bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss of PPARγ expression in mammary secretory epithelial cells creates a pro‐breast tumorigenic environment
Authors: Apostoli Anthony J. , Skelhorne‐Gross Graham E.A. , Rubino Rachel E. , Peterson Nichole T. , Di Lena Michael A. , Schneider Mark M. , SenGupta Sandip K. , Nicol Christopher J.B.
Published: August 2013

Breast cancer is the leading cause of new cancer diagnoses among women. Using peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)γ(+/−) mice, we showed normal expression of PPARγ was critical to stop 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)‐induced breast tumorigenesis. PPARγ is expressed in many breast cell types including mammary secretory epithelial (MSE) cells. MSEs proliferate as required during pregnancy, and undergo apoptosis or reversible transdifferentiation during involution once lactation is complete. Thus, MSE‐specific loss of PPARγ was hypothesized to enhance DMBA‐mediated breast tumorigenesis. To test this, MSE cell‐specific PPARγ knockout (PPARγ‐MSE KO) and control (PPARγ‐WT) mice were generated, mated and allowed to nurse for three days. One week after involution, dams were treated with DMBA to initiate breast tumors, and randomized on week 7 to continue receiving a normal chow diet (DMBA Only: PPARγ‐WT, n = 15; PPARγ‐MSE KO, n = 25) or one supplemented with a PPARγ activating drug (DMBA + ROSI: PPARγ‐WT, n = 17; PPARγ‐MSE KO, n = 24), and monitored for changes in breast tumor outcomes. PPARγ‐MSE KOs had significantly lower overall survival and decreased mammary tumor latency as compared to PPARγ‐WT controls. PPARγ activation significantly reduced DMBA‐mediated malignant mammary tumor volumes irrespective of genotype. MSE‐specific PPARγ loss resulted in decreased mammary gland expression of PTEN and Bax, increased superoxide anion production, and elevated serum eotaxin and RANTES, creating a protumorigenic environment. Moreover, PPARγ activation in MSEs delayed mammary tumor growth in part by down‐regulating Cox‐1, Cox‐2 and cyclin D1. Collectively, these studies highlight a protective role of MSE‐specific PPARγ during breast tumorigenesis, and support a novel chemotherapeutic role of PPARγ activation in breast cancer.
A Dirac Type Condition for Properly Coloured Paths and Cycles
Authors: Lo Allan
Published: August 2013

Let c be an edge‐colouring of a graph G such that for every vertex v there are at least different colours on edges incident to v. We prove that G contains a properly coloured path of length 2d or a properly coloured cycle of length at least . Moreover, if G does not contain any properly coloured cycle, then there exists a properly coloured path of length .
Diagnostic value of a “wide‐range” quantitative nested real‐time PCR assay for varicella zoster virus myelitis
Authors: Takahashi Teruyuki , Tamura Masato , Takasu Toshiaki
Published: August 2013

Myelitis is one of the rarest neurological complications of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection. In this study, the authors remodeled the “wide‐range” quantitative nested real‐time (QNRT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to quantitatively detect a small amount of VZV‐DNA in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). For use as a specific internal control “calibrator,” an original mutation‐VZV (MZ) plasmid was developed. The initial copy number of VZV‐DNA in CSF specimens was measured by the amplification rate of the MZ‐plasmid. For 17 consecutive CSF specimens collected from three elderly patients with VZV myelitis, the diagnostic value of the wide‐range QNRT‐PCR assay was evaluated and compared with other conventional PCR assays and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The MZ‐plasmid demonstrated statistically uniform amplifications (F = 1.016) against a wide range (1–100,000) of copy numbers of mimic VZV‐DNA. The wide‐range QNRT‐PCR assay quantitatively and rapidly (within 48 hr) detected 5,863, 3,052, 958, and 6,721 copies/ml of VZV‐DNA in the CSF specimens collected from all patients in the acute phase. Additionally, there was a significant difference (*P = 0.023) in the copy number of VZV‐DNA between before and after acyclovir treatment. Other conventional single PCR assays all revealed negative results, but were nevertheless time‐consuming (7 days). The IgG EIA‐value for VZV was continually elevated throughout the clinical course of all patients. The MZ‐plasmid was thus regarded as an appropriate “calibrator” in the wide‐range QNRT‐PCR assay. This assay is a novel, rapid, accurate, quantitative, and highly sensitive technique, and will contribute as a reliable and useful clinical examination for the rapid diagnosis of VZV infection to central nervous system. J Med. Virol. 85:2042–2055, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
VHDL‐AMS in switched‐current analog filter pair design based on a gyrator‐capacitor prototype circuit
Authors: Handkiewicz Andrzej , Katarzyński Piotr , Szczęsny Szymon , Naumowicz Mariusz , Melosik Michał , Śniatała Paweł
Published: August 2013

This paper presents an approach to a low‐sensitivity design strategy for switched‐current (SI) filter pairs based on a gyrator‐capacitor prototype circuit. On the basis of a prototype filter, an SI counterpart circuit is obtained. Tools for SI filter design automation have been developed, which make a hardware description language ‐ analog‐mixed signal synthesization for the chosen kind of circuit. The obtained SI filter is better than the filter obtained using LC ladder structures with respect to very‐large‐scale integration complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor chip area and power consumption. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are southern South American Rivers linked to the solar variability?
Authors: Compagnucci Rosa Hilda , Berman Ana Laura , Velasco Herrera Victor , Silvestri Gabriel
Published: August 2013

This article explores the Sun's influence on the hydrological cycle in southern South America (SSA) at the range of interannual‐to‐multidecadal scales from the early 1900s to 2011. The solar variability is described by the sunspot number (SSN) index. The hydrological cycle is examined by using annual mean discharges of the Paraná River (PAR) and the Atuel River (ATU) that represents the behaviour of the subtropical Argentinean Andean hydrological system. Wavelet‐based methods are used in order to describe relationships in the entire time‐frequency domain. The SSN–PAR connection is statistically weak in oscillations with period about 11 years (the Schwabe's solar cycle). Therefore, the solar forcing at this scale must be considered with great caution. The periodicity about 30 years is highly significant throughout the analysed period. Two potential physical mechanisms affecting the Paraná discharge could be involved: one is the solar irradiance influence on the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and the other is the solar influence on the Pacific long‐term variability. The SSN–ATU connection shows by far the most striking, robust and convincing result for the Schwabe cycle. A large amplitude and statistically significant cycle with a period about 11 years is observed not only in the Morlet‐based global and local wavelet spectra of the Atuel discharges and SSN but also in the global and local spectra of Cross and Coherent wavelets in most of the analysed period. High (low) discharges occur following maxima (minima) of the Schwabe cycles with time lags of up to ∼2 years. Previous studies have shown a close relationship between the subtropical Argentinean Andean Rivers and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), as well as a solar influence on the ENSO variability. We suggest that El Niño events occurring a few years after solar maxima could explain the connection. Periodicities longer than 30 years are suggested.
A new climatology for Southern Hemisphere blockings in the winter and the combined effect of ENSO and SAM phases
Authors: Oliveira Flavio N. M. , Carvalho Leila M. V. , Ambrizzi Tercio
Published: August 2013

This study presents 53‐year climatology of Southern Hemisphere (SH) blockings in the winter using daily 500‐hPa geopotential height data from NCEP–NCAR reanalysis. The variability of SH blocking events and their relationships with combined phases of El Niño/southern oscillation (ENSO) and the southern annular mode (SAM) are examined. Conventional indices were revised and a slightly modified index is proposed to detect latitudinal variations of SH blockings. The South Pacific region is examined in detail. There is no statistically significant long‐term trend in the SH blockings. During moderate El Niño, the preferred location SH blocking is observed over East Pacific, and we show that the blocking frequency increases during negative SAM phases. During moderate La Niña the SH blockings are significantly suppressed over Central Pacific, with lower blocking frequency during positive SAM phases. These results indicate that the daily variability of SH blocking is strongly modulated by both ENSO and SAM phases.
How robust are Holocene treeline simulations? A model–data comparison in the European Arctic treeline region
Authors: FANG KEYAN , MORRIS JESSE L. , SALONEN J. SAKARI , MILLER PAUL A. , RENSSEN HANS , SYKES MARTIN T. , SEPPÄ HEIKKI
Published: August 2013

Treeline encroachments and retractions can provide global‐scale feedbacks to the climate system, and treeline dynamics are therefore of great relevance for understanding global climate variability. To assess the accuracy of long‐term treeline simulations based on the generalized dynamic vegetation model LPJ‐GUESS, we simulate European Arctic treeline dynamics over the past 9000 years and compare the results with fossil‐based reconstructions. The results show that while LPJ‐GUESS is limited in its ability to capture species‐level current treeline patterns and past dynamics, it is generally able to realistically simulate the Holocene coniferous treeline changes with a cutoff biomass carbon of 2 C kg m−2. The model captures the northward expansion of the boreal forest during the mid Holocene and correctly simulates a treeline retreat in response to climate cooling during the last 3000 years. However, there are data–simulation disagreements particularly during the early Holocene, which mainly result from the differences between the two palaeoclimate model scenarios used to drive the simulations. We suggest that the spatial accuracy of the model could be improved by incorporating the influence of topographic features, the extent of the Arctic peatlands, the tree species life‐history characteristics, microclimate and other ecological factors. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes of Prolonged Exposure Therapy for Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Goodson Jason T. , Lefkowitz Carin M. , Helstrom Amy W. , Gawrysiak Michael J.
Published: August 2013

Prolonged Exposure (PE) is an evidenced‐based psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that is being disseminated nationally within the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) with promising initial results. Empirical evidence, however, regarding the effectiveness of PE for treatment of PTSD in military veterans is limited. Building on previous treatment outcome research, the current study investigated the effectiveness of PE in a diverse veteran sample. One‐hundred fifteen veterans were enrolled in PE at an urban VA medical center and its surrounding outpatient clinics. PTSD and depression symptoms as well as quality of life were measured before and after treatment. Several baseline patient characteristics were examined as predictors of treatment response. Eighty‐four participants completed treatment. Participants experienced a 42% reduction in PTSD symptoms, a 31% reduction in depression symptoms, and an increase in quality of life following PE. Veterans not prescribed psychotropic medication reported greater PTSD symptom reduction than veterans prescribed such medication. The implications of these results for treatment programs targeting PTSD in veterans are discussed.
A Nanocomposite of Polyaniline/Inorganic Nanotubes
Authors: Voldman Alla , Zbaida David , Cohen Hagai , Leitus Gregory , Tenne Reshef
Published: August 2013

Polymer‐inorganic nanoparticle composites are an area of great research interest. Inorganic fullerene‐like (IF) structures and inorganic nanotubes (INT) are used for producing composite materials with specific goals of reinforcement of the polymer and ameliorating its thermal stability. Here, a composite material containing INT and conducting polymer (polyaniline (PANI)) is synthesized by an in situ oxidative polymerization of the mono­mer in the presence of WS2 nanotubes. The structure and electrical behavior of PANI/INT composite is studied and compared with the results of pristine PANI (synthesized under the same conditions without INT). Most remarkably, INT‐WS2 are found to play the role of an active doping agent. The highest conductivity is obtained for 0.85 wt% (ca. 0.06 at%) nanotubes content, two orders of magnitude higher than that of pristine PANI. This work suggests a new approach to control the host–guest interaction in the polymer nanocomposite via (Lewis) acid–base equilibrium.

image
Novel Highly Efficient Organophotocatalysts: Truxene–Acridine‐1,8‐diones as Photoinitiators of Polymerization
Authors: Tehfe Mohamad‐Ali , Dumur Frédéric , Contal Emmanuel , Graff Bernadette , Gigmes Didier , Fouassier Jean‐Pierre , Lalevée Jacques
Published: August 2013

Truxene–acridine‐1,8‐dione derivatives (Tr_AD) are proposed as new photoinitiators of polymerization under very soft irradiation (by a household halogen lamp), as well as laser‐diode exposure at 405 nm. They exhibit a strong absorption around 380 nm. The Tr_AD/diphenyl iodonium salt/9‐vinylcarbazole combination is able to promote the ring‐opening polymerization of an epoxide, whereas the Tr_AD/alkyl halide/amine system is very efficient in initiating the radical photopolymerization of an acrylate. Excellent polymerization profiles are obtained. Acrylate/epoxide blends are also easily polymerized. These Tr_ADs in the three‐component systems behave as photocatalysts according to oxidative cycles. The mechanisms are discussed for the different multicomponent initiating systems.

image
Radar reflectivity and wind fields analysis by using two X‐band Doppler radars at Okinawa, Japan from 11 to 12 June 2007
Authors: Jang Sang‐Min , Lee Dong‐In , Jeong Jong‐Hoon , Park Sung‐Hwa , Shimizu Shingo , Uyeda Hiroshi , Suh Young‐Sang
Published: August 2013

During 11 June (CASE I) and 12 June (CASE II) 2007, several meso‐β‐scale convective systems (MβCSs) were generated along the Meiyu‐Baiu front. In this study, the formation, evolution and dissipation of convective precipitation, kinematics structures, and features of the MβCSs developed over ocean were investigate using dual Doppler analysis. The analysis of synoptic conditions and atmospheric sounding suggested that in both cases the atmospheric environment was characterized by well‐developed convective systems with warm and humid air‐inflow and unstable conditions in addition to strong vertical wind shear at lower levels. In CASE I, an embedded‐cell storm developed, approached the area, and moved slowly (≤ 2.5 m  s−1) northeastward. As the system advanced, strong dominant updraft could be observed at the core. After the system passage, the wind became weak at the centre of the cell, whereas the downdraft area extended up to 4 km in height on the front side. This downdraft flowed back into the convective cell and, maintained the convective activity. The evolution of the updraft and downdraft was in good agreement with the general life cycle of convective systems. In CASE II, line‐shaped convective systems (LSCSs) passed from the southwest to east–northeast at 10 m  s−1. The dual Doppler analysis revealed that the wind at the rear of the band contributed to the cells merge and developed into a strong convective cell. In addition, the outflow from the new cell flowed into the rear of a merged convective cell and enhanced the vertical development of the cell.
1,25(OH)2‐vitamin D3 enhances the stimulating effect of leucine and insulin on protein synthesis rate through Akt/PKB and mTOR mediated pathways in murine C2C12 skeletal myotubes
Authors: Salles Jérôme , Chanet Audrey , Giraudet Christophe , Patrac Véronique , Pierre Philippe , Jourdan Marion , Luiking Yvette C. , Verlaan Sjors , Migné Carole , Boirie Yves , Walrand Stéphane
Published: August 2013

Scope

In recent years, there has been a growing body of evidence pointing to an effect of vitamin D on muscle mass and function. Our aim was to investigate the combined effect of 1,25(OH)2‐vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) with anabolic factors insulin and leucine on protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and regulation in the mouse C2C12 myotube.

Methods and results

After differentiation, myotubes were cultured in 1,25(OH)2D3 solutions at 0, 1, or 10 nM for 72 h. Cells were treated by l‐[1–13C]valine and puromycin in presence or not of leucine and insulin, and protein FSR was determined by measuring tracer enrichments and puromycin incorporation in proteins, respectively. Protein expression and phosphorylation state of insulin receptor (IR), Akt, GSK3, mTOR, p70 S6 kinase, rpS6, and 4EBP1 were measured by Western blot. Transcript levels of IR and 1,25(OH)2D3 receptor (VDR) were determined by qPCR. 1,25(OH)2D3 (10 nM) with leucine and insulin increased protein FSR in C2C12 myotubes (14–16%). IR and VDR mRNA expression was increased with 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. The Akt/mTOR‐dependent pathway was activated by insulin and leucine and further enhanced by 1,25(OH)2D3.

Conclusion

1,25(OH)2D3 sensitizes the Akt/mTOR‐dependant pathway to the stimulating effect of leucine and insulin, resulting in a further activation of protein synthesis in murine C2C12 skeletal myotubes.
Composites of poly(methyl methacrylate) with hybrid fillers (micro/nanohydroxyapatite): Mechanical, setting properties, bioactivity and cytotoxicity in vitro
Authors: Hernández Mónica López , Alonso Lizette Morejón , Pradas Manuel Monleón , Lozano Oscar Ernesto Ledea , Bello Dainelys Guadarrama
Published: August 2013

Novel composites of poly(methyl methacrylate) with silanized micro and nanohydroxyapatite (HA) particles were prepared. Coralina® HA was the MicroHA filler and synthetic NanoHA was the reinforcement. The influence of the total inorganic content and the proportion of micro‐ to NanoHA on the setting properties (i.e., setting time and peak polymerization temperature), compressive strength, and in vitro bioactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF) was analyzed. The novel composites exhibited appropriate handling properties. Compressive strength ranged between 71.30 ± 0.04 and 80.0 ± 2.4 MPa. The peak polymerization temperatures varied from 44.5 ± 0.5 to 50.8 ± 1.8°C, and thus complying with the ISO 5833 standard. The composites exhibited excellent calcium phosphate deposition in SBF and those with 30 wt% inorganic content showed no cytotoxicity on L929 fibroblastic cells. These results encourage further testing of these novel composites for potential future use in human health applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 34:1927–1937, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Three‐dimensional trajectory of electrospun polymer solution jet using digital holographic microscopy
Authors: Lee J. , Sallam K.A.
Published: August 2013

The three‐dimensional trajectories of polymer solution jets during the electrospinning of polymer nanofibers were experimentally investigated. Test conditions included water solutions of polyethylene oxide (PEO) with concentrations typical of those producing beaded nanofibers, driving voltages ranging from 5 kV to 15 kV to generate a single polymer jet and injection pressures ranging from 0 kPa to 55 kPa. The present holographic imaging setup resolved the spatial growth of the bending instabilities, which is beneficial for validating numerical models. The results also showed the bead formation on the polymer fiber in‐flight. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1765–1773, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Planning using a Network of Reusable Paths: A Physical Embodiment of a Rapidly Exploring Random Tree
Authors: Stenning Braden E. , McManus Colin , Barfoot Timothy D.
Published: August 2013

Growing a network of reusable paths is a novel approach to navigation that allows a mobile robot to autonomously seek distant goals in unmapped, GPS‐denied environments, which may make it particularly well‐suited to rovers used for planetary exploration. A network of reusable paths is an extension to visual‐teach‐and‐repeat systems; instead of a simple chain of poses, there is an arbitrary network. This allows the robot to return to any pose it has previously visited, and it lets a robot plan to reuse previous paths. This paradigm results in closer goal acquisition (through reduced localization error) and a more robust approach to exploration with a mobile robot. It also allows a rover to return a sample to an ascent vehicle with a single command. We show that our network‐of‐reusable‐paths approach is a physical embodiment of the popular rapidly exploring random tree (RRT) planner. Simulation results are presented along with the results from two different robotic test systems. These test systems drove over 14 km in planetary analog environments.
Multifunctional Co0.85Se‐Fe3O4 Nanocomposites: Controlled Synthesis and Their Enhanced Performances for Efficient Hydrogenation of p‐Nitrophenol and Adsorbents
Authors: Song Ji‐Ming , Zhang Song‐Song , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: August 2013

A new kind of multifunctional Co0.85Se‐Fe3O4 nanocomposites is synthesized by loading Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) with a size of about 5 nm on the surface of Co0.85Se nanosheets under hydrothermal conditions without using any surfactant or structure‐directing agents. The Co0.85Se‐Fe3O4 nanocomposite exhibits remarkable catalytic performance for hydrogenation of p‐nitrophenol (4‐NP) at room temperature and good adsorption behavior for methylene blue trihydrate in water. This nanocomposite also shows a high specific surface area and magnetic separation capability for recyclable utilization. The enhanced performances both in catalysis and adsorption are better than either individual component of Co0.85Se nanosheets or Fe3O4 nanoparticles, demonstrating the possibility for designing new multifunctional nanocomposites with improved performances for catalysis, adsorbents, and other applications.
Visualizing communication structures in science classrooms: Tracing cumulativity in teacher‐led whole class discussions
Authors: Lehesvuori Sami , Viiri Jouni , Rasku‐Puttonen Helena , Moate Josephine , Helaakoski Jussi
Published: August 2013

Teacher‐led whole class discussions are essential when it comes to guiding students' construction of knowledge, and recent studies on teaching and learning emphasize the need for more student‐centered teaching methods. In previous studies, the extent to which different types of communication take place in the classroom have been extensively reported by means of lists, tables, and charts, yet these studies have not included overviews of how talk develops and progresses over time. This study addresses this aspect by presenting how different communicative approaches constitute a specific, cumulative communication structure. Within this structure, the role and temporal considerations of a dialogic approach to teaching are examined within a teaching sequence on the topic of electrical power and energy. The case data were analyzed on multiple levels. First, teaching sequences were presented graphically to provide a broader picture of the communicational orientation of the overall lesson. Second, a detailed analysis of dialogic interactions was executed to understand the quality and role of these interactions on a broader communicational level. This multilevel analysis provides insights into the different purposes and quality of dialogic implementation in terms of the cumulative and meaningful learning of science. Implications for teaching and teacher education and educational research are also discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50: 912–939, 2013
Reliability and effects of muscular pretension on isometric strength of older adults
Authors: Morat Tobias , Preuß Peter
Published: August 2013

There were two objectives to this study: (a) to determine the reliability of measuring isometric maximum torque (MT) and maximum rate of torque development (MRTD) of the knee extensor and flexor muscles and (b) to assess the effects of different muscular pretensions on MT and MRTD of older adults. Maximum strength of 35 untrained healthy older adults (aged 66.9 ± 6.6 years; height 1.72 ± 0.07 m; weight 75.2 ± 9.6 kg) was measured. Strength measurement was performed with the Dr. Wolff ISO Check using a piezo-electric force transducer. MT intra-day coefficient of variation (CV) was between 3.30 and 12.40 % for both measurement sessions. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ranging from 0.71 to 0.99 showed good relative reliability. MT test–retest reliability (between sessions 1 and 2) of knee extension reached a CV between 7.10 and 9.30 % and high ICC values. The measurement of the knee flexion achieved an acceptable CV (9.40 %) at 40 % muscular pretension. MRTD was negatively influenced by muscular pretension (p <0.05). In conclusion, MT could be measured reliably over different trials using isometric strength measurement. The test–retest reliability was acceptable at knee extension with 10 to 40 % muscular pretension and with 40 % muscular pretension at knee flexion. A higher muscular pretension has no impact on MT but decreases MRTD in older adults.
Origin of the medial ulnar collateral ligament on the pediatric elbow
Authors: Zell Michael , Dwek Jerry R. , Edmonds Eric W.
Published: August 2013

Purpose

Surgical reconstruction of the adult anterior bundle of the medial ulnar collateral elbow ligament (UCL) is a common and established treatment that yields satisfactory results. Children sustain these injuries less frequently, and surgical intervention is complicated by the juxtaposed medial epicondyle apophysis. The purpose of this study was to identify the anatomical origin of the pediatric UCL and determine if this location changes with elbow maturity.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of children with an elbow MRI between 2009 and 2012 was performed. Ninety children (68 boys, 22 girls), mean age 12.8 years (range 6–18), were grouped by age (<11, 11–13, and >13) and gender. Measurements of UCL width and UCL midpoint distance from medial epicondyle apophysis were recorded on coronal T1 images utilizing digital PACS software.

Results

Across all groups, boys had a wider UCL than girls (4.05 ± 0.16 mm vs 3.72 ± 0.20 mm, p = 0.03); however, there was no difference in the anatomical origin of the UCL relative to the medial epicondyle apophysis between gender ( p = 0.52), between gender age-matched groups, or within gender age-matched groups. Yet, the anatomic origin of the UCL always remained medial to the cartilaginous interface of the apophysis with the osseous distal humerus and was centered approximately 3 mm medial to the lateral edge of the apophysis.

Conclusion

Regardless of age or gender, the humeral origin for the medial ulnar collateral ligament is medial to the interface between the medial epicondyle apophysis and distal humerus, which has surgical implications for anatomic reconstruction in children.
Scoliosis after chest wall resection
Authors: Glotzbecker Michael P. , Gold Meryl , Puder Mark , Hresko M. Timothy
Published: August 2013

Background data

There has been an increased focus on the role of rib abnormalities in the development of scoliosis. Rib resection may influence the development of scoliosis. Although scoliosis has been identified in patients after thoracotomy, most of the currently available information is from case reports.

Methods

We examined records of 37 patients who underwent a chest wall or rib resection for rib lesions at our institution during the period of 1992 to 2005. Adequate data was available in 21 patients. We gathered data on demographic information, location of resection, and changes in curvature after resection based on radiograph or scout CT films at the latest follow-up appointment.

Results

Fourteen of 21 patients developed scoliosis with a mean Cobb angle of 25.8° (10°–70°). Eleven of these 14 patients had a progressive spinal deformity after chest wall resection with an average change in curvature of 29° (10°–70°). Eight of those 11 developed a convex toward the resection, while 3/11 developed a convex away from the resection. Seven of the eight patients with resections that included a rib superior to the sixth rib developed scoliosis, while four of 13 with resections below the sixth rib developed scoliosis.

Conclusion

Patients who have had a rib or chest wall resection are at risk for developing scoliosis, particularly if the resection is performed above the sixth rib.
Nondegeneracy of blow-up points for the parabolic Keller–Segel system
Authors: Souplet Philippe , Mizoguchi Noriko
Published: August 2013

This paper is concerned with the parabolic Keller–Segel system

\left\{\begin{matrix} u_{t} = \mathrm{∇} \cdot \left(\mathrm{∇}u−u^{m}\mathrm{∇}v\right) & \text{in }\Omega \times (0,T), \\ \Gamma v_{t} = \mathrm{\Delta }v−\lambda v + u & \text{in }\Omega \times (0,T), \\ \end{matrix}\right.

in a domain

Ω

of

\mathbb{R}^{N}

with

N⩾1

, where

m,\Gamma > 0

,

\lambda ⩾0

are constants and

T > 0

. When

\Omega \neq \mathbb{R}^{N}

, we impose the Neumann boundary conditions on the boundary. Under suitable assumptions, we prove the local nondegeneracy of blow-up points. This seems new even for the classical Keller–Segel system (

m = 1

). Lower global blow-up estimates are also obtained. In the singular case

0 < m < 1

, as a prerequisite, local existence and regularity properties are established.

Dans cet article, nous étudions le système parabolique de Keller–Segel

\left\{\begin{matrix} u_{t} = \mathrm{∇} \cdot \left(\mathrm{∇}u−u^{m}\mathrm{∇}v\right) & \text{dans }\Omega \times (0,T), \\ \Gamma v_{t} = \mathrm{\Delta }v−\lambda v + u & \text{dans }\Omega \times (0,T), \\ \end{matrix}\right.

avec

Ω

un domaine de

\mathbb{R}^{N}

,

N⩾1

, où

m,\Gamma > 0

,

\lambda ⩾0

sont des constantes et

T > 0

. Lorsque

\Omega \neq \mathbb{R}^{N}

, les conditions aux limites de Neumann sont prescrites sur le bord. Sous des hypothèses convenables, nous prouvons la non-dégénérescence locale des points d'explosion. Ce résultat semble nouveau même dans le cas du système de Keller–Segel classique (

m = 1

). Des estimations inférieures globales de la vitesse d'explosion sont également obtenues. Dans le cas singulier

0 < m < 1

, nous établissons les propriétés nécessaires d'existence locale et de régularité.
Preoperative elevation of serum C‐reactive protein as an indicator of poor prognosis for early‐stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Song Zheng‐Bo , Lin Bao‐Chai , Li Bo , He Chun‐Xiao , Zhang Bei‐Bei , Shao Lan , Zhang Yi‐Ping
Published: August 2013

Preoperative elevation of serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) is reportedly associated with poor prognosis in several types of cancer. This study investigated the role of serum CRP as a prognostic factor in early‐stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The preoperative serum CRP levels were measured in 156 newly diagnosed pT1–2N0M0 patients using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Correlations between serum CRP levels and other clinical parameters were analyzed. Multivariate analyses were performed to find prognostic markers using Cox's proportional hazards model. CRP concentrations were within the normal range in 117 (75%) individuals, but were elevated in 39 (25%) patients. Serum CRP levels were significantly correlated with the tumor length (p = 0.032), depth (T classification, p = 0.0157), or histologic grade (p = 0.034). The overall 5‐year survival rates were 76.3% and 50.2% in the low‐ and high‐CRP groups, respectively (p = 0.005). By multivariate analyses, the elevated serum CRP level was found to be an independent prognostic factor for poor survival (hazard ratio = 2.131; p = 0.007), regardless of tumor classification or other prognostic factors. In conclusion, preoperative, high serum CRP is an independent determinant of poor prognosis in early‐stage ESCC.
Hodgkin's lymphoma‐related vanishing bile duct syndrome: A case report and literature review
Authors: Wong Kiong‐Ming , Chang Chao‐Sung , Wu Chun‐Chieh , Yin Hsin‐Ling
Published: August 2013

We report the case of a 38‐year‐old man who developed vanishing bile duct syndrome in association with Hodgkin's lymphoma. He was noted to have cervical lymphadenopathy and marked elevation of total serum bilirubin at diagnosis. He achieved complete remission with normalization of serum bilirubin after eight courses of Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine chemotherapy followed with autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. Consecutive liver biopsies performed at diagnosis and at the stage of complete remission revealed the disappearance and regeneration of interlobular bile ducts, respectively. Our case provides pathological evidence that Hodgkin's lymphoma‐related vanishing bile duct syndrome is a reversible bile duct injury disease. Bilirubin is a reliable serum marker to monitor the treatment response of these cases. The mechanism to develop hyperbilirubinemia with vanishing bile duct in such a case of Hodgkin's lymphoma remains to be studied. A literature review was carried out.
Pharmacological implications from the adhesion‐induced signaling profiles in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells
Authors: Wu Wen‐Chuan , Chang Yo‐Chen , Wu Kwou‐Yeung , Chen Su‐Yueh , Hsieh Ming‐Chu , Wu Meng‐Hsien , Wu Horng‐Jiun , Wu Wen‐Sheng , Kao Ying‐Hsien
Published: August 2013

Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an active and complex role in regulating cellular behaviors, including proliferation and adhesion. This study aimed at delineating the adhesion‐induced signaling profiles in cultured human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and investigating the antiadhesion effect of antiproliferative drugs in this context. RPE R‐50 cells grown on various ECM molecules, such as type I and IV collagens, fibronectin, and laminin, were used for adhesion assay and for examining the phosphorylation profiles of signaling mediators including Akt, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and integrin‐linked kinase (ILK) using Western blotting. The cells receiving antiproliferative drug treatment at subtoxic doses were used to evaluate their antiadhesive and suppressive effects on kinase activities. ECM coating enhanced adhesion and spreading of RPE cells significantly. The cellular attachment onto ECM‐coated surfaces differentially induced Akt, ERK1/2, and ILK phosphorylation, and concomitantly increased p53 phosphorylation and cyclin D1 expression, but decreased Bcl‐2/Bax ratios. Treatment with antiproliferative agents, including 5‐fluorouracil, mitomycin C, and daunomycin, at subtoxic doses suppressed the ability of RPE cells to adhere to ECM substratum significantly. This suppression was in part mediated through reduction of integrin β1 and β3 expressions and interfering Akt‐ILK signaling activity. Mechanistically, blockade of PI3K/Akt signaling resulted in the suppressed adhesion of RPE cells to ECM. These findings support the hypothesis that, in addition to their antimitogenic effect, antiproliferative agents also exhibit suppressive effect on the adhesiveness of cultured RPE cells. Moreover, inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt signaling mediator can potentially be used as therapeutic agents for proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
Das Lebensende auf der Public-Health-Agenda
Authors: Ewers Michael , Schaeffer Doris
Published: August 2013

Einleitung

Das Lebensende war lange Zeit kein relevantes Public-Health-Thema. Primäres Ziel war es, den frühzeitigen Tod zu verhindern, die Bevölkerung gesund zu erhalten und Gesundheitssysteme effizient auszurichten. Mittlerweile ist die Frage nach der Qualität des Lebensendes unter veränderten gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen als Herausforderung erkannt. Noch aber konzentrieren sich die Initiativen auf die Verbesserung individueller Sterbesituationen ausgewählter Patienten und erfahren Public-Health-Gesichtspunkte wenig Beachtung.
Palliative Kultur in Alten- und Pflegeheimen – ein Beitrag zu einer nachhaltigen Gesellschaft
Authors: Heimerl Katharina , Schuchter Patrick
Published: August 2013

Einleitung

Immer mehr Bewohnerinnen sind bereits beim Einzug in Alten- und Pflegeheime schwerkrank und pflegebedürftig, so dass die Verweildauern in diesen Einrichtungen immer kürzer werden und Pflegeheime zunehmend zu „Häusern zum Sterben“ werden. Einerseits nimmt demnach die Bedeutung von Pflegeheimen in der Versorgung von hochbetagten Menschen am Lebensende zu. Andererseits gehören Alten-und Pflegeheime zu jenen Einrichtungen, die abgewertet werden – spürbar beispielsweise über abnehmende Personalressourcen. Erfreulicher Weise lassen sich jedoch auch andere Entwicklungen feststellen. Hospizbewegung und Pflegeheime bewegen sich aufeinander zu, nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern auch international.
IS FOUNDATIONAL A PRIORI JUSTIFICATION INDISPENSABLE?
Authors: Poston Ted
Published: August 2013

Laurence BonJour's (1985) coherence theory of empirical knowledge relies heavily on a traditional foundationalist theory of a priori knowledge. He argues that a foundationalist, rationalist theory of a priori justification is indispensable for a coherence theory. BonJour (1998) continues this theme, arguing that a traditional account of a priori justification is indispensable for the justification of putative a priori truths, the justification of any non-observational belief and the justification of reasoning itself. While BonJour's indispensability arguments have received some critical discussion (Gendler 2001; Harman 2001; Beebe 2008), no one has investigated the indispensability arguments from a coherentist perspective. This perspective offers a fruitful take on BonJour's arguments, because he does not appreciate the depth of the coherentist alternative to the traditional empiricist-rationalist debate. This is surprising on account of BonJour's previous defense of coherentism. Two significant conclusions emerge: first, BonJour's indispensability arguments beg central questions about an explanationist form of coherentism; second, BonJour's original defense of coherentism took on board certain assumptions that inevitably led to the demise of his form of coherentism. The positive conclusion of this article is that explanatory coherentism is more coherent than BonJour's indispensability arguments assume, and more coherent than BonJour's earlier coherentist epistemology.
Outcomes of a tobacco treatment programme for individuals with severe and persistent mental illness attending a community mental health team
Authors: Masuhara Joy E. , Heah Tom , Okoli Chizimuzo T.C.
Published: August 2013

Introduction: Individuals with severe and persistent mental illnesses have a greater prevalence of smoking than the general population and are disproportionately affected by tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. Evidence-based tobacco treatment can aid such populations in their efforts at smoking cessation. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of tobacco treatment programmes within Mental Health and Addictions Services in Canada.

Aims: This study examines outcomes from an evidence-based tobacco treatment programme provided within community mental health services in Vancouver, Canada.

Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of 134 participants (from June 2010 to February 2012). Information on demographics, tobacco use and cessation history, substance use history, psychiatric disorder diagnosis, expired carbon monoxide level, and duration of treatment in the programme were obtained. Programme completion and smoking cessation/reduction were examined.

Results: Sixty-seven per cent completed the programme. Of those who completed, 26.7% were abstinent at the end-of-treatment and 50% (of those not achieving abstinence) reduced their consumption to at least 50% of their baseline cigarette consumption. Predictors of smoking cessation included having a social support for smoking cessation and lower nicotine dependence at baseline.

Conclusions: Evidence-based tobacco treatment within community mental health services is well received by individuals with severe and persistent mental illness. Such treatment can aid in their efforts towards smoking cessation. Future studies may need to assess factors that can enhance the integration of tobacco treatment within mental health services while providing tailored treatment that addresses the unique needs of smokers who have severe and persistent mental illness.
Quitting smoking using health issue-specific Social Networking Sites (SNSs): What influences participation, social identification, and smoking cessation self-efficacy?
Authors: Phua Joe
Published: August 2013

Introduction: This study examined members of health issue-specific social networking sites (SNSs) for smoking cessation, applying Social Identity Theory (SIT).

Aims: The aim of the study was to test the relationships between perceived verbal, affective, cognitive and physical intimacy on the sites, participation level, social identification and smoking cessation self-efficacy.

Methods: An online questionnaire (N = 252) assessed members of SNSs for smoking cessation. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), structural equation modelling (SEM), mediation analysis, MANOVA and ANOVA tests were used to test the hypotheses.

Results/Findings: Verbal, affective, cognitive and physical intimacy significantly predicted participation; participation significantly predicted social identification and smoking cessation self-efficacy; and social identification mediated between participation and smoking cessation self-efficacy. Active participants and lurkers differed significantly on perceived verbal, affective, cognitive and physical intimacy, social identification, and smoking cessation self-efficacy.

Conclusions: Health issue-specific SNSs for smoking cessation have a positive impact on members’ smoking cessation self-efficacy. Higher perceived intimacy facilitates participation online, which in turn influences smoking cessation self-efficacy, with social identification mediating this relationship.
UNIQUENESS OF MEROMORPHIC FUNCTIONS WITH WEAKLY WEIGHTED SHARING
Authors: ALZAHARY THAMIR
Published: August 2013

In this paper, we introduce the notion of weakly weighted sharing of zeros of meromorphic functions ignoring multiplicities, which extends the notion of weakly weighted sharing counting multiplicities, and we also introduce the notion of multiplicity. By using these notions, we prove some results on the uniqueness of meromorphic functions concerning differential polynomials sharing nonzero finite values. The results in this paper extend the results of Yang and Hua, Fang, and Dyavanal. In this paper, we correct defective points in the paper of Wu et al. [‘Uniqueness of meromorphic functions sharing one value’, Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 85(2012), 280–294].
A systematic review of vitamin D status in populations worldwide
Authors: Hilger Jennifer , Friedel Angelika , Herr Raphael , Rausch Tamara , Roos Franz , Wahl Denys A. , Pierroz Dominique D. , Weber Peter , Hoffmann Kristina
Published: August 2013

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with osteoporosis and is thought to increase the risk of cancer and CVD. Despite these numerous potential health effects, data on vitamin D status at the population level and within key subgroups are limited. The aims of the present study were to examine patterns of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels worldwide and to assess differences by age, sex and region. In a systematic literature review using the Medline and EMBASE databases, we identified 195 studies conducted in forty-four countries involving more than 168 000 participants. Mean population-level 25(OH)D values varied considerably across the studies (range 4·9–136·2 nmol/l), with 37·3 % of the studies reporting mean values below 50 nmol/l. The highest 25(OH)D values were observed in North America. Although age-related differences were observed in the Asia/Pacific and Middle East/Africa regions, they were not observed elsewhere and sex-related differences were not observed in any region. Substantial heterogeneity between the studies precluded drawing conclusions on overall vitamin D status at the population level. Exploratory analyses, however, suggested that newborns and institutionalised elderly from several regions worldwide appeared to be at a generally higher risk of exhibiting lower 25(OH)D values. Substantial details on worldwide patterns of vitamin D status at the population level and within key subgroups are needed to inform public health policy development to reduce risk for potential health consequences of an inadequate vitamin D status.
Indicaxanthin inhibits NADPH oxidase (NOX)-1 activation and NF-κB-dependent release of inflammatory mediators and prevents the increase of epithelial permeability in IL-1β-exposed Caco-2 cells
Authors: Tesoriere L. , Attanzio A. , Allegra M. , Gentile C. , Livrea M. A.
Published: August 2013

Dietary redox-active/antioxidant phytochemicals may help control or mitigate the inflammatory response in chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the present study, the anti-inflammatory activity of indicaxanthin (Ind), a pigment from the edible fruit of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica, L.), was shown in an IBD model consisting of a human intestinal epithelial cell line (Caco-2 cells) stimulated by IL-1β, a cytokine known to play a major role in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory activity in IBD. The exposure of Caco-2 cells to IL-1β brought about the activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX-1) and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to activate intracellular signalling leading to the activation of NF-κB, with the over-expression of inflammatory enzymes and release of pro-inflammatory mediators. The co-incubation of the cells with Ind, at a nutritionally relevant concentration (5–25 μm), and IL-1β prevented the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, PGE2and NO, the formation of ROS and the loss of thiols in a dose-dependent manner. The co-incubation of the cells with Ind and IL-1β also prevented the IL-1β-induced increase of epithelial permeability. It was also shown that the activation of NOX-1 and NF-κB was prevented by Ind and the expression of COX-2 and inducible NO synthase was reduced. The uptake of Ind in Caco-2 cell monolayers appeared to be unaffected by the inflamed state of the cells. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the dietary pigment Ind may have the potential to modulate inflammatory processes at the intestinal level.
Building Fiscal Capacity in Colonial Mexico: From Fragmentation to Centralization
Authors: Arias Luz Marina
Published: August 2013

The success of fiscal centralization and military buildup in colonial Mexico contrasts with failed similar attempts elsewhere. Why did powerful elites comply with fiscal-military reforms in eighteenth-century Mexico? I argue that the Seven Years' War provided incentives for the Crown to centralize and elites to comply by accentuating the free rider problems inherent in the provision of military defense under fiscal fragmentation. Fiscal data and history document that reforms were more successful in regions more militarily vulnerable and where benefits were more aligned between the elites and the Crown. Centralization served the elites to commit to collective cooperation.
American Incomes Before and After the Revolution
Authors: Lindert Peter H. , Williamson Jeffrey G.
Published: August 2013

Building social tables in the tradition of Gregory King, we develop new estimates suggesting that between 1774 and 1800 American incomes fell in real per capita terms. The colonial South was richer than the North at the start, but was already beginning to lose its income lead by 1800. We also find that free American colonists had much more equal incomes than did households in England and Wales. The colonists had greater purchasing power than their English counterparts over all of the income ranks except in the top percent.