bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient and selective external activator-free cobalt catalyst for hydroboration of terminal alkynes enabled by BiPyPhos
Authors: Li Zheng , Zhao Jiangui , Xue Weichao , Tang Juan , Li Shun , Ge Yicen , Xu Jiaqi , Zheng Xueli , Li Ruixiang , Chen Hua , Fu Haiyan
Published: May 2024

Herein, a robust catalyst system, composed of a bipyridine-based diphosphine ligand (BiPyPhos) and a cobalt precursor Co(acac)2, is successfully developed and applied in the hydroboration of terminal alkynes, exclusively affording various versatile β-E-vinylboronates in high yields at room temperature.
N,N′-Dimethylsquaramide as a central scaffold for anionophore design
Authors: McNaughton Daniel A. , York Edward , Rawling Tristan , Gale Philip A.
Published: May 2024

The conformational change accompanying the N,N′-dimethylation of a diphenylsquaramide has been exploited to form a series of potent anionophores with convergent anion binding sites. The compounds were demonstrated to transport H+/Cl− across lipid bilayers in model vesicles and dissipate a pH gradient.
Visible light assisted photooxidative facile degradation of azo dyes in water using a green method
Authors: Yousif Muhammad , Ibrahim Ahmad H. , Al-Rawi Sawsan S. , Majeed Adnan , Iqbal Muhammad Adnan , Kashif Muhammad , Abidin Zain Ul , Arbaz Muhammad , Ali Shahzaib , Hussain Syed Arslan , Shahzadi Anam , Haider Mohammad Tauseef
Published: May 2024

Exploring the role of ascorbic acid in photo-oxidative degradation of azo dyes: pioneering a greener approach to photooxidative wastewater treatment.
Pilot-scale co-precipitation synthesis of a novel active ingredient made of ultrasmall iron (oxyhydr)oxide nanoparticles for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia
Authors: Spicher Magdalena Teresa , Schwaminger Sebastian Patrick , von der Haar-Leistl Daniela , Peralta Marian Montiel , Mikacevic Georgina , Wagner Friedrich Ernst , Berensmeier Sonja
Published: May 2024

Ultrasmall iron (oxyhydr)oxide nanoparticles can be prepared with a yield >40 g L−1 on a pilot scale by co-precipitation without losing their exceptionally high phosphate-binding efficacy. Only slight changes in composition were observed, attributed to a reduction in core size.
Photocatalytic NOx removal and recovery: progress, challenges and future perspectives
Authors: Xue Ting , Li Jing , Chen Lvcun , Li Kanglu , Hua Ying , Yang Yan , Dong Fan
Published: May 2024

The excessive production of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from energy production, agricultural activities, transportation, and other human activities remains a pressing issue in atmospheric environment management.
Study on the heat transfer performance of heat exchange surfaces and flow channels under negative pressure
Authors: Ji ZhongXing , Zhang Chao
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a theoretical analysis and simulation study on heat transfer characteristics under negative pressure. The results can provide guidance for the design and optimization of heat transfer equipment under negative pressure.
Exactly regulated copper catalysts exploiting isolated photoelectrochemical reduction of cuprous oxides and random mesh-structured TiO2 for enhanced photoelectrochemical CO2 conversion
Authors: Oh Shin Young , Kim Dong Su , Lee Hak Hyeon , Lee Kun Woong , Choi Ji Hoon , Yang Won Seok , Choi Young Su , Kim Dong Wook , Byeon Jee Won , Lee Ho Seong , Cho Hyung Koun
Published: May 2024

This work presents a novel photocorrosion paradigm to guide CO2RR photocathode design. The isolated photoelectrochemical reduction corrosion (IPRC) method developed through this artificial control provides an efficient route to ensure long-term stability, energy saving, and high performance.
Tailoring the interface of lithium metal batteries with an in situ formed gel polymer electrolyte
Authors: Jia Sixin , Xue Jinxin , Huo Hong , Zhou Jianjun , Li Lin
Published: May 2024

In situ formed gel polymer electrolyte with wide electrochemial stability window is obtained with an amide group covalently cross-linked polymer matrix. It can stabilize lithium metal anode and inhibit liquid electrolyte decomposition on the cathode.
A hybrid-aqueous biphasic electrolyte for suppressed shuttle effects and self-discharge of zinc bromide batteries
Authors: Wang Qijun , Dou Qingyun , Deng Guangyang , Li Guosheng , Ma Yihui , Tang Pei , Cui Yidan , Yang Chao , Zang Limin , Yan Xingbin
Published: May 2024

A strategy of using an ion-conductive biphasic electrolyte was adopted to suppress the shuttle effects of polybromides in Zn–Br2 batteries.
Intercalation pseudocapacitance of sodium-ion storage in TiO2(B)
Authors: Zou Xia , Yan Zerui , Tang Dafu , Fan Sicheng , Peng Dong-Liang , Jiang Yalong , Wei Qiulong
Published: May 2024

Layered TiO2(B) displays intercalation pseudocapacitance for rapid Na+ storage, and the capacities and capacitor-like behaviors are independent of the surface area and morphology.
Low-coordinated Co–Mn diatomic sites derived from metal–organic framework nanorods promote electrocatalytic CO2 reduction
Authors: Pei Jiajing , Zhang Guikai , Liao Jiangwen , Ji Shufang , Huang Huan , Wang Ping , An Pengfei , Chu Shengqi , Dong Juncai
Published: May 2024

The diatomic L-Co1Mn1-NC catalyst, featuring low-coordinated Co/Mn centers on nanorod-shaped carbon, boosts CO2-to-CO conversion. Its unique microenvironment enhances d–d interaction and charge delocalization, facilitating CO desorption in the CO2RR.
One‐bit DOA estimation in non‐uniform noise with alternating minimization method
Authors: Li Rui , Dai Zheng , Li Zirui , Yang Jianchao , Tong Guanqi
Published: May 2024

This letter presents a method to optimize the estimation of direction of arrival (DOA) using the uniform linear array (ULA) with one‐bit signals in the presence of non‐uniform noise. With the Toeplitz properties and the rank characteristics of the signal subspace matrix formed by the ULA, the alternating minimization (AM) method is employed to optimize the estimation problem. To address this challenge further, we utilize the singular value thresholding (SVT) method and the approximate projection method. The angle deviations caused by non‐uniform noise can be effectively corrected and a significant improvement in the estimation performance can be achieved. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are demonstrated through simulation results.
Design of a large language model for improving customer service in telecom operators
Authors: Xiaoliang Ma , RuQiang Zhao , Ying Liu , Congjian Deng , Dequan Du
Published: May 2024

Telecommunications operators are tasked with enhancing service quality, reducing operational costs, and preserving customer privacy. This study presents an innovative application of large language models (LLMs) integrated with the LangChain technology framework, aimed at revolutionizing customer service in the telecom sector. The LangChain framework features a Knowledge Organizing Module and a Knowledge Search Module, both designed to refine customer support operations. The research develops an LLM‐based approach to improve the segmentation and organization of knowledge bases, tailored for the telecommunications industry. This approach ensures seamless integration with existing LLMs while preserving distinct knowledge domains, crucial for search accuracy. Additionally, the framework includes an advanced information security protocol with a robust filtering system that effectively excludes sensitive data from the model's outputs, enhancing data security. Empirical findings indicate that the ChatGLM2‐6B+LangChain model outperforms the baseline ChatGLM2, demonstrating heightened effectiveness in telecom‐specific tasks and outstripping even more sophisticated models like GPT‐4. The implementation of this LLM‐based framework within telecom customer service systems has significantly sharpened the precision of knowledge recommendations, as reflected by a dramatic increase in acceptance rates from 15% to 70%.
A blind search for intraday gamma-ray transients with Fermi-LAT: Detections of GRB and solar emissions
Authors: Prokhorov D. A. , Moraghan A.
Published: May 2024

We present a search for intraday transient γ-ray signals using 15.4 yr of the Fermi Large Area Telescope data. The search is based on a recently developed variable-size sliding-time-window (VSSTW) analysis and is aimed at studying variable γ-ray emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and the Sun. We refined the algorithm for searches for transient sources in order to solve the search problem within a reasonable amount of CPU time. These refinements allowed us to increase the number of gamma-ray bursts, solar flares, and quiescent solar events detected with the VSSTW technique by several times compared to the previous VSSTW search. The current search revealed a new γ-ray signal recorded with Fermi-LAT on 2018 January 12. This signal is probably from a GRB and deserves an exploration of the existing archival multiwavelength observations in order to identify it in an unambiguous way. We also report a γ-ray signal from the solar flare on 2023 December 31 that occurred during the 25th solar cycle.
Hexagonal Barbell Deadlift One-repetition Maximum Estimation Using
Velocity Recordings
Authors: Janicijevic Danica , Senturk Deniz , Akyildiz Zeki , Gu Yaodong , García-Ramos Amador
Published: May 2024

This study aimed to determine whether the optimal minimal velocity threshold
(MVT) provides more precise estimates of one-repetition maximum (1RM) in the
hexagonal barbell deadlift (HBD) than the general and individual MVTs. The 1RMs
of 27 resistance-trained males were predicted using three types of MVT: (i)
General MVT: averaged across subjects’ velocity of the 1RM trial
(0.25 m·s-1), (ii) individual MVT: velocity attained
during the 1RM trial, and (iii) Optimal MVT: MVT that eliminated the
differences between the actual and predicted 1RM. Two individual load-velocity
relationships were modelled considering five (30-50-70-80%1RM) or six
(30-50-70-80-90%1RM) loading conditions. Negligible differences (Effect
size<0.20), low absolute errors (<5% of the actual 1RM), and extremely
high correlations (r>0.90) were observed between the actual and six
predicted 1RMs. The only significant difference was the lower raw errors for the
90%1RM condition (0.60±7.34 kg) compared to the 80%1RM condition (2.27±7.54 kg;
p=0.013). These results suggest that the individual load-velocity
relationship offers an accurate estimation of the HBD 1RM in resistance-trained
males, and these estimates could maintain similar levels of precision across
different types of MVT (general, individual, and optimal) and final tested loads
(80%1RM and 90%1RM).
The European Diploma in Musculoskeletal Radiology; Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Adriaensen Miraude , Rupreht Mitja , Martinoli Carlo , Vanhoenacker Filip , Robinson Philip , Drakonaki Elena
Published: May 2024

As per recommendations from the European Society of Radiology and the European Union of Medical Specialists, upon completion of level 3 radiology training, an objective assessment of the attained standards, aligned with national customs and practices, should take place. A subspecialty exam should ideally be an integral part of the training completion process. Among 10 of 13 European subspecialty societies currently offering a European subspecialty diploma, the European Society of Musculoskeletal Radiology (ESSR) diploma program was formally introduced by the ESSR in 2003. This article describes the evolution of the ESSR diploma, encompassing the current diploma program, validation procedures, endorsements, and future perspectives. Additionally, insights from a brief survey among ESSR diploma holders is shared, offering valuable tips for prospective candidates aiming to navigate the examination process successfully.
Advanced Imaging of Gout and Other Inflammatory Diseases Around the Knee
Authors: Sudoł-Szopińska Iwona , Lanckoroński Michał , Teh James , Diekhoff Torsten , Giraudo Chiara , Chaudhary Snehansh Roy
Published: May 2024

The knee is one of the most commonly affected joints in the course of inflammatory arthropathies, such as crystal-induced and autoimmune inflammatory arthritis. The latter group includes systemic connective tissue diseases and spondyloarthropathies. The different pathogenesis of these entities results in their varied radiologic images. Some lead quickly to joint destruction, others only after many years, and in the remaining, destruction will not be a distinguishing radiologic feature.

Radiography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging have traditionally been the primary modalities in the diagnosis of noninflammatory and inflammatory arthropathies. In the case of crystallopathies, dual-energy computed tomography has been introduced. Hybrid techniques also offer new diagnostic opportunities. In this article, we discuss the pathologic findings and imaging correlations for crystallopathies and inflammatory diseases of the knee, with an emphasis on recent advances in their imaging diagnosis.
Controlling Couette flow by alternating axial mass flux
Authors: Altmeyer Sebastian A.
Published: May 2024

This paper presents numerical simulations of the Taylor vortex flow under the influence of an externally applied alternating axial mass flux (through-flow) in a Taylor–Couette system with axial periodic boundary conditions. Such an axially modulating flow can lead to a significant variation in the onset of primary instabilities. Depending on the system parameters, the effect can be both stabilizing and destabilizing, i.e., shifting the bifurcation threshold to larger or smaller control parameters, respectively. It is found that the system response around the primary instability is sensitive to and critically influenced by an alternating mass flux, particularly the modulation frequency. We show that such an alternating axial flow represents an easily and, more importantly, precisely controllable key parameter to change the nonlinear system response from subcritical to supercritical behavior and vice versa. Furthermore, we observe different parameter regimes with regular and irregular intermittent flow dynamics.
Multiscale approach to the theory of nonisothermal homogeneous nucleation
Authors: Zhukhovitskii D. I.
Published: May 2024

Molecular dynamics (MD) of the Lennard-Jones cluster in the environment of supersaturated vapor at fixed temperature and density is used for the investigation of nonisothermal nucleation. The results allow one to single out different processes occurring at different time scales, the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck fluctuations at the short time scale and a combination of slow diffusion and drift of the fluctuation packet that represents a cluster, at the long time scale. The multiscale approach is developed, in which a separate treatment of different time scales makes it possible to consider strongly correlated cluster size and temperature. This reduces the nonisothermal cluster evolution to a one-dimensional problem. The fluctuation packet drift velocity and diffusivity are calculated based on the cluster microscopic thermophysical parameters determined in this work from MD data for isothermal clusters. The proposed approach is consistent with the results of our MD simulation.
Physics origin of the parallel drift and the effective parallel magnetic field of a guiding center in curved magnetic fields
Authors: Jhang Hogun
Published: May 2024

We study the physical origins of parallel guiding center drift and parallel velocity-dependent effective magnetic field (B‖*) appearing in the Hamiltonian formulation of a particle motion in a curved magnetic field. The magnetic twist term is shown to be responsible for both of them. The parallel guiding center drift originates from the change in the effective parallel velocity due to the combined effect of the initial perpendicular motion (v⊥0) and the magnetic twist. The effective magnetic field arises from the collated effect of the change in v⊥0 due to its initial parallel guiding center motion and the conservation of magnetic moment. This understanding clearly shows that the appearance of B‖* is a consequence of magnetic moment conservation in curved magnetic fields.
Effect of the leading-edge vortex generator on the performance of the linear cascade
Authors: Xu Wenfeng , Zou Shilong , Tang Chengxi , Ren Guozhe , Sun Dan
Published: May 2024

In this paper, based on the airflow improvement mechanism of dragonfly wing veins, a vortex generator is designed at the leading edge of the suction surface to improve the flow condition of compressor cascades. The influence of the placement positions and geometric dimensions of the vortex generators on the flow field structure and aerodynamic performance is investigated by numerical simulation. The research reveals that vortex generators at the leading edge of the suction surface can generate induced vortices near the end wall, suppressing the accumulation of low-energy fluid in the corner region. This results in a backward shift of the separation initiation point, a reduction in the corner separation region along the pitch direction, and a reduction in flow loss. The vortex generators exhibit favorable characteristics with positive incidence angles. However, when the incidence angle is below the minimum loss incidence angle, the vortex generators increase the flow losses of the cascade. Optimum performance is achieved when the vortex generators are positioned at the start of the corner separation. The flow control influence initially increases and then decreases as the height of the vortex generators increases. Similarly, the control impact is enhanced and then weakened as the placement position moves away from the suction surface. The flow losses decrease by 10.3% when the vortex generators are placed at the junction between the end wall recirculation and the mainstream region at a height equal to 2% of the blade height.
Fluid simulation of atmospheric argon RF dielectric barrier discharges: Role of neutral gas temperature
Authors: Zhang Ze-Hui , Zhong Ke-Xin , Liu Yue , Wang Wei , Wang Yi-Nan , Yang De-Zheng
Published: May 2024

For atmospheric argon RF dielectric barrier discharges, a self-consistent one-dimensional fluid model based on the drift-diffusive approximations of the particles is established to investigate the role of the neutral gas temperature on the discharge process and the plasma characteristics. A finite difference method is used to solve numerically the model, and the numerical results are obtained for the cases that the neutral gas temperature varies from 300 to 600 K. It shows that an increase in the neutral gas temperature causes a decrease in the ionization rate peak and a decrease in the plasma density, but the electric field and the electron temperature do not change very much. Moreover, the discharge mode transition from α mode to α-γ mode occurs because the growing ion flux induces more secondary electron flux, even if the ions entering the sheaths decrease. In addition, the ground state ionization and the ground state excitation are the main collisions in the argon discharges. When metastable atoms are focused on, the three-body quenching is also an important collision progress.
Amorphous TeO2 as p-type oxide semiconductor for device applications
Authors: Robertson John , Zhang Xuewei , Gui Qingzhong , Guo Yuzheng
Published: May 2024

Electronic devices would benefit from a low-cost amorphous, dopable, bipolar oxide semiconductor. However, p-type oxides are quite rare, largely due to self-compensation by native defects. Our simulations find that the amorphous phase of TeO2 is chemically ordered, forms shallow, uncompensated acceptor substitutional AsTe and NO centers, and uses materials that are processable at low temperatures.
Numerical investigation on the deformation and breakup of an elastoviscoplastic droplet in simple shear flow
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Gong Wennuo , Yuan Wenjun , Meng Bo
Published: May 2024

In this paper, direct numerical simulations (DNSs) are performed to investigate the deformation and breakup of an elastoviscoplastic (EVP) droplet in a Newtonian matrix under simple shear flow. The two-phase interface is captured by the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method with adaptive mesh refinement technique. The Saramito model (Bingham model coupled exponential Phan-Thien–Tanner viscoelastic model) is used to characterize the rheological behavior of the droplet. The droplet deformation and conformational state are studied with different Capillary numbers Ca, Weissenberg numbers Wi, and Bingham numbers Bi, which represent the surface tension, elasticity, and yield stress of the droplet, respectively. Our results show that droplet deformation occurs at low Ca, while breakup occurs at high Ca. The droplet non-monotonically deforms with increasing Wi and Bi, while is elongated for higher Ca. In addition, three breakup modes (mid-point pinching, transitional breakup, and homogeneous breakup) are reported for EVP droplets, in which transitional breakup disappears due to the influence of high elasticity. The conformational state of the droplet intuitively demonstrates the change of breakup from horizontal shear to vertical breakup. In spite of the fact that the surface tension always inhibits the deformation of droplets, the present work indicates that Bi has little effect on the deformation with high Wi and high Ca, while the influence is obvious at low Wi and Ca. The observed elastic and plastic effects on droplet deformation and breakup are believed to have significant impacts, as yield stress fluids are widely encountered in industrial applications.
Isotope effects in supercooled H2O and D2O and a corresponding-states-like rescaling of the temperature and pressure
Authors: Kimmel Greg A.
Published: May 2024

Water shows anomalous properties that are enhanced upon supercooling. The unusual behavior is observed in both H2O and D2O, however, with different temperature dependences for the two isotopes. It is often noted that comparing the properties of the isotopes at two different temperatures (i.e., a temperature shift) approximately accounts for many of the observations—with a temperature shift of 7.2 K in the temperature of maximum density being the most well-known example. However, the physical justification for such a shift is unclear. Motivated by recent work demonstrating a “corresponding-states-like” rescaling for water properties in three classical water models that all exhibit a liquid–liquid transition and critical point [Uralcan et al., J. Chem. Phys. 150, 064503 (2019)], the applicability of this approach for reconciling the differences in the temperature- and pressure-dependent thermodynamic properties of H2O and D2O is investigated here. Utilizing previously published data and equations-of-state for H2O and D2O, we show that the available data and models for these isotopes are consistent with such a low temperature correspondence. These observations provide support for the hypothesis that a liquid–liquid critical point, which is predicted to occur at low temperatures and high pressures, is the origin of many of water’s anomalies.
Quantitative characterization of imbibition in fractured porous media based on fractal theory
Authors: Xia Debin , Liao Zhen , Wu Mingyang , Yang Zhengming , Li Haibo , Shi Di
Published: May 2024

In low-permeability reservoirs, such as shale and tight sandstone, imbibition is an important mechanism for enhancing oil recovery. After hydraulic fracturing treatment, these reservoirs create a network of fracture pathways for fluid flow. Therefore, understanding the imbibition mechanisms in fractured porous media and quantitatively characterizing oil–water distribution are crucial for the development of low-permeability reservoirs. In this study, a mathematical model of two-phase flow in porous media with branching fractures was established. The phase-field method was employed to track the oil–water interface, and quantitative characterization of imbibition was conducted based on fractal theory, and the effects of wetting phase injection rate, the number of disconnected fractures, fracture spacing, and fracture morphology on imbibition in branched fracture porous media were discussed. The research findings indicate that in branched fracture porous media, both co-current and countercurrent imbibition processes occur simultaneously, and there exists a diffusion interface layer with a certain thickness at the oil–water interface. The hydraulic pressure generated by the wetting phase injection rate provides the driving force for imbibition oil recovery, but it also affects the contact time between the wetting and non-wetting phases. The presence of disconnected fractures hinders the propagation of hydraulic pressure, reducing the effectiveness of imbibition. The imbibition displacement zone is limited and occurs only within a certain range near the fractures. As the number of branching fractures increases, the channels for the wetting phase to enter matrix pores are enhanced, resulting in higher efficiency of imbibition displacement of the oil phase. The results of this research can provide guidance for the design of fracturing programs and recovery prediction in low-permeability reservoirs.
Intramolecular singlet fission: Quantum dynamical simulations including the effect of the laser field
Authors: Reddy S. Rajagopala , Coto Pedro B. , Thoss Michael
Published: May 2024

In the previous work [Reddy et al., J. Chem. Phys. 151, 044307 (2019)], we have analyzed the dynamics of the intramolecular singlet fission process in a series of prototypical pentacene-based dimers, where the pentacene monomers are covalently bonded to a phenylene linker in ortho, meta, and para positions. The results obtained were qualitatively consistent with the experimental data available, showing an ultrafast population of the multiexcitonic state that mainly takes place via a mediated (superexchange-like) mechanism involving charge transfer and doubly excited states. Our results also highlighted the instrumental role of molecular vibrations in the process as a sizable population of the multiexcitonic state could only be obtained through vibronic coupling. Here, we extend these studies and investigate the effect of the laser field on the dynamics of intramolecular singlet fission by explicitly including the coupling to the laser field in our model. In this manner, and by selectively tuning the laser field to the different low-lying absorption bands of the systems investigated, we analyze the wavelength dependence of the intramolecular singlet fission process. In addition, we have also analyzed how the nature of the initially photoexcited electronic state (either localized or delocalized) affects its dynamics. Altogether, our results provide new insights into the design of intramolecular singlet fission-active molecules.
Stability of viscoelastic film on a slippery inclined plane
Authors: Du Shaofeng , Xiao Yue , Li Qiao , Wang Shaowei , Zhao Moli
Published: May 2024

The linear and weakly nonlinear stability of viscoelastic film flowing down a slippery inclined plane is investigated analytically. Under the assumption of the long wave approximation, the first-order Benny equation of Oldroyd-B fluid thin film with slip condition is obtained. Through the normal mode analysis, the neutral stability curve and the temporal growth rates are calculated to explore the linear stability of the film. Linear results show that the critical Reynolds number decreases with the increase in slip length and viscoelastic parameter and that the liquid film may exhibit pure elastic instability. For the nonlinear stability analysis, both hydrodynamic instability and elastic instability are discussed. The primary bifurcations in the phase plane are identified by calculating the Landau coefficient, i.e., the unconditional stable region, the supercritical region, the subcritical region, and the explosive region. The dependence of primary bifurcation regions upon the slip length and Deborah number are studied, and the results indicate that the slip boundary and viscoelasticity destabilizes the flow. According to the Ginzburg–Landau equation, the threshold amplitude of the nonlinear equilibrium solution is analyzed as well.
Mode transition of a film fluttering in a circular cylinder wake
Authors: Duan Fan , Wang Jin-Jun
Published: May 2024

As a representative model in the investigation into fluid–structure coupling, a flexible film interacting with the wake of a circular cylinder involves intricate patterns of both solid motion and fluid evolution. Recent investigations have found that the interactions could be either periodic or aperiodic in experiments; the latter, however, is often overlooked. In this work, the irregular aperiodic flutter of a flexible film behind a circular cylinder is investigated experimentally. It is determined that the irregular flutter intermittently exhibits transient quasi-periodic mode and aperiodic mode. The former is accompanied by the large-scale vortices alternatively formed against the film surfaces, while the latter is associated with vortices formed downstream of the film's trailing edge, so that the whole film is enveloped by the extended shear layers. In order to separate the data individually pertaining to each of the two modes from the whole dataset, a motion-mode recognition method is proposed, and then conditional statistics of flow fields are achieved. The quasi-periodic mode corresponds to more intense velocity fluctuations in the wake, while in the aperiodic mode, the observed localized instability of shear layers induces an increase in the local streamwise velocity fluctuation.
Plantabulous!
Authors: Clowes Catherine , Gyan Rachel
Published: May 2024

Did you know that there are plants that can survive fire? Plants with seed pods that explode, shooting seeds far and wide? Plants that can help clean up pollution? Or that Australia is home to the most ‘venomous’ plant in the world?

Plantabulous! More A to Z of Australian Plants presents 26 iconic and unique native plants for you to discover in your local park, bushland or even your own backyard! Filled with fabulous facts, activities and illustrations, Plantabulous! will prove just how fabulous Australia’s native plants really are!

Reading level varies from child to child, but we recommend this book for ages 6 to 12.
Oceans at Night
Authors: Pirotta Vanessa , Lane Cindy
Published: May 2024

As night-time nears, a world of creatures comes alive in our oceans.

Settle in and explore the wonderful world under the waves, and see what animals do from sunset to sunrise. From penguins to sharks, giant squid and plankton, discover the fascinating after-dark lives of ocean creatures.

Oceans at Night showcases the beauty and wonder of life below the sea, so dive deep and discover what happens while you sleep!

Reading level varies from child to child, but we recommend this book for ages 5 to 9.
Barriers to sexual health care for sexually diverse Muslim men: a scoping review
Authors: Noor Muhammad Naveed , Shaw Souradet , Linton Janice , Lorway Robert
Published: May 2024

Sexually diverse Muslim men (SDMM) are seen to present later and with more advanced symptoms of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The limited access to sexual healthcare services is attributed to the stigma associated with their multiple intersecting identities. We conducted a scoping review to synthesise research on barriers impeding SDMM’s access to sexual health care. We used Arksey and O’Malley’s five-stage framework as the methodology for the review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses’ extension for scoping reviews, was used as a guide for the presentation of the results. Searches conducted in EBSCOhost, Scopus, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Global Health, and Google Scholar yielded 1382 results, of which 18 studies were deemed eligible for this review. Bronfenbrenner’s socioecological model was employed as a framework to analyse the studies. Through analysing the eligible studies, we identified factors operating at three different levels that can impede SDMM’s access to sexual health care. Limited awareness and low-perceived risk of HIV/STIs, coupled with the fear of sexual identity disclosure might act as individual-level barriers to sexually diverse Muslim men’s access to sexual health care. The experiences of discrimination within clinical settings were presented as a healthcare system-related issue discouraging SDMM from revisiting those services. Heteronormative and religious ideologies, homophobic government programs, and poverty might manifest in the more intimate domains of healthcare delivery, creating hostile spaces for SDMM. Intensive research and advocacy efforts are required to improve SDMM’s access to sexual health care, which can reduce their risk of HIV/STIs.
Adolescents’ pornography viewing frequency and its relationship with condom attitudes
Authors: Galper Emily F. , Widman Laura , Brasileiro Julia , Noar Seth M.
Published: May 2024

Background This study examined adolescent pornography viewing and its’ relationship with condom attitudes. Methods Data were from 457 adolescents aged 13–18 years old who completed an online survey assessing pornography viewing frequency and condom attitudes. Results Many adolescents in our sample had viewed pornography in the past year (n = 188, 41%), with pornography viewing frequency being higher among older adolescents (P = 0.02), those who have had sex in the past year (P = 0.001), and those who identified as White (P = 0.01), LGB+ (P = 0.05), and male (P = 0.001). Adolescents who viewed pornography more frequently had more negative condom attitudes (r = −0.18, P < 0.001), and this relationship was invariant across age, gender, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and sexual intercourse status. Conclusions A substantial proportion of adolescents in our sample viewed pornography and those who view more frequently had more negative condom attitudes. Results indicate a need for experimental studies examining this relationship and interventions addressing pornography literacy among adolescents.
Inhibition of mRNA nuclear export promotes SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis
Authors: Mei Menghan , Cupic Anastasija , Miorin Lisa , Ye Chengjin , Cagatay Tolga , Zhang Ke , Patel Komal , Wilson Natalie , McDonald W. Hayes , Crossland Nicholas A. , Lo Ming , Rutkowska Magdalena , Aslam Sadaf , Mena Ignacio , Martinez-Sobrido Luis , Ren Yi , García-Sastre Adolfo , Fontoura Beatriz M. A.
Published: May 2024

The nonstructural protein 1 (Nsp1) of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) is a virulence factor that targets multiple cellular pathways to inhibit host gene expression and antiviral response. However, the underlying mechanisms of the various Nsp1-mediated functions and their contributions to SARS-CoV-2 virulence remain unclear. Among the targets of Nsp1 is the mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) export receptor NXF1-NXT1, which mediates nuclear export of mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Based on Nsp1 crystal structure, we generated mutants on Nsp1 surfaces and identified an acidic N-terminal patch that is critical for interaction with NXF1-NXT1. Photoactivatable Nsp1 probe reveals the RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) domain of NXF1 as an Nsp1 N-terminal binding site. By mutating the Nsp1 N-terminal acidic patch, we identified a separation-of-function mutant of Nsp1 that retains its translation inhibitory function but substantially loses its interaction with NXF1 and reverts Nsp1-mediated mRNA export inhibition. We then generated a recombinant (r)SARS-CoV-2 mutant on the Nsp1 N-terminal acidic patch and found that this surface is key to promote NXF1 binding and inhibition of host mRNA nuclear export, viral replication, and pathogenicity in vivo. Thus, these findings provide a mechanistic understanding of Nsp1-mediated mRNA export inhibition and establish the importance of this pathway in the virulence of SARS-CoV-2.
Transgenerational increases in DNA methylation in
Arabidopsis
plants defective in active DNA demethylation
Authors: Tang Kai , Zhu Xiaohong , Xie Shaojun , Lang Zhaobo , Zhu Jian-Kang
Published: May 2024

Spontaneous gain or loss of DNA methylation occurs in plant and animal genomes, and DNA methylation changes can lead to meiotically stable epialleles that generate heritable phenotypic diversity. However, it is unclear whether transgenerational epigenetic stability may be regulated by any cellular factors. Here, we examined spontaneously occurring variations in DNA methylation in wild-type and
ros1
mutant Arabidopsis plants that were propagated for ten generations from single-seed descent. We found that the
ros1
mutant, which is defective in active DNA demethylation, showed an increased transgenerational epimutation rate. The
ros1
mutation led to more spontaneously gained methylation than lost methylation at individual cytosines, compared to the wild type which had similar numbers of spontaneously gained and lost methylation cytosines. Consistently, transgenerational differentially methylated regions were also biased toward hypermethylation in the
ros1
mutant. Our results reveal a genetic contribution of the ROS1 DNA demethylase to transgenerational epigenetic stability and suggest that ROS1 may have an unexpected surveillance function in preventing transgenerational DNA methylation increases.
Ketamine can produce oscillatory dynamics by engaging mechanisms dependent on the kinetics of NMDA receptors
Authors: Adam Elie , Kowalski Marek , Akeju Oluwaseun , Miller Earl K. , Brown Emery N. , McCarthy Michelle M. , Kopell Nancy
Published: May 2024

Ketamine is an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor antagonist that produces sedation, analgesia, and dissociation at low doses and profound unconsciousness with antinociception at high doses. At high and low doses, ketamine can generate gamma oscillations (>25 Hz) in the electroencephalogram (EEG). The gamma oscillations are interrupted by slow-delta oscillations (0.1 to 4 Hz) at high doses. Ketamine’s primary molecular targets and its oscillatory dynamics have been characterized. However, how the actions of ketamine at the subcellular level give rise to the oscillatory dynamics observed at the network level remains unknown. By developing a biophysical model of cortical circuits, we demonstrate how NMDA-receptor antagonism by ketamine can produce the oscillatory dynamics observed in human EEG recordings and nonhuman primate local field potential recordings. We have identified how impaired NMDA-receptor kinetics can cause disinhibition in neuronal circuits and how a disinhibited interaction between NMDA-receptor-mediated excitation and GABA-receptor-mediated inhibition can produce gamma oscillations at high and low doses, and slow-delta oscillations at high doses. Our work uncovers general mechanisms for generating oscillatory brain dynamics that differs from ones previously reported and provides important insights into ketamine’s mechanisms of action as an anesthetic and as a therapy for treatment-resistant depression.
Widespread seawater intrusions beneath the grounded ice of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica
Authors: Rignot Eric , Ciracì Enrico , Scheuchl Bernd , Tolpekin Valentyn , Wollersheim Michael , Dow Christine
Published: May 2024

Warm water from the Southern Ocean has a dominant impact on the evolution of Antarctic glaciers and in turn on their contribution to sea level rise. Using a continuous time series of daily-repeat satellite synthetic-aperture radar interferometry data from the ICEYE constellation collected in March–June 2023, we document an ice grounding zone, or region of tidally controlled migration of the transition boundary between grounded ice and ice afloat in the ocean, at the main trunk of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, a strong contributor to sea level rise with an ice volume equivalent to a 0.6-m global sea level rise. The ice grounding zone is 6 km wide in the central part of Thwaites with shallow bed slopes, and 2 km wide along its flanks with steep basal slopes. We additionally detect irregular seawater intrusions, 5 to 10 cm in thickness, extending another 6 km upstream, at high tide, in a bed depression located beyond a bedrock ridge that impedes the glacier retreat. Seawater intrusions align well with regions predicted by the GlaDS subglacial water model to host a high-pressure distributed subglacial hydrology system in between lower-pressure subglacial channels. Pressurized seawater intrusions will induce vigorous melt of grounded ice over kilometers, making the glacier more vulnerable to ocean warming, and increasing the projections of ice mass loss. Kilometer-wide, widespread seawater intrusion beneath grounded ice may be the missing link between the rapid, past, and present changes in ice sheet mass and the slower changes replicated by ice sheet models.
Proteasome gene expression is controlled by coordinated functions of multiple transcription factors
Authors: Gilda Jennifer E. , Nahar Asrafun , Kasiviswanathan Dharanibalan , Tropp Nadav , Gilinski Tamar , Lahav Tamar , Alexandrovich Dina , Mandel-Gutfreund Yael , Park Soyeon , Shemer Shenhav
Published: May 2024

Proteasome activity is crucial for cellular integrity, but how tissues adjust proteasome content in response to catabolic stimuli is uncertain. Here, we demonstrate that transcriptional coordination by multiple transcription factors is required to increase proteasome content and activate proteolysis in catabolic states. Using denervated mouse muscle as a model system for accelerated proteolysis in vivo, we reveal that a two-phase transcriptional program activates genes encoding proteasome subunits and assembly chaperones to boost an increase in proteasome content. Initially, gene induction is necessary to maintain basal proteasome levels, and in a more delayed phase (7–10 days after denervation), it stimulates proteasome assembly to meet cellular demand for excessive proteolysis. Intriguingly, the transcription factors PAX4 and α-PALNRF-1 control the expression of proteasome among other genes in a combinatorial manner, driving cellular adaptation to muscle denervation. Consequently, PAX4 and α-PALNRF-1 represent new therapeutic targets to inhibit proteolysis in catabolic diseases (e.g., type-2 diabetes, cancer).
Magnetic Nonreciprocity in a Hybrid Device of Asymmetric Artificial Spin-Ice-Superconductors
Authors: Li 李 Chong 冲 , Huang 黄 Peiyuan 培源 , Wang 王 Chen-Guang 晨光 , Li 李 Haojie 浩杰 , Lyu 吕 Yang-Yang 阳阳 , Yue 岳 Wen-Cheng 文诚 , Yuan 袁 Zixiong 子雄 , Li 李 Tianyu 甜雨 , Tu 涂 Xuecou 学凑 , Tao 陶 Tao 涛 , Dong 董 Sining 思宁 , He 何 Liang 亮 , Jia 贾 Xiaoqing 小氢 , Sun 孙 Guozhu 国柱 , Kang 康 Lin 琳 , Wang 王 Huabing 华兵 , Wu 吴 Peiheng 培亨 , Wang 王 Yong-Lei 永磊
Published: May 2024

Controlling the size and distribution of potential barriers within a medium of interacting particles can unveil unique collective behaviors and innovative functionalities. We introduce a unique superconducting hybrid device using a novel artificial spin ice structure composed of asymmetric nanomagnets. This structure forms a distinctive superconducting pinning potential that steers unconventional motion of superconducting vortices, thereby inducing a magnetic nonreciprocal effect, in contrast to the electric nonreciprocal effect commonly observed in superconducting diodes. Furthermore, the polarity of the magnetic nonreciprocity is in situ reversible through the tunable magnetic patterns of artificial spin ice. Our findings demonstrate that artificial spin ice not only precisely modulates superconducting characteristics but also opens the door to novel functionalities, offering a groundbreaking paradigm for superconducting electronics.
Gravitational wave displacement and velocity memory effects
Authors: Bieri Lydia , Polnarev Alexander
Published: May 2024

In this article, we compare in detail the linear and nonlinear approach to the Gravitational Waves Displacement and Velocity Memory (GWDM and GWVM) effects. We consider astrophysical situations that give rise to gravitational waves with GWVM effect, i.e. with a residual velocity (the so-called ‘velocity-coded memory’) and discuss the possibility of future detection of the GWVM effect.
On the generalization of the Kruskal–Szekeres coordinates: a global conformal charting of the Reissner–Nordström spacetime
Authors: Aly Fawzi , Stojkovic Dejan
Published: May 2024

The Kruskal–Szekeres coordinate construction for the Schwarzschild spacetime could be interpreted simply as a squeezing of the t-line into a single point, at the event horizon

r
=
2
M

. Starting from this perspective, we extend the Kruskal charting to spacetimes with two horizons, in particular the Reissner–Nordström manifold,

M

RN

. We develop a new method to construct Kruskal-like coordinates through casting the metric in new null coordinates, and find two algebraically distinct ways to chart

M

RN

, referred to as classes: type-I and type-II within this work. We pedagogically illustrate our method by crafting two compact, conformal, and global coordinate systems labeled

GK

I

and

GK

II

as an example for each class respectively, and plot the corresponding Penrose diagrams. In both coordinates, the metric differentiability can be promoted to

C
∞

in a straightforward way. Finally, the conformal metric factor can be written explicitly in terms of the t and r functions for both types of charts. We also argued that the chart recently reported in Soltani (2023 arXiv:2307.11026) could be viewed as another example for the type-II classification, similar to

GK

II

.
A graduate laboratory experiment to set up a photon-counting detector using MKIDs
Authors: Campana Pietro , Carobene Rodolfo , Cipelli Eleonora , Gobbo Marco , Perego Aurora , Vertemati Davide
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a new laboratory activity aimed at developing knowledge and expertise in microwave applications at cryogenic temperatures. The experience focuses on the detection of infrared photons through microwave kinetic inductance detectors. The experimental setup, theoretical concepts, and activities involved are detailed, highlighting the skills and knowledge gained through the experience. This experiment is designed for graduate students in the field of quantum technologies.
Prediction of plasma path and analysis of axial fracturing properties in rock fragmentation by high-voltage pulsed discharge (RHPD)
Authors: Zhao Yong , Liu Yi , Cheng Jin , Liao Hongbin , Wang Tianyu , Lin Fuchang , Liu Siwei
Published: May 2024

Rock fragmentation by high-voltage pulsed discharge (RHPD) is widely utilized in resource recovery and energy extraction due to its low energy consumption and high efficiency. However, observing the plasma development process during RHPD presents challenges, and the frequency dependence of dielectric properties further complicates plasma path prediction and the analysis of fracturing properties in the axial direction of the plasma. To address these issues, we analyzed the development properties of plasma within rocks and established a segmented breakdown criterion that considered the propagation velocity of plasma. Additionally, utilizing a transient electromagnetic field model and a particle flow model (PFM), we established a multi-physics field model and proposed a predictive method for the plasma path in a rock–liquid combination environment. This allows for the quantification of the velocity, potential, and length of the plasma. Furthermore, we computed the time response of shock waves and analyzed the loading mechanism of shock waves. Based on the spatial distribution of plasma, the PFM was applied to simulate the fracturing properties of rocks under shock wave loading. Finally, we established a comprehensive experimental platform for RHPD and conducted three-dimensional reconstructions of the fractured area to validate the accuracy of plasma path prediction methods and fracturing properties analysis. This study significantly advances plasma development theory and provides insights for optimizing rock fragmentation efficiency.