bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the prospects of farmers on so-called cold settlement farms in 1963
Authors: Lasola Tapani
Published: July 2018

After the last war some 16 200 settlement farms were founded in Finland of a type that obtained practically no cleared land or buildings. The clearing of these so called cold farms has been an extensive task requiring much work and capital. In 1963 when the material for this paper was collected the work was partly unfinished nor has it been completed as yet (Uudistilakom. osamiet. II 1964, p. 2). The main part of the foundation work had, however, been brought to an end. The investigation at hand tries to find out which features have been considered by the farmers as the greatest disadvantages on the farms in question at the stage when the greater part of the foundation work had been carried out. In addition, plans made by the farmers to eliminate the said disadvantages as well as their opinions on the size of a farm giving sufficient means of livelihood are examined. The investigation, which has been financed by a grant made by the U. S. Department of Agriculture under P. L. 480, is associated with an extensive landeconomic research and forms a part of it. The research which was started by agricultural and forestry experts as a teamwork in 1959, studies the economics of alternative use of land for agriculture or forestry (cf. PIHKALA 1965, p. 32).
Sources of variation in the birth weight of Ayrshire calves
Authors: Kossila Vappu , Taskinen Pirkko
Published: July 2018

Sources of variation in the birth weights of 225 single Ayrshire calves, born to regular cows (calving interval less than 15 months) in the dairy herd of the Viik Experimental Farm, were studied. The mean birth weight (35.2 kg) of 111 male calves was significantly (P
Toimintaverkoista ja niiden käytöstä maatalouden työteknisissä tutkimuksissa
Authors: Oksanen Erkki H.
Published: July 2018

Toimintaverkko on tasoon piirretty projektin havainnollinen malli, jossa on esitetty projektiin kuuluvat tehtävät ja niiden väliset ajalliset riippuvuudet. Toimintaverkkoon voi kuulua myös resurssi- ja/tai kustannuslaskenta. Toimintaverkkomenetelmistä tunnetuimmat, CPM ja PERT kehitettiin Yhdysvalloissa 1950-luvun loppupuolella. Pääasiallinen ero näiden välillä oli se, että CPM käytti tehtävää kohden yhtä kestoajan arviota, mutta PERT kolmea. CPM keskittyi projektin kustannusten minimointiin, PERT sen kehitystyön vaatiman ajan määrittämiseen ja valvontaan. Myöhemmin erot ovat supistuneet vähäisiksi. Toimintaverkkojen laatiminen ja käsinlaskenta esitetään tässä kirjoituksessa hypoteettisen tutkimusprojekti-esimerkin avulla (taulukko 1, kuvat 1 ja 2). Toimintaverkko ilmaisee projektin kriittisen polun. Se käy toimintaverkon läpi sitä tehtäväketjua pitkin, jonka pelivara on pienin; yleensä se on = 0. Kriittistä polkua lyhentämään pyrittäessä myös lähes kriittiset tehtävät tulee ottaa huomioon, koska ne tulevat nopeasti ns. pullonkaulatehtäviksi. Kirjoittaja on käyttänyt Valtion Tietokonekeskuksen PERT C-ohjelmaa tutkiessaan kahta rakennus- ja yhtä salaojitushanketta sekä kevään peltotyömenetelmiä. Viimeksimainitussa (kuva 3) on todettu eri työmenetelmät: kevättyöt erilliskoneita, rivilannoitinta + kylvökonetta, tai yhdistelmäkonetta käyttäen Viikin koetilalla suunnilleen samanveroisiksi töiden joutumisen suhteen. Rivilannoitin-menetelmä on ollut kustannuksiltaan halvin ja yhdistelmäkone-menetelmä kallein. Erilliskoneita käytettäessä mies- ja traktoriresursseja on kuormitettu eniten. Talvella tehty toimintaverkko sääennusteineen on pitänyt hyvin paikkansa töiden alkamisen ja valmistumisen sekä kriittisen polun suhteen. Salaojitus- ja rakennusprojektien (kuva 4, taulukot 2—4) tulostuksien avulla on selvitetty lähinnä resurssien käyttöä ja sovitusta sekä kustannuslaskentaa. Lopuksi on mainittu toimintaverkkomallien soveltuvan simuloinnin ja pelien pohjaksi, joiden yleistymistä rajoittaa tarvittavien perustietojen puute. Nykyiset toimintaverkkomenetelmät soveltuvat hyvin maatalouden työteknisiin tutkimuksiin, joissa käsitellään työvoiman, koneiden ja laitteiden rationaalista käyttöä maatilataloudessa.
Fungicidal effects of some chemicals on Sclerotinia trifoliorum erikss.
Authors: Ylimäki Aarre
Published: July 2018

In efficiency tests carried out in laboratory (Table 1, Figs. 1—4) it was established that on media many chemicals had a restraining effect on the growth of the mycelia of Sclerotinia trifoliorum. In addition to PCNB preparations, TCNB substances very severely restrained the growth of mycelia and the formation of sclerotia of the fungus (Figs. 5—8). Sclerotia formed of mycelia treated with TCNB as well as with PCNB substances developed numerous sporophores which were not fertile however. The effect of both PCNB and TCNB on the mycelium of S. trifoliorum proved only restricting on the growth. It did not destroy the mycelia. The activity of the substances is dependent on the temperature and the higher effectivity of TCNB is based on its greater degree of vaporization (Tables 2—3, Figs. 2, 4 and 9). In autumn and in outdoor conditions on the field the vaporization of the substances is so small that it does not lower the effectiveness to any great extent (Tables 2-3, Fig. 9).
Sowing of spring cereals in broad bands and the effect of sowing rate, rolling and irrigation on the results
Authors: Elonen Paavo , Kara Osmo , Autio Leo
Published: July 2018

In 1971 two large field experiments, one for spring wheat and the other for barley, were carried out on silty clay soil in southern Finland. Three sowing methods were compared at three sowing rate levels (wheat: 140, 275 or 400 kg/ha, barley: 100, 200 or 300 kg/ha), at two levels of rolling (not rolled or rolled by a Cambridge-roller, 330 kg/m), and at two levels of irrigation (not irrigated or irrigated twice in June, 30 mm at both times). Wheat produced 9 ± 2 % higher grain yields sown with a 12.5 cm spacing between coulters in 7 cm bands than in rows of 2 cm. The increases in yield were almost equal irrespective of the seeding rate, rolling or irrigation. The sowing methods had no noteworthy influence on the ripening or the weight of the wheat grains. Barley responded to the sowing methods to a lesser extent than did wheat. Bands 7 cm wide with 12.5 cm spacing resulted in 5 ± 2 % higher wheat yields and 2 ± 1 % higher barley yields than did bands 10 cm wide with 25 cm spacing. The results indicate that the band method with relatively small spacings between the bands is worth further and more detailed study. An increase in the seeding rate from low to »normal» increased the yields, speeded up ripening and decreased the weight of grains, but when normal seeding rates were exceeded the grain yields were not further improved. Rolling speeded up ripening but did not significantly increase the grain yields. Of the factors included in the study, the sprinkler irrigation affected the yields most by increasing the grain yields of wheat by 23 ± 22 % and those of barley by 29 ± 9 %.
Lämpötilan, valaistuksen ja kasvutiheyden vaikutus jauhosavikan (Chenopodium album L.) satoon
Authors: Erviö Leila-Riitta
Published: July 2018

Edellä selostettujen tutkimusten tarkoituksena oli selvittää erilaisten lämpötilojen sekä valaistuksen voimakkuuden vaikutusta jauhosavikan sadon muuttumiseen eri kasvutiheyksissä. Tulokset osoittivat jauhosavikan kehittyneen nopeammin ja muodostaneen vähemmän haaroja yksilöä kohti korkeissa (24°, 24°—14° C) kuin alhaisissa (12°, 12°—7°) koelämpötiloissa. Sen lehtialaindeksi (LAI) sekä kuiva-ainesato jäivät pienimmiksi 24° C:ssa, kohosivat jonkin verran 24°—14° C:ssa, olivat suurimmillaan 12° C:ssa ja laskivat edelliseen verrattuna, kun lämpötila oli 12°—7° C. Jauhosavikan kehitys oli nopeampaa ja haarojen lukumäärä/yksilö suurempi 16 000 kuin 5 000 luxin valaistuksessa. Heikossa valaistuksessa muodostuneet lehdet olivat painoonsa nähden laajempia pinta-alaltaan kuin voimakkaammassa valossa kehittyneet. Jauhosavikan sato pinta-alayksiköltä nousi huomattavasti korkeammaksi, mutta lehtien osuus sadosta jäi pienemmäksi 16000 kuin 5 000 luxin valaistuksessa. Jauhosavikan haarojen lukumäärä yksilöä kohti väheni jyrkästi kasvutiheyden lisääntyessä 50:stä 400 yksilöön/m2. LAI taas kasvoi voimakkaasti samaan kasvutiheyteen saakka, mutta sitä tiheämmissä kasvustoissa nousu hidastui. Lämpötila ja valaistuksen voimakkuus vaikuttivat huomattavassa määrin kasvumalliin, joka kuvasi jauhosavikan sadon muutoksia kasvutiheyden lisääntyessä (kuvat 3—5). Oloissa, joissa yksilöt jäivät pieniksi, sato nousi lineaarisesti, mutta vegetatiivisen kasvun ollessa voimakasta sadon nousu hidastui tiheissä kasvustoissa yksilöitten välisen kilpailun vaikutuksesta.
Vihreän parsan viljely- ja lajikekoe v. 1960-71
Authors: Suhonen Irma
Published: July 2018

V. 1960—71 suoritettiin Helsingin yliopiston puutarhatieteen laitoksella Viikissä vihreän parsan viljely- ja lajikekoe. Parsa kylvettiin v. 1960 ja istutettiin v. 1961 ja 1962. V. 1965—71 parsan keskisato oli 25 kg/a, parhaan lajikkeen keskisato 32 kg/a ja heikoimman numerokannan 18 kg/a. Varhaisen toukokuun aikana saadun sadon määrä vaihteli eri vuosina 2.6—20.2 kg/a. Kaksivuotisten taimien sato oli tutkimuksen alkuvuosina alhaisempi kuin yksivuotisten taimien, keskisadon koko koeajalla muodostuessa kuitenkin samaksi. Parsanverso painoi keskimäärin 19 g, versoista lähes 60 % oli läpimitaltaan yli 12 mm:n mittaisia. Silmävaraisessa arvostelussa 70 % kokonaissadosta katsottiin ensiluokkaiseksi. Vihreän parsan kuiva-ainepitoisuus oli 7.7—8.2 %, kuitupitoisuus 2.8—3.4 % ja se sisälsi 42—55 mg/100 g askorbiinihappoa ja 580—1180 μg/100 g β-karotiinia.
Lannoitustavan vaikutus perunan ravinteiden saantiin ja mukuloiden kemialliseen koostumukseen
Authors: Varis Eero
Published: July 2018

Rivi- ja sijoituslannoituksen vaikutusta perunan ravinteiden ottoon verrattuna pintalannoitukseen selvitettiin Hankkijan kasvinjalostuslaitoksen Anttilan koetilalla vuosina 1968—71. Kokeiden lannoituksena käytettiin 650 ja 1300 kg/ha Yklv. Nostoaikoja oli 4, lajikkeena Rekord. Typen ja kalin käyttö lisääntyi säännöllisimmin, kun taas fosforin ja erityisesti magnesiumin ja kalsiumin käytössä esiintyi epätasaista vaihtelua kasvukauden aikana. Lannoituksen lisääminen muutti mukuloiden koostumusta syksyllä seuraavasti (%): K-aine 21.8-21.8, N 1.14-1.27, P 14.1-13.7, K 2.24-2.26, Ca 0.038-0.040 ja Mg 0.145-0.140. Lannoitustavoittain pitoisuudet (%) olivat seuraavat; (pinta – rivi – sijoitus) K-aine 21.4 - 22.2 - 21.7 N 1.30 - 1.33 - 1.32, P 0.186 - 0.171 - 0.189, K 2.30 - 2.21 - 2.24, Ca 0.042 - 0.040 - 0.035, ja Mg 0.144 - 0.142 - 0.142
Mitä mahdollisuuksia on jalostuksella vaikuttaa maidon koostumukseen ja ravintoarvoon?
Authors: Maijala Kalle
Published: July 2018

Jalostuksellisia mahdollisuuksia maidon koostumuksen muuttamiseen tarkasteltiin kirjallisuustietojen perusteella. Mm. seuraavat johtopäätökset näyttivät oikeutetuilta: 1) Useimpien maidon ainesosien pitoisuuksissa esiintyy selvää vaihtelua. Rasva-%:n muuntelu on noin 1.7 kertaa laajempaa kuin valkuais-%:n (Taul. 1.). 2) Rotujen välillä on huomattavia eroja. Roduilla, joilla on korkea rasva- %, on myös keskimääräistä korkeampi valkuais-%, rasvattoman kuiva-aineen % ja kokonaiskuiva-aine-%, mutta niiden valkuais/rasvasuhde on alhainen (Taul. 2.). 3) Pitoisuuksien toistuvuudet ovat suhteellisen suuria, 60—7O %, niin että yhden vuoden määritykset riittävät yksilöiden arvosteluun (Taul. 3.). 4) Useimpien pitoisuuksien samoin kuin valkuais/rasva-suhteenkin periytymisasteet ovat noin 50 %, mikä tekee yksilövalinnan mahdolliseksi (Taul. 4.). 5) Maitotuotoksen ja tärkeitten ainesosien pitoisuuksien välillä on sekä ilmiasuisesti että perinnöllisesti ilmeinen antagonismi (Taul. 5.). 6) Pitoisuuksien keskinäiset ilmiasuiset vuorosuhteet ovat useimmissa tapauksissa myönteisiä (Taul. 6.). 7) Tuotosten kuten myös pitoisuuksien keskinäiset perinnölliset vuorosuhteet ovat hyvin kiinteitä ja myönteisiä. Tuotosten ja pitoisuuksien väliset perinnölliset vuorosuhteet ovat löyhiä ja eräissä tapauksissa jopa kielteisiä. Korkea valkuais/rasva-suhde on antagonistinen suurille rasvan tai kokonaiskuiva-aineen tuotoksille (Taul. 7.). 8) Väkevyyteen perustuva valinta johtaa maitotuotosten alenemiseen ja sen seurauksena heikkoon edistymiseen ko. ainesosan tuotoksessa. Valinta on siten perustettava tuotoksiin, ja pitoisuuksien määrittämisen tarkoituksena on voida arvioida nämä tuotokset. Paras edistyminen tietyn ainesosan tuotoksen suhteen voidaan saavuttaa sen suoralla valinnalla. Valkuaistuotosvalinta parantaa vähitellen myös valkuais/ rasva-suhdetta. Lähes täydellinen teho voidaan saavuttaa valitsemalla vain sonnit valkuaistuotosten perusteella ja lehmät vain maitotuotosten perusteella (Taul. 8.).
Ethephonin vaikutus marjojen irtoamiseen ja kypsymiseen eräissä Suomessa viljellyissä herukkalajikkeissa
Authors: Kaukovirta Erkki , Murto Outi
Published: July 2018

Ethephonin (2-kloorietyylifosforihapon) abskissiovaikutusta eräissä Suomessa viljeltävissä herukkalajikkeissa tutkittiin kolmessa kokeessa, joissa kaikissa koelajikkeena oli ’Brödtorp’-mustaherukka sekä lisäksi Paimiossa mustaherukat ’Wellington XXX’ ja ’Risager’ ja punaherukka ’Rondoin’. Ethephon ruiskutettiin 4 päivää ennen sadon korjuutta. Ethephon lisäsi irronneiden marjojen määrää kaikissa koelajikkeissa ja kaikilla koepaikoilla. Ethephonin teho suureni ruiskutteen pitoisuuden kasvaessa. Ennen koesuunnitelman mukaista korjuupäivää (4 vrk käsittelyn jälkeen) pudonneiden marjojen osuus koko sadosta oli lajikkeesta ja koeoloista riippuen 0.6—13.1 % 250 ppm:n, 16.7-78.9% 500 ppm:n ja 34.1—84.0 % 1000 ppm:n ruiskuteväkevyyttä käytettäessä. Ennen poimintaa varisseiden marjojen määrä oli pienin ’Wellington XXX’ mustaherukalla ja ’Rondom’punaherukalla. Poimitun sadon raakojen marjojen suhteellinen osuus pieneni ethephon-käsittelyn johdosta vain nuorissa 'Brödtorp’-pensaissa. Ethephon ei nopeuttanut raakojen marjojen jälkikypsymistä, mutta sen sijaan ylikypsien marjojen osuus kypsissä marjoissa lisääntyi ’Rondom’-punaherukalla kaikissa ethephon-käsittelyissä, 500 ja 1000 ppm:n käsittelyissä ’Wellington XXX’- ja 500 ppm:n käsittelyssä ’ Risager’-mustaherukalla. Ethephonin vaikutus marjojen sokeri- ja askorbiinihappopitoisuuteen oli epäyhtenäinen. Ethephon-käsittelyt lisäsivät lehtien irtoamista herkemmin ’Risager’- ja ’Brödtorp’-lajikkeilla kuin ’Wellington’- ja ’Rondom’-lajikkeilla. ’Risager’lajikkeella lehtien variseminen ilmeni jo 4 vrk käsittelyn jälkeen kaikissa ethephon-käsittelyissä, kun taas ’Brödtorp’-lajikkeella pienin käyttömäärä (250 ppm) lisäsi lehtien varisemista vasta 2 viikkoa käsittelyn jälkeen.
Grass intake and behaviour of young calves fed on pasture or zero-grazing
Authors: Tiihonen Paavo , Poutiainen Esko
Published: July 2018

Comparisons were made between two groups of four Ayrshire calves, one group feeding on pasture and the other fed indoors on cut grass as the only food between 8— 18 weeks of age. For determination of pasture grass intake of clipping method was compared with the indicator technique, chromium oxide being used as an indicator. Studies on behaviour were made to clarify the development of the ruminating function of the calves as well as the effect of cut and pasture grass plus a concentrate supplement on their behaviour. The digestibility of organic matter of pasture grass was I—4 %-units higher than that of cut grass. Intake of grass indoors was approximately 1940 g DM per animal per day. With the clipping method the average intake of pasture grass was 1355 g DM per animal per day and with the indicator technique 2061 g. The latter value seemed to be nearer the correct one, if a conlcusion is to be drawn from the live weight gain of the calves. Time used for intake of grass increased rapidly once the liquid feeding period was ended, that is during the whole experimental time up to eight of the 14.5 hours of the observation interval. Calves at the age of 26—37 days ruminated for approximately 116 min in eight hours. Supplementation of concentrates considerably decreased the time spent eating and increased the time spent ruminating by a small amount.
Effect of added magnesium, potassium, lime and nitrogen on oats: II. Nutrient contents, cation ratios and magnesium uptake
Authors: Jokinen Raili
Published: July 2018

In a pot experiment on sphagnum peat soil the magnesium fertilization increased significantly the magnesium content of the grains and the straws of oats. The addition of potassium fertilization decreased the magnesium content when the plants received a magnesium fertilization. Without magnesium the rate of potassium fertilization did not have an effect on the magnesium content of the straws. The increase in the equivalent ratio of the three potassium rates and the two magnesium rates decreased the magnesium content of both the grains and the straws. Along with the magnesium fertilization the addition of lime decreased the magnesium content of the grains and increased that of the straws. Doubling the amount of the nitrogen fertilization with the magnesium fertilizer increased the magnesium content of the grains and the straws. In the case of magnesium deficiency the addition of lime or nitrogen did not have an effect on the magnesium content of the yields. The rate of magnesium, potassium, lime and nitrogen did not have an effect on the potassium content of the grains. The potassium content of the straws increased with the addition of potassium. Without the magnesium fertilization the potassium content, as well as, the ratios K/Mg and K/(Ca + Mg) in the grains and the straws were high. A part of the missing magnesium had, perhaps, been substituted for by potassium. The calcium content of the grains and the straws obtained without magnesium fertilization was significantly higher than the calcium content with magnesium fertilization. The oats substituted possibly in part also calcium for the missing magnesium. The effect of added magnesium, potassium, lime and nitrogen on the magnesium uptake by oats was discussed.
Feed efficiency and its development in animal production
Authors: Kettunen Lauri
Published: July 2018

Feed conversion rates and their development are needed for the determination of the total animal production after the total feed production is known or forecast. The feed conversion rates for the period 1971—75 were estimated from the feed balance sheets which show the feed use for different animal production lines. They form the basis for the forescasts of the coefficients for 1975-85. Feed efficiency in milk production is expected to improve by 3 per cent from 0.837 to 0.811 feed units per litre of milk in ten years by 1985. This is a result of the increase of the average yields and average weight of cows; the proportion of the feed needed for the maintenance of the cow decreases. In beef production the feed efficiency is expected to worsen, from 12.0 to 13,8 feed units per kg due to the increase of average slaughter weights. If the slaughter weights do not rise as much as predicted (from 160 to 190 kg in ten years), the feed conversion rate will not increase as predicted. In pork production the feed efficiency is expected to improve from 5.28 to 4.77 feed units per kg and in broiler production from 4.00 to 3.60 feed units per kg. All values presented above are gross estimates, i.e. they include the waste in handling and feeding. The error of the coefficients may be several per cents but it cannot be specified. The possible error has to be kept in mind when the conversion rate estimates are applied.
Effects of a dicamba/MCPA/mecoprop herbicide mixture on the leaves of a barley variety
Authors: Savolainen Helena , Pihakaski Kaarina
Published: July 2018

Plants of a barley cultivar Pomo were sprayed at 2-node stage with a herbicide mixture, ’Mepro Special’, containing dicamba, MCPA and mecoprop, and the plants were grown at two different temperatures. 15°C and 23° C. The effects of the herbicide on the morphology and anatomy were studied by light and electron microscopes and the effects on the chlorophyll content of leaves were studied at various intervals after the spraying. First sign of damage in the morphology of plants grown both at 23° C and 15°C were observable 10-12 days after the spraying but those in the ultrastructure as soon as 1 day after the treatment. The cells of the vascular bundle sheath were most sensitive while the mesophyll cells were unchanged during the total observation period of 12 days at 15°C. At a higher temperature injuries of various stages were observable also in the mesophyll 6 days after the treatment. The clearest alterations became visible in the chloroplasts. They swelled to spherical in shape, the intergrana and later also grana lamellae formed vesicles by dilating, later they broke down, and ultimately the plastid envelope disintegrated. The amount of starch and chlorophyll decreased, whereas the number and size of osmiophilic plastoglobuli increased significantly. The mitochondria swelled, the cristae frequently disappeared and the outer membrane of the envelope distended largely. The nucleus was best capable of resisting the toxic effects of the herbicide. The tonoplast and plasmalemma were broken down a short time before the final disintegration of the cell structures. High temperature obviously reinforced the toxic effects of the herbicide mixture.
Tutkimus pakastuksen soveltuvuudesta muikun ja kirjolohen varastoinnissa
Authors: Kuuppo Mailis , Laine Jorma J. , Koivistoinen Pekka
Published: July 2018

Työn tarkoituksena oli tutkia pakastetussa muikussa ja kirjolohessa tapahtuvia mikrobiologisia, fysikaalisia, kemiallisia ja aistinvaraisesti havaittavia muutoksia —35°C:ssa varastoitaessa. Samalla verrattiin ennen pakastusta suoritettujen käsittelyjen, kahden eri pakkaustavan ja pakastusvuodenajan vaikutusta säilyvyyteen. Työ suoritettiin kahtena koesarjana, joista ensimmäisen sarjan kaloja säilytettiin 6kk ja toisen 3kk. Kaikkien eri tavoin käsiteltyjen ja pakattujen muikkujen ja kirjolohien todettiin säilyvän syömäkelpoisina 3kk —35° C:ssa. Vielä 6 kk kuluttua pakastuksesta eri tavoin pakatut kirjolohet sekä peratut ja fileeratut muikut arvosteltiin syömäkelpoisiksi, kun taas kokonaisina pakastetut muikut olivat tällöin laadultaan selvästi heikentyneitä. Bakteerimäärät olivat yleisesti ottaen alhaisia ja koliformeja ei tavattu. Kalojen pH:n nousu, lihaksesta sulatuksen aikana irtoavan nesteen määrän kasvu, liukoisen proteiinin määrän väheneminen ja vapaiden rasvahappojen määrän nousu korreloivat varastointiajan kanssa. Erot vakuumipakattujen ja glaseerattujen kalojen välillä eivät olleet merkitseviä eikä pakastusvuodenaika vaikuttanut kalojen säilyvyyteen.
The effect of cadmium contained in fertilizers on the cadmium content of vegetables
Authors: Jaakkola Antti , Korkman Johan , Juvankoski Tuomo
Published: July 2018

The aim of the study was to find out to what extent the cadmium contained in fertilizer influences the cadmium content of vegetables. For this purpose, highly cadmium-bearing batches of fertilizer were prepared from selected quantities of raw material with an exceptionally high cadmium content. To one such batch of fertilizer, an extra amount of cadmium was added at the mixing stage. In a two-year field experiment carried out in soil consisting of clayey fine sand and begun in 1977, 1000 kg/ha of NPK fertilizer with a cadmium content of either 57 or 81 mg/kg brought about a clear increase in the cadmium content of radish tops. The cadmium content of radish roots, spinach and lettuce appeared likewise to rise, but the differences registered were not, owing to the unevenness of the field, significant. The cadmium content of the dry matter of rye grass was lower than that of the other experimental plants, and it appeared to rise less with an increase in the cadmium content of the fertilizer. Owing to the wide range of variation, the cadmium uptake of the experimental plants could not be determined reliably, The spinach, however, appeared to have taken up the largest amount of cadmium, and the rye grass the least amount. The increase in the cadmium content of the spinach harvested in 1978 corresponded to 1.5‰ of the cadmium introduced into the ground during the two-year period through application of the fertilizer with the highest content of the metallic element.
Growth factors and management technique used in relation to the developmental rhythm and yield formation pattern of a pure grass stand
Authors: Pulli Seppo
Published: July 2018

The investigation of meadow fescue as a forage crop was carried out at the University of Helsinki in Viikki in 1975—78. The main objective was to study the rhythm of the growth and yield formation pattern of a stand and the relationship between growth pattern and growth factors during different phases of the growing season. The management techniques studied were the number of cuttings, use of nitrogen, requirements of population density and the relationships of management factors to the changes in the quantity and quality of forage yield. The most important growth factors in the seeding year spring and autumn development were the temperature sum and the total radiation available to the plant and nitrogen fertilization beyond the temperature sum range of ∑ 500° C, respectively. During the production years the most important variables in the spring growth were the growing time, the temperature sum and the total radiation. The midsummer and autumn growth were mostly influenced by the total precipitation, amount of nitrogen for the cut and the precipitation during the week before the prior cut. For spring, summer and autumn growth one unit increase in LAI created a DM yield increase of 715, 500 and 315 ha-1 respectively. Increasing the cutting frequency from two to four decreased the total DM yield 2527 kg ha-1. The protein content and DM cellulase digestibility increased 4.8 and 13.3 % units respectively. Increasing nitrogen from 130 to 260 kg N ha-1 raised DM and protein yields 1 110 and 485 kg ha-1, the protein content and DM cellulase digestibility 4.2 and 1.4% units. The seeding rate requirements for the maximum DM yield were 60 kg ha-1 in the seeding year, 15—30 kg ha-1 in the second year and 15 kg ha-1 in the third year. The management system involving a seed rate of 30 kg ha-1, 3—4 cuts and 260 kg N ha-1 is recommended.
Effect of decreasing acidity on the extractability of inorganic soil phosphorus
Authors: Hartikainen Helinä
Published: July 2018

The extractability of P by the water and anion exchange resin methods and reactions of soil inorganic P were investigated with seven acid mineral soil samples incubated with KOH solutions of various concentrations. The results were compared with the analytical data obtained from three soil samples incubated in a prolonged liming experiment. The resin extraction method proved more effective than the water extraction method. The amounts of P desorbed by both methods seemed to increase exponentially as the pH in the soil suspensions rose. The factors involved were discussed. On the basis of fractionation analyses P reacting to changes in the pH and participating in desorption processes was supposed to originate from secondary NH4F and NaOH soluble reserves. In general, as the acidity decreased NH4F-P increased at the expense of NaOH-P. In heavily limed gyttja soil also H2SO4-P increased. This was possibly induced by the precipitation of mobilized P as a Ca compound. The significance of pH in the extractability of soil P seemed somewhat to lessen as the amount of secondary P increased. The results were in accordance with the conception that liming improves the availability of inorganic P to plants and reduces the need for P fertilization. However, increasing of the soil pH involves the risk that P is more easily desorbed to the recipient water by the eroded soil material carried into the watercourse. Therefore, intensive liming is not recommendable close to the shoreline. Further, it should be taken into account that liming of lakes may also result in eutrophication as desorption of sedimentary inorganic P is enhanced.
Raising lambs on natural and cultivated pastures in the conditions of Lapland
Authors: Syrjälä Liisa
Published: July 2018

The growth of lambs on natural and cultiavated pastures was studied in 1979—1980 in northern Lapland at 69°40’ N and 27° 05’ E. The natural pasture was a peninsula covered by various wild grasses, bearing willow and birth and with sedge and horsetail by the shore. On the cultivated pasture timothy predominated. The experiments started in mid June, when the age of the lambs averaged three months, and lasted to mid September. During that time, the animals received no supplemental feeds. The grazing density on the natural pasture was 1.5—3.2 lambs/ha and on the cultivated pasture 15—20 lambs/ha. The lambs on the natural pasture grew significantly slower (P < 0.05) than those on the cultivated pasture. The difference in live-weight gain was especially marked in June and from the beginning of August. In lambs moved from the natural pasture to the cultivated pasture in mid August the growth rate was somewhat better than in lambs kept on the natural pasture throughout, but growth diminished in all the lambs in September. The slaughter criteria were also better for the lambs on the cultivated pasture than for the others.
Objectives and means in Finnish agricultural policy
Authors: Kettunen Lauri
Published: July 2018

The aims of the Finnish agricultural policy are to safeguard agricultural self-sufficiency and the evolution of farmers' income, to develop the structure of agriculture and to try to maintain the rural population. Price and income policy, production policy, structural policy and regional policy are applied to reach these objectives. The application is hampered partly by their contradictory effects. The most important instrument in Finnish agricultural policy has been the price policy. It has been based on price Acts, which have given general guidelines on the price level. In recent years, however, measures restricting production have become dominant in agricultural policy.
Relationship between phosphorus intensity and capacity parameters in Finnish mineral soils: I Interpretation and application of phosphorus sorption-desorption isotherms
Authors: Hartikainen Helinä
Published: July 2018

The interpretation and application of two types of P isotherms were elucidated by means of sorption-desorption graphs of two surface soil samples. The isotherm expressing the retention or removal of P as a function of P application indicates the direction and extent of reactions at a given initial stage. The isotherm describing the sorption or desorption as a function of P concentration in the final solution after events illustrates the P buffering power of the soil. By using simultaneously the isotherms of both types, all information included can be integrated and the graphs can be used as a dynamic model describing P exchange.
Effects of Septoria nodorum Berk. on yield and yield components of spring wheat
Authors: Karjalainen Reijo , Laitinen Aino , Juuti Tapio
Published: July 2018

Data from two experiments was analysed in order to determine the effects of Septoria nodorum Berk. on the yield of spring wheat. In the first experiment the cultivar Hankkija’s Taava was artificially inoculated with low spore concentration suspensions of S. nodorum. The resulting disease reduced grain yield by 10%, 1000-grain weight by 14%, and hectorlitre weight by 5.7 %. An examination of the ears from the main stems revealed that the pathogen induced a reduction in all yield components but especially in grain number/ear and grain weight. In the second experiment a total of 28 cultivars or lines were studied and the correlation between grain yield/ear and disease severity was found to be negative but low. No consistent trend among the correlations was seen and some susceptible cultivars suffered only slightly from the disease while other fairly resistant cultivars showed great losses. The results are discussed in relation to compensatory mechanisms and potential disease tolerance in wheat.
Inheritance of leaf resistance to Septoria nodorum Berk. in two crosses of spring wheat
Authors: Karjalainen Reijo
Published: July 2018

The F2 progeny of two spring wheat crosses involving susceptible and moderately resistant parent cultivars were tested in the field for their reaction to infection by Septoria nodorum Berk. The variation in symptom expression was continuous, providing no support for the existence of individually acting major genes. The broad sense heritability values for the crosses were moderate at 0.47 and 0.34 with over half of the variation being of environmental origin. The results are discussed in relation to developing a resistance breeding strategy for wheat to S. nodorum.
ELISA reagents for potato virus Y strains with significantly low non-specific reactions
Authors: Kurppa Aarne , Korhonen Kirsi
Published: July 2018

High titered and highly virus-specific antisera to selected PVYo and PVYn antigens and their mixture were produced in rabbits. Immunoglobulins purified from the antisera with the protein A method and their enzyme conjugates had very strong virus-specific but no non-specific reactions in the ELISA test. Their homologous reactions to the antigens were stronger than heterologous but any PVY isolate could be identified in a potato leaf sample with the dilutions between 10-2 and 10-3 and in a sample from sprouted tubers with secondary infection diluted between 10-1 and 10-2.
Dietary fibre and available carbohydrates in Finnish cereal products
Authors: Varo Pertti , Laine Raili , Veijalainen Kirsti , Pero Kristiina , Koivistoinen Pekka
Published: July 2018

The contents of dietary fibre and available carbohydrates in Finnish cereal products were analysed using the Englyst total carbohydrate method. The tabulation gives the carbohydrate compositions of 44 cereal foods. The cereal-based estimated daily intakes were: total soluble sugars 14.8 g, starch 103 g and dietary fibre 11.6g (energy level 10 MJ).
Evaluation of barley distillers dried grains with soluble, and condensed distillers solubles in the diet of growing pigs
Authors: Näsi Matti
Published: July 2018

Two digestibility and nitrogen balance trials were conducted to evaluate the feed value of barley-derived distillers dried grains with solubles (BDDGS) and semisolid distillers solubles from barley and wheat (BDS and WDS) in rations for growing pigs. The average crude protein, lysine, crude fibre and neutral detergent fibre contents of BDDGS, BDS and WDS were, respectively: 30.6, 20.6, 30.7 %; 1.7, 1.7, 2.6 g/16 g N; 16.1, 2.0, 3.1 %; 69.4, 2.3, 7,1 %. Available lysine was greatly reduced in all samples. The distillery by-products composed 33 % of diet DM in the barley based rations. The control diet was a mixture of barley and skim milk powder. The organic matter and crude protein digestibilities of BDDGS, BDS and WDS were 40.5, 80.4, 85.0 % and 52.4, 46.9, 77.5 %, respectively. Their FU values and DCP values were 0.50, 0.94, 0.94/kg DM and 319, 102,253 g/FU. on the WDS diet, nitrogen retention, as g/d, was similar to that on the control diet, but on the diets with barley distillery products it was reduced due to the lower amount of protein absorbed, especially the lower lysine intake. Barley distillers by-products proved to have low feed values for pigs in this study, but the value for WDS was quite reasonable. The new integrated starch ethanol process can be expected to yield more suitable fractions for use in pig rations.
Host-pathogen interaction between spring wheat and Septoria nodorum with reference to resistance breeding
Authors: Karjalainen Reijo
Published: July 2018

Host-pathogen interaction between spring wheat and Septoria nodorum Berk. with applications for wheat breeding were studied. Ultrastructure of interactions was studied using electron microscopic techniques. Following inoculation, conidia of S. nodorum germinate, form appressoria anda penetration peg which directly penetrates through the cell walls. It is suggested that most penetration attempts fail because of cellular defence reactions, formation of papillae and cell wall alterations. Inoculation with low spore concentration reduced grain yield of Hankkija’s Taava cultivar by 10 % and 1000-grain weight by 14 %. Inoculation with high spore concentration on large plots of Tähti cultivar reduced grain yield by 32 % and 1000-grain weight by 18 %. Inoculation with high spore concentration on normal breeding plots of Tähti cultivar reduced grain yield by 35 % and 1000-grain weight by 21 % and the grain yield of Kadett cultivar by 27 % and 1000-grain weight by 20 %. Inheritance studies on F2 progenies of spring wheat crosses involving susceptible and moderately or highly resistant parents suggest that heredity component of symptom expression is moderate level and breeding success depends mainly on efficient screening techniques. Resistance was associated with tallness in crosses, and cultivar trials suggest that resistance is positively associated with late maturation time. Field screening techniques based on small plots and artificial inoculation showed that the most resistant entries were wild Triticum species and late and tall cultivars. Seedling plant tests based on attached seedling leaves and detached leaves revealed easily the most resistant and most susceptible cultivars. The overall correlation between seedling tests and field tests was quite high. The results are discussed in relation to wheat breeding strategies for resistance to S. nodorum.
Development of chemical composition of grain during growth and ripening
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa
Published: July 2018

The development of chemical composition of barley and oat grains was investigated in samples taken weekly from the beginning of kernel development to about two weeks over the normal harvesting time. The chemical composition of both grain species, but especially that of barley, was complete when the colour of crops was turning from green to yellow: the starch content increased from the initial zero level to its maximum, the sugar and crude fibre contents decreased to the low level of ripe grains. Over-ripening decreased the starch content and kernel weight.
Estimation of cation-exchange capacity in routine soil testing
Authors: Niskanen Raina , Jaakkola Antti
Published: July 2018

The efficiency of the soil testing method used in Finland for predicting the effective cation-exchange capacity was studied in a material of 430 topsoil samples. The effective cation-exchange capacity was estimated 1) by summation of exchangeable Ca, Mg and acidity displaced by unbuffered 1 M KCI and 2) by summation of exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na displaced by neutral 1 M ammonium acetate and exchangeable acidity. In soil testing, Ca, Mg and K were extracted by acid ammonium acetate and soil pH measured in water-suspension. The estimates of the effective CEC were highly correlated and dependent on the clay and organic carbon content and pH(CaCl2) of the soil, the coefficient of multiple determination being over 80 %. Exchangeable Ca was the dominating cation. The proportion of Ca of the effective CEC was about 80 %. Acid ammonium acetate-extractable Ca together with pH(H2O) explained over 80 % of the variation in the effective CEC. For the whole material consisting of mineral soils with great variations in texture, organic carbon content and properties under evaluation, the regression equation predicting the effective CEC (KCI method) was CEC (mval/kg) = 309—56.8pH(H2O) + 0.085Ca(mg/l). Only 16 % of the estimates of the effective CEC calculated with this regression equation deviated more than 15 % from the measured values.
Extracellular protease-producing actinomycetes and other bacteria in cultivated soil
Authors: Niskanen Raina , Eklund Eva
Published: July 2018

The occurrence and properties of extracellular protease-producing actinomycetes and other bacteria in cultivated soil were studied. Experimental soils consisted of three mineral soil samples and one Sphagnum peat sample from a greenhouse. The mineral soil samples represented arable, pasture and uncultivated soils. From experimental soils, 240 bacterial strains were isolated, 68 strains there of were proteolytic. A greater number of proteolytic strains originated from pasture soil than from the other soils. Actinomycetes accounted for 70 % of the proteolytic strains isolated from pasture soil. Several proteolytic bacteria were isolated also from peat, but only few of them were typical actinomycetes. Many strains with high extracellular protease activity proved to be fermentative bacilli. Production of oxidase enzymes, significant in the humification processes, occurred frequently among strains isolated from pasture soil and peat. The ability to produce dark melanoid pigments was a frequently noted characteristic of the proteolytic actinomycetes.
Efficiency and profitability in pork production
Authors: Rantala Olli
Published: July 2018

Under prevailing production restrictions the profitability of agricultural production increasingly depends not only on prices of products and inputs, but on how effectively and economically the existing capacity and animal breeds are utilized on farms. The technical efficiency of pork production in Finland is generally high. The average feed conversion rate on farms is only about 16 % lower and daily liveweight gain 20 % less than results from experimental stations. Variation between farms is, however, considerable. The means of technical results between the best and poorest farms differ by 20—30 %. Results also tend to deteriorate and relative deviations increase, especially in large piggeries. The average gross margin percentage was 12 %. Variation in the gross margin per pig was wider between farms than between years. The feed conversion efficiency proved to be the most significant factor contributing to profitability in pork production. Variation in the feed conversion rate accounted for 30 % of total variation in the gross margin. Cost variation was one third larger than the variation of total receipts per pig. The cost of feed varied twice as much as piglet cost. Since the genetic quality of animals in a given region is rather even, variations in productivity depend upon internal factors of piggeries. The large variation in efficiency and profitability over farms emphasizes the human factor i.e. the role of the farmer as the most important factor contributing to successful production.
Goat’s rue (Galega orientalis Lam.), a potential pasture legume for temperate conditions
Authors: Varis Eero
Published: July 2018

In this paper, a perennial legume Galega orientalis Lam. (goat’s rue), is presented. This unselected forage legume originating from regions with a Mediterranean climate, grows well in North-European conditions in Finland. It seems to be very persistent and produces yields that equal or even exceed those of red clover in quantity and quality. The trials on management practices and feeding carried out at the University of Helsinki are reported here. The research will be continued on mass selection for low alcaloid and fiber contents, seed production and use of grass-mixtures for making hay or silage.
Determination of plant-available manganese from soils by acid ammonium acetate-EDTA extraction
Authors: Mohammadi Oili , Yli-Halla Markku , Mäntylahti Väinö
Published: July 2018

Manganese was extracted with a solution containing 0.5 M NH4-acetate, 0.5 M acetic acid and 0.02 M Na2 -EDTA at pH 4.65 (AAAc-EDTA) from 86 soil samples collected from plough layers in Finland. The results were compared to the quantities of exchangeable, reducible (three methods) and total Mn of the soil samples as well as to Mn uptake in a pot experiment in which four yields of ryegrass were grown. MnAAAc-EDTA ranged from 1.8 to 158.8 mg/kg, mean 32.2 mg/kg. MnAAAc-EDTA correlated more closely with reducible Mn (r = 0.82*** -0.87***) than with total Mn (r = 0.50***) or exchangeable Mn (r = 0.45***), suggesting a relationship between reducible Mn and MnAAAc-EDTA. In order to take into account the effect of pH on plant-availability of MnAAAc-EDTA, the MnAAAc-EDTA indices were multiplied by two different pH correction coefficients. The pH correction resulted in a closer correlation between MnAAAc-EDTA and exchangeable Mn, but in a poorer correlation between MnAAAc-EDTA and reducible Mn. The pH-corrected MnAAAc-EDTA indices or exchangeable Mn explained the variation in the Mn content of the first ryegrass yield to a higher degree (R2 = 33—38 %) than did the original indices (R2 = 3 %). However, the original indices explained 38—55 % of the variation in the Mn content of subsequent ryegrass yields, whereas the pH-corrected indices explained only 16—34 % of the variation. Thus, MnAAAc-EDTA is an indicator of the potentially plant-available reserves of Mn, while the pH-corrected indices reflect the quantity of the readily available Mn in the soil.
Experiences of an automatic small-scale 'home bakery' in test bakings of six spring wheat varieties
Authors: Peltonen Jari , Salovaara Hannu
Published: July 2018

Four units of an automatic small-scale 'home bakery' (Panasonic SD-BT2P, Japan) were tested for their suitability for rapid and simplified test baking. The results indicated that the four baking machines used produced loaves equal in volume. Loaf volume increased with increasing values of protein content, wet gluten content, sedimentation value, and with farinograph dough development time and stability values. Varietal differences in the relationship between quality and loaf volume were detected.
The effect of cytokinins in vitro on the growth and development of Elatior begonias (Begonia Elatior-hybr.)
Authors: Roivainen Päivi
Published: July 2018

Micropropagation involves the risk of somaclonal variation among the regenerated plants. It is possible that the components of the nutrient medium, especially growth substances, increase the frequency of variation. Elatior Begonia 'Barbara' plants were micropropagatedusing four cytokinins (zeatin 0.5—2.0 mg/l, kinetin 0.5—2.0 mg/l, IPA 0.5—2.0 mg/l or BAP 0.05—0.65 mg/l) in vitro. The number of shoots produced per explant and the subsequent quality of full-sized, flowering plants were studied. In general, the number of big (> 1 cm) and medium-sized (0.5 —1.0 cm) shoots decreased and the number of small (
The effect of cutting times on goat’s rue (Galega orientalis Lam.) leys
Authors: Virkajärvi Perttu , Varis Eero
Published: July 2018

The effect of four different cutting times, both in spring and autumn, on goat’s rue was studied at Viikki Experimental farm of the University of Helsinki in 1983—89. Goat’s rue showed good persistence. The plots remained in good condition, the average yield being even in the sixth year 9000 kg DM per hectare. The development of goat’s rue starts early in the spring. The growth rate and development of CP content are similar to those of red clover. The development of CF is, however, more similar to grasses. Thus, the crude fiber content limits the cutting times of goat’s rue more than the changes in crude protein content. The most suitable cutting time in spring is at the beginning of flowering in mid-June, and in autumn during the second week of September. With this management a yield of 8360 kg DM per hectare per year was reached during the experimental years. The pooled CP content was 19.9 % and the CP yield was 1660 kg/ha. The CF content was in the first cut 27.9 % and in the second cut 29.1 %. The amount of weeds in the five to six year leys was 12—18 %.