bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amide proton transfer-weighted MRI detection of traumatic brain injury in rats
Authors: Zhang Hong , Wang Wenzhu , Jiang Shanshan , Zhang Yi , Heo Hye-Young , Wang Xianlong , Peng Yun , Wang Jian , Zhou Jinyuan
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to explore the capability and uniqueness of amide proton transfer-weighted (APTw) imaging in the detection of primary and secondary injury after controlled cortical impact (CCI)-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. Eleven adult rats had craniotomy plus CCI surgery under isoflurane anesthesia. Multi-parameter MRI data were acquired at 4.7 T, at eight time points (1, 6 h, and 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days after TBI). At one and six hours post-injury, average APTw signal intensities decreased significantly in the impacted and peri-lesional areas due to tissue acidosis. A slightly high APTw signal was seen in the core lesion area with respect to the peri-lesional area, which was due to hemorrhage, as shown by T2*w. After the initial drop, the APTw signals dramatically increased in some peri-lesional areas at two and three days post-injury, likely due to the secondary inflammatory response. The use of APTw MRI has the potential to introduce a novel molecular neuroimaging approach for the simultaneous detection of ischemia, hemorrhage, and neuroinflammation in TBI.
Constructing informative Bayesian map priors: A multi-objective optimisation approach applied to indoor occupancy grid mapping
Authors: Georgiou Christina , Anderson Sean , Dodd Tony
Published: January 2017

The problem of simultaneous localisation and mapping (SLAM) has been addressed in numerous ways with different approaches aiming to produce faster, more robust solutions that yield consistent maps. This focus, however, has resulted in a number of solutions that perform poorly in challenging real life scenarios. In order to achieve improved performance and map quality this article proposes a novel method to construct informative Bayesian mapping priors through a multi-objective optimisation of prior map design variables defined using a source of prior information. This concept is explored for 2D occupancy grid SLAM, constructing such priors by extracting structural information from architectural drawings and identifying optimised prior values to assign to detected walls and empty space. Using the proposed method a contextual optimised prior can be constructed. This prior is found to yield better quantitative and qualitative performance than the commonly used non-informative prior, yielding an increase of over 20% in the [Formula: see text] metric. This is achieved without adding to the computational complexity of the SLAM algorithm, making it a good fit for time critical real life applications such as search and rescue missions.
Expression of Phosphorylated KIT in Canine Mast Cell Tumor
Authors: Halsey C. H. C. , Thamm D. H. , Weishaar K. M. , Burton J. H. , Charles J. B. , Gustafson D. L. , Avery A. C. , Ehrhart E. J.
Published: January 2017

Canine cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) is the most common canine skin tumor and exhibits variable biologic behavior. Signaling through the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase promotes cellular proliferation and survival and has been shown to play a role in MCT progression. Despite investigations into numerous biomarkers and the proposal of several grading schemas, no single marker or grading system can accurately predict outcome in canine MCT. The first aim of this study was to develop an immunohistochemical assay to measure phosphorylated KIT (pKIT) to investigate its association with 2 commonly used grading systems and other established prognostic markers for canine MCT. Thirty-four archived MCTs were evaluated for expression of pKIT and Ki-67, KIT localization, mitotic count, mutations in exons 8 and 11 in c-kit, and grading by the Patnaik and 2-tier systems. Expression of pKIT was significantly ( P < .05) correlated with the 2-tier grading scheme and c-kit mutation. Correlation approached significance ( P = .06) with Mitotic Index (MI) and Ki-67. An additional aim was to determine whether pKIT labeling provides a pharmacodynamic marker for predicting response to the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor toceranib (TOC). MCTs from 4 of 7 patients demonstrated a partial response to TOC. pKIT expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in biopsies obtained before and 6 hours after the patients were treated with TOC. Reduced pKIT expression after TOC treatment was demonstrated in 3 of the 4 patients with a partial response compared to 1 of the 3 nonresponders. Collectively, these results demonstrate that immunohistochemical detection of pKIT may be a clinically relevant assay to evaluate the activation status of the major oncogenic pathway in canine MCT.
Expression of Kidney Injury Molecule-1 in Healthy and Diseased Feline Kidney Tissue
Authors: Bland S. K. , Schmiedt C. W. , Clark M. E. , DeLay J. , Bienzle D.
Published: January 2017

Sensitive markers to detect acute kidney injury (AKI) in cats are lacking. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) is a promising marker of acute tubular injury in humans, and sequence and structure of feline KIM-1 have been determined. KIM-1 is shed into urine of cats with natural AKI. The objectives of this study were to characterize temporal and cellular expression of KIM-1 in kidneys from cats without and with experimental and natural AKI using histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Tissue sections from 8 cats without kidney disease, 3 to 4 cats with experimentally induced AKI on each day 1, 3, 6, and 12 after unilateral ischemia/reperfusion, and 9 cats with natural AKI were assessed. In sections from cats without kidney disease, patterns of periodic acid–Schiff and aquaporin-1 staining allowed identification of 3 distinct segments of the proximal tubule. KIM-1 staining was absent in segments 1 (S1) and S2, and faint in S3. Injury of S3 in cats with experimental and natural AKI was characterized by cell loss and necrosis, and remaining intact cells had cytoplasmic blebs and reduced brush borders. In experimental AKI, intensity of KIM-1 expression increased in proportion to the severity of injury and was consistently present in S3 but only transiently in other segments. Vimentin was absent in proximal tubules of healthy cats but expressed in injured S3. These findings indicate that S3 is the proximal tubular segment most susceptible to ischemic injury and that KIM-1 is a sensitive tissue indicator of AKI in cats.
Afro-American Adaptive Strategies: The Visiting Habits of Kith and Kin Among Black Norfolkians During the First Great Migration
Authors: Lewis Earl
Published: January 2017

This article contends that contrary to what was thought at the time, the migration of large numbers of Afro-Americans to urban areas during the First Great Migration (1900–1920) failed in many instances to cause the severing of affective bonds of kinship and friendship. Instead blacks devised a number of adaptive strategies that enabled them to maintain contact with those deemed important The present findings also reveal the complex nature of the migratory process and the central role played by women in maintaining family and friendship ties despite geographic separation.
Historical Intervention, Tradition, and Change: A Study of the Age at Marriage in Gibraltar, 1909–1983
Authors: Sawchuk L. A.
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT: This article examines the age at first marriage among a series of temporally defined marriage cohorts spanning the period 1909 to 1983 for the civilian inhabitants of the Rock of Gibraltar. The pattern of late marriage among Gibraltarians remained relatively stable until a stage of siege' was imposed by Spain. The reduction in matrimonial age is explored in terms of a host of factors, including a significant rise in the number of women entering the labour force, a reduction in spatially exogamous unions with Spain, and increased feasibility of marriage because of rises in income levels.
Illegitimacy in Hungary 1880–1910
Authors: Ájus Ferenc , Henye István
Published: January 2017

The phenomenon of illegitimate births interests both sociologists and demographers. For sociologists, this is human activity that can be understood only by means of a thorough examination of the society and its norms that determine the action of the individual. For demographers, the understanding of illegitimate fertility may be a tool for understanding the underlying factors of fertility as a whole. Relatively little has been written on this subject in Hungary, however. The present study describes illegitimacy in Hungary between 1880 and 1910 in terms of trends and regional patterns, and seeks to find the reasons for variation in time and space. The trends are shown in their historical context, and are compared with trends of illegitimacy in Europe. The regional differences are analyzed using the Princeton indices, and it is concluded that although there is a consistent pattern that is evidently related to socio-economic differences between regions, no single factor explains the pattern.
Long-term Outcomes of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation in Adolescent Patients
Authors: Ogura Takahiro , Bryant Tim , Minas Tom
Published: January 2017

Background:

Treating symptomatic articular cartilage lesions is challenging, especially in adolescent patients, because of longer life expectancies and higher levels of functional activity. For this population, long-term outcomes after autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) remain to be determined.

Purpose:

To evaluate long-term outcomes in adolescents after ACI using survival analyses, validated outcome questionnaires, and standard radiographs.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

We performed a review of prospectively collected data from patients who underwent ACI between 1996 and 2013. We evaluated 27 patients aged <18 years old (29 knees; mean age, 15.9 years) who were treated by a single surgeon for symptomatic, full-thickness articular cartilage lesions over a mean 9.6-year follow-up (median, 13 years; range, 2-19 years). A mean of 1.5 lesions per knee were treated over a mean total surface area of 6.2 cm2 (range, 2.0-23.4 cm2) per knee. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method, with graft failure as the end point. The modified Cincinnati Knee Rating Scale, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, visual analog scale, and Short Form 36 scores were used to evaluate clinical outcomes. Patients also self-reported knee function and satisfaction. Standard radiographs were evaluated using Kellgren-Lawrence grades.

Results:

Both 5- and 10-year survival rates were 89%. All clinical scores improved significantly postoperatively. A total of 96% of patients rated knee function as better after surgery, and all patients indicated that they would undergo the same surgery again. Approximately 90% rated knee-specific outcomes as good or excellent and were satisfied with the procedure. At last follow-up, 12 of 26 successful knees were radiographically assessed (mean, 5.6 years postoperatively), with no significant osteoarthritis progression. Three knees were considered failures, which were managed by autologous bone grafting or osteochondral autologous transplantation. Twenty knees required subsequent surgical procedures. These were primarily associated with periosteum and were arthroscopically performed.

Conclusion:

ACI resulted in satisfactory survival rates and significant improvements in function, pain, and mental health for adolescent patients over a long-term follow-up. ACI was associated with very high satisfaction postoperatively, despite the subsequent procedure rate being relatively high primarily because of the use of periosteum. If periosteum is used, this rate should be a consideration when discussing ACI with patients and their parents.
Body Mass and Weekly Training Distance Influence the Pain and Injuries Experienced by Runners Using Minimalist Shoes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Fuller Joel T. , Thewlis Dominic , Buckley Jonathan D. , Brown Nicholas A.T. , Hamill Joseph , Tsiros Margarita D.
Published: January 2017

Background:

Minimalist shoes have been popularized as a safe alternative to conventional running shoes. However, a paucity of research is available investigating the longer-term safety of minimalist shoes.

Purpose:

To compare running-related pain and injury between minimalist and conventional shoes in trained runners and to investigate interactions between shoe type, body mass, and weekly training distance.

Study Design:

Randomized clinical trial; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Sixty-one trained, habitual rearfoot footfall runners (mean ± SD: body mass, 74.6 ± 9.3 kg; weekly training distance, 25 ± 14 km) were randomly allocated to either minimalist or conventional shoes. Runners gradually increased the time spent running in their allocated shoes over 26 weeks. Running-related pain intensity was measured weekly by use of 100-mm visual analog scales. Time to first running-related injury was also assessed.

Results:

Interactions were found between shoe type and weekly training distance for weekly running-related pain; greater pain was experienced with minimalist shoes ( P < .05), and clinically meaningful increases (>10 mm) were noted when the weekly training distance was more than 35 km/wk. Eleven of 30 runners sustained an injury in conventional shoes compared with 16 of 31 runners in minimalist shoes (hazard ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.63-4.27; P = .31). A shoe × body mass interaction was found for time to first running-related injury ( P = .01). For runners using minimalist shoes, relative to runners using conventional shoes, the risk of sustaining an injury became more likely with increasing body mass above 71.4 kg, and the risk was moderately increased (hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-3.66; P = .02) for runners using minimalist shoes who had a body mass of 85.7 kg.

Conclusions:

Runners should limit weekly training distance in minimalist shoes to avoid running-related pain. Heavier runners are at greater risk of injury when running in minimalist shoes.

Registration:

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12613000642785).
Diagnostic Accuracy of Imaging Modalities and Injection Techniques for the Diagnosis of Femoroacetabular Impingement/Labral Tear: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis
Authors: Reiman Michael P. , Thorborg Kristian , Goode Adam P. , Cook Chad E. , Weir Adam , Hölmich Per
Published: January 2017

Background:

Diagnosing femoroacetabular impingement/acetabular labral tear (FAI/ALT) and subsequently making a decision regarding surgery are based primarily on diagnostic imaging and intra-articular hip joint injection techniques of unknown accuracy.

Purpose:

Summarize and evaluate the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of various imaging modalities and injection techniques relevant to hip FAI/ALT.

Study Design:

Systematic review with meta-analysis.

Methods:

A computer-assisted literature search was conducted of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases using keywords related to diagnostic accuracy of hip joint pathologic changes. The PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were used for the search and reporting phases of the study. Quality assessment of bias and applicability was conducted using the Quality of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS) tool. Random effects models were used to summarize sensitivities (SN), specificities (SP), likelihood ratios (+LR and –LR), diagnostic odds ratios (DOR), and respective confidence intervals (CI).

Results:

The search strategy and assessment for risk of bias revealed 25 articles scoring above 10/14 on the items of the QUADAS. Four studies investigated FAI, and the data were not pooled. Twenty articles on ALT qualified for meta-analysis. Pretest probability of ALT in the studies in this review was 81% (72%-88%), while the pretest probability of FAI diagnosis was 74% (95% CI, 51%-91%). The meta-analysis showed that computed tomography arthrography (CTA) demonstrated the strongest overall diagnostic accuracy: pooled SN 0.91 (95% CI, 0.83-0.96); SP 0.89 (95% CI, 0.74-0.97); +LR 6.28 (95% CI, 2.78-14.21); –LR 0.11 (95% CI, 0.06-0.21); and DOR 64.38 (95% CI, 19.17-216.21).

Conclusion:

High pretest probability of disease was demonstrated. Positive imaging findings increased the probability that a labral tear existed by a minimal to small degree with the use of magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiogram (MRI/MRA) and ultrasound (US) and by a moderate degree for CTA. Negative imaging findings decreased the probability that a labral tear existed by a minimal degree with the use of MRI and US, a small to moderate degree with MRA, and a moderate degree with CTA.

Clinical Relevance:

Although findings of the included studies suggested potentially favorable use of these modalities for the diagnosis of ALT and FAI, our results suggest that these findings have limited generalizability and clinical utility given very high pretest prevalence, large confidence intervals, and selection criteria of the studies.

Registration:

PROSPERO Registration #CRD42015027745.
Intra-articular Recombinant Human Proteoglycan 4 Mitigates Cartilage Damage After Destabilization of the Medial Meniscus in the Yucatan Minipig
Authors: Waller Kimberly A. , Chin Kaitlyn E. , Jay Gregory D. , Zhang Ling X. , Teeple Erin , McAllister Scott , Badger Gary J. , Schmidt Tannin A. , Fleming Braden C.
Published: January 2017

Background:

Lubricin, or proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), is a glycoprotein responsible for joint boundary lubrication. PRG4 has been shown previously to be down-regulated after traumatic joint injury such as a meniscal tear. Preliminary evidence suggests that intra-articular injection of PRG4 after injury will reduce cartilage damage in rat models of surgically induced posttraumatic osteoarthritis.

Objective:

To determine the efficacy of intra-articular injection of full-length recombinant human lubricin (rhPRG4) for reducing cartilage damage after medial meniscal destabilization (DMM) in a preclinical large animal model.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Unilateral DMM was performed in 29 Yucatan minipigs. One week after DMM, animals received 3 weekly intra-articular injections (3 mL per injection): (1) rhPRG4 (1.3 mg/mL; n = 10); (2) rhPRG4+hyaluronan (1.3 mg/mL rhPRG4 and 3 mg/mL hyaluronan [~950 kDA]; n = 10); and (3) phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; n = 9). Hindlimbs were harvested 26 weeks after surgery. Cartilage integrity was evaluated by use of macroscopic (India ink) and microscopic (safranin O–fast green and hematoxylin and eosin) scoring systems. Secondary outcomes evaluated via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) included PRG4 levels in synovial fluid, carboxy-terminal telepeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II) concentrations in urine and serum, and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) levels in synovial fluid and serum.

Results:

The rhPRG4 group had significantly less macroscopic cartilage damage in the medial tibial plateau compared with the PBS group ( P = .002). No difference was found between the rhPRG4+hyaluronan and PBS groups ( P = .23). However, no differences in microscopic damage scores were observed between the 3 groups ( P = .70). PRG4 production was elevated in the rhPRG4 group synovial fluid compared with the PBS group ( P = .033). The rhPRG4 group presented significantly lower urinary CTX-II levels, but not serum levels, when compared with the PBS ( P = .013) and rhPRG4+hyaluronan ( P = .011) groups. In serum and synovial fluid, both rhPRG4 ( P = .006; P = .017) and rhPRG4+hyaluronan groups ( P = .009; P = .03) presented decreased IL-1β levels.

Conclusion:

All groups exhibited significant cartilage degeneration after DMM surgery. However, animals treated with rhPRG4 had the least amount of cartilage damage and less inflammation, providing evidence that intra-articular injections of rhPRG4 may slow the progression of posttraumatic osteoarthritis.

Clinical Relevance:

Patients with meniscal trauma are at high risk for posttraumatic osteoarthritis. This study demonstrates that an intra-articular injection regimen of rhPRG4 may attenuate cartilage damage after meniscal injury.
Arson and the Business Cycle
Authors: Corrigan Frank E. , Siegfried John J.
Published: January 2017

As a form of financial abandonment, arson may be profitable if property values sink below insured replacement values. Testing this hypothesis using general labor market conditions to reflect property values in Nashville, Tennessee, Spillman and Zak (1979, 37–43) found no support for the proposition. We measure property values directly rather than assuming they are approximated by labor market conditions, and find strong evidence that rising (falling) property values and decreasing (increasing) mortgage rates are associated with lower (higher) arson rates. Like Spillman and Zak, we observe no relationship between labor market conditions and arson.
To Decide to Ride and Bide: Information Processing Among Bus Riders
Authors: Holtkamp Nicholas C.
Published: January 2017

This paper develops a model and uses data from a natural setting to test the hypothesis that a traveler is more likely to wait at the bus stop the more people she sees already waiting at the bus stop. We model a traveler, who arrives at a bus stop and is faced with the choice of walking to her destination, or waiting for and then riding the bus. We show that optimal decision making implies that the traveler is more likely to wait at the bus stop the more people she sees already waiting at the bus stop. Our work differs from previous work by developing a formal game theoretic model and relatively simple testable implications. Data taken from observing travelers' behavior on The Ohio State University's Columbus campus then support the model.
Do Undergraduate Majors or Ph.D. Students Affect Faculty Size?
Authors: Becker William E. , Greene William H. , Siegfried John J.
Published: January 2017

Regression analysis using panel data for 42 colleges and universities over 14 years suggests that the economics faculty size of universities offering a Ph.D. in economics is determined primarily by the long-run average number of Ph.D. degrees awarded annually; the number of full-time faculty increases at almost a one-for-one pace as the average number of Ph.D.s grows. Faculty size at Ph.D. granting universities is largely unresponsive to changes in the contemporaneous number of undergraduate economics degrees awarded at those institutions. Similarly, faculty size at colleges where a bachelor's is the highest degree awarded is responsive to the long and short term average number of economics degrees awarded but not the annual changes in BS and BA degrees awarded in economics.
Counting Economics Phds: How Many New Graduates Do U.S. Universities Produce?1
Authors: Finegan T. Aldrich
Published: January 2017

This is the first paper that seeks to reconcile the large and persistent differences across data sources in the number of new economics PhDs that U.S. universities produce. During 1997–2006, the Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) reported 11,524 such degrees in all specialties, compared to 10,812 degrees by the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and 8,862 dissertations listed in the Journal of Economic Literature (JEL). The comparable estimates in general economics (GE) were 9,504, 8,534, and 7,856, respectively. Such differences can lead to problematic assessments of the balance between supply and demand in the market for new PhDs. The study finds that the SED picks up the most new economics PhDs, but it also attracts an unknown number of graduates of business schools and interdisciplinary programs. IPEDS has the most detailed classification framework of specialty degrees, but undercounts graduates of larger GE programs and misclassifies some GE programs. The JEL's annual lists provide useful information on the content of doctoral research, but suffer from serious under-reporting by economics departments. After adjusting counts, the study estimates that about 9,100 GE degrees were conferred during the survey decade. The paper offers a rule of thumb for estimating adjusted counts in future years. An epilog finds that other social science disciplines have problems counting new doctoral dissertations and making lists of them accessible to researchers.
Do Economists Play Well with Others? Experimental Evidence on the Relationship Between Economics Education and Pro-Social Behavior
Authors: McCannon Bryan C.
Published: January 2017

Does an economics education affect an individual's behavior? It is unclear whether differences in behavior are due to the education or whether those who choose to study economics are different. This issue is addressed using experimental evidence from the Trust Game where trusting and reciprocating behaviors can be measured. First, it is shown that economics students provide greater trusting investments and reciprocate more. Accounting for the selection effect, these effects are explained by those who choose to study economics and not directly from the education being provided. Thus, economists play well with others and these social preferences are not taught in the classroom.
Who Has The Advantage? An Economic Exploration of Winning in Men's Professional Tennis
Authors: Ovaska Tomi , Sumell Albert J.
Published: January 2017

This study investigates the factors that determine winning in men's professional tennis. Using 27,388 tennis matches played on the men's singles ATP World Tour between 2000 and 2009, we estimate probit models which explain how several tournament, match, and player characteristics influence the probability of the higher ranked player winning the match. The results are used to confirm or dispel ten performance hypotheses concerning match outcomes. The results of the study provide insights into what matters to winning in head-to-head competitions, and are used to evaluate various economic issues such as how labor compensation, specialization, and experience can influence performance.
Understanding Teen Mothers: A Zip Code Analysis
Authors: Misra Kaustav , Goggins Kylie , Matte Amber , Lewis Averetta E.
Published: January 2017

Researchers continue to analyze the determinants and consequences of teen motherhood. Here we explore this issue using ZIP code level data – to better identify the most vulnerable areas. Our results suggest that geographic location, poverty levels, rates of divorce (and separation), part-time unemployment and employment in finance related industries positively associate with teen motherhood rates, while employment in management related fields has a negative relationship. Our findings are believed to be most useful as supplementary analysis to teen birth studies conducted at larger geographic scales, as ZIP codes introduce ambiguity across the lines of separation from one community to the next.
The Snob Effect of Red Wine: Estimating Consumer Bias in Experimental Blind Wine Tastings
Authors: Peterson Kyle
Published: January 2017

Rising wine production in the United States has led to increased product availability in terms of price and grape varieties used to make the wines. This paper examines the potential biases that consumers may have regarding price and grape blend compositions of red wines, with a focus on the biases that consumers may have against inexpensive wines and wines that are made from university-developed hybrid grape varieties. Specifically, this paper finds that consumers rate a wine less favorably when they are told it is inexpensive, while information revealing that a wine is a hybrid grape variety has no impact on consumer rating. These impacts, however, vary across gender and purchasing behavior.
When Art Informs
Authors: Ware Linda
Published: January 2017

In this essay I consider the arts—created and performed by artists with disabilities—as a site of productive knowledge for educators willing to interrogate the limits of scientific ways of understanding disability. A sample of artists who deploy the arts for self-understanding and self-expression informed by their experience living with disability in contemporary society is included here. The artists represent all disability categories in an effort to encourage LDQ readers to probe the multiple possibilities that exist for researching learning disabilities by reflecting on the cultural meanings ascribed to disability experience, and, in particular, those meanings authored by individuals with disabilities. The cultural flashpoints described here reflect a shift in understanding the disability experience in the present moment and, as such, hold great promise for translation and application by researchers and educators.
Addressing the “Research Gap” in Special Education Through Mixed Methods
Authors: Klingner Janette K. , Boardman Alison G.
Published: January 2017

At least some of the challenges faced in special education, such as the disproportionate representation of culturally and linguistically diverse students, the gap between research and practice, and inequitable educational opportunities, can be explained in part by a research gap, or, in other words, a failure to conduct the different types of research best suited for addressing the complicated issues faced in schools. In this article we discuss the benefits of being more open to and welcoming of mixed methods when conducting special education research. We provide an overview of mixed-methods research and explain different philosophical concepts associated with mixed methods. We emphasize why it is important to foreground culture when conducting educational research. We also compare educational research with research in the medical field and challenge the notion of randomized controlled trials as the “gold standard.” We finish by sharing an example of our own mixed-methods research.
Pluralizing Methodologies in the Field of LD
Authors: Ferri Beth A. , Gallagher Deborah , Connor David J.
Published: January 2017

The field of learning disabilities (LD) has a complex and complicated history. Tensions over definitions, eligibility criteria, service delivery models, and best practices, as well as epistemological debates, have been a part of that history from its inception. Given our collective struggles, as well as the current realities facing the field, there could not be a more critical moment for a conversation about how it is that we go about knowing what we know. In this concluding essay, we consider how, by focusing so intently on what works, we, as a field, may inadvertently lose sight of what matters. In other words, contrary to the push for narrowing what counts as evidence or knowledge, we examine the potential value in opening up the field to a more diverse range of methods for students who struggle academically. We also challenge taken-for-granted assumptions in the push toward evidence- or research-based practice. Finally, we highlight several compelling themes that we take away from the contributors of this special double issue.
Special Education Teachers’ Perceptions and Instructional Practices in Response to Intervention Implementation
Authors: Swanson Elizabeth , Solis Michael , Ciullo Stephen , McKenna John W.
Published: January 2017

This study reports on the perceptions and instructional practices of Grades 3 through 5 special education teachers in a school district that implemented a multitiered response to intervention (RTI) framework for the previous 5 years. The authors used focus groups and interviews to examine special education teachers’ perceptions of RTI. In addition, the authors observed the mathematics and reading instruction that these teachers provided. This study contributes to the literature by presenting a qualitative, in-depth description of special education teachers’ perceptions related to RTI implementation at the upper elementary level.
The Legal Dimension of RTI—Confusion Confirmed
Authors: Zirkel Perry A.
Published: January 2017

In this issue of Learning Disability Quarterly (LDQ), Professors Daves and Walker reply to my earlier LDQ article on confusion in the cases and commentary about the legal dimension of RTI. In this brief rejoinder, I show that their reply confirms rather than resolves the confusion in their original commentary in 2010. This persistent problem appears to be largely attributable to lack of accuracy and precision in examining and evaluating the law—including the legislation, regulations, court decisions, and administrative rulings—as distinct from the lore—including their particular professional perceptions and recommendations. For example, they confuse the specific scope and requirements for RTI in the IDEA with the more generic, long-standing practice of general education interventions. Indeed, their response inadvertently compounds the confusion by less than careful and complete interpretation and citation of various legal sources.
When a Parent of a Student With a Learning Disability Is Also an Educator in the Same School District: A Heuristic Case Study
Authors: Haley Keri , Allsopp David , Hoppey David
Published: January 2017

Advocating for your child with a disability can be a daunting task for any parent. When the parent is also a school district employee, determining whether advocacy could impact one’s position as an employee becomes inherently problematic. Using a heuristic case study approach, this inquiry’s intent is to understand the experiences, barriers, and perceptions of job security related to advocating from inside the district as a parent–educator of a child with a learning disability. Three themes emerged that describe this parent–educator’s experiences. Findings indicate this parent–educator encountered varied experiences. Specifically, these include experiences that were both positive and challenging in nature, barriers that were not anticipated by the parent–educator, and repercussions related to job security. Implications for practice and future research related to parents of children with disabilities who are also educators are discussed.
City Hall Reporters' Evaluation of Coverage
Authors: Coulson David , St. Cyr Charles , Lacy Stephen
Published: January 2017

A national survey of 227 city hall reporters found that they believe their daily newspapers do a good job of covering the beat. Those surveyed said slightly fewer reporters covered city hall in 1997 and space allocated to city hall remained about the same as five years earlier.
A Case Study: How to Get on (or Stay off) the Front Page
Authors: Sumpter Randall S.
Published: January 2017

This exploratory study finds that editors generally agree about the attributes that front page stories should possess, but not all editors agree with the story selections produced by budget meetings. The editors who disagree most, supervise their own sections and shield their best stories from being picked for the front page.
Public Journalism and Changes in Content of the Seattle Times
Authors: Blazier Thomas F. , Lemert James B.
Published: January 2017

Few identifiable changes in content occurred when the Seattle Times adopted its “Front Porch Forum” public journalism approach. Most of the changes occurred in conjunction with the FPF logo, not anywhere else in the paper.
U. S. Newspaper Ad Revenue Shows Consistent Growth
Authors: Picard Robert G.
Published: January 2017

U.S. newspaper advertising grew in real terms across the 50 years, and newspapers received two and a half times more advertising revenue in 2000 than they did in 1950.
Civic Approach Not So Different from Traditional Model
Authors: Moscowitz Leigh
Published: January 2017

This content analysis found some differences in the way a civic newspaper, the Charlotte Observer, covers homelessness. The Observer was less likely to use official sources than was the Indianapolis Star.
Reno v. Condon Opens Door to More Access Limits
Authors: Senat Joey
Published: January 2017

The U.S. Supreme Court granted Congress authority to override state FOI laws in order to restrict disclosure of drivers' license data. In light of this decision, Congress may seek to regulate access to other state public records.
Problems Found in Reporting USA Today Pre-Election Polls
Authors: Burns Kelli S.
Published: January 2017

During the 2004 presidential campaign, USA Today demonstrated several lapses in reporting polling data, including reporting the sampling error as an actual difference or change.
Surveys Show TV/Newspapers Maintaining Partnerships
Authors: Kraeplin Camille , Criado Carrie Anna
Published: January 2017

In comparing two surveys of newspapers and television stations in the 210 largest U.S. markets, the later study in 2004–05 finds newspapers having more success sustaining partnerships.
Business Service Model Promotes Better Newspapers
Authors: Sullivan Daniel
Published: January 2017

Newspaper companies need to shift from their current manufacturing model to a service model if they are to regain their unique, trusted status and potential to grow.
Newspaper Reading Supports Community Involvement
Authors: Jeffres Leo W. , Lee Jae-Won , Neuendorf Kimberly , Atkin David
Published: January 2017

Data show that reading the newspaper and talking about things in the media make unique contributions to explaining community social capital and do not merely reflect demographics and values people hold.
Online Editors Rate Web News Quality Criteria
Authors: Gladney George Albert , Shapiro Ivor , Castaldo Joseph
Published: January 2017

A survey of online news people rated the quality of online news. Top rankings went to content criteria, such as credibility and utility, suggesting that many traditional journalism values remain paramount.
Where Do Ohioans Get Their Environmental News?
Authors: Lacy Stephen , Riffe Daniel , Varouhakis Miron
Published: January 2017

A survey found a high percentage of Ohio residents attended to environmental news at all geographic levels, but the percentages declined as the focus of environmental news got closer to home.
What Photo Editors/Managers Want Photo Students to Learn
Authors: Seelig Michelle I.
Published: January 2017

Photo managers and editors recommend educators continue to provide students an education that focuses on writing and storytelling skills, coupled with critical thinking and visual literarcy skills.
Coverage of Katrina in Local, Regional, National Newspapers
Authors: Dill Roxanne K. , Wu H. Denis
Published: January 2017

Topics and frames, which focused on life, property and information needs, were similar at local and regional levels. National newspapers addressed broader reaching concerns.
Sports Reporters Divided over Concerns about Title IX
Authors: Hardin Marie , Whiteside Erin
Published: January 2017

Although most sports reporters said they were familiar with Title IX, attitudes toward the law and other gender-related issues differed based on reporters' gender and age and newspapers' circulation.
Newspapers Offer More News than Do Major Online Sites
Authors: Maier Scott R.
Published: January 2017

This study compares the content of five prominent web news sites to the front-page news of a broad cross-section of U.S. daily newspapers. Results show that newspapers offer depth and breadth unmatched by the online sites.
Frivolous Lawsuits against the Press: The Counterclaim Problem
Authors: Stevens George E.
Published: January 2017

The recent suggestions for filing counterclaims to curb non-meritorious suits against newspapers notwithstanding, a review of press counterclaims found none that was successful. Although threats of counterclaims for malicious prosecution or abuse of process may prevent a frivolous suit from coming to trial, actual continued litigation does not appear to be the answer. Instead, it is suggested a complaint against attorneys who file frivolous lawsuits against the media—to state bar associations—is a “low cost” and possibly “privileged” action worthy of consideration.
An Examination of Readership Changes: Does Altering Publication Time Affect the Reading Habit?
Authors: Fowler Gilbert Len
Published: January 2017

The Jonesboro (AR) Sun's change from evening to morning publication offered an opportunity to find out how its readers and local readers of competing newspapers might change their habits. A small sample survey was done in 1982 and the same respondents were contacted again in 1984, two years after the conversion to A.M. publication. The change did not affect readers' use of non-local A.M. papers which were now in direct competition with the Sun, but the Sun's readers did adapt their reading habits to the new publication time.
Replication of Findings in Newspaper and Wire Service Source Use in Statehouse Coverage
Authors: Fico Frederick
Published: January 2017

Previous research on statehouse reporters' use of state government sources is replicated and extended in this analysis of a 12-day sample of stories about the Michigan statehouse. Findings indicate that wire service and local newspaper reporters use fewer and less diverse sources than newspaper statehouse bureau reporters. However, the three groups of reporters used the great majority of available sources about as frequently and manifested the same priorities in their selection of sources.
Survey of Suicide Photos Use by Newspapers in Three States
Authors: Kochersberger Robert C.
Published: January 2017

The public suicide of Pennsylvania State Treasurer R. Budd Dwyer posed a difficult problem for newspaper editors who had to decide whether to use graphic photos of the event, a dilemma of taste versus news value. This study examined how newspapers used the several photos available. Newspapers in New York and North Carolina tended to use photos less graphically than did Pennsylvania papers. Respondents said they used standards that considered taste and ethics in deciding against using some of the photos. Editor's note: photo examples appear alter this article.
Portraits of a Public Suicide: Photo Treatment by Selected Pennsylvania Dailies
Authors: Baker Robert L.
Published: January 2017

The use of photographs is examined in 91 Pennsylvania dailies' news coverage of the Jan. 22, 1987, suicide of Pennsylvania State Treasurer R. Budd Dwyer. Difference in photo use is compared for large vs. small papers, those in competitive markets, those in markets where television covered the event graphically and those at distances from the victim's hometown. Editor's note: photo examples appear before this article.
The Religion Beat at Daily Newspapers
Authors: Buddenbaum Judith M.
Published: January 2017

Survey data indicate the typical religion journalist is a female, Protestant, active in her religion, with a college degree in journalism and 10 years experience. Most fill about one page each week and also write religion stories for the general news sections, but only those at larger papers are likely to have a title reflecting responsbility for religion news or are likely to be able to devote full time to the beat.
Stress in the Newsroom at Ohio Dailies
Authors: Endres Fredric F.
Published: January 2017

Newsroom stress affects 90% of Ohio daily newspaper journalists, according to this study of 252 reporters and writers. Stress comes from relationships with supervisors, sources, boredom, deadlines and a desire for personal perfection. Half the respondents say stress has made them consider changing jobs or careers, but they cope through exercise, entertainment and complaining. Journalists' stress, its manifestations and coping techinques are similar to those in other occupations.
Reader Interest in Environmental News
Authors: Atwater Tony
Published: January 2017

Treatment of environmental news was examined in concert with readers' perceptions of environmental topics. A content analysis of three midwest daily newspapers indicated a majority of environmental stories examined appeared within the first four pages of the newspapers. Disposal of wastes, quality of water and hazardous substances were perceived by readers as the most important environmental topics prominently reported by the media.
A Workable Measure of Auditing Accuracy in Newspapers
Authors: Meyer Philip
Published: January 2017

Past studies of newspaper accuracy have been directed at understanding the sources and nature of errors rather than providing a measurement system reliable enough for a newspaper to monitor its own performance. An independent judge can obtain acceptable levels of reliability and validity, but this procedure is relatively expensive. This study of errors in the Charlotte Observerweighed trade-offs in validity and reliability to find a workable measurement application.
Editing Accuracy and Speed by Handicapped Students, Nonjournalism and Journalism Majors
Authors: Popovich Mark , Willis S. Curt , Blevens Fred
Published: January 2017

Newspapers may be ignoring a potentially rich employee source in newsroom hopefuls who are physically handicapped. In this pilot experiment, handicapped students performed as well as non-handicapped, nonjournalism majors, but less well than journalism majors. Commitment and language skills, not physical handicaps, are found to be a better guage of newsroom potential.
Commentary: Competitive Effects of Newspaper Chain “Deep Pockets”
Authors: Busterna John C.
Published: January 2017

What is the effect of chain ownership in a two-newspaper town? Should chains be limited because their effect on a community is detrimental in terms of performance and content? This study examines the cases of Little Rock and Detroit, where chains stepped in and, in Little Rock at least, appear to have improved competition. Findings show that chain ownership apparently do not adversely affect competition.
Improving Student Reading, Writing with Newspaper-Based Instruction
Authors: Palmer Barbara C. , Fletcher Harold J. , Shapley Barbara A.
Published: January 2017

This Florida experiment shows both middle school and high school students improved in reading and writing as a result of 55-day program.
Policies on Identification of People in Crime Stories
Authors: Thayer Frank , Pasternack Steve
Published: January 2017

This survey of newspapers with more than 50,000 circulation finds names of suspects are usually used, but names of victims frequently are not.
Pundits in Print: “Experts” and Their Use in Newspaper Stories
Authors: Soley Lawrence C.
Published: January 2017

Content analysis of 1978 and 1990 newspaper stories shows that there has been a significant increase in the use of “experts” during the past 15 years. Nearly twice as many were quoted in 1990 as in 1978, and they were more likely to be identified in 1990.
Computers and Editing: Pagination's Impact on the Newsroom
Authors: Underwood Doug , Giffard C. Anthony , Stamm Keith
Published: January 2017

Though it is seen as an advance, many respondents in Washington state survey are accepting computerized pagination with ambivalence and concern about its impact on the traditional journalistic mission.
Design Desks: Why are More and More Newspapers Adopting Them?
Authors: Auman Ann
Published: January 2017

More newspapers are setting up design desks when they are redesigned or as pagination is introduced. Editors say design desks are improving the looks of papers, but the debate over who is controlling the news - designers or editors - continues.
Prejudicial Publicity and Change of Venue in Civil Trials
Authors: Hale F. Dennis
Published: January 2017

It's possible to get change of venue because of excessive publicity in civil cases, but requests have been granted in relatively few cases, and appellate courts seldom overrule trial courts on such requests.
Newspaper Influence on Health Policy Development
Authors: Walsh-Childers Kim
Published: January 2017

In three of four situations studied, newspaper coverage did not lead to changes in health policies; but all four situations suggest that such impact is possible.
America's Front Pages: A 10-Year Update
Authors: Pasternack Steve , Utt Sandra
Published: January 2017

Use of modular format, color and offset printing continues to increase.
How Community Involvement Affects Editors' Role
Authors: Akhavan-Majid Roya
Published: January 2017

The majority of editors surveyed indicated some degree of community involvement, but such involvement does not seem to have substantial effect on their watchdog role.
Online Services as Reporting Tools: Daily Newspaper Use of Commercial Databases in 1994
Authors: Garrison Bruce
Published: January 2017

Use of online services is increasing with larger newspapers making greater use of them.