bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ASVCP guidelines: quality assurance for portable blood glucose meter (glucometer) use in veterinary medicine
Authors: Gerber Karen L. , Freeman Kathleen P.
Published: January 2016

Portable blood glucose meters (PBGM, glucometers) are a convenient, cost effective, and quick means to assess patient blood glucose concentration. The number of commercially available PBGM is constantly increasing, making it challenging to determine whether certain glucometers may have benefits over others for veterinary testing. The challenge in selection of an appropriate glucometer from a quality perspective is compounded by the variety of analytic methods used to quantify glucose concentrations and disparate statistical analysis in many published studies. These guidelines were developed as part of the ASVCP QALS committee response to establish recommendations to improve the quality of testing using point‐of‐care testing (POCT) handheld and benchtop devices in veterinary medicine. They are intended for clinical pathologists and laboratory professionals to provide them with background knowledge and specific recommendations for quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC), and to serve as a resource to assist the provision of advice to veterinarians and technicians to improve the quality of results obtained when using PBGM. These guidelines are not intended to be all‐inclusive; rather they provide a minimum standard for management of PBGM in the veterinary setting.
Comparison of the gene encoding, and the predicted amino acid composition of, platelet membrane receptor subunit glycoprotein Ibα in members of the family Felidae
Authors: Boudreaux Mary K. , Christopherson Pete W. , Blair Cori
Published: January 2016

Background

There is minimal information regarding platelet receptors in the family Felidae. Comparative studies assist with identifying amino acids critical for protein structure and function.

Objective

The purpose of the study was to compare the gene encoding, and the predicted amino acid composition of, platelet membrane receptor subunit GPIbα in Felidae family members.

Methods

Genomic DNA samples isolated from whole blood of 13 domestic cats and 50 big cats representing 8 different species were subjected to PCR using primers designed to flank the coding region of GPIbα in overlapping fashion. PCR products were separated via electrophoresis on agarose gels, and extracted products were submitted for sequencing. DNA sequences were used to predict the length and amino acid composition of the protein.

Results

Varying protein lengths were predicted in Felidae family members which were primarily due to polymorphisms in the variable number of tandem repeats region encoding the macroglycopeptide region of GPIbα. Other areas of the gene and predicted amino acid compositions were fairly conserved when compared to human sequences and between Felidae family members.

Conclusion

Various polymorphisms within GPIbα, including length variants encoding the macroglycopeptide region, were identified in members of the family Felidae. More studies are needed to determine if a correlation exists between various polymorphisms and predisposition for hemorrhage or thrombosis as suggested in people.
Clinical and immunological responses of dust mite sensitive, atopic dogs to treatment with sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT)
Authors: DeBoer Douglas J. , Verbrugge Maria , Morris Mary
Published: January 2016

Background

Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has been reported to be beneficial in people with atopic dermatitis (AD) and dust mite sensitivity. Evaluation of this therapy has not been reported in spontaneous canine AD.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to preliminarily evaluate the effectiveness of an established SLIT protocol, as used in human patients, in dogs with AD.

Animals

Ten dust mite sensitive dogs with spontaneous AD.

Methods

Dogs underwent a 6 month open trial of SLIT concurrently with decreasing dose oral methylprednisolone. Clinical evaluations and quantitative serum anti‐mite IgE and IgG levels were performed every 2 months.

Results

Mean methylprednisolone use from the first 2 months of the study to the final 2 months declined from 10.2 to 4.3 mg/kg/2 months (P < 0.001, Student's paired t‐test); at 6 months, four dogs required no oral corticosteroid administration. Over the course of the study, median Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI)‐03 scores declined from 76.5 to 59; median pruritus scores declined from 65 to 37 (P < 0.02 and P < 0.01, respectively; Wilcoxon signed‐rank test). Pre‐ and post‐SLIT intradermal test scores for mite allergen were not significantly different over time. Median Dermatophagoides farinae (DF)‐specific IgE levels declined significantly from 150.2 × 103 AU/mL to 3.6 × 103 AU/mL (P < 0.05). Concurrently, median DF‐specific IgG levels increased from 18.5 × 106 AU/mL to 3923.4 × 106AU/mL (P < 0.05; Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests).

Conclusions and clinical importance

SLIT treatment produced clinical improvement in dogs with dust mite‐associated AD and was associated with serological changes supporting this improvement. Further studies in larger numbers of dogs and those with polysensitization are warranted.
Severe anemia in cats with urethral obstruction: 17 cases (2002–2011)
Authors: Beer Kari Santoro , Drobatz Kenneth J.
Published: January 2016

Objective

To characterize clinical parameters of cats with severe anemia due to suspected urinary bladder hemorrhage associated with urethral obstruction.

Design

Retrospective case‐control study.

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Seventeen cats with urethral obstruction and severe anemia (group “UO‐A”) that required transfusion were identified via medical record database search. Thirty cats with urethral obstruction and mild or no anemia (group “UO”) were included as controls.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

The median PCV of all cases at presentation was 28% (range, 9%–47%). Seven cats had PCV ≤20% at presentation, and all transfused cats had PCV ≤20% at the time of transfusion. Three cats did not receive a transfusion despite PCV ≤18%. Cats in the UO‐A group had a significantly longer duration of clinical signs (P = 0.001), and were more likely to have a history of previous urethral obstruction (P = 0.011), have a heart murmur (P = 0.002), have a gallop rhythm (P = 0.005), and have lower blood pressure (P = 0.007) compared to those in the UO group. Additionally, UO‐A cats had significantly lower pH, more negative base excess, higher BUN, and higher creatinine compared to UO cats. Duration of urinary catheterization was significantly (P = 0.016) longer in UO‐A cats. All UO cats survived to discharge, whereas 4/17 (23.5%) UO‐A cats were euthanized (P = 0.013).

Conclusions

A history of previous urethral obstruction and longer duration of clinical signs may be important risk factors for severe anemia in UO cats. Additionally, UO‐A cats appeared to be more severely affected, as evidenced by lower blood pressure, more severe metabolic acidosis, higher BUN and creatinine, and worse outcome.
Persistent gross lipemia and suspected corneal lipidosis following intravenous lipid therapy in a cat with permethrin toxicosis
Authors: Seitz Marc A. , Burkitt‐Creedon Jamie M.
Published: January 2016

Objective

To describe the observation of persistent gross lipemia and suspected corneal lipidosis following intravenous lipid therapy (IVLT) in a cat with permethrin toxicosis.

Case Summary

A 5‐year‐old, spayed female, domestic short‐haired cat with permethrin toxicosis was treated with a high dose of IVLT as an adjunct treatment when it remained severely obtunded following traditional supportive care. The cat received intravenous 20% lipid emulsion as a 1.5 mL/kg bolus given over 10 minutes followed by a constant rate infusion of 0.25 mL/kg/min for 2 hours. The cat developed gross lipemia that persisted at least 48 hours after the single dose of IVLT. Changes consistent with corneal lipidosis were observed and resolved within 1 week after IVLT.

New or Unique Information Provided

This is the first report documenting the complications of persistent gross lipemia and suspected corneal lipidosis in a cat following IVLT. This report underscores the off‐label, experimental nature of IVLT as a treatment for intoxication in cats.
Retrospective comparison of thromboelastography results to postmortem evidence of thrombosis in critically ill dogs: 39 cases (2005–2010)
Authors: Thawley Vincent J. , Sánchez Melissa D. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , King Lesley G.
Published: January 2016

Objective

To determine whether there is an association between thromboelastography (TEG) data and necropsy evidence of thrombosis in a cohort of critically ill dogs.

Design

Retrospective study (2005–2010).

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Thirty‐nine client‐owned critically ill dogs for which TEG was performed within 7 days of complete necropsy.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

Thrombi were found in 26 (67%) dogs. Spayed females (n = 20) were significantly more likely to have thrombosis (P = 0.0127). No significant association was found between presence of thrombosis and any TEG parameter, the calculated coagulation index, results of coagulation testing, type of vascular access, or clinical diagnosis. D‐dimers were significantly higher in dogs with thrombosis (P = 0.0207) and a weak positive correlation was found between D‐dimer value and number of sites of thrombosis (ρ = 0.18, P = 0.0045). Dogs with WBC > 16 × 103/μL were more likely to have thrombosis compared to others (odds ratio 5.56, 95% confidence interval 1.2–25.7, P = 0.025).

Conclusions

This study found no association between any TEG parameter and the presence of thrombosis on postmortem examination.
Re‐evaluating the residual risk of transfusion‐transmitted Ross River virus infection
Authors: Seed C. R. , Hoad V. C. , Faddy H. M. , Kiely P. , Keller A. J. , Pink J.
Published: January 2016

Background and objectives

Ross River virus (RRV) is an enveloped, RNA alphavirus in the same antigenic group as chikungunya virus. Australia records an annual average of 5000 laboratory‐confirmed RRV infections. While RRV is currently geographically restricted to the Western Pacific, the capacity of arboviruses for rapid expansion is well established. The first case of RRV transfusion‐transmission was recently described prompting a comprehensive risk assessment.

Materials and methods

To estimate the RRV residual risk, we applied laboratory‐confirmed RRV notifications to two published models. This modelling generated point estimates for the risk of viraemia in the donor population, the risk of collecting a viraemic donation and the predicted number of infected components.

Results

The EUFRAT model estimated the risk of infection in donors as one in 95 039 (one in 311 328 to one in 32 399) to one in 14 943 (one in 48 593 to one in 5094). The point estimate for collecting a RRV viraemic donation varied from one in 166 486 (one in 659 078 to one in 49 158) (annualized national risk) to one in 26 117 (one in 103 628 to one in 7729) (area of high transmission). The modelling predicted 8–11 RRV‐infected labile blood components issued in Australia during a 1‐year period.

Conclusion

Considering the uncertainty in the modelled estimates, the unknown rate of RRV donor viraemia and the low severity of any recipient RRV infection, additional risk management for RRV in Australia will initially be restricted to strengthening the messaging to donors regarding prompt reporting of any postdonation illnesses.
FEASIBILITY FOR USING HYPOFRACTIONATED STEREOTACTIC VOLUMETRIC MODULATED ARC RADIOTHERAPY (VMAT) WITH ADAPTIVE PLANNING FOR TREATMENT OF THYMOMA IN RABBITS: 15 CASES
Authors: Dolera Mario , Malfassi Luca , Mazza Giovanni , Urso Gaetano , Sala Massimo , Marcarini Silvia , Carrara Nancy , Pavesi Simone , Finesso Sara , Kent Michael S.
Published: January 2016

Thymoma is a relatively common tumor in rabbits. Treatment with surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy alone or in combination has been reported with varying outcomes. Stereotactic volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy delivered in a hypofractionated manner allows high doses of radiation to be delivered to the target volume while allowing sparing of adjacent critical structures. This therapy is ideally suited for thymomas in rabbits given their size, the difficulty of multiple anesthesia episodes and the complexity of the radiotherapy plans required due to the tumor's proximity to the heart, lungs, and mediastinal structures. Fifteen rabbits with thymoma were prospectively recruited for this observational, single institution, single arm clinical study. All rabbits were imaged with both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A total dose of 40 Gy in six fractions was delivered using a single arc over an 11‐day period with repeat CT simulation done every other fraction for adaptive planning. Follow‐up evaluation was done through repeat CT and MRI imaging and revealed complete responses using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) criteria. Two rabbits had died at 618 and 718 days, 10 were alive and three were lost to follow‐up. Observed acute and late effects were graded according to the Veterinary Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (VRTOG) criteria and were found to be minimal.
ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED INJECTIONS IN HORSES WITH CRANIOVENTRAL DISTENSION OF THE COXOFEMORAL JOINT CAPSULE: FEASIBILITY FOR A CRANIOVENTRAL APPROACH
Authors: Whitcomb Mary Beth , Vaughan Betsy , Katzman Scott , Hersman Jake
Published: January 2016

Intrasynovial access to the equine coxofemoral joint (CFJ) is inherently challenging. Blind injection techniques rely upon inconsistently palpable landmarks, and ultrasound guidance requires expertise for needle placement into the coxofemoral articulation. Aspiration is recommended to confirm intrasynovial placement and avoid sciatic nerve anesthesia. The aim of this observational, descriptive, retrospective study was to evaluate the feasibility for an alternative ultrasound‐guided approach in horses with cranioventral distention of the CFJ identified during pelvic ultrasound. Thirteen horses with cranioventral CFJ distention, including 12 with severe pathology, were recruited from 2009 to 2014. Seven were excluded as they were not injected or underwent ultrasound‐guided injection using a dorsal approach. The remaining six horses underwent a total of nine injections into the cranioventral recess. With the exception of one foal, all were aged horses (15–29 years) of varying breeds and uses, with prominent lameness due to subluxation (three), luxation (two), and severe osteoarthritis (one). The cranioventral recess was imaged adjacent to the proximal femur using a low‐frequency curvilinear transducer placed ventral to the cranial joint margins. Using aseptic technique, spinal needles were placed cranial to the transducer and advanced caudomedially into the distended cranioventral recess. Synovial fluid was retrieved in all cases with one needle placement. Findings indicated that, when distended, ultrasound‐guided access to the cranioventral CFJ recess is a feasible alternative approach and may reduce the potential for extra‐synovial placement. Distention in this sample of horses was accompanied by severe pathology, also supporting the use of this approach for therapeutic interventions.
An Alternative, Direct Approach for Arthroscopic Removal of Osteochondral Fragments in the Dorsal Pouch of the Proximal Intertarsal Joint of Horses
Authors: Compagnie Ellen , Drumm Niklas J. , de Heer Natascha , ter Braake Frerik
Published: January 2016

Objective

To describe an alternative technique and resulting outcomes for arthroscopic removal of osteochondral (OC) fragments from the proximal intertarsal joint (PIJ) using a direct approach without resection of the membrane between the tarsocrural joint (TCJ) and the PIJ.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Client owned horses (n = 11) with Category 1 OC fragments in the PIJ.

Methods

Arthroscopic examination of the dorsal pouch of the TCJ was performed with horses positioned in dorsal recumbency using routine portals. A hook probe placed through one of the standard portals was used to lift the edge of the communication between TCJ and PIJ to help pass the arthroscope into the PIJ from the opposite standard portal. A third direct portal into the PIJ was created under arthroscopic visualization, and loose OC fragments (Category 1) were removed using the direct portal. Medical records, race records, and owner surveys were reviewed for case details and outcome.

Results

The described technique allowed removal of all fragments in all 11 cases. No complications associated with the procedure were observed. Of the 9 horses with long term follow‐up available, 7 were used as intended (4/4 riding horses, 3/5 racehorses). Two horses did not enter an athletic career because of reasons unrelated to fragment removal.

Conclusion

A direct approach for arthroscopic removal of OC fragments of the PIJ using a third portal into this joint, without resection of the membrane between the TCJ and PIJ is a good alternative for removal of fragments at this site.
Long Term Outcome of Conservative Management or Surgical Treatment of Bovine Spastic Paresis: 79 Cases
Authors: De Vlamynck Caroline , Pille Frederik , Vlaminck Lieven
Published: January 2016

Objective

To report the long term clinical outcome of calves treated surgically or managed conservatively for bovine spastic paresis of the gastrocnemius (BSP‐G), quadriceps femoris muscle (BSP‐Q), or mixed muscle involvement (BSP‐M).

Study Design

Retrospective case study.

Animals

Calves (n = 79) with bovine spastic paresis.

Methods

Medical records of calves treated by partial tibial neurectomy or managed conservatively for bovine spastic paresis were analyzed for sex, breed, lineage history, and the onset, duration, and severity of clinical signs. Cases were classified as unilateral or bilateral BSP‐G, BSP‐Q, or BSP‐M. Long term follow‐up information was obtained by telephone questionnaire.

Results

The study group included 26 BSP‐G (33%), 16 BSP‐Q (20%), and 37 BSP‐M (47%) calves. BSP‐M and BSP‐Q calves were significantly more bilaterally affected compared to BSP‐G calves. Twenty‐five of 26 BSP‐G calves were treated surgically; 86% had complete resolution of clinical signs. Twenty‐nine of 37 BSP‐M calves were treated surgically; 81.5% improved, but none completely recovered. In all of the conservatively managed BSP‐M calves, clinical signs gradually worsened. None of the BSP‐Q calves were treated surgically; in 66.7%, clinical signs gradually worsened and 33.3% of calves spontaneously improved.

Conclusion

Partial tibial neurectomy is advocated for the treatment of BSP‐G and in selected cases of BSP‐M. However, only partial resolution of clinical signs should be expected for BSP‐M. No surgical treatment exists for BSP‐Q calves, although spontaneous improvement is possible.
Surgical Management of Omphalophlebitis and Long Term Outcome in Calves: 39 Cases (2008–2013)
Authors: Marchionatti Emma , Nichols Sylvain , Babkine Marie , Fecteau Gilles , Francoz David , Lardé Hélène , Desrochers André
Published: January 2016

Objective

To describe and evaluate the surgical management of omphalophlebitis and to report the short and long term outcomes in calves.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Calves (n = 39).

Methods

Medical records (2008–2013) of calves diagnosed with omphalophlebitis and that underwent surgical correction were reviewed. Short term (hospital discharge) and long term (≥6 months after surgery) survival rates were obtained. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population and a Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the relationship between clinical signs, surgical management, and outcome.

Results

Thirty‐nine calves (median age 30 days) were included in the study. Eleven calves had septic arthritis associated with omphalophlebitis and 18 had evidence of liver abscesses on ultrasound. Complete surgical en bloc resection was achieved in 18 calves and umbilical vein marsupialization was performed on the other 21 calves. Thirty‐five calves were discharged from the hospital and long term followup was obtained for 30 of them. Twenty‐nine animals were performing according to the owner's expectation at least 6 months after surgery (14 for marsupialization and 15 for en bloc resection). A better prognosis was detected when en bloc resection was performed (100% survival); however, when marsupialization was performed, the prognosis was good (74%;P = .05). Septic arthritis had a significant negative effect on overall survival (P < .001).

Conclusion

The overall survival is good with both surgical options, and even calves with liver involvement and septic arthritis associated can be successfully treated with a combination of long term antibiotics and umbilical vein marsupialization.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound to Predict the Location of Solitary Hepatic Masses in Dogs
Authors: Wormser Chloe , Reetz Jennifer A. , Giuffrida Michelle A.
Published: January 2016

Objective

To determine the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of ultrasonography for localizing hepatic masses in dogs and to identify patient factors associated with diagnostic accuracy.

Study Design

Retrospective cross‐sectional study.

Animals

Client‐owned dogs (n = 137).

Methods

Medical records of dogs diagnosed with a solitary hepatic mass on abdominal ultrasound and confirmed by laparotomy or laparoscopy were reviewed. Location of the mass predicted by ultrasound was compared to mass location identified at surgery. Ultrasound exams were performed by or under the supervision of a board certified radiologist. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were calculated. Patient factors associated with accurate localization were identified using logistic regression.

Results

Ultrasound correctly localized liver masses in 71/137 dogs (51.8%). The sensitivity of ultrasound localization was 55% for left and right division masses and 29% for central division masses. The specificity was 98% for left division masses, 87% for central division masses, and 89% for right division masses. Correct localization was 3.2 times more likely when the mass arose from the right or left division compared to the central division (odds ratio [OR] 3.2; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.1, 9.0;P = .030). Correct localization was significantly less likely when diffuse or multifocal hepatic disease was present (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.15, 0.70;P = .004).

Conclusion

Ultrasound was specific but not sensitive for localizing hepatic masses, and localization accuracy was influenced by mass location and the presence of concurrent liver pathology. These findings should be taken into consideration by veterinary surgeons using ultrasound examination to guide patient treatment and surgical planning.
A systematic review of low‐level light therapy for treatment of diabetic foot ulcer
Authors: Tchanque‐Fossuo Catherine N. , Ho Derek , Dahle Sara E. , Koo Eugene , Li Chin‐Shang , Isseroff R. Rivkah , Jagdeo Jared
Published: January 2016

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant international health concern affecting more than 387 million individuals. A diabetic person has a 25% lifetime risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), leading to limb amputation in up to one in six DFU patients. Low‐level light therapy (LLLT) uses low‐power lasers or light‐emitting diodes to alter cellular function and molecular pathways, and may be a promising treatment for DFU. The goal of this systematic review is to examine whether the clinical use of LLLT is effective in the healing of DFU at 12 and 20 weeks in comparison with the standard of care, and to provide evidence‐based recommendation and future clinical guidelines for the treatment of DFU using LLLT. On September 30, 2015, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases using the following terms: “diabetic foot” AND “low level light therapy,” OR “light emitting diode,” OR “phototherapy,” OR “laser.” The relevant articles that met the following criteria were selected for inclusion: randomized control trials (RCTs) that investigated the use of LLLT for treatment of DFU. Four RCTs involving 131 participants were suitable for inclusion based upon our criteria. The clinical trials used sham irriadiation, low dose, or nontherapeutic LLLT as placebo or control in comparison to LLLT. The endpoints included ulcer size and time to complete healing with follow‐up ranging from 2 to 16 weeks. Each article was assigned a level of evidence (LOE) and graded according to the Oxford Center for Evidence‐based Medicine Levels of Evidence Grades of Recommendation criteria. Limitations of reviewed RCTs include a small sample size (N < 100), unclear allocation concealment, lack of screening phase to exclude rapid healers, unclear inclusion/exclusion criteria, short (<30 days) follow‐up period, and unclear treatment settings (wavelength and treatment time). However, all reviewed RCTs demonstrated therapeutic outcomes with no adverse events using LLLT for treatment of DFU. This systematic review reports that LLLT has significant potential to become a portable, minimally invasive, easy‐to‐use, and cost effective modality for treatment of DFU. To enthusiastically recommend LLLT for treatment of DFU, additional studies with comparable laser parameters, screening period to exclude rapid healers, larger sample sizes and longer follow‐up periods are required. We envision future stringent RCTs may validate LLLT for treatment of DFU. Systematic review registration number: PROSPERO CRD42015029825.
Statins may be associated with six‐week diabetic foot ulcer healing
Authors: Fox Joshua D. , Baquerizo‐Nole Katherine L. , Macquhae Flor , Herskovitz Ingrid , Freedman Jeremy B. , Vileikyte Loretta , Margolis David J. , Kirsner Robert S.
Published: January 2016

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) affect 1.5 million Americans annually, of which only a minority heal with standard care, and they commonly lead to amputation. To improve care, investigations are underway to better understand DFU pathogenesis and develop more effective therapies. Some currently used medications may improve healing. One small, randomized clinical trial found statins improve DFU healing. In this secondary analysis of a large multisite prospective observational cohort of 139 patients with DFUs receiving standard care, we investigated whether there was an association between 6‐week DFU wound size reduction and use of a variety of medications including alpha‐blockers, beta‐blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and statins. We found no significant (p < 0.05) association between six‐week wound reduction and use of any of the evaluated drugs; however, statins did trend toward an association (p = 0.057). This suggests a potential benefit of statins on DFU healing, and larger, targeted studies are warranted.
Microsensor and transcriptomic signatures of oxygen depletion in biofilms associated with chronic wounds
Authors: James Garth A. , Ge Zhao Alice , Usui Marcia , Underwood Robert A. , Nguyen Hung , Beyenal Haluk , deLancey Pulcini Elinor , Agostinho Hunt Alessandra , Bernstein Hans C. , Fleckman Philip , Olerud John , Williamson Kerry S. , Franklin Michael J. , Stewart Philip S.
Published: January 2016

Biofilms have been implicated in delayed wound healing, although the mechanisms by which biofilms impair wound healing are poorly understood. Many species of bacteria produce exotoxins and exoenzymes that may inhibit healing. In addition, oxygen consumption by biofilms and by the responding leukocytes, may impede wound healing by depleting the oxygen that is required for healing. In this study, oxygen microsensors to measure oxygen transects through in vitro cultured biofilms, biofilms formed in vivo within scabs from a diabetic (db/db) mouse wound model, and ex vivo human chronic wound specimens was used. The results showed that oxygen levels within mouse scabs had steep gradients that reached minima ranging from 17 to 72 mmHg on live mice and from 6.4 to 1.1 mmHg on euthanized mice. The oxygen gradients in the mouse scabs were similar to those observed for clinical isolates cultured in vitro and for human ex vivo specimens. To characterize the metabolic activities of the bacteria in the mouse scabs, transcriptomics analyses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms associated with the db/db mice wounds was performed. The results demonstrated that the bacteria expressed genes for metabolic activities associated with cell growth. Interestingly, the transcriptome results also indicated that the bacteria within the wounds experienced oxygen‐limitation stress. Among the bacterial genes that were expressed in vivo were genes associated with the Anr‐mediated hypoxia‐stress response. Other bacterial stress response genes highly expressed in vivo were genes associated with stationary‐phase growth, osmotic stress, and RpoH‐mediated heat shock stress. Overall, the results supported the hypothesis that bacterial biofilms in chronic wounds promote chronicity by contributing to the maintenance of localized low oxygen tensions, through their metabolic activities and through their recruitment of cells that consume oxygen for host defensive processes.
Collagen structural alterations contribute to stiffening of tissue after split‐thickness skin grafting
Authors: Rosin Nicole L. , Agabalyan Natacha , Olsen Katherine , Martufi Giampaol , Gabriel Vincent , Biernaskie Jeff , Di Martino Elena S.
Published: January 2016

The gold standard treatment for full thickness injuries of the skin is autologous split‐thickness skin grafting. This involves harvesting the epidermis and superficial dermis from healthy skin and transplanting it onto the prepared wound bed. The donor site regenerates spontaneously, but the appendages and cellular components from the dermal layer are excluded from the graft. As a result, the new tissue is inferior; the healed graft site is dry/itchy, has decreased elasticity, increased fragility, and altered sensory function. Because this dermal layer is composed of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins, the aim was to characterize the changes in the dermal collagen after split thickness grafting that could contribute to a deficit in functionality. This will serve as a baseline for future studies designed to improve skin function using pharmacological or cell‐based therapies for skin repair. A xenograft model whereby human split‐thickness grafts were implanted into full‐thickness defects on immunocompromised (athymic Nu/Nu) mice was used. The grafts were harvested 4 and 8 weeks later. The collagen microstructure was assessed with second harmonic generation with dual‐photon microscopy and light polarization analysis. Collagen fiber stiffness and engagement stretch were estimated by fitting the results of biaxial mechanical tensile tests to a histo‐mechanical constitutive model. The stiffness of the collagen fibril–proteoglycan complex increased from 682 ± 226 kPa/sr to 1016 ± 324 kPa/sr between 4 and 8 weeks postgrafting. At the microstructural level there were significant decreases in both thickness of collagen fibers (3.60 ± 0.34 μm vs. 2.10 ± 0.27 μm) and waviness ratio (2.04 ± 0.17 vs. 1.43 ± 0.08) of the collagen fibers postgrafting. The decrease of the macroscopic engagement stretch from 1.19 ± 0.11 to 1.09 ± 0.08 over time postgrafting mirrored the decrease in waviness measured at the microscopic level. This suggested that the integrity of the collagen fibers was compromised and contributed to the functional deficit of the skin postgrafting.
Substance P enhances EPC mobilization for accelerated wound healing
Authors: Um Jihyun , Jung Nunggum , Chin Sukbum , Cho Younggil , Choi Sanghyuk , Park Ki‐Sook
Published: January 2016

Wound healing is essential for the survival and tissue homeostasis of unicellular and multicellular organisms. The current study demonstrated that the neuropeptide substance P (SP) accelerated the wound healing process, particularly in the skin. Subcutaneous treatment of SP accelerated wound closing, increased the population of α‐smooth muscle actin positive myofibroblasts, and increased extracellular matrix deposition at the wound site. Moreover, SP treatment enhances angiogenesis without a local increase in the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and stromal cell‐derived factor‐1. Importantly, SP treatment increased both the population of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in the peripheral blood and in CD31 positive cells in Matrigel plugs. The tube forming potential of endothelial cells was also enhanced by SP treatment. The results suggested that the subcutaneous injection of SP accelerated the wound healing in the skin via better reconstitution of blood vessels, which possibly followed an increase in the systemic mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells and a more effective assembly of endothelial cells into tubes.
PLGA based drug delivery systems: Promising carriers for wound healing activity
Authors: Chereddy Kiran Kumar , Vandermeulen Gaëlle , Préat Véronique
Published: January 2016

Wound treatment remains one of the most prevalent and economically burdensome healthcare issues in the world. Current treatment options are limited and require repeated administrations which led to the development of new therapeutics to satisfy the unmet clinical needs. Many potent wound healing agents were discovered but most of them are fragile and/or sensitive to in vivo conditions. Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a widely used biodegradable polymer approved by food and drug administration and European medicines agency as an excipient for parenteral administrations. It is a well‐established drug delivery system in various medical applications. The aim of the current review is to elaborate the applications of PLGA based drug delivery systems carrying different wound healing agents and also present PLGA itself as a wound healing promoter. PLGA carriers encapsulating drugs such as antibiotics, anti‐inflammatory drugs, proteins/peptides, and nucleic acids targeting various phases/signaling cycles of wound healing, are discussed with examples. The combined therapeutic effects of PLGA and a loaded drug on wound healing are also mentioned.
Are Type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of cerebellar ataxia?
Authors: Power Emmet M. , English Natalya A. , Empson Ruth M.
Published: January 2016

The cerebellum is a key brain structure for accurate coordination of sensory and motor function. Compared with other brain regions, the cerebellum expresses a particularly high level of Type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1). In this review we aim to explore the significance of these receptors for cerebellar synapse function and their potential for treating cerebellar ataxia, a poorly treated degenerative motor disorder that is often hereditary. We find a significant and historical literature showing pivotal mechanisms linking mGluR1 activity with healthy cerebellar synaptic function and motor coordination. This is best illustrated by the impaired motor behaviour in mGluR1 knockout mice that bears strong resemblance to human ataxias. More recent literature also indicates that an imbalance of mGluR1 signalling is as critical as its removal. Too much, as well as too little, mGluR1 activity contributes to ataxia in several clinically relevant mouse models, and perhaps also in humans. Given the availability and ongoing refinement of selective pharmacological tools to either reduce (negative allosteric modulation) or boost (positive allosteric modulation) mGluR1 activity, our findings suggest that pharmacological manipulation of these receptors should be explored as an exciting new approach for the treatment of a variety of human cerebellar ataxias.

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Proton detection and breathing regulation by the retrotrapezoid nucleus
Authors: Guyenet Patrice G. , Bayliss Douglas A. , Stornetta Ruth L. , Ludwig Marie‐Gabrielle , Kumar Natasha N. , Shi Yingtang , Burke Peter G. R. , Kanbar Roy , Basting Tyler M. , Holloway Benjamin B. , Wenker Ian C.
Published: January 2016

We discuss recent evidence which suggests that the principal central respiratory chemoreceptors are located within the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and that RTN neurons are directly sensitive to [H+]. RTN neurons are glutamatergic. In vitro, their activation by [H+] requires expression of a proton‐activated G protein‐coupled receptor (GPR4) and a proton‐modulated potassium channel (TASK‐2) whose transcripts are undetectable in astrocytes and the rest of the lower brainstem respiratory network. The pH response of RTN neurons is modulated by surrounding astrocytes but genetic deletion of RTN neurons or deletion of both GPR4 and TASK‐2 virtually eliminates the central respiratory chemoreflex. Thus, although this reflex is regulated by innumerable brain pathways, it seems to operate predominantly by modulating the discharge rate of RTN neurons, and the activation of RTN neurons by hypercapnia may ultimately derive from their intrinsic pH sensitivity. RTN neurons increase lung ventilation by stimulating multiple aspects of breathing simultaneously. They stimulate breathing about equally during quiet wake and non‐rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and to a lesser degree during REM sleep. The activity of RTN neurons is regulated by inhibitory feedback and by excitatory inputs, notably from the carotid bodies. The latter input operates during normo‐ or hypercapnia but fails to activate RTN neurons under hypocapnic conditions. RTN inhibition probably limits the degree of hyperventilation produced by hypocapnic hypoxia. RTN neurons are also activated by inputs from serotonergic neurons and hypothalamic neurons. The absence of RTN neurons probably underlies the sleep apnoea and lack of chemoreflex that characterize congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.

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A Linear Time-Variant (LTV) Ionic-Polymer-Metal-Composite (IPMC) Electrical Model With Effects of Capacitors and Resistors
Authors: Chang Yi-Chu , Kim Won-Jong
Published: January 2016

For the development and application of various robots, researchers have been looking for adequate materials for external structures and actuators. Ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC), is a type of ionic electroactive polymer (EAP), and this material can exhibit large deflection with low external voltages (∼5 V). This smart material can work in an aquatic environment without the impact from the aquatic pressure, so a swimming robot is one of popular applications of IPMC. Recently, several models in various methods have been found to simulate output deflection. For example, some typical models based on cantilever beams or system identification tools have been used to provide models of IPMC systems. In this paper, however, an electrical model with equivalent passive elements based on existing internal properties is introduced in order to model the system directly. On the other hand, the surface metallic electrodes and the internal Nafion® membrane can be modeled as equivalent resistors according to the properties. Finally, a novel linear time-variant (LTV) modeling method that is different from conventional models is introduced and applied to an IPMC electrical model, built on the basis of the internal environment such as surface resistance, thickness, and water distribution related to the unique working principle of IPMC. Eventually, most of the equivalent elements will change with time in operation, so this electrical model will be revised and describe the entire system more accurately.
Prototype Angle Domain Repetitive Control: Design and Robustness
Authors: Li Perry Y.
Published: January 2016

Angle-domain repetitive disturbances refer to disturbances that are periodic in a generic angle variable which is monotonically increasing with time but not uniformly. This paper extends the classical prototype repetitive control methodology for time periodic disturbances to this situation. Instead of using an internal model approach to derive the control, an affine parameterization approach is adopted which reduces the control design methodology to one of estimating and canceling the disturbance. While the resulting control architectures are similar to the classical time-domain periodic case, the stability conditions are different and depend on the choice of signal norms. Compensator design for non-minimum phase plants also need to be modified. Robustness is also considered in the L2 setting and an affine Q-filter concept is introduced to achieve robust stability.
Performances of Energy-Harvesting Shock Absorbers on Various Types of Vehicles
Authors: Guo Sijing , Xu Lin , Liu Yilun , Guo Xuexun , Zuo Lei
Published: January 2016

Energy-Harvesting Shock Absorber (EHSA), as a large-scale energy-harvesting mechanism for recovering suspension vibration energy, has been studied for years. A design of the regenerative shock absorber with Mechanical Motion Rectifier (MMR) has been proved to be more reliable and efficient. This paper reports a comprehensive study of the influence of MMR-based Energy-Harvesting Shock Absorber (MMR-EHSA) on vehicle dynamics performances. Models of MMR-EHSA and vehicle with MMR-EHSA with two degrees of freedom are created. Simulations are conducted on five typical vehicles, including passenger car, bus and three types of trucks. The ride characteristics of comfort, road handling and energy recovery are evaluated on these vehicles under various MMR rotational inertia and harvesting damping. The simulation results show that MMR-EHSA is able to improve both the ride comfort and road handling simultaneously under certain conditions over the traditional shock absorbers, which broadens our knowledge of MMR-EHSA’s applicable scenarios.
Sensor Fusion for Vibration Suppression Implemented on Arduino and Raspberry Pi
Authors: Krauss Ryan W.
Published: January 2016

Arduino microcontrollers are popular and easy-to-program and can be a great option for student-owned control hardware or other embedded control applications. This paper investigates whether or not an Arduino microcontroller has the computational power to implement a sensor fusion observer/controller for vibration suppression of a slewing beam. An additional approach based on combining the Arduino with a Raspberry Pi is also investigated.

Somewhat surprisingly, an Arduino microcontroller is experimentally shown to be capable of implementing a sensor fusion observer and state-space controller for a system with seven states. The floating-point matrix calculations are completed in roughly 2 milli-seconds, implying that real-time feedback control could have update frequencies in the range of 100–400 Hz. Additionally, sensor fusion leads to slight performance improvements over using just one sensor.
Adaptive Robust Cascade Force Control of 1-DOF Joint Exoskeleton for Human Performance Augmentation
Authors: Chen Shan , Yao Bin , Chen Zheng , Zhu Xiaocong , Zhu Shiqiang
Published: January 2016

The control objective of exoskeleton for human performance augmentation is to minimize the human machine interaction force while carrying external loads and following human motion. This paper addresses the dynamics and the interaction force control of a 1-DOF hydraulically actuated joint exoskeleton. A spring with unknown stiffness is used to model the human-machine interface. A cascade force control method is adopted with high-level controller generating the reference position command while low level controller doing motion tracking. Adaptive robust control (ARC) algorithm is developed for both two controllers to deal with the effect of parametric uncertainties and uncertain nonlinearities of the system. The proposed adaptive robust cascade force controller can achieve small human-machine interaction force and good robust performance to model uncertainty which have been validated by experiment.
Control of Rotary Steerable Toolface in Directional Drilling
Authors: Vadali Madhu , Xue Yuzhen , Song Xingyong , Dykstra Jason
Published: January 2016

This paper presents a detailed mathematical model of a rotary steerable drilling system (RSS) that adopts hydro-electromechanical devices to generate bending torque in adjusting the toolface (TF). Key requirements of RSS are to adjust the TF promptly to track the TF command, to maintain the TF in presence of the external disturbances, and to do so during the drilling process. Accordingly, a controller with a fast response time and effective disturbance rejection capability is desired for the RSS. The complexity and non-linearities of the RSS creates additional challenges to the controller design. This paper describes a simple and effective controller scheme that is designed based on the analysis of the system’s dynamics model. By decoupling the disturbances, physical state feedback, and non-linearities, the RSS can be controlled by using a simple and effective proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller with the desired performance. The simulation results show that the proposed controller is effective against the disturbance and the variations of the parameters.
Is it Economical to Ignore the Driver? A Case Study on Multimode Combustion
Authors: Nüesch Sandro P. , Stefanopoulou Anna G.
Published: January 2016

Ignoring the driver’s torque command can be beneficial for fuel economy, especially if it leads to extended residence time at efficient operating conditions. We answered this question for a particular engine, which allows mode switches between spark ignition (SI) and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion. When operating such a multimode combustion engine it might be required to defer a load command outside the feasible regime of one combustion mode until a mode switch is accomplished. The resulting delays in engine torque response might negatively affect vehicle performance and drivability. In this paper a longitudinal vehicle model is presented, which incorporates dynamics associated with SI/HCCI mode switching. Two exemplary supervisory control strategies were evaluated in terms of fuel economy and torque behavior. It was seen that the duration of a mode switch may be short enough to avoid substantial impairment in torque response. This in turn would lead to the opportunity of purposefully ignoring the driver command. Thereby, the residence time in the beneficial HCCI combustion regime is prolonged and fuel-expensive mode switching avoided. The result is a trade-off between torque deviation and improvements in fuel economy. Finally, based on this trade-off the supervisory control strategy relying on a short-term prediction of engine load was seen to achieve similar fuel economy with slightly improved torque response than a strategy without prediction.
Vibrations of Curved and Twisted Beam
Authors: Zhao Yiming , Dykstra Jason D.
Published: January 2016

This paper studies the vibration of beams in 3D space with arbitrary shape. Based on results from differential geometry of curves, a set of beam vibration dynamics equations is developed, comprising six partial differential equations (PDE). The beam dynamics equations account for both the in-plane and out-of-plane beam vibrations simultaneously. In addition, the equations explicitly capture the coupling between different vibration mode types, which occur when the beam exhibits geometric irregularities such as bending, torsion, and twisting. The proposed beam dynamics equations are solved numerically. Comparison between experimental results and numerical results obtained by solving the PDEs proposed in this paper shows a good match for in-plane and out-of-plane curved beam vibrations.