bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotions in uniform: How nurses regulate emotion at work via emotional boundaries
Authors: Hayward Renae Maree , Tuckey Michelle Rae
Published: November 2011

The management of emotions at work has been conceptualized in terms of its association with emotional inauthenticity and dissonance. In contrast, we integrate the idea of emotion regulation at work with basic strategic and adaptive functions of emotion, offering a new way of understanding how emotions can be harnessed for task achievement and personal development. Through a content analysis of interview data we examined how and why emotion regulation is carried out by employees, focusing on the in situ experiences of nurses. The manipulation of emotional boundaries, to create an emotional distance or connection with patients and their families, emerged as a nascent strategy to manage anticipated, evolving, and felt emotions. The emotional boundary perspective offers possibilities for knowledge development that are not rooted in assumptions about the authenticity of emotion or the professional self but that instead account for the dynamic, complex, multi-layered, and adaptive characteristics of emotion management.
Stages in Transition
Authors: Cohen Joshua
Published: November 2011

Les Ballets Africains, the first globally touring African performance company, debuted in the United States as a private Paris-based troupe in 1959 and toured again in 1960 as National Ballet of the newly independent Republic of Guinea. Although rarely considered in scholarship, Les Ballets Africains’ history during these years—encompassing the company’s first U.S. appearances and reflecting the influence of its founder, Fodéba Keita—are significant in relation to 20th-century trajectories of staged African dance, convergences between African and American performing arts practices and liberation struggles, and cultural transformations in Guinea under president Sékou Touré.
Increasing Access to Learning for the Adult Basic Education Learner With Learning Disabilities
Authors: Gregg Noel
Published: November 2011

Accommodating adult basic education (ABE) learners with learning disabilities (LD) is common practice across many instructional, testing, and work settings. However, the results from this literature search indicate that very few empirically based studies are available to support or reject the effectiveness of a great deal of accommodation implementation. In addition, in light of the profound changes to literacy taking place in today’s digital, networked, and multimodal world, technology is redefining traditional concepts of accessibility and accommodation.
Applying dynamic traffic assignment in modeling permit-restricted parking utilizing microscopic traffic simulation
Authors: Fries Ryan , Chowdhury Mashrur , Dunning Anne
Published: November 2011

Many universities are evaluating ways to improve mobility while dealing with increased demand for parking within the campus. Different types of parking strategies are considered as potential tools for improving campus mobility and meeting increased parking demand. Limited information is available on how removing on-street parking from the center of a university campus, relocating motorists to park on the periphery of campus, will impact the neighboring transportation system. Although dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) is a valuable tool for evaluating such impacts, most previous studies have used DTA with mesoscopic models. Thus, there is also limited guidance on the application of DTA within microscopic simulation models. The purpose of this study was to test a novel methodology for evaluating the mobility impact of relocating parking. The authors developed a method of utilizing DTA within a microscopic traffic simulation model. This model was applied to a case study capturing the changes in traffic patterns and volumes as a result of university parking changes. The authors found the methodology efficient and repeatable, and identified several simulator challenges with this new application. The case study findings suggest that, due to the significant number of motorists searching for the high-demand parking in the core of campus, relocating this parking to periphery lots will reduce the average travel time, even when accounting for the increased walking time.
On-line relay test for automatic tuning of PI controllers for stable processes
Authors: Mehta Utkal , Majhi Somanath
Published: November 2011

The applicability of the basic relay tuning method is extended by a robust on-line method to tune proportional–integral controllers without breaking the closed-loop control. A relay is connected in parallel to the controller to induce self-oscillation and then simple measurements are made only on the half period of limit cycle output to obtain a first-order plus dead time model of the process dynamics. A non-iterative optimum tuning formulae is developed in order to reduce the control signal variations. The simulation and experimental studies are presented to validate the design method.
Implementation and evaluation of an education program to guide palliative care for people with motor neurone disease
Authors: McConigley Ruth , Aoun Samar , Kristjanson Linda , Colyer Sue , Deas Kathy , O’Connor Margaret , Harris Rod , Currow David , Yates Patsy
Published: November 2011

Background:

Despite a recognized need for a palliative approach to caring for people with motor neurone disease (MND), access to palliative care is often limited.

Aim:

This project aimed to improve the knowledge of health professionals about a palliative approach to MND care.

Design:

A three-phase study was undertaken to develop, implement and evaluate an education program for health professionals that promoted a palliative approach to MND care. This paper discusses the second and third phases: the implementation and evaluation of the project. Education workshops were held for health professionals. Their knowledge of palliative care was measured before and after the workshops and one month later. Attitudes to providing MND care were also measured.

Setting:

Workshops were held in South Australia and Western Australia. Participants were health professionals working in the areas of MND care or palliative care. Some aged care and generalist health professionals were included if they had a role in providing care to people with MND.

Results:

The participants demonstrated an improvement in MND knowledge (χ2 = 64.13(2), p = 0.000) and palliative care knowledge (χ2 = 17.24(2), p = 0.000); both were sustained at one month. Attitudes to providing MND care also improved (χ2 = 11.85(2), p = 0.003) and were maintained at the six-month follow-up. Participants indicated that the knowledge gained positively influenced their clinical practice.

Conclusions:

A targeted education program for health professionals improved understanding about end-of-life care for people with MND. Health care providers also reported having made improvements in the care provided to patients and carers, particularly communication, psychosocial care and symptom management.
The Efficacy of Israeli Law in Preventing Violence Within Palestinian Families Living in Israel
Authors: Shalhoub-Kevorkian Nadera
Published: November 2011

Changes in public attitudes to violence have given rise to debates about the proper relationship between gender, violence and the role of the State. This study of Palestinians living in Israel examines the appropriateness of formal legal interventions in spousal assault cases for a community with different cultural values, including a mistrust of state intervention and the legal order. Structured interviews with welfare professionals in 55 cases of spousal assault reveal that, contrary to the aims of legislation designed to assist and support women, the law has had the paradoxical effect of further victimizing those very women seeking to rely on it. The Palestinian experience suggests that legal interventions need to be understood as complementing rather than substituting for more culturally sensitive community responses to spousal assault. The paper advocates raising the awareness of agents of social control about factors which hinder or promote the use of legal remedies.
Cultural-Specific Gender Ideology and Wife Abuse in Mexican-Descent Families
Authors: Morash Merry , Bui Hoan N. , Santiago Anna M.
Published: November 2011

The present study, which was designed to improve understanding of the context, patterns, and meanings of violence against wives, uses a standpoint-based approach which incorporates a symbolic interactionist method and a feminist perspective to examine wife abuse in Mexican-descent families. Findings from the study indicate that wife abuse occurs in the complex context of economic hardship, changes in gender role expectations and performances, and husbands' attempt to maintain male dominance and control of the family. The control aspect of wife abuse was reflected in the patterns of violence used by husbands, the unequal power relationship between husbands and wives, and the differences between wives' and husbands' reactions to family conflicts. These findings suggest that efforts to stop wife abuse need to focus not only on increasing women's economic independence but also on eliminating culture-specific ideologies of male supremacy.
Protection, Prevention, Rehabilitation or Justice? Women's Use of the Law to Challenge Domestic Violence
Authors: Lewis Ruth , Dobash Russell P. , Dobash Rebecca Emerson , Cavanagh Kate
Published: November 2011

This article addresses the neglected question of what women who experience ‘domestic violence’ want from the law and examines the ways in which women actively engage with the legal system. Viewing women as agents trying to survive abuse, we examine their interaction with both civil and criminal legal systems as part of their ‘active negotiation and strategic resistance’ to men's violence. This represents a break from the tradition which has tended to view women survivors as passive recipients of the law and has focused on outcomes of legal intervention to the exclusion of process. Using data from a British evaluation of criminal justice responses to domestic violence, we analyse legal processes which support or fail to support women and argue that legal interventions can contribute to women's improved safety and quality of life.
Compensation Across Europe: A Quest for Best Practice
Authors: Brienen Marion E.I. , Hoegen Ernestine H.
Published: November 2011

Across the spectrum of European legal systems a variety of models have been created to enhance the victim's chances of receiving compensation for injuries and losses suffered as a consequence of a criminal offence. In this article, three models are examined which allow the victim to claim compensation from the offender within the context of the criminal process. Each of these models has evolved in a distinct legal tradition and has specific merits and limitations. After weighing the respective strengths and weaknesses, and indicating how each model can be improved, the article concludes with a set of criteria that form a blue print of ‘best practice’.
Legal and Practical Perspectives on Victim/Offender Mediation in Austria and Germany
Authors: Kilchling Michael , Löschnig-Gspandl Marianne
Published: November 2011

This article compares the legal possibilities for reparation and victim/offender mediation (VOM) in Austria and Germany, and their practical impact. The first part focuses on the theoretical framework of restorative justice from a victim perspective. In light of the results of empirical — mostly victimological — research, VOM is deemed to be a victim-related approach that provides a better position to the victim than do regular criminal proceedings. Furthermore, the authors stress that Austria and Germany have made VOM available for cases involving adult offenders as well as juveniles. Thus VOM has become a regular part of both criminal justice systems with the effect that victims have a better chance of profiting from these benefits than in systems which limit VOM to cases involving juvenile offenders. The second part gives a comparative overview of the current provisions available to impose compensation and mediation in both countries. In the third part, a comparison of existing official statistics is presented. From the different rates of application the authors conclude that VOM is of great practical relevance in Austria whereas the criminal justice system in Germany is still unwilling to apply VOM to a similar extent.
Truthfulness, Deception and Self-Deception in Recovering True and False Memories of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Nachson Israel
Published: November 2011

The recovered-memory/false-memory debate focuses on theoretical issues pertaining to the plausibility of total repression, denial and subsequent full recovery of traumatic memories of childhood sexual abuse. Proponents and opponents of recovered memory therapy are divided in regard to the question whether recovered memories are true or false. Supporters of the ‘recovered memory hypothesis’, which states that memories of sexual abuse can be repressed and then recovered, consider the memories authentic, whereas supporters of the ‘false memory hypothesis’ who do not believe that total repression and subsequent full recovery are possible, consider the memories false. In the present paper a proposal is put forward to conceptualize the debate in terms of deception and self-deception. Within this framework, claimants of recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse might be considered truthful by supporters of the ‘recovered memory hypothesis’, and self-deceivers by supporters of the ‘false memory hypothesis’. Self-deception is viewed as a split between a given cognitive subsystem and the rest of the system. The split must not necessarily be dynamically driven.
Health Consequences of Criminal Victimization
Authors: Britt Chester L.
Published: November 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of violent and property victimization on health. Data from a random sample survey of 2,430 respondents were analyzed with multivariate regression models to test for effects of victimization on health, controlling for sociodemographic predictors of health. The results show that criminal victimization adversely affects health. Victims of violent crime reported lower levels of perceived health and physical well being, controlling for measures of injury and for sociodemographic characteristics. A significant age with violent victimization interaction indicated that younger violent crime victims experienced relatively greater decreases in perceived health compared to older violent crime victims. Victims of property crime also reported lower levels of perceived health and physical well being. Again, the impact of property victimization on perceived health was contingent upon the age of the victim. A significant interaction of age with property victimization revealed increasingly negative effects on perceived health among older crime victims. These findings suggest at least two important implications for the long-term health status of crime victims. First, victim assistance programs should develop or enhance mechanisms for helping crime victims to address the long-term health consequences of victimization. Second, health providers should consider asking questions about victimization experiences during health histories to gain a broader understanding of the patient's health background.
Urbanisation, Neighbourhood Social Integration, Informal Social Control, Minor Social Disorder, Victimisation and Fear of Crime
Authors: Wikström Per-Olof H. , Dolmén Lars
Published: November 2011

This paper attempts to study how neighbourhood levels of victimisation and fear of crime vary with the degree of urbanisation, but also, which has rarely been done, aims empirically to explore some of the intervening mechanisms that link the degree of urbanisation with levels of neighbourhood victimisation and fear of crime. The data for the study come from two larger regional survey studies of random samples of the population (N = 7,059) in the Swedish counties of Stockholm and Gävleborg, covering all types of areas from rural areas to the central area of Sweden's biggest city Stockholm. Individual responses were aggregated by neighbourhood (cities) or residential district (rural areas). The findings show that all neighbourhood level measures (social integration, informal social control, minor social disorder, victimisation and fear of crime) vary significantly with the degree of urbanisation of the area in which the neighbourhood is located. The findings also show that the effect of urbanisation on neighbourhood levels of victimisation and fear of crime fit an empirical model where this effect is mediated by neighbourhood social integration, informal social control and minor social disorder.
Perceived Risk and Fear of Crime: Gender Differences in Contextual Sensitivity
Authors: Smith William R. , Torstensson Marie , Johansson Kerstin
Published: November 2011

Studies have been directed at explaining the ‘gender gap’ in the fear of crime: why do women have higher fear levels than men? Previous studies lead to the tentative conclusion that women are more fearful due to their greater vulnerability in risky environments. Yet, the differential effects of various environments on fear levels of men and women is not well understood. In this paper, theories of gender differences in fear of crime are reviewed, along with various potential fear-invoking contexts. One reason so little is known about context is that statistical software designed to better assess contextual effects — hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) — has only recently become widely available. HLM (Bryk and Raudenbush, 1992; Bryk et al., 1996) is used here to model perceived risk and fear of assault among a sample of Stockholm residents. Results show that at the contextual level, women are more influenced by aspects of the environment than are men. We are led to the conclusion that women are especially ecologically vulnerable (Sparks, 1982) whereas men personalize vulnerability.
Repeat Victimisation and the Policing of Communities
Authors: Chenery Sylvia , Henshaw Chris , Pease Ken
Published: November 2011

Three types of police service can be distinguished. • Reaction to relevant emergencies; • Identifying and processing crime perpetrators; • Proaction to prevent crime and disorder (referred to below as ‘unity policing’).

The central problem for the organisation of policing is arguably the integration of the first two elements of work with the third. In this paper, the writers contend that focusing on identifying and providing relevant help to those previously victimised by crime offers a platform for such integration. The advantages conferred by this approach will be identified. The Huddersfield Biting Back project is described as an example of how such an approach can be implemented. The implications of risk-based targeting, of which repeat victimisation provides the easiest example to implement, are spelled out.
Assessment of the Program Implementation of Comprehensive Victim Services in a One-Stop Location
Authors: Blomberg Thomas G. , Waldo Gordon P. , Chester Deborah
Published: November 2011

Today, more than 10,000 programs provide services to crime victims across the United States. Despite this large number of programs, however, it is estimated that only a small fraction of the 38 million annual crime victims actually receive services following their victimization. Moreover, most victim services programs are able to provide only limited and fragmented services. In contrast, the Jacksonville Victim Services Center, Florida, is recognized nationally as a model victim services program that provides comprehensive victim services in a one-stop location. Based on interviews, secondary documents, and data provided by the Center, this article describes and interprets the program's implementation and operational features, including discussion of the integral role played by local law enforcement and other related local agencies in the Center's functioning.
The Role of Crime Victims in American Policing: Findings from a National Survey of Police and Victim Organizations
Authors: Ready Justin , Weisburd David , Farrell Graham
Published: November 2011

The role of victims in enhancing community policing has received little scholarly attention. This paper adds to the current state of knowledge about the role of victims in policing and the relationship between victim organizations and police departments as part of community policing. Relying upon a national survey of police departments and victim organizations carried out by the Police Foundation and the National Center for Victims of Crime, we present a broad snapshot of community policing partnerships that draw from the experience and knowledge of victims and victim service providers. Our research indicates that while a majority of police executives believe there are benefits to involving victims in community policing, most also report that when it comes to problem solving and crime prevention it is more useful for officers to interact with community members without special attention to who has been a crime victim. Regardless of this view, a large proportion of police agencies report supporting abroad set of practices that focus on crime victims. Finally, our study reinforces the position that the broad approach and policies of a police agency toward victims play a central role in the development of partnerships between police and victim organizations.
Collaborative Problem-Solving Partnerships: Advancing Community Policing Philosophy to Domestic Violence Victim Services
Authors: Laszlo Anna T. , Rinehart Tammy A.
Published: November 2011

Throughout the last three decades, victims and victim advocates have significantly advanced victim's rights and services and have altered the fabric of police-victim interactions from viewing victims as necessary witnesses (Laszlo and Burgess, 1979; Waller, 1990) to engaging victims and victim organizations as collaborative partners in developing victim-oriented criminal justice services. As criminal justice agencies seek to engage stakeholders in problem-solving strategies, victims and victim organizations are becoming active partners in prevention, intervention, and restitution initiatives, and have been instrumental in tailoring criminal justice systems services to the needs of special populations.

This paper describes four ongoing efforts to effect prevention, intervention, and restitution activities for special populations of victims and, in particular, to advancing community policing and community government in or for special populations. Within the historical contexts of the victim's movement, these efforts manifest the expanding role of victims as collaborative partners of police (including tribal police), prosecutors, and the courts.
Metaphors of Loss: Murder, Bereavement, Gender, and Presentation of the ‘Victimized’ Self
Authors: Kenney J. Scott
Published: November 2011

When a loved one is murdered, there is a profound impact on the selves of those left behind. In this paper, three competing conceptions of self are considered in order to help us to understand the impact on the social selves of such survivors, and the pragmatic ways in which selves struggle with this event in their social interactions. Building upon the insights of earlier work on victimization, bereavement, gender and self, a qualitative study of survivors found that these individuals metaphorically expressed a profound ‘loss of self’, which they further generalized beyond themselves in terms of a ‘ripple effect’ spreading through their families and community. Survivors elaborated this loss of self through five further ‘metaphors of loss’, which indicated various dimensions within this root metaphor. These included: (1) permanent loss of future; (2) violating devastation; (3) being a ‘different person now’; (4) loss of control; and (5) loss of innocence. These metaphors were generally expressed either in an effort to express the inexpressible, or as a presentation of self in circumstances where survivors’ victim status was questioned. While all of these metaphors were expressed across gender lines, all except loss of control were predominantly expressed by the female gender, and each exhibited variations in emphasis which shed light on gendered identities as an aspect of self. Moreover, these were disproportionately expressed by bereaved parents and siblings. In the end, the metaphors emerging from such a profound emotional experience may teach us much about both the fundamental dimensions underlying self and identity, the micro-political strategies utilized in interaction, and the process of constructing social problems.
Assessing Satisfaction with Victim Services: The Development and Use of the Victim Satisfaction with Offender Dialogue Scale (VSODS)
Authors: Bradshaw W. , Umbreit M.
Published: November 2011

There is an increasing need for restorative justice programs to evaluate program outcomes. Victim satisfaction is one of the essential components of program evaluation. Evaluation of victim satisfaction is important because it provides a means by which victims can have input into the restorative justice process: satisfaction data can provide feedback about program services; identify problems and needs from the victim perspective; and provide data that increase knowledge about the process of mediated dialogue that results in improved victim services. Previous research on satisfaction with victim offender mediation has been limited by lack of a standardized victim satisfaction scale. The Victim Satisfaction with Offender Dialogue Scale represents a pioneer effort to measure victim satisfaction with offender dialogue through psychometric development of an instrument (VSODS). Data were obtained from 197 subjects from four victim offender mediation program sites in the United States. The data were analyzed using principal components factor analysis. The first factor derived from this solution accounted for 38% of the total variance and roughly 70% of the common variance. When items with high first factor loading were removed and the analysis repeated, no other factor accounted for as much as 6% of the total variance. To construct a briefer scale for assessing victim satisfaction with services, the factor loadings and item-total correlations of the first factor were examined. Eleven items were selected which loaded highly on the unrotated first factor and which exhibited good inter-item and item-total correlations. The coefficient alpha for the final VSODS was 0.87. This indicates the VSODS is a reliable instrument for assessing victim satisfaction with mediated dialogue. Guidelines for use of the VSODS are provided to enhance program evaluation activities.
Communication in Sentencing: Exploring the Expressive Function of Victim Impact Statements
Authors: Roberts Julian V. , Erez Edna
Published: November 2011

The role of the victim in the sentencing process continues to generate controversy among scholars and practitioners across many jurisdictions. In this article we address some of the persistent objections to allowing victim input into sentencing. By placing the debate on victim input within its historical context, we suggest that the movement to provide victims with a voice has been derailed, as the communicative model of victim input — originally envisioned by the reform movement as its justification — was replaced by a model that stresses the impact of VIS on sentencing. We argue that much of the lingering opposition to victim input rights has been animated by this ‘impact’ model, which we argue is theoretically misconceived, empirically unsupported and at odds with major sentencing aims. We reintroduce the communicative model, which reflects the original intent and purpose of the victim reform concerning input, elaborating on its advantages for victims and offenders. We then provide two examples from the field to illustrate the therapeutic benefits of the model for both victims and offenders. We conclude with a call to reassess current theory and practice regarding victim integration in sentencing and offer some policy recommendations regarding the optimal way to integrate the voice of the victim at sentencing.
Dealing with Racist Victimisation: Racially Aggravated Offences in Scotland
Authors: Moody S.R. , Clark Ian
Published: November 2011

Racist victimisation has become a key area for government policy in many countries. At the same time there is a growing body of knowledge about the experiences, needs and wishes of the survivors of racist victimisation. This article analyses the extent to which changes in the law of Scotland concerning racist crimes are likely to be effective in dealing with racist victimisation. Drawing on a research project about racist crime in Scotland it examines perceptions of racist crime and victimisation in that country, analyses data on prevalence, considers some legal problems raised by this legislation and also highlights practical difficulties in implementing the law.
Victimization of Trafficked Persons and Illegal Migrants
Authors: Aronowitz Alexis A.
Published: November 2011

This article will define the concepts of smuggling and trafficking in human beings and discuss the difficulty of applying these definitions. The illegal markets that profit from the trafficking of persons will be discussed. The reader will be introduced to the United Nations Global Programme Against Trafficking in Human Beings, and in particular, the pilot project carried out in the Philippines. The experiences of victims of trafficking obtained in the Philippines, Japan and Malaysia will be presented. The discussion closes with brief recommendations to protect and assist victims of exploitation.
The Role of ‘Marriage Agencies’ in the Sexual Exploitation and Trafficking of Women from the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Hughes Donna M.
Published: November 2011

Each year, tens of thousands of women leave the former Soviet Union by accepting risky offers of employment and marriage in the hope of finding a better life. Many of these women become victims of violence, sexual exploitation, and trafficking. ‘Marriage agencies’ play a role in recruiting women and connecting them with foreign men. Information on the numbers and locations of recruitment of women were collected from 500 Web based sites for ‘marriage agencies’ from 15 countries of the former Soviet Union. Additional research included interviews with representatives of NGOs in Russia, research interviews in Ukraine, media stories, and content analysis of web based sites. Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus had the highest number of women recruited (62,605, 31,837, and 12,683 respectively), followed by Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Latvia, and Uzbekistan (4,190, 3,037, 1,760, 1,139 respectively), with the lowest numbers from Moldova, Lithuania, Estonia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Georgia and Tajikistan (884, 626, 551, 204, 25, 23, 8, 7 respectively). There were large differences in the number of women recruited in different oblasts within each country. There is not uniform recruitment of women across the 15 countries or within the countries. Some of the variation may be explained by population size, but the operation of recruiters for ‘marriage agencies’ also must play a role. ‘Marriage agencies’ also serve as sex tour and pornographic model agencies for foreign men. Vulnerable populations of women are targeted for recruitment.
The Rhetoric of Victimization: An Analysis of the Coverage of Intifada El-Aqsa in the Israeli Press
Authors: Cromer Gerald
Published: November 2011

Using a number of concepts from John Best's work on the rhetoric of claims making, this article analyses the Israeli press of the Intifada EI-Aqsa. It revolves around two major themes — the severity of the Palestinian terrorist attacks and the undeserved fate of the Israeli victims. Reporters repeatedly engaged in the dramatization of injury and the dramatization of innocence. Bearing in mind the influence of the press on public perceptions of the conflict between the two peoples, it is clear that the extent and nature of the coverage, together with the almost total lack of attention to Palestinian casualties, reduces the chances of breaking the mutual cycle of victimization. The adoption of a non-monolithic stance and a dual-concern model, it is suggested, would help overcome the egoism of victimization that typifies this and other relationships between traumatized national groups.
Fear of Crime Quantitative Measurement Instability Revisited and Qualitative Consistency Added: Results from a Three Wave Trinidadian Longitudinal Study
Authors: Ditton Jason , Khan Furzana , Chadee Derek
Published: November 2011

A previous article (reporting the first two waves of the three reported here) generated from this longitudinal Trinidadian data base indicated that, for each question on general feelings of safety or on specific worry about crime, some individuals changed their response when asked the same question 12 months later, and some did not. Data in this paper indicate that some of those who had not changed their minds the first two times they were asked, had changed it by the third time, and some still had not. Some who had changed their minds by wave 2, had changed it back again by wave 3, and some stayed with their wave 2 answer. However, when some triple wave respondents were interviewed qualitatively, many had good reasons for changing their minds, for not changing their minds and even for changing it back again. This suggests that there may be two dimensions of change at work. First, some confirmed instability of response at the quantitative level; but second, and cross-cutting the first, there is some consistency with reported experience when considered qualitatively.
The Effect of Victim Impact Training Programs on the Development of Guilt, Shame and Empathy Among Offenders
Authors: Jackson Arrick L. , Bonacker Nancy
Published: November 2011

The present study is a panel-design study with the primary goal of examining the effect of Victim Impact Training (VIT) on the development of guilt, shame, and empathy among offenders. The secondary goal of this study is to examine the effect of empathy development on recidivism. MANCOVA results show no overall significant differences between offenders who participated in the VIT program in comparison to the control group on the development of guilt, shame, and empathy. Further, the results indicate no significant effect of empathy on recidivism. However, results indicate two significant findings: (1) offenders who report higher levels of guilt are more likely to report positive empathy development; and (2) that VIT participants in comparison to the control group were less likely to recidivate. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Self-Reported Violent Victimization Among Young Adults in Miami, Florida: Immigration, Race/Ethnic and Gender Contrasts
Authors: Biafora Frank , Warheit George
Published: November 2011

Does being an immigrant place an individual at greater risk than non-immigrants for violent victimization? Could residence in homogeneous communities, such as ethnic enclaves, serve to protect or mediate victimization among immigrant groups from being targets of victimization? These and related questions are explored using self-report data from a large epidemiological survey project (n = 1,473) in Miami, Florida. Self-reports of three types of victimization data are identified and contrasted among and between Cuban and Nicaraguan immigrants, and members of the host country — U.S. born Cubans, African Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. Controlling for gender, findings from this predominantly-Latino community suggest that immigrant groups in Miami are no more likely to experience vicarious, violent or sexual victimization than non-immigrants. African Americans were found to be more exposed to vicarious forms of violence. These self-report results support findings from recent macro-level criminological studies that have called into question the common stereotype of the immigrant as victim and as criminal. The authors contend that the supportive social, political and cultural environments awaiting Latino immigrants arriving in Miami may be part of a unique historic phenomenon in this Southern Port city, one that suggets a re-evaluation and fine-tuning of traditional structural models of crime and victimization.
The Distribution of Crime Victimisation in the Population
Authors: Hope Tim , Trickett Alan
Published: November 2011

This paper addresses the question of how best to determine the appropriate theoretical model for explaining the frequency distribution typically observed in self-report crime victimisation surveys of general adult household populations. The contemporary, prevailing approach is characterised as a ‘double-hurdle model’ of exposure to victimisation risk mat focuses, separately, upon the transition initially from a non-victim to a victim state (the ‘lifestyle-exposure’ hypothesis), and thence upon the transition to a subsequent, specific level of risk (the ‘repeat victimisation hypothesis’). An alternative model — the ‘immunity hypothesis’ — is proposed with the aim of addressing some of the theoretical and empirical difficulties identified in the current approach. This model takes the form of a compound-Poisson generalisation of the Negative Binomial statistical distribution. Its chief difference from the current approach is its assumption of a general tendency in the population towards ‘immunity from’ rather than ‘exposure to’ crime victimisation risk. An outflow table of data on household property crime victimisation from a longitudinal panel survey is analysed. The results provide support for the hypotheses derived from the immunity model.
Science and Pseudoscience in Victims' Services
Authors: Devilly Grant J. , Lohr Jeffrey M.
Published: November 2011

The role of science in community wellbeing has become marginalised in recent years. The reasons for this are manyfold, ranging from a rejection of the scientific method at an explicit level to a misunderstanding of how science works. This article will describe the ways in which the scientific method can contribute to the provision of victims' services, reasons why people might oppose the application of the scientific method, and ways to differentiate legitimate clinical science from pseudoscientific thought and practice.
Threats to Evidence-Based Treatment of Trauma: Professional Issues and Implications
Authors: Lohr Jeffrey M. , Olatunji Bunmi O. , Devilly Grant J.
Published: November 2011

The use of trauma interventions without adequate empirical support for victims of crime has become increasingly problematic over the last decade. It is proposed that pseudoscience in mental health trauma practice reflects a widening rift between research and practice. It may also be a by-product of the commercialization of the mental health profession. This article presents a discussion of the ethical and professional implications of pseudoscience and junk science in trauma practice. We argue that it is the professional and ethical responsibility of mental health practitioners to recognize scientific evidence and to conduct evidence-based trauma practice. With such knowledge, practitioners and service providers may be better equipped in the identification and avoidance of treatments with little or no scientific merit.
Crime Victims in The Swedish Social Services Act
Authors: Ljungwald Carina , Hollander Anna
Published: November 2011

This article is a legal analysis of the Swedish welfare statute and its application to crime victims. Specifically, it addresses a legal reform from 2001, when a new provision concerning crime victims was introduced in the Swedish Social Services Act (2001:453). The article raises policy issues, relating both to the limitations on the rights bestowed and the relationship between the various types of statutory provisions incorporated in the legislation. In particular, it focuses on the dichotomy between those provisions bestowing rights and those outlining goals. The main conclusion of the study is that the legal guidance regarding crime victims in the Social Services Act is vague, indistinct and contradictory. Additionally, section 5:11 does not change the legal responsibility of the Social Services towards crime victims, nor does it lead to the strengthening of the social rights of this group. Even the preparatory material indicates that the reform does not effect any legal changes. In addition, just like many other legal reforms for crime victims, very little supervision or enforcement mechanisms exist to ensure the application of the law.
Dealing with Stalking: Police Intervention or Court Decision?
Authors: Malsch Marijke , Groenen Anne , de Keijser Jan , Vervaeke Geert
Published: November 2011

Various European countries now have gained experience with stalking laws. Apart from a full trial, these laws sometimes also enable immediate interventions at the first signs of stalking. This article discusses such immediate interventions, and compares them with the situation in which the case has proceeded to the court. The Belgian and the Dutch stalking legislations, and how they are used in legal practice, serve as examples. Recent research has explored risk factors for violence accompanying stalking. This article discusses possibilities of using these risk factors for violence accompanying stalking cases, and for guiding decision making on the most promising intervention strategies for different types of suspects. The article ends with an assessment of the merits and disadvantages of the various intervention strategies.
“The Worst thing that Could Happen”: On Altruistic Fear of Crime
Authors: Heber Anita
Published: November 2011

Research into the fear of crime has almost exclusively focused on personal fear of crime. Very few studies have examined people's fear of crime as it relates to the safety or wellbeing of others, i.e. altruistic fear. In the few studies that have been conducted in this area, the findings indicate that people spend more time experiencing altruistic fear than personal fear. In this sense, altruistic fear may be considered more of a problem than personal fear. The objective of the present study is that of investigating the concern that a number of interview subjects feel for relatives and friends. The study is based on 20 in-depth interviews and eight pilot interviews conducted with men and women who live in Stockholm, Sweden. The interviewees describe how the worst thing they can imagine is their children or partners being subjected to crime. As a consequence of these fears, the interview subjects warn those who are close to them of the dangers of crime. Their altruistic fear can be understood as a reaction to situations that are unknown and difficult to control, since the interviewees do not know what might happen to the friends and relatives concerned. The focus of altruistic concerns seems to shift through the life course and there thus appears to be a life cycle effect on altruistic fear of crime. It is also possible that altruistic fear, like personal fear, constitutes an expression of the anxiety people feel about living in a risk society.
Criminal Victimisation in Greece and the Fear of Crime: A ‘Paradox’ for Interpretation
Authors: Zarafonitou Christina
Published: November 2011

The measurement of victimisation was rare and sporadic in Greeceuntil2005whenit was included in the EU International Crime Survey (EUICS). Many findings are highly interesting as for example those concerning corruption. There are also high ratings of feeling unsafe among the inhabitants of Greece, in particular those in Athens, in spite of the relatively low rates of their victimisation. This paper focuses on this point, trying to reveal the factors which could explain this ‘paradox’.
Identity Theft: Comparing Canadian and Mexican Students' Perceptions and Awareness and Risk of Victimization
Authors: Winterdyk John , Filipuzzi Nikki
Published: November 2011

While there is considerable descriptive information on identity theft and identity fraud originating from a few countries, there is a dearth of information about people's knowledge and awareness of identity theft and their potential risk of becoming a victim. This study measured the self-reported perception and awareness about the nature, risk and effects of identity theft and a variety of fraudulent behaviors among 104 Mexican and 360 Canadian post-secondary students. The findings indicate that overall the students were not well informed about identity theft and were not overly vigilant in protecting their personal identity information. However, there were some differences between the two groups. Based on the findings, general policy implications and educational strategies are offered to better combat identity theft within the respective countries studied. A number of suggestions for future research are also proposed.
When Winners Lose: On Legal Language
Authors: Zreik Raef
Published: November 2011

This paper tells the story of a Palestinian village inside Israel from which the entire population of Palestinian citizens of Israel was deported and prohibited from returning. By relating the story of this village I aim to shed light on the nature and limits of legal discourse, the nature of legal reasoning itself, and the mechanism through which law conceals traces of violence. A major theme that runs through the paper is the distinction between implicit rules that lie in the background, and explicit legal moves and actions that occupy the foreground or surface of legal language and discourse. I will argue that while background rules remain hidden and unspoken, they nonetheless dictate the result of court cases, without the affected parties being given an opportunity to challenge them openly. At the same time, the paper will also show how law attempts to cover up these traces, and how maintaining an appearance of universality forces it to do some critical work and to place certain limits on power. Though the paper discusses the Israeli legal system, it does not aim to make broad statements or generalizations about this system, and the cases presented here illuminate certain aspects of legal discourse in general.
The ‘Underdog’ as ‘Ideal Victim’? The Attribution of Victimhood in the 2007 Pet Food Recall
Authors: Fitzgerald Amy J.
Published: November 2011

Despite the increasing attention being paid to harm perpetrated against the environment and nonhuman animals within criminology, largely under the banner of ‘green criminology’, there has been little engagement with the victimology literature in researching and theorizing these forms of victimization. This paper uses the case of the 2007 pet food recall to demonstrate that an examination of harm perpetrated against nonhuman animals will require engaging with both the green criminological and victimological literatures. The findings of this study indicate that despite the popular cultural conceptualization of nonhuman animals as the ultimate ‘underdogs’ or ‘ideal victims’, their extreme level of vulnerability does not translate into the ascription of victimhood in newsprint media. This paper demonstrates that the bridging of green criminology and victimology provides a conceptual space to take seriously and theorize the ways in which animals are victimized and to illustrate how conceptualizations of victim and victimhood are socially, historically, and certainly species specific.