bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DHEA Metabolism in Arthritis
Authors: DULOS JOHN , BOOTS ANNEMIEKE H.
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  For dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) both immunosuppressive and immuno‐stimulating properties have been described. The immunosuppressive effects may be explained by the conversion of DHEA into androgens and/or estrogens. The described immuno‐stimulating effects of DHEA may be due to the conversion of DHEA into 7α‐hydroxy‐DHEA (7α‐OH‐DHEA) by the activity of the p450 enzyme, Cyp7b. 7α‐OH‐DHEA is thought to have anti‐glucocoticoid activity preventing the anti‐inflammatory action of endogenous glucocorticoids. To investigate a putative role of Cyp7b in the arthritic process, tissues from both the murine collagen‐induce arthritis (CIA) model and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were studied. We determined the Cyp7b expression levels in synovial tissue and the level of 7α‐OH‐DHEA in both serum and arthritic joints of mice with CIA. Our studies showed that the severity of arthritis correlates with increased Cyp7b activity. Next, we investigated Cyp7b expression and activity in RA patients where the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) are known to control the disease process. Fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS), isolated from RA synovial biopsies were found to express Cyp7b mRNA. In addition, Cyp7b enzymatic activity was detected in these cells. We also investigated whether Cyp7b activity is regulated by cytokines. Proinflammatory (e.g., TNF‐α and IL‐1β) cytokines were found to stimulate Cyp7b activity and the anti‐inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) was found to suppress Cyp7b activity in FLS. Next, we studied which signal transduction pathway is involved in the TNF‐α‐mediated induction of Cyp7b activity in human FLS. The results show a role for nuclear factor κ B (NFκB) and activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) in the regulation of Cyp7b expression. Finally, we established that the effects of DHEA or 7α‐OH‐DHEA on the immune system can not be explained by glucocorticoid receptor (GR) engagement. The role of the p450 enzyme Cyp7b in DHEA metabolism and its relevance in the arthritic process will be discussed.
Induction of Neutrophil Chemotaxis by Leptin
Authors: MONTECUCCO FABRIZIO , BIANCHI GIORDANO , GNERRE PAOLA , BERTOLOTTO MARIA , DALLEGRI FRANCO , OTTONELLO LUCIANO
Published: July 2006

Abstract:  Leptin is involved in energy homeostasis, hematopoiesis, inflammation, and immunity. Although hypoleptinemia characterizing malnutrition has been strictly related to increased susceptibility to infection, other hyperleptinemic conditions, such as end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), are highly susceptible to bacterial infections. On the other hand, ESRD is characterized by neutrophil functional defects crucial for infectious morbidity, and several uremic toxins capable of depressing neutrophil functions have been identified. In the present study, we investigated leptin's effects on neutrophil function. Our results show that leptin inhibits neutrophil migration in response to classical chemoattractants. Otherwise, leptin is endowed with chemotactic activity toward neutrophils. The two activities, inhibition of the cell response to chemokines and stimulation of neutrophil migration, could be detected at similar concentrations. On the contrary, neutrophils exposed to leptin did not display detectable [Ca2+]i mobilization, oxidant production, orβ2‐integrin upregulation. The results demonstrate that leptin is a pure chemoattractant devoid of secretagogue properties but capable of inhibiting neutrophil chemotaxis to classical neutrophilic chemoattractants. This effect is dependent on the activation of intracellular kinases involved in F‐actin polymerization and neutrophil locomotion. Indeed, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Src kinase, but not extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK), were activated by short‐term incubation with leptin. Moreover, p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 and Src kinase inhibitor PP1, but not MEK inhibitor PD98059, blocked neutrophil chemotaxis toward leptin. Serum from patients with ESRD inhibits migration of normal neutrophils in response to N‐formyl‐methionine‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (FMLP) with a strict correlation between serum leptin levels and serum ability to suppress neutrophil locomotion. The serum inhibitory activity can be effectively prevented by immune‐depletion of leptin. Taking into account the crucial role of neutrophils in host defense, we show that leptin‐mediated ability of ERSD serum to inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis appears to be a mechanism contributing to neutrophil dysfunction in ESRD.
Prevalence, Incidence, Diagnostic Delay, and Mortality in Turner Syndrome
Authors: Stochholm Kirstine , Juul Svend , Juel Knud , Naeraa Rune Weis , Højbjerg Gravholt Claus
Published: July 2006

Aim: Our aim was to study prevalence, incidence, age at diagnosis, and mortality in Turner syndrome (TS) in Denmark.

Methods: Using the Danish Cytogenetic Register, we identified all cases (n = 781) of TS alive in Denmark during 1970–2001. Sixty-nine deceased women with TS were identified in the Causes of Death Register. We divided the cohort into women having the karyotype 45,X, karyotypes including an isochromosome Xq, and all other karyotypes associated with TS. We describe the number of patients diagnosed in Denmark yearly, incidence rates, and the age at diagnosis. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated.

Results: A total of 349 women had a 45,X karyotype, 86 had a karyotype including an isochromosome Xq (isoXq), and 346 had another TS karyotype. Mortality was increased in TS with an SMR of 2.86 (95% confidence interval, 2.18–3.55). SMR was increased for coronary diseases, congenital malformations, endocrine diseases, and other causes. The mortality was increased for all types of karyotypes in comparison with the general population but was highest among females with 45,X and isoXq. There was a steady increase in prevalence, but incidence was unchanged. Age at diagnosis was mainly distributed in three periods: less than 1 yr of age (14.9%), during adolescence (10–17 yr) (33.2%), and during adulthood (38.5%), with a median age at diagnosis of 15.1 yr, decreasing during the study period (P < 0.01).

Conclusions: Patients with TS and especially the karyotypes 45,X and isoXq have a higher mortality compared with the background population. TS was diagnosed with a considerable diagnostic delay. Prevalence is increasing, but incidence of TS was stable.
A STUDY OF THE RECIPROCAL SALT PAIR: [K2, (NH4)2]–[SO4, CrO4] AT 25°C
Authors: Ishikawa Tadashi
Published: July 2006

The equilibrium of the reciprocal salt pair [K2, (NH4)2]–[SO4, CrO4] was studied at 25°.

There exist two complete series of solid solutions in equilibrium with liquid solutions.

The compositions of the solid solutions have been determined by a special method.

The equilibrium of the system has been graphically represented using Janeck’s square diagram.
STUDIES ON MERCAPTALS OF SUGARS. II. NORMAL PROPYL MERCAPTALS OF SUGARS
Authors: Maeda Y\={u}ichi , Uyeda Yoshisuke
Published: July 2006

The following sugars were obtained as new crystalline mercaptals by treatments with normal propyl mercaptan:—

Three hexoses, glucose, galactose and mannose ; one pentose, arabinose, one methyl pentose, rhamnose; two dioses, maltose and sucrose.
A RELATION BETWEEN ORTHOBARIC DENSITIES
Authors: Horiuchi Jurô
Published: July 2006

1. There exists a relation

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

between orthobaric densities for normal and abnormal liquids.

2. By modifying the above equation, we obtain

(Remark: Graphics omitted.)

each side being proved to be a linear function of temperature.

3. For constants A and E it was found that A=32.3 (Remark: Graphics omitted.) and E=0.17

Vk for normal liquids. E is, therefore, an additive quantity if Vk is additive.

4. By dint of the relation for constants A and E mentioned above, we have a reduced equation

(Remark: Graphics omitted.).

5. For lower temperatures, we have derived a vapour pressure equation.

(Remark: Graphics omitted.).
SPECTROSCOPICAL STUDY OF AMINO-ACID ANHYDRIDES. I. ON THE CONSTITUTIONS OF SOME SIMPLE AMINO-ACID ANHYDRIDES
Authors: Shibata Yuji , Asahina Tei-ichi
Published: July 2006

Some simple amino-acid anhydrides were prepared after Maillard’s method and were examined spectroscopically. So far as the present investigation is concerned, it was proved that the solutions of these amino-acid anhydrides show no selective absorption. From this fact we came to the conclusion that these substances are considered to be only in keto-form in aqueous solution.
STUDIES OF THE RAMAN EFFECT OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES. V. RAMAN EFFECT OF HOMO-CYCLIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Matsuno Kichimatsu , Han Kwan
Published: July 2006

1. The Raman spectra of the following substances have been measured: benzene, cyclohexane, phenyl-cyclohexane, di-cyclohexyl, indene, naphthalene, tetrahydro-naphthalene, decahydro-naphthalene, tetrahydro-acenaphthene, decahydro-acenaphthene, decahydro-pyrene, and perhydro-pyrene.

2. A complete Raman spectrum of cyclohexane has been obtained.

3. Considering phenyl-cyclohexane, tetrahydro-naphthalene, tetrahydroacenaphthene, and decahydro-pyrene as the substitution products of benzene as well as of cyclohexane, the Raman frequencies of these substances have been classified into three groups, i. e., the first due to the benzene ring, the second due to the cyclohexane ring, and the third due to the combination of the two.

4. The disappearance of Δν and 1000 cm−1. in the di-derivatives (ortho) of benzene has been confirmed even in the case of the condensed ring compounds, such as indene, naphthalene, and tetrahydro-naphthalene.

5. The oscillation of the two forms of indene, i. e. (Remark: Graphics omitted.), has been explained.
THE THIRD ABSORPTION BANDS OF CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS. I. [Co(NH3)4ClNO2]Cl AND [Co(NO2)6]Na3
Authors: Tsuchida Ryutaro , Kashimoto Shin
Published: July 2006

(1) In order to verify the postulate that the third band is due to a pair or pairs of negative radicals co-ordinated in trans-positions to each other, extinction coefficients of [Co(NO2)6]Na3, [Co(NH3)4Cl NO2]Cl, [Co(NH3)4(NO2)2(6)(1)]Cl, [Co(NH3)2(NO2)4]NH4, etc. were measured.

(2) Aqueous solutions of [Co(NO2)6]Na3 and [Co(NH3)4Cl NO2]C1 were proved to have the third bands as will be predicted from the postulate.

(3) Regularities among the frequencies of the first, the second, and the third band were pointed out, viz., for the cobalt complex salts, which show the third band, ν3–ν2 and ν2–ν1 are 33×1013 and 18×1013, whereas for the pentammine and the tetrammine cobaltic salts, ν2–ν1 is 27×1013 and 24∼26×1013 respectively.
The Motion of Ethylene Halide Molecules in Crystals as Revealed by the Raman Effect.
Authors: Mizushima San-ichiro , Morino Yonezo
Published: July 2006

In the region of the unmodified line there have been observed for crystalline ethylene halides some Raman lines which correspond to motions of a molecule as a whole, but not to internal normal vibrations. For ethylene bromide a considerable change in these low frequency lines was observed between the spectrum at −40°C. and that at 0°C. and it is highly probable that this change is caused at the transition temperature (−24°C.) observed in the thermal measurement. An explanation for these experimental results was suggested to identify these lines with lattice frequencies and to regard the transition point as the temperature at which the one dimensional molecular rotation sets in.
Absorption Spectra of Co-ordination Compounds. II
Authors: Tsuchida Ryutaro
Published: July 2006

(1) The absorption spectra of co-ordination compounds consist of the first, the second and the third bands as well as those due to ligands themselves. Some of the compounds may lack the first, the third, or both the bands, but none of them the second.

(2) Postulating that by absorption of a quantum hν3 (ν3 = the frequency of the third band) a kind of neutralization takes place between the central ion and one of the co-ordinated anion to produce an excited ionogen in the original seat of co-ordination, the following relation has been derived.

hν_3=S+P+E-J,

where E= electron affinity of the anion, J= ionization energy of the central ion, S= co-ordination energy, and P= work of approach of the anion.

The ultra-violet absorption band of solid alkali halide has been explained as a special case of the third band.

(3) Besides the numbered bands, a co-ordination compound has generally some more bands due to ligands themselves. Examples of these special bands are given. The end absorption has also been explained.

(4) The co-ordination energy, S(=hv2), may be taken as the measure of stability of the co-ordination compound. The order of hypsochromic effect of ligands on the second band gives the order of strength of the co-ordinate linkages between the central ion and the ligands. The order of stability has been determined experimentally.

NH_3,NO_2^-, ONO^-, H_2O, NCS^-, OH^-, NO_3^-, Cl^-, CO_3^=, Br^-.

(5) Whareas the stability of co-ordination compounds may be defined by S as a rule, the photochemical stability, however, should be given by P–R, R being the activation energy. Both the stabilities were compared with illustrations.

(6) The substitution of ligands which proceeds naturally, takes place in the direction, in which the value S increases, or in other words, the second band is displaced towards the shorter wave-lengths. This rule and the spectrochemical series in (4) give the means of explaining as well as finding methods of preparation of various co-ordination compounds.
Absorption Spectra of Co-ordination Compounds. III. Special Bands of Chromium Complexes
Authors: Tsuchida Ryutaro , Kobayashi Masahisa
Published: July 2006

(1) Absorption spectra of several chromic complexes were measured and it was found that the spectrochemical series is coincident with that for cobaltic complexes.

(2) From the spectrochemical series was discussed the stability of the chromic complexes and some of the methods of preparation were explained.

(3) All the chromic complexes have the first and the second bands. [Cr(NH3)5NCS] (NCS)2 has another band in addition, which is due to the group M←N=C (M= a metal-ion of any kind and valency). [Cr(NH3)2(NCS)4]NH4 and [Cr(NCS)6]K3 have four bands each, the first, the second, the special and the third. The special bands are due to the same origin as that of [Cr(NH3)5NCS]X2 and the third bands are attributed to trans-pairing of the anions.

(4) Chromate ion, a quadri-coördinate complex, has not the first band, but the second and the third, as could be expected from the author’s hypotheses.

(5) Absorption spectra of polynuclear compounds may be analysed into those of component complex radicals. For example [Co(NH3)5CrO4]Cl has three bands, of which one is the first band of the sexa-coördinate cobaltic complex and the other two are mainly the second and the third band of quadri-coördinate chromate radical. The second band of the former is almost entirely covered by the second band of the latter.
On the Nature of Foam. III. The Foam Formation of Ternary System, Acetic Acid–Benzene–Water
Authors: Sasaki Tunetaka
Published: July 2006

(1) The foam formation of liquid ternary system of acetic acid-benzene-water (ABW) has been measured by means of a shaking apparatus, and a diagram has been drawn between the degree of foam formation and the composition.

(2) The foam formation of homogeneous system of ABW is analogous to that of acetic acid-ethyl ether-water (AEW), showing two maxima of foam formation. In the heterogeneous system of ABW, however, remarkable foam-formation can be observed, instead of mere emulsion droplets containing bubbles in the case of AEW-system.

(3) The explanation of foam formation in heterogeneous ABW-system has been attempted.
Boiling Points of the System of Formic Acid and Water
Authors: Takagi Sotozi
Published: July 2006

Boiling points of liquid and the compositions of the liquid and the vapour phase in equilibrium in the system of formic acid and water were determined in wide range of composition and temperature, and from above data the equation of vapour pressure of azeotropic point was determined.
The Occurrence of Beryllium in the Hot Springs of Japan
Authors: Kuroda Kazuo
Published: July 2006

The beryllium content of a number of hot springs of Japan was estimated.
On the Formation of Boro-Diol Complexes
Authors: Tsuzuki Yojiro , Kimura Yukio
Published: July 2006

It has been found that free boric acid is without effect on the rotation of ethyl d-tartrate but alkali borates have a large effect, and it has been shown that boric acid unites with ethyl d-tartrate (dextrorotatory) to an exceedingly small degree, but borate ion combines with the diol, giving laevo-rotatory boro-diol complex, and with increase of the concentration of borate ion and with fall of temperature the complex formation advances. Thus it has been suggested that only borate ion combines with diol (polyvalent alcohol), but undissociable boric acid does not.
Studies on the Oiliness of the Liquids. IX. Measurements of the Static Friction Coefficients of Cyclic Compounds for Glass Surfaces
Authors: Isemura Toshizo
Published: July 2006

(1) The measurements of the static friction coefficients of cyclic compounds for glass surfaces were reported.

(2) It is noticed that no cyclic compound is a good lubricant, however, among them m-cresol and cyclohexanol are moderately active as lubricant.
Polymerisation of Tung Oii. X. Gelation of Tung Oil at High Temperature (Summarized Report)
Authors: Tatimori Monzi
Published: July 2006

(1) The summarized conclusions about the gelation of tung oil at elevated temperature are reported.

(2) The various types of relation of 1⁄t∼x of added substances can be classified into 8 classes and the general consideration of gelation-retard-ing nature are given.

(3) The measuring method of gelation time are discussed and the formula of 1⁄t=1⁄t0-ax is deduced from the polymerisation mechanism.

(4) The gelation phenomena of tung oil are considered from the theory of polyfunctionality and the value of x∞ can be obtained from the formula (Remark: Graphics omitted.) as 60%. This value coincides with the experimental fact.
Polymerisation of Tung Oil, IV. Effects of Various Natural Fatty Oils upon the Gelation of Tung Oil
Authors: Tatimori Monzi
Published: July 2006

(1) The gelation time of the system of tung oil and linseed oil was measured at 240–310°C. In the range of 240–280°C. the lines of 1⁄t−x converge on one point.

(2) The relation between gelation time and the amount of addition of any fatty oil is expressed by 1⁄t=1⁄t0−ax, and the value of x at t=∞ is considered as a characteristic constant of added fatty oil.

(3) Gelation preventing effects of various natural fatty oils were measured at 270 and 280°C. Drying oils are less effective than non-drying oils due to their tendency of polymerisation.

(4) The temperature dependance of gelation time was discussed.
Glycerolysis of Starch and the Molecular Weight and the Viscosity of the Products
Authors: Tsuzuki Yojiro
Published: July 2006

(1) Glycerolysis of some varieties of starch has been studied, the progress of which being shown by observing the transparency, the optical rotation and the viscosity of the products. Potato starch is glycerolysed most easily, but wheat starch somewhat difficulty.

(2) With the duration of time the glycerine content of the products of glycerolysis increases, and this content is in parallel relation with the cryoscopic molecular weight as well as with the acetyl value. Thus it has been shown that a glyceryl group probably stands at one end of the molecular chain of disaggregated starch.

(3) The viscosity measurements of these glyceryl starches indicate that Km of the Staudinger’s equation decreases with increasing molecular weight, and it has been shown that an equation ηsp⁄C=KmM+k expressing the relationship between viscosity-concentration and molecular weight, holds. In this respect wheat starch and potato starch behave a little different from each other.
Physico-Chemical Investigations on Catalytic Mechanism. II. Note on The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis of Hydrocarbons with Special Reference to its Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Hamai Senzo
Published: July 2006

(1) Introductory remarks for the Fischer-Tropsch reaction in connection with various mechanisms so far proposed are presented briefly.

(2) Our proposed mechanism is presented and discussed in detail.

(3) The role of CH2 in hydrocarbon chemistry in general is stressed especially in connection with the Fischer-Tropsch reaction mechanism.

(4) Approximate values of the activation energies for the reactions involved in the synthesis are presented and discussed in correlation with adsorption.

(5) The aspect of polymerization process is discussed, and the question of surface migration is correlated with the polymerization reaction.

(6) Adsorption and catalytic activity involved in the synthesis are discussed in the light of our desorption experiment.

(7) The proposed mechanism is also applied to Fe type catalyst and discussed.

(8) Various pretreatment effects on the catalytic activity are discussed in the light of our experimental evidences.
Influence of Sorption on the Electric Conductivity of Pulverized Metals. I
Authors: Kimura Osamu
Published: July 2006

(1) The electric conductivity of such pulverized metals as Pt, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, and Ag has been measured in the atmosphere of hydrogen.

(2) The effect of hydrogen on the conductivity is characteristic for each metal, and can be classified in three types:

a) The conductivity increases as the hydrogen pressure rises:—Pt.

b) The conductivity decreases as the hydrogen pressure rises:— Ni, Co, Cu, and Ag.

c) No effect:—Au.

(3) In the case of nickel, more detailed observations were carried out as regards the oxidation and the reduction velocities, the relation between the conductivity and the temperature, the relation between the current and the voltage both in the cases of oxidized and reduced nickel, and finally the relation between the conductivity and the hydrogen pressure.

(4) A relation between the conductivity and the hydrogen pressure is expressed from 0.1 mm. Hg up to 100 mm. Hg by the following ex？ression:

σ∝P^-1/n,

and above 100 mm. Hg a saturation in conductivity is attained.
Studies on Styrene Ozonide
Authors: Kawamura Fumifcazu
Published: July 2006

Styrene ozonide has been prepared by introducing purified ozonized air into styrene dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, in benzene, in chloro？orm, and in ethyl ether.

The ozonide thus prepared does not oxidise styrene but promotes its polymerization. The increase of the ozonide concentration in styrene shortens the activation period but not the polymerization period. Temperature effect upon this polymerization is also seen to be exerted only upon the activation stage. Among the decomposition products of styrene ozonide, benzaldehyde and polystyrene slightly accelerate the styrene polymerization but benzoic acid, formic acid and formaldehyde are inactive in this respect.

The ozonides prepared in the four different solvents have been examined for their molecular weight by the measurements of freezing point and of viscosity. It has been found that they are not the simple ozonide but its polymers; those prepared in carbon tetrachloride and in benzene consist of hexamer and tetramer, that prepared in chloroform tetramer and dimer, and that prepared in ethyl ether only dimer. Thus, the solvent of higher dipole moment gives the lower polymer.

Both chemical and physical properties of the ozonide differ according to the stage of polymerization, higher polymer is less active for styrene polymerization and for permanganate reduction, the lower the stage of polymerization its chemical activity is more closely related to peroxide monomer. Higher polymer has higher viscosity than the lower.
Polymerisation of Tung Oil. VI. Effects of Fatty Acids, Fatty Alcohols and Several Organic Substances upon the Gelation of Tung Oil
Authors: Tatimori Monzi
Published: July 2006

(1) The effects of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and other several organic substances upon the gelation of tung oil were studied.

(2) As simple fatty acids, stearic, oleic and linolic acid, as mixed fatty acids, tung oil, linseed oil, soya bean oil and sesame oil acids were used. The gelation-preventing actions of these acids are stronger than that of fatty oils and the relation of 1⁄t−x are linear, when x is less than 15%, beyond which curved lines are obtained. The value of x∞ becomes greater as the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids increases.

(3) As fatty alcohols, glycerine, cetyl alcohol, oleyl alcohol, monoglyceride of oleyl acid, monoglycol ester of oleic acid were used. The gelation-preventing actions of these monovalent alcohols are strong and their order are similar to that of fatty acids.

Glycerine and monoglyceride of oleic acid have very strong gelation-preventing actions and their retarding nature is probably due to special chemical reaction such as exchange of glycerine radicals.

(4) Among the several organic substances tested by the author, neutral substances such as solid paraffin, mobile oil, butyl stearate, triacetin, tricresyl phosphate, Sipalin AOM, α-naphthylamine, hydroquinone, β-naphthol have the retarding effects and the linear relations exist between and 1⁄t and x. Benzoic acid, phthalic acid anhydride and malic acid have remarkable retarding effects, but their relations between 1⁄t and x are irregular.

Tartaric, tannic and gallic acids and pyrogallol have accelerating actions. The behavior of α-naphthol is very noteworthy; that is, it accelerates the gelation of tung oil when the amount of addition is less than 10%, but beyond this limit it retards the gelation of tung oil.
The Copper Content of the Hot Springs of Yunohanazawa, Hakone, Kanagawa Prefecture, and that of the Hot Springs of Osoreyama, Aomori Prefecture
Authors: Kuroda Kazuo
Published: July 2006

A method for the polarographic estimation of copper is described. The copper content of the hot springs of Yunohanazawa, Hakone, Kanagawa prefecture, and that of Osoreyama, Aomori prefecture, are polarographically estimated.
Polymerisation of Tung Oil. VIII Effects of Various Bitumens and Resins upon the Gelation of Tung Oil
Authors: Tatimori Monzi
Published: July 2006

(1) Studies on the effects of straight asphalts, blown asphalts, gilsonite, petroleum pitch, stearin pitch, mineral rubber, coaltar pitch, etc. on the gelation time of tung oil lead to the conclusions that the gelation is promoted with bitumen added in an amount less than 10–15 percent., but is prevented with an addition of larger amount of bitumen. The inversion was noticed as the amount of substances added increase.

(2) Petroleum asphalt with a lower softening point has a somewhat greater gelation preventing effect.

(3) 15° blown as？halt was separated into alcohol soluble and insolu？le parts. As in the case of the original asphalt, the inversion was found in the experiments with the soluble and insoluble parts.

(4) 5° blown asphalt was separated into asphalten and petrolen, and effects on gelation were studied. As in the case of ordinary neutral substances, the linear relation of 1⁄t and x was observed in the experiments with petrolen, but as in the case with original asphalt, the inversion was noticed when asphalten was used.

(5) The gelation-retarding effects of various natural and synthetic resins were observed. Among them copal, dammar, amber, coumarone resin have retarding effects, and 1⁄t and x bear a linear relation.

The relation 1⁄t and x for mastic, leuchtol, phthalate resin, ester rosin, sandarac, tamanol are not linear.

Generally speaking, the relations of 1⁄t and x for neutral and soluble resins are linear, but those of the less soluble resins are not linear.

About the effect of rosin upon gelation of tung oil, many measurements were carried out and the relation of 1⁄t and x are shown to be expressed by a quadratic equation. The influence of temperature on the gelation times of tung oil mixed with rosin is similar to that of fatty acid.
Studies on the Derivatives of Biphenylene Oxide. VII. The Influence of Substitution on the Opening and Closing of the Furan-ring of Biphenylene Oxide
Authors: Yamashiro Seishi
Published: July 2006

(1) The influence of substitution on the formation of a furan-ring has been compared among o′,o′-biphenol and its nitro, bromonitro and bromo derivatives, the following results being obtained in the case of reactions between dry carbonate of barium or sodium and the diacetoxydiphenyls derived from those biphenols.

(i)The introduction of nitro groups into the diacetoxydiphenyls facilitates the removal of acetyl groups of those compounds and also the formation of the furan-ring. This facilitating effect varies with the relative position of the nitro group and the acetoxyl group, the order of the effect being ortho>para>meta; but the m-nitrosubstitution induces no ring-formation, giving exclusively nitrobiphenols.

(ii) The introduction of bromine into the diacetoxydiphenyls hinders the removal of the acetyl groups and also the formation of the furan-ring, no bromobiphenylene oxide being obtained. This effect is more remarkable in the case of o-substitution than in that of p-one relative to the acetoxyl groups.

(2) The effect of nitrosubstitution on the opening of the furan-ring of biphenylene oxide in caustic soda solution was also studied, and it was found that the introduction of the nitro groups facilitates the ring-opening, and this facilitating effect varies with the relative position of the nitro group and the oxygen atom of biphenylene oxide, the order of the effect being ortho>para>meta. This effect appears to be proportional to the electrolytic dissociation degree of nitrobiphenols obtainable from the nitrobiphenylene oxides.

(3) In the course of these experiments, two nitrobiphenols and seven bromonitrobiphenols were newly prepared.
Synthesis of Guanidine Compounds by the Cyanamide Condensation Method I. Preparation of Ethylenediguanidine and Tetramethylenediguanidine. (Studies on some derivatives of calcium cyanamide. XI)
Authors: Sugino Kiitiro , Shirai Kozo , Aoyagi Kiyoshi
Published: July 2006

(1) Ethylenediguanidine- and tetramethylenediguanidine dihydrochloride were prepared by the reaction of 3 mols of cyanamide with 1 mol of corresponding diamine dihydrochloride in fused state at about 140°C. The yield was about 100% of the theory.

(2) The dihydrochlorides were purified by the extraction with acetone which dissolved dicyandiamide.

(3) The method for preparing free diguanidines in crystal form is described.

(4) Various salts of these diguanidines were prepared from dihydrochlorides and free diguanidines and the melting point and other properties of these salts are also described.
Studies on the Adsorption at the Solid—Liquid Interface. II. On the Thickness of the Adsorption Layer
Authors: Akamatu Hideo
Published: July 2006

(1) The glass powder, each particle of which is spherical, was prepared, and their specific surface areas have been determined.

(2) Using this glass powder as adsorbent, the amounts of palmitic acid and benzoic acid, adsorbed from their benzene solutions, have been measured respectively.

(3) Two methods of determining adsorption, have been used. In the first method, the density determination by the float method is applied to determine the change of concentration of solution before and after the adsorbing procedure, and in the second method, the surface area of insoluble film on water has been measured by surface balance.

(4) It has been concluded that the thickness of the adsorption layer is monomolecular.
Hydrocarbons from Carbide (A) III. Non-catalytic Polymerization under Ordinary Pressure. Carbon Dioxide-, Carbon Monoxide-, and Hydrogen Chloride-Calcium Carbide Systems
Authors: Negishi Ryoji , Kamiike Osamu
Published: July 2006

The effects on the synthesis of hydrocarbon liquids directly from calcium carbide, in the temperature range of 340 to 420°C, of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen choride, and their mixtures have been studied. The present results are in general agreement with those of the hydrogen system, and it has been found that the main reaction of the nascent acetylene molecules is but slightly affected by the carrier gases.

In the carbon dioxide system the yield of liquid products has been found as high as 43% of the total reacted acetylene. The only reaction in which carbon dioxide takes part is the formation of calcium carbonate. The presence of hydrogen seems to have no effect on the character of the liquid products.

It has been shown that while carbon dioxide has favourable, carbon monoxide has unfavourable effects, and hydrogen chloride has none at all, or but slight, on the liquid yield.

In the presence of the carbide and its reaction products, carbon monoxide with hydrogen does not effect a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis; however, it reacts to produce some carbon dioxide and methane.
Physico-Chemical Investigations on Catalytic Mechanism. (V). On the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis of Hydrocarbons (Experimental Series II)
Authors: Hamai Senzo , Hayashi Shiro , Shimamura Kiyoshi
Published: July 2006

(1) Experimental apparatus for studying the catalytic mechanism for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with various different types of catalysts has been described and discussed (Series II).

(2) Influences of the CeO2 content on the cobalt type catalyst as well as ThO2 content along with the effect of Cu on the catalytic activity, as estimated by the average gas contraction, have been investigated.

(3) Typical gas analysis data for the effluent gas for each of these runs have been tabulated.

(4) Some of the physico-chemical properties of the reaction products have been determined and tabulated.
Physico-Chemical Investigations on Catalytic Mechanism. VI. On the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis of Hydrocarbons. (Experimental Series II) (2)
Authors: Hamai Senzo
Published: July 2006

(1) The effects on the Co type catalyst of such promoters as B2O3 and Cu, and the combined effects of ThO2 and CeO2 on the catalytic activity have been investigated and discussed.

(2) The effects of the pre-treatment on the catalytic activity have been investigated and discussed.

(3) It has been shown that there is a fundamental difficulty to generalize a parallel relationship between the gas contraction and the oil yields.

(4) In discussing the catalytic activity, that the CH4 formation must be carefully segregated whenever we speak of the catalytic activity as to its oil forming ability has been pointed out as of paramount im？ortance.
The Synthesis of Iso- and Normal Butyl Alcohols in the Presence of Calcium Carbide (B) IV. Synthesis in Liquid Paraffin. Static System
Authors: Negishi Ryoji
Published: July 2006

The synthesis of isobutyl alcohol in the presence of calcium carbide and a methanol catalyst has been made in liquid paraffin. It has been found that the reaction proceeds more smoothly, though not necessarily more effectively, than in dry system.

The effect of thorium on the catalytic activity of methanol catalyst has been investigated briefly. It has been found that 0.05 to 0.2 mole of it will increase the total yield of liquid products, but will not affect appreciably that of methanol.

The preponderate formations of ethylene, propane, and butane and the absence of ethane, even in the presence of excess ethylene and hyrogen, have been qualitatively explained.
Physico-Chemical Investigations on Catalytic Mechanism. VIII. On the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis of Hydrocarbons with Special Reference to the Durability of Catalyst. (Experimental Series II) (4)
Authors: Hamai Senzo , Hayashi Shiro , Shimamura Kiyoshi
Published: July 2006

(1) The durability experiments with the catalysts, Co+15%ThO2+100% Kieselguhr and Co+12%U3O8+2.5%Cu+100% Kieselguhr, are reported and tabulated.

(2) Following mainly the gas analysis data, the normalized reaction was discussed with special reference to the initial formation of CH4.

(3) Some correlations with the formation of C2H4, in connection with our reaction mechanism already proposed, as well as the predominating tendency of CH4 formation at higher reaction temperature have been given.
Physico-Chemical Investigations on Catalytic Mechanism. IX. On the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis of Hydrocarbons with Special Reference to Factors essential to the Particular Catalysts. (Experimental Series II) (5)
Authors: Hamai Senzo , Hayashi Shiro , Shimamura Kiyoshi
Published: July 2006

(1) The experimental materials used in this investigation are briefly described along with the preparations of the catalysts.

(2) The experimental procedure with reference to our previous paper is presented.

(3) The typical results, as related to the catalytic activity and gaseous products, are tabulated and some correlations are offered.

(4) The effects of such promoters as U3O8, Cu, and Mn along with those of a carrier, Kieselguhr, upon the catalytic activity are tabulated and discussed; furthermore, possible correlations with the oil formation are presented.

(5) The results of the effects of the reaction temperature, as well as of the pretreatment upon the activity, with special emphasis on the oil formations and gaseous products are presented and discussed rather thoroughly, and some possible correlations are given.

(6) Finally, the properties of the liquid products for the series of F19-F29 for the type of catalysts, Co+x%U3O8+y%Cu+z%Mn+w% Kieselguhr, such as refractive indices, specific gravities, apparent molecular weights and elementary analysis data are compiled in the table.
A Method for Measuring the Surface Energy of Solid
Authors: Kimura Osamu
Published: July 2006

(1) To measure the surface energy of soilds, a float-pycnometer method has been applied.

(2) By this method, the surface energy of CaSO42H2O has been measured, and found to be 3.9×102 dyne/cm.
Studies on the Reactions between Oxides in Solid State at Higher Temperatures. IV. The Reaction between Calcium Oxide and Stannic Oxide
Authors: Tanaka Yasuo
Published: July 2006

(1) It has been confirmed that two stannates, 2CaO·SnO2 and CaO·SnO2, are formed by the solid reaction between the components, and both of them are soluble in 4N HCl. The crystal structure of CaO·SnO2, which has been considered as cubic, should correctly be assigned as rhombic with a unit cell size of a=3.93Å, b=3.99Å and c=3.87Å.

(2) The reaction begins to take place at about 900°. The reaction product exists at first in an amorphous state; when the amount of which has reached a certain value, the reaction proceeds smoothly, forming CaO·SnO2. 2CaO·SnO2 is formed gradually when an excess of CaO is present.

(3) It has been considered that the reaction is controlled by the diffusion of the components through the reaction product, and the energy of activation of CaO·SnO2 formation has been calculated as 85 Kilocalories per mole.

(4) Whether the acidic component is TiO2 or SnO2, the energy of activation of the reaction with CaO has been found to be a little smaller than that of the reaction with MgO.
THE EFFECT OF ALKALI ON THE OXIDATION OF SODIUM SULPHITE WITH AIR
Authors: Miyamoto Susumu
Published: July 2006

1. The oxidation velocity of sodium sulphite with air was independent of its concentration.

2. Caustic alkali diminishes the velocity of the oxidation.

3. The effect of temperature was small.
THE FORMATION OF OXY-DERIVATTVES OF DIPHENYLENE OXIDE FROM RESORCIN
Authors: Tsuzukl Yojiro
Published: July 2006

The substance which was formerly supposed as 2,6-dioxydiphenyl was shown to be 2-oxydiphenylene oxide (III).

A new phenol was obtained, the formula of which was shown to be dioxydiphenylene oxide C12H6O (OH)2. Two hydroxy groups seem to be in 2 and 2′ positions from the mechanism of its formation and its absorption spectrum.
Studies on Foams. (I). The Foaminess and Foam Stability of Liquid Mixtures
Authors: Nakagaki Masayuki
Published: July 2006

The height of the foam zone, the duration and the stability of foam of the ternary system, ethyl alcohol-glycerol-water have been measured. As the result three maximum points A, B and C in the diagrams of these properties are found. The maximum B in the region of low concentration of ethyl alcohol is due to the decrease of surface tension. The maximum C, which is found in the bubble stability diagram while absent in foaminess and foam duration diagrams, may be ascribed to the high viscosity of the system. The same effect is found also in the case of the aqueous solution of sulphuric acid. The maximum A is supposed to be parallel to volume contraction on admixture.
On the Diamagnetism of Perylene. I
Authors: Shiba Haruo , Hazato Genjiro
Published: July 2006

The diamagnetic susceptibility of perylene in powdered form has been measured and found to be −(171±1)×10−6 per mole, and from this value the structure of perylene is discussed. A simple method has also been proposed to evaluate the anisotropic part from the mean molecular susceptibilities of aromatic molecules. The present result shows that perylene molecule has two predominant naphthalene nuclei and the central hexagon in this molecule has a spacial structure as compared with the other four.
Molecular Orbital Treatment of the Ultraviolet Spectra of Cycloöctatetraene
Authors: Mori Yuji , Tanaka Ikuzo , Shida Shoji
Published: July 2006

The energy levels of cycloöctatetraene as D2d were calculated byt he GMS method. Then it was shown by the authors that the ground state of cycloöctatetraene may be diamagnetic, and that the wave length of the absorption spectra calculated assuming as D2d is approximately in agreement with the expetimental results.
Dipole Moments of Tropolone and Related Compounds
Authors: Kurita Yukio , Nozoe Tetsuo , Kubo Masaji
Published: July 2006

The dipole moments of tropolone (cycloheptatriene-2,4,6-ol-2-one-1) and related compounds were measured in benzene solution. The values obtained are:— tropolone, 3.71 D (25°) and 3.64 D (35°) ; tribromotropolone (3,5,7-tribromo-), 1.84D(25°); hinokitiol(4-isopropylcycloheptatriene-2,4,6-ol-2-one-1), 4.04 D (33°); α-monobromohinokitiol (7-bromo-), 4.32 D (33°); α-dibromohinokitiol (3,7-dibromo-), 4.27 D (33°); β-dibromohinokitiol (5,7-dibromo-), 3.14 D (20°); α-mononitrohinokitiol (3- or 7-nitro-), 6.19 D (25°); dinitrohinokitiol (3,5- or 3,7-dinitro-), 4.63 D (20°). The high dipole moments of tropolone and hinokitiol were explained adequately by taking into consideration the contribution of various resonance structures with a formal positive charge at the ring C-atoms. The resonance was supposed to give a certain amount of double bond character to each bond in the ring, causing plane cycloheptatrienolone ring. The position of substituents in the substituted tropolone and hinokitiols were determined and are given immediately after each name of these compounds in parentheses.
The Photochemical Reaction of Cycloöoctatetraene (C8H8)
Authors: Tanaka Ikuzo , Miyakawa Seinosuke , Shida Shoji
Published: July 2006

By the absorption spectra, it was found that benzene and styrene were independently produced from C.O. T. when C.O.T. was excited by the light shorter than 3000 Å., and that some unknown substances giving a sharp line at 2916 Å. and two diffuse bands at 2916 Å.∼2885Å. and 2840 Å.∼2700 Å. were also produced. The gas like acetylene which can not be condensed by dry ice can be at the same time produced.

The quantum yield of reaction where C. O. T. is decomposed to benzene by light near 2537 Å was about 0.1. And the light which has the shorter wave length than 2500 Å. mainly contributes to the reaction in which C. O. T. decomposes to benzene.
Research on Activation Energy. I. A New Empirical Rule for the Calculation of Activation Energy
Authors: Otozai Kiyoteru
Published: July 2006

1. It has been assumed that the bonddistance in an activated complex is equal to the bond-distance corresponding to the inflexion point on the potential-energy curve of the pair of atoms.

2. According to this fundemental assumption, a new simple method of calculation of activation energy of reactions has been devised.

3. The method has been applied to some kinds of triatomic reactions and the double decompositions between two diatomic molecules with satisfactory results.

4. For the triatomic reactions, the geometrical length of the activated complexes computed by means of the present method agrees well with those calculated by means of the semi-empirical method of Eyring.

5. It has been shown that the present method of calculation gives some information on the lower limit of the length of the hydrogen bond.

6. The activation energy for the dissociated adsorption of hydrogen on the surface of charcoal has been calculated as a function of the distance between two carbon atoms. The result obtained agrees well with that obtained by Sherman and Eyring according to the semi-empirical method.
Calculation of the Diamagnetic Anisotropy of Benzene by the Method of Antisymmetric Molecular Orbitals
Authors: Fujii Saburo , Shida Shoji
Published: July 2006

The absolute value of the diamagnetic anisotropy of benzene was calculated by the method of antisymmetric molecular orbitals. The value obtained was about −40×10−6 ergs per gauss per mole, it being about 74 percent of the experimental value.

It was found that the anisotropy was largely enhanced by orbital effects and slightly diminished by correlation effects between π-electrons.
On Some Dark-colored Chloroplumbates (II, IV) of the Type [MIIIA6]PbCl6
Authors: Mori Masayasu
Published: July 2006

(1) Compounds ranging from violet black to puce in color, [Co(NH3)6]PbCl6, [Cr(NH3)6]PbCl6[Co(NH3)5H2O]PbCl6 and [Cr(NH3)5H2O]Pb Cl6 have been prepared, by mixing a solution of [Co(NH3)6]Cl3 etc. (in dil. HCl) and a solution containing H2PbCl6 and digesting them at 40° to 60°.

(2) [Co(NH3)6]PbCl6 and [Co(NH3)5H2O]PbCl6 are diamagnetic and therefore it seems natural to consider these compounds as hexamminecobalt(III) chloroplumbate (II, IV) and aquopentamminecobalt(III) chloroplumbate (II, IV) respectively.
Spectrochemical Studies on the Anomalous Color Reactions of Some Iron(II) Chelate Compounds
Authors: Sone Kôzô
Published: July 2006

Absorption spectra of colored complex salts formed by ferrous ion with dimethylglyoxime, 8-hydroxyquinoline, α-nitroso-β-naphthol and nitroso-R salt were studied. The origin of a strong absorption band in the visible region in all of these complexes was attributed to the formation of unsaturated intramolecular five-membered rings. Determination of the composition of the complexes was made spectrophotometrically in the case of dimethylglyoxime, α-nitroso-β-naphthol and nitroso-R salt.
Spectrochemical Study of Microscopic Crystals. II. Dichroism of Cobalt (III)-Praseo Salts
Authors: Yamada Shoichiro , Tsuchida Ryutaro
Published: July 2006

The dichroisms of 1,6-[Co(en)2Cl2]Cl·HCl·2H2O and of 1,6-[Co(en)2Cl2]NO3 have been measured by the microscopic method. From consideration of the results, it has been presumed that, in the crystal of the hydrochloride, the line connecting Co with two Cl atoms is almost parallel to the b -axis, that the plane containing one Co and four N atoms of two ethylene-diamine molecules around Co is almost parallel to the plane formed by the a- and the c-axis. The nature of absorption bands of metallic complexes has been discussed on the basis of dichroism for the single praseo-ion, which has been determined from the above assumption. Arrangement of the complex ions in the nitrate has been inferred from observations as to the nature of dichroism in several faces. From comparison of the crystal structures of the two compounds and consideration of other properties, it has been suggested that the HCl molecule of crystallization in the crystal of the hydrochloride plays an important part in holding the complex ions together so that all the complex ions take the same orientation.