bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrospective Evaluation of the Accuracy of Five Different Severity Scores To Predict the Mortality in Burn Patients
Authors: de Carvalho Viviane Fernandes , Paggiaro André Oliveira , Goldner Alexandre , Gemperli Rolf
Published: April 2021

Patients with great clinical impairment, due to extensive burns, need to be admitted to intensive care units, in these treatment sites, indices are used to classify the severity of patients. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of the FLAMES score in relation to the Acute Physiologic and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), the Simplified Acute Physiologic Score II (SAPS II), the Logistic Organ Dysfunction System (LODS), and the Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI) applied to the severe burn patient facing mortality in an ICU of a reference center for burns in Brazil. A retrospective study conducted in ICU comparing the accuracy the APACHE II, SAPS II, LODS, ABSI, and FLAMES instruments were applied to all the selected medical records. In order to assess the accuracy of the severity scores of the instruments (SIs) chosen for this study, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used. Among the 574 patients included in the study, male individuals (70.13%), with an average age of 44.01 ± 28.64 prevailed and the majority of the burns were caused by accidents (76.53%). The outcome accounted for 35.29% of deaths. It was observed that the FLAMES and ABSI presented the two largest areas under the ROC curves and the highest sensitivities (96% and 89%, respectively). The APACHE II, SAPS II, and LODS presented sensitivities equal to or greater than 80%. It has been demonstrated that indices specifically developed for burn patients, specifically the FLAMES and ABSI indices, presented better accuracies and prediction performances.
The Promise and Challenges of New Actors and New Technologies in International Justice
Authors: D’Alessandra Federica , Sutherland Kirsty
Published: April 2021

This article addresses the role of new technologies in the international justice and accountability landscape, drawing from research we conducted into new United Nations (UN) accountability mechanisms that have the explicit mandate to collect, collate, analyse and preserve evidence of international crimes according to criminal justice standards. The article is divided in four parts. First, we contextualize our research by discussing some of our findings and situating them against what we define as a ‘third wave’ of institutional developments in international justice, prompted by an ‘accountability-turn’ affecting civil society groups and UN mandates. Secondly, we discuss — using real-world examples — both the opportunities and challenges arising from the use of digital and new documentation technologies in the field. Thirdly, the article pays particular attention to the role of UN mandates affected by the ‘accountability-turn’; our research reveals such UN mandates now often sit at the heart of the ‘life cycle’ of information and evidence collected for justice and accountability purposes. In this section of the article, we also briefly discuss issues relating to third party control of information, in particular by social media companies. Finally, we discuss the need (and welcome initiative) to develop better international guidance and best practices for actors across the board in order to maximize the effective use of new technologies and digital evidence in international justice and accountability processes.
Understanding the Spatial Pattern and Driving Factors Associated with Timberland Ownership Change in the Northern United States
Authors: Pandit Karun , Bevilacqua Eddie , Newman David H , Butler Brett J
Published: April 2021

This study analyzes changes in timberland ownership from 2003 to 2012 across the northern United States based on Forest Inventory and Analysis data identified according to five ownership categories. A total of 26,940 FIA plots that were remeasured between selected years were used for the analysis. Publicly available corporate ownership data were investigated and used to differentiate industrial and institutional (timber investment management organizations [TIMO] and real estate investment trusts [REIT]) ownership. Kernel density, Ripley’s K-function, and multinomial logistic regression (MLR) methods were used to study spatial patterns of timberland ownership and to explore statistical relationships. Among FIA plots showing ownership changes, the largest observed shift was from industrial to institutional ownership, with a 45% increase in the number of plots, equivalent to almost 1.4 million acres of timberland area. Bivariate Ripley’s K-function showed significant clustering for shifts between industrial and institutional ownership. A MLR model identified forest type as a significant factor associated with the transition of industrial timberlands to either institutional or family forest ownership. In addition, shifts from industrial to institutional ownership were related to road access and population density.
Evolution of herbs: key to the conundrum might be tolerance not avoidance
Authors: Klimeš Adam , Weiser Martin , Koubek Tomáš , Herben Tomáš
Published: April 2021

Aims

Woody plants represent the ancestral growth form in angiosperms with herbs evolving repeatedly from them. While there are a number of hypotheses about drivers of the evolution of the herbaceous habit, the ability to avoid frost damage in winter by discarding their aboveground biomass has often been invoked as the main force in their evolution. We propose instead that any unpredictable disturbance might have been much more important than the seasonal frost, as herbs easily survive repeated disturbance.

Methods

We tested this hypothesis by comparing herbs and woody plants in their ability to deal with three types of simulated disturbances, more predictable winter freezing, less predictable spring freezing and herbivory. Comparison was made in an experimental common garden setup with 20 species differing in woodiness. We evaluated the effects of these disturbances on mortality and regrowth of plants.

Important Findings

Herbs did not have an advantage over woody plants in survival when exposed to winter freezing. In less predictable conditions of spring freezing herbs survived the treatment better than woody plants and this advantage was even larger in case of the simulated herbivory treatment. The advantage of herbs over woody plants in less predictable conditions suggests that herbaceous growth form might be an adaptation to unpredictable disturbance, which herbs are able to tolerate thanks to their ability to survive loss of aboveground biomass. Consequently, factors such as mammal herbivory or fire might have been the most likely factors in the transition from woody species to herbs.
Planning for Belonging: Including Refugee and Asylum Seeker Students
Authors: Sellars Maura
Published: April 2021

The education of students from refugee and asylum seeker backgrounds is an international concern. It calls for inspired teachers, sensitive interventions, and informed leadership. This writing discusses the views of students, teachers, general staff, parents, and the principal of a primary school in regional New South Wales, Australia regarding the sense of belonging that is so critical to the very diverse school culture. It is intended to inform and challenge others engaged in school leadership to reflect on their strategies and policies for welcoming students with refugee and asylum seeker status into their communities. It details the strategies and perspectives planned by one principal and his staff to provide an authentically inclusive environment for refugee and asylum seeker students in an already fractured community. Working with the principles of the components of the SCARF model, status, certainty, acceptance, relatedness, and fairness, originally designed as a collaborative workplace model, the principal adopted this model to guide the creation of unique, social justice-focussed school ethos and culture in a dominantly white education system and local culture. The data from the participants is recorded in their own words and includes comments from refugee parents and their children. This study provides evidence of the need for strategic planning for inclusion and the importance of perspectives, which acknowledge the vulnerabilities and difficulties of these communities whilst also interacting and developing relationships of human dignity and respect.
Guillain–Barre Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 Pneumonia—The First Documented Case in a U.S. Military Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Yiu Alvin C , Hussain Ali , Okonkwo Uzoagu A , Villacorta-Lyew Rachel , McMahon Michael J , Blattner Matthew
Published: April 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a significant cause for intensive care unit (ICU) admission worldwide. Most COVID-19 infections are associated with lower respiratory abnormalities but it has been increasingly associated with extra-pulmonary manifestations. Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rarely diagnosed but severe disease associated with COVID-19 infection. We describe the diagnostic process behind diagnosing GBS in an elderly male who developed acute-onset quadriparesis and respiratory muscle failure associated with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in a military ICU. A 69-year-old male was admitted to the ICU for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 pneumonia. He was subsequently intubated and treated with dexamethasone and remdesivir with improvement. On hospital day 32, the patient was extubated. Three days later, he developed acute, symmetric limb quadriparesis and respiratory muscle failure requiring reintubation. Analysis of his cerebrospinal fluid showed a cytoalbuminologic dissociation, and electromyography/nerve conduction study showed slowed nerve conduction velocity. These findings are consistent with GBS. Blood cultures, serum polymerase chain reaction testing, and clinical symptoms were not suggestive of other common pathogens causing his GBS. The patient’s acute GBS in the setting of recent severe COVID-19 infection strongly suggests association between the two entities, as supported by a growing body of case literature. The patient was subjected to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment and was discharged with greatly improved strength in the upper and lower extremities. Our goal in describing this case is to highlight the need for providers to consider, accurately diagnose, and treat GBS as a consequence of severe COVID-19 infection.
Asexuality Associated with Marked Genomic Expansion of Tandemly Repeated rRNA and Histone Genes
Authors: McElroy Kyle E , Müller Stefan , Lamatsch Dunja K , Bankers Laura , Fields Peter D , Jalinsky Joseph R , Sharbrough Joel , Boore Jeffrey L , Logsdon John M , Neiman Maurine
Published: April 2021

How does asexual reproduction influence genome evolution? Although is it clear that genomic structural variation is common and important in natural populations, we know very little about how one of the most fundamental of eukaryotic traits—mode of genomic inheritance—influences genome structure. We address this question with the New Zealand freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, which features multiple separately derived obligately asexual lineages that coexist and compete with otherwise similar sexual lineages. We used whole-genome sequencing reads from a diverse set of sexual and asexual individuals to analyze genomic abundance of a critically important gene family, rDNA (the genes encoding rRNAs), that is notable for dynamic and variable copy number. Our genomic survey of rDNA in P. antipodarum revealed two striking results. First, the core histone and 5S rRNA genes occur between tandem copies of the 18S–5.8S–28S gene cluster, a unique architecture for these crucial gene families. Second, asexual P. antipodarum harbor dramatically more rDNA–histone copies than sexuals, which we validated through molecular and cytogenetic analysis. The repeated expansion of this genomic region in asexual P. antipodarum lineages following distinct transitions to asexuality represents a dramatic genome structural change associated with asexual reproduction—with potential functional consequences related to the loss of sexual reproduction.
Unique Presentation and Diagnostic Challenges in Metastatic Cerebral Angiosarcoma: Case Report
Authors: Shields Lisa B E , Nickols Hilary H , LaRocca Renato V , Spalding Aaron C , Shields Christopher B , Rao Abigail J
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

Angiosarcoma is a malignant endothelial tumor arising from vascular or lymphatic tissue. Metastatic cerebral angiosarcoma has been rarely reported and is associated with a poor prognosis.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

We report a 22-yr-old man who presented with a complex partial seizure. Contrasted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed 3 enhancing masses of the left frontal-parietal junction, right occipital lobe, and right caudate nucleus. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis and a cardiac MRI revealed no evidence of primary tumor. Immunohistochemistry following biopsy was positive for the ETS transcription factor ERG, CD31, FLI-1, and FosB, confirming angiosarcoma. CT/positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed skeletal metastases in the left iliac bone, sacrum, and T6 vertebral body. The patient underwent resection of the 2 cortical masses, stereotactic radiosurgery to the intracranial lesions as well as to his oligometastases, and was treated with 9 cycles of paclitaxel and bevacizumab. Brain MRI and CT/PET body imaging after cycle 9 revealed no tumor recurrence or progression. The progression-free and overall survival following the diagnosis of brain metastases was 27 mo.

CONCLUSION

Neurosurgeons should be aware of the unique presentation and diagnostic challenges in metastatic cerebral angiosarcoma, particularly in cases when the primary tumor site is unknown. Furthermore, combined surgery, ablative radiation, and targeted systemic and biological therapy can result in prolonged survival even in patients with metastases.
Elevational niche-shift migration: Why the degree of elevational change matters for the ecology, evolution, and physiology of migratory birds
Authors: Williamson Jessie L , Witt Christopher C
Published: April 2021

Elevational migration can be defined as roundtrip seasonal movement that involves upward and downward shifts in elevation. These shifts incur physiological challenges that are proportional to the degree of elevational change. Larger shifts in elevation correspond to larger shifts in partial pressure of oxygen, air density, temperature, and ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Although most avian examples of elevational migration involve subtle shifts that would have minimal impacts on physiology, shifts of any magnitude have previously been considered under the broad umbrella of “elevational migration”. Here, we consider extreme seasonal elevational movements (≥2,000 m), sufficient to shift the elevational dimension of the eco-climatic niche. Migratory bird populations typically maintain inter-seasonal stability in the temperature, precipitation, and elevational aspects of their climatic niches, a tendency that likely reflects genetic physiological specialization on environmental conditions such as atmospheric pressure. A shift of ≥2,000 m involves a ≥20% change in air density and oxygen partial pressure, sufficient to incur functionally impactful declines in arterial blood-oxygen saturation and require compensatory shifts in respiratory physiology. We refer to this phenomenon as elevational niche-shift migration (ENSM). In this review, we analyzed >4 million occurrence records to identify 105 populations, representing 92 bird species, that undergo complete or partial ENSM. We identified key ecological and evolutionary questions regarding the causes and consequences of ENSM. Our synthesis reveals that ENSM has evolved independently in at least 29 avian families spanning 10 orders. Nonetheless, ENSM is rare relative to other forms of seasonal migration, consistent with the general tendency of seasonal niche conservatism by migratory species and evolutionarily conserved elevational range limits. For many migratory species and populations, within-species patterns of migratory connectivity are not sufficiently understood to determine ENSM status. ENSM is distinguished by its scale within the broader phenomenon of elevational migration. Critical examination of ENSM illustrates fundamental constraints on the ecology and evolution of migration systems, topographical influences on geographic patterns of migratory connectivity, and the remarkable metabolic flexibility of certain bird species that allows them to occupy disparate elevations across different seasons.
H-Town
Authors: Korver-Glenn Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

This chapter describes the Houston, Texas, context, providing a historical overview of the city’s rapid urbanization and diversification; its persistent and, in some cases, growing racial segregation; and its housing market. The chapter also introduces six Houston neighborhoods—Denver Harbor, Fifth Ward, Golden Acres, Heights, Lindale Park, and Riverside Terrace—to anchor the city to local areas that served as the reference points for the housing market professionals researched by the author. The chapter shows that although Houston is unique, it is also an exemplary case for understanding how an ostensibly free market approach to housing and development obscures the very active role market professionals play in shaping unequal urban landscapes.
The Mahjong Phenomenon
Authors: Heinz Annelise
Published: April 2021

Key changes in popular culture and the economy—most importantly, the growth of mass consumerism and a market for goods from the “exotic East”—primed the pump for a mahjong craze in the 1920s. Entrepreneurs made use of the latest techniques in advertising, store display, and new forms of media like film to create and corner a mahjong market. Marketers successfully promoted an image of the game that linked it to social elites, enabling it to ride the shirttails of media attention to activities of the rich and famous. However, mahjong’s appeal—both as a game and as a form of class aspiration—spread across lines of class, race, and region, and its varied forms made the game available to the masses. The mahjong industry connected novel forms of production, distribution, and marketing with established markets for “Oriental” goods and patterns of home entertainment.
Making a Transpacific Game
Authors: Heinz Annelise
Published: April 2021

As the American market developed a voracious appetite for mahjong, in 1923 Chinese and Western merchants launched new kinds of large-scale factories in Shanghai that standardized production with artisanal workmanship. Mahjong factories encompassed multiple paradoxes, implementing old-world aesthetics and “primitive” techniques in a factory model that advertised its modernity. The mahjong craze sparked the development of hybrid forms of production and helped shape a key period in the evolving economic and cultural relationship between China and the United States. Mahjong marked a significant change in Americans’ increasingly direct economic and cultural engagement with China. For the first time, Americans jumped on a Chinese good on their own, rather than in response to European tastemakers. Manufacturing mahjong presented one of the troubling challenges of modernity: how to translate the sensory and class-based satisfactions of artisanal and natural materials while still fulfilling modern promises of cleanliness, safety, and efficiency.
White Women and a Chinese Game
Authors: Heinz Annelise
Published: April 2021

In the 1920s, mahjong allowed middle-class and elite Americans to imagine, appropriate, or reject an exotic Asian sexuality while maintaining their own respectability. Gendered ideas of race, specifically of Asian cultures as feminine, also encouraged Americans to understand the game as a feminine pastime. In turn, Chinese Americans leveraged mahjong’s popularity for economic opportunities. The choices that these Chinese Americans faced, however, were fraught with pitfalls. As the game spread across the nation, mahjong unleashed criticisms of Chinese influence and women’s leisure that linked female mahjong players with neglectful and self-centered domesticity. The ways in which mahjong symbolized modern American culture, buttressed by Orientalist ideas of race and gender, allowed the game to stand in for debates over white femininity. Rather than merely a temporary foray into the exotic, mahjong came to represent the threats posed by changing gender, sexual, and racial norms during the 1920s.
Asian Exclusion and Enforced Leisure
Authors: Heinz Annelise
Published: April 2021

Despite their differences, Chinese and Japanese migrants and their American children occupied a shared location in an American racial framework that placed them outside the possibility of inclusion through cultural and political assimilation, regardless of long residence or native birth. The detention of Chinese Americans at the Pacific border and the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II were physical manifestations of exclusion. Even as social scientists challenged earlier fears about cultural and biological blending, most Americans consistently held Asian people apart as inherently foreign and often threatening. Detention as a measure of national defense, enacted at Angel Island Immigration Station and in wartime incarceration (or “internment”) camps, separated detainees from the norms of work, family, and sociability. Even as the United States screened working-class immigrants for their risk of becoming “public charges,” the government enforced leisure on those incarcerated. Unchosen leisure thus became a problem to be solved.
Justice and Egalitarian Relations
Authors: Schemmel Christian
Published: April 2021

Why does equality matter, as a social and political value, and what does it require? Relational egalitarians argue that it does not primarily require that people receive equal distributive shares of some good, but that they relate as equals. This book develops a liberal conception of relational equality, which understands relations of non-domination and egalitarian norms of social status as stringent demands of social justice. First, it argues that expressing respect for the freedom and equality of individuals in social cooperation requires stringent protections against domination; develops a substantive, liberal conception of non-domination; and argues that non-domination is a particularly important, but not the only, concern of social justice. These features set it apart from, and provide it with crucial advantages over, neo-republican accounts of non-domination. Second, the book develops an account of the wrongness of inegalitarian norms of social status, which shows how status-induced foreclosure of important social opportunities is a social injustice in its own right, over and above the role of status inequality in enabling domination, and the threats it poses to individuals’ self-respect. Finally, it works out the implications of liberal relational egalitarianism for political, economic, and health justice, showing that it demands, in practice, far-reaching forms of equality in all three domains. In so doing, the book draws on, and brings together, several different literatures: on social justice and liberalism, distributive and relational equality, the distinct value of social equality, and neo-republicanism and non-domination.
Allegorical Mimesis
Authors: Haynes Justin A.
Published: April 2021

This chapter gives an overview of twelfth-century conceptions of allegory as integumentum. It also discusses the precedents—both medieval and modern—for reading an epic as an imitation of the allegorical reading of the Aeneid. In particular, this chapter lays out the evidence that allegorical readings of the Aeneid—especially the sixth book—were sometimes cited as structural models for allegorical poems in the Middle Ages. The plot structures of the Anticlaudianus and Architrenius are shown to have only small portions in common with the poems most generally said to be their models, such as Martianus’s De nuptiis, Prudentius’s Psychomachia, and Claudian’s In Rufinum. The chapter concludes with a short discussion of Fulgentius’s overall plot of the allegorical Aeneid and its tantalizing similarities to the plots of the Anticlaudianus and Architrenius.
Conclusion
Authors: Haynes Justin A.
Published: April 2021

The conclusion suggests that Virgil’s importance was greater in the twelfth century than previously thought. Dante was not the first to “resuscitate” Virgilianism after the Carolingian period, as is often claimed, nor were Renaissance authors the first—another thing sometimes claimed. Furthermore, the importance of the Virgilian commentary tradition in shaping these epics suggests an alternative origin for the Platonism that has previously been detected in the poetry of this period. Winthrop Wetherbee had argued in Platonism and Poetry that the reason for such Platonism in the poetry of the twelfth century was due to the so-called Chartrian interest in Calcidius’s translation of the Timaeus. The research presented in this book suggests that nearly all of such Platonism detected by Wetherbee—especially the Platonic ascent of the soul to the creator—can be explained through commentary on the Aeneid without direct recourse to the Timaeus.
Popularising La bohème
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: April 2021

This chapter considers how the reception of La bohème developed across the course of the twentieth century, focusing in particular on debates about the opera’s status as ‘art’ or ‘entertainment’. It examines hostile responses to Puccini by modernist commentators and Italian nationalists who accused him of ‘decadence’ and pandering to the crowd. It discusses the work’s appropriation by celebrity singers, in spite of the fact that the work was not conceived as a star vehicle. The role of recordings and Bohème films in the opera’s rise to canonical status is considered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the ways in which music from the opera has been used in films, incorporated into popular songs, and used as the basis for other works of popular culture.
Hiding
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh
Published: April 2021

This chapter details a painful period of hiding the author’s illness from others, meaning before he shared his diagnosis publicly. The author recounts the experience of a strange phone call that a physician’s office in Houston made to his parents in North Carolina looking for him, which led to him lying to his mother about his health status. The author also reflects on his discomfort in a work meeting as he sat beside a colleague who is a neurologist, assuming that he could tell that the author had Parkinson’s. He also shares the experience of affiliating with a movement disorder clinic at Houston Methodist Hospital, where he could know about and participate in clinical trials.
Reaching
Authors: Purves Alex C.
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines Priam’s gesture of reaching Achilles’ hands to his mouth when he comes to ransom the body of his son. The gesture has been noted for its emotional effect, but here it is framed within the context of other gestures at work in the Iliad’s final book. The chapter draws on Agamben’s definition of gesture as a “bearing” of the body in order to highlight the essential ambiguity of whose hands reach toward whom in the famous scene of supplication. Priam’s desire to lift the body of Hector and Achilles’ dragging of the corpse are both physical forms of expression for bearing up under the pressure of grief. But Achilles’ action speaks also to the drag of gesture itself: its slow undertow, even its clumsiness, as manifested in the various iterations of holding and reaching that Priam and Achilles together attempt to perform.
Human Factors of Democracy
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Madhavan Guru
Published: April 2021

This chapter takes a new look at different voting methods, asking not how they work but rather how well they let voters express themselves. The most widely used method in the world (“choose one candidate”) is by far the worst at allowing voters to express themselves. This type of ballot has the vocabulary span of a six-month-old infant. Widely used rank-order ballots are modestly better (about the vocabulary of a two-year-old child) but are still very weak as communication devices. New forms of voting, including range voting and majority judgment (where voters grade the choices), offer vastly more ways for voters to express their true sentiments about the choices offered to them. This chapter also assesses how well voters are likely to understand exactly how voting systems work, possibly affecting their trust of the process.
Blame
Authors: Mitchell Neil J.
Published: April 2021

In this chapter, evading blame is the incentive to delegate. Retrospectively or prospectively, one delegates to a “fall guy” lower down in the organization to protect oneself from the consequences of one’s actions. Blame is a task that the principal opportunistically allocates the agent when the unanticipated contingency of a whistle-blower appears on the scene and wrongdoing becomes visible. Volkswagen software engineers, hired to write code, were tasked with the blame when the scandal over diesel emissions erupted; Abu Ghraib personnel were blamed for the torture of detainees; and commanders recruited militias rather than regular forces to carry out controversial violence in the French-Indian War, the Irish Civil War, and elsewhere.
Suffrage and Elections
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2021

This chapter describes Article VII of the Colorado Constitution, which deals with suffrage and elections. Section 1 defines persons entitled to vote as citizens over eighteen who have resided in the state as provided by statute, and it authorizes the general assembly to require registration. In 1893, Colorado was one of the earliest states to include women in the electorate. The chapter relates the history of the issue from its discussion in the constitutional convention. Section 7 gives the General Assembly authority to set dates for general elections except for the date specified in Article X Section 20. Section 8 provides for secret ballots, powers of election officials, and election contests. Section 10 denies the vote to felons during their terms of imprisonment and parole but not after. Section 12 provides for laws governing election contests.
Public Indebtedness
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses Article XI of the Colorado Constitution, governing public debt. Section 1 prohibits pledging public credit to private interests, and Section 2 forbids public grants to private interests or public purchases of shares in private ventures. Applied to the general assembly, Section 2 overlaps the ban on appropriations to private institutions in Article V, Section 34. Both were substantially undermined when the supreme court created a broad “public purpose” exception to them. Section 3 capped the state’s debt at very low levels. Its original purpose was to keep the state substantially on a cash basis, but its importance was much reduced when the supreme court interpreted it not to apply to revenue bonds, debt repayable only from special funds or by a separate entity, or debt limited to one fiscal year even if renewable. Original Sections 6, 7, and 8 were debt limits on local governments analogous to those imposed on the state by Section 3. A 1970 amendment consolidated the three provisions into current Section 6 covering all local governments and removed local debt ceilings. Article XI’s debt rules should be read together with those imposed in 1992 by Article 10, Section 20.
Introduction
Authors: O’Toole Kit , Womack Kenneth
Published: April 2021

The introduction explores the Beatles’ influential role in the development of 20th-century fan behavior and celebratory culture. The authors examine the concept of fandom, while also tracing the history of Beatles fan behaviors across the generations. They also distinguish Beatles fan expression from the behaviors of other central rock acts, such as the Rolling Stones, for instance, whose fan activities are far less profuse and not sustained from one generation to the next in the same manner as those of Beatles fans. The introduction also offers an overview of the anthology’s contents and major subsections.
Magic Circles
Authors: O’Toole Kit
Published: April 2021

Despite technological change, two elements of the Beatles fan community remain stable: community and artistic expression. Fans want to communicate with fellow enthusiasts. In addition, fans want to contribute to that community, whether through fan fiction, fanzines, books, online discussion groups, YouTube channels, or podcasts. In the 1960s and 1970s, fans bonded primarily in person at record stores, concerts, and fan conventions. Desktop publishing and personal computers let fans design their own fanzines at lower cost. Then the internet changed how fans network and how they contribute to participatory culture. This chapter examines these trends and how fans today communicate with one another and ensure the Beatles’ legacy among younger generations. A survey of multigenerational fans and an interview with a video blogger further illustrate how fans connect today. Two forms of Henry Jenkins’s participatory culture will be applied to how technology has impacted Beatles fandom: affiliation and expression.
Giving a Source or Basis: The Practice in Conversation of Telling “How I Know”
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

The way an assertion is formed bears on the nature of the claim for which the speaker is accountable. Speakers are accountable for different claims in saying “There are flies here” versus “I haven't noticed any flies here” versus “John said there are no flies here.” A feature of describing one’s basis is that smaller claims are made than in asserting an objective state of affairs. In describing what is directly experienced, speakers are strictly accountable for representing only their experiences while they imply that these experiences are more or less typical. In reporting what others have said, speakers are strictly accountable for citing accurately, not for the views cited. Several uses for giving a source or basis of an assertion are described. Reporting a source may be used to argue for the validity of a claim, back away from the validity of a claim, and/or remove oneself from authorship accountability. The credibility of the cited source is crucial for whether a claim is portrayed as more or less believable. Interactants report their sources during disputes, in situations of doubt, and when they perform sensitive actions.
Acting Values in Rock Theatre Songs
Authors: Church Joseph
Published: April 2021

This chapter begins with a discussion of the general techniques of acting a song, then turns to the specifics of acting rock songs. The aesthetics of rock-era music and drama and the characters in modern drama are the basis for the guidance of technique. Specific rock character archetypes and emotional content are discussed in terms of their appearance in songs and stories. Crucial to the discussion of creating characters in the theatre are the notions of understanding, ability, conveyance, and rightness, which take on new meaning in a rock context. The chapter concludes with a transcript of the author’s interview with noted rock theatre actor Michael Cerveris.
Singing Rock
Authors: Church Joseph
Published: April 2021

In this chapter, the focus is the voice and vocal production. Beginning with a very basic discussion of vocal physiology and the way that sound is produced, the discussion turns to styles of singing and a comparison of “legitimate” and rock vocal production. In rock singing, there are techniques and approaches that differ greatly from traditional means. An examination of them forms much of this chapter, and along with descriptions, exercises are provided to demonstrate and practice these revised performance practices. The importance of text-based and meaning-based singing is stressed throughout, as is the fact that one need not be an accomplished legitimate singer to sing rock. The subject of vocal health and maintenance appears throughout the chapter. There is also a section devoted to the use of vocal microphones on stage. Finally, the vocalisms of various rock singers are analyzed in terms of their usefulness as models for musical theatre performers.
Army of the Wronged: Autobiography, Political Prisoners, and Black Radicalism
Authors: Shelby Tommie
Published: April 2021

Shelby presents an analysis of the warfare between Black radicals associated with the Black Panther Party and the US government during the era of the Black Power movement. Shelby observes that these would-be revolutionaries regarded US law as having no authority over them. The radicals also thought that their declaration of war was reciprocated, that state officials were self-consciously using the tactics and machinery of war to repress this internal uprising and insurgency, including killing, capturing, and incapacitating Black radicals. Shelby contends that there is truth in this characterization, and lessons to be learned from it. He explores the underlying questions of political morality through an examination and comparison of four autobiographies—by George Jackson, Huey Newton, Angela Davis, and Assata Shakur. Each spent significant time in prison, and each regarded themselves as political prisoners and, in some ways, as prisoners of war. Attention is given to the narrative conventions these authors rely on to achieve their aims, a tradition that can be traced to, but differs in important ways from, African American slave narratives.
Intimacy
Authors: Qi Xiaoying
Published: April 2021

This chapter makes an original contribution to the study of intimacy by showing how third elements unavoidably impact spousal relations. Intimacy between Chinese spouses occurs in the context of an active involvement by third parties in terms of both the permissibility or possibility of intimacy and its complexion. The third element that influences spousal intimacy may take different forms. Three are considered. First, intimacy between a couple is necessarily impacted by family members, through cohabitation or expressive intervention. Second, an extramarital factor impacts the intimacy of spouses differently. Third, an ideological element, typically but not necessarily in the form of religion, may change the dynamics of relations between a couple and the intimacy they share. These third elements may play an ambivalent role, a transformative role, or a supportive role in spousal intimacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Woller Megan
Published: April 2021

Traditional stories based on Arthurian legend continue to be told, and alongside these tales of romance and chivalry, a comedic tradition exists. This centuries-long tradition holds cultural resonance around the world, including having a strong presence in American popular culture. The musical as a genre has proven to be fertile ground for the insertion of American perspectives into the British legend. The use of song, in particular, can shape the way audiences understand familiar characters as well as the story itself. Given this context, the existence, popularity, and influence of Arthurian musicals represents an important contribution to the annals of myth.
Measures of Community Well-Being
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J.
Published: April 2021

A proposal is put forward for a measure of community well-being that can be adapted to numerous specific contexts. The community well-being measure extends beyond simple measures of community satisfaction that are often currently employed. The proposed measure includes items in six domains relevant to community well-being: flourishing individuals, good relationships, proficient leadership, healthy practices, satisfying community, and strong mission. Adaptation of the measure for a variety of contexts is provided so that the proposed approach can be used in nations, cities, neighborhoods, families, workplaces, schools, and religious communities. Discussion covers the complex relationships between individual and community well-being and how measures of community well-being may be useful for tracking and assessment or for reflection purposes, and how it might ultimately be used to improve community well-being.
My Truth or Your Truth?
Authors: Fitzduff Mari
Published: April 2021

This chapter looks at the nature of beliefs and their relationship to “truth” or “facts.” For many of us, far from our beliefs being “true,” they are actually born out of a particular social context, allied to physiological needs such as a differing neural sensitivity to threats and the greater certainty of belief that a group can provide. Thus beliefs are often what is termed “groupish” rather than necessarily true. The chapter examines why we often rationalize what our gut instincts tell us rather than care too much about fact checking and why and how, once we form our beliefs, we have a tendency to see and find evidence to support them. It also looks at memories (including collective memories), which are also notoriously faulty; that is, our memories often reframe and edit events to create a story that suits what we need to believe today, rather than what is true.
Accultured Norms
Authors: Fitzduff Mari
Published: April 2021

This chapter looks at the importance of understanding the many cultural differences that exist between different groups and in different contexts around the world. Without a sensitivity to such differences, wars can be lost and positive influences minimized. These differences include the existence of high-context versus low-context societies, differing hierarchical approaches to power and authority, collectivist versus individualist societies, differing emotion expression/recognition, gender differences, differing evidencing of empathy, face preferences, and communication styles. Lack of cultural attunement to these issues can exacerbate misunderstandings and conflicts, unless understood and factored into difficult strategies and dialogues.
The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
Authors: Christensen Mikkel Jarle , Fournet Caroline , Kjeldgaard-Pedersen Astrid , Matwijkiw Bronik , Matwijkiw Anja
Published: April 2021

This chapter embarks on a socio-legal analysis of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) to capture the general characteristics of the ECCC as a hybrid court and, moreover, to home in on some of the important measures and mechanisms that its mandate provide for. The first part entails an account of the way the ECCC came into existence in the first instance, and this reveals factors that make a non-separation of politics and law difficult. The second part identifies some pro-reform aspects about victims’ rights in terms of reparations and—in the case of rape—an anti-ethical cum ultra-conservative outlook of rights in terms of recognition of the crimes committed. It seems therefore that the complexities and compromises of the ECCC reappear in its efforts to construct an enhanced recognition of victims and in its judicial reasoning on rape, which arguably introduces an almost absolute justice deficit.
The Well-Tempered Spectrometer
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

Sir Isaac Newton is the source of our enumeration of the Colors of the Spectrum as seven. It seems that Isaac Newton used a musical scale as an analogy for the spectrum, and we have seven colors to correspond with the seven tones in the scale (exclusive of the final do). But which scale did he use to calculate the characteristic lengths associated with each color (which he would have called the “wavelengths,” had he believed in the wave theory of light)? Technically, there are several possibilities, but the biggest question is whether he opted for a Pythagorean scale, which has discrepancies if carried to several octaves, or a more modern “tempered” scale that is consistent across many octaves.
Brown
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

Purples and pinks and variations of these colors, which are not part of the spectrum, can be made by combining colors from the blue and the red end of the spectrum. All the other colors – blue, violet, indigo, green, yellow, orange, and red and the transitions between them -- ought to be represented, at some degree of saturation, by the spectrum itself. White, of course, is the combination of all spectal colors, and black is the complete absence of them. But if that’s the case, then where does one find brown on the spectrum? What color is brown? What colors must be combined to produce it?
Deck Prisms and Vault Lights
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

Sometime around 1800 sailing ships started using large pieces of glass embedded in the deck to bring much-needed illumination to the “tween decks” region. It was a simple and elegant solution to a common problem. The pieces of glass used were too thick to fracture easily, and they made use of an otherwise unwanted by-product of the glass industry. But why do the reproductions that are now sold in gift stores feature what must have been a rather dangerous downward-protruding sharp point in something that was to be used in the notoriously low-ceilinged lower deck? How did these Deck Prisms develop, and what is their relationship to the similar Vault Lights used in cities around the same time?
Forty-Four Fewer Shades of Gray
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

Photographic color test cards having four rows of six squares include a six-square row that has six gradations of gray, including pure white and pure black at the ends. The intervening values are different manifestations of gray, going from lighter to darker. But how are the intervening values selected? What determines how “gray” they are? It turns out that they are not steps of equal change in transmission (or reflection, depending upon the type of chart), nor are they steps of equal change in optical density. The size of the gray “steps” are chosen on a somewhat different scale of values. Who came up with them, and how did they decide which values to use?
Edible Optics
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

What materials can be used to make optical elements – that are transparent and mostly homogeneous -- but which are also edible? Think of this as an exercise in optical engineering with a very odd requirement. Optical designers are often bound by restrictions that require their materials to be transparent in certain regions of the spectrum, or are vacuum-qualified for use in space, or which must function at extreme ntemperatures. This is just a very different requirement. If it seems too outrageous, consider that there can be practical reasons for this requirement. Several edible optical devices have, in fact, already been designed and constructed.
The Best Disinfectant
Authors: Wilk Stephen R.
Published: April 2021

People have known of the effectiveness of sunlight in helping people recover from illness, and early work on bacteria showed that sunlight could indeed kill micro-organisms. The efficacy of sunlight as a germicidal agent was worked into sanitation designs from the turn of the century. Then it was learned that ultraviolet light with wavelengths shorter than those transmitted by the atmosphere were even more effective at killing germs. Recently SODIS—SOlar DISinfection of contaminated water, a very simple process that uses only ordinary sunlight and no shortwave rays—provides a surprisingly effective, low-tech method for killing harmful microorganisms in water. How can this possibly work?