bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sanctuary 1509–1529
Authors: McGlynn Margaret
Published: April 2023

The surviving evidence indicates that abjurations increased in the second half of the 1520s and that this change was supported, if not driven, by the common lawyers. Though this argument is based on circumstantial evidence, it suggests that as the justices continued to reform and refine their use of benefit of clergy, they began to approach sanctuary in a similar manner for the first time. They moved it from a peripheral but acceptable process to another mitigation for felony housed within the Church which they could nonetheless manage. Their early steps in this direction remained tangential to the working of the privilege itself but provide an important insight into the process by which they came to see benefit of clergy and sanctuary as cognates, each of which had something to offer to the development of a more functional criminal justice system. Small as the steps were, this shift in the 1520s marked a change in attitude on the part of the justices and laid the groundwork for the significant developments of the 1530s.
Non-Ideal Epistemology
Authors: McKenna Robin
Published: April 2023

Epistemologists often work with idealized pictures of what inquirers are like, how they interact with each other, and the social institutions and environment in which they do the interacting. These idealizations might be appropriate for the foundational issues in epistemology, such as the theory of knowledge. But they become problematic when epistemologists address applied and practical topics, such as public ignorance about important political and scientific issues, or our obligations and responsibilities as inquirers. A solution to a problem like public ignorance that might work in an ideal world could be disastrous in the real world. Ways of interacting that would yield epistemic benefits in an epistemically just world might not be so beneficial in an epistemically unjust world. In this book, McKenna argues that, to avoid these problems, we need to make space for non-ideal epistemology—a way of doing epistemology that eschews the idealizations typical in much contemporary epistemology and instead makes use of empirical research in political psychology and science communication. But this book is not just an exercise in philosophical methodology. McKenna also develops distinctive approaches to a range of important topics in applied and political epistemology, such as what to do about science denial, whether we should try to be intellectually autonomous, and the implications of epistemic injustice for our responsibilities as inquirers. The result is an illustration of why we need non-ideal epistemology and what it can do for us.
What Is Non-Ideal Epistemology?
Authors: McKenna Robin
Published: April 2023

This introductory chapter provides an initial characterization of non-ideal epistemology, and of the difference between it and ideal epistemology. More specifically, it sketches the overall argument of the book and highlights three key aspects or ‘faces’ of non-ideal epistemology: a focus on social institutions and their role in knowledge production and dissemination, a picture of inquirers as deeply socially situated, and a diagnosis of where ideal epistemology can go wrong. It also explains how non-ideal epistemology differs from social epistemology and from approaches to social epistemology one might think are similar to non-ideal epistemology, such as feminist epistemology and the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK).
Cost of finding and making vaccines
Authors: Cole Clarke B. , Evans Beth , Scotney Soleine
Published: April 2023

The cost of vaccines includes the costs of discovery, development, regulatory clearance, production, and marketing. Research and development impose high risks and require advance investments to test many candidates that ultimately fail. After a candidate is successful, regulatory approvals also require investments. Most vaccines show increasing returns to scale so that the unit cost goes down as production increases. However, the long time-lag from the start to completion of a batch of vaccines implies that lower costs are possible when the size of an order is predictable. Prices are often set by companies that compare their products to other products for sale in a given country. Occasionally, prices are influenced by value-based pricing and what is known about a country’s willingness to pay to achieve a health outcome. Vaccine supply in the 2010–2020 era was dominated by four multinational corporations accounting for 80% of global vaccine revenues. A growing number of vaccine companies in emerging markets, organized into the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network, provide lower-priced traditional vaccines to the global market. Vaccine markets are not very competitive and most vaccines are produced by only a small number of suppliers. Vaccine procurement is also highly concentrated because pooled procurement by UNICEF Supply Division and PAHO Revolving Fund accounts for a large allotment of vaccine sales each year. Gavi plays an outsized role in subsidizing procurement for Gavi-eligible countries. COVID-19 vaccines have led to new innovations in vaccine markets with COVAX offering pooled procurement for a large number of vaccines.
Defining immunization costs
Authors: Brenzel Logan
Published: April 2023

This chapter lays out the general framework for evaluating the costs of immunization services, including the types of inputs and prices, and how they are measured to generate financial, fiscal, and economic (opportunity) costs. Both economic and activity classifications of costs are explored as well as pricing of inputs. This chapter draws from a range of existing methodologies that help to classify, characterize, analyze, aggregate and report on immunization costs. Variation in total and unit costs and relationship between volume of service and unit costs are discussed. Measuring household level costs may be important information for policy.
Section introduction: economic evaluation of vaccines and vaccine programs
Authors: Padula William V. , Drabo Emmanuel F. , Edoka Ijeoma
Published: April 2023

Economic evaluation is the key approach to modeling the value of vaccines. These methods compile information about cost, clinical benefits, and probabilities of different outcomes in order to draw conclusions about the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of vaccines for particular communities based on what we know about the initial efficacy of immunization programs. These economic models are convenient since they allow us to forecast value of vaccines even with limited data by drawing assumptions based on the past successes and failures of previous immunization programs. This chapter guides readers through the theoretical foundations as they apply to medical cost-effectiveness analysis, which applied examples in vaccine economics. The chapter leverages simple decision models to base its teachings on. Subjects such as the derivation of health utilities, including quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) are covered here, as well as cost-effectiveness thresholds and their link to opportunity costs when communities overspend on vaccines for limited populations. More advanced methods in economic evaluation, including Markov modeling and sensitivity analysis are covered further in the next chapter, 4.0.
Defining the scope and study design of cost-effectiveness analysis
Authors: Levy Joseph F. , Phelps Charles E.
Published: April 2023

This chapter offers guidance to defining the scope and study design of a cost-effectiveness analysis. As mentioned earlier, healthcare involves many stakeholders ranging from payers, to providers, to integrated health systems, to patients, and ultimately to society as a whole. Economic models can range in their measurement of costs and effectiveness depending on the perspective of these stakeholders. We will explore how these perspectives impact the design and calculation of different economic model parameters. We will also highlight basic types of economic models (i.e., decision trees and Markov chains) which are used to simulate the impacts of vaccines on different types of static or time-dependent health outcomes, as well as accumulate costs and effectiveness measures.
Parameter estimation
Authors: Drabo Emmanuel F. , Dowdy David W.
Published: April 2023

This chapter focuses on parameter estimation. Economic models that are used to measure vaccine value are only as strong as the data used in the model. Health economists depend on the availability of data from a number of different reliable sources in order to populate a model with parameters, including clinical, epidemiological, economic, and utility estimates. These sources include some of the typical study designs that one might encounter from data on vaccine effectiveness, such as randomized-controlled trials, observational studies, etc. The chapter will explore how to extract high-quality information about costs, effectiveness and probability parameters that can be used to make an economic model functional.
Introduction to Markov modeling
Authors: Drabo Emmanuel F. , Padula William V.
Published: April 2023

This chapter introduces the reader to Markov modeling with an applied exercise concerning a Hepatitis B vaccination decision problem. Beginning here should give readers an understanding of probability theory as it applies to the Markovian assumption for advanced modeling techniques. These skills will be useful for mapping out infectious diseases with transitioning health states, which of course are common.
Economic evaluation reference case with Markov model
Authors: Padula William V. , Malaviya Shreena , Reid Natalie M. , Tierce Jonothan , Alexander G. Caleb
Published: April 2023

Chapter 4.4 provides a reference case for vaccine economic evaluation using a novel COVID-19 vaccine program Markov model. For this exercise, the model is provided with interactive data to make it fully functional and generate analyzable results. It is highly recommended that readers engage with the Excel model simultaneously to studying the exercise. What readers will find as they engage in this model is that Markov models operate much differently than decision trees, as they require more data and time-steps to complete a Markov trace. Ultimately, these models could provide more helpful information about value over time, which in turn can inform important data for return-on-investment calculations and other economic statistics that depend on time and efficiency, considering the rapid spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19.
Postnational Constitutionalism
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul
Published: April 2023

At a time when the project of integrating Europe’s peoples through the rule of law is faltering, this book develops a critical theory of postnational constitutionalism. Today, widely held conceptions of European law continue to mislead citizens about the nature of political identity, sovereignty, and agency. They lose sight of a critical idea on which postnationalism depends: that constitutional self-authorship is a narrative affair and the polity is a subject whose identity, history, and legacy are still in formation. Absent this vision, European law reproduces crises of legitimacy: the depoliticization of public life; emergency rule by executive decree; a collapse of solidarity; and the rise of nativist movements. The book diagnoses this impasse as the product of a problem familiar to modernity: reification—a process in which social and historical relationships are misattributed as timeless relations among things. Reification’s shrinking of social dilemmas, moral principles, and political action to narrow perceptions of the present explains law’s role in perpetuating crisis. But this diagnosis also points to a remedy. It suggests that to sustain the emancipatory potential of European constitutionalism we must recover the time of law. The book offers a more temporally attuned constitutional theory with the principles of anti-reification, narrative interpretation, and non-sovereign agency at its centre. These principles reimagine essential domains of constitutional order: social integration, constitutional adjudication, and constituent power. Spanning various bodies of European jurisprudence, the book devotes particular attention to migration and asylum, struggles where questions of solidarity, law, and belonging are most acute and generative.
Introduction
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul
Published: April 2023

Chapter 1 situates the book in the fields of critical theory, constitutional theory, and European law and explains its main ambition: a critical theory of postnational constitutionalism that generates systemic diagnoses of Europe’s current crises and provides a constructive response to them. Drawing on Husserl and Havel to render the dilemma posed to Europe’s postnational project as a philosophical problem of positivism, the introduction then develops the connection between European crisis and the conceptual framework of reification, temporality, and narrative; and clarifies the main tenets of the book’s methodological approaches, including critical theory, the cultural study of law, legal hermeneutics, and doctrinal analysis. It concludes by outlining the book’s organization and the main stages of its argument across three domains of constitutional order: solidarity and social integration, constitutional interpretation, and constituent power.
Postnationalism, Solidarity, and Law
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul
Published: April 2023

Chapter 2, framed by the crises in austerity Greece and Europe’s fraught struggle to respond to the claims of refugees, argues that solidarity must aspire to more than mutually agreed forbearance and respect for a set of shared legal rules. While theorists of European integration have long conceived postnational civic bonds to be mediated by such forms of legal agreement, these cases have troublingly seen a punitive use of legalism to deny solidaristic politics. The reasons for this failure lie in reification: the process by which a legal rule abstracts from and mystifies social and historical relationships and thus misleads us about the problems it aims to regulate. The chapter illuminates the mechanisms of reification by bringing debates over Habermasian constitutional theory to bear on a specific policy context: the application of the principle of ‘mutual trust’ in the EU’s Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice (AFSJ) and in European asylum law. Scholars have criticized Habermasian ‘constitutional patriotism’ for its formalistic renderings of political recognition. This critique clarifies why and how ‘mutual trust’ creates structural disparities in both the protection of individual rights and the equality of Member States. Such disparities are due to Habermas’s mistaken acceptance in his mature legal theory of what his earlier social theory wisely took pains to reject: juridification, or the reification of value through legal process.
The Anti-reification Principle
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul
Published: April 2023

Chapter 3 develops a sounder conception of solidarity in postnational constitutional law formulated as a principle of anti-reification. Drawing further on the critical theoretical framework of reification inherited from Lukács, Adorno, Benjamin, and others, the chapter argues that legal solidarity must aim to guarantee a particular form of adjudication, through which individual litigants in a particular case challenge the changing transnational structural conditions that give rise to individual harm. This adjudication affirms more ambitious forms of fallibilism and self-critique, acknowledging the degree to which a polity’s responsibility for others evolves outside of one’s control and thus requires critical reinterpretation over time. This changes the image we have of how to build solidarity through law. First, it sensitizes us to how legal rules, as responsive norms, take the form of narratives. They operate as emplotments of political actors, legal texts, public audiences, and individual litigants. Second, this view of responsiveness rejects the notion that a polity’s regulations can simply advance existing national interests or obligations without also endogenously affecting them. Solidarity’s temporal arc means that norms are always a product, not just a basis, of our engagement with others. This conception of solidarity yields critical resources to correct the structural imbalances of the existing Dublin Regulation on asylum transfers and adjudication thereunder. The chapter concludes with reflections on the principle’s application to other dilemmas of EU law, as well, notably in socio-economic rights and the ongoing stabilization of the Eurozone.
Reconstructing Popular Sovereignty in Europe
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul
Published: April 2023

Chapter 6 examines how contemporary revisions of sovereignty in the age of globalization continue to understand sovereign power as the imposition of an ultimate rule or command. This continued investment in sovereignty as ‘mastery’ misleads. Just as the emphasis on a reified coherence in constitutional law, it continues to encourage polities to frame their claims in ways that reproduce (reify), rather than complicate, key postulates of national sovereignty. The chapter illustrates this concern with a critique of Jürgen Habermas’s rational reconstruction of political authority in the EU as ‘mixed constituent power’. Habermas’s rendering entails a questionable presumption: that the accepted purpose of postnational constituent power is to carry ‘levels of justice and freedom’ achieved by the national constitutional state through to the level of transnational democracy. This creates an untenable asymmetry that at once favours national orderings of constitutional rights and cuts short the critical evaluation of those rights in the course of postnational political contestation. A decisive feature of this asymmetry is its reification of political time, which narrows the historical and imaginative dimensions of political life to a conflict among the constellation of interests that are taken to be fully formed in the present. These points are demonstrated by parsing the political economy that sits behind the present rule of law crisis in Central and Eastern Europe—and why present approaches by the European Commission fail to grasp the systemic character of the failings that yield illiberalism, failings in which EU institutions and other Member States are also implicated.
The Authority to Judge
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul
Published: April 2023

Chapter 7 argues that postnationalism’s more time-sensitive ambitions suggest we conceive constituent power not as the authority of rational order or decisive command but instead as the authority to judge. The chapter draws together Hannah Arendt’s reflections on the faculty of judgement and its relation to her theory of narrativity and political action with Seyla Benhabib’s concept of ‘democratic iterations’ and its ties to Jacques Derrida’s work on ‘iterability’. On these conceptual grounds, an account of postnational constituent power counterposed to reification must reclaim a narratival form of the free act: pouvoir constituant narratif. The national and supranational pendants of pouvoir constituant narratif create a space in which the capacity for iterated judgement can arise, a space intended to disclose the iterative (non-identical) nature of norm and decision. The model affords a political community a position from which to judge with self-awareness and self-critique how it exercises its agency always within a ‘web’ of narratives among a plurality of others. It reminds the polity that its actions will form part of its narrative history, interpreted by other states and other generations. Freedom—agency—is on this account less an act unencumbered by interference or domination but an act for which one can take responsibility. It is relational, social, and historical in character. The chapter details how this democratic theory recasts Article 4(2) TEU as the right to constitutional narrative and strengthens criticism of recent abuse of the right by illiberal states.
Philosophy of Life
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: April 2023

This book is an account of the philosophical movement named Lebensphilosophie, which flourished at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. There many philosophers who participated in the movement, but this book concentrates on the three most important: Friedrich Nietzsche, Wilhelm Dilthey and Georg Simmel. The movement was called Lebensphilosophie—literally, philosophy of life—because its main interest was not life as a biological phenomenon but life as it is lived by human beings. They regarded human life and experience as the fundamental reality, the basis of all knowledge and value, and disputed the relevance of any supernatural realm transcending human experience. The purpose of life was therefore life itself. Lebensphilosophie was the first modern philosophical movement in the Western tradition. It was “modern” in the sense that it was entirely humanist and secular, deriving all values from a non-religious perspective. Nietzsche, Dilthey and Simmel were either atheists or agnostics; they denied the relevance of any transcendent reality or being for human life. They abjured the traditional Christian concern with salvation and immortality. They also disputed the existence of natural law, teleology or a providential order; human beings created their own values and they did not conform to any made by nature. In anticipation of later existentialism, the Lebensphilosophen maintained that human beings are the makers of their own fate. Contrary to pessimism, they affirmed the great value of life while still acknowledging its frequent tragedy. The Lebensphilosophen were champions of an individualist ethics, which maintained that the highest good for a human being was self-realization, the development of a persons’s unique individuality. Their ethics was neither utilitarian nor de-ontological: it was not utilitarian because it did not regard the highest good as pleasure; self-realization could be a very unpleasant experience; and it was not de-ontological because it grounded moral norms upon the facts of human development and experience. The Lebensphilosophen were major advocates of historicism. They believed that human experience is formed by history, and that its horizons and limits are historical. Just as it was impossible to transcend human experience, so it was impossible to transcend history. All values and norms were therefore historical. In attempting to describe historical experience, the Lebensphilosophen developed the discipline of hermeneutics. They refused to accept mechanical explanation as a paradigm of explanation. This book attempts to describe and analyze the fundamental aspects of Lebensphilosophie by looking in detail at the views of its three leading figures. It examines their ethics, their religious background, their responses to pessimism and relativism, and their contributions to hermeneutics and historicism.
Lebensphilosophie and Irrationalism
Authors: Beiser Frederick C.
Published: April 2023

This chapter provides an assessment of the most common criticism of Lebensphilosophie: that it is irrationalist. The most prominent author to make this criticism is Georg Lukács in his Die Zerstörung der Vernunft. He contends that Lebensphilosophie is irrational because it is a reactionary political movement. But Lukács’s criticism falls wide of the mark. The only Lebensphilosoph who can be considered as irrationalist by this standard is Nietzsche, whose politics were indeed reactionary. But the criticism hardly applies to Dilthey and Simmel, who were progressive and liberal in their political views. The Lebensphilosophen cannot be considered irrational in the classical religious sense of Tertullian: credo quia absurdam est. They do develop a critique of reason because they think that reason does not have the power to know the transcendent or go beyond experience; but in this sense many classical philosophers—Hume and Kant—are also irrationalist.
Sweet Fuel
Authors: Eaglin Jennifer
Published: April 2023

This book traces the ethanol industry from its inception under a state institution in 1933 through the height of government intervention under the national program during the dictatorship to its rebirth with the launch of the flexible fuel car in 2003. It argues that private businessmen, politicians, and rural workers leveraged nationalist interests in a domestic fuel option into one of the most advanced alternative energy initiatives in the world. The industry’s connection to the popular ethanol-fueled car connected the sugar-ethanol sector to Brazilian development goals of the twentieth century, but producers and government officials ignored the disproportionate environmental and costs associated with ethanol’s expansion. Focused on Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, the largest ethanol-producing region in the country, the book examines how producers’ continued dumping of vinasse, a byproduct of ethanol distillation, in local waterways connected the industry to extensive water pollution while exploitative labor laws drove the program’s rapid expansion over the course of the twentieth century. Rural communities’ efforts to hold producers accountable for these costs contrasts with national and international praise for the industry’s potential climate benefits. The book provides a full analysis of ethanol’s long-term development to reveal the historical complexities of one of today’s premier green energy industries.
Karva Chauth and the Dharma of Neighbors
Authors: Ortegren Jennifer D.
Published: April 2023

This chapter centers around Karva Chauth, an annual vrat undertaken by married women ostensibly for the health and longevity of their husbands. For Karva Chauth, women fast all day, gather together in the evening to read the vrat katha (fast/vow story) related to the ritual and offer worship to the full moon. Unlike in other settings, where women return home to take their first sip of water from their husbands’ hands, women in Pulan observe a practice of cross-caste ritual exchange with one another. Rather than emphasizing the bonds between wives and husbands, this practice reflects and reinforces the relationships between female neighbors and the significance of “neighbor dharma.” Neighbor dharma operates both in terms of how female neighbors become like extended family members to one another, serving as mothers-, sisters-, and daughters-in-law to each another in the absence of the joint family, and by communally negotiating and authorizing expanding definitions of middle-class dharmic propriety within the neighborhood.
Conclusion
Authors: Ortegren Jennifer D.
Published: April 2023

The Conclusion proposes how analyzing class in terms of dharma helps us reconsider the historical development of Hindu traditions and future studies of class and religion in and beyond South Asia. While normative forms of dharma are unique and specific to Hinduism, it suggests that ontological notions of dharma as that which “holds the world together” can be applied as a framework for defining religion beyond Hinduism. Non-Hindu communities throughout India are undergoing similar transformations to become middle class, meaning they too are involved in the processes of constructing and maintaining middle-class religious worlds. To argue for analyzing class in the analytical terms of dharma is not to exclude these communities; rather, it is a call to draw on dharma to attend to the religious elements of middle-class transitions in other religious traditions while simultaneously expanding the definition of religion within the social sciences and humanities.
Dancing Black, Dancing White
Authors: Malnig Julie
Published: April 2023

Dancing Black, Dancing White: Rock ’n’ Roll, Race, and Youth Culture of the 1950s and Early 1960s explores the phenomenon of rock ’n’ roll dance of the 1950s and early 1960s, a time of egregious racial prejudice and segregation in the United States, through the lens of the popular televised teen dance program. Both dance history and social history, Dancing Black, Dancing White traces the experiences of Black and white teenagers as they traverse the enticing world of rock ’n’ roll music and dance. Several occurrences took shape during this time: the ascendancy of rock ’n’ roll music and recorded sound; the rise of the “teenager”; the beginnings of television; and the country’s struggle with race. The shows were primarily segregated, and the book examines how white teenagers took Black dances and dance styles into their own bodies. At the same time, the book explores the few all-Black teen dance shows that existed—before Soul Train—and considers how both white and Black teenagers navigated the color line. While their experiences differed, in both cases the desire of all the teenagers was to have a space of their own where they could be seen, heard, appreciated, and understood, and, in many ways the teen dance shows fulfilled these aims.
Rock ’n’ Roll, Dance, and the TV Experiment
Authors: Malnig Julie
Published: April 2023

Chapter 1 charts the evolution of the teen dance program from in its roots in rock ’n’ roll radio and music variety shows. It discusses emerging and influential popular styles of music including rhythm and blues and country music and changes in the music industry that made the rise of these musical styles possible. The chapter also examines the importance of Black radio. It goes on to illustrate how TV picked up the genre of the rock ’n’ roll music and dance shows. The shows were relatively easy to produce and the TV networks were eager to expand their potential market. Dances at school, clubs, and community centers were the seedbeds for the dances that were ultimately introduced on the shows. In addition to describing the types of performers and activites featured, this chapter analyzes how the shows were received by both white and Black teenagers.
“Movin’ and Groovin’ ”
Authors: Malnig Julie
Published: April 2023

Chapter 3 examines the handful of all-Black teen dance shows that existed in the 1950s to early 1960s: The Mitch Thomas Show, Teenage Frolics, Teenarama Dance Party, and a related show called Richard’s Open Door. These shows took place in Wilmington, DE; Raleigh, NC; Washington, DC; and Chicago, IL, respectively. This chapter draws heavily on interviews conducted by the author with several former teenage dancers on the shows. The function of the shows and how they were created and organized forms the chapter’s focus. It also looks at the types of dances performed and how the teenagers learned and created them. As discussed here, the shows created strong community bonds among participants and at the same time served as a showcase for innovations in Black dance styles. The programs demonstrated the Black teenagers’ cultural resilience in the face of racial prejudice and adversity.
Girl Power
Authors: Malnig Julie
Published: April 2023

Chapter 5 considers the nature of the televised teen dances, and rock ’n’ roll more broadly, in the context of young women and girls. Their participation in rock ’n’ roll can be read, in part, as an assertion of girls’ sexuality at a time when that sexuality was highly policed. While much has been written about boys and youth culture, far less has been explored about teen girl subcultures. This chapter will also demonstrate how racial factors were at play in this female fandom. In part, young white girls’ attraction to Black music and dance styles enabled them to escape white, middle-class expectations. For Black girls, that same attraction was often tempered by “respectability politics,” and the need to remain “pure” and good to uphold their race. How both Black and white girls negotiated the twin poles of rebellion and conformity forms the core argument of this chapter.
Storming the Sixties
Authors: Malnig Julie
Published: April 2023

Chapter 6 describes the changed look and style of televised teen dance programs in the transition from the 1950s to the 1960s. It primarily focuses on two things: how the teen dance shows evolved with developments in television technology and the structure of entertainment programming, and on the sweeping cultural changes such as the rise of the civil rights movement. Because of the civil rights movement, the “televisual segregation” of the 1950s shows became untenable. In addition, the chapter documents the musical and cultural changes that occurred when The Beatles entered the American scene. Finally, the chapter explores several key teen dance programs that emerged in the 1960s, many of them on the West Coast.
Domestic Origins
Authors: Jensen Helle Strandgaard
Published: April 2023

This chapter is focused on presenting particular aspects of the American context needed to understand the Workshop’s activities on a global market. It emphasizes the factors in the development of Sesame Street that made the show different from European premises for making preschool television, especially views about childhood, education, and the political economy of television production. Looking also at the financial viability of the Workshop’s activities, the chapter leads to a perspective that puts its somewhat overstated legacy as an alternative to the commercial market in the United States in a new light, as it uncovers how its financial basis in the States ironically fueled its aggressive, highly capitalistic behavior on the international market.
The fox and the crow
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

While men and women manoeuvred their way around the Palatine of Tiberius, surviving present dangers and thinking how to survive, there was one man keeping a written record. It was not a direct history of this time. It was instead a rejection of the reality of that, even its possibility. The fables by a writer who called himself Phaedrus were guides to the problems of court life. Like those of Aesop in Greek, they looked as though they were for children. They starred animals and servants. They were seemingly simple stories about dogs and underdogs in the voice of an underdog, slave stories maybe written by a slave but maybe someone aping that role. No one was ever quite sure.
The only verdict that mattered
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

What did Tiberius want? Publius Vitellius was about to speak to a brief for which life had prepared him well. He had spent time with Germanicus. He had shared the familiarity of military life. For three months he had been collecting evidence against Piso and his wife, Plancina, and preparing an indictment. He could say that he himself had seen signs of poison on Germanicus’s body and had arranged to send to Rome a local poisoner as a witness, Martina, a close friend of Plancina. Among the people of Rome this was a popular cause in support of the prince whose troops he had led to near disaster on the German beaches; on the Palatine it was a perilous risk. It was possible that Tiberius wanted not only Germanicus dead but Piso saved. Publius’s risk was a risk too for all the Vitellii.
The way of the guard captain
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

The guard captain kept close everyone to whom Tiberius listened. The emperor kept an astronomer, astrologer and prophet called Thrasyllus whose wife, Aka, was a princess from her father’s tiny realm of Commagene, south of the Black Sea. Commagene was an absolute monarchy, home to Armenians, Iranians and the subjects of Alexander’s generals. Thrasyllus understood the licence and limits of autocracy better than those less experienced. Sejanus stood beside him, planning attacks on Germanicus’s widow, Agrippina. All swam in a swirling vortex. For no one was the water calm.
Wine for the battlefield
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

The newly unchallenged emperor did not yet look the part. While the tradesman of Cologne had provided food fit for his station, no one had offered suitable clothes. Only the governor of Lugdunum gave him the gold and purple that prevented him having to re-enter Italy in the shabby garb in which he had left. Once appropriately dressed, he was keen to congratulate his supporters, accommodate those who had fought against him and plan a long trip to Rome. Vitellius was not alone in getting new clothes. He raised his stammering son to the imperial purple too and renamed him Germanicus, the heir to his father as the original Germanicus had once been to Tiberius. This must have seemed a doubtful double augury for the boy.
New courts for old
Authors: Stothard Peter
Published: April 2023

This book has been the story of a hill and its people, of a palace and a mostly forgotten palace family. The family name, Vitellius, was as quickly degraded as the body at the bottom of the Groaning Steps. Yet the system of government did not – and could not – change for long. The Palatine’s empty rooms rapidly refilled, many previous flatterers and gluttons returning to their old places or to promotions. Vespasian soon used courtiers, favourites, slaves and former slaves, to run the empire as Claudius and Nero had done. For centuries afterwards Rome held its empire. The bureaucracy of Rome spread just like its aqueducts and its literature, though less proudly remembered.
Growing Up in Wartime Athens
Authors: Waterfield Robin
Published: April 2023

This chapter goes through what we know of Plato’s childhood and youth, his immediate family, and his extended family. His birth is dated to 424 or 423 BCE, rather than the usual 428/7. The chapter includes a summary of the Peloponnesian War that was being fought between Plato’s native Athens and Sparta. The chapter also resolves the controversy about his name: he was always called Plato, never Aristocles. He was probably not gay. The chapter describes the kind of education Plato would have received as a child. Some of the epigrams that have come down to us under his name, though they are not by him, are presented in translated form. Contrary to some ancient biographers’ depictions of Plato as poor, the chapter shows that he was wealthy. Evidence is also displayed for some of his major characteristics: Plato was intelligent, religious, and snobbish, and he had a subtle sense of humor.
The limits of justified offence
Authors: McTernan Emily
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines a series of potential limits on when offence could be justified. First, in the face of a common focus on anger as the apt response to injustice, the chapter carves out a space for offence as one way to directly resist a particular form of injustice. Second, one may think that whether taking offence is justified depends upon whether an agent intended to offend, or is otherwise culpable for the offending act, but this chapter defends blame and offence as separate, if sometimes overlapping, social practices. Third, the chapter explores the claim that disagreement over the offensiveness of an act undermines the justification of taking offence, but argues that this mistakes the social role of taking offence. Finally, the chapter tackles failures of uptake, where offence is widely mistaken for emotional oversensitivity, or otherwise produces a backlash.
Charles Gordon
Authors: Gumprecht Blake
Published: April 2023

Tells the life history of Charles Gordon, one of tens of thousands of Black people who moved to Boston from the South during the Great Migration, transforming the city. Gordon moved to Boston from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, with his family about 1943. He is one of ten people featured in a book that explores the Great Migration by examining the lives of individual migrants. Each is the focus of one chapter. Their stories bring to life the history of the Great Migration. They reveal a hidden aspect of Boston’s history and shine a spotlight on a singularly important event in the making of Black Boston. They also provide a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people living in one city’s Black community.
Willie Pittman
Authors: Gumprecht Blake
Published: April 2023

Tells the life history of Willie Pittman, one of tens of thousands of Black people who moved to Boston from the South during the Great Migration, transforming the city. Pittman moved to Boston from Shady Grove, Alabama, in 1963. He is one of ten people featured in a book that explores the Great Migration by examining the lives of individual migrants. Each is the focus of one chapter. Their stories bring to life the history of the Great Migration. They reveal a hidden aspect of Boston’s history and shine a spotlight on a singularly important event in the making of Black Boston. They also provide a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people living in one city’s Black community.
Al Kinnitt Jr.
Authors: Gumprecht Blake
Published: April 2023

Tells the life history of Al Kinnitt Jr., one of tens of thousands of Black people who moved to Boston from the South during the Great Migration, transforming the city. Kinnitt moved to Boston from Brunswick, Georgia, in 1964. He is one of ten people featured in a book that explores the Great Migration by examining the lives of individual migrants. Each is the focus of one chapter. Their stories bring to life the history of the Great Migration. They reveal a hidden aspect of Boston’s history and shine a spotlight on a singularly important event in the making of Black Boston. They also provide a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people living in one city’s Black community.
Ten Lives, What They Teach Us, and Why They Matter
Authors: Gumprecht Blake
Published: April 2023

Reflects on what is learned from the life histories of ten Black people who migrated to Boston from the South between 1943 and 1969 and examines why those stories are meaningful. Discusses what their experiences had in common, how they adjusted to life in Boston, and whether migration was worth it. The stories of these people bring to life the history of the Great Migration and show its impact on individuals. They reveal a hidden aspect of Boston’s history and shine a spotlight on a singularly important event in the making of Black Boston. They also provide a rare glimpse into the lives of ordinary people living in one city’s Black community.
Introduction
Authors: Ray Keisha
Published: April 2023

This chapter introduces the themes, concepts, and terms that are at the foundation of Black Americans’ health. This introduction helps readers attain a basic working knowledge of ideas like social determinants of health, biological and social understandings of race, different types of racism, and the White supremacist origins of the relationship between race and medicine. This chapter also introduces readers to the term “racial disparities in health” and their social and political origins, including their racist origins. This working knowledge helps readers to better engage with the core chapters, which are on the topics of birth and pregnancy, pain, sleep, and cardiovascular disease. This chapter also uses COVID-19 as an example of how inequities in social determinants can contribute to increased morbidity and mortality.
Does Where We Sleep Matter?
Authors: Ray Keisha
Published: April 2023

This chapter discusses the social, cultural, and political factors that influence Black people’s higher rates of sleeplessness such as poor housing, environmental racism, racism-related vigilance, and cultural views of bedtimes. Sleep is vital to our biological, physical, mental, and emotional health, however, there are racial disparities in quality and quantity of sleep between the different races. Specifically, in America, Black people (especially Black men) sleep less and have lesser quality of sleep than White people. Racial disparities in sleep are concerning because when sleeplessness falls along racial lines, the rejuvenating benefits of sleep also fall along racial lines. This also means poor health outcomes that map onto lesser quality of sleep like heart disease will also fall along racial lines.
Introduction
Authors: Solomon Stefan , Nagib Lúcia
Published: April 2023

This Introduction to the book The Moving Form of Film: Historicising the Medium through Other Media focuses on the ways in which the fluid quality of the film form can inspire a new historiography of cinema. Histories of film as a technological medium have focused on its specificity as it gradually separated from the other art and medial forms at its base: theatre, dance, fairground spectacle, painting, literature, still photography, and other pre-cinematic expressions. Instead, this collection observes the ebb and flow of film’s contours within the bounds of an array of other artistic and medial expressions, so as to establish a flexible historical platform for the moving form of film, posited, from production to consumption, as a transforming and transformative medium.
One-Dimensional Man?
Authors: Hellings James
Published: April 2023

Can film and the cinema become more than a “retrospective nostalgia” for a “time when real arts existed”? Via a close reading of Theodor W. Adorno’s fragmentary theory of film and cinema—in and against film as mass media and the cinema as culture industry—this provocation suggests they can. Both of Adorno’s essays from 1967, “Art and the Arts” and “Transparencies on Film,” argue for the boundary-blurring, interfraying, infringing (Verfransung), and intermedial potentialities of film—as the “newest form of the arts”—vis-à-vis art, which may well act as a critical rejoinder to Alain Badiou’s (absolutely Wagnerian, pseudo-Hegelian) “suspect synthesis” of cinema as the seventh form of art. This provocation defends “artistic thinking” in film by pointing out one or two problems with Badiou’s recent theory of film published as “Hegel, Cinema and the Other Arts” in Chapter 1 of this book.
Intermediality and the Carousel Slide Projector
Authors: Ross Julian
Published: April 2023

By analysing the artistic use of the carousel slide projector in the years after Kodak stopped industrially producing them, this chapter proposes the user and not the industry determines the lifeline of a technological apparatus. Identifying an engagement with the present and presence as the key characteristics of the carousel slide projector, this chapter considers its intermediality and how its distinctive qualities are highlighted when placed in dialogue with other media. Case studies will illustrate two different expressions of this dialogue: as a multiprojection installation in Thai artist Prapat Jiwarangsan’s Non-chronological History (2013) and as a performance in Dutch Brazilian artist Pablo Pijnappel’s Casa de Michèle (2014).
Historicising the Story through Film and Music
Authors: Nagib Lúcia
Published: April 2023

This chapter focuses on Heimat 2: Chronicle of a Generation (Die zweite Heimat: Chronik einer Jugend, 1992), the second part of the monumental Heimat TV and cinema series, scripted and directed by German filmmaker Edgar Reitz. The project, spanning over sixty hours, has in Heimat 2 its longest installment at thirteen episodes totalling more than twenty-five hours of film. This extended length gives the series particular prominence within this “total-history” project, whose ambition is to retell the history of Germany from the nineteenth century to today. My objective here is to evaluate the ways in which the Heimat 2 series presents history in the making by means of intermediality, that is, through the use of music as theme, diegetic performance, and organisational principle of all episodes.
Theatrical Flourishing
Authors: Young Harvey
Published: April 2023

Chapter 12 is a roundtable featuring the volume’s contributors on theater, well-being, and eudaimonia. The authors discuss one another’s chapters-in-progress. Through this open and wide-ranging conversation, contributor touch on an array of topics: the role of flourishing in theater, conceptions of artistic excellence, the overlay of theater and politics, ideas of hopefulness and community in theater. Joining the contributors in conversation are James Pawelski, professor of practice in the Positive Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania and convenor of the Humanities and Human Flourishing project; Thalia Goldstein, associate professor of psychology at George Mason University; and Laura Taylor, managing coordinator of education in the Positive Psychology Center at the University of Pennsylvania.