bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Familial Non‐Medullary Thyroid Cancer: A Matched‐Case Control Study
Authors: Maxwell Evelyn Linda , Hall Francis T. , Freeman Jeremy L.
Published: November 2004

Objectives: Familial non‐medullary thyroid cancer (FNMTC) is a newly recognized disease entity and can be distinguished from the more common sporadic non‐medullary thyroid cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine some of the potential distinguishing features of FNMTC.

Study Design: Retrospective association study and matched‐case control study.

Methods: Five hundred forty‐three cases of well‐differentiated follicular origin thyroid cancers were identified and collected in a database. Among this population, 24 cases of FNMTC were identified. A case of FNMTC was defined as a patient with the following two criteria: a well‐differentiated follicular origin thyroid cancer and at least one first‐degree relative with a well‐differentiated epithelial origin thyroid cancer. The unmatched sporadic and FNMTC groups were compared using t test, Phi test, Cramer V test, and Pearson and Spearman correlation tests. Twenty‐four FNMTC cases were matched to 24 sporadic cases based on age, gender, stage of disease at presentation, and tumor size. Clinicopathologic features, management, and outcome were analyzed statistically using a matched‐proportional z test. Disease‐free survival and disease‐specific survival were analyzed using log‐rank test and the Kaplan‐Meier function. A P‐value less than .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: There was no significant difference in ionizing radiation exposure, disease multifocality, surgical management, or recurrence between the sporadic and FNMTC patients. Although FNMTC patients tend to have improved disease‐free survival and disease‐specific survival, the difference was not significant at the 5% level.

Conclusion: Although FNMTC is characterized by strong family history, these patients do not tend to have worse prognosis.
Microtia Chondrocytes as a Donor Source for Tissue‐Engineered Cartilage
Authors: Kamil Syed H. , Vacanti Martin P. , Vacanti Charles A. , Eavey Roland D.
Published: November 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: Current surgical techniques for the correction of microtia are challenging. Research in the field of tissue engineering is providing insight into chondrocyte behavior for a possible future treatment of microtia. The authors wished to evaluate the biological potential of chondrocytes isolated from microtia cartilage as compared with normal auricular cartilage as a source of tissue‐engineered cartilage.

Study Design: A comparative research design to study the potential of microtia cartilage chondrocytes with normal auricular chondrocytes as a source of tissue‐engineered cartilage.

Methods: Cartilage specimens from 12 pediatric patients (six normal auricular specimens and six auricular specimens with microtia) were obtained. The chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro; chondrocyte number was increased by passaging. Each type of cell was implanted in nude mice to generate tissue‐engineered cartilage. Eight weeks after implantation the specimens were dissected and removed. Results were compared between the normal auricular and microtia specimens in regard to cell number expansion in vitro and generation of tissue‐engineered cartilage in vivo.

Results: An initial mean cell number of 150,000 cells in each group (normal and microtia) increased to an average cell number of 120 million cells/mL in the normal and 130 million cells in the microtia subgroups, respectively, at the end of the second passage. Histologically, both types of chondrocytes generated normal elastic cartilage.

Conclusion: The study demonstrated the potential of cells isolated from microtia cartilage to generate tissue‐engineered cartilage. Microtia cartilage represents an important additional donor source for the possible generation of a human tissue‐engineered auricle.
Cochlear Implant Surgery at 12 Months of Age or Younger
Authors: James Adrian L. , Papsin Blake C.
Published: November 2004

Objectives: Early presentation of congenitally deaf children for cochlear implantation is leading to surgery in younger candidates. The safety of cochlear implantation in children aged 12 months and younger is reviewed with radiologic assessment of mastoid bone anatomy and surgical outcome data.

Study Design: Analysis of case records and temporal bone computed tomography (CT) scans with description of surgical technique in infants.

Methods: Chart analysis of children aged 12 months or younger at cochlear implantation. Mastoid bone anatomy was compared with older children (mean age 2 years) using CT scans.

Results: Twenty‐five infants received implants at 7 to 12 months of age because of meningitis (n = 4) or early detection of deafness (n = 21). Mastoid marrow content on CT scan was significantly greater in this age group (P < .001 Mann‐Whitney rank sum test), but pneumatization was always adequate for safe identification of surgical landmarks. The smaller size of the mastoid bone was not restrictive. An extended postauricular approach was used in the first 11 cases and a 2.5 cm hair‐line incision in the remainder. Ligature tie‐down of the device was completed in all cases. No complications occurred. All are full‐time implant users, except one with other neurologic sequelae of preoperative meningitis.

Conclusions: In our experience, cochlear implant surgery is safe in children aged 7 to 12 months with appropriate anesthetic and postoperative support. The small incision technique is particularly suited to this age group. Ligature fixation of the device is considered advisable because of the increased risk of displacement from frequent falls when learning to walk.
Bilateral Glossopharyngeal Nerve Paralysis after Tonsillectomy: Case Report and Anatomic Study
Authors: Ford Lloyd C. , Cruz Raul M.
Published: November 2004

Objective: To present a case report and to propose an anatomic explanation for a rare complication of tonsillectomy, severe dysphagia caused by bilateral paralysis of the glossopharyngeal nerve.

Study Design: Retrospective case review and prospective cadaveric dissection.

Methods: The medical record and radiologic data were reviewed from a patient who had severe dysphagia after tonsillectomy. In addition, 10 formalin‐preserved cadaver head and neck specimens were dissected to identify the anatomic course of 20 glossopharyngeal nerves. The distance between the nerve and tonsillar fossa was measured at two sites.

Results: The patient was diagnosed with bilateral paralysis of the glossopharyngeal nerve and required use of gastrotomy tube for years postoperatively. The mean distance from the posterosuperior tonsillar fossa and the main trunk of the glossopharyngeal nerve was 10.7 mm, and the mean distance from the posteroinferior tonsillar fossa and the closest lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve was 6.5 mm.

Conclusions: Direct nerve injury seems the most plausible explanation for this rare complication of tonsillectomy. The proximity of the glossopharyngeal nerve to the tonsillar fossa emphasizes the importance of maintaining the correct surgical plane during surgery.
Cervical Sympathetic Chain Schwannoma
Authors: Wax Mark K. , Shiley Samuel G. , Robinson Jamie L. , Weissman Jane L.
Published: November 2004

Objectives: Schwannomas are benign, slow‐growing tumors that arise from nerves. Those originating from the sympathetic cervical chain are rare. We describe our experience with the clinical presentation, surgical management, and outcomes of patients with this pathology.

Study Design: Retrospective chart review of a case series in a tertiary referral center.

Methods: Four cases of cervical sympathetic chain schwannomas were reviewed. Patients presented with either an asymptomatic neck mass discovered on routine physical examination (1 patient), an enlarging neck mass (2), or an acute onset of a Horner's syndrome (1). All patients underwent preoperative imaging (magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, or both).

Results: The location and soft‐tissue characteristics of the mass, along with displacement of the carotid sheath vessels, were typical of a cervical sympathetic chain schwannoma. All patients underwent surgical excision of the mass. Postoperative Horner's syndrome was encountered in all patients. First bite syndrome was encountered in two patients.

Conclusions: Cervical sympathetic chain schwannomas are rare tumors. Preoperative imaging characteristics facilitate the diagnosis. First bite syndrome can occur and may be debilitating postoperatively. Long‐term prognosis is excellent.
A Comparative Study of Three Methods of Nasal Irrigation
Authors: Wormald Peter‐John , Cain Tim , Oates Lyndell , Hawke Lianne , Wong Ian
Published: November 2004

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of three methods of nasal irrigation on distributing saline to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Design: A prospective, cross‐over study.

Materials and Methods: Twelve subjects (9 patients with chronic sinusitis after functional endoscopic sinus surgery and 3 healthy controls) underwent nasal irrigation with normal saline containing Technetium 99m sulfur colloid. The distribution of radioactivity was assessed on each subject after three different irrigation techniques: metered nasal spray, nebulization with RinoFlow, and nasal douching while kneeling with the head on the floor.

Results: The nasal cavity was well irrigated by all three techniques. Compared with the other two methods, douching was significantly more effective in penetrating the maxillary sinus (P = .036) and frontal recess (P = .003). The sphenoid and frontal sinuses were poorly irrigated by all three techniques.

Conclusion: Nasal douches are more effective in distributing irrigation solution to the maxillary sinus and frontal recess. This should be the method of choice for irrigating these areas.
Elective Neck Dissection and Survival in Patients With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx
Authors: Duvvuri Umamaheswar , Simental Alfred A. , D'Angelo Gina , Johnson Jonas T. , Ferris Robert L. , Gooding William , Myers Eugene N.
Published: November 2004

Objective/Hypothesis: The utility of elective neck dissection in the management of patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer who present without neck metastases remains controversial. The study addressed the question of whether elective neck dissection improves regional control and survival in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx presenting with T1/T2 node‐negative disease.

Study Design: A nonrandomized, uncontrolled retrospective chart review.

Methods: A nonrandomized, uncontrolled retrospective chart review was performed. Resection of the primary tumor was performed in all patients. The neck was observed in one group, and elective neck dissection was performed for patients in another group.

Results: The study data indicated that elective neck dissection significantly improves regional control and regional recurrence‐free survival. Elective neck dissection when compared with observation of the neck did not improve overall survival.

Conclusion: Elective neck dissection reduces regional recurrence and may extend disease‐free survival.
Cochlear Degeneration in Leigh Disease: Histopathologic Features
Authors: Ulualp Seckin O. , Wright Charles G. , Pawlowski Karen , Roland Peter S.
Published: November 2004

Objective: To describe pathologic findings from temporal bones acquired from an infant with Leigh disease.

Study Design: Retrospective case review.

Materials and Methods: Temporal bones were taken at autopsy from an 8‐month‐old infant with Leigh disease. The right temporal bone was studied by microdissection. The middle ear was examined and the inner ear sensory organs dissected for study by light microscopy. The left temporal bone was embedded in celloidin, and sections were cut for microscopic examination.

Results: Middle ear structures were normal bilaterally. There was, however, evidence of otitis media in both middle ears, which was more severe on the left side. Inner and outer hair cell loss, patchy degeneration of organ of Corti, and loss of nerve fibers in the osseous spiral lamina were found in the basal and middle turns of both cochleas. Basophilic deposits in the stria vascularis were observed in the apical portion of the left cochlea.

Conclusions: Inner ear sensorineural degeneration may occur in Leigh disease. Possible cochlear dysfunction caused by the degenerative changes needs to be considered in the hearing assessment of patients with Leigh disease.
Detection of Herpesvirus DNAs in Perilymph Obtained from Patients with Sensorineural Hearing Loss by Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Sugiura Saiko , Yoshikawa Tetsushi , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Morishita Yoshihiro , Sato Eisuke , Beppu Reiko , Hattori Taku , Nakashima Tsutomu
Published: November 2004

Objectives/Hypothesis: Perilymph and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with bilateral severe sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) were evaluated for the presence of DNA from cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and human herpesvirus (HHV)6.

Study Design: A prospective clinical study.

Methods: The subjects were 14 patients who underwent cochlear implantation and 1 patient who underwent gentamicin injection in the inner ear. We attempted to detect viral DNA from perilymph and PBMCs by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR).

Results: CMV DNA was detected in two perilymph specimens obtained from patients who were diagnosed as congenitally symptomatic CMV infection, although no CMV DNA was detected in PBMCs. Neither HSV DNA nor HHV6 DNA was detected in any other perilymph specimens. CMV DNA was detected in three PBMC samples, HSV DNA was detected in two samples, and HHV6 DNA was detected in six samples.

Conclusion: CMV may persistently infect the inner ear of patients with congenital CMV infection, and rtPCR analysis may prove to be a valuable tool for investigating the etiology of SNHL.
Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Supraglottic Carcinoma and Its Clinical Implication for Estimating Lymph Node Metastases
Authors: Xie Minqiang , Sun Yanan , Li Yun
Published: November 2004

Objective: Twenty to 30% of clinically node‐negative patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of supraglottic larynx were pathologically confirmed with occult lymph node metastasis after operation. Therefore, preoperative judgment on the neck node metastasis should be very important for making an appropriate surgical plan. The purpose of this study is to explore the role of matrix metalloprotineases (MMPs) in the metastatic potential of supraglottic carcinoma in this regard.

Study Design: Examination of MMPs expression in supraglottic carcinoma and establishment of the mathematic model for diagnosis of occult lymph node metastases in a prospective manner.

Methods: Thirty‐two patients with supraglottic SCC underwent supraglottic horizontal partial laryngectomy and neck dissection, and the samples of primary cancer and the corresponding adjacent non‐neoplastic tissues were evaluated for both mRNA and protein expression of MMP‐1, MMP‐2, MMP‐7, MMP‐8, MMP‐9, and MMP‐10 using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunohistochemistry. In addition, cervical lymph nodes were examined by routine histopathology to determine whether there was any evidences of node metastasis. RT‐PCR and immunohistochemical data were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression, and then two mathematical models were established according to the multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results: Among the six kinds of MMPs, both mRNA and protein expression of MMP‐2, MMP‐7, and MMP‐9 were found up‐regulated in more than 63% of the tumor tissues as compared with the adjacent non‐neoplastic tissues, and this was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (all P < .05). Twenty patients, including seven cases with N0, were pathologically confirmed as having cervical lymph node metastasis. Using RT‐PCR and immunohistochemical data of MMP‐2, MMP‐7, and MMP‐9, two mathematic models were tested, and their diagnostic efficiencies for lymph node metastasis were 84% and 88%, respectively.

Conclusion: Expressions of MMP‐2, MMP‐7, and MMP‐9 are up‐regulated in supraglottic carcinoma tissues, suggesting that MMPs may be useful in the detection of occult lymph node metastasis but that more research is needed.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Histamine Receptors in Rat Cochlea
Authors: Azuma Hiroshi , Sawada Shoichi , Takeuchi Shunji , Higashiyama Kasumi , Kakigi Akinobu , Takeda Taizo
Published: November 2004

Objective: Histamine may have physiologic functions in the inner ear. The locations of histamine receptors, however, have not yet been identified in the mammalian cochlea. The aim of this study was to investigate the localization of histamine receptor subtypes (H1, H2, and H3 receptors) in rat cochlea.

Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed with antibodies specific for each of the histamine receptors (H1, H2, and H3). To identify the type I and II spiral ganglion cells in the cochlea, some cryostat sections were double stained with antibodies to both a histamine receptor and neurofilament 200 kD, which predominantly stains type II spiral ganglion cells in the cochlea.

Results: All H1, H2, and H3 receptor immunoreactive staining was limited to the spiral ganglion cells of the cochlea. Spiral ganglion cells with positive immunoreactivity to the neurofilament 200 kD antibody were stained only slightly by histamine H1, H2, and H3 receptor antibodies, indicating that histamine receptor immunoreactivity is specific to type I ganglion cells.

Conclusions: These findings indicate that histamine receptors are present in the cochlea and support the hypothesis that histamine plays a physiologic role in the cochlea.
Electrosurgery after Cochlear Implantation: Eighth Nerve Electrophysiology
Authors: Poetker David M. , Runge‐Samuelson Christina L. , Firszt Jill B. , Wackym P Ashley
Published: November 2004

Hypothesis: Monopolar electrosurgery below the neck in cochlear implant recipients can be performed without damage to the internal cochlear stimulator, electrode array, and the cochlear nerve.

Study Design: Prospective pre‐ and postintervention electrically evoked compound action potential (ECAP) study of cochlear nerve function and behavioral sound perception assessment.

Methods: Neural response telemetry (NRT) was used to measure ECAPs before and after the use of monopolar electrosurgery during coronary artery bypass surgery to assess prosthetic device function and electrophysiologic function of the cochlear nerve. In addition, electrode voltage impedances and behavioral sound perception was measured at the same time intervals.

Results: ECAPs, behavioral sound perception, and electrode voltage impedances were within the normal range, within compliance, and similar preoperatively and on postoperative day 6.

Conclusion: The studies reported herein were a series of measurements designed to test neural integrity and prosthetic device function before and after the use of monopolar electrosurgery. With appropriate precautions, use of monopolar electrosurgery below the neck in cochlear implant recipients can be performed safely.
The interplay of positive and negative species interactions across an environmental gradient: insights from an individual-based simulation model
Authors: Travis J.M.J , Brooker R.W , Dytham C
Published: November 2004

Positive interspecific interactions are commonplace, and in recent years ecologists have begun to realize how important they can be in determining community and ecosystem dynamics. It has been predicted that net positive interactions are likely to occur in environments characterized by high abiotic stress. Although empirical field studies have started to support these predictions, little theoretical work has been carried out on the dynamic nature of these effects and their consequences for community structure. We use a simple patch-occupancy model to simulate the dynamics of a pair of species living on an environmental gradient. Each of the species can exist as either a mutualist or a cheater. The results confirm the prediction: a band of mutualists tends to occur in environmental conditions beyond the limits of the cheaters. The region between mutualists and cheaters is interesting: population density here is low. Mutualists periodically occupy this area, but are displaced by cheaters, who themselves go extinct in the absence of the mutualists. Furthermore, the existence of mutualists extends the area occupied by the cheaters, essentially increasing their realized niche. Our approach has considerable potential for improving our understanding of the balance between positive and negative interspecific interactions and for predicting the probable impacts of habitat loss and climate change on communities dominated by positive interspecific interactions.
An examination of data on the Scottish diet
Authors: Blades Mabel
Published: November 2004

This research paper aims to briefly summarize data from the Taylor, Nelson Sofres studies on diet, compiled by Friary Marketing and Consulting Group and make some comparisons with those of the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs’ National Food Survey for household food consumption. Studies show that the diet of the Scots provides a higher proportion of fat, contains less fruit and vegetables, supplies less energy from foods and beverages, includes a greater proportion of meals eaten out of the home and incorporates considerably more fried foods – both within and outside the home. Notes that 40 per cent of the Scots were of social class D and E. Shows similarities between the NFS data for household food consumption and that of Friary Marketing and Consulting Group. Suggestions are made for improving the diet of the Scots.
Implications of low red meat consumption for iron status of young people in Britain
Authors: Gibson Sigrid , Ashwell Margaret
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this paper is to decide whether consumption of red and processed meat is associated with iron intakes and/or iron status among young people in Britain. Data from The National Diet and Nutrition Survey: Young People Aged 4‐18 Years was used. A total of 1,169 respondents completed a seven‐day weighed dietary record and provided a blood sample for iron status. Supplement‐users were excluded. RPM was defined as all red meat, meat products and offal excluding white meat. Found that, among girls, iron intakes were low but RPM was not associated with iron intake; boys were less prone to low iron intakes. Opines that low consumption of red meat has adverse implications for iron status. Dietary advice needs to emphasise the importance of bio‐available iron sources (such as meat) as well as other factors that increase iron bioavailability.
Nutrient dense mixes for enteral feeding in India
Authors: Preetika Arora , Padmini Ghugre , Shobha Udipi
Published: November 2004

The purpose of this paper is to develop easily reconstitutable nutrient dense mixes using natural food ingredients for enteral feeding, in developing countries. Three mixes were prepared using various combinations of malted wheat, sorghum, finger millet, pearl millet, green gram, linseed and sesame seeds and/or whey proteins and analyzed for nutrient composition and selected quality parameters. It was found that when reconstituted as tube feeds they compared well with the guidelines given by the American Gastroenterological Association. The mixes were not analyzed for all the nutrients and not tested on patients. Opines that they would provide nutritional support at relatively lower cost compared with commercial formulations for varied clinical conditions. Simple indigenous technologies using natural ingredients were employed for formulating the mixes. These mixes would be beneficial for enteral feeding in developing countries in lieu of commercial formulations, which tend to be expensive.
What a difference a decade makes: transformation in academic library instruction
Authors: Wilson Lizabeth A.
Published: November 2004

In 1994, the author presented the inaugural LOEX‐of‐the‐West keynote entitled “Glacier or avalanche? Shifts in the electronic, educational, and library landscape”. She outlined the forces shaping the instruction landscape: changing users; information technology; social frameworks; educational change; and economic realities. She posited that libraries would find opportunities in the shifting landscape including: user‐centeredness; using technology to transform; alliances and partnerships; experimentations; collaboratories; self‐sufficiency; inclusiveness; and value‐added librarians. In this 2004 keynote, she reflects on what has transpired in academic library instruction over the decade and speculates on the forces and opportunities that will shape the next ten years.
Understanding the millennials: updating our knowledge about students
Authors: Holliday Wendy , Li Qin
Published: November 2004

Brings together recent research on undergraduate information behavior, including preliminary findings of a qualitative study testing Kuhlthau's Information Search Process (ISP) model. The main methods include a literature review of undergraduate attitudes and information behavior and a qualitative study of 35 undergraduates. The data were coded into the original ISP model to test how it holds up with a new generation of students. Finds that the Millennial Generation increasingly turns to the web rather than the library as its primary information resource and also that the ISP model holds up for many of the students in the study. The easy access to information, however, suggests some changes to the model. It enables some students to skip steps in the process, especially focus formulation, because many students stop after their preliminary searches, thinking that they have completed the research process. The study is a qualitative study with a small sample, so findings cannot be generalized. The findings are also preliminary. The paper brings together a wide range of literature and can provide instruction librarians with a more coherent and updated view of the Millennial Generation in order to improve instruction for this group of students.
International business students: a study on their use of electronic library services
Authors: Song Yoo‐Seong
Published: November 2004

This study seeks to explore and report international business students’ perceptions and expectations of electronic library services at the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign. A total of 143 international business students on campus volunteered to fill out a survey. The results were analyzed using descriptive statistics as well as inferential statistics such as t‐tests and correlation. A significant portion of international business students has no prior experience with electronic library services in their home countries. Moreover, about a half of international business students go to libraries other than the Business and Economics Library, partly because they provide better environment for study. Although electronic resources are available without the constraint of location, providing reference services for those who do not use the Business and Economics Library becomes a challenge. Virtual reference is an excellent tool, but most international business students do not see it as an important library service. Based on the results, implications for information literacy and virtual reference service are discussed.
Your class meets where? Library instruction for business and education graduate students at off‐campus centers
Authors: Clayton Susan
Published: November 2004

Provides insight into one university library's experience in delivering library instruction to off‐campus students in the School of Business and the School of Education while also exploring such issues as library instruction for graduate students, face‐to‐face instruction at off‐campus centers, uses of technology, faculty interaction, student needs, and librarian logistics. Examines the literature on this topic, to: review the current services offered to off‐campus students, review how the off‐campus library instruction takes place, discuss developments for the future, and present recommendations for improving the service. Finds that, at the University of Redlands, off‐campus library services are experiencing a time of growth. A goal of the library and the University to provide personalized library instruction to graduate students is gradually being realized. The off‐campus students are beginning to receive services equal to library services received by on‐campus students. Proposes that this study could be used to assist other colleges and universities in developing a program for library instruction for off‐campus students.
Librarians don't bite: assessing library orientation for freshmen
Authors: Goebel Brown Ann , Weingart Sandra , Johnson Judith R.J. , Dance Betty
Published: November 2004

Evaluates the effect of the library component of a freshman orientation program on student attitudes and library anxiety. A modified version of Bostick's Library Anxiety Scale was administered to 1,027 true freshmen enrolled in the Connections First‐Year Experience program at Utah State University in the fall of 2003. First year students showed a moderate level of library anxiety prior to their library orientation sessions. This anxiety was significantly decreased after the orientation sessions. A control group reported similar anxiety levels on the pre‐test and a much smaller degree of improvement on the post‐test. Proposes that academic libraries should participate in the First‐Year Experience programs on their campuses. These activities reduce the levels of library anxiety felt by first‐year students and reduce possible barriers to academic achievement. Concludes that this paper will be of use to librarians seeking administrative and campus‐wide support for inclusion of a library component in First‐Year Experience programs. The survey can be used to assess efficacy of activities for those libraries already participating in such programs.
Teaching the teachers: teaching and learning online
Authors: Burd Barbara A. , Buchanan Lori E.
Published: November 2004

As online learning opportunities increase in today's society, librarians need to consider additional ways to design online instruction effectively. Developing the strategies necessary to teach and learn online successfully requires an understanding of learning styles and how they may be best addressed in the online environment. As is the case in a face‐to‐face classroom, the use of a specific teaching style or set of styles must expand in order to address different learning styles when teaching online. Successful teaching and learning depend on all participants possessing the attitudes necessary to succeed in the online environment. This paper provides information about learning and teaching styles, and it addresses how teaching to various learning styles may be accomplished using the available online tools and resources.
Library instruction and information literacy – 2003
Authors: Johnson Anna Marie , Jent Sarah
Published: November 2004

This article presents an annotated bibliography of literature recently published on the topic of library instruction and information literacy in academic, school, public, special, and all types of libraries. Collaboration was a strong theme, especially among academic and school libraries. Other themes discussed in the articles include the globalism of information literacy, assessment, the use of course management systems, and the use and value of online tutorials.
Why marketers need a new concept of culture for the global knowledge economy
Authors: Holden Nigel
Published: November 2004

Marketers are berated for their dependence on Hofstede and his concept of culture which stems from nineteenth century anthropology. International marketing studies need a new approach to culture, which is consistent with the workings of the global knowledge economy. It is argued that it is no longer satisfactory to associate culture with markets perceived as national aggregates of characteristics. Rather culture is seen as a knowledge resource waiting to be discovered in marketing relationships and clusters of affinity. A five‐point scheme for the foundation of a new approach to culture is presented.
Identifying successful marketing strategies by export regional destination
Authors: Lado Nora , Martínez‐Ros Ester , Valenzuela Ana
Published: November 2004

This study develops a model that explains export sales volume by destination based on a company's export marketing strategy. A seemingly unrelated regression model (SURE) simultaneously estimates the explanatory value of the different elements of the marketing strategy, as well as company characteristics, such as experience, size and motivation to export, on entry decisions to six different regional markets made by exporting companies in a southern European country. The data were collected from a sample size of 2,264 exporting companies. Findings confirm the importance of exporting experience and proactiveness in determining high export sales volumes in every regional market except for those psychologically close. Nevertheless, different marketing strategies depending on the region lead to high export sales volumes. For example, low price strategies in the case of Latin America or differentiation strategies based on the augmented product in the case of the USA generate high export sales. Promotional expenditures are of higher importance for distant markets, but for closer markets channel development is the key.
Consumer attitude toward gray market goods
Authors: Huang Jen‐Hung , Lee Bruce C.Y. , Hsun Ho Shu
Published: November 2004

Gray market activities have become global, occurring not only in less developed or volatile markets, but also in many well‐developed markets. Although the gray market problem has been discussed in the literature, pertinent research from a demand perspective remains scarce. This study establishes a valid measure of consumer attitude toward gray market goods and investigates the relationships between consumer attitude toward gray market goods and their antecedents. Data analysis reveals that both price‐quality inference and risk averseness significantly and negatively affect consumer attitude toward gray market goods. Strategies for managers of international brands to address gray market problems are presented.
Global procurement of service activities by service firms
Authors: Kotabe Masaaki , Murray Janet Y.
Published: November 2004

Global procurement of service activities has received an increasing amount of managerial attention in recent years. Service firms seem to have begun sourcing part of their service activities from abroad in much the same way as manufacturing firms have sourced components and finished goods in the past 30 years. However, little is known about the nature of service global sourcing strategy. In this study, we examine the differences in the characteristics of core service activities provided by service firms that market pure service activities versus those service firms that market service activities which involve tangible goods, and the extent to which both types of service firms engage in internal and foreign sourcing of core service activities before the service activities are provided to their customers. The results show, among others, that the level of inseparability of core service activities performed and/or sourced by “pure” service firms is significantly higher than that of “non‐pure” service firms and that “non‐pure” service firms consider foreign sourcing drivers as much more important factors in influencing the decisions in selecting potential suppliers for core service activities. Managerial and theoretical implications are explored.
Virtual exhibitions: an exploratory study of Middle East exhibitors' dispositions
Authors: Lee‐Kelley Liz , Gilbert David , Al‐Shehabi Nada F.
Published: November 2004

The recent concept of the “virtual exhibition” (VE) arose from an excess of demand over availability of traditional (physical) exhibitions. This initiative emerged from the Association of Exhibition Organisers (www.aeo.org.uk) and paved the way for far‐sighted businesses to look to the Internet as an alternative platform. However, given its recent inception there is little empirical research on this promising new practice. This study examines the attitudes of organisers of Middle East exhibitions toward the use of the VE including its suitability in supporting international marketing activities. The evidence from this exploratory research, sampled from a selection of European and Middle‐Eastern senior managers, leads to the conclusion that there is a general agreement on the potential of the VE and that it is likely to be a useful medium for “product”, “promotion” and “price”, although not as strongly for “place”. The weaker response to place could be due to a preference in the use of VE to convey information rather than distribute goods. It could also be due to many companies currently being unable to automatically integrate Internet purchases through the VE with their fulfilment. The study also discusses the various operational issues, as well as the benefits and weaknesses that VE inception needs to address.
An inquiry into born‐global firms in Europe and the USA
Authors: Knight Gary , Koed Madsen Tage , Servais Per
Published: November 2004

Companies that internationalise at or near their founding, “born globals,” are emerging in great numbers world‐wide. Characterised by a specific Gestalt of marketing‐related competencies, they are playing an increasing role in international trade. Born globals are investigated using data from case and survey‐based studies in Denmark and the USA. First introduces and describes the born‐global phenomenon. Then, hypotheses are developed and tested via a structural model that represents key factors in the international success of this important breed of firm. Results suggest that born‐global international performance is enhanced in the wake of managerial emphasis on foreign customer focus and marketing competence. Product quality and differentiation strategy also play important roles, particularly in the US firms. These and additional findings are discussed in light of their theoretical and practical implications.
E‐measures: developing statistical measures for electronic information services
Authors: Conyers Angela
Published: November 2004

Purpose. Describes the work of the e‐measures project, which aims to produce a set of statistics for measuring electronic information services in UK higher education libraries, to be used nationally as part of the Annual Library Statistics produced by the Society of College, National and University Libraries (SCONUL) and locally for library decision making and user support. Design/methodology/approach. A group of 25 higher education libraries are piloting a range of 21 e‐measures covering holdings, usage and costs of electronic services. Data collected over a four‐month period in phase 1 are currently being analysed and a review of issues raised will inform case studies planned for phase 2. Findings. Issues raised by phase 1 of the project are presented here. Reports from pilot libraries illustrate both the importance of the work being undertaken and its complexity. Research limitations/implications. The project has highlighted the issues involved in the collection of data for measuring use of electronic information services and drawn attention to the difficulties in getting reliable, consistent data. Practical implications. After testing by the pilot libraries, selected e‐measures will be incorporated into the SCONUL Annual Library Statistics, to be collected on a regular basis by all SCONUL libraries. Libraries will also have a greater understanding of their use of electronic resources through the guidance and support provided by the project. Originality/value. This paper, in describing the results of phase 1 of the e‐measures project, increases awareness of the project and the understanding of the issues involved in collecting data for e‐measures.
Getting the value from evaluation: where to get the data and what you can do with it
Authors: Grace Claire , Bremner Alison
Published: November 2004

Purpose. This paper details initiatives used by the Open University Library in comprehensively evaluating its electronic information services (EIS). It sets the context within the Open University and details how the Library's performance measurement has developed since 1999, tools and systems used for capture of data and the use of quantitative and qualitative data within the Library for operational and strategic planning. Methodology/approach. A case study approach has been used to outline work undertaken within the Library. Findings. The findings of the report detail the dangers inherent in the gathering and use of data. Future issues and initiatives are outlined. Originality/value. The paper seeks to provide examples of innovations in evaluation systems and the use of data within the Open University that could serve as illustrations of the potential benefits of this type of work for other libraries.
Counting on making a difference: assessing our impact
Authors: Payne Philip , Crawford John , Fiander Wendy
Published: November 2004

Purpose. Ten libraries across the UK are participating in the first phase of an initiative to assess the impact of higher education libraries on learning, teaching, and research. The initiative is being undertaken under the auspices of the Library and Information Research Group and the Society of College, National, and University Libraries. This interim report provides an overview of the initiative and describes participation by two of the libraries: Glasgow Caledonian University and University College Chester. Design/methodology/approach. Each of the libraries has chosen an area of their activity where they wish to assess their impact. The ten participating institutions have then followed a common approach to assessing impact which involves specifying objectives for what the library is trying to achieve, determining success criteria, establishing impact measures, identifying what evidence is needed, and choosing methods for gathering evidence. Findings. Assessing a library's impact is not easy but the potential benefits can be considerable. Issues identified in the first phase include the time/resources needed, the importance of having good research skills, the difficulties of getting the evidence, and separating out the library's contribution. Benefits illustrated in the case studies include demonstrating that the library is supporting university strategy, building closer links with academics, and enabling staff to gain a better understanding of academic processes. Originality/value. The paper will interest library managers and staff who are concerned about the impact of their services and are seeking ways to demonstrate the difference that they make to their host organisations.
Value chains in health care
Authors: Pitta Dennis A. , Laric Michael V.
Published: November 2004

The supply chain concept aided marketing by highlighting relationships that form a network of firms creating products for consumers. It helped change the focus from individual transactions to a more comprehensive view of the entire system. The value chain concept in marketing extends the supply chain view in an important way: it explicates the value that is created at each stage of the chain. For marketers, it is a vital tool in satisfying consumers – the final part of the value chain. This value chain can be viewed as having two components: the value delivery system and the consumer. This paper explores several approaches to value that are important in the functioning of the value chain. It then delineates three main elements of the value chain and traces them as they apply to services. It then focuses on one of the more complex services, the health care delivery system. It goes on to describe the health care value network and examine the critical factors that affect the success of the health care process. Finally, it delineates several important implications for health care marketers.
The demand chain as an integral component of the value chain
Authors: Walters David , Rainbird Mark
Published: November 2004

The term “value chain” encompasses a variety of ideas and concepts. This paper identifies two major themes: a “macro” perspective of how markets operate and, at the other extreme, a process‐driven “micro” view of the individual firm itself. Focusing on the latter in particular, it seems that corporate emphasis is increasingly efficiency based with the prime objective the reduction of costs. The recent difficulties experienced by McDonald's, Sainsbury and Marks & Spencer may be due in part to a single‐minded focus on supply‐chain management. Instead it is argued that a firm is best placed to create value and exploit market opportunities when there is an effective combination of supply‐chain capabilities and demand‐chain effectiveness to maximise the organisation's overall value chain. These issues are explored using practical examples from the retail and fast food industries. Questions whether traditional views of marketing are broad enough or whether, just as the logistics manager reinvented himself as the supply‐chain manager and the new corporate hero, the marketing professional needs to reinvent himself as the demand‐chain manager.
Customer value‐chain involvement for co‐creating customer delight
Authors: Mascarenhas Oswald A. , Kesavan Ram , Bernacchi Michael
Published: November 2004

Traditional marketing strategies assume that customers involve (e.g. search, assess, purchase, use) with products or services mostly at the end of their value chain as finished market offerings. This article challenges managers to invite target customers to be involved at all stages of the value chain. The specific purpose of our new customer‐value‐chain involvement (CVCI) model is to enhance customer relationship management in conjunction with supply chain management, employee relationship management) and retailer partners’ relationship management. There are definite advantages to CVCI as it can provide continuous customer feedback and enable more objective quality assessment and judgment, but most importantly, it can elevate customer satisfaction to customer delight that spawns lifetime loyalty and positive referrals. The importance and managerial implications of CVCI are discussed.
Integrating the voice of the consumer within the value chain: a focus on value‐based labelling communications in the fresh‐meat sector
Authors: McEachern Morven G. , Schröder Monika J.A.
Published: November 2004

Superior knowledge of customers’ perceptions of value is recognised as a critical success factor in today's competitive marketplace. Despite this, the voice of the consumer is often poorly integrated within the value chain, the UK fresh‐meat sector being one example. This supply chain has attempted to add value through the implementation of value‐based labelling schemes. Few studies, however, have assessed the value created for consumers. Using both in‐depth interviews and a postal survey of 1,000 fresh‐meat consumers based in Scotland, this paper offers a strategic insight into how coordinators of value‐based labelling schemes might integrate the voice of the consumer within the fresh‐meat value chain. Structural equation models are used to develop marketing recommendations. The main attitudes driving consumer purchases of fresh meat bearing a value‐based label are identified and the market potential for further differentiation of each value‐based label is examined. Future research opportunities are also explored.