bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Koffein und Schmerz
Authors: Nieber Karen
Published: June 2017

Die Kaffeepflanze aus der Familie der Rötegewächse (Rubiaceae) wurde erstmals 1558 in medizinischen und botanischen Werken Europas erwähnt. Angeregt durch den Kaffeeliebhaber Johann Wolfgang von Goethe gelang es dem Apotheker und Chemiker Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge 1820, reines Koffein aus Kaffeebohnen zu isolieren. Koffein ist ein Xanthinderivat, das in Kaffee, Tee, Cola, Mate, Guaraná, Energy-Drinks und Schokolade enthalten ist.Koffein ist weltweit die am häufigsten konsumierte pharmakologisch aktive Substanz. Seit einigen Jahren ist es Gegenstand intensiver Forschungen. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Koffein vielfältige Wirkungen im peripheren und zentralen Nervensystem hat 1. Koffein ist als Monosubstanz zur Behandlung von Ermüdungserscheinungen nicht rezeptpflichtig sowie rezeptpflichtig zur Therapie der primären Apnoe bei Frühgeborenen in Deutschland zugelassen. Dieser Beitrag fokussiert auf die schmerzhemmende Wirkung des Koffeins als adjuvantes Analgetikum und bei Muskelschmerzen nach körperlicher Belastung.
Zyklodestruktive Verfahren zur Senkung des Augeninnendrucks – eine Übersicht
Authors: Jurjevic Drazen , Funk Jens , Töteberg-Harms Marc
Published: June 2017

Die einzige Therapie des Glaukoms, für die es eine ausreichende Evidenz gibt, ist die Senkung des Augendrucks. Die Augendrucksenkung kann durch eine Verbesserung des Abflusses oder eine Verringerung der Kammerwasserproduktion erzielt werden. Chirurgisch kann eine Verringerung der Kammerwasserproduktion durch zyklodestruktive Verfahren erreicht werden. Dieser Artikel soll eine kurze Zusammenfassung über die verschiedenen zyklodestruktiven Verfahren geben. Die Effektivität der Zyklophotokoagulation ist hinreichend belegt. Durch Anpassung der Laserprotokolle hat sich das Risikoprofil reduzieren lassen. Die in frühen Studien beschriebenen gravierenden Komplikationen bis hin zu Visusverlust sind selten geworden. Das Indikationsspektrum der Zyklophotokoagulation hat sich von End-Stage-Glaukomen bis zu Glaukomen mit gutem Visus erweitert. Selbst der Einsatz zyklodestruktiver Verfahren bei pädiatrischen Glaukomen hat an Akzeptanz gewonnen. Eine vielversprechende nächste Generation mikrogepulster Diodenlaser könnte bei gleicher Wirksamkeit das Risikoprofil noch weiter reduzieren. Die Nichtunterlegenheit der Mikropulszyklophotokoagulation gegenüber den etablierten Verfahren wurde in ersten Studien unter Beweis gestellt. Zum gegenwärtigen Zeitpunkt fehlen noch Langzeitstudien bezüglich Effektivität und Nebenwirkungsprofil sowie ein standardisiertes Laserprotokoll.
Radiotherapy of the lymphatic drainage pathways in breast carcinoma: time for a reassessment
Authors: Piroth M. , Sautter-Bihl M. , Baumann R. , Budach W. , Dunst Jürgen , Feyer P. , Fietkau R. , Haase W. , Harms W. , Krug D. , Sedlmayer F. , Souchon R. , Wenz F. , Sauer R. ,   Breast Cancer Expert Panel of the German Society of Radiation Oncology (DEGRO)
Published: June 2017

Background The treatment administered for regional lymph nodes has altered dramatically in recent years. The state of the evidence on radiotherapy has also substantially improved and a reassessment is required.

Materials and results Randomized studies are available on axillary surgery versus radiotherapy (AMAROS); on refraining from axillary dissection after a positive sentinel node (SN) when radiotherapy is planned (ACOSOG Z0011); and on adjuvant radiotherapy of the regional lymph nodes (LNs). ACOSOG Z0011 shows that refraining from axillary dissection is possible even when there are one or two positive SNs. The meta-analysis of the studies on adjuvant radiotherapy for the regional LNs (EORTC, Canadian, and French studies) shows a significant survival benefit with radiotherapy, and a Danish cohort study has confirmed this result. The reduction in breast cancer–specific mortality in these studies was partly based on a “systemic” effect of regional radiotherapy, with a reduction in the rate of distant metastases.

Conclusions The principle applying in surgical treatment of the axilla is “less is not worse.” By contrast, the principle applying in radiotherapy of the regional lymph nodes is “more may be better in some circumstances.” There is as yet no clear explanation for the discrepancy between these two findings. An immunological effect (through immunogenic cell death due to irradiation) has been discussed. Further research is needed on which patients are today capable of benefiting from regional radiotherapy.
Mieke le Granse – „Wir sollten der Gesellschaft viel mehr zeigen, was wir zu bieten haben“
Authors: Kaldewei Nicole
Published: June 2017

ergopraxis blickt gemeinsam mit Mieke le Granse auf ihr Berufsleben zurück: über 40 Jahre Engagement für die Ergotherapie – national und international. Ihr Erfolgsgeheimnis, was sie antreibt und welche Themen neben der Ergotherapie Platz in ihrem Leben haben, verrät sie im Interview.
Handmotorik, Gestik und die Entwicklung der Sprache
Authors: Lotze Martin
Published: June 2017

Als Gestik kann die Körperhandlung nichtsprachlicher Art bezeichnet werden, die mit der Absicht durchgeführt wird, etwas zum Ausdruck zu
bringen (nach Kendon 7).

Ebenso wie die Aphasie tritt eine Störung des Gebrauchs oder der Erkennung von Handbewegungen nach Schädigung der linken Gehirnhälfte auf.
Damit leiden Patienten nach Schlaganfall im Gebiet der A. cerebri media häufig sowohl an einer Sprachstörung als auch an einer Störung des
Gebrauchs oder der Erkennung von Handbewegungen. Eine genaue Differenzierung ist damit im Alltag oft erschwert.
Eine Hilfestellung zur therapeutischen Arbeit mit aphasischen Patienten
Authors: Kutscher Vanessa
Published: June 2017

Bei einer Aphasie können verschiedene sprachliche Modalitäten betroffen sein. Am ersichtlichsten sind zunächst Defizite in der
Sprachproduktion, aber auch das Schreiben, das Lesen und das Sprachverständnis können betroffen sein.

Im therapeutischen Alltag gilt es, diese sprachliche Hürde zu nehmen, um die physio- und ergotherapeutische Behandlung möglichst erfolgreich
zu gestalten. Im Folgenden sollen Hilfestellungen geboten werden, die den Umgang mit aphasischen Patienten erleichtern.
Neue Entgeltordnung für Gesundheitsberufe – Vergütung mit Nebenwirkungen
Authors: Oldenburg Elke
Published: June 2017

Berufseinsteiger dürften zufrieden sein mit der neuen Entgeltordnung für Gesundheitsberufe. Ergo- und Physiotherapeuten, die in kommunalen Kliniken arbeiten, sind hingegen enttäuscht und fühlen sich von ver.di nicht gut vertreten. Ihnen geht es nicht nur um die Eingruppierung, sondern auch um die Darstellung ihrer Qualifikationen.
The Association Between Normal Range TSH and Lipid Profile
Authors: Ahi Salma , Amouzegar Atieh , Gharibzadeh Safoora , Kazempour-Ardebili Sara , Delshad Hossein , Tohidi Maryam , Azizi Fereidoun
Published: June 2017

Dyslipidemia in thyroid dysfunction is mostly attributed to thyrotropin (TSH) levels, especially in subclinical disorders, but the exact role of TSH in dyslipidemia has not been explained. A total of 3 020 subjects who remained euthyroid in 3 phases of the Tehran Thyroid study were enrolled and divided according to quartiles of TSH as: Q1 (0.32–1.02), Q2 (1.02–1.53), Q3 (1.53–2.27), and Q4 (2.27–5.06). General Linear model was used to determine whether there was a significant correlation between subjects’ lipid profile and quartiles of TSH from 1st to 2nd and from 1st to 3rd phase. Mean TC, LDL-C level and median TG were significantly higher for Q1 in all study phases. All lipid parameters of participants after 6 years (3rd phase study) except LDL-C were significantly varied in different TSH groups. Highest levels of TC, TG and HDL-C were observed in Q4. Thus, irrespective of TC and LDL-C in Q1 and Q4 (participants with the lowest and highest limit of TSH within the normal range), the difference in lipid parameters in middle of normal TSH range was not significant. Normal range TSH levels have a statistically significant effect on lipid profile, but the effect size is not clinically significant.
A metasurface-based prism analogue for terahertz rainbow spectrum manipulation
Authors: Zheng Shen , Li Chao , Li Shichao , Zhang Xiaojuan , Fang Guangyou
Published: June 2017

Optical prisms can spread compound light spatially into a rainbow and have widespread applications in spectroscopy and imaging. Limited by the natural materials as well as technologies, there has been no natural counterpart of the optical prism that works in the Terahertz (THz) band so far. In this letter, a THz prism analogue based on metasurfaces working in the transmission diffraction mechanism is first proposed to generate the THz rainbow spectrum. The physics of different modes excited by the interaction between the incident wave and the metasurface is investigated in theory and simulation. A coherent enhancement method was developed to improve the mode competition of the rainbow spectrum over other unwanted leaky modes to guarantee the high transfer efficiency of the wavelength dependent transmission diffraction. The experimental results show that the prism analogue can spread the incident spectrum from 0.15 to 0.22 THz in an angular scope of about 30.8° with comparatively high transferring efficiency.
VISdish: A new tool for canting and shape-measuring solar-dish facets
Authors: Montecchi Marco , Cara Giuseppe , Benedetti Arcangelo
Published: June 2017

Solar dishes allow us to obtain highly concentrated solar fluxes used to produce electricity or feed thermal processes/storage. For practical reasons, the reflecting surface is composed by a number of facets. After the dish assembly, facet-canting is an important task for improving the concentration of solar radiation around the focus-point, as well as the capture ratio at the receiver placed there. Finally, flux profile should be measured or evaluated to verify the concentration quality. All these tasks can be achieved by the new tool we developed at ENEA, named VISdish. The instrument is based on the visual inspection system (VIS) approach and can work in two functionalities: canting and shape-measurement. The shape data are entered in a simulation software for evaluating the flux profile and concentration quality. With respect to prior methods, VISdish offers several advantages: (i) simpler data processing, because light point-source and its reflections are univocally related, (ii) higher accuracy. The instrument functionality is illustrated through the preliminary experimental results obtained on the dish recently installed in ENEA-Casaccia in the framework of the E.U. project OMSoP.
Noise characterization of analog to digital converters for amplitude and phase noise measurements
Authors: Cárdenas-Olaya A. C. , Rubiola E. , Friedt J.-M. , Bourgeois P.-Y. , Ortolano M. , Micalizio S. , Calosso C. E.
Published: June 2017

Improvements on electronic technology in recent years have allowed the application of digital techniques in phase noise metrology, where low noise and high accuracy are required, yielding flexibility in system implementation and setup. This results in measurement systems with extended capabilities, additional functionalities, and ease of use. In most digital schemes, the Analog to Digital Converters (ADCs) set the ultimate performance of the system; therefore the proper selection of this component is a critical issue. Currently, the information available in the literature describes in depth the ADC features only at frequency offsets far from the carrier. However, the performance close to the carrier is a more important concern. As a consequence, the ADC noise is, in general, analyzed on the implemented phase measurement setup. We propose a noise model for ADCs and a method to estimate its parameters. The method retrieves the phase modulation and amplitude modulation noise by sampling around zero and maximum amplitude, a test sine-wave synchronous with the ADC clock. The model allows discriminating the ADC noise sources and obtaining the phase noise and amplitude noise power spectral densities from 10 Hz to one half of the sampling frequency. This approach reduces the data processing, allowing an efficient ADC evaluation in terms of hardware complexity and computational cost.
A convenient method for large-scale STM mapping of freestanding atomically thin conductive membranes
Authors: Uder B. , Hartmann U.
Published: June 2017

Two-dimensional atomically flat sheets with a high flexibility are very attractive as ultrathin membranes but are also inherently challenging for microscopic investigations. We report on a method using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) under ultra-high vacuum conditions for large-scale mapping of several-micrometer-sized freestanding single and multilayer graphene membranes. This is achieved by operating the STM at unusual parameters. We found that large-scale scanning on atomically thin membranes delivers valuable results using very high tip-scan speeds combined with high feedback-loop gain and low tunneling currents. The method ultimately relies on the particular behavior of the freestanding membrane in the STM which is much different from that of a solid substrate.
Measurements of edge plasma parameters during internal reconnection events in the TST-2 spherical tokamak
Authors: Furui H. , Ejiri A. , Nagashima Y. , Takase Y. , Sonehara M. , Tsujii N. , Roidl B. , Shinya T. , Togashi H. , Homma H. , Nakamura K. , Takeuchi T. , Yajima S. , Yoshida Y. , Toida K. , Takahashi W. , Yamazaki H.
Published: June 2017

Measurements of edge plasma parameters such as current density, electron density, and electron temperature were performed during internal reconnection events in TST-2 Ohmic plasmas. The measured current density consists of two components: a slowly varying component and a spiky bipolar component. The magnitude of the slowly varying component is comparable to the mean current density averaged over the poloidal cross section, and it seems to represent the global transport from the core to the edge. The spiky bipolar component is about an order of magnitude larger than the slowly varying component, but the spatial structure seems to be localized and its effect on plasma confinement is not catastrophic.
Effect of collisions on drift instabilities in a field reversed configuration under conditions of magneto-inertial fusion
Authors: Wang Guanqiong , Wang Xiaoguang , Yang Xianjun , Weiland Jan
Published: June 2017

Drift instabilities in a field reversed configuration are studied under conditions of magneto-inertial fusion (MIF). Specifically, the collisional effect is taken into account because of high-density plasmas in MIF where the drift wave frequency is smaller than the electron-ion collision frequency. Dispersion relations are based on the two fluid equations including the collisional terms; meanwhile, the electromagnetic effect is also considered due to high β values (β is the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure). It is found that in the limit of low β, the behavior of instabilities described by the dispersion relations in the present paper would become like drift instabilities in tokamaks, where β ∼ 0.1. Therefore, in the MIF case, electromagnetic drift instabilities could be driven by electron-ion collisions due to the charge separation effect. The collisions also bring the phase difference between the perturbed density and the potential perturbation, which is significant for the particle transport.
Manipulation of Pauli spin blockade in double quantum dot systems
Authors: Hou WenJie , Wang YuanDong , Wei JianHua , Yan YiJing
Published: June 2017

Pauli spin blockade (PSB) is a significant physical effect in double quantum dot (DQD) systems. In this paper, we start from the fundamental quantum model of the DQD with the electron-electron interaction being considered and then systematically study the PSB effect in DQD by using a recently developed nonperturbative method, the hierarchical equations of motion approach. By checking the current-voltage and nonequilibrium spectral function features, the physical picture of the PSB is explicitly elucidated. Then, various kinds of manipulation of PSBs are discussed, including gate voltage, exchange interaction, and electron spin resonance. Three main characteristics beyond low-order perturbation theory are demonstrated in detail as follows: (1) the finite leakage current in the strongly correlated limit; (2) the enhancement and lifting of PSB by exchange interaction; and (3) the ON-and-OFF switch of PSB by real-time modulation.
On the plethora of representations arising in noncommutative quantum mechanics and an explicit construction of noncommutative 4-tori
Authors: Chowdhury S. Hasibul Hassan
Published: June 2017

We construct a 2-parameter family of unitarily equivalent irreducible representations of the triply extended group GNC of translations of R4 associated with a family of its 4-dimensional coadjoint orbits and show how a continuous 2-parameter family of gauge potentials emerges from these unitarily equivalent representations. We show that the Landau and the symmetric gauges of noncommutative quantum mechanics, widely used in the literature, in fact, belong to this 2-parameter family of gauges. We also provide an explicit construction of noncommutative 4-tori and compute the associated star products using the unitary dual of the group GNC that was studied at length in an earlier paper [S. H. H. Chowdhury and S. T. Ali, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 47, 085301 (2014)]. Finally, we construct projective modules over such noncommutative 4-tori and compute constant curvature connections on them using Rieffel’s method.
Amphiphilic nanoparticles suppress droplet break-up in a concentrated emulsion flowing through a narrow constriction
Authors: Gai Ya , Kim Minkyu , Pan Ming , Tang Sindy K. Y.
Published: June 2017

This paper describes the break-up behavior of a concentrated emulsion comprising drops stabilized by amphiphilic silica nanoparticles flowing in a tapered microchannel. Such geometry is often used in serial droplet interrogation and sorting processes in droplet microfluidics applications. When exposed to high viscous stresses, drops can undergo break-up and compromise their physical integrity. As these drops are used as micro-reactors, such compromise leads to a loss in the accuracy of droplet-based assays. Here, we show droplet break-up is suppressed by replacing the fluoro-surfactant similar to the one commonly used in current droplet microfluidics applications with amphiphilic nanoparticles as droplet stabilizer. We identify parameters that influence the break-up of these drops and demonstrate that break-up probability increases with increasing capillary number and confinement, decreasing nanoparticle size, and is insensitive to viscosity ratio within the range tested. Practically, our results reveal two key advantages of nanoparticles with direct applications to droplet microfluidics. First, replacing surfactants with nanoparticles suppresses break-up and increases the throughput of the serial interrogation process to 3 times higher than that in surfactant system under similar flow conditions. Second, the insensitivity of break-up to droplet viscosity makes it possible to process samples having different composition and viscosities without having to change the channel and droplet geometry in order to maintain the same degree of break-up and corresponding assay accuracy.
Tunable ferroelectric domain wall alignment in strained monoclinic KxNa1−xNbO3 epitaxial films
Authors: Braun D. , Schmidbauer M. , Hanke M. , Kwasniewski A. , Schwarzkopf J.
Published: June 2017

Epitaxial growth of ferroelectric KxNa1−xNbO3 thin films on (110) NdScO3 substrates results in the formation of domain walls which significantly differ in their arrangement from commonly observed 45° or 90° inclinations. The deviation is attributed to the monoclinic symmetry of the evolving a1a2/MC herringbone pattern and can be controlled by the epitaxial strain. In this work, tuning of the in-plane domain angle is systematically performed by the variation of the potassium content in KxNa1−xNbO3. The experimental data are in full agreement with a theoretical model. The observed behavior yields a promising pathway for domain engineering and patterning of periodic structures.
Reducing the thermal conductivity of chemically ordered binary alloys below the alloy limit via the alteration of phonon dispersion relations
Authors: Giri Ashutosh , Braun Jeffrey L. , Tomko John A. , Hopkins Patrick E.
Published: June 2017

We investigate the effect of crystalline configuration on the thermal conductivity of binary Lennard-Jones based solid solutions via classical molecular dynamics simulations and harmonic lattice dynamics calculations. We show that the pronounced effect of Umklapp scattering causes the cross-plane thermal conductivity of the chemically ordered alloy (1 × 1 monolayer period superlattice) to approach the thermal conductivity of the disordered counterpart (alloy limit) at elevated temperatures. However, we find that for superlattices with thicker periods and larger acoustic mismatch between the layers, the thermal conductivity can approach a minimum that is well below the alloy limit and can even approach the theoretical minimum limit of the corresponding amorphous phase. Our simulations over a wide range of mass ratios between the species suggest two contrasting effects of increasing mass ratio: (i) flattening of modes that leads to lower group velocities and lower overall thermal conductivity and (ii) reduction in the cross-section for Umklapp scattering due to the increase in the stop bands that tends to increase the thermal conductivity. The interplay between these two mechanisms that controls the thermal conductivity is shown to be dependent on the period thickness for these superlattices.
Tailoring the rate-sensitivity of low density polyurea foams through cell wall aperture size
Authors: Ramirez B. J. , Kingstedt O. T. , Crum R. , Gamez C. , Gupta V.
Published: June 2017

The plateau stress and energy absorption of low density (≤300 kg/m3) polyurea (PU) foams and expanded polystyrene (EPS) were measured at deformation rates ranging from 0.004 s−1 to 5000 s−1. Low (≤10−1 s−1) strain rate testing was performed using an Instron load frame, intermediate (101–102 s−1) strain rates using a drop-weight impact tower, and high (≥103 s−1) strain rate conditions using a modified split-Hopkinson pressure bar. The plateau stress and energy absorption of low density PU foams exhibit a strong rate dependence across all deformation rates. This result has been previously unreported for low density polymer foams under low and intermediate strain rates. The strain rate sensitivity of PU foams was found to be strongly dependent on cell size for low strain rates and cell wall aperture size for intermediate and high strain rates. EPS type foam, however, remained nearly insensitive to strain rate. At low and intermediate strain rates, the plastic crushing in the EPS and the high plateau stress yield a much higher energy absorption capability than the viscoelastic dissipation in the PU foams. However, PU foams were found to display similar energy absorption properties as EPS based foams under high strain rates. Thus, controlling the strain rate sensitivity of PU foams through aperture diameter can lead to an increase in energy absorption properties at high strain rates, while simultaneously maintaining the peak stress below certain injury thresholds. Additionally, unlike EPS, which undergo plastic crushing after first impact, flexible polyurea foams will recover fully after each impact and thus will have multiple hit capabilities. This will allow these materials to have a wide range of applications, in advance body armors and protective headgears to use in low-cost protection systems for a wide range of military platforms, civilian, and space applications.
Target transverse size and laser polarization effects on pair production during ultra-relativistic-intense laser interaction with solid targets
Authors: Yuan T. , Chen M. , Yu J. Y. , Liu W. Y. , Luo W. , Weng S. M. , Sheng Z. M.
Published: June 2017

Pair production from the Breit-Wheeler process in ultra-intense laser pulse interactions with solid targets are studied by particle-in-cell simulations using the EPOCH code including the quantum electrodynamics module. We find that the pair yield depends on both the target transverse size and the laser pulse duration. For a short laser pulse, the highest pair yield is achieved with a target as wide as the laser spot size. For a long laser pulse, however, the optimal target size for the pair production increases with the pulse duration due to a self-generated cone by the hole-boring process. The effect of laser polarization upon the pair production is also studied. It is found that a circularly polarized laser pulse is more efficient in the ion acceleration rather than in the pair production. With the same laser energy, we find that a linearly polarized laser pulse can generate two times more positrons than the circularly polarized laser pulse does. These findings may benefit the future researches on the laser plasma based electron-positron production.
Physical-chemical stability of fluorinated III-N surfaces: Towards the understanding of the (0001) AlxGa1-xN surface donor modification by fluorination
Authors: Reiner Maria , Schellander Josef , Denifl Günter , Stadtmueller Michael , Schmid Michael , Frischmuth Tobias , Schmid Ulrich , Pietschnig Rudolf , Ostermaier Clemens
Published: June 2017

Gallium nitride based high electron mobility transistors are widely known for their operational instabilities regarding interface defects to the dielectric. In this paper, we discuss a III-N surface treatment that results in an electrically more defined interface and hence a narrower distribution of electrically present interface states compared to the original, untreated interface. This surface modification is caused by a remote plasma fluorination of the III-N surface. We show that it is a very distinctive surface processing which cannot be reproduced by other plasma techniques or ion implantation. Applying physical and chemical analyses, the fluorination is found to have a remarkable stability towards temperatures up to 700 °C and is also stable in air for up to 180 h. However, an aqueous clean allows the surface to return to its original state. Even though the exact physical origin of the responsible surface donor cannot be inferred, we suggest that fluorine itself might not directly represent the new surface donor but that it rather activates the III-N surface prior to the dielectric deposition or even substitutes and hence reduces the concentration of surface hydroxides.
Experimental characterization of the dominant multiple nodes charge collection mechanism in metal oxide-semiconductor transistors
Authors: Song Ruiqiang , Chen Shuming , Chi Yaqing , Wu Zhenyu , Liang Bin , Chen Jianjun , Xu Jingyan , Hao Peipei , Yu Junting
Published: June 2017

We propose an experimental method to investigate the dominant multiple node charge collection mechanism. A transistor array-based test structure is used to distinguish charge collection owing to the drift-diffusion and parasitic bipolar amplification effect. Heavy ion experimental results confirm that drift-diffusion dominates multiple node charge collection at low linear energy transfer (LET). However, the parasitic bipolar amplification effect dominates it at high LET. We also propose simple equations to determine the critical LET which may change the dominant multiple node charge collection mechanism. The calculated LET value is consistent with the heavy ion experimental results.
Thermal stability and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of Pd82Si18 amorphous ribbon
Authors: Wang Xutong , Zeng Mo , Nollmann Niklas , Wilde Gerhard , Wang Jiang , Tang Chengying
Published: June 2017

Rapidly quenched Pd82Si18 ribbon was prepared by melt spinning. The thermal stability and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of Pd82Si18 amorphous ribbon were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter measurements. Its structure was investigated by X-ray diffraction and transmission electronic microscopy. The activation energy was calculated by the Kissinger method, and the nucleation and growth during non-isothermal crystallization were investigated by the local activation energy and local Avrami exponent. The average activation energy for Pd82Si18 amorphous ribbon based on the Kissinger method is 330.672 kJ/mol, indicating that it has high thermal stability. The local activation energy of the glass ribbon was determined by the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose method, and the local Avrami exponent was obtained based on the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami model. The calculated local activation energy increases to a maximum when the crystallization column fraction reaches 0.3, and it then decreases, which shows that crystallization is a multistep process. The local Avrami exponent indicates that the crystallization process of Pd82Si18 amorphous ribbon is controlled by volume nucleation with three-dimensional growth at various nucleation rates.
Scaling laws of wave-cascading superfluid turbulence
Authors: Narita Y.
Published: June 2017

Phenomenological model is constructed for superfluid turbulence for two distinct energy cascade scenarios, sound wave cascade and critically-balanced Kelvin wave cascade, using the method for magneto-fluid turbulence theory. Excitations along dispersion relations are used as the primary energy reservoir. The spectral indices in the inertial range are estimated as −3/2 for the long-wavelength sound wave cascade, −3 in the direction to the mean filaments for the Kelvin wave cascade, and −5/3 perpendicular to the filament direction.
Sex selection in layer chickens
Authors: Doran T. J. , Morris K. R. , Wise T. G. , O'Neil T. E. , Cooper C. A. , Jenkins K. A. , Tizard M. L. V.
Published: June 2017

The ability to detect and remove male chicks pre-hatch would be a big step forward to the egg-laying and related industries. The current practice of culling male chicks post-hatch creates a major ethical dilemma for many countries. Hatching out and growing male layer chicks is not a sustainable option for farmers. A genetic based in ovo sex selection application would effectively negate the need to cull or grow out male chickens and would contribute to a more sustainable industry with a view to future food security. Recent advancements in avian gene technology allow specific marking of the sex-determining chromosome in chickens so that the males can be identified before hatching and removed before incubation. This provides a simple solution to meet a pressing need for the industry and a leading opportunity for the adoption of biotechnology in animal agriculture.
Effect of prepartum supplementation with niacin, choline and cod liver oil on postpartum insulin sensitivity and the redox status in cows with subclinical ketosis
Authors: Youssef Mohamed A. , El-Ashker Maged R. , Younis Marwa S.
Published: June 2017

There have been limited field trials exploring the potential ameliorative effect of B-complex vitamin or antioxidant therapy in cows with prolonged insulin resistance (IR). The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of prepartum supplementation of niacin, choline and cod liver oil on metabolic status, indices of insulin sensitivity (IS) as well as markers of oxidative stress in cows with subclinical ketosis (SCK). For this purpose, 24 apparently healthy cows at ~3 weeks before the expected time of calving were studied. Based on their serum concentration of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), the studied cows were classified as having SCK (n = 20) or normal (n = 4). The diseased cows were then randomly allocated into four equal-sized groups and received the following feed supplements for subsequent 6 weeks: rumen-protected niacin, (RPN – group; n = 5); rumen-protected choline (RPC – group; n = 5); and cod liver oil (CLO-group; n = 5); or remained without treatment (SCK – group; n = 5). Serum samples were collected from all animals (n = 24) in two occasions i.e. before and after treatment to quantify concentrations of BHBA, NEFA, glucose, insulin, cortisol, and triglyceride, malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase. Indices of IS were also calculated. The findings of this study suggest benefits of prepartum supplementation to cattle with SCK, particularly RPC which demonstrated great effect on BHBA, triglyceride, and very low-density lipoprotein; but it showed a minimal effect on IS. On the other side, RPN and CLO exhibited a marked effect on serum cortisol and potentiated IS with minimal effect on BHBA. All dietary supplements had nearly equal effect on NEFA, glucose, insulin, and markers of oxidative stress. The information provided in this study could support the advancement of the future investigations in animal welfare and production.
Exploring the role of cognitive control in syntactic processing
Authors: Wolleb Anna , Sorace Antonella , Westergaard Marit
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we explore the role of cognition in bilingual syntactic processing by employing a structural priming paradigm. A group of Norwegian-English bilingual children and an age-matched group of Norwegian monolingual children were tested in a priming task that included both a within-language and a between-language priming condition. Results show that the priming effect between-language was not significantly smaller than the effect within-language. We argue that this is because language control mechanisms do not affect the access to the shared grammar. In addition, we investigate the interaction between the children’s performance in the priming task and in a non-linguistic cognitive task and find that the two measures are not correlated; however, we find a correlation between the cognitive task and language control, which we measured by counting the number of trials produced in the non-target language. Our findings suggest that language control and domain-general executive control overlap only partially.
Application of RNA silencing in improving plant traits for industrial use.
Authors: Sumit Ghosh Sumit Ghosh , Mohammad Irfan Mohammad Irfan , Asis Datta Asis Datta
Published: June 2017

The discovery of RNA silencing mechanisms has transformed research into gene function and has also allowed novel traits to be developed in plants, including some for industrial applications. To silence the expression of an undesirable gene, RNA silencing may be preferable over direct gene mutation as it leads to a dominant trait. This helps in straightforward screening of the desirable phenotypes. Moreover, RNA silencing is useful in tissue, organ and time-specific silencing of the genes that may play essential roles in plant life and, therefore, direct gene mutation may not be effective. This chapter summarizes the implication of RNA silencing in improving plant traits for industrial applications. Plants developed after RNA silencing of genes that act on cellular organization or metabolism are emerging as convenient and renewable raw materials for industries producing fuels, oils, pharmaceuticals, fibres, papers, seeds and processed foods. Several genetically modified plants, which may not have use in human consumption, have nevertheless been developed for specific industrial applications and await commercial-scale cultivation. Many more industrial crops are under different stages of development by industry and research organizations.
Systematic classification, distribution and botany.
Authors: Chandrika Ramadugu Chandrika Ramadugu , Razi M. F. , Keremane M. L. , Scora R. W. , Roose M. L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on botanical descriptions; systematic classification and taxonomy based on morphological, biochemical and molecular data; and distribution of limes. Some cultivated limes are described, including Mexican lime (Citrus aurantiifolia), Persian lime (Citrus latifolia), Palestine sweet lime (Citrus limettioides), Australian finger lime (Microcitrus australasica), Australian round lime (Microcitrus australis), Australian desert lime (Eremocitrus glauca), Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia), Calamondin (Citrus madurensis) and Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix).
Irrigation and fertilization management in lime trees.
Authors: García-Sánchez F. , Simón-Grao S. , Gimeno V. , Martínez-Nicolás J. J. , Srivastava A. K.
Published: June 2017

This chapter outlines irrigation and fertilizer management in lime trees (Rutaceae), exploring their water requirements, the different irrigation systems used currently and how these strategies have to be modified according to the different soil, climatic and water resource characteristics. In the fertilizer application section, the role of the different mineral nutrients in the physiological processes of this crop is described. The most commonly used fertilizers are discussed, along with how to reach an optimum nutritional range in the trees, thereby avoiding nutritional imbalance.
Precision agriculture in lime: potential for application of precision agriculture technologies in lime cropping systems.
Authors: Farooque A. A. , Zaman Q. U. , Schumann A. W. , Esau T. J.
Published: June 2017

In order to apply crop inputs on an as need basis, map and sensor-based precision agriculture (PA) technologies could be implemented in lime (Rutaceae) production for effective management of inputs to improve crop productivity. PA has several components, i.e. a differential global positioning system, a geographical information system, analysis of tree characteristics and field conditions, real-time measurement of soil properties, crop stress, pest pressure and disease using advanced sensors, control systems for automation of field operations, variable rate (VR) technology and yield monitoring systems. This chapter discusses PA technologies and their potential application in lime cropping systems to enhance productivity, reduce production cost and ensure environmental sustainability. It is concluded that spatial and temporal variations in soil properties, leaf nutrients and tree size in lime groves demand VR management of crop inputs to improve growth and productivity.
Harvesting and post-harvest management.
Authors: Khan A. S. , Zora Singh Zora Singh
Published: June 2017

This chapter attempts to summarize briefly all the steps involved in harvesting and postharvest management of limes (Rutaceae), including harvesting, postharvest treatments, packing, storage and transportation, which can positively influence the fruit postharvest life and quality. The fruit maturity, grade standards and postharvest physiology are also discussed. Future prospects are given.
Estimating Total Mortality Rates from Mean Lengths and Catch Rates in Nonequilibrium Situations
Authors: Huynh Quang C. , Gedamke Todd , Porch Clay E. , Hoenig John M. , Walter John F. , Bryan Meaghan , Brodziak Jon
Published: June 2017

A series of estimates of the total mortality rate (Z) can be obtained by using the Beverton–Holt nonequilibrium‐based approach of Gedamke and Hoenig (2006) on observations of population mean length over time (ML model). In contrast, only relative mortality rates (not absolute values) can be obtained from a time series of catch rates. We derived the transitional behavior of the catch rate following a change in total mortality in the population. From this derivation, we developed a new method to estimate Z that utilizes both mean lengths and catch rates (MLCR model). Both the ML model and the MLCR model assume constant recruitment in the population. We used a simulation study to test performance when recruitment is variable. Simulations over various scenarios of Z and recruitment variability showed that there may be correlated residuals in the mean lengths and catch rates arising from fluctuations in recruitment. However, the root mean square errors of the Z estimates and the change point (i.e., the year when mortality changed) were smaller in the MLCR model than in the ML model, indicating that the MLCR model can better account for variable recruitment. Both methods were then applied to Mutton Snapper Lutjanus analis in Puerto Rico to illustrate their potential application to assess data‐limited stocks. The ML model estimated an increase in Z, but the MLCR model also estimated a subsequent reduction in Z when the catch rate data were considered.

Received September 6, 2016; accepted March 14, 2017 Published online June 9, 2017
Unattainable past, unsatisfying present – Yugonostalgia: an omen of a better future?
Authors: Maksimović Maja
Published: June 2017

Nostalgia for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,yugonostalgia, has become widespread throughout the former Yugoslavia. It takes various forms and expressions, but it represents a selective and largely embellished remembrance, influenced by the need of those who engage in it to escape from the unsatisfying present they live in. In most cases, yugonostalgia is a bittersweet craving for the past – passive, static, and restricted. The paper argues that the actions inspired by yugonostalgia not only can have an active, dynamic, and progressive face, but can also serve as an important factor in the reconciliation process among former Yugoslavs. With its focus on positive and inclusive aspects of the common socialist past, yugonostalgia has the potential to (re)connect the nostalgic subjects throughout the former Yugoslav space, helping them to overcome the alienation that resulted from the violent dissolution of the common state.
Grieving and loss processes: latest findings and complexities / Actualidad y complejidad de los procesos de duelo y pérdida
Authors: Fernández-Alcántara Manuel , Pérez-Marfil Ma Nieves , Catena-Martínez Andrés , Cruz-Quintana Francisco
Published: June 2017

The grieving process following the death of a loved one is a period of great emotional stress where psychological intervention is a fundamental pillar. This article defines adaptive grief and outlines the principal current debates in regard to the diagnosis of complicated grief, the use of appropriate evaluation tools, and different therapeutic approaches. In addition, the article explores the peculiarities of certain disenfranchised griefs, in particular those presented by parents of children with chronic diseases such as cerebral palsy and autism spectrum disorders.
Producing distribution maps for informing ecosystem-based fisheries management using a comprehensive survey database and spatio-temporal models
Authors: Grüss Arnaud , Thorson James T , Babcock Elizabeth A , Tarnecki Joseph H
Published: June 2017

Ecosystem-based fisheries-management (EBFM) is increasingly used in the United States (U.S.), including in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Producing distribution maps for marine organisms is a critical step in the implementation of EBFM. In particular, distribution maps are important inputs for many spatially-explicit ecosystem models, such as OSMOSE models, as well as for biophysical models used to predict annual recruitment anomalies due to oceanographic factors. In this study, we applied a recently proposed statistical modelling framework to produce distribution maps for: (i) younger juveniles (ages 0–1) of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), red grouper (Epinephelus morio), and gag (Mycteroperca microlepis), so as to be able to define the potential larval settlement areas of the three species in a biophysical model; and (ii) the functional groups and life stages represented in the OSMOSE model of the West Florida Shelf (“OSMOSE-WFS”). This statistical modelling framework consists of: (i) compiling a large database blending all of the encounter/non-encounter data of the GOM collected by the fisheries-independent and fisheries-dependent surveys using random sampling schemes, referred to as the “comprehensive survey database;” (ii) employing the comprehensive survey database to fit spatio-temporal binomial generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) that integrate the confounding effects of survey and year; and (iii) using the predictions of the fitted spatio-temporal binomial GLMMs to generate distribution maps. This large endeavour allowed us to produce distribution maps for younger juveniles of red snapper, red grouper and gag and nearly all of the other functional groups and life stages represented in OSMOSE-WFS, at different seasons. Using Pearson residuals, the probabilities of encounter predicted by all spatio-temporal binomial GLMMs were demonstrated to be reasonable. Moreover, the results obtained for younger juvenile fish concur with the literature, provide additional insights into the spatial distribution patterns of these life stages, and highlight important future research avenues.
Cultivating Optimism: How to Frame Your Future during a Health Challenge
Authors: Briley Donnel A , Rudd Melanie , Aaker Jennifer
Published: June 2017

Research shows that optimism can positively impact health, but when and why people feel optimistic when confronting health challenges is less clear. Findings from six studies show that the frames people adopt when thinking about health challenges influence their optimism about overcoming those challenges, and that their culture moderates this effect. In cultures where the independent self is highly accessible, individuals adopting an initiator frame (how will I act, regardless of the situations I encounter?) were more optimistic than those adopting a responder frame (how will I react to the situations I encounter?); the converse occurred for individuals from cultures where the interdependent self is highly accessible. Moreover, mediation and moderation evidence revealed that this interactive effect of culture and frame on optimism was driven by people’s ability to easily imagine the recovery process. These effects held for distinct health challenges (cancer, diabetes, flood-related illness, traumatic injury) and across single-country and cross-country samples, and they impacted positive health outcomes and decisions ranging from anticipated energy, physical endurance, and willingness to take on more challenging physical therapy to intentions to get vaccinated, stick to a doctor-recommended diet, and undertake a physically strenuous vacation.
Chronic irradiation with low-dose-rate 137Cs-γ rays inhibits NGF-induced neurite extension of PC12 cells via Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II activation
Authors: Shinsuke Katoh , Junya Kobayashi , Tomonobu Umeda , Yoshiko Kobayashi , Izumo Nobuo , Takahiko Suzuki
Published: June 2017

Chronic irradiation with low-dose-rate 137Cs-γ rays inhibits the differentiation of human neural progenitor cells and influences the expression of proteins associated with several cellular functions. We aimed to determine whether such chronic irradiation influences the expression of proteins associated with PC12 cells. Chronic irradiation at 0.027 mGy/min resulted in inhibition of NGF-induced neurite extension. Furthermore, irradiation enhanced the nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK), but did not affect the phosphorylation of NGF receptors, suggesting that irradiation influences pathways unassociated with the activation of ERK. We then examined whether irradiation influenced the Akt−Rac1 pathway, which is unaffected by ERK activation. Chronic irradiation also enhanced the NGF-induced increase in Akt phosphorylation, but markedly inhibited the NGF-induced increase in Rac1 activity that is associated with neurite extension. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of irradiation on neurite extension influences pathways unassociated with Akt activation. As Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is known to inhibit the NGF-induced neurite extension in PC12 cells, independent of ERK and Akt activation, we next examined the effects of irradiation on CaMKII activation. Chronic irradiation induced CaMKII activation, while application of KN-62 (a specific inhibitor of CaMKII), attenuated increases in CaMKII activation and recovered neurite extension and NGF-induced increases in Rac1 activity that was inhibited by irradiation. Our results suggest that chronic irradiation with low-dose-rate γ-rays inhibits Rac1 activity via CaMKII activation, thereby inhibiting NGF-induced neurite extension.