bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The reaction of phosphorus trichloride with fatty acids
Authors: Galbraith A. R. , Hale P. , Robertson J. E.
Published: May 2008

An investigation of the reaction of phosphorus trichloride with fatty acids has provided a reliable guide to choice of reaction conditions. Excesses of 25舑100% phosphorus trichloride are required for high conversions; the shorter the chain length of the acid, the larger the excess of reagent required. We consider the reaction path to be satisfactorily established and have shown several hypotheses made to account for the formation of hydrogen chloride as a by‐product, to be unnecessary. Two alternative mechanisms for the reaction are proposed and discussed.
Soybean unsaponifiables: Chromatographic investigation of shell drain condensate from a commercial deodorizer
Authors: Hoffman R. L. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2008

The shell drain condensate from a commercial soybean oil deodorizer was analyzed for nonpolar unsaponifiable constituents by liquid‐liquid partition chromatography. A procedure for obtaining large quantities of these nonpolar constituents for flavor studies is described, and data on extraction techniques, purification, and analyses are presented. High‐purity soy sterols can be obtained as a by‐product.
A study of the applicability of a modified thiobarbituric acid test to flavor evaluation of fats and oils
Authors: Jacobson G. A. , Kirkpatrick J. A. , Goff H. E.
Published: May 2008

A modified thiobarbituric acid test has been devised for the determination of certain components of oxidized fat. The reaction was carried out in a single phase solvent designed to eliminate the color extraction or fat removal steps of other TBA tests. A moderate temperature of 60C, with no added acid, was used to minimize breakdown of hydroperoxides and TBA. Under certain reaction conditions, temperature, sunlight, ferric ion, and oxygen can influence results. Of the aldehydes examined, the TBA reaction products of dienals showed an absorption peak at 532 m dm only, while the TBA reaction products of the saturated aldehydes showed a peak at 452 mॖ only. The spectral behavior of TBA reaction products of monoenals was found to vary with the location of the double bond. Fat samples, aged at either 60C or 37.8C, were examined organoleptically and by the modified TBA test. The 452 mॖ peak was of value in assessing the flavor of beef fat, cottonseed oil, and used frying fat, whereas the 532 mॖ wavelength was of value in assessing the flavor of soybean oil, used frying fat, and pork fat.
Vernonia anthelmintica (L) willd. highly purified epoxy components from the seed oil
Authors: Krewson C. F. , Luddy F. E.
Published: May 2008

The chief component ofVernonia anthelmintica (L.) A Willd. (ironweed) seed oil, trivernolin, and its minor components, 1,3‐divernolin and vernolic (epoxyoleic) acid, have been produced in pound quantities of commercial grade quality (93‐99% pure). Refinement of these epoxy components to chromatographically pure compounds has now been accomplished. Trivernolin has been the most difficult, vernolic acid the easiest, to purify. To upgrade trivernolin to about 100% purity, a combination of procedures was necessary including extraction, low temperature crystallizations, adsorbent treatments, and column chromatog‐raphy, each monitored by thin‐layer chromatog‐raphy (TLC). Vernolic acid of 93.7% purity was highly refined by a single pass through a silicic acid column. Some physical characteristics of these epoxy compounds are given. None of the compounds were completely stable in storage as evaluated by Chromatographic procedures.
Essential fatty acid contents of various fats: Interpretations of values by physico‐chemical tests
Authors: Alfin‐Slater Roslyn B. , Melnick Daniel
Published: May 2008

Biological assays of oil and fat products, free from isomers of the naturally‐occurringcis‐9,cis‐12 linoleic acid, have been shown to provide estimates of essential fatty acid content which agree well with values obtained by spectrophoto‐metric analysis. However, when partially hydrogenated fats, such as those used in margarines, are bio‐assayed the estimates obtained are only about 60% of those derived by spectro‐photometric tests. In a blended corn oil margarine, good agreement was obtained for linoleic acid content by using biological assay or spectrophotometry, thio‐cyanometric procedure, column chromatography for saturates plus iodine value, and gas liquid partition (GLP) chromatography. This margarine fat contained about 29% of the essential form of linoleic acid, and had a ratio to saturated fatty acids of 1.6:1. The hydrogenated corn oil margarine is unlike conventional margarines in providing high amounts of the isomeric forms of linoleic acid which lack essential fatty acid activity. For this reason, poor agreement was obtained between biological assay results and those by physico‐chemical measurements of linoleic acid content. Such fat contains only about 6% of the essential form of linoleic acid, with a ratio to saturated fatty acids of ca. 0.3.1. From this study it is now possible to characterize, even without bio‐assay data, the fatty acid composition of a highly isomerized fat, such as is found in hydrogenated corn oil margarine. The characterization groups the fatty acids into saturates and total linoleic acids, with the latter including estimates of the positional isomers of linoleic acid with widely spaced double bonds,trans forms of linoleic acid with methylene‐in‐terrupted double bonds, linoleic acids with the double bonds in conjugated position, andcis‐9,cis‐12 linoleic acid. The combined use of the spectrophotometric and thiocyanometric procedures makes it possible to estimate the essential fatty acid content of hydrogenated fats containing residual dienes.
Menzation of mono ethenoid acids during hydrogenation
Authors: Subbaram M. R. , Youngs C. G.
Published: May 2008

Methyl petroselinate, methyl oleate, and methyl erucate were hydrogenated under conditions used in industry for selective hydrogenation. The resulting products were separated into saturated esters andtrans‐ and cis‐unsaturated esters on a silver nitrate impregnated silicic acid column. The positional isomers in the total hydrogenated samples and the cis andtrans‐fractions were determined by oxidation with permanganate‐per‐iodate and GLC analysis of the resulting di‐carboxylic fragments. Positional isomers were found in bothtrans andcis‐fractions with equal shifting of the bond toward and away from the carboxyl group, regardless of whether the bond was originally in the 6,9, or 13 position. The ratio oftrans tocis‐form in the positional isomers in all cases was higher than the reported equilibrium proportions of 2:1.
Health Behaviors and Psychological Distress in Women Initiating BRCA1/2 Genetic Testing: Comparison with Control Population
Authors: Dorval Michel , Bouchard Karine , Maunsell Elizabeth , Plante Marie , Chiquette Jocelyne , Camden Stéphanie , Dugas Michel J. , Simard Jacques ,   INHERIT BRCAs
Published: May 2008

The study objective was to compare breast cancer screening practices, lifestyle behaviors and psychological distress among 640 women initiating BRCA1/2 testing to those among 9,498 similarly‐aged women from the general population. Health behaviors and psychological distress were reported in a self‐administered questionnaire at pre‐test genetic counseling. Regression analyses indicate that high‐risk women were more frequently performing breast cancer screening and, in the case of those previously diagnosed with cancer, were more likely to be non‐smokers and physically active than women from general population. However, women initiating BRCA1/2 testing were significantly more distressed than controls. Globally, high‐risk women seemed to be well informed about recommendations for women who are at high risk and to have access to screening adapted to their risk level. Given their significant psychological distress, providing minimal psychosocial support to all women undergoing BRCA1/2 testing at pre‐test genetic counseling is relevant.
A Qualitative Description of Receiving a Diagnosis of Clefting in the Prenatal or Postnatal Period
Authors: Nusbaum Rachel , Grubs Robin E. , Losee Joseph E. , Weidman Carla , Ford Matthew D. , Marazita Mary L.
Published: May 2008

This study investigated the experience of receiving a diagnosis of clefting in the prenatal or postnatal period. Open‐ended interviews were conducted with 20 parents of children with cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach with an emphasis on thematic analysis. Common themes emerged from participants’ responses regarding the delivery of the diagnosis, preparation for the birth of their child, advantages and disadvantages of prenatal diagnosis, use of the Internet, views on abortion and genetic testing, among other issues. All participants in the prenatal group indicated they were satisfied they learned of the cleft before the birth of their child. Some participants in the postnatal group would rather have received the diagnosis prenatally, while others were content with learning of the diagnosis in the delivery room. Greater awareness of the parental experience of the timing of receiving a cleft diagnosis may assist health care professionals in providing care for these families.
Testicular Cancer and Genetics Knowledge Among Familial Testicular Cancer Family Members
Authors: Peters June A. , Beckjord Ellen B. , Banda Ryan Deliya R. , Carr Ann G. , Vadaparampil Susan T. , Loud Jennifer T. , Korde Larissa , Greene Mark H.
Published: May 2008

Purpose

It was our aim to determine baseline levels of testicular cancer and genetics knowledge among members of families with Familial Testicular Cancer (FTC).

Methods

This is a sub‐study of an ongoing National Cancer Institute (NCI) multidisciplinary, etiologically‐focused, cross‐sectional study of FTC. We evaluated 258 male and female participants including testicular cancer (TC) survivors, blood relatives and spouses to assess factors associated with a Genetic Knowledge Scale (GKS) and Testicular Cancer Knowledge Scale (TCKS).

Results

Knowledge levels were generally low, with genetic knowledge lower than TC knowledge (p < 0.01). Men with a personal TC history scored highest on TC knowledge, while gender, age and education differentially influenced knowledge levels, particularly among unaffected relatives.

Conclusions

Prior to identifying FTC susceptibility genes, we recommend tailoring FTC genetic education to the different informational needs of TC survivors, their spouses and relatives, in preparation for the day when clinical susceptibility testing may be available.
The Identification of Mono‐, Di‐, Tri‐, and Tetragalactosyl‐diacylglycerols and their Natural Estolides in Oat Kernels
Authors: Moreau Robert A. , Doehlert Douglas C. , Welti Ruth , Isaac Giorgis , Roth Mary , Tamura Pamela , Nuñez Alberto
Published: May 2008

Oat kernels were extracted with methanol, and glycolipid‐enriched fractions were prepared using silica solid phase extraction. Using direct infusion electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)‐ESI‐MS, and HPLC‐atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)‐MS, we confirmed previous reports that digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) was the most abundant glycolipid in oat kernels and confirmed a previous report of the presence of a DGDG mono‐estolide in oat kernels. In the current study we also identified several additional natural galactolipid estolides: two new DGDG estolides (di‐ and tri‐estolides), two trigalactosyldiacylglycerol (TriGDG) estolides (mono‐ and di‐estolides), and one tetragalactosyldiacylglycerol (TetraGDG) estolide (mono‐estolide). The levels of total galactolipid estolides in oat kernels were estimated to be about 29% of the total glycolipid fraction. To our knowledge, this report is the first evidence of natural di‐ and tri‐estolides of polar lipids.
Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor α Agonists Regulate Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein
Authors: Beyer Thomas P. , Chen Yanqun , Porter Regina K. , Lu Deshun , Schmidt Robert J. , Mantlo Nathan B. , Konrad Robert J. , Cao Guoqing
Published: May 2008

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily that regulates multiple target genes involved in lipid metabolism. Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) is a secreted glycoprotein that modifies high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. In humans, plasma CETP activity is inversely correlated with HDL cholesterol levels. We report here that PPARα agonists increase CETP mRNA, protein and accordingly its activity. In a human CETP transgenic animal model harboring the natural flanking regions (Jiang et al. in J Clin Investigat 90:1290–1295, 1992), both fenofibrate and a specific synthetic PPARα agonist LY970 elevated human CETP mRNA in liver, serum protein and CETP activity. In hamsters, the endogenous liver CETP mRNA level and the serum CETP activity were dose‐dependently upregulated by fenofibrate. In addition Wy14643, a PPARα agonist, also significantly elevated CETP mRNA and activity. In a carcinoma cell line of hepatic origin, HepG2 cells, overexpression of PPARα resulted in increased CETP mRNA and agonist treatment further elevated CETP mRNA levels. We conclude that PPARα agonists upregulate CETP expression and activity and may play an important role in PPARα (agonist mediated HDL cholesterol homeostasis in humans.
Inductive Limits of K-theoretic Complexes with Torsion Coefficients
Authors: Eilers Søren , Toms Andrew S.
Published: May 2008

We present the first range result for the total K-theory ofC*-algebras. This invariant has been used successfully to classify certain separable, nuclearC*-algebras of real rank zero. Our results complete the classification of the so-called AD algebras of real rank zero.
The Farrell-Jones isomorphism conjecture for 3-manifold groups
Authors: Roushon S.K.
Published: May 2008

We show that the Fibered Isomorphism Conjecture (FIC) of Farrell and Jones corresponding to the stable topological pseudoisotopy functor is true for fundamental groups of a large class of 3-manifolds. We also prove that if the FIC is true for irreducible 3-manifold groups then it is true for all 3-manifold groups. In fact, this follows from a more general result we prove, namely we show that if the FIC is true for each vertex group of a graph of groups with trivial edge groups then the FIC is true for the fundamental group of the graph of groups. This result is part of a program to prove the FIC for the fundamental group of a graph of groups where all the vertex and edge groups satisfy the FIC. A consequence of the first result gives a partial solution to a problem in the problem list of R. Kirby. We also deduce that the FIC is true for a class of virtuallyP D3-groups.

Another main aspect of this article is to prove the FIC for all Haken 3-manifold groups assuming that the FIC is true forB-groups. By definition aB-group contains a finite index subgroup isomorphic to the fundamental group of a compact irreducible 3-manifold with incompressible nonempty boundary so that each boundary component is of genus ≥ 2. We also prove the FIC for a large class ofB-groups and moreover, using a recent result of L.E. Jones we show that the surjective part of the FIC is true for anyB-group.
CUBIC EDGE-TRANSITIVE GRAPHS OF ORDER 8p2
Authors: ALAEIYAN MEHDI , GHASEMI MOHSEN
Published: May 2008

A simple undirected graph is said to be semisymmetric if it is regular and edge-transitive but not vertex-transitive. Let p be a prime. It was shown by Folkman [J. Folkman, ‘Regular line-symmetric graphs’, J. Combin. Theory3 (1967), 215–232] that a regular edge-transitive graph of order 2p or 2p2 is necessarily vertex-transitive. In this paper an extension of his result in the case of cubic graphs is given. It is proved that every cubic edge-transitive graph of order 8p2 is vertex-transitive.
Economic Growth in the Lower Yangzi Region of China in 1911–1937: A Quantitative and Historical Analysis
Authors: MA DEBIN
Published: May 2008

Through a detailed reconstruction of 1933 GDP for the two provinces in China's most advanced region, the Lower Yangzi, I show that their per capita income was 55 percent higher than China's average, and they had experienced a growth and structural change between 1914–1918 and 1931–1936 comparable to contemporaneous Japan and her East Asian colonies. This article highlights the unique political institution of early-twentieth-century Shanghai as a city state, with its rule of law and secure property rights laying the foundation for economic growth in the Lower Yangzi with long-term impact throughout East Asia.
The Anglo-German Industrial Productivity Puzzle, 1895–1935: A Restatement and a Possible Resolution
Authors: RITSCHL ALBRECHT
Published: May 2008

International productivity comparisons are often plagued by discrepancies between benchmark estimates and time series extrapolations. Broadberry and Burhop present both types of evidence for the Anglo-German comparison. For their preferred data, they find only a minimal German productivity lead prior to World War I, while use of a revised industrial output series for Germany by Ritschl leads to implausible results. This article presents further time series revisions and substantial corrections to the Broadberry and Burhop benchmark estimate. Results strongly suggest a considerable German productivity lead over Britain prior to World War I, which eroded during and after the war.
A random-jet-stirred turbulence tank
Authors: VARIANO EVAN A. , COWEN EDWIN A.
Published: May 2008

We report measurements of the flow above a planar array of synthetic jets, firing upwards in a spatiotemporally random pattern to create turbulence at an air–water interface. The flow generated by this randomly actuated synthetic jet array (RASJA) is turbulent, with a large Reynolds number and a weak secondary (mean) flow. The turbulence is homogeneous over a large region and has similar isotropy characteristics to those of grid turbulence. These properties make the RASJA an ideal facility for studying the behaviour of turbulence at boundaries, which we do by measuring one-point statistics approaching the air–water interface (via particle image velocimetry). We explore the effects of different spatiotemporally random driving patterns, highlighting design conditions relevant to all randomly forced facilities. We find that the number of jets firing at a given instant, and the distribution of the duration for which each jet fires, greatly affect the resulting flow. We identify and study the driving pattern that is optimal given our tank geometry. In this optimal configuration, the flow is statistically highly repeatable and rapidly reaches steady state. With increasing distance from the jets, there is a jet merging region followed by a planar homogeneous region with a power-law decay of turbulent kinetic energy. In this homogeneous region, we find a Reynolds number of 314 based on the Taylor microscale. We measure all components of mean flow velocity to be less than 10% of the turbulent velocity fluctuation magnitude. The tank width includes roughly 10 integral length scales, and because wall effects persist for one to two integral length scales, there is sizable core region in which turbulent flow is unaffected by the walls. We determine the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy via three methods, the most robust using the velocity structure function. Having a precise value of dissipation and low mean flow allows us to measure the empirical constant in an existing model of the Eulerian velocity power spectrum. This model provides a method for determining the dissipation rate from velocity time series recorded at a single point, even when Taylor's frozen turbulence hypothesis does not hold. Because the jet array offers a high degree of flow control, we can quantify the effects of the mean flow in stirred tanks by intentionally forcing a mean flow and varying its strength. We demonstrate this technique with measurements of gas transfer across the free surface, and find a threshold below which mean flow no longer contributes significantly to the gas transfer velocity.
Stationary bathtub vortices and a critical regime of liquid discharge
Authors: STEPANYANTS YURY A. , YEOH GUAN H.
Published: May 2008

A modified Lundgren model is applied for the description of stationary bathtub vortices in a viscous liquid with a free surface. Laminar liquid flow through the circular bottom orifice is considered in the horizontally unbounded domain. The liquid is assumed to be undisturbed at infinity and its depth is taken to be constant. Three different drainage regimes are studied: (i) subcritical, where whirlpool dents are less than the fluid depth; (ii) critical, where the whirlpool tips touch the outlet orifice; and (iii) supercritical, where surface vortices entrain air into the intake pipe. Particular attention is paid to critical vortices; the condition for their existence is determined and analysed. The influence of surface tension on subcritical whirlpools is investigated. Comparison of results with known experimental data is discussed.
Surface kinetic energy transfer in surface quasi-geostrophic flows
Authors: CAPET XAVIER , KLEIN PATRICE , HUA BACH LIEN , LAPEYRE GUILLAUME , MCWILLIAMS JAMES C.
Published: May 2008

The relevance of surface quasi-geostrophic dynamics (SQG) to the upper ocean and the atmospheric tropopause has been recently demonstrated in a wide range of conditions. Within this context, the properties of SQG in terms of kinetic energy (KE) transfers at the surface are revisited and further explored. Two well-known and important properties of SQG characterize the surface dynamics: (i) the identity between surface velocity and density spectra (when appropriately scaled) and (ii) the existence of a forward cascade for surface density variance. Here we show numerically and analytically that (i) and (ii) do not imply a forward cascade of surface KE (through the advection term in the KE budget). On the contrary, advection by the geostrophic flow primarily induces an inverse cascade of surface KE on a large range of scales. This spectral flux is locally compensated by a KE source that is related to surface frontogenesis. The subsequent spectral budget resembles those exhibited by more complex systems (primitive equations or Boussinesq models) and observations, which strengthens the relevance of SQG for the description of ocean/atmosphere dynamics near vertical boundaries. The main weakness of SQG however is in the small-scale range (scales smaller than 20–30 km in the ocean) where it poorly represents the forward KE cascade observed in non-QG numerical simulations.
Can bottom friction suppress ‘freak wave’ formation?
Authors: VORONOVICH VIACHESLAV V. , SHRIRA VICTOR I. , THOMAS GARETH
Published: May 2008

The paper examines the effect of the bottom stress on the weakly nonlinear evolution of a narrow-band wave field, as a potential mechanism of suppression of ‘freak’ wave formation in water of moderate depth. Relying upon established experimental studies the bottom stress is modelled by the quadratic drag law with an amplitude/bottom roughness-dependent drag coefficient. The asymptotic analysis yields Davey–Stewartson-type equations with an added nonlinear complex friction term in the envelope equation. The friction leads to a power-law decay of the spatially uniform wave amplitude. It also affects the modulational (Benjamin–Feir) instability, e.g. alters the growth rates of sideband perturbations and the boundaries of the linearized stability domains in the modulation wavevector space. Moreover, the instability occurs only if the amplitude of the background wave exceeds a certain threshold. Since the friction is nonlinear and increases with wave amplitude, its effect on the formation of nonlinear patterns is more dramatic. Numerical experiments show that even when the friction is small compared to the nonlinear term, it hampers formation of the Akhmediev/Ma-type breathers (believed to be weakly nonlinear ‘prototypes’ of freak waves) at the nonlinear stage of instability. The specific predictions for a particular location depend on the bottom roughness ks in addition to the water depth and wave field characteristics.
Mixing in a density-driven current flowing down a slope in a rotating fluid
Authors: CENEDESE CLAUDIA , ADDUCE CLAUDIA
Published: May 2008

We discuss laboratory experiments investigating mixing in a density-driven current flowing down a sloping bottom, in a rotating homogenous fluid. A systematic study spanning a wide range of Froude, 0.8 < Fr < 10, and Reynolds, 10 < Re < 1400, numbers was conducted by varying three parameters: the bottom slope; the flow rate; and the density of the dense fluid. Different flow regimes were observed, i.e. waves (non-breaking and breaking) and turbulent regimes, while changing the above parameters. Mixing in the density-driven current has been quantified within the observed regimes, and at different locations on the slope. The dependence of mixing on the relevant non-dimensional numbers, i.e. slope, Fr and Re, is discussed. The entrainment parameter, E, was found to be dependent not only on Fr, as assumed in previous studies, but also on Re. In particular, mixing increased with increasing Fr and Re. For low Fr and Re, the magnitude of the mixing was comparable to mixing in the ocean. For large Fr and Re, mixing was comparable to that observed in previous laboratory experiments that exhibited the classic turbulent entrainment behaviour.
Ultra-relativistic geometrical shock dynamics and vorticity
Authors: GOODMAN JEREMY , MACFADYEN ANDREW
Published: May 2008

Geometrical shock dynamics, also called CCW theory, yields approximate equations for shock propagation in which only the conditions at the shock appear explicitly; the post-shock flow is presumed approximately uniform and enters implicitly via a Riemann invariant. The non-relativistic theory, formulated by G. B. Whitham and others, matches many experimental results surprisingly well. Motivated by astrophysical applications, we adapt the theory to ultra-relativistic shocks advancing into an ideal fluid whose pressure is negligible ahead of the shock, but is one third of its proper energy density behind the shock. Exact results are recovered for some self-similar cylindrical and spherical shocks with power-law pre-shock density profiles. Comparison is made with numerical solutions of the full hydrodynamic equations. We review relativistic vorticity and circulation. In an ultra-relativistic ideal fluid, circulation can be defined so that it changes only at shocks, notwithstanding entropy gradients in smooth parts of the flow.
Linear stability analysis of pressure-driven flows in channels with porous walls
Authors: TILTON NILS , CORTELEZZI LUCA
Published: May 2008

We present the three-dimensional linear stability analysis of a pressure-driven, incompressible, fully developed, laminar flow in a channel delimited by rigid, homogeneous, isotropic, porous layers. We consider porous materials of small permeability in which the maximum fluid velocity is small compared to the mean velocity in the channel region and for which inertial effects may be neglected. We analyse the linear stability of symmetric laminar velocity profiles in channels with two identical porous walls as well as skewed laminar velocity profiles in channels with only one porous wall. We solve the fully coupled linear stability problem, arising from the adjacent channel and porous flows, using a spectral collocation technique. We validate our results by recovering the linear stability results of a flow in a channel with impermeable walls as the permeabilities of the porous layers tend to zero. We also verify that our results are consistent with the assumption of negligible inertial effects in the porous regions. We characterize the stability of pressure-driven flows by performing a parametric study in which we vary the permeability, porosity, and height of the porous layers as well as an interface coefficient, τ, associated with the momentum transfer process at the interfaces between the channel and porous regions. We find that very small amounts of wall permeability significantly affect the Orr–Sommerfeld spectrum and can dramatically decrease the stability of the channel flow. Within our assumptions, in channels with two porous walls, permeability destabilizes up to two Orr–Sommerfeld wall modes and introduces two new damped wall modes on the left branch of the spectrum. In channels with only one porous wall, permeability destabilizes up to one wall mode and introduces one new damped wall mode on the left branch of the spectrum. In both cases, permeability also introduces a new class of damped modes associated with the porous regions. The size of the unstable region delimited by the neutral curve grows substantially, and the critical Reynolds number can decrease to only 10% of the corresponding value for a channel flow with impermeable walls. We conclude our study by considering two real materials: foametal and aloxite. We fit the porosity and interface coefficient τ to published data so that the porous materials we model behave like foametal and aloxite, and we compare our results with previously published numerical and experimental results.
Diamonds or development? A structural assessment of Botswana's forty years of success
Authors: Hillbom Ellen
Published: May 2008

Due to its four decades of high long-term economic growth and democratic system, Botswana has been depicted as an exceptional success story in a region full of economic and political failures. In this article, a structural analysis is applied, and it is argued that Botswana's success should be understood as one of pre-modern growth without development. It is claimed that although the country may be a growth miracle, it has not yet experienced ‘modern economic growth’, characterised by structural change in patterns of production as well as in social and political institutions. Such analysis also offers an explanation for the duality of Botswana's economy and society, since pre-modern growth, as opposed to development, allows for significant poverty rates and extremely unequal resource and income distribution to prevail in the midst of plenty.
Diversity and habitat selectivity of harpacticoid copepods from sea grass beds in Pujada Bay, the Philippines
Authors: De Troch Marleen , Melgo-Ebarle Jenny Lynn , Angsinco-Jimenez Lea , Gheerardyn Hendrik , Vincx Magda
Published: May 2008

The spatial diversity of meiofauna from sea grass beds of Pujada Bay (the Philippines), was studied with special emphasis on harpacticoid copepods. Sediment cores were obtained from areas adjacent to the different species of sea grasses. Meiofauna was enumerated at higher taxon level and harpacticoid copepods were identified to genus level. Diversity indices were calculated corresponding to the hierarchical levels of spatial biodiversity, i.e. alpha, beta and gamma. Nematodes were the most abundant meiofaunal group in all sediment layers and along the entire tidal gradient (37–92%); harpacticoids were second in abundance (3.0–40.6%) but highly diverse (N0: 9.33–15.5) at the uppermost sediment layer (0–1 cm) near all beds of sea grass species. There was a sharp turnover of harpacticoid genera along the tidal gradient, thus suggesting a relatively low proportion of shared genera among benthic communities in different sea grass zones. The families of Tetragonicipitidae and Miraciidae were the dominant harpacticoid groups occurring in all sediment layers of all sea grass species. The presence of the epiphytic genera of Metis at the deepest sediment layers in some sea grass species was striking. Overall, the major contributor to gamma (total) diversity of harpacticoid copepods in Pujada Bay is the high local (alpha) diversity (N0: 80.6%, H′: 94.7% of total diversity); hence, the habitat heterogeneity among sediment layers in sea grass beds is most relevant for the total diversity and richness of harpacticoid copepod genera in the area.
Polydorid species (Polychaeta: Spionidae) in south-western Australian waters with special reference to Polydora uncinata and Boccardia knoxi
Authors: Sato-Okoshi Waka , Okoshi Kenji , Shaw Jeremy
Published: May 2008

Eight species of polydorid polychaetes were found to inhabit mollusc shells from south-western Australian waters. Numerous individuals of Polydora uncinata were extracted for the first time from the shells of both land-based cultured abalone Haliotis laevigata and H. roei, as well as from natural subtidal H. roei and Chlamys australis. Shells of the oyster Saccostrea commercialis cultured in sea-based systems were infested by Boccardia knoxi which was first recorded in these waters. Polydora aura, Dipolydora giardi, D. armata, D. aciculata and Boccardia proboscidea were common among shells of various natural intertidal and subtidal molluscs. A small number of P. haswelli were extracted from their self-excavated burrows in shells of cultured oysters. Boccardia knoxi and D. aciculata were redescribed based on the newly collected materials. Polydora uncinata and B. knoxi exhibited similar larval development patterns (exolecithotrophy and adelphophagy), iteroparity and longer life span, suggesting a high reproductive potential. This study suggests that further monitoring of polydorid species is needed not only from the viewpoint of marine biology but also to survey the risk invasive species pose to commercially important molluscs in this region and worldwide.
Morphology of antennular sensors in Clausocalanus furcatus (Copepoda: Calanoida)
Authors: Uttieri Marco , Brown Euan R. , Boxshall Geoff A. , Mazzocchi Maria Grazia
Published: May 2008

The success of planktonic copepods in aquatic environments is dependent on efficient sensing of their three-dimensional surroundings. The detection of external cues is of importance for the localization of other organisms (prey, predators and mates), and is mediated by an array of mechano- and chemoreceptors located on the paired antennules (A1).

We investigated the morphology and distribution pattern of A1 sensory structures in the adult female of Clausocalanus furcatus (Copepoda: Calanoida) using different techniques (camera lucida, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy) each focusing on a specific aspect of the structures analysed. Integration of the information collected shows that C. furcatus possesses an array of mechanical, chemical and dual-function sensors over its A1, by which the copepod can detect different stimuli from the environment. Results are discussed in the light of the unique swimming behaviour displayed by this widespread epipelagic copepod.
Synchronous blooms of the coccolithophoreEmiliania huxleyiand three dinoflagellates in the Dardanelles (Turkish Straits System)
Authors: Turkoglu Muhammet
Published: May 2008

This study focuses on the synchronous blooms of the coccolithophoreEmiliania huxleyiand three dinoflagellatesProrocentrum micans, Ceratium furcavar.furcaandCeratium fususvar.setaobserved between 7 June and 11 July 2003 in the Dardanelles. An analysis of the vertical distribution of theE. huxleyipopulation size with respect to various environmental parameters was discussed. Additionally, inorganic nutrients and phytoplankton interactions were investigated in relation to the bloom conditions and hydrography of the Dardanelles. The algal bloom started in nearby Izmit Bay (eastern end of the Sea of Marmara) in early June, then quickly spread through the Sea of Marmara and continued until mid-July. Thermal stratification was observed between different water masses at the time of sampling. During the bloom period, cell density ofE. huxleyiranged from 3.58 × 107to 2.55 × 108cells l−1in the superficial layer.Prorocentrum micanswas the second most-abundant species and the cell numbers ranged from 1.0 × 106cells l−1to 3.3 × 106cells l−1. Other abundant species in this area includedC. furcavar.furcaandC. fususvar.seta.
Ecdysteroids in female shore crabs Carcinus maenas during the moulting cycle and oocyte development
Authors: Styrishave Bjarne , Lund Torben , Andersen Ole
Published: May 2008

The ecdysteroids ecdysone (E), 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and ponasterone A (PoA) were measured in the haemolymph, hepatopancreas and oocytes of female shore crabs Carcinus maenas during the moulting cycle and during oocyte maturation using HPLC-MS. In the haemolymph, ecdysteroid titres varied over the moulting cycle with high levels during premoult and low levels during postmoult and intermoult, however, no significant change in haemolymph ecdysteroid titres was observed in relation to oocyte development. In the hepatopancreas, PoA levels were high during premoult but low during postmoult and intermoult. This is in contrast to E and 20E where levels remained high from early intermoult (C1) until late premoult (D3) and only decreased during postmoult. In the oocytes, ecdysteroid levels were low during postmoult and for 20E and PoA also during late premoult D2 and D3. In contrast, all three ecdysteroids were observed to increase in the oocytes during oocyte development, in particular E and PoA. The present study demonstrates that changes in haemolymph ecdysteroid titres relate to changes in moulting status and not to changes in oocyte development. Also, the study indicates that the hepatopancreas is involved in the metabolism of ecdysteroids related to the moulting cycle but may also be involved in ecdysteroid metabolism during oocyte development. Furthermore, the pronounced increase in oocyte ecdysteroids during oocyte development during periods where haemolymph ecdysteroids titre is low, indicates that the oocytes are capable of de novo synthesis of the three ecdysteroids investigated.
Effect of host size and temporal exposure on metacercarial infection levels in the intertidal cockle Cerastoderma edule
Authors: Thieltges David W.
Published: May 2008

In a field survey and a field experiment the relative importance of host size and temporal exposure in determining metacercarial infection levels in an intertidal bivalve was investigated. While cockles (Cerastoderma edule) of different age (indicated by winter rings on shells) collected at the same site showed strong positive correlations between host size and infection levels over the total sample, correlations were weak or absent within the age groups. Mean infection levels in cockles strongly increased with age suggesting temporal exposure and not size to be the main determinant of infection levels in the cockles. This was supported by a field experiment in which small and large cockles were exposed for one or two months on a tidal flat. While infection levels significantly increased with temporal exposure, host size had no significant effect. This suggests that bivalve hosts on temperate tidal flats accumulate parasites during a distinctive infection window during summer more or less independent of their size. With every additional year of exposure, infection levels of the parasites increase. Hence, it is important to take host age into account when comparing individual infection levels within and among different host populations.
Redescription ofRobsonella fontaniana(Cephalopoda: Octopodidae)
Authors: Ibáñez C.M. , Sepúlveda R.D. , Guerrero J. , Chong J.
Published: May 2008

The genusRobsonellaAdam, 1938 belongs to the family Octopodidae and can only be identified by some characters present in males. In this work the speciesRobsonella fontanianais redescribed from morphological and morphometric characters of 33 specimens (21 males and 12 females) collected on the central-south coast of Chile, during the years 2003 and 2004, and of 11 specimens (three males and eight females) obtained from the Zoological Museum of Hamburg. New diagnoses for the genusRobsonellaand the speciesR. fontanianaare provided. Sexual dimorphism inR. fontanianais evident by adult males having enlarged suckers and a shorter third right arm compared to the females. Some morphological characters such as ligula, radula and terminal organ diverticulum make it possible to distinguish this genus clearly from other genera. The ligula of the hectocotylized arm inRobsonellais characterized by a longitudinal groove, rounded tip, large calamus and seven copulatory lamellae. In addition, the first lateral tooth in the radula is crescent-shaped; this allows the identification ofRobsonellaregardless of sex.
Contrasting fecundity, size at maturity and reproductive potential of southern rock lobster Jasus edwardsii in two South Australian fishing regions
Authors: Linnane A.J. , Penny S.S. , Ward T.M.
Published: May 2008

The annual commercial catch from the Southern Zone of the South Australian rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii) fishery is ~1900 tonnes, representing ~50% of total landings from south-east Australia. A single minimum legal size (MLS) of 98.5 mm carapace length (CL) exists across the entire zone. Fecundity (F), size at onset of maturity (SOM) and relative reproductive potential (RRP) of female rock lobsters were investigated in two major fishing regions, i.e. the North Southern Zone (NSZ) and South Southern Zone (SSZ) with a view to providing a basis for future fine-scale spatial management of the resource. F ranged from 45,292 to 466,800 eggs per female and increased proportionally with CL according to the relationship: F = 0.0584 × CL3.1642. F was significantly higher in the NSZ compared to the SSZ but was attributed to differences in lobster size between regions. There was no significant difference in the number of eggs · g−1 of egg mass between areas. SOM, estimated as the size at which 50% of females reached sexual maturity (L50) was higher in the NSZ (104.1 mm CL) compared to SSZ (92.3 mm CL). Approximately 20% of lobsters above the MLS in the commercial catch in the NSZ were under the L50 estimate. RRP, as a measure of egg production, was calculated for each size-class from the product of F, SOM and population length–frequency. The modal RRP size-classes in the NSZ were 117.5–122.5 mm CL, while in the SSZ it was 97.5–102.5 mm CL. Only 6% of RRP was contributed by female rock lobsters below the MLS in the NSZ, compared to 34% in the SSZ. Regional differences in SOM and RRP in the Southern Zone of South Australia suggest that different MLSs may be beneficial, particularly if the fishery is to be effectively managed at finer spatial scales.
Reproductive cycle of the Patagonian scallop Zygochlamys patagonica in the south-western Atlantic
Authors: Campodónico Silvana , Macchi Gustavo , Lomovasky Betina , Lasta Mario
Published: May 2008

The reproductive cycle of Zygochlamys patagonica was studied from October 1999 to February 2001 in a bed located in the south-western Atlantic (Reclutas bed 39°24′ S–55°56′W). Scallops were collected monthly and the sexual maturity stages were determined histologically (N = 508). Sex-ratio was 1:1 (t-test P > 0.05). The size of first sexual maturity was estimated from males of an average of 36.63 mm and females of 36.31 mm of shell height. The relative gonadal condition index (RGCI) showed an annual cycle, with higher values during winter–spring and lower values during summer–autumn; an inverse relationship for the relative muscle condition index (RMCI) was observed with maximum values in early summer. Thus, a reallocation of energy from soma to gonad appears to be inevitable to meet energy demand of gonad development. Seven histological stages of sexual maturity were established for both sexes: (1) immature; (2) early maturity; (3) advanced maturity,;(4) ripe; (5) spawning; (6) spent; and (7) recovery. Individuals in early and advanced maturity were found throughout the year; however, they were found more frequently between June and September. Spawning began in October (early spring) and extended through March (late summer–early autumn) coexisting with early and advanced maturity stages supported by the annual variation of the RGCI and the food availability into the system.
Foraminifers epibiontic on Eudendrium (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Di Camillo C. , BO M. , Lavorato A. , Morigi C. , Reinach M. Segre , Puce S. , Bavestrello G.
Published: May 2008

Four species of foraminifers Rosalina globularis, Lobatula lobatula, Acervulina inhaerens and Miniacina miniacea were observed as epibionts on some species of the athecate hydroids of the genus Eudendrium—E. armatum, E. glomeratum, E. moulouyensis and E. racemosum—from the Mediterranean Sea. The abundance and the distribution of the protozoans were determined for each hydroid and considered in relation to the shape and size of the Eudendrium branches. Results revealed differences in the composition of the epibiontic assemblage among different species of Eudendrium which were dependent on several factors, but were mainly related to the habitat and to the morphology of the host.

The interactions between Eudendrium and its epibionts were considered to emphasize the role of the Eudendrium colonies as a hotspot not only of poorly known species but also of co-evolutionary relationships and life histories.
Diet selection by immature green turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Bahía Magdalena foraging ground in the Pacific Coast of the Baja California Peninsula, México
Authors: López-Mendilaharsu Milagros , Gardner Susan C. , Riosmena-Rodriguez Rafael , Seminoff Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2008

In order to determine if eastern Pacific green turtles(Chelonia mydas)exhibit feeding preferences samples of recently ingested food items were compared to the food resources available in the marine environment whereC. mydascongregates. Stomach samples were collected by conducting gastric lavage and, at the same time, vegetation transects were conducted during spring and winter. Green turtles in our study selectively consumed seaweeds, withCodium amplivesiculatumandGracialaria textoriias preferred species. Differences in the consumption of species were found across the two mentioned seasons and were consistent with changes in the availability of different algae species in the environment. Based on these results, it is recommended that sea turtle conservation plans along the Baja California Peninsula include Pacific coastal mangrove channels with a high diversity of algae species as priority areas for protection.
Revision of theAlpheus cristulifronsspecies complex (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae), with description of a new species from the tropical eastern Atlantic
Authors: Anker Arthur , Hurt Carla , Knowlton Nancy
Published: May 2008

The taxonomy of the snapping shrimpAlpheus cristulifronsRathbun, 1900, previously reported from the eastern Pacific and western and eastern Atlantic, is reviewed based on molecular data (COI), morphology and colour patterns. Three species are recognized in theA. cristulifronsspecies complex.Alpheus cristulifrons sensu strictois restricted to the western Atlantic, ranging from Florida and the Caribbean Sea to southern Brazil. The eastern PacificA. cristulifrons sensuKim & Abele, 1988 corresponds toA. utriensisRamos & Von Prahl, 1989, ranging from the Gulf of California to Colombia; this species can be separated fromA. cristulifronsby the absence of balaeniceps setae on the male minor chela and the presence of bands on the antennular and antennal flagella. The eastern AtlanticA. cristulifronssensuCrosnier & Forest, 1966 is described asA. xanthocarpussp. nov. based on recently collected material from the island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea; this species differs fromA. cristulifronsby the posteriorly more extending rostral carina and the presence of conspicuous yellow spots on the carpus and chela of the second pereiopod. Molecular data suggest thatA. utriensisis the eastern Pacific sister clade to the amphi-Atlntic clade that includesA. cristulifronsandA. xanthocarpussp. nov.