bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a Realistic Analysis of Some Popular Sorting Algorithms
Authors: CLÉMENT J. , NGUYEN THI T. H. , VALLÉE B.
Published: December 2014

We describe a general framework for realistic analysis of sorting algorithms, and we apply it to the average-case analysis of three basic sorting algorithms (QuickSort,InsertionSort,BubbleSort). Usually the analysis deals with the mean number of key comparisons, but here we view keys as words produced by the same source, which are compared via their symbols in lexicographic order. The ‘realistic’ cost of the algorithm is now the total number of symbol comparisons performed by the algorithm, and, in this context, the average-case analysis aims to provide estimates for the mean number of symbol comparisons used by the algorithm. For sorting algorithms, and with respect to key comparisons, the average-case complexity ofQuickSortis asymptotic to 2nlogn,InsertionSortton2/4 andBubbleSortton2/2. With respect to symbol comparisons, we prove that their average-case complexity becomes Θ (nlog2n), Θ(n2), Θ (n2logn). In these three cases, we describe the dominant constants which exhibit the probabilistic behaviour of the source (namely entropy and coincidence) with respect to the algorithm.
BERKELEY, IRELAND AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY INTELLECTUAL HISTORY
Authors: LIVESEY JAMES
Published: December 2014

Eighteenth-century Irish intellectual history has enjoyed a revival in recent years. New scholarly resources, such as the Hoppen edition of the papers of the Dublin Philosophical Society and the recently published Berkeley correspondence, have been fundamental to that revival. Since 1986 the journalEighteenth-Century Ireland: Iris an dá chultúrhas sponsored a complex conversation on the meaning and legacy of the eighteenth century in Irish history. Work in the journal and beyond deploying “New British” and Atlantic histories, as well as continuing attention to Europe, has helped to enrich scholarly understanding of the environments in which Irish people thought and acted. The challenge facing historians of Ireland has been to find categories of analysis that could comprehend religious division and acknowledge the centrality of the confessional state without reducing all Irish experience to sectarian conflict. Clearly the thought of the Irish Catholic community could not be approached without an understanding of the life of the Continental Catholic Church.Archivium Hibernicumhas been collecting and publishing the traces of that history for a hundred years and new digital resources such as the Irish in Europe database have extended that work in new directions. The Atlantic and “New British” contexts have been more proximately important for the Protestant intellectual tradition.
Mir-660 is downregulated in lung cancer patients and its replacement inhibits lung tumorigenesis by targeting MDM2-p53 interaction
Authors: Fortunato O , Boeri M , Moro M , Verri C , Mensah M , Conte D , Caleca L , Roz L , Pastorino U , Sozzi G
Published: December 2014

Lung cancer represents the leading cause of cancer-related death in developed countries. Despite the advances in diagnostic and therapeutic techniques, the 5-year survival rate remains low. The research for novel therapies directed to biological targets has modified the therapeutic approach, but the frequent engagement of resistance mechanisms and the substantial costs, limit the ability to reduce lung cancer mortality. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs with known regulatory functions in cancer initiation and progression. In this study we found that mir-660 expression is downregulated in lung tumors compared with adjacent normal tissues and in plasma samples of lung cancer patients with poor prognosis, suggesting a potential functional role of this miRNA in lung tumorigenesis. Transient and stable overexpression of mir-660 using miRNA mimics reduced migration, invasion, and proliferation properties and increased apoptosis in p53 wild-type lung cancer cells (NCI-H460, LT73, and A549). Furthermore, stable overexpression using lentiviral vectors in NCI-H460 and A549 cells inhibited tumor xenograft growth in immunodeficient mice (95 and 50% reduction compared with control, respectively), whereas the effects of mir-660 overexpression were absent in H1299, a lung cancer cell line lacking p53 locus, both in in vitro and in vivo assays. We identified and validated mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) gene, a key regulator of the expression and function of p53, as a new direct target of mir-660. In addition, mir-660 expression reduced both mRNA and protein expression of MDM2 in all cell lines and stabilized p53 protein levels resulting in an upregulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 in p53 wild-type cells. Our finding supports that mir-660 acts as a tumor suppressor miRNA and we suggest the replacement of mir-660 as a new therapeutic approach for p53 wild-type lung cancer treatment.
Synergism between polyurethane and polydopamine in the synthesis of Ni–Fe alloy monoliths
Authors: Naresh Kumar Thangavel , Sivabalan Santhana , Chandrasekaran Naveen , Phani Kanala Lakshminarasimha
Published: December 2014

We report the first synthesis of a light-weight macroporous 3-D alloy monolith of Ni–Fe/C using synergism between pDA and pU;in situformed pU enables efficient mixing of pDA (carbon source) and Ni–FeOxresulting in Ni–Fe alloy monoliths at a temperature as low as ∼600 °C.
Dependence of crystal size on the catalytic performance of a porous coordination polymer
Authors: Kiyonaga Tomokazu , Higuchi Masakazu , Kajiwara Takashi , Takashima Yohei , Duan Jingui , Nagashima Kazuro , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: December 2014

Submicrosized MOF-76(Yb) exhibits a higher catalytic performance for esterification than microsized MOF-76(Yb).
Three dimensional nano-assemblies of noble metal nanoparticle–infinite coordination polymers as specific oxidase mimetics for degradation of methylene blue without adding any cosubstrate
Authors: Wang Lihua , Zeng Yi , Shen Aiguo , Zhou Xiaodong , Hu Jiming
Published: December 2014

Novel three-dimensional (3D) nano-assemblies with highly efficient oxidase-like activities can effectively degrade organic residues without adding any cosubstrate.
Efficient photochemical water oxidation by a dinuclear molecular ruthenium complex
Authors: Laine Tanja M. , Kärkäs Markus D. , Liao Rong-Zhen , Åkermark Torbjörn , Lee Bao-Lin , Karlsson Erik A. , Siegbahn Per E. M. , Åkermark Björn
Published: December 2014

A dinuclear Ru complex housing an anionic ligand scaffold has been developed. The designed Ru complex was found to efficiently mediate the photochemical oxidation of H2O when using [Ru(bpy)3]2+-type photosensitizers.
Thyminate(2−)-bridged cyclic tetranuclear rhodium(iii) complexes formed by a template of a sodium, calcium or lanthanoid ion
Authors: Kashima Ayana , Sakate Mika , Ota Hiromi , Fuyuhiro Akira , Sunatsuki Yukinari , Suzuki Takayoshi
Published: December 2014

In the homochirally aggregated tetranuclear Cp*RhIII complexes, the bridging mode of thyminate(2−) was dependent on the template cation: μ3-1κN1:2κ2N3,O2:3κO2 in the Na+ and Ca2+ complexes and μ3-1κN1:2κ2N3,O4:3κO2 in the Ln3+ analogues.
Magnetic γ-Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and Fe nanoparticles confined within ordered mesoporous carbons as efficient microwave absorbers
Authors: Wang Jiacheng , Zhou Hu , Zhuang Jiandong , Liu Qian
Published: December 2014

A series of magnetic γ-Fe2O3, Fe3O4, and Fe nanoparticles have been successfully introduced into ordered mesoporous carbons as efficient microwave absorbers.
Investigation of solvent dynamic effects on the electron self-exchange in two thianthrene couples with large inner reorganization energies
Authors: Choto P. , Rasmussen K. , Grampp G.
Published: December 2014

The electron self-exchange of thianthrenes, which show large structural changes during the reaction, is strongly affected by a solvent dynamic effect controlled by the longitudinal relaxation time.
Improved photoactivity of TiO2–Fe2O3 nanocomposites for visible-light water splitting after phosphate bridging and its mechanism
Authors: Luan Peng , Xie Mingzheng , Fu Xuedong , Qu Yang , Sun Xiaojun , Jing Liqiang
Published: December 2014

The phosphate bridges built are favorable for charge transfer and separation, leading to a greatly-enhanced photoactivity for water splitting.
The origin of the absorption spectra of porphyrin N- and dithiaporphyrin S-oxides in their neutral and protonated states
Authors: Bruhn Torsten , Brückner Christian
Published: December 2014

DFT, TDDFT, and SCS-CC2 calculations were used to investigate the excited states of the NIR absorbing neutral and protonated forms of a dithiaporphyrinS-oxide and a porphyrinN-oxide.
The local environment of the molecules in water–DMSO mixtures, as seen from computer simulations and Voronoi polyhedra analysis
Authors: Idrissi Abdenacer , Marekha B. , Kiselev M. , Jedlovszky Pál
Published: December 2014

The local structure of DMSO–water mixtures is studied by computer simulation and Voronoi analysis.
Performance improvement of multilayer InSe transistors with optimized metal contacts
Authors: Feng Wei , Zhou Xin , Tian Wei Quan , Zheng Wei , Hu PingAn
Published: December 2014

Solid experimental investigations were performed to reveal the specific interface nature of thin-film InSe layered semiconductor/metals. Multilayer InSe transistors showed significantly increased mobilities in the contact sequence of Al, Ti, Cr, and In. The interface nature of the metal/thin-film InSe layered semiconductor was strong van der Waals epitaxial interactions, accompanied with d-orbital overlap.
Heterogeneous oxidation of nitrite anion by gas-phase ozone in an aqueous droplet levitated by laser tweezers (optical trap): is there any evidence for enhanced surface reaction?
Authors: Hunt Oliver R. , Ward Andrew D. , King Martin D.
Published: December 2014

Optical trapping of micron-sized droplet morphology and heterogeneous kinetics with gas-phase ozone with nitrite in a wall-less apparatus.
Bifunctional Zn(ii) complexes for recognition of non-canonical thymines in DNA bulges and G-quadruplexes
Authors: Siters Kevin E. , Sander Stephanie A. , Devlin Jason R. , Morrow Janet R.
Published: December 2014

The aromatic pendent groups of Zn(ii) tetraazamacrocyclic complexes were varied to study their role in the recognition of non-canonical thymines in a DNA bulge and in the human telomeric G-quadruplex.
Europium-doped LaF3nanocrystals with organic 9-oxidophenalenone capping ligands that display visible light excitable steady-state blue and time-delayed red emission
Authors: Irfanullah Mir , Sharma Dharmendar Kumar , Chulliyil Ramya , Chowdhury Arindam
Published: December 2014

Visible light excitable 9-oxidophenalenone-coated LaF3:Eu NCs display steady-state blue and time-delayed red emission; capping ligands act as probes to reveal three different Eu3+sites with distinct emission properties.
The structure, magnetism and EPR spectra of a (μ-thiophenolato)(μ-pyrazolato-N,N′) double bridged dicopper(ii) complex
Authors: Khadir Narjes , Boghaei Davar M. , Assoud Abdeljalil , Nascimento Otaciro R. , Nicotina Amanda , Ghivelder Luis , Calvo Rafael
Published: December 2014

The structure and EPR spectra of the new compound [Cu2L(pz)(DMSO)] are reported.
Synthesis, structure, and properties of a dialumane supported by pyrazolate ligands
Authors: Snyder Christopher J. , Zavalij Peter , Bowen Kit , Schnöckel Hansgeorg , Eichhorn Bryan
Published: December 2014

A dialumane supported by hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate-like moieties that show dynamic behavior in solution has been prepared from an aluminum(i) chloride solution.
Sustainable conversion of carbon dioxide: the advent of organocatalysis
Authors: Fiorani Giulia , Guo Wusheng , Kleij Arjan W.
Published: December 2014

The conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2), an abundant renewable carbon reagent, into chemicals of academic and industrial interest is of imminent importance to create a higher degree of sustainability in chemical processing and production.
Innovation and Insight in Integrative Biology
Authors: Lauffenburger D. A.
Published: December 2014

Douglas A. Lauffenburger, Chair of the Integrative Biology Editorial Board, looks at the innovation and insight in biology research.
Supramolecular self-assembly of 14-helical nanorods with tunable linear and dendritic hierarchical morphologies
Authors: Seoudi Rania S. , Del Borgo Mark P. , Kulkarni Ketav , Perlmutter Patrick , Aguilar Marie-Isabel , Mechler Adam
Published: December 2014

Varying the solvent offers a simple way to control superstructure polymorphism of a tri-β3-peptide-based supramolecular system.
DNA nanotechnology for nanophotonic applications
Authors: Samanta Anirban , Banerjee Saswata , Liu Yan
Published: December 2014

A comprehensive review of DNA nanostructure directed self-assembly of nanoparticles that have significantly contributed to the field of nanophotonics.
Fluoride binding in water with the use of micellar nanodevices based on salophen complexes
Authors: Keymeulen Flore , De Bernardin Paolo , Giannicchi Ilaria , Galantini Luciano , Bartik Kristin , Dalla Cort Antonella
Published: December 2014

Uranyl-salophen complexes incorporated into micelles are evaluated as supramolecular nanosystems for the binding of fluoride in water.
In situ intramolecular catalytic 1,2-addition of allenoates to cyclic ketones towards polycyclic allenoates
Authors: Heinrich Clément F. , Miesch Michel , Miesch Laurence
Published: December 2014

Sequential deprotonation, isomerization of 3-alkynoates and subsequent 1,2-addition led to bicyclic allenoate in the presence of a catalytic amount of Cs2CO3.
A facile synthetic approach for SiO2@Co3O4 core–shell nanorattles with enhanced peroxidase-like activity
Authors: Kandula Syam , Jeevanandam Pethaiyan
Published: December 2014

SiO2@Co3O4 core–shell nanorattles have been successfully synthesized through a novel self-template route by the calcination of SiO2@α-Co(OH)2 at 500 °C and the nanorattles exhibit enhanced peroxidase-like activity.
Electrochemiluminescence sensor based on cationic polythiophene derivative and NH2–graphene for dopamine detection
Authors: Li Jianxiu , Li Xiaojian , Zhang Yunhui , Li Rongxia , Wu Dan , Du Bin , Zhang Yong , Ma Hongmin , Wei Qin
Published: December 2014

In this study, a novel electrochemiluminescence sensor was fabricated based on cationic polythiophene derivative poly[3-(1,1′-dimethyl-4-piperidinemethylene)thiophene-2,5-diyl chloride] and NH2–graphene for detection of dopamine.
Thymine functionalised porphyrins, synthesis and heteromolecular surface-based self-assembly
Authors: Slater Anna G. , Hu Ya , Yang Lixu , Argent Stephen P. , Lewis William , Blunt Matthew O. , Champness Neil R.
Published: December 2014

The synthesis and surface-based self-assembly of thymine-functionalised porphyrins is described.
Mechanism of electrically induced photonic band gap broadening in polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropies
Authors: Nemati Hossein , Liu Shiyi , Zola Rafael S. , Tondiglia Vincent P. , Lee Kyung Min , White Timothy , Bunning Timothy , Yang Deng-Ke
Published: December 2014

We experimentally observed that the photonic band gap (reflection band) of polymer stabilized cholesteric liquid crystals with negative dielectric anisotropies can be greatly broadened under DC electric fields.
Enhanced microwave absorption of ZnO coated with Ni nanoparticles produced by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Wang Guizhen , Peng Xiange , Yu Lei , Wan Gengping , Lin Shiwei , Qin Yong
Published: December 2014

Ni-coated ZnO was fabricated by atomic layer deposition and exhibited remarkably improved microwave absorption properties compared to ZnO.
A benchmark study of electronic excitation energies, transition moments, and excited-state energy gradients on the nicotine molecule
Authors: Egidi Franco , Segado Mireia , Koch Henrik , Cappelli Chiara , Barone Vincenzo
Published: December 2014

In this work, we report a comparative study of computed excitation energies, oscillator strengths, and excited-state energy gradients of (S)-nicotine, chosen as a test case, using multireference methods, coupled cluster singles and doubles, and methods based on time-dependent density functional theory. This system was chosen because its apparent simplicity hides a complex electronic structure, as several different types of valence excitations are possible, including n-π*, π-π*, and charge-transfer states, and in order to simulate its spectrum it is necessary to describe all of them consistently well by the chosen method.
Compact formulas for bounce/transit averaging in axisymmetric tokamak geometry
Authors: Duthoit F.-X. , Brizard A. J. , Hahm T. S.
Published: December 2014

Compact formulas for bounce and transit orbit averaging of the fluctuation-amplitude eikonal factor in axisymmetric tokamak geometry, which is frequently encountered in bounce-gyrokinetic description of microturbulence, are given in terms of the Jacobi elliptic functions and elliptic integrals. These formulas are readily applicable to the calculation of the neoclassical susceptibility in the framework of modern bounce-gyrokinetic theory. In the long-wavelength limit for axisymmetric electrostatic perturbations, we recover the expression for the Rosenbluth-Hinton residual zonal flow [M. N. Rosenbluth and F. L. Hinton, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 724 (1998)] accurately.
Si etching with reactive neutral beams of very low energy
Authors: Hara Yasuhiro , Hamagaki Manabu , Mise Takaya , Iwata Naotaka , Hara Tamio
Published: December 2014

A Si etching process has been investigated with reactive neutral beams (NBs) extracted using a low acceleration voltage of less than 100 V from CF4 and Ar mixed plasmas. The etched Si profile shows that the etching process is predominantly anisotropic. The reactive NB has a constant Si etching rate in the acceleration voltage range from 20 V to 80 V. It is considered that low-energy NBs can trigger Si etching because F radicals adsorb onto the Si surface and weaken Si–Si bonds. The etching rate per unit beam flux is 33 times higher than that with Ar NB. These results show that the low-energy reactive NB is useful for damage-free high speed Si etching.
Exploring SiSn as a performance enhancing semiconductor: A theoretical and experimental approach
Authors: Hussain Aftab M. , Singh Nirpendra , Fahad Hossain , Rader Kelly , Schwingenschlögl Udo , Hussain Muhammad
Published: December 2014

We present a novel semiconducting alloy, silicon-tin (SiSn), as channel material for complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuit applications. The material has been studied theoretically using first principles analysis as well as experimentally by fabricating MOSFETs. Our study suggests that the alloy offers interesting possibilities in the realm of silicon band gap tuning. We have explored diffusion of tin (Sn) into the industry's most widely used substrate, silicon (100), as it is the most cost effective, scalable and CMOS compatible way of obtaining SiSn. Our theoretical model predicts a higher mobility for p-channel SiSn MOSFETs, due to a lower effective mass of the holes, which has been experimentally validated using the fabricated MOSFETs. We report an increase of 13.6% in the average field effect hole mobility for SiSn devices compared to silicon control devices.
Dislocation gliding and cross-hatch morphology formation in AIII-BV epitaxial heterostructures
Authors: Kovalskiy V. A. , Vergeles P. S. , Eremenko V. G. , Fokin D. A. , Dorokhin M. V. , Danilov Yu. A. , Zvonkov B. N.
Published: December 2014

An approach for understanding the origin of cross-hatch pattern (CHP) on the surface of lattice mismatched GaMnAs/InGaAs samples grown on GaAs (001) substrates is developed. It is argued that the motion of threading dislocations in the {111} slip planes during the relaxation of InGaAs buffer layer is more complicated process and its features are similar to the ones of dislocation half-loops gliding in plastically deformed crystals. The heterostructures were characterized by atomic force microscopy and electron beam induced current (EBIC). Detailed EBIC experiments revealed contrast features, which cannot be accounted for by the electrical activity of misfit dislocations at the buffer/substrate interface. We attribute these features to specific extended defects (EDs) generated by moving threading dislocations in the partially relaxed InGaAs layers. We believe that the core topology, surface reconstruction, and elastic strains from these EDs accommodated in slip planes play an important role in the CHP formation. The study of such electrically active EDs will allow further understanding of degradation and changes in characteristics of quantum devices based on strained heterostructures.
‘With a Philosophical Eye’: the role of mathematical beauty in Kant’s intellectual development
Authors: Fugate Courtney David
Published: December 2014

This paper shows that Kant’s investigation into mathematical purposiveness was central to the development of his understanding of synthetic a priori knowledge. Specifically, it provides a clear historical explanation as to why Kant points to mathematics as an exemplary case of the synthetic a priori, argues that his early analysis of mathematical purposiveness provides a clue to the metaphysical context and motives from which his understanding of synthetic a-priori knowledge emerged, and provides an analysis of the underlying structure of mathematical purposiveness itself, which can be described as unintentional, but also as objective and unlimited.
A new class of Ramsey-classification theorems and their applications in the Tukey theory of ultrafilters, Part 2
Authors: Dobrinen Natasha , Todorcevic Stevo
Published: December 2014

Motivated by Tukey classification problems and building on work in Part 1, we develop a new hierarchy of topological Ramsey spaces

R

α

\mathcal {R}_{\alpha }

,

α
>

ω
1

\alpha >\omega _1

. These spaces form a natural hierarchy of complexity,

R

0

\mathcal {R}_0

being the Ellentuck space, and for each

α
>

ω
1

\alpha >\omega _1

,

R

α
+
1

\mathcal {R}_{\alpha +1}

coming immediately after

R

α

\mathcal {R}_{\alpha }

in complexity. Associated with each

R

α

\mathcal {R}_{\alpha }

is an ultrafilter

U

α

\mathcal {U}_{\alpha }

, which is Ramsey for

R

α

\mathcal {R}_{\alpha }

, and in particular, is a rapid p-point satisfying certain partition properties. We prove Ramsey-classification theorems for equivalence relations on fronts on

R

α

\mathcal {R}_{\alpha }

,

2
≤
α
>

ω
1

2\le \alpha >\omega _1

. These form a hierarchy of extensions of the Pudlak-Rödl Theorem canonizing equivalence relations on barriers on the Ellentuck space. We then apply our Ramsey-classification theorems to completely classify all Rudin-Keisler equivalence classes of ultrafilters which are Tukey reducible to

U

α

\mathcal {U}_{\alpha }

, for each

2
≤
α
>

ω
1

2\le \alpha >\omega _1

: Every nonprincipal ultrafilter which is Tukey reducible to

U

α

\mathcal {U}_{\alpha }

is isomorphic to a countable iteration of Fubini products of ultrafilters from among a fixed countable collection of rapid p-points. Moreover, we show that the Tukey types of nonprincipal ultrafilters Tukey reducible to

U

α

\mathcal {U}_{\alpha }

form a descending chain of rapid p-points of order type

α
+
1

\alpha +1

.
Existence and regularity for a curvature dependent variational problem
Authors: Denzler Jochen
Published: December 2014

It is proved that smooth closed curves of given length minimizing the principal eigenvalue of the Schrödinger operator

−

d
2

d

s
2

+

κ
2

-\frac {d^2}{ds^2}+\kappa ^2

exist. Here

s
s

denotes the arclength and

κ
\kappa

the curvature. These minimizers are automatically planar, analytic, convex curves. The straight segment, traversed back and forth, is the only possible exception that becomes admissible in a more generalized setting. In proving this, we overcome the difficulty from a lack of coercivity and compactness by a combination of methods: geometric improvement algorithm, relaxed variational problem, asymptotic analysis, and strong variations.
Curvature flows for almost-hermitian Lie groups
Authors: Lauret Jorge
Published: December 2014

We study curvature flows in the locally homogeneous case (e.g. compact quotients of Lie groups, solvmanifolds, nilmanifolds) in a unified way by considering a generic flow under just a few natural conditions on the broad class of almost-hermitian structures. As a main tool, we use an ODE system defined on the variety of

2
n

2n

-dimensional Lie algebras, called the bracket flow, whose solutions differ from those to the original curvature flow by only pull-back by time-dependent diffeomorphisms. The approach, which has already been used to study the Ricci flow on homogeneous manifolds, is useful to better visualize the possible pointed limits of solutions, under diverse rescalings, as well as to address regularity issues. Immortal, ancient and self-similar solutions arise naturally from the qualitative analysis of the bracket flow. The Chern-Ricci flow and the symplectic curvature flow are considered in more detail.
Kan subdivision and products of simplicial sets
Authors: Fjellbo Vegard , Rognes John
Published: December 2014

The canonical map from the Kan subdivision of a product of finite simplicial sets to the product of the Kan subdivisions is a simple map, in the sense that its geometric realization has contractible point inverses.
Effect of Flumorph on F-Actin Dynamics in the Potato Late Blight Pathogen Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Hua Chenlei , Kots Kiki , Ketelaar Tijs , Govers Francine , Meijer Harold J. G.
Published: December 2014

Oomycetes are fungal-like pathogens that cause notorious diseases. Protecting crops against oomycetes requires regular spraying with chemicals, many with an unknown mode of action. In the 1990s, flumorph was identified as a novel crop protection agent. It was shown to inhibit the growth of oomycete pathogens including Phytophthora spp., presumably by targeting actin. We recently generated transgenic Phytophthora infestans strains that express Lifeact-enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), which enabled us to monitor the actin cytoskeleton during hyphal growth. For analyzing effects of oomicides on the actin cytoskeleton in vivo, the P. infestans Lifeact-eGFP strain is an excellent tool. Here, we confirm that flumorph is an oomicide with growth inhibitory activity. Microscopic analyses showed that low flumorph concentrations provoked hyphal tip swellings accompanied by accumulation of actin plaques in the apex, a feature reminiscent of tips of nongrowing hyphae. At higher concentrations, swelling was more pronounced and accompanied by an increase in hyphal bursting events. However, in hyphae that remained intact, actin filaments were indistinguishable from those in nontreated, nongrowing hyphae. In contrast, in hyphae treated with the actin depolymerizing drug latrunculin B, no hyphal bursting was observed but the actin filaments were completely disrupted. This difference demonstrates that actin is not the primary target of flumorph.
Ultrasound for “Lung Monitoring” of Ventilated Patients
Authors: Bouhemad Belaïd , Mongodi Silvia , Via Gabriele , Rouquette Isabelle
Published: December 2014

In the intensive care unit, patient lung ultrasound provides accurate information on lung morphology with diagnostic and therapeutic relevance. It enables clinicians easy, rapid, and reliable evaluation of lung aeration and its variations at the bedside.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.
Anesthesia with Disuse Leads to Autophagy Up-regulation in the Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Kashiwagi Aki , Hosokawa Sachiko , Maeyama Yoshihiro , Ueki Ryusuke , Kaneki Masao , Martyn J. A. Jeevendra , Yasuhara Shingo
Published: December 2014

AbstractAbstract

Using Western blotting and histology in mice, it was found that short-term disuse without anesthesia did not lead to autophagy, but anesthesia with disuse leads to marked up-regulation of autophagy.

Background:

It has been known that skeletal muscles show atrophic changes after prolonged sedation or general anesthesia. Whether these effects are due to anesthesia itself or disuse during anesthesia has not been fully clarified. Autophagy dysregulation has been implicated in muscle-wasting conditions. This study tested the hypothesis that the magnitude of skeletal muscle autophagy is affected by both anesthesia and immobility.

Methods:

The extent of autophagy was analyzed chronologically during general anesthesia. In vivo microscopy was performed using green fluorescent protein–tagged LC3 for the detection of autophagy using sternomastoid muscles of live mice during pentobarbital anesthesia (n = 6 and 7). Western blotting and histological analyses were also conducted on tibialis anterior muscles (n = 3 to 5). To distinguish the effect of anesthesia from that due to disuse, autophagy was compared between animals anesthetized with pentobarbital and those immobilized by short-term denervation without continuation of anesthesia. Conversely, tibialis anterior and sternomastoid muscles were electrically stimulated during anesthesia.

Results:

Western blots and microscopy showed time-dependent autophagy up-regulation during pentobarbital anesthesia, peaking at 3 h (728.6 ± 93.5% of basal level, mean ± SE). Disuse by denervation without sustaining anesthesia did not lead to equivalent autophagy, suggesting that anesthesia is essential to cause autophagy. In contrast, contractile stimulation of the tibialis anterior and sternomastoid muscles significantly reduced the autophagy up-regulation during anesthesia (85% at 300 min). Ketamine, ketamine plus xylazine, isoflurane, and propofol also up-regulated autophagy.

Conclusions:

Short-term disuse without anesthesia does not lead to autophagy, but anesthesia with disuse leads to marked up-regulation of autophagy.
Predictors and Patterns of Local, Regional, and Distant Failure in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Vulva
Authors: Bogani Giorgio , Cromi Antonella , Serati Maurizio , Uccella Stefano , Donato Violante Di , Casarin Jvan , Naro Edoardo Di , Ghezzi Fabio
Published: December 2014

Objective:

To identify factors predicting for recurrence in vulvar cancer patients undergoing surgical treatment.

Methods:

We retrospectively evaluated data of consecutive patients with squamous cell vulvar cancer treated between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 2013. Basic descriptive statistics and multivariable analysis were used to design predicting models influencing outcomes. Five-year disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using the Cox model.

Results:

The study included 101 patients affected by vulvar cancer: 64 (63%) stage I, 12 (12%) stage II, 20 (20%) stage III, and 5 (5%) stage IV. After a mean (SD) follow-up of 37.6 (22.1) months, 21 (21%) recurrences occurred. Local, regional, and distant failures were recorded in 14 (14%), 6 (6%), and 3 (3%) patients, respectively. Five-year DFS and OS were 77% and 82%, respectively. At multivariate analysis only stromal invasion >2 mm (hazard ratio: 4.9 [95% confidence interval, 1.17-21.1]; P=0.04) and extracapsular lymph node involvement (hazard ratio: 9.0 (95% confidence interval, 1.17-69.5); P=0.03) correlated with worse DFS, although no factor independently correlated with OS. Looking at factors influencing local and regional failure, we observed that stromal invasion >2 mm was the only factor predicting for local recurrence, whereas lymph node extracapsular involvement predicted for regional recurrence.

Conclusions:

Stromal invasion >2 mm and lymph node extracapsular spread are the most important factors predicting for local and regional failure, respectively. Studies evaluating the effectiveness of adjuvant treatment in high-risk patients are warranted.
Locally Advanced Malignant Myoepithelioma of the Parotid Gland Treated With Radiotherapy
Authors: Caon Julianna , Alexander Cheryl , Kader Hosam A.
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

Malignant myoepithelioma of salivary glands is a rare neoplasm; most arise in the parotid gland and minor salivary glands of the palate. Surgery has been the mainstay of treatment.

Methods:

This is case report of a patient treated with primary radical radiotherapy and retrospective review of institutional experience.

Results:

An 87-year-old man with locoregionally advanced malignant myoepithelioma of the parotid gland received radiotherapy alone with complete clinical response and sustained 39 months of posttreatment. Between 1981 and 2012, 15 cases of malignant myoepithelioma of the parotid were seen. Thirteen patients received surgical excision and adjuvant radiotherapy. At a median follow-up of 47 months, 12 patients were alive without recurrence, 2 died without recurrence, and 1 died with metastatic myoepithelioma.

Conclusions:

Durable locoregional disease control and disease-free-survival was achieved in the majority of patients. The case reported suggests radiation therapy may be an effective treatment option for inoperable cases.
Higher order moment equations for rarefied gas mixtures
Authors: Gupta Vinay Kumar , Torrilhon Manuel
Published: December 2014

The fully nonlinear Grad'sN×26-moment (N×G26) equations for a mixture ofNmonatomic-inert-ideal gases made up of Maxwell molecules are derived. The boundary conditions for these equations are derived by using Maxwell's accommodation model for each component in the mixture. The linear stability analysis is performed to show that the 2×G26 equations for a binary gas mixture of Maxwell molecules are linearly stable. The derived equations are used to study the heat flux problem for binary gas mixtures confined between parallel plates having different temperatures.
Proposal to consistently apply the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) to names of the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria), including those validly published under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)/International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (ICN), and proposal to change Principle 2 of the ICNP
Authors: Pinevich Alexander V.
Published: December 2014

This taxonomic note was motivated by the recent proposal [Oren & Garrity (2014) Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 64, 309–310] to exclude the oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria) from the wording of General Consideration 5 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP), which entails unilateral coverage of these prokaryotes by the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN; formerly the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, ICBN). On the basis of key viewpoints, approaches and rules in the systematics, taxonomy and nomenclature of prokaryotes it is reciprocally proposed to apply the ICNP to names of cyanobacteria including those validly published under the ICBN/ICN. For this purpose, a change to Principle 2 of the ICNP is proposed to enable validation of cyanobacterial names published under the ICBN/ICN rules.
Regulation of Specialized Metabolism by WRKY Transcription Factors
Authors: Schluttenhofer Craig , Yuan Ling
Published: December 2014

WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are well known for regulating plant abiotic and biotic stress tolerance. However, much less is known about how WRKY TFs affect plant-specialized metabolism. Analysis of WRKY TFs regulating the production of specialized metabolites emphasizes the values of the family outside of traditionally accepted roles in stress tolerance. WRKYs with conserved roles across plant species seem to be essential in regulating specialized metabolism. Overall, the WRKY family plays an essential role in regulating the biosynthesis of important pharmaceutical, aromatherapy, biofuel, and industrial components, warranting considerable attention in the forthcoming years.
Establishment of hepatitis E virus infection‐permissive and ‐non‐permissive human hepatoma PLC/PRF/5 subclones
Authors: Shiota Tomoyuki , Li Tian‐Cheng , Yoshizaki Sayaka , Kato Takanobu , Wakita Takaji , Ishii Koji
Published: December 2014

PLC/PRF/5 cells show limited permissiveness, meaning that almost all subclones are permissive; however, some subclones do not exhibit permissiveness for hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. In this study, the single‐cell cloning of PLC/PRF/5 was performed and heterogeneous subclones characterized. Notably, the efficiency of intracellular virus replication did not correlate with the permissiveness for HEV infection. However, as well as binding permissive subclones, virus‐like particles bound non‐permissive subclones on various levels, suggesting that these subclones have some deficiencies in the attachment and entry steps of infection. Our data would be useful for investigating the HEV life cycle.
Granzyme B mediates both direct and indirect cleavage of extracellular matrix in skin after chronic low‐dose ultraviolet light irradiation
Authors: Parkinson Leigh G. , Toro Ana , Zhao Hongyan , Brown Keddie , Tebbutt Scott J. , Granville David J.
Published: December 2014

Extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation is a hallmark of many chronic inflammatory diseases that can lead to a loss of function, aging, and disease progression. Ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation from the sun is widely considered as the major cause of visible human skin aging, causing increased inflammation and enhanced ECM degradation. Granzyme B (GzmB), a serine protease that is expressed by a variety of cells, accumulates in the extracellular milieu during chronic inflammation and cleaves a number of ECM proteins. We hypothesized that GzmB contributes to ECM degradation in the skin after UV irradiation through both direct cleavage of ECM proteins and indirectly through the induction of other proteinases. Wild‐type and GzmB‐knockout mice were repeatedly exposed to minimal erythemal doses of solar‐simulated UV irradiation for 20 weeks. GzmB expression was significantly increased in wild‐type treated skin compared to nonirradiated controls, colocalizing to keratinocytes and to an increased mast cell population. GzmB deficiency significantly protected against the formation of wrinkles and the loss of dermal collagen density, which was related to the cleavage of decorin, an abundant proteoglycan involved in collagen fibrillogenesis and integrity. GzmB also cleaved fibronectin, and GzmB‐mediated fibronectin fragments increased the expression of collagen‐degrading matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) in fibroblasts. Collectively, these findings indicate a significant role for GzmB in ECM degradation that may have implications in many age‐related chronic inflammatory diseases.
Exploring a public–private partnership new‐graduate physiotherapy recruitment program: a qualitative study
Authors: Schmidt David , Dmytryk Neil
Published: December 2014

Objective

Difficulty in attracting allied health staff to rural areas is well known. In 2012, a small rural health facility and local private practice created an informal public–private partnership to recruit two new‐graduate physiotherapists. Graduates were employed part‐time in both the public and private sectors.

Design

This qualitative case study employed an appreciative enquiry framework to explore this partnership model. Three focus groups were held, and a combination of content and thematic analysis was used to derive and organise themes arising from the data.

Setting

A regional public health service and private physiotherapy practice in the Bega Valley region of south‐eastern New South Wales, Australia.

Participants

New‐graduate and second‐year physiotherapists (n = 5), private sector managers (n = 3), and public sector managers (n = 4).

Main outcome measures

Perceived benefits of the partnership model and improvements that could be made to further develop the model.

Results

Organisational benefits of a shared public–private role included the ability to attract high‐quality applicants to difficult‐to‐fill positions, reduced the risk of new‐graduate attrition due to social isolation, enhanced networking between sectors, and enhanced staff skill development through a broad range of clinical and non‐clinical experiences. The model relied on management flexibility and has potential to expand to other areas and professions. Dedicated funding support, targeted recruitment strategies and increased planning to ease the transition into the workplace would further enhance the model.

Conclusions

An informal public–private partnership to overcome established workforce shortages has proven successful to the benefit of the new graduates and both the public and private sectors.
Knowledge, skills and attitudes of rural and remote psychologists
Authors: Sutherland Carly Rose , Chur‐Hansen Anna
Published: December 2014

Objective

To develop a list of knowledge, skills and attitudes (KSAs, components of competencies) considered required or desirable by rural and remote psychologists for rural and remote psychology practice.

Design

Semi‐structured qualitative telephone interviews. Data were analysed thematically.

Setting

Rural and remote regions of South Australia.

Participants

Nine registered psychologists living and working in rural and remote South Australia (as defined by ARIA++ classification categories excluding Highly Accessible communities). All participants were women.

Results

Seven competencies were identified, relating to two broad themes: ‘Professional Isolation’ (competencies arising from being the sole psychologist or one of few in the community); and ‘rural life’ (competencies relating to the need to manage features of the rural context). The seven competencies (managing professional development, supervision, the lack of other services, dual relationships, visibility, confidentiality and appreciation of the rural context) encompassed a number of corresponding and overlapping KSAs. Personality characteristics, including autonomy, resilience and confidence were also identified as important for working in rural areas.

Conclusions

Competencies and KSAs identified were consistent with issues identified in previous research for rural and remote psychologists and other health professionals. The present study contributes by providing a comprehensive checklist of KSAs for rural practice identified by rural psychologists. With further development, the competencies outlined could be used in conjunction with rural placements as part of competency‐based training.
On showing and being shown plants ‐ a guide to methods for more‐than‐human geography
Authors: Pitt Hannah
Published: December 2014

More‐than‐human geography challenges researchers to attend to all kinds of beings, including the unique facets and actions of plants. Attention to plants' agency is in its infancy and I argue that understanding plants as agents requires methodologies that allow ethnographic techniques to engage more directly with plants and what they do. To provide some guidance, I develop Tim Ingold's work on how novices learn into a methodology centred on showing and being shown. Researcher as novice is inducted into knowledge by expert guides who show them around their worlds, an approach well suited to attending to nonhumans. Drawing on ethnographic research of community gardens, I demonstrate how this can be applied through techniques of walking, talking, doing and picturing, which encourage guides – human and nonhuman – to share their expertise. Guidance from experts in plants and plants as experts fine‐tunes the researcher's perception to attend more closely to nonhumans. By looking to flora as guides, human‐plant geographers can learn what it is to be a plant and recognise their particular agency. But I identify limits to understanding plants in the absence of specialist training or assistance from botanists. Ingold suggests that knowledge acquired through showing takes the form of skills that enable future engagements with nonhumans, which is shared in stories. The aim of such research is not to represent nonhumans – with the incumbent challenge of speaking for very other others – but to provide guidance for future explorations. Hence knowing through showing prompts researchers to reconsider the purpose and products of any research that seeks to understand those other than ourselves.
Disgust Sensitivity Predicts Punitive Treatment of Juvenile Sex Offenders: The Role of Empathy, Dehumanization, and Fear
Authors: Stevenson Margaret C. , Malik Sarah E. , Totton Rebecca R. , Reeves Rebecca D.
Published: December 2014

We explore the possibility that disgust sensitivity predicts attitudes toward a stigmatized, yet vulnerable population: juvenile sex offenders. Participants were 125 undergraduates (66% women, M age = 19) who read a case depicting a 17‐year‐old boy convicted of aggravated child molestation for receiving oral sex from an intoxicated 15‐year‐old girl. Participants subsequently indicated the degree to which they supported registering the juvenile offender as a sex offender and completed a series of case judgments (i.e., belief the defendant is a threat, the dehumanizing belief the defendant is a superpredator, and defendant empathy). Finally, participants provided demographic information and completed the Disgust Sensitivity Scale. In line with our hypotheses, as disgust sensitivity increased, support for juvenile sex offender registration also increased. Yet, this relationship was explained by various mediating factors. Specifically, a series of models tested via path analysis showed that as disgust sensitivity increased, participants’ were more likely to dehumanize the offender as a “superpredator” and experience diminished empathy. In turn, dehumanization and diminished empathy predicted the belief the defendant is a threat to society, which predicted greater registration support.
Retinoic acids change gene expression profiles of bovine intramuscular adipocyte differentiation, based on microarray analysis
Authors: Taniguchi Daiki , Mizoguchi Yasushi
Published: December 2014

Beef marbling is caused by intramuscular deposition and it is an economically important trait in the beef industry. Vitamin A (VA) is an important feed supplement for cattle, but it can hinder marbling if provided in excess. In cattle, VA forms various derivatives such as all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9‐cis retinoic acid (9cRA). Therefore, we investigated the genes involved in bovine intramuscular adipogenesis after VA treatment with ATRA and 9cRA. Differential gene expression levels were validated by microarray analysis in a clonal bovine intramuscular preadipocyte (BIP) cell line derived from the intramuscular adipose tissue of Japanese Black cattle. BIP cells were harvested 6 days after adipogenic stimulation with either 1 μmol/L ATRA, 1 μmol/L 9cRA or non‐retinoic acid control. The ATRA‐ and 9cRA‐treated cells exhibited reduced transcription of genes involved in the circulatory system and muscle development compared with the no retinoic acid (RA) treatment. In addition, the ATRA‐ and 9cRA‐treated cells exhibited increased transcription of genes involved in the immune system, protein kinase B signaling and responses to various stimuli. These results demonstrate the lower expression of muscle development in ATRA‐ and 9cRA‐treated BIP cells during adipogenesis.