bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origin and Evolutionary History of the Malagasy
Authors: Tofanelli Sergio , Bertoncini Stefania
Published: October 2010

The uniqueness of Malagasy people comes from a balanced admixture between deep‐rooted branches of the human evolutionary history, the Southeast Asian and the African branch. The time and the place of origin of the admixture event have been long elusive because of controversial results, but new insights from multiple disciplines are providing a crossroad for an integrated theory. A complex pattern is emerging, which traces the superimposition of cultural and biological layers of different origin upon a preexisting common substratum. A connective role for the two main ethnic components was most likely played by Malays in historical times. However, the genetic and lexical legacy with mainland Africa and proto‐Austronesians suggests that a former admixture is likely to have occurred before human groups settled in Madagascar. Postcontact demographic dynamics and an initial multiethnic composition of migrants could be further confounding elements that make the search of univocal ancestries inconclusive.

Key Concepts:

Multidisciplinary contributions are giving new insights on the evolutionary history of the Malagasy.

The Malagasy are an admixed population with unique features.

The Malagasy admixture is the result of the combination of two main components, Indonesian and African.

The origin of Malagasy admixture can be traced back to the contacts between people surfing the waves of expansion of Austronesian and Bantu languages.

The Malays have played a crucial role to connect Austronesian and Bantu people in historical times.

The time and the place of origin of the admixture event are still uncertain.

A former admixture is likely to have occurred in mainland Africa before human groups settled in Madagascar.
Differentiating accounts of actual, suggested and fabricated childhood events using the judgment of memory characteristics questionnaire
Authors: Short Jennifer L. , Bodner Glen E.
Published: October 2010

Statement analysis procedures are used in forensic settings to classify reported events as experienced or non‐experienced. These procedures are typically validated using accounts of actual events and intentionally fabricated events. However, people can also unintentionally develop false memories. To examine whether inclusion of accounts of suggested events affects classification accuracy, we validated the judgment of memory characteristics questionnaire (JMCQ) statement analysis procedure using all three statement types. Participants attempted to recall two actual events and one suggested event from their childhood over two cognitive interviews, then intentionally fabricated an account of another childhood event. Fourteen of the 34 participants (41%) reported having experienced the suggested event. Independent raters then used the JMCQ to analyse and classify each type of statement from this participant subset. Inclusion of accounts of suggested events did not reduce classification accuracy. Raters tended to classify accounts of both fabricated and suggested events as non‐experienced. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety and efficacy of etanercept beyond 10 years of therapy in North American patients with early and longstanding rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Weinblatt Michael E. , Bathon Joan M. , Kremer Joel M. , Fleischmann Roy M. , Schiff Michael H. , Martin Richard W. , Baumgartner Scott W. , Park Grace S. , Mancini Edward L. , Genovese Mark C.
Published: October 2010

Objective

To evaluate the long‐term safety and efficacy of etanercept therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.

Methods

Adult patients with early RA or longstanding RA received etanercept in open‐label extension studies following initial double‐blind trials of etanercept.

Results

Of 558 early RA patients and 714 longstanding RA patients who received at least 1 dose of etanercept, a total of 194 early RA patients and 217 longstanding RA patients were treated with 25 mg of etanercept twice weekly through 10 years. Five opportunistic infections were reported: in early RA, 1 Candida septicemia; in longstanding RA, 1 herpes zoster, 1 atypical mycobacterium infection, 1 meningoencephalitis (unspecified), and 1 fungal sepsis (unspecified). Twenty‐nine cases of sepsis occurred (10 early RA, 19 longstanding RA). Occurrence of all malignancies was similar to that expected in the general population, but the occurrence of lymphomas was higher than expected in the general population. Fourteen lymphomas (7 early RA, 7 longstanding RA) and 2 cases of demyelinating disease (1 early RA, 1 longstanding RA) were reported. Deaths occurred in 18 early RA patients and 43 longstanding RA patients. Both patient groups showed sustained improvement in American College of Rheumatology responses, swollen joint counts, Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index scores, and C‐reactive protein levels.

Conclusion

Etanercept maintained therapeutic benefits beyond 10 years of therapy in both early RA and longstanding RA patients, suggesting that etanercept is well tolerated and effective as a long‐term, continuous therapy for the treatment of RA, with a favorable risk/benefit ratio.
Hybridized Nanowires and Cubes: A Novel Architecture of a Heterojunctioned TiO2/SrTiO3 Thin Film for Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Ng Jiawei , Xu Shiping , Zhang Xiwang , Yang Hui Ying , Sun Darren D.
Published: October 2010

A unique morphology of SrTiO3 nanocubes precipitated on TiO2 nanowires is successfully synthesized in the form of a thin‐film heterojunctioned TiO2/SrTiO3 photocatalyst using facile hydrothermal techniques. The formation mechanisms of the synthesized photocatalysts are meticulously studied and described. Growth of SrTiO3 single crystal nanocubes (≈50 nm in width) on anatase polycrystalline nanowires follows an in situ dissolution‐precipitation pathway. This is consonant with the classic LaMer model. By analyzing the results of field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), field emission transmission electron microscopy (FETEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV‐vis spectrophotometry, a comprehensive structural and morphological characterization of the photocatalysts is established. FESEM images reveal that the anatase film comprises mainly of nanowires bristles while the tausonite film is primarily made up of nanocube aggregations. In comparison to the respective pristine semiconductor photocatalysts, the heterostructured photocatalyst demonstrates the highest efficiency in photocatalytic splitting of water to produce H2, 4.9 times that of TiO2 and 2.1 times that of SrTiO3. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency is largely attributed to the efficient separation of photogenerated charges at heterojunctions of the two dissimilar semiconductors, as well as a negative redox potential shift in the Fermi level.
Civil engineering airman at increased risk for injuries and injury‐related musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Webb Timothy S. , Wells Timothy S.
Published: October 2010

Background

With the advent of electronic records, the opportunity to conduct research on workplace‐related injuries and musculoskeletal disorders has increased dramatically. The purpose of this study was to examine the United States Air Force Civil Engineering career field to determine if they are negatively impacted by their work environment. Specifically, the objective of this study was to determine if enlisted Civil Engineering Airmen (n = 25,385) were at increased risk for injury or injury‐related musculoskeletal disorders compared to enlisted Information Management/Communications Airmen (n = 28,947).

Methods

Using an historical prospective design, electronic data were assembled and analyzed using Cox's proportional hazards modeling. Models were stratified by gender and adjusted for race/ethnicity, marital status, birth year, and deployment status.

Results

Male Civil Engineers were observed to be at greater risk for both inpatient injury‐related musculoskeletal disorders (HR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.54–2.26) and injuries (HR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.48–2.11), while female Civil Engineers were more than double the risk for both inpatient injury‐related musculoskeletal disorders (HR = 2.18; 95% CI = 1.28–3.73) and injuries (HR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.27–3.88) compared to Information Management/Communications Airmen.

Conclusions

Although analyses do not allow exploration of specific causes, they highlight the utility of using electronic data to identify occupations for further evaluation. Based on these results, additional resources were allocated to survey Civil Engineers on their physical work demands and job requirements to identify key problem areas for further study and mitigation. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:248–254, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of connective tissue disease in silicosis (1985–2006)—a report from the state of michigan surveillance system for silicosis
Authors: Makol Ashima , Reilly Mary Jo , Rosenman Kenneth D.
Published: October 2010

Background

The risk of developing clinical connective tissue disease (CTD) has been reported to be increased among individuals with silica exposure.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of individuals reported to the Michigan Silicosis Surveillance system from 1985 to 2006 to confirm the diagnosis of silicosis and determine the presence of CTDs.

Results

From 1985 to 2006, 1,022 cases were confirmed to have silicosis. Medical records of 790 cases were available. Thirty‐three individuals had rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [prevalence 4.2% (prevalence ratio (RR) ranged from 2.26, 95% CI: 1.57–3.25 to 6.96, 95% CI: 2.93–16.53) depending on the reference rate used], two had scleroderma [prevalence 0.3% (RR 28.3, 95% CI: 6.09–129.98)], one had systemic lupus erythematosus [prevalence 0.1% (RR 2.53, 95% CI: 0.30–21.64)], two had Sjogrens syndrome [prevalence 0.3% (RR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.09–2.08)], and six had anti‐neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) vasculitis [prevalence 0.8% (RR 25.3, 95% CI: 6.34–101.04)]. There was no difference between those with and without CTD with respect to age, race, industry type, history of tuberculosis, application for workers' compensation, or severity of fibrotic changes on chest X‐ray.

Conclusions

A two‐ to eightfold risk for RA and systemic lupus erythematosus, with a greater than 24‐fold risk for scleroderma and ANCA vasculitis was found in individuals with silicosis. The most common CTD among silicotics in the Michigan disease registry was RA. Though not classically included in the category of CTD, ANCA‐associated vasculitis was found to have a much greater prevalence amongst silicosis patients than the general population. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:255–262, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic analysis of “leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) and immunoglobulin (Ig) domain‐containing, Nogo receptor‐interacting protein‐1 (LINGO1)” in two independent Chinese parkinson's disease populations
Authors: Wu Yih‐Ru , Tan Eng‐King , Chen Chiung‐Mei , Kumar Prakash M. , Lee‐Chen Guey‐Jen , Chen Sien‐Tsong
Published: October 2010

A large genome‐wide association study has shown that the “leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) and immunoglobulin (Ig) domain‐containing, Nogo receptor‐interacting protein‐1 (LINGO1) gene” is associated with an increased risk for essential tremor (ET) recently. Given the clinical phenotype overlap between Parkinson's disease (PD) and ET, and LINGO1 had also been demonstrated to play roles in the structural plasticity and integrity of the DA neurons as well as survival of dopaminergic neurons in PD animal models, it has been suggested that the LINGO1 variant could be associated with PD. Here, we report the first analysis of the LINGO1 variant rs9652490 (A > G) in two independent case–control cohorts in ethnic Chinese populations involving a total of 1,305 subjects (649 PD patients and 656 controls) from Taiwan and Singapore. We were unable to demonstrate any significant association between genotype distribution and allele frequency with risk of PD in each case–control study and in the pooled analysis. Further meta‐analysis including all published data and ours failed to demonstrate any modulatory role of rs9652490 GG genotype or G allele. LINGO1 variant rs9652490 (A > G) is unlikely to play a major role in PD in our Chinese populations. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of dopamine transporter genotype on caudate volume in childhood ADHD and controls
Authors: Shook Devon , Brady Colin , Lee Philip S. , Kenealy Laura , Murphy Eric R. , Gaillard William D. , VanMeter John W. , Cook Edwin H. , Stein Mark , Vaidya Chandan J.
Published: October 2010

Polymorphism of the dopamine transporter genotype (DAT1) confers a small but significant susceptibility to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We examined whether the volume of the head of caudate, a striatal structure with high DAT expression that is important for inhibitory function, differs by DAT1 in children diagnosed with the disorder relative to age and IQ matched controls. Volume of the head of caudate was delineated in the right and left hemisphere and compared between 7‐ and 13‐year‐old children with and without ADHD (combined type) who were carriers of two (10/10) or one (9/10) copy of the 10‐repeat DAT1 allele. Caudate volumes were overall smaller in 10/10 than 9/10 children, particularly in the left than right hemisphere. While DAT1 effects did not vary by ADHD diagnosis, overall caudate volumes were smaller in ADHD relative to control children. Altered caudate development associated with 10‐repeat homozygosity of DAT1 may contribute susceptibility to ADHD. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metall‐Salen‐vermittelte Bildung cyclischer Carbonate durch Cycloaddition von CO2 an Epoxide
Authors: Decortes Antonello , Castilla Ana M. , Kleij Arjan W.
Published: October 2010

Salen‐Metall‐Komplexe bilden eine wichtige Klasse von Verbindungen und wurden in der Vergangenheit ausführlich untersucht. Zu ihren katalytische Anwendungen, die es in großer Zahl gibt, zählt auch die Synthese cyclischer Carbonate durch die Kupplung von Epoxiden mit CO2 , das als Atmosphärengas ein attraktiver Rohstoff für technische Verfahren ist. Wir berichten hier über die wichtigsten früheren und aktuellen Forschungsarbeiten zu diesem Thema.
Numerical analyses of bubble point tests used for membrane characterisation: model development and experimental validation
Authors: Nassehi V. , Das D. B. , Shigidi I. M. T. A. , Wakeman R. J.
Published: October 2010

A model for simulating the microhydrodynamics of liquid/air flow inside membrane pores was developed, using a continuous penalty finite element scheme. The developed scheme combines the features of two‐phase flow systems with flexibility and accuracy. The volume of fluid (VOF) method was applied to track the motion of the gas–liquid interfacial boundaries as an approach to monitor the repulsion of the wetting liquid from the pores to detect their bubble pressures. To resolve the complexities arising from the inclusion of the surface tension at the liquid–gas interface as an unknown dynamic condition, it is treated as a resistance force in the equations of motion. The effects of the surface tension and other forces such as buoyancy are then determined by a model calibration factor with respect to a set of experimental data. To obtain the experimental data (e.g. pore size distribution, bubble pressures) for model validation, the bubble point test was conducted on different Nuclepore track‐etched membrane samples, which also provided insights into the mechanisms underlying the test and the interpretation of the pore size distribution. The experimental data are used to calibrate the numerical model. The calibrated model was, in turn, used to predict the outcome of bubble point tests for a range of inlet boundary conditions (e.g. pressures). The results obtained from our simulations are in good agreement with the experimental data, indicating the ability of the developed model to accurately predict the bubble point pressure. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regenerability of antibacterial activity of interpenetrating polymeric N‐halamine and poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Zhao Nan , Zhanel George G. , Liu Song
Published: October 2010

Effective antibacterial modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was achieved by forming a surface thermoplastic semi‐interpenetrating network of polyacrylamide (PAM) and PET, followed by converting the immobilized amides to N‐halamine. The regenerability of N‐halamine on PAM‐modified PET was significantly influenced by the cross‐linkers used to form the network. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nitrogen content analysis of the materials for up to 29 regeneration cycles, it was found that breaking down of the PAM network in chlorination accounted for the loss of regenerability. The relationship between antibacterial efficacy and N‐halamine concentration was also studied. Compared with N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide and 2‐ethyleneglycol diacrylate, cross‐linker divinylbenzene can generate more durable PAM network. After 29 regeneration cycles, the PAM‐divinylbenzene network‐modified PET was still able to provide 100% reduction of healthcare‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 20 min contact. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Two‐Photon Fluorescent Probes for Metal Ions
Authors: Kim Hwan Myung , Cho Bong Rae
Published: October 2010

Two‐photon microscopy (TPM) has become an indispensible tool in biology and medicine owing to the capability of imaging the intact tissue for a long period of time. To make it a versatile tool in biology, a variety of two‐photon probes for specific applications are needed. In this context, many research groups are developing two‐photon probes for various applications. In this Focus Review, we summarize recent results on model studies and selected examples of two‐photon probes that can detect intracellular free metal ions in live cells and tissues to provide a guideline for the design of useful two‐photon probes for various in vivo imaging applications.
‘Statistical methods for automatic crack detection based on vibrothermography sequence‐of‐image data’ by M. Li, S. D. Holland and W. Q. Meeker: Discussion 2
Authors: Fabrice Guérin
Published: October 2010

The paper written by M. Li, S. D. Holland and W. Q. Meeker [Applied Stochastic Models in Business and Industry] presents statistical methods for automatic Crack detection based on vibrothermography sequence‐of‐image data. In particular, a matched filter used to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio is developed. The review gives suggestions about physical approach and detection criteria. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectrofluorimetric determination of aluminium using 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthylidene‐(8‐aminoquinoline)
Authors: Al‐Kindy Salma M. Z. , Al‐Mafrigi Zahra , Shongwe Musa S. , Suliman Fakhr Eldin O.
Published: October 2010

A sensitive and selective spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the rapid determination of aluminium. This method is based on the complex formation between aluminium and 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthylidene‐(8‐aminoquinoline) (HNAQ). The optimum conditions for the complex formation were a metal‐to‐ligand (M : L) stoichiometric ratio of 1:1, a pH of 5.5 and a 0.20 m acetate buffer. The fluorescence of the complex was monitored at an emission wavelength of 502 nm with excitation at 438 nm. Under these conditions, linear calibration curves were obtained in the ranges 0.05–1 and 1–5 ppm. The detection limit was 3.4 ppb for the former and 13.5 ppb for the latter. The maximum relative standard deviation of the method for an aluminium standard of 200 ppb was 1.5% (n = 5). This method was successfully applied for the determination of aluminium in drinking water, pharmaceutical antacid tablets and suspension samples. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fluorescent probe for biothiols based on the conjugate addition of thiols to α,β‐unsaturated ester
Authors: Du Jun , Yang Zhe , Qi Haiping , Yang Xiao‐Feng
Published: October 2010

A sensitive fluorogenic probe 1 for biothiols was developed based on the Michael addition reaction. The probe 1 was readily synthesized via the reaction of 2‐(4′‐hydroxyphenyl) benzimidazole (HPBI) with acryloyl chloride and shows weak fluorescence emission. Upon mixing with biothiols, the fluorescence of 1 is significantly enhanced due to the conjugate addition of thiols to the α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl moiety, thus eliminating the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) quenching of the fluorophore by the intramolecular carbon–carbon double bond. Cysteine (Cys) was selected as the representative thiol in the spectral experiment. A good linear relationship was obtained from 1.0 to 30.0 µmol L−1 for Cys and the detection limit was 0.17 µmol L−1. Furthermore, probe 1 was highly selective for biothiols without the interference of some biologically relevant analytes and has been applied to detecting biothiols in human urine samples. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Community psychology in Europe: More needed, less wanted?
Authors: Francescato Donata , Zani Bruna
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we first contend that community psychology in Europe is facing a particularly challenging situation: On the one hand we witness an increase in complex social problems, which would require a community approach in order to be tackled; on the other hand socio‐economic and cultural changes in the era of globalization diminish the demand and the sources of public funding needed to promote and implement community intervention programs. We then outline the main achievements of community psychology in Europe, and discuss future challenges. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Naturally Occurring Triterpenoid Saponins
Authors: Dinda Biswanath , Debnath Sudhan , Mohanta Bikas Chandra , Harigaya Yoshihiro
Published: October 2010

Naturally occurring new triterpenoid saponins reported from mid‐1996 to March, 2007 are reviewed including their physical constants and plant sources, and are compiled in Table 1. New saponins are arranged in Table 1 on the basis of the skeletal structures of their aglycones, e.g., oleanane type, ursane type, lupane type, hopane type, taraxastane type, cycloartane type, lanostane type, tirucallane type, dammarane type, cucurbitane type, and holostane type. The known triterpenoid saponins and prosapogenins of the new saponins, the biological and pharmacological activities of which were published during 1996–2007, are also reviewed together with their plant sources listed in Table 2 according to the skeletal structures of their aglycones in the same fashion as in Table 1. The plant and animal sources of both new and known bioactive triterpenoid saponins are collected in Table 3 in alphabetical order. The biological and pharmacological activities such as antiallergic, antiatherosclerosis and antiplatelet, antibacterial, anticomplementary, antidiabetic, contraceptive, antifungal, anti‐inflammatory, antileishmanial, antimalarial/antiplasmodial, anti‐obesity, anti‐proliferative, antipsoriatic, antispasmodic, antisweet, antiviral, cytotoxic/antitumor, detoxication, gastroprotective, haemolytic, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, anti‐enzyme, anti‐osteoporotic, insecticidal, insulin‐like, membrane‐porosity, molluscicidal, neuropharmacological, anti‐endothelial dysfunction, snake venom antidote, and sweet activities of these saponins or derived prosapogenins are discussed briefly after Table 3.
Synthesis Gas and Zinc Production in a Noncatalytic Packed‐Bed Reactor
Authors: Ebrahimi A. A. , Ebrahim H. A. , Jamshidi E. , Faramarzi A. H.
Published: October 2010

A noncatalytic packed‐bed reactor has been constructed for management of the reduction of ZnO by methane, which leads to co‐production of synthesis gas and zinc. The reactor consisted of a simple vertical pipe filled with ZnO pellets. These pellets underwent reaction with a pure methane flow. Experimental tests were conducted in the temperature range 860–995 °C at atmospheric pressure in an electrically heated reactor. The results showed complete chemical conversion of methane to synthesis gas in the aforementioned temperature range. In addition, analysis of the product solids indicated that the collected solids in the outlet of the reactor were entirely zinc. The maximum methane flow rates (149–744 mL min–1) were adjusted to ensure complete chemical conversion of methane. These adjustments were performed for different bed heights at various operating temperatures. Analysis of the product gases revealed high quality synthesis gas production without the influence of methane cracking or other undesired side reactions in the experimental tests. Finally, the governing partial differential equations of the reactor modeling were solved by the finite element method. Consequently, the gaseous profiles along the reactor and the breakthrough curves were predicted and compared with the experimental tests.
A Simple Approach to Coordination Compounds of the Pentacyanocyclopentadienide Anion
Authors: Less Robert J. , McPartlin Mary , Rawson Jeremy M. , Wood Paul T. , Wright Dominic S.
Published: October 2010

Deprotonation of [Et3NH][C5(CN)5] with metal bases provides a very simple approach to coordination compounds containing the pentacyanocyclopentadienide anion [C5(CN)5]− (1). The three‐dimensional polymer [Na(thf)1.5(1)]∞ and the molecular dimer [{(tmeda)2Na(1)}2] are obtained by reaction of this precursor with NaH in the presence of thf or tmeda (Me2NCH2CH2NMe2). Their single‐crystal X‐ray structures both reveal σ‐bonded CNNa arrangements and π stacking between [C5(CN)5]− ions. DFT calculations on the [C5(CN)5]− ion have been used to investigate the structures and bonding in [Na(thf)1.5(1)]∞ and [{(tmeda)2Na(1)}2]. The absence of π bonding of the metal ions in both complexes is due to dispersion of the negative charge from the C5 ring unit to the CN groups in the [C5(CN)5]− ion, making the coordination chemistry of this anion distinctly different from that of cyclopentadienide C5H5−.
Refractive Index of Liquid Mixtures: Theory and Experiment
Authors: Reis João Carlos R. , Lampreia Isabel M. S. , Santos Ângela F. S. , Moita Maria Luísa C. J. , Douhéret Gérard
Published: October 2010

An innovative approach is presented to interpret the refractive index of binary liquid mixtures. The concept of refractive index “before mixing” is introduced and shown to be given by the volume‐fraction mixing rule of the pure‐component refractive indices (Arago–Biot formula). The refractive index of thermodynamically ideal liquid mixtures is demonstrated to be given by the volume‐fraction mixing rule of the pure‐component squared refractive indices (Newton formula). This theoretical formulation entails a positive change of refractive index upon ideal mixing, which is interpreted in terms of dissimilar London dispersion forces centred in the dissimilar molecules making up the mixture. For real liquid mixtures, the refractive index of mixing and the excess refractive index are introduced in a thermodynamic manner. Examples of mixtures are cited for which excess refractive indices and excess molar volumes show all of the four possible sign combinations, a fact that jeopardises the finding of a general equation linking these two excess properties. Refractive indices of 69 mixtures of water with the amphiphile (R,S)‐1‐propoxypropan‐2‐ol are reported at five temperatures in the range 283–303 K. The ideal and real refractive properties of this binary system are discussed. Pear‐shaped plots of excess refractive indices against excess molar volumes show that extreme positive values of excess refractive index occur at a substantially lower mole fraction of the amphiphile than extreme negative values of excess molar volume. Analysis of these plots provides insights into the mixing schemes that occur in different composition segments. A nearly linear variation is found when Balankina’s ratios between excess and ideal values of refractive indices are plotted against ratios between excess and ideal values of molar volumes. It is concluded that, when coupled with volumetric properties, the new thermodynamic functions defined for the analysis of refractive indices of liquid mixtures give important complementary information on the mixing process over the whole composition range.
Transmitters in Motor Systems
Authors: Krnjević K.
Published: October 2010

The sections in this article are:

Chemical Transmitters

Definition

Varieties of Transmitters

Identification of Transmitters

Transmitters in Peripheral Motor Systems

Transmitters in Spinal Motor Mechanisms

Spinal Motoneurons and Their Synaptic Control

Transmitters in Supraspinal Motor Systems

Brain Stem

Cerebellum

Basal Ganglia

Motor Cortex
Synthesis by organic molten salt method and characterization of chalcopyrite AgInS2 nanorods
Authors: Zhang Jianjun , Huang Yi
Published: October 2010

In this paper, chalcopyrite AgInS2 nanorods were synthesized for the first time by a one‐step, ambient pressure, environment friendly organic molten salt (OMS) method at 200 °C. The as‐synthesized products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The XRD results reveal that the as‐synthesized products at 120–160 °C under ambient pressure contain AgIn5S8 which will decrease with the increase of growth temperature. A sample containing only the chalcopyrite AgInS2 phase is successfully obtained at 200 °C. Furthermore, the elemental compositions are found to become increasingly stoichiometric with increasing temperature. UV‐Vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectra are utilized to investigate the optical properties of AgInS2 nanorods. By testing on UV‐Vis spectra, it is concluded that the limiting wavelength of the AgInS2 nanorods is 661 nm and the band gap is 1.88 eV. A broad red emission band peak centered at about 1.874 eV (662 nm) is clearly observed at room temperature, and the intensity of the emission increases with excitation wavelength. In addition, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the nanocrystals at the excitation wavelength of 250 nm was determined to be 13.2%. A possible growth mechanism of AgInS2 nanorods was discussed. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis and single crystal X‐ray structure of the tetragonal tungsten bronze Pb0.91K1.72Li1.46Nb5O15
Authors: Capitelli F. , Rossi M. , Elaatmani M. , Zegzouti A.
Published: October 2010

Crystals of Pb0.91K1.72Li1.46Nb5O15, belonging to tetragonal tungsten bronze materials, were grown by the slow cooling technique, and characterized by means of single crystal X‐ray diffraction: the structure was solved in the P4bm tetragonal space group, with the following unit cell parameters: a = 12.548(5), c = 4.042(5) Å, V = 636.4(9) Å3. The three‐dimensional framework can be described as a layered structure down crystallographic axis c, with arrays of NbO6 octahedra, whose corner sharing makes up the formation of tunnels filled up by Li, Pb and K displaying complex cation‐oxygen coordinations. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigations of spin‐Hamiltonian parameters and defect structures for two tetragonal Cu2+ centers in KTaO3 crystal
Authors: Yang Wei‐Qing , Zheng Wen‐Chen , Su Ping , Liu Hong‐Gang
Published: October 2010

Based on the defect models that the two tetragonal Cu2+ centers in KTaO3 are due to Cu2+ ions at Ta5+ sites associated, respectively, with one and two oxygen vacancies (V0) along C4 axis because of charge compensation, the spin‐Hamiltonian parameters (g factors g‖, g⊥and hyperfine structure constants A‖, A⊥) of both Cu2+ centers in KTaO3 are calculated from the perturbation theory method (PTM) and the complete diagonalization (of energy matrix) method (CDM). The calculated results from both theoretical methods are not only close to each other, but also in reasonable agreement with the experimental values. This suggests that both methods are effective in the explanations of spin‐Hamiltonian parameters for 3d9 ions in tetragonal symmetry. From the calculations, the defect models are confirmed and the defect structural data are obtained for both Cu2+ centers in KTaO3. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Correlates of weight instability across the lifespan in a population‐based sample
Authors: Serdar Kasey L. , Mazzeo Suzanne E. , Mitchell Karen S. , Aggen Steven H. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: October 2010

Objective:

Research from overweight/obese clinical samples links weight instability to poor health. This study investigated whether negative health outcomes were associated with weight instability in a population‐based sample.

Method:

One thousand five hundred ten women and 1,111 men from the Mid‐Atlantic Twin Registry completed questionnaires assessing demographics, body size in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood, health satisfaction, and disordered eating. Noneating disorder psychiatric diagnoses were assessed via clinical interviews.

Results:

Weight instability was related to lower health satisfaction and self‐esteem, and higher body dissatisfaction, dieting, and binge eating for both sexes. Weight unstable women were more likely to meet criteria for lifetime major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and eating disorders. Weight stable women were more likely to abuse alcohol; however, two of these associations [e.g. weight instability and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and weight stability and alcohol abuse] became nonsignificant once lifetime binge eating was accounted for, indicating that these forms of psychopathology are more strongly related to binge eating than weight instability itself. No associations between weight stability and psychiatric diagnoses were found in men.

Discussion:

Weight instability is related to mental and physical health concerns for both sexes. It was also specifically associated with depression and eating pathology in women. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011)
Evoked facial emotional expression and emotional experience in people with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Davies Helen , Schmidt Ulrike , Stahl Daniel , Tchanturia Kate
Published: October 2010

Objective:

To use an experimental paradigm to assess facial expression, subjective experience of emotion and the relationship between them in people with anorexia nervosa (AN).

Method:

Film clips are used to elicit emotion and participants' facial expression and subjective experience are recorded. Thirty inpatients with AN and 34 healthy control (HC) women are included in the study.

Results:

People with AN are less facially expressive than HC while watching positive and negative film clips and report feeling less positive emotion than HC but not less negative emotion. People with AN look away significantly more than HC during the negative film clip. Duration of illness and depression relate to attenuated positive facial expression and eating pathology to attenuated negative facial expression.

Discussion:

This experimental study supports self report studies showing people with AN attenuate emotional expression and avoid negative affect. Such behavior may affect social interaction and contribute to the maintenance of the disorder. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011)
Self‐position estimation of an autonomous mobile robot with variable processing time
Authors: Doki Kae , Isetani Naohiro , Torii Akihiro , Ueda Akiteru , Tsutsumi Hirotsugu
Published: October 2010

This paper presents a new self‐position estimation method for an autonomous mobile robot whose processing time can be varied. In this method, the current position of the robot is estimated by image template matching with the normalized correlation coefficient between the input image and stored images. Based on the idea of anytime sensing, the time for self‐position estimation can be varied by changing the image size. In order to realize efficient self‐position estimation, image templates are generated by means of Genetic Algorithm. The usefulness of the proposed method is shown through simulation results using test images and experimental results obtained with a real robot. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(11): 46–58, 2010; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10223
Acquisition of term knowledge from operating manuals for information equipment by using the structure of headline sentences
Authors: Imamura Makoto , Takayama Yasuhiro , Akiyoshi Masanori , Komoda Norihisa
Published: October 2010

This paper proposes a method for automatically extracting term knowledge such as case relations and IS‐A relations between words in the headline sentences of the operating manuals for information equipment. The proposed method acquires term knowledge by the following iterative processing: case relation extraction using correspondence relations between the surface cases and the deep cases; case and IS‐A relation extraction using compound word structures; and IS‐A relation extraction using correspondence between the case structures in the hierarchical headline sentences. The distinctive feature of our method is that it extracts new case relations and IS‐A relations by comparison and matching of the case relations extracted from the super and sub headline sentences, using the headline hierarchy. We confirmed that the proposed method could achieve approximately 90% recall and precision for the extraction of case relations and IS‐A relations from the operating manuals of a car navigation system and a mobile phone. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(11): 8–19, 2010; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10314
Exploring the regional politics of ‘sustainability’: making up sustainable communities in the South‐East of England
Authors: Cochrane Allan
Published: October 2010

This paper sets to explore and clarify the nature of the politics associated with the institutional shift from government to governance, in the context of the rise of sustainability and sustainable communities as governance discourses. After critically considering the extent to which this represents a move to some sort of post‐political settlement, it turns to reflect on the notion of assemblage as a means of interpreting emergent forms of politics and governance and exploring the ways in which different priorities may be negotiated in practice. It highlights the processes by which new political realities are assembled around particular concerns without necessarily ever being fully integrated into some overarching unified set of understandings, and it highlights continued tensions and divisions around sustainability and its implications, which undermine attempts to build a governing (or post‐political) consensus. These issues are informed by a review of some aspects of the ‘sustainable communities plan’ and its implementation, with a particular focus on the South‐East of England. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Bridged fac‐Tricarbonylrhenium(I)–Biscarbene Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Hiltner Oliver , Boch Florian J. , Brewitz Lennart , Härter Peter , Drees Markus , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: October 2010

Six new biscarbene complexes of the type fac‐[(CO)3ReIBr(L)], where L represents a chelating bis(N‐heterocyclic carbene) ligand consisting of two alkylene‐bridged (R′), N‐substituted (R) imidazoline moieties (1,1′‐diR‐3,3′‐R′‐diimidazoline‐2,2′‐diylidene), were synthesized. Spectroscopic methods and X‐ray crystallography were employed to characterize the complexes in solution and the solid state. The observed dynamic behavior of the complexes in solution was examined in more detail by temperature‐dependent 1H NMR experiments and further analyzed by DFT calculations.
Room‐Temperature Synthesis of the Highly Polar Cluster Compound Sn[SnCl][W3Cl13]
Authors: Ahmed Ejaz , Groh Matthias , Ruck Michael
Published: October 2010

A new synthetic strategy is employed to synthesize a tungsten trinuclear cluster compound with an ionic liquid (IL) as the reaction medium. Dark brown block‐shaped crystals of Sn[SnCl][W3Cl13] were obtained at room temperature by reacting tin and WCl6 in Lewis acidic ionic liquid [BMIM]Cl/AlCl3 ([BMIM]+ = 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium). Compound Sn[SnCl][W3Cl13] crystallizes in the polar hexagonal space group P63 with cell parameters a = 959.8(1) and c = 1190.3(2) pm. The crystallographic point group of the [W3(μ3‐Cl)(μ‐Cl)3Cl9]3– cluster anions is C3, but C3v pseudosymmetry is observed within twice the standard deviation of the bond lengths. The W–W bond length is 272.18(6) pm. The tin(II) cations, which are in trigonal pyramidal and in distorted trigonal‐antiprismatic coordination spheres that comprise chloride ions, connect the clusters into layers that are stacked according to the 63 screw axis. One of the chloride ions is bound only to a single tin cation resulting in a [SnIICl]+ group with a Sn–Cl bond length of 236.1(5) pm. The pronounced polarity of the crystal structure means that its diffraction pattern exhibits huge deviations from Friedel's law. Most remarkable is that the intensity (Fc2) of reflection 004 is 175 % of the intensity of the 00$\bar {4}$ reflection.
Convenient Synthesis of 3‐Cinnamoyl‐2‐styrylchromones: Reinvestigation of the Baker–Venkataraman Rearrangement
Authors: Königs Pia , Neumann Olivia , Kataeva Olga , Schnakenburg Gregor , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: October 2010

An efficient and straightforward, one‐pot sequence gives access to highly functionalized 3‐cinnamoyl‐2‐styrylchromones in excellent yields. The low solubility of the target molecules allows convenient isolation. The formation of an α,α‐dicinnamoylated acetophenone, as a consequence of a two‐fold Baker–Venkataraman sequence, has to be anticipated.
Batch and continuous packed column studies of chromium (III) biosorption by olive stone
Authors: Blázquez G. , Calero M. , Hernáinz F. , Tenorio G. , Martín‐Lara M.A.
Published: October 2010

In this work, the biosorption properties of olive stone for removal of trivalent chromium were investigated in batch and continuous systems. First, batch isotherm studies were carried out on laboratory scale to evaluate the Cr (III) biosorption capacity of olive stone. Equilibrium uptake of Cr (III) ions from aqueous solutions by olive stone was fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich, and Redlich‐Peterson isotherms. These studies showed that the adsorption data can be described by these isotherms and the maximum sorption capacity of olive stone for Cr (III) by Langmuir model was 5.19 mg g−1 at 25°C and at pH 4. Then, continuous packed bed column configuration was examined as a function of inlet chromium concentration and bed height. Also, the well‐established design model, Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) model was used to analyze the continuous sorption data. Finally, the continuous packed bed column data were compared with those of the batch system. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
The association between length of benzodiazepine use and sleep quality in older population
Authors: Béland Sarah‐Gabrielle , Préville Michel , Dubois Marie‐France , Lorrain Dominique , Voyer Philippe , Bossé Cindy , Grenier Sebastien , Moride Yola ,   Scientific Committee of the ESA Study
Published: October 2010

Background

Sleep disturbances are frequently reported in the older adult population and benzodiazepines are the drugs most often prescribed to treat these problems. Nearly 25% of the older adult population uses these drugs and 83% of benzodiazepine users report sleep problems. Although the Collège des Médecins du Québec suggests a maximum length of use of 3 months, according to most studies the mean length of benzodiazepine use is longer. The goal of this study was to document the association between length of benzodiazepine use and sleep quality as reported by adults 65 years older and over.

Methods

Data used in this study came from the Seniors' Health Survey (ESA) conducted in a representative sample of the community‐dwelling older population in Quebec, Canada. Inclusion criteria included the ability to speak and understand French. Data were analyzed using a structural equation modeling strategy.

Results

Long‐term benzodiazepine users were more likely to report poor sleep quality. Sleep quality of initial probable problematic sleepers tended to increase over 1 year but sleep quality in benzodiazepines users increased less rapidly than in non‐users. Also, women were more likely to report using benzodiazepines and having poorer sleep quality.

Conclusion

Longitudinal studies using incident cases of benzodiazepine use should be conducted to better determine the causal relationship between sleep quality and benzodiazepine use in the older population. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Novel 2,4‐Dihydro‐5‐[4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ones and Potentiometric Determination of Their pKa in Nonaqueous Solvents
Authors: Özil Musa , İslamoğlu Fatih , Menteşe Emre , Kahveci Bahittin
Published: October 2010

The novel 4‐amino‐ or 4‐aryl‐substituted 2,4‐dihydro‐5‐[(4‐trifluoromethyl)phenyl]‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ones 3a–3g were synthesized by reaction of N‐(ethoxycarbonyl)‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzenehydrazonic acid ethyl ester (2) and primary amines or hydrazine by microwave irradiation. Compounds 3a–3g were potentiometrically titrated with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (Bu4NOH) in four nonaqueous solvents, i.e., iPrOH, tBuOH, MeCN, and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). Also half‐neutralization potential values and the corresponding pKa values were determined in all cases.
Pentacyclic Triterpenoid Saponins from Silene viscidula
Authors: Xu Wei , Wu Jia‐Mei , Zhu Zheng , Sha Yi , Fang Jin , Li Yu‐Shan
Published: October 2010

Three new pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins, viscidulosides A and B (1 and 2, resp.), and silenoviscoside D (3), were isolated from the roots of Silene viscidula, together with two known saponins, sinocrassulosides VIII and IX (4 and 5, resp.). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data and chemical methods. Compounds 1/2 and 4/5 were two inseparable mixtures, which are glycosides of quillaic acid whose fucose residue is acylated by (E)‐ or (Z)‐4‐methoxycinnamic acid.
A New Monoterpene–Coumarin and a New Monoterpene–Chromone from Gerbera delavayi
Authors: Liu Shuang‐Zhu , Feng Jia‐Quan , Wu Jian , Zhao Wei‐Min
Published: October 2010

Phytochemical investigation of the whole plants of Gerbera delavayi (Compositae) led to the isolation and identification of 15 compounds, including the new monoterpene–coumarin 1 and the new monoterpene–chromone 2. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR experiments and comparison with spectroscopic data of the literature.
Three‐Component Reaction of an Isocyanide and a Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylate with a Phenacyl Halide in the Presence of Water: An Efficient Method for the One‐Pot Synthesis of γ‐Iminolactone Derivatives
Authors: Ramazani Ali , Rezaei Aram , Mahyari Amir Tofangchi , Rouhani Morteza , Khoobi Mehdi
Published: October 2010

The zwitterion, formed from the reaction of an alkyl isocyanide and a dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate, reacts with phenacyl halides in H2O to produce γ‐iminolactone derivatives in high yields. H2O helps to avoid the use of highly toxic and environmentally unfavorable solvents for this conversion.