bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Number Seventy-Five
Authors: Anderson Heather Kate
Published: September 2021

This poem addresses the nature of qualitative research and the difficulty faced by individuals with disabilities and limited means in accessing healthcare opportunities. Quantitative data related to a medical research study are contrasted with the broader, richer social context of the life of an individual participant. The artist statement provides context and background for the poem, including the inspiration for its composition. Ideas expressed in the poem are discussed relative to the role of medical humanities and the ways information is gathered and viewed in healthcare settings.
Template Theories, the Rule of Parsimony, and Disregard for Irreproducibility—The Example of Linus Pauling’s Research on Antibody Formation
Authors: Deichmann Ute
Published: September 2021

In 1940, Linus Pauling proposed his template theory of antibody formation, one of many such theories that rejected Paul Ehrlich’s selective theory of preformed “receptors” (antibodies), assuming instead a direct molding of antibody shapes onto that of the antigen. Pauling believed that protein shapes—independently of amino acid sequences—determined antibody specificity and biological specificity in general. His theory was informed by his pioneering work on protein structure, and it was inspired by the intuitive “rule of parsimony” and simplicity. In 1942, Pauling published his alleged success in producing specific artificial antibodies through experiments based on his 1940 theory. However, his experiments could not be reproduced by prominent immunochemists at the time, and, later, it became generally accepted that antibody specificity was not generated according to Pauling’s and others’ “instruction” template theories. A citation analysis shows that Pauling’s papers on antibody generation continue to be cited as, among other things, pioneering studies of a chemical technology called “molecular imprinting.”

The examples of Pauling and other protein chemists are used in this paper to demonstrate that scientific belief, philosophical concepts, and subjective theory preferences facilitated the occurrence of irreproducibility in immunochemistry and beyond. The article points to long-term consequences for the scientific community if irreproducible results are not acknowledged. It concludes by arguing that despite the risks, e.g., for the occurrence and perpetuation of irreproducible results that they entail, subjectivity and a commitment to scientific convictions have often been pre-requisites for the generation, and holding on to, scientific innovation in the face of doubt and rejection from the scientific community.
Trapped?
Authors: Riley Sousa Ashley
Published: September 2021

This article re-evaluates the nature of Indigenous labor at Central California’s New Helvetia colony. The fur trade in Central California was not simply a vehicle for settler exploitation of Indigenous labor but a dynamic trade network shaped by Plains Miwok– and Valley Nisenan–speaking trappers and traders, Mission San José, the Hudson’s Bay Company, and white settlers. Analysis of the financial aspects of trade for the Indigenous trappers and ethnohistorical examination of their motives for engaging in the trade suggest that the fur trade was not a source of degradation and dependency, but a vehicle by which they creatively and purposefully engaged colonial forces and markets. This article orients the histories of Plains Miwok– and Valley Nisenan–speaking communities into the larger story of the North American fur trade and suggests New Helvetia and its fur trade can be better understood as what historian Lisbeth Haas calls “Indigenous colonial” creations.
Anti-Inflammation Prediction of Orthosiphon Stamineus Extract Against Covid19 (In Silico Study)
Authors: Nazari V Mahdi , Nazari Masoumeh , Arabani Soodabeh , NazariI V Mansoureh
Published: September 2021

Orthosiphon stamineus Benth (OS) due to its anti-inflammation effect is one of the possible options to fight the outbreak of coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). In this article, we evaluate in silico (molecular docking) properties of active compounds available in OS which is generally consumed by south east asian people and compare its effect with remdesivir and favipiravir as positive compounds based on docking properties. The main active compounds were grouped based on their major roles in OS. The results demonstrated that most of the studied main compounds perform better than selected drugs in inhibition of the spike protein in COVID-19. According to the combined scores in binding affinity, the drug-likeness properties of the ligand, revealed to be the best possible covid19 inhibitor as compared to the other ligands. The analysis of active site also demonstrated that OS active compounds may have the therapeutic effect against COVID19.
Finanzielle Führung bei der AMAG Group AG
Authors: Ruhl Helmut , Möller Klaus
Published: September 2021

Die AMAG ist das größte privatwirtschaftliche Mobilitätsunternehmen in der Schweiz. Zur AMAG Group AG gehören die Geschäftsbereiche Import, Retail, Leasing, Services und Parking. Die AMAG importiert die Marken Volkswagen, Audi, Skoda, Seat, Cupra und Volkswagen Nutzfahrzeuge und ist zudem im Einzelhandel Partner von Porsche und Bentley. Mit einem Innovation & Venture Lab entwickelt und testet die AMAG innovative Mobilitätskonzepte. Die AMAG Gruppe erwirtschaftete im Jahr 2020 einen Umsatz von 4.0 Milliarden Euro mit rund 6.500 Mitarbeitern. Mit über 700 Lernenden ist die AMAG einer der großen Ausbildungsbetriebe in der Schweiz.
EXPERIMENTACIÓN EN TORNO AL PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE EL YACIMIENTO NEOLÍTICO DE LA DRAGA (BANYOLES-GIRONA)
Authors: Palomo Antonio , Terradas Xavier , Piqué Raquel , López-Bultó Oriol , De Diego Miriam , Clemente Ignacio
Published: September 2021

En torno al proyecto de investigación del yacimiento neolítico lacustre de la Draga (Banyoles-Girona) se lleva a cabo desde hace más de una década programas experimentales centrados en diversas cuestiones tecno funcionales. La extraordinaria conservación de los materiales arqueológicos realizados tanto en materias inorgánicas como orgánicas han permitido desarrollar experimentos que han replicado procesos técnicos de producción y utilización de diferentes herramientas y artefactos de hueso, madera y piedra, utilizados en diferentes actividades, como el trabajo de la madera y la producción textil. El proyecto experimental de la Draga se plantea como una herramienta holística de investigación arqueológica, de formación académica y de divulgación para todos los públicos.
Reikalavimai „Acta paedagogica Vilnensia“ spausdinamiems straipsniams
Authors: Vilnensia Acta Paedagogica
Published: September 2021

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Інтеграція та дезінтеграція держави як виклик для етнонаціональної політики України
Authors: Явір Віра Анатоліївна
Published: September 2021

Досліджено інтенсифікацію процесів етнополітичної інтеграції та дезінтеграції у сучасному світі, їх діалектичний взаємозв’язок та взаємозумовленість. Розкрито передумови, чинники та особливості відкритої фази етнополітичної дезінтеграції України, яка розпочалася в 2014 р. Розглянуто прояви дезінтеграційних викликів, які становлять загрозу територіальній цілісності держави, зокрема втручання у внутрішні справи України сусідніх країн (Угорщини, Російської Федерації) під приводом захисту прав національних меншин. Проаналізовано процес етнополітичної реінтеграції та обґрунтовано розгляд політики реінтеграції в контексті державної етнонаціональної політики України. Досліджено сучасний стан, правову базу, політичні особливості реінтеграції, а також запропоновано рекомендації для проведення успішної реінтеграції тимчасово окупованих територій Криму та Донбасу.
Possible New Solstitial Sightline in the Stonehenge Landscape
Authors: Ruggles Clive , Chadburn Amanda , Leivers Matt , Smith Andrew
Published: September 2021

The landscape around Stonehenge contains a number of major Early Neolithic monuments dating to the fourth millennium BC, including the Stonehenge Cursus, the Lesser Cursus, Robin Hood’s Ball causewayed enclosure and several long barrows. A previously unsuspected Early Neolithic causewayed enclosure whose northeast rim was uncovered in 2016 on the slopes of Lark Hill, just to the north of the World Heritage Site boundary, represented a major new discovery. About a millennium after the construction of the Lark Hill Enclosure, a line of at least six timber posts was erected crossing from the interior to the exterior of the old enclosure, just to one side of a wide entrance. The line is slightly curved but the last three posts in the line face directly out towards the position of June solstice sunrise. While several short and longer rows of posts are now known to have been built in this vicinity both during the Later Neolithic and at later times, there are several reasons for believing this solstitial alignment to have been intentional and meaningful. It may even have represented the “monumentalisation” of an earlier broadly solstitial alignment of natural features, as has been suggested at Stonehenge itself.
Review of the monthly “Skyscape Archaeology Keynote Lecture Series” organised by the Journal of Skyscape Archaeology and the Sophia Centre, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, October 2020–March 2021
Authors: Romain William F.
Published: September 2021

Review of the monthly “Skyscape Archaeology Keynote Lecture Series” organised by the Journal of Skyscape Archaeology and the Sophia Centre, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, October 2020–March 2021
Green supply chain management: definition of criteria and selection of suppliers in the foundry sector
Authors: Stoco Wanderson Henrique , Baldassin Fernando , Oliveira Maria Célia de
Published: September 2021

Purpose – This article aims to propose criteria for the selection of green suppliers in the foundry sector and select the best suppliers for the organization where researched, by applying the AHP method.Design/methodology/approach – An applied survey was carried out where specialists from the foundry sector were consulted and after the survey had been completed, criteria were defined to select green suppliers.Findings – Adopting the defined criteria and applying the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) decision-making method, five suppliers were classified, with Environment, Health and Safety criteria being considered the most important according to the opinion of the experts consulted in this survey.Originality/Value – The study allows organizations to see the importance of the supplier selection process in the foundry sector, where worldwide concerns for the environment are increasingly present and environmental standards and regulations are strict.Keywords – Green supply chain. Supplier selection. AHP method.
To the anniversary of Alexander Baranov. Gorky period
Authors: Sher Stella A.
Published: September 2021

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Analysing complex contrastive data
Authors: Ström Herold Jenny , Levin Magnus , Ebeling Signe Oksefjell , Čermáková Anna
Published: September 2021

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Hope for the future: An analysis of HOPE/HÅP(E) across genres and languages
Authors: Ebeling Signe Oksefjell
Published: September 2021

This article reports on a contrastive study of the cognate nouns and verbs hope and håp(e) that investigates their lexico-grammatical conditions of use in English vs. Norwegian fiction texts and football match reports. The complex dataset consists of material from a parallel corpus of fiction texts and a comparable corpus of football match reports. An interesting finding is that the verb use outnumbers the noun use in the fiction texts, whereas the noun use outnumbers the verb use in the match reports in both languages. Moreover, the analysis of the lemmas suggests that they have similar potential of use but with slightly different preferences, both across the genres and languages. It is also suggested that the English lemmas are more consistently used in negative contexts than the Norwegian ones. Finally, the method of combining data from two different types of contrastive corpora proved fruitful, as the results become more robust.
On brackets in translation (or how to elaborate in brackets)
Authors: Levin Magnus , Ström Herold Jenny
Published: September 2021

This paper presents findings on the use of brackets in original texts and translations based on the Linnaeus University English-German-Swedish corpus (LEGS). The results show that in originals, brackets are the most frequent in English and the least in Swedish. Translations usually contain more brackets than originals. There are two reasons for this. First, most brackets are retained, and secondly, many are added. Added brackets mostly contain short synonyms facilitating target-reader comprehension. English translators introduce the most changes (additions, omissions, downgrades and upgrades), and Swedish ones the least. Brackets tend to fulfil content-oriented rather than interpersonal functions. When brackets are replaced by other punctuations marks in translations, these tend to be commas or no punctuation marks at all. German originals have a stronger preference for bracketing phrases than clauses compared to English and Swedish. These German phrasal brackets are often expanded into clauses in translations.
Eyes and speech in English, Finnish and Czech children’s literature
Authors: Čermáková Anna , Malá Markéta
Published: September 2021

This study explores cross-linguistically, in English, Czech and Finnish, eye-behaviour that occurs in children’s fiction in the vicinity of character speech. We explore how authentic eye behaviour, as an important part of non-verbal communication, is rendered in fictional worlds. While there are more similarities than differences across the languages in the characteristics and narrative functions of fictional eye-behaviour, the linguistic encoding differs substantially due to typological differences between the languages. The same semantic roles are often expressed by divergent syntactic means. The divergence is reflected primarily in the relative weight of different word-order principles, the different means of indicating simultaneity, as well as the role of inflection in Finnish and Czech.
Optimisation and characterisation of bio-adsorbent based on barley straw and coconut shell
Authors: Mostafa Nagat A , Farouk Sabah Mohamed , Abdelhamid Shereen M S , Monazie Aliaa M
Published: September 2021

Cost efficiency and environmental friendliness of biomass-derived adsorbents for wastewater treatment are explored. Preparation of bio-adsorbents that are economically and environmentally sustainable has achieved an enormous interest in water treatment. A single-step method for preparing a high-capacity adsorbent is shown in this study by refluxing barley straw (BS) and coconut shell (CS) in concentrated sulfuric acid. Using response surface methodology predicts the optimum parameters for production of the bio-adsorbent based on the yield and the adsorption capacity for methylene blue dye. Optimal conditions for the sulfuric acid refluxing stage were obtained at 94% sulfuric acid, 10 liquid/solid (L/S) ratio for 2 h and 98% sulfuric acid, 4 L/S ratio for 2.5 h for BS and CS, respectively. The produced bio-adsorbent was characterised by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermo gravimetric analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area, analysis. The detailed analysis showed that the bio-adsorbent produced from BS and CS has good adsorptive properties – thermal stability and high specific surface area, which are 11.759 and 1.165 m2/g, respectively. The results indicate that BS and CS are critical and potential low-cost raw materials for the production of bio-adsorbents.
Uso de la Tecnología de la Información y Comunicación en educación virtual y su correlación con la Inteligencia Emocional de docentes en el Ecuador en contexto COVID-19
Authors:   Universidad Nacional de Educación, Leonardo Zambrano Vacacela Luis
Published: September 2021

El presente estudio propone una investigación mixta de tipo no experimental, transeccional, correlacional con alcance descriptivo, para evidenciar el nivel de conocimiento y uso de las Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación (TIC) en educación virtual y su correlación con la Inteligencia Emocional (I.E) de 485 profesores de nivel inicial, primario y secundario; además, pretende revelar el contexto en el que se está desarrollando el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en relación con la emergencia sanitaria COVID-19. De los resultados se destaca que existen pocas habilidades en el uso de las TIC, a lo que se añade que la mayoría de docentes carecen de infraestructura tecnológica y acceso a internet; también, que las profesoras tienen menos fortalezas emocionales, y que existe muy baja correlación entre el manejo de las TIC y la I.E. Finalmente, se destaca que la aplicación WhatsApp ha sido transformada de medio de comunicación instantánea a plataforma de aprendizaje.
Uso del Estándar ISO/IEC 29110 para Entrenar Estudiantes en Procesos de Ingeniería de Software
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, León-Sigg María de , Villa-Cisneros Juan L. ,   Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Solís-Recéndez Blanca E. ,   Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas
Published: September 2021

Los ingenieros de software necesitan usar procesos en su práctica profesional con la finalidad de administrar proyectos, coordinar equipos y medir la calidad de los productos desarrollados. Aunque el aprendizaje sobre los procesos de ingeniería de software debería darse mientras los ingenieros están preparándose en la universidad, existe todavía una brecha entre lo que se aprende durante su formación y lo que necesitan para trabajar en la industria del software. Para reducir esta brecha se propone el uso del estándar ISO/IEC 29110 para entrenar estudiantes universitarios. Mediante la utilización del enfoque de investigación-acción se encontró que es posible utilizar el estándar, con modificaciones en su implementación, de tal manera que equipos pequeños de estudiantes puedan usarlo como parte de su entrenamiento como ingenieros.
Estudo da imagem da região turística de Lisboa
Authors:   Instituto Universitário de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL, Cerdeira João H. da Luz , Fernandes Adriana ,   Instituto Universitário de Lisboa ISCTE-IUL
Published: September 2021

A indústria turística mundial registou um crescimento anual constante e encontrava-se em franca expansão até março de 2020, quando foi fortemente afetada pela pandemia Covid-19. Acredita-se que para a reinvenção e reforma do setor se terá de investir fortemente na criação e gestão da perceção dos turistas sobre a imagem dos destinos turísticos. Tendo em vista este contexto, o presente estudo objetiva analisar a imagem da região de Lisboa através da utilização de User Generated Content (UGC). A metodologia utilizada tem como base de análise três componentes de interações do turista com o destino: imagem Designativa, Estimativa e Prescritiva. Foram utilizados 51 mil reviews do ano de 2019, em inglês, contendo opinião de turistas de 131 nacionalidades sobre a região turística de Lisboa. Os resultados revelam que Lisboa tem uma imagem caracterizada por reviews positivos e oferecem novos conhecimentos sobre a gestão da imagem do destino.
Universidad inteligente: Factores claves para la adopción de internet de las cosas y big data
Authors:   Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander Ocaña, Rico-Bautista Dewar , Maestre-Góngora Gina Paola ,   Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Guerrero Cesar D. ,   Universidad Autónoma de Bucaramanga, Medina-Cárdena Yurley ,   Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander Ocaña, Areniz-Arévalo Yesenia ,   Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander Ocaña, Sanchez-Velasquez María Camila ,   Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander Ocaña, Barrientos-Avendaño Edwin ,   Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander Ocaña
Published: September 2021

El concepto de universidad inteligente es emergente, fuertemente anclado a las tecnologías inteligentes, y considerado por diferentes autores. Las organizaciones, incluidas las universidades, necesitan incorporar las tecnologías inteligentes para aprovechar las capacidades que proporcionan para transformar sus procesos e impulsarlas hacia nuevos modelos organizativos. Una universidad inteligente se centra en la mejora de su infraestructura tecnológica para alcanzar sus objetivos de calidad educativa. Este trabajo presenta los factores clave para la adopción de dos tecnologías inteligentes: Big Data y el Internet de las Cosas. Esta caracterización e integración permite concluir sobre la necesidad de alineación de la tecnología con los procesos de la organización, exigiendo una mayor interacción con la alta dirección.
Reseña libro: Contribuciones del desarrollo social y humano a la sostenibilidad
Authors: Ramírez Ospina Duván Emilio , García García Luz Elena
Published: September 2021

Reseña
La posesión frente al derecho de propiedad: un debate sobre vigencia y pertinencia sin resolver
Authors: Silva Fernández Roberto
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Aportar al debate llamando la atención sobre la justificación o no, histórica y jurídica de la posesión, que como derecho provisional conserve vigencia casi prevalente sobre el derecho de propiedad en el sistema jurídico colombiano. Metodología. Se ha tenido en cuenta la descripción del panorama histórico-jurídico mediado y delimitado para su análisis conforme al propósito expuesto. Comienza por describir su evolución y suma para el análisis los fundamentos teóricos, desarrollo normativo y jurisprudencial. Resultados. Análisis de las figuras de posesión y propiedad en términos de justificación, pertinencia y vigencia desde el derecho romano, pasando por el Código Napoleónico hasta el presente. Conclusión. En tiempos en que el concepto de la propiedad y su función social se han revaluado y ampliado, resulta obsoleto que conserve vigencia el derecho de posesión, en cuanto desvirtúa un derecho que ha sido tan fundamental para las democracias occidentales, como es la propiedad.
Mujeres campesinas y construcción de paz territorial en Colombia : el caso de la asociación campesina del valle del río Cimitarra (ACVC).
Authors: Correa Delgado Juan Sebastián
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Contextualizar el trabajo organizativo de la ACVC con mujeres campesinas de la región (1996-2017) y describir expectativas y potencialidades de paz de las mujeres campesinas lideresas frente a la implementación de los acuerdos de La Habana. Metodología. Investigación de carácter cualitativo con enfoque de memoria histórica. Resultados. Se reconoce el trabajo organizativo realizado por la ACVC con las mujeres campesinas mediante encuentros, talleres y espacios de formación. Se evidencian potencialidades frente al Acuerdo Final de Paz mediante la Coordinadora de Mujeres del Valle del río Cimitarra como propuesta de paz territorial construida desde el Magdalena Medio. Conclusión. En el proceso de memoria colectiva realizado con lideresas de la ACVC se evidenciaron las expectativas que tienen frente a la implementación del Acuerdo Final de Paz en su territorio, desde la perspectiva de satisfacción de derechos sociales, económicos y políticos, afectados por el abandono estatal que predomina en el campo colombiano.
Percepción acerca de la adopción entre parejas del mismo sexo en el sector LGTBI de sincelejo, Colombia.
Authors: Vega Lara Angie Jhoana , Villadiego Ojeda Luz Adriana , Sahagún Navarro Marta
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Analizar la percepción acerca de la adopción por parejas del mismo sexo en el sector LGBTI de Sincelejo, Colombia. Metodología. La investigación se orientó bajo un enfoque cualitativo con un método fenomenológico y los datos se recogieron mediante el uso de la entrevista semiestructurada y el grupo focal. Resultados. El análisis apunta a que no todas las personas del sector LGBTI están de acuerdo con la adopción ya sea por su estilo de vida o por el deseo de no tener hijos. Conclusión. Las personas pertenecientes al sector LGBTI han sufrido discriminación por su orientación sexual, lo que ha sido un obstáculo para garantizar sus derechos. Es una realidad que existen diversos tipos de familias, pero aun para establecer una familia homoparental por adopción es necesario tener el apoyo del Estado, preparar a la sociedad y equiparar a estas personas en cuanto a formación parental.
Mediaciones de la memoria : el arte frente a la violencia política en Colombia.
Authors: Martínez Quintero Felipe
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. El artículo analiza las prácticas artísticas como mediación frente a la violencia política en Colombia. Metodología. Se propone un primer momento de indagación histórica y documental, para situar algunos rasgos predominantes de las prácticas artísticas desde los años 70. Posteriormente se delimitan dos casos de estudio: los proyectos artísticos de Juan Manuel Echavarría y Erika Diettes, por lo que se realizan análisis de las entrevistas realizadas y aproximaciones semióticas a sus proyectos creativos. Resultados. Los dos referentes analizados aportan a una valoración renovada de la relación entre arte y política, así como al ámbito de lo testimonial como eje narrativo de la experiencia de la violencia. Conclusión. Las prácticas artísticas configuran no solo representaciones de la violencia política, sino formas particulares de registrar, archivar y transmitir culturalmente sus efectos e implicaciones colectivas.
De la tensión en el ejercicio de los roles de género a la violencia conyugal como pauta relacional
Authors: Alzate-Torres* Diana Marcela
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. En este artículo se presentan resultados de una investigación sobre violencia conyugal realizada con parejas de Manizales cuyo propósito fue analizar las conexiones entre tensiones generadas en el ejercicio de los roles de género y la emergencia de la violencia en la relación de pareja. Metodología. Se empleó la perspectiva cualitativa desde el enfoque hermenéutico. Resultados. Se reconoce que los estereotipos de género son centrales en la conformación de la pareja, en la formación de fricciones, desacuerdos y conflictos producidos a partir de la no correspondencia (o la insatisfactoria correspondencia) entre expectativas frente al rol de género propio y del otro/a, y el ejercicio real de estos. Conclusión. El surgimiento de la violencia se genera como vía de resolución o como forma de decir lo que no se alcanza a expresar de otras maneras, como estrategia para la reorganización del control, entre otras razones para irrumpir en esta interacción.
Prácticas de resistencia y trabajo social comunitario: forcejeos y tensiones ante las lógicas de dominación del modelo colonial y capitalista
Authors: Jarpa-Arriagada Carmen Gloria
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. Este artículo de reflexión discute la praxis de trabajo comunitario de inserción barrial-territorial y sus tensiones actuales ante la persistencia de lógicas de dominación y la emergencia de prácticas emancipatorias. Metodología. La reflexión crítica y el debate teórico del artículo transita desde conceptos de dominación y resistencia hasta el análisis de lo decolonial y el Trabajo Social-Otro, en un esfuerzo por tejer conexiones entre distintas categorías de análisis para el trabajo social. Resultados. Esta reflexión surge desde una praxis concreta desarrollada al alero del Centro de Intervención e Investigación Social de la Escuela de Trabajo Social (CIISETS) de la Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chile. Las prácticas de resistencia al modelo neoliberal-capitalista encuentran vigencia desde un trabajo social ético-político emancipatorio. Conclusión. En la academia puede existir sinergia entre la recuperación de los saberes populares y la investigación activista como compromiso para la producción de conocimiento situado, histórico y crítico.
Sobre la gobernanza digital, política digital y educación
Authors: Valenzuela-Fernández Luis Alex , Collantes-Inga Zoila Mercedes , Durand-Hipólito Eduardo Ernesto
Published: September 2021

Objetivo. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo realizar una revisión acerca de los fundamentos referidos a aspectos claves de la política digital y sus mecanismos de gobernanza. Metodología. Se ha optado por emplear la metodología hermenéutica a fin de abordar cualitativamente la temática con base en el análisis bibliográfico. Resultados. Se describen los mecanismos y procesos inherentes a la gobernanza digital a niveles micro y macro y su influencia en el orbe, así como el desarrollo de las políticas digitales aplicadas al campo de la educación. Conclusión. Se discuten las oportunidades y dificultades del desarrollo de los sistemas de gobernanza multinivel con base en la aplicación de infraestructuras digitales y la consolidación de ecosistemas tecnológicos urbanos.
A prevalence of running-related injuries among professional endurance runners in the Rift Valley, Kenya
Authors: Koech Reuben , Olivier Benita , Tawa Nassib
Published: September 2021

Background: Injuries related to endurance running have attracted attention as the sport has become more competitive, and as athletes seek to improve their performance. Consequently, endurance runners are increasingly becoming more susceptible to lower extremity running injuries. Objectives: The aim of this study was to establish the prevalence of running-related injuries among professional endurance runners in the Rift Valley, Kenya.
Methods: We used a cross-sectional survey design targeting professional endurance runners who had participated in both local and international running competitions. The sample size consisted of 209 respondents selected through stratified and simple random sampling techniques, of which 167 participated in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on the prevalence of injuries among the endurance runners. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics.
Results: The prevalence of running injuries was 63% (n=106). The prevalence among males (n=64; 69%) was higher in comparison with that of females (n=42; 57%). The posterior thigh was the most common site for injuries among the athletes (n=87; 52%), followed by the lower back (n=78; 47%) and ankle (n=63; 38%).
Conclusion: The prevalence of running-related injuries was high among professional Kenyan endurance runners compared to other populations. These findings therefore form the basis of future research to explore the mechanisms behind the injuries and the feasibility of targeted injury prevention programmes.
Correlation of the squat-and-smile test against other patient-reported outcome scores in knee pathology
Authors: le Roux Johan , Dey Roopam , Deichl Andrea S , Torney Oscar , Laubscher Maritz , Graham Simon M , Held Michael
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for knee pathology may be affected by socioeconomic factors, language barriers and time constraints in busy outpatient clinics. The squat-and-smile test (SST) is an example of such a test that has previously been validated for femur fractures. The aim of this study was to validate the SST against other PROMs in patients with knee pathology METHODS: Patients presenting to a subspecialist knee clinic in a large hospital in sub-Saharan Africa were approached to participate. They were asked to squat and the depth of the squat as well as the need to support themselves were classified into four categories. To describe their pain, participants also selected one of three smiley faces (unhappy, neutral, smiling). These test scores were correlated to the patient's Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Tegner Lysholm score and EQ-5D scores RESULTS: Seventy patients (median age 53.4 years) were included. The squat depth correlated moderately with the KOOS score (r=0.56) and poorly with the EQ-5D and Lysholm scores (r=0.46; r=0.43). The need for squat support had poor correlations with the KOOS, EQ-5D and Lysholm scores (r=0.29; r=0.31; r=0.31), as did the smiley face component (r=0.40; r=0.32; r=0.30 CONCLUSION: For patients with knee pathology, the squat depth correlates moderately with other PROMs. It could therefore be used in settings for which conventional PROMs have limited application. Support needed to squat, and a visual analogue scale of smiley faces, had poor correlation when compared to other knee PROMs and should not be used for the assessment of knee pathology Level of evidence: Level 4 Keywords: squat and smile, KOOS, PROM, smiley faces, outcome score
CUTTING THE CANE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE STRUGGLE TO BANISH CORPORAL PUNISHMENT FROM SCHOOLS IN BRITAIN AND SOUTH AFRICA (PART 2)
Authors: Angela Crocker  , Stephen Peté
Published: September 2021

For centuries corporal punishment was used as a method for disciplining school children in Britain. Britain was one of the last countries in the European Union to abolish this form of punishment in its schools, and did so only after a long and bitter struggle waged in parliament, on the streets, and in various courts of law. This article traces the manner in which this practice became deeply entrenched in the British way of life, as well as the long battle to dislodge it. The focus then shifts to the evolution and eventual demise of this form of punishment in South African schools. During the long years of British rule in South Africa, British attitudes towards the corporal punishment of school children profoundly influenced those responsible for education in this African country. However, the attachment of South African educational authorities, educators, and parents to corporal punishment cannot be explained simply by reference to the influence of British educational values, and the article seeks to take account of the general history of corporal punishment in the African context. This history is entwined with the history of colonialism on the continent, and the article explores the unique social meanings attached to this form of punishment in the African context, as well as its historical importance as a means of social control. The article is divided into two parts. In part one of the article, the evolution and eventual demise of corporal punishment in British schools is traced, followed by a brief general overview of corporal punishment in the African context, as well as ashort discussion of the use and eventual abolition of this form of punishment in South African schools. In part two of the article, the continued use of corporal punishment in South African schools, even after this form of punishment was legally abolished following the end of “apartheid”, is examined in detail.
JUDICIAL DISCRETION IN THE DETERMINATION OF POST-DIVORCE CHILD SUPPORT: A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN MAINTENANCE ACT 99 OF 1998 AS COMPARED TO THE CANADIAN FEDERAL CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES OF 1997
Authors: Marita Carnelley  , Juanita Easthorpe
Published: September 2021

There are various models for determining and allocating child support obligations post-divorce and many different principles upon which such a policy can be based. In most legal systems the parents retain the duty to support their needy children after divorce as it is primarily their obligation to ensure the adequate financial welfare of their children. This principle is applicable in both the South African and Canadian legal systems. In South Africa, in terms of both the common law and legislation, both parents must maintain their children “according to their respective means”. The awarding of a specific amount of maintenance is, however, a complex process calculated by the courts on a case-by-case basis mainly by considering two issues: the needs of the children and the parents’ ability to maintain their children within the circumstances and means of each of the parents. Although both aspects are important in a maintenance enquiry, the focus of this note is on the interpretation of the calculation of the contribution of each of the parents, especially the non-custodial parent. The interpretation of the concept “means” obviously has important consequences for the parties: the broader the interpretation of the “means” of a parent, the higher the proportion of the contribution of that parent would be towards the support of the children. This is especially important in South Africa where a substantial proportion of those who are obligated to pay maintenance is impecunious. The Canadian law rested on similar principles until 1997 when the federal government promulgated the Federal Child Support Guidelines as an amendment to the Divorce Act. The impact of these Guidelines on the calculation of the parental share of post-divorce child support has been far-reaching. The aim of this note is firstly to examine the meaning of the term “means” within the South African legal system as set out in the common law, the various statutes and as these have been interpreted by the majority of courts over the past century. The second aim is to give a brief overview of the Canadian Guidelines and to compare their current system with the South African scenario. The rationale for choosing this jurisdiction is (i) the fact that in both jurisdictions the courts have the ultimate say over the amount of support paid; and (ii) as the Canadian position before their 1997 amendments was similar to the current South Africa system, it was envisaged that by exploring their reasons for change and evaluating their current system, some useful insights might be gained in solving some problems experienced in the South African maintenance system. The note will conclude with some suggestions for reform in South Africa in light of the Canadian experience.
PEELING THE ORANGE: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE LEGALITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES REGIME AGAINST CITRUS PRODUCE FROM SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Clive Vinti  , Loyiso Makapela
Published: September 2021

This article examines the legality of the European Union’s sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) regime implemented against citrus produce from South Africa. In essence, South Africa contends that the European Union’s SPS measures lack a technical and scientific basis in violation of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. It is clear from the Pest Risk Assessments discussed in this article, in accordance with the requirements of the relevant articles of the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, that the likelihood of Citrus Black Spot establishing itself and spreading in the European Union is miniscule. This article concludes that the European Union SPS regime is neither based on sufficient scientific evidence nor scientific certainty; rather, it is based on speculation and conjecture, both of which are never grounds for establishing an appropriate level of protection.
BARGAINING IN BAD FAITH IN SOUTH AFRICAN LABOUR LAW: AN ANTIDOTE?
Authors: Fiona Leppan  , Avinash Govindjee  , Ben Cripps
Published: September 2021

While good-faith bargaining is recognized in many overseas jurisdictions and by the International Labour Organisation, such a duty has not been incorporated in South African labour legislation. Given the many recent examples of labour unrest in South Africa, it is time to consider whether there should be a duty to bargain in good faith when taking part in collective bargaining. Recognizing such a duty would arguably benefit both employers and employees and South Africa as a whole.
DONATED HUMAN TISSUE: IS IT A MEDICAL DEVICE OR JUST TISSUE?
Authors: M Slabbert
Published: September 2021

Donated human tissue can be used in various ways. Bone and skin received by an authorised Tissue Bank are preserved and processed in order to be used in transplantations later. The question arises whether these products derived from human tissue stays just human tissue or do they become medical devices. The importance of this distinction is mainly to determine which legislative framework applies. Neither the National Health Act nor the Medicines and Related Substances Act give guidance on how to classify products as medical devices or human tissue. A Draft Guidance from the United States of America is analysed as well as a Directive from the European Communities. It is recommended that South Africa should change its current laws to give clarity to Tissue Banks.
LEGISLATIVE CONTROLS ON DIRECTOR AND EXECUTIVE TERMINATION PAYMENTS IN THE UK AND AUSTRALIA – LESSONS FOR SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Vela Madlela
Published: September 2021

The awarding of termination payments to departing company directors and senior executives has attracted a lot of controversy in many jurisdictions in light of the excessive nature and size of termination packages, as well as the corporate governance flaws in the process by which these payments are determined. Termination payments are frequently perceived to be rewards for failure in view of the large packages that have been paid to company executives on termination of their service contracts, often following poor financial performance and staff retrenchments. This article examines the legislative controls on termination payments in the UK under the Companies Act 2006, and in Australia under the Corporations Act 2001. It then evaluates the position in South Africa under the Companies Act 71 of 2008 in light of the approaches followed by the UK and Australia. The article concludes that the provisions of the Companies Act 71 of 2008, relating to directors’ and executives’ termination payments are inadequate to promote transparency, accountability and certainty. It further makes proposals for more robust regulation of directors’-and executive-termination payments under the Companies Act 71 of 2008.
IS CYBER SEARCH AND SEIZURE UNDER THE CYBERCRIMES AND CYBERSECURITY BILL CONSISTENT WITH THE PROTECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION ACT?
Authors: Melody Musoni
Published: September 2021

The focus of this note is to analyze whether the Cybercrimes and Cybersecurity Bill provides a harmonization between search and seizure and the constitutional right to privacy. This will be achieved by discussing the State powers of search and seizure in cyberspace vis-à-vis the right to privacy as envisaged in the Protection of Personal Information Act. Further, this note investigates whether the Cybercrimes and Cybersecurity Bill achieves the purpose of combatting cybercrimes without the infringement of the right to privacy. Subsequently, the article provides plausible recommendations on how the State should lawfully conduct searches and seizures of articles related to cybercrimes.
“PROTECTING” ASSETS THROUGH A DISCRETIONARY TRUST IN ANTICIPATION OF DIVORCE
Authors: Clement Marumoagae
Published: September 2021

This paper addresses a dilemma faced by South African courts relating to the status of assets held in a trust of which one of the parties to a marriage is a trustee. The general rule is that trust property shall not form part of the personal estate of the trustee, except in so far as he or she, as the beneficiary, is entitled to it. This paper illustrates the possible prejudicial effect to vulnerable spouses of strictly applying trust-legal principles when deciding divorce matters. The article submits that courts should objectively assess the facts of the cases before them to determine whether the assets held in a trust would have been part of the trustee’s personal estate had there been no trust created. If the answer is “yes”, then such assets, depending on the marital regime, should be divided between the parties on divorce.
THE END OF THE HONEYMOON: PENAL DISCOURSE AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF PRISONERS IN THE AFTERMATH OF SOUTH AFRICA’S SECOND DEMOCRATIC ELECTION ‒ PART TWO
Authors: Stephen Allister Peté
Published: September 2021

The years immediately following South Africa’s second democratic election, held in June 1999, were significant in that they marked the end of the “honeymoon” period which followed the country’s transition from apartheid to democracy in 1994. This article focuses on the public discourse surrounding imprisonment in South Africa during this important “post-honeymoon” period. The article traces the continued systematic violation of the basic human rights of many of those confined in South African prisons throughout the period. Part One of the article dealt with the many public debates surrounding chronic prison overcrowding and its effects, whereas Part Two deals with a host of evils which beset the South African penal system at this time, including very poor conditions of detention, high levels of gang activity, the spread of HIV/AIDS, the escape of dangerous criminals from different prisons in the country, and instances of corruption and other criminal activity amongst prisoners and staff.
FINANCIAL LIABILITY AND CHILD OFFENDERS IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Michelle Karels
Published: September 2021

This submission is a theoretical examination of pecuniary liability in the case of child offenders in terms of the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008. It considers the financial position of child offenders in the ordinary course of criminal action viz. the obligation to pay bail, fine(s) or compensation orders, etc. Thereafter the potential latent financial liability of parents arising from the criminal actions of their offspring will be considered. The financial and legal accountability of parents will be considered and compared with the position of South African parents as opposed to that of parents in England and Wales. Finally, the submission queries, the practical operation and implementation of contribution orders in terms of the Children’s Act 38 of 2005. A comparison of the use of such orders with the practice in the United States of America follows. The submission postulates that contribution orders are merely one example of potential financial liability for criminal conduct within the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008, which may materially affect the parent(s), guardian, or appropriate adult responsible for the care of a child offender.
WHEN A RELATIONSHIP HAS REACHED ITS EXPIRATION DATE, DOES THE SAME APPLY TO THE EMBRYOS UNDER SOUTH AFRICAN LAW?
Authors: C van Niekerk
Published: September 2021

Individuals are more frequently having recourse to assisted reproductive technologies (ART) to realize their desire for offspring. Where they do so, they may choose to fertilize their gametes and implant the resultant embryos immediately, or they may choose to freeze their embryos for later use. The latter option brings with it greater potential for legal disputes as relationships terminate, parties change their minds, and disagreements arise regarding the fate of frozen embryos. This article, therefore, examines the South African legal framework for addressing disputes involving frozen embryos. The aim is to assess whether the current legal framework is adequate, and whether lessons can be learnt from other jurisdictions faced with similar legal disputes.
A GREAT TRIUMPH PAR EXCELLENCE FOR NON-RACISM IN OUR JURISPRUDENCE Solidarity v Department of Correctional Services 2016 (5) SA 594 (CC)
Authors: George Devenish
Published: September 2021

The applicants in this seminal judgment of the Constitutional Court were both Coloured males and females. As such they were denied promotion by the Department of Correctional Services in the Western Cape, a province in which there is a Coloured majority, on the basis that this population group was overrepresented in employment, in terms of the said Department’s national demographics-based 2010 Employment Equity Plan (EE Plan).Both the Labour Court and the Labour Appeal Court held that the Department’s EE Plan was unlawful because it set numerical employment targets for the different racial groups that were based exclusively on the national demographic profile, without therefore taking into account the regional demographic profile, as it was obligated to do by virtue of section 42(1)(a) of the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998 (EE Act), as it read at the time.However, neither of the abovementioned Courts set aside the EE Plan as invalid, nor did they grant the remedies applied for. As a result, the applicants sought in an appeal to the Constitutional Court for appropriate relief.