bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calm amidst the Storm
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

The convulsions which seized southern Germany and Switzerland between 1520 and 1540 included the expulsion of Duke Ulrich of Württemberg (an ally of the Swiss) from his duchy of Württemberg; his intrigues to recapture his duchy by raising peasants in the Black Forest already in the throes of popular rebellion; and the beginnings of Reformed Protestant preaching by Huldrych Zwingli in Zürich. Any of these circumstances could easily have led to outright war on both banks of the Rhine. The Swiss were reluctant to give any support to Duke Ulrich, or to the peasants, though Zürich came to the aid of the Forest Town of Waldshut where Balthasar Hubmaier preached the new doctrines (and later Anabaptism). Konstanz, too, embraced Protestantism, to the chagrin of the Catholic Inner cantons. That effectively put an end to the city’s hopes of joining the Confederation.
Conclusion to Part I
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

The situation of Konstanz was only settled when Emperor Charles V reduced it to an Austrian territorial town in 1548. And while the Swiss common lordships survived, Huldrych Zwingli contemplated their abolition in favour of two Protestant power blocs under Zürich in the east and Bern in the west. Zwingli did understand the Rhine as a frontier, but from a theological perspective: the achievement of the valiant God-fearing Swiss from small beginnings. Modern historians remain sceptical of the notion of the Rhine as frontier; what the preceding century had created (despite the propaganda war of mutual name-calling) was a buffer zone within which conflicts could be defused locally. Feudal bonds and knightly associations in the Thurgau survived amidst the supposedly ‘republican’ Swiss Confederation. And the Fricktal survived as a sizeable Habsburg territory south of the Rhine until 1806.
The Burgundian Wars
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Debate over the origins of the Burgundian Wars now recognizes that the imperial cities of Alsace alongside Bern, Fribourg, and Solothurn, encouraged by Emperor Frederick III’s declaration of the hostilities as an ‘imperial war’, launched a pre-emptive strike against Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy in 1474/5. At the same time the western Swiss cities were equally keen to deter participation by the eastern cantons which might simply be an excuse for plunder. The early campaigns were led by the Bernese councillor and diplomat Niklaus von Diesbach, but after his death (August 1475) the campaigns continued, directed against the Savoy governor of the Vaud (a Burgundian partisan). Only then did Charles the Bold retaliate, leading to the famous Swiss victories at Grandson, Morat, and Nancy. A principal beneficiary were the Valais communes who annexed the Savoyard Lower Valais, while Bern and Fribourg took temporary control of the Vaud.
A Contested Outcome
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Peace negotiations left Bern and Fribourg in control of the Vaud, barring three strongholds, while Geneva was to pay a hefty ransom for ‘protection’. Savoy doubted whether Geneva could afford the ransom and suggested that France might administer the Vaud. Arguments over the distribution of Burgundian booty and the failure of Geneva to pay up led to a band of Swiss youths from the Inner cantons marching on Geneva in revenge under a banner showing a wild boar (Saubannerzug). Geneva was obliged to sign a Burgrecht with Bern and Fribourg for protection. In the end, the Vaud was restored to Savoy for 50,000 fl, Bern and Fribourg retaining three enclaves (Morat, Grandson, and Orbe-Echallens) which they ruled as common lords, allegedly presaging Bern’s conquest of the Vaud in 1536.
The Dufour Affair
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

In 1508 a Savoy official Jean Dufour produced a forged will purporting to have been drawn up by Duke Charles I in 1489, which assigned staggering sums to Bern and Fribourg as a reward for their help against the marquis of Saluzzo in 1486. Why Dufour waited so long to reveal his forgery and what his motives were remain unclear, but the effect was dramatic. Although there were sceptical voices in Bern, both city councils hurried to accept the supposed legacy. In 1511 Dufour produced a second testament, promising 400,000 fl to all the cantons, and a third raised the sum to 800,000 fl. Though these sums were later reduced, they caused Savoy severe financial embarrassment. Of equal significance, however, were the close links revealed with the two cities, where Dufour acquired citizenship, pensions, and handsome lodgings. The duchy of Savoy was relegated to a client of Bern and Fribourg.
War or Peace?
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

In 1530 Duke Charles launched a fresh attack on Geneva, whereupon both Fribourg and Bern sent troops, which alarmed the other cantons. Peace negotiations led to Treaty of St-Julien in October and Deed of Arbitration at Payerne (December). Though brokered by all the cantons (except Glarus) in reality these treaties achieved little, though the vidomat was restored to Savoy, and Geneva’s Burgrecht acknowledged. Yet any failure by Savoy to abide by their terms would entail the Vaud being surrendered to Bern and Fribourg. For its part, Geneva insisted on its status as an imperial city, not beholden to Savoy. Savoy was ordered to pay considerable reparations, on which it repeatedly defaulted. Bern was angry at Geneva for failing to reimburse its war costs.
Faction in Geneva
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Geneva was forced to pay Bern substantial military reparations; moreover, it struggled to reclaim the vidomnat. Only in August 1536 was its Burgrecht with Bern renewed. In 1538 it was rumoured that Bern proposed to keep Geneva as an ‘open city’, that is, without defensive walls. Ineptly conducted negotiations with Bern in 1539 by the so-called Articulants resulted in several Genevan villages passing into Bernese hands. Such disputes continued until 1544. Despite the Reformation mandate of May 1536 Farel and his new acolyte Jean Calvin encountered opposition, and were dismissed in 1538, though readmitted three years later. Calvin’s vision of Reform brought him into conflict with Bern.
Conclusion to Part II
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

Bern’s newssheet gave a justification for its aggression, couched as a defence of Protestantism in Geneva (though Catholic Valais’s expansion was mentioned), but also to give reassurance that the geopolitical balance of power remained intact, given that the French conquest of Savoy was a fait accompli. The role of Fribourg for control of the Vaud has been underplayed by historians, concerned to emphasize Bern’s unremittingly aggressive intentions. But were not Bern’s motives primarily to neuter Savoy by holding strategic fortresses in pawn, and milking the Vaud financially, rather than controlling swathes of territory? But French designs upon Geneva and Savoy obliged Bern to switch tack. After the conquest, of course, defence of Protestantism did require territorial control. Fribourg’s motives combined territorial expansion and safeguarding Catholicism, while seeking to avoid encirclement by Bern.
Conclusion
Authors: Scott Tom
Published: July 2017

An older tradition of Swiss historiography liked to portray the Confederation as subsisting within boundaries which (at least in retrospect) might appear as the result of topographical or geopolitical circumstances. This was the approach that coloured Karl Meyer’s essay on the geographical preconditions of Switzerland’s statehood which, had Savoy not regained its territories in 1564, would in his view have enabled Bern and the Valais to incorporate the Chablais permanently within the Confederation. In recent years Meyer has with some justice been accused of geographical determinism,...
‘A Precarious Gift’
Authors: Whitehead James
Published: July 2017

This chapter (along with those following) concerns reception, broadly conceived, beginning with the Romantic reception of classical and early modern commonplaces about poetic madness. The chapter examines the status of earlier topoi such as the furor poeticus and the vesanus poeta in the Romantic period, by looking at the way in which these topoi were handled or discussed in the period. Subjects include Plato’s dialogue Ion, via Coleridge’s notebooks and Shelley’s Platonic translations, the Aristotelian Problems, Byron’s translation of Horace’s Ars Poetica, and figurations of Renaissance melancholy in Ficino, Robert Burton, and Shakespeare, especially Hamlet, as they were discussed by Romantic writers, especially Coleridge in his influential lectures on the play.
‘On the Giddy Brink’
Authors: Whitehead James
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses the vicissitudes of creative madness, enthusiasm, and inspiration in the eighteenth century, in relation to writing by Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift, whose satirical attacks damaged the viability of one side of the classical and Renaissance tradition. The chapter then discusses eighteenth-century ‘mad poets’ such as William Collins and William Cowper, and also Charlotte Smith, all of whom subsequently struggled to articulate formerly available ideas of creative madness. This tension is analysed through the discussion of mad poet figures as they appear in later eighteenth-century prospect poetry, in scenes of increasing mental precipitousness. The chapter concludes with a discussion of visual images of poetry and madness in these writers, Goya, and William Blake.
Alienism
Authors: Whitehead James
Published: July 2017

This chapter uses the history of medicine and psychiatry to examine attitudes towards the creative or literary mind in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Accounting for existing scholarly work on subjects such as the nervous temperament and hysteria, the chapter draws from less familiar writing to demonstrate how trends in medical thinking and practice changed the connotations of madness in the period. These trends included the extension of the range of medical discourse; overlapping concepts of ‘partial insanity’ or ‘moral insanity’, which played a role in effecting this extension; and ‘moral management’ or ‘moral treatment’, which also created a wider interpenetration of medical and social or cultural values. Medical figures discussed include William Battie, William Perfect, Joseph Mason Cox, John Conolly, J. C. A. Heinroth, J. C. Reil, James Cowles Prichard, William Pargeter, Alexander Crichton, Thomas Arnold, Benjamin Rush, Pinel, Esquirol, the Tuke and Monro families, and Forbes Winslow.
The Political Obligations of Partisans
Authors: Bonotti Matteo
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues that partisans have distinctive political obligations. It examines first the view that these are consent-based obligations grounded in partisans’ voluntary decision to undertake the positional duties of partisanship. This voluntarist account of partisan political obligations, however, presents some limits and needs to be complemented and reinforced by a fair play conception of partisan political obligations. According to the latter, the positional duties of partisanship acquire the status of political obligations, and become morally binding upon all partisans, because all partisans enjoy special privileges and benefits which derive from their participation in party politics. Partisans therefore have a moral duty to restrain their freedom and comply with their positional duties, which involve obeying the laws of their state and the fulfilment of which contributes to producing the benefits they enjoy.
Free Speech and the Duty of Civility
Authors: Bonotti Matteo
Published: July 2017

This chapter critically examines which arguments for free speech may be consistent with Rawls’s political liberalism, in order to establish whether there are good reasons, within political liberalism, for rejecting the legal implementation of the duty of civility. Among the various arguments for freedom of speech, the chapter argues, only those from democracy and political legitimacy seem to justify Rawls’s opposition to the legal enforcement of the duty of civility. However, the chapter concludes, since Rawls’s own conception of political legitimacy is not merely procedural but grounded in the ideas of public justification and public reason, political liberalism is in principle consistent with some restrictions on free speech, including those which would result from the legal enforcement of the duty of civility.
Conclusion
Authors: Bonotti Matteo
Published: July 2017

It is often argued that political parties are in crisis (Ignazi 1996; Dalton and Wattenberg 2002; Daalder 2002; Whiteley 2010; Delwit 2011; Mair 2013, 2014). How that crisis could be reverted is a question which is becoming increasingly central to scholarly debate (e.g. ...
Introduction
Authors: Beebee Helen , Hitchcock Christopher , Price Huw
Published: July 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the central themes of the book: the analysis of causation and counterfactuals; and the application of these concepts to problems in the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of action. It provides a brief summary of each of the fifteen essays ncluded in the volume, and traces some of the connections between them. It also offers a tribute to Peter Menzies, who was the inspiration for the volume, which will give readers a small sense of the impact that Peter had on the people whose lives he touched. Finally, it includes acknowledgements of the people who helped with the preparation of this volume.
The Program Model, Difference-makers, and the Exclusion Problem
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: July 2017

How do the notions of programming and difference-making relate to one another? A higher-level property programs for an effect just in case, intuitively, the actual realizer of the property at any lower level gives rise to a realizer of the effect and any possible realizer at that level would also have done this. A higher-level property makes a difference to the effect just in case its presence programs for the effect and, in addition, its absence programs for the absence of the effect. Christian List and Peter Menzies argue for the capacity of the difference-making model to explain away the exclusion problem raised for physicalists by Jaegwon Kim. But the program model, developed in earlier work by Frank Jackson and Philip Pettit, offers a simpler and more straightforward way of handling the challenge.
Intervening in the Exclusion Argument
Authors: Woodward James
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses Peter Menzies’ work on mental causation and the causal exclusion argument. It endorses Menzies’ claim that an interventionist account of causation can cast new light on this complex of issues, but diverges from Menzies’ position at several points, in particular in connection with the role of proportionality considerations in the characterization of causation. This chapter attempts to clarify Woodward’s views about mental causation and the exclusion argument, to respond to some recent criticisms of those views, and to contrast Woodward’s views with the somewhat different approach favored by Menzies. The differences between Woodward’s and Menzies’ views are traced in part to different assumptions about the semantics of counterfactuals.
Epiphenomenalism for Functionalists
Authors: Beebee Helen
Published: July 2017

This chapter focuses on an assumption implicitly made by most recent attempts to solve the exclusion problem for mental causation, that mental (and so multiply realized) properties are ‘distinct existences’ from their alleged effects. Without that assumption, no such solution can work, since we have excellent grounds for thinking that there is no causation between entities that are not distinct from one another. But, assuming functionalism—which, after all, constitutes the grounds for thinking that mental properties are multiply realized in the first place—mental properties are not distinct from the effects to which they are alleged to bear causal relevance, since functional properties are defined in terms of the causal roles of their realizers. The chapter argues, however, that the natural consequence—epiphenomenalism with respect to mental properties—is not as problematic as many philosophers tend to assume.
Assessing the Strength of Party Organizational Resources
Authors: Webb Paul D. , Keith Dan
Published: July 2017

This chapter provides a survey of four types of party organizational resources in the PPDB: members, money, staff, and territorial units. Findings include that around 3 per cent of voters now join political parties across the democratic world; that German and Spanish parties seem to be the richest in terms of absolute levels of funding, but parties in countries such as Austria and Norway are even stronger relative to the size of their economies or electorates; that party staffing levels are generally quite modest; and that countries where there is an emphasis on what is local tend to have the highest relative concentrations of party branches. Moreover, country differences consistently seem to outweigh party family differences in explaining variation in party organizational resources. The chapter concludes by proposing a composite index of party strength which enables us to construct a rank-ordering of 112 parties according to their overall organizational strength.
Two Theories of Effective Government
Authors: Lindvall Johannes
Published: July 2017

This chapter introduces the problem of “reform capacity” (the ability of political decision-makers to adopt and implement policy changes that benefit society as a whole, by adjusting public policies to changing economic, social, and political circumstances). The chapter also reviews the long-standing discussion in political science about the relationship between political institutions and effective government. Furthermore, the chapter explains why the possibility of compensation matters greatly for the politics of reform; provides a precise definition of the concept of reform capacity; describes the book's general approach to this problem; and discusses the ethics of compensating losers from reform; and presents the book's methodological approach.
Compensating the Losers
Authors: Lindvall Johannes
Published: July 2017

This chapter develops the book's central argument about political institutions, compensation, and reform. It begins by analyzing the term “compensation,” as well as related terms such as “side payments” and “logrolling.” It then shows how compensation facilitates policy reforms in power-sharing systems, where side payments are often used to overcome the opposition of politically powerful losers from reform. Following the discussion of these conceptual and theoretical problems, the chapter demonstrates empirically that compensation has, in fact, been used to bring about important reforms: in the area of trade policy, social policy programs have been used to compensate losers from trade; in the area of labor market policy, governments in power-sharing systems have adopted reforms that combine cuts in benefit provision with positive steps to improve training for the unemployed.
Reform Capacity
Authors: Lindvall Johannes
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses the main conclusions of the book’s investigation into the relationship between politi‐cal institutions and reform capacity. It also considers the broader implications of the book’s argument for general theories of democratic institutions. Finally, the chapter examins some of the economic, social, and political problems that the advanced democracies are facing to‐day, and discusses some current trends in democratic governance that have troubling implications for the ability of governments to overcome conflicts over reform.
Machine–Humans and Body-Subjects
Authors: Hanaway-Oakley Cleo
Published: July 2017

This chapter presents an alternative to the popular critical vein that sees Joyce’s Ulysses and early cinema as conveying a mechanical, impersonal view of the world. It is argued that Ulysses and certain genres of early cinema were engaged—naively or otherwise—in a revaluation of Cartesian dualism, involving the reappraisal of mind/body and human/machine binaries. The physical comedy of Bloom and Charlie Chaplin is analysed with reference to phenomenological ideas on prosthesis and the machine–human interface, while other genres of early cinema, such as Irish melodrama and trick films, are considered in the light of phenomenological theories of gesture and embodiment. By comically mocking mind/body separation and depicting the inseparability of subjectivity and corporeality, Joyce and the early film-makers go beyond the ideas of Bergson and anticipate Merleau-Ponty’s later notion of the ‘body-subject’.
The Historians of Angevin England
Authors: Staunton Michael
Published: July 2017

The end of the twelfth century and the beginning of the thirteenth saw an explosion of creativity in English historical writing. In the space of a few decades, Roger of Howden, Ralph of Diceto, William of Newburgh, Gerald of Wales, Gervase of Canterbury, Ralph of Coggeshall, Richard of Devizes, Walter Map, and Richard de Templo, among others, produced works that have been praised for their variety, their historical value, and their originality. All these writers chose to focus on recent events, and some of them explained that they did so because their own times were simply so interesting. They pointed to the Great Revolt of 1173–4, the crusade and captivity of Richard the Lionheart, wars abroad and political upheaval at home. The fact that so many people, writing in England around the same time, chose to write about the events they had lived through, allows us to evaluate the evidence of one writer against another. But it also affords us a rare insight into the attitudes, mentalities, and frames of reference with which they approached these events. This book presents, first, an introduction to the writers in question, and an analysis of their approach to historical writing. Secondly, it shows how these writers addressed certain themes prominent in their works, from kingship to religious difference. In this way we can gain a greater understanding not only of the historians themselves and the subjects they wrote about, but of contemporary historiography, intellectual life, and political thought.
Introduction
Authors: Staunton Michael
Published: July 2017

This Introduction sets out the scope of the book, its approach to the subject of historical writing in Angevin England, its place within existing scholarship, and the main divisions of the book. It introduces nine writers who composed histories of recent events in England in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, and who constitute the focus of the book. It explains that they demand our attention not only because of the individual qualities of the writers themselves, but for what they tell us about historical interpretation in Angevin England. This chapter also includes a survey of relevant scholarship, and an outline of the book chapters.
Ralph of Diceto
Authors: Staunton Michael
Published: July 2017

This chapter looks at the work of Ralph of Diceto, paying particular attention to his organizational methods, his interest in historical precedents, and his political stance. Ralph wrote a history of recent events, the Ymagines Historiarum, which has been noted for its cautious and balanced approach to controversial events. He has been characterized as a ‘civil service’ historian, interested in government and in law. Here it is argued that Ralph’s work also exemplifies certain aspects of medieval historical writing that are not always fully appreciated, including historical curiosity and display, and the extent to which historians often reflect the perspectives and opinions of their audience, as much as they seek to guide them.
Preliminaries
Authors: Lobina David J.
Published: July 2017

Recursion, or the capacity of ‘self-reference’, has played a central role within mathematical approaches to understanding the nature of computation, from the general recursive functions of Alonzo Church to the partial recursive functions of Stephen C. Kleene and the production systems of Emil Post. Recursion has also played a significant role in the analysis and running of certain computational processes within computer science (viz., those with self-calls and deferred operations). Yet the relationship between the mathematical and computer versions of recursion is subtle and intricate. A recursively specified algorithm, for example, may well proceed iteratively if time and space constraints permit; but the nature of specific data structures—viz., recursive data structures—will also return a recursive solution as the most optimal process. In other words, the correspondence between recursive structures and recursive processes is not automatic; it needs to be demonstrated on a case-by-case basis.
Color Primitivism and Neo-pragmatism
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: July 2017

This chapter responds to criticisms raised by Jonathan Cohen, on behalf of reductionists, to the Benacerraf-style argument for color primitivism offered in Chapter One. The response stresses the fact that the argument for primitivism is perfectly consistent with the idea that some ostensively taught terms—terms for natural kinds, for example—refer to properties that have hidden essences that are the business of empirical science to determine. In this way, the Benacerraf-style argument is perfectly consistent with the idea that water is identical to H2O. The chapter also presents in much more detail the neo-pragmatism on which the book relies throughout. Rather than making the a priori assumption that descriptive language must function by making use of words that “latch on” via a substantive relation of reference to objects and properties out there in the world, the neo-pragmatist takes a more empirical view of language that reflects a deeper naturalism.
Color Constancy
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: July 2017

This chapter presents an account of color constancy that explains a well-known division in the data from color-constancy experiments: So-called “paper matches” exhibit a much higher level of constancy than so-called “hue-saturation matches.” It argues that the visual representation of objective color is the representation of something associated with a function from viewing circumstances to color appearances. Thus, a relatively robust constancy in the representation of objective color is perfectly consistent with a relatively less robust level of constancy in color appearance. The account also endorses Hilbert’s idea that we can represent the color of the illumination on a surface as well as the color of the surface itself. Finally, the chapter addresses an objection to the hybrid view that notes our capacity to make very fine-grained distinctions between the objective colors of surfaces.
Rival Views
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: July 2017

This chapter considers Cohen’s relationalism and Kalderon’s pluralism. An overarching point is to challenge the assumption that we should employ the same strategy for dealing with intrapersonal, interpersonal, and interspecies variation in color experience. Against this assumption, the chapter argues that intrapersonal variation in color appearances can be analogized to intrapersonal variation in shape appearances; different perspectives yield different appearances, with no suggestion that just one of the appearances is the uniquely correct one. But the same is not true for interpersonal variation in color appearance, which is better explained by the vagueness of objective colors. And in the interspecies case, since the varying color appearances are taken from different color spaces altogether, we need not hold that there is even a prima facie conflict in appearances that needs to be resolved by Cohen’s relativizing strategy. Rather, in this case Kalderon’s pluralism provides the best solution.
Representationalism and the Transparency of Experience
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses the twin theses of representationalism and the transparency of experience. In place of standard representationalism, the chapter argues for “modest representationalism”: the thesis that two people who are visually representing the same scene will have experiences that are, phenomenally, pretty similar. While this might sound like an untenable compromise position, neo-pragmatism provides it with a solid theoretical foundation. This chapter also criticizes an argument of Ned Block’s, which attempts to move from the relatively uncontroversial claim that we can imagine someone with an inverted spectrum, to the much more controversial claim that we must acknowledge that there could be a significant phenomenal difference between the way something looks to two different normal people. The chapter also argues that phenomenal content is in principle amenable to verbal description in a sufficiently rich public language.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: July 2017

I began this book by arguing for a primitivist view of color: a view according to which colors are primitive properties—not reducible to such things as sets of spectral reflectances, disjunctions of microphysical surface properties, or dispositions to cause experiences. At the heart of this argument—based on Benacerraf’s well-known argument against reductive accounts of the integers—were three ideas:...
Lament for the Dead in Fifteenth-Century Scotland
Authors: Marsland Rebecca
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores the importance of lament for the dead within historical and romance narratives composed in Scotland between c.1438 and c.1500 in both Older Scots and Latin. The chapter looks in detail at intercalated laments for the dead included in Walter Bower’s Scotichronicon (c.1440–7) and the anonymous Liber Pluscardensis (completed c.1461) as well as in the octosyllabic Buik of Alexander (c.1437), The Wallace (c.1476–8), and Sir Gilbert Hay’s Buik of King Alexander the Conquerour (c.1460–99). The chapter traces a persistent association within these texts between lament for the dead and physical rites of commemoration such as burial and the production of monuments, arguing that lament for the dead provides a means by which reputations can be authoritatively fixed.
Richard Holland’s Buke of the Howlat
Authors: Kelly Anne
Published: July 2017

This essay reassesses Chaucer’s influence on the Older Scots poem The Buke of the Howlat (c.1448), written by the Orkney poet Richard Holland (d. in or after 1483) in the mid-fifteenth century. The poem celebrates the virtues of the ‘Black Douglases’, one of Scotland’s most powerful magnate families at the time of the Howlat’s composition. Together with his dedication of the work to his patrons, Archibald Douglas and his wife Elizabeth, such explicit praise has led critics to regard the Howlat as a political poem. Yet there remains an element of ambivalence to the Howlat which works against such an interpretation, suggesting rather that Holland’s purpose in writing the poem might be less controversial than is commonly assumed. This essay argues for ways in which Holland is indebted to Chaucer in this regard, offering a broader perspective on the Chaucerianism of the Howlat than has generally been considered.
‘Daunting’ The Isles, Borders, and HighlandsImperial Kingship in John Bellenden’s
Authors: Harikae Ryoko
Published: July 2017

By the end of the fifteenth century, Scotland was declared an empire and the king emperor within his own realm; this supported the Stewart monarchy’s assertions of suzerainty and territorial independence from foreign countries. Moreover, it is highly likely that the imperial concept gave the Stewart monarchs grounds for their assertion of authority and their acquisition of territories within the nation. By examining two vernacular translations of Hector Boece’s Scotorum Historia, the Chronicles of Scotland by John Bellenden and the so-called Mar Lodge Translation, this essay argues that these texts identify the idea of ‘daunting’ local regions under the rule of local magnates, especially troubled regions such as the Isles, Borders, and Highlands, as an essential factor to enhance the perception of the Stewart monarchy as an imperial kingship.
Informed Choice
Authors: Couper Sarah
Published: July 2017

The intertextuality of John Rolland’s Court of Venus, announced in its opening quotation and subsequent displays of scholarship and poetic skill, is central to the poet-narrator’s self-construction as a man improved by studying literature. However, the extent of Rolland’s reading is obscured by his unacknowledged use of key sources, including dictionaries, to populate his poem with Classical figures and cultivate a learned diction. While this might be read as pretension to a literary elite Rolland associates with the bygone court of David Lyndsay, the moral vision of his poem is greatly enlarged by its attempt to align such bookish learning with knowledge gained through experience—foregrounded by allusion to Chaucer’s Wife of Bath. In this way The Court of Venus models an urbane, knowing morality working towards wisdom and self-governance while recognizing the diversity, and disruptive desire, of human nature.
King Darius in the Archives
Authors: Verweij Sebastiaan
Published: July 2017

This chapter discusses the discovery of an extracted speech, copied into manuscript, from William Alexander’s Senecan play, The Tragedie of Darius (1603). It also presents a full inventory of National Records of Scotland, MS RH13/38, where the text was found among around thirty-five poetic items ranging from the late sixteenth century to the early nineteenth. The chapter gives a full transcription of the speech, followed by a discussion of its language, circulation, and contemporaneous appeal in light of its potential political significance. Very little is known about Alexander’s Scottish reception (especially in bibliographical terms), so a copy of this play extract provides some rare evidence about Scottish readers of Alexander’s plays around the time of the Union of Crowns.
Historical Cryptosystems
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter presents several historical cryptosystems. These are all relatively simple, and none are fit for modern use. These cryptosystems serve to illustrate the basic model of a cryptosystem, as well as introduce a number of important design principles for modern encryption algorithms. We demonstrate the importance of a large keyspace, randomness of ciphertext, and positional dependence. We also show how efficiency and security are often traded off against one another when designing a cryptosystem.
Symmetric Encryption
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

In this chapter, we focus on symmetric encryption. We begin by identifying two different types of symmetric encryption algorithm, namely, stream and block ciphers. We discuss the basic idea behind a stream cipher and consider their properties and applications. We then introduce block ciphers. We focus on two extremely important and influential block cipher algorithms, the Data Encryption Standard and the Advanced Encryption Standard, discussing the history of their development as well as their basic design. We then introduce the modes of operation of a block cipher, explaining why different modes have been proposed. We examine in detail four of the most well-established modes of operation and their core properties, as well as classifying other modes of operation.
Public-Key Encryption
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

In this chapter, we introduce public-key encryption. We first consider the motivation behind the concept of public-key cryptography and introduce the hard problems on which popular public-key encryption schemes are based. We then discuss two of the best-known public-key cryptosystems, RSA and ElGamal. For each of these public-key cryptosystems, we discuss how to set up key pairs and perform basic encryption and decryption. We also identify the basis for security for each of these cryptosystems. We then compare RSA, ElGamal, and elliptic-curve variants of ElGamal from the perspectives of performance and security. Finally, we look at how public-key encryption is used in practice, focusing on the popular use of hybrid encryption.
Entity Authentication
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter considers mechanisms for providing entity authentication. We begin with a discussion on randomness and why it is important in cryptography. We compare several different techniques for generating randomness. We then consider the related issue of freshness and why it is important for entity authentication. We compare several different techniques for providing freshness. We then identify various different categories of identification information which can be used in an entity authentication mechanism. We look at the role cryptography plays in supporting basic entity authentication mechanisms such as passwords. We close by examining how cryptography can be used to provide more sophisticated forms of entity authentication through the use of dynamic passwords.
Public-Key Management
Authors: Martin Keith M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter builds on the previous one by considering additional key management issues that arise for management of public-key pairs. We identify why management of public keys presents special challenges and then consider different approaches to addressing these issues. We consider certification of public keys and examine the different stages in the lifecycle of a public-key certificate, paying particular attention to the creation and revocation of public-key certificates. In doing so, we investigate that it means to rely on a public-key certificate and what issues can arise with the deployment of public-key management infrastructures that are based on public-key certificates. We close by considering some alternative public-key management models that do not rely on public-key certificates.
Social Investment and Its Critics
Authors: Hemerijck Anton
Published: July 2017

The introduction to the volume surveys the emergence, diffusion, limits, merits, and politics of social investment as an ‘emerging’ welfare policy paradigm for the knowledge-based economy. After revisiting its intellectual roots, the chapter surveys the criticisms that are levelled against the social investment perspective in the academic literature. Provoked by critics, and also the growing evidence of social investment headway and theoretical progress, the chapter subsequently develops a multidimensional life-course taxonomy of three complementary social investment functions: (1) easing the ‘flow’ of contemporary labour-market and life-course transitions; (2) raising the quality of the ‘stock’ of human capital and capabilities; and (3) maintaining strong minimum-income universal safety nets as income protection and economic stabilization ‘buffers’, as a heuristic template for analysing the interdependent character of social investment policy reform through the lens of the life-course contingencies of the knowledge economy and modern family demography.
Towards Employment Insurance?
Authors: Schmid Günther
Published: July 2017

New social risks have arisen due to the deepening of global labour division and the invasion of digital technologies into the production of goods and the delivery of services, but also due to changing preferences and individual work capacities over the life course. As these risks are not only connected with unemployment but also with income volatility due to critical life-course transitions (in particular, between family work and labour-market work, lifelong learning and employment), the need to extend unemployment insurance (UI) towards a system of employment insurance becomes evident. This argument is developed by focusing on the investment character of social insurance against the mainstream view of moral hazard related to any insurance, and by providing good practices or opportunities from various European member states.
Social Investment and Childcare Expansion
Authors: León Margarita
Published: July 2017

The chapter first examines at a conceptual level the links between theories of social investment and childcare expansion. Although ‘the perfect match’ between the two is often taken for granted in the specialized literature as well as in policy papers, it is here argued that a more nuance approach that ‘unpacks’ this relationship is needed. The chapter will then look for elements of variation in early childhood education and care (ECEC) expansion. Despite an increase in spending over the last two decades in many European and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, wide variation still exists in the way in which ECEC develops. A trade-off is often observed between coverage and quality of provision. A crucial dividing line that determines, to a large extent, the quality of provision in ECEC is the increasing differentiation between preschool education for children aged 3 and above and childcare for younger children.
Addressing Human Capital Risks and the Role of Institutional Complementarities
Authors: Dräbing Verena , Nelson Moira
Published: July 2017

Human capital investments are at the core of the SIA. In the knowledge-based service economy, the SIA is a promising model for how to ensure economic growth and social cohesion simultaneously through investments in human capital. Yet investing in human capital raises challenges that require attention towards how people accumulate skills and retain these over time. Due to particular features of human capital, this chapter argues, a comprehensive approach is needed that both incentivizes skill acquisition over the life course and protects acquired skills via policies that facilitate labour-market transitions, thus enabling reintegration into the labour market. The discussion elaborates on ways in which social investment policies are complementary to each other, with particular attention to how policies that invest in skills complement policies that protect these skill investments. Evidence for such institutional complementarities is assessed through descriptive statistics and a vignette analysis of the Swedish case.
Measuring Social Investment Returns
Authors: Verbist Gerlinde
Published: July 2017

The aim of this chapter is to assess different issues related to measuring the social impact of social investment strategies, and more specifically of publicly provided services. The chapter starts with a short discussion of the role played by services in the social investment strategy, as these services are often considered to be a more appropriate social investment instrument than cash transfers. This is illustrated by discussing the distributive effects of two types of publicly provided services, namely childcare and education. A literature overview is presented of how the employment and inequality effects of these services are measured. Both first-order and second-order effects are considered, thereby also indicating gaps in knowledge for a proper assessment of such services in the framework of social investment.
De-universalization and Selective Social Investment in Scandinavia?
Authors: Kersbergen Kees van , Kraft Jonas
Published: July 2017

The Scandinavian welfare states are at a critical turning point. Their future depends on the extent to which universalism continues to be the principle of social policy. Middle-class politics plays a decisive role in determining welfare state principles and outcomes. The surprising development is that, while the welfare state remains popular, reforms have made it much less universal than it used to be. Programmes aimed particularly at the poor and disadvantaged have been cut, while programmes particularly enjoyed by the middle class have been expanded. Such de-universalization and ‘selective social investments’ were neither expected nor can they be easily explained by the conventional wisdom on the Scandinavian welfare states. Why does this happen? Is the middle class abandoning universalism? How are social investment policies affected?
Can European Socioeconomic Governance Be Social Investment Proof?
Authors: Bekker Sonja
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues that EU socioeconomic coordination can support social investment. Both the Lisbon Treaty’s main norms and goals and the European Semester’s short-term goals are in line with social investment. This chapter closely scrutinizes the country-specific recommendations (CSRs) stemming from the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). Whereas this coordination cycle has been criticized for having a one-sided focus on limiting public expenditure, even the SGP at times results in recommendations that encourage social investment. Such recommendations only address a limited number of policies and are communicated to a small number of countries. However, the scope for and the content of social investment recommendations changes from year to year, reflecting that coordination is open to changes. This adjustment capacity provides new opportunities for social investment to further integrate into the European Semester process of socioeconomic coordination, thus building on core social principles of the Lisbon Treaty.
Accelerator or Brake?
Authors: Ferrera Maurizio
Published: July 2017

Reorienting the welfare state towards social investment constitutes a complex and multidimensional challenge of policy recalibration and raises daunting political problems. The chapter analyses the strategy pursued by the EU, with a view to assessing its degree of ‘conduciveness’ to social investment recalibration at the domestic level. It is argued that the EU has indeed stimulated policy change, but that its potential as a social investment facilitator has been hamstrung by a number of weaknesses and shortcomings, especially on the discursive front. A more convinced and articulated endorsement of the social investment paradigm and a more focused attention to ‘capacity’ at the subnational and grass-root level should be the fronts to prioritize.
The Education Gap in Political Participation
Authors: Bovens Mark , Wille Anchrit
Published: July 2017

With the help of social survey data, we investigate educational differences in political participation. We look at a range of political activities: spectator activities, voting, membership of political parties, and non-electoral activities, such as signing petitions and joining demonstrations, boycotts and buycotts. Also, we investigate new forms of political engagement, such as internet activism and participation in deliberative settings. Educational differences are manifest in almost all forms of political activity. But for some forms, especially the newer ones, the gap is larger than for others. The well-educated are not only over-represented in numbers; they also are more active, on average, than those with lesser educational qualifications. The more demanding the act of participation is, the more likely it is it will be disproportionately engaged in by higher educated citizens.
Implementing and evaluating interventions
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Following on from Chapter 5, this chapter outlines the final three stages in the process of designing and delivering arts in health interventions. It provides a step-by-step guide for how to turn an idea into action and implement and evaluate interventions. It shows how to undertake an effective pilot project, design an evaluation that captures its impact as well a supporting its future development, assess its likelihood of success on a larger scale, draw up a case for support for stakeholders and funders, finetune the intervention to make it more efficient and economical, develop an ongoing audit process, create a manual of the intervention to enable its replication elsewhere, scope opportunities for expansion, and plan for continuous innovation to ensure it stays current and appealing for participants. These steps will provide the springboard for a promising intervention to be launched and scaled in a sustainable way.