bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing Hypothesis of Scientific Experiments with PhenoManager
Authors: Ramos Leonardo , Porto Fabio , De Oliveira Daniel
Published: September 2021

Scientific research based on computer simulations is complex since it may involve managing the enormous volumes of data and metadata produced during the life cycle of a scientific experiment, from the formulation of hypotheses to its final evaluation. This wealth of data needs to be structured and managed in a way that makes sense to scientists so that relevant knowledge can be extracted to contribute to the scientific research process. In addition, when it comes to the scope of the scientific project as a whole, it may be associated with several different scientific experiments, which in turn may require executions of different scientific workflows, which makes the task rather arduous. All of this can become even more difficult if we consider that the project tasks must be associated with the execution of such simulations (which may take hours or even days), that the hypotheses of a phenomenon need validation and replication, and that the project team may be geographically dispersed. This article presents an approach called PhenoManager that aims at helping scientists managing their scientific projects and the cycle of the scientific method as a whole. PhenoManager can assist the scientist in structuring, validating, and reproducing hypotheses of a phenomenon through configurable computational models in the approach. For the evaluation of this article was used SciPhy, a scientific workflow in the field of bioinformatics, concluding that the proposed approach brings gains without considerable performance losses.
MediBot: An Ontology-Based Chatbot to Retrieve Drug Information and Compare its Prices
Authors: S. Avila Caio Viktor , Franco Wellington , D. P. Venceslau Amanda , Vidal Rolim Tulio , M. P. Vidal Vania , M. Pequeno Valéria
Published: September 2021

In this article, we present the MediBot. MediBot is a chatbot for querying drugs information. The presented system acted as a single access point for natural and simplified information retrieval of drugs, prices, and its risks. The chatbot has two modes of operation: Quick Response and Interactive modes. The first answers questions asked in natural language, while the second has three interactive tasks, namely Browser, Query, and Price Comparison. We present here the system architecture, the Linked Data Mashup’s construction process, and Chatbot MediBot’s activities modes, focusing on the new Price Comparison’s task. This task presents the best prices for medicines and their best potential substitutes extracted in real-time from the Web with the help of the information obtained from a linked data mashup.
Aspekte der Ausbildung und Auswahl von Richtern: Erfahrungen aus dem Ausland
Authors: Zhenissov Sayash Kairatuly
Published: September 2021

A proper and highly professional scholarly and practical training of judges is one of the fundamental guarantees of the functioning of the modern state. This article begins with an introduction of general selection criteria for future judges, and continues with a thorough discussion of the respective training and selection system in France and Spain. The article then draws several conclusions as to the applicability of the French and the Spanish system to training and selection processes of judges in Kazakhstan, respectively.
Der utopische Gehalt postkapitalistischer Wirtschaftsentwürfe. Eine ideengeschichtliche Einordnung
Authors: Kremser Christian E. W.
Published: September 2021

Postkapitalistische Wirtschaftsentwürfe werden aktuell vor allem in drei wissenschaftlichen Diskursen verhandelt: dem um die Postwachstumsgesellschaft, dem um das bedingungslose Grundeinkommen und dem um die Industrie 4.0. Die dort entwickelten Visionen einer postkapitalistischen Wirtschaft knüpfen dabei an einen utopischen Diskurs in der Geschichte des ökonomischen Denkens an. Erstere in letzteren ideenhistorisch einzuordnen, hat sich der Aufsatz vorgenommen.
Massenverfahren: Digitale Tools für die Rechte der Verbraucher
Authors: Breidenbach Stephan
Published: September 2021

Der Beitrag beleuchtet in 15 Thesen die Rolle von »Legal Tech« bei Massenver­ fahren. »Legal Tech« bietet einen erfolg­ versprechenden Ansatz, die Chancen der Einmalkläger bzw. Einmalbeklagten zu erweitern und das systemische Macht­ungleichgewicht, das zwischen den Beteiligten besteht, teilweise zu beseitigen. Digitale Tools ermöglichen die Industri­alisierung und Automatisierung von Rechtsdienstleistungen mit einer Stan­dardisierung auf hohem Niveau. Der Paradigmenwechsel liegt darin, Recht nicht mehr vom ganzen Textdokument her zu betrachten, sondern als eine in­telligente Zusammenstellung von Text­bausteinen. Auf digitale Tools bauen neue Geschäfts­modelle auf. Nicht inhaltlich, aber strukturell gleiche Fälle mit wiederkehrenden Ausführungen finden sich zu Tausenden. Durch Industrialisierung werden die Kosten gesenkt und mehr Recht für größere Verkehrskreise erschlossen (»Access to Law«). Die Industrialisierung von Rechtsdienstleistungen hat damit das Potenzial, zu mehr Qualität in den juristischen Berufen beizutragen.
Verbraucherstreitbeilegung – niedrigschwellige Verfahren für alle, aber auch für Massen?
Authors: Braun Felix , Thevis Jakob
Published: September 2021

Zweifellos ist das Instrument der Ver­braucherstreitbeilegung im Sinne der ADR­-Richtlinie ein besonders niedrig­ schwelliger Weg für Verbraucher:innen, um berechtigte Ansprüche gegenüber Unternehmen geltend zu machen. Es steht allen im Europäischen Wirtschafts­raum lebenden Bürger:innen offen. Der Beitrag untersucht schwerpunktmäßig, inwieweit das sog. rationale Desinteres­ se an einer Rechtsdurchsetzung durch diese Verfahren überwunden werden kann und welche Rolle Digitalisierung spielt. Ferner geht er der Frage nach, inwiefern sich Verbraucherstreitbeilegung für Massenverfahren eignet und wie sie sich in das Gesamtgefüge der Rechtsdurchsetzungsarten einfügt.
Zur Sinnhaftigkeit der Mediation in beamtenrechtlichen Konflikten
Authors: Schütte Matthias
Published: September 2021

Beamte können im Konfliktfall aufgrund der im Beamtengesetz gesetzlich nor­mierten Gehorsamspflicht zur Teilnahme an einer Mediation dienstlich angewie­sen werden. Es besteht also ein Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Beamtenpflichten und der im Mediationsgesetz normierten Freiwilligkeit. Die Teilnahme an einer dienstlich angeordneten Medi­ation ist bereits zur Abwendung einer möglichen Spannungsversetzung stets sinnvoll. Eine solche droht Beamten zum Beispiel, wenn eine Mediation im Kon­ fliktfall gänzlich verweigert wird oder ergebnislos verläuft. Die Mediation von Konflikten zwischen Beamten unterein­ander und zwischen Beamten und ihren Vorgesetzten stellt Mediatoren daher auch mit Blick auf die stets zu hinterfra­ gende Nichteinigungsalternativen vor Herausforderungen. Ein schneller Ab­bruch der Mediation aufgrund fehlender Freiwilligkeit einer oder mehrerer Konfliktparteien sollte nicht ohne Reflexion der anschließend drohenden beamten­ rechtlichen Folgen in Erwägung gezogen werden.
Fetal Congenital Anomalies in Africa: Diagnostic and Management Challenges
Authors: Dayyabu Aliyu Labaran
Published: September 2021

There is paucity of knowledge on the causes, diagnosis, management and prevention of fetal congenital anomalies in Africa. The chapter will highlight on the general causes and specific factors concerning congenital anomalies in Africa. The problems of diagnosis and management of congenital anomalies will be extensively discussed. There is also going to be a discussion on how fetal anomalies contribute to maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Screening of congenital anomalies is another black point and will be discussed emphasizing on simple strategies applicable in resource constrained environment. A section will be dedicated on prevention of fetal congenital anomalies, particularly prevention of specific factors that increase the risk of fetal anomalies in Africa. Finally, there will also be discussion on collaborative care as a panacea in the management of fetal congenital fetal anomalies, including my experience in this area. Specific examples will be given to illustrate the utility of collaborative in resource limited countries.
Update on the Classification of and Diagnostic Approaches to Mature T-Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Zhang Xiaohui , Zhou Jiehao , Han Xin , Wang Endi , Zhang Linsheng
Published: September 2021

Context.—

In the 2017 revised World Health Organization classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues, some mature T-cell lymphomas were reclassified and a few new provisional entities were established based on new data from clinical and laboratory studies. T follicular helper cell lymphoma is identified by T follicular helper cell markers. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK negative, is a better-defined entity based on genetic abnormalities, and breast implant–associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma is recognized as a provisional entity. The gastrointestinal T-cell lymphomas are reclassified, with addition of a new provisional entity, indolent T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by an indolent clinical course.

Objective.—

To review the diagnostic approaches to reclassified and newly established entities of mature T-cell lymphomas, focusing on significant immunophenotypic features and molecular genetic abnormalities. Relevant new discoveries after the publication of the 2017 World Health Organization classification are included.

Data Sources.—

Information from the literature most relevant to the 2017 World Health Organization revised classification and publications after 2016.

Conclusions.—

Incorporating clinical, morphologic, and immunophenotypic features usually provides sufficient evidence to reach a preliminary diagnosis of mature T-cell lymphoma. Molecular genetic studies can be very helpful for the final diagnosis and classification, especially in challenging cases. Some molecular genetic features have been found in breast implant–associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma, distinct from anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK negative. Immunohistochemical staining of 4 markers may enable further subtyping of peripheral T-cell lymphomas.
Apple cultivars in Lithuania in 1820–1914
Authors: Laužikas Rimvydas
Published: September 2021

The oldest mentioned gardens in Lithuania are from the Middle Ages. However, the oldest lists of fruit tree cultivars were compiled only in the 19th century. The article presents systematised information on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars recommended for cultivation and cultivated in Lithuania from 1820 to 1914. A total of 22 written sources in Polish, Russian and Lithuanian from the period that mention specific apple cultivars were analysed. A list of 165 old apple cultivars was compiled during the study. The apple cultivars mentioned in historical sources have been identified as contemporary apple cultivars or those described in other historical pomology sources. The original names of the old apple cultivars recorded in written sources are also provided. The compiled list of apple cultivars reveals characteristics of the development of apple orchards in the cultural context of this period.
Estudo, coleta de dados e informações específicas de um inversor off-grid fotovoltaico
Authors: Moraes Juliano Ferreira , Lage Eduardo Gouveia Santiago
Published: September 2021

Esta obra consiste no estudo, de um conversor de corrente contínua em corrente alternada com correção do fator de potência. Atualmente, um dos maiores problemas que a rede elétrica enfrenta é o ruído (sujeira) introduzido por cargas não lineares associados ao baixo fator de potência que geralmente caracteriza esses tipos de cargas.  Na presente dissertação é apresentado o projeto para a nova tecnologia mencionada, com dados dos desempenhos, com o objetivo final de ter todos os dados dos ensaios laboratoriais de um dispositivo de economia elétrica. No Brasil atualmente existe um grande número de oscilações na qualidade da energia elétrica e isso é bastante prejudicial a equipamentos eletrônicos em geral por causa deste fator. O intuito deste projeto é mostrar efeitos de oscilações, economia, cargas e mudanças de comportamento do equipado a ser descrito. Para obtenção dos resultados usaremos um protótipo de um inversor de onda senoidal pura como parte desta obra, de acordo com os testes feitos dentro das normas estabelecidas pela ANEEL.
Análise de diferentes fontes de água tratada por osmose reversa para aplicação em caldeiras industriais
Authors: Melo Grazielma Ferreira de , Laurentino João Victor Alves , Santos Lucicleitor Oliveira , Freitas Virgínia Lauanny Cupertino de
Published: September 2021

Diante da necessidade de fontes alternativas de água para utilização, estuda-se novas ferramentas que otimizem e ampliem as possibilidades do uso da água para atividades como agricultura, pecuária e indústrias. As caldeiras são instrumentos industriais que tem como fonte de alimentação a água, e está presente em diversos processos propulsores da economia. O funcionamento das caldeiras é adequado de acordo a NR-13 e as classificações é dada de acordo com o nível operacional de pressão, otimizando o seu funcionamento e tornando-o mais seguro, no entanto deve-se atentar a qualidade do fluido operacional, devendo estar enquadrado em determinados parâmetros físico-químicos e microbiológicos para evitar vapores de má qualidade, danos as caldeiras e acidentes. Através de pesquisas, fez-se possível realizar uma análise e comparativo dos resultados laboratoriais obtidos de amostras de águas tratadas por osmose reversa, sendo realizado uma revisão integrativa. Os resultados mostraram eficiência quanto ao processo de osmose reversa para remoção de sais e óxidos, particulados e elementos dissolvidos, algumas analises indicaram presença de coliformes totais e fecais, indicando a necessidade de estudos sobre o impacto negativo que pode causar em caldeiras devido a sua presença assim como fatores externos que levaram a esse resultado. Além disso, fez-se possível enfatizar a necessidade de pesquisas referente a minimização de danos quanto a implementação do sistema de osmose reversa.
REPETITIVE REGENERATIVE ENDODONTIC PROTOCOL TREATMENT FOR MATURE TEETH WITH DENS INVAGINATUS AND SEVERE PERFORATED INTERNAL ROOT RESORPTION: A CASE REPORT WITH 24-MONTH FOLLOW-UP
Authors: YİĞİT Tuğba , ARSLAN Hakan
Published: September 2021

The association of internal root resorption (IRR) with dens invaginatus is an extremely rare finding, and its incidence may be underestimated, adding to the difficulty of endodontic treatment. A 9-year-old boy was admitted with complaints of swelling and pain. Radiological examination revealed closed apex Oehlers type II dens invaginatus and severe IRR, as well as apical third of two lateral root perforation and lesion. Calcium hydroxide applied in the regenerative endodontic protocol (REP) as intracanal medicament. Differently, bleeding was achieved by irritating the lateral perforation area. However, the tooth showed spontaneous pain and sensitivity to percussion after 2 months. The same REP was performed, but a triple antibiotic paste was used as the intracanal medicament. After 2 years, the tooth was asymptomatic, and radiographic examination revealed the decrease was cared on the previous resorption sites, and one of the openings on the lateral root surface had closed.
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT SYNOVIAL CHONDROMATOSIS: A RARE CASE
Authors: DURNA Doğan , ÇAKUR Binali , BAYINDIR Neslihan
Published: September 2021

Synovial chondromatosis (osteochondromatosis) is a rare lesion originating from the synovial membrane. It develops as a result of metaplasia of the tendon sheath or synovial membrane of the bursa in the joint and causes the formation of chondral or osteochondral foci in the synovium. These cartilaginous lesions can cause secondary degenerative changes as free bodies within the joint. Between the ages of 30 and 50, the knee joint is less commonly seen in the hip, ankle, shoulder and elbow joints. Clinically, joint pain and progressive limitation of motion, effusion and recurrent locking in some cases are seen. In this case, we aimed to present SC radiologic (CBCT and MR) and clinical findings in TME of a 53 years old female patient who applied to our clinic for synovial chondromatosis.
A modified fluctuation assay reveals a natural mutator phenotype that drives mutation spectrum variation within Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Jiang Pengyao , Ollodart Anja R , Sudhesh Vidha , Herr Alan J , Dunham Maitreya J , Harris Kelley
Published: September 2021

Although studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have provided many insights into mutagenesis and DNA repair, most of this work has focused on a few laboratory strains. Much less is known about the phenotypic effects of natural variation within S. cerevisiae’s DNA repair pathways. Here, we use natural polymorphisms to detect historical mutation spectrum differences among several wild and domesticated S. cerevisiae strains. To determine whether these differences are likely caused by genetic mutation rate modifiers, we use a modified fluctuation assay with a CAN1 reporter to measure de novo mutation rates and spectra in 16 of the analyzed strains. We measure a 10-fold range of mutation rates and identify two strains with distinctive mutation spectra. These strains, known as AEQ and AAR, come from the panel’s ‘Mosaic beer’ clade and share an enrichment for C > A mutations that is also observed in rare variation segregating throughout the genomes of several Mosaic beer and Mixed origin strains. Both AEQ and AAR are haploid derivatives of the diploid natural isolate CBS 1782, whose rare polymorphisms are enriched for C > A as well, suggesting that the underlying mutator allele is likely active in nature. We use a plasmid complementation test to show that AAR and AEQ share a mutator allele in the DNA repair gene OGG1, which excises 8-oxoguanine lesions that can cause C > A mutations if left unrepaired.
A novel bivalent chromatin associates with rapid induction of camalexin biosynthesis genes in response to a pathogen signal in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhao Kangmei , Kong Deze , Jin Benjamin , Smolke Christina D , Rhee Seung Yon
Published: September 2021

Temporal dynamics of gene expression underpin responses to internal and environmental stimuli. In eukaryotes, regulation of gene induction includes changing chromatin states at target genes and recruiting the transcriptional machinery that includes transcription factors. As one of the most potent defense compounds in Arabidopsis thaliana, camalexin can be rapidly induced by bacterial and fungal infections. Though several transcription factors controlling camalexin biosynthesis genes have been characterized, how the rapid activation of genes in this pathway upon a pathogen signal is enabled remains unknown. By combining publicly available epigenomic data with in vivo chromatin modification mapping, we found that camalexin biosynthesis genes are marked with two epigenetic modifications with opposite effects on gene expression, trimethylation of lysine 27 of histone 3 (H3K27me3) (repression) and acetylation of lysine 18 of histone 3 (H3K18ac) (activation), to form a previously uncharacterized type of bivalent chromatin. Mutants with reduced H3K27me3 or H3K18ac suggested that both modifications were required to determine the timing of gene expression and metabolite accumulation at an early stage of the stress response. Our study indicates that the H3K27me3-H3K18ac bivalent chromatin, which we name as kairostat, plays an important role in controlling the timely induction of gene expression upon stress stimuli in plants.
Investigation and molecular identification of Eimeria sp. sampled from captive forest musk deer
Authors: Ren Ziwei , Yu Dong , Zhao Wei , Luo Yan , Cheng Jianguo , Wang Yin , Yang Zexiao , Yao Xueping , Yang Wei , Wu Xi , Li Yimeng
Published: September 2021

Forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) is an endangered, protected species in China. Intestinal coccidiosis is a significant problem for captive forest musk deer. However, there are few reports on the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Eimeria sp. in forest musk deer. We sought to investigate the prevalence of Eimeria sp. in forest musk deer in the Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces in China. We also investigated the molecular characteristics of Eimeria sp. by analyzing the 18S rRNA gene. We collected a total of 328 fecal samples from forest musk deer on seven farms throughout the Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces. We extracted this parasite’s DNA and used this as a template for nested PCR amplification. The 18S rRNA gene fragment was associated with the plasmid vector, and these products were introduced into Escherichia coli (DH5α). The cultured bacterial solution was used as a PCR reaction template for identification purposes. We collected 328 fecal samples from forest musk deer in Lixian (n = 54), Maoxian (n = 52), Ma’erkang (n = 49), Dujiangyan (n = 55), Hanyuan (n = 41), Luding (n = 36) and Weinan (n = 41). One hundred ninety-eight (60.37%) fecal samples tested positive for Eimeria sp. . In our analysis of the 18S rRNA gene we found 34 types of Eimeria sp. with a similarity of 90.5–100%. We constructed a phylogenetic tree based on the parasite’s 18S rRNA gene sequence. Our findings indicated that the Eimeria sp. that parasitized the intestinal tract of forest musk deer was closely related to Eimeria alabamensis from Bos taurus and Eimeria ahsata from Ovis aries. To the best of our knowledge, ours was the first investigation and molecular identification of Eimeria sp. sampled from captive forest musk deer in China. Our results provide epidemiological data for the monitoring and prevention of Eimeria sp. in captive forest musk deer.
Compositional distinction of gut microbiota between Han Chinese and Tibetan populations with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Huan Hui , Ren Tao , Xu Li , Hu Hong , Liu Chao
Published: September 2021

Background

Liver cirrhosis (LC) is caused by numerous chronic liver diseases and its complications are associated with qualitative and quantitative alterations of the gut microbiota. Previous studies have revealed the characteristics of gut microbiota in Han Chinese patients with LC and different compositions of gut microbiota were reported between the Tibetan and Han Chinese populations. This study was designed to evaluate the unique features of the gut microbiota of Tibetans and compare the differences of gut microbiota between Tibetan and Han Chinese patients with LC.

Methods

Thirty-six patients with liver cirrhosis and nineteen healthy volunteers, from both Tibetan and Han Chinese populations, were enrolled and fecal samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses.

Results

Significant differences were found in the gut microbiota of healthy volunteers and between Tibetan and Han Chinese patients with LC. In the Han Chinese patients with cirrhosis (HLC) group the relative abundances of the phylum Bacteroidetes was significantly reduced (P < 0.001), whereas in the Tibetan patients with cirrhosis (TLC) group Firmicutes and Actinobacteria were highly enriched (P = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). At the genus level, the relative abundances of Anaerostipes (P < 0.001), Bifidobacterium (P = 0.03), and Blautia (P = 0.004) were prevalent, while Alloprevotella, Dorea, Prevotella_2, Prevotella_7 and Prevotella_9 were decreased in the TLC group compared to the HLC group (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Our findings showed how the intestinal bacterial community shifted in Tibetan patients with cirrhosis.
Institutional Work Affecting Institutions in a Tourism Cluster
Authors: Jacometti Márcio , Lago Ellen Correa Wandembruck , Bonfim Leandro Rodrigo Canto
Published: September 2021

This article aims at understanding how institutional work influenced the implementation of the Tourist Route Senses of Countryside (TRSC), located in two cities in Paraná, Brazil, between 2009 and 2018. It is a descriptive qualitative case study, whose data were collected through semi-structured interviews, non-participant observation, and documents, which were analyzed using thematic content analysis. Results showed that the implementation of the route was based on creation, maintenance, and interruption of institutional work, and on alteration of the regulatory, normative, and cognitive pillars of the organizational field, involving different actors (public and private). The main theoretical contribution of the research was to identify the types of institutional work and to reconcile them with typologies of institutional pillars. Also, it has practical implications for public policymakers and organizational actors, intending to establish and institutionalize a tourism cluster in rural areas, considered a source of regional economic development.
Волго-Ахтубинская пойма: уникальная экосистема под натиском человека, "Природа"
Authors: Овчарова А.Ю. , Косульникова Т.Л. , Сизенева Л.А. , Казиева З.М.
Published: September 2021

Волго-Ахтубинская пойма — оазис посреди засушливых полупустынь и степей. Здесь, среди многочисленных озер, стариц и проток, раскинулись обширные леса и заливные разнотравные луга. Особый микроклимат поймы отличается повышенной влажностью, лето здесь комфортнее, а зима мягче. Для жителей Волгоградской обл. пойменные ландшафты имеют большое экологическое, природное, бальнеологическое, рекреационное и сельскохозяйственное значение. Но в условиях зарегулированного стока Волги, близости крупного города и неконтролируемого наплыва туристов сложно сохранить неповторимую природу междуречья. Для этого требуется целый комплекс природоохранных мер. Создание в 2000 г. природного парка «Волго-Ахтубинская пойма» способствовало решению ряда экологических проблем района, однако ценная водно-болотная экосистема по-прежнему остается под угрозой.
Возвращение динозавров Хрустального дворца: допотопные животные Хокинса, "Природа"
Authors: Сенников А.Г. , Сенникова Е.А.
Published: September 2021

Скульптуры ископаемых животных, установленные в парке Хрустального дворца в Лондоне в 1854 г., были первыми такими реконструкциями и отражали достижения палеонтологии первой половины XIX в. Созданные скульптором и натуралистом Б.У.Хокинсом под руководством знаменитого палеонтолога Р.Оуэна, они на полвека стали образцом для изображения животного мира прошлого Земли. В настоящее время комплекс скульптур в парке Хрустального дворца — уникальный памятник истории науки, привлекающий внимание широкой публики.
Тень грядущего: Шубниковы и Ферсман. Письма 1922–1924 годов, "Природа"
Authors: Щагина Н.М.
Published: September 2021

Вторая часть публикации расшифрованных и прокомментированных писем, которые А.В.Шубников и его жена О.М.Лебедева-Шубникова, будучи в Екатеринбурге (Свердловске), написали в 1920–1924 гг. академику А.Е.Ферсману. В них рассказывается о жизни кафедры кристаллографии в Уральском университете, в состав которого на правах факультета вошел Горный институт, о кристаллографических исследованиях, об организации научных работ и о трудном быте ученых в годы восстановления нашей страны после Гражданской войны. Увы, но к 1925 г. условия в Свердловске изменились настолько, что Шубниковы были вынуждены покинуть созданную ими кафедру и переехать на работу в Ленинград — в Минералогический музей АН СССР, где Алексей Васильевич создал лабораторию кристаллографии, в которой собрал лучших специалистов по кварцу.
КАК МАШИННОЕ ОБУЧЕНИЕ ПОМОГАЕТ ИЗУЧАТЬ СОЛНЦЕ, "Земля и Вселенная"
Authors: Илларионов Е. А. , Садыков В.M.
Published: September 2021

Ключевые на сегодня открытия в физике Солнца, например, обнаружение 11-летнего закона цикличности, открытие магнитного цикла, первое наблюдение солнечной короны и ее необычных свойств, были сделаны задолго до появления современных компьютеров. Это был результат гениальной изобретательности в конструировании новых наблюдательных приборов и многолетнего упорства в ведении каталогов наблюдений. Современной науке пока с трудом удается выстраивать теории, описывающие наблюдаемую картину, а многие вопросы продолжают оставаться загадками. Едва ли стоит рассчитывать, что компьютеры смогут за нас вывести законы эволюции солнечной активности, но кое в чем они действительно могут помочь. Прежде всего мы рассчитываем на их способность к неустанному перебору бесчисленных вариантов и выявлению сложных взаимосвязей среди разнородных многомерных массивов данных. Разумеется, здесь необходимы специальные алгоритмы. Часть таких алгоритмов, объединенных термином “машинное обучение”, развивается особенно активно и находит все больше применений в современной практике. В нашей статье мы на нескольких примерах покажем, как машинное обучение помогает в решении задач исследования Солнца и в чем особенность этого подхода. Первый пример проиллюстрирует применение сверхточных нейронных сетей, второй покажет, как используется модель кластерного анализа в обработке солнечных данных. Также мы расскажем, как с помощью алгоритма бинарной классификации построить прогноз энергичных событий на Солнце.
Стихи, "Земля и Вселенная"
Authors: Синельников М.И.
Published: September 2021

Михаил Исаакович Синельников – поэт и переводчик, исследователь литературы, автор многих авторских сборников и переводов. Одна из его недавних работ – переложение монументального эпоса «Нарты» в его тюркском (карачаевско-балкарском) варианте. Отрывок из этого произведения был опубликован в № 6, 2019 г. нашего журнала. По просьбе редакции Михаил Исаакович выбрал несколько недавних стихотворений, связанных с темами ЗиВ – космосом и месте человека в нем. Представляем их читателям.
ВЕК СЛУЖЕНИЯ НАУКЕ: ПАМЯТИ ЖАНА РИШАРА (07.02.1921–25.01.2021), "Средние века"
Authors: Близнюк С.В.
Published: September 2021

25 января 2021 г. ушел из жизни Жан Ришар – известнейший французский ученый-медиевист XX – начала XXI в., профессор университета в Дижоне, представитель Школы хартий, член многих академических исторических и археологических обществ.
Effect of Playing Venue on Pre-Competition Cortisol Level and Competitive State Anxiety in University Basketball Players
Authors: Tabassum Yasmeen , Sattar Sumera , Iqbal Muhammad Amir , Butt Muhammad Zafar Iqbal , Adnan Muhammad Abdul Jabar , Roohi Nabila
Published: September 2021

The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of playing venue for pre-competition cortisol and state anxiety in university male basketball players. Ninety six players from public and private universities of Lahore have evaluated during eight competitive matches played at home (n=4) and away (n=4) venues. Blood samples were collected to analyze the cortisol concentrations by the ELISA assay and state anxiety was assessed using the CSAI-2 questionnaire. All the data collection took place before the pre-match warm-up. Data was analyzed by using paired sample t test. Results showed that cortisol was significantly (p-0.002) elevated on away ground, whereas, somatic state anxiety was markedly (p-0.001) increased on an opponents home ground. In conclusion, it is suggested that playing venue affects cortisol response and anxiety score values on away ground that results in psychological interventions for players to deal with all threats and stressful stimuli of playing venue factors affecting the players performance on an opponents home ground.
Effects of Ocimum sanctum Gestational Administration on Physiological and Behavioral Aspects of Mice Offspring
Authors: Thakur Indu , Bigoniya Papiya , Devi P. Uma
Published: September 2021

Aims: Prenatal maternal stress and anxiety affect the offspring causing low birth weight, decreased motor activity, and developmental delays. Ocimum sanctum is cherished as the holiest herb in India and possesses strong adaptogenic, memory enhancer, and anti-stress properties. This study aimed to assess the effect of O. sanctum leaf aqueous extract on preventing pregnancy related stress impact on the mice offspring.

Methodology: Pregnant female mice were treated with O. sanctum leaf aqueous extract throughout the gestation period at 100 mg/kg, p.o, while exposed to resident–intruder social stress paradigm. Physiological, morphological, and behavioral aspects of offspring were observed for 6 weeks.

Results: Pups of O. sanctum treated mothers showed significantly (P < 0.05) improved body weight, body length, and head length. O. sanctum treatment has significantly reduced eye opening and pinna detachment period (P < 0.05-0.01), and duration for gaining surface righting and mid-air righting refluxes (P < 0.05). O. Sanctum has significantly increased (P < 0.05-0.01) number of correct entries in radial arm maze and line crossing in open field performance.

Conclusion: The study outcome proves the beneficial role of O. Sanctum in ameliorating prenatal stress and anxiety induced deleterious effect on offspring.
Fabrication and Properties of Thermochromic Superhydrophobic Coatings
Authors: Cheng Hongjie , Wang Fajun , Liu Huangjuan , Ou Junfei , Li Wen , Xue Rongjie
Published: September 2021

Herein, thermochromic superhydrophobic coatings (TSCs) with different colors are prepared, and their surface wettabilities and optical properties are studied. The TSC coating maintains its surface superhydrophobicity even after a series of mechanical damage (sandpaper abrasion, gravel impact, and knife scratching), chemical corrosion, ultraviolet aging, and environmental temperature changes. Contaminants on the surface of the coating sre easily washed by water droplets. The TSC has a reversible color function with a critical discoloration temperature (Tc) approximately in the range 28–31 °C. In winter, the ambient temperature (Ta) is lower than Tc, and the TSC is dark and absorbs more solar energy. Although in summer, Ta > Ta, the TSC is light and reflects more solar energy. The sunlight exposure test shows that the surface temperature of the thermochromic pigment/polydimethylsiloxane (TP/PDMS) coating in winter is only 0.9 °C lower than that of the carbon black/PDMS (CB/PDMS) coating, whereas in summer, the surface temperature of the TP/PDMS coating is only 6.2 °C higher than that of TiO2/PDMS coating. Energy consumption simulation results show that the TP/PDMS coating decreases the total annual energy consumption in North China by 13.74% compared with the traditional white cooling coating.
Phase‐Transformation‐Induced Giant Deformation in Thermoelectric Ag2Se Semiconductor
Authors: Liang Qi , Yang Dongwang , Xia Fanjie , Bai Hui , Peng Haoyang , Yu Ruohan , Yan Yonggao , He Danqi , Cao Shaowen , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Li Guodong , Zhang Qingjie , Tang Xinfeng , Wu Jinsong
Published: September 2021

In most semiconducting metal chalcogenides, a large deformation is usually accompanied by a phase transformation, while the deformation mechanism remains largely unexplored. Herein, a phase‐transformation‐induced deformation in Ag2Se is investigated by in situ transmission electron microscopy, and a new ordered high‐temperature phase (named as α ′‐Ag2Se) is identified. The SeSe bonds are folded when the Ag+‐ion vacancies are ordered and become stretched when these vacancies are disordered. Such a stretch/fold of the SeSe bonds enables a fast and large deformation occurring during the phase transition. Meanwhile, the different SeSe bonding states in α‐, α ′‐, β‐Ag2Se phases lead to the formation of a large number of nanoslabs and the high concentration of dislocations at the interface, which flexibly accommodate the strain caused by the phase transformation. This study reveals the atomic mechanism of the deformation in Ag2Se inorganic semiconductors during the phase transition, which also provides inspiration for understanding the phase transition process in other functional materials.
Distinct Effects of Heparin and Interleukin‐4 Functionalization on Macrophage Polarization and In Situ Arterial Tissue Regeneration Using Resorbable Supramolecular Vascular Grafts in Rats
Authors: Bonito Valentina , Koch Suzanne E. , Krebber Merle M. , Carvajal‐Berrio Daniel A. , Marzi Julia , Duijvelshoff Renee , Lurier Emily B. , Buscone Serena , Dekker Sylvia , de Jong Simone M. J. , Mes Tristan , Vaessen Koen R. D. , Brauchle Eva M. , Bosman Anton W. , Schenke‐Layland Katja , Verhaar Marianne C. , Dankers Patricia Y. W. , Smits Anthal I. P. M. , Bouten Carlijn V. C.
Published: September 2021

Two of the greatest challenges for successful application of small‐diameter in situ tissue‐engineered vascular grafts are 1) preventing thrombus formation and 2) harnessing the inflammatory response to the graft to guide functional tissue regeneration. This study evaluates the in vivo performance of electrospun resorbable elastomeric vascular grafts, dual‐functionalized with anti‐thrombogenic heparin (hep) and anti‐inflammatory interleukin 4 (IL‐4) using a supramolecular approach. The regenerative capacity of IL‐4/hep, hep‐only, and bare grafts is investigated as interposition graft in the rat abdominal aorta, with follow‐up at key timepoints in the healing cascade (1, 3, 7 days, and 3 months). Routine analyses are augmented with Raman microspectroscopy, in order to acquire the local molecular fingerprints of the resorbing scaffold and developing tissue. Thrombosis is found not to be a confounding factor in any of the groups. Hep‐only‐functionalized grafts resulted in adverse tissue remodeling, with cases of local intimal hyperplasia. This is negated with the addition of IL‐4, which promoted M2 macrophage polarization and more mature neotissue formation. This study shows that with bioactive functionalization, the early inflammatory response can be modulated and affect the composition of neotissue. Nevertheless, variability between graft outcomes is observed within each group, warranting further evaluation in light of clinical translation.
Interface Passivation and Hole Injection Improvement of Solution‐Processed White Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes through Embedding an Ultrathin Graphene Oxide Layer
Authors: Wang Jiong , Fan Li‐Xiang , Wang Yu‐zhu , Wang Yang‐cheng , Qin Yue , Li Rui‐qing , Chen Yue‐hua , Yan Yu , Lai Wen‐yong , Zhang Xin‐wen , Huang Wei
Published: September 2021

To cut cost and improve device performance, expensive and acidic hole transport material (HTM) PEDOT:PSS is replaced by copper(I) thiocyanate (CuSCN) and NiOx in solution‐processed white organic light‐emitting diodes, respectively. However, the luminescence quenching caused by interfacial defects on the surfaces of CuSCN and NiOx limits the devices’ full potential. To crack the nuts, an ultrathin graphene oxide (GO) layer is inserted between hole transport layer (HTL) and emitting layer (EML) as a passivation layer. The time‐resolved photoluminescence spectra of EML intuitively prove the inhibitory effect of GO on exciton quenching. What is more, the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy reveal that the ultrathin GO layer can also increase the work function of HTM and promote hole injection. Relative to the devices without a GO layer, the efficiency of CuSCN/GO‐containing device is enhanced from 18.1 cd A−1 (6.6 lm W−1) to 30.3 cd A−1 (19.8 lm W−1), and the device with NiOx/GO achieves an enhancement of power efficiency by 98%, from 10.1 to 20.0 lm W−1.
Self‐Sustained Robots Based on Functionally Graded Elastomeric Actuators Carrying up to 22 Times Their Body Weight
Authors: Zhai Yichen , Ng Tse Nga
Published: September 2021

A biomimetic strategy of combining soft actuators with an exoskeleton is applied to create untethered, self‐sustained robots with high load capacity, applicable for transportation in unsupervised environments. The soft actuation components are based on liquid crystal elastomers formed into functionally graded structures by extrusion printing, which enables a high free strain of 45.5%. The robot design includes a self‐sustained oscillation mechanism incorporating a novel, highly elastic spring for energy storage and impulse release. The arthropod‐inspired exoskeleton structures are printed from polycarbonate with high strength to increase the load‐carrying capacity, or to increase moving speed by a lever mechanism that amplifies the stepping distance up to eight times. The robot achieves self‐sustained locomotion, harvesting constant infrared radiation for continual power. Leveraging the strength of the exoskeleton and the high stress of the actuator, the robot transports a load 22 times its body weight. It is capable of climbing up a slope of 40° and moving up to a quarter of its body length per minute with peripheral lever legs. The robot operation does not require external signaling controls or complex electronics, demonstrating the potential of this battery‐free, scalable, environment‐powered design with an unlimited range free from tethering constraints.
The role of great ape behavioral ecology in One Health: Implications for captive welfare and re‐habilitation success
Authors: Chappell Jackie , Thorpe Susannah K. S.
Published: September 2021

Behavior is the interface through which animals interact with their environments, and therefore has potentially cascading impacts on the health of individuals, populations, their habitats, and the humans that share them. Evolution has shaped the interaction between species and their environments. Thus, alterations to the species‐typical “wild‐type” behavioral repertoire (and the ability of the individual to adapt flexibly which elements of the repertoire it employs) may disrupt the relationship between the organism and its environment, creating cascading One Health effects. A good example is rehabilitant orangutans where, for example, seemingly minor differences from wild conspecifics in the time spent traveling on the ground rather than in the forest canopy can affect an individual's musculoskeletal and nutritional health, as well as social integration. It can also increase two‐way transmission of infectious diseases and/or pathogens with local human populations, or potentially with neighboring wild populations if there are no geographical barriers and rehabilitants travel far enough to leave their release area. Primates are well known ecosystem engineers, reshaping plant communities and maintaining biodiversity through seed dispersal, consuming plants, and creating canopy gaps and trails. From the habitat perspective, a rehabilitant orangutan which does not behave like a wild orangutan is unlikely to fulfill these same ecosystem services. Despite the importance of the diversity of an ape's behavioral repertoire, how it compares to that of wild conspecifics and how it alters in response to habitat variation, behavior is an often under‐appreciated aspect of One Health. In this review, focusing on orangutans as an example of the kinds of problems faced by all captive great apes, we examine the ways in which understanding and facilitating the expression of wild‐type behavior can improve their health, their ability to thrive, and the robustness of local One Health systems.
Butanol Promoting High Graphitization in Carbon‐Supported Na3V2(PO4)3 for High‐Power Sodium‐Ion Battery with Long Life Cycle
Authors: Yan Dong , Li Xinyan , Xiao Shuhao , Li Zhenzhe , Jiang Jianyang , Wu Rui , Chen Jun Song
Published: September 2021

Na3V2(PO4)3 (NVP) is an attractive cathode material for sodium storage because of its NASICON structure with high ionic conductivity and stability. However, its poor electronic conductivity and large volume change have limited its intensive application. Here, we use 1‐butanol as a co‐solvent to synthesize NVP (bNVP) microparticles with a uniform carbon coating layer. We discovered that butanol can effectively improve the graphitization level of the carbon, giving rise to a much higher electronic conductivity compared to the sample synthesized without butanol (pristine NVP, pNVP). As expected, bNVP demonstrates high reversible capacities of 110.3 mAh g−1 at 1 C, superior high‐rate performance of 98 mAh g−1 at 10 C, and enhanced cycling stability of 94 % capacity retention after 3500 cycles at 30 C, which are far better than pNVP, exhibiting great potential for high‐power sodium‐ion batteries.
Two‐stage cluster samples with judgment post‐stratification
Authors: Ozturk Omer , Kravchuk Olena , Brown Jennifer
Published: September 2021

Estimation of the population mean or total in a clustered population can be done using a two‐stage sampling design. Here we present design‐unbiased estimators and their variances and approximate confidence intervals for the population mean and total for sampling designs in which a cluster sampling is undertaken at each stage as either judgment post‐stratified (JPS) or simple random sampling (SRS). SRS is performed without replacement, while JPS designs can be implemented with or without replacement. The efficiency of JPS designs relative to the SRS design is investigated. The proposed estimators have smaller variances under JPS than the two‐stage SRS design. The gain in efficiency depends on the intra‐cluster correlation coefficient and the sampling design choices at each stage. To achieve a fixed cost, the optimal sample sizes are derived for each stage by maximizing the information content of the sample. The proposed sampling designs and estimators are illustrated with a real‐life agricultural sampling task for vineyard management.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of the Neutralizing Antibodies Bamlanivimab and Etesevimab in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID‐19 Infection
Authors: Chigutsa Emmanuel , O’Brien Lisa , Ferguson‐Sells Lisa , Long Amanda , Chien Jenny
Published: September 2021

Bamlanivimab and etesevimab are neutralizing antibodies indicated for treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in patients with early mild or moderate disease. We present the use of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling that characterizes the timecourse of viral load obtained from 2,970 patients from 2 phase II clinical trials. The model was used for identification of optimal doses that would result in at least 90% of patients achieving serum drug concentrations that result in 90% of maximum drug effect (IC90) for at least 28 days. The serum IC90 (95% confidence interval) was estimated to be 4.2 (3.2–4.3) µg/mL for bamlanivimab and 12.6 (9.7–12.8) µg/mL for etesevimab. Observed clinical trial data confirmed PK and PK/PD model predictions that doses of 700 mg bamlanivimab and 1,400 mg etesevimab would result in maximum reduction in viral load, with no additional effect seen at higher doses. No dose adjustment is recommended as age, sex, race, baseline viral load, and hepatic impairment did not have a significant impact on the PK of the antibodies. Earlier drug administration resulted in greater reductions in viral load, demonstrating the importance of receiving treatment as soon as possible. Relative to placebo, typical reduction in viral load over a 7‐day period was estimated to be 80 or 93% (drug administered 4 days or 1 day after the onset of symptoms, respectively), P < 0.0001. PK/PD modeling and simulation was pivotal throughout the drug development and emergency use authorization process.