bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Revival of Celtic Christianity
Authors: Bradley Ian
Published: December 2019

The modern revival of interest in Celtic Christianity which reached its height during the last decade of the twentieth century was a largely popular and non-academic phenomenon. However, it did stimulate academic interest and activity within Scottish university departments of theology and religious studies. This chapter surveys the academic aspects of the Celtic Christian revival, focusing especially on the work of James Mackey and Noel O’Donoghue in Edinburgh, Thomas Clancy and Gilbert Markus in Glasgow, and Donald Meek in Aberdeen. It explores the tensions between enthusiasts for Celtic Christianity and those highly sceptical of the entire concept and charts the way the focus of studies in this area has moved from Britain to the United States and from the theological to the historical, linguistic, and cultural.
Catholic and Protestant Sensibilities in Scottish Literature
Authors: Bicket Linden
Published: December 2019

This chapter examines Calvinist and Catholic sensibilities in the work of four Scottish writers from the late Victorian period to the twenty-first century. Selected texts from the works of Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–94), Robin Jenkins (1912–2005), George Mackay Brown (1921–96), and Muriel Spark (1918–2006) are discussed as, variously, examples of Presbyterian atheism or agnosticism, Catholic devotion, and writing informed by the folkloric and supernatural inflections of the Scottish literary tradition. These works, authors, and theological perspectives are not read as inimical or unrelated to one another, but as part of the wider currents of faith and scepticism within Scottish writing.
The Sacred Leader
Authors: Gingeras Ryan
Published: December 2019

Hindsight allows for at least a partial reassessment of Mustafa Kemal’s path to power. There is undoubtedly some truth to the heroic aura that envelops most depictions of him. Keen political and military instincts, as well as his stubborn perseverance, provided him a foundation upon which he launched himself into positions of leadership. Yet once in the spotlight, he carefully cultivated an evocative public persona suited to his political ambitions. Creating and upholding the Gazi’s legendary status was equally the work of his trusted friends and minions. His ability to hold on to power, as well as deflect discord and defeat opposition, was greatly beholden to a small coterie of personally loyal followers. The reforms that many today equate with Atatürk’s brilliance and authority would not have been possible without their contributions.
A New National Spirit
Authors: Gingeras Ryan
Published: December 2019

This chapter surveys the ideological underpinnings and aspirations of the key reforms of Mustafa Kemal’s reign. The philosophical tenets associated with Kemalism had long incubated within the folds of the late Ottoman political elite. Like other Young Turks who reinvented themselves as partisans of the young republic, Atatürk and his supporters viewed the postwar era as an unequaled opportunity to carry out and refine policies originally devised to save the Ottoman Empire. Declaring a republic, revising the constitution, adopting European systems of law, and redefining the role of religion were the first steps of a broader campaign aimed at refashioning society along unitary lines. Once engendered, Mustafa Kemal’s revolution was aimed at producing a Turkey where each citizen spoke Turkish, worked productively, and behaved in ways that warranted the republic’s ascendency as a “civilized state.”
A Culture of Revolution
Authors: Gingeras Ryan
Published: December 2019

By the time of Atatürk’s death, millions of Turkish citizens had joined him in constructing a new political and social culture in the Republic of Turkey. They would adopt new surnames, vote for and join the Republican People’s Party, learn to read the Gazi’s alphabet, embrace sports and art favored by the government, and celebrate the winning of the country’s independence. Large numbers of Turkish citizens integrated into this emerging culture despite arriving as immigrants from abroad. Yet both immigrants and natives regularly acted in ways that were not becoming of the Kemalist revolution. There was little denying that many places retained “un-Turkish” traits in spite of the government’s best efforts. The limits to which the Republican People’s Party could affect an absolute change in the morals, tastes, and behavior of its citizens were on display everywhere. Officials were forced to make compromises on issues that were considered ideologically too sensitive.
The Eternal Leader
Authors: Gingeras Ryan
Published: December 2019

In the final year of his life, Mustafa Kemal’s health had deteriorated significantly. His temperament changed, leading to a dramatic shift in the character and stability of his rule. Long-simmering divides between the president’s oldest associates grew more apparent while confusion reigned as to who was to succeed him. Although somewhat obscured by the mythos that surrounds Atatürk’s death struggle, it is clear that the Gazi begot a government beset by deep personal grudges and ideological differences. In death, Atatürk’s veneration created a culture and an ideology that demanded obedience to the state and the revolution he engendered. In upholding Turkey’s era of transformation as finished and unflawed, Atatürk’s successors committed themselves to the fiction that the nation had consented to all that the Gazi had prescribed in their name. The idolatry of this culture, along with the insecurities it thinly conceals, ranks still as his most visible legacy.
Crime, Trust, and Signaling
Authors: Ochoa Rolando
Published: December 2019

Today, Mexico is faced with a severe crisis in the fields of security and crime which has seeped into all areas of political and social life. In the last three decades, kidnapping has seen a puzzling evolution from a politically driven act in the 1970s to a crime that targeted the wealthy in the 1990s to a widespread crime that targets middle- and low-income victims today, thus producing many more deaths and higher victimization rates. Explaining these changes and how they affect communities in Mexico is the central objective of this book. This chapter outlines the theoretical framework for the book. I will use signaling theory to explore problems of trust in the context of kidnapping in Mexico City. This chapter presents a discussion of these theories in the broader context of governance.
Avoiding an Intimate Crime
Authors: Ochoa Rolando
Published: December 2019

This chapter analyses the mechanisms employed by wealthy people to navigate the risk of kidnapping when hiring employees for their family homes. It shows how employers screen for different properties such as discretion and how they use vertical integration as a way to lower the cost and risk of hiring. The focus is specifically on the hiring process of drivers for the household. This is based on the fact that many kidnappings are orchestrated by someone close to the victim. The hiring process is seen as a problem of trust, and—following Spence—is solved through a signaling game, where employers look for hard-to-fake signals.
The Employee’s Perspective
Authors: Ochoa Rolando
Published: December 2019

This chapter analyses the employment relationship from the perspective of the employee. It looks at how they are able to access jobs and job security in a very informal environment with scant contract enforcement, and focuses in particular on how drivers signal their trustworthiness as opposed to how they decide whether or not to trust the employer. The chapter analyses drivers’ relationship with their employers and how they are hired as protectors—not just as drivers. It also examines what happens when the relationship between employer and employee breaks down. Overall, the chapter helps us to understand how relationships are entered into and sustained in an environment of insecurity.
Acquaintance Is Consciousness and Consciousness Is Acquaintance
Authors: Levine Joseph
Published: December 2019

In this chapter I survey the various roles that acquaintance might play in the philosophy of language, epistemology, and philosophy of mind, and I then go on to explore the prospects for a naturalistic account of acquaintance to fill these roles. I will continue by arguing that while some roles can be filled by a naturalistic theory, others cannot. Finally, I will briefly present a non-naturalistic theory, according to which consciousness just is the relation of acquaintance, and show both how it accomplishes what a naturalistic theory could not but also how it cannot accomplish everything a naturalistic theory can.
What Acquaintance Teaches
Authors: Grzankowski Alex , Tye Michael
Published: December 2019

In her black and white room, Mary doesn’t know what it is like to see red. Only after undergoing an experience as of something red and hence acquainting herself with red can Mary learn what it is like. But learning what it is like to see red requires more than simply becoming acquainted with it, one must also know an appropriate answer to the question ‘what is it like to see red?’. To be acquainted with something is to know it, but such knowledge, as we argue, is object knowledge rather than propositional knowledge. Despite this mismatch between object knowledge and knowing an answer, we believe that acquaintance is crucial to Mary’s epistemic progress. We argue that in order to know what it is like, in order for Mary to know an appropriate answer, Mary’s propositional knowledge must be appropriately related to her acquaintance with red.
Betwixt Feeling and Thinking
Authors: Martin M. G. F.
Published: December 2019

What sense can we make of Hume’s notorious distinction between impressions and ideas? We look at two sense-datum theories of experience that offer competing accounts of the contrast between sensation and imagination. John Foster’s two-level account of experience presented in The Case for Idealism and The Nature of Perception is contrasted with Bertrand Russell’s discussion of sensation, imagination, and memory in The Theory of Knowledge. The key elements of both approaches are sketched. Foster’s appeal simply to a ‘subjectively manifest’ difference is rejected as inadequate. A problem with Russell’s conception of experience of past is canvassed, and then further elaborated in relation to previous awareness condition on personal memories. The contrasting views of memory are extended to the case of imagination. The chapter concludes with more general morals to be drawn about the relation between the first-person perspective on experience and the underlying psychological properties which explain experience’s being so.
Visual Experience, Revelation, and the Three Rs
Authors: Brewer Bill
Published: December 2019

We specify the conscious character of vision by appeal to the way things look to the subject. An experience in which there looks to be an F before her is also a source of knowledge of what it is to be F. I argue that these commitments are incompatible with Resemblance and Representational accounts and motivate a Relational account of the nature of visual experience.
Stratified sampling
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B.
Published: December 2019

In stratified sampling, the N population units are grouped into L strata, independent samples are selected from within each stratum, and unbiased estimation is achieved as a weighted average of stratum-specific estimates. Strata may be natural—pool, riffle, and run habitat unit types in a small stream—or strata may be constructed to ensure that some units from specific groups of population units will always be included in the sample. Within strata, any unbiased method of selection can be used. If SRS is used within strata, this is a stratified SRS design. Allocation of the total stratified sample of size n across the L strata can affect sampling variance of stratified estimators. Optimal allocation theory shows that optimal stratum-specific sample sizes depend on relative numbers of units in strata, and stratum-specific costs per unit of sampling and variances of y values. An ANOVA sums of squares partition can be used to show that a proportionally allocated stratified SRS strategy will outperform selection of a single SRS with mean-per-unit estimation whenever the average variation within strata is less than the finite population variance. Therefore, it is desirable to minimize variation within strata and maximize the variation in stratum means. For a variety of reasons, post-stratification, in which one large SRS is stratified after the sample has been selected, may often be a good alternative to selection of a (pre-) stratified sample.
Adaptive sampling
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B.
Published: December 2019

The abundance of rare species of plants and animals may often prove difficult to estimate due to the isolated patchy distribution of individuals. Adaptive sampling may prove more effective than other sampling strategies for such species. In adaptive cluster sampling an initial SRS of population units is selected. Further adaptive sampling in the neighborhood of these units is then carried out whenever the value of y in a selected unit meets or exceeds a criterion value, c, which may often be just a single individual. This sampling procedure can be shown to lead to selection of clusters of units for which, with the exception of edge units, all units in the selected clusters have y≥c. If the initial sample is large enough to encounter some isolated patches of individuals, this approach may outperform SRS with mean-per-unit estimation. Drawbacks of this approach include the facts that the eventual number of population units which will need to be measured is random and unknown prior to execution of the survey, and it is difficult to specify the magnitude of the adaptive sampling criterion, c. Therefore, the total cost and time needed to complete an adaptive sampling survey can be highly unpredictable. Nevertheless, the theory is intriguing and has obvious intuitive appeal. Once a very rare individual has been encountered, it makes good sense to search very carefully in the neighborhood of the location where that rare individual has been found.
Sampling through time
Authors: Hankin David G. , Mohr Michael S. , Newman Ken B.
Published: December 2019

Many ecological research and resource monitoring programs must deliver good estimates of both current resource status and long-term trend. The simple two-occasion context frames the trade-offs in design of surveys to achieve these objectives. If the objective is to estimate change in status (trend), then most precise estimation is achieved by full retention of a random sample selected at time 1. If the objective is to estimate average status, then most precise estimation is achieved by selecting independent random samples. If a survey has both objectives, then a compromise design, involving partial retention and partial replacement of the initial sample, is optimal (i.e., will have intermediate performance for status and trend). Sampling designs for long-term monitoring (and before/after assessment monitoring) have two distinct components: a membership design which specifies selection of groups of units to be designated as sample panels, and a revisit design that specifies when these panels of units should be visited (revisited). For example, some randomly selected panels might be visited in years one to three, then dropped out of rotation for three years and then revisited in years–seven to nine, and so on. One panel might be revisited every year, and other panels might be visited only a single time. Design-based estimates of measures of status and trend are derived for some simple membership and revisit designs. The theory of dual frame sampling is applied to estimation of the number of active bald eagle nests on a wildlife refuge.
Introduction
Authors: Auger Peter
Published: December 2019

Du Bartas’ poems are about how the world was made, and how we make sense of the world. In praising the creative powers of God, his works advocate a Protestant poetics that denigrates human creativity and urges poets to replicate the established truths found in Scripture and nature. Despite contemporary and later comparisons between Du Bartas’ poems and the Book of Nature, his poems were self-consciously imperfect and are better understood as ‘poems of commonplaces’ that organize knowledge around a set of authoritative scriptural headings. This reading of the poems’ biblical aesthetics, in line with recent francophone criticism, provides a basis for understanding how English and Scottish readers from varied backgrounds read and imitated the poems. This chapter also outlines the book’s structure.
Devine Weekes and Its Readers
Authors: Auger Peter
Published: December 2019

Josuah Sylvester’s translation Devine Weekes and Workes (1605) marks the meridian point of Du Bartas’ English and Scottish reception, and is a decisive work for seventeenth-century devotional verse. Its publication made the most of the earlier associations with James VI and I and also of the Semaines’ value as poems of commonplaces. The addition of annotations and readers’ notes illustrate the edition’s many uses. The chapter also discusses Robert Nicolson, a friend of Sylvester, who shows how annotational practices could be the first step to composing new works on the same templates.
Urbanization and Rural Development in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Chen Zhao , Lu Ming , Ni Pengtu
Published: December 2019

This chapter studies how urbanization enhances economic growth. Through agglomeration effects, employment opportunities and income levels can largely increase. In addition, the mechanism of sharing, matching, and learning are greatly strengthened in cities, especially large cities, which can further bring exchange of information, knowledge spillover and human capital externalities. However, when taking a close look at the urbanization level, speed, and regional variations, we see that the PRC’s urbanization level lags behind that of many developing countries at a similar developing stage. Problems of urbanization, including below average urbanization level and urbanization lagging behind industrialization, need to be solved by institutional reforms for sustainable development.
Costs and Benefits of Urbanization
Authors: Sridhar Kala S.
Published: December 2019

Urbanization has both benefits and costs. This chapter summarizes research findings on how urbanization enhances productivity and economic growth in both rural and urban sectors, taking the case of India. It studies the relationship between urbanization and growth. Based on extensive data analyses of urbanization, it finds no impact of urban–rural inequalities on urbanization, but significant impact on the population of the largest city in the state. When accounting for the two-way relationship between urbanization and the rural–urban income ratio, it finds that urbanization increases urban–rural inequalities initially, but at higher levels reduces them. Urbanization benefits rural development since the chapter finds that it has a positive impact on increasing the rural–urban income ratio, and the evidence regarding remittances. Policy implications regarding telecommuting and investments in urban infrastructure are summarized. Lessons from India and the People’s Republic of China for each other’s urbanization are discussed.
Land Policy and Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Zhang Li , Xu Xianxiang
Published: December 2019

Land leasing provides financial support for the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC’s) urbanization. This chapter explores the relationship between land policies and urbanization in the PRC. In particular, it explores the relationship between urbanization and land leasing. It finds that the urbanization rate and the land-leasing revenue are positively related. Land leasing provides financial support for PRC’s urbanization, but damages the interests of landless peasants. Especially in the west, population urbanization lags behind land urbanization, resulting in much higher land and house prices in the east than those in inland PRC. Current land and household registration policies hinder the mobility of production factors, including construction land and the labour force, and distort the process of urbanization and industrialization. The land policy should be revised such that the market determines the allocation of land resources, which will create a unified, competitive urban–rural land market.
Regional and Urban Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment in India
Authors: Mathur Om Prakash
Published: December 2019

Foreign direct investment (FDI) has, in the post-1991 period, acquired considerable importance in India. This chapter analyses the regional distribution of FDI flows and explores the role of urbanization in determining FDI location choices. Three points emerge from the chapter. First, the regional distribution of FDI in India is grossly uneven. Most FDI flows are directed to regions which are more urbanized and have metropolitan dominance. Second, urbanization and its associated factors such as market size, population density, and infrastructure such as road density and teledensity are important determinants of FDI. Third, relative to India’s share in global population and global GDP, India’s share in global FDI is small. The chapter points out that for India to be able to reap the potential benefits of FDI, it will need to make heavy investments in urban infrastructure and services and eliminate land market distortions and other market-related inefficiencies.
Infrastructure and Urbanization in India Issues and Challenges
Authors: Sarkar Sandip , Mehta Balwant Singh
Published: December 2019

In the last three decades India has experienced high growth without a significant rise in urbanization. However, this chapter finds that infrastructure primarily affects urbanization through promoting faster economic growth. Certain infrastructural facilities like roadways, electricity generation, and teledensity improved substantially but railways and waterways showed marginal improvement. Compared to the People’s Republic of China, India does not lag behind in terms of passenger traffic but substantially lags behind in terms of goods transport by rail, road, and air, and in electricity consumption. The low manufacturing base of India seems to be primarily responsible for it. This chapter shows that urbanization in India created demand for infrastructure investment but is not financed sufficiently, resulting in gaps in provision of infrastructure. The primary requirement of financing urban infrastructure is to strengthen the financial base of ULBs so that they can generate a predictable quantum of funds over a certain specified period. This would create a sufficient base on the basis of which external financing requirements can be planned and executed.
Air Pollution and Traffic Congestion in Urban India
Authors: Kumar Surender
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides a critical overview of urban air pollution and traffic congestion in India. It discusses temporal and spatial variations in the level of urban air pollution and traffic congestion in the country and challenges posed by them. India loses about 2 per cent of its GDP because of urban air pollution. Urbanization of small-scale industries and increasing demand for private vehicles are major determinants of urban air pollution and traffic congestion. Legitimacy in enforcement of polices is a strong predictor of success of a policy. Growing demand for green cities coupled with transparency in governance will reduce frictions arising from pollution and congestion.
Introduction
Authors: O'Callaghan Casey
Published: December 2019

This chapter presents the book’s thesis, its central themes, and its plan of attack. First, it describes the unisensory paradigms for investigating perception that until recently prevailed in science and in philosophy. Next, it introduces the critical respects in which perception is multisensory and explains why this is a problem for unisensory theorizing. Finally, it introduces the central questions any multisensory philosophy of perception must face, and it outlines the answers and arguments in the chapters that follow. The thesis to be defended is that coordination among the senses enhances the coherence and the reliability of human sense perception, extends its reach, and makes possible novel varieties of perceptual consciousness.
The senses
Authors: Fain Gordon L.
Published: December 2019

“The senses” is the introductory chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and describes early studies in the anatomy of sense organs and physiology of the senses. It introduces methods in physiology and molecular biology, which were critical tools used to unlock the secrets of sensation, including intracellular and extracellular recording, patch-clamp recording, gene cloning and expression, and structural studies such as cryo-EM. It concludes by describing in detail the discovery of the piezo proteins, which are the stretch-sensitive channels now known to be responsible for much of mammalian touch and proprioception.
Mechanisms of sensation
Authors: Fain Gordon L.
Published: December 2019

“Mechanisms of sensation” is the second chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and describes general features of sensory cells, including types of sensory membrane, the specialized organization of membrane and protein within sensory cells, membrane renewal, external specializations of sense cells, mechanisms of stimulus detection, primary and secondary receptor cells, and receptor sensitivity and noise. These general features of sensory cells are illustrated by specific examples taken from a wide variety of organisms, from scallop and crayfish to Drosophila and vertebrates including mammals. The chapter concludes with a description of sex pheromone detection in the male moth, which achieves the physical limit of sensitivity of the receptor to a single molecule of attractant.
Channels and electrical signals
Authors: Fain Gordon L.
Published: December 2019

“Channels and electrical signals” is the third chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and reviews the structure and function of ion channels, the structure of channel pores, and mechanisms of gating. It introduces ionotropic receptor molecules, which are proteins that function as sensory receptors but are also ion channels, whose gating can produce changes in membrane conductance directly. It then uses the hair cell of the inner ear as an example to introduce the concepts of membrane potentials, the Nernst equation, ion homeostasis, the Goldman voltage equation, and driving force. A description of the technique of voltage clamping follows, together with the application of this technique to the hair cell to explain the method of measuring changes in channel gating and the ion selectivity of channel pores.
Taste
Authors: Fain Gordon L.
Published: December 2019

“Taste” is the eighth chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and begins with gustation in insects, describing receptor proteins in insect taste organs and mechanisms of signal production. It proceeds to the anatomy of taste buds and the tongue in mammals and describes the two basic forms of taste transduction: metabotropic and ionotropic. For metabotropic mechanisms, a thorough review is given of the receptor proteins and signal production for bitter, sweet, and umami, concluding with common pathways of transduction for these modalities. The separate ionotropic mechanisms of salty and sour are then reviewed, and the chapter concludes with discussion of our understanding of the neural code for taste.
Extra sensory receptors
Authors: Fain Gordon L.
Published: December 2019

“Extra sensory receptors” is the tenth chapter of the book Sensory Transduction and reviews mechanisms of sensory transduction in three additional sensory modalities: thermoreception, electroreception, and magnetoreception. It describes the physiology and molecular biology of warm and cold receptors in the mammalian skin, including the channels thought to be responsible and mechanisms of channel gating. There follows an extensive description of thermoreceptors in the pit organs of snakes which permit these animals literally to see in the dark. The section on electroreception reviews in detail the mechanism responsible for the astonishing sensitivity of the ampullary receptors of skates, as well as the structure and function of tuberous receptors, electrocytes, and electrolocation. The final section on magnetoreception describes magnetotactic bacteria as well as the evidence for magnetoreception in migrating birds, together with theories—as yet unproved—for the mechanism of animal sensitivity to magnetic fields.
The methods of drawing
Authors: Genge Matthew J.
Published: December 2019

Drawing and illustrating in Earth Science has a fundamentally different focus to artistic illustration and requires different techniques. The methods used in drawing geology are described in this chapter, including the basic techniques of general drawing and those methods that are specific to geology. The chapter examines which outcrops should be drawn and introduces three rules that should be applied to every field sketch. The methods to ensure field sketches of outcrops are accurate and detailed are described, with practical advice on how to apply line style, colour, and shading in geological diagrams. Finally, aspects of drawing such as posture and position are described that will help improve the quality of sketches.
Drawing folds
Authors: Genge Matthew J.
Published: December 2019

Folds record the deformation of strata and reveal the tectonic processes by which the Earth’s crust has evolved. In this chapter the techniques used to create field sketches of folds are described together with the important features of these structures that need to be recorded. Careful observation is needed in drawing fold structures prior to drawing to identify the trace of the fold axial planes on the outcrop. The importance of the fold axial plane in the geometry of fold structures is stressed. Two worked examples of field sketches of simple folds are given to illustrate the tactics involved in observing and drawing these structures.
Drawing complex structures and metamorphic rocks
Authors: Genge Matthew J.
Published: December 2019

Metamorphic rocks are formed by the transformation of pre-existing lithologies under the influence of pressure and temperature. Often metamorphic rocks contain complicated folds and cleavages that make them difficult to record in field sketches and to interpret. In this chapter the methods used to draw field sketches of complex structures in metamorphic rocks are described. The important features of superimposed folds are discussed and methods to assist in the observation and interpretation of these structures are described. Three worked examples of field sketches of metamorphic rocks are given to illustrate how their structures can be recorded accurately and interpreted.
Landscape sketches
Authors: Genge Matthew J.
Published: December 2019

Drawings of landscapes are often used to record large-scale geological structures in Earth Science. This chapter describes how to draw geological features exposed within landscapes with a focus on the methods used to produce accurate and detailed field sketches. The tactics in drawing large fields of view, landscapes with significant topography, and vegetated landscapes with sparse outcrops are described. Three worked examples of landscape field sketches are provided to illustrate how best to record tectonic structures and volcanic features exposed over topography. Topographic features such as ravines and ridges can be added as lines to add additional value. Common mistakes considered include insufficient detail and schematic vegetation.
Drawing hand-specimens of rocks and crystals
Authors: Genge Matthew J.
Published: December 2019

Rocks and minerals are naturally occurring solid materials that make up planetary bodies such as the Earth and are highly diverse. This chapter describes how to record the mineralogy and petrology of rocks using drawings and includes methods used to graphically record hand-specimens of rocks and crystals. Four worked examples of drawings of hand-specimens are included to illustrate techniques and the important features to record. Practical advice on how to identify rock types and minerals is also given. The outline of the specimen is important since it guides the placement of other features. The petrology must be simplified to make drawing practical.
Modern techniques in illustration and recording in geology
Authors: Genge Matthew J.
Published: December 2019

Advances in technology have enabled new methods in the acquisition and recording of field data in geology and its presentation within publications. These techniques compliment, rather than replace, traditional field observations. This chapter describes the use of photogrammetry and aerial drone surveys in constructing three-dimensional models of geological features, which provide valuable data when combined with field notes on lithology. Digital methods in the analysis and processing of images are discussed together with methods in digital drawing and painting to produce publication-ready diagrams for Earth Science. Photographs for use in publications should be corrected to ensure optimal contrast and brightness.
Introduction
Authors: Briggs Adrian
Published: December 2019

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the effect of the unexecuted decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union. If the United Kingdom were to withdraw on the terms approved by Parliament, the resulting legal framework would, in principle, be that put in place by the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018. That is to say, on ‘Exit Day’, the European Communities Act 1972 will be repealed. This will, at a stroke, remove the legal basis upon which a substantial body of private international law takes effect in the legal order of the United Kingdom. The chapter then sets out the book’s focus, which is the conflict of laws, followed by discussions of the common law’s conception of private international law and legislation establishing private international law as European law.
Property
Authors: Briggs Adrian
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses English private international law in terms of property. The private international law of property covers immovable and movable property, tangible and intangible property, as well as intellectual and family property. In the United Kingdom, most of the conflicts rules are established by the common law. Although the EU intervened to harmonize private international law in the fields of succession to property and matrimonial property, those Regulations did not extend to the United Kingdom. Where the conflicts rules are found in the common law, a court may be entitled to apply the law selected in its renvoi sense: that is to say, to apply the law (including any conflicts rules) as it would be applied by a judge sitting in the foreign country and hearing the case himself.
Persons
Authors: Briggs Adrian
Published: December 2019

This chapter discusses the law of persons. Prior to Exit Day, the private international law of matrimonial causes, parental responsibility, and maintenance was covered in part by two European Regulations: the Brussels II Regulation, Regulation (EC) 2201/2003, and the Maintenance Regulation, Regulation (EC) 4/2009. According to the Jurisdiction and Judgments (Family) (Amendment etc) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, SI 2019 No 519, regulations 3 and 4, these two European Regulations will be revoked. Until Exit Day they are in full force and effect, but unless further legislative arrangements are made they will not apply to proceedings commenced before a English (or, where recognition is concerned, other Member State) court on or after Exit Day. SI 2019 No 519 makes consequential alterations to English law, which will come into effect on Exit Day.
Cartesian Générosité and Its Antecedents
Authors: Moriarty Michael
Published: December 2019

The chapter contains an exposition of Descartes’s ethics, the keystone of which is the concept of générosité. This incorporates both a cognitive state (the knowledge that nothing belongs to us but the use of our free will, and that nothing but the good or bad use of our free will is worthy of praise or blame) and a disposition of will, a determination always to act in accordance with our judgement of what is best. The concept is discussed in relation both to Aristotle’s conception of magnanimity and to the Stoic ethics of Epictetus, but also in relation to the use of the term in literary texts of the time, the plays of Pierre Corneille, and the stories of Jean-Pierre Camus.
Introduction
Authors: Branham R. Bracht
Published: December 2019

Who was Petronius Arbiter? The twentieth century’s most famous ancient novelist is one good answer. Of all the works of ancient prose fiction—by Apuleius, Xenophon, Chariton, Achilles Tatius, Longus, Heliodorus—only Petronius’s Satyrica resonated with the twentieth century, providing Eliot with the epigraph for The Waste Land and Fitzgerald with the ur-text for Gatsby—originally entitled “Trimalchio at West Egg”—and Fellini with his film. The fascination of the arbiter elegantiae—as Nero’s court called Petronius—on twentieth-century avant-gardists is quite puzzling. What sets this fragmented text apart from kindred others? Is the answer precisely that it is one of a kind? Why did Petronius’s scabrous text become modern experimentalists’ favorite ancient analogue? That Auerbach’s Mimesis identified Petronius as one of three authors who exemplify classical representation could also be adduced as evidence of Petronius’s newfound status in the modernist century.
Inventing the Novel
Authors: Branham R. Bracht
Published: December 2019

This chapter offers a brief account of how Bakhtin conceived of the ancient novel in the 1930s, asking whether his work provides a proper theoretical underpinning for any historical approach to the genre and, given such an approach, how narrative evolved in antiquity. Although written some fifty years earlier, Bakhtin’s essays on ancient literary history were unavailable in English until collected and translated in The Dialogic Imagination (1981). Although not literally new, these essays are novel both to many students of fiction precisely because Bakhtin focuses his discussion on antiquity—the significance of which for the novel, he argues, has been “greatly underestimated”—and to classicists besides because these scholars are unlikely to know the studies of Dostoevsky and Rabelais for which Bakhtin first became known in the West.
Introduction to an Extended Era
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: December 2019

In addition to outlining the chapters that follow, this introduction distinguishes three relevant meanings attached to the notion of “Kantian subjects.” The first meaning concerns the fact that a number of subjects, in the sense of a wide range of topics, are worthy of contemporary study on account of Kant’s Critical philosophy in general. The second meaning concerns the more specific point that Kant’s Critical philosophy has a specific conception of being a subject, one which deserves close examination and defense. The third meaning concerns that fact that in the wake of the development of post-Kantian philosophy there has developed a general cultural notion of what it is to be a subject in the era after Kant’s, that is, the late modern period. A new conception of philosophical methodology and historical self-consciousness arises in this context.
Some Persistent Presumptions of Hegelian Anti-Subjectivism
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: December 2019

This chapter responds primarily to a recent criticism of Kant by Stephen Houlgate. Like many other recent Hegelian accounts, Houlgate’s severe critique of Kant’s theoretical philosophy contends that, in contrast to Hegel, Kant’s Critical system, especially because of its doctrine of transcendental idealism, presupposes a subjectivist and therefore inadequate position. On the basis of a moderate interpretation of Kant’s idealism and his general Critical procedure, the chapter defends Kant from the charge of subjectivism, and also gives an account of how subjectivist interpretations in general can arise from a series of understandable misunderstandings of difficult passages in Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason.
Beyond the Living and the Dead
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: December 2019

This chapter is about the philosophical use of history, especially as practiced in post-Kantian philosophy. It expands on the author’s earlier books, which have argued that philosophy has become most valuable recently when it has made an historical turn. It has focused on its own history through critical appropriation, which is forward looking and contrasts with either sticking with the “mere living” or just turning back to, or simply forgetting, the “dead.” The chapter argues that while some Hegelian approaches, such as Robert Brandom’s recent work, practice something like this approach, they also suffer from a lack of appreciation for other strands in post-Kantian thought, especially Early German Romanticism, and they offer a Hegelian approach to history that is not sufficiently radical in its understanding of change and autonomy. It contrasts systematic Idealist with Romantic approaches to history, and defends the latter while noting similarities between Bernard Williams’s work and the Romantics.
The Exponential Paradox
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: December 2019

Technology is advancing at an accelerating rate. Yet the rate of economic productivity growth is slowing down. This is the Exponential Paradox. It is not enough for technology to advance; in order to deliver economic and social value, technology most also be broadly disseminated, and then absorbed. Further insight can be achieved if we look back farther in time. Why was productivity growth so high during the 1940s to the 1970s? Part of the answer lies in the substantial investments made in infrastructure that fostered more rapid technical advance, and equally, wider technology dissemination and absorption. A renewed investment in innovation infrastructure is needed, in order to resolve the Exponential Paradox. Companies can start by emphasizing Shared Value approaches to developing and deploying their technologies.
From Open Science to Open Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: December 2019

Open science is a powerful way to discover and disseminate new knowledge. But the very norms that animate open science can sometimes inhibit its subsequent commercialization. There exists a Valley of Death between the culmination of a scientific project, and the later commercial use of that science. While a fundamental knowledge of how a technology works may have been achieved, there is far too little known for businesses to invest in developing that knowledge further. And the best use of a new discovery often is unknown to those who first discover it. This is where open science must start to give way to Open Innovation. IMEC and CERN’s ATTRACT project provide two examples wherein a strong culture of open science co-exists with a thriving Open Innovation culture as well to traverse the Valley of Death
The Back End of Open Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: December 2019

There is a Valley of Death inside many organizations, between the innovation managers and the business units of the company. This internal valley results from human, organizational, and structural bottlenecks that impede the flow of knowledge from the laboratory to the market. A powerful example of these bottlenecks surfaced in recent research at NASA. Four companies’ practices for managing these bottlenecks are discussed: SAP, Intel, EMC, and Royal Bank of Scotland. Companies must approach these bottlenecks with care, and examine their compensation systems, their funding processes, and talent management practices, to connect the back end of the innovation process to the front end of that process.
Engaging with Startups to Enhance Corporate Innovation
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: December 2019

Startups can be a powerful, effective ingredient in achieving a corporate innovation strategy. But startups worry that corporates are going to steal their ideas, and are too slow in their decision-making. Startups welcome corporate capital, but often their real needs are access to a corporation’s latest tools, technologies, channels, and customers. Large companies have multiple resources with which to engage startups. It isn’t just about money. Traditionally, large companies have deployed equity-based models of engagement, such as corporate venture capital. CVC has a role to play, but takes significant time and effort to manage. Equity-based models provide control, but don’t scale. Newer models of engagement with startups use a logic of influence, so that large companies can move faster and work with many more startups at the same time. These models relinquish control, but are built to scale.
Open Innovation Results in Smart Cities and Smart Villages
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: December 2019

The dimensions of generation, dissemination, and absorption apply in the public and social sectors, as well as in the private sector. Smart Cities initiatives have generated a lot of possibilities, but to date have not delivered much social or business value. Much of the fault lies in not in the generation of technologies, but in the lack of dissemination and absorption of these initiatives beyond a narrow circle of specialists. Open Innovation can play a critical role in addressing the needs of rural villagers by enticing profit-seeking companies to engage in business development research in rural markets. These companies, if successful, become agents of dissemination and scaling via markets. Smart Villages is a promising new initiative for addressing the needs of villagers in poor, underdeveloped rural settings. However, the three dimensions of generation, dissemination, and absorption apply here as well.
Morality and Epistemic Judgement
Authors: Cowie Christopher
Published: December 2019

Moral judgments attempt to describe a reality that does not exist. As a consequence those judgments – and those of us who make them – are systematically mistaken. This is the moral error theory. One of the most interesting and important reasons for rejecting it is that its truth would entail a highly implausible error theory of epistemic judgments. These are judgments about what one ought to believe given one’s evidence. This is the argument from analogy. The aim of this book is to systematise and assess it. It is argued that it fails. The analogy between moral judgment and epistemic judgment is misconceived. The moral error theory could yet be true.
Moral Error Theory
Authors: Cowie Christopher
Published: December 2019

Two varieties of moral error theory are identified. According to the first—the internalism-based error theory—moral judgements are committed to the existence of categorical normative reasons for action. These are incompatible with plausible constraints on the relationship between one’s reasons and one’s psychology. So they do not exist. According to the second—the irreducibility-based error theory—moral judgements are committed to the existence of irreducibly normative properties and relations. These are incompatible with plausible assumptions about the constituents of the world. So they do not exist. The differences and commonalities between these two varieties of moral error theory are identified.
Against Internalism-Parity
Authors: Cowie Christopher
Published: December 2019

It is argued that the first version of the parity premise—internalism-parity—is false. It is false because epistemic judgements are committed to the existence of ‘merely institutional’ reasons. Moral judgements, by contrast, are committed to the existence of genuinely normative reasons. This claim is defended by appeal to the basic rationale that epistemic judgements are normative or evaluative only in the sense of normative or evaluative judgements within ‘institutions’ such as sports and games, etiquette, fashion, and the law, but moral judgements are not. It is argued that this does not render epistemic norms merely conventional in an objectionable sense.