bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Fourier-Domain and Time-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography in the Measurement of Thinnest Corneal Thickness in Keratoconus
Authors: Wang Chunxiao , Xia Xueying , Tian Bishan , Zhou Shiyou
Published: June 2015

Objective. To compare fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) and time-domain OCT (TD-OCT) in the determination of thinnest corneal thickness (TCT).Methods. This study included 55 keratoconus patients and 50 healthy volunteers. The RTVue-OCT (FD-OCT) and Visante-OCT (TD-OCT) were used for the measurement of the TCT. Three consecutive scans were performed. The comparison and agreement between the two modalities were analyzed by pairedt-test, the Pearson correlation, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and Bland-Altman plots. intraobserver repeatability was analyzed by the intraobserver within-subject standard deviation (S(w)), coefficient of variation (CV(w)), and ICC.Results. The TCT value of normal corneas was higher by RTVue-OCT (530.4 ± 19.7 μm) than Visante-OCT (521.5 ± 18.3 μm) (p<0.001). For keratoconus eyes, the TCT was 425.0 ± 58.2 μm and 424.4 ± 55.7 μm (difference being 0.6 ± 10.2 μm,p=0.604). Strong correlation (r= 0.938∼0.985) (ICC = 0.915–0.984) was observed between the two OCTs, and each OCT exhibited excellent repeatability in determining the TCT in all subjects (ICC = 0.984–0.994).Conclusions. The values of TCT obtained from RTVue-OCT and Visante-OCT were highly correlated; however, the two values were different. Both OCT instruments exhibited good intraobserver reliability. The existence of systematic differences suggested that the two instruments cannot be used interchangeably.
A PD-Type Iterative Learning Control for a Class of Switched Discrete-Time Systems with Model Uncertainties and External Noises
Authors: Yang Xuan
Published: June 2015

A PD-type iterative learning control algorithm is applied to a class of linear discrete-time switched systems for tracking desired trajectories. The application is based on assumption that the switched systems repetitively operate over a finite time interval and the switching rules are arbitrarily prespecified. By taking advantage of the super-vector approach, a sufficient condition of the monotone convergence of the algorithm is deduced when both the model uncertainties and the external noises are absent. Then the robust monotone convergence is analyzed when the model uncertainties are present and the robustness against the bounded external noises is discussed. The analysis manifests that the proposed PD-type iterative learning control algorithm is feasible and effective when it is imposed on the linear switched systems specified by the arbitrarily preset switching rules. The attached simulations support the feasibility and the effectiveness.
The Protective Effect of Radix Polygoni Multiflori on Diabetic Encephalopathy via Regulating Myosin Light Chain Kinase Expression
Authors: He Yu , Wang Feng , Chen Shiqiang , Liu Mi , Pan Wei , Li Xing
Published: June 2015

Currently there has been no effective treatment of diabetic encephalopathy. Radix Polygoni Multiflori, a famous traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in antiaging treatment, especially in prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s diseases. In this study we tried to explore the effect of Radix Polygoni Multiflori on cognitive function among diabetic rats with demonstrated cognitive impairment. SD rats were divided into group A (control group), group B (diabetes), group C (treated with Radix Polygoni Multiflori at the dose of 2 g/kg/d), and group D (treated with same drug at the dose of 1 g/kg/d). The results showed that 8 weeks of Radix Polygoni Multiflori treatment could improve the cognitive dysfunction of diabetic rats (P<0.01), recover the ultrastructure of hippocampal neurons, and increase the number of synapses in a dose-dependent manner. Further experiment also suggested that the neuroprotective effect of Radix Polygoni Multiflori was partly achieved by downregulating MLCK expression in hippocampus via ERK signaling.
The Effect of Pulse Vaccination and Treatment on SIR Epidemic Model with Media Impact
Authors: He Zhi-Long , Nie Lin-Fei
Published: June 2015

We propose a novel SIR epidemic dynamical control model with media impact, where the state dependent pulse vaccination and medication treatment control strategies are being introduced to prevent the spread of disease at different control threshold values. By using the geometry theory of differential equation and method of successor function, the existence of positive order-1 periodic solution is studied. Further, some sufficient conditions of the orbitally asymptotical stability for positive order-1 periodic solution are given by the analog Poincaré criterion. Furthermore, numerical simulations are carried to illustrate the feasibility of our main results presented here.
High Order Differential Frequency Hopping: Design and Analysis
Authors: Li Yong , Yao Fuqiang , Xu Ba
Published: June 2015

This paper considers spectrally efficient differential frequency hopping (DFH) system design. Relying on time-frequency diversity over large spectrum and high speed frequency hopping, DFH systems are robust against hostile jamming interference. However, the spectral efficiency of conventional DFH systems is very low due to only using the frequency of each channel. To improve the system capacity, in this paper, we propose an innovative high order differential frequency hopping (HODFH) scheme. Unlike in traditional DFH where the message is carried by the frequency relationship between the adjacent hops using one order differential coding, in HODFH, the message is carried by the frequency and phase relationship using two-order or higher order differential coding. As a result, system efficiency is increased significantly since the additional information transmission is achieved by the higher order differential coding at no extra cost on either bandwidth or power. Quantitative performance analysis on the proposed scheme demonstrates that transmission through the frequency and phase relationship using two-order or higher order differential coding essentially introduces another dimension to the signal space, and the corresponding coding gain can increase the system efficiency.
Novel FGFR1 and KISS1R Mutations in Chinese Kallmann Syndrome Males with Cleft Lip/Palate
Authors: Xu Hao , Niu Yonghua , Wang Tao , Liu Simin , Xu Hua , Wang Shaogang , Liu Jihong , Ye Zhangqun
Published: June 2015

Kallmann syndrome (KS) is characterized by isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) with anosmia and is sometimes associated with cleft lip/palate (CLP). In order to describe the clinical features, genetic etiology, and treatment outcome of KS males with CLP, we performed genetic screening for 15 known causal IHH genes (KAL1, FGFR1, NELF, FGF8, CHD7, WDR11, SEMA3A, KISS1R, KISS1, PROKR2, PROK2, TAC3, TACR3, GNRH1, and GNRHR) in four KS with CLP patients and six IHH patients without CLP. Two novel heterozygous missense mutations in FGFR1, (NM_001174066): c.776G>A (p.G259E) and (NM_001174066): c.358C>T (p.R120C), were identified in a 23-year-old KS male with cleft lip and an 18-year-old KS patient with cleft lip and palate, dental agenesis, and high arched palate, respectively. These two mutations were not presented in their healthy parents and 200 normal controls. One novel heterozygous missense mutation in KISS1R, (NM_032551): c.587C>A (p.P196H), was identified in an 18-year-old KS male with cleft lip and dental agenesis who developed sperm after being treated with gonadotropin. This mutation was also presented in his healthy father and grandfather. These results have implications for the diagnosis, genetic counseling, and treatment of KS and CLP males with mutations in FGFR1 gene.
Discrete-Time Nonlinear Control of VSC-HVDC System
Authors: Qian TianTian , Miao ShiHong
Published: June 2015

Because VSC-HVDC is a kind of strong nonlinear, coupling, and multi-input multioutput (MIMO) system, its control problem is always attracting much attention from scholars. And a lot of papers have done research on its control strategy in the continuous-time domain. But the control system is implemented through the computer discrete sampling in practical engineering. It is necessary to study the mathematical model and control algorithm in the discrete-time domain. The discrete mathematical model based on output feedback linearization and discrete sliding mode control algorithm is proposed in this paper. And to ensure the effectiveness of the control system in the quasi sliding mode state, the fast output sampling method is used in the output feedback. The results from simulation experiment in MATLAB/SIMULINK prove that the proposed discrete control algorithm can make the VSC-HVDC system have good static, dynamic, and robust characteristics in discrete-time domain.
microRNA Biomarker Discovery and High-Throughput DNA Sequencing Are Possible Using Long-term Archived Serum Samples
Authors: Rounge Trine B. , Lauritzen Marianne , Langseth Hilde , Enerly Espen , Lyle Robert , Gislefoss Randi E.
Published: June 2015

Background: The impacts of long-term storage and varying preanalytical factors on the quality and quantity of DNA and miRNA from archived serum have not been fully assessed. Preanalytical and analytical variations and degradation may introduce bias in representation of DNA and miRNA and may result in loss or corruption of quantitative data.

Methods: We have evaluated DNA and miRNA quantity, quality, and variability in samples stored up to 40 years using one of the oldest prospective serum collections in the world, the Janus Serumbank, a biorepository dedicated to cancer research.

Results: miRNAs are present and stable in archived serum samples frozen at −25°C for at least 40 years. Long-time storage did not reduce miRNA yields; however, varying preanalytical conditions had a significant effect and should be taken into consideration during project design. Of note, 500 μL serum yielded sufficient miRNA for qPCR and small RNA sequencing and on average 650 unique miRNAs were detected in samples from presumably healthy donors. Of note, 500 μL serum yielded sufficient DNA for whole-genome sequencing and subsequent SNP calling, giving a uniform representation of the genomes.

Conclusions: DNA and miRNA are stable during long-term storage, making large prospectively collected serum repositories an invaluable source for miRNA and DNA biomarker discovery.

Impact: Large-scale biomarker studies with long follow-up time are possible utilizing biorepositories with archived serum and state-of-the-art technology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 24(9); 1381–7. ©2015 AACR.
Network Meta-Analysis of Onychomycosis Treatments
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Daigle Deanne , Foley Kelly A.
Published: June 2015

Background: Many onychomycosis treatments have not been directly compared in head-to-head clinical trials. Objective: To determine the relative efficacy of onychomycosis treatments using network meta-analysis (NMA). Methods: We conducted a systematic review and NMA of mycological cure rates. Results: Nineteen trials were included in the network. Terbinafine 250 mg was significantly superior to all treatments except itraconazole 400 mg pulse therapy. The itraconazole 400 mg pulse regimen was significantly superior to all topicals except efinaconazole 10% nail solution. Itraconazole 200 mg was significantly superior to all topical treatments, while fluconazole 150-450 mg, efinaconazole 10% nail solution, tavaborole 5% nail solution, ciclopirox nail lacquer 8%, terbinafine nail solution, and amorolfine 5% nail lacquer were significantly superior to placebo. Conclusions: Newly developed topicals have improved the odds ratios (ORs) of mycological cure, yet these ORs were not significantly greater than preexisting topical treatments. Further experience with these agents will reveal their clinical significance, and head-to-head trials are warranted.
Different Impacts of Luminosity on Contrast Vision in Eyes with Transparent Optic Media and with Cataract Simulation
Authors: Smedowski Adrian , Mikus-Zagorska Karolina , Jakubowska Agnieszka , Piotrowska-Gwozdz Anna , Piotrowska-Seweryn Agnieszka , Orchel Patrycja , Pojda-Wilczek Dorota
Published: June 2015

Objective: To evaluate the effect of luminous intensity on contrast vision under different ocular conditions. Materials and Methods: Ninety eyes of 45 persons were included in this study as follows: 30 healthy eyes, 30 eyes with cataract simulation (using translucent glasses), and 30 myopic eyes. Contrast sensitivity was examined using 5 spatial frequencies (1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 12.0, and 18.0 cycles per degree) of sine wave contrast test optotypes for 4 light intensities (34, 68, 154, and 240 cd/m2). Results: The mean linear contrast sensitivities averaged over the frequencies for each of the 4 light intensities were: healthy eyes: 59 ± 11, 72 ± 16, 79 ± 23, and 80 ± 19; myopic eyes: 52 ± 13, 67 ± 15, 73 ± 21, and 75 ± 18, and cataract simulation eyes: 15 ± 7, 21 ± 8.6, 28.7 ± 13, and 28.6 ± 13, respectively. The linear contrast sensitivities averaged over the light intensities for each of the 5 spatial frequencies were: healthy eyes: 78, 87, 117, 59, and 21; myopic eyes: 65, 84, 109, 54, and 29, and cataract simulation eyes: 37, 41, 28, 8, and 2. Conclusions: The light intensity level had a positive effect on the contrast sensitivity of the examined eyes, except for eyes with cataract simulation, where even the maximum light intensity did not improve the contrast vision. This indicates that patients with cataracts require increased contrast of text rather than brighter illumination to improve the quality of their vision.
Translational Genomics in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Tekola-Ayele Fasil , Rotimi Charles N.
Published: June 2015

Translation of genomic discoveries into patient care is slowly becoming a reality in developed economies around the world. In contrast, low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) have participated minimally in genomic research for several reasons including the lack of coherent national policies, the limited number of well-trained genomic scientists, poor research infrastructure, and local economic and cultural challenges. Recent initiatives such as the Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3Africa), the Qatar Genome Project, and the Mexico National Institute of Genomic Medicine (INMEGEN) that aim to address these problems through capacity building and empowerment of local researchers have sparked a paradigm shift. In this short communication, we describe experiences of small-scale medical genetics and translational genomic research programs in LMIC. The lessons drawn from these programs drive home the importance of addressing resource, policy, and sociocultural dynamics to realize the promise of precision medicine driven by genomic science globally. By echoing lessons from a bench-to-community translational genomic research, we advocate that large-scale genomic research projects can be successfully linked with health care programs. To harness the benefits of genomics-led health care, LMIC governments should begin to develop national genomics policies that will address human and technology capacity development within the context of their national economic and sociocultural uniqueness. These policies should encourage international collaboration and promote the link between the public health program and genomics researchers. Finally, we highlight the potential catalytic roles of the global community to foster translational genomics in LMIC.
High Cholesterol Awareness, Treatment, and Control Among Hispanic/Latinos: Results From the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos
Authors: Rodriguez Carlos J. , Cai Jianwen , Swett Katrina , González Hector M. , Talavera Gregory A. , Wruck Lisa M. , Wassertheil‐Smoller Sylvia , Lloyd‐Jones Donald , Kaplan Robert , Daviglus Martha L.
Published: June 2015

Background

We assessed high cholesterol (
HC
) awareness, treatment, and control rates among
US
Hispanic/Latino adults and describe factors associated with
HC
awareness and management.

Methods and Results

Baseline data (collected 2008–2011) from a multisite probability sample of Hispanic/Latino adults in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (18 to 74 years old; N=16 207) were analyzed.
HC
was defined as low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol ≥130 mg/dL and/or total cholesterol ≥240 mg/dL or use of cholesterol‐lowering medication. Among Hispanic/Latino adults with
HC
, almost half (49.3%) were not aware of their condition and only 29.5% were receiving treatment. Men had a higher
HC
prevalence than women (44.0% versus 40.5%) but a lower rate of treatment (28.1% versus 30.6%). Younger adults were significantly less likely to be
HC
aware compared to those who were older. Those with hypertension, diabetes, and high socioeconomic position were more likely to be
HC
aware.
US
‐born Hispanic/Latino were more likely to be
HC
unaware than foreign‐born Hispanics/Latinos, but longer
US
residency was significantly associated with being
HC
aware, treated, and controlled. Cholesterol control was achieved among 64.3% of those who were
HC
treated. However, younger adults, women, those with lower income, those uninsured, and more recent immigrants were less likely to be
HC
controlled. Individuals of Puerto Rican or Dominican background were most likely to be
HC
aware and treated, whereas those of Mexican or Central American background were least likely to be
HC
treated. Individuals of Cuban and South American background had the lowest rates of
HC
control, whereas Puerto Ricans had the highest.

Conclusions

Understanding gaps in
HC
awareness, treatment, and control among
US
Hispanic/Latino adults can help inform physicians and policymakers to improve disease management and patient education programs.
Is Hebrews 5:11-6:20 Really a Disgression?
Authors: Guzmán Ron , Martin Michael W.
Published: June 2015

This study challenges the view that Heb 5:11-6:20 is a “digression”—a view so widely held as to be a near consensus in scholarship today, and a view that renders the controversial materials of chapter six tangential to the central purposes of the speech. The study gives consideration to ancient rhetorical theory concerning digressio, surveying the major handbooks that discuss the figure. On the basis of this survey, the study argues that only Heb 5:11-14 displays the essential characteristics of digressio. Moreover, in its position and function, this digressio actually points to the controversial materials of chapter six as central to the speech’s cause.
A Survey of Κοινωνία and Its Cognates in Documentary Sources
Authors: Ogereau Julien M.
Published: June 2015

This article consists of the summary of a comprehensive survey of the terms κοινωνία, κοινωνός, and κοινωνέω, in documentary sources (i.e., inscriptions and papyri). Moving beyond basic semantic questions, it focuses on the usages and pragmatic connotations of these cognates in a wide range of documentary contexts dating between ca. v bc and ad vii. Thereby it purports to broaden current understandings of the terms, draw attention to unsuspected or overlooked connotations, and highlight potentially relevant examples vis-à-vis the nt.
“Your Obedience is Known to All” (Rom 16:19)
Authors: Stenschke Christoph W.
Published: June 2015

In Romans does Paul refer on several occasions to Christians other than the addressees. This essay gathers these references and examines their function in the overall argument of the letter. It argues that these references to individual Christians, the Christians of whole regions or even the wider Christian community, play an important role for the self-representation of Paul. In addition, they serve to place the Roman audience in the wider community of faith in which Paul claims to be well rooted and accepted. Thus he deserves full support for his further mission in the West. His upcoming visit to them and his request for their future support is far from a mere private matter. Furthermore, these references contribute to our understanding of Paul’s understanding of the nature of the church and to understanding the translocal nature of early Christianity.
Rare interspecific breeding in Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae)
Authors: Amato Alberto , Orsini Luisa
Published: June 2015

The biological species concept defines species based on sexual incompatibility between strains and the F1 sub-viability or inviability. However, to date, there is only a limited number of studies that formally deal with sexual incompatibility in unicellular protists and hence the rigorous application of biological species concept is fuzzy in these organisms. Here, we investigated interbreeding between two species of the planktonic pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia, P. arenysensis and P. pseudodelicatissima. We observed hybridization between these two species in controlled laboratory condition. The F1 generation showed: i) low viability; ii) morphological, ultrastructural, and morphometric features that resembled those of one of the parental strains (P. pseudodelicatissima); iii) intermediate maximum cell size to the one observed in intraspecific sexual crosses in the parental species. Our results may suggest that interbreeding between these two species is possible although likely rare. We invite a larger body of experimental evidence in unicellular protists to assess the applicability of the biological species concept to these organisms.
Towards a phylogenetic classification of species belonging to the diatom genus Cyclotella (Bacillariophyceae): Transfer of species formerly placed in Puncticulata, Handmannia, Pliocaenicus and Cyclotella to the genus Lindavia
Authors: Nakov Teofil , Guillory Wilson , Julius Matthew , Theriot Edward , Alverson Andrew
Published: June 2015

Cyclotella is a commonly encountered name in the diatom literature. The name is attached, however, to a historically vaguely defined and polyphyletic genus whose taxonomy and systematics remain muddled despite numerous taxonomic treatments. One recent chapter in this history concerns species informally known as the “Cyclotella comta” group, which have one or more rimoportulae on the valve face. These species were grouped into a new genus, Puncticulata, a name that has been applied inconsistently since its introduction. The name Puncticulata eventually was shown to be illegitimate, as some species had once been classified within Handmannia, which had nomenclatural priority. An inventory of names within Cyclotella sensu lato revealed that both Puncticulata and Handmannia are later synonyms of Lindavia. We identify a rimoportula positioned on the valve face as a synapomorphy for a group of taxa with the Cyclotella comta and C. ocellata bauplans (including Pliocaenicus), and accordingly, we transfer taxa with this synapomorphy into the genus Lindavia.
The Evaluation of a New Method to Detect Mixing Layer Heights Using Lidar Observations
Authors: Hicks Micheal , Sakai Ricardo , Joseph Everette
Published: June 2015

A new automatic mixing layer height detection method for lidar observations of aerosol backscatter profiles is presented and evaluated for robustness. The new detection method incorporates the strengths of Steyn et al.’s error function–ideal profile (ERF) method and Davis et al.’s wavelet covariance transform (WCT) method. These two methods are critical components of the new method, and their robustness is also evaluated and then contrasted to the new method. The new method is applied to aerosol backscatter observations in two ways: 1) by looking for the most realistic mixing height throughout the entire profile and 2) by searching for mixing height below significant elevated obscurations (e.g., clouds or aerosol layers). The first approach is referred to as the hybrid method and the second as the hybrid-lowest method. Coincident radiosounding observations of mixing heights are used to independently reference the lidar-based estimates.

There were 4030 cases examined over a 5-yr period for mixing heights. The efficacy of the lidar-based methods was determined based on diurnal, seasonal, stability, and sky obscuration conditions. Of these conditions, the hybrid method performed best for unstable and cloudy situations. It determined mixing heights reliably (less than ±0.30-km bias) for close to 70% of those cases. The hybrid-lowest method performed best in stable and clear-sky conditions; it determined mixing heights reliably for over 70% of those cases. The WCT method performed the best overall.
Reassessing Laws on Hate Violence Against the Homeless
Authors: Levin Brian
Published: June 2015

The institutionalization of hate crime laws and data collection in recent decades has occurred during an era of increasing specialization of criminal law and policing generally. Hate crime statutes punish the discriminatory selection of crime victims because of an actual or perceived characteristic like race or sexual orientation. Forty-five states, the District of Columbia, and the federal government have enacted these statutes, but enforcement of these laws and the groups covered by them varies significantly. As hate crime laws became ubiquitous, the debate surrounding them has shifted away from their constitutionality and legitimacy, to the groups the laws should protect. The most vigorous debate respecting hate crime coverage now focuses on America’s widely victimized, stereotyped and vulnerable homeless population. This article analyzes hate crime laws, as well as the relevant issues relating to including homelessness in them.
Limitations, Legacies, and Lessons
Authors: Gotham Kevin Fox
Published: June 2015

Over the past two decades, federal block grants and spatially targeted tax subsidies have become popular forms of federal assistance to disaster-affected areas. This article provides an overview and critical evaluation of the impact of the Gulf Opportunity Zone and the Community Development Block Grant–Disaster Recovery program in the years after Hurricane Katrina. I focus particular attention on the limitations, problems, and inequality reinforcing characteristics of the two programs. The experience in the Gulf South suggests that the effectiveness of the Community Development Block Grant program and spatially targeted tax incentives could be enhanced if policy makers build in clear rules and procedures for delivery of aid, enforce antidiscrimination statutes and fair housing laws, and exercise strong oversight over program implementation at the state and local levels. I conclude that the success of federal disaster recovery programs in realizing their recovery goals depends on political efforts to reduce class and racial inequalities and promote social justice.
Factors Affecting the Understanding and Use of Psychoanalysis in Hong Kong, Mainland China, and Taiwan
Authors: Busiol Diego
Published: June 2015

The majority of Western psychotherapies are known and practiced in Hong Kong, while psychoanalysis still has little resonance. A recent study finds that psychoanalysis is perceived neither as ineffective nor as necessarily in conflict with Hong Kong Chinese values. Nevertheless, Hong Kong Chinese culture influences how psychoanalysis is received and understood, when compared to Mainland China and Taiwan. It is argued that a better reception in the latter two was possible because of different social and historical backgrounds, different clinical backgrounds of those who receive training, and the more active role of Western psychoanalysts.
Application of the KVI-R to Assess Current Training Needs of Private Rehabilitation Counselors
Authors: Beveridge Scott , Karpen Stacey , Chan Christian , Penrod John
Published: June 2015

The primary purpose of this mixed-methods study was to identify the current training needs of rehabilitation counselors in the private sector. Four hundred twenty-six participants completed the Knowledge Validation Inventory–Revised. The self-reported needs for training are reported across the 10 knowledge domains of rehabilitation counseling. The overall training needs (TN) score for the sample was moderate. For the broader knowledge domains, respondents reported the highest mean TN scores for Case Management and Utilization of Community Resources, Disability Management, Vocational Consultation, and Services for Employers. A secondary purpose was to compare the self-perceived training needs of rehabilitation counselors who are certified rehabilitation counselors (CRCs) with those of counselors who do not possess a CRC. Higher reported training needs were indicated for individuals without CRCs. A third purpose was to examine the relationship between counselor demographic variables and training needs. Gender and years of experiences were significant predictors of perceived training needs. Finally, the following areas were identified as the most significant training needs for private rehabilitation counselors in the field today: multicultural competence, private vocational rehabilitation, labor market research skills, ethics, and forensic case management.
Missionary Children: The French Holy Childhood Association in European Context, 1843–c.1914
Authors: Heywood Sophie
Published: June 2015

In the mid-nineteenth century, thousands of children in Europe and beyond were organized into battalions of fundraisers for overseas missions. By the end of the century these juvenile missionary organizations had become a global movement, generating millions of pounds in revenue each year. While the transnational nature of the children’s missions and publications has been well documented by historians, the focus has tended to be on the connections that were established by encounters between the young western donors, missionaries overseas and the non-western ‘other’ constructed by their work. A full exploration of the European political, social and cultural concerns that produced the juvenile missionaries movement and the trans-European networks that sustained it are currently missing from historical accounts of the phenomenon. This article looks at the largest of these organizations, the Catholic mission for children, the French Holy Childhood Association ( L’Œuvre de la sainte enfance), to understand how the principles this mission sought to impose abroad were above all an expression of anxieties at home about the role of religion in the family, childhood and in civil society as western polities were modernizing and secularizing in the nineteenth century.
The Transnational Formation of Imperial Rule on the Margins of Europe:1 British Cyprus and the Italian Dodecanese in the Interwar Period
Authors: Rappas Alexis
Published: June 2015

This article records and offers to interpret a parallel hardening of British and Italian colonial governances in the Eastern Mediterranean in the interwar period. It focuses on the cases of the Dodecanese, an Italian ‘Possedimento’ since 1912, and Cyprus, a British dependency since 1878, lying on the geographical and cultural margins of, and the border between, these two colonial empires. Building on the recurrent cross-references between British and Italian colonial systems in British, Italian and Greek archives, official and unofficial, this article highlights the circulation of administrative ideas and practices across imperial boundaries. It suggests that British and Italian authorities saw in enosis, or the union with Greece advocated by the Orthodox majorities under their rule, an opportunity to implement an authoritarian form of governance potentially transposable to other Mediterranean settings. Engaging with current debates on inter-imperial transfers, this article enquires into colonial policymaking as the outcome of a mutually productive exchange across territorial frontiers and assumed ideological differences.
The Pasteurization of Marie Curie: A (meta)biographical experiment
Authors: Hemmungs Wirtén Eva
Published: June 2015

Biographies of scientists occupy a liminal space, highly popular with general readers but questioned in academia. Nonetheless, in recent years, historians of science have not only embraced the genre with more enthusiasm and less guilt, they have also turned to the metabiography in order to renew the study and story of scientists’ roles. This essay focuses on Marie Curie, the world’s most famous female scientist, in order to unpack some of the theoretical and methodological claims of the science biography, and especially to address the sexing mechanisms at play in the construction of the biographical subject. Pierre Curie (1923), Marie’s biography of her husband Pierre, paid tribute to her dead husband and collaborator, but also allowed Curie a legitimate outlet to construct her own persona and legacy. Categories such as personhood, person, and persona are not only central to the biography genre but also are essential to the sense of self and self-fashioning of scientists. Looking at how Marie Curie negotiated these categories in Pierre Curie not only gives new insight into Curie’s self-fashioning strategies but may also shed some light on the more general analytical lacunae of the science biography.
One size does not fit all: the educational needs of children in out-of-home care
Authors: Mendis Kathy
Published: June 2015

It is well established that the educational achievements of children in care often lag behind those of their peers in school. This article explores the needs and experiences of a particular group that has been overlooked: women from a care background who go to university. It charts the adult careers of 18 women who were in care in Australia between the late 1950s and 2005 and identifies five groups with regard to their life histories: Destined, Decided, Determined, Denied and Delayed. The importance of context for understanding the educational needs of children in care is emphasised, along with practice recommendations regarding: attention to existing academic deficits; facilitating recovery and growth; ensuring support, guidance and encouragement; providing practical and financial support; ensuring stability and security; responding sensitively to social and cultural differences; and acknowledging the importance of professional contributions.
Holistic, expert and centralised models for organising care placement decisions: findings from Finland
Authors: Pösö Tarja , Laakso Riitta
Published: June 2015

This article examines the organisational models of decision-making regarding care placements in child welfare. Many countries currently report reorganising and economising their services and greater use of independent and voluntary agencies, all of which will have a direct and indirect influence on placement decisions about children in care. Very little is known about how public authorities make these decisions, what processes achieve the best option for a child and how different organisational models interact with front-line decision-making. The article is based on a study of placement decisions in Finland. The data comprise 49 phone interviews and five focus group interviews with social workers and their managers in charge of substitute care in different municipalities. The analysis presents three decision-making models: the holistic model, the shared expertise model and the centralised model. Each of these rests on different understandings of knowledge, expertise and client participation. The study predicts that the centralised model is likely to become more common due to the reorganisation of social services. While this may strengthen the managerial process and enhance the quality of decision-making, it is likely to diminish the relationship-based casework that is typical for the holistic model.
Foster carers’ reflective understandings of parenting looked after children: an exploratory study
Authors: Bunday Laura , Dallos Rudi , Morgan Kate , McKenzie Rebecca
Published: June 2015

This study explores reflective functioning (RF) in foster carers using the Parent Development Interview. A mixed-methods design was employed in eliciting personal accounts of fostering by carers alongside an assessment of their RF. Results suggest that the carers displayed varying levels of RF and specifically that the elements of reflection that may be most salient for effective fostering – developmental, systemic and attachment-based thinking – were uncommon among the sample. Given the importance of foster carers’ potential to redirect the lives of children and enhance healthy attachment strategies, therapeutic and training packages that might increase RF are considered.
Performance Demands in Softball Pitching
Authors: Corben Jeffrey S. , Cerrone Sara A. , Soviero Julie E. , Kwiecien Susan Y. , Nicholas Stephen J. , McHugh Malachy P.
Published: June 2015

Background:

Monitoring pitch count is standard practice in minor league baseball but not in softball because of the perception that fast-pitch softball pitching is a less stressful motion.

Purpose:

To examine muscle fatigue after fast-pitch softball performances to provide an assessment of performance demand.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Bilateral strength measurements (handheld dynamometer) were made on 19 female softball pitchers (mean age [±SD], 15.2 ± 1.2 years) before and after pitching a game (mean number of pitches, 99 ± 21; mean innings pitched, 5 ± 1). A total of 20 tests were performed on the dominant and nondominant sides: forearm (grip, wrist flexion/extension, pronation/supination, elbow flexion/extension), shoulder (flexion, abduction/adduction, external/internal rotation, empty can test), scapula (middle/lower trapezius, rhomboid), and hip (hip flexion/extension, abduction/adduction). Fatigue (percentage strength loss) was categorized based on bilateral versus unilateral presentation using paired t tests: bilateral symmetric (significant on dominant and nondominant and not different between sides), bilateral asymmetric (significant on dominant and nondominant but significantly greater on dominant), unilateral asymmetric (significant on dominant only and significantly greater than nondominant), or unilateral equivocal (significant on dominant only but not different from nondominant).

Results:

Bilateral symmetric fatigue was evident for all hip (dominant, 19.3%; nondominant, 15.2%) and scapular tests (dominant, 19.2%; nondominant, 19.3%). In general, shoulder tests exhibited bilateral asymmetric fatigue (dominant, 16.9%; nondominant, 11.6%). Forearm tests were more variable, with bilateral symmetric fatigue in the elbow flexors (dominant, 22.5%; nondominant, 19.2%), and wrist flexors (dominant, 21.6%; nondominant, 19.0%), bilateral asymmetric fatigue in the supinators (dominant, 21.8%; nondominant, 15.5%), unilateral asymmetric fatigue in the elbow extensors (dominant, 22.1%; nondominant, 11.3%), and unilateral equivocal fatigue in the pronators (dominant, 18.8%; nondominant, 15.2%) and grip (dominant, 11.4%; nondominant, 6.6%). The mean (±SD) pitch velocity was 49 ± 4 mph, with a small loss of velocity from the first to last inning pitched (3.4% ± 5.0%, P < .01).

Conclusion:

Fast-pitch softball pitching resulted in profound bilateral fatigue in the hip and scapular muscles, with more selective fatigue in the shoulder and arm muscles.

Clinical Relevance:

These findings emphasize the importance of strength in the proximal musculature to provide a stable platform for the arm to propel the ball.
Interpretation of Serum Retinol Data From Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Cediel Gustavo , Olivares Manuel , Brito Alex , Romaña Daniel López de , Cori Héctor , Frano Michael R. La
Published: June 2015

Background:

In recent decades, the general socioeconomic situation in Latin America and the Caribbean countries has improved, and many vitamin A programs have been implemented in an attempt to reduce vitamin A deficiency in the region.

Objective:

To examine vitamin A status in Latin America and the Caribbean based on serum retinol concentrations and to contrast available data published before and after 1998.

Methods:

A systematic review was performed. National surveys or representative studies that reported vitamin A status were selected.

Results:

Ten national surveys and six representative studies were identified. Data for children under 6 years of age indicate that Guatemala and Nicaragua have practically eradicated vitamin A deficiency (less than 2% prevalence of serum retinol < 20 µg/dL). In Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, and Panama, the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency ranged from 2.8% to 9.4%. In Peru, Honduras, Argentina, Ecuador, and Brazil, vitamin A deficiency is a moderate public health problem (prevalence from 14.0% to 17.4%), while in Colombia, Mexico, and Haiti it is a severe public health problem (prevalence from 24.3% to 32.0%). Disadvantaged groups (indigenous people and those of Afro-Colombian descent) have the highest rates of deficiency. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency is under 20% in schoolchildren and adult women. When data published before and after 1998 for children under 6 years of age were compared, most Central American countries had a reduction in the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (   p < .05), whereas in South American countries, the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency increased over time (   p < .05).

Conclusions:

The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in children under 6 years of age has decreased in many Central American countries, but vitamin A deficiency still remains a public health problem in numerous Latin America and Caribbean countries, especially among disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. Because of issues with the accuracy of the serum retinol biomarker reflecting body stores, these results must be interpreted with caution.
Folate and Vitamin B12 Status in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Brito Alex , Mujica-Coopman Maria F. , Olivares Manuel , López de Romaña Daniel , Cori Héctor , Allen Lindsay H.
Published: June 2015

Background:

The current magnitude of folate and vitamin B12 deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean is uncertain.

Objective:

To summarize data on plasma or serum vitamin B12 and folate concentrations in Latin America and the Caribbean reported since 1990, a period that covers the era before and after the introduction of folic acid fortification.

Methods:

A systematic review was conducted in 2012 and updated in 2014. Studies and surveys using biochemical biomarkers and conducted in apparently healthy individuals were identified.

Results:

Folate deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean appears not to be a public health problem (prevalence < 5%) after the introduction of folic acid fortification. However, there is some indication that high rates of low or marginal vitamin B12 status remain in most locations and across population groups.

Conclusions:

Adding vitamin B12 as a fortificant with folic acid may be the best strategy in areas where vitamin B12 deficiency is an established concern.
Prevalence of Anemia in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Mujica-Coopman María F. , Brito Alex , López de Romaña Daniel , Ríos-Castillo Israel , Cori Héctor , Olivares Manuel
Published: June 2015

Background:

In Latin America and the Caribbean, anemia has been a public health problem that affects mainly women of childbearing age and children under 6 years of age. However, the current prevalence of anemia in this region is unknown.

Objective:

To examine the latest available prevalence data on anemia in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Methods:

A systematic review was conducted in 2011 and updated in 2014. Studies determining the prevalence of anemia conducted in apparently healthy populations with national or regional representativeness were included in the review.

Results:

The lowest prevalence rates of anemia among children under 6 years of age were found in Chile (4.0%), Costa Rica (4.0%), Argentina (7.6%), and Mexico (19.9%). In Nicaragua, Brazil, Ecuador, El Panama, and Honduras, anemia was a moderate public health problem, with prevalence ranging Salvador, Cuba, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Peru, from 20.1% to 37.3%. Anemia was a severe public health problem in Guatemala, Haiti, and Bolivia. The prevalence of anemia among women of childbearing age was lowest in Chile (5.1%). In Colombia, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Honduras, and Argentina, anemia was a mild public health problem, with prevalence ranging from 7.6% to 18.7%. In Guatemala, Brazil, the Dominican Republic, and Bolivia, anemia was a moderate public health problem, with prevalence ranging from 21.4% to 38.3%. Panama and Haiti had the highest reported prevalence rates (40.0% and 45.5%, respectively), and anemia was considered a severe public health problem in those countries.

Conclusions:

Anemia remains a public health problem in children under 6 years of age and women of childbearing age in most Latin America and Caribbean countries for which data are available.
Zinc Deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Cediel Gustavo , Olivares Manuel , Brito Alex , Cori Héctor , López de Romaña Daniel
Published: June 2015

Background:

Zinc deficiency affects multiple vital functions in the life cycle, especially growth. Limited information is available on the magnitude of zinc deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Objective:

To examine the latest available information on both the prevalence of zinc deficiency and the risk of zinc deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Methods:

The prevalence of zinc deficiency was identified through a systematic review looking for the latest available data on serum zinc concentrations from surveys or studies with national representativeness conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean. The risk of zinc deficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean was estimated based on dietary zinc inadequacy (according to the 2011 National Food Balance Sheets) and stunting in children under 5 years of age.

Results:

Only four countries had available national biochemical data. Mexican, Colombian, Ecuadorian, and Guatemalan children under 6 years of age and women 12 to 49 years of age had a high prevalence of zinc deficiency (19.1% to 56.3%). The countries with the highest risk of zinc deficiency (estimated prevalence of inadequate zinc intake >25% plus prevalence of stunting >20%) were Belize, Bolivia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. Zinc dietary inadequacy was directly correlated with stunting ( r = 0.64, p < .001).

Conclusions:

Prevalence data from the four available Latin America and Caribbean national surveys indicate a high prevalence of zinc deficiency in children under 6 years of age and women 12 to 49 years of age. High rates of both estimated zinc dietary inadequacy and stunting were also reported in most Latin America and Caribbean countries.