bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of NRCS synthetic unit hydrograph and Wackermann conceptual model in the simulation of a flood wave in an uncontrolled catchment/ Zastosowanie syntetycznego hydrogramu jednostkowego NRCS oraz konceptualnego modelu Wackermana do symulacji fali wezbraniowej w zlewni niekontrolowanej
Authors: Pietrusiewicz Izabela , Cupak Agnieszka , Wałęga Andrzej , Michalec Bogusław
Published: May 2015

The paper presents the results of using two models: a conceptual model of Wackermann and a NRCS-UH synthetic unit hydrograph, for flow calculation in uncontrolled catchment of the Słonka, Poland. These models were chosen because of simplicity of models’ parameters evaluation, what is important from engineering calculation point of view. Flows with the probability of exceed amounting to 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% and for different levels of the catchment moisture were evaluated.

The flood waves generated in the Wackermann model were characterized by a short duration (over 2 hours), shorter concentration time (about 1 hour), and by about 70% higher peak flow values than those generated using the NRCS-UH method. A common feature of both methods were higher values of peak flows for the third level of the catchment moisture, as compared to the second level. It is also worth noticing that in both methods no flood wave was generated for the probabilities of 10, 20 and 50% and for the second level of the catchment moisture. It was assumed that hydrographs made with use Wackermann model better describe flood wave in mountain river, which Słonka is.
Low-energy electron transmission for the analysis of the interface barrier formation and the density of the unoccupied electronic states in the ultra-thin layers of fluorinated copper-phthalocyanine
Authors: Komolov A. S. , Lazneva E. F. , Akhremtchik S. N. , Gerasimova N. B. , Pshenichnyuk S. A.
Published: May 2015

The interfacial structure made from the thermally deposited 5 – 7 nm thick layers of hexadecafluoro copper phthalocyanine (F
Simulation of circulating fluidized bed gasification for characteristic study of pakistani coal
Authors: Ramzan Naveed , Athar Muhammad , Begum Sharmina , Ahmad Syed Waqas , Naveed Shahid
Published: May 2015

A process model for turbulent pressurized circulating fluidized-bed coal gasifier is created using ASPEN PLUS software. Both hydrodynamic and reaction kinetics parameter are taken into account, whose expressions for fluidized bed are adopted from the literature. Various reactor models available in ASPEN PLUS with calculator as External Block are nested to solve hydrodynamics and kinetics. Multiple operational parameters for a pilot-plant circulating fluidized-bed coal gasifier are used to demonstrate the effects on coal gasification characteristics. This paper presents detailed information regarding the simulation model, including robust analysis of the effect of stoichiometric ratio, steam to coal ratio, gasification temperature and gasification agent temperature. It is observed that, with the increase in the flow rate of air, the components hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and methane reduce, which causes the Lower Heating Value (LHV) of synthesis gas (Syn. Gas) to decrease by about 29.3%, while increment in the steam flow rate shows a minute increase in heating value of only 0.8%. Stoichiometric ratio has a direct relationship to carbon conversion efficiency and carbon dioxide production. Increasing the steam to coal ratio boosts the production of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and causes a drop in both carbon dioxide concentration and the conversion efficiency of carbon. High gasifying agent temperature is desired because of high concentration of CO and H2, increasing carbon conversion and LHV. A high gasifying agent temperature is the major factor that affects the coal gasification to enhance H2 and CO production rapidly along with other gasification characteristics.
Complex Interventional Treatment of Extensive Consequences of Necrotizing Pancreatitis - Case Report
Authors: Jagielski Mateusz , Smoczyński Marian , Studniarek Michał , Śledziński Zbigniew , Adrych Krystian
Published: May 2015

The paper presents description of the effective treatment of patients with extensive consequences of necrotizing pancreatitis. The strategy of treatment was to extend access to necrotic areas („step-up approach”). Applied endoscopic transmural access (transgastric), percutaneous access (transperitoneal) and surgical access. The cooperation endoscopist, surgeon and interventional radiologist gave very beneficial clinical effects in patients with extensive complications of acute pancreatitis.
Expression of VPAC1 receptor at the level of mRNA and protein in the porcine female reproductive system
Authors: Bukowski R. , Wąsowicz K.
Published: May 2015

The presence and distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) receptor VPAC1 was studied in the ovary, oviduct and uterus (uterine horn and cervix) of the domestic pig using methods of molecular biology (RT-PCR and immunoblot) and immunohistochemistry.

The expression of VPAC1 receptor at mRNA level was confirmed with RT-PCR in all the studied parts of the porcine female reproductive system by the presence of 525 bp PCR product and at the level of proteins by the detection of 46 kDa protein band in immunoblot. Immunohistochemical stainings revealed the cellular distribution of VPAC1 receptor protein. In the ovary it was present in the wall of arterial blood vessels, as well as in the ovarian follicles of different stages. In the tubular organs the VPAC1 receptor immunohistochemical stainings were observed in the wall of the arterial blood vessels, in the muscular membrane, as well as in the mucosal epithelium.

The study confirmed the presence of VPAC1 receptor in the tissues of the porcine female reproductive tract what clearly shows the possibility of influence of VIP on the porcine ovary, oviduct and uterus.
Analysis of Genetic Parameters on Ethiopian Mustard (Brassica Carinata A. Braun) Genotypes in Northwestern Ethiopia
Authors: Walle Tesfaye , Wakjira Adugna , Mulualem Tewodros
Published: May 2015

This study was carried out with the objective to estimate the genotypic variability and other yield related traits of Ethiopian mustard in North West Ethiopia. A total of 36 genotypes of Ethiopian mustard were considered for this study. Analysis of variance was computed to contrast the variability within the collected genotypes based on yield and other yield related traits. The results revealed highly significant values(p<0.01) for days to maturity, grain filling period, number of pod per plot, secondary branches per plant, harvest index, seed yield per plot, seed yield per hectare and oil content. Significant differences (p<0.05) were noted for days to flowering, plant height, primary branch per plant, biomass per plot, oil yield per plot differences among the genotypes. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV %) was lower than phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV %) for all the traits studied. High genetic advance with heritability was observed in the following characters; plant height, biomass of the plant, number of secondary branch per plant and grain filling period. There are variations in the extent of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance of traits which can facilitate selection for further improvement of important traits of Ethiopian mustard. Therefore, it can be concluded that the variability within Ethiopian mustard genotypes collected from different areas of northern Ethiopia is high and vital for better crop improvement.
Aspects of the life history of the Atlantic poacher, Leptagonus decagonus, in Svalbard waters
Authors: Heggland Kristin , Meyer Ottesen Camilla A. , Berge Jørgen
Published: May 2015

The aim of the study is to describe aspects of the life history of the Atlantic poacher (Leptagonus decagonus) obtained during early October 2010 and late September 2011 from the Hinlopen Strait, located between Nordaustlandet and the Spitsbergen Archipelago. Length was measured for 142 individuals, and 82 out of these were weighed, sexed and the age in years determined. The sex distribution in the population was 45% females and 55% males. Gut content examination revealed the domination of the mesopelagic and hyper−benthic calanoid Bradyidius similis that was recorded in 87% of the stomachs analysed. Overall there was a significant difference in size (length and weight) between the sexes, and a difference in length and weight at age between the sexes. There was no difference in age distribution between the sexes, but there was a larger age range within the male population than in the female population. The sexual dimorphism in size is likely linked to different reproductive strategies. This study represents the first data on the life history of the Atlantic poacher in Svalbard waters.
Publication Ethics: Whose Problem is It?
Authors: Wager Elizabeth
Published: May 2015

Discussions about publication ethics often focus on misconduct by authors such as data fabrication and plagiarism. However, the roles of editors, publishers, academic societies, and research institutions should not be ignored. All these players have ethical responsibilities and should carefully consider the effects of their policies and actions. If people believe that publication ethics is 'somebody else's problem', little progress will be made and problems will persist.
Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering: Open Journal Systems - Editor's Perspective
Authors: Zdravkovski Zoran
Published: May 2015

The development and availability of personal computers and software as well as printing techniques in the last twenty years have made a profound change in the publication of scientific journals. Additionally, the Internet in the last decade has revolutionized the publication process to the point of changing the basic paradigm of printed journals. The Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering in its 40-year history has adopted and adapted to all these transformations. In order to keep up with the inevitable changes, as editor-in-chief I felt my responsibility was to introduce an electronic editorial managing of the journal. The choice was between commercial and open source platforms, and because of the limited funding of the journal we chose the latter. We decided on Open Journal Systems, which provided online submission and management of all content, had flexible configuration - requirements, sections, review process, etc., had options for comprehensive indexing, offered various reading tools, had email notification and commenting ability for readers, had an option for thesis abstracts and was installed locally. However, since there is limited support it requires a moderate computer knowledge/skills and effort in order to set up. Overall, it is an excellent editorial platform and a convenient solution for journals with a low budget or journals that do not want to spend their resources on commercial platforms or simply support the idea of open source software.
Genotype Variability and Haplotype Profile of Abcb1 (Mdr1) Gene Polymorphisms in Macedonian Population
Authors: Naumovska Zorica , Nestorovska Aleksandra K. , Sterjev Zoran , Filipce Ana , Dimovski Aleksandar , Suturkova Ljubica
Published: May 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the most common ABCB1 (MDR1, P-glycoprotein) polymorphisms in the population of R. Macedonia and compare the allele and haplotype frequencies with the global geographic data reported from different ethnic populations. The total of 107 healthy Macedonian individuals from the general population was included.

Genotypes for the ABCB1 for three polymorphisms C1236T [rs1128503], G2677A/T [rs2032582] and C3435T [rs1045642] were analyzed by Real-Time PCR. Obtained allele frequencies for these three SNPs were similar to those observed in other European Caucasians. The detected genotype frequencies were 33.6% for 1236CC, 44.9% for 1236CT and 21.5% for 1236TT in exon 12; 32.7%, 44.9% and 22.4% for 2677GG, 2677GT and 2677GT consecutively in exon 21; and 25.2% for 3435CC, 52.3% for 3435CT and 22.5% for 3435TT in exon 26. Strong LD was observed in our study among all three SNPs with the highest association confirmed for C1236T and G2677T ((D' = 0.859, r2 = 0.711). Eight different haplotypes were identified and the most prominent was the CGC haplotype (45.3%). Our study was the first to have documented the distribution of ABCB1 alleles, genotypes and haplotypes in the population of R. Macedonia. The obtained results can help in the prediction of different response to the drugs that are P-glycoprotein substrates. Additionally, in the era of individualized medicine the determination of the P-glycoprotein genotype might be a good predictive marker for determination of the subpopulations with higher risk to certain diseases.
Residential Development Activity In The Polish Legal Setting
Authors: Antczak - Stępniak Agata
Published: May 2015

Residential development in Poland has gone through many changes over the last few decades. In the 1990s, housing cooperatives played a major role among investors in the residential market, whereas developers were only taking their first steps. Today the situation has reversed. In addition to private persons building homes for their own use, developers contribute the most to the supply of new housing. There are many factors that have led to this situation. It is noteworthy that many laws governing the real estate market, the construction market, the development of entrepreneurship, etc. have been either enacted or frequently amended over the last two decades, which may have significantly affected developers’ activities.

The article is an attempt to answer the question about whether and, if so, how strongly changes in the legal setting have influenced residential development activity in Poland.
Fecal Calprotectin Dosage Value as A Diagnostic and Postoperative Marker in Diabetic Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Borza Ioan Lucian , Babes Aurel
Published: May 2015

Background and Aims: We evaluated fecal calprotectin values in patients with colorectal neoplasms undergoing surgery, comparatively in patients with and without diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: We studied 40 patients operated for colorectal neoplasm, divided into two groups: one group of 20 patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes and another group of 20 patients without diabetes. Results: Patients had a high percentage of preoperative calprotectin test positivity (90%, 36 patients). A total of 19 patients in group 1 and 17 patients in group 2 had a positive calprotectin test. Postoperatively at 3 months, fecal calprotectin values remained elevated in 7 patients from group 1 and 4 patients from group 2. At 6 months postoperatively, fecal calprotectin values remained elevated in 2 patients from group 1 and 1 patient from group 2. Conclusions: Calprotectin values in faeces from patients with colorectal cancer were significantly increased, with a trend towards post-operatory normalization, slower in patients with diabetes. Fecal calprotectin value as a screening marker was almost equal compared to the hemoccult test, and better compared to that of the carcinoembryonic antigen.
The Importance of the Treatment Strategy Changes in the Long-Term Evolution of Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Sub-Optimal Glycaemic Control After Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Trutz Johann , Babeș Aurel , Babeș Katalin
Published: May 2015

Background and Aims. Several factors are associated with a heightened risk of subsequent events, morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Improving the management of these patients is a challenge that requires urgent attention. We aimed to study the long-term effect of the change in treatment strategy depending on the HbA1c level detected during the hospitalization for ACS. Material and methods. The primary endpoints of this study were the major adverse cardiac events (MACE) at 12 months. From the originally included 221 patients 15 were lost (no response to follow-up phone calls). The suboptimal glycaemic control group (HbA1c>7.0%, n=84) was divided in two subgroups: patients who completed a diabetological consult with further treatment changes (intervention group) and patients without this referral (control group). Results. No significant differences in baseline characteristics were found between the 2 subgroups. The second subgroup had a triple risk for a MACE in 1 year (HR=2.8704, 95% CI: 1.109-7.423, p=0.0296) compared to the intervention group. No significant differences were found in secondary endpoints. Conclusion. This study suggests that, after hospitalization for an ACS, diabetologist referral and treatment strategy changes are recommended for all T2DM patients whose HbA1c level is over 7% before discharge.
The Necessity to Evaluate the Needs of Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Nursing Intervention
Authors: Pătru Daniela , Preda Silviu Daniel , Pcela Agnesa , Voiculescu Călin Alexandru , Dionisie Simona , Moța Maria
Published: May 2015

Background and Aims: The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the necessity to evaluate the needs of patients with type 2 diabetes (assessing degrees of dependency) and nursing intervention for each of the 14 fundamental needs of human beings. Material and

method: The study was prospective and interventional, with a focus on educational methods, conducted over a period of 12 months on a group of 100 patients with type 2 diabetes. The stages of the study were: signing the informed consent, collecting data on a „nursing sheet”, statistical processing and analysis of the obtained results. Results: The distribution of cases according to the total degree of dependence in carrying out the fundamental needs shows that, regardless of the stage of disease evolution, no cases of independence or total severe dependence were registered. On hospital admission, the number of minimum total dependence cases was lower than at discharge while the number of cases of average total dependence was higher on admission than at discharge, regardless of the stage of disease evolution. Conclusions: The assessment of the 14 fundamental needs of patients with diabetes is necessary to identify the degree of dependence, to plan nursing interventions and to apply individualized care for each patient.
Current perspectives concerning the multimodal therapy in Glioblastoma
Authors: Grigore Florina , Brehar Felix Mircea , Gorgan Mircea Radu
Published: May 2015

GBM (Glioblastoma) is the most common, malignant type of primary brain tumor. It has a dismal prognosis, with an average life expectancy of less than 15 months. A better understanding of the tumor biology of GBM has been achieved in the past decade and set up new directions in the multimodal therapy by targeting the molecular paths involved in tumor initiation and progression. Invasion is a hallmark of GBM, and targeting the complex invasive mechanism of the tumor is mandatory in order to achieve a satisfactory result in GBM therapy. The goal of this review is to describe the tumor biology and key features of GBM and to provide an up-to-date overview of the current identified molecular alterations involved both in tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
Delayed neurological deterioration due to progressive pneumocephalus
Authors: Agrawal Amit , Kumar S. Satish , V. Umamaheswara Reddy
Published: May 2015

Pneumocephalus can develop immediately following head trauma or clinical presentation may be delayed for days. We report a case of 35 year male whose initial CT scan brain plain small specks of pneumocephalus in left para-sellar region. However the next day he was complaining of severe headache and had multiple episodes of vomiting. Repeat CT scan showed increase in the size of pneumocephalus including appearance of intraventricular air with mild cerebral edema. The patient recovered well with conservative management. The present case is a gentle reminder that in a subgroup of head injury patients, intracranial air can produce significant mass effect leading to tension pneumocephalus which can can behave like other intracranial mass lesions and causes worsening of the neurological status of these patients.
Professional Training of Future Teachers in Foreign Countries in Terms of Intercultural Interaction of Educational Space Objects
Authors: Desyatov Tymofiy
Published: May 2015

The problem of professional training of teachers in foreign countries in terms of intercultural interaction of educational space objects has been studied in the paper. It has been stated that the current stage of human civilization development which is defined as the transition to a knowledge society, is characterized by qualitatively new requirements to the development of education. It has been noted that despite some cultural-and-historical differences in the development of Ukraine and countries of the European Union, functional similarity of national systems of teachers’professional training enables the usage of European experience in future teachers’ training. The role of teachers in the modernization of European education has been emphasized. It has been stated that in the professional training theory and practice significant experience has been accumulated which can form the basis for modernization of future teachers’ training for intercultural interaction of the educational process objects. Major trends in this area have been revealed. Scientific approaches and paradigms have been defined.

Much attention is focused on the fact that a set of methodological approaches to the problem of teachers’ professional training has allowed to distinguish personality-centered and activity approaches as main ones for solving research problems. It has been noted that the reason for scientists’ special attention to the category of educational activities is the development of problems related to organizing cross-cultural educational process that helps students to get knowledge about other cultures, to determine the common and special features in traditions, lifestyle and cultural values of peoples, to bring up youth in the spirit of respect for systems of other cultures. Much attention has been paid to the concept of educational support which is a humanistic way of interaction of a teacher with students on the basis of expansion and deepening student-centered and developmental paradigm of education which is based on internal freedom and creativity of the individual, real humanism and democracy.
Problems of Technical Standards Teaching in the Context of the Globalization and Euro-Integration in Higher Education System of Ukraine
Authors: Kornuta Olena , Pryhorovska Tetiana
Published: May 2015

Globalization and Ukraine association with EU imply including Ukrainian universities into the world scientific space. The aim of this article is to analyze the problem of drawing standards teaching, based on the experience of Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas (Ukraine) and to summarize the experience of post Soviet states in a field of the new technical standards implementation. Experience of post Soviet states showed necessity to gradual transition to new standards. Based on this experience, main fundamental principles for new standards and technical regulations harmonization have been presented. The main directions of improving the system of personnel training and retraining in this field are: changing the educational institutions syllabuses to in-depth study of new standards and regulations and the skills to apply them in practice, monitoring the quality of educational programs of secondary and higher educational institutions; development of training programs for engineers and other technical personnel of basic new standards and regulations; compliance training programs and syllabuses for engineers, relevant to international training programs and syllabuses (taking into account the laws and traditions of the technical education in Ukraine); development of the national standards of education and certification on the basis of international standards.
Comparative Analysis of Theoretical Approaches to Professional Training of the Future Customs Officers in the System of Higher Education of Ukraine and Poland
Authors: Korzhynska Tetiana
Published: May 2015

The article deals with the content of future customs officers’ professional training. Such notions as “training”, “specialists’ professional training”, “customs officers’ professional training”. The article presents an overview of the scientific literature, theoretical analyzes of materials concerning the issues of future customs officers’ professional training in the higher educational institutions of Ukraine and the Republic of Poland, still remaining open. The major scientific approaches of leading domestic and foreign scientists to study future customs officers’ professional training have been characterized, in particular competence approach, functional approach, instrumental approach, learner-centred approach, axiological approach, historical and systematic-andcomprehensive approaches, theoretical generalization The conception of the research problem in the educational sphere of higher educational institutions has been theoretically generalised. The point of the article is focused on the fact that professional training of future specialists of customs authorities is a process of learning, understanding and specific knowledge, skills and proficiencies of future customs officers who perform the functions of future professional activities, fulfil their functions in accordance with their professional duties during customs service. Also it has been noted that professional training of future customs specialists is caused by personal, practical, functional, historical factors that it is important in the process of understanding this phenomenon and in the research and development processes.
Circulating influenza viruses and the effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in Romania, season 2012-2013 / Virusurile gripale circulante și eficacitatea vaccinului gripal sezonier în România, în sezonul 2012-2013
Authors: Pitigoi Daniela , Necula George , Alexandrescu Viorel , Mihai Maria Elena , Cherciu Carmen Maria , Tecu Cristina , Popovici Odette , Popescu Rodica , Lupulescu Emilia
Published: May 2015

Backgound. Using influenza epidemiological and virological surveillance data, we aimed at investigating the profile of influenza viruses circulating in Romania during the season 2012-2013 and estimating the effectiveness (VE) of the seasonal vaccine. Methods. We tested all specimens collected from patients with influenza like illness (ILI) in the national surveillance system between week 40/2012 to week 20/2013. Influenza A/B positive specimens identified by molecular detection (RT-PCR) were further characterized. We used hemagglutination inhibition assay for antigenic characterization and chemiluminiscence assay for the antiviral susceptibility testing. Subsequently we conducted nucleotide sequencing of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes and phylogenetic tree analyses. We estimated influenza VE using the test negative case-control study design, as 1-odds ratio of vaccination among ILI cases positive for influenza and ILI negative controls. Results and Discussions. We tested 1087 specimens, and 537 cases were positive (56.2% influenza B, 40.6% A(H1N1)pdm09, 3.2% A(H3N2). Sixty-four influenza viruses were antigenically and/or genetically characterized. A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were related to the vaccine strain A/ California/07/2009 and clustered with genetic group 6 similar to A/St. Petersburg/27/2011. Influenza B viruses belonged to clade 2 of type B/Yamagata lineage, related to B/Estonia/55669/2011 except one, B/Victoria lineage, representative strain B/Brisbane/60/2008. A(H3) viruses clustered with group 3C of the A/Victoria/208/2009 clade, similar to the vaccine strain A/Victoria/361/2011. All tested strains (57) demonstrated susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir. The adjusted seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 (N=119) was 76.9% (95% CI: -113.4, 98.5), suggesting a good protection, consistent with the good match between the vaccine and circulating strains.
Many-Valued Logic in the Jewish Short Stories
Authors: Levin Vitaly I.
Published: May 2015

Jewish short stories (parables, tales, jokes, etc.) are explained from the viewpoint of many-valued logic. On the basis of some examples, we show, how their contents may be logically interpreted.
The Downward Causality and the Hard Problem of Consciousness or Why Computer Programs Do not Work in the Dark
Authors: Boldachev Alexander
Published: May 2015

Any low-level processes, the sequence of chemical interactions in a living cell, muscle cellular activity, processor commands or neuron interaction, is possible only if there is a downward causality, only due to uniting and controlling power of the highest level. Therefore, there is no special “hard problem of consciousness”, i.e. the problem of relation of ostensibly purely biological materiality and non-causal mentality - we have only the single philosophical problem of relation between the upward and downward causalities, the problem of interrelation between hierarchic levels of existence. It is necessary to conclude that the problem of determinacy of chemical processes by the biological ones and the problem of neuron interactions caused by consciousness are of one nature and must have one solution.
Three-Dimensional Simulation of High Reynolds Turbulent Flows in a Rectangular Open Channel with the Presence of a Disruptive Element (Obstacles) Transversely
Authors: Boudiaf H’ssine , Fourar Ali , Massouh Fawaz
Published: May 2015

This study aims at describing a three-dimensional simulation of a turbulent flow with a high Reynolds number in a rectangular open channel with the presence of a disruptive element (obstacles) transversely. The numerical study is based on measuring the flow velocity in two directions, i.e., horizontal and vertical, in four planes located near the obstacle built across a simulated channel. For the modeling of the free surface, a Volume Of Fluid (VOF) multiphase flow model is used. In the present case, namely a study of turbulence, three numerical models are compared, a k-ε standard, a k-w standard and a Reynolds Stress Model (RSM). The verification of the simulation results has allowed us to show the advantages of the Reynolds stress model. This model is more representative of the phenomena of an intense vortex flow in the presence of obstacles, especially in drainage systems.
Investigation of Two Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in Tržič in September 2011 / Preiskava Dveh Izbruhov Gastroenteritisa V Tržiču V Septembru 2011
Authors: Krt Lah Andreja , Frelih Tatjana , Grmek Košnik Irena
Published: May 2015

Background. An outbreak of gastroenteritis of etiologically unspecified origin and an outbreak of Salmonellosis occurred simultaneously in September 2011 in Tržič. The purpose of the investigation of both outbreaks was to identify the most probable source and the mode of transmission and to implement preventive measures.

Methods. In two retrospective case-control studies, the association between gastroenteritis of etiologically unspecified origin or Salmonellosis and food from a restaurant or drinking tap water were tested by univariate and multivariate analysis. The subject in the first study was a sick person with salmonellosis, and the subject in the second study was a resident that developed diarrhoea and/ or vomiting. Cases were reported by doctors, and controls were selected from healthy persons who responded to the questionnaire.

Results. A person exposed to food from the restaurant had a 24.8 times higher odds ratio (univariate analysis OR 24.8, 95% CI 7.5 to 82.3, p <0.05; multivariate analysis OR 14.7, 95% CI 3.5 - 61.3, p <0.05) for salmonellosis than non-exposed. A resident exposed to tap water from specific water source had a 3.4 times higher odds ratio (univariate analysis of OR 3.4, 95% CI 2.2 to 5.1 is p <0.05, multivariate analysis of RO 2.9, 95% CI 1, 7 to 5.3, p <0.05), for gastroenteritis of unspecific etiology than non-exposed. The dose response relationship was also statistically significant.

Conclusion. Analytical cases - controls studies confirmed a causal relationship between salmonellosis and food from the specific restaurant and the causal relationship between gastroenteritis of etiologically unspecified origin and drinking tap water from specific water source. Salmonella enteritidis may have entered into the restaurant through tap water
Annual Psychological Screening in Youth and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes / Letno Presejalno Psihološko Testiranje Pri Mladostnikih in Mladih Odraslih S Sladkorno Boleznijo Tipa 1
Authors: Klemenčič Simona , Wit Maartje de , Rutar Miha , Battelino Tadej , Bratina Nataša
Published: May 2015

Aim. Youth and young adults with type 1 diabetes are at a great risk for developing depression and diabetes specific distress, therefore, systematic psychological screening is recommended. Routine psychological screening was implemented in Slovene diabetes clinic for children, adolescents and young adults in 2012. One-year results are presented.

Methods. Adolescents and young adults (N = 159, aged 11 - 25 years), attending the obligatory yearly educational outpatient visit at University Children’s Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia, were examined using questionnaires measuring depression (depression scale from Slovene version of Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children) and diabetes distress (Diabetes Distress Screening Scale). Six additional items were included to assess the fear of hypoglycemia and family support. Socio-demographic and diabetes-related data were collected. Questionnaires were analyzed by a psychologist, and the patients that scored above cut-off point were invited to an individual psychological assessment.

Results. Of the sample, 1.3 % reached the threshold for elevated depressive symptoms, and 32.7 % reported significant diabetes distress. The need for psychological support from a specialist was expressed by 5.0 %. There were statistically significant associations between all psychological variables; moreover, better glycemic control was associated with lower diabetes distress and better family support. Nine patients (5.7 %) started with psychological treatment according to the referrals after screening.

Conclusions. The results after one year of psychological screening in Slovene type 1 diabetes population displayed small rates of depression and a large proportion of diabetes distress. Only a small percentage of patients attended the offered individual psychological assessment.
Type 1 Diabetes in the Young: Organization of two National Centers in Israel and Slovenia / Sladkorna Bolezen Tipa 1 Pri Otrocih in Mladostnikih: Organizacija Dela V Dveh Nacionalnih Centrih V Izraelu in Sloveniji
Authors: Bratina Nataša , Shalitin Shlomit , Phillip Moshe , Battelino Tadej
Published: May 2015

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects mainly young people. In the last 50 years, a steady increase of the T1D incidence in the young is reported worldwide, with an average 4 % increase annually. In addition, the mean age at the diagnosis is decreasing. Studies show that good metabolic control is important not only for delaying the chronic complications of diabetes but also for improving the quality of life of patients and their families. Continuous education, together with modern technology, is crucial in achieving these goals. Longitudinal data on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), along with the data on severe hypoglycemia and severe diabetic ketoacidosis, can describe the quality of care in a defined population. Two national reference diabetes centres taking care of children, adolescents and young adults with diabetes in Israel and Slovenia are described.
Extended Cognitive System and Epistemic Subject
Authors: Trybulec Barbara
Published: May 2015

The concept of an extended cognitive system is central to contemporary studies of cognition. In the paper I analyze the place of the epistemic subject within the extended cognitive system. Is it extended as well? In answering this question I focus on the differences between the first and the second wave of arguments for the extended mind thesis. I argue that the position of Cognitive Integration represented by Richard Menary is much more intuitive and fruitful in analyses of cognition and knowledge than the early argument formulated by Andy Clark and David Chalmers. Cognitive Integration is compatible with virtue epistemology of John Greco’s agent reliabilism. The epistemic subject is constituted by its cognitive character composed of an integrated set of cognitive abilities and processes. Some of these processes are extended, they are a manipulation of external informational structures and, as such, they constitute epistemic practices. Epistemic practices are normative; to conduct them correctly the epistemic subject needs to obey epistemic norms embedded in the cultural context. The epistemic subject is not extended because of the casual coupling with external informational artifacts which extend his mind from inside the head and into the world. Rather, cognitive practices constitute the subject’s mind, they transform his cognitive abilities, and this is what makes the mind and epistemic subject “extended”.
Evolved Mechanisms Versus Underlying Conditional Relations
Authors: Astorga Miguel López
Published: May 2015

The social contracts theory claims that, in social exchange circumstances, human reasoning is not necessarily led by logic, but by certain evolved mental mechanisms that are useful for catching offenders. An emblematic experiment carried out with the intention to prove this thesis is the first experiment described by Fiddick, Cosmides, and Tooby in their paper of 2000. Lopez Astorga has questioned that experiment claiming that its results depend on an underlying conditional logical form not taken into account by Fiddick, Cosmides, and Tooby. In this paper, I propose an explanation alternative to that of Lopez Astorga, which does not depend on logical forms and is based on the mental models theory. Thus, I conclude that this other alternative explanation is one more proof that the experiment in question does not demonstrate the fundamental thesis of the social contracts theory.
Effectiveness of a home-based physical therapy program in patients with chronic low back pain
Authors: Sîrbu Elena
Published: May 2015

Aim: To demonstrate the effectiveness of a home-based physical therapy program on pain, spine mobility and quality of daily activities in patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). We also want to show that patients who undergo this program decreased their intake in analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Methods: 18 patients with chronic low back pain were assessed with the following tests: VAS pain scale, Schober’s test and Rolland-Morris questionnaire. Acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) consumption was recorded. Over a period of six months all subjects participated in a 45 minutes home-based physical therapy program, three times per week. Before starting this intervention all patients were instructed and exercises were demonstrated in front of them by a physical therapist. Moreover, they received written brochures in order to exercise correctly at home. Follow-up examinations took place at baseline and six months later. Results: We obtained significant differences between pre- and post-intervention assessments of pain (p=0.001), lumbar flexion (p=0.0001) and functional status (p=0.0005) in our group. Moreover, the number of patients who were taken analgesics decreased from 7 (39%) to 5 patients (28%). Likewise the number of patients who were taken anti-inflammatory drugs decreased from 11 (61%) to 8 (44%). Conclusion: The home-based rehabilitation program was effective in improving the ranges of active lumbar flexion and in decreasing the physical disability caused by low back pain, as well as in reducing the levels of pain. We note that a larger number of patients have given up to the intake of NSAIDs comparative to those who have given up to analgesics.
Efficacy of hamstring stretching programs in schoolchildren. A systematic review
Authors: Becerra Fernandez Carlos-Alberto , Merino-Marban Rafael
Published: May 2015

The main purpose of the present review was to examine the scientific literature on the effects of physical education-based stretching programs on hamstring extensibility in schoolchildren aged 6-11 years. For this purpose relevant studies were searched from ten electronic databases dated up through May 2015. Of the 25 potentially relevant articles identified and retrieved for more detailed evaluation, only eight studies were included in the present review because they met the inclusion criteria. The overall results showed that incorporating hamstring stretching as a part of physical education classes produces a significant improvement in the scores of the tests: straight leg raise and classic sit-and-reach, for the experimental groups, but not for control groups. Stretching programs can be included in Physical Education classes, specifically during the warm-up and the cool down periods in order to improve hamstring extensibility. Although it seems that the stretching exercises in the warm-up period could be less effective in gaining flexibility in school children. Studies that use a stretching volume between 4 and 7 minutes per session and 2-4 training classes per week, obtain statistically significant improvements on the levels of hamstring flexibility in the experimental groups. However, after a five-week detraining period, children revert back to their initial flexibility levels. Therefore, it seems appropriate that physical education teachers should implement stretching programs to improve the students’ flexibility during the Physical Education classes.
Aspects regarding the pivot player tasks in the handball game
Authors: Cărăbaş Ionică
Published: May 2015

Evolution of the handball game has brought a different approach in terms of the pivot player game. Since the main task of delaying the lateral movement of defenders to create opportunities for the back players or receive the ball and score against defending 6:0, was reached to the much more varied tasks and responsibilities imposed by the much larger spaces offered by the new defense systems. Many of the game actions are based to the pivot player movements, finding an optimal solution to score by the back or wing player being the result of her screening and sliding. To achieve more efficient realisation of this tasks the pivot player must have qualities such as: motor skills, power, speed and a good mental balance.
Bitwa pod Komarowem w historiografii rosyjskiej (do 1941 r.) / Битва при Комарове в российской историографии межвоенного периода (до 1941 г.)
Authors: Legieć Jacek
Published: May 2015

Битва, которая произошла во второй половине августа 1914 в окрестностях Замостья была одним из самых крупных и кровопролитных сражений на Восточном фронте в первые месяцы Первой мировой войны. Польская историография - за австрийской - называет ее „Битвой при Комарове”, а российские историки называют эту битву „Томашовском сражением”. По политическим причинам, долгосрочно доступ к российским источникам имели только советские историки. Польские историки описивали это сражение главным образом на основе австрийских материалов. Этот текст является попыткой воссоздать образ битвы в русской историографии - так советской, как и эмиграционной - по 1941 год. В это времия написано о „Томашовском сражении” несколько книг и статей - крупных и мелких. Их авторы хотели не только воссоздать ход военных событий, но и использовать опыта Первой мировой войны в планировании будущих военных операций.
Exploring the Scopes “Monkey” Trial in Dayton, Tennessee
Authors: Cameron Jacquelyn , Moore Randy
Published: May 2015

Many biology teachers visit Dayton, Tennessee, to experience “ground zero” of the evolution–creationism controversy. This article provides concise descriptions, addresses, and GPS coordinates for the trial-related sites in and around Dayton.
Inquiry-Based Instruction of Compound Microscopy Using Simulated Paleobiogeography
Authors: Hodgson Jay Y. S. , Mateer Scott C.
Published: May 2015

The compound microscope is an important tool in biology, and mastering it requires repetition. Unfortunately, introductory activities for students can be formulaic, and consequently, students are often unengaged and fail to develop the required experience to become proficient in microscopy. To engage students, increase repetition, and develop identification skills, we have them use the microscope as a problem-solving tool to examine prepared slides of microfossils and microartifacts from a simulated archeology site to determine its paleobiogeographic history.
“STOP: Can You Drink That Water?” Microbiology, Chemistry, & Advocacy in an Inquiry-Based Water Quality Curriculum for 8th Graders
Authors: Valauri-Orton Alexis , Bernd Karen K.
Published: May 2015

For many middle school students, connections between their lives and concepts like chemical reactivity, microbial contamination, and experimental sampling are not obvious. They may also feel that, even if there were connections, understanding the monitoring and quality of natural resources is something for grown-ups and beyond their responsibility. This curriculum highlights connections. Students characterize bacteria in a local untreated water source and investigate the mechanism, effectiveness, and byproducts of chlorine bleach as a water treatment. Working in groups, they use different growth and treatment conditions to characterize samples, thus collectively obtaining a more complete description of the system. The North Carolina 8th Grade Standard Course of Study Objectives were used during curricular development, and alignment to Next Generation Science Standards performance expectations is provided. Teacher-guided discussions, demonstrations, experimentation, and database investigation engage students as they develop informed and critical opinions about water quality and water treatment methods. The final activity connects scientific investigation to advocacy and civic engagement.
Trayectoria de las prácticas investigativas en la División de Educación Básica de la Universidad Nacional: Ruptura, innovación y cambio de paradigmas
Authors: Dobles-Trejos Cecilia , Jiménez-Corrales Rafael Esteban , Ruiz-Guevara Lillian Susana , Vargas-Dengo Marie Claire
Published: May 2015

Recibido 17 de noviembre de 2014 • Corregido 23 de marzo de 2015 • Aceptado 27 de abril de 2015Este artículo aborda los distintos paradigmas y tendencias en las prácticas investigativas que se han desarrollado en la División de Educación Básica (DEB) del Centro de Investigación y Docencia en Educación (CIDE) de la Universidad Nacional (UNA) en Costa Rica, las cuales han marcado distintas tendencias en la forma de pensar y hacer investigación en la División. Estas prácticas constituyen un proceso, generado y desarrollado a lo largo del tiempo, que ha marcado una constante curricular histórica en la dinámica académica de la División, lo cual se ve reflejado en los planes de estudio, los programas de cursos y en los trabajos finales de graduación. En la década de 1990, la investigación en la DEB era de corte descriptivo-exploratoria, se caracterizaba por el análisis de datos centrado en la estadística descriptiva y la linealidad, propia de la corriente positivista. De forma paralela, se desarrollaron acciones de práctica educativa vinculadas con la extensión social en comunidades de atención prioritaria; emerge una línea de investigación cualitativa. La tendencia investigativa vigente en la División, se enmarca en el paradigma de investigación cualitativa, el cual posibilita la circularidad y recursividad investigativa. Se concluye que esta tendencia investigativa abre nuevas posibilidades en relación con las demandas sociopedagógicas actuales así como con el desarrollo de distintas capacidades idóneas para la formación docente preocupada por responder a las problemáticas socio-educativas y a la transformación social.