic through a combination of drift shell splitting and preferential de‐energization in the perpendicular direction. Drift shell splitting causes low pitch angle particles from a high‐pressure region to mix with high pitch angle particles from a low‐pressure region in a radially localized area in the tail transition region where high earthward pressure gradients exist. Preferential de‐energization occurs due to a transfer of particles from less stretched to more stretched field lines that reverses the usual balance between Fermi and betatron acceleration and causes particle pitch angle distributions to become more field aligned. Our model predicts onset characteristics and location in good agreement with observations, with the most unstable region consistent with the location of the auroral beads, which accompany the onset of the expansion phase of many substorms.
Advancing Diagnostic Model Evaluation to Better Understand Water Shortage Mechanisms in Institutionally Complex River Basins
Authors: Hadjimichael Antonia , Quinn Julianne , Reed Patrick
Published: October 2020

Water resources systems models enable valuable inferences on consequential system stressors by representing both the geophysical processes determining the movement of water and the human elements distributing it to its various competing uses. This study contributes a diagnostic evaluation framework that pairs exploratory modeling with global sensitivity analysis to enhance our ability to make inferences on water scarcity vulnerabilities in institutionally complex river basins. Diagnostic evaluation of models representing institutionally complex river basins with many stakeholders poses significant challenges. First, it needs to exploit a large and diverse suite of simulations to capture important human‐natural system interactions as well as institutionally aware behavioral mechanisms. Second, it needs to have performance metrics that are consequential and draw on decision‐relevant model outputs that adequately capture the multisector concerns that emerge from diverse basin stakeholders. We demonstrate the proposed model diagnostic framework by evaluating how potential interactions between changing hydrologic conditions and human demands influence the frequencies and durations of water shortages of varying magnitudes experienced by hundreds of users in a subbasin of the Colorado River. We show that the dominant factors shaping these effects vary both across users and, for an individual user, across percentiles of shortage magnitude. These differences hold even for users sharing diversion locations, demand levels or water right seniority. Our findings underline the importance of detailed institutional representation for such basins, as institutions strongly shape how dominant factors of stakeholder vulnerabilities propagate through the complex network of users.
The potential application of probiotics and prebiotics for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19
Authors: Olaimat Amin N. , Aolymat Iman , Al-Holy Murad , Ayyash Mutamed , Abu Ghoush Mahmoud , Al-Nabulsi Anas A. , Osaili Tareq , Apostolopoulos Vasso , Liu Shao-Quan , Shah Nagendra P.
Published: October 2020

COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This new viral infection was first identified in China in December 2019, and it has subsequently spread globally. The lack of a vaccine or curative treatment for COVID-19 necessitates a focus on other strategies to prevent and treat the infection. Probiotics consist of single or mixed cultures of live microorganisms that can beneficially affect the host by maintaining the intestinal or lung microbiota that play a major role in human health. At present, good scientific evidence exists to support the ability of probiotics to boost human immunity, thereby preventing colonization by pathogens and reducing the incidence and severity of infections. Herein, we present clinical studies of the use of probiotic supplementation to prevent or treat respiratory tract infections. These data lead to promising benefits of probiotics in reducing the risk of COVID-19. Further studies should be conducted to assess the ability of probiotics to combat COVID-19.
A genome resource for green millet Setaria viridis enables discovery of agronomically valuable loci
Authors: Mamidi Sujan , Healey Adam , Huang Pu , Grimwood Jane , Jenkins Jerry , Barry Kerrie , Sreedasyam Avinash , Shu Shengqiang , Lovell John T. , Feldman Maximilian , Wu Jinxia , Yu Yunqing , Chen Cindy , Johnson Jenifer , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Kiba Takatoshi , Sakurai Tetsuya , Tavares Rachel , Nusinow Dmitri A. , Baxter Ivan , Schmutz Jeremy , Brutnell Thomas P. , Kellogg Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2020

Wild and weedy relatives of domesticated crops harbor genetic variants that can advance agricultural biotechnology. Here we provide a genome resource for the wild plant green millet (Setaria viridis), a model species for studies of C4 grasses, and use the resource to probe domestication genes in the close crop relative foxtail millet (Setaria italica). We produced a platinum-quality genome assembly of S. viridis and de novo assemblies for 598 wild accessions and exploited these assemblies to identify loci underlying three traits: response to climate, a ‘loss of shattering’ trait that permits mechanical harvest and leaf angle, a predictor of yield in many grass crops. With CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing, we validated Less Shattering1 (SvLes1) as a gene whose product controls seed shattering. In S. italica, this gene was rendered nonfunctional by a retrotransposon insertion in the domesticated loss-of-shattering allele SiLes1-TE (transposable element). This resource will enhance the utility of S. viridis for dissection of complex traits and biotechnological improvement of panicoid crops.