bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TWGDAM Validation of the AmpFℓSTR Profiler Plus and AmpF∓STR COfiler STR Multiplex Systems Using Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: LaFountain MJ , Schwartz MB , Svete PA , Walkinshaw MA , Buel E
Published: August 2015

Prior to forensic implementation, a profiling system requires validation following the recommendations presented by the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWG-DAM). In this work two such systems, AmpFℓSTR Profiler Plus and AmpFℓSTR COfiler have been validated according to the guidelines provided by TWGDAM. Profiler Plus and COfiler simultaneously amplify nine and six STR loci respectively; both also amplify a portion of the amelogenin gene. Performance of the two STR multiplex systems under conditions set forth by TWGDAM was robust and reproducible, indicating that these systems are suitable for use in forensic analysis. Additionally, specific sections of the TWGDAM validation guidelines are especially valuable in terms of familiarizing users with particular limitations of the systems prior to taking on casework.
NIST Mixed Stain Studies #1 and #2: Interlaboratory Comparison of DNA Quantification Practice and Short Tandem Repeat Multiplex Performance with Multiple-Source Samples
Authors: Duewer DL , Kline MC , Redman JW , Newall PJ , Reeder DJ
Published: August 2015

The Mixed Stain Study 1 (MSS1, Apr.–Nov. 1997) and Mixed Stain Study 2 (MSS2, Jan.–May 1999) evaluated multiplexed short-tandem repeat (STR) DNA typing systems with samples containing DNA from more than one source. These interlaboratory challenge studies evaluated forensic STR measurement, interpretation, and reporting practice using well-characterized samples of very different analytical difficulty. None of the relatively few errors reported in either exercise resulted in a false identification of a reference source; several errors in evaluating the unknown source in three-source samples would hinder matching the profile in any archival database. None of the measurement anomalies reported is associated with any particular STR multiplex; all DNA amplification anomalies are associated with inefficient DNA extraction, inaccurate DNA quantitation, and/or analytical threshold policies.
Communicated Threats and Violence Toward Public and Private Targets: Discerning Differences Among Those Who Stalk and Attack
Authors: Reid Meloy JR
Published: August 2015

A computation of false positive and false negative rates concerning the probability that directly communicated written or oral threats predict subsequent violent behavior yields a striking difference between “public” and “private” targets. Among private targets, communicated threats appear to increase risk, but are so common that they have little predictive value. On the other hand, public targets are unlikely to receive a direct threat from those who approach to attack. The author suggests that the most parsimonious explanation for this difference is the type, or mode of violence, that is apparent. Private targets appear to be most likely victimized by affective violence, wherein the emotionally reactive subject will immediately shove, push, punch, slap, choke, fondle, or hair pull the victim without the use of a weapon, usually in response to a perceived rejection or humiliation. Public targets are most likely to be victimized by predatory violence, which is planned, purposeful, cognitively motivated, opportunistic rather than impulsive, and often involves a firearm. Implications for risk assessment are discussed.
Blind Trials of an Onsite Saliva Drug Test for Marijuana and Opiates
Authors: Jehanli A , Brannan S , Moore L , Spiehler VR
Published: August 2015

The objective of these clinical trials was to calculate the performance, limit of detection, specificity and sensitivity of a novel, semi-quantitative immunoassay for drugs of abuse in saliva and to determine operator bias when measured blind by four different operators. The test is based on lateral flow gold particle technology coupled with digital photography to provide a semi-quantitative end point. The performance of the test was compared with that of enzyme immunoassays and GC/MS methods. Volunteers consumed marijuana or codeine and their saliva was collected 0.25 to 24 h later with the Cozart RapiScan collection device. The sensitivity and specificity of the opiate test were both 100% ± 10.4% for codeine for 9 h after dosing. The cutoff of the marijuana test at 10 ng/mL THCA was too high to detect marijuana use for more than a few hours after smoking. There was no operator bias because the results were presented in written form either as “positive” or “negative for each of the five drug classes on the screen of the hand-held reader.
Detection of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Breast Milk
Authors: Winecker RE , Goldberger BA , Tebbett IR , Behnke M , Eyler FD , Karlix JL , Wobie K , Conlon M , Phillips D , Bertholf RL
Published: August 2015

A method was developed for measuring cocaine and its metabolites, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, norcocaine, ecgonine ethyl ester, cocaethylene, and m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine, in breast milk by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Limits of detection for this method ranged from 2.5 to 10 ng/mL, and limits of quantitation ranged from 5 to 50 ng/mL. For each of the compounds measured by this method, linear response was demonstrated to 750 ng/mL. Breast milk was collected from 11 mothers who admitted to drug use during pregnancy and ten drug-free volunteers serving as control subjects. Cocaine was detected in six of the specimens obtained from drug-exposed subjects, and in none of the drug-free control subjects. In breast milk specimens where cocaine and one or more of its metabolites were detected, the concentration of parent compound was greater than any of the metabolites. The highest cocaine concentration found was over 12 μg/mL. Breast-fed infants of cocaine abusing mothers may be exposed to significant amounts of drug orally.
Pelvic Age Estimation Using Actual Specimens and Remote Images
Authors: Hutchinson DL , Russell KF
Published: August 2015

Age estimates of the auricular surface (sacro-iliac joint) of the ilium taken from bony specimens, 35 mm slides, and digital images were compared for 29 intact specimens from archaeological contexts. Results demonstrate that age estimates from all photographic and digital images may result in significantly differing estimates of age than those from bony specimens. Of the imaging techniques, 35 mm slides provided estimates most similar to those from bony specimens. Digital images provided age estimates that varied more from bony specimens. In general, photographic and digital images may offer researchers a way of documenting age information that would otherwise be unavailable or delayed. Yet, caution should be used when age estimates are derived solely from images rather than from bony specimens.
The Use of the D-, L- Aspartic Ratio in Decalcified Collagen from Human Dentin as an Estimator of Human Age
Authors: Pilin A , Čabala R , Pudil F , Bencko V
Published: August 2015

Among the methods dealing with the age estimation, the evaluation of the ratio of the D-, L- form of the aspartic acid in tissues with a low metabolic turnover is considered to be the most precise. We introduced demineralization of the dentin with 0.5 M EDTA adjusted to pH = 7.4. The advantage of such a procedure is that after demineralization we obtained pure insoluble protein (collagen) and soluble noncollagenous proteins in one step. In this study we analyzed insoluble collagen. The amino acids obtained after the hydrolysis were derivatized into TFA isopropyl esters and analyzed by gas chromatography on Chirasil L-Val capillary column. We analyzed human dentin from the lower canines. The correlation coefficient was 0.93 for our set of 71 persons. The result concurred with those of other scientists.
DNA Profiling of Trace Evidence—Mitigating Evidence in a Dog Biting Case
Authors: Brauner P , Reshef A , Gorski A
Published: August 2015

A young girl was the victim of a severe dog attack. An animal, suspected of having caused the attack, was later impounded for investigation. Microclots of blood, recovered from the dog's fur, were analyzed by STR DNA. Results showed that this blood was not related to the biting. Other forensic evidence—hairs, fibers, and odontology—failed to connect a particular animal to the attack. The implications of these findings for the dog and its owners are discussed as well as other forensic methods for resolving such cases.
DNA Testing of Klinefelter's Syndrome in a Criminal Case Using XY Chromosomal STR Multiplex-PCR
Authors: Honda K , Tun Z , Matoba R
Published: August 2015

We report genetic typing of Klinefelter's syndrome applied to casework in forensic DNA testing. In this case, by using extracted DNA from body samples (muscle and bones), we could identify two distinct X alleles in two out of three X-STR loci (HPRTB and ARA), in addition to Y alleles (DYS390, DYS393). The extra X was found to have originated from father, and the victim turned out to have 47XXY Klinefelter's syndrome. The victim was a 30-year-old male, born from relatively elderly parents as a second child. His father was a severe alcoholic and had been malnourished for more than 20 years at the moment of his birth. He exhibited slight mental retardation as a child, and belonged to a criminal group as an adult. The method presented here was useful to accurately diagnose sex chromosomal abnormality instead of conventional chromosomal analysis and Xg blood group typing. A subtype of this syndrome, 48 XXXY or mosaic, for example, could be identified if the intensity of the overlapped X bands were calculated.
Asphyxia Due to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor Mediated Angioedema of the Tongue During the Treatment of Hypertensive Heart Disease
Authors: Dean DE , Schultz DL , Powers RH
Published: August 2015

This report describes seven deaths caused by angioedema of the tongue related to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. These seven cases were received in our office between 1998 and 2000. In that time frame we performed approximately 2000 autopsies. The cases involved African-American mean and women, aged 51 to 65 years, all of whom had been prescribed an ACE inhibitor for the treatment of hypertensive heart disease. In each case, the external examination revealed markedly swollen tongues. The autopsies confirmed massive tongue swelling due to angioedema, and some patients also had swelling of the lips, pharynx, and larynx. Toxicologic analyses on postmortem blood samples were negative for ethanol and drugs of abuse. Although oral and pharyngeal swelling related to angioedema is well known in the clinical literature, its fatal potential has rarely been described.
Fatal Overdose of Zopiclone in an Elderly Woman with Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Authors: Bramness JG , Arnestad M , Karinen R , Hilberg T
Published: August 2015

The death of a 72-year-old woman with respiratory debilitation due to bronchogenic carcinoma is described. She overdosed herself with probably 200 to 350 mg of zopiclone. Zopiclone, quantitated by HPLC in femoral postmortem blood, was found to be 1.9 mg/L (4.8 µmol/L). This level is higher than many other zopiclone fatalities reported. We report a case where only zopiclone was detected.
Y-Chromosomal Short Tandem Repeat Haplotypes at the Loci DYS393, DYS19, DYS392, and DYS385-I/II, DYS390, DYS389-I/II, and DYS391 in a Filipino Population Sample
Authors: Miranda JJ , Benecke M , Hidding M , Schmitt C
Published: August 2015

Whole blood samples were obtained from 106 unrelated male individuals living in Metro Manila, Philippines, through the Department of Health, Manila. DNA was extracted by isopropanol fractionation-sodium iodide precipitation (4) and quantified by spectrophotometry. Nine Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (STR's) were analyzed from a population sample of 106 unrelated males by means of a quadruplex PCR (DYS393, DYS19, DYS392, DYS385-I/II) and a triplex PCR (DYS390, DYS389-I/II, and DYS391).
Allele Frequencies of Pentanucleotide STR D6S957 in Chinese and German Populations
Authors: Hou Y , Tang J , Li Y , Wu J , Zhang J , Walter H
Published: August 2015

Specimens were obtained from 99 Germans (Bremen, Germany) and 131 Chinese (Chengdu, Sichuan province, China), who were unrelated volunteer blood donors. DNA was extracted using the Chelex method (1). DNA Typing was carried out by PCR. Amplification primers for D6S957 locus were published in GDB, which were designed by the Utah marker development group (2). Each PCR reaction contained 2 to 40 ng human genomic DNA, 1x Taq buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 200 µM each nucleotide, 1.5 U Taq polymerase, 0.25 µM each primer in a total volume of 37.5 µL. In the PCR protocol the DNA was initially denatured at 94°C for 5 min. This was followed with 94°C for 40 s, 60°C for 50 s and 72°C for 1 min. A total of 30 cycles was carried out in a GeneAmp PCR System 9600. The PCR products were analyzed using a horizontal nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with a discontinuous buffer system (3). The gels were silverstained (4). Allele determination was carried out by comparison with the sequenced human allele ladder, which was made in-house and contained all the alleles found in this study. Following the recommendations of the International Society of Forensic Haemogenetics (5), the allele classification for the D6S957 locus was based on the number of repeat motifs. A modified X2-test (6) was used to verify whether the genotype distribution conformed to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium predictions. All other parameters dealing with forensic genetics were calculated with a computer program POWERSTATS (7).
Allele Frequencies for Three STR Loci D1S1612, D2S1391, and D17S2196 in Chinese Population
Authors: Tang JP , Hou YP , Li YB , Zhang J , Liao LC , Wu J
Published: August 2015

Blood samples were collected from unrelated individuals of Chinese Han ethnic group in Chengdu of China. DNA was extracted using Chelex method, (1). PCR amplification conditions can be accessed at http://www.legalmed.org/dna/d1d2d17.htm. The PCR reaction volume for each locus was 37.5 µL. The PCR products were analyzed by horizontal nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with discontinuous buffer system and visualized by sliver staining (2). Data of population genetics and forensic science were analyzed using POWERSTATS program (3). The genotype distribution was analyzed for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium according to Hou's method (4), no deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was observed.
Distribution of HLA-DQA1 and Amplitype PM Locus Alleles in a Turkish Population Sample
Authors: Çakir AH , Açik L , Taşdelen B
Published: August 2015

The samples were collected from unrelated individuals randomly selected from criminal cases. The DNA was extracted from fresh blood leucocytes, bloodstains, and single hairs by Chelex 100 method (1).
Distribution of Hum TPOX, HumvWA, HumTH01 Alleles in a Turkish Population Sample
Authors: Çakir AH , Şimşek F , Açik L , Taşdelen B
Published: August 2015

The samples were collected from unrelated individuals randomly selected from criminal cases. The DNA was extracted from fresh blood leucocytes, bloodstains, and single hairs by Chelex 100 method (11).
Commentary on: Barros de Castro IA, Rinzler CM, Rumjanek FD. Allele Frequency Distributions for Twelve STR Loci in a Brazilian Population. J Forensic Sci 2000;45(4):941.
Authors: Moura-Neto RS , Silva R , Bydlowski SP , Rumjanek FD
Published: August 2015

Commentary on: Barros de Castro IA, Rinzler CM, Rumjanek FD. Allele frequency distributions for twelve STR loci in a Brazilian population. J forensic Sci 2000;45(4):941.
Commentary on: Ely SF, Hirsch CS. Asphyxial Deaths and Petechiae. J Forensic Sci 2000;45(6):1274—1277.
Authors: Contostavlos DL , Ely SF , Hirsch CS
Published: August 2015

Commentary on: Ely SF, Hirsch CS. Asphyxial deaths and petechiae. J Forensic Sci 2000;45(6):1274–1277.
Review of: Current Methods in Forensic Gunshot Residue Analysis
Authors: Rowe WF
Published: August 2015

This book reviews the methods currently used for the analysis of gunshot residue, with particular emphasis on variable pressure SEM/EDS analysis of primer residues. The chapters consider in turn: (1) gunshot residue as forensic evidence (including the loss or transfer of gunshot residue and its collection at the scene of the crime), (2) the formation and composition of primer residue particles, (3) methods of gunshot residue analysis (concentrating on the aforementioned variable pressure SEM/EDS but also outlining graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry, neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis), (4) gunshot residue plumes produced by a variety of firearms (presenting video captures from the highspeed video studies conducted by RJ Group, Inc., in 1994), (5) the results of SEM/EDS analyses of a number of samples of gunsot residue produced by various handguns firing a variety of brands of ammunition, and finally (6) the proper documentation of test results and the presentation of testimony. The book concludes with a glossary of ballistic terms and a comprehensive bibliography of articles relating to the analysis of gunshot residue.
Review of: Handbook of Drug Analysis: Applications in Forensic and Clinical Laboratories
Authors: Casale J
Published: August 2015

The authors wrote this book with the intention of bridging the gap between instrumental and analytical texts. The goal was to provide both a broad understanding of forensic and clinical principles for new analysts and a guide/reference for experienced practitioners. The text is organized into four sections: 1) nature of drug abuse, sample characteristics and sample pretreatment, 2) preliminary tests and chromatographic methods, 3) identification methods, and 4) developing technologies and analytical issues. The text is also current with new methodologies and contains numerous references within two years of its publication date. A comprehensive index and appendices are included as well.
Review of: Ethics in Forensic Science and Medicine: Guidelines for the Forensic Expert and the Attorney
Authors: Sapir GI
Published: August 2015

The forensic expert and attorney should not rely on this book as a foundational ethical guideline in forensic science, jurisprudence, or medicine. The title and content of this book are misleading. The publication is neither academic, substantive, nor practical for the purpose in which it is being offered. The book does not contain enough substantive quality material. Ethics in Forensic Science and Medicine is a disappointment.
Review of: Forensic Engineering, Second Edition
Authors: Batterman SC
Published: August 2015

This is the second edition of a book first published in 1989, with the current edition consisting of 12 individual chapters on various topics written by specialists in their respective fields. Chapter headings are as follows
Earmarks as Evidence: A Critical Review
Authors: Champod C , Evett IW , Kuchler B
Published: August 2015

The use of earmarks as evidence in criminal trials appears to be expanding, but there is something of a dearth of peer-reviewed scientific publications to support the pursuit. This paper is a critical review of the current literature in which we emphasize the weaknesses of the present state of knowledge. Some research directions are proposed to gather statistical knowledge of the within-source and between-source variability of earmarks and earprints. Its ultimate goal is to be able to assess likelihood ratios in relation to this type of evidence.
Midsagittal Facial Tissue Thicknesses of Children and Adolescents from the Montreal Growth Study
Authors: Smith SL , Buschang PH
Published: August 2015

Knowledge of changes in soft tissue depths during growth and development is important in applied contexts of forensics and dentistry as well as in growth research. In forensics, applications include facial reproductions, video superimpositions, and child aging/progressions. Garlie and Saunders (1) recently published radiographic data from the Burlington Canadian growth study; here, we present data from a mixed longitudinal sample of French-Canadian children and adolescents. Females (N = 159) range in age from 6 to 18 years; males (N = 129), from 6 to 19 years. Cephalometric measurements include nine soft tissue thicknesses, two hard tissue distances (sella-nasion and nasion-menton), and three measures of nasal projection. Several tissue thicknesses are moderately correlated with one another. The majority of thicknesses show significant sex differences by the time of adolescence; nasion and upper labial thicknesses are significantly different by sex at all ages from 6 to 18 years, as are the two hard tissue distances. However, thickness at nasion, as well as at glabella, changes little over time. Thickness at pogonion is variable and differs most between males and females at age 16; the length of the anterior inferior portion of the nose is significantly different between the ages of 6 and 12. Measurements display small and slow changes during development. The greatest average change per year (c. 2 mm/yr) is for a hard tissue measure, nasion-menton. The nasal and mid-philtrum regions have greater age changes than do other soft tissue variables. Much of the variation remains unexplained by changes with age or differences between sexes.
Forensic Textile Fiber Examination Across the USA and Europe
Authors: Wiggins KG
Published: August 2015

Crime laboratories in the USA, who undertake fiber examinations, together with members of the European Fibres Group (plus representatives from Israel, Japan, Canada, and Australia) were surveyed in 1994 and 1995, respectively, and asked to provide subject-specific information relating to personnel, equipment, training, quality control, and techniques available. The information obtained showed that generally more fiber casework is carried out in Europe than in the USA. Most laboratories are quite well equipped but those in Europe seem to be able to obtain more state-of-the-art instrumentation. Proficiency testing and peer review is accepted practice worldwide. Americans appear to update fiber collections on a more regular basis than Europeans but both keep literature up to date. Contamination is a major issue, as with all areas of trace evidence. The results from the survey suggest that minimum standards are clearly not always being observed. Careful consideration also needs to be given as to whether legitimate contact could have occurred prior to an offense being committed.

The standard of forensic fiber examination worlwide is generally high. With laboratory management continuing to support the work of the Scientific Working Group for Materials and the European Fibres Group and by instigating “best practice” as set out in their guidelines, standards should continue to improve.
Single Fiber Analysis by Internal Reflection Infrared Microspectroscopy
Authors: Cho L , Reffner JA , Gatewood BM , Wetzel DL
Published: August 2015

Attenuated total reflection (ATR) is a convenient mode for single fiber analysis by infrared microspectroscopy, particularly when transmission spectra are difficult to obtain or when surface preferenced sampling is desirable. Textile finishes such as spin finishes, anti-static finishes, and permanent press finishes are revealed by ATR techniques. Bicomponent fibers may be analyzed by a combination of ATR techniques, transmission techniques, and spectral subtraction.
The Chemical Interconversion of GHB and GBL: Forensic Issues and Implications
Authors: Ciolino LA , Mesmer MZ , Satzger RD , Machal AC , McCauley HA , Mohrhaus AS
Published: August 2015

In this work, the interconversion of GHB and GBL in a variety of aqueous media was studied. The effects of solution pH and time were determined by spiking GHB or GBL into pure water and buffered aqueous solutions, and determining the GHB and GBL contents at various time intervals. The degree of GBL hydrolysis to GHB was determined for several commercial aqueous-based GBL products, and further studied as a function of time. The effects of temperature and time were also determined for five commercial beverages spiked with GHB or GBL. GHB and GBL contents were determined using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GHB and/or GBL confirmations were made using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and/or infrared spectroscopy (IR).

Solution pH, time, and storage temperature were determined to be important factors affecting the rate and extent of GBL hydrolysis to GHB. Under strongly alkaline conditions (pH 12.0), GBL was completely converted to GHB within minutes. In pure water, GBL reacted to form an equilibrium mixture comprising ca. 2:1 GBL:GHB over a period of months. This same equilibrium mixture was established from either GHB or GBL in strongly acidic solution (pH 2.0) within days. A substantial portion of GBL (ca. ⅓) was hydrolyzed to GHB in aqueous-based GBL products, and in spiked commercial beverages, after ambient storage for a period ranging from several weeks to several months. Heat increased and refrigeration decreased the rate of GBL hydrolysis relative to ambient conditions. These studies show that hydrolysis of GBL to GHB does occur in aqueous-based solutions, with samples and time frames that are relevant to forensic testing. Implications for forensic testing and recommendations are discussed.
The Natural Sampling of Airborne Trace Signals from Explosives Concealed upon the Human Body
Authors: Gowadia HA , Settles GS
Published: August 2015

An experimental study of the natural sampling of trace signals from explosives concealed upon the human body was performed by taking proper account of the thermal behavior of the air surrounding the human body and the particles therein. Experiments were conducted in a dispersal chamber to identify variables affecting the detectibility of concealed RDX and TNT patches. Movement by human volunteers was found to enhance the available explosive trace signal above a baseline level. Clothing blocked some of this movement-generated trace signal. The detected signal levels were also found to vary significantly from volunteer to volunteer, indicating that human variability is an issue in explosive trace detection. Further, under the conditions studied here, the detectibility of RDX and TNT was dependent upon the efficient sampling of contaminated particulate matter, not the vapor phase. The present results are now being applied to the design of a practical, nonintrusive trace detection portal for aviation security screening and related applications.
Luminescent Visualization of Latent Fingerprints by Direct Reaction with a Lanthanide Shift Reagent
Authors: Caldwell JP , Henderson W , Kim ND
Published: August 2015

The utilization of the lanthanide shift reagent tris (6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octanedionato) europium (III) [Eu(fod)3] as a simple one-step reagent for the luminescent visualization of latent fingerprints has been investigated. UV excitation of Eu(fod)3-treated prints, achieved by using a hand-held UV lamp or a Polilight®, results in an orange emission at 614 nm. Time-resolved imaging is not required for visualization. Visualization of latent fingerprints on paper under the conditions used, although good, was found to be inferior to that obtained by standard DFO (1,8-diazafluoren-9-one) treatment, whereas visualization of prints obtained on aluminum drink cans and galvanized iron proved superior to that obtained by Superglue/panacryl treatment. Eu(fod)3 treatment can also be used first without compromising subsequent ninhydrin or DFO treatment, making it a “nothing-to-lose” reagent.
The Application of Lead Isotope Analysis to Bullet Individualization in Two Homicides
Authors: Stupian GW , Ives NA , Marquez N , Morgan BA
Published: August 2015

Bullets were characterized by lead isotope ratio analysis and trace element analysis in two homicides. In one case, we concluded that a fatal bullet did not share a common origin with bullets in a box of ammunition containing 24 cartridges taken from suspects. Evidence in the second case included two bullets from the crime scene and 163 bullets taken from various suspects. We were able to infer that the two bullets from the crime scene did not share a common origin and that they differed from all of the bullets taken from suspects. All of the suspects' ammunition had been reloaded as was evident both from trace and isotopic analysis and, indeed, from visual inspection.
Distribution of Lead and Barium in Gunshot Residue Particles Derived from 0.22 Caliber Rimfire Ammunition
Authors: Coumbaros J , Paul Kirkbride K , Kobus H , Sarvas I
Published: August 2015

0.22 caliber rimfire ammunition is commonly encountered in firearms incidents in Australia. This paper reports on work which has confirmed the nonhomogeneous nature of gunshot residue (GSR) particles and that the lead and barium distribution within particles varies significantly with the particle size and structure. The outcome has been an improved understanding of how the particle formation influences the ability to determine the origin of GSR derived specifically from 0.22 caliber rim fire ammunition.
Forensic Analysis of Commercial Petroleum Products Using Selective Fluorescence Quenching
Authors: Goodpaster JV , Howerton SB , McGuffin VL
Published: August 2015

A novel method for the forensic analysis of commercial petroleum products is presented. In this approach, the petroleum sample is extracted with nitromethane and then separated by capillary liquid chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection. The addition of selective fluorescence quenching agents allows the sample to be profiled by the distribution of alternant and nonalternant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In preliminary studies, the quenching behavior of nitromethane and diisopropylamine was established by using a standard mixture of sixteen PAHs ranging in size from two to six aromatic rings. Subsequent examination of new and used motor oil demonstrated that characteristic differences arise in the PAH content, which may allow for the unique identification of oil from a particular engine or vehicle. In addition, three brands of petrolatum jelly were successfully distinguished. Although a number of alternant alkylated and heterocyclic PAHs were found in all petrolatum samples, there were significant differences in the relative concentrations of alternant as well as nonalternant PAHs. This allowed for clear differentiation of the samples through qualitative inspection of their chromatograms as well as quantitative statistical correlation techniques.
Linear Mixture Analysis: A Mathematical Approach to Resolving Mixed DNA Samples
Authors: Perlin MW , Szabady B
Published: August 2015

With the advent of PCR-based STR typing systems, mixed samples can be separated into their individual DNA profiles. Quantitative peak information can help in this analysis. However, despite such advances, forensic mixture analysis still remains a laborious art, with the high cost and effort often precluding timely reporting.

We introduce here a new automated approach to resolving forensic DNA mixtures. Our linear mixture analysis (LMA) is a straight-forward mathematical approach that can integrate all the quantitative PCR data into a single rapid computation. LMA has application to diverse mixture problems. As demonstrated here on laboratory STR data, LMA can assess the quality and utility of its solutions. Such rapid and robust methods for computer-based analysis of DNA mixtures may help in reducing crime.
Digital Bite Mark Overlays—An Analysis of Effectiveness
Authors: Pretty IA , Sweet D
Published: August 2015

U.S. courts have stated that witnesses must be able to identify published works that define operational parameters of any tests or procedures that form the basis of scientific conclusions. Such works do not exist within the field of bite mark analysis. As the most commonly employed analytical technique in bite injury assessment, this study defines quantifiable variables for transparent digital overlays. A series of ten simulated, postmortem bites were created on pigskin and, with accompanying overlays, assembled into cases. Using two separate studies with four examiner groups, the study defined values of intra- and inter-examiner reliability, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and error rates for transparent overlays. Methods and statistical treatments from medical decisionmaking and diagnostic test evaluation were employed. Forced decision models and receiver operating characteristic analyses were utilized. Sensitivity and specificity values are described, and the results are consistent with other dental diagnostic systems. It was concluded that the weak inter-examiner reliability values explain the divergence of odontologists' opinions regarding bite mark identifications often stated in court. The effect of training and experience of the examiners was found to have little effect on the effective use of overlays within this study. The authors conclude that further research is required so that the results of the current study can be placed into context, but this represents a significant first step in establishing the scientific basis for this aspect of forensic dentistry.
Mobile Autopsy Teams in the Investigation of War Crimes in Kosovo 1999
Authors: Sprogøe-Jakobsen S , Eriksson A , Hougen HP , Knudsen PJT , Leth P , Lynnerup N
Published: August 2015

On request of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the Danish-Swedish forensic teams worked in Kosovo during the summer and the fall of 1999. The teams worked mainly as “mobile teams” at sites with few graves. Only two larger sites were examined. Most of the bodies were buried separately. A few “multiple burial” graves were examined, but no mass graves were encountered. The main purpose of the autopsies was to establish the cause and manner of death. Identification was of less importance, but a majority of the bodies had been identified prior to the autopsy. A total of 308 bodies, mainly males, were examined. The age varied greatly with a mean age of 47 years. The most common cause of death was gun shot wounds and the most common manner of death was homicide.
Cybersex with Minors: Forensic Implications
Authors: Jaffe ME , Sharma KK
Published: August 2015

This paper is designed to assist forensic psychiatrists/psychologists who evaluate adults who commit sexual crimes against children on the Internet. The typical offender is an adult male who logs onto the Internet and enters a chat room in which children congregate. Unbeknownst to the offender, undercover police officers are posing as minors in the chat rooms. The undercover officer (pretend kid) and offender engage in increasingly explicit, sexual conversation; the offender may transmit erotic photographs to the undercover officer and/or arrange to meet at a motel in order to have sexual intercourse. The authors will discuss the relevant legal, clinical, and ethical aspects of examining these offenders, and describe specific cases that the author (2) evaluated.
Predicting Violent Behavior in Stalkers: A Preliminary Investigation of Canadian Cases in Criminal Harassment
Authors: Morrison KA
Published: August 2015

This study examined the factors associated with violent/aggressive behavior in stalkers using a sample of 100 Canadian cases of persons charged with criminal harassment (more commonly known as stalking). Results revealed that the typical profile of a “simple obsessional” type of stalker was a middle-aged male, single or separated/estranged, with a history of emotional and/or anger management problems. The most common initial strategies used by the victims to cope with the stalkers were oriented towards legal resources. Initial legal remedies, including court orders or police warnings, seemed to be ineffective as a strategy to stop stalking given that most stalkers chose to ignore them. The study also provided partial support for a preliminary model of predictors of violent/aggressive behavior in stalkers. Stalkers with previous violent behaviors, strong negative emotions, and obsessional tendencies toward the victim may be most at risk of future violent and aggressive acts.
Evaluation of Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometric Methods in the Forensic Applications of the Analysis of Inks on Paper
Authors: Grim DM , Siegel J , Allison J
Published: August 2015

Fast atom bombardment and laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS) provide molecular level information concerning an ink's composition. Two ink-jet printer inks, Ink A containing the cationic dye Methyl Violet 2B, and Ink B containing the anionic dye, Solvent Black, were studied. Both positive and negative ion detection modes of the mass spectrometer were used. LD may be used for the analysis of inks on paper. Once on paper, the ink's solvent system has evaporated, leaving mainly the dyes behind, which are detected using LDMS. An ink fades with time, indicating that the dyes are degrading. Preliminary results from an accelerated aging study of ballpoint pen ink using UV irradiation confirm that dye degradation products are formed. The degradation chemistry follows an oxidative demethylation process for which all products formed are detected using LDMS. Results suggest that LDMS may be developed to determine the relative age of inks.
Potential for Error when Assessing Blood Cyanide Concentrations in Fire Victims
Authors: Moriya F , Hashimoto Y
Published: August 2015

The present study explores toxicologic significance of blood cyanide concentrations in fire victims. Headspace gas chromatography was used for cyanide detection. Analysis of blood samples from ten fire victims (postmortem interval = 8 h to 3 to 5 d) detected zero to 11.9 mg/L of cyanide and a large difference in cyanide concentrations among victims. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) saturation was in the range of 24.9 to 84.2%. To examine the effects of methemoglobinemia and postmortem interval on blood cyanide concentrations in fire victims, an experiment was carried out using rabbits as the animal model. The rabbits were sacrificed by intramuscular injection of 1 mL/kg 2% potassium cyanide 5 min after intravenous injection of 0.33 mL/kg of 3% sodium nitrite (Group A, n = 3) or physiological saline (Group B, n = 6). Average methemoglobin contents immediately before potassium cyanide administration were 6.9 and 0.8% in Groups A and B, respectively. Average cyanide concentrations in cardiac blood at the time of death were 47.4 and 3.56 mg/L, respectively. When blood-containing hearts of the rabbits (n = 3 for Group B) were left at 46°C for the first 1 h, at 20 to 25°C for the next 23 h and then at 4°C for 48 h, approximately 85 and 46% of the original amounts of blood cyanide disappeared within 24 h in Groups A and B, respectively. After the 72-h storage period, 37 and 10%, respectively, of the original amounts of cyanide remained in the blood. When the other three hearts in Group B were left at 20 to 25°C for the last 48 h without refrigeration, cyanide had disappeared almost completely by the end of the experiment. The present results and those published in the literature demonstrate that the toxic effects of cyanide on fire victims should not be evaluated based solely on the concentration in blood.
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) and Driving Impairment
Authors: Logan BK , Couper FJ
Published: August 2015

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, or MDMA, is increasing in popularity in the United States as a drug of abuse. It has stimulant and empathogenic mood altering properties with the potential to affect psychomotor skills and impact driving. This report reviews the literature relating to the relevant psychomotor effects of the drug, the relationship between dose and blood concentrations, and studies and case reports on specific effects of the drug on driving. The latter reports include both laboratory driving simulator studies and anecdotal reports, and case series. We also report details of eighteen cases of apparent MDMA impaired driving, including six drivers whose blood tested positive for MDMA alone. Most subjects displayed muscle twitching and body tremors, dilated pupils, slow pupillary reaction to light, elevated pulse and blood pressure, lack of balance and coordination, and most were perspiring profusely. Five of the six subjects were given field sobriety tests (one leg stand, walk and turn test), and all five performed poorly. There was no clear correlation between the blood concentration of MDMA and the specific demeanor of the subject. These findings are consistent with other reports, and lead to the conclusion that MDMA use is not consistent with safe driving, and that impairment of various types may persist for a considerable time after last use.
A Multivariate Method for Classifying Third to Seventh Cervical Newborn Vertebrae Using Bone Measurements
Authors: Castellana C , Kósa F
Published: August 2015

This research provides a method to classify human newborn (9 to 10 lm) third to seventh cervical ossification centers. Nine linear measurements on the cervical neural arch were defined from 35 human neonates. Four discriminant functions were performed using the stepwise method. The model classifies 82.8% of grouped cases and 77.9% of cross-validated cases correctly. The model is useful in cases with isolated or commingled remains during anthropological or forensic investigations.
The Application of Anthropometric Indices in Forensic Photography: Three Case Studies
Authors: Halberstein RA
Published: August 2015

With increasing commercial use of video surveillance to deter crime, physical anthropologists are becoming more involved in the forensic identification of persons based on photographic evidence. Three contrasting case studies from southern Florida are presented that illustrate the utilization of conventional anthropometry in determining the identity of suspects. In each case an arrested suspect and a subject videotaped during the commission of a crime are compared with respect to a series of discrete craniofacial and post-cranial proportions. Each case analysis is supplemented by additional data on earlobe structure, head and facial hair patterns, degree of chin eminence, presence or absence of tattoos, and various aspects of bodily dimensions and physique including height and weight estimations.
Detection of Firearm Imprints on the Hands of Suspects: Effectiveness of PDT Reaction
Authors: Leifer A , Avissar Y , Berger S , Wax H , Donchin Y , Almog J
Published: August 2015

Pyridyldiphenyl triazine (PDT) and three of its analogues were compared as practical reagents for visualizing unseen impressions left on the hands of a person who has held a firearm. The parent compound, PDT, gave the best results using intensity and clarity as measuring criteria. The effectiveness of the PDT reaction was then studied on 147 volunteers who had held firearms in their hands. Identifiable impressions of the metallic parts of the weapons were developed on the hands of 103 volunteers (70%). Results with females were slightly higher than with males, however, the difference was possibly statistically insignificant, and needs further study. Ferroprint™ and Ferrotrace™,5 commercial preparations that are based on the PDT reaction, have become a part of the professional equipment of every crime scene technician in Israel.
Is there a Real Danger of Concealing Gunshot Residue (GSR) Particles by Skin Debris Using the Tape-Lift Method for Sampling GSR from Hands?
Authors: Zeichner A
Published: August 2015

Experiments were carried out to assess the danger of concealing GSR particles by skin debris using the tape-lift method for sampling GSR from hands. Thirty discrete spherical particles (from GSR and from the debris of oxygen cutting of steel) sized from 8 to 30 microns were mounted on a double-side adhesive coated stubs in known locations using a stereomicroscope. These stubs were then used for dabbing hands 50 times. Some of the particles or parts thereof were covered by skin flakes, however, all particles could be detected using the backscattered electron image (BEI) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Also, all could be identified by the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
How Many Samples from a Drug Seizure Need to Be Analyzed?
Authors: Coulson SA , Coxon A , Buckleton JS
Published: August 2015

Recently Aitken (1) introduced an outstanding advance in the approach to decision making regarding drugs sampling. Unfortunately this approach has not, as yet, been widely implemented despite being based on a solid mathematical foundation. In this paper we advocate a Bayesian approach along the lines of that outlined by Aitken but designed to be both easily understood with less mathematical sophistication and implementable using standard EXCEL® software. The emphasis is placed on encouraging the application of this methodology to routine case work by explaining the statistics involved. Minor differences exist between this approach and that of Aitken in both the modeling of the prior probability and in dealing with the discrete nature of the samples. These differences in no way detract from the sound mathematical foundation of the approach.
A Method for Forensic Identification of Vegetable Oil Stains—Rapid Analysis of Carboxylic Acids with Methyl Esterification Using Purge-and-Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ehara Y , Sakamoto K , Marumo Y
Published: August 2015

A simple method using purge-and-trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (P&T-GC/MS) for forensic examination of oil stains was studied. Carboxylic acids, chosen as target components for discrimination of oil samples, were extracted from stains with ether, methyl esterified by tetramethylammonium hydroxide, and analyzed by P&T-GC/MS. Vegetable oils were discriminated according to their carboxylic acid compositions. Carboxylic acid composition was independent of the substrate material of the stain. Although the carboxylic acid composition of the oil changed on exposure to sunlight, identification of oil was possible for oil stains that had been in the shade, if analysis was made within 20 days.
Persistence of Floor Coating Solvents
Authors: Lentini JJ
Published: August 2015

Using passive headspace concentration as described in ASTM E 1412 and gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis as described in ASTM E 1618, the author has studied the persistence of solvents in floor coating materials. Both oak and pine flooring boards were tested using stain, stain with polyurethane varnish, and oil finish after a period of ten months and 24 months. The solvents from all three floor-coating substances were easily detectable after 24 months, and showed no signs of diminution when compared with the samples tested earlier. These results point out the need for the submission of comparison samples whenever wood flooring samples are submitted for fire debris analysis in suspected arson cases.
Recovery of DNA for Forensic Analysis from Lip Cosmetics
Authors: Webb LG , Egan SE , Turbett GR
Published: August 2015

To obtain a reference DNA profile from a missing person, we analyzed a variety of personal effects, including two lip cosmetics, both of which gave full DNA profiles. Further investigations were undertaken to explore this previously unreported source of DNA. We have tested a range of brands and types of lip cosmetics. Our studies have revealed that lip cosmetics are an excellent source of DNA, with almost 80% of samples giving a result. However, artifacts are frequently observed in the DNA profiles when Chelex is used for the DNA extraction and additional DNA purification procedures are required to ensure that an accurate DNA profile is obtained.