bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies in Schizophrenia, V.
Authors: Fleischhacker H. H. , Lancaster J. B. , Wheeler A. P.
Published: August 2008

The problems of diagnosis, pathogenesis, aetiology and successful treatment of the idiopathic schizophrenias is one of the most urgent and formidable ones which psychiatry has still to tackle. It is most urgent because of the large number of sufferers struck by the disease, made unfit for a successful life at an early age, and the distress imposed on them and their relatives. It is most formidable because our essential knowledge of the nature of this disease, or possibly group of diseases, is scanty and disorderly and opinions are conflicting and contradictory. This unsatisfactory state is made worse by the fact that there is quite an amount of disagreement on diagnosis, so that often the findings of different workers do not refer to comparable groups of patients (and conditions in which they are examined) which must add to the confusion, particularly when metabolic examinations are carried out. Too often “marginal psychoses“, and also not rarely, paranoid hallucinatory states with and without changes of the personality are called “schizophrenia”. The last-named states are not infrequently schizophrenoid reactions (or reactions of a schizoid person) to psychogenic causes or to potentially diagnosable physical disorders. On close clinical examination one would also find that the symptomatology of such cases is not that of idiopathic schizophrenia. In the “classical” schizophrenias of Kraepelin, Bleuler and Kleist, despite some discrepancies, the typical para-functions of feeling, willing, thinking and activity, usually accompanied by hallucinations, mainly auditory, and paranoid delusions are present and also a disturbance of the albumin/globulin ratio in C.S.F. and serum. In the absence of this mental and physical symptomatology the diagnosis of idiopathic schizophrenia should not be made (Fleischhackeret al.(7, 8)).
A Controlled Comparative Investigation of the Effects of Promazine, Chlorpromazine, and a Placebo in Chronic Psychosis
Authors: Fleming B. G. , Spencer A. M. , Whitelaw E. M.
Published: August 2008

Tranquillizing drugs have become widely accepted as a major form of treatment in psychiatry. However, reports in the literature on these drugs have frequently been conflicting, with a marked tendency for the results of uncontrolled studies to be much more favourable than those obtained in studies where some method of control has been adopted. Sargant (1956) has emphasized many of the social, economic, and moral implications inherent in the extravagant and indiscriminate use of tranquillizers in general and has stressed the need for the proper evaluation of their therapeutic effects. In view of this need, we undertook a controlled comparative study of the effects of two of the phenothiazine compounds, promazine (“Sparine”) and chlorpromazine (“Largactil”), in the treatment of chronic psychosis.
The Influence of Amobarbital (Amylobarbitone) and Methamphetamine on the Focus of Attention
Authors: Callaway Enoch
Published: August 2008

Certain drugs apparently alter the focus of attention. This paper deals with attempts to confirm and extend knowledge about drug influences on the focus of attention, and to relate the concept of the focus of attention to the concepts of extraversion and introversion used by Eysenck and his co-workers.
Homosexuality Among Oxford Undergraduates
Authors: Spencer S. J. G.
Published: August 2008

In Oxford, all psychiatric cases among undergraduates are referred by their general practitioners and therefore tend to be selected by them. There is no group they are more ready to pass on to the psychiatrist than the student complaining, in whatever guise, of homosexuality. It is not therefore surprising that homosexuals form a high proportion of the 100 Oxford students referred on psychiatric grounds and studied in the research underlying this paper (the mode of selection is described in Davidsonet al., 1955 and Spencer, 1957, p. 93). Opportunity was afforded also for the examination of 100 freshman controls from three Oxford Colleges (for mode of selection, seeloc. cit.). These students agreed to answer questions about their sexual development, including possible homosexual practices or interests.
The Pseudo-Mental-Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: Kratter Frederick Edward
Published: August 2008

Clinical conditions simulating various degrees of intellectual handicap have been described quite frequently in the past. Individuals with such a deficiency have been observed in increasing numbers by psychiatrists, pediatricians, psychologists and social workers in schools for the mentally defective as well as in psychiatric hospitals and mental hygiene clinics.
A Paired-Associate Learning Test for Use with Elderly Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Inglis James
Published: August 2008

In his examination of elderly patients the psychiatrist is commonly concerned to obtain some indication of the individual's “memory function“. When the psychologist is asked to help in such assessment there are at least two factors which may handicap his ability to do so. Firstly, the conception of “memory”. as popularly used, even in the clinic, is rather narrow in its connotation, having come to refer almost exclusively to the reproduction of learned material. It would seem more satisfactory, from the psychologist's point of view, to substitute instead the notion of “learning ability” since this expression has a wider meaning. It admits of the discussion of separate aspects and takes into account, for example, the two broad phases of “acquisition” and “retention“. Secondly, those tests which the psychologist may have by him which purport to assess “memory” usually suffer from a number of disadvantages. For example, as Williams (12) has recently pointed out, they are seldom so constructed as to ensure that every subject has a standard opportunity to acquire what the test requires him to reproduce; in any case few of the tests available have ever been given to elderly people, so that “normal” performance in such age groups is unknown. A more important, and less often emphasized, disadvantage, however, is that performance on such tests is commonly closely related to performance on intelligence tests, so that although the ostensible content of the material used seems to be related to “memory”, in the popular sense, what the psychologist in fact gets from them is another measure of general intellectual ability. A study by Hall (1) has shown that, for a young population at least (mean age 29.11, sd 2.77), the results of the Wechsler Memory Scale (10) correlate with results on the Wechsler Bellevue Intelligence Scale (9) almost to the degree (r=0.77) to which the intelligence measure correlates with itself (r=0.94).
Paranoid Schizophrenia in a Mongoloid Defective: Some Theoretical Considerations Derived from an Unusual Case
Authors: Neville Joseph
Published: August 2008

In the past thirty years a great deal of attention has been paid to the problems of differentiating mental deficiency from psychosis, and recognizing the distorting effects of mental defect and deprivation upon supervening mental illnesses. The incidence of psychotic syndromes in mental deficiency hospitals has been variously estimated as 5 per cent (Greene 1933), 8 per cent (Vanuxem 1935), and 11 per cent (James 1939), while a survey made by Hackbush (1935) on a very large number of patients on the waiting list for admission to mental deficiency hospitals, suggested a figure of 10 per cent. James considered that three-quarters of his psychotic group were schizophrenic, and Bergman et al. (1951) agreed that schizophrenic illnesses were very common in mental defectives. Whereas the incidence of schizophrenia in the general population is 0.85 per cent (Mayer-Gross et al. 1954), it occurs as much as nine times more frequently in certain mentally defective groups.
Symptom Clusters and Personality Types Among Psychoneurotic Men Compared with Women
Authors: Foulds G. A. , Caine T. M.
Published: August 2008

In a previous investigation (Foulds and Caine, 1958) a series of consecutive admissions (women) admitted to Runwell Hospital and diagnosed as psychoneurotic were found to divide into four groups in terms of presenting syndrome (hysteria or dysthymia) and of personality type (hysteroid or obsessive). When psychological tests were administered to these groups it was found that some measurements were related to diagnostic category whilst others were related to personality type.
Tranquillizers, a Latin Square Trial
Authors: Craft M. J.
Published: August 2008

This study is an attempt to assess the value of certain drugs commonly used in psychiatric practice in decreasing the hyperactivity of patients. It is one of a series investigating tranquillizers and mental disorder in mental deficiency practice (Craft 1958).
Prolonged Apnoea Following E.C.T. Modified by Suxethonium (Brevidil “E”)
Authors: Barker J. C. , May Anne
Published: August 2008

There have been numerous reports in recent years of prolonged apnoea resulting from the use of suxamethonium (succinylcholine, “Scoline”) in general anaesthesia and for electroplexy. For example, Grant (16) described a case of respiratory paralysis lasting 2 to 3 post-operative days following an intravenous dose of 80 mg. of suxamethonium, and Cowan (7) reported a patient who underwent a partial gastrectomy and exhibited complete apnoea for 9 hours duration after only 25 mg. of suxamethonium had been given, and who subsequently died. Hurley and Monro (22) reported apnoea lasting for 10 minutes following 20 mg. of suxamethonium used as a relaxant for electroplexy, and for 20 minutes after decamethonium iodide.
A Study on Serum Copper Level in 20 Acute Schizophrenics
Authors: Edelstein E. L. , Krassilowsky D. , Gdalia J.
Published: August 2008

Blood copper had been known to be increased in pregnancy, chronic infections and neoplasms. Since the publication of Ullrich in 1942 (9), who found an increased copper level in the blood of schizophrenics, the hypercupraemia has been recognized as possibly significant and pathognomonic in this disease. Therefore during the following years a few investigators studied this aspect and also tried to prove the implications of this fact.
An Experimental Study of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder
Authors: Payne R. W. , Mattussek P. , George E. I.
Published: August 2008

For many years, schizophrenic thought disorder has been regarded as being due to an abnormality of concept formation of some sort. However, there has not been general agreement about the nature of this abnormality. Kurt Goldstein and his followers (9, 32, 33) have argued that schizophrenics are abnormally “concrete”. That is to say, they are unable to perform inductive reasoning, since they are unable to make an abstract generalization. Norman Cameron (11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19) on the other hand argues that in one sense at least, schizophrenic concepts are over-generalized. He believes that the concepts formed by schizophrenics are “over-inclusive”. They are unable to maintain the normal conceptual boundaries, and incorporate into their concept elements (some of them personal) which are merely associated with the concept, but are not an essential part of it. This makes their thinking both over-general, and less precise than normal. A large number of studies have been carried out to test both these hypotheses.
Indoluria in Schizophrenia
Authors: Forrest A. D.
Published: August 2008

In Part I of this communication the theoretical basis for the investigation was outlined. Details of a statistical study were given and it was suggested that these confirmed a greater incidence amongst schizophrenics than normals of subjects excreting an excess of indole substances. In addition the question of hepatic dysfunction was investigated in 48 schizophrenic patients using the Cephalin-Cholesterol Flocculation Test. The results of this investigation were essentially negative.
Prognostic Factors in the Electroshock Treatment of Depressive States
Authors: Roberts Julian M.
Published: August 2008

Since its introduction in 1938 electroshock therapy (E.C.T.) has become probably the most widely applied form of physical treatment in psychiatry, despite the fact that its method and site of action are still not precisely known. Numerous investigations have been undertaken to delineate more clearly the indications for its use; notwithstanding broad agreement as to its value in depressive states and some schizophrenic syndromes there is still a paucity of evidence on which firm criteria for the prediction of outcome to treatment can be based. Most prognostic studies appeared in the first decade following the introduction of E.C.T. and were based largely on empirical clinical observations during the course of routine psychiatric practice, whereas later investigations have included more intensive and precise researches into possible psychological, physiological, biochemical and pharmacological indices of capacity to respond to electroshock.
Observations on the Pathology of Insidious Dementia Following Head Injury
Authors: Corsellis J. A. N. , Brierley J. B.
Published: August 2008

Head injury, whether single as in an accident, or recurrent as in boxing, may on rare occasions be followed by a form of insidious dementia (Bowman and Blau, 1940). The post-mortem study of such long-standing cases however is seldom undertaken, and although various pathological processes may have been postulated during life they have rarely been looked for after death. The findings in the following case are therefore reported in some detail.
Microcephaly
Authors: Brandon M. W. G. , Kirman Brian H. , Williams Cyril E.
Published: August 2008

Smallness of the cranium is one of the commonest findings in severe mental defect. Ashby and Stuart (1933 and 1934) found a correlation between brain weight and mental age of +0.15, but they regarded this as part of the more general positive correlation of +0.24 which they observed between body weight and mental age. In discussing this subject elsewhere (Hilliard and Kirman, 1957), Crome and Kirman have taken a more definite stand on this matter in so far as idiocy and imbecility are concerned and regard reduced brain weight, which is so often associated with a small cranium, as one of the major factors in reduced intelligence. Crome (1957) found marked reduction in size to be the commonest abnormality in brains of low-grade defectives.
Liver Damage in Addictive Alcoholics
Authors: Kay W. W. , Murfitt K. C. , Glatt M. M.
Published: August 2008

Almost 125 years ago Addison (1836) suggested the existence of a causal relationship between alcoholism and cirrhosis of the liver and more than 100 years ago Rokitansky noted accumulation of fat as the earliest effect on the liver of over-indulgence in alcohol (cited from Connor, 1938). Though the relative importance of infective hepatitis and alcoholism as aetiological agents in liver cirrhosis may vary a great deal in different countries, “alcohol and infective hepatitis are at present the only two unequivocal aetiological factors” (Annotation,Brit. Med. J., 1957). It is usually accepted that over-indulgence in alcoholic drinks often produces liver dysfunction—maybe in an indirect manner—which though reversible at first, tends to become irreversible as over-indulgence is continued and prolonged (Leevy, Cunniff, Walton and Healey, 1954). The terminal phases are characterized by cirrhosis, hypertrophic at first and then contracted, with ascites and eventual death. When individuals whose drinking habits lead them to this state need hospital treatment, they seem to find their way into general hospitals rather than into mental hospitals. Among them may be alcoholics of the type described by a World Health Organization Expert Committee as “habitual symptomatic excessive drinkers” (W.H.O. Rep., 1952) or “non-addictive alcoholics”, and those excessive drinkers whose alcoholism manifests itself in their “inability to stop” continual daily drinking in the face of dangerous consequences (W.H.O. Rep., 1955).
Some Criticisms of Factor Analysis with Suggestions for Alternative Methods
Authors: Creasy Monica A.
Published: August 2008

It is well known that a factor analysis may be carried out in various ways; the subjective elements involved make it by no means clear that two people beginning with the same data will arrive at the same conclusions. Furthermore, not enough attention has been paid to the confirmation of factors revealed in one analysis by repetition of the tests on another sample from a similar or different population.
Effects of 5-Hydroxytryptophan on Schizophrenia
Authors: Brengelmann J. C. , Pare C. M. B. , Sandler M.
Published: August 2008

The present investigation represents a logical continuation of a previous experiment where it was shown that the injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) alleviates the psychological effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) (Brengelmann, Pare and Sandler, 1958). LSD is of interest in psychiatry because the psychotomimetic effects of the drug bear a resemblance to schizophrenia clinically, in psychological tests and, according to Hoagland, Rinkel and Hyde (1955), in their abnormal excretion of urinary phosphate. The possibility presents itself that, in some cases of schizophrenia, the functional abnormality is similar to that produced by LSD.
Studies in Schizophrenia—VI
Authors: Fleischhacker H. H. , Lancaster J. B.
Published: August 2008

The following is a short report on the results obtained from 204 two-way paper chromatograms for urinary indoles. The material examined came from 58 schizophrenics, 34 organic psychoses, 58 affective psychoses (33 complicated by physical disease, and 25 not), 48 neurotics etc. (18 complicated by physical disease and 30 not) and 6 mentally normals.
Phenothiazine Toxicity, Extrapyramidal Seizures, and Oculogyric Crises
Authors: Paulson George
Published: August 2008

Prochlorperazine (Compazine, Stemetil) and chlorpromazine (Thorazine, Largactil) frequently produce tremor and rigidity. Less well known are the severe tonic spasms of the muscles of the head and neck which can result from these phenothiazine derivatives. This paper directs attention to these spasms and their similarity with “extrapyramidal seizures” and oculogyric crises.
Emotion and Blood-Pressure By
Authors: Innes George , Millar W. Malcolm , Valentine Max
Published: August 2008

The general aim of the experiment was to discover whether, during an interview directed at discussing the patient's life, there was any significant alteration of blood-pressure, heart rate or brain waves in association with emotional content; as it turned out, changes in blood-pressure proved to be the most rewarding field for study and in consequence this aspect was accorded more attention.
The Effect of Electro-Convulsive Therapy on Initiative
Authors: Collins G. H. , Bassett M.
Published: August 2008

Helping the senile patient is not easy, and treatment today is largely palliative. Recent cybernetic work (Ashby, 2), however, offered a suggestion that some alleviation might be possible. This paper describes briefly the underlying theory and how we investigated the matter clinically. (Only an outline of the theory can be given here.)
A Comparison of Perphenazine, (‘Fentazin’) Sodium Amylobarbitone and a Placebo in Anxious and Depressed Out-Patients
Authors: Hinton J. M.
Published: August 2008

Perphenazine is a phenothiazine derivative, recommended as a tranquillizer (Ayd, 1957; O'Reilly et al., 1957; Goldman, 1958; Preisig and Landman, 1958) and as an anti-emetic (Scurr and Robbie, 1958). The structural formula is 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-3-(2-chloro-10-phenothiazyl)-propyl-piperazine; it has also been called Fentazin and Trilafon. Its action is similar to chlorpromazine, but it is said to be 5 or 6 times as potent, the side-effects are less severe and the potentiating effect on barbiturates is minimal. Extra-pyramidal symptoms have occurred but no serious blood-disorders or jaundice have been reported. The recommended out-patient dosage is 6 to 16 mg. daily; doses of 24 to 64 mg. daily may be used with in-patients. Autonomic side-effects such as blurred vision and dry mouth are said not to occur below 40 mg. daily, hypotension not below 150 mg. daily. The purpose of this trial was to see if perphenazine improved the symptoms of out-patients with anxiety and depression, as compared with a placebo, and also to match it with a recognized and widely used sedative, sodium amylobarbitone, in order to note any difference in effect.
Controlled Trial of Straight and Modified Electroplexy
Authors: Seager C. P.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Seager, 1958) I described a retrospective examination of the records of patients who had been suffering from depressive illness and who had received electroplexy, with or without an anaesthetic or relaxant drug. The results of that survey suggested that patients who received unmodified E.C.T. were in hospital for a shorter period, received fewer treatments and were more likely to remain well than those treated with modified E.C.T. Recognizing that the method of retrospective evaluation could give rise to many errors which would affect the results, I have now carried out a controlled trial of these treatments. The aim of the trial was to ascertain any difference between the results of modified and unmodified electroplexy, and if so, to find out which factor or factors were responsible for the difference.
Methylphenidate (“Ritalin”): An Adjunct to Psychotherapy
Authors: Blair Robert A. , Shafar Susanne , Krawiecki Jurand A.
Published: August 2008

The authors have independently used drug-aided psychotherapeutic techniques. Some good results were being obtained but we were not entirely satisfied with existing agents. The first few applications of parenteral “Ritalin” appeared promising and prompted the work on which this paper is based.
An Investigation of Relationship Between Birth-Duration and Childhood Anxieties
Authors: Bolin B. J.
Published: August 2008

Historical Background. The possibility of relationship between a person's birth experiences and his later reaction tendencies has long been recognized. Such recognition is expressed in the ancient Chinese saying (translated approximately), “Difficult birth, difficult child”. As early as 1794, Erasmus Darwin (4) wrote that “the association of the disagreeable sensations and actions occasioned by birth” persists throughout life and forms the basis of all later fear reactions.
Adaptation and Conditioning of the Galvanic Skin Response in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Stewart M. A. , Winokur G. , Stern J. A. , Guze S. B. , Pfeiffer E. , Hornung F.
Published: August 2008

There is a considerable literature dealing with the relation of anxiety to conditioning performance in human subjects. When compared with normal subjects, those with marked anxiety have been observed to show more rapid conditioning and slower extinction of certain responses. Typical observations have been those of Taylor (17) concerning conditioned eyelid responses, and of Welch (20), and Bitterman and Holtzman (3), concerning the galvanic skin response. In contrast, Bindra et al. (2) found no difference in the conditioning of salivary responses between anxious and non-anxious subjects.
The Treatment of Depressive States with Imipramine Hydrochloride (Tofranil)
Authors: Leyberg J. T. , Denmark J. C.
Published: August 2008

Drug treatment of depressive states has hitherto been somewhat disappointing but recent reports by Kuhn (1957, 1958), Kielholz and Battegay (1958) from Switzerland, and Azimo and Vispo (1958) from Canada have claimed that imipramine hydrochloride (Tofranil) has “thymoleptic” qualities and is of specific therapeutic value in states of endogenous depression and allied affective disorders.
Size Constancy and Abstract Thinking in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Weckowicz T. E. , Blewett D. B.
Published: August 2008

For many years both clinicians and researchers have been interested in the thought disorders found in schizophrenic patients. Bleuler (4) believed that “weakness” or “looseness” of association was the primary disorder in schizophrenia. However his views were based on the associationist approach to the theory of thinking, which was buried a long time ago by the advent of Gestalt psychology, and even before that by the work of the “Denkpsychologie” school of Würzburg. The founders of the Würzburg School, Külpe, Ach, Watt and Marbe (31, 1, 56, 34) showed conclusively that the thinking process cannot be reduced to association of ideas and they introduced the concepts of “aufgabe” and of “einstellung”, which represented some kind of imageless directional and selective influences in the thought process. A suggestion was made by Paul Schilder (47) that it was this super-ordinate directionality and selectivity of thought process which was affected in schizophrenia. An attempt to apply the principles of formal Aristotelian logic to schizophrenic thinking was made by Von Domarus (17) who found that schizophrenics tended in their propositions to identify the subject with the predicate.
Stress Reactivity in Relation to Delinquent and Psychopathic Behaviour
Authors: Tong J. E.
Published: August 2008

Anxiety, either manifest or in the form of non-specific emotional disturbance, has been widely accepted as an operative factor in the personality structure of delinquent subjects (Aichhorn, 1; Burt, 5; Friedlander, 17; Stott, 53), and at present it appears that cognitive factors have little or no bearing upon the problem (Marcus, 43; Woodward, 61). By regarding anxiety or activated stress as a stimulus producing response (Hull, 24, 25; Miller, 45), delinquent behaviour has been postulated as learned responsiveness to anxiety or stress, which also functions as a learnable drive (Tong, 55). Previous investigations using Rorschach, persistence and galvanic skin response indices of anxiety or emotional disturbance have shown that there are significant variations according to both the nature of the conduct disorder (sex, violence, larceny, etc.), and ratings of stability (Tong, 54, 55). Different forms of conduct disorder are also known to carry different relapse potentialities, so that sex offenders, for example, are less likely to relapse than are larceny offenders (Mannheim and Wilkins, 42; Tong and Mackay, 60), although it is possible that different methods of treatment or disposal influence the likelihood of relapse for different sex offenders (Radzinowicz, 48). Prediction tables have been constructed for the purpose of more accurately assessing the most unstable offenders (42), and although such systems carry an encouraging degree of reliability it is apparent that greater reliability in prediction will only follow more accurate personality assessment than is possible by the use of impressionistic methods alone (58). Only knowledge of the relevant personality variables will lead to accurate assessment of change in subjects for whom the significant historical factors necessarily remain fixed. Furthermore, assessment techniques must be relatively unaffected by intelligence, education and rapport factors.
The Prediction and Assessment of Psychological Changes Following Prefrontal Lobotomy
Authors: McReynolds Paul , Weide Marian
Published: August 2008

This paper reports the results of a series of psychological tests and behavioural scales obtained upon psychotic patients who were given prefrontal lobotomies at the Palo Alto Veterans Administration Hospital during the years 1947 through 1954. Psychological testing procedures were administered both before and at given intervals following operation, and comparisons were made of the pre-operative measures to degree of improvement. Also, an evaluation was made of changes in the measures over time following lobotomy.
Adrenal Lipoids as Seen Post Mortem in Schizophrenia
Authors: Beattie Myra K. , Heasman M. A.
Published: August 2008

During an investigation of the morbid anatomy of pituitary and adrenal glands of an unselected series of mental hospital patients (1), it was noted that adrenal sudanophilic material and birefringence were reduced in many cases of schizophrenia. It was therefore decided to make a statistical study of such cases in order to determine if any significance could be attached to the findings and if so, to consider how the facts might be related to present knowledge of schizophrenia.
Chance and Design in Psychotherapy
Authors: Kennedy Alexander
Published: August 2008

The purpose of psychotherapy does not differ essentially from that of the treatment of sickness generally. It is to relieve distress and promote efficiency of mind while improving the patient's adaptation to the group in which he lives, to their mutual benefit. Before psychotherapy can be prescribed or undertaken, a diagnostic review is necessary of the relationship between the patient's psychophysical constitution and the stresses to which he has been and is being exposed. This relationship is a complex one which involves the effects of previous stresses and the way in which they have been surmounted or have left their mark. The introduction of a third complex entity, the method and personality of the therapist, renders the total situation too involved for detailed comprehension and logical analysis, especially if the therapy is to be of the causal-anamnestic or comprehensive kind which is not content simply to deal with symptoms and their immediate causes. In the presence of this degree of complexity—well beyond the range of mental encompassment by one mind at one time—the psychotherapist must walk in humility, for he can rarely feel justified in thinking that he knows exactly what is going on.
A Note on Questionnaire Rigidity and Extreme Response Set
Authors: Brengelmann J. C.
Published: August 2008

This brief report draws attention to some recent results showing that questionnaire measures of rigidity and extreme response set, which are regarded as closely related variables, are likely to possess a much higher degree of generality than usually accepted and that they play an important part in the measurement of normal and abnormal personality.
An Evaluation of Iproniazid (Marsilid) in the Treatment of Depression
Authors: Rees Linford , Benaim S.
Published: August 2008

Iproniazid (1-isonicotinyl, 2-isopropyl hydrazine phosphate) was discovered by Fox and Gibas (1953) whilst working on new synthetic compounds for the treatment of tuberculosis.
Psychological Measures As Used to Predict Psychiatric Improvement and to Assess Behavioural Changes Following Prefrontal Lobotomy
Authors: McReynolds Paul , Weide Marian
Published: August 2008

The advent of the various tranquillizing drugs during the past few years and their increasing use in mental hospitals have had the effect of drastically decreasing the number of lobotomies performed. At our hospital, e.g., the last lobotomy was performed in November, 1954; previous to that time 131 such operations had been done in seven years. To all intents and purposes lobotomy is a therapeutic procedure no longer used for psychiatric purposes. This may change, of course—it may be decided that for certain patients a lobotomy is still the treatment of choice. Or, it may be that in the years to come lobotomy will be of interest chiefly to medical historians.
Variations in Skin Resistance and Their Relationship to G.S.R. Conditioning
Authors: Martin Irene
Published: August 2008

Any particular system which is being conditioned is likely to maintain a certain level of background activity throughout the experimental procedure; either of a discontinuous nature, as, for example, with eyeblink, heart rate and respiratory cycle, or continuously, as in the case of basal skin resistance and muscle tonus. This background activity or level of arousal does not remain constant but usually varies in time, presumably as a result of underlying neural excitation or inhibition. It may increase throughout an experiment if the subject becomes highly motivated, as with the gradients of muscle action potentials observed by Bartoshuk (1955), or decrease, if the subject becomes more relaxed and familiar with the set-up, as Duffy and Lacey (1946) found with level of skin conductance.
The Effects of Meprobamate on Perception
Authors: Costello C. G.
Published: August 2008

A number of recent studies of apparent movement have been designed with Kohler and Wallach's satiation theory or some similar theory of cortical processes as their basis. The work has been reviewed in some detail (4) and we shall concern ourselves here only with those studies that are both less equivocal and directly relevant to the present study.
The Effects of Meprobamate on Perception
Authors: Costello C. G.
Published: August 2008

There is no discussion in Stevens' (16) or Osgood's (14) textbooks of experimental psychology of the contribution of cortical functions to the production of visual after-images. Woodworth (19) presents a theory of after-images involving the cortex in the first edition of his book. It is not repeated in the second edition. There is, however, a large number of reported studies indicating the importance of cortical functions in the production of after-images (e.g. 1, 3, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 17). In view of these studies it was decided to use the afterimage in a further attempt to verify or disprove the drug action hypothesis advanced by Eysenck in a previous paper (2). This hypothesis stated that stimulant drugs increased excitatory potential and decreased inhibitory potential, while depressant drugs decreased excitatory potential and increased inhibitory potential.
A Controlled Trial of Hypothermia in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Hays Peter , Woolfson Gerald , Krikler Berenice , Day Brian
Published: August 2008

Physical methods play an important part in psychiatric treatment. The roles of electroconvulsive therapy and, to a lesser extent, insulin coma therapy, are fairly well-defined and their effectiveness recognized, though different authorities qualify their recognition in various ways.
Toxic Amblyopia from Perphenazine (Fentazin)
Authors: Johnson W.
Published: August 2008

Since the introduction of chlorpromazine with its troublesome side-effects, jaundice, leucopenia, agranulocytosis, photosensivity, etc., the search for safer and more therapeutically effective tranquillizers has continued unabated. Variations of the phenothiazine derivatives based on the promazine ring have been continually introduced with the aim of increased effectiveness together with greater safety.
Response to Some Stimulant and Depressant Drugs of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Marley Edward
Published: August 2008

Nearly one hundred years ago, Anstie (1864) wrote: “Among the too frequent instances which are to be found in medical nomenclature, of confusion and uncertainty in the application of descriptive terms, there is none, perhaps, more striking than is occupied by the words Narcotic and Stimulant.” Both classes of substance embrace drugs of antiquity. Thus of the depressants, alcohol dates from the time of the Thracian god, Dionysus, while the earliest use of stimulants such as caffeine and xanthine is lost in the obscurity of the past (Goodman and Gilman, 1955a). Even today, there exists no systematized codification of response to the two classes of drug, although it is implicitly assumed that stimulants and depressants are invariably and mutually antagonistic in their effect on the central nervous system. Advantage was therefore taken of phenomena arising during drug intoxications to categorize abnormal features in the central nervous system common to each of the two classes of intoxicant and to essay a comparison, the one with the other.
Normal and Abnormal Depersonalization
Authors: Roberts W. W.
Published: August 2008

This paper is offered as a contribution to the better understanding of depersonalization. It is divided into two sections. In the first section an account is given of the occurrence of brief episodes of depersonalization in young normal adults. In the second section a consistent interpretation of the symptoms of the syndrome itself is attempted. The two sections are loosely connected; the conclusion drawn from the study of the material in the first section—that it is the persistence, and not the nature of depersonalization which is abnormal—needs to be applied to the considerations advanced in the second. The interpretation will do as well for the brief experiences as for the established syndrome. The writer hopes that—if the interpretation is acceptable—the way will be cleared for attention to the remaining problem posed by this perplexing condition; why, in some cases, it endures. The following abbreviations are used throughout: For the depersonalization syndrome DP; for the depersonalization symptom,dp; for derealization,dr; for desomatization,ds; for the loss of feeling which frequently accompanies the other symptoms,dE; for visualization,vs, and for loss of visualization,dv; for the slowing-up of subjective time,dT.
Hallucinations as a Disorder of Gestalt Function
Authors: Fish Frank , Forrest Alistair , Macpherson E.
Published: August 2008

The authors wish to describe and discuss a patient suffering from a sub-acute organic psychiatric syndrome, who appeared to have visual hallucinations. One of us (F.F.) had been interested in the attempt of K. Conrad (1953a, b) to apply Gestalt Theory to the psychiatric syndromes due to coarse brain disease. When he heard of this case, he felt that the psychological approach of Conrad would explain the patient's unusual symptoms. The case was under the immediate care of Dr. A. Forrest and psychological testing had been carried out by Mr. E. Macpherson. The three authors decided that the case merited publication in view of its considerable clinical and theoretical interest.
Clinical Observations on the use of Perphenazine (Fentazin) in Mental Hospital Patients
Authors: Roughead P. , Paterson L. , Barrett J. , Robertson A. , Whittaker C.
Published: August 2008

The value of phenothiazine derivatives in psychiatric practice is well established, but in spite of their undoubted usefulness in certain psychiatric disorders none has proved entirely acceptable. The introduction of a new derivative that is reported to be less toxic than earlier phenothiazine derivatives and highly active in small doses merits investigation and trial.
Five-Year Follow-Up of Results of Reserpine Therapy in Mental Hospital Practice
Authors: Maggs Ronald , Ellison R. M.
Published: August 2008

Reserpine was first used extensively in mental hospital practice in this country in 1954. Conflicting reports as to its usefulness in psychiatry have appeared and, before a standardized assessment of the drug could be made, investigators examined the combined use of reserpine and chlorpromazine (Barsa and Kline, 3). Hare et al. (10) have pointed out that there is a sequence of events in the investigation of a new drug that is associated with a fluctuating enthusiasm as to its usefulness, and it is our belief that a commentary now on the present use of reserpine would not be out of place. Kline (13) was one of the first to describe the use of reserpine in American psychiatric practice, and his report was shortly followed in this country by those of Foote (8) and Glynn (9). These early studies were essentially preliminary investigations and concerned the use of reserpine in groups of patients, sometimes small, or of one sex. Other more extensive North American investigations by Noce et al. (17) and Azima et al. (2) showed that the beneficial effect of the drug was not as widespread as originally thought, even with adequate dosage, in schizophrenia. Barsa and Kline (4) produced further conflicting evidence that the drug was of value in all kinds of mental illness, although in a later paper in 1956 (3) they outlined the comparative uses of reserpine when contrasted with chlorpromazine.
The Electroencephalogram, Obsessional Illness and Obsessional Personality
Authors: Ingram I. M. , McAdam W. A.
Published: August 2008

A clinical relationship between obsessional illness and epilepsy is unusual, but the few electroencephalographic (EEG) investigations of obsessional patients which have been published claim a high incidence of abnormal electrical activity. Records of twenty-six neurotic and five schizophrenic patients, all with obsessional symptoms, were examined by Pacellaet al.(13), who found twenty-two of the thirty-one EEGs to be abnormal. Fourteen showed definite convulsive patterns with frequent 2–4 c.p.s. activity and increased high voltage waves after overbreathing. Rockwell and Simons (14) found only two abnormal records in eleven uncomplicated obsessional neurotics, using Gibb's criteria of normality, but of ten patients classified as psychopathic personalities with obsessional symptoms, all had abnormal EEGs although two were borderline. Their definition of psychopathic personality is not made explicit and the clinical distinction between their two groups is unclear. Jarvie (4) reports a case in which slow activity on hyperventilation in the EEG was associated with phobias and obsessional impulses preceded by a two-year history of episodes of rage.
“New Lamps for Old”
Authors: Bailey R.
Published: August 2008

Fifty-one years have elapsed since the Report of the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded was published and paved the way for the Mental Deficiency Act of 1913. Since that time two developments have taken place. On the one hand the administrative procedures for dealing with defectives on the basis of the Act and its amendments have been clearly defined and formalized. On the other there has been a continuous development and expansion of our social and welfare services. These developments, which should have been complementary in their aims, have in fact often proved conflicting in effect, because mental deficiency until very recently was bound to outmoded procedures which were designed to segregate the defective from the community rather than to integrate him with it, and give him the opportunities for re-socialization which our modern welfare services afford. The original belief that a hereditary neuropathic diathesis lay at the root, of most of our social ills and would sooner or later lead to national degeneracy has been replaced by scientific genetic studies, and by medical research into the aetiology of the condition, and the associated problems involved in the training and employability of the defective. Increasing professional and public recognition of the inherent faults of existing mental deficiency legislation led to the setting up of the Royal Commission on the Law Relating to Mental Illness and Mental Deficiency which published its report in May, 1957, and this in its turn has prepared the way for the Mental Health Bill which is at present in the final stages of its passage through Parliament.
Huntington's Chorea—Some Biochemical and Therapeutic Aspects
Authors: Oliphant J. , Evans J. I. , Forrest A. D.
Published: August 2008

Huntington's Chorea presents us with a good “model” of brain disease in that we know the extent of the contribution of heredity, in contrast to a condition such as schizophrenia regarding which many authors (cf. Alanen, 1958) would be prepared to defend the concept of pseudo-heredity. Secondly the disease carries a fairly uniform prognosis, and finally it results in a distinctive disturbance of motor function which permits of some accuracy in diagnosis and some criterion for objective measurement.
Chlorpromazine and Pecazine in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Hurst Lindsay
Published: August 2008

In this paper the effect of chlorpromazine is compared with that of pecazinet on the schizophrenic population of three chronic psychiatric wards.

Delay, Deniker and Harl (1952) introduced chlorpromazine into psychiatry. Pecazine was first used by Kline and Jacob (1955) and Hiob and Hippius (1955). Thorpe and Baker (1956), in a double-blind, controlled trial, found that both drugs reduced tension significantly in deteriorated, female, schizophrenic patients. Baker and Thorpe (1957) found that pecazine did not significantly reduce daytime incontinence in deteriorated psychotic patients. The trial was controlled and blind. Jones (unpublished), in a double-blind, controlled trial on disturbed psychotic patients, found chlorpromazine to be effective but could find no evidence that pecazine had any effect.
Clinical Trials with Melleril (TP21) in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Sandison R. A. , Whitelaw Eileen , Currie J. D. C.
Published: August 2008

The authors undertook to investigate the effects of two new phenothiazine derivatives on schizophrenic patients. Over a period of two years a series of clinical trials have been carried out on approximately 260 patients, some controlled, some uncontrolled. These drugs, known as Melleril (TP21) and KS75 are chemically related. Although Melleril was ultimately selected as the drug of choice we have, for statistical reasons, included some of the findings with KS75.
Electrocoagulation of the Cerebral Orbital Projection in the Persistent Depressive Psychoses of the Elderly
Authors: Thorpe F. T.
Published: August 2008

The tranquillizing drugs are used so extensively in the control of psychotic states that the wave of enthusiasm threatens to swamp the entire therapeutic field. Yet, until the scope and limitations of these drugs have been established it would be unwise to neglect advances in other methods of treatment. Prefrontal leucotomy has long since passed the crest of its wave, and in recent years conservative operative techniques and a more selective field of clinical application have rendered it a valuable treatment for certain groups of patients.
Hypnotic Methods in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Peberdy G. R.
Published: August 2008

An outstanding problem with neurotics in the psychiatric out-patient clinic is that of coping with the pressure of numbers whilst continuing to afford an adequate degree of therapy. Views do evidently vary enormously as to what constitutes adequate therapy. Within the same clinic it is possible to find one psychiatrist habitually seeing neurotic patients at weekly returns, and another seeing comparable patients once or twice only. The higher frequency of interviews gravely limits the case load and is only slightly preferable to the other extreme in which the service provided is discouraging both the patients and home doctor. It might be agreed that if the symptoms which the patient first presents are thought capable of abatement, then therapy should be afforded through the clinic until some reasonable moderation of the disability is established and progressive. It is presumably also justifiable to continue clinic attention where such work may be expected to prevent or much to limit an otherwise certain deterioration.
Clinical and Endocrinological Effects of Hydroxyzine
Authors: Assael M. , Sulman F. G. , Winnik H. Z.
Published: August 2008

In earlier papers we have shown that ataraxic drugs whose main point of attack lies in the hypothalamic area are able to evoke endocrine effects (1, 2, 3). These are obviously the result of depression of the reticular formation and hypothalamic centres responsible for the anterior pituitary's endocrine activity.
General Paresis of the Insane in Peking Between 1933 and 1943
Authors: Liu M. C.
Published: August 2008

Although some years have passed since the end of the period under consideration, the subject matter is not altogether inappropriate. Neurosyphilis is now rare, though by no means completely abolished in the Western countries, and it is necessary to bear it in mind, for long-forgotten and undiagnosed cases are still liable to confront busy practitioners or specialists. In many parts of the world the situation is different and neurosyphilis is still frequently seen. Its global incidence may be waning but it is not yet a historical curiosity.